bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A conservative local interface sharpening scheme for the constrained interpolation profile method
Authors: Sato Yohei , Ničeno Bojan 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYA conservative local interface sharpening scheme has been developed for the constrained interpolation profile method with the conservative semi‐Lagrangian scheme, because the conservative semi‐Lagrangian scheme does not feature a mechanism to control the interface thickness, thus causing an increase of numerical error with the advance of the time step. The proposed sharpening scheme is based on the conservative level set method proposed by Olsson and Kreiss. However, because their method can cause excessive deformation of the free‐surface in certain circumstances, we propose an improvement of the method by developing a local sharpening technique. Several advection tests are presented to assess the correctness of the advection and the improved interface sharpening scheme. This is followed by the validations of dam‐breaking flow and the rising bubble flows. The mass of the fluid is exactly conserved and the computed terminal velocity of the rising bubble agrees well with the experiments compared with other numerical methods such as the volume of fluid method (VOF), the front tracking method, and the level set method. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Q2Q1 finite element/level‐set method for simulating two‐phase flows with surface tension
Authors: Cho Myung H. , Choi Hyoung G. , Choi Sang H. , Yoo Jung Y. 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYA Q2Q1 (quadratic velocity/linear pressure) finite element/level‐set method was proposed for simulating incompressible two‐phase flows with surface tension. The Navier–Stokes equations were solved using the Q2Q1 integrated FEM, and the level‐set variable was linearly interpolated using a ‘pseudo’ Q2Q1 finite element when calculating the density and viscosity of a fluid to avoid an unbounded density/viscosity. The advection of the level‐set function was calculated through the Taylor–Galerkin method, and the direct approach method is employed for reinitialization. The proposed method was tested by solving several benchmark problems including rising bubbles exhibiting a large density difference and the surface tension effect. The numerical results of the rising bubbles were compared with the existing results to validate the benchmark quantities such as the centroid, circularity, and rising velocity. Furthermore, we focused our attention mainly on mass conservation and time‐step. We observed that the present method represented a convergence rate between 1.0 and 1.5 orders in terms of mass conservation and provided more stable solutions even when using a larger time‐step than the critical time‐step that was imposed because of the explicit treatment of surface tension. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isocyanide‐Based Multicomponent Reaction: One‐Pot Synthesis of New Derivatives of Iminofuranone
Authors: Habibi Azizollah , Rahmani Azadeh 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe one‐pot multicomponent reaction of alkyl isocyanide, alkylidene‐substituted Meldrum's acid, and arylcarboxylic acids affords new derivatives of iminofuranone in fair yields. The structure of the products was deduced from their spectroscopic data. Two equivalents of the respective isocyanides participate in this reaction.
Preparation of Silica Nanoparticles from Organic Laboratory Waste of Silica Gel HF254 and Their Use as a Highly Efficient Catalyst for the One‐Pot Synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydro‐1H‐isoindolone Derivatives
Authors: Ramazani Ali , Mahyari Amir , Farshadi Azam , Rouhani Morteza 
Published: October 2011

AbstractReaction of an isocyanide with an iminium ion intermediate, formed by reaction between 6‐formyl‐2,3‐dimethoxybenzoic acid and secondary amines (dibenzyl‐ or benzyl(isopropyl)amine) in the presence of silica nanoparticles (silica NPs, ca. 70 nm) proceeds smoothly at room temperature to afford 2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐isoindolone derivatives in high yields.
Bisresorcinol Derivatives from Grevillea glauca
Authors: Wang Hao , Leach David N. , Thomas Michael C. , Blanksby Stephen J. , Forster Paul I. , Waterman Peter G. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSeven new and three known bisresorcinols, grevirobstol A (=5,5′‐((6Z,9Z)‐hexadeca‐6,9‐diene‐1,16‐diyl)bisresorcinol; 8), 5,5′‐[(8Z)‐hexadec‐8‐ene‐1,16‐diyl]bisresorcinol (9), and 2‐methyl‐5,5′‐[8Z)‐hexadec‐8‐ene‐1,16‐diyl]bisresorcinol (10) were isolated from the stems of Grevillea glauca. The new compounds were identified on the basis of spectroscopic data as (Z)‐6,7‐didehydroglaucone A (1), glaucones A and B (2 and 3, resp.), 2‐(3‐hydroxyisopentyl)bisnorstriatol (4), 2‐(3‐methylbut‐2‐en‐1‐yl)bisnorstriatol (5), 2′‐methylgrebustol A (6), and glaucane (7).
