bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wege zum Wirtschaftschemiker: MBA oder Zweitstudium?
Authors: Festel Cunter , Vilbel Bad 
Published: May 2010

AbstractDem Chemiker stehen verschiedene Wege offen, sich wirtschaftswissenschaftlich weiterzubilden. Je nach individueller Interessenlage bieten die verschiedenen Weiterbildungsformen Vor‐ und Nachteile. Ein BWL/VWL‐Zweitstudium vermittelt beispielsweise fundierte theoretische Kenntnisse, ist aber zeitaufwendig und berufsbegleitend nicht zu absolvieren. Für den berufstätigen Chemiker eignet sich ein BWL‐Aufbaustudium an einer Fernuniversität oder ein MBA an einer ausländischen Universität.
Beschleunigte Modellbildung mit Computeralgebra‐Simulation
Authors: Braun Stefan 
Published: May 2010

AbstractComputeralgebra‐Systeme basieren auf symbolischen, mathematischen Modellen. Mit ihnen lassen sich Berechnungsprobleme für mathematische Modelle sogar dann lösen, wenn noch keine oder nur sehr ungenaue numerische Daten zur Verfügung stehen.
10 Jahre Deutsche Einheit ‐10 Jahre Strukturwandel
Authors: Hauthal Hermann G. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn den neuen Bundesländern einschließlich Berlin ist die chemische Industrie heute überwiegend durch kleine and mittelständische Unternehmen geprägt. Trotz Milliardeninvestitionen, steigender Umsätze und Arbeitsplatzabbau besteht noch immer eine deutliche Produktivitätslücke.
Präparative annulare Chromatographie ‐ kontinuierlich
Authors: Facius Dirk 
Published: May 2010

AbstractDie annulare Chromatographie bietet ‐ kompatibel mit allen chromatographischen Methoden ‐ einen effizienten Ansatz zur kontinuierlichen, präparativen Produktion hochwertiger Substanzen auch in sterilen Prozessen. Die Basis für den kontinuierlichen Betrieb bildet keine zeitliche, sondern eine räumlich Trennung der Komponenten.
SNPs: kleine genetische Varianten große medizinische Wirkungen
Authors: Foernzler Dorothee 
Published: May 2010

Abstract„Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms”︁ (SNPs) sollen helfen, Gene zu identifizieren, die bei komplexen Krankheiten wie Asthma, Diabetes, Osteoporose oder Alzheimer eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Darüber hinaus beruhen auf diesen DNA–Polymorphismen Hoffnungen bei der Erforschung unterschiedlicher Wirksamkeit von Medikamenten und des Auftretens von Nebenwirkungen.
Analytische Chemie ‐fit für den Wandel?
Authors: Engelhardt Heinz 
Published: May 2010

AbstractEine Umfrage über die Ausbildung im Fach „Analytische Chemie”︁ an deutschen Universitäten führte zu einigen generellen Überlegungen zum Stand der Analytischen Chemie heute in der Ausbildung und in der Industrie. Was ist heute noch zeitgemäße Analytik?
Cheminformatik und Data Warehousing: Forschen mit dem Intranet
Authors: Selzer P. , Rohde B. , Ertl P. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMethoden aus dem Grenzbereich von Chemie und Informatik tragen dazu bei, die Effizienz bei der pharmakologischen Wirkstofffindung und Entwicklung zu erhöhen. Das Intranet als Verbreitungsmedium solcher Techniken stellt eine hohe Flexibilität und eine kurze Reaktionszeit sicher, um dem Anwender im Labor schnellen Zugang zu aktuellen Forschungsmethoden zu bieten.
Gentechnik stellt erneut Tabus in Frage
Authors: Maelicke Alfred 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIst mit der Geburt des Adam Nash der Weg frei für Designer‐Babies jeglicher Art, und was ist von Stammzellkulturen der gleichen oder gar verschiedener Arten als Gewebeersatz zu halten? Wieder einmal ist die Ethik vor Tatsachen gestellt, auf die sie nicht vorbereitet war. Die deutsche Öffentlichkeit, auch die wissenschaftliche, reagiert verunsichert und zieht sich auf dogmatisches Verhalten zurück.
