bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An experimental meat-free diet maintained haematological characteristics in sprint-racing sled dogs
Authors: Brown Wendy Y. , Vanselow Barbara A. , Redman Andrew J. , Pluske John R. 
Published: June 2009

A dog's nutrient requirements can theoretically be met from a properly balanced meat-free diet; however, proof for this is lacking. Exercise places additional demands on the body, and dogs fed a meat-free diet may be at increased risk of developing sports anaemia. We hypothesised that exercising dogs would remain in good health and not develop anaemia when fed a nutritionally balanced meat-free diet. To this end, twelve sprint-racing Siberian huskies were fed either a commercial diet recommended for active dogs (n6), or a meat-free diet formulated to the same nutrient specifications (n6). The commercial diet contained 43 % poultry meal, whereas soyabean meal and maize gluten made up 43 % of the meat-free diet, as the main protein ingredients. Dogs were fed these diets as their sole nutrient intake for 16 weeks, including 10 weeks of competitive racing. Blood samples were collected at weeks 0, 3, 8 and 16, and veterinary health checks were conducted at weeks 0, 8 and 16. Haematology results for all dogs, irrespective of diet, were within normal range throughout the study and the consulting veterinarian assessed all dogs to be in excellent physical condition. No dogs in the present study developed anaemia. On the contrary, erythrocyte counts and Hb values increased significantly over time (P < 0·01) in both groups of dogs. The present study is the first to demonstrate that a carefully balanced meat-free diet can maintain normal haematological values in exercising dogs.
The Evolution of Japanese Colonialism
Authors: Kublin Hyman 
Published: June 2009

Reflecting upon the career in the colonial government of Formosa that was to win him world-wide fame in the early twentieth century, Baron Shimpei Goto once remarked that “Japan had made no preparations whatever for the administration of the island at the time of its acquisition”. Underscoring this neglect, he added, was “the fact that, in the case of other nations confronted by a similar occasion, elaborate schemes are generally formulated to meet contingencies connected with the occupation of a new territory”. One may wonder whether the Baron included among the “elaborate schemers” the “absent-minded” builders of the British Empire.It does not matter whether Baron Goto was aware of the complex historical processes, of the actions and accidents, involved in the creation of great empires. It is not even important whether he really believed that the colonial programs of the imperial powers were, like the war plans carefully devised by army general staffs, drawn from secret files as occasions demanded. Goto was primarily interested in the formulation and implementation of a colonial policy for Japan. His observation on his government's lack of preparedness to assume control and direction of Formosan affairs should thus be taken not simply as a confession and condemnation but rather as a statement of purpose.
Hierarchy, Illusion and Social Mobility
Authors: Thrupp Sylvia L. 
Published: June 2009

Historic China and pre-industrial Europe were both once typed as rigid societies with their population more or less frozen into fixed social groupings. Since in both cases the trend of research has altered this view, one cannot help wondering why it ever prevailed. The present revision in Chinese studies is the more dramatic in being a return to the view of Quesnay, namely, that Confucian ideals guaranteed a constant social circulation: men of merit could rise in the world, but their sons, if they were inept, would sink. In medieval and early modern European studies there has been a steady shift away from emphasis on hereditary fixity to recognition that very considerable currents of social mobility may exist within a stable social structure.In both fields writers had begun by relying on ideals of order, rather incautiously, as a clue to actual custom. Confucian philosophy and ethical doctrine, it is true, gave rise to Quesnay's happy guess, but when this was discarded as doubtful, scholars fell back on legal texts. Here they found ideals of order expressed in an array of distinctions of juridical status. Instead of still postulating that these were mere lines of demarcation between groups, lines that a man could cross, they chose to regard them as effective barriers to mobility.
Political Development in the New States
Authors: Shils Edward 
Published: June 2009

There are very few states today which do not aspire to modernity. The day of rulers who were indifferent to the archaism of the society which they governed has almost disappeared. The leaders of nearly every state—both the old established states as well as the new states of Asia and Africa—feel a pressing necessity of espousing policies which will bring them well within the circle of modernity. Much of the opposition which they encounter among their politically interested countrymen contends that they are not modern enough. Many traditionalists are constrained to assert that only by cleaving to the essence of older traditions can a genuine and stable modernity be attained.Modern states must be “dynamic”, above all else. To be modern, an elite, as the elites of the new states see it, must not fear change; on the contrary, it umst strive to bring it about. It does not wish to remain as it is. It is against the ancien regime; even where it affirms the past of the country, it stresses its adaptability to the needs of the pressent. “Dynamic” is one of the favorite adjectives of the elites of the new states. The elites pride themselves on their dynamism and they claim that the mass of the population demands it of them. Almost everything else which they esteem presupposes this praise of change.
The Revolutionary Character of the Revolt of the Netherlands
Authors: Griffiths Gordon 
Published: June 2009

