bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SANTU MOFOKENG, PHOTOGRAPHS: “THE VIOLENCE IS IN THE KNOWING”
Authors: HAYES PATRICIA 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTBorn in 1956, Santu Mofokeng formed part of the Afrapix Collective that engaged in exposé and documentary photography of anti‐apartheid resistance and social conditions during the 1980s in South Africa. However, Mofokeng was an increasingly important internal critic of mainstream photojournalism, and of the ways black South Africans were represented in the bigger international picture economy during the political struggle. Eschewing scenes of violence and the third‐party view of white‐on‐black brutality in particular, he began his profound explorations of the everyday and spiritual dimensions of African life, both in the city and in the countryside. His formal techniques favor “fictions” that contain smoke, mist, and other matters and techniques that occlude rather than expose. Using angularity and ambivalence, he also ruptures realist expectations and allows space for the uncanny and the supernatural. He works with the notion of seriti (a northern seSotho term encompassing aura, shadow, power, essence, and many other things). The essay follows strands in Mofokeng's writings and statements in relation to certain of his photographs, most recently repositioned in the substantial 2007 exhibition Invoice, to argue that he has pushed for a desecularization and Africanization of photography from the 1980s to the present. In more recent work the scourge of apartheid has been replaced by the HIV/AIDS virus, a mutation of nature, exacerbating the spiritual insecurities of many people in post‐apartheid South Africa. The essay concludes that Mofokeng's work poses a critique of the parallel paradigms of Marxist‐influenced social history and documentary photography in 1980s South Africa, both still highly influential, by attempting to reinsert aura (seriti) into photography and by highlighting what secular Marxism has concealed and proscribed.
THE INVESTIGATION OF GENDER‐RELATED SENSITIVITY DIFFERENCES IN FOOD PERCEPTION
Authors: MICHON C. , O'SULLIVAN M.G. , DELAHUNTY C.M. , KERRY J.P. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT This study investigated differences in food perception sensitivity between genders in a group of 274 subjects (187 females, 87 males). Sensitivity to taste, odor, texture, astringency and oral irritation were assessed using tests developed during the HealthSense project. The impact of gender on the different sensitivity types was determined using a Student t‐test. A significant gender effect was observed on the following sensitivity types: bitter identification ability (P = 0.04), bitter, sour and sweet intensity assessment (P = 0.001, P = 0.01 and P = 0.03, respectively), odor identification ability (P < 0.001), chewing ability (P = 0.02) and oral stereognosis (P = 0.02). Females obtained higher scores than males for all sensitivity types except for the chewing ability (P < 0.05 for both the ability to chew 10 and 20 strokes). No gender effect was observed for the ability to perceive astringency and oral irritation.
MICROSTRUCTURAL AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF LOW‐FAT STIRRED YOGHURTS MADE WITH SKIM MILK AND MULTIPLE EMULSIONS
Authors: LOBATO‐CALLEROS C. , RECILLAS‐MOTA M.T. , ESPINOSA‐SOLARES T. , ALVAREZ‐RAMIREZ J. , VERNON‐CARTER E.J. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT This article focuses on the study of the dynamic rheological and structural properties developed in low‐fat stirred yoghurts made with skim milk and multiple emulsions stabilized with carboxymethylcellulose (SYCMC) or amidated low methoxy pectin (SYALMP), in comparison with a full milk‐fat stirred yoghurt control (SYMF). The SYALMP yoghurt exhibited greatest Tanδafter 14 days of storage than the SYMF and SYCMC yoghurts. The SYALMP yoghurt presented the highest lacunarity value and was characterized by a structure composed of highly clusterized casein aggregates. In contrast, the SYCMC and SYMF yoghurts displayed lower lacunarity values and structures characterized by smaller casein clusters. Lower Tanδvalues were associated with lower lacunarity values.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSLimited work has been done on stirred and set‐style yoghurts, cheeses and, in general, dairy products, where milk‐fat globules are substituted by skim milk combined with multiple emulsions containing polyunsaturated vegetable oils. As a result of this, multicomponent gels formation occurs (made up by milk proteins, polyunsaturated vegetable oils, emulsifiers, hydrocolloids and many possible other ingredients), which give rise to completely different structural arrangements that may display comparable mechanical‐sensory properties with those exhibited by their full milk‐fat counterparts, paving the way for the development of new healthier foods sensory and texturally acceptable to consumers.
