bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Olfaction and Taste: Invasive Odours and Disappearing Objects
Authors: Borthwick Fiona 
Published: March 2010

The metaphorisation of sight and hearing, the objective senses, dominate the founding ideas, or philosophemes, of Western philosophy. The senses of taste and smell are of little relevance in the formation of conceptual knowledge or in classificatory systems; they are, by virtue of their dissolving objects, incapable of giving objective knowledge in Western metaphysics. Derrida and Ulmer developed a metaphorology that exploits the chemical basis of the subjective senses of taste and smell. The anthropology of the senses takes this questioning of metaphysics into issues of how olfaction and taste function in sociality. In the routine practices of everyday life, is olfaction able to create the sense of community that it does in rituals? Or, has the repression of smell in humanity's evolution towards ‘civilisation’ muted the connective ability of multiple odour particles? In a culture and metaphysics that presumes the separability of the self from the other and the self from the object, is there a place for senses that make a nonsense of separation and objectivity through their state of meaningful dissolution? Through philosophy's metaphorisation, has taste been stripped of its sensuousness and made a sense for aesthetics and not flavours and textures? In a metaphorics premised in judgement and discernment, can taste be a sense that founds sociality? In blurring the boundaries between self and other that are necessary to form and maintain the distinction, the dissolvability of smell and taste makes another metaphorics and other socialities possible.Of all the senses, that of smell—which is attracted without objectifying—bears clearest witness to the urge to lose oneself in and become the ‘other’. As perception and the perceived—both are united—smell is more expressive than the other senses (Horkheimer and Adorno 1979:184).
Explicit Kummer surface formulas for arbitrary characteristic
Authors: Müller Jan Steffen 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIf C is a curve of genus 2 defined over a field k and J is its Jacobian, then we can associate a hypersurface K in ℙ3 to J, called the Kummer surface of J. Flynn has made this construction explicit in the case when the characteristic of k is not 2 and C is given by a simplified equation. He has also given explicit versions of several maps defined on the Kummer surface and shown how to perform arithmetic on J using these maps. In this paper we generalize these results to the case of arbitrary characteristic.
Superior
Convective Heat Transport for Laminar Boundary Layer Flow Over a Flat Plate Using Binary Gas
Mixtures With Light Helium and Selected Heavier
Gases
Authors: Campo Antonio , Chikh Salah , Papari Mohammad M. , Mobinipouya Mohammad R. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
This paper addresses the laminar boundary layer flow of certain binary gas mixtures along a heated flat plate. To form the binary gas mixtures, light helium (He) is the primary gas and the heavier secondary gases are nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), xenon (Xe), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), tetrafluoromethane (CF4), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). The central objective of this paper is to investigate the potential of this group of binary gas mixtures for heat transfer intensification. From fluid physics, two thermophysical properties, i.e., viscosity η and density ρ, influence the fluid flow, whereas four thermophysical properties, i.e., viscosity η, thermal conductivity λ, density ρ, and heat capacity at constant pressure Cp, affect the forced convective heat transfer. The heat transfer augmentation from the flat plate is pursued by stimulating the forced convection mode as a whole. In this regard, it became necessary to construct a specific correlation equation to handle binary gas mixtures owing Prandtl number Pr∊(0.1,1). Whenever there is heat transfer invigoration in forced flow, drag force accretion seems to be inevitable. A standard formula for estimating the drag force Fd exerted on the flat plate is available from the fluid dynamics literature. The descriptive equations for the heat transfer rate Qmix and drag force Fd,mix associated with the seven binary gas mixtures are channeled through the four thermophysical properties, i.e., density ρmix, viscosity ηmix, thermal conductivity λmix, and heat capacity at constant pressure Cp,mix, which depend on the molar gas composition w. Two case studies suffice to elucidate the modified convective heat and momentum transport that the binary gas mixtures bring forward. At a film temperature Tf=300 K and 1 atm, the He+SF6 mixture delivers the absolute maximum for the relative heat transfer Qmix,abs max/B=16.71 at an optimal molar gas composition wopt=0.96. When compared with the light primary He gas with a relative heat transfer rate QHe/B=12.04, the He+SF6 mixture generates a significant heat transfer enhancement of 39%. At a film temperature Tf=600 K and the same 1 atm, the relative heat transfer QHe/B for the light primary gas He comes down to 10.77. In reference to this, the He+SF6 mixture furnishes an absolute maximum heat transfer Qmix,abs max/B=18.11 at an optimal molar gas composition wopt=0.96, yielding a remarkable heat transfer enhancement of 68%. In the global context, the usage of exotic binary gas mixtures with light helium and selected heavier gases may be envisioned for special tasks in industries that demand high heat transfer rates.
