bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Near IR Heptamethine Cyanine Dye–Mediated Cancer Imaging
Authors: Yang Xiaojian , Shi Chunmeng , Tong Rong , Qian Weiping , Zhau Haiyen E. , Wang Ruoxiang , Zhu Guodong , Cheng Jianjun , Yang Vincent W. , Cheng Tianmin , Henary Maged , Strekowski Lucjan , Chung Leland W.K. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Purpose: Near-IR fluorescence imaging has great potential for noninvasive in vivo imaging of tumors. In this study, we show the preferential uptake and retention of two hepatamethine cyanine dyes, IR-783 and MHI-148, in tumor cells and tissues.
Experimental Design: IR-783 and MHI-148 were investigated for their ability to accumulate in human cancer cells, tumor xenografts, and spontaneous mouse tumors in transgenic animals. Time- and concentration-dependent dye uptake and retention in normal and cancer cells and tissues were compared, and subcellular localization of the dyes and mechanisms of the dye uptake and retention in tumor cells were evaluated using organelle-specific tracking dyes and bromosulfophthalein, a competitive inhibitor of organic anion transporting peptides. These dyes were used to detect human cancer metastases in a mouse model and differentiate cancer cells from normal cells in blood.
Results: These near-IR hepatamethine cyanine dyes were retained in cancer cells but not normal cells, in tumor xenografts, and in spontaneous tumors in transgenic mice. They can be used to detect cancer metastasis and cancer cells in blood with a high degree of sensitivity. The dyes were found to concentrate in the mitochondria and lysosomes of cancer cells, probably through organic anion transporting peptides, because the dye uptake and retention in cancer cells can be blocked completely by bromosulfophthalein. These dyes, when injected to mice, did not cause systemic toxicity.
Conclusions: These two heptamethine cyanine dyes are promising imaging agents for human cancers and can be further exploited to improve cancer detection, prognosis, and treatment. Clin Cancer Res; 16(10); 2833–44. ©2010 AACR.
The Moral-Conventional Distinction in Mature Moral Competence
Authors: Huebner Bryce , Lee James , Hauser Marc 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Developmental psychologists have long argued that the capacity to distinguish moral and conventional transgressions develops across cultures and emerges early in life. Children reliably treat moral transgressions as more wrong, more punishable, independent of structures of authority, and universally applicable. However, previous studies have not yet examined the role of these features in mature moral cognition. Using a battery of adult-appropriate cases (including vehicular and sexual assault, reckless behavior, and violations of etiquette and social contracts) we demonstrate that these features also distinguish moral from conventional transgressions in mature moral cognition. Each hypothesized moral transgressions was treated as strongly and clearly immoral. However, our data suggest that although the majority of hypothesized conventional transgressions also form an obvious cluster, social conventions seem to lie along a continuum that stretches from mere matters of personal preference (e.g., getting tattoos or wearing black shoes with a brown belt) to transgressions that are treated as matters for legitimate social sanction (e.g., violating traffic laws or not paying your taxes). We use these findings to discuss issues of universality, domain-specificity, and the importance of using a wellstudied set of moral scenarios to examine clinical populations and the underlying neural architecture of moral cognition.
Searching for Happiness Across Cultures
Authors: Damjanovic Ljubica , Roberson Debi , Athanasopoulos Panos , Kasai Chise , Dyson Matthew 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThree experiments examined the cultural relativity of emotion recognition using the visual search task. Caucasian-English and Japanese participants were required to search for an angry or happy discrepant face target against an array of competing distractor faces. Both cultural groups performed the task with displays that consisted of Caucasian and Japanese faces in order to investigate the effects of racial congruence on emotion detection performance. Under high perceptual load conditions, both cultural groups detected the happy face more efficiently than the angry face. When perceptual load was reduced such that target detection could be achieved by feature-matching, the English group continued to show a happiness advantage in search performance that was more strongly pronounced for other race faces. Japanese participants showed search time equivalence for happy and angry targets. Experiment 3 encouraged participants to adopt a perceptual based strategy for target detection by removing the term 'emotion' from the instructions. Whilst this manipulation did not alter the happiness advantage displayed by our English group, it reinstated it for our Japanese group, who showed a detection advantage for happiness only for other race faces. The results demonstrate cultural and linguistic modifiers on the perceptual saliency of the emotional signal and provide new converging evidence from cognitive psychology for the interactionist perspective on emotional expression recognition.
Oxygen and the Soul: Children's Conception of Invisible Entities
Authors: Guerrero Silvia , Enesco Ileana , Harris Paul 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
In two studies, children's concepts of various types of ordinarily unobservable entities were examined. Study 1 confirmed earlier findings in showing that children aged 4–9 years are confident of the existence of scientific entities such as germs as well as religious beings such as God. At the same time, both age groups are skeptical of the existence of various mythical beings such as mermaids. In Study 2, older children aged 10–12 years were probed for their concepts of religious as compared to scientific phenomena. Despite considerable confidence in each type, older children differentiated between them, both with respect to their level of confidence and their pattern of justification.
Should More Be Saved? Diversity in Utilitarian Moral Judgment
Authors: Michelin Corinna , Pellizzoni Sandra , Tallandini Maria , Siegal Michael 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
In three experiments involving 104 children and 86 adults we investigated the extent to which harm brought about by physical contact is judged to be worse than harm caused by impersonal, no-contact actions. In Experiment 1, Italian monolingual children aged 4 to 6 were asked to indicate whether they would prioritize saving five persons through contact over saving three persons without contact with both courses of action involving harm to a single victim. A preference for saving more persons did not emerge until the age of 6 years. By contrast, in Experiment 2, children with a Slovenian-Italian linguistic and cultural background judged that to save five with contact was preferable even at the age of 4 and 5 years. In Experiment 3, Slovenian-Italian adults were also significantly more likely than Italian-only speakers to advocate using contact, although in a direct comparison, both groups prioritized saving five over three persons, regardless of the means. Moral diversity is discussed in terms of cultural and linguistic constraints that may serve to mediate the use of considerations of contact in an intuitive moral psychology.
Self-Acceleration in the Parameterization of Orographic Gravity Wave Drag
Authors: Scinocca John F. , Sutherland Bruce R. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A new effect related to the evaluation of momentum deposition in conventional parameterizations of orographic gravity wave drag (GWD) is considered. The effect takes the form of an adjustment to the basic-state wind about which steady-state wave solutions are constructed. The adjustment is conservative and follows from wave–mean flow theory associated with wave transience at the leading edge of the wave train, which sets up the steady solution assumed in such parameterizations. This has been referred to as “self-acceleration” and it is shown to induce a systematic lowering of the elevation of momentum deposition, which depends quadratically on the amplitude of the wave. An expression for the leading-order impact of self-acceleration is derived in terms of a reduction of the critical inverse Froude number Fc, which determines the onset of wave breaking for upwardly propagating waves in orographic GWD schemes. In such schemes Fc is a central tuning parameter and typical values are generally smaller than anticipated from conventional wave theory. Here it is suggested that self-acceleration may provide some of the explanation for why such small values of Fc are required. The impact of Fc on present-day climate is illustrated by simulations of the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model.
A Generalization of the SLEVE Vertical Coordinate
Authors: Leuenberger Daniel , Koller Marcel , Fuhrer Oliver , Schär Christoph 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Most atmospheric models use terrain-following coordinates, and it is well known that the associated deformation of the computational mesh leads to numerical inaccuracies. In a previous study, the authors proposed a new terrain-following coordinate formulation [the smooth level vertical (SLEVE) coordinate], which yields smooth vertical coordinate levels at mid and upper levels and thereby considerably reduces numerical errors in the simulation of flow past complex topography. In the current paper, a generalization of the SLEVE coordinate is presented by using a modified vertical decay of the topographic signature with height. The new formulation enables an almost uniform thickness of the lowermost computational layers, while preserving the fast transition to smooth levels in the mid and upper atmosphere. This allows for a more consistent and more stable coupling with planetary boundary layer schemes, while retaining the advantages over classic sigma coordinates at upper levels. The generalized SLEVE coordinate is implemented and successfully tested in real-case simulations using an operational nonhydrostatic atmospheric model.
Oxygenator change-out times: the value of a written protocol and simulation exercises
Authors: Darling Edward , Searles Bruce 
Published: April 2010