PROCESS PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION FOR TEXTURAL PROPERTIES OF READY‐TO‐EAT EXTRUDED SNACK FOOD FROM MILLET AND LEGUME PIECES BLENDS
Authors: CHAKRABORTY SUBIR KUMAR , SINGH DAYA S. , KUMBHAR B.K. , SINGH DHEER 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT Five blends of millets and legume pieces (viz. 12, 16, 20, 24, 28% legume pieces) at varying moisture contents (12, 15, 18, 21, 24%, wet basis [w.b.]) were subjected to extrusion cooking in a single‐screw laboratory extruder Brabender DA47055. The extruder was operated at different die head temperatures (160–200C), barrel temperatures (100–140C) and screw speeds (100–140 rpm). Designed experiments were conducted based on central composite rotatable design to determine the optimum processing condition for extruded products. The processing parameters were optimized with the help of response surface methodology to obtain product with maximum crispness and with minimum hardness and cutting strength. The optimum processing conditions obtained were moisture content 24%, w.b.; blend ratio 18.7% legume pieces; die head temperature 171.2C; barrel temperature 140C; and screw speed 103.8 rpm. The corresponding textural properties of the extrudates in terms of crispness, hardness and cutting strength were 50, 48.2 N and 79.7 N, respectively. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis process allows the preparation of ready‐to‐eat snack foods made from millet and legume pieces. Millets are rich in fibers and legumes are rich in proteins and other vitamins. Thus, the product shall have high nutritive value. Limitations of soil and irrigation facility make millets a very popular crop among the farmers of Bundelkhand region of India; however, poor commercial market for millets yields less return. The legume milling process yields a sizeable amount of legume pieces. These legume pieces are listed as losses, generally disposed of cheaply, only to be used as animal feed or to act as raw material for manufacture of other products. Popularizing a millet‐ and legume pieces‐based snack food shall be beneficial for the farmers, as well as making good use of the legume milling by‐product.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AERATION AND RHEOLOGY OF BREADS
Authors: CHIN N.L. , TAN L.H. , YUSOF Y.A. , RAHMAN R.A. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT The relationship between aeration and rheology of bread was investigated by varying ingredient and processing factors during bread proofing and baking processes. Dough and bread aeration were quantified using density measurements from the volumetric methods. Dough rheology was characterized by the rising rate and maximum proofed height under a constant force using a texture analyzer, while bread rheology was characterized using the bread firmness test. Increasing flour strength and yeast level decreased dough and bread density and bread firmness but increased the rising rate and maximum proofed height of dough significantly (P < 0.02). Proofing time had no effect on dough's rising rate, although it decreased dough and bread density (P < 0.01) and bread firmness (P < 0.002) and increased dough maximum proofed height (P < 0.02). Baking temperature did not show significant effect on bread density (P < 0.06) and had no effect on bread firmness. Dough and bread densities gave good correlations (R2 > 0.79) with its rheological properties.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe textural properties of bread in terms of firmness as affected by its aeration can be predicted from the correlation between aeration and rheological properties of bread. The linearly regressed response models of dough and bread aeration and rheological properties provide predictions of processing and baking behavior of breads.
Marketing Margins and Price Transmission in a Transition Country – The Case of the Hungarian Pork Market Les marges commerciales et la transmission des prix dans un pays en transition – le cas du marché de la viande de porc en Hongrie Handelsspannen und Preistransmission in einem Transformationsland – das Beispiel des ungarischen Schlachtschweinemarkts
Authors: Bakucs Lajos Zoltán , Fertő Imre 
Published: December 2009

SummaryMarketing Margins and Price Transmission in a Transition Country – The Case of the Hungarian Pork MarketResearch on marketing margins and price transmission in food marketing chains in transition economies is still limited. This article investigates the evolution of marketing margins in the Hungarian pork chain between 1992 and 2005, focusing on the relationships between producer and retail prices. This subject is important as the development of market institutions to facilitate the transmission of price information up and down the chain has been relatively slow. During the 1990s, moreover, there was considerable concentration in Hungarian meat processing and food retailing that may have fundamentally altered the competitive relationships between the various agents in the chain. Our estimations suggest a ‘structural break’ in the marketing margin after April 1996. In the period prior to this date the average margin had been HUF 156/kg but in the period after the break the average value was HUF 119.5/kg, a fall of 23 per cent. We identify possible explanatory factors driving this change. The more important factors were the increased stability introduced to the business environment, partly through policy reforms from the mid‐1990s, rising concentration in the pork processing industry, the rise of consumer‐oriented supermarkets and more efficient vertical co‐ordination in the pork chain.
Pathogenomics of the Virulence Plasmids ofEscherichia coli
Authors: Johnson Timothy J. , Nolan Lisa K. 
Published: November 2009

SUMMARYBacterial plasmids are self-replicating, extrachromosomal elements that are key agents of change in microbial populations. They promote the dissemination of a variety of traits, including virulence, enhanced fitness, resistance to antimicrobial agents, and metabolism of rare substances.Escherichia coli, perhaps the most studied of microorganisms, has been found to possess a variety of plasmid types. Included among these are plasmids associated with virulence. Several types ofE. colivirulence plasmids exist, including those essential for the virulence of enterotoxigenicE. coli, enteroinvasiveE. coli, enteropathogenicE. coli, enterohemorrhagicE. coli, enteroaggregativeE. coli, and extraintestinal pathogenicE. coli. Despite their diversity, these plasmids belong to a few plasmid backbones that present themselves in a conserved and syntenic manner. Thanks to some recent research, including sequence analysis of several representative plasmid genomes and molecular pathogenesis studies, the evolution of these virulence plasmids and the implications of their acquisition byE. coliare now better understood and appreciated. Here, work involving each of theE. colivirulence plasmid types is summarized, with the available plasmid genomic sequences for severalE. colipathotypes being compared in an effort to understand the evolution of these plasmid types and define their core and accessory components.
The Mcm Complex: Unwinding the Mechanism of a Replicative Helicase
Authors: Bochman Matthew L. , Schwacha Anthony 
Published: November 2009

SUMMARYThe Mcm2-7 complex serves as the eukaryotic replicative helicase, the molecular motor that both unwinds duplex DNA and powers fork progression during DNA replication. Consistent with its central role in this process, much prior work has illustrated that Mcm2-7 loading and activation are landmark events in the regulation of DNA replication. Unlike any other hexameric helicase, Mcm2-7 is composed of six unique and essential subunits. Although the unusual oligomeric nature of this complex has long hampered biochemical investigations, recent advances with both the eukaryotic as well as the simpler archaeal Mcm complexes provide mechanistic insight into their function. In contrast to better-studied homohexameric helicases, evidence suggests that the six Mcm2-7 complex ATPase active sites are functionally distinct and are likely specialized to accommodate the regulatory constraints of the eukaryotic process.
Biological Diversity of Prokaryotic Type IV Secretion Systems
Authors: Alvarez-Martinez Cristina E. , Christie Peter J. 
Published: November 2009

SUMMARYType IV secretion systems (T4SS) translocate DNA and protein substrates across prokaryotic cell envelopes generally by a mechanism requiring direct contact with a target cell. Three types of T4SS have been described: (i) conjugation systems, operationally defined as machines that translocate DNA substrates intercellularly by a contact-dependent process; (ii) effector translocator systems, functioning to deliver proteins or other macromolecules to eukaryotic target cells; and (iii) DNA release/uptake systems, which translocate DNA to or from the extracellular milieu. Studies of a few paradigmatic systems, notably the conjugation systems of plasmids F, R388, RP4, and pKM101 and theAgrobacterium tumefaciensVirB/VirD4 system, have supplied important insights into the structure, function, and mechanism of action of type IV secretion machines. Information on these systems is updated, with emphasis on recent exciting structural advances. An underappreciated feature of T4SS, most notably of the conjugation subfamily, is that they are widely distributed among many species of gram-negative and -positive bacteria, wall-less bacteria, and theArchaea. Conjugation-mediated lateral gene transfer has shaped the genomes of most if not all prokaryotes over evolutionary time and also contributed in the short term to the dissemination of antibiotic resistance and other virulence traits among medically important pathogens. How have these machines adapted to function across envelopes of distantly related microorganisms? A survey of T4SS functioning in phylogenetically diverse species highlights the biological complexity of these translocation systems and identifies common mechanistic themes as well as novel adaptations for specialized purposes relating to the modulation of the donor-target cell interaction.
Poxvirus Proteomics and Virus-Host Protein Interactions
Authors: Van Vliet Kim , Mohamed Mohamed R. , Zhang Leiliang , Villa Nancy Yaneth , Werden Steven J. , Liu Jia , McFadden Grant 
Published: November 2009

SUMMARY
Studies of the functional proteins encoded by the poxvirus genome provide information about the composition of the virus as well as individual virus-virus protein and virus-host protein interactions, which provides insight into viral pathogenesis and drug discovery. Widely used proteomic techniques to identify and characterize specific protein-protein interactions include yeast two-hybrid studies and coimmunoprecipitations. Recently, various mass spectrometry techniques have been employed to identify viral protein components of larger complexes. These methods, combined with structural studies, can provide new information about the putative functions of viral proteins as well as insights into virus-host interaction dynamics. For viral proteins of unknown function, identification of either viral or host binding partners provides clues about their putative function. In this review, we discuss poxvirus proteomics, including the use of proteomic methodologies to identify viral components and virus-host protein interactions. High-throughput global protein expression studies using protein chip technology as well as new methods for validating putative protein-protein interactions are also discussed.
Central Role of the Cell in Microbial Ecology
Authors: Zengler Karsten 
Published: November 2009

SUMMARY
Over the last few decades, advances in cultivation-independent methods have significantly contributed to our understanding of microbial diversity and community composition in the environment. At the same time, cultivation-dependent methods have thrived, and the growing number of organisms obtained thereby have allowed for detailed studies of their physiology and genetics. Still, most microorganisms are recalcitrant to cultivation. This review not only conveys current knowledge about different isolation and cultivation strategies but also discusses what implications can be drawn from pure culture work for studies in microbial ecology. Specifically, in the light of single-cell individuality and genome heterogeneity, it becomes important to evaluate population-wide measurements carefully. An overview of various approaches in microbial ecology is given, and the cell as a central unit for understanding processes on a community level is discussed.
Working toward the Future: Insights intoFrancisella tularensisPathogenesis and Vaccine Development
Authors: Pechous Roger D. , McCarthy Travis R. , Zahrt Thomas C. 
Published: November 2009

SUMMARYFrancisella tularensisis a facultative intracellular gram-negative pathogen and the etiological agent of the zoonotic disease tularemia. Recent advances in the field ofFrancisellagenetics have led to a rapid increase in both the generation and subsequent characterization of mutant strains exhibiting altered growth and/or virulence characteristics within various model systems of infection. In this review, we summarize the major properties of severalFrancisellaspecies, includingF. tularensisandF. novicida, and provide an up-to-date synopsis of the genes necessary for pathogenesis by these organisms and the determinants that are currently being targeted for vaccine development.
THE RHAETIC BEDS OF THE NORTH-EAST MIDLANDS
Authors: Kent P. E. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

Rhaetic strata of the NE. Midlands are represented by the Westbury Beds (Black Shales) and Cotham Beds, with a possible thin representative of the Langport Beds. The Sully Beds are absent. The evidence does not support suggestions that the Rhaetic sea invaded England from the east, across south Lincolnshire.

In north Lincolnshire sandstone beds become important in the Black Shales, and are locally notable in the Upper Rhaetic also. From near Lincoln northwards reddish clays and shales are developed in the Upper Rhaetic, a partial reversion to Keuper conditions.

There is a marked increase in thickness in north-west Lincolnshire, moderate thinning in the area immediately south-east of Lincoln, and strong attenuation in the Grantham district.

Thickness changes in the Rhaetic are proportionately much greater than in the formations above and below. Regarded regionally, they correspond with major structures in the Carboniferous floor, and reflect movements related to the earliest known development of the Market Weighton uplift.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHERT BETWEEN THE MAIN AND CROW LIMESTONES IN NORTH YORKSHIRE
Authors: Wells A. J. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The Carboniferous Cherts of Swaledale and Wensleydale include two series, the Main Chert overlying the Main Limestone and the Richmond Chert Series overlying the Little Limestone. The stratigraphical relations of these are traced, and a minor but widespread unconformity is deduced between the Main and Little limestones. Rapid variations in lithological type ranging from pure limestone to pure chert within these series are thought to be largely due to local fluctuations in rates of deposition. Most of the cherts can be explained by simultaneous primary precipitation of calcium carbonate and silica, and a method by which this could have taken place is suggested. There is evidence of small-scale secondary silicification at most horizons in the chert series, and this is thought to have taken place penecontemporaneously with deposition. The structure of the “cauda-galli” markings on the parting surfaces of some of the cherts is demonstrated, but their primary origin remains unknown.
THE MARKET WEIGHTON STRUCTURE
Authors: Kent P. E. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Analysis of thickness variation and overlapping relationships of the Mesozoic rocks shows that the intra-Jurassic Market Weighton uplift of south Yorkshire was more in the nature of a broad non-subsiding rigid block than an anticline. It is thus analogous on a small scale to the London platform of the south of England. There is abundant evidence that the uplift was not a ridge permanently separating northern and southern Mesozoic basins, but that free connection existed across and past the area in Jurassic times.
Exploration of the pre-Triassic rocks of the area by seismic survey and by drilling is briefly described.
THE NAMURIAN OF THE NORTH-WEST QUARTER OF THE ASKRIGG BLOCK
Authors: Rowell A. J. , Scanlon J. E. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

The beds considered range from the Main Limestone at the base of E
1
to the Shunner Fell Grit high in E
2
. The Arnsbergian age of the Shunner Fell Marine Beds is confirmed by the discovery of
Tylonautilus nodiferus
(Armstrong). Early mutations of this species have also been found from the Faraday House Marine Band and Mirk Fell Ironstones. A widespread minor unconformity at the base of the Mirk Fell Ganister increases southwards and cuts out the Stonesdale and Crow Limestones. The Yoredale Mirk Fell Ganister passes southwards into the Lower Howgate Edge Grit of Millstone Grit facies. The majority of the E
1
non-calcareous beds accumulated in a delta front or interdistributory trough, though bar-finger and marsh deposits can also be recognized.

Minor hinge lines existed along the northern and western margins of the Askrigg Block during E
1
times. The block is divided into two dissimilar parts by the Stockdale Vein trending WNW. The northern part is characterized by faults with a similar trend, parallel with the northern margin of the block, whilst the southern section has a more nearly north-south fault pattern, the individual faults being impersistent and with a small throw. In the west of the area the beds are gently folded along axes nearly parallel with the western margin of the block, but the folds are deflected to a more north-easterly direction near the northern edge.
THE BORROWDALE VOLCANIC SERIES BETWEEN WASTWATER AND DUDDON VALLEY, CUMBERLAND
Authors: Firman R. J. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The Borrowdale Volcanic Series of this area have been sub-divided into six groups. The lowest group overlies the Skiddaw Slates and consists of up to 5500 feet of predominantly massive andesites. These Lower Andesites thin south-westward. Together with a small patch of tuffs near Wastwater, they are considered to have originated from a volcanic centre north-east of the area. All other groups probably originated from vents in the south-west. They range from sub-aerial andesitic and rhyolitic agglomerates to fine, delicately bedded tuffs which are thought to have been deposited in tranquil water. Rhyolites and andesites occur at several horizons in both types of tuff and a group of massive andesites comes in at the top of the succession.
The pre-Bala movements tilted the area eastward and caused some gentle folding. During the Caledonian orogeny open folds trending north-east developed. Folding was most intense in the south-west and here the northern limb of the major syncline is vertical. Possibly the Eskdale Granite was involved in this folding. The rocks were later faulted and cleaved. Tear faults and normal faults affect both the granite and the volcanic rocks.