bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neonatal pain: A comparison of the beliefs and practices of junior doctors and current best evidence
Authors: Schultz Meleesa , Loughran‐Fowlds Alison , Spence Kaye 
Published: November 2009

Aim:  To obtain information on the practices and beliefs of junior doctors regarding neonatal pain and to compare this with best evidence.Methods:  A survey was distributed to junior doctors in five tertiary neonatal intensive care units in Sydney. Questions investigated the doctors' knowledge and treatment of pain in neonates, specifically regarding the perception and effects of pain, pain assessment tools, and the safety and efficacy of treatments for both procedural and long‐term pain.Results:  The survey was completed by 33 junior doctors (77% response rate). Respondents generally had adequate knowledge about the effects of pain in neonates; however, a low proportion of respondents acknowledged the difference in long‐term effects between neonates and older children. Less experienced doctors were especially unaware of this. Pain assessment tools were not perceived to be reliable, valid or routinely used, especially by less experienced doctors. Respondents were appropriately unsupportive of the use of topical anaesthetic agents. Participants acknowledged the efficacy breastfeeding and oral sucrose during short‐term procedures but skin‐to‐skin contact and massage were less recognised as useful. Mixed opinions were noted on the benefits and risks of use of opioid analgesics, morphine infusions and midazolam but most agreed that sedation does not necessarily provide adequate pain relief. Disturbingly, doctors who were aware of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians Guidelines were more likely to agree with the routine use of midazolam in neonates.Conclusions:  Increased educational programmes should be developed to improve the knowledge of junior doctors regarding neonatal pain.
Differences in the clinical characteristics of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in immunocompromized patients with and without HIV infection
Authors: ENOMOTO Tatsuji , AZUMA Arata , KOHNO Ayumi , KANEKO Kazuyo , SAITO Hitoshi , KAMETAKA Minako , USUKI Jiro , GEMMA Akihiko , KUDOH Shoji , NAKAMURA Seiichi 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTBackground and objective:  The incidence of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) in patients with predisposing immunodeficiencies other than AIDS is growing. Knowing the different characteristics and outcomes of PCP according to HIV status would help physicians manage and treat patients with PCP.Methods:  The medical charts of all patients with a proven first episode of PCP, diagnosed between 1997 and 2007 were retrospectively reviewed, and clinical and laboratory data abstracted.Results:  Of the 35 patients with PCP, 18 were HIV‐positive and 17 were HIV‐negative with other immunosuppressive conditions. HIV‐negative patients were significantly older than HIV‐positive patients. The WCC (10 952 ± 5669 vs 9750 ± 3133/µL; P = 0.015), neutrophil counts (9631 ± 5421 vs 5680 ± 2628/µL; P = 0.01) and CD4+ lymphocyte counts (329 ± 502 vs 47 ± 50/µL; P < 0.001) were significantly higher in HIV‐negative patients. Six of the 17 HIV‐negative patients had a CD4+ lymphocyte count >300/µL. Serum IgG levels were lower in HIV‐negative patients (943 ± 379 vs 1635 ± 657 mg/dL; P = 0.017). Mortality was higher in HIV‐negative (52.9%) than in HIV‐positive patients (0%). On univariate analysis, risk factors for mortality from PCP were the presence of underlying pulmonary disease (odds ratio 4.000, 95% CI: 1.501–10.658) and HIV‐negative status (odds ratio 2.125, 95% CI: 1.283–3.518).Conclusions:  The characteristics and outcomes of PCP differ significantly depending on HIV status. The existence of underlying pulmonary diseases may be associated with the prognosis of HIV‐negative patients with PCP.
