bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Myostatin down‐regulates the IGF‐2 expression via ALK‐Smad signaling during myogenesis in cattle
Authors: MIYAKE Masato , HAYASHI Shinichiro , TAKETA Yoshikazu , IWASAKI Shunsuke , WATANABE Kouichi , OHWADA Shyuich , ASO Hisashi , YAMAGUCHI Takahiro 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTMyostatin (MSTN) is a negative regulator during muscle differentiation, whereas insulin‐like growth factors (IGFs) are essential for muscle development. MSTN and IGFs act oppositely during myogenesis, but there is little information on the mutual relationship of MSTN and IGFs. The present study was conducted to examine whether MSTN affects IGF expression during early myogenesis in cattle. IGF‐1 mRNA was similarly expressed in M. longissimus thoracis of double‐muscled (DM) and normal (NM) Japanese shorthorn cattle. IGF‐2 mRNA expression was consistently higher in the normal and regenerating muscle of DM cattle than those of NM cattle. When myoblasts were isolated from regenerating M. longissimus thoracis, IGF‐2 mRNA expression showed a significant increase in differentiating DM derived myoblasts (DM‐myoblasts) as compared with differentiating NM derived myoblasts (NM‐myoblasts). An addition of recombinant mouse myostatin (rMSTN) to myoblast cultures attenuated IGF‐2 mRNA expression and decreased myotube formation, but did not effect IGF‐1 mRNA expression. An activin‐like kinase (ALK) inhibitor, SB431542, mediates MSTN action, suppressed the translocation of Smad2/3 into the nucleus in DM‐myoblasts, and restored the attenuated IGF‐2 mRNA expression and the decreased myotube formation induced by rMSTN in myoblast cultures. The findings indicate that MSTN may negatively regulate myoblast differentiation by suppressing IGF‐2 expression via ALK‐Smad signaling.
THE EFFECT OF PURGING TIME ON THE SENSORY PROPERTIES OF AQUACULTURED SOUTHERN FLOUNDER (PARALICHTHYS LETHOSTIGMA)
Authors: DRAKE S.L. , DRAKE M.A. , SANDERSON R. , DANIELS H.V. , YATES M.D. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTThis study was conducted to determine the impact of purging on the sensory flavor properties and consumer acceptance of aquacultured southern flounder, especially with regard to earthy/musty off‐flavor common in aquacultured seafood. Flounders were placed into three different purge tanks based on salinity level (0, 15 and 30 ppt) and were held for 0, 2 or 4 weeks. Flounders were then filleted, vacuum‐sealed and frozen at −20C. The fillets were poached in their vacuum‐sealed pouches until cooked. Descriptive sensory analysis was conducted using a defined sensory lexicon (appearance and flavor) to document sensory properties. Consumer acceptance testing (n = 75 consumers) was then conducted. Differences between treatments were evaluated by analysis of variance with means separation. Two or four weeks of purging, regardless of salinity level, decreased earthy/musty off‐flavor in cooked fillets. There was no difference in salty taste perception between 15 and 30 ppt salinity (P < 0.05). Consumers could not differentiate between fish purged for 2 or 4 weeks (P < 0.05), and acceptance for purged fillets was higher than acceptance for unpurged fillets (P < 0.05). The use of purging tanks for aquacultured flounder will be beneficial to the industry to guarantee a consistent and desirable flavor.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSAquacultured flounder fillets are highly desirable and a potentially profitable product, but earthy/musty off flavor can limit consumer appeal. The results of our study demonstrate that purging flounder in fresh water for 2 weeks reduces earthy/musty off‐flavor in cooked flounder fillets, and will help meet the goal of a high‐quality and consistently flavored product.
