bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Highly ordered hexagonally arranged sub‐200 nm diameter vertical cylindrical pores on p‐type Si using non‐lithographic pre‐patterning of the Si substrate
Authors: Zacharatos Filimon , Gianneta Violetta , Nassiopoulou Androula G. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAnodically etched two‐dimensional (2‐D) arrays of highly ordered sub‐200 nm in diameter vertical cylindrical pores were fabricated on p‐type Si wafers, with a resistivity of 6–8 Ω cm, by non‐lithographic pre‐patterning of the silicon substrate through a self‐assembled porous anodic alumina (PAA) thin film, directly grown on the Si wafer. The PAA film was grown by electrochemical oxidation of a thin Al film in an oxalic acid aqueous solution electrolyte. Through the PAA pores, concave etch pits were formed on Si by chemical etching, that were then used as pore initiation sites for electrochemical macroporous silicon formation. The so formed vertical cylindrical pore arrays showed perfect hexagonal arrangement on the Si surface. A pore diameter down to 180 nm and a pore height up to ∼1 μm were achieved for the first time on p‐type Si. The developed technology is particularly interesting for photonic crystals and sensors applications. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Incorporation and characterization of boron neutron capture therapy agents into mesoporous silicon and silicon nanowires
Authors: Jiang Ke , Loni Armando , Canham Leigh T. , Coffer Jeffery L. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe tunable pore size, biodegradability, and surface chemistry of mesoporous silicon (BioSiliconTM) are important to a broad spectrum of uses for drug delivery. For the case of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT), encapsulation of a given boron‐containing drug molecule within a porous BioSiliconTM microparticle provides a vehicle for a brachytherapy method that avoids the necessity of drug modification. In this work, the loading and characterization of three clinically approved BNCT drugs into mesoporous Si is demonstrated. Because of difficulties associated with light element detection, a method based on a Beer's Law analysis of selected FTIR vibrational bands has been developed to estimate boron‐containing drug loading in these materials. As a complementary nanostructural platform, a cathodic deposition process for the surface enriched growth of selected drugs onto the surface of silicon nanowires is also described. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Domain‐wall propagation in thin Fe‐rich glass‐coated amorphous wires
Authors: Zhukova V. , Blanco J. M. , Ipatov M. , Gonzalez J. , Zhukov A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractUsing the Sixtus–Tonks method we experimentally studied the velocity of domain‐wall (DW) propagation, v, of Fe69Si10B15C6 with different metallic nucleus diameter, d, and different total diameter, D (d = 14 μm; D = 33 μm and d = 18 μm; D = 23.4 μm, respectively) in the temperature range between 78 K and 300 K and at different frequencies of applied magnetic field. We found experimentally that the v (H) dependence is essentially nonlinear, showing at least two different regions with significantly higher DW mobility, S = dv/ dH, at the low‐field limit. A significant temperature dependence of DW mobility, S, is found. The magnetic field v (H) dependence, as well as the S (H) dependence and Hcr are sensitive to the sample geometry. The origin of such dependences on internal stresses is attributed to the magnetoelastic energy contribution related with strong internal stresses as well as with interaction of moving DW with defects. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A new method for the comparison of survival distributions
Authors: Lin Xun , Xu Qiang 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe assessment of overall homogeneity of time‐to‐event curves is a key element in survival analysis in biomedical research. The currently commonly used testing methods, e.g. log‐rank test, Wilcoxon test, and Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, may have a significant loss of statistical testing power under certain circumstances. In this paper we propose a new testing method that is robust for the comparison of the overall homogeneity of survival curves based on the absolute difference of the area under the survival curves using normal approximation by Greenwood's formula. Monte Carlo simulations are conducted to investigate the performance of the new testing method compared against the log‐rank, Wilcoxon, and Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests under a variety of circumstances. The proposed new method has robust performance with greater power to detect the overall differences than the log‐rank, Wilcoxon, and Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests in many scenarios in the simulations. Furthermore, the applicability of the new testing approach is illustrated in a real data example from a kidney dialysis trial. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnetizability of doublet radicals using Fock space multi‐reference coupled cluster method
