bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and in vitro Biodegradation of Novel Hepatocyte‐Targetable (Galactose Polycation/Hemoglobin) Multilayers and Microcapsules
Authors: Zhang Fu , Liu Li‐Jun , Wu Qi , Lin Xian‐Fu 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe formation of novel hepatocyte‐targetable and biodegradable polycation/protein multilayers and hollow microcapsules by LbL assembly is reported, in which galactose residues allow for targetability and Hb acts as a main degradable component. The in vitro biodegradability of multilayers via proteases was evaluated in detail on both planar substrates and CaCO3 particles followed by UV‐Vis, SEM, and AFM characterizations. The degradation approximately follows an exponential decay, and the relation between the kinetic constant k and the number n of deposited bilayers is well approximated by a power equation. Sustained release of the encapsulated model drug was attained by using enzymatic degradation of hollow capsules.magnified image
Influence of Crystal Thickness and Topological Constraints on Chain Diffusion in Linear Polyethylene
Authors: Yao Yefeng , Graf Robert , Spiess HansWolfgang , Rastogi Sanjay 
Published: May 2009

Abstract13C solid‐state exchange NMR is applied to study the influence of morphology on chain diffusion between crystalline and noncrystalline regions in ultrahigh molecular weight linear polyethylene (PE). Lamellar‐doubling reduces the exchange rate by a factor of two indicating that the chain diffusion coefficient is largely independent of the lamellar thickness. This is discussed in terms of molecular processes in the crystallites leading to chain diffusion, confirming that the role of defects is minor compared to helical jumps of extended stems. Hindrance of the chain diffusion resulting from chain entanglements was only observed after the chains diffuse over long distances. Moreover, the role of the interphase between the noncrystalline and the crystalline regions on chain diffusion is discussed.magnified image
The Bt‐DUX: Development of a subjective measure of health‐related quality of life in patients who underwent surgery for lower extremity malignant bone tumor
Authors: Bekkering W. Peter , Vlieland Theodora P.M. Vliet , Koopman Hendrik M. , Schaap Gerard R. , Schreuder H.W. Bart , Beishuizen Auke , Tissing Wim J.E. , Hoogerbrugge Peter M. , Anninga Jacob K. , Taminiau Antonie H.M. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBackgroundTo examine the practical applicability, internal consistency, and validity of the Bt‐DUX, a disease‐specific Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) instrument. The Bt‐Dux was developed to examine patients' individual values of their life after a malignant bone tumor of the lower extremity at four domains (cosmetic, social, emotional, and functional).ProcedurePatients were eligible for this cross‐sectional, multicenter study if they underwent surgery for a malignant tumor of the leg in a period ranging between 12 and 60 months before the recruitment. Assessments included: Bt‐DUX, Toronto Extremity Salvage Score (TESS) Short Form (SF)‐36, TNO‐AZL Questionnaire for Adult's Quality of Life (TAAQOL), and TNO‐AZL Children's Quality of Life Questionnaire (TACQOL).ResultsSeventy‐two patients (35 male, 37 female), mean age 17 (SD 4) years were included. Limb sparing surgery took place in 32 patients and ablative surgery in 40 patients. The Bt‐DUX was completed in less than 5 min and easy to comprehend. The mean Bt‐DUX score was 69.8 (SD 15.5), with Cronbach's alpha being 0.92. Domain–total correlations ranged between 0.84 and 0.88 (P < 0.01). Correlations between Bt‐DUX Total score and TESS, SF‐36 Physical and Mental Component Summary scales and selected TACQOL and TAAQOL scores were statistically significant (P < 0.05), except for the social scale of the TACQOL. The Bt‐DUX was able to discriminate between patients with higher and lower TESS scores (P < 0.05).ConclusionThe Bt‐DUX was found to be a practical and valid instrument. Its added value compared with existing HRQoL measures needs to be further established. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:348–355. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modelling the kinetics of ethyl formate sorption by wheat using batch experiments
Authors: Darby James , Willis Tracy , Damcevski Katherine 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Ethyl formate formulations are being considered to replace methyl bromide for fast grain disinfestation. Grain adsorbs ethyl formate rapidly, which can result in inadequate fumigation concentrations and unacceptable grain residues. A model of ethyl formate sorption kinetics will enable fumigation approaches to be determined that meet disinfestation and food safety requirements.RESULTS: This paper identifies all mass transport processes involved in ethyl formate sorption by wheat from published and experimental evidence. The model accounts for reaction losses of ethyl formate in air and grain using first‐order kinetics, transport in the gas and solid phases with linear mass transfer coefficients and uses a linear partition relationship representation of sorption equilibrium. Batch experimental data were measured to determine model coefficients. Novel gaseous breakdown data for ethyl formate in air were measured, and first‐order kinetics was demonstrated, although the specific reactions involved were not identified.CONCLUSION: The model predicts air and grain fumigant concentrations relevant for grain disinfestation and food residue contamination successfully. The form of the model should be applicable to all fumigant–grain systems, as it accounts for the diffusion and reaction influences known to occur with all modern fumigants under concentration and exposure conditions relevant to industry. Copyright © 2009 CSIRO, Australia. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Requirements for design of processes
