bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Continuous Glucose Monitoring on Hypoglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Battelino Tadej , Phillip Moshe , Bratina Natasa , Nimri Revital , Oskarsson Per , Bolinder Jan 
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE
To assess the impact of continuous glucose monitoring on hypoglycemia in people with type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In this randomized, controlled, multicenter study, 120 children and adults on intensive therapy for type 1 diabetes and a screening level of glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) &lt;7.5% were randomly assigned to a control group performing conventional home monitoring with a blood glucose meter and wearing a masked continuous glucose monitor every second week for five days or to a group with real-time continuous glucose monitoring. The primary outcome was the time spent in hypoglycemia (interstitial glucose concentration &lt;63 mg/dL) over a period of 26 weeks. Analysis was by intention to treat for all randomized patients.

RESULTS
The time per day spent in hypoglycemia was significantly shorter in the continuous monitoring group than in the control group (mean ± SD 0.48 ± 0.57 and 0.97 ± 1.55 h/day, respectively; ratio of means 0.49; 95% CI 0.26–0.76; P = 0.03). HbA1c at 26 weeks was lower in the continuous monitoring group than in the control group (difference −0.27%; 95% CI −0.47 to −0.07; P = 0.008). Time spent in 70 to 180 mg/dL normoglycemia was significantly longer in the continuous glucose monitoring group compared with the control group (mean hours per day, 17.6 vs. 16.0, P = 0.009).

CONCLUSIONS
Continuous glucose monitoring was associated with reduced time spent in hypoglycemia and a concomitant decrease in HbA1c in children and adults with type 1 diabetes.
De la typologie de la bilingualité à une typologie du plurilinguisme ou de la multilingualité : un hommage à Josiane Hamers
Authors: El Euch Sonia 
Published: February 2011

RésuméCet article est dédié à une de nos respectables collègues, Josiane Hamers, qui nous aurait activement accompagnée dans cette dialectique sur le plurilinguisme. Alors que sa distinction entre bilinguisme et bilingualité (Hamers et Blanc, 1995, 2000) est utile dans les domaines de l'acquisition des langues secondes et du bilinguisme, son utilisation de ces termes dans des situations impliquant plus de deux langues est discutable. Cet article décrit certains aspects des dimensions psychologiques de la bilingualité qui font que le plurilinguisme soit différent du bilinguisme. En exposant les différents facteurs impliqués dans une situation multilingue et en proposant une typologie du plurilinguisme, nous mettons en évidence l'importance de voir le plurilinguisme dans une perspective holistique et de voir l'individu plurilingue en tant que système psycholinguistique complexe. Les types de plurilinguisme suggérés visent à dresser le portrait de l'ensemble des facteurs à considérer dans de futures recherches interdisciplinaires sur le plurilinguisme.
Une négociation foncière introuvable ? L'exemple du Mayo-Rey dans le nord du Cameroun
Authors: Seignobos Christian 
Published: February 2011

Dans le lamidat peul le plus puissant du Nord Cameroun : Rey Bouba, a été inauguré après 1996 un marquage foncier sur les limites litigieuses, dans une zone de cohabitation entre migrants et autochtones. Après huit années de bornage, conduites par un Projet, puis par un bureau d’étude (Terdel), le pouvoir traditionnel arrête le processus et fait arracher les bornes des négociations en cours. Le pouvoir traditionnel affirme par là sa primauté sur la terre. L’administration centrale est absente du foncier et le gouvernement accepte un retrait de l’État, négocié à Rey sur la base d’intérêts électoraux bien compris. Société civile et ONG sont inexistantes. Quant à la tutelle « technique », la Sodecoton, société para-étatique accusée d’être au service des migrants, elle n’est pas jugée suffisamment neutre en 2005. Aussi les officines de Développement en charge du foncier se trouvent-elles sans recours face aux seuls pouvoirs traditionnels. Toute négociation de sécurisation foncière semble alors devenir impossible.
La réforme territoriale en contexte métropolitain : éclairages canadiens
Authors: Douay Nicolas 
Published: February 2011

Résumé Le Canada a connu des réformes territoriales, touchant notamment l’échelle métropole. Cet article explore différentes réponses théoriques et leurs applications pratiques : la création d’un gouvernement métropolitain, le maintien d’une fragmentation municipale et, plus récemment, la voie médiane du « nouveau régionalisme ».
Road transport conditions of slaughter cattle: Effects on the prevalence of dark, firm and dry beef
Authors: Warren L.A. , Mandell I.B. , Bateman K.G. 
Published: February 2011

