bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ischaemia and the pink, pulseless hand complicating supracondylar fractures of the humerus in childhood
Authors: Blakey C. M. , Biant L. C. , Birch R. 
Published: October 2009

A series of 26 children was referred to our specialist unit with a ‘pink pulseless hand’ following a supracondylar fracture of the distal humerus after a mean period of three months (4 days to 12 months) except for one referred after almost three years. They were followed up for a mean of 15.5 years (4 to 26). The neurovascular injuries and resulting impairment in function and salvage procedures were recorded. The mean age at presentation was 8.6 years (2 to 12). There were eight girls and 18 boys. Only four of the 26 patients had undergone immediate surgical exploration before referral and three of these four had a satisfactory outcome. In one child the brachial artery had been explored unsuccessfully at 48 hours. As a result 23 of the 26 children presented with established ischaemic contracture of the forearm and hand. Two responded to conservative stretching. In the remaining 21 the antecubital fossa was explored. The aim of surgery was to try to improve the function of the hand and forearm, to assess nerve, vessel and muscle damage, to relieve entrapment and to minimise future disturbance of growth. Based on our results we recommend urgent exploration of the vessels and nerves in a child with a ‘pink pulseless hand’, not relieved by reduction of a supracondylar fracture of the distal humerus and presenting with persistent and increasing pain suggestive of a deepening nerve lesion and critical ischaemia.
The ‘pulseless pink’ hand after supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children
Authors: Mangat K. S. , Martin A. G. , Bache C. E. 
Published: October 2009

We compared two management strategies for the perfused but pulseless hand after stabilisation of a Gartland type III supracondylar fracture. We identified 19 patients, of whom 11 were treated conservatively after closed reduction (group 1). Four required secondary exploration, of whom three had median and/or anterior interosseus nerve palsy at presentation. All four were found to have tethering or entrapment of both nerve and vessel at the fracture site. Only two regained patency of the brachial artery, and one patient has a persistent neurological deficit. In six of the eight patients who were explored early (group 2) the vessel was tethered at the fracture site. In group 2 four patients also had a nerve palsy at presentation and were similarly found to have tethering or entrapment of both the nerve and the vessel. The patency of the brachial artery was restored in all six cases and their neurological deficits recovered completely. We would recommend early exploration of a Gartland type III supracondylar fracture in patients who present with a coexisting anterior interosseous or median nerve palsy, as these appear to be strongly predictive of nerve and vessel entrapment.
Fixation stability of opening- versus closing-wedge high tibial osteotomy
Authors: Luites J. W. H. , Brinkman J.-M. , Wymenga A. B. , van Heerwaarden R. J. 
Published: October 2009

Valgus high tibial osteotomy for osteoarthritis of the medial compartment of the knee can be performed using medial opening- and lateral closing-wedge techniques. The latter have been thought to offer greater initial stability. We measured and compared the stability of opening- and closing-wedge osteotomies fixed by TomoFix plates using radiostereometry in a series of 42 patients in a prospective, randomised clinical trial. There were no differences between the opening- and closing-wedge groups in the time to regain knee function and full weight-bearing. Pain and knee function were significantly improved in both groups without any differences between them. All the osteotomies united within one year. Radiostereometry showed no clinically relevant movement of bone or differences between either group. Medial opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy secured by a TomoFix plate offers equal stability to a lateral closing-wedge technique. Both give excellent initial stability and provide significantly improved knee function and reduction in pain, although the opening-wedge technique was more likely to produce the intended correction.
Clinical and radiological outcome of stemmed hip replacement after revision from metal-on-metal resurfacing
Authors: Eswaramoorthy V. K. , Biant L. C. , Field R. E. 
Published: October 2009

We report the outcome of total hip replacement in 29 failed metal-on-metal resurfacing hip replacements in which the primary surgery was performed between August 1995 and February 2005. The mean length of follow-up was five years (1.7 to 11.7). Of the 29 hip resurfacings, 19 acetabular components and all the femoral components were revised (28 uncemented stems and one cemented stem). There were no deaths and none of the patients was lost to follow-up. None of the hips underwent any further revision. The results of the revision resurfacing group were compared with those of a control group of age-matched patients. In the latter group there were 236 primary total hip replacements and 523 resurfacings performed during the same period by the same surgeons. The outcome of the revision resurfacing group was comparable with that of the stemmed primary hip replacement group but was less good than that of the primary hip resurfacing group. Long-term follow-up is advocated to monitor the outcome of these cases.
Large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Synthesis and discotic organization
Authors: Feng Xinliang , Pisula Wojciech , Müllen Klaus 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have attracted enormous interest due to their unique electronic and optoelectronic properties as well as the potential applications in organic electronics. This article reviews the progress in the modern synthesis of large PAHs with different sizes, shapes, edge structures, and substituents. Due to their outstanding self-organization characteristics, the discotic liquid-crystalline properties, self-assembled nanostructures on the surfaces, as well as the application in electronic devices will be discussed.
Synthesis and microfabrication of biomaterials for soft-tissue engineering
Authors: Bettinger Christopher J. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Biomaterials synthesis and scaffold fabrication will play an increasingly important role in the design of systems for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. These rapidly growing fields are converging as scaffold design must begin to incorporate multidisciplinary aspects in order to effectively organize cell-seeded constructs into functional tissue. This review article examines the use of synthetic biomaterials and fabrication strategies across length scales with the ultimate goal of guiding cell function and directing tissue formation. This discussion is parsed into three subsections: (1) biomaterials synthesis, including elastomers and gels; (2) synthetic micro- and nanostructures for engineering the cell–biomaterial interface; and (3) complex biomaterials systems design for controlling aspects of the cellular microenvironment.
Smad4-Shh-Nfic signaling cascade–mediated epithelial-mesenchymal interaction is crucial in regulating tooth root development
Authors: Huang Xiaofeng , Xu Xun , Bringas Pablo , Hung Yee Ping , Chai Yang 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is crucial for regulating epithelial-mesenchymal interaction during organogenesis, and the canonical Smad pathway–mediated TGF-β/BMP signaling plays important roles during development and disease. During tooth development, dental epithelial cells, known as Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS), participate in root formation following crown development. However, the functional significance of HERS in regulating root development remains unknown. In this study we investigated the signaling mechanism of Smad4, the common Smad for TGF-β/BMP signaling, in HERS in regulating root development. Tissue-specific inactivation of Smad4 in HERS results in abnormal enamel and dentin formation in K14-Cre;Smad4fl/fl mice. HERS enlarges but cannot elongate to guide root development without Smad4. At the molecular level, Smad4-mediated TGF-β/BMP signaling is required for Shh expression in HERS and Nfic (nuclear factor Ic) expression in the cranial neural crest (CNC)-derived dental mesenchyme. Nfic is crucial for root development, and loss of Nfic results in a CNC-derived dentin defect similar to the one of K14-Cre;Smad4fl/fl mice. Significantly, we show that ectopic Shh induces Nfic expression in dental mesenchyme and partially rescues root development in K14-Cre;Smad4fl/fl mice. Taken together, our study has revealed an important signaling mechanism in which TGF-β/BMP signaling relies on a Smad-dependent mechanism in regulating Nfic expression via Shh signaling to control root development. The interaction between HERS and the CNC-derived dental mesenchyme may guide the size, shape, and number of tooth roots. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Linking Exposure Assessment Science With Policy Objectives for Environmental Justice and Breast Cancer Advocacy: The Northern California Household Exposure Study
Authors: Brody Julia Green , Morello-Frosch Rachel , Zota Ami , Brown Phil , Pérez Carla , Rudel Ruthann A. 
Published: November 2009

Objectives. We compared an urban fence-line community (neighboring an oil refinery) and a nonindustrial community in an exposure study focusing on pollutants of interest with respect to breast cancer and environmental justice. Methods. We analyzed indoor and outdoor air from 40 homes in industrial Richmond, California, and 10 in rural Bolinas, California, for 153 compounds, including particulates and endocrine disruptors. Results. Eighty compounds were detected outdoors in Richmond and 60 in Bolinas; Richmond concentrations were generally higher. Richmond's vanadium and nickel levels indicated effects of heavy oil combustion from oil refining and shipping; these levels were among the state's highest. In nearly half of Richmond homes, PM2.5 exceeded California's annual ambient air quality standard. Paired outdoor–indoor measurements were significantly correlated for industry- and traffic-related PM2.5, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, elemental carbon, metals, and sulfates (r = 0.54–0.92, P < .001). Conclusions. Indoor air quality is an important indicator of the cumulative impact of outdoor emissions in fence-line communities. Policies based on outdoor monitoring alone add to environmental injustice concerns in communities that host polluters. Community-based participatory exposure research can contribute to science and stimulate and inform action on the part of community residents and policymakers.
One Year Later: Mental Illness Prevalence and Disparities Among New Orleans Residents Displaced by Hurricane Katrina
Authors: Sastry Narayan , VanLandingham Mark 
Published: November 2009

Objectives. We examined whether there were high levels of mental illness among displaced New Orleans, LA, residents in the fall of 2006, 1 year after Hurricane Katrina.Methods. We used data from the Displaced New Orleans Residents Pilot Study, which measured the prevalence of probable mild or moderate and serious mental illness among a representative sample of people who resided in New Orleans at the time of the hurricane, including people who evacuated the city and did not return. We also analyzed disparities in mental illness by race, education, and income.Results. We found high rates of mental illness in our sample and major disparities in mental illness by race, education, and income. Severe damage to or destruction of an individual's home was a major covariate of mental illness.Conclusions. The prevalence of mental illness remained high in the year following Hurricane Katrina, in contrast to the pattern found after other disasters. Economic losses and displacement may account for this finding as well as the disparity in mental illness between Blacks and Whites.
Stressful Life Events and the Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Pyykkönen Antti-Jussi , Räikkönen Katri , Tuomi Tiinamaija , Eriksson Johan G. , Groop Leif , Isomaa Bo 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE
Stress may play a role in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. However, the scant evidence available is not population-based, restricting the external validity of the findings. Our aim was to test associations between stressful life events, their accumulation, and the metabolic syndrome in a large population-based cohort. We also tested associations between stress and the individual components related to the metabolic syndrome.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This was a population-based, random sample of 3,407 women and men aged 18–78 years residing in Western Finland. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III and International Diabetes Federation criteria. The severity of 15 stressful life events pertaining to finance, work, social relationships, health, and housing was self-rated.

RESULTS
In comparison with subjects not reporting any extremely stressful life events, those reporting work- or finance-related events had an increased odds for having the metabolic syndrome. The risk was further increased according to accumulation of stressful finance-related events and to having at least three stressful life events in any of the life domains assessed. Accumulation of stressful life events was associated with insulin resistance, obesity, and triglycerides. The associations were not confounded by sex, age, lifestyle, or family history of diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS
Life events perceived as stressful, particularly those related to finance and work, may be a signal for poor metabolic health.
Effect of thidiazuron and gibberellic acid on leaf yellowing of cut stock flowers
Authors: Ferrante Antonio , Mensuali-Sodi Anna , Serra Giovanni 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Plant hormones such as cytokinins and gibberellins are able to inhibit leaf yellowing in different species of cut flowers and potted plants. These hormones can be used alone or in combination among them for preserving chlorophyll in floriculture items. In the present study thidiazuron was tested alone or combined with GA3 for delaying leaf yellowing of cut stock flowers during vase life. Cut flowers were placed in a controlled environment and treated for 24 hours with the following solutions: distilled water (control) or solutions containing 5, 10 µM thidiazuron (TDZ), 0.5 mM gibberellic acid (GA3), or a combination of 0.5 mM GA3 with 5 µM TDZ. The effect of treatments was evaluated by measuring chlorophyll content, ethylene production, leaf gas exchanges and chlorophyll a fluorescence. Results showed that TDZ was able to delay leaf yellowing in light during whole experimental period (30 days). The effect of TDZ on dark stored flowers was less effective, and also delayed chlorophyll losses for 10–12 days. TDZ and GA3 combination did not show any synergistic nor beneficial effect. Gas exchange values such as net photosynthesis, vapour pressure deficit, stomatal conductance and water use efficiency were higher in the TDZ only treatment.
A Framework for Caching Relevant Data Items for Checking Integrity Constraints of Mobile Database
Authors: Ibrahim Hamidah , Dzolkhifli Zarina , Affendey Lilly Suriani Affendey , Madiraju Praveen 
Published: October 2009

In a mobile environment, due to the various constraints
inherited from limitations of wireless communication
and mobile devices, checking for integrity constraints to
maintain the consistent state of mobile databases is an important
issue that needs to be addressed. Hence, in this paper
we propose a framework for caching relevant data items
needed during the process of checking integrity constraints
of mobile databases. This is achieved by analyzing the relationships
among the integrity tests (simplified form of integrity
constraints) to be evaluated for a given update operation.
This improves the checking mechanism by preventing
delays during the process of checking constraints and performing
the update. Hence, our model speeds up the checking
process.
Using Mobility to Enhance the Routing Process in the MIS System
Authors: Kamal Oudidi , Ahmed Habbani , Mohammed Elkoutbi 
Published: October 2009

