bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
29 Effects of using different dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine plans on growth performance and carcass characteristics of PIC 337 or PIC 800 sired grow-finish pigs
Authors: Camp Jordi , Orlando Weasley A , Lu Ning , Vier Carine M , Cast Wayne R , Dritz Steve , Zaragoza Luis E , Wilson-Wells Danielle , Landero Jose , Young Malachy 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of using different dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) plans on growth performance of PIC 337 and PIC 800 sired grow-finish pigs. A total of 2,016 gilts and barrows were placed in 2 separate rooms with 48 single sex pens each (21 pigs/pen; 0.69 m2/pig). Pens were blocked by body weight (BW) and randomly allotted in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with genetic line (PIC 337 or 800), sex (barrows or gilts), and nutrition plan (current SID Lys curve recommendation for PIC 800 as % of PIC 337 SID Lys curve or alternative SID Lys curve) as factors. Pigs (27.4 ± 1.41 kg BW) were followed during the grower-finisher phase until slaughter. Pigs were fed either the current recommendation or an alternative SID Lys curve for PIC 800, in a 5 phase feeding program: phase 1 (23-40 kg; 97 vs 100%, respectively); phase 2 (40-60 kg; 97 vs 95%, respectively); phase 3 (60-80 kg; 97 vs 95%, respectively); phase 4 (80-105 kg; 97 vs 95%, respectively); and phase 5 (105-135 kg; 97 vs 90%, respectively). Pigs were fed isoenergetic diets. Performance and carcass traits, and removals and mortality were recorded. Data were analyzed using mixed models in R, and considering pen as the experimental unit for performance traits and individual carcasses for carcass traits. There was no evidence of interaction between genetic line and nutrition plan factors. Overall, PIC 337 vs 800 pigs did not differ on average daily gain (ADG; P &gt; 0.05), but PIC 337 pigs consumed 150 g/d less and were 0.1 more feed efficient than PIC 800 pigs (P &lt; 0.05; Table 1). Moreover, PIC 337 pigs had 1.9 kg less of hot carcass weight, but 2.1 mm more of loin depth compared with PIC 800 pigs (P &lt; 0.05; Table 1). Regarding nutrition plan, no significant differences were observed for overall performance and carcass traits between pigs fed the current or alternative SID Lys curve (P &gt; 0.05; Table 1). Additionally, no significant differences were observed for overall removals and mortality by genetic line or nutrition plan (P &gt; 0.05; Table 1). In summary, different genetic sire line (PIC 337 and PIC 800) differed on performance and carcass traits. Further research is needed to continue studying the genetic evolution and nutrition plan for each genetic sire line in the grower-finisher period to understand their nutrient requirements.
31 Effects of dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) levels and dietary SID tryptophan to Lys ratios on growth performance and behavior of late-nursery to finish maternal barrows
Authors: Lu Ning , Zaragoza Luis E , Vier Carine M , Diaz Julia A Calderon , Orlando Weasley A , Hewett Ellie , Turner Simon , Estrada Jorge , Camp Jordi , Cast Wayne R , Dritz Steve 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The objective was to determine the effects of dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) levels and SID tryptophan (Trp) to Lys ratios on growth performance and behavior of late-nursery to finish maternal barrows. A total of 2,293 barrows (PIC Camborough, initially 11.9 ± 0.35 kg) were used in this trial with 96 mixed-sex pens and 23 to 25 pigs/pen. There was a total of 6 dietary phases: P1:11.9-29.5 kg; P2:29.5-49.6 kg; P3:49.6-62.6 kg; P4:62.6-80.3 kg; P5:80.3-103.3 kg; and P6:103.3-137.8 kg. Pens were blocked by body weight and randomly allotted to 1 of 6 treatments:T1: 100% Lys (dietary SID Lys levels meet PIC SID Lys recommendation) and 21.0% of SID Trp:Lys ratio; T2: 100% Lys and 18.5% of SID Trp:Lys ratio; T3: 100% Lys and 16.0% of SID Trp:Lys ratio; T4: 80% Lys (dietary SID Lys levels meet 80% of PIC SID Lys recommendation) and 21.0% of SID Trp:Lys ratio; T5: 80% Lys and 18.5% of SID Trp:Lys ratio; and T6: 80% Lys and 16.0% of SID Trp:Lys ratio for P1-P2 and then 100% Lys and 18.5% of SID Trp:Lys ratio for P3-P6. Ear lesion (EL) was monitored during P2-P5. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed model in R Studio (Version 3.5.2, R Core Team; Vienna, Austria). Pigs fed T1 and T2 showed improved average daily gain than T6 (P &lt; 0.05), with other treatments intermediate (Table 1). Pigs fed T2 showed improved average daily feed intake as compared with T6 (P &lt; 0.05), with other treatments intermediate. There was no evidence for significant difference on feed-to-gain ratio or mortality. Removal was significantly greater for pigs fed T6 compared with all other treatments (P &lt; 0.05). Pigs fed T2 had significantly greater hot carcass weight than T4, with other treatments intermediate. There was no evidence for significant differences on carcass yield or lean percentage. Pig fed T6 had significantly greater incidence of EL in P2 than all other treatments (P &lt; 0.05). Pigs fed T4 and T6 had greater incidence of EL in P3 than T1 (P &lt; 0.05), with other treatments intermediate. Pigs fed T5 and T6 had significantly greater incidence of EL in P4 than T1, T2, and T3 (P &lt; 0.05), with T4 intermediate. During P5, pigs fed T4 and T5 had the greatest incidence of EL (P &lt; 0.05), while pigs fed T6 had significant greater incidence of EL than T3 (P &lt; 0.05), with T1 and T2 intermediate. In conclusion, dietary SID Lys and SID Trp:Lys ratio less than PIC recommendation during late-nursery-to-grower phase resulted in compromised overall growth performance of maternal barrows, even with restored dietary SID Lys and SID Trp:Lys levels in finish phase. Dietary SID Lys level and/or SID Trp:Lys ratios lower than PIC recommendation may result in greater incidence of aggression behavior in maternal barrows.
27 Standardized ileal digestible lysine to metabolizable energy ratio equations for 12 to 127 kg boars, gilts, immunocastrated gilts and boars
Authors: lima Gustavo , Castro Gabriel , Siqueira Amanda P , Vier Carine M , Orlando Weasley A , Moita Vitor , silva Caio A 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We aimed to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) to metabolizable energy (ME) ratio equations for 12 to 127 kg boars, gilts, immunocastred gilts (IC gilts), and barrows (IC barrows). An average of 3,545 split-gender pigs (PIC 337×Camborough, initially 11.98 ± 1.26 kg) were used in a 21-d trial followed by a 21-d wash-out period in 2 replicates, totaling six feeding periods. In feeding phase 6, both genders were immunized against gonadotropin-releasing hormone (administrated with Vivax, Zoetis, São Paulo, SP, Brazil). Pens of pigs were weighed, blocked by body weight, and randomly allotted to 1 of 5 treatments consisting of 80, 90, 100, 110, and 120% of PIC SID Lys:Mcal of ME recommendations for mixed gender between boars, barrows, and gilts for each phase. The treatment diets were corn-soybean-meal-based and contained 3,300 Kcal of ME/kg. There were six split-gender pens•treatment-1•replicate-1 •phase-1 and 30 pigs/pen. Data were analyzed using generalized linear and nonlinear mixed models with a pen as the experimental unit. Competing models included linear, quadratic polynomial (QP), broken-line linear (BLL), and broken-line quadratic (BLQ) for average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed ratio (G:F). There was no significant gender by quadratic coefficient interactions in all phases of this study (P &gt; 0.05), then the mixed gender equation was determined, and the intact boars and gilts equation was estimated by the PIC overall difference in efficiency between genders. In the immunocastrated phase, after second dose, the mixed gender optimum level was determined and the equations for IC gilts and barrows was estimated by the differences in efficiency observed in the phase 6 of the two replicates. The SID Lys to calorie ratio recommended is based on the average for ADG and G:F (Table 1). Approximately 98.4% and 99.2% of maximum ADG and G:F were achieved at these levels, respectively, and these equations were similar compared with previous PIC biological requirements (Orlando et al., 2021).
25 Effects of dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and economics of pigs from 100 to 130 kg
Authors: Cordoba Hilario M , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Gebhardt Jordan T 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A total of 1,570 finishing pigs (337 × 1050, PIC; initially 103.4 ± 0.85 kg) were used in a 28-d trial to determine the effects of feeding increasing standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys to pigs between 100 to 130 kg on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and economics. Before the beginning of the study, the 3 heaviest pigs per pen were removed and marketed with all remaining pigs marketed 28-d later at the end of the study. Pigs were housed in mixed sex pens, with 20 pigs per pen and 20 pens per treatment. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with four dietary treatments: 0.63, 0.68, 0.75, and 0.82% SID Lys. Diets were corn-soybean meal-based and fed in meal form. Dietary treatments were similar in NE and increasing SID Lys was achieved by increasing soybean meal and feed grade amino acids. For the first 14 d from 100 to approximately 118 kg, there was a linear tendency for increased (P = 0.074) average daily gain (ADG), a linear improvement (P &lt; 0.05) in gain to feed ratio (G:F), and increase (P &lt; 0.001) in SID lysine intake per kg of gain as SID Lys increased (Table). For the second 14 d from 118 to 128 kg, SID Lys intake per kg of gain increased (P &lt; 0.001) as SID Lys increased, however; there was no evidence for difference (P &gt; 0.10) for any growth performance traits. Overall, there was a linear increase (P = 0.018) in G:F and increase (P &lt; 0.001) in SID lysine intake per kg of gain as SID Lys increased. Increasing SID Lys also linearly increased (P &lt; 0.05) percentage lean and decreased (P &lt; 0.05) backfat depth with no evidence for differences (P &gt; 0.10) in other carcass criteria. For economics, feed cost and feed cost per kg of gain linearly increased (P &lt; 0.05) as SID Lys increased in both low and high-price scenarios. Income over feed cost linearly decreased (P &lt; 0.05) as dietary SID Lys increased in a low-price scenario, but there was no difference between treatments in a high-price scenario (P &gt; 0.10). In conclusion, increasing dietary SID lysine in the last 28-d of the finisher period linearly increased G:F and SID Lys intake per kg of gain without significantly influencing other growth performance traits. Feed cost per kg of gain was linearly increased for both low and high-price scenarios with a detriment for IOFC with increasing SID Lys in the low-price scenario.
23 The effects of dietary net energy level on grow-finish performance and carcass characteristics of intact male market pigs managed with Improvest
Authors: Bohrer Benjamin M , Wang Yifei , Hansen Blaine , Pollmann Steve , Landero Jose , Young Malachy 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Improvest is a gonadotropin releasing factor (GnRF) analogue-diphtheria toxoid conjugate product approved for temporary suppression of testicular function and reduction of boar taint in intact male pigs (Zoetis Canada Inc.). Objectives for this study were to determine the effects of dietary net energy (NE) level during the grow-finish period on live performance and carcass characteristics of intact male pigs managed with Improvest/immunological castration (IC) when compared with physically castrated (PC) male pigs. The 101-d study began when 1,008 pigs (504 intact male pigs and 504 PC male pigs; 10 wk old) were allocated by body weight to 48 pens with 21 intact males or 21 PC males per pen. Three dietary NE treatments were fed to pigs using five dietary phases to provide an average of 2,212 kcal/kg (Low NE), 2,337 kcal/kg (Medium NE), or 2,462 kcal/kg (High NE). Dietary programs were formulated according to standardized ileal digestible lysine requirements of IC males or PC males. The experiment was designed and analyzed as a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of Improvest management and NE. For the overall study period, there were no significant interactions between Improvest management and NE (P ≥ 0.19) for average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), or gain to feed ratio (G:F; Table). There were also no significant interactions between Improvest management and NE (P ≥ 0.06) for carcass characteristics. Immunologically castrated male pigs consumed less feed (5.3% less ADFI; P &lt; 0.01), grew faster (5.1% greater ADG; P &lt; 0.01), and were more efficient (11.2% greater G:F; P &lt; 0.01) compared with PC male pigs. Hot carcass weight (HCW) did not differ (P = 0.16) between IC males and PC males (attributed to 1.6 percentage unit less dressing percentage for IC males; P &lt; 0.01); however, IC males were leaner (0.9 mm less backfat and 0.65% greater predicted lean yield; P &lt; 0.01) compared with PC males. For the overall study period, pigs fed Low NE and Medium NE diets consumed more feed than pigs fed High NE diets, and pigs fed Low NE diets grew slower than pigs fed Medium NE and High NE diets. This resulted in pigs fed Low NE diets having 4.4% less G:F than pigs fed Medium NE and 8.6% less G:F than pigs fed High NE diets (P &lt; 0.01). Pigs fed Low NE had 3.0 kg lighter (P &lt; 0.01) HCW compared with Medium NE, while High NE had intermediate HCW that did not differ from the other two treatments. Overall, typical Improvest response levels were sustained for each of the NE treatments in this study; however, consideration should be provided to the known production impacts of low NE diets when male market pigs are managed with Improvest.
47 Application of a ‘high’ or ‘low’ energy matrix to a nutrient-reduced diet supplemented with a novel phytase maintained growth performance and conferred production and sustainability benefit
Authors: Vinyeta Ester , Lagos Vanessa , Molist Francesc , Velayudhan Deepak E E , Dersjant-Li Yueming 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This study assessed the capacity of a novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant (PhyG) to maintain growth performance of weaned pigs when added to a nutrient-reduced mixed cereal diet with two levels of dietary net energy (NE) reduction applied. A total of 360 newly weaned pigs [Greater York × Norsvin Landrace; initial body weight (BW) 8.4 ± 0.78 kg] were assigned to 60 floor-pens and 5 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. There were 2 blocks (weaning group), 6 replicate pens per block, and 6 pigs/pen (3 male, 3 female), in total of 12 replications per treatment. Diets were based on wheat, corn, barley, and soybean meal and were offered to pigs in 2 phases in pelleted form (0–14 and 14–35 d post-weaning). Treatments comprised a nutritionally adequate positive control (PC) and 4 negative control (NC) diets supplemented with PhyG. The NC diets were reduced in digestible P, Ca, Na, and digestible amino acids vs. PC, according to the expected contribution of PhyG added at 1,000 phytase units (FTU)/kg (NC1) or 2,000 FTU/kg (NC2), respectively. Each NC1 and NC2 was formulated at two NE reduction levels, designated ‘low’ and ‘high’ (‘low’: -53 to -65 kcal/kg and ‘high’: -73 to -86 kcal/kg, vs. PC at 1,000 and 2,000 FTU/kg PhyG, respectively). Data were analyzed by ANOVA. Means separation was by Tukey’s HSD test. During both phases and overall (0–35 d), average BW, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in all PhyG-supplemented, nutrient- and NE-reduced treatments, were either not different or were improved compared with the PC. Overall ADG, ADFI, and final BW (d 35) were greater in NC2+PhyG 2,000 FTU/kg ‘low’ vs. PC (466 vs. 424 g, 9.9%, 622 vs. 567 g, 9.7%, and 24.7 vs. 23.1 kg, 6.9%, respectively; P &lt; 0.05). Total feed costs (ingredients price, February 2023) and estimated carbon footprint (CFP; FeedPrint, WUR, The Netherland) per kilogram of BW gain (BWG) were reduced in all PhyG-supplemented, nutrient- and NE-reduced treatments vs. PC. Feed costs saving per kg BWG were greater with ‘high’ than ‘low’ NE reduction applied (-0.013 vs. -0.007 €, respectively, vs. PC) with PhyG at 1,000 FTU/kg, and it was greatest in NC2+PhyG 2,000 FTU/kg with ‘low’ NE reduction (-0.036 € vs. PC). Similarly, the CFP was reduced from 2,068 to 1,840 g CO2 eq/kg BWG (-11 %) by NC2+PhyG 2,000 FTU/kg with ‘low’ NE reduction vs. PC. In conclusion, the application of a full nutrient matrix with ‘high’ or ‘low’ NE reduction combined with supplementation of PhyG maintained growth performance of weaned pigs and reduced the total feed costs and carbon footprint per kg BW gain, lead to production and sustainability benefits.
51 Application of an energy and nutrient matrix to a mixed cereals-based diet supplemented with a novel phytase and xylanase–β-glucanase achieved a production benefit from wean-to-finish in pigs
Authors: Velayudhan Deepak E E , Dersjant-Li Yueming , Gilani Saad , Hardy Rachael , Vinyeta Ester , Dusel Georg 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The effect of a novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant (PhyG) without or with a xylanase–β-glucanase (XB) when added to an energy and nutrient-reduced diet on growth performance and production benefit was evaluated in pigs from wean-to-finish. A total of 192 weaned pigs [DanBred x Pi; initial body weight (BW) 7.18 ± 0.38 kg] were randomized to 4 treatments with 12 (4 piglets/pen) and 24 pens (2 pigs/pen) per treatment (1:1 male to female) for nursery and grow-finish phases, respectively. Diets were wheat-corn-barley-rye-soybean meal-based and fed in 5 phases (pre-starter, 7–11 kg, starter, 11–25 kg, grower I, 25–55 kg, grower II, 55–85 kg and finisher, 85–110 kg BW). Treatments comprised: 1) a nutritionally adequate positive control (PC); 2) a negative control (NC1) without added inorganic phosphate, reduced (based on specific PhyG dose) in net energy (NE), calcium (Ca), digestible amino acids (AA) and sodium (Na) vs. PC, supplemented with PhyG at 1,000, 1000, 750, 500 and 500 FTU/kg during pre-starter, starter, grower I, II and finisher phase, respectively (NC1+PhyG ‘low’); 3) a negative control (NC2) without added inorganic phosphate, supplemented with PhyG at 2,000, 2,000, 1,000, 750 and 750 FTU/kg in each phase with reduction in NE, Ca, dig AA and Na vs. PC based on the specific PhyG dose (NC2+PhyG ‘high’); and 4) a negative control (NC3) that was similar to 2) but supplemented with XB to provide 2,400 U/kg xylanase and 304 U/kg β-glucanase, with additional reduction in NE and dig AA based on the contribution of XB vs NC1 (NC3+PhyG ‘low’+XB). Data were analyzed by ANOVA, and means separation was by Tukey’s HSD test. Growth performance in all enzyme-supplemented diets was maintained or improved compared with PC. The NC3+PhyG ‘low’+XB treatment significantly improved performance vs. PC; average daily gain (ADG) and BW were greater vs. PC in starter (620 g and 28.2 kg vs. 557 g and 26.4 kg) and grower I (859 g and 65.1 kg vs. 777 g and 60.0 kg) respectively; feed conversion ratio (FCR) was reduced in grower II vs. PC (2.10 vs. 2.25; P &lt; 0.05). The final BW was 114.5, 114.8, 115.6 and 116.7 kg in PC, NC1+PhyG ‘low’, NC2+PhyG ‘high’ and NC3+PhyG ‘low’+XB, respectively (P &gt; 0.05). Carcass parameters were unaffected by treatments. Compared with PC, NC1+PhyG ‘low’, NC2+PhyG ‘high’ and NC3+PhyG ‘low’+XB conferred a 3.8 to 5.8% reduction in total feed cost (ingredients price, October 2023)/kg BWG and 4.4 to 6.8% reduction in the total carbon footprint (FeedPrint, WUR, The Netherland, CO2 eq., g)/kg BWG. The results confirm the appropriacy of the applied matrix values with PhyG supplementation, with or without XB, in mixed cereal diets from wean-to-finish and highlight the potential feed cost and sustainability benefit of using the phytase alone or in combination with the carbohydrase enzymes.
44 Investigation of the nutritional and functional roles of mannanase on intestinal health and growth of newly weaned pigs fed a low-cost formulated diet
Authors: Baker Jonathan T , Sokale Adebayo O , Frederick Brent , Kim Sung Woo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the nutritional and functional roles of mannanase on the intestinal health and growth of newly weaned pigs fed a typical or low-cost formulated diet reducing the inclusion of highly digestible protein ingredients. Twenty-four newly weaned pigs at 6.2 ± 0.5 kg initial body weight (BW) were allotted to three dietary treatments based on a randomized complete block design with sex and BW as blocks. Pigs were fed for 37 d in three phases (P1, P2, and P3) and weighed at the end of each phase. Low-cost formulation was achieved by reducing the use of animal protein (fish meal, poultry meal, and blood plasma) and processed soybean meal whereas increasing the use of soybean meal from 13% in typical diets to 28% in P1, from 15% to 32% in P2, and 20.5% to 35% in P3. Treatments were 1) control diet (CON, typical nursery feed), 2) low-cost formulated diet (LCD), and 3) LCD + mannanase inclusion (0 vs. 100 g/t of Natupulse, BASF, providing 800 Thermostable Mannanase Unit, TMU, per ton of feed). On d 37 of feeding, all pigs were euthanized and jejunal mucosal tissues were taken to analyze intestinal health parameters, and gene expression of tight junction proteins and mucins. Pigs fed LCD had reduced (P &lt; 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) during the overall period and increased (P &lt; 0.05) fecal score during P3. The LCD decreased (P &lt; 0.05) malondialdehyde and the gene expression of Zona occludens-1 (ZO-) in the jejunum and increased (P &lt; 0.05) serum insulin. The inclusion of mannanase in LCD tended to increase (P = 0.059) BW at d 37, increased (P &lt; 0.05) ADFI during P1, increased (P &lt; 0.05) ADG and gain to feed ratio (G:F) during the overall period, reduced (P &lt; 0.05) fecal score during the overall period, and decreased (P &lt; 0.05) the viscosity of jejunal digesta. However, no effects were observed on intestinal immune response at d 37. In conclusion, feeding LCD negatively affected growth performance and intestinal health of nursery pigs. The inclusion of mannanase to the LCD (800 TMU/t feed) mitigated the negative effects of lowering feed quality observed in growth performance by reducing digesta viscosity and fecal score.