bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Method of Streptomycin Chromatography and its use in the Examination of the Reaction between Streptomycin and Ammonia
Authors: Couling T E , Goodey R 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A new paper chromatographic method for streptomycin and similar compounds is described. It is used to detect the products of reaction between streptomycin and ammonia in low purity streptomycin; the presence of such compounds causes the microbiological and maltol methods of streptomycin assay to give different results.
The Assessment of Conduction Anaesthesia
Authors: Jefferson G C 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Experiments are described which involve observation of the rates of decline in the compound action potentials of frog sciatic nerve produced by local anaesthetics. The percentage reduction and regression, with time, of action potentials are assessed for each of four concentrations of lignocaine hydrochloride. The results are analysed for variance. It appears that percentage reduction of action potential gives a better assessment of conduction anaesthesia than the regression of potential with time. The percentage reduction of action potential bears a linear relationship to the logarithm of the concentration of local anaesthetic applied to the nerve.
The Alimentary Absorption of Some Enteric-Coated Sodium and Potassium Chloride Tablets
Authors: Wynn Victor , Landon John 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The alimentary absorption of sodium chloride and potassium chloride tablets covered with a new enteric coating, has shown their absorption to be satisfactory. Of three other brands, one has been found to be only poorly absorbed, producing diarrhoea in some subjects; a second brand was poorly absorbed in 1 out of 5 patients, while the third proved moderately satisfactory. Samples of all the brands of enteric-coated tablets passed the in vitro tests for disintegration specified by the British Pharmacopoeia (1958, Appendix 21B).
The Mode of Action of Tyramine
Authors: Davey M J , Farmer J B 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The repeated administration of tyramine to the isolated perfused guinea-pig heart gradually decreased the positive inotropic response which was paralleled by a decrease in the noradrenaline content of the heart and an increase in the noradrenaline content of the perfusate. Phenethylamine, ephedrine, amphetamine, guanethidine and bretylium were administered to the isolated heart until no further positive inotropic effect was obtained. The absence of an inotropic response with phenethylamine and guanethidine was associated with a decrease in the noradrenaline content of the heart. The absence of an inotropic effect with amphetamine, bretylium and ephedrine was not associated with a decrease in the amount of noradrenaline in the heart.
The Absorption and Excretion of Castor Oil in Man
Authors: Watson W C , Gordon R S , Karmen A , Jover A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Contrary to popular belief castor oil can be absorbed by human subjects. The absorption is inversely related to the dose and in small (4 g.) doses absorption is virtually complete. The fat balance studies were made both by the radio-iodine labelling of castor oil and by a new chemical technique, which utilises the rapid detection of ricinoleic acid by gas-liquid chromatography on a silicone gum column and incorporates an improved method for the collection, preparation and extraction of faecal lipid.
The Stability of Liquid Multivitamin Preparations During Use
Authors: Murray T K , Pelletier O , Campbell J A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The stability during normal use of vitamin A, vitamin C and thiamine in 6 liquid multivitamin preparations has been examined. Three samples were below label claim when purchased but no further losses occurred during storage of unopened bottles. Destruction of the vitamins was increased by daily removal of a portion of the contents and the stability of most samples stored at room temperature was unsatisfactory. The study suggests that the results of stability tests should be examined more critically to ensure not only that the products meet label claim when purchased, but also maintain a satisfactory potency during normal use. From the consumer's point of view the use of expiration dates which take account of loss during normal use would be most valuable. The finding of retrovitamin A in one preparation suggests the need for more detailed study of the complex changes which may take place in these preparations during storage and of methods to evaluate such changes.
The Preparation of Porphyroxine from Opium
Authors: Genest K , Farmilo C G 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Porphyroxine, a minor alkaloid from opium, is isolated by an extraction procedure, passed through Florisil and alumina (basic and neutral) columns, and eluted with solvents of varying polarity. Porphyroxine from the chloroform and acetone fractions recrystallised from methanol/chloroform in ribbed plates, darkens at 218° and melts at 234–236° (decomp.) corresponding to C22H24NO7, or C23H24NO7. Spectral, and paper chromatographic data of porphyroxine and derivatives are reported.
Potentiometric Measurements in Solutions of Non-Ionic Surfactants
Authors: Donbrow M , Rhodes C T 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Potentiometric measurements made in deionized cetomacrogol solutions show that the surfactant does not affect the pH values of sodium hydroxide solution or hydrochloric acid. The pH in buffer solutions containing cetomacrogol is changed to an extent which depends on the buffer acid. Possible mechanisms of this action are discussed and analytical applications indicated.
Some Aspects of the Pharmacology of Orphenadrine
Authors: Onuaguluchi G , Lewis J J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Orphenadrine possesses muscle-relaxant activity resembling that of tubocurarine in preparations of the hen, rat and frog. It antagonises suxamethonium-induced contracture in the hen but increases the duration of depression of the twitch height. The bearing of these findings upon the anti-Parkinson's activity and other uses of orphenadrine is discussed.
A Note on the Stability of the Trifluoromethyl Group of Bendroflumethiazide in Rats
Authors: Hasselmann G , Roholt K 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The effect of bendroflumethiazide on the teeth of rats on a carious diet was examined and compared to that of sodium fluoride to determine whether release of fluoride takes place from the trifluoromethyl group of the substance. No detectable fluoride was released.
The Absolute Configurations of the α- and β-Methylcholine Isomers and Their Acetyl and Succinyl Esters
Authors: Beckett A H , Harper N J , Clitherow J W 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The absolute configurations of the (+)-acetyl-α- and -β-methyl-choline iodides have been established, being related to D(−)-alanine hydrochloride and L(+)-lactic acid respectively. The (+)-, (−)- and racemic forms of the precursor amino-alcohols have been converted to the succinyl esters and these quaternised.
The Importance of Stereoisomerism in Muscarinic Activity
Authors: Beckett A H , Harper N J , Clitherow J W 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The muscarinic activities and rates of hydrolysis by acetylcholinesterase of the optical isomers of the acetyl-α- and acetyl-β-methylcholines of known configuration have been determined. The results have been correlated and the possible characteristics of muscarinic receptors outlined.
Absence of Capillary Permeability Response in Rats to Dextran and Egg-White
Authors: Bonaccorsi Aurora , West G B 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Intradermal dextran and ovomucoid fail to increase capillary permeability in rats resistant to intraperitoneal dextran although intradermal histamine, 5-HT and compound 48/80 are as effective as in control rats. When the skin of control rats is depleted of its histamine, intradermal dextran and ovomucoid are first ineffective but later increase capillary permeability although the skin histamine remains low. Chronic treatment of control rats with intraperitoneal dextran (which only slightly reduces both the skin histamine and 5-HT) prevents the local dextran and ovomucoid responses but does not affect those of compound 48/80, histamine and 5-HT. It is concluded that intradermal dextran and ovomucoid increase capillary permeability in rats by a mechanism involving substances other than histamine and 5-HT, and that this mechanism is absent in rats which do not respond to intraperitoneal dextran.
A Note on the Effects of Hamycinion the Perfused Rat Heart
Authors: Arora H R K 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The effects of hamycin, a cardiotonic polyene antibiotic, were studied on the perfused heart of the albino rat, a species resistant to the digitalis glycosides. Perfusion with a concentration of 1 × 1−8 g./ml. induced systolic arrest in 15 to 20 min. This was preceded by auriculoventricular block and a decrease in the heart rate. Effects on the amplitude of contraction and coronary flow were however variable. Ouabain. 2 × 10−6 g./ml. and propylene glycol, which was the solvent for hamycin, did not have any significant effects on this preparation.
Aspects of the Clinical Chemistry of Desmethylimipramine in Man
Authors: Yates Celia M , Todrick A , Tait A C 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A method is described for the fluorimetric estimation of desmethylimipramine (DMI), an active metabolite of imipramine, in plasma. The plasma levels of DMI were followed in six patients over a period of 4 weeks during the treatment of endogenous depression. The results suggested that there was an inverse relation between the mean plasma DMI concentration and the weight of the patient. Two to 3 weeks treatment with DMI was necessary before the blood platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine was significantly lowered, whereas an improvement in symptoms, if it occurred, usually took place earlier.
