bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Occurrence and fate of micropollutants in the Vidy Bay of Lake Geneva, Switzerland. Part I: Priority list for environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals
Authors: Perazzolo Chiara , Morasch Barbara , Kohn Tamar , Magnet Anoÿs , Thonney Denis , Chèvre Nathalie 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are substances designed to have a biological effect in humans. Their presence in the environment, especially in surface waters, is of increasing concern because of their potential risk to non-target species. A large number of pharmaceuticals are on the market; for example, approximately 2,000 active ingredients are approved in Europe, and many of them have already been detected in surface water. It is therefore crucial to select the substances that may do the most harm to the environment prior to performing measurements and extensive risk assessment. In the present study, a method to determine a list of pharmaceuticals to survey in surface water is proposed. Inclusion of substances on the list was based on a screening procedure, the analytical feasibility, and previous knowledge of pharmaceuticals detected in water. The screening procedure proposed here is an improvement on the standard procedure of the European Medicine Evaluation Agency (EMEA). It is designed to decrease the number of pharmaceuticals to be evaluated in a stepwise manner, thus decreasing the number of data necessary for the evaluation. We applied our approach to determine a list of 37 pharmaceuticals and four hormones to survey in a specific region of Switzerland, the Lake Geneva area, and discussed the advantages and weak points of the method. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010; 29:1649–1657. © 2010 SETAC
Influence of the molecular structure and exposure concentration on the uptake and elimination kinetics, bioconcentration, and biotransformation of anionic and nonionic surfactants
Authors: Álvarez-Muñoz Diana , Gómez-Parra Abelardo , González-Mazo Eduardo 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn vivo experiments with fish (sole) were performed for pure homologs of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) and alcohol ethoxylates (AEO), the most widely used anionic and nonionic surfactants. The surfactant concentration measured in the organism was higher than in the experimental water, and increased with the exposure concentration for both compounds. At the exposure levels tested the bioconcentration factors (BCF) for AEO were one order of magnitude higher than for LAS. Two linear relationships for hydrophobicity were established, one with BCF and the other with uptake rate. The influence of the exposure concentration on the uptake (k1) and elimination (k2) velocities was researched. The value obtained for k1 for AEO was higher than for LAS, while k2 was very similar for both compounds, indicating differences in the incorporation and but not in the depuration rate. For the first time, internal degradation products of LAS were identified and quantified in fish and water and the glucuronic conjugate of AEO was detected in an organism. The predominant biotransformation process for these compounds may be different: the results suggest a phase I biotransformation for LAS and phase II for AEO, due to their different molecular structures. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010; 29:1727–1734. © 2010 SETAC
Influence of nutrient level on methylmercury content in water spinach
Authors: Greger Maria , Dabrowska Beata 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Widely consumed vegetables are often cultivated in sewage waters with high nutrient levels. They can contain high levels of methylmercury (MeHg), because they can form MeHg from inorganic Hg in their young shoots. We determined whether the MeHg uptake and the MeHg formation in the shoots of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) were affected by the presence of a high nutrient level in the growth medium. Water spinach shoots were rooted and pretreated in growth medium containing 7% (low) or 70% (high) Hoagland nutrient solution; thereafter, the plants were treated with either 0.02 µM MeHg or 0.2 µM HgCl2 for 3 d. Half the plants were then analyzed for total Hg and MeHg. The remaining plants were transferred to mercury-free medium with low or high nutrient levels and posttreated for 3 days before analysis of total Hg and MeHg in order to measure MeHg formation in the absence of external Hg. The results indicate that nutrient level did not influence MeHg uptake, but that a high nutrient level reduced the distribution of MeHg to the shoots 2.7-fold versus low nutrient level. After treatment with HgCl2, MeHg was found in roots and new shoots but not in old shoots. The MeHg:total-Hg ratio was higher in new shoots than in roots, being 13 times higher at high versus low nutrient levels. Thus, MeHg formation was the same in new shoots independent of inorganic Hg concentration, since the total Hg level decreased at a high nutrient level. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010; 29:1735–1739. © 2010 SETAC
