bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutrition-related claims on children's cereals: what do they mean to parents and do they influence willingness to buy?
Authors: Harris Jennifer L , Thompson Jacqueline M , Schwartz Marlene B , Brownell Kelly D 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo examine parents’ beliefs about the meaning of common front-of-package nutrition-related claims on children's cereals and determine whether the claims would make them more willing to buy the cereals.DesignParents viewed images of box fronts for children's cereals of below-average nutritional quality, as assessed by a validated nutrient profiling model. These boxes featured various nutrition-related claims including ‘supports your child's immunity’, ‘whole grain’, ‘fibre’, ‘calcium and vitamin D’ and ‘organic’. Participants were provided possible meanings for these claims and asked to select any that applied with the option to write in additional meanings. They also indicated how the claim would affect their willingness to buy the product.SettingOnline survey.SubjectsParents with children between the ages of 2 and 11 years (n 306) recruited through an online panel.ResultsThe majority of parents misinterpreted the meaning of claims commonly used on children's cereals. They inferred that cereals with claims were more nutritious overall and might provide specific health-related benefits for their children; and these beliefs predicted greater willingness to buy the cereals.ConclusionsThese findings indicate that common front-of-package nutrition-related claims are potentially misleading, especially when placed on products with high levels of nutrients to limit (e.g. sugar, sodium) and low levels of other nutrients to encourage (e.g. fibre, protein). Additional regulation is needed to protect consumers in the USA.
Contribution of beverages to the intake of polyphenols and antioxidant capacity in obese women from rural Mexico
Authors: Hervert-Hernández Deisy , Goñi Isabel 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjectiveThe aims of the present work were to study beverage consumption among obese women from rural communities in Mexico and to estimate daily polyphenol intake and dietary antioxidant capacity from beverages.DesignA cross-sectional study was used to analyse the beverage intake of 139 premenopausal obese women estimated through repeated 24 h food recalls. Total polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity were determined in eighteen beverages, representing 71 % of total beverage consumption, in order to estimate the intake of polyphenols (mg/person per d) and the dietary antioxidant capacity (μmol Trolox equivalents/person per d) from beverages.SettingFive rural communities located in Queretaro State, Mexico, in 2008.SubjectsA total of 139 premenopausal women identified as obese (BMI 35·0 (se 0·4) kg/m2), aged 25–45 years.ResultsThe contribution of beverages to dietary energy was 1369 kJ/d (18 % of total energy intake). Soft drinks were consumed the most (283 (se 17) ml/d), followed by coffee and fresh fruit beverages. Polyphenol intake and dietary antioxidant capacity from beverages was 180·9 (se 12·5) mg/person per d and >1000 μmol Trolox equivalents/person per d, respectively. The items that contributed most to this intake were coffee, roselle drink, peach and guava juices and infusions.ConclusionsThere is an urgent need to reduce the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages among obese women from rural Mexico. Low-sugar beverages rich in polyphenols and antioxidants may be healthier options to replace sweetened drinks and increase the intake of bioactive compounds. Nutritional advice on this topic could be a viable strategy to tackle obesity in rural areas in Mexico.
Socio-economic position and lower dietary moderation among Chinese immigrant women in the USA
Authors: Tseng Marilyn , Fang Carolyn Y 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo examine associations of education and occupation, as indicators of socio-economic position (SEP), with dietary intake and diet quality in a sample of Chinese immigrant women.DesignCross-sectional. Data collection included four days of dietary recalls and information on education and current occupation for participants and their spouses.SettingPhiladelphia, PA, USA.SubjectsChinese immigrant women (n 423) recruited from October 2005 to April 2008.ResultsIn multivariate models, both higher education level and occupation category were significantly associated with higher energy density and intake of energy and sugar. Education was additionally associated with intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (P = 0·01) and lower dietary moderation (P = 0·01). With joint categorization based on both education and occupation, we observed significant trends indicating higher energy density (P = 0·004) and higher intake of energy (P = 0·001) and sugar (P = 0·04), but less dietary moderation (P = 0·02) with higher SEP.ConclusionsIn this sample of US Chinese immigrants, higher SEP as indicated by education level and occupation category was associated with differences in dietary intake and with less dietary moderation. While higher SEP is typically linked to healthier diet in higher-income nations, in these immigrants the association of SEP with diet follows the pattern of their country of origin – a lower-income country undergoing the nutrition transition.
