bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Occurrence and distribution of nonionic surfactants, their degradation products, and linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in coastal waters and sediments in Spain
Authors: Petrovic Mira , Fernández-Alba Amadeo Rodrigez , Borrull Francisco , Marce Rosa Maria , Mazo Eduardo González , Barceló Damià 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Spain is one of the European countries that still discharges untreated wastewaters and sewage sludge to the sea. A total of 35 samples of coastal waters and 39 samples of harbor sediments was analyzed. Samples were collected from several hot spots on the Spanish coast, such as the harbors of Tarragona, Almería, and Barcelona, the mouths of the Besos and Llobregat rivers, the Bay of Cadiz, and various yacht harbors at the Mediterranean coast. A generic analytical procedure based on solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-APCI/ESI-MS) was employed for determining the concentrations of alcohol ethoxylates (AEO), nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEO), coconut diethanol amides (CDEA), nonylphenoxy-monocarboxylates (NPEC), nonylphenol (NP), octylphenol (OP), and linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) in sediment and water samples. The analysis revealed the presence of considerably high concentrations of NPEOs and NP near the points of discharge of industrial and urban wastewaters. Nonylphenol was found in 47% of water samples and in 77% of all sediment samples analyzed. Values for NP ranged from &lt;0.15 to 4.1 μg/L in seawater and from &lt;8 to 1,050 μg/kg in sediments. Levels of AEOs and CDEAs in seawater and marine sediments are reported for the first time. Concentrations of CDEAs in sediment, which were predominated by C11 through C15 homologues, ranged from 30 to 2,700 μg/kg, while in seawater, concentrations found were up to 24 μg/L. The AEOs were found to accumulate in a bottom sediment and they were detected in all analyzed sediment samples in concentrations from 37 to 1,300 μg/kg.
Monoclonal antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to quantify vitellogenin for studies on environmental estrogens in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Tyler Charles R. , van Aerle Ronny , Nilsen Mona V. , Blackwell Robert , Maddix Susan , Nilsen Bente M. , Berg Karin , Hutchinson Tom H. , Goksøyr Anders 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Vitellogenin (VTG) induction has proved to be a valuable biomarker for assessing exposure to environmental estrogens in fish. The widespread use of VTG in this regard has lead to the need for standardized assays to quantify VTG, and monoclonal antibodies have the potential to help accomplish this. A VTG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed using a monoclonal antibody prepared against Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) VTG (MAb BN-5) and its ability to quantify VTG in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) compared with a rainbow trout vitellogenin (rt-VTG) ELISA that employed homologous polyclonal antibodies (PAb). In routine protocols, the working range of the homologous rt-PAb VTG ELISA was between 9 ng/ml and 70 ng/ml (80–20% relative maximum binding [B/Bo]) with a 50% B/Bo of 25 ± 0.9 ng/ml and inter- and intraassay variations at 50% B/Bo of 7% (n = 7) and 8% (n = 15), respectively. The working range of the MAb BN-5 VTG ELISA was between 60 ng/ml and 850 ng/ml (80–20% B/Bo) with a 50% B/Bo of 227 ± 22 ng/ml and inter- and intraassay variations at 50% B/Bo of 5% (n = 10) and 9% (n = 12), respectively. In the routine protocols, detection limits for measurement of plasma VTG in rainbow trout (at 80% B/Bo; and given the requirement to dilute plasma to a minimum of 1:10 for the assays) were 90 ng/ml for the polyclonal rt-VTG assay and approximately 600 ng/ml in the monoclonal antibody assay. In juvenile female rainbow trout exposed to a series of doses of estradiol-17β (E2) and 4-tert nonylphenol (4-NP), there were no differences in the vitellogenic responses measured in the PAb and MAb BN-5 VTG ELISAs. The monoclonal MAb BN-5 VTG ELISA is likely to be of considerable value for studies on environmental estrogens in juvenile female rainbow trout in standardized tests.
