bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Pea Aphid‐resistant and Susceptible Alfalfas, for Field Performance, Saponin Concentration, Digestibility, and Insect Resistance1
Authors: Pedersen M. W. , Sorensen E. L. , Anderson M. J. 
Published: July 2010

Six pea aphid [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)]‐resistant (PAR) and five pea aphid‐susceptible (PAS) alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) varieties were compared for foliage and root saponin concentration, forage yield, lodging, foliage color, pea aphid resistance, in.vitro digestibility, and clover root curculio [Sitona hispidula (F.)] resistance.The PAR varieties were characterized by higher yields, but lower digestibility than the PAS varieties under noneconomic levels of pea aphid infestation. When yields of hay were corrected for digestibility, the PAR varieties had an advantage of 0.9 metric ton/ha over five cuttings. Lodging was not affected by level of pea aphid resistance, but was much higher in some varieties than others. Foliage and root saponin contents were not significantly correlated. Pea aphid resistance had a significant negative correlation with root saponin level; clover root curculio damage had a significant positive correlation with foliage saponin level. There was no evidence that breeding for pea aphid resistance had changed the foliage saponin concentration. However, it may have reduced the saponin in the roots. ‘Lahontan’ had high resistance to clover root curculio feeding (a feature that undoubtedly contributes to its longevity in infested areas).
Significance of Parts Other Than Blades and Stems in Leaf‐stem Separations of Alfalfa Herbage1
Authors: Fick Gary W. , Holthausen Richard S. 
Published: July 2010

