bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trehalose extends longevity in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Honda Yoko , Tanaka Masashi , Honda Shuji 
Published: May 2010

SummaryTrehalose is a disaccharide of glucose found in diverse organisms and is suggested to act as a stress protectant against heat, cold, desiccation, anoxia, and oxidation. Here, we demonstrate that treatment of Caenorhabditis elegans with trehalose starting from the young‐adult stage extended the mean life span by over 30% without any side effects. Surprisingly, trehalose treatment starting even from the old‐adult stage shortly thereafter retarded the age‐associated decline in survivorship and extended the remaining life span by 60%. Demographic analyses of age‐specific mortality rates revealed that trehalose extended the life span by lowering age‐independent vulnerability. Moreover, trehalose increased the reproductive span and retarded the age‐associated decrease in pharyngeal‐pumping rate and the accumulation of lipofuscin autofluorescence. Trehalose also enhanced thermotolerance and reduced polyglutamine aggregation. These results suggest that trehalose suppressed aging by counteracting internal or external stresses that disrupt protein homeostasis. On the other hand, the life span‐extending effect of trehalose was abolished in long‐lived insulin/IGF‐1‐like receptor (daf‐2) mutants. RNA interference‐mediated inactivation of the trehalose‐biosynthesis genes trehalose‐6‐phosphate synthase‐1 (tps‐1) and tps‐2, which are known to be up‐regulated in daf‐2 mutants, decreased the daf‐2 life span. These findings indicate that a reduction in insulin/IGF‐1‐like signaling extends life span, at least in part, through the aging‐suppressor function of trehalose. Trehalose may be a lead compound for potential nutraceutical intervention of the aging process.
Greater Risk of Dementia When Spouse Has Dementia? The Cache County Study
Authors: Norton Maria C. , Smith Ken R. , Østbye Truls , Tschanz JoAnn T. , Corcoran Chris , Schwartz Sarah , Piercy Kathleen W. , Rabins Peter V. , Steffens David C. , Skoog Ingmar , Breitner John C. S. , Welsh‐Bohmer Kathleen A. ,   for the Cache County Investigators
Published: May 2010

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effects of caring for a spouse with dementia on the caregiver's risk for incident dementia.DESIGN: Population‐based study of incident dementia in spouses of persons with dementia.SETTING: Rural county in northern Utah.PARTICIPANTS: Two thousand four hundred forty‐two subjects (1,221 married couples) aged 65 and older.MEASUREMENTS: Incident dementia was diagnosed in 255 subjects, with onset defined as age when subject met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised, criteria for dementia. Cox proportional hazards regression tested the effect of time‐dependent exposure to dementia in one's spouse, adjusted for potential confounders.RESULTS: A subject whose spouse experienced incident dementia onset had a six times greater risk for incident dementia as subjects whose spouses were dementia free (hazard rate ratio (HRR)=6.0, 95% confidence interval (CI)=2.2–16.2, P<.001). In sex‐specific analyses, husbands had higher risks (HRR=11.9, 95% CI=1.7–85.5, P=.01) than wives (HRR=3.7, 95% CI=1.2–11.6, P=.03).CONCLUSION: The chronic and often severe stress associated with dementia caregiving may exert substantial risk for the development of dementia in spouse caregivers. Additional (not mutually exclusive) explanations for findings are discussed.
Cyberwar: Former Intelligence Chief Says China Aims at America's Soft Underbelly
Authors: GARDELS NATHAN 
Published: May 2010

Buoyed by its creditor's hold on the United States and its ability to withstand the harsh winds of recession blowing from across the Pacific, China has graduated in its own mind from an emerging economy to a world power. From their confrontation with Google to their renewed repression of dissidents to their dissing of President Obama, China's leaders clearly feel that the time has come for the world to accomodate China, not vice‐versa.Is the West ready for this new reality? Is China's new arrogance well‐founded, or is it going to be the next bubble to burst? As it moves beyond “the primary stage of socialism” is it ready to open up politically?In this section, some top China scholars, one of China's most well‐known dissidents and a former US spy chief discuss these issues.
A Harsh Crackdown Is Coming in Iran
Authors: JAHANBEGLOO RAMIN 
Published: May 2010

