bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychosocial Care: Emerging Need for the Cancer Patients in Nepal
Authors: Shah T , Subba S , Shah SP 
Published: October 2009

Cancer has an unsetting reminder of the stubborn grain of unpredictability, uncertainty and injustice in the human condition. It forces us to confront our lack of control over our own or others' death. The aim of this review was to acquire new knowledge on the scientific evidence based for an effect of psychosocial care on survival from cancer and well-being. The different books, journals and web sites were searched for data base information on psychological and social aspects of cancer. In the developed part of the world, there are well established psychosocial care unit, counseling services, support group concept, palliative care, home hospice, etc but in Nepal where risk for developing cancer is nevertheless. Diagnosis and treatment is being done, but no separate psychosocial unit attached to cancer hospitals. Life expectancy of cancer patients can be prolonged by early diagnosis, appropriate treatment and psychosocial services to the patients. Key words: Cancer, Emerging needs, Nepal, Psychosocial care DOI: 10.3126/jnhrc.v7i1.2297 Journal of Nepal Health Research Council Vol. 7, No. 1, 2009 April 58-61
Typicality effects on memory for voice: Implications for earwitness testimony
Authors: Mullennix J. W. , Ross A. , Smith C. , Kuykendall K. , Conard J. , Barb S. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe effects of voice typicality on voice recognition were examined. In an incidental task, participants were presented with consonant‐vowel‐consonant stimuli (with varying vowels) spoken by voices rated as high‐typical or low‐typical. One week later, they were brought back for a surprise voice recognition test where the target voice was presented along with low‐typical and high‐typical voice distracters. The results indicated that voice misidentifications occur, with many errors due to confusions of high‐typical voice targets with high‐typical target voices. The results show that voice typicality affects voice recognition accuracy and is an important factor to be considered in real‐life earwitness testimony situations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Thermoelectric Characterization of Bi2Te3 Nanoparticles
Authors: Scheele Marcus , Oeschler Niels , Meier Katrin , Kornowski Andreas , Klinke Christian , Weller Horst 
Published: October 2009

AbstractHere, a novel synthesis for near monodisperse, sub‐10 nm Bi2Te3 nanoparticles is reported. A new reduction route to bismuth nanoparticles is described, which are then applied as starting materials in the formation of rhombohedral Bi2Te3 nanoparticles. After ligand removal by a novel hydrazine hydrate etching procedure, the nanoparticle powder is spark plasma sintered to a pellet with preserved crystal grain sizes. Unlike previous works on the properties of Bi2Te3 nanoparticles, the full thermoelectric characterization of such sintered pellets shows a highly reduced thermal conductivity and the same electric conductivity as bulk n‐type Bi2Te3.
Simple and Efficient Generation of White Light Emission From Organophosphorus Building Blocks
Authors: Romero‐Nieto Carlos , Durben Stefan , Kormos Ila M. , Baumgartner Thomas 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis paper describes a structure–property study using two dithieno[3,2‐b;2′,3′‐d]phosphole building blocks for the generation of white light emission and the incorporation of these units in a single polystyrene material. The emission of one of the light‐emitting organophosphorus building blocks can efficiently be switched from orange to green by simple protonation of the amino functional groups that are part of the π‐conjugated scaffold. The resulting three components (blue, green, and orange) exhibit photophysical properties that allow for an efficient fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) in the mixture/polymer and provide intense white fluorescence upon excitation of the blue component; the fluorescence is close to pure white in solution and similar to the emission of an incandescent light bulb in the thin film. The results nicely illustrate the intriguing features that can be obtained by exclusively using organophosphorus‐based organic electronic materials.
