bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct mailing of faecal occult blood tests for colorectal cancer screening: a randomized population study from Central Italy
Authors: Rossi Paolo Giorgi , Grazzini Grazia , Anti Marcello , Baiocchi Diego , Barca Alessandra , Bellardini Paola , Brezzi Silvia , Camilloni Laura , Falini Patrizia , Maccallini Vincenzo , Mantellini Paola , Romeo Daniele , Rubeca Tiziana , Venditti Maria Antonietta 
Published: November 2011

Background Sending faecal occult blood tests (FOBT) by mail has been proposed both as a method to increase participation and a way to reduce staff costs in colorectal cancer screening. Methods Two multicentre randomized controlled trials (ISRCTN10351276) were performed: one randomly assigned 3196 individuals who had previously participated in colorectal screening to receive a FOBT kit at home or a standard invitation; in the second, 4219 people aged 50–69 years who did not respond to a screening invitation were either sent a FOBT or a standard recall letter. The cost per returned kit was calculated in each arm. Results Participation was higher with direct FOBT mailing in both trials: relative risk 1.11 (95% CI 1.06–1.17) and 1.36 (95% CI 1.16–1.60) for previous responders and non-responders, respectively. The cost per returned kit for previous responders ranged from 4.24€ to 16.10€, and from 3.29€ to 7.36€ with FOBT mailing and standard invitation, respectively, not including staff costs; for non-responders it ranged from 17.13€ to 46.80€, and from 7.36€ to 18.30€ with FOBT mailing and standard recall, respectively. Conclusions The FOBT mailing strategy modestly increased participation. This method can be used on a population of previous responders to reduce personnel costs and workload. When used as a reminder to non-responders, this method increases costs.
Causes of delay in referral of patients with phenylketonuria to a specialized reference centre in Mexico
Authors: Vela-Amieva M , Ibarra-González I , Fernández-Lainez C , Monroy-Santoyo S , Guillén-López S , Belmont-Martínez L , Hernández-Montiel A 
Published: November 2011

Objective To expose causes leading to the delayed arrival of phenylketonuria (PKU) patients at a governmental reference centre (RC), and to describe their clinical characteristics. Material and methods PKU files registered during the past 18 years at the National Institute of Pediatrics in Mexico City were evaluated. Patients were classified into two groups according to their age at arrival: Group I (early reference), patients arriving during the first month of life; and Group II (late reference), those who arrived after thirty days of age. Time and causes of delay were documented. Results Of 57 recorded files, 10 were classified in Group I and 47 in Group II. Causes leading to the late arrival of Group II patients were absence of routine newborn screening (NBS), PKU not included in the routine NBS, sampling after the recommended age, false negative result, results without interpretation and/or instructions to follow, delayed notification of results, poor medical criteria of attending physician, difficulties in obtaining confirmatory tests, and administrative failures. Conclusion The main cause of late referral of PKU patients was the absence of PKU testing. As a developing country, Mexico still faces challenges in the proper functioning and expansion of the NBS programme. Most PKU patients arrived at the RC late, presenting with varying degrees of the clinical spectrum. Incorporating PKU testing into the already established Mexican NBS system and adding quality indicators to guarantee proper operation in all NBS phases is necessary to achieve the goal of identifying, referring, diagnosing, and treating patients promptly.
Altitudinal Variation at Duplicated β-Globin Genes in Deer Mice: Effects of Selection, Recombination, and Gene Conversion
Authors: Storz Jay F , Natarajan Chandrasekhar , Cheviron Zachary A , Hoffmann Federico G , Kelly John K 
Published: November 2011

AbstractSpatially varying selection on a given polymorphism is expected to produce a localized peak in the between-population component of nucleotide diversity, and theory suggests that the chromosomal extent of elevated differentiation may be enhanced in cases where tandemly linked genes contribute to fitness variation. An intriguing example is provided by the tandemly duplicated β-globin genes of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), which contribute to adaptive differentiation in blood–oxygen affinity between high- and low-altitude populations. Remarkably, the two β-globin genes segregate the same pair of functionally distinct alleles due to a history of interparalog gene conversion and alleles of the same functional type are in perfect coupling-phase linkage disequilibrium (LD). Here we report a multilocus analysis of nucleotide polymorphism and LD in highland and lowland mice with different genetic backgrounds at the β-globin genes. The analysis of haplotype structure revealed a paradoxical pattern whereby perfect LD between the two β-globin paralogs (which are separated by 16.2 kb) is maintained in spite of the fact that LD within both paralogs decays to background levels over physical distances of less than 1 kb. The survey of nucleotide polymorphism revealed that elevated levels of altitudinal differentiation at each of the β-globin genes drop away quite rapidly in the external flanking regions (upstream of the 5′ paralog and downstream of the 3′ paralog), but the level of differentiation remains unexpectedly high across the intergenic region. Observed patterns of diversity and haplotype structure are difficult to reconcile with expectations of a two-locus selection model with multiplicative fitness.
Complex Population Dynamics and the Coalescent Under Neutrality
Authors: Volz Erik M 
Published: November 2011

AbstractEstimates of the coalescent effective population size Ne can be poorly correlated with the true population size. The relationship between Ne and the population size is sensitive to the way in which birth and death rates vary over time. The problem of inference is exacerbated when the mechanisms underlying population dynamics are complex and depend on many parameters. In instances where nonparametric estimators of Ne such as the skyline struggle to reproduce the correct demographic history, model-based estimators that can draw on prior information about population size and growth rates may be more efficient. A coalescent model is developed for a large class of populations such that the demographic history is described by a deterministic nonlinear dynamical system of arbitrary dimension. This class of demographic model differs from those typically used in population genetics. Birth and death rates are not fixed, and no assumptions are made regarding the fraction of the population sampled. Furthermore, the population may be structured in such a way that gene copies reproduce both within and across demes. For this large class of models, it is shown how to derive the rate of coalescence, as well as the likelihood of a gene genealogy with heterochronous sampling and labeled taxa, and how to simulate a coalescent tree conditional on a complex demographic history. This theoretical framework encapsulates many of the models used by ecologists and epidemiologists and should facilitate the integration of population genetics with the study of mathematical population dynamics.
Sperm Development and Motility are Regulated by PP1 Phosphatases inCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Wu Jui-ching , Go Aiza C , Samson Mark , Cintra Thais , Mirsoian Susan , Wu Tammy F , Jow Margaret M , Routman Eric J , Chu Diana S 
Published: November 2011

AbstractSperm from different species have evolved distinctive motility structures, including tubulin-based flagella in mammals and major sperm protein (MSP)-based pseudopods in nematodes. Despite such divergence, we show that sperm-specific PP1 phosphatases, which are required for male fertility in mouse, function in multiple processes in the development and motility of Caenorhabditis elegans amoeboid sperm. We used live-imaging analysis to show the PP1 phosphatases GSP-3 and GSP-4 (GSP-3/4) are required to partition chromosomes during sperm meiosis. Postmeiosis, tracking fluorescently labeled sperm revealed that both male and hermaphrodite sperm lacking GSP-3/4 are immotile. Genetic and in vitro activation assays show lack of GSP-3/4 causes defects in pseudopod development and the rate of pseudopodial treadmilling. Further, GSP-3/4 are required for the localization dynamics of MSP. GSP-3/4 shift localization in concert with MSP from fibrous bodies that sequester MSP at the base of the pseudopod, where directed MSP disassembly facilitates pseudopod contraction. Consistent with a role for GSP-3/4 as a spatial regulator of MSP disassembly, MSP is mislocalized in sperm lacking GSP-3/4. Although a requirement for PP1 phosphatases in nematode and mammalian sperm suggests evolutionary conservation, we show PP1s have independently evolved sperm-specific paralogs in separate lineages. Thus PP1 phosphatases are highly adaptable and employed across a broad range of sexually reproducing species to regulate male fertility.
Substance Use Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment for Pediatricians
Authors: Levy Sharon J. L. , Kokotailo Patricia K. ,   Committee on Substance Abuse
Published: November 2011

