bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evapotranspiration and water use efficiency in a Chesapeake Bay wetland under carbon dioxide enrichment
Authors: LI JIAHONG , ERICKSON JOHN E. , PERESTA GARY , DRAKE BERT G. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWetlands evapotranspire more water than other ecosystems, including agricultural, forest and grassland ecosystems. However, the effects of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration (Ca) on wetland evapotranspiration (ET) are largely unknown. Here, we present data on 12 years of measurements of ET, net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE), and ecosystem water use efficiency (EWUE, i.e. NEE/ET) at 13:00–15:00 hours in July and August for a Scirpus olneyi (C3 sedge) community and a Spartina patens (C4 grass) community exposed to ambient and elevated (ambient+340 μmol mol−1) Ca in a Chesapeake Bay wetland. Although a decrease in stomatal conductance at elevated Ca in the S. olneyi community was counteracted by an increase in leaf area index (LAI) to some extend, ET was still reduced by 19% on average over 12 years. In the S. patens community, LAI was not affected by elevated Ca and the reduction of ET was 34%, larger than in the S. olneyi community. For both communities, the relative reduction in ET by elevated Ca was directly proportional to precipitation due to a larger reduction in stomatal conductance in the control plants as precipitation decreased. NEE was stimulated about 36% at elevated Ca in the S. olneyi community but was not significantly affected by elevated Ca in S. patens community. A negative correlation between salinity and precipitation observed in the field indicated that precipitation affected ET through altered salinity and interacted with growth Ca. This proposed mechanism was supported by a greenhouse study that showed a greater Ca effect on ET in controlled low salinity conditions compared with high salinity. In spite of the differences between the two communities in their responses to elevated Ca, EWUE was increased about 83% by elevated Ca in both the S. olneyi and S. patens communities. These findings suggest that rising Ca could have significant impacts on the hydrologic cycles of coastal wetlands.
Nurse prescriber–patient consultations: a case study in dermatology
Authors: Courtenay Molly , Carey Nicola , Stenner Karen 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTitle.  Nurse prescriber–patient consultations: a case study in dermatology. Aim.  This paper is a report of a study exploring the content and processes in consultations between nurse prescribers and patients with dermatological conditions.Background.  Communication skills, consultation time, information and follow‐up are central to the treatment and management of patients with dermatological conditions. The contribution nurses make to the care of these patients has great potential.Method.  A multiple case study was conducted with 10 practice settings across England in which nurses prescribed medicines for patients with dermatological conditions. Data were collected between June 2006 and September 2007 using semi‐structured interviews (n = 40), patient questionnaires (n = 165/200) and videotaped observations of nurse consultations (n = 40). Data analysis included thematic analysis, descriptive statistics, chi‐square and non‐parametric tests.Findings.  Nurses believed that their holistic approach to assessment, combined with their prescribing knowledge, improved prescribing decisions. Listening and explanation of treatments were aspects of nurse communication that were rated highly by patients. Listening and dealing sensitively with emotions were also aspects of the videotaped consultations that were rated highly by assessors. Nurses were less consistent in providing information about medicines.Conclusion.  Triangulated data from this study suggest that nurse prescribing enhances the care of patients with dermatological conditions through improved prescribing decisions. If patients are to be more involved in this decision‐making, nurses must give them more information about their medicines. The benefits of prescribing were most evident in the practices of dermatology specialist nurses. Further evidence is required to identify whether prescribing by specialist nurses offers similar benefits in other therapeutic areas.
Position of peripheral venous cannulae and the incidence of thrombophlebitis: an observational study
Authors: Cicolini Giancarlo , Bonghi Antonia Pollidoro , Di Labio Luisa , Di Mascio Rocco 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTitle.  Position of peripheral venous cannulae and the incidence of thrombophlebitis: an observational study. Aim.  This paper is a report of a study conducted to investigate the most suitable location of peripheral venous cannulae to reduce the incidence of thrombophlebitis.Background.  Peripheral intravenous cannulae are used for vascular access, but the site of insertion and size of the cannula could expose patients to local and systemic infectious complications. Small cannula size is an important factor in reducing the incidence of thrombophlebitis, but cannula location has not yet been studied. Evidence‐based knowledge on how to prevent these complications is needed.Method.  An observational survey carried out was carried out in 2007 with 427 patients in one Italian hospital. A structured observation protocol was used to survey the frequency of thrombophlebitis and the realtionship of location and size of peripheral intravenous cannulae. The variables evaluated were age, gender, cannula size and site of cannula location. Chi‐square or Student t tests were used, and the adjusted odds ratios and relative 95% confidence intervals are reported.Results.  The frequency of peripheral intravenous cannulae thrombophlebitis was higher in females (OR:1·91;CI:1·20–3·03;P < 0·006). The highest incidence was found in patients with cannulae inserted in the dorsal side of the hand veins compared to those with cannulae inserted in cubital fossa veins (OR:3·33;CI:1·37–8·07; P < 0·001).Conclusion.  The use of cubital fossa veins rather than forearm and hand veins should be encouraged to reduce the risk of thrombophlebitis in patients with peripheral intravenous cannulae.
