bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Central and peripheral sites of action for CB2 receptor mediated analgesic activity in chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain models in rats
Authors: Hsieh Gin C , Pai Madhavi , Chandran Prasant , Hooker Bradley A , Zhu Chang Z , Salyers Anita K , Wensink Erica J , Zhan CenChen , Carroll William A , Dart Michael J , Yao Betty B , Honore Prisca , Meyer Michael D 
Published: September 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cannabinoid CB2 receptor activation by selective agonists has been shown to produce analgesic effects in preclinical models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. However, mechanisms underlying CB2‐mediated analgesic effects remain largely unknown. The present study was conducted to elucidate the CB2 receptor expression in ‘pain relevant’ tissues and the potential sites of action of CB2 agonism in rats.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Expression of cannabinoid receptor mRNA was evaluated by quantitative RT‐PCR in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs), spinal cords, paws and several brain regions of sham, chronic inflammatory pain (CFA) and neuropathic pain (spinal nerve ligation, SNL) rats. The sites of CB2 mediated antinociception were evaluated in vivo following intra‐DRG, intrathecal (i.t.) or intraplantar (i.paw) administration of potent CB2‐selective agonists A‐836339 and AM1241.KEY RESULTS CB2 receptor gene expression was significantly up‐regulated in DRGs (SNL and CFA), spinal cords (SNL) or paws (CFA) ipsilateral to injury under inflammatory and neuropathic pain conditions. Systemic A‐836339 and AM1241 produced dose‐dependent efficacy in both inflammatory and neuropathic pain models. Local administration of CB2 agonists also produced significant analgesic effects in SNL (intra‐DRG and i.t.) and CFA (intra‐DRG) pain models. In contrast to A‐836339, i.paw administration of AM‐1241 dose‐relatedly reversed the CFA‐induced thermal hyperalgesia, suggesting that different mechanisms may be contributing to its in vivo properties.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results demonstrate that both DRG and spinal cord are important sites contributing to CB2 receptor‐mediated analgesia and that the changes in CB2 receptor expression play a crucial role for the sites of action in regulating pain perception.
Rimonabant reduces keratinocyte viability by induction of apoptosis and exerts topical anti‐inflammatory activity in mice
Authors: Malfitano Anna Maria , Sosa Silvio , Laezza Chiara , De Bortoli Marco , Tubaro Aurelia , Bifulco Maurizio 
Published: September 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEThere is growing evidence that the cannabinoid CB1receptor antagonist, rimonabant (SR141716) exerts potential anti‐proliferative and anti‐inflammatory actions. Here, we have assessed the effects of rimonabantin vitroin murine immortalized keratinocytes andin vivoby assaying the topical anti‐inflammatory activity.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHCell viability and death in a keratinocyte cell line (C5N cells) were measured by Trypan blue exclusion assay and cytotoxicity by sulphorhodamine B test. Cell cycle progression was assessed by flow cytometry and the expression of apoptotic and anti‐apoptotic markers, cyclins, pathways of signal transduction and CB1 receptor levels were evaluated by Western blot. The topical anti‐inflammatory properties of rimonabant were analysed by inhibition of croton oil‐induced ear dermatitis in mice.KEY RESULTSRimonabant reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis as shown by the enhanced number of cells in the subG0 phase of the cell cycle, the expression of Bax and reduced levels of Bcl‐2 and X‐inhibitor of apoptosis protein. In addition, reduced levels of phosphorylated serine/threonine protein kinase Akt and nuclear factor‐kappa B were detected associated with regulation of total nuclear factor‐kappa B and inhibitor of kappa B‐α, phosphorylated inhibitor of kappa B‐α, cyclins D1, E and A. In croton oil‐induced ear dermatitis, rimonabant significantly reduced oedema and leukocyte infiltrate.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSRimonabant reduced cell viability, inducing cell death in keratinocytes and decreased croton oil‐induced ear dermatitis. Our findings suggest a potential application of rimonabant as a topical anti‐inflammatory drug. We did not assess the involvement of CB1receptors in these effects of rimonabant.
Cryopreservation impact on blood progenitor cells: influence of diagnoses, mobilization treatments, and cell concentration
Authors: Majado Maria J. , Salgado‐Cecilia Gema , Blanquer Miguel , Funes Consuelo , González‐García Consuelo , Insausti Carmen L. , Parrado Antonio , Morales Alfonso , Minguela Alfredo , Moraleda José M. 
Published: September 2010

