bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect 0f Warm-up on Tethered Front Crawl Swimming Forces
Authors: Neiva Henrique , Morouço Pedro , Silva António , Marques Mário , Marinho Daniel 
Published: October 2011

The Effect 0f Warm-up on Tethered Front Crawl Swimming Forces
This study was conducted to determine the effect of warm-up on high-intensity front crawl tethered swimming and thus to better understand possible variations in the force exerted by the swimmers. Ten male national level swimmers (mean ± SD; age 15.3 ± 0.95 years old, height: 1.73 ± 5.2 m, body mass: 64.3 ± 7.8 kg, Fat mass 8.31 ± 3.1 kg) participated in this study. After a typical competition warm-up, the subjects performed a 30 s tethered swimming all-out effort in front crawl swimming technique. The same test was repeated in the day after but performed without warming up. Capillary blood lactate concentration was assessed before and after the swimming test and the Borg ratings of perceived exertion scale was used. Without a previous warm-up, the mean ± SD values of maximum and mean forces were 299.62 ± 77.56 N and 91.65 ± 14.70 N, respectively. These values were different (p<0.05) from the values obtained with warm-up (351.33 ± 81.85 N and 103.97 ± 19.11 N). Differences were also observed when regarding to the forces relative to body mass. However, the values of lactate net concentrations after the test performed with and without warm-up were not different (6.27 ± 2.36 mmol·l-1 and 6.18 ± 2.353 mmol·l-1) and the same occurs with the values of ratings of perceived exertion (15.90 ± 2.42 and 15.60 ± 2.27). These results suggest an improvement of the maximum and mean force of the swimmer on the tethered swimming due to previous warm-up.
The Influence of Chemical Composition of Steel on Steel Desulphurization
Authors: Bulko B. , Kijac J. , Borovský T. 
Published: October 2011

The Influence of Chemical Composition of Steel on Steel Desulphurization
The steel desulphurization in ladle furnace depends on temperature, oxygen and sulphur content in the steel, but mainly on chemical composition and physical properties of slag. Necessary requirement for effective desulphurization is also minimum content of easily reducible oxides in the slag. There are many correlations for expression of slag desulphurization capability, where their functional dependency on each other can be found, mainly between sulphur distribution coefficient, optical basicity, basicity, sulphide capacity, desulphurisation potential of slag and also calcium - aluminate ratio of oxides in slag or content of easily reducible oxides in slag. This work presents statistical and graphical correlation between manganese and slag parameters using the set of approximately 768 heats and based on these, the optimal parameters for slag desulphurization capability are expressed especially for steel grades internally marked as OR1, OR3 in Železiarne Podbrezová, a.s. Steel grades OR1 and OR3 were chosen because of difference in manganese content with similar chemical composition of other elements. The MnO content in the slag is one of the most important parameters. Despite the higher scatter of obtained values, the distribution coefficient of sulphur (Ls) is one of the wide range of parameters for whom exists very close dependence on MnO content in slag.
Numerical Simulation of Behaviour a Non-Metallic Inclusions in an One-Strand Slab Tundish with Steel Flow Controll Devices
Authors: Cwudziński A. 
Published: October 2011

Numerical Simulation of Behaviour a Non-Metallic Inclusions in an One-Strand Slab Tundish with Steel Flow Controll DevicesAn effective refining of liquid steel can be carried out either in a tundish or in the mould of a CSC machine. Being a flow reactor, the tundish performs the function of a link between the steelmaking ladle and the mould. Owing to this fact, the liquid steel resides in the tundish for a specific time, which enables the tundish to be used for refining purposes. For modification oftundish internal working space, two types of flow control device (FCD), namely a ceramic gas-permeable barrier and a subflux turbulence controller (STC), were proposed. For simulation of movement of gas phase and non-metallic inclusions, a discrete phase model was used. The obtained results unambiguously indicate which of the proposed tundish equipment configurations will be more advantageous for intensifying the process of liquid steel refining from NMIs.
Formation of Layered Mg/Eutectic Composite Using Diffusional Processes at the Mg-Al Interface
Authors: Dziadoń A. , Mola R. , Błaż L. 
Published: October 2011

