bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of a radiographic technique for measurement of equine metacarpal bone shape
Authors: WALTER L. J. , DAVIES H. M. S. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryAccuracy and limitations of a radiographic technique were established for measurement of metacarpal bone shape in horses. A radiographic index (RI) has been used to measure changes in third metacarpal (Mc3) bone shape in response to training in young racehorses. The aim of these experiments was to determine the effects of positioning of the radiographic equipment on RI measurements from lateromedial radiographs of a left ex vivo metacarpus. Repeatability of the RI measurement in left lateromedial and right mediolateral view Mc3s were evaluated. The width of the dorsal cortex (DC), palmar cortex (PC) and medulla (M) were measured at a position 25 mm distal to the nutrient foramen and the RI calculated where RI = [(DC+PC)/M] x [DC/PC]. The reference RI values were obtained from 12 standard lateromedial radiographs. Factors analysed included the optimum focus‐object distance, the angle at which the x‐ray machine was positioned, the distance of the cassette from the limb, and the horizontal angle and vertical tilt of the cassette. The RI values included within the confidence interval (mean ° 1.96 x s.d.) were considered sufficiently accurate. The optimum focus‐object distance was 1 m. Accurate measurements were obtained when the cassette was held as close to the limb as possible with the horizontal angle not exceeding 5°. The x‐ray machine needed to be orientated within 6° of the lateromedial plane. These findings suggest that the radiographic index can be used to measure Mc3 bone shape, providing there is accurate alignment of the x‐ray machine, cassette, and limb, with respect to one another.
Range of back movement at trot in horses without back pain
Authors: LICKA T. , PEHAM C. , ZOHMANN E. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe aim of this study was to establish basic reference data for evaluating 3‐dimensional movement of the equine back at the trot. In 22 mature horses without any clinical signs of back pain, the movement of the back was measured during trotting on a treadmill with a system for motion analysis. The position of the markers placed on the head, hooves, skin above the spinous processes of T5, T10, T16, L3 and on 2 of the sacral spines was recorded. The results of all movements were expressed in percent of the horse's height at its withers. At the trot, the maximum lateral movement at the head was 1.72% (s.d. 0.75). At T5 it was 3.15% (s.d. 0.84), at T10 1.99% (s.d. 0.64), at T16 1.85% (s.d. 0.65), at L3 1.89% (s.d. 0.62), at OS1 1.89% (s.d. 0.66) and at OS2 2.21% (s.d. 0.71). The maximum dorsoventral back movement was 4.06% (s.d. 1.14) at the head, 3.93% (s.d. 0.67) at T5, 4.46% (s.d. 0.85) at T10, 4.94% (s.d. 0.77) at T16, 4.91% (s.d. 0.74) at L3, 4.55% (s.d. 0.69) at OS1 and 4.33% (s.d. 0.69) at OS2.The lateral movement of the back at trot is relatively small compared to the movement of the horse's back at stance or at walk, with the marker on T5 showing the widest lateral movement. The dorsoventral movement of the back is larger than the lateral movement, but the differences between single markers are small. The results of this study can be used as a comparison when investigating equine back pain.
Arthroscopic removal of fractures of the lateral malleolus of the tibia in the tarsocrural joint: A retrospective study of 13 cases
Authors: O'NEILL H. D. , BLADON B. M. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThere is limited information on the treatment of lateral malleolus (LM) fractures in the horse, with no previously published case series for the outcome following arthroscopic removal of such fractures. This report reviews and evaluates findings of a retrospective study of 13 horses admitted to a private equine referral hospital over a 10 year period (1999–2009) that underwent arthroscopic removal of fractures of the LM. Hospital records were reviewed and details including patient history, aetiology of the fracture and limb affected, results of all diagnostic tests and surgical reports were documented. Performance information concerning Thoroughbred horses that went onto race post operatively was collected using an online database. Owners and trainers were contacted regarding the return to performance for non‐Thoroughbred cases or those that did not go onto race post operatively. Of the 13 horses presented, 12 were Thoroughbreds, 9 of which were National Hunt racehorses and 3 were Flat racehorses. The other horse in the study was used for general purpose riding. All cases presented with an acute unilateral fracture. Eleven of the 13 had >6 months post operative follow‐up and all were nonlame. Of the 12 Thoroughbreds, 10 have raced again, a total of 104 times (median 5 times). The median time from surgery to return to racing was 241 days (180–366 days). It is concluded that horses with fractures of the LM have an excellent prognosis for return to full athletic performance following arthroscopic debridement; and that arthroscopic fragment removal is an appropriate treatment method for fractures of the LM.
