bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PESTICIDES IN BREAST MILK ‐ A PUBLIC HEALTH PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Monheit Benny M. , Luke Barry G. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractConcern in the community about the risk of environmental hazards such as pesticides seems widespread. Pesticides have been widely used in agriculture to enhance food production and pesticide residues are now found in most human breast milk samples taken in industrialised countries.A breast milk survey on 158 women in Victoria was carried out during 1985/86 among women attending infant welfare centres. The survey showed that the mean s̀DDT and HCB concentrations had fallen by 62 per cent and 74 per cent respectively since the previous Victorian study in 1978. However dieldrin levels had not decreased significantly and most pesticide levels, as well as those for PCB, were above the acceptable daily intake levels set by the World Health Organisation. The significance of these findings is still unclear.The response of governments and the media to this type of controversy is discussed in the light of the Victorian Breast Milk Survey.
The Origin of Hsi Hu or the Western Lake of Hanchow
Authors: Chang H. T. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryHsi Hu, the Western Lake of Hanchow, has been famous as summer resort and playing ground since the Tang and Sung Dynasties. During the time of Han, however, it was called Ming Shen Hu while in the time of three Kingdom, it was called Chien Tang Hu , the latter name being derived from the river, Chien Tang Kiang. Since the Hanchow city was built in the Sui Dynasty which is several hundred years after Han, so the history of Hsi Hu should be reckoned as much older than the city itself. On the other hand, Hsi Hu has never been noticed in any writings before the time when Shiuchinchu was published.The circumference of Hsi Hu is about 30 li or expressed more exactly about 4,987,879 sq. km. in area. The lake is closed by hills on all sides except toward the east. Those hills consist of the Carboniferous limestone, quartzose sandstone and liparite, the last one being of very young age. The sandstone formation could probably be correlated with the Nanking grit of Richthofen; but its contact with the Carboniferous limestone was not observed. On average, the depth of the lake measures about 5‐6 ft., the maximum being not more than 10 ft.Two articles have appeared dealing with the origin of Hsi Hu. The first is by Mr. Sekü, in his “Report on the Geology of Hanchow, Chekiang”, published in Journal of the Geological Society of Tokyo, Vol. XVI, 1909. Mr. Sekü's opinion is briefly as follows:
Adverse drug reactions of Shenmai injection: a systematic review
Authors: Zhang Li , Hu Jing , Xiao Lu , Zhang Yongling , Zhao Wei , Zheng Wenke , Shang Hongcai 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Objective To analyze adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with Shenmai injection and possible contributing factors. Methods We searched all clinical studies and ADR reports of Shenmai injection from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database, the Data Bank of Chinese Scientific Journals (VIP), and Chinese Biomedical (CBM) database. We collected relevant information such as gender, age, allergic history, and diseases treated in ADR cases; types, occurrence times, and severity of ADRs; and menstruum and compatibility of Shenmai injection. Results Of the 1828 clinical studies of Shenmai injection, 146 (7.99%) mentioned 576 ADR cases; 181 ADR reports mentioned 246 ADR cases. The most commonly affected age group was 40 to 69 (57.32%). In 36 (14.63%) cases, patients were described as having an allergic history. The diseases treated in ADR cases were principally heart failure and coronary artery heart disease. Thirty‐eight (15.45%) of the 246 ADR cases in ADR reports described anaphylactic shock, while the most common ADR reported in clinical studies was headache/dizziness. Of the 822 total reported ADR cases, 99 (12.04%) were class III, and 637 (77.50%) were class IV, and there were no fatalities. The menstruum of most Shenmai injections was 5% glucose. Incompatible drugs were given in 68 ADR cases. In ADR cases, the most common dosage of Shenmai injection was 40 to 60 ml; 215 (80.90%) ADR cases occurred in first time medication, mainly in the first 30 minutes after injection. Conclusions Current evidence shows that Shenmai injection had lower ADR occurrence, but some potential factors such as irrational compatibility, dosages may lead to a high risk of ADR. In future, clinicians should follow indications or functions to promote rational use of Chinese Medicine Injections .
Severing the Links between Education and Careers: the Sobering Experience of China's Urban Schools, 1968‐76
Authors: Unger Jonathan 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY China's attempt to free the school from having to sort and select people for the ‘better’ jobs in society, and its attempt to base that selection on other than academic criteria, did not have the results hoped for. Within the city schools, the students lost their motivation to learn and turned to rowdyism. In the operation of selecting people for further study and coveted jobs, there was much suspicion of nepotism and favouritism. However, in vocational schools prior to the Cultural Revolution, learning was linked directly with job placement and cut off from eligibility for university education. Even so, competition for admission was strong and the learning outcomes good.RESUMEN La interrupción de los vínculos entre la educación y las carreras: la aleccionadora experiencia de las escuelas urbanas de China de 1968 a 1976La tentativa de China de librar a la escuelas de tener que clasificar y seleccionar a las personas para los ‘mejores’ puestos en la sociedad, y su tentativa de basar dicha selección en otros criterios aparte de los académicos, no han tenido los resultados que se esperaban. En las escuelas urbanas, los estudiantes perdieron sus motivos para aprender y se orientaron hacia la rebeldía. En la aplicación del sistema de selección de individuos para ampliación de estudos y ocupar los puestos más codiciados provocaron grandes sospechas de nepotismo y favoritismo. Sin embargo, en las escuelas de formación profesional antes de la Revolución Cultural, la enseñanza estaba directamente relacionada con el lugar de empleo y separada de la elegibilidad para la educación universitaria. Aún así, las oposiciones para conseguir admisión eran fuertes y los resultados de la enseñanza satisfactorios.RESUME Couper les liens entre l'enseignement et les carrières: l'expérience modératrice des écoles urbaines en Chine, 1968–76Les tentatives de la Chine pour libérer l'école du processus de sélection des élèves en vue des ‘meilleurs’ emplois dans la société et ses tentatives pour baser cette sélection sur des critères autres qu'académiques n'ont pas eu les résultats espérés. Dans les écoles urbaines, les élèves perdirent toute motivation à apprendre et se tournèrent vers le chahut. Dans l'opération consistant à sélectionner les étudiants pour l'enseignement supérieur et les emplois de choix, l'on pouvait craindre le népotisme et le favoritisme. Pourtant, dans les écoles professionnelles avant la Révolution culturelle, l'enseignement était directement lié à l'obtention d'un emploi et totalement coupé de la préparation aux études universitaires. Mais même ainsi, la course en vue de l'admission était serrée et les résultats des études bons.
Research Methodology and Rural Economy in Northern Nigeria
Authors: Longhurst Richard 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY The principles of methodology of a research project in Northern Nigeria involving the collection of both farm management and nutrition data are described. This was a study of breadth rather than depth and so clear decisions were made about what was to be collected on the basis of time costs. The use of ‘registered‐non registered’, ‘continuous—one point’ and ‘data cores’ are described and discussed. From these follow the means of sample stratification using these principles. Some ideas for improving RRA are suggested.RESUMEN La metodología de investigación y la economía rural del norte de NigeriaSe describen los principios en que se basa la metodología de un proyecto de investigación en el norte de Nigeria, en el que se reunieron datos de información acerca de la administración de propiedades rurales y de las características de nutrición. Este estudio fue más extensivo que intensivo y, por esta razón, se pudieron tomar decisiones claras acerca de los datos a tomar en relación con el coste correspondiente al tiempo invertido. Se describe y analiza el empleo de las modalidades de ‘registrado/no registrado’, ‘continuo/un solo punto’ y ‘núcleos de datos’. De aquí se obtienen las medias correspondientes a la estratificación de muestras relativas a dichos principios. Se hacen algunas sugerencias para mejorar la Rápida Evaluación Rural.RESUME Méthodologie de la recherche et économie rurale au Nigéria du NordExpose les principes de la méthodologie d'un projet de recherche au Nigeria du Nord comportant le recueil de données agricoles et alimentaires. Etude générale plutôt qu'en profondeur: des décisions ont dû être prises pour savoir quelles données réunir sur la base du coût. Description et discussion des données ‘enregistrées ou non enregistrées’, ‘continues ou ponctuelles’ et des nucléus de données’. D'oú d'écoulent les moyens de stratification des exemples recourant à ces principes. Quelques idées sont avancées pour l'amélioration de l'évaluation rurale rapide.
The Fate of Primary Health Care in Brazil
Authors: Macêdo Carlyle G. de , Vieira Cesar A. de B. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY Primary health care programmes have only partially succeeded in redressing the health and health care inequalities suffered by the Brazilian population over the last few decades. In discussing a recent unsuccessful attempt to institute a national programme, the article suggests that vested interests in health care, technocratic disputes, and the lack of popular participation, have maintained the inequitable situation.RESUMEN El destino de la atención primaria de salud en BrasilLos programas de atención primaria de salud sólo han tenido un éxito parcial en remediar las desigualdades en la salud y la atención primaria de salud, sufridas por la población brasileña durante las últimas décadas. Después de analizar un reciente intento frustrado de instaurar un programa nacional, el artículo sugiere que esta situación se ha mantenido por la existencia de intereses creados en la atención primaria de salud, disputas tecnocráticas y ausencia de participación popular.RESUMES Le sort de l'assistance médicale primaire au BrésilLes programmes d'assistance médicale primaire n'ont réussi que partiellement à redresser les inégalités qu'a subies la population brésilienne durant les dernières décennies sur le plan de la santé et des soins médicaux. En évoquant un récent échec pour instituer un programme national l'article laisse entendre que des intérêts acquis dans l'assistance médicale, des disputes technocratiques et l'absence de participation publique ont maintenu une situation inéquitable.
The Politics of Primary Health Care
Authors: Segall Malcolm 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY All three main elements of the primary health care (PHC) approach — the alleviation of poverty, popular involvement, and health sector reform — involve issues of conflicting social interests, which explain the present slow pace of progress in most countries. The political character of PHC should now be made more explicit to legitimate and support the struggles of PHC protagonists to see official words translated into actual deeds. Six lines of action are discussed.RESUMEN Las políticas de atención primaria de saludLos tres elementos principales del enfoque de la atención primaria de salud — el alivio de la pobreza, la incorporación popular y la reforma del sector — involucran intereses sociales conflictivos, hecho que explica el lento progreso que ha tenido en la mayoría de los países. El carácter político de la atención primaria de salud, debería hacerse más explícito ahora, para legitimar y apoyar las luchas de sus protagonistas y, de este modo, ver las palabras oficiales convertidas en realidad. Se examinan seis líneas de acción.RESUMES La polítique de l'assistance médicale primaireLes trois principaux éléments d'approche de l'assistance médicale primaire qui sont: ‐l'allégement de la pauvreté, l'engagement populaire et la réforme du secteur de la santé‐, impliquent des controverses nées d'intérêts sociaux en conflit, ce qui explique le lent pas du progrès dans beaucoup de pays, actuellement. Le caractère politique de l'assistance médicale primaire devrait maintenant être rendu plus explicite pour légitimer et supporter les luttes des protagonistes du projet, pour voir la parole officielle traduite en actes réels. Six voies d'action sont présentées.