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of cryopreservation in series of peripheral blood progenitor cells stratified by diagnosis, mobilization treatments, and cell concentration, as well as the accuracy of the control aliquots.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Viability and colony‐forming unit–granulocyte‐macrophage (CFU‐GM), CD34+ cell, lymphocyte, monocyte, and granulocyte counts and recovery were analyzed in 397 leukapheresis procedures before freezing and after thawing. Data from control cryotubes were compared to those from infusing bags.RESULTS: Cell viability decreased after thawing. Viability recovery was lower in cryotubes than in bags in non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), in cyclophosphamide plus granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor (Cy+G‐CSF) mobilization, and in cell concentration of median or greater. Viability recovery in cryotube was higher in NHL (92.1%) than in Hodgkin's disease (HD; 87.3%) and in G‐CSF (95.9%) than Cy+G‐CSF mobilization (91.3%). The number of CD34+ cells decreased after thawing in total group, Cy+G‐CSF mobilization, and cell concentration less than median subgroups. CD34+ cell recovery was higher in cryotubes (111.3%) than in bags (99.6%) in multiple myeloma (MM; p = 0.015). CFU‐GM decreased after thawing in all groups. CFU‐GM recovery was lower in cryotubes than in bags in MM (26.0% vs. 59.3%) and in Cy+G‐CSF mobilization (49.8% vs. 76.3%). CFU‐GM recovery in cryotubes was lower in MM compared with NHL (61.5%), HD (45.1%), and breast cancer (84.0%). Lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes showed differences in the subgroups.CONCLUSION: Cryopreservation negatively impacts in cell viability, CD34+ cell recovery, granulocytes, and CFU‐GM, although slight differences between the groups were observed. Cryotubes satisfactorily reflected the quality of the infused cells.
Estimate of the residual risk of transfusion‐transmitted human immunodeficiency virus infection in sub‐Saharan Africa: a multinational collaborative study
Authors: Lefrère Jean‐Jacques , Dahourouh Honorine , Dokekias Alexis E. , Kouao Maxime D. , Diarra Amadou , Diop Saliou , Tapko Jean‐Baptiste , Murphy Edward L. , Laperche Syria , Pillonel Josiane 
Published: September 2010

BACKGROUND: Sub‐Saharan Africa remains the epicenter of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic. However, there is a lack of multicenter data on the risk of transfusion‐transmitted HIV from blood centers in sub‐Saharan Africa.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The incidence of HIV infections in the blood donations collected in the main blood banks of five countries (Burkina Faso, Congo, Ivory Coast, Mali, and Senegal) was determined to estimate the current transfusion risk of HIV infection using the incidence rate/window period model.RESULTS: The risk of transfusion‐transmitted HIV infections associated with the window period varied from 1 in 90,200 donations (Senegal) to 1 in 25,600 (Congo). Considering the five participating blood centers as a whole, the incidence rate of HIV‐positive donors per 100,000 person‐years was 56.6 (95% confidence interval [CI], 47.1‐67.9); the residual risk (RR) was 34.1 (95% CI, 7.8‐70.7) per 1 million donations, which represents 1 in 29,000 donations (95% CI, 1/128,000‐1/14,000).CONCLUSION: RR estimates varied according to the country. This is potentially due to a lower incidence of HIV infection in the general population or to a more efficient selection of blood donors in the countries with the lowest risk. The estimates of the transfusion risk of HIV infection in each country are important, both to assess the impact of current preventative strategies and to contribute data to policy decisions to reinforce transfusion safety.
Can obsessions drive you mad? Longitudinal evidence that obsessive‐compulsive symptoms worsen the outcome of early psychotic experiences
Authors: Van Dael F. , van Os J. , de Graaf R. , ten Have M. , Krabbendam L. , Myin‐Germeys I. 
Published: September 2010

