bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF MUCOLYTIC ENZYMES ON TISSUES STAINED WITH THE PERIODIC ACID-SCHIFF TECHNIQUE
Authors: EIDINGER D. , GHOSH A. 
Published: April 2011

The effect of commercial preparations of pectinase and pectinesterase on the distribution and intensity of periodic acid-Schiff reactions was investigated in tissues fixed in acetone, Bouin, Zenker-formol and Carnoy. The periodic acid-Schiff staining of collagenous fibers in connective tissue, the lens, seminal vesicle secretion, and keratin from skin regardless of fixation was intensified after incubation of sections of these tissues with the enzyme preparations at 37°C. in 0.2 M acetate buffer for 6-48 hours. The intensification of these structures, which appeared to be independent of the type of fixation, was shown to be due to the adsorption of a carbohydrate component of the enzyme preparation supplying the additional 1,2-glycol groups which reacted with periodic acid-Schiff. After acetone fixation only, the periodic acid-Schiff reactive material was removed from mucus, coagulating gland and prostate secretions, and was decreased in cartilage matrix and the brush border of kidney. These effects were attributed to a heat labile "mucinase" of unknown nature present in commercial pectinase which is active at an acid pH. The loss of staining of sublingual gland secretion noted after Zenker-formol fixation may also be attributed to this enzyme.
HISTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF SPECIFIC OXIDATIVE ENZYMES. IV. SOLUBLE OXIDATION-REDUCTION DYES AS AIDS IN THE HISTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES WITH TETRAZOLIUM SALTS
Authors: FARBER EMMANUEL , LOUVIERE CONNIE D. 
Published: April 2011

1. In tetrazolium stains for the succinic dehydrogenase system, diphosphopyridine nucleotide diaphorase and triphosphopyridine nucleotide diaphorase, the rate of staining can he greatly increased by adding any one of a number of soluble oxidation-reduction indicators to the incubation medium. The characteristic staining patterns are not altered. 2. This modification of tetrazolium staining interposes a dye as a carrier between the enzyme and the tetrazolium salt and makes it possible to stain for enzymes which do not react directly with tetrazolium.
HISTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF SPECIFIC OXIDATIVE ENZYMES. V. THE DISSOCIATION OF SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE FROM CARRIERS BY LIPASE AND THE SPECIFIC HISTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF THE DEHYDROGENASE WITH PHENAZINE METHOSULFATE AND TETRAZOLIUM SALTS
Authors: FARBER EMMANUEL , BUEDING ERNEST , LOUVIERE CONNIE D. 
Published: April 2011

Incubation of frozen sections of rat kidney with lipase abolishes the staining reaction for the succinic dehydrogenase system with blue tetrazolium alone or blue tetrazolium plus methylene blue, pyocyanin, Janus green B, azure C or azure B bromide. In contrast, staining with phenazine methosulfate plus blue tetrazolium is unaffected by prior incubation with lipase. Qualitatively similar results were obtained with neotetrazolium. Particulate preparations of rat liver and kidney, normally capable of reducing either methylene blue or phenazine methosulfate in the presence of succinate, lose the ability to reduce methylene blue after incubation with lipase. In contrast, the reduction of phenazine methosulfate is unaffected by this treatment. The succinic dehydrogenase activity of frozen sections of Ascaris lumbricoides or of homogenates of Ascaris muscle, unlike rat kidney and liver, is unaffected by incubation with lipase and differs in this respect from purified preparations of Ascaris succinoxidase which are dissociated into succinic dehydrogenase and one or more carriers by treatment with lipase. The results support the conclusion that the succinic dehydrogenase system contains carriers linked to the dehydrogenase. The carrier is essential for reduction of blue or neo-tetrazolium alone or in combination with several soluble oxidation-reduction dyes and is localized in tissue sections by these agents. The dehydrogenase can reduce phenazine methosulfate and this dye coupled to a tetrazolium salt can be used for the histochemical localization of succinic dehydrogenase in tissues.
TWO TYPES OF ACIDOPHILS IN THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY OF THE FROG AND THEIR RELATION TO THE PERIODIC ACID SCHIFF REACTION
Authors: ORTMAN ROBERT 
Published: April 2011

Koneff's ('38) modification of Mallory-azan reveals the presence of azocarmine, orange G, aniline blue, and chromophobic cells in the pars distalis of the frog. A strong periodic acid Schiff (PAS) reaction, apparently of carbohydrate-containing material, uniformly distributed throughout the cytoplasm, is found in the azocarmine cells and in the aniline blue cells. Certain of the orange G cells contained PAS-positive material confined to cytoplasmic vesicles. The PAS-positive material is probably not glycogen. It was not possible to distinguish between the various PAS-reactive sites with the cytochemical methods employed in this study.
THE ENTRY OF CA45 INTO THE SKIN AND OTHER SOFT TISSUES OF THE RAT: AN AUTORADIOGRAPHIC AND SPODOGRAPHIC STUDY
Authors: BÉLANGER LEONARD F. 
Published: April 2011

The uptake of radiocalcium by specific regions of the skin, eye, cartilage and mucous glands has been demonstrated with the help of integrated autoradiographs. Most of the calcium that enters the hair follicle is found in the keratogenous zone. In the skin and eye, it appears that Ca45 has entered by bio-synthesis while in the cartilage and mucous glands, that uptake of labelled Ca might represent cation adsorption by the sulfopolysaccharides. The autoradiographic record of Ca45 follows the distribution of the blue/white dust in the spodograms of skin, cartilage and mucous glands.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE REDUCTION AND QUANTITATION OF NEOTETRAZOLIUM
Authors: BURTNER HELEN J. , BAHN R. C. , LONGLEY J. B. 
Published: April 2011

1. By means of chromatography two different colored products and readily separated from reduced samples of neotetrazolium chloride. 2. Determinations have been made of the absorption spectra and specific absorption coefficients of these products. 3. It has been shown that the two products do not represent succeeding stages in the reduction of neotetrazolium, but must arise front different tetrazoles. 4. The significance of these findings with respect to the use of neotetrazolium in the quantitation of reducing activities and with respect to the histochemical usefulness of ditetrazoliums in general is discussed.
THE XANTHYDROL REACTION FOR PYRROLES AND INDOLES IN HISTOCHEMISTRY: ZYMOGEN GRANULES, LENS, ENTEROCHROMAFFIN AND MELANINS
Authors: LILLIE R. D. 
Published: April 2011

Zymogen granules of the pancreas, peptic and salivary glands, eosinophil leucocyte granules, lens fibers, and sometimes Paneth cell granules give a violet color with xanthydrol. Muscle and various cytoplasms react weakly, collagen, clastin, keratin, chromaffin, enterochromaffin, melanin, bone, cartilage and mucus do not react. The positive reaction seems largely assignable to the presence of tryptophan. In vitro reactions occur both with various indoles and pyrroles and also with certain polyphenols. The tissue reaction is attenuated and finally abolished by chromation and is inhibited by adequate iodination and by adequate peracetic acid oxidation. Formaldehyde condensation with tryptamine only slightly weakens its reactivity to xanthydrol, and the positive reactions of carbazole and tetrahydronorharman also argue that formaldehyde should not prevent the reaction of 5-hydroxytryptamine to xanthydrol. Hence the identification of the enterochromaffin substance as such with 5-hydroxytryptamine seems increasedly improbable.
THE HISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF LEUCINE AMINOPEPTIDASE
Authors: NACHLAS MARVIN M. , CRAWFORD DAVID T. , SELIGMAN ARNOLD M. 
Published: April 2011

1. A method is described for the histochemical localization of leucine aminopeptidase in fresh frozen and paraffin embedded tissues. 2. Evidence is offered which supports the idea that the substrate l-leucyl-β-naphthylamide is hydrolyzed by leucine aminopeptidase. 3. A comparison is made between the various diazonium salts used to demonstrate the enzyme in tissue sections. The shortcomings of each coupling agent are given. While the one recommended in this report has many favorable properties, its slow rate of coupling constitutes a serious drawback in localization at the cellular level. Experiments are in progress to overcome this deficiency in the method. 4. The value and future potential of chelations with metal ions in histochemical methodology is discussed. 5. Leucine aminopeptidase was found to be present histochemically in many organs of man, guinea pig, dog, and rat.
METAL REDUCTION REACTIONS OF THE MELANINS: HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES
Authors: LILLIE R. D. 
Published: April 2011

