bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low entanglement wavefunctions
Authors: Chan Garnet Kin‐Lic 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWe review a class of efficient wavefunction approximations that are based around the limit of low entanglement. These wavefunctions, which go by such names as matrix product states and tensor network states, occupy a different region of Hilbert space from wavefunctions built around the Hartree–Fock limit. The best known class of low entanglement wavefunctions, the matrix product states, forms the variational space of the density matrix renormalization group algorithm. Because of their different structure to many other quantum chemistry wavefunctions, low entanglement approximations hold promise for problems conventionally considered hard in quantum chemistry, and in particular problems which have a multireference or strong correlation nature. In this review, we describe low entanglement wavefunctions at an introductory level, focusing on the main theoretical ideas. Topics covered include the theory of efficient wavefunction approximations, entanglement, matrix product states, and tensor network states including the tree tensor network, projected entangled pair states, and the multiscale entanglement renormalization ansatz. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Electronic Structure Theory > Ab Initio Electronic Structure Methods
The Sonic hedgehog gradient in the developing limb
Authors: Tickle Cheryll , Barker Heather 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA gradient of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) plays a major role in specifying the antero‐posterior pattern of structures that develop in the distal part of the vertebrate limb, in particular, the antero‐posterior pattern of the digits. Classical embryological experiments identified the polarizing region (or zone of polarizing activity, ZPA), a signaling region at the posterior margin of the early chick wing bud and, consistent with a model in which production of a diffusible morphogen specifies antero‐posterior positional information, polarizing region signaling was shown to be dose dependent and long range. It is now well established that the vertebrate hedgehog gene, Sonic hedgehog (Shh), which encodes a secreted protein, is expressed in the polarizing region of the chick wing and that Shh signaling has the same characteristics as polarizing region signaling. Shh expression at the posterior of the early limb bud and the mechanism of Shh signal transduction are conserved among vertebrates including mammals. However, it is unlikely that a simple Shh gradient is responsible for digit pattern formation in mammalian limbs and there is still little understanding of how positional information specified by Shh signaling is encoded and translated into digit anatomy. Alterations in Shh signaling underlie some congenital limb abnormalities and also changes in timing and extent of Shh signaling appear to be related to the evolution of morphological diversity of vertebrate limbs. WIREs Dev Biol 2013, 2:275–290. doi: 10.1002/wdev.70This article is categorized under:

Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Gradients
Vertebrate Organogenesis > Musculoskeletal and Vascular
Module‐based complexity formation: periodic patterning in feathers and hairs
Authors: Chuong Cheng‐Ming , Yeh Chao‐Yuan , Ting‐Xin Jiang , Widelitz Randall 
Published: May 2012

AbstractPatterns describe order which emerges from homogeneity. Complex patterns on the integument are striking because of their visibility throughout an organism's lifespan. Periodic patterning is an effective design because the ensemble of hair or feather follicles (modules) allows the generation of complexity, including regional variations and cyclic regeneration, giving the skin appendages a new lease on life. Spatial patterns include the arrangements of feathers and hairs in specific number, size, and spacing. We explore how a field of equivalent progenitor cells can generate periodically arranged modules based on genetic information, physical–chemical rules and developmental timing. Reconstitution experiments suggest a competitive equilibrium regulated by activators/inhibitors involving Turing reaction‐diffusion. Temporal patterns result from oscillating stem cell activities within each module (microenvironment regulation), reflected as growth (anagen) and resting (telogen) phases during the cycling of feather and hair follicles. Stimulating modules with activators initiates the spread of regenerative hair waves, while global inhibitors outside each module (macroenvironment) prevent this. Different wave patterns can be simulated by cellular automata principles. Hormonal status and seasonal changes can modulate appendage phenotypes, leading to ‘organ metamorphosis’, with multiple ectodermal organ phenotypes generated from the same precursors. We discuss potential novel evolutionary steps using this module‐based complexity in several amniote integument organs, exemplified by the spectacular peacock feather pattern. We thus explore the application of the acquired knowledge of patterning in tissue engineering. New hair follicles can be generated after wounding. Hairs and feathers can be reconstituted through self‐organization of dissociated progenitor cells. WIREs Dev Biol 2013, 2:97–112. doi: 10.1002/wdev.74This article is categorized under:

Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Repeating Patterns and Lateral Inhibition
Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Cell Sorting and Boundary Formation
Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Regulation of Size, Proportion, and Timing
Inhalation studies for the safety assessment of nanomaterials: status quo and the way forward
Authors: Landsiedel Robert , Ma‐Hock Lan , Haussmann Hans‐Juergen , van Ravenzwaay Ben , Kayser Martin , Wiench Karin 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWhile technical and medical potential offered by nanotechnologies increase, the safety assessment of engineered nanomaterials (NMs) needs to follow this pace. Inhalation is a major route of occupational and environmental exposure, and is most relevant for most of the respective safety assessment studies. Control and generation of aerosol from the test materials for this route of administration are technically demanding, and not surprisingly, there are relatively few NMs tested in toxicokinetic, short‐term, and subchronic inhalation studies. These studies were in part adapted to the peculiarities of inhaled NMs, but few were also conducted according to organization for economic co‐operation and development (OECD) test guidelines. Inhalation studies on the potential to develop chronic diseases, or studies to check the potential analogy to cardiovascular diseases associated with adverse health effects from ambient air pollution, are largely missing. On the way forward, appropriate inhalation studies need to be performed on a number of NMs to assess their hazards and to provide a sound database for correlation and validation of alternative in vitro methods. Moreover, these studies can potentially aid in the grouping of different NMs based on their biokinetics or biological effects. For carcinogenic and cardiovascular effects, research studies are needed to verify—or disprove—the relevance and the mechanisms by which NMs contribute to these effects. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2012, 4:399–413. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1173This article is categorized under:

Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials
Tissue Banking in a Regional Hospital: A Promising Future Concept? First Report on Fresh Frozen Tissue Banking in a Hospital Without an Integrated Institute of Pathology
Authors: von Strauss und Torney Marco , Güller Ulrich , Rezaeian Farid , Brosi Philippe , Terracciano Luigi , Zuber Markus 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackgroundVital tissue provided by fresh frozen tissue banking is often required for genetic tumor profiling and tailored therapies. However, the potential patient benefits of fresh frozen tissue banking are currently limited to university hospitals. The objective of the present pilot study—the first one in the literature—was to evaluate whether fresh frozen tissue banking is feasible in a regional hospital without an integrated institute of pathology.MethodsPatients with resectable breast and colon cancer were included in this prospective study. Both malignant and healthy tissue were sampled using isopentan‐based snap‐freezing 1 h after tumor resection and stored at −80 °C before transfer to the main tissue bank of a University institute of pathology.ResultsThe initial costs to set up tissue banking were 35,662 US$. Furthermore, the running costs are 1,250 US$ yearly. During the first 13 months, 43 samples (nine samples of breast cancer and 34 samples of colon cancer) were collected from 41 patients. Based on the pathology reports, there was no interference with standard histopathologic analyses due to the sample collection.ConclusionsThis is the first report in the literature providing evidence that tissue banking in a regional hospital without an integrated institute of pathology is feasible. The interesting findings of the present pilot study must be confirmed by larger investigations.
Evaluating New York City's Smoke‐Free Parks and Beaches Law: A Critical Multiplist Approach to Assessing Behavioral Impact
Authors: Johns Michael , Coady Micaela H. , Chan Christina A. , Farley Shannon M. , Kansagra Susan M. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis article describes the evaluation of the law banning smoking in New York City's parks and beaches that went into effect in 2011. We discuss the practical and methodological challenges that emerged in evaluating this law, and describe how we applied the principles of critical multiplism to address these issues. The evaluation uses data from three complementary studies, each with a unique set of strengths and weaknesses that can provide converging evidence for the effectiveness of the law. Results from a litter audit and an observational study suggest the ban reduced smoking in parks and beaches. The purpose, methodology and baseline results from an ongoing survey that measures how frequently adults in NYC and across New York State notice people smoking in parks and on beaches are presented and discussed. Limitations are considered and suggestions are offered for future evaluations of similar policies.