Konkret und persönlich: So sollen die Unternehmen Politiker beraten
Authors: Guggolz E. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBASF und Emnid legen die erste Firmenstudie vor, die das Verhältnis zwischen Wirtschaft und Bundespolitik untersucht. Danach begrüßen über 90 Prozent der Bundestagsabgeordneten politische Beiträge der Unternehmen und halten ihre Analysen für besonders wertvoll.
Magnetic ionic liquid‐assisted synthesis of polypyrrole/AgCl nanocomposites
Authors: Wei Yuyan , Zhao Ye , Li Liang , Yang Xiaoming , Yu Xianghua , Yan Guoping 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe synthesis of polypyrrole (PPy)/AgCl nanocomposites with their size ranging around 70–100 nm are achieved by using magnetic ionic liquid as the oxidant in the interface polymerization system. The interface polymerization leads to the formation of uniform and unaggregated nanocomposites with a relatively narrow size distribution confined to submicrometer‐sized domains. The morphology and structure of the nanocomposites are characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The potential application of PPy/AgCl nanocomposites as a H2O2 biosensor is also reported. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Erratum: Magnetic ionic liquid‐assisted synthesis of polypyrrole/AgCl nanocomposites
Polyamide 6 treated with pentabromobenzyl acrylate and layered silicates
Authors: Lewin Menachem , Zhang Jin , Pearce Eli , Zammarano Mauro 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA study of the simultaneous application of a brominated flame retardant and an organically layered silicate (OLS) for the flame retarding of polyamide 6 (PA6) is presented. Upon treating PA6 with at least 7 wt% monomeric pentabromobenzyl acrylate (PMA), a UL‐94 V‐0 rating and an oxygen index (OI) value of 29.7 were obtained. By adding 1 wt% organically layered montorillonite (OMMT) and 10 wt% PMA, the V‐0 rating remained, indicating cooperation between PMA and OMMT. Higher concentrations of OMMT result in a decreased UL‐94 rating showing an antagonism. The size and mass of drops formed in the UL‐94 test increased with increasing OMMT, suggesting an increase in the viscosity and density of the pyrolyzing matrix. The effect of the Br additive on the peak heat release rate (PHRR) measured in the cone calorimeter is similar, but smaller, than that of clay. A calculation of the synergistic effectivity related to PHRR enabling a numerical estimate of the extent of synergism or antagonism is presented. When the ill‐dispersed pristine clay (Na+MMT) is used, the viscosity does not increase, the PHRR decreases slightly, but the mass loss rate (MLR) is close to that of the matrix. The time of ignition (TOI) decreases upon the addition of PMA, similarly to the addition of OMMT. This is explained by migration of the Br additive to the surface barrier similar to that of clay so that the low thermal conductivity (TC) barrier is formed before the ignition. Accumulation of heat in the barrier decreases the TOI. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Persistence with cholinesterase inhibitor therapy in a population‐based cohort of patients with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Amuah Joseph E. , Hogan David B. , Eliasziw Misha , Supina Alison , Beck Patricia , Downey Winanne , Maxwell Colleen J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPurposeTo estimate the risk (and determinants) of discontinuing cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) in a population‐based sample of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients.MethodsThis is a retrospective cohort study based on linked de‐identified administrative health data from the province of Saskatchewan, Canada. The cohort included all AD patients receiving a ChEI prescription during the first year of provincial coverage (2000–2001). Persistence was defined as no gap of 60+ days between depletion and subsequent refill of a ChEI prescription. Kaplan‐Meier analysis was used to estimate the risk of discontinuation over 40 months. Cox regression with time‐varying covariates was used to assess risk factors for ChEI discontinuation.ResultsThe sample included 1080 patients (64% female, average age 80 ± 7 years). Baseline mean (SD) Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ) scores were 20.8 (4.4) and 17.5 (7.7), respectively. Over 40 months, 84% discontinued therapy. The 1‐year risk of discontinuation was 66.4% (95%CI 63.5–69.3%). Discontinuation was significantly more likely for females (adjusted HR 1.34, 95%CI 1.16–1.55) and among those with lower MMSE scores (2.52, 2.01–3.17 if <15), not receiving social assistance (1.25, 1.07–1.45), and paying at least 65% of total prescription costs (1.51, 1.30–1.74). It was significantly less likely for patients with frequent physician visits (0.78, 0.66–0.93, for 7–19 vs. <7 visits), higher Chronic Disease Scores (0.74, 0.61–0.89, for 7+ vs. <4), and FAQ scores of 9+ (0.82, 0.69–0.99).ConclusionThe likelihood of discontinuing ChEI therapy was high in this real‐world sample of AD patients. Significant predictors included clinical, socioeconomic, and practice factors. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of biodegradable semi‐interpenetrating polymer based on poly(vinyl alcohol) and sodium alginate containing natural neem (Azadirachta indica) for controlled release application
