bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compulsive Working, ‘Hyperprofessionality’ and the Unseen Pleasures of Academic Work
Authors: Gornall Lynne , Salisbury Jane 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe paper applies Hoyle's notion of ‘extended’ professionality to modern higher education working. It begins with some of the policy contexts and theoretical perspectives around the structural and professional change experienced by academic staff: changes that have been documented in systematic studies of university life from the 1970s onwards. However, the realisation for academic staff that, at 45 per cent of the workforce, they were no longer the majority group in the sector, has added impetus to debates about work, the workplace and the role of change in scholarly life (Gornall, 2009). The Working Lives team has been gathering qualitative data on academic experiences of everyday work between 2007 and 2010, using life history and ethnographic methods. This paper draws on in‐depth interviews with 24 academics and participants in four focus groups, to consider the propensity in an ‘always‐on’ environment for staff to rarely ‘switch off’. This is explored alongside a set of ‘emic’ notions of working practices and places that characterise the ‘hyperprofessional’ academic.
Academic Work and Careers: Relocation, Relocation, Relocation
Authors: McAlpine Lynn 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIncreasingly PhD graduates who wish to take up traditional academic positions (full‐time teaching and research leading to permanence) are unable to find such jobs. They end up in fixed‐term appointments as post‐doctoral fellows or researchers on others' grants. Few studies document their experiences and most that do draw on data from the late 1990s and early 2000s. This longitudinal study reports on the experiences of five social science researchers in two universities in the UK over the years 2008–2010. The analysis results in a rich portrayal of the role of relocations as integral, yet often disruptive, to academic work. Moreover, the multiple often concurrent work‐related relocations in the two‐year period had personal impact; this aspect of researcher life is rarely reported. A subsequent review of similar data from doctoral students and new lecturers revealed the broader applicability of relocation in their lives. The results raise questions about the long‐term impact of such relocations on newer researchers.
A brighter future for frogs? The influence of carotenoids on the health, development and reproductive success of the red‐eye tree frog
Authors: Ogilvy V. , Preziosi R. F. , Fidgett A. L. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractEx situ conservation is an important tool for the prevention of species extinction in amphibians. Currently, there is limited information on the nutritional requirements of amphibians in captivity, and there have been anecdotal reports of skin colour degradation in captive amphibians. Amphibians use carotenoids for skin pigmentation, and because carotenoids are only obtainable through the diet, colour degradation could result from limited carotenoid availability. Studies of other vertebrate taxa have shown that carotenoids contribute to health and reproductive success; however, their importance to amphibians is currently unknown. We assessed the influence of carotenoids on the health and development of red‐eye tree frogs (Agalychnis callidryas) during larval and post‐metamorphic stages, and looked at effects on skin colour and reproductive success. Carry‐over effects of larval exposure to carotenoids were also investigated, and the effects of carotenoids on skin colour development and degradation in adulthood were examined. Carotenoids did not significantly influence larval growth or survival; however, post‐metamorphic carotenoid availability significantly increased growth rate in female but not in male frogs. Frogs fed a carotenoid diet post‐metamorphosis had significantly redder skin than controls, and larval carotenoid exposure significantly influenced post‐metamorphic skin colour. Fecundity was significantly higher in female frogs raised on a carotenoid diet post‐metamorphosis compared with controls. Finally, skin colour did not change in adulthood despite changes in dietary carotenoid availability, which suggests that there is a critical period during post‐metamorphic growth for deposition of carotenoids in the skin. We have shown that carotenoids influence the development, phenotype and reproductive success of A. callidryas, and these important nutrients should therefore be considered when nutritional recommendations for amphibians are made.
Application of a Novel Hybrid Study Design to Explore Gene‐Environment Interactions in Orofacial Clefts
Authors: Skare Øivind , Jugessur Astanand , Lie Rolv Terje , Wilcox Allen James , Murray Jeffrey Clark , Lunde Astrid , Nguyen Truc Trung , Gjessing Håkon Kristian 
Published: April 2012

