bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Butyrophilin Family Member Critically Inhibits T Cell Activation
Authors: Yamazaki Tomohide , Goya Iñigo , Graf Daniel , Craig Suzanne , Martin-Orozco Natalia , Dong Chen 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The costimulatory molecules in the B7-CD28 families are important in the regulation of T cell activation and tolerance. The butyrophilin family of proteins shares sequence and structure homology with B7 family molecules; however, the function of the butyrophilin family in the immune system has not been defined. In this study, we performed an analysis on multiple butyrophilin molecules and found that butyrophilin-like (BTNL)1 molecule functions to dampen T cell activation. BTNL1 mRNA was broadly expressed, but its protein was only found in APCs and not T cells. The putative receptor for BTNL1 was found on activated T cells and APCs. Also, recombinant BTNL1 molecule inhibited T cell proliferation by arresting cell cycle progression. The administration of neutralizing Abs against BTNL1 provoked enhanced T cell activation and exacerbated disease in autoimmune and asthma mouse models. Therefore, BTNL1 is a critical inhibitory molecule for T cell activation and immune diseases.
Generation of Mucosal Dendritic Cells from Bone Marrow Reveals a Critical Role of Retinoic Acid
Authors: Feng Ting , Cong Yingzi , Qin Hongwei , Benveniste Etty N. , Elson Charles O. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
It is unknown how dendritic cells (DCs) become specialized as mucosal DCs and maintain intestinal homeostasis. We report that a subset of bone marrow cells freshly isolated from C57BL/6 mice express the retinoic acid (RA)-synthesizing enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1, subfamily A2 (ALDH1a2) and are capable of providing RA to DC precursors in the bone marrow microenvironment. RA induced bone marrow-derived DCs to express CCR9 and ALDH1a2 and conferred upon them mucosal DC functions, including induction of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, IgA-secreting B cells, and gut-homing molecules. This response of DCs to RA was dependent on a narrow time window and stringent dose effect. RA promoted bone marrow-derived DC production of bioactive TGF-β by inhibiting suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 expression and thereby enhancing STAT3 activation. These RA effects were evident in vivo, in that mucosal DCs from vitamin A-deficient mice had reduced mucosal DC function, namely failure to induce Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Furthermore, MyD88 signaling enhanced RA-educated DC ALDH1a2 expression and was required for optimal TGF-β production. These data indicate that RA plays a critical role in the generation of mucosal DCs from bone marrow and in their functional activity.
IDO Upregulates Regulatory T Cells via Tryptophan Catabolite and Suppresses Encephalitogenic T Cell Responses in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Yan Yaping , Zhang Guang-Xian , Gran Bruno , Fallarino Francesca , Yu Shuo , Li Hongmei , Cullimore Melissa L. , Rostami Abdolmohamad , Xu Hui 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a Th1 and Th17 cell-mediated autoimmune disease of the CNS. IDO and tryptophan metabolites have inhibitory effects on Th1 cells in EAE. For Th17 cells, IDO-mediated tryptophan deprivation and small molecule halofuginone-induced amino acid starvation response were shown to activate general control nonrepressed 2 (GCN2) kinase that directly or indirectly inhibits Th17 cell differentiation. However, it remains unclear whether IDO and tryptophan metabolites impact the Th17 cell response by mechanisms other than the GCN2 kinase pathway. In this article, we show that IDO-deficient mice develop exacerbated EAE with enhanced encephalitogenic Th1 and Th17 cell responses and reduced regulatory T cell (Treg) responses. Administration of the downstream tryptophan metabolite 3-hydroxyanthranillic acid (3-HAA) enhanced the percentage of Tregs, inhibited Th1 and Th17 cells, and ameliorated EAE. We further demonstrate that Th17 cells are less sensitive to direct suppression by 3-HAA than are Th1 cells. 3-HAA treatment in vitro reduced IL-6 production by activated spleen cells and increased expression of TGF-β in dendritic cells (DCs), which correlated with enhanced levels of Tregs, suggesting that 3-HAA–induced Tregs contribute to inhibition of Th17 cells. By using a DC–T cell coculture, we found that 3-HAA–treated DCs expressed higher levels of TGF-β and had properties to induce generation of Tregs from anti-CD3/anti-CD28–stimulated naive CD4+ T cells. Thus, our data support the hypothesis that IDO induces the generation of Tregs via tryptophan metabolites, such as 3-HAA, which enhances TGF-β expression from DCs and promotes Treg differentiation.
