bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of congenital colour blindness among Inuit in East Greenland
Authors: Norn Mogens 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT Purpose: To establish whether congenital colour blindness among males is still rare in Inuit (Eskimos) as indicated previously in 1893 and 1930, especially in East Greenland, as demonstrated by Erik Skeller in 1950.Mehods: The study was comprised mainly of school children. 540 Inuit in East Greenland were compared to 545 controls in East Greenland and Denmark examined by three sets of pseudoisochromatic plates (Ishihara 1932, original plate used by Skeller), Ishihara (1994), and standard P.P. 2 part Igaku‐Shoin (1994).Results: Only 1.0% of male Inuit (3/290) are colour blind, a significantly lower incidence than the 8.7% among Danish males in Denmark (15/173). The prevalence was the same in the three control groups, Danes in East Greenland, immigrants and Danes in Denmark. Deuteranopia is the most common type. Females showed the same low prevalence in all four groups.Major conclusions: Colour blindness is still remarkably low among Inuit in East Greenland as compared with the present three control groups.
Diabetic iris neovascularization. Natural history and treatment
Authors: Fernández‐Vigo Jose , Castro Juan , Macarro Ana 
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Purpose: To study the spontaneous progression from iris neovascularization to neovascular glaucoma, factors that determine how long it takes and the efficacy of therapy, we studied 81 eyes belonging to 67 diabetic patients.Methods: The eyes were divided into three groups: control group (29 eyes, 26 patients), photocoagulation group (37 eyes, 30 patients) and cryotherapy group (15 eyes, 11 patients). The controls were observed for at least 12 months, and the treated group over at least the following 3 months.Results: At the end of the follow‐up period 12 of the 29 control group eyes (41.4%) had developed neovascular glaucoma and 6 (20.5%) increased neovascularization. Seven eyes (58%) that developed glaucoma did so within 3 months. There was no significant difference between the laser therapy (improvement: 84%) and cryotherapy group (80.5%).Conclusions: At the end of the 12‐month follow‐up period progression from iris neovascularization to neovascular glaucoma is very frequent. There was no difference between laser therapy and cryotherapy.
Retinal examination intervals in diabetic patients on diet treatment only
Authors: Hansson‐Lundblad C. , Agardh E. , Agardh C.‐D. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPurpose: The aim of the present study was to examine whether type 2 diabetic patients with good metabolic control achieved on diet treatment only, developed sight‐threatening retinopathy during a four‐year follow‐up period.Methods: A retrospective four‐year follow‐up study was carried out including all diabetic patients on diet treatment only, registered at the out‐patient clinic at the Department of Medicine and referred for fundus photography to the Department of Ophthalmology in 1989 as well as all patients referred from primary care units for fundus photography during 1988 and 1989. One hundred and seventeen diabetic patients treated with diet only were examined with fundus photography after remittance, and after two and four years.Results: Age at diabetes diagnosis was 58.8 ± 13.8 years (mean ± SD), age at baseline was 61.5 ± 13.6 years, and diabetes duration was 2.7 ± 3.1 years. During the four‐year follow‐up period, 48 of the patients (41%) remained on diet treatment only whereas diabetes treatment was changed in 66 (56%), from diet to oral agents only in 57 (49%), and from diet to insulin alone or in combination with oral agents in 9 (8%) of the patients. One hundred and six patients (91%) did not have any retinopathy at baseline and 11 patients (9%) had minimal background retinopathy. At follow‐up, there were no signs of retinopathy in 93 patients (79%), 22 (19%) had minimal background retinopathy, and two had developed moderate background retinopathy. Out of those patients who were still on diet at follow‐up, five (10%) had developed minimal background retinopathy. Mean blood glucose and HbAlc levels, registered every year during the observation period, were higher at most time points in patients who received oral agents or insulin treatment compared to those who were treated with diet only during the entire observation period. No differences were observed between patients who received oral agents and those who received insulin alone or in combination with oral agents.Conclusion: It is suggested, that if the initial retinal examination reveals no or minimal diabetic retinopathy at the time of diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus, the second examination can be postponed at least 4 years in patients with good metabolic control on diet treatment only.
