bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Lewis Acid Catalyst Free Synthesis of Benzimidazoles and Formamidines in 1,1,1,3,3,3‐Hexafluoro‐2‐propanol
Authors: Khaksar Samad , Heydari Akbar , Tajbakhsh Mahmood , Vahdat Seyed Mohammad 
Published: March 2011

Abstractby reaction of appropriate o‐diamines or amines with orthoesters
ChemInform Abstract: 1,3,5‐Trisubstituted and 5‐Acyl‐1,3‐Disubstituted Hydantoin Derivatives via Novel Sequential Three‐Component Reaction.
Authors: Attanasi Orazio A. , De Crescentini Lucia , Favi Gianfranco , Nicolini Simona , Perrulli Francesca Romana , Santeusanio Stefania 
Published: March 2011

Abstract1,2‐Diaza‐1,3‐dienes are used for the construction of diversified trisubstituted 1,3,5‐hydantoins with a controlled regioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: The Highly Enantioselective 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Alkyl Glyoxylate‐Derived Nitrones to E‐Crotonaldehyde Catalyzed by Hybrid Diamines.
Authors: Weselinski Lukasz , Slyk Edyta , Jurczak Janusz 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBinaphthyl based hybride diamines are found to be efficient organocatalysts for the enantioselective 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of nitrones to E‐crotonaldehyde.
ChemInform Abstract: DAST‐Mediated Cyclization of α,α‐Disubstituted‐α‐acylaminoketones: Efficient and Divergent Synthesis of Unprecedented Heterocycles.
Authors: Bigot Aurelien , Blythe Judith , Pandya Chirag , Wagner Trixie , Loiseleur Olivier 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe title reaction affords a broad spectrum of fluorooxazoline products.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Isoxazoline N‐Oxides via [Hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodo]benzene (HTIB)‐Mediated Oxidative N—O Coupling.
Authors: Raihan Mustafa J. , Kavala Veerababurao , Habib Pateliya Mujjamil , Guan Qiao‐Zhi , Kuo Chun‐Wei , Yao Ching‐Fa 
Published: March 2011

Abstractas a novel, mild, and efficient method to prepare isoxazoline N‐oxides and benzisoxazole N‐oxides
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Amino‐1,2,4‐triazoles by Reductive ANRORC Rearrangements of 1,2,4‐Oxadiazoles.
Authors: Piccionello Antonio Palumbo , Guarcello Annalisa , Buscemi Silvestre , Vivona Nicolo , Pace Andrea 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe hydrazinolysis of the oxadiazoles under optimized conditions allows a general synthesis of functionalized aminotriazole products which are of interest due to the biological activity of the heterocyclic system.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1,2,4‐Triazolines: Base‐Catalyzed Hydrazination/Cyclization Cascade of α‐Isocyano Esters and Amides.
Authors: Monge David , Jensen Kim L. , Marin Irene , Joergensen Karl Anker 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPPh3 can also be used instead of DBU; however, lower yields are obtained.
ChemInform Abstract: 5‐Mercaptotetrazoles as Synthetic Equivalents of Nitrogen‐Containing Functional Groups. The Case of the Organocatalytic Enantioselective Aza‐Michael Reaction.
Authors: Uria Uxue , Reyes Efraim , Vicario Jose L. , Badia Dolores , Carrillo Luisa 
Published: March 2011

AbstractRing cleavage of the tetrazolothione moiety permits the enantioselective preparation of important organic and medical reagents such as oxazinimines, formamidines, ureas and isoureas.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Iodine: An Efficient and Environment Friendly Catalyst for the Synthesis of 3,5‐Bis‐(arylmethylidene)‐tetrahydropyran‐4‐ones.
Authors: Reddy M. B. Madhusdana , Nizam Aatika , Pasha M. A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe iodine‐catalyzed double condensation of aldehydes with tetrahydropyran‐4‐one is a simple, environmentally benign and fast method for the preparation of the title compounds (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel Tetracyclo‐Isocoumarins via AcOH‐Catalyzed Cascade Reaction of Heterocyclic Ketene Aminals with 2,2‐Dihydroxy‐2H‐indene‐1,3‐dione.
Authors: Yan Sheng‐jiao , Chen Yu‐Ian , Liu Lin , Tang Ya‐juan , Lin Jun 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA cyclocondensation/rearrangement cascade of ninhydrin with cyclic ketene aminals (II) results in a convenient synthesis of tetracycloisocoumarins of potential biological interest.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of Densely Functionalized Pyranochromenes via an Unpredictable Cascade Michael—Oxa‐Michael—Tautomerization Sequence.
Authors: Ren Qiao , Gao Yaojun , Wang Jian 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe reaction is catalyzed by a new bifunctional indan amine‐thiourea compound to afford optically active pyranochromenes in high yields and enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: An Enantioselective Organocatalyzed Aza‐MBH Domino Process: Application to the Facile Synthesis of Tetrahydropyridines.
Authors: Takizawa Shinobu , Inoue Naohito , Sasai Hiroaki 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA chiral BINOL‐based acid‐base catalyst is found to promote the aza‐Morita—Baylis—Hillman domino reaction of α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds and N‐tosylimines to yield optically active tetrahydropyridines with good e.e.‐values.
ChemInform Abstract: 4(1H)‐Quinolinones by a Tandem Reduction‐Addition‐Elimination Reaction.
Authors: Bunce Richard A. , Nammalwar Baskar 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSimple and efficient syntheses of quinolinones (IV), (VI) and (VIII) are developed using an adaption of the Leimgrueber‐Batcho indole synthesis.
ChemInform Abstract: Aqueous Synthesis of N‐Phenyl/Alkyl‐2‐quinolinone‐3‐carboxylic Acids from Coumarin‐3‐carboxylic Acids.
Authors: Harishkumar H. N. , Hulikal Vijay Kumar , Mahadevan K. M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe reaction can also be conducted in a sealed tube without indium catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Synthesis of Pyridoquinolones and Pyridocoumarins via Molecular Iodine‐Mediated 6‐endo‐dig Electrophilic Cyclization.
Authors: Majumdar K. C. , Ansary Inul , Samanta Srikanta , Roy Brindaban 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPropargylamino‐quinolone and coumarin derivatives undergo iodocyclization under basic conditions to afford pyridoquinolones and pyridocoumarins, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Applications of Sulfur‐Substituted Indolizidines and Quinolizidines.
Authors: Chou Shang‐Shing P. , Chung Yi‐Ching , Chen Po‐An , Chiang Shan‐Lun , Wu Chien‐Jung 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe title compounds are useful synthons which can be converted into various derivatives such as (V) and (XII) as well as natural products including indolizidine 209D (VIII), epimyrtine (IXb), and epi‐dendroprimine (XIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Zinc Triflate: A Highly Efficient Reusable Catalyst in the Synthesis of Functionalized Quinolines via Friedlander Annulation.
Authors: Lekhok Kushal C. , Bhuyan Debajyoti , Prajapati Dipak , Boruah Romesh C. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCyclocondensation of o‐aminoaryl ketones with β‐dicarbonyl compounds proceeds smoothly in the presence of as low as 1mol% zinc triflate under solvent‐free conditions to give fused pyridine derivatives (III) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of Alkyl and Aryl Substituted Dibenzo[b,g][1,8]naphthyridin‐5‐ones.
Authors: Manoj M. , Prasad K. J. Rajendra 
Published: March 2011