Insect diversity and trophic structure differ on native and non‐indigenous congeneric rushes in coastal salt marshes
Authors: HARVEY KERINNE J. , BRITTON DAVID R. , MINCHINTON TODD E. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDisplacement of native plant species by non‐indigenous congeners may affect associated faunal assemblages. In endangered salt marshes of south‐east Australia, the non‐indigenous rush Juncus acutus is currently displacing the native rush Juncus kraussii, which is a dominant habitat‐forming species along the upper border of coastal salt marshes. We sampled insect assemblages on multiple plants of these congeneric rushes in coastal salt marshes in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, and compared the abundance, richness, diversity, composition and trophic structure between: (i) J. acutus and J. kraussii at invaded locations; and (ii) J. kraussii at locations either invaded or not invaded by J. acutus. Although J. acutus supported a diverse suite of insects, species richness and diversity were significantly greater on the native J. kraussii. Moreover, insect assemblages associated with J. kraussii at sites invaded by J. acutus were significantly different from, and more variable than, those on J. kraussii at non‐invaded sites. The trophic structure of the insect assemblages was also different, including the abundance and richness of predators and herbivores, suggesting that J. acutus may be altering consumer interactions, and may be spreading in part because of a reduction in herbivory. This strongly suggests that J. acutus is not playing a functionally similar role to J. kraussii with respect to the plant‐associated insect species assemblages. Consequently, at sites where this non‐indigenous species successfully displaces the native congener, this may have important ecological consequences for community composition and functioning of these endangered coastal salt marshes.
The cAMP response element‐binding protein in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis modulates the formalin‐induced pain behavior in the female rat
Authors: Hagiwara Hiroko , Ishida Maho , Arita Jun , Mitsushima Dai , Takahashi Takuya , Kimura Fukuko , Funabashi Toshiya 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDifferences in male and female responses to pain are widely recognized in many species, including humans, but the cerebral mechanisms that generate these responses are unknown. Using the formalin test, we confirmed that proestrus female rats showed nociceptive behavior, modulated by estrogen that was distinct from male rats, particularly during the interphase period. We then explored the brain areas, which were involved in the female pattern of nociceptive behavior. We found that, after a formalin injection and at the time corresponding to the behavioral interphase, the number of phosphorylated cAMP response element‐binding protein (pCREB)‐immunoreactive neurons observed by immunocytochemistry increased in the dorsolateral division of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTLD) in female but not male rats. There were no significant sex differences in pCREB expression following formalin in any region other than the BSTLD. The increased pCREB in female rats was eliminated after an ovariectomy and restored with 17β‐estradiol treatment. Neither an orchidectomy nor 17β‐estradiol treatment affected the pCREB response in male rats. The increase in pCREB expression in the BSTLD in female rats after formalin injection was confirmed with immunoblotting. To determine the role of CREB in the BSTLD, adenovirus‐mediated expression of a dominant‐negative form of CREB (mCREB) was carried out. The nociceptive behavior during interphase was significantly attenuated by injection of virus carrying mCREB into the BSTLD in female rats but not in male rats. These results suggest a novel role for CREB in the BSTLD as a modulator of the pain response in a female‐specific, estrogen‐dependent manner.
The effect of a target controlled infusion of propofol on predictability of recovery from anesthesia in children
Authors: McCORMACK JON , MEHTA DISHA , PEIRIS KAWSHALA , DUMONT GUY , FUNG PARRY , LIM JOANNE , ANSERMINO J. MARK 
Published: November 2009

SummaryBackground:  Emergence following termination of a general anesthetic depends on the effect site concentration (Ce) of the drug declining to an awakening value (Ce‐awake). Ce‐awake has been described in adults, but is unknown in children.Objectives:  To determine Ce‐awake in children following a target‐controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol and to assess a Ce‐driven TCI system’s ability to predict times to emergence from anesthesia.Methods:  Subjects undergoing elective surgery, aged 3 months to <10 years were recruited into three age‐stratified groups. A target Ce of 3–4 μg·ml−1 was selected for induction and subsequently titrated to patient response and surgical stimulus. Preoperative acetaminophen, a remifentanil infusion and regional anesthesia were permitted for supplemental analgesia. State Entropy (SE) was monitored from induction to emergence. Emergence was defined as the time of first purposeful spontaneous movement (PSM). Time zero was defined as the end of propofol infusion. Based on a pilot study, a Ce‐awake of 1.9 μg·ml−1 was chosen as the wake‐up threshold used by the software to predict emergence times.Results:  Data was collected for 90 of 104 recruited patients. PSM occurred at a mean (sd) Ce of 2.0 (0.5) μg·ml−1 and an SE of 79 (11). There were no differences between age groups. A wide variation in emergence time was observed, with a mean (sd) of 16.9 (7) min, and a trend to more rapid emergence in older subjects.Conclusion:  A predicted Ce‐awake of 2.0 μg·ml−1 in children aged 3 months to <10 years was identified with the selected model. For expert users of propofol in children, during shorter surgical procedures, TCI predicted emergence times do not offer significant clinical advantages.