Two New 3,4‐Seco‐ent‐kaurenes and Other Constituents from the Costa Rican Endemic Species Croton megistocarpus
Authors: Mora Soledad , Castro Victor , Poveda Luis , Chavarría Max , Murillo Renato 
Published: October 2011

AbstractFollowing our phytochemical studies of Costa Rican plants, we report the isolation of two new 3,4‐seco‐ent‐kaurenes from the aerial parts of Croton megistocarpus (Euphorbiaceae). The structures of the two compounds were elucidated as 14‐[(2‐methylbutanoyl)oxy]‐3,4‐seco‐ent‐kaura‐4(19),16‐dien‐3‐oic acid (1) and 14‐{[(2Z)‐2‐methylbut‐2‐enoyl]oxy}‐3,4‐seco‐ent‐kaura‐4(19),16‐dien‐3‐oic acid (2). In addition, seven known diterpene clerodanes were also isolated and identified. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including HR‐MS, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and NOESY experiments.
Bioaccumulation of petroleum hydrocarbons in arctic amphipods in the oil development area of the Alaskan Beaufort Sea
Authors: Neff Jerry M , Durell Gregory S 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
An objective of a multiyear monitoring program, sponsored by the US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management was to examine temporal and spatial changes in chemical and biological characteristics of the Arctic marine environment resulting from offshore oil exploration and development activities in the development area of the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. To determine if petroleum hydrocarbons from offshore oil operations are entering the Beaufort Sea food web, we measured concentrations of hydrocarbons in tissues of amphipods, Anonyx nugax, sediments, Northstar crude oil, and coastal peat, collected between 1999 and 2006 throughout the development area. Mean concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), saturated hydrocarbons (SHC), and sterane and triterpane petroleum biomarkers (StTr) were not significantly different in amphipods near the Northstar oil production facility, before and after it came on line in 2001, and in amphipods from elsewhere in the study area. Forensic analysis of the profiles (relative composition and concentrations) of the 3 hydrocarbon classes revealed that hydrocarbon compositions were different in amphipods, surface sediments where the amphipods were collected, Northstar crude oil, and peat from the deltas of 4 North Slope rivers. Amphipods and sediments contained a mixture of petrogenic, pyrogenic, and biogenic PAH. The SHC in amphipods were dominated by pristane derived from zooplankton, indicating that the SHC were primarily from the amphipod diet of zooplankton detritus. The petroleum biomarker StTr profiles did not resemble those in Northstar crude oil. The forensic analysis revealed that hydrocarbons in amphipod tissues were not from oil production at Northstar. Hydrocarbons in amphipod tissues were primarily from their diet and from river runoff and coastal erosion of natural diagenic and fossil terrestrial materials, including seep oils, kerogens, and peat. Offshore oil and gas exploration and development do not appear to be causing an increase in petroleum hydrocarbon contamination of the Beaufort Sea food web. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2012; 8: 301–319. © 2011 SETAC
Huperzine a alleviates synaptic deficits and modulates amyloidogenic and nonamyloidogenic pathways in APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice
Authors: Wang Ying , Tang Xi Can , Zhang Hai Yan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractHuperzine A (HupA) is a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recently, HupA was shown to be active in modulating the nonamyloidogenic metabolism of β‐amyloid precursor protein (APP) in APP‐transfected human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK293swe). However, in vivo research concerning the mechanism of HupA in APP transgenic mice has not yet been fully elucidated. The present study indicates that the loss of dendritic spine density and synaptotagmin levels in the brain of APPswe/presenilin‐1 (PS1) transgenic mice was significantly ameliorated by chronic HupA treatment and provides evidence that this neuroprotection was associated with reduced amyloid plaque burden and oligomeric β‐amyloid (Aβ) levels in the cortex and hippocampus of APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice. Our findings further demonstrate that the amelioration effect of HupA on Aβ deposits may be mediated, at least in part, by regulation of the compromised expression of a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10) and excessive membrane trafficking of β‐site APP cleavage enzyme 1 (BACE1) in these transgenic mice. In addition, extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1/2 (Erk1/2) phosphorylation may also be partially involved in the effect of HupA on APP processing. In conclusion, our work for the first time demonstrates the neuroprotective effect of HupA on synaptic deficits in APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice and further clarifies the potential pharmacological targets for this protective effect, in which modulation of nonamyloidogenic and amyloidogenic APP processing pathways may be both involved. These findings may provide adequate evidence for the clinical and experimental benefits gained from HupA treatment. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analyzing the efficiency of soil amendments and irrigation for plant production on heterogeneous sandy soils under greenhouse conditions
Authors: Mann Kirandeep K. , Schumann Arnold W. , Obreza Thomas A. , Sartain Jerry B. , Harris Willie G. , Shukla Sanjay 
Published: October 2011

AbstractVariability in soil properties is a complication for fertilization, irrigation, and amendment application. However, only limited progress has been made in managing soil variability for uniform productivity and increased water‐use efficiency. This study was designed to ameliorate the poor‐productivity areas of the variable sandy soils in Florida citrus groves by using frequent small irrigations and applying organic and inorganic soil amendments. Two greenhouse experiments were set up with sorghum and radish as bioassay crops in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The factors studied were two soil‐productivity classes (very poor and very good), two water contents (50% and 100% of field capacity), two amendments (phosphatic clay and Fe humate), and two amendment rates (10 and 25 g kg–1 for sorghum and 50 and 100 g kg–1 for radish). Amendments applied at 50 and 100 g kg–1 increased the water‐holding capacity (WHC) of poor soil by 2‐ to 6‐fold, respectively. The lower rates (10 and 25 g kg–1) of amendments were not effective in enhancing sorghum growth. The higher rates (50 and 100 g kg–1) doubled the radish growth as compared to the control. The results indicate that rates greater than 50 g kg–1 of both amendments were effective in improving water retention and increasing productivity. Irrigation treatment of 100% of field capacity (FC) increased the sorghum and radish growth by about 2‐fold as compared with the 50%–water content treatment. The results suggest that the root‐zone water content should be maintained near FC by frequent small irrigations to enhance water availability in excessively drained sandy soils. In addition, application of soil amendments in the root zone can enhance the water retention of these soils. Furthermore, managing variable sandy soils with WHC‐based irrigation can increase water uptake and crop production in the poor areas of the grove.
Mulberry extract inhibits oleic acid‐induced lipid accumulation via reduction of lipogenesis and promotion of hepatic lipid clearance
Authors: Ou Ting‐Tsz , Hsu Man‐Jung , Chan Kuei‐Chuan , Huang Chien‐Ning , Ho Hsieh‐Hsun , Wang Chau‐Jong 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Mulberries are a traditional edible food used to treat hepatic disease. The anti‐obesity and hypolipidemic effects of mulberry water extracts (MWE) have attracted increasing interest. In the present study, MWE were assessed for their hepatic lipid‐lowering potential when administered in fatty acid overload conditions in HepG2 cells.RESULTS: We found that MWE significantly reduced lipid accumulation, suppressed fatty acid synthesis, and stimulated fatty acid oxidation. Furthermore, MWE also inhibited acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase activities by stimulating adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK). MWE attenuated the expression of sterol regulatory element‐binding protein‐1 (SREBP‐1) and its target molecules, such as fatty acid synthase. Similar results were also measured in the expressions of enzymes involved in triglyceride and cholesterol biosyntheses including glycerol‐3‐phosphate acyltransferase, 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐CoA reductase, and SREBP‐2. In contrast, the lipolytic enzyme expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α and carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1 were increased.CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that the hypolipidemic effects of MWE occur via phosphorylation of AMPK and inhibition of lipid biosynthesis. Therefore, the mulberry extract may be active in the prevention of fatty liver. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Factors affecting food security and contribution of modern technologies in food sustainability
