bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The glacial and post-glacial history of the lower Teifi valley
Authors: JONES OWEN THOMAS 
Published: October 2009

Gorges in the lower Teifi valley formed short cuts towards the end of the Glacial period; former meandering pre-glacial courses were abandoned and are now filled to considerable depths, mainly by boulder-clay. Each gorge must have been eroded by a river flow greatly exceeding that of the present river, even in the highest floods. During the retreat of the ice from south-west Wales and the Irish Sea, the margin of the ice lay near the mouth of the Teifi just below Cardigan and thence probably ran nearly eastward along the northern slopes of the valley. A glacial lake was then impounded in the valley and overflowed by various channels, beginning at a level of 650 ft, at first into Carmarthen Bay and later into the Bristol Channel through Milford Haven. When the ice retreated to the mouth of the Teifi most of the lake then remaining was drained and river flow was resumed. At this time erosion of most of the gorges began.
Because the coastline of Cardigan Bay was submerged under ice, an enormous volume of melt-water draining off the ice surface entered the Teifi valley and caused rapid erosion of the gorges. Glacial deposits removed from the wide parts of the valley between the gorges must have materially assisted in their erosion. When the ice retreated so far up Cardigan Bay as to reveal the coastline the flow of melt-water diminished until it ultimately ceased, and the flow of the river became comparable with its present value. Erosion in the gorges has since been insignificant.
The progress of erosion in one of the gorges at Henllan is shown by a series of river terraces at successively lower levels between Henllan and Newcastle Emlyn.
Because erosion of the gorges virtually ceased while the Irish Sea ice still occupied the northern part of Cardigan Bay, it is evident that this happened long before the end of the Glacial period in southern Britain.
The distribution of various deposits formed during the occupation of the valley by ice and the subsequent system of lakes are described.
The profile of the river for a distance of about 30 miles from its mouth has been ascertained by approximate levelling. Seismic investigations have revealed the present depth of the pre-glacial rock floor at three points. Near the mouth this is approximately 100 ft below the floor of the present channel.
Deterministic models of living and fossil populations of animals
Authors: CRAIG GORDON YOUNGER , OERTEL GERHARD 
Published: October 2009

The factors influencing the size-frequency distribution of living and dead populations of organisms are discussed. They include kind of recruitment (even recruitment, a broad wave of recruitment, a sharp wave of recruitment, and two waves of recruitment during the year); growth-rate (linear, high-to-low as in many invertebrates, and high-to-zero as in vertebrates) ; different coefficients of variation in the growth-rate; mortality rate (constant, increasing, and decreasing); and seasonal cessation of growth, with or without increased mortality.
Forty-two steady-state experiments using different combinations and permutations of these variables have been run in a computer and the results expressed as size-frequency graphs of the living and resulting dead populations. The graphs are intended to be used as an aid to the interpretation of size-frequency in living and fossil populations of animals. It is shown that the growth-rate and the mortality rate are the major factors influencing the primary shape of the size-frequency distribution in living and dead populations. Secondary peaks may be developed as a consequence of seasonal recruitment accompanied by seasonal cessation of growth, with or without increased mortality. The difficulties of interpreting mass mortality in fossil populations are discussed.
Isotopic age-determinations of rocks and minerals from the British Isles, 1965
Authors: SABINE PETER AUBREY , WATSON JANET VIDA 
Published: October 2009

This publication supplements that presented in the
Q. Jl geol. Soc. Lond.
vol. 121, part 4, pp. 477–533, 1965, relating to isotopic ages published in the decade 1955–64. During 1965 about seventeen papers were published containing some 250 new ages of British rocks and minerals. Abstracts of the new papers are now presented.

An attempt is made in each abstract to include locality, character and geological relationships of specimens investigated, method of dating, constants used, ages obtained and conclusions drawn.
A brief introduction and full indexes are provided (by P. A. Sabine & J. Watson) as in the previous publication.
A tectonic study of part of the Philippine fault zone
Authors: RUTLAND RUPERT WILLIAM ROYE 
Published: October 2009

The Philippine Fault Zone which trends
n
40°w is widely accepted as a major strike-slip fault comparable to the San Andreas fault. An area in south-eastern Luzon, commonly regarded as part of the main fault zone, has been studied in an effort to date the faulting and to establish its nature and extent.

Low-grade metamorphic rocks, of probable pre-Tertiary age, occur only on the north-east side of the Rift; their schistosity and bedding are folded on north-north-westerly axes. Marine early Tertiary formations follow unconformably on both sides of the Rift and locally are folded on east-north-easterly axes. Younger Tertiary terrestrial formations occur only on the south-west side of the Rift.
Two main episodes of faulting are recognized, one late Miocene on northerly faults, one Plio-Pleistocene on north-westerly faults. Both these episodes involve considerable dip-slip movements and the two principal Recent faults which have been recognized are also of dip-slip type. Geomorphological evidence shows that the whole area has been subjected to Recent episodic but areally uniform uplift.
Direct evidence of strike-slip movements is slight and the structural relations argue against major post-Miocene strike-slip movements. The possibility of earlier strike-slip cannot be excluded and the fault and fold systems show a good correlation with those predicted following the theory of Moody & Hill (1956). Possibly therefore the faults on which the main Miocene and later dip-slip movements occurred were initiated during earlier strike-slip episodes. A pre-Tertiary episode of left-lateral strike-slip in the Rift followed by a Miocene episode of right-lateral strike-slip on conjugate primary faults can be tentatively inferred. The direct evidence of faulting in the Rift, however, relates only to the Plio-Pleistocene activity of the morphogenic phase.
The North Elgon Depression, eastern Uganda
Authors: CLARK LEWIS 
Published: October 2009

The North Elgon Depression is a paravolcanic downwarp between the early Miocene volcanoes of Kadam and Elgon. The downwarp is filled with pyroclastic rocks from the two volcanoes. Recent percussion boreholes show lacustrine sediments at the base of the volcanic rocks.
The sub-volcanic surface is reconstructed in detail from borehole data and shows the early Miocene topography after modification by paravolcanic warping. The current drainage system is superimposed on that of the early Miocene.
Studies of sequence in sediments using a simple mathematical device
Authors: SELLEY RICHARD CURTIS 
Published: October 2009

This paper introduces a simple method for objectively analysing the arrangement of beds in sequences of alternating rock types.
The number of times that different lithologies overlie one another in a section may be recorded in a table, termed the data array. The probability of one lithology overlying another in a section is a function of their frequency (i.e. the number of times that they occur), and the 'memory' of the depositional process. Since their frequency is known, from the data array, it is possible to calculate the number of times that different lithologies should be interbedded with one another if they were arranged at random. Comparison of these figures with the observed number of transitions (shown in the data array), picks out lithological transitions which occur more often than expected if they were randomly arranged. In such cases it can be said that one lithology has a good 'memory' for another. For example in the Coal Measures coal may have a good 'memory' for seat-earth.
The results of these studies are presented on facies relationship diagrams. These record the most probable upward and downward transition for each lithology in a section and can be used to detect the modal and composite sequences. After testing for memory a corrected facies relationship diagram may be constructed showing those transitions which occur more often than expected assuming a random model. It is these transitions which must be considered when postulating the sedimentary process which controlled the deposition of a rock sequence.
This method is applied to stratigraphical sections of the Paradox salt basin, U.S.A., Libyan Miocene shoreline deposits, fluviatile Torridonian (Pre-Cambrian) rocks of Scotland, and Yoredale (Lower Carboniferous) beds of northern England. All four cases show signs of memory in the vertical arrangement of their beds. The simplest examples show simple oscillatory motifs, both rhythmic (in the sense ABCABC) and cyclic (in the sense ABCBA). The more complex examples show arrangements due to up to three intertwined oscillations. The geological significance of these results is discussed.
Triassic rocks of the British Isles
Authors: KENT PERCY EDWARD 
Published: October 2009

The proposal
for a symposium on the Triassic rocks of Britain sprang from two sources. The first was the inauguration by the Council of the Geological Society of a series of Committees to review the stratigraphical nomenclature and correlation of the Phanerozoic rock succession. It was apparent in the case of the Trias that existing published data provided an inadequate basis for such a review, and that it was desirable to organize up-to-date regional appraisals of modern information.

