bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cord blood mesenchymal stem cells propel human dendritic cells to an intermediate maturation state and boost interleukin‐12 production by mature dendritic cells
Authors: Van Den Berk Lieke C. J. , Roelofs Helene , Huijs Tonnie , Siebers‐Vermeulen Kim G. C. , Raymakers Reinier A. , Kögler Gesine , Figdor Carl G. , Torensma Ruurd 
Published: June 2009

SummaryPathogen‐derived entities force the tissue‐resident dendritic cells (DCs) towards a mature state, followed by migration to the draining lymph node to present antigens to T cells. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) modulate the differentiation, maturation and function of DCs. In umbilical cord blood an immature MSC population was identified. Remarkably, these immature stem cells modulated DCs in a different way. Marker expression was unchanged during the differentiation of monocytes towards immature DCs (iDCs) when cocultured with cord blood MSC [unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs)]. The maturation to mature DCs (mDCs) was enhanced when DCs were co‐cultured with USSC, as evidenced by the up‐regulation of costimulatory molecules. Endocytosis of dextran by iDCs was hampered in the presence of USSCs, which is indicative for the maturation of iDCs. Despite this maturation, the migration of iDCs cocultured with USSCs appeared to be identical to iDCs cultured alone. However, USSCs increased the migration of mDCs towards CCL21 and boosted interleukin‐12 production. So, USSCs mature iDCs, thereby redirecting the antigen‐uptake phenotype towards a mature phenotype. Furthermore, DC maturation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or USSCs reflects two distinct pathways because migration was unaffected when iDCs were matured by coculture with USSCs, while it was strongly enhanced in the presence of LPS. DCs are able to discriminate the different MSC subtypes, resulting in diverse differentiation programmes.
Accuracy of root canal length determination with the impedance ratio method
Authors: Jan J. , Križaj D. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAim  To provide insight into the principles of operation of electronic apex locators, determine optimal measuring parameters of the impedance ratio method, and to evaluate its accuracy.Methodology  Electrical impedance was measured ex vivo on 14 extracted human teeth using a QuadTech 1920 precision impedance analyzer. A file electrode was inserted into the root canal; the second electrode was placed in the saline solution surrounding the tooth. Measurements were performed in a frequency range from 20 Hz to 1 MHz, and repeated with different distances of the file tip from the major apical foramen. The measured impedances were analysed as a function of distance of the file tip to the major apical foramen. Parameters (e.g. measurement frequencies, impedance ratio value) that would result in optimal working length determination were evaluated.Results  The optimal determination of the major apical foramen position was obtained at frequencies of 5 kHz and 0.5 kHz, 10 kHz and 0.5 kHz, and 5 kHz and 1 kHz, for the impedance ratios 0.73 (95% CI: −0.33 to 1.74 mm), 0.66 (95% CI: −0.34 to 1.81 mm) and 0.79 (95% CI: −0.33 to 1.58 mm) respectively. The limit of ±0.5 mm was attained in 86% of all measurements. Standard deviations decreased as the average measured distance approached and extended beyond the major apical foramen.Conclusions  With the obtained optimal measuring parameters, the impedance ratio method determined position of the major foramen within ±0.5 mm. Accuracy varied depending on the set of frequencies used for evaluation as well as on the selected impedance ratio.
A comparative study of image quality and radiation exposure for dental radiographs produced using a charge‐coupled device and a phosphor plate system
Authors: Farrier S. L. , Drage N. A. , Newcombe R. G. , Hayes S. J. , Dummer P. M. H. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAim  To investigate the quality of periapical radiographic images produced by two digital dental radiography systems, a charge‐coupled device (CCD) and a photostimulable phosphor (PSP) image plate system, and to examine the overall radiation exposure when using these systems in a clinical setting.Methodology  Patients were randomly allocated to both systems and the resultant radiographs rated for quality. The expected radiation exposure for an investigation was calculated.Results  Overall, 98 images were acquired using the CCD system and 108 with the PSP system. The PSP system produced significantly higher quality (P < 0.001) periapical images compared with the CCD system. The CCD system required significantly more (P < 0.001) repeat exposures to obtain a diagnostic image than the PSP system but at a lower expected radiation exposure.Conclusions  The image quality was superior using the phosphor plate system. Although more repeat radiographs were required using the CCD system, the images were produced with a lower expected radiation exposure.