In general the melanins are argentaffin and, except in hair cortex, reduce ferric ferricyanide. Cutaneous and ocular melanins reduce acid silver nitrate, more promptly in guinea pigs than in man and rhesus monkeys. This reduction is slower than that of ammoniacal silver nitrate. It may be accelerated so as to occur in one or two minutes by prior reduction of the melanins by sodium hydrosulfite. Neuromelanin reduces acid silver nitrate very slowly (2-3 days) and prior hydrosulfite reduction does not induce rapid reductivity for acid silver. Acetylation has no influence on the reductivity of melanin for acid or ammoniacal silver or ferric ferricyanide. But, if applied to cutaneous and ocular melanins after reduction with hydrosulfite, it then greatly impairs the reduction of acid silver nitrate, but not of ammoniacal silver. Acetylation similarly influences the reductivity of catechol toward the acid and ammoniacal silver solutions. Oxidation has two general effects on the melanins, an irreversible bleaching by the more drastic oxidants, and a reversible abolition or impairment of their reducing capacity toward acid and ammoniacal silver solutions and ferric ferri cyanide. The oxidants vary in their effect on the silver and ferric ferricyanide reactions, so that some are more effective against the argentaffin reactions, others against the ferric ferricyanide reaction. Likewise the cutaneous, ocular and nerve cell melanins show differences in loss of reductivity with the various oxidants. Tumor melanins seem somewhat less reactive to silver than adjacent normal tissue melanins. Ocular tumor melanin resembles chorioidal melanin more than the epithelial melanins of the retina, ciliary and iris. The argentaffin reaction of cutaneous and ocular melanin is probably assignable to the presence of quinhydrone groupings which may be reversibly oxidized to quinones and reduced to diphenols. This type of grouping does not appear to be present in neuromelanin. Neuromelanin, from this and from the other recorded differences, appears to be a distinct substance, perhaps not even closely related chemically to the other melanins.
CERTAIN TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY AND THE COONS FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE
Authors: TOBIE JOHN E. 
Published: April 2011

A fluorescence microscope possessing an efficient ultraviolet light source, the 1000 watt A-H6, is described with special reference to its application in studies concerned with the fluorescent antibody technique and the tissue localization of the tetracyclines. The spectral characteristics of the light source are discussed and methods outlined whereby combinations of certain ultraviolet transmitting and absorbing filters can be used for maximum stimulation and visualization of fluorescent substances in tissue specimens. In fluorescent antibody studies when fluorescein isocyanate is used as the fluor, superior results have been obtained by excitation of tissue sections with blue-violet radiation at a wavelength band of 390-440 mµ rather than with ultraviolet radiation at 360-370 mµ. The two outstanding advantages of the longer wavelength stimulation are: 1) The increased fluorescence and consequent visual enhancement; and 2) the greater cellular detail for visual orientation and photographic clarity thus obtained. In contrast to this, the tetracyclines were more effectively stimulated in sections of bone with ultraviolet radiation at wavelengths in the 360-370 mµ band. A method of quick-freezing fresh tissues in petroleum ether at approximately –65° C has been found more satisfactory for preserving the cellular architecture of tissues used in the fluorescent antibody technique. The operation of a rotary microtome in a cryostat at sub-freezing temperatures has been improved by special lubrication with the result that sections can be cut at a microtome setting of 3 µ. With these thin sections, it is possible to observe more minute cytological details and to localize fluorescent substances more accurately.
THE SEPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SUBMICROSCOPIC COMPONENTS OF HEPATIC CYTOPLASM
Authors: TAKANAMI MITURU 
Published: April 2011

In an ultracentrifugal study on the cytoplasmic supernatant of rabbit liver, the following two principal components were separated from the supernatant by differential centrifugation and their biochemical properties investigated: (1) a granular substance sedimented at a rate of about 250s (250s component) and (2) a few macromolecular components the sedimentation rates of which were roughly in the range of from 40s to 100s (macromolecular components). The 250s component, which was rich in lipids and easily disintegrated into smaller units by treatments of ultrasonic oscillation and of Nadesoxycholate, exhibited much higher activities of dipeptidase, acid and alkaline phosphatase than the macromolecular components. By contrast, the latter macromolecular components which belonged to ribonucleoprotein complexes exhibited comparatively high activities of RNase and esterase. Uptake in vivo of radioactive phosphate (P32) by the RNA contained in the above two principal components markedly differed from each other. When the RNA contained in the 250s component was separated by the use of Nadesoxycholate into RNA in a non-sedimentable portion and that in a sedimentable portion corresponding to a ribonucleoprotein coplex, the RNA in the latter state showed an uptake rate extremely different from that of the macromolecular components. So it is emphasized that the ribonucleoprotein complex comprised in the 250s component and that existing free in the cytoplasm (i.e. macromolecular components) are metabolically different.
DIFFERENTIATION OF NUCLEOPROTEINS BY INACTIVATION OF PROTEIN-BOUND AMINO GROUPS AND STAINING WITH TOLUIDINE BLUE AND AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE
Authors: LOVE ROBERT , LILES ROSCOE H. 
Published: April 2011

1. A method of staining nucleic acids is described. The method depends upon (a) liberation of the phosphoryl groups of nucleic acids by inactivation of protein-bound amino groups; (b) binding of the phosphoryl groups by toluidine blue; and (c) coupling of some of the bound toluidine blue with polymolybdate. Nucleic acids are stained differently by toluidine blue-molybdate because of variation in the susceptibility of the amino groups of nucleoproteins to inactivation by formaldehyde and nitrous acid. At each stage of inactivation the amount of toluidine blue available to react with molybdate differs for each nucleoprotein. Polymolybdates react with toluidine blue to form a metachromatic complex involving the incorporation of water of dimerization. Hypochromia results when small amounts of this complex are formed at sites of orthochromatic staining by toluidine blue; larger amounts of this complex eclipse coloration by toluidine blue and produce intense metachromasia. 2. By means of the toluidine blue-molybdate stain the deoxyribonucleoprotein and 7 different forms of ribonucleoprotein can be distinguished in the cell. These are: the nucleolus, nucleolinus, parachromatin, perichromosomal, chromosomal, granular and diffuse cytoplasmic ribonucleic acid. The relationship of these observations to known chemical and functional differences in the nucleoproteins of the cell is discussed. 3. A study of seminiferous epithelium, embryonic, and neoplastic cells by the toluidine blue-molybdate method suggests that one type of ribonucleoprotein passes from nucleus to cytoplasm and vice versa during mitosis. Another form, the diffuse cytoplasmic ribonucleic acid, is unaltered during mitosis. It is suggested that these may correspond to the gene-dependent and gene-independent ribonucleic acid, respectively.
HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF INDUCED GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT TUMORS IN STRAIN A/JAX (LUNG TUMOR SUSCEPTIBLE) MICE
Authors: BURT ROBERT C. , KILLMEYER LOIS A. , GRAUER ROBERT C. 
Published: April 2011

Tumors were induced in the small intestine, forestomach, and lungs of strain A/jax mice by feeding olive oil emulsions containing 20-methylcholanthrene. Histochemical methods were used to determine the occurrence and distribution of acid and alkaline phosphatase in the tissues of the mice. The tumors generally showed a complete absence of alkaline phosphatase and widely varying quantities of acid phosphatase in the cytoplasm of the individual cells. Tumors of the small intestine and forestomach showed a high concentration of alkaline phosphatase in the submucosal zone immediately beneath the neoplasm. No enzyme changes from normal were detected in lesions considered histologically to be premalignant. Some groups of mice were fed iron choline citrate or ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, tetrasodium salt in addition to 20-methylcholanthrene. These substances produced no effect on the rate of growth or numbers of tumors induced, nor on the acid and alkaline phosphatase reactions.
THE IN VIVO STAINING OF THE LINING OF MOUSE FORESTOMACH BY PORPHYRINS AND OTHER FLUORESCENT SUBSTANCES
Authors: FIGGE FRANK H. J. 
Published: April 2011

1. It was observed that the forestomach in rats and mice became red fluorescent when these animals were maintained on a diet of chlorophyll-containing "Fox Chow". 2. Little or no red fluorescence was observed in the forestomach when mice were fed "Dog Chow", white bread, or peeled boiled potatoes. 3. The materials that gave rise to red fluorescence of the forestomach originated from two main sources: a. the chlorophyll porphyrin derivatives (chiefly phylloerythrin) resulting from the degradation of chlorophyll in the food, and b. the porphyrins in the red fluorescent Harderian gland secretions that passed to the stomach via the naso-lacrimal duct, nasopharynx and esophagus. 4. The porphyrins from these sources or porphyrins artificially added to the diet had a tendency to accumulate in the mucus of the forestomach, but not in the mucus of the glandular stomach. Methylcholanthrene, when fed with "Dog Chow", was also observed to accumulate in the forestomach mucus. Other fluorescent substances, when added to the diet, do not stain the mucus of the gastro-intestinal tract so selectively. 5. A pH difference (or double gradient) resulting from the secretion of acid in the glandular (middle) part of the stomach was found to be responsible for this differential diffusion of porphyrin into the mucus of the two parts of the stomach. The effect was thought to be related to the pH solubility curves of the porphyrins and/or to the fact that gastric mucus at its isoelectric point (pH 3) becomes permeable to some substances. When the pH of the alimentary contents was within the range of minimum water solubility of a given porphyrin, the rate of diffusion of the porphyrin into the mucus was greatest.
A NITROSOPHENOL REACTION FOR TYROSINE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS IN TISSUE SECTIONS
Authors: GLENNER G. G. 
Published: April 2011

1. A method for the histochemical localization of protein-bound tyrosine and other ortho unsubstituted substituted phenols by the formation of a nitrosophenol-metal chelate is described. 2. The histochemical formation of a nitrosophenol confirms the postulated first step in the diazotization-coupling reaction for the histochemical demonstration of protein-bound tyrosine. 3. Though the described method is useful as a confirmatory technique for the localization of protein-bound tyrosine, its sensitivity is markedly less than that of the diazotization-coupling reaction.
A HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF ENZYMES IN THE EPIDIDYMIS OF NORMAL, CASTRATED AND HORMONE REPLACED CASTRATED MICE SEPARATED BY ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS IN STARCH GELS
Authors: ALLEN JOHN M. , HUNTER ROBERT L. 
Published: April 2011

The ability of aliesterase, alkaline phosphatase, and acid phosphatase of mouse epididymis separated in a starch matrix by electrophoresis to attack cytochemical substrates has been investigated in tissues from normal, vasectomized, castrated, and testosterone propionate treated castrated, animals. Electrophoresis at pH 8.5 resolved 7 enzymes active against α-naphthyl propionate (designated A through G). Castration depressed the activity of A, B, and C; abolished the activity of D, E, and G; and increased the activity of F. Androgen administration restored the activity of all enzymes except that of G. D and E were more active in control animals than in vasectomized animals. Electrophoresis at pH 8.5 resolved 3 enzymes active against naphthol-AS acetate. These were identical to those designated D, E, and F above. Castration depressed the activity of D and E and increased the activity of F. Androgen treatment restored activity to levels in control animals. Electrophoresis at pH 8.5 resolved one enzyme active against α-naphthyl phosphate at pH 8.0 (alkaline phosphatase). This enzyme was more active in tissues from vascetomized than from control animals. Castration abolished its activity and androgen treatment restored it to levels seen in control animals. Electrophoresis at pH 8.5 resolved one enzyme active against α-naphthyl phosphate at pH 6.0 (acid phosphatase). The activity of this enzyme was similar in tissues from normal, vascetomized, castrated, and androgen treated castrated animals.
HISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF CYTOCHROME OXIDASE WITH NEW AMINE REAGENTS
Authors: BURSTONE M. S. 
Published: April 2011

A series of aryl amines were employed as new histochemical reagents for the demonstration of cytochrome oxidase. The amines, upon oxidation, form indamine-azine type dyes which are capable of chelating with a number of metals. The most useful substrate consisted of a mixture of N-phenyl- p-phenylenediamine (I) and p-methoxy- p-aminodiphenylamine (II) or 3-amino-9-ethyl-carbazole (V). The reaction was inhibited by pretreatment of sections with saline, and augmented by the addition of cytochrome c. Heat, cyanide, and sulfide were inhibitory. Although raw-frozen sections were employed, mitochondrial localizations were obtained in specific instances in selected areas of certain tissues. The possibility of demonstrating other oxidative enzymes with these substrates warrants further study.
GLYCOGEN FRACTIONS AND THEIR ROLE IN THE HISTOCHEMICAL DETECTION OF GLYCOGEN
Authors: KUGLER J. H. , WILKINSON W. J. C. 
Published: April 2011

Glycogen fractions have been investigated in guinea pig liver by the anthrone technique and histochemically by Gomori's hexamine silver method. It is concluded that it is only the trichloroacetic acid soluble fraction of tissue glycogen that is demonstrated by this histochemical technique.
STUDIES ON STREPTOCOCCAL HYALURONIDASE AND ANTIHYALURONIDASE. III. THE PRODUCTION AND CELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF HYALURONIDASE FOLLOWING STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTION
Authors: EMMART E. W. , TURNER W. A. 
Published: April 2011

I. Streptococcal hyaluronidase and the bacterium Streptococcus hemolyticus, Group C, strain 7, have been identified within the same tissue section by tagging the former with its specific antibody coupled to yellow-green fluorescein and the latter with Group C antisera coupled to acid rhodamine B (C.I. No. 45100). 2. The methods used above suggest a means of studying the absorption and activity of other antigenic enzymes and toxins elaborated during the course of infection.