Immune‐based selection of pilot nodes for secondary voltage control
Authors: Amraee T. , Ranjbar A. M. , Feuillet R. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractSecondary voltage control is used to re‐adjust the reference values of automatic voltage regulators of generators. The performance of the secondary voltage control strongly depends on pilot node selection. In this paper the two proposed control laws for secondary voltage control are discussed and then an immune based algorithm is proposed to solve the optimal pilot node selection problem. The proposed algorithm is based on the clonal selection theory. The merit of immune algorithm lies in pattern recognition and memorization capabilities. Also, to provide independency of electrical zones a decoupling factor based on electrical distance concept is proposed. To verify the network observability and controllability, the proposed method is simulated over two New‐England 39‐Bus and IEEE 118‐Bus test cases. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical investigation of turbulent flow over a stationary and oscillatory NACA0012 airfoil using overset grids method
Authors: Rostami M. J. Vafaei , Saghafian M. , Sedaghat A. , Miansari Mo. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn this numerical study, unsteady and incompressible turbulent flows have been considered around stationary and flapping NACA0012 airfoil. Overset grid technique is used in this work. Three turbulence models have been examined including the linear Launder–Sharma k–ε model, nonlinear Craft–Launder–Suga k–ε model and nonlinear Lien–Chen–Leschziner k–ε model.First, the flow field around a stationary airfoil is solved for validating purposes. The results reveal different capabilities of capturing separation angle of attack using linear and nonlinear models. Nonlinear models predict smaller stall angle compared with the linear ones.Second, the flow field around a plunging airfoil is considered at various angles of attack, reduced frequencies and different amplitudes. The results show that the effects of reduced frequency are highly significant. There are differences in aerodynamic forces and wake structures in the upstroke and the down stroke motions, because they are functions of the mean angle of attack, oscillation amplitude and reduced frequency. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Potentials and limitations of modelling spatio‐temporal patterns of soil moisture in a high mountain catchment using WaSiM‐ETH
Authors: Rößler Ole , Löffler Jörg 
Published: April 2010

AbstractSoil moisture is a highly dynamic ecological variable. This dynamic is especially distinct in high mountains areas, where topography, snow cover, micro‐climate, vegetation, soil properties and land cover vary across short distances. For such areas, soil moisture modelling on a fine scale is therefore particularly challenging. We evaluated the distributed, physically based model WaSiM‐ETH with regard to its ability to model soil moisture in high mountain catchments, including spatio‐temporal patterns. The study was performed in the alpine catchment area of the Lötschen valley (160 km2) in Switzerland, an area ranging from 600 to 4000 m a.s.l. The model was run for the period of 2003–2007 with high temporal (hourly) and spatial (50 m) resolution. Extensive TDR‐ and FD‐measurements conducted in 2006 and 2007 enabled the validation of the simulated soil moisture. A local sensitivity analysis indicated a dependence of soil moisture on skeleton fraction and temperature. The validation results showed that WaSiM‐ETH is able to simulate absolute soil moisture variability across different altitudes and land cover types with only a moderate accuracy (R = 0·47), whereas the soil moisture dynamic is reproduced well (R = 0·69, IoA = 0·66). High spatial variability of skeleton fraction and coarse meteorological data are the main causes for the limitation in soil moisture modelling. Nevertheless, analysing the spatio‐temporal patterns of soil moisture revealed a clear seasonal pattern that is in line with literature. We found soil moisture to be determined by liquid precipitation, snow‐melt and evapotranspiration. Greatest efforts should be laid on the exact determination of fine‐scale meteorological data and spatial skeleton estimation to improve soil moisture modelling in high mountain areas in the future. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From fetus to adult—an allometric analysis of the giraffe vertebral column
