bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: (η6‐Arene)ruthenium(N‐heterocyclic carbene) Complexes for the Chelation‐Assisted Arylation and Deuteration of Arylpyridines: Catalytic Studies and Mechanistic Insights.
Authors: Prades Amparo , Poyatos Macarena , Peris Eduardo 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe Ru complex is efficient for the regioselective arylation and deuteration of arylpyridines, benzo[h]quinoline, and N‐phenylpyrrazole.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions with Hydrazonoyl Halides. Part 62. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Some New Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyrimidine, Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine, Imidazo[1,2‐b]pyrazole, and Quinoxaline Derivatives.
Authors: Abdelhamid Abdou O. , Abdelall Eman K. A. , Zaki Yasser H. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA series of novel heterocyclic compounds is synthesized using hydrazonoyl bromide (I) as starting compound.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Hydrogenation of α‐Dehydroamino Acid Esters Catalyzed by Rhodium Complexes with Chiral Bisaminophosphine Ligands.
Authors: Sun Xianfeng , Li Wei , Zhou Le , Zhang Xumu 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe complex generated form [Rh(cod)2]BF4 and BAP is an efficient catalyst for the asymmetric hydrogenation of unsaturated amino acid esters.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis of Some Benzimidazolium Salts and Use as Carbene Precursors in the Heck and Suzuki Reactions.
Authors: Yigit Beyhan , Yigit Murat , Oezdemir Ismail , Cetinkaya Engin 
Published: August 2010

Abstract1‐(2‐Diisopropylaminoethyl)‐3‐alkylbenzimidazolium salts are shown to be good catalysts for Heck and Suzuki reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent‐Free Microwave‐Assisted Peroxidative Oxidation of Secondary Alcohols to the Corresponding Ketones Catalyzed by Copper(II) 2,4‐Alkoxy‐1,3,5‐triazapentadienato Complexes.
Authors: Figiel Pawel J. , Kopylovich Maximilian N. , Lasri Jamal , Guedes da Silva M. Fatima C. , Frausto da Silva Joao J. R. , Pombeiro Armando J. L. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe title catalyst provides high yields and TONs up to 890.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of β‐Oxoalkyl Carbamates from Carbon Dioxide, Internal Propargylic Alcohols, and Secondary Amines Catalyzed by Silver Salts and DBU.
Authors: Qi Chaorong , Huang Liangbin , Jiang Huanfeng 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe cooperation between AgOAc and DBU is a key factor in activating the transformation.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Various 2,8‐Cyclooctadiene‐1,2‐dicarboxylates
Authors: Uzgoren‐Baran Ayse , Tunoglu Nazan , Okay Gurol 
Published: August 2010

Abstract[via [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction between enamines (I) or (IV) and electrophilic acetylenes].
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] Cycloaddition of Various Fluorine‐Containing Alkynes — Novel Synthesis of Multi‐Substituted Fluoroalkylated Aromatic Compounds.
Authors: Konno Tsutomu , Moriyasu Kazuki , Kinugawa Ryoko , Ishihara Takashi 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA variety of title compounds is prepared involving cyclotrimerization of fluorinated alkynes [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Phenylethanolamine Derivatives Containing Acetanilides as Potent and Selective β3‐Adrenergic Receptor Agonists.
Authors: Maruyama Tatsuya , Onda Kenichi , Hayakawa Masahiko , Suzuki Takayuki , Kimizuka Tetsuya , Matsui Tetsuo , Takasu Toshiyuki , Nagase Itsuro , Hamada Noritaka , Ohta Mitsuaki 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA novel series of phenolethanolamine derivatives containing acetanilides is synthesized and evaluated for their activities at the human β3‐, β2‐ and β1‐adrenergic receptors.
ChemInform Abstract: PdII‐Catalyzed Highly Selective Arylation of Allyl Esters via C—H Functionalization of Unreactive Arenes with Retention of the Traditional Leaving Group.
Authors: Pan Delin , Yu Miao , Chen Wei , Jiao Ning 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe title Fujiwara—Moritani oxidative Heck reaction proceeds with highly chemo‐, regio‐, and stereoselective control, leading to the formation of (E)‐cinnamyl acetates and a carbonate.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Synthesis of Arylketones by Nickel‐Catalyzed Addition of Arylboronic Acids to Nitriles.