Avoidance by grazers facilitates spread of an invasive hybrid plant
Authors: Grosholz E. 
Published: November 2009

Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 145–153AbstractBiological invasions greatly increase the potential for hybridization among native and non‐native species. Hybridization may influence the palatability of novel hybrids to consumers potentially influencing invasion success; however, the palatability of non‐native hybrids relative to the parent species is poorly known. In contrast, studies of native‐only hybrids find they are nearly always more palatable to consumers than the parent species. Here, I experimentally demonstrate that an invasive hybrid cordgrass (Spartina) is dramatically less palatable to grazing geese than the native parent species. Using field and aviary experiments, I show that grazing geese ignore the hybrid cordgrass and preferentially consume native Spartina. I also experimentally demonstrate that reduced herbivory of the invasive hybrid may contribute to faster spread in a California estuary. These results suggest that biological invasions may increase future opportunities for creating novel hybrids that may pose a greater risk to natural systems than the parent species.
Response of the Pseudomonas host chromosomal transcriptome to carriage of the IncP‐7 plasmid pCAR1
Authors: Shintani Masaki , Takahashi Yurika , Tokumaru Hiroki , Kadota Koji , Hara Hirofumi , Miyakoshi Masatoshi , Naito Kunihiko , Yamane Hisakazu , Nishida Hiromi , Nojiri Hideaki 
Published: November 2009

SummaryPlasmid carriage requires appropriate expression of the genes on the plasmid or host chromosome through cooperative transcriptional regulation. To clarify the impact of plasmid carriage on the host chromosome, we compared the chromosomal RNA maps of plasmid‐free and plasmid‐containing host strains using the incompatibility group P‐7 archetype plasmid pCAR1, which is involved in carbazole degradation, and three distinct Pseudomonas strains. The possession of pCAR1 altered gene expression related to the iron acquisition systems in each host. Expression of the major siderophore pyoverdine was greater in plasmid‐containing P. putida KT2440 and P. aeruginosa PAO1 than in the plasmid‐free host strains, in part due to the expression of carbazole‐degradative genes on pCAR1. The mexEFoprN operon encoding an efflux pump of the resistance‐nodulation‐cell division family was specifically upregulated by the carriage of pCAR1 in P. putida KT2440, whereas the expression of orthologous genes in the other species remained unaltered. Induction of the mexEFoprN genes increased the resistance of pCAR1‐containing KT2440 to chloramphenicol compared with pCAR1‐free KT2440. Our findings indicate that the possession of pCAR1 altered the growth rate of the host via the expression of genes on pCAR1 and the host chromosomes.
Colonoscopy and computerized tomography scan are not sufficient to localize right‐sided colonic lesions accurately
Authors: Solon J. G. , Al‐Azawi D. , Hill A. , Deasy J. , McNamara D. A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAim  Accurate preoperative localization of colonic lesions is critical especially in laparoscopic colectomy where tactile localization is absent particularly in screen‐detected tumours. The study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of colonoscopy and double‐contrast computerized tomography (CT) scan to localize lesions treated by right hemicolectomy.Method  A retrospective chart review was performed of patients treated by right hemicolectomy under the colorectal service between July 2003 and October 2006. Preoperative tumour location determined by CT scan and colonoscopy was compared with the intra‐operative and histopathological findings.Results  Out of 101 patients, 73 (73%) were for adenoma or cancer, with a final diagnosis of adenocarcinoma in 59 (58%). Preoperative localization was inaccurate in 29% of lesions using both CT and colonoscopy. In the transverse colon, colonoscopy alone was only 37.5% accurate, increasing to 62.5% when information from the CT scan was added.Conclusion  Preoperative localization of right‐sided colon cancers using colonoscopy and CT scanning is unreliable in at least 29% of cases. Inaccurate localization of transverse colon tumours risks inadequate lymphadenectomy with an adverse cancer outcome. Preoperative abdominal CT scan improves accuracy but endoscopic tattoo localization should be employed routinely especially in patients undergoing laparoscopic resection.