Authors: Ravichandran Lalitha , Vaval Nayana , Pal Sourav 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn this article, we report the first implementation of the recently developed Fock space multireference coupled cluster (FSMRCC) response approach for magnetizabilities. The FSMRCC treats dynamic and static correlation in a very extensive manner. We report pilot application of the diamagnetizability of NO, NO2, OH, and BH2 radicals. We also report preliminary applications of the paramagnetic magnetizability of the NO radical. Standard atom‐centered Gaussian basis functions have been used, and this allowed us to study the gauge dependence of the magnetizabilities. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
Efficient encoding and rapid decoding for interactive visualization of large three‐dimensional hyperspectral chemical images
Authors: Reichenbach Stephen E. , Henderson Alex , Lindquist Robert , Tao Qingping 
Published: March 2009

AbstractInteractive visualization of data from a new generation of chemical imaging systems requires coding that is efficient and accessible. New technologies for secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) generate large three‐dimensional, hyperspectral datasets with high spatial and spectral resolution. Interactive visualization is important for chemical analysis, but the raw dataset size exceeds the memory capacities of typical current computer systems and is a significant obstacle. This paper reports the development of a lossless coding method that is memory efficient, enabling large SIMS datasets to be held in fast memory, and supports quick access for interactive visualization. The approach provides pixel indexing, as required for chemical imaging applications, and is based on the statistical characteristics of the data. The method uses differential time‐of‐flight to effect mass‐spectral run‐length‐encoding and uses a scheme for variable‐length, byte‐unit representations for both mass‐spectral time‐of‐flight and intensity values. Experiments demonstrate high compression rates and fast access. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Matrix/analyte ratio influencing polymer molecular weight distribution in matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Schlosser Gitta , Jakab Annamária , Pocsfalvi Gabriella , Vékey Károly , Hudecz Ferenc , Mező Gábor 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMatrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF‐MS) has been used to characterize poly(L‐lysine) polymers and unique oligomer peptides, like 10‐, 15‐ and 25‐mer [Lys]n oligolysine peptides. Several matrices have been tried in order to find optimal conditions, but only α‐cyano‐4‐hydroxycinnamic acid gave analytically useful spectra. The synthetic oligomers and their mixtures gave good quality spectra, showing protonated and cationized molecules, including doubly charged species. The polymers, analogously, gave a wide distribution of single‐ and double‐cationized peak series. The polymer distributions observed indicate the presence of significant suppression effects. The concentration (matrix/analyte ratio) was found to influence the results significantly; distributions shifting to higher masses when higher polymer concentrations were used. This effect was studied in detail using the synthetic (‘monodisperse’) oligolysine peptides. It was found that the relative intensities change by over an order of magnitude in the 0.1–10 pmol/µL concentration range (typical for most proteomic analyses). The results indicate that concentration effects need to be considered when MALDI‐MS is used for quantitative purposes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of the oxidation dynamics of ethyl cysteinate dimer in solution by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Qiao Jin‐Ping , Sun Xiao‐Tao , Zhu Lin 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDiaminodithiol (N2S2)‐type compounds readily oxidize to produce disulfides. We found that some ligands failed to produce a prospective protonated molecular ion peak but gave a peak of [M–2+H]+, whereas others produced both [M+H]+ and [M–2+H]+ peaks in electrospray ionization mass spectra. In this study, an important N2S2 ligand, the ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD), was investigated with high‐resolution accurate mass measurements and tandem mass spectrometric analysis. The elemental compositions of ECD and its oxidized product were analyzed. The oxidation of ECD was confirmed. An ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS) method in multiple reaction monitoring mode was developed, and ECD and its oxidized product were quantitated in solution. The dynamic oxidation process of ECD in solution was studied in detail. The full time course of the decrease in ECD and the increase in its oxide was observed; the oxidation procedure followed first‐order kinetics, and the half‐life time of ECD was 51 min. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In situ soil stabilization for source control of a lithium and bromate groundwater plume