Evolution of the second orangutan: phylogeny and biogeography of hominid origins
Authors: Grehan John R. , Schwartz Jeffrey H. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAim  To resolve the phylogeny of humans and their fossil relatives (collectively, hominids), orangutans (Pongo) and various Miocene great apes and to present a biogeographical model for their differentiation in space and time.Location  Africa, northern Mediterranean, Asia.Methods  Maximum parsimony analysis was used to assess phylogenetic relationships among living large‐bodied hominoids (= humans, chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, orangutans), and various related African, Asian and European ape fossils. Biogeographical characteristics were analysed for vicariant replacement, main massings and nodes. A geomorphological correlation was identified for a clade we refer to as the ‘dental hominoids’, and this correlation was used to reconstruct their historical geography.Results  Our analyses support the following hypotheses: (1) the living large‐bodied hominoids represent a monophyletic group comprising two sister clades: humans + orangutans, and chimpanzees (including bonobos) + gorillas (collectively, the African apes); and (2) the human–orangutan clade (dental hominoids) includes fossil hominids (Homo, australopiths, Orrorin) and the Miocene‐age apes Hispanopithecus, Ouranopithecus, Ankarapithecus, Sivapithecus, Lufengpithecus, Khoratpithecus and Gigantopithecus (also Plio‐Pleistocene of eastern Asia). We also demonstrate that the distributions of living and fossil genera are largely vicariant, with nodes of geographical overlap or proximity between Gigantopithecus and Sivapithecus in Central Asia, and between Pongo, Gigantopithecus, Lufengpithecus and Khoratpithecus in East Asia. The main massing is represented by five genera and eight species in East Asia. The dental hominoid track is spatially correlated with the East African Rift System (EARS) and the Tethys Orogenic Collage (TOC).Main conclusions  Humans and orangutans share a common ancestor that excludes the extant African apes. Molecular analyses are compromised by phenetic procedures such as alignment and are probably based on primitive retentions. We infer that the human–orangutan common ancestor had established a widespread distribution by at least 13 Ma. Vicariant differentiation resulted in the ancestors of hominids in East Africa and various primarily Miocene apes distributed between Spain and Southeast Asia (and possibly also parts of East Africa). The geographical disjunction between early hominids and Asian Pongo is attributed to local extinctions between Europe and Central Asia. The EARS and TOC correlations suggest that these geomorphological features mediated establishment of the ancestral range.
The significance of neighbours: views and experiences of people with intellectual disability on neighbouring
Authors: Van Alphen L. M. , Dijker A. J. M. , Van Den Borne H. H. W. , Curfs L. M. G. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBackground  People with intellectual disability (ID) who live in regular neighbourhoods have experiences with their neighbours, which are important to understand when studying social integration.Method  This study describes and analyses the opinions on, and experiences with, neighbour relationships of 39 people with ID living in neighbourhood housing facilities.Results  We found that, while the views of people with ID on ‘good neighbouring’ were consistent with ‘neighbouring’ described in sociological literature, their experiences may be influenced by an organisational context, the tendency to formalise relationships and apprehension towards meeting unfamiliar people.Conclusion  Understanding influential factors to neighbouring for people with ID may shed light on the processes involved in social integration of people with ID at a neighbourhood level. This paper contributes to understanding the opinions of people with ID on satisfactory neighbourhood relationships, and explores opportunities to improve them.
Resolving power of lens‐less low energy electron point source microscopy
Authors: STEVENS G.B. 
Published: June 2009

SummarySimulations show the resolving power of lens‐less low energy electron point source microscopy to be approximately 15 Å  for electron energies of between 14 and 105 eV. This resolution can be improved to 10 Å  by employing a composite hologram method. However, these values fall short of predictions of at least 3 Å  resolution for electron energies in this range because the limited divergence angle of the electron beam had not previously been taken into account. Also shown is that electron coherence from field emitting tips that terminate in a single atom will not limit the resolving power as much as the beam divergence angle. The penetration depth of electrons with energies of between 50 and 100 eV, into biological molecules, was estimated from the inelastic mean free path length to be 25 Å . This places an upper limit on the size of biological molecules for which internal structural information can be obtained using low energy electrons.
EBSD characterization of a hot worked 304 austenitic stainless steel under strain reversal
Authors: JORGE‐BADIOLA D. , IZA‐MENDIA A. , GUTIÉRREZ I. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryMonotonic and strain reversal hot torsion tests were performed on a 304 austenitic stainless steel, this led to changes in microstructures depending on the strain path. electron backscatter diffraction was used as the tool for characterizing the microstructures. It was possible to find some intragranular microstructural changes due to the reversal of the strain by means of several local and global misorientation‐related parameters. Σ3 boundaries also showed sensitivity to strain reversal.
Enhancement of confocal microscopy images using Mueller‐matrix polarimetry
Authors: BUENO J.M. , COOKSON C.J. , KISILAK M.L. , CAMPBELL M.C.W. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryA simplified procedure based on Mueller‐matrix polarimetry has recently been reported as a method of retinal image improvement in a confocal ophthalmoscope [J. M. Bueno et al., J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 24, 1337 (2007)]. Here, we have applied the technique to imaging static samples providing well‐defined reflection properties. The method uses a generator of polarization states in the illumination pathway of a confocal scanning laser system. From the calculated four elements of the Mueller matrix of any sample and instrument combination, the best images defined by different metrics were constructed. For samples with specular, diffuse and mixed reflections, the best‐constructed images showed an enhancement in both objective and subjective image quality compared to the original images and those obtained from frame averaging. This technique could improve microscopic imaging in many diverse fields, particularly in biomedical imaging.
Electromyographic standardized indices in healthy Brazilian young adults and data reproducibility
Authors: DE FELÍCIO C. M. , SIDEQUERSKY F. V. , TARTAGLIA G. M. , SFORZA C. 
Published: June 2009

Summary  The determination of normal parameters is an important procedure in the evaluation of the stomatognathic system. We used the surface electromyography standardization protocol described by Ferrario et al. (J Oral Rehabil. 2000;27:33–40, 2006;33:341) to determine reference values of the electromyographic standardized indices for the assessment of muscular symmetry (left and right side, percentage overlapping coefficient, POC), potential lateral displacing components (unbalanced contractile activities of contralateral masseter and temporalis muscles, TC), relative activity (most prevalent pair of masticatory muscles, ATTIV) and total activity (integrated areas of the electromyographic potentials over time, IMPACT) in healthy Brazilian young adults, and the relevant data reproducibility. Electromyography of the right and left masseter and temporalis muscles was performed during maximum teeth clenching in 20 healthy subjects (10 women and 10 men, mean age 23 years, s.d. 3), free from periodontal problems, temporomandibular disorders, oro‐facial myofunctional disorder, and with full permanent dentition (28 teeth at least). Data reproducibility was computed for 75% of the sample. The values obtained were POC Temporal (88·11 ± 1·45%), POC masseter (87·11 ± 1·60%), TC (8·79 ± 1·20%), ATTIV (−0·33 ± 9·65%) and IMPACT (110·40 ± 23·69 μV/μV·s %). There were no statistical differences between test and retest values (P > 0·05). The Technical Errors of Measurement (TEM) for 50% of subjects assessed during the same session were 1·5, 1·39, 1·06, 3·83 and 10·04. For 25% of the subjects assessed after a 6‐month interval, the TEM were 0·80, 1·03, 0·73, 12·70 and 19·10. For all indices, there was good reproducibility. These electromyographic indices could be used in the assessment of patients with stomatognathic dysfunction.
Prazosin modulates rapid eye movement sleep deprivation‐induced changes in body temperature in rats
Authors: JAISWAL MANOJ K. , MALLICK BIRENDRA N. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryProlonged rapid eye movement sleep deprivation (REMSD) causes hypothermia and death; however, the effect of deprivation within 24 h and its mechanism(s) of action were unknown. Based on existing reports we argued that REMSD should, at least initially, induce hyperthermia and the death upon prolonged deprivation could be due to persistent hypothermia. We proposed that noradrenaline (NA), which modulates body temperature and is increased upon REMSD, may be involved in REMSD‐ associated body temperature changes. Adult maleWistarrats were REM sleep deprived for 6–9 days by the classical flower pot method; suitable free moving, large platform and recovery controls were carried out. The rectal temperature (Trec) was recorded every minute for 1 h, or once daily, or before and after i.p. injection of prazosin, an alpha‐1 adrenergic antagonist. The Trec was indeed elevated within 24 h of REMSD which decreased steadily, despite continuation of deprivation. Prazosin injection into the deprived rats reduced the Trec within 30 min, and the duration of effect was comparable to its pharmacological half life. The findings have been explained on the basis of REMSD‐induced elevated NA level, which has opposite actions on the peripheral and the central nervous systems. We propose that REMSD‐associated immediate increase in Trec is due to increased Na‐K ATPase as well as metabolic activities and peripheral vasoconstriction. However, upon prolonged deprivation, probably the persistent effect of NA on the central thermoregulatory sites induced sustained hypothermia, which if remained uncontrolled, results in death. Thus, our findings suggest that peripheral prazosin injection in REMSD would not bring the body temperature to normal, rather might become counterproductive.
Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in infants: how does it work and where will it work?
Authors: Gosling R. D. , Carneiro I. , Chandramohan D. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryWe discuss the potential public health impact of IPTi by estimating the cases of malaria, anaemia and hospital admissions likely to be averted in different transmission settings; and we review the mechanism of action, choice of drugs regimens, and the effect on immunity of IPTi. IPTi using an efficacious drug is likely to substantially reduce cases of clinical malaria in moderate to high transmission settings. However, geographical heterogeneity in malaria transmission could hamper rolling out IPTi as a national policy.
Early wheezing phenotypes and cognitive development of 3‐yr‐olds. Community‐recruited birth cohort study
Authors: Jedrychowski Wieslaw , Perera Frederica P. , Jankowski Jeffery , Maugeri Umberto , Mrozek‐Budzyn Dorota , Mroz Elzbieta , Flak Elzbieta , Skarupa Anita , Edwards Susan , Lisowska‐Miszczyk Ilona 
Published: June 2009

Jedrychowski W, Perera FP, Jankowski J, Maugeri U, Mrozek‐Budzyn D, Mroz E, Flak E, Skarupa A, Edwards S, Lisowska‐Miszczyk I. Early wheezing phenotypes and cognitive development of 3‐yr‐olds. Community‐recruited birth cohort study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010: 21: 550–556. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/SThe main purpose of the study was to answer the question whether young children without clinical diagnosis of asthma but experiencing early wheezing disorders and therefore being at high risk of developing asthma may have cognitive deficits. In the ongoing birth cohort study wheezing symptoms were recorded postpartum over two first years of age and subsequently cognitive status of children at the age of 3 yr was assessed with the Bayley Mental Development Index (MDI). In the statistical analysis a wide range of modifying and confounding factors (maternal education, gender of children, prenatal exposure to lead and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) were considered to assess the independent effect of early wheezing phenotypes on cognitive development of children. The MDI score correlated inversely with the number of wheezing days recorded over 24 months (r = −0.13, p = 0.007), lead cord blood concentration (r = −0.12, p = −0.02), number of siblings (r = −0.17, p = 0.0006) and the number of cigarettes smoked daily by other household members at home over the pregnancy period (r = −0.18, p = 0.0002). While the children who experienced wheezing over the first year of age showed deficit of 2 MDI scores (beta coeff. = −2.31, 95%CI: −4.63 to 0.02), those with persistent wheezing had the score deficit of 4 points (beta coeff. = −4.41, 95%CI: −8.27 to −0.55). To our knowledge, it is the first report in the iterature showing that early wheezing is associated the cognitive deficit in a community‐recruited very young children. Observed cognitive deficit in early wheezers may be caused by RSV infections or can be related to lower lung function attributed to persistent wheezing, which reducing oxygen supply would affect rapidly developing brain.
Body mass index and acute asthma severity among children presenting to the emergency department
Authors: Ginde Adit A. , Santillan Alfredo A. , Clark Sunday , Camargo Jr Carlos A. 
Published: June 2009

Ginde AA, Santillan AA, Clark S, Camargo CA Jr. Body mass index and acute asthma severity among children presenting to the emergency department. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010: 21: 480–488. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/STo determine the prevalence of obesity among children presenting to the emergency department (ED) with acute asthma, and to examine the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and acute asthma severity in the ED setting. We analyzed data from a multicenter prospective cohort study during 1997–1998; 44 ED in 17 US states and two Canadian provinces enrolled 672 patients, age 5–17, with acute asthma. BMI and Pulmonary Index were collected in the ED. We defined overweight and obesity using age, sex, and race‐specific BMI values from national and international databases. The prevalence of obesity was significantly higher among ED patients with acute asthma as compared with children from the general population (23% vs. 9–15%; p < 0.001). Obese children with acute asthma did not differ from their non‐obese counterparts, by demographic factors or chronic asthma severity (all p > 0.2). Initial Pulmonary Index was the same across underweight, intermediate, and obese groups (3.7 ± 2.4, 3.8 ± 2.2, 3.7 ± 2.3; p = 0.70). Admission status also did not vary across groups (22%, 22% and 23%; p = 0.98). Stratifying the analysis by age group and sex did not change these results. The prevalence of obesity among children presenting to the ED with acute asthma was significantly higher compared with children from the general population. BMI was not associated with markers of chronic and acute asthma severity. The results of this study support a positive association between obesity and asthma, and suggest that asthma exacerbations among obese children are very similar to those experienced by other children.
Duffy antigen expression on reticulocytes does not alter following blood loss in an autologous donation model
Authors: Woolley I. J. , Brown C. M. S. , Hutchinson P. , Turkou V. , Visvanathan K. , Wood E. M. 
Published: June 2009

Background  The Duffy blood group (Fy) antigen functions as the receptor whereby the malarial parasite Plasmodium vivax invades reticulocytes. In this study, we evaluated an autologous blood donation model to measure Fy expression during the anticipated response to blood loss.Aims  This study aims to examine Fy expression following anticipated reticulocytosis in response to blood loss from autologous whole blood donation.Method  Subjects were healthy blood donors presenting for planned collection of two or three autologous units. Whole blood (450 ml ± 10%) was collected and processed. Blood samples for Fy testing were obtained from the donations. These were assayed by flow cytometry by measuring binding of a phycoerythrin‐labelled anti‐Fy6 antibody and compared against reticulocyte numbers. Reticulocyte numbers were measured using thiazole orange. Results were compared from baseline (first donation) with samples at second and, if available, third, donations. Phenotyping for Fy a and b antigens was performed.Results  Reticulocytes increased by a mean of 37% over baseline [0·93% (range 0·31–1·93) to 1·23% (0·32–3·51%)] following donation of two (n = 32) or three (n = 9) autologous whole blood units. Absolute reticulocyte count remained low. Mean and median Fy expression on mature red blood cells and reticulocytes did not change from baseline levels despite individual variation. No apparent relationship to serologically determined Fy a and/or b antigen status was present.Conclusion  Baseline expression of Fy antigen on mature red blood cells and reticulocytes is quite variable between individuals, but appears not to be greatly affected by mild to moderate reticulocytosis following blood loss in an autologous blood donation model.