Authors: Wong Ying‐Chieh , Parthasarathy Kanniyappan , Cheng Chien‐Hong 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA low cost nickel complex is shown to catalyze the reaction of the arylboronic acids with aromatic and aliphatic nitriles to give the corresponding biaryl or arylketones in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: New Indenyl Phosphinooxazoline Complexes of Iron and Their Catalytic Activity in the Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction.
Authors: Lenze Matthew , Sedinkin Sergey L. , Rath Nigam P. , Bauer Eike B. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIt is demonstrated that a new iron‐indenyl PHOX complex is efficient for the title reaction of the 1‐siloxy 1‐methoxyethene with aromatic aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free Air Oxidation of Thiols in Recyclable Ionic Liquid: A Simple and Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Disulfides.
Authors: Singh Devender , Galetto Fabio Z. , Soares Letiere C. , Rodrigues Oscar E. Dorneles , Braga Antonio Luiz 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe efficient oxidative coupling procedure is applicable to a wide range of thiols including captopryl (III) and L‐cysteine (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Addition of ArSSAr to Carbon—Carbon Multiple Bonds Using Electrochemistry.
Authors: Fujie Shunsuke , Matsumoto Kouichi , Suga Seiji , Nokami Toshiki , Yoshida Jun‐ichi 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe electrochemical oxidation of diaryl sulfides such as (II) or (XII) generates arylbis(arylthio)sulfonium ions that react with alkenes to give — after quenching with a soft nucleophile and/or complete quenching with NEt3 — a series of di(arylthio) substituted compounds in a stereospecific and anti‐selective manner.
ChemInform Abstract: New 2‐(4‐Ethyl‐phenoxymethyl)benzoic Acid Thioureides. Synthesis, Spectral Analyses and Microbiological Assays.
Authors: Limban Carmen , Missir Alexandru‐Vasile , Chirita Ileana Cornelia , Nitulescu George Mihai , Draghici Constantin , Caproiu Miron T. , Chifiriuc Mariana Carmen , Dracea Olguta Nicoleta 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSome of the title compounds (IV) (6 examples), e.g. (IVb) and (IVd), possess a broad spectrum antimicrobial activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Zn(OTf)2‐Catalyzed Addition of Amines to Carbodiimides: Efficient Synthesis of Guanidines and Unpredicted Formation of Zn—N Amido Species.
Authors: Li Dongzhen , Guang Jie , Zhang Wen‐Xiong , Wang Yang , Xi Zhenfeng 
Published: August 2010

AbstractUnder an atmosphere of air, Zn(O‐Tf)2 serves as an excellent catalyst precursor for the addition of various primary and secondary amines to carbodiimides.
ChemInform Abstract: Planar Chiral Imidazolium Salts Based on [2.2]Paracyclophane in the Asymmetric Rhodium‐Catalyzed 1,2‐Addition of Arylboronic Acids to Aldehydes.
Authors: Ma Qingshuang , Ma Yudao , Liu Xiao , Duan Wenzeng , Qu Bo , Song Chun 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe rhodium‐catalyzed addition of arylboronic acids towards aromatic aldehydes proceeds smoothly in the presence of paracyclophane‐derived planar chiral imidazolium‐based carbene ligands to give the adduct alcohols in excellent yields and up to 52% optical purity.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct C—H Bond Arylation of 2‐Hydroxybenzaldehydes with Arylboronic Acids via Ligand‐Free Palladium Catalysts.
Authors: Weng Fei , Wang Chengming , Xu Bin 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA broad spectrum of functional groups is tolerated in the preparation of the important 2‐hydroxybenzophenone subunits.
ChemInform Abstract: Platinum‐Catalyzed Michael Addition and Cyclization of Tertiary Amines with Nitroolefins by Dehydrogenation of α,β‐sp3 C—H Bonds.
