bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asymphylodora fishelsoni sp. n. (Trematoda: Monorchiidae) from a cyprinodontid fish, Aphanius dispar richardsoni (Boulenger), from Israel, and its allometric growth
Authors: Fischthal Jacob H. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTAsymphylodora fishelsoni sp. n. is described from the cyprinodontid fish, Aphanius dispar richardsoni, an endemic subspecies from a brackish water spring flowing into the Dead Sea at Ein Fashkha, Israel. The new species is closest to A. carpiae Szidat, 1943, but differs significantly in being less than half its size, and in having the vesicular pars prostatica in the form of a distinct chamber, the caeca always inflated (rather than narrow), the seminal vesicle entirely postacetabular (rather than overlapping the acetabulum) and occupying 40 – 48% of the cirrus sac length (rather than 80%), the cirrus overlapping the acetabulum (rather than being entirely sinistral to it) and occupying 44 – 50% of the cirrus sac length (rather than 18%), and the anterior part of the terminal organ representing 35 – 54% of the total length of this organ (rather than 22%). Positive allometric growth is shown by the hindbody, posttesticular body, and gonads, whereas the forebody, suckers, and pharynx are negative.
Mating activity of Nematospiroides dubius in laboratory mice
Authors: Beckett R. , Pike A. W. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTIncidence of mating pairs in 40 worm infections in 5 week old female CBA mice increased up to day 30 post infection. By this time, and thereafter until the experiment ended on day 70, approximately 60% of the worm population occurred as mating pairs. Mating began during the ontogenetic migration of the worms. There was no difference between the percentage of worms mating in the more highly populated anterior sections of the small intestine as compared to the less densely populated more posterior sections. Significantly more female than male worms were recovered between days 8 and 20 post infection (p<0.02 to 0.001) and there was a significant decline in overall recoveries during the experimental period (r = −0.77, p<0.01). Low intensity infections, with 4 to 16 worms per mouse, demonstrated that a larger percentage of worms in the infection were mating at an earlier time post infection than in the 40 worm infections. Ontogenetic migration was reduced in low intensity infections because the initial distribution of worms was more restricted.
The distribution of microfilariae in the skin of Guatemalan onchocerciasis patients: an evaluation of diagnostic potentials
Authors: Kawabata Masato , Hashiguchi Yoshihisa , Guillermo Zea F  , Yamada Hiroto , Aoki Yoshiki , Tada Isao , Manuel M. Recinos C. , Otto Flores C  
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTQuantitative examinations for the distribution and density of microfilariae were carried out on male Guatemalan onchocerciasis patients by taking 6 or 13 skin biopsies each from 74 subjects. We found that microfilariae were distributed most frequently on the iliac crest and secondarily in the scapular region; higher detection rates and greater microfilarial densities were seen in these areas. From these results we recommend the taking of biopsies from both of these anatomical regions so as to avoid false negative cases. The infected patients were classified into 3 groups (light, moderate and heavy infections) on the basis of the numbers of negative skin snips out of the 13 biopsies taken. In heavy infections, a higher densities of microfilariae were detected in the head and neck regions, as compared with the densities in the lower extremities (calf). The high concentration of microfilariae in these regions is of importance in relation to the development of eye lesions and/or transmission. Of patients who had microfilariae in the anterior segment of the eye some had negative skin biopsies from the outer canthus, retroauricular region and neck.
The migration of Strongyloides papillosus in rabbits following infection by the oral and subcutaneous routes
Authors: Nwaorgu O. C. , Connan R. M. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTFor the first 66 hours after the subcutaneous injection of rabbits with the infective larvae of Strongyloides papillosus, larvae spread gradually from the injection site to other parts of the body musculature. Their number and distribution suggests that they do so by the direct penetration of the tissues as the majority remain close to the site of injection. By 90 hours, however, the appearance of larvae in the lungs, trachea and oesophagus suggests that migration is taking place within the circulation.Although some 90% of the total worms recovered were already established in the intestine by 8 days post-infection, significant numbers of larvae continued to be present in the muscles at 14 and 21 days. Even by 35 days the muscles of 1 of 2 rabbits still contained 43 larvae. This prolonged presence of Strongyloides papillosus in the muscle of rabbits uniformly at the early fourth stage may be analogous to the arrested development of other nematodes. While there is evidence to suggest that immunity is a major factor in the aetiology of arrested development in Strongyloides ransomi, it is an unimportant factor in the case of Strongyloides papillous in rabbits.
