bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mode of attachment and histopathological effects of Macrogyrodactylus clarii, a monogenean gill parasite of the catfish Clarias gariepinus, with a report on host response
Authors: Arafa Safaa , El-Naggar Mohammed , El-Abbassy Samir 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA detailed account is given about the mode of attachment and histopathological effects of Macrogyrodactylus clarii Gussev, 1961, a viviparous monogenean from the gills of the catfish Clarias gariepinus. Most parasites attach their haptors to the proximal region of the gill filament (primary gill lamellae), while few specimens were seen attached to the distal region. Attachment of the haptor was achieved mainly by the blade of the hamuli, but no evidence was found indicating the participation of marginal hooklets in the attachment. The hamuli of M. clarii penetrate into the interlamellar epithelium of the gill tissue. Some evidences were found to indicate that M. clarii may also utilize suction force during haptoral attachment. The pathological effects of M. clarii are manifested by breakdown of the coating epithelium, necrosis of the epithelial cells, vacuolations inside and outside the host cells, fusion of the gill lamellae, rupture of blood capillaries, infiltration of erythrocytes and degeneration and fibrosis of the interlamellar epithelium. The host response includes the appearance of lymphocytes, mucoid secretions and hyperplasia of the tissue at the site of attachment.
Resolution of the discrepant host-specificity of Pseudorhabdosynochus species (Monogenea, Diplectanidae) from serranid fishes in the tropical Indo-Pacific
Authors: Justine Jean-Lou , Dupoux Cyndie , Cribb Thomas 
Published: April 2009

AbstractNew material from Epinephelus quoyanus collected from Heron Island, Australia and material collected by Young in the same locality, allegedly from E. merra, and deposited in the Queensland Museum, contained the same three species of diplectanid monogeneans: Pseudorhabdosynochus cupatus (Young, 1969), P. vagampullum (Young, 1969), and P. justinei Zeng et Yang, 2007 (new record for Australia). In contrast, E. merra in New Caledonia harbours only P. melanesiensis (Laird, 1958). It is concluded that the type-host of P. cupatus and P. vagampullum is not E. merra, as indicated in Young (1969), but E. quoyanus, and that P. cupatus sensu Young comprises two species, P. cupatus from E. quoyanus and P. youngi sp. nov. from E. fasciatus. P. youngi sp. nov. is described from E. fasciatus from New Caledonia (type-locality), Heron Island, and French Polynesia, and distinguished from P. cupatus on the basis of the male quadriloculate organ, sclerotised vagina and lamellosquamodiscs. Thus, P. cupatus, P. melanesiensis and P. youngi each have a single host, respectively E. quoyanus, E. merra, and E. fasciatus. Results for E. fasciatus and E. merra in New Caledonia, Wallis and French Polynesia suggest impoverishment of the monogenean fauna in a West-East gradient in the Pacific.
Gastro-intestinal parasites in yearlings of wild Polish primitive horses from the Popielno Forest Reserve, Poland
Authors: Slivinska K. , Gawor J. , Jaworski Z. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
To evaluate the gastro-intestinal parasite fauna of the wild Polish primitive horses (Equus caballus gmelini Ant., forma silvatica Vet.), 11 yearlings captured in the Reserve according to the control rules of population dynamics were diagnostically dewormed with abamectin+praziquantel. Expelled parasites were collected from the faeces 24, 36 and 48 hours after treatment. Among a total of 4456 specimens (a mean 405.1 per horse) 27 nematode species, one cestode and one species of botfly larvae were recovered. Strongylids were 100 % prevalent and represented by 24 species (2 large strongylid and 22 cyathostome species). Five cyathostome species (Cylicodontophorus bicoronatus, C. insigne, Poteriostomum imparidentatum, Parapoteriostomum mettami and Gyalocephalus capitatus) were recorded for the first time in Polish primitive horses, whereas two species (Cyathostomum montgomeryi and Cylicostephanus bidentatus) were found for the first time in the horse in Poland. Oxyuris equi was found in 100 % and Parascaris equorum in 63.6 % of yearlings surveyed. Tapeworms (Anoplocephala perfoliata) were revealed in 72.7 %, while Gasterophilus intestinalis instars in 90.9 % of horses. At least three parasite species were highly prevalent (i.e. S. vulgaris, A. perfoliata and G. intestinalis), which might be a reason of serious abdominal disorders in Polish horses living freely in the reserve.
