bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paper 8: Study of the Finish Produced in Surface Grinding
Authors: Farmer D. A. , Brecker J. N. , Shaw M. C. , Nakayama K. , Shaw M. C. 
Published: June 2010

The finish produced in reciprocating surface grinding was studied experimentally and analytically. The 2 n factorial design of experiments technique was applied to determine the relative importance of a large number of variables on the centre-line average (c.l.a.) surface roughness produced without spark-out. The most important variable was found to be table speed which should be low for best finish. The following variables were but one-half to one-third as important as table speed and should be adjusted in the direction indicated for good finish. The peak-to-valley roughness was found to be from four to six times the arithmetic roughness over the entire range of grinding conditions investigated.
Paper 21: Topography and Mechanical Properties of Ground Metal Surfaces
Authors: Barker K. , Kaliszer H. , Rowe G. W. 
Published: June 2010

The purpose of the paper is to investigate the significance of periodic removal of metal particles deposited during cutting in the pores of the grinding wheel. A measuring technique is described, and experimental results are given, which indicate that wheel life, topography, chatter vibration, workpiece skin hardness, and metallographic structure can be improved considerably by applying a special process of debris removal from the working periphery of the grinding wheel. In other experiments using lubricants it is found that simple mechanical removal of debris may also be advantageous. A new technique of intermittent application of a lubricant is described. This is shown also to be effective when grinding a heated workpiece. A new technique for examining the ground surface is described. This utilizes ¾-in inserts, which are heat-treated and then ground with the main body of the selected workpiece material. These inserts are subsequently removed and examined by metallographic sectioning. Microhardness traverses across the surface and in depth show marked variations due to the rapid heating of the surface during grinding and the immediate very rapid quenching. A 0·45 % C steel of general hardness 700 K.d.n. was, for example, increased to 1100 near the surface. At greater depths, the diffusion of heat tempers the quenched material, and the hardness falls again with further increase in depth. This excessive skin hardening can be avoided by ultrasonic treatment of the wheel at regular intervals during grinding.
Paper 34: Calibration of Surface Texture Measuring Instruments
Authors: Sharman H. B. 
Published: June 2010

Continuously lined surface texture calibration specimens are used to determine the transmission characteristics of surface texture measuring instruments. The lines, deposited at 001 in pitch, are basically sinusoidal in shape with amplitudes ranging from 30 to 1000 μin. Rotating the axis of the specimen relative to the direction of the pick-up head traverse generates waves with pitches ranging from 0·01 to 0·5 in. The transmission characteristics, using 0·01-, 0·03-, and 0·1-in cut-off, of a surface-texture measuring instrument are compared with the requirements of British Standard 1134:1961.
Paper 39: In Situ Out-of-Roundness Measurement
Authors: Witzke F. W. 
Published: June 2010

A new method is described for measurement of out-of-roundness characteristics of parts under conditions that are now considered extremely difficult or impossible. For example, it is now possible to measure very large parts while they are still mounted in the machine tool, on a makeshift inspection fixture, or even in an assembly. Typical of parts now being measured by this method are crankshaft journals and throw surfaces, piston pins, machine tool spindle shafts, mill rolls, and reactor fuel rods. No expensive masters, precision spindles, or special skills are required. Results are plotted and measured on polar charts such as used on the more conventional roundness gauge. Accuracy of the out-of-roundness measurement is within ±10 per cent for most parts.
Paper 44: Education for Surface Texture Assessment
Authors: Broadston J. A. 
Published: June 2010

Limitations in the ability of surface texture assessment methods to evaluate truly the probable performance of surfaces under operating conditions are widely known. As the micro-geometric asperities of surface texture are very complex in character and as the conditions under which surfaces must operate are so varied, direct correlation of the two by means of simple indices is relatively impossible. While investigation of methods of assessment might provide consuming scientific and academic interest, as well as an intriguing diversion for those in metrology, such effort is of little avail unless it can be useful in enabling industry to produce better products at lower cost. International effort is under way to reach world-wide agreement on standards for assessment devices, methods of evaluation, reference specimens and drafting room standards for designation. Precise and accurate control of surface texture is increasingly important to product performance in advancing technology. Success depends upon personnel who have a thorough knowledge of the limitations of existing methodology as well as the broad perspective necessary to evaluate factors in terms of company goals. Credos for engineers, manufacturers and quality personnel are given to assist in the human factors that play such an important part in the successful use of any assessment system.
Paper 2: The Application of a Small Scientific Computer to Calculations for Prototype Engines
Authors: Monaghan M. L. 
Published: June 2010

It is often assumed that a large computer, because of its great speed and large core size, will invariably provide a cheaper result than a smaller computer. There are many problems in the internal combustion engine field, however, which can be tackled economically using a small scientific computer. Among these are design calculations for prototype engines where program utilization is not very high. The cost of developing these programs for a small machine is low and, providing the required output is matched to the speed of the machine, actual operating costs can be kept low. Many prototype designs give rise to problems where the solution warrants a computer, but time and money are such that a full scale study using a large machine is not possible. Here the small computer can be used to give a rapid economical answer to the problem while the relatively low cost of manual intervention on such a machine often allows a very flexible approach. Calculations for prototype engines described in this paper cover cam ordinates and their analysis and the determination of big-end bearing loads. Research problems include the effect of Poisson's ratio on thermal stress, a check on the motion of an unusual type of shock absorber and calculations to assist in the development of a small Stirling cycle engine.
Paper 1: Pump Intake Design Investigations
Authors: Paterson I. S. , Campbell G. 
Published: June 2010

Centrifugal pump design has reached the stage where to improve efficiency much research is necessary for limited returns, whereas the application of model techniques to the design of pumping systems in general and pump intakes in particular can yield immediate and manifold savings. Test rig requirements and test techniques applicable to pump intake models are described, and limitations regarding model size and flow velocities are discussed in relation to scale effects. Cumulative results to date on typical intakes for large circulating water pumps are summarized and design trends are assessed.
Paper 2: Integrated Design of Pump and Adjacent System
Authors: Paterson I. S. , McConnell T. A. 
Published: June 2010

Owing to the incompatibility of free surface and closed conduit scaling requirements, pump intake investigations are often carried out in two stages. Stage 1 covers pump intake design investigations, which establish the hydraulic acceptability of the main approach works, whilst Stage 2 deals with pump and adjacent inlet investigations, which are used to study in detail flow immediately upstream of the pump and its relation with pump performance. Correlation of Stage 1 and Stage 2 is discussed and test rig and testing requirements for the latter are described. Results of model investigations and the ensuing suction duct designs for typical large circulating water pumps are summarized. The discussion is extended to more general comments on the effect of installation on pump performance and its measurement.
Paper 5: Model Testing of High Head Pumps
Authors: Nixon R. A. , Spencer E. A. 
Published: June 2010

After a world-wide survey of possible sites, the National Engineering Laboratory was chosen as the independent laboratory best fitted to carry out acceptance tests on the bidder's model pumps for the Tehachapi Crossing Scheme. Model test conditions corresponding as nearly as possible to the full prototype head of 1970 ft were required, involving powers of between 3000 and 4000 hp, comparative repeatabilities of the order of ±0·15 per cent, and overall accuracies better than ± 0·3 per cent, the whole test programme to be completed within a tight time schedule. The paper describes the preparation, specification, and general aspects of the execution of the test programme. Its relevance to model testing of pumps in general is also discussed.
Paper 7: Sump for Tilbury Dock Extensions
Authors: Fellerman L. 
Published: June 2010

This paper describes the study, by use of models, of two sumps for the installation of impounding pumps at the Tilbury Dock extension. The first design studied indicated that there would be excessive random velocity fluctuations in the area of the impeller. Modifications reduced the fluctuations to more reasonable proportions. Problems of locating the impeller in a plane of low-velocity fluctuation led to a study of a second design of sump. The second design, with the aid of flow straightening diaphragms, produced improved flow conditions in the plane of the impellers.
Paper 9: Flow Patterns and the Affinity Laws for Model Testing of Impeller Pumps
Authors: Lupton H. R. 
Published: June 2010

The accuracy of model testing rests on the applicability of the affinity laws interrelating the behaviour of geometrically similar machines running at various speeds. To be confident of this applicability it is necessary to ensure, with sufficient accuracy, the similarity of the flow patterns within the prototype and model. With a perfect liquid considerable guidance as to the flow regime in a pump or turbine can be gained from partial streamline maps based purely on hydrodynamics. Approximate maps are given for the relative flow within an idealized centrifugal impeller, and the respects in which these fall short of representing the regime throughout a complete pump, even with perfect liquid, are discussed. The actual flow patterns, both in model and prototype, will differ from the flow regime ruling in the case of a perfect liquid, and in general from one another, mainly by reason of viscosity. If cavitation occurs, further differences in behaviour will be caused, notably by reason of gas content and surface tension and by the downward limit of absolute pressure. The nature, location, and extent of these relative departures, and their effect on the applicability of the affinity laws, are examined in the light on the flow pattern afforded by the streamline maps.
Paper 16: Friction in Wet Clutches
Authors: Evans E. M. , Whittle J. 
Published: June 2010