An evaluation of ethyl-6-ethoxybenzothiazole-2-carbamate (Sch 18099) for anthelmintic activity in domestic animals
Authors: Panitz Eric 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTEthyl-6-ethoxybenzothiazole-2-carbamate (Sch 18099) was evaluated for efficacy against natural helminth infections in ponies, pigs, lambs and chickens.Sixteen critical trials were conducted in ponies at dosages of 15 to 150 mg/kg. At 15 mg/kg, efficacy against adult and larval Oxyuris equi was 100% and 91% and against small strongyles it was 98%. Efficacy levels were >95% against Strongylus vulgaris and S. edentatus at the 20 mg/kg dosage. In two trials at 100 mg/kg efficacy against Parascaris equorum was 77%. No efficacy was observed against Gastrophilus spp. or Anoplocephala spp.In swine single oral doses of 10 to 100 mg/kg were not effective. 500 ppm Sch 18099 in the diet for seven days resulted in 100% efficacy against Ascaris suum and Trichuris suis but had no effect on Strongyloides ransomi. Efficacy at 250 ppm against A. suum was 77%.Efficacy at 200 mg/kg in lambs was >90% for Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, Marshallagia marshalli, Bunostomum trignocephalum, Oesophagostomum columbianum, Trichuris ovis, and Chabertia spp. Efficacy was <80% for Trichostrongylus vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, Ostertagia circumcinta and Cooperia curticei. Except for O. circumcinta and C. curticei, drug efficacy was reduced for these worms in lambs treated at 100 mg/kg.Efficacies of 14˙3–89% against Ascaridia galli were obtained with dietary levels of 125–1000 ppm Sch 18099 fed for 7 days. Efficacy of 100% was recorded against Heterakis gallinarum at the 1000 ppm dietary drug level.
The influence of physical factors on the survival and infectivity of miracidia ofSchistosoma mansoniandS. haematobiumI. Effect of temperature and ultra-violet light
Authors: Prah S. K. , James C. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe influence of temperature and ultra-violet radiation on the degree of activity, survival and infectivity of schistosome miracidia is profound. Miracidia ofSchistosoma mansoniandS. haematobiumwere affected equally. Only miracidia classified as “active” or “slow” were capable of penetration, a capacity they retained for about 17 hours at 19°C. Miracidia that were “lethargic” as a result of low temperature, old age or ultra-violet radiation lost their infective capacity. The conclusion, however, is that neither the temperatures encountered in the field nor the solar ultra-violet radiation penetrating turbid waters are likely to be harmful to miracidia and thus have no effect on the level of transmission.
Host-finding capacity of schistosome cercariae: comparative efficiency of methods of mouse infection and a radioisotope assay system
Authors: Christensen Niels Ørnbjerg , Frandsen Flemming , Nansen Peter 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe efficiency of five different methods of infection of mice with Schistosoma mansoni or S. intercalatum cercariae was compared; of these the ring method, the tail immersion technique, and the paddling method were found to be the most effective.A new radioisotope assay system for cercarial host-finding capacity is described. This employs the tail immersion technique with radiolabelled S. mansoni cercariae. The amount of tail-bound radioactivity retained after exposure to radiolabelled cercariae was used to measure the host-finding capacity of the cercariae under various experimental conditions. A direct proportionality was found to exist between the number of penetrating radiolabelled cercariae and the subsequent tail-bound radioactivity. Also, a direct proportionality was demonstrated between the number of labelled larvae available in the suspension and the subsequent tail-bound radioactivity. The influence of light and of length of exposure period on cercarial host-finding was analysed. After an exposure period of 30 minutes the amount of radioactivity confined to tails in the light greatly exceeded that of tails exposed in total darkness. However, after 60 minutes comparable radioactivity levels were achieved in the tails exposed in the light or in total darkness, respectively. In the light, maximum tail-bound radioactivity was achieved after 20 minutes exposure and no further change was observed in the radioactivity level at 40 and 60 minutes.
Tests with a new compound (Praziquantel) against Diphyllobothrium latum
Authors: Bylund G. , Bång B. , Wikgren K. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTPraziquantel (Droncit) is a new anthelminthic agent with a strikingly wide therapeutic index. The efficiency of the drug against Diphyllobothrium latum was tested in vivo and in vitro. With a drug dose of 50 mg/kg, artificially infected hamsters were completely cured. The threshold value of the active dose was between 2·5 and 10·0 mg/kg. Clinical trials with Praziquantel against human diphyllobothriasis show great promise, all of ten patients treated with 25·0 mg/kg of the drug being cured. Praziquantel had little effect on larval or adult diphyllobothriids in vitro.
Notocotylus tadornae n.sp. and Notocotylus gippyensis (Beverley-Burton, 1958) (Trematoda: Notocotylidae) from waterfowl in New Zealand: morphology, life history and systematic relations
Authors: Bisset Stewart A. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTNotocotylus tadornae n.sp. is described from the New Zealand paradise shelduck Tadorna variegata (Gmelin), and Notocotylus gippyensis (Beverley-Burton, 1958), is recorded from three waterfowl species in New Zealand. The life histories of both species are shown to involve an hydrobiid snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum, as intermediate host. The taxonomic affiliations of N. tadornae and N. gippyensis are discussed.
Comparative activity of anticestode drugs—praziquantel, niclosamide and Compound 77–6, against Hymenolepis nana
Authors: Gupta Suman , Katiyar J. C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe activity, in terms of speed of action, of three anticestode drugs against Hymenolepis nana, both in vivo and in vitro, was investigated. Praziquantel was most effective in vivo, but had little action on adult worms and cysticercoids in vitro. Niclosamide, the least effective in vivo, was highly toxic in vitro. Compound 77–6 killed adult worms and cysticercoids in vitro in 10 min and 15 min respectively at 1000 μg/ml of drug concentration, but its in viro effect was intermediate between that of praziquantel and niclosamide.
Litomosoides carinii: retardation of worm growth and of migration of challenge infections in jirds (Meriones unguiculatus)
Authors: Weiner David J. , Leeds Brandon Y. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTInbred jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) were divided into three groups; each animal in two of the groups was infected with 30 infective larvae (L3) of Litomosoides carinii. When these infections were patent, the jirds of one of the two infected groups plus those of the third group were injected with 30 L3 L. carinii each. All animals were killed either on day 14 or 24 after the second infection for the recovery, enumeration and measurement of all worms and developing larvae. Challenge larvae were stunted (smaller) and fewer than control larvae. Additionally, fewer challenge larva were recovered on day 14 than on day 24, indicating that migration to the pleural cavity was retarded.
The domestic cat as a host for Brugian filariasis in South Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia
Authors: Palmieri J. R. , Masbar S. , Purnomo  , Marwoto H. A. , Tirtokusumo S. , Darwis F. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThree hundred and twenty-five domestic cats (Felis catus) from six villages of the Hulu Sungai Tengah and Banjar Regency of South Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia, were examined for filarial nematodes. Parasites were found in 66 cats, of which 61 (92·4%) had Brugia pahangi, four (6·1%) has B. malayi and one (1·5%) had Dirofilaria repens. Infection rates ranged from 11% to 22% in cats from secondary forest/rice-field habitats, from 15% to 30% in open village/rice-field habitats, to 50% in an open coastal village. In all cases the infection rate of B. malayi in man was greater than in cats from the same collecting area. The number of B. pahangi microfilariae per 20 μl cat blood ranged from 34 at 1000 hours to 571 at 2200 hours. The results of this study suggest that in this region of Indonesia the domestic cat is not an important host for maintaining B. malayi.
The occurrence and abundance of helminth parasites of the mountain hare Lepus timidus (L.) and the wild rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.) in Aberdeenshire, Scotland
Authors: Boag B. , Iason G. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTMountain hares were collected each month between April 1984 and March 1985 and their intestines examined for helminths. 26 rabbits were also collected between Juny and December 1984 and examined for gastro-intestinal helminths. Three nematode and two cestode species were found in the hares while only two nematode and one cestode species were found in the rabbits. Trichostronglylus retortaeformis was recorded form 88% of the 193 hares and 92% of the rabbits While comparable figures for Passalurus ambiguus were 0·5% and 54% and for Mosgovoyia pectinata 14% and 81%. Seasonal fluctuations were observed in the T. retortaeformis populations in the hare; numbers tended to be low during the winter months and high throughout the summer. Paranoplocephala wimerosa was reported for the first time from the British Isles and Trichostrongylus axei was recorded for the forst time in the mountain hare.
The efficacy of levamisole administered orally or parenterally against Heligmosomoides polygyrus in mice
Authors: Chimwani D. M. , Britt D. P. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTAlbion mice (Balb c/nut) experimentally infected with Heligmosomoides polygyrus were treated with levamisole hydrochloride (‘Nemicide’—ICI Pharmaceutical PLC) by oral drenching or subcutaneous injection at 5, 10 and 20 mg kg −1. Faecal egg counts monitored for two three days after dosing and post-mortem worm counts were used to assess the efficacy of these treatments. The lowest dose rate gave poor clearance of adult worms but at 10 and 20 mg kg−1, 91 and 96% reduction in worm burden were achieved. Reduction in post-dosing faecal egg counts were variable. Neither method of administration offered particular advantage in terms of efficacy. Faecal egg count data gave inconsistent differences and at necropsy, worm counts were lower in mice dosed orally but not significantly so.
Local and systemic antibody responses in gerbils following vaccination with irradiated or non-irradiated Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae
Authors: Maclean J. M. , Abebe M. , Wedrychowicz H. , Holmes P. H. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTGroups of 10 Mongolian gerbils. Meriones unguiculatus, were vaccinated with 1,500 gamma-irradiated Trichostrongylus colubriformis infective larvae (L3) or with non-irradiated larvae. 25 days later five gerbils from each group were necropised and the remaining gerbils challenged with 1,500 non-irradiated T. colubriformis infective larvae. Systemic, local intestinal and coproantibody levels were compared in each group of gerbils 25 days after vaccination and 26 days after challenge. Strong local intestinal and faecal antibody responses were detected. Coproantibodies reflected antibody levels in the intestinal contents and in mucosal extracts. The results gave further support to the view that coproantibody measurements provide a sensitive index of immunity at mucosal surfaces to intestinal parasites.
Physiological responses of rats to primary infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis
Authors: Ovington K. S. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe physiological responses of well-nourished rats to primary infection with the intestinal nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis were examined. Infected rats fed ad libitum were compared with uninfected control rats fed ad lib. and also with uninfected rats which were pair-fed to the infected rats. Following infection with N. brasiliensis rat food intake was reduced from day 2 post infection (pi) and there were two periods of minimal food intake (day 2 to 3 and 8 to 9 pi). The water intake of infected rats was only reduced on days 2, 3 and 9 pi and not to the same extent as food intake. Muscle catabolism in infected rats was more severe than could be explained on the basis of their food intake reduction. The rectal temperature and rate of oxygen consumption per g body-weight of rats was not significantly altered by the infection. Host responses to N. brasiliensis are compared with those seen in microbial infections and some of them are found to be considerably different.
Hatching mechanism of the metacercaria ofPlagiorchisspecies 1 (Trematoda: Plagiorchiidae)
Authors: Bock Dieter 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTMetacercariae ofPlagiorchisspecies 1 were observed to hatch by an active mechanism in a medium free of enzymes. A hatching opening in the bilayered cyst wall was formed by the combined action of caecal fluid extruded by the activated larva through the mouth opening and an internal pressure due to the tendency of the cyst wall to contract on hatching, resulting in an explosive expulsion of part of the metacercarial body. The cyst wall was apparently pierced at any place where the larva delivered its caecal fluid. After excystation the hatching medium contained high phosphatase and proteinase activities and was able to dissolve the inner walls of empty cyst envelopes. The phosphatase activity assayed on 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate was optimal at pH 3–5. The proteolytic activity was demonstrable on photographic film, Azocoll, and synthetic chromogenic and fluorogenic peptides. A preference for peptides was found which are also susceptible to plasmin. The proteolytic activity was optimal at pH 3–9 and 40–45°C and, when assayed on Suc-Ala-Phe-Lys-MCA, was only due to thiol proteinase(s) according to inhibitor studies. It is suggested that the proteinase(s) represent the hatching enzyme(s) of the metacercaria, because (a) only proteolytic activity was detectable in the pH range optimal for excystment, (b) the inner cyst wall is stabilized by proteins, and (c) the inner wall is dissolved by other proteinases such as trypsin. Enzyme histochemical investigations of metacercariae showed that, in the caeca, acid phosphatase was present mainly before hatching and non-specific esterase developed after hatching. Proteolytic activity was not localized with the methods used although it was suggested that it derived from the caecal fluid. A possible relationship of the thiol proteinase(s) detected in the hatching medium to haemoglobin-digesting proteinases from the gut of schistosomes is discussed.
Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of the male reproductive system of Schistosoma margrebowiei Le Roux, 1933
Authors: Awad A. H. H. , Probert A. J. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe structure of the male reproductive system of Schistosoma margrebowiei as viewed by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy is described. The cirrus tube opens at the genital pore without the presence of a cirrus and is spongy and leaf-like. The structure of the germinal and non-germinal cells of the testes are described. The spermatozoon consists of a head, without an acrosome, and a flagellum with a 9+0 arrangement of microtubles in the axial filament. A large mass of mitochondria is situated in the anterior end of the head and cortically arranged longitudinally running microtubles are present. The apical region of the epithelial cells of the vas deferens extends into the lumen of the duct forming convoluted lamellae. This arrangement, together with the presence of dense bodies within the cells, suggests that these cells have a secretory function.
Fate of developing larvae of Onchocerca lienalis and O.volvulus in micropore chambers implanted into laboratory hosts
Authors: Bianco A. E. , Mustafa M. B. , Ham P. J. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTInfective larvae of Onchocerca lienalis and O.volvulus implanted subcutaneously within micropore chambers into laboratory hosts moulted to the fourth stage (L4) and underwent limited development and growth. Similar recoveries of O. lienalis L4 larvae in the range of 33–66% were obtained from chambers implanted into CBA and BALB/c strains of mice, jirds, and the natural bovine host. A relatively constant proportion of larvae survived up to 24 days post implantation and thereafter recoveries declined, although some worms were still alive after 96 days. Recoveries of O. volvulus L4 larvae from chambers given to normal or T-cell deprived mice were equivalent to one another and to those obtained with O. lienalis. Moulting of O. lienalis in chambers was observed on days 3 and 5, in close accordance with the timing of the third moult in cattle following systemic infection. Moulting of O. volvulus occurred between days 3–6. Morphological changes in developing larvae included a small but significant increase in length, a transient increase in width, and early development of the spicular primordia and genital tube. L4 larvae of O. lienalis, but not those of O. volvulus, exhibited 3 distinct caudal papillae not present on infective larvae.
Lipids in hydatid fluid collected from lungs and livers of sheep and man
Authors: Sheriff D. Sultan , El Fakhri M. , Kidwai S. A. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTHydatid fluid collected from the lungs and livers of sheep and humans was analysed for protein and lipid composition. There were no marked differences in the composition of these parameters and the major lipids were triglycerides and diglycerides. The phospholipids, which formed the minor fraction, were mainly phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl inositol. Cholesterol present was in the free form.
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of Anisakinae larvae
Authors: Sugane Kazuo , Qing Liu , Matsuura Tadashi 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) was applied to distinguish several kinds of Anisakinae larvae, Anisakis larvae (type I) collected from two different paratenic hosts, Anisakis larvae (type II) and Contracaecum larvae. The patterns of the two different paratenic host-derived DNA of Anisakis larva (I) were exactly the same in hybridized fragments generated by six endonucleases. The quite different patterns in RFLPs of genomic DNA were observed among the Anisakis larva (I), Anisakis larva (II) and Contracaecum larvae. The results suggest that the RFLPs analysis may be useful for distinguishing Anisakinae larvae and clarifying the relationships between Anisakis larvae and their adult worms.