AbstractChloro(III) and methoxy quinolines (V) show different reactivity in the cyclization reaction to give the title compounds (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Functionalized Pyridazin‐3(2H)‐ones via Nucleophilic Substitution of Hydrogen (SNH).
Authors: Verhelst Tom , Verbeeck Stefan , Ryabtsova Oxana , Depraetere Stefaan , Maes Bert U. W. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractRegioselective nucleophilic additions to pyridazin‐3(2H)‐ones such as (I) followed by quenching with electrophiles allow double functionalization at C‐4 and C‐5 in a single step, when a leaving group is present at C‐5 [→ (IV), (VII), (X)].
ChemInform Abstract: Convergent Procedure for the Synthesis of Trifluoromethyl‐Containing N‐(Pyridinyl‐triazolyl)pyrimidin‐2‐amines (III)
Authors: Bonacorso Helio G. , Bortolotto Guilherme P. , Navarini Jussara , Porte Liliane M. F. , Wiethan Carson W. , Zanatta Nilo , Martins Marcos A. P. , Flores Alex F. C. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract14 examples
ChemInform Abstract: A Synthesis of Phosphorylated Dioxohexahydropyrimidines from N,N′‐Dimethylurea, Activated Acetylenes, and Trialkyl Phosphites.
Authors: Yavari Issa , Nematpour Manijeh , Hossaini Zinatossadat 
Published: March 2011

AbstractTitle reaction proceeds under mild and neutral conditions without the need for activating agents.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Synthesis of 11‐Aryl‐1,12‐dihydro‐11H‐naphthopyrano[2,3‐d]pyrimidin‐12‐ones.
Authors: Mkaouar Kamar , Chabchoub Fakher , Samadi Abdelouahid , Contelles Jose Louis Marco , Salem Mansour 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWith a view to their potential biological activity novel fused heterocycles (VII) are synthesized.
ChemInform Abstract: Safe and Reliable Synthesis of Diazoketones and Quinoxalines in a Continuous Flow Reactor.
Authors: Martin Laetitia J. , Marzinzik Andreas L. , Ley Steven V. , Baxendale Ian R. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAn efficient, rapid, and safe process is developed for the synthesis of diazo ketones (III) and their transformation into quinoxalines such as (V), (VII), or (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Isolation of 5,6‐Dihydro‐4H‐1,3‐oxazine Hydrobromides by Autocyclization of N‐(3‐Bromopropyl)amides.
Authors: Reddy Damodara N. , Prabhakaran Erode N. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractUnder neutral conditions, bromides of type (I) and (III) are able to undergo cyclization to dihydrooxazine hydrobromides.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Intramolecular C—H Amination Through the Metalloradical Activation of Azides: Synthesis of 1,3‐Diamines under Neutral and Nonoxidative Conditions.
Authors: Lu Hongjian , Jiang Huiling , Wojtas Lukasz , Zhang X. Peter 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA wide range of sulfamoyl azides smoothly undergoes Co‐catalyzed intramolecular C—H amination to give thiadiazine derivatives, e.g. (II), (IV) or (VI), in excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Ethynylpyridine Macrocycles by Oxidative Coupling of an Ethynylpyridine Trimer with Terminal Acetylenes.
Authors: Abe Hajime , Kurokawa Hiroyuki , Chida Yusuke , Inouye Masahiko 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThese macrocycles are potential host molecules.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Unsaturated Seven‐Membered Ring Lactams Through Palladium‐Catalyzed Amination and Intramolecular Cyclocarbonylation Reactions of Amines and Baylis—Hillman Acetates.
Authors: Cao Hong , Vieira Tiago O. , Alper Howard 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe method includes hydroamination of the Baylis—Hillman acetate with aromatic and aliphatic amines and consequent cyclocarbonylation.
ChemInform Abstract: Intermolecular [3 + 3]‐Cycloadditions of Azides with the Nazarov Intermediate.
Authors: Scadeng Owen , Ferguson Michael J. , West F. G. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe reaction of the trisubstituted 1,4‐dien‐3‐ones with azides leads to the bridged bicyclic triazenes (III) as single diastereomers.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,1‐Carboboration of 1‐Alkynes: A Conceptual Alternative to the Hydroboration Reaction.
Authors: Chen Chao , Voss Tanja , Froehlich Roland , Kehr Gerald , Erker Gerhard 
Published: March 2011

AbstractProtocols are developed to prepare (Z)‐ or (E)‐alkenylboranes exclusively using the reaction of the strongly electrophilic boranes and alkynes.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Chemoselective Nickel‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Cross‐Trimerization Between Two Distinct Terminal Alkynes and an Internal Alkyne.
Authors: Ogata Kenichi , Atsuumi Yuka , Fukuzawa Shin‐ichi 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA variety of symmetrical aromatic internal alkynes and a range of terminal alkynes with functional groups such as esters, ethers, halogen, secondary, tertiary and primary alkanes can be applied.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel α‐CF3‐Trifluoroalanine Derivatives Containing N‐(Diethoxyphosphoryl)difluoroacetyl Group.
Authors: Pajkert Romana , Roeschenthaler Gerd‐Volker 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA convenient and easy route to various phosphorylated α‐CF3‐trifluoroalanine derivatives, interesting compounds that could exhibit potential biological activities or useful building blocks in the synthesis of pharmacologically important peptides, is given.
ChemInform Abstract: Photochemical Synthesis of Phosphinolines from Phosphonium—Iodonium Ylides.
Authors: Matveeva Elena D. , Podrugina Tatyana A. , Taranova Marina A. , Borisenko Anatolyi A. , Mironov Andrey V. , Gleiter Rolf , Zefirov Nikolay S. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIrradiation of phosphonium—iodonium ylides with terminal alkynes results in formation of phosphinolines and/or 1,3‐cycloaddition products depending on the nature of ylide and alkyne substituents.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Baylis—Hillman‐Derived Phosphonated 3‐(Benzylaminomethyl)coumarins.
Authors: Rashamuse Thompo J. , Klein Rosalyn , Kaye Perry T. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPhosphonate esters (V) are prepared via Arbuzov reaction as potential HIV‐1 protease inhibitors.
ChemInform Abstract: The First Enantioselective [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Epoxides to Arylisocyanates: Asymmetric Synthesis of Chiral Oxazolidinone Phosphonates.
Authors: Barros Maria Teresa , Faisca Phillips Ana Maria 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe [3 + 2] cycloaddition of phosphonyloxirane (I) with aryl isocyanates (II) is smoothly catalyzed by SmCl3 or YbCl3 to give 5‐substituted oxazolidinone phosphonates (III) with excellent regioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Mercuration of 2‐Hydroxy Nile Red and Its Application Towards Chemodosimetric Hg2+‐Selective Signaling.
Authors: Lee Haekyung , Choi Myung Gil , Yu Hyo‐Yeon , Ahn Sangdoo , Chang Suk‐Kyu 
Published: March 2011

Abstract2‐Hydroxy Nile Red (I) exhibits significant chromogenic and fluorescence responses toward Hg2+ ions by selective mercuration in aqueous environments.
ChemInform Abstract: Spirocurcasone, a Diterpenoid with a Novel Carbon Skeleton from Jatropha curcas.
Authors: Chianese Giuseppina , Fattorusso Ernesto , Aiyelaagbe Olapeju O. , Luciano Paolo , Schroeder Heinz C. , Mueller Werner E. G. , Taglialatela‐Scafati Orazio 
Published: March 2011

AbstractTitle compound (I) is identified together with two other new diterpenoids, i.e.
ChemInform Abstract: Isolation of 2 New Naphthablin Analogues, JBIR‐79 (I) and JBIR‐80 (II), from Streptomyces sp. RI24
Authors: Izumikawa Miho , Nagai Aya , Hashimoto Junko , Takagi Motoki , Shin‐ya Kazuo 
Published: March 2011

