bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Poly condensed nitrogen heterocycles. V. Two novel ring systems: Pyrazolo[5,1‐c]‐1,2,4‐thiadiazine and pyrazolo[3,4‐c]‐1,2‐thiazine
Authors: Aiello Enrico , Plescia Salvatore , Dattolo Gaetano 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe title compounds were obtained by reaction of aminopyrazoles IV and VII with ω‐acetophenonesulfonyl chloride (II, R = C6H5). In agreement with the general pattern of the distribution of electron density in the pyrazole nucleus, this work confirms that the position 4 of ring is the favoured site of electrophilic attacks.
Synthesis of 3‐arylamino‐4(3H)quinazolinone derivatives from 1‐acetyl‐ or 1‐ethoxycarbonylmethylene‐2‐arylhydrazines
Authors: Trimarco Pasqualina , Lastrucci Cristina 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBy reacting 1‐acetyl‐ or 1‐ethoxycarbonylehloromethylene‐2‐arylhydrazines (2a‐c) with anthranilic acids (1a‐b) the corresponding C‐acetyl‐ or C‐ethoxyearbonylcarbohydrazonamide derivatives (3a‐d) were obtained. Ring closure of the carbohydrazonamides with acetic anhydride afforded 2‐carboethoxy‐ or 2‐acetyl‐3‐arylamino‐4(3H)quinazolinones (4a‐d). The ester derivatives undergo basic hydrolysis with decarboxylation to 3‐arylamino‐4(3H)quinazolinones (5a‐b).
On the bromination of 1,7‐ and 1,8‐Naphthyridine in nitrobenzene
Authors: Van Der Plas H. C. , Wozniak M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBy application of the Kress procedure for bromination it has been found that from the hydro‐bromide of 1,7‐naphthyridine with 1.1 equivalents of bromine in nitrobenzene a mixture of 3‐and 5‐bromo‐ and 3,5‐dibromo‐1,7‐naphthyridine is obtained in reasonable yield. With an excess of bromine 3,5‐dibromo‐1,7‐naphthyridine is nearly exclusively formed. Similar brominations of the hydrobromide of 1,8‐naphthyridine with 1.1 equivalents of bromine gave 3‐bromo‐ and 3,6‐dibromo‐1,8‐naphthyridine. By using an excess of bromine a high‐yield conversion into 3,6‐dibromo‐1,8‐naphthyridine is observed. Bromination of the hydrochloride salt of 1,7‐ and 1,8‐naphthyridine affords the same bromo derivatives.
Synthesis of 1,4‐dihydro‐4‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐5H‐1,3,4‐benzotriazepin‐5‐ones
Authors: Peet Norton P. , Sunder Shyam 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe synthesis of 1,4‐dihydro‐4‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐5H‐1,3,4‐benzotriazepin‐5‐one (4a) and its 8‐chloro analog (4b) is described. Attempted synthesis of the 2‐methyl analog of 4a from 2‐(phenylamino)benzoic acid 1‐methylhydrazide (10) and triethyl orthoaeetate led only to the Schiff base intermediate, 2‐(phenylamino)benzoic acid 2‐(1‐ethoxyethylidene)‐1‐methylhydrazide (11). Cyclization of 11 was attempted unsuccessfully with a variety of reagents. The intereśting reaction products from the treatment of 11 with trifluoroacetic acid are described.
The synthesis of some pyrrolo[1,5‐b:2,3‐c′]dipyridazines
Authors: Wells Fred V. , Castle Raymond N. , Dan Cook P. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA facile method for the preparation of the aromatic pyrrolo[1,5‐b:2,3‐c']dipyridazine ring system is reported. A number of compounds have been prepared and the biological screening data reported.