Modeling biomagnification and metabolism of contaminants in harp seals of the Barents Sea
Authors: Fraser Alison J. , Burkow Ivan C. , Wolkers Hans , Mackay Don 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
A simple fugacity-based bioaccumulation model is presented for harp seals (Phoca groenlandica), which feed primarily on polar cod (Boreogadus saida) and a pelagic crustacean (Themisto libellula). Using concentration data reported for 15 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners and 27 pesticides in the food and blubber of harp seals from the Barents Sea, the model was used to determine biomagnification factors and metabolic half-lives as well as rates of contaminant uptake and loss processes in seals, including a discussion of uncertainty in biomagnification factors and half-lives. Examination of the model output shows considerable, but highly variable, biomagnification attributable to differences in metabolic rates. It is suggested that two biomagnification factors can be defined and should be used in such assessments, one based on concentration ratios and the other on fugacity ratios or lipid-normalized concentrations. A maximum biomagnification factor specific to the seal is deduced using biomagnification data for the most persistent substances, and from this, metabolic half-lives are estimated for all substances. The approach can be applied to other biomagnification situations, thus quantifying metabolic half-lives as a function of the properties of the bioaccumulating substance and ultimately its molecular structure and the physiological characteristics of the consuming animal.
The importance of the gut and its contents in prey as a source of cadmium to predators
Authors: Walker Lee A. , Bailey Lucinda J. , Shore Richard F. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Many mammalian and avian predators consume the whole carcass of their small mammal prey. Thus, the contaminant load of the gut and its contents may be of toxicological significance, but pollutant loads in the gut of prey species are often not measured and their role in food-chain transfer of contaminants is largely unquantified. We investigated the importance of the gut and its contents in prey as a source of cadmium (Cd) to predators by measuring the Cd concentrations in the guts (including contents), in various body tissues, and in the intact bodies of wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus). The mice had been fed for up to 365 d on either control, a medium-Cd (MCd) diet, or a high-Cd (HCd) diet that had nominal Cd concentrations of 0, 8, and 40 g/g wet weight, respectively. In wood mice fed contaminated diets, Cd was progressively bioaccumulated in all the body tissues that were analyzed. The gut (and contents) and the liver and kidneys (the critical organs) contained most of the accumulated Cd and were the only significant contributors to the total body burden (TBB). The contribution of the gut (and contents) to the TBB was greater in mice fed MCd diet than in those given HCd feed but declined with age (equivalent to exposure duration) in both groups as Cd in the critical organs increasingly became the most important source of TBB Cd. However, the gut and its contents contributed between 50 and 100% of the Cd TBB in mice fed for up to six months on MCd diet; this was the diet that most closely mimicked the estimated average Cd intake of wood mice on contaminated sites. The results of this study highlight the importance of including measures of Cd load in the gut when modeling food-chain transfer from small mammals to their predators.
Influence of dietary 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene exposure in the northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus)
Authors: Gogal Robert M. , Johnson Mark S. , Larsen Calvert T. , Prater Mary R. , Duncan Robert B. , Ward Daniel L. , Holladay Steven D. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The risk to wildlife from exposure to the explosive, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) has been a concern at numerous military installations where it has been found in the soil. To date, no published data are available describing effects of TNT exposure in an avian species. Subchronic dietary exposure to TNT was therefore evaluated in a species of management concern at military installations, the northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus). Adult male and female quail (n = 5/sex/dose) were given commercial feed containing 3,000, 1,500, 750, and 100 mg/kg TNT for 90 d following the determination of an acute lethal dose and a 14-d range finding study. Dietary TNT intake caused a dose-dependent decrease in total red blood cell counts, packed cell volume, total plasma protein, blood prolymphocytes, and blood lymphocytes. An increased trend in late apoptotic/necrotic blood leukocytic cells was also observed in TNT-exposed birds, as was hemosiderosis in the liver. With the exception of hemosiderosis, these trends were statistically significant yet of questionable biological significance. Since treatment-related responses in this preliminary study were variable, a conservative interpretation is suggested. However, since these treatments had concentrations that were a log-fold or more than doses in similar studies using mammals, these data suggest that northern bobwhite are less sensitive to oral exposures of TNT than mammals.
Transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated pesticides from mother to pup in relation to cytochrome P450 enzyme activities in harp seals (Phoca groenlandica) from the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada
Authors: Wolkers Hans , Burkow Ivan C. , Hammill Mike O. , Lydersen Christian , Witkamp Renger F. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractCongener-specific tansfer of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorinated pesticides from female to pup was studied in harp seals from eastern Canada. Possible effects on hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450) due to contaminant mobilization from blubber lipids in females and ingestion of contaminated milk in pups were studied. Contaminant transfer from blubber to milk in females favored the more polar compounds (lower chlorinated PCBs, toxaphenes, hexachlorocyclohexanes, and hexachlorobenzene) relative to more lipophilic compounds (higher chlorinated PCBs, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane [DDT], chlordane). In spite of substantial contaminant mobilization from blubber in females and ingestion of contaminated milk by pups, CYP450 activities were low in all animals. Possibly, increased plasma estradiol concentrations, involved in breeding after lactation, suppressed CYP450 directly. Although the pups were exposed to contaminants in milk, CYP450 activities were low, resulting in low contaminant metabolism. This was confirmed by similar contaminant patterns in milk and pups. A strong positive relation between CYP1A-like activities and body weight in the pups suggested not yet fully developed CYP1A enzymes. A negative association between CYP3A and pesticides in females and pups was hypothesized to be a result of metabolic inactivation of CYP450. The CYP450 enzyme activities were considered unsuitable indicators for contaminant mobilization and transfer in harp seals.
Different expressions of organophosphate-resistant acetylcholinesterases in the bivalve mollusk Scapharca inaequivalvis living in three different habitats
Authors: Talesa Vincenzo , Romani Rita , Antognelli Cinzia , Giovannini Elvio , Rosi Gabriella 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The benthic mollusk Scapharca inaequivalvis was collected in spring 1999 from three areas of the northern Adriatic Sea. From the mollusk, molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), consisting of two prevailing spontaneously soluble (SS) forms present in the blood, were obtained. These forms are a globular tetramer (SSG4), a dimer (SSG2) of catalytic subunits, and a minor amphiphilic globular dimer (low-salt Triton [LST] G2) phosphatidylinositol tailed. All SS and LST forms, partially purified by affinity chromatography, are AChEs with a marked substrate specificity for acetylthiocholine and poor hydrolysis with butyrylthiocholine. They are poorly inhibited by carbamate eserine and show a different pattern of inhibition by organophosphate diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), with totally resistant SS forms from clams collected from the two stations nearest the Po River. Acetylcholinesterase SS and LST forms are expressed at highest, lowest, and middle levels in clams collected from the northern station, closer to the Po delta, and from the two more southern ones, respectively. The possibility that the expression pattern of AChE forms is due to effects of single or mixed classes of chemical pollutants is discussed.
Effects of eight polycyclic aromatic compounds on the survival and reproduction ofEnchytraeus crypticus(Oligochaeta, Clitellata)
Authors: Sverdrup Line E. , Jensen John , Kelley Axel E. , Krogh Paul H. , Stenersen Jørgen 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe effects of eight polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) on the survival and reproduction of the enchytraeid worm Enchytraeus crypticus were investigated in an agricultural soil with an organic carbon content of 1.6%. With the exception of acridine, which showed a strong binding to the test soil and a subsequent low toxicity, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and neutral N-, S-, O-monosubstituted analogues showed a similar toxicity to the enchytraeids. Concentrations estimated to give a 10% reduction of reproductive output (EC10 values) were based on measured initial concentrations and were, for acridine, 310 mg/kg; for carbazole, 19 mg/kg; for dibenzofuran, 36 mg/kg; for dibenzothiophene, 40 and 45 mg/kg (two tests); for fluoranthene, 15 mg/kg; forfluorene, 25 mg/kg; for phenanthrene, 40 mg/kg; and for pyrene, 11 mg/kg. Using reported soil–pore-water partitioning coefficients for the substances in question, equilibrium pore-water concentrations could be estimated from the total soil concentrations. Calculated EC10 values, expressed as log10(mmol/L pore water), were negatively related to the lipophilicity (log KOW) of the compounds (r2 = 0.58; p = 0.027, n = 8), thus indicating a rather nonspecific (narcotic) mode of toxic action for these compounds. When compared with literature ecotoxicity data for a springtail (Folsomia fimetaria) tested in the same soil type, enchytraeids generally seem less sensitive.
