bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Procedure‐specific preoperative red blood cell preparation and utilization management in pediatric surgical patients
Authors: Schmotzer Christine L. , Brown Amy E. , Roth Steven , Johnson Jennifer , Ines‐Castillejo Marta , Reisner Andrew , Hillyer Christopher D. , Josephson Cassandra D. 
Published: December 2009

BACKGROUND: Data‐driven practices in preoperative red blood cell (RBC) preparation for pediatric surgical procedures are not well established. Adaptation of established adult preparation guidance methods to pediatric populations may improve perioperative RBC utilization.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A retrospective audit of preoperative RBC preparation volumes (Vp) and intraoperative RBC transfusion volumes (Vt) for pediatric surgical procedures was undertaken at a large children's hospital from January to June 2006. RBC preparation‐to‐transfusion volume (mL/kg) ratios (P:T) were calculated for all surgeries, subspecialties, and select procedures. P:T equals Vp divided by Vt. Resulting P:Ts were compared to a target P:T of 2:1. A model for maximum procedure‐specific Vp (Vp‐max) defined Vp‐max as the RBC transfusion volume able to meet the needs of 80% of patients undergoing an individual surgical procedure. Vp‐max values were applied to the study data set to predict the impact on P:Ts and Vp.RESULTS: RBCs were prepared for 332 surgical procedures and transfused during 113 procedures. P:T was 3.5:1 for total surgical procedures (subspecialty range, 2.7:1‐46:0), exceeding the 2:1 target. Vp‐max modeling for spinal fusion, craniotomy for neoplasia, craniotomy for seizure, and craniosynostectomy yielded P:T ratios of 1.5:1, 1.5:1, 1.7:1, and 1.0:1, respectively, predicting a 30% decrease in Vp for these four surgical procedures.CONCLUSIONS: P:Ts for pediatric surgical procedures at this institution indicate potentially excessive preoperative RBC preparations. Determination of data‐driven procedure‐specific Vp may increase the efficiency of preoperative RBC preparation practices.
The impact of simple donor education on donor behavioral deferral and infectious disease rates in São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Gonçalez Thelma T. , Sabino Ester C. , Salles Nanci Alves , De Almeida‐Neto Cesar , Mendrone‐Jr Alfredo , Dorlhiac‐Laccer Pedro E. , Liu Jing , Murphy Edward L. , Schreiber George B. 
Published: December 2009

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) residual risk is higher in Brazilian than in US and European blood donors, probably due to failure to defer at‐risk individuals in Brazil. This study assessed the impact of an educational brochure in enhancing blood donors' knowledge about screening test window phase and reducing at‐risk individuals from donating.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This trial compared an educational intervention with a blood center's usual practice. The brochure was distributed in alternating months to all donors. After donating, sampled participants completed two questions about their HIV window period knowledge. The impact on HIV risk deferral, leaving without donation, confidential unit exclusion (CUE) use, and test positivity was also analyzed.RESULTS: From August to November 2007 we evaluated 33,940 donations in the main collection center of Fundação Pró‐Sangue/Hemocentro de São Paulo in São Paulo, Brazil. A significant (p < 0.001) pamphlet effect was found on correct responses to both questions assessing HIV window phase knowledge (68.1% vs. 52.9%) and transfusion risk (91.1% vs. 87.2%). After adjusting for sex and age, the pamphlet effect was strongest for people with more than 8 years of education. There was no significant pamphlet effect on HIV risk deferral rate, leaving without donation, use of CUE, or infectious disease rates.CONCLUSION: While the educational pamphlet increased window period knowledge, contrary to expectations this information alone was not enough to make donors self‐defer or acknowledge their behavioral risk.