Worldwide Experience with the Use of Doripenem against Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing and Ciprofloxacin-Resistant
Enterobacteriaceae
: Analysis of Six Phase 3 Clinical Studies
Authors: Kaniga Koné , Flamm Robert , Tong Shin-Yir , Lee Michael , Friedland Ian , Redman Rebecca 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT

The worldwide increase in fluoroquinolone-resistant and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing
Enterobacteriaceae
pathogens has led to doripenem and other carbapenems assuming a greater role in the treatment of serious infections. We analyzed data from 6 phase 3 multinational doripenem clinical trials on ciprofloxacin-resistant
Enterobacteriaceae
isolates consisting of all genera (CIPRE) and ESBL-producing
Enterobacteriaceae
isolates consisting of
Escherichia coli
,
Klebsiella
spp., and
Proteus
spp. with ceftazidime MICs of ≥2 μg/ml (ESBLE) for prevalence by geographic region and disease type,
in vitro
activities of doripenem and comparator agents, and clinical or microbiologic outcomes in doripenem- and comparator-treated patients across disease types (complicated intra-abdominal infection [cIAI], complicated urinary tract infection [cUTI], and nosocomial pneumonia [NP]). Of 1,830 baseline
Enterobacteriaceae
isolates, 88 (4.8%) were ESBLE and 238 (13.0%) were CIPRE. The incidence of ESBLE was greatest in Europe (7.8%); that of CIPRE was higher in South America (15.9%) and Europe (14.4%). ESBLE incidence was highest in NP (12.9%) cases; that of CIPRE was higher in cUTI (18.3%) and NP (14.9%) cases. Against ESBLE and CIPRE, carbapenems appeared more active than other antibiotic classes. Among carbapenems, doripenem and meropenem were most potent. Doripenem had low MIC
90
s for CIPRE (0.5 μg/ml) and ESBLE (0.25 μg/ml). Doripenem and comparators were highly clinically effective in infections caused by
Enterobacteriaceae
, irrespective of their ESBL statuses. The overall cure rates were the same for doripenem (82%; 564/685) and the comparators (82%; 535/652) and similar for ESBLE (73% [16/22] versus 72% [21/29]) and CIPRE (68% [47/69] versus 52% [33/64]). These findings indicate that doripenem is an important therapeutic option for treating serious infections caused by ESBLE and CIPRE.
Trends in Antimicrobial Resistance of
Acinetobacter baumannii
Isolates from a Metropolitan Detroit Health System
Authors: Reddy Tara , Chopra Teena , Marchaim Dror , Pogue Jason M. , Alangaden George , Salimnia Hossein , Boikov Dina , Navon-Venezia Shiri , Akins Robert , Selman Philip , Dhar Sorabh , Kaye Keith S. 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT

A phenotypic and genotypic analysis of
Acinetobacter baumannii
was conducted from 2003 to 2008 in Detroit, MI. The incidence of
A. baumannii
increased from 1.7 to 3.7/1,000 patient days during the study period. Susceptibility to ampicillin-sulbactam and imipenem decreased from ∼90% to ∼40%. Genotyping revealed polyclonality, suggesting either emergence of multiple resistant strains or spread of a common genetic element. The sharp rise mandates major multidisciplinary interventions to optimize management of this multidrug-resistant pathogen.