Authors: Schaar Ralph G. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractHistoric mineral ore processing operations at the former Cyprus Foote Mineral Site located in East Whiteland Township, Pennsylvania, have resulted in the creation of an approximately 10,000‐foot‐long off‐site groundwater plume impacted with lithium and bromate. The plume emanating from the site is impacting the groundwater quality of downgradient private residences. As an early part of the remedial implementation, the private residences were provided with public water connections while the source control efforts were being designed and implemented.Bromate and lithium have recently emerged as groundwater contaminants subjected to increased regulatory scrutiny. This is evidenced in a recently lowered Federal Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for bromate of 0.010 milligrams per liter and a Medium‐Specific Concentration (MSC) of 0.005 mg/L for lithium recently proposed by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP) for all groundwater within the Commonwealth.Elevated concentrations for bromate and lithium were detected above the Proposed Remediation Goals (PRGs) for the site, MCLs, and MSCs at a distance of 7,300 feet and 9,200 feet from the source area, respectively.To reduce the contaminant concentrations within the groundwater plume, which will ultimately result in a regressing plume, and to enable the Brownfield redevelopment of this Superfund site, auger‐based, in situ soil stabilization (ISS) with depths of up to 75 feet below ground surface (bgs) was selected as the remedy.The remedial implementation required the temporary removal and relocation of over 100,000 cubic yards of overburden to expose the lithium‐bearing tailings prior to treatment. Using customized 90‐foot‐long, 9‐foot‐diameter augers attached to cranes and drilling platforms, ancillary support excavators, and approximately 21,000 tons of reagent; 2,019 ISS columns were advanced to depths ranging from 10 to 74 feet bgs. This resulted in the creation of an in situ low‐permeablity 117,045‐yd3 “quasi‐monolith,” which encompasses a lateral extent of approximately three acres.The integration of a comprehensive ISS design with a comprehensive long‐term groundwater‐monitoring plan ensured the success of the ISS implementation and will enable a continued evaluation of the off‐site groundwater quality. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Methodological Approach to Tracing Cell Lineage in Human Epithelial Tissues
Authors: Fellous Tariq G. , McDonald Stuart A.C. , Burkert Julia , Humphries Adam , Islam Shahriar , De-Alwis Nemantha M.W. , Gutierrez-Gonzalez Lydia , Tadrous Paul J. , Elia George , Kocher Hemant M. , Bhattacharya Satyajit , Mears Lisa , El-Bahrawy Mona , Turnbull Douglas M. , Taylor Robert W. , Greaves Laura C. , Chinnery Patrick F. , Day Christopher P. , Wright Nicholas A. , Alison Malcolm R. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Methods for lineage tracing of stem cell progeny in human tissues are currently not available. We describe a technique for detecting the expansion of a single cell's progeny that contain clonal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations affecting the expression of mtDNA-encoded cytochrome c oxidase (COX). Because such mutations take up to 40 years to become phenotypically apparent, we believe these clonal patches originate in stem cells. Dual-color enzyme histochemistry was used to identify COX-deficient cells, and mutations were confirmed by microdissection of single cells with polymerase chain reaction sequencing of the entire mtDNA genome. These techniques have been applied to human intestine, liver, pancreas, and skin. Our results suggest that the stem cell niche is located at the base of colonic crypts and above the Paneth cell region in the small intestine, in accord with dynamic cell kinetic studies in animals. In the pancreas, exocrine tissue progenitors appeared to be located in or close to interlobular ducts, and, in the liver, we propose that stem cells are located in the periportal region. In the skin, the origin of a basal cell carcinoma appeared to be from the outer root sheath of the hair follicle. We propose that this is a general method for detecting clonal cell populations from which the location of the niche can be inferred, also affording the generation of cell fate maps, all in human tissues. In addition, the technique allows analysis of the origin of human tumors from specific tissue sites.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Natural pedagogical conversations in high school students' internship
Authors: Hsu Pei‐Ling , Roth Wolff‐Michael , Mazumder Asit 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMany science educators encourage student experiences of “authentic” science by means of student participation in science‐related workplaces. Little research has been done, however, to investigate how “teaching” naturally occurs in such settings, where scientists or technicians normally do not have pedagogical training and generally do not have time (or value) receiving such training. This study examines how laboratory members without a pedagogical background or experience in teaching engage high school students during their internship activities. Drawing on conversation analysis, we analyze the minute‐by‐minute transactions that occurred while high school students participated in a leading environmental science laboratory. We find that the participation trajectory was based on demonstration‐practice‐connect (D‐P‐C) phases that continually recurred in the process of “doing” science. Concerning the transactional structures, we identify two basic conversation patterns—Initiate‐Clarify‐Reply (I‐C‐R) and Initiate‐Reply‐Clarify‐Reply (I‐R‐C‐R)—that do not only differ from the well‐known Initiate‐Reply‐Evaluate (I‐R‐E) patterns previously observed in science classrooms, but also could be combined to constitute more complex patterns. With respect to the organization of natural pedagogical conversations, we find that there were not only of preferred and dispreferred modes of responding but also ambiguous dispreferred modes; and the formulating organization not only includes self‐formulating but also other‐formulating. These natural pedagogical conversations helped, on the one hand, students to clarify their understanding and, on the other hand, technicians (or teachers) to teach toward different needs for different students in different contexts. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 46: 481–505, 2009
Validation of new ultrasound parameters for quantifying pelvic floor muscle contraction
Authors: Yang S.‐H. , Huang W.‐C. , Yang S.‐Y. , Yang E. , Yang J.‐M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the reliability and validity of new ultrasound parameters, measured in the polar coordinate system, for quantifying pelvic floor muscle action.MethodsThis was a prospective study, from January 2005 to December 2007, in 209 women with urodynamic stress incontinence, to validate new ultrasound parameters for quantifying pelvic floor muscle contraction. The examination of each patient included intravaginal digital palpation of voluntary pelvic floor muscle contractility and an ultrasound assessment of the positions of the bladder neck and anorectal junction at rest and during pelvic floor muscle contraction. The position of the bladder neck was expressed by bladder neck angle and bladder neck distance from the lower border of the pubic symphysis, and the position of the anorectal junction was expressed by the levator hiatal angle and sagittal hiatal diameter. The vector lengths of the motion of the bladder neck and anorectal junction during pelvic floor muscle contraction were calculated from the positions at rest and during pelvic floor muscle contraction by mathematical formulae.ResultsThere was good inter‐ and intraobserver reliability of measurement of ultrasound parameters on stored volumes. During pelvic floor muscle contraction, elevated bladder neck distance and shortened sagittal hiatal diameter were valid parameters representing stronger pelvic floor muscle contractility, with shortened sagittal hiatal diameter having the best correlation (r = − 0.348, P < 0.001).ConclusionThe methods used in this study appear to be reliable for quantifying pelvic floor muscle action. The bladder neck distance with respect to the lower border of the pubic symphysis and the sagittal hiatal diameter were both valid parameters reflecting PFM contractility. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of Matrix Polarity on the Properties of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate–Carbon Nanofiller Nanocomposites
Authors: George Jinu Jacob , Bhowmick Anil K. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
A series of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) nanocomposites using four kinds of EVA with 40, 50, 60, and 70 wt% vinyl acetate (VA) contents and three different carbon-based nanofillers—expanded graphite (EG), multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), and carbon nanofiber (CNF) have been prepared via solution blending. The influence of the matrix polarity and the nature of nanofillers on the morphology and properties of EVA nanocomposites have been investigated. It is observed that the sample with lowest vinyl acetate content exhibits highest mechanical properties. However, the enhancement in mechanical properties with the incorporation of various nanofillers is the highest for EVA with high VA content. This trend has been followed in both dynamic mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of the nanocomposites. EVA copolymer undergoes a transition from partial to complete amorphousness between 40 and 50 wt% VA content, and this changes the dispersion of the nanofillers. The high VA-containing polymers show more affinity toward fillers due to the large free volume available and allow easy dispersion of nanofillers in the amorphous rubbery phase, as confirmed from the morphological studies. The thermal stability of the nanocomposites is also influenced by the type of nanofiller.