Assessment of a New Model for Femoral Ultrasound‐guided Central Venous Access Procedural Training: A Pilot Study
Authors: Wadman Michael C. , Lomneth Carol S. , Hoffman Lance H. , Zeger Wesley G. , Lander Lina , Walker Richard A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjectives:  Repetitive practice with feedback in residency training is essential in the development of procedural competency. Lightly embalmed cadaver laboratories provide excellent simulation models for a variety of procedures, but to the best of our knowledge, none describe a central venous access model that includes the key psychomotor feedback elements for the procedure, namely intravascular contents that allow for determination of correct needle position by either ultrasonographic imaging and/or aspiration or vascular contents.Methods:  A cadaver was lightly embalmed using a technique that preserves tissue texture and elasticity. We then performed popliteal fossa dissections exposing the popliteal artery and vein. Vessels were ligated distally, and 14‐gauge catheters were introduced into the lumen of each artery and vein. The popliteal artery and vein were then infused with 200 mL of icterine/gel and 200 mL of methylene blue/gel, respectively. Physician evaluators then performed ultrasound (US)‐guided femoral central venous line placements and rated the key psychomotor elements on a five‐point Likert scale.Results:  The physician evaluators reported a median of 10.5 years of clinical emergency medicine (EM) experience with an interquartile range (IQR) of 16 and a median of 10 central lines placed annually (IQR = 10). Physician evaluators rated the key psychomotor elements of the simulated procedure as follows: ultrasonographic image of vascular elements, 4 (IQR = 0); needle penetration of skin, 4.5 (IQR = 1); needle penetration of vein, 5 (IQR = 1); US image of needle penetrating vein, 4 (IQR = 2); aspiration of vein contents, 3 (IQR = 2); passage of dilator into vein, 4 (IQR = 2); insertion of central venous catheter, 5 (IQR = 1); US image of catheter insertion into vein, 5 (IQR = 1); and overall psychomotor feedback of the simulated procedure compared to the evaluators’ actual patient experience, 4 (IQR = 1).Conclusions:  For the key psychomotor elements of central venous access, the lightly embalmed cadaver with intravascular water‐soluble gel infusion provided a procedural model that closely simulated clinicians’ experience with patients.ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:88–92 © 2009 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Inferior Vena Cava Percentage Collapse During Respiration Is Affected by the Sampling Location: An Ultrasound Study in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Wallace David J. , Allison Michael , Stone Michael B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjectives:  Physicians are unable to reliably determine intravascular volume status through the clinical examination. Respiratory variation in the diameter of the inferior vena cava (IVC) has been investigated as a noninvasive marker of intravascular volume status; however, there has been a lack of standardization across investigations. The authors evaluated three locations along the IVC to determine if there is clinical equivalence of the respiratory percent collapse at these sites. The objective of this study was to determine the importance of location when measuring the IVC diameter during quiet respiration.Methods:  Measurements of the IVC were obtained during quiet passive respiration in supine healthy volunteers. All images were recorded in B‐mode, with cine‐loop adjustments in real time, to ensure that maximum and minimum IVC dimensions were obtained. One‐way repeated‐measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for comparison of IVC measurement sites.Results:  The mean (±SD) percentage collapse was 20% (±16%) at the level of the diaphragm, 30% (±21%) at the level of the hepatic vein inlet, and 35% (±22%) at the level of the left renal vein. ANOVA revealed a significant overall effect for location of measurement, with F(2,35) = 6.00 and p = 0.006. Contrasts showed that the diaphragm percentage collapse was significantly smaller than the hepatic (F(1,36) = 5.14; p = 0.03) or renal caval index (F(1,36) = 11.85; p = 0.002).Conclusions:  Measurements of respiratory variation in IVC collapse in healthy volunteers are equivalent at the level of the left renal vein and at 2 cm caudal to the hepatic vein inlet. Measurements taken at the junction of the right atrium and IVC are not equivalent to the other sites; clinicians should avoid measuring percentage collapse of the IVC at this location.ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:96–99 © 2009 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Does the extreme skin sensitization potency of benzoquinone result from special chemistry?
Authors: Roberts David W. , Aptula Aynur O. 