Role of the (p)ppGpp Synthase RSH, a RelA/SpoT Homolog, in Stringent Response and Virulence ofStaphylococcus aureus
Authors: Geiger Tobias , Goerke Christiane , Fritz Michaela , Schäfer Tina , Ohlsen Knut , Liebeke Manuel , Lalk Michael , Wolz Christiane 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTIn most bacteria, nutrient limitations provoke the stringent control through the rapid synthesis of the alarmones pppGpp and ppGpp. Little is known about the stringent control in the human pathogenStaphylococcus aureus, partly due to the essentiality of the major (p)ppGpp synthase/hydrolase enzyme RSH (RelA/SpoT homolog). Here, we show that mutants defective only in the synthase domain of RSH (rshsyn) are not impaired in growth under nutrient-rich conditions. However, these mutants were more sensitive toward mupirocin and were impaired in survival when essential amino acids were depleted from the medium. RSH is the major enzyme responsible for (p)ppGpp synthesis in response to amino acid deprivation (lack of Leu/Val) or mupirocin treatment. Transcriptional analysis showed that the RSH-dependent stringent control inS. aureusis characterized by repression of genes whose products are predicted to be involved in the translation machinery and by upregulation of genes coding for enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism and transport which are controlled by the repressor CodY. Amino acid starvation also provoked stabilization of the RNAs coding for major virulence regulators, such as SaeRS and SarA, independently of RSH. In an animal model, thershsynmutant was shown to be less virulent than the wild type. Virulence could be restored by the introduction of acodYmutation into thershsynmutant. These results indicate that stringent conditions are present during infection and that RSH-dependent derepression of CodY-regulated genes is essential for virulence inS. aureus.
Understanding risk in living donor nephrectomy
Authors: Maple Najma H , Hadjianastassiou Vassilis , Jones Roger , Mamode Nizam 
Published: March 2010

ObjectivesTo investigate risk perception relating to living kidney donation, to compare the risk donors would accept with current practice and identify influential factors.DesignAn observational study consisting of questionnaires completed by previous living donors and the general public. Participants selected the risk they would accept from a list of options, in various scenarios. Risk communication was investigated by randomly dividing the sample and presenting risk differently.SettingPrimary care (two centres) and secondary care (one centre), London.Participants175 questionnaires were sent to patients who had previously undergone living-donor nephrectomy and to members of the public consulting a general practitioner. The living-donor sample comprised 77 consecutive donors at Guy's Hospital from May 2003 to January 2005. The general-public sample was recruited from two London healthcare centres. Of the eventual 151 participants, 61 were living donors and 90 were from the general public.Main outcome measureThe amount of risk a participant would accept to donate a kidney.Results74% of participants were willing to accept a risk of death higher than 1/3000. The most commonly accepted risk was 1/2 (29%). Those presented with a ‘chance of survival’ accepted higher risks than those presented with a ‘risk of death’ (p<0.01). Greater risks were accepted when the recipient was closely related and, for some, when the recipient's prognosis was worse. No difference was observed between the living-donor and general-public groups.ConclusionsKidney donors will accept a higher risk of death than is currently quoted, especially if risks are presented in terms of chance of survival.
Assisted suicide by oxygen deprivation with helium at a Swiss right-to-die organisation
Authors: Ogden Russel D , Hamilton William K , Whitcher Charles 
Published: March 2010

BackgroundIn Switzerland, right-to-die organisations assist their members with suicide by lethal drugs, usually barbiturates. One organisation, Dignitas, has experimented with oxygen deprivation as an alternative to sodium pentobarbital.ObjectiveTo analyse the process of assisted suicide by oxygen deprivation with helium and a common face mask and reservoir bag.MethodThis study examined four cases of assisted suicide by oxygen deprivation using helium delivered via a face mask. Videos of the deaths were provided by the Zurich police. Dignitas provided protocol and consent information.ResultsOne man and three women were assisted to death by oxygen deprivation. There was wide variation in the time to unconsciousness and the time to death, probably due to the poor mask fit. Swiss law prevented attendants from effectively managing the face mask apparatus. Purposeless movements of the extremities were disconcerting for Dignitas attendants, who are accustomed to assisting suicide with barbiturates. None of the dying individuals attempted self-rescue.ConclusionsThe dying process of oxygen deprivation with helium is potentially quick and appears painless. It also bypasses the prescribing role of physicians, effectively demedicalising assisted suicide. Oxygen deprivation with a face mask is not acceptable because leaks are difficult to control and it may not eliminate rebreathing. These factors will extend time to unconsciousness and time to death. A hood method could reduce the problem of mask fit. With a hood, a flow rate of helium sufficient to provide continuous washout of expired gases would remedy problems observed with the mask.
