bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Venture capital and private equity in India: an analysis of investments and exits
Authors: Rajan Annamalai Thillai , Deshmukh Ashish 
Published: March 2011

PurposeThe venture capital and private equity (VCPE) industry in India has grown significantly in recent years. During five‐year period 2004‐2008, the industry growth rate in India was the fastest globally and it rose to occupy the number three slot worldwide in terms of quantum of investments. However, academic research on the Indian VCPE industry has been limited. This paper seeks to fill the gap in research on the recent trends in the Indian VCPE industry.Design/methodology/approachStudies on the VCPE transactions have traditionally focused on one of the components of the investment lifecycle, i.e. investments, monitoring, or exit. This study is based on analyzing the investment life cycle in its entirety, from the time of investment by the VCPE fund till the time of exit. The analysis was based on a total of 1,912 VCPE transactions involving 1,503 firms during the years 2004‐2008.FindingsMost VCPE investments were in late stage financing and took place many years after the incorporation of the investee firm. The industry was also characterized by the short duration of the investments. The type of exit was well predicted by the type of industry, financing stage, region of investment, and type of VCPE fund.Originality/valueThis paper highlights some of the key areas to ensure sustainable growth of the industry. Early stage funding opportunities should be increased to ensure that there is a strong pipeline of investment opportunities for late stage investors. VCPE investments should be seen as long‐term investments and not as “quick flips”. To achieve this, it is important to have a strong domestic VCPE industry which can stay invested in the portfolio company for a longer term.
Effect of relationship building and constraint‐based factors on business buyers' relationship continuity intention
Authors: Jena Satyajit , Guin K.K. , Dash S.B. 
Published: March 2011

PurposeThe purpose of the study is to examine key antecedent variables that affect buyers' relationship continuity intention and measure the relative importance of these key antecedent variables. It also aims to examine the mediating roles of an inter‐organizational trust (trust in supplier organization) and buyers' dependence in determining buyers' relationship continuity intention. To this effect, the paper groups the predictor variables of relationship continuity under two broad categories of factors, i.e. constraint‐based factors; and relationship building factors.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 137 steel buyers. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the validity of the measures. The hypotheses were tested using structural equation modelling. The empirical tests included direct effect and mediating effects testing.FindingsTrust in supplier was found to mediate the positive effects of communication and offer quality on buyers' relationship continuity intention. Trust in supplier was also found to mediate the negative effects of opportunistic behavior on buyers' relationship continuity intention. However, dependence on supplier does not predict buyers' relationship continuity intention.Research limitations/implicationsThe study indicates that it is the relationship building factors and not dependence‐based factors that predict relationship continuity intention of buyers in BtoB relationships. Offer quality aspect has the highest effect on trust in the supplier, pointing to fact that buyers also need tangible evidence to develop trust in the relationship. The study has covered the perception of buyers only and therefore the views can be one sided. Further, there might have been a tendency for the respondents to select a particular supplier with whom they have a good relationship.Practical implicationsMarketing managers of suppliers should try to develop trust‐based relationships rather than dependence‐based relationship with their buyers. In order to build trust in the BtoB relationship, the study suggests that steel suppliers should invest in both economic and behavioral aspect of transaction. Further, suppliers should put performance management systems in place in their organizations that do not encourage opportunistic behavior in their salespersons.Originality/valueThe study relates to inclusion of both behavioral and economic antecedents of trust. Most of the prior studies in BtoB buyer‐seller relationships have focused on behavioral or economic antecedents of trust, but rarely have both aspects been studied together. This study gives an empirical basis on which steel companies can base their BtoB marketing strategy.
Top‐down change in a public sector bank: lessons from employees' lived‐in experiences
Authors: Awasthy Richa , Chandrasekaran Vijayalakshmi , Gupta Rajen K. 
Published: March 2011

PurposeThis paper aims to examine a case study of an Indian public sector bank (PSB) to better understand the employee's experience of the change, specifically top‐down culture change.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses a qualitative case study approach to describe and extract lessons from a top‐down change in an Indian PSB. The data were collected twice to understand the extent of change with a gap of two years.FindingsThe study indicates that selective change has occurred as a response to the external environment that affected organizational mission and strategy. The study findings indicate that there is a significant realignment of the strategy, structure, systems, and technology along with the level of customer satisfaction. Efforts to realign employees' experiences and attitudes, however, leave a lot to be desired.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is based on single case study.Practical implicationsLessons on how to implement change in the public sector are discussed. The findings bring forth a unique challenge faced by organizations to create a culture which is a blend of market and employee orientation. Further studies are needed in this domain.Originality/valueThis research fills the literature gap in the domain of culture change by carrying out a study in a developing country in Southern Asia. Second, most of the studies do not make a clear distinction between behavioral and values levels, and very few studies have looked at both the levels simultaneously. The current study is an attempt to fill this research gap.
Offshoring to India – realising savings and capturing value
Authors: Messner Wolfgang 
Published: March 2011

PurposeThe paper aims to describe the drivers of offshoring to India and how savings and value can be generated by understanding and structuring the offshore journey as a lifecycle.Design/methodology/approachWhile offshoring is a contentious topic, more than 50 per cent of companies across the industries already offshore some of their functions. However, focussing on cost cutting alone can only lead to short‐term benefits while potentially putting at risk the mid‐ and long‐term position. Instead, successful offshoring is a multifaceted transformation, which includes industrialised approaches to service delivery. Levers for the business case not only comprise factor‐cost and effort savings, but also flexibility options and risk normalisation. An offshore delivery strategy can best be implemented by following a lifecycle approach ensuring stringent and informed governance decisions.FindingsThe paper finds that cost savings through offshoring are not only generated through factor cost savings, but increasingly through industrialisation and innovation engineering. To capture savings and value, corporations should actively manage the offshore lifecycle.Originality/valueValue creation through offshoring is neither inherent to the offshoring process nor to India as a target destination. Instead, a series of governance decisions in the offshore lifecycle lead to the desired result.
Associations between drinking motives and changes in adolescents' alcohol consumption: a full cross‐lagged panel study
Authors: Schelleman‐Offermans Karen , Kuntsche Emmanuel , Knibbe Ronald A. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTAims  Longitudinal full cross‐lagged models are essential to test causal relationships. This study used such a model to test the predictive value of internal (enhancement and coping) and external (conformity and social) drinking motives for changes in alcohol use over time, and tested possible reversed causality (i.e. alcohol use explains later drinking motives).Design  Longitudinal data consisting of two waves (separated by 1 year) were used to estimate cross‐lagged structural equation models.Setting  Three comparable (regarding urbanization and social stratification) Dutch communities.Participants  A total of 454 alcohol‐using adolescents aged 13–16 years (mean = 14.8 years, SD = 0.78) at wave 1.Measurements  Standardized questionnaires including the Drinking Motive Questionnaire–revised, and items on total weekly consumption and frequency of heavy episodic drinking.Findings  In adolescence, drinking motive preferences are already relatively stable over time. Also, only social motives significantly predicted increases in total weekly consumption and frequency of heavy episodic drinking. No feedback mechanisms by which alcohol consumption explains later drinking motives scores were found.Conclusions  Among drinking adolescents in a wet drinking culture, such as the Dutch drinking culture, social drinking motives, rather than enhancement or coping motives for drinking, appear to predict overall consumption and frequency of heavy episodic use a year later. Parents and other important social actors have an active role in reducing alcohol availability and monitoring adolescents' drinking.
Plain packaging increases visual attention to health warnings on cigarette packs in non‐smokers and weekly smokers but not daily smokers
Authors: Munafò Marcus R. , Roberts Nicole , Bauld Linda , Leonards Ute 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTAims  To assess the impact of plain packaging on visual attention towards health warning information on cigarette packs.Design  Mixed‐model experimental design, comprising smoking status as a between‐subjects factor, and package type (branded versus plain) as a within‐subjects factor.Setting  University laboratory.Participants  Convenience sample of young adults, comprising non‐smokers (n = 15), weekly smokers (n = 14) and daily smokers (n = 14).Measurements  Number of saccades (eye movements) towards health warnings on cigarette packs, to directly index visual attention.Findings  Analysis of variance indicated more eye movements (i.e. greater visual attention) towards health warnings compared to brand information on plain packs versus branded packs. This effect was observed among non‐smokers and weekly smokers, but not daily smokers.Conclusion  Among non‐smokers and non‐daily cigarette smokers, plain packaging appears to increase visual attention towards health warning information and away from brand information.
The 50% and 95% effective doses of desflurane for removal of the classic laryngeal mask airway in spontaneously breathing anaesthetised adults*
