bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Studies of the Viability of Human Platelets Stored at 4 C in Plastic and Glass Containers
Authors: Rolovic Zoran , Baldini Mario 
Published: October 2009

Studies were done to investigate whether the surface of the container (plastic or glass) would influence the viability of human platelets stored at 4C for short intervals.Cr51‐labeled platelets prepared as concentrates suspended in plasma were preserved at 4 C for 24, 48 or 72 hours and their capacity to recirculate and survive after infusion into the respective donors (“viability”) was determined. In addition, the clot retraction property of the stored platelets was measured.Platelet viability was sharply reduced after storage at 4 C in all experiments. When the storage period was limited to 24 hours, survival curves of platelets preserved in plastic bags were similar to those of platelets preserved in glass bottles. However, after 48 hours of storage, viability of platelets preserved in plastic containers had values significantly higher than those of platelets preserved in glass containers. After 72 hours of storage, platelet viability was reduced to minimal values but was still greater for platelets stored in plastic bags.The study of clot retraction confirmed data previously obtained and showed that this platelet property was preserved better by storage in glass bottles rather than in plastic bags. Platelet viability was, however, lost very rapidly during storage at 4 C in either type of container so that the unfavorable effect of plastic on the preservation of clot retraction was thought not to be of practical importance in platelet transfusion therapy.
Autologous Blood Transfusion in Cardiovascular Surgery
Authors: Cuello Leo , Vázquez Enrique , Pérez Víctor , Raffucci F. L. 
Published: October 2009

Fifty‐one patients admitted to the Cardiovascular Service of the University of Puerto Rico Hospital underwent a variety of cardiovascular operations utilizing autologous blood. Single or multiple phlebotomies were performed prior to surgery; the usual volume withdrawn was 500 ml. All patients received hydrogenated dextran complex intramuscularly.Fifty operations were performed. Thirty patients underwent a single phlebotomy, 15 patients two phlebotomies, three patients three phlebotomies and one patient underwent four phlebotomies. Thirty of the 50 operations were thoracotomies, 15 were done with autologous blood only.During actual surgical procedures 93.8 units of blood were used of which 56.5 units were autologous (60%) and 37.3 homologous. All patients except one had hematocrit values above 35% before the first phlebotomy. The reticulocyte count increased to two or three per cent, but it never exceeded five per cent.The advantages obtained with the use of auto‐transfusion are: 1) the prevention of transfusion reactions; 2) the prevention of serum hepatitis and other infections; 3) the availability of rare blood; 4) early reticulocytes and accelerated erythropoiesis.
A Controlled Study of the Safety of Pooled Plasma Stored in the Liquid State at 30–32 C for Six Months
Authors: Redeker A. G. , Hopkins C. E. , Jackson B. , Peck P. 
Published: October 2009

A prospective, controlled study of the frequency of hepatitis following transfusion of commercial pooled plasma, stored for at least six months in the liquid state at 30–32 C was performed, using 5 per cent albumin as a control solution.Twelve of 120 plasma recipients developed hepatitis. None of the 46 control subjects developed hepatitis. Fifty per cent of the hepatitis cases were icteric (total serum bilirubin greater than 2.0 mg/100 ml). All of the instances of hepatitis were confirmed by liver biopsy.It is concluded that infectivity for hepatitis persists in some commercial plasma prepared by this technic.
Automated Differential Agglutination Technic to Measure Red Cell Survival
Authors: Szymanski I. O. , Valeri C. R. 
Published: October 2009

The survival after transfusion of ACD‐stored and of previously frozen red cells was measured by means of an automated differential agglutination technic which permitted simultaneous quantitation in the same recipient of red cells preserved by two different methods. The previously frozen red cells were preserved with a high concentration of glycerol, using the slow freeze‐thaw technic, and were recovered by agglomeration.Severely damaged red cells in both ACD‐stored and previously frozen blood were removed during the transfusion, and less deteriorated red cells were removed at an accelerated rate, usually over the initial 24‐hour posttransfusion period. The mean loss in vitro of red cells related to the freezing process was 28 per cent. The transfused previously frozen blood contained nonviable red cells in amounts comparable to ACD blood which had been stored at 4 C for longer than two weeks, Red cells remaining in circulation 24 hours after transfusion were usually removed at a slower constant rate, and the mean life spans of viable cells from either ACD‐stored or previously frozen blood were similar.
Significance of Measurement of Plasma Volume and of Indirect Estimation of Red Cell Volume
Authors: Strumia M. M. , Strumia P. V. , Dugan A. 
Published: October 2009

