bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lack of responsiveness to 1‐desamino‐d arginin vasopressin (desmopressin) in male patients with nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis: from bench to bedside
Authors: Vandergheynst Frederic , Pradier Olivier , Beukinga Ingrid , Kornreich Anne , Vassart Gilbert , Decaux Guy 
Published: July 2011

Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42 (3): 254–259AbstractBackground  Nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (NSIAD) is a recently described entity, linked to gain‐of‐function mutations (R137C and R137L) in arginine vasopressin (AVP) gene leading to chronic activation of tubular V2 AVP receptor (V2R) and thus free water reabsorption. In addition to collecting duct cells, the V2R is also expressed in endothelial cells, where it mediates the rise in circulating levels of von Willebrand factor (vWF) and coagulation factor VIII (fVIII).Recent in vitro data showed that these mutant receptors are resistant to vasopressin‐stimulated cAMP production. We aimed to explore by clinical observations the sensitivity to vasopressin of the R137C–V2R mutant in vivo.Material and methods  We performed a stimulation test with 1‐desamino‐d arginin vasopressin (dDAVP) 0·3 μg/kg of bodyweight in three patients (two hemizygous male and one heterozygous female) with NSIAD with R137C mutation and measured on the one hand the levels of vWF and fVIII and the other hand urine osmolality and albumin excretion (UAE).Results  Whereas the female heterozygous patient displayed normal response to simulation by dDAVP (except for UAE), no increase in vWF, fVIII, urinary osmolality and UAE was observed among hemizygous male patients.Conclusions  Coherent with in vitro observation in transfected cells, our clinical observations demonstrate that the R137C–V2R mutant is resistant to vasopressin stimulation in its physiological sites of expression.
The application of spatial derivatives to non‐potential field data interpretation
Authors: Beamish David 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTSource/body edge detection is a common feature in the processing and interpretation of potential field data sets. A wide range of spatial derivatives is available to enhance the information contained in the basic data. Here the ability of these procedures to assist with the mapping interpretation of non‐potential field data is considered. The study uses airborne electromagnetic (conductivity) data but also provides a general context for other conductivity/resistivity data, provided the non‐potential field nature of active and thus spatially‐focused, measurements is acknowledged. The study discusses and demonstrates the application of a range of common spatial derivative procedures, including the analytic signal and upward continuation, to both magnetic and conductivity data. The ability of the tilt derivative to provide enhanced mapping of conductivity data is considered in detail. Tilt and its associated functions are formed by taking combinations of vertical and horizontal derivatives of the data set. Theoretical forward modelling studies are first carried out to assess the performance of the tilt derivative in relation to the detection and definition of concealed conductivity structure. The tilt derivative embodies automatic gain control that normalizes the detection and definition of both weak and strong conductivity gradients across an appropriate subsurface depth range. The use of high‐order spatial derivatives inevitably results in a degree of noise (cultural perturbation) amplification that is survey and technique specific. Both of these aspects are considered using practical case studies of jointly obtained magnetic and conductivity data at a variety of spatial scales.
Carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotope composition in plant and soil in Southern Patagonia's native forests
Authors: Peri Pablo L. , Ladd Brenton , Pepper David A. , Bonser Stephen P. , Laffan Shawn W. , Amelung Wulf 
Published: July 2011

AbstractStable isotope natural abundance measurements integrate across several biogeochemical processes in ecosystem N and C dynamics. Here, we report trends in natural isotope abundance (δ13C and δ15N in plant and soil) along a climosequence of 33 Nothofagus forest stands located within Patagonia, Southern Argentina. We measured 28 different abiotic variables (both climatic variables and soil properties) to characterize environmental conditions at each of the 33 sites. Foliar δ13C values ranged from −35.4‰ to −27.7‰, and correlated positively with foliar δ15N values, ranging from −3.7‰ to 5.2‰. Soil δ13C and δ15N values reflected the isotopic trends of the foliar tissues and ranged from −29.8‰ to −25.3‰, and −4.8‰ to 6.4‰, respectively, with no significant differences between Nothofagus species (Nothofagus pumilio, Nothofagus antarctica, Nothofagus betuloides). Principal component analysis and multiple regressions suggested that mainly water availability variables (mean annual precipitation), but not soil properties, explained between 42% and 79% of the variations in foliar and soil δ13C and δ15N natural abundance, which declined with increased moisture supply. We conclude that a decline in water use efficiency at wetter sites promotes both the depletion of heavy C and N isotopes in soil and plant biomass. Soil δ13C values were higher than those of the plant tissues and this difference increased as annual precipitation increased. No such differences were apparent when δ15N values in soil and plant were compared, which indicates that climatic differences contributed more to the overall C balance than to the overall N balance in these forest ecosystems.
Information security policies in the UK healthcare sector: a critical evaluation
Authors: Stahl Bernd Carsten , Doherty Neil F. , Shaw Mark 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAll organisations must take active steps to maintain the security and integrity of their information resources, and nowhere is this strategy more critical than in hospitals where issues of information accuracy and patient confidentiality are paramount. Of all the tools at the information security manager's disposal, none is more widely valued and used than the information security policy. Much research therefore concentrates on the way in which information security policies contribute to the protection of systems from internal and external threats. Such work is legitimate and important, but it often fails to explore alternative views of security and related policies. Against this backdrop, this paper seeks to provide novel insights into the role and purpose of information security policies by reviewing them through a critical theoretical lens. It presents the results of a critical discourse analysis which looked for evidence of ideology and hegemony within a sample of information security policies from the UK's National Health Service. The findings support the contention that an alternative description of information security policies from a critical perspective provides better insights into existing problems than most mainstream work. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of the findings and future research avenues.
Patterns of trait convergence and divergence among native and exotic species in herbaceous plant communities are not modified by nitrogen enrichment
Authors: Cleland Elsa E. , Clark Chris M. , Collins Scott L. , Fargione Joseph E. , Gough Laura , Gross Katherine L. , Pennings Steven C. , Suding Katharine N. 
Published: July 2011

Summary1. Community assembly theories predict that the success of invading species into a new community should be predictable by functional traits. Environmental filters could constrain the number of successful ecological strategies in a habitat, resulting in similar suites of traits between native and successfully invading species (convergence). Conversely, concepts of limiting similarity and competitive exclusion predict native species will prevent invasion by functionally similar exotic species, resulting in trait divergence between the two species pools. Nutrient availability may further alter the strength of convergent or divergent forces in community assembly, by relaxing environmental constraints and/or influencing competitive interactions.2. To investigate how nutrient availability influences forces of divergence and convergence during the invasion of exotic species into native communities, we conducted multivariate analyses of community composition and functional traits from naturally assembled plant communities in long‐term nitrogen (N) addition experiments across North America.3. Relative abundances of key functional traits differed between the native and exotic plant communities, consistent with limiting similarity or a trait bias in the exotic species pool. Environmental context also played an important role in invasion because sites varied in the identity of the traits that predicted dissimilarity between native and exotic communities. Nitrogen enrichment did not alter these patterns.4. Nitrogen enrichment tended to increase exotic abundance, but this result was driven by a dramatic increase in exotics in only a few experiments. When similarity between native and exotic communities was included in the statistical model, N enrichment no longer predicted an increase in exotic relative abundance. Instead, sites with the highest abundance of exotic species were the ones where native and exotic communities had the highest trait similarity.5. Synthesis. Our analysis of natural patterns of invasion across herbaceous communities in North America found evidence of both divergent and convergent forces on community assembly with exotic species. Together, these results suggest that while functionally dissimilar exotic species may be more likely to invade, they are unlikely to become abundant unless they have traits pre‐adapting them to environmental conditions in their invaded range. Contrary to prior studies, invasion was not consistently promoted by N enrichment.
Sexual differences in year‐to‐year flowering trends in the dioecious multi‐stemmed shrub Lindera triloba: effects of light and clonal integration
Authors: Matsushita Michinari , Nakagawa Michiko , Tomaru Nobuhiro 
Published: July 2011

Summary1. To obtain information on mechanisms underlying between‐sex differences in flowering patterns of dioecious plants, we tested two hypotheses: first, that sexual differences in year‐to‐year flowering variations result from differences in sensitivity to inter‐annual variations of environmental factors and second, that the degree to which physiological integration within genets controls the flowering of ramets differs between the sexes.2. The flowering patterns of a dioecious multi‐stemmed understorey shrub, Lindera triloba, were monitored both at the ramet and genet levels over five consecutive years in a 4‐ha plot.3. The numbers of flowering genets of both sexes fluctuated annually and were positively related to the hours of sunshine during July and August in the previous year. The number of flowering ramets within genets and inflorescence numbers within ramets or genets tended to be larger for male genets than for female genets. There was significant inter‐annual variation in the number of flowering ramets within male genets, but not within female genets. Although both sexes showed significant inter‐annual variation in inflorescence numbers, the extent of variation was larger for males than females. These between‐sex differences resulted from significant relationships for male genets between their number of flowering ramets and both their total number of ramets and the number of hours of sunshine they experienced, whereas there were no such relationships for female genets.4. There were also between‐sex differences in the probability of flowering and inflorescence production of individual ramets within genets: male ramets exhibited a stronger sensitivity of flowering than females to the growth status of the genets to which they belonged. This suggests that individual ramets within genets bloom in an integrated manner rather than in an autonomous manner, and that the magnitude of integrated flowering of ramets differs between sexes.5. Synthesis. This study not only measured flowering at the whole‐plant level but also showed that flowering patterns of the lower‐level module were controlled within the higher‐level module differently by male and female plants. Future studies should be designed to consider environmental variation between years and modular integrations, when investigating differences between the sexes during the reproduction of dioecious plants.
