bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nickel doping of nitrogen enriched CVD‐diamond for the production of single photon emitters
Authors: Wolfer M. , Kriele A. , Williams O. A. , Obloh H. , Leancu C.‐C. , Nebel C. E. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractChemical vapour deposition has been utilised for the fabrication of nickel–nitrogen defects in diamond. By introducing nickel, as well as nitrogen into the process gas, this approach offers the advantage, that a direct formation of nickel–nitrogen centres on the growing surface is possible. This could therefore make postannealing steps superfluous. Nanocrystalline diamond films, as well as single crystal layers were grown under addition of nickel and nitrogen using different doping sources, namely: gaseous nickelocene, nickel powder and nickel wire. The amount of nickel present in the gas phase was characterised by optical emission spectroscopy (OES). In order to investigate the presence of nickel or nickel–nitrogen‐related defects, photoluminescence (PL) measurements at different temperatures have been applied. A strong fluorescence in the range between 800 and 900 nm, accompanied by a peak at around 817 nm, as well as a narrow peak at 788 nm has been observed at cryogenic temperatures (10 K). The peak at 788 nm indicates the presence of nickel and nickel–nitrogen‐related complexes in our samples. PL measurements at higher temperatures reveal, an initially rising intensity of a broad emission band at temperatures up to 200 K, while the emission is quenched at 300 K.
Measurement and analysis of ‘small’ packages in next‐day air shipments
Authors: Singh S. P. , Singh J. , Chiang K. C. , Saha K. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractPackaged goods are shipped globally using various means of transportation. Over the past two decades, there has been a continuous increase in studies that measure and analyse dynamic events that occur to packages during transportation and handling. These data offer useful information to design and test packages, and provide protection from potential hazards like drops and impacts. However, none of the past studies are directed towards single packages regarded as ‘smalls’. ‘Smalls’ or small‐package product systems are defined as those with volume of less than 0.013 m3, a longest dimension of 0.356 m and a weight of 4.54 kg or less. Packages that qualify for these specifications are often mixed together in a large carrying bag and handled with other single parcel shipments. This study measured and analysed the effect of moving this category of single packages through expedited shipments in the USA. The results showed that these packages experienced as many as 27 events comprising of drops or tosses in a one‐way shipment, and a maximum of 5.01 m of near‐zero G travel distance representing long ‘tosses’. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synoptic variability of the monsoon flux over West Africa prior to the onset
Authors: Couvreux F. , Guichard F. , Bock O. , Campistron B. , Lafore J.‐P. , Redelsperger J.‐L. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis study investigates the synoptic variability of the monsoon flux during the establishment of the West African monsoon using observations and ECMWF analyses. It highlights variability at a 3–5‐day time scale, characterized by successive northward excursions of the monsoon flux. Their characteristics and climatology prior to the monsoon onset are presented. These penetrations follow a maximum of intensity of the heat‐low (extension and minimum of pressure) and are concomitant with an acceleration of the low‐level meridional wind. Some penetrations are stationary whereas others propagate westward simultaneously with African easterly waves. Both types are investigated in more detail by case‐studies. This enables us to distinguish the boundary‐layer mechanisms involved in such penetrations. A similar conceptual model holds for both. It is argued that the heat‐low dynamics is a major driver of these synoptic penetrations, pointing to the predominantly continental nature of this phenomenon. In turn, the heat‐low can be partitioned by the penetrations. Horizontal advection is the main process that eventually accounts for these surges; nevertheless, turbulent mixing also plays a significant role by vertically redistributing moisture, and in more subtle ways by its contribution to the shaping of the low‐level synoptic environment within which the surges take place. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
A stochastic model for microtubule dynamicity involving mixtures of tubulin isotypes
Authors: Rezania Vahid , Tuszynski Jack A. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractExperimental studies on the dynamicity of microtubules in a mixed αβII/αβIII tubulin solution show a nonlinear dependence with respect to the relative αβII/αβIII concentration. In this article, a physical model explaining this phenomenon in terms of tubulin dimers' affinity is introduced. We argue that lower affinities of tubulin dimers belonging to the same isotype than those that represent different isotypes indicate hitherto unsuspected influences of tubulin dimers on each other within a microtubule. We further show that similar influences between GTP‐GTP, GTP‐GDP, and GDP‐GDP tubulin dimers could also play a major role in the structure of the microtubule tip and hence in determining the microtubule's growth and/or shortening phases. These results can guide a future atomistic‐level model development. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
