bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solar EUV and XUV energy input to thermosphere on solar rotation time scales derived from photoelectron observations
Authors: Peterson W. K. , Woods T. N. , Fontenla J. M. , Richards P. G. , Chamberlin P. C. , Solomon S. C. , Tobiska W. K. , Warren H. P. 
Published: April 2012

Solar radiation below ∼100 nm produces photoelectrons, a substantial portion of the F region ionization, most of the E region ionization, and drives chemical reactions in the thermosphere. Unquantified uncertainties in thermospheric models exist because of uncertainties in solar irradiance models used to fill spectral and temporal gaps in solar irradiance observations. We investigate uncertainties in solar energy input to the thermosphere on solar rotation time scales using photoelectron observations from the FAST satellite. We compare observed and modeled photoelectron energy spectra using two photoelectron production codes driven by five different solar irradiance models. We observe about 1.7% of the ionizing solar irradiance power in the escaping photoelectron flux. Most of the code/model pairs used reproduce the average escaping photoelectron flux over a 109‐day interval in late 2006. The code/model pairs we used do not completely reproduce the observed spectral and solar rotation variations in photoelectron power density. For the interval examined, 30% of the variability in photoelectron power density with equivalent wavelengths between 18 and 45 nm was not captured in the code/model pairs. For equivalent wavelengths below ∼16 nm, most of the variability was missed. This result implies that thermospheric model runs based on the solar irradiance models we tested systematically underestimate the energy input from ionizing radiation on solar rotation time scales.
Effect of spectral‐dependent surface albedo on Saharan dust direct radiative forcing
Authors: Ma Xiaoyan , Yu Fangqun 
Published: April 2012

Direct radiative forcing (DRF) due to mineral dust has quite large uncertainty. Surface albedo is one of the most important factors affecting dust radiative forcing and climate. Here we investigate the effect of spectral‐dependent surface albedo on dust DRF over the Saharan desert region using MODIS surface albedo data and a size‐resolved global aerosol model. In one simulation, surface albedo in 7 wavebands from MODIS‐retrieved data is interpolated to the corresponding 4 solar wavebands of the radiation transfer model (case 1). In another simulation, surface albedo for visible wavebands is applied to all 4 solar spectral‐bands (case 2), which was previously used by many global model simulations. Our results show that the annual averaged DRF for all sky over the Saharan dust is −2.4 W m−2 and −5.6 W m−2 at TOA, and −9.9 W m−2 and −12.9 W m−2at surface for cases 1 and 2, respectively. Such a large difference highlights the importance of using accurate spectral‐dependent surface albedo, and implies that previous studies employing only visible‐band surface albedo might have significantly overestimated the dust cooling effect over the Saharan dust.
Ensemble ENSO hindcasts initialized from multiple ocean analyses
Authors: Zhu Jieshun , Huang Bohua , Marx Lawrence , Kinter James L. , Balmaseda Magdalena A. , Zhang Rong‐Hua , Hu Zeng‐Zhen 
Published: April 2012

In this study, the impact of ocean initial conditions (OIC) on the prediction skill in the tropical Pacific Ocean is examined. Four sets of OIC are used to initialize the 12‐month hindcasts of the tropical climate from 1979 to 2007, using the Climate Forecast System, version 2 (CFSv2), the current operational climate prediction model at the National Centers for Environmental Predictions (NCEP). These OICs are chosen from four ocean analyses produced by the NCEP and the European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). For each hindcast starting from a given OIC, four ensemble members are generated with different atmosphere and land initial states. The predictive skill in the tropical Pacific Ocean is assessed based on the ensemble mean hindcasts from each individual as well as multiple oceanic analyses. To reduce the climate drift from various oceanic analyses, an anomaly initialization strategy is used for all hindcasts. The results indicate that there exists a substantial spread in the sea surface temperature (SST) prediction skill with different ocean analyses. Specifically, the ENSO prediction skill in terms of the anomaly correlation of Niño‐3.4 index can differ by as much as 0.1–0.2 at lead times longer than 2 months. The ensemble mean of the predictions initialized from all four ocean analyses gives prediction skill equivalent to the best one derived from the individual ocean analysis. It is suggested that more accurate OIC can improve the ENSO prediction skill and an ensemble ocean initialization has the potential of enhancing the skill at the present stage.
The phases and amplitudes of gravity waves propagating and dissipating in the thermosphere: Application to measurements over Alaska
Authors: Nicolls M. J. , Vadas S. L. , Meriwether J. W. , Conde M. G. , Hampton D. 
Published: April 2012

In a companion paper, we derived the high‐frequency, compressible, dissipative polarization relations for gravity waves (GWs) propagating in the thermosphere. In this paper, we apply the results to nighttime thermospheric observations of a GW over Alaska on 9–10 January 2010. Using a vertically‐pointed Fabry‐Perot interferometer (FPI) at Poker Flat that measured vertical wind perturbations (w′) and two FPIs that measured the line‐of‐sight (LOS) velocities in four common volumes, we inferred a GW ground‐based period ∼32.7 ± 0.3 min, horizontal wavelength λH = 1094 ± 408 km, horizontal ground‐based phase speed cH ∼ 560 ± 210 m/s, and propagation azimuth θ ∼ 33.5 ± 15.8° east‐of‐north. We compared the phase shifts and amplitude ratios of this GW with that predicted by the GW dissipative polarization relations derived in the companion paper, enabled by the ability of the FPIs to measure fundamental GW parameters (wind and temperature perturbations). We find that GWs with λH ∼ 700–1100 km, λz ∼ −500 to −350 km, θ ∼ 15 to 50°, and cH ∼ 350–560 m/s agree with the observations if the primary contribution to the 630‐nm emission was near the upper portion of that layer. The source of GW was likely thermospheric given the large intrinsic phase speed of the wave. Possible sources are discussed, the most likely of which are related to the onset of auroral activity near the time that the wave was initially observed.
Cavities determine the pressure unfolding of proteins
Authors: Roche Julien , Caro Jose A. , Norberto Douglas R. , Barthe Philippe , Roumestand Christian , Schlessman Jamie L. , Garcia Angel E. , García-Moreno E. Bertrand , Royer Catherine A. 
Published: April 2012

It has been known for nearly 100 years that pressure unfolds proteins, yet the physical basis of this effect is not understood. Unfolding by pressure implies that the molar volume of the unfolded state of a protein is smaller than that of the folded state. This decrease in volume has been proposed to arise from differences between the density of bulk water and water associated with the protein, from pressure-dependent changes in the structure of bulk water, from the loss of internal cavities in the folded states of proteins, or from some combination of these three factors. Here, using 10 cavity-containing variants of staphylococcal nuclease, we demonstrate that pressure unfolds proteins primarily as a result of cavities that are present in the folded state and absent in the unfolded one. High-pressure NMR spectroscopy and simulations constrained by the NMR data were used to describe structural and energetic details of the folding landscape of staphylococcal nuclease that are usually inaccessible with existing experimental approaches using harsher denaturants. Besides solving a 100-year-old conundrum concerning the detailed structural origins of pressure unfolding of proteins, these studies illustrate the promise of pressure perturbation as a unique tool for examining the roles of packing, conformational fluctuations, and water penetration as determinants of solution properties of proteins, and for detecting folding intermediates and other structural details of protein-folding landscapes that are invisible to standard experimental approaches.
Changes in Freshness during Frozen Storage of Farmed Coho Salmon: Effect of Replacement of Synthetic Antioxidants by Natural Ones in Fish Feeds
Authors: Ortiz Jaime , Vivanco Juan P , Quitral Vilma , Larraín M A , Concha Gabriela , Aubourg Santiago P 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The addition of antioxidants to the diets for salmonids is crucial to prevent or delay deterioration of fish muscle. Most of the antioxidants used in these diets are synthetic, and their safety is more and more being questioned. The aim of this research was to compare the effects of substituting synthetic antioxidants with natural ones on selected biochemical freshness indicators of frozen coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch muscle. Three different feeds were tested: a conventional diet with the synthetic antioxidants butylated hydroxytoluene and ethoxyquin (diet 1) was supplied to farmed coho salmon in parallel with two different diets that included natural antioxidants (a tocopherol isomer-rich mixture [diet 2] and a tocopherol isomer–rosemary extract mixture [diet 3]). Five individuals of each group were analyzed every 3 months during frozen storage. The biochemical indicators measured were total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), dimethylamine content, formaldehyde content, and tissue pH. Levels of TVB-N were significantly different between the three diets; TVB-N content was the lower for salmon fed diet 3 than for those fed diet 1, a result that was attributed to the antimicrobial action of the rosemary extracts. Formaldehyde content was similar among the salmon fed diets with different antioxidants, and pH values were always lowered to maximum limits allowed by international legislation. These results support the use of natural antioxidants in the diet of Chilean coho salmon for export.
Hybrid simulation of a dc-enhanced radio-frequency capacitive discharge in hydrogen
Authors: Diomede P , Longo S , Economou D J , Capitelli M 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A PIC-MCC/fluid hybrid model was employed to study a parallel-plate capacitively coupled radio-frequency discharge in hydrogen, under the application of a dc bias voltage. When a negative dc voltage was applied to one of the electrodes of a continuous wave (cw) plasma, a ‘beam’ of secondary electrons was formed that struck the substrate counter-electrode at nearly normal incidence. The energy distribution of the electrons striking the substrate extended all the way to V
RF + |V
dc|, the sum of the peak RF voltage and the absolute value of the applied dc bias. Such directional, energetic electrons may be useful for ameliorating charging damage in etching of high aspect ratio nano-features. The vibrational distribution function of molecular hydrogen was calculated self-consistently, and was found to have a characteristic plateau for intermediate values of the vibrational quantum number, v. When a positive dc bias voltage was applied synchronously during a specified time window in the afterglow of a pulsed plasma, the ion energy distributions (IEDs) of positive ions acquired an extra peak at an energy equivalent of the applied dc voltage. The electron energy distribution function was slightly and temporarily heated during the application of the dc bias pulse. The calculated IEDs of

and

ions in a cw plasma without dc bias were found to be in good agreement with published experimental data.
First Report of Stem and Leaf Blight Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on Eustoma in Taiwan
Authors: Shen Y. M. , Chao C. H. , Wang F. C. , Liu H. L. , Huang T. C. 
Published: April 2012

Eustoma (Eustoma russellianum) is an economically important cut flower in Taiwan. Each year more than 1.7 million dozen flowers, mainly exported to Japan in the winter, are produced in greenhouses. In January 2011, eustoma plants with stem and leaf blight symptoms were observed in some greenhouses in Changhua County, Taiwan, at an incidence of 2%. Brown and rotten lesions were presented on the stem and nearby leaves, with white mycelia growing on the surface and black sclerotia (up to 7 mm long) produced inside the stem. Infected plants were completely blighted and eventually died. Diseased stem tissues collected from the field were surface sterilized for 3 min in 0.6% NaOCl, rinsed with sterilized distilled water, and plated on potato dextrose agar. White fungal colonies were consistently isolated. The cultures produced large sclerotia at the peripheries of the plates. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of two voucher isolates were determined and deposited in GenBank (Accession Nos. JQ653934 and JQ653935). The sequences were 100% identical to that of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum strain ATCC MYA-4521 (Accession No. FJ810516). In addition, PCR amplified DNA fragments (approximately 630 bp) were obtained by the S. sclerotiorum specific primer pair MP_SsF and MP_UniR (1). On the basis of morphology, ITS sequence homology, and the specific PCR detection, the fungus was identified as S. sclerotiorum. The two fungal isolates (BCRC34830 and BCRC34831) were deposited in Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on 1-month-old, second flush eustoma cultivars Ex Rosa Pink Flash and Rosina Blue Ver. 2 after primary flowers had been harvested in the greenhouse. Fungal inoculum consisting of Tref horticultural substrate and wet sterilized rice colonized by S. sclerotiorum BCRC34830 (substrate-rice-water ratio of 2:1:1) was placed near the base of the plants. Ten plants of each cultivar were inoculated with about 800 g of the mixture. Sterile mixture applied to an equal number of plants served as negative controls. Eight plants of each cultivar showed blight symptoms after 1 month of incubation at an average temperature of 26°C. All control plants remained healthy. The pathogen reisolated from the inoculated stems produced sclerotia identical to those isolated in the field, fulfilling Koch's postulates. The pathogenicity test was repeated with similar results. S. sclerotiorum has been reported on eustoma in Argentina (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Sclerotinia blight on eustoma in Taiwan. Although the disease was not prevalent on eustoma, the inoculum could be dormant in the greenhouse soil. Awareness of the potential perennial problem could increase the quality of the flowers exported and benefit the flower industry. References: (1) S. Hirschhäuser and J. Fröhlich. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 118:151, 2007. (2) S. Wolcan et al. Plant Dis. 80:223, 1996.
First Report of Blight Disease on Buxus Caused by Cylindrocladium buxicola in France
Authors: Saurat C. , Fourrier C. , Ioos R. 
Published: April 2012

Cylindrocladium buxicola Henricot causes twig blight on Buxus spp., severe defoliation, and eventually death of plants, especially in young seedlings (1). The disease was first observed in the United Kingdom and New Zealand in the 1990s and recently, the fungus was detected in other European countries (1). In November 2006, box blight symptoms were observed in a Buxus sempervirens nursery located in the South West of France (La Reole). Since then, more diseased samples from other French sites, including forestry areas and ornamental garden nurseries, have been received, indicating that this disease is spreading. Symptomatic twig samples were sent for lab analysis and dark brown spots were observed on the leaves, sometimes coalescing to cover the entire leaf surface, with black streaks on the stems. Fungal fruiting structures were observed directly on the leaf surface and were examined with a stereomicroscope. Microscopic slides were then prepared by gently pressing a clear adhesive tape onto the surface covered by mycelium and spores, which was further stained with lactic acid and methyl blue. Cylindrical, straight, biseptate, hyaline conidia, 53.8 to 75.3 (64.4) × 4.4 to 5.2 (4.6) μm, were observed, sterile hyphae with terminal vesicles ended with a pointed apex, and conidiophores were penicilliate; all of those characters were consistent with C. buxicola (2). To support the diagnosis, fruiting structures were plated on malt agar media supplemented with 100 ppm of chloramphenicol. The pure culture obtained showed a whitish mycelium with a tan brown center that was in line with the original description of C. buxicola (2). DNA was extracted from the pure culture and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified by PCR using the ITS1-ITS4 primer pair (4). Nucleotide sequence was determined and deposited on GenBank (Accession No. JQ743502). BLAST analysis of the sequence showed 100% identity with all currently available C. buxicola ITS sequences, which confirmed our morphological diagnosis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. buxicola (teleomorph Calonectria pseudonaviculata) in France. The occurrence of this disease in France worries the nursery industry since losses can sometimes be dramatic as seen in United Kingdom, where the disease is widespread (3). References: (1) B. Henricot. The Plantsman 9:153, 2006. (2) B. Henricot and A. Culham. Mycologia 94:980, 2002. (3) B. Henricot et al. Plant Pathol. 49:805, 2000. (4) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications, 1990.
Cirrhosis and mortality risks of biopsy‐verified alcoholic pure steatosis and steatohepatitis: a nationwide registry‐based study
Authors: Deleuran T. , Grønbæk H. , Vilstrup H. , Jepsen P. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryBackgroundAlcoholic fatty liver disease comprises alcoholic pure steatosis and alcoholic steatohepatitis. These diseases are prevalent, but their prognostic outcome is uncertain, particularly regarding the impact of hepatic inflammation. The paucity of data based on liver biopsy diagnoses contributes to this uncertainty.AimTo examine the cirrhosis and mortality risks of Danish men and women with biopsy‐verified alcoholic pure steatosis or steatohepatitis.MethodsIn this registry‐based historical cohort study we combined liver biopsy diagnoses with hospital discharge diagnoses from nationwide healthcare registries to identify all Danish citizens with alcoholic pure steatosis (N = 136) or alcoholic steatohepatitis (N = 58) during 1997–2008. We enrolled a reference cohort of 100 gender‐ and age‐matched persons from the general population for each patient and compared cirrhosis and mortality risks through 2010.ResultsThe 5‐year cirrhosis risks were 6.9% (95%CI: 3.4–12.2%) for patients with alcoholic pure steatosis and 16.0% (95%CI: 7.8–26.8%) for patients with alcoholic steatohepatitis, their 5‐year mortality risks were 16.7% (95%CI: 11.3–24.2%) and 25.1% (95%CI: 15.7–38.9%), respectively. Patients with steatohepatitis had a higher liver‐related mortality than patients with pure steatosis. In the reference cohort, the 5‐year cirrhosis and mortality risks were 0.3% and 4.3%, respectively.ConclusionsPatients with alcoholic fatty liver disease had markedly increased cirrhosis and mortality risks compared with a matched reference cohort. The cirrhosis risk was more than twice as high for the patients with steatohepatitis than for those with pure steatosis; and was higher for women than for men.
The effect of temperature on di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate leaching from PVC infusion sets exposed to lipid emulsions
Authors: Rose R. J. , Priston M. J. , Rigby‐Jones A. E. , Sneyd J. R. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryPoly vinyl chloride (PVC) infusion equipment contains substantial amounts of the plasticiser di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). We determined the amount of DEHP leached from Mediplus Dual TIVA® Infusion sets, into lipid and non‐lipid infusates. Two propofol admixtures (Diprivan® 1%, Propoven® 1%), Intralipid® 10% and 0.9% saline were evaluated as infusates. Solutions were infused through TIVA sets at 12 ml.h−1 for 6 h at 24, 32 and 37 °C. In addition, TIVA sets were filled with 2 ml infusates, sealed and incubated at 24 and 37 °C for 6 h. Di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate was detected in all lipid infusates after dynamic infusion and static contact, and in 0.9% saline after dynamic infusion at 37 °C. At 32 and 37 °C, the quantity of di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate leaching into the lipid infusates may exceed the recommended maximum exposure amount set by the European Union for DEHP of 20–48 μg.kg−1.day−1 if lipid based infusates are used for sedation or intravenous feeding of infants or neonates.
Parental stress as a predictor of early childhood caries among preschool children in India
Authors: MENON IPSEETA , NAGARAJAPPA RAMESH , RAMESH GAYATHRI , TAK MRIDULA 
Published: April 2012

International journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2013; 23: 160–165Background.  The health and well‐being of children are linked to their parents’ physical, emotional and social health in addition to child‐rearing practices.Objectives.  To investigate the association of parental stress as a risk indicator to early childhood caries (ECC) prevalence among preschool children of Moradabad, India.Methods.  A case–control study was conducted among 800 preschool children [400 cases (caries active) and 400 controls (caries free)] aged 4–5 years along with their parents. Using the Parental Stress Index‐Short Form (PSI/SF), we determined the stress of primary caregivers of young children. These children were clinically examined for dental caries using Dentition Status and Treatment needs. Student’s t‐test, Pearson’s correlation and linear regression were used for statistical analysis.Results.  An overall mean parenting stress index was found to be 193.48 ± 59.63. Significantly higher mean stress scores were obtained among cases than among controls. Parental stress was significantly correlated with dmft scores and it was found to be one of the best predictors of ECC.Conclusion.  This study provides data to suggest that parental stress has a pervasive impact on the children’s oral health. The practitioners should be aware of this possible relationship and be prepared to provide appropriate intervention.
Predictors of anxiety and resilience in adolescents undergoing cancer treatment
Authors: Wu Li‐Min , Sheen Jiunn‐Ming , Shu Hsiu‐Lan , Chang Shu‐Chen , Hsiao Chih‐Cheng 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAims.  To report a study examining the relationships among coping, anxiety and resilience and to identify predictors of anxiety and resilience in adolescents undergoing cancer treatment.Background.  Anxiety is the main psychological disturbance in adolescents with cancer, but predictors in the context of anxiety related cancer treatments have not been investigated.Design.  Cross‐sectional study.Methods.  Adolescents (n = 131) recruited from three medical centres between 2010–2011. The eligible participants were diagnosed with cancer, without mental disease and receiving chemotherapy. Participants were assessed with the paediatric cancer coping scale, revised children’s manifest anxiety scale, second edition, and the Haase adolescent resilience in illness scale.Results.  Over 20% of participants scored high on worry. The most commonly used coping strategy was cognitive coping, followed by problem‐oriented coping and finally by defensive coping. There was a statistically significant correlation between defensive coping and level of worry. Resilience was positively correlated with cognitive coping and problem‐oriented coping. The cognitive coping and defensive coping were found to predict anxiety and resilience significantly by a step‐wise multiple regression analysis and accounted for 40·9% and 46·5% of total variance, respectively.Conclusions.  Cognitive coping and defensive coping are predictors for the level of anxiety and resilience in adolescents undergoing cancer treatment. Health providers should evaluate coping behaviour in patients and work towards a cognitive and problem‐oriented coping style that will benefit the patient’s mental health during treatment.