bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Frequency of Vestibular Disorders in Developmentally Delayed Preschoolers with Otitis Media
Authors: Schaaf Roseann C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study investigated the frequency of vestibular disorders in developmentally disabled preschoolers who did and who did not have a history of otitis media. Fifteen children with a history of otitis media and fifteen children with no history of otitis media were given two tests for vestibular functioning: the Southern California Postrotary Nystagmus Test (SCPNT) and the Lateral Labyrinthine Righting Reaction (LLRR), acting on the head. The scores on these tests were dichotomized, and a correlation between these two tests as measures of vestibular function was obtained. Because this correlation did not reach a satisfactory level, two a satisfactory level, two separate chi-square analyses were performed to examine the frequency of vestibular disorders with otitis media. Both tests showed a statistically significant difference in the incidence of vestibular disorders between the two groups of children; the group having otitis media demonstrated more vestibular disorders. The SCPNT demonstrated more striking results than did LLRR. This finding is related to the two tests measuring different aspects of vestibular functioning; the separate chi-square analyses were performed to examine the frequency of vestibular disorders with otitis media. Both tests showed a statistically significant difference in the incidence of vestibular disorders between the two groups of children; the group having otitis media demonstrated more vestibular disorders. The SCPNT demonstrated more striking results than did LLRR. This finding is related to the two tests measuring different aspects of vestibular functioning; the SCPNT reflects semicircular canal functioning, and the LLRR reflects utricular and saccular functioning. The criteria used for LLRR (four seconds) also may have influenced the results obtained using this test.
A Model for Implementing Color Contrast in the Environment Of the Elderly
Authors: Cooper Barbara Acheson 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Much has been written on the use of color as a functional facilitator in the environment of the elderly, but little information is available on how to implement it. This paper a) restates the main age-acquired visual defects, b) critically examines the literature on the use of environmental color, and then c) proposes a model which incorporates the factors that enhance visual clarity and Johannes Itten’s rules of color contrast. Implicit in the application of color to enhance vision is a clear understanding of the main functional purpose of the area to be heightened.
The Role of the Occupational Therapist–Work Evaluator
Authors: Holmes Debbie 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper presents the role of the occupational therapist as that of a work evaluator who provides services to injured workers. Therapists, by virtue of their professional knowledge, have a frame of reference for work evaluation and understand the factors that interrupt the work process. In work evaluation, the therapist assists the injured worker to develop work readiness and the physical capacities necessary for working productively. This development takes place in a therapeutic milieu where the “worker” role is regained. The role of the occupational therapist–work evaluator includes work-oriented treatment in the acute care setting, job analysis, work tolerance screening, work capacity evaluation, work hardening, and job market reentry management in the work evaluation and community settings.
Vocational Rehabilitation of the Older Worker
Authors: Kemp Bryan , Kleinplatz Fae 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Work is an important social role. A disability can interfere with a person’s work abilities and opportunities at any age. Unfortunately, the older population has received disproportionately little attention in rehabilitation, particularly in vocational rehabilitation. This is true, in spite of the fact that there is a growing population of older persons, with a high prevalence of disability. When returning an older disabled person to work, consideration of his or her particular physical, psychological, and social characteristics is required. This paper discusses the involvement of occupational therapists in the returning of older persons to work.
Curriculum Revision: A Case Study of the Process and Product
Authors: Madigan M. Jeanne , Loomis Barbara , Seefeldt Michael 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper traces the forces that stimulated a faculty to completely revise its occupational therapy curriculum. The process of the revision, which was largely adapted from a test development model, is recounted. The paper also describes the broad array of teaching/learning methodologies used. Comparative data from the American Occupational Therapy Association Certification Examination indicate that student achievement has significantly improved since the revised curriculum was implemented.
Gerontic Occupational Therapy—Psychological and Social Predictors of Participation and Therapeutic Benefits
Authors: Arnetz Bengt B. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess what role psychological and social factors play in predicting the participation of elderly people in a social activation program. Furthermore, the study evaluated the importance of such factors in improving subjects’ moods and decreasing feelings of loneliness. Over a six-month period, a social activation program was conducted in a senior citizen apartment bulding in Stockholm, Sweden. A group of 30 residents from one floor of the building, the experimental group, received the program while a control group of 30 residents from another floor did not. Medical, social, psychological, and behavioral assessments were made immediately before, three months after, and six months after the beginning of the program. Results were that the activity level had increased threefold in the experimental group. Experimental group subjects who initially had a low social activity level and higher scores on the internal-locus-of-control scale had the highest rate of increase in their social activity level. Subjects in the experimental group who initially had a low social activity level, were single or bereaved, scored low on the neuroticism scale, or desired a low level of internal control showed the greatest improvement in mood. Feelings of loneliness decreased the most among those in the experimental group who had a stronger internal locus of control and scored high on pessimistic feelings. Because the program benefited those subjects who initially were the most passive and isolated, it is concluded that gerontic occupational therapy plays an important role in preventing unnecessary social isolation in institutional living.