Abstractisolation, structure elucidation and radical scavenging activities
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Inositol‐Based Antagonists for the D‐myo‐Inositol 1,4,5‐Triphosphate Receptor.
Authors: Keddie Neil S. , Ye Yulin , Aslam Tashfeen , Luyten Tomas , Bello Davide , Garnham Clive , Bultynck Geert , Galione Antony , Conway Stuart J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCompounds (Ia), (Id) act as InsP3 receptor agonists, while derivatives (Ib) and (Ic) are InsP3 antagonists.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Armepavines and (.+‐.)‐Nuciferines from (2‐Nitroethenyl)benzene Derivatives.
Authors: Chang Chia‐Fu , Huang Chu‐Yun , Huang Yu‐Chao , Lin Kuan‐Yu , Lee Yean‐Jang , Wang Chau‐Jong 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe key steps in the synthesis of the title compounds (IV), (V), and (VIII) are the radical cyclization with Bu3SnH and the Pictet‐Spengler reaction under conditions A.
ChemInform Abstract: A Short Synthesis of Benzomorphane Analgesics (.+‐.)‐Metazocine and (.+‐.)‐Phenazocine.
Authors: Singh Kamal Nain , Singh Pushpinder , Sharma Arvind Kumar , Singh Paramjit , Kessar Satinder V. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA novel route to racemic metazocine (Va) and phenazocine (Vb) with overall yields of 42% and 27%, respectively, is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Design and Synthesis of Dually Branched 5′‐Norcarbocyclic Adenosine Phosphonodiester Analogue as a New anti‐HIV Prodrug.
Authors: Oh Chang Hyun , Liu Lian Jin , Hong Joon Hee 
Published: March 2011

AbstractFollowing an acyclic stereoselective route, a norcarbocyclic adenosine phosphonic acid is synthesized from 4‐hydroxybutan‐2‐one.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antioxidant Effect of Caffeic Acid Analogues Bearing a Carboxy and Hydroxymethyl Group.
Authors: Park Ju‐Young , Kim Seung‐Woo , Park Ho‐Joon , Im Weon Bin , Lee Ja‐Kyeong , Yoon Sung‐Hwa 
Published: March 2011

AbstractTitle compounds (I) and (II) are synthesized starting from 4‐amino‐ or 5‐iodosalicylic acid, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Antioxidant and Radical Scavenging Activities of Ascorbic Acid Derivatives Conjugated with Organogermanium.
Authors: Oh Changwon , Li Minghua , Kim Eun‐Hye , Park Jun Seok , Lee Jong‐Chan , Ham Seung Wook 
Published: March 2011

AbstractL‐Ascorbic acid derivatives (I) are synthesized.
ChemInform Abstract: An Unusual Dicarboxylic Acid from the Giant Jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai.
Authors: Liu Juan , Kim Eun La , Hong Jongki , Lee Chong‐O. , Kim Euikyung , Yoon Won Duk , Li Famei , Jung Jee H. 
Published: March 2011

Abstractisolation, structure and cytotoxicity of nemopilemic acid (I)
ChemInform Abstract: Cytotoxic Aromatic Compounds from Hericium erinaceum.
Authors: Ma Bing‐Ji , Yu Hai‐You , Shen Jin‐Wen , Ruan Yuan , Zhao Xu , Zhou Han , Wu Ting‐Ting 
Published: March 2011

Abstractisolation and structure elucidation of two new aromatic compounds, hericenone I (I) and hericene D (II), with marked cytotoxic activity against EC109 cell line
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Single‐Crystalline Nanoplates by Spray Pyrolysis: A Metathesis Route to Bi2WO6.
Authors: Mann Amanda K. P. , Skrabalak Sara E. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSingle‐crystalline nanoplates of the title compound are prepared by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis of an aqueous precursor dispersion containing Na2WO4 and BiCl3.
ChemInform Abstract: Productions of Intermetallic Compound Powders by a Mechanochemical Approach: Solid—Liquid Reaction Ball Milling
Authors: Chen Ding , Jiang Yong , Cai Jian‐Guo , Chen Zhen‐Hua , Huang Pei‐Yun 
Published: March 2011

AbstractReview: 47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Oximes of Six‐Membered Heterocyclic Compounds with Two and Three Heteroatoms. Part 2. Reactions and Biological Activity
Authors: Abele E. , Abele R. , Golomba L. , Visnevska J. , Beresneva T. , Rubina K. , Lukevics E. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractReview: pyridazines, pyrimidines, pyrazines, triazines etc.; 272 refs.
The significant effect of the choice of ionic current integration method in cardiac electro‐physiological simulations
Authors: Pathmanathan Pras , Mirams Gary R. , Southern James , Whiteley Jonathan P. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractFinite element (FE) cardiac electro‐physiology solvers commonly have ionic current determined at mesh nodes but required element interiors. We consider two interpolation approaches: (i) ionic current interpolation (ICI), where nodal ionic currents are linearly interpolated into the element and (ii) state variable interpolation (SVI), where cell model state variables are interpolated instead, from which the ionic current is evaluated. We explain why SVI leads to a method which is massively more computationally demanding than ICI (more than might originally be expected), and then demonstrate that the difference in results can be surprisingly large even on what are generally considered suitably fine meshes. We explain why the conduction velocity in ICI simulations is generally too large, identify how ICI can give ‘accidentally’ accurate conduction velocities through two particular sources of error balancing, and illustrate how the difference between ICI and SVI can be huge in anisotropic problems. We also characterize the ICI/SVI difference over a range of cell models, in terms of model upstroke‐velocity and formulation of the fast sodium current. Finally, we propose and evaluate a hybrid method which provides the accuracy of SVI, while retaining the efficiency of ICI. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Macrovascular angiopathy in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Giannini Cosimo , Mohn A. , Chiarelli F. , Kelnar C. J. H. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractDiabetes represents one of the most common diseases globally. Worryingly, the worldwide incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is rising by 3% per year. Despite the rapid increase in diabetes incidence, recent advances in diabetes treatment have been successful in decreasing morbidity and mortality from diabetes‐related retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. In contrast, there is clear evidence for the lack of improvement in mortality for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This emphasizes the importance of focusing childhood diabetes care strategies for the prevention of CVD in adulthood. Furthermore, although most work on diabetes and macrovascular disease relates to type 2 diabetes, it has been shown that the age‐adjusted relative risk of CVD in T1D far exceeds that in type 2 diabetes. As T1D appears predominantly during childhood, those with T1D are at greater risk for coronary events early in life and require lifelong medical attention. Because of the important health effects of CVDs in children and adolescents with T1D, patients, family members, and care providers should understand the interaction of T1D and cardiovascular risk. In addition, optimal cardiac care for the patient with diabetes should focus on aggressive management of traditional cardiovascular risk factors to optimize those well‐recognized as well as new specific risk factors which are becoming available. Therefore, a complete characterization of the molecular mechanisms involved in the development and progression of macrovascular angiopathy is needed. Furthermore, as vascular abnormalities begin as early as in childhood, potentially modifiable risk factors should be identified at an early stage of vascular disease development. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“Soft” tissue patterning: Muscles and tendons of the limb take their form
Authors: Hasson Peleg 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe musculoskeletal system grants our bodies a vast range of movements. Because it is mainly composed of easily identifiable components, it serves as an ideal model to study patterning of the specific tissues that make up the organ. Surprisingly, although critical for the function of the musculoskeletal system, understanding of the embryonic processes that regulate muscle and tendon patterning is very limited. The recent identification of specific markers and the reagents stemming from them has revealed some of the molecular events regulating patterning of these soft tissues. This review will focus on some of the current work, with an emphasis on the roles of the muscle connective tissue, and discuss several key points that addressing them will advance our understanding of these patterning events. Developmental Dynamics 240:1100–1107, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Foxn4 influences alveologenesis during lung development
Authors: Li Shengguo , Xiang Mengqing 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe terminal stage of lung development begins with the formation of the terminal sacs followed by subdivision of these sacs by septa into numerous alveoli to maximize the gas‐exchange surface. This process requires coordinated action of various intrinsic and extrinsic factors as well as interaction of epithelial and mesenchymal cells. We show here that during murine lung development, the Foxn4 transcription factor is expressed in proximal airways by a subpopulation of postmitotic epithelial cells which are distinct from basal and ciliated cells and of which only a small fraction are Clara cells. Targeted inactivation of Foxn4 causes dilated alveoli, thinned alveolar walls, and reduced septa in the distal lung but no overt gross alterations in proximal airways. The alveolar defects in mutants may result from decreased platelet‐derived growth factor‐A (PDGFA) signaling and reduced surfactant protein B (SFTPB) expression. These data together suggest that Foxn4 may have a non–cell‐autonomous role critical for alveologenesis during lung development. Developmental Dynamics 240:1512–1517, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.