bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Periodic solutions of the KdV equation
Authors: Lax Peter D. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn this paper we construct a large family of special solutions of the KdV equation which are periodic in x and almost periodic in t. These solutions lie on N‐dimensional tori; very likely they are dense among all solutions.The special solutions are characterized variationally; they minimize FN(u), subject to the constraints Fj(u) = Aj, j = −1,…, N − 1; here Fj denote the remarkable sequence of conserved functionals discovered by Kruskal and Zabusky. The above minimum problem was originally suggested by them. In exploring the manifold of solutions of this minimum problem we make essential use of Gardner's discovery that these functionals are in involution with respect to a suitable Poisson bracket.Gardner, Greene, Kruskal and Miura have shown that the eigenvalues of the Schrödinger operator are conserved functionals if the potential is a function of t and satisfies the KdV equation. In Section 6 a new set of conserved quantities is constructed which serve as a link between the eigenvalues of the Schrödinger operator and the Fj.Another result in Section 6 is a slight sharpening of an earlier result of the author and J. Moser: for the special solutions constructed above all but 2N + 1 eigenvalues of the Schrödinger operator are double.The simplest class of special solutions, N = 1, are cnoidal waves. In an appendix, M. Hyman describes the results of computing numerically the next simplest case, N = 2. These calculations show that the shape of these solutions recurs exactly after a finite time, in a shifted position. The theory verifies this fact.
3He Impurities in Nearly Frictionless Transport of Solid 4He at Low Temperatures
Authors: Chu Kwang‐Hua W. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractGlassy matter, when subjected to high shear rates exhibit shear thinning, that is, the viscosity diminishes with increasing shear rate. One possible outcome for the almost vanishing viscosity is nearly frictionless transport, which is possible in solid 4He due to the presence of minute concentrations of 3He. The glassy state of solid 4He is also relevant to the possible onset of superuidity in solid 4He. By treating the solid 4He locally as an amorphous matter and using the transition‐rate dependent model together with the specific activation energy, we observe a series of sudden changes of the shearing stresses (which directly relates to the resistance) at corresponding onset temperatures of supersolid 4He (ranging from 175 to 1200 mK) for different activation volumes of 3He. Even at higher concentrations of 3He than previous reported (around 1700 ppm), the supersolidity of 4He still occurs.
Sustainability reporting: A comparative study of NGOs and MNCs
Authors: Crespy Charles T. , Miller Van V. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the extent to which non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) disclose their sustainability activities. NGOs may lose legitimacy because they, themselves, do not do the very things they ask corporations to do. As such, NGOs' legitimate role in corporate governance is questioned. We define legitimacy as self‐organizing and self‐disclosing activities in the area of sustainability. Using data from Fortune 250 (corporations) and the Forbes 200 (NGOs), we compare these two organizational types with regard to their commitment to sustainable development. Across eight dimensions of legitimacy we found that corporations outscored NGOs. Five of the eight dimensions showed statistically significant differences; two dimensions showed marginally significant findings (p < .06). The directionality of the findings indicates a greater commitment to sustainability among corporations than among NGOs. The findings suggest that an inadequacy of commitment and disclosure on the part of NGOs prevents them from claiming legitimacy in their quest to participate in corporate governance. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Digital fractional‐order differentiator and integrator models based on first‐order and higher order operators
Authors: Gupta Maneesha , Varshney Pragya , Visweswaran G. S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn this paper, new discretized models for fractional‐order differentiator (FOD) (sr) and integrator (FOI) (s−r) using first‐order and higher order operators are proposed. The expansions for FOIs of the first‐orders‐to‐ztransform proposed by Hsueet al. are obtained by using the Taylor series and continued fraction expansion techniques. Second‐order Schneider operator and third‐order Al‐Alaoui–Schneider–Kaneshige–Groutage (Al‐Alaoui–SKG) rule have also been fractionalized to obtain expansions of FODs by using the Taylor series. Specifically, in this paper, Hsue operator based on third‐order and fourth‐order models of FOI, Schneider operator as well as Al‐Alaoui–SKG rule based on third‐order, fourth‐order, fifth‐order and sixth‐order models of FOD have been suggested. The stability of the proposed models has been investigated and the unstable ones were stabilized by the pole reflection method. The performance of the proposed models has been compared with that of recent FOD and FOI models based on the Al‐Alaoui operator. Performance results using the proposed discrete‐time formulations are found to converge to the analytical results of FOD and FOI, in the continuous‐time domain. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collecting high‐quality pancreatic tissue for experimental study from organ donors with signs of β‐cell autoimmunity