As the US prepares new sanctions to stop Iran form obtaining a nuclear weapon, the partisans of popular sovereignty in the “green movement” continue to battle with the partisans of divine sovereignty fortified by the Revolutionary Guards. What does the “green movement” want? Will the regime be successful in crushing it? Will sanctions only bolster the clerical/military alliance instead weaken it?The first president of the Islamic Republic of Iran and several top reformist scholars address these issues.
Why a Manifesto?
Authors: SOROUSH ABDOLKARIM 
Published: May 2010

As the US prepares new sanctions to stop Iran form obtaining a nuclear weapon, the partisans of popular sovereignty in the “green movement” continue to battle with the partisans of divine sovereignty fortified by the Revolutionary Guards. What does the “green movement” want? Will the regime be successful in crushing it? Will sanctions only bolster the clerical/military alliance instead weaken it?The first president of the Islamic Republic of Iran and several top reformist scholars address these issues.
Islam Is a European Religion
Authors: RAMADAN TARIQ 
Published: May 2010

To the shock of the world, the mild‐mannered Swiss have acted the most radically of any European country out of fear of Muslim immigrants by banning minarets. Was this a blow against tolerance, or for it? Is Islam a European religion, or is Europe a Christian club? Meanwhile, as Turkey becomes more confident in its regional power and Muslim identity it is shaking up some old friends.In this section, two of Europe's most prominent Muslim voices, the foreign minister of Sweden and a top Turkish official try to sort it out.
Israel Should Get Used to the New Turkey
Authors: KINIKLIOǦLU SUAT 
Published: May 2010

To the shock of the world, the mild‐mannered Swiss have acted the most radically of any European country out of fear of Muslim immigrants by banning minarets. Was this a blow against tolerance, or for it? Is Islam a European religion, or is Europe a Christian club? Meanwhile, as Turkey becomes more confident in its regional power and Muslim identity it is shaking up some old friends.In this section, two of Europe's most prominent Muslim voices, the foreign minister of Sweden and a top Turkish official try to sort it out.
Another country is the past: Western cowboys, Lanna nostalgia, and bluegrass aesthetics as performed by professional musicians in Northern Thailand
Authors: FERGUSON JANE M. 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTWithin the popular music scene of Chiang Mai, Northern Thailand, a handful of restaurants feature live bluegrass bands, with musicians often dressed in U.S. western‐style cowboy attire. By intermingling English‐language songs with Lanna (Northern Thai) popular songs performed in the style of Appalachian bluegrass music, they use their illusion of the cowboy myth to point to notions of an authentic Lanna past. However, in their borrowing of this international code, they affirm established (Central) Thai boundaries of ethnonational gatekeeping. [Lanna, Thailand, cowboys, music, nostalgia, bluegrass, identity]
“I fell in love with Carlos the meerkat”: Engagement and detachment in human–animal relations
Authors: CANDEA MATEI 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTRelationship, connection, and engagement have emerged as key values in recent studies of human–animal relations. In this article, I call for a reexamination of the productive aspects of detachment. I trace ethnographically the management of everyday relations between biologists and the Kalahari meerkats they study, and I follow the animals’ transformation as subjects of knowledge and engagement when they become the stars of an internationally popular, televised animal soap opera. I argue that treating detachment and engagement as polar opposites is unhelpful both in this ethnographic case and, more broadly, in anthropological discussions of ethics and knowledge making. [human–animal relations, science, media, ethics, engagement, detachment]
Imagined lives and modernist chronotopes in Mexican nonmigrant discourse
Authors: DICK HILARY PARSONS 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTThe globalization literature spotlights the way that the experiences of transnational actors are refracted through lives inhabitable elsewhere. In this article, I examine this process in spoken discourse about U.S.‐bound migration produced by nonmigrants in the Mexican city of Uriangato. This talk is organized around a “modernist chronotope” that pits “progress” against “tradition,” producing images of space–time grafted onto images of persons, or social personae. I show that acts of position taking vis‐à‐vis these social personae are fundamentally expressed through the ways speakers deploy the modernist chronotope and, thus, become emplotted in its imaginative sociology—a practice that constructs speakers as certain gender and class types. [discourse, chronotope, transnational migration, modernity, social positioning, gender and socioeconomic class]
Lineal masculinity: Gendered memory within patriliny
Authors: KING DIANE E. , STONE LINDA 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTIn this article, we present a model of gender within patrilineal descent for a broad region covering Asia, Europe, and North Africa. We develop the concept of “lineal masculinity,” a perceived ontological essence that flows to and through men over the generations. It is especially expressed through people's notions of the past, present, and future of their patrilineages. We elaborate lineal masculinity in terms of male achievement, lineage founders, lineage segmentation, and male reproduction. Our model offers cross‐cultural analysis and so provides an alternative to the position of strong cultural relativism in kinship and gender studies. [patriliny, masculinity, lineage theory, kinship, gender, identity, memory]
Mobile phones and Mipoho's prophecy: The powers and dangers of flying language
Authors: MCINTOSH JANET 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTIn this article, I examine the ideologies surrounding the poetic forms of Giriama text messaging in the town of Malindi, Kenya. I argue that young people use rapid code‐switching and a global medialect of condensed, abbreviated English as an iconic index of a modern, mobile, self‐fashioning, sexy, and irreverent persona, whereas their use of the local vernacular (Kigiriama) tends to reroot them in the gravitas of social obligations and respect relationships. In text messages, then, English and local African tongues are sometimes treated as foils for each other, suggesting that, rather than merely being mimicked, the English medialect is flavored by distinctly local concerns. Indeed, among many Giriama elders, the poetic patterns of text messaging are construed as a special breed of witchery in which hypermobility and linguistic innovation threaten ethnic coherence and even sanity itself. I suggest, however, that the use of Kigiriama in text messaging may point not to the abandonment of ethnicity but to new ways of being Giriama that are simultaneously local and modern. [mobile phones, text messaging, globalization, Kenya, witchcraft, language ideology, code switching]
Improved survival of multiple myeloma patients with late relapse after high‐dose treatment and stem cell support, a population‐based study of 348 patients in Denmark in 1994–2004*
Authors: Vangsted Annette J. , Klausen Tobias W. , Andersen Niels F. , Abildgaard Niels , Gang Anne O. , Gregersen Henrik , Vogel Ulla , Gimsing Peter 
Published: May 2010

