bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Profiling of CD4+ T Cells with Epigenetic Immune Lineage Analysis
Authors: Janson Peter C. J. , Linton Ludvig Bernt , Ahlén Bergman Emma , Marits Per , Eberhardson Michael , Piehl Fredrik , Malmström Vivianne , Winqvist Ola 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Proper transcriptional control of pro- and anti-inflammatory responses of the immune system is important for a fine-tuned balance between protection and tolerance. Emerging evidence suggests a key role for epigenetic regulation in governing the Th cell differentiation, where effector cytokines direct the overall immune response. In this study, we describe a method to pinpoint the location of isolated human CD4+ T cells on any T cell effector axis based on specific CpG methylation of cytokine and transcription factor loci. We apply the method on CD4+ cells obtained from rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis patients and show that synovial fluid infiltrating CD4+ T cells are committed toward both Th1 and regulatory T cell phenotype, whereas the Th2 response is suppressed. Furthermore, we show that the IL-17A gene is regulated by promoter methylation and that Th17 commitment is not a common feature in the inflamed joints of rheumatoid arthritis patients. We conclude that the method described in this paper allows for accurate profiling of Th lineage commitment in ex vivo-isolated CD4+ T cells.
The TLR7 Agonist R848 Alleviates Allergic Inflammation by Targeting Invariant NKT Cells To Produce IFN-γ
Authors: Grela Françoise , Aumeunier Aude , Bardel Emilie , Van Linh Pham , Bourgeois Elvire , Vanoirbeek Jeroen , Leite-de-Moraes Maria , Schneider Elke , Dy Michel , Herbelin André , Thieblemont Nathalie 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
It has been documented that TLR7 stimulation triggers not only antiviral responses, but also alleviates experimental asthma. Considering the implication of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells in both situations, we postulated that they might contribute to the anti-inflammatory effect of TLR7 ligands. We show in this study that spleen cells activated by the TLR7 agonist resiquimod (R848) attenuate allergic inflammation upon adoptive transfer when they are recovered from wild-type, but not from iNKT cell-deficient Jα18−/− mice, which proves the specific involvement of this regulatory population. Furthermore, we provide evidence that IFN-γ is critical for the protective effect, which is lost when transferred iNKT cells are sorted from IFN-γ–deficient mice. In support of a direct activation of iNKT cells through TLR7 signaling in vivo, we observed a prompt increase of serum IFN-γ levels, associated with upregulation of CD69 expression on iNKT cells. Moreover, we demonstrate that iNKT cells effectively express TLR7 and respond to R848 in vitro by producing high levels of IFN-γ in the presence of IL-12, consistent with the conclusion that their contribution to the alleviation of allergic inflammation upon treatment with TLR7 ligands is mediated through IFN-γ.
T and B Cells Are Not Required for ClearingStaphylococcus aureusin Systemic Infection Despite a Strong TLR2–MyD88-Dependent T Cell Activation
Authors: Schmaler Mathias , Jann Naja J. , Ferracin Fabrizia , Landmann Regine 
Published: December 2010

AbstractStaphylococcus aureus infection elicits through its mature lipoproteins an innate immune response by TLR2–MyD88 signaling, which improves bacterial clearing and disease outcome. The role of dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells in this immune activation and the function of T and B cells in defense against S. aureus infection remain unclear. Therefore, we first evaluated DC and T cell activation after infection with S. aureus wild type (WT) and its isogenic mutant, which is deficient in lipoprotein maturation, in vitro. Lipoproteins in viable S. aureus contributed via TLR2–MyD88 to activation of DCs, which promoted the release of IFN-γ and IL-17 in CD4+ T cells. This strong effect was independent of superantigens and MHC class II. We next evaluated the function of T cells and their cytokines IFN-γ and IL-17 in infection in vivo. Six days after systemic murine infection IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-10 production in total spleen cells were MyD88-dependent and their levels increased until day 21. The comparison of CD3−/−, Rag2−/−, and C57BL/6 mice after infection revealed that IFN-γ and IL-17 originated from T cells and IL-10 originated from innate immune cells. Furthermore, vaccination of mice to activate T and B cells did not improve eradication of S. aureus from organs. In conclusion, S. aureus enhances DC activation via TLR2–MyD88 and thereby promotes TH1 and TH17 cell differentiation. However, neither T cells and their MyD88-regulated products, IFN-γ and IL-17, nor B cells affected bacterial clearing from organs and disease outcome.
SHIP Represses Th2 Skewing by Inhibiting IL-4 Production from Basophils
Authors: Kuroda Etsushi , Antignano Frann , Ho Victor W. , Hughes Michael R. , Ruschmann Jens , Lam Vivian , Kawakami Toshiaki , Kerr William G. , McNagny Kelly M. , Sly Laura M. , Krystal Gerald 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWe report that SHIP−/− mice, compared to SHIP+/+ mice, are Th2 skewed with elevated serum IgE and twice as many splenic CD4+ Th2 cells that, when stimulated with anti-CD3, produce more IL-4 and less IFN-γ. Exploring the reason for this Th2 skewing, we found that freshly isolated SHIP−/− splenic and bone marrow basophils are present in elevated numbers and secrete far more IL-4 in response to IL-3 or to FcεRI stimulation than do WT basophils. These SHIP−/− basophils markedly skew wild-type macrophage colony stimulating factor–derived macrophages toward an M2 phenotype, stimulate OT-II CD4+ Th cells to differentiate into Th2 cells, and trigger SHIP+/+ B cells to become IgE-producing cells. All these effects are completely abrogated with neutralizing anti–IL-4 Ab. Exploring the cell signaling pathways responsible for hyperproduction of IL-4 by SHIP−/− basophils, we found that IL-3–induced activation of the PI3K pathway is significantly enhanced and that PI3K inhibitors, especially a p110α inhibitor, dramatically suppresses IL-4 production from these cells. In vivo studies, in which basophils were depleted from mast cell-deficient SHIP+/+ and SHIP−/− mice, confirmed the central role that basophils play in the Th2 skewing of naive SHIP-deficient mice. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that SHIP is a potent negative regulator of IL-4 production from basophils and thus may be a novel therapeutic target for Th1- and Th2-related diseases.
Chemokine Receptor Ccr2 Is Critical for Monocyte Accumulation and Survival in West Nile Virus Encephalitis
Authors: Lim Jean K. , Obara Christopher J. , Rivollier Aymeric , Pletnev Alexander G. , Kelsall Brian L. , Murphy Philip M. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a re-emerging pathogen responsible for outbreaks of fatal meningoencephalitis in humans. Previous studies have suggested a protective role for monocytes in a mouse model of WNV infection, but the molecular mechanisms have remained unclear. In this study, we show that genetic deficiency in Ccr2, a chemokine receptor on Ly6chi inflammatory monocytes and other leukocyte subtypes, markedly increases mortality due to WNV encephalitis in C57BL/6 mice; this was associated with a large and selective reduction of Ly6chi monocyte accumulation in the brain. WNV infection in Ccr2+/+ mice induced a strong and highly selective monocytosis in peripheral blood that was absent in Ccr2−/− mice, which in contrast showed sustained monocytopenia. When a 1:1 mixture of Ccr2+/+ and Ccr2−/− donor monocytes was transferred by vein into WNV-infected Ccr2−/− recipient mice, monocyte accumulation in the CNS was not skewed toward either component of the mixture, indicating that Ccr2 is not required for trafficking of monocytes from blood to brain. We conclude that Ccr2 mediates highly selective peripheral blood monocytosis during WNV infection of mice and that this is critical for accumulation of monocytes in the brain.