Authors: Nori Kesav V. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis article focuses on design of processes in which role‐playing human agents perform intellectual tasks on an industrial scale, such that processes are repeatable and result in outcomes of acceptable quality. This exploration of requirements of design of such processes revolves around a semantic theme: What do processes mean? What are their intents and purposes? How does such understanding help us in asserting these intents and purposes when processes are executed? The core contribution in this article is a responsibility framework for individual and collective intellectual action that underlies process semantics. A process results in outcomes, its product. This product must be acceptable to its recipients, its users. This was the basis for the quality revolution in discrete manufacturing industries where quality is standardized through use of capital intensive tools, and variation in performance of the process is contained through training of industrial workers. We address the concerns of design of processes for the service industries, in which role‐playing human agents perform intellectual tasks on an industrial scale. In this context, the meaning of a process is defined as being responsible for the acceptability of qualities of its product produced through intellectual work. The design of processes is then predicated on a system for asserting its semantics, that of asserting acceptable product qualities. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement of oxidation states for transition elements with a small spot tabletop XANES instrument
Authors: Wei Fuzhong , Chen Z. W. , Gibson W. M. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractDevelopment of a compact, high sensitivity, low‐power and low‐cost, tabletop instrument for x‐ray absorption near edge structure, XANES, measurements will make possible chemical speciation and characterization studies in a broad variety of applications in medicine, science and industry. Such a system utilizing a low‐power (<50 W) microfocus x‐ray source combined with a toroidal doubly curved crystal (DCC) optic has been used to differentiate Mn metal and Mn2+ and Mn7+ solution (2, 3% respectively) or Cr metal and Cr3+ and Cr6+ in aqueous (0.1% concentration) solution by measurement of their XANES spectra. This prototype system can measure Cr at 100‐ppm concentration levels. Improvements in the system should make measurements at <10 ppm levels or very short (<1 s) measurement time possible for a large variety of elements. By using this system, rapid reduction of Cr6+ to Cr3+ in cultured cells was directly observed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Two-Step Hydrothermal Synthesis Approach to Monodispersed Colloidal Carbon Spheres
Authors: Chen Chuyang , Sun Xudong , Jiang Xuchuan , Niu Dun , Yu Aibing , Liu Zhigang , Li JiGuang 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This work reports a newly developed two-step hydrothermal method for the synthesis of monodispersed colloidal carbon spheres (CCS) under mild conditions. Using this approach, monodispersed CCS with diameters ranging from 160 to 400 nm were synthesized with a standard deviation around 8%. The monomer concentration ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 M is in favor of generation of narrower size distribution of CCS. The particle characteristics (e.g., shape, size, and distribution) and chemical stability were then characterized by using various techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FT-IR spectrum analysis, and thermalgravity analysis (TGA). The possible nucleation and growth mechanism of colloidal carbon spheres were also discussed. The findings would be useful for the synthesis of more monodispersed nanoparticles and for the functional assembly.
Micellization and Clouding Behavior of EO–PO Block Copolymer in Aqueous Salt Solutions
Authors: Patel Keyur , Bharatiya Bhavesh , Kadam Yogesh , Bahadur Pratap 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAqueous solution properties of polyethylene oxide–block‐polypropylene oxide–block‐polyethylene oxide TBP [(PEO)103(PPO)39(PEO)103] were studied in the presence of sodium salts with different anions (NaI, NaBr, NaCl, NaF, Na2SO4, Na3PO4) to investigate unimer‐to‐micelle transition [critical micelle concentration (CMC), critical micellization temperature (CMT)], micelle size and the phase separation (cloud point). This TBP, due to its very hydrophilic (80% PEO) nature does not form micelles at ambient temperatures. Micellization can be induced much below its CMT in water on addition of sodium salts having different anions. Analytical methods viz. fluorescence, FTIR and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were used to monitor the salt‐induced micellization. The hydration of respective anion and resultant contribution to its salting‐out effect was found to be the governing factor in promoting micellization. The presence of salt decreases the CMC, CMT and phase separation temperature. The salts affect the aggregation process in agreement with an order mentioned in Hofmeister series.
Milk Thistle Seed Oil Constituents from Different Varieties Grown in Iran
Authors: Fathi‐Achachlouei Bahram , Azadmard‐Damirchi Sodeif 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn this study, fatty acids, phytosterol classes and tocopherols composition of Milk thistle seeds oil were determined at four varieties grown in Ardebil‐Iran. The four varieties consisted of two modified foreign varieties—Budakalaszi (originally from Hungary) and the CN‐seed variety (originally from England) and two native varieties, namely Khoreslo and Babak Castle. The oil content of the seeds ranged from 26 to 31%. Among the fatty acids, linoleic acid had the highest percentage (50–54%) followed by oleic acid (23–29%) and palmitic acid (7–8%). This is the first detailed report on the phytosterol classes of milk thistle seeds oil. The 4‐Desmethylsterol class was predominant (1,800–2,200 μg/g) followed by 4,4′‐dimethylsterols (50–85 μg/g) and 4‐monomethylsterols (26–35 μg/g). The α‐, β‐, γ‐, and δ‐tocopherols ranged from 187 to 465, 10 to 51, 9 to 12, and 18 to 80 μg/g oil, respectively. Based on the results obtained, the extracted oil from milk thistle seeds are rich in essential fatty acids, sterols and vitamin E and can be an attractive candidate for use in food preparation mixed with other vegetable oils or alone.
Early vibrissae removal facilitates cortical spreading depression propagation in the brain of well‐nourished and malnourished developing rats
Authors: da Silva Tenório Angélica , de Oliveira Ilka Daniela Vitor Alves , Guedes Rubem Carlos Araújo 
Published: May 2009