Downregulation of CD2‐associated protein impaired the physiological functions of podocytes
Authors: Zhang Chun , Jiang Hua‐Jun , Chang Ying , Fang Zhan , Sun Xi‐Feng , Liu Jian‐She , Deng An‐Guo , Zhu Zhong‐Hua 
Published: March 2009

AbstractEmerging evidences show that CD2‐associated protein (CD2AP) is involved in podocyte injury and the pathogenesis of proteinuria. However, the exact molecular mechanism by which CD2AP exerts its biological function is elusive. We knocked down CD2AP gene by target siRNA in conditionally immortalized mouse podocytes, which showed lowered cell adhesion and spreading ability (P < 0.05). At the same time, cell cycle was arrested in G2/M phase (P < 0.05), and pathologic nuclear division could easily be seen in CD2AP siRNA‐transfected podocytes. The proliferation of podocytes were also inhibited significantly by CD2AP siRNA transfection (P < 0.05). Further study revealed disordered distributions of F‐actin, as well as lowered nephrin expression and phosphorylation in podocytes. These data suggest that CD2AP may play a crucial role in maintaining the normal function of podocytes and lowered CD2AP causes podocyte injury by disrupting the cytoskeleton and disturbing the nephrin‐CD2AP signaling pathway.
Rehabilitation Interventions in Parkinson Disease
Authors: Moroz Alex , Edgley Steven R. , Lew Henry L. , Chae John , Lombard Lisa A. , Reddy Cara Camiolo , Robinson Keith M. 
Published: March 2009

ObjectiveThis self‐directed learning module provides an evidence‐based update of exercise‐based rehabilitation interventions to treat Parkinson disease (PD). It is part of the study guide on stroke and neurodegenerative disorders in the Self‐Directed Physiatric Education Program for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and rehabilitation. This focused review emphasizes treatment of locomotion deficits, upper limb motor control deficits, and hypokinetic dysarthria. New dopaminergic agents and deep brain stimulation are facilitating longer periods of functional stability for patients with PD. Adjunctive exercise‐based treatments can therefore be applied over longer periods of time to optimize function before inevitable decline from this neurodegenerative disease. As function deteriorates in patients with PD, the role of caregivers becomes more critical, thus training caregivers is of paramount importance to help maintain a safe environment and limit caregiver anxiety and depression. The overall goal of this article is to enhance the learner's existing practice techniques used to treat PD through exercise‐based intervention methods.
‘Regions’ and their study: wherefrom, what for and whereto?
Authors: FAWN RICK 
Published: March 2009

AbstractLong a focal point in the study of Geography, regions have become a major concern of International Relations, and for some even its essence. Principle definitions and approaches, however, remain contested, as do the contexts in which and how they matter, from economic to security. This article examines contested views on what constitutes a region and on the nature and functioning of regional architecture, drawing from thematic and case-specific literature to indicate the expanse of analytical enquiry. These include the roles and interpretations of geography, identity, culture, institutionalisation, and the role of actors, including a hegemon, major regional powers and others actors from within a region, both state and societal. A final section indicates additional areas for future research.
Feasibility of new laser fusion by intense laser field
Authors: Imasaki K. , Li D. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA feasibility of a new approach of laser fusion in plasma without implosion has been proposed and discussed using an intense laser. The cross-section of nuclear reaction is increased by the enhanced penetrability of nuclei through the Coulomb barrier. In this approach, an intense laser field of more than 10 EW was required to distort the Coulomb barrier to obtain enough penetrability. In the new improved model, a nuclear potential with meson attractive force is considered. Enhancement is observed for penetrability around EW or less power laser due to a nuclear potential. Energy gain even with Deuterium-Deuterium reaction can be obtained on this scheme in Deuterium plasma with energetic nucleon theoretically.