BCL6 Is Required for Differentiation of Ig-Like Transcript 3-Fc–Induced CD8+ T Suppressor Cells
Authors: Chang Chih-Chao , Vlad George , D’Agati Vivette D. , Liu Zhuoru , Zhang Qing-yin , Witkowski Piotr , Torkamani Ali A. , Stokes Michael B. , Ho Eric K. , Cortesini Raffaello , Suciu-Foca Nicole 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Ig-like transcript 3 (ILT3) is an inhibitory receptor expressed by tolerogenic dendritic cells. When human CD8+ T cells are allostimulated in the presence of recombinant ILT3-Fc protein, they differentiate into antigenic specific T suppressor (Ts) cells that inhibit CD4 and CD8 T cell effector function both in vitro and in vivo. ILT3-Fc–induced CD8+ Ts cells express high amounts of BCL6 that are crucial to their function. Knockdown of BCL6 from unprimed human T cells prevents their differentiation into Ts cells, whereas ex vivo overexpression of BCL6 converts CD8+ T cells into Ts cells. NOD/SCID mice transplanted with human pancreatic islets and humanized by injection of human PBMCs tolerate the graft and develop BCL6high CD8+ Ts cells when treated with ILT3-Fc before or after the onset of rejection. This indicates that ILT3-Fc acts through BCL6 and is a potent immunosuppressive agent for reversing the onset of allo- or possibly autoimmune attacks against pancreatic islets.
Active Immunization with Amyloid-β 1–42 Impairs Memory Performance through TLR2/4-Dependent Activation of the Innate Immune System
Authors: Vollmar Patrick , Kullmann Jennifer S. , Thilo Barbara , Claussen Malte C. , Rothhammer Veit , Jacobi Hortenzia , Sellner Johann , Nessler Stefan , Korn Thomas , Hemmer Bernhard 
Published: October 2010

AbstractActive immunization with amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide 1–42 reverses amyloid plaque deposition in the CNS of patients with Alzheimer’s disease and in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice. However, this treatment may also cause severe, life-threatening meningoencephalitis. Physiological responses to immunization with Aβ1–42 are poorly understood. In this study, we characterized cognitive and immunological consequences of Aβ1–42/CFA immunization in C57BL/6 mice. In contrast to mice immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35–55/CFA or CFA alone, Aβ1–42/CFA immunization resulted in impaired exploratory activity, habituation learning, and spatial-learning abilities in the open field. As morphological substrate of this neurocognitive phenotype, we identified a disseminated, nonfocal immune cell infiltrate in the CNS of Aβ1–42/CFA-immunized animals. In contrast to MOG35–55/CFA and PBS/CFA controls, the majority of infiltrating cells in Aβ1–42/CFA-immunized mice were CD11b+CD14+ and CD45high, indicating their blood-borne monocyte/macrophage origin. Immunization with Aβ1–42/CFA was significantly more potent than immunization with MOG35–55/CFA or CFA alone in activating macrophages in the secondary lymphoid compartment and peripheral tissues. Studies with TLR2/4-deficient mice revealed that the TLR2/4 pathway mediated the Aβ1–42-dependent proinflammatory cytokine release from cells of the innate immune system. In line with this, TLR2/4 knockout mice were protected from cognitive impairment upon immunization with Aβ1–42/CFA. Thus, this study identifies adjuvant effects of Aβ1–42, which result in a clinically relevant neurocognitive phenotype highlighting potential risks of Aβ immunotherapy.