AbstractReduced sensory input activity during brain development can induce morphological and physiological changes in the cerebral cortex, altering their response properties. Malnutrition delays the formation of somatosensory pathways. Here we used cortical spreading depression as a neurophysiological parameter to investigate electrophysiological changes after vibrissae removal in well‐nourished and malnourished rats. Male Wistar rat pups had the right mystacial vibrissae‐removed at postnatal days 2–3, and were submitted to spreading depression recording at 30–40 days of life. In both nutritional conditions, spreading depression velocities were increased in the hemisphere contralateral to the vibrissae removal, as compared to age‐ and nutrition‐matched non‐lesioned controls, in which no inter‐hemispheric differences were found. In contrast to the well‐nourished rats, in the vibrissae‐removed malnourished animals the spreading depression propagation in the ipsilateral hemisphere decreased as compared to the corresponding hemisphere of the non‐lesioned malnourished rats. It is concluded that deprivation of sensory input from whiskers during brain development facilitates spreading depression propagation, and early malnutrition seems to influence this effect. Since the effect persisted until 40 days, it is tempting to suggest that it is permanent, or at least long‐lasting. Data might contribute to the understanding of sensory input deprivation‐induced plasticity mechanisms underlying cerebral electrophysiological changes in the developing brain.
Peripheral neuropathy in a cat with renal lymphoma
Authors: Cavana Paola , Sammartano Federica , Capucchio Maria T. , Catalano Deborah , Valazza Alberto , Farca Anna M. 
Published: May 2009

A 12-year-old male cat was referred for progressive limb weakness lasting 2 weeks. Physical examination detected muscle atrophy and bilateral renomegaly with distortion of the renal contours. The cat was ambulatory but tetraparetic. It showed a peculiar posture on forelimbs with bilateral flexion of the carpi and extrarotation of forearms. The cat was unable to go upstairs or jump. Neurological examination showed findings compatible with peripheral nervous system involvement. Histopathological findings revealed a high grade non-B, non-T cell renal lymphoma and peripheral neuropathy characterised by demyelination, axonal degeneration and muscle denervation. In the absence of congenital, metabolic and infectious diseases or exposure to toxins, a paraneoplastic peripheral neuropathy was hypothesised. In humans and dogs, paraneoplastic peripheral neuropathies have been documented with different neoplastic processes including lymphoproliferative disorders. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of suspected paraneoplastic polyneuropathy in a cat with malignant tumour.
Seismites in Quaternary sediments of southeastern Altai
Authors: Deev E.V. , Zolnikov I.D. , Gus’kov S.A. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
We study earthquake-induced soft-sediment deformation (seismites) in reference Quaternary sections of southeastern Altai. Sediments in the sections bear signature of liquefaction and fluidization and deformation is localized in thin (few centimeters to 0.5–1.0 m) continuously striking and frequently repeated layers sandwiched between undeformed sediments. The soft-sediment deformation records coseismic motion of different slip geometries. Seismic origin is also inferred for layers and lenses of coarse colluvium slid into the lake bottom from the slopes, which intrude plane-bedded silt and sand and vary in thickness from a few centimeters to one meter. The occurrence of seismic soft-sediment deformation at different stratigraphic levels of the Quaternary and in the Upper Pliocene Beken Formation confirms the high seismicity of southeastern Altai in Quaternary time.
Stratigraphy, depositional environments and level reconstruction of the last interglacial Lake Samra in the Dead Sea basin
Authors: Waldmann N. , Stein M. , Ariztegui D. , Starinsky A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn this paper we describe the stratigraphy and sediments deposited in Lake Samra that occupied the Dead Sea basin between ∼ 135 and 75 ka. This information is combined with U/Th dating of primary aragonites in order to estimate a relative lake-level curve that serves as a regional paleohydrological monitor. The lake stood at an elevation of ∼ 340 m below mean sea level (MSL) during most of the last interglacial. This level is relatively higher than the average Holocene Dead Sea (∼ 400 ± 30 m below MSL). At ∼ 120 and ∼ 85 ka, Lake Samra rose to ∼ 320 m below MSL while it dropped to levels lower than ∼ 380 m below MSL at ∼ 135 and ∼ 75 ka, reflecting arid conditions in the drainage area. Lowstands are correlated with warm intervals in the Northern Hemisphere, while minor lake rises are probably related to cold episodes during MIS 5b and MIS 5d. Similar climate relationships are documented for the last glacial highstand Lake Lisan and the lowstand Holocene Dead Sea. Yet, the dominance of detrital calcites and precipitation of travertines in the Dead Sea basin during the last interglacial interval suggest intense pluvial conditions and possible contribution of southern sources of wetness to the region.
The UN and Disarmament
Authors: Cheever Daniel S. 
Published: May 2009

In 1964 Secretary-General U Thant asserted that more significant progress in achieving some measures of disarmament has taken place since the summer of 1963 than in all the years since the founding of the United Nations.The evidence cited included five achievements: 1) the coming into force in October 1963 of the Moscow Treaty, a partial test-ban treaty banning nuclear-weapons tests in the atmosphere, in outer space, and under water to which more than 100 states had subscribed by 1965; 2) the establishment of the direct communications link between Moscow and Washington; 3) the resolution of the General Assembly to ban nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction from outer space; 4) the unilateral reductions of the military budgets of the Soviet Union and the United States; and 5) the mutual cutbacks in production of fissionable material for military purposes by these two countries and the United Kingdom.
The Role of International Organization in Ocean Development
Authors: Cheever Daniel S. 
Published: May 2009

The 22nd session of the United Nations General Assembly was unexpectedly enlivened by a late addition to its agenda when Malta, a newcomer even by UN standards, sought to demilitarize the ocean floor “beyond the limits of present national jurisdiction” and to internationalize its “resources in the interest of mankind.” Ambassador Arvid Pardo, Malta's Permanent Representative to the United Nations, sought immediate steps to draft a treaty thatshould envisage the creation of an international agency … to assume jurisdiction, as a trustee for all countries, over the sea-bed and the ocean floor, underlying the seas beyond the limits of present national jurisdiction….In advancing his proposal, in a surprise move thought to be premature by some governments, Ambassador Pardo accelerated and intensified the consideration of national and international interests in “ocean space.” How is the last earthbound frontier to be explored and exploited? Is it to be assigned to international jurisdiction or taken over by national authorities? A disconcertingly rapid rate of technological advance emphasizes the urgency of a decision. This article will first consider the disposal of the Malta proposal by the 22nd session of the General Assembly and then attempt to consider its significance as a challenge to the development of international organization.
Majority Rule vs. Great Power Agreement in the United Nations
Authors: Rudzinski Aleksander W. 
Published: May 2009

I. The Rationale of the VetoAt the time of San Francisco, and intermittently since, five separate but interrelated arguments have been advanced to support the veto privilege: I) that the terms of Article 27 (3) of the Charter, by requiring big power negotiations before a vote is taken, in fact guarantee preservation of international peace; 2) that, since big powers cannot and will not submit to being voted into a war by small and medium states, the chain of events theory is valid and a big power should be permitted to exercise a veto on a subject which might eventually lead to enforcement action by the United Nations; 3) that the veto acts as a kind of safety valve preserving the status quo and preventing controversial changes which might cause conflict among the Big Five; 4) that the veto enables states in a minority position to protect their vital interests against infringement by the majority; and finally, 5) that the veto has, in fact, been used as a bargaining weapon by small states or by a minority.
The United Nations Observation Group in Lebanon
Authors: Curtis Gerald L. 
Published: May 2009

On May 22, 1958, the Lebanese representative at the United Nations presented a letter to the President of the Security Council requesting an urgent meeting of the Council to consider acomplaint by Lebanon in respect to a situation arising from the intervention of the United Arab Republic in the internal affairs of Lebanon, the continuance of which is likely to endanger themaintenance of international peace and security.
Resolving the regulator's dilemma: international coordination of banking regulations
Authors: Kapstein Ethan B. 
Published: May 2009

Since the early 1970s, bankers have developed a host of new financial instruments and practices. These innovations have altered the nature of banking, and this in turn has complicated the task of banking regulation. National regulations have become largely ineffective in monitoring the safety and soundness of global banks. The resulting market changes and the growth of knowledge about the risks facing the international financial system have prompted governments to hold multilateral discussions regarding banking regulation. However, the task of international regulation has been compromised by the desire of states to attract foreign and domestic investment to the financial sector. Since states wish to create or maintain competitive banking institutions, they have often deregulated in order to provide banks with a cost advantage in the international marketplace. This “competitive deregulation” undermines collaborative efforts.Under the leadership of the United States and Great Britain, a multilateral agreement on bank capital standards was reached in December 1987. This agreement suggests that the interplay of market factors, consensual knowledge, and leadership by powerful states can lead to international policy coordination. The article describes the multilateral negotiations that led to this banking accord.
The USSR and the Atom
Authors: Osborn Frederick 
Published: May 2009

On June 14, 1946, the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission met in New York to negotiate a treaty for the international control of atomic energy. The General Assembly of the United Nations, with the affirmative vote of the Soviet Union and the Soviet satellites, had given the Commission instructions to “make specific proposals:(a) for extending between all nations the exchange of basic scientific information for peaceful ends;(b) for control of atomic energy to the extent necessary to ensure its use only for peaceful purposes;(c) for the elimination from national armaments of atomic weapons and of all other major weapons adaptable to mass destruction;(d) for effective safeguards by way of inspection and other means to protect complying states against the hazards of violations and evasions.”