bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of diet on the life-span and egg maturation of caged adult sheep headflies, Hydrotaea irritans (Fallén) (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: Berlyn A. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA method for maintaining adults of Hydrotaea irritans (Fall.) in captivity in groups, pairs or singly, is described. Male flies lived about half as long as females. Plies required carbohydrate and water for survival. A 50% honey solution, a 50% sucrose solution, thistle flowers and aphid honeydew all met the energy requirements of H. irritans, unlike blood, serum, milk, sweat, dung and mucus. The number of eggs matured was greatest on a diet of carbohydrate with blood or serum. Fewer eggs developed in flies given a diet of carbohydrate with milk, and very few on a diet of carbohydrate with horse sweat, cow sweat, dung or mucus. No eggs were matured by females fed on carbohydrate alone. All males had active spermatozoa whether or not they were fed on blood, but females were only inseminated after both they and the males with which they were kept had been given blood. The insemination rate was low at 13·3%. Females required more than one blood-meal, but not more than one every third week, in order to develop the maximum number of eggs.
Effects of age on calling behaviour of the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis) (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Kanno H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe effects of age on calling behaviour of virgin females of Chilo suppressalis (Wlk.) were investigated. The results show clearly that patterns of calling varied with age. The frequency of calling was high in females up to 4 or 5 days after emergence and thereafter decreased rapidly. The number of calling bouts increased slightly in older moths. Bout length became longer with increasing age. The total duration of calling, therefore, increased gradually with age. On average, calling began 3 h 49 min after light-off on day 1, but thereafter, the time of start became earlier each day by 10 to 40 min per day. It seems that the change of calling patterns with age is correlated with increased reproductive maturity of females.
Toxic bait for the control of Anoplolepis longipes (Jerdon) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Seychelles. I. The basic attractant carrier, its production and weathering properties
Authors: Haines I. H. , Haines J. B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe formulation and weathering properties of toxic bait developed for the control of Anoplolepis longipes (Jerd.) in the Seychelles is described. The bait, based on a carrier of sieved coir waste (available locally), was designed to simulate the protein requirements of the ant colony and incorporated yeast extract as a major attractant. It was easy to produce and remained attractive to ants in the field for at least a week under normal weather conditions. The bait could be stored for more than two weeks under ambient conditions in the Seychelles at 23–35°C and 60–95% RH or for about 10 weeks under air-conditioning at 22–29°C and about 60% RH.
Seasonal variation in the population density of larvae of Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) (Acari: Ixodoidea) in Jamaican pastures
Authors: Rawlins S. C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA study was made of the seasonal variation in population density of larvae of Boophilus microplus (Can.) in four locations in Jamaican pastures where the mean annual precipitation ranged from 59 to 222 cm. Variations in population density were related to rainfall. Generally, four months of heavy rains in August to November preceded significant increases in B. microplus populations in December to February. This was followed by a reduction then another slight increase, resulting in a bimodal pattern of activity. Although populations fell to very low levels by the end of the dry season, only in one focus were they depleted to undetectable levels.
Within-plant distribution of Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) (Acari: Tetranychidae) on cassava: effect of clone and predation on aggregation
Authors: Braun A. R. , Guerrero J. M. , Bellotti A. C. , Wilson L. T. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA presence-absence sampling procedure is presented which relates the proportion of leaves infested with the mite Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) at a given node of cassava to the mean number of mites per leaf at that node. The procedure incorporates Taylor's variance-mean density relationship, taking into account mite aggregation behaviour. Aggregation of M. tanajoa was greater in plants where mite predators were excluded, on a resistant (CG5-79) rather than a susceptible cassava clone (MCol 22) and on leaves arising from the lower nodes rather than the higher ones. The implications of the effect of mite mortality factors on aggregation are discussed.
Spatial patterns and sequential sampling plans for melolonthine larvae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in southern Queensland sugarcane
Authors: Allsopp P. G. , Bull R. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe within-row dispersion characteristics of larvae of Antitrogus mussoni (Blackburn), A. parvulus Britton, Lepidiota crinita Brenske, L. negatoria Blackburn, L. noxia Britton and L. picticollis Lea in sugarcane were determined in studies in southern Queensland, Australia. The Poisson distribution, negative binomial distribution, Iwao's regression model and Taylor's power law analysis were used to determine the relationship between mean and variance of larval counts. All methods examined showed that the larvae were slightly aggregated. Taylor's power law generally gave equivalent or better fits to the population dispersion compared with the other models. The power law relationship for L. picticollis differed from those of the other five species, and a common relationship for those five species was determined. Relationships to determine sample sizes for fixed levels of precision and fixed-precision-level stop lines for sequential sampling were developed for both L. picticollis and the other five species. There were functional relationships between the variance and mean of untransformed population counts for all species, and the suitability of transformation functions is discussed.
