bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation of telencephalon morphology of the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in relation to inferred ecology
Authors: PARK P. J. , BELL M. A. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe tested the hypothesis that increased telencephalon size has evolved in threespine stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from structurally complex habitats using field‐caught samples from one sea‐run (ancestral) and 18 ecologically diverse freshwater (descendant) populations. Freshwater habitats ranged from shallow, structurally complex lakes with benthic‐foraging stickleback (benthics), to deeper, structurally simple lakes in which stickleback depend more heavily on plankton for prey (generalists). Contrary to our expectations, benthics had smaller telencephala than generalists, but the shape of the telencephalon of the sea‐run and benthic populations were more convex laterally. Convex telencephalon shape may indicate enlargement of the dorsolateral region, which is homologous with the tetrapod hippocampus. Telencephalon morphology is also sexually dimorphic, with larger, less convex telencephala in males. Freshwater stickleback from structurally complex habitats have retained the ancestral telencephalon morphology, but populations that feed more in open habitats on plankton have evolved larger, laterally concave telencephala.
Pollinator shifts and the loss of style polymorphism in Narcissus papyraceus (Amaryllidaceae)
Authors: PÉREZ‐BARRALES R. , ARROYO J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractDarwin proposed that the driving force for the evolution of style polymorphisms is the promotion of cross‐pollination between style morphs, through accurate placement of pollen on the pollinator’s body. This hypothesis has received much attention, but the effect of different pollinators in the fitness of morphs remains poorly understood. Narcissus papyraceus is a style dimorphic species (long ‐L‐ and short ‐S‐ styled) with isoplethic (1 : 1) and L‐monomorphic populations, mainly visited by long‐tongued (LT) nocturnal and short‐tongued (ST) diurnal pollinators, respectively. We studied natural female fertility of morphs, and assessed the role of diurnal and nocturnal pollinators. We also quantified female fertility of the morphs in experimental populations with different morph ratio, exposed to predominately long‐ or short‐tongued pollinators. We found that with LT pollinators, both morphs were successfully pollinated in all morph ratio conditions, suggesting that these insects could be involved in maintenance of the polymorphism, although other factors may also play a role. However, with ST pollinators, S‐plants displayed less fertility than L‐plants, and mating among L‐plants was favoured, implying that the polymorphism is lost. These results underscore the role of pollinators on variations in style polymorphism.
Onychomycosis observed in children over a 20‐year period
Authors: Rodríguez‐Pazos Laura , Pereiro‐Ferreirós MªMercedes , Pereiro Manuel , Toribio Jaime 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThere are few reports studying the aetiology of onychomycosis in children in Spain. To study childhood dermatophyte onychomycosis, a retrospective study of children was carried out, who were <16 years of age with dermatophyte onychomycosis diagnosed between 1987 and 2007. Of 4622 nail samples from 3550 patients, 218 came from 181 children up to 16 years old. Onychomycosis caused by dermatophytes was demonstrated in 28 (15.5%) cases. Trichophyton rubrum (18 cases) was the most prevalent species, followed by Trichophyton tonsurans (five cases), Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale (four cases) and Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes (one case). Concomitant dermatophytosis at other locations was confirmed in seven cases (25%). Toenail onychomycosis was associated with tinea pedis in five cases. Distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis was the most common clinical pattern. The superficial white type was found in two cases of toenail onychomycosis caused by T. rubrum and T. tonsurans. During the period of study, only 5.1% of all investigated people were children up to 16 years. The prevalence of onychomycosis tended to increase over the years and represented 15.5% of all nail dystrophies in children. Therefore, dermatologists must consider onychomycosis in the differential diagnosis of nail alterations in children and always perform a mycological study to confirm the diagnosis.
Aquaporin‐3 gene and protein expression in sun‐protected human skin decreases with skin ageing
Authors: Li Ji , Tang Hua , Hu Xinglin , Chen Mingliang , Xie Hongfu 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACTBackgroud/Objectives:  Aquaporin 3 (AQP3) is a protein implicated in skin hydration. AQP3 null mice have relatively dry skin, reduced skin elasticity, and delayed recovery of barrier function after removal of the stratum corneum which is also present in skin of old people. A feature of skin aging is the change in both water content and barrier function of the skin. We investigated the expression of aquaporin 3 in non sun‐exposed human skin, normal human keratinocytes and fibroblasts from different age groups to further understand the relationship between AQP3 and intrinsic skin aging.Methods:  We investigated the expression of aquaporin3 (AQP3) in normal human skin, normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) and skin fibroblast of different ages by immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry, the reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and western blotting. The samples were derived from 60 patients of varying ages: <20 years of age, 30–45 years and >60 years of age. Twenty skin biopsies, 6 for keratinocyte/fibroblast cultures, were taken from each age group.Results:  AQP3 decreased with increasing age in both skin and NHEK samples. We demonstrated significant differences in AQP3 expression between the 3 age groups (P < 0.05). In fibroblasts, AQP3 expression levels were significantly lower in the >60 year olds compared to 30–45 year olds (P < 0.05) and <20 year olds (P < 0.05), there was no significant difference between the two younger groups (P > 0.05).Conlusions:  AQP3 may be involved in the intrinsic aging process of non sun‐exposed human skin.
Motor and non‐motor projections from the cerebellum to rostrocaudally distinct sectors of the dorsal premotor cortex in macaques
Authors: Hashimoto Masashi , Takahara Daisuke , Hirata Yoshihiro , Inoue Ken‐ichi , Miyachi Shigehiro , Nambu Atsushi , Tanji Jun , Takada Masahiko , Hoshi Eiji 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn the caudal part of the dorsal premotor cortex of macaques (area F2), both anatomical and physiological studies have identified two rostrocaudally separate sectors. The rostral sector (F2r) is located medial to the genu of the arcuate sulcus, and the caudal sector (F2c) is located lateral to the superior precentral dimple. Here we examined the sites of origin of projections from the cerebellum to F2r and F2c. We applied retrograde transsynaptic transport of a neurotropic virus, CVS‐11 of rabies virus, in macaque monkeys. Three days after rabies injections into F2r or F2c, neuronal labeling was found in the deep cerebellar nuclei mainly of the contralateral hemisphere. After the F2r injection, labeled cells were distributed primarily in the caudoventral portion of the dentate nucleus, whereas cells labeled after the F2c injection were distributed in the rostrodorsal portion of the dentate nucleus, and in the interpositus and fastigial nuclei. Four days after rabies injections, Purkinje cells were densely labeled in the lateral part of the cerebellar cortex. After the F2r injection, Purkinje cell labeling was confined to Crus I and II, whereas the labeling seen after the F2c injection was located broadly from lobules III to VIII, including Crus I and II. These results have revealed that F2c receives inputs from broader areas of the cerebellum than F2r, and that distinct portions of the deep cerebellar nuclei and the cerebellar cortex send major projections to F2r and F2c, suggesting that F2c and F2r may be under specific influences of the cerebellum.
Immunocytochemical evidence for SNARE protein‐dependent transmitter release from guinea pig horizontal cells
Authors: Lee Helen , Brecha Nicholas C. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractHorizontal cells are lateral interneurons that participate in visual processing in the outer retina but the cellular mechanisms underlying transmitter release from these cells are not fully understood. In non‐mammalian horizontal cells, GABA release has been shown to occur by a non‐vesicular mechanism. However, recent evidence in mammalian horizontal cells favors a vesicular mechanism as they lack plasmalemmal GABA transporters and some soluble NSF attachment protein receptor (SNARE) core proteins have been identified in rodent horizontal cells. Moreover, immunoreactivity for GABA and the molecular machinery to synthesize GABA have been found in guinea pig horizontal cells, suggesting that if components of the SNARE complex are expressed they could contribute to the vesicular release of GABA. In this study we investigated whether these vesicular and synaptic proteins are expressed by guinea pig horizontal cells using immunohistochemistry with well‐characterized antibodies to evaluate their cellular distribution. Components of synaptic vesicles including vesicular GABA transporter, synapsin I and synaptic vesicle protein 2A were localized to horizontal cell processes and endings, along with the SNARE core complex proteins, syntaxin‐1a, syntaxin‐4 and synaptosomal‐associated protein 25 (SNAP‐25). Complexin I/II, a cytosolic protein that stabilizes the activated SNARE fusion core, strongly immunostained horizontal cell soma and processes. In addition, the vesicular Ca2+‐sensor, synaptotagmin‐2, which is essential for Ca2+‐mediated vesicular release, was also localized to horizontal cell processes and somata. These morphological findings from guinea pig horizontal cells suggest that mammalian horizontal cells have the capacity to utilize a regulated Ca2+‐dependent vesicular pathway to release neurotransmitter, and that this mechanism may be shared among many mammalian species.
