bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phacoemulsification in posterior polar cataract: does size of lens opacity affect surgical outcome?
Authors: Kumar Sunil , Ram Jagat , Sukhija Jaspreet , Severia Saurabh 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackground:  To study the effect of size of the posterior polar opacity on surgical and visual outcome of phacoemulsification in posterior polar cataract.Setting:  Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.Methods:  Consecutive patients with posterior polar cataract who underwent phacoemulsification were analysed for intraoperative complications and postoperative outcome. The continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis size was kept approximately 5.5 mm, and hydrodelineation was done instead of hydrodissection.Results:  There were 58 eyes of 51 patients who underwent phacoemulsification for posterior polar cataract. The mean follow‐up time was 15.4 months (range 12–40 months). Twenty‐three eyes had size of polar opacities 4 mm or more in diameter whereas 35 eyes had less than 4 mm. Posterior capsule rupture occurred in nine eyes (15.51%). In eyes with polar opacities 4 mm or more, seven (30.43%) had posterior capsule rupture whereas in eyes with less than 4 mm size, only two (5.71%) had posterior capsule rupture. Capsular bag placement of intraocular lens (IOL) was achieved in 50 eyes and sulcus‐sulcus in eight eyes. Three‐piece hydrophobic acrylic IOL was implanted in 47 eyes and all polymethylmethacrylate IOL in 11 eyes. Postoperatively best‐corrected visual acuity of 6/12 or better was achieved in 55 eyes (94.8%) and three eyes achieved 6/24 or less.Conclusion:  Phacoemulsification in eyes with larger size of polar opacity has significant risk of posterior capsule rupture.
Differences in contrast sensitivity between monofocal, multifocal and accommodating intraocular lenses: long‐term results
Authors: Mesci Cem , Erbil Hasan H , Olgun Ali , Aydin Nihat , Candemir Bahadir , Akçakaya Aylin A 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackground:  To evaluate long‐term contrast sensitivity (CS) and visual acuity following implantation of monofocal, accommodating, refractive and diffractive multifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) in patients with unilateral cataractMethods:  In this prospective non‐randomized clinical trial, 87 patients with unilateral cataract were enrolled in four groups for phacoemulsification and IOL implantation in Ophthalmology Department of Goztepe Training and Research Hospital. Twenty‐four patients had monofocal (Alcon Acrysof; group 1), 21 patients accommodating (Human Optics 1CU; group 2), 22 patients diffractive multifocal (Tecnis ZM900; group 3) and 20 patients refractive multifocal (AMO Rezoom; group 4) IOL implantations. Ages of patients were between 40 and 70. Parameters analysed at the 18th postoperative month were subjective refractions, monocular and binocular distance and near photopic CSs, visual acuities.Results:  Near visual acuities were statistically better in group 3 than the other groups (P < 0.05). At low spatial frequencies, mean monocular distance CSs of group 1 and mean monocular near CSs of groups 1 and 2 were statistically higher than those of group 4 (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between binocular CSs of group 4 and the other groups at low spatial frequencies. At high spatial frequencies, monocular and binocular CSs of groups 1 and 2 were statistically higher than those of groups 3 and 4 (P < 0.05). Near CSs was better in group 3 than group 4.Conclusions:  In patients with unilateral cataract, monofocal, accommodating and partially diffractive multifocal IOL provided higher CS scores when compared with refractive multifocal IOL and in multifocal IOL groups binocular CSs were better than monocular CSs when compared with other groups.
Diabetic eye disease among adults in Fiji with self‐reported diabetes
Authors: Brian Garry , Fischer‐Harder Konstanze , Sikivou Biu , Qoqonokana Mundi Qalo , Szetu John , Ramke Jacqueline 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackground:  To characterize diabetic eye disease and its management among adults aged ≥40 years with self‐reported diabetes in Fiji.Methods:  During a population‐based cross‐sectional survey using multistage cluster random sampling, participants reported health information, including whether a doctor had diagnosed diabetes. HbA1c and visual acuity were measured. Diabetic eye disease was assessed using 90‐dioptre lens dilated funduscopy.Results:  Of those enumerated, 1381 (73.0%) participated, with 222 reporting diabetes. Twenty fundi were not examined (19 due to cataract). Of the remaining 424 eyes, 75.5% had no diabetic disease, 1.2% had proliferative retinopathy, 7.5% had active significant maculopathy and 0.7% had burnt‐out/treated disease. By person, 27.2% had retinopathy and/or maculopathy in at least one eye. Mean HbA1c (9.9 ± 2.3%) for this group was significantly higher (P = 0.004) than for those without eye disease. Vision‐threat occurred in at least one eye of 11.5%. Diabetes (predominantly maculopathy) caused pinhole acuity <6/18, <6/60 and <3/60 for 3.8%, 1.1% and 0.7% of eyes, respectively. No person was bilaterally blind (<6/60) due to diabetes, but 2.3% (all on oral antiglycaemics alone) were 6/60 bilaterally. Compared with recent diabetes diagnosis, diagnosis >10 years ago was predictive of any (odds ratio [OR] 8.13; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.28–20.21; P < 0.001) and vision‐threatening (OR 5.25; 95% CI 1.71–16.12; P = 0.004) eye disease. Although 80.6% claimed regular general diabetes checkups, only 36.5% recalled previous dilated ocular examination. Four eyes had received laser treatment.Conclusion:  There was evidence of failure of management of diabetes and its eye complications. Both need to be improved if increasing diabetes‐related visual disability is to be avoided.
VIRTUAL ENTEROSCOPY USING AIR AS THE CONTRAST MATERIAL: A PRELIMINARY FEASIBILITY STUDY
Authors: Endo Kazuhiro , Utano Kenichi , Togashi Kazutomo , Yano Tomonori , Lefor Alan T , Yamamoto Hironori , Yasuda Yoshikazu , Sugimoto Hideharu 
Published: June 2010

Background:  There are no studies to date using air as an enteral contrast medium for small bowel expansion in virtual enteroscopy. We examine the feasibility of air as an enteral contrast medium for virtual enteroscopy to achieve small bowel expansion.Patients and Methods:  Two volunteers and six patients were examined. The six patients included three with small bowel tumors, one with small bowel hemorrhage and two with suspected cases of post‐operative small bowel stenosis. A duodenal tube was inserted under fluoroscopy and approximately 2000 ml air was administered prior to scanning. A 16‐detector row computed tomography apparatus was used with 2‐mm thick slices. Intravenous contrast material was administered to the patients, but not to the volunteers. Computed tomography scanning was performed two to three times until the air reached the colon. Two examiners reconstructed multi‐planar reformation, volume rendering and virtual endoscopy. These images were compared with double balloon enteroscopic findings and/or resected specimens.Results:  There were no complications associated with this examination. In the volunteers the difference between the circular folds of the jejunum and those of the ileum was clearly visualized on virtual endoscopy. Angiodysplasia (9 mm), gastrointestinal stromal tumor (15 mm) and arteriovenous malformation were clearly detected by virtual endoscopy. In contrast, one tumor could not be detected because of inadequate intestinal distension. In the two suspected cases of the stenosis, the lesion was not identified because stenotic lesions were not differentiated from normal peristalsis of the small bowel.Conclusions:  Air is a feasible enteral contrast material for virtual enteroscopy.
SELF‐LIMITING RISK OF METACHRONOUS GASTRIC CANCERS AFTER ENDOSCOPIC RESECTION
Authors: Kobayashi Masaaki , Narisawa Rintaro , Sato Yuichi , Takeuchi Manabu , Aoyagi Yutaka 
Published: June 2010

Background:  Since endoscopic resection (ER) has been established as a treatment for early gastric cancer, metachronous multiple cancers have become a problem. It is unclear whether the risk of metachronous cancer is self‐limiting or permanent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of multiple cancers after ER during a long‐term follow‐up study.Patients and Methods:  A total of 234 patients who received initial ER for early gastric cancers were evaluated retrospectively. ER included endoscopic mucosal resection and endoscopic submucosal dissection. Patients were followed up with endoscopy for 3.0–19.6 years (median, 5.0 years), including 40 patients surveyed for more than 10 years. Accessory cancers detected after ER, but which could be retrospectively viewed in pre‐ER pictures, were evaluated in the metachronous group.Results:  Thirty patients (12.8%) developed 36 metachronous multiple cancers. The median interval between the discovery of metachronous cancer and the initial ER was 3.2 years; the longest interval was 9.7 years. Eight (22.2%) of the 36 metachronous cancers could be detected retrospectively in the picture record from pre‐ER. The Kaplan–Meier curve of cumulative incidence of metachronous cancers stopped increasing after 10 years of follow up.Conclusions:  Although the residual gastric mucosa after ER is thought to be a high‐risk environment, the high risk may only be the result of occult synchronous cancers. It is probable that the high risk of metachronous cancers is not continuous after 10 years.
Caring for older adults with diabetes mellitus: characteristics of carers and their prime roles and responsibilities
Authors: Sinclair A. J. , Armes D. G. , Randhawa G. , Bayer A. J. 
Published: June 2010

Diabet. Med. 27, 1055–1059 (2010)AbstractAims  Expanding prevalence of diabetes has a major health impact on older people and the burden experienced by their informal carers. We report research which aimed to examine the burden on carers and highlight their input into diabetes care.Methods  Of 98 diabetes patients aged over 59 years, 89 regularly received help with day‐to‐day activities or looking after from someone else and, of these, 83 carers consented to interview. Patients and carers were administered questionnaires related to the management of diabetes and personal strain (including Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire, EuroQol, Caregiver Strain Scale and General Health Questionnaire).Results  A substantial unmet need of older people with diabetes mellitus, in relation to domestic activities and diabetes care, was highlighted. Patient and carer diabetes knowledge was low. Primary carers were generally female relatives from the same household, not in paid employment. Twenty‐seven carers (33%) provided ≥ 35 h of care work each week. Most carers experienced a moderate level of stress, but 11 (14%) regularly felt overwhelmed. Thirty‐three carers (40%) said they had never received any information on diabetes from professionals. Help most frequently wanted was advice and support in relation to accessing community services and about finances, benefits and/or allowances.Conclusions  Both patient and carer diabetes education strategies are required. Instruction for carers in the basic care of patients with diabetes is also needed and should be targeted. As many as one in seven carers felt regularly overwhelmed and lacked adequate support. Finally, 26 carers (31%) were entitled to benefits which they did not claim.
A review of Quaternary range shifts in European aquatic Coleoptera
Authors: Abellán Pedro , Benetti Cesar J. , Angus Robert B. , Ribera Ignacio 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTAim To undertake a quantitative review of the Quaternary fossil record of European water beetles to evaluate their geographical and temporal coverage, and to characterize the extent and typology of the shifts in their geographical ranges.Location Europe.Methods We compiled Quaternary water beetle records from public databases and published references. We included in the analyses species of 10 families of aquatic Coleoptera, and recorded range shifts through the comparison of the location of fossil remains with the current distribution of the species. We explored the ecological representativeness of the fossil record, as well as the relationship between range shifts and the habitat type of the species.Results Our final data set included over 9000 records for 259 water beetle species. Fossil remains of aquatic beetles have been documented exclusively north of 42° N, with most of the records from the British Isles and virtually none from southern Europe or the Mediterranean Basin. Over 80% of the records were from the Late Glacial and the Holocene periods (the last 15 kyr), and overall approximately 20% of the species have been recorded outside their present range (23% excluding Holocene records). Most range shifts were southern or western extensions of currently widespread, northern species, with 10 species displaying major range shifts through the Palaearctic. Lentic species were significantly more likely to have experienced major range shifts, even accounting for the general ecological bias of the fossil record towards lentic habitats.Main conclusions Our results show that the Quaternary record of aquatic Coleoptera is geographically, temporally and ecologically skewed, necessitating caution when extrapolating general conclusions about range changes and ecological stability to other areas or periods on the basis of such scattered evidence. Most central and northern European species for which there are fossil records seem to have conserved their ranges through the Late Pleistocene, with geographical shifts mostly restricted to species with current widespread north Palaearctic or Holarctic distributions. Major range shifts through the Palaearctic are taxonomically uneven, suggesting either an idiosyncratic behaviour of taxa depending on ecological or phylogenetic factors, or a sampling artefact produced by the limited availability of taxonomic expertise.
Dominant climate influences on North American bird distributions
Authors: Jiménez‐Valverde Alberto , Barve Narayani , Lira‐Noriega Andrés , Maher Sean P. , Nakazawa Yoshinori , Papeş Monica , Soberón Jorge , Sukumaran Jeet , Peterson A. Townsend 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTAim Geographic distributions of species are constrained by several factors acting at different scales, with climate assumed to be a major determinant at broad extents. Recent studies, however, have challenged this statement and indicated that climate may not dominate among the factors governing geographic distributions of species. Here, we argue that these results are misleading due to the lack of consideration of the geographic area that has been accessible to the species.Location North America.Methods We generated null distributions for 75 North American endemic and 19 non‐endemic bird species. For each species, climatic envelopes of observed and null distributions were modelled using neural networks and generalized linear models, and seven climatic predictors. Values of the area under the receiver–operating characteristic curve (AUC) based on models of observed distributions were compared with corresponding AUC values for the null distributions.Results More than 82% of the endemic species showed AUC higher for the observed than for the null distributions, while 63% of the non‐endemic species showed such a pattern.Main conclusions We demonstrate a dominant climatic signal in shaping North American bird distributions. Our results attest to the importance of climate in determining species distributions and support the use of climate‐envelope models for estimating potential distributional areas at the appropriate spatial scales.
Epidermal and dermal changes in response to various skin rejuvenation methods
Authors: Helbig D. , Simon J. C. , Paasch U. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractDuring the last years, a number of new devices have been developed to improve the dermal and epidermal signs of photo‐ and chronological skin ageing. There are well‐established ablative and non‐ablative skin resurfacing options using different lasers and light sources, but side effects have been observed frequently. A recently developed photorejuvenation method using non‐thermal stimulation of skin cells with low energy and narrow band light has been termed photomodulation. Light emitting diodes are the ideal source of this kind of light that stimulate mitochondrial cell organelles leading to up‐regulation of cytochrome electron transport pathway leading to mitochondrial DNA gene modulation. This paper reviews the most current knowledge of intrinsic and extrinsic changes of ageing and summarizes different systems for skin rejuvenation with focus on non‐thermal non‐ablative skin rejuvenation modalities.
Bioengineering and subjective approaches to the clinical evaluation of dry skin
Authors: Byrne A. J. 
Published: June 2010

SynopsisDry skin (also known as xerosis) is a cutaneous reaction pattern indicative of abnormal desquamation, which has not only cosmetic considerations, but can also lead to the penetration of irritants and allergens through the stratum corneum (SC). Over the last few decades, our understanding of the structure, composition, formation and function of the SC has advanced tremendously; however, despite these advancements, the occurrence of dry skin remains prevalent in the adult population. The clinical evaluation of dry skin is therefore of significant importance to the cosmetic industry not only for understanding the condition but also for measuring the effects of treatment. Traditionally, dry skin has been evaluated by visual inspection, however, recently a variety of bioengineering techniques have emerged enabling the investigator to objectively assess the extent of xerotic conditions. The most frequently employed methods for the evaluation of dry skin are discussed in this review, including regression testing, squametry, measurement of transepidermal water loss, epidermal hydration, profilometry, confocal Raman spectroscopy, optical coherence tomography, in vivo confocal microscopy and magnetic resonance imaging.
Review Article: Oral malodour and active ingredients for treatment
Authors: Lourith N. , Kanlayavattanakul M. 
Published: June 2010

SynopsisOral care preparations are widely used for the treatment of oral malodour as over‐the‐counter products. Bad breath is highly distressing to an individual’s confidence during social interaction, which is a large concern nowadays as the consumption of these products is increasing worldwide. However, oral deodorant ingredients are rarely studied compared with other cosmetic ingredients, and the only preparations which are well known are those contained in dentifrices and mouthrinses. This review briefly summarizes the compounds which cause oral malodour and the treatments available. The active ingredients in various preparations are emphasized and novel products are presented.
Clinical manifestations and outcome of skin infections caused by the community‐acquired methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus clone ST80‐IV
Authors: Del Giudice P , Bes M , Hubiche T , Roudière L , Blanc V , Lina G , Vandenesch F , Etienne J 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackground  Several Panton‐Valentin leukocidin‐positive clones of community‐acquired methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA‐MRSA) are spreading worldwide. The European clone ST80‐IV is the main CA‐MRSA clone in Europe. There is no reported study of the specific clinical manifestations and outcome of skin infections caused by the clone ST80‐IV, using strict definitions of skin diseases.Methods  Single‐centre observational prospective cohort of S. aureus skin infections caused by the clone ST80‐IV.Results  From November 1999 to October 2009, we diagnosed skin infections due to the clone ST80‐IV in 20 patients (median age 28 years, median 27; range 1–66). All the isolates had all the following characteristics: lukPV, etd and edin gene‐positive, agr 3 allele, spa‐type t044 and ST80. All the isolates were resistant to beta‐lactam agents, kanamycin, tetracycline and fusidic acid. During the study period, the 20 patients had the following manifestations: 19 primary abscesses (18 single abscess and one patient with two), eight furuncles, four folliculitis, one case of cellulitis, one wound infection and one felon. Surgical treatment and drainage was required for all the primary abscesses. The infections occurred mainly in the perineal area (50%). No secondary infections occurred in family members. Despite strict hygiene measures, systemic antibiotics and nasal mupirocine, four patients (20%) had recurrent skin infections over a period of a few months to 6 years.Conclusions  The CA‐MRSA clone ST80‐IV is responsible for suppurative skin infections such as furuncles and abscesses, which can recur over a period of several years.
High dose oral prednisone vs. prednisone plus azathioprine for the treatment of oral pemphigus: a retrospective, bi‐centre, comparative study
Authors: Chaidemenos G , Apalla Z , Koussidou T , Papagarifallou I , Ioannides D 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackground  Steroids are considered the cornerstone in the treatment of pemphigus vulgaris. However, subsequent morbidity of their use has led to the development of combined therapeutic protocols, using steroid sparing agents.Objectives  The aim of this study was to compare tolerability and efficacy of high dose oral prednisone daily, vs. low dose oral prednisone on alternate days plus azathioprine every day (Lever’s mini treatment: LMT) in oral pemphigus.Patients and methods  Data of 36 patients with oral pemphigus vulgaris, treated with either 1.5 mg/kg/day of oral prednisone daily, or LMT were re‐evaluated and statistically analysed. Primary endpoints were time required to control disease activity, prednisone dose required until the end of consolidation phase, cumulative prednisone dose and rates of remission. Secondary endpoints were time to complete (CR) or partial remission (PR) on/off therapy, treatment‐associated morbidity and days of hospitalization.Results  Both treatments resulted in high rates of clinical response. The mean prednisone dose required until the end of consolidation phase, and until CR or PR, on/off minimal therapy, was significantly lower in LMT group. However, the mean time required until the control of disease activity and CR or PR, for the same group, was significantly higher. Adverse events were more frequent among patients under daily prednisone. Mean time of hospitalization was also longer in the latter group.Conclusions  Both treatments seem efficacious. Rapidly progressive lesions necessitate high prednisone dose for early and adequate control of the disease. Patients with impaired physical status, especially those with relatively stable lesions, at baseline might safely and effectively be treated with LMT.