bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficient Fractionation of Spruce by SO2‐Ethanol‐Water Treatment: Closed Mass Balances for Carbohydrates and Sulfur
Authors: Iakovlev Mikhail , van Heiningen Adriaan 
Published: June 2012

AbstractSO2‐ethanol‐water (SEW) lignocellulosic fractionation has the potential to overcome the present techno‐economic barriers that hinder the commercial implementation of renewable transportation fuel production. In this study, SEW fractionation of spruce wood chips is examined for its ability to separate the main wood components, hemicelluloses, lignin, and cellulose, and the potential to recover SO2 and ethanol from the spent fractionation liquid. Therefore, overall sulfur and carbohydrate mass balances are established. 95–97 % of the charged SO2 remains in the liquid and can be fully recovered by distillation. During fractionation, hemicelluloses and lignin are effectively dissolved, whereas cellulose is preserved in the solid (fibre) phase. Hemicelluloses are hydrolysed, producing up to 50 % monomeric sugars, whereas dehydration and oxidation of carbohydrates are insignificant. The latter is proven by the closed carbohydrate material balances as well as by the near absence of corresponding by‐products (furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and aldonic acids). In addition, acid methanolysis/GC and acid hydrolysis/high performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC) methods for the carbohydrate determination are compared.
Catalytic Lignin Valorization Process for the Production of Aromatic Chemicals and Hydrogen
Authors: Zakzeski Joseph , Jongerius Anna L. , Bruijnincx Pieter C. A. , Weckhuysen Bert M. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractWith dwindling reserves of fossil feedstock as a resource for chemicals production, the fraction of chemicals and energy supplied by alternative, renewable resources, such as lignin, can be expected to increase in the foreseeable future. Here, we demonstrate a catalytic process to valorize lignin (exemplified with kraft, organosolv, and sugarcane bagasse lignin) using a mixture of cheap, bio‐renewable ethanol and water as solvent. Ethanol/water mixtures readily solubilize lignin under moderate temperatures and pressures with little residual solids. The molecular weight of the dissolved lignins was shown to be reduced by gel permeation chromatography and quantitative HSQC NMR methods. The use of liquid‐phase reforming of the solubilized lignin over a Pt/Al2O3 catalyst at 498 K and 58 bar is introduced to yield up to 17 % combined yield of monomeric aromatic oxygenates such as guaiacol and substituted guaiacols generating hydrogen as a useful by‐product. Reduction of the lignin dissolved in ethanol/water using a supported transition metal catalyst at 473 K and 30 bar hydrogen yields up to 6 % of cyclic hydrocarbons and aromatics.
Nonlinear Simulations of Peeling‐Ballooning Modes with Parallel Velocity Perturbation
Authors: Xia T. Y. , Xu X. Q. , Dudson B. D. , Li J. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe fast‐reconnection simulation of ELMs in high‐confinement mode tokamak discharges with non‐ideal physics effects has been reported by Xu, et al [1] with a minimum set of three‐field two‐fluid equations. Here we improve the simulation by adding the perturbed parallel velocity and Hall effect, then extend the model to a set of four‐field two‐fluid equations to describe the pedestal collapse with the BOUT++ simulation code. Compared to the previous results, we find that the perturbed parallel velocity can decrease the growth rate by 20.0%, and the ELM size is decreased by 12.1%. The Hall effect influences the linear growth rate effectively. Without perturbed parallel velocity, the Hall effect will increase the growth rate by 9.8%. It is increased by 19.1% if the parallel velocity is considered. These results are consistent with the qualitative theoretical analysis. In order to smooth the perturbed zigzags of the profiles of variables, we add the hyper‐diffusion terms in the equations. We use the hyper‐diffusion of pressure which does not affect the linear growth rate and the ELM structure obviously, but they can smooth the profiles effectively on grid scales. Last the effects of other differencing methods are discussed and we find that lower order method yeilds lower fluctuation level and smaller ELM size (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Simulation Study of L/H Transition with Self‐Consistent Integrated Modelling of Core and SOL/Divertor Transport
Authors: Yagi M. , Shimizu K. , Takizuka T. , Honda M. , Hayashi N. , Hoshino K. , Fukuyama A. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractWe have developed a self‐consistent integrated simulation model of core and scrape‐off‐layer (SOL)/divertor transport. This model enables the user to investigate operational scenarios with compatible high‐confinement core plasmas and detached divertor plasmas. A 1.5D core code TOPICS‐IB and a 2D divertor code SONIC are successfully coupled using a Multiple Program Multiple Data parallel computing system. This integrated code, which can include Monte‐Carlo models for neutrals and impurities, provides efficient plasma/neutral simulations. The dynamic simulation for the L/H transition in JT‐60SA is carried out by this integrated code using a current‐diffusive ballooning mode (CDBM) transport model that includes the E×B shearing effect. The impact of SOL/divertor transport on the L/H transition is studied (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Statistical Analysis of the Spatial Behavior of Plasma Blobs Around the Plasma Column in a Linear Plasma Device