Computer hardware for radiologists: Part 2
Authors: Indrajit IK , Alam A 
Published: December 2010

AbstractComputers are an integral part of modern radiology equipment. In the first half of this two-part article, we dwelt upon some fundamental concepts regarding computer hardware, covering components like motherboard, central processing unit (CPU), chipset, random access memory (RAM), and memory modules. In this article, we describe the remaining computer hardware components that are of relevance to radiology. "Storage drive" is a term describing a "memory" hardware used to store data for later retrieval. Commonly used storage drives are hard drives, floppy drives, optical drives, flash drives, and network drives. The capacity of a hard drive is dependent on many factors, including the number of disk sides, number of tracks per side, number of sectors on each track, and the amount of data that can be stored in each sector. "Drive interfaces" connect hard drives and optical drives to a computer. The connections of such drives require both a power cable and a data cable. The four most popular "input/output devices" used commonly with computers are the printer, monitor, mouse, and keyboard. The "bus" is a built-in electronic signal pathway in the motherboard to permit efficient and uninterrupted data transfer. A motherboard can have several buses, including the system bus, the PCI express bus, the PCI bus, the AGP bus, and the (outdated) ISA bus. "Ports" are the location at which external devices are connected to a computer motherboard. All commonly used peripheral devices, such as printers, scanners, and portable drives, need ports. A working knowledge of computers is necessary for the radiologist if the workflow is to realize its full potential and, besides, this knowledge will prepare the radiologist for the coming innovations in the ′ever increasing′ digital future.
Pictorial essay: Susceptibility-weighted imaging in cerebral ischemia
Authors: Mittal Puneet , Kalia Vishal , Dua Sarika 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe susceptiblity effect in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been recognized for long and often has been considered undesirable, producing unnecessary noise. Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) aims at exploiting this effect to provide a different type of contrast that is suited for vascular imaging. We describe five different cases in which SWI was found useful to delineate the underlying ischemia or to arrive at the corect diagnosis.
Disseminated cysticercosis with pulmonary and cardiac involvement
Authors: Jain Bharat K , Sankhe Shilpa S , Agrawal Mukta D , Naphade Prashant S 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPulmonary and cardiac involvement by cysticercosis is extremely rare, and is usually asymptomatic. We report the case of a 19-year-old boy who presented with a history of headache and vomiting and was found to have disseminated cysticercosis with pulmonary and cardiac involvement; the emphasis is on the rare occurrence of pulmonary, cardiac, pancreatic, intraocular, and extradural spinal canal involvement in the same patient. This case demonstrates the extent to which cysticercosis can be disseminated.
Persistent primitive hypoglossal artery associated with Chiari II malformation: Diagnosis and clinical implications
Authors: Gupta Mudit , Gupta Rashmi , Seith Ashu 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWe present a case of persistent primitive hypoglossal artery (PPHA) associated with Chiari II malformation and discuss the clinical implications. There has been one reported case of PPHA associated with Chiari 1 malformation, but none in association with Chiari II. Our patient also had a widened hypoglossal canal, with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sac herniation through it.
Evaluation of the styloid process on digital panoramic radiographs
Authors: More Chandramani B , Asrani Mukesh K 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Background: The styloid process is an anatomical structure, whose clinical importance is not well understood. Proper clinical and radiographic evaluation can detect an elongated styloid process and calcification of the stylohyoid ligament. It has been reported that 2 - 28% of the general population show radiographic evidence of mineralization of a portion of the stylohyoid chain. The elongated styloid process may be symptomatic in many cases. Panoramic radiography is the best imaging modality to view the styloid process bilaterally. Aim: To assess the styloid process on digital panoramic radiographs. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 500 digital panoramic radiographs available in the archives of our department as soft copies. These radiographs were taken using a digital panoramic system. The radiographic length of the styloid process was measured on both sides using the measurement toolbars on the accompanying analysis software. For statistical analysis we used the unpaired t test, Chi-square test, and one-way ANOVA test, as necessary. Results: The average length of the left styloid was 25.41 ± 6.32 mm and that of the right styloid was 25.53 ± 6.62 mm. The length of both styloids increased with age and males had longer styloids than females. Elongated styloids were present in 19.4% of the panoramic radiographs. Langlais type I elongated styloids and a partial calcification pattern were more common than others. Conclusion: Panoramic radiography is useful for detection of an elongated styloid process and / or ossification of the stylohyoid ligament in patients with or without symptoms, and helps avoid a misdiagnosis of tonsillar pain or pain of dental, pharyngeal, or muscular origin.
Ovarian cystadenofibroma: A masquerader of malignancy
Authors: Wasnik Ashish , Elsayes Khaled 
Published: December 2010

AbstractOvarian cystadenofibroma is a relatively rare benign ovarian tumor that contains both epithelial and fibrous stromal components. The appearance of cystadenofibroma on imaging is often complex; cystic- to solid-appearing masses may be visualized and it often resembles a malignant tumor. Owing to the fibrous component of this tumor, MRI shows low-signal intensity on T2W images. This finding may help a radiologist make a preoperative diagnosis of this tumor and thus perhaps avoid aggressive surgical management.