Published: December 2009

Background: Benzoquinone is known to be an extreme skin sensitizer. Until now there has been no consideration of whether it owes its extreme skin sensitization potency to unique aspects of its chemistry or simply to its high reactivity as a Michael acceptor. Objectives: To answer these questions, we have applied two mechanistic approaches to estimate a theoretical potency value for benzoquinone. Patients/Methods: A mechanistic read‐across (MRA) approach, using known potency data for moderate sensitizers in the Michael acceptor domain, and a published quantitative mechanistic model (QMM) for skin sensitization potency of Michael acceptors, all in the moderate and weak range, were used. Results: The read‐across approach gives a theoretical local lymph node assay (LLNA) EC3 value of 0.04%, and the QMM approach gives a theoretical value of 0.013%, compared with an experimental value of 0.010%. Conclusions: The good agreement between the theoretical and experimental EC3 values supports the strength of the MRA and QMM approaches, and provides strong evidence that the extreme sensitization potency of benzoquinone can be attributed solely to its high reactivity as a Michael acceptor.
Solution‐Focused Brief Therapy With Persons With Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Roeden John M. , Bannink Fredrike P. , Maaskant Marian A. , Curfs Leopold M. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSolution‐Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) is a short‐term, goal‐focused, and client‐directed therapeutic approach that helps the client construct solutions rather than dwell on problems. SFBT has rarely been used with clients with intellectual disabilities (ID). The authors discuss how this relatively new form of therapy in an adapted form can be made suitable for clients with ID. The assumptions of this therapeutic approach, the types of problems and settings addressed by SFBT, and a description of the interventions used in SFBT are considered. Indications and contraindications for SFBT and empirical data on the effectiveness of the therapy are discussed both with regard to clients with or absent ID. The authors suggest that tailoring SFBT to clients with ID can be done by using simple language, modified interventions, and inserting other adaptations into the therapy process. In practice, even though clinical practice experience with SFBT has shown great promise, empirical research into SFBT applications with clients with ID is lacking. Research is thus needed to demonstrate whether SFBT with this target group can yield sufficiently effective results and to what extent SFBT is valued by clients and their carers.
Health Status and Activities of Daily Living and Walking in Older People With Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Henderson C. Michael , Acquilano James P. , Meccarello Jon C. , Davidson Philip W. , Robinson Laura M. , Janicki Matthew P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis study's aim was to describe the association between health status and activities of daily living (ADLs) in older adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (I/DD). Health status and level of independence associated with ADLs and walking were surveyed in a cohort of 1,371 adults over age 40 years from two regions of upstate New York using the Rochester Health Status Survey. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the association between number of organ system disorders (OSDs) and level of independence in eating, bathing, dressing, toileting, and walking. Increasing numbers of comorbidities correlated with impairments in ADLs and walking, which were independent of increasing age. The severity of I/DD was correlated with impairments in some ADLs regardless of the number of OSDs and across age groups. The study's findings mirror patterns reported in the general population of older adults; health status, and not older age, is a predictor of functional impairment.
Some insights into how barnacles survive as sessile organisms
Authors: BUCKERIDGE John S. , REEVES Jessica M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDuring routine chemical analyses of the stalked ibliform barnacle Chaetolepas calcitergum Buckeridge & Newman 2006, peaks of more than 7% (by dry mass) of bromine were detected. Although bromine ions occur in seawater (up to 66 ppm), this level of accumulation, in the soft tissue of the barnacle, is extraordinary. Organic concentration of bromine compounds occurs in a number of invertebrates, such as algae and sponges, but this is the first record of elevated bromine in goose barnacles. The high accumulation of bromine compound(s) is most likely a defense mechanism. The present paper includes a review of the mechanisms deployed by barnacles to repel predators.
in my countrey are trees that beare fruit, that become byrds flying, and they are good to eate, and that that falleth on the water, liveth, and that that falleth on the earth, dyeth.Sir John Mandeville, circa 1322–1356
Biochronology, paleobiogeography and faunal turnover in western Mediterranean Cenozoic mammals
Authors: PALOMBO Maria R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCenozoic terrestrial mammals from Sardinia contribute substantial information for reconstructing the complex history of the western Mediterranean. The occurrence of endemic perissodactyls in Eocene marine and marsh deposits suggests the existence of ecological or physical barriers between the Corso‐Sardinian massif and the Iberian‐Occitanic area. At the end of the Oligocene, isolation of Sardinia was almost complete, although a migration from Europe occurred at the beginning of the Early Miocene, as indicated by the unbalanced endemic fauna from Oschiri. During the Late Miocene, the Tusco‐Sardinian palaeobioprovince came into existence as an isolated region inhabited by the quite diversified, but notably endemic, Oreopithecus fauna. Sardinia was definitely isolated from Tuscany by the Messinian, but temporary connections with the European mainland possibly allowed the colonization of forerunners of some Sardinian Pliocene taxa. During the Plio‐Pleistocene, Sardinia maintained permanent isolation. However, sea level drop, resulting in a relatively short distance between Sardinia and the European mainland, allowed different migratory events. From the Late Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene‐Holocene, two main mammalian faunal complexes (FC) can be recognized: the Nesogoral FC (Late Pliocene‐Early Pleistocene) and the Microtus (Tyrrhenicola) FC (late Early Pleistocene‐Early Holocene). At the transition from Nesogoral to Microtus (Tyrrhenicola) FC, approximately 47% of the genera and 76% of the species disappeared, while approximately 58% of the genera and 71% of the species appeared. A noticeable turnover followed the arrival of Neolithic man and his accompanying fauna. Nonetheless, Praemegaceros was still present at about 7000 years BP, while Microtus (Tyrrhenicola) and Prolagus are respectively recorded in the Bronze and Iron Ages.
Different infection routes of avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in mice
Authors: SUN Ruiqin , LUO Jing , GAO Yunying , HE Hongxuan 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe continuing outbreaks of avian influenza A H5N1 virus infection in Asia and Africa have caused worldwide concern because of the high mortality rates in poultry, suggesting its potential to become a pandemic influenza virus in humans. The transmission route of the virus among either the same species or different species is not yet clear. Broilers and BABL/c mice were inoculated with the H5N1 strain of influenza A virus isolated from birds. The animals were inoculated with 0.1 mL 106.83 TCID50 of H5N1 virus oronasally, intraperitoneally and using eye drops. The viruses were examined by virological and pathological assays. In addition, to detect horizontal transmission, in each group, healthy chicks and mice were mixed with those infected. Viruses were detected in homogenates of the heart, liver, spleen, kidney and blood of the infected mice and chickens. Virus antigen was not detected in the spleen, kidney or gastrointestinal tract, but detected by Plaque Forming Unit (PFU) assay in the brain, liver and lung without degenerative change in these organs (in the group inoculated using eye drops. The detection results for mice inoculated using eye drops suggest that this virus might have a different tissue tropism from other influenza viruses mainly restricted to the respiratory tract in mice. All chicken samples tested positive for the virus, regardless of the method of inoculation. Avian influenza A H5N1 viruses are highly pathogenic to chickens, but its virulence in other animals is not yet known. To sum up, the results suggest that the virus replicates not only in different animal species but also through different routes of infection. In addition, the virus was detection not only in the respiratory tract but also in multiple extra‐respiratory tissues. This study demonstrates that H5N1 virus infection in mice can cause systemic disease and spread through potentially novel routes within and between mammalian hosts.
Surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza in wild birds in the USA
Authors: DELIBERTO Thomas J. , SWAFFORD Seth R. , NOLTE Dale L. , PEDERSEN Kerri , LUTMAN Mark W. , SCHMIT Brandon B. , BAROCH John A. , KOHLER Dennis J. , FRANKLIN Alan 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAs part of the USA's National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza, an Interagency Strategic Plan for the Early Detection of Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Avian Influenza in Wild Migratory Birds was developed and implemented. From 1 April 2006 through 31 March 2009, 261 946 samples from wild birds and 101 457 wild bird fecal samples were collected in the USA; no highly pathogenic avian influenza was detected. The United States Department of Agriculture, and state and tribal cooperators accounted for 213 115 (81%) of the wild bird samples collected; 31, 27, 21 and 21% of the samples were collected from the Atlantic, Pacific, Central and Mississippi flyways, respectively. More than 250 species of wild birds in all 50 states were sampled. The majority of wild birds (86%) were dabbling ducks, geese, swans and shorebirds. The apparent prevalence of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses during biological years 2007 and 2008 was 9.7 and 11.0%, respectively. The apparent prevalence of H5 and H7 subtypes across all species sampled were 0.5 and 0.06%, respectively. The pooled fecal samples (n= 101 539) positive for low pathogenic avian influenza were 4.0, 6.7 and 4.7% for biological years 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. The highly pathogenic early detection system for wild birds developed and implemented in the USA represents the largest coordinated wildlife disease surveillance system ever conducted. This effort provided evidence that wild birds in the USA were free of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (given the expected minimum prevalence of 0.001%) at the 99.9% confidence level during the surveillance period.
Finite-Volume
Formulation and Solution of the P3
Equations of Radiative Transfer on Unstructured
Meshes
Authors: Ravishankar Mahesh , Mazumder Sandip , Kumar Ankan 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The method of spherical harmonics (or PN) is a popular method for approximate solution of the radiative transfer equation (RTE) in participating media. A rigorous conservative finite-volume (FV) procedure is presented for discretization of the P3 equations of radiative transfer in two-dimensional geometry—a set of four coupled, second-order partial differential equations. The FV procedure presented here is applicable to any arbitrary unstructured mesh topology. The resulting coupled set of discrete algebraic equations are solved implicitly using a coupled solver that involves decomposition of the computational domain into groups of geometrically contiguous cells using the binary spatial partitioning algorithm, followed by fully implicit coupled solution within each cell group using a preconditioned generalized minimum residual solver. The RTE solver is first verified by comparing predicted results with published Monte Carlo (MC) results for two benchmark problems. For completeness, results using the P1 approximation are also presented. As expected, results agree well with MC results for large/intermediate optical thicknesses, and the discrepancy between MC and P3 results increase as the optical thickness is decreased. The P3 approximation is found to be more accurate than the P1 approximation for optically thick cases. Finally, the new RTE solver is coupled to a reacting flow code and demonstrated for a laminar flame calculation using an unstructured mesh. It is found that the solution of the four P3 equations requires 14.5% additional CPU time, while the solution of the single P1 equation requires 9.3% additional CPU time over the case without radiation.
Generalized Levitin-Polyak Well-Posedness of Vector Equilibrium Problems
Authors: Peng Jian-Wen , Wang Yan , Zhao Lai-Jun 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe study generalized Levitin-Polyak well-posedness of vector equilibrium problems with functional constraints as well as an abstract set constraint. We will introduce several types of generalized Levitin-Polyak well-posedness of vector equilibrium problems and give various criteria and characterizations for these types of generalized Levitin-Polyak well-posedness.
Differential Destruction of Stem Cells: Implications for Targeted Cancer Stem Cell Therapy
Authors: Sehl Mary E. , Sinsheimer Janet S. , Zhou Hua , Lange Kenneth L. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Cancer stem cells represent a novel therapeutic target. The major challenge in targeting leukemic stem cells (LSC) is finding therapies that largely spare normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) while eradicating quiescent LSCs. We present a mathematical model to predict how selective a therapy must be to ensure that enough HSCs survive when LSCs have been eradicated. Stem cell population size is modeled as a birth-death process. This permits comparison of LSC and HSC eradication times under therapy and calculation of the number of HSCs at the time of LSC eradication for varied initial population sizes and stem cell death rates. We further investigate the effects of LSC quiescence and resistance mutations on our predictions. From a clinical point of view, our models suggest criteria by which cancer stem cell therapy safety can be assessed. We anticipate that in conjunction with experimental observation of cancer stem cell killing rates, our results will be useful in screening targeted therapies for both hematologic and solid tumor malignancies. [Cancer Res 2009;69(24):9481–9]