bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The case for graduate entry to the United Kingdom nursing register
Authors: Ali P.A. , Watson R. 
Published: June 2011

ALI P.A. & WATSON R. (2011) The case for graduate entry to the United Kingdom nursing register. International Nursing Review58, 312–318Aim:  The recent decision of the United Kingdom Nursing and Midwifery Council to make nursing a degree profession is contentious and has generated debate among nurses and other stakeholders. We argue why nurses need a degree to nurse and what the implications of making a degree in nursing obligatory at the point of registration will be.Background:  Nurses work at the forefront of any healthcare system. The complexity of their role and demands on them are increasing. To fulfil demands and expectations of employers, the public and the profession, and to be able to work collaboratively with other healthcare professions, nurses need critical thinking, problem‐solving and decision‐making skills, which can help them to work as independent practitioners. We argue that this can only be assured if the level of education for nurses is raised from diploma to degree, making this a prerequisite for registration as a nurse.Conclusions:  The increasingly complex role of nurses, the changing landscape of the healthcare needs and a need to improve the image and status of nursing as a profession to make it an attractive career choice are some of the important reasons that justify nursing in becoming a degree‐only profession.
Rise of the generalists: evidence for climate driven homogenization in avian communities
Authors: Davey Catherine M. , Chamberlain Dan E. , Newson Stuart E. , Noble David G. , Johnston Alison 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTAims Biogeographical evidence suggests a strong link between climate and patterns of species diversity, and climate change is known to cause range shifts. However, there is little understanding of how shifts affect community composition and we lack empirical evidence of recent impacts of climate change on the diversity of vertebrates. Using a long‐term comprehensive dataset on bird abundance, we explore recent patterns of change in different components of species diversity and avian communities, and postulate a process to explain the observed changes in diversity and specialization.Location Britain.Methods We used Breeding Bird Survey data for Britain from 1994 to 2006 to calculate site‐specific diversity and community specialization indices. We modelled these indices using generalized additive models to examine the relationship between local climate and spatial and temporal trends in community metrics and the relationship between changes in diversity and specialization.Results Local temperature was positively associated with alpha diversity, which increased over the study period, supporting empirical and theoretical predictions of the effect of climate warming. Diversity increased in all habitats, but the rate of increase was greatest in upland areas. However, temperature was negatively associated with community specialization indices, which declined over the same period. Our modelling revealed a nonlinear relationship between community specialization and species diversity.Main conclusions Our models of diversity and specialization provide stark empirical evidence for a link between warming climate and community homogenization. Over a 13‐year period of warming temperatures, diversity indices increased while average community specialization decreased. We suggest that the observed diversity increases were most likely driven by range expansion of generalist species and that future warming is likely to increase homogenization of community structure. When assessed in combination, diversity and specialization measures provide a powerful index for monitoring the impacts of climate change.
Promoting Effective Consultation? Assessing the Impact of the ICE Regulations
Authors: Hall Mark , Hutchinson Sue , Purcell John , Terry Michael , Parker Jane 
Published: June 2011

AbstractDrawing on evidence from longitudinal case studies in 25 organizations, this article examines whether information and consultation (I&C) bodies established in the context of the UK's Information and Consultation of Employees Regulations 2004 have been the vehicle for effective consultation, based on objective criteria. Assessed against the regulations' default provisions that require I&C concerning strategic business issues and major organizational change, a substantial minority of participating organizations were categorized as ‘active consulters’, while a majority were ‘communicators’. The differing trajectories of I&C primarily reflected internal organizational dynamics, particularly management's approach to consultation. Beyond providing the catalyst for managerial moves to introduce I&C, the influence of the statutory framework proved largely peripheral.
Advancing the business creed? The framing of decisions about public sector managed care
Authors: Waitzkin Howard , Yager Joel , Santos Richard 
Published: June 2011