The role of gold adatoms in self‐assembled monolayers of thiol on Au(111)
Authors: Torres Edmanuel , Biedermann P.Ulrich , Blumenau Alexander T. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe role of Au adatoms in high‐density alkanethiol self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) has been investigated. Surface reconstructions in ethylthiol (ET) SAMs due to gold adatoms have been studied using DFT calculations. Relative energies are compared based on binding and surface energies calculated for different lattices using the same unit cell. We have found a structure with two ET‐Au‐ET adatom moieties binding on top of surface gold atoms as the most stable structure. Our model is consistent with the structural parameters obtained from experiments. In particular, the simulated STM image displays the characteristic zig‐zag pattern. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
Matrix suppression and analyte suppression effects of quaternary ammonium salts in matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry: an investigation of suppression mechanism
Authors: Lou Xianwen , van Dongen Joost L. J. , Vekemans Jef A. J. M. , Meijer E. W. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn the matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF MS) analysis of some quaternary ammonium salts (QASs), very clean spectra of the quaternary ammonium ions were recorded with a strong matrix suppression effect (MSE). The QASs also showed a considerable analyte suppression effect (ASE). It was demonstrated that the MSE and ASE of the QASs can be explained well by the cluster ionization model. According to this model, MALDI ions are formed from charged matrix/analyte clusters. Various analyte ions and matrix ions might coexist in the cluster, and they will compete for the limited number of net charges available. If enough quaternary ammonium ions are present in the cluster, they will take away the net charges, thus resulting in the MSE and ASE. Our results also suggest that ‘the cluster ionization model’ is not in conflict with ‘the theory of ionization via secondary gas‐phase reactions’. The initial MALDI ions produced from charged matrix/analyte clusters will collide with other molecules or ions in the MALDI plume. Depending on the properties of the initial ions and the composition of the MALDI plume, secondary gas‐phase reactions might result from these collisions. The final ions observed are the combined results of ‘cluster ionization’ and ‘ionization via secondary gas‐phase reactions’. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gas chromatography/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry of triacetone triperoxide based on femtosecond laser ionization
Authors: Yamaguchi Satoshi , Uchimura Tomohiro , Imasaka Tomoko , Imasaka Totaro 
Published: August 2009

AbstractTriacetone triperoxide (TATP), which is used as an explosive in acts of terrorism, was measured by means of gas chromatography/multiphoton ionization/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry using a deep‐ultraviolet (deep‐UV) femtosecond laser as an ionization source. The fragmentation process was investigated by changing the intensity of the laser at the center axis of a molecular beam. A molecular ion was observed using a femtosecond laser, and the ratio of the intensities of the molecular and fragment ions decreased as the intensity of the laser increased. These results suggest that TATP can be efficiently ionized using a deep‐UV, ultrashort optical pulse. Furthermore, fragmentation was accelerated by excess energy supplied through higher‐order multiphoton processes under a strong radiation field. The detection limits obtained using the molecular ion and two dominant fragment ions, C2H3O+ and CH, were determined to be 670, 83 and 150 pg, respectively. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Partial atrioventricular septal defect in the fetus: diagnostic features and associations in a multicenter series of 30 cases
Authors: Paladini D. , Volpe P. , Sglavo G. , Russo M. G. , De Robertis V. , Penner I. , Nappi C. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the anatomical features and the associations of partial atrioventricular septal defect (pAVSD) in the fetus.MethodsThis was a retrospective multicenter study of 30 cases of confirmed pAVSD seen since 1996 at two referral centers. The following variables were available for analysis in all cases: indications for fetal echocardiography, diagnostic features, associated cardiac, extracardiac and chromosomal anomalies and fetoneonatal outcome. At fetal echocardiography, the echocardiographic features deemed indicative of pAVSD were: 1) ostium primum atrial septal defect and 2) loss of the normal offset appearance of the atrioventricular valves.ResultsEighteen of the 30 (60%) cases were diagnosed before 24 weeks of gestation and 12 were diagnosed later. Suspicion of congenital heart disease and known aneuploidy (trisomy 21) accounted for 60% of the referral indications. The two anatomical landmarks deemed indicative of pAVSD were detected in all cases at echocardiography. Twelve cases were isolated (one with increased nuchal transluceny at the 12‐week scan, one with polyhydramnios, one with fetal growth restriction) including four that were detected on routine ultrasound examination by the authors. Additional cardiac anomalies were present in five (17%) cases, four of which involved aortic coarctation. There were associated chromosomal anomalies in 13 (43%); however, excluding the six cases referred because of known Down syndrome, the adjusted association rate with aneuploidy was 29.2% (7/24). Extracardiac anomalies, including non‐chromosomal syndromes, were present in 10 cases (33.3%). Regarding fetoneonatal outcome, there were 13 terminations of pregnancy, one early neonatal death and 16 survivors, including four with mild to severe neurodevelopmental delay due to associated syndromic conditions.ConclusionsWe describe the key echocardiographic features of pAVSD in the fetus. In addition, we have confirmed that the association with trisomy 21 holds also for pAVSD, though to a lesser extent, with a 12.5% association rate in this series. In the fetus, pAVSD seems to be associated with a high rate of chromosomal/non‐chromosomal syndromic conditions, including skeletal dysplasias. Inutero, aortic coarctation represents the most frequently associated cardiac lesion (13.3%). Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transvaginal ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging for assessment of presence, size and extent of invasive cervical cancer
Authors: Testa A. C. , Ludovisi M. , Manfredi R. , Zannoni G. , Gui B. , Basso D. , Di Legge A. , Licameli A. , Di Bidino R. , Scambia G. , Ferrandina G. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractObjectivesTo prospectively assess the diagnostic performance of transvaginal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), using histology as the gold standard, with regard to the presence, size, and extent of invasive cervical cancers and the detection of metastatic lymph nodes.MethodsThis was a prospective study designed to examine patients with invasive cervical cancer by means of ultrasonography and MRI within 1 week before surgery. We included patients with early cervical cancer planned for primary surgery and patients with locally advanced cervical cancer planned for surgery after neoadjuvant treatment.ResultsAn invasive cervical cancer tumor was confirmed in the 33 patients triaged for primary surgery. A residual tumor mass was documented in 27 out of 35 patients (77%) who underwent surgery after neoadjuvant treatment, with no residual tumor in eight (23%) cases. Transvaginal ultrasound and MRI examinations showed the presence of the tumor mass in 56/60 (93%) and in 53/60 (88%) cases, respectively. Ultrasound and MRI detected the depth of stromal invasion to be greater than two‐thirds with a sensitivity of 100% (16/16) and 94% (15/16) (P = 1) and a false‐positive rate of 25% (13/52) and 15% (8/52) (P = 0.58), respectively. Both ultrasound and MRI provided low sensitivities (3/5, 60% and 2/5, 40% respectively, P = 1) and the same false‐positive rate (7/63, 11%) for the presence of parametrial infiltration. One of the 11 patients with metastatic lymph nodes was detected at ultrasound examination (sensitivity 9%) with no false‐positive cases, while MRI correctly identified three positive cases (sensitivity 27%, 3/11) with two false‐positive cases (false positive rate 4%, 2/55).ConclusionsUltrasound and MRI had similar sensitivity and specificity with regard to the parameters investigated. Ultrasound has the advantages over MRI of low cost, widespread availability and of being a relatively quick procedure. Ultrasound should be considered as a suitable diagnostic method in the preoperative work‐up of cervical cancer. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increase in cytosolic calcium maintains plasma membrane integrity through the formation of microtubule ring structure in apoptotic cervical cancer cells induced by trichosanthin
Authors: Wang Ping , Xu Shujun , Zhao Kai , Xiao Bingxiu , Guo Junming 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis study investigates the role of dysregulated cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]c) homeostasis on microtubule (MT) ring structure in apoptotic cervical cancer (HeLa) cells induced by trichosanthin (TCS), a type I ribosome inactivating protein (RIP). The TCS‐induced decrease in cell viability was significantly enhanced in combination with the specific calcium chelator, EGTA‐AM. Sequestration of [Ca2+]c markedly disrupted the special MT ring structure. Furthermore, TCS tended to increase LDH release, whereas no significant differences were observed until 48 h of the treatment. In contrast, combined addition of EGTA‐AM or colchicine (an inhibitor of tubulin polymerization) significantly reinforced LDH release. The data suggest that TCS‐elevated [Ca2+]c maintains plasma membrane integrity via the formation of the MT ring structure in apoptotic HeLa cells.
