bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Rate Regulation on Claims: Evidence From Massachusetts Automobile Insurance
Authors: Derrig Richard A. , Tennyson Sharon 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe article tests the hypothesis that insurance price subsidies created by rate regulation lead to higher insurance cost growth. The article makes use of data from the Massachusetts private passenger automobile insurance market, where cross‐subsidies were explicitly built into the rate structure through rules that limit rate differentials and differences in rate increases across driver rating categories. Two approaches are taken to study the potential loss cost reaction to the Massachusetts cross‐subsidies. The first approach compares Massachusetts with all other states while controlling for demographic, regulatory, and liability coverage levels. Loss cost levels that were about 29 percent above the expected level are found for Massachusetts during years 1978–1998, when premiums charged were those fixed by the state and included explicit subsidies for high‐risk drivers. A second approach considers changing cost levels across Massachusetts by studying loss cost changes by town and relating those changes to subsidy providers and subsidy receivers. Subsidy data based on accident year data for 1993–2004 show a significant and positive (relative) growth in loss costs and an increasing proportion of high‐risk drivers for towns that were subsidy receivers, in line with the theory of underlying incentives for adverse selection and moral hazard.
Differential effect of the expression of TGF‐β pathway inhibitors, Smad‐7 and Ski, on invasive breast carcinomas: relation to biologic behavior
Authors: THEOHARI IRINI , GIANNOPOULOU IOANNA , MAGKOU CHRISTINA , NOMIKOS ALEXANDROS , MELISSARIS SAVVAS , NAKOPOULOU LYDIA 
Published: September 2011

Theohari I, Giannopoulou I, Magkou C, Nomikos A, Melissaris S, Nakopoulou L. Differential effect of the expression of TGF‐β pathway inhibitors, Smad‐7 and Ski, on invasive breast carcinomas: relation to biologic behavior. APMIS 2011.The aim of our study was to investigate the expression of Smad‐7 and Ski proteins in invasive breast carcinomas, to determine their clinicopathological value and their influence on carcinomas biologic behavior. Immunohistochemistry was applied on 150 invasive breast carcinomas to detect the expression of Smad‐7 and Ski. Their correlation to clinicopathologic parameters and markers of metastasis was statistically processed using chi‐squared test. Overall and disease‐free survival was assessed using Kaplan–Meier test and log‐rank statistics. Smad‐7 was immunodetected in the cytoplasm of cancer cells in 60%, whereas Ski was immunodetected in the cytoplasm and nuclei in 44.5% and 17.6% of the cases, respectively. Smad‐7 expression was positively correlated with tumor size, stage, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐9, and MMP‐14. Cytoplasmic Ski expression was negatively associated with tumor size, stage, and lymph node status, and its nuclear expression was negatively related to histologic grade. Cytoplasmic Ski expression was associated with longer overall and disease‐free survival. It appears that two negative regulators of the transforming growth factor‐β pathway, Smad‐7 and Ski, behave differentially in invasive breast carcinomas. Smad‐7 appears to be related with an aggressive phenotype, whereas Ski expression is related to a less aggressive behavior and positively influences patients’ survival.
Immunoglobulin G antibodies against deamidated‐gliadin‐peptides outperform anti‐endomysium and tissue transglutaminase antibodies in children <2 years age
Authors: MUBARAK A , GMELIG‐MEYLING FHJ , WOLTERS VM , TEN KATE FJW , HOUWEN RHJ 
Published: September 2011