Hyaluronan in the exfoliation syndrome
Authors: Fitzsimmons Thomas D. , Fagerholm Per , Wallin Örjan 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPurpose: To histochemically analyze if the glycoseaminoglycan component of pseudoexfoliation material consists of hyaluronan.Methods: The hyaluronan binding region of cartilage proteoglycans was utilized in a staining specific for hyaluronan. The technique has been described and employed previously. Human donor eyes with and without the presence of visible pseudoexfoliations were analyzed.Results: Hyaluronan was found to coat the fibrillar exfoliation material on the lens, the zonules, the iris epithelium and the ciliary body. It was also found on a capsular bag following cataract surgery.Conclusion: In the anterior chamber hyaluronan constitutes one part of the exfoliation material. Abnormal findings of hyaluronan could be found in the cornea.
Temporal alterations in brain water diffusivity in neonatal meningitis
Authors: Malik Gyanendra K , Yadav Abhishek , Trivedi Richa , Srivastava Arti , Prasad Kashi N , Gupta Rakesh K 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAim:  To compare changes in apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in neonatal meningitis using serial diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI).Method:  Thirty neonates with meningitis and 12 age/sex‐matched controls were studied using DWI. ADC was quantified by placing region of interest(s) on periventricular white matter during acute illness and again at 21 days. Three groups of patients were studied: those with normal findings on both conventional MRI and DWI, those with abnormal DWI only and those with abnormal conventional MRI as well as DWI. Neurodevelopment assessment was performed in controls and patients at 3 months using Indian adaptation of Bayley scales of infant development (BSID) kit.Results:  Patients with neonatal meningitis with normal imaging (n = 8) showed no significant difference in ADC compared to controls. Patients showing abnormality only on DWI (n = 10) and on both conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as well as DWI (n = 12) had significantly reduced ADC (p = 0.001) than controls at baseline study. Follow‐up study showed no significant differences in ADC in controls compared to any patient group. Significantly reduced neurodevelopmental scores were observed in patient groups compared to controls.Conclusion:  We conclude that quantitative ADC may detect meningitis‐induced hypoxia early in brain parenchyma, which may be associated with abnormal motor and mental development.
Non‐metastatic cholestatic paraneoplastic syndrome associated with soft tissue sarcoma
Authors: BAL Amanjit , DUTTA Usha , DAS Ashim , KOCCHAR Rakesh , SINGH Kartar 
Published: May 2009

AbstractParaneoplastic syndromes have been described in association with variety of malignant neoplasms. The non‐metastatic cholestatic paraneoplastic syndrome first described as Stauffer's syndrome in association with renal cell carcinomas is also associated with other malignancies. We describe the autopsy findings of a patient with recurrent and metastatic leiomyosarcomas presenting with cholestatic liver dysfunction. The diagnosis requires the exclusion of all other possible causes of hepatitis and, where possible, resolution after the effective treatment of the underlying malignancy.
Human papillomavirus infection and premalignant lesions of the oral cavity: A cross‐sectional study in Allahabad, North India
Authors: DEBANTH Sharmistha , SINGH Premala Anthony , MEHROTRA Ravi , SINGH Mangal , GUPTA Subhash Chandra , PANDYA Shruti , CHOWDHURY Ajay , SINGH Mamta 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAim: To assess the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in premalignant lesions of the oral cavity using the second‐generation Hybrid Capture assay kit (Digene Corporation) and to study the correlation between this technique and morphological changes (koilocytosis) on histopathology in those lesions.Methods: A hospital‐based cross‐sectional study was undertaken including 92 patients with premalignant lesions of the oral cavity (the study group) and a control group of 35 patients with no oral disease. All the participants were interviewed regarding possible risk factors. Oral exfoliated cells in the saliva were tested for HPV DNA using an HPV RNA probe of 13 high‐risk HPV genotypes (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59 and 68). Simultaneously biopsy specimens of the lesions were examined under a light microscope for evidence of koilocytosis, an empirical marker for HPV infection. Pearson's χ2test using SPSS V.16 was applied for statistical analysis.Results: HPV DNA was detected in 44.6% of the study group (41 out of 92), and 14.3% of the controls (five out of 35). The association was independent of the influence of betel quid and tobacco chewing, two established causal factors for oral pre‐cancers. Out of the total 92 participants in the study group there was evidence of koilocytosis on the histological sections of 42 individuals (45.6%).Conclusion: The results support a strong association between HPV infection and oral premalignant lesions, particularly oral lichen planus and squamous papilloma. Koilocytosis on histology is a good predictor of HPV infection.