Authors: Tauriainen Sisko , Salmela Kaija , Rantala Immo , Knip Mikael , Hyöty Heikki 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to create a new research strategy to obtain high‐quality pancreatic tissues from subjects with preclinical or clinical type 1 diabetes, which would open up new avenues for studying the mechanisms of the β‐cell damaging process in humans.Research design and methodsA nationwide collaboration network (the PanFin network) was established in Finland to start an on‐call screening of diabetes‐associated autoantibodies from deceased organ donors and subsequent processing of pancreases from autoantibody‐positive donors. This protocol was integrated into the national organ transplantation procedure.ResultsOnly a few modifications were needed to the normal transplantation practices. One additional blood sample was obtained from donors for autoantibody analyses, the transplantation team was informed about the autoantibody result and the pancreas of autoantibody‐positive donors was transported to the core laboratory. Altogether, 307 donors were screened and 22 (7.2%) were positive for at least one autoantibody and 3 tested positive for two or more autoantibodies out of the five tested (islet cell antibodies, insulin autoantibodies and autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase, islet antigen 2 and zinc transporter 8). The quality of collected pancreatic tissue was superior to that from autopsies and allowed the detection of both RNA and proteins.ConclusionsThe study protocol was proven feasible to be carried out on a nationwide scale. It did not interfere with the normal transplantation activities and provided valuable tissue material for research. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neurogenesis in subclasses of vomeronasal sensory neurons in adult mice
Authors: de la Rosa‐Prieto C. , Saiz‐Sanchez D. , Ubeda‐Bañon I. , Argandoña‐Palacios L. , Garcia‐Muñozguren S. , Martinez‐Marcos A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe vomeronasal sensory epithelium contains two distinct populations of vomeronasal sensory neurons. Apical neurons express Gi2α‐linked V1R vomeronasal receptors and project to the anterior portion of the accessory olfactory bulb, while basal neurons express Goα‐linked V2R receptors and project to the posterior portion. Sensory neurons expressing V1R and V2R vomeronasal receptors are sensitive to different stimuli. Neurons in the vomeronasal system undergo continuous cell turnover during adulthood. To analyze over time neurogenesis of the different sensory cell populations, adult mice were injected with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and sacrificed at postinjection days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 11. Newborn vomeronasal neurons were revealed by antibodies against BrdU while subclasses of vomeronasal neurons were identified using antibodies against Goα or Gi2α proteins. To ascertain whether G proteins are early expressed during neurogenesis, multiple labeling experiments using PSA‐NCAM and doublecortin were performed. Distribution of BrdU‐labeled cells was analyzed in angular segments from the margin of the sensory epithelium. No sexual differences were found. Within survival groups, BrdU‐Goα labeled cells were found more marginally when compared with BrdU‐Gi2α labeled cells. The number of BrdU‐positive cells decreased from day 1 to day 3 to remain constant afterwards. The relative proportions of BrdU‐Gi2α and BrdU‐Goα labeled cells remained similar and constant from postinjection day 1 onwards. This rate was also comparable with BrdU‐positive cells starting day 3. These results indicate an early, constant, and similar rate of neurogenesis in the two major subclasses of vomeronasal neurons, which suggests that both cell populations maturate independently. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 70: 961–970, 2010
Domination of Local Environment Over Pore Confinement Effects on the Catalytic Performances of Single‐Site Cp*IrIII‐NHC Heterogeneous vs. Homogeneous H/D Exchange Catalysts
Authors: Maishal Tarun Kumar , Boualleg Malika , Bouhrara Mohamed , Copéret Christophe , Jeanneau Erwan , Veyre Laurent , Thieuleux Chloé 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThree different tailored mesostructured hybrid organic‐inorganic materials containing single site Ir–NHC moieties (NHC = N‐heterocyclic carbene) were synthesized by a very convenient and attractive methodology: (i) the synthesis of mesostructured materials with different pore‐sizes and containing two types of imidazolium units regularly distributed along their channel pores was achieved using a sol‐gel process via a templating route; (ii) the in situ transformation of the imidazolium moieties to Ag–NHC units was quantitatively performed; (iii) the transmetallation of Ag–NHC groups with [Cp*IrCl2]2 was carried out successfully. Each step was controlled fully and evaluated by several analytical techniques (XRD, N2 adsorption, elemental analysis, and solid state NMR). The catalytic properties of the resulting Ir–NHC‐containing materials were studied in H/D‐exchange reactions with various substrates, and compared to their homogeneous homologues. Their catalytic activity highlighted the following: (i) the substituents on the NHC ring have an important role; (ii) the size of the pores have no influence on the catalytic reactivity; (iii) the close environment around the metal center has a major influence on the catalytic reaction. This latter point suggests that the selective C–H bond activation by mesoporous catalysts with a mixture of reagents can be performed by fine tuning the steric hindrance around the metal centers, while keeping big pores for easy of diffusion of substrate and product molecules.
Electrochemically Induced Free‐Radical Polymerization for the Fabrication of Amperometric Glucose Biosensors
Authors: Shi Kang , Lei Ying , Wang Sheng , Shiu Kwok‐Keung 
Published: September 2010

AbstractElectrochemically induced free radical polymerization was employed for the fabrication of amperometric glucose biosensors. Based on the electrochemical reduction of persulfate anion, an ultrathin poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) hydrogel coating was generated on both the bare and glucose oxidase (GOD) crosslinked platinum electrodes in a neutral phosphate buffer solution under a low ionic strength condition. This electrosynthetic approach offers a flexible and controllable way to prepare functional coatings for biosensors under a wide range of highly biocompatible conditions, significantly different from other electropolymerization technologies that usually cause the enzyme deactivation. Negatively charged PAA hydrogel coating not only results in a biosensor with good permselectivity and long‐term stability, but also remarkably enhances its sensitivity by improving the oxygen recycle supply and the enzyme activity. Combined with a simple drop‐evaporation procedure to control the GOD loading, the present method offers a versatile and biocompatible way for fabricating highly sensitive biosensor.
Peptide Nucleic Acid Immobilized Biocompatible Silane Nanocomposite Platform for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Detection
Authors: Prabhakar Nirmal , Solanki Pratima R. , Kaushik Ajeet , Pandey M. K. , Malhotra B. D. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe have prepared nanocomposite films comprising of 3‐glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GOPS) and iron‐oxide (Fe3O4) onto indium‐tin‐oxide (ITO) glass plate for covalent immobilization of 21‐mer peptide nucleic acid (PNA). These films have been characterized using contact angle, atomic force microscopy (AFM), electrochemical techniques. The electrochemical response of the GOPS/ITO and Fe3O4‐GOPS/ITO electrodes has been investigated by hybridization with complementary, non‐complementary and one‐base mismatch using methylene blue as electrochemical indicator. The PNA/Fe3O4‐GOPS/ITO bioelectrode exhibits improved specificity and detection limit (0.1 fM) as compared to that of the PNA‐GOPS/ITO bioelectrode (0.1 pM). This PNA/Fe3O4‐GOPS/ITO electrode can be utilized for detection of hybridization with the complementary sequence in sonicated M. tuberculosis genomic DNA within 90 s of hybridization time.
Novel Potentiometric Sensors for Determination of Melatonin and Oxomemazine in Biological Samples and in Pharmaceutical Formulations
Authors: Saber Amr L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSimple, selective and accurate sensors were developed for the determination of melatonin and oxomemazine in biological samples (urine) and in pharmaceutical preparations. Potentiometric measurements were based on bismus tetraiodate‐drug ion‐pair as novel electroactive materials incorporating a plasticized PVC membrane witho‐nitrophenyl octyl ether or dioctyl phthalate. Each sensor was conditioned for at least two days in 0.1 M drug solution before use. It exhibited fast and stable Nernstian response for melatonin and oxomemazine over the concentration range of 1.0×10−6–1.0×10−2 M and 1.0×10−5–1.0×10−2 M, pH range of 3.0–6.5 and 3.5–6.0 for melatonin and oxomemazine sensors, respectively. Results with an average recovery not more than 101 % and a mean standard deviation less than 1.0 % of the nominal were obtained for the four sensors. The sensors showed reasonable selectivity towards investigated drugs in presence of many cations.
Sequence Specific Electrochemical DNA Detection Based on Solution‐Phase Competitive Hybridization
Authors: Luo Xiaoteng , Hsing I‐Ming 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe report a novel electrochemical method for detecting sequence‐specific DNA based on competitive hybridization that occurs in a homogeneous solution phase instead of on a solution‐electrode interface as in previously reported competition‐based electrochemical DNA detection schemes. The method utilizes the competition between the target DNA (t‐DNA) and a ferrocene‐labeled peptide nucleic acid probe (Fc‐PNA) to hybridize with a probe DNA (p‐DNA) in solution. The neutral PNA backbone and the electrostatic repulsion between the negatively‐charged DNA backbone and the negatively‐charged electrode surface are then exploited to determine the result of the competition through measurement of the electrochemical signal of Fc. Upon the introduction of the t‐DNA, the stronger hybridization affinity between the t‐DNA and p‐DNA releases the Fc‐PNA from the Fc‐PNA/p‐DNA hybrid, allowing it to freely diffuse to the negatively charged electrode to produce a significantly enhanced electrochemical signal of Fc. Therefore, the presence of the t‐DNA is indicated by the appearance or enhancement of the electrochemical signal, rendering a signal‐on DNA detection, which is less susceptible to false positive and can produce more reliable results than signal‐off detection methods. All the competitive hybridizations occur in a homogeneous solution phase, resulting in very high hybridization efficiency and therefore extremely short assay time. This simple and fast signal‐on solution‐competition‐based electrochemical DNA detection strategy has promising potential to find application in fields such as nucleic acid‐based point‐of‐care testing.
