bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface water flow over a pervious pavement
Authors: Hsieh Ping‐Cheng , Chen You‐Cheng 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYThis work investigates the profiles of surface water flow over a pervious pavement, for example, highway, during a uniform rainfall. The pavement, such as porous asphalt or open‐graded asphalt friction course, is regarded as a porous medium, and the flow inside the layer is porous media flow. At first, the velocity distributions are solved based on the simplified Navier–Stokes equations and Biot's theory of poroelasticity for the water layer and the permeable layer, respectively. Then, the flow profiles can be found via the continuity equation. Because the closed form of the water depth cannot be obtained, a numerical technique is employed to find the flow profiles on the pavement surface. A critical permeability factor related to the material and structure of pavement is illustrated to be η = 1.36 × 10− 4m as the half road width L = 20 m, the cross slope S = 0.02,the pavement thickness H = 0.05 m, and rainfall intensity i = 100 mm/h. The water on the road surface can be drained very fast, whereas the parameter is greater than the critical value. Another illustration of allowable/safety water depth is made for the design of the pavement thickness. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stabilization of projection‐based reduced‐order models
Authors: Amsallem David , Farhat Charbel 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYA rigorous method for stabilizing projection‐based linear reduced‐order models without significantly affecting their accuracy is proposed. Unlike alternative approaches, this method is computationally efficient. It requires primarily the solution of a small‐scale convex optimization problem. Furthermore, it is nonintrusive in the sense that it operates directly on readily available reduced‐order operators. These can be precomputed using any data compression technique including balanced truncation, balanced proper orthogonal decomposition, proper orthogonal decomposition, or moment matching. The proposed method is illustrated with three applications: the stabilization of the reduction of the Computational Fluid Dynamics‐based model of a linearized unsteady supersonic flow, the reduction of a Computational Structural Dynamics system, and the stabilization of the reduction of a coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics–Computational Structural Dynamics model of a linearized aeroelastic system in the transonic flow regime. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three Strategies to Prevent Unintended Pregnancy
Authors: Thomas Adam 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis paper presents results from fiscal impact simulations of three national‐level policies designed to prevent unintended pregnancy: A media campaign encouraging condom use, a pregnancy prevention program for at‐risk youth, and an expansion in Medicaid family planning services. These simulations were performed using FamilyScape, a recently developed agent‐based simulation model of family formation. In some simulation specifications, policies’ benefits are monetized by accounting for projected reductions in government expenditures on medical care for pregnant women and infants. In a majority of these specifications, policies’ fiscal benefit‐cost ratios are less than 1. However, in specifications that account additionally for projected savings to programs that provide a broader range of benefits and services to young children, all three policies have benefit‐cost ratios that are comfortably greater than 1. The results from my preferred specifications suggest that the simulated policies would produce returns to taxpayers on each dollar spent of between $2 to $6. On the whole, the results of these simulations imply that all three policies are sound public investments.
Pine needle/isocyanate composites: Dimensional stability, biological resistance, flammability, and thermoacoustic characteristics
Authors: Chauhan Monika , Gupta M. , Singh B. , Singh A.K. , Gupta V.K. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe pine needle composites using isocyanate prepolymer were evaluated for their dimensional stability, flammability characteristics, biological resistance, and thermoacoustic properties. The thickness swelling and linear expansion of the composite panels affected significantly under wet conditions. The optimum flammability characteristics of the pine needle fibers were obtained at the retention of 7.48 kg/m3urea phosphate on their surfaces. During natural decay, the treated pine needle composites exhibited 4–8% weight loss compared to 9–13% for the untreated ones. The loss of internal bond strength in both the treated and untreated samples exposed to fungus culture ranged between 35 and 60% only. Termites caused ∼6% less weight loss than the untreated samples showing their moderate resistance behavior. The thermal conductivity and sound transmission loss of samples were 0.136 W/m K and 26.51 dB, respectively, showing their adequate insulation properties. It is concluded that isocyanate bonded pine needle composites can be suitably used as panel products in buildings. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Reduction of the filler network interaction in novel inner liner compound based on SBR/rectorite nanocomposite by glycerin