Bioavailability to juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorynchus mykiss) of retene and other mixed-function oxygenase-active compounds from sediments
Authors: Oikari Aimo , Fragoso Nuno , Leppänen Harri , Chan Teresa , Hodson Peter V. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractRetene (7-isopropyl-1-methylphenanthrene) is a naturally formed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) that causes teratogenicity in fish larvae and induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP1A) enzymes. Retene occurs at high concentrations (≤3,300 μg/g dry wt) in surface sediments contaminated by resin acids from pulp mill effluents. To assess the environmental risks of retene, it is important to evaluate conditions affecting its bioavailability and accumulation by fish. Fingerling rainbow trout were exposed to retene-spiked or naturally contaminated sediments and sampled after 4 d to determine liver CYP1A activity and concentrations of retene metabolites in bile as indicators of retene accumulation. Industrially contaminated sediments collected near a bleached kraft pulp and paper mill discharging to Lake Saimaa, Finland, significantly induced trout liver CYP1A activity, indicating accumulation of arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-active ligands. Bile of these fish contained retene metabolites, providing direct evidence that retene is bioavailable, presumably via desorption from sediments. Induction of CYP1A in fish exposed to sediments spiked with retene or benzo[k]fluoranthene supported this conclusion. While the extent of CYP1A induction by spiked sediments declined after storage (i.e., aging), a portion of the spiked PAHs remained bioavailable. However, retene was not the sole CYP1A inducer in industrially contaminated sediments, as shown by induction in fish injected with sediment extracts oxidized to remove labile PAHs but not persistent organochlorine compounds such as chlorinated dioxins and furans.
Congener-specific analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls in frogs and their habitats, Kitakyushu, Japan
Authors: Kadokami Kiwao , Takeishi Masayoshi , Kuramoto Mitsuru , Ono Yuiti 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe occurrence and fates of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (coplanar PCBs) were investigated in two species of frog, mountain brown frog (Rana ornativentris) and Japanese brown frog (Rana japonica), and in soil samples. This study was carried out as part of an investigation aimed at determining the cause of extra forelimbs in the mountain brown frog. Frogs, not including malformed ones, and soil samples were collected at three sites in Kitakyushu, Japan, including the site where the malformed frogs were found and two reference sites. All samples were analyzed for PCDDs/PCDFs and coplanar PCBs. Relatively high concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs and coplanar PCBs were detected in the soils and frogs collected from all three sites. Comparisons of concentrations in frogs and soils indicated that bioaccumulation of PCDDs/PCDFs was much lower than that of coplanar PCBs and that 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDDs/PCDFs were more highly accumulated than non–2,3,7,8-substituted isomers. From comparison of concentrations between the sexes, it was found that concentrations of dioxins, except for PCDDs, were significantly higher in males than in females. In the present study, relatively high concentrations of dioxins in frogs were found and maternal transfer to the eggs was strongly suspected. However, no difference in dioxin concentrations in frogs between the study site and the reference sites was found, so the cause of the malformations was not dioxins and remains unknown.