Third World Initiatives on Pharmaceuticals: a documentation for the record
Authors: Patel Surendra J. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY The search for rational and equitable pharmaceutical policies has become a worldwide concern in recent years. The Third World countries, particularly through the non‐aligned conferences, have played a key role in bringing this about. They have provided the needed impetus for the development of essential drug lists, bulk buying, use of generic names, and the abolition or dilution of patent and trade mark rights. Their most recent contribution has been to focus international attention on the need for norms and standards in promotion, distribution, trade, and technology in the pharmaceutical sector.RESUMEN Iniciativas del Tercer Mundo en fármacos: una documentación para el archivoLa búsqueda de una política farmacéutica racional y equitativa se ha transformado en una preocupación mundial en los años recientes. El Tercer Mundo, especialmente en las conferencias de países no alineados, ha desempeñado un rol clave impulsando el desarrollo de listas de medicamentos esenciales, las compras a granel, el uso de nombres genéricos y la abolición de los derechos y patentes de los productos comerciales. Su aporte más reciente consiste en haber concentrado la atención internacional en la necesidad de establecer normas y patrones en la promoción, distribución, comercio y tecnología en el sector farmacéutico.RESUMES Initiatives du Tier‐Monde sur les pharmaceutiques: une documentation pour le dossierLa recherche pour une politique pharmaceutique rationnelle et équitable est devenue, ces dernières années, d'un intérêt mondial. Les pays du Tiers‐Monde, particulièrement pendant la conférence des non‐alignés, ont joué un rôle clé à cet égard. Ils ont fourni l'impulsion nécessaire pour l'élaboration d'une liste de drogues essentielles et d'autres éléments informatifs sur l'achat massif, l'utilisation des noms génériques et l'abolition ou l'affaiblissement des patentes et des droits de la marque de fabrique. Leur plus récente contribution a été de concentrer l'attention sur le besoin d'un système de normes et de standardisation dans la promotion, la distribution, le commerce et la technologie dans le secteur pharmaceutique.
Histopathology of insulin‐induced laminitis in ponies
Authors: ASPLIN K. E. , PATTERSON‐KANE J. C. , SILLENCE M. N. , POLLITT C. C. , Mc GOWAN C. M. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study: Ponies with laminitis associated with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia lack systemic and/or intestinal inflammatory signs, suggesting a different pathogenesis potentially reflected in differing histopathology.Objectives: To describe the histological appearance and quantify morphological changes in primary and secondary epidermal lamellae (PEL and SEL) of laminitis lesions from ponies with insulin‐induced laminitis.Methods: Equine hoof lamellar tissue was obtained from 4 control ponies and 5 ponies with laminitis induced following infusion of insulin (1036 ± 55 µU/ml) while maintaining euglycaemia for 55.4 ± 5.5 h. Sections from all 4 hooves were stained and examined by a veterinary pathologist. Measurements of lamellar length (PEL and SEL) were made in mid‐dorsal sections of the right forefeet by 2 blinded observers. Immunolabelling for calprotectin was performed using a monoclonal antibody.Results: No lesions were detected in normal ponies. Lesions detected in ponies with laminitis were variable in severity between ponies. Within ponies, SEL lesions were more severe along the axial region of PEL. Lesions included swelling, disorganisation and abnormal keratinisation of epidermal cells, increased mitotic activity and apoptosis. Separation of basement membranes was minimal. Immunostaining revealed inflammatory cells within the lamellar dermis. SEL were significantly elongated in laminitic hooves relative to controls, with the greatest elongation in those attached to abaxial and middle regions of PEL.Conclusions: Laminitis induced by prolonged infusion of insulin lacked widespread basement membrane disintegration, and increases in epidermal cellular proliferation at axial aspects were marked for this acute stage of disease.Potential relevance: Defining equine laminitis entirely in terms of separation of the basement membrane may not be appropriate for laminitis associated with hyperinsulinaemia.
SU‐GG‐J‐45: Application of Virtual Patient Model in 4D IMRT Monte Carlo Treatment Planning
Authors: He W , Guo B , Xu X , Shi C 
Published: August 2010

Purpose: 4D IMRT planning using 4D CT images has uncertainties such as image artifacts, image sorting uncertainty and deformable image registration uncertainty. On the other hand, using virtual reality to create patient‐specific virtual model can represent the patient more accurately. Therefore, in this study, we are aiming to investigate the feasibility of 4D IMRT planning using virtual patient model. Method and Materials: The input contours for virtual model was from Pinnacle treatment planning system. The polygon of a structure formed from sampled control points, were used to reconstruct the NURBS surface of this structure. A 4D virtual patient was initially a sequence of 3D NURBS models at different phases. To be applied in real‐time breathing management, a few methods were used to adjust the model to account for the variation of breathing and to give model the ability to predict motion. Kaiman filter was used to predict the breathing curve. Two Monte Carlo codes, MCSIM and EGS4‐VLSI were used to simulate the treatment plan using the opening density matrix exported from Pinnacle optimization results. MCsim used patient's CT in dose calculation while EGS4‐VLSI used a phantom converted from patient's model. DVHS were compared for end‐exhale phase among the results from Pinnacle and the two Monte Carlo codes. Results: Monte Carlo codes benchmark showed good agreement for clinical measured data for 10×10 cm2 PDD and profiles. DVHs showed differences mainly due to the inhomogeneity effects for dose calculation. Conclusion: A virtual model based 4D IMRT method was proposed and preliminary results show the feasibility of this methodology. Varity exits among different calculation method, real clinical benefit of model based planning needs further investigation.Conflict of interest: Research supported by grant R0I LM009362.
SU‐GG‐T‐276: Dosimetric Characterization of a Set of Surface Applicators from Xoft Inc
Authors: Kennedy R , Pike T , Davis S , DeWerd L 
Published: August 2010

Purpose: A set of conical surface applicators with diameters ranging from 10 mm to 50 mm have been developed by Xoft Inc. These applicators are designed to be used with the Axxent® eBx System, allowing for conformal dose delivery for the treatment of surface lesions. Current methods of output verification for these applicators are based on the AAPM's TG‐61 protocol. Certain components of TG‐61 may need modification for applicators like those under investigation. The goal of this work is an accurate experimental determination of the output of each applicator with comparison to Monte Carlo determined values. Methods and Materials: Air‐kerma rate measurements along the central axis of each applicator were performed using an Attix free‐air chamber, and at the applicator window with two parallel plate chamber models. Each applicator was simulated using MCNP5 and a collision kerma tally was used to determine the air‐kerma rate along the central axis and at the applicator window. Results: Initial measurements of the air‐kerma rate at the applicator window with the parallel plate chambers agreed within the expected uncertainty. Extrapolation of the air‐kerma rate measured with the FAC back to the window surface agreed with the parallel plate chambers within 15% for all but the 50 mm diameter applicator. Monte Carlo calculated values agree with the parallel plate chambers for all applicators except the 50 mm diameter as well. Conclusions: Current forms of output verification for these applicators are based on TG‐61, which was designed for low‐energy external beams, not miniature X‐ray sources in an applicator. Initial work has shown that output verification may be performed using calibrated ionization chambers, however some aspects of TG‐61 need modification for use with applicators like those under investigation here.Conflict of Interest: Xoft Inc. provided sources and applicators.
SU‐GG‐T‐287: A Practical Method for Verifying Constancy of Output Factor for Small Fields Shaped by Variable Beam Limiting Devices
Authors: Nikolic M 
Published: August 2010

Purpose: To develop a reliable and clinically efficient method for checking the constancy of the output of small field sizes shaped by variable beam collimators. This is an important quality assurance measure because the output is strongly sensitive to even small changes in field size. Such fields typically require the use of diodes for beam measurement. A water phantom is required to center the diode for the output measurements, but a water phantom is impractical for frequent QA checks. We investigate instead a method based on the concept of integrated dose over the whole irradiated field using a large area parallel plate ionization chamber. Method and Materials: A PTW Bragg Peak parallel plate chamber (8 cm) and PTW UNIDOS electrometer were used to measure integrated dose delivered by the CyberKnife® Robotic Radiosurgery System (CK, Accuray Incorporated, Sunnyvale, CA) in a fixed geometry. CK field size was defined using an Iris™ Variable Aperture Collimator (Accuray Incorporated). Field size was determined from radiochromic film exposed simultaneously with the chamber measurement. Results: A quadratic relationship was established between the radiation field size and the temperature/pressure corrected reading from a reproducibly placed parallel plate chamber. For the 5‐mm field size, the smallest available on the CK, this measurement technique detected changes with an uncertainty of 0.1 mm. For this small field, a 0.1‐mm field size change corresponds to relative a change in output of 2%. Conclusion: For a given Linac and its output, a change in an area‐integrated dose reading is a clinically practical method sensitive to the field size changes. The Bragg Peak parallel plate chamber is practical, and large enough to accommodate the range of the field sizes (5 mm to 60 mm) offered by the CyberKnife.Conflict of Interest: The author is employed by Accuray Incorporated, Sunnyvale, CA.