AbstractObjective:  To analyse if patients with early relapse after high‐dose chemotherapy with stem cell support (HDT) benefit from new treatment strategies in a population‐based setting.Methods:  We conducted a retrospective study of relapse treatment and survival in 348 patients undergoing HDT in Denmark in 1994–2004. Patients were divided into two groups according to time‐to‐treatment failure (i) within 18 months after HDT and (ii) later than 18 months after HDT. The fraction of patients surviving 3 yr after first relapse was evaluated in relation to calendar periods for introduction of new drugs: before the introduction of thalidomide (1995–1999), before the introduction of bortezomib and lenalidomide (2000–2002) and when patients had access to all treatment modalities (2003–2008).Results:  Two hundred and forty‐three patients suffered from relapse which required treatment. The median follow‐up time was 91.4 months (60–158.8 months) and overall survival was 56.3 months after HDT. The fraction of patients alive 3 yr after first relapse increased in the periods after the year 2000 for patients with late relapse: 1995–1999, 36%; 2000–2002, 57%; and 2003–2008, 72% (P = 0.03), in contrast to patients with early relapse: 1995–1999, 25%; 2000–2002, 33%; and 2003–2008, 31% (P = 0.7).Conclusion:  Improved survival was only observed among patients with late relapse after HDT and this may be because of increased use of salvage HDT, improved supportive care and introduction of new drugs.
Ki‐67 expression as a prognostic factor in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma patients treated with rituximab plus CHOP
Authors: Yoon Dok Hyun , Choi Dae Ro , Ahn Heui June , Kim Shin , Lee Dae Ho , Kim Sang‐We , Park Bong‐Hee , Yoon Sun Och , Huh Jooryung , Lee Sang‐Wook , Suh Cheolwon 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBackground:  Assessment of tumor cell proliferation based on Ki‐67 expression yielded conflicting prognostic predictions of patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). The introduction of rituximab to the DLBCL treatment regime has led to alterations in the significance of previous prognostic factors.Methods:  We analyzed Ki‐67 expression and its correlation with prognosis in 144 patients with DLBCL treated with rituximab plus CHOP (R‐CHOP) between July 2003 and January 2008.Results:  The complete response (CR) rates following R‐CHOP administration were not significantly different, based on Ki‐67 expression status (P = 0.104). However, higher rates of relapse were observed in the high Ki‐67 expression group (Ki‐67 ≥ 85%, n = 46) with 25.0%, compared to 10.0% in the low Ki‐67 expression group (Ki‐67 < 85%, n = 88) (P = 0.040). The 2‐yr event‐free survival (EFS) rates were 44.3% and 74.1% in the high and low Ki‐67 expression groups, respectively (P = 0.011). The 2‐yr overall survival (OS) rate was 66.4% in the high Ki‐67 expression group and 82.2% in the low Ki‐67 expression group (P = 0.016). In multivariate analysis, Ki‐67 expression was a significant prognostic factor for EFS [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.909; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.261–6.708; P = 0.012]. Ki‐67 was associated with OS but with borderline significance (HR = 2.876; 95% CI, 0.972–8.508; P = 0.056).Conclusion:  Elevated Ki‐67 expression seems to be associated with higher relapse after CR and inferior EFS in patients with DLBCL treated with R‐CHOP.
Metabolic Syndrome Increases Carotid Artery Stiffness: the Northern Manhattan Study
Authors: Della-Morte David , Gardener Hannah , Denaro Federica , Boden-Albala Bernadette , Elkind Mitchell S. V. , Paik Myunghee C. , Sacco Ralph L. , Rundek Tatjana 
Published: May 2010

Background Arterial stiffness, an intermediate pre-clinical marker of atherosclerosis, has been associated with an increased risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease. The metabolic syndrome and its components are established cardiovascular disease risk factors and may also increase arterial stiffness; however, data regarding this are limited. Aim The goal of this study was to determine the association between the metabolic syndrome and carotid artery stiffness in an elderly multi-ethnic cohort. Methods Carotid artery stiffness was assessed by carotid ultrasound as part of the Northern Manhattan Study, a prospective population-based cohort of stroke-free individuals. Carotid artery stiffness was calculated as [In (systolic BP/diastolic BP)/strain], where strain was [(systolic diameter diastolic diameter)/diastolic diameter]. Metabolic syndrome was defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program: Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. LogSTIFF was analysed as the dependent variable in linear regression models, adjusting for demographics, education, current smoking, presence of carotid plaque and intima-media thickness. Results Carotid artery stiffness was analysed in 1133 Northern Manhattan Study subjects (mean age 65 ± 9 years; 61% women; 58% Hispanic, 22% Black and 20% Caucasian). The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 49%. The mean LogSTIFF was 2·01±0·61 among those with the metabolic syndrome and 1·90 ± 0·59 among those without the metabolic syndrome ( P = 0·003). The metabolic syndrome was significantly associated with increased logSTIFF in the final adjusted model (parameter estimate β = 0·100, P = 0·01). Among individual metabolic syndrome components, waist circumference and elevated blood pressure were most significantly associated with a mean increase in logSTIFF ( P < 0·01). Conclusion The metabolic syndrome is significantly associated with increased carotid artery stiffness in a multiethnic population. Increased carotid artery stiffness may, in part, explain a high risk of stroke among individuals with the metabolic syndrome.
The Difference between Acute Coronary Heart Disease and Ischaemic Stroke Risk with Regard to Gender and Age in Finnish and Swedish Populations
Authors: Hyvärinen Marjukka , Qiao Qing , Tuomilehto Jaakko , Söderberg Stefan , Eliasson Mats , Stehouwer Coen D. A. 
Published: May 2010