Mesenchymal stem cells regulate the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells through Notch signaling
Authors: Wang Yang , Tu Wei , Lou Yuanlei , Xie An , Lai Xianliang , Guo Fei , Deng Zhifeng 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on proliferation and cell fate determination of neural stem cells (NSCs) have been investigated. NSCs were co‐cultured with MSCs or NIH3T3 cells using an in vitro transwell system. After 4 days, immunofluorescence staining showed that the number of cells positive for the cell proliferation antigen, ki‐67, in neurospheres in MSCs was greater than in NIH3T3 cells. In some experiments, the top‐layers of MSCs and NIH3T3 cells were removed to induce NSCs differentiation. Seven days after initiating differentiation, the levels of the neuronal marker, NSE, were higher in NSCs in MSCs co‐culture group, and those of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were lower, compared with NIH3T3 cells co‐culture group. These were confirmed by immunofluorescence. The role of the Notch signaling pathway analyzed with the specific inhibitor, DAPT, and by examining the expression of Notch‐related genes using RT‐PCR showed that after co‐culturing with MSCs for 24 h, NSCs expressed much higher levels of ki‐67, Notch1, and Hes1 than did NSCs co‐cultured with NIH3T3 cells. Treatment with DAPT decreased ki‐67, Notch1 and Hes1 expression in NCSs, and increased Mash1 expression. The data indicate that the interactions between MSCs and NSCs promote NSCs proliferation and are involved in specifying neuronal fate, mediated in part by Notch signaling.
Human impacts, climate change, and aquatic ecosystem response during the past 2000 yr at Lake Wandakara, Uganda
Authors: Russell James M. , McCoy S.J. , Verschuren D. , Bessems I. , Huang Y. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAnalyses of carbon and hydrogen isotope ratios of terrestrial leaf waxes and the carbon and nitrogen abundance, ratio, and isotopic composition of bulk sediments from Lake Wandakara, a crater lake in western Uganda, East Africa, document human and climatic controls on the aquatic system and on the surrounding terrestrial vegetation during the past two millennia. Our data indicate that Wandakara was a relatively stable, productive lake surrounded by C3 vegetation from AD 70 to 1000. Abrupt changes in the δ13C of terrestrial leaf waxes indicate a series of abrupt shifts in the relative abundance of C3 and C4 vegetation caused by a combination of climate change and human activities around Wandakara beginning at AD 1000. Abrupt shifts in bulk sediment organic geochemistry, particularly C/N ratios and δ15N, indicate that human activities at this time caused permanent changes in the limnology of Lake Wandakara, including eutrophication. Our results suggest that the biogeochemistry of Lake Wandakara was more sensitive to shifting human impacts than to climate variations during the past millennium, highlighting the importance of understanding the intensity of pre-colonial human impacts on Africa's aquatic ecosystems.
The Post-1945 Food Shortage in British Malaya
Authors: Kratoska Paul H. 
Published: August 2009

British Malaya before the Japanese occupation was heavily dependent on imported rice, producing on average only 35 per cent of its requirements between 1920 and 1940. During the 1930s, efforts were made to expand rice cultivation, but progress was slow and did not even keep pace with population growth: imports increased at the same rate as domestic production.As war approached, the government of Malaya built up a stockpile of rice and had about one year's supply in reserve when the occupation began. However, a considerable proportion of this grain was appropriated for military use and the civilian population soon faced food shortages.
