bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Automated loop identification on DSL lines
Authors: Kerpez Kenneth J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractRegular ADSL and new FTTN VDSL2 deployments are strongly affected by the telephone loop, or channel, that they transmit over. Telephone companies keep records of the loop make‐up—all cable sections, gauges, lengths and bridged taps between the DSLAM and customer, and these records are vital for loop qualification and maintenance. However, loop records are often incomplete or inaccurate due to re‐work. New ADSL2, ADSL2 + and VDSL2 equipment can automatically report loop response estimates, and this paper shows how this response can be used to identify an estimate of the loop make‐up. The algorithm for loop identification here is shown to be more accurate than previous, simple, techniques. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phosphate Ester Hydrolysis: Metal Complexes As Purple Acid Phosphatase and Phosphotriesterase Analogues
Authors: Gahan Lawrence R. , Smith Sarah J. , Neves Ademir , Schenk Gerhard 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis microreview describes the structures and properties of a number of bimetallic complexes designed as both structural and functional mimics of the active sites of some specific metallohydrolase enzymes. The metalloenzymes in question include the predominantly monoesterase‐activity‐displaying purple acid phosphatase (PAP) and di‐ and triesterase enzymes, which have significant roles in the bioremedial hydrolysis of organophosphate pesticides and nerve gases. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Study on Sensitization from Reactive Oxygen Species for Electrochemiluminescence of Luminol in Neutral Medium
Authors: Chu Haihong , Guo Wenying , Di Junwei , Wu Ying , Tu Yifeng 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn this paper, the sensitization on electrochemiluminescent (ECL) reaction of luminol from reactive oxygen species (ROSs) in neutral medium was studied. The powerful sensitization from ROSs even related with organics and organisms were examined under selected conditions which were suitable for biochemical analysis. The results indicated that whether the enhancers were dissolved in solutions or immobilized on the surface of conventional electrodes, stronger ECL intensity of luminol could be obtained. Enhanced ECL helped to provide groundwork for the detection of biomolecules for which would further enhance or quench the ECL signals. The technique may provide new means in a variety of fields such as clinical diagnostics, immunological analysis and environmental monitoring due to its simplicity and high efficiency.
One‐Step Electrochemically Deposited Nanocomposite Film of CS‐Fc/MWNTs/GOD for Glucose Biosensor Application
Authors: Liang Ru‐Ping , Fan Li‐Xia , Wang Rui , Qiu Jian‐Ding 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA simple and controllable electrodeposition approach was proposed for one‐step construction of glucose biosensors by in situ co‐deposition of ferrocene‐branched chitosan derivatives (CS‐Fc), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), and glucose oxidase (GOD) onto electrode surface. The formation of CS‐Fc could not only effectively prevent the leakage of Fc and retain its electrochemical activity, but also provide a biocompatible microenvironment for retaining the native activity of the immobilized biomolecules. Further entrapment of MWNTs into the CS matrix improved electronic conductivity of the biocomposite significantly. The facile procedure of immobilizing GOD and the promising feature of biocomposite will offer a versatile platform to fabricate biosensors and bioelectronic devices.
Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles – Octadecylamine Hybrid Langmuir‐Blodgett Film for Enzyme Sensor
Authors: Matharu Zimple , Pandey Pratibha , Pandey M. K. , Gupta Vinay , Malhotra B. D. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMediator free enzyme sensor has been fabricated by covalently immobilizing cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) onto 11‐mercaptoundecanoic acid functionalized gold nanoparticles (MUDA‐AuNPs) – octadecylamine (ODA) hybrid Langmuir–Blodgett film. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies reveal that MUDA‐AuNP/ODA LB film has good affinity for ChOx and provides favorable microenvironment for direct electron transfer between enzyme and electrode. Interference free estimation of cholesterol has been realized at 0.3 V with linear range from 25 to 500 mg/dL, detection limit of 23.38 mg/dL, sensitivity of 1.085 μA mM−1 and response time of 20 s at pH 7.0.
Real Time Electrochemical Monitoring of DNA/PNA Dissociation by Melting Curve Analysis
Authors: Luo Xiaoteng , Hsing I‐Ming 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAn immobilization‐free electrochemical method is reported for real‐time monitoring of the DNA hybrid dissociation between a ferrocene labeled peptide nucleic acid (PNA) and a fully‐complementary or single‐base‐mismatched DNA. This method takes advantages of electrostatic charge characteristics and interactions among the neutrally charged PNA, the negatively charged DNA and the negatively charged electrode surface made of indium tin oxide (ITO). When a ferrocene labeled PNA (Fc‐PNA) sequence is hybridized to a complementary DNA strand, electrostatic repulsion between the negatively charged PNA/DNA hybrid and the negative ITO surface retards the diffusion of the electroactive Fc to the electrode, resulting in a much reduced electrochemical signal. On the other hand, when the Fc‐PNA is dissociated from the hybrid at elevated temperatures, the neutrally charged Fc‐PNA easily diffuses to the electrode with an enhanced electrochemical signal. Therefore, an electrochemical melting curve of the Fc‐PNA/DNA hybrid can be obtained by measuring the Fc signal with the increasing temperature. This strategy allows monitoring of the dissociation of the DNA hybrid in real time, which might lead to a simple detection method for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis.
Time horizons in evaluating environmental policies
Authors: Hildén Mikael 
Published: June 2009

AbstractEnvironmental policies have to deal with nonlinear changes, discontinuities, and thresholds that may unfold with the passing of time. A recursive and adaptive approach to policy evaluation can deal with these challenges. Key characteristics of adaptive evaluations are their recursive nature, systematic exploration of multiple intervention theories, and ability to probe into new issues in close interaction with the policy development itself. ©Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Issues of scale and monitoring status and trends in biodiversity
Authors: Kennedy Elizabeth T. , Balasubramanian Hari , Crosse William E. M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractDesigning a framework that can generate data to meet multiple audience objectives must consider interactions across levels and multiple scales of interest. One solution is to define targets using global criteria such that units are discrete. This aids identification of the types of data to collect in order to enable aggregation and reporting across relevant scales. By striving to standardize measurable targets and data requirements, we improve our ability to format monitoring information and tailor indicators for different reporting and decision‐making purposes. We outline the application of a nested approach presently used by Conservation International and describe some of its advantages and limitations. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reflections on the dilemmas of conducting environmental evaluations
Authors: Preskill Hallie 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe chapters in this volume set a rich context for understanding the challenges that environmental evaluators face in their everyday work. In particular, the authors highlight the need for responsive, contextual, flexible, adaptive, multidisciplinary, and mixed‐methods evaluation approaches. In this chapter, I reinforce their call and further suggest that they (1) increase their attention to developing logic models based on their theories of change, (2) continue exploring the use of complexity theory to ground their evaluations, and (3) consider reframing some evaluations to being strength‐ and asset‐based, where vibrancy, resiliency, and rebirth can be studied. Finally, in response to the authors' concern for their own development, I comment on the possibilities for evaluation capacity building and the formation of networks and communities of practice. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Selectivity as well as sensitivity loss characterizes the cortical spatial frequency deficit in amblyopia
Authors: Hess Robert F. , Li Xingfeng , Mansouri Behzad , Thompson Benjamin , Hansen Bruce C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe processing deficit in amblyopia is not restricted to just high spatial frequencies but also involves low‐medium spatial frequency processing, for suprathreshold stimuli with a broad orientational bandwidth. This is the case in all three forms of amblyopia; strabismic, anisometropic, and deprivation. Here we use both a random block design and a phase‐encoded design to ascertain (1) the extent to which fMRI activation is reduced at low‐mid spatial frequencies in different visual areas, (2) how accurately spatial frequency is mapped across the amblyopic cortex. We report a loss of function to suprathreshold low‐medium spatial frequency stimuli that involves more than just area V1, suggesting a diffuse loss in spatial frequency processing in a number of different cortical areas. An analysis of the fidelity of the spatial frequency cortical map reveals that many voxels lose their spatial frequency preference when driven by the amblyopic eye, suggesting a broader tuning for spatial frequency for neurons driven by the amblyopic eye within this low‐mid spatial frequency range. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protein kinase C alpha‐dependent signaling mediates endometrial cancer cell growth and tumorigenesis