The second incentive was provided by the very vigorous discussion which followed the reading of Dr Audley-Charles' paper on the Stratigraphical Correlation of the Triassic rocks in Britain, a discussion which showed that much unpublished information in fact existed and that particularly critical aspects of the correlation could be investigated on the basis of existing data. In addition results of a study of the correlation of the German succession with the North Sea Trias and that of eastern England have now become available.
The major problem which has remained unsolved in British Triassic stratigraphy has been the establishment of reliable time planes, in a series which is essentially continental and lacking macrofossils, and in which classification has hitherto been entirely on a lithostratigraphical basis. New data of correlative value are now being supplied by palynological investigation, by evidence at some horizons from microplankton, by study of cyclothemic units and by electric, radioactive and mechanical logging of boreholes. The original basis of correlation is therefore being replaced by new lines of investigation many
Stratigraphy in mountain belts
Authors: TRÜMPY RUDOLF 
Published: October 2009

The importance of stratigraphical research for the understanding of the structure and genesis of complex mountain chains was stressed and some of its special problems were discussed.
The main part of the lecture dealt with the sedimentary history of the Alps, from Upper Carboniferous to Lower Cretaceous time, and with its implications for the crustal development in the geosyncline. Continental Upper Paleozoic and uniformly shallow-water Triassic formations point to the existence of a normal continental crust before the onset of subsidence. Deeper basins, probably bordered by normal faults, developed gradually during the Jurassic, and in late Jurassic and early Cretaceous time the geosyncline may have been comparable to some of the present smaller ocean basins. This implies thinning of the original continental crust; nevertheless, large remnants of granitic basement are present even beneath eugeosynclinal sediments and ophiolitic volcanics. In the Alps, the stratigraphical sequence is better compatible with the hypothesis of oceanization (replacement of the lower part of the crust by denser matter) than with the mechanism of ocean-floor spreading according to the Atlantic model.
The Sgurr Beag Slide–a major tectonic break within the Moinian of the Western Highlands of Scotland
Authors: TANNER PETER WILLIAM GEOFFREY 
Published: October 2009

Detailed mapping of an area at the head of Loch Hourn, Inverness-shire, has shown that major facies changes occur within the Glenelg–Knoydart succession (Ramsay & Spring 1962) as it is traced north-eastwards from the type area. A slide, here recognized as a tectonic break of major importance within the Moine Nappe, separates members of this succession at Kinloch Hourn from rocks of a different stratigraphical sequence farther east.
Lewisian-type rocks rest upon the slide plane and together with an overlying sequence of Moinian rocks have been slid against upper members of the Glenelg–Knoydart succession.
It is suggested that the Scardroy Lewisian, which forms a sheet-like body in central Ross-shire, has been brought to its present position by this slide movement and not thrust wedge-like into an unbroken Moinian succession as suggested by Sutton & Watson (1962).
Three phases of folding are recognized and the geometry of the major folds and their structural relationship to the slide plane is described in detail. Slide movement occurred during the second folding and before the peak of the regional metamorphism.
On a Fossil Forest in the Parkfield Colliery near Wolverhampton
Authors: Beckett Henry 
Published: October 2009

The fossils alluded to in the following notice, occur in an open work, that is, the superincumbent strata have been pared off, and we find the coal (which belongs to what is called the “bottom coal,”) well exposed to view. The bed has been bared for upwards of two years, but the fossils do not appear to have attracted attention, till Mr. William Sparrow and myself, whilst tracing the great faults of the South Staffordshire coal-field, accidentally stumbled upon them, and were struck with their number and their evident resemblance to trunks of trees.
Since that time, by the kind permission of the Parkfield Company, and with the assistance of Professor Orlebar, of the Royal Bengal College in Bombay, I have carefully removed the coal attached to the roots of one of the trees.
We found the stump to be perfectly bituminized, but broken off about two inches above the level of the coal measure, the inner part being somewhat hollowed to about the level of the coal itself: the surface and edges of the broken part were smoothed or probably water-worn. The tree bared was not flattened, but preserved precisely the same appearance which I have noticed with peat timber in Ireland, and was 4 feet in circumference. The principal root extended southwards 22 inches, terminating abruptly.
Report on the Lower Green sand Fossils in the Possession of the Geological Society
Authors: Forbes Edward 
Published: October 2009

The collection of Lower Green Sand fossils at present in the cabinets of the Society contains 131 species of Mollusca. Of these 82 are Lamellibranchiate Bivalves, 12 Brachiopoda, 23 Gasteropoda, and 14 Cephalopoda. Besides these, all well-marked species, there are a number of casts and fragments of species as yet undetermined.
Of the 131 Mollusca, 60 are additions to the list of Lower Green sand Fossils, published by Dr. Fitton in the “Geological Transactions.” Of these 60 additional species, between 30 and 40 are undescribed forms. The remainder are species described in the memoirs of Leymerie, D'Orbigny, Roemer, and other continental authors, but which have been hitherto unrecorded as British, with the exception of a few included in Mr. Morris's catalogue.
All the species have been critically examined, and characters drawn up of such as are new.
The collection can by no means be regarded as complete, numerous additions, including several very beautiful species, having been very lately presented to the Society; and these there has not as yet been time to examine and place in the cabinets.
Of the lower green sand Mollusca in the collection, 35 agree with Neocomien species recorded by M. Leymerie, and about 30 with species from the Hillsthon and Hillsconglomerat of M. Von Roemer. Many species, which had received new names from those geologists, have proved, on examination, to be well-known British species, figured in the Mineral Conchology or elsewhere.
Some Remarks on the White Limestone of Corfu and Vido
Authors: Portlock  
Published: October 2009

As I have reason to expect that I shall hereafter be able to prepare a detailed account of the Geology of the Ionian Islands, and have at present but few data for a description of even the limited portion of the country as yet examined, I now only offer a few remarks on that portion of the white limestone which is adjacent to the city of Corfu, and occupies the whole of the Island of Vido, and on the more recent strata connected with it.
On approaching Corfu the physical aspect of the country is very striking. Monte Decca on the south, and San Salvador on the north, the former with its sharp, broken, rugged outline, the latter with its conical peak rising from a long ridge, and both exhibiting steep faces marked by numerous deep furrows, by no means recal the ordinary forms of limestones in our more northern countries; but the type they present will, I think, be found to have a considerable geological range.
In the Venetian harbour of Govino a singular variety of this limestone may be seen, and is thence traceable in rough knolls running in a westerly direction to the north of the village of Potamo. Its dark, rugged and often ochreous aspect, its sonorous fracture, and its impurities, are strong features of distinction between it, and the ordinary white limestone.
Account of the Strata observed in the Excavation of the Bletchingley Tunnel
Authors: Simms Frederick Walter 
Published: October 2009

A few months ago I had the pleasure of presenting to the Geological Society some fossils collected by me in the course of the construction of the Bletchingley Tunnel, upon the line of the South Eastern Railway. These fossils consisted of bones of the Iguanodon,
Lepidotus Mantelli
, and five specimens of the plant
Clathraria Lyellii
. I now request the Society's acceptance of a fine specimen of the
Lepidotus Mantelli
, which was found in the excavation about two hundred yards from the western extremity of the tunnel.