CYP2D6 genotyping and use of antidepressants in breast cancer patients: test development for clinical application
Authors: van der Merwe Nicole , Bouwens Christianne S. H. , Pienaar Rika , van der Merwe Lize , Yako Yandiswa Y. , Geiger Dieter H. , Kotze Maritha J. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Approximately 25 % of clinically important drugs and numerous environmental carcinogens are metabolised by CYP2D6. Variation in the CYP2D6 gene and concomitant use of tamoxifen (TAM) with certain antidepressants may increase recurrence risk in breast cancer patients due to reduced enzyme activity. In this study we determined the appropriateness of adding CYP2D6 genotyping to the breast cancer genetic testing options already available in South Africa, which include BRCA mutation screening and transcriptional profiling to assess estrogen receptor (ER) status. A total of 114 South African breast cancer patients, including 52 Caucasian and 62 Coloured (Mixed ancestry), and 63 Caucasian control individuals were genotyped for the most common inactivating allele (CYP2D6*4, rs3892097) previously identified in the CYP2D6 gene. In the initial validation data set consisting of 25 Caucasian and 62 Coloured patients, the CYP2D6*4 allele frequency was significantly higher in Caucasian compared to Coloured patients (24 % vs. 3 %, p < 0.001), similar to previous findings in the general South African population. Extended CYP2D6 genotyping was subsequently performed in an implementation data set of 27 Caucasian breast cancer patients, to determine the prevalence of depression and use of antidepressants in a clinical setting. A medical history of depression and/or use of antidepressants was reported in 37 % (10/27) of these breast cancer patients genotyped for CYP2D6*4. This translational research study has led to increased awareness among clinicians of the potential benefits of CYP2D6 genotyping to facilitate prevention of cumulative risk in a high-risk genetic subgroup of breast cancer patients considered for concomitant treatment of TAM and antidepressants that may reduce enzyme function.
Tissue Plasminogen Activator Induced Delayed Edema in Experimental Porcine Intracranial Hemorrhage: Reduction with Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Administration
Authors: Keric Naureen , Maier Gerrit Steffen , Samadani Uzma , Kallenberg Kai , Dechent Peter , Brueck Wolfgang , Heuer Jan , Rohde Veit 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Hematoma puncture and subsequent clot lysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) emerged as an alternative therapy for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and is associated with delayed edema possibly counteracting the beneficial effects of hematoma volume reduction. We hypothesized that immediate reversal of rtPA activity after clot lysis and hematoma drainage diminishes edema formation. To test this hypothesis, we administered plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 after rtPA lysis of experimentally induced ICH. A right frontal ICH was placed through a twist drill burr hole and autologous blood injection. Following creation of the frontal ICH, pigs received no further treatment (n = 5), lysis with rtPA (n = 7), or lysis with rtPA followed by administration of PAI-1 (n = 6). Hematoma and edema volumes were assessed with magnetic resonance imaging on days 0, 4, and 10. The rtPA significantly reduced hematoma volume and contributed to edema on day 10 after experimentally induced ICH. Administration of PAI-1 attenuated the rtPA-induced edema volume on day 10, but the hematoma volume reduction was less pronounced. In conclusion, PAI-1 attenuated delayed cerebral edema after rtPA lysis of experimental ICH but also reduced the lytic activity of rtPA. The combination of rtPA clot lysis with PAI-1 might have the potential to further improve the effect of the lytic therapy of ICH, but additional studies to define the optimum time point for PAI-1 administration are required.
