bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of Lipids in the Development of Brain Infarction: The Framingham Study
Authors: KANNEL WILLIAM B. , GORDON TAVIA , DAWBER THOMAS R. 
Published: June 2011

An association of blood lipids with the development of atherothrombotic brain infarction under age 60 is demonstrated. This is based on 18 years' surveillance of 5,209 men and women, of whom 52 men and 59 women developed brain infarction. The relationship under age 60 was statistically significant only for men.
Triglyceride-rich pre-beta and cholesterol-rich beta lipoprotein were both related to the incidence of premature brain infarctions. Regardless of associated lipoprotein pattern, risk was proportional to serum cholesterol value, under age 60. On the other hand, pre-beta lipoprotein was unrelated to risk when associated cholesterol was taken into account.
At any lipid value risk of brain infarction varied greatly depending on the number and intensity of other contributors. Blood lipids are best considered as an ingredient of a stroke profile, and in the absence of other contributors to risk the influence of lipid is feeble.
To-and-Fro Movement and External Escape of Carotid Arterial Blood in Brain Death Cases. A Doppler Ultrasonic Study
Authors: YONEDA SHOTARO , NISHIMOTO AKIFUMI , NUKADA TADAATSU , KURIYAMA YOSHIHIRO , KATSURADA KIKUSHI , ABE HIROSHI 
Published: June 2011

In brain death cases who showed nonfilling phenomena in the internal carotid angiograms, the blood flow velocity patterns of the common carotid arteries were characterized by involvement of a single systolic peak and a marked reverse flow component which had never been observed in healthy subjects.
The individuality of each blood flow velocity pattern in the common, internal and external carotid arteries was made clear by placing the transducer in contact with the respective artery in a certain case. The Doppler signal from the internal carotid artery involving a signal from a reverse flow was slightly detectable, even if the blood pressure was elevated by norepinephrine infusion and the external carotid artery was temporarily compressed. The blood flow velocity pattern of the external carotid artery was similar to the pattern of the common carotid artery. The peculiar flow pattern indicates that a brain death case has a to-and-fro movement in the internal carotid blood flow and an external carotid escape of common carotid arterial blood.
Effects of Excess NaCl Intake on Blood Pressure and Cholesterol-Induced Atherosclerosis in the Monkey
Authors: NAKAMURA MOTOOMI , MURAKAMI HIROAKI , SHIGEMI UMPEI 
Published: June 2011

The
Macaca irus
is a monkey species that is highly susceptible to experimental cholesterol atherosclerosis of the aorta, coronary and cerebral arteries and cutaneous xanthomatosis-like lesions induced by feeding a diet high in cholesterol and/or coconut oil for 14 months.

The monkeys fed an atherogenic diet were divided into two groups: monkeys receiving excess sodium and controls. The excess sodium group showed a significantly higher systolic blood pressure as compared with the control group; however, elevation of blood pressure was mild and was not considered as significant hypertension.
The loading of excess sodium chloride in monkeys fed an atherogenic diet did not enhance severity of atherosclerosis of the aorta, coronary and cerebral arteries.
Hindbrain Stroke in Children Caused by Extracranial Vertebral Artery Trauma
Authors: FRASER RICHARD A. R. , ZIMBLER SEYMOUR M. 
Published: June 2011

Hindbrain transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) culminating in posterior circulation stroke are described in five children. Atlanto-axial subluxation and angiographical documentation of C1 to C2 level arterial pathology are documented in one patient. Four additional patients with nearly identical clinical presentations, posterior fossa TIAs, stroke and basilar angiographical pathology are reviewed. A mechanical traumatic etiology is suggested.
Unexplained transient repeated brain stem and/or cerebellar symptomatology may be due to extracranial vertebral artery stenosis or occlusion by atlanto-axial instability. After appropriate documentation, stabilization may prevent further TIAs or strokes.
Pathological Studies on the Intracerebral and Retinal Arteries in Cerebrovascular and Noncerebrovascular Diseases
Authors: GOTO IKUO , KIMOTO KATSUHARU , KATSUKI SHIBANOSUKE , MIMATSU TAKAAKI , HIROSHI IKUI 
Published: June 2011