Occupational Therapy’s Domain of Concern: Reconsidered
Authors: Katz Noomi 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper focuses on the domain of concern part of a professional model presented by Mosey in her book Occupational Therapy: Configuration of a Profession (Raven, 1981). Based on additional review of the literature, I suggest two principal alterations.
1. A change in core versus parameter. “Human occupation” replaces “occupational performance” and is presented as the core of the domain of concern because this is the focus of occupational therapy practice; the “performance components” defined here as “competence components” actually serve as a parameter of practice.
2. A reconceptualization of two parameters: “time” and “cultural environment.” Time should be considered a separate parameter, including categories of time practice, balance of activities over time, and time perspective. Cultural environment is perceived as a parameter that is composed of four categories: the symbolic, social, physical, and natural environments.
This paper emphasizes the interrelatedness of all parts of the model and points out the qualitative differences between the parameters.
Starting a Level I Fieldwork Program
Authors: Cole Marilyn B. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In response to the occupational therapy students’ need for meaningful early experiences in the clinical setting, an educational strategy was devised for marketing and implementing an occupational therapy clinical program for hospitalized psychiatric patients, which involves students in all aspects of its implementation. The pilot program was started at the Veterans Administration Medical Center in West Haven, CT, on a long-term psychiatric unit. This unit’s previously limited occupational therapy services were expanded by the student program. The program has also extended into an acute psychiatric unit and a psychiatric day treatment program (which previously had not provided occupational therapy services). Sixteen to thirty Quinnipiac College junior occupational therapy students (per semester) were involved in assessment, treatment planning, program planning, administration, and documentation and evaluation under the close supervision of the occupational therapy educator. Students, patients, and administrators were surveyed, and the results were reported. For the first class of participants, the two significant learning outcomes were an improvement in attitude toward patients and an increased level of comfort in working with them.
Ocular Pursuit in Mentally Retarded, Cerebral-Palsied, and Learning-Disabled Children
Authors: Mayberry Wanda , Gilligan Mary Beth 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
We tested the following groups for visual pursuit abilities: 54 mentally retarded, 46 cerebral-palsied, and 131 learning-disabled children, 3 to 10 years of age. The resulting five behavioral scores, six directions, and total scores were analyzed for age trends. Comparisons were made between the handicapped groups and between the handicapped and normative samples. The scores were also correlated with other visual and postural abilities. All three handicapped groups scored lower than the normative group and also showed patterns different from the normative group and different from each other. The learning-disabled group most closely approximated the normative group’s development patterns. Educational data were not able to be used, and we suggest that future research examine the correlations (both in handicapped and nonhandicapped children) of ocular pursuits and educational achievement, and also obtain more complete data on cerebral-palsied children. Therapists may find the visual pursuits test useful particularly when they want to evaluate a number of aspects of ocular pursuit functioning or when they desire more precision than what is usually available by simple observation.
Using Work Simulation to Treat Adults With Back Injuries
Authors: Bettencourt Carl M. , Carlstrom Patricia , Brown Sara Hargreaves , Lindau Karen , Long Carolyn M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Occupational therapy at the Liberty Mutual Medical Service Center, Boston, Massachusetts, offers a diverse variety of modalities for the treatment of patients with low back pain. Treatment may include the use of a balance monitor, a multiwork station, a pneumatic lifting-lowering device, a computerized upper extremity work simulator, and a truck-driving simulator. The primary objective of occupational therapy in this setting is to provide a supportive environment where patients can practice and improve the execution of the work-related activities they need to perform their jobs while they are learning to live with or control their symptoms.
Affective Meanings of Life Review Through Activities and Discussion
Authors: Froehlich Jeanette , Nelson David L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Life review is often incorporated into therapy with the elderly in the form of verbal or activity groups. This study compares the affective meanings of life review through activities with life review through discussion. Twenty-two women between 60 and 85 years of age participated in one of two activity groups or in one of two discussion groups. Individuals in the activity groups expressed a positive event or accomplishment of their past by drawing and making collages. Then they discussed their finished products. In the discussion groups, subjects took turns describing a positive life event to other group members. Afterward, all subjects rated how they felt about themselves during the group using Osgood’s semantic differential scale. Analyses of variance for nested designs were completed on the scale’s evaluation, power, and action factors of affective meaning. They revealed significant differences between the groups within the activity and discussion conditions. However, differences between the activity and discussion conditions were not significant. In terms of clinical practice, life review was perceived as good, powerful, and active by this sample, and practitioners are urged to consider the importance of group-to-group differences in responses to activities.
Relationship Between Occupational Therapy Student Learning Styles and Clinic Performance
Authors: Stafford Elaine M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Scores from the Learning Style Inventory (LSI), Your Style of Learning and Thinking (SOLAT), and Fieldwork Performance Reports (FWPRs) were used to assess the relationship between learning styles and clinic performance of 33 occupational therapy students who graduated from the University of Puget Sound in May 1983. The LSI was administered during the first semester of professional studies. The SOLAT was administered during the second fieldwork experience. There were significant correlations between scores from both learning style instruments and components of the Physical Disabilities Fieldwork Performance Report (PDFWPR) and Mental Health Fieldwork Performance Report (MHFWPR) scores. Results indicate that a logical, sequential cognitive style enhanced PDFWPR scores, but negatively affected some MHFWPR scores. A preference for active experimentation contributed to both PDFWPR and MHFWPR scores. Regression analysis identified the LSI Active-Reflective score as the best predictor of the PDFWPR total. Results suggest further research to assess learning styles as predictors of clinic performance and guides for curriculum design.
Comparison of Chewing Cycles in 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-Year-Old Normal Children
Authors: Schwaab Lynn Madras , Niman Carol W. , Gisel Erika G. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Chewing movements of normal 2-, 3-, and 4-year-old children were measured. Chewing movements of 2- and 3-year-olds were compared with those of 4- and 5-year-olds. Measures were taken on 56 children: 17 were 2 years old (8 female, 9 male); 19 were 3 years old (10 female, 9 male); and 20 were 4 years old (10 female and 10 male). Data of twenty 5-year-olds (10 males, 10 females) were taken from a previous study (9).
Chewing movements were measured by time (seconds), number of cycles, and a time/cycle ratio. A chewing cycle was defined as an upward and downward movement of the chin. Total time from the moment food was placed in the mouth until the final swallow occurred was divided by the number of cycles counted for the same period.
The type of food eaten affected time, cycles, and the time/cycle ratio, but age and sex did not. A comparison of younger (2- and 3-year-olds) and older children (4- and 5-year-olds) showed significant time differences. During maturation, time was shortened. It was shown earlier that under pathologic conditions (Down’s syndrome) time was prolonged. Thus, the time/cycle ratio is an excellent indicator of the developmental status of a child.
The Use of Overcorrection as a Means to Control Drooling
Authors: Trott Maryann Colby , Maechtlen Alice Dye 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Excessive drooling in severely retarded students is a common classroom problem. This report presents a short, easy-to-execute correction procedure consisting of cleaning up saliva and pressing a tissue under the lips to decrease drooling. The procedure was used with a severely retarded girl who did not have any severe motor deficiencies. The procedure includes praise for a dry face. The procedure did decrease drooling, and the results were maintained over a 3-month period.
Health Promotion Through Employee Assistance Programs: A Role for Occupational Therapists
Authors: Maynard Marianne 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Health promotion is predicted to have a major impact on occupational therapy practice. Keeping people well and promoting a healthy life-style will be the focus for the future. Many companies and agencies are taking the lead by instituting employee assistance programs (EAPs). With the de-emphasis on long-term hospital care, many occupational therapists will be seeking employment with community health programs. This paper advocates a role for occupational therapists in health promotion and disease prevention in an EAP. A description of EAPs and the contributions that occupational therapists can make to these programs is offered. Practice and education considerations for occupational therapists’ roles in EAPs are provided.
Occupational Therapy Education in Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
Authors: Rider Barbara A. , White Virginia K. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Educational experiences and didactic materials on health promotion are necessary for occupational therapists to remain current in the profession. This paper reviews health promotion learning experiences to determine the “state of the art” in this important area. It was found that few papers or workshops have been given at recent AOTA Annual Conferences; five universities received Allied Health Grants, which included occupational therapists, to develop health promotion learning materials; and occupational therapy educational curricula for the most part do include something on health promotion. The AOTA Special Interest Sections have shown interest in health promotion.
Activity Analysis: Agreement Among Factors in a Sensory Processing Model
Authors: Llorens Lela A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A laboratory model designed to study tasks, activities, and occupation components is described. The feasibility of the model for gathering evidence about inherent factors perceived by participants in five discrete situations that involved spinning, drawing, manual rolling, buttoning, and chewing was tested. Results provide limited but specific evidence to support the concept that tasks, activities, and occupation components possess inherent factors that may be used in assessment and intervention to affect the interrelationships among external actions, external objects, and internal mental operations. Such evidence strengthens the credibility of emerging occupational theory for the practice of occupational therapy.
Chairing the Academic Occupational Therapy Department: A Job Analysis
Authors: Sieg Kay W. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The role of department chair is one of the most important roles in academia, yet chairs are rarely formally prepared for it. A modified job analysis format can be used to examine the role of the chair. In addition to administrative responsibilities, the chair, who is usually selected from the faculty, has teaching, research, and service responsibilities. Administrative functions include dealing with data (finances and programs), people (students, faculty, support personnel, the dean, and other administrators), and things (department reports, space, equipment, and materials).
There is a high attrition rate of department chairs. Occupational therapy students and therapists must be taught to see the academic chair position as an opportunity for a challenging career encompassing academia and administration.
Tongue Movements in Normal 2-, 3-, and 4-Year-Old Children: A Continuation Study
Authors: Schwaab Lynn Madras , Niman Carol W. , Gisel Erika G. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In this study, tongue movements of normal 2-, 3-, and 4-year-old children were measured and compared. The 4-year-olds were also compared with 4-year-old children in a previous study (Schwartz J: Observation of Tongue and Jaw Movement in Normal Four- and Five-Year-Old Children, master’s thesis. Washington University, School of Occupational Therapy, St. Louis, MO, 1982). Measures were taken on 56 children: 17 two-year-olds (8 females, 9 males), 19 three-year-olds (10 females, 9 males), and 20 four-year-olds (10 females, 10 males). Two different tongue positions were quantified: First, the position of the tongue as the food was presented to the child at the moment when the food was 5 cm away from the lips and second, the position of the tongue as the food was swallowed. Younger children held their tongues in a more forward position when the food was presented, although the predominant tongue position was behind the teeth in all three age groups. During swallowing there was also a progression, as age increased, from pursing the lips to puckering at the corners of the mouth. Many children kept their mouth open during swallowing. These results provide further normative data for the assessment of eating-impaired children.
The Assessment of Occupational Functioning: A Screening Tool for Use in Long-Term Care
Authors: Watts Janet Hawkins , Kielhofner Gary , Bauer David F. , Gregory Mark D. , Valentine Diane B. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper describes the development of the Assessment of Occupational Functioning (AOF), a screening tool designed to assess the functional capacity of residents in long-term treatment settings who have physical and/or psychiatric problems. The assessment is based on six variables of the Model of Human Occupation. A study of 83 community and institutionalized elderly subjects was conducted to examine the AOF’s dimensionality, test-retest reliability, interrater reliability, concurrent validity, and ability to discriminate between healthy and institutionalized adults. Item analysis suggests that ratings tend to correspond with components of the theoretical model. Both test-retest reliability and interrater reliability correlations for total test scores were above accepted minimum levels. Correlations of the screening tool with scores on the Life Satisfaction Index-Z, a concurrent validity measure, yielded positive correlations. Correlations of the screening tool score with another concurrent validity measure, the Geriatric Rating Scale score, yielded mixed results. Discrimination results indicated that the instrument can distinguish between the adaptive performance of normal and institutionalized populations.
Prediction of Methylphenidate (Ritalin) Responsiveness Through Sensory Integrative Testing
Authors: Kimball Judith Giencke 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Seventeen children previously judged to be good or poor responders to methylphenidate (Ritalin) were tested on sensory integrative measures while in the off-drug state. The tester was unaware of the children’s drug response category. Results showed that children who were poor responders to Ritalin showed prolonged scores on and an adverse reaction to the Southern California Postrotary Nystagmus Test and had poorer equilibrium reactions and lower double tactile stimuli scores than the children judged good responders to Ritalin. These findings suggest that it might be possible to identify good and poor responders to Ritalin before the medication is given, something not previously thought possible. The current method for making this distinction is through a drug trial. These findings also indicate that there are at least two discernible types of hyperactivity associated with attention deficit disorders (ADD) that are theoretically related to differences in vestibular processing: one related to underaroused or overinhibited lower brain centers, and another related to deficient inhibition from higher brain centers. The good responders to Ritalin appear to be the underaroused group, the same population that responds to sensory integrative occupational therapy techniques. This implies that perhaps occupational therapy could be used to reduce the medication needs of these children.