Leaf‐stem separations of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) herbage have been widely used, but designation of petioles, stipules, stem tips, and reproductive structures as leaves or stems has been inconsistent. The objective of this study was to characterize this material and thus establish a basis for including it with either the leaf blades or stems.Alfalfa herbage from the vegetative to the seedpod stages of development was separated into three fractions (blades, stems minus 3 cm of tip, and “other parts”) and analyzed to determine the total herbage represented by each part and the percentage in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) and crude protein (CP). From the bud through the seedpod stages the other parts represented a nearly constant 11% of the total herbage dry matter and contributed about 9 g of IVTD dry matter and 2 g of CP for every 100 g of herbage. The IVTD of the other parts was generally zero to five percentage units lower than that of the blades, but as much as 25 percentage units higher than the stems minus tips. The CP content of the other parts ranged from four to eight percentage units below the blades and from four to eight percentage units above the stems without tips. For the narrow range of cultivars and environments represented in this study, a two‐way separation which removes stems minus the tip from the rest of the alfalfa herbage both combines morphological parts of similar digestibilities and facilitates a simple estimation of blade content.
Performance of Pure Lines Obtained from Superior‐yielding Heterogeneous Lines in Soybeans1
Authors: Boerma H. R. , Cooper R. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractF2−derived heterogeneous parental‐fines (HPL) were selected for high seed yield, based on F3, F3−F4, and F3−F4−F5 combined generation means in four soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr.] crosses. In the F5 generation, 30 pure lines (PL) were isolated from each of the nine selected HPL.A comparison of seed yields of HPL and their unselected PL indicated that either an overcompensation, undercompensation, or additive effect was responsible for seed yield of the nine selected HPL A nonadditive effect was responsible for the lodging score of one HPL.A comparison of seed yields and maturities of selected HPL and their selected PL indicated that in one HPL, PL could be isolated that were significantly higher in seed yield and earlier in maturity. In the other HPL, PL were isolated that were earlier in maturity while being equal in yield to the HPL. These results are discussed in relation to the bulk and early‐generation yield testing selection procedures.
Export of 14C‐Assimilates in Cotton Leaves1
Authors: Benedict C. R. , Kohel R. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study was made of the export of 14C‐assimilate in mature leaves of ‘Stoneville 213’ cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Fruiting branches and subtending leaves of field grown plants were pulse‐labeled with 14CO2 for 5 min at about mid‐day. The amount of 14C‐assimilate transported to the cotton boll from the subtending leaves, bracts or boll wall, as well as the amount of 14C‐assimilate remaining in the leaves and bracts, were determined over a 22‐hour period. During this translocation period, leaves and bracts export 14C‐assimilate to the boll wall, ovules and lint; whereas the boll wall does not export 14C. assimilate. The leaves are the dominant source of assimilate for cotton bolls throughout the season.There is a differential rate of export and retention of H2O soluble and insoluble (starch) assimilate from the leaves and bracts. There is an initial rapid phase of transport of H2O soluble compounds from both leaf and bract sources. About 80% of these compounds disappear 6 hours after exposin the sources to 14CO2. After 22 hours, over 90% of this pool is depleted. In contrast, there is a retention of 14C in the starch fraction up to 6 hours after pulse‐labeling the sources with 14CO2. After 6 hours, there is a slow export of 14C‐assimilate from the starch fraction stored in the sources. Cotton leaves export assimilate stored as starch slowly. At the end of 22 hours, 90 to 95% of the 14C‐assimilate disappears from mature leaves and bracts.
Parental Inbreeding and Performance of Alfalfa Single‐crosses1
Authors: Hill R. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractS2 and S4 progenies were obtained from 10 S0 parents each from ‘MSA‐W4’ and ‘MSB‐W4’ alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Two five‐parent diallel sets were attempted within S0, S2, and S4 parental generations in each cultivar. All but one of the sets with S2 and S4 parents gave incomplete diallels. First harvest dry matter yields were measured in small row plots during each of two growing seasons.Average yields of the S2−crosses were less than those of the S0−crosses in all sets. Individual exceptions to the average trend occurred in both populations, but more frequently in MSA‐W4 than in MSB‐W4. The number of S4−crosses was small, and the results with them were variable. Yields of all S4crosses in one set, which had one parent common to all crosses, were greater than yields of the corresponding S0 or S2−crosses. Other S4 crosses generally yielded less than the corresponding S0 or S2−crosses.Mean squares for both general (GCA) and specific combinnig ability (SCA) pooled over sets in MSA‐W4 increased from the S0 to the S2 parental generation. This increase was greater for SCA than for GCA. GCA was significant in the S2−crosses from MSB‐W4, but no combining ability mean square was significant in the S2 or S4−crosses from MSB‐W4.
Genetic Analysis of Leaf Differentiation Mutants in Upland Cotton1
Authors: Dilday R. H. , Kohel R. J. , Richmond T. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA series of leaf mutants in Gossypium hirsutum L. was tested for allelism and linkage, and three closely linked loci were established on chromosome 15. One locus is represented by a single mutant allele, crinkled leaf (crcr), and the other two loci are represented by a multiple allelic series. The two loci with the multiple allelic series were designated as strap leaf and veins‐fused. Alleles of the strap leaf locus are rugose (srsr), Lubbock‐1 (slsl), strap leaf (ss), norma(SS), and Heritable Abnormality‐3 (ShSh). Alleles of the veins‐fused locus are veins‐fused (vfvf), normal (VfVf), and Heritable Abnormality‐1 (VfhVfh).From independent two and three‐point linkage data, we generated a calculated four‐locus linkage map as follows: cr‐O.20.s‐l.20‐vf‐4.90‐Lg [Lg = Green lint] The seven mutants tested all affect leaf development. Each of the three distinct loci appeared to function differently in leaf development and differentiation in cotton.
Effect of Flat‐square in Cotton on Selected Agronomic Characters1
Authors: Khalifa H. , Stith L. S. , Fisher W. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractData were collected from flat and nonflat‐square cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants in replicated experiments to evaluate their relative performances for yield components and fiber characteristics. Results indicate that the flat‐square trait has an adverse effect on seed cotton yield, boll weight, lint percentage, lint index, fiber fineness, and strength. Flat‐square plants produced more flowers than nonflat‐square plants at Tucson, Marana, and Phoenix, Ariz.; but flat‐square plants had a higher rate of shedding of deformed and incomplete flowers as well as reduced boll weight, lint percentage, and lint index. Thus, nonflat‐square plants produced more seed cotton at harvest time, but they had similar crop maturity. Pedigree selection is suggested as one breeding procedure to effectively eliminate or minimize this abnormality.
Inheritance of a Completely Branched Mutant in Safflower1
Authors: Abel G. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInheritance of a completely branched (branches arise from 100% of the axial nodes) mutant was studied in safflower (Carthamus tinctorit L.). Data from F2 and F3 progeny of a cross between a mutant and a tall‐branching cultivar (branches arise from 5 to 25% of the nodes) support the hypothesis that one completely dominant gene determines the incompletely branched habit; this gene is designated Cb. The double recessive cbcb determines the completely branched mutant. For the incompletely branched progeny, results suggest the presence of additional genetic variation for distribution of percentage of branching.
Effect of Selection for Self‐fertility and Self‐sterility in Alfalfa and Related Characters1
Authors: Busbice Thad H. , Gurgis Ramzy Y. , Collins Harry B. 
Published: July 2010

Two cycles of selection for self‐fertillty in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) doubled self‐fertility, as measured by the percentage of ovules developing into seed after selling, and they increased cross‐fertility slightly, as measured by the percentage of ovules developing into seed after crossing to unrelated tester plants. Selection for self‐sterility reduced self‐fertility by more than threefourths and cross‐fertility by one‐third to one‐half. Based on 40 plants representing a wide range of self‐fertility, correlations between self‐ and cross‐fertility were 0.5 or 0.6, depending on the tester used in crossing. Selection for self‐fertility increased the abundance of pollen, whereas selection for self‐sterility decreased it. Both self and cross‐fertillty were highly correlated with abundance of pollen. Number of ovules per flower and the size of ovules before pollination changed only slightly in response to selection and neither was correlated with self or cross‐fertility.By 96 hours after pollination, the ovules had become separated by size into two distinct groups. The smaller ovules, representing one group, either were not fertilized after pollination or aborted very soon after fertilization. The larger ovules, representing the other group, most probably were fertilized, but some aborted before producing seed. The most pronounced difference in the distribution after selling and crossing was the proportion of ovules in the two groups. Ovule growth occurred mostly at random within the ovary, but after selling, there was evidence that basal ovules were fertilized slightly less often than ovules nearer the style, suggesting a weak self‐incompatibility system.
Protein Nutritional Value of Wheat and Triticale As Evaluated by Weanling Mice Bioassay1
Authors: Ulmer R. L. , Mattern P. J. , Johnson V. A. , Kies C. 
Published: July 2010

Experimental lines and cultivars of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and an experimental line of winter triticale (Χ Triticosecale), differing in the protein content of their grain, were subjected to mouse bioassay. Feeding efficiency ratios (FER) were computed from feed consumption and weight gain data from mice, fed diets containing equal amounts of grain of the test cultivars. Protein efficiency ratios (PER) were determined from weight gain and protein consumption data from mice fed diets containing equal amounts of protein from the test cultivars.Lower percentages of wheat protein in the diets tended to reduce mouse weight gains and increase FER values. Test cultivars with the highest lysine/unit protein produced the highest PER values. The triticale line with high protein and higher lysine/unit protein than the wheat cultivars generally produced higher mouse weight gains and more favorable FER and PER values.
Studies on Male Sterility in Barley Induced by Sodium 1‐(p‐Chlorophenyl) 1,2‐Dihydro‐4,‐6‐Dimethyl‐2‐Oxonicotinate1
Authors: Wang R. C. , Lund Steve 
Published: July 2010

Foliar sprays with various rates of an aqueous solution of sodium 1‐(p‐chlorophenyl) 1,2‐dihydro‐4,6‐dimethyl‐2‐ oxonicotinate (RH‐531) were applied to barley (Hordeum vulgate L.) plants at different stages of growth to find the optimum application time and dosage for induction of complete male sterility. Under greenhouse conditions, 1.5 kg/ha a.i. of RH‐531 applied several days before meiosis in pollen mother cells (about six.leaf stage or 20 days before heading) induced complete male sterility. At least 19% female fertility was present on RH‐531. induced male‐sterile ‘Barsoy’ plants, estimated by natural pollination. Female fertility of RH‐531.induced malesterile ‘Larker’ barley was 40% of the control when both were hand pollinated.Meiosis in pollen mother cells did not appear to be affected by RH‐531. Paraffin sections of anthers from RH‐531‐induced lnale‐sterile barley revealed abnormal persistence of the tapetum. Acetocarmine was inferior to iodine‐potassium iodide (IKI) and Alexander's multiple stain for determining pollen viability in RH‐531‐ treated barley plants. Staining of pollen grains with IKI suggested that pollen sterility induced by RH‐531 was related to an absence of or a decrease in carbohydrates.Positive correlations were found between percentage seed‐set of bagged spikes and anther length, and between percentage seed‐set of bagged spikes and pollen grain carbohydrate content. It appeared that RH‐531 inhibited anther growth thus leading to either degeneration of microspores or reduction in carbohydrates in pollen grains.
‘Cougar’ Kentucky Bluegrass Seed Production as Affected by Clipping to Stimulate Grazing1
Authors: Evans David W. 
Published: July 2010