Duration of corneal anaesthesia following multiple doses and two concentrations of tetracaine hydrochloride eyedrops on the normal equine cornea
Authors: MONCLIN S. J. , FARNIR F. , GRAUWELS M. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study: There is a clinical impression that tetracaine hydrochloride (THCl) eyedrops is a suitable topical anaesthetic in horses.Objective: To determine the duration of corneal anaesthesia following instillation of multiple doses and 2 concentrations of THCl in 10 healthy horses.Methods: The corneal touch threshold (CTT) was determined, in both eyes, before (basal CTT) and after application of one drop of 0.5%THCl, 2 drops at a 1 min interval of 0.5%THCl or one drop of 1%THCl. CTT was measured in mm every 5 min until complete recovery of the basal CTT. Treatments were separated by an interval of at least one week.Results: Corneal sensitivity was significantly reduced from baseline values for 30, 60 and 50 min after application of one drop of 0.5%THCl, 2 drops of 0.5%THCl and one drop of 1%THCl, respectively. Mean maximal anaesthetic effects, corresponding to a CTT of 0 mm, lasted 5.5, 16 and 15.25 min and maximal anaesthetic effect was present in 55, 90 and 80% of eyes, 5 min after application of one drop of 0.5%THCl, 2 drops of 0.5%THCl and one drop of 1%THCl, respectively.Conclusions: The application of a second drop or the use of more concentrated eyedrops significantly increases duration of both anaesthesia and maximal anaesthetic effect.Potential relevance: Duration of corneal anaesthesia following tetracaine instillation was established enabling a better use when performing diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Comparison of tetracaine with other ocular anaesthetics needs to be published in the future.
Determination of tear break‐up time reference values and ocular tolerance of tetracaine hydrochloride eyedops in healthy horses
Authors: MONCLIN S. J. , FARNIR F. , GRAUWELS M. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:Tetracaine hydrochloride (THCl) has been reported to cause irritation in dogs. In man, some topical anaesthetics have been shown to disrupt the tear film. Tear break‐up time (TBUT) is a useful test allowing an assessment of the quality of the precorneal tear film. Only one TBUT value has been reported in horses with no information on the technique used.Objectives:To provide a method for performing the TBUT in horses and to report any side effects of a single application of THCl in clinically normal horses, particularly on the stability of the tear film.Methods:InStudy 1, one drop of 0.5 or 1% THCl was applied to one eye of 20 horses divided in 2 groups. Treated eyes were assessed for the development of side effects 2.5 and 5 min after treatment. InStudy 2, the TBUT was measured in both eyes of 2 groups of 10 horses, before and 2.5 and 5 min after, instillation of one drop of either 0.5 or 1% THCl.Results:No animals developed any ocular side effect after instillation. Basal TBUT was 8.3 ± 1.3 s. TBUT decreased from baseline 5 and 2.5 min after application of one drop of 0.5% THCl and one drop of 1% THCl, respectively.Conclusions:A technique to measure the TBUT in healthy horses is described and normal range values that could be used as a reference were obtained.Potential relevance:THCl is well tolerated in horses but lowers the TBUT.
Comparison of BD Phoenix, Vitek 2, and MicroScan Automated Systems for Detection and Inference of Mechanisms Responsible for Carbapenem Resistance in
Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Woodford Neil , Eastaway Anne T. , Ford Michael , Leanord Alistair , Keane Chloe , Quayle Reinhard M. , Steer Jane A. , Zhang Jiancheng , Livermore David M. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT

We assessed the ability of three commercial systems to infer carbapenem resistance mechanisms in 39 carbapenemase-producing and 16 other carbapenem-resistant
Enterobacteriaceae
. The sensitivity/specificity values for “flagging” a likely carbapenemase were 100%/0% (BD Phoenix), 82 to 85%/6 to 19% (MicroScan), and 74%/38% (Vitek 2), respectively. OXA-48 producers were poorly detected, but all systems reliably detected isolates with KPC and most with metallo-carbapenemases.
Invasive Serotype 1
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Outbreaks in the South Pacific from 2000 to 2007
Authors: Le Hello S. , Watson M. , Levy M. , Marcon S. , Brown M. , Yvon J. F. , Missotte I. , Garin B. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT
In New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna, and French Polynesia, an active surveillance system was established to monitor pneumococcal serotype prevalence between 2000 and 2007. The most prevalent serotype was serotype 1, which belonged to the major clonal complex sequence type 306 (ST306) and was responsible for invasive pneumococcal disease outbreaks.
Roseomonas mucosa
Isolated from Bloodstream of Pediatric Patient
Authors: Bard J. Dien , Deville J. G. , Summanen P. H. , Lewinski M. A. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT

We report a case of catheter-related bacteremia associated with
Roseomonas mucosa
isolated from an immunocompromised pediatric patient with a history of multiple episodes of urinary tract infection and bacteremia.
Rapid Detection of
Trypanosoma cruzi
in Human Serum by Use of an Immunochromatographic Dipstick Test
Authors: Reithinger Richard , Grijalva Mario J. , Chiriboga Rosa F. , Alarcón de Noya Belkisyolé , Torres Jaime R. , Pavia-Ruz Norma , Manrique-Saide Pablo , Cardinal Marta V. , Gürtler Ricardo E. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT

We evaluated a commercially available immunochromatographic dipstick test to detect
Trypanosoma cruzi
infection in 366 human serum samples with known serological results from Argentina, Ecuador, Mexico, and Venezuela. One hundred forty-nine of 366 (40.7%) and 171/366 (46.7%) samples tested positive by dipstick and serology, respectively. Dipstick sensitivity was calculated to be 84.8% (range between countries, 77.5 to 95%), and specificity was 97.9% (95.9 to 100%).
Neutralization of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infectivity by Antibodies and Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds Targeted against the Fusion Glycoprotein
Authors: Magro Margarita , Andreu David , Gómez-Puertas Paulino , Melero José A. , Palomo Concepción 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) fusion (F) protein is an essential component of the virus envelope that mediates fusion of the viral and cell membranes, and, therefore, it is an attractive target for drug and vaccine development. Our aim was to analyze the neutralizing mechanism of anti-F antibodies in comparison with other low-molecular-weight compounds targeted against the F molecule. It was found that neutralization by anti-F antibodies is related to epitope specificity. Thus, neutralizing and nonneutralizing antibodies could bind equally well to virions and remained bound after ultracentrifugation of the virus, but only the former inhibited virus infectivity. Neutralization by antibodies correlated with inhibition of cell-cell fusion in a syncytium formation assay, but not with inhibition of virus binding to cells. In contrast, a peptide (residues 478 to 516 of F protein [F478-516]) derived from the F protein heptad repeat B (HRB) or the organic compound BMS-433771 did not interfere with virus infectivity if incubated with virus before ultracentrifugation or during adsorption of virus to cells at 4°C. These inhibitors must be present during virus entry to effect HRSV neutralization. These results are best interpreted by asserting that neutralizing antibodies bind to the F protein in virions interfering with its activation for fusion. Binding of nonneutralizing antibodies is not enough to block this step. In contrast, the peptide F478-516 or BMS-433771 must bind to F protein intermediates generated during virus-cell membrane fusion, blocking further development of this process.