Informed Consent: A Study of the OR Consenting Process in New Zealand
Authors: Agnew Joanne , Jorgensen Diane 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe outcome of the informed consenting process should be that patients are knowledgeable about their future procedure, but there is no guarantee that signing the informed consent form means that patients have understood the information that their health care providers have given to them. To evaluate the informed consenting process in an OR direct admissions department of a city hospital in New Zealand, we interviewed 18 surgical patients. We transcribed the audiotaped interviews and analyzed the data using a general inductive approach derived from Grounded Theory. Our analysis indicated that educational information was not always based on patients' previous knowledge or understanding, although most patients understood the surgical consenting process to be complete after they met with the physician and signed the form. Our study highlights that although patients spoke with their physicians and nurses, there was still a lack of understanding. Perioperative nurses are in a prime position to reinforce informed consent. They should actively support the consenting process and be proactive in collaborating with patients and physicians to ultimately ensure that the patient has every opportunity to make an informed decision.
Impact of epistasis and QTL×environmental interaction on the mass filling rate during seed development of soybean
Authors: JIANG ZHENFENG , HAN YINGPENG , TENG WEILI , LI YONGGUANG , ZHAO XUE , ZHANG ZHONGCHEN , MAN WEIQUN , LI WENBIN 
Published: May 2012

SummarySeed filling rate of soybean has been shown to be a dynamic process in different developmental stages affected by both genotype and environment. The objective of the present study was to determine additive, epistatic and quantitative trait loci (QTLs)×environment interaction (QE) effects of the QTL underlying a seed filling rate of soybean. One hundred and forty-three recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross of Charleston and Dongnong 594 were used with 2 years of field data (2004 and 2005). Eleven QTLs with significantly unconditional and conditional additive (a) effect and/or additive×environment interaction (ae) effect at different filling stages were identified. Of them six QTLs showed positiveaeffects and four QTLs had negativeaeffects on the seed filling rate during seed development.aaandaaeeffects of 12 pairs of QTLs were identified by unconditional mapping from the initial stage to the final stage. Thirteen pairs of QTLs underlying the seed filling rate withaaandaaeeffects were identified by conditional mapping. QTLs withaaandaae(additive×additive×environment) effects appeared to vary at different filling stages. Our results demonstrated that the mass filling rate in soybean seed were under genetic and environmental control.
Struma ovarii and the thyroid surgeon
Authors: Gunasekaran S , Kopecka E , Maung K H , England R J 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIntroduction:Struma ovarii is a rare, monodermal, ovarian teratoma. The common presentation is abdominal, with pelvic mass and pain, traditionally managed by gynaecologists. The malignant form is extremely rare and consists of differentiated thyroid cancer. It is rare for struma ovarii to present with features of hyperthyroidism. We present two unusual cases of struma ovarii and discuss the role of the thyroid surgeon in their management.Methods and results:The first case involved a 40-year-old woman with a two-month history of swelling in the lower abdomen. Investigations revealed a mass arising from the left ovary. Surgery revealed a follicular carcinoma arising in a struma ovarii. She underwent a total thyroidectomy prior to radio-iodine therapy. The second case involved a 60-year-old woman who underwent thyroidectomy for thyrotoxicosis. Three months post-operatively, she remained thyrotoxic despite stopping thyroxine. A whole body radio-iodine scan revealed high uptake in the left ovary. Histological analysis of the resected ovary showed benign struma ovarii.Conclusion:These two cases highlight the diagnostic and therapeutic role of thyroid surgeons in the management of benign and malignant forms of struma ovarii.
Submucosal neoplasms of the laryngeal introitus
Authors: Friedman A D , Burns J A , Lutch M J , Zeitels S M 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackground:The differential diagnosis of endolaryngeal mesenchymal neoplasms includes a wide spectrum of benign and malignant pathologies, which have been rarely photo-documented and assessed as a group.Methods:Non-epithelial neoplasms of the endolarynx seen at our centre from 2002 to 2011 (n = 38; 36 treated at our institution) were retrospectively reviewed, with attention to clinical presentation, radiographic imaging, operative management, histology, and pre- and post-operative endoscopy. Submucosal squamous cell carcinomas, mucosal cysts, amyloid and Teflon granulomas were excluded.Results:Twenty-three of a total of 36 patients underwent definitive endoscopic surgical treatment. Supraglottic pathologies included lymphoma, lipoma, neuroendocrine carcinoma, lymphangioma, oncocytoma, haemangioma, synovial cell sarcoma and benign spindle cell neoplasm. Transglottic pathologies included synovial cell sarcoma and granular cell tumour. Glottic pathologies included granular cell tumour, osteoma, rhabdomyoma, rhabdomycosarcoma and myofibroblastic sarcoma. Subglottic pathologies included chondrosarcoma, neurofibroma, adenoid cystic carcinoma and vascular malformation.Conclusion:The site of origin, degree of malignant behaviour and sensitivity to adjuvant treatment determined the course of surgical management, i.e. endolaryngeal versus transcervical, and limited removal versus wider resection.
