bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Philosophical Basis of What? The Anti-Realist Route to Dialetheism
Authors: Cogburn Jon 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Dummettian anti-realists have traditionally argued that verificationism entails giving up the law of excluded middle for discourses such as mathematics, which contain warrants that cannot be defeated. This chapter shows how in the case of discourses where the warrants are at best defeasible, the Dummett's master argument actually undermines the Law of Non-Contradiction. The resulting dialetheist anti-realism captures well many of our intuitions about tragic choice scenarios in ethics, and sometimes intractable disagreement among the wise, without undermining moral objectivity.
Semantic Dialetheism
Authors: Mares Edwin D. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Approaches to paraconsistency can be arranged on a spectrum similar to the way in which approaches to vagueness are often understood. On the left are the metaphysical realists; those who think that there are real contradictory facts, that are mind and language independent. On the right are those who think that although we can have inconsistent beliefs and inconsistent theories — and we need a paraconsistent logic to deal with them — the world itself is perfectly consistent. In the middle are the semantic dialetheists, who claim that there are true contradictions, but that these come about because of particular features of our use of language. This chapter outlines a particular version of semantic dialetheism based on a four-valued logic. It contends that although we need such a logic to deal with our current language, we could regiment our uses of predicates (and other expressions) to eliminate all true contradictions.
In Defense of the Law of Non-Contradiction
Authors: Zalta Edward N. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The arguments of the dialetheists for the rejection of the traditional law of non-contradiction are not yet conclusive, for they uniformly fail to consider how the logic of encoding undermines the problems dialetheism solves. This chapter treats historical philosophical problems, discussed in Priest (1995), in the logic of encoding. The argument at the heart of the case against the law of non-contradiction (i.e. the argument based on the paradoxes of self-reference) is also re-analyzed in the light of encoding logic. The chapter concludes with a more general discussion of logic and predication, and with the suggestion that there is no need to tamper with the logic of the traditional mode of predication if there is an alternative mode of predication that is well suited to the analysis of cases involving contradictory objects.
Chapter 3 Grassroots Resistance: Property Rights and Residents' Rights
Authors: Hsing You‐tien 
Published: May 2010

AbstractChapter 3 examines two types of grassroots resistance in Beijing triggered by inner‐city redevelopment. One concerns property rights protests launched by pre‐Revolution private homeowners; the other focuses on residents' rights protests by long‐term inner‐city residents displaced by redevelopment projects. The homeowners succeeded in recovering their pre‐Revolution homeownership, and their protests quickly escalated to challenge the more fundamental issue of the state's exclusive claim over land and land rents. The displaced residents, on the other hand, framed their grievances and demands not as property owners, but as residents whose livelihood is rooted in the inner city. While both groups used legalistic and territorial strategies to negotiate with the state and to expand mobilization networks, the expansion of their demands from property rights to residents' rights is particularly meaningful in the pursuit of citizenship rights.
Chapter 4 Metropolitan Governance, Real‐Estate Projects, and Capital Accumulation
Authors: Hsing You‐tien 
Published: May 2010

AbstractChapter 4 shifts the geographical focus to the urban edge of metropolitan centers, and from urban to rural land. It outlines the land battles between expansionist urban governments at the municipal and district levels and rural governments at the county and township levels. The struggle between urban and rural governments is set in the historical shift in which industrialism has largely given way to urbanism since the late 1990s. Drawing on the changing political discourse, urban governments have moved to incorporate scattered industrial estates formerly controlled by rural governments. As a result, the urban fringe becomes a primary site of capital accumulation, territorial expansion, and consolidation vital to urban governments' local state‐building projects. The urban government's logic of property‐based accumulation and territorial expansion builds on itself and finds expression in massive‐scale mega projects like “new cities” and “university cities” built on former village land in the outskirts of the city.
Chapter 5 Village Corporatism, Real‐Estate Projects, and Territorial Autonomy
Authors: Hsing You‐tien 
Published: May 2010

AbstractChapter 5 turns to the villages located at the urban fringe that have actually benefited from urban expansion, and looks at the nonconfrontational form of social mobilization in those sites. Rapid urban expansion since the 1980s has turned many “villages by the city” into “villages in the city” and has transformed villagers from vegetable farmers to rentiers, taking advantage of immigrant‐fuelled rental housing markets. These “corporatist villages,” as the author terms them, are most successful in the southern metropolises of Guangzhou and Shenzhen. Corporatist villages are able to enjoy relative territorial autonomy under the expansionist regime of the metropolitan government because of their skills in bargaining with the local state, their strategic location, recollectivization of the village economy, and reinforcement of village identity. These southern “villages in the city” thus represent a successful case of territorialization.
Chapter 7 Peasant Relocation and Deterritorialization
Authors: Hsing You‐tien 
Published: May 2010

AbstractChapter 7 looks at peasants who lost their land to urban expansion in the last three decades. It seeks a territorial explanation for the gap between the magnitude of peasants' grievances and the low frequency of protests on the one hand, and peasant's mobilizational capacity on the other. It argues that the mobilizational capacity of peasants is undermined by the snowballing effect of forced relocation. Forced relocation often leads to the deterioration of villagers' household financial status, disintegration of village organization, and rupture of collective identity, all of which contribute to village deterritorialization. More specifically, relocation produces deterritorialization through nebulous compensation negotiations that undermine mutual trust within villages, phased demolition and relocation that gradually destroy the physical environment and village solidarity, and switching peasants' status from members of village collectives to urban residents, thereby splitting villagers' interests. These moves weaken villagers' potential for successful collective action.
First Report of Armillaria Root Disease Caused by Armillaria tabescens on Araucaria araucana in Veracruz, Mexico
Authors: Kim M.-S. , Klopfenstein N. B. , Hanna J. W. , Cannon P. , Medel R. , López A. 
Published: May 2010

In September 2007, bark samples were collected from the root collar of a single Araucaria araucana tree that had recently died and was suspected of being killed by Armillaria root disease. Disease symptoms and signs included a thinning crown and fruiting bodies at the tree base over a several-year period before tree death. The tree was located in an isolated street-tree planting within a business district on Maestros Veracruzanos Street, Xalapa, Veracruz (19°31′52′′N, 96°54′25′′W, elevation 1,392 m). One fungal isolate (MEX21WF) was obtained, which possessed two sequence repeat types from the intergenic spacer-1 (IGS-1) region (GenBank Accession Nos. GQ335541 and GQ335542). On the basis of these IGS-1 sequences, this isolate from Mexico possessed 99% nucleotide sequence identities with North American Armillaria tabescens isolates (GenBank Accession Nos. AY695410 ≈ GQ335541 and AY773966 ≈ GQ335542). Somatic pairing tests of the isolate with other North American Armillaria species also identified it as A. tabescens (2). In addition, fruiting bodies were produced on the stump base in 2009 that matched morphological features of A. tabescens, e.g., exannulate, cespitose growth in clusters, brown-gray stipe to blackish toward the base, longitudinally fibrillose, basidiospores (6–) 7 to 9 × 4 to 5 (–5.5) μm, and other general morphology. On the basis of these three lines of taxonomic evidence, it was concluded that the isolate was A. tabescens. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of A. tabescens causing Armillaria root disease in Mexico. Furthermore, this note represents the first report of A. tabescens on Araucaria araucana, which is native to Chile and Argentina. The other previous reports of A. tabescens in Mexico are based on herbarium specimens collected in 1965 (BPI 753040) from Valle de Bravo (approximately 350 km west of Xalapa) in the state of México and 1973 (BPI 753041) from near Monterrey (approximately 760 km north-northwest of Xalapa) in the state of Nuevo León (1). However, no host information or confirmation of taxonomic identification was reported for these herbarium specimens. Although this note confirms the presence of A. tabescens in Mexico, more surveys and monitoring are needed to determine the full distribution of this pathogen in Mexico. Because the climate and tree communities of eastern Mexico are similar to those of the southeastern United States, where A. tabescens has been reported as a common pathogen of oaks and fruit trees (3,4), it seems reasonable that A. tabescens may represent an existing or potential threat in eastern Mexico. References: (1) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory. Online publication. ARS, USDA, 2010. (2) K. I. Mallett and Y. Hiratsuka. Can. J. Bot. 64:2588, 1986. (3) F. Miranda and A. J. Sharp. Ecology 31:313, 1950. (4) G. Schnabel et al. Mycol. Res. 109:1208, 2005.
First Report of Iris yellow spot virus on Onion in Uruguay
Authors: Colnago P. , Achigar R. , González P. H. , Peluffo S. , González Idiarte H. , Pianzzola M. J. , Galván G. A. 
Published: May 2010

From October to December 2005, onion (Allium cepa) plants in seed-production fields in south Uruguay (Canelones) had symptoms suggestive of those caused by Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV; genus Tospovirus, family Bunyaviridae). Symptoms included diamond-shaped lesions on seed stalks (scapes), each 1 to 5 cm long with a necrotic border, green center, and sometimes a second necrotic area in the center of the diamond (2,3). Necrotic lesions with more irregular shape were also associated with diseased plants. In 2006, scape samples with these symptoms were collected from four onion seed crops and assayed for IYSV using an IYSV-specific antiserum (Agdia Inc., Elkhart, IN) in a double-antibody sandwich-ELISA. IYSV was detected in all four onion seed crops monitored in 2006. IYSV incidence, expressed as the number of plants with symptoms, ranged from <1% (1 of 120 plants evaluated) to 20% (24 of 120 plants). Two fields were monitored in 2007, in which IYSV incidence increased from 2 and 3% in October to 7% (198 of 2,768 plants) and 40% (253 of 638 plants) in December, respectively. The highest incidence was observed in the same farm in 2006 and 2007. Scapes were sampled from the field with the highest incidence of symptoms in 2007 and tested for IYSV with IYSV-specific primers (3). Total RNA was extracted from 100 mg of symptomatic tissue, with green tissue adjacent to typical lesions, following a Trizol-based protocol (1). A reverse transcriptase-PCR assay with nucleocapsid gene-specific primers was used (3). A PCR product of approximately 26 bp was obtained, coincident with the expected length for IYSV. The PCR product was cloned and sequenced. The tospovirus N sequence of the isolate in Uruguay (Accession No. GU550518) had maximum identity (97%) with an Australian IYSV isolate (Accession No. AY345227), and >87% identity only with IYSV N protein sequences in GenBank. Because of the presence of IYSV in Brazil, Chile, and Peru, this first documentation, to our knowledge, of IYSV in onion crops in Uruguay suggests that the threat of IYSV to onion is increasing in South America. References: (1) P. Chomczynski and K. Mackey. Biotechniques 19:942, 1995. (2) D. H. Gent et al. Plant Dis. 90:1468, 2006. (3) H. R. Pappu et al. Plant Dis. 92:588, 2008.
Pequi is a Host for Pratylenchus zeae in the Brazilian Cerrado Region
Authors: Machado A. C. Z. , Bonfim M. F. , de Araújo Filho J. V. 
Published: May 2010

The Brazilian Cerrado Region has many natural resources that have high social economic interest. Pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.), a native species from that area, has an edible fruit, which is highly appreciated by the local population, and also a high-quality wood. In January 2010, pequi root samples were collected near the municipality of Rio Verde, Goiás State, Brazil (17°49′25.76″S, 51°02′10.06″W). Roots were washed with tapwater, dried on absorbent paper, cut in 1-cm2 pieces, and processed for nematode extraction by the blender centrifugal flotation method (2). The specimens were identified by morphological and morphometrical characteristics of six adult females mounted in formaldehyde temporary slides (1). Morphological characters used for identification included female body, stylet, pharyngeal overlapping, pharynges, postvulval uterine sac, tail lengths, stylet knobs, number of labial rings, vulva position in relation to body length, body diameters (high body, vulval, and anus region), and the de Man's ratios (a, b, b', c, and c'). Characters measured were consistent with those described for Pratylenchus zeae Graham, 1951 (1); the labial region showed three annuli, stylet was 14.83 (±0.93) μm long, with broad, anteriorly flattened basal knobs. Vulva position was 71.66% (±0.98) of body length and spermatheca was round, small, and without sperm (males were not found). Postvulval uterine sac was short (31.3 ± 4.03 μm) and tail (26.6 ± 3.61 μm) was conoid, pointed, and unstriated. Pharyngeal overlapping length was 30.5 (±6.5) μm; pharynges were 150.83 (± 28.16) μm long. The de Man's ratios obtained were: a = 24.26 ± 2.31; b = 3.89 ± 0.69; b' = 3.08 ± 0.48; c = 17.17 ± 1.47; and c' = 2.25 ± 0.19. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. zeae infecting pequi. It is difficult to determine the economic importance of this nematode parasite to pequi production since pequi is not yet a commercial crop in Brazil. This finding, however, has long term importance because researchers have been developing improved cultivars by combining favorable agronomic characteristics with high oilseed content for biofuel production. If these are commercialized, P. zeae could become an important pathogen in pequi plantings. References: (1) P. Castillo and N. Vovlas. Pratylenchus (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae): Diagnosis, Biology, Pathogenicity and Management. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, the Netherlands, 2007. (2) W. A. Coolen and C. J. D'Herde. A Method for the Quantiative Extraction of Nematodes from Plant Tissue. State Agric. Entomol. Res. Stn. Ghent, Belgium, 1972.
Occurrence of Poinsettia Stem Flat Disease Caused by Phytoplasma in Korea
Authors: Chung B. N. , Choi G. S. 
Published: May 2010

In December 2009, commercially grown poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd cv. Ichibang) exhibited typical phytoplasma-like symptoms in 95% of an affected field in Yongin, Korea (Gyeonggi Province). Symptoms consisted of flat stems and fascicles and an abnormal number of apexes resulting in a cockscomb form of stem and flower bud proliferation. Leaf narrowing with curling of bracts was also associated with the disease. Symptomatic poinsettia plants were not marketable. Poinsettias, cv. Ichibang, without symptoms were obtained from a breeding collection in a glasshouse of the National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science in Suwon (Gyeonggi Province). The presence of phytoplasmas in symptomatic and healthy-looking flowers and stems of cv. Ichibang was demonstrated by PCR analysis with primer pair R16mF2/R16mR1 (1), which amplifies phytoplasma 16S rDNA regions. PCR products (~1,427 bp), were obtained from both symptomatic and healthy-looking plants, sequenced, and registered under the GenBank Accession Nos. of GU461275 and GU461277, respectively. Symptomatic poinsettia and healthy poinsettia sequences had 99.6 and 100% identity with U.S. PoiBI isolate FJ376625, indicating poinsettia stem flat disease is caused by PoiBI. A branch-inducing factor in poinsettia has been known for several decades, but only since 1997 was this graft transmissible factor identified as a PoiBI phytoplasma (1), belonging to the peach X-disease phytoplasma group (16S rRNA III) subgroup 16SrIII-H (2). Normally, phytoplasmas are associated with host quality loss, but abnormally, infection in poinsettia generates a desirable, free-branching growth habit. In this study we found that PoiBI could be detrimental to the quality of poinsettia depending on the cultivar and agronomic practice. Poinsettia stem flat disease presumably occurred because of increased levels of phytoplasma caused by successive stem cutting for commercial use. To our knowledge, this is the first report of PoiBI phytoplasma that affected marketability of poinsettia in Korea. References: (1) I. M. Lee et al. Nature Biotech. 15:178, 1997. (2) I. M. Lee et al. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 48:1153, 1998.
First Report of Sclerotinia Stem Rot of Canola Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Texas
Authors: Isakeit T. , Woodward J. E. , Niu C. , Wright R. J. 
Published: May 2010

During the past several years, canola (Brassica napus L.) has been grown experimentally in different areas of Texas to evaluate its potential as a crop, particularly for use as a biofuel source. In early April 2007, symptoms typical of Sclerotinia stem rot were observed in a canola variety trial that was flowering in Wharton County, Texas. Stems had white mycelia growing on the outside, or a bleached appearance, near the soil surface and plants were lodging. Inside bleached stems, there were spherical to cylindrical, black sclerotia that were 3 to 10 mm. Isolations from surface-disinfested stems onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) consistently yielded white, fluffy colonies with sclerotia typical of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary (1). Sequence analyses were conducted on two replicates of mycelium by extracting fungal DNA with the Qiagen DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Valencia, CA). PCR amplification was performed using two primer sequences (92-4 AF377919: TCGCCTCAGAAGAATGTGC/AGCGGGTTACAAGGAGATGG; and 119-4 AF377925: GTAACAAGAGACCAAAATTCGG/TGAACGAGCTGTCATTCCC) (2) that have previously been used to characterize S. sclerotiorum (3). The BLAST search revealed that the sequences were 99 and 98% homologous with S. sclerotiorum Accession Nos. AF377919 and AF377925 over 376 and 377 bp of aligned sequence, respectively. Agar segments (1 cm2) from a 5-day-old culture grown on PDA were placed in the leaf axils of 15 2-month-old canola plants (‘Wichita’) growing in pots. Plants were placed in a humid chamber under fluorescent lights at 16 to 22°C. After 2 days, water soaking and necrosis occurred on petioles and stems adjacent to the inoculum, but not on plants treated with sterile PDA. S. sclerotiorum was consistently reisolated from symptomatic tissue plated on acidified PDA. The inoculations were repeated once with similar results. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Sclerotinia stem rot of canola in Texas. Currently, there is no significant canola production in Texas; however, interest in biofuels could lead to an increase in planted acres. Sclerotinia stem rot of canola could become a significant disease problem in areas of Texas where canola is planted as a winter crop. References: (1) L. M. Kohn. Phytopathology 69:881, 1979. (2) C. Sirjusingh and L. M. Kohn. Mol. Ecol. Notes 1:267, 2001. (3) J. E. Woodward et al. Plant Dis. 92:1468, 2008.
Characterization of Plant Carotenoid Cyclases as Members of the Flavoprotein Family Functioning with No Net Redox Change
Authors: Mialoundama Alexis Samba , Heintz Dimitri , Jadid Nurul , Nkeng Paul , Rahier Alain , Deli Jozsef , Camara Bilal , Bouvier Florence 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The later steps of carotenoid biosynthesis involve the formation of cyclic carotenoids. The reaction is catalyzed by lycopene β-cyclase (LCY-B), which converts lycopene into β-carotene, and by capsanthin-capsorubin synthase (CCS), which is mainly dedicated to the synthesis of κ-cyclic carotenoids (capsanthin and capsorubin) but also has LCY-B activity. Although the peptide sequences of plant LCY-Bs and CCS contain a putative dinucleotide-binding motif, it is believed that these two carotenoid cyclases proceed via protic activation and stabilization of resulting carbocation intermediates. Using pepper (Capsicum annuum) CCS as a prototypic carotenoid cyclase, we show that the monomeric protein contains one noncovalently bound flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) that is essential for enzyme activity only in the presence of NADPH, which functions as the FAD reductant. The reaction proceeds without transfer of hydrogen from the dinucleotide cofactors to β-carotene or capsanthin. Using site-directed mutagenesis, amino acids potentially involved in the protic activation were identified. Substitutions of alanine, lysine, and arginine for glutamate-295 in the conserved 293-FLEET-297 motif of pepper CCS or LCY-B abolish the formation of β-carotene and κ-cyclic carotenoids. We also found that mutations of the equivalent glutamate-196 located in the 194-LIEDT-198 domain of structurally divergent bacterial LCY-B abolish the formation of β-carotene. The data herein reveal plant carotenoid cyclases to be novel enzymes that combine characteristics of non-metal-assisted terpene cyclases with those attributes typically found in flavoenzymes that catalyze reactions, with no net redox, such as type 2 isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase. Thus, FAD in its reduced form could be implicated in the stabilization of the carbocation intermediate.