Legitimacy in corrections
Authors: Franke Derrick , Bierie David , Mackenzie Doris Layton 
Published: January 2010

Research Summary To extend research on legitimacy to the correctional system, we study a sample of 202 adult inmates randomly assigned to serve their 6‐month sentence at one of two institutions—a traditional prison or a military‐style correctional boot camp. Findings show that perceptions of justice system legitimacy changed during the course of incarceration, that the prison (but not the boot camp) proved delegitimizing, and that certain regime characteristics explained why. Policy Implications Across academic disciplines, studies continue to link compliance with perceived legitimacy. Compliance with the law, for instance, is related closely to the legitimacy of the justice system and its actors. These findings suggest implementing legitimacy‐building policies such as procedurally fair treatment and decision making by police officers and judges. This article, by finding legitimacy to be malleable even at the final stage of the justice process, proposes the efficacy of similar policies in the correctional system. As research from England and Wales has shown, legitimizing strategies in this context could increase compliance both during and after incarceration.
Is problem‐oriented policing effective in reducing crime and disorder?
Authors: Weisburd David , Telep Cody W. , Hinkle Joshua C. , Eck John E. 
Published: January 2010

Research Summary We conducted a Campbell systematic review to examine the effectiveness of problem‐oriented policing (POP) in reducing crime and disorder. After an exhaustive search strategy that identified more than 5,500 articles and reports, we found only ten methodologically rigorous evaluations that met our inclusion criteria. Using meta‐analytic techniques, we found an overall modest but statistically significant impact of POP on crime and disorder. We also report on our analysis of pre/post comparison studies. Although these studies are less methodologically rigorous, they are more numerous. The results of these studies indicate an overwhelmingly positive impact from POP. Policy Implications POP has been adopted widely across police agencies and has been identified as effective by many policing scholars. Our study supports the overall commitment of police to POP but suggests that we should not necessarily expect large crime and disorder control benefits from this approach. Moreover, funders and the police need to invest much greater effort and resources to identify the specific approaches and tactics that work best in combating specific types of crime problems. We conclude that the evidence base in this area is deficient given the strong investment in POP being made by the government and police agencies.
Promoting recovery: service user and staff perceptions of resilience provided by a new Early Intervention in Psychosis service
Authors: Morton Adrian , Fairhurst Alicia , Ryan Rebecca 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAim: The principles and practice of recovery are guiding many changes in mental health service provision. As a new Early Intervention in Psychosis (EIP) service, we were interested in finding out if both staff and users perceive the service as promoting resilience and in turn, recovery.Methods: A naturalistic sample of service users and staff completed the Organizational Climate questionnaire to assess the degree to which the service promotes resilience in overcoming a first episode psychosis.Results: The results indicated that both staff and service users similarly perceive the service as positively supporting resilience. The one exception was the staff rated the ‘available resources to meet people's needs’ as less than service users.Conclusions: The positive rating of resilience indicated that the service is working in a manner consistent with a recovery orientation. The results will act as a benchmark to compare with both other EIP services and future performance.
Paliperidone extended‐release tablets in patients with recently diagnosed schizophrenia
Authors: Canuso Carla M. , Bossie Cynthia A. , Amatniek Joan , Turkoz Ibrahim , Pandina Gahan , Cornblatt Barbara 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAim: Effective early and persistent antipsychotic treatment in recently diagnosed schizophrenia may positively impact long‐term outcomes. Paliperidone extended‐release (ER) was assessed in this population.Methods: Post hoc analysis of pooled data from three 6‐week, double‐blind (DB), placebo‐controlled, and three 1‐year open‐label (OL) studies of paliperidone ER in schizophrenia patients. Data stratified by time since diagnosis (≤3 vs. >3 years).Results: At DB (n = 1193) and OL baselines (n = 744), 259 (21.9%) and 188 (25.3%) patients were diagnosed ≤3 years. At DB end point, both populations improved with paliperidone ER versus placebo on Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total, Clinical Global Impressions–Severity and Personal and Social Performance (PSP) scale scores (all P < 0.05). At OL end point, there were significant improvements from DB baseline in both populations on these scales (P < 0.0001), with greater improvement in the ≤3‐year population on PANSS total (P < 0.001) and PSP (P < 0.001) scores. During DB treatment, only the ≤3‐year population reported adverse events (AEs) in ≥5% (placebo‐adjusted rate) of subjects receiving paliperidone ER: akathisia, extrapyramidal disorder not otherwise specified and somnolence. During OL treatment, akathisia and somnolence occurred more frequently (≥5%) in the ≤3‐ versus >3‐year population. OL study completion rates were 51.1% in ≤3‐year, and 48.2% in >3‐year subjects.Conclusions: Paliperidone ER significantly improved symptoms and functioning in schizophrenia patients, regardless of time since diagnosis. Recently diagnosed patients who continued treatment exhibited greater symptom reduction and functional benefit over the long term. Results also suggest that these patients may be more susceptible to certain AEs.
Water‐Quality Performance of a Constructed Stormwater Wetland for All Flow Conditions1
Authors: Wadzuk Bridget M. , Rea Matthew , Woodruff Gregg , Flynn Kelly , Traver Robert G. 
Published: January 2010

Wadzuk, Bridget M., Matthew Rea, Gregg Woodruff, Kelly Flynn, and Robert G. Traver, 2010. Water‐Quality Performance of a Constructed Stormwater Wetland for All Flow Conditions. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(2):385‐394. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2009.00408.xAbstract:  Results from a multiyear study demonstrate that a constructed stormwater wetland (CSW) improves urban stormwater runoff quality mitigating downstream impacts. Best management practices, such as CSWs, can comprehensively treat the various scales of stormwater runoff issues. Discrete sample analysis was used to investigate the CSW effect for storm events and base‐flow periods on water‐quality parameters [i.e., total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, total nitrogen, phosphorous (total and reactive), chloride, heavy metals (zinc, lead, and copper), and Escherichia coli]. The primary finding was that stormwater sediment load was removed through the CSW for all flow conditions during all seasons. The mechanisms responsible for the removal of suspended solids, including slower flow velocity, longer retention times, and vegetative contact, also reduced the mass of nutrients discharged downstream throughout the year. Exceedance probabilities were used to evaluate the expected pollutant reductions of nutrients and to incorporate the effect of natural flow variation on quality. Other findings included the observation that there was no significant difference in the performance of the CSW over two‐year‐long periods four years apart, indicating that a CSW is effective for an extended period.
Stream Condition in Piedmont Streams with Restored Riparian Buffers in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed1
Authors: Orzetti Leslie L. , Jones R. Christian , Murphy Robert F. 
Published: January 2010

Orzetti, Leslie L., R. Christian Jones, and Robert F. Murphy, 2010. Stream Condition in Piedmont Streams with Restored Riparian Buffers in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(3):473‐485. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2009.00414.xAbstract:  This study tested the efficacy of restored forest riparian buffers along streams in the Chesapeake Bay watershed by examining habitat, selected water quality variables, and benthic macroinvertebrate community metrics in 30 streams with buffers ranging from zero to greater than 50 years of age. To assess water quality we measured in situ parameters (temperature, dissolved oxygen, and conductivity) and laboratory‐analyzed grab samples (soluble reactive phosphorus, total phosphorus, nitrate, ammonium, and total suspended solids). Habitat conditions were scored using the Environmental Protection Agency Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for high gradient streams. Benthic macroinvertebrates were quantified using pooled riffle/run kick samples. Results showed that habitat, water quality, and benthic macroinvertebrate metrics generally improved with age of restored buffer. Habitat scores appeared to stabilize between 10 and 15 years of age and were driven mostly by epifaunal substrate availability, sinuosity, embeddedness, and velocity depth regime. Benthic invertebrate taxa richness, percent Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera minus hydropsychids (%EPT minus H), % Ephemeroptera, and the Family Biotic Index were among the metrics which improved with age of buffer zone. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that forest riparian buffers enhance instream habitat, water quality, and resulting benthic macroinvertebrate communities with noticeable improvements occurring within 5‐10 years postrestoration, leading to conditions approaching those of long established buffers within 10‐15 years of restoration.