Rapid T Cell Receptor Delineation Reveals Clonal Expansion Limitation of the Magnitude of the HIV-1–Specific CD8+ T Cell Response
Authors: Balamurugan Arumugam , Ng Hwee L. , Yang Otto O. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
TCRs mediate CTL specificity, but TCRs recognizing the same epitope often differ between persons due to their stochastic derivation. The role of this variability in the pathogenesis of virus infections and malignancies has been technically difficult to study. We apply an adaptation of TCR spectratyping to study HIV-specific CTLs, defining the clonal breadth and sequences of epitope-specific TCRs from PBMCs without cellular sorting or molecular cloning. Examining 48 CTL responses in 12 persons reveals a mean of 4.5 ± 2.7 clones per response, of both public and private clonotypes. The number of identified epitope-specific TCRs correlates with CTL frequency across epitopes, suggesting that clonal breadth limits the magnitude of the CTL response against HIV-1 in vivo. HLA A- and B-restricted CTLs are similar in their TCR breadth in this small cohort, preliminarily suggesting that qualitative differences may account for their disparate impacts on pathogenesis. Overall, these findings demonstrate that the magnitude of the CTL response in chronic HIV-1 infection is constrained by TCR clonal breadth, suggesting maximal expansion of CTLs in response to chronic antigenic stimulation.
Langerhan′s cell histiocytosis: A single institutional experience
Authors: Singh Tejinder , Satheesh C T , Appaji L , Aruna Kumari B S , Mamatha H S , Giri G V , Rao Clementina Rama 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Background: Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a disease that primarily affects bone but can be associated with a clinical spectrum that ranges from a solitary bone lesion with a favorable natural history to a multisystem, life-threatening disease process. Aim: We analyzed our single institutional experience of managing children with LCH. Settings and Design: A total of 40 children of LCH, managed in tertiary cancer center in South India in the period from 2001 to 2005, were evaluated retrospectively. Materials and Methods: Clinicopathological features, laboratory findings, treatment modalities and long-term outcome were analyzed. Results: Children were aged between 2 months and 12 years, with a mean of 3 years. Majority of the children were below 5 years of age. Group B constituted a bulk of children. Disseminated cases were less (five patients). Liver function dysfunction was seen in four (10%) children. Pulmonary interstitial infiltrates were seen in two (5%) cases. Diabetes insipidus manifested in three patients. There was one death. Conclusion: A better understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of LCH will result in more directed and efficacious treatment regimens.
Ovarian tumors in pediatric age group - A clinicopathologic study of 10 years′ cases in West Bengal, India
Authors: Bhattacharyya Nirmal Kumar , De Anuradha , Bera Pranati , Mongal Sristidhar , Chakraborty Subrata , Bandopadhyay Rajat 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Background and objectives: Objective in this retrospective study is to find out the incidence of different ovarian tumors of girls up to 20 years of age observed in last ten years in North Bengal Medical College and to correlate clinical and gross findings with histopathologic findings and to compare the incidence with other studies and follow-up of patients with malignant ovarian tumors. Materials and Methods: Findings were retrieved from records of different pathological reports and clinical reports. Results: Total 151 cases of ovarian tumors were received in pathology department in which 34 cases were malignant (22.6%). Amongst malignant cases, 66% are of germ-cell origin-dysgerminoma being the commonest. Strikingly we got 9 cases of malignant surface epithelial tumor. As per follow-up records most of the dysgerminoma came in stage IA and recovered fully following chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Amongst other malignant tumors, few lost the follow-up management and others expired due to metastasis. Conclusions: Patients from hilly areas of North Bengal and low socio-economic status led to lower detection rate of ovarian tumors in early stage which are absolutely necessary for proper guidelines of management to reduce mortality.
Computational Study of Scission Neutrons in Low-Energy Fission: Stationary and Time-Dependent Approaches
Authors: Rizea M. , Carjan N. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe emission of scission neutrons from fissioning nuclei is of high practical interest. To study this process we have used the sudden approximation and also a more realistic approach that takes into account the scission dynamics. Numerically, this implies the solution of the bi-dimensional Schrödinger equation, both stationary and time-dependent. To describe axially symmetric extremely deformed nuclear shapes, we have used the Cassini parametrization. The Hamiltonian is discretized by using finite difference approximations of the derivatives. The main computational challenges are the solution of algebraic eigenvalue problems and of linear systems with large sparse matrices. We have employed appropriate procedures (Arnoldi and bi-conjugate gradients). The numerical solutions have been used to evaluate physical quantities, like the number of emitted neutrons per scission event, the primary fragments’ excitation energy and the distribution of the emission points.
Exponential Compact Higher Order Scheme for Nonlinear Steady Convection-Diffusion Equations
Authors: Sanyasiraju Y. V. S. S. , Mishra Nachiketa 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis paper presents an exponential compact higher order scheme for Convection-Diffusion Equations (CDE) with variable and nonlinear convection coefficients. The scheme is for one-dimensional problems and produces a tri-diagonal system of equations which can be solved efficiently using Thomas algorithm. For two-dimensional problems, the scheme produces an accuracy over a compact nine point stencil which can be solved using any line iterative approach with alternate direction implicit procedure. The convergence of the iterative procedure is guaranteed as the coefficient matrix of the developed scheme satisfies the conditions required to be positive. Wave number analysis has been carried out to establish that the scheme is comparable in accuracy with spectral methods. The higher order accuracy and better rate of convergence of the developed scheme have been demonstrated by solving numerous model problems for one and two-dimensional CDE, where the solutions have the sharp gradient at the solution boundary.
Computational Study of Interstitial Hydrogen Atoms in Nano-Diamond Grains Embedded in an Amorphous Carbon Shell
Authors: Silverman Amihai , Hoffman Alon , Adler Joan 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe properties of hydrogen atoms in a nano-diamond grain surrounded by an amorphous carbon shell are studied with Tight Binding computer simulations. Our samples model nano-diamond grains, of a few nanometers in size, that nucleate within an amorphous carbon matrix, as observed in deposition from a hydrocarbon rich plasma. The calculations show that the average hydrogen interstitial formation energy in the amorphous region is lower than in the nano-diamond core, therefore hydrogen interstitial sites in the in the amorphous region are more stable than in the nano-diamond core. This formation energy difference is the driving force for the diffusion of hydrogen atoms from nano-diamond grains into amorphous carbon regions. An energy well was observed on the amorphous side of the nano-diamond amorphous carbon interface: hydrogen atoms are expected to be trapped here. This scenario agrees with experimental results which show that hydrogen retention of diamond films increases with decreasing grain size, and suggest that hydrogen is bonded and trapped in nano-diamond grain boundaries and on internal grain surfaces.
Improving tensile strength and toughness of melt processed polyamide 6/multiwalled carbon nanotube composites by in situ polymerization and filler surface functionalization
Authors: Deng Hua , Bilotti Emiliano , Zhang Rui , Wang Ke , Zhang Qin , Peijs Ton , Fu Qiang 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe effect of processing method and condition on the dispersion status of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and mechanical properties of the MWCNT/polyamide 6 (PA6) composites are investigated. Different melt processing conditions are used to dilute the master batch produced by melt process or in situ polymerization. Both MWCNTs and carboxyl group functionalized MWCNTs (MWCNTs‐COOH) are compounded with PA6 at different loadings (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 wt %) to study the effect of chemical modification of MWCNTs on the mechanical properties of the final composites. It is demonstrated that chemical modification of MWCNTs has a positive effect on the strength of the composites as an increase of 5–10 MPa was observed. More importantly, a near 5 MPa increase in strength and more importantly, a maximum of 138% increase in strain at break were observed for the composites produced by in situ polymerization, indicating a toughening and strengthening effect of CNT on the composites. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
How to protect a diverse, poorly known, inaccessible fauna: identification and protection of source and sink habitats in the epikarst
Authors: Pipan Tanja , Holt Nathan , Culver David C. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Aquatic subterranean species are often geographically and numerically scarce. Many of these species are denizens of epikarst, the uppermost zone of karst with semi‐isolated solutional openings and channels, and are only known from drip pools in caves where they accumulate as a result of animals dripping out of the epikarst.
The question of whether these pool communities adequately reflected the epikarst community was addressed by directly collecting animals from drips in a continuous collecting device.
The study area was six caves in Slovenia, where a total of 35 drips and associated pools were sampled for copepods for a period of approximately one year. A total of 37 copepod species were found, 25 of them stygobionts and 16 epikarst specialists.