A Demographic Profile of the Chinese in Singapore
Authors: Neville Warwick 
Published: August 2009

This paper attempts to appraise just one facet of the Chinese community in Singapore — its demographic character and the degree to which this is distinctive within the broader setting of Singapore society at large. The information available as the basis for such an analysis is limited and more definitive statements on trends and differences will be possible as the statistics compiled from the 1980 census become available.Important changes are occurring within the Chinese community which have considerable significance for the republic but for which there is no direct basis of comparison with other ethnic communities. These considerations have not been examined here but include the changing behaviour in matters of kinship, associations and societies, marriage, religion, and similar elements central to the Chinese community. Perhaps the most significant of these currently is the issue of language and the active promotion by government of Mandarin not only as the official Chinese language but as a substitute for dialects in circumstances where, until now, they have been dominant. Although surveys of language use have been carried out recently, these have been too small and too specialized to provide a basis for general conclusions, and again it is to be hoped that the 1980 census data will provide an updated benchmark for this parameter comparable to that of earlier censuses.
The Datuk Kong Spirit Cult Movement in Penang: Being and Belonging in Multi-Ethnic Malaysia
Authors: Tong Cheu Hock 
Published: August 2009

This paper attempts to survey the development of a Malaysian Sino-Malay spirit cult, known as Nadugong in Chinese, or Datuk Keramat in Malay. The development of this cult shows that Malaysian Chinese are increasingly aware of their ethnic identity vis-à-vis the Malay identity, whereby local-born Chinese seek to adapt themselves to the patterns of multi-ethnic cultures while at the same time trying very hard to maintain their ethnic boundaries through the organization of their own socio-cultural institutions.The outcome of this adaptive response may be seen in what is known as localization — a multilateral acculturative rather than a unilateral assimilative process. This process renders the existing syncretized elements more complex and has served as an internal defence-mechanism against, rather than as an unconditional submission to, the on-going proselytizing ideologies of “Malay nationalism” and “Malay national-culturism” based on the parameters of Malay culture, Malay language, Islam, and Malay esthetic values.
Dato Onn and Malay Nationalism. 1946–1951
Authors: bin Tadin Ishak 
Published: August 2009

On 10 October, 1945, the British Secretary of State for the Colonies announced in the House of Commons an outline of a new policy to be adopted in Malaya.“His Majesty's Government have given careful consideration to the future of Malaya and the need to promote a sense of unity and common citizenship which will develop the country's strength and capacity in due course for self-government within the British Commonwealth. Our policy will call for a constitutional union of Malaya and for the institution of Malayan citizenship which will give equal citizenship rights to those who claim Malaya to be their homeland.”The Malayan Union was to be made up of the nine Malay States and the two Straits Settlements of Malacca and Penang including the Province Wellesley; Singapore was exclude.
The Malacca Sultanate
Authors: De Josselin De Jong P. E. , Van Wijk H. L. A. 
Published: August 2009

The importance of the Portuguese sources for our knowledge of Malayan history has long been recognized. Fortunately, most of them are now available in translation, and thus accessible to historians who have difficulty in reading 16th or 17th century Portuguese.In the first place we should mention the English translations issued by the Hakluyt Society. These are:
Erratum
Authors: Arasaratnam S. 
Published: August 2009

The editor regrets that in the previous issue, the article by Milton E. Osborne, ‘History and Kingship in Contemporary Cambodia’ had a number of printing errors particularly in the spelling and accenting of titles in the footnotes. In addition, the author has asked that the following corrections to the body of the text should be noted.p. 3, line 8. For 1835 read 1853.p. 5, line 31. ‘Roi’ should be ‘Rois’.p. 10, final line. The sentence ‘The emphasis is in the original’ should be enclosed in square brackets.p. 12, line 26. ‘throw’ should read ‘through’.p. 13, lines 27 to 32. The passage beginning ‘There can be few more …’ and ending ‘… religious and cosmological implications’. Should be a separate paragraph following the quotations annotated by footnote 38.Since the article was submitted to the journal for publication, R. M. Smith's study of Cambodian foreign policy has been published as Cambodia's Foreign Policy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1965).