bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Services
Authors: Bennett Robert J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractChambers bundled the activities of voice and places to meet with a range of other services. This chapter gives the first long-term and detailed analysis of how these evolved. It covers commercial arbitration, debt collection, dealing with information and enquiries, certification of commercial documents, conciliation in labour disputes, providing labour market information and help with recruitment, commercial examinations, and filling other gaps. Some limited attempts at combinations are analysed in Northwich and Macclesfield; and efforts by chambers of trade and trade protection societies to regulate shopping hours, employment conditions, and trade credit. The modern chamber bundle is assessed for breadth and durability.
Partner and Contractor to Government
Authors: Bennett Robert J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractModern chambers rely to a major extent on government finance through contracts. Early relationships developed through municipal improvement and local partnerships. This expanded to cover various consultations processes on local and national committees; then provision of apprenticeships. Since the 1990s there has also been chamber leadership of local economic initiatives. Links became so close that after 1996 some chambers merged with government financed Training and Enterprise Councils (TECs). After these were abolished, chambers have worked with regional agencies, and after the 2010 election with Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEPs). In Ireland there has been important partnering of chambers with EU initiatives. The modern chamber of the last 20-30 years is different from any stage in the past. This creates major challenges for the future.
Members and Interests
Authors: Bennett Robert J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe membership is assessed in detail for the earliest chambers in terms of their geographical reach, sector structure, balance of company structures, trading markets, overlap with other networks, and links to protests and religious dissent. Banking appears to have been a leading sector within chambers. Modern developments have interrelated with changes in industrial district structures, expansion of the incorporated business form, evolving networks, changes in international trade, and the expansion of small firms. A remarkable finding is the market penetration of chamber membership has stayed stable over 200 years. Pressures from the world wars and economic slumps have been relatively short-lived. Econometric analysis shows service development as the main feature associated with stronger market penetration. The only major changes to this stability have come from the 1990s, and appear to relate to the mixed signals from acting as partners with government.
Then, Now, and the Future
Authors: Bennett Robert J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis chapter concludes that the chambers have shown remarkable durability by being adaptable to new needs, and diversifying their service bundle over time. However, the 1980s seem to have become something of a ‘clean break’ with the past. The causes for this are sought in product life cycles, shifts to a small firms economy, expansion of chamber territories to cover larger areas more thinly, but most important has been contracting and partnering with government. This has introduced far more instability than that in the economy, with changes arsing from changes in the party in power, administrative confusion, and ministerial caprice. For the future it is suggested that chambers need to re-emphasize their USP and develop stronger independent missions that maintain government links more on their own terms.
Generous Social Policy Reduces Material Deprivation
Authors: Kenworthy Lane , Epstein Jessica , Duerr Daniel 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Income is the standard indicator of low-end households’ living standards. With income as the measure, the comparative evidence suggests that economic growth has tended to be the principal driver of improved living standards, though government social programs have been the chief conduit through which growth trickles down. Material deprivation may be a better indicator. With deprivation as the measure, the available evidence suggests an even stronger and more direct impact of social policy.
Low Wages Need Not Mean Low Incomes
Authors: Kenworthy Lane , Epstein Jessica , Duerr Daniel 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Low-wage jobs are a prominent feature of the U.S. economy. To the surprise of many observers, the same can now be said of Germany. Changes in economic pressures, institutions, and policies make it likely that other countries will follow Germany’s lead. But citizens and policy makers should worry far less about low wages for individuals than about low incomes for households. Policy—in particular, an employment-conditional earnings subsidy—can help to ensure that low wages do not result in low incomes.
C‐command
Authors: Uriagereka Juan 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis chapter examines the concept of c-command. It shows an important grammatical consequence of the present architecture, and in particular the fact that it is based on a theorem, the Linear Correspondence Theorem. The assumption throughout the chapter has been that this condition is emergent, and therefore whatever consequences it may have for the system cannot be tweaked by evolution. This effectively creates a structural niche that the system is trapped into, evolving out of which would be impossible with the sort of machinery assumed here. This is to say that, from this perspective, c-command is not the sort of condition that the system evolved in order to achieve a certain result (better communication, thinking, or any such thing). Rather, given the way in which the system squeezes complex structures into the external components, only certain sorts of relations stated over such structures could be reconfigured back by receivers into the shape that emitters meant for them. C-command is such a format.
Cyclicity
Authors: Uriagereka Juan 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis chapter marks a case for cyclicity conditions at several levels, all of which seem compatible, although they might originate from different causes. The first situation analyzed involves compounds, and the reason to go into cyclicity considerations is raised by the difficulty of characterizing, in Bare Phrase Structure terms, what is the head of a compound. It examines to what extent compounds themselves are productive in a language like English, or whether the alleged productivity arises in instances that would show it is actually to be discharged into less intriguing specifications of the phrasal sort (nominal modification). It also suggests that parametric conditions may arise for cyclicities of the MSO form, based on whether null arguments are permitted in any given language.
A CLASH Model
Authors: Uriagereka Juan 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis chapter turns the ideas examined thus far into an explicit theoretical proposal. It starts by reviewing the discussions in the preceding chapters, and then moves towards a new model. It argues not just for Fibonacci patterns in the fabric of language, but also for their presence at different scales. Aside from being a natural condition to expect for self-similar systems, this result is congenial with the idea, explored throughout this book, that cycles in grammar cannot be trivially reduced to one single format (e.g.. the popular phases). It further suggests that Fibonacci patterns are the ideal solution to CLASH systems.
5 Belgian Beers: Where History Meets Globalization
Authors: Persyn Damiaan , Swinnen Johan F. M. , Vanormelingen Stijn 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
This chapter discusses causes and consequences of historical and more recent trends in the Belgian beer market, which is characterized by an exceptionally large variety of different beers. Both consumption as well as the number of brewers has witnessed a downward trend over the past century. However, the number of breweries has stabilized recently and has even started to rise again, supported by increased domestic and international demand for specialty beers. Despite, or as some would argue, because of the globalization of the beer market with the domination of standard quality beers, alternative breweries catering to niche markets with special tastes are re-emerging. Two case studies, namely the recent history of trappist breweries and of AB InBev, illustrate the main trends in the Belgian brewery sector.
11 Developments in US Merger Policy: The Beer Industry as Lens
Authors: Elzinga Kenneth G. , Swisher Anthony W. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis chapter uses the U.S. beer industry as a lens through which to view developments in U.S. antitrust merger policy since 1950. It examines the major structural changes in the industry during this time frame and assesses the extent to which the industry has been shaped by mergers and enforcement of the U.S. antimerger law. It also reviews early antimerger cases in the beer industry decided by the Supreme Court, notably Pabst and Falstaff, and compares these decisions with the modern analytical framework set out in the Horizontal Merger Guidelines issued by the Federal Trade Commission and the U.S. Department of Justice. The chapter shows that while the U.S. beer industry has been significantly reshaped by mergers, the industry also owes its current structure to other market forces, such as scale economies, the development of new products, and the emergence of the craft beer segment.
12 The Growth of Television and the Decline of Local Beer
Authors: George Lisa M. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
This chapter describes how the changing nature of advertising brought about by television advantaged large brewers over smaller local ones, leading to a massive shift from local brewing of local beers to a consolidated national market dominated by a handful of firms. Using market-level data on television penetration, local breweries and brewery production from 1945–60, it is shown that increases in television penetration are associated with fewer local breweries and less local beer production. The results suggest ways that media markets and information technology can affect markets for local products.
15 Beer Battles in China: The Struggle over the World's Largest Beer Market
Authors: Bai Junfei , Huang Jikun , Rozelle Scott , Boswell Matt 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
This chapter examines how China rose so fast in the world beer market and describes the war for the nation's beer market and who (at least so far) appears to be winning. To meet this set of objectives, it traces the evolution of China's beer production and marketing over the past several decades to describe the fast growth of the Chinese beer industry and its fundamental transformation from state-owned and backward to a sophisticated set of brewery conglomerates. It discusses the strategies which allow domestic brewing firms to compete with the largest foreign breweries in the world. These business strategies based on branding, advertising strategies, and acquisitions have been the driving forces behind the success of domestic firms in establishing and maintaining their lead in the beer market. Of course, the war is not over — there will be more battles in the future.
The Origins, Definition, and Scope of EU Foreign Investment Law
Authors: Dimopoulos Angelos 
Published: January 2012

AbstractChapter 1 provides the conceptual and normative framework within which this book is developed. It begins with setting out the international law context within which EU foreign investment law is born, focusing on the socio-economic reasons that require international regulation of foreign investment and the historical evolution of international investment law. The second part is dedicated to the quest for a definition of foreign investment, aiming to consolidate the divergent definitions of foreign investment that are found in international investment law and EU law. Thirdly, this chapter identifies the regulatory scope and the sources of EU foreign investment law, stressing the divergent focus of EU regulation on different aspects of foreign investment.
EU Competence over Foreign Investment
Authors: Dimopoulos Angelos 
Published: January 2012

AbstractChapter 2 explores the scope of EU competence in the field of foreign investment. It strives to put an end to the ambiguity concerning the delimitation of powers between the EU and its Member States in the field of foreign investment. Following the thematic categorization of foreign investment regulation, the scope and nature of EU competence is examined separately for each category of foreign investment and each aspect of foreign investment regulation. In that regard, the coverage of foreign investment by explicit power-conferring provisions in the TFEU is identified and the general rules on EU implied competence are applied, determining the scope of EU competence over foreign investment.
Conclusion and Content of EU International Investment Agreements
Authors: Dimopoulos Angelos 
Published: January 2012

AbstractChapter 3 is dedicated to the exercise of EU competence in practice. The first part provides a depiction of the internal procedures for the conclusion of an International Investment Agreement (IIA) by the EU. The second and more important part of Chapter 3 discusses the content of EU IIAs, identifying and analyzing their substantive provisions with regard to each aspect of foreign investment. It concentrates on the innovations that existing and future EU IIAs have brought and intend to bring to international investment law in comparison to Bilateral Investment Treaties concluded by Member States and other countries, highlighting the differences and novelties of EU IIAs in terms of their content.
Introduction
Authors: Carr David M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis chapter introduces the focus of the book on methodological and historical orientation points for study of the formation of the Hebrew Bible. Starting with an overview of the breakdown of consensus on many key points of past biblical scholarship (e.g. formation of the Pentateuch, dating of the prophets), the chapter then moves to a brief summary of dynamics of memory, textuality and performance involved in the writing and revision of ancient literary-theological texts like the Hebrew Bible (synthesizing research from the author’s Writing on the Tablet of the Heart: Origins of Scripture and Literature [Oxford, 2005]). The balance of the chapter outlines the goals and central themes of the three major sections of the book.
Documented Cases of Transmission History, Part 2
Authors: Carr David M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBuilding on the previous two chapters, this one expands to a survey of four broad trends in documented cases of transmission. This includes further survey of memory variants, an argument for a broader trend toward expansion (including discussion of several potential exceptions to this trend, such as Esdras/Ezra-Nehemiah, the Qumran Community Rule and Chronicles//Samuel-Kings), the frequent partial preservation of earlier traditions (with omission particularly of beginnings and endings of source-texts), and scribal conflation and other sorts of coordination of texts with themselves and other texts in the literary-theological corpus. Some other documented examples of growth discussed include Atrahasis, Etana, Anzu, Assyrian Royal Inscriptions, and editions of biblical texts (e.g. Samuel, Jeremiah; the Pentateuch). Together, despite documentation of variation and occasion omission, these examples show a tendency toward preservation of ancient tradition reflecting elements of scribal ideology broadly shared across the ancient world.
The Babylonian Exile
Authors: Carr David M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAfter an overview building on trauma studies and use of diaspora/forced migration anthropology to illuminate the otherwise opaque exile, this chapter surveys several texts most clearly datable to that period, including Lamentations, Ezekiel, Second Isaiah (Isaiah 40-55, 60-2), and texts associated with the deposed monarchy (e.g. Psalm 89 and the conclusion to Kings in 2 Kgs 25:27-30). Also dated to the exile are elements related to inter-generational sin in Kings (2 Kgs 21:11-16; 23:26-27; 24:3), the speech in Deut 30:1-11, the tower of Babel story (Gen 11:1-9, in its present form), the oracle against Babylon in Isaiah 14 (again reshaped to focus on Babylon), and other probable exilic elements in various other prophetic collections (e.g. Micah, Zephaniah, Jeremiah).
Textuality Under Empire
Authors: Carr David M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis chapter starts with a survey of probable examples of neo-Assyrian influence on various parts of the Bible (psalms, Deuteronomy, Moses story, history-writing, early forms of the Tower of Babel story and Isaiah 14 Babylon oracle, reshaping of Proverbs, etc.) and consideration of the probable background of this sort of hybrid influence in documented processes of Neo-Assyrian enculturation of elites in subject peoples. This sort of impact of empire is distinguished from the ripples of effect of trauma of Assyrian attacks and deportation seen particularly in earlier literary prophecy. The latter portion of the chapter looks at particular methodological problems in identifying early material in Hosea and Jeremiah, before going on to discuss the extent of early material in Amos and the way in which identifiable early material in Micah and especially Isaiah may reflect a Judean outgrowth of the impulse given by the Amos collection.