American and British writers have reinterpreted the English, American, French and Russian revolutions, but, since Motley,2 have had little new to say about the Revolt of the Netherlands. My hypothesis is that the Revolt of the Netherlands was indeed a revolution comparable to and deserving a place of priority in the list of great revolutions which have ushered in modern times.Motley liked to compare the Revolt of the Netherlands with the American Revolution, but what appealed to him in both movements was that they were as he saw them really not very revolutionary. The claims of traditional states' rights were asserted against the innovations of a centralizing monarchy. Neither the Dutch nor the American movement was carried away by a Jacobin zeal for unity. Both were directed against a government which was distant and foreign: the struggle against foreign domination therefore filled the center of the picture of both rebellions, and obscured domestic changes which may have been drastic enough to deserve the term “revolutionary.”
Social Typology and the Tropical Forest Civilizations
Authors: Coe Michael D. 
Published: June 2009

1. The Classic Khmer and the Classic Maya civilizations had cult centers but not true cities. They both arose in areas which were regionally undifferentiated.2. Easy transportation and heavy trade were lacking because of the areawide uniformity of crops and the difficult terrain. Consequently, urban centers were not and could not be supported.3. Both areas did produce a surplus and therefore could support civilized life. The social orders of each were so set up that through religious sanctions this surplus, which included labor, could be utilized for the creation and support of huge cult centers. Such a kind of organization might be considered as unilateral (mechanical) in the Durkheimian sense.4. In contrast, true cities arose in productive agricultural areas which were regionally specialized, with symbiotic interdependence of a Maussian nature. Trade and trade routes were highly developed so that commodity prices were sufficiently low to enable large groups of persons engaged in commerce to live together and yet make a profit on their activities. Internally specialized civilizations of this sort have been termed organic.5. It is suggested that among the organic civilizations, the state may have had its origin in the regulation of trade; among the unilateral civilizations, in the compulsion of tribute and corvee labor.
The Russian Intelligentsia: from Men of Ideas to Men of Convictions
Authors: Nahirny Vladimir C. 
Published: June 2009

The oppressive regime of Nicholas I witnessed the rise of the free-lance literati in Russia. Estranged from the state and divested of status in the official hierarchy, they turned their youthful energies and talents into intellectual pursuits. The generation of the “remarkable decade” represented the crowning point of this emancipatory development. While contrasting cultured Moscow before 1812 with that which he left in 1847, Herzen's heart throbbed with joy and satisfaction:We have made tremendous strides forward. In those days there was a society of the discontented — that is, of those who have been left out, dismissed, or laid on the shelf; now there is a society of independent people.
Ethnic Accommodation in a Historical Case
Authors: Holden Matthew 
Published: June 2009

I. The Political Meaning of Ethnic ConflictIf politics “in its broadest sense” is conceived as the “distribution of advantages and disadvantages among people” (Froman, p. 3), then the ultimate penalty is subordination (total exclusion from advantages) and the ultimate reward is dominance (total monopoly of advantages). The effort to change the balance of advantages and disadvantages between groups is the nexus of political conflict. In such conflict, ethnicity is a particularly important variable, precisely because it is one criterion found throughout the world by which groups are regularly assigned superior and inferior places.
Patrons, Patronage, and Political Parties
Authors: Weingrod Alex 
Published: June 2009

What is meant by “patronage”? The term appears with increased frequency in anthropological analysis. Indeed, it has become a major concept in the study of peasant societies, somewhat analogous to the concept of the “big man” in certain kinds of chiefdoms, or “fission and fusion” in lineage-type societies. There is, however, considerable ambiguity in the meaning given to the term. Consider, as examples, the following three excerpts from recent anthropological studies:Patronage is founded on the reciprocal relations between patrons and clients. By patron I mean a person who uses his influence to assist and protect some other person, who then becomes his “client”, and in return provides certain services for his patron… Patronage is thus the complex of relations between those who use their influence, social position or some other attribute to assist and protect others, and those whom they so help and protect.
Popular Diplomacy and Policy Effectiveness: A Note on the Mechanisms and Consequences (Comment on Birn)
Authors: Singer J. David 
Published: June 2009

While the Washington Conference of 1921–2 was not the first occasion on which public opinion had exercised an impact upon great power diplomacy, it seems to have provided one of the more dramatic illustrations of a process already well under way. In his Discourses, Machiavelli (p. 248) had already noted the dangers of building policy on the opinion of the people:And if you propose to them anything that, upon its face, seems profitable and courageous though there be really a loss concealed under it which may involve the ruin of the republic, the multitude will ever be most easily persuaded to it. But, if the measure proposed seems doubtful and likely to cause loss, then it will be difficult to persuade the people to it, even though the benefit and welfare of the republic were concealed under it.
Three North Mexican Folk Saint Movements
Authors: Macklin Barbara June , Crumrine N. Ross 
Published: June 2009