This Policy Statement was revised. See https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-1210.
As a component of comprehensive pediatric care, adolescents should receive appropriate guidance regarding substance use during routine clinical care. This statement addresses practitioner challenges posed by the spectrum of pediatric substance use and presents an algorithm-based approach to augment the pediatrician's confidence and abilities related to substance use screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment in the primary care setting. Adolescents with addictions should be managed collaboratively (or comanaged) with child and adolescent mental health or addiction specialists. This statement reviews recommended referral guidelines that are based on established patient-treatment–matching criteria and the risk level for substance abuse.
Adolescents and HIV Infection: The Pediatrician's Role in Promoting Routine Testing
Authors: Emmanuel Patricia J. , Martinez Jaime ,   Committee on Pediatric AIDS
Published: November 2011

This Policy Statement was revised. See https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2021-055207.
Pediatricians can play a key role in preventing and controlling HIV infection by promoting risk-reduction counseling and offering routine HIV testing to adolescent and young adult patients. Most sexually active youth do not feel that they are at risk of contracting HIV and have never been tested. Obtaining a sexual history and creating an atmosphere that promotes nonjudgmental risk counseling is a key component of the adolescent visit. In light of increasing numbers of people with HIV/AIDS and missed opportunities for HIV testing, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends universal and routine HIV testing for all patients seen in health care settings who are 13 to 64 years of age. There are advances in diagnostics and treatment that help support this recommendation. This policy statement reviews the epidemiologic data and recommends that routine screening be offered to all adolescents at least once by 16 to 18 years of age in health care settings when the prevalence of HIV in the patient population is more than 0.1%. In areas of lower community HIV prevalence, routine HIV testing is encouraged for all sexually active adolescents and those with other risk factors for HIV. This statement addresses many of the real and perceived barriers that pediatricians face in promoting routine HIV testing for their patients.
Dental Fear in Children with a Cleft Lip and/or Cleft Palate
Authors: Vogels W.E.J.C. , Aartman I.H.A. , Veerkamp J.S.J. 
Published: November 2011

Objective To assess the level of dental fear in children with a cleft lip and/or palate, to compare this level with that of a normative group testing the hypothesis that children with a cleft lip and/or palate have a higher level of dental anxiety than children from the general population, and to assess the relation between dental fear and coping. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting VU Medical Centre University Amsterdam. Patients A total of 110 children (4 to 12 years old, 50 girls) with a cleft lip and/or palate. Interventions Dental fear in the study group was compared with a normative group of Dutch children. Main Outcome Measures Dental fear was investigated using the parental version of the dental subscale of the Children's Fear Survey Schedule for children aged 4 and 5 years old (n = 36). Also the Inventory of Stressful Situations was completed. Children aged 6 to 12 years old also completed the Dental Cope Questionnaire. Results Young children with a cleft lip and/or palate experience more dental fear compared with children in a normative control group (Children's Fear Survey Schedule dental subscale scores: 30.3 ± 14.6 compared with 24.6 ± 8.6, p < .01). A weak correlation was found between the child's dental anxiety (Children's Fear Survey Schedule dental subscale) and his or her coping behavior (Dental Coping Questionnaire) ( r = .196 p < .05). A clear correlation exists between the total Inventory of Stressful Situations and total Children's Fear Survey Schedule scores of the youngest age group ( r = .507 p < .01). Conclusions Findings support the hypothesis that dental anxiety is related to a higher level of exposure to medical interventions at a young age.
Phase III Randomized Trial of Dose Intensive Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy with or Without G-CSF in Locally Advanced Breast Cancer: Long-Term Results
Authors: Arun Banu K. , Dhinghra Kapil , Valero Vicente , Kau Shu-Wan , Broglio Kristine , Booser Daniel , Guerra Laura , Yin Guosheng , Walters Ronald , Sahin Aysegul , Ibrahim Nuhad , Buzdar Aman U. , Frye Debbie , Sneige Nour , Strom Eric , Ross Merrick , Theriault Richard L. , Vadhan-Raj Saroj , Hortobagyi Gabriel N. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Compare outcomes in patients treated with standard fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FAC) and those treated with dose-intense FAC.Describe toxicity profiles in patients treated with standard fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FAC) and those treated with dose-intense FAC.
CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com

