bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
White South, Red Nation: Massive Resistance and the Cold War
Authors: Lewis George 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines how segregationists also attempted to manipulate Cold War tensions to their own political advantage. It discusses that the parochial self-interest of segregationists seemed to their political opponents “un-American,” since it destabilized the United States at a time when the country was already faced with unprecedented foreign threat. It notes that segregationists attempted to reclaim their political legitimacy by arguing that civil rights activism was a communist conspiracy to destroy the social fabric of the nation. It adds that this exploitation of Cold War rhetoric transformed the struggle to preserve Jim Crow into a patriotic crusade. It explains that the irony lost on segregationists was their supposed protection of American traditions and ideals made it permissible for them to disobey their own democratically elected government.
Disunity and Religious Institutions in the White South
Authors: Chappell David L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter argues that the southern states did not withstand the tide of political reform in part because white religious leaders failed to commit complete ideological and institutional support for segregation. It notes that the equivocation of white southern clergymen denied segregationists the cultural legitimacy they needed to sustain their cause. It explains that this was in pronounced contrast to the pivotal role of the black church in promoting civil rights reform. It adds that the church not only served as an organizational base and important source of income but also, through its leaders, instilled activists with a sense of divine purpose. It states that white churches, in contrast, did not care deeply enough about segregation to make its defense the most important thing in their lives.
Massive Resistance, Violence, and Southern Social Relations: The Little Rock, Arkansas, School Integration Crisis, 1954–1960
Authors: Anderson Karen S. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the massive resistance against desegregation in Little Rock, Arkansas. It begins with a description of the efforts of organizations such as the Mother's League of Central High and the Capital Citizens' Council to oppose desegregation. It then discusses how in Arkansas, the rhetoric on race, resistance, and violence first emerged in the small northeastern town of Hoxie, where school officials announced the integration of schools in 1955. The chapter then considers how massive resistance in Little Rock differed from those in other parts of the South.
Aka Polyphony
Authors: Fürniss Susanne 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter is an in-depth analysis of music of the Aka Pygmies of the Central African Republic: Introduction to the Aka; Research Method; The Aka's Conception of Polyphonic Singing: Cognitive Premises; Patterns and Variation Techniques; Yodelling and Melodic Variations; The Polyphonic Pattern and the Substratum of the Song; Musical Practice: Juggling with the Substratum; Pathways Through the Material.
Mechanisms of Ethanol-Induced Alterations in Neuronal Migration
Authors: Siegenthaler Julie A. , Miller Michael W. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Neuronal migration is the process by which postmitotic neurons translocate from their birthplace in proliferative zones to the appropriate target structure where the neurons integrate into the emerging network. The inability of neurons to properly migrate is one cause of neurological disorders. The cerebral cortex is the brain region most frequently described as exhibiting malformations designated a neuronal migration disorders (NMDs). This chapter shows how NMDs detected in cases of fetal alcohol syndrome are likely caused by ethanol interfering with each phase of the migration.
Intracellular Events in Ethanol-induced Neuronal Death
Authors: Mooney Sandra M. , Miller Michael W. , Henderson George I. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Developmental exposure to ethanol can significantly reduce the number of neurons in specific areas of the brain, resulting in a decrease in the additive processes of cell generation and migration and/or an increase in the substractive process of cell death. This chapter examines the effects of ethanol on intracellular pathways involved in neuronal death.
Tobacco Use During Pregnancy: Epidemiology and Effects on Offspring
Authors: Willford Jennifer A. , Day Nancy L. , Cornelius Marie D. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter reviews the epidemiology of tobacco use during pregnancy and then focuses on the effects of prenatal tobacco exposure (PTE). There PTE has significant effects on the growth, cognitive development, and behavior of exposed children. Children with PTE are smaller at birth, have cognitive deficits in reasoning and memory, and higher rates of activity, inattention, and impulsivity.
Nicotinic Receptor Regulation of Developing Catecholamine Systems
Authors: Leslie Frances M. , Azam Layla , Gallardo Kathy , O’Leary Kathryn , Franke Ryan , Lotfipour Shahrdad 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Nicotine binds to specific cholinergic receptors. A nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is a ligand-gated cation channel. Each receptor consists of five subunit proteins surrounding a channel pore that mediate many of the biological effects of acetylcholine. This chapter uses a combination of biochemical, anatomical, and behavioral approaches to evaluate the hypothesis that functional nAChRs are expressed on catecholamine neurons during critical phases of brain development.
Chapter 4 On Lexical and Morphological Conditioning of Alternations
Authors: PARDO ELLY 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter deals with a nonce-probe experiment with Spanish-speaking adults that investigates a variety of issues, including the internal organization of paradigms as well as the role of type and token frequency in determining productivity in morphophonological alternations. The results show that certain widespread vowel alternations, especially diphthongization, are not readily extended to nonce forms. When alternations are extended, it is under conditions in which both alternates are made available in the experiment and one is in a form that is closely related semantically to the target form. Morphophonological classes do not necessarily make use of the broadest phonological generalizations but often have more specific and local phonological reference. Type frequency and phonological similarity relate to the degree of productivity, and paradigms with very high token frequency do not serve as analogical models, thus detracting from productivity. Subsequent studies of Spanish diphthongization have confirmed the lexical specificity of diphthongization, identifying both morphological and phonological contexts that favor or disfavor diphthongs.
Chapter 5 Rules and Schemasin the Development and Use of the English Past Tense
Authors: SLOBIN DAN I. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
English verbal morphology is rather restricted, compared to that of a full-fledged inflectional language, since it offers only four inflectional morphemes: the 3s present, the past tense, the past participle, and the progressive. Thus it provides no opportunity to study the complex interaction between intersecting inflectional categories within a paradigm, such as person, number, mood, and tense. It does, however, provide the opportunity for a study of a different sort: although English has a demonstrably productive process of suffixation for past-tense formation, in the form of -ed, it also has many irregular verbs whose past tense is formed in some cases without suffixation and in others with changes of vowel (or, less commonly, consonant) in the stem. This chapter discusses the English past tense in children and adults, taking into account the type frequency of the irregular patterns, the token frequency of members of the irregular classes, the phonological similarity between the base and the past, and the phonological similarity among past forms themselves.
Chapter 6 Morphological Classes as Natural Categories
Authors: MODER CAROL LYNN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
One particular class of irregular verbs in English, exemplified by string/strung, shows some productivity, offering an opportunity to understand further the factors that govern productivity. This class is examined in the present chapter, and is shown to be defined by the phonological shape of the verb, including not just the final consonants, but also the initial ones. This chapter argues for product-oriented schemas on the basis of the fact that the vowel of the base is the least important factor in predicting class membership. Synchronic, diachronic, and experimental data indicate that speakers of natural language form categorizations of linguistic objects in the same way that they form categorizations of natural and cultural objects. These verbs are not categorized by properties of their meaning or by properties that associate them with external reality; rather, they are categorized by their form, that is, their phonological properties.
Chapter 13 The Emergent Lexicon
Authors: Bybee Joan 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Given the high interconnectedness of lexicon and grammar, this chapter argues that even while grammar is emergent, the lexicon must be, too, since it is highly affected by language use. Here the frequency effects are said to provide evidence for lexical storage. The storage of larger and less frequent units is discussed, along with idioms, prefabs, and grammaticizing constructions. The frequency effects also suggest, however, that in addition to storage units, words, phrases, and constructions must also be processing units. The fact that some priming effects appear with constructions and that phonological effects, including reduction but also retention, occur in high-frequency contexts both suggest that words, phrases, and constructions are processing units that become more fluent with more use.
The Origins and Traditions of the Nineteenth-Century Missionary Movement
Authors: DAUGHTON J. P. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter begins by describing Père Guillemé as a catholic missionary who taught the lessons of Christianity, cared for the sick, elderly, and dying. It then notes that two seventeenth-century innovations in very different parts of the world were particularly influential in shaping the modern Catholic missionary movement. It explains how the catholic missionary movement became French. It aims to determine the qualities of modern missionaries.
“I just feel horribly embarrassed when she does that”: Constituting a Mother’s Identity
Authors: Tannen Deborah , Kendall Shari , Gordon Cynthia 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter builds on prior research on language and identity to identify the discursive strategies through which one mother creates a gendered parental identity in a common domestic encounter: the babysitting report. It explores how the mother linguistically creates a gendered parental identity while talking with her husband and her brother, who babysat their daughter. As her brother describes their daughter's misbehavior, the mother uses several interactional strategies in her responses that simultaneously work in concert toward constructing a coherent identity. When these verbal practices are interpreted within the sociocultural context, some of them appear to be “sex-class linked” and others are linked to what it means to be a parent; together, they produce the identity “mother”. This chapter contributes to research on the linguistic creation of identity in everyday interaction in general, and more specifically in family interaction, by demonstrating how gendered and parental identities are intertwined within family discourse.
Finding the Right Balance between Connection and Control: A Father's Identity Construction in Conversations with His College-Age Daughter
Authors: Tannen Deborah , Kendall Shari , Gordon Cynthia 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter explains the challenges faced by fathers in balancing connection and control as their children—in this case, daughters—get older. Drawing on the frameworks of framing and power and solidarity, it explores how one man constructs his identity as a father in conversations with his twenty-year-old daughter. The father engages in a complex balancing of a caretaking frame (forefronting hierarchy) and a sociable frame (forefronting connection) as he attempts to motivate his daughter to prepare for her upcoming study-abroad semester. He also creates a parental identity with others (his wife, a travel agent, secretary, and neighbor) with whom he discusses the difficulties he is having in encouraging his daughter to take more responsibility. The analysis contributes to the linguistic creation of identity by considering how parental identities emerge through the language used by a father to simultaneously reprimand his daughter and maintain an egalitarian father-daughter relationship. Accomplishing these disparate goals requires the father to engage in a complex negotiation of identities. The chapter also provides a rare glimpse into the discourse of fathers, and particularly into the conversational dynamics of a father and his grown daughter.
Role of Prion Protein During Normal Physiology and Disease
Authors: Coitinho Adriana Simon , Hajj Glaucia N. M. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Prions are infectious particles composed only of proteins. Their importance resides in the concept that information transmission between two organisms can be devoid of nucleic acid. Prions are also well-known as the etiological agents of several neurodegenerative diseases of animals and humans called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Literature on prion-associated diseases, transmission mechanisms, and the related normal isoform of the protein has grown impressively in the last few years, making it very difficult to cover all aspects of prion in depth in this chapter. This chapter therefore focuses on the history, symptoms, mechanisms of transmission and diagnosis of prion diseases, and currently proposed therapies. The roles of the normal isoform of the prion in physiology are also discussed, along with neuroinvasion and pathogenicity.
Redox Signaling and Vascular Function
Authors: Langston J. Will , Circu Magdalena L. , Aw Tak Yee 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Over the last two decades, reduction-oxidation (redox) signaling has emerged as an important regulator of cell function. The growing interest in the link between redox signaling and vascular function stems primarily from evidence that oxidative stress-induced endothelial dysfunction underlies a number of cardiovascular pathologies including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and diabetes, and that antioxidant intervention may be an important treatment modality in these vascular disorders. Of interest is the thiol antioxidant, reduced glutathione (GSH), a crucial regulator of cellular redox potential, and whose synthesis is transcriptionally upregulated under conditions of cellular oxidative stress. The transcriptional upregulation of the rate-limiting enzyme of GSH synthesis, glutamate cysteine ligase, under oxidative conditions by the transcription factor Nrf2 represents an important area of investigation in terms of its role in redox regulation of endothelial function, its role in vascular pathology, and its potential as a therapeutic target for treatment of cardiovascular disorders that involve vascular oxidative stress. This chapter discusses the roles of reactive oxygen species, redox regulation, and cell signaling in the vasculature. Redox activation of transcription factors in vascular disorders is also considered.
Reducing Oxidative Stress and Enhancing Neurovascular Longevity During Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Maiese Kenneth , Chong Zhao Zhong , Li Faqi 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This concluding chapter looks at the raves and risks of novel therapeutic strategies that are translational in nature by focusing on the complications of oxidative stress and diabetes mellitus (DM) in the neuronal and vascular systems. Both type 1 and type 2 DM can lead to significant disability in the nervous and cardiovascular systems, such as cognitive loss and cardiac insufficiency. Innovative strategies that directly target oxidative stress to preserve neuronal and vascular longevity could offer viable therapeutic options to diabetic patients in addition to the more conventional treatments that are designed to control serum glucose levels. This chapter explores the novel applications of nicotinamide, Wnt signaling, and erythropoietin (EPO) that modulate cellular oxidative stress and offer significant promise for the prevention of diabetic complications in the neurovascular systems. Essential to this process is the precise focus on the cellular pathways governed by nicotinamide, Wnt signaling, and EPO to avoid detrimental clinical complications and offer the development of effective and safe future therapy for patients.
Legal Procedure in Cicero’s Time
Authors: Lintott Andrew 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Cicero's legal cases ranged from treason, murder, and ‘public violence’ to disputes about property and debt. Modern Western systems of justice differentiate criminal law from civil law in a number of ways. First, the source of the prosecution: in criminal law now a representative of the state prosecutes, in civil law the injured party or someone representing them; correspondingly, in criminal cases judgement is given in favour of the state, if the prosecution succeeds, and for the most part the penalty is paid to the state, while in civil law (leaving aside matters like costs and contempt of court) the judgement is in favour of the plaintiff in the form of compensation. Furthermore, different courts and different procedure are used for the two types of case. This chapter discusses legal procedure in ancient Rome, public law and private law, prosecutors and the location of courts, civil procedure, and criminal procedure.
The Rhetoric of Character in the Roman Courts
Authors: Riggsby Andrew M. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers three problems in Roman (primarily Ciceronian) oratory and rhetoric surrounding the notion of character during a prosecution. The first is the question of how forensic oratory was constrained by external notions of character; this is inextricably tied to a debate of long standing whether antiquity understood a person's character to be ‘fixed’. The chapter argues that the evidence is best accounted for if oratorical practice is seen as being informed by such a view. The second section shows that awareness of this view of character can also aid our understanding of the overall function of the criminal courts in ancient Rome; the differing roles of personality in those courts and our own do not indicate fundamentally different roles for the two institutions. Finally, and more tentatively, the chapter suggests that oratorical practice, shaped by this view of character, in turn affected the reception of theory of ethos proposed by Aristotle.
Perorations
Authors: Winterbottom Michael 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The peroration was the last part of an oration, and typically would have been preceded by proem, narrative, and proofs. This articulation of a speech had been canonical for centuries before the time of Cicero. Around 80 BC, Cicero came to write his youthful De Inventione, he passed on from some Greek source the recommendation assumed in the Palamedes, that a peroration should contain a recapitulation and arousal of pity. His schema only becomes tripartite because anger is given equal weight with pity. The logical step was to produce a twofold scheme, where recapitulation was balanced by arousal of emotion in general; and that is what is found in Cicero's later Partitiones Oratoriae, as well as in later writers like Quintilian. This chapter discusses Cicero's actual perorations without much attention to the precepts he or others laid down for them.
Being Economical with the Truth: What Really Happened at Lampsacus?
Authors: Steel Catherine 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines Cicero's forensic speech detailing the attempted kidnap and rape of a noblewoman from Lampsacus, followed by a riot in which Verres was almost burned alive, and by a trial rigged by Verres which led to the judicial murder of Philodamus and his son. It argues that none of the evidence which Cicero cites points conclusively to the interpretation he offers. In his prosecution speech, Cicero is not presenting an objective historical account, but making the best possible case for Verres' guilt. It seems clear that Cicero wishes his readers to see the events at Lampsacus as a tightly unified whole, where the banquet is followed on the one hand by the justified but abortive attempt by the citizens of Lampsacus to punish Verres, and the unjust but successful attempt by Verres to punish Philodamus and his son. This chapter views the conviction of Philodamus and the riot of the Lampsacenes as two separate incidents.
Forging a Polemical Style: Gibbon’s Vindication and Literary Warfare, 1694–1779
Authors: WOMERSLEY DAVID 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Gibbon's most explicit engagement with his critics occurred with the publication of his Vindication in 1779. Recent scholars have normally presented this as a one-sided contest leading to a devastating victory for Gibbon. This chapter argues, however, that Gibbon's victory in this encounter was achieved more at the level of style than of scholarly substance, and that he adroitly side-stepped the accusations of his critics. He exploited the eighteenth-century tradition of dispute between deists and the orthodox, with which he was very familiar, and cleverly turned the tables on his opponents by stealing from them the rhetorical clothes associated particularly with that hammer of heterodoxy, Richard Bentley.
‘Fourteen months, the most barren and unprofitable of my whole life’: Five Versions of Residence in Oxford
Authors: WOMERSLEY DAVID 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Gibbon wrote five versions of his period of residence at Oxford, ranging widely no less in length (from less than 100 words to over 7,000 words) than in political character. When placed in the context of debate about the University of Oxford from the mid-seventeenth century, this sequence of versions reveals the shifting motives informing the successive revisions of the narrative of this period of Gibbon's life. In particular, it discloses the incoherence of the motives governing the final and most elaborate of the manuscripts of Gibbon's Memoirs, and so sheds light on Gibbon's eventual abandonment of that draft.
‘Too deeply into the mud of the Arian controversy’: Gibbon and the Early Church Fathers
Authors: WOMERSLEY DAVID 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Gibbon was aware that the historical terrain he was obliged to traverse for the second instalment of The Decline and Fall (1781) was rich in potential to offend those of orthodox religious beliefs. In particular, he knew that his accounts of the early Church, of the development of its doctrines (especially the doctrine of the Trinity), and of its dealings with the emperor Constantine and his successors, would be closely scrutinised. This chapter suggests how Gibbon's alertness to probable lines of attack stimulated him towards a new subtlety of historical interpretation, and shows how the historian's critics became secret sharers in the business of historical composition.