Factors determining the pest status of the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalo-siphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), in Europe: a study and review
Authors: Leather S. R , Walters K. F. A , Dixon A. F. G 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe biology and pest status of Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) in Europe are critically reviewed. New data are presented and the temporal occurrence of the aphid and its host-plants considered. In Britain, R. padi is a pest mainly because of its ability to transmit virus diseases, in particular barley yellow dwarf virus. In other European countries, especially in Scandinavia, R. padi is a pest in its own right. Predator and parasite complexes in Britain and Finland are compared and contrasted. The occurrence of R. padi as a pest of cereals in Europe is compared with that of Sitobion avenae (F.) and Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker). It is postulated that the great abundance of the primary host of R. padi, bird cherry (Prunus padus), and the spring planting of cereals in colder climates such as in Finland are major factors contributing to the differences in pest status of this aphid between Britain and in Scandinavia.
The millipede parasitoidPelidnoptera nigripennis(F.) (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) for the biological control of the millipedeOmmatoiulus moreleti(Lucas) (Diplopoda: Julida: Julidae) in Australia
Authors: Bailey Peter T. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPelidnoptera nigripennis(F.) is a parasitoid of the millipedesOmmatoiulusspp. in Portugal. It is univoltine. The adults lay eggs on their hosts during the spring in southern Portugal, and the first-instar larva penetrates through the soft tissue of the millipede. The parasitoid spends the summer as a firstinstar larva, kills the host during the autumn when in the third instar and overwinters in the pupal stage.P. nigripennisoccurs in habitats of low bushes, but not in open grasslands. The female searches for prey by day. The maximum rate of parasitism recorded in this study was 20%. In laboratory specificity studies, 15 species of millipedes from five families were exposed toP. nigripennis, but only julid millipedes were successfully parasitized. Synchronization of the life-cycle in the laboratory with the seasons of the southern hemisphere was achieved by inducing pupation five months prematurely after cooling to 10°C.
A revision of the genusChaetorelliaHendel (Diptera: Tephritidae) including a new species associated with spotted knapweed,Centaurea maculosaLam. (Asteraceae)
Authors: White Ian M. , Marquardt Kirsten 
Published: July 2009

AbstractChaetorellia acrolophisp. n. is associated with some European species of the subgenusAcrolophusofCentaurea. It is a potential biocontrol agent of someAcrolophusspecies that are adventive noxious weeds in North America.Ch. acrolophisp. n. is described, and a key is provided to all nine species. The confirmed host-plants, knapweed, starthistles and related plants, belong to the generaCentaurea, CarthamusandChartolepis(Asteraceae), and these are listed. Available biological data are reviewed, and some details of egg, larval and pupal morphology are described. Host-plant choice tests and canonical variates analysis were used to justify the separation of some species and to help identify some populations. The following nomenclatural changes are made (junior synonyms in brackets):Chaetorellia conjuncta(Becker) is removed from synonymy withCh. succinea(Costa);Ch. hexachaeta australisHering is raised to specific status;Ch. hestiaHering (=Ch. nigropictaHering);Ch. loricata(Rondani) (=Ch. maraHering andCh. loricata septentrionalisHering). Questionable synonyms include:Ch. australisHering (?=Trypeta hexachaetaLoew);Ch. hestia(?=T. vittataRondani);Chaetostomella cylindrica(Robineau-Desvoidy) (?=Tephritis algiraMacquart, which is removed fromChaetorellia).
Combinations of applications of a chitin synthesis inhibitor and inundative releases of egg parasitoids against the false codling moth, Cryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), on citrus
Authors: Newton Philip J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA commercial trial of different strategies for suppressing damage by Cryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyrick) to citrus was made in the Transvaal lowveld, South Africa. Different regimes tested were applications of the chitin synthesis inhibitor teflubenzuron at 60 mg a.i./litre and ca 30 litres/tree, inundative releases of the egg parasitoid Trichogrammatoidea cryptophlebiae Nagaraja, and a combination of the two. One objective was to examine whether application of the insecticide earlier in the season than usually recommended would enhance the subsequent impact of parasitoids, native or released. It was found that parasitoid releases throughout the season (1.3 million/ha in total) produced the best overall reduction in damage by C. leucotreta. This was due largely to their better performance than that of any other strategy early in the season. Their impact in the later part of the season was not significantly different from that of release programmes which had begun at a later stage (0·6 million/ha). Very early applications of the teflubenzuron had no apparent impact on crop losses and did not enhance the impact of subsequent parasitoid releases to a significant degree. Teflubenzuron application at a recommended time later in the season was the most successful short-term approach, but its overall impact on crop loss was diminished by damage during the unprotected period before its application. A more appropriate management programme against C. leucotreta might therefore be to combine inundative releases of parasitoids early in the season with later applications of teflubenzuron if economic thresholds show they are required. The two approaches should not be concurrent since parasitoid activity was suppressed by the chitin synthesis inhibitor.
The collection of aerosol droplets by resting tsetse flies, Glossina morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae)
Authors: Johnstone D. R. , Cooper J. F. , Dobson H. M. , Turner C. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractInsecticidal aerosols dispersed from aircraft are used in control measures against Glossina spp., and the interpretation of spray monitoring data in terms of the likely effect on the flies requires some knowledge of variation of the collection efficiency of the flies under a range of appropriate conditions. A low speed wind tunnel was used to measure the collection efficiencies of the various component parts of an adult of G. morsitans Westwood when at rest on cylinders simulating the branches and twigs of the natural habitat. The wind speed range was from 0·25 to 1·5 m/s and monodisperse droplets 10, 15, 20 and 25 μm in diameter were used. Although certain body zones exhibited very high apparent collection efficiencies (primarily due to interception), the average overall efficiencies varied from as low as 0·8% for 10-μm droplets at 0·25 m/s up to 22% for 25-μm droplets at 1·5 m/s.
Observations on the foraging behaviour of the harvester termite, Hodotermes mossambicus (Hagen) (Isoptera: Hodotermitidae)
Authors: Duncan F. D. , Hewitt P. H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractField observations on the foraging behaviour of Hodotermes mossambicus (Hagen) showed that workers did not exhibit any marked preference for a particular grass species in a degraded savanna area in the north-western Orange Free State, South Africa. Two commercial baits, with carbaryl and sodium fluosilicate as their active ingredients, are used for H. mossambicus control; these baits were shorter, heavier and wider than the natural plant material collected by the workers. Thus, they are probably not transported as readily into the nest as the natural food. Minor workers were observed to be mainly responsible for transporting plant material, while the major workers were primarily responsible for cutting it. Observations on laboratory colonies indicated that workers collected litter first and thereafter harvested a tussock of grass from the top downwards. Foraging stopped once the tussock had been trimmed to a height of approximately 3 cm.
Economic importance of Characoma stictigrapta Hampson, a lepidopterous (Noctuidae) pest of cocoa in Ghana
Authors: Akotoye N. A. K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDamage by larvae of Characoma stictigrapta Hmps. to cocoa in Ghana was investigated. The noctuid caused serious damage to vegetative parts and pods, and this damage was found to be aggregatory and to fluctuate throughout the year. The abandoned tunnels of the larvae were invaded by other cocoa invertebrates as well as by blackpod fungus, Phytophthora palmivora, a serious cocoa disease, which damages about 19% of the crop annually.
The Cyprus Processionary Caterpillar (Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni, Tams)
Authors: Wilkinson D. S. 
Published: July 2009

Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni, Tams, is known only in Cyprus, where it abounds, attacking all species of pine, but chiefly Pinus halepensis, Mill.In the plains the adults emerge from the end of August to the beginning of October. The eggs are laid, shortly after emergence, in cylindrical masses round pine needles, the masses averaging 150 eggs. Only one mass is laid by each female. The incubation period is about 45 days.The five larval instars are described, as well as the differences in the habits and nests in the various instars. The length of the larval life varies from 116 to 173 days. Only in the fourth do larvae remain in the same nest throughout the instar, as they frequently migrate, moving in single file to new feeding grounds, and there construct a new nest. Six such migrations have been observed for one colony during its three earlier instars.Pupation, which commences in the plains about the middle of March, takes place in the ground in silken cocoons at a depth of ¼ to 3 inches, the pupal life lasting all through the hot weather.Altitude considerably influences the life-history—the greater the altitude the earlier the emergence of the adult and the later the pupation of the fully-grown larvae, with consequent alterations in the length of the larval periods.Of the checks, two species of Chalcid egg-parasites have been shown to occasion a parasitism of over 17 per cent., and three species of Tachinid larval parasites sometimes to occasion a parasitism of at least 30 per cent. There is also an Ichneumonid larval parasite. This latter aestivates in the pupa of its host ; the Tachinids leave their larval hosts and pupate in the nest of the processionary.Re-afforestation in Cyprus, both natural and artificial, being an urgent necessity, this processionary is of great economic importance, as stands of young trees suffer very heavily from its attacks, one colony of larvae being sufficient to strip and, if the late rains fail, to kill a small tree. The writer considers, however, that control is possible by encouraging the parasites and predators, methods for which are outlined.