A Note on the Stability of Ophthalmic Solutions Containing Pilocarpine Hydrochloride Alone and with Eserine
Authors: Fagerström Rune 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The stability of pilocarpine hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions after heating and storage, and the influence of light and of two types of containers on stability, have been investigated. Pilocarpine was assayed by a modification of a published method. In ophthalmic solutions sterilised by heating to 100° for 30 min. it is stable for at least one year at 15–25° in the dark in bottles of good quality glass covered with a nylon cap. The stability of ophthalmic solutions containing pilocarpine and eserine during storage and after different methods of sterilisation was also investigated. This solution can be heated at 100° for 15 min. and, stored in suitable bottles, it is stable for at least 18 months.
The Fate of Tritium-Labelled β-Glycyrrhetic Acid in the Rat
Authors: Parke D V , Pollock Sylvia , Williams R T 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Tritium-labelled β-glycyrrhetic acid was prepared and administered orally, subdermally and intraperitoneally to male and female rats. Most of the radioactivity was excreted in the faeces, only traces being found in the urine. Administered to rats with biliary cannulae most of the radioactivity was excreted in the bile. Three metabolites of β-glycyrrhetic acid have been detected in the bile, but these have not yet been identified.
The Metabolism of 5-p-Aminobenzenesulphonamido-3-Methylisothiazole (Sulphasomizole)
Authors: Bridges J W , Williams R T 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The fate of the sulphonamide drug, sulphasomizole, in man, dog, rabbit and rat has been studied. In man, rat and rabbit, the major urinary metabolite, is N4-acetylsulphasomizole together with the unchanged drug. In man about 60 per cent of an oral dose of 30 mg./kg. is excreted in the urine in 24 hr., just over a third being acetylated. In the rabbit about 80 per cent of an oral dose (150 mg./kg. is excreted in 24 hr. and about two-thirds is acetylated. In the rat about 70 per cent of the dose (150 mg./kg.) is excreted in 24 hr. and just under one third is acetylated. In the dog, the main excretory product is the unchanged drug, there being no acetylation. All four species excrete small amounts (1 per cent) of the N4-glucuronide of sulphasomizole. Other minor metabolites detected were the N4-sulphate of sulphasomizole which was found in rat and dog urine, and an unidentified oxidation product present as a glucuronide which was detected in rabbit and dog urine.
Histamine as an Impurity in Samples of Histidine
Authors: Waton N G 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Commercial samples of histidine are shown to contain histamine, generally in small quantities, but occasionally between 100 and 260 μg./g. When this fact is taken into account in incubation experiments of tissue extracts no evidence is found for the presence of histidine decarboxylase in extracts of cat liver or kidney. This is in contrast to the original claim by Holtz, Heise and Spreyer.
Sulphamoylbenzo-1, 2, 3, 4-Thiatriazine 1, 1-Dioxides: A New Class with Oral Diuretic Activity
Authors: Lee G E , Wragg W R 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A series of sulphamoylbenzo-1, 2, 3, 4-thiatriazine 1, 1-dioxides has been prepared. While some of them were found to cause diuresis in rats on oral administration, none was more active than chlorothiazide.
Synthesis of Some Histamine Derivatives Having Potential Histamine-Like or Antihistamine Activity
Authors: Ingle P H B , Taylor H 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Twelve compounds derived from histamine have been prepared. In these the primary amine hydrogen atoms of histamine are replaced by methyl groups and the imidazole nucleus is substituted in the two position by a range of aliphatic and aromatic residues. Most members of the series have histamine-like pharmacological properties; two compounds have antihistamine activity.
Interaction of Cocaine and Tyramine on the Isolated Mammalian Heart
Authors: Farmer J B , Petch B 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Cocaine added to the fluid perfusing the isolated guinea-pig heart antagonised the action of tyramine in reducing the noradrenaline content of the heart. The extent of the antagonism depended on the concentration of cocaine in the perfusion fluid and on the amount of tyramine administered to the heart. Cocaine exerted its antagonistic action in concentrations which had no effect on the release of noradrenaline from the isolated heart, as judged by the absence of change in the noradrenaline content of the heart, and by the absence of a decrease in heart rate. These results may account for the antagonism by cocaine of the sympathomimetic actions of tyramine.
The Effects of Histamine Release on the Lipid Content of the Isolated Perfused Lungs of Sensitised Guinea-Pigs
Authors: Marquis V O , Smith W G 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The histamine release induced in isolated perfused sensitised guinea-pig lungs by antigen, trypsin, Russell viper venom, and compound 48/80 has been compared. At equi-active dosage for histamine release, these four substances released varying amounts of slow reacting substances. Neither histamine release nor the release of slow reacting substances appeared to be responsible for the changes in cholesterol, glyceride or lipid phosphorus of the lung tissue observed in these experiments.
The Effect of Some Anti-Acetylcholine Drugs on the Responses of the Isolated Rabbit Intestine to Sympathetic Nerve Stimulation and To the Action of Adrenergic Neurone Blocking Agents
Authors: Bella D Della , Gandini A , Preti M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The effects of atropine and some quaternary derivatives on the inhibitory responses of the Finkleman preparation to stimulation of the periarterial sympathetic nerves and to added adrenaline were examined. None of the compounds tested appeared to affect the inhibitory responses with the exception of N-diphenylmethylatropine, which much enhanced the inhibitory effect of the electrical stimulation. In addition, this compound antagonised in vitro, but not in vivo, the activity of several adrenergic neurone blocking compounds, but not guanethidine.
The Effect of Irritant Substances on the Deposition of Granulation Tissue in the Cotton Pellet Test
Authors: Cygielman S , Robson J M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The observation that in a group of substances derived from liquorice, anti-inflammatory activity as determined by the cotton pellet test seemed to be associated with irritant effects at the site of injection, led to the investigation of the effect of known irritant substances. It was found that tartar emetic, croton oil, talc and animal charcoal caused a significant reduction in the granulation tissue deposited around cotton pellets implanted in both intact and adrenalectomised rats. It is suggested that there is some limit to the total number of leucocytes which, in the course of a few days, can be mobilised to take part in an inflammatory reaction. Thus the two sites at which irritant effects have been produced, i.e. the site of implantation of the cotton pellets and the the site of injection of the irritant substance, compete for these cells, giving apparently an “anti-inflammatory” effect. This may well represent an important disadvantage of the cotton pellet test, making it suitable only for the investigation of non-irritant substances.
The Inflammatory Response to Implantation of Cotton Pellets in the Rat
Authors: Penn G B , Ashford A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The subcutaneous implantation of a cotton pellet in the rat evokes a short-lasting phase of increased capillary permeability lasting some 20 min. after implantation followed by a more sustained phase which occurs after 2·5–3 hr. The early increase is antagonised by lysergic acid diethylamide, reserpine and 5-HT. The peak granuloma weight is reached at 2 days, and then falls rapidly. Antagonism of oedema and granulation tissue by hydrocortisone and reserpine can be demonstrated at 2 days after implantation.
Some Antagonists of Atropine-Like Psychotomimetics
Authors: Lang W , Gershon S , Holan G 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The peripheral pharmacological effects of an anti-acetylcholine psychotomimetic drug, ethylpiperidylcyclopentylphenyl glycolate hydrochloride (JB-329) were found to be essentially similar to those of atropine. Both drugs inhibited parasympathetic effects and acetylcholine responses and produced potentiation of the pressor responses to adrenaline and noradrenaline. The compound tetrahydroaminoacridine, shown to be an antagonist of JB-329, was studied and its actions were compared with those of other cholinesterase inhibitors. Certain glycolic acid derivatives, some of which have been shown to antagonise the effects of JB-329, were also studied and their pharmacology and interactions are presented. The mode of action of the antagonists are discussed.
The influence of diet on the toxicity of acetylsalicylic acid
Authors: West G B 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The toxicity of acetylsalicylic acid in rats is greater when animals are fed a high carbohydrate diet than when they receive a high protein diet. Magnesium deficiency increases this difference, particularly in pregnant animals. The maximum B.P. human dose of acetylsalicylic acid is well tolerated by pregnant rats fed on the high protein diet but one quarter of this amount produced foetal resorption and deaths in rats fed on the high carbohydrate diet. Acetylsalicylic acid is not teratogenic under the conditions used and appears to be unlikely to be teratogenic in man since its dose-toxicity curve is steep. It appears essential to report the composition of the diet in toxicity tests.
Effects of anaphylaxis in vivo on the lipid and protein content of guinea-pig serum and extracellular fluid of lung tissue
Authors: Mann J , Smith W G 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Determinations of total cholesterol, phospholipid and glyceride in serum samples obtained from guinea-pigs by cardiac puncture before and after anaphylaxis in vivo indicated reductions occurred in all three fractions after anaphylactic shock. The fall in glyceride was preceded by a rise. Anaphylaxis also induced an accumulation of lipid in oedema fluid in the lungs. These changes were reduced in animals protected from anaphylaxis by pretreatment with a combination of mepyramine and ethanolamine or mepyramine and hydrocortisone.
Synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of some imidazoles derivatives
Authors: Ellis G P , Epstein C , Fitzmaurice C , Golberg L , Lord G H 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The synthesis and in vitro antiprotozoal activity of a series of nitroimidazoles are described. A substituted phenyl group and, in many of the compounds, a N-substituent were also present: vinylogues of some of the compounds are described. Several of the nitroimidazoles exhibit very high in vitro activity against Trichomonas vaginalis and T. foetus, and good activity against Histomonas meleagridis and Entamoeba histolytica. Their antifungal action was lower than that of some of the un-nitrated imidazoles. The antiprotozoal activity of these compounds is discussed in relation to their chemical structure. 4-p-Acetamidophenyl-, 4-p-chlorophenyl- and 4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methyl-5-nitroimidazole, and 4-p-chlorophenyl- and 4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-5-nitroimidazole are the most active against Trichomonas.
Halogen compounds related to the reversed esters of pethidine
Authors: Harper N J , Simmonds ALMA B 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Some 1-phenethyl-4-piperidinols and their acyl esters have been prepared and investigated in a preliminary screening procedure as potential morphine-like analgesics or cns depressants. 4-p-Fluorophenyl-1-phenethyl-4-propionoxypiperidine on oral administration to mice was found to be a potent morphine-like analgesic.
Observations on the anti-anaphylactic activity of hydrocortisone and related steroids
Authors: Goadby P , Smith W G 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Hydrocortisone and some synthetic analogues had negligible anti-anaphylactic activity in actively sensitised guinea-pigs when administered alone but they potentiated the protection afforded by mepyramine. Hydrocortisone did not affect the yield of histamine from sensitised guinea-pig lung subjected to anaphylaxis in vitro but reduced the amount of srs-a produced under these conditions.
The expectorant action of cephaeline, emetine and 2-dehydroemetine
Authors: Boyd Eldon M , Knight Lois M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Cephaeline, emetine and 2-dehydroemetine were administered, as the dihydrochlorides, in doses from 0.1 to 81 mg/kg body weight, orally and subcutaneously to 135 rabbits and 92 cats arranged for the collection of respiratory tract fluid. To the extent that comparisons were made, the effects of the three alkaloids were identical. The volume output of respiratory tract fluid was increasingly augmented by doses of from 0.1 to 1.0 mg/kg. No further increase followed administration of higher doses up to the highest non-lethal dose. Doses of from 9.0 to 81 mg/kg were increasingly lethal and increasingly depressed the output of respiratory tract fluid, probably through their cardiotoxic action. Lethal doses were similar for all three alkaloids and by both routes of administration. It is concluded that the expectorant action of ipecacuanha is due in whole or in major part to its content of emetine and cephaeline. The expectorant action of synthetic 2-dehydroemetine is essentially similar to that of emetine and cephaeline.