Authors: He Shaojian , Zhang Liqun , Wu Xiaohui , Lin Jun , Xi Meimei , Wang Yiqing 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe high cost of halogenated butyl rubber, traditional inner liner compound, has been an obstacle for the further development of tire industry. SBR/rectorite nanocompound was developed to reduce the cost, but it has relatively poor processability because of strong filler network interaction. In this work, SBR/rectorite nanocompound filled with 60 phr rectorite was prepared by latex compounding method, and glycerin was introduced to reduce the filler network interaction, besides, aromatic oil was added to further improve the processability. The addition of glycerin or aromatic oil could not change the microstructure of the nanocomposite. FTIR spectra indicated the hydrogen bond interaction between glycerin and rectorite layers. RPA analysis showed that the filler network interaction was reduced by adding glycerin or aromatic oil. With the addition of glycerin, the mechanical property of the nanocomposites was improved, along with the disappearance of delayed vulcanization, and the high gasbarrier property was maintained. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Mechanical properties, chemical and aging resistance of natural rubber filled with nano‐Al2O3
Authors: Fu Ji‐Fang , Chen Li‐Ya , Yang Hui , Zhong Qing‐Dong , Shi Li‐Yi , Deng Wei , Dong Xing , Chen Yi , Zhao Guo‐Zhang 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAl2O3 nanoparticles were introduced to natural rubber (NR) to investigate its reinforcement effect on filled NR vulcanizates. The results show that Nano‐Al2O3/NR nanocomposites exhibit significantly improved tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus, and tearing strength. Scanning electron microscopy analyses indicate that nanoparticles dispersed in NR matrix at nanoscale and show nano‐reinforcement effect on NR vulcanizates. The aging resistances of filled NR vulcanizates improve. After aging test, tensile strength, tearing strength, and modulus improved, and elongation at break decreased. These attribute to the crosslink maturation reactions, which result in the conversion of polysulfidic linkages into disulfidic and monosulfidic ones. The acid and alkaline resistances of nano‐Al2O3‐filled NR vulcanizates improve compared with that of unfilled NR systems. After acid and alkaline test, tensile strength and elongation at break improve, and modulus decrease. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Molecular simulation of the effect of graft structure on the miscibility of high‐impact polystyrene blends
Authors: Xue Zhaojun , Liu Xiaoyun , Zhuang Qixin , Hu Kun , Han Zhewen 
Published: February 2012

AbstractHigh‐impact polystyrene (HIPS) is a kind of thermoplastic with good impact, which is considered to derive from the biphase of microstructure studied with SEM, etc. In this article, the influence of polystyrene (PS)/polybutadiene (PB) graft structure to the behavior of HIPS was studied through molecular simulation. The analysis of Flory‐Huggis parameter χ and radial distribution function (RDF) shows that the blend system of PS/PB has the best miscibility when the mass ratio of PS/PB is 60/40. In the toughening process, however, the graft copolymer PB‐g‐S is formed. For the PS/PB‐g‐S system with the same repeat unit of PS, PB‐g‐S chains with two grafts [PB‐g‐S(G = 2)] are better than PB‐g‐S chains with one graft [PB‐g‐S(G = 1)] in miscibility, which is in accord with the study of Fischer and Hellmann. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
What roles do boron substitutions play in structural, tautomeric, base pairing and electronic properties of uracil? NBO & AIM analysis
Authors: Tehrani Zahra Aliakbar , Abedin Azar , Shakourian‐Fard Mehdi , Fattahi Alireza 
Published: February 2012

The synthesis of modified versions of deoxyribonucleic acid is an area that is receiving much attention. The replacement of the nitrogen atom on the nucleobases with boron atom has provided insight into deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid stability, recognition, and replication at the atomic level. In the present research, we investigated a detailed density functional theory study of the structural, tautomeric, base‐pairing ability, bond dissociation energy, and electronic properties of two boron analogues (i.e., boron substitutions at 4‐position and 5‐position of uracil) of uracil nucleobase. The effects of these modifications on theirs acid–base properties have been considered. Our goal is to gather data to help elucidate the structure and electronic properties of boron analogues of uracil.Density functional theory calculations were performed using a nonlocal hybrid B3LYP and 6‐311++G (d,p) atomic basis set. The result of calculation revealed that the canonical ‘keto’ form is the most stable tautomeric form of uracil nucleobase and its boronated analogues in the gas phase at density functional theory and second‐order Møller–Plesset levels. Hyperconjugation stabilization factors that affect the stability of generated radicals and anions in these molecules were investigated by natural bond orbital analysis. Furthermore, quantum theory of atoms in molecules analysis was performed to extract the bond critical point properties of various base pairs. The electron density can be considered as a good description of the strength of the different types of hydrogen bonding. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lung aeration changes after lung recruitment in children with acute lung injury: A feasibility study