In vitro cultivation of Toxocara cati adult worms for production of eggs and evaluation of oviposition
Authors: Zibaei M. , Sadjjadi S. , Sarkari B. , Oryan A. , Uga S. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Toxocariasis is the clinical syndrome caused by infection of zoonotic roundworms of dogs (Toxocara canis) or cats (Toxocara cati). Current research on the immunology and pathology aspects of toxocariasis requires Toxocara second stage larvae and a ready source of excretory-secretory (ES) antigens. We cultured eleven pairs of both sexes of Toxocara cati adult worms maintained in RPMI 1640 medium in order to evaluate the amounts and duration of egg laying. At the first day and last day (day 19), the mean egg counts were 9300 and 250 eggs/ml, respectively. These results showed that this culture method is very appropriate for collection of pure oviposited eggs and/or production of adult ES antigens of Toxocara cati that could be used for immunological diagnosis of toxocariasis.
Distribution of the cestode Taenia parva (Taeniidae) along the digestive tract of the common genet (Genetta genetta)
Authors: Ribas A. , Feliu C. , Casanova J. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The small intestine of the common genet is the habitat of Taenia parva (Taeniidae), a common parasite whose intermediate host is Apodemus spp. (Rodentia). Here we divided the small intestine of 51 common genets into sections and analysed them separately. Cestodes were classified into four categories: larval, pre-adult, adult and gravid specimens. A total of 4,443 individuals were recovered and classified: 543 larval stages, 2,326 pre-adults, 872 adults and 702 gravid specimens. A double analysis was performed by checking the distribution of the parasite along the digestive tract and comparing this distribution with reproductive fitness. This is the first study to test the border effect on the distribution of T. parva in its habitat. We also tested and demonstrated the Ideal Free Distribution Model (IFM model). A non-random distribution was found, with the lowest parasite frequencies in the top and the bottom portions of the small intestine. Maturity classes of cestodes vs. intestine portion were tested and no differences between portions were detected. We also analysed seasonal changes in parasite frequency. Log-linear analysis showed that the mean frequency of cestode occurrence per individual host was higher during winter, followed by spring, autumn and summer.
Description of the development of the attachment and copulatory apparatus of Dactylogyrus extensus from Cyprinus carpio var. koi
Authors: Dzika E. , Dzikowiec M. , Hoffmann R. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
In July 2005 a Koi carp from a private pond in Bavaria was investigated. The aim of the presently reported study was to determine the composition of the monogenean fauna of Koi carp, Cyprinus carpio var. koi and to observe the development of Dactylogyrus extensus, under natural conditions, on the fish gills. A total of three species were recovered, namely: Dactylogyrus extensus Müller et Van Cleave, 1932, Dactylogyrus minutus Kulwieć, 1927, and Gyrodactylus cyprini Diarova, 1964. The dominant species was D. extensus, while the remaining monogeneans were not abundant. Six developmental stages of D. extensus were defined and they were compared with those previously observed by Prost (1963), under experimental conditions. The differences observed in size of the sclerotised structures of the haptor and the copulatory apparatus were discussed.
Stichorchis subtriquetrus in two beavers (Castor fiber) from Slovenia
Authors: Vengušt G. , Bidovec A. , Vergles Rataj A. , Žele D. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Intestines of two beavers (Castor fiber), one killed by a car accident and one drowned were examined for parasites. Examination revealed the presence of 1 and 14 adult trematodes, Stichorchis subtriquetrus in the caecum and colon, respectively. The flotation method revealed no ova from faecal material. The European beaver was present in the territory of Slovenia until the beginning of the 18th century. Recently, in 1998, the species reappeared in southeast of Slovenia as a result of the reintroduction of European beaver in Croatia. This is the first report of veterinary examination of beaver and the first evidence of S. subtriquetrus in Slovenia.
Use of modified McMaster method for the diagnosis of intestinal helminth infections and estimating parasitic egg load in human faecal samples in non-endemic areas
Authors: Bondarenko I. , Kinčeková J. , Várady M. , Kőnigová A. , Kuchta M. , Koňáková G. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
A modified McMaster method has been used for the diagnosis and estimating helminth egg load in human faecal samples obtained from random consecutive patients in the areas non-endemic for helminth infections (Slovak Republic, North West Russia). Both positive and negative findings were in a 100 % concordance to those obtained with a reference method accepted in clinical diagnostic laboratories (microscopy of the native stool smear). The McMaster method was efficient in detecting nematode eggs in patients’ stool samples with egg load varying from very low (15–60 epg for T. trichiura) to moderate (1650–4500 epg for A. lumbricoides). Therefore, this method may be successfully (and with a better technical feasibility) used for the diagnosis of intestinal helminth infections in non-endemic areas, with further quantitative analysis of the sample when required.
Test-Retest Reliability and Minimal Detectable Change Scores for the Timed “Up & Go” Test, the Six-Minute Walk Test, and Gait Speed in People With Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Ries Julie D. , Echternach John L. , Nof Leah , Gagnon Blodgett Michelle 
Published: April 2009

Background: With the increasing incidence of Alzheimer disease (AD), determining the validity and reliability of outcome measures for people with this disease is necessary.Objective: The goals of this study were to assess test-retest reliability of data for the Timed “Up & Go” Test (TUG), the Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), and gait speed and to calculate minimal detectable change (MDC) scores for each outcome measure. Performance differences between groups with mild to moderate AD and moderately severe to severe AD (as determined by the Functional Assessment Staging [FAST] scale) were studied.Design: This was a prospective, nonexperimental, descriptive methodological study.Methods: Background data collected for 51 people with AD included: use of an assistive device, Mini-Mental Status Examination scores, and FAST scale scores. Each participant engaged in 2 test sessions, separated by a 30- to 60-minute rest period, which included 2 TUG trials, 1 6MWT trial, and 2 gait speed trials using a computerized gait assessment system. A specific cuing protocol was followed to achieve optimal performance during test sessions.Results: Test-retest reliability values for the TUG, the 6MWT, and gait speed were high for all participants together and for the mild to moderate AD and moderately severe to severe AD groups separately (intraclass correlation coefficients ≥.973); however, individual variability of performance also was high. Calculated MDC scores at the 90% confidence interval were: TUG=4.09 seconds, 6MWT=33.5 m (110 ft), and gait speed=9.4 cm/s. The 2 groups were significantly different in performance of clinical tests, with the participants who were more cognitively impaired being more physically and functionally impaired.Limitations: A single researcher for data collection limited sample numbers and prohibited blinding to dementia level.Conclusions: The TUG, the 6MWT, and gait speed are reliable outcome measures for use with people with AD, recognizing that individual variability of performance is high. Minimal detectable change scores at the 90% confidence interval can be used to assess change in performance over time and the impact of treatment.
Development of Biocontrol Technology to Manage Aflatoxin Contamination in Peanuts
Authors: Dorner J. W. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination of peanuts results from invasion and growth of the fungi, Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Peanut pods develop in the soil where they are in contact with propagules of these ubiquitous fungi. When peanuts are subjected to drought conditions as pods are maturing, they become susceptible to contamination. A method of biological control of aflatoxin contamination was developed in which a competitive, nontoxigenic strain of A. flavus is applied to the soil to competitively exclude the toxigenic strains in the invasion of peanuts. The biocontrol product is comprised of conidia of the nontoxigenic strain coated onto the surface of hulled barley, which is applied to peanut fields during the middle of the growing season. After uptake of moisture the conidia germinate, grow, and sporulate, yielding a dominant population of the nontoxigenic strain in the soil. Several plot and field studies showed that aflatoxin in farmers' stock peanuts was reduced by 80 to 90% with this technique. The patented technology was licensed by a company that markets the biocontrol product under the trade name, afla-guard®. In 2004, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency issued a Section 3 registration for use of afla-guard® to control aflatoxin contamination in peanuts. Analyses of peanuts from the first commercial use of afla-guard® in various locations in Georgia and Alabama showed aflatoxin reductions averaging 85% in farmers' stock peanuts and as high as 98% in shelled stock.
Peanut Aflatoxin and Genomics Research in China: Progress and Perspectives
Authors: Liao Boshou , Zhuang Weijian , Tang Ronghua , Zhang Xinyou , Shan Shihua , Jiang Huifang , Huang Jiaquan 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Peanut is an important oil and food crop in China with a unique role in agricultural development and food security. Aflatoxin contamination in peanut, normally more serious in southern parts of the country, is a crucial factor affecting sustainable development of the peanut industry. Extensive efforts have been made at several institutions in China for aflatoxin management and related genomics research. Several local peanut germplasm lines have been identified as resistant to seed infection by Aspergillus flavus or aflatoxin production. Two AFLP markers have been identified that are linked with resistance to seed invasion and one was converted into a SCAR marker for more efficient breeding application. Several new peanut cultivars with improved productivity and possessing resistance to aflatoxin contamination are extensively used in production. Integrated management approaches have been recommended to farmers based on agro-ecological characteristics in different regions. More recently, molecular techniques have been extensively used in genetic diversity assessment, investigation of genetic relationships among different germplasm groups, marker development, identification of interspecific genome introgression, gene cloning and function analysis, and genetic transformation of important traits concerning productivity, quality and food safety of peanut. Special emphasis has been placed on resistance to aflatoxin, bacterial wilt, foliar diseases and fatty acid desaturase. Perspectives of peanut genetic improvement and further research priorities are also discussed.
Genomics: An Evolving Science in Peanut
Authors: Stalker H. T. , Weissinger A. K. , Milla-Lewis S. , Holbrook C. C. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Genomic spcience offers new research tools to explore the function of genes and their effects on plants and animals. Arachis hypogaea is a polyploid species of relatively recent origin and molecular analyses with technologies available in the 1980s and 1990s resulted in little progress in the cultivated species because of apparent lack of molecular variation. Large numbers of polymorphisms existing in wild Arachis species led to evolutionary and gene introgression studies. High throughput genomic sequencing technologies have greatly expanded the possibilities for investigating gene function, but techniques are sufficiently expensive that most federal funding has been directed toward model species and ‘major’ crops. Peanut has lagged behind many other crops, but the number of researchers working on the species in the U.S. and internationally has greatly increased during recent years. In an effort to bring researchers who work with a number of legume crops together to discuss common goals, a national strategic planning workshop was held in 2001 which led to the U.S. Legume Crops Genomics Initiative. A second workshop was held in 2004 to develop a plan with specific objectives for cross-legume genomics research and to outline milestones for accomplishments. Specifically for peanut, a genomics strategic planning workshop was organized at Atlanta in 2004 by the American Peanut Council. A broad view of genomic science was adopted and goals were set by participants to include (a) improving the utility of genetic tools for peanut genomics research, (b) improving the efficacy of technology for gene manipulation in genomics, (c) developing a framework for assembling the peanut genetic blueprint, (d) improving knowledge of gene identification and regulation, and (e) providing bioinformatic management of peanut biological information. Teams of researchers, including molecular biologists, plant breeders, pathologists, and many other disciplines need to be developed to fully utilize the potential of genomics for peanut improvement.
Factors Influencing Market Participants Decision to Sort Groundnuts along the Marketing Chain in Ghana
Authors: Awuah R. T. , Fialor S. C. , Binns A. D. , Kagochi J. , Jolly C. M. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important source of protein and fat in Ghana and other developing countries. However, peanut is often contaminated with aflatoxin because of poor storage conditions. One possible approach to minimizing human consumption of aflatoxin is to sort and remove contaminated nuts at various stages of marketing. Logistic regression models were used to investigate factors influencing market participants' decision to sort peanut before processing and consumption. Results show that farmers' decision to sort peanut before consumption was influenced by gender, education, age, number of dependents assisting, knowledge of health problems associated with consuming aflatoxin contaminated peanut, total revenue per hectare of peanut, and the form in which the peanut is consumed. Livestock owners' decision to sort before consumption was influenced by education and the form in which the peanut is consumed. The level of education of consumers, and the form in which the peanut is consumed influenced consumers' decision to sort peanut. Farmers' decision to sort peanut before processing into paste was influenced by the number of dependents assisting in household labor activities, the revenue from peanut and the form in which the peanut is consumed. The form in which the peanut is consumed and knowledge of the health effects of aflatoxin influenced livestock owner's, retailer's, and consumer's decision to sort peanut before processing into paste. Processors' decision to sort before conversion into paste was influenced by education, knowledge of the reasons for sorting and the form in which peanut is consumed.
Peanut Yield, Market Grade, and Economics with Two Surface Drip Lateral Spacings
Authors: Sorensen R. B. , Lamb M. C. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSurface drip irrigation laterals were spaced next to crop rows and in alternate row middles to document crop yield, market grade and gross/partial economic returns compared with non-irrigated practices. A surface drip irrigation system was installed at two sites on a Faceville (Site 1) fine sandy loam and a Greenville (Site 2) fine sandy loam with 3 and 1% slope, respectively. The cultivar Georgia Green (GG) was planted in both single and twin-row configuration while the cultivar ViruGard (VG) was planted in only a twin-row configuration. Pod yield, farmer stock grade, and partial economic returns were determined for three growing seasons (2002 to 2004). Surface drip irrigated peanut had greater yield, market grade, and gross revenue compared with non-irrigated regimes. Subtracting the cost of the drip tubing showed that laterals spaced at 0.91 m are not cost effective ($-132/ha) while those spaced at 1.83 m returned an average $120/ha compared with the non-irrigated treatment. The cultivar GG had 425 kg/ha higher pod yield compared with VG (4035 kg/ha). Within irrigated lateral treatments, peanut planted in twin-row orientation had 1% higher market grade and lower OK compared with single row orientations. Pod yield and market grade was more stable at Site 2 compared with Site 1 which was probably due to slope and aspect characteristics associated with each site and not necessarily with soil series. The use of surface drip irrigation with peanut can be economically feasible if pod yield increases by at least 675 kg/ha and growers place drip tubing in alternate row middles.
The Influence of Cultivar and Chlorimuron Application Timing on Spotted Wilt Disease and Peanut Yield
Authors: Prostko E. P. , Kemerait R. C. , Jost P. H. , Johnson W. C. , Brown S. N. , Webster T. M. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The effects of chlorimuron application timing on the development of spotted wilt disease of peanut caused by tomato spotted wilt tospovirus was studied in fifteen field trials in Georgia from 2000 through 2007. Chlorimuron at 9 g ai/ha was applied to new peanut cultivars at various intervals ranging from 60 to 105 days after emergence (DAE) under weed-free conditions. When averaged over chlorimuron application timings, AP-3, and Georgia-02C had less spotted wilt incidence than Georgia Green but only AP-3 produced yields equivalent to Georgia Green. AT-201 had significantly higher levels of spotted wilt and 44% lower yields when compared to Georgia Green. Spotted wilt incidence of Georgia-03L did not differ from Georgia Green but the yields of GA-03L were 24% lower than Georgia Green. Differential tolerance of peanut cultivars to chlorimuron was not observed. When averaged over cultivars, chlorimuron applied at 60–69 DAE, 70–79 DAE, or 90–99 DAE increased the incidence of spotted wilt by 6–9%. However, peanut yields were not reduced by any application of chlorimuron.