Authors: Xia Xiao‐Feng , Shu Xing‐Zhong , Ji Ke‐Gong , Yang Yan‐Fang , Shaukat Ali , Liu Xue‐Yuan , Liang Yong‐Min 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMild, one‐pot methods to prepare trisubstituted enamines and chromanopiperidines are reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphine‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis of β‐Lactones from Arylketoketenes and Aromatic Aldehydes.
Authors: Mondal Mukulesh , Ibrahim Ahmad A. , Wheeler Kraig A. , Kerrigan Nessan J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe reaction is catalyzed by (R)‐BINAPHANE to afford the optically enriched β‐lactones with high dia‐ and enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Trisubstituted Aziridines with N‐α‐Diazoacyl Camphorsultam.
Authors: Hashimoto Takuya , Nakatsu Hiroki , Watanabe Shogo , Maruoka Keiji 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA variety of trisubstituted aziridines is prepared with complete diastereoselectivity from α‐substituted α‐diazocarbonylcompounds bearing camphorsultam as a chiral auxiliary with N‐Boc and N‐Cbz‐protected aromatic imines.
ChemInform Abstract: Exceptionally Easy Ring Cleavage of Benzimidazoles by α,β‐Acetylenic γ‐Hydroxy Nitriles and Water.
Authors: Trofimov Boris A. , Andriyankova Ludmila V. , Nikitina Lina P. , Belyaeva Kseniya V. , Mal'kina Anastasiya G. , Afonin Andrei V. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe new one‐pot, three‐component cascade results in formation of highly functionalized formanilides bearing a dihydrofuran unit.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Camphorsulfonyloxylactonization of Alkenoic Acids.
Authors: Zhu Min , Sun Na‐Bo , Li He , Yan Jie 
Published: August 2010

AbstractDifferent behavior is observed in the reaction of acids (I) and (VI) with [hydroxy(((+)‐10‐camphorsulfonyl)oxy)iodo]benzene (HCIB).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of New 2‐Aryl‐4‐chloro‐3‐hydroxy‐1H‐indole‐5,7‐dicarbaldehydes via Vilsmeier—Haack Reaction.
Authors: Eftekhari‐Sis Bagher , Zirak Maryam , Akbari Ali , Hashemi Mohammed M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractNovel 2‐aryl‐4‐chloro‐3‐hydroxy‐1H‐indole‐5,7‐dicarbaldehydes (III) are obtained in a three‐step procedure from acetophenones.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Reduction of α‐Pyrazolidinyl Ketones.
Authors: Tavtorkin A. N. , Sviridova L. A. , Golubeva G. A. , Nelyubina Yu. V. , Lyssenko K. A. , Kochetkov K. A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractReduction of the carbonyl group in racemic ketones (I) and (IV) with a trans structure, always gives rise to a mixture of two diastereomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Nitrone Cycloaddition to Quinones: A Novel Strategy for the Synthesis of Benzisoxazolidenes.
Authors: Paul Rony Rajan , Varghese Vimal , Beneesh P. B. , Sinu C. R. , Suresh E. , Anabha E. R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe presented quinone—nitrone reactions are considered as a special case among quinone‐1,3‐dipole cycloaddition reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Function‐Oriented 2‐Phenyl‐2H‐chromene Derivatives Using L‐Pipecolinic Acid and Substituted Guanidine Organocatalysts.
Authors: Das Bhaskar C. , Mohapatra Seetaram , Campbell Philip D. , Nayak Sabita , Mahalingam Sakkarapalayam M. , Evans Todd 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAn organocatalytic oxa‐Mannich/aldol reaction is developed to give chromenes in high yields without the need of a co‐catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel 3,4‐Epoxypiperidines as Efficient DNA Alkylating Agents.
Authors: Kawada Yuji , Kodama Tetsuya , Miyashita Kazuyuki , Imanishi Takeshi , Obika Satoshi 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA library of novel 3,4‐epoxypiperidine derivatives (IX) (15 examples) is synthesized via Huisgen reaction and evaluated for DNA cleavage activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal and Antibacterial Studies of Diversely Functionalized Tetrahydropyridin‐4‐ol.
Authors: Aridoss Gopalakrishnan , Amirthaganesan Shanmugasundaram , Jeong Yeon Tae 
Published: August 2010

AbstractVarious heterocyclic and homocyclic substituted acetyl and propanoyl derivatives of tetrahydropyridin‐4‐ol (26 examples) are synthesized and evaluated for their antibacterial activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Antimicrobial and Antileishmanial Studies of Novel (2E)‐3‐(2‐Chloro‐6‐methyl/methoxyquinolin‐3‐yl)‐1‐ (aryl)prop‐2‐en‐1‐ones.
Authors: Rizvi Syed Umar Farooq , Siddiqui Hamid Latif , Parvez Masood , Ahmad Matloob , Siddiqui Waseeq Ahmad , Yasinzai Muhammad Masoom 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe title compounds (III) show remarkable antibacterial activity which is combined with significant antifungal activity in the case of (IIId) and (IIIe).
ChemInform Abstract: Lateral Lithiation of N′‐(2‐Methylbenzyl)‐N,N‐dimethylurea and N‐(2‐Methylbenzyl)pivalamide: Synthesis of Tetrahydroisoquinolines.
Authors: Smith Keith , El‐Hiti Gamal A. , Hegazy Amany S. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTreatment of substrates (I) according to A) allows the efficient synthesis of derivatives which are functionalized at the ortho side chain.
ChemInform Abstract: Aminocatalytic Asymmetric Inverse‐Electron‐Demand Aza‐Diels—Alder Reaction of N‐Ts‐1‐Aza‐1,3‐butadienes Based on Coumarin Cores.
Authors: Li Jun‐Long , Zhou Si‐Li , Han Bo , Wu Li , Chen Ying‐Chun 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe first examples of a highly enantioselective inverse‐electron‐demand aza‐Diels—Alder reaction of the title azabutadienes (II) employing bulky chiral secondary amine catalysts (I) are given.
ChemInform Abstract: [4 + 2] Cycloaddition of α,β‐Unsaturated Acid Anhydrides to 2‐Furylpiperidin‐4‐ones: The Short Route to Annulated 8,10a‐Epoxypyrido[2,1‐a]isoindoles.
Authors: Zubkov Fedor I. , Airiyan Inga K. , Dzyubenko Anastasiya A. , Yudina Nataliya I. , Zaytsev Vladimir P. , Nikitina Eugeniya V. , Varlamov Alexey V. , Khrustalev Victor N. , Grudinin Dmitry G. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA series of novel epoxypyrido[2,1‐a]isoindole derivatives is prepared by highly regio‐ and stereoselective Diels—Alder reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antibacterial Screening of New 4‐((5‐(Difluoromethoxy)‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazol‐2‐ylthio)methyl)tetrazolo [1,5‐a]quinoline Derivatives.
Authors: Sonar Swapnil S. , Sadaphal Sandip A. , Pokalwar Rajkumar U. , Shingate Bapurao B. , Shingare Murlidhar S. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAll newly synthesized derivatives of the previously unknown heterocyclic system (V) are screened for their antimicrobial activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Polycyclic N‐Heterocyclic Compounds. Part 63. Improved Synthesis of 5‐Amino‐1,2‐dihydrofuro[2,3‐c]isoquinolines via Truce—Smiles Rearrangement and Subsequent Formation to Furo[2,3‐c]isoquinoline.
Authors: Okuda Kensuke , Yoshida Masahiko , Hirota Takashi , Sasaki Kenji 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe title rearrangement is used for the preparation of title compounds (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Rearrangement of 2‐Bromo‐N‐quinoline‐8‐yl‐acetamide Leading to New Heterocycle.
Authors: Kalita Dipjyoti , Baruah Jubaraj B. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe different behavior of 2‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐ and 2‐(2‐methoxyphenyl)ethylamine and the rearrangement of both products (IV) and (VI) to the novel heterocyclic system (V) are discussed [no yield is given for the rearrangement from (VI) into (V)].
ChemInform Abstract: A Mild and Convenient Synthesis of Quinoxalines via Cyclization—Oxidation Process Using DABCO as Catalyst.
Authors: Meshram H. M. , Kumar G. Santosh , Ramesh P. , Reddy B. Chennakesava 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe pharmaceutically important heterocyclic skeleton can be prepared from various o‐phenylenediamines and phenacyl bromides.
ChemInform Abstract: Niementowski‐Type Synthesis of Pyrido[3,2‐e][1,2,4‐]triazines: Potent aza‐Analogues of Pyrido[2,3‐b]pyrazine Fungicides.
Authors: Crowley Patrick J. , Lamberth Clemens , Mueller Urs , Wendeborn Sebastian , Sageot Olivia‐A. , Williams John , Bartovic Alexander 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTriazine (I) is converted to pyridotriazine (IV) under Niementowski‐type conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Concise Synthesis of Pyrimido‐Azocine Derivatives via Aza‐Claisen Rearrangement and Intramolecular Heck Reaction.
Authors: Majumdar K. C. , Mondal Shovan , Ghosh Debankan , Chattopadhyay Buddhadeb 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA Pd‐catalyzed ligand‐free intramolecular Heck coupling of appropriately substituted pyrimidinediones (III) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: New Synthetic Methodology for Construction of the 1,3,4,5‐Tetrahydro‐2H‐1,3‐benzodiazepin‐2‐one Skeleton.
Authors: Dengiz Cagatay , Oezcan Sevil , Sahin Ertan , Balci Metin 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe preparation of parent compound (VI) is achieved via 2 Curtius rearrangements of the diazide (II) as the key step.
ChemInform Abstract: New Opinions on the Amidoalkylation of Hydrophosphorylic Compounds.
Authors: Dmitriev Maxim , Ragulin Valery V. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractReaction of alkyl carbamates with aldehydes and hydrophosphorylic compounds offers a novel milder method fo the synthesis of N‐protected α‐aminoalkylphosphorylic compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Calpinactam, a New Antimycobacterial Agent, Produced by Mortierella alpina FKI‐4905.
Authors: Koyama Nobuhiro , Kojima Shigenobu , Nonaka Kenichi , Masuma Rokuro , Matusmoto Makoto , Omura Satoshi , Tomoda Hiroshi 
Published: August 2010

AbstractCalpinactam (I), a new antimycobacterial agent, is isolated from the culture broth of the fungal strain Mortierella alpina FKI‐4905.
ChemInform Abstract: Three New Monoterpene Alkaloids and a New Caffeic Acid Ester from Incarvillea mairei var. multifoliolata
Authors: Xing Ai‐Ting , Tian Jun‐Mian , Liu Chun‐Mei , Li Hui‐Liang , Zhang Wei‐Dong , Shan Lei 
Published: August 2010

Abstractmairines A‐C (I)‐(III), caffeate (IV)
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 9Z‐Retinoic Acid Analogues Having 2‐Substituted Benzo[b]furan.
Authors: Okitsu Takashi , Nakazawa Daisuke , Nakagawa Kimie , Okano Toshio , Wada Akimori 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAll new analogues exhibit low transcriptional activity for human RXR (alpha)‐GAL4 expressed in transfected MG‐63 cells with (IVa) as the most active compound.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Bis‐Aryl Phosphates Based on Triazine Scaffold.
Authors: Courme Caroline , Gresh Nohad , Lenoir Christine , Vidal Michel , Garbay Christiane , Florent Jean‐Claude , Bertounesque Emmanuel 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn view of targeting the Grb2‐SH2 signaling protein bis‐aryl phosphates of type (I) are prepared starting from cyanuric chloride.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of Lapachol — Syntheses of Some New Biogenetically Related Naphthoquinones, Naphthoquinone Dimers, Naphthaquinoxaline and Naphthaazaquinoxaline Derivatives from Lapachol
Authors: Singh Pahup , Krishna Vivek , Khandelwal Poonam , Sharma Kuldeep K. , Sharma M. C. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractReview: 65 refs.
RefProtDom: a protein database with improved domain boundaries and homology relationships
Authors: Gonzalez Mileidy W. , Pearson William R. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Summary: RefProtDom provides a set of divergent query domains, originally selected from Pfam, and full-length proteins containing their homologous domains, with diverse architectures, for evaluating pair-wise and iterative sequence similarity searches. Pfam homology and domain boundary annotations in the target library were supplemented using local and semi-global searches, PSI-BLAST searches, and SCOP and CATH classifications.