SummaryOrofacial clefts are common birth defects with strong evidence for both genetic and environmental causal factors. Candidate gene studies combined with exposures known to influence the outcome provide a highly targeted approach to detecting GxE interactions. We developed a new statistical approach that combines the case‐control and offspring‐parent triad designs into a “hybrid design” to search for GxE interactions among 334 autosomal cleft candidate genes and maternal first‐trimester exposure to smoking, alcohol, coffee, folic acid supplements, dietary folate and vitamin A. The study population comprised 425 case‐parent triads of isolated clefts and 562 control‐parent triads derived from a nationwide study of orofacial clefts in Norway (1996–2001). A full maximum‐likelihood model was used in combination with a Wald test statistic to screen for statistically significant GxE interaction between strata of exposed and unexposed mothers. In addition, we performed pathway‐based analyses on 28 detoxification genes and 21 genes involved in folic acid metabolism. With the possible exception of the T‐box 4 gene (TBX4) and dietary folate interaction in isolated CPO, there was little evidence overall of GxE interaction in our data. This study is the largest to date aimed at detecting interactions between orofacial clefts candidate genes and well‐established risk exposures.
Effect of Population Stratification on False Positive Rates of Population‐Based Association Analyses of Quantitative Traits
Authors: Haldar Tanushree , Ghosh Saurabh 
Published: April 2012

SummaryIt is now well established that population stratification can result in spurious association findings in genetic case‐control studies. However, very few studies have addressed similar issues for mapping quantitative traits. Because quantitative phenotypes are often precursors of clinical endpoint traits and carry more information on within‐genotype trait variability, it has been argued that studying these quantitative traits may be a more powerful strategy to map genes than the binary clinical endpoints. Thus, it is of interest to evaluate the adverse effects of population stratification on the analyses of quantitative traits. The popular statistical tests of association for quantitative traits using population level data are ANOVA, linear regression with an additive allelic effect and Kruskal–Wallis. We have theoretically studied the marginal effects of genetic heterogeneity and phenotypic heterogeneity as well as their joint effects on the false positive rates of these three tests. We have carried out extensive simulations under different genetic models and probability distributions of quantitative traits to assess the rate of false positives in the presence of population stratification. We find that the rate of false positives increases very quickly with simultaneous increase in differences in the standardized phenotypic means and marker allele frequencies in the subpopulations.
A new tool for analysis of root growth in the spatio‐temporal continuum
Authors: Basu Paramita , Pal Anupam 
Published: April 2012

Summary
Quantification of overall growth and local growth zones in root system development is key to understanding the biology of plant growth, and thus to exploring the effects of environmental, genotypic and mutational variations on plant development and productivity.
We introduce a methodology for analyzing growth patterns of plant roots from two‐dimensional time series images, treating them as a spatio‐temporal three‐dimensional (3D) image volume. The roots are segmented from the images and then two types of analysis are performed: 3D spatio‐temporal reconstruction analysis for simultaneous assessment of initiation and growth of multiple roots; and spatio‐temporal pixel intensity analysis along root midlines for quantification of the growth zones.
The test measurements show simultaneous emergence of basal roots but sequential emergence of lateral roots in Phaseolus vulgaris, while lateral roots of Cicer arietinum emerge in a rhythmic pattern. Local growth analysis reveals multimodal transient growth zone in basal roots. At the initial stages after emergence, the roots oscillate rapidly, which slows down with time.
The methodology presented here allows detailed characterization of the phenomenology of roots, providing valuable information of spatio‐temporal development, with applications in a wide range of growing plant organs.
Intravenous immunoglobulin protects neurons against amyloid beta‐peptide toxicity and ischemic stroke by attenuating multiple cell death pathways
Authors: Widiapradja Alexander , Vegh Viktor , Lok Ker Zhing , Manzanero Silvia , Thundyil John , Gelderblom Mathias , Cheng Yi‐Lin , Pavlovski Dale , Tang Sung‐Chun , Jo Dong‐Gyu , Magnus Tim , Chan Sic L. , Sobey Christopher G. , Reutens David , Basta Milan , Mattson Mark P. , Arumugam Thiruma V. 
Published: April 2012