This paper is intended to demonstrate that designers of wet clutches for power transmission can obtain the optimum friction characteristics for specific applications by considering the interaction between friction materials and lubricants. A friction clutch plate rig is described and the friction results obtained are presented. It is shown that a wide variation of coefficients of friction and frictional characteristics in wet friction clutches can be obtained by changing the oils and friction materials. In particular the coefficient of friction is dependent upon (1) the oil, (2) the materials of the sliding surfaces, (3) sliding speed, and (4) temperature. It is also shown that the coefficient of friction is affected by ( a) refining treatment given to the oil, ( b) different base oils, and ( c) additives.
Paper 19: Wear-Reducing Properties of Mineral Oils and Their Fractions
Authors: Groszek A. J. 
Published: June 2010

Refined lubricating oils from several crudes have been separated chromatographically and by thermal diffusion into fractions of different chemical and physical nature. Four-ball and pin-on-disc machines have been used to investigate the effects of the chemical nature of the oils and their fractions on wear-reducing properties. In the four-ball machine the ‘aromatic’ fractions (aromatic compounds plus sulphur compounds eluted as one fraction from silica gel) were found to have better wear-reducing properties than the corresponding naphthene–paraffin fractions and the original oils from which they were separated. The ‘aromatic’ fractions from bright-stocks were found to have the best wear-reducing properties of all the components tested. The studies of wear in the pin-on-disc machine have demonstrated the superior wear-reducing properties of the naphthene– paraffin fractions. Viscosity has been shown to have some effect in the wear tests, but chemical nature appears to have more influence on anti-wear performance than changes in viscosity within the normal range of conventional oils. The type of ‘aromatic’ and saturated hydrocarbons that are most effective in wear reduction is not known at present. It is likely that mineral oils contain compounds which are even more active in wear reduction than the ‘aromatic’ and naphthene–paraffin fractions which are, of course, complex mixtures of many different types of hydrocarbons and sulphur compounds. There is little doubt that it is possible to isolate, from various crudes, groups of compounds possessing better wear-reducing properties and load-carrying capacity than the conventionally produced base oils
Tribological Information for Designers: Some Observations on the Proceedings of the International Conference on Lubrication and Wear Held at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in September 1967
Authors: Barwell F. T. 
Published: June 2010

A series of comprehensive reviews reveals much useful information that has become available during the last ten years and which enables the design of bearings to be placed on a sounder basis. The extended range and utilization of the digital computer has facilitated the solution of both the fundamental equations of lubrication and the optimization of design. Sufficient information now exists to solve the problem of correct application of journal bearings under conditions of turbulence, transient load, and instability. Gas bearings are being used extensively and the design and stabilization of externally pressurized bearings are described. The theory of elastohydrodynamic lubrication has proved revealing in the design of cams and has provided understanding of the effect of surface finish on endurance under pitting fatigue conditions.
Paper 2: The Road Surface and Safety of Vehicles
Authors: Sabey B. E. 
Published: June 2010

The control of a vehicle depends ultimately on the friction available between its tyres and the road surfaces to give adequate skidding resistance when wet under the many varied conditions of speed and road layout which are encountered in the course of normal driving. Methods of measuring the skidding resistance of road surfaces are described, with particular emphasis on the interpretation of results in relation to accident risk and on the minimum requirements for safety under different road conditions. The features of road surface texture which give these requirements are outlined and results of field surveys show the extent to which the requirements are met at the present time. The influence of tyre tread characteristics on the frictional properties of road surfaces is also discussed.
Paper 5: Some Human Factors Affecting the Design of Vehicles and Roads
Authors: Moore R. L. 
Published: June 2010

This paper deals with the task of driving in relation to the design of vehicles and roads. Following a discussion of the possible mental processes involved, certain limitations inherent in the driver's perceptual system which merit the attention of road engineers are noted. By means of an illustrative example the difficulties confronting a driver as he tries to cross a particular road junction are described. It is shown that, in spite of excellent visibility, a driver is under considerable stress and this is reflected in a high accident rate. It is concluded that, as a consequence of the higher speeds and greater volume of modern traffic, there is need to reconsider road layout practice with a view to simplifying the perceptual task of drivers.
Paper 7: Safety and Commercial Vehicle Design
Authors: Dickson-Simpson J. M. 
Published: June 2010

Safety-consciousness has never been so evident in the road-transport industry as it is now. The Ministry of Transport deserves much credit for this awareness but is now in danger of actually inhibiting progress through its enthusiasm to make regulations on detail engineering features and by being tardy in keeping regulations in line with latest scientific knowledge. Commercial vehicles present their own special safety problems as a result of the very varied operational environment in which they work. Loadings and weight distributions change markedly from journey to journey. Regulations impose tight restrictions. Noise, limited rearward vision, and harsh suspension produce driver-fatigue problems. Increase in operating speeds is making fresh assessments of handling, aerodynamics and braking quite urgent. Much remains to be done even though big advances have already been made and British technology in commercial-vehicle design now leads the world in many respects.
Paper 5: Compact Long-Life Diesel Engine
Authors: Timoney S. G. 
Published: June 2010