Authors: Hui M. T. , Subash S. , Wang C. Y. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryThe 50% and 95% effective doses of desflurane for removal of the classic laryngeal mask airway after suction of the upper airway, in anaesthetised spontaneously breathing adult patients, are not known. To determine these, we studied 38 healthy patients, aged between 18 and 44 years. The target desflurane concentration in each individual patient was determined by the Dixon up‐and‐down method. When the predetermined target end‐tidal desflurane concentration reached steady state, we kept a constant end‐expiratory partial pressure between the alveolus and the brain for 10 min before attempting to remove the classic laryngeal mask airway after suctioning the upper airway. The initial desflurane target concentration was set at 6% and up‐down desflurane increments were 0.1%. This continued until there were at least six crossover pairs. From the probit analysis, the 50% effective dose of desflurane was 5.29% (95% CI 5.132–5.379%) and the 95% effective dose was 5.55% (95% CI 5.429–6.394%).
A randomised control trial to determine if use of the iResus©application on a smart phone improves the performance of an advanced life support provider in a simulated medical emergency*
Authors: Low D. , Clark N. , Soar J. , Padkin A. , Stoneham A. , Perkins G. D. , Nolan J. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryThis study sought to determine whether using the Resuscitation Council UK’s iResus© application on a smart phone improves the performance of doctors trained in advanced life support in a simulated emergency. Thirty‐one doctors (advanced life support‐trained within the previous 48 months) were recruited. All received identical training using the smart phone and the iResus application. The participants were randomly assigned to a control group (no smart phone) and a test group (access to iResus on smart phone). Both groups were tested using a validated extended cardiac arrest simulation test (CASTest) scoring system. The primary outcome measure was the overall cardiac arrest simulation test score; these were significantly higher in the smart phone group (median (IQR [range]) 84.5 (75.5–92.5 [64–96])) compared with the control group (72 (62–87 [52–95]); p = 0.02). Use of the iResus application significantly improves the performance of an advanced life support‐certified doctor during a simulated medical emergency. Further studies are needed to determine if iResus can improve care in the clinical setting.
Factors affecting the profitability of surgical procedures under ‘Payment by Results’
Authors: Abbott T. , White S. M. , Pandit J. J. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryWe wished to analyse the factors influencing the potential profitability of surgical operations under the National Health Service ‘Payment by Results’ scheme. First, we planned to develop a generic theoretical model describing the relationships between ‘profit’, ‘procedure duration’ and ‘costs’. Second, for a group of specific operations, we planned to investigate (using analysis of hypothetical lists) whether it was possible for hospitals to make a profit when lists were maximally efficient. ‘Efficient’ meant full utilisation of the list time, with no gaps between cases and no case cancellations. We assumed that operating theatres cost a median of £16.min−1 (range £12–20.min−1 or ∼£7680 for an 8‐h list), and we used published mean (SD) times for seven common day‐case operations (varicose veins, inguinal hernia, cataract, circumcision, hydrocoele, cystoscopy, breast biopsy). We found that even when conducted perfectly efficiently, some operations (notably varicose veins) were always unprofitable. Conversely, other operations (notably cataracts) would be likely to be profitable even if conducted inefficiently. We conclude that current tariffs do not properly reward efficiency. As tariffs are based in large part on hospitals’ reporting their own costs, flaws in the tariffs are likely to be due to inaccurate reporting. Even for this imperfect funding system, our theoretical model may help to develop strategies to maximise profit. Our analysis suggests alternative ways in which reimbursement systems could be designed to avoid creating perverse incentives and instead properly reward efficient practices.
Inbreeding affects fecundity of American mink (Neovison vison) in Danish farm mink
Authors: Demontis D. , Larsen P. F. , Bækgaard H. , Sønderup M. , Hansen B. K. , Nielsen V. H. , Loeschcke V. , Zalewski A. , Zalewska H. , Pertoldi C. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryInbreeding is an increasing problem in farmed mink, because of limited exchange of individuals between farms. In this study, genetic relatedness within seven American mink (Neovison vison) colour strains originating from 13 different mink farms in Denmark was analysed using 21 polymorphic microsatellite loci. We detected large differences in the level of relatedness (range 0.017–0.520) within colour strains. Moreover, a very strong and highly significant negative correlation between the level of relatedness and fecundity was observed (r = 0.536, P < 0.001) [Correction added after online publication on 9 March 2011: r2 has been changed to r]. To our knowledge, this is the first time that such a correlation has been demonstrated for commercially farmed mink.
Novel assays to assess the functional capacity of the classical, the alternative and the lectin pathways of the complement system
Authors: Palarasah Y , Nielsen C , Sprogøe U , Christensen M L , Lillevang S , Madsen H O , Bygum A , Koch C , Skjodt K , Skjoedt M-O 
Published: March 2011