Authors: Riyajan Sa‐Ad , Sakdapipanich Jitladda T 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA biodegradable novel semi‐interpenetrating polymer network based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and sodium alginate containing neem (Azadirachta indica) in the presence of azadirachtin‐A (neem Aza‐A) as well as glutaraldehyde as a crosslinking agent was prepared for use in the controlled released of neem Aza‐A. This is necessary because neem Aza‐A is not stable in the environment. The neem Aza‐A‐containing beads were prepared using various experimental parameters, such as the extent of crosslinking and the amount of loading, in order to optimize the process variables. The chemical structure of the capsule wall was evaluated through X‐ray diffraction. In addition, the swelling behaviour of the capsules and their thermal stability were investigated. The strength of the capsule wall depended on the PVA in the matrix and the crosslinking density. Scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis and atomic force microscopy data indicated that the structure of the bead walls is rough and nonporous. Swelling results indicated that swelling of the polymeric beads decreases with increasing exposure time to the crosslinking agent. At particular intervals, the remaining concentration of neem Aza‐A was analysed using high‐performance liquid chromatography. The release data were fitted to an empirical equation to estimate the kinetic parameters. The degree of release of neem Aza‐A was controlled by the parameter conditions. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Largely improved tensile extensibility of poly(L‐lactic acid) by adding poly(ε‐caprolactone)
Authors: Chen Long , Yang Jinghui , Wang Ke , Chen Feng , Fu Qiang 
Published: May 2010

AbstractPoly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) has good biocompatibility, biodegradability and physical properties. However, one of the drawbacks of PLLA is its brittleness due to the stiff backbone chain. In this work, a largely improved tensile toughness (extensibility) of PLLA was achieved by blending it with poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL). To obtain a good dispersion of PCL in the PLLA matrix, blends were prepared via a solution‐coagulation method. An increase in extensibility of PLLA of more than 20 times was observed on adding only 10 wt% of PCL, accompanied by a slight decrease in tensile strength. However, annealing of the samples led to a sharp decrease of extensibility due to phase separation and a change of crystalline structure. To conserve the good mechanical properties of PLLA/PCL blends, the blends were crosslinked via addition of dicumyl peroxide during the preparation process. For the crosslinked blend films, the extensibility was maintained nearly at the original high value even after annealing. Morphological analysis of cryo‐fractured and etched‐smoothed surfaces of the PLLA/PCL blends was carried out using scanning electron microscopy. Differential scanning calorimetry and polarized light microscopy experiments were used to check the possible change of crystallinity, melting point and crystal morphology for both PLLA and PCL after annealing. The results indicated that the combination of solution‐coagulation and crosslinking resulted in a good and stable dispersion of PCL in the PLLA matrix, which is considered as the main reason for the observed improvement of tensile toughness. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
A novel highly efficient β‐nucleating agent for polypropylene using nano‐CaCO3 as a support
Authors: Zhang Zishou , Chen Chunyan , Wang Chunguang , Junping Zhang , Mai Kancheng 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn order to increase the isotactic content of β‐nucleated polypropylene (β‐iPP) and decrease the cost of its production, the investigation and development of novel highly efficient β‐nucleators are important issues. Nano‐CaCO3 was used as a support to prepare a supported β‐nucleator, nano‐CaCO3‐supported calcium pimelate. Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis shows that an in situ chemical reaction takes place between nano‐CaCO3 and pimelic acid. Differential scanning calorimetry results indicate that the crystallization and melting temperatures of β‐phase in supported β‐nucleator‐nucleated iPP are higher than those of calcium pimelate‐nucleated iPP. The β‐nucleating ability of the supported β‐nucleator is little influenced by the cooling rate and crystallization temperature over a wide range. The decreased content of pimelic acid in the supported β‐nucleator slightly decreases the crystallization temperature of iPP but it has no influence on the content of β‐phase in nucleated iPP. A novel supported β‐nucleator has been successfully synthesized via pimelic acid supported on the surface of CaCO3. The crystallization temperature of iPP and melting temperature of β‐phase in iPP nucleated using the supported β‐nucleator are higher than those of iPP nucleated using calcium pimelate. The concept of a supported nucleator will provide a new way to increase the efficiency of polymer additives and to decrease the amounts of them that need to be used by using nanoparticles as supports. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Centralized solar lantern charging station under ‘lighting a billion lives’ campaign: a technological evolution
Authors: Mohanty Parimita , Dasgupta Nivedita , Sharma Arvind 
Published: April 2010

AbstractTo mitigate the use of kerosene for rural lighting and to promote utilization of solar energy, solar lanterns prove to be a viable and promising option. For addressing the issue of large‐scale dissemination of solar lanterns, a rental model is implemented though ‘Lighting a Billion Lives (LaBL)’ campaign. This paper deals with the technological development and customization of the Centralized Solar Lantern Charging Station (CSLCS) under this campaign.A single unit in a typical LaBL charging station consists of a Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) module feeding a junction box (JB) containing multiple ports for charging of a certain number of lanterns simultaneously. The first version was developed with an available Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) lantern model. The design calculation of the various components considering the various climatic conditions in India and other required parameters are presented. Further, the optimization of the modular design of the charging station based on the above analysis is given. Subsequently, the second version was developed with features addressing the challenges faced in the first version. The field demands and feasibility of incorporating modifications addressing them are reported in detail. Further, a more advanced and customized third version lanterns with additional features was developed. The versions also involved considerable modifications of the JB and lantern circuitry. Comparative analysis of the obtained efficiencies of all the three configurations is presented.The concluding section proposes methods that lead to the way forward in establishing a more rugged and customized system addressing the issues of seasonal and technological constrains more efficiently. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Highly efficient dye‐sensitized solar cells using phenothiazine derivative organic dyes
Authors: Xie ZhiBin , Midya Anupam , Loh Kian Ping , Adams Stefan , Blackwood Daniel John , Wang John , Zhang Xuanjun , Chen Zhikuan 
Published: April 2010

AbstractTwo novel organic dyes have been synthesized using electron rich phenothiazine as electron donors and oligothiophene vinylene as conjugation spacers. The two dyes (2E)‐2‐cyano‐3‐(5‐(5‐((E)‐2‐(10‐(2‐ethylhexyl)‐10H‐phenothiazin‐7‐yl)vinyl)thiophen‐2‐yl)thiophen‐2‐yl)acrylic acid (PTZ‐1) and (2E)‐3‐(5‐(5‐(4,5‐bis((E)‐2‐(10‐(2‐ethylhexyl)‐10H‐phenothiazin‐3‐yl)vinyl)thiophen‐2‐yl)thiophen‐2‐yl)thiophen‐2‐yl)‐2‐cyanoacrylic acid (PTZ‐2) were fully characterized and employed in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs) to explore the effect of disubstituted donors on photovoltaic (PV) performance. The solar cells sensitized by the PTZ1 dye have a high IPCE plateau of 80% and achieve a short‐circuit photocurrent density of 12.98 mA/cm2, an open‐circuit voltage of 0.713 V, and a fill factor (ff) of 66.6%, corresponding to a conversion efficiency of 6.17% under AM 1.5 100 mW/cm2 illumination. The different performance of the solar cells based on the two dyes can be understood from the studies of the electron kinetics by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). These investigations reveal that disubstituted donors in the organic sensitizers of three or more conjugation units deteriorate the PV performance due to enhanced recombination. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finding diabetic nephropathy biomarkers in the plasma peptidome by high‐throughput magnetic bead processing and MALDI‐TOF‐MS analysis
Authors: Hansen Henning G. , Overgaard Julie , Lajer Maria , Hubalek Frantisek , Højrup Peter , Pedersen Lykke , Tarnow Lise , Rossing Peter , Pociot Flemming , McGuire James N. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPurpose and experimental design: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most common cause of end‐stage renal disease and improved biomarkers would help identify high‐risk individuals. The aim of this study was to discover candidate biomarkers for DN in the plasma peptidome in an in‐house cross‐sectional cohort (n=122) of type 1 diabetic patients diagnosed with normo‐, micro‐, and macroalbuminuria.Results: Automated, high‐throughput, and reproducible (interassay median CV: 13–14%) plasma peptide profiling protocols involving RPC18 and weak cation exchange magnetic beads on a liquid handling workstation with a MALDI‐TOF‐MS readout were successfully established. Using these protocols and a combined univariate (Kruskal–Wallis) and multivariate (independent component analysis) statistical analysis approach, ten single peptides and three multi‐peptide candidate biomarkers were found. Employment of RPC18 and weak cation exchange magnetic beads proved to be complementary.Conclusions and clinical relevance: The proteins found in this study, including C3f and apolipoprotein C‐I, represent new candidate biomarkers for DN from the plasma peptidome. The automated procedures and implementation of independent components analysis provide a fast and informative system for analyzing individual patient samples in protein biomarker discovery.