Authors: van Sittert Sybrand J. , Skinner John D. , Mitchell Graham 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAs mammalian cervical vertebral count is almost always limited to seven, the vertebral column of the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) provides an interesting study on scaling and adaptation to shape in light of these constraints. We have defined and described the growth rates of the lengths, widths, and heights of the vertebrae from fetal through neonatal life to maturity. We found that the disproportionate elongation of the cervical vertebrae is not a fetal process but occurs after birth, and that each cervical (C2‐C7) vertebrae elongates at the same rate. C7 is able to specialize toward elongation as its function has been shifted to T1. We concluded that T1 is a transitional vertebra whose scaling exponent and length is between that of the cervical and thoracic series. Despite its transitional nature, T1 is still regarded as thoracic, as it possesses an articulating rib that attaches to the sternum. The other dimensions taken (width, height, and spinous process length) show that giraffe vertebral morphology exhibit adaptations to biomechanical strain, and we have underlined the importance of the thoracic spinous processes in supporting the head and neck. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 314B:469–479, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A 40 ka record of temperature and permafrost conditions in northwestern Europe from noble gases in the Ledo‐Paniselian Aquifer (Belgium)
Authors: Blaser Petra Corinne , Kipfer Rolf , Loosli Heinz Hugo , Walraevens Kristine , van Camp Marc , Aeschbach‐Hertig Werner 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe Ledo‐Paniselian Aquifer in Belgium offers unique opportunities to study periglacial groundwater recharge during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), as it was located close to the southern boundary of the ice sheets at that time. Groundwater residence times determined by 14C and 4He reveal a sequence of Holocene and Pleistocene groundwaters and a gap between about 14 and 21 ka, indicating permafrost conditions which inhibited groundwater recharge. In this paper, a dataset of noble gas measurements is used to study the climatic evolution of the region. The derived recharge temperatures indicate that soil temperatures in the periods just before and after the recharge gap were only slightly above freezing, supporting the hypothesis that permafrost caused the recharge gap. The inferred glacial cooling of 9.5°C is the largest found so far by the noble gas method. Yet, compared to other palaeoclimate reconstructions for the region, recharge temperatures deduced from noble gases for the cold periods tend to be rather high. Most likely, this is due to soil temperatures being several degrees higher than air temperatures during periods with extended snow cover. Thus the noble‐gas‐derived glacial cooling of 9.5°C is only a lower limit of the maximum cooling during the LGM. Some samples younger than the recharge gap are affected by degassing, possibly related to gas production during recharge in part of the recharge area, especially during times of melting permafrost. The findings of this study, such as the occurrence of a recharge gap and degassing related to permafrost and its melting, are significant for groundwater dynamics and geochemistry in periglacial areas. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quaternary tephra marker beds and their potential for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction on Chatham Island, east of New Zealand, southwest Pacific Ocean
Authors: Holt Katherine A. , Wallace R. Clel , Neall Vincent E. , Kohn Barry P. , Lowe David J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractTephras provide one of the most reliable methods of time control and synchronisation within Quaternary sequences. We report on the identification of two widespread rhyolitic tephras – the Kawakawa and Rangitawa tephras – preserved in extensive peat deposits on Chatham Island ∼900 km east of New Zealand. The tephras, both products of supereruptions from the Taupo Volcanic Zone, occur as pale, fine‐ash dominated layers typically 10–150 mm thick. Mineralogically they are dominated by rhyolitic glass, together with subordinate amounts of quartz, feldspar, hypersthene, hornblende, Fe–Ti oxides and zircon. Phlogopite/biotite was identified additionally in Rangitawa Tephra. Ages for each tephra were obtained via mineralogical and major element glass composition‐based correlation with well‐dated equivalent deposits on mainland New Zealand, and we also obtained a new zircon fission‐track age for Rangitawa Tephra (350 ± 50 ka) on Chatham Island. Both tephras were erupted at critical times for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions in the New Zealand region: the Kawakawa at ca. 27 cal. ka, near the beginning of the ‘extended’ LGM early in marine isotope stage (MIS) 2; and the Rangitawa at ca. 350 ka near the end of MIS 10. The time constraints provided by the tephras demonstrate that Chatham Island peats contain long‐distance pollen derived from mainland New Zealand, which provides a reliable proxy for identifying glacial–interglacial climate conditions, in this case during the MIS 11–10 and MIS 2–1 cycles. The two tephras thus provide important chronostratigraphic tie‐points that facilitate correlation and synchronisation not only across the Quaternary deposits of the Chatham Islands group but also with climatically significant terrestrial and marine records in the wider New Zealand region. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temperature‐dependent Raman study of PrFeO3thin film