Mosquitos bred from Dry Material taken from Holes in Trees
Authors: Dunn Lawrence H. 
Published: July 2009

An investigation of the breeding habits of the yellow fever mosquito, Aëdes aegypti, Linn., in West Africa was begun in December 1925. This was undertaken for the purpose of ascertaining if the selection of breeding-places of this mosquito in Africa differs from that in the Western Hemisphere, and, if so, to learn if this difference is sufficient to be of material importance in yellow fever control work.Since it was believed that breeding in tree-holes constituted a problem worthy of investigation, it was decided to make a survey of the rot-holes and fork-hollows in trees in the vicinity of Lagos, in the Southern Province of Nigeria. This survey was begun on 8th December 1925, shortly after the rainy season had passed and the dry season had set in. However, after inspecting a number of trees, the fact became evident that this was not a propitious time of the year for finding larvae in such places, since practically all of the holes were without water, and their contents, consisting of leaves and débris, were dry.This early drying of the material in the holes drew my attention to the probability of mosquito eggs remaining in the holes, surviving the drought of the dry season and producing larvae with the beginning of the rains. In furtherance of this question, an examination of the dry holes was then began, and material collected from all those that were suitable. The term “ suitable ” in this sense signifies that the hole was in a living tree—of a formation to contain water, for a short time at least—that the aperture was of sufficient size to allow the débris to be removed and the inside of the hole scraped, and that the contents were dry. The distance of the trees from habitations, their location in open areas or thick bush, the height of the holes from the ground, the exposure of the holes to the sun, or the amount of débris contained caused no discrimination to be made.
The Influence of some Physical and Chemical Conditions of Water on May-fly Larvae (Cloëon dipterum, L.)
Authors: Pruthi Hem Singh 
Published: July 2009

Numerous experiments have been performed to study the specific effect of hydrogen ion concentration, CO2 and oxygen content of water on may-fly larvae, which warrant the following conclusions :—1. While hydrogen ion concentration is a factor of great significance, the carbon dioxide pressure is of greater importance and should afford a very reliable index of the suitability of water as a habitat for true aquatic insects.2. May-fly larvae, and presumably other insects as well, can stand a very low concentration of oxygen, below 1·0 cc. per litre. In view of the fact that in nature oxygen content seldom goes down to such a low figure, insects should not, as a rule, die of lack of oxygen.
A New Genus and Species of Capsidae (Heteroptera) from the Flowers of Cola acuminata in Sierra Leone
Authors: China W. E. 
Published: July 2009

Very small, shining black, evenly, but rather sparsely covered with very regular, equally long, pale, short, depressed hairs.Head very strongly deflexed, including the eyes more than three times as broad as long, seen from above, but actually only a little more than one and a third times as broad as long seen in full face ; seen from the side (fig. 2, a) shorter than height at base ; frons and vertex moderately convexly arched, the vertex between the eyes about twice as wide as the diameter of one of the eyes (which are feebly prominent) ; basal margin of vertex between the eyes distinctly carinate, and slightly overlapping the anterior margin of pronotum ; clypeus flat, not at all prominent, and obscurely delimited from the frons ; rostrum extending to the hind coxae, the basal joint incrassate and reaching the base of the front coxae ; antennae moderately short, inserted close to the front margin of the eyes at about two-thirds of the distance from the base of the eye to its anterior apex, first joint slightly incrassate, cylindrical, extending to the apex of the clypeus, second joint incrassate more or less fusiform, the apex much thicker than the base, about three and a half times as long as the first joint, the third and fourth sub-equal, slightly thinner than, and about twice as long as, the first joint.