Authors: Haughian James M. , Reno Elaine M. , Thorne Alicia M. , Bradford Andrew P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractEndometrial cancer is the most common invasive gynecologic malignancy, yet molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways underlying its etiology and pathophysiology remain poorly characterized. We sought to define a functional role for the protein kinase C (PKC) isoform, PKCα, in an established cell model of endometrial adenocarcinoma. Ishikawa cells depleted of PKCα protein grew slower, formed fewer colonies in anchorage‐independent growth assays and exhibited impaired xenograft tumor formation in nude mice. Consistent with impaired growth, PKCα knockdown increased levels of the cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors p21Cip1/WAF1 (p21) and p27Kip1 (p27). Despite the absence of functional phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) protein in Ishikawa cells, PKCα knockdown reduced Akt phosphorylation at serine 473 and concomitantly inhibited phosphorylation of the Akt target, glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK‐3β). PKCα knockdown also resulted in decreased basal ERK phosphorylation and attenuated ERK activation following EGF stimulation. p21 and p27 expression was not increased by treatment of Ishikawa cells with ERK and Akt inhibitors, suggesting that PKCα regulates CDK expression independently of Akt and ERK. Immunohistochemical analysis of Grade 1 endometrioid adenocarcinoma revealed aberrant PKCα expression, with foci of elevated PKCα staining, not observed in normal endometrium. These studies demonstrate a critical role for PKCα signaling in endometrial tumorigenesis by regulating expression of CDK inhibitors p21 and p27 and activation of Akt and ERK‐dependent proliferative pathways. Thus, targeting PKCα may provide novel therapeutic options in endometrial tumors. © 2009 UICC
Verprolin: A cool set of actin‐binding sites and some very HOT prolines
Authors: Munn Alan L. , Thanabalu Thirumaran 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSpatiotemporal organisation of eukaryotic cells is established and maintained by the cytoskeleton, a highly dynamic and complex network of structural and signalling proteins. Many components of the cytoskeleton are functionally and structurally conserved between humans and yeast. Among these are verprolin (Vrp1p) in yeast and its human ortholog Wiskott‐Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP)‐interacting protein (WIP). Much of our understanding of the function of these proteins has come from genetic analysis in yeast. Verprolin‐deficient yeast cells exhibit defects in cytokinesis, endocytosis, and actin cytoskeleton polarisation. Verprolin binds actin, the yeast ortholog of human WASP (Las17p or Bee1p), and the yeast ortholog of human PSTPIP1 (Hof1p or Cyk2p). We propose that verprolin acts as a chaperone that by transient bimolecular interactions maintains the proper function of its partners. Verprolin‐related proteins and partners are implicated in cancer, immunodeficiency, and neurodegeneration. Therefore, elucidating how verprolin functions will have major impacts in cell biology and medicine. © 2009 IUBMB IUBMB Life 61(7): 707–712, 2009
ER stress response, peroxisome proliferation, mitochondrial unfolded protein response and Golgi stress response
Authors: Yoshida Hiderou 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) response has been thought a cytoprotective mechanism to cope with accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER. Recent progress has made a quantum leap revealing that ER stress response can be regarded as an autoregulatory system adjusting the ER capacity to cellular demand. This Copernican change raised a novel fundamental question in cell biology: how do cells regulate the capacity of each organelle in accordance with cellular needs? Although this fundamental question has not been fully addressed yet, research about each organelle has been advancing. The proliferation of the peroxisome is regulated by the PPARα pathway, whereas the abundance of mitochondria appears to be regulated by mitochondrial retrograde signaling and the mitochondrial unfolded protein response. The functional capacity of the Golgi apparatus may be regulated by the mechanism of the Golgi stress response. These observations strongly suggest the existence of an elaborate network of organelle autoregulation in eukaryotic cells. © 2009 IUBMB IUBMB Life 61(9): 871–879, 2009
Respiration‐induced kidney motion on cobalt‐chromium stent fatigue resistance