Calibration of the osmotic technique of controlling suction with respect to temperature using a miniature tensiometer
Authors: Tang Anh-Minh , Cui Yu-Jun , Qian Li-Xin , Delage Pierre , Ye Wei-Min 
Published: March 2010

The osmotic technique was calibrated at various temperatures (20–40 °C) using a high-capacity tensiometer. The effect of temperature on the calibration curve of the high-capacity tensiometer in the positive range has been found to be insignificant, i.e., about 0.03%/°C. The measurement at ambient temperature shows that the suction value is not significantly dependent either on the molar mass of polyethylene glycol (PEG) or on the molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) of the semipermeable cellulose membrane. On the other hand, the matric suction measured in the present work by tensiometer was lower than the total suction found in the literature measured by psychrometer. This shows that the so-called membrane effects must be characterized by not only the crossing of PEG molecules but also other complex phenomena. The calibration at controlled temperatures showed a slight suction decrease of 1%/°C. One possible explanation for this decrease is that increasing the temperature decreases the viscosity of PEG solutions, possibly accelerating the crossing of PEG molecules. It is also possible that increasing the temperature changes the physicochemical properties of the PEG solutions, resulting in a suction decrease.
Smoking, Gender, and Ethnicity Predict Somatic BRAF Mutations in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Rozek Laura S. , Herron Casey M. , Greenson Joel K. , Moreno Victor , Capella Gabriel , Rennert Gad , Gruber Stephen B. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Approximately 5% to 15% of all colorectal cancers (CRC) have an activating BRAF somatic mutation, which may be associated with a distinct risk profile compared with tumors without BRAF mutations. Here, we measured the prevalence and epidemiologic correlates of the BRAF V600E somatic mutation in cases collected as a part of a population-based case-control study of CRC in northern Israel. The prevalence of BRAF V600E was 5.0% in this population, and the mutation was more likely to be found in tumors from cases who were of Ashkenazi Jewish descent [odds ratio (OR), 1.87; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.01-3.47], female (OR, 1.97; P = 1.17-3.31), and older (73.8 years versus 70.3 years; P &lt; 0.001). These results were similar when restricting to only tumors with microsatellite instability. Whether smoking was associated with a BRAF somatic mutation depended on gender. Although men were less likely to have a tumor with a BRAF somatic mutation, men who smoked were much more likely to have a tumor with a somatic BRAF mutation (ORinteraction, 4.95; 95% CI, 1.18-20.83) than women who never smoked. We note the strong heterogeneity in the reported prevalence of the BRAF V600E mutation in studies of different ethnicities, with a lower prevalence in Israel than other Western populations but a higher prevalence among Jewish than non-Jewish Israeli cases. Epidemiologic studies of CRC should incorporate somatic characteristics to fully appreciate risk factors for this disease. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(3); 838–43
A Segregation Analysis of Barrett's Esophagus and Associated Adenocarcinomas
Authors: Sun Xiangqing , Elston Robert , Barnholtz-Sloan Jill , Falk Gary , Grady William M. , Kinnard Margaret , Mittal Sumeet K. , Willis Joseph E. , Markowitz Sanford , Brock Wendy , Chak Amitabh 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Familial aggregation of esophageal adenocarcinomas, esophagogastric junction adenocarcinomas, and their precursor Barrett's esophagus (BE) has been termed familial BE (FBE). Numerous studies documenting increased familial risk for these diseases raise the hypothesis that there may be an inherited susceptibility to the development of BE and its associated cancers. In this study, using segregation analysis for a binary trait as implemented in S.A.G.E. 6.0.1, we analyzed data on 881 singly ascertained pedigrees to determine whether FBE is caused by a common environmental or genetic agent and, if genetic, to identify the mode of inheritance of FBE. The inheritance models were compared by likelihood ratio tests and Akaike's A Information Criterion. Results indicated that random environmental and/or multifactorial components were insufficient to fully explain the familial nature of FBE, but rather, there is segregation of a major type transmitted from one generation to the next (P &lt; 10−10). An incompletely dominant inheritance model together with a polygenic component fits the data best. For this dominant model, the estimated penetrance of the dominant allele is 0.1005 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.0587-0.1667] and the sporadic rate is 0.0012 (95% CI, 0.0004-0.0042), corresponding to a relative risk of 82.53 (95% CI, 28.70-237.35) or odds ratio of 91.63 (95% CI, 32.01-262.29). This segregation analysis provides epidemiologic evidence in support of one or more rare autosomally inherited dominant susceptibility allele(s) in FBE families and, hence, motivates linkage analyses. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(3); 666–74
Higher Bone Density is Associated with a Decreased Risk of Colon Adenomas in Women
Authors: Nock NL , Patrick-Melin A , Cook M , Thompson C , Kirwan JP , Li L 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Purpose: Bone mass has been proposed as a biomarker of the cumulative exposure to calcium, vitamin D and endogenous and exogenous estrogens. Postmenopausal women with higher levels of bone mass have a decreased risk of colon cancer. No prior studies, however, have examined the role between bone mass and the risk of colon adenomas, which are precursor lesions that, if not removed, may lead to colon cancer.