Histological examinations of the intracerebral and retinal arteries were performed in patients who had cerebrovascular disease and in those cases who did not. Fibrinoid degeneration, fibrous nodule, and splitting, which are most frequently found in putamen, thalamus and pons, are thought to be the main changes in cerebral hemorrhage and infarction. Fibrous and fibro-hyalinoid thickenings of the retinal arteries were found mainly in the neighboring region of the optic disk, which reflects the changes of the intracerebral arteries. Hyalinoid thickening was found in the ora serrata, which does not reflect the changes of the intracerebral arteries.
Our results suggest that patients with these retinal artery changes in the region near the optic disk, if moderate to severe, have an increased risk of having or incurring cerebral hemorrhage and infarction, but the arterial changes in the ora serrata do not always indicate risk of cerebral hemorrhage and infarction.
Animal Model of TIA: An Experimental Study With Intracarotid ADP Infusion in Rabbits
Authors: FIESCHI C. , BATTISTINI N. , VOLANTE F. , ZANETTE E. , WEBER G. , PASSERO S. 
Published: June 2011

Adenosine diphosphate (8 mg per minute for five minutes) was infused into the carotid artery of 63 rabbits. The effects were twofold: systemic hypotension and platelet aggregation in the cerebral circulation. As a consequence of the last effect, platelet emboli were produced which occluded cerebral arteries in a number and size sufficient to cause cerebral ischemia. Areas of focal ischemia were observed through a cranial window, and documented with antipyrine autoradiography.
Platelet thrombi were almost entirely transient, being fragmented and removed within a very short time of cessation of ADP infusion. Consequently, no permanent tissue damage ensued. This experimental model approaches the spontaneous transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) in man, demonstrating that these can be caused by pure platelet emboli.
A high cholesterol diet administered for two months prior to ADP infusion did not enhance the effect of the procedure or make the platelet aggregation and the following ischemia longer in duration or more severe.
The Behr Pupil Revisited
Authors: HERMAN PETER 
Published: June 2011

Three hundred and sixty-three cases of cerebral infarction were reviewed; 19 had anisocoria. Eighty percent had the larger pupil contralateral to the hemispheric lesion. The mydriasis was associated with long tract signs in all instances. If the abnormal pupil and long tract signs are not on the same side, the long tract signs are the most accurate evidence of the side of the hemispheric lesions.
When the pupil was 4 mm or larger and reacted sluggishly, the prognosis was poor.
The mechanism of the production of the anisocoria is still uncertain; the lesion is probably "cortical" and in the contralateral hemisphere.
Lactate and Pyruvate Concentrations, and Acid-Base Balance of Cerebrospinal Fluid in Experimentally Induced Intracerebral and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Dogs
Authors: SUGI TOMEI , FUJISHIMA MASATOSHI , OMAE TERUO 
Published: June 2011

The effect of blood injected into either subarachnoid space or subcortical brain tissue upon lactate and pyruvate concentrations as well as acid-base balance of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was studied in the anesthetized dog.
CSF lactate and lactate/pyruvate ratio (L/P ratio) increased progressively following the intracranial injection of blood and reached the maximum level at six hours after injection. These changes were significantly greater in animals with intracerebral hematoma than in those with subarachnoid hemorrhagic (SAH). An increase in CSF lactate and L/P ratio in hemorrhagic CSF seems to be caused by two different factors. Shed blood cells per se produce lactate and pyruvate, and blood in the subarachnoid space and intracerebral hematomas cause secondary changes in brain tissue metabolism by a probable reduction of cerebral blood flow. Therefore, an increase in CSF lactate with a concomitant rise in CSF L/P ratio is a useful indicator for brain tissue hypoxia, even when CSF is hemorrhagic.

The association of an increase in CSF lactate to a disproportionate decrease in CSF HCO
3
-
was also observed in these animals.
RAGE-Dependent Activation of the Oncoprotein Pim1 Plays a Critical Role in Systemic Vascular Remodeling Processes
Authors: Meloche Jolyane , Paulin Roxane , Courboulin Audrey , Lambert Caroline , Barrier Marjorie , Bonnet Pierre , Bisserier Malik , Roy Mélanie , Sussman Mark A. , Agharazii Mohsen , Bonnet Sébastien 
Published: June 2011

Objective—
Vascular remodeling diseases (VRD) are mainly characterized by inflammation and a vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) proproliferative and anti-apoptotic phenotype. Recently, the activation of the advanced glycation endproducts receptor (RAGE) has been shown to promote VSMC proliferation and resistance to apoptosis in VRD in a signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3-dependant manner. Interestingly, we previously described in both cancer and VRD that the sustainability of this proproliferative and antiapoptotic phenotype requires activation of the transcription factor NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T-cells). In cancer, NFAT activation is dependent of the oncoprotein provirus integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus (Pim1), which is regulated by STAT3 and activated in VRD. Therefore, we hypothesized that RAGE/STAT3 activation in VSMC activates Pim1, promoting NFAT and thus VSMC proliferation and resistance to apoptosis.

Methods/Results—
In vitro, freshly isolated human carotid VSMCs exposed to RAGE activator Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) for 48 hours had (1) activated STAT3 (increased P-STAT3/STAT3 ratio and P-STAT3 nuclear translocation); (2) increased STAT3-dependent Pim1 expression resulting in NFATc1 activation; and (3) increased Pim1/NFAT-dependent VSMC proliferation (PCNA, Ki67) and resistance to mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis (TMRM, Annexin V, TUNEL). Similarly to RAGE inhibition (small interfering RNA [siRNA]), Pim1, STAT3 and NFATc1 inhibition (siRNA) reversed these abnormalities in human carotid VSMC. Moreover, carotid artery VSMCs isolated from Pim1 knockout mice were resistant to CML-induced VSMC proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. In vivo, RAGE inhibition decreases STAT3/Pim1/NFAT activation, reversing vascular remodeling in the rat carotid artery-injured model.

Conclusion—
RAGE activation accounts for many features of VRD including VSMC proliferation and resistance to apoptosis by the activation of STAT3/Pim1/NFAT axis. Molecules aimed to inhibit RAGE could be of a great therapeutic interest for the treatment of VRD.
Does Treatment of Ruptured Intracranial Aneurysms Within 24 Hours Improve Clinical Outcome?
Authors: Phillips Timothy J. , Dowling Richard J. , Yan Bernard , Laidlaw John D. , Mitchell Peter J. 
Published: June 2011

Background and Purpose—
The purpose of this study was to analyze whether treating ruptured intracranial aneurysms within 24 hours of subarachnoid hemorrhage improves clinical outcome.

Methods—
An 11-year database of consecutive ruptured intracranial aneurysms treated with endovascular coiling or craniotomy and clipping was analyzed. Outcome was measured by the modified Rankin Scale at 6 months. Our policy is to treat all cases within 24 hours of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Treatment delays are due to nonclinical logistical factors.

Results—

Two hundred thirty cases were coiled or clipped within 24 hours of subarachnoid hemorrhage and 229 at >24 hours. No difference in age, gender, smoking, family history of subarachnoid hemorrhage, aneurysm size, or aneurysm location was found between the groups. Poor World Federation of Neurological Surgeons clinical grade patients were overrepresented in the ultra-early group. Increasing age and higher World Federation of Neurological Surgeons clinical grade were predictors of poor outcome. Eight point zero percent of cases treated within 24 hours of subarachnoid hemorrhage (ultra-early) were dependent or dead at 6 months compared with 14.4% of those treated at >24 hours (delayed), a 44.0% relative risk reduction and a 6.4% absolute risk reduction (χ

2

,
P
=0.044). A total of 3.5% of cases coiled within 24 hours were dependent or dead at 6 months compared with 12.5% of cases coiled at 1 to 3 days, an 82% relative risk reduction and a 10.2% absolute risk reduction (χ
2
,
P
=0.040). These groups did not differ in age, World Federation of Neurological Surgeons clinical grade, aneurysm size, or aneurysm location.

Conclusions—
Treatment of ruptured aneurysms within 24 hours is associated with improved clinical outcomes compared with treatment at >24 hours. The benefit is more pronounced for coiling than clipping.
Antibodies Preventing the Interaction of Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator With N-Methyl-
d
-Aspartate Receptors Reduce Stroke Damages and Extend the Therapeutic Window of Thrombolysis
Authors: Macrez Richard , Obiang Pauline , Gauberti Maxime , Roussel Benoit , Baron Amandine , Parcq Jérôme , Cassé Frédéric , Hommet Yannick , Orset Cyrille , Agin Véronique , Bezin Laurent , Berrocoso Teresa Garcia , Petersen Karl Uwe , Montaner Joan , Maubert Eric , Vivien Denis , Ali Carine 
Published: June 2011

Background and Purpose—
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only drug approved for the acute treatment of ischemic stroke but with two faces in the disease: beneficial fibrinolysis in the vasculature and damaging effects on the neurovascular unit and brain parenchyma. To improve this profile, we developed a novel strategy, relying on antibodies targeting the proneurotoxic effects of tPA.

Methods—

After production and characterization of antibodies (αATD-NR1) that specifically prevent the interaction of tPA with the ATD-NR1 of N-methyl-
d
-aspartate receptors, we have evaluated their efficacy in a model of murine thromboembolic stroke with or without recombinant tPA-induced reperfusion, coupled to MRI, near-infrared fluorescence imaging, and behavior assessments.

Results—

In vitro, αATD-NR1 prevented the proexcitotoxic effect of tPA without altering N-methyl-
d
-aspartate-induced neurotransmission. In vivo, after a single administration alone or with late recombinant tPA-induced thrombolysis, antibodies dramatically reduced brain injuries and blood–brain barrier leakage, thus improving long-term neurological outcome.

Conclusions—
Our strategy limits ischemic damages and extends the therapeutic window of tPA-driven thrombolysis. Thus, the prospect of this immunotherapy is an extension of the range of treatable patients.
Optik-É AN-30 Aircraft Laboratory for Studies of the Atmospheric Composition
Authors: Antokhin Pavel N. , Arshinov Michael Yu , Belan Boris D. , Davydov Denis K. , Zhidovkin Eugenii V. , Ivlev Georgii A. , Kozlov Artiom V. , Kozlov Valerii S. , Panchenko Michael V. , Penner Ioganes E. , Pestunov Dimitrii A. , Simonenkov Denis V. , Tolmachev Gennadii N. , Fofonov Alexander V. , Shamanaev Vitalii S. , Shmargunov Vladimir P. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The scientific instrumental complex of the Optik-É AN-30 aircraft laboratory developed at the Institute of Atmospheric Optics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences is described in detail. Specifications of the main units of the instrumental complex are presented. Special attention is given to the metrological support of measurements of the atmospheric parameters. Experimental capabilities of the aircraft laboratory are illustrated by the results obtained in recent flights over various regions of the Russian Federation.
Factors associated with perceived barriers to pediatric palliative care: a survey of pediatricians in Florida and California
Authors: Knapp Caprice , Thompson Lindsay 
Published: June 2011

Purpose: The provision and uptake of pediatric palliative care continues to be plagued by barriers. Several studies have documented these barriers, but none have done so with a diverse sample (most are at a single institution) or specifically about pediatric palliative care. Moreover, none have investigated the factors associated with perceived barriers. Our study has two aims: (1) to describe the barriers to pediatric palliative care as reported by a group of pediatricians practicing in two large States in the US; and (2) to identify factors associated with these perceived barriers. Methods: Cross-sectional survey data were collected from 303 pediatricians in Florida and California. Results: The two greatest barriers reported by the pediatricians were related to families’ reluctance to accept palliative care (95%) and families viewing palliative care as giving up (94%). Only 42% of pediatricians noted that reimbursement was a barrier. Across all the regressions, three factors were consistently associated with barriers to palliative care: race/ethnicity of pediatrician practice setting, and the percentage of low-income patients. Conclusions: Our findings can be used to develop targeted educational interventions towards providers and families. Understanding the factors that are driving the low uptake in palliative care is the first step in advancing pediatric palliative care overall.
Comparison between Wigner–Ville distribution- and empirical mode decomposition vibration-based techniques for helical gearbox monitoring
Authors: Ibrahim G R , Albarbar A 
Published: June 2011

This article presents a comparison between empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and smoothed pseudo-Wigner–Ville distribution (SPWVD) methods based on vibration signature and energy calculation procedure for monitoring gearbox systems. The simulation and experimental work were carried out using two-stage helical gears for a healthy pair of gears and a pair suffering from a tooth breakage with severity fault 1 (25 per cent tooth removal), fault 2 (50 per cent tooth removal), fault 3 (75 per cent tooth removal), and fault 4 (100 per cent tooth removal) under loads (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 per cent of the total load) and speeds (10, 30, 50, 70, and 90 per cent of full speed). This article illustrates that the calculation of energy using EMD techniques offers a more effective way to detect early faults than that computations using the SPWVD method, and that the computation of energy using the EMD technique is faster than the calculations done using the SPWVD method.
A semi-deterministic texture-roughness model of the piston ring–cylinder liner contact
Authors: Spencer A , Almqvist A , Larsson R 
Published: June 2011

Many simulations already exist to model the piston ring–cylinder liner contact; however, very few models have been used to investigate the optimum surface texture. An axi-symmetric, time-dependent two-dimensional semi-deterministic texture-roughness model of the piston ring to cylinder liner contact with periodic boundary conditions and mass preserving global cavitation has been developed. The cylinder liner texture, generated by honing, was considered deterministically on the global scale, after an investigation comparing deterministic and homogenized solutions. The surface texture of a real cylinder liner was measured with white light interferometry and an algorithm developed to generate an artificial periodic texture representative of the real surface. The effect of cylinder liner plateau roughness has been incorporated on the local scale by homogenization of the Reynolds equation and calculation of flow factors from real surface topography. Using the homogenization technique to incorporate the effect of surface roughness leads to a more efficient solution than mesh refinement of the deterministic problem as the roughness does not need to be resolved on the global solution domain, allowing for significantly less degrees of freedom in the global problem. The lubricant boundary pressures have been calculated using results from a numerical ring-pack model and the lubricant viscosity has been adjusted based on the cylinder liner wall temperature. It was found from the result of a comparison between deterministic and homogenized solutions that surface texture should be modelled on the global and not on the averaged roughness scale as is the case with many previous investigations.
Role of friction modifiers on the tribological performance of hypereutectic Al–Si alloy lubricated in boundary conditions
Authors: Morina A , Xia X , Neville A , Priest M , Roshan R , Warrens C P , Payne M J 
Published: June 2011

Hypereutectic Al–Si alloys are increasingly being as used as lightweight materials for engine components. This study is focused on understanding the tribochemical performance of a cast iron/Al–Si alloy system lubricated in the boundary regime using lubricating oils containing Zinc Dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) and different friction modifiers. The tribological performance of two organic and two inorganic Mo-containing friction modifiers, blended in a ZDDP-containing oil, is evaluated on a Plint TE 77 reciprocating tribometer in contact conditions comparable to the conditions in a piston ring/cylinder liner system of an internal combustion engine. Surface sensitive analytical techniques such as secondary ion mass spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy have been used to determine the chemical nature of the tribofilms formed on the Al–Si material. The additive effects on tribofilm formation as well as tribological performance are discussed. This study shows that the Mo-containing additives, when blended into a ZDDP-containing lubricant, give superior friction performance when compared to lubricants containing organic friction modifiers. The role of substrate material in tribofilm chemical and physical characteristics for all lubricants is discussed.
Monoclonal antibodies detect receptor-induced binding sites in Glu-plasminogen
Authors: Han Jaena , Baik Nagyung , Kim Kee-Hwan , Yang Jian-Ming , Han Gye Won , Gong Yun , Jardí Mercè , Castellino Francis J. , Felez Jordi , Parmer Robert J. , Miles Lindsey A. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWhen Glu-plasminogen binds to cells, its activation to plasmin is markedly enhanced compared with the reaction in solution, suggesting that Glu-plasminogen on cell surfaces adopts a conformation distinct from that in solution. However, direct evidence for such conformational changes has not been obtained. Therefore, we developed anti-plasminogen mAbs to test the hypothesis that Glu-plasminogen undergoes conformational changes on its interaction with cells. Six anti-plasminogen mAbs (recognizing 3 distinct epitopes) that preferentially recognized receptor-induced binding sites (RIBS) in Glu-plasminogen were obtained. The mAbs also preferentially recognized Glu-plasminogen bound to the C-terminal peptide of the plasminogen receptor, Plg-RKT, and to fibrin, plasmin-treated fibrinogen, and Matrigel. We used trypsin proteolysis, immunoaffinity chromatography, and tandem mass spectrometry and identified Glu-plasminogen sequences containing epitopes recognized by the anti-plasminogen-RIBS mAbs: a linear epitope within a domain linking kringles 1 and 2; a nonlinear epitope contained within the kringle 5 domain and the latent protease domain; and a nonlinear epitope contained within the N-terminal peptide of Glu-plasminogen and the latent protease domain. Our results identify neoepitopes latent in soluble Glu-plasminogen that become available when Glu-plasminogen binds to cells and demonstrate that binding of Glu-plasminogen to cells induces a conformational change in Glu-plasminogen distinct from that of Lys-Pg.