Resistant starch improves insulin sensitivity in metabolic syndrome
Authors: Johnston K. L. , Thomas E. L. , Bell J. D. , Frost G. S. , Robertson M. D. 
Published: April 2010

Diabet. Med. 27, 391–397 (2010)AbstractAims  Diets rich in non‐viscous fibre are linked to a reduced risk of both diabetes and cardiovascular disease; however, the mechanism of action remains unclear. This study was undertaken to assess whether chronic consumption of this type of fibre in individuals with the metabolic syndrome would improve insulin sensitivity via changes in ectopic fat storage.Methods  The study was a single‐blind, randomized, parallel nutritional intervention where 20 insulin resistant subjects consumed either the fibre supplement (resistant starch) (40 g/day) or placebo supplement (0 g/day) for 12 weeks. Insulin sensitivity was measured by euglycaemic–hyperinsulinaemic clamp and ectopic fat storage measured by whole‐body magnetic resonance spectroscopy.Results  Resistant starch consumption did not significantly affect body weight, fat storage in muscle, liver or visceral depots. There was also no change with resistant starch feeding on vascular function or markers of inflammation. However, in subjects randomized to consume the resistant starch, insulin sensitivity improved compared with the placebo group (P = 0.023). Insulin sensitivity correlated significantly with changes in waist circumference and fat storage in tibialis muscle and to a lesser extent to visceral‐to‐subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue ratio.Conclusion  Consumption of resistant starch improves insulin sensitivity in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. Unlike in animal models, diabetes prevention does not appear to be directly related to changes in body adiposity, blood lipids or inflammatory markers. Further research to elucidate the mechanisms behind this change in insulin sensitivity in human subjects is required.
Influence of glycaemic control on platelet bound CD40–CD40L system, P‐selectin and soluble CD40 ligand in Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Neubauer H. , Setiadi P. , Günesdogan B. , Pinto A. , Börgel J. , Mügge A. 
Published: April 2010

Diabet. Med. 27, 384–390 (2010)AbstractAims  Type 2 diabetes is a potent cardiovascular risk factor, associated with proinflammatory and prothrombotic processes. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether platelet‐bound CD40–CD40L signalling, P‐selectin expression and soluble CD40L were increased in patients with diabetes mellitus and can be normalized by improving glycaemic control.Methods  Soluble (s) CD40L, platelet surface expression of CD40L, CD40 and P‐selectin (CD62P) on platelets were measured by flow cytometry in 71 patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and 37 healthy volunteers. In addition, the relationship of HbA1c to CD40–CD40L and P‐selectin expression was determined in a longitudinal follow‐up.Results  In patients with Type 2 diabetes, platelet membrane CD40 expression (Type 2 diabetes 3.1 ± 0.61 vs. controls 2.5 ± 0.85 mean fluorescence intensity; P = 0.001), platelet‐bound CD40L (1.2 ± 0.32 vs. 1.1 ± 0.14; P = 0.034) as well as surface expression of CD62P (0.66 ± 0.19 vs. 0.57 ± 0.12; P = 0.007) were higher than in control subjects. Plasma sCD40L values (3.2 ± 1.70 vs. 1.8 ± 0.50 ng/ml; P < 0.001) were also significantly increased in Type 2 diabetes. After improving glycaemic control in patients with initial HbA1c > 8.5% (n = 15), platelet P‐selectin and CD40–CD40L expression decreased significantly by 54.0%, 36.22% and 16.26%, respectively 1 year later.Conclusions  Type 2 diabetes is associated with up‐regulation of the platelet‐bound CD40–CD40L system, platelet hyperactivity (enhanced P‐selectin expression) and increased sCD40L levels. Improved glycaemic control, however, does help to correct abnormal platelet activation via down‐regulation of CD40–CD40L system and P‐selectin expression.
Providing diabetes patients with personalized written clinical information in the diabetes outpatient clinic: a pilot study
Authors: Hong Y. Y. , Lim Y. Y. , Audrey Lim S. Y. , O' Donnell M. T. , Dinneen S. F. 
