bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative assessments of residual stress fields at the surface of alumina hip joints
Authors: Pezzotti Giuseppe , Munisso Maria Chiara , Lessnau Kristina , Zhu Wenliang 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn‐depth and in‐plane response functions of photo‐ and electro‐stimulated probes have been modeled and quantitatively evaluated in order to assess their suitability to detect the highly graded residual stress fields generated at the surface of alumina hip joints. Optical calibrations revealed large differences in probe size, which strongly affected the detected magnitude of residual stress. A comparison between the responses of Raman and fluorescence probes in polycrystalline alumina showed that the depth of those probes spread to an extent in the order of the tens of microns even with using a confocal probe configuration. On the other hand, the electro‐stimulated luminescence emitted by oxygen vacancy sites (F+ center) in the alumina lattice represented the most suitable choice for confining to a shallow volume the stress probe. This latter probe enabled us to reduce the measurement depth to the order of the tens of nanometers. We show maps of surface residual stress as collected on both main‐wear and nonwear zones of an alumina femoral head. A comparison among stress maps taken at exactly the same location, but employing different probes, revealed averaging effects on the stress magnitude detected with photo‐stimulated probes, while proving the superior spatial resolution of the electron probe. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010.
Viscoelastic and fatigue properties of model methacrylate‐based dentin adhesives
Authors: Singh Viraj , Misra Anil , Marangos Orestes , Park Jonggu , Ye Qiang , Kieweg Sarah L. , Spencer Paulette 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe objective of the current study is to characterize the viscoelastic and fatigue properties of model methacrylate‐based dentin adhesives under dry and wet conditions. Static, creep, and fatigue tests were performed on cylindrical samples in a 3‐point bending clamp. Static results showed that the apparent elastic modulus of the model adhesive varied from 2.56 to 3.53 GPa in the dry condition, and from 1.04 to 1.62 GPa in the wet condition, depending upon the rate of loading. Significant differences were also found for the creep behavior of the model adhesive under dry and wet conditions. A linear viscoelastic model was developed by fitting the adhesive creep behavior. The developed model with 5 Kelvin Voigt elements predicted the apparent elastic moduli measured in the static tests. The model was then utilized to interpret the fatigue test results. It was found that the failure under cyclic loading can be due to creep or fatigue, which has implications for the failure criterion that are applied for these types of tests. Finally, it was found that the adhesive samples tested under dry conditions were more durable than those tested under wet conditions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010.
Intracardiac echogenic focus and fetal outcome
Authors: Gupta Geetika , Aggarwal Shagun , Phadke Shubha R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackgroundTo study the outcome of the fetuses with intracardiac echogenic focus (ICEF).MethodsAll patients who were found to have one or more ICEF on sonographic (US) examination at our center from January 2007 through January 2009 were included in this retrospective study. ICEF was defined as a discrete area of echogenicity noted in the left or right ventricle, which was as bright as bone. Patients were followed up to know pregnancy outcome.ResultsOf 762 fetuses evaluated by US, 48 (6.3%) were found to have an ICEF. Thirty‐one of these 48 fetuses had an isolated ICEF; 11 had associated major malformations, and the remaining 6 had no major US abnormalities but were found to have other soft markers. Invasive prenatal testing was done in 21 cases for risk factors other than ICEF and was found to be abnormal in two cases. Seven pregnancies were terminated due to associated major malformations.ConclusionThe prevalence of ICEF was 6.3%. Of 31 fetuses with an isolated ICEF, outcomes of 28 fetuses are known and all neonates were reported to be normal at birth. Thus we infer that the presence of an isolated ICEF has no adverse effect on outcome of the neonate. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2010
Preparation and evaluation of [125I]troxacitabine: L‐nucleoside model of a potential agent for tumor diagnosis and radiotherapy
Authors: El‐Kawy O. A. , Hashem A. M. , Amin M. A. , El‐Wetery A. S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn this study, the optimization of troxacitabine labeling with iodine‐125 and its biological evaluation were described. Troxacitabine was labeled via direct electrophilic substitution using chloramine‐T as oxidizing agent. The optimum amounts of reactants were: 50 µg troxacitabine, 75 µg Chloramine‐T and ∼19 kBq carrier free Na125I. The labeled troxacitabine was stable for more than 24 h. Results of the in‐vivo evaluation revealed that the new tracer, [125I]troxacitabine, tends to localize in tissues with high proliferation rate with preferential accumulation in cancerous tissues. Imaging should be carried at 3 h postinjection. The in vitro cell growth inhibition assay showed that the effect of [125I]troxacitabine was stronger than the effect of cold troxacitabine, which strongly suggested that its cytotoxicity was mainly due to radiotoxicity rather than chemotherapeutic activity. The binding assay revealed that [125I]troxacitabine uptake by the Ehrlich and the ARAC8C cells was high and that it bounded well to DNA. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving the knowledge on Piper betle: Targeted metabolite analysis and effect on acetylcholinesterase
Authors: Valentão Patrícia , Gonçalves Rui F. , Belo Cristóvão , de Pinho Paula Guedes , Andrade Paula B. , Ferreres Federico 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPiper betle is a species growing in South East Asia, where its leaves are economically and medicinally important. To screen the highest possible number of volatile and semivolatile components, the leaves were subjected to headspace solid‐phase microextraction, hydrodistillation and Soxhlet extraction, prior to analysis by GC/MS. Fifty compounds (identified by comparison with standard compounds or tentatively by National Institute of Standards and Technology database) were determined, 23 being described for the first time in this matrix. An aqueous extract was also analysed, in which only seven compounds were characterized. The organic acids' composition of this extract was determined by HPLC/UV and eight compounds are reported for the first time in P. betle. This extract also displayed acetylcholinesterase inhibitory capacity.
Study of atypical kinetic behaviour of cytochrome P450 2C9 isoform with diclofenac at low substrate concentrations by sweeping‐MEKC combination
Authors: Řemínek Roman , Glatz Zdeněk 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn view of the fact that several studies have shown that diclofenac hydroxylation by cytochrome P450 2C9 deviated from Michaelis–Menten kinetics at low substrate concentrations, sweeping combined with MEKC was applied for the kinetic study of this pharmacologically important reaction. A 50 μm fused silica capillary (56 cm effective length) was used to carry out all separations. 70 mM SDS in 20 mM phosphate 20 mM tetraborate buffer, pH 8.6, was used as the BGE. Injection was accomplished by the application of 50 mbar (5 kPa) pressure to the sample vial for 52 s. Separation was performed at 22 kV (positive polarity), with a capillary temperature of 25°C and detection at 200 nm. The higher sensitivity of the sweeping‐MEKC combination compared with the simple MEKC method enabled this reaction to be fitted to a Hill kinetic model and confirmed the findings of other authors. A Michaelis constant of 2.91±0.10 μM, maximum reaction velocity of 9.16±0.16 nmol/min/nmol and Hill coefficient of 1.66±0.08 were determined. This value of Hill coefficient confirms the presence of a positive cooperativity at low diclofenac concentrations and supports the hypothesis of two substrates binding at or near the active site.
Intimate relationships among returning soldiers: The mediating and moderating roles of negative emotionality, PTSD symptoms, and alcohol problems
Authors: Meis Laura A. , Erbes Christopher R. , Polusny Melissa A. , Compton Jill S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractResearch examining relationship quality among combat veterans largely focuses on the role of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with less attention devoted to other correlates of PTSD and relationship quality, such as personality and problematic drinking. In a sample of combat‐exposed National Guard soldiers recently returned from Iraq (N = 308), we examined (a) a meditational pathway from negative emotionality, to elevated postdeployment PTSD symptoms, to poorer relationship quality; and (b) the moderating role of problematic drinking. Moderated mediation regression strategies supported the mediating role of postdeployment PTSD symptoms, but not the moderating role of problematic drinking on soldiers' relationship quality. Findings suggest negative emotionality creates a vulnerability to more severe early postdeployment PTSD symptoms and poorer early postdeployment relationship quality.
The impact of dissociation, shame, and guilt on interpersonal relationships in chronically traumatized individuals: A pilot study*
Authors: Dorahy Martin J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe aim of this study was to systematically examine the impact of shame, guilt, and dissociation on interpersonal relationships. Study 1 assessed 81 participants attending a trauma‐related treatment service with the Structured Interview for Disorders of Extreme Stress and the Community and Interpersonal Connectedness Scale. Study 2 assessed 21 traumatized participants from the same service with the above measures, as well as the Dissociative Experiences Scale. Lifetime shame and current dissociation made significant contributions to relationship disconnectedness, with dissociation having the most significant impact in all analyses. Both dissociation and shame appear to have a severing effect on interpersonal relationships.