Authors: Tanaka H. , Ohno N. , Tsuji Y. , Okazaki K. , Kajita S. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA new statistical analysis technique is applied to the spatial behavior of coherent plasma structures around the plasma column in the linear plasma device NAGDIS‐II. The two‐dimensional behavior of visible light emission is measured using a fast‐imaging camera, and the movie data shows that spiral shaped structures appear intermittently and rotate around the plasma column. The ejection position of the structures in the azimuthal direction is detected and then analyzed. To extract detailed statistics in the spatial domain, the effect of the global rotation is removed. By reconstructing the trajectory of a structure over a 360° range and using rescaled range (R/S) analysis, it is found that the trajectory is similar to a Brownian motion superimposed upon the global rotation. This result indicates that the process of generation of these structures is influenced by previous ejection events (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Impurity Seeding with Dust Injection in Tokamak Edge Plasmas
Authors: Smirnov R.D. , Krasheninnikov S.I. , Pigarov A.Yu. , Rognlien T.D. , Mansfield D.K. , Skinner C.H. , Roquemore A.L. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractImpurity seeding of tokamak edge plasmas in the form of dust is modeled using the recently coupled DUSTT/UEDGE code. The effects on edge plasma performance due to lithium and carbon dust continuously injected at different poloidal locations in NSTX and ITER are modeled. Modeling demonstrates that dust injection into the edge plasma with rates of the order of several 10 mg · s–1 for NSTX and 1 g · s–1 for ITER can significantly increase radiation power losses leading to substantial reduction of the divertor heat load. The impact of different rates of dust injection on plasma operation and stability is discussed. The simulated edge plasma performance with injected dust is compared with the case of injection of an equivalent amount of dust material in the form of atomic vapor. It is shown that injection of dust in ITER can lead to better assimilation of impurities in the divertor plasma as compared to neutral gas injection (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On Recent Massively Parallelized PIC Simulations of the SOL
Authors: Tskhakaya D. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractRecent results of massively parallel kinetic (PIC/MC) simulations of the tokamak scrape‐off layer are discussed. It is demonstrated that a number of well studied properties of the low‐recycling divertor plasma, such as the sound speed and the average energy of plasma particles impinging on the divertors, cannot be generalized to the high recycling case. A new analytical model for plasma boundary condition has been derived (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A maximum likelihood approach to generate hypotheses on the evolution and historical biogeography in the Lower Volga Valley regions (southwest Russia)
Authors: Mavrodiev Evgeny V. , Laktionov Alexy P. , Cellinese Nico 
Published: June 2012

Abstract The evolution of the diverse flora in the Lower Volga Valley (LVV) (southwest Russia) is complex due to the composite geomorphology and tectonic history of the Caspian Sea and adjacent areas. In the absence of phylogenetic studies and temporal information, we implemented a maximum likelihood (ML) approach and stochastic character mapping reconstruction aiming at recovering historical signals from species occurrence data. A taxon‐area matrix of 13 floristic areas and 1018 extant species was constructed and analyzed with RAxML and Mesquite. Additionally, we simulated scenarios with numbers of hypothetical extinct taxa from an unknown palaeoflora that occupied the areas before the dramatic transgression and regression events that have occurred from the Pleistocene to the present day. The flora occurring strictly along the river valley and delta appear to be younger than that of adjacent steppes and desert‐like regions, regardless of the chronology of transgression and regression events that led to the geomorphological formation of the LVV. This result is also supported when hypothetical extinct taxa are included in the analyses. The history of each species was inferred by using a stochastic character mapping reconstruction method as implemented in Mesquite. Individual histories appear to be independent from one another and have been shaped by repeated dispersal and extinction events. These reconstructions provide testable hypotheses for more in‐depth investigations of their population structure and dynamics.