A couple with gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)
Authors: POURSOLTAN Pirooz , BEGBIE Stephen 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe present a 70‐year old woman with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) and her partner, a 79‐year old man with multiple gastric GIST tumors. This tumor is considered a rare malignancy with a reported incidence of 6–13 new cases per million. Our patients were found to have different genetic mutations in the C‐KIT gene as the cause of their disease but, given the rarity of this tumor, it raises a question about their possible exposure to carcinogens or another shared mechanism that might have been involved in the pathogenesis of this cancer.
Toxicity of docetaxel plus cyclophosphamide as adjuvant therapy for breast cancer in Chinese patients – the Hong Kong experience
Authors: YAU Tsz‐Kok , NG Ting‐Ying , SOONG Inda Sung , CHOI Chi‐Wai , LAM Ka‐On , NG Alice Wan‐Ying , LEE Anne Wing‐Mui , TUNG Yuk 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAims:  The docetaxel and cyclophosphamide (TC) regimen is increasingly popular as adjuvant chemotherapy for operable breast cancers. We conducted a retrospective study in Hong Kong to evaluate the toxicity of this regimen in Chinese patients.Methods:  Between January 2007 and May 2008 76 female Chinese patients with resected stage I–III operated invasive breast cancer were treated with 4 cycles of TC (75 and 600 mg/m2, respectively, administered i.v. every 3 weeks for four cycles) in two public regional cancer centers of Hong Kong. A total of 24 (32%) patients also received primary prophylactic ciprofloxacin (500 mg twice daily, day 5–14). Chemotherapy‐related toxicities were graded by the CTCAE version 3.0.Results:  The median age was 50 (range 26–67). A total of 68 (89%) patients successfully completed four cycles of chemotherapy. 72 (95%) and 16 (21%) patients developed grade 3–4 neutropenia and febrile neutropenia (FN) infection, respectively, in one or more cycles. However, no grade 3–4 anemia or thrombocytopenia events were observed. Other grade 3–4 non‐hematological toxicities were also uncommon, apart from allergic reactions in two (3%) patients. No viral reactivation was observed among the 8 hepatitis B carriers. Patients with prophylactic ciprofloxacin had less grade 3–4 FN infection (13% vs 25%, P = 0.214) and a higher chance of receiving the full scheduled dose (88% vs 62%, P = 0.045) than patients without.Conclusion:  The myelotoxicity of TC was substantially higher in Chinese patients compared with non‐Chinese patients in developed countries. Routine prophylactic measures are recommended to maintain the dose levels and reduce the risk of FN.
Risk of venous thromboembolism in patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy with 5‐fluorouracil, epirubicin and cyclophosphamide for early breast cancer
Authors: HOY Julia , NEEMAN Teresa , STUART‐HARRIS Robin , DAVIS Alison 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAim:  Previous studies have shown that adjuvant chemotherapy in early breast cancer (EBC) may increase the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Clinical experience suggests the combination of 5‐fluorouracil, epirubicin and cyclophosphamide (FEC) may be associated with a higher frequency of VTE than other regimens. This study aims to investigate the use of adjuvant FEC compared with other adjuvant regimens in the development of VTE in patients with EBC.Methods:  A retrospective audit was conducted examining all eligible patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy for EBC in the Australian Capital Territory from 1 January 2005 to 30 June 2007. Data were collected from patients' notes, including risk factors for VTE, tumor pathology, chemotherapy details and incidence of VTE. Comparisons using χ2 tests and independent samples t‐tests were made between patients who received FEC and those who received another regimen. Multivariate logistic regression was used to investigate prognostic factors for the development of VTE.Results:  A total of 325 patients were included in the study, of whom 176 received FEC and 149 received other adjuvant chemotherapy regimens. The incidence of VTE in patients who received FEC was 47/176 (27%), which was significantly higher than for patients who received other regimens (7/149, 5%, P < 0.001). FEC was the only significant prognostic factor for the development of VTE (OR 7.9, 95% CI 3.3–19.2, P < 0.001).Conclusion:  The use of adjuvant FEC chemotherapy is associated with an increased incidence of VTE in patients with EBC compared with other commonly used chemotherapy regimens.
Decreased Factor XIII Activity in a Patient With Subcutaneous Bleeding After Double Filtration Plasmapheresis
Authors: Seishima Mariko , Shibuya Yoshinao , Kato Genichi , Aoki Takahiko 
Published: May 2009

AbstractDouble filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP) is often performed as a treatment for autoimmune diseases including pemphigus vulgaris. We report a pemphigus vulgaris patient with subcutaneous bleeding, gradually spreading over a period of 10 days after DFPP. In this patient, factor XIII activity was markedly decreased. In three other patients, factor XIII activities were markedly reduced the day following DFPP, were but restored by days 7–10. From these findings, subcutaneous bleeding may have occurred in the present patient due to a delayed recovery of the decreased factor XIII activity after DFPP. Therefore, decreased factor XIII activity could be a critical cause of subcutaneous bleeding after DFPP.
A Case Report of Severe Visceral β2‐Microglobulin‐derived Amyloidosis Without Obvious Joint Symptoms or Radiological Findings in a Chronic Hemodialyzed Patient With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Koda Ryo , Yamazaki Hajime , Kazama Junichiro , Ito Tomoyuki , Saeki Takako , Emura Iwao , Miyamura Syoji , Narita Ichiei , Gejyo Fumitake 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBeta‐2‐microglobulin‐derived amyloidosis (Aβ2M amyloidosis) is a critical complication for patients undergoing long‐term renal replacement therapy. Osteoarticular lesions, rather than visceral organs, are susceptible to this type of amyloidosis, and the visceral form seems to occur at a relatively late stage. Herein, we report a case of severe visceral Aβ2M amyloidosis without obvious joint symptoms or radiological findings in a chronic hemodialyzed patient who had received long‐term treatment with glucocorticoid steroids for systemic lupus erythematosus. It should be noted that prominent visceral Aβ2M amyloidosis can develop without any osteoarticular symptoms or radiological abnormalities in dialyzed patients undergoing prolonged glucocorticoid therapy.
The Problem of Natural Evil I: General Theistic Replies
Authors: Gelinas Luke 
Published: May 2009

AbstractI examine different strategies involved in stating anti‐theistic arguments from natural evil, and consider some theistic replies. There are, traditionally, two main types of arguments from natural evil: those that purport to deduce a contradiction between the existence of natural evil and the existence of God, and those that claim that the existence of certain types or quantities of natural evil significantly lowers the probability that theism is true. After considering peripheral replies, I state four prominent theistic rebutting strategies: skeptical theism; Richard Swinburne's view that moral knowledge entails natural evil; the soul‐making theodicy; and the natural law theodicy.
SJL Mice Exposed to Cuprizone Intoxication Reveal Strain and Gender Pattern Differences in Demyelination
Authors: Taylor Lorelei C. , Gilmore Wendy , Matsushima Glenn K. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe role of mouse strain and the influence of gender on demyelination were explored for the first time in SJL mice using the cuprizone intoxication model. We document here that SJL mice display a unique pattern of demyelination that did not follow the profile that is well‐characterized in C57BL/6 mice. The SJL mice did not readily demyelinate at the midline within the corpus callosum but showed greater demyelination immediately lateral to midline. During continuous exposure to cuprizone, demyelination was not complete and appeared to plateau after week 7. Importantly, female mice were partially resistant to demyelination, whereas male mice were more severely demyelinated. Differences in the number of mature oligodendrocytes were consistent with the extent of demyelination; however, microglia, astrocyte and oligodendrocyte precursor cell populations did not differ between male and female mice. Thus, genetic factors and gender influence susceptibility to demyelinating disease in the cuprizone model, which may provide additional insights into the variability observed in human demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
Differential Expression of Utrophin‐A and ‐B Promoters in the Central Nervous System (CNS) of Normal and Dystrophic mdx Mice
Authors: Baby Santhosh M. , Bogdanovich Sasha , Willmann Gabriel , Basu Utpal , Lozynska Olga , Khurana Tejvir S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractUtrophin (Utrn) is the autosomal homolog of dystrophin, the Duchene Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) locus product and of therapeutic interest, as its overexpression can compensate dystrophin's absence. Utrn is transcribed by Utrn‐A and ‐B promoters with mRNAs differing at their 5′ ends. However, previous central nervous system (CNS) studies used C‐terminal antibodies recognizing both isoforms. As this distinction may impact upregulation strategies, we generated Utrn‐A and ‐B promoter‐specific antibodies, Taqman Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based absolute copy number assays, and luciferase‐reporter constructs to study CNS of normal and dystrophic mdx mice. Differential expression of Utrn‐A and ‐B was noted in microdissected and capillary‐enriched fractions. At the protein level, Utrn‐B was predominantly expressed in vasculature and ependymal lining, whereas Utrn‐A was expressed in neurons, astrocytes, choroid plexus and pia mater. mRNA quantification demonstrated matching patterns of differential expression; however, transcription–translation mismatch was noted for Utrn‐B in caudal brain regions. Utrn‐A and Utrn‐B proteins were significantly upregulated in olfactory bulb and cerebellum of mdx brain. Differential promoter activity, mRNA and protein expressions were studied in cultured C2C12, bEnd3, neurons and astrocytes. Promoter activity ranking for Utrn‐A and ‐B was neurons > astrocytes >  C2C12 > bEnd3 and bEnd3 > astrocytes >  neurons > C2C12, respectively. Our results identify promoter usage patterns for therapeutic targeting and define promoter‐specific differential distribution of Utrn isoforms in normal and dystrophic CNS.
Political Elites and the Culture of Social Movements
Authors: Irons Jenny 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWhile sociologists have paid a great deal of attention to how political elites matter for the emergence and development of social movements, they have focused less explicitly on how political elites matter for the culture of social movements. This essay reviews work that directly and indirectly addresses this relationship, showing how political elites matter for various aspects of movement culture, like collective identity and framing. It also reviews literature that suggests how movement culture comes to impact political elites. The essay concludes by drawing from very recent scholarship to argue that to best understand political elites and the culture of social movements, we need to think about culture and structure as intertwined and to understand how relations matters in the construction of meaning.
VERGLEICHENDE REFRAKTIONSBESTIMMUNGEN: (SNELLEN'S TAFEL, THORNER‐BUSGHS REFRAKTOMETER, SKIASKOPIE, HOLTHS KINESKOPIE)
Authors: GJESSING HARALD G. A. 
Published: May 2009

Resumé.Sowohl Thorner‐Busch Refraktometer, die Skiaskopie in 1 Meters Abstand mit Vierteldioptriengläsern als auch Holths Kineskopie ergehen, verglichen mit der gervöhnlichen Refraktionsbestimmung mit Snellen's Tafel, so naheliegende Resultate, dass diese Methoden in der täglichen Praxis annähernd gleichwertig sind.Die Unterschiede zwischen diesen 4 Methoden übersteigen in den meisten Fällen nicht 0,5 Dptr. —Mit einiger Übung ist die Skiaskopie die für den Arzt und Augenarzt schnellste Methode — mit Lesetafel und evtl. einer Prüfung mit + oder — 0,5 sphärisch und mit astigmatischen Cylindergläsern — als ergänzende und abschliessende Untersuchungen.Holth's Kineskopie ist die Methode, die derjenigen mit Snellens Tafel am nächsten kommt bezgl. identische Resultate. Sie steht in wissenschaftlicher Genauigkeit sowohl über der Skiaskopie als auch der Untersuchung mit dem Refraktometer. Sie hat auch Vorteile, die die anderen Methoden vermissen lassen. Sie gestattet z. B. die Refraktionsbestimmung bei bedeutenden Verdunklungen in den Medien, bei sehr enger Pupille und bei Simulanten, aber auf der anderen Seite setzt sie eine gewisse Intelligens voraus, die nicht bei allen Patienten vorhanden ist. —Thorner‐Buschs Refraktometer gibt Resultate, die sich mit denen decken, die bei der gewöhnlichen Skiaskopie in 1 Meters Abstand, wo kein Astigmatismus vorliegt, gewonnen werden, — sie sind vielleicht sogar etwas genauer. Zudem ist die Benutzung des Refraktometers sehr einfach.
CONTRIBUTION A l‘ÉTUDE DES KYSTES SPONTANES ISSUS DE LA FACE POSTÉRIEURE DE l'IRIS
Authors: Granström Karl Otto 
Published: May 2009

Résué.Description d'un kyste intra oculaire spontané, issu de l'épithélium irien. Aucun accroissement visible du kyste pendant une observation de deux ans. Pas d'irritation intra oculaire, pas d'hypertonie. Aucune intervention opératoire n'a été pratiquée.Il ressort de la présente observation que les kystes de cette nature peuvent être fort bénignes et qu'il n'est pas nécessaire d'intervenir immédiatement.