bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Following the Path of the Water Libation
Authors: Brand Itzhak 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Some of the precepts pertaining to the holiday of Sukkot involve water and the prayer for rain; of these, the most prominent is nissukh ha-mayim, the water libation. The water libation has an eschatological and cosmological character. According to R. Eliezer b. Jacob in the Mishnah, the water was brought to the altar through the Water Gate, because “the water that will flow from under the threshold of the House in the future [i.e., in the messianic age] trickles through it.” This alludes to Ezekiel’s vision of a thin stream of water that emerges from the Temple and grows until it becomes a flowing river whose waters have special properties of blessing and healing. The scholarly literature has addressed the eschatological interpretation of the water libation ritual in various contexts. Here I expand on this and show how the elements of the vision correspond closely to the elements of the ritual. The focus will be on the path by which the water was brought into the Temple and then to the altar, first in the ritual and then in the vision.
Qur’ānic Commentators on Jewish and Zoroastrian Approaches to Menstruation
Authors: Mazuz Haggai 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The early Qur’ānic commentators argued that, in pre-Islamic times, Arabs observed many Jewish customs relating to menstruation. From the tenth century on, we find Qur’ānic commentators who claim that pre-Islamic Arabs observed Zoroastrian menstruation customs rather than Jewish ones. From the eleventh century on, commentators combined Jewish and Zoroastrian customs in their commentary on Qur’ān 2:222. This paper sets out the close relationship between Jewish and Zoroastrian rules regarding menstruation, which may explain why Jewish and Zoroastrian menstruation customs are connected in some Muslim scholars’ commentaries: the Muslim commentators were making an accurate assessment of the similarities between the two sets of customs. At the same time, we only find Jews and the Zoroastrians mentioned side by side in the Qur’ānic commentaries from the eleventh century on, since only by then had Muslim scholars’ understanding of other religions expanded enough to provide this knowledge. Early commentators simply did not know enough about Judaism and Zoroastrianism to notice the similarities. It is possible, though by no means certain, that the post-tenth century Qur’ānic commentators who mention only the Jews in regard to pre-Islamic menstruation rituals did so because they were not familiar with Zoroastrian customs and their similarities to those of Judaism.
Why does the Didache Conceive of the Eucharist as a Holy Meal?
Authors: van de Sandt Huub 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn the institution accounts of the New Testament Jesus declares the bread to be his body and the wine his blood. In the passages of the Didache referring to the eucharistic ritual (Did 9-10 and 14) the words of institution are lacking. Wine is not related to Jesus’ blood and bread is in no way linked to his physical body. If the Didache does not even suggest that the eucharistic ritual is related in any way to the tradition of the Last Supper, why then is the communal meal in the Didache considered holy? This paper argues that the meal was conceived in terms of holiness in order to show that it related as much to the Divine as did the temple service. Since a temple setting was generally seen as the natural context for religious rites, temple concepts and temple thinking were used to describe and define non-temple ritual settings.
Origen’s Anti-Subordinationism and its Heritage in the Nicene and Cappadocian Line
Authors: Ramelli Ilaria L.E. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractNyssen’s arguments in In Illud: Tunc et Ipse Filius entirely derive from Origen (probably also passing through Marcellus of Ancyra and Eusebius). Origen’s influence, theoretical and exegetical, is evident in every passage, from the argumentative pillars down to the tiniest details of exegesis. Gregory’s close dependence on Origen in his anti-subordinationism, within his polemic against ‘Arianism,’ confirms that Origen was not the forerunner of ‘Arianism,’ as he was depicted in the Origenistic controversy and is often still regarded to be, but the main inspirer of the Cappadocians, especially Nyssen, in what became Trinitarian orthodoxy. Origen inspired Marcellus, who was anti-Arian, Eusebius, who in fact was no ‘Arian,’ Athanasius, the champion of anti-Arianism, and the Cappadocians. I argue extensively that Origen’s Trinitarian heritage is found, not in Arianism, but in Nyssen, Athanasius, Eusebius, and the Nicene-Constantinopolitan line, on the basis of a painstaking analysis of his works (always with attention to their reliability in relation to Greek original, translations, and fragments) and of Pamphilus, Eusebius, Athanasius, and other revealing testimonies, pagan and Christian. The origin of the µοοσιος formula is also investigated in this connection. Further interesting insights will emerge concerning Eusebius and his first report of what exactly happened at Nicaea.
Population structure and demography of an Algerian population of the Moorish tortoise, Testudo graeca
Authors: Rouag Rachid , Benyacoub Slim , Luiselli Luca , Mouden El Hassan El , Tiar Ghoulem , Ferrah Chahira 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Demography and population biology aspects of the Moorish tortoise, Testudo graeca graeca were studied in the Parc National d'El Kala, north-eastern Algeria. Density, which was assessed by capture-mark-recapture procedures in a study plot of 30 ha surface, was 3.73 individuals × ha−1. Adult sex-ratio was nearly equal (1.06 : 1). Sexual maturity was reached at 7-8 years of age in the males and at 9-11 years in the females. The mean age of tortoises was 13.8 ± 6.4 years (n = 88). Maximum longevity was over 20 years in both sexes. The females reached larger body size than the males. The growth was rapid during the early years of age in both sexes, and tended to stop completely by the 9-12 years of life in the males and by the 8-10 years in the females. The instantaneous growth of adults which were recaptured in multiple years indicated an average growth rate of 11.34 mm/year in the males, and of 26.30 mm/year in the females. Mortality was estimated at 3.94%. The main mortality cause for the tortoises of this population was the occurrence of fires spreading throughout the study area. These data are of interest because demographic patterns of Testudo graeca seem to vary not only because of their relative genetical variability, but also because of their relative environmental stress.
Thelohanellus habibpuri sp. n. (Myxozoa: Bivalvulida) from the tropical freshwater fish rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton-Buchanan, 1882) in West Bengal, India: Light and electron microscope observations
Authors: Acharya Subhendu , Dutta Tanusree 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
A new species of myxozoan (Myxozoa: Bivalvulida) Thelohanellus habibpuri sp. n. parasitic in tropical freshwater fish collected from the Habibpur, West Bengal, India is described in this paper. T. habibpuri was found in the Pectoral fin of Labeo rohita (Hamilton-Buchanan, 1882). The diagnostic characters of T. habibpuri are: generally oval milky-whitish plasmodia attached in the pectoral fin of host fishes; spore egg-shaped to ovoid with slightly tapering anterior and rounded posterior end, averaging 13.9 × 8.5 μm in size; a single oval-round polar capsule 6.0 × 4.9 μm in diameter, with polar filament wound in 3-4 coils. Finely granular sporoplasm containing two slightly oval nuclei (1.4 μm in diameter) and a small iodinophilous vacuole (3.0 μm in diameter) present in the spore.SEM study of this myxozoan reveals the anterior extremity of spore is truncated. The Cnidocyst discharge channel appear as a dark area. The longitudinal wavy surface are visible on the spore.
Tuna Fisheries Management in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean: A Critical Analysis of the Convention for the Conservation and Management of Highly Migratory Fish Stocks in the Western and Central I Pacific Ocean and Its Implications for the Pacific Island States
Authors: Aqorau Transform 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe conclusion of the UN Fish Stocks Agreement in 1995 provided the impetus for changes to international fisheries law. The western and central Pacific region provides at least 60 per cent of the world's supply of raw tuna. Since 1994, efforts have been ongoing to develop a comprehensive conservation and management regime there. On 5 September, 2000, the Convention for the Conservation and Management of Highly Migratory Fish Stocks in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean was concluded and signed. It represents a new threshold in international tuna management as it builds on the principles in the Fish Stocks Agreement. The article analyses the implications of the Convention for the Pacific Island States and what it will mean for tuna management in the region. The Convention is an instrument that will empower the Pacific Island States to harness the resource in a way that enhances their sovereign rights. However, the article points out that the Convention is also threatening because fishing states might want to use it to weaken the control Pacific Island States now have over the tuna resource. The article concludes that the Convention increases the economic opportunities to benefit from the tuna resource and clarifies the legal rights over the resource.
CCAMLR and Southern Ocean Fisheries
Authors: Molenaar Erik Jaap 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR Convention) forms the core of the regulatory regime for Southern Ocean fisheries. This article analyses the scope and extent of the Convention and the competence of the bodies established under it while also addressing the role of states and other international intergovernmental organisations with relevant competence. As part of the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), the CCAMLR Convention is characterised by a unique sovereignty situation. The analysis thereof is complemented by a comparison with (other) regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs) and illustrated by the difficulties in addressing illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing. The article concludes inter alia that the CCAMLR Convention is unlike other RFMOs due to the special natural characteristics, its integration into the ATS and the ensuing sovereignty situation, and its conservationist objective. This notwithstanding, it seems justifiable to treat the CCAMLR Convention as "something more" than an RFMO for the purpose of international instruments on fisheries.
Marine Habitat Protection in Sea Areas under the Jurisdiction of a Coastal Member State of the European Union: The Case of Deep-Water Coral Conservation in Ireland
Authors: Long Ronan , Grehan Anthony 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis article proposes a legal framework for the conservation of deep-water coral in the sea area under the coastal state jurisdiction of Ireland. Two potential risks from human activities to the conservation of deep-water coral are considered. These are commercial fishing activity and the exploration and exploitation activities of the offshore oil and gas industry. The article reviews the relevant provisions of the Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC) as they apply to Ireland and mentions several international legal instruments and initiatives that may influence the shape of an effective conservation and management regime. The potential application of European environmental law (the Habitats Directive) to protect deep-water coral in the maritime areas beyond the territorial sea and the interaction between European environmental law and the European common fisheries policy are discussed. This article concludes by suggesting a number of actions that could be taken at European and at coastal state levels to protect the unique ecosystems associated with deep-water coral.
Decommissioning of Offshore Oil and Gas Installations in European Waters : The End of a Decade of Indecision?
Authors: Woodliffe John 
Published: March 2012

AbstractFor the past 10 years or more, governments of European states have sought to lay the scientific, legal and political groundwork for an agreed normative framework intended to govern decommissioning of deep-water offshore installations, many of which will shortly reach the end of their working life. The Brent Spar episode abruptly shattered any illusion of consensus on decommissioning issues. This article traces the main stages in the development of the current legal regime, including the recent overhaul and rebuilding of regional and international agreements. It examines the implications of the assertion of interest by the European Union in this area and also documents the outcome of the Brent Spar saga. The article concludes with an assessment of the OSPAR Decision of 23 July 1998, which appears to provide the long sought for international agreement.
Climate Change Resilience and Technology Transfer: The Role of Intellectual Property
Authors: Azam M. Monirul 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe impact of climate change has emerged as a major threat to sustainable development and poverty reduction efforts in many less developed countries, in particular in the least developed countries (LDCs) such as the countries in the African region and Small Island States. New technologies are necessary for the stabilization and reduction of atmospheric greenhouse gases and to enhance the capacity of poor countries to respond to shifts in resource endowments that are expected to accompany climate change. Therefore, technology transfer, particularly in the case of access to environmentally sound technologies (ESTs) is widely seen as an integral part of climate change resilience. Concerted efforts will be required for the development, deployment and transfer of ESTs to reduce vulnerability and increase resilience to the risks of climate change. Thus, development and transfer of ESTs has emerged as a fundamental building block in the crafting of a post-Kyoto 2012 global regime for climate change resilience. In this context, the role of intellectual property rights (IPRs) has been the subject of increased attention in the climate change discussions since the Bali conference of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2007. Different conflicting views and positions have emerged pointing to the role of IPRs in either facilitating or hindering the transfer of ESTs. The dissemination of ESTs from developed countries to developing countries and LDCs is a very complicated process often simplified by the argument that patent waiver for ESTs or allowing copying with weak intellectual property rights will help the developing countries and LDCs to better cope with the climate change problems. This article tries to examine the relationship between the IPRs (with special reference to patent system) and the resilience discourse with a starting point in the terms of social and ecological resilience.
Empowerment: A New Generative Theme of Christian Mission in a Globalized World
Authors: Kolimon Mery 
Published: March 2012

AbstractFacing the contemporary challenge of global capitalism, churches around the world need to consider the way they perform their mission. Three decades ago liberation movements and theologies played an important role in dealing with the negative impact of modernity that created a huge gap between the rich and the poor. It became what Schreiter calls one of ‘the global theological flows.’ However, we are now confronting a different kind of global reality. The very fact that all parts of the world are more and more connected because of the impact of globalization, and that in such a process of globalization the issue of power appears as a dominant theme challenges churches around the world to consider the issue of power in their mission strategy. Theologically we can find a source for constructing empowerment as a new generative theme of Christian mission in Jesus’ ministry.
Caligula, the Church of Antioch and the Gentile Mission
Authors: Taylor Nicholas H 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis study examines such data as are available regarding the impact of the crisis which confronted Jewish communities in many parts of the Roman Empire during the reign ofGaius Caligula (3 7-41 CE). Particular attention is given to Antioch on the Orontes, and to the Christian community which emerged there and was to become a major force both in the spread of Christianity and in the conversion of Gentiles to a hitherto Jewish movement. It is argued that the crisis was a major catalyst in changing the character of the Christian church in Antioch, so that it acquired an identity distinct from that of the Jewish community. The reappraisal of eschatological expectations occasioned by the crisis led to the conviction that Gentiles must be included in the Church before the parousia of Christ.
Recent Movements in Pastoral Theology
Authors: De Jongh Van Arkel Jan 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe article maps the major trends and movements in the field of pastoral care and counselling and pastoral theology during the last ten years as they are reflected in publications. The areas which receive focused attention are the influence of and response to postmodern culture; renewed interest in ethical problems and the way these are attended to; the phenomenal contributions by feminist and zuomanist pastoral theologians; the much more prominent use of theological language rather than psychological jargon; renewed interest in the importance of pastoral anthropology; the recurring theme of spirituality; the attention given to the communal and contextual aspects of pastoral work; the effort to recognise the importance of making provision for congregational pastoral counselling; and the new emphasis on narrative and outcomes-based models of pastoral counselling. A model is proposed for pastoral work zuhich recognises four distinct forms of care: mutual care, pastoral care, pastoral counselling and pastoral therapy.