Dendritic Polyglycerols for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Calderón Marcelo , Quadir Mohiuddin Abdul , Sharma Sunil Kumar , Haag Rainer 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe application of nanotechnology in medicine and pharmaceuticals is a rapidly advancing field that is quickly gaining acceptance and recognition as an independent area of research called “nanomedicine”. Urgent needs in this field, however, are biocompatible and bioactive materials for antifouling surfaces and nanoparticles for drug delivery. Therefore, extensive attention has been given to the design and development of new macromolecular structures. Among the various polymeric architectures, dendritic (“treelike”) polymers have experienced an exponential development due to their highly branched, multifunctional, and well‐defined structures. This Review describes the diverse syntheses and biomedical applications of dendritic polyglycerols (PGs). These polymers exhibit good chemical stability and inertness under biological conditions and are highly biocompatible. Oligoglycerols and their fatty acid esters are FDA‐approved and are already being used in a variety of consumer applications, e.g., cosmetics and toiletries, food industries, cleaning and softening agents, pharmaceuticals, polymers and polymer additives, printing photographing materials, and electronics. Herein, we present the current status of dendritic PGs as functional dendritic architectures with particular focus on their application in nanomedicine, in drug, dye, and gene delivery, as well as in regenerative medicine in the form of non‐fouling surfaces and matrix materials.
Modified frontal polymerization of poly(methyl methacrylate)
Authors: Villegas Armando García , Ocampo Miguel A. , Saldivar‐Guerra Enrique , García‐Gaitán Beatriz , Vivaldo‐Lima Eduardo , Luna‐Barcenas Gabriel 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn this work, we propose a modified frontal polymerization method to build a uniform reaction front by gradually immersing the reacting mixture in a thermal bath. This scheme allows uniform materials to be obtained with nearly constant molecular weights and polydispersities and a low residual monomer concentration. A comparative study of the molecular weight distributions of poly(methyl methacrylate)s obtained by bulk polymerization, frontal polymerization, and frontal polymerization with the proposed gradual immersion is presented. Samples obtained by these methods show that materials obtained by bulk polymerization and by frontal polymerization are less uniform than those obtained by frontal polymerization with gradual immersion in a thermal bath. The obtained uniformity is directly related to a stabilizing effect of the reaction front by the gradual immersion of the reactor in a constant‐temperature bath and to a reduction in the reaction rate promoted by a moderate transfer agent concentration. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Sorption behavior of biodegradable polyurethanes with carbohydrate crosslinkers
Authors: Lalwani Renuka , Desai Sonal 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPolyether–polyurethanes (PUs) with a series of carbohydrate crosslinkers: monosaccharide (glucose), disaccharide (fructose) and polysaccharide (starch), were synthesized. The kinetics of swelling was studied in industrially important solvents like toluene, xylene and chlorobenzene. The R value and diol / triol ratio were varied to study the effect on crosslink density and sorption. It was observed that the swelling extent increased with increasing concentration of crosslinker in the polymer. Interestingly the effect of diisocyanate concentration on extent of sorption varied with the type of carbohydrate used for crosslinking. Considering the effect of diisocyanate concentration, the PUs containing disaccharide sucrose showed greater solvent uptake. Though the sorption behaviours were different, the solubility parameters of all PUs were the same irrespective of the type and concentration of the crosslinkers. All the PUs were observed to be biodegradable with glucose containing PUs exhibiting highest weight loss. Scanning electron microscope revealed absence of phase segregation in all the PU systems. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Comparative study of nanocomposites of polyolefin compatibilizers containing kaolinite and montmorillonite organoclays
Authors: Villanueva Maria Pilar , Cabedo Luis , Lagarón José Maria , Giménez Enrique 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis work studied the morphology and physical properties of nanocomposites of different ethylene copolymers and functionalized polyethylenes with two different types of organoclays, to assess the potential application of these fillers as reinforcing components in the design of polyethylene and other polyolefinic based nanocomposites with enhanced properties. A polyethylene‐grafted‐maleic anhydride (PEMA), a poly(ethylene‐co‐acrylic acid), a poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate), and an ionomer of poly(ethylene‐co‐methacrylic acid) containing a small fraction of polyamide 6 were used to prepare nanocomposites by melt compounding in internal mixer. Two different types of commercial clays were used to obtain nanocomposites with the same organoclay content (5 wt %), i.e., an organomodified montmorillonite and an organomodified kaolinite. The morphology was evaluated by wide angle X‐ray scattering, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and optical microscopy. The thermal, mechanical and barrier properties were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis, tensile tests and oxygen transmission rate experiments, respectively. From the results, it was seen that PEMA and the ionomer are the best polymer matrices to disperse both organoclays under the conditions applied. Kaolinite and montmorillonite appeared to be dispersed in the nanorange, however, higher aspect ratio was observed for montmorillonite. The best improvements in thermal degradation and in mechanical reinforcement were shown for organomodified kaolinite nanocomposites. But the best improvements in thermo‐oxidative degradation and in oxygen barrier were seen for the nanocomposites with organomodified montmorillonite. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
A novel insulin oral delivery system assisted by cationic β‐cyclodextrin polymers
Authors: Huang Lan , Xin Jianyu , Guo Yuchao , Li Jianshu 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis work describes a new oral pharmaceutical formulation of insulin that is complexed with cationic β‐cyclodextrin polymers (CPβCDs), and then encapsulated into alginate/chitosan microspheres, which are prepared by ionotropic pregelation/polyelectrolyte method. CPβCDs were synthesized through a one‐step polymerization of β‐cyclodextrin (βCD), epichlorohydrin, and choline chloride. CPβCDs have enhanced ability to complex with insulin due to the assistance of their polymeric chains, as well as the electrostatic interactions between insulin (negatively charged while pH>5.3) and quaternary ammonium groups of CPβCDs. The noncovalent inclusion complex formed between CPβCDs and insulin was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared and fluorescence emission spectra. With the increase of zeta potential of CPβCDs from 1.8 to 14.2 mV, the insulin association efficiency (AE) of current system was increased from 55.2 to 71.8%, whereas the AE of insulin‐loaded microspheres at the same condition was only 50.7%. The cumulative insulin release in simulated intestinal fluid was also higher than that of the insulin‐loaded microspheres and βCD‐insulin encapsulated microspheres. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Antibacterial oil‐based polyurethane films for wound dressing applications
Authors: Yücedag Ferhat , Atalay‐Oral Cigdem , Erkal Sibel , Sirkecioglu Ahmet , Karasartova Djursun , Sahin Fikret , Tantekin‐Ersolmaz Serife Birgül , Güner Fatma Seniha 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAs an alternative to petroleum‐based polyol, hydroxyl containing material was prepared from linseed oil for polyurethane synthesis. Hexamethylene di‐isocyanate (HMDI) and/or 4, 4′‐methylene diphenyl di‐isocyanate (MDI) were used as isocyanate source. The polymerization reaction was carried out without catalyst. Polymer films were prepared by casting‐evaporation technique. The MDI/HMDI‐based polyurethane and its films had higher Tg and better thermal property than that of the HMDI‐based one because of the existence of benzene ring in the polymer chain. Static water contact angle was determined to be 74° and 77.5° for HMDI and MDI/HMDI‐based films, respectively. Water adsorption was found to be around 2.6–3.6% for both films. In vitro degradation of polyurethanes in phosphate buffered saline at 37°C was investigated by gravimetric method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used for confirmation of degradation on the polymer surface. The degradation rate of the HMDI‐based polyurethane film was found higher than that of the MDI/HMDI‐based film. Both the direct contact method and the MMT test were applied for determination of cytotoxicity of polymer films, and the polyurethane films investigated here was not cytotoxic. Silver‐containing films were prepared using Biocera A® as filler and were screened for their antibacterial performance against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and/or Bacillus subtilis. The films prepared with and without Biocera A® exhibited antibacterial activity. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Hydrogenation of NBR latex by diimide reduction using selenium catalysts