Authors: Boriosi Juan P. , Cohen Ronald A. , Summers Evan , Sapru Anil , Hanson James H. , Gildengorin Ginny , Newman Vivienne , Flori Heidi R. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractRationaleThere are several adult studies using computed tomography (CT‐scan) to examine lung aeration changes during or after a recruitment maneuver (RM) in ventilated patients with acute lung injury (ALI). However, there are no published data on the lung aeration changes during or after a RM in ventilated pediatric patients with ALI.ObjectiveTo describe CT‐scan lung aeration changes and gas exchange after lung recruitment in pediatric ALI and assess the safety of transporting patients in the acute phase of ALI to the CT‐scanner.MethodsWe present a case series completed in a subset of six patients enrolled in our previously published study of efficacy and safety of lung recruitment in pediatric patients with ALI. Intervention: RM using incremental positive end‐expiratory pressure.ResultsThere was a variable increase in aerated and poorly aerated lung after the RM ranging from 3% to 72% (median 20%; interquartile range 6, 47; P = 0.03). All patients had improvement in the ratio of partial pressure of arterial oxygen over fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) after the RM (median 14%; interquartile range: 8, 72; P = 0.03). There was a decrease in the partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) in four of six subjects after the RM (median −5%; interquartile range: −9, 2; P = 0.5). One subject had transient hypercapnia (41% increase in PaCO2) during the RM and this correlated with the smallest increase (3%) in aerated and poorly aerated lung. All patients tolerated the RM without hemodynamic compromise, barotrauma, hypoxemia, or dysrhythmias.ConclusionsLung recruitment results in improved lung aeration as detected by lung tomography. This is accompanied by improvements in oxygenation and ventilation. However, the clinical significance of these findings is uncertain. Transporting patients in early ALI to the CT‐scanner seems safe and feasible. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012. 47:771–779. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Simple Way to Predict Heats of Detonation of Energetic Compounds only from Their Molecular Structures
Authors: Keshavarz Mohammad H. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractA simple method to predict heats of detonation of important classes of energetic compounds including nitroaromatics, nitramines, nitroaliphatics, and nitrate esters is introduced. It is based on the ratios of oxygen to carbon and hydrogen to oxygen as well as the contribution of some specific functional groups or structural parameters. Predicted heats of detonation of pure explosives and explosive formulations with water as product in the liquid state for 77 energetic compounds provide more reliable results than those obtained using two empirical and quantum mechanical methods. This new method improves an earlier effort of previous models through its application for different categories of energetic compounds, which contain the energetic bonds ArNO2, NNO2, CNO2, and CONO2. In addition, the novel model provided good results for some miscellaneous explosives and several new synthesized explosives, where experimental data were available.
A panel of five circulating microRNAs as potential biomarkers for prostate cancer
Authors: Chen Zhang‐Hui , Zhang Guang‐Lin , Li Huan‐Rong , Luo Jin‐Dan , Li Zhong‐Xiang , Chen Ge‐Ming , Yang Jun 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBACKGROUNDCirculating microRNA (miRNAs) have been shown to have the potential as noninvasive diagnosis markers in several types of cancers. In this study, we investigated whether circulating miRNAs could be used in the diagnosis of prostate cancer (CaP) in a Chinese patient population.METHODSIllumina's Human v2 miRNA microarray was used to analyze miRNAs levels in a small set of patients [25 CaP, 17 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)] in an effort to identify CaP‐specific miRNAs. The identified miRNAs were further examined by quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR) in the same small set of patients. After the training phase of screening and selecting, the candidate miRNAs were validated in a larger independent cohort (80 CaP, 44 BPH, and 54 healthy controls) with qRT‐PCR in the verification phase.RESULTSFive miRNAs were confirmed by qRT‐PCR analysis in validation sets. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed all 5 miRNAs had diagnostic value. More importantly, further principal component analysis indicated component 1 extracted from expression data of the 5 miRNAs could differentiate CaP from BPH and healthy controls with high diagnosis performance, with an AUC of 0.924 and 0.860, respectively.CONCLUSIONSOur data suggested that circulating miRNAs could serve as biomarkers for CaP, and compared to single miRNA, the 5 miRNAs panel can accurately discriminate CaP from BPH and healthy controls with high sensitivity and specificity, and therefore, combined with routine PSA test, these 5 CaP‐specific miRNAs may help improve CaP diagnosis in clinical application. Prostate 72:1443–1452, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
NMR‐based insights into the conformational and interaction properties of Arkadia RING‐H2 E3 Ub ligase
Authors: Chasapis Christos T. , Kandias Nikolaos G. , Episkopou Vasso , Bentrop Detlef , Spyroulias Georgios A. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractArkadia (Rnf111), an E3 Ubiquitin (Ub) ligase, amplifies TGF‐β signaling responses by targeting for degradation of the negative regulators Smad6/7 and the SnoN/Ski transcriptional repressors when they block the TGF‐β effectors Smad2/3. The E3 ligase activity of Arkadia depends on its C‐terminal RING‐H2 domain that constitutes the docking site for the E2 Ub‐conjugating enzyme carrying the activated Ub. We determined the nuclear magnetic resonance solution structure of Arkadia's RING‐H2 domain and revealed a (β)ββα fold, fully consistent with the expected “cross‐brace” mode of Zn(II)‐ligation. In addition, the interaction of the Arkadia RING‐H2 domain with its E2 partner enzyme (UbcH5b) was examined through chemical shift perturbation. Proteins 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Large‐eddy simulations of surface influences on planetary boundary layer development in southwest Western Australia