Total blood volume (TBV) and red cell volume (RCV) determinations have become an established diagnostic procedure in a variety of conditions; they are being used increasingly to estimate the requirement of blood transfusion. A common laboratory practice is to determine indirectly the RCV and/or the TBV by measuring the plasma volume (PV) and the venous hematocrit (VH). This procedure is technically simple and has been made popular by a number of semiautomatic electronic devices. In the healthy population we find results of the direct and the indirect measure of the RCV to be not statistically different, although they may differ by as much as ± 10% in individual cases. Larger discrepancies between the results of the two methods have been reported in patients by numerous investigators.In the present study the RCV based on the PV was found to be significantly larger in many patients than the RCV measured directly by tagging of red cells. Emphasis is here placed on the severity of this discrepancy in the general bed‐patient population. The differences in the RCV cannot be explained alone by the variability of the hematocrit in the large and small vessels, but must involve an early loss of the albumin and/or the tag from the vascular bed. These findings cast doubt on the validity of the measure of the PV, and consequently of the estimated RCV, in a considerable number of patients. It will be shown that the discrepancies noted can be reduced significantly by basing the measure of the plasma volume on the highest T‐1824 density or on the highest 131I (RISA) activity obtained three to ten minutes postinfusion of the tag.
Continuous Flow Cell Washing System
Authors: Schlutz C. A. , Bellamy D. 
Published: October 2009

Advancements in blood therapy during the past decade have indicated the need for a presterilized disposable cell washing system. Experimental and prototype developments indicate the feasibility of continuous washing for 1) removal of plasma protein from red cell masses, 2) deglycerolization of frozen red cells, 3) removal of cellular debris, and 4) separation of mixed cell populations.A new system has been designed to accomplish these separations. Initial studies indicate a thousandfold concentration reduction of initial supernate per liter of wash solution per unit of blood. Studies using isotopes and rates of dye removal formed the basis of further studies of programs utilizing deglycerolization and density gradient separation of cells. The basis for the development of the system and experimental results obtained from this system are defined.
Hemagglutinating Antipenicillin Antibodies (HAPA): Incidence and Significance in Four Groups of Patients
Authors: Ascari W. Q. , Gorman J. G. 
Published: October 2009

Four groups of patients were examined serologically for hemagglutinating antipenicillin antibodies (HAPA). The incidence of HAPA was found to be 21.8 per cent in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus, 37.8 per cent in patients treated with penicillin for syphilis, 7.9 per cent in patients with cardiovascular disease and 22.2 per cent in patients with penicillin allergies. These incidences were significantly higher than the 3.1 per cent frequency noted in healthy individuals donating blood in this survey.Although the reasons for the high incidences of HAPA vary for the patient groups, this study indicates that a substantial number of patients are at risk of developing positive direct antiglobulin reactions and/or acquired hemolytic anemias if treated with penicillin.
Passaic Valley Blood Program
Authors: Churg J. , Steinlauf P. , Brill R. , Gannon J. R. , Ellis A. S. , Sobel H. J. , Weiss I. 
Published: October 2009

A procurement program is described which is designed to provide blood from volunteer donors for about 10,000 transfusions (10,000 pints) a year. The program consists of: (1) pre‐admission deposit of blood in the hospital banks by relatives and friends of patients; (2) efficient exchange of blood among the seven participating hospitals; (3) formation of blood‐assurance groups in the community.During its six years of operation, the program has almost completely eliminated the purchasing of commercial blood; it has reduced by half, out‐dating of blood in the banks; and it has doubled the amount of blood supplied by the assurance groups.
Comparative Sensitivity of Complement Fixation, Counterimmunoelectrophoresis, Radial, and Double Diffusion for Detection of Australia Antigen
Authors: Holper J. C. , Jambazian A. 
Published: October 2009

The comparative sensitivity of CF, CIEP, and radial and double diffusion tests were determined on specimens from a large institution, samples submitted to a clinical laboratory for Australia testing, and samples from a commercial blood banking operation.CF, CIEP, and radial diffusion were more sensitive systems for the detection of Au than double diffusion. However, the greater sensitivity of the CF, CIEP, and radial diffusion had only a small effect on the frequency of detection of positive specimens. This slight effect was probably due to the relatively low percentage of specimens with concentrations of Australia antigen below the detectability of the double diffusion system.
Patterns of Endogenous Platelet Serotonin Release
Authors: Aledort L. M. , Gilbert H. S. , Puszkin E. 
Published: October 2009

The release of endogenous serotonin (5HT) from the platelets of normal human subjects was studied using adenosine diphosphate (ADP), thrombin, and connective tissue (CT) as aggregating agents. Clot retraction was found to release from 60 to 100 per cent of available platelet 5HT. Of the aggregating agents studied, only connective tissue was accompanied by the release of endogenous SHT in all subjects. Low concentrations of ADP gave no release, and high concentrations of ADP as well as thrombin‐induced aggregation gave release in the minority of subjects.The pattern of release of endogenous 5HT in response to aggregating agents was found to differ from results of studies reported by others 18, 19 using exogenous radioactive 5HT.
Development of Gm Antibodies Following Injection of Anti‐Rh Gamma Globulin
Authors: Nathenson G. 
Published: October 2009

The incidence of antibody formation to Gm(1), Gm(5) or Gm(4) antigens in Rh‐negative mothers was determined following injections of pooled anti‐Rh γ globulin for the prevention of Rh isoimmunization. A 4.1 per cent frequency of Gm antibodies following a first injection in 316 mothers was found, compared to a 1.0 per cent frequency in a control noninjected population. Two injection volumes (either 4.5 ml or 1.0 ml) were administered to mothers in the first injection group. A significant number of Gm antibodies developed in mothers given the 4.5 ml injection, but not in those receiving 1.0 ml. In small second and third injected groups, given 1.0 ml of γ globulin, no increase in incidence of Gm antibody formation occurred. The γ globulins in the sera of eight mothers were separated into 19S and 7S components. Gm antibody activity was found in the 19S fractions of all specimens and in the 7S fraction of one. Positive latex fixation reactions following injection were detected in the sera of two mothers who developed Gm antibodies. The potential hazards of Gm antibodies are discussed, but the data suggest that these antibodies pose little immunologic threat to mother or child.Gm factors in humans are a group of genetically determined antigens located on the heavy chains of γG globulins. Development of anti‐Gm antibodies may result from the administration of blood or blood products containing γ globulins.1 7,15 The use of anti‐Rh containing γ globulin in pregnant Rh‐negative women, for the prevention of primary maternal Rh hemolytic disease immunization,14 raises the question of whether anti‐Gm sensitization occurs in these mothers and, if so, what if any consequences result. This report adds to presently available data regarding the formation of Gm antibodies following injections of anti‐Rh‐containing γ globulin,2,3,18 by detailing observations made on 387 Rh‐negative mothers administered one or more injections.
The Long‐term Preservation of Bone Marrow
Authors: O'Grady L. F. , Lewis J. P. 
Published: October 2009

Murine bone marrow has been preserved for two years and tested for its ability to repopulate the hematopoietic tissues of an irradiated mouse. We have shown that marrow suspended in 12 per cent glycerol and stored at ‐ 196 C retains its repopulating potential, its differentiating capacity, and its ability to undergo selfrenewal. DMSO and temperature of solid CO2 were less efficient.Technics used for the banking of human marrow must rely upon experience gained from studies in other mammals. In vitro assays applicable to both human and animal marrows have suggested that DMSO and ‐ 80 C are satisfactory for marrow preservation. Using more specific assays in the mouse we have shown this combination to be ineffective and suggest that glycerol is a superior cryoprotectant and ‐196 C a more optimal storage temperature for the banking of human marrow.
Anti‐Joa: An Antibody Defining a High‐frequency Erythrocyte Antigen
Authors: Jensen L. , Scott E. P. , Marsh W. L. , MacIlroy M. , Rosenfield R. E. , Brancato P. , Fay A. F. 
Published: October 2009

A “new” antibody, named anti‐Joa, defining a high‐frequency erythrocyte antigen has been found in the sera of two Negro patients. The two bloods are mutually compatible but a large number of other erythrocyte samples lacking common antigens are Jo(a+). A sibling of one patient is Jo(a+) but no other family studies were possible.Anti‐Joa reacted with 3,000 group O but otherwise unselected blood samples, mostly from Caucasians, and with 768 blood samples from Negroes.
Analysis and Optimization of a Regional Blood Bank Distribution Process
Authors: Yahnke D. P. , Rimm A. A. , Mundt C. J. , Aster R. H. , Hurst T. M. 
Published: October 2009

Using data collected by an automated blood inventory and information system, an in‐depth description of the functioning of a 31‐hospital regional blood bank system for a 10‐month period is presented. A total of 43,514 units of blood were included in this analysis. The following factors which affect the blood distribution process were studied: (1) recycling of blood units; (2) blood types; and (3) hospital inventory levels.It was found that blood recycling allows management flexibility and apparently is important in reducing blood outdating. It was shown that rare blood types are utilized differently from other types and consequently require special management practices for effective use. Ordering and recycling in the system differed greatly from hospital to hospital. The ratio of average daily inventory/average daily transfusions, was used to evaluate efficiency of hospital blood banks. In addition to analyzing those factors associated with the blood distribution process in a regional system, this study demonstrated types of information that can be derived from an automated data acquisition system.
Laboratory Evaluation of Normal Donors Undergoing Leukapheresis on the Continuous Flow Centrifuge
Authors: McCullough J. , Fortuny I. E. 
Published: October 2009

Leukapheresis with the continuous flow centrifuge for leukocyte collection from normal donors is becoming widely utilized. Thus, it is important to establish guidelines for the laboratory evaluation of donors. Forty‐nine normal donors underwent 120 different leukaphereses and the following variables were studied before and after each procedure: hemoglobin, hematocrit, leukocyte count and differential, platelet count, sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, calcium, phosphorus, prothrombin and partial thromboplastin time, blood urea nitrogen, glucose, plasma hemoglobin, and blood culture. No unexpected laboratory results were encountered.On the basis of these studies, hemoglobin or hematocrit and partial thromboplastin time are necessary as a minimum. Total leukocyte differential count, platelet count, and serum calcium may be added but are optional. These laboratory studies must be combined with a thorough history, and the leukocyte unit once collected should undergo pretransfusion testing and compatibility testing similar to other blood products.
Bacteriological Study of Platelet Concentrates Stored at 22 C and 4 C
Authors: Mallin W. S. , Reuss D. T. , Bracke J. W. , Roberts S. C. , Moore G. L. 
Published: October 2009

Samples of platelet concentrate prepared by double plasmapheresis of volunteers were stored at 4 C and 22 C for four to ten days and cultured from 0072 hours on brain heart infusion media, thioglycolate broth, and tryptic soy broth and incubated at 22 and 37 C for 21 days.A closed system was used for 42 units and a limited entry system involving pooling of platelet concentrates was used for 68 units. All 110 units were negative for bacterial contamination at both 4 C and room temperature, based on cultures using multiple media under maximized growth conditions for anaerobic as well as aerobic bacteria.Platelet concentrates handled in both a closed system and a limited entry system and stored up to at least 72 hours at room temperature remained free of bacterial contamination and appeared safe for transfusion.
Studies of Platelet Concentrates Stored at 22 C and 4 C
Authors: Becker G. A. , Tuccelli M. , Kunicki T. , Chalos M. K. , Aster R. H. 
Published: October 2009