Effects of reduced‐rate methyl bromide applications under conventional and virtually impermeable plastic film in perennial crop field nurseries
Authors: Hanson Bradley D , Gerik James S , Schneider Sally M 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: Producers of perennial crop nursery stock in California use preplant soil fumigation to meet state phytosanitary requirements. Although methyl bromide (MB) has been phased out in many agricultural industries, it is still the preferred treatment in the perennial nursery industry and is used under Critical Use Exemptions and Quarantine/Preshipment provisions of the Montreal Protocol. The present research was conducted to evaluate reduced‐rate MB applications sealed with conventional and low‐permeability plastic films compared with the primary alternative material.RESULTS: Reduced rates (100–260 kg ha−1) of MB applied in combination with chloropicrin (Pic) and sealed with a low‐permeability plastic film provided weed and nematode control similar to the industry standard rate of 392 kg ha−1 MB:Pic (98:2) sealed with high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) film. However, the primary alternative chemical, 1,3‐dichloropropene (1,3‐D), tended to provide slightly lower pest control even on sites with relatively low plant parasitic nematode, soil‐borne pathogen and weed pest pressure.CONCLUSION: If California regulations change to allow the use of low‐permeability films in broadcast fumigant applications, the results of this research suggest that reduced rates of MB in perennial crop nurseries could serve as a bridge strategy until more technically, economically and environmentally acceptable alternatives are developed. Published 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple P450 genes overexpressed in deltamethrin‐resistant strains of Helicoverpa armigera
Authors: Brun‐Barale Alexandra , Héma Omer , Martin Thibaud , Suraporn Siripuk , Audant Pascaline , Sezutsu Hideki , Feyereisen René 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: Resistance to the pyrethroid insecticide deltamethrin has been a growing problem in the management of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) pest populations in West Africa. Detoxification by P450 enzymes appears to be a major mechanism of resistance, but the genes responsible for resistance are unknown.RESULTS: First, it was shown that deltamethrin resistance in strains from Burkina Faso (Kaya) and from Spain (Seville) were suppressible by piperonyl butoxide and by trichlorophenyl propynyl ether, thus indicating a major role of P450 enzyme(s) in resistance. The larval expression of 21 CYP genes encoding P450 enzymes from six CYP families were then compared by quantitative RT‐PCR. Five genes, CYP4L5, CYP4L11, CYP6AE11, CYP332A1 and CYP9A14, were significantly overexpressed in the Kaya and Seville strains when compared with Heliar, a susceptible strain. Significant overexpression of multiple CYP genes (CYP4M6, CYP4M7, CYP6AE11, CYP9A12, CYP332A1 and CYP337B1) was also found in six field strains with different levels of resistance from Benin, Burkina Faso and Mali.CONCLUSION: Although functional or genetic evidence for the role of these P450s in resistance remains to be formally established, results suggest that multiple P450 enzymes contribute to deltamethrin resistance. This study is a first step towards the development of molecular tools for the detection of P450‐based resistance in H. armigera. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry