bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Condensed Organic Matter in the Nonlinear Sorption of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants by a Peat and Sediments
Authors: Ran Yong , Huang Weilin , Rao P. S. C. , Liu Dehan , Sheng Guoying , Fu Jiamo 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTThis study examines the effect of soil organic matter heterogeneity on equilibrium sorption and desorption of phenanthrene, naphthalene, 1,3,5‐trichlorobenzene (1,3,5‐TCB), and 1,2‐dichlorobenzene (1,2‐DCB) by soils and sediments. Two estuary sediments, a Pahokee peat (PP; Euic, hyperthermic Lithic Haplosaprist), and two subsamples (base‐ and acid‐treated peat [TP] and acid‐treated peat [FP]) of the peat were used as the sorbents. The contents of black carbon particles were quantified with a chemical extraction method. Petrographical examinations revealed the presence of the condensed soil and sediment organic matter (SOM) in Pahokee peat. The Freundlich isotherm model in two different forms was used to fit both sorption and desorption data. The results show that the sorption and desorption isotherms are generally nonlinear and that the apparent sorption–desorption hysteresis is present for phenanthrene and TCB. Detailed analysis of sorption data for the tested sorbent–sorbate systems indicates that black carbon is probably responsible for sorption isotherm nonlinearity for the two sediments, whereas the humic substances and kerogen may play the dominant role in nonlinear sorption by the peat. This investigation suggests that the microporosity of SOM is important for the hydrophobic organic contaminant (HOC) sorption capacity on the peat.
Tree‐Ring Strontium‐90 and Cesium‐137 as Potential Indicators of Radioactive Pollution
Authors: Kagawa Akira , Aoki Toru , Okada Naoki , Katayama Yukio 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTTo examine whether tree rings can be used to detect or assess local historical 90Sr or 137Cs fallout, such as that resulting from the Hiroshima atomic bomb, radial distribution of 90Sr and 137Cs in trees was examined. We studied a gymnosperm [Japanese cedar, Cryptomeria japonica (L. f.) D. Don] and an angiosperm (Japanese persimmon, Diospyros kaki Thunb.) tree species from the vicinity of the atomic bomb hypocenter, and from other locations in Japan. A significant amount of 137Cs was detected in tree rings formed before 1945, indicating lateral migration of Cs. In contrast, the specific activity of 90Sr in the Hiroshima Japanese cedar showed the highest level in 1945, due to relatively immobile characteristics of Sr compared with Cs. Strontium‐90 and Sr analyses in tree rings helped identify and distinguish between residual 90Sr activity from the Hiroshima atomic bomb and the atmospheric nuclear testing. This indicates the possibility of detecting or assessing previous local 90Sr pollution through with tree‐ring analysis.
Acid–Base Accounting to Predict Post‐Mining Drainage Quality on Surface Mines
Authors: Skousen J. , Simmons J. , McDonald L. M. , Ziemkiewicz P. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTAcid–base accounting (ABA) is an analytical procedure that provides values to help assess the acid‐producing and acid‐neutralizing potential of overburden rocks prior to coal mining and other large‐scale excavations. This procedure was developed by West Virginia University scientists during the 1960s. After the passage of laws requiring an assessment of surface mining on water quality, ABA became a preferred method to predict post‐mining water quality, and permitting decisions for surface mines are largely based on the values determined by ABA. To predict the post‐mining water quality, the amount of acid‐producing rock is compared with the amount of acid‐neutralizing rock, and a prediction of the water quality at the site (whether acid or alkaline) is obtained. We gathered geologic and geographic data for 56 mined sites in West Virginia, which allowed us to estimate total overburden amounts, and values were determined for maximum potential acidity (MPA), neutralization potential (NP), net neutralization potential (NNP), and NP to MPA ratios for each site based on ABA. These values were correlated to post‐mining water quality from springs or seeps on the mined property. Overburden mass was determined by three methods, with the method used by Pennsylvania researchers showing the most accurate results for overburden mass. A poor relationship existed between MPA and post‐mining water quality, NP was intermediate, and NNP and the NP to MPA ratio showed the best prediction accuracy. In this study, NNP and the NP to MPA ratio gave identical water quality prediction results. Therefore, with NP to MPA ratios, values were separated into categories: <1 should produce acid drainage, between 1 and 2 can produce either acid or alkaline water conditions, and >2 should produce alkaline water. On our 56 surface mined sites, NP to MPA ratios varied from 0.1 to 31, and six sites (11%) did not fit the expected pattern using this category approach. Two sites with ratios <1 did not produce acid drainage as predicted (the drainage was neutral), and four sites with a ratio > 2 produced acid drainage when they should not have. These latter four sites were either mined very slowly, had nonrepresentative ABA data, received water from an adjacent underground mine, or had a surface mining practice that degraded the water. In general, an NP to MPA ratio of <1 produced mostly acid drainage sites, between 1 and 2 produced mostly alkaline drainage sites, while NP to MPA ratios > 2 produced alkaline drainage with a few exceptions. Using these values, ABA is a good tool to assess overburden quality before surface mining and to predict post‐mining drainage quality after mining. The interpretation from ABA values was correct in 50 out of 52 cases (96%), excluding the four anomalous sites, which had acid water for reasons other than overburden quality.
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Availability in Composted and Uncomposted Poultry Litter
Authors: Preusch P. L. , Adler P. R. , Sikora L. J. , Tworkoski T. J. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTPoultry litter applications to land have been based on crop N requirements, resulting in application of P in excess of plant requirements, which may cause degradation of water quality in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. The effect of litter source (the Delmarva Peninsula and Moorefield, West Virginia) and composting of poultry litter on N mineralization and availability of P in two soil types (sandy loam and silt loam) was determined in a controlled environment for 120 d. Nitrogen mineralization (percent total organic N converted to inorganic nitrogen) rates were higher for fresh litter (range of 42 to 64%) than composted litter (range of 1 to 9%). The N mineralization rate of fresh litter from the Delmarva Peninsula was consistently lower than the fresh litter from Moorefield, WV. The N mineralization rate of composted litter from either source was not significantly different for each soil type (7 to 9% in sandy loam and 1 to 5% in silt loam) even though composting conditions were completely different at the two composting facilities. Litter source had a large effect on N mineralization rates of fresh but not composted poultry litter. Composting yielded a more predictable and reliable source of mineralizable N than fresh litter. Water‐extractable phosphorus (WEP) was similar in soils amended with composted litter from WV and fresh litter from both sources (approximately 10 to 25 and 2 to 14 mg P kg−1for sandy loam and silt loam, respectively). Mehlich 1–extractable phosphorus (MEP) was similar in soils amended with WV fresh litter and composted litter from both sources (approximately 100 to 140 and 60 to 90 mg P kg−1for sandy loam and silt loam, respectively). These results suggest that the composting process did not consistently reduce WEP and MEP, and P can be as available in composted poultry litter as in fresh poultry litter.
Seasonal Variation in Microbial Communities and Organic Malodor Indicator Compound Concentrations in Various Types of Swine Manure Storage Systems
Authors: Merrill L. , Halverson L. J. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTAnaerobic manure storage systems are one of the major contributors to the odor and environmental pollution associated with swine (Sus scrofa) production systems. The microbial ecology of manure storage systems and the relationships between microbial communities and odor production are largely unknown. In this study, we used community fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis to generate lipid profiles to assess seasonal differences among microbial communities inhabiting various types of outdoor swine manure storage systems. Concurrently, we measured manure concentrations of several malodor indicator compounds as well as pH, temperature, and solids content. Principal components analysis (PCA) showed that there are differences in FAME profiles among the swine manure storage systems examined and most of the variation was in the relative abundance of 18:0, 18:1ω7t, 18:1ω7c/ω9t/ω12t, and 16:1ω7t/i15:0 2OH FAMEs. The PCA of the FAME profiles revealed that the phototrophic systems were more similar to each other and that the nonphototrophic systems were more similar to each other than they were to phototrophic lagoons. There were seasonal changes in the FAME profiles in the phototrophic systems and the concrete nonphototrophic basin (CNPB), and in one phototrophic system, the FAME profiles more closely resembled a CNPB FAME profile during the winter than the other phototrophic lagoons. In the phototrophic lagoon systems, there was a direct correlation between the abundance of the FAMEs identified in the PCA and manure concentrations of phenol, p‐cresol, and 4‐ethyl phenol. In the CNPB, there was a negative correlation between the total phenolics concentration and the 18:1ω7t FAME. Our results indicate that community FAME profiles could be used as a diagnostic tool for obtaining preliminary evidence that management practices are altering the system's microbial community to one that favors less air pollution potential.