As measured by stability of pH, aggregability, and structure, concentrated platelets are better preserved for 72 hours at 4 C than at 22 C. While survival in vivo, as determined with 51Cr, of platelets stored at room temperature is extremely variable, survival of platelets stored at 4 C is invariably shortened to two to three days. In the treatment of bleeding in thrombocytopenic patients, however, platelets kept at 4 C for 24 to 72 hours are superior to those kept at 22 C with respect to their capacity to shorten the bleeding time and effect hemostasis. The relative ineffectiveness of platelets kept at 22 C for 72 hours appears to be the result of a functional defect which develops during storage at ambient temperature.We suggest that until a means is found to prevent the functional abnormality which develops during storage at 22 C., platelet concentrates should be refrigerated if they are to be stored for 24 hours or longer prior to being transfused.
Rapid Plasma Exchange with the Continuous Flow Centrifuge
Authors: McCullough J. , Fortuny I. E. , Kennedy B. J. , Edson J. R. , Branda R. F. , Jacob Harry S. 
Published: October 2009

Four cases are described in which rapid exchange of large volumes of plasma (3.8–7.1 liters) was performed with the continuous flow centrifuge and unmodified fresh frozen plasma. Emphasis of this report is on the procedures used and the laboratory evaluation of the effects of plasma exchange.The patients received from 1,000 to 4,900 units of heparin and 628 to 1,299 ml of ACD during the procedure but no hemorrhagic complications were encountered. Supplementary calcium was administered to two patients and no clinical complications caused by hypocalcemia were observed. Serum potassium, chloride and bicarbonate were slightly decreased following plasma exchange, and hypernatremia did not occur. With careful evaluation and monitoring of patients, rapid plasma exchange with the continuous flow centrifuge appears to be practical and safe for the patient.
The Rhesus Monkey as a Model for Evaluation of the Preservation of Stored Whole Blood
Authors: Button L. N. , Garcia F. G. , Kevy S. V. 
Published: October 2009

Blood was collected into Acid Citrate Dextrose solution (ACD) from a group of 20 large, adult rhesus monkeys. In ten of the experiments, the blood was labeled immediately with radioisotopes and reinfused into the donor monkeys. The other ten blood units were stored at 4 C for 21 days, then tabled and infused into the donor monkeys. In vitro determinations were made immediately after collection and at the end of the storage period and compared with the results obtained in stored human blood.The ten fresh blood infusions had a mean survival of 101.3 per cent with an average half time of 10.4 days. The 21 (lay‐old bloods had a mean survival of 73.7 per cent (S.D. = 5.1%) with an average half time of 11.3 days. The average red blood cell survival of 123 human blood units stored 21 days and reinfused into their donors had an average red cell survival of 81.0 per cent (S.D. = 8.6%). The determinations in rhesus blood and human blood were comparable.These data strongly suggest that in vivo studies done in the rhesus monkey may be substituted for those performed in man to evaluate red cell preservation.
Anomalous ABO Grouping Due to a New Serum Factor Reactive with a Reagent Coloring Material
Authors: Jones T. E. , Ayrton A. S. , Blajchman M. A. 
Published: October 2009

The blood of a patient with infectious mononucleosis was investigated when a discrepancy was noted between cell and serum grouping. The red blood cells of the patient were reactive with a commercial anti‐B. Her serum strongly agglutinated group A and group B cells. Anti‐B from four other commercial sources and from ten normal group A donors did not agglutinate the patient's cells.The coloring material in the commercial anti‐B with which the patient's cells reacted is yellow #5 tartrazine. The patient's serum agglutinated normal group O cells on the addition of this dye. No other example of this factor has been found in routine blood grouping or in testing the serum from 30 further patients with infectious mononucleosis.
Leukocyte Contamination of Red Cells in Leukocyte‐Poor and Frozen‐Deglycerolized Units
Authors: Perkins H. A. , Senecal I. , Howell E. 
Published: October 2009

Red blood cell recovery was better and removal of white cells equally good when units were centrifuged briefly in an upright position as compared to more prolonged centrifugation in an inverted position. Nylon fiber filtration left more white cells than did differential centrifugation; a combination of the two technics provided the smallest amount of white cell contamination. Red blood cells frozen and deglycerolized by the original Huggins process had as many leukocytes as those prepared by differential centrifugation. The current Huggins process left more white cells than did the original method.Removal of white cells from blood frozen and deglycerolized by the Huggins process was better in a continuous flow centrifuge than in the Cytoglomerator. Platelet removal was less complete than that of white cells by either technic. Preliminary results with CPD blood do not appear significantly different from those with ACD blood.