bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INTERNATIONAL STUDY ON Artemia:1 XXI. INVESTIGATIONS INTO WHY SOME STRAINS OF Artemia ARE BETTER FOOD SOURCES THAN OTHERS. FURTHER NUTRITIONAL WORK WITH LARVAE OF THE MUD CRAB, Rhithropanopeus harrisii
Authors: Johns D. Michael , Berry Walter J. , McLean Scott 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn a series of studies conducted by members of the International Study on Artemia, differences in nutritional quality were documented between geographical strains of the brine shrimp Artemia. Concomitant with, and possibly related to nutritional effectiveness are differences in biometric traits and biochemical composition. Since these initial experiments could only hint at causal relationships, a series of experiments were carried out to further our understanding of cause and effect.In one experiment we tried to ascertain whether the factors responsible for poor survival in larvae fed some brine shrimp strains are cumulative throughout larval development or whether there are critical periods when larvae are more sensitive. Our results indicate that the factors contributing to poor growth and survival are cumulative.In a second experiment, we contaminated Brazil Artemia with diel‐drin, chlordane and combinations of the two and fed them to mud crab (Rhithropanopeus harrisii) larvae. The levels of contamination were chosen to approximate those suspected of contributing to the poor food value of some brine shrimp strains. In this experiment, however, diel‐drin and chlordane contamination appeared to have no effect on growth and survival of R. harrisii larvae.In a third experiment, we fed Utah strain Artemia on Isochrysis galbana for 24 hours and then fed these brine shrimp to mud crab zoeae. Previous work had shown that this regime made Utah Artemia more suitable as a food source for a prawn. However, in our experiments, it did not improve survival of R. harrisii.
CULTURE TRIALS WITH ATLANTIC STURGEON, Acipenser oxyrhynchus, IN THE USA1
Authors: Smith Theodore I. J. , Dingley Edward K. , Marchette Donald E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn South Carolina, a joint state‐federal program was initiated in 1977 to develop spawning and rearing techniques for Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrhynchus, and to investigate its culture potential. Good progress has been made in developing the hatchery technology. Brood stock collection sites and techniques have been established and suitable transportation and holding procedures demonstrated for these large fish (˜ 40–100 kg). Homospecific hypophyseal injections were employed successfully to induce two spawnings. The artificially fertilized eggs, incubated in MacDonald hatching jars, hatched in about 120 hours at 17–18°C. Yolk sac was abosrbed by day 10 and the fry were weaned on a diet consisting of beef liver and salmon mash supplemented with live Artemia. During the second trial, fish hatched at 7.8 mm mean total length obtained a size of 176.7 mm in 204 days.Several pond culture studies were undertaken with juvenile sturgeon. Although most fish eventually died (due to poor environmental conditions) some wild‐caught juveniles were successfully maintained under pond conditions for about 20 months and one brood female survived for 15 months. Pond‐held fish were fed trout chow supplemented with pieces of beef liver. Feeding activity could be observed at night along dike areas.
WEANING OF DOVER SOLE (Solea vulgaris) USING ARTIFICIAL DIETS
Authors: Metailler R. , Menu B. , Morinière P. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWe conducted three experiments in which several types of weaning diets were compared using one‐month‐old soles which had been fed previously on living Artemia. The diets were: a) ground and frozen molluscs (Laevicardium crassum), b) dry pelleted diet stabilized with corn gluten (14%) including different attractive matter (ground polychaetes [Nephthys hombergii] or molluscs, 10% of the diet dry basis), c) the same dry pelleted diet lacking attractive matter, d) wet paste containing 50% of ground molluscs dry basis, and e) dry pelleted diet stabilized with 15% sodium algin.Fish were examined after 55 days of feeding on the diets. In spite of large variability of growth, several facts were apparent. The presence of attractive matter seemed to enhance food intake and, consequently, growth. Concerning ground polychaetes, the attractant was found in the liquid phase after high speed centrifugation. Contrary to previous observations, frozen molluscs and wet paste containing ground molluscs did not give good results, especially for growth. The best results were obtained with dry artificial diet stabilized with algin. This seemed to be due to the high stability in water of the diet.Weaning is an important step in the life of fishes and only a few of them can go through it with few difficulties. However, the growth of these latter fishes is similar to that of fish fed living prey.
POLYCULTURE OF CHANNEL CATFISH (Ictalurus punctatus) WITH ALL‐MALE TILAPIA HYBRID
Authors: Gabel Steven J. , Avault James W. , Romaire Robert P. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChannel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) (x̄ = 0.8 g) and all‐male hybrid tilapia fingerlings (Sarotherodon mossambica ♂ × S. hornorum ♀) (x̄ = 35.0 g) were stocked in 0.04 ha replicated ponds in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, in March and July 1981, respectively. The ponds were stocked at densities of 11,110 catfish per ha, 11,110 catfish with 5,550 tilapia per ha, 7,400 catfish per ha, and 7,400 catfish with 3,700 tilapia per ha. The fish were fed daily at 4% of estimated catfish biomass and were harvested in November 1981.There were no differences in dissolved oxygen or water temperature among the four culture systems (P > 0.05). The presence of tilapia, however, significantly increased water turbidity, pH and chlorophyll a concentrations (P < 0.05). Tilapia did not improve water quality and may have deteriorated it. Tilapia did not affect channel catfish growth or production (P > 0.05), but the presence of tilapia did significantly increase total fish yield (P < 0.05) by 13.5 and 32.2% at low and high catfish densities, respectively. Channel catfish and tilapia averaged 390 and 245 g at harvest, respectively. Overall catfish survival averaged 61%. Tilapia survival was 72% and 61% at low and high densities, respectively.
ALGAE AND DETRITAL MATTER AS FOOD FOR JUVENILE PURPLE‐HINGE ROCK SCALLOPS,Hinnites multirugosusGALE
Authors: Phleger C. F. , Cary S. C. , Leighton D. L. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractFeeding experiments using commonly‐cultured algae were conducted with purple‐hinge rock scallops,Hinnites multirugosusGale, to suggest the application of these algae to hatchery culture of scallops. The uptake of finely divided particulate matter was also studied to ascertain the possible importance of detritus as a supplemental food for the rock scallop.A 1:1:1 mixture by culture volume of TahitianIsochrysis, Tetraselmis suecica, andDunaliella salinaappeared to be superior as a diet for juvenile rock scallops. Significant growth also occurred in juvenile rock scallops fedT‐Isochrysis, T. suecica, Isochrysis galbana, andRhodomonassp.Gymnodinium splendens, Monochrysis lutheri, andDunaliella salinafed alone were poor foods for juvenile rock scallops. Finely divided particulate matter as radiolabeled abalone fecal matter was utilized as food. Significant radioactivity appeared in DNA, RNA, lipid, protein, carbohydrate, and free‐reducing substances after one week providing evidence that particulate matter was incorporated into juvenile rock scallop metabolic pathways.
EPIZOOTIOLOGIC STUDY OF MID‐CYCLE DISEASE OF LARVAL Macrobrachium rosenbergii
Authors: Akita G. , Nakamura R. , Miyamoto G. , Brock J. , Fujimoto M. , Oishi F. , Onizuka D. , Sumikawa D. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMid‐cycle disease (MCD) of larval Macrobrachium rosenbergii has reduced survival of larval cultures at the state facility from a normal 50–70% of the population at the post‐larval stage, to 5–10%. Observations revealed a characteristic mortality pattern, where a peak in daily mortality occurred near the middle of the rearing cycle.Epizootiologic studies were initiated using existing facilities, to aid in characterization of MCD and elucidate possible causes. Experiments were undertaken in duplicate culture tanks, each separated into 4 equal volume compartments by nitex screen. Water, algae, and some feed could pass between compartments; prawn larvae could not.“Reference” larvae were introduced into a compartment of each tank on the day of hatch. “Test” larvae populations of different ages and sources were introduced into the remaining compartments at various times after the initiation of the experiment. Dead larvae in the bottom sediment were counted daily and mortality curves generated. Length and developmental stage of live and dead animals in each compartment were assessed daily.Results indicated that a “toxic period” of unknown etiology began on the 10th day of culture and probably extended for the duration of the rearing cycle. “Test” populations introduced during the “toxic period” displayed a mortality peak within 4–6 days. Larvae at age 15 days (stage 6–7) or older appeared refractory to the “toxicity.”MCD apparently reduced growth rates (length) but did not appear to selectively kill larger, faster growing, susceptible individuals. Problematically large portions of animals lost from populations were not accounted for. Studies on MCD will continue.
THE EFFECTS OF EDTA (ETHYLENEDINITROTETRAACETIC ACID) ON THE SURVIVAL AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHRIMP NAUPLII (Penaeus stylirostris STIMPSON) AND THE INTERACTIONS OF EDTA WITH THE TOXICITIES OF CADMIUM, CALCIUM, AND PHENOL
Authors: Castille Frank L. , Lawrence Addison L. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTo examine the hypothesis that EDTA increases hatching rates and survival of penaeid shrimp larvae by decreasing the toxicities of heavy metals through chelation, the toxicity of cadmium, a highly toxic metal, was compared to the toxicities of calcium and phenol in both the presence and absence of EDTA. In addition, the toxicity of EDTA at higher concentrations was examined.The toxicities of EDTA, cadmium, calcium, and phenol were evaluated in terms of the percentage of nauplii surviving after 24 hours of exposure and the percentage of nauplii which metamorphosed to protozoea. The toxicities of cadmium, calcium, and phenol were also determined in the presence of EDTA.EDTA concentrations of 1.34 mM were lethal to nauplii. At 0.67 mM, EDTA reduced the percentage of nauplii which metamorphosed to protozoea but below 0.3 mM neither survival nor metamorphosis were affected.Cadmium, phenol, and calcium were lethal to nauplii at concentrations of 20 μM, 7 mM, and 400 mM, respectively. Metamorphosis was blocked by concentrations of 1 μM, 0.9 mM, and 200 mM, respectively. However, in the presence of 0.3 mM EDTA, the toxicities of cadmium and calcium were reduced. Cadmium concentrations of 20 μM did not affect either survival or metamorphosis in the presence of EDTA. In calcium concentrations of 50 and 100 mM, the percentage of nauplii that metamorphosed to protozoea was increased by the addition of EDTA. The interaction of EDTA and phenol toxicity was not significant.
A COMPARISON OF TWO PRAWN (Penaeus monodon) BROOD STOCK SYSTEMS—LAND‐BASED TANKS AND MARINE PENS1
Authors: Primavera J. H. , Gabasa P. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe paper compares two prawn (Penaeus monodon) brood stock systems—land‐based tanks and marine offshore pens. Construction costs and annual maintenance and operating costs total US$1,430 and $2,550 for the tank and $1,500 and $3,680, respectively, for the pen. The 12 m3 ferrocement tank requires power for a 24‐hour seawater flowthrough and can stock 50 animals/run for a projected yearly production of 8×106 nauplii for 1.2 × 106 juveniles (0.1 to 0.5 g body weight). The 16×16×4 m pen made of bamboo and nylon net materials can accommodate 300 brood stock/run with a projected annual production of 30 × 106 nauplii or 4.5 × 106 juveniles. Discussion includes general requirements, mortality and maturation rates, and criteria for choosing a brood stock system.
REPORT ON PENAEID SHRIMP CULTURE CONSULTATION AND VISIT, GUAYAQUIL, ECUADOR, SOUTH AMERICA, AND PANAMA, CENTRAL AMERICA, AUGUST 12 TO SEPTEMBER 20, 19811
Authors: Mock C. R. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe culture of penaeid shrimp in grow‐ponds in Ecuador is expandin: at a rapid rate. Coastal, low lying, salt flats adjacent to estuarine waters, unsuited for classical agriculture, are being transformed into productive shrimp farming areas. Currently, post‐larval “seed” shrimp must be collected from the wild to stock the ponds. The Ecuadorian Government is concerned, however, that this practice may affect production from the trawl fishery.A hatchery facility with the capacity of producing 5 million postlarval shrimp per month is planned by the Ecuadorian government. This should help eliminate part of the demand for post‐larval shrimp from the wild stock. Also, an extension service is being developed to aid the shrimp farmers.An on‐site visit and description of Ralston Purina's hatchery facilities in Panama, Central America, is also included.
BREEDING AND CULTURE OF THE RED‐GOLD COLOR PHASE OF TILAPIA
Authors: Behrends L. L. , Nelson R. G. , Smitherman R. O. , Stone N. M. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe red‐gold tilapia, a color phase resulting from crossing a mutant “reddish‐orange” color strain of Tilapia mossambica with “normal” colored tilapia species, is cultured on a limited basis in Asia, the Mideast, Latin America, and the United States. Marketing surveys have shown a significant consumer preference for the red‐gold color phase, presumably due to their similar appearance to popular reef and marine fish. Studies have been initiated between the Tennessee Valley Authority and Auburn University to define the culture and breeding characteristics of the red‐gold tilapia. Yield trials have been conducted in fertilized ponds and in cages receiving feed. Growth rates for young‐of‐the‐year and overwintered fingerlings have been quantified for males and females. Hormone‐induced sex reversal has shown potential for reducing reproduction in culture ponds. Results from F‐1 and F‐2 inbreeding studies suggest that 2 to 3 genes influence the gold coloration. To date, 6 different phenotypes (gold, bronze, pink‐mottled, pink, white, and wild) have been described.
