bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Birds of the Outer Hebrides: terrestial birds and raptors
Authors: Cunningham W. A. J. 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisA description is given of the birds of the major terrestrial habitats of the Outer Hebrides: woodland, moorland, croftland and farmland. Changes in these habitats have affected the status and distribution of species. Most important of these changes is the growth of plantations, particularly those in Stornoway Castle grounds, Lewis, which have caused the colonization of the comparatively treeless islands with many woodland species previously absent from the Outer Hebrides. Landuse, particularly sheep husbandry and muirburn, has had a great effect on birds of the moorland including such predatory species as the golden eagle, peregrine, kestrel, merlin, hen harrier and short-eared owl.An account is given of the breeding land birds of the outlying islands (except St Kilda) and a check list is provided for all species of birds in the Outer Hebrides.
Birds of the Outer Hebrides: the waders
Authors: Fuller R. J. , Wilson J. R. , Coxon P. 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisThe wading bird communities of four major habitat zones are described. Shore habitats support few breeding birds but hold significant numbers of migrant and wintering waders. Oystercatcher, ringed plover, bar-tailed godwit and dunlin are the most numerous species on the sand flats; the Atlantic beaches are particularly important to turnstones, purple sandpipers and sanderling. The wintering sanderling population is of national significance. Densities of breeding waders on the machair are greater than elsewhere in Britain. The dominant species are oystercatcher, ringed plover, lapwing and dunlin. The machair is nationally outstanding for breeding ringed plovers and the Outer Hebrides supports 14% of the British and Irish population. The machair is also unique in Britain for its concentration of coastal breeding dunlin. At other times of the year flocks of lapwings, golden plovers and curlew feed on the machair. Rough grazing (blackland) inland from the machair supports high densities of breeding snipe and redshank. Large numbers of grassland plovers and snipe feed here in winter. Seven species breed on the uplands and peatlands: golden plover, snipe, curlew, whimbrel, common sandpiper, greenshank and dunlin. Most of these species are more abundant north of the Sound of Harris and the north Lewis moors hold relatively high densities of golden plovers and dunlin.
Birds of the Outer Hebrides: waterfowl
Authors: Hopkins P. G. , Coxon P. 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisWaterfowl habitats are briefly described. These consist of nutrient-poor moorland with peaty lochs and bogs; nutrient-rich machair wetland with calcareous lochs and marshes; brackish water and marine habitats of estuary, shore and off-shore islands. The breeding waterfowl populations for moorlands, machair wetlands (including the Balranald Reserve) and the off-shore islands are described by species. Migrating and wintering assemblies of waterfowl are described by species: divers and grebes, sea-ducks, geese and swans, ducks on machair wetlands. The paper concludes with a review of the factors of land use most affecting waterfowl: traditional crofting practice, reseeding and fertilizing of moorland and grassland, drainage, wildfowling, sheep husbandry, dumping of rubbish and human disturbance relative to predators such as the hooded crow and the herring gull. Such factors constitute a serious threat to the wellbeing of stocks of waterfowl in the Outer Hebrides which is not overcome by present conservation measures.
Land use in the Uists since 1800
Authors: Caird J. B. 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisLand use and land tenure in the Uists has evolved over the past two centuries fashioned by the possibilities offered by the varying qualities of soils and terrain and by economic circumstances, estate and government policies. At the end of the 18th century, estate surveys and plans provide a detailed account of the patterns of tenure and land use. The crofting system, created between 1814 and 1818, with the aim of improving agricultural standards and as a means of maintaining a labour force to manufacture kelp, led to an expansion of the cultivated area. In the middle of the 19th century, large farms displaced much of the population and resulted in congestion in the remaining crofting townships and very intensive use of the available land. Government intervention led to the settlement of crofters on the majority of the farms after 1890. Since the ‘agricultural revolution’ of the 1950s, if the number of active crofters and croft units and the area of cropped land has declined, the size of the effective croft units and their cattle stocks has increased, particularly in the more recently formed townships. Cereal cropping is now virtually confined to the machairs and most of the crofts are under permanent grass.
Environmental science, planning and resource management in the Outer Hebrides: a synthesis
Authors: Goodier R. , Boyd J. Morton 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisThis, the concluding paper of the Symposium, reviews the main issues in the Outer Hebrides concerning the interaction between the constituent parts of the environment and man's use of them, seeking to identify the existing impacts on the natural environment and speculating upon the character of possible future impacts. It aims to demonstrate how the findings of the environmental sciences, as exemplified by the information in the symposium papers, are relevant to the understanding and resolution of these issues and to identify important gaps in knowledge.The relationship between land use planning and development control is discussed, particularly as it is reflected in the present system of Regional Reports, Structure Plans, Local Plans and the recently published National Planning Guidelines, and as it affects options for influencing future use of environmental resources in the Outer Hebrides.Developments need management and, in some cases, monitoring. Both these activities require a contribution from the environmental sciences through an effective institutional framework.The closing discussion examines some of the more general social issues, relating to the potential conflict between utilization of the environmental resource and conservation of the natural environment, which characterize isolated rural areas.
Correlation between changes in groundwater levels and surface deformation from GPS measurements in the San Gabriel Valley, California
Authors: Ji Kang Hyeun , Herring Thomas A. 
Published: December 2011