A survey by our department revealed that most of the institutions in New England and New York have written protocols for low-volume, high-risk, emergency events but few of these centers formally practice these protocols through simulation. We hypothesized that hands-on experience with medical emergency protocols will significantly improve clinician performance. Two groups (n = 24 each) of third semester perfusion students with comparable clinical skills were enrolled in this study. The first group was surprised with an emergent oxygenator change-out drill during a simulation exercise, with no prior warning and without the benefit of a written protocol. The second group was asked to develop a written protocol before they were challenged with the change-out drill. Subsequently, both groups were given a week to practice a protocol for emergent change-out before re-testing. The times for all change-out drills were recorded and the groups were compared with a Student’s t-test. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. The group without a written protocol (NP) had the longer time (559.7 ± 84.9 sec) while the group with the written protocol (P) performed better (461.8 ± 57.5 sec, p < 0.05). However, both groups achieved significantly better performance following repeated practice (NP = 167.8 ± 34.8; P = 170.9±32.5 sec, p < 0 .05). While written protocols for emergent events will improve patient care, simulation and practice of emergency protocols is the most significant way to protect our patients. Based on this, we advocate for all perfusion groups to simulate emergency events and practice their crisis protocols.
Impaired weight transfer persists at least four months after hip fracture and rehabilitation
Authors: Nightingale Elizabeth Jean , Sturnieks Daina , Sherrington Catherine , Moseley Anne M , Cameron Ian D , Lord Stephen R 
Published: April 2010

Objective: To determine whether choice stepping reaction time performance is impaired in people after hip fracture and whether different aspects of choice stepping performance improve with rehabilitation. Design: This study includes a secondary analysis of data obtained from participants in a randomized controlled trial of exercise after hip fracture. Setting: Data were either collected in a hospital rehabilitation unit, research institute or participant homes. Subjects: The hip fracture group (n = 91) were recruited from three rehabilitation hospitals in metropolitan Sydney. The control group (n = 77) were healthy age-, gender- and dwelling-matched controls, participating in unrelated studies of fall risk factors. Main measures: Response time, movement time and total time components of the choice stepping reaction time test. Results: Improvements in choice stepping reaction time were seen in people after hip fracture, during a 16-week rehabilitation period, however performance remained impaired (1808 ± 663 ms), compared with matched controls (1029 ± 255 ms, P<0.001). Further, choice stepping performance was significantly slower when transferring weight onto the affected leg (1271 ± 615 ms), compared with the unaffected leg (1119 ± 499 ms, P<0.001). Conclusions: Movement deficits are evident for an extended time frame following rehabilitation for hip fracture. The slower response time following the rehabilitation period highlights ongoing difficulties with weight transfer onto the affected leg.
Case series of sixteen patients with nummular headache
Authors: Moon Justin , Ahmed Kamran , Garza Ivan 
Published: April 2010

Introduction: Nummular headache is a rare primary headache disorder described by a focal circumscribed area of pain (2–6 cm in diameter). Literature on this disorder is sparse. Patients and methods: Here, we describe a case series of 16 patients (6 men, 10 women) seen at the Mayo Clinic. Results: Mean age of onset was 50 years (range, 19–79 years) and mean duration of headache was 7.9 years (range, 0.33–40 years). Location of headache varied and was found to be an average of 3.9 cm in diameter (range, 2–10 cm). Headache was episodic (<15 days/month) in four patients and chronic (>15 days/month) in 12 patients. Attention was paid to therapeutic interventions. Resolution was seen in 38% of patients. Migraine was present in the history of 56% of patients and medication overuse headache was found in 25%. Conclusions: Our series results support previous findings. In our population, no specific therapy was identified to be effective in more than one patient.
Elimination of Soybean Lipid Emulsion in Parenteral Nutrition and Supplementation With Enteral Fish Oil Improve Cholestasis in Infants With Short Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Rollins Michael D. , Scaife Eric R. , Jackson W. Daniel , Meyers Rebecka L. , Mulroy Cecilia W. , Book Linda S. 
Published: April 2010

BackgroundParenteral nutrition–associated liver disease (PNALD) is a potentially fatal complication for children with intestinal failure. Fish oil–based lipid emulsions have shown promise for the treatment of PNALD but are not readily available. Six cases are presented in which cholestasis resolved after soybean lipid emulsion (SLE) was removed from parenteral nutrition (PN) and enteral fish oil was given.MethodsA retrospective review at a tertiary children's hospital (July 2003 to August 2008) identified 6 infants with intestinal failure requiring PN for >6 months who developed severe hepatic dysfunction that was managed by eliminating SLE and providing enteral fish oil.ResultsTwenty‐three infants with short bowel syndrome requiring prolonged PN developed cholestasis. SLE was removed in 6 of these patients, and 4 of the 6 received enteral fish oil. Standard PN included 2‐3 g/kg/d SLE with total PN calories ranging from 57 to 81 kcal/kg/d at the time of SLE removal. Hyperbilirubinemia resolved after elimination of SLE within 1.8‐5.4 months. Total PN calories required to maintain growth generally did not change.ConclusionsTemporary elimination of SLE and supplementation with enteral fish oil improved cholestasis in PN‐dependent infants. Further trials are needed to evaluate this management strategy.
In vivo labeling with 2H2O reveals a human neutrophil lifespan of 5.4 days
Authors: Pillay Janesh , den Braber Ineke , Vrisekoop Nienke , Kwast Lydia M. , de Boer Rob J. , Borghans José A. M. , Tesselaar Kiki , Koenderman Leo 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Neutrophils are essential effector cells of the innate immune response and are indispensable for host defense. Apart from their antimicrobial functions, neutrophils inform and shape subsequent immunity. This immune modulatory functionality might however be considered limited because of their generally accepted short lifespan (< 1 day). In contrast to the previously reported short lifespans acquired by ex vivo labeling or manipulation, we show that in vivo labeling in humans with the use of 2H2O under homeostatic conditions showed an average circulatory neutrophil lifespan of 5.4 days. This lifespan is at least 10 times longer than previously reported and might lead to reappraisal of novel neutrophil functions in health and disease.
Sustained thromboprophylaxis mediated by an RBC-targeted pro-urokinase zymogen activated at the site of clot formation
Authors: Zaitsev Sergei , Spitzer Dirk , Murciano Juan-Carlos , Ding Bi-Sen , Tliba Samira , Kowalska M. Anna , Marcos-Contreras Oscar A. , Kuo Alice , Stepanova Victoria , Atkinson John P. , Poncz Mortimer , Cines Douglas B. , Muzykantov Vladimir R. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPlasminogen activators (PAs) are used to treat life-threatening thrombosis, but not for thromboprophylaxis because of rapid clearance, risk of bleeding, and central nervous system (CNS) toxicity. We describe a novel strategy that may help to overcome these limitations by targeting a thrombin-activated PA pro-drug to circulating red blood cells (RBCs). We fused a single chain antibody (scFv Ter-119) that binds to mouse glycophorin A (GPA) with a variant human single-chain low molecular weight urokinase construct that can be activated selectively by thrombin (scFv/uPA-T). scFv/uPA-T bound specifically to mouse RBCs without altering their biocompatibility and retained its zymogenic properties until converted by thrombin into an active 2-chain molecule. As a result, RBC-bound scFv/uPA-T caused thrombin-induced fibrinolysis. One hour and 48 hours after intravenous (IV) injection in mice, approximately 70% and approximately 35% of scFv/uPA-T was retained in the blood, respectively, and approximately 95% of the circulating scFv/uPA-T remained bound to RBCs. A single IV injection of scFv/uPA-T provided effective prophylaxis against arterial and venous thrombosis for up to 24 hours. Thus, prophylactic delivery of RBC-targeted PA pro-drugs activated selectively at the site of clot formation represents a new approach to prevent thrombosis in clinical settings where the risk of clotting is high.
Gene enrichment profiles reveal T-cell development, differentiation, and lineage-specific transcription factors including ZBTB25 as a novel NF-AT repressor
Authors: Benita Yair , Cao Zhifang , Giallourakis Cosmas , Li Chun , Gardet Agnès , Xavier Ramnik J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe identification of transcriptional regulatory networks, which control tissue-specific development and function, is of central importance to the understanding of lymphocyte biology. To decipher transcriptional networks in T-cell development and differentiation we developed a browsable expression atlas and applied a novel quantitative method to define gene sets most specific to each of the represented cell subsets and tissues. Using this system, body atlas size datasets can be used to examine gene enrichment profiles from a cell/tissue perspective rather than gene perspective, thereby identifying highly enriched genes within a cell type, which are often key to cellular differentiation and function. A systems analysis of transcriptional regulators within T cells during different phases of development and differentiation resulted in the identification of known key regulators and uncharacterized coexpressed regulators. ZBTB25, a BTB-POZ family transcription factor, was identified as a highly T cell–enriched transcription factor. We provide evidence that ZBTB25 functions as a negative regulator of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-AT) activation, such that RNA interference mediated knockdown resulted in enhanced activation of target genes. Together, these findings suggest a novel mechanism for NF-AT mediated gene expression and the compendium of expression data provides a quantitative platform to drive exploration of gene expression across a wide range of cell/tissue types.
Modulation of SOCS protein expression influences the interferon responsiveness of human melanoma cells
Authors: Lesinski Gregory B , Zimmerer Jason M , Kreiner Melanie , Trefry John , Bill Matthew A , Young Gregory S , Becknell Brian , Carson William E 
Published: April 2010

Abstract

Background
Endogenously produced interferons can regulate the growth of melanoma cells and are administered exogenously as therapeutic agents to patients with advanced cancer. We investigated the role of negative regulators of interferon signaling known as suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) in mediating interferon-resistance in human melanoma cells.

Methods
Basal and interferon-alpha (IFN-α) or interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-induced expression of SOCS1 and SOCS3 proteins was evaluated by immunoblot analysis in a panel of n = 10 metastatic human melanoma cell lines, in human embryonic melanocytes (HEM), and radial or vertical growth phase melanoma cells. Over-expression of SOCS1 and SOCS3 proteins in melanoma cells was achieved using the PINCO retroviral vector, while siRNA were used to inhibit SOCS1 and SOCS3 expression. Tyr701-phosphorylated STAT1 (P-STAT1) was measured by intracellular flow cytometry and IFN-stimulated gene expression was measured by Real Time PCR.

Results
SOCS1 and SOCS3 proteins were expressed at basal levels in melanocytes and in all melanoma cell lines examined. Expression of the SOCS1 and SOCS3 proteins was also enhanced following stimulation of a subset of cell lines with IFN-α or IFN-γ. Over-expression of SOCS proteins in melanoma cell lines led to significant inhibition of Tyr701-phosphorylated STAT1 (P-STAT1) and gene expression following stimulation with IFN-α (IFIT2, OAS-1, ISG-15) or IFN-γ (IRF1). Conversely, siRNA inhibition of SOCS1 and SOCS3 expression in melanoma cells enhanced their responsiveness to interferon stimulation.

Conclusions
These data demonstrate that SOCS proteins are expressed in human melanoma cell lines and their modulation can influence the responsiveness of melanoma cells to IFN-α and IFN-γ.