bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Pepper mottle virus Infecting Tomato in Hawaii
Authors: Melzer M. J. , Sugano J. S. , Cabanas D. , Dey K. K. , Kandouh B. , Mauro D. , Rushanaedy I. , Srivastava S. , Watanabe S. , Borth W. B. , Tripathi S. , Matsumoto T. , Keith L. , Gonsalves D. , Hu J. S. 
Published: May 2012

In August 2011, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruit from a University of Hawaii field trial displayed mottling symptoms similar to that caused by Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) or other tospoviruses. The foliage from affected plants, however, appeared symptomless. Fruit and leaf tissue from affected plants were negative for TSWV analyzed by double antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA and/or TSWV ImmunoStrips (Agdia, Elkhart, IN) when performed following the manufacturer's instructions. Total RNA from a symptomatic and an asymptomatic plant was isolated using an RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) and reverse transcribed using Invitrogen SuperScript III reverse transcriptase (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY) and primer 900 (5′- CACTCCCTATTATCCAGG(T)16-3′) following the enzyme manufacturer's instructions. The cDNA was then used as template in a universal potyvirus PCR assay using primers 900 and Sprimer, which amplify sequences encoding the partial inclusion body protein (NIb), coat protein, and 3′ untranslated region of potyviruses (1). A ~1,700-bp product was amplified from the cDNA of the symptomatic plant but not the asymptomatic plant. This product was cloned using pGEM-T Easy (Promega, Madison, WI) and three clones were sequenced at the University of Hawaii's Advanced Studies in Genomics, Proteomics, and Bioinformatics laboratory. The 1,747-bp consensus sequence of the three clones was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. JQ429788) and, following primer sequence trimming, found to be 97% identical to positions 7,934 through 9,640 of Pepper mottle virus (PepMoV; family Potyviridae, genus Potyvirus) accessions from Korea (isolate ‘217’ from tomato; EU586126) and California (isolate ‘C’ from pepper; M96425). To determine the incidence of PepMoV in the field trial, all 292 plants representing 14 tomato cultivars were assayed for the virus 17 weeks after planting using a PepMoV-specific DAS-ELISA (Agdia) following the manufacturer's directions. Plants were considered positive if their mean absorbance at 405 nm was greater than the mean absorbance + 3 standard deviations + 10% of the negative control samples. The virus incidence ranged from 4.8 to 47.6% for the different varieties, with an overall incidence of 19.9%. Although plant growth was not noticeably impaired by PepMoV infection, the majority of fruit from infected plants was unsaleable, making PepMoV a considerable threat to tomato production in Hawaii. PepMoV has been reported to naturally infect tomato in Guatemala (3) and South Korea (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of this virus in Hawaii and the first report of this virus naturally infecting tomato in the United States. References: (1) J. Chen et al. Arch. Virol. 146:757, 2001. (2) M.-K. Kim et al. Plant Pathol. J. 24:152, 2008. (3) J. Th. J. Verhoeven et al. Plant Dis. 86:186, 2002.
First Report of Leaf Blight of Basella alba Caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG 1-IB in India
Authors: Baiswar P. , Chandra S. , Kumar R. , Ngachan S. V. 
Published: May 2012

Thick succulent leaves of Malabar spinach (Basella alba L.) are used for human consumption in India. Symptoms of leaf blight were observed on this plant in October 2010 at Umiam, Meghalaya, India. Symptoms started from the lower leaves and spread to the upper part. Water-soaked lesions covered the whole leaf and gradually the leaves shredded and got detached from the plants. Whole plants were seen defoliated due to severe infection. Lesions were visible on the stem also. The pathogen was isolated on potato dextrose agar amended with streptomycin (100 ppm). Fungus isolated from infected plants had typical characters associated with Rhizoctonia solani J. G. Kühn [teleomorph Thanatephorus cucumeris (A.B. Frank) Donk], i.e., hyphal ramification angles of ~90°, basal constriction, and a septum next to the lateral hyphae (2). Nuclear staining with DAPI (2-(4-amidinophenyl)-1H-indole-6-carboxamidine) confirmed that hyphal cells were multinucleate (1). Molecular analysis was conducted using sequence data (JQ675535) containing ITS1 and 5.8S and ITS 2 of nrDNA, which was obtained after amplification using universal primers ITS1 and 4. BLAST search revealed 99 to 100% similarity with AG 1-IB (GU585667, GU270581). Living culture has been deposited in Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, India (NFCCI No. 2601). Phylogenetic analysis was also conducted using MEGA 5. It also placed the isolate in AG 1-IB clade with 99% bootstrap support in MP (maximum parsimony) analysis. Three healthy plants were inoculated using colonized PDA bits from actively growing culture. Sterilized PDA bits were kept on control plants. Plants were sprayed with water and covered with cheesecloth for 3 days. Inoculated plants developed symptoms after 5 days whereas control plants remained healthy. Inoculations were also done on detached leaves kept in a moisture chamber using colonized PDA bits. In this case, symptoms developed within 3 days. Detached leaves with sterilized PDA bits remained healthy. R. solani was also reisolated from inoculated plants. To our knowledge, this is the first record of AG 1-IB based on molecular evidence on B. alba from India. This new host may accelerate the spread of this pathogen to other crops. References: (1) M. M. Kulik and P. D. Dery. Biotech. Histochem. 70:95, 1995. (2) B. Sneh et al. Identification of Rhizoctonia species. APS Press, St Paul, MN, 1991.
First Report of Pestalotiopsis clavispora Causing Dieback on Blueberry in Uruguay
Authors: González P. , Alaniz S. , Montelongo M. J. , Rauduviniche L. , Rebellato J. , Silvera-Pérez E. , Mondino P. 
Published: May 2012

During the last 10 years, blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) production in Uruguay has increased to more than 850 ha. From 2005, symptoms of dieback characterized by the death of twigs and branches have been frequently observed in blueberry plants cv. O'Neal in orchards located in Uruguay. Symptomatic 4-year-old plants (cv. O'Neal) were collected and small pieces of necrotic tissues were surface disinfected and plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) with 0.2 g liter–1 of streptomycin sulfate. Plates were incubated at 25°C in the dark. All affected tissues consistently developed colonies with white and cottony mycelium, turning slightly yellow after 7 to 10 days. Black acervuli distributed in concentric circles were observed after 10 days. Conidia were fusiform, straight, and had five cells. Basal and apical cells were colorless while the three median cells were dark brown. Conidia (n = 50) had an average of 22.1 (16.5 to 28.2) × 6.6 (5.6 to 7.7) μm. All conidia had one basal appendage of 6.1 (3.9 to 14.3) μm and two to four (usually three) apical appendages of 22.8 (17.4 to 42.9) μm. According to colony and conidia morphology, the isolates were initially identified as Pestalotiopsis clavispora (G.F. Atk.) Steyaert (1). To identify, the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2) region of rDNA of a representative isolate (Ara-1) was amplified with ITS1/ITS4 primers (4), sequenced, and compared with those deposited in GenBank. The isolate Ara-1 (Accession No. JQ008944) had 100% sequence identity with P. clavispora (Accession Nos. FJ517545 and EU342214). To confirm pathogenicity, isolate Ara-1 was inoculated onto asymptomatic 1-year-old blueberry plants (cv. O'Neal). Mycelial plugs (4 mm in diameter) from an actively growing colony on PDA were applied to same-size bark wounds made with a cork borer in the center of the stems previously disinfected with 70% ethanol and covered with Parafilm. Control plants were inoculated with sterile PDA plugs. Inoculated plants (five per treatment) were randomly distributed in a greenhouse and watered as needed. After 2 weeks, all stems inoculated with P. clavispora showed brown necrotic lesions 2 to 3 cm in length and 1 to 2 mm deep. White mycelium was observed over lesions. Control plants remained symptomless. The pathogen was reisolated from all necrotic lesions, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. P. clavispora has been reported as associated with blueberry in Hawaii (3) and Chile (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. clavispora causing dieback disease on blueberry in Uruguay. References: (1) E. F. Guba, Monograph of Pestalotia and Monocheatia. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1961. (2) J. G. Espinoza et al. Plant Dis. 92:1407, 2008. (3) L. M. Keith et al. Plant Dis. 90:16, 2006. (4) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.
Distinct Cell-Specific Expression of Homospermidine Synthase Involved in Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Biosynthesis in Three Species of the Boraginales
Authors: Niemüller Daniel , Reimann Andreas , Ober Dietrich 
Published: May 2012

AbstractHomospermidine synthase (HSS) is the first specific enzyme in pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) biosynthesis, a pathway involved in the plant’s chemical defense. HSS has been shown to be recruited repeatedly by duplication of a gene involved in primary metabolism. Within the lineage of the Boraginales, only one gene duplication event gave rise to HSS. Here, we demonstrate that the tissue-specific expression of HSS in three boraginaceous species, Heliotropium indicum, Symphytum officinale, and Cynoglossum officinale, is unique with respect to plant organ, tissue, and cell type. Within H. indicum, HSS is expressed exclusively in nonspecialized cells of the lower epidermis of young leaves and shoots. In S. officinale, HSS expression has been detected in the cells of the root endodermis and in leaves directly underneath developing inflorescences. In young roots of C. officinale, HSS is detected only in cells of the endodermis, but in a later developmental stage, additionally in the pericycle. The individual expression patterns are compared with those within the Senecioneae lineage (Asteraceae), where HSS expression is reproducibly found in specific cells of the endodermis and the adjacent cortex parenchyma of the roots. The individual expression patterns within the Boraginales species are discussed as being a requirement for the successful recruitment of HSS after gene duplication. The diversity of HSS expression within this lineage adds a further facet to the already diverse patterns of expression that have been observed for HSS in other PA-producing plant lineages, making this PA-specific enzyme one of the most diverse expressed proteins described in the literature.
Thomas Trotter's ‘Essay on Drunkenness’ appraised
Authors: Edwards Griffith 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTBackground In 1804 Thomas Trotter, a recently retired Physician to the Fleet, published his ‘Essay on Drunkenness’. This was the first ever book‐length consideration of the phenomenon of alcohol dependence and its treatment.Aims The aim of this paper is to explore the impact of that treatise on the evolution of relevant ideas over the years that have followed.Methods A factual analysis of the content of the Essay is the starting‐point, followed by an examination of sequential published appraisals on the significance, or lack of significance, of this work.Findings and Conclusions To the modern reader, Trotter is likely to be seen as prescient, with his assertion that ‘the habit of drunkenness is a disease of the mind’, setting the scene for two centuries of debate. The literature, however, seems to suggest that Trotter did not, in fact, achieve much impact either on professional opinion or on the emergent temperance movement. It was Benjamin Rush's 1785 pamphlet on ‘Ardent Spirits’ which achieved iconic status. Rush and Trotter, although in some ways overlapping in their ideas, differed in other respects.
Fish oil supplementation in early infancy modulates developing infant immune responses
Authors: D'Vaz N. , Meldrum S. J. , Dunstan J. A. , Lee‐Pullen T. F. , Metcalfe J. , Holt B. J. , Serralha M. , Tulic M. K. , Mori T. A. , Prescott S. L. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackgroundMaternal fish oil supplementation during pregnancy has been associated with altered infant immune responses and a reduced risk of infant sensitization and eczema.ObjectiveTo examine the effect of early postnatal fish oil supplementation on infant cellular immune function at 6 months of age in the context of allergic disease.MethodsIn a double‐blind randomized controlled trial (ACTRN12606000281594), 420 infants of high atopic risk received fish oil [containing 280 mg docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and 110 mg eicosapentanoic acid (EPA)] or control oil daily from birth to 6 months. One hundred and twenty infants had blood collected at 6 months of age. Fatty acid levels, induced cytokine responses, T cell subsets and monocyte HLA‐DR expression were assessed at 6 months of age. Infant allergies were assessed at 6 and 12 months of age.ResultsDHA and EPA levels were significantly higher in the fish oil group and erythrocyte arachidonic acid (AA) levels were lower (all P < 0.05). Infants in the fish oil group had significantly lower IL‐13 responses (P = 0.036) to house dust mite (HDM) and higher IFNγ (P = 0.035) and TNF (P = 0.017) responses to phytohaemaglutinin (PHA). Infants with relatively high DHA levels had lower Th2 responses to allergens including lower IL‐13 to β‐lactoglobulin (BLG) (P = 0.020), and lower IL‐5 to BLG (P = 0.045).Conclusions and clinical relevancePostnatal fish oil supplementation increased infant n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels and associated with lowered allergen‐specific Th2 responses and elevated polyclonal Th1 responses. Our results add to existing evidence of n‐3 PUFA having immunomodulatory properties that are potentially allergy‐protective.
Impact of several variables on the microwave extraction of Chenopodium Quinoa willd saponins
Authors: Gianna Vicente , Montes Juan Manuel , Calandri Edgardo Luis , Guzmán Carlos Alberto 
Published: May 2012

SummaryDespite their possible applications in diverse fields, saponins are still considered to be industrial waste. The use of saponins, however, would make seed processing more profitable and reduce the pollution of watercourses. In this work, the microwave extraction method of Chenopodium quinoa Willd saponins was investigated. The effects of variables such as temperature, time of microwave application, solvent composition and solvent/mass seed ratio were investigated. Solvent mixtures (ethanol–water and isopropanol–water) were used for the extraction. The Taguchi design methodology was employed to determine the number of experiments and the optimal conditions for different extractions. The efficiency of each assay was determined and the results agreed with the best conditions provided by the Taguchi experimental design for both solvent mixtures. The isopropanol–water mixture efficiency was 91.8% in one extraction step, and for ethanol–water mixture, it was 57.1%, clearly showing the advantage of the first one.
The role of coping strategies in predicting change in parenting efficacy and depressive symptoms among mothers of adolescents with developmental disabilities
Authors: Woodman A. C. , Hauser‐Cram P. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackground  Parents of children with developmental disabilities (DD) face greater caregiving demands than parents of children without DD. There is considerable variability in parents' adjustment to raising a child with DD, however. In line with a strengths‐based approach, this study explores coping strategies as potential mechanisms of resilience among mothers of adolescents with DD. This study examines the frequency with which mothers use various coping strategies and the extent to which those strategies moderate the relationship between adolescent behaviour problems and aspects of maternal well‐being. Both positive and negative dimensions of well‐being are explored, with maternal depressive symptoms and perceived parenting efficacy examined as outcomes cross‐sectionally and longitudinally.Methods  The present study focuses on 92 mothers and their adolescents with DD. The adolescents had a wide range of diagnoses, all with continuing special needs. Data were collected from mothers through interviews and self‐administered questionnaires when their adolescents were aged 15 and aged 18. A structured assessment of the adolescent was completed during home visits at age 15.Results  Mothers reported frequently using strategies of denial and planning but rarely using strategies of mental and behavioural disengagement to cope with recent stressful situations. Adolescent behaviour problems were found to contribute to greater symptoms of depression and lower feelings of parenting efficacy as well as increases in depressive symptoms over time. Mothers of sons, but not daughters, reported increases in parenting efficacy across their child's adolescent period. Above and beyond adolescent factors, several coping strategies emerged as significant predictors of mothers' symptoms of depression and perceived parenting efficacy. Moreover, use of Active Coping/Planning, Positive Reinterpretation/Growth, and Behavioural/Mental Disengagement as coping strategies moderated the impact of adolescent behaviour problems on maternal depressive symptoms.Conclusions  This study extends previous findings by focusing on both positive and negative dimensions of parent well‐being during their child's adolescent period. Adolescence can be a stressful time for parents, with typical developmental tasks entailing additional strains for parents of adolescents with DD. The present findings point to several coping strategies that may reduce the impact of challenging behaviours during this period on mothers' symptoms of depression and feelings of parenting efficacy. Certain coping strategies were found to exert a greater impact on maternal well‐being for parents of adolescents with higher levels of behaviour problems, suggesting that interventions may benefit from an increased focus on this group of mothers with heightened caregiving demands.
Role of pectin methylesterases in cellular calcium distribution and blossom‐end rot development in tomato fruit
Authors: de Freitas Sergio T. , Handa Avtar K. , Wu Qingyu , Park Sunghun , Mitcham Elizabeth J. 
Published: May 2012

SummaryBlossom‐end rot (BER) in tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum) is believed to be a calcium (Ca2+) deficiency disorder, but the mechanisms involved in its development are poorly understood. Our hypothesis is that high expression of pectin methylesterases (PMEs) increases Ca2+ bound to the cell wall, subsequently decreasing Ca2+ available for other cellular functions and thereby increasing fruit susceptibility to BER. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of PME expression, and amount of esterified pectins and Ca2+ bound to the cell wall on BER development in tomato fruit. Wild‐type and PME‐silenced tomato plants were grown in a greenhouse. At full bloom, flowers were pollinated and Ca2+ was no longer provided to the plants to induce BER. Our results show that suppressing expression of PMEs in tomato fruit reduced the amount of Ca2+ bound to the cell wall, and also reduced fruit susceptibility to BER. Both the wild‐type and PME‐silenced fruit had similar total tissue, cytosolic and vacuolar Ca2+ concentrations, but wild‐type fruit had lower water‐soluble apoplastic Ca2+ content and higher membrane leakage, one of the first symptoms of BER. Our results suggest that apoplastic water‐soluble Ca2+ concentration influences fruit susceptibility to Ca2+ deficiency disorders.
The effects of migration and drift on local adaptation to a heterogeneous environment
Authors: BLANQUART F. , GANDON S. , NUISMER S. L. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractLocal adaptation experiments are widely used to quantify the levels of adaptation within a heterogeneous environment. However, theoretical studies generally focus on the probability of fixation of alleles or the mean fitness of populations, rather than local adaptation as it is commonly measured experimentally or in field studies. Here, we develop mathematical models and use them to generate analytical predictions for the level of local adaptation as a function of selection, migration and genetic drift. First, we contrast mean fitness and local adaptation measures and show that the latter can be expressed in a simple and general way as a function of the spatial covariance between population mean phenotype and local environmental conditions. Second, we develop several approximations of a population genetics model to show that the system exhibits different behaviours depending on the rate of migration. The main insights are the following: with intermediate migration, both genetic drift and migration decrease local adaptation; with low migration, drift decreases local adaptation but migration speeds up adaptation; with high migration, genetic drift has no effect on local adaptation. Third, we extend this analysis to cases where the trait under selection is continuous using classical quantitative genetics theory. Finally, we discuss these results in the light of recent experimental work on local adaptation.
Pharmacokinetics and safety of roledumab, a novel human recombinant monoclonal anti‐RhD antibody with an optimized Fc for improved engagement of FCγRIII, in healthy volunteers
Authors: Yver A. , Homery M.‐C. , Fuseau E. , Guemas E. , Dhainaut F. , Quagliaroli D. , Beliard R. , Prost J.‐F. 
Published: May 2012

Background and Objectives  A human recombinant monoclonal anti‐RhD IgG may be useful to prevent RhD allo‐immunization. Roledumab is such an antibody with a glycosylation pattern optimized for biological activity. The objective of the study was to assess the safety and pharmacokinetics of roledumab in healthy RhD‐negative volunteers.Materials and Methods  A total of 46 subjects received doses of 30–3000 μg i.v. of roledumab or placebo using a double‐blind escalating single‐dose design; 12 of these subjects also received 300 μg i.m. of roledumab. Subjects were followed for 6 months after administration. Serum roledumab concentrations were determined using flow cytometry.Results  Fourteen treatment‐emergent adverse events related to treatment were reported in nine subjects, with no apparent difference in their frequency or nature after placebo or roledumab administration. No anti‐roledumab antibodies were detected. AUClast increased from 4·4 ng/ml.day at 30 μg i.v. to 2257 ng/ml.day at 3000 g i.v. The t½ ranged from 18 to 22 days, and the absolute bioavailability after i.m. administration was between 73% and 80%.Conclusion  Roledumab is safe and well tolerated in healthy RhD‐negative volunteers and shows a pharmacokinetic profile similar to that of polyclonal anti‐RhD immunoglobulin.