The effect of intense short pulse laser shapes on generating of the optimum wakefield and dissociation of methane molecule
Authors: Irani E. , Zare S. , Navid H.A. , Dehghani Z. , Sadighi-Bonabi R. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe optimum convolution of dual short pulse for producing the maximum wakefield and the highest dissociation probability of CH4has been investigated. By using three fundamental shapes of pulses though four different arrangements, the generated wake are considered in plasma. It is found that when the first and second pulses were rectangular–triangular and sinusoidal pulse shapes, respectively, the resultant wakefield amplitude is the highest. This effect opens up a new novel way by pulse shaping mechanism in the photo dissociation dynamics of molecules and controlling of chemical reactions in the desired channels by short pulse intense lasers for reducing the computation time of genetic algorithm model. Using field assisted dissociation model, the dissociation probability for a CH4+molecule exposed to a 100 femtosecond 8 Jcm−2Ti:Sapphire laser pulse is calculated. Here, the highest possible dissociation probability of the methane ion is calculated by the gradient optimization method in which the gradient of a function should be in the direction of the local extremes. The C-H molecular bond of CH4+ion is assumed to be in the same direction as the electric field component of the laser pulse. These results show that there is an excellent match with experimental data. The remarkable feature of this work is that the sensitivity of the dissociation probability of the initial bond lengthq, is studied and the desired product channel is controlled by variation of the laser intensity and it's time evolution by introducing a characteristic vectored space for intensity and duration of two tailored rectangular femtosecond laser pulses.
Repetitive nanosecond-pulse discharge in a highly nonuniform electric field in atmospheric air: X-ray emission and runaway electron generation
Authors: Shao Tao , Tarasenko Victor F. , Zhang Cheng , Baksht Evgeni KH. , Yan Ping , Shut'Ko Yuliya V. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractRepetitive nanosecond-pulse discharge with a highly inhomogeneous electric field was investigated in air at atmospheric pressure. Three repetitive nanosecond generators were used, and the rise times of the voltage pulses were 15, 1, and 0.2 ns, respectively. Under different experimental conditions, X-rays and runaway electron beams were directly measured using various setups. The variables affecting X-rays and runaway electrons, including gap distance, pulse repetition frequency, anode geometry, and material, were investigated. It was shown that it was significantly easier to record the X-rays than the runaway electrons in the repetitive nanosecond-pulse discharge. It was confirmed that a volume diffuse discharge was attributed to the generation of runaway electrons and the corresponding X-rays.
The Contribution of IslamicWaqfto Managing the Conservation of Buildings in the Historic Stone Town of Zanzibar
Authors: Khalfan Khalfan Amour , Ogura Nobuyuki 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe conservation of historic buildings depends on their physical maintenance as much as it depends upon their protection against external threats resulting from economic forces, the political climate, and human interference. Although physical conservation is what keeps the buildings standing, protecting buildings from these external threats can be considered more important because, without such protection, the buildings might not survive for any maintenance to be performed. To achieve the envisaged protection, proper management techniques are required. This article draws management inspirations from the unique and long-enduring tradition of the Islamicwaqf, as practiced in the historic Stone Town of Zanzibar, now a World Heritage Site. The structure ofwaqfmanagement is examined, along with aspects of finance and building maintenance. It was found that the ability of a management system to evolve according to prevailing conditions can be an effective shield against the external threats mentioned here.