A decision theory perspective on why women do or do not decide to have cancer screening: systematic review
Authors: Ackerson Kelly , Preston Stephanie D. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTitle.  A decision theory perspective on why women do or do not decide to have cancer screening: systematic review. Aim.  This paper is a report of a review in which decision theory from economics and psychology was applied to understand why some women with access to care do not seek cancer screening.Background.  Mammography and cervical smear testing are effective modes of cancer screening, yet many women choose not to be screened. Nurses need to understand the reasons behind women’s choices to improve adherence.Data sources.  Research papers published between January 1994 and November 2008 were identified using the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, MEDLINE and PsycINFO data bases. The search was performed using the following terms: cervical cancer screening, breast cancer screening, decision, choice, adherence and framing. Forty‐seven papers were identified and reviewed for relevance to the search criteria.Methods.  Nineteen papers met the search criteria. For each paper, reasons for obtaining or not obtaining cancer screening were recorded, and organized into four relevant decision theory principles: emotions, Prospect Theory, optimism bias and framing.Findings.  All women have fears and uncertainty, but the sources of their fears differ, producing two main decision scenarios. Non‐adherence results when women fear medical examinations, providers, tests and procedures, do not have/seek knowledge about risk and frame their current health as the status quo. Adherence is achieved when women fear cancer, but trust care providers, seek knowledge, understand risk and frame routine care as the status quo.Conclusion.  Nurses need to address proactively women’s perceptions and knowledge about screening by openly and uniformly discussing the importance and benefits.
Comparison of two different oxygen delivery methods in the early postoperative period: randomized trial
Authors: Ayhan Hatice , Iyigun Emine , Tastan Sevinc , Orhan Mehmet Emin , Ozturk Erkan 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTitle.  Comparison of two different oxygen delivery methods in the early postoperative period: randomized trial. Aim.  This paper is a report of a study conducted to compare the effects of two different oxygen delivery methods on both patient peripheral oxygen saturation and patient satisfaction.Background.  One of the most serious problems encountered in the early postoperative period is hypoxemia. Giving oxygen to patients in the perioperative period reduces the incidence of hypoxemia. Oxygen is generally delivered to patients through oxygen masks or nasal cannulae. Previous studies have shown that face masks and nasal cannulae are effective in the early postoperative period.Method.  A randomized trial was conducted between 2007 and 2008 with patients undergoing thyroidectomy. In the early postoperative period, 5 L/minute of oxygen was given to patients via an oxygen mask (n = 53) or nasal cannulae (n = 53). Peripheral oxygen saturation were measured by pulse oxymeter every 5 minutes for a 30‐minute period. The Postoperative Nausea Vomiting Scale was used and patient satisfaction was evaluated using a 10‐point scale.Results.  Average peripheral oxygen saturation for the nasal cannulae group was statistically significant higher than that in the mask group. This difference arose from more frequent removal of the oxygen mask than the nasal cannulae by patients and healthcare professionals. Average satisfaction scores for patients in the nasal cannulae group were statistically significantly higher than those in the mask group.Conclusion.  During the early postoperative period, using nasal cannulae for patients undergoing thyroidectomy increases oxygenation.
Evaluation of contextual influences on the medication administration practice of paediatric nurses
Authors: Davis Leigh , Ware Robert , McCann Damhnat , Keogh Samantha , Watson Karen 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTitle.  Evaluation of contextual influences on the medication administration practice of paediatric nurses. Aim.  This paper is a report of a study conducted to explore the impact of preidentified contextual themes (related to work environment and socialization) on nursing medication practice.Background.  Medication administration is a complex aspect of paediatric nursing and an important component of day‐to‐day nursing practice. Many attempts are being made to improve patient safety, but many errors remain. Identifying and understanding factors that influence medication administration errors are of utmost importance.Method.  A cross‐sectional survey was conducted with a sample of 278 paediatric nurses from the emergency department, intensive care unit and medical and surgical wards of an Australian tertiary paediatric hospital in 2004. The response rate was 67%.Result.  Contextual influences were important in determining how closely medication policy was followed. Completed questionnaires were returned by 185 nurses (67%). Younger nurses aged <34 years thought that their medication administration practice could be influenced by the person with whom they checked the drugs (P = 0·001), and that there were daily circumstances when it was acceptable not to adhere strictly to medication policy (P < 0·001), including choosing between following policy and acting in the best interests of the child (P = 0·002). Senior nurses agreed that senior staff dictate acceptable levels of medication policy adherence through role modelling (P = 0·01). Less experienced nurses reported greater confidence with computer literacy (P < 0·001).Conclusions.  Organizations need to employ multidisciplinary education programmes to promote universal understanding of, and adherence to, medication policies. Skill mix should be closely monitored to ensure adequate support for new and junior staff.
A caring relationship with people who have cancer
Authors: Iranmanesh Sedigheh , Axelsson Karin , Sävenstedt Stefan , Häggström Terttu 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTitle. A caring relationship with people who have cancer.Aim. This paper is a report of a study conducted to elucidate the meaning of a caring relationship with people with cancer.Background. A caring relationship becomes the most important focus of caregiving when treatment of the body has reached the limits where cure is no longer expected. Caring as perceived by people with cancer involves nurses having professional attitudes and skills in order to provide good care, including emotional and practical support.Methods. A phenomenological hermeneutic approach influenced by Ricoeur was used. Eight nurses working in an oncology unit in Iran were interviewed in 2007 about their experiences of caring relationships with people who have cancer.Findings. The findings were interpreted as getting involved in a mutual/demanding close relationship. Closeness demanded nurses to be present, to listen to patients, and to be compassionate. Closeness was also mutual and characterized both caregiving and receiving new insights into values in the nurses’ own lives. The close relationship was at times frustrating when they were faced with situations that they could not handle and were out of their control.Conclusion. Closeness is an important foundation for caring, and acquires a special dimension in the care of people with cancer and their relatives. It derives from the personal and professional experiences of nurses in their own life stories. Nursing education should include a reflective approach in order to develop caring skills in oncology nursing that are not merely attuned to medical care.
Psychosocial health and health‐related quality of life in school pupils 11–18 years
Authors: Lauder William , Burton Catherine , Roxburgh C Michelle , Themessl‐Huber Markus , O’Neill Michelle , Abubakari Abdulrazak 
Published: April 2009

Aim.  To establish levels of mental health at a community level and to model the relationship between mental health difficulty, health‐related impact and health related quality of life in school pupils aged 11–18 years old.Background.  The issue of psychosocial and mental health in school pupils is a topic of considerable academic and public interest. The incidence of mental health problems in children 11–18 years shows marked differences between countries and within countries. Much of the epidemiological literature has focused on diagnostic categories rather than population health.Design.  The study employed a cross‐sectional survey.Methods.  A cross‐sectional survey of 1786 school children aged 11–18 years was conducted in Scotland. Participants completed the strengths and difficulties questionnaire and the SF‐10 for Children.Results.  This group of school pupils had similar levels of mental health needs and psychosocial health status as UK and age‐related US norms. They had poorer levels of physical health status. The most important predictors of psychosocial health status were difficulty category, impact, physical health status and chronicity. The most important predictors of impact were difficulty category, chronicity and psychosocial health status.Conclusion.  There is a need to tackle psychosocial health problems in schools. Problems are often chronic in nature and whilst still having an impact on the life of pupils may not be severe enough for a diagnosis which would trigger treatment in the conventional sense. Psychosocial health is predicted by physical health therefore nursing interventions which are focussed on both physical and psychosocial health may be needed.Relevance to clinical practice.  This study suggests that in some geographical areas in UK targeting of services to ‘high‐need’ schools is not necessary and universal services are required. Problems need to be detected before they reach current treatment thresholds. Interventions should be school‐based with a focus on impact on classroom learning and family difficulties.
Nurse entrepreneurs’ well‐being at work and associated factors
Authors: Sankelo Merja , Åkerblad Leena 
Published: April 2009

Aims and objectives.  This study describes the well‐being at work of nurse entrepreneurs and owner‐managers of social care companies in Finland from the vantage point of health and working capacity, general coping and job satisfaction and identifies factors associated with well‐being.Background.  In recent years, increasing numbers of nurses have been starting up in business in the social care sector. As yet, there has been only limited research into their well‐being at work.Design.  Survey.Method.  This study was conducted as part of a questionnaire survey among 335 social care entrepreneurs with different educational backgrounds. The sample for the study reported here consisted of those respondents who had a registered nurse degree (n = 84). The data were analysed by SPSS statistical software.Results.  Most of the respondents rated their physical, mental, financial and social situation and working capacity as good. Less than half of the respondents had experienced stress during the past year. Over half felt their coping efficacy was better than it had been shortly after starting up in business. The respondents’ resources were consumed and strengthened by a range of different work‐related factors. The majority were satisfied with their job as an entrepreneur. Several background factors were associated with the results.Conclusions.  Most of the nurse entrepreneurs reported being content with their well‐being at work. Nevertheless, the results also highlighted factors that could and should be addressed to improve the well‐being at work of entrepreneurs who struggle to cope.Relevance to clinical practice.  The results provide useful information for the development of entrepreneurial training for nurses, for the design and provision of occupational health care services and for the enrichment of the content of the entrepreneur’s job.