Published: April 2010

Diabet. Med. 27, 685–690 (2010)AbstractAim  To explore the impact of sharing personalized written clinical information with diabetes outpatients on patient involvement in the clinical consultation.Methods  One hundred and six patients attending diabetes outpatient clinics for a review visit were allocated to receive either a patient information sheet containing personalized clinical information (prior to their consultation) or no information sheet. Both groups were compared by observing the number of patients raising any of the 17 topics included on the patient information sheet, the number of topics raised by each individual and the proportion of the total consultation time in which the patient was involved in conversation. A mean patient score was calculated by summing the number of topics raised by each patient.Results  Patients in the intervention group were more likely to initiate a conversation on all 17 topics during the consultation than those in the control group. These differences were significant for all topics except glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and diabetes complications. The mean patient score was significantly higher in the intervention group (5 vs. 1, P < 0.005), with the highest patient score in the intervention group being 14 compared with 4 in the control group. The mean patient conversation time for the intervention group was significantly longer than for the control group (6.34 vs. 3.34 min, P < 0.01). The overall consultation time did not significantly differ between groups.Conclusions  Providing patients with personalized clinical information in a routine clinical setting can increase patients’ involvement in the consultation without significantly increasing the length of the consultation.
Interventions that involve parents to improve children's weight‐related nutrition intake and activity patterns – what nutrition and activity targets and behaviour change techniques are associated with intervention effectiveness?
Authors: Golley R. K. , Hendrie G. A. , Slater A. , Corsini N. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryParent involvement is an important component of obesity prevention interventions. However, the best way to support parents remains unclear. This review identifies interventions targeting parents to improve children's weight status, dietary and/or activity patterns, examines whether intervention content and behaviour change techniques employed are associated with effectiveness. Seventeen studies, in English, 1998–2008, were included. Studies were evaluated by two reviewers for study quality, nutrition/activity content and behaviour change techniques using a validated quality assessment tool and behaviour change technique taxonomy. Study findings favoured intervention effectiveness in 11 of 17 studies. Interventions that were considered effective had similar features: better study quality, parents responsible for participation and implementation, greater parental involvement and inclusion of prompt barrier identification, restructure the home environment, prompt self‐monitoring, prompt specific goal setting behaviour change techniques. Energy intake/density and food choices were more likely to be targeted in effective interventions. The number of lifestyle behaviours targeted did not appear to be associated with effectiveness. Intervention effectiveness was favoured when behaviour change techniques spanned the spectrum of behaviour change process. The review provides guidance for researchers to make informed decisions on how best to utilize resources in interventions to support and engage parents, and highlights a need for improvement in intervention content reporting practices.
ON USING PEOPLE MERELY AS A MEANS IN CLINICAL RESEARCH
Authors: VAN DER GRAAF RIEKE , VAN DELDEN JOHANNES J.M. 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACTIt is often argued that clinical research should not violate the Kantian principle that people must not be used merely as a means for the purposes of others. At first sight, the practice of clinical research itself, however, seems to violate precisely this principle: clinical research is often beneficial to future people rather than to participants; even if participants benefit, all things considered, they are exposed to discomforts which are absent both in regular care for their diseases and in other areas of daily life. Therefore, in this paper we will consider whether people are used merely as a means by being enrolled in clinical research. On the basis of recent studies of Kantian scholars we will argue that clinical research is compatible with the Kantian principle if the conditions of possible consent and end‐sharing have been met. Participants are not used merely as a means if they have sufficient reasons to consent to being enrolled in clinical research and can share the ends of the researchers who use them. Moreover, we will claim that even if people are used merely as a means by participating in clinical research, it may not always be morally wrong to use them in this way.
THE TECHNOLOGICAL AND TYPOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR OF A NEANDERTHAL GROUP FROM EL SIDRÓN CAVE (ASTURIAS, SPAIN)
Authors: SANTAMARÍA DAVID , FORTEA JAVIER , DE LA RASILLA MARCO , MARTÍNEZ LUCÍA , MARTÍNEZ ENRIQUE , CAÑAVERAS JUAN CARLOS , SÁNCHEZ‐MORAL SERGIO , ROSAS ANTONIO , ESTALRRICH ALMUDENA , GARCÍA‐TABERNERO ANTONIO , LALUEZA‐FOX CARLES 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThis paper presents the first detailed analysis of the lithic industry from El Sidrón Cave. Previously we have published other works concerning Anthropology and Palaeogenetics. The lithic assemblage contains 415 artefacts coming from both unofficial and official excavations and is largely flake‐based. The raw material derives from the immediate cave environment, and is mostly chert, with quartzite in a lesser proportion. To date, 67 artefacts have been refitted, including some tools and cores. The spatial distribution of the refitted lithic artefacts confirms, on the one hand, the unity of the assemblage and, on the other, its secondary context.
NEW APPROACHES ON THE ARCHAIC TRADE IN THE NORTH‐EASTERN IBERIAN PENINSULA: EXPLOITATION AND CIRCULATION OF LEAD AND SILVER
Authors: RAFEL NÚRIA , MONTERO‐RUIZ IGNACIO , CASTANYER PERE , AQUILUÉ XAVIER , ARMADA XOSÉ‐LOIS , BELARTE M. CARME , FAIRÉN SARA , GASULL PEPA , GENER MARC , GRAELLS RAIMON , HUNT MARK , MARTIN AURORA , MATA JOSEP M. , MORELL NÚRIA , PÉREZ ARTURO , PONS ENRIQUETA , RENZI MARTINA , ROVIRA M. CARME , ROVIRA SALVADOR , SANTOS MARTA , TREMOLEDA JOAQUIM , VILLALBA PEPA 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA wide‐ranging study based on compositional and isotopic analyses of minerals and manufactured objects from the north‐eastern Iberian Peninsula and their respective archaeological and cultural contexts demonstrates significant lead mineral exploitation in the El Priorat area (Tarragona province) linked to Phoenician trade (seventh–sixth centuries BC). This exploitation continued, despite losing intensity, until the Romanization of the territory. Our project also aims to determine the nature and origin of the lead and silver supply in the northern Iberian territory surrounding the Phocaean enclave of Emporion, especially with regard to the demands of the colonial mint. The behaviour pattern of the circulation of lead, silver and copper in Catalonia in the period studied indicates a plurality of contemporary supply sources, although, at least from the fifth century BC onward, minerals and metals from the south‐eastern Iberian Peninsula take on considerable importance.
3D numerical modeling of hydrothermal processes during the lifetime of a deep geothermal reservoir
Authors: Blöcher M. G. , Zimmermann G. , Moeck I. , Brandt W. , Hassanzadegan A. , Magri F. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractUnderstanding hydrothermal processes during production is critical to optimal geothermal reservoir management and sustainable utilization. This study addresses the hydrothermal (HT) processes in a geothermal research doublet consisting of the injection well E GrSk3/90 and production well Gt GrSk4/05 at the deep geothermal reservoir of Groß Schönebeck (north of Berlin, Germany) during geothermal power production. The reservoir is located between −4050 to −4250 m depth in the Lower Permian of the Northeast German Basin. Operational activities such as hydraulic stimulation, production (T = 150°C; Q = −75 m3 h−1; C = 265 g l−1) and injection (T = 70°C; Q = 75 m3 h−1; C = 265 g l−1) change the HT conditions of the geothermal reservoir. The most significant changes affect temperature, mass concentration and pore pressure. These changes influence fluid density and viscosity as well as rock properties such as porosity, permeability, thermal conductivity and heat capacity. In addition, the geometry and hydraulic properties of hydraulically induced fractures vary during the lifetime of the reservoir. A three‐dimensional reservoir model was developed based on a structural geological model to simulate and understand the complex interaction of such processes. This model includes a full HT coupling of various petrophysical parameters. Specifically, temperature‐dependent thermal conductivity and heat capacity as well as the pressure‐, temperature‐ and mass concentration‐dependent fluid density and viscosity are considered. These parameters were determined by laboratory and field experiments. The effective pressure dependence of matrix permeability is less than 2.3% at our reservoir conditions and therefore can be neglected. The results of a three‐dimensional thermohaline finite‐element simulation of the life cycle performance of this geothermal well doublet indicate the beginning of thermal breakthrough after 3.6 years of utilization. This result is crucial for optimizing reservoir management. Geofluids (2010) 10, 406–421