The implication of nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration in the pathogenesis of REM sleep behavior disorder
Authors: Kim Y. K. , Yoon I‐Y. , Kim J‐M. , Jeong S‐H. , Kim K. W. , Shin Y‐K. , Kim B. S. , Kim S. E. 
Published: November 2009

Background and purpose:  The pathogenesis of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is not clear despite its frequent association with Parkinson’s disease (PD). We investigated whether the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system is involved in the development of idiopathic RBD.Methods:  Fourteen patients with RBD, 14 patients with PD and 12 normal controls were included in the study. The diagnosis of RBD was confirmed on polysomnography. All the participants performed single‐photon emission computed tomography imaging 3 h after injection of [123I]FP‐CIT. During REM sleep of the RBD patients, each 30‐s epoch was rated as ‘tonic’ when there was at least 50% of tonically maintained chin electromyography (EMG) activity in the epoch. Phasic EMG activities were calculated as the percentage of 3‐s mini‐epoch containing phasic EMG events (leg and chin, separately).Results:  The RBD patients showed a trend of lower binding in the striatum than the normal controls (P = 0.07), and the significance was revealed in the putamen (P = 0.02). However, in 11 individual cases of the 14 RBD patients, the dopamine transporter (DAT) densities in the putamen still remained within the normal range. In the RBD patients, there was no correlation between EMG activities and DAT densities.Conclusions:  Nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration could be a part of the pathogenesis of RBD, but not essential for the development of RBD. The lack of correlation between RBD severity and DAT densities suggests that another pathogenic process not related to nigrostriatal dopaminergic transmission may be implicated in RBD.
Down‐regulation of serum gonadotropins is as effective as estrogen replacement at improving menopause‐associated cognitive deficits
Authors: Bryan Kathryn J. , Mudd Joseph C. , Richardson Sandy L. , Chang Jaewon , Lee Hyoung‐gon , Zhu Xiongwei , Smith Mark A. , Casadesus Gemma 
Published: November 2009

J. Neurochem. (2010) 112, 870–881.AbstractDeclining levels of estrogen in women result in increases in gonadotropins such as luteinizing hormone (LH) through loss of feedback inhibition. LH, like estrogen, is modulated by hormone replacement therapy. However, the role of post‐menopausal gonadotropin increases on cognition has not been evaluated. Here, we demonstrate that the down‐regulation of ovariectomy‐driven LH elevations using the gonadotropin releasing hormone super‐analogue, leuprolide acetate, improves cognitive function in the Morris water maze and Y‐maze tests in the absence of E2. Furthermore, our data suggest that these effects are independent of the modulation of estrogen receptors α and β, or activation of CYP19 and StAR, associated with the production of endogenous E2. Importantly, pathways associated with improved cognition such as CaMKII and GluR1‐Ser831 are up‐regulated by leuprolide treatment but not by chronic long‐term E2 replacement suggesting independent cognition‐modulating properties. Our findings suggest that down‐regulation of gonadotropins is as effective as E2 in modulating cognition but likely acts through different molecular mechanisms. These findings provide a potential novel protective strategy to treat menopause/age‐related cognitive decline and/or prevent the development of AD.
The fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 3 adapter is a developmentally regulated microtubule‐associated protein expressed in migrating and differentiated neurons
Authors: Hryciw Todd , MacDonald James I. S. , Phillips Renée , Seah Claudia , Pasternak Stephen , Meakin Susan O. 