CD4 T-Cell Help Programs a Change in CD8 T-Cell Function Enabling Effective Long-Term Control of Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68: Role of PD-1-PD-L1 Interactions
Authors: Dias Peter , Giannoni Francesca , Lee Lian Ni , Han Dongun , Yoon Sorah , Yagita Hideo , Azuma Miyuki , Sarawar Sally R. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTWe previously showed that agonistic antibodies to CD40 could substitute for CD4 T-cell help and prevent reactivation of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) in the lungs of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II−/−(CII−/−) mice, which are CD4 T cell deficient. Although CD8 T cells were required for this effect, no change in their activity was detectedin vitro. A key question was whether anti-CD40 treatment (or CD4 T-cell help) changed the function of CD8 T cells or another cell typein vivo. To address this question, in the present study, we showed that adoptive transfer of CD8 T cells from virus-infected wild-type mice or anti-CD40-treated CII−/−mice caused a significant reduction in lung viral titers, in contrast to those from control CII−/−mice. Anti-CD40 treatment also greatly prolonged survival of infected CII−/−mice. This confirms that costimulatory signals cause a change in CD8 T cells enabling them to maintain effective long-term control of MHV-68. We investigated the nature of this change and found that expression of the inhibitory receptor PD-1 was significantly increased on CD8 T cells in the lungs of MHV-68-infected CII−/−, CD40−/−, or CD80/86−/−mice, compared with that in wild-type or CD28/CTLA4−/−mice, correlating with the level of viral reactivation. Furthermore, blocking PD-1-PD-L1 interactions significantly reduced viral reactivation in CD4 T-cell-deficient mice. In contrast, the absence of another inhibitory receptor, NKG2A, had no effect. These data suggest that CD4 T-cell help programs a change in CD8 T-cell function mediated by altered PD-1 expression, which enables effective long-term control of MHV-68.
REPRESENTATION THEORY OF THE STABILIZER SUBGROUP OF THE POINT AT INFINITY IN Diff(S1)
Authors: TANIMOTO YOH 
Published: June 2010

The group Diff (S1) of the orientation-preserving diffeomorphisms of the circle S1 plays an important role in conformal field theory. We consider a subgroup B0 of Diff (S1) whose elements stabilize "the point at infinity." This subgroup is of interest for the actual physical theory that lives on the punctured circle, or the real line. We investigate the unique central extension [Formula: see text] of the Lie algebra of that group. We determine the first and second cohomologies, its ideal structure and the automorphism group. We define a generalization of Verma modules and determine when these representations are irreducible. Its endomorphism semigroup is investigated and some unitary representations of the group which do not extend to Diff (S1) are constructed.
Geometry and origin of a polygonal fault system
Authors: WATTERSON J. , WALSH J. , NICOL A. , NELL P.A.R. , BRETAN P.G. 
Published: June 2010

A fault array in South Australia, interpreted from a 3D onshore seismic survey, shows fault traces on the lowermost mapped horizon of a shale‐dominated sequence which outline polygonal cells averaging 1.4 km in diameter. The cell boundaries coincide approximately with the downward terminations and near convergence of conjugate pairs of normal faults. The pattern becomes less spatially ordered on higher horizons where faults still show a near‐isotropic strike distribution. Maximum throws,
c.
80 m, occur
c.
400 m above the downward terminations of the faults. The faults have a systematic geometric relationship with folds, with anticlines in the mutual hanging walls of fault pairs and broader footwall synclines that define the shallow dish forms of the polygons. Polygon boundaries coincide with anticlinal ridges on the interface between the faulted sequence and an underlying 35 m thick low velocity, low density, overpressured layer. Although the pattern of ridges defining the polygon boundaries is strikingly similar to experimental spoke and hub patterns formed at the boundaries between viscous materials with density inversion, the data do not exclude the possibility of lateral extension.
Low‐ and high‐frequency sea‐level changes control peritidal carbonate cycles, facies and dolomitization in the Rock of Gibraltar (Early Jurassic, Iberian Peninsula)
Authors: BOSENCE D. W. J. , WOOD J. L. , ROSE E. P. F. , QING H. 
