bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Motorcycle‐related major trauma: On‐road versus off‐road incidence and profile of cases
Authors: Mikocka‐Walus Antonina , Gabbe Belinda , Cameron Peter 
Published: October 2010

AbstractObjective:  To describe and compare the incidence and profile of on‐ and off‐road motorcycle‐related major trauma (including death) cases across a statewide population.Methods:  A review of prospectively collected data on adult, motorcycle‐related major trauma cases from 2001 to 2008 was conducted. Major trauma survivors were identified from the population‐based Victorian State Trauma Registry, and deaths were extracted from the National Coroners Information System. Poisson regression was used to test for increasing incidence using two measures of exposure: population of Victoria aged ≥16 years, and registered motorcycles.Results:  There were 1157 major trauma survivors and 344 deaths with motorcycle‐related injuries over the study period. There was no change in the incidence of motorcycle‐related major trauma (both survivors plus deaths) (Incident Rate ratio [IRR]= 1.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.94–1.37) over the study period. Similarly, there was no change over time in the incidence of on‐road motorcycle‐related injury (survivors plus deaths) per 100 000 population (IRR = 1.03, 95% CI 0.84–1.27). However, the incidence of off‐road motorcycle‐related injury (survivors plus deaths) increased over the study period (IRR = 1.69, 95% CI 1.10–2.60). Among survivors and deaths, 882 (76%) and 301 (87.5%) cases, respectively, occurred on road.Conclusions:  Off‐road motorcycle‐related major trauma has increased and this has not been targeted in injury prevention campaigns in Australia. The incidence of on‐road motorcycle‐related death in adults has decreased. Preventive strategies to address on‐road injuries have been enforced and these are expected to lead to further reduction of on‐road motorcycle crashes in the future.
Effects of Bagging on Volatiles and Polyphenols in “Wanmi” Peaches during Endocarp Hardening and Final Fruit Rapid Growth Stages
Authors: Wang Yiju , Yang Chunxiang , Liu Chunyan , Xu Man , Li Shaohua , Yang Liu , Wang Younian 
Published: October 2010

Abstract:  Fruits of the late‐ripening peach cultivar “Wanmi” were bagged at the early period of fruit endocarp hardening, and the bags were removed 1 wk before maturity harvest. The effects of bagging on volatile compounds and polyphenols were studied. Total volatiles and the sum of C6 compounds, esters from bagged fruits were significantly lower than from nonbagged fruits from the beginning of the final rapid fruit growth stage to maturity. As the most dominant compounds of C6 compounds and esters, the lower contents of hexanal, trans‐2‐hexenal, hexyl acetate, cis‐3‐hexenyl acetate, and trans‐2‐hexenyl acetate attributed to the lower content of C6 compounds and esters in bagged fruit. γ‐Hexalactone and δ‐decalactone were produced earlier in bagged fruits than in nonbagged ones, suggesting that bagging accelerates fruit maturity. Level of γ‐decalactone in bagged fruits was significantly lower than in nonbagged fruits at 159 days after full blossom (DAFB), so did δ‐decalactone at 166 DAFB. Bagging did not affect chlorogenic acid and catechol contents of either fruit peel or flesh, nor did it affect contents of keracyanin or quercetin‐3‐rutinoside in fruit flesh during fruit development. However, keracyanin and quercetin‐3‐rutinoside levels were significantly reduced in bagged fruit peels before ripening compared to nonbagged fruit peels. Considering the large changes in volatiles and polyphenols, the key stage for “Wanmi” fruit maturity was between 126 DAFB and 147 DAFB, about 1 mo ahead of maturity.Practical Application:  Bagging on “Wanmi” peach accelerates fruit maturity. Bagging reduces volatile contents in “Wanmi” peach. Bagging reduces keracyanin and quercetin‐3‐rutinoside contents in “Wanmi” peach.
The Possibility of Lowering Oil Content of Potato Chips by Combining Atmospheric Frying with Postfrying Vacuum Application
Authors: Tarmizi Azmil Haizam Ahmad , Niranjan Keshavan 
Published: October 2010

Abstract:  Four protocols involving the application of low pressures, either toward the end of frying or after frying, were investigated with the aim of lowering the oil content of potato chips. Protocol 1 involving frying at atmospheric pressure followed by a 3 min draining time constituted the control. Protocol 2 involved lowering of pressure to 13.33 kPa, 40 s before the end of frying, followed by draining for 3 min at the same pressure. Protocol 3 was the same as protocol 2, except that the pressure was lowered 3 s before the end of frying. Protocol 4 involved lowering the pressure to 13.33 kPa after the product was lifted from the oil and holding it at this value over the draining time of 3 min. Protocol 4 gave a product having the lowest oil content (37.12 g oil/100 g defatted dry matter), while protocol 2 gave the product with highest oil content (71.10 g oil/100 g defatted dry matter), followed by those obtained using protocols 1 and 3 (68.48 g oil/100 g defatted dry matter and 52.50 g oil/100 g defatted dry matter, respectively). Protocol 4 was further evaluated to study the effects of draining times and vacuum applied, and compared with the control. It was noted that over the modest range of pressures investigated, there was no significant effect of the vacuum applied on the oil content of the product. This study demonstrates that the oil content of potato chips can be lowered significantly by combining atmospheric frying with draining under vacuum.Practical Application:  Application of vacuum toward the end of the frying process is aimed at hindering the surface oil from entering into the food structure, and result in a product with lower oil content. Since frying is undertaken, more or less, under conventional conditions, the product quality is essentially the same in all other respects.
Impact of Shelf Life on Content of Primary and Secondary Metabolites in Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)
Authors: Veberic Robert , Schmitzer Valentina , Petkovsek Maja M. , Stampar Franci 
Published: October 2010

Abstract:  In this study, we evaluated the changes in apple fruit quality during shelf life. After a month of cold storage, apples of cultivars “Jonagold” and “Golden Delicious” were exposed to ambient temperatures for 21 d, with subsequent sampling every 3 or 4 d. Fruit firmness, changes in amounts of sugars, malic acid, and phenolics were observed during shelf life. Chemical analyses were done with HPLC‐PDA system. An interchange between various sugars was noticed, but in general, the sum of sugars remained at the same level. The content of malic acid remained stable or dropped, resulting in sweeter fruit. Levels of phenolics were more constant in the pulp of both cultivars analyzed, while in the peel, the changes were more pronounced. In the pulp, a peak in the content of hydroxycinnamic acids and flavanols was noticed on the 2nd or 3rd sampling and afterwards, the amounts remained constant. In the peel an initial decrease of all analyzed phenolic groups was observed in both cultivars, however it was more pronounced in “Jonagold.” It can be concluded that changes in primary and secondary metabolites are not the main reason for the lower quality of fruit exposed to ambient temperatures. On the other hand, fruit firmness might be the limiting factor for shelf life duration.Practical Application:  In our study, we were able to show that various quality parameters react uniquely to exposure to ambient temperatures. The most dramatic change was noticed in fruit firmness, which might be the limiting factor for the practical duration of shelf life. On the other hand phenolics, as the health‐beneficial constituents in the flesh and peel of apples, did not change dramatically during shelf life. This information is important for nutritionists as well as for the consumers and specialists in fruit storage and handling.
Effect of Enzyme Activity and Frozen Storage on Jalapeño Pepper Volatiles by Selected Ion Flow Tube—Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Azcarate Carolina , Barringer Sheryl A. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract:  Samples of unblanched (fresh), stannous chloride‐treated, or blanched jalapeño peppers were measured for real‐time generation of lipoxygenase‐derived volatiles during 10 min after tissue disruption. Volatiles were also measured before and after 1.5, 2.5, 3, 6, and 9 mo of frozen storage at −15 °C. The concentration of all lipoxygenase‐derived compounds was significantly higher in unblanched jalapeño peppers compared to enzyme inhibited peppers. The maximum concentration of (Z)‐3‐hexenal, (E)‐2‐hexenal, and hexanal was detected at about 1.2, 1.5, and 1.5 min after tissue disruption, respectively. A decrease in (Z)‐3‐hexenal and an increase in dimethyl sulfide and methylbutanal occurred in blanched compared to stannous chloride‐treated peppers due to heat. Frozen storage resulted in no major changes in the lipoxygenase‐derived volatiles of whole and pureed blanched peppers after 9 mo. However, in whole unblanched peppers a gradual decrease of (Z)‐3‐hexenal, (E)‐2‐hexenal, hexanal, hexenol, and hexanol was observed over time; whereas in pureed unblanched peppers these compounds increased, reached maximum concentration, and then decreased. Similarly, the minor volatiles 2‐pentenal, 1‐penten‐3‐one, (E)‐2‐heptenal, (E)‐2‐octenal, and (E)‐2‐nonenal showed an initial increase followed by a decline in both whole and pureed unblanched peppers. Tissue disruption increased generation and degradation rates during frozen storage. The compounds (E,Z)‐2,6‐nonadienal, n‐propyl aldehyde, 2‐isobutyl‐3‐methoxypyrazine, and a mixture of terpenes decreased in unblanched and blanched frozen samples, while nonanal and methylbutanal increased only in unblanched samples.Practical Application:  Data obtained in this study contribute to the understanding of the dynamics of lipoxygenase‐derived volatile formation upon tissue disruption of jalapeño pepper. In addition, it contributes to generate knowledge on the effect of processing techniques, namely blanching and frozen storage, on the volatile profile of these peppers. This knowledge has applications in the manufacturing, product development, and quality control areas of the food industry as useful information to help in the designing and monitoring of processes aimed to obtain products with specific aroma characteristics. For instance, maximum levels of “fresh” and “green” aroma compounds are achieved rapidly during the first few minutes after pepper tissue is disrupted. The inhibition of enzyme activity shortly after this may help to maximize concentration of these aroma notes in the product. Frozen storage produces enzymatic and chemical changes in the volatile profile of unblanched peppers. The aroma profile of blanched peppers is more stable under frozen conditions, with a lower total volatile concentration.
Spectral domain anterior segment optical coherence tomography assessment of pterygium and pinguecula
Authors: Soliman Wael , Mohamed Tarek A. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract.Purpose:  To study the morphological patterns of pterygia and pingueculae using high‐resolution anterior segment spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT).Methods:  Prospective cross‐sectional study of 25 eyes presented with pterygia and pingueculae was conducted, and the eyes were examined by anterior segment SD‐OCT.Results:  We examined 25 eyes, including 13 eyes with primary pterygia, six eyes with recurrent pterygia, one case with a pseudopterygium and five eyes with pingueculae. Primary pterygia revealed elevation of the corneal epithelium by a wedge‐shaped mass of tissue separating the corneal epithelium from the underlying Bowman’s membrane, which became wavy and interrupted. We found satellite masses of pterygium tissue advanced under the epithelium beyond the clinically seen pterygium margins. In recurrent pterygia, we detected that the central tip of the pterygium was more advanced and creeping beneath the basal corneal epithelium than the primary pterygium. In pseudopterygium, the SD‐OCT images showed that the overgrowing membrane was not really attached to the underlying cornea. In cases of pingueculae, SD‐OCT revealed a wedge‐shaped mass that was nearly similar in pattern to that of the pterygia but stopped at the limbal region. Immediately after removal of pterygia, we noticed many remnants of the pterygia masses over the corneal stroma in spite of the clinically clear appearance of cornea.Conclusions:  SD‐OCT provided us with high‐resolution images of the pterygium and the pinguecula and showed clearly the anatomical relationship between the corneal tissues and these lesions. The use of this new modality of imaging may help to decrease the current recurrence rates after pterygium excision through using the anterior segment SD‐OCT in the evaluation of these lesions.
Gene expression profile of Li23, a new human hepatoma cell line that enables robust hepatitis C virus replication: Comparison with HuH‐7 and other hepatic cell lines
Authors: Mori Kyoko , Ikeda Masanori , Ariumi Yasuo , Kato Nobuyuki 
Published: October 2010

Aim:  Human hepatoma cell line HuH‐7‐derived cells are currently the only cell culture system used for robust hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication. We recently found a new human hepatoma cell line, Li23, that enables robust HCV replication. Although both cell lines had similar liver‐specific expression profiles, the overall profile of Li23 seemed to differ considerably from that of HuH‐7. To understand this difference, the expression profile of Li23 cells was further characterized by a comparison with that of HuH‐7 cells.Methods:  cDNA microarray analysis using Li23 and HuH‐7 cells was performed. Li23‐derived ORL8c cells and HuH‐7‐derived RSc cells, in which HCV could infect and efficiently replicate, were also used for the microarray analysis. For the comparative analysis by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR), human hepatoma cell lines (HuH‐6, HepG2, HLE, HLF and PLC/PRF/5) and immortalized hepatocyte cell line (PH5CH8) were also used.Results:  Microarray analysis of Li23 versus HuH‐7 cells selected 80 probes to represent highly expressed genes that have ratios of more than 30 (Li23/HuH‐7) or 20 (HuH‐7/Li23). Among them, 17 known genes were picked up for further analysis. The expression levels of most of these genes in Li23 and HuH‐7 cells were retained in ORL8c and RSc cells, respectively. Comparative analysis by RT–PCR using several other hepatic cell lines resulted in the classification of 17 genes into three types, and identified three genes showing Li23‐specific expression profiles.Conclusion:  Li23 is a new hepatoma cell line whose expression profile is distinct from those of frequently used hepatic cell lines.
Hepatitis C virus‐specific CD8+ T cell frequencies are associated with the responses of pegylated interferon‐α and ribavirin combination therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Tatsumi Tomohide , Takehara Tetsuo , Miyagi Takuya , Nakazuru Shoichi , Mita Eiji , Kanto Tatsuya , Hiramatsu Naoki , Hayashi Norio 
Published: October 2010

Aim:  Hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play critical roles in elimination of the HCV‐infected hepatocytes. However, the mechanism of HCV elimination by pegylated interferon‐α (peg‐IFNα) plus ribavirin is not fully understood. We examined HCV‐specific CTL responses during this combination therapy.Methods:  CD8+ T cells were isolated from 16 HCV infected patients treated by this combination therapy and were subjected to IFN‐γ enzyme‐linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay.Results:  The numbers of IFN‐γ spots against HCV Core or NS3 protein‐derived peptides in HCV patients before treatment were similar to those in healthy donors, and those in HCV patients significantly increased 4 weeks after the initiation of combination therapy. All HCV Core or NS3 proteins‐derived peptides specific CD8+ T cells responses in pre‐treated patients were not associated with ALT levels and HCV viral loads of HCV patients before treatment. And those in pre‐treated patients were similar between sustained virologic responder (SVR) patients and non‐SVR patients. Significant increase of HCV Core or NS3 proteins‐derived peptides specific CD8+ T cells responses between before and 4 weeks after this combination therapy were observed in SVR patients, but not in non‐SVR patients.Conclusions:  These results demonstrated that significant increase of HCV‐specific CD8+ T cells at 4 weeks after the initiation of IFN treatment might be associated with the elimination of HCV. Our findings suggest that the reactivity against HCV Core and NS3 proteins‐derived peptides might be useful in predicting the clinical outcome of the combination therapy of peg‐IFNα and ribavirin.
Unique structure of the M loop region of β1‐tubulin may contribute to size variability of platelets in the family Felidae
Authors: Boudreaux Mary K. , Osborne Christina D. , Herre Adam C. , Rivera Elliot Ramos , Spangler Elizabeth A. 
Published: October 2010

Background:Platelet size is relatively uniform in mammals except for domestic cats. Uniform platelet production by megakaryocytes can be disrupted if microtubule assembly or dynamics is impaired. Mutations in the gene encoding β1‐tubulin have been documented in dogs and people, and the resulting microtubule effects have been associated with production of large platelets.Objectives:The objectives of this study were to evaluate morphology of platelets on feline blood smears, determine the gene sequences encoding β1‐tubulin in members of the family Felidae, and compare the findings with those in other mammalian species to determine whether predicted structural differences in β1‐tubulin that might affect microtubule stability or assembly were present.Methods:At least 100 platelets/smear on blood smears from 15 domestic cats and 88 big cats were evaluated to assess platelet size variability. Platelet‐derived cDNA obtained from a domestic cat and genomic DNA isolated from blood samples of domestic cats and other members of the family Felidae were analyzed by PCR using primers specific for β1‐tubulin. Gene sequences obtained were compared with those of other common mammals.Results:Two differences in gene sequence were found in a highly conserved region encoding the M loop of β1‐tubulin in members of the family Felidae compared with sequences from other species. Platelet size variation was present in big cats and domestic cats. In addition, a rare amino acid change was documented in the C‐terminal region encoding the H11 helix in domestic cats.Conclusion:Members of the family Felidae have an altered M loop region in β1‐tubulin compared with other mammals. This variation may contribute to the observed platelet size variability.
Penetration of Drugs through the Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid/Blood-Brain Barrier for Treatment of Central Nervous System Infections
Authors: Nau Roland , Sörgel Fritz , Eiffert Helmut 
Published: October 2010

SUMMARYThe entry of anti-infectives into the central nervous system (CNS) depends on the compartment studied, molecular size, electric charge, lipophilicity, plasma protein binding, affinity to active transport systems at the blood-brain/blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier, and host factors such as meningeal inflammation and CSF flow. Since concentrations in microdialysates and abscesses are not frequently available for humans, this review focuses on drug CSF concentrations. The ideal compound to treat CNS infections is of small molecular size, is moderately lipophilic, has a low level of plasma protein binding, has a volume of distribution of around 1 liter/kg, and is not a strong ligand of an efflux pump at the blood-brain or blood-CSF barrier. When several equally active compounds are available, a drug which comes close to these physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties should be preferred. Several anti-infectives (e.g., isoniazid, pyrazinamide, linezolid, metronidazole, fluconazole, and some fluoroquinolones) reach a CSF-to-serum ratio of the areas under the curves close to 1.0 and, therefore, are extremely valuable for the treatment of CNS infections. In many cases, however, pharmacokinetics have to be balanced againstin vitroactivity. Direct injection of drugs, which do not readily penetrate into the CNS, into the ventricular or lumbar CSF is indicated when other effective therapeutic options are unavailable.
Melanized Fungi in Human Disease
Authors: Revankar Sanjay G. , Sutton Deanna A. 
Published: October 2010

SUMMARYMelanized or dematiaceous fungi are associated with a wide variety of infectious syndromes. Many are soil organisms and are generally distributed worldwide, though certain species appear to have restricted geographic ranges. Though they are uncommon causes of disease, melanized fungi have been increasingly recognized as important pathogens, with most reports occurring in the past 20 years. The spectrum of diseases with which they are associated has also broadened and includes allergic disease, superficial and deep local infections, pneumonia, brain abscess, and disseminated infection. For some infections in immunocompetent individuals, such as allergic fungal sinusitis and brain abscess, they are among the most common etiologic fungi. Melanin is a likely virulence factor for these fungi. Diagnosis relies on careful microscopic and pathological examination, as well as clinical assessment of the patient, as these fungi are often considered contaminants. Therapy varies depending upon the clinical syndrome. Local infection may be cured with excision alone, while systemic disease is often refractory to therapy. Triazoles such as voriconazole, posaconazole, and itraconazole have the most consistentin vitroactivity. Further studies are needed to better understand the pathogenesis and optimal treatment of these uncommon infections.
Immunization with Truncated Recombinant Protein SpaC ofErysipelothrix rhusiopathiaeStrain 715 Serovar 18 Confers Protective Immunity against Challenge with Various Serovars
Authors: To Ho , Someno Shuichi , Nagai Shinya , Koyama Tomohiro , Nagano Tetsuji 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTPreviously, we showed that surface protective antigen (Spa) proteins ofErysipelothrix rhusiopathiaecan be classified into three molecular species—SpaA, SpaB, and SpaC—and that SpaC is the most broadly cross-protective antigen among the three Spa proteins. In this study, we examined the ability of the α-helical domain, which comprises the N-terminal half of SpaC, to elicit cross-protective immunity in mice and pigs. Mice actively immunized with the full-length protein (rSpaC664) or the α-helical domain (rSpaC427), but not the C-terminal domain (rSpaC253), were protected against challenge withE. rhusiopathiaeserovars 1a, 2, 6, 19, and 18 expressing heterologous (SpaA or SpaB) and homologous (SpaC) Spas. The α-helical domain seemed to provide better protection than rSpaC664, although the differences did not reach statistical significance. Similarly, mice passively immunized with rabbit anti-rSpaC664 or anti-rSpaC427 sera, but not anti-rSpaC253 serum, were protected from challenge with various serovars. Pigs immunized with SpaC427 also developed specific antibodies against Spa proteins and were protected from challenge with the highly virulent heterologousE. rhusiopathiaestrain Fujisawa (serovar 1a). Taken together, these results demonstrate for the first time the striking protective efficacy of the α-helical domain-mediated immunization in both mice and pigs, thereby highlighting its utility as the most promising candidate for the development of a safe and effective vaccine against erysipelas.