Converting developing and mature sugarcane carbohydrates into ethanol
Authors: Rolz Carlos , de León Roberto 
Published: September 2010

AbstractExperiments were performed employing cane particles obtained from sugarcane at different growth stages until maturation measuring the amount of ethanol produced and the carbohydrate consumption in order to estimate the sugarcane growth stage where both parameters were optimized. Two non‐flowering commercial cane varieties NA56 and PR752002 were cultivated and samples taken at different time intervals. Two Saccharomyces cerevisae strains were also compared in the trials. Sucrose was poorly consumed in young cane, which was an unexpected result. Fructose on the other hand was the hexose that remained in the medium at the end of the fermentations specially when using mature sugarcane. There was an increasing trend in ethanol production as a function of days after planting (DAP) as expected; however, a plateau was reached after 225 DAP and the maximum value obtained was between 300 and 325 DAP. When these figures were compared with the corresponding DAP used for sugar production, only 25 days less were needed in the field for maximum ethanol production. On the other hand, it was clear from the data that cane harvesting for ethanol production should not be done after the recommended DAP for commercial sugar production. If this is done, the excess fructose present will not be completely utilized by yeast. Finally, it was observed that the yeast with more affinity for sugarcane fibers showed better ethanol yields in all samples tested.
Tall building vibration control using a TM‐MR damper assembly
Authors: Zemp Rene , de la Llera Juan C. , Almazán José L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis research investigates the seismic and harmonic response of a true free‐plan tall building equipped with two tuned pendular inertial masses (TMs) and magnetorheological (MR) dampers. Construction of this proof‐of‐concept building was completed in 2007, and it is the first of its class in Chile. This article provides research results associated with this specific implementation; however, in order to make the results applicable to other building cases a parametric study was considered. A brief description of the structure and TM implementation together with the nonlinear equations of motion of the TM‐MR damper assembly are presented. Building displacements and accelerations are computed and analyzed for a suite of subduction‐type and near field ground motions. Besides, a new physical controller for the MR dampers is proposed and analyzed. The performance of this controller is compared with that of benchmark LQR controllers. In general, the TM‐MR damper assembly improves the lateral performance of this structure for lateral harmonic excitations. However, the expected peak and RMS response modification factors and efficacy of the solution for earthquake excitations are strongly dependent on the frequency content of the excitation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐dimensional analysis for square seismic isolation bearings under large shear deformations and high axial loads
Authors: Kikuchi Masaru , Nakamura Takahito , Aiken Ian D. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSquare seismic isolation bearings are economical to manufacture, offer the advantage of simple connection configurations and have compact geometry requiring a minimum of space for installation. To be able to more effectively utilize square bearings for seismic isolation systems, a new mechanical model for predicting the large shear deformation behavior of square elastomeric isolation bearings is presented in this paper. The new model is developed by extending to three dimensions an existing model for elastomeric isolation bearings under severe axial loads and shear deformations. The model comprises multiple shear springs at the mid‐height and a series of axial springs at the top and bottom boundaries. Static loading tests of square lead–rubber isolation bearings were performed to investigate the influence of horizontal loading direction and axial load magnitude on bearing behavior. The test results showed that the ultimate behavior is strongly influenced by loading direction, especially under large shear deformation and high axial load. To confirm the validity of the model, analyses are performed of the loading tests of the square lead–rubber isolation bearings. The results of analyses using the new model show very good agreement with the experimental results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effect of H2S on the Performance of SOFCs using Methane Containing Fuel
Authors: Rasmussen J. F. B. , Hagen A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn recent years, the interest for using biogas derived from biomass as fuel in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) has increased. To maximise the biogas to electrical energy output, it is important to study the effects of the main biogas components (CH4 and CO2), minor ones and traces (e.g. H2S) on performance and durability of the SOFC. Single anode‐supported SOFCs with Ni–Yttria‐Stabilised‐Zirconia (YSZ) anodes, YSZ electrolytes and lanthanum‐strontium‐manganite (LSM)–YSZ cathodes have been tested with a CH4–H2O–H2 fuel mixture at open circuit voltage (OCV) and 1 A cm–2 current load (850 °C). The cell performance was monitored with electric measurements and impedance spectroscopy. At OCV 2–24 ppm H2S were added to the fuel in 24 h intervals. The reforming activity of the Ni‐containing anode decreased rapidly when H2S was added to the fuel. This ultimately resulted in a lower production of fuel (H2 and CO) from CH4. Applying 1 A cm–2 current load, a maximum concentration of 7 ppm H2S was acceptable for a 24 h period.