Incentives and enforcement: The institutional design and policy mix for soil conservation in Brandenburg (Germany)
Authors: Prager K. , Hagemann N. , Schuler J. , Heyn N. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDespite the introduction of several soil conservation policies, degradation of agricultural land remains one of the major environmental problems in German agriculture. Degradation processes, farming practices, and soil conservation policies have all previously been analysed. However, the interrelationship between these three fields has not yet attracted much attention. The aim of this paper is to contribute new knowledge about this interrelationship by analysing the impact of current soil conservation policies on farming practices and on the mitigation of soil degradation. The paper uses the case study of the Uckermark region (Germany) to assess existing soil conservation policies, describe the soil conservation measures, and point out limits to policy effectiveness. The region is an area of high potential risk for soil erosion and compaction, due to the prevailing soil types, topography and climate. The actual risk of soil degradation has been reduced over the last decade through the increased use of soil conserving farming practices. The Institutions of Sustainability (IoS) framework by Hagedorn provided the analytical framework for the study. A literature review was complemented by expert interviews with 4 soil scientists and 26 in‐depth interviews conducted with stakeholders. The results emphasised the potential of incentive based policies – such as agri‐environmental schemes – to promote uptake of well‐tailored conservation measures that reduce soil degradation. However, entry to soil‐specific agri‐environmental schemes has now been closed in Brandenburg. Therefore, soil degradation is currently addressed only by regulatory policy instruments such as the Federal Soil Protection Act and EU‐based national regulations. The definition of precise technical measures or input limits coupled with enforcement mechanisms increases policy effectiveness. We recommend that the best approach for tackling soil degradation is a policy mix, with regulatory instruments enforcing a minimum standard, complemented with locally adapted agri‐environmental schemes and enhanced by advisory measures. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors influencing tumor response to photodynamic therapy sensitized by intratumor administration of methylene blue
Authors: Baran Timothy M. , Giesselman Benjamin R. , Hu Rui , Biel Merrill A. , Foster Thomas H. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesWe examined tumor response to methylene blue (MB)‐mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) in a murine tumor model. The goal was to investigate the effects of drug–light interval (DLI), injection vehicle, and fluence on tumor destruction. Fluorescence and reflectance spectroscopy informed our understanding.Materials and MethodsEMT6 tumor cells were implanted intradermally on the backs of female BALB/c mice and grown to ∼4‐mm diameter. Mice were given a 35 µl, single site, intratumor injection of 500 µg/ml MB administered in either a water or a 5% ethanol‐5% Cremophor‐90% saline vehicle. PDT was begun either immediately or after a 1‐hour DLI with a fluence rate of 60 mW/cm2. Each animal received a fluence of 240 or 480 J/cm2. Fluorescence and reflectance spectra were captured before and during irradiation.ResultsA protocol consisting of the Cremophor‐based vehicle, 0 DLI, and a fluence of 480 J/cm2 was the most effective, with a 55% cure rate as measured by no evidence of tumor 90 days after PDT. Use of the water vehicle with this fluence and DLI reduced the cure rate to 20%. Reducing the fluence to 240 J/cm2 similarly reduced treatment efficacy with 0 and 1‐hour DLIs. Univariate Cox proportional hazards analysis identified increased fluence, 0 versus 1‐hour DLI, and the Cremophor versus water vehicle as highly significant independent predictors of long term tumor control (P < 0.01 in each case). Multivariate analysis with model selection revealed fluence and injection vehicle as the best predictors of survival hazards. Fluorescence spectroscopy in vivo showed that MB fluorescence decreased monotonically during a 2‐hour dark interval but was restored by irradiation. Reflectance spectroscopy revealed that MB at this injected concentration attenuates the treatment beam significantly.ConclusionSensitizer delivery vehicle, drug–light interval, and fluence contribute significantly to the tumor response to MB‐mediated PDT. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:728–735, 2010 © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ability of optical coherence tomography to detect caries beneath commonly used dental sealants
Authors: Holtzman Jennifer S. , Osann Kathryn , Pharar Jessica , Lee Kenneth , Ahn Yeh‐chan , Tucker Travis , Sabet Sharareh , Chen Zhongping , Gukasyan Ripsik , Wilder‐Smith Petra 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveThe onset and progression of early tooth decay is often preventable with dental sealants. However, occasionally decay progresses underneath the sealant. Current technology does not permit monitoring of potential lesion progression or arrest. Dental sealants themselves mask the visual cues that identify early tooth decay, and radiographs are not sufficiently sensitive. Therefore, clinicians can be reluctant to use dental sealant. The objective of this ex vivo study was to evaluate the ability of dentists to detect decay beneath commonly used dental sealants using optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging.Study Designs/Materials/MethodsForty extracted teeth were divided into equal groups of carious and non‐carious teeth, as determined by visual inspection. After radiographs and OCT imaging, teeth were randomly assigned for sealant placement with one of four commonly purchased dental sealants: Clinpro™, Fuji Triage™, Embrace Wet Bond™, and Delton™.Following sealant placement, teeth were radiographed, imaged with OCT, sectioned, examined histologically, and scored as healthy/not healthy. OCT and radiographic images