Published: November 2009

J. Neurochem. (2009) 112, 924–939.AbstractFibroblast growth factor (FGF) mediated signaling is essential to many aspects of neural development. Activated FGF receptors signal primarily through the FGF receptor substrate (Frs) adapters, which include Frs2/Frs2α and Frs3/Frs2β. While some studies suggest that Frs3 can compensate for the loss of Frs2 in transfected cells, the lack of an effective Frs3 specific antibody has prevented efforts to determine the role(s) of the endogenous protein. To this end, we have generated a Frs3 specific antibody and have characterized the pattern of Frs3 expression in the developing nervous system, its subcellular localization as well as its biochemical properties. We demonstrate that Frs3 is expressed at low levels in the ventricular zone of developing cortex, between E12 and E15, and it co‐localizes with nestin and acetylated α‐tubulin in radial processes in the ventricular/subventricular zones as well as with βIII tubulin in differentiated cortical neurons. Subcellular fractionation studies demonstrate that endogenous Frs3 is both soluble and plasma membrane associated while Frs3 expressed in 293T cells associates exclusively with lipid rafts. Lastly, we demonstrate that neuronal Frs3 binds microtubules comparable to the microtubule‐associated protein, MAP2, while Frs2 does not. Collectively, these data suggest that neuronal Frs3 functions as a novel microtubule binding protein and they provide the first biochemical evidence that neuronal Frs3 is functionally distinct from Frs2/Frs2α.
Nerve growth factor activation of the TrkA receptor induces cell death, by macropinocytosis, in medulloblastoma Daoy cells
Authors: Li Chunhui , MacDonald James I. S. , Hryciw Todd , Meakin Susan O. 
Published: November 2009

J. Neurochem. (2009) 112, 882–899.AbstractEctopic expression of the TrkA receptor tyrosine kinase in tumors of the nervous system can mediate nerve growth factor (NGF)‐dependent cell death by apoptosis and /or autophagy. Herein, we demonstrate that TrkA can also induce cell death in medulloblastoma Daoy cells by a caspase‐independent mechanism that involves the hyperstimulation of macropinocytosis. Specifically, NGF‐stimulates the uptake of AlexaFluor546‐dextran into lysosome‐associated membrane protein‐1 positive vacuoles which fuse with microtubule associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) positive autophagosomes, to form large intracellular vacuoles (> 1 μm), which then fuse with lysotracker positive lysosomes. While LC3 cleavage and the appearance of LC3 positive vacuoles suggest the induction of autophagy, siRNA reduced expression of four proteins essential to autophagy (beclin‐1, Atg5, LC3 and Atg9) neither blocks NGF‐induced vacuole formation nor cell death. TrkA activated cell death does not require p38, JNK or Erk1/2 kinases but does require activation of class III PI‐3 kinase and is blocked by the casein kinase 1 (CK1) inhibitor, D4476. This inhibitor does not interfere with TrkA activation but does block NGF‐dependent AlexaFluor546‐dextran uptake and CK1 dependent phosphorylation of β‐catenin. Collectively, these data demonstrate that TrkA stimulates cell death by a novel mechanism involving CK1‐dependent hyperstimulation of macropinocytosis.
Designing Response Categories of Agreement Scales for Cross‐national Surveys in East Asia: The Approach of the Japanese General Social Surveys
Authors: Shishido Kuniaki , Iwai Noriko , Yasuda Tokio 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe existing cross‐national surveys use various types of scales including 2‐point, 3‐point, 4‐point, and 5‐point scales, and the translations of response statements vary depending on responsible organizations even within the same country. This paper examines how differences in response categories of the agreement scale may impact the distribution of responses in cross‐national surveys and reports the strategies for designing the agreement scale for the East Asian Social Survey (EASS) project. Among the four EASS countries and region, the response pattern of the Japanese is somewhat different from that of Taiwanese, Korean, and Chinese people; the Japanese prefer to give a mid‐point or close‐to‐the‐middle response instead of a definite expression of agreement or disagreement. Social surveys in Japan often handle this tendency by avoiding the use of strong adverbs and excluding mid‐point and off‐scale options from agreement scales. Based on examinations of existing surveys results and conducting pretests, the following strategies to ensure procedural equivalence as well as interpretive equivalence in the EASS project were contrived: (i) The agreement scale was designed to have a sufficient variability in response distributions for all countries and the region; a 7‐point scale with the adverb “strongly” at both ends and a mid‐point was adopted. (ii) The translations of response statements as well as questions for all teams were carefully checked and adjusted through several languages.