Authors: Premanandh Jagadeesan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe concept of food insecurity is complex and goes beyond the simplistic idea of a country's inability to feed its population. The global food situation is redefined by many driving forces such as population growth, availability of arable lands, water resources, climate change and food availability, accessibility and loss. The combined effect of these factors has undeniably impacted global food production and security. This article reviews the key factors influencing global food insecurity and emphasises the need to adapt science‐based technological innovations to address the issue. Although anticipated benefits of modern technologies suggest a level of food production that will sustain the global population, both political will and sufficient investments in modern agriculture are needed to alleviate the food crisis in developing countries. In this globalised era of the 21st century, many determinants of food security are trans‐boundary and require multilateral agreements and actions for an effective solution. Food security and hunger alleviation on a global scale are within reach provided that technological innovations are accepted and implemented at all levels. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
The role of preoperative neck ultrasounds to assess lymph nodes in patients with suspicious or indeterminate thyroid nodules
Authors: Roy Rashmi , Kouniavsky Guennadi , Venkat Raghunandan , Felger Erin A. , Shiue Zita , Schneider Eric , Zeiger Martha A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesCurrently there are no recommendations for obtaining a preoperative neck ultrasound for patients with suspicious or indeterminate thyroid nodules. Because a preoperative surgical ultrasound can detect suspicious lymph nodes that could result in ultimately altering surgical management, we chose to study which variables were predictive of this change.MethodsMedical records of 173 patients who presented between January 2006 and December 2010 with suspicious or indeterminate thyroid cytology were retrospectively reviewed. Clinicopathological variables were analyzed to determine factors predictive of malignancy and a change in operative approach.ResultsOne hundred thirty‐four of 173 patients were evaluable. Seventeen of 134 (12.6%) of the preoperative ultrasounds were suspicious. Seven of 134 (5.2%) patients underwent a formal lymph node dissection based on ultrasound findings. Size of tumor, Bethesda FNAB category, and male gender were associated with malignancy while thyroid nodule microcalcifications and category of FNAB were associated with performing lymph node dissections.ConclusionThyroid nodule microcalcifications on ultrasound and category of FNAB appear to be the best predictors of metastatic disease. Because the surgical approach was altered in only a few patients, further analysis is needed to delineate whether performing cervical ultrasound for suspicious/indeterminate nodules is cost effective. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 105:601–605. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Online sample pre‐concentration via dynamic pH junction in capillary and microchip electrophoresis
Authors: Kazarian Artaches A. , Hilder Emily F. , Breadmore Michael C. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractVarious analytical techniques have been developed over the years to analyse a large diversity of biomolecules with a constant push towards ultra‐sensitive detection. CE is at the forefront of the most powerful analytical tools available to date when considering its superior efficiency and resolution; however, the technique suffers from poor sensitivity as a result of the short path length at the detection site and small injection volumes (typically <1% capillary length). One of the approaches to abate the inherent problem is to employ clever chemistry using sample focusing techniques whereby a large sample plug can be injected, preconcentrated and separated, producing excellent sensitivity and efficiency at the detector. This particular review will focus on the use of dynamic pH junction as a means of improving sensitivity in CE and focuses on the use of a change in analyte ionisation due to different pHs between the sample and electrolyte. The review provides a fundamental discussion of the mechanisms, buffer and sample conditions required to concentrate various analytes and a comprehensive list of published works in tabular format for easy identification of suitable conditions for new applications. The review further encompasses the use of dynamic pH junction in CE and its involvement in combination with other preconcentrations techniques to produce high sensitivity enhancements recorded between the years 1990–2010.
Susceptibility of clinical isolates of Candida to photodynamic effects of curcumin
Authors: Dovigo Lívia N. , Pavarina Ana C. , Carmello Juliana C. , Machado Ana L. , Brunetti Iguatemy L. , Bagnato Vanderlei S. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveThe resistance of Candida species to antifungals represents a major challenge for therapeutic and prophylactic strategies. This study evaluated photodynamic therapy (PDT) mediated by Curcumin (CUR) against clinical isolates of C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. glabrata, both in planktonic and biofilm forms.Study Design/Materials and MethodsSuspensions of Candida were treated with three CUR concentrations and exposed to four LED fluences. The protocol that showed the best outcomes for inactivation of the planktonic phase was selected to be evaluated against Candida biofilms. In addition, two higher CUR concentrations were tested. The metabolic activity of biofilms was evaluated by means of XTT reduction assay and the biofilm biomass was evaluated using crystal violet (CV) staining assay. Data were analyzed in a mixed model nested ANOVA, Wilcoxon's nonparametric tests, and the Kruskal–Wallis test (α = 5%).ResultsThe use of CUR in association with light was able to promote a significant antifungal effect against the planktonic form of the yeasts. When using 40 µM of CUR, the metabolic activity of C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. tropicalis biofilms was reduced by 85%, 85%, and 73%, respectively, at 18 J/cm2. CUR‐mediated PDT also decreased the biofilm biomass of all species evaluated. In addition, CV staining showed that C. albicans isolates were strong biofilm‐forming strains, when compared with C. glabrata and C. tropicalis isolates.ConclusionThe results from the present investigation showed that low CUR concentrations can be highly effective for inactivating Candida isolates when associated with light excitation. Lasers Surg. Med. 43:927‐934, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Temperature‐controlled two‐wavelength laser soldering of tissues
Authors: Gabay Ilan , Abergel Avraham , Vasilyev Tamar , Rabi Yaron , Fliss Dan M. , Katzir Abraham 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveLaser tissue soldering is a method for bonding of incisions in tissues. A biological solder is spread over the cut, laser radiation heats the solder and the underlying cut edges and the incision is bonded. This method offers many advantages over conventional techniques (e.g., sutures). Past researches have shown that laser soldering, using a single laser, does not provide sufficient strength for bonding of cuts in thick (>1 mm) tissues. This study introduces a novel method for laser soldering of thick tissues, under temperature control, using two lasers, emitting two different wavelengths.Study Design/Materials and MethodsAn experimental system was built, using two lasers: (i) a CO2 laser, whose radiation heated the upper surface of the tissue and (ii) a GaAs laser that heated an albumin layer under the tissue. An infrared fiber‐optic radiometer monitored the temperature of the tissue. All three devices were connected to a computer that controlled the process. A computer simulation was written to optimize the system parameters. The system was tested on tissue phantoms, to validate the simulation and ensure that both the upper and lower sides of the cut were heated, and that the temperature could be controlled on both sides. The system was then used ex vivo to bond longitudinal cuts of lengths ∼12 mm in the esophagi of large farm pigs.ResultsThe theoretical simulations showed a good stabilization of the temperatures at the upper and lower tissue surfaces at the target values. Experiments on tissue phantom showed a good agreement with these simulations. Incisions in esophagi, removed from large farm pigs, were then successfully bonded. The mean burst pressure was ∼3.6 m of water.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated the capability of soldering cuts in thick tissues, paving the way for new types of surgical applications. Lasers Surg. Med. 43:907‐913, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reduction of thickened flap using fractional carbon dioxide laser
Authors: Brightman Lori A. , Brauer Jeremy A. , Anolik Robert , Weiss Elliot T. , Karen Julie , Chapas Anne , Hale Elizabeth , Bernstein Leonard , Geronemus Roy G. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveThe paramedian forehead flap is an excellent choice when repairing a large nasal defect. However, even when carefully thinned, the flap may develop a bulky appearance, an ill‐fitting contour, or trap door deformity. When on the face, these suboptimal results can be quite distressing. Surgical and non‐surgical options for improvement exist. Surgical options include additional debulking and reorientation of the flap. Non‐surgical options include intralesional corticosteroids or 5‐flourouracil, dermabrasion, and ablative and non‐ablative laser resurfacing. Each option has limited benefit as well potential side effects.Study Design/Materials and MethodsCase report.ResultsIn this report, we present dramatic improvement of a thickened paramedian forehead flap using the Fraxel Re:pair, a fractional carbon dioxide (CO2) laser (Solta Medical, Inc. Hayward, CA).ConclusionTo our knowledge, this is the first case in the literature demonstrating successful reduction of a bulky flap using a fractional ablative laser. Lasers Surg. Med. 43:873‐874, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.