Van Dael F, van Os J, de Graaf R, ten Have M, Krabbendam L, Myin‐Germeys I. Can obsessions drive you mad? Longitudinal evidence that obsessive‐compulsive symptoms worsen the outcome of early psychotic experiences.Objective:  Although there is substantial comorbidity between psychotic disorder and obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD), little is known about how these clinical phenotypes, and their subclinical extended phenotypes, covary and impact on each other over time. This study examined cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations between both (extended) phenotypes in the general population.Method:  Data were obtained from the three waves of the NEMESIS‐study. A representative population sample of 7076 participants were assessed using the composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI) at baseline (T0), 1 year later at T1 and again 2 years later at T2.Results:  At T0, a lifetime diagnosis of psychotic disorder was present in 1.5% of the entire sample, in 11.5% of the people with any OC symptom and in 23.0% of individuals diagnosed with OCD. OC symptoms at T0 predicted incident psychotic symptoms at T2. Similarly, T0 psychotic symptoms predicted T2 OC symptoms. The likelihood of persistence of psychotic symptoms or transition to psychotic disorder was higher if early psychosis was accompanied by co‐occurring OC symptoms, but not the other way around.Conclusion:  OCD and the psychosis phenotype cluster together and predict each other at (sub)clinical level. The co‐occurrence of subclinical OC and psychosis may facilitate the formation of a more ‘toxic’ form of persistent psychosis.
Rheumatoid arthritis and salivary biomarkers of periodontal disease
Authors: Mirrielees Jeffrey , Crofford Leslie J. , Lin Yushun , Kryscio Richard J. , Dawson III Dolphus R. , Ebersole Jeffrey L. , Miller Craig S. 
Published: September 2010

Mirrielees J, Crofford LJ, Lin Y Kryscio RJ, Dawson DR, Ebersole JL, Miller CS. Rheumatoid arthritis and salivary biomarkers of periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol 2010; doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐051X.2010.01625.x.AbstractAim: To test the hypothesis that rheumatoid arthritis (RA) influenced levels of salivary biomarkers of periodontal disease.Methods: Medical assessments, periodontal examinations and pain ratings were obtained from 35 RA, 35 chronic periodontitis and 35 age‐ and gender‐matched healthy controls in a cross‐sectional, case–controlled study. Unstimulated whole saliva samples were analysed for interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), matrix metalloproteinase‐8 (MMP‐8) and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) concentrations.Results: The arthritis and healthy groups had significantly less oral disease than the periodontitis group (P<0.0001), with the arthritis group having significantly more sites bleeding on probing (BOP) than matched controls (P=0.012). Salivary levels of MMP‐8 and IL‐1β were significantly elevated in the periodontal disease group (P<0.002), and IL‐1β was the only biomarker with significantly higher levels in the arthritis group compared with controls (P=0.002). Arthritis patients receiving anti‐TNF‐α antibody therapy had significantly lower IL‐1β and TNF‐α levels compared with arthritis patients not on anti‐TNF‐α therapy (P=0.016, 0.024) and healthy controls (P<0.001, P=0.011), respectively.Conclusion: RA patients have higher levels of periodontal inflammation than healthy controls, i.e., an increased BOP. Systemic inflammation appears to influence levels of select salivary biomarkers of periodontal disease, and anti‐TNF‐α antibody‐based disease‐modifying therapy significantly lowers salivary IL‐1β and TNF‐α levels in RA.
Outflows and mass accretion in collapsing dense cores with misaligned rotation axis and magnetic field
Authors: Ciardi Andrea , Hennebelle Patrick 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Outflows and jets are intimately related to the formation of stars, and play an important role in redistributing mass, energy and angular momentum within the dense core and parent cloud. The interplay between magnetic field and rotation is responsible for launching these outflows, whose formation has been generally carried out for idealized systems where the angle α between the rotation axis and large-scale magnetic field is zero. Here we explore, through three-dimensional ideal magnetohydrodynamic simulations, the effects of a non-zero α on the formation of outflows during the collapse of dense pre-stellar cores. We find that mass ejection is less efficient for increasing angle α and that outflows are essentially suppressed for α∼ 90°. An important consequence is a corresponding increase of the mass accreted on to the adiabatic (first) core. In addition, mean flow velocities tend to increase with α, and misaligned configurations produce clumpy, heterogeneous outflows that undergo precession, and are more prone to instabilities.
THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT DEBITTERING METHODS ON THE PRODUCTION OF LUPIN BEAN SNACK FROM BITTER LUPINUS ALBUS L. SEEDS
Authors: ERBAS MUSTAFA 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to remove the alkaloids from bitter lupin (Lupinus albus L.) seeds by different debittering methods and to produce a lupin bean snack. During production of the snack, the total alkaloid content of seeds decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.01) from 14.4 g/kg to a level that was undetectable. A major alkaloid in lupin seeds was identified as lupanine. It was present at a concentration of 12.513 g/kg, which constituted 87% of the total alkaloid content. The other alkaloids that were identified were sparteine, albine, α‐isolupanine and multiflorine. The concentrations of the alkaloids decreased gradually during the debittering process. The values for dry matter, protein, lipid, starch and ash content of seeds changed in a statistically significant manner (P ≤ 0.05, P ≤ 0.01) during production of the snack. Aqueous debittering at room temperature was found to be a more favorable process because it resulted in more acceptable sensorial properties than alkaline and thermal debittering methods.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSBitter lupin seeds (Lupinus albus L.) cannot be consumed directly because they naturally contain high amounts of toxic alkaloids, which cause bitterness, despite their high protein content. The aim of this study is to remove bitterness from lupin seeds with different debittering methods and to produce a lupin bean snack.
SENSORY AND NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF THE APPLE SNACKS PREPARED BY VACUUM IMPREGNATION PROCESS
Authors: JOSHI A.P.K. , RUPASINGHE H.P.V. , PITTS N.L. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the sensory and nutritional quality aspects of dried apple slices that had been prepared by giving three different pretreatments (vacuum impregnation [VI] treatment, anti‐browning treatment and untreated control). Descriptive sensory analysis carried out by trained panelists revealed that chip crispiness and crunchiness were improved by the VI in comparison to the other treatments. As compared to untreated apple slices, incorporation of calcium and vitamin E in dipping solution resulted in uptake of calcium (760 mg/100 g) and vitamin E (168 mg/100 g) in the fruit matrix, which can be used to meet the daily requirement for calcium and vitamin E in the consumer's diet. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe eco‐friendly processes like vacuum impregnation can be utilized in developing dried apple snacks to improve the sensory attributes and introduce quality‐enhancing food additives, such as calcium salt and natural flavors, as well as minerals, vitamins and bioactives for meeting the daily dietary requirements and promoting health benefits to the consumer.
Convertible Securities and Bankruptcy Reforms: Addressing Too Big to Fail and Reducing the Fragility of the Financial System*
Authors: Plosser Charles I. 
Published: September 2010

Eliminating too big to fail should be the first priority of any regulatory reform. But this is easier said than done. As the crisis has taught us, when the systemic risks are perceived to be large, regulators will be very reluctant to close down insolvent firms or impose losses on creditors. So how do we reduce these risks so that regulators can credibly commit to a policy of allowing financial companies to fail and not resort to rescues or bailouts?The author proposes two complementary approaches to this problem: The first is to design capital structures with corrective mechanisms that kick in when a financial firm displays signs of trouble, but still has positive economic capital. To this end, the author endorses the Squam Lake Report's proposal that encourages financial firms to issue convertible debt with an “automatic” provision for converting to equity. In contrast to the Squam Lake proposal, however, the author argues that the conversion to equity should not depend on regulators' decisions and should take place before individual banks and the financial system are in full crisis mode.The second approach is to design a resolution mechanism that will close failing financial firms when early intervention has not led to the firm's recovery. The author argues that the best model for this mechanism is bankruptcy, because of its resolution of claims according to predetermined rules rather than regulatory discretion. However, certain forms of early intervention can also help to lower the costs of permitting firms to fail. For example, the Squam Lake idea that financial institutions be required to develop living wills should make it easier to unwind these firms in an orderly fashion and provide regulators with insight into the degree of systemic risk that these firms impose. The author notes that the challenges associated with getting the executives of healthy banks to plan for their own bankruptcy may indicate that a better use of regulatory resources might be to view the living will as one of the tools of prompt corrective action for firms that become undercapitalized but are still solvent. Once a firm has been declared undercapitalized, regulators would have greater bargaining power to insist on a serious plan for bankruptcy.
Speed Bankruptcy: A Firewall to Future Crises
Authors: Jones Garett 
Published: September 2010

