bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PER UN ARCHIVIO DELLA CORRISPONDENZA DEGLI SCIENZIATI ITALIANI
Authors: PROVERBIO EDOARDO 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> RIASSUNTO </title>La corrispondenza che R. G. Boscovich intrattenne con scienziati, uomini di cultura, religiosi e uomini politici, costituisce uno strumento fra i più importanti per la conoscenza di uno dei più illustri pensatori del Settecento, e per lo studio del contributo che egli portò allo sviluppo delle scienze positive, dall'astronomia alla fisica, all'ottica ed alla filosofia naturale nel secolo dei lumi.Data la personalità dell'autore il carteggio di R. G. Boscovich è estremamente vasto e disseminato in numerosissime biblioteche e archivi.Il catalogo delle lettere rappresenta un primo tentativo di fornire agli studiosi gli elementi per il reperimento della corrispondenza del Boscovich, almeno di quella attualmente disponibile nelle più conosciute Biblioteche e Archivi di Stato.L'autore sarà grato a quanti volessero segnalare l'esistenza di eventuali errori del Catalogo, degli indici annessi, e delle lettere, ancora assai numerose, pubblicate e non pubblicate, non contenute nel presente Catalogo.
CONTINUIT E DISCONTINUIT DELLE GRANDEZZE FISICHE IN EGIDIO ROMANO
Authors: TRIFOGLI CECILIA 
Published: April 2012

Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title This paper deals with Giles of Rome's (a late XIIIth century Aristotelian Commentator, Augustinian) position on the continuity of extension and motion. Giles maintains that extension and motion are continuous in so far as they can be considered simply as quantities, but are discontinuous when considered as physical objects or processes, since in the natural world they are joined with qualities. This paper aims at establishing that Giles' position reflects a widespread issue in XIIIth century natural philosophy according to which Aristotle's theory of continuity is a physic-mathematical rather than a strictly physical theory.
ATOMI, 'SPIRITUS', SUONI: LE SPECULATIONI DI MUSICA (1670) DEL 'GALILEIANO' PIETRO MENGOLI *
Authors: GOZZA PAOLO 
Published: April 2012

Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title The publication of La Corrispondenza di Pietro Mengoli (Florence 1986), for the ' Archives of the Correspondence of Italian Scientists ' edited by the Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza, draws attention to a little-known mathematician and natural philosopher of the Galileian School, who was active in Bologna from 1625-1686. Mengoli was trained at the school of Bonaventura Cavalieri (1598-1647), and, after his teacher's death, became professor of mechanics (from 1649-50) and then mathematicis (from 1678 to 1685) in the Bolognese Studium. Today Mengoli's name is known mainly to Italian historians of mathematics interested in his Novae quadraturae arithmeticae (1650) and Geometria (1659). Only recently have his several works on ' mixed mathematics ', metaphysics, cosmology and Biblical chronology come to the attention of scholars. During his lifetime, however, the ' Bolognese Mathematician ' was widely known in Europe, especially in the years 1660-1680. His Speculationi di musica (1670) was eagerly awaited by members of the Royal Society, and was reviewed and partly translated in the Philosophical Transactions (1674). Oldenburg, in his review, pointed out for future historians of musical science the main points of interest of this uncommon musical treatise: 1) the peculiar theory of sound; 2) the refusal of the so-called ' coincidence-theory of consonance '; and, 3) the amazing physiology of hearing, which Mengoli based on his assumption of the existence of two drums in the human ear.
FARADAY'S PLIGHT AND THE ORIGINS OF THE MAGNETO-ELECTRIC SPARK
Authors: GEE BRIAN 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> RIASSUNTO </title>In un articolo molto approfondito, pubblicato in occasione del bicentenario della nascita di Leopoldo Nobili, G. Sbrighi ha esaminato le complesse problematiche sviluppatesi sulla scia della scoperta di Michael Faraday, dell'induzione elettromagnetica. In particolare, Sbrighi si è soffermato su una polemica nata dagli interessi di Nobili relativi all'elettromagnetismo. Integrando nuovi elementi, il presente articolo riesamina questi problemi con speciale riguardo all'impatto che ebbero in Gran Bretagna le notizie del lavoro di Nobili. Appare che la situazione di Faraday non era tanto caratterizzata dal timore che Nobili si impossessasse della sua gloria, quanto piuttosto dalla difesa della propria posizione in patria, nel momento in cui gli altri dubitavano del suo merito.
MOLTI AMICI IN VARIJ LUOGHI: STUDIO DELLA NATURA E RAPPORTI EPISTOLARI NEL SECOLO XVI
Authors: OLMI GIUSEPPE 
Published: April 2012

Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title During the 16th century research in natural history developed also because of the strong spirit of collaboration animating various scholars. They continuously exchanged scientific informations, specimens and depictions of the three kingdoms of nature. Thus the great obstacle represented by geographic distance was at least partially overcome: whatever a scholar did not manage to see directly, could become known to him with the help of his collegues. Correspondence is with no doubt one of the main sources to help focus on and study these collaborations. In this paper a group of letters preserved in the Trew legacy of the University Library at Erlangen is examined. The major part of the letters were addressed to the German physician Joachim Camerarius, whereas the addressors were four of the most famous naturalists working in Italy during the second half of the 16th century: Francesco Calzolari, Ulisse Aldrovandi, Giuseppe Casabona (Joseph Goedenhuyze) and Ferrante Imperato. Apart from providing abundant information on the activities and on the particular interests of these scientists, these letters also give direct evidence of the intense scientific ties between Italy and Germany at that time.
NEWTON E I FENOMENI DELLA VITA
Authors: TRUCCO EMANUELA , TRUCCO EMANUELA , MAMIANI MAURIZIO 
Published: April 2012

Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title There is plain evidence that the De motu et sensatione Animalium and De vita morte vegetabili, here edited, are two drafts of an intended appendix for the second edition (1713) of Newton's Principia. In these manuscripts, Newton is explaining by means of electrical attraction a large class of phenomena: the cohesion of the small particles of bodies, the sensation and movement of animals, the fermentation and the chemical qualities that distinguish inorganic from organic matter. Newton is attempting to overwhelm the Cartesian dualism between res cogitans and res extensa by proposing electric spirit as a medium that unifies mind and body. After a first attempt of considering electricity in its own action, Newton is compelled by analogy among electric attraction, light and heat towards more and more unverifiable hypotheses.
PER UN ARCHIVIO DELLA CORRISPONDENZA DEGLI SCIENZIATI ITALIANI
Authors: ZUCCOLI MARINA , BARBIERI FRANCESCO 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>Geminiano Rondelli (1652-1739), an important hydraulic engineer, was for many years professor of mathematics at University of Bologna. He held an important position at a time of crisis at the University of Bologna. The nine letters written by Rondelli to Luigi Ferdinando Marsili, here published, go back to the years 1701-1702, in which Marsili was considering the possibility of building an astronomical observatory and founding a research institute. This was to become the Istituto delle Scienze, of which Rondelli was the first librarian. Marsili, for the realization of this projects, looked for valuable collaborators and Rondelli suggested the name of two promising young mathematicians, Vittorio Stancari and Gabriele Manfredi, brother of the well-known Eustachio Manfredi.
STORIA DELLA TERRA E TEMPI GEOLOGICI IN UNO SCRITTO INEDITO DI GIOVANNI ARDUINO: LA «RISPOSTA ALLEGORICO-ROMANZESCA» A FERBER
Authors: VACCARI EZIO 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>The publication of Giovanni Arduino's Risposta allegorico-romanzesc<?CTRLerr type="1" mess="Doute sur la typo" ?>a to J. J. Ferber highlights an unpublished and crucial aspect of Arduino's geology. The concept of epoch, applied to the history of the changes undergone by the Earth's crust, is put forward well before Buffon's Epoques de la Nature. Moreover the reflections of Arduino open up a «third possibility» between the catastrophist and uniformitarian hypotheses. This goes beyond the rigid antithesis between «Neptunism» and «Plutonism», which constituded the conditioning element of the study of Earth Science in Europe around the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth century.
IL CONGRESSO DEGLI SCIENZIATI ITALIANI A FIRENZE (1841)
Authors: CECCONI ALDO 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>In September 1841, the Congress of the «Cultori delle scienze naturali» took place in Florence. It was the third, after Pisa in 1839 and Turin in 1840. These conferences were promoted by Carlo Luciano Bonaparte, prince of Musignano. The documents of the Congress were stored in the archives of the Institute and Museum of the History of Science. This article provides an analytical inventory of this important source for the study of italian science of the nineteenth century.
PER UN ARCHIVIO DELLA CORRISPONDENZA DEGLI SCIENZIATI ITALIANI
Authors: BERNABEO RAFFAELE A. , PISTACCHIO BONIFACIO , LIPPI DONATELLA , ARIETI STEFANO 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>Correspondence of Francesco Rizzoli (1809-1880), which is kept in the omonimous orthopaedic Institute in Bologna, is formed by a considerable corpus of letters, which the scientist received during fortyfour years, from 1836 to his death: this collection is a very useful instrument to throw new light on many aspects of Rizzoli's life and work.Authors have organized the letters on the ground of their subject, dividing them in four groups, excluding wish-cards: they have examined letters which are pertinent to his relations with patients, letters with scientific subjects, letters with request of introduction, letters which can be related to different moments of his public and private life. In every group most significant ones have been chosen to offer a keen picture of his personality and his activity, which completes what is already known about his biography and work as a scientist.
TEORIE SENZA ESPERIMENTI
Authors: CIARDI MARCO 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>Amedeo Avogadro is one of the most mentioned scientists in chemistry handbooks. But, strange to say, the evolution of his scientific thought is still unknown to many historians. Traditional historiography sees the basic Avogadro's law, «under the same physical conditions equal volumes of gases contain the same number of particles», in the context of John Dalton's atomic theory. On the contrary, the analysis of Avogadro's first works suggests new elements for a different and correct interpretation. It's an original perspective that shows how much the piedmontese scientist owes to the French physics of the first part of the 19th century, but, above all, his unusual way of being scientist.The manuscript entitled Considération sur la nature des substances connues sous le nom de sels métalliques et sur l'ordre de combinaisons auquel il parait le plus convenable de les rapporter, which was presented before the Academy of Sciences in Turin on the 6th of December 1804, is absolutely unpublished. Avogadro's second work from a chronological point of view, but the first one to deal with a chemical subject, the manuscript is written in a fairly clear handwriting. The text has been exactly reproduced without any alteration to the original draft.
The OSCE in perspective, six years of service, six questions and a few answers
Authors: de Brichambaut Marc Perrin 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAfter two terms as Secretary General of the OSCE (2005-2011) the author reaches mixed conclusions on the organization and its future. The OSCE remains a unique security forum spanning three continents, it has an exceptional toolbox and an original concept of multidimensional security, it achieves remarkable results with limited resources and acts as a catalyst for networks in many fields. Yet its foundations in hard security are becoming fragile, its governance system is unwieldy, it commands less and less attention in most capitals and its potential as a laboratory for ideas and policies is underutilised. The organisation is slowly being marginalised by other organizations in spite of the worthy efforts of dedicated chairmen-in-office supported by the secretariat and institutions. It needs to consolidate its niche activities and to be given a fresh impetus by its key sponsors.
Estimation of TAMDAR Observational Error and Assimilation Experiments
Authors: Gao Feng , Zhang Xiaoyan , Jacobs Neil A. , Huang Xiang-Yu , Zhang Xin , Childs Peter P. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Tropospheric Airborne Meteorological Data Reporting (TAMDAR) observations are becoming a major data source for numerical weather prediction (NWP) because of the advantages of their high spatiotemporal resolution and humidity measurements. In this study, the estimation of TAMDAR observational errors, and the impacts of TAMDAR observations with new error statistics on short-term forecasts are presented. The observational errors are estimated by a three-way collocated statistical comparison. This method employs collocated meteorological reports from three data sources: TAMDAR, radiosondes, and the 6-h forecast from a Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF). The performance of TAMDAR observations with the new error statistics was then evaluated based on this model, and the WRF Data Assimilation (WRFDA) three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) system. The analysis was conducted for both January and June of 2010. The experiments assimilate TAMDAR, as well as other conventional data with the exception of non-TAMDAR aircraft observations, every 6 h, and a 24-h forecast is produced. The standard deviation of the observational error of TAMDAR, which has relatively stable values regardless of season, is comparable to radiosondes for temperature, and slightly smaller than that of a radiosonde for relative humidity. The observational errors in wind direction significantly depend on wind speeds. In general, at low wind speeds, the error in TAMDAR is greater than that of radiosondes; however, the opposite is true for higher wind speeds. The impact of TAMDAR observations on both the 6- and 24-h WRF forecasts during the studied period is positive when using the default observational aircraft weather report (AIREP) error statistics. The new TAMDAR error statistics presented here bring additional improvement over the default error.
SUBMIT: Systemic therapy with or without up front surgery of the primary tumor in breast cancer patients with distant metastases at initial presentation
Authors: Ruiterkamp Jetske , Voogd Adri C , Tjan-Heijnen Vivianne CG , Bosscha Koop , van der Linden Yvette M , Rutgers Emiel JTh , Boven Epie , van der Sangen Maurice JC , Ernst Miranda F ,   In collaboration with Dutch Breast Cancer Trialists' Group (BOOG)
Published: April 2012

Abstract

Background
Five percent of all patients with breast cancer have distant metastatic disease at initial presentation. Because metastatic breast cancer is considered to be an incurable disease, it is generally treated with a palliative intent. Recent non-randomized studies have demonstrated that (complete) resection of the primary tumor is associated with a significant improvement of the survival of patients with primary metastatic breast cancer. However, other studies have suggested that the claimed survival benefit by surgery may be caused by selection bias. Therefore, a randomized controlled trial will be performed to assess whether breast surgery in patients with primary distant metastatic breast cancer will improve the prognosis.

Design
Randomization will take place after the diagnosis of primary distant metastatic breast cancer. Patients will either be randomized to up front surgery of the breast tumor followed by systemic therapy or to systemic therapy, followed by delayed local treatment of the breast tumor if clinically indicated.
Patients with primary distant metastatic breast cancer, with no prior treatment of the breast cancer, who are 18 years or older and fit enough to undergo surgery and systemic therapy are eligible. Important exclusion criteria are: prior invasive breast cancer, surgical treatment or radiotherapy of this breast tumor before randomization, irresectable T4 tumor and synchronous bilateral breast cancer. The primary endpoint is 2-year survival. Quality of life and local tumor control are among the secondary endpoints.
Based on the results of prior research it was calculated that 258 patients are needed in each treatment arm, assuming a power of 80%. Total accrual time is expected to take 60 months. An interim analysis will be performed to assess any clinically significant safety concerns and to determine whether there is evidence that up front surgery is clinically or statistically inferior to systemic therapy with respect to the primary endpoint.

Discussion
The SUBMIT study is a randomized controlled trial that will provide evidence on whether or not surgery of the primary tumor in breast cancer patients with metastatic disease at initial presentation results in an improved survival.

Trial registration

NCT01392586.
Minocycline corrects early, pre-plaque neuroinflammation and inhibits BACE-1 in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease-like amyloid pathology
Authors: Ferretti Maria Teresa , Allard Simon , Partridge Vanessa , Ducatenzeiler Adriana , Cuello A Claudio 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackgroundA growing body of evidence indicates that inflammation is one of the earliest neuropathological events in Alzheimer's disease. Accordingly, we have recently shown the occurrence of an early, pro-inflammatory reaction in the hippocampus of young, three-month-old transgenic McGill-Thy1-APP mice in the absence of amyloid plaques but associated with intracellular accumulation of amyloid beta petide oligomers. The role of such a pro-inflammatory process in the progression of the pathology remained to be elucidated.Methods and resultsTo clarify this we administered minocycline, a tetracyclic derivative with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, to young, pre-plaque McGill-Thy1-APP mice for one month. The treatment ended at the age of three months, when the mice were still devoid of plaques. Minocycline treatment corrected the up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 observed in young transgenic placebo mice. Furthermore, the down-regulation of inflammatory markers correlated with a reduction in amyloid precursor protein levels and amyloid precursor protein-related products. Beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 activity and levels were found to be up-regulated in transgenic placebo mice, while minocycline treatment restored these levels to normality. The anti-inflammatory and beta-secretase 1 effects could be partly explained by the inhibition of the nuclear factor kappa B pathway.ConclusionsOur study suggests that the pharmacological modulation of neuroinflammation might represent a promising approach for preventing or delaying the development of Alzheimer's disease neuropathology at its initial, pre-clinical stages. The results open new vistas to the interplay between inflammation and amyloid pathology.
Sleep in schizophrenia: Time for closer attention
Authors: Wilson Sue , Argyropoulos Spilios 
Published: April 2012

SummaryRecent sleep research has highlighted two specific anomalies in schizophrenia that have a proven impact on cognition. One is an abnormality of circadian rhythm, reported in this journal in two separate studies over the past year, and the other is the finding in electroencephalograms of reduced sleep spindles.
Survey of non-medical professionals on the use of workplace-based assessments
Authors: Gangaram Poornima , Halder Neel , Kumar Palanivelu 
Published: April 2012

Aims and methodNon-medical staff are eligible to assess trainee doctors through mandatory workplace-based assessments (WPBAs). An anonymous questionnaire was given out to non-medical staff working with trainees in community and in-patient settings at Royal Blackburn Hospital. Our aims were to look at their awareness of and familiarity with assessor guidance, trainee competencies, training needs and assessors' views on completing these assessments.ResultsIn total 118 of 150 (79%) individuals returned a questionnaire and 89 WPBAs had been carried out. Most assessors were Band 6 (or equivalent) or below (53%). Most assessors had neither read any assessor guidelines (75%) nor were familiar with the competencies required of a doctor (76%). Although 79% felt that non-medical staff should be assessing trainee doctors, only 44% felt comfortable doing this. None had been trained and 92% felt this would help. Twenty WPBAs (excluding mini-peer assisted tools) were carried out by staff at Band 6 or below.Clinical implicationsNo respondents received guidance or training on being an assessor. This highlights the need for urgent action and delivery of training. This can easily be adapted from training packages developed for medical staff.
Lectures versus case discussions: randomised trial of undergraduate psychiatry teaching
Authors: Simmons Meinou , Wilkinson Paul 
Published: April 2012

Aims and methodTo test whether medical students find case-based discussion of child psychiatry more educationally stimulating and more enjoyable, and whether this leads to greater knowledge acquisition than traditional didactic lectures. Four cohorts of Cambridge medical students (n = 54) were randomised to case-based discussion or traditional didactic lectures for two topics in their psychiatry placements. Enjoyment and stimulation were determined by feedback forms; knowledge acquisition was tested by an end-of-placement exam.ResultsStudents in case-based discussion groups scored significantly higher than students in the lecture groups in the extent to which they enjoyed the teaching session (P = 0.006); the extent to which they understood the principles of management of real-life patient problems (P = 0.044); and their interest in looking up further information (P = 0.003). There was no significant difference in exam performance (P = 0.9).Clinical implicationsMedical students find case-based discussion more engaging and enjoyable than didactic lectures, with no reduction in exam performance.