Authors: Hsiao Hao‐Ming , Nikanorov Alexander , Prabhu Santosh , Razavi Mahmood K. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractDuring normal breathing, the kidneys move up and down due to the diaphragm motion and the renal artery subsequently experiences bending at or close to its point of fixation to the aorta. The impact of this kidney motion on implanted stent fatigue performance was not well understood in the past. Previous study from the authors on an 18‐mm long single cobalt‐chromium stent showed that the change in bending angle was minor during simulated respiration‐induced kidney motion on cadavers. Finite Element Analysis revealed excellent fatigue resistance of the studied cobalt‐chromium stent under simulated respiratory motion for the single stent configuration. In this article, the study was extended further to the overlapped stent configuration where a physician deploys two stents overlapping at the stent ends to fully cover a long lesion. Fluoroscopic images showed that the change in bending angle during simulated respiration‐induced kidney motion on cadavers was more significant when two cobalt‐chromium stents were overlapped. Calculated data of the Goodman analysis for the overlapped stents migrated toward the Goodman diagram failure line, indicating lower fatigue resistance during respiration when compared to a single stent. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2009
Emission characteristics of plastic syringes sterilized with ethylene oxide—A controlled study
Authors: Chien Yeh‐Chung , Su Po‐Chi , Lee Lien‐Hsiung , Chen Chang‐Yuh 
Published: June 2009

AbstractObjectives:This study examined the emission characteristics of ethylene oxide (EO)‐sterilized syringes under various environmental conditions, aiming to develop control strategies to minimize worker exposure.Methods:Experiments were performed in a facility in which temperature, relative humidity (RH), and air change rate (ACR) were controlled.Results:Analytical results indicate that the main effects of the four test variables on kinetic parameters were statistically significant (p < 0.05), except for the effect of the product on the decay rate constant, the effect of ACR on maximum EO concentration, and effect of RH on the area under the curve‐days 1 and 2. The interactive effects among test variables were also evident, indicating complex emission behaviors. The mean EO emission factors during the days 1 and 2 and at the 48th hour for the 1‐ and 30‐ml products were 2302, 1301, and 1031 mg/m3/h, and 871, 490, and 381 mg/m3/h, respectively. The times required for air EO concentrations from tested products to return to ∼0 and 1 ppm (permissible limit) were 417 and 218 h, respectively.Conclusions:Plastic content, temperature, RH, and ACR affected EO emissions. ACR is an achievable means of control; however, the aeration area/system should be isolated to ensure adequate ventilation is achieved. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2009
Modulation of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking by retention in cytoplasm or nucleus
Authors: Roth Daniela M. , Harper Ian , Pouton Colin W. , Jans David A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractNuclear protein transport processes have largely been studied using in vitro semi‐intact cell systems where high concentrations of nuclear localizing substrates are used, and cytoplasmic components such as the microtubule (MT) network, are either absent or damaged. Here we use the fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) technique to analyze the nucleocytoplasmic flux of distinct fluorescently tagged proteins over time in living cultured cells. FRAP was performed in different parts of the cell to analyze the kinetics of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking and intranuclear/cytoplasmic mobility of the tumor suppressor Rb protein and a SV40 large tumor antigen (T‐ag) derivative containing the nuclear localization sequence (NLS), both fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP). The results indicate that proteins carrying the T‐ag NLS are highly mobile in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Rb, in contrast, is largely immobile in both cellular compartments, with similar nuclear import and export kinetics. Rb nuclear export was CRM‐1‐mediated, with its reduced mobility in the cytoplasm in part due to association with MTs. Overall our results show that nuclear and cytoplasm retention modulates the rates of nuclear protein import and export in intact cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 107: 1160–1167, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Runx transcription factors: Lineage‐specific regulators of neuronal precursor cell proliferation and post‐mitotic neuron subtype development
Authors: Zagami Chrissandra J. , Zusso Morena , Stifani Stefano 
Published: June 2009

Abstractrunt‐related (RUNX) genes encode evolutionarily conserved transcription factors that play essential roles during development and adult tissue homeostasis. RUNX proteins regulate the transition from proliferation to differentiation in a variety of cell lineages. Moreover, they control the diversification of distinct cellular phenotypes in numerous tissues. Alterations of RUNX functions are associated with several cancers and other human pathologies, underscoring the vital roles of these transcription factors in adult organs. Insights into the functions and regulations of mammalian RUNX proteins have been provided mostly by studies of RUNX involvement in mechanisms of hematopoietic and skeletal development and disease. A growing number of recent investigations are revealing new functions for RUNX family members during the development of the mammalian nervous system. This review will discuss recent progress in the study of RUNX protein involvement in mammalian neural development, with emphasis on the differentiation of olfactory, sensory, and motor neuron lineages. J. Cell. Biochem. 107: 1063–1072, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Some recent techniques for free energy calculations
Authors: Vanden‐Eijnden Eric 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA few recent techniques to calculate free energies in the context of molecular dynamics simulations are discussed: temperature‐accelerated molecular dynamics, which is a method to explore fast the important regions in the free energy landscape associated with a set of continuous collective variables without having to know where these regions are beforehand; the single sweep method, which is a variational method to interpolate the free energy globally given a set of mean forces (i.e., a set of gradients of the free energy) calculated at specific points, or centers, on the free energy landscape; and a Voronoi‐based free energy method for the calculation of the free energy of the Voronoi tessellation associated with a set of centers. We also discuss how this last technique can be used in conjunction with the string method, and how kinetic information such as reaction rates can be calculated by milestoning using the edges of a Voronoi tessellation as milestones. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2009
Absolute free energies estimated by combining precalculated molecular fragment libraries
Authors: Zhang Xin , Mamonov Artem B. , Zuckerman Daniel M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe absolute free energy—or partition function, equivalently—of a molecule can be estimated computationally using a suitable reference system. Here, we demonstrate a practical method for staging such calculations by growing a molecule based on a series of fragments. Significant computer time is saved by precalculating fragment configurations and interactions for reuse in a variety of molecules. We use such fragment libraries and interaction tables for amino acids and capping groups to estimate free energies for small peptides. Equilibrium ensembles for the molecules are generated at no additional computational cost and are used to check our results by comparison to standard dynamics simulation. We explain how our work can be extended to estimate relative binding affinities. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2009
PKR activity is required for acute leukemic cell maintenance and growth: A role for PKR‐mediated phosphatase activity to regulate GSK‐3 phosphorylation
Authors: Blalock William L. , Grimaldi Cecilia , Fala Federica , Follo Matilde , Horn Stefan , Basecke Jorg , Martinelli Giovanni , Cocco Lucio , Martelli Alberto M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractRecent reports demonstrate that PKR is constitutively active in a variety of tumors and is required for tumor maintenance and growth. Here we report acute leukemia cell lines contain elevated levels of p‐T451 PKR and PKR activity as compared to normal controls. Inhibition of PKR with a specific inhibitor, as well as overexpression of a dominant‐negative PKR, inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell death. Interestingly, PKR inhibition using the specific inhibitor resulted in a time‐dependent augmentation of AKT S473 and GSK‐3α S21 phosphorylation, which was confirmed in patient samples. Increased phosphorylation of AKT and GSK‐3α was not dependent on PI3K activity. PKR inhibition augmented levels of p‐S473 AKT and p‐S21/9 GSK‐3α/β in the presence of the PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, but was unable to augment GSK‐3α or β phosphorylation in the presence of the AKT inhibitor, A443654. Pre‐treatment with the PKR inhibitor blocked the ability of A443654 and LY294002 to promote phosphorylation of eIF2α, indicating the mechanism leading to AKT phosphorylation and activation did not require eIF2α phosphorylation. The effects of PKR inhibition on AKT and GSK‐3 phosphorylation were found to be, in part, PP2A‐dependent. These data indicate that, in acute leukemia cell lines, constitutive basal activity of PKR is required for leukemic cell homeostasis and growth and functions as a negative regulator of AKT, thereby increasing the pool of potentially active GSK‐3. J. Cell. Physiol. 221: 232–241, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc