bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visco‐elastic traffic flow model
Authors: Zhu Zuojin , Yang Chun 
Published: December 2011

SUMMARYTo increase our understanding of the operations of traffic system, a visco‐elastic traffic model was proposed in analogy of non‐Newtonian fluid mechanics. The traffic model is based on mass and momentum conservations, and includes a constitutive relation similar to that of linear visco‐elastic fluids. The further inclusion of the elastic effect allows us to describe a high‐order traffic model more comprehensively because the use of relaxation time indicates that vehicle drivers adjust their time headway in a reasonable and safe range. The self‐organizing behaviour is described by introducing the effects of pressure and visco‐elasticity from the point of view in fluid mechanics. Both the viscosity and elasticity can be determined by using the relaxation time and the traffic sound speed. The sound speed can be approximately represented by the road operational parameters including the free‐flow speed, the jam density, and the density of saturation if the jam pressure in traffic flows is identical to the total pressure at the flow saturation point. A linear stability analysis showed that the traffic flow should be absolutely unstable for disturbances with short spatial wavelengths. There are two critical points of regime transition in traffic flows. The first point happens at the density of saturation, and the second point occurs at a density relating on the sound speed and the fundamental diagram of traffic flows. By using a triangular form flow–density relation, a numerical test based on the new model is carried out for congested traffic flows on a loop road without ramp effect. The numerical results are discussed and compared with the result of theoretical analysis and observation data of traffic flows. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distributions of travel time variability on urban roads
Authors: Susilawati Susilawati , Taylor Michael A. P. , Somenahalli Sekhar V. C. 
Published: December 2011

SUMMARYReliability is an important factor in route, mode and also departure time choice analysis and is a key performance indicator for transport systems. However, the current metrics used to measure travel time variability may be not sufficient to fully represent reliability. Better understanding of the distributions of travel times is needed for the development of improved metrics for reliability. A comprehensive data analysis involving the assessment of longitudinal travel time data for two urban arterial road corridors in Adelaide, Australia, demonstrates that the observed distributions are more complex than previously assumed. The data sets demonstrate strong positive skew, very long upper tails, and sometimes bimodality. This paper proposes the use of alternative statistical distributions for travel time variability, with the Burr Type XII distribution emerging as an appropriate model for both links and routes. This statistical distribution has some attractive properties that make it suitable for explicit definition of many travel time reliability metrics. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Duty to Support Nationalistic Policies
Authors: Baron Jonathan , Ritov Ilana , Greene Joshua D. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTWe demonstrate that citizens perceive a duty to support policies that benefit their nation, even when they themselves judge that the consequences of the policies will be worse on the whole, taking outsiders into account. In terms of actions, subjects think they would do their perceived duty rather than violate it for the sake of better consequences. The discrepancy between duty and judged consequences does not seem to result from self‐interest alone. When asked for reasons, many subjects felt an obligation to help their fellow citizens before others, and they also thought that they owed something to their nation, in return for what it did for them. The obligation to help fellow citizens was the strongest predictor of perceived duty. In an experiment with Israeli and Palestinian students, group membership affected both perceived overall consequences and duty, but the effect of group on perceived consequences did not account for the effect on perceived duty. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systematic review of trocar-site hernia
Authors: Swank H A , Mulder I M , la Chapelle C F , Reitsma J B , Lange J F , Bemelman W A 
Published: December 2011

Abstract

Background
Broad implementation of laparoscopic surgery has made trocar-related complications clinically important. Trocar-site hernia (TSH) is an uncommon, but potentially serious, complication that occasionally requires emergency surgery. This systematic review was conducted to establish the prevalence and risk factors for TSH.

Methods
The review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library were searched to 7 June 2010 for studies on TSH.

Results
Twenty-two articles were included. One study was a randomized clinical trial, five were prospective cohort studies and 16 were retrospective cohort studies. The prevalence of TSH is low, with a median pooled estimate of 0·5 (range 0–5·2) per cent. No meta-analysis on risk factors could be performed. Pyramidal trocars, 12-mm trocars and a long duration of surgery were identified as the most important technical risk factors for TSH. Older age and a higher body mass index were observed to be patient-related risk factors.

Conclusion
TSH is an uncommon complication of laparoscopic surgery. The most important technical risk factors are the design and size of the trocars. The scientific evidence for recommendations to avoid TSH is sparse.
Simultaneous HPTLC and RP‐HPLC methods for determination of bumadizone in the presence of its alkaline‐induced degradation product
Authors: Ali Nouruddin W. , ZaaZaa Hala A. , Abdelkawy M. , Magdy Maimana A. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTAccurate, selective, sensitive and precise HPTLC‐densitometric and RP‐HPLC methods were developed and validated for determination of bumadizone calcium semi‐hydrate in the presence of its alkaline‐induced degradation product and in pharmaceutical formulation. Method A uses HPTLC‐densitometry, depending on separation and quantitation of bumadizone and its alkaline‐induced degradation product on TLC silica gel 60 F254 plates, using hexane–ethyl acetate–glacial acetic acid (8:2:0.2, v/v/v) as a mobile phase followed by densitometric measurement of the bands at 240 nm. Method B comprises RP‐HPLC separation of bumadizone and its alkaline‐induced degradation product using a mobile phase consisting of methanol–water–acetonitrile (20:30:50, v/v/v) on a Phenomenex C18 column at a flow‐rate of 2 mL/min and UV detection at 235 nm. The proposed methods were successfully applied to the analysis of bumadizone either in bulk powder or in pharmaceutical formulation without interference from other dosage form additives, and the results were statistically compared with the established method. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of salbutamol in human plasma and urine using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry and its pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Zhang Dujuan , Teng Yanni , Chen Keguang , Liu Sha , Wei Chunmin , Wang Benjie , Yuan Guiyan , Zhang Rui , Liu Xiaoyan , Guo Ruichen 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTA sensitive and selective liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) was developed and validated for the determination of salbutamol in human plasma and urine, and successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of salbutamol in Chinese healthy volunteers after inhalation of salbutamol sulfate aerosol. Salbutamol and the internal standard (IS) acetaminophen in plasma and urine were extracted with ethyl acetate, separated on a C18 reversed‐phase column, eluted with mobile phase of acetonitrile–ammonium acetate (5 m m; 30:70, v/v), ionized by positive ion pneumatically assisted electrospray and detected in the multi‐reaction monitoring mode using precursor → product ions of m/z 240.2 → 148.1 for salbutamol and 152 → 110 for the IS. The lower limits of quantitation of salbutamol in human plasma and urine by this method were 0.02 and 1 ng/mL, respectively. The specificity, matrix effect, recovery, sensitivity, linearity, accuracy, precision and several stabilities were validated for salbutamol in human plasma and urine. In conclusion, the validation results showed that this method is robust, specific and sensitive, and can successfully fulfill the requirement of clinical pharmacokinetic study of salbutamol in healthy Chinese volunteers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multifunctions of MelB, a Fungal Tyrosinase from Aspergillus oryzae
Authors: Fujieda Nobutaka , Murata Michiaki , Yabuta Shintaro , Ikeda Takuya , Shimokawa Chizu , Nakamura Yukihiro , Hata Yoji , Itoh Shinobu 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe pro form of melB tyrosinase from the melB gene of Aspergillus oryzae was over‐produced from E. coli and formed a homodimer that exhibited the spectral features of met‐tyrosinase. In the presence of NH2OH (reductant), the proenzyme bound dioxygen to give a stable (μ‐η2:η2‐peroxo)dicopper(II) species (oxy form), thus indicating that the pro form tyrosinase can function as an oxygen carrier or storage protein like hemocyanin. The pro form tyrosinase itself showed no catalytic activity toward external substrates, but proteolytic digestion with trypsin activated it to induce tyrosinase activity. Mass spectroscopy analyses, mutagenesis experiments, and colorimetry assays have demonstrated that the tryptic digestion induced cleavage of the C‐terminal domain (Glu458–Ala616), although the dimeric structure of the enzyme was retained. The structural changes induced by proteolytic digestion might open the entrance to the enzyme active site for substrate incorporation.
Recidivism in subgroups of serious juvenile offenders: Different profiles, different risks?
Authors: Mulder Eva , Vermunt Jeroen , Brand Eddy , Bullens Ruud , van Marle Hjalmar 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTBackgroundResearch has shown that the treatment of juvenile offenders is most effective when it takes into account the possible risk factors for re‐offending. It may be asked whether juvenile offenders can be treated as one homogeneous group, or, if they are divisible into subgroups, whether different risk factors are predictive of recidivism.Aims and hypothesesOur aims were to find out whether serious juvenile offenders may be subdivided into clearly defined subgroups and whether such subgroups might differ in terms of the risk factors that predict recidivism.MethodsIn a sample of 1111 serious juvenile offenders, latent class analysis was used to identify subgroups. For each juvenile offender, 70 risk factors were registered. Severity of recidivism was measured on a 12‐point scale. Analysis was then conducted to identify the risk factors that best predicted the different patterns of recidivism.ResultsFour distinct subgroups of juvenile offenders were identified: serious violent offenders, violent property offenders, property offenders, and sex offenders. Violent property offenders were the most serious recidivists and had the highest number of risk factors. Serious violent offenders and property offenders were characterised by overt and covert behaviour, respectively. Sex offenders differed from the other three groups in the rarity of their recidivism and in the risk factors that are present. For each of these four subgroups, a different set of risk factors was found to predict severity of recidivism.ConclusionsDifferences in recidivism rates occurred in spite of the fact that most of these youngsters had been in the standard treatment programme offered to serious juvenile offenders in the Netherlands. This was not a treatment outcome study, but the indication that two of the groups identified in our study appeared to be worse after going through this programme, whereas the other two did quite well in terms of recidivism lends weight to our idea that such classification of juvenile offenders may lead to more targeted treatment programmes that would better serve both the general public and the youths concerned. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Separation of Hydrogen Sulfide from Wastewater by Emulsion Liquid Membranes
Authors: Hu Y. , Zhang N. , Qu C. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractHydrogen sulfide was separated from highly saline wastewater by emulsion liquid membranes (ELMs). Such membranes consist of polyalkenyl succinimide as emulsifying agent, diethanolamine as carrier, kerosene as membrane, and sodium hydroxide as stripping solution. The effect of four surfactants on the stability of ELMs was investigated and every operational parameter was tested. The highest achievable separation efficiency was 99.73 % for a 100 mg L–1 solution. Obviously, the salinity of the external phase has a negligible effect on the separation of H2S using ELMs.
Influence of Particle Size and Single‐Tube Diameter on Thermal Behavior of Fischer‐Tropsch Reactors. Part I. Particle Size Variation for Constant Tube Size and Vice Versa
Authors: Jess A. , Kern C. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractSimulation of a single tube of a wall‐cooled multitubular Fischer‐Tropsch (FT) reactor with a cobalt catalyst indicates that the reactor performance is improved by enlarging the catalyst particle diameter. This aspect is studied for variation of the particle size for a fixed tube diameter and vice versa. For a syngas conversion per pass of about 30 % as target and a typical industrially used single‐tube diameter of 40 mm, a particle size of > 3 mm is appropriate with regard to a high production rate of higher hydrocarbons. For a particle diameter of < 3 mm, a temperature runaway can only be avoided by rather low cooling temperatures, and the target conversion cannot be reached. In addition, the pressure drop then gets rather high. The reasons for this behavior are: (i) the heat transfer to the cooled tube wall for a given tube size is considerably enhanced by increasing the particle size; (ii) the influence of pore diffusion on the effective rate gets stronger with rising particle size which decreases the danger of temperature runaway.
A Cyclodextrin‐Based Nanoassembly with Bimodal Photodynamic Action
Authors: Kandoth Noufal , Vittorino Elisa , Sciortino Maria Teresa , Parisi Tiziana , Colao Ivana , Mazzaglia Antonino , Sortino Salvatore 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWe have developed a supramolecular nanoassembly capable of inducing remarkable levels of cancer cell mortality through a bimodal action based on the simultaneous photogeneration of nitric oxide (NO) and singlet oxygen (1O2). This was achieved through the appropriate incorporation of an anionic porphyrin (as1O2photosensitizer) and of a tailored NO photodonor in different compartments of biocompatible nanoparticles based on cationic amphiphilic cyclodextrins. The combination of steady‐state and time‐resolved spectroscopic techniques showed the absence of significant intra‐ and interchromophoric interaction between the two photoactive centers embedded in the nanoparticles, with consequent preservation of their photodynamic properties. Photodelivery of NO and1O2from the nanoassembly on visible light excitation was unambiguously demonstrated by direct and real‐time monitoring of these transient species through amperometric and time‐resolved infrared luminescence measurements, respectively. The typical red fluorescence of the porphyrin units was essentially unaffected in the bichromophoric nanoassembly, allowing its localization in living cells. The convergence of the dual therapeutic action and the imaging capacities in one single structure makes this supramolecular architecture an appealing, multifunctional candidate for applications in biomedical research.
An in Situ STM and DTS Study of the Extremely Pure [EMIM]FAP/Au(111) Interface
Authors: Borisenko Natalia , Zein El Abedin Sherif , Endres Frank 
Published: December 2011

AbstractHerein the structure of the interfacial layer between the air‐ and water‐stable ionic liquid 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate ([EMIM]FAP) and Au(111) is investigated using in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), distance tunneling spectroscopy (DTS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements. The in situ STM measurements reveal that structured interfacial layers can be probed in both cathodic and anodic regimes at the IL/Au(111) interface. The structure of these layers is dependent on the applied electrode potential, the number of subsequent STM scans and the scan rate. Furthermore, first DTS results show that the tunneling barrier during the 1st STM scan does not seem to change significantly in the cathodic potential regime between the ocp (−0.2 V) and −2.0 V.
Green synthesis by diethylene glycol based solution process and characterization of SnS nanoparticles
Authors: Ren Li , Jin Zhengguo , Cai Shu , Yang Jingxia , Hong Zhanglian 
Published: December 2011

AbstractUniform near‐spherical SnS nanoparticles were prepared by a hydrazine hydrate‐assisted diethylene glycol solution synthesis based on the reaction of tin dichloride (SnCl2·2H2O) with thioacetamide (H3CCSNH2). The as‐prepared SnS nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, FETEM, EDS, XPS and UV‐vis‐NIR spectrophotometer. The results showed that the SnS nanoparticles had orthorhombic crystal structure, good stoichiometry and indirect bandgap of ∼1.1 eV. The nanoparticle size could be controlled by changing injection temperature. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol by using Gold Nanoparticles Supported on Ceria Foam
Authors: Alhumaimess Mosaed , Lin Zhongjie , Weng Weihao , Dimitratos Nikolaos , Dummer Nicholas F. , Taylor Stuart H. , Bartley Jonathan K. , Kiely Christopher J. , Hutchings Graham J. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe efficacy of using cerium oxide foams as a support for Au nanoparticles and subsequent use as oxidation catalysts have been investigated. These were synthesized using L‐asparagine to produce a cerium coordination polymer foam, which was calcined to give the oxide foam. Au nanoparticles were supported on the CeO2 foams using a sol‐immobilization method. The activity of the Au/foamCeO2 for solvent‐free benzyl alcohol oxidation was superior to standard Au/CeO2 catalysts, and the activity was found to be dependent on the crystallization time of the precursor foam. A crystallization time of 4 h was found to produce the most active catalyst, which retained activity and a high selectivity to benzaldehyde (ca. 96 %) when re‐used and this is related to the structure of the material. The high activity is attributed to the greater lability of surface oxygen in the support compared with commercial CeO2 materials.
Cultural regulatory fit and strategies for coping with unsuccessful outcomes
Authors: Kurman Jenny , Hui Chin‐Ming 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe present research seeks to explain cross‐cultural differences in two strategies for coping with unsuccessful outcomes (consideration of multiple options and persistence) through regulatory fit, a development of the self‐regulation theory. We propose that, because of regulatory fit, eager consideration of multiple options is more encouraged in promotion‐focused cultures, whereas vigilant persistence is more encouraged in prevention‐focused cultures (a culture‐strategy regulatory fit). In addition, if an incentive is introduced to motivate the use of these strategies, a gain‐framed incentive