bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of Sudden Death in Young, Competitive Athletes Due to Blunt Trauma
Authors: Thomas Mathew , Haas Tammy S. , Doerer Joseph J. , Hodges James S. , Aicher Brittany O. , Garberich Ross F. , Mueller Frederick O. , Cantu Robert C. , Maron Barry J. 
Published: June 2011

BACKGROUND:
Sudden deaths of young competitive athletes are highly visible events that have a substantial effect on families and communities. Recent attention has focused predominantly on cardiovascular causes, and less on traumatic organ damage.

OBJECTIVE:
To define the clinical profile, epidemiology, and frequency of trauma-related deaths in young US athletes.

METHODS:
We analyzed the 30-year US National Registry of Sudden Death in Young Athletes (1980–2009) by using systematic identification and tracking strategies.

RESULTS:
Of 1827 deaths of athletes aged 21 years or younger, 261 (14%) were caused by trauma-related injuries, usually involving the head and/or neck (mean: 16 ± 2 years; 90% male) in 22 sports. The highest number of events in a single year was 16 (1986), with an average of 9 per year throughout 30 years. The mortality rate was 0.11 in 100 000 participations (95% confidence interval: 0.08–0.15). The largest number of deaths was in football (148 [57%]), including 17 high school athletes who sustained concussions shortly before fatal head trauma (“second-impact syndrome”). Football deaths were more frequent in defensive players, although the single most common position involved was running back (61% of offensive players).

CONCLUSIONS:
In a large community-based national registry, sudden deaths caused by blunt trauma in young athletes aged 21 years or younger were relatively uncommon with 16 or fewer per year, about fourfold less than cardiovascular deaths. These fatalities were most frequent in football, and an important proportion of deaths after head blows in high school football were associated with a recent history of symptomatic concussion.
Pediatric Submersion Events in Portable Above-Ground Pools in the United States, 2001–2009
Authors: Shields Brenda J. , Pollack-Nelson Carol , Smith Gary A. 
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE:The goal of this study was to describe the epidemiology of pediatric submersion events occurring in portable pools in the United States.METHODS:A retrospective analysis of fatal and nonfatal submersion events involving children younger than 12 years in portable pools was conducted using injury and fatality data compiled by the US Consumer Product Safety Commission from 2001 through 2009.RESULTS:There were 209 fatal and 35 nonfatal submersion cases reported to the commission from 2001 through 2009. The majority (94%) involved children younger than 5 years, 56% involved boys, 73% occurred in the child's own yard, and 81% occurred during the summer months. The number of submersion events increased rapidly from 2001 to 2005 and then leveled off from 2005 to 2009.CONCLUSIONS:The use of portable pools in residential settings poses a significant risk of submersion-related morbidity and mortality to children, especially in the &lt;5-year-old age group. No single strategy will prevent all submersion deaths and injuries; therefore, layers of protection are recommended. Industry is advised to engage in development of protective devices that are effective and affordable for portable pools, including isolation fencing, pool alarms, and safety covers. A strong and pervasive consumer education campaign is needed to make consumers aware of the dangers of portable pools, because these small, inexpensive, consumer-installed pools may not generate the same sense of risk as an in-ground pool.
The Risk of Necrotizing Enterocolitis After Indomethacin Tocolysis
Authors: Sood Beena G. , Lulic-Botica Mirjana , Holzhausen Kelly A. , Pruder Sharon , Kellogg Holly , Salari Vali , Thomas Ron 
Published: June 2011

BACKGROUND:
Postnatal indomethacin is reportedly associated with an increased incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants. Because indomethacin readily crosses the placenta, we hypothesized that antenatal indomethacin (AI) would increase the risk for NEC in preterm infants.

OBJECTIVE:
The goal of this study was to explore the association between AI and NEC in preterm infants.

METHODS:
Medical records of preterm infants, 23 to 32 weeks' gestational age, without major congenital anomalies, were reviewed. Maternal and neonatal data were abstracted. Association of AI within 15 days before delivery (predictor variable) and classification of NEC according to modified Bell's stage 2a or higher in the first 15 days after delivery (early NEC [primary outcome variable]) was explored by using bivariate analyses, multivariate logistic regression, and propensity score analysis.

RESULTS:
Of 628 eligible infants, 63 received AI and 28 developed early NEC. AI exposure was significantly associated with multiple gestation, race, antenatal corticosteroids and magnesium sulfate, lower birth weight and gestational age, umbilical arterial catheter placement, respiratory distress syndrome, postnatal vasopressors and antibiotics, patent ductus arteriosus, sepsis, NEC, intraventricular hemorrhage, and mortality. On multivariate logistic regression controlling for covariates, AI was significantly associated with early NEC (adjusted odds ratio: 7.193 [95% confidence interval: 2.514–20.575]; number needed to harm: 5). The results remained significant when analyses were repeated using AI exposure within 5 days before delivery as a predictor variable; on analyses stratified according to gestational age; and on propensity score analysis.

CONCLUSIONS:
AI was associated with NEC in preterm infants in the first 15 days of life in this study, as were multiple other clinical factors.
Cervical Enamel Projections and Associated Pouch‐Like Opening in Mandibular Furcations
Authors: Blanchard Steven B. , Derderian Gay M. , Averitt Thomas R. , John Vanchit , Newell Donald H. 
Published: June 2011

Background: Cervical enamel projections (CEPs) have been listed among the tooth‐associated risk factors that could lead to isolated furcation defects around molar teeth. This is more likely when Grade III CEPs are present. However, the histologic aspects of the CEP interface with regard to the presence or absence of cementum over the enamel projection within the furcation have not been well described. This study was initially undertaken to evaluate this relationship.Methods: Thirty‐five mandibular molars with Grade III CEPs were selected from a collection of extracted teeth and evaluated for the presence of cementum covering these areas by stereomicroscopy, light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).Results: Sixteen of the 35 teeth (45.7%) with Grade III CEPs appeared completely covered by cementum. SEM evaluation showed the presence of a narrow pouch‐like opening between cementum and enamel in 15 of 16 teeth (93.8%). Light microscopy evaluation confirmed the presence of the pouch along with some indication of residual degenerated mesenchymal tissue within the defects. SEM evaluation showed the presence of globular bodies in this pouch.Conclusions: This study reports on the presence of a pouch‐like opening between the enamel and cementum in mandibular molars with Grade III CEPs. The clinical significance of these cementum pouches has yet to be determined but bacterial contamination of these pouch‐like structures in areas of furcation periodontal breakdown may serve as a nidus for recolonization and disease recurrence or for the development of furcation caries if exposed to the oral cavity after surgical procedures.
The Thickness of Facial Alveolar Bone Overlying Healthy Maxillary Anterior Teeth
Authors: Ghassemian Marjan , Nowzari Hessam , Lajolo Carlo , Verdugo Fernando , Pirronti Tommaso , D'Addona Antonio 
Published: June 2011

Background: A facial bone (<2 mm) overlying maxillary anterior teeth may be prone to resorptive processes after extraction and immediate implant placement. A thin bone contributes to risk of bone fenestration, dehiscence, and soft‐tissue recession. This study measures the distance between the cemento‐enamel junction (CEJ) and alveolar bone crest and the thickness of facial alveolar bone at points 1 to 5 mm from the bone crest for the six maxillary anterior teeth.Methods: Sixty‐six tomographic scans (31 males and 35 females; aged 17 to 69 years; mean age: 39.9 years) of intact anterior maxilla were randomly selected and evaluated by two calibrated and independent examiners (MG and TP).Results: A high variation of CEJ–bone crest (0.8 to 7.2 mm) was detected. A significantly larger CEJ–bone crest was measured in smokers (P <0.05) and patients who were ≥50 years old (P <0.05). The average bone thickness at 3 mm from the CEJ for the maxillary right central incisor was 1.41 mm and for the maxillary left central incisor was 1.45 mm. For the maxillary right and left lateral incisors, the crestal bone thickness averaged 1.73 and 1.59 mm, respectively. For the maxillary right and left canines, the crestal bone thickness averaged 1.47 and 1.60 mm, respectively.Conclusions: The present study supports the finding of a predominantly thin facial bone overlying the six maxillary anterior teeth. Therefore, it is essential to make informed treatment decisions based on thorough site evaluation before immediate implant placement.
A Novel Organotypic Dento‐Epithelial Culture Model: Effect of Fusobacterium nucleatum Biofilm on B‐Defensin‐2, ‐3, and LL‐37 Expression
Authors: Gursoy Ulvi K. , Pöllänen Marja , Könönen Eija , Uitto Veli‐Jukka 
Published: June 2011

Background: In the present study, the expression and localization of three epithelial peptides (human β‐defensin [hBD]‐2 and ‐3, and cathelicidin [LL‐37]) are studied in an organotypic dento‐epithelial (OD‐E) model exposed to Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) biofilm.Methods: Biofilm of Fn ATCC 25586 or AHN 9508 were produced by culturing each strain on semipermeable membranes. The OD‐E model was constructed by seeding keratinocytes on fibroblast‐containing collagen gels and by placing dentin pieces on the top. A 3‐day‐old biofilm was placed on the top of the OD‐E and the coculture was incubated for 5 hours or 24 hours. Production of epithelial antimicrobial peptides was determined immunohistochemically.Results: After 5 hours of incubation, the biofilm of each Fn strain stimulated expression of hBD‐2 and ‐3. hBD‐2 was localized on superficial layers and hBD‐3 on basal cell layers of the epithelium and dento‐epithelial junctions, whereas LL‐37 was only weakly expressed. After 24 hours, hBD‐2 expression was extended toward basal cell layers of the epithelium. In contrast, hBD‐3 expression extended toward superficial layers of the epithelium. In the case of Fn AHN 9508 biofilm, LL‐37 was localized in the cell layers of the dento‐epithelial junction.Conclusion: In our OD‐E model, epithelial antimicrobial peptide responses to Fn biofilms have distinct regulation and localization characteristics, resembling those known to occur in the gingival epithelium in vivo.
Periodontal Risk Assessment Model in a Sample of Regular and Irregular Compliers Under Maintenance Therapy: A 3‐Year Prospective Study
Authors: Costa Fernando Oliveira , Miranda Cota Luís Otávio , Pereira Lages Eugênio José , Lima Oliveira Ana Paula , Cortelli Sheila Cavalca , Cortelli José Roberto , Medeiros Lorentz Telma Campos , Costa José Eustáquio 
Published: June 2011

Background: The purpose of this study is to investigate the association of the periodontal risk assessment (PRA) model with the recurrence of periodontitis and tooth loss during periodontal maintenance therapy (PMT).Methods: In a prospective PMT program, 75 regular complier (RC) and 89 erratic complier (EC) patients were selected. A periodontal examination and PRA were performed after active periodontal therapy and after 3 years of PMT. Risk profiles (low, moderate, or high) of participants were evaluated, and the recurrence of periodontitis and tooth loss were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analyses.Results: RCs showed less recurrence of periodontitis and tooth loss than ECs (P <0.05). Rates of periodontitis recurrence in RCs and ECs were 2.7% and 3.4%, respectively, for the moderate‐risk profile and 6.7% and 11.2%, respectively, for the high‐risk profile. During PMT, 49 teeth (0.65 ± 1.4 teeth per participant) were lost in the RC group, and 70 teeth (0.78 ± 2.1 teeth per participant) were lost in the EC group. High‐risk profile participants showed more recurrence of periodontitis and lost significantly more teeth than did participants with moderate‐ or low‐risk profiles in RC and EC groups (P <0.05).Conclusion: The risk profile influenced the recurrence of periodontitis and tooth loss. RCs had less recurrence of periodontitis and less tooth loss. The PRA model can be useful in particularizing the risk of patients and adjusting recall intervals.
CFD Verification of Engineering Options for Mitigating Liquid Sloshing in Topside Vessels on a Floating Production Facility
Authors: Lu Yaojun , Chai Shuhong 
Published: June 2011

Summary
This paper proposes an active-control concept that mitigates the liquid sloshing in a topside vessel by reducing the excitation source, thus extending the scope of sloshing mitigation. To verify the concept proposed, sloshing response in partially liquid-filled topside vessels was numerically investigated under various wave and vessel conditions.
This study confirmed that vessel location on the top deck exhibits a weak correlation with the sloshing response. Although liquid sloshing is not very sensitive to the vessel location, it is beneficial to place the topside processing vessels as close as possible to gravity center of the floating production facilities (FPS/FPSO). It is evident that liquid sloshing in a topside vessel is closely related to the incident direction of the wave. The perpendicular incidence results in the minimum sloshing response; the parallel incidence leads to the maximum sloshing response. It is, therefore, essential to properly orient the vessel to establish perpendicular or close-to- perpendicular incidence status. It is also verified that liquid sloshing is significantly increased with length-to-diameter (L/D) ratio of a vessel. The horizontal vessels with larger L/D suffer from severe liquid sloshing. Because vertical vessels have a minimum L/D = 1.0, they always exhibit better antisloshing performance than the horizontal vessels. In addition, it is advisable to prevent a vessel from operating near the resonance-wave condition.
Although the active control concept shows attractive advantages over the conventional approach, it is more feasible for layout of topside vessels on a newly built FPS/FPSO. Because most of the floating-production systems are not built from scratch such that the topside processing vessels can be placed in the optimal position and orientation but are retrofitted for a topside vessel to fit onto a limited deck space, the passive-control approach may be more applicable. Generally, a combination of the active and passive approaches should be considered to minimize liquid sloshing in a topside process vessel.
Friction Pressure Performance of Commonly Used Viscous Gravel-Packing Fluids
Authors: Jain Samyak , Gadiyar Bala , Stamm Bryan , Abad Carlos , Parlar Mehmet , Shah Subhash 
Published: June 2011

Summary
Gravel packing is increasingly used in long horizontal wells and challenging environments. Key to executing the gravel-pack job successfully is selecting an appropriate gravel-carrier fluid. Frictional pressure loss exhibited by gravel-packing fluids is an important consideration in their selection. This paper discusses the friction pressure performance of commonly used gravel-packing fluids in the industry today, which include the viscoelastic surfactant (VES) types of fluids, xanthan, and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC).
In wells with a long horizontal section or narrow margin between pore pressure and fracture gradients, the frictional pressure loss exhibited by these fluids in the wash pipe and wash-pipe/base-pipe annulus governs whether these wells can be gravel packed without fracturing the formation. In gravel packs with alternative-path configuration (shunts), the frictional pressure loss through the shunts controls the maximum length that can be gravel packed.
This paper discusses in detail the fluid friction pressure performance while pumping these fluids through various conduits including circular pipe, eccentric annuli, and rectangular tubes (shunts). These data were generated in field-scale yard tests under controlled conditions, for both ambient and elevated temperatures. The paper also discusses the rheological properties of these fluids at ambient and elevated temperatures. The effect of factors such as surfactant/polymer concentration, addition of gravel, and temperature on the frictional pressure loss of these fluids is presented, which will help in fluid selection/optimization under different scenarios.
In-Situ Combustion Dynamics Visualized With X-Ray Computed Tomography
Authors: Hasçakir B.. , Glatz G.. , Castanier L.M.. M. , Kovscek A.R.. R. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryOne method to access unconventional, heavy-oil resources is to apply in-situ combustion (ISC) to oxidize in place a small fraction of the hydrocarbon, thereby providing heat and pressure that enhances recovery. ISC is also attractive because it provides the opportunity to upgrade oil in situ by increasing the API gravity and decreasing, for instance, sulfur content. Despite a considerable literature on ISC dynamics, the propagation of a combustion front through porous media has never been visualized directly. We use X-ray computed tomography (CT) to monitor ISC movement, displacement-front shape, and thickness in a 1-m-long "combustion" tube. Temperature-profile history, liquid production, and effluent gas data are also obtained. Tests employ an 8.65°API heavy crude oil and representative sand. The general trend of saturation profiles is defined through spatially and temporally varying CT numbers. The role of initial oil and water saturations is examined by packing the combustion tube with either multiple samples with different saturations or by filling it with a uniform sample. Our work quantifies that ISC fronts display instabilities on a fine scale (cm). ISC reactions appear to add to front instability in comparison to inert gas advance. The pressure gradients during ISC appear to influence grain arrangement for loose packing. These grain arrangements cause combustion-front fingering, suggesting that the geomechanical state is relevant to combustion. These new data advance the knowledge base significantly by providing a data set for benchmarking of ISC simulations.
The identity and occurrence of <i>Phyllanthus hookeri</i> Muell.-Arg. and <i>P. nozeranii</i> Rossignol & Haicour (Euphorbiaceae) in India
Authors: Raju Vatsavaya S. , Suthari S. , Ragan A. 
Published: June 2011

There are 16 species of Phyllanthus subgenus Phyllanthus reported from India. The present paper adds two more species that are invasive weeds in the paddy fields and on forest floors, namely Phyllanthus hookeri Muell.-Arg. and P. nozeranii Rossignol & Haicour of sect. Urinaria subsect. Urinaria of Phyllanthus. The former is somewhat woody and perennial whereas the latter is slender and monsoonal. The presence of these two taxa in India was brought to light in 1987 by Rossignol et al. based on the herbarium specimens collected earlier to 1863 and deposited at Paris from northeastern and southeastern India. Whilst Phyllanthus hookeri is overlooked or underrated by the taxonomists, P. nozeranii is misidentified and considered conspecific with P. urinaria L. Keywords: Phyllanthus urinaria complex; P. hookeri; P. nozeranii; Identity; Chemotaxonomy; India.DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v18i1.7839Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 18(1): 57-63, 2011 (June)
Révolution arabes : les angles morts de l'analyse politique des sociétés de la région
Authors: Ben Néfissa Sarah 
Published: June 2011

Les soulèvements qui ont conduit à la chute des deux présidents tunisien et égyptien et qui agitent aujourd’hui les pays de la région ont provoqué la surprise non seulement de l’opinion internationale mais également des milieux académiques, en France notamment. Cet étonnement pose le problème de certains angles morts de la recherche scientifique sur la région. Si la focalisation des sciences politiques françaises sur l’islamisme a souvent été dénoncée avec raison, par contre les interprétations conformistes et littéralistes des analyses portant sur les pactes sociaux et politiques à la base du phénomène autoritaire et sa consolidation dans le cadre de la globalisation démocratique dans la région n’ont pas suffisamment été mises en exergue. Une de leurs conséquences a été de faire du « mouvement social » un objet de recherche illégitime, malgré son importance accrue ces dernières années dans les pays de la région. Or ces analyses demeurent pertinentes pour interroger les processus politiques futurs de ces pays et également pour comprendre les spécificités plus « civiles » que strictement politiques des révolutions tunisienne et égyptienne
L'Algérie dans le « Printemps arabe » entre espoirs, initiatives et blocages
Authors: Chena Salim 
Published: June 2011

L’Algérie a connu des émeutes nationales au début du mois de janvier 2011 puis, dans le contexte du « Printemps arabe », plusieurs membres de la société civile et des personnalités historiques ont défendu la perspective d’un changement pacifique du système politique algérien. Néanmoins, malgré la levée de l’état d’urgence intervenue fin février, le régime algérien ne montre aucune velléité de changement en profondeur. Entre espoirs et initiatives, l’Algérie fait face à des blocages institutionnels au changement démocratique.
La révolution arabe de 2011 et son printemps palestinien
Authors: Heacock Roger 
Published: June 2011

La Palestine forme le cœur de la cause arabe, dit-on. Aujourd’hui, la formule s’est inversée, et les Palestiniens se voient emportés dans la grande révolution arabe de 2011, déjà devenue l’année des retrouvailles, du moins s’agissant des peuples. Les deux ‘régimes’ palestiniens de Cisjordanie et Gaza doivent suivre, abandonnés par leurs protecteurs (Mubarak dans un cas, Assad dans l’autre), et c’est ainsi que la pression conjuguée de la base populaire et de la région a forcé le Hamas et le Fatah à s’engager dans un processus de réconciliation que les Palestiniens appellent de leurs vœux.
Après les révolutions arabes : changer de paradigme dans le partenariat euro-méditerranéen
Authors: Moisseron Jean-Yves 
Published: June 2011

Face aux changements dans le monde arabe, il est nécessaire de refonder le partenariat euro-méditerranéen et de changer de paradigme. Un bilan objectif du processus de Barcelone depuis 1995 s’impose pour redéfinir une stratégie qui ne pourra être que l’expression d’une volonté bipartite exprimée par des gouvernements représentatifs. La tâche est d’autant plus difficile que la rive sud a exprimé plusieurs fois une fatigue institutionnelle devant l’empilage des projets européens (Processus de Barcelone, Nouvelle Politique de Voisinage, Union pour la Méditerranée). Il est temps de refonder ce partenariat en mettant l’accent sur la culture et en abandonnant le référentiel méditerranéen qui se révèle peu mobilisateur au sud. Il faut aussi faire preuve d’ambition et, pourquoi pas, reconsidérer les avantages d’une perspective d’adhésion de la Tunisie dans l’Union Européenne.
L'instrumentalisation des corridas : no pasaran
Authors: Chiclet Christophe 
Published: June 2011

En juillet 2010, la Catalogne interdit les corridas au grand plaisir des écologistes extrémistes et en particulier des animalistes. Au demeurant, ce clivage cache mal un autre clivage, plus politique celui-ci, entre catalanistes et espagnolistes de Catalogne. Aussitôt dans le Sud de la France, terre de tradition taurine, certains milieux ont tenté sans grand succès de s’engouffrer dans la brèche, faisant fi d’une longue tradition régionale et populaire.