Continued development work at University College, Dublin, on the variable compression ratio, two-stroke diesel engine, discussed in earlier communications to the Institution, has demonstrated the ability of this unique design to combine long service life with high specific output. The present paper summarizes the current status of the programme after four years' work. The basic design philosophy adopts a two-stroke cycle and exhaust gas turbocharging to obtain high specific output, and an automatic variable compression ratio mechanism to ensure long service life by controlling piston loads. The paper gives details of the variable compression ratio mechanism including the specification of the various components of which it is comprised. Test results show the response rate of the mechanism relative to changes in engine operation. Results are also given for the engine as operated with various air supply blowers to give characteristics suitable for specific user applications.
Paper 6: The Differential Compound Engine: Interim Test Results and Assessment of Future Development
Authors: Wallace F. J. , Few P. C. , Cave P. R. 
Published: June 2010

The first part of the paper describes initial test results obtained on an experimental installation of the differential compound engine. The initial tests broadly confirm the predicted torque–speed and power–speed relationships which are appropriate to traction-type prime movers, and are intended to eliminate the need for multi-ratio gearboxes or their hydrostatic or hydrokinetic equivalents. The second part of the paper contains performance predictions based on certain cycle and component modifications such as interburning before the auxiliary turbine, and variable nozzles.
Paper 8: Curtiss-Wright's Rotating Combustion Engine—Compact, Lightweight Power
Authors: Jones C. 
Published: June 2010

The present status of the ‘Rotating Combustion’ (RC) engine programme at Curtiss-Wright is presented with particular emphasis on high specific output air and liquid cooled models. Related developments which led to present configurations of these Wankel-type engines are briefly discussed and likely directions for the future are mentioned. This prior work included cumulative test time of 40 000 hours on one- to four-rotor engines covering a displacement range of 445/1; the development of durable, efficient components; achievement of over 150 hp and 160 b.m.e.p. from the basic 60-in3 size petrol engine; development of twin rotor heavy fuel aircraft and military vehicle engines; and field testing in automobiles, trucks, boats, and generating sets. History, data, and background leading to current models are developed to show that today's RC engine offers a new power plant approaching the size, weight, and smoothness of the gas turbine at reciprocating engine fuel economy and cost.
Paper 1: Laser Measuring Techniques in Machine-Tool Applications
Authors: Tipton H. 
Published: June 2010

The laser has found application to measurements on machine tools as a coherent source for interferometric measurement mainly in the field of metrology, and M.T.I.R.A. have used a laser interferometer calibrator for the last two years. The next application will probably be on measuring machines, and it is unlikely to be used as a machine tool scale in the near future unless an accuracy of 1 part in 106 is required. A second use of the laser is to provide a well-collimated high-intensity beam of light which can be used as a straight-edge. Commercial tooling lasers for alignment are available and an in-process gauging system has been developed using a laser straight-edge.
Paper 11: Laser Energy Measurements by Absolute Methods
Authors: Scott B. F. 
Published: June 2010

The value of laser experiments is frequently determined by the accuracy and reliability of the techniques used for power and energy measurements. Most absolute measurements rely upon the calorimetric principle; they determine the total energy from the thermal response of a mass absorbing the radiation. Peak power is the major factor determining the design, and two distinct calorimetric groups can be identified. Pulsed solid-state lasers generate high peak powers and can create damage in the absorber unless measures are taken to restrict the specific absorption to a safe level. This is the design basis for both the cone and liquid absorption cell calorimeters. Both are widely used and can achieve an absolute accuracy of about 10 per cent. Because of the substantially lower instantaneous powers associated with continuous wave lasers surface damage is not a major problem and a variety of calorimeters, both ballistic and continuous, are admissible. Absolute accuracy, response time and convenience are the important factors determining choice. The black body absorber in the form of a sphere offers the greatest potential power range but interpretative difficulties remain to be solved.
Paper 12: A Long Distance Laser Alignment System
Authors: Reicher G. J. , Harris K. D. 
Published: June 2010

An improved laser alignment aid has been designed and built for use in engineering operations such as tunnel boring, pipe laying, or road construction to provide a permanent straight line which maintains its true position between periodic checks by a surveyor, thus avoiding expensive errors. A laser tube has been used which has sealed mirror construction, and the mechanical design is such as to give improved stability in the field. This makes for a second generation instrument which should allow more widespread practical experience of lasers to be obtained in the open.