bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bayesian profile regression with an application to the National survey of children's health
Authors: Molitor John , Papathomas Michail , Jerrett Michael , Richardson Sylvia 
Published: March 2010

AbstractStandard regression analyses are often plagued with problems encountered when one tries to make inference going beyond main effects using data sets that contain dozens of variables that are potentially correlated. This situation arises, for example, in epidemiology where surveys or study questionnaires consisting of a large number of questions yield a potentially unwieldy set of interrelated data from which teasing out the effect of multiple covariates is difficult. We propose a method that addresses these problems for categorical covariates by using, as its basic unit of inference, a profile formed from a sequence of covariate values. These covariate profiles are clustered into groups and associated via a regression model to a relevant outcome. The Bayesian clustering aspect of the proposed modeling framework has a number of advantages over traditional clustering approaches in that it allows the number of groups to vary, uncovers subgroups and examines their association with an outcome of interest, and fits the model as a unit, allowing an individual's outcome potentially to influence cluster membership. The method is demonstrated with an analysis of survey data obtained from the National Survey of Children's Health. The approach has been implemented using the standard Bayesian modeling software, WinBUGS, with code provided in the supplementary material available at Biostatistics online. Further, interpretation of partitions of the data is helped by a number of postprocessing tools that we have developed.
Implicit Memory Formation during Routine Anesthesia in Children
Authors: Pham Xiuzhi , Smith Katherine R. , Sheppard Suzette J. , Bradshaw Carolyn , Lo Eric , Davidson Andrew J. 
Published: March 2010

Background
Implicit memory cannot be consciously recalled but may be revealed by changes in behavior. There is evidence for implicit memory formation during anesthesia in adults, but several studies in children have found no evidence for implicit memory. This may be due to insensitive testing. Also many of these tests were undertaken under controlled conditions. It remains unknown whether implicit memory is formed during routine pediatric anesthesia. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is evidence of implicit memory formation during routine anesthesia in children, using a degraded auditory stimulus recognition task.

Methods
Three hundred and twelve children, aged 5-12 yr, were randomly assigned to be played either a sheep sound or white noise continuously through headphones during general anesthesia. No attempt was made to standardize the anesthetic. On recovery, children were played a sheep sound degraded by a white noise mask that progressively decreased over 60 s, with the outcome being the time taken to correctly recognize the sheep sound.

Results
Three hundred children completed the task. A comparison of the distribution of recognition times between the two groups found little evidence that exposure to a sheep sound during anesthesia was associated with postoperative time to recognition of a degraded sheep sound (hazard ratio 1.14, 95% CI of 0.90-1.43, P = 0.28).

Conclusion
No implicit memory formation during routine anesthesia was demonstrated in children. It is increasingly likely that the potential clinical implications of implicit memory formation are less of a concern for pediatric anesthetists.
Acute stress enhances contact dermatitis by promoting nuclear factor‐κB DNA‐binding activity and interleukin‐18 expression in mice
Authors: ZHANG Jing , LI Lingjiang , LU Qianjin , XIAO Rong , WEN Haiquan , YAN Kailin , LI Yan , ZHOU Ying , SU Yuwen , ZHANG Guiying , LI Weihui , ZHOU Jiansong 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPsychological stress adversely affects the immune system, and aggravates various skin diseases, such as psoriasis, alopecia areata and atopic dermatitis. However, the precise underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. The goal of this study was to use a murine restraint stress model to determine the mechanisms by which psychological stress modulates immune response in contact dermatitis. In the present study, mice were sensitized and challenged on the skin with 2,4‐dinitrofluorobenzene. Acute restraint stress was administrated to healthy or sensitized mice before challenge, and nuclear factor (NF)‐κB DNA‐binding activation of nuclear protein and expression of interleukin (IL)‐18 mRNA in murine spleen lymphocytes was detected. Chemical sympathectomy was performed using the neurotoxin 6‐hydroxy‐dopamine to determine the effect of the sympathetic nervous system. The experiment showed that restraint stress induced a series of changes which include increasing of NF‐κB DNA‐binding activity and IL‐18 mRNA expression in spleen lymphocytes and enhancement of contact hypersensitivity response, and these changes may be mediated by the sympathetic nervous system. These findings provide new insights into the roles of the nervous system in the aggravation of skin diseases.
Radiotelemetry reveals variation in fever and sickness behaviours with latitude in a free‐living passerine
Authors: Adelman James S. , Córdoba‐Córdoba Sergio , Spoelstra Kamiel , Wikelski Martin , Hau Michaela 
Published: March 2010