In each of the three cases presented, the changing role of the folk saint as well as the development of the movement indicate that a four-stage transformation is in operation:(1) The ‘call’ by means of a supernatural experience or ‘vocational struggle’ occurs in the future folk saint's life and initiates his career.(2) Offering a practical religion with solutions to physical and personal problems, the saint attracts individuals who are seeking such solace and remedy. Common purpose, journey and encampment near the curer foster group identity.(3)Myths about the miracle worker grow in the group and circulate abroad, intensifying group solidarity and attracting new adherents. Administrators and would-be exploiters enter. A transcendent ideology is introduced with social, political, and religious ramifications. These may be at once restorative and innovative. The success of the folk saint spawns other saints who also attract followers.(4) External, traditional power structures are threatened, and retaliate by applying political pressure, so that the last stage sees the decline and eclipse of the movement, and the loss of its innovative elements. The saint, no longer a potential secular power, devotes himself to curing, thus reemphasizing the culturally defined, traditional role of curandero or hitolio.
Boxer Muhammad Ali and Soldier Idi Amin As International Political Symbols: The Bioeconomics of Sport and War
Authors: Mazrui Ali A. 
Published: June 2009

Did Idi Amin join the army because of a lack of alternative economic opportunities for uneducated Kakwa in colonial Uganda? Or was he helped by the prior attractiveness of “tall African specimens” to those who were recruiting for the King's African Rifles?Why have black people performed better by world standards in athletics than in most other sports and games? Does the explanation lie in the low economic status of blacks? Or is it partly a question of the physical attributes of some black “athletic specimens?”Did the food culture of the Gurkhas and Punjabis help to make them “martial people” suitable for recruitment into the Indian army? Or were there primarily economic differences between them and the less martial communities of India like, say, the Gujerati?
The Social Bases of Technical Change: Mechanization of the Wheatlands of Argentina and Canada, 1890 to 1914
Authors: Adelman Jeremy 
Published: June 2009

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Argentina and Canada experienced unprecedented economic growth. In the period stretching from 1890 to 1914, Argentina and Canada played host to millions of migrating Europeans and became the largest borrowers on the world's capital markets. The infusion of foreign labour and capital helped to convert the empty grasslands into bread baskets for the world.The expansion was propelled by crops in the export sector, mainly cereals cultivated on the Argentine pampas and the Canadian prairies. By the early years of this century, wheat became the premier export for both countries, and eventually ranked among the world's top cereal exporters. After World War I, both countries combined to supply around 60 percent of the world's total wheat export trade.1Argentina and Canada exemplified what was beneficial about export-led development.
Interrogating Bodies: Medico-Racial Knowledge, Politics, and the Study of a Disease
Authors: Tapper Melbourne 
Published: June 2009

Many of the blood dyscrasias show more or less distinct inheritability and the familial character offers no new problem. But the racial specificity [of sickle cell anemia] is unique. If found to hold true, this would indicate that the primary basis for the disease must be laid in conditions far removed from any possible accident of the environment…. [W]e must assume that "the disease depends primarily on some fundamental racial peculiarity of the blood forming tissues.—G. S. Graham (1924)
Bastardy and Legitimacy in the Formation of a Regional State in Italy: The Estense Succession
Authors: Bestor Jane Fair 
Published: June 2009

In Italy during the Renaissance, an age that conjures up open systems of succession and ruthless dynastic struggle, the House of Este stood out for its singular succession practices. For almost one hundred and fifty years, illegitimately born Estense princes held office. Pope Pius II (r. 1458–64) marvelled:It is an extraordinary thing about that family that within our fathers' memory no legitimate heir has ever inherited the principate; the sons of their mistresses have been so much more fortunate than those of their wives. It is a circumstance contrary not only to Christian custom but to the law of almost all nations.
Pattern analysis of genotype-by-environment interaction for grain yield in durum wheat
Authors: MOHAMMADI R. , AMRI A. , HAGHPARAST R. , SADEGHZADEH D. , ARMION M. , AHMADI M. M. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYPattern analysis, cluster and ordination techniques, was applied to grain yield data of 20 durum wheat genotypes grown in 19 diversified environments during 2005–07 to identify patterns of genotype (G), environment (E) and genotype-by-environment (G×E) interaction in durum multi-environment trials (METs). Main effects due to E, G and G×E interaction were highly significant, and 0·85 of the total sum of squares (SS) was accounted for by E. Of the remaining SS, the G×E interaction was almost 12 times the contribution of G alone. The knowledge of environmental and genotype classification helped to reveal several patterns of G×E interaction. This was verified by ordination analysis of the G×E interaction matrix. Grouping of environments, based on genotype performance, resulted in the separation of different types of environments. Pattern analysis confirmed the cold and warm mega-environments, and allowed the discrimination and characterization of adaptation of genotypes. However, several patterns of G×E interaction in Iran's regional durum yield trials were further discerned within these mega-environments. The warm environments tended to be closer to one another, suggesting that they discriminate among durum genotypes similarly, whereas cold environments tended to diverge more. The dwarf and early maturing breeding lines from ICARDA with low to medium yields and high contribution to G×E interaction were highly adapted to warm environments, whereas the tall and later maturing genotypes with low to high yields were highly adapted to the cold environments of Iran.
Analytical method for determining at equilibrium the envelope and emittance of initially mismatched beams
Authors: NUNES R. P. , RIZZATO F. B. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis work presents a fully analytic way of determining relevant equilibrium quantities of a high-intensity charged particle beam submitted to magnetic focusing while inside a linear channel. Through the current approach, some intermediate steps of our original hybrid model which had to be solved numerically can now be eliminated, leading to the obtainment of a fully analytic expression. This expression relates the initial beam parameters with those at equilibrium, allowing beam macroscopic quantities such as envelope and emittance to be naturally and analytically determined. For validation, full self-consistent N-particle beam numerical simulations have been carried out and the results compared with the predictions supplied by the full analytical model. The agreement is shown to be good with the simulations and also with the original hybrid numerical-analytical version of the model.
Revision of the genusPionosyllis(Polychaeta: Syllidae: Eusyllinae), with a cladistic analysis, and the description of five new genera and two new species
Authors: San Martín Guillermo , López Eduardo , Aguado María Teresa 
Published: June 2009

PionosyllisMalmgren, 1867 is revised based on a cladistic analysis of the 41 species considered herein as valid, two newly described species in this paper (Basidiosyllis victoriaeandOpisthodonta russelli), 11 species from other genera actually belonging, or related to,Pionosyllis, and 13 syllid species from different subfamilies. The phylogenetic analysis is based on 55 characters; a strict consensus of 1200 equally parsimonious trees (length = 314 steps) was obtained. The clades containing species usually included withinPionosyllisare newly named within the frame of a new Linnean classification of the group (except for one, belonging to another subfamily). The diagnosis ofPionosyllisis emended, and five new genera are proposed:Synmerosyllis,Basidiosyllis,Westheidesyllis,PerkinsyllisandBrevicirrosyllis.ParaehlersiaSan Martín, 2003, proved to be closely related toPionosyllis. Seven species are transferred toOpisthodontaLangerhans, 1879, here emended, and three transferred toNudisyllisKnox & Cameron, 1970 (according to San Martín & Hutchings, 2006).Opisthodonta uraga(Imajima, 1966) comb. nov. andPerkinsyllis longisetosacomb. nov. are redescribed.Pionosyllis compactaMalmgren, 1867,P. styliferaEhlers, 1913,P. giganteaMoore, 1908,P. enigmatica(Wesenberg-Lund, 1950), andNudisyllis magnidens(Day, 1953) comb. nov., are redescribed.Pionosyllis marquesensisMonro, 1939 andP. proceraHartman, 1965 likely belong to the Syllinae, thus they are not treated in the taxonomic account.
Treatment of urinary schistosomiasis: methodological issues and research needs identified through a Cochrane systematic review
Authors: DANSO-APPIAH A. , GARNER P. , OLLIARO P. L. , UTZINGER J. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYGuidelines recommend praziquantel (PZQ) for the treatment and control of schistosomiasis, with no real alternative. Metrifonate was still widely used against Schistosoma haematobium in the 1990s, and then withdrawn. Experimental studies and clinical trials suggest that artemisinin compounds are active against S. haematobium. In a Cochrane systematic review assessing the efficacy and safety of drugs for treating urinary schistosomiasis, 24 randomized controlled trials (n=6315 individuals) met our inclusion criteria. These trials compared a variety of single agent and combination regimens with PZQ, metrifonate or artemisinin derivatives. The review confirmed that both the standard recommended doses of PZQ (single 40 mg/kg oral dose) and metrifonate (3×7·5–10 mg/kg oral doses administered fortnightly) are efficacious and safe in treating urinary schistosomiasis, but there is no study comparing these two regimens head-to-head. There is currently not enough evidence to evaluate artemisinin compounds. Most of the studies included in the Cochrane systematic review were insufficiently powered, lacked standardization in assessing and reporting outcomes, and had a number of methodological limitations. In this paper we discuss the implications of these findings with respect to public health and research methodology and propose priority research needs.