David Gauthier and The Development of a Contractarian Morality
Authors: Frances-Gomez Pedro 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe appearance of the following pages might suggest an "intellectual biography". My purpose is not, though, to offer such a simple thing (interesting as it might be). Indeed, I would like to follow the evolution of Gauthier's thought not only to show how a thinker evolved from a particular view about a particular problem toward a quite original and suggestive formulation, but also to deepen our comprehension of moral contractarianism and its implications, by means of its contextualization. For this reason, I will focus not on Gauthier's philosophical production as a whole (we will pay little attention to his historical works, for example), but on the papers and works that mark the line toward moral contractarianism as it is found in Morals by Agreement (henceforth MA). The trajectory we are about to go over is not, therefore, only a personal adventure (though it will be displayed this way), but (if I may use this pompous language) the adventure of ideas. This will not be an easy journey. Our focus on the historical development of concepts will prevent us from giving a fully systematic account of every one of them. The unfamiliar reader may be disappointed as we use somewhat strange terms without completely explaining their meaning. We beg acquiescence with our method, hoping that, on the whole, the essential ideas will be understandable without a detailed discussion.
Obligation and Assent in Hobbes's Moral Philosophy
Authors: Rhodes Rosamond 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn the history of moral and political philosophy, Hobbes has a bad reputation. Among other things, he has been a favorite whipping boy of moral theorists who wanted to criticize egoism. He has been so disparaged that philosophers who actually draw on his insights avoid acknowledgment of their debt and advise their similarly inspired friends to follow a similarly guarded course, all presumably to protect their own reputations. In what follows, I want to raise the question of whether Hobbes's critics have been engaged in combat with a straw man.1 Is Hobbes's moral theory a classic example of egoism? This is not a new question, but, in my opinion, the answers that have been generated to date are not satisfactory. The issue turns on his account of obligation, and the question is whether Hobbesian obligation is merely a detailed and interesting version of calculating prudent self-interest or whether it involves something that ranks as a moral foundation.2 What is at stake is the status of his Laws of Nature. Are they just a list of calculated best bets, guidelines for action, advice that can be ignored if it should ever turn out to be convenient or more prudent to do something else instead? Or, are the Laws of Nature moral commandments that may not be breached regardless of the personal advantage that could be had through a violation?
Public Reason and the Hobbesian Dilemma
Authors: Courtland Shane 
Published: March 2012

AbstractHobbesian accounts of public reason (provided by David Gauthier and Michael Ridge) are forced to face a tension that is presented for any theorist that toes the Hobbesian line. This tension has been referred to as the “Hobbesian Dilemma.” On one horn, we are afraid that we might create a monster with our authorization of an absolute sovereign. On the other horn, we are afraid that if we do not hand over unlimited power to the sovereign (and to its judgment) we will not be freed from the conflict that is endemic to our reliance upon private pluralistic standards. These Hobbesians, stressing the first horn, are afraid of authorizing a supreme political entity, so they provide modifications that serve to restrict such an entity. Such modifications, however, necessarily reintroduce pluralism back into the commonwealth. But if we take Hobbes seriously and accept that pluralism generates a state of war, the reintroduction of pluralism must be viewed as disastrous.
The Method in Hobbes' Madness
Authors: Carter Alan 
Published: March 2012

AbstractHobbes appears to subscribe to a form of the resolutive/compositive method not only as the appropriate means for understanding the natural world but also as the correct means for understanding the political world. However, the view that Hobbes adopts this methodology for understanding both 'bodies politic' and 'natural bodies' has been challenged in Tom Sorell's widely praised study of Hobbes' philosophy. In this article, I first rebut Sorell's challenge, and then consider several other objections which might be levelled against the claim that Hobbes employs a version of the resolutive/compositive method in his civil philosophy.
HISTORIC ROOTS OF EASTERN EUROPEAN BACKWARDNESS
Authors: Baer Josette A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractSelbst als Historiker erschrickt man ob der Einsicht, dass gewisse Voraussetzungen für das Auseinanderdriften der politischen Kulturen innerhalb Europas bis in die Spätantike zurückreichen und dass sich das sozialokonomische West-Ost-Gefalle von heute bereits im spaten Mittelalter abzeichnet (Goehrke, p. 741).
<?CTRLerr type="1" mess="PBlanc posé à Verifier !" ?> (Even historians are surprised by the insight that certain conditions responsible for the gap between the political cultures of Europe reach back to the late Antique and that the contours of today's socio-economic declivity of East and West emerge in the late Middle Ages.)