J. Neurochem. (2012) 122, 321–332.AbstractIntravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) preparations obtained by fractionating blood plasma, are increasingly being used increasingly as an effective therapeutic agent in treatment of several inflammatory diseases. Its use as a potential therapeutic agent for treatment of stroke and Alzheimer’s disease has been proposed, but little is known about the neuroprotective mechanisms of IVIg. In this study, we investigated the effect of IVIg on downstream signaling pathways that are involved in neuronal cell death in experimental models of stroke and Alzheimer’s disease. Treatment of cultured neurons with IVIg reduced simulated ischemia‐ and amyloid βpeptide (Aβ)‐induced caspase 3 cleavage, and phosphorylation of the cell death‐associated kinases p38MAPK, c‐Jun NH2‐terminal kinase and p65, in vitro. Additionally, Aβ‐induced accumulation of the lipid peroxidation product 4‐hydroxynonenal was attenuated in neurons treated with IVIg. IVIg treatment also up‐regulated the anti‐apoptotic protein, Bcl2 in cortical neurons under ischemia‐like conditions and exposure to Aβ. Treatment of mice with IVIg reduced neuronal cell loss, apoptosis and infarct size, and improved functional outcome in a model of focal ischemic stroke. Together, these results indicate that IVIg acts directly on neurons to protect them against ischemic stroke and Aβ‐induced neuronal apoptosis by inhibiting cell death pathways and by elevating levels of the anti‐apoptotic protein Bcl2.
An MIP model to optimize a Colombian cash supply chain
Authors: Osorio A. F. , Toro H. H. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractFinancial institutions operate a supply chain where only one product is moved across the network. Although the cash is kept in several nodes to service the demand of final customers, availability causes opportunity cost related with its investment options. When planning the inventory of cash that should be maintained across the network, transportation decisions are also expected to be made. Cash transportation has a high cost, associated with the high risk of theft. Increasing the inventory can reduce the need for transportation, but the opportunity cost can be very high. Moreover, the inventory is also related with the service level perceived for final customers; therefore because of low inventory some people are not able to make some transactions. The aim of this work is to find optimal decisions related with cash inventory and transportation across the network, trying to balance the cost of the service and the quality perceived for final users.
Psychosocial Predictors of Nicotine Dependence among Women during Their Mid‐Sixties
Authors: Brook Judith S. , Zhang Chenshu , Brook David W. , Koppel Jonathan , Whiteman Martin 
Published: April 2012

Although there is considerable research demonstrating the prospective association between earlier maladaptive personal attributes and later nicotine dependence, there is less work on the psychosocial mediators of this relationship. Maladaptive personal attributes appear in the form of depression, anxiety, and interpersonal sensitivity. This study was designed to assess the prospective relationship between earlier maladaptive personal attributes (mean age = 40) and later nicotine dependence ( age = 65.2) within an understudied female community sample. The participants were given self‐administered questionnaires. The results supported a model by which earlier maladaptive personal attributes predicted later nicotine dependence through several indirect pathways. In addition to cigarette smoking, several domains mediated the relation of earlier maladaptive personal attributes and later nicotine dependence. These domains included internal factors (ie, later maladaptive personal attributes), interpersonal factors (ie, marital/partner conflict), later contextual factors (ie, family financial difficulty). Our multidimensional longitudinal findings have important implications for the prevention and treatment of nicotine dependence. The results identify earlier and later significant psychosocial risk factors to be targeted, and suggest the timing of interventions to reduce or eliminate nicotine dependence. (Am J Addict 2012;00:1–11)
The Role of Emotional Nonacceptance in the Relation between Depression and Recent Cigarette Smoking
Authors: Adams Claire E. , Tull Matthew T. , Gratz Kim L. 
Published: April 2012

Evidence that smokers have heightened depressive symptoms and report smoking in response to negative affect has led to an interest in mindfulness‐ and acceptance‐based strategies to help smokers respond more adaptively to depressive symptoms. More research is needed to examine the role of emotional nonacceptance (ie, the tendency to judge or negatively evaluate one's emotions) in the relation between depression and smoking, particularly among populations with elevated smoking rates (eg, individuals with substance use disorders). This study examined the mediating role of emotional nonacceptance in the relation between depression and smoking among 125 smokers in residential substance abuse treatment. Participants (mean age = 35 ± 10; 60% male; 63% White) reported how many cigarettes they smoked in the past hour and completed self‐report measures of emotion dysregulation (including nonacceptance) and depression. Major depressive disorder was assessed through clinical interview. Results supported the hypothesized relevance of emotional nonacceptance to recent smoking. Specifically, emotional nonacceptance was the only dimension of emotion dysregulation uniquely associated with recent smoking and mediated the relationship between depression and recent smoking. Results suggest that depression may interfere with emotional acceptance, increasing urges to smoke to escape negative affect. Targeting emotional nonacceptance may improve smoking cessation treatments for depressed individuals. (Am J Addict 2012;00:1–9)
A Review of the Environmental Impacts of Biobased Materials
Authors: Weiss Martin , Haufe Juliane , Carus Michael , Brandão Miguel , Bringezu Stefan , Hermann Barbara , Patel Martin K. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryConcerns over climate change and the security of industrial feedstock supplies have been opening a growing market for biobased materials. This development, however, also presents a challenge to scientists, policy makers, and industry because the production of biobased materials requires land and is typically associated with adverse environmental effects. This article addresses the environmental impacts of biobased materials in a meta‐analysis of 44 life cycle assessment (LCA) studies. The reviewed literature suggests that one metric ton (t) of biobased materials saves, relative to conventional materials, 55 ± 34 gigajoules of primary energy and 3 ± 1 t carbon dioxide equivalents of greenhouse gases. However, biobased materials may increase eutrophication by 5 ± 7 kilograms (kg) phosphate equivalents/t and stratospheric ozone depletion by 1.9 ± 1.8 kg nitrous oxide equivalents/t. Our findings are inconclusive with regard to acidification (savings of 2 ± 20 kg sulfur dioxide equivalents/t) and photochemical ozone formation (savings of 0.3 ± 2.4 kg ethene equivalents/t). The variability in the results of life cycle assessment studies highlights the difficulties in drawing general conclusions. Still, common to most biobased materials are impacts caused by the application of fertilizers and pesticides during industrial biomass cultivation. Additional land use impacts, such as the potential loss of biodiversity, soil carbon depletion, soil erosion, deforestation, as well as greenhouse gas emissions from indirect land use change are not quantified in this review. Clearly these impacts should be considered when evaluating the environmental performance of biobased materials.
Generation of transgenic mice with antithetical KEL1 and KEL2 human blood group antigens on red blood cells
Authors: Smith Nicole H. , Henry Kate L. , Cadwell Chantel M. , Bennett Ashley , Hendrickson Jeanne E. , Frame Tom , Zimring James C. 
Published: April 2012