Changes in groundwater levels cause water‐bearing basins to deform. Here we provide a detailed history of horizontal surface displacements in the San Gabriel Valley, California, which we show are highly correlated with the water level changes measured at a nearby well: correlation coefficient of 0.96 ± 0.01. We use the surface response from a one year period during which water level change in the nearby well was over 16 m, to monitor the deformations over a 14 year period from 1998 to 2011. The water level changes lead surface deformation by 21 days, but the significance of the offset is only weakly supported (p‐value = 0.129). The projection method can be used as a real‐time monitoring or detection system for deformation caused by a variety of mechanisms such as fluid injection and removal (groundwater development, oil production, carbon sequestration), and by seismic and volcanic activity.
The structure of the Sumatran Fault revealed by local seismicity
Authors: Weller O. , Lange D. , Tilmann F. , Natawidjaja D. , Rietbrock A. , Collings R. , Gregory L. 
Published: December 2011

The combination of the Sunda megathrust and the (strike‐slip) Sumatran Fault (SF) represents a type example of slip‐partitioning. However, superimposed on the SF are geometrical irregularities that disrupt the local strain field. The largest such feature is in central Sumatra where the SF splits into two fault strands up to 35 km apart. A dense local network was installed along a 350 km section around this bifurcation, registering 1016 crustal events between April 2008 and February 2009. 528 of these events, with magnitudes between 1.1 and 6.0, were located using the double‐difference relative location method. These relative hypocentre locations reveal several new features about the crustal structure of the SF. Northwest and southeast of the bifurcation, where the SF has only one fault strand, seismicity is strongly focused below the surface trace, indicating a vertical fault that is seismogenic to ∼15 km depth. By contrast intense seismicity is observed within the bifurcation, displaying streaks in plan and cross‐section that indicate a complex system of faults bisecting the bifurcation. In combination with analysis of topography and focal mechanisms, we propose that the bifurcation is a strike‐slip duplex system with complex faulting between the two main fault branches.
Processes setting the characteristics of sea surface cooling induced by tropical cyclones
Authors: Vincent Emmanuel M. , Lengaigne Matthieu , Madec Gurvan , Vialard Jérôme , Samson Guillaume , Jourdain Nicolas C. , Menkes Christophe E. , Jullien Swen 
Published: December 2011

A 1/2° resolution global ocean general circulation model is used to investigate the processes controlling sea surface cooling in the wake of tropical cyclones (TCs). Wind forcing related to more than 3000 TCs occurring during the 1978–2007 period is blended with the CORE II interannual forcing, using an idealized TC wind pattern with observed magnitude and track. The amplitude and spatial characteristics of the TC‐induced cooling are consistent with satellite observations, with an average cooling of ∼1°C that typically extends over 5 radii of maximum wind. A Wind power index (WPi) is used to discriminate cooling processes under TCs with high‐energy transfer to the upper ocean (strong and/or slow cyclones) from the others (weak and/or fast cyclones). Surface heat fluxes contribute to ∼50 to 80% of the cooling for weak WPi as well as away from the cyclone track. Within 200 km of the track, mixing‐induced cooling increases linearly with WPi, explaining ∼30% of the cooling for weak WPis and up to ∼80% for large ones. Mixing‐induced cooling is strongly modulated by pre‐storm oceanic conditions. For a given WPi, vertical processes can induce up to 8 times more cooling for shallow mixed layer and steep temperature stratification than for a deep mixed layer. Vertical mixing is the main source of rightward bias of the cold wake for weak and moderate WPi, but along‐track advection becomes the main contributor to the asymmetry for the largest WPis.
Communication Connections: Service Learning and American Sign Language
Authors: Reading Suzanne , Padgett Robert J. 
Published: December 2011

PurposeThis article describes a connection between service learning and American Sign Language (ASL) instruction. The Deaf community served as communication partners for university students, enabling them to use language skills in a natural setting.MethodThe rationale and implementation of pairing ASL with service learning are presented. A review of one study provides information about student perceptions of service learning, and a second study presents evidence about the development of ASL skills through a service learning experience.ResultsService learning proved to be a valuable teaching method for ASL instruction, facilitating an increase in cultural awareness and ASL skills. Students’ anecdotal evidence about service learning experiences indicated that they gained insights beyond just the improvement in language skills.ConclusionsThe connection between service learning and ASL instruction is advantageous because students gained cultural understanding as well as language skills. This course design could be used at other institutions where a Deaf community is accessible.
Survey of Audiologic Service Provision to Older Adults With Cochlear Implants
Authors: Rossi-Katz Jessica , Arehart Kathryn Hoberg 
Published: December 2011

Purpose
This study examined whether audiologists modify practice patterns in their provision of cochlear implant (CI) services to older adults and, if so, whether the nature of such modifications is consistent across clinical sites.

Method
An online survey was sent to audiologists at CI centers across the United States. Questions addressed demographics, candidacy, programming, outcomes assessment, rehabilitation, and professional development.

Results
Responses were obtained from 47 audiologists who provided CI services to older adults. The majority of these audiologists did not report modifying CI practice patterns on the basis of age. Counseling appeared to be an exception: Audiologists reported that both the content and delivery of information were modified for older adults. Specific to CI candidacy with older adults, under half of the respondents indicated that assessing an older adult’s cognitive status was part of their clinical protocol.

Conclusion
The audiologists who responded to the survey acknowledged issues related to aging when providing CI services to older adults. Despite this acknowledgment, the results of the survey suggest a gap in how age-related issues are incorporated into CI service provision. Continued discussion as to how CI services can be optimized for older adults is needed.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.6170165
Early Hearing Detection and Intervention: Diagnostic Hearing Assessment Practices
Authors: Muñoz Karen , Nelson Lauri , Goldgewicht Natalie , Odell Dennis 
Published: December 2011

Purpose
To gain an understanding of practice patterns for infant diagnostic hearing services at pediatric audiology facilities.

Method
The authors used a cross-sectional survey design. From August to November of 2009, surveys were mailed to 1,091 facilities in 28 states and the District of Columbia. One survey was completed per facility, and responses were anonymous.

Results
The return rate was 33% (356 surveys). The results revealed that the comprehensiveness of the test batteries used varied among facilities. Over half of the respondents, 146 (55%), reported using a limited test battery, 94 facilities reported using a comprehensive test battery but lacked at least 1 component recommended by the Joint Committee on Infant Hearing, and 25 facilities reported using a test battery that met Joint Committee on Infant Hearing recommendations. The wait time for an appointment varied between facilities (range = 3 days–5 months) and was affected by the test condition (i.e., natural sleep, sedation, or operating room).

Conclusions
The results suggest that it is difficult for stakeholders to identify pediatric audiology facilities that serve infants less than 6 months of age and that there is variability among facilities in test batteries and wait times for an appointment. Implications exist for diagnostic accuracy and timeliness of diagnosis.
Service Learning in Auditory Rehabilitation Courses: The University of Texas at Dallas
Authors: Cokely Carol G. , Thibodeau Linda M. 
Published: December 2011

Purpose
The aim of this work was to review service learning (SL) principles and its implementation into the auditory rehabilitation (AR) curriculum at the University of Texas at Dallas and to evaluate the courses to determine whether potential benefits of SL are worth the substantial time commitment and course restructuring.

Method
Via retrospective review, student outcomes for 25 students from 3 cohorts who completed the adult AR course prior to implementation of SL curriculum (pre-SL) were compared with those of 28 students from 3 SL cohorts. Data included final examination grades, ratings for overall course content, amount learned, clarity of responsibility, workload, relevance, and course comments. Student journals from the SL group and mentor surveys also were reviewed.

Results
The majority of student outcomes were comparable for pre-SL and SL cohorts. Clarity of responsibility and workload were rated lower for SL courses than for pre-SL classes, with medium and small to medium effect sizes, respectively. Mentors rated the projects and process of high value and benefit, and several projects remain in use beyond the end of the course.

Conclusion
Continued use of an SL approach is supported, but additional guidance for students is needed for reflection and project analysis.
Effects of Hypoxia on Consumption, Growth, and RNA:DNA Ratios of Young Yellow Perch
Authors: Roberts James J. , Brandt Stephen B. , Fanslow David , Ludsin Stuart A. , Pothoven Steven A. , Scavia Donald , Höök Tomas O. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAs in various freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems worldwide, seasonal bottom water hypoxia is a recurring phenomenon in Lake Erie's central basin. While bottom hypoxia can strongly affect sessile benthic animals, its effects on mobile organisms such as fish are less understood. We evaluated the potential for bottom hypoxia to affect the growth rates of yellow perch Perca flavescens, a species of ecological and economic importance in the lake. To this end, we (1) conducted laboratory experiments to quantify the effects of reduced dissolved oxygen on consumption, somatic growth, and RNA : DNA ratios (an index of short‐term growth) of young yellow perch and (2) explored the effects of bottom hypoxia on young yellow perch growth in Lake Erie's central basin by collecting individuals in hypoxicand normoxic regions of the lake and quantifying their RNA : DNA ratios. Yellow perch consumption and growth in our experiments declined under hypoxic conditions (≤2 mg O2/L). While yellow perch RNA : DNA ratios responded strongly to experimental temperature, nucleic acid ratios were not significantly affected by dissolved oxygen or feeding ration. We did, however, observe a positive correlation between yellow perch growth and RNA : DNA ratios at low temperatures (11°C). The nucleic acid ratios of yellow perch collected in Lake Erie varied spatiotemporally, but their patterns were not consistent with hypoxia. In short, while yellow perch consumption and growth rates respond directly and negatively to low oxygen conditions, these responses are not necessarily reflected in RNA : DNA ratios. Moreover, in central Lake Erie, where yellow perch can behaviorally avoid hypoxic areas, the RNA : DNA ratios of yellow perch do not respond strongly to bottom hypoxia. Thus, this study suggests that there is no strong negative effect of bottom hypoxia on the growth of young yellow perch in Lake Erie.
The Arabidopsis Tail-Anchored Protein PEROXISOMAL AND MITOCHONDRIAL DIVISION FACTOR1 Is Involved in the Morphogenesis and Proliferation of Peroxisomes and Mitochondria
Authors: Aung Kyaw , Hu Jianping 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Peroxisomes and mitochondria are multifunctional eukaryotic organelles that are not only interconnected metabolically but also share proteins in division. Two evolutionarily conserved division factors, dynamin-related protein (DRP) and its organelle anchor FISSION1 (FIS1), mediate the fission of both peroxisomes and mitochondria. Here, we identified and characterized a plant-specific protein shared by these two types of organelles. The Arabidopsis thaliana PEROXISOMAL and MITOCHONDRIAL DIVISION FACTOR1 (PMD1) is a coiled-coil protein tethered to the membranes of peroxisomes and mitochondria by its C terminus. Null mutants of PMD1 contain enlarged peroxisomes and elongated mitochondria, and plants overexpressing PMD1 have an increased number of these organelles that are smaller in size and often aggregated. PMD1 lacks physical interaction with the known division proteins DRP3 and FIS1; it is also not required for DRP3's organelle targeting. Affinity purifications pulled down PMD1's homolog, PMD2, which exclusively targets to mitochondria and plays a specific role in mitochondrial morphogenesis. PMD1 and PMD2 can form homo- and heterocomplexes. Organelle targeting signals reside in the C termini of these proteins. Our results suggest that PMD1 facilitates peroxisomal and mitochondrial proliferation in a FIS1/DRP3-independent manner and that the homologous proteins PMD1 and PMD2 perform nonredundant functions in organelle morphogenesis.
NK1.1+ cells regulate neutrophil migration in mice with Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia
Authors: Tsuchiya Takahiro , Nakao Norifumi , Yamamoto Shigeo , Hirai Yoshikazu , Miyamoto Katsushiro , Tsujibo Hiroshi 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTAcinetobacter baumannii is a major cause of both community‐associated and nosocomial infections worldwide. These infections are difficult to treat because the bacterium rapidly develops resistance to multiple antibiotics. However, little is known about the nature of the innate cellular response to A. baumannii infection. In the present study, we identified the cells infiltrating the lungs of mice with Acinetobacter pneumonia and analyzed their response to infection. Normal mice eradicated the A. baumannii infection within 3 days of inoculation. Neutrophils were rapidly recruited to the lungs, followed by macrophages and NK1.1+ cells. Neutrophil‐depleted mice showed acute and severe symptoms, and all of the mice died within 3 days of inoculation. The majority of macrophage‐depleted mice responded in a similar manner to the control mice. These results indicate that neutrophils are essential for the elimination of A. baumannii. Half of NK1.1+ cell‐depleted mice died within 1 day of inoculation and the number of infiltrating neutrophils was lower than that in control mice up until 3 days post‐inoculation. Moreover, the expression levels of keratinocyte chemoattractant protein (KC) decreased in NK1.1+ cell‐depleted mice. These results indicate that NK1.1+ cells recruit neutrophils during the early phase of Acinetobacter infection by increasing KC expression.
In vitro models for analysis of the hepatitis C virus life cycle
Authors: Aly Hussein H. , Shimotohno Kunitada , Hijikata Makoto , Seya Tsukasa 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTChronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection affects approximately 170 million people worldwide. HCV infection is a major global health problem as it can be complicated with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. So far, there is no vaccine available and the non‐specific, interferon (IFN)‐based treatments now in use have significant side‐effects and are frequently ineffective, as only approximately 50% of treated patients with genotypes 1 and 4 demonstrate HCV clearance. The lack of suitable in vitro and in vivo models for the analysis of HCV infection has hampered elucidation of the HCV life cycle and the development of both protective and therapeutic strategies against HCV infection. The present review focuses on the progress made towards the establishment of such models.