Weighing the evidence of ecological risk from chemical contamination in the estuarine environment adjacent to the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, Kittery, Maine, USA
Authors: Johnston Robert K. , Munns Wayne R. , Tyler Patti Lynne , Marajh-Whittemore Patty , Finkelstein Kenneth , Munney Kenneth , Short Fred T. , Melville Ann , Hahn Simeon P. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn characterizing ecological risks, considerable consensus building and professional judgments are required to develop conclusions about risk. This is because how to evaluate all the factors that determine ecological risk is not well defined and is subject to interpretation. Here we report on the application of a procedure to weigh the evidence of ecological risk and develop conclusions about risk that will incorporate the strengths and weaknesses of the assessment. The procedure was applied to characterize ecological risk of chemical contamination in nearshore areas adjacent to the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, located at the mouth of the Great Bay Estuary, New Hampshire and Maine, USA. Measures of exposure and effect were used to interpret the magnitude of risk to the assessment endpoints of pelagic species, epibenthic species, the benthic community, eelgrass plants, the salt marsh community, and avian receptors. The evidence of chemical exposure from water, sediment, and tissue and the evidence of biological effects to representative pelagic, epibenthic, benthic, eelgrass, salt marsh, and avian species were weighed to characterize ecological risk. Individual measures were weighted by the quality and reliability of their data and risk was estimated from the preponderance, magnitude, extent, and strength of causal relationships between the data on exposure and effects. Relating evidence of risk to hypothesized pathways of exposure made it possible to estimate the magnitude of risk from sediment and water and express the confidence associated with the findings. Systematically weighing the evidence of risk rendered conclusions about risk in a manner that was clearly defined, objective, consistent, and did not rely solely on professional judgment.
Telemedicine – Its state and perspectives in consideration of the humanontogenetic principle based upon the unity of complexity and space
Authors: Korb Harald , Denz Martin D. , Nerlich Michael , Wessel Karl‐Friedrich 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe demographic situation, with a clear international trend towards a society largedly populated by the aged and the chronically ill presents a huge challenge to the resources of the global healthcare system. It is evident that existing structures and processes cannot provide an adequate qualitative and quantitative response to the problem – innovative patient care systems are the only way forward in a fast‐changing world. This is especially true when considering how best to deal with chronic ailments such as coronary heart disease, cardiac insufficiency, asthma/COPD and diabetes with its numerous, debilitating manifestations. In this context integrated patient care concepts offer the most promising solution. This is where the strategic significance and practical advantages of telematics as practical application of modern telecommunications and information technology in the field of healthcare lie – whereby “eHealth” encompasses all healthcare services, quality improvements and cost‐optimizations which can be achieved through the implementation of modern means of data acquisition/management/communication. Digitalized data allow for faster, secure and more efficient healthcare knowledge transfer together with networked data access and an altogether better quality in the field of diagnostics, therapy management and post treatment care. Rapid technical progress, with the development of ever‐more efficient logistic frameworks, allows for the creation of an efficient telemedical system for optimized patient service and interdisciplinary patient‐physician‐hospital‐rehabhomecare data flow – a system where all the healthcare players strive for concerted action to the benefit of the patient, bringing about tangible cost reductions at the same time.
Sediment loads due to fluvial transport and debris flows during the 2005 flood events in Switzerland
Authors: Rickenmann Dieter , Koschni Anja 
Published: February 2010

AbstractSevere floods in August 2005 in Switzerland were associated with enormous morphologic changes along the stream channels and with large sediment transport, including many debris flows in the headwater catchments and fluvial bedload transport along the mountain rivers. We compiled data on transported sediment volumes and estimated surface runoff volumes in the streams determined from radar‐based rainfall data and stream gauge measurements lower in the catchments. A quantitative analysis of the data shows that the transported bedload volumes are related to the flood runoff volume and the relevant channel gradient. For channel gradients flatter than about 5%, our data agree with a simplified version of the Meyer‐Peter and Müller equation but two other equations tested tend to under predict bedload volumes. For channel gradients steeper than about 5%, the observed sediment volumes transported by fluvial processes are over predicted by all bedload transport equations tested, though two of them were specifically developed for this slope range, which likely results from non‐accounted energy losses and supply limitation. For events with debris flows as the dominant sediment transfer mechanism, sediment volumes show a large variability for given flood runoff volume and channel gradient. The sediment volumes of the torrent catchments show a similar functional dependence on catchment parameters as for two empirical power law equations for the estimation of a ‘design’ event magnitude of debris flows based on data from Northern Italy but our events are associated with a much smaller coefficient. Finally, the majority of our debris‐flow data is in line with the trend defined by our fluvial transport events, indicating a continuous transition to debris‐flood and debris‐flow conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.