bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Accurate Method for First and Second Derivatives of Dynamic Responses
Authors: Liu Q. , Zhang J. , Gu L. , Yan L. 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper has developed an accurate method for calculating the first and second derivatives of dynamic responses with respect to the design variables of structures subjected to dynamic loads. An efficient algorithm to calculate the dynamic responses, their first and second derivatives with respect to the design variables is formulated based on the Newmark-β method. The algorithm is achieved by direct differentiation and only a single dynamics analysis is required. An example is demonstrated with the new method proposed in this paper and the analytical method. The comparative numerical results show the new method is highly accurate compared to the analytical method.
Ceramics Toughening Mechanism Study of Mixed-Mode I-III Cracks with a New Yield Criterion
Authors: Yang Z.-J. , Wang Z.-Q. , Tang L.-Q , Sun X.-Y. 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTConsidering the SD (strength differential) effect on compressive strength and tensile strength in zirconia ceramic material, a yield criterion with a special parameter is introduced. In addition, by analogy with associated flow rule, the constitutive model of phase transformation ceramic material has been established. Under generalized plane strain condition, the theoretical toughening expressions of mixed-mode I-III stationary cracks and steady-state growing cracks have been developed with the constitutive model. The crack toughening effect has been discussed in detail with the Poisson ratio, parameters k / α (the ratio of nominal yield strength and SD effect factor) and ω (the scale factor of mode I crack and mode III). The integral calculation shows that phase transformation toughening of stationary cracks is negative shielding effect and the toughening effect of the steady-state growing cracks change obviously with the increase of parameter k / α. Comparison between experimental data and theoretical data indicates that the yield criterion is in accord with the actual characteristics of the zirconia ceramic, when the expression of mixed-mode I-III crack is reduced to mode I crack. The results obtained in present paper can provide the useful theoretical reference for the research of phase transformation toughening in ceramic materials.
Finite-Volume Multi-Stage Scheme for Advection-Diffusion Modeling in Shallow Water Flows
Authors: Guo W.-D. , Lai J.-S. , Lin G.-F. , Lee F.-Z. , Tan Y.-C. 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper adopts the finite-volume multi-stage (FMUSTA) scheme to the two-dimensional coupled system combining the shallow water equations and the advection-diffusion equation. For the convection part, the numerical flux is estimated by adopting the FMUSTA scheme, where high order accuracy is achieved by the data reconstruction using the monotonic upstream schemes for conservation laws method. For the diffusion part, the evaluations of first-order derivatives are solved via the method of Jacobian transformation. The hydrostatic reconstruction method is employed for treatment of source terms. The overall accuracy of resulting scheme is second-order both in time and space. In addition, the scheme is non-oscillatory and conserves the pollutant mass during the transport process. For scheme validation, six advection and diffusion transport tests are simulated. The influences of the grid spacing and limiters on the numerical performance are also discussed. Furthermore, the scheme is employed in the simulation of suspended sediment transport in natural-irregular river topography. From the satisfactory agreements between the simulated results and the field measured data, it is demonstrated that the proposed FMUSTA scheme is practically suitable for hydraulic engineering applications.
Modeling of the Propagation of a Reaction Front in Fixed Bed Combustion of Wood Particles
Authors: Bidabadi M. , Abedinejad M. S. , Fereidooni J. 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTThe goal of the combustion research is to achieve optimum combustion mode. Reaction Front velocity is one of the most important parameter that is studied in this field. Most biomass consumed at the present time is burned in fixed or moving beds. Fixed-bed combustion systems are characterized by the slow combustion of large particles subjected to an oxidizing ambient. In this paper a model for propagation of a reaction front of wood particles in a fixed Bed is presented. Once the bed is ignited, an apparent flame zone is formed at the bed's top surface and the flame front moves downwards into the bed of fuel at a speed depending on fuel type and operating parameters. Effect of different parameters such as air flow rate through the bed, primary air temperature, moisture content, particle size and number density of fuel particles on the reaction front velocity has been studied. In order to compare the results of this model with the associated experimental data three species of wood fuels are studied and the agreement is found to be satisfactory.
