bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modified Nanoenergetic Composites with Tunable Combustion Characteristics for Propellant Applications
Authors: Bezmelnitsyn Andrey , Thiruvengadathan Rajagopalan , Barizuddin Syed , Tappmeyer Daniel , Apperson Steven , Gangopadhyay Keshab , Gangopadhyay Shubhra , Redner Paul , Donadio Mike , Kapoor Deepak , Nicolich Steven 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis work reports on the synthesis and tunable characteristics of nanothermite compositions based on mesoporous Fe2O3 as an oxidizer and Al nanoparticles as a fuel. The reactivity (rate of increase of pressure) and the combustion wave speed were determined to evaluate the performance of these composites for various applications. A gas generating polymer, (acrylamidomethyl) cellulose acetate butyrate (AAMCAB), was loaded in the mesopores of Fe2O3 matrix following wet‐impregnation technique. The samples prepared in this work were characterized by a number of analytical techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectroscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM, SEM), energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, X‐ray diffraction, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms. Then, mesoporous Fe2O3 powder was mixed with Al nanoparticles to prepare nanoenergetic composites. The main characteristics such as peak pressure, reactivity, combustion wave speed, and pressure sustenance were determined as a function of polymer loading. The dependence of combustion wave speed on the pressure was established following the well‐known Vieille's law. The small value of 0.408 for the pressure exponent indicates the suitability of these nanothermite compositions for propellant applications. By reducing the percentage of polymer, the characteristic properties of nanoenergetic composite can be suitably tuned for other applications.
Aligned microcrystalline silicon nanorods prepared by glancing angle hotwire chemical vapor deposition for photovoltaic applications
Authors: Ma Yanhong , Liu Fengzhen , Zhu Meifang , Zhang Zhanjun 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAligned Si nanorods (SiNRs) were prepared by hot wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) with the glancing angle incident flux. The morphologies of SiNRs are pressure dependent. Crystallized SiNRs were achieved under a substrate temperature of 140 °C with H dilution. The optical and electrical properties of SiNRs were investigated. In a first step, a radial p‐n junction solar cell with core‐shell structure was prepared by depositing a‐Si layer on the SiNRs. The hybrid solar cells were fabricated by spin coating 3‐hexylthiophene (P3HT) into the SiNRs arrays. The P3HT shows well penetration into the SiNRs. The quenching of the PL intensity of P3HT/SiNRs indicates an effective electron transfer from P3HT to SiNRs. The hybrid solar cell with the structure of metal grids/ITO/P3HT/SiNRs/c‐Si/Al shows a power conversion efficiency of 0.2% under AM 1.5 illumination. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Investigation of light induced degradation in hydrogenated amorphous silicon‐germanium alloy thin films using temperature dependent photoconductivity
Authors: Güneş M. , Turan E. , Yilmaz G. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractLight induced degradation of undoped hydrogenated amorphous silicon‐germanium (a‐SiGe:H) alloys with different Ge contents has been investigated using intensity and temperature dependence of photoconductivity between 78K to 300K. The samples were light soaked after annealing, under 5 suns of white light in a high vacuum cryostat without exposing samples to air at 300K. In the annealed state, the magnitude of the σphoto decreases and becomes strongly temperature dependent as the Ge content increases. The exponent γ shows two distinctly different recombination regions as Ge content increases. In the light‐soaked state, a‐SiGe:H alloy thin films showed stronger Staebler‐Wronski effect than pure a‐Si:H, and degradation increases with Ge content. In addition, temperature dependence of the exponent γ shows substantial changes from its annealed state values and follows similar dependence on temperature as that of pure a‐Si:H. These results indicate that the Staebler‐Wronski defects created under illumination in Si rich a‐SiGe:H alloys and pure a‐Si:H are similar in nature and distribution. They dominate the recombination kinetics in the light‐soaked state. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Failures and complications in intramedullary nailing of children's forearm fractures
Authors: Fernandez F. F. , Langendörfer M. , Wirth T. , Eberhardt O. 
Published: February 2010

Purpose There are published studies of outcomes in the use of ESIN that raise concerns about serious complications: the aim of this study is to report our experiences over 17 years of use of this technique, which shows that complications and failures are insignificant when the method is applied correctly. Method We present a retrospective analysis of 553 children with forearm shaft fractures treated with elastic stable intramedullary nailing over a period of 17 years. The 354 boys (64%) and 199 girls (36%) had an average age of 9.1 years. A total of 61% of the fractures were located in the midshaft, 21% in the distal diaphyseal and 18% in the proximal third. Continuous documentation of treatment, postoperative course and follow-up after an average time of 37 months formed the basis of this study. The analysis included all kinds of failures and complications. Results The following complications and problems were encountered: 5 children with wound infections and disturbed wound healing, 1 case of osteomyelitis, 7 children with ulnar non-unions, 14 children with delayed unions, 6 cases of loss of correction, 15 children with lesions of the superficial radial nerve, one case of malplacement of a nail, 5 children with skin perforations caused by the ends of implants and 27 children with refractures. Conclusion The analysis of the failures and complications shows that a differentiated approach to the data has to be taken. Most complications occur because of incorrect use of the method with neglect of biomechanical principles. The usage of the ESIN method is extended to more problematic regions, such as the distal diaphyseal portion of the forearm, and therefore, an increase in complications is likely. Despite this risk, ESIN should still be the standard treatment for forearm shaft fractures in children, and no change in therapeutical strategy is necessary. However, it is of special importance to follow the right indication and to pay attention to biomechanical principles and to correct technical procedure.
Estimation of genetic parameters for body weight traits and litter size of Moghani sheep, using a Bayesian approach via Gibbs sampling
Authors: HOSSEIN-ZADEH N. GHAVI , ARDALAN M. 
Published: February 2010

SUMMARYThe objective of the present study was to estimate genetic parameters for body weights at different ages and litter size (LS) in Moghani sheep. Traits included were birth weight (BW), 3 months weight (3MW), 6 months weight (6MW), 9 months weight (9MW), yearling weight (YW) and LS. The data of 6659 lambing records and pedigree information used in the current programme were collected at the Breeding Station of Moghani sheep (Ardebil province, Iran) during 1987–2005. Different linear and threshold animal models with additive genetic, maternal genetic, maternal permanent environmental and residual effects were implemented by Gibbs sampling (GS) methodology. A single GS chain with 150 000 rounds was generated by the MTGSAM program. The posterior means of genetic parameters were estimated based on the 1300 samples that were left after elimination of 20 000 rounds in the burn-in period and 100 rounds of each thinning interval. Posterior mean estimates of direct heritability were 0·29, 0·13, 0·14, 0·10, 0·31 and 0·10, while those of maternal heritabilities were 0·29, 0·08, 0·11, 0·06, 0·10 and 0·17 for BW, 3MW, 6MW, 9MW, YW and LS, respectively. Genetic correlations among the growth traits and LS were negative for direct genetic and maternal genetic effects. Therefore, selection for increased growth or LS may have a negative genetic effect on the other traits. The medium to high negative estimates of direct–maternal correlations for body weight traits or LS suggest that it would be difficult to improve direct and maternal growth ability jointly for Moghani sheep.
Qualitative Comparative Analysis and Health Inequalities: Investigating Reasons for Differential Progress with Narrowing Local Gaps in Mortality
Authors: BLACKMAN TIM , DUNSTAN KATIE 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAlthough health inequalities in England reflect underlying deprivation, there is considerable variation among deprived areas in the extent to which these inequalities are narrowing. Using survey data from 15 local authority areas in North West England, and Ragin's technique of Qualitative Comparative Analysis, contextual features and ways of working in these areas are shown to combine in systematic ways with recent trends in inequalities as measured by premature mortality. For circulatory diseases, a narrowing mortality gap showed a clear association with smoking cessation services that accorded with a best practice description, combined with a local population with relatively more people aged 65 or older. For cancers, a narrowing mortality gap was associated with areas that combined relatively low population mobility with a professional working culture described as one of individual commitment and championing. These findings reveal the complexity of meeting health inequality targets and applying evidence to this endeavour, since both ways of working and context appear to be important to making progress. Both need to be understood case by case if targets are to be locally realistic and evidence applied where local practice is known to matter to the outcome.
Drugs and where they can lead
Authors: Tulloch Alexander 
Published: February 2010

The etymological trail of drug use.There are two sides to drugs. They can either be the life-saving preparations we ingest to fight harmful bacteria and combat serious illness, or they can be the devastating concoctions that destroy our personalities, our bodies and can lead to undignified and frequently painful death. Society needs the former but conducts a seemingly endless war against the latter as it tries to restrict the flow of the so-called ‘recreational drugs’ onto our streets. The addicts, on the other hand, do everything they can to outwit the authorities as they and their suppliers become ever more inventive in the ways they think of for smuggling marijuana, cocaine, ganja and countless other substances past border guards, customs officials and drug squad officers in order to satisfy their craving.Linguistically, although they are probably unaware of it, these addicts owe their epithet to Roman law. In ancient Rome financial matters were taken very seriously and there were strict (some might say harsh) rules and regulations governing the borrowing and lending of money. For instance, if a debtor fell behind with his repayments he or she could be taken to court where the usual decision was that he be given a period of thirty days to come up with the money to clear his debt. If he failed to do so in the allotted time he would be assigned to his creditor who was required to treat him in a manner prescribed by law. He would keep the poor man in chains for sixty days, display him on three consecutive market days (held every nine days) and try to find someone who would take him off his hands for a fee equal to the amount of debt owed. Whoever paid the debt would have the man assigned to him as his slave. And the Latin for ‘assigned’ was addictus, from the prefix ad ‘to’ and the infinitive dicere ‘to say’, the implication being that transaction was more often than not a verbal one rather than a written one. Either way the result was the same: one human being became a slave to another much in the same way that, in the modern sense of the word, an addict is enslaved by his craving for his next fix.
Lattice thermal conductivity of MgO at conditions of Earth’s interior
Authors: Tang Xiaoli , Dong Jianjun 
Published: February 2010

Thermal conductivity of the Earth’s lower mantle greatly impacts the mantle convection style and affects the heat conduction from the core to the mantle. Direct laboratory measurement of thermal conductivity of mantle minerals remains a technical challenge at the pressure-temperature (P-T) conditions relevant to the lower mantle, and previously estimated values are extrapolated from low P-T data based on simple empirical thermal transport models. By using a numerical technique that combines first-principles electronic structure theory and Peierls–Boltzmann transport theory, we predict the lattice thermal conductivity of MgO, previously used to estimate the thermal conductivity in the Earth, at conditions from ambient to the core-mantle boundary (CMB). We show that our first-principles technique provides a realistic model for the P-T dependence of lattice thermal conductivity of MgO at conditions from ambient to the CMB, and we propose thermal conductivity profiles of MgO in the lower mantle based on geotherm models. The calculated conductivity increases from 15 –20 W/K-m at the 670 km seismic discontinuity to 40 –50 W/K-m at the CMB. This large depth variation in calculated thermal conductivity should be included in models of mantle convection, which has been traditionally studied based on the assumption of constant conductivity.
Update on the hyper immunoglobulin M syndromes
Authors: Davies E. Graham , Thrasher Adrian J. 
Published: February 2010

SummaryThe Hyper‐immunoglobulin M syndromes (HIGM) are a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders resulting in defects of immunoglobulin class switch recombination (CSR), with or without defects of somatic hypermutation (SHM). They can be classified as defects of signalling through CD40 causing both a humoral immunodeficiency and a susceptibility to opportunistic infections, or intrinsic defects in B cells of the mechanism of CSR resulting in a pure humoral immunodeficiency. A HIGM picture can also be seen as part of generalized defects of DNA repair and in antibody deficiency syndromes, such as common variable immunodeficiency. CD40 signalling defects may require corrective therapy with bone marrow transplantation. Gene therapy, a potential curative approach in the future, currently remains a distant prospect. Those with a defective CSR mechanism generally do well on immunologoblulin replacement therapy. Complications may include autoimmunity, lymphoid hyperplasia and, in some cases, a predisposition to lymphoid malignancy.
The importance of tacit knowledge in practices of care
Authors: Reinders H. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBackground  The paper argues that a high quality personal relationship between professionals and clients is a necessary condition of professional knowledge. This epistemological claim is developed against the background of current methods of quality assessment that rely on objectively measurable ‘indicators’.Method  A philosophical analysis regarding the nature of professional knowledge in the care sector. The analysis proceeds from Michael Polanyi's concept of tacit knowledge to account for the personal dimension of professional expertise in the care sector.Results  Quantitative methods of quality assessment understand ‘quality of care’ as being independent from the professional who generates it. Consequently, quality assessment as currently practiced necessarily renders the personal dimension of professional knowledge invisible, thereby excluding it from managerial attention and support. To indicate the relevance of Polanyi's concept of tacit knowledge, the paper offers some observations from the practice of care in a group home for people with intellectual disabilities.Conclusion  The paper concludes that a high quality relationship between professionals and their clients is crucial for quality of care. This relationship generates the positive interaction that enables professionals to gain adequate insight in the needs of their clients.
Liver transplantation using elderly donors: a risk factor analysis
Authors: Kim Dae Y. , Moon Jang , Island Eddie R. , Tekin Akin , Ganz Susan , Levi David , Selvaggi Gennaro , Nishida Seigo , Tzakis Andreas G. 
Published: February 2010

Kim DY, Moon J, Island ER, Tekin A, Ganz S, Levi D, Selvaggi G, Nishida S, Tzakis AG. Liver transplantation using elderly donors: a risk factor analysis.  Clin Transplant 2011: 25: 270–276. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  Survival after liver transplantation is negatively impacted by use of elderly deceased donors, but excluding them would increase waiting times and waiting list mortality. We reviewed our experience with liver transplantation (LT) utilizing livers from deceased donors 65 yr of age and older to identify those factors that impact graft survival. All adult patients (≥18 yr old) who underwent primary LT using deceased donor livers from donors aged ≥65 yr between February 1995 and November 2003 were included. With multivariate analysis we found four unfavorable characteristics significantly associated with higher post‐transplant graft failure rate. These characteristics are hepatitis C as an etiology of liver disease, Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease score >20, serum glucose level of donor >200 mg/dL at the time of liver recovery, and skin incision to aortic cross‐clamp time >40 minutes in the donor surgery. The five‐yr estimated graft survival rates having 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 unfavorable characteristics were 100%, 82.0%, 81.7%, 39.3%, and 25.0%, respectively (p < 0.05). Our data demonstrated good graft survival can be achieved in LT using elderly donor liver allografts with appropriate patient selection, donor blood glucose management and efficient liver recovery with minimal manipulation of the liver during donor surgery.
Acute renal failure early after heart transplantation: risk factors and clinical consequences
Authors: Gude Einar , Andreassen Arne K. , Arora Satish , Gullestad Lars , Grov Ingelin , Hartmann Anders , Leivestad Torbjørn , Fiane Arnt E. , Geiran Odd R. , Vardal Mari , Simonsen Svein 
Published: February 2010

Gude E, Andreassen AK, Arora S, Gullestad L, Grov I, Hartmann A, Leivestad T, Fiane AE, Geiran OR, Vardal M, Simonsen S. Acute renal failure early after heart transplantation: risk factors and clinical consequences.  Clin Transplant 2010: 24: E207–E213. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  Limited information exists about acute renal failure (ARF) early after heart transplantation (HTx). We correlated pre‐, per‐, and post‐operative patient and donor parameters to the risk of developing ARF. We also analyzed the consequences of ARF on kidney function after HTx, risk of later need for chronic dialysis or kidney transplantation, and mortality. In a retrospective study from 1983 to 2007, 145 (25%) of 585 HTx recipients developed ARF, defined as ≥26.4 micromol/L or ≥50% increase in serum creatinine from pre‐operatively to the seventh day post‐HTx and/or the need of early post‐operative dialysis. Independent risk factors for ARF were intravenous cyclosporine immediately post‐operatively (odds ratio [OR] 2.16, 95% CI 1.34–3.50, p = 0.02), donor age (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.00–1.04, p = 0.02), and pre‐operative cardiac output (OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.12–1.71, p = 0.003). The development of ARF was a predictor for short‐term survival (≤3 months) ranging from 98% for patients who improved their creatinine after HTx vs. 79% for those in need of dialysis (p < 0.001). However, ARF did not predict subsequent end stage renal disease in need of dialysis or renal transplantation. ARF is a common complication post‐HTx. As ARF is associated with short‐term survival, post‐operative strategies of preserving renal function have the potential of reducing mortality. Of avoidable risk factors, the use of intravenous CsA should be discouraged.
Are hybrid species more fit than ancestral parent species in the current hybrid species habitats?
Authors: DONOVAN L. A. , ROSENTHAL D. R. , SANCHEZ‐VELENOSI M. , RIESEBERG L. H. , LUDWIG F. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractHybrid speciation is thought to be facilitated by escape of early generation hybrids into new habitats, subsequent environmental selection and adaptation. Here, we ask whether two homoploid hybrid plant species (Helianthus anomalus,H. deserticola) diverged sufficiently from their ancestral parent species (H. annuus,H. petiolaris) during hybrid speciation so that they are more fit than the parent species in hybrid species habitats. Hybrid and parental species were reciprocally transplanted into hybrid and parental habitats.Helianthus anomaluswas more fit than parental species in theH. anomalusactively moving desert dune habitat. The abilities to tolerate burial and excavation and to obtain nutrients appear to be important for success in theH. anomalushabitat. In contrast,H. deserticolafailed to outperform the parental species in theH. deserticolastabilized desert dune habitat, and several possible explanations are discussed. The home site advantage ofH. anomalusis consistent with environmental selection having been a mechanism for adaptive divergence and hybrid speciation and supports the use ofH. anomalusas a valuable system for further assessment of environmental selection and adaptive traits.
Effects of systemic potato response to wounding and jasmonate on the aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Sternorryncha: Aphididae)
Authors: Brunissen L. , Vincent C. , Le Roux V. , Giordanengo P. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPlant induced responses are activated by multiple biotic and abiotic stresses, and may affect the interactions between a plant and phytophagous insects. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of different stresses inflicted to potato plants (Solanum tuberosum) on the potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae). Abiotic wounding, biotic wounding by Leptinotarsa decemlineata and treatment with volatile methyl jasmonate (MeJA) were evaluated with regard to the orientation behaviour, the feeding behaviour and the development of the potato aphids. Dual‐choice olfactometry showed that plants treated with MeJA lost their attractiveness for the potato aphids, while both abiotic and biotic wounding did not alter the orientation of aphids. Electropenetrography revealed that the feeding behaviour of aphids was only slightly disturbed by a previous L. decemlineata wounding, while it was highly disturbed by mechanical wounding and MeJA treatment. Aphid nymph survival was reduced on mechanically wounded plants, the pre‐reproductive period was lengthened and the fecundity reduced on plants treated with MeJA. Our results bring new information about the effects of various stresses inflicted to S. tuberosum on M. euphorbiae. We showed that wounding and MeJA treatment induced an antixenosis resistance in potato plants against M. euphorbiae, which may influence aphid colonization processes.