bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does hormone replacement therapy cause breast cancer? An application of causal principles to three studies: Table 1
Authors: Shapiro Samuel , Farmer Richard D T , Seaman Helen , Stevenson John C , Mueck Alfred O 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundConcern that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may cause breast cancer has existed since the time it was introduced, and based on evidence in three studies, the Collaborative Reanalysis (CR), the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) and the Million Women Study (MWS), it is claimed that causality is now established.ObjectiveTo evaluate the evidence for causality in the three studies.MethodsUsing generally accepted causal criteria, in this paper the authors begin with an evaluation of the CR. Analogous evaluations of the WHI and MWS will follow.ResultsThe findings in the CR did not adequately satisfy the criteria of time order, bias, confounding, statistical stability and strength of association, dose/duration-response, internal consistency, external consistency or biological plausibility.ConclusionHRT may or may not increase the risk of breast cancer, but the CR did not establish that it does.
Neuroimaging in non-accidental head injury in children: an important element of assessment
Authors: Rajaram S , Batty R , Rittey C D C , Griffiths P D , Connolly D J A 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT
Head injury from physical abuse is unfortunately a common occurrence in our society. It is a major cause of mortality and long-term physical and psychological disability in children. Diagnosis of non-accidental head injury may be difficult, as most infants present with non-specific clinical findings and without external signs of trauma. Neuroimaging plays a fundamental role both for medical management and medicolegal aspects of child abuse. It is therefore imperative for the radiologist to promptly recognise the radiological findings of various forms of non-accidental head injury to render a more accurate opinion. A standardised imaging protocol and good communication between professionals are essential for optimum management.
THE COMPATIBLE BOND-STOCK MARKET WITH JUMPS
Authors: XIONG DEWEN , KOHLMANN MICHAEL 
Published: March 2011

We construct a bond-stock market composed of d stocks and many bonds with jumps driven by general marked point process as well as by an ℝn-valued Wiener process. By composing these tools we introduce the concept of a compatible bond-stock market and give a necessary and sufficient condition for this property. We study no-arbitrage properties of the composed market where a compatible bond-stock market is arbitrage-free both for the bonds market and for the stocks market. We then turn to an incomplete compatible bond-stock market and give a necessary and sufficient condition for a compatible bond-stock market to be incomplete. In this market we consider the mean-variance hedging in the special situation where both B(u, T) and eG(u, y, T)-1 are quadratic functions of T - u. So, we need to extend the notion of a variance-optimal martingale (VOM) as in Xiong and Kohlmann (2009) to the more general market. By introducing two virtual stocks [Formula: see text], we prove that the VOM for the bond-stock market is the same as the VOM for the new stock market [Formula: see text]. The mean-variance hedging problem in this incomplete bond-stock market for a contingent claim [Formula: see text] is solved by deriving an explicit solution of the optimal measure-valued strategy and the optimal cost induced by the optimal strategy of MHV for the stocks [Formula: see text] is computed.
Racial Variation in Umbilical Cord Blood Leptin Concentration in Male Babies
Authors: Lai Gabriel Y. , Rohrmann Sabine , Agurs-Collins Tanya , Sutcliffe Catherine G. , Bradwin Gary , Rifai Nader , Bienstock Jessica L. , Platz Elizabeth A. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Background: We hypothesize that racial differences in utero contribute to the racial disparity in prostate cancer risk. Leptin is a candidate for evaluating this hypothesis because it influences fetal development and newborn growth.
Methods: We measured leptin concentration by ELISA in venous cord blood collected from 70 African-American and 37 white male full-term babies. We measured sex steroid hormones and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis concentrations previously. Separately by race, we calculated the geometric mean leptin concentration and estimated the geometric mean adjusted for birth and placental weights, mother's age and parity, time of day and season of birth, and sex steroid hormone and IGF axis concentrations by linear regression.
Results: Leptin was positively correlated with birth (r = 0.34) and placental (r = 0.25) weights, IGF-1 (r = 0.21), and IGF binding protein-3 (r = 0.29) adjusting for race. Unadjusted geometric mean leptin did not differ (P = 0.92) between African Americans (5,280 pg/mL; 95% CI: 4,322–6,451) and whites (5,187 pg/mL; 95% CI: 3,938–6,832). Adjusted geometric mean leptin was nonstatistically significantly higher (P = 0.15) in African Americans (5,954 pg/mL; 95% CI: 4,725–7,502) than in whites (4,133 pg/mL; 95% CI: 2,890–5,910).
Conclusion: We observed a nonsignificantly higher adjusted cord blood leptin concentration in African-American male babies than in white male babies, although unadjusted levels were similar.