EFFECTS OF MOIST PELLETED FOODS ON THE GROWTH OF HATCHERY TURBOT (Scophthalmus maximus) JUVENILES
Authors: Ruyet J. Person‐Le , Noël T. , Nédélec G. , Souchu P. Le 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTFour experiments were carried out to test the effects of dry and moist pellets on growth of hatchery reared turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) juveniles. Dry pelleted foods were suitable for young juveniles up to about 50 g body weight. Weight gains obtained with 1.4 to 9 g and 24 to 100 g turbot were 6.6 and 2.1% per day respectively.Wet foods, ground trash fish and moist compound pellets were temporary suitable foods. Ground trash fish, such as sprat (Sprattus sprattus) and mackerel (Scomber scombrus), was difficult to use when feeding turbot weighing less than 10 g. Furthermore, a decrease of survival rate was observed when using this food over a long period. For larger fishes, moist compound pellets may be an alternative. Raw mackerel or sprat are efficient feedstuffs for stimulating the appetite of turbot. Incorporation of ground fish at a minimum rate of 20 to 25% (on a dry weight basis) improved the attractiveness of the moist compound pellets. Either ground up comercial pellets or experimental ingredients can be used to make up the dry portion of the moist pellets. At 18°C, feeding 20 g turbot with moist pellets resulted in weight gains of 4.5 to 5.5 per day.
COMMUNAL STOCKING AND MULTIPLE REARING TECHNIQUE FOR CATFISH GENETICS RESEARCH
Authors: Dunham Rex A. , Smitheman R. Oneal , Chappell Jesse A. , Youngblood Paul N. , Bice Tim O. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe correlation between gain in communal ponds and separate ponds for different strains, crossbreds, species, and hybrids of catfish in six experiments was 0.89 to 0.97 and averaged 0.93. The mean correlation between replicate communal ponds was 0.91. These high correlations were obtained within several experiments in which various genetic crosses, ages of fish, and stocking rates were involved. Rank of gain in communal ponds was the same as rank of gain in separate ponds. This allows the use of communal ponds for catfish genetics research.Three major variables determined the effect of initial weight on final weight. They were: the mean initial weight, the magnitude of the initial difference, and the harvest weight. These different conditions caused final differences of 2.6–16.7 g per g of initial difference.Multiple rearing is a technique where feeding is adjusted to ensure that fish are of similar sizes for the initiation of genetics experiments in communal or separate ponds. If compensatory gain exists in stunted channel catfish, the multiple rearing technique would not be valid for catfish genetics experiments. No growth differences (P > 0.05) were exhibited between stunted and normal fish after 26 days. Compensatory gain was not exhibited by channel catfish fingerlings; therefore the multiple rearing technique is valid for genetics experiments involving fingerling catfish.
PARASITE LEVELS OF STOCKED GLASS EEL AND ELVER STAGES OF AMERICAN EEL1
Authors: Field Donald W. , Eversole Arnold G. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTGlass eel and elver stages of American eel (Anguilla rostrata) collected for a commercial aquaculture facility from Cooper River, South Carolina, were examined for parasites. Glass eels (n=130) were infected with two species, Myxidium giardi (56.9%) and an unidentified glochidium (1.5%). M. giardi occurred as immature trophozoites in the gall bladder. Five phyla and 8 genera of parasites were recovered from elvers (n=199). Frequently occurring species included M. giardi (65.3%), Trichodina sp. (45.7%) and Bothriocephalus scorpii (21.1%). In elvers, M. giardi occurred as immature and mature trophozoites in gall bladders, and as cysts in gill filaments.Elvers were treated prophylactically with 100 mg/liter formalin for one hour before stocking ponds. Occurrence of Trichodina decreased from 80.0 to 21.1% and intensity decreased from 12.1 to 8.3 Trichodina per elver after treatment. Significant declines in infestation were not observed in other parasites after treatment.
A FEEDING GUIDE FOR SINGLE‐CROPPED CHANNEL CATFISH (Ictalurus punctatus)1
Authors: Foltz Jeffrey W. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA feeding program was developed for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) which takes into consideration fish body size and water temperature. Recommended daily rations at 29°C ranged from 4.4% body weight for small fingerlings (76 nun) to 1.4% for harvest‐sized fish (454 g). Rations are reduced at lower temperatures. Rations are adjusted daily based upon the assumption that catfish growth in length averaged 1.27 mm per day. Conversion (g food fed/g net gain) averaged 1.20 (±0.02) in eight separate trials over two years. A separate experiment tested the assumption of linearity of growth in length. Length increments were essentially linear when water temperature exceeded 25°C.
EXAMINATION OF SPERMATOPHORE PRODUCTION BY LABORATORY‐MAINTAINED LOBSTERS (Homarus)
Authors: Talbot Prudence , Hedgecock Dennis , Borgeson Will , Wilson Phillip , Thaler Cathy 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTLobster aquaculture requires control of reproductive processes. We have previously described an electrical stimulation technique for collecting spermatophores from living lobsters (Homarus americanus). These spermatophores can potentially be used in a variety of ways including: 1) experimental manipulation of sperm, 2) artificial insemination of females, 3) sperm banking, and 4) evaluation of sperm production by the male. In this study, we evaluated spermatophore production and extrusion from: 1) laboratory reared H. americanus and H. gammarus, 2) stressed, wild‐caught H. americanus, and 3) laboratory bred and reared hybrid males from reciprocal interspecific crosses. Our results show that the extrusion technique can be used successfully on H. americanus, H. gammarus and hybrid males. Laboratory reared H. americanus and H. gammarus from both Aquaculture Enterprises and Bodega Marine Laboratory extruded spermatophores in 60–85% of all trials. The majority of these spermatophores were of high quality containing large sperm masses with morphologically normal sperm. Stressed H. americanus, obtained from a market in Sunset Beach, California, 24 hours after shipment from New England, extruded fewer spermatophores which were shorter in length and inferior in quality. Hybrid males extruded spermatophores possessing a morphologically normal wall, but lacking sperm. These results demonstrate that this electrical stimulation technique can be used to screen males for spermatophore production and identify certain types of infertility.
NITRIFICATION FILTERS FOR AQUATIC CULTURE, SYSTEMS: STATE OF THE ART1
Authors: Kaiser G. Ellen , Wheaton Fred W. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTNitrification filters have been used for many years in aquatic culture systems to convert highly toxic ammonia to less toxic nitrates. The environmental variables influencing nitrification most are: water temperature, pH, and flow rate through the filter, and the dissolved oxygen and ammonia‐N concentrations. The response of nitrifying bacteria to these and other environmental conditions is reviewed. In the light of this summary, the existing biological filters are examined. The most promising designs appear to be the Bio‐drum and the rotating biological discs (RBD). Finally, an analysis is presented of areas in biological filter design needing additional research.
A REVIEW OF KELP BED MANAGEMENT IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
Authors: Wilson Kenneth C. , North Wheeler J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTMethods for maintaining and enhancing stands of giant kelp (Macrocystis spp.) continue to evolve. This paper reviews the history of kelp management techniques and describes recent research, as well as new methodology that has come into general usage. The southern California kelp populations are basically wild crops, but survival and biomass production can be significantly affected by relatively moderate inputs of human effort. Methodologies discussed include urchin control techniques (hammering, suction dredging, quick‐lime, and harvesting urchins as specialty foods), culturing and transplanting kelp, control of competitive weeds, and monitoring. New research areas include improved understanding of the kelp ecosystem, kelp nutrition (with possibilities for enhancing productivity by fertilizing), genetics and breeding, optimizing biomass density, and expanding beds by use of artificial substrates.
NEW YORK MARINE BIOMASS PROGRAM‐CULTURE OF Laminaria saccharina
Authors: Brinkhuis Boudewijn H. , Breda Valeria A. , Tobin Sheila , Macler Bruce A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA marine biomass program was initiated in New York in 1980. Preliminary screening studies indicated that Laminaria saccharina L. is a good candidate for growth in seaweed/rope culturing systems. numerous laboratory tank and field raft‐culture experiments have examined the relationships between growth and ambient light, temperature and nitrogen levels throughout the year. Laminaria sporophytes appear in the field during the spring and late summer. Maximum growth rate (up to 8%•day‐1) occurs in the fall and spring. During the winter months, growth continues at 0.5 to l%•day‐1 while temperatures range from ‐1 to 4°C. A rapid increase in growth rate is observed when temperatures approach 6°C in late March. Growth ceases during the summer months and mature blades erode from distal portions. Much of the field population disappears during the summer months, while plants on rafts show greater survival. During the summer months of 1983, a small‐scale rope culture farm will be deployed and stocked with young Laminaria sporophytes.