AbstractRelatively little research has clarified how executives of for‐profit healthcare organisations frame their own motivations and behaviour, or how government officials frame their interactions with executives. Because managed care has provided an organisational structure for health services in many countries, we focused our study on executives and government officials who were administering public sector managed care services. Emphasising theoretically the economic versus non‐economic motivations that guide economic behaviour, we extended a long‐term research project on public sector Medicaid managed care (MMC) in the United States. Our method involved in‐depth, structured interviews with chief executive officers of managed care organisations, as well as high‐ranking officials of state government. Data analysis involved iterative interpretation of interview data. We found that the rate of profit, which proved relatively low in the MMC programme, occupied a limited place in executives’ self‐described motivations and in state officials’ descriptions of corporation‐government interactions. Non‐economic motivations included a strong orientation toward corporate social responsibility and a creed in which market processes advanced human wellbeing. Such patterns contradict some of the given wisdom about how corporate executives and government officials construct their reality.
Men’s discourses of help‐seeking in the context of depression
Authors: Johnson Joy L. , Oliffe John L. , Kelly Mary T. , Galdas Paul , Ogrodniczuk John S. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractDepression is an illness increasingly constructed as a gendered mood disorder and consequently diagnosed in women more than men. The diagnostic criteria used for its assessment often perpetrate and reproduce gender stereotypes. The stigma associated with mental illness and the gendered elements of depression suggest there are likely numerous discourses that position, explain, and justify help‐seeking practices. This qualitative study explored men’s discourses of seeking help for depression. The methodological approach was informed by a social constructionist perspective of language, discourse and gender that drew on methods from discourse analysis. We conducted individual in‐depth, semi‐structured interviews with 38 men with depression, either formally diagnosed or self reported. The analysis revealed five discursive frames that influenced the men’s talk about help‐seeking and depression: manly self‐reliance; treatment‐seeking as responsible independent action; guarded vulnerability; desperation; and genuine connection. The findings are discussed within a broader context of social discourses of gender, the limitations of current help‐seeking literature and the evidence for how men seek help in ways that extend traditional notions of medical treatment.
A literature review of the pathophysiology and onset of post‐stroke spasticity
Authors: Ward Anthony B. 
Published: June 2011

Background:  Spasticity occurs after stroke and gives rise to substantial burden for patients and caregivers. Although it has been studied for many years, its definition continues to undergo reconsideration and revision. This partly reflects the diversity of its manifestations and that its pathophysiology, although well studied, is still debated.Methods:  A literature review was carried out to define the pathophysiology and risk factors for onset of post‐stroke spasticity.Results:  It is clear that an acquired brain injury, including stroke, results in an imbalance of inhibitory and excitatory impulses that leads to upper motor neuron symptoms and that the location and extent of the lesions result in differing symptoms and degrees of spastic severity. The onset of spasticity is highly variable and may occur shortly or more than 1 year after stroke. The current understanding of spasticity onset is complicated by the role of contractures, which have been assumed to arise out of spasticity but may have a role in its cause. Other possibly predictive factors for the risk of post‐stroke spasticity have been identified, including early arm and leg weakness, left‐sided weakness, early reduction in activities of daily living, and a history of smoking.Conclusions:  Further understanding of spasticity risk factors is necessary for the development and integration of early interventions and preventive measures to reduce spasticity onset and severity.
Cold air analgesia as pain reduction during photodynamic therapy of actinic keratoses
Authors: Stangeland K.Z. , Kroon S. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackground  Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective treatment for actinic keratoses and non‐melanoma skin cancer. The main side effect of PDT is pain during the illumination.Objectives  To assess the effect of cold air as pain relief during MAL‐PDT for field cancerization on different body areas.Methods  A prospective, open, intra‐individual right‐left comparison study was performed in 43 patients with MAL‐PDT as field cancerization. One area received cold air analgesia while the other did not. Pain was evaluated by numeric rating scale (NRS) during the illumination. The patients’ received a questionnaire and recorded pain and postinflammatory symptoms on a visual analogue scale (VAS).Results  We found a statistical significant difference in overall pain score at 3 and 9 minutes. The area receiving cold air during illumination had a mean NRS of 5.1 while the opposite side, not receiving cold air, had NRS of 6.1. At 9 minutes the side receiving cold air had mean NRS of 5.0, and the side without had 5.7. The pain difference on the chest was the most pronounced with a NRS of 5.2 without air and 3.5 with cold air. There was a significant difference in erythema immediately after, 1 h and 24 h after illumination.Limitations Small, open, not blinded study. The difference in pain was small.Conclusion  Cold air is an effective method for moderate pain relief. It is an easy, noninvasive method that can be used on all body parts.
Any added value? Co‐constructing life stories of and with people with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Koenig Oliver 
Published: June 2011

Accessible summary
People with intellectual disability have often been involved in research, but not in the analysis of data.
One reason might be that not many people with intellectual disability have received training in research.
This paper describes a project in Austria. In this project, we have looked at the experiences of people with intellectual disability during transition from school to work and in working life.
We have collected their life stories over a period of 2 years.
To assist with the analysis, we have formed a reference group.
In this group, twelve people with intellectual disability look and make sense of the life stories together with the non‐disabled researchers.
We think that this helps the project to become more aware of things that are important to people with intellectual disabilities.
This is because researchers with disabilities have the insider perspective. They know how it is to live with an intellectual disability
In this paper, I show the life story of a woman who tries to hide her intellectual disability.
I show how the reference group has worked with the life story and what they found out.
SummaryDespite considerable achievement in inclusive research, people with intellectual disabilities have been largely excluded from the critical area of data analysis and theory development. Next to the undoubted complexity of these tasks, this can partly be attributed to higher demands of representativeness that are used to judge the validity of disability research as well as missing training opportunities for people with intellectual disabilities. The paper presents data from the first core research project in German‐speaking countries that was carried out within an inclusive framework. Within the FWF (Austrian Science Fund) financed project ‘Experiences of participation in the (vocational) biography of people with intellectual disability’ at the Department of Education at the University of Vienna, the research team aimed at involving people with intellectual disability in an accompanying reference group in the process of co‐construction of theory through the shared analysis of the collected qualitative data: life stories and narratives of people with intellectual disability. This paper seeks out to show the added value of this approach both methodologically and practically.
Grading Complicity in Rwandan Refugee Camps
Authors: LEPORA CHIARA , GOODIN ROBERT E. 
Published: June 2011

abstractComplicity with wrongdoing comes in many forms and many degrees. We distinguish subcategories cooperation, collaboration and collusion from connivance and condoning, identifying their defining features and assessing their characteristic moral valences. We illustrate the use of these distinctions by reference to events in refugee camps in and around Rwanda after the 1994 genocide, and the extent to which international organizations and nongovernment organizations were wrongfully complicit with the misuse of refugees as human shields by the perpetrators of the genocide who were allowed to run those camps.
Latent change score modeling of psychophysiological data: An empirical instantiation using electrodermal responding
Authors: Keller Peggy S. , El‐Sheikh Mona 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe examined latent change score (LCS) modeling as an approach to the analysis of children's skin conductance level (SCL) throughout a stressful task—a simulated interadult argument—as it relates to externalizing and internalizing symptoms. LCS is an extension of traditional multilevel modeling (MLM), which allows estimation of proportional growth terms. Children (age 6–12 years; N=150) were from two‐parent families. Mothers reported on children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Results indicated that the LCS models outperformed the traditional MLM. The use of LCS yielded important novel information regarding profile and pattern of responding for various children and is likely to advance understanding of relations between children's physiological responses and psychopathology symptoms.
Age, sex and individual differences in punishment sensitivity: Factors influencing the feedback‐related negativity
Authors: Santesso Diane L. , Dzyundzyak Angela , Segalowitz Sidney J. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is central to evaluating performance outcomes and has been linked to individual differences in affective responses to feedback. We used electrophysiological source localization to examine the feedback‐related negativity (FRN) and related ACC activity during a gambling task in relation to punishment and reward sensitivity among 16‐ to 17‐year‐old adolescents (n=20) and 18‐ to 29‐year‐old adults (n=30). The FRN was larger for monetary loss compared to win feedback and larger for high relative to low monetary value feedback, with no age differences in the FRN for win or loss feedback. Self‐reported sensitivity to punishment accounted for unique variance (over sex and sensitivity to reward) in FRNs, with higher scores relating to larger FRNs and increased rostral ACC activity. These results support the ACC role in experiencing negative performance feedback, especially for individuals highly sensitive to punishment.
Institutional legacies in TNCs and their management through training academies: the case of transnational law firms in Italy
Authors: FAULCONBRIDGE JAMES R. , MUZIO DANIEL , COOK ANDREW 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn this article we highlight the effects of heterogeneous institutional contexts on transnational professional service firms, a relatively poorly studied issue. Specifically, we provide empirical analysis of how the specificities of the Italian institutional context affect the activities of English legal professional service firms in Milan. This reveals the intimate connection between a variety of capitalism, place specific workplace cultures and practices, and the institution‐related challenges transnational professional service firms and all transnational corporations (TNCs) face. We also reveal the way institutionally generated differences at the level of work practices are managed in transnational law firms through worldwide training programmes designed to ‘govern’ the practices of workers in different parts of the TNC's network. This emphasizes the importance of studying attempts to manage institutional heterogeneity at the level of workplace practices, something often missed in existing mesoscale studies of TNC governance structures. Consequently, we highlight detailed empirical archaeologies that explore the direct links between institutions and practices as an important component of future research on the effects of institutions on TNCs.
Evidence‐based practice: triumph of style over substance?
Authors: Booth Andrew 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis feature examines the success of evidence‐based practice (EBP) and the associated Cochrane Collaboration. It seeks to identify critical success factors associated with the way that both initiatives have been marketed. The simplicity of the original message used by each initiative allowed for subsequent assimilation of nuances and variants. Two implications for health librarians are highlighted; recognition that EBP is simply the embodiment of one world view and that many others may make a useful contribution and the need to craft a simple message capturing the unique selling points of the profession. To create a unique contribution health librarians require a detailed picture from market research of user information needs.
Comparative kinetic analyses of gene profiles of naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from young and old animals reveal novel age‐related alterations
Authors: Mirza Noweeda , Pollock Kevin , Hoelzinger Dominique B. , Dominguez Ana Lucia , Lustgarten Joseph 
Published: June 2011