Color Doppler evaluation of left gastric vein hemodynamics in cirrhosis with portal hypertension and its correlation with esophageal varices and variceal bleed
Authors: Adithan Subathra , Venkatesan Bhuvaneswari , Sundarajan Elangovan , Kate Vikram , Kalayarasan Raja 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this study was to assess the value of Doppler evaluation of left gastric vein hemodynamics when monitoring portal hypertension patients, by correlating Doppler ultrasonography (USG) parameters with the severity of esophageal varices and occurrence of variceal bleeding. Methods: This study was carried out on 100 patients using Doppler USG and endoscopy. Forty-seven of these were patients with cirrhosis with portal hypertension, who had not had a recent variceal bleed (group 1) and 26 were patients with cirrhosis with portal hypertension, with a recent history of bleeding (group 2). The control group comprised of 27 subjects who did not have liver disease or varices on endoscopy (group 3). The hemodynamic parameters, namely the diameter of the left gastric vein and the direction and flow velocity in the vessel, were compared in these groups, with the grade of esophageal varices. Results: Hepatofugal flow velocity in the left gastric vein was higher in patients with large-sized varices compared to those patients with small-sized varices (P < 0.001). The left gastric vein hepatofugal flow velocity was higher in patients with a recent variceal bleed than in those patients without a history of a recent variceal bleed (P < 0.0149). Large-sized varices were more commonly found in patients with a history of a recent variceal bleed (P < 0.0124). Conclusion: Left gastric vein hemodynamics were found to correlate with the severity of the varices and the occurrence of recent variceal bleed in patients with cirrhosis with portal hypertension. Evaluation of the left gastric vein portal dynamics could be helpful in monitoring the progress of the disease in these patients.
Role of magnetic resonance diffusion imaging and apparent diffusion coefficient values in the evaluation of spinal tuberculosis in Indian patients
Authors: Palle Lalitha , Reddy MCH Balaji , Reddy K Jagannath 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Aim: To define a range of apparent diffusion coefficient values in spinal tuberculosis and to evaluate the sensitivity of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) and apparent diffusion coefficient values in patients of spinal tuberculosis. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted over a period of 20 months and included 110 patients with a total of 230 vertebral bodies. The study was performed in two parts. The first part included all patients of known tuberculosis and patients with classical features of tuberculosis. The second part included patients with spinal pathology of indeterminate etiology. All the patients underwent a routine MRI examination along with diffusion sequences. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were calculated from all the involved vertebral bodies. Results: The mean ADC value of affected vertebrae in first part of the study was found to be 1.4 ± 0.20 ×10 -3 mm 2 /s. This ADC value was then applied to patients in the second part of study in order to determine its ability in predicting tuberculosis. This range of ADC values was significantly different from the mean ADC values of normal vertebrae and those with metastatic involvement. However, there was an overlap of ADC values in a few tuberculous vertebrae with the ADC values in metastatic vertebrae. Conclusion: We found that DW-MRI and ADC values may help in the differentiation of spinal tuberculosis from other lesions of similar appearance. However, an overlap of ADC values was noted with those of metastatic vertebrae. Therefore diffusion imaging and ADC values must always be interpreted in association with clinical history and routine MRI findings and not in isolation.
Colorectal cancer - patterns of locoregional recurrence and distant metastases as demonstrated by FDG PET / CT
Authors: Purandare Nilendu C , Dua Sumeet G , Arora Abhishek , Shah Sneha , Rangarajan Venkatesh 
Published: December 2010

AbstractColorectal cancer (CRC) can recur locoregionally or at distant sites. Timely diagnosis of recurrence is of paramount importance, as radical treatment of the localized disease can prolong survival. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography / computed tomography (PET / CT) is routinely used in restaging and surveillance of colorectal cancer, as it can demonstrate recurrent disease with good accuracy. This article illustrates the spectrum of standard as well as unusual patterns of local recurrence and distant metastases of colorectal cancer.
Decreased Serum Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) in Individuals with Schizophrenia Normalizes after Zinc and B-6 Therapy
Authors: Russo A.J. , deVito Robert 
Published: December 2010

AimTo assess serum HGF concentration in individuals with schizophrenia and investigate the efficacy of zinc and B-6 therapy on these levels.Subjects and methodsSerum from 18 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia and 19 age and gender similar controls ( P = 0.18) were tested for HGF concentration using ELISAs, and tested for copper and zinc plasma levels using inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.ResultsHGF serum levels of individuals with schizophrenia, before zinc and B-6 therapy, were significantly lower than age and gender similar controls ( P = 0.016), and significantly lower in schizophrenia patients pre-therapy compared to post therapy ( P = 0.028). HGF levels normalized (reached levels similar to controls) post-therapy. Zinc levels in these same individuals also normalized, and perceived symptoms, particularly anxiety ( P = 0.03), improved significantly after therapy.DiscussionThese results suggest an association between low HGF levels and schizophrenia and demonstrate that zinc and B-6 therapy may be associated with the normalization of HGF levels and perceived improvement in symptoms.
Sexual interference in the golden snub‐nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana): a test of the sexual competition hypothesis in a polygynous species
Authors: Qi Xiao‐Guang , Yang Bin , Garber Paul A. , Ji Weihong , Watanabe Kunio , Li Bao‐Guo 
Published: December 2010

AbstractSexual interference (SI), which is defined as any disturbance directed to a mating pair by other individuals, has been reported in several primate species. It is widely suggested that successful harassers experience improved mating success by increasing their access to reproductive partners as well as by reducing the mating success of rivals. Although theories of primate sexual conflict highlight male intra‐sexual mating competition, females also are reported to actively disrupt copulations between mating partners. In this study, we investigated SI in a multilevel troop of Golden snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) inhabiting the Qinling Mountains, China. Behavioral observations of 11 one‐male units (OMU) that comprised the multilevel troop were conducted from September 2007 to May 2008. During this period 17.1% of 652 documented intra‐OMU sexual encounters were characterized either by mild or aggressive forms of harassment. Sexual harassment was typically performed by a single individual (91.9%), and in 75.7% of cases the harasser was an adult or sub‐adult female. The frequency of female harassment was positively correlated with the number of adult and sub‐adult females residing in an OMU, and resulted in a significant decrease in matings ending in ejaculation. We found that the amount of SI a female received was not a significant predictor of her reproductive success. However, females who conceived during the mating season directed higher levels of harassment at other females than females who did not conceive. We evaluate the strength of the sexual competition hypothesis and the hormonally modulated aggression hypothesis in explaining patterns of SI in female Golden snub‐nosed monkeys. Am. J. Primatol. 73:366–377, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanistic population modeling of diabetes disease progression in Goto‐Kakizaki rat muscle
Authors: Nie Jing , DuBois Debra C. , Jusko William J. , Almon Richard R. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) is a lipid status responsive gene involved in muscle fuel selection. Evidence is mounting in support of the therapeutic potential of PDK4 inhibitors to treat diabetes. Factors that regulate PDK4 mRNA expression include plasma corticosterone, insulin and free fatty acids. The objective was to determine the impact of those plasma factors on PDK4 mRNA and to develop and validate a population mathematical model to differentiate aging, diet and disease effects on muscle PDK4 expression. The Goto‐Kakizaki (GK) rat, a polygenic non‐obese model of type 2 diabetes, was used as the diabetic animal model. Muscle PDK4 mRNA expression was examined by real‐time QRTPCR. Groups of GK rats along with controls fed with either a normal or high fat diet were killed at 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 weeks of age. Plasma corticosterone, insulin and free fatty acids were measured. The proposed mechanism‐based model successfully described the age, disease and diet effects and the relative contribution of these plasma regulators on PDK4 mRNA expression. Muscle growth reduced the PDK4 mRNA production rate by 14% per gram increase. The high fat diet increased the initial production rate constant in GK rats by 2.19‐fold. The model indicated that corticosterone had a moderate effect and PDK4 was more sensitive to free fatty acid than insulin fluxes, which was in good agreement with the literature data. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.