Availability: RefProtDom is available from http://faculty.virginia.edu/wrpearson/fasta/PUBS/gonzalez09a
Contact: miledywgonzalez@gmail.com; pearson@virginia.edu
Association screening of common and rare genetic variants by penalized regression
Authors: Zhou Hua , Sehl Mary E. , Sinsheimer Janet S. , Lange Kenneth 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMotivation: This article extends our recent research on penalized estimation methods in genome-wide association studies to the realm of rare variants.Results: The new strategy is tested on both simulated and real data. Our findings on breast cancer data replicate previous results and shed light on variant effects within genes.Availability: Rare variant discovery by group penalized regression is now implemented in the free program Mendel at http://www.genetics.ucla.edu/software/Contact: huazhou@ucla.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Functional Differentiation of the Glycosyltransferases That Contribute to the Chemical Diversity of Bioactive Flavonol Glycosides in Grapevines (Vitis vinifera)
Authors: Ono Eiichiro , Homma Yu , Horikawa Manabu , Kunikane-Doi Satoshi , Imai Haruna , Takahashi Seiji , Kawai Yosuke , Ishiguro Masaji , Fukui Yuko , Nakayama Toru 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWe identified two glycosyltransferases that contribute to the structural diversification of flavonol glycosides in grapevine (Vitis vinifera): glycosyltransferase 5 (Vv GT5) and Vv GT6. Biochemical analyses showed that Vv GT5 is a UDP-glucuronic acid:flavonol-3-O-glucuronosyltransferase (GAT), and Vv GT6 is a bifunctional UDP-glucose/UDP-galactose:flavonol-3-O-glucosyltransferase/galactosyltransferase. The Vv GT5 and Vv GT6 genes have very high sequence similarity (91%) and are located in tandem on chromosome 11, suggesting that one of these genes arose from the other by gene duplication. Both of these enzymes were expressed in accordance with flavonol synthase gene expression and flavonoid distribution patterns in this plant, corroborating their significance in flavonol glycoside biosynthesis. The determinant of the specificity of Vv GT5 for UDP-glucuronic acid was found to be Arg-140, which corresponded to none of the determinants previously identified for other plant GATs in primary structures, providing another example of convergent evolution of plant GAT. We also analyzed the determinants of the sugar donor specificity of Vv GT6. Gln-373 and Pro-19 were found to play important roles in the bifunctional specificity of the enzyme. The results presented here suggest that the sugar donor specificities of these Vv GTs could be determined by a limited number of amino acid substitutions in the primary structures of protein duplicates, illustrating the plasticity of plant glycosyltransferases in acquiring new sugar donor specificities.
Setaria viridis: A Model for C4 Photosynthesis
Authors: Brutnell Thomas P. , Wang Lin , Swartwood Kerry , Goldschmidt Alexander , Jackson David , Zhu Xin-Guang , Kellogg Elizabeth , Van Eck Joyce 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
C4 photosynthesis drives productivity in several major food crops and bioenergy grasses, including maize (Zea mays), sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), Miscanthus x giganteus, and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum). Gains in productivity associated with C4 photosynthesis include improved water and nitrogen use efficiencies. Thus, engineering C4 traits into C3 crops is an attractive target for crop improvement. However, the lack of a small, rapid cycling genetic model system to study C4 photosynthesis has limited progress in dissecting the regulatory networks underlying the C4 syndrome. Setaria viridis is a member of the Panicoideae clade and is a close relative of several major feed, fuel, and bioenergy grasses. It is a true diploid with a relatively small genome of ~510 Mb. Its short stature, simple growth requirements, and rapid life cycle will greatly facilitate genetic studies of the C4 grasses. Importantly, S. viridis uses an NADP-malic enzyme subtype C4 photosynthetic system to fix carbon and therefore is a potentially powerful model system for dissecting C4 photosynthesis. Here, we summarize some of the recent advances that promise greatly to accelerate the use of S. viridis as a genetic system. These include our recent successful efforts at regenerating plants from seed callus, establishing a transient transformation system, and developing stable transformation.