bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethylene-Induced Stabilization of ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 and EIN3-LIKE1 Is Mediated by Proteasomal Degradation of EIN3 Binding F-Box 1 and 2 That Requires EIN2 in Arabidopsis
Authors: An Fengying , Zhao Qiong , Ji Yusi , Li Wenyang , Jiang Zhiqiang , Yu Xiangchun , Zhang Chen , Han Ying , He Wenrong , Liu Yidong , Zhang Shuqun , Ecker Joseph R. , Guo Hongwei 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Plant responses to ethylene are mediated by regulation of EBF1/2-dependent degradation of the ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3) transcription factor. Here, we report that the level of EIL1 protein is upregulated by ethylene through an EBF1/2-dependent pathway. Genetic analysis revealed that EIL1 and EIN3 cooperatively but differentially regulate a wide array of ethylene responses, with EIL1 mainly inhibiting leaf expansion and stem elongation in adult plants and EIN3 largely regulating a multitude of ethylene responses in seedlings. When EBF1 and EBF2 are disrupted, EIL1 and EIN3 constitutively accumulate in the nucleus and remain unresponsive to exogenous ethylene application. Further study revealed that the levels of EBF1 and EBF2 proteins are downregulated by ethylene and upregulated by silver ion and MG132, suggesting that ethylene stabilizes EIN3/EIL1 by promoting EBF1 and EBF2 proteasomal degradation. Also, we found that EIN2 is indispensable for mediating ethylene-induced EIN3/EIL1 accumulation and EBF1/2 degradation, whereas MKK9 is not required for ethylene signal transduction, contrary to a previous report. Together, our studies demonstrate that ethylene similarly regulates EIN3 and EIL1, the two master transcription factors coordinating myriad ethylene responses, and clarify that EIN2 but not MKK9 is required for ethylene-induced EIN3/EIL1 stabilization. Our results also reveal that EBF1 and EBF2 act as essential ethylene signal transducers that by themselves are subject to proteasomal degradation.
HIV‐negative case of bacillary angiomatosis with chronic hepatitis B
Authors: KAÇAR Nida , TAŞLI Levent , DEMIRKAN Neşe , ERGIN Çağrı , ERGIN Şeniz 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBacillary angiomatosis (BA) is an infectious disease which occurs predominantly in immunosuppressive patients and rarely in immunocompetent individuals. We had a case of BA who presented with a red cutaneous nodule on his left leg of which histopathological examination revealed marked lobular proliferation of capillaries throughout the interstitium and clusters of bacilli with hematoxylin–eosin and Warthin–Starry stains, respectively. Antibody titer against Bartonella henselae was 1/32. The only systemic disease the patient had was chronic hepatitis B. HIV was negative and no other immunosuppressive status was established. In this case we believe that the immunological differences secondary to chronic hepatitis B could have caused a tendency for the disease development.
Pilomatrix carcinoma arising from pilomatricoma after 10‐year senescent period: Immunohistochemical analysis
Authors: NISHIOKA Megumi , TANEMURA Atsushi , YAMANAKA Takashi , TANI Mamori , MIURA Hiroyuki , ASAKURA Makiko , TAMAI Nobuyuki , KATAYAMA Ichiro 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPilomatrix carcinoma is a rare malignant counterpart of pilomatricoma. To our knowledge, only approximately 90 cases have been published in English literature. Pilomatrix carcinoma is locally aggressive and occasionally shows rapid progression infiltrating to the muscle, bone and vessels. We report a case of pilomatrix carcinoma that developed in a 38‐year‐old man and started to grow after a long stable period, relapsed for a short time and infiltrated into the muscle underneath. While the initial skin biopsy showed histopathological findings consistent with pilomatricoma, the recurrent tumor contained marked cellular atypia and an aggressive growth pattern. Although it is still controversial whether pilomatrix carcinoma arises de novo or through malignant transformation of a pilomatricoma, the present case might be caused by the latter process considering the patient’s clinical course. β‐catenin is a downstream effecter in the canonical pathway of Wnt, acting as a signal for cell differentiation and proliferation. The characteristic nuclear staining pattern of β‐catenin in the basaloid tumor cells, which is usually observed in pilomatrix carcinoma, supported the diagnosis of pilomatrix carcinoma in the present case.
Maturation pathway of metalloprotease produced by Aeromonas sobria
Authors: Takahashi Eizo , Fujii Yoshio , Kobayashi Hidetomo , Yamanaka Hiroyasu , Nair Gopinath Balakrish , Takeda Yoshifumi , Arimoto Sakae , Negishi Tomoe , Okamoto Keinosuke 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTPreviously, we cloned the metalloprotease gene of Aeromonas sobria (amp) and determined its nucleotide sequence (GenBank accession number DQ784565). The protease is composed of 591 amino acid residues. In this study, we purified the mature metalloprotease from the culture supernatant of A. sobria and determined the amino terminal sequence and molecular size of AMP. In addition, we examined the production of AMP diachronically and found that AMP emerges outside of the cell as an intermediate composed of mature and propeptide regions. Subsequently, we determined that the N‐terminal amino acid sequence of the intermediate and found that the sequence is identical to that of the mature metalloprotease. This means that the intermediate is composed of a mature AMP region and a C‐terminal propeptide. The cross culture experiment of mutants of metalloprotease and serine protease of A. sobria on skim milk agar medium indicates that the intermediate released outside of the cell is inactive and that serine protease produced by A. sobria accelerates the conversion of the intermediate from the inactive to the active form.
Alterations of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in HIV‐infected slow progressors of former blood donors in China
Authors: Zhang Zining , Jiang Yongjun , Zhang Min , Liu Jing , Sun Guoquan , Shi Wanying , Wang Yanan , Shang Hong 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTOur objective was to study the alterations of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs in HIV‐infected SPs and to examine the role of Tregs in the disease progression of HIV. The proportion of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs in peripheral blood of 24 SPs, 30 asymptomatic HIV‐infected patients, 20 AIDS patients, and 16 non‐infected controls was quantified using flow cytometry. HIV Gag peptide mix‐induced IFN‐γ expression in CD8+ T cells in whole and CD25‐depleted PBMCs was examined to evaluate the function of Tregs. The expression of CTLA‐4 in Tregs was also detected to measure the suppressive effect of Tregs. HLA‐DR and CD38 expression were measured to study the relationship between the frequency of Tregs and immune activation of HIV‐infected patients. The frequency of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in SPs was lower than in asymptomatic HIV‐infected patients, AIDS patients, and normal controls (P < 0.05). Tregs in SPs showed lower intracellular CTLA‐4 expression than those of asymptomatic HIV‐infected patients and AIDS patients (P < 0.05). The frequency of Tregs significantly correlated with the percentage of CD38 expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (P < 0.05). Multivariate regression analysis showed that the CD4+ T cell count was the strongest independent factor correlated with the absolute count of Tregs, while viral load had the strongest predictive strength on the proportion of Tregs. We conclude that a lower frequency of Tregs and intracellular CTLA‐4 expression of Tregs was one of the characteristics of SPs that may have important clinical impacts for the prediction of the clinical progress of HIV infection.
The efficacy of tobramycin in the treatment of ulcerative colitis
Authors: BURKE D. A. , AXON A. T. R. , CLAYDEN S. A. , DIXON M. F. , JOHNSTON D. , LACEY R. W. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYThis paper reports a double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial of oral tobramycin in acute ulcerative colitis. Eighty‐four patients with an acute relapse of ulcerative colitis were randomized to receive oral tobramycin or placebo for 1 week as an adjunct to steroid therapy. At endpoint, 31 of 42 (74%) in the tobramycin group achieved complete symptomatic remission compared with 18 of 42 (43%) in the placebo group (P= 0.008). The tobramycin group achieved better histological scores (P < 0.05) at endpoint. These findings show that treatment with oral tobramycin improves the short‐term outcome of patients with ulcerative colitis in relapse.
Effects of sulphasalazine and its metabolites on neutrophil chemotaxis, superoxide production, degranulation and translocation of cytochrome b‐245
Authors: WANDALL J. H. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYThis study describes effects of sulphasalazine, 5‐amino‐salicylic acid (5‐ASA) and sulphapyridine on polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Chemotaxis by polymorphonuclear neutrophils incubated with 5‐ASA was reduced in a concentration dependent fashion (10−5‐10−4 M). Degranulation and release of lysozyme and ß‐glucuronidase by activated polymorphonuclear neutrophils was inhibited by sulphasalazine but increased after incubation with 5‐ASA (P < 0.01). Production of O2− was inhibited by sulphasalazine (IC50: 2 × 10−4 M) and to a lesser extent by 5‐ASA (IC50: 10−3 M). Using a cell‐free system sulphasalazine was found to be a strong scavenger and 5‐ASA and sulphapyridine had only weak effects. Superoxide anion production requires translocation of a cytochrome b‐245 and this translocation was reduced by sulphasalazine (P < 0.01) but not by 5‐ASA or sulphapyridine. In conclusion, the intact sulphasalazine molecule has an action of its own and marked differences exist between the action of sulphasalazine and 5‐ASA, which may be important for the clinical activity.
A pharmacokinetic study of sulphasalazine and two new formulations of mesalazine
Authors: SWIFT G. L. , MILLS C. M. , RHODES J. , EVANS B. K. , BENNETT A. , TAVARES I. A. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYWe have examined the pharmacokinetics of enteric coated sulphasalazine compared with two new formulations of mesalazine. These consisted of microgranules of mesalazine coated with Eudragit S in a concentration of either 20 or 25% dry lacquer substance; these in turn were enclosed in capsules coated with Eudragit L.In‐vitro dissolution studies of coated microgranules showed that drug release was pH dependent. Studies in 7 normal volunteers showed median peak concentrations of 5‐amino‐salicylic acid and N‐acetyl‐5‐amino‐salicylic acid occurred at about 6 hours with both microgranular preparations, compared with sulphasalazine at 15 h. The microgranule formulation coated with 20% Eudragit S gave serum levels and overall systemic absorption similar to values with sulphasalazine. This new formulation may be of value for delivering mesalazine and other therapeutic agents to the colon.
The continuing development of gastric acid pump inhibitors
Authors: SACHS G. , SHIN J. M. , BESANCON M. , PRINZ C. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYThe synthesis and action of H2‐receptor antagonists changed the understanding of gastric acid secretion as well as changing medical therapy for peptic ulcer disease. It is now known that peripheral regulation of gastric acid secretion depends largely, but not entirely, on histamine release from the enterochromaffin‐like cell. There is, therefore, no final common pathway for stimulation of the parietal cell. In contrast, all stimuli converge to activate the acid pump, the H+, K+‐ATPase. Inhibition of this pump by clinically useful drugs was achieved by developing derivatives of timoprazole, pyridyl‐2‐methylsulftnyl benzimidazole. Two of these derivatives, omeprazole and lansoprazole, have shown superiority in acid control and therefore in therapy for peptic ulcer disease compared to the available H2‐receptor antagonists.
Influence of antidepressants on whole gut and orocaecal transit times in health and irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: GORARD D. A. , LIBBY G. W. , FARTHING M. J. G. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARY Background: Antidepressants are used in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome but it is unclear whether any symptomatic improvement is due solely to correction of an associated affective disorder, or whether these drugs have effects on bowel function which may be of therapeutic benefit. Intestinal transit is known to be abnormal in some irritable bowel syndrome patients. Methods: We have studied the effects of imipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant with mixed pharmacological properties, and paroxetine, a selective 5‐hydroxy‐tryptamine re‐uptake inhibitor, on intestinal transit times. Results: Median (range) whole gut transit time was lower in 10 diarrhoea‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome patients, 22.2 (3.6–51.6) h, compared to 28 control subjects 39.6 (7.2–68.4) h, (P < 0.05). Similarly, orocaecal transit time was shorter at 55 (30–90) min in diarrhoea‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome patients compared to 75 (40–150) min in controls, (P < 0.05). Four days’administration of imipramine increasing to a daily dose of 100 mg prolonged both orocaecal and whole gut transit times in 12 control subjects and six diarrhoea‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome patients. In contrast, 30 mg paroxetine daily for 4 days reduced orocaecal transit time in ten controls and eight irritable bowel syndrome patients, but had no effect on whole gut transit time. Conclusion: Short‐term administration of antidepressants alters intestinal transit, but the selective 5‐hydroxytryptamine re‐uptake inhibitor, paroxetine, has different effects to the tricyclic drug, imipramine. These effects on transit precede any effects on mood. Although there is a high prevalence of affective disorder in irritable bowel syndrome clinic patients, these drugs may have additional therapeutic actions on the gut. These actions might be taken into account when prescribing antidepressants in irritable bowel syndrome.
Improved diagnosis of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in patients with unexplained chronic cough
Authors: BLONDEAU K. , DUPONT L. J. , MERTENS V. , TACK J. , SIFRIM D. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryBackgroundSymptoms, oesophageal pHmetry and proton pump inhibitor treatment are used for diagnosing gastro‐oesophageal reflux‐related cough. Weakly acidic reflux is now increasingly associated with reflux symptoms such as regurgitation or chest pain.AimTo study the association between weakly acidic reflux and cough in a selected, large group of patients with unexplained chronic cough.MethodsA total of 100 patients with chronic cough (77 ‘off’ and 23 ‘on’ a proton pump inhibitor) were studied using impedance‐pHmetry for reflux detection and manometry for objective cough monitoring. Symptom Association Probability (SAP) Analysis characterized the reflux–cough association.ResultsAcid reflux could be a potential mechanism for cough in 45 patients (with either heartburn, high acid exposure or +SAP for acid reflux). Weakly acidic reflux could be a potential mechanism for cough in 24 patients (with either increased oesophageal volume exposure, increased number of weakly acidic reflux or +SAP for weakly acidic reflux). Reflux could not be identified as a potential mechanism for cough in 31 patients.ConclusionA positive association between cough and weakly acidic reflux was found in a significant subgroup of patients with unexplained chronic cough. Impedance‐pH‐manometry identified patients in whom cough can be related to reflux that would have been disregarded using the standard diagnostic criteria for acid reflux.
Oral budesonide in the treatment of chronic refractory pouchitis
Authors: GIONCHETTI P. , RIZZELLO F. , POGGIOLI G. , PIERANGELI F. , LAURETI S. , MORSELLI C. , TAMBASCO R. , CALABRESE C. , CAMPIERI M. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYBackground  Pouchitis is the major long‐term complication after ileal‐pouch nal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis. Ten to 15% of patients develop a chronic pouchitis, either treatment responsive or treatment refractory.Aim  To evaluate the efficacy of oral budesonide in inducing remission and improving quality of life in patients with chronic refractory pouchitis.Methods  Twenty consecutive patients with active pouchitis, not responding after 1 month of antibiotic treatment were treated with budesonide controlled ileal release 9 mg/day for 8 weeks. Symptomatic, endoscopic and histological evaluations were undertaken before and after treatment according to Pouchitis Disease Activity Index. Remission was defined as a combination of Pouchitis Disease Activity Index clinical score of ≤2, endoscopic score of ≤1 and total Pouchitis Disease Activity Index score of ≤4. The quality of life was assessed with the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire.Results  Fifteen of 20 patients (75%) achieved remission. The median total Pouchitis Disease Activity Index scores before and after therapy were, respectively, 14 (range 9–16) and 3 (range 2–10) (P < 0.001). The median Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire score also significantly improved from 105 (range 77–175) to 180 (range 85–220) (P < 0.001).Conclusion  Eight‐week treatment with oral budesonide appears effective in inducing remission in patients with active pouchitis refractory to antibiotic treatment in this open‐label study.
Review article: reproduction in the patient with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: HEETUN Z. S. , BYRNES C. , NEARY P. , O’MORAIN C. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryBackground  Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affects mainly the young population. The effect of IBD and its treatment on fertility and pregnancy is therefore an important clinical consideration.Aim  To review the best management of IBD in the reproductive and pregnant population.Methods  A MEDLINE and an EMBASE search were performed using mainly the search phrases ‘pregnancy AND IBD,’‘sulphasalazine AND male fertility,’‘abdominal surgery AND female fertility,’‘AZA AND placenta’ and ‘infliximab AND pregnancy.’ No language or date restrictions were placed. References of review articles were examined.Results  Overall male and female fertility are not affected by IBD. Sulphasalzine reduces male fertility. No other drugs used in IBD affect significantly fertility in humans. The risk of pregnancy‐related complications and the disease behaviour during pregnancy depends mainly on disease activity at time of conception. Proactive treatment for maintenance of disease remission during gestation is recommended. Except for methotrexate, drugs used in IBD appear safe in pregnancy. Breast feeding should be encouraged.Conclusion  The management of IBD in the young and pregnant population remains controversial because the literature comes mostly from retrospective studies. Further studies particularly large prospective trials are needed to guide clinicians in decision making.
Review article: the Lynch syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer)*
Authors: VASEN H. F. A. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryBackground  The most common inherited colorectal cancer syndrome is the Lynch syndrome (HNPCC) which is characterized by the development of colorectal, endometrial, and other cancers and the presence of microsatellite instability (MSI) in tumours. The syndrome is due to a mutation in one of the mismatch repair (MMR) genes: MSH2, MLH1, MSH6 and PMS2.Aims  To evaluate the clinical features of the Lynch syndrome and to assess the tools that are available for the identification of families with this syndrome.Methods  A systematic literature search using PubMed and reference lists of retrieved articles was performed.Results  The review provides an update of the clinical phenotype of the Lynch syndrome. Until recently, the Amsterdam criteria were the most important tool for the identification of Lynch syndrome. Nowadays, the Bethesda guidelines are more widely used. These guidelines describe all clinical conditions in which a search for MSI indicated. Both MSI‐analysis as well as immunohistochemical analysis of the MMR‐proteins are appropriate to identify patients with a high probability of carrying a MMR‐gene mutation.Conclusion  All specialists that are involved in the treatment of cancer patients should know the Bethesda criteria in order to identify all families suspected of the Lynch syndrome.
Meta‐analysis: do irritable bowel syndrome symptoms vary between men and women?
Authors: Adeyemo M. A. , Spiegel B. M. R. , Chang L. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryBackground  Studies suggest that sex and gender‐related differences exist in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), but data is often conflicting.Aim  To evaluate gender differences and the effect of menstrual cycle and menopausal status on IBS symptoms.Methods  We performed a systematic review of MEDLINE to search for studies comparing IBS symptoms between gender, menstrual cycle phases and menopausal states in IBS and/or healthy individuals. We performed meta‐analyses to compare the relative risk (RR) of individual IBS symptoms between men and women.Results  Twenty‐two studies measured gender differences in IBS symptoms. Women were more likely to report abdominal pain (RR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.22) and constipation‐related symptoms (RR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.23) than men (all P < 0.05). However, men with IBS were more likely to report diarrhoea‐related symptoms than women with IBS (RR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.75, 0.94, P < 0.05). A systematic review of 13 studies demonstrated that both IBS and healthy women reported increased IBS symptoms during menses vs. other phases. There were insufficient data to determine the effect of menopause and hormone supplementation on IBS symptoms.Conclusions  In the general and IBS populations, gender differences in IBS symptoms exist, although these differences are modest. Studies suggest that female sex hormones influence the severity of IBS symptoms, but more studies are needed.
Antagonism of neuromuscular block in the elderly
Authors: MIRAKHUR R. K. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryGlycopyrronium 10 μg/kg has been compared with atropine 20 μ/kg in a mixture with neostigmine 50 μg/kg administered for antagonism of residual nondepolarising neuromuscular block in patients over 65 years of age. The initial peak increase in heart rate was less after glycopyrronium, but there were no differences beyond the first two minutes. The incidence of dysrhythmias was less after glycopyrronium, but the difference was not significant. The control of secretions was superior with glycopyrronium. It is suggested that the dosage of anticholinergic agents given with neostigmine could be reduced in elderly patients in comparison to that in younger patients.
Failure of two benzodiazepines to prevent suxamethonium‐induced muscle pain
Authors: CHESTNUTT W. N. , LOWRY K. G. , DUNDEE J. W. , PANDIT S. K. , MIRAKHUR R. K. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryIn a randomised double‐blind trial carried out on fit, unpremedicated patients undergoing standard minor operations with early postoperative mobility, using a standard form of anaesthesia, pretreatment with diazepam 0.15 mg/kg or midazolam 0.1 mg/kg failed to reduce significantly the incidence of postoperative muscle pains following suxamethonium 1 mg/kg. By contrast, tubocurarine 0.05 mg/kg proved to be effective as a pretreatment. Neither benzodiazepine influenced the incidence or severity of fasciculations seen with suxamethonium or the duration of neuromuscular block. Tubocurarine virtually abolished visible fasciculation and, in the dose used, reduced the intensity and duration of the neuromuscular block. There were no clinically significant changes in serum potassium, creatinine phosphokinase or aldolase after suxamethonium, although 5 out of 47 showed an atypical rise in creatinine phosphokinase.