bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genotype and growing season influence blueberry antioxidant capacity and other quality attributes
Authors: Wang Shiow Y. , Chen Hangjun , Camp Mary J. , Ehlenfeldt Mark K. 
Published: May 2012

SummaryForty‐two blueberry cultivars (thirty‐six Vaccinium ashei, three V. ashei derivative hybrids and three northern highbush standards) were evaluated for their antioxidant capacities and other fruit quality attributes over two growing seasons. Total anthocyanins, phenolic content and antioxidant capacities varied substantially among species and cultivars. ‘Early May’ (V. ashei) had the highest amounts of anthocyanins, phenolics and antioxidant capacity. Cultivars from V. ashei hybrid derivatives had lower mean antioxidant components than those from northern highbush standards or V. ashei. The antioxidant capacity, as well as total anthocyanins and phenolics, had significant cultivar × year interactions. Correlation coefficient between years for total anthocyanins, total phenolics and oxygen radical absorbance capacity were high with values of 0.86, 0.81 and 0.93, respectively. Similar interactions were observed for soluble solids content (SSC), sugar, titratable acid and organic acids among cultivars both within and across the growing seasons. Correlation coefficients between years for SSC, fructose, glucose and sucrose were 0.78, 0.71, 0.83 and 0.96, respectively. Fructose and glucose were detected as two major sugars with sucrose as a minor constituent. ‘Clara’ contained the highest amounts of SSC and sugars, while ‘Satilla’ had the lowest. In general, V. ashei cultivars had a higher mean SSC and sugar contents than did the hybrid derivatives or the northern highbush standards. Cultivars of V. ashei contained higher malic acid than citric acid, whereas in hybrid derivatives and northern highbush cultivars, citric acid was the predominant organic acid. The diversity in the amount of these fruit quality attributes and antioxidant capacities presents a great opportunity for genetic improvement of blueberries through breeding programmes. The objective of the study was to identify blueberry cultivars with high antioxidant activity and good fruit quality, so they can be used as parents for future blueberry breeding programmes to develop new cultivars with higher antioxidant activity.
Within‐genotype epigenetic variation enables broad niche width in a flower living yeast
Authors: SCHREY A. W. , RICHARDS C. L. 
Published: May 2012

Niche theory is one of the central organizing concepts in ecology. Generally, this theory defines a given species niche as all of the factors that effect the persistence of the species as well as the impact of the species in a given location (Hutchinson 1957; Chase 2011). Many studies have argued that phenotypic plasticity enhances niche width because plastic responses allow organisms to express advantageous phenotypes in a broader range of environments (Bradshaw 1965; Van Valen 1965; Sultan 2001). Further, species that exploit habitats with fine‐grained variation, or that form metapopulations, are expected to develop broad niche widths through phenotypic plasticity (Sultan & Spencer 2002; Baythavong 2011). Although a long history of laboratory, greenhouse and reciprocal transplant experiments have provided insight into how plasticity contributes to niche width (Pigliucci 2001), recent advances in molecular approaches allow for a mechanistic understanding of plasticity at the molecular level (Nicotra et al. 2010). In particular, variation in epigenetic effects is a potential source of the within‐genotype variation that underlies the phenotypic plasticity associated with broad niche widths. Epigenetic mechanisms can alter gene expression and function without altering DNA sequence (Richards 2006) and may be stably transmitted across generations (Jablonka & Raz 2009; Verhoeven et al. 2010). Also, epigenetic mechanisms may be an important component of an individual’s response to the environment (Verhoeven et al. 2010). While these ideas are intriguing, few studies have made a clear connection between genome‐wide DNA methylation patterns and phenotypic plasticity (e.g. Bossdorf et al. 2010). In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Herrera et al. (2012) present a study that demonstrates epigenetic changes in genome‐wide DNA methylation are causally active in a species’ ability to exploit resources from a broad range of environments and are particularly important in harsh environments.
Tuberculin reactivity in first‐year schoolchildren in Madagascar
Authors: Raharimanga Vaomalala , Ratovoson Rila , Ratsitorahina Maherisoa , Ramarokoto Herimanana , Rasolofo Voahangy , Talarmin Antoine , Richard Vincent 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjective  The tuberculin skin test (TST) is an important tool in the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection in children. However, the interpretation of TST may be complicated by prior Bacillus Calmette‐Guerin (BCG) vaccination. We evaluated the effect of vaccination with BCG on TST reactivity in first‐year pupils attending state schools in Antananarivo.Methods  STs were performed on 376 first‐year schoolchildren, aged 6 and 7, attending two state primary schools. The relationships between epidemiological information, BCG status (vaccination, BCG scars) and TST reactivity were assessed to compare TST sensitivity between children with and without BCG vaccination and between those with and without a BCG scar.Result  The prevalence of positive TST results of ≥5, ≥10 and ≥ 15 mm was 20.2% (76/376), 18.3% (69/376) and 11.4% (43/376), respectively. BCG vaccination was not associated with TST reactivity, whatever the threshold used: ≥5 mm (odds ratio (OR, 1.2; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.7–2.0); ≥10 mm (OR, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.6–1.7); ≥15 mm (OR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.3–1.2).Conclusion  These results suggest that in Madagascar, a positive TST result indicates TB infection (active or latent) rather than past BCG vaccination. Therefore, high BCG vaccination coverage does not appear to impair the usefulness of the TST as a tool for diagnosing tuberculosis.
Victorian rural emergency care—a case for advancing nursing practice
Authors: Sullivan Elise , Hegney Desley G. , Francis Karen 
Published: May 2012

Sullivan E, Hegney DG, Francis K. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2012; 18: 226–232Victorian rural emergency care—a case for advancing nursing practiceThe aim of this paper is to profile the emergency care patients seen by a selection of rural health services in Victoria, and show how advancing nursing practice could contribute to a more sustainable model of care. Quantitative patient data extracted from five rural health services across Victoria ranging in size, were analysed using descriptive statistic techniques. Most patients who attended for emergency care did not require urgent or immediate medical attention (70%), many had minor injuries (over 30%) and did not need medicines (57%) but were attended by a doctor either directly or via telephone (over 74%). If emergency care services in rural Victoria are to be sustained in the face of severe medical workforce shortages, registered nurses will need to be enabled through professional development, legislation and organisation policy to manage autonomously a larger proportion of the non‐urgent, less complex patients who present to these emergency services.
The effect psychoeducation intervention has on the caregiving burden of caregivers for schizophrenic patients in Turkey
Authors: Tanrıverdi Derya , Ekinci Mine 
Published: May 2012

Tanrıverdi D, Ekinci M. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2012; 18: 281–288The effect psychoeducation intervention has on the caregiving burden of caregivers for schizophrenic patients in TurkeyThis study was conducted to determine the effects psychoeducation given to caregivers of schizophrenic patients has on the level of care burdens. The model used was one group pre‐test post‐test pre‐experimental model. It was conducted on 31 caregivers in psychiatry clinics between October 2007 and June 2008. Data were collected using the ‘Zarit Caregiver Burden Scale’ and the questionnaire form that determined the introductory features of caregivers. The study group participated in eight psychoeducation sessions. The average pre‐test score of care burden for caregivers was 57.2 ± 9.9, and the average post‐test score was 34.3 ± 9.9. The distinction between the average pre‐test and post‐test score of care burden for caregivers was significant (P = 0.001). Psychoeducation, given for caregivers of patients with schizophrenia, had a significant effect in decreasing individuals' caregiving burdens. Psychoeducation programmes directed at families should be considered as a therapeutic strategy for patients with schizophrenia.
Levels of empathy in undergraduate nursing students
Authors: McKenna Lisa , Boyle Malcolm , Brown Ted , Williams Brett , Molloy Andrew , Lewis Belinda , Molloy Liz 
Published: May 2012

McKenna L, Boyle M, Brown T, Williams B, Molloy A, Lewis B, Molloy L. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2012; 18: 246–251Levels of empathy in undergraduate nursing studentsEmpathy and absence of prejudice and stigma are instrumental in facilitating effective nurse–patient relations. This study assessed empathy levels and regard for specific medical conditions in undergraduate nursing students. A cross‐sectional study was undertaken using paper‐based versions of the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (JSPE) and Medical Condition Regard Scale (MCRS), along with a brief set of demographic questions. Participants reported good empathy levels on JSPE. Attitudes towards intellectual disability, chronic pain, acute mental illness and terminal illness rated well on MCRS. Attitudes towards substance abuse, however, were lower. There were no significant differences between age groups, gender or year level of study.Overall results of this study were positive. Nursing students demonstrated acceptable empathy levels. Attitudes towards patients who abuse substances highlight an area that needs both further exploration and addressing. Attitudes towards mental health diagnoses were particularly favourable given that these often attract stigma and negative attitudes.
Health‐promoting lifestyle and depression in metabolic syndrome patients in Korea
Authors: Kang Se Won , Yoo Ji Soo 
Published: May 2012

Kang SW, Yoo JS. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2012; 18: 268–274Health‐promoting lifestyle and depression in metabolic syndrome patients in KoreaThis cross‐sectional study assessed the association between health‐promoting lifestyle and depression in metabolic syndrome patients by using a questionnaire survey in Korea. Data were collected from 195 adults (> 20 years old) with hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes. The correlation coefficient (r) between health‐promoting lifestyle and depression was −0.309 (P < 0.001), and correlation between individual lifestyle dimensions and depression varied from −0.135 to −0.391. The non‐depressed group had higher health‐promoting lifestyle scores than the depressed group (P = 0.003). Scores for three dimensions of the health‐promoting lifestyle profile—self‐actualization (P < 0.001), interpersonal support (P = 0.001) and stress management (P = 0.025)—were significantly higher in the non‐depressed groups. Logistic regression analysis provided an odds ratio of 2.766 (P = 0.003) for health‐promoting lifestyle between the two groups. For patients with metabolic syndrome, depression was negatively associated with health‐promoting lifestyle and is an important factor affecting health‐promoting behaviour.
APPLICATIONS OF BEHAVIOURAL ECONOMICS TO TAX EVASION
Authors: Hashimzade Nigar , Myles Gareth D. , Tran‐Nam Binh 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe paper reviews recent models that have applied the techniques of behavioural economics to the analysis of the tax compliance choice of an individual taxpayer. The construction of these models is motivated by the failure of the Yitzhaki version of the Allingham–Sandmo model to predict correctly the proportion of taxpayers who will evade and the effect of an increase in the tax rate upon the chosen level of evasion. Recent approaches have applied non‐expected utility theory to the compliance decision and have addressed social interaction. The models we describe are able to match the observed extent of evasion and correctly predict the tax effect but do not have the parsimony or precision of the Yitzhaki model.
The introduction of multiculturalism in Canada and Australia, 1960s–1970s
Authors: Mann Jatinder 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis article compares the emergence of a policy of multiculturalism in Canada and Australia between the 1960s and 1970s. It charts the rise of the policy in the two countries through the adoption of a philosophy of multiculturalism as the basis of their national identities. There is a distinction between philosophy and policy: a multicultural policy emerged out of a philosophy of multiculturalism. Furthermore, a philosophy of multiculturalism replaced the ‘new nationalism’ as the foundation of the national identities of both English‐speaking Canada and Australia. The abandonment of the White Canada and White Australia policies and the adoption of non‐discriminatory immigration policies in both countries were also of importance in the emergence of a policy of multiculturalism. There are many similarities in the Canadian and Australian experiences. However, the major differences are explained by the presence of the French‐Canadians in Canada and the early non‐British migration that Canada received in the late‐nineteenth century compared with Australia.
Mother and child behaviour in very preterm and term dyads at 6 and 8 years
Authors: JAEKEL JULIA , WOLKE DIETER , CHERNOVA JULIA 
Published: May 2012

Aim  Mothers of very preterm children have been reported to behave less sensitively and to be more controlling. It is unknown whether this is the result of maternal factors or due to maternal adaptation to children’s cognitive problems.Method  We investigated a geographically defined prospective whole‐population sample of very low birthweight (<1500g) or very preterm (<32wks’ gestation; VLBW/VP) children (n=267, 124 females, 143 males) and a comparison group born at term (n=298, 146 females, 152 males) in Germany. Mother–child interactions were videotaped during a play situation and analysed with a standardized coding system at children’s mean ages of 6 years 3 months and 8 years 5 months.Results  At both 6 years 3 months and 8 years 5 months, VLBW/VP children were less task persistent and socially active (p<0.001) whereas their mothers behaved less sensitively and were more controlling than term mother–child dyads (p<0.001). Cross‐sectional group differences in maternal behaviour remained when scores where adjusted for social factors but disappeared once adjusted for child IQ. High maternal sensitivity predicted higher task persistence (p<0.001), in particular in those children with cognitive problems.Interpretation  Mothers of VLBW/VP children adapt their behaviour to their children’s level of cognitive functioning. High maternal sensitivity is particularly beneficial for task persistence in children with cognitive deficits.
The Language of Birth
Authors: Simkin Penny , Stewart Mary , Shearer Beth , Christopher Glantz J. , Rooks Judith P. , Lyerly Anne Drapkin , Chalmers Beverley , Keirse Marc J.N.C. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractOur language both reflects and influences our attitudes and behavior. This Roundtable Discussion explores the language used in obstetrics and in the interactions between caregivers and women or their families: What do practitioners say to mothers and families during labor? At birth? In consultations? To describe what is happening? To encourage a woman's efforts? To lighten the atmosphere? When advising about possible interventions? Medical terminology in perinatal care can often be deceptive or confusing, not only for mothers but for caregivers. The authors of this Roundtable, representing health professionals from different specialties and interests in the field, have examined some examples of such language use, misuse, and abuse in perinatal care. (BIRTH 39:2 June 2012)
Normograde and Retrograde Pinning of the Distal Fragment in Feline Humeral Fractures
Authors: Cohen Liat , Israeli Inbar , Levi Sagi , Benzioni Hadas , Milgram Joshua 
Published: May 2012

ObjectiveTo determine if normograde and retrograde pinning of the distal humeral fragment, performed to maximize pin purchase in this fragment, would damage vital structures in and around the elbow and shoulder joints in cats.Study DesignAnatomic study.Sample PopulationCadaveric cats (n = 12; 24 thoracic limbs).MethodsTwelve thoracic limb pairs were harvested from domestic short‐haired cats and 1 limb from each pair was allocated to 1 of 3 groups. A transverse osteotomy was created at the junction of the middle and distal thirds in the diaphyseal osteotomy group (n = 8) and proximal to the supracondylar foramen in the metaphyseal osteotomy group (n = 8). Humeri in the normograde group (n = 8) were left intact. Retrograde pinning of the distal fragment in both osteotomy groups was performed with the elbow flexed. Pins were driven into the medial epicondyle until they exited the skin caudal to the elbow and dissection of the soft tissues around the exit tract of the pin was performed. The fracture was reduced and the pin was advanced until it exited the proximal humeral fragment. In the specimens in normograde group, pinning was initiated on the distal aspect of the medial epicondyle. A 1.0 mm guide hole was drilled from the medial epicondyle to the center of the medullary cavity of the distal humeral metaphysis. A bevelled 1.5 mm IM pin was driven proximally through the guide hole until it exited the proximal humerus.ResultsPins exiting the distal aspect of the medial epicondyle passed through muscle origins in 5 specimens in the diaphyseal osteotomy group and in all 8 specimens in the metaphyseal group. The ulnar nerve was entrapped in 1 specimen in both the metaphyseal osteotomy and diaphyseal osteotomy groups. The articular cartilage of the trochlea was damaged in 5 specimens in the diaphyseal osteotomy group and in 1 specimen in the metaphyseal osteotomy group. There was no damage to articular or periarticular structures by pins exiting the proximal humerus.ConclusionRetrograde pinning of the distal fragment in humeral fractures in the cat may damage the articular cartilage and cannot be recommended. Normograde pinning is safe and maximizes pin purchase in the distal fragment.
Forecasting Product Returns for Remanufacturing Operations
Authors: Clottey Toyin , Benton W. C. , Srivastava Rajesh 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTDriven by legislative pressures, an increasing number of manufacturing companies have been implementing comprehensive recycling and remanufacturing programs. The accurate forecasting of product returns is important for procurement decisions, production planning, and inventory and disposal management in such remanufacturing operations. In this study, we consider a manufacturer that also acts as a remanufacturer, and develop a generalized forecasting approach to determine the distribution of the returns of used products, as well as integrate it with an inventory model to enable production planning and control. We compare our forecasting approach to previous models and show that our approach is more consistent with continuous time, provides accurate estimates when the return lags are exponential in nature, and results in fewer units being held in inventory on average. The analysis revealed that these gains in accuracy resulted in the most cost savings when demand volumes for remanufactured products were high compared to the volume of returned products. Such situations require the frequent acquisition of cores to meet demand. The results show that significant cost savings can be achieved by using the proposed approach for sourcing product returns.
Relationships between urban tree communities and the biomes in which they reside
Authors: Ramage Benjamin S. , Roman Lara A. , Dukes Jeffrey S. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractQuestionsClimate strongly influences the composition of natural plant communities, but a variety of human activities might release plants in urban areas from some of these climatic constraints. (1) After controlling for minimum temperature, is urban tree species composition related to biome? (2) Do any such patterns result solely from the presence of native species in urban floras? (3) Which climatic, demographic and economic variables are predictive of urban tree species composition?LocationContinental USA.MethodsWe investigated patterns of tree species composition in small cities across the continental USA, specifically exploring relationships to surrounding biomes and their accompanying temperature and precipitation regimes, as well as to key demographic and economic variables. We estimated urban tree species composition by surveying tree experts in randomly selected cities that were stratified by minimum temperature (i.e. ‘hardiness zone’) and biome, and constrained to similar population sizes. We then used non‐metric multidimensional scaling to investigate relationships between urban tree species composition, biome classification, native status, individual climate variables and several anthropogenic factors.ResultsWe found that urban tree communities were consistently related to the surrounding biome, even after controlling for minimum temperatures. These communities could also be predicted by several individual climatic variables (in models that focused solely on the role of climate as well as models that simultaneously considered key anthropogenic factors). In addition, most of these general patterns were still present when we exclusively examined non‐native species. We were unable to identify specific climatic and anthropogenic variables of broad importance because the most predictive variables were highly dependent upon the specific analysis.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that, despite substantial human influence, urban tree communities (including their non‐native components) are related to the same climate factors that shape wildland plant communities.
Low‐Temperature Sintering and Microwave Dielectric Properties of ZnNb2O6–TiO2 Ceramics with BaCu(B2O5) Additions
Authors: Guo Mei , Dou Gang , Gong Shuping , Zhou Dongxiang 
Published: May 2012

The influence of BaCu(B2O5) (BCB) on densification, phases, microstructure and microwave dielectric properties of ZnNb2O6–xTiO2 (x = 1.70–1.90) composite ceramics have been investigated. Undoped ZnNb2O6–1.8TiO2 ceramics sintered at 1200°C exhibit temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf) ~9.25 ppm/°C. When BaCu(B2O5) was added, the sintering temperature of the ZnNb2O6–1.8TiO2 composite ceramics was effectively reduced to 950°C. The results indicated that the permittivity and Q × f were dependent on the sintering temperature and the amounts of BaCu(B2O5). Addition of 3.0 wt% BaCu(B2O5) in ZnNb2O6–1.8TiO2 ceramics sintered at 950°C showed excellent dielectric properties of εr = 40.9, Q × f = 12,200 GHz (f = 5.015 GHz) and τf = +0.3 ppm/°C.