During the 2008 financial crisis, the U.S. government purchased large equity stakes in major financial institutions. The author argues that another source of equity was available : the long‐term bonds issued by these same banks. Overnight debt‐to‐equity conversions, or what the author refers to as “speed bankruptcy,” could have helped restore these firms to health, while at the same time ending the implicit government guarantee of big‐bank debt.While many prominent economists have proposed such conversions, the practical details have received little attention. The author addresses key legal concerns, the political viability of such conversions, and how they fit in with other proposals such as contingent convertibles and funeral planning.
Basic Survival Needs and access to Medicines — Coming to Grips with TRIPS: Conversion + Calculation
Authors: Van Puymbroeck Rudolf V. 
Published: September 2010

When 47-year-old Simba Abalo, an unemployed retired soldier in Lomé, Togo, found out that he had AIDS in September 2007, he was unable to receive government-supplied antiretroviral drugs: “CAMEG [the state’s central medicines purchasing organization],” he said, “told me they were not taking any new cases for six months because they had run out of drugs.Stocks of antiretrovirals had become depleted after the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria suspended part of its grant to Togo in 2006 and failed to approve a new grant request in 2007, reportedly because of oversight irregularities. “Even if they had the drugs,” said Abalo, “I could not have paid more than US$4 a month since I had just lost my job as a security guard earning US$70 a month.”
Lessons from the Experience of U.N. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: Addressing the Democratic Deficit in Global Health Governance
Authors: Lord Janet E. , Suozzi David , Taylor Allyn L. 
Published: September 2010

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (the CRPD or the Convention), adopted on December 13, 2006, and entered into force on May 3, 2008, constitutes a key landmark in the emerging field of global health law and a critical milestone in the development of international law on the rights of persons with disabilities. At the time of its adoption, the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights heralded the CRPD as a rejection of the understanding of persons with disabilities “as objects of charity, medical treatment and social protection” and an embrace of disabled people as “subjects of rights.”The text of the Convention itself, and the highly participatory process by which it was negotiated, signal a definitive break from previous international approaches that focused on disability within a medical model framework. In contrast to traditional approaches, the CRPD embraces a social model of disability, concentrating the disability experience not in individual deficiency, but in the socially constructed environment and the barriers that impede the participation of persons with disabilities in society.
Developing a Policy for Sexual Assault Examinations on Incapacitated Patients and Patients Unable to Consent
Authors: Carr Mary E. , Moettus Alda L. 
Published: September 2010

Sexual assault cases are challenging for both the patient and provider, particularly given the emotional and logistic overlays in the majority of these cases. In this article we offer sexual assault programs information and areas for consideration when developing a policy addressing sexual assault examinations on patients who are either incapacitated or otherwise unable to consent to examination. This information is based on our experience in creating and implementing such a policy for our program. We also offer the written policy and associated consent form that we designed (see Figures 1 and 2).The protocol manual for sexual assault medical forensic examinations authored by the Department of Justice actually recommends that each and every sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE) program have “internal policies based on applicable jurisdictional statutes governing consent for treatment of vulnerable adult patients. In cases of adolescents, the jurisdictional statutes governing consent and access to the exam should be followed.“
Ultraviolet‐C Irradiation for Prevention of Central Venous Catheter‐related Infections: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Dai Tianhong , Tegos George P. , St. Denis Tyler G. , Anderson Don , Sinofsky Ed , Hamblin Michael R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractCentral venous catheters (CVC) are widely used in the United States and are associated with 250 000 to 500 000 CVC‐related infections in hospitals annually. We used a catheter made from ultraviolet‐C (UVC) transmissive material to test whether delivery of UVC from the lumen would allow inactivation of microorganisms on the outer surface of CVC. When the catheter was exposed to UVC irradiation from a cold cathode fluorescent lamp inside the catheter lumen at a radiant exposure of 3.6 mJ cm−2, more than 6‐log10 of drug‐resistant Gram‐positive bacteria adhered to the outer surface of the catheter were inactivated. Three to 7‐log10 of drug‐resistant Gram‐negative bacteria and 2.80‐log10 of fungi were inactivated at a radiant exposure of 11 mJ cm−2. UVC irradiation also offered a highly selective inactivation of bacteria over keratinocytes under exactly comparable conditions. After 11 mJ cm−2 UVC light had been delivered, over 6‐log10 of bacteria were inactivated while the viability loss of the keratinocytes was only about 57%.