Pope Paul III and the American Indians
Authors: Hanke Lewis 
Published: August 2011

When Alexander VI promulgated the bull Inter caetera on May 4, 1493 granting Spain a large part of the new world, there seems to have been no doubt that the natives who dwelt in the ‘very remote islands and mainlands’ would be willing and able to accept the teachings of the Catholic church. For Alexander had been informed that in those far off lands werevery many peoples living in peace and, as reported, going unclothed, and not eating flesh. Moreover, … these very peoples … believe in one God the Creator in heaven, and seem sufficiently disposed to embrace the Catholic faith and be trained in good morals. And it is hoped that, were they instructed, the name of the Savior, our Lord Jesus Christ, would easily be introduced into the said countries and islands.These optimistic predictions were not fulfilled and, as the Spanish conquest of the Americas proceeded to reveal the existence of millions of natives, the action of the papacy in the conversion and protection of these masses of Indians became an important matter, for as that studious seventeenth century jurist, Antonio de Leon Pinelo, declared:Inasmuch as the Indies were conceded to the kings of Castile principally in order to favor and convert the Indians, no harm must come of this concession.
The Roman ‘Virtues’
Authors: Mattingly Harold 
Published: August 2011

Juvenal in his First Satire (vv. 115, 116) remarks on the curious fact that Pecunia, though so devoutly worshipped, yet has no temple of her ownut colitur Pax atque Fides, Victoria, Virtus, quaeque salutato crepitat Concordia nido.She is not actually like them an object of cult. The modern reader, while relishing the bitterness of the gibe, is left vaguely wondering how the Romans could seriously worship such ‘personifications’ as Pax or Fides, and his wonder will only increase, if he follows up the subject and traces the cult of the ‘Virtues’ in literature, in inscriptions and, above all, in the imperial coinage. When we talk of ‘personifications,’ we feel ourselves at once in the realm of poetic or artistic imagery and fancy; the ancient Roman, when he spoke of similar figures, felt himself in the realm of religious fact.
Aldhelm's Diocese of Sherborne Bewestan Wuda
Authors: Magoun Francis Peabody 
Published: August 2011

On the death of Hædde, bishop of the West-Saxons (676–705) with his see at Winchester (Ha), the West-Saxon diocese as then constituted was subdivided; in Freeman's words this was “the great ecclesiastical event of the reign of Ine,” king of Wessex from 688 to 726. The simplest, earliest and really most authoritative statement of the matter in general is that of Bede:Quo [Haeddi] defuncto, episcopatus prouinciae illius [Occidentalium Saxonum] in duas parrochias divisus est. Una data Daniheli,…altera Aldhelmo.
St. Luke's Debt to St. Matthew
Authors: Butler Christopher 
Published: August 2011

The argument pursued in these pages is based, substantially, not on theories of Christian development to which it has been sought to bring the literary data into conformity, but on a direct application to those data of general principles of comparative documentary criticism. It may be worth while to state some of those principles in their generalized form:1. Where two or more documents correspond in contents, order and language beyond the degree that is necessitated by their subject or probably explicable by accidental coincidence, there is a presumption that, unless inter-dependent, they share (immediately or mediately) a common written or oral source.2. Where these correspondences or identities attain a certain degree of minuteness the balance is tilted against the hypothesis of merely oral connection.3. Unless external considerations urge, it is unscientific to conjecture hypothetical documents to explain correspondences for which a theory of direct inter-dependence is sufficient.4. In determining the direction of dependence (i.e. whether document A depends on document B, or vice versa) weight must be given to the internal coherence of subject-matter on the one hand, and to the employment of merely external links in combining material on the other hand. We may also be helped by a knowledge of the literary methods and the psychology of one or both authors, and especially by evidence of an author's deviation from his habitual style or vocabulary under the influence of a source.
Note on Mark 6. 20
Authors: Bonner Campbell 
Published: August 2011

In the first part of this verse it is said that Herod feared John the Baptist, knowing him to be a just and holy man, and protected him; the second part presents some difficulties which can best be discussed with the text before us. In the Textus Receptus the words are καὶ ἀκούσας αὐτοῦ πολλὰ ἐποίει, καὶ ἡδέως αὐτοῦ ἤκουεν. The authorities for the words with which we are concerned are reported as follows from Legg's critical apparatus, somewhat abbreviated:ηπορει και א ΒLΘ Cop(bo), item ηπορειτο και W: εποιει και ACDNΠΣΦ ל Minusc. omn. Vss. pler.
A Colloquialism in Plato, Rep., 621b 8
Authors: Rose Herbert Jennings 
Published: August 2011

Καὶ οὕτως, ὦ Γλαύκων, μῦθος ἐσώθη καὶ οὔκ ἀπώλετο, καὶ ἡμᾶς ἂν σώσειεν ἂν πειθὠμεθα αὐτῷ.With these words Plato ends the myth of Er. The modern commentators, Adam and the rest, give parallels from elsewhere in his works for the phrase and cite the explanation of Proclus and the scholiast, that it was customary in antiquity to end a story with μῦθος ἀπώλɛτο, “as they wished to show that fables tell what is not so, and as soon as they are spoken they are not.”
Postscript
Authors: Nock Arthur Darby 
Published: August 2011

This invocation of the ‘soul gods’ or ‘divine souls’ to receive Terentius, and the material which Welles has collected in illustration of it, may have a bearing on the ordo commendationis animae. The form of the Rituale Romanum, reprinted in each volume of the Breviary, includes one prayer with these wordsSuscipiat eum sanctus Michael Archangelus Dei … Veniant illi obviam sancti Angeli Dei et perducant eum in civitatem caelestem Jerusalem. Suscipiat eum beatus Petrus Apostolus, cui a Deo claves regni caelestis traditae sunt. Adjuvet eum sanctus Paulus Apostolus.…
Predation by snakes thwarts trial reintroduction of the Endangered woma pythonAspidites ramsayi
Authors: Read J. L. , Johnston G. R. , Morley T. P. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractCase studies of well-documented snake reintroductions are limited, despite their potential value for conservation and ecosystem recovery. The Endangered womaAspidites ramsayiis a large boid snake that has declined considerably and is now threatened throughout much of central Australia. We describe a trial release of captive-bred womas into the feral predator-free Arid Recovery Reserve in northern South Australia. All of the reintroduced womas were killed within 4 months, with predation by the mulga snakePseudechis australisconfirmed or implied in all cases. Lessons learned for the conditioning of captive-bred snakes for wild release and the role of the mulga snake in structuring Australian arid-zone snake assemblages are discussed.
Conservation of the jaguarPanthera oncain a community-dominated landscape in montane forests in Oaxaca, Mexico
Authors: Figel Joe J. , Durán Elvira , Bray David Barton 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe examined the presence of the jaguarPanthera onca, and human–jaguar interactions, in a community-dominated montane tropical forest landscape with formally recognized indigenous/community conserved areas in the Sierra Norte of Oaxaca state, Mexico. We used camera traps to detect jaguars, and social data were collected through informal interviews and 46 semi-structured and 106 structured interviews with community leaders and members. During June 2007–June 2008 camera traps registered two jaguars in the four study communities after 1,164 trap nights, with a photo-capture rate of 7.8 jaguar captures per 1,000 trap nights. Interviews documented 86 jaguar sightings since 1990. Despite some history of livestock predation, 68% of the interviewed farmers indicated jaguar presence was positive, 20% that jaguar presence was both positive and negative, and 12% thought jaguars were a negative presence. All of the respondents with negative attitudes had either owned cattle previously or lost cattle to predation. Despite ongoing risks to jaguars the emergence of community-conserved areas, local conservation initiatives, and a community-imposed hunting ban are supported by 93% of community members. An emerging culture of conservation in the study communities suggests there is an opportunity for jaguar conservation on community lands that should be explored elsewhere in jaguar range countries.
Fear of the unknown: local knowledge and perceptions of the Eurasian lynxLynx lynxin western Macedonia
Authors: Lescureux Nicolas , Linnell John D. C. , Mustafa Sabit , Melovski Dime , Stojanov Aleksandar , Ivanov Gjorge , Avukatov Vasko , von Arx Manuela , Breitenmoser Urs 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe remnant population of Balkan lynxLynx lynx martinoiis small, isolated and highly threatened. Since 2006 a conservation project has surveyed its status and promoted its recovery in Albania and Macedonia. Eurasian lynx are often associated with conflicts of an economic or social nature, and their conservation requires a focus on the people sharing the landscape with the species. In this study we adopt methods and conceptual frameworks from anthropology to explore the local knowledge and perceptions of lynx among rural hunters and livestock breeders in the western mountains of the Republic of Macedonia in south-east Europe. The main finding was that local people rarely saw or interacted with lynx. As the level of interactions with this species is very low, the lynx doesn’t appear to be a species associated with conflicts in Macedonia. There was also a general lack of both scientific and local knowledge, which has led to somewhat negative attitudes, mainly based on myths and rumours. Poaching of lynx and their prey seem to be the main barriers to lynx conservation.
Prevalence of smear-positive tuberculosis in persons aged ⩾15 years in Bangladesh: results from a national survey, 2007–2009
Authors: ZAMAN K. , HOSSAIN S. , BANU S. , QUAIYUM M. A. , BARUA P. C. , SALIM M. A. HAMID , BEGUM V. , ISLAM M. AKRAMUL , AHMED J. , RIFAT M. , COOREMAN E. , VAN DER WERF M. J. , BORGDORFF M. , VAN LETH F. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYThe aim of this study was to determine the nationwide prevalence of smear-positive tuberculosis (TB) in Bangladesh. A multi-stage cluster survey of a random sample of persons aged ⩾15 years was included in 40 clusters (20 urban, 20 rural). Two sputum samples were collected from study participants and tested initially by fluorescence microscopy and confirmed by the Ziehl–Neelsen method. The crude and adjusted prevalence rates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using standard methods. A total of 33 new smear-positive TB cases were detected among 52 098 individuals who participated in the study. The average participation rate was over 80%. The overall crude prevalence of new smear-positive TB in persons aged ⩾15 years was estimated as 63·3/100 000 (95% CI 43·6–88·9) and the adjusted prevalence was 79·4/100 000 (95% CI 47·1–133·8). TB prevalence was higher in males (n=24) and in rural areas (n=20). The prevalence was highest in the 55–64 years age group (201/100 000) and lowest in 15–24 years age group (43·0/100 000). The prevalence was higher in persons with no education (138·6/100 000, 95% CI 78·4–245·0). The overall prevalence of smear-positive TB was significantly lower than the prevalence estimate of the previous nationwide survey in Bangladesh in 1987–1988 (870/100 000).
Epidemiology of hand, foot, and mouth disease in children in Shanghai 2007–2010
Authors: ZENG M. , LI Y.-F. , WANG X.-H. , LU G.-P. , SHEN H.-G. , YU H. , ZHU Q.-R. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYWe retrospectively analysed the epidemiological data of all hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) cases from the largest paediatric infectious diseases centre in Shanghai between 2007 and 2010. A total of 28 058 outpatients were diagnosed with HFMD, of which 3948 (14·07%) were hospitalized, 730 (2·60%) had complications with neurological disorders and pulmonary oedema/haemorrhage, and 11 (0·04%) died. The peak season was the summer months. Boys were more affected than girls. Since 2008, the major population group affected has shifted from native Shanghainese children attending preschool to migrant children and younger children cared for at home. Children aged 1–4 years constituted 82·27% of cases. EV-A71 was tested in clinical samples taken from severe cases in 2009 and 2010, and from most inpatients in 2010. EV-A71 was positive in 99·17% and 86·31% of severe cases, respectively in 2009 and 2010. All 12 cases with pulmonary oedema or haemorrhage were infected with EV-A71. Ten (90·90%) of 11 fatal cases were attributable to EV-A71 infection. In 2010, EV-A71-positive cases accounted for 54·12% of inpatients. The dominant circulation of EV-A71 led to the outbreak of HFMD and occurrence of severe and fatal cases.
Seroepidemiology ofToxoplasma gondiiinfection in women from the North of Portugal in their childbearing years
Authors: LOPES A. P. , DUBEY J. P. , MOUTINHO O. , GARGATÉ M. J. , VILARES A. , RODRIGUES M. , CARDOSO L. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYSeroprevalence ofToxoplasma gondiiinfection and associated risk factors were investigated in 401 women of childbearing age from the North of Portugal. Of the 98 (24·4%) seropositive women, 92 (93·9%) only had immunoglobulin (Ig)G, two (2·0%) only had IgM, and four (4·1%) others had both IgG and IgM. Risk factors forT. gondiiinfection in women were: engaging in soil-related activities without gloves [odds ratio (OR) 8·4], consumption of unwashed raw vegetables or fruit (OR 7·6), and consumption of smoked or cured (non-cooked) processed pork products (OR 2·5). Most women of childbearing age from the North Portugal are susceptible to primary infection withT. gondiiand, therefore, the risk of congenital toxoplasmosis remains high.
Transcriptional regulation of seed storage protein genes inArabidopsisand cereals
Authors: Xi Dong-Mei , Zheng Cheng-Chao 
Published: August 2011

AbstractSeed storage proteins (SSPs) are synthesized during development and the expression of their genes is under tight tissue-specific and temporal transcriptional regulation. In this review we summarize the current knowledge concerning the regulatory steps controlling SSP synthesis inArabidopsisand cereals, which involves the interaction ofcisregulatory elements with correspondingtrans-acting factors. In some cases, the regulation of SSP genes requires the concerted action of multiple transcription factors (TFs). There is an evolutionary conservation between the prolamins (the main group of SSPs in many cereal grains) and a major group of dicot seed albumins; this relates to both the regulatory elements and the TFs that are functionally exchangeable between the monocot and dicot species.
Single coronary artery–right ventricular fistula
Authors: Carretero Juan M. , Palacios Jorge R. , Prada Fredy H. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe report a rare case of a male child aged 4 years and 5 months who was diagnosed with a coronary artery fistula and left single coronary artery. Pre-operative evaluation with echocardiography and selective angiography showed a dilated and tortuous single coronary artery draining into the right ventricular outflow tract. The coronary fistula was ligated. The post-operative and clinical courses were uneventful.
Greenhouse gas emission, mitigation and innovation of adaptation technology in a North–South economy
Authors: Onuma Ayumi , Arino Yosuke 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAdaptation has the attributes of a private good that aims to protect a country from climate change, while mitigation, which contributes to the reduction of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions, has the properties of a public good. This paper attempts to investigate how the innovation of adaptation technology by a developed country (the North) may affect a developing country (the South) as well as the North through changes of mitigation in both countries. We show that the efficacy of adaptation determines the level of both countries' mitigation, and thereby causes them to be better or worse off. For both countries to be better off, it is required that the innovation be neither very effective nor very ineffective. Furthermore, we demonstrate that by introducing an international transfer system in which the North is taxed according to the level of adaptation, both countries can be better off even if the innovation is highly effective.
A Systems Biology Approach to the Evolution of Codon Use Pattern
Authors: Thiele Ines , Fleming Ronan , Que Richard , Bordbar Aarash , Palsson Bernhard 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe genetic code is redundant as amino acids are encoded by synonymous codons that are unequally used.This codon usage bias (CUB) affects gene expression and cellular functions yet the underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated. We used a sequence-specific, stoichiometric model of metabolism and macromolecular synthesis for Escherichia coli K12 MG1655 to test the effect of randomly changed CUB on growth maximization under various environmental conditions. Amongst CUB mutant strains, we identified reduced growth phenotypes, which were caused by tRNA supply shortage. We propose, supported by computations and bibliomic data, that expansion of tRNA gene content or tRNA reading is a mechanism to respond to changes in CUB. Our systems biology modelling framework suggests that in order to maximize growth and to adapt to new environmental niches, CUB and tRNA content must co-evolve and provides further evidence for the mutation-selection-drift balance theory of CUB.
Impact of histamine on dendritic cell functions
Authors: Simon Tünde , László Valéria , Falus András 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA rapidly growing body of evidence highlighted that histamine, a small biogenic amine, is implicated in the regulation of DC (dendritic cell) functions. It is well established that DCs represent the most potent antigen‐presenting cells of the body, linking innate and acquired immunity and regulating the outcome of immune responses. Signals, associated with ongoing inflammation and uptake of foreign antigens, promote maturation of DCs and activation of T‐cell responses in secondary lymphatic organs. These bone marrow‐derived cells patrol continuously all over the body. During their persistent migration, several mediators may influence the behaviour and functions of DCs. Histamine, produced by mast cells, basophils or DCs themselves, may have an important role in the life cycle of DCs. From the differentiation, through their never‐ending circulation, until the induction of T‐cell response, histamine is present and influences the life cycle of DCs. Here, we summarize recent progress in histamine research with respect to DC functions. We also point out some controversial aspects of histamine action on DCs.