Formation of Layered Mg/Eutectic Composite Using Diffusional Processes at the Mg-Al InterfaceA processing technique has been developed to produce a layered magnesium-intermetallic compound light composite from elemental magnesium and aluminium sheets. Structural examination and measurements of transition layer grown at the magnesium-aluminium interface at high annealing temperature were performed. It was found using Mg/Al diffusion couple that solid state diffusion results in development of Al3Mg2and Mg17Al12intermetallic compounds, which are separated into two sublayers. The rate of the layer growth substantially increases with the appearance of the liquid phase at the Mg-Al interface. The microstructure resulted from the partial solidification contains an eutectic composed of Mg17Al12intermetallic compound and solid solution aluminium in magnesium. The structural processes, which transform the magnesium-aluminium interface, can be applied for fabrication of layered magnesium-eutectic composites. Alternately stacked magnesium and aluminium sheets, formed into a packet, were heated until aluminium was exhausted throughout the course of the Mg-Al reaction with the liquid phase contribution. As a result, the composite containing residual magnesium and layers of eutectic mixture (Mg17Al12and solid solution of aluminium in magnesium) was obtained. Rapid solidification resulted in fine-grained eutectic microstructure development. Using the presented method, composites with required thickness ratio of magnesium and the eutectic layers can be obtained by choosing appropriate thickness ratio of starting magnesium and aluminium sheets.
Processing, Microstructure and Properties of Laminated Ni-Intermetallic Composites Synthesised Using Ni Sheets and Al Foils
Authors: Konieczny M. , Mola R. , Thomas P. , Kopciał M. 
Published: October 2011

Processing, Microstructure and Properties of Laminated Ni-Intermetallic Composites Synthesised Using Ni Sheets and Al FoilsThe laminated Ni-(NiAl3+Ni2Al3) and Ni-Ni2Al3intermetallic composites were fabricated by reaction synthesis in vacuum using Ni sheets and Al foils. The aluminium layers were completely consumed due to the formation of intermetallic phases. The Ni-Al reaction at 620°C was studied by interrupting in steps the reaction process to observe the microstructural changes. The final microstructure consisted of alternating layers of intermetallic phases and unreacted nickel can be designed easily because the stable structures of the composites depend only on the treating time. Microstructural examinations using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray microprobe analysis (EDX) demonstrated that after 1h of treatment Ni2Al3is the predominant intermetallic phase. The formation of the Ni2Al3phase is thermodynamically favoured over the formation of the other phases and can be understood from the steps occurred through a series of solid state reactions. The tensile strength of the laminated composites increases with an increase of the volume fraction of the intermetallic products. However, it decreases after long heat treatment because the Ni2Al3/Ni2Al3interfaces can very easily delaminate due to a very weak bonding caused by continuous Al2O3inclusions. Observations show that the laminated composites exhibit a mixture of brittle fracture of intermetallics and ductile one of residual Ni layers.
Microstructure and Properties of Friction Stir Butt-Welded Magnesium Casting Alloys
Authors: Miara D. , Pietras A. , Mroczka K. 
Published: October 2011

Microstructure and Properties of Friction Stir Butt-Welded Magnesium Casting AlloysThe article presents results of testing the quality of FSW welded joints made in plates of various magnesium casting alloys, including MCMgAl9Zn1 (AZ91), MCMgRe3Zn2Zr (ZRE1), MCMgRe2Ag2Zr (MSR-B) and MCMgY4Re3Zr (WE43). In this paper, all results for magnesium casting alloy AZ91 are presented, whereas for other alloys (ZRE1, MSR-B and WE43) only selected testing results for best parameters have been chosen and shown. Butt joints were produced on the friction welding machine built on the base of the conventional vertical milling machine. Quality assessment included the visual inspection, temperature measurements in welding region, tensile strength testing, analysis of the weld structure, hardness, weld force and torque measurements. Research aimed at the recognition of the FSW abilities to weld cast magnesium alloys, the influence of the welding conditions on the welds' properties as well as their structures. The research results have revealed that cast magnesium alloys are weldable using FSW process - it is possible to produce joints of very good quality in relatively narrow range of parameters and the strength of the joints is satisfactory. In order to acquire joints of the best quality it is recommended that workpieces should be rigidly clamped and the welding speed should be limited. The best mechanical properties have been obtained for friction with rotation speed of 355 rpm.
The Properties of Babbitt Bushes in Steam Turbine Sliding Bearings
Authors: Leszczyńska-Madej B. , Madej M. 
Published: October 2011