Correlative and mechanistic models of species distribution provide congruent forecasts under climate change
Authors: Kearney Michael R. , Wintle Brendan A. , Porter Warren P. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractGood forecasts of climate change impacts on extinction risks are critical for effective conservation management responses. Species distribution models (SDMs) are central to extinction risk analyses. The reliability of predictions of SDMs has been questioned because models often lack a mechanistic underpinning and rely on assumptions that are untenable under climate change. We show how integrating predictions from fundamentally different modeling strategies produces robust forecasts of climate change impacts on habitat and population parameters. We illustrate the principle by applying mechanistic (Niche Mapper) and correlative (Maxent, Bioclim) SDMs to predict current and future distributions and fertility of an Australian gliding possum. The two approaches make congruent, accurate predictions of current distribution and similar, dire predictions about the impact of a warming scenario, supporting previous correlative‐only predictions for similar species. We argue that convergent lines of independent evidence provide a robust basis for predicting and managing extinctions risks under climate change.
Making Markets for Merit Goods: The Political Economy of Antiretrovirals
Authors: Kapstein Ethan B. , Busby Joshua W. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWhy were AIDS activists successful in putting universal access to treatment on the international agenda when so many other global campaigns have either failed or struggled to have much impact? We focus on: (1) permissive material conditions; (2) convergence on a policy prescription; (3) attributes of the activists; and (4) the broad political support for their cause. In our view, the market for antiretroviral (ARV) drugs was politically constructed; activists had to bring the demand and supply sides of the market together through a variety of tactics and strategies. The idea that motivated the activists was that ARVs should ideally be ‘merit goods’, goods that are available to everyone regardless of income. But, when ARVs first came on the market, poor people in the developing world lacked the resources to buy them. Activists successfully lobbied donor nations to use foreign aid to buy ARVs, and they pressured pharmaceutical companies to lower their prices, while encouraging generic firms to enter the market. However, even where a policy enjoys favorable material conditions – i.e. low costs, large benefits, demonstrated feasibility – this may not be enough. A clear prescription, credible messengers and resonant arguments may be necessary for an issue to receive adequate political support.Policy ImplicationsGlobal activists are playing an increasingly important role in world politics, but global activism influences policy outcomes only under certain conditions.Global activists can only succeed when they couple compelling moral arguments with permissive material conditions.Global activists need to build broad coalitions in order to be politically successful.Despite the success of the access to treatment regime, questions remain about its sustainability in light of the great recession that began in 2008, donor fatigue regarding AIDS and the emergence of other policy priorities in the foreign aid community.
Global Governance after the Financial Crisis: A New Multilateralism or the Last Gasp of the Great Powers?
Authors: Woods Ngaire 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn the wake of the global financial crisis, three G20 Summits have reinvigorated global cooperation, thrusting the International Monetary Fund centre stage with approximately $1 trillion of resources. With China, Brazil, India, Russia and other powerful emerging economies now at the table, is a new more multilateral era of governance emerging? This article examines the evidence. It details the governance reforms and new financing of the IMF but finds only very limited shifts in the engagement of major emerging economies – insufficient to position the IMF to address the global imbalances, to set new multilateral rules, to operate as an alternative to self‐insurance or indeed to provide a more multilateral response to the development emergency. The IMF is shifting between: borrower dependence (relying on fee‐paying borrowers for income); independence (with its own investment income); and lender dependence (relying on wealthy members to extend credit lines to it). The result is an ambiguous set of forces restraining the IMF to stay as it is, and only weakly driving reform. A new order may emerge in which multilateral institutions – such as the IMF – end up with only a limited role to play alongside emerging national and regional strategies, unless a more radical transformation begins.Policy Implications IMF governance (decision‐making majority, location, management and staffing) needs to transform fast if it is to address the tasks assigned to it by the G20. The IMF’s dependence on loans from its wealthiest members (for its new $600 billion) restrains the institution from serious reform, only weakly offering a driver for further change. There has been a failure to mandate and resource the IMF (and its sister institution the World Bank) so as to ensure a multilateral response to the ‘development emergency’ that has resulted from the financial crisis.
