bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychoanalysis and the science of problem‐solving man: An appreciation of Popper's philosophy and a response to Will (1980)
Authors: Radford Michael 
Published: July 2011

Popper's philosophy has been often misrepresented in the debate about the scientific status of psychoanalysis by pseudo‐Popperians who use the idea of falsifiability without rejecting positivism and inductive logic. The debate itself is misconceived because it is based on the outdated positivist assumption that what is not science is not important. Partially submerged by this, however, is a very important debate about method. The issues are clearly focused by what is here called ‘Hill's problem’, that of finding a common framework in which the contributions of organic, psychodynamic and social psychiatry can be discussed and applied to clinical problem solving.Will's paper brings out many fundamental problems. This reply discusses misapprehended aspects of Popper's world view and introduces his plural interactionalist metaphysical research programme. It demonstrates the close similarity of Popper's view of science which Lorenz calls ‘hypothetical realism’ with Bhaskar's ‘transcendental realism’ which Will advocates for pyschoanalysis. The differences hinge on concepts of explanation and the methods of theory testing. It is here argued that Popper's view is better fitted for the task Will proposes. The resemblance of ‘hypothetical realism’ to the clinical tradition further demonstrates its applicability to Hill's problem.
Physiological and psychological correlates of motion sickness
Authors: Bick Peter A. 
Published: July 2011

Motion sickness (MS) has been inconclusively associated with personality and physical vestibular functioning in both males and females. The present work consisted of six tests: test of field dependency; pure balance test; motion sickness questionnaire; body steadiness test; primary suggestibility test; resistance to disturbance test. In addition the EPI was completed by a proportion of subjects. Male and female data for the 15 male and 15 female subjects in an age range 20 to 30 years, obtained from within Bedford College, University of London, were factor analysed separately.The results show that, firstly, field dependence, as understood by Witkin, is not associated with any of the measures investigated. For males, MS and resistance to disturbance appeared on the same factor and correlated significantly (r = 0.83, P < 0.001; two‐tailed test). The same correlation in women was not significant (r = 017). For females, MS and neuroticism appeared on the same factor and correlated significantly (r = 0.62, p < 0.05; two‐tailed test). The same correlation in men was not significant (r = 0.06). This suggests that MS in females is associated primarily with neuroticism, whereas in males it is associated with vestibular disturbance thresholds.
Cellular Infiltration and Cytokine Expression Correlate with Fistulizing State in Crohn's Disease
Authors: Naser Saleh A. , Romero Claudia , Urbina Princess , Naser Najih , Valentine John 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to determine the degree of infiltration of different cell subpopulations (tissue dendritic macrophages, T-helper cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, and B cells) and the expression of the cytokines interleukin-12 (IL-12) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in inflamed and noninflamed resected tissues from Crohn's disease (CD) and non-CD patients. Twenty-one resected full-thickness intestinal tissue specimens representing 13 subjects (8 CD and 5 non-CD patients) were included in this study. Sections of 20 μm in thickness were cut and then stained using immunohistochemistry. The sections were analyzed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Patterns of staining for inflamed CD and noninflamed CD tissues versus non-CD tissues demonstrated significant differences in the macrophage and T-helper subpopulations. Surprisingly, the T-helper subset was decreased significantly in the inflamed CD sections compared to the noninflamed CD and non-CD sections. The staining patterns also suggested differences in the expression of both IL-12 and TNF-α between the groups, with cytokine overexpression directly relating to the fistulizing state in CD patients. Cytokine expression is upregulated in chronic CD patients; therefore, the degree of inflammation and tissue damage in CD is dependent on the expression of specific cytokines within the tissue. Differentiation of cell subpopulations may be important for establishing a direct relationship with each state of CD (inflammatory, stricturing, and fistulizing states).
Use of Sindbis/Eastern Equine Encephalitis Chimeric Viruses in Plaque Reduction Neutralization Tests for Arboviral Disease Diagnostics
Authors: Johnson B. W. , Kosoy O. , Wang E. , Delorey M. , Russell B. , Bowen R. A. , Weaver S. C. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTEastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is a highly virulent, mosquito-borne alphavirus that causes severe and often fatal neurological disease in humans and horses in eastern North American, the Caribbean, and Mexico and throughout Central and South America. EEEV infection is diagnosed serologically by anti-EEEV-specific IgM detection, with confirmation by the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), which is highly specific for alphaviruses. Live virus is used in the PRNT procedure, which currently requires biosafety level 3 containment facilities and select agent security in the case of EEEV. These requirements restrict the ability of public health laboratories to conduct PRNTs. Sindbis virus (SINV)/EEEV recombinant constructs have been engineered to express the immunogenic structural proteins from 2 wild-type EEEV strains in an attenuated form. These SINV/EEEVs, which are not classified as select agents, were evaluated as alternative diagnostic reagents in a PRNT using human, equine, and murine sera. The results indicate that the chimeric viruses exhibit specificity comparable to that of wild-type EEEV, with only a slight reduction in sensitivity. Considering their benefits in increased safety and reduced regulatory requirements, these chimeric viruses should be highly useful in diagnostic laboratories throughout the Americas.
Use of a Recombinant Burkholderia Intracellular Motility A Protein for Immunodiagnosis of Glanders
Authors: Kumar Subodh , Malik Praveen , Verma Shailendra Kumar , Pal Vijai , Gautam Vandana , Mukhopadhyay Chiranjay , Rai Ganga Prasad 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTGlanders, caused by the Gram-negative, nonmotile bacteriumBurkholderia mallei, is a contagious and highly fatal disease of equines. During the last decade, the number of glanders outbreaks has increased steadily. The disease also has high zoonotic significance andB. malleiis listed biological warfare agent. The complement fixation test (CFT) is a routinely used and internationally recognized test to screen equine sera for the glanders. However, discrepant results have been observed using the CFT. The low sensitivity and specificity of the CFT and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) have been linked to the use of crude test antigens. We expressed a novel recombinantBurkholderiaintracellular motility A (rBimA) protein inEscherichia colifor the diagnosis of equine glanders. Purified rBimA was used in an indirect ELISA format. All of the 21 true-positive serum samples used in the study tested positive, whereas only 17 of the 1,524 potentially negative sera tested positive by indirect ELISA, thus exhibiting 100% sensitivity and 98.88% specificity. Also, rBimA protein did not react with melioidosis patient and normal healthy human serum samples, showing its high specificity. The developed assay can be used as a simple and rapid tool for diagnosis of glanders in equine serum samples. An Indian patent (1328/DEL/2010) has been filed for the reagent.
Phoenix 100 versus Vitek 2 in the Identification of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria: a Comprehensive Meta-Analysis
Authors: Chatzigeorgiou Kalliopi-Stavroula , Sergentanis Theodoros N. , Tsiodras Sotirios , Hamodrakas Stavros J. , Bagos Pantelis G. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT

Phoenix 100 and Vitek 2 (operating with the current colorimetric cards) are commonly used in hospital laboratories for rapid identification of microorganisms. The present meta-analysis aims to evaluate and compare their performance on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The MEDLINE database was searched up to October 2010 for the retrieval of relevant articles. Pooled correct identification rates were derived from random-effects models, using the arcsine transformation. Separate analyses were conducted at the genus and species levels; subanalyses and meta-regression were undertaken to reveal meaningful system- and study-related modifiers. A total of 29 (6,635 isolates) and 19 (4,363 isolates) articles were eligible for Phoenix and colorimetric Vitek 2, respectively. No significant differences were observed between Phoenix and Vitek 2 either at the genus (97.70% versus 97.59%,
P
= 0.919) or the species (92.51% versus 88.77%,
P
= 0.149) level. Studies conducted with conventional comparator methods tended to report significantly better results compared to those using molecular reference techniques. Speciation of
Staphylococcus aureus
was significantly more accurate in comparison to coagulase-negative staphylococci by both Phoenix (99.78% versus 88.42%,
P
< 0.00001) and Vitek 2 (98.22% versus 91.89%,
P
= 0.043). Vitek 2 also reached higher correct identification rates for Gram-negative fermenters versus nonfermenters at the genus (99.60% versus 95.90%,
P
= 0.004) and the species (97.42% versus 84.85%,
P
= 0.003) level. In conclusion, the accuracy of both systems seems modified by underlying sample- and comparator method-related parameters. Future simultaneous assessment of the instruments against molecular comparator procedures may facilitate interpretation of the current observations.
Limitations of Spoligotyping and Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Typing for Molecular Tracing of Mycobacterium bovis in a High-Diversity Setting
Authors: Rodriguez-Campos Sabrina , Aranaz Alicia , de Juan Lucía , Sáez-Llorente José Luis , Romero Beatriz , Bezos Javier , Jiménez Antonio , Mateos Ana , Domínguez Lucas 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT

This study describes the attempt to trace the first
Mycobacterium bovis
outbreak in alpacas (
Lama pacos
) in Spain by spoligotyping and variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) analysis. Due to high genotype diversity, no matching source was identified, but local expansion of a clonal group was found and its significance for molecular tracing is discussed.
Reidentification of Streptococcus bovis Isolates Causing Bacteremia According to the New Taxonomy Criteria: Still an Issue?
Authors: Romero Beatriz , Morosini María-Isabel , Loza Elena , Rodríguez-Baños Mercedes , Navas Enrique , Cantón Rafael , Campo Rosa del 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT

All
Streptococcus bovis
blood culture isolates recovered from January 2003 to January 2010 (
n
= 52) at the Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal were reidentified on the basis of their genetic traits using new taxonomic criteria. Initial identification was performed by the semiautomatic Wider system (Fco. Soria-Melguizo, Spain) and the API 20 Strep system (bioMérieux, France). All isolates were reidentified by PCR amplification and sequencing of both the 16S rRNA and
sodA
genes and by mass spectrometry using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS; Bruker, Germany). Results of 16S rRNA/
sod
A
gene sequencing were as follows:
Streptococcus gallolyticus
subsp.
gallolyticus
, 14/14 (number of isolates identified by 16S rRNA/number of isolates identified by
sodA
gene sequencing);
Streptococcus gallolyticus
subsp.
pasteurianus
, 24/24;
Streptococcus
spp., 7/0;
Streptococcus infantarius
subsp.
infantarius
, 0/2;
Streptococcus lutetiensis
, 0/5;
Leuconostoc mesenteroides
, 4/0; and
Lactococcus lactis
, 3/3. MALDI-TOF MS identified 27
S. gallolyticus
isolates but not at the subspecies level, 4
L. mesenteroides
isolates, 3
L. lactis
isolates, and 6
S. lutetiensis
isolates, whereas 12 isolates rendered a nonreliable identification result. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis grouped all
S. gallolyticus
subsp.
gallolyticus
isolates into 3 major clusters clearly different from those of the
S. gallolyticus
subsp.
pasteurianus
isolates, which, in turn, exhibited no clonal relationship. The percentages of resistance to the tested antimicrobials were 38% for erythromycin, 23% for fosfomycin, 10% for levofloxacin, 6% for tetracycline, and 4% for co-trimoxazole. The most frequent underlying diseases were hepatobiliary disorders (53%), endocarditis (17%), and malignancies (12%). We conclude that sequencing of the
sod
A
gene was the most discriminatory method and that
S. gallolyticus
subsp.
pasteurianus
appears to have a higher genetic diversity than
S. gallolyticus
subsp.
gallolyticus
.
Detection of Blastomyces dermatitidis and Histoplasma capsulatum from Culture Isolates and Clinical Specimens by Use of Real-Time PCR
Authors: Babady N. Esther , Buckwalter Seanne P. , Hall Leslie , Le Febre Kara M. , Binnicker Matthew J. , Wengenack Nancy L. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT

Blastomyces dermatitidis
and
Histoplasma capsulatum
are dimorphic fungi that often cause self-limited respiratory infections. However, they may also cause severe disseminated disease, depending on the level of the exposure to the organism and the host immune status. In addition, patients with infections caused by these fungi may have very similar clinical presentations. Although microbiologic culture is a standard method for detecting these pathogens, their recovery may require days to weeks, and the manipulation of cultures presents a significant safety hazard to laboratory personnel. Therefore, the goal of this study was to design a rapid, real-time PCR assay to detect and differentiate
B. dermatitidis
and
H. capsulatum
from culture isolates and directly from clinical specimens. Primers and fluorescence resonance energy transfer hybridization probes were designed to target the histidine kinase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes of
B. dermatitidis
and
H. capsulatum
, respectively. The analytical sensitivity of the assay was determined to be 100 copies/μl for both fungi. From culture isolates, the assay demonstrated 100% specificity and 100% sensitivity for
B. dermatitidis
and 100% specificity and 94% sensitivity for
H. capsulatum
. Detection directly from 797 clinical specimens demonstrated specificities and sensitivities of 99% and 86% for
B. dermatitidis
and 100% and 73% for
H. capsulatum
compared with the results for culture. This real-time PCR assay provides a rapid method for the detection of
B. dermatitidis
and
H. capsulatum
from culture isolates and directly from clinical specimens.
Molecular Epidemiology of a Hepatitis C Virus Outbreak in a Leprosy Sanatorium in Japan
Authors: Teramoto Hidemi , Shiogama Kazuya , Mizutani Yasuyoshi , Inada Ken-ichi , Kamahora Toshio , Makino Masanao , Tsutsumi Yutaka 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) outbreak that occurred between 1940 and 1999 in a closed leprosy sanatorium located on a small island in Japan was analyzed. The analysis of 318 nucleotides in the NS5B region of HCV allowed us to establish the existence of at least three different HCV strains in this sanatorium.
First Case of Segniliparus rotundus Pneumonia in a Patient with Bronchiectasis
Authors: Koh Won-Jung , Choi Go-Eun , Lee Seung-Heon , Park Young Kil , Lee Nam Yong , Shin Sung Jae 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT

We report the first case of
Segniliparus rotundus
pneumonia in an adult with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. All isolates were identified as
S. rotundus
by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and
rpoB
PCR-restriction analysis. Antibiotic therapy with clarithromycin and ciprofloxacin for 2 months improved the patient's condition and achieved successful sputum conversion.
Stability of Hepatitis C Virus, HIV, and Hepatitis B Virus Nucleic Acids in Plasma Samples after Long-Term Storage at −20
o
C and −70
o
C
Authors: Baleriola Cristina , Johal Harpreet , Jacka Brendan , Chaverot Sandra , Bowden Scott , Lacey Sara , Rawlinson William 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT

The storage of biological samples may affect detection of viral nucleic acid, yet the stability of viral nucleic acid at standard laboratory storage temperatures (−70°C and −20°C) has not been comprehensively assessed. Deterioration of viral RNA and DNA during storage may affect the detection of viruses, thus leading to an increased likelihood of false-negative results on diagnostic testing. The viral loads of 99 hepatitis C virus (HCV), 41 HIV, and 101 hepatitis B virus (HBV) patient samples were measured before and after storage at −20°C and −70°C for up to 9.1 years using Versant branched DNA assays, Cobas Monitor assays, and/or AmpliPrep/AmpliScreen assays. Clinical samples stored at −20°C for up to 1.2 years and at −70°C for up to 9 years showed a statistically significant difference from baseline with respect to HCV RNA titer, although this difference was not greater than 0.5 log
10
unit. The concentration of HIV RNA in clinical samples stored at −20°C for 2.3 years and at −70°C for up to 9.1 years did not differ significantly from the baseline viral load. HBV DNA-positive clinical samples stored at −20°C for up to 5 years and at −70°C for up to 4 years differed significantly in viral load. In all studies, however, the loss of viral load of HCV, HIV, or HBV in clinical samples tested after storage at −20°C and −70°C for up to 9 years ranged from 0.01 to 0.35 log
10
IU/ml and did not exceed 0.5 log
10
, which is the estimated intra-assay variation for molecular tests. Hence, the loss was considered of minimal clinical impact and adequate for the detection of HCV, HIV-1, and HBV nucleic acids using nucleic acid assays for the assessment of the infectious risk of cell, blood, and tissue donors.
APOBEC3G Complexes Decrease Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Production
Authors: Martin Kenneth L. , Johnson Megan , D'Aquila Richard T. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT
APOBEC3G (A3G) is packaged into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virions unless HIV-1 virion infectivity factor (Vif) counteracts it. Virion A3G restricts HIV-1 reverse transcription and integration in target cells. Some A3G in producer cells colocalizes with specific cytoplasmic structures, in what are called “A3G complexes” here. Functional effects of producer cell A3G complexes on HIV-1 replication were studied. HeLa cells were cotransfected with HIV-1 constructs producing pseudoviruses, as well as either wild-type (WT) A3G or a mutant A3G (C97A, Y124A, W127A, or D128K A3G). Pseudovirus particle production was decreased from cells expressing any of the A3Gs that formed complexes by 24 h after transfection, relative to cells with C97A A3G that did not form detectable A3G complexes by 24 h or A3G-negative cells. The intracellular HIV-1 Gag half-life was shorter in cells containing A3G complexes than in those lacking complexes. HIV-1 virion output was decreased in a single round of replication from a T cell line containing A3G complexes (CEM cells) after infection with Vif-negative HIV-1, compared to Vif-positive HIV-1 that depleted A3G. Levels of production of Vif-negative and Vif-positive virus were similar from cells not containing A3G (CEM-SS cells). Knockdown of the mRNA processing body (P-body) component RCK/p54, eliminated A3G complex formation, and increased HIV-1 production. We conclude that endogenous A3G complexes in producer cells decrease HIV-1 production if not degraded by Vif.
Epigenetic and Transcriptional Changes Which Follow Epstein-Barr Virus Infection of Germinal Center B Cells and Their Relevance to the Pathogenesis of Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Authors: Leonard Sarah , Wei Wenbin , Anderton Jennifer , Vockerodt Martina , Rowe Martin , Murray Paul G. , Woodman Ciaran B. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT
Although Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) usually establishes an asymptomatic lifelong infection, it is also implicated in the development of germinal center (GC) B-cell-derived malignancies, including Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL). Following primary infection, EBV remains latent in the memory B-cell population, where host-driven methylation of viral DNA contributes to the repression of viral gene expression. However, it is still unclear how EBV harnesses the cell's methylation machinery in B cells, how this contributes to viral persistence, and what impact this has on the methylation of cellular genes. We show that EBV infection of GC B cells is followed by upregulation of the DNA methyltransferase DNMT3A and downregulation of DNMT3B and DNMT1. We show that the EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) oncogene downregulates DNMT1 and that DNMT3A binds to the viral promoter Wp. Genome-wide promoter arrays performed with these cells showed that EBV-associated methylation changes in cellular genes were not randomly distributed across the genome but clustered at chromosomal locations, consistent with an instructive pattern of methylation, and were in part determined by promoter CpG content. Both DNMT3B and DNMT1 were downregulated and DNMT3A was upregulated in HL cell lines, recapitulating the pattern of expression observed following EBV infection of GC B cells. We also found, by using gene expression profiling, that genes differentially expressed following EBV infection of GC B cells were significantly enriched for those reported to be differentially expressed in HL. These observations suggest that EBV-infected GC B cells are a useful model for studying virus-associated changes contributing to the pathogenesis of HL.
The Leader Protein of Cardioviruses Inhibits Stress Granule Assembly
Authors: Borghese Fabian , Michiels Thomas 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT

Stress granules (SG) are cytoplasmic aggregates of stalled translation preinitiation complexes that form in cells exposed to various environmental stresses. Here, we show that stress granules assemble in cells infected with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) mutants carrying alterations in the leader (L) protein, but not in cells infected with wild-type TMEV. Stress granules also formed in STAT1-deficient cells, suggesting that SG formation was not a consequence of increased type I interferon (IFN) production when cells were infected with the mutant virus. Ectopic expression of the wild-type L protein was sufficient to inhibit stress granule formation induced by sodium arsenite or thapsigargin treatment. In conclusion, TMEV infection induces stress granule assembly, but this process is inhibited by the L protein. Unlike poliovirus-induced stress granules, TMEV-induced stress granules did not contain the nuclear protein Sam68 but contained polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB), an internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-interacting protein. Moreover, G3BP was not degraded and was found in SG after TMEV infection, suggesting that SG content could be virus specific. Despite the colocalization of PTB with SG and the known interaction of PTB with viral RNA,
in situ
hybridization and immunofluorescence assays failed to detect viral RNA trapped in infection-induced SG. Recombinant Theiler's viruses expressing the L protein of Saffold virus 2 (SAFV-2), a closely related human theilovirus, or the L protein of mengovirus, an encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) strain, also inhibited infection-induced stress granule assembly, suggesting that stress granule antagonism is a common feature of cardiovirus L proteins.