The Properties of Babbitt Bushes in Steam Turbine Sliding BearingsThe analysis of the properties of babbitt bushes is presented in this article. Materials intended for examinations were charged from the TK-120 steam turbine of TG-8 turbosystem from the Power Station Stalowa Wola. The specimens were subsequently tested for Brinell hardness, microhardness, bending strength and wear resistance. The wear tests were carried out using the block-on-ring tester. The samples were also investigated by means of both light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Effect of the Surface Oxidation on the Hot-Dip Zinc Galvanizing of Cast Iron
Authors: Jędrzejczyk D. , Hajduga M. 
Published: October 2011

Effect of the Surface Oxidation on the Hot-Dip Zinc Galvanizing of Cast Iron
In presented work authors analyzed the high-temperature oxidation process from the point of view of its influence on effects obtained during cast iron hot-dip zinc coating. Research concerned the influence of the high-temperature oxidation, as a preliminary stage previous to coating with zinc on the change of surface layer structure as well as subsurface layer of cast iron with flake, vermicular and nodular graphite. To obtain proper results of Zn coating the special chemical etching of cast iron after oxidation is necessary. The effects were compared to these obtained during cast iron coating without preliminary thermal processing. To comparative analysis both optical and scanning microscope, RTG measurement and profile measurement gauge results were applied. As a consequence of conducted high-temperature oxidation in subsurface layer of cast iron pores have been created, that in result of coating in liquid zinc were filled with new phase and in this way the new zone with different properties was obtained. It was additionally stated that the cast iron layer enriched in zinc is considerably thicker than layers got with application of other methods. Thickness of sub-surface layer where "after-graphite" pores are filled with zinc depends directly on the kind of graphite. When the flake and vermicular/compacted graphite is observed depth of penetration reaches 120 μm, whereas in nodular cast iron it reaches only 15μm, although sometimes single voids filled with zinc are observed at 75μm depth.
Multiple Soft Fault Diagnosis of Nonlinear DC Circuits Considering Component Tolerances
Authors: Tadeusiewicz Michał , Hałgas Stanisław 
Published: October 2011

Multiple Soft Fault Diagnosis of Nonlinear DC Circuits Considering Component TolerancesThis paper is devoted to multiple soft fault diagnosis of analog nonlinear circuits. A two-stage algorithm is offered enabling us to locate the faulty circuit components and evaluate their values, considering the component tolerances. At first a preliminary diagnostic procedure is performed, under the assumption that the non-faulty components have nominal values, leading to approximate and tentative results. Then, they are corrected, taking into account the fact that the non-faulty components can assume arbitrary values within their tolerance ranges. This stage of the algorithm is carried out using the linear programming method. As a result some ranges are obtained including possible values of the faulty components. The proposed approach is illustrated with two numerical examples.
Continuous and Discontinuous Linear Approximation of the Window Spectrum by Least Squares Method
Authors: Borkowski Józef 
Published: October 2011

Continuous and Discontinuous Linear Approximation of the Window Spectrum by Least Squares Method
This paper presents the general solution of the least-squares approximation of the frequency characteristic of the data window by linear functions combined with zero padding technique. The approximation characteristic can be discontinuous or continuous, what depends on the value of one approximation parameter. The approximation solution has an analytical form and therefore the results have universal character. The paper presents derived formulas, analysis of approximation accuracy, the exemplary characteristics and conclusions, which confirm high accuracy of the approximation. The presented solution is applicable to estimating methods, like the LIDFT method, visualizations, etc.
Multiplicative Method for Reduction of Bias in Indirect Digital Measurement Result
Authors: Muravyov Sergey , Zlygosteva Galina , Borikov Valeriy 
Published: October 2011

Multiplicative Method for Reduction of Bias in Indirect Digital Measurement ResultThe error reduction technique, based on inverse transformation, for a shunt active resistance measurement using an ammeter and voltmeter is considered. When computing a corrected reading only multiplicative operations on two measurement results are used, namely squaring and division. The proposed method allows to increase re-sistance measurement accuracy by about two orders of magnitude what has been validated by both theoretical and experimental outcomes.
New localities of the subendemic species Berberis croatica, Teucrium arduini and Micromeria croatica in the Dinaric Alps
Authors: Kremer Dario , Randić Marko , Kosalec Ivan , Brkljačić Ana , Lukač Gordan , Krušić Irena , Ballian Dalibor , Bogunić Faruk , Karlović Ksenija 
Published: October 2011

New localities of the subendemic speciesBerberis croatica, Teucrium arduiniandMicromeria croaticain the Dinaric AlpsNew localities of three subendemic species (Berberis croatica, Teucrium arduiniandMicromeria croatica) have been found in the Dinaric Alps.Berberis croaticawas found at ten new locations, nine of them in Croatia and one in Bosnia and Herzegovina.Teucrium arduiniwas found on Mt Učka, Mt Velebit, Mt Biokovo and Mt Sniježnica, at nine new locations whileMicromeria croaticawas found at four new locations, only on Mt Velebit.
New records of Hygrocybe hygrocyboides (Kühner) Arnolds (Fungi, Basidiomycota, Hygrocybeae)
Authors: Borgen T. , Boertmann D. 
Published: October 2011

New records of Hygrocybe hygrocyboides (Kühner) Arnolds (Fungi, Basidiomycota, Hygrocybeae)
Recent collections from South Greenland and northern Sweden are referred to Hygrocybe hygrocyboides (Kühner) Arnolds, a species closely related to Hygrocybe pratensis (Pers.: Fr.) Murrill. These collections deviate slightly from the holotype both in macroscopic and microscopic characters. However, these differences are ascribed to intraspecific variation within this little known taxon. The new records of Hygrocybe hygrocyboides are the first outside The Alps.
Autres regards : L'histoire de l'art en Afrique (du Sud) et dans le sud global
Authors: Freschi Federico 
Published: October 2011

Résumé Le Comité international de l’Histoire de l’Art (ciha) a récemment abordé la question de la répartition inégale des richesses sur la planète, et les défis lancés aux sociétés postcoloniales relativement aux vieilles méthodes et conceptions de l’histoire de l’art occidentale. Au congrès ciha de Melbourne en janvier 2008, l’un des thèmes fondamentaux discutés fut de savoir jusqu’à quel point nous avons besoin de repenser la discipline de l’histoire de l’art, « de manière à créer une dimension transculturelle, fondamentale quant à son objet, sa méthode et sa conception ». L’association nationale Historiens de l’art visuel en Afrique du Sud (havas) propose de poursuivre ces discussions dans le cadre du colloque « Autres points de vue : l’histoire de l’art en Afrique (du Sud) et dans l’hémisphère sud » qui se tiendra à l’université de Witwatersrand, à Johannesburg en janvier 2011. Nous nous efforcerons, dans le cours de nos discussions, d’adopter « l’autre point de vue », c’est-à-dire le point de vue de l’hémisphère sud. En réalité, nous inviterons les participants à faire une incursion dans l’imagination. Que se passerait-il si les centres intellectuels et financiers étaient inversés ? Que se passerait-il si « le "monde en développement" devenait le "premier" ? Si le Sud devenait le Nord ? En bref, nous tâcherons d’imaginer un espace public intellectuel où un tel renversement pourrait se produire, et où de nouvelles histoires de l’art pourraient surgir, qui ne seraient pas fondés sur des critères occidentaux, ni dépendant de l’Occident pour être validées. Cet article examine la logique qui préside à ce colloque en explorant certaines questions fondamentales en rapport avec ce débat, dans le but de fournir un cadre à son objectif central : montrer que l’histoire de l’art est plus complexe et définir les relations possibles entre histoire du Sud et histoire du Nord, ou Occident.
Évolution démographique récente des pays développés
Authors: Sardon Jean-Paul 
Published: October 2011

Résumé La relative stabilité d’ensemble de la population du continent européen n’est assurée que par la croissance de celle de l’Europe occidentale, due pour l’essentiel à l’immigration. En Europe centrale, comme en Europe orientale et en Russie, l’accroissement naturel est négatif, le solde migratoire n’étant positif qu’en Russie. Si le taux de croissance de la population de l’Union européenne est 2,4 fois plus faible qu’aux États-Unis, l’accroissement naturel y est 6 fois plus faible. L’indicateur conjoncturel de fécondité de l’Union progresse légèrement depuis 1998 et s’établit, en 2000, à 1,50 enfant par femme, soit 0,6 enfant de moins qu’aux États-Unis. Il s’élève dans presque tous les pays d’Europe occidentale, s’échelonnant de 1,23 enfant par femme en Italie à 2,08 en Islande. C’est en Europe centrale et orientale que se rencontrent les fécondités les plus faibles : de 1,11 enfant par femme en Arménie à 1,21 en Russie, en passant par la République tchèque (1,14) et sans doute l’Ukraine. La légère hausse observée en 2000 est loin de traduire une volonté largement partagée d’avoir un enfant au cours de ce millésime particulier et ne remet pas en cause la décroissance quasi générale de la descendance finale des femmes nées à partir de la fin des années 1950. En Europe occidentale, la nuptialité continue de se relever dans la plupart des pays, alors qu’en Europe centrale et orientale, l’évolution est plutôt à la baisse, et son niveau général y est aujourd’hui inférieur à celui enregistré à l’Ouest du continent. La durée de vie moyenne continue à progresser en Europe occidentale, avec des gains un peu plus élevés pour le sexe masculin. À l’Est, des gains nets sont également enregistrés dans tous les pays, à l’exception de la Moldavie et surtout de la Russie où l’espérance de vie masculine perd encore 1 an au cours de l’année 2000.
Mortalité en Europe : la divergence Est-Ouest
Authors: Meslé France , Vallin Jacques 
Published: October 2011

Résumé Après une période de convergence générale des espérances de vie, les années 1960 ont été marquées par la divergence entre les pays de l’Est, stoppés dans leur élan, et le reste de l’Europe où de nouveaux champs de progrès se sont ouverts. Une analyse hiérarchique des profils de mortalité par âge permet de voir que cette divergence va de pair avec le développement de modèles d’âges au décès très différents, les pays de l’Est, et notamment ceux de l’ex-URSS, souffrant d’une surmortalité spectaculaire aux âges adultes. L’analyse par causes de décès met en lumière le rôle décisif joué conjointement par deux types de pathologies. D’une part, la montée des maladies de société (alcoolisme, tabagisme, accidents de la circulation, etc.) s’est poursuivie à l’Est alors qu’elle a pu être enrayée à l’Ouest à partir des années 1960. D’autre part, les pays de l’Est n’ont pas réussi à entrer dans la révolution cardio-vasculaire qui a largement ouvert la voie à l’Ouest à de nouveaux gains d’espérance de vie. Cette énorme divergence entre l’Est et l’Ouest de l’Europe ne doit cependant pas faire oublier que des différences subsistent entre les pays de l’Ouest eux-mêmes dont les structures de mortalité évoluent au point de transformer radicalement les ressorts de la traditionnelle opposition nord-sud.
Les représentations du masculin et du féminin dans les albums illustrés ou
Authors: Brugeilles Carole , Cromer Isabelle , Cromer Sylvie 
Published: October 2011

Résumé Les inégalités entre hommes et femmes prennent appui sur des représentations du genre « incorporées » par les individus et qui, comme toute représentation sociale, se modifient lentement. L’objectif de ce travail est d’analyser l’élaboration des représentations à usage des enfants, au travers des albums illustrés destinés aux 0-9 ans. L’originalité de l’approche consiste à appliquer une méthode quantitative à des objets traditionnellement appréhendés de manière qualitative. Les albums illustrés – dont on prend en compte aussi bien le texte que l’image – sont alors considérés comme des individus « répondant » à un questionnaire d’enquête. L’analyse de la production exhaustive des nouveautés de 1994, grâce à une grille d’observation à modules de tous les personnages, a permis de mettre en évidence, au-delà des stéréotypes, l’ensemble des facteurs dont la combinaison concourt à l’élaboration de ces représentations : le sexe, l’âge, le rôle (personnage principal, secondaire, d’arrière-plan), la catégorie (personnage humain, animal habillé, animal réel), les fonctions parentales et activités professionnelles du personnage, sans négliger le lectorat auquel est destiné l’ouvrage et le sexe des auteurs et illustrateurs.