Paper Mill Residuals and Compost Effects on Soil Carbon and Physical Properties
Authors: Foley B. J. , Cooperband L. R. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTUse of organic by‐products as soil amendments in agricultural production exemplifies a strategy for converting wastes to resources. The overall objective of this research was to evaluate the short‐ and intermediate‐term effects of repeatedly amending sandy soil with paper mill residuals (PMR) and composted PMR in a vegetable rotation in Wisconsin's Central Sands. Specifically, we investigated the effects of PMR and composted PMR on total soil C and related these to changes in water‐holding capacity and plant‐available water (PAW). Amendment effects on irrigation requirements were estimated with a simple soil water balance model. The experimental design was replicated five times as a randomized complete block with four organic amendments: raw PMR, PMR composted alone (PMRC), PMR composted with bark (PMRB), and peat applied at two rates and a nonamended control. All amended treatments significantly increased total soil C relative to the nonamended control following applications in 1998 and 1999. One year following the second serial amendment, all PMR treatments increased PAW by 5 to 45% relative to the control. There was a significant positive linear relationship between total soil C and PAW. All amended treatments reduced the average amount of irrigation water required for potato production by 4 to 30% and the number of irrigation events by 10 to 90%. There was a clear trend of greater reduction in irrigation requirements with more carbon added. The cumulative effects of repeated additions of PMRB suggest that certain composts might sustain elevated PAW and reduce irrigation requirements beyond one year.
Retention and Runoff Losses of Atrazine and Metribuzin in Soil
Authors: Selim H. M. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTMinimizing herbicide runoff and mobility in the soil and thus potential contamination of water resources is a national concern. Metribuzin [4‐amino‐6‐(1,1‐dimethylethyl)‐3‐(methylthio)‐1,2,4‐triazin‐5(4H)‐one] and atrazine [2‐chloro‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐isopropylamino‐1,3,5‐triazine] dynamics in surface soils and in runoff waters were studied on six 0.2‐ha sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) plots of a Commerce silt loam (finesilty, mixed, superactive, nonacid, thermic Fluvaquentic Endoaquept) during three growing seasons under different best management practices. Metribuzin was applied in the spring as a postemergence herbicide and atrazine was applied following winter harvest. Both herbicides were applied on top of the sugarcane rows as 0.6‐ or 0.9‐m band width application, or broadcast application, where the entire area was treated. Maximum effluent concentrations were measured from the broadcast treatment and ranged from 600 to 1100 μg L−1 for atrazine and 250 to 450 μg L−1 for metribuzin. Atrazine runoff losses were highest for the broadcast treatment (2.8–11% of that applied) and lowest for the 0.6‐m band treatment (1.9–7.6%), with a similar trend for metribuzin losses. Measured extractable herbicides from the surface soil exhibited a sharp decrease with time and were well described with a simple first‐order decay model. For atrazine, estimates for the decay rate (λ) were higher than for metribuzin. Results based on laboratory adsorption–desorption (kinetic–batch) measurements were consistent with field observations. The distribution coefficients (Kd) for atrazine exhibited stronger retention over time in comparison with metribuzin on the Commerce soil. Moreover, discrepancies between adsorption isotherm and desorption indicated slower release and that hysteresis was more pronounced for atrazine compared with metribuzin.
Reduction of Ammonia Emission by Shallow Slurry Injection
Authors: Hansen Martin N. , Sommer Sven G. , Madsen Niels P. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTAmmonia (NH3) emission from livestock production causes undesirable environmental effects and a loss of plant‐available nitrogen. Much atmospheric NH3 is lost from livestock manure applied in the field. The NH3 emission may be reduced by slurry injection, but slurry injection in general, and especially on grassland, increases the energy demand and places heavy demands on the slurry injection techniques used. The reduction in NH3 emission, injection efficiency, and energy demand of six different shallow slurry‐injection techniques was examined. The NH3 emission from cattle slurry applied to grassland was reduced by all the injectors tested in the study, but there were major differences in the NH3 reduction potential of the different types of injectors. Compared with the trailing hose spreading technique, the NH3 loss was reduced by 75% when cattle slurry was injected using the most efficient slurry injection technique, and by 20% when incorporated by the least efficient injection technique. The reduction in NH3 emission was correlated with injection depth and the volume of the slot created. The additional energy demand for reducing ammonia emissions by slurry injection was approximately 13 000 kJ ha−1 for a 20% reduction and 34 000 kJ ha−1 for a 75% reduction. The additional energy demand corresponds to additional emissions of, respectively, 5.6 and 14.5 kg CO2 per ha injected.
Pesticide Volatilization from Soil
Authors: Wolters André , Linnemann Volker , Herbst Michael , Klein Michael , Schäffer Andreas , Vereecken Harry 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTA comparison was drawn between model predictions and experimentally determined volatilization rates to evaluate the volatilization approaches of European registration models. Volatilization rates of pesticides (14C‐labeled parathion‐methyl, fenpropimorph, and terbuthylazine and nonlabeled chlorpyrifos) were determined in a wind‐tunnel experiment after simultaneous soil surface application on Gleyic Cambisol. Both continuous air sampling, which quantifies volatile losses of 14C‐organic compounds and 14CO2 separately, and the detection of soil residues allow for a mass balance of radioactivity of the 14C‐labeled pesticides. Recoveries were found to be >94% of the applied radioactivity. The following descending order of cumulative volatilization was observed: chlorpyrifos > parathion‐methyl > terbuthylazine > fenpropimorph. Due to its high air–water partitioning coefficient, nonlabeled chlorpyrifos was found to have the highest cumulative volatilization (44.4%) over the course of the experiment. Volatilization flux rates were measured up to 993 μg m−2 h−1 during the first hours after application. Parameterization of the Pesticide Emission Assessment at Regional and Local Scales (PEARL) model and the Pesticide Leaching Model (PELMO) was performed to mirror the experimental boundary conditions. In general, model predictions deviated markedly from measured volatilization rates and showed limitations of current volatilization models, such as the uppermost compartment thickness, making an enormous influence on predicted volatilization losses. Experimental findings revealed soil moisture to be an important factor influencing volatilization from soil, yet its influence was not reflected by the model calculations. Future versions of PEARL and PELMO ought to include improved descriptions of aerodynamic resistances and soil moisture dependent soil–air partitioning coefficients.
Use of Additives to Enhance the Removal of Phenols from Water Treated with Horseradish and Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Tonegawa Masami , Dec Jerzy , Bollag Jean‐Marc 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTUse of additives, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), selected surfactants, chitosan gel, or activated carbon, has been shown to enhance enzymatic treatment of water polluted with organic compounds. In this study, additives were used to facilitate the removal of 2,4‐dichlorophenol (2,4‐DCP) from water using minced horseradish (Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertn. et al.) as a carrier of peroxidase activity. The specific objectives of the study were to (i) enhance the pollutant removal activity of minced horseradish by the addition of PEG and other additives (e.g., Tween 20, Triton X‐100, and rhamnolipid); (ii) eliminate colored reaction products by the addition of chitosan; and (iii) eliminate color by amending treated water with activated carbon. The disappearance of 2,4‐DCP in horseradish‐treated water samples amended with PEG or various surfactants (75–90%) was greatly increased over that observed in nonamended samples (29%). The effect of PEG depended on its average molecular weight. As indicated by visible spectrophotometry, enclosing horseradish pieces between two sealed chitosan films completely eliminated colored reaction products; however, the decolorization was accompanied by a reduction in 2,4‐DCP removal (from 95 to 60%). On the other hand, commercially available activated carbon completely removed colored reaction products from the treated water without reducing the removal efficiency. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the use of additives may considerably improve the quality of wastewater treated by plant materials.
Size and Performance of Anoxic Limestone Drains to Neutralize Acidic Mine Drainage
Authors: Cravotta Charles A. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTAcidic mine drainage (AMD) can be neutralized effectively in underground, anoxic limestone drains (ALDs). Owing to reaction between the AMD and limestone (CaCO3), the pH and concentrations of alkalinity and calcium increase asymptotically with detention time in the ALD, while concentrations of sulfate, ferrous iron, and manganese typically are unaffected. This paper introduces a method to predict the alkalinity produced within an ALD and to estimate the mass of limestone required for its construction on the basis of data from short‐term, closed‐container (cubitainer) tests. The cubitainer tests, which used an initial mass of 4 kg crushed limestone completely inundated with 2.8 L AMD, were conducted for 11 to 16 d and provided estimates for the initial and maximum alkalinities and corresponding rates of alkalinity production and limestone dissolution. Long‐term (5–11 yr) data for alkalinity and CaCO3 flux at the Howe Bridge, Morrison, and Buck Mountain ALDs in Pennsylvania, USA, indicate that rates of alkalinity production and limestone dissolution under field conditions were comparable with those in cubitainers filled with limestone and AMD from each site. The alkalinity of effluent and intermediate samples along the flow path through the ALDs and long‐term trends in the residual mass of limestone and the effluent alkalinity were estimated as a function of the computed detention time within the ALD and second‐order dissolution rate models for cubitainer tests. Thus, cubitainer tests can be a useful tool for designing ALDs and predicting their performance.
Solubilization of Manganese and Trace Metals in Soils Affected by Acid Mine Runoff
Authors: Green C. H. , Heil D. M. , Cardon G. E. , Butters G. L. , Kelly E. F. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTManganese solubility has become a primary concern in the soils and water supplies in the Alamosa River basin, Colorado due to both crop toxicity problems and concentrations that exceed water quality standards. Some of the land in this region has received inputs of acid and trace metals as a result of irrigation with water affected by acid mine drainage and naturally occurring acid mineral seeps. The release of Mn, Zn, Ni, and Cu following saturation with water was studied in four soils from the Alamosa River basin. Redox potentials decreased to values adequate for dissolution of Mn oxides within 24 h following saturation. Soluble Mn concentrations were increased to levels exceeding water quality standards within 84 h. Soluble concentrations of Zn and Ni correlated positively with Mn following reduction for all four soils studied. The correlation between Cu and Mn was significant for only one of the soils studied. The soluble concentrations of Zn and Ni were greater than predicted based on the content of each of these metals in the Mn oxide fraction only. Increases in total electrolyte concentration during reduction indicate that this may be the result of displacement of exchangeable metals by Mn following reductive dissolution of Mn oxides.
Response of Soil Microbiological Activities to Cadmium, Lead, and Zinc Salt Amendments
Authors: Stuczynski T. I. , McCarty G. W. , Siebielec G. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTHeavy metal pollution of soil has been recognized as a major factor impeding soil microbial processes. From this perspective, we studied responses of the soil biological activities to metal stress simulated by soil amendment with Zn, Pb, and Cd chlorides. The amounts of heavy metal salts added to five metal‐polluted soils and four nonpolluted soils were selected to match the total metal concentrations typically found in polluted soils of the Silesia region of Poland. From the perspective of soil quality, metal mobility in amended soils could not be described by simple functions of pH or organic matter. Reaction of Pb with the soil caused strong immobilization with less than 1% of the Pb amendment recovered by 0.01 M CaCl2 extractions. Immobilization of Cd was also significant, whereas immobilization of the Zn amendment was much weaker than that of Cd or Pb. The Zn amendment had substantial inhibitory effect on soil dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatase, arylsulfatase, urease, and nitrification potential. Generally, Cd and Pb had limited or stimulatory effect on most of these biological activities, with an exception of Pb strongly inhibiting soil urease. The effect of the metal amendments on biological activities could not be satisfactorily accounted for by metal toxicity because no strong relationship was observed between extractable metal content and the degree of inhibition. The Zn amendment had a significant effect on soil pH, resulting in confounding effects of pH and Zn toxicity on activities. Metal amendment experiments seem to be of limited utility for meaningful assessment of metal contamination effects on soil quality.