bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Accuracy of 18[F]‐Fluoro‐2‐Deoxy‐d‐Glucose‐Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography, Ultrasonography, and Enhanced Computed Tomography Alone in the Preoperative Diagnosis of Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis in Patients with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Morita Shinya , Mizoguchi Kenji , Suzuki Masanobu , Iizuka Keiji 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of [18F]‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose‐positron emission tomography/computed tomography, ultrasonography, and enhanced computed tomography alone in the preoperative diagnosis of lymph node metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma.MethodsIn a prospective study performed between January 2007 and December 2009, 74 patients with a diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma confirmed by fine‐needle aspiration biopsy were referred to our institution for surgery. Preoperative assessment of metastasis in the central and lateral cervical lymph nodes was done using [18F]‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose‐positron emission tomography/computed tomography, ultrasonography, and enhanced computed tomography. The results for each level of cervical node assessed using these methods were correlated with the pathology reports after surgery. We determined the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and diagnostic accuracy of the three methods for all levels of cervical lymph node.ResultsThere were no significant differences in the diagnostic results obtained by [18F]‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose‐positron emission tomography/computed tomography and enhanced computed tomography. However, ultrasonography images gave significantly better results than either [18F]‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose‐positron emission tomography/computed tomography or enhanced computed tomography alone in identifying metastases on the basis of the level of cervical lymph node. In addition, the overall diagnostic accuracy tended to be higher for the lateral compartment than for the central compartment.ConclusionsPreoperative assessment by ultrasonography of metastases in the central and lateral cervical lymph nodes might be the best methodology for determining the extent of surgical resection required to remove metastatic lymph nodes adequately in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma.
Reduction of salt: will iodine intake remain adequate in The Netherlands?
Authors: Verkaik-Kloosterman Janneke , van 't Veer Pieter , Ocké Marga C. 
Published: July 2010

Salt is the main vehicle for iodine fortification in The Netherlands. A reduction in salt intake may reduce the supply of iodine. Our aim was to quantify the effect of salt reduction on the habitual iodine intake of the Dutch population and the risk of inadequate iodine intake. We used data of the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey (1997–8) and an update of the food composition database to estimate habitual salt and iodine intake. To take into account uncertainty about the use of iodised salt (industrial and discretionary) and food supplements, a simulation model was used. Habitual iodine and salt intakes were simulated for scenarios of salt reduction and compared with no salt reduction. With 12, 25 and 50 % salt reduction in industrially processed foods, the iodine intake remained adequate for a large part of the Dutch population. For the extreme scenario of a 50 % reduction in both industrially and discretionary added salt, iodine intake might become inadequate for part of the Dutch population (up to 10 %). An increment of the proportion of industrially processed foods using iodised salt or a small increase in iodine salt content will solve this. Nevertheless, 8–35 % of 1- to 3-year-old children might have iodine intakes below the corresponding estimated average requirement (EAR), depending on the salt intake scenario. This points out the need to review the EAR value for this age group or to suggest the addition of iodine to industrially manufactured complementary foods.
Where would we be without rules? A virtue ethics approach to foreign policy analysis
Authors: GASKARTH JAMIE 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRecent decades have seen a heightened interest in the ethics of foreign policymaking. This literature has overwhelmingly explored the ethical dilemmas faced by policymakers in terms of situations and the structures – either political/economic, normative and/or linguistic – that shape actions. The subjective experience of ethical decisionmaking in this arena and the character of the individuals making policy choices have been largely neglected. However, the apparently greater scope for moral action in the post-Cold War era, combined with the growth in global institutions designed to enforce individual accountability – such as the International Criminal Court – suggest that more effort should be placed on understanding ethics in terms of the individual. This article seeks to combine the work of political and social psychologists with the philosophical literature on virtue theory to see what new insights these might offer into the ethics of foreign policy. It argues that virtue ethics provide an effective means to critique the morality of foreign policy decisions. This is evinced by an exploration of Tony Blair's decision to go to war with Iraq in 2003.
Antitumoural activity in Antarctic and sub-Antarctic benthic organisms
Authors: Taboada Sergi , García-Fernández Luis Francisco , Bueno Santiago , Vázquez Jennifer , Cuevas Carmen , Avila Conxita 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA prospecting search for antitumoural activity in polar benthic invertebrates was conducted on Antarctic and sub-Antarctic benthos in three different areas: Bouvet Island (sub-Antarctic), eastern Weddell Sea (Antarctica) and the South Shetland Islands (Antarctica). A total of 770 benthic invertebrate samples (corresponding to at least 290 different species) from 12 different phyla were assayed to establish their pharmacological potential against three human tumour cell lines (colorectal adenocarcinoma, lung carcinoma and breast adenocarcinoma). Bioassays resulted in 15 different species showing anticancer activity corresponding to five different phyla: Tunicata (5), Porifera (4), Cnidaria (3), Echinodermata (2) and Annelida (1). This appears to be the largest pharmacological study ever carried out in Antarctica and it shows very promising antitumoural activities in the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic benthos.
RepMaestro: scalable repeat detection on disk-based genome sequences
Authors: Askitis Nikolas , Sinha Ranjan 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Motivation: We investigate the problem of exact repeat detection on large genomic sequences. Most existing approaches based on suffix trees and suffix arrays (SAs) are limited either to small sequences or those that are memory resident. We introduce RepMaestro, a software that adapts existing in-memory-enhanced SA algorithms to enable them to scale efficiently to large sequences that are disk resident. Supermaximal repeats, maximal unique matches (MuMs) and pairwise branching tandem repeats have been used to demonstrate the practicality of our approach; the first such study to use an enhanced SA to detect these repeats in large genome sequences.
Results: The detection of supermaximal repeats was observed to be up to two times faster than Vmatch, but more importantly, was shown to scale efficiently to large genome sequences that Vmatch could not process due to memory constraints (4 GB). Similar results were observed for the detection of MuMs, with RepMaestro shown to scale well and also perform up to six times faster than Vmatch. For tandem repeats, RepMaestro was found to be slower but could nonetheless scale to large disk-resident sequences. These results are a significant advance in the quest of scalable repeat detection.
Software availability: RepMaestro is available at http://www.naskitis.com
Contact: askitisn@gmail.com; sinhar@unimelb.edu.au
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Preventive effects of various types of footwear and cleaning methods on dermatophyte adhesion
Authors: TANAKA Kumi , KATOH Takuro , IRIMAJIRI Junya , TANIGUCHI Hiroko , YOKOZEKI Hiroo 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTTinea pedis is contagious and typically spreads from infected to non‐infected persons. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of footwear in preventing tinea pedis adhesion. Using the stamp culture method, we investigated the effectiveness of preventing dermatophyte passage by the wearing of stockings made of nylon, socks made of cotton and tabi (Japanese socks), as well as the effect of removing dermatophytes from these items by washing with soap, cold water and cold water after turning inside‐out. For sandals, sneakers and boots, we also investigated the effect of dermatophyte removal by pouring cold water into the footwear, wiping with a wet towel, and pouring boiling water into the footwear. The wearing of socks or tabi was effective in preventing passage of dermatophytes. The stocking material proved to be too thin to prevent passage. On the inner side of socks (the side of the sole ), all treatments were effective at removing dermatophytes, but on the outer side of socks (the side touching the surface of the sandals ), the treatment of washing in cold water after turning inside‐out resulted in significantly more dermatophytes as compared with the other treatments. Pouring cold water, wiping with a wet towel and pouring boiling water were all effective for removing dermatophytes from sandals and sneakers. However, for boots, the treatment of pouring cold water was less effective. To prevent the adhesion of dermatophytes to sandals, wearing socks or tabi was effective, and the treatments of washing socks in cold water after turning inside‐out and of pouring cold water into the boots were less effective than the others.
High genetic diversity in French invasive populations of common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, as a result of multiple sources of introduction
Authors: GENTON B. J. , SHYKOFF J. A. , GIRAUD T. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract Ambrosia artemisiifolia is an aggressive North American annual weed, found particularly in sunflower and corn fields. Besides its economic impact on crop yield, it represents a major health problem because of its strongly allergenic pollen. Ragweed was imported inadvertently to Europe in the 18th century and has become invasive in several countries, notably in the Rhône Valley of France. It has recently expanded in both the Provence‐Alpes‐Côte‐d’Azur and Bourgogne regions. As first steps towards understanding the causes and mechanisms of ragweed invasion, genetic variability of French and North American populations was analysed using microsatellites. Overall genetic variability was similar in North America and in the Rhône‐Alpes region, but within‐population levels of genetic variability were surprisingly lower in native than in invasive French populations. French populations also exhibited lower among‐population differentiation. A significant pattern of isolation by distance was detected among North American populations but not among French populations. Assignment tests and distribution of rare alleles did not point to a single origin for all French populations, nor for all individuals within populations and private alleles from different North American populations were found in the same French populations. Indeed, within all French populations, individual plants were roughly equally assigned to the different North American populations. Altogether, these results suggest that the French invasive populations include plants from a mixture of sources. Reduced diversity in populations distant from the original area of introduction indicated that ragweed range expansion probably occurred through sequential bottlenecks from the original populations, and not from subsequent new introductions.
Sequence diversity of the MHC DRB gene in the Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber)
Authors: BABIK W. , DURKA W. , RADWAN J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMajor histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes, coding molecules which play an important role in immune response, are the most polymorphic genes known in vertebrates. However, MHC polymorphism in some species is limited. MHC monomorphism at several MHC class I and II loci was previously reported for two neighbouring northern European populations of the Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) and reduced selection for polymorphism has been hypothesized. Here, we analysed a partial sequence of the second exon of the MHC II DRB locus from seven relict European and Asian beaver populations. We detected 10 unique alleles among 76 beavers analysed. Only a western Siberian population was polymorphic, with four alleles detected in 10 individuals. Each of the remaining populations was fixed for a different allele. Sequences showed considerable divergence, suggesting the long persistence of allelic lineages. A significant excess of nonsynonymous substitutions was detected at the antigen binding sites, indicating that sequence evolution of beaver DRB was driven by positive selection. Current MHC monomorphism in the majority of populations may be the result of the superimposition of the recent bottleneck on pre‐existing genetic structure resulting from population subdivision and differential pathogen pressure.
Recall dermatitis after systemic treatment with paclitaxel
Authors: Kazandjieva Jana , Gergovska Malena , Darlenski Razvigor , Márina Sonja , Broshtilova Valentina , Balabanova Maria , Stransky Ljubomir 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackground  Recall phenomena of the skin at the site of prior radiation treatment are well established after systemic anti‐neoplastic therapy. The aim of this report is to describe a rare clinical entity of recall dermatitis after systemic treatment with paclitaxel without a history of previous radiation at the site of reaction.Material and methods  A 63‐year‐old Caucasian female patient treated with paclitaxel because of breast cancer (T3 N1 M0) is presented.Results  Five days after the fifth‐in‐a‐row infusion swelling and redness occurred on the left arm, where the drug has been administered. The skin changes were interpreted as erysipelas and the patient was treated with systemic antibiotic. One month later, when a new cycle of chemotherapy with paclitaxel was performed, the medication was administered on the opposite (right) arm. Several days after the procedure, the same changes occurred again on the left arm, as in the previous hospitalization. Based on the clinical features and the laboratory findings, diagnosis of “recall dermatitis” was coined. The presented case serves as a basis for discussion on the etiopathogenetic mechanism of the skin recall phenomenon. The drugs associated with the onset of such a reaction are debated.Conclusion  The specificity of this rare dermatological entity is important for setting up the exact diagnosis and therapeutic approach.
Aquatic sports dermatoses: Part 1. In the Water: Freshwater Dermatoses
Authors: Tlougan Brook E. , Podjasek Joshua O. , Adams Brian B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe first of this three‐part series on water‐related dermatoses involving the athlete will include sports occurring with the majority of time spent in the water. These sports include swimming, diving, scuba, snorkeling and water polo. Numerous authors have described dermatologic conditions commonly seen in swimmers. This series provides an updated and comprehensive review of these water dermatoses. In order to organize the vast number of skin conditions related to water exposure, we divided the skin conditions into groupings of infectious and organism‐related dermatoses, irritant and allergic dermatoses and miscellaneous dermatoses. The vast majority of skin conditions involving the water athlete result from chemicals and microbes inhabiting each environment. When considering the effects of swimming on one’s skin, it is also useful to differentiate between exposure to freshwater (lakes, ponds and swimming pools) and exposure to saltwater. This review will serve as a guide for dermatologists, sports medicine physicians and other medical practitioners in recognition and treatment of these conditions.
Amniotic fluid cell culture
Authors: Felix J. S. , Doherty R. A. 
Published: July 2010

Second trimester amniotic fluid samples obtained transabdominally for genetic analysis not infrequently are contaminated with blood. There has been disagreement as to whether blood contamination interferes with the efficiency of culture of amniotic fluid cells for genetic diagnosis. A procedure using ammonium chloride to lyse contaminating red blood cells has been recommended to increase culture success.In this report we document that cultures derived from blood‐contaminated amniotic fluids form fewer cell colonies than cultures from clear amniotic fluids. We also show that a recommended procedure using ammonium chloride to lyse red blood cells is ineffectual in improving the efficiency of cell culture, and may be detrimental to successful culturing of cells from bloody amniotic fluids.A hypothesis concerning the mechanism of interference with culture of amniotic fluid cells by contaminating blood is presented and a means of preventing this complication is suggested.
Familial occurrence of syngnathia congenita syndrome
Authors: Gassner I. , Müller W. , Rössler H. , Kofler J. , Mitterstieler G. 
Published: July 2010

A case of familial occurrence of syngnathia congenita in mother and child is described; this syndrome has been seen only sporadically until now. Due to the distinct appearance of the intraoral chords ‐ they were situated on both sides between the ridges of the jaw and also between the left half of the bifid uvula and the retrolingual region ‐ a relationship to the autosomal‐dominantly transmitted Cleft Palate Lateral Synechiae Syndrome (CPLS‐Syndrome) is suspected.Complete penetrance with different expressivity may explain the different clinical manifestations of the cases seen up to now and the absence of bifid uvula in the mother of our patient. The probable pathogenesis during embryological development is discussed.
Risk factors associated with neural tube defects
Authors: McCormack Michael K. , Breslin Nancy , Coppola‐McCormack Patricia J. 
Published: July 2010

Spina bifida represents a broad category of neural tube defects (NTD) which affects approximately 1–4/1,000 live births. Since effective prenatal diagnostic testing for 90 % of NTD is available through measurement of alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) in amniotic fluid, ascertainment of high risk factors associated with the occurrence of NTD would be both desirable and important. At the present time, generally, the major indication for prenatal testing for NTD is the presence of a first‐degree relative with some form of NTD. To date, few other factors have been utilized to identify a family as “at risk”.We have studied a group of 19 families of 10 female and 9 male index cases with NTD. The parents of each index case were interviewed and pedigrees were prepared on each family. Conditions screened for in these families included spina bifida and other NTD, pilonidal cysts, scoliosis, kyphosis and other vertebral disorders which were hypothesized to be possibly related to NTD. There were 58 first‐, 171 second‐, and 802 third‐degree relatives screened in this study. This sample population was similarly characteristic with regard to sex, maternal age and birth order distributions as compared to previous populations of NTD described and was therefore considered to be representative. Our results indicate that: (1) pilonidal cysts are 6 times more frequent in the fathers and twice as frequent in the mothers of children with spina bifida than in the general population;These preliminary studies suggest that several minor clinical conditions in parents may be important to consider as possible risk signs suggesting couples be considered for prenatal evaluation for the prevention of NTD.
Genetics of the low density lipoprotein receptor:
Authors: Maartmann‐Moe Kjell , Berg‐Johnsen Pal 
Published: July 2010

Six indices of low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor activity were assayed in cultured fibroblasts from seven subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia (HC) and six subjects without HC (non‐HCs). Four non‐HCs, three HC heterozygotes and one HC homozygous proband belonged to one kindred (kindred A). The proband's fibroblast 125I‐LDL processing values fell within or were slightly above the range defined by fibroblasts from three “receptor‐negative” HC homozygotes. Thus, the plasma membrane receptor defect in this kindred is probably of the “receptor‐negative” category.LDL receptor‐dependent 125I‐LDL processing was about twice as high in fibroblasts from non‐HCs as in those from HC heterozygotes belonging to kindred A. The segregation pattern of LDL receptor activity in this kindred was compatible with control by a single gene locus. 12SI‐LDL processing values from non‐HCs, HC heterozygotes and HC homozygotes differed significantly from one another, but non‐HCs and HC heterozygotes showed some overlap. LDL receptor‐dependent 125I‐LDL association (plasma membrane binding plus intracellular accumulation) data for 6 HC heterozygous and 13 non‐HC fibroblast strains clustered into two and into three groups, respectively. Median 125I‐LDL association levels in these groups appeared to be in agreement with the hypothesis that two different genotypes in HC heterozygotes and three in non‐HCs determined LDL receptor activity. These findings suggest the possibility that 125I‐LDL processing studies may reveal “normal” alleles at the LDL receptor locus.
A familial X/Y translocation in a boy with ichthyosis, hypogonadism and mental retardation
Authors: Metaxotou C. , Ikkos D. , Panagiotopoulou P. , Alevizaki M. , Mavrou A. , Tsenghi C. , Matsaniotis N. 
Published: July 2010

A 14‐year‐old boy is described with hypogonadism, ichthyosis and mental retardation. His karyotype was 46, Y, der (X), t(X;) (p22;q11). His mother's karyotype was 46, X, der (X), t(X; Y) (p22;ql 1). Thus the son is nullisomic for the region Xp22 → pter and the mother is monosomic for the same region.The steroid sulfatase activity in this boy is discussed in relationship to the enzyme's locus on the X chromosome and the manifestation of ichthyosis.
Diagnostic considerations in arthrogry‐posis syndromes in South Africa
Authors: Gericke G. S. , Hall J. G. , Nelson M. M. , Beighton P. H. 
Published: July 2010

Congenital rigidity of multiple joints poses a difficult diagnostic and therapeutic problem. There are also semantic difficulties as the non‐specific term “arthrogryposis” is often used for any individual with congenital limitation of joint movement. Many distinct syndromes present in this way and as they differ in their course, prognosis and genetic implications, diagnostic precision is crucial.A diagnostic analysis is given of 247 South African patients in whom “arthrogryposis” had been recorded, and the pathogenesis and nosology of congenital contractures are discussed in this paper. Three of these stiff joint conditions were originally described in South African patients, i.e. Liebenberg synostosis syndrome, digitotalar dysmorphism, and the Gordon syndrome of autosomal dominant cleft palate, camptodactyly and club feet.
Mentally retarded siblings with congenital heart defect, peculiar facies and cryptorchidism in the male: possible McDonough syndrome with coincidental (X; 20) translocation
Authors: García‐Sagredo J. M. , Lozano C. , Ferrando P. , Román C. San 
Published: July 2010

We report on a family in which two of the three children (girl and boy) have a MCA/MR syndrome consisting of peculiar facies, retarded psychomotor development, mental retardation, congenital heart defect, kyphoscoliosis, diastasis recti, and cryptorchidism in the boy. This syndrome is quite similar to that of the only family previously described and which was denominated McDonough Syndrome. The syndrome is delineated and autosomal recessive inheritance is suggested as the most likely etiology.A balanced translocation (X; 20) in the affected boy and in the unaffected mother was a coincidental finding.