Platinum(0) Complexes with Alkynylphosphane Ligands
Authors: Berenguer Jesús R. , Lalinde Elena , Moreno M. Teresa , Montaño Patricia 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe reactivity of the Pt0 derivative [Pt2(dba)3] (dba = trans,trans‐dibenzylideneacetone) towards PPh2C≡CR [R = Ph, tolyl (Tol), C5H4N‐2] and PPh2C≡CPPh2 (dppa) has been explored. Treatment of [Pt2(dba)3] with PPh2C≡CR (8 equiv.) in THF gave the tetrahedral complexes [Pt(PPh2C≡CR)4] [R = Ph (1), Tol (3), C5H4N‐2 (5)], whereas reactions with a molar ratio of 1:4 afforded the binuclear derivatives [{Pt(PPh2C≡CR)(μ‐κP:η2‐PPh2C≡CR)}2] [R = Ph (2), Tol (4) X‐ray, C5H4N‐2 (6)], which were shown to be generated through the mononuclear complexes 1, 3 and 5 as intermediate species. An analogous reaction using 4 equiv. of PPh2C≡CPPh2 afforded [Pt2(PPh2C≡CPPh2)2(μ‐κ2PP′‐PPh2C≡CPPh2)3] (7), in which two “Pt(PPh2C≡CPPh2)” fragments are joined through three bridging dppa ligands (μ‐κ2PP′‐PPh2C≡CPPh2). Attempts to crystallize 7 at –30 °C afforded crystals of [Pt2{PPh2C≡CP(O)Ph2}2(μ‐κ2PP′‐PPh2C≡CPPh2)3] (8) by oxidation of the free end of the terminal dppa ligands. The compound was characterized by X‐ray diffraction.
Study on spontaneous ignition of stored food waste to be used for recycling
Authors: Murasawa Naoharu , Koseki Hiroshi , Iwata Yusaku , Gao Lijing 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTAlthough stored at near room temperature, a large amount of stored industrial food waste or their recycled material gradually heats up and then ignites. To understand this phenomenon, soy sauce squeezing residue produced from the soy sauce brewing process and fish meal residue from processing fish were examined. We used a thermo gravimetric/differential thermal analysis system, a highly sensitive heat flux calorimeter (C80) and a spontaneous ignition tester to study their thermal properties. We applied Frank–Kamenetskii's thermal ignition theory to obtain the critical ignition temperature (Tc) and the relationship between Tc and the pile height. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genistein induces growth arrest and suppresses telomerase activity in brain tumor cells
Authors: Khaw Aik Kia , Yong Jacklyn Wei Yan , Kalthur Guruprasad , Hande M. Prakash 
Published: June 2012

AbstractGenistein, a soy isoflavone, has been reported to exhibit multiple effects, such as inducing cell cycle arrest, triggering apoptosis, inhibiting the activation of NFKB and inactivating several signaling cascades in human cancer cells. In vivo studies demonstrating antiangiogenesis and antimetastatic effects of genistein have also been reported. Here, we demonstrate that genistein inhibits the growth of glioblastoma multiforme and medulloblastoma cells with different TP53 mutations and radio‐responses by arresting the cells at G2/M phase of the cell cycle. The cell cycle arrest was found to be independent of DNA damage and such an arrest was sustainable for at least 10 days even after drug removal. Annexin V staining revealed absence of apoptotic or necrotic cell populations after genistein treatment. This supports the observation that genistein induces insignificant DNA damage and indicates that the cell cycle arrest triggered does not lead to cell death. Gene and protein expression studies reveal similar changes in the same pathways following treatment in the cell types tested. Genistein was also able to inhibit telomerase activity resulting in telomere shortening. Thus, we demonstrate, for the first time, that genistein induces growth arrest in association with telomerase inhibition in brain tumor cells via the suppression of TR‐ and TERT mRNA. By elucidating the mechanisms of anticancer effects after genistein treatment in brain tumor cells, there will be a premise for the incorporation of genistein dietary sources to complement radiotherapy in brain tumor patients. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oligodendroglia are limited in type I interferon induction and responsiveness in vivo
Authors: Kapil Parul , Butchi Niranjan B. , Stohlman Stephen A. , Bergmann Cornelia C. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractType I interferons (IFNα/β) provide a primary defense against infection. Nevertheless, the dynamics of IFNα/β induction and responsiveness by central nervous system (CNS) resident cells in vivo in response to viral infections are poorly understood. Mice were infected with a neurotropic coronavirus with tropism for oligodendroglia and microglia to probe innate antiviral responses during acute encephalomyelitis. Expression of genes associated with the IFNα/β pathways was monitored in microglia and oligodendroglia purified from naïve and infected mice by fluorescent activated cell sorting. Compared with microglia, oligodendroglia were characterized by low basal expression of mRNA encoding viral RNA sensing pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), IFNα/β receptor chains, interferon sensitive genes (ISG), as well as kinases and transcription factors critical in IFNα/β signaling. Although PRRs and ISGs were upregulated by infection in both cell types, the repertoire and absolute mRNA levels were more limited in oligodendroglia. Furthermore, although oligodendroglia harbored higher levels of viral RNA compared with microglia, Ifnα/β was only induced in microglia. Stimulation with the double stranded RNA analogue poly I:C also failed to induce Ifnα/β in oligodendroglia, and resulted in reduced and delayed induction of ISGs compared with microglia. The limited antiviral response by oligodendroglia was associated with a high threshold for upregulation of Ikkε and Irf7 transcripts, both central to amplifying IFNα/β responses. Overall, these data reveal that oligodendroglia from the adult CNS are poor sensors of viral infection and suggest they require exogenous IFNα/β to establish an antiviral state. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The balance of forward and backward hippocampal sequences shifts across behavioral states
Authors: Wikenheiser Andrew M. , Redish A. David 
Published: June 2012

AbstractPlace cell firing patterns in the rat hippocampus are often organized as sequences. Sequences falling within cycles of the theta (6–10 Hz) local field potential (LFP) oscillation represent segments of ongoing behavioral trajectories. Sequences expressed during sharp wave ripple (SWR) complexes represent spatial trajectories through the environment, in both the same direction as actual trajectories (forward sequences) and in an ordering opposite that of behavior (backward sequences). Although hippocampal sequences could fulfill unique functional roles depending on the direction of the sequence and the animal's state when the sequence occurs, quantitative comparisons of sequence direction across behavioral and physiological states within the same experiment, employing consistent methodology, are lacking. Here, we used cross‐correlation and Bayesian decoding to measure the direction of hippocampal sequences in rats during active behavior, awake rest and slow‐wave sleep. During pretask sleep, few sequences were detected in either direction. Sequences within theta cycles during active behavior were overwhelmingly forward. Sequences during quiescent moments of behavior were both forward and backward, in equal proportion. During postbehavior sleep, sequences were again expressed in both directions, but significantly more forward than backward sequences were detected. The shift in the balance of sequence direction could reflect changing functional demands on the hippocampal network across behavioral and physiological states. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A polymer coating applied to Salmonella prevents the binding of Salmonella‐specific antibodies
Authors: Lee Che‐Hsin , Lin Yu‐Hsin , Hsieh Jeng‐Long , Chen Man‐Chin , Kuo Wan‐Lin 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe use of Salmonella as a potential antitumor agent has been investigated, but innate immunity against this bacterium reduces the efficacy of its tumor‐targeting and antitumor activities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the modulation of the tumor‐targeting efficiency of Salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis by modifying the immune response to these bacteria by coating them with poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH), designated PAH‐S.C. To evaluate this modulation, we used naïve mice and mice immunized with Salmonella to study the role of the preexisting immune response to the antitumor activity of PAH‐S.C. When anti‐Salmonella antibodies were present, the invasion activity, cytotoxicity, and gene transfer of Salmonella was significantly decreased, both in vitro and in vivo. Treatment with PAH‐S.C. resulted in delayed tumor growth and enhanced survival in immunized mice. Furthermore, immunohistochemical studies of the tumors revealed the infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages in immunized mice treated with PAH‐S.C. These results indicate that Salmonella encapsulation effectively circumvented the Salmonella‐specific immune response.
Cyclic GMP/protein kinase G type‐Iα (PKG‐Iα) signaling pathway promotes CREB phosphorylation and maintains higher c‐IAP1, livin, survivin, and Mcl‐1 expression and the inhibition of PKG‐Iα kinase activity synergizes with cisplatin in non‐small cell lung cancer cells
Authors: Wong Janica C. , Bathina Madhavi , Fiscus Ronald R. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractPreviously, our laboratory showed that nitric oxide (NO)/cyclic GMP (cGMP)/protein kinase G type‐Iα (PKG‐Iα) signaling pathway plays an important role in preventing spontaneous apoptosis and promoting cell proliferation in both normal cells (bone marrow stromal cells and vascular smooth muscle cells) and certain cancer cells (ovarian cancer cells). In the present study, we investigated the novel role of the cGMP/PKG‐Iα pathway in preventing spontaneous apoptosis, promoting colony formation and regulating phosphorylation of cAMP response element binding (CREB) protein and protein expression of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) and anti‐apoptotic Bcl‐2‐related proteins in NCI‐H460 and A549 non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. 1H‐(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3‐a)quinoxalin‐1‐one (ODQ), which blocks endogenous NO‐induced activation of cGMP/PKG‐Iα, induced apoptosis and decreased colony formation. ODQ also decreased CREB ser133 phosphorylation and protein expression of c‐IAP1, livin, and survivin. DT‐2 (inhibitor of PKG‐Iα kinase activity) increased apoptosis by twofold and decreased CREB ser133 phosphorylation and c‐IAP1, livin, and survivin expression. Gene knockdown of PKG‐Iα expression using small‐interfering RNA increased apoptosis and decreased CREB ser133 phosphorylation, and c‐IAP1, livin, survivin, and Mcl‐1 expression. Inhibition of PKG‐Iα kinase activity with DT‐2 dramatically enhanced pro‐apoptotic effects of the chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin. Combined treatment of DT‐2 and cisplatin increased apoptosis compared with cisplatin or DT‐2 alone, showing a synergistic effect. The data suggest that the PKG‐Iα kinase activity is necessary for maintaining higher levels of CREB phosphorylation at ser133 and protein expression of c‐IAP1, livin, survivin, and Mcl‐1, preventing spontaneous apoptosis and promoting colony formation in NSCLC cells, which may limit the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents like cisplatin. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 3587–3598, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nitric oxide enhanced reduction in a rotating drum biofilter coupled with absorption by FeII(EDTA)
Authors: Chen Jun , Dai Qi‐zhou , Qian Hai‐feng , Jiang Yi‐feng , Chen Jianmeng 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: The ongoing emission of nitric oxide (NO) is a serious persistent environmental problem, because it contributes to atmospheric ozone destruction and global warming. A novel and effective system was developed for the complete treatment of NO from flue gases. The system features NO absorption by FeII(EDTA) and biological denitrification in a rotating drum biofilter (RDB).RESULTS: After 100 mg L−1 FeII(EDTA) was added to the nutrient solution, the results show that the NO removal efficiency was improved from 70.56% to 80.15%, the optimal temperature improved from 32.5 °C to 40.5 °C, and the pH improved from 7.5 to 8.0–8.3. A maximum NO removal efficiency of 96.5% was achieved when 500 mg L−1 FeII(EDTA) was used in the nutrient solution.CONCLUSION: This experiment demonstrates that FeII(EDTA) could not only improve the mass transfer efficiency of NO from gas to liquid, but also serve as an electron donor for the biological reduction of NO to N2. The new integrated treatment system seemed to be a promising alternative for the complete treatment of NO from flue gases. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry