bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Individual ONH blood flow patterns during changes in perfusion pressure
Authors: SCHMETTERER L 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose Abnormal optic nerve head (ONH) blood flow autoregulation has been implemented in the pathogenesis of glaucoma since decades. In fact, however, the regulation of ONH blood flow is poorly characterized and the mechanisms of autoregulation remain obscure.Methods Several studies were performed to investigate the behavior of ONH blood flow during changes in perfusion pressure in healthy subjects. In all these studies laser Doppler flowmetry was used to measure ONH blood flow. Interventions included squatting and handgripping to increase ocular perfusion pressure and use of a sclera suction cup to reduce ocular perfusion pressure.Results During both an increase and a decrease in perfusion pressure the ONH shows some autoregulatory capacity. Data during combined change in arterial pressure and venous pressure indicate that ONH blood flow is not only dependent on the level of perfusion pressure but also on the absolute levels of pressures in the arterial and venous tree. In addition, there is a wide inter‐individual variability in the responses. In some subjects a temporal reduction in ocular perfusion pressure is associated with a pronounced decrease in ONH blood flow.Conclusion Regulation of ONH blood flow is more complex than previously thought. Some subjects show pronounced ischemia during fluctuations in ocular perfusion pressure. Whether this pre‐disposes to ONH disease remains unclear.
The LDL receptor in the retina: the missing link in aging, the new target in dietary prevention
Authors: BRETILLON L , SIMON E , ACAR N , BRON A , CREUZOT‐GARCHER C 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose The discovery of the LDL receptor (LDLR) in 1985 by Brown and Goldstein was awarded by a Nobel Prize. The LDLR has initially been identified for its role in mediating the endocytosis of LDL particles in the vascular endothelium. The deposition of lipids, including cholesterol and cholesteryl esters in Bruch’s Membrane in the one hand, and in the vessel intima in the other hand, is one of the common features of age related macular degeneration (AMD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Dietary habits with high intakes of omega 3 long chain fatty acids (LCFA) have been associated with AMD prevention. Similar effects have been demonstrated in CVD prevention. The mechanisms behind this association in AMD remain partly unknown.Methods The present paper highlights our recent findings on the pivotal role of LDLR in aging of the retina, and modulation of LDLR expression by dietary omega 3 LCFA.Results In a humanized mouse, we have shown that the lack of LDLR was associated with the presence of the main characteristics of aging of the human retina: fundus autofluorescence, deposition of cholesteryl esters in Bruch’s Membrane, and impairment of the retinal function. We further questioned whether following the dietary guidelines on omega 3 LCFA would modulate gene expression, including LDLR. Expectedly, we found that increasing the intake in omega 3 LCFA and lowering linoleic acid increased LDLR expression and improved the incorporation of omega 3 LCFA.Conclusion Altogether, our data are consistent with the crucial importance of LDLR in the aging process in the retina. We also strongly support the idea that the modulation of LDLR expression is one of the mechanisms of the preventive effects of omega 3 LCFA in AMD.
Lutein decreases complement factor D in age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: BERENDSCHOT T , TIAN Y , VAN DER VEEN R , MAKRIDAKI M , MURRAY I , KIJLSTRA A 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose The complement system plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Age‐related Macular Degeneration (AMD). In this study we examined the effect of lutein on circulating levels of Complement Factor D (CFD), a rate limiting component of the alternative pathway of complement activation.Methods Blood samples were collected from 82 early AMD patients from The Netherlands and the UK that took part in a one year multi centre, double masked, placebo controlled intervention trial with lutein supplementation. CFD was measured by ELISA.Results We found a significant 0.12 μg/ml monthly decrease in serum CFD concentration in the lutein group (p<0.001), resulting in a 61% decrease from 2.33 μg/ml at baseline to 0.91 μg/ml at 12 months. We found no change in the placebo group.Conclusion Lutein supplementation markedly decreases circulating CFD levels thereby offering a simple method to control the alternative complement pathway.