Objective.
To compare the pathologic complete response (pCR) rate of patients treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FAC) versus dose-intense FAC plus G-CSF in the neoadjuvant setting and to compare the delivered dose intensity, disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) times, and toxicity between treatment arms in patients with breast cancer.

Methods.
Patients were randomized to receive preoperative FAC (5-FU, 500 mg/m2; doxorubicin, 50 mg/m2; cyclophosphamide, 500 mg/m2) every 21 days for four cycles or dose-intense FAC (5-FU, 600 mg/m2; doxorubicin, 60 mg/m2; cyclophosphamide, 1,000 mg/m2) plus G-CSF every 18 days for four cycles.

Results.
Two hundred two patients were randomly assigned. The median follow-up was 7.5 years. Patients randomized to FAC plus G-CSF had a higher pCR rate as well as clinical complete response rate; however, these differences were not statistically different from those with the FAC arm. Patients in the FAC + G-CSF arm had a higher delivered dose intensity of doxorubicin in the neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings than those in the standard FAC arm. DFS and OS times were not significantly different between the two groups. However, the OS and DFS rates were significantly higher for patients who achieved a pCR than for those who did not. Thrombocytopenia, febrile neutropenia, and infection rates were higher in the FAC + G-CSF arm.

Conclusions.
A higher delivered dose intensity of doxorubicin with the FAC + G-CSF regimen did not result in a statistically significant higher pCR rate. However, patients who achieved a pCR experienced longer DFS and OS times.
Clinical Development of VEGF Signaling Pathway Inhibitors in Childhood Solid Tumors
Authors: Glade Bender Julia , Yamashiro Darrell J. , Fox Elizabeth 
Published: November 2011

AbstractLearning ObjectivesAfter completing this course, the reader will be able to: Identify the mechanism, specificity, relative potency, dosing schedule, important pharmacokinetic characteristics, and agent-specific side effects of the VEGF signaling pathway inhibitors currently in pediatric development.Describe the different concerns between children and adults regarding the common class side effects of the VEGF pathway inhibitors.CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.comAngiogenesis is a target shared by both adult epithelial cancers and the mesenchymal or embryonal tumors of childhood. Development of antiangiogenic agents for the pediatric population has been complicated by largely theoretical concern for toxicities specific to the growing child and prioritization among the many antiangiogenic agents being developed for adults. This review summarizes the mechanism of action and preclinical data relevant to childhood cancers and early-phase clinical trials in childhood solid tumors. Single-agent adverse event profiles in adults and children are reviewed with emphasis on cardiovascular, bone health, and endocrine side effects. In addition, pharmacological factors that may be relevant for prioritizing clinical trials of these agents in children are reviewed. Considerations for further clinical evaluation should include preclinical data, relative potency, efficacy in adults, and the current U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval status. Toxicity profiles of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway inhibitors may be age dependent and ultimately, their utility in the treatment of childhood cancer will require combination with standard cytotoxic drugs or other molecularly targeted agents. In combination studies, toxicity profiles, potential drug interactions, and late effects must be considered. Studies to assess the long-term impact of VEGF signaling pathway inhibitors on cardiovascular, endocrine, and bone health in children with cancer are imperative if these agents are to be administered to growing children and adolescents with newly diagnosed cancers.
Ichnology and sedimentology of the “Argiles de Saïda” formation (Callovo-Oxfordian) of the Djebel Brame (Tiaret, Algeria)
Authors: Bendella Mohamed , Benyoucef Madani , Cherif Amine , Benhamou Miloud 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The focus of this note is an ichnological study of the “Argiles de Saïda” formation (Callovo-Oxfordian) in the Djebel Brame, a region representing the eastern extremity of the Tlemcenian domain and marked by rhythmic clay-sandstone sedimentation. From a lithostratigraphic viewpoint, the formation is composed of two units with a distinct sequential organization and trace fossil content. These deposits are characterized by weak to moderate bioturbation, eleven ichnogenera were found: Bergaueria, Chondrites, Diplichnites, Megagrapton, Neonereites, Nereites, Ophiomorpha, Palaeophycus, Rhizocorallium, Taenidium and Thalassinoides.
The basal unit is mainly characterized by fine sediments organized into small turbiditic sequences. Most of the beds are around one centimeter thick except for the conglomerate layer, channelized by the debris flow. This layer is heterometric and polygenic.
The soles of the beds are generally marked by flute and groove casts, proof of their erosion by the currents. Most of these siliciclastic beds are organized around a repetitive model, with a massive base and flat, parallel and/or wavy laminae at the summit. Occasionally there are also beds of complex ripple marks, fluid escape structures and convoluted laminae. This sedimentation was deposited in an offshore environment, below the storm action influence threshold.
Most of ichnogenera are associated with episodic silica-clastic deposits. The disappearance of Bergaueria and Diplichnites ichnogenera corresponds to the period when the basal conglomerate layer was established, and constituted stressful conditions for the organisms responsible for the two traces. Conversely, above this level, the appearance of Taenidium and Thalassinoides seems to correspond to a colonization by opportunistic endobenthic organisms.
The weak hydrodynamism of the depositional environment, as well as the associated trace fossils content, point to the distal part of the Cruziana ichnofacies.
The other, coarser, unit is an alternation of greenish clays, carbonate rocks and occasionally slumped sandstone. It is dominated by storm sequences. The more proximal summit shows shoreface deposits marked by phases of emersion. As well as episodes of storms and oolitic deposition, there are, at the top of this unit, deposits from a reefal environment (“Subreefal Layer”). These are indicative of shallow depths. Observable trace fossil content points to the most proximal part of the Cruziana ichnofacies. The trace fossil distribution and sedimentology both reveal hitherto undisclosed bathymetric fluctuations. A major fluctuation, most likely due to tectonic instability, was recorded before the second sequence was established. These results call for the biostratigraphic and structural study of the “Argiles de Saïda” formation in the Tlemcenian domain.
Genesis of celestite – bearing cap rock formation from the Ain Allega ore deposit (northern Tunisia): contributions from microthermometric studies
Authors: Abidi Riadh , Slim-Shimi Najet , Gasquet Dominique , Hatira Nouri , Somarin Alireza 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The Ain Allega ore deposit represents one of the most significant Pb-Zn Sr-Ba deposits of the flysch zone in northern Tunisia. The total quantity of sulphide produced is 22,700 metric tons, with 13,300 t of galena and 9,400 t of sphalerite. It is located on the eastern edge of the Triassic diapir of the Jebel Hamra. The main ore minerals include sphalerite, galena, pyrite and marcasite, and gangue minerals including dolomite, calcite, celestite, quartz and barite. The mineralization hosted by carbonate rocks, shows some evidence of dissolution and brecciation characteristic of cap-rock formation.
The fluid inclusion study from the celestite suggests that the primary and secondary monophase liquid (L) inclusions are most abundant compared to the other types. The microthermometric analyses of two-phase primary inclusions display homogenization temperatures ranging from 136 to 208°C (average of 180°C) and salinities ranging from 11.34 to 24.38 equivalent weight % NaCl (average of 16.4). The calculated density, pressure and depth are 0.965 g/cm3, 18 bars and 80 m, respectively. The hydrothermal fluid resulted from mixing of basinal brines and magmatic-meteoric solutions. Geological, mineralogical and thermometric data indicate that the Ain Allega ore deposit results of a mixing of basinal fluids (Mississippi valley type deposit) and hydrothermal fluids related to a shallow intrusion.