Impact: These findings do not support the hypothesis that leptin level in utero contributes to the racial disparity in prostate cancer risk in adulthood. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(4); 665–71. ©2011 AACR.
Serum Salicylate Levels and Risk of Recurrent Colorectal Adenomas
Authors: Shaukat Aasma , Grau Maria V. , Church Timothy R. , Baxter Gwen , Barry Elizabeth L. , Summers Robert , Sandler Robert S. , Baron John A. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Background: Intake of aspirin is associated with reduction in risk of colorectal adenoma and carcinoma. Some plants contain salicylates, and individuals not taking aspirin may have measurable salicylate levels. However, the association between serum salicylate level and recurrence of adenoma in nonusers of aspirin has not been studied.
Methods: We measured serum salicylate levels in participants in a randomized controlled trial with calcium supplementation for the prevention of colorectal adenomas. Generalized linear models were used to assess the association between serum levels and adenoma risk during the follow-up period of the trial.
Results: We did not find an association with recurrence of adenomas or advanced adenomas with serum salicylate levels at year 1 among nonusers of aspirin. There was no effect modification of the chemopreventive effect of calcium supplementation in reducing risk of recurrent adenomas or advanced adenomas.
Conclusions: Among nonusers of ASA, serum salicylate levels are not associated with risk of recurrence of adenomas.
Impact: Serum salicylate levels can be detected in individuals not taking aspirin, but the levels may be too low to confer protection from risk of recurrent adenomas. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(4); 679–82. ©2011 AACR.
Lifestyle Intervention in Men with Advanced Prostate Cancer Receiving Androgen Suppression Therapy: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Bourke Liam , Doll Helen , Crank Helen , Daley Amanda , Rosario Derek , Saxton John M. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Background: Healthy lifestyle behaviors could have a role in ameliorating some of the adverse effects of androgen suppression therapy (AST) in men with prostate cancer. The primary aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of a tapered supervised exercise program in combination with dietary advice in men with advanced prostate cancer receiving AST.
Methods: Advanced prostate cancer patients receiving AST for a minimum of 6 months were randomized to a 12-week lifestyle program comprising aerobic and resistance exercise, plus dietary advice (n = 25), or standard care (n = 25). Exercise behavior, dietary macronutrient intake, quality of life, fatigue, functional fitness, and biomarkers associated with disease progression were assessed at baseline, after the intervention, and at 6 months.
Results: The lifestyle group showed improvements in exercise behavior (P &lt; 0.001), dietary fat intake (P = 0.001), total energy intake (P = 0.005), fatigue (P = 0.002), aerobic exercise tolerance (P &lt; 0.001), and muscle strength (P = 0.033) compared with standard care controls. Although a high rate of attrition (44%) was observed at 6 months, the improvements in key health outcomes were sustained. No effects on clinical prostate cancer disease markers were observed.
Conclusions: This preliminary evidence suggests that pragmatic lifestyle interventions have potential to evoke improvements in exercise and dietary behavior, in addition to other important health outcomes in men with advanced prostate cancer receiving AST.
Impact: This study shows for the first time that pragmatic lifestyle interventions are feasible and could have a positive impact on health behaviors and other key outcomes in men with advanced prostate cancer receiving AST. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(4); 647–57. ©2011 AACR.
Can UV Exposure Reduce Mortality?
Authors: Berwick Marianne 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA Swedish cohort analysis in this issue (1) demonstrates a significant reduction in all cause mortality and in cardiovascular mortality associated with several measures of sun exposure. In addition, ultraviolet exposure from tanning beds is associated with a significant increase in all cause mortality and cancer mortality. A potential explanation for the protective association is that UV exposure results in high levels of serum vitamin D which may improve survival. However, that explanation does not hold for ultraviolet exposure from tanning beds, which in this study is associated with a significant increase in all cause mortality and cancer mortality. Such a finding is curious and inconsistent with a vitamin D hypothesis. These results should impel investigators to study further the biology of ultraviolet radiation, both natural and artificial, and its health effects. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(4); 582–4. ©2011 AACR.
Oral Contraceptive Use and Parity Associations with Uncommon Breast Cancer Histologies in the Breast Cancer Family Registry: the Role of Family History
Authors: Work ME , John EM , Andrulis IL , Hopper JL , Liao Y , Hibshoosh H , Terry MB 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Purpose: The effect of parity and oral contraceptive (OC) use on breast cancer risk differs by cancer subtype as defined by histology. Family history of breast cancer impacts decisions regarding both parity and oral contraceptive use; it is unknown whether reproductive risk factors are related to uncommon histologies in women with and without a strong family history.
Methods: Using population-based data from the Breast Cancer Family Registry, we conducted analyses using unordered polytomous regression to determine the role of family history in associations between parity, OC use, and breast cancer histologic subtype, among 3,260 cases and 2,997 controls. Histologic types examined included ductal and lobular as well as the uncommon histologies of mucinous, tubular, and medullary cancer.
Results: Twenty-eight percent of cases and 9% of controls had a family history (defined as at least 1 first-degree relative with breast cancer). Cases with and without family history were similar in regards to OC use (75% and 73%, respectively were ever-users) and parity (2.08 children in cases with family history, 2.10 in cases without). In a multivariable model, when compared with controls, OC use was inversely associated with tumors of mucinous histology (OR = 0.43, 95% CI 0.23–0.79 for use ≥5 years vs. never use). There was a stronger inverse association with OC use and the mucinous subtype among those without a family history (OR = 0.27, 95% CI 0.13–0.57), and a nonsignificant positive association in those with family history (OR = 2.19, 95% CI 0.40–11.84). High parity (≥3 children) was positively associated with medullary histology (OR = 2.62, 95% CI 1.16–5.91, compared with nulliparity); the association was stronger among women without a family history (OR = 4.31, 95% CI 1.67–11.12), and was not significantly associated among those with a family history (OR = 0.36, 95% CI 0.06–2.29). Parity was inversely associated with the mucinous type (OR = 0.45, 95% CI 0.21–0.96, compared with nulliparity), and this effect remained stable in women with and without family history.
Conclusion: This study suggests that selected reproductive risk factors may only be related to uncommon breast cancer histologies among women without a family history of breast cancer.
Change in Colorectal Cancer Screening Decision Stage
Authors: Njoku A , Cocroft J , Daskalakis C , Sifri R , Bittner-Fagan H , Myers R 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Introduction: Colorectal cancer screening (CRC) screening decision stage (SDS) is a measure of proximity to screening. Predictors of change in SDS have not been reported in the literature.
Objective: To assess SDS change and predictors of SDS among primary care patients 50 to 74 years of age who are enrolled in a randomized, controlled trial of behavioral interventions designed to increase CRC screening.
Methods: On a baseline survey, study participants reported on perceptions about CRC screening and SDS (i.e., decided to screen vs. had not decided to screen). Participants were randomized to one of three study groups: Control Group (usual care), Standard Intervention (SI) Group [mailed screening materials (i.e., informational booklet, a stool blood test kit, instructions for scheduling a screening colonoscopy, and a reminder)]; and a Tailored Navigation Intervention (TNI) Group (mailed screening materials tailored to baseline SDS and a navigation telephone call). TNI Group participants were asked to report current SDS, including current screening status, at navigation. We assessed change in SDS from baseline to navigation and performed multivariable analyses to identify predictors of SDS change.
Results: Of 248 TNI Group participants, 205 (83%) received a navigation call. Background characteristics of these participants were as follows: white (76%), female (64%), aged 50–59 (67%), &gt;high school education (52%), and married (62%). At baseline, 43 (21%) participants reported that they had not decided to screen, and 162 (79%) reported that they had decided to screen. At navigation, 55 (27%) participants reported a positive change in SDS (26 moved forward in SDS but did not screen and 29 screened). Participants who had not decided to screen at baseline were more likely to exhibit positive change in SDS than those who had decided to screen at baseline (63% and 17%, respectively, P &lt; 0.0001). Among participants who had not decided to screen at baseline, only one reported actual screening. Of those participants who had decided to screen, 28 actually screened.
Discussion: More than a quarter of participants reported a positive change in SDS in response to the mailed tailored intervention materials sent before the navigation call. Baseline SDS was a strong predictor of SDS change.
Sigmoidoscopy and Colonoscopy are Inversely Associated with Both Left- and Right-sided Advanced Adenomas
Authors: Burnett-Hartman A , Newcomb P , Phipps A , Passarelli M , Mandelson M , Zhu L , Upton M 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Background: The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends routine colorectal cancer screening starting at age 50; however, evidence is insufficient to recommend one screening method over the other methods. Common colorectal cancer screening methods include fecal occult blood tests (FOBT), sigmoidoscopy, and colonoscopy.
Objective: We examined the association between advanced adenomas, known precursors to colorectal cancer, and history of screening by FOBT, sigmoidoscopy, and colonoscopy.
Methods: We conducted a case-control study of advanced colorectal adenomatous polyps, which included 306 advanced adenoma cases and 2,287 controls without advanced adenomas, aged 24 to 79, who received an index colonoscopy from 1998 to 2007. All participants completed a questionnaire covering screening history and other colorectal cancer risk factors. Participants with polyps underwent a standard pathology review; adenomas ≥10 mm or at with at least 20% villous components were considered advanced adenomas. We used separate logistic regression models to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs for the associations between advanced adenomas and previous FOBT, sigmoidoscopy, and colonoscopy at least 2 years before the index colonoscopy.
Results: Each screening method was associated with decreased odds of advanced adenomas; however, only associations for sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy were statistically significant. The OR for advanced adenomas, comparing participants with at least one previous FOBT to those who had never had FOBT, was 0.82 (95% CI: 0.63–1.06); for sigmoidoscopy, OR = 0.59 (95% CI: 0.46–0.77); and for colonoscopy, OR = 0.53 (95% CI: 0.39–0.72). These associations were similar with respect to left- and right-sided advanced adenomas.
Discussion: Our findings suggest colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy have similar inverse associations with advanced adenomas in both left and right sides of the colon. This is in contrast to studies of colorectal cancer that suggest endoscopy is associated with a decreased risk for tumors of the left but not right side. The discrepancy between our findings and these studies may be explained if right-sided colorectal cancers are more likely to have nonadenoma precursors that are overlooked by screening.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Genes of One-Carbon Metabolism Pathway and Bladder Cancer Survival
Authors: Chang SC , Yang YC , Zhang ZF 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
One-carbon metabolism pathway plays an important role in carcinogenesis through its involvement in DNA methylation and biosynthesis. Epidemiologic studies have indicated the associations between genetic polymorphisms in this pathway and the susceptibility of various cancers, including bladder cancer. However, few studies have focused on their associations with bladder cancer prognosis. Using follow-up data from 249 bladder cancer patients who have been treated at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center from 1993 to 1997, we investigated the associations between survival time of bladder cancer patients and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) involved in the one-carbon metabolism pathway. Epidemiologic data were collected by trained interviewers. Genotyping of seven SNPs in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), methionine synthase (MTR), methionine synthase reductase (MTRR), DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) genes was performed using SNPlex and Taqman assays (Applied Biosystems) with DNA isolated from blood samples collected at time-of-interview. Survival curves were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and differences in distributions were evaluated by log-rank tests and Cox proportional hazards models. Overall, no obvious associations were observed between the studied SNPs and all-cause mortality among bladder cancer patients after adjustment on age, gender, race/ethnicity, smoking status, and tumor stage. However, after stratification on smoking status, increased survival time was found among ever-smoked carriers of MTRR rs1532268 and rs1801394 variant allele, with adjusted HRs of 0.65 (95% CI = 0.45–0.95) and 0.65 (95% CI = 0.43–0.98), respectively. Increased survival time was also observed among never smokers with ALDH2 rs2238151 C/T or T/T genotypes, compared to those with the C/C genotype (HR = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.06–0.90). Our findings suggest that smoking may interact with one-carbon metabolism pathway related genetic polymorphisms on survival among bladder cancer patients. Future studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm the associations.
The Cancer Stroop Task as an Implicit Measure of Cognitive Interference in Head and Neck Cancer Patients
Authors: Milbury K , Badr H 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Given the stigmatizing and debilitating nature of head and neck cancer (HNC) and its treatment, patients are at risk of developing trauma symptoms such as cognitive interference (unwanted, disturbing thoughts) that can increase their risk for distress. Most measures of cognitive interference employ a self-report format making them susceptible to self-presentation and defensive biases. To address these limitations, we developed and implemented an implicit measure, a cancer Stroop task (CST), with the goal to establish a link between implicit intrusive cognitions and distress (BSI) and self-reported intrusive cognitions (Impact of Events Scale, IES). As part of an observational spousal support study, 70 patients (87% male) completed self-report measures and then engaged in problem-solving discussions with their spouses about cancer-related concerns in the lab. Afterward, the computerized CST was administered. Participants were instructed to color-name each stimulus word while ignoring word meaning. Slower responses to emotionally salient (cancer) versus neutral words reflect their power to automatically capture attention and become intrusive. Results revealed a significant inverse association between response time to cancer words and distress (P &lt; 0.001) and self-reported cognitive intrusion (P &lt; 0.01) so that individuals who responded more slowly revealed greater distress and cognitive intrusion compared to individuals with faster responses. These findings suggest that the CST is a promising measure of cognitive interference as it is associated with self-report measures of distress and cognitive intrusion. Unlike self-report measures assessing intrusive cognitions over the past 7 days, this implicit measure allows to examine the effects of immediate environmental antecedents on cognitive interference. Thus, our next step in this ongoing study will be to behaviorally code the cancer discussion for supportiveness on the spouse as a predictor of cognitive interference as measured by the CST.