Relevance of complement factor H polymorphisms in the response to intravitreal bevacizumab in exudative age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: BOLTZ A , JONAS JB , PALKOVITS S , TAO Y , RENSCH F , WEGER M , GARHöFER G , FRANTAL S , EL‐SHABRAWI Y , SCHMETTERER L 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose There is increasing evidence that the complement system, in particular the complement factor H (CFH) plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). Over the last decade the use of antibodies against vascular endothelial growth factor has revolutionized the therapy for exudative AMD. However, about 10 to 15% of the patients seem to be poor‐ or non responders and do not profit from such treatment. The present study investigated whether treatment outcome of intravitreally administered bevacizumab is dependent on 6 common CFH polymorphisms.Methods In this prospective cohort study 185 eyes of 141 treatment naïve patients with exudative AMD were included. Study eyes were injected with bevacizumab using the as needed regimen. At each follow up visit a complete ophthalmic examination as well as optical coherence tomography was carried out. CFH polymorphisms for rs1061170, rs393955, rs800292, rs1329428, rs1410996 and rs3753394 were determined using real‐time PCR. Visual acuity outcome, number of injections and overall time of treatment were analyzed in dependence of the CFH genotype.Results Patients received up to 15 injections with bevacizumab and the respective total treatment period ranged from 42 to 1182 days. Neither visual acuity, number of treatments nor duration of treatments correlated with any of the 6 CFH polymorphisms.Conclusion None of the investigated polymorphisms of the CFH gene seem to play a statistically significant role regarding treatment success of bevacizumab in patients with exudative AMD.
Noninvasive assessment of the tear film stability in children
Authors: GICQUEL JJ , PISELLA PJ , BREMOND‐GIGNAC D 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose To evaluate tear break‐up time (BUT) with repeated higher order wavefront aberrations (HOA) measurements in children with Meibomian Gland Dysfunction(MGD).Methods Wavefront aberrations up to the sixth order for a 4‐mm pupil were measured in 10 normal children (Group 1) and 10 children with severe MGD (Group 2) with corneal involvement, using the IRX3 (Imagine Eyes, Orsay, France) Hartmann‐Shack (H‐S) aberrometer. The aberrometry was performed once every second for up to 20 seconds. HOA measurements were performed 3 times in a row. HOA variations were compared with the BUT by the conventional fluorescein method (CFM°.Results There was an excellent correlation between the HOA variation and the BUT recorded by the CFM in both groups. There was also an excellent reproducibility of the HOA measurements in all patients. BUT was significantly decreased (P<0.005) in all children in Group 2 compared to the normal tests subjects (Group 1).Conclusion HS aberrometry is a non ivasive method, that has been used for the last decade for the assessment of the quality of vision in patients undergoing refractive surgery and cataract or clear lensextration. Studying the HOA variation is a valuable method for evaluating both the quality visionand the BUT in children with MGD.
RUNX2 expression in conjunctival melanocytic proliferations
Authors: MOULIN A , NICOLAS M , HAMEDANI M , SCHALENBOURG A , ZOGRAFOS L 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose Amplification of RUNX2 (6p21.2), a transcription factor involved in bone formation and in tumor progression of prostate and breast cancer, has previously been identified in 76% (16/21) of primary conjunctival melanoma and in 100% (4/4) of metastatic conjunctival melanoma. The aim of this study was to investigate RUNX2 expression at the protein level in a panel of conjunctival melanocytic proliferationsMethods Expression of RUNX2 was assessed by immunohistochemistry in 26 conjunctival naevi (14 compound naevi, 11 subepithelial naevi and 1 cellular blue naevus), 13 PAM (9 PAM with atypia) and 25 conjunctival melanoma. Statistical analysis was performed with JUMP 8,0 software. Expression was regarded as negative if less than 10% of the tumor cells expressed RUNX2. Examination was independently assessed by two observers.Results RUNX2 was found in 3 naevi (11,5 %), in one PAM with atypia (7,6%) and in 5 melanoma (20 %) without significant variation between the 3 groups. In the melanoma group, there was no correlation between RUNX2 expression and TNM category, depth of invasion, proliferation index (Ki67), local lymphatic invasion and the presence of metastasis. There was however a significant correlation between RUNX2 expression and death (p=0,0191).Conclusion RUNX2 is expressed in a limited number of conjunctival melanocytic proliferations without significant differential expression between benign and malignant lesions. The biological significance of RUNX2 in conjunctival melanoma tumor progression requires further functional investigations.
Idiopathic orbital inflammation: a report of 18 cases
Authors: COFFIN‐PICHONNET S , LANGLOIS B , JACOMET PV , PUTTERMAN M , BADELON I , MORAX S , GALATOIRE O 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose Idiopathic orbital inflammation is a rare clinical entity which has protean clinical manifestations. It’s a diagnosis of exclusion which imposes a biopsy, and which can be made only after a screening to rule out a systemic etiology of inflammation.Methods Retrospective series of 18 histologically‐proven orbital inflammation cases seen in our service between 2006 and 2011.Results The study encompassed 7 men and 11 women, with a mean age of 47 years old (4‐83). Patients complained of a pain (44%), a diplopia (33%), a decreased visual acuity (17%). A swollen eyelid or a palpable mass were presents in 78% of the cases. Less often, we noted proptosis, or a diminished ocular motility. The radiologic analysis (CT‐scan, NMR, doppler ultrasound examination) found an inflammation localized to the orbital fat, to the lacrymal gland, and to one or several oculomotor muscle(s) in respectively 89%, 67%, and 39% of the cases. Excisional biopsy was curative for 33% of the cases. 61% of the patients received a corticotherapy, with a relapse or a recurrence in 60% of the cases, making necessary to have recourse to immunosuppressive agents (methotrexate), with a good control rate on the inflammation (75%). Finally, 76% of the patients obtained a complete resolution of their symptoms at the end of the follow‐up (mean : 20 months).Conclusion Treatment lies on surgical exeresis if it is safely. Corticotherapy is frequently not sufficient. Methotrexate seems to be an interesting alternative. Recent works concentrate on Systemic IgG4 Disease, who could be a frequent cause of orbital inflammation, calling the term "idiopathic" into question, and letting us think about targeting treatments.
Priorities of Ophthalmic Research
Authors: SPAETH G 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose The purpose of this presentation is to examine critically several of the fundamental considerations regarding research, focusing on ophthalmic research. Time and resources are limited. Paradoxically, they appear to be increasingly so. In such an environment it would seem to be important to perform research that is “ useful.” Who is best suited to decide what is “useful?” Does limiting the freedom of investigators to study what they wish result in dampening creativity? Who should determine – if anybody – priorities of research?Methods Historical and literature review, with personal opinions informing (or biasing) the conclusions.Results The concept of “academic freedom” has long been protected by academic communities, more vigorously in some cultures than others. On the other hand, limits at least since the time of Socrates have been placed on research and commentary; these limits have been imposed by cultural mores, and by communities such as various religious groups, by economically powerful people and industries, and governments. The medical and scientific communities also have imposed limits. Who should set these? How responsible has the medical community been?Conclusion Freedom is most likely to be allowed when that freedom leads to outcomes the community considers in their best interest. Critical reappraisal of the appropriateness of deciding priorities of research is needed. Is the concept of the “clinical an/scientist” viable? Suggestions will be given as to how to preserve or increase the creativity of research and yet promote the study of issues that are useful, relevant and likely to lead to a “better world.”
Outcomes of macular hole surgery in highly myopic eyes : a case‐control study
Authors: CONART JB , HUBERT I , BERROD JP 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose To evaluate the outcomes of macular hole (MH) surgery in highly myopic eyes and to compare these results with controls.Methods The study design was a matched, case‐control, retrospective chart review. Ninety‐four eyes who underwent vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane removal for a MH without retinal detachment were included. Group 1 included 47 consecutive eyes with high myopia and group 2 included 47 control eyes operated on the same period and matched for MH size. The main outcomes were preoperative and postoperative best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA), MH closure rates and complications.Results The mean axial length was 28,5 mm in high myopic eyes and 23,3 mm in the controls (p<0,001). There was no significant difference in the mean duration of symptoms, size of the MH and preoperative BCVA between the two groups. Closure of the MH was achieved in only 39/47 eyes (83%) with high myopia versus to 45/47 eyes (96%) in the controls (p=0,04). Mean BCVA improved in both groups (0,41 versus 0,68 logMAR) but was significantly lower in myopic eyes (p<0,001). Anatomical outcomes tended to decrease when axial length increased (p=0,06).Conclusion MH surgery in high myopic eyes results in satisfactory anatomical and visual improvement but not as good as in the controls. Longer axial length may increase the risk of anatomic failure.
Cytopathological findings in the vitreous of patients with retinal detachment
Authors: ARNDT C , BONNAY G , RAMONT L , DIEBOLD MD , DUCASSE A , BOULAGNON C 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is the leading cause of failure in retinal detachment surgery. The migration of retinal pigment epithelial cells and the occurrence of extracellular matrix changes have been associated with PVR. The purpose of this prospective study was to analyze the cellular contents of the vitreous in patients with retinal detachment.Methods The vitreous samples of patients with epiretinal membrane and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment were obtained at the initial phase of surgery without previous intraocular infusion. A cytopathological analysis and staining of the vitreous was performed in all cases. The vitreous of 40 patients with retinal detachment and 49 patients undergoing epiretinal membrane peeling (control group) were included.Results The preparations displayed a variable cellularity. A higher amount of epithelial cell clumping was observed in retinal detachment specimens compared with controls. Furthermore, in the retinal detachment group, more free pigments were encountered and a higher degree of reticulation of the extracellular matrix was noted. In the vitreous of patients with retinal detachment, there is some cytopathological evidence for a higher concentration and an increased activity of retinal pigment epithelial cells compared with controls.Conclusion The predictive value of cytopathological changes for the occurrence of postoperative proliferative vitreoretinopathy in patients undergoing retinal detachment surgery remains to be demonstrated.
Post‐surgical intra‐ocular inflammation in a mouse model and high mobility group box protein 1
Authors: BEUERMAN R , YUAN ZH 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose Postsurgical intraocular inflammation is an expected consequence of surgery or trauma. The purpose of this study was to examine new methods for preventing postsurgical inflammation that might avert the problems associated with the use of steroids. An important step was to identify a new molecule that has a leading role in the promotion of inflammation, high mobility group box protein 1, HMGB1.Methods Surgery was carried on one eye of C57/BL6 mice and the other eye served as control. A scleral incision was created approximately 0.4 mm from the limbus with a 1mm DBL edge sapphire blade inserted at a 3 o’clock position. The incision was closed by 2 interrupted 10‐0 nylon monofilament nonabsorbable sutures. In vivo confocal imaging was performed in a preplanned fashion to analyze cell infiltration into the cornea, anterior chamber and iris at PO days 1, 3, 5 and 7. Tissues were collected on the same schedule. Immunofluorescent staining was conducted to examine S100A8, S100A9 and high‐mobility‐group box‐1 (HMGB1) expression, which was confirmed by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR).Results mRNA levels of S100A8/9 in the cornea, HMGB1 in the cornea and iris increased significantly (p<0.05) at PO day 1 and decreased over time. Immunostaining for S100A8/9 and HMGB1 corroborated the RT‐PCR results. There was no detectable S100A8/9 or HMGB1 in the unwounded iris. The expression of S100A8/9 and HMGB1 was stimulated in the cornea stroma and iris, with a peak at PO day 3, and decreasing over time. Staining of S100A8/9 and HMGB1 in the cornea epithelium was present at low levels and did not appear to increase after surgery.Conclusion HMGB1 is a critical early phase regulator of inflammatory events after surgery. The release of HMGB1 can not be avoided as it is released from the nuclei of damagend cells and is therefore always a part of surgical outcomes.
