bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Small Area Depth Profiling with the Ion Microprobe
Authors: Whatley TA , Comaford DJ , Colby J , Miller P 
Published: March 2009

The general technique of secondary ion mass spectrometry is now practiced in a number of instrumental variations. For certain problems, any one of these could usefully be employed. However, there is an important class of analytical problems that can be studied only with those instruments of the “small beam type,” that is, an ion microprobe. These problems are those of characterizing fabricated devices, principally in the solid state electronics industry. Regions to be studied on these devices are frequently only a few tens of microns in lateral dimension.
The technique has been applied, for example, to the study of adjacent base and emitter regions of a single transistor. Detailed concentration distributions, showing the influence of phosphorus on diffusion of boron double implants were obtained from 25 × 30-µm active areas of 100 × 150-µm rastered regions. Even smaller areas can be successfully analyzed by utilizing reduced beam diameters and a correspondingly reduced raster size. With presently available instrumentation, the practical lower limit on analyzed area is about 4 × 5µm (using a 2/to 3-µm beam and a raster size of 12 × 15 µm). At this level, problems of beam diameter, sensitivity, and surface contamination all become limiting.
Analysis of Solids Using a Quadrupole Mass Filter
Authors: Fralick RD , Roden HJ , Hinthorne JR 
Published: March 2009

The quadrupole mass analyzer for solids (QMAS) is ideally suited for multielement analysis because of the rapid scanning capabilities of its quadrupole mass filter, the high sensitivity inherent in the secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) technique, and an instrumental configuration which produces abundance sensitivities in excess of 105 to 1. These capabilities allow the elemental composition of solid specimens to be readily measured and permit the detection of contaminants and dopants on the surface as well as in the bulk of a specimen to be determined. A typical mass survey of a silicon specimen is shown and some of its features are discussed. Because of the correlation between the time of sputtering and the depth eroded into a specimen, multiple element in-depth profiles are also readily measured with QMAS. In-depth distributions of boron and phosphorus, both implanted and diffused into silicon, have been determined and are discussed. The effects of different specimen treatment histories are found to be reflected in the depth profiles obtained.
In addition to depth profiling, the instrument has been used successfully for isotope ratioing. Work done with the lead isotopes indicates that the accuracy of the measured ratios is limited only by counting statistics. The accuracy of these analyses verifies that the instrument can be used routinely to analyze insulators. These studies also illustrate that spectral ion interferences can often be successfully treated by peak stripping techniques. In the same study, the analytical problems associated with possible mass discrimination and the ability to obtain quantitative elemental analyses have been investigated and the results compared with the ion microprobe mass analyzer (IMMA).
Effect of Water Saturation History on the Strength of Low-Porosity Rocks
Authors: Ballivy G , Ladanyi B , Gill DE 
Published: March 2009

The purpose of the tests described in this paper was to investigate how the mechanical properties of rock observed in the tests are influenced by the whole saturation history of the specimen prior to testing. Three aspects of the saturation history were studied in this paper: the effect of drying and resaturating the specimen prior to testing, the effect of resaturation method, and the effect of the chemical nature of the resaturating fluid. Three rock types were used in the tests: a gneiss, a cemented sandstone, and a fine grained limestone. All three rocks had apparent porosities below 2 percent.
Results of triaxial and splitting tests are reported in the paper. One series of specimens was brought from the site in its natural saturated state and tested without drying while the others were either air or oven dried and then resaturated prior to testing. The resaturation was performed either by immersing the specimen in water under vacuum, or by injecting the saturation fluid, under pressure, through a thin channel drilled along the specimen axis. Either distilled or seawater were used as the resaturating fluid.
The results show that the inclusion of a drying and wetting cycle prior to testing has a clear overconsolidation effect on the rock behavior, that is, it increases its apparent strength. On the other hand, the channel saturation technique gives a better saturation of the specimen and results in a strength decrease. Finally, the results show that the chemical composition of the saturation fluid has also a significant effect on the measured rock strength.
The practical conclusion to be drawn from this study is that representative rock samples, taken in connection with a given project, should, from the moment of coring until they are tested, be held under environmental conditions that are as close as possible to those which will prevail after the completion of the project. This implies that no drying and wetting cycles should be included if they are not expected to occur in practice. If this condition cannot be met, specimens should be saturated using a natural saturation fluid and using an efficient saturation technique such as the described axial channel saturation method.
Compaction and Preparation of Soil Specimens for Oedometer Testing
Authors: Booth AR 
Published: March 2009

The paper describes the development of a method for the compaction of groups of identical oedometer specimens. Groups were compacted from several soils at various densities and moisture contents. The specimens in each group were tested later in the oedometer over the complete range of initial saturations, and it was important that they should be as near as possible to identical after compaction.
The paper considers, by means of a literature review, the various methods of compaction available. The conclusion reached is that the static method is most suitable for compaction of relatively thin specimens. Soil was compacted directly into the oedometer rings under static loading. The advantages and disadvantages of this approach are discussed.
A special mold developed for this purpose is described in detail. This enabled a known mass of soil to be compacted into a 76.2 by 19.05-mm-thick specimen. The procedure used in the laboratory is outlined.
It was necessary to allow most specimens to either increase or decrease in moisture content after compaction so that oedometer tests could be carried out over the complete range of saturation. The procedures followed are described, and it is stressed that these model as closely as possible what would happen in a road embankment.
Finally, the paper considers the dry densities of groups of specimens immediately prior to being placed in the oedometer. It is shown that variations within each group are lower than those found in undisturbed samples, and it is concluded that the standardized method produced groups of specimens which were closer to identical than would have been obtained by other methods. This, in turn, enabled the influence of other variables, principally the compaction moisture content and initial dry density, to be studied with more confidence.
Field Testing and Instrumentation of Rock
Authors: Clark GB 
Published: March 2009

Description
The symposium on Field Testing and Instrumentation of Rock was given at the Seventy-sixth Annual Meeting of the American Society for Testing and Materials held in Philadelphia, Pa., 24—29 June 1973. Committee D18 on Soil and Rock for Engineering Purposes sponsored the symposium. G. B. Clark, University of Missouri-Rolla, presided as symposium chairman.
Handbook Of Fatigue Testing
Authors: Swanson SR 
Published: March 2009

Description
In 1949 Committee E-9 on Fatigue published ASTM STP 91, Manual of Fatigue Testing. The project leading to STP 91 involved the specific writing of eight members of E09 and the discussions and criticisms of members of the main committee over a period of three years. STP 91 was a modest effort and succeeded in presenting what was then considered to be the current practice and views of E09 members.
Bearing Steels: The Rating of Nonmetallic Inclusion
Authors: Hoo JJC , Kilhefner PT , Donze JJ 
Published: March 2009

Description
The symposium on Rating of Nonmetallic Inclusion in Bearing Steels was presented at May Committee Week of the American Society for Testing and Materials held in Boston, Mass., 22-24 May 1974. Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel, and Related Alloys, Subcommittee A01.28 on Bearing Steels, sponsored the symposium. J. J. C. Hoo, FAG Bearing Corporation, presided as symposium chairman, and P. T. Kilhefner, Jr., U.S. Steel Corporation, and J. J. Donze, Timken Company, served as symposium co-chairmen.
Composite Reliability
Authors: Wu EM 
Published: March 2009

Description
The symposium on Composite Reliability was presented in Las Vegas, Nev., 15-16 April 1974. The symposium was sponsored by Committee D30 on High Modulus Fibers and Their Composites, American Society for Testing and Materials, in cooperation with the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers. E. M. Wu, Washington University, presided as symposium chairman.
Practical Applications of Neutron Radiography and Gaging
Authors: Berger H 
Published: March 2009

Description
The Symposium on Practical Applications of Neutron Radiography and Gaging was held at the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) in Gaithersburg, Md., on 10-11 Feb. 1975. The meeting was sponsored jointly by NBS and The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and Subcommittee E07.05 on Neutron Radiography were the ASTM sponsors. Several other organizations assisted in arrangements for the symposium. These cooperating societies include the Air Transport Association of America, the American Nuclear Society, the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, and the Nuclear Division of the American Society for Quality Control. Harold Berger, NBS, served as chairman of the symposium, and John K. Aman, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, and Daniel Polansky, Naval Surface Weapons Center, served as cochairmen.
Resource Recovery and Utilization: Proceedings of the National Materials Conservation Symposium
Authors: Alter H , Horowitz E 
Published: March 2009

Description
The National Materials Conservation Symposium on Resource Recovery and Utilization was held 29 April-1 May 1974 at the National Bureau of Standards in The symposium was sponsored by: National Bureau of Standards; Bureau of Mines; Environmental Protection Agency; National Center for Resource Recovery, Inc.; and American Society for Testing and Materials. Harvey Alter, National Center for Resource Recovery, Inc., and Emanuel Horowitz, National Bureau of Standards, served as the symposium cochairmen.
Environmental Effects on Advanced Composite Materials
Authors: Christian JL , Stein BA 
Published: March 2009

Description
The Symposium on Environmental Effects on Advanced Composite Materials was presented at the Seventy-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Society for Testing and Materials held in Montreal, Canada, 22—27 June 1975. The symposium was sponsored by the Aerospace and Low Temperature Panels of the American Society for Testing and Materials—American Society of Mechanical Engineers—Metal Properties Council Joint Committee on Effect of Temperature on the Properties of Metals. J. L. Christian, General Dynamics, W. E. Witzell, General Dynamics, and B. A. Stein, NASA-Langley Research Center, served as symposium cochairmen.
Properties Related to Fracture Toughness
Authors: Weiss V , Warke WR 
Published: March 2009

Description
The symposium on Properties Related to Fracture Toughness was presented at the Seventy-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Society for Testing and Materials held in Montreal, Canada, 22—27 June 1975. Committee E24 on Fracture Testing of Metals sponsored the symposium. W. R. Warke, Illinois Institute of Technology, Volker Weiss, Syracuse University, and George Hahn, Battelle Memorial Institute, presided as symposium cochairmen.
Corrosion-Fatigue Technology
Authors: Craig HL , Crooker TW , Hoeppner DW 
Published: March 2009

Description
18 papers offer a broad view of technology for characterizing, analyzing and preventing corrosion-fatigue failure in structural steels, high alloy specialty steels, lightweight titanium and aluminum alloys, heat resistant nickel-base alloys, and corrosion resistant tantalum.
Quantitive Surface Analysis of Materials
Authors: McIntyre NS 
Published: March 2009

Description
The symposium on Progress in Quantitative Surface Analysis was held on 2—3 March 1977 in conjunction with the Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy in Cleveland, Ohio. The symposium was sponsored by the American Society for Testing and Materials through its Committee E42 on Surface Analysis. N. S. McIntyre, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited and vice-chairman (publications) of ASTM Committee E42, served as symposium chairman and editor of this publication. J. R. Cuthill, National Bureau of Standards and chairman of Committee E42, David Hercules, University of Pittsburgh, and G. G. Sweeney, Westinghouse Research Laboratories, served as session chairmen. Papers from the symposium as well as appropriate papers from the regular Pittsburgh Conference sessions on surface analysis are included in this special technical publication.
Air Quality Meteorology and Atmospheric Ozone
Authors: Morris AL , Barras RC 
Published: March 2009

Description
A compendium of papers, divided into two parts:
Part 1 devoted to Air Quality Meteorology describes practical application of atmospheric measurements and interpretation of atmospheric data for solution of everyday, environmental problems
Part 2 devoted to Atmospheric Ozone describes techniques for studying life cycle of a pollutant in the atmosphere, the need for additional information, and the current state of knowledge of ozone.
Analysis of the Sequence and Phenotype of Drosophila Sex combs reduced Alleles Reveals Potential Functions of Conserved Protein Motifs of the Sex combs reduced Protein
Authors: Sivanantharajah Lovesha , Percival-Smith Anthony 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The Drosophila Hox gene, Sex combs reduced (Scr), is required for patterning the larval and adult, labial and prothoracic segments. Fifteen Scr alleles were sequenced and the phenotypes analyzed in detail. Six null alleles were nonsense mutations (Scr2, Scr4, Scr11, Scr13, Scr13A, and Scr16) and one was an intragenic deletion (Scr17). Five hypomorphic alleles were missense mutations (Scr1, Scr3, Scr5, Scr6, and Scr8) and one was a small protein deletion (Scr15). Protein sequence changes were found in four of the five highly conserved domains of SCR: the DYTQL motif (Scr15), YPWM motif (Scr3), Homeodomain (Scr1), and C-terminal domain (CTD) (Scr6), indicating importance for SCR function. Analysis of the pleiotropy of viable Scr alleles for the formation of pseudotracheae suggests that the DYTQL motif and the CTD mediate a genetic interaction with proboscipedia. One allele Scr14, a missense allele in the conserved octapeptide, was an antimorphic allele that exhibited three interesting genetic properties. First, Scr14/Df had the same phenotype as Scr+/Df. Second, the ability of the Scr14 allele to interact intragenetically with Scr alleles mapped to the first 82 amino acids of SCR, which contains the octapeptide motif. Third, Scr6, which has two missense changes in the CTD, did not interact genetically with Scr14.
Estimation of Allele Frequencies From High-Coverage Genome-Sequencing Projects
Authors: Lynch Michael 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
A new generation of high-throughput sequencing strategies will soon lead to the acquisition of high-coverage genomic profiles of hundreds to thousands of individuals within species, generating unprecedented levels of information on the frequencies of nucleotides segregating at individual sites. However, because these new technologies are error prone and yield uneven coverage of alleles in diploid individuals, they also introduce the need for novel methods for analyzing the raw read data. A maximum-likelihood method for the estimation of allele frequencies is developed, eliminating both the need to arbitrarily discard individuals with low coverage and the requirement for an extrinsic measure of the sequence error rate. The resultant estimates are nearly unbiased with asymptotically minimal sampling variance, thereby defining the limits to our ability to estimate population-genetic parameters and providing a logical basis for the optimal design of population-genomic surveys.
The Multi-AT-Hook Chromosomal Protein of Drosophila melanogaster, D1, Is Dispensable for Viability
Authors: Weiler Karen S , Chatterjee Suman 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The D1 protein is a high mobility group A (HMGA)-like nonhistone chromosomal protein with primary localization to certain AT-rich satellite DNA sequences within heterochromatin. The binding of D1 to euchromatic sequences is less studied and the functional significance of its chromosomal associations is unclear. By taking advantage of existing P-insertion alleles of the D1 gene, I generated D1 null mutations to investigate the phenotypic effect of loss of the D1 gene. In contrast to a previous report, I determined that the D1 gene is not essential for viability of Drosophila melanogaster, and moreover, that loss of D1 has no obvious phenotypic effects. My tests for an effect of D1 mutations on PEV revealed that it is not a suppressor of variegation, as concluded by other investigators. In fact, the consequence of loss of D1 on one of six variegating rearrangements tested, T(2;3)SbV, was dominant enhancement of PEV, suggesting a role for the protein in euchromatic chromatin structure and/or transcription. A study of D1 protein sequence conservation highlighted features shared with mammalian HMGA proteins, which function as architectural transcription factors.
Perspectives of inhibition of multidrug resistance during cancer chemotherapy, in vitro and in vivo experiments
Authors: Engi Helga 
Published: March 2009

A daganatos megbetegedések elleni küzdelem hatásosságában a multidrog-rezisztencia kérdésének megoldása fontos szerepet játszik. Növekvő igény mutatkozik olyan új vegyületek kifejlesztésére, amelyek képesek gátolni a különböző rezisztenciamechanizmusokat. Célul tűztük ki a szintetikus (cinnamilidén-ketonok; 1,4-dihidropiridin és fenotiazinszármazékok; hősokkfehérje-90-gátló peptidek és Tilozin betti bázisú származék), valamint természetes (Euphorbia-diterpének) növényi alkotókból kivont származékok multidrog-rezisztenciáért felelős effluxpumpa-gátlásának vizsgálatát különböző sejtvonalakon, remélve, hogy a verapamiltól kevésbé toxikus, de annál hatásosabb rezisztenciamódosító vegyületeket találunk. A tézis első része a vizsgált vegyületek P-glikoprotein effluxpumpa-gátló hatását mutatja be különböző sejtvonalakon. Általánosságban elmondható, hogy az újonnan azonosított rezisztenciamódosító vegyületek képesek voltak a kiválasztott rákellenes szerek sejtszaporodás-gátló hatásának fokozására, köcsönhatásuk szinergizáló vagy additív hatást mutatottin vitrokísérletekben. A Tilozin betti bázisú származékin vitrokísérletekben tapasztalt hatását, továbbiin vivo, DBA/2 egér modellek alátámasztották. Az antitumorhatás vizsgálatának egy alternatív útja a különböző vegyületekkel kiváltott apoptózis folyamata. A legígéretesebb apoptózisindukálónak a dihidropiridin 13 bizonyult. A latrán vegyületek antipromóciós hatásánakin vitromodellezéséhez humán cytomegalovirussal fertőzött humán tüdőráksejteket használtunk. A vizsgált makrociklikus latrán típusú diterpén vegyületek többsége, kivéve a latilagascene D vegyület, képes volt a cytomegalovirus korai antigén-kifejeződésének gátlására.
Determining the viability response of pine pollen to atmospheric conditions during long‐distance dispersal
Authors: Bohrerova Zuzana , Bohrer Gil , Cho Ki Don , Bolch M. Adam , Linden Karl G. 
Published: March 2009

Pollen of forest trees can move on the scales of tens to hundreds of kilometers, but the question of its viability during this long distance dispersal (LDD) has yet to be answered. While empirical studies of pollen viability in forest tree species are rare, controlled and scalable data to outdoor studies of the contribution of UV irradiation on pollen viability are not available.A simple protocol that allows the quantification of the viability response of pollen to UV, temperature, and humidity is developed and described here. Bench‐scale conditions that approximate a wide range of atmospheric conditions including different humidity, temperature, and UV irradiation condition are used to determine the independent effects of each abiotic stress factor, and empirical functions are fitted and used to scale these bench‐scale experiments to outdoor conditions.As a case study, pollen was sampled from two populations ofPinus taedaduring two years and was used to quantify the decrease in viability due to atmospheric conditions during LDD. Contrary to maize pollen,P. taedapollen viability decreased due to humid and cold conditions. The viability response of pollen to UV‐A and UV‐B corresponded to a viability reduction of about 10% after a full day of exposure. These laboratory findings were corroborated by an outdoor solar exposure experiment.The Fu‐Liou online radiation model and a data set of radiosonde observations were used to estimate the typical conditions that would be encountered by LDD pollen. If initially caught in a strong updraft, dispersingP. taedapollen could be carried many days and thousands of kilometers in the air. The empirical equations forP. taedapollen viability reduction due to abiotic stresses predicted that 50% of the pollen would survive 24 hours of LDD under typical external conditions. The viable range of the pollen is, therefore, shorter than the physical dispersal distance.The methods used in our experiments are applicable for determination of dispersing pollen viability, especially when effects of different adverse conditions need to be separated. The empirical viability equations that resulted from our experiments can be used in an atmospheric dispersal model to estimate the viable range of tree pollen.