is more effective in promotion‐focused cultures whereas a loss‐framed incentive is more effective in prevention‐focused cultures (a culture‐incentive regulatory fit). The hypotheses for the culture‐strategy fit (Study 1) and the culture‐incentive fit (Study 2) were both supported, with samples of Israeli Jews, Israeli Arabs (in both studies), and Hong Kong Chinese (in Study 1). Taken together, the findings contribute to the understanding of cross‐cultural differences in coping with unsuccessful outcomes and suggest the existence of cultural regulatory fit. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reducing stereotype threat in order to facilitate learning
Authors: Boucher Kathryn L. , Rydell Robert J. , Van Loo Katie J. , Rydell Michael T. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractRecent stereotype threat research has demonstrated that negative stereotypes about women's math ability can impair their mathematical learning. This experiment extends this research by examining whether presenting “gender fair” information can reduce learning decrements (on a focal and transfer task) and if the timing of this information matters. Women (N = 140) and men (N = 60) were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: control, stereotype threat only, stereotype threat removed before learning, and stereotype threat removed after learning. Compared with women in the control condition and women who had stereotype threat removed before learning, learning and transfer were poorer for women in the stereotype threat only condition and women who had stereotype threat removed after learning but before learning assessment. Men's learning and transfer were unaffected by condition. These findings suggest that a manipulation that can reduce performance deficits can also reduce learning decrements if it is presented before learning occurs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrated hydropyrolysis and hydroconversion (IH2) for the direct production of gasoline and diesel fuels or blending components from biomass, part 1: Proof of principle testing
Authors: Marker Terry L. , Felix Larry G. , Linck Martin B. , Roberts Michael J. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractCellulosic biomass can be directly converted to hydrocarbon transportation fuels through the use of hydropyrolysis or integrated hydropyrolysis plus hydroconversion (IH2). Hydropyrolysis performed in a fast fluidized bed under 14–35 bar of hydrogen pressure with an effective deoxygenation catalyst directly produces a fungible hydrocarbon product with less than 1 total acid number which can either be directly fed to a refinery or polished in an integrated hydroconversion reactor to produce gasoline and diesel with less than 1% oxygen. Experimental data from a 0.45 kg/h semi‐continuous IH2 pilot plant is presented. Economics and life cycle analysis data will be presented later in this series, and will show that by employing IH2 technology, biomass can be converted to gasoline and diesel fuels at delivered costs of less and in some cases significantly less than $1.80/gallon with greater than 90% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Larger (2.08 kg/h) long‐term continuous pilot‐scale testing of the IH2 process will commence in the near future. As a biomass‐to‐fuels conversion technology, IH2 has the potential to substantially reduce US dependence on foreign oil, thereby reducing the price of transportation fuels and significantly lowering worldwide greenhouse gas emissions. © American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011