TThis is a benchmark study to investigate slaughter cattle transportation conditions in Canada. Data collected included: season; temperature variation; truck ventilation; transport conditions; length of time in transit; trucker training and experience hauling cattle; number of lots and whether lots were separated; sex and whether sexes were separated on mixed loads; cattle unloading gait score; cattle handling score; cattle weight and number of dark cutters. Information was collected on approximately 50 000 animals transported by 1363 trucks. The prevalence of dark cutters (mean = 2% per truckload) was highest in mixed loads, followed by heifers and steers. Mixed loads that were not separated (steers and heifers in the same compartment) had a greater prevalence of dark cutters than mixed loads that were separated. The GLIMMIX procedure in SAS 9.1 was used for the analysis of the risk factors associated with dark cutters. Province of origin, cattle unloading speed, driver training, truck ventilation, trucking experience, sex, origin (sale barn or feedlot) and whether or not cattle were held in lairage overnight were all significant predictors for dark cutting beef.
Jury decision making research: Are researchers focusing on the mouse and not the elephant in the room?
Authors: Nuñez Narina , McCrea Sean M. , Culhane Scott E. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe concerns of jury research have extensively focused on subject selection, yet larger issues loom. We argue that observed differences between students and non‐students in mock juror studies are inconsistent at best, and that researchers are ignoring the more important issue of jury deliberation. We contend that the lack of information on deliberating jurors and/or juries is a much greater threat to ecological validity and that some of our basic findings and conclusions in the literature today might be different if we had used juries, not non‐deliberating jurors, as the unit of measure. Finally, we come full circle in our review and explore whether the debate about college and community samples might be more relevant to deliberating versus non‐deliberating jurors. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid Microwave‐Assisted Nonaqueous Synthesis and Growth Mechanism of AgCl/Ag, and Its Daylight‐Driven Plasmonic Photocatalysis
Authors: Jiang Jing , Zhang Lizhi 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWe report on a rapid microwave‐assisted nonaqueous synthesis and the growth mechanism of AgCl/Ag with controlled size and shape. By rationally varying the reaction temperature and the microwave irradiation time, we achieved the transformation of nanocubes to rounded triangular pyramids by a combined process of “oriented attachment” and Ostwald ripening. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) properties of the as‐prepared AgCl/Ag have been found to be somewhat dependent on the size, morphology, and composition. The as‐prepared AgCl/Ag exhibits high photocatalytic activity and good reusability for decomposing organic pollutants (such as methyl orange (MO), rhodamine B (RhB), and pentachlorophenol (PCP)) under indoor artificial daylight illumination (ca. 1 mW cm−2). The AgCl/Ag has also been found to display a superior ability to harvest diffuse indoor daylight (ca. 5 mW cm−2), and could complete the degradation of 10 mg L−1 MO within 15 min. Experiments involving the trapping of active species have shown that the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in the AgCl/Ag system may proceed through direct hole transfer. This study has revealed that plasmonic daylight photocatalysis may open a new frontier for indoor pollutant control around the clock under fluorescent lamp illumination.
