bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of some soil amendments on plant growth, survival and yield of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in relation to sodium toxicity
Authors: Ayoub Ali T. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYSoil amendments, gypsum, wheat straw mulch and animal manure, were tested on P. vulgaris at toxic and nontoxic sodium chloride levels in the soil. Slower growth rate and gradual death of seedlings were found under saline conditions.Gypsum and straw mulch increased bean tolerance to salinity which was associated with higher plant survival and greater plant vigour.Seed yield/ha was increased by an average of about 30 and 50% with gypsum and straw mulch treatments, respectively, and the gypsum plus straw mulch treatment resulted in an increase of about 100% in seed yield. Number of plants survived and to a lesser degree seed weight were the predominant factors affecting seed yield/ha. The analysis of multiple correlation showed that variation in yield/ha was attributable most to the number of plants/m2.
Genotype X macro- and micro-environment interactions in barley populations (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Authors: Tripathi I. D. , Singh M. , Chandra S. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryTriple test cross progenies arising from F2 of three crosses, namely, C164 x EB1556 BG25 x NP21 and BH15 x RD103, were used for investigating their interactions with macro- and micro-environments for number of days to heading, plant height, number of tillers per plant, ear length, number of grains per ear, 100-grain weight and yield per plant in barley. The analysis indicated, in general, that the additive component of genetic variance was more sensitive to macro-environment than non-additive components. In order to have a more precise estimate of this component, an experiment repeated over a larger number of locations and years would be desirable. The ‘j and l’type of epistasis showed sensitivity equal to the dominance components in response to the change of soil conditions. Covariances between family means and variances were used to detect the interactions of genetic components with the micro-environmental differences. The additive and the dominance components showed sensitivity to microenvironmental changes and were not differentially affected by the adverse soil condition compared with normal soil. The additive gene effects were relatively more sensitive, indicating the probable superiority of heterozygotes over the corresponding homozygotes with regard to stability.Amongst the three populations, the population resulting from BH15 x RD103 was found to be most sensitive. Although the genotype x environment interaction for a character was population-specific, number of grains per ear and yield per plant were invariably the most sensitive.
Plant traits and yield stability of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars under drought stress
Authors: Acosta-Gallegos J. A. , Adams M. W. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe objective of this study was to identify traits related to growth and yield response under drought stress in the field which would show less variation than yield itself. Experiments were conducted in 1987, at Durango, Mexico and at Michigan, USA. Twenty-six dry bean genotypes were sown under supplementary irrigation and terminal drought stress. Plant samples were taken at 50% flowering, mid-pod-filling and physiological maturity. At both sites, leaf expansion rate and crop growth rate at mid-pod-filling were greatly reduced by drought stress, resulting in significant reductions in total dry matter (DM) above ground and seed yield at physiological maturity. Because of differences in the timing and intensity of the drought stress, the yield components were affected differently at each location. Total DM content at physiological maturity, harvest index and number of pods/m2 were the only traits positively correlated with yield under stress at both locations. In order to evaluate a group of genotypes for adaptation to drought on the basis of seed yield, the genotypes should be grouped according to their phenological characteristics to stress them evenly.
Ammonia emission from slurry applied to wheat stubble and rape in North Germany
Authors: Bless H.-G. , Beinhauer R. , Sattelmacher B. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn 1989 three experiments with up to three different treatments each were carried out in North Germany to determine the ammonia flux densities after the application of liquid slurry using the micrometeorological mass balance method.In Expts 1 and 2, pig slurry was applied with a conventional surface spreader to wheat stubble. The results demonstrated the influence of meteorological conditions and that of incorporation on the extent of ammonia volatilization. In comparison to warm and windy conditions, NH3 losses decreased from 56% of the NH4-N applied to wheat stubble to 42% during a cool and rainy period. When slurry was incorporated immediately into the soil, ammonia losses were significantly reduced to 20 and 10%, respectively, of the applied NH4-N. The highest losses (67% NH4-N) were found when slurry was applied during warm weather on wheat stubble covered with chopped straw. Soil cultivation of the wheat stubble before the application of slurry diminished the ammonia emission from 42 to 28% of the NH4-N.In Expt 3, cattle slurry was applied to rape. It was found that compared with a conventional surface spreader the ammonia volatilization was reduced from 68 to 58% of the NH4-N when an alternative distribution system consisting of drag hoses was used for the application.
The fate and behaviour of imbibed water in the rumen of cattle
Authors: Cafe L. M. , Poppi D. P. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe quantity of imbibed water that bypassed the rumen directly or rapidly effluxed from the rumen was investigated in four steers offered water marked with CrEDTA. Water was offered for short periods designed to simulate the drinking patterns that occur under extensive grazing conditions. Animals were fed either low quality pangola hay in the long form or a concentrate diet. Bypass of imbibed water was