The range of hills formed by the escarpment of the lower green sand extends between Red Hill and Tilburstow Hill, and its direction is nearly from west to east. Between Bletchingley and Tilburstow Hill, this range sends off a spur in a southerly direction. It was through this spur, in a line nearly parallel to the sand range, and about a mile to the south of it, that the railway tunnel, and the excavation at each end, were carried. The spur, in the line of the cuttings, consisted chiefly of Weald clay.
It was proved by the railway cuttings that this spur formed part of an anticlinal axis, which, as far as I can judge, extends across the Weald from the chalk of the North Downs in Surrey, between Merstham and Grodstone, to the chalk of the South Downs in Sussex, near Ditchling.
On Fractured Boulders found at Auchmithie near Arbroath
Authors: Trevelyan W. C. 
Published: October 2009

In a visit paid to the coast of Forfarshire in the summer of 1840, I observed, for the first time, at Auchmithie, near Arbroath, at the foot of a cliff consisting of old red conglomerate, some pebbles and boulders which had fallen from the rock above, and which, from their remarkable fractures and contortions, attracted my attention, and being in the same neighbourhood in the autumn of 1843, I found in the same spot many more specimens of the pebbles, some lying at the foot of the cliff and others remaining in their matrix.
Subsequently, in the picturesque conglomerate rocks at Dunottar Castle, near Stonehaven, I discovered similar appearances; but, in this instance, the pebbles were much larger, and the fractured ones even more abundant than in Forfarshire.
At Auchmithie, the pebbles which predominate in the conglomerate consist of granite, porphyry, gneiss, jasper, and reddish quartz—those of the quartz being chiefly abundant. Of most of these different kinds of pebbles, fractured specimens may be found.
On the Traces of the Action of Glaciers at Porth-Treiddyn, in Carnarvonshire
Authors: Byres Robert W. 
Published: October 2009

The following notice, bearing date the 16th of October, 1841, appeared in the Visitors' book at the Goat-Hotel, Beddgellert:— “Notice to Geologists.—At Pont-aber-glas-llyn, 100 yards below the bridge, on the right bank of the river, and 20 feet above the road, see a good example of the furrows, flutings, and striæ on rounded and polished surfaces of the rock, which Agassiz refers to the action of glaciers. See many similar effects on the left, or south-west, side of the pass of Llanberris. WILLIAM BUCKLAND.”
This notice led me to search for the same effects in other places in the same neighbourhood, and I found similar traces on many of the rocks between Aber-glas-llyn bridge and Tremadoc. In February last curiosity led me into the Flag-quarry, which lies about 300 yards from the mail-coach road, at Porth-Treiddyn; and for the purpose of examining the joints and split of the rock, I ascended from the quarry to the top, where a space of ground had been cleared of the soil and detritus, preparatory to further quarrying. Here I was much struck by the polish and undulations of the surface of the rock; and a detail of my examination of these phenomena will leave no doubt, I think, that they are attributable to the action of glaciers.
The slope of the mountain at Porth-Treiddyn is to the north and north-east; and the dip of the rocks is in the same direction, at an inclination of from 17° to 22°, but the angle increases as you ascend
On the Section between Black-Gang-Chine and Atherfield Point
Authors: Ibbetson L. L. B. , Forbes Edw. 
Published: October 2009

The accompanying Table exhibits the succession of strata presented in ascending order from the Wealden to the top of the Upper Green Sand in the Isle of Wight between Atherfield Point and St. Catherine's Down. The measurements of the upper portion were ascertained by trigonometrical survey, by Capt. Ibbetson, during the years 1833–38, those of the lower portion during the winter of 1842–3.
The following observations refer to that portion of the section which includes the Lower Green Sand strata, visited by Capt. Ibbetson and Prof. Forbes in March, 1844.
Between the Gault, as seen near Black-Gang-Chine, and the. Wealden at Atherfield Point, there are sixty-three distinct strata, the total thickness of which is 843 feet.