were scored separately. The gold standard was histopathological diagnosis from the serial sections.Cohen's kappa, sensitivity, negative predictive value, and positive predictive value were computed for all measures.ResultsAfter 90 minutes training, pre‐standardized dentists were able to detect tooth decay more accurately using OCT than with visual or radiographic examination. Detection using OCT was somewhat better prior to sealant placement than afterwards. This effect varied in size depending on the type of sealant used. Radiographic diagnosis was also less accurate after sealant placement. Of the four dental sealants, Delton provided excellent positive predictive value and the best post‐sealant negative predictive values.ConclusionIn this ex vivo study, dentists were able to detect tooth decay beneath four commonly used dental sealants based on OCT images. Clinical investigations are now underway to determine the usefulness of this approach in vivo. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:752–759, 2010 © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanisms and analysis for supporting multicast traffic by using multilayer multistage interconnection networks
Authors: Garofalakis John , Stergiou Eleftherios 
Published: September 2010

AbstractMultilayer multistage interconnection networks (MLMINs) integrate communication with network components and the components of parallel systems, especially when they service multicast traffic. This paper presents an approximate performance methodology for self‐routing MLMINs that consist of two segments, each of which is composed of symmetrical switch elements. The first segment is subject to blocking situations with one mode of packet transmission policy (unicast). The second segment—the multilayer—is blocking free and employs double modes of transmission policy (unicast and multicast replication). Applying the current analytical model, which is based on a convergence method on the above types of MLMINs, an estimate can be made of their performance indicators. This model was applied to variable network size MLMINs under different multicasting patterns of traffic. It was also validated by extensive simulations. All the MLMINs under study apply special packet (traffic) management techniques, which allow for the integration of sub‐networking into larger networks such as grids. The results are accurate and useful for network engineering, especially in the service of local area networks. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors influencing nonprofit career choice in faith‐based and secular NGOs in three developing countries
Authors: Teresa Flanigan Shawn 
Published: September 2010

AbstractMuch of the research on the factors that draw individuals to nonprofit careers is based in Australia, Western Europe, and the United States, and research on the role of faith in career choice focuses largely on Christian organizations. This article examines the factors that draw individuals to work in the nongovernmental organization (NGO) sector in the developing countries of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Lebanon, and Sri Lanka. It also looks at whether faith offers similar motivations for NGO workers in Buddhist, Druze, Sunni Muslim, and Shiite Muslim NGOs as it does for workers in Christian NGOs. Much like nonprofit workers in other studies, the individuals interviewed chose their jobs based on their personal commitment to an organization's work.
Crisis in leadership or failure to plan?
Authors: Carman Joanne G. , Leland Suzanne M. , Wilson Amanda J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDuring the past ten years, succession planning and managing executive transitions have emerged as important issues in the nonprofit sector. Demographers and economists have speculated for years about the potential effects of the retirement of baby boomers. The time has finally arrived: the oldest of the baby boomers are now eligible for retirement. The question that remains is how this trend will affect the nonprofit sector and the communities they serve. This study examines the issues of turnover and succession planning at the executive level, along with career development among young nonprofit professionals in Charlotte, North Carolina. Not only do the findings suggest that the community may very well see a crisis in leadership, but they also illustrate a growing disconnect between executive leaders and young professionals in nonprofit organizations. In addition to struggling with the realities of working in the nonprofit sector (limited benefits, challenging workloads), most young professionals reported that they felt undervalued by older managers and staff, and very few aspire to the position of executive director. Taken together, these findings have important implications for the local community and the broader nonprofit sector.
Allometric parameters ofPterodoras granulosus(Valenciennes 1833) and its application to fossil assemblages
Authors: Loponte D. , Acosta A. , Musali J. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTBy means of the analysis of 28 modern individuals ofPterodoras granulosus, a silurid of great importance in the archaeological assemblages of the Amazonas and Paraná basins, allometric equations based on the size of the spines have been derived, allowing the reconstruction of size profile and weight of the individuals recovered in fossil assemblages. These equations have been obtained from four different measures, three of them related to different sections of the spine articulation with the cleithrum, an area that usually has an excellent preservation in the archaeological and palaeontological records. This study allows observation of remarkable individual variability of the captured specimens regarding its total weight, mainly due to the weight variability of viscera, and also probably with other metabolic situations, episodic intakes and/or reproductive aspects, among others. Hence, allometric equations determine more accurately length than weight, resulting in proxy data for the reconstruction of different size profiles of archaeological assemblages. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.