SummaryDeficiencies in many of the complement proteins and their regulatory molecules have been described and a variety of diseases, such as recurrent infections, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and renal diseases, may be linked to deficiency in the complement system. Screening for complement defects is therefore of great importance. In this study, we present novel improved enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the functional assessment of the three individual pathways of the complement system. The method is applicable at high serum concentrations and we demonstrate that it minimizes both false negative as well as false positive results. In particular, for the functional mannose-binding lectin activity it represents an improvement on the existing assays. In this respect, the present assays represent novel improved diagnostic protocols for patients with suspected immunodeficiencies related to the complement system.
Vitamin D3 correlates inversely with systemic dendritic cell numbers and bone erosion in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and allergic fungal rhinosinusitis
Authors: Mulligan J K , Bleier B S , O'Connell B , Mulligan R M , Wagner C , Schlosser R J 
Published: March 2011

SummaryVitamin D3 (VD3) is a steroid hormone that regulates bone health and numerous aspects of immune function and may play a role in respiratory health. We hypothesized that T helper type 2 (Th2) disorders, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) would have VD3 deficiencies, resulting in increased mature dendritic cells (DCs) and bone erosion. We conducted a retrospective study examining VD3 levels in patients with AFRS (n = 14), CRSwNP (n = 9), chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) (n = 20) and cerebrospinal fluid leak repair (non-diseased controls) (n = 14) at time of surgery. Circulating immune cell levels were determined by immunostaining and flow cytometric analysis. Plasma VD3 and immune regulatory factors (granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor and prostaglandin E2) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. It was observed that CRSwNP and AFRS demonstrated increased circulating DCs, while chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps displayed increased circulating macrophages. CRSwNP and AFRS were to found to have insufficient levels of VD3 which correlated inversely with circulating numbers of mature DCs, DC regulatory factors and bone erosion. CRSsNP displayed no change in circulating DC numbers or VD3 status compared to control, but did display increased numbers of circulating macrophages that was independent of VD3 status. Lastly, VD3 deficiency was associated with more severe bone erosion. Taken together, these results suggest support a role for VD3 as a key player in the immunopathology of CRSwNP and AFRS.
Follicular dendritic cells in follicular lymphoma and types of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma show reduced expression of CD23, CD35 and CD54 but no association with clinical outcome
Authors: Jin Mi Kyung , Hoster Eva , Dreyling Martin , Unterhalt Michael , Hiddemann Wolfgang , Klapper Wolfram 
Published: March 2011

Jin M K, Hoster E, Dreyling M, Unterhalt M, Hiddemann W & Klapper W (2011) Histopathology 58, 586–592 Follicular dendritic cells in follicular lymphoma and types of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma show reduced expression of CD23, CD35 and CD54 but no association with clinical outcomeAims:  Follicular dendritic cells (FDC) are specialized antigen‐presenting cells found exclusively in the germinal centre (GC), which can be detected in B cell non‐Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) as reactive bystander cells. Recently, gene expression profiling has revealed that FDC networks might be associated with clinical outcome in follicular lymphoma. The aim was to characterize FDC in NHL and to evaluate a possible association with outcome in follicular lymphoma.Methods and results:  The extent and immunophenotype of FDC was determined semi‐quantitatively in reactive GC and NHL (follicular lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma) using fluorescence double staining and digital image analysis. In all NHL tested CD23 and CD35 and CD54 were expressed at relatively low levels on FDC, comparable to FDC found in the dark zone of the GC. However, the extent of FDC networks did not correlate with the clinical outcome of 102 patients with follicular lymphomas treated within a prospectively randomized trial.Conclusions:  FDC found in different types of NHL show quantitatively reduced expression of several proteins, suggesting that there are functional differences between FDC in normal GC and NHL. The extent of the FDC networks in follicular lymphoma is not useful as a prognostic marker.
The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers in extremely low gestational age newborns: individual items associated with motor, cognitive, vision and hearing limitations
Authors: Luyster Rhiannon J. , Kuban Karl C. K. , O'Shea T. Michael , Paneth Nigel , Allred Elizabeth N. , Leviton Alan ,   for ELGAN Study investigators
Published: March 2011

SummaryLuyster RJ, Kuban KCK, O'Shea TM, Paneth N, Allred EN, Leviton A for ELGAN Study investigators. The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers in extremely low gestational age newborns: Individual items associated with motor, cognitive, vision and hearing limitations. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2011; 25: 366–376.The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M‐CHAT) has yielded elevated rates of screening failure for children born preterm or with low birthweight. We extended these findings with a detailed examination of M‐CHAT items in a large sample of children born at extremely low gestational age. The sample was grouped according to children's current limitations and degree of impairment. The aim was to better understand how disabilities might influence M‐CHAT scores.Fourteen participating institutions of the Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborns (ELGAN) Study prospectively collected information about 1086 infants who were born before the 28th week of gestation and had an assessment at age 24‐months. The 24‐month visit included a neurological assessment, the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Second edition (BSID‐II), M‐CHAT and a medical history form. Outcome measures included the distribution of failed M‐CHAT items among groups classified according to cerebral palsy diagnosis, gross motor function, BSID‐II scores and vision or hearing impairments.M‐CHAT items were failed more frequently by children with concurrently identified impairments (motor, cognitive, vision and hearing). In addition, the frequency of item failure increased with the severity of impairment. The failed M‐CHAT items were often, but not consistently, related to children's specific impairments. Importantly, four of the six M‐CHAT ‘critical items’ were commonly affected by presence and severity of concurrent impairments.The strong association between impaired sensory or motor function and M‐CHAT results among extremely low gestational age children suggests that such impairments might give rise to false positive M‐CHAT screening.