bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reforms Under Czar Alexander I: French and American Influences
Authors: Vernadsky George 
Published: August 2009

The two great revolutions of the eighteenth century—the American and the French had each in turn and in its own way a profound influence not only on the history of the United States and of France, but directly or indirectly on the history of the whole world.These two powerful currents had a common source in the French ideological movement before the Revolution. The development of American revolutionary thought was of course more closely linked to the English ideology, but there was much contact and cross influence between the English and the French philosophers. Further, the French political and philosophical literature was directly accessible to Americans without intermediary English works. We have only to mention Montesquieu and his principle of the separation of powers which serves as the basis of the Constitution of the United States. Also, the American Revolution influenced in turn political developments in France. One finds the roots of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen not only in France but in America as well.
The Western Frontiers of Russia
Authors: Strausz-Hupe Robert 
Published: August 2009

Russian foreign policy is characterized by matchless simplicity of conception and persistence of effort. By comparison the foreign policies of the Great Powers of modern times appear vacillating and ambiguous. There is in the history of Russian foreign policy no counterpart for that Hamlet-like indecision which gripped German expansionism confronted by the fateful choice between a western and eastern “orientation,” of the pull and counter-pull of British Empire commitments and continental interests, and of the contradictions between French colonial aspirations and French European policies.Russian foreign policy is dominated by the strategic factor; its objectives, under the direction of the Czars and Soviet leaders, have remained the same: attainment of strategic frontiers and, wherever racial affinities re-enforce strategic geography, ethnographic frontiers. The principal theatre of operations is now, as it has been for nearly three centuries, eastern and southeastern Europe, and Russian policy in the Middle and Far East has been largely derivative. Only when Russia was blocked in Europe, on the Baltic and Moldavian Plains, only then did she turn to Asia. Russia exercised pressure on the Asiatic rimlands, especially on Britain's positions in southwestern Asia, in order to obtain concessions in Europe. Russian expansionism, although it harvested rich territorial gains in central and eastern Asia, did not let itself be deflected from its primary goals, to wit, Russia's strategic frontiers in the West. Indeed, it was the Russian advance upon Europe, the diplomatic set-backs of the Congresses of Vienna and Berlin and the military defeats in the Crimean War and World War I, which diverted Russia towards such secondary objectives as the Persian Gulf and the Yellow Sea.
Ideas in France: 1939 to 1945
Authors: Marrou H. I. 
Published: August 2009

In September, 1939, the war caught the French in a state of political uncertainty and intellectual confusion. Considered generally, they were poorly prepared for the terrible trial awaiting them. The approaching war was less a national war with clearly defined territorial or economic objectives than a great ideological crusade. Now, ideologically, it found the French divided and uncertain.From the political point of view, the normal operation of the governmental processes of the Republic had not functioned since February 6, 1934, the date of the Riots with their Fascist tendencies; the great élan for moral and political as well as social reconstruction, which in June, 1936, had carried the political parties of the Left to power, combined as they were in the Popular Front, soon bogged down into impotence and ended finally in a lamentable failure.
Constitutional Dictatorship in the Atomic Age
Authors: Rossiter Clinton L. 
Published: August 2009

How shall we be governed in an atomic war? Who will make the decisions for defense and survival, and what compulsions will support their peremptory execution? What will be the measure of our cherished liberties? In all the vast literature of atomic energy and the atomic bomb there appear no clear answers to these distressing questions.Several authorities have meditated wisely upon the particular problems of domestic government in the atomic age. Robert E. Cushman has pictured the challenge of atomic energy to our traditional concepts of civil liberty; Arthur Bromage has admonished state and local public administrators to decentralize or die, and Senator Wiley has done the same for the national government; Bernard Brodie and Hanson Baldwin have warned of the inadequacy for atomic warfare of our present defense and mobilization plans. Yet no one seems to have outlined the over-all pattern that the American government would assume in the event of atomic war or indicated the workable adjustments that we might undertake now to prepare our constitutional system for this dreadful contingency. This neglect may well be just another symptom of our apparent decision (arrived at through indecision) to ignore the bomb and, like Mr. Lincoln, “confess plainly” that events control us. Since we refuse to contemplate the horrors of atomic war, we likewise refuse to imagine the sort of government that such a war would force us to adopt.
On the Normative Structure of Action: Gewirth and Habermas
Authors: White Stephen K. 
Published: August 2009

Recently Alan Gewirth has attempted to establish a universally valid foundation for ethics and politics by means of analyzing the “normative structure” of action and what that necessarily entails for any agent. By “normative structure”he means that by virtue of which certain “evaluative and deontic judgments on the part of agents are logically implicit in all action” (pp. 25–26). These judgments, leading finally to a supreme moral principle, are part of what is “conceptually necessary” to being an agent. Anyone who resists making these judgments is guilty of “selfcontradiction” and thus a diminution of his claim to be a rational being (pp. 44, 48).Although Gewirth considers his approach to be a novel one, it infact exhibits some interesting parallels with the approach of the German philosopher andsocial-political theorist, Jiirgen Habermas. The latter has not written a systematic work on what he calls “communicative ethics,” but he has laid out its basic components. As with Gewirth, the foundation of this ethics lies in a certain “normative force” implicit in action. While there are such similarities of approach between the two theorists, they differ in the specific analyses they offer of action and of what constitutes an agent's claim to rationality.
Leo Strauss: Between Athens and Jerusalem
Authors: Smith Steven B. 
Published: August 2009

Harold Bloom, the Yale literary critic, once described Leo Strauss as “political philosopher and Hebraic sage.” This always seemed to me unusually prescient. For Strauss is most frequently understood as an interpreter and critic of a number of thinkers, both ancient and modern, who belong to the history of political philosophy. But far less often is he regarded as a contributor to Jewish thought. It is neither as a historian nor as a philosopher but as a Jew that I want to consider him here.At first blush this approach to Strauss seems relatively unproblematical. Even a superficial perusal of his major works shows that Jewish themes were a continual preoccupation of his from the earliest times onwards.
Blasphemy and Leo Strauss's Machiavelli
Authors: Germino Dante 
Published: August 2009

In 1966, I published a review article hailing Leo Strauss's Thoughts on Machiavelli as an instant classic. I also expressed some reservations or “second thoughts” about its conclusions. In the intervening years my appreciation for the profundity and originality of Strauss's interpretation has only increased, but many of my doubts have also remained. Here I wish to restate both my admiration and reservations with particular attention to parts of Strauss's chapter on Machiavelli published in the 1972 edition of his History of Political Philosophy, co-edited with Joseph Cropsey.Let me at the outset state the obvious: Strauss's interpretation of Machiavelli is well — indeed overwhelmingly — supported by textual evidence, given Strauss's manner of reading between the lines. No interpreter, therefore, is entitled to dismiss it out of hand, even if he or she disagrees with Strauss's methodology, in whole or in part. In this respect, Claude Lefort has provided a model for scholars whose philosophical orientation differs widely from that of Strauss. Strauss has given us a truly fresh look at the great Florentine.
Recall errors in a weekly survey of diarrhoea in Guatemala: determining the optimal length of recall
Authors: ZAFAR S. N. , LUBY S. P. , MENDOZA C. 
Published: August 2009

SUMMARYWe measured the recall error, optimal recall length and factors associated with diarrhoea in a weekly survey. Data was taken from a year-long randomized controlled trial in which characteristics of diarrhoeal episodes were recorded weekly. We labelled the recall period as days 1–6; day 1 being the day before the visit. Recall error was the percentage difference between the number of episodes reported to begin on a particular day and the mean for days 1 and 2. Generalized estimating equations were used to determine associations. Recall error was 37% on day 3 and 51% on day 5. The error was less in younger children (by 10%), severe episodes (by 29%) and when blood was present in the stool (by 18%). Diarrhoea was underreported when the recall period extended beyond 2 days. Surveys that use longer recall periods risk underestimating diarrhoea incidence and selectively capturing more severe episodes.
Estimating the extent of spatial association ofMycobacterium bovisinfection in badgers in Ireland
Authors: KELLY G. E. , McGRATH G. E. , MORE S. J. 
Published: August 2009

SUMMARYMycobacterium bovisinfects the wildlife species badgersMeles meleswho are linked with the spread of the associated disease tuberculosis (TB) in cattle. Control of livestock infections depends in part on the spatial and social structure of the wildlife host. Here we describe spatial association ofM. bovisinfection in a badger population using data from the first year of the Four Area Project in Ireland. Using second-order intensity functions, we show there is strong evidence of clustering of TB cases in each the four areas, i.e. a global tendency for infected cases to occur near other infected cases. Using estimated intensity functions, we identify locations where particular strains of TB cluster. Generalized linear geostatistical models are used to assess the practical range at which spatial correlation occurs and is found to exceed 6 in all areas. The study is of relevance concerning the scale of localized badger culling in the control of the disease in cattle.
A hypothesis for the 2007 dengue outbreak in Singapore
Authors: MASSAD E. , COUTINHO F. A. B. , MA S. , BURATTINI M. N. 
Published: August 2009

SUMMARYA previous mathematical model explaining dengue in Singapore predicted a reasonable outbreak of about 6500 cases for 2006 and a very mild outbreak with about 2000 cases for 2007. However, only 3051 cases were reported in 2006 while more than 7800 were reported in the first 44 weeks of 2007. We hypothesized that the combination of haze with other local sources of particulate matter had a significant impact on mosquito life expectancy, significantly increasing their mortality rate. To test the hypothesis a mathematical model based on the reproduction number of dengue fever and aimed at comparing the impact of several possible alternative control strategies was proposed. This model also aimed at contributing to the understanding of the causes of dengue resurgence in Singapore in the last decade. The model's simulation demonstrated that an increase in mosquito mortality in 2006 and either a reduction in mortality or an increase in the carrying capacity of mosquitoes in 2007 explained the patterned observed in Singapore. Based on the model's simulation we concluded that the fewer than expected number of dengue cases in Singapore in 2006 was caused by an increase in mosquito mortality due to the disproportionate haze affecting the country that year and that particularly favourable environmental conditions in 2007 propitiated mosquitoes with a lower mortality rate, which explains the greater than expected number of dengue cases in 2007. Whether our hypothesis is plausible or not should be debated further.
Multivalent ligands of CD22 for targeting of B cells
Authors: Paulson James 
Published: August 2009

AbstractMultivalent ligands of CD22 for active targeting of B cells. Mary O’Reilly, Wei Hsu Chen, Gladys Completo, Ying Zeng, Satoshi Futakawa and Cory Rillahan and James C. Paulson, Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037The siglecs comprise 13 members of the immunoglobulin superfamily that recognize sialic acid containing glycans, and are differentially expressed on leukocytes and glial cells. The natural ligands of siglecs typically occur on the same cell (in cis) and/or on adjacent cells (in trans). Cis ligands mask the binding of multivalent synthetic sialoside ligands and are thought to regulate the activity of siglecs as modulators of cell signaling. However, synthetic ligands of sufficient avidity can compete with cis ligands, demonstrating a dynamic equilibrium of cis and trans ligand probes. We have explored the relationship between valency, affinity and geometry for achieving avidity sufficient to compete with cis ligands of CD22 (Siglec-2) in situ. A notable achievement is a hetero-bifunctional ligand approach to create multivalent ligands using antibodies as a protein scaffold. The ligand is comprised of a CD22 ligand, 9-biphenylcarboxyl-NeuAcα2-6Galβ1-4GlcNAc (BPCNeuAc), coupled to an antigen, 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetic acid (NP) (BPCNeuAc-NP). The BPCNeuAc-NP ligand is able to efficiently assemble complexes of anti-NP antibodies with CD22 on both asialo- and native B cells. Surprisingly, assembly of the tertiary complex occurs with anti-NP IgM (n=10), IgA (n=4) and IgG (n=2). The results suggest that spacing of ligands using an antibody optimizes the contribution of geometry to achieve high avidity with low valency. Other multivalent configurations also show promise for targeting B cells. In particular, liposomes bearing BPCNeuAc ligands bind avidly to B cells and are endocytosed. Thus, BPCNeuAc-lipososomes may prove effective in delivery of therapeutic agents to B cells (Supported by NIH grants GM60938, AI50143 ).
Oxidative modifications of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase play a key role in its multiple cellular functions
Authors: Hwang Na Rae , Yim Seung-Hee , Kim Young Mee , Jeong Jaeho , Song Eun Joo , Lee Yoonji , Lee Jin Hee , Choi Sun , Lee Kong-Joo 
Published: August 2009

Knowledge of the cellular targets of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and their regulation is an essential prerequisite for understanding ROS-mediated signalling. GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) is known as a major target protein in oxidative stresses and becomes thiolated in its active site. However, the molecular and functional changes of oxidized GAPDH, the inactive form, have not yet been characterized. To examine the modifications of GAPDH under oxidative stress, we separated the oxidation products by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and identified them using nanoLC-ESI-q-TOF MS/MS (nano column liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem MS). Intracellular GAPDH subjected to oxidative stress separated into multiple acidic spots on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and were identified as cysteine disulfide and cysteic acids on Cys152 in the active site. We identified the interacting proteins of oxidized inactive GAPDH as p54nrb (54 kDa nuclear RNA-binding protein) and PSF (polypyrimidine tract-binding protein-associated splicing factor), both of which are known to exist as heterodimers and bind to RNA and DNA. Interaction between oxidized GAPDH and p54nrb was abolished upon expression of the GAPDH active site mutant C152S. The C-terminal of p54nrb binds to GAPDH in the cytosol in a manner dependent on the dose of hydrogen peroxide. The GAPDH–p54nrb complex enhances the intrinsic topoisomerase I activation by p54nrb–PSF binding. These results suggest that GAPDH exerts other functions beyond glycolysis, and that oxidatively modified GAPDH regulates its cellular functions by changing its interacting proteins, i.e. the RNA splicing by interacting with the p54nrb–PSF complex.
PubMed-EX: a web browser extension to enhance PubMed search with text mining features
Authors: Tsai Richard Tzong-Han , Dai Hong-Jie , Lai Po-Ting , Huang Chi-Hsin 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Summary: PubMed-EX is a browser extension that marks up PubMed search results with additional text-mining information. PubMed-EX's page mark-up, which includes section categorization and gene/disease and relation mark-up, can help researchers to quickly focus on key terms and provide additional information on them. All text processing is performed server-side, freeing up user resources.
Availability: PubMed-EX is freely available at http://bws.iis.sinica.edu.tw/PubMed-EX and http://iisr.cse.yzu.edu.tw:8000/PubMed-EX/.
Contact: thtsai@saturn.yzu.edu.tw
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Integrating spatial and temporal mortality from herring on capelin larvae: a study in the Barents Sea
Authors: Pedersen O. P. , Pedersen T. , Tande K. S. , Slagstad D. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Pedersen, O. P., Pedersen, T., Tande, K. S., and Slagstad, D. 2009. Integrating spatial and temporal mortality from herring on capelin larvae: a study in the Barents Sea. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 2183–2194. Barents Sea herring and capelin are commercially very important fish stocks. We investigate the spatial and temporal mortality rate of capelin larvae in 2001 as a function of herring predation. Our methods are based on Lagrangian modelling, field surveys, and experimental data. The impact of juvenile herring predation on capelin recruitment is corroborated, in particular the importance of the integrated spatio-temporal overlap between the two stocks. Capelin larvae were reduced to 20–50% in two weeks in accordance with different simulation scenarios. Hamre advanced a hypothesis in 1994 that juvenile herring are important predators of capelin larvae and a main cause of poor capelin recruitment in years when herring are very abundant in the Barents Sea. This hypothesis is supported through the results of this work.
Simulation of the contractile response of cells on an array of micro-posts
Authors: McGarry J. P. , Fu J. , Yang M. T. , Chen C. S. , McMeeking R. M. , Evans A. G. , Deshpande V. S. 
Published: August 2009

A bio-chemo-mechanical model has been used to predict the contractile responses of smooth cells on a bed of micro-posts. Predictions obtained for smooth muscle cells reveal that, by converging onto a single set of parameters, the model captures all of the following responses in a self-consistent manner: (i) the scaling of the force exerted by the cells with the number of posts; (ii) actin distributions within the cells, including the rings of actin around the micro-posts; (iii) the curvature of the cell boundaries between the posts; and (iv) the higher post forces towards the cell periphery. Similar correspondences between predictions and measurements have been demonstrated for fibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells once the maximum stress exerted by the stress fibre bundles has been recalibrated. Consistent with measurements, the model predicts that the forces exerted by the cells will increase with both increasing post stiffness and cell area (or equivalently, post spacing). In conjunction with previous assessments, these findings suggest that this framework represents an important step towards a complete model for the coupled bio-chemo-mechanical responses of cells.
Ca2+ Regulates Reactive Oxygen Species Production and pH during Mechanosensing inArabidopsisRoots
Authors: Monshausen Gabriele B. , Bibikova Tatiana N. , Weisenseel Manfred H. , Gilroy Simon 
Published: August 2009

AbstractMechanical stimulation of plants triggers a cytoplasmic Ca2+ increase that is thought to link the touch stimulus to appropriate growth responses. We found that in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana, external and endogenously generated mechanical forces consistently trigger rapid and transient increases in cytosolic Ca2+ and that the signatures of these Ca2+ transients are stimulus specific. Mechanical stimulation likewise elicited an apoplastic alkalinization and cytoplasmic acidification as well as apoplastic reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. These responses showed the same kinetics as mechanically induced Ca2+ transients and could be elicited in the absence of a mechanical stimulus by artificially increasing Ca2+ concentrations. Both pH changes and ROS production were inhibited by pretreatment with a Ca2+ channel blocker, which also inhibited mechanically induced elevations in cytosolic Ca2+. In trichoblasts of the Arabidopsis root hair defective2 mutant, which lacks a functional NADPH oxidase RBOH C, touch stimulation still triggered pH changes but not the local increase in ROS production seen in wild-type plants. Thus, mechanical stimulation likely elicits Ca2+-dependent activation of RBOH C, resulting in ROS production to the cell wall. This ROS production appears to be coordinated with intra- and extracellular pH changes through the same mechanically induced cytosolic Ca2+ transient.
Transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI): a clinical review with emphasis on the critically ill
Authors: Benson Alexander B. , Moss Marc , Silliman Christopher C. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryTransfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI) is the leading cause of transfusion‐related morbidity and mortality world‐wide. Although first described in 1983, it took two decades to develop consensus definitions, which remain controversial. The pathogenesis of TRALI is related to the infusion of donor antibodies that recognize leucocyte antigens in the transfused host or the infusion of lipids and other biological response modifiers that accumulate during the storage or processing of blood components. TRALI appears to be the result of at least two sequential events and treatment is supportive. This review demonstrates that critically ill patients are more susceptible to TRALI and require special attention by critical care specialists, haematologists and transfusion medicine experts. Further research is required into TRALI and its pathogenesis so that transfusions are safer and administered appropriately. Avoidance including male‐only transfusion practises, the use of leucoreduced components, fresher blood/blood components and solvent detergent plasma are also discussed.