Visible Light‐Induced Release of Nitrogen Monoxide from a Nitrosylrhodium Complex
Authors: Song Wenjing , Kristian Kathleen E. , Bakac Andreja 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe important roles that nitric oxide (NO) plays in biological environments, and the need for precise and targeted delivery of NO for medicinal and other purposes have led to intense research in the area of metal nitrosyl complexes as thermal and photochemical sources of NO. Complexes with a good combination of chemical stability and high quantum yield for photochemical release of NO upon irradiation with visible light in aqueous solutions are rare. Here we report that a simple macrocyclic nitrosylrhodium complex [L2(H2O)Rh(NO)]2+ (L2=Me6[14]aneN4) exhibits unique chemical and photochemical properties that make it an excellent photochemical precursor of NO. The complex is highly soluble in water, thermally stable, and resistant toward O2. Irradiation in the 648 nm band generates NO and [L2(H2O)Rh]2+ in aqueous solutions with a quantum yield of 1.00±0.07, the highest ever reported for a nitrosyl complex under any conditions. In the absence of O2, the two fragments combine to regenerate [L2(H2O)Rh‐ (NO)]2+, but in O2‐containing solu‐ tions, [L2(H2O)RhOO]2+ is formed as determined in spectral and kinetic measurements. The kinetics of the reaction of this superoxo complex with NO were measured by laser flash photolysis, k=(3.9±0.4)×107 M−1 s−1. Steady‐state photolysis of [L2(H2O)Rh(NO)]2+ under O2 yielded [L2(H2O)Rh(ONO2)]2+, a long‐lived nitrato intermediate that can also be generated in a direct reaction between NO and genuine [L2(H2O)RhOO]2+. Thus, visible‐light photolysis of the [L2(H2O)Rh(NO)]2+/O2 system converts it to the [L2(H2O)RhOO]2+/NO combination.
Diastereoselective Chain‐Elongation Reactions Using Microreactors for Applications in Complex Molecule Assembly
Authors: Carter Catherine F. , Lange Heiko , Sakai Daiki , Baxendale Ian R. , Ley Steven V. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractDiastereoselective chain‐elongation reactions are important transformations for the assembly of complex molecular structures, such as those present in polyketide natural products. Here we report new methods for performing crotylation reactions and homopropargylation reactions by using newly developed low‐temperature flow‐chemistry technology. In‐line purification protocols are described, as well as the application of the crotylation protocol in an automated multi‐step sequence.
Photochemical Synthesis of Ruthenium–Carbonyl Compounds with Thioether Ligands and Subsequent Oxidative Cleavage of Trinuclear Complexes by Chlorinated Solvents
Authors: Maiti Biplab K. , Görls Helmar , Klobes Olaf , Imhof Wolfgang 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe photochemical reaction of [Ru3(CO)12] with thioether ligands in THF leads to the isolation of tetranuclear ruthenium–carbonyl cluster compounds of the formula [Ru4(CO)13(μ2‐R2S)]. In these compounds, ruthenium atoms adopt a typical butterfly arrangement. If chelating ligands with two thioether functions are introduced, the reaction leads to mixtures of the trinuclear substitution products [Ru3(CO)10(RS∩SR)] and [Ru3(CO)8(RS∩SR)2]. The latter may be oxidatively cleaved by the use of chlorinated solvents to produce the mononuclear compound [Ru(CO)2Cl2(RS∩SR)] or the dinuclear complex [Ru2(CO)2(μ2‐Cl)2Cl2(RS∩SR)2] depending on the reaction conditions. Five new ruthenium–carbonyl–thioether complexes were characterized by X‐ray diffraction.
Shape‐Controlled Synthesis and Luminescent Properties of CeO2:Sm3+ Nanophosphors
Authors: Yoshida Yasutaka , Fujihara Shinobu 
Published: February 2011

AbstractCeO2:Sm3+ nanophosphors were synthesized by hydrothermal treatments of aqueous solutions containing cerium nitrate, samarium nitrate, and sodium hydroxide. The shape of the nanocrystals was controlled simply by changing the hydrothermal treatment temperature. Nanorods of CeO2:Sm3+ were obtained at 100 °C, whereas highly crystalline nanocubes were formed at a higher temperature of 180 °C. Photoluminescent properties of the nanophosphors were greatly influenced by their shapes. The as‐prepared nanocubes exhibited much stronger orange‐red emissions from Sm3+ than the as‐prepared nanorods. A high‐temperature treatment of the nanorods at 700 °C did not significantly enhance the emission intensity. The different photoluminescent properties were then examined by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. Results showed that oxygen defects were the major reason for the inferior properties of the nanorods even after the high‐temperature treatment. In contrast, the CeO2:Sm3+ nanocubes were shown to be excellent nanophosphors prepared at 180 °C without any further treatment.
From a Simple Pyrazole‐Derived 1,2‐Amino Alcohol to Mono‐ and Multinuclear Complexes by Tailoring Hydrogen Bond Patterns
Authors: Seubert Christoph K. , Sun Yu , Lan Yanhua , Powell Annie K. , Thiel Werner R. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractStarting from easily accessible ethyl‐5(3)‐methylpyrazole‐3(5)‐carboxylate, 2‐[(1,5‐dimethyl)pyrazol‐3‐yl]propan‐2‐ol (3) can be obtained in good yields in just two steps. The latter compound undergoes coordination to a series of transition metal ions; the resulting complexes were characterized by means of spectroscopy and magnetic measurements.
Ethyl 3‐ and 5‐Triflyloxy‐1H‐pyrazole‐4‐carboxylates in the Synthesis of Condensed Pyrazoles by Pd‐Catalysed Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Arbačiauskienė Eglė , Vilkauskaitė Gytė , Šačkus Algirdas , Holzer Wolfgang 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe easily obtainable title compounds ethyl 5‐ and 3‐triflyloxy‐1H‐pyrazole‐4‐carboxylates (2 and 5) have been used as precursors in Sonogashira‐type cross‐coupling reactions with various alkynes to obtain the corresponding 5‐ and 3‐alkynyl‐4‐(ethoxycarbonyl)pyrazoles 3 and 6. Cyclization of the latter ortho‐difunctional synthons afforded different condensed pyrazoles such as pyrano[4,3‐c]pyrazol‐4(1H)‐ones and ‐4(2H)‐ones 7 and 10 as well as 1,5‐dihydro‐ and 2,5‐dihydro‐4H‐pyrazolo[4,3‐c]pyridin‐4‐ones 9 and 12, respectively. Suzuki coupling of triflate 2 with phenylboronic acids gave the corresponding 5‐arylpyrazoles. Heating of 5‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazole‐4‐carboxylic acid (16) with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid led to the formation of the unexpected tetracyclic system 18. Detailed NMR spectroscopic investigations were undertaken on all obtained products.
Formation of Five‐Membered Cyclic Orthoesters from Tribromides with Participation of a Neighboring Carbonyl Group
Authors: Gururaja Guddeangadi N. , Mobin Shaikh M. , Namboothiri Irishi N. N. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe Mg‐mediated conjugate addition of bromoform to enones followed by alcoholysis of the resulting keto tribromides proceeds through an unusual course, affording cyclic orthoester (dihydrofuran) intermediates under neutral workup conditions. However, acid workup of the reaction mixture or treatment of the isolated dihydrofurans with acid provides the expected but synthetically useful γ‐keto esters. The intermediacy of dihydrofurans in the one‐pot transformation of keto tribromides into γ‐keto esters provides evidence for the active participation of the neighboring carbonyl group in the alcoholysis of the tribromide moiety.
“On‐Water” Michael‐Type Addition Reactions Promoted by PhSeZnCl
Authors: Battistelli Benedetta , Lorenzo Testaferri , Tiecco Marcello , Santi Claudio 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn this communication we report that our reagent PhSeZnCl can be conveniently used to effect Michael addition like reactions of unsaturated ketones and electron‐deficient alkynes, leading to synthetically useful β‐seleno derivativesand vinyl selenides, respectively. The reactions are effected at room temperature in THF as well as under “on water” conditions. When the addition occurs on a triple bond, good stereoselectivity is observed, and the reaction shows a rate acceleration in water suspension.
Lipoic acid inhibits leptin secretion and Sp1 activity in adipocytes
Authors: Prieto‐Hontoria Pedro L. , Pérez‐Matute Patricia , Fernández‐Galilea Marta , Martínez J. Alfredo , Moreno‐Aliaga María J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractScope: Lipoic acid (LA) is an antioxidant with therapeutic potential on several diseases such as diabetes and obesity. Hyperleptinemia and oxidative stress play a major role in the development of obesity‐linked diseases. The aim of this study was to examine in vivo and in vitro the effects of LA on leptin production, as well as to elucidate the mechanisms and signalling pathways involved in LA actions.Methods and results: Dietary supplementation with LA decreased both circulating leptin, and adipose tissue leptin mRNA in rats. Treatment of 3T3‐L1 adipocytes with LA caused a concentration‐dependent inhibition of leptin secretion and gene expression. Moreover, LA stimulated the anaerobic utilization of glucose to lactate, which negatively correlated with leptin secretion. Furthermore, LA enhanced phosphorylation of Sp1 and inhibited Sp1 transcriptional activity in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. Moreover, LA inhibited Akt phosphorylation, a downstream target of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K). Treatment with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 mimicked LA actions, dramatically inhibiting both leptin secretion and gene expression and stimulating Sp1 phosphorylation.Conclusion: All of these data suggest that the phosphorylation of Sp1 and the accompanying reduced DNA‐binding activity are likely to be involved in the inhibition of leptin induced by LA, which could be mediated in part by the abrogation of the PI3K/Akt pathway.
Optimization of N, N, N‐trimethylchitosan synthesis by factorial design
Authors: de Britto Douglas , Frederico Fernando R , Garrido Assis Odilio B 
Published: February 2011

AbstractFactorial design analysis was applied to optimize the synthesis, via a new route, of N, N, N‐trimethylchitosan, based on dimethylsulfate as a methylating agent. The responses analyzed were weight yield, solubility and average degree of quaternization. Temperature was verified as the most important variable, as it caused the most variation in the response. X(T) = − 54.52, − 9.50 and − 7.25, respectively, for weight yield, solubility and degree of quaternization. A sharp decrease in the viscosimetric and gel permeation chromatography parameters proved that severe depolymerization took place at high reaction temperatures. Contact angle measurements showed a decrease in the hydrophilic character of over‐methylated samples. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Predicting the Impulse from the Curved Surface of Detonating Cylindrical Charges
Authors: Knock Clare , Davies Nigel 
Published: February 2011

AbstractTNT (Trinitrotoluene) equivalency depends on knowing the relative strength of different explosives compared to TNT. However, the current values for TNT equivalency mostly depend on work on spherical charges, whereas most military ammunition is cylindrical in shape. Cylindrical charges are known to give an enhanced blast close in when compared to that of spherical charges. A previous paper looked at predicting the peak pressure perpendicular to the curved side of a cylinder. This paper examines impulse data for the curved surface of cylindrical charges from the literature for Composition B and Pentolite and then describes experimental work carried out on cylindrical PE4 charges. Analysis of the free air experimental and literature data shows that it is possible to predict the impulse using a linear relationship, though it is not possible to decide on the best fit based on the current data. The fits for both I=KIM0.5/R and I=${K{^\prime}_{\rm{I}} }$M2/3/R give very similar correlation coefficients, where M is the charge mass and R the distance from the charge and KI and ${K{^\prime}_{\rm{I}} }$ are constants characteristic of the explosive. Values of KI and ${K{^\prime}_{\rm{I}} }$ have been fitted to literature and current experimental data for Composition B, Pentolite and PE4. Whichever of these two relationships is used, it should be possible to develop a method of determining TNT equivalency for the curved surface of cylindrical charges by using TNT equivalency=KI explosive/KI TNT, provided that data for TNT cylinders is obtained.
Study on the giant positive magnetoresistance and Hall effect in ultrathin graphite flakes
Authors: Vansweevelt Rob , Mortet Vincent , D'Haen Jan , Ruttens Bart , Van Haesendonck Chris , Partoens Bart , Peeters François M. , Wagner Patrick 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn this paper, we report on the electronic transport properties of mesoscopic, ultrathin graphite flakes with a thickness corresponding to a stack of 150 graphene layers. The graphite flakes show an unexpectedly strong positive magnetoresistance (PMR) already at room temperature, which scales in good approximation with the square of the magnetic field. Furthermore, we show that the resistivity is unaffected by magnetic fields oriented in plane with the graphene layers. Hall effect measurements indicate that the charge carriers are p‐type and their concentration increases with increasing temperature while the mobility is decreasing. The Hall voltage is non‐linear in higher magnetic fields. Possible origins of the observed effects are discussed.magnified image
Ball and stick model of the two topmost carbon layers of the hexagonal graphite structure.
Flexible design clinical trial methodology in regulatory applications
Authors: Hung H. M. James , Wang Sue‐Jane , O'Neill Robert 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAdaptive designs or flexible designs in a broader sense have increasingly been considered in planning pivotal registration clinical trials. Sample size reassessment design and adaptive selection design are two of such designs that appear in regulatory applications. At the design stage, consideration of sample size reassessment at an interim time of the trial should lead to extensive discussion about how to appropriately size the trial. Additionally, careful attention needs to be paid to the issue of how the size of the trial is impacted by the requirement that the final p‐value of the trial meets the specific threshold of a clinically meaningful effect. These issues are not straightforward and will be discussed in this work. In a trial design that allows selection between a pre‐specified patient subgroup and the initially planned overall patient population based on the accumulating data, there is an issue of what the ‘overall’ population means. In addition, it is critically important to know how such selection influences the validity of statistical inferences on the potentially modified overall population. This work presents the biases that may incur under adaptive patient selection designs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.