bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification and Evaluation of Additional Sources of Resistance to Peanut Root-knot Nematode in Arachis hypogaea L.1
Authors: Holbrook C. Corley , Noe James P. , Stephenson Michael G. , Anderson William F. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria race 1) causes significant economic losses throughout the peanut (Arachis hypogaea) production areas of the southern U.S. Chemicals for control of this pest are becoming increasingly limited, and there are no peanut cultivars with resistance. Seven moderately resistant plant introductions have been identified; however, less than 25% of the germplasm collection has been examined for resistance based on nematode reproduction. The objectives of this work were to examine an additional 1000 plant introductions for resistance to the peanut root-knot nematode and to compare the most resistant introductions to previously reported sources of resistance. Preliminary greenhouse screening trials were conducted to rate severity of root galling and amount of egg mass production. Seventeen accessions were selected based on a mean egg mass rating of less than or equal to three. These selections were reevaluated in additional greenhouse and field experiments to quantify levels of resistance and to directly compare these sources of resistance to those previously reported. Eight accessions had a significantly higher level of resistance (lower egg mass rating) than Florunner; however, none had a significantly higher level of resistance than those previously reported. Results of this study identified additional sources of resistance which may provide unique genes for resistance. In addition, two of these new sources of resistance (PI 298848 and PI 311265) exhibited significantly higher yield than those previously identified when grown in soil heavily infested with M. arenaria.
Salting and Hydration of Partially Defatted Peanuts
Authors: Pominski J. , Mishkin M. A. , Pearce H. M. , Wan P. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Salt was added to partially defatted peanuts prior to roasting, by hydration in salt and dextrose solutions (brines), and by adding salt after hydration in water. Brine uptake was less than that of water for the same time intervals; i.e., at 2-min hydration time, pickup for water was 27.6% as compared with 18.49% for 15% brine. These procedures resulted in desired salt contents of 2.66 and 2.79%, respectively, in roasted partially defatted peanuts. The brine method was the more efficient procedure for the addition of salt and increased the amount of whole roasted partially defatted peanuts as much as 35.46%.
Foliar Fertilization of Virginia-Type Peanut with MnEDTA— Crop Grade, Pod Yield, and Value1
Authors: Powell N. L. , Swann C. W. , Martens D. C. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Manganese is an essential plant micronutrient and has many functions in the plant. Deficient levels of manganese in the plant result in reduced crop yields. This study was conducted to determine the effects of foliar application of manganese salt of ethylenediamine tetra-acetate (MnEDTA) and the timing of application of the MnEDTA to the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plant on crop grade, pod yield, and value. Field trials were conducted in Virginia during 1990 and 1991 to determine the optimum amounts of MnEDTA needed for production of the virginia-type peanut. The predominant soil type was Yemassee fine sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Aeric Achroquults). Manganese treatments enhanced fancy pod development and increased the percentage of extra large kernels for NC-V 11 and NC7. Other grade factors were not influenced. Average pod yield increases over the control were 25 and 109% for NC-V 11 in two tests during 1990. In 1991 average pod yield increase for NC-V 11 and NC 7 above the control were 65 and 103%, respectively. Crop values paralleled the pod yield data in comparison to the control and standard treatments. MnEDTA treatments were comparable to the standard treatments especially at the higher rates. Amounts of Mn, as MnEDTA, needed for foliar application to peanut were 0.3 to 0.6 kg ha-1 per application. Results show that early initial application was needed (4 to 6 wk after planting) with at least three applications applied at 2-wk intervals.
Chemical Composition of Arachis hypogaea L. Subsp. hypogaea Var. hirsuta Peanuts1
Authors: Grimm D. T. , Sanders T. H. , Pattee H. E. , Williams D. E. , Sanchez-Dominguez S. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The biochemical composition of seed collected from six landrace accessions of Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. hypogaea var. hirsuta was investigated. Florida-grown runner- (cv. Florunner) and virginia-type (cv. NC 7) seed were used as comparative controls. Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared from hexane-extracted oil and analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. Oil stability was determined using oxidative stability instrumentation. Tocopherols, free amino acids, and free sugars were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Total oil content ranged from 36-45% for var. hirsuta seed as compared to 46 and 45% for Florunner and NC 7, respectively. Oleic acid/linoleic acid ratios ranged from 0.76-0.95 for the var. hirsuta peanuts as compared to runner (1.71) and virginia (2.1) controls. Tocopherol levels for var. hirsuta (295-377 ppm in oil) were similar to NC 7 (30 ppm) and lower than Florunner (425 ppm). Oil quality characteristics were reflected in much shorter oil stability index times for var. hirsuta seed (5.9-8.0 hr) compared to Florunner (11.6 hr) and NC 7 (12.9 hr). In general, var. hirsuta peanuts contained more free sugars (141-178 μmol/g defatted meal) and free amino acids (18.5-37.2 μmol/g defatted meal) than Florunner (127 and 20.2 μmol/g defatted meal free sugars and free amino acids, respectively) or NC 7 (122 and 20.3 μmol/g defatted meal).
Effect of Soil Temperature on Vegetative and Reproductive Growth and Development in Three Spanish Genotypes of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
Authors: Golombek S. D. , Johansen C. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Extremes of soil temperature limit yield development of peanut. To obtain information relevant to improving yield by agronomic management and breeding, the influence of the soil temperature regimes (day/night) of 20/14 (T1), 26/20 (T2), 32/26 (T3), and 38/32 C (T4) imposed from the time of peg penetration into the soil until maturity on growth and development of three spanish genotypes of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) was investigated in a greenhouse. Soil temperature treatments were imposed by placing pots with individual plants in large temperature-controlled water baths. With increasing soil temperature from T1 to T3, leaves, stems and lateral roots became thinner. The leaf area increased from T1 to T3. The lateral root length increased up to maturity more at higher than at lower temperatures. The number of mature pods per plant, mature single seed mass, and therefore mature total seed mass per plant were highest at the intermediate temperature regimes, less at the warmest, and lowest at the coldest treatment. In early reproductive stages, pod inititation rate increased with decreasing soil temperature. Total pod growth and development of mature pods was lowest in T1, although pod initiation was high. Suboptimal soil temperatures slowed pod filling and maturation. At T4, one reason for the lower mature pod number compared to the intermediate temperature treatments seems to be the low pod initiation rate at early reproductive stages. These responses to temperature suggest agronomic management and genetic options for increasing yield at nonoptimal soil temperatures, such as irrigation during pod initiation stage when soil temperatures are high.
Stability of Pod Yields and Parameters of a Simple Physiological Model for Yield Among Peanut Lines in Northern Benin
Authors: Adomou M. , Ntare B. R. , Williams J. H. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Cultivar trials comparing nine early maturing and 14 medium maturing peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) lines were conducted over 3 yr at five sites in Northern Benin. Trials were conducted using presently recommended agronomic practices. Pod and biomass yields, defoliation from all causes and phenology were observed. Crop growth rate (C), partitioning (p) and reproductive duration (parameters of a simple physiological model for yield) were estimated. Both C and p contributed to yield differences among lines within a maturity group. The dwarf cultivar MH2 was in all cases lower yielding due to low C. Duration was apparently not an important determinant of yield differences between early and medium maturity trial sets since (with MH2 excluded) the extra time taken by the medium maturity lines only resulted in 50 kg/ha greater yield. Partitioning of the trial entries was high suggesting that selection should focus on traits that maximize C. Across all lines there appears considerable potential for higher yields achieved by improvements of the crop growth rate, and crop management research and breeding should focus on tactics to increase this determinant of the yield. Lines selected for resistances to foliar diseases in India had, on average, lower C than West African lines, and some Southern African lines, but they had greater stability of C across environments. Stability analysis of yield and the parameters of the yield model identified lines with superior stability of p and others with superior stability of C. It is suggested that both phenotypic and physiological yield models should be used in the identification of lines with desirable adaptive attributes.