Summary1. The acute phase immune response, which includes fever and sickness behaviours, carries high costs in energy and time, but enhances pathogen clearance in diverse hosts. Hypotheses based upon pathogen pressures and life‐history trade‐offs predict that costly immune responses will decrease in strength as latitude increases. However, whether the acute phase response shows latitudinal patterns among free‐living, wild populations remains unknown.2. Here, we studied fever and sickness behaviours during the early breeding season in free‐living song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) along a latitudinal gradient in southern California (CA), Washington (WA), and Alaska (AK). In 2007 and 2008, we injected males with lipopolysaccharide and assessed sickness behaviour by measuring changes in territorial aggression. In 2008, we monitored fever and sickness behaviour in CA and WA birds using a novel telemetric technique: skin‐mounted radiotransmitters with temperature sensors.3. In 2007, territorial defence varied by latitude, with a lower probability of territorial response at 24 h after injection in CA, but not in WA or AK. Radiotelemetry in 2008 revealed that CA birds showed pronounced and prolonged lethargy and fever (c. 2 °C above control males throughout the night), whereas WA birds showed only moderate lethargy and fever (c. 1 °C, returning to control levels during the night).4. This study establishes radiotelemetry as a powerful method for quantifying fever and sickness behaviours in small, free‐living vertebrates. Moreover, our data suggest that latitude predicts the strength of these responses. These results can provide insight into disease susceptibility and spread among wild populations.
Influence of crack distribution of rocks on P‐wave velocity anisotropy – a laboratory and field scale study‡
Authors: Vilhelm Jan , Rudajev Vladimír , Živor Roman , Lokajíček Tomáš , Pros Zdeněk 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is the comparison of P‐wave velocity and velocity anisotropy, measured at different scales under laboratory and field conditions. A shallow seismic refraction survey with shot/receiver spacing of up to 10 m was carried out on a flat outcrop of lhertzolite in the southern part of the Balmuccia massif. Oriented rock samples were also obtained from the locality. The particular advantage of the laboratory method used is the possibility of measuring velocity in any direction under controlled conditions. Laboratory tests were made on spherical peridotite samples, 50 mm in diameter, by ultrasonic velocity measurements in 132 directions (meridian and parallel networks) under confining stress ranging from atmospheric to 400 MPa. The mean P‐wave velocity of the field and laboratory data differed by between 20–30%. In addition, P‐wave velocity anisotropy of 25% was detected in the field data. Whereas the anisotropy in the laboratory samples in the same orientation as the field surveys was less than 2%. This observed scaling factor is related to the different sampling sizes and the difference in frequencies of applied elastic waves. With an ultrasonic wavelength of 10 mm, laboratory samples represent a continuum. The field velocities and velocity anisotropy reflect the presence of cracks, which the laboratory rock samples do not contain. Three sub‐vertical fracture sets with differing strikes were observed in the field outcrop. Estimates of fracture stiffness from the velocity anisotropy data are consistent with other published values. These results highlight the difficulty of using laboratory velocity estimates to interpret field data.
Comparison of margin assessment by radial and shave sections in wide local excision specimens for invasive carcinoma of the breast
Authors: Hodi Zsolt , Ellis Ian O , Elston Christopher W , Pinder Sarah E , Donovan Glynn , Macmillan R Douglas , Lee Andrew H S 
Published: March 2010

Hodi Z, Ellis I O, Elston C W, Pinder S E, Donovan G, Macmillan R D & Lee A H S (2010) Histopathology56, 573–580Comparison of margin assessment by radial and shave sections in wide local excision specimens for invasive carcinoma of the breastAims:  Standard margin assessment of breast carcinoma surgical specimens uses radial sections perpendicular to the margin. Shave sections assess a larger surface area of margin than radial sections. The aim was to assess the value of additional shave sections of the margin.Methods and results:  Both types of section were used to assess 471 wide local excision specimens for invasive carcinoma. One hundred and seventy‐nine specimens had positive margins: only radial margins were involved (tumour within 5 mm of margin) in 76, only shave margins in 45, and both shave and radial margins in 58. Residual carcinoma was found in re‐excision specimens (immediate or later) in 43% when the closest distance to the radial margin was 0–1 mm, 25% for 2–4 mm, 18% for 5–9 mm and 13% for >9 mm. Residual carcinoma was found in 44% of specimens if any shave section was positive and in 9% if all shaves were negative. Residual carcinoma was found in 32% if either radial or shave sections were positive and in 4% if neither was positive.Conclusions:  The combination of radial and shave sections appears to be good at separating patients into two groups with high and low risk of residual carcinoma.
Hyalinizing trabecular tumour of the thyroid—differential expression of distinct miRNAs compared with papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Sheu Sien‐Yi , Vogel Esther , Worm Karl , Grabellus Florian , Schwertheim Suzan , Schmid Kurt Werner 
Published: March 2010

Sheu S‐Y, Vogel E, Worm K, Grabellus F, Schwertheim S & Schmid K W (2010) Histopathology56, 632–640 Hyalinizing trabecular tumour of the thyroid—differential expression of distinct miRNAs compared with papillary thyroid carcinoma Aims:  To compare the expression pattern of five microRNAs (miRNAs) (146b, ‐181b, ‐21, ‐221, ‐222) of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and hyalinizing trabecular tumour of the thyroid (HTT).Methods and results:  The expression pattern of five miRNAs known to be up‐regulated in PTC was retrospectively analysed in 18 HTTs, adjacent normal thyroid tissue, 10 PTCs, 10 follicular adenomas and 10 non‐toxic multinodular goitres (MNG) by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction using the TaqMan miRNA assay. Furthermore, the two common genetic alterations characteristic for PTC, the V600E mutation of the BRAF gene and RET/PTC 1 and 3 rearrangements, were determined in all HTTs. All miRNAs were significantly up‐regulated in PTCs, whereas all miRNAs in HTT, normal thyroid tissue, adenomas, and MNGs were down‐regulated. Calculating relative changes in gene expression, a 510‐fold change of miRNA 146b between PTC and HTT could be observed followed by fold changes between 6.4 and 29 in the remaining miRNAs (P < 0.001). All HTTs lacked BRAF mutations and RET/PTC rearrangements.Conclusions:  Our findings do not support the concept that a high proportion of HTT represents a variant of PTC. It is suggested that HTTs lacking both a miRNA expression pattern characteristic for PTC and RET/PTC rearrangements are re‐designated as ‘hyalinizing trabecular adenomas’.
Association of androgen receptor CAG repeat polymorphism with VO2max response to hypoxic training in North China Han men
Authors: Wang H. Y. , Hu Y. , Wang S. H. , Shan Q. L. , Li Y. C. , Nie J. , Yi L. Y. , Bao D. P. , Xu C. Y. , He Z. H. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThe purposes of this study were to investigate the distribution characteristics of CAG repeat polymorphism in exon 1 of androgen receptor gene and the association of CAG polymorphism with VO2max response to hypoxic training in North China Han men. Sixty‐five healthy young men completed a 30‐day HiHiLo training (living high, exercise high and training low) in a simulated normobaric hypoxic environment. All subjects slept in 14.3–14.8% O2 concentration, and participated in hypoxic training three times a week in 15.4% O2 concentration. VO2max (peak oxygen consumption) and body weight were measured before and after hypoxic training. A total of 15 repeat alleles were observed by CAG genotype analyze, in which (CAG)22 was most common. When using 21 and 22 alleles, respectively, as cut‐off points, we found that the baseline body weight of two shorter genotype groups was significantly lower than that of longer ones, and that the ΔVO2max and ΔrVO2max (Δrelative value of VO2max) of two shorter genotype groups were significantly higher than those of longer ones after hypoxic training. These findings indicated that AR CAG repeat polymorphism was associated with the exercise performance after simulated normobaric hypoxic HiHiLo training in North China Han men, and that the shorter genotypes had a better individual response to hypoxic training.
Genetic isolation of insular populations of the Maghrebian bat, Myotis punicus, in the Mediterranean Basin
Authors: Biollaz François , Bruyndonckx Nadia , Beuneux Grégory , Mucedda Mauro , Goudet Jérôme , Christe Philippe 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAim  We investigate the population genetic structure of the Maghrebian bat, Myotis punicus, between the mainland and islands to assess the island colonization pattern and current gene flow between nearby islands and within the mainland.Location  North Africa and the Mediterranean islands of Corsica and Sardinia.Methods  We sequenced part of the control region (HVII) of 79 bats across 11 colonies. The phylogeographical pattern was assessed by analysing molecular diversity indices, examining differentiation among populations and estimating divergence time. In addition, we genotyped 182 bats across 10 colonies at seven microsatellite loci. We used analysis of molecular variance and a Bayesian approach to infer nuclear population structure. Finally, we estimated sex‐specific dispersal between Corsica and Sardinia.Results  Mitochondrial analyses indicated that colonies between Corsica, Sardinia and North Africa are highly differentiated. Within islands there was no difference between colonies, while at the continental level Moroccan and Tunisian populations were highly differentiated. Analyses with seven microsatellite loci showed a similar pattern. The sole difference was the lack of nuclear differentiation between populations in North Africa, suggesting a male‐biased dispersal over the continental area. The divergence time of Sardinian and Corsican populations was estimated to date back to the early and mid‐Pleistocene.Main conclusions  Island colonization by the Maghrebian bats seems to have occurred in a stepping‐stone manner and certainly pre‐dated human colonization. Currently, open water seems to prevent exchange of bats between the two islands, despite their ability to fly and the narrowness of the strait of Bonifacio. Corsican and Sardinian populations are thus currently isolated from any continental gene pool and must therefore be considered as different evolutionarily significant units (ESU).
Causality, mathematical models and statistical association: dismantling evidence‐based medicine
Authors: Thompson R. Paul 
Published: March 2010

AbstractFrom humble beginnings, largely at the medical school at McMaster University, Canada, the evidence‐based medicine (EBM) movement has enjoyed a spectacular rise in international acceptance over the last 25 years. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews based on them have pride of place (the gold standard) in EBM's hierarchy of evidence; models and theories are relegated to the bottom of the hierarchy. In the last decade, RCTs have been extensively criticized. I briefly rehearse those criticisms because they are an important backdrop to the criticism of EBM developed in this paper. In essence, the argument developed here is that RCTs use mathematics solely as a tool of analysis rather than as the language of the science and that this fundamentally affects the validity of causal claims. As EBM gives pride of place to RCTs and devalues theoretical models – a devaluation that would be incomprehensible to a physicist or biologist – the validity of EBM's causal claims and knowledge claims are weak and far from a ‘gold standard’.
Health, health care and the problem of intrinsic value
Authors: Duncan Peter 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPhilosophical conceptual attempts to clarify the nature of health frequently alight on the idea that its value is intrinsic. It is asserted that health is a value in itself and as such can be abstracted from thoughts of preference or utility (subjective or instrumental value). In contrast, I argue here that it is highly problematic to conceive of the value of health in terms other than the instrumental. We value health for what it leads us to. The mistaken idea that health has essential intrinsic value is very often associated with attempts to justify the production of ‘more health’ through health promotion and public health interventions, possibly by authoritarian means. I argue that seeing health as properly instrumental in value supports liberal interpretations of the purpose and methods of health care (including public health and health promotion) and weakens justifications for authoritarian policy and practice. However, such liberal interpretations may pose real difficulties for occupational or professional direction in the field, and for the disadvantaged within health care systems.
The concept of health: beyond normativism and naturalism
Authors: Hamilton Richard P. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPhilosophical discussions of health and disease have traditionally been dominated by a debate between normativists, who hold that health is an inescapably value‐laded concept and naturalists, such as Christopher Boorse, who believe that it is possible to derive a purely descriptive or theoretical definition of health based upon biological function. In this paper I defend a distinctive view which traces its origins in Aristotle's naturalistic ethics. An Arisotelian would agree with Boorse that health and disease are ubiquitous features of the natural world and thus not mere projections of human interests and values. She would differ from him in rejecting the idea that value is a non‐natural quality. I conclude my discussion with some comments of the normative character of living systems.
Are there different spheres of conscience?
Authors: Sutton Erica J. , Upshur Ross E. G. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractInterest in understanding the meaning of conscience and conscientious objection in medicine has recently emerged in the academic literature. We would like to contribute to this debate in four ways: (1) to underscore and challenge the existing hierarchy of conscientious objection in health care; (2) to highlight the importance of considering the lay public when discussing the role of conscientious objection in medicine; (3) to critique the numerous proposals put forth in favour of implementing review boards to assess whether appeals to conscience are justifiable, reasonable and sincere; and (4) to introduce the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Siracusa Principles into the dialogue around conscience and suggest that perhaps conscientious objection is a human right.
Abortion and conscientious objection
Authors: Hill Daniel J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn this article I do not seek to discuss when, if ever, abortion is morally permissible. Rather I seek to analyse the precise legal status of the exemptions afforded under British law to those with a conscientious objection to abortion. I then argue that the legal status quo in Britain is not morally satisfactory, and that the law urgently needs to be changed.
The challenge of evidence in clinical medicine
Authors: Tonelli Mark R. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe primary goal of evidence‐based medicine (EBM) has been to change the way clinicians make decisions. But EBM has inappropriately privileged the results of clinical research for medical decision making and has undermined the importance of other kinds of medical knowledge, pathophysiologic understanding and clinical experience, to clinical practice. Here, the specific advantages and limitations of each kind of medical knowledge are examined. No particular kind of medical knowledge is necessarily more compelling than the others when it comes to making specific patient care decisions. Several cases where medical knowledge is conflicting are examined to demonstrate the weighting and negotiation necessary for sound clinical judgement. Expert clinicians must utilize a variety of reasons and methods of reasoning in arriving at the best clinical decision or recommendation for an individual patient. The process can be formalized and made explicit, but it cannot be narrowed, simplified and focused only on the results of clinical research.
Ethics and EBM: acknowledging bias, accepting difference and embracing politics
Authors: Kerridge Ian 
Published: March 2010

AbstractEvidence‐based medicine (EBM) has been effective because it confers both epistemic and moral authority, promising that both individual patient care and public health interventions are effective, safe and efficient, that these decisions and standards can be determined (and therefore judged) in a transparent manner and that this form of decision making is reliable, objective and value‐free. The problem is that EBM refers to particular, ideologically and philosophically specific concepts of evidence, medicine and the relationship between them. The analysis of the ‘ethics’ of EBM, therefore, requires not only a critique of its philosophical naïvety and its attachment to modernism and positivism, but a critique of its social, cultural and political implications.
Alopecia in a black Labrador retriever associated with focal sub‐follicular panniculitis and sebaceous adenitis
Authors: Varjonen Katarina , Rest Joan , Bond Ross 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA 6‐year‐old entire male black Labrador retriever was presented with nonpruritic multicentric, well‐demarcated alopecia of 12‐weeks duration. Skin biopsies from the margins of alopecic regions showed sebaceous adenitis and sub‐follicular panniculitis. Biopsies from alopecic areas showed severe follicular atrophy with residual fibrous tracts, loss of sebaceous glands and lymphohistiocytic panniculitis beneath individual atrophic hair follicle groups. These features differed from previous reports of pilosebaceous diseases of dogs and appeared to extend the spectrum of inflammatory patterns in presumed immune‐mediated adnexal diseases of this species. During the 12‐month follow‐up, there was partial hair regrowth without treatment but alopecia was permanent in the centre of larger lesions.