bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plasmonic Enhancement or Energy Transfer? On the Luminescence of Gold‐, Silver‐, and Lanthanide‐Doped Silicate Glasses and Its Potential for Light‐Emitting Devices
Authors: Eichelbaum Maik , Rademann Klaus 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWith the technique of synchrotron X‐ray activation, molecule‐like, non‐plasmonic gold and silver particles in soda‐lime silicate glasses can be generated. The luminescence energy transfer between these species and lanthanide(III) ions is studied. As a result, a significant lanthanide luminescence enhancement by a factor of up to 250 under non‐resonant UV excitation is observed. The absence of a distinct gold and silver plasmon resonance absorption, respectively, the missing nanoparticle signals in previous SAXS and TEM experiments, the unaltered luminescence lifetime of the lanthanide ions compared to the non‐enhanced case, and an excitation maximum at 300–350 nm (equivalent to the absorption range of small noble metal particles) indicate unambiguously that the observed enhancement is due to a classical energy transfer between small noble metal particles and lanthanide ions, and not to a plasmonic field enhancement effect. It is proposed that very small, molecule‐like noble metal particles (such as dimers, trimers, and tetramers) first absorb the excitation light, undergo a singlet‐triplet intersystem crossing, and finally transfer the energy to an excited multiplet state of adjacent lanthanide(III) ions. X‐ray lithographic microstructuring and excitation with a commercial UV LED show the potential of the activated glass samples as bright light‐emitting devices with tunable emission colors.
Highly unstable sequence interruptions of the CTG repeat in the myotonic dystrophy gene
Authors: Musova Zuzana , Mazanec Radim , Krepelova Anna , Ehler Edvard , Vales Jiri , Jaklova Radka , Prochazka Tomas , Koukal Petr , Marikova Tatana , Kraus Josef , Havlovicova Marketa , Sedlacek Zdenek 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMyotonic dystrophy type 1 is caused by the expansion of a CTG repeat in the 3′ UTR of the DMPK gene. A length exceeding 50 CTG triplets is pathogenic. Intermediate alleles with 35–49 triplets are not disease‐causing but show instability in intergenerational transmissions. We report on the identification of multiple patients with different patterns of CCG and CTC interruptions in the DMPK CTG repeat tract that display unique intergenerational instability. In patients bearing interrupted expanded alleles, the location of the interruptions changed dramatically between generations and the repeats tended to contract. The phenotype for these patients corresponded to the classical form of the disease, but in some cases without muscular dystrophy and possibly with a later onset than expected. Symptomatic patients bearing interrupted intermediate length repeat tracts were also identified, although the role of the interruptions in their phenotype remains unclear. The identification of interruptions in the DMPK repeat has important consequences for molecular genetic testing where they can lead to false negative conclusions. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Titelbild: Zur Funktion und Struktur synthetisch modifizierter Porine (Angew. Chem. 26/2009)
Authors: Reitz Simon , Cebi Menekse , Reiß Philipp , Studnik Gregor , Linne Uwe , Koert Ulrich , Essen Lars‐Oliver 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSynthetische Modulatoren wurden durch Proteinsemisynthese/Klick‐Chemie oder durch S‐Alkylierung in das trimere Porin OmpF eingeführt, wie U. Koert, L.‐O. Essen et al. in ihrer Zuschrift auf S. 4947 ff. berichten. Die Wahl des synthetischen Modulators und die Art der Verknüpfung bestimmten maßgeblich die Effizienz der Blockade. Ein Modell zur Erklärung der funktionalen Eigenschaften wurde auf Grundlage einer Röntgenkristallstruktur eines Kronenether‐OmpF‐Hybrids postuliert.magnified image
The Biosynthetic Logic of Polyketide Diversity
Authors: Hertweck Christian 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMolecular Lego: Polyketides represent a highly diverse group of natural products with structurally intriguing carbon skeletons (see picture) which are assembled from simple acyl building blocks. A combination of chemical, biochemical, and genetics studies have provided exciting new insights into the programming of polyketide assembly and the sophisticated enzymatic machineries involved. This review highlights recent developments in the field.magnified imagePolyketides constitute one of the major classes of natural products. Many of these compounds or derivatives thereof have become important therapeutics for clinical use; in contrast, various polyketides are infamous food‐spoiling toxins or virulence factors. What is particularly remarkable about this heterogeneous group of compounds comprising of polyethers, polyenes, polyphenols, macrolides, and enediynes is that they are mainly derived from one of the simplest building blocks available in nature: acetic acid. Investigations at the chemical, genetic, and biochemical levels have shed light on the biosynthetic programs that lead to the large structural diversity of polyketides .This review highlights recently unveiled biosynthetic mechanisms to generate highly diverse and complex molecules.
Cover Picture: On the Function and Structure of Synthetically Modified Porins (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 26/2009)
Authors: Reitz Simon , Cebi Menekse , Reiß Philipp , Studnik Gregor , Linne Uwe , Koert Ulrich , Essen Lars‐Oliver 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSynthetic Modulators are introduced into the trimeric porin OmpF by protein semisynthesis/click chemistry or by S‐alkylation, as U. Koert, L.‐O. Essen et al. report in their Communication on page 4853 ff. The choice of synthetic modulator and the type of covalent attachment significantly affect the blockage efficiency. A model for the functional properties is postulated on the basis of an X‐ray structure analysis of a crown ether/OmpF hybrid.magnified image
New method for kinetic analysis of decomposition of biomass materials—Based on critical analysis of Moll method
Authors: Liu Naian , Chen Haixiang , Shu Lifu 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMoll method used in extracting the kinetic parameters of thermal decomposition of biomass materials is theoretically analyzed and the limitation of the method is critically examined. It is demonstrated that Moll method can only be used under strict conditions within narrow temperature intervals. In light of the idea of Moll method and also in view of the limitations of Moll method, a two‐point data set method is developed for the kinetic analysis of the decomposition of biomass materials in air, using single heating rate mass‐loss curve. The method is justified by comparing the resulted kinetic parameters with those by integral and differential methods. Compared with Moll method, the new method is applicable to the mass‐loss data within wide temperature intervals, whereby the kinetic parameters (especially the activation energy) can be evaluated without any prior knowledge of reaction order, with fairly high reliability. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Poly(styrene‐co‐butyl acrylate) latex‐reinforced polyester nonwoven fabric composites: Thermal and morphological studies
Authors: Satheesh Kumar M. N. , Yaakob Z. , Siddaramaiah  
Published: June 2009

AbstractA series of thermoplastic composites were fabricated by impregnating the polyester nonwoven fabric in poly(styrene‐co‐butyl acrylate) latex having different monomer compositions of styrene and butyl acrylate viz., 100/0, 90/10, 80/20, 70/30, 60/40, and 50/50 weight by weight. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the composites was performed to establish the thermal stability and their mode of thermal degradation. From TGA thermograms, a slight improvement in thermal stability of the composites was noticed compared to polyester nonwoven fabric. Degradation kinetic parameters were obtained for the composites using Broido and Coats–Redfern methods. The activation energy (Ea) of the composites for the thermal degradation process lies in the range 7.1–261 and 60–264 kJ/mol for Broido and Coats–Redfern methods respectively. Morphology of the tensile‐fractured composites was studied using scanning electron microscopic technique. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Processing of transmission electron microscope images for quantification of the layer dispersion degree in polymer‐clay nanocomposites
Authors: Navarchian Amir H. , Majdzadeh‐Ardakani Kazem 
Published: June 2009

AbstractQuantification of the layered silicates dispersion level is necessary to more accurately evaluate the performance in polymer/clay nanocomposites. In this article, a new approach is developed to quantify the degree of exfoliation, intercalation, and immiscibility of layered silicates in polymer matrix, based on bright‐dark pixel measurement (BDPM) in transmission electron microscope (TEM) images. Several examples of exfoliated, intercalated, and immiscible composites with different polymer and clay systems were examined. The method is capable of estimating the percent contribution of all morphologies present in the image. Comparing with X‐ray diffraction (XRD) evidences, it is indicated that as a rule of thumb, the exfoliated structure is dominant whenever the exfoliation percent calculated by BDPM methodology is over 65%, no matter what kind of clay or polymer matrix is used. The intercalated structure can be ascribed to the images with exfoliation level less than 65%, but with the intercalation degree over 28%. Application of this method can facilitate the modeling or correlation of various nanocomposite properties with respect to exfoliation degree. A quantified relation is also possible between XRD and TEM using this approach. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Structural characterization and tensile properties of Borassus fruit fibers
Authors: Reddy K. Obi , Guduri B. R. , Rajulu A. Varada 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe chemical and instrumental analysis of alkali‐treated Borassus fibers is carried out to explore the possibility of their use as reinforcement in green composites. The chemical analysis shows presence of α‐cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. This is further confirmed by FTIR and high‐resolution solid‐state 13C NMR spectroscopy. The influence of alkali treatment on morphology and mechanical properties is attempted by SEM and UTM techniques, respectively. The wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction analysis of the native and treated fibers shows that alkali treatment influences the crystallinity of the fibers. The efficacy of the Borassus fibers (native and treated) as a component of green composites is discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation and swelling properties of semi‐IPN hydrogels based on chitosan‐g‐poly(acrylic acid) and phosphorylated polyvinyl alcohol
Authors: Liu Jianghua , Zheng Yian , Wang Wenbo , Wang Aiqin 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe phosphorylated poly(vinyl alcohol) (P‐PVA) samples with various substitution degrees were prepared through the esterification reaction of PVA and phosphoric acid. By using chitosan (CTS), acrylic acid (AA) and P‐PVA as raw materials, ammonium persulphate (APS) as an initiator and N,N‐methylenebisacrylamide as a crosslinker, the CTS‐g‐PAA/P‐PVA semi‐interpenetrated polymer network (IPN) ssuperabsorbent hydrogel was prepared in aqueous solution by the graft copolymerization of CTS and AA and followed by an interpenetrating and crosslinking of P‐PVA chains. The hydrogel was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques, and the influence of reaction variables, such as the substitution degree and content of P‐PVA on water absorbency were also investigated. FTIR and DSC results confirmed that PAA had been grafted onto CTS backbone and revealed the existence of phase separation and the formation of semi‐IPN network structure. SEM observations indicate that the incorporation of P‐PVA induced highly porous structure, and P‐PVA was uniformly dispersed in the polymeric network. Swelling results showed that CTS‐g‐PAA/P‐PVA semi‐IPN superabsorbent hydrogel exhibited improved swelling capability (421 g·g−1 in distilled water and 55 g·g−1 in 0.9 wt % NaCl solution) and swelling rate compared with CTS‐g‐PAA/PVA hydrogel (301 g·g−1 in distilled water and 47 g·g−1 in 0.9 wt % NaCl solution) due to the phosphorylation of PVA. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis and mobilization of glycogen and trehalose in adult male Rhodnius prolixus
Authors: Mariano Ana C. , Santos Rachel , Gonzalez Marcelo S. , Feder Denise , Machado Ednildo A. , Pascarelli Bernardo , Gondim Katia C. , Meyer‐Fernandes José R. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe vector of Chagas' disease, Rhodnius prolixus, feeds exclusively on blood. The blood meals are slowly digested, and these insects wait some weeks before the next meal. During the life of an insect, energy‐requiring processes such as moulting, adult gonadal and reproductive growth, vitellogenesis, muscular activity, and fasting, lead to increased metabolism. Carbohydrates are a major source of energy and their mobilization is important. We determined the amounts of glycogen, trehalose, and glucose present in the fat body and/or hemolymph of adult males of R. prolixus and recorded the processes of accumulation and mobilization of these carbohydrates. We also tested our hypothesis that these processes are under endocrine control. The amount of glycogen in the fat body progressively increased until the fourth day after feeding (from 9.3±2.2 to 77. 3±7.5 µg/fat body), then declined to values around 36.3±4.9 µg/fat body on the fifteenth day after the blood meal. Glycogen synthesis was eliminated in decapitated insects and head‐transplanted insects synthesized glycogen. The amount of trehalose in the fat body increased until the sixth day after feeding (from 16. 6±1.7 to 40. 6±5.3 nmol/fat body), decreased abruptly, and stabilized between days 7 and 15 at values ranging around 15–19 nmol/fat body. Decapitated insects did not synthesize trehalose after feeding, and this effect was reversed in head‐transplanted insects. The concentration of trehalose in the hemolymph increased after the blood meal until the third day (from 0.07±0.01 to 0.75±0.05 mM) and at the fourth day it decreased until the ninth day (0.21±0.01 mM), when it increased again until the fourteenth day (0.79±0.06 mM) after the blood meal, and then declined again. In decapitated insects, trehalose concentrations did not increase soon after the blood meal and at the third day it was very low, but on the fourteenth day it was close to the control values. The concentration of glucose in the hemolymph of untreated insects remained low and constant (0.18±0.01 mM) during the 15 days after feeding, but in decapitated insects it progressively increased until the fifteenth day (2.00±0.10 mM). We recorded the highest trehalase activity in midgut, which was maximal at the eighth day after feeding (2,830±320 nmol of glucose/organ/h). We infer that in Rhodnius prolixus, the metabolism of glycogen, glucose, and trehalose are controlled by factors from the brain, according to physiological demands at different days after the blood meal. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Museumsinsel Berlin – Geotechnische Untersuchungen für die Grundinstandsetzung und Ergänzung des Pergamonmuseums
Authors: Müller‐Kirchenbauer Antje , Pflaume Peter , Schlötzer Carsten , Schoening Hermann 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIm Rahmen der Sanierung der Museumsbauten auf der Berliner Museumsinsel durch die Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz ist als weiteres Großprojekt die Grundinstandsetzung und Ergänzung des etwa zwischen 1911 und 1930 auf sehr empfindlichem Baugrund errichteten Pergamonmuseums geplant. Diese Baumaßnahmen sind im historischen Kern Berlins im unmittelbaren Einflussbereich der Spree und des stark befahrenen Stadtbahnviadukts sowie der benachbarten Museumsbauten durchzuführen. Sie stellen somit insbesondere unter geotechnischen Aspekten eine anspruchsvolle und komplexe Bauaufgabe dar. Dementsprechend bedarf es auch aus geotechnischer Sicht einer umfassenden Planung der erforderlichen Bauarbeiten im Bestand. Dieser Beitrag stellt das auf der Basis historischer Unterlagen aus dem Zentralarchiv der Staatlichen Museen Berlin besonders konzipierte und durchgeführte mehrstufige geotechnische Erkundungsprogramm und die daraus projektbezogen abgeleiteten geotechnischen Aspekte für die geplanten Bau‐ und Bauhilfsmaßnahmen dar.
Zur Begrenzung der Rissbreiten bei dicken Wänden, u. a. am Fernbahntunnel Berlin
Authors: Arslan Ali 
Published: June 2009

AbstractDie Regelung zur Ermittlung der Mindestbewehrung für die Begrenzung der Rissbreiten nach DIN ‐Fachbericht 102 und DIN 1045‐1 berücksichtigt nicht ausreichend die unterschiedlichen Rissmechanismen bei dünnen und dicken Bauteilen. Häufig werden dadurch dicke Bauteile stark überbemessen. Dieser Beitrag enthält einen Bemessungsvorschlag für die Mindestbewehrung bei dicken Wänden, wie sie insbesondere bei Brückenwiderlagern und Pfeilern häufig vorkommen. Dabei wird auch der günstige Einfluss aus Maßnahmen der Betontechnologie und der Nachbehandlung berücksichtigt.
An LC‐MS/MS method for determination of 3,6′‐disinapoylsucrose in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Chen Ying , Liu Xin‐Min , Pan Rui‐Le , Wang Geng‐Nan , Fu Ying , Chang Qi 
Published: June 2009

Abstract3,6′‐Disinapoylsucrose (DSS), a major active component of traditional Chinese medicine Yuan‐Zhi (the roots of Polygala tenuifolia), has significant effects for neuroprotection and improving learning memory. In order to explore the pharmacokinetic properties of DSS so as to further understand its in vivo activities, a sensitive LC‐MS/MS method was developed for determination of DSS in rat plasma and applied to a pharmacokinetic study in the present study. After treatment by protein precipitation, the plasma sample was separated on a C18 HPLC column and analyzed by a mass spectrometry under positive electrospray ionization. Multiple‐reaction monitoring was employed to measure the ion transition at m/z 777.4 → 409.2 for DSS and m/z 557.2 → 309.1 for forsythin as internal standard. The method was linear over the studied concentration range of 0.5–1000.0 ng/mL. The precision and accuracy ranged from 1.4 to 18.4%, and from −3.7 to −9.5%, respectively, for within‐day and between‐day assay. Extraction recovery was higher than 86.6%. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.3 and 0.5 ng/mL, respectively. The present method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study. DSS was found to have poor oral absorption with only about 0.5% bioavailability. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interactive shadowing for 2D Anime
Authors: Sugisaki Eiji , Seah Hock Soon , Tian Feng , Morishima Shigeo 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn this paper, we propose an instant shadow generation technique for 2D animation, especially Japanese Anime. In traditional 2D Anime production, the entire animation including shadows is drawn by hand so that it takes long time to complete. Shadows play an important role in the creation of symbolic visual effects. However shadows are not always drawn due to time constraints and lack of animators especially when the production schedule is tight. To solve this problem, we develop an easy shadowing approach that enables animators to easily create a layer of shadow and its animation based on the character's shapes. Our approach is both instant and intuitive. The only inputs required are character or object shapes in input animation sequence with alpha value generally used in the Anime production pipeline. First, shadows are automatically rendered on a virtual plane by using a Shadow Map1based on these inputs. Then the rendered shadows can be edited by simple operations and simplified by the Gaussian Filter. Several special effects such as blurring can be applied to the rendered shadow at the same time. Compared to existing approaches, ours is more efficient and effective to handle automatic shadowing in real‐time. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CSLML: a markup language for expressive Chinese sign language synthesis
Authors: Ye Kejia , Yin Baocai , Wang Lichun 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis paper presents a Chinese Sign Language Markup Language (CSLML), which is developed for expressive Chinese sign language synthesis by introducing features and structure of sign language prosody. The tags of CSLML are divided into two levels: function level and phonetic level. Function level provides abstract information about signed content and prosody, so it facilitates text annotating for text‐driven automatic synthetic system and adapts to diversified synthetic methods, such as motion capture animation or image‐based synthesis, which may not be good at processing lower‐level information. Phonetic level provides detailed behavioral manners based on phonetics and phonology to interpret the meaning in function level. It facilitates creation and edit of any motions. The two levels co‐exist in CSLML documents and high‐level description can be mapped into corresponding low‐level behavior to provide one‐to‐many variability and expression of synthesis. Therefore, we also introduce a framework for this mapping processing and exhibit results of our animated prototype system based on this framework. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antiplatelet therapy discontinuation following drug‐eluting stent placement: Dangers, reasons, and management recommendations
Authors: Moussa Issam D. , Colombo Antonio 
Published: June 2009

AbstractDrug‐eluting stents (DES) have several advantages over bare‐metal stents (BMS), including significantly lower target vessel revascularization. However, DES is associated with a higher incidence of late stent thrombosis (ST). Although late ST after DES placement is uncommon (∼0.4–0.6%/year), it is catastrophic clinical consequences make it a concern. Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAT) with aspirin and clopidogrel is the standard of care for prevention of ST, and DAT discontinuation is associated with a marked increase in ST risk. These guidelines recommend continuing DAT for ≥12 months after DES implantation in patients not at high risk for bleeding. Premature DAT discontinuation is common in clinical practice. Therefore, it is imperative that physicians be aware of factors contributing to discontinuation, including cost, patient education, and actual bleeding events, so as to educate their patients about the risks and benefits of continued DAT. This review highlights the risks of premature DAT discontinuation, discusses common reasons for discontinuation, and offers potential solutions to improve adherence. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of Grinding Media Size And Chamber Length on Grinding in a Spex Mixer Mill
Authors: Prasad D. V. N. , Theuerkauf J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe Spex mixer mills are widely used in the industry to synthesize a variety of materials. In the present study, the discrete element method (DEM) simulation technique is used to understand the motion of the grinding media and the effect of the size of the grinding media and the mill length on grinding. The simulations correspond to a grinding chamber with grinding media only. The total mass of grinding media in different numerical experiments with different grinding media sizes is kept constant. The average collision intensity per ball, which is defined as the product of the median of the contact force distribution and the number of collisions normalized to the number of grinding media, is used as the parameter to study the quantitative differences. The collision intensity distribution shows an optimum as a function of the grinding media diameter. Moreover, it was found that the collision intensity varies with the length of the grinding chamber.