Defining the complexity of childhood obesity and related behaviours within the family environment using structural equation modelling
Authors: Hendrie Gilly A , Coveney John , Cox David N 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjectiveThe present study aimed to define the complexity of the relationships between the family environment, health behaviours and obesity. A conceptual model that quantifies the relationships and interactions between parent factors, family environment, and certain aspects of children's behaviour and weight status is presented.DesignExploratory structural equation modelling was used to quantitatively model the relationships between parent, child and family environmental factors.SettingAdelaide, South Australia.SubjectsFamilies (n157) with children aged 5–10 years completed self-reported questionnaires, providing data on parents’ knowledge, diet quality and activity habits; child feeding and general parenting styles; and the food and physical activity environments. Outcome variables included children's fruit and vegetable intake, activity and sedentary habits and weight status.ResultsThe proposed model was an acceptable fit (normed fit index = 0·457; comparative fit index = 0·746; root-mean-squared error associated = 0·044). Parents’ BMI (β= 0·32) and nutrition and physical activity knowledge (β= 0·17) had the strongest direct associations with children's BMIZ-score. Parents’ dietary intake and energy expenditure behaviours were indirectly associated with children's behaviour through the creation of the home environment. The physical activity and food environments were associated with children's sedentary (β= −0·44) and activity habits (β= 0·29), and fruit and vegetable intake (β= 0·47), respectively.ConclusionsA conceptual model that quantifies the complex network of family environment factors influencing children's behaviour and weight status is presented. The model provides a basis for future research on larger representative samples with a view to guiding obesity prevention interventions.
Structural conservation of druggable hot spots in protein–protein interfaces
Authors: Kozakov Dima , Hall David R. , Chuang Gwo-Yu , Cencic Regina , Brenke Ryan , Grove Laurie E. , Beglov Dmitri , Pelletier Jerry , Whitty Adrian , Vajda Sandor 
Published: August 2011

Despite the growing number of examples of small-molecule inhibitors that disrupt protein–protein interactions (PPIs), the origin of druggability of such targets is poorly understood. To identify druggable sites in protein–protein interfaces we combine computational solvent mapping, which explores the protein surface using a variety of small “probe” molecules, with a conformer generator to account for side-chain flexibility. Applications to unliganded structures of 15 PPI target proteins show that the druggable sites comprise a cluster of binding hot spots, distinguishable from other regions of the protein due to their concave topology combined with a pattern of hydrophobic and polar functionality. This combination of properties confers on the hot spots a tendency to bind organic species possessing some polar groups decorating largely hydrophobic scaffolds. Thus, druggable sites at PPI are not simply sites that are complementary to particular organic functionality, but rather possess a general tendency to bind organic compounds with a variety of structures, including key side chains of the partner protein. Results also highlight the importance of conformational adaptivity at the binding site to allow the hot spots to expand to accommodate a ligand of drug-like dimensions. The critical components of this adaptivity are largely local, involving primarily low energy side-chain motions within 6 Å of a hot spot. The structural and physicochemical signature of druggable sites at PPI interfaces is sufficiently robust to be detectable from the structure of the unliganded protein, even when substantial conformational adaptation is required for optimal ligand binding.
Myosin Va and myosin VI coordinate their steps while engaged in an in vitro tug of war during cargo transport
Authors: Ali M. Yusuf , Kennedy Guy G. , Safer Daniel , Trybus Kathleen M. , Sweeney H. Lee , Warshaw David M. 
Published: August 2011

Myosin Va (myoV) and myosin VI (myoVI) are processive molecular motors that transport cargo in opposite directions on actin tracks. Because these motors may bind to the same cargo in vivo, we developed an in vitro “tug of war” to characterize the stepping dynamics of single quantum-dot-labeled myoV and myoVI motors linked to a common cargo. MyoV dominates its myoVI partner 79% of the time. Regardless of which motor wins, its stepping rate slows due to the resistive load of the losing motor (myoV, 2.1 pN; myoVI, 1.4 pN). Interestingly, the losing motor steps backward in synchrony with the winning motor. With ADP present, myoVI acts as an anchor to prevent myoV from stepping forward. This model system emphasizes the physical communication between opposing motors bound to a common cargo and highlights the potential for modulating this interaction by changes in the cell’s ionic milieu.
Long-term in vivo glucose monitoring using fluorescent hydrogel fibers
Authors: Heo Yun Jung , Shibata Hideaki , Okitsu Teru , Kawanishi Tetsuro , Takeuchi Shoji 
Published: August 2011

The use of fluorescence-based sensors holds great promise for continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in vivo, allowing wireless transdermal transmission and long-lasting functionality in vivo. The ability to monitor glucose concentrations in vivo over the long term enables the sensors to be implanted and replaced less often, thereby bringing CGM closer to practical implementation. However, the full potential of long-term in vivo glucose monitoring has yet to be realized because current fluorescence-based sensors cannot remain at an implantation site and respond to blood glucose concentrations over an extended period. Here, we present a long-term in vivo glucose monitoring method using glucose-responsive fluorescent hydrogel fibers. We fabricated glucose-responsive fluorescent hydrogels in a fibrous structure because this structure enables the sensors to remain at the implantation site for a long period. Moreover, these fibers allow easy control of the amount of fluorescent sensors implanted, simply by cutting the fibers to the desired length, and facilitate sensor removal from the implantation site after use. We found that the polyethylene glycol (PEG)-bonded polyacrylamide (PAM) hydrogel fibers reduced inflammation compared with PAM hydrogel fibers, transdermally glowed, and continuously responded to blood glucose concentration changes for up to 140 days, showing their potential application for long-term in vivo continuous glucose monitoring.
A bacterial process for selenium nanosphere assembly
Authors: Debieux Charles M. , Dridge Elizabeth J. , Mueller Claudia M. , Splatt Peter , Paszkiewicz Konrad , Knight Iona , Florance Hannah , Love John , Titball Richard W. , Lewis Richard J. , Richardson David J. , Butler Clive S. 
Published: August 2011

During selenate respiration by
Thauera selenatis
, the reduction of selenate results in the formation of intracellular selenium (Se) deposits that are ultimately secreted as Se nanospheres of approximately 150 nm in diameter. We report that the Se nanospheres are associated with a protein of approximately 95 kDa. Subsequent experiments to investigate the expression and secretion profile of this protein have demonstrated that it is up-regulated and secreted in response to increasing selenite concentrations. The protein was purified from Se nanospheres, and peptide fragments from a tryptic digest were used to identify the gene in the draft
T. selenatis
genome. A matched open reading frame was located, encoding a protein with a calculated mass of 94.5 kDa. N-terminal sequence analysis of the mature protein revealed no cleavable signal peptide, suggesting that the protein is exported directly from the cytoplasm. The protein has been called Se factor A (SefA), and homologues of known function have not been reported previously. The
sefA
gene was cloned and expressed in
Escherichia coli
, and the recombinant His-tagged SefA purified. In vivo experiments demonstrate that SefA forms larger (approximately 300 nm) Se nanospheres in
E. coli
when treated with selenite, and these are retained within the cell. In vitro assays demonstrate that the formation of Se nanospheres upon the reduction of selenite by glutathione are stabilized by the presence of SefA. The role of SefA in selenium nanosphere assembly has potential for exploitation in bionanomaterial fabrication.
Tissue-engineered intervertebral discs produce new matrix, maintain disc height, and restore biomechanical function to the rodent spine
Authors: Bowles Robby D. , Gebhard Harry H. , Härtl Roger , Bonassar Lawrence J. 
Published: August 2011

Lower back and neck pain are leading physical conditions for which patients see their doctors in the United States. The organ commonly implicated in this condition is the intervertebral disc (IVD), which frequently herniates, ruptures, or tears, often causing pain and limiting spinal mobility. To date, approaches for replacement of diseased IVD have been confined to purely mechanical devices designed to either eliminate or enable flexibility of the diseased motion segment. Here we present the evaluation of a living, tissue-engineered IVD composed of a gelatinous nucleus pulposus surrounded by an aligned collagenous annulus fibrosus in the caudal spine of athymic rats for up to 6 mo. When implanted into the rat caudal spine, tissue-engineered IVD maintained disc space height, produced de novo extracellular matrix, and integrated into the spine, yielding an intact motion segment with dynamic mechanical properties similar to that of native IVD. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of engineering a functional spinal motion segment and represent a critical step in developing biological therapies for degenerative disc disease.
Injectable fibroblast growth factor-2 coacervate for persistent angiogenesis
Authors: Chu Hunghao , Gao Jin , Chen Chien-Wen , Huard Johnny , Wang Yadong 
Published: August 2011

Enhancing the maturity of the newly formed blood vessels is critical for the success of therapeutic angiogenesis. The maturation of vasculature relies on active participation of mural cells to stabilize endothelium and a basal level of relevant growth factors. We set out to design and successfully achieved robust angiogenesis using an injectable polyvalent coacervate of a polycation, heparin, and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2). FGF2 was loaded into the coacervate at nearly 100% efficiency. In vitro assays demonstrated that the matrix protected FGF2 from proteolytic degradations. FGF2 released from the coacervate was more effective in the differentiation of endothelial cells and chemotaxis of pericytes than free FGF2. One injection of 500 ng of FGF2 in the coacervate elicited comprehensive angiogenesis in vivo. The number of endothelial and mural cells increased significantly, and the local tissue contained more and larger blood vessels with increased circulation. Mural cells actively participated during the whole angiogenic process: Within 7 d of the injection, pericytes were recruited to close proximity of the endothelial cells. Mature vasculature stabilized by vascular smooth muscle cells persisted till at least 4 wk. On the other hand, bolus injection of an identical amount of free FGF2 induced weak angiogenic responses. These results demonstrate the potential of polyvalent coacervate as a new controlled delivery platform.
Falling Behind: Delayed Growth Explains Life‐History Variation in Snake River Fall Chinook Salmon
Authors: Perkins T. Alex , Jager Henrïette I. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractFall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha typically migrate to the ocean as subyearlings (age 0), but a strategy whereby juveniles overwinter in freshwater and migrate to the ocean as yearlings (age 1) has emerged over the past few decades in Idaho's Snake River population. The recent appearance of the yearling strategy has conservation implications for this threatened population because of survival and reproductive differences between the two life histories. Different proportions of juveniles adopt the yearling life history in different river reaches and years, and temperature differences are thought to play some role in accounting for this variation. The specific circumstances under which juveniles pursue the yearling life history are poorly understood. We advance a hypothesis for the mechanism by which juveniles adopt a life history, formalize it with a model, and present the results of fitting this model to life history data. The model captures patterns of variation in proportions of yearling out‐migrants among reaches and years, and it appears robust to uncertainty in a key unknown parameter. Results from fitting the model to empirical yearling migrant proportions suggest that juveniles commit to a life history earlier in development than the time at which smoltification typically begins. Specifically, juveniles that become yearling migrants do so soon after emergence if they are too far behind a typical growth schedule given temperature and photoperiod cues at that time. Our model also offers those interested in the management and conservation of Snake River fall Chinook salmon a useful tool by which to account for life history variation in population viability analyses and decision making.
Developing Fishery‐Independent Indices of Larval and Juvenile Gag Abundance in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Adamski Kyle M. , Buckel Jeffrey A. , Shertzer Kyle W. , Martin Gretchen Bath , Taylor J. Christopher 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe developed an index describing the abundance of gags Mycteroperca microlepis at the planktonic postlarval stage, and we assessed the index's potential for use in stock assessment. Data on postlarval gags were collected weekly at the Pivers Island bridge near Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina, during the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's bridgenet program (ichthyoplankton sampling, November–May 1986–2008); additionally, ichthyoplankton were sampled nightly during spring in 2007 and 2008. Catch of juvenile gags was examined in relation to several factors to assist in developing and refining fishery‐independent surveys; juveniles were sampled with a small trawl in seagrass beds at 15–20 randomly selected stations near Beaufort Inlet every 2 weeks during June–September 2007 and 2008. Catches of postlarval and juvenile gags were low in both gear types. From 1986 to 2008, weekly concentrations of postlarval gags were highest from mid‐April to mid‐May, and peak ingress coincided with new moon periods. Juvenile gags were caught throughout the June–September sampling period, and the highest catch per unit effort was observed in July and August. Time of year, percent seagrass coverage, seagrass species, and location inside the estuary influenced juvenile gag catch per unit effort. Growth rates of juvenile gags were rapid (∼1.5 mm/d) during summer months and did not differ between years. An annual index of postlarval abundance (adjusted for lunar effects) was developed. The spawning stock biomass from the most recent gag stock assessment was positively correlated with the postlarval abundance index; therefore, this index could be used as a fishery‐independent index of spawning stock biomass.
Live non‐invasive Shigella dysenteriae 1 strain induces homologous protective immunity in a guinea pig colitis model
Authors: Barman Soumik , Kumar Ranajit , Chowdhury Goutam , Rani Saha Dhira , Wajima Takeaki , Hamabata Takashi , Ramamurthy Thandavarayan , Balakrish Nair Gopinath , Takeda Yoshifumi , Koley Hemanta 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTA non‐invasive live transconjugant Shigella hybrid (LTSHΔstx) strain was constructed from a Shiga toxin gene deleted mutant of Shigella dysenteriae 1 by introducing a plasmid vector pPR1347 that carried a lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis gene (rfb and rfc) of Salmonella typhimurium. In guinea pigs, four successive oral administrations of LTSH Δstx showed complete protection against rectal challenge with wild type S. dysenteriae 1 strain. Exponential increase of the serum IgG and IgA titer against lipopolysaccharide of LTSH Δstx was observed during immunization, peaked on day 28 and remained at that level until day 35 after the initiation of the immunization. In intestinal lavage of the immunized animals, significant increase of IgA titer against lipopolysaccharide of LTSH Δstx was also observed. These data suggested that LTSH Δstx could be a useful candidate to induce protective immunity against S. dysenteriae 1 infection.
Alteration of inhibitory and activating natural killer cell receptor expression on T cells in human immunodeficiency virus‐infected Chinese
Authors: Jiang Yongjun , Wu Shanshan , Zhou Fangyuan , Bice Tristan , Zhang Zining , Liu Jing , Ding Haibo , Han Xiaoxu , Shang Hong 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTT cell expression of NKRs can trigger or inhibit cell‐mediated cytotoxicity. However, few studies on T lymphocyte NKR expression in HIV infection exist. Here, we examined the expression patterns of NKG2D, NKG2A, and KIR3DL1 on CD8+ and CD3+CD8− cells by multicolor flow cytometry in groups of patients with HIV, AIDS or HAART‐treated AIDS, as well as HIV‐negative normal controls. Individual analysis of KIR3DL1 on CD3+CD8+ or CD3+CD8− cells revealed no significant differences among any of the groups (P > 0.05). In contrast, the percentage of NKG2A+NKG2D−CD8+ T cells was higher in the AIDS group than in the HIV‐negative normal control group (P < 0.01). Meanwhile, the prevalence of NKG2D+NKG2A−CD8+T cells was lower in the AIDS group than in HIV‐negative normal controls (P < 0.001). Similar results were also observed for the percentage of NKG2A+NKG2D− on CD3+CD8−cells. However, in contrast to CD8+ T cells, the frequencies of NKG2D+NKG2A− on CD3+CD8− cells were higher in AIDS and HIV patients than in HIV‐negative normal controls (P < 0.01, P < 0.05, respectively). The percentage of NKG2A+NKG2D−CD8+ T cells was negatively correlated with CD4+ T cell counts (r=−0.499, P < 0.01), while the percentage of NKG2D+NKG2A−CD8+ T cells was positively correlated with CD4+ T cell counts (r= 0.494, P < 0.01). The percentage of NKG2D+NKG2A−CD3+CD8− T cells was also positively correlated with viral load (r= 0.527, P < 0.01) and negatively correlated with CD4+ T cell counts (r=−0.397, P < 0.05). Finally, HAART treatment reversed the changes in NKR expression caused by HIV infection. These results indicate that the expression of NKRs on T cells may be correlated with HIV disease progression.