SummaryIt is well established that immune responses are diminished in the old. However, we still do not have a clear understanding of what dictates the dysfunction of old T cells at the molecular level. Although microarray analysis has been used to compare young and old T cells, identifying hundreds of genes that are differentially expressed among these populations, it has been difficult to utilize this information to pinpoint which biological pathways truly affect the function of aged T cells. To better define differences between young and old naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, microarray analysis was performed pre‐ and post‐TCR stimulation for 4, 12, 24 and 72 h. Our data indicate that many genes are differentially expressed in the old compared to the young at all five time points. These genes encode proteins involved in multiple cellular functions such as cell growth, cell cycle, cell death, inflammatory response, cell trafficking, etc. Additionally, the information from this microarray analysis allowed us to underline both intrinsic deficiencies and defects in signaling only seen after activation, such as pathways involving T‐cell signaling, cytokine production, and Th2 differentiation in old T cells. With the knowledge gained, we can proceed to design strategies to restore the function of old T cells. Therefore, this microarray analysis approach is a powerful and sensitive tool that reveals the extensive changes seen between young and old CD4+ and CD8+ naïve T cells. Evaluation of these differences provides in‐depth insight into potential functional and phenotypical differences among these populations.
Adolescent school absenteeism: modelling social and individual risk factors
Authors: Ingul Jo Magne , Klöckner Christian A. , Silverman Wendy K. , Nordahl Hans M. 
Published: June 2011

Background:  School absenteeism is a complex problem that includes risk factors associated with individual traits, socio‐economic conditions, family structure, the school and society. The consequences of extensive school absenteeism can be detrimental for the youth.Method:  In this exploratory study we aimed to investigate the relative importance of different risk factors on school absenteeism. We assessed 865 Norwegian high school students testing a model of school absenteeism using Exploratory Structural Equation Modelling (ESEM).Results:  Analysis show that on the individual level most of the measured risk factors were significantly associated with absenteeism. School absenteeism was predicted by externalising behaviour, family work and health, and school environment directly.Conclusion:  The implications of the findings on school absenteeism are that it will be important to focus more on the context and co‐occurrence of these problems in order to fully understand them.
Gastrointestinal tract perforations caused by ingestion of multiple magnets in a dog
Authors: Hickey Mara C. , Magee Ashley 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjective
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To describe a case of gastrointestinal tract perforation, septic peritonitis and coagulopathy caused by ingestion of multiple magnets in a dog.Case Summary
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An 8‐month‐old castrated male Rottweiler, weighing 30.5 kg was presented for evaluation of vomiting and weakness. Abdominal radiography and abdominal ultrasonographic examination identified a metallic foreign object within the gastric lumen, presence of free peritoneal gas, and peritoneal effusion. Septic peritonitis was diagnosed by abdominal fluid analysis. Exploratory celiotomy revealed the presence of an omental abscess, and gastric and colonic perforations. Four magnetic foreign objects were found within the lumen of the perforated stomach. Surgical management including removal of the magnets, abscess debridement and excision, perforation repair, and abdominal drainage combined with intensive medical therapy resulted in complete recovery of this dog.New or Unique Information Provided
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This report describes in detail the case management of a dog that developed both gastric and colonic perforations and severe morbidity secondary to ingesting multiple magnets.