Published: June 2010

The Rock of Gibraltar comprises two tectonically separated limbs of an isolated klippe of Liassic Gibraltar Limestone Formation. Both limbs have similar,c. 400 m thick sequences of inner carbonate platform facies arranged in high‐frequency, metre‐scale, shallowing‐upward, peritidal cycles with emergent, caliche caps. Four cycle types are recognized on the basis of vertically repeated successions of different sedimentary structures, lithologies, facies and biota. When compared with other Liassic cycles from fault‐bound platforms of the western Mediterranean region all are found to be of similar scale, facies and cycle type. Likely common origins are through Milankovitch band allocyclicity, or autocyclic tidal flat progradation superimposed on regional subsidence.Within the Gibraltar Limestone high‐frequency cycles are superimposed on a low‐frequency (third order?) cyclicity that is revealed, through the use of Fischer plots, to control the occurrrence of facies, biota, high‐frequency cycle types and dolomitization. Falling sea‐level and lowstand phases, with reduced accommodation space, are typified by restricted, inner platform facies and cycles and by early reflux dolomitization. Transgressive and highstand phases, with more accommodation space, are characterized by the absence of early dolomites, the incoming of inner platform microfossils (i.e. foraminifera and calcareous algae) and by less restricted marine facies (i.e. oncoids, shelly rudstones, packstones and grainstones).Fischer plots have demonstrable value in the correlation and analysis of tectonically separated and geographically isolated cyclic sequences that lack prominent marker beds or stratigraphically useful biotas.
Palaeomagnetic constraints on the age of the Red Arch Formation and associated sandstone dykes (Northern Ireland)
Authors: TURNER P. , SHELTON R. , RUFFELL A. , PUGH J. 
Published: June 2010

The Red Arch Formation is a continental red bed succession of uncertain age exposed on the northeast coast of Ireland. There are lithological similarities with the Old Red Sandstone of the Highland Border region, although unconformities within the succession, the presence of reworked aeolian sand grains and variations in the induration of the rocks have prompted earlier workers to suggest that the upper part of the succession may be Triassic in age.
This paper reports palaeomagnetic results from the Red Arch Formation. The characteristic magnetizations (ChRMs) are exclusively of reversed polarity and the palaeomagnetic pole position for the sequence bears close comparison with other results from the Old Red Sandstone in Scotland and southern Britain. These poles are regarded as magnetic overprints formed during the Kiaman Superchron because they fall in the Permo‐Carboniferous segment of the apparent polar wander path.
Sandstone dykes that cut the Red Arch Formation on a NNE–SSW and NNW–SSE trend have also been studied palaeomagnetically. The dykes show more steeply inclined ChRMs predominantly of normal polarity. The dykes are therefore interpreted to be post‐Kiaman in age, a conclusion consistent with our structural observations. The age of the dykes cannot be determined precisely because they have also been, at least partially, remagnetized. Lithological and regional geological considerations suggest the dykes are Triassic in age and formed in an extensional stress regime prior to the opening of the North Atlantic. They were remagnetized in Tertiary times, possibly associated with uplift and emplacement of the British Tertiary Igneous Province.
Thermochronology of northern Murihiku Terrane, New Zealand, derived from apatite FT analysis
Authors: KAMP PETER J. J. , LIDDELL IVAN J. 
Published: June 2010

Murihiku Terrane is the least deformed of a series of tectonostratigraphic terranes that have been amalgamated to form the basement underlying New Zealand. Apatite fission‐track (FT) thermochronology has been applied to the youngest beds (Late Jurassic, Hettangian–Tithonian Stages) of this terrane, located at Port Waikato in western North Island, which are broadly folded. The apatite FT ages are partially annealed, are younger than their stratigraphic ages, and remarkably, decrease in age upsection. Interpretation and modelling of the maximum palaeotemperatures experienced by the sample horizons and the timing of cooling requires a wedge of Cretaceous sedimentary rocks to have accumulated within the axis of the major fold (Kawhia Syncline). Deposition of Murihiku Terrane sequences continued therefore into the Cretaceous and probably until
c.
100 Ma. Deposition may have ended as late as 85 ± 10 Ma, when cooling via denudation started. The upper parts of the former succession probably accumulated during folding. In addition, interpretation of the FT data require a marked increase in palaeogeothermal gradient from a subnormal value of 15°C km
−1
during the Late Jurassic, up to
c.
30°C km
−1
at 85 ± 10 Ma. This is attributed to the termination of subduction along the Pacific margin of Gondwanaland, and a transition to a rift‐transform tectonic setting in western New Zealand during Tasman Sea spreading. The latest Cretaceous–Palaeocene eastward tilting of the Murihiku basement at Port Waikato may have been accommodated on the Taranaki Fault or another coast‐parallel fault; the Waikato Fault probably acted as a transfer fault at that time accumulating a significant amount of throw.