Testing and Calibration Procedures for Mistuning Identification and Traveling Wave Excitation of Blisks
Authors: Holland Darren E. , Castanier Matthew P. , Ceccio Steven L. , Epureanu Bogdan I. , Filippi Sergio 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In this work, an integrated testing and calibration procedure is presented for performing mistuning identification (ID) and traveling wave excitation (TWE) of one-piece bladed disks (blisks). The procedure yields accurate results while also being highly efficient and is comprised of three basic phases. First, selected modes from a tuned blisk finite element model are used to determine a minimal set of measurement degrees of freedom (and locations) that will work well for mistuning ID. Second, a testing procedure is presented that allows the mistuning to be identified from relatively few vibration response measurements. A numerical validation is used to investigate the convergence of the mistuning ID results to a prescribed mistuning pattern using the proposed approach and alternative testing strategies. Third, a method is derived to iteratively calibrate the excitation applied to each blade so that differences among the blade excitation magnitudes can be minimized for a single blade excitation, and also the excitation phases can be accurately set to achieve the desired traveling wave excitation. The calibration algorithm uses the principle of reciprocity and involves solving a least-squares problem to reduce the effects of measurement noise and uncertainty. Because the TWE calibration procedure re-uses the data collected during the mistuning ID, the overall procedure is integrated and efficient.
The fermentable fibre inulin increases postprandial serum short-chain fatty acids and reduces free-fatty acids and ghrelin in healthy subjects
Authors: Tarini Joshua , Wolever Thomas M.S. 
Published: January 2010

It is thought that diets high in dietary fibre are associated with reduced risk for type 2 diabetes, at least in part because the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced during the colonic fermentation of fibre beneficially influence circulating concentrations of free-fatty acids (FFAs) and gut hormones involved in the regulation of blood glucose and body mass. However, there is a paucity of data showing this sequence of events in humans. Thus, our objective was to determine the effect of the fermentable fibre inulin on postprandial glucose, insulin, SCFA, FFA, and gut hormone responses in healthy subjects. Overnight fasted healthy subjects (n = 12) were studied for 6 h after consuming 400 mL drinks, containing 80 g high-fructose corn syrup (80HFCS), 56 g HFCS (56HFCS), or 56 g HFCS plus 24 g inulin (Inulin), using a randomized, single-blind, crossover design. A standard lunch was served 4 h after the test drink. Glucose and insulin responses after Inulin did not differ significantly from those after 80HFCS or 56HFCS. Serum acetate, propionate, and butyrate were significantly higher after Inulin than after HFCS drinks from 4–6 h. FFAs fell at a similar rate after all 3 test drinks, but were lower after Inulin than after 56HFCS at 4 h (0.40 ± 0.06 vs. 0.51 ± 0.06 mmol·L–1; p < 0.05). Compared with 56HFCS, Inulin significantly increased plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 concentrations at 30 min, and reduced ghrelin at 4.5 h and 6 h. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that dietary fibre increases the production of colonic SCFAs, which may reduce type 2 diabetes risk by reducing postprandial FFAs and favorably affecting gut hormones, which regulate food intake.
An investigation into the possible physiological mechanisms associated with changes in performance related to acute responses to different preactivity stretch modalities
Authors: Fletcher Iain M. , Monte-Colombo Mathew M. 
Published: January 2010

The aim of this study was to explore the potential mechanisms underlying performance changes linked to different warm-up stretch modalities. Twenty-one male collegiate–semiprofessional soccer players (age, 20.8 ±2.3 years) performed under 3 different warm-up conditions: a no-stretch warm-up (WU), a warm-up including static passive stretches (SPS), and a warm-up incorporating static dynamic stretches (SDS). Countermovement jump, drop jump, peak torque, heart rate, core temperature, movement kinematics, and electromyography (EMG) were recorded for each intervention. Significant increases (p < 0.001) in performance were recorded for the countermovement, drop jump, and peak torque measures when the SDS was compared with the WU and SPS trials. When mechanism data were analysed, heart rate was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the SDS condition compared with the SPS and WU conditions (a pattern also shown with core temperature), whereas the WU condition heart rate was also significantly higher than the SPS condition heart rate. When EMG data were examined for the rectus femoris muscle, significantly greater (p < 0.01) muscle activity was observed in the SDS condition compared with the SPS condition. It seems the most likely mechanisms to explain the increase in performance in the SDS condition compared with the SPS condition are increased heart rate, greater muscle activity, and increased peak torque.