Purple Nutsedge Control in Peanut as Affected by Imazameth and Imazethapyr Application Timing1
Authors: Dotray P. A. , Keeling J. W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Field experiments in 1994 and 1995 compared control by imazameth at 53 and 71 g ai/ha and imazethapyr at 71 g ai/ha applied to purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) 5, 10, 20, or 30 cm tall. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) injury was not observed with either herbicide. Imazameth and imazethapyr were similarly effective on purple nutsedge for the first 1 to 2 mo after planting. Regardless of application timing, imazameth was more effective than imazethapyr at approximately 3 mo or more after planting. Timing of application affected late-season control by imazameth only in 1995 where greater control was obtained when applied to 10- or 20-cm purple nutsedge. Peanut yields were variable in 1994 and were not related to the imidazolinone herbicide used, the herbicide rate, or the level of purple nutsedge control. In 1995, yield from plots treated with imazameth at 53 g/ha was greater than yield from plots treated with imazameth or imazethapyr at 71 g/ha. Timing of herbicide application did not affect yield.
Genotype-by-Environment Interaction in Sweet and Bitter Sensory Attributes of Peanut
Authors: Pattee H. E. , Isleib T. G. , Giesbrecht F. G. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Although there have been recent studies of the roasted peanut sensory attribute of roasted peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), there is little information on the factors influencing the sweet and bitter attributes. A study was conducted to test the significance of the effects of genotype, environment, and their interaction on the sweet and bitter attributes, to estimate genotypic means of these sensory attributes, and to determine an efficient scheme of resource allocation for multiple-site testing of breeding lines for sweet and bitter attributes. Samples of sound mature kernels from 17 genotypes grown at 42 different location-year combinations were stored under 5 C and 60% RH, roasted to nearly common color, ground into paste, and tasted by a trained sensory evaluation panel. Results for the roasted peanut attribute were similar to those found in previous studies. Significant variation among years was observed for bitter but not for sweet. There were no consistent differences among the three main peanut production regions for either attribute, but there was significant year-by-region interaction for sweet. Variation among locations within years and regions was significant for both attributes as was variation among genotypes. The mean flavor profile for the runner market class was significantly better than the mean for the virginia class in sweet, bitter and roasted peanut, but the distributions of the two classes did overlap. Significant correlations of genotypic means for the three attributes indicated that chemical assays for currently unidentified sweet or bitter principles could be used for indirect selection to improve roasted peanut attribute without the need for expensive and time-consuming sensory evaluation. Significant genotype-by-year interaction for bitter makes it necessary to acquire sensory data from 2 yr with three replications at each of four locations or two replications at each of five locations to differentiate statistically between means differing by half a flavor intensity unit. The precision of comparisons for sweet and roasted peanut will be more precise than that for bitter at a given arrangement of testing resources.
Field Performance of Advanced Runner- and Virginia-Type Peanut Breeding Lines During Epidemics of TSWV
Authors: Culbreath A. K. , Todd J. W. , Gorbet D. W. , Shokes F. M. , Pappu H. R. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Spotted wilt, caused by tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV), has become a major problem in peanut- (Arachis hypogaea L.) producing areas of the southern U.S. Development of cultivars with resistance to TSWV appears to be among the most promising methods for managing this disease. As part of efforts toward characterizing breeding lines with potential for release as cultivars, epidemics of spotted wilt were monitored in field plots of runner-type peanut cultivars Southern Runner and Florunner and advanced breeding lines: 79/4-6-2-1-1-Z16-b2-B (virginia-type), F 84/23-11-1-1-1-b2-B (runner-type), and F 84/28-5-5-2-2-1-b2-B (runner-type), F 84/28-5-4-2-2-b3-B (runner-type). The tests were conducted near Attapulgus, GA and Marianna, FL in 1995 and 1996. In 1996, the tests also included the runner-type cultivar AT-108. Epidemics of spotted wilt were suppressed in F 79/4-6-2-1-1-Z16-b2-B, F 84/23-11-1-1-1-b2-B, F 84/28-5-5-2-2-1-b2-B, and Southern Runner in comparison to those in Florunner. Final disease incidence and/or final disease intensity ratings in F 79/4-6-2-1-1-Z16-b2-B and F 84/23-11-1-1-1-b2-B were similar to those of Southern Runner. In 1996, final spotted wilt intensity ratings in F 84/28-5-4-2-2-b3-B and AT-108 did not differ from those of Florunner. Yields of F 79/4-6-2-1-1-Z16-b2-B and F 84/23-11-1-1-1-b2-B were superior to those of Florunner in three of the four tests. No differences were found among the genotypes in numbers of adults of tobacco thrips (Frankliniella fusca) or western flower thrips (F. occidentalis), and differences in numbers of larvae of Frankliniella spp. were few and not consistent. There was no evidence that differences in final disease incidence or disease intensity ratings were due to differential preference by thrips or to suitability for thrips reproduction. F 79/4-6-2-1-1-Z16-b2-B and F 84/23-11-1-1-1-b2-B represent potential tools for management of spotted wilt in peanut production areas of the southeastern U.S.
Responses of Peanut Genotypes to Fungicidal Control of Early Leaf Spot in Malawi1
Authors: Subrahmanyam P. , Hildebrand G. L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Early leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola Hori.) is the most destructive disease of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Malawi. Fifteen peanut genotypes were examined for their response to fungicidal control of early leaf spot during the 1990/91 (year 1), 1991/92 (year 2), and 1992/93 (year 3) growing seasons at Chitedze, Malawi. Total rainfall and its distribution in these years were variable, with the most favorable pattern in year 3. Early leaf spot was most severe in year 2, although there was a severe midseason drought during this year. Fungicide application gave excellent control of the disease in all growing seasons. The cultivar Malimba had the most damage and the breeding line ICGV-SM 85053 had the least damage from early leaf spot. Pod yields were higher in year 3 than in the other two growing seasons. Pod yields were significantly higher in fungicide-sprayed (treated) plots than in water-sprayed (control) plots in years 1 and 3. Most peanut genotypes had positive yield responses to disease control in years 1 and 3. However, there were no significant differences in pod yields between treated and control plots of most genotypes in year 2. Although the pod yields were lower in year 2 than in year 1, total biomass production was higher in year 2. It was apparent that biomass partitioning was severely affected in year 2 due to the midseason drought stress that reduced pod yields and vitiated the beneficial effects of fungicidal application. Investment in fungicidal control of early leaf spot on genotypes with low yield potential may not be economical under less than optimal rainfall conditions.
Shaded Windrow Curing for Peanuts in Virginia1
Authors: Wright F. S. , Porter D. M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
At digging, peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plants were placed in shaded and conventional (inverted) windrows to determine if peanut quality could be improved. Florigiant and NC 6 cultivars were dug and placed in the two windrow types on days when freezing temperatures or frost were predicted. All peanuts were dug with a conventional digger-inverter. The shaded windrows were hand formed by placing a layer of peanuts on the inverted windrow so that the peanuts were protected from direct exposure to the sky. The peanut temperature in the conventional windrow reached the lowest temperature in the nighttime and highest temperature in the daytime and fluctuated from the lowest to highest level compared to the shaded windrow and the ambient temperature. Peanut temperatures in the conventional and shaded windrows were approximately 0C or below for a short duration during the windrow curing period. The average “maximum” peanut temperature from 12 to 5 p.m. was 3.7C higher for the conventional than the shaded windrows for all tests. From 2 to 7 a.m., the average “minimum” peanut temperature was 1.1C lower for the conventional than the shaded windrow. The peanut moisture content in the shaded windrow averaged 7.3% higher at combining than peanuts in the conventional windrow. In a test where the ambient temperature dropped below freezing for two nights following digging, the alcohol headspace meter readings were above the rejection level for freeze damage in the conventional windrow. The shaded windrow provided minimal freeze protection over the conventional windrow and shading is not recommended in the Virginia-Carolina production area.
A Laboratory Colorimeter Method to Measure Pod Brightness in Virginia-Type Peanuts
Authors: Isleib T. G. , Pattee H. E. , Rice P. W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Pod brightness is an important characteristic that influences consumers to purchase in-shell peanuts. A method is needed to quantitate pod brightness. Studies were conducted to determine whether pod color measurements were related to visual aesthetics rated by a panel representing seven virginia peanut shelling companies and to determine the effect of the optical aperture of the colorimeter on the measurements obtained. Forty-eight virginia-type pod lots were separated into fancy and jumbo fractions using a standard Federal-State Inspection Service grading peanut sizer. Pod color was measured for three subsamples of each fraction using a Hunterlab D25-PC2 colorimeter equipped with the D25-2RAL Reduced Area Viewing for L optical sensor (51-mm diameter sample area). The 96 samples also were rated by 11 Virginia-Carolina area shellers for pod color and size. Sheller ratings for the two traits were highly correlated (r &gt; 0.6, P ≤ 0.01). Hunter L and b scores were strongly correlated with sheller color ratings. The colorimeter is a useful tool for measuring pod brightness as an adjunct to breeding for improved pod brightness. Use of a 95 mm aperture resulted in greater average Hunter L, a, and b scores and significantly reduced the variance among subsamples. The larger aperture should be used when the quantity of pods available for measurement permits.
Assessment of necrotic core with intraplaque hemorrhage in atherosclerotic carotid artery plaque by MR imaging with 3D gradient-echo sequence in patients with high-grade stenosis
Authors: Hishikawa Tomohito , Iihara Koji , Yamada Naoaki , Ishibashi-Ueda Hatsue , Miyamoto Susumu 
Published: April 2010

Object
The aim of this study was to assess the histopathological differences between advanced atherosclerotic carotid artery (CA) plaques with signal hyperintensity on T1-weighted MR images and those without, focusing on necrotic core size and intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH).

Methods
Thirty-five patients scheduled for carotid endarterectomy underwent preoperative CA MR imaging using 3D inversion-recovery-based T1-weighted imaging (magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition gradient-echo [MPRAGE]). The signal intensity of the CA plaque on MPRAGE sequences was classified as “high” when the intensity was more than 200% that of adjacent muscle. A total of 96 axial MR images obtained in 35 patients were compared with corresponding histological sections from 36 excised specimens. The area of the necrotic core in histological sections was compared between specimens with and without high signal intensity on MPRAGE sequences. The IPH was histopathologically graded according to the size of the area positive for glycophorin A as revealed by immunohistochemical staining. The difference between plaques with and without high signal intensity was investigated with respect to the degree of IPH. The relationship of the severity of IPH to size of the necrotic core was also evaluated.

Results
The area of the necrotic core in plaques with high signal intensity on MPRAGE sequences was significantly larger than that in plaques without high signal intensity (median 51.2% [interquartile range 43.3–66.8%] vs 49.0% [33.2–57.6%], p = 0.029). Carotid artery plaques with high signal intensity had significantly more severe IPH than plaques with lower signal intensity (p < 0.0001). The severity of IPH was significantly associated with the size of the necrotic core (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions
Atherosclerotic CA plaques with high signal intensity on MPRAGE sequences had large necrotic cores with IPH in patients with high-grade stenosis; MPRAGE is useful for the evaluation of CA plaque progression.