This study was conducted to determine the seed production responses of ‘Cougar’ Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) to clipping at different times from early fall through late panicle branching at the onset of panicle elevation in the spring. Treatments were repeated for 3 years. The bluegrass was grown in rows, sprinkler irrigated, and fertilized as needed to maintain high levels of N, P, and K.Some clipping treatments increased seed yields; none decreased yields. Late fall and the onset of panicle development were the two best times for defoliation. Clipping in late fall markedly increased panicle numbers, decreased weight of seed/panicle, and increased seed yield. Clipping at the onset of panicle development in the spring slightly increased panicle numbers and seed yields without materially reducing the weight of seed/panicle.Two clippings produced significantly more Iorage than most single clippings, but not more than one clipping in late fall, apparently because little vegetative growth occurred between late fall and late panicle branching.Defoliation in late fall or early spring prior to secondary panicle branching offers the possibility not only of providing forage but of increasing subsequent seed yield through increased panicle production.
Maternal Effects in Maize Hybrids Infected with Bipolaris maydis (Nisikado) Shoemaker, Race T1
Authors: Hallauer Arnel R. , Martinson C. A. 
Published: July 2010

The entry sums of squares for the diallel analysis of 72 maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids produced reciprocally in normal (Nrf) and T‐ cytoplasm (TRf) inbred lines partitioned into the general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability, maternal, and reciprocal sources of variation. The 144 hybrids were evaluated for 2 years under artificial infection with Bipolaris maydis (Nisikado) Shoemaker (Helminthosporium maydis, Nisikado) race T, inoculum. Data were collected for stand, root and stalk lodging, dropped ears, days to silk, B. maydis race T ratings, yield, and grain moisture. The differences among entries for root lodging and dropped ears were not significant (P > 0.05) and were not included further analyses. Separate diallel analyses were made for the Nrf and TRf hybrids.Significant maternal mean squares were detected for all traits except stand. There were three instances of significant reciprocal mean squares. Although the maternal mean squares were significant for all traits except stand, the proportion of the entry sum of squares attributable to maternal effects was less than for GCA and SCA. The maternal ✕ year interaction mean square was not significant in any instance. There were 16 instances of significant maternal effects for hybrids produced on Nrf females and 21 for hybrids produced on TRf females. The hybrid Oh43 had the greatest frequency, nine, of significant maternal effects, and B45 the least, one. Most of the significant maternal effects, however, were not large.
Breeding Potentials of Noncultivated Cottons. I. Some Agronomic and Fiber Properties of Selected Parents and Their F1 Hybrids1
Authors: Wilson F. D. , Wilson R. L. 
Published: July 2010

Using a complete diallel set, we analyzed 12 agronomic and fiber characters in five cottons (Gossypium hirsutum L.), and their F1 hybrids. Two of these were adapted cultivars, and the remainder were Texas race stocks. The cultivars were early and productive at Phoenix, whereas the three race stocks varied widely in earliness, lint characteristics, fruit size, growth habit, and other agronomic characters under consideration. Narrow sense heritability estimates for the 12 characters ranged from 0.04 for date of first flower to 1.29 for 2.5% fiber span length. Estimates of general combining ability were significant for number of bolls/plot, peduncle length, and five fiber traits. Thus, selection for these characters should be effective.Nonadditive variance was significant for nine of the 12 characters measured, and comprised the majority of the genetic variance for three of these nine characters. There were no significant maternal effects. Reciprocal effects were significant for a few character/hybrid combinations. Fifteen of the possible 120 character/hybrid combinations showed specific heterosis. Eleven were positive, three negative, and one that may be neutral in the sense of agronomic fitness. Mean heterosis (F1 vs. midparent) was significant only for date of first flower.
Influence of Cotton Genotypes on Floral Visits of Honey Bees1
Authors: Moffett Joseph O. , Stith Lee S. , Burkhardt Chris C. , Shipman Charles W. 
Published: July 2010

Cotton genotypes (Gossypium spp.) were studied for their floral attractiveness to honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) in Pima County, Ariz. The genotypes varied greatly in floral attractiveness, but differences tended to be consistent.Genotypes containing at least some cytoplasm from species other than G. hirsutum L. were generally more attractive than normal lines developed from G. hirsutum. The most attractive genotypes were three late blooming tetraploids developed from crosses involving G. arboreum L., G. thurberi Todaro, and G. hirsutum. A purple‐flowered hexaploid developed from an ‘Acala 44‐10‐1’ ✕ G. sturtianum Willis cross also ranked high in attractiveness.None of the genotypes of cytoplasms studied were sufficiently attractive to overcome the mid‐season drop in bee visits that occurs in southern Arizona. Some of the more attractive genotypes may be used in hybridization programs to increase the floral attractiveness of the parental A, B, and R‐lines that will be used to produce hybrid cotton seed.
Use of Triploid Males for Increasing Hop Yields1
Authors: Haunold Alfred 
Published: July 2010

Hand pollination of receptive flowers of six diploid cultivars of hop (Humulus lupulus L.) increased cone size by 7 to 24%, regardless of ploidy level of the pollen parent. In 1973, cone weights, which directly affect yield, increased an average of 46% when female flowers had been pollinated from diploid males and 17% upon pollination from triploid males. Bracts plus bracteoles increased an average of 23% over the untreated control from the diploid pollination treatment, and 11% from the triploid pollination treatment. Pollination had the most striking effect on strig length and strig weight, but little effect on number of nodes/strig. Seeds from the triploid pollination treatment averaged less than half the weight of the open‐pollinated control and contained 60 to 83% aborted embryos, whereas seeds from the diploid pollination treatment contained only 18%. Well‐filled seeds were purple, and usually weighed three to four times as much as tan seeds. Seeds resulting from the triploid pollination treatment had about 25% less crude fat than seeds of the control.Hop yields in seedless production areas probably can be increased significantly without additional production costs (except for harvesting a larger crop) by use of pollen from triploid males to stimulate cone size and weight. Such cones look like seeded cones, but contain only about one‐fourth as many seeds as those pollinated by comparable diploid males. They will probably mature earlier and tend to shatter, as do seeded cones. Replacing diploid by triploid males in presently seeded hop yards will probably decrease yields slightly from lack of seeds. This decrease will probably be offset by the premium received for a seedless crop.
The Crested Wheatgrasses of Iran1
Authors: Dewey D. R. , Asay K. H. 
Published: July 2010

More than 200 collections of crested wheatgrass, Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn., from Iran were studied with respect to geographic origin, cytology, morphology, and fertility. In Iran, crested wheatgrasses are found primarily in the Alborz mountain range at latitudes north of 35° and at elevations between 600 and 3,400 m.Iranian crested wheatgrasses occur at three ploidy levels — 2n=14, 28, and 42. Tetraploids are the most common, and they are found throughout the entire distribution area. Hexaploid populations occur only in the Azerbaijan province in northwestern Iran. Only one diploid collection, from Mt. Sabalan in northwestern Iran, is known. The polyploid races behave cytologically as autoploids. Heterozygous chromosome interchanges are common in the tetraploids, and aneuploidy is uncommon.Significant variation in maturity, height, texture, rhizome development, fertility, and seed size occurs between and within populations. More than half of the collections are rhizomatous. Breeders may be able to incorporate the rhizmnatous habit into strains for use on sites where stand establishment is difficult or where solid ground cover is important.All Iranian crested wheatgrass collections are broadspiked types, identified by North American agrostologists as A. cristatum. Although this usage differs from that of some European and Asian authors, a change in nomenclature is not recommended until the biological and taxonomic relations among all crested wheatgrasses are clarified.