Methods: We evaluated the potential association between bone mass, as measured by bone mineral density (BMD) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and colon adenomas in 167 patients who underwent colonoscopy screening at University Hospitals in Cleveland, Ohio.
Results: We found that women with a total body BMD exceeding 1.294 g/cm2 (third tertile) compared to those with a total body BMD less than 1.167 g/cm2 (first tertile) had a much lower risk of colon adenomas (OR = 0.10; 95% C.I.: 0.02-0.74; P = 0.02). Similarly, women with a total body BMD between 1.167 and 1.294 g/cm2 (second tertile) compared to those with a BMD less than 1.167 g/cm2 had a decreased risk for colon adenomas (OR = 0.15; 95% C.I.: 0.03-0.80; P = 0.03; p-trend = 0.01). Postmenopausal women with a total body BMD in the second and third highest tertiles combined compared to those in the first tertile also had a decreased risk of colon adenomas.
Conclusions: Our results show, for the first time, that bone mass, as measured by total body BMD, is inversely associated with colon adenomas in women, which suggests the mechanisms underlying the synergistic actions of calcium, vitamin D, estrogen exposure and other factors affecting BMD including exercise are key to preventing the development of colonic lesions, particularly among women.
Test of a Weight Gain Prevention Intervention in Stage II and III Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
Authors: Basen-Engquist K , Perkins H , Carmack C , Hughes D , Jovanovic J , Arun B , Murray J 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Purpose: Weight gain is common in women with breast cancer and is worrisome, as it may affect prognosis and risk of other chronic diseases. This randomized pilot test was conducted to evaluate the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of a weight gain prevention intervention for breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Method: Breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy were randomized to the weight gain prevention intervention or usual care. The intervention used a size acceptance approach, which emphasized changes in diet (low energy density food) and exercise behavior (resistance training) rather than focusing on weight loss. It was administered in weekly sessions delivered in-person and by telephone. Assessments were done at baseline, mid-chemotherapy, end of chemotherapy, after surgical recovery, after a post-surgical booster intervention, and 6 months after surgery. The data from baseline (BL), mid-chemotherapy (MC), and end of chemotherapy (EC) are presented.
Results: 38 participants were randomized to the intervention (n = 19) or usual care (n = 19). 68% had stage II and 32% had stage III breast cancer. Their mean age was 50.0 (SD = 11.0), and 55% were premenopausal. Mean BMI was 29.1 (SD = 6.2) and 69% were physically inactive. The sample was diverse with regard to self-reported ethnicity (58% white, 27% African-American, 8% Hispanic, 6% other). Data collected at MC and EC indicated a trend toward greater reduction in BMI in the intervention than the control group (intent to treat analysis, P = 0.10). When the analysis was conducted without the 4 intervention participants who attended less than 60% of the sessions (analyze as treated) the differences were more marked (group difference: 0.5 kg/m2 at MC and 0.9 kg/m2 at EC, P = 0.025). Similar results were found for waist circumference and SF-36 physical component score, but no differences were found in the SF-36 mental component score.
Conclusions: Based on a preliminary analysis, there was a trend toward improvements in body composition and physical aspects of quality of life from a diet and exercise intervention based on the size acceptance approach. These results indicate this intervention should be tested in a larger randomized controlled trial.