Base‐catalyzed hydrogen‐deuterium exchange in some 5‐ and 6‐substituted benzothiazoles. Activity of the sulphur and nitrogen heteroatoms in the transmission of the substituent effects
Authors: Attanasi Orazio , Bartoli Giuseppe , Todesco Paolo E. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe rates of base‐catalyzed hydrogen‐deuterium exchange at C‐2 in some 6‐substituted benzothiazoles were studied and compared with the analogous values pertinent to some 5‐substituted benzothiazoles, reported in a previous paper. The simple Hammett equation was found not to allow a good interpretation of the experimental data. However, a good agreement was obtained by the application of the Hammett‐Jaffé equations. From these calculations, it was concluded that the sulphur and the nitrogen heteroatoms of the thiazole ring have, in these reactions, a very similar activity in the transmission of the substituent effects from the benzo ring at C‐2 of the thiazole ring. Therefore, while in other reactions only the nitrogen heteroatom is active, in these reactions a considerable stabilization of the α‐carbanion is clearly shown also by the sulphur heteroatom.
Acid‐catalyzed cyclization of alkoxyacryloylureas to 2,4(1H,3H)pyrimidinediones
Authors: Shealy Y. Fulmer , O'Dell C. Allen 
Published: April 2009

Abstract1‐Phenylthymine and the carbocyclic analog of thymidine were obtained in yields of 84‐87% by cyclizing the appropriate 3‐methoxy‐2‐methylacryloylureas in dilute sulfuric acid. High yields of 1‐phenylthymine also resulted when the cyclization was carried out in trifluoroacetic acid, in acetic acid containing toluenesulfonic acid (TSA), or by fusion of the urea with a catalytic amount of TSA. In comparison, the typical aqueous‐alkali catalyzed cyclizations gave lower yields of the two thymines, and cleavage of the acryloylureas was shown to occur. However, cyclization in concentrated aqueous ammonia produced high yields of both thymine derivatives.
Rearrangement of some chlorosubstituted 3‐amino‐3,4‐dihydro‐1‐hydroxycarbostyrils in hydrogen halide acids
Authors: Mccord Tommy J. , Kelley Stephen F. , Rabon James A. , Gage Larry D. , Maples Larry L. , Davis Alvie L. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe general conditions and results of rearrangement studies of the 5‐, 6‐, 7‐, and 8‐chloro‐substituted 3‐amino‐3,4‐dihydro‐1‐hydroxycarbostyrils in concentrated hydrochloric and hydro‐bromic acids to the corresponding dihalosubstituted 3‐amino‐3,4‐dihydrocarbostyrils have been described. The 5‐, 7‐ and 8‐chlorocarbostyrilhydroxamic acids undergo nucleophilic displacement by either chloride or bromide ion preferentially at the 6‐position to form the respective 5,6‐, 6,7‐ and 6,8‐dihalolactams. However, with the 3‐amino‐6‐chloro‐3,4‐dihydro‐1‐hydroxycarbo‐styril where the 6‐position is blocked, nucleophilic displacement by halide ions occurs at the 8‐position to afford the 6,8‐dihalolactams. The 6,8‐dichloro‐ and 6,8‐dibromolactams were also prepared by alternative halogenation procedures for purposes of comparison with the rearrangement products.
Triazolines IX. A new ring transformation reaction of a 4,5‐acyl‐substituted‐1,2,3‐triazoline: A new route to the synthesis of enamine and pyrrolidine ketones
Authors: Kadaba Pankaja K. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA new ring transformation reaction of a 4,5‐dibenzoyl‐1,2,3‐triazoline, which appears to involve nitrogen expulsion followed by a C‐N proton shift, is described. The reaction affords a new route to the synthesis of enaminodiketones and tetraacylpyrrolidines, via triazoline intermediates.
Quaternarisation de diméthyl‐5,6 pyrazolidino[4,3‐d )isoxazolines‐2
Authors: Gibert J. P. , Jacquier R. , Petrus C. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractLa détermination du site de quaternarisation de molécules bicycliques contenant 2 atomes d'azote sp3 vicinaux dans un cycle et un azote sp2 dans l'autre est realisee par des études spectrales et par dégradation des iodométhylates obtenus. La quaternarisation qui se fait sur un des 2 azotes sp3 est controlée par les effets steriques.
