bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
General Conclusions
Authors: Roscini Marco 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The study of the principle of non-intervention constitutes a litmus test to assess the health of the foundational notion of the international legal order, that of sovereignty. All in all, the legal history of the principle of non-intervention in the last 500 years shows little evidence of historical progression. The frequency of intervention has been directly proportional to the uniformity of the great powers’ ideologies and security interests. When they have shared the same values and interests, they have tended to use these values and interests as grounds to intervene in smaller states. When the great powers’ mutual relations have been confrontational, on the other hand, the principle of non-intervention has contributed to establishing a balance of power that has reduced the risk of major conflicts. The intervention pendulum, therefore, has always swung between solidarity and divisiveness and between a statist vision of world order and a communitarian one.
The Business of Print
Authors: Brophy James M. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains the book business to show how publishers marketed political dissent. Rooted in the decentralized economy of the early modern era, this profession enjoyed a wide degree of autonomy that facilitated the sale of print wares. Older customs of barter and exchange served a new era of forbidden literature. The chapter surveys the hundreds of bookstores that formed central Europe’s print circuits, the commercial associations that organized their profession, the literacy rates that expanded readerships, and the mechanization of printing and transportation that fueled the growth of print markets. Commercial innovation also transformed the industry. With serialized novels, penny magazines, and politicized ephemera, the age of speculative publishing was born. It explains how publishers operated their literary underground through semiannual book fairs and other exchange associations, just as it elucidates the impact of religion, regionalism, and the absence of copyright on print circuits. Finally, it sketches the sociopolitical profile of publishers, whose urban, middle-class social status nurtured their enlightened belief in the freedom of expression.
Dissent in the Unification Era, 1848–74
Authors: Brophy James M. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Despite the end of censorship in 1848, the suppression of democratic print matter sharpened in the 1850s. Postpublication judicial review now threatened the livelihood of printers, just as cautionary deposits and stamp taxes discouraged oppositional newsprint. Prussia, Austria, and the German Confederation after 1849 crushed democratic activity by closing papers, exiling democrats, and restricting democratic print matter. Prior to German unification, publishers curtailed political dissent. The “New Era” of 1858 revived moderate liberalism, but the information order of bureaucratic absolutism remained intact and marginalized democratic discourse. The years of unification in Prussia-Germany witnessed a rightward shift in liberal politics, leaving bourgeois radicals with few options. Democratic dissent migrated to working-class political culture and its Social Democratic Party of Germany. Liberals hailed the Imperial Press Law of 1874 as a political and commercial success, but the suppression of Catholics, Poles, radicals, and Social Democrats marked the limits of dissent.
4QSg (4Q261)
Authors: Collins John J. , Nati James 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers transcriptions, translations, notes, and commentary on 4QSg of the Rule of the Association. While recognizing the considerable textual overlaps across the manuscripts, each manuscript in Chapters 9–22 is presented separately in order to facilitate an analysis of their unique characteristics. Differences from 1QS in particular are highlighted in the analysis of each text, and the implications of these differences—and, in many cases, clusters of differences—are explored. While containing many of the same rules for life in the yaḥad (see 1QS 5–7), these different texts, it is suggested, often present those rules differently. The various presentations here point likewise to a variety of ways in which these rules were understood, even among members of the same Association.
Mourning and Memorializing
Authors: Ugolini Wendy 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
‘Mourning and Memorializing’ focuses on the commemorative practices surrounding the English Welsh war dead including Welsh epitaphs on the tombstones of English-born soldiers, officially commissioned memorial artwork at Westminster which acknowledged dualities, and the involvement of English Welsh sculptors and artists, such as Alice Meredith Williams, in British memorialization activity. It addresses the shift in English Welsh memorialization activity between the two conflicts. This chapter includes an in-depth case study of the London-born Squire of Hawarden, Lt William Gladstone MP, showing how the two-nation symbolism of the mourning processes surrounding his death and funeral elevated and entrenched the patrician expression of the bonds between Wales and England. Overall, this chapter shows how the signalling of English Welsh experience within commemorative iconography, reinforced the intersectionality of dual identities and constructions of Britishness, especially in the aftermath of the First World War.
Saudi State Capitalism
Authors: Young Karen E. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Diversification efforts in Saudi Arabia tend to repeat old patterns of state-led interventions in the economy, despite some real efforts at liberalization in financial markets and expansion of investment and ownership opportunity. This chapter argues that there may be an opportunity for significant foreign investment in tourism within the Kingdom, but it will most certainly be in partnership with state entities. Where other state-led development agendas have tried to create ecosystems guided by state industrial policy, those ecosystems usually deployed investments in human capital and an array of supporting institutions from universities to business groups to multiple supporting ministries, while the Saudi case seems to rely on the Public Investment Fund (PIF) for its diversification and revenue generation plans, as the PIF dominates the new Saudi state capitalism. The author demonstrates how the state intervenes in the economy—through the stock market and the PIF—and argues that its appetite for risk may have distinct social and political effects in the future. Competing in areas where the state is also in business, or acting as an investor competitor to the state when it has the PIF and its mandate to acquire domestic opportunities aggressively, is a significant challenge.
Saudi Arabia—Beyond the Rentier State?
Authors: Luciani Giacomo 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses at length the challenges facing the post-oil Saudi economy, arguing that in a decarbonizing world, major oil- and gas-producing countries may successfully adapt their economies after undertaking massive investments, but it remains to be seen if the necessary policies will be implemented. While the future price of oil and its impact on revenues often receives considerable attention, the added cost of eliminating carbon emissions that oil states will have to bear is neglected. The author emphasizes that diversification begins with the fiscal foundations of the state. Government budgets need to be adapted to revenues that will likely be both lower in absolute terms and different in terms of their composition, with oil revenues playing a reduced role. This will lead to a transformation of the state and alter its rentier nature. Other changes may involve a broader political participation and reduced regional rivalries, giving rise to regional economic integration.
Framework of Analysis
Authors: Siniver Asaf 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents the analytical framework used in the book to examine the causal relationships between the antecedents, occurrence, and outcome of arbitration. It surveys existing research on territorial disputes and their settlement with reference to the two main research questions in this study: (1) what explains states’ pursuit of arbitration over mediation to settle their territorial disputes, and (2) what explains states’ compliance or defiance with the outcome of arbitration. The first two explanations are framed as domestic cover and past failures. Turning to explain the compliance with, or defiance of the arbitration award, the framework introduces the constraining effect of reputational costs on state behaviour to explain compliance, and the legal notions of denial of justice by the tribunal, and justiciability, to explain defiance.
The Beagle Channel Arbitration (Argentina–Chile, 1971–1977)
Authors: Siniver Asaf 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the territorial dispute between Chile and Argentina over the Beagle Channel, a strategic waterway at the southernmost tip of Latin America. This case is unique because unlike the other dyadic rivalries examined in this book, Chile and Argentina had a long and successful experience with arbitration dating back to their independence in the nineteenth century and as such were more inclined to pursue it. Following a series of incidents in the area and the gradual escalation in relations between the countries, Chile referred the dispute to British arbitration in 1971. Six years later, the tribunal awarded the disputed territory unanimously to Chile and in response, Argentina declared it null and void and refused to comply with it. The failure of arbitration brought the parties closer than ever to a large-scale military confrontation, and it was only thanks to papal mediation that the dispute was finally settled in 1984. This case highlights not only the limits of arbitration (most notably in terms of enforceability) but also the different calculations of reputational costs by defiant states.
Heat and dust
Authors: Muir-Wood Robert 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
After the western Britain and Ireland volcanoes and dykes became extinct an even bigger outburst of volcanic activity, to the west of the Rockall Bank, heralded the formation of a new plate boundary spreading ridge separating Greenland from Europe. Initially this volcanic activity was subaerial and the eruptions created ashfall downwind. The ash comprised fragments of volcanic glass, which exposed to water decayed into clay minerals. Across Britain the ash was transported by rivers to the southeast where it accumulated in the London Clay formation on which London is founded. This volcanic sourced clay was fired to manufacture the bricks from which, prior to the arrival of railways, much of the building stock of the city was built. An episode of global warming (‘the Paleocene/Eocene thermal maximum’) accompanied the release of hydrocarbons in the creation of the new plate boundary. Combined with the acidification caused by the decomposition of the ash, surface sands were turned into a hard ‘silcrete’ rock. As the underlying clays and sands were washed away, the silcrete layer foundered into slabs, known as sarsens. Suitably shaped sarsen slabs were revered by neolithic and bronze age communities as the bodies of ancestors while some of the largest of all slabs were transported tens of kilometres in the construction of Stonehenge. In Hertfordshire the silicification of gravel created puddingstone, contemporary with sarsen, and mined and carved by the Romans for manufacturing kitchen querns for grinding wheat. Sarsens are testimonial to the strongest episode of global warming in the last 66 million years, which resulted in the extinction of many species.
Up-land
Authors: Muir-Wood Robert 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
A most notable feature of the geology of southern Britain is that readily eroded clays and sands can be found at 200 metres or more above sea-level. In fact we find from multiple sources of data that Britain has been rising over the past few millions of years. This information includes the current height of former warm period interglacials when sea-levels were similar to those of today. Raised beaches in the eastern Isle of Wight and on the mainland have risen almost 35 metres since they were laid down, 400,000 years ago. Abandoned river terraces high on the valley margins of some of the principal rivers indicate 60-70m uplift in a million years across central southern England. In southwest Britain, incised meanders of rivers formerly close to sea-level reveal geologically recent uplift, Meanwhile the central North Sea has sunk more than 1100m since the start of the Pleistocene while inland of East Anglia there is a consistent tilt up to the southwest of the early Pleistocene Red Crag formation by at least 180m. Even greater amounts of long term (20-30 million year) uplift has raised ancient metamorphosed terrains more than 1500m across western and northern Norway, again apparently without accompanying tectonic action. However, from the evidence of the heights of an extreme storm surge flood level in the early 17th century, allied with tide-gauge records in Cornwall, and continuous GPS station measurements, southern England currently continues to sink every year in contrast to the post-glacial uplift of Scotland.
Quake Britain
Authors: Muir-Wood Robert 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The principal fault displacements encountered across Britain reflect repeated episodes of earthquake displacement. For example 5km of overall displacement on the Sticklepath Fault may have been accomplished in 2,000 magnitude 7 earthquakes, each exhibiting a typical 2.5 metre displacement. Reports of earthquakes go back to late Medieval times although there are few older events reported in sufficient detail to allow the impacts to be mapped and the epicentre identified. Over the past fifty years, networks of seismic recorders make it possible to locate and measure earthquake magnitude as well as determine the orientation and displacement on the causative fault. The largest earthquakes in the region have been close to moment magnitude 6, including a 1382 shock around the Straits of Dover and a 1931 shock far offshore from Humberside. Recent earthquakes have involved near horizontal displacements on faults oriented N-S or E-W. ‘Quake Britain’, the region which is currently active, spans the English Channel into France, extends into the southwestern North Sea but excludes the whole of Ireland and much of eastern Scotland and northeast England. Away from volcanoes, hot springs may also record past earthquakes, as they reflect the sudden opening of a narrow chimney connecting with a deep aquifer. From south Wales, to Aachen, thermal springs are aligned along the Variscan Front, the northernmost extent of 300 million year old shallow compressional thrust faulting.
Conclusion
Authors: Aalders Cynthia 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
It is possible to see a female spiritual practice illuminated in the preceding chapters for it was the women in eighteenth-century spiritual communities who more often used life writings to encourage and educate, and who were moved to preserve those encounters. While formal (typically male) religious activities are more easily uncovered in archives, women’s informal activities are often as hidden as their life writings, which might be anonymous or embedded in the papers of others. Identifying women’s manuscript cultures thus not only restores female voices that too long have been silenced but reveals the nature of their participation in spiritual communities. In transcribing their affection and devotion onto paper and then sharing those writings with family and friends, women did not only write their own lives: through their writings they formed religious communities.
Integrability of ASDYM and twistor theory
Authors: Dunajski Maciej 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In this chapter we explore the integrability of anti-self-dual Yang-Mills equations (ASDYM) using twistor methods. The twistor transform is a far-reaching generalization of the inverse scattering transform studied in Chapter 2. All local solutions to the ASDYM equations are parameterized by certain holomorphic vector bundles over a three-dimensional complex manifold called the twistor space.
Civil Society and Activism in the Middle East
Authors: Sika Nadine 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the reader to the main arguments of the book. It discusses why and how authoritarian regimes utilize different strategies towards civil society actors in light of the literature on authoritarianism and autocratization. Here the strategies of long-lasting autocratic regimes towards civil society actors are differentiated from those of regimes that experienced a breakdown and are undergoing an autocratization and authoritarian regime-building process. In addition, the mechanisms and processes approach to social movements is employed to examine how civil society actors react to their political context, and how they interact with the prevalent political opportunities and threats when exposed to different repressive strategies.
Political Context, Co-Optation, and Targeted Repression in Jordan
Authors: Sika Nadine 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, the case of Jordan is analysed through examining the political and historical contexts with their political opportunities and threats as a means to understand how these have led to political liberalization measures, which in turn have shaped and influenced the presence of civil society and its ability to mobilize. This chapter demonstrates how the regime relies on an amalgam of targeted repression and concessions. It further demonstrates how civil society is capable of utilizing the political opportunities and threats to their own advantage to mobilize for different campaigns that are concerned with advancing socioeconomic and political change.
The Principles of the Law of Restitution
Authors: Virgo Graham 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This book provides detailed exposition and analysis of the Law of Restitution, encompassing the Law of Unjust Enrichment, Restitution for Wrongs, and Proprietary Restitutionary Claims. It is primarily doctrinal with a focus on clear exposition of a complex area of law and critical analysis of the law and its development. This edition has been substantially rewritten to reflect the significant changes in the Law, particularly the Law of Unjust Enrichment, and the expansion in the theoretical and critical commentary on the subject since the publication of the last edition in 2015. Following important decisions of the Supreme Court and other courts, large-scale changes have been made to the chapters on enrichment, at the expense of the claimant, lawful bases for receipt, and compulsion. Part III Restitution for Wrongs has been significantly rewritten to reflect important developments in the law and thinking about its operation. Chapters on absence of intention as a ground of restitution and the defence of illegality have been completely rewritten. References to developments in other Common Law jurisdictions have been expanded, particularly regarding Singapore and Australia. Further analysis of controversies about the justification for the Law of Unjust Enrichment has been substantially developed. However, one significant aspect of the book remains unchanged: the focus on the identification and analysis of the principles which underpin the Law of Restitution as a whole, but with reference to its three distinct parts. This tripartite division continues to reflect the law as it is applied and developed by the courts.
Failure of Basis
Authors: Virgo Graham 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the principle of failure of basis and the grounds of restitution which are founded on the principle. The first is the ground of total failure of basis. Identifying a basis is considered, as is the interpretation of the total failure requirement. Methods for establishing a total failure are examined, including collateral basis and apportionment. The operation of the total failure of basis ground in different contexts where contracts are no longer applicable is examined, including following breach and where the contract is anticipatory. The chapter also considers whether a partial failure of basis ground should be recognized and examines how such a ground operates when a contract is frustrated. Finally, the chapter examines the ground of absence of basis where the underlying transaction is void and how this relates to the ground of total failure of basis.
Restitution from Public Authorities
Authors: Virgo Graham 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the various reasons why restitutionary claims from public authorities raise particular issues. It examines various grounds of restitution which may be applicable, including extortion by colour of office, and focuses on the Woolwich ground, involving receipt of an ultra vires payment. The impact of Brexit is examined. Ultra vires payment is defined, and various issues relating to this ground of restitution are considered, including its relationship to other grounds. The application of particular statutory provisions for restitution are examined. The chapter concludes by analysing various defences to restitutionary claims against public authorities, including limitation periods, change of position, and the counterfactual defence.
General Principles
Authors: Virgo Graham 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the general principles relating to the award of restitutionary remedies where the cause of action is a wrong. It considers the relationship between this group of claims and the Law of Unjust Enrichment and proprietary restitutionary claims. The principles underpinning the award of gain-based remedies for wrongs are considered, as are the principles which are relevant to the identification of the wrongs for which gain-based remedies are available. The appropriate characterization of negotiation damages is considered. The range of gain-based remedies for wrongs is identified, including money had and received, account of profits, and restitutionary damages. The various tests of causation and remoteness are identified. The relationship between gain-based remedies and compensatory remedies is considered, along with the principle of election and the principle of compensatory damages being inadequate.
Restitution for Equitable Wrongdoing
Authors: Virgo Graham 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the gain-based remedies which are available where the defendant has committed an equitable wrong. It considers the wrongs for which gain-based remedies can be awarded. The first of these is breach of fiduciary duty. The principles relating to the identification of fiduciary relationships are identified and then the nature and ambit of fiduciary duties is considered. The categories of fiduciary relationship are identified, notably relationships of loyalty, relationships of confidence, and relationships of influence. The application of particular gain-based remedies is considered, especially, account of profits and the constructive trust. The wrong of breach of confidence and dishonestly assisting a breach of trust or fiduciary duty are also considered.
Incapacity
Authors: Virgo Graham 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The key question considered in this chapter is whether the fact that the defendant was incapacitated in some way can act as a defence to defeat a restitutionary claim, regardless of the nature of that claim. Would the award of a restitutionary remedy to the claimant subvert the Law of Contract? Restitutionary claims founded on unjust enrichment, claims founded on wrongdoing, and the vindication of property rights are considered. Relevant policy and principle are identified. Particular forms of incapacity are then considered, notably minority, mental incapacity, and institutional incapacity. The significance of the enrichment being necessaries is analysed.