Killer cases due to occult choroidal inflammation : how to prevent them
Authors: PAPADIA M , HERBORT CP 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose Inflammation of the choroid evolves mostly unnoticed when only clinical examination and/or only classical investigational methods are used. In some cases such occult inflammation, when it is finally noted has already caused irremediable damage.Methods Inflammatory cases are presented that showed minimal or no signs on clinical examination/investigational tests, where significant occult choroïdal inflammation was detected by ICGA and that responded to therapy initiated on the base of ICGA findings. In parallel, patients that were treated with delay or received no therapy and suffered irremediable damage will be presented.Results Primary inflammatory choriocapillaropathies PICCPs (MEWDS, APMPPE, multifocal choroiditis) known to be caused by inflammatory choriocapillaris non perfusion can only be meaningfully investigated for activity by ICGA as non‐perfused areas are not seen otherwise. If active disease (non‐perfusion) is suspected, PICCPs have to be evaluated and followed by ICGA and in case of persistence of non‐perfusion and worsening of function, therapy has to be introduced to avoid irremediable damage. For stromal choroiditis such as Vogt‐Koyanagi‐Harada (VKH) disease, persisting choroiditis after alleged clinical recovery needing continued therapy can only be shown by ICGA, so avoiding complications due to smouldering occult disease.Conclusion ICGA in the work‐up of posterior uveitis should be part of a routine investigation for those case where angiographic work‐up is deemed necessary.
Interesting case‐reports
Authors: POURJAVAN S 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose The aim of this lecture is to explore and gather all the topics explained in this SIS in some real case‐reports.Methods The diagnosis of glaucoma in high myopic patients can be very bothersome because of the variability of optic disc morphology and the difficulty in visual fields’ interpretation caused by the large peripapillary atrophy and the progressive retinal myopic changes. The management, treatment and the follow‐up of glaucoma in these patients needs more elaboration than the average, not‐myopic POAG patients. The intraocular pressure measurements in patients with a previous refractive surgery demands an especial attention not only inasmuch of the reduced corneal thickness but also because of the postoperative changes in the corneal biomechanical properties. The choice of a target pressure and a target pressure range is highly related with the degree of the myopia.
Anatomic and physiologic considerations of the intrinsically‐photosensitive retinal ganglion cells
Authors: LUCAS R 
Published: August 2012

AbstractI will provide an overview of the physiology and function of intrinsically photosensitive, melanopsin‐expressing, retinal ganglion cells. Originally discovered during the search for photoreceptors regulating the circadian clock, it is now established that these receptors influence a wide array of accessory visual responses. Most recent data indicates that they also can contribute to perceptual vision.
Rod, cone and melanopsin contributions to the pupil light reflex
Authors: KARDON RANDY 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose To define the relative contributions of rod, cone, and melanopsin to the human pupillary light reflex (PLR) and to determine the optimal conditions for assessing their status in patients with retinal and optic nerve disorders.Methods The pupil light reflex was measured with an eye tracker, and stimuli were precisely controlled with a Ganzfeld ERG computerized system. For rod mediated transient pupil responses, a low intensity 1‐second duration blue light was given under dark adaptation. For cone mediated transient pupil responses, a red, high intensity 1‐second duration light was given on a blue background to suppress rod contributions. For melanopsin mediated sustained pupil responses, a bright 1‐second bright blue light was given without background.Results Rod mediated transient pupil responses were present in normal eyes but not in patients with moderate to advanced retinitis pigmentosa. A blue background suppressed rod and melanopsin responses, enabling assessment of cone contributions with a red flash. Robust melanopsin sustained pupil responses could be seen in patients with lack of contributions from the rods and cones.Conclusion The rod, cone, and melanopsin contributions to the PLR can be assessed with a simple clinical protocol with blue flashes at two or three intensity levels in the dark and one red flash on a blue background, allowing for diagnosis and differentiation of retinal and optic nerve diseases.
Chromatic pupillometry as a novel means to assess outer retinal function in health and disease states
Authors: KAWASAKI A 
Published: August 2012

AbstractQuantified pupil responses to colored light stimuli is a non‐invasive means to monitor melanopsin function as well as rod and cone activity. Understanding the trivariate contributions to the pupil light reflex has led to renewed interest in using the pupil response to monitor a variety of diseases. The characteristic pupillographic feature of intrinsic, melanopsin‐mediated ganglion cell activity is persistent contraction after light offset. This post‐illumination response is abnormal in patients with glaucoma. In patients with retinal degenerative disease, the retinal sensitivity to blue light as measured by pupillometry is reduced. This correlates with loss of rod function but also hints at reduced melanopsin activity. Clinical examples showing pupil response to red and blue light in patients with neuroretinal visual loss will be discussed.
Commercial interest