Authors: Ahmad Mir Feroz , Ikram M. , Kumar Ravi 
Published: April 2010

AbstractLow‐temperature Raman study of (001)‐oriented PrFeO3 thin film of around 200 nm thickness deposited on a LaAlO3 (001) substrate by using the pulsed‐laser deposition technique is presented. X‐ray diffraction analysis of this film shows an orthorhombic structure with Pbnm space group. The observed substrate‐induced strain is found to be small. In the room temperature Raman spectra, different Raman modes were observed that were classified according to the orthorhombic structure. All the observed modes show a decrease in wavenumber with rise in temperature, except the B1g mode (624 cm−1) which shows some anomalous behavior. We tried to correlate the variations in linewidth and position with temperature for the observed modes with the octahedral disorder of FeO6. Many possibilities are presented to explain the observed results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of leptin receptor in nasal polyps: Leptin as a mucosecretagogue
Authors: Song Si‐Youn , Woo Hyun‐Jae , Bae Chang Hoon , Kim Yong‐Woon , Kim Yong‐Dae 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:Leptin is a pleiotropic hormone that regulates food intake and metabolic and endocrine functions. Serum leptin levels have been reported to be increased in patients with allergic rhinitis and nasal polyposis; however, the explanation for this is unclear. We aimed to demonstrate the differential expression of leptin receptors in normal human nasal mucosa and nasal polyps, and to elucidate the effects of leptin on mucin gene expression in human nasal polyp epithelial cells.Study Design:Case‐control and in vitro study.Methods:Normal ethmoid sinus mucosa was obtained from 10 subjects and used as a control; nasal polyps were obtained from 10 patients. Leptin receptor expression was analyzed using reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and Western blot analysis. Leptin‐induced expression of major respiratory mucins (MUC5AC and MUC5B) in the human nasal polyp epithelial cells was determined using RT‐PCR and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.Results:The leptin receptor expression was stronger in the nasal polyps than in the normal nasal mucosa. In human nasal polyp epithelial cells, leptin increased the expression of MUC5AC and MUC5B, in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner, at the gene and protein levels. Leptin‐induced mucin expression was inhibited by the leptin receptor antagonist.Conclusions:The increased expression of leptin receptors in nasal polyps implies leptin has a certain role in nasal polyposis. In addition, leptin appears to induce the expression of MUC5AC and MUC5B through leptin receptors in the human nasal polyp epithelial cells. Laryngoscope, 2010
Endoscopic repair of high‐flow cranial base defects using a bilayer button
Authors: Luginbuhl Adam J. , Campbell Peter G. , Evans James , Rosen Marc 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:Repair of the skull base still begins with a direct repair of the dural defect. We present a new button closure for primary repair of the dura for high flow defects.Study Design:Retrospective review.Methods:We reviewed our 20 cases of primary button grafts and compared the results to the previous 20 high‐flow open‐cistern cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cases. Subjects were excluded if they had no violation of the arachnoid space or potential for low‐flow CSF leak. The button is constructed so that the inlay portion is at least 25% larger than the dural defect, and the onlay portion is just large enough to cover the dural defect. The two grafts are sutured together using two 4‐0 Neurolon sutures and placed with the inlay portion intradurally and the onlay portion extradurally.Results:The button graft repair of open‐cisternal defects had a drop in CSF leak complications to 10% (2/20), and these two leaks were repaired with the button technique as the salvage surgery. This is a significant improvement over the 45% leak rate in the prebutton graft group (P < .03). In our button graft group we used nasoseptal flaps on 16/20 repairs, and 1/2 repairs that leaked in the button group did not have a nasoseptal flap. Lumbar drains were used in ∼38% in both groups (P = .83).Conclusions:The button graft can be used in conjunction with the nasal septal flap or as a stand‐alone repair with good results reducing the postoperative leak rate to 10% for high‐flow CSF repairs. Laryngoscope, 2010
KAI1 COOH‐terminal interacting tetraspanin (KITENIN) expression in early and advanced laryngeal cancer
Authors: Lee Joon Kyoo , Yoon Tae Mi , Seo Deok Jung , Sun Eun Gene , Bae Jeong A. , Lim Sang Chul , Choi Yoo Duk , Lee Jae Hyuk , Joo Young Eun , Kim Kyung Keun 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:To investigate the expression of KAI1 COOH‐terminal interacting tetraspanin (KITENIN) in patients with laryngeal cancers and to examine the correlation between its expression and various clinical and pathological variables.Study Design:Cross‐sectional study with planned data collection.Methods:Tumor specimens were collected from 32 patients with laryngeal squamous carcinoma (collection of consecutive 32 tumor samples; 14 early stage, 18 advanced stage). Expression of KITENIN in the tissues obtained was determined by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining. The patient characteristics including age, gender, tumor location, histology, stage, tumor extent, lymph node metastasis, and survival were obtained by review of the hospital records.Results:KITENIN expression was significantly increased in laryngeal cancer tissues compared to adjacent normal tissue mucosa, as well as in metastatic lymph nodes compared to nonmetastatic lymph nodes. High KITENIN expression was significantly associated with advanced stage, tumor extent, and lymph node metastasis (P = .016, .016, and .005, respectively). There was no difference in the overall survival and disease‐free survival between the low‐ and high‐KITENIN expression groups among patients with laryngeal cancer.Conclusions:These results suggest that KITENIN expression may be associated with tumor progression in patients with laryngeal cancer. Further studies are needed to determine whether KITENIN expression adds prognostic value to conventional factors, such as the stage and status of metastasis, in a large series with a long period of follow‐up. Laryngoscope, 2010
Systematic review of the evidence for the etiology of adult sudden sensorineural hearing loss
Authors: Chau Justin K. , Lin June R. J. , Atashband Shahnaz , Irvine Robert A. , Westerberg Brian D. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:To determine the evidence for different etiologies of sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) identified by clinical diagnostic tests in the adult population.Study Design:Systematic literature review.Methods:Review of MEDLINE (1950–October 2009), EMBASE (1980–October 2009), and EBM Review databases in addition to manual reference search of identified papers. Randomized controlled trials, prospective cohort studies, and retrospective reviews of consecutive patients in which a clear definition of SSNHL was stated and data from consecutive patients were reported with respect to etiology of hearing loss. Three researchers independently extracted data regarding patient demographic information, diagnostic tests employed, and the identified presumed etiologies. Discrepancies were resolved by mutual consensus.Results:Twenty‐three articles met the inclusion criteria. The first group of papers searched for different etiologies among patients with SSNHL. Multiple etiologies were identified, including viral infection, vascular impairment, autoimmune disease, inner ear pathology, and central nervous system anomalies. The diagnosis for the majority of patients remained idiopathic. The second group of papers evaluated SSNHL patients with specific diagnostic tests such as autoimmune markers, hemostatic parameters, and diagnostic imaging.Conclusions:The suspected etiologies for patients suffering sudden sensorineural hearing loss included idiopathic (71.0%), infectious disease (12.8%), otologic disease (4.7%), trauma (4.2%), vascular or hematologic (2.8%), neoplastic (2.3%), and other causes (2.2%). Establishment of a direct causal link between SSNHL and these etiologies remains elusive. Diagnostic imaging is a useful method for identification of temporal bone or intracranial pathology that can present with SSNHL as a primary symptom. Laryngoscope, 2010
Second branchial fistula with unusual presentation—A case report
Authors: Ng Siu‐Kwan , Tong Michael C. F. , van Hasselt Charles A. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractComplete second branchial fistula is a rare clinical entity. The classical presentation of second branchial fistula is recurrent discharge from the external opening with or without recurrent painful neck swelling. We report an unusual case whose presenting symptom was a long‐standing history of throat discomfort with recurrent blood stained saliva. Her symptoms resolved after her branchial fistula was excised.