BACKGROUND: KEL1, also known as “K,” is one of the most immunogenic red blood cell (RBC) antigens. KEL2, also known as “k,” differs from KEL1 by a single amino acid. Anti‐Kell system antibodies can lead to significant adverse clinical outcomes in humans, including hemolytic complications in alloimmunized transfusion recipients or in infants of alloimmunized mothers. To provide a platform for in‐depth immunologic studies of alloimmunization and subsequent sequelae, we generated transgenic mice expressing the human KEL1 or KEL2 antigens.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Vectors were created in which cDNAs encoding either KEL1 or KEL2 were regulated by an erythroid specific β‐globin promoter and enhancer. Pronuclear microinjections were carried out into a C57BL6 background, and founder pups were identified by polymerase chain reaction and screened for expression by flow cytometry. RBC life span and antigen stability were assessed by dye labeling RBCs, transfusing into agammaglobulinemic (µMT) recipients, and tracking by flow cytometry.RESULTS: The expression of either KEL1 or KEL2 is RBC specific and first occurs on early RBC precursors. Both KEL1 and KEL2 RBCs have a normal circulatory life span and stable antigen expression. Expression of KEL1 or KEL2 does not result in altered levels of murine Kell, and resulting RBCs have normal hematologic variables.CONCLUSION: The KEL1 and KEL2 mice represent the first murine system of RBC immunity with antithetical antigens, allowing a more precise modeling of human RBC immunology in general and also a platform for development of novel therapeutics to prevent or minimize the dangers of RBC alloimmunization to the KEL1 and KEL2 antigens in particular.
Insurance Contract Design When the Insurer Has Private Information on Loss Size
Authors: Lian Qin , Schlesinger Harris 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis article examines the optimal indemnity contract in an insurance market, when the insurer has private information about the size of an insurable loss. Both parties know whether or not a loss occurred, but only the insurer knows the true value of the loss and/or to what extent the losses are covered under the policy. The insured may verify the insurer's loss estimate for a fixed auditing cost. The optimal contract reimburses the auditing costs in addition to full insurance for losses less than some endogenous limit. For losses exceeding this limit, the contract pays a fixed indemnity and requires no monitoring. The optimal contract is compared with the contracts obtained in cases where it is only the insured who can observe the loss size.
Effect of Acculturation and Mutuality on Family Loyalty Among Mexican American Caregivers of Elders
Authors: Kao Hsueh‐Fen S. , An Kyungeh 
Published: April 2012

AbstractPurpose: Informal family care for elders is conventional in Mexican American communities despite increasing intergenerational gaps in filial values. In our study, we explored whether acculturation and dyadic mutuality, as perceived by Mexican American family caregivers, explain the caregivers’ expectations of family loyalty toward elderly relatives.Design: A nonexperimental, correlational design with convenience sampling was used in El Paso, Texas, from October 2007 to January 2008.Methods: Three bilingual promotoras collected data from 193 Mexican American adult caregivers of community‐dwelling elders using three scales designed for Mexican Americans: the Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans II‐Short Form, the Mutuality Scale, and the Expectations of Family Loyalty of Children Toward Elderly Relatives Scale. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to analyze the data.Findings: Acculturation had a marginal effect (r= .21, p < .05), but mutuality presented a strong correlation (r= .45, p < .001) with the expectations of family loyalty toward elderly relatives. There was no significant correlation between acculturation and mutuality (r= .05).Conclusions: Although Mexican American caregivers with strong Mexican orientation may have high expectations of family loyalty toward elderly relatives, mutuality exhibits more significant effects on expectations. Among Mexican Americans, mutuality between the caregiving dyad, as perceived by caregivers, may be a better predictor of filial values than caregivers’ acculturation alone.Clinical Relevance: It may be useful to incorporate the dual paradigm of acculturation and mutuality into immigrant family care for elderly relatives.
Photoelectron Properties of Nanocrystalline TiO2 Films Prepared by a Powerful Hydrothermal Technique
Authors: Feng Caihui , Zhang Haifeng , Wang Yu , Li Wei , Zhou Jingran , Chen Lihua , Yu Lianxiang , Ruan Shengping 
Published: April 2012

In this article, nanocrystalline anatase TiO2 films were prepared using a powerful hydrothermal technique and characterized by means of X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS), and UV–vis absorption spectra. A metal–semiconductor–metal ultraviolet (UV) detector based on TiO2 films with Au electrodes was fabricated. The photoelectron properties of the TiO2 films, including current–voltage (I–V) curves under UV illumination, spectral response and response time were studied in detail. The results of the experiment demonstrate that the crystallinity of the TiO2 film was greatly improved by the hydrothermal technique: the atom ratio between Ti and O on the surface of TiO2 film is calculated to be 1.87:1, which indicates that the obtained TiO2 film has less oxygen vacancies. The improved crystallinity as well as the correspondingly decreased hole trap concentrations finally resulted in a short photoresponse decay time of 4.183 s. Meanwhile, a responsivity of 56.5 mA/W, a low dark current of 5.95 nA, a UV photo‐to‐dark current ratio of 103 were also obtained for the TiO2‐based detector, all of which suggest that the fabricated TiO2 films are very promising in UV detection applications.