The condensation products of 6‐methoxy‐2,3‐dihydro‐4H‐benzopyran‐4‐one and 6‐nitroveratraldehyde. Part I
Authors: Wright George C. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe condensation of 2,3‐dihydro‐6‐methoxy‐4H‐benzopyran‐4‐one (1) and 6‐nitroveratr‐aldehyde (2) gave the expected 2,3‐dihydro‐6‐methoxy‐3‐(6‐nitroveratrylidene)‐4H‐benzopyran‐4‐one (3) plus an unexpected product identified as 2,3‐dihydro‐3‐(α‐ethoxy‐4,5‐dimethoxy‐2‐nitrobenzyl)‐6‐methoxy‐4H‐benzopyran‐4‐one (4).
Synthesis of 1,2,3,4,8,9,10,11‐octahydro‐[1,4] diazepino[6,5,4‐jk ]earbazole and related compounds
Authors: Kim Dong Han 
Published: April 2009

Abstract1,2,3,4,8,9,10,11‐Octahydro[1,4]diazepino[6,5,4‐jk]earbazole (VIa) was synthesized from 2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐1H‐benzodiazepine (la) via the route shown in Scheme 1. Other compounds which were prepared similarly are 3‐acetyl‐6‐chloro‐1,2,3,4,8,9,10,11‐octahydro[1,4]diazepino‐[6,5,4‐jk]carbazole(Vb) and 3‐methyl‐1,2,3,4,8,9,10,11‐octahydro[1,4]diazepino[6,5,4‐jk]carb‐azole (VIII). Chemical transformations which were carried out with VI and 3‐acetyl‐1,2,3,4,8,9, 10,11‐octahydro[1,4]diazepino[6,5,4‐jk]carbazole (Va) are also described.
Selenium‐catalyzed thermal isomerization of cis‐2‐styrylfuran and cis‐2‐styrylthiophene
Authors: Scarlata Giuseppe , Torre Michele 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe rate of selenium catalyzed cis‐trans isomerization of stilbene, 2‐styrylfuran and 2‐styryI‐thiophene in decahydronaphthalene has been studied in the temperature range 170‐190° by gas chromatographic analysis. Rate constants were pseudo first order and gave the following reactivity order: e(.s‐stilbene < cis‐2‐styrylthiophene < cis‐2‐styrylfuran. In all cases the reaction orders with respect to selenium are temperature dependent. For catalyzed cis‐stilbene isomerization the activation energy is ca. 15 kcal. mole−1 lower than for thermal isomerization. The hypothesis that cis‐2‐styrylfuran isomerizes through a triplet state is proposed.
Selective modification of the 2‐position of pyridoxol
Authors: Underwood Graham R. , Paul Brajeswar , Becker M. Alice 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPyridoxol, protected by acetylation of the hydroxyl groups, has been converted to its N‐oxide which upon reaction with perfluoroacetie anhydride yields a 2‐nor‐2‐hydroxymethylpyridoxol derivative as an intermediate. This compound undergoes acyl migration from the 3‐position. Protection of the pyridoxol hydroxyls by benzylalion followed by the same treatment yields the unrearranged α2‐hydroxy derivative. This compound has been converted to a series of α2‐substituted pyridoxols (X = ‐Cl, ‐Br, ‐OCOCH3, ‐OCH3, ‐OC2H5).
1,2,4‐Triazines VIII. The synthesis of 1,2,4‐triazino[2,3‐e]pyrazolo[1,5‐a]‐1,3,5‐triazines and 1,2,4‐triazino[4,3‐e]pyrazolo[],5‐a] ‐1,3,5‐triaziness
Authors: Lalezari Iradj 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSubstituted 2,5‐dihydro‐3[3‐methyI(or phenyl)‐5‐aminopyrazolyl]‐1,2,4‐triazin‐5‐ones reacted with orthoesters to yield exclusively 1,2,4‐triazino[2,3‐e]pyrazolo[1,5‐a]‐1,3,5‐triazin‐5‐ones. The structure elucidation was supported by independent synthesis of the isomeric 1,2,3‐triazino‐[4,3‐e]pyrazolo[1,5‐α]‐1,3,5‐triazin‐7‐one as well as by spectroscopical methods.
Diversity and discord: Ethnicity, horizontal inequalities and conflict in Ghana and Nigeria
Authors: Langer Arnim , Mustapha Abdul Raufu , Stewart Frances 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis introduction provides an overview of the special issue. The papers in this issue contribute to our understanding of the contrasting histories of Ghana and Nigeria. The papers confirm the importance of horizontal inequalities as a source of political instability and violent conflict, and show that they are particularly likely to lead to conflict where political and socio‐economic exclusion run in the same direction or are consistant. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression and molecular diversity of Tcf7l2 in the developing murine cerebellum and brain
Authors: Nazwar Tommy A. , Glassmann Alexander , Schilling Karl 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe Wingless family of secreted proteins impinges on multiple aspects of vertebrate nervous system development, from early global patterning and cell fate decision to synaptogenesis. Here, we mapped the developmental expression of the Tcf7l2, which is key to the canonical Wingless signaling cascade, in the developing cerebellum. The exclusive and transient expression of Tcf7l2 in ventricular and Olig2‐defined precursor cells within the cerebellar anlage, and its predominant expression in postmitotic neurons in the midbrain/inferior colliculus allowed us to ask whether cell type–specific differences are also reflected in splice isoform variability. We also included in this analysis intestinal epithelia, where Tcf7l2 function has been intensively studied. Our data reveal extensive variability of Tcf7l2 splicing in the central nervous system. Additional variability in brain‐expressed Tcf7l2 is generated by a length polymorphism of expressed mRNAs in a stretch of normally nine adenines found at the beginning of exon 18, reminiscent of variability observed at the same site in cancers with microsatellite instability. A consensus emerging from our data is that the expression of isoforms comprising or lacking the C‐clamp motif, which has been linked by in vitro studies to the regulation of cell growth, is indeed tightly correlated with the proliferative status in vivo. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
N-body Simulations with Live Stellar Evolution
Authors: Church Ross P. , Tout Christopher A. , Hurley Jarrod R. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAnN-body code containing live stellar evolution through combination of the software packagesnbody6andstarsis presented. Operational details of the two codes are outlined and the changes that have been made to combine them discussed. We have computed the evolution of clusters of 104stars using the combined code and we compare the results with those obtained usingnbody6and the synthetic stellar evolution codesse. We find that, providing the physics package withinstarsis set up correctly to match the parameters of the models used to constructsse, the results are very similar. This provides a good indication that the new code is working well. We also demonstrate how this physics can be changed simply in the new code with convective overshooting as an example. Similar changes inssewould require considerable reworking of the model fits. We conclude by outlining proposed future development of the code to include more complete models of single stars and binary star systems.
No apparent impact of increased post‐operative blood glucose levels on clinical outcome in kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Van Den Berg Tijs J. , Bogers Hein , Vriesendorp Titia M. , Surachno Janto S. , DeVries J. Hans , Ten Berge Ineke J. , Hoekstra Joost B.L. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract:  Background:  Our objective is to evaluate whether hyperglycemia in the first 48 h after renal transplantation is independently associated with rejection, post‐operative infection and post‐transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) in a retrospective cohort study.Methods:  Patients who received a renal transplant in our hospital in 2003 or 2004 were included. Glucose values until 48 h after surgery were retrieved from laboratory reports. Biopsy proven acute rejection, culture proven infections and PTDM were scored until four months after transplantation. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis and logistic multivariate analysis.Results:  At least one post‐operative glucose value could be retrieved for 150/151 patients. Rejection occurred in 46/150 (30.5%), infection in 47/150 (31.1%) and PTDM in 19/150 (12.6%) patients. When corrected for other risk factors, no relation was found between post‐operative glucose levels and rejection (weak inverse relation, OR = 0.82; 95% CI = 0.65–1.03; p = 0.09), post‐operative glucose and infections (OR = 0.98; 95% CI = 0.80–1.21; p = 0.84) and post‐operative glucose and PTDM (OR = 0.93; 95% CI = 0.70–1.23; p = 0.63).Conclusion:  Increased post‐operative blood glucose levels after renal transplantation were not found to be a risk factor for graft rejection. Also, post‐operative glucose levels were not found to be associated with PTDM and post‐operative infections.
Mixed Messages and Mixed Results: The EU's Promotion of Human Rights in Turkey
Authors: Gates Andrea 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn spite of the fact that human rights appear, based on proclamations made by EU representatives, to be of critical importance in the EU's negotiations with Turkey, human rights reform has not been a primary target of pre‐accession aid to Turkey. Why is human rights reform not a central priority in the EU's allocation of aid in this case? First, Commission representatives and Members of the European Parliament disagree over the relative importance of the status of human rights in the pre‐accession reform process. Second, the format of the aid allocation process magnifies inconsistencies in the EU's approach to human rights reform.
EARTH SATELLITE CAMERA SYSTEMS: RESOLUTION ESTIMATES AND MAPPING APPLICATIONS
Authors: Welch R. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractResolution functions which permit the comparison of camera systems considered for earth‐orbiting satellite missions, indicate that a mapping camera (f = 300 mm) with approximately 20 m ground resolution at a scale of 1 : 750 000 would prove more useful for photogrammetric applications than any of the systems currently planned. In the absence of specific satellite missions for mapping purposes, the value of Skylab‐type experiments could be greatly enhanced by the inclusion of a metric camera. ERTS‐A with an estimated ground resolution on the order of 180 m was not intended as a cartographic system. In its present mode it does not meet the standards set by scientists for detailed studies of the earth's resources.
Two genetically distinct units ofSinomanglietia glauca(Magnoliaceae) detected by chloroplast PCR‐SSCP
Authors: ZHANG Zhi‐Rong , LUO Lai‐Chun , WU Ding , ZHANG Zhi‐Yong 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSinomanglietia glaucais a critically endangered species described from Jiangxi Province in the 1990s. Recently two populations were discovered from Yongshun County of west Hunan Province, about 450 km away from those in Jiangxi. Because of the new findings and the poor reproducibility inherent to RAPD and ISSR markers of previous studies, the population structure of this rare species was reanalyzed with chloroplast PCR‐SSCP (single‐stranded conformation polymorphism), including all of four recorded populations. The results showed that two distinct haplotypes characterized Jiangxi and Hunan populations separately, with no genetic variation occurring within regions. We postulated that this surprising pattern might result from habitat fragmentation and demographic bottlenecks during and/or after the Quaternary glaciation. On the basis of the pronounced genetic structure, two evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) were recommended for effective conservation ofS. glauca.
Thermodynamics and Extra‐thermodynamics of Bacillus subtilis α‐Amylase in Some Chromatographic Systems
Authors: BIAN Liujiao , WANG Xiaohua , YANG Xiaoyan , LIU Li , CHEN Chao 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe thermodynamics and extra‐thermodynamics of Bacillus subtilis α‐amylase in five kinds of chromatographic systems were studied by determining their adsorption equilibrium constant KSL, enthalpy change, entropy change, free energy change and compensation temperature under different temperature areas. The results showed that on an RP‐C18 reversed‐phase medium, a Zn‐chelated Sepharose fast‐flow affinity medium and a WCX‐1 cation‐exchange medium, their ln KSL separately linearly changed with the reciprocal of absolute temperatures under two different temperature ranges of 13–30 and 30–50 °C; and on PEG‐400 and modified PEG‐400 hydrophobic media, their ln KSL separately linearly decreased with the reciprocal of absolute temperatures under the temperature areas of 13–40 and 13–30 °C, while when the temperatures were separately over 40 and 30 °C, they violently decreased with the reciprocal of absolute temperatures. Through studying the relations among the enthalpy change, entropy change, free energy change and the conformational change of α‐amylase under the different temperature areas, it was found that on the RP‐C18 reversed‐phase medium and Zn‐chelated Sepharose fast‐flow affinity medium under the temperature range of 30–50 °C and on the WCX‐1 cation‐exchange medium under the temperature range of 13–30 °C, their adsorption procedures were driven by both the enthalpy change and the entropy change; while on the Zn‐chelated Sepharose fast‐flow affinity medium under the temperature range of 13–30 °C, on the WCX‐1 cation‐exchange medium under the temperature range of 30–50 °C and on the PEG‐400 and modified PEG‐400 hydrophobic media under the temperature range of 13–65 °C, their adsorption procedures were driven only by the entropy change. Finally, by comparing the compensation temperatures of α‐amylase in these chromatographic systems each other, it was further found that their enthalpy changes could be compensated only with their entropy changes rising from their conformational change.
Pharmacophore Identification of Hydroxamate HDAC 1 Inhibitors
Authors: YU Liqin , LIU Fei , CHEN Yadong , YOU Qidong 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA three‐dimensional pharmacophore model was established based on 24 hydroxamate histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors by HypoGen algorithm embedded in Catalyst software. The best pharmacophore hypothesis (Hypo1), consisting of four chemical features (one hydrogen‐bond acceptor, one aromatic ring and two hydrophobic groups), has a correlation coefficient of 0.946. The Hypol was also validated by a test set consisting of 20 other compounds. Compared with the prior studies towards HDAC inhibitors the detailed chemical features of the "CAP" region in the reported HDAC inhibitors were for the first time depicted, which would be helpful in the further designing of novel HDAC inhibitors.
Fascin1 is dispensable for mouse development but is favorable for neonatal survival
Authors: Yamakita Yoshihiko , Matsumura Fumio , Yamashiro Shigeko 
Published: April 2009

AbstractFascin1, an actin‐bundling protein, has been demonstrated to be critical for filopodia formation in cultured cells, and thus is believed to be vital in motile activities including neurite extension and cell migration. To test whether fascin1 plays such essential roles within a whole animal, we have generated and characterized fascin1‐deficient mice. Unexpectedly, fascin1‐deficient mice are viable and fertile with no major developmental defect. Nissl staining of serial coronal brain sections reveals that fascin1‐deficient brain is grossly normal except that knockout mouse brain lacks the posterior region of the anterior commissure neuron and has larger lateral ventricle. Fascin1‐deficient, dorsal root ganglion neurons are able to extend neurites in vitro as well as those from wild‐type mice, although fascin1‐deficient growth cones are smaller and exhibit fewer and shorter filopodia than wild‐type counterparts. Likewise, fascin1‐deficient, embryonic fibroblasts are able to assemble filopodia, though filopodia are fewer, shorter and short‐lived. These results indicate that fascin1‐mediated filopodia assembly is dispensable for mouse development. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The course of eating disorders in patients with borderline personality disorder: A 10‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Zanarini Mary C. , Reichman Charlotte A. , Frankenburg Frances R. , Reich D. Bradford , Fitzmaurice Garrett 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjective:The purpose of this study was to describe the longitudinal course of eating disorders in patients with borderline personality disorder.Method:The SCID I was administered to 290 borderline inpatients and 72 participants with other axis II disorders during their index admission and at five contiguous 2‐year follow‐up periods.Results:The prevalence of anorexia, bulimia, and eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) declined significantly over time for those in both study groups but the prevalence of EDNOS remained significantly higher among borderline patients. While over 90% of borderline patients meeting criteria for anorexia, bulimia, or EDNOS at baseline experienced a stable remission by the time of the 10‐year follow‐up, diagnostic migration was common, particularly for those with anorexia or bulimia. In addition, both recurrences (52%) and new onsets (43%) of EDNOS were more common among borderline patients than recurrences and new onsets of anorexia (28% and 4%) and bulimia (29% and 11%).Discussion:The results of this study suggest that the prognosis for both anorexia and bulimia in borderline patients is complicated, with remissions being stable but migrations to other eating disorders being common. The results also suggest that EDNOS may be the most prevalent and enduring of the eating disorders in these patients. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010