Background We studied the age and gender difference between acute coronary heart disease and ischaemic stroke risk and examined the extent to which such a difference may be explained by known risk factors. Methods Data from Finnish and Swedish population-based cohorts including 9278 individuals were collaboratively analysed. Hazards ratios (95% confidence intervals) for coronary heart disease and stroke incidence were estimated using the Cox-proportional hazards model. Results The incidence of coronary heart disease and stroke was higher in all age groups in men than in women, and the gender difference was more marked for coronary heart disease than for ischaemic stroke. There was a 10-year lag in the development of coronary heart disease and stroke in women compared with men. The multivariable adjusted hazard ratios for the incidence of coronary heart disease in men and women were 3·87 (2·49–6·02) and 1·71 (1·07–2·74) at age 50–59 years, and 7·22 (4·59–11·36) and 3·49 (2·18–5·57) at age 60–69 years compared with women aged 40–49 years. For ischaemic stroke, they were 2·64 (1·45–4·82) and 2·17 (1·18–3·97) at age 50–59 years, and 5·19 (2·81–9·58) and 4·89 (2·67–8·97) at age 60–69 years, respectively. Conclusions Acute coronary heart disease and ischaemic stroke events appeared approximately 10 years earlier in men than in women, and these rates remained higher in men than in women in all age groups. The gender difference was more marked for coronary heart disease than for ischaemic stroke. This may be taken into account when developing interventions and treatment strategies.
Lack of Association between Hyperglycaemia at Arrival and Clinical Outcomes in Acute Stroke Patients Treated with Tissue Plasminogen Activator
Authors: Meurer William J. , Scott Phillip A. , Caveney Angela F. , Majersik Jennifer J. , Frederiksen Shirley M. , Sandretto Annette , Holden Ann B. , Silbergleit Robert 
Published: May 2010

Rationale Hyperglycaemia is associated with adverse outcomes in some studies of acute ischaemic stroke. Aims We hypothesised that in thrombolytic-treated stroke patients, hyperglycaemia would be independently associated with haemorrhagic transformation and unfavourable outcome. Design Consecutive rt-PA-treated acute ischaemic stroke patients presenting to four emergency departments were analysed. Associations of initial blood glucose and survival to hospital discharge, symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage, any form of intracerebral haemorrhage, and disability at hospital discharge were determined. Potentially confounding factors of age, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, and smoking were analysed by univariate logistic regression and those with P<0·3 included in the multivariate model. Study Outcome In 268 patients, initial glucose values ranged from 62 to 507mg/dl (mean 131). Elevated glucose at arrival was not significantly associated with any adverse clinical outcomes. A trend towards higher mortality in hyperglycae-mic patients (odds ratio 1·71 per 100mg/dl increase in glucose, 95% confidence interval 0·92–3·13, P = 0·08) was seen, but is of unclear significance, and was not corroborated by effects on discharge disability, symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage or intracerebral haemorrhage. Conclusions Thrombolytic-treated stroke patients with hyperglycaemia at presentation did not have significantly worse outcomes than others in this cohort. These data fail to confirm previously described associations seen in similarly sized studies. Further study of these associations and their magnitude are necessary to better define the relationship between serum glucose and outcome in thrombolytic-treated acute ischaemic stroke.
Parts and Wholes
Authors: McDaniel Kris 
Published: May 2010

AbstractPhilosophical questions concerning parts and wholes have received a tremendous amount of the attention of contemporary analytic metaphysicians. In what follows, I discuss some of the central questions. The questions to be discussed are: how general is parthood? Are there different kinds of parthood or ways to be a part? Can two things be composed of the same parts? When does composition occur? Can material objects gain or lose parts? What is the logical form of the parthood relation enjoyed by material objects?
What is Constructivism in Ethics and Metaethics?
Authors: Street Sharon 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMost agree that when it comes to so‐called ‘first‐order’ normative ethics and political philosophy, constructivist views are a powerful family of positions. When it comes to metaethics, however, there is serious disagreement about what, if anything, constructivism has to contribute. In this paper I argue that constructivist views in ethics include not just a family of substantive normative positions, but also a distinct and highly attractive metaethical view. I argue that the widely accepted ‘proceduralist characterization’ of constructivism in ethics is inadequate, and I propose what I call the ‘practical standpoint characterization’ in its place. I then offer a general taxonomy of constructivist positions in ethics. Since constructivism’s standing as a family of substantive normative positions is relatively uncontested, I devote the remainder of the paper to addressing skeptics’ worries about the distinctiveness of constructivism understood as a metaethical view. I compare and contrast constructivism with three other standard metaethical positions with which it is often confused or mistakenly thought to be compatible: realism; naturalist reductions in terms of an ideal response; and expressivism. In discussing the contrast with expressivism, I explain the sense in which, according to the constructivist, the distinction between substantive normative ethics and metaethics breaks down. I conclude by distinguishing between two importantly different debates about the mind‐dependence of value. I argue that a failure to make this distinction is part of what explains why the possibility of constructivism as a metaethical view is often overlooked.