Authors: Kala Jatin , Lyons Tom J. , Nair Udaysankar S. , Wu Yuling 
Published: February 2012

AbstractObservations from near‐simultaneous atmospheric soundings released over contrasting land surfaces in the southwest of Western Australia during December 2005 (austral summer) and August 2007 (late austral winter or early spring) have shown higher planetary boundary layer (PBL) heights over native vegetation as compared to agricultural land. The large‐eddy simulation technique is used to investigate the drivers behind these observed differences in PBL, and sensitivity tests are carried out with modified soil moisture and vegetation cover. It is shown that the differences in PBL for the December case are mainly driven by the change in vegetation cover, while a soil moisture gradient also played a role for the August case. The mixing diagram approach is used to further quantify the relative contributions of surface and entrainment fluxes on the growth of the PBL and it is shown that, while dry‐air entrainment plays an important role in PBL development, it is the higher surface Bowen ratio which drives the more vigorous PBL development over the native vegetation. It is also shown that the enhanced PBL development over the native vegetation leads to the preferential formation of shallow convective clouds for the August case. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Climate change and global justice
Authors: Moellendorf Darrell 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIn this article, I examine matters concerning justice and climate change in light of current work in global justice. I briefly discuss some of the most important contemporary work by political philosophers and theorist on global justice and relate it to various considerations regarding justice and climate change. After briefly surveying the international treaty context, I critically discuss several issues, including climate change and human rights, responsibility for historical emissions and the polluter‐pays principle, the ability to pay principle, grandfathering entitlements to emit greenhouse gasses, equal per capita emissions entitlements, the right to sustainable development, and responsibility for financing adaptation to climate change. This set of issues does not exhaust the list of considerations of global justice and climate change, but it includes some of the most important of those considerations.WIREs Clim Change2012, 3:131–143. doi: 10.1002/wcc.158This article is categorized under:Climate, Nature, and Ethics > Climate Change and Global Justice
The many faces of empathy and their relation to prosocial action and aggression inhibition
Authors: Maibom Heidi L. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis article discusses the emotional reactions most commonly associated with empathy and their relation to prosocial or altruistic action, aggression inhibition, and understanding others. In What is Empathy?, I characterize the distinct emotional reactions most commonly associated with empathy: empathy, sympathy, personal distress, and emotional contagion. In Measures of Empathy, I discuss the most common measures of dispositional and situational empathy. In Empathy, Prosocial Action, and Altruism, I consider the evidence that empathy, sympathy, and personal distress induce prosocial motivation. I conclude that sympathy is most strongly associated with prosocial, even altruistic, motivation. In Empathy and Aggression Inhibition, I examine the evidence that empathy inhibits aggression. The evidence is inconclusive. In Empathy and Mindreading, I briefly discuss empathy and mindreading, with an eye toward recent evidence concerning mirror neurons. I conclude by linking our current understanding of empathy to the philosophical tradition, and by offering some speculative remarks. WIREs Cogn Sci 2012, 3:253–263. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1165This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Emotion and Motivation
Use of intraperitoneal radiotransmitters to study mountain lion (Puma concolor) Kittens
Authors: Moriarty Joanne Gale , Whited Lynn , Sikich Jeff A. , Riley Seth P. D. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractImplantation of radiotransmitters in juvenile carnivores allows researchers to study little‐known life stages. In the field, we successfully implanted 7 mountain lion (Puma concolor) kittens from 2 litters in the Santa Monica Mountains (Los Angeles and Ventura Co., CA), 1 in 2004 and 1 in 2010, with intraperitoneal very high frequency radiotransmitters. We used Global Positioning System location data downloaded from their mothers' collars to locate the dens in their absence, and we hand‐captured the kittens at 3–4 weeks of age. The implant surgery proceeded without complication and the mothers returned promptly afterward. The transmitters allowed us to track these young mountain lions for 13–17 months, from neonates to subadults. Upon necropsy of 3 of the individuals as subadults, the implants appeared to have had no negative impacts on the animals. Implantable radiotransmitters provided a safe and effective method for following young mountain lions. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.