From the Neo-Assyrian to Hasmonean Periods
Authors: Carr David M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis chapter opens with a survey from beginning to end of the major conclusions of the survey done in reverse up to this point. This uncovers broader trends in the growing hostility toward foreign peoples and traditions, a tendency toward more collection and less new composition of core biblical materials, the dominance of Priestly scribalism in the late formation of the Bible, and the different impact of Aramaic literary culture on various parts of the Bible. The second half of the chapter summarizes ways in which insights from the first four methodological chapters of the book played a role in this reconstruction.
Proverbs and Israel's Early Oral-Written Curriculum
Authors: Carr David M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThough most recent scholars have limited pre-exilic material in Proverbs to portions of Proverbs 10-23, this chapter argues that the bulk of the rest of Proverbs likely dates to the pre-exilic period as well. The materials of Proverbs show unambivalent links to non-Israelite literary traditions in a manner not typical of demonstrably later biblical texts. They lack linkage to broader themes important in later periods, such as prophecy and Torah. Moreover, where texts in Proverbs are specifically related to other biblical texts, the texts in Proverbs show signs of being the source of those texts rather than being dependent on them. These and other indicators are used to argue that the distinctive characteristics of Proverbs are best explained by its relatively early origins, not by the idea that its disparate parts were created in a “sapiential”-wisdom tradition stream (conserved by a separate class of “sages”).
Other Biblical Texts Potentially from the Early Monarchal Period
Authors: Carr David M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis chapter examines several other potential examples of early pre-exilic material embedded in the Hebrew Bible, even if not specifically associated with David (e.g. royal psalms) or Solomon (e.g. Proverbs and Song of Songs). Particular attention is given to the non-P Primeval History, which features extensive and unambivalent parallels to non-biblical materials (especially Atrahasis). In addition, the covenant code (Exod 20:22-23:33) features similar non-ambivalent links to the Code of Hammurabi and other Mesopotamian legal traditions which might situate it toward the outset of Judean and Israelite textuality. Finally, the chapter proposes that a number of other traditions with apparent connections to the early Israelite North, such as the Jacob, Joseph and Moses stories, may represent early Israelite textualizations of older oral traditions without clear parallels in other Ancient Near Eastern cultures.
Escaping the Urban Din
Authors: Goodyear John 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAt the outset of the twentieth century, the new noisy urban soundscape was a source of fascination and frustration. For the frustrated, for those attempting to escape the urban din, help would soon be at hand. Two men embarked on novel projects in 1908 to bring peace and quiet to the noisy urban world. Theodor Lessing’s Antilärmverein, a socio-political initiative to fight noise, would be short-lived, lasting just three years; yet Maximilian Negwer’s Ohropax earplugs would stand the test of time and offer relief to those frustrated by noise right into the twenty-first century. This social historical study compares the two initiatives, their strategies, their approaches, and establishes why Lessing failed and Negwer succeeded.
Berlin Sounds
Authors: Dietrich Nicole 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe chapter investigates auditory socialization mirrored in the ambient sounds of East and West Berlin, before and after 1989. These two urban entities produced different typical city sounds, according to rules of technical and industrial design, media taste, and local accents. Based on a series of interviews with residents of former East and West Berlin, this chapter argues that each side of Berlin had a unique sound, one that resonates with personal memory and is closely linked to national identity. Fountains, traffic sounds, the Friedrichstraße train station, and the Berlin Wall serve as four examples that illustrate the divergent acoustic identities of formerly divided Germany.
Sound and Socialist Identity
Authors: Tompkins David 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis chapter provides a fresh perspective on the musical world of Stalinist East Germany, and argues that the vibrant soundscape was marked by the hopes and desires of both composers and the audience as well as by directives from cultural officials. Beginning with a brief discussion of expectations for musical compositions under Socialist Realism, it explores the rich array of music festivals in the post-war period, from prominent events in Berlin to those organized in smaller towns and the countryside. Concluding with an examination of Estradenkonzerte, or stage revues, the chapter asserts that the soundscape of the GDR was a negotiated project that helped to create a new socialist identity.