Overall, the frequency of stygobionts was 1.5 times higher in drips compared with pools and the frequency of epikarst specialists was three times higher in drips compared with pools, and the frequency of immature individuals was higher in drips compared with pools, with the exception of one artificially enlarged pool in Škocjanske jame. The cause of this difference is probably increased juvenile mortality in pools and reduced reproduction, indicating that pools are not source populations.
The results of this research suggest that epikarst per se, not just the sampling sites (including pools) in caves, needs to be the focus of conservation planning. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental characterization of flow conditions in 2‐ and 20‐l bioreactors with wave‐induced motion
Authors: Kalmbach Andreas , Bordás Róbert , Öncül Alper A. , Thévenin Dominique , Genzel Yvonne , Reichl Udo 
Published: October 2010

AbstractQuantifying the influence of flow conditions on cell viability is essential for a successful control of cell growth and cell damage in major biotechnological applications, such as in recombinant protein and antibody production or vaccine manufacturing. In the last decade, new bioreactor types have been developed. In particular, bioreactors with wave‐induced motion show interesting properties (e.g., disposable bags suitable for cGMP manufacturing, no requirement for cleaning and sterilization of cultivation vessels, and fast setup of new production lines) and are considered in this study. As an additional advantage, it is expected that cultivations in such bioreactors result in lower shear stress compared with conventional stirred tanks. As a consequence, cell damage would be reduced as cell viability is highly sensitive to hydrodynamic conditions. To check these assumptions, an experimental setup was developed to measure the most important flow parameters (liquid surface level, liquid velocity, and liquid and wall shear stress) in two cellbag sizes (2 and 20 L) of Wave Bioreactors®. The measurements confirm in particular low shear stress values in both cellbags, indicating favorable hydrodynamic conditions for cell cultivation. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011
Respiration rate in human primary renal proximal and early distal tubular cells in vitro: Considerations for biohybrid renal devices
Authors: Luttropp David , Schade Marcus , Baer Patrick C. , Bereiter‐Hahn Jürgen 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBackground: For biotechnological use of cells in tissue engineered applications, such as biohybrid renal devices, optimal culture conditions are required. Oxygen delivery is one of the most important cell determined system criterion for ex vivo applications. It is involved in the maintenance of highly oxygen‐dependent renal tubular epithelial cells, affecting metabolic state, differentiation, and desired transport functions. The purpose of this study was to examine respiratory patterns such as basal oxygen consumption, solute transport‐related oxygen demand, and oxygen concentration‐dependent oxygen uptake of renal tubular epithelial cells in vitro. Methods: Respiratory patterns of highly purified human primary renal proximal (hPTC) and early distal tubular cells (hTALDC) were analyzed by perfusion respirometry. Spontaneous oxygen consumptions and maximum respirations after carbonyl cyanide m‐chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) uncoupling were measured. Respiration fractions contributing to basolateral Na+/K+‐ATPase transport activities were assessed via ouabain inhibition and Na+‐free medium. Furthermore, we determined oxygen uptake in dependency of oxygen concentration and morphology in various culture conditions (shaken, static). Results: Respiration of solely hPTC strongly depended on oxygen concentration in a Michaelis‐Menten pattern at noncritical oxygen concentrations. Respiration of both cell types was significantly increased by CCCP, whereas average Na+/K+‐ATPase‐based oxygen uptake fractions differ significantly between the two cell types. Nevertheless, no significant differences were found in spontaneous respiration between hPTC and hTALDC. Conclusions: Our results clearly indicate that cell‐specific oxygen consumption parameters have to be considered in the design of biotechnological devices intended to support kidney function by cell‐supported renal replacement therapy. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011
Sustainability of training of trainers on technical and vocational education (TVE) by the help of Wimax supported online e‐laboratory application
Authors: Ari Murat 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe efficiency of the laboratory applications in the Electrical and Electronics major of technical and vocational education (TVE) has a significant importance. Due to this significance, the sustainability of training of trainers is extremely important for the successful training of trainees. In this study, distance learning is focused and an e‐laboratory model is introduced for the target group of educators as the trainee. V‐LAB and D‐LAB hardware units are presented with their enhanced features for online laboratory applications. Wimax solution for wireless communication of this model is demonstrated. The performance evaluations of this system are also analyzed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 21: 439–447, 2013