bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Experimental Biological Uses of the Element Beryllium (Glucinum)
Authors: Needham A.E. 
Published: September 2010

Summary.1. The quantitatively outstanding effects of beryllium on embryonic development may be correlated with the rarity of this element in nature.2. Qualitatively the effects are such as may be produced by other chemical agents in appropriate concentration and by other experimental means. The most notable are: exogastrulation, spina‐bifida, axial defects in general, hemicephaly and microcephaly.3. Situs inversus of heart and viscera has not previously been produced in Amphibia by chemical means, but no doubt is part of the general complex of effects.4. The common action of all reagents would seem to be essentially one of inhibition, acting differentially on different parts of gradients of activity in the embryo.5. There is evidence for the existence of three main gradients in the embryo, in the three dimensions of space. Two gradients alone cannot explain the organization of the Vertebrate embryo.6. The form and orientation of the gradients changes during normal development. This is reflected in the complexity of the experimental effects produced.7. The question of the evolutionary significance of the “mosaic” stage of development is raised.8. Rhythms in susceptibility to external agents during development are revealed.9. Examples of dependent and of independent differentiation are noted.Summary.1. Beryllium salts have a powerful inhibitory effect on regeneration in Amphibia. No other agent used had a comparable effect, which might indicate the chemical mechanism of the effect.2. Inhibition of regeneration with beryllium provides a valuable means of investigating the problems of regeneration and growth. The present experiments indicate that :– (a) A factor produced very locally at the cut surface at the time of operation is largely responsible for regeneration. It is this factor which is so rapidly inactivated by beryllium treatment. (b) There is evidence of a second factor concerned in regeneration in Amphibia. This appears to emanate along the axis, in the tail.(c) Partial inhibition affects both rate of regeneration and final size of the regenerate. This supports the indication that regeneration does not depend on a single factor. (d) Partially inhibited limbs have frequently fewer digits than normal.(e) The stump of inhibited limb‐buds develops as a mosaic (i. e., does not regulate).(f) Normal powers of regeneration vary considerably in different animals. (g) The “wound factor” may possibly show affinities with the “organiser” substance of embryological development.
The Duration of Larval Life in Ammoccetes and an attempt to accelerate Metamorphosis by Injections of an Anterior‐Pituitary Extract.
Authors: Knowles F. G. W. 
Published: September 2010

Summary.(1) The injection of a thyreotropic fraction of the mammalian pituitary in ammoccete larvse of Lampetra planeri produces a rapid and marked decrease in body‐length, and also histological changes in the endostyle. These changes were found to be reversed if further injections were given.(2) No other signs of metamorphosis were observed in the injected animals.(3) Monthly samples of the ammoccete population in the river Sarno, Naples, Italy, indicate that the larval life of lampreys in that region may extend for not less than two years and not more than three years approximately.I should like to thank Dr. R. Dohrn for the facilities afforded me at the Stazione Zoologica, Naples. The pituitary extracts used in the experiments were kindly supplied by Dr. A. S. Parkes and the British Medical Research Council. I am grateful to Professor Goodrich, F.R.S., and J. Z. Young, M.A., for reading the paper and for helpful criticism. I am also grateful to Angelo Sessa for his help in making the lamprey samples in the river Sarno.
MENTAL RETARDATION IN URBAN CHILDREN: A POPULATION STUDY OF REDUCED OPTIMALITY IN THE PRE‐, PERI‐ AND NEONATAL PERIODS
Authors: Gillberg Christopher , Enerskog Ingela , Johansson Sven‐Erik 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYOne hundred and thirty representative cases of mentally retarded children in Sweden were surveyed in order to detect reductions in optimality in the prenatal, perinatal and postnatal periods. There was a small but statistically significant reduction in optimality, particularly pertaining to the prenatal and neonatal periods. It is of interest, however, that these mentally retarded chldren had smaller reductions of optimality than did children with cerebral palsy or infantile autism.RÉSUMÉRetard mental chez les enfants des villes: étude de population sur la réduction d'optimalité durant les périodes pré‐natales, péri‐natales et post‐natalesCent trente cas représentatifs des enfants mentalement retardés de Suède ont été étudiés dans le but de détecter des réductions d'optimalité durant les périodes pré‐natales, péri‐natales et post‐natales. Il a été observé une réduction d'optimalité, faible mais statistiquement significative, particulièrement pertinente pour les périodes pré‐natales et néo‐natales. Il est de quelque intérêt de signaler que la réduction d'optimalité pour ces enfants retardés était plus faible que pour les enfants infirmes moteurs cérébraux ou l'autisme infantile.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGGeistige Retardierung bei Stadtkindern: eine Populationsstudie úber verminderte Optimalität in der Prä‐, Peri‐ und Post‐natalperiode130 repräsentative Fälle geistig retardierter Kinder in Schweden wurden untersucht, um Verminderungen der Optimalität während der Prà‐, Peri‐ und Postnatalperiode herauszufinden. Es stellte sich eine geringe, statistisch aber signifikante Verminderung der Optimalitàt heraus, die besonders die Prä‐ und Neonatalperiode betraf. Es ist intereesant, daß diese geistig retardierten Kinder geringere Optimalitätseinbußen hatten als die Kinder mit Cerebralparese oder infantilem Autismus.RESUMENRetraso mental en niños de ciudad: estudio de una población con reducción de la optimalidad en los periodos pre, peri y postnatalSe estudiaron ciento treinta casos representativos de niños retrasados metales en Suecia, con el objeto de detectar reducciones en la optimalidad en los periodos pre, peri y postnatales. Había una reducida pero estadísticamente significativa disminución de la optimalidad en especial en los periodos pre y neonatales. Tiene cierto interés el que estos niños retrasados mentales tengan una menor reducción de la optimalidad que los niños con parálisis cerebral o autismo.
ULTRASOUND MEASUREMENT OF URINE VOLUME OF CHILDREN WITH NEUROGENIC BLADDER
Authors: Massagli Teresa L. , Jaffe Kenneth M. , Cardenas Diana D. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYThis study assessed the accuracy and precision of a portable ultrasound unit which computes bladder volume after scans are made in the sagittal and transverse planes. 39 ultrasound measures were made on 20 children between the ages of one month and 16 years, and these measures were then compared with catheterized volumes. The mean difference of ultrasound minus true volume was 6.9ml (SD 32ml). The ultrasound scanner was found to be accurate, inexpensive and easy to use for measuring post‐voiding residual urine volumes in children with neurogenic bladder.RÉSUMÉMesures échographiques du volume urinaire chez les enfants avec vessie neurologiqueCette étude évalue la validité et la précision d'un appareil portable d'échographie qui calcule le volume vésical à partir de clichés faits dans les plans sagittal et transverse. 30 mesures échographiques ont été effectuées chez 20 enfants âgés d'un mos à 16 ans et ces mesures ont été comparées aux volumes obtenus par sandage. La différence moyenne en moins de l'échographie par rapport au vrai volume a été de 6,9ml (SD 32ml). L'échographie parait un moyen précis, économique et d'emploi facile: un moyen utile et non‐invasif pour mesurer les résidus vésicaux chez les enfants avec vessie neurologique.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGUltraschallmessungen von Urinvolumina bei Kindern mit neurogener BlaseDiese Studie untersuchte die Genauigkeit und Präzision eiter tragbaren Ultraschalleinheit, mit der Blasenvolumina nach sagittaler and transversaler Flächenausmessung berechnet wurden. Bei 20 Kindern im Alter zwischen einem Monat und 16 Jahren wurden 39 Ultraschalluntersuchungen durchgeführt, und diese Berechnungen wurden dann mit der katheterisierten Urinmenge verglichen. Die mittlere Differenz von Ultraschall‐ minus Kathetervolumen betrug 6.9ml (SD 32ml). Der Ultraschallrechner erwies sich als genau, billig und einfach in der Anwendung: er ist ein brauchbares, nicht invasives Mittel zur Messung von Restharnvolumina bei Kindern mit neurogener Blase.RESUMENMedición ultrasónica del volumen de orina en niños con vejiga neurógenaEl presente estudio evalúa la precisión de una unidad llevable de ultrasonidos que mide el volumen de la vejiga después de haber hecho scanners en planos sagitales y transversos. Se realizaron 39 mediciones ultrasónicas en 20 niños de edades de un mes a 16 años y estas mediciones se compararon con los volúmenes obtenido por cateterización. La diferencia media entre el volumen con ultrasonido y el verdadero era de 6,9ml (SD 32ml). Se vió que la medición por scanner era precisa, barata y fácil de utilizar. Es un sistema útil y no invasivo para la medición de los volúmenes de orina residual en niös con vejiga neurógena.
An extended Family with a Dominantly Inherited Speech Disorder
Authors: Hurst J. A. , Baraitser M. , Auger E. , Graham F. , Norell S. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYA three‐generation family is described in which 16 members have a severe developmental verbal dyspraxia. Inheritance is autosomal dominant, with full penetrance. Intelligence and hearing are normal.RÉSUMÉUne famille étendue avec un trouble du langage hérité sur le mode dominantUne famille est décrite sur trois générations, dans laquelle 16 membres présentaient une grave dyspraxie verbale de développement. La transmission est apparue de type autosomique dominant avec pénétrance totale. L'intelligence et l'audition était normales.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGEine Großfamilie mit dominant vererbter SprachstörungEs werden drei Generationen einer Familie beschrieben, in der 16 Mitglieder eine schwere verbale Dyspraxie haben. Der Erbgang ist autosomal dominant mit voller Penetranz. Intelligenz und Gehör sind normal.RESUMENUna gran familia con una alteración del lenguaje heredada de forma dominanteSe decribe una familia de tres generaciones en la cual 16 miembros han tenido una grave dispraxia verbal de desarrollo. La herencia es autosómica dominante con penetrancia completa. La inteligencia y la audición son normales.
Developmental Outcome in 49,XXXXY Klinefelter Syndrome
Authors: Sheridan Margaret K. , Radlinski Sara S. , Kennedy Marianne D. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYThe developmental histories of two males who have 49 XXXXY Klinefelter syndrome are described. Now aged 16 and six, they have been followed since the ages of four and two, respectively. They have many of the typical physical characteristics described in the literature, but their mental retardation is not as severe as has been reported. Both are moderately delayed in their general development and their personalities and learning styles are more similar to XXY Klinefelter individuals. These two case studies demonstrate previously unreported potential in individuals with this disorder, and the authors discuss the implications of this finding.RÉSUMÉDenvir développemental dans le syndrome de Klinefelter 49 XXXXYLes histoires développementales de deux garçons présentant und syndrome de Klinfelter de type XXXXY sont décrites. Agés maintenant de 16 et six ans, ils ont été suivis depuis les âges respectifs de quatre et deux ans. Ils présentent nombre des caractéristiques physiques typiques décrites dans la littérature mais leur retard mental n'est pas aussi grave qu'il a été rapporté. Les deux garçons présentent un retard modéré de leur développement général. Leur personnalité et leur style d'apprentissage sont assez semblables à ceux d'individus présentant un syndrome de Klinefelter de type XXY. Ces deux cas démontrent la possibilité d'un potential en cas de ce syndrome qui n'avait pas été antérieurement rapporté et les auteurs discutent les implications de cette donnée.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGEntwicklungsverlauf beim 49 XXXXY Klinefelter Syndrom: zwei Langzeit‐Fall‐StudienDie Anamnesen von zwei Jungen mit einem XXXXY Klinefelter Syndrom werden beschrieben. Sie sind jetzt 16 bzw. sechs Jahre alt und wurden bis zum Alter von vier bzw. zwei Jahren kontrolliert. Sie weisen viele der in der Literatur beschriebenen Charakteristika auf, aber ihre geistige Retardierung ist nicht so ausgeprägt. Beide sind in ihrer allgemeinen Entwicklung mäßig verlangsamt und in ihrer Persönlichkeit und ihrem Lernverhalten ähneln sie mehr den XXY Klinefelter Patienten. Diese zwei Fall‐studien zeigen ein bisher nicht beschriebenes Potential bei Patienten mit dieser Erkrankung und die Autoren diskutieren diese Befunde.RESUMENCurso evolutivo en el síndrome de Klinefelter 49 XXXXY: estudio longitudinal de dos casosSe describe la historia evolutiva de dos varones con síndrome de Klinefelter 49 XXXXY. Actualmente tienen 16 y seis años de edad y han sido seguidos desde la edad de cuatro y dos años respectivamente. Tienen muchas de las características físicas típicas descritas en la literatura, pero su retraso mental no es tan grave como se habia mencionado. Ambos estan moderadamente retrasados en su desarrollo general y sus personalidades y estilo de aprender soñ muy semajantes a los de los individuos con XXY Klinefelter. El estudio de estos dos casos demuestra que estos individuos tienen potencialidades no descritas previamente en esta enfermedad. Los autores discuten las implicaciones de estos hallazgos.
The Verriest Lecture 2009: Recent progress in understanding mammalian color vision
Authors: Jacobs Gerald H. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThere have been significant advances in our understanding of mammalian color vision over the past 15 years. This paper reviews a number of topics that have been central to these recent efforts, including: (1) the extent and nature of ultraviolet vision in mammals, (2) the evolutionary loss of short‐wavelength‐sensitive cones in some mammals, (3) the possible roles of rod signals in mammalian color vision, (4) the evolution of mammalian color vision, and (5) recent laboratory investigations of animal color vision. Successes in linking opsin genes and photopigments to color vision have been key to the progress made on each of these issues.
Chromatic effects of metamers of D65 on art paintings
Authors: Pinto P. D. , Felgueiras P. E. R. , Linhares J. M. M. , Nascimento S. M. C. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe visual impression of an artistic painting is influenced both by the colour and by the specific spectral structure of the rendering light source. The relationship between illuminant spectral structure and visual appearance assumes particular relevance with the advent of light sources with almost arbitrary spectral distribution, like modern LED based lighting. The aim of this work was to study, computationally, chromatic effects on paintings of illuminants with the same colour as D65 but different spectral profile. Hyperspectral data from twenty oil paintings were used in the analysis. A large collection of metamers of D65 was generated and the radiance reflected from each pixel of the paintings was estimated for each of the metamers. The number of discernible colours produced for each painting and illuminant was computed, and correlated with the spectral structure of the metamers. It was found that the number of colours generated varied considerably across the collection of metamers and that the metamers producing more colours were spectrally more structured, that is, less uniform. This result suggests that it may be beneficial to explore appropriate spectral tuning in practical illumination.
Unique hue loci differ with methodology
Authors: Volbrecht Vicki J. , Nerger Janice L. , Baker Lucinda S. , Trujillo Armando R. , Youngpeter Katie 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground:  Studies investigating the effect of rods on unique hue loci in the peripheral retina generally obtain measures at two time points associated with the dark adaptation function – the cone plateau and the rod plateau. In comparison, this study used a color‐naming procedure to identify the loci of unique green and unique yellow as a function of time associated with the entire dark adaptation function. The unique hue loci derived by this procedure were then compared to those obtained directly with a staircase procedure.Method:  Hue‐scaling functions were obtained for monochromatic stimuli for four observers using the ‘4 + 1′ procedure. Data were collected every 4 min following extinction of a bleaching stimulus. These hue‐scaling functions were then converted to uniform appearance diagrams (UADs) to derive unique green and unique yellow loci. Unique green and unique yellow loci were also obtained from the same observers via a staircase procedure at 4–9 min post‐bleach (minimal rod input) and after 28 min dark adaptation (maximal rod input). Measurements were made in the peripheral retina at 10° temporal retinal eccentricity and at the fovea.Results:  Unique green loci derived from UADs are at longer wavelengths compared to those measured directly with the staircase procedure. In addition, unique green loci derived from UADs show a progressive shift to longer wavelengths as time post‐bleach increases; whereas, unique green loci obtained from the staircase procedure differ little between the rod‐bleach and no‐bleach conditions. Unique yellow loci are similar across both experimental procedures.Conclusion:  Unique green loci derived from UADs are not the same as those measured with traditional psychophysical procedures. These differences may be due to the different response criteria used by observers in the color‐naming and staircase procedures. The unique green loci obtained from UADs indicate that rod signals shift unique green loci to longer wavelengths as time post‐bleach increases. More direct methods need to be employed to determine if this rod effect is valid.
Edges can eliminate the appearance of the contrast asynchrony
Authors: Shapiro Arthur G. , Leaver Amber M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractRecent work in the Shapiro laboratory has suggested that the visual response to changes in chromaticity/luminance can be separated from the visual response to changes in spatial contrast. Here, we examine how spatial edges affect the relative perceptual weighting of these two types of responses. In the experiments, we separate color from color contrast with a ‘contrast asynchrony’ stimulus in which the luminance of two identical rectangles varies sinusoidally over time. We use two different stimulus configurations: in one configuration, one rectangle is placed on a black background, and the other is placed on a white background; in the other configuration, the two rectangles are placed on a striped background (similar to Munker–White’s background), with one rectangle set against a white stripe and the other against a black stripe. Experiment 1 documents that the rectangle placed on the solid white background appears to modulate out of phase with the rectangle placed on the solid black background, and that the two rectangles placed on the striped background appear to modulate in phase with each other. Experiment 2 measured the length the background stripes must be to shift from the perception of in‐phase modulation to antiphase modulation (and vice versa). In the solid background configuration, the perceived shift from in‐phase to antiphase occurred when edges above and below the rectangles were about 0.5°; and in the striped background configuration, the perceived shift from antiphase to in‐phase occurred when the edges were < 10 min of arc. Experiment 3 showed that edges that could engender the perception of the contrast asynchrony in the striped background configuration had no effect on the perceived brightness of the bars. The results indicate that edges placed on opposite sides of the modulating field can inhibit the contrast response but do not necessarily affect the perceived brightness.
The chromatic parameters of isoluminant chromatic motion examined with dissimilarity judgements
Authors: Bimler D. L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA moving edge or contrast between equiluminant colours produces a weaker motion percept than that defined by luminance contrast. However, the specific contrasts that determine chromatic motion have not been explored systematically. Here, rivalrous chromatic motion displays were produced by superimposing two gratings, one drifting from left to right and the other in the opposite direction. Each grating oscillated between equiluminant endpoints chosen from a pool of 16 colours. The rivalrous ambiguity resolved spontaneously for each display as the more‐dissimilar colour pair dominated the less‐dissimilar pair, and produced a percept of motion in the corresponding direction. These dissimilarity judgements were analysed with multidimensional scaling to represent ‘motion salience’ as distances in a colour map, to gauge whether chromatic motion is enhanced or weakened if the oscillation aligns with particular directions in the colour plane. Judgements were compared with other control judgements involving standard subjective dissimilarities between the same stimuli. Notably, chromatic motion was strongest when grating endpoints were separated along an orange‐blue direction. This does not coincide with either cardinal axis of cone space, (L‐M) or S0, but rather is a direction that would arise if motion is computed from a combination of the (L‐M) and S0 signals.
The Macular Assessment Profile test – a new VDU‐based technique for measuring the spatial distribution of the macular pigment, lens density and rapid flicker sensitivity
Authors: Barbur J. L. , Konstantakopoulou E. , Rodriguez‐Carmona M. , Harlow J. A. , Robson A. G. , Moreland J. D. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe measurement of macular pigment optical density (MPOD) in the eye is often carried out using optical techniques based on heterochromatic flicker photometry (HFP). These require the use of two spectrally‐narrow beams, one at the wavelength of maximum absorption of the macular pigment (MP) and the other in the long wavelength region of the visible spectrum where MP absorption is negligible. A new technique for the measurement of MPOD spatial profiles has been developed by overcoming the current shortcomings associated with the use of visual displays. The new Macular Assessment Profile (MAP) test makes use of a ‘notch’ filter and a photometric model to measure and compute the peak MPOD value. Two other useful parameters are also computed from the same measurements. These describe the subject’s sensitivity to rapid flicker and the absorption of blue light by the lens. MPOD profiles, lens density, rapid flicker sensitivity, and red/green (RG) and yellow/blue (YB) colour thresholds were measured in 54 normal subjects aged 18–61 years. The results confirm previous findings on ageing effects and demonstrate the complete absence of correlation between MPOD and the subject’s YB chromatic thresholds. In contrast, RG chromatic sensitivity improves with higher levels of MPOD.