Working memory in Down syndrome: is there a dual task deficit?
Authors: Lanfranchi S. , Baddeley A. , Gathercole S. , Vianello R. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBackground  Recent studies have shown that individuals with Down syndrome (DS) are poorer than controls in performing verbal and visuospatial dual tasks. The present study aims at better investigating the dual task deficit in working memory in individuals with DS.Method  Forty‐five individuals with DS and 45 typically developing children matched for verbal mental age completed a series of verbal and visuospatial working memory tasks, involving conditions that either required the combination of two tasks in the same modality (verbal or visual) or of cross‐modality pairs of tasks.Results and conclusions  Two distinct deficits were found in individuals with DS: impairment in verbal tasks and further impairment in all dual task conditions. The results confirm the hypothesis of a central executive impairment in individuals with DS.
Social integration of people with intellectual disability: insights from a social psychological research programme
Authors: Dijker A. , van Alphen L. , Bos A. , van den Borne B. , Curfs L. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBackground  Social integration of people with intellectual disability (ID) moving into regular neighbourhoods tends to be studied and evaluated without detailed knowledge about the social psychological aspects of everyday interaction between neighbours with and without ID. The goal of the present paper is to show how the authors' social psychological research programme may contribute to this field of inquiry.Methods  The different ways in which societies respond to features and behaviours that may be perceived as deviant are theoretically analysed. Results of empirical studies are reported to clarify how social responses to people with ID are special in terms of perceptions, emotions and interaction desires of people with and without ID during a pre‐contact and contact phase.Results  On the basis of the theoretical analysis, it is concluded that regular neighbouring in modern Western society often takes the form of benevolent tolerance, rather than stigmatisation and prejudice. However, empirical studies reveal that, prior to getting people with ID as new neighbours, prospective neighbours without ID experience a specific pattern of emotions that are associated with specific desires (e.g. with respect to information supply or a caring relationship). These anticipatory reactions are dependent on the expected size of the group moving in and on the severity of ID. Furthermore, while actually engaging in neighbouring, neighbours with and without ID appear to have experiences related to behaviour of residents, staff and features of housing facilities that are perceived as (in)congruent with regular neighbouring.Conclusions  It is concluded that interpersonal relationships between neighbours with and without ID should not be simplified in terms of attitudes that would be primarily prejudiced/stigmatising versus entirely accepting. Rather, our studies paint a more complex picture of sometimes ambivalent thoughts, feelings and interaction needs that all should be taken into account to make social integration a success.
Clients with intellectual disabilities on psychiatric units: care coordination for positive outcomes
Authors: KRCH‐COLE E. L. , LYNCH P. , AILEY S. H. 
Published: July 2011

Accessible summary
Resources for treatment of clients with intellectual disabilities and a psychiatric illness are scarce in the USA.
This case study looks at a treatment approach which includes multidisciplinary as well as interagency cooperation and coordination to enhance the outcomes for a client in crisis.
This case study presents a Best Practice model for clients with intellectual disabilities who are treated for psychiatric illness and maladaptive or unsafe behaviours on a general adult psychiatric inpatient unit.
AbstractThe transition from residential facilities to and from the psychiatric hospital setting is difficult for individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID). In the USA, specialized psychiatric units for individuals with ID are uncommon and this population is usually served in generalized services. Nevertheless, providers of mental health services in the USA receive little training in their specific needs. Best practices call for coordination of plans between psychiatric units and community agencies, multidisciplinary care plans, staff education and comprehensive discharge planning in order to improve outcomes of psychiatric hospitalization. An inner city psychiatric unit in a major academic medical centre and a community agency providing residential care for individuals with ID cooperated to provide a plan of care for a client with ID both for hospitalization and for discharge leading to improved outcomes.
Pudendal afferent innervation of the guinea pig external anal sphincter
Authors: Lynn P. A. , Brookes S. J. H. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBackground  Sensory nerves to the external anal sphincter (EAS) contribute to mechanisms promoting continence and defecation, yet we know little about their function. We investigated the function of pudendal mechanoreceptors to the guinea pig EAS.Methods  Extracellular recordings from pudendal nerve branches to 14 EAS preparations, in vitro, were used to characterize extrinsic primary afferent nerve endings activated by circumferential distension.Key Results  All 42 pudendal nerve afferents were silent under non‐distended conditions. Thirty‐three of 42 afferents had slowly adapting, low‐threshold responses to circumferential stretch that correlated with stretch length (R2 = 0.40, P < 0.001). Twenty of 20 slowly adapting afferents reduced firing when stretch was maintained for 60 s (P < 0.0001). They had low thresholds to von Frey hairs (0.1–0.5 mN). Firing frequency correlated with degree of compression (R2 = 0.40, P < 0.0001). Nine of 42 afferents had rapidly adapting responses at the onset/offset of isometric stretch. During ramp stretch, small vibrations from the stepper motor evoked rapid bursts of firing at frequencies up to 200 Hz. Instantaneous frequency was unrelated to either the rate or degree of stretch. Rapidly adapting units had low thresholds (0.1–0.2 mN) to von Frey hairs and small punctate mechanotransduction sites. Responses to von Frey hair compression were also rapidly adapting, and instantaneous frequency was unrelated to the degree of compression.Conclusions & Inferences  The EAS has two functional classes of mechanoreceptors: slowly adapting low‐threshold and rapidly adapting low‐threshold mechanoreceptors. These two classes of afferents are likely to be involved in the maintenance of continence, and the process of defecation.
Hirano body‐rich subtypes of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
Authors: Martinez‐Saez E. , Gelpi E. , Rey M. J. , Ferrer I. , Ribalta T. , Botta‐Orfila T. , Nos C. , Yagüe J. , Sanchez‐Valle R. 
Published: July 2011

E. Martinez‐Saez, E. Gelpi, M. J. Rey, I. Ferrer, T. Ribalta, T. Botta‐Orfila, C. Nos, J. Yagüe and R. Sanchez‐Valle (2012) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology38, 153–161Hirano body‐rich subtypes of Creutzfeldt–Jakob diseaseBackground: In definite Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD), morphological and immunohistochemical patterns are useful to identify molecular subtypes. Severe cerebellar pathology and hippocampal involvement helps to identify VV subtypes. The rare VV1 variant (<1%), more frequent in young individuals, is additionally characterized by the presence of ballooned neurones in affected areas. In 1985, Cartier et al. described a family cluster of three individuals with an ataxic CJD form, showing, in addition to severe cerebellar and hippocampal involvement, the presence of frequent Hirano bodies (HB) in CA1 pyramidal neurones. HB are frequently found in aged individuals with Alzheimer pathology although they are not a specific finding. Aims and methods: In this study, we evaluated the presence of HB in hippocampi of 54 genetically and molecularly characterized CJD cases, aiming to elucidate whether additional morphological features could be helpful to point to molecular subtypes. Results: We identified nine cases (four VV1, one out of three MV2K, three out of six MV2K+2C and one MV carrying a 96‐base pair insertion) with abundant, partly bizarre and clustered HB in CA1 sector, not observed in other subtypes. The presence of HB was independent of hippocampal involvement by the disease itself. Conclusions: Clusters of abundant HB might be found in rare CJD subtypes such as VV1, MV2K/MV2K+2C and some genetic cases. In addition to histopathological and PrP immunohistochemical deposition patterns, their presence might be a useful additional morphologic feature that could point to the molecular subtype, especially when genetic and/or Western blot analyses are not available.
Photosynthetic photon flux density and phytochrome B interact to regulate branching in Arabidopsis
Authors: SU HONGWEN , ABERNATHY SCOTT D. , WHITE RICHARD H. , FINLAYSON SCOTT A. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTBranching is regulated by environmental signals including phytochrome B (phyB)‐mediated responses to the ratio of red to far red light. While the mechanisms associated with phytochrome regulation of branching are beginning to be elucidated, there is little information regarding other light signals, including photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and how it influences phytochrome‐mediated responses. This study shows that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) branching is modified by both varying PPFD and phyB status and that significant interactions occur between these variables. While phyB deficiency decreased branching when the PPFD was low, the effect was suppressed by high PPFD and some branching aspects were actually promoted. Photosynthesis measurements showed that PPFD may influence branching in phyB‐deficient plants at least partially through a specific signalling pathway rather than directly through energy effects on the shoot. The expression of various genes in unelongated buds of phyB‐deficient and phyB‐sufficient plants grown under high and low PPFD demonstrated potential roles for several hormones, including auxin, cytokinins and ABA, and also showed imperfect correlation between expression of the branching regulators BRC1 and BRC2 and bud fate. These results may implicate additional undiscovered bud autonomous mechanisms and/or components contributing to bud outgrowth regulation by environmental signals.