Using a synthesised technique for grounded theory in nursing research
Authors: Chen Hsiao‐Yu , Boore Jennifer RP 
Published: April 2009

Aims.  To introduce a synthesised technique for using grounded theory in nursing research.Background.  Nursing increasingly uses grounded theory for a broadened perspective on nursing practice and research. Nurse researchers have choices in how to choose and use grounded theory as a research method. These choices come from a deep understanding of the different versions of grounded theory, including Glaser’s classic grounded theory and Strauss and Corbin’s later approach.Design.  Grounded theory related literature review was conducted.Methods.  This is a methodological review paper.Results.  Nursing researchers intent on using a grounded theory methodology should pay attention to the theoretical discussions including theoretical sampling, theoretical sensitivity, constant comparative methods and asking questions, keeping memoranda diagramming, identification of a core category and a resultant explanatory theory. A synthesised approach is developed for use, based on Strauss and Corbin’s style of sampling and memoranda writing, but selecting theoretical coding families, that differ from the paradigm model of Strauss and Corbin, from the wide range suggested by Glaser. This led to the development of a multi‐step synthesised approach to grounded theory data analysis based on the works of Glaser, Charmaz and Strauss and Corbin.Conclusions.  The use of this synthesised approach provides a true reflection of Glaser’s idea of ‘emergence of theory from the data’ and Strauss and Corbin’s style of sampling and memoranda writing is employed. This multi‐step synthesised method of data analysis maintains the philosophical perspective of grounded theory.Relevance to clinical practice.  This method indicates how grounded theory has developed, where it might go next in nursing research and how it may continue to evolve.
Effects of patients’ anxiety, previous pain experience and non‐drug interventions on the pain experience during colonoscopy
Authors: Ylinen Eeva‐Riitta , Vehviläinen‐Julkunen Katri , Pietilä Anna‐Maija 
Published: April 2009

Aims.  This paper is a report of a study evaluating anxiety in patients prior to colonoscopy and identifying correlations between that anxiety, previous pain experience, non‐drug interventions and pain intensity during colonoscopy.Background.  Waiting for forthcoming procedures, such as colonoscopy, is stressful. However, a few studies have evaluated the influence of patients’ anxiety, previous pain experience and non‐drug interventions during colonoscopy.Design.  A quantitative cross‐sectional survey design was used. The data were collected from colonoscopy patients by using the Spielberger State Trait Anxiety Inventory and a questionnaire developed for the study.Methods.  We assigned one hundred and thirty patients scheduled for diagnostic colonoscopy in a Finnish university hospital during 2006. Patients completed the State Trait Anxiety Inventory before and a questionnaire developed for the study after colonoscopy.Results.  Most of the patients suffered from pain but they considered it to be tolerable. Women were more anxious before colonoscopy and experienced more pain and discomfort than men. Previous pain experiences and high state anxiety level decreased patients’ perceptions of colonoscopy. Non‐drug interventions, such as peaceful talk, explanation of the reason for pain and guidance helped both anxious and non‐anxious patients to ease the pain.Conclusion.  Awareness and understanding of previous pain experiences and anxiety levels in patients are essential and must be taken into account.Relevance to clinical practice.  Colonoscopy patients’ clinical education should be developed so as to be more individual. Furthermore, nurses should be better aware of the positive effects of non‐drug interventions and should use them as an element of pain management for colonoscopy patients.
COPD stories of complex causal ‘truths’‘Sure I’ve smoked all my life/but I also put in 37 years at the mine’
Authors: Bailey Patricia Hill , Montgomery Phyllis , McMillan Boyles Christina 
Published: April 2009

Aims and objectives. Secondary analysis was conducted to interpret the causes of illness stories told by patients living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Background. Despite the abundance of quantitative evidence regarding the causal relationship between smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, there is limited research that provides a contextual emic understanding of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease aetiology.Design. Interview data from two earlier focused ethnography studies were examined by retrospective interpretation, a type of secondary qualitative research. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease causation stories were identified in both primary study data bases, but were not previously systematically examined.Methods. The analysis was completed using an eclectic, explicit narrative approach that involved the examination of causation story elements.Results. Participants told 104 causal stories about the development of their lung disease. They situated the aetiology of their chronic illness within a psychosocial reality.Conclusions. The causal stories told by participants demonstrate that those living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease present a broader causal explanation for their illness, an orientation not commonly presented in the literature. They demonstrate the need for further examination of the important lay accounts of causes of illness in relation to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Relevance to clinical practice. Clinicians’ ability to hear an alternative understanding may be impeded when they only listen for what they already know, ‘facts’ concerning the relationship between smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Addressing vulnerable persons in such a manner may impede patients’ efforts to be responsible for the development of their chronic illness and individualised care.