Authors: Schulz G. A. S. , Comin E. , de Souza R. F. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAcrylonitrile–butadiene rubber (NBR) latex was hydrogenated using diimide in the presence of selenium catalysts under an oxygen atmosphere. The process has been optimized and is extremely effective in the hydrogenation of NBR latex, with more than 3350 carbon–carbon double bonds reduced per atom of selenium in 5 h at 60°C. The amount of gel formed was controlled with gel inhibitors such as Irganox. This process constitutes a new route for obtaining totally hydrogenated acrylonitrile–butadiene polymer with low amounts of gel and very low amounts of selenium contaminants. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Thermomechanical and morphological properties of epoxy blends with hyperbranched polyester: Effect of the pseudo‐generation number
Authors: Cicala G. , Recca G. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe thermomechanical and morphological properties of some epoxy blends modified with hyperbranched polymers are reported. The effects of pseudo‐generation numbers, from the second to the fourth, were studied. All the hyperbranched polymers used had OH end groups. The blends were thoroughly characterized in both the unreacted and cured states. The unreacted blends, characterized by parallel plate rheometry and hot stage microscopy, revealed that pseudo‐generation number can have a profound effect both on the reactivity and the phase separation behavior. Analysis of the cured samples was carried out through scanning electron microscopy, dynamic mechanical tests, and fracture mechanics. The results supported some findings obtained from the analysis of the unreacted blends; and dynamic mechanical analysis helped shed more light on the phase separation behavior. Pseudo‐generation number also influenced the glass transitions of the blends. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
New anionic surface‐active agent derived from wool proteins for hair treatment
Authors: Barba Clara , Scott Sonya , Kelly Rob , Luis Parra Jose , Coderch Luisa 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAn anionic surface‐active agent derived from wool proteins was developed as an alternative to the anionic surfactants extensively used in shampoo formulations. The physicochemical properties of this new surface‐active agent prepared form wool proteins and its application for human hair treatments were studied. This new product could be considered a new mild anionic surface‐active agent, as evidenced by the results found by the evaluation of its physicochemical properties. The new wool anionic surface‐active agent was shown to be very substantive to hair, coating the fiber surface, giving rise to a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of the hair fibers, and providing a certain damage‐prevention effect on the hair. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Chemical recycling of poly(vinyl chloride): Application of partially dehydrochlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) for producing a chemically modified polymer
Authors: de A. M. M. S. Machado Helena M. , Filho G. Rodrigues , De Assunção R. M. N. , Soares Heline M. , Cangani Ana P. , Cerqueira Daniel A. , Meireles Carla da S. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPoly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) pipes were chemically modified to produce a sulfonated polymer with dehydrochlorinated PVC samples as intermediates. Two intermediates were formed: (1) partially dehydrochlorinated PVC with long sequences of conjugated double bonds and (2) the product of the partial dehydrochlorination of PVC and the nucleophilic substitution of chlorine by hydroxyl groups. The IR spectra showed that the dehydrochlorinated samples were heterogeneous materials, showing different proportions of elimination products, hydroxyl substitution, and partial oxidation. Samples dehydrochlorinated with poly(ethylene glycol) with a molecular weight of 400 g/mol for 24 h and 15 min showed the highest sulfonation yield, which was related to the sulfonation mechanism occurring predominantly because of the presence of hydroxyl groups in a mixture of vinyl alcohol and vinyl chloride units. The sulfonation was confirmed by the presence of a medium‐intensity band at 1180 cm−1, assigned to sulfonic groups. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Microscopic surface and bulk morphology of semicrystalline poly(dimethylsiloxane)–polyester copolymers
Authors: Abduallah A. B. E. , Mallon P. E. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn this study, two series of semicrystalline poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)–polyester segmented copolymers with various PDMS contents were synthesized. One series was based on polybutylene adipate (PBA) as the polyester segment and the other was based on a polybutylene cyclohexanedicarboxylate ester (PBCH) segment. The copolymers were characterized using 1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance, size exclusion chromatography, dynamic mechanical analyses, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD). The microscopic surface morphology and the microscopic bulk morphology were investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. The effects of the