Mubarak A, Gmelig‐Meyling FHJ, Wolters VM, Ten Kate FJW, Houwen RHJ. Immunoglobulin G antibodies against deamidated‐gliadin‐peptides outperform anti‐endomysium and tissue transglutaminase antibodies in children <2 years. APMIS 2011; 119: 894–900.To investigate the usefulness of deamidated‐gliadin‐peptides‐antibodies in the diagnosis of celiac disease, serology was tested in 212 children suspected with celiac disease who had undergone a small‐intestinal‐biopsy. For deamidated‐gliadin‐peptides‐antibodies, two kits were tested. Positive and negative predictive values for IgA deamidated‐gliadin‐peptides‐antibodies using the Bindazyme‐kit were 89% and 74%, while the Quanta‐Lite‐kit had values of 89% and 85%, respectively. For the IgG subtype using the Bindazyme‐kit, these values were 85% and 89%, while they were 85% and 91% for the Quanta‐Lite‐kit. The positive predictive values for endomysium and tissue‐transglutaminase antibodies were disappointing (77% and 87%), although the negative predictive values were better (97% and 96%). When the analysis was restricted to the 41 children aged <2 years, no misclassifications occurred with IgG deamidated‐gliadin‐peptides‐antibodies giving 100% accuracy in both kits. The positive predictive value reached 100% for tissue‐transglutaminase antibodies and both kits for IgA deamidated‐gliadin‐peptides‐antibodies, while the negative predictive value was 94% in these assays. Positive and negative predictive values for endomysium antibodies were 96% and 93%, respectively. In conclusion, although deamidated‐gliadin‐peptides‐antibodies do not outperform anti‐endomysium antibodies in the total study population, the IgG subtype seems to be the best test in children aged <2 years, reaching 100% accuracy.
Antigen‐presenting cell marker expression and phagocytotic activity in periodontal ligament cells
Authors: Konermann A. , Deschner J. , Allam J. P. , Novak N. , Winter J. , Baader S. L. , Jepsen S. , Jäger A. 
Published: September 2011

J Oral Pathol Med (2012) 41: 340–347Background:  Periodontal ligament (PDL) cells are the main cellular constituents of the periodontium, maintain the integrity of the connective tissue, and impact pathology in periodontitis. The aim of this study was to analyze whether PDL cells recognize foreign particles and participate in the immune response to periodontal pathogens.Methods:  Expression of surface proteins characteristic of antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) (major histocompatibility complex [MHC] class II, CD40, CD80, CD86) was analyzed in PDL cells after challenge with the cytokines interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐17A, and interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) or with heat‐killed Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans using real‐time PCR and flow cytometry. Confocal laser scanning microscopy, transmitted light microscopy, flow cytometry, and time‐lapse microscopy were applied to analyze their phagocytotic capacity of collagen (carboxylate‐modified microspheres), non‐periodontal (Escherichia coli) and periodontal (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans) pathogens. Furthermore, it was examined whether cytokine activation of PDL cells affects the phagocytosis of collagen or bacteria.Results:  PDL cells upregulated MHC class II after cytokine stimulation on transcriptional level, whereas co‐stimulatory molecules characteristic of professional APCs were not induced. Analyses on protein level revealed that MHC class II was not constitutively expressed in all PDL cell lines used. PDL cells phagocytosed both collagen and bacteria via acidic vesicles, suggesting the formation of phagosomes. Phagocytosis could be partially inhibited by inhibitors of phagocytosis, i.e., dynasore and wortmannin. Pre‐incubation with cytokines did not further enhance the phagocytosis rate of collagen or bacteria.Conclusions:  These results suggest that PDL cells do not only represent bystanders in periodontal infections, but display non‐professional APC characteristics, suggesting possible participation in immune reactions of the oral cavity.
Classical Conditioning of Sexual Response in Women: A Replication Study
Authors: Both Stephanie , Brauer Marieke , Laan Ellen 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT

Introduction
According to incentive motivation models, sexual stimuli play a crucial role in eliciting sexual arousal, desire, and behavior. Therefore, it seems highly valuable to investigate the process through which stimuli acquire motivational value. Although many theories of human sexual behavior assume that sexual stimuli obtain arousing properties through classical conditioning, systematic research on classical conditioning of sexual responses in humans is scarce. Recently, however, our research group observed conditioned genital responses in women using a differential conditioning procedure and genital vibrostimulation as unconditional stimulus (US).

Aim
The aim of the present experiment was to perform an extended replication of this previous study to test the efficacy of our conditioning paradigm.

Methods
A differential conditioning experiment was conducted in 32 sexually functional women. Neutral pictures served as conditional stimuli (CSs) and genital vibrostimulation as US. Only one CS (the CS+) was followed by the US during the acquisition phase. Conditioned responses were assessed during the extinction phase.

Main Outcome Measures
Vaginal pulse amplitude (VPA) and skin conductance level were assessed, and ratings of affective value and sexual arousal were obtained.

Results
As expected, during the extinction phase, VPA was higher in response to the CS+ than to the CS−. Also, the CS+ tended to be evaluated as more positive and as more sexually arousing than the CS−. In addition, the magnitude of conditioned subjective affect was related to scores on the Sexual Inhibition\Sexual Excitation Scales. Skin conductance levels showed no conditioning effect.

Conclusion
Genital and subjective sexual responses were successfully modulated by the differential conditioning paradigm. This replication of our previous study confirms the effectiveness of our conditioning procedure and indicates that it may provide a fruitful paradigm for further research on associative sexual reward learning in humans.
Predicting Erectile Dysfunction Following Surgical Correction of Peyronie’s Disease Without Inflatable Penile Prosthesis Placement: Vascular Assessment and Preoperative Risk Factors
Authors: Taylor Frederick L. , Abern Michael R. , Levine Laurence A. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Surgical therapy remains the gold standard treatment for Peyronie’s Disease (PD). Surgical options include plication, grafting, and placement of inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP). Postoperative erectile dysfunction (ED) is a potential complication for PD surgery without IPP. We present our large series follow-up to evaluate preoperative risk factors for postoperative ED.

Aims
The aim of this study is to evaluate preoperative risk factors for the development of ED following surgical correction of PD taking into account the degree of curvature, graft size, surgical approach, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, smoking history, preoperative use of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5), and preoperative duplex ultrasound findings including peak systolic and end diastolic velocities and resistive index.

Methods
We identified 218 men undergoing either tunica albuginea plication (TAP) or partial plaque excision with pericardial grafting for PD following a previously published algorithm between November 1992 and April 2007. Preoperative and postoperative erectile function, curvature characteristics, presence of vascular risk factors, and duplex ultrasound findings were available on 109 patients.

Main Outcome Measures
Our primary outcome measure is the development of ED after surgery for PD.

Results
Ten percent of TAP and 21% of plaque excision with grafting patients developed postoperative ED. Neither curve direction (P = 0.76), graft area (P = 0.78), surgical approach (P = 0.12), chronic hypertension (P = 0.51), hyperlipidemia (P = 0.87), diabetes (P = 0.69), nor smoking history (P = 0.99) were significant predictors of postoperative ED. No combination of risk factors was found to be predictive of postoperative ED. Preoperative use of PDE5 was not a significant predictor of postoperative ED (P = 0.33). Neither peak systolic, end diastolic, nor resistive index were significant predictors of ED (P = 0.28, 0.28, and 0.25, respectively).

Conclusion
This long-term follow-up of a large published series suggests that neither preoperative risk factors nor preoperative duplex ultrasound findings are predictive of postoperative ED, thus reinforcing the use of previously published preoperative treatment algorithms.
Penile Fracture Seems More Likely During Sex Under Stressful Situations
Authors: Kramer Andrew C. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The unusual event of penile fracture occurs when there is a disruption of the tunica albuginea surrounding engorged erectile tissue during aggressive sexual behavior. There is often an audible crack and rapid detumescence with subcutaneous hemorrhage that follows.

Aims
Medical literature has described the etiology and treatment of penile fracture. We report the remarkably unusual social situations of a series of patients who sustained this unique injury.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective chart review of 16 patients whose injury was severe enough to require surgical repair at the University of Maryland between 2007 and 2011. Particular attention was paid to the intake interview in the emergency department and the postoperative chart notes by the attending urologist to ascertain out-of-the-ordinary social situations in which the injury was sustained.

Main Outcome Measures
The occurrence of penile fracture is sufficiently rare that the author was able to interact personally with most of the patients. The patients were remarkably forthcoming with the personal social dynamics of the sexual encounter.

Results
Half of these penile fracture patients sustained the injury during an extramarital affair. Only three patients sustained the injury in a bedroom; the remainder was in out-of-the-ordinary locations for sexual intercourse, e.g., cars, elevator, the workplace, and public restrooms.

Conclusions
Penile fracture patients appear to be a unique population of men who are having sexual intercourse under stressful situations. Extramarital affairs and out-of-the-ordinary locations appear common in patients sustaining this relatively rare injury.
Effects of Climate Change on the Potential Species Richness of Mesoamerican Forests
Authors: Golicher Duncan J. , Cayuela Luis , Newton Adrian C. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThe realized species richness of tropical forests cannot yet be reliably mapped at a regional scale due to lack of systematically collected data. An estimate of the potential species richness (PSR), however, can be produced through the use of species distribution modelling. PSR is interpretable as a climatically determined upper limit to observed species richness. We mapped current PSR and future PSR under climate change scenarios for Mesoamerica by combining the spatial distributions of 2000 tree species as predicted by generalized additive models built from herbaria records and climate layers. An explanatory regression tree was used to extract conditional rules describing the relationship between PSR and climate. The results were summarized by country, ecoregion and protected area status in order to investigate current and possible future variability in PSR in the context of regional biodiversity conservation. Length of the dry season was found to be the key determinant of PSR. Protected areas were found to have higher median PSR values than unprotected areas in most of the countries within the study area. Areas with exceptionally high PSR, however, remain unprotected throughout the region. Neither changes in realized species richness nor extinctions will necessarily follow changes in modelled PSR under climate change. However model output suggests that an increase in temperature of around 3°C, combined with a 20 percent decrease in rainfall could lead to a widespread reduction of around 15 percent of current PSR, with values of up to 40 percent in some moist lower montane tropical forests. The modelled PSR of dry forest ecoregions was found to be relatively stable. Some cooler upper montane forests in northern Mesoamerica, where few species of tropical origin are currently found, may gain PSR if species are free to migrate.
Epiploic appendagitis: An uncommon and easily misdiagnosed disease
Authors: CHEN Jui‐Hao , WU Chin‐Chu , WU Ping‐Hsiu 
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE:  Epiploic appendagitis (EA) is a rare cause of focal abdominal pain in otherwise healthy patients. It may mimic diverticulitis, appendicitis or mesenteric infarction on clinical manifestation. The diagnosis of EA is very infrequent due in part to low awareness by clinical physicians. The aim of this study was to review and describe the clinical presentation and computed tomography (CT) findings of EA.METHODS:  Twenty‐one patients (6 women and 15 men, average age 40 years [range 27–65 years]) were diagnosed with EA by CT between January 2006 and October 2009. The patients' medical records were retrospectively reviewed with regard to their socioeconomic data, characteristics of abdominal pain, associated symptoms, laboratory results, radiological findings and treatment.RESULTS:  Abdominal pain was the leading symptom. The pain was localized in the left lower quadrant (17 patients, 81.0%), left middle abdomen (2 patients, 9.5%) and right lower quadrant (2 patients, 9.5%), respectively. Leukocytosis (white blood cell > 10 × 109/L) without left shift was found in 6 patients but all patients were afebrile. Characteristic CT findings of paracolonic oval hypodense fat tissue with thickened peritoneal ring and periappendageal fat stranding were all presented in 21 patients, but the central dot sign was presented in only 7 patients. They were all treated was conservative therapy.CONCLUSIONS:  Epiploic appendagitis is the inflammatory response of an appendage to infarction or spontaneous venous thrombosis. A CT scan provides a definite diagnosis of epiploic appendagitis, thus avoiding unnecessary surgical intervention and antibiotics.
Neoproterozoic Alkaline Igneous Rocks, Carbonatites and Gold Deposits of the Yenisei Ridge, Central Siberia: Evidence of Mantle Plume Activity and Late Collision Shear Tectonics Associated with Orogenic Gold Mineralization
Authors: GERTNER Igor , TISHIN Platon , VRUBLEVSKII Vassily , SAZONOV Anatoly , ZVYAGINA Elena , KOLMAKOV Yuriy 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis paper discusses the plausible genetic relationship between disseminated Au‐sulfide mineralization and mantle plume‐related magmatism in the context of the tectonic evolution of the Yenisei ridge in central Siberia. The relationship is inferred based on structural and geochemical studies of the Blagodat Au deposit, and the Transangara alkaline syenite and Penchenga fenite‐carbonatite complexes. Analyses of Nd, Sr and Ar isotopic compositions of samples from these geological features show their possible close temporal relationships but different sources. Nevertheless, the present data sets suggest that thermal effects of mantle plume activity likely controlled hydrothermal fluid mobilization in metamorphic suites and further enrichment of gold. The structural setting of the Blagodat Au deposit demonstrates the typical example of Au‐sulfide mineralization controlled by late collisional shear deformations. The present example of Au deposit associated temporally and spatially with carbonatites and alkaline rock complexes is an exclusive case in the Earth's history supporting a plausible genetic relationship between mantle plume‐related magmatism and orogenic‐Au mineralization.
Genesis of the Jurassic Carbonate‐Hosted Pb–Zn Deposits of Jebel Ressas (North‐Eastern Tunisia): Evidence from Mineralogy, Petrography and Trace Metal Contents and Isotope (O, C, S, Pb) Geochemistry
Authors: JEMMALI Nejib , SOUISSI Fouad , VENNEMANN Torsten W. , CARRANZA Emmanuel John M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe Jebel Ressas Pb–Zn deposits in North‐Eastern Tunisia occur mainly as open‐space fillings (lodes, tectonic breccia cements) in bioclastic limestones of the Upper Jurassic Ressas Formation and along the contact of this formation with Triassic rocks. The galena–sphalerite association and their alteration products (cerussite, hemimorphite, hydrozincite) are set within a calcite gangue. The Triassic rocks exhibit enrichments in trace metals, namely Pb, Co and Cd enrichment in clays and Pb, Zn, Cd, Co and Cr enrichment in carbonates, suggesting that the Triassic rocks have interacted with the ore‐bearing fluids associated with the Jebel Ressas Pb–Zn deposits. The δ18O content of calcite associated with the Pb–Zn mineralization suggests that it is likely to have precipitated from a fluid that was in equilibrium with the Triassic dolostones. The δ34S values in galenas from the Pb–Zn deposits range from −1.5 to +11.4‰, with an average of 5.9‰ and standard deviation of 3.9‰. These data imply mixing of thermochemically‐reduced heavy sulfur carried in geothermal‐ and fault‐stress‐driven deep‐seated source fluid with bacterially‐reduced light sulfur carried in topography‐driven meteoric fluid. Lead isotope ratios in galenas from the Pb–Zn deposits are homogenous and indicate a single upper crustal source of base‐metals for these deposits. Synthesis of the geochemical data with geological data suggests that the base‐metal mineralization at Jebel Ressas was formed during the Serravallian–Tortonian (or Middle–Late Miocene) Alpine compressional tectonics.
Treating young individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis
Authors: Marshall Catherine , Addington Jean , Epstein Irvin , Liu Lu , Deighton Stephanie , Zipursky Robert B. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackground: Typically, studies investigating those at clinical high risk for psychosis have focused on predictors of conversion and treatments that might prevent conversion to full‐blown psychosis. Few studies have followed those who do not go on to develop a psychotic illness.Methods: Participants were 48 young people who were at risk for developing psychosis based on the Structured Interview for Prodromal Symptoms criteria and participated in a treatment programme where they were offered up to 6 months of psychosocial treatment and psychiatric management. Attenuated psychotic symptoms, negative symptoms, depression, anxiety, social functioning, alcohol and drug use, and meta‐cognitive beliefs were assessed at baseline, 6, 12 and 18 months. Personality characteristics were assessed at baseline. Medication use was tracked and psychiatric visits were logged over the 18‐month study period.Results: On average, participants attended 12 sessions of psychosocial treatment and had one meeting with the psychiatrist every 6 months. Only 24% were ever prescribed any psychotropic medications, and antipsychotics were not used. Significant improvements were found over time in attenuated positive symptoms, negative symptoms, depression, anxiety, meta‐cognitions and social functioning with most improvement occurring in the first 6 months. There was no change in the level of substance use. For personality assessment, participants generally scored high on neuroticism and openness and had low scores on extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness.Conclusion: With minimal treatment and no antipsychotics, young people who present as being at risk for developing a psychotic disorder demonstrate clinical improvement over time. However, a few continued to have the liability of ongoing attenuated psychotic symptoms.