In this paper, we introduce the original Mobile Intelligent System (MIS) in embedded FPGA architecture. This node will allow the construction of autonomous mobile network units which can move in unknowns, inaccessible or hostile environnement for human being, in order to collect data by various sensors and transmits them by routing to a unit of distant process.
In the sake of improving the performance of routing unit, we propose a measure of mobility. Each node measure its own mobility in the network, based on the change of the links state in his neighboring. This measure of mobility has no unit, and it is calculated by quantification in regular time intervals.
Selective Prostacyclin Receptor Agonism Augments Glucocorticoid-Induced Gene Expression in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells
Authors: Wilson Sylvia M. , Shen Pamela , Rider Christopher F. , Traves Suzanne L. , Proud David , Newton Robert , Giembycz Mark A. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Prostacyclin receptor (IP-receptor) agonists display anti-inflammatory and antiviral activity in cell-based assays and in preclinical models of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In this study, we have extended these observations by demonstrating that IP-receptor activation also can enhance the ability of glucocorticoids to induce genes with anti-inflammatory activity. BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells stably transfected with a glucocorticoid response element (GRE) luciferase reporter were activated in a concentration-dependent manner by the glucocorticoid dexamethasone. An IP-receptor agonist, taprostene, increased cAMP in these cells and augmented luciferase expression at all concentrations of dexamethasone examined. Analysis of the concentration-response relationship that described this effect showed that taprostene increased the magnitude of transcription without affecting the potency of dexamethasone and was, thus, steroid-sparing in this simple system. RO3244794, an IP-receptor antagonist, and oligonucleotides that selectively silenced the IP-receptor gene, PTGIR, abolished these effects of taprostene. Infection of BEAS-2B GRE reporter cells with an adenovirus vector encoding a highly selective inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) also prevented taprostene from enhancing GRE-dependent transcription. In BEAS-2B cells and primary cultures of human airway epithelial cells, taprostene and dexamethasone interacted either additively or cooperatively in the expression of three glucocorticoid-inducible genes (GILZ, MKP-1, and p57kip2) that have anti-inflammatory potential. Collectively, these data show that IP-receptor agonists can augment the ability of glucocorticoids to induce anti-inflammatory genes in human airway epithelial cells by activating a cAMP/PKA-dependent mechanism. This observation may have clinical relevance in the treatment of airway inflammatory diseases that are either refractory or respond suboptimally to glucocorticoids.
Inducible clindamycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Gupta V , Datta P , Rani H , Chander J 
Published: October 2009

Background:
The resistance to antimicrobial agents among Staphylococci is an increasing problem. The resistance to macrolide can be mediated by msr A gene coding for efflux mechanism or via erm gene encoding for enzymes that confer inducible or constitutive resistance to macrolide, lincosamide and Type B streptogramin.

Aim:
The present study was aimed to find out the percentage of Staphylococcus aureus having inducible clindamycin resistance (iMLSB) in our geographic area using D-test. Also, we tried to ascertain the relationship between Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and inducible clindamycin resistance, association of these iMLSB isolates with community or nosocomial setting and treatment options for these iMLSB isolates.

Settings and Design:
A total of 200 non-duplicate Staphylococcus aureus isolates from various clinical samples from both outdoor and indoor patients were studied.

Materials and Methods:
Susceptibility to routine antimicrobial agents was carried out using Kirby Bauer method. Methicillin resistance was detected by oxacillin disc on Mueller Hinton agar (MHA) supplemented with 2% NaCl. D-test was performed on all erythromycin-resistant and clindamycin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus strains to detect inducible clindamycin resistance.

Results:
Among 200 Staphylococcus aureus strains, 50 (25%) were found to be MRSA and 36 were D-test positive. Also, MRSA isolates showed both higher inducible resistance and constitutive resistance to clindamycin as compared to Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). Out of 36 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus showing inducible clindamycin resistance, 24 were from the outpatient department and 12 were recovered from indoor patients. All isolates of Staphylococcus aureus showed 100% sensitivity to vancomycin and linezolid.

Conclusions:
Clindamycin is kept as a reserve drug and is usually advocated in severe MRSA infections depending upon the antimicrobial susceptibility results. We have reported a higher incidence of iMLSB from both community (66.67%) as well as hospital (33.33%) setup. Therefore clinical microbiology laboratory should report inducible clindamycin resistance routinely.
Genetic signatures of natural selection
Authors: Przeworski Molly , Bustamante Carlos D. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Molecular population genetic data carry information about the evolutionary forces that have shaped the history of the species and, in particular, about past adaptations. Here, we review how nucleotide sequence variation within and between species can be used to detect and characterize natural selection. We provide a brief description of tests of neutrality for various types of data, detail the limitations of current methods, and summarize recent theoretical advances that may be important in moving this growing field forward.