polyester type and the PDMS content on the crystallinity degree as well as the copolymer surface and bulk morphology at room temperature were investigated for each series. DSC and WAXD results showed the ability of the copolymers to crystallize, to various degrees, depending on the polyester type and the PDMS content. The results showed that the PDMS content had a greater influence on the crystallinity degree in the PDMS‐s‐PBCH (cycloaliphatic) copolymer series than in the PDMS‐s‐PBA (aliphatic) copolymer series. In the copolymers with a low PDMS content, the AFM images showed spherulitic crystal morphology and evidence of PDMS nanodomains in between the crystal lamellae of the ester phase on the copolymer surface. A heterogeneous distribution of the PDMS domains was also observed for these copolymers in the bulk morphology as a result of this segregation between the polyester lamellae. All the copolymers, in both series, showed microphase separation as a result of the incompatibility between the PDMS segment and the polyester segment. Three types of surfaces and bulk morphologies were observed: spherical microdomains of PDMS in a matrix of polyester, bicontinuous double‐diamond type morphology, and spherical microdomains of polyester in a matrix of PDMS as the PDMS content increases. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Modeling the effect of the curing conversion on the dynamic viscosity of epoxy resins cured by an anhydride curing agent
Authors: Teyssandier F. , Ivanković M. , Love B. J. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPublished curing profiles of epoxy resins mixed with an anhydride curing agent and subsequently crosslinked were reanalyzed with a modified sigmoidal model to describe the dynamic viscosity accompanying resin curing. The sigmoidal analysis yielded two kinetic parameters, one relating to the induction time required to observe meaningful viscosity changes and one relating to the rate of viscosity rise in the rapidly polymerizing zone. Both of these kinetic factors decreased with increasing polymerization temperature. The analysis also led to the interpretation of the upper limit in viscosity in the model that correlated with a higher network density at higher temperatures. The initial viscosity was fixed in our model. The sigmoidal analysis led to a closer representation of the dynamic viscosity data than the Williams–Landel–Ferry (WLF)‐based analysis presented with the original data sets and, although from a more semiempirical basis, might be both easier and more adaptable for incorporating into other flow models. As a final observation, the induction time identified by the log–sigmoidal model correlated closely with the gelation time identified with a modified‐WLF‐based model by Ivankovic et al. (J Appl Polym Sci 2003, 90, 3012); this suggested a similar activation energy threshold for curing advancement. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Fire‐retardant copolymer of acrylonitrile with O,O‐diethyl‐O‐allyl thiophosphate
Authors: Ren Yuanlin , Cheng Bowen , Xu Lin , Jiang Aibing , Lu Youcai 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA novel halogen‐free flame retardant, O,O‐diethyl‐O‐allyl thiophosphate (DATP), which simultaneously contained phosphorus and sulfur, was synthesized through a simple method. The structure of DATP was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H‐NMR, and mass spectroscopy. The flame‐retardant copolymer was obtained by the free‐radical copolymerization of DATP with acrylonitrile. The flammability and thermal degradation characteristics of the copolymer were assayed by limiting oxygen index measurement, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. The results show that the incorporation of a small percentage of DATP into the copolymer had a significant effect on the retarding combustion of the copolymer, with the limiting oxygen index of the copolymer reaching 28.5% and the char yield being 68.63 wt % at 554°C. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Surface treatment of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) to prevent plasticizer migration
Authors: Reddy N. Narayana , Mohan Y. Murali , Varaprasad K. , Ravindra S. , Vimala K. , Raju K. Mohana 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn this investigation, plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was treated with poly(azido acrylate)s to prevent plasticizer migration. This was achieved by modification of PVC sheets with poly(azido acrylate)s in a dichloromethane solution followed by irradiation under UV light. The surface‐modified PVC sheets with poly (azido acrylate)s were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy analyses. The migration of the plasticizer was prevented to a large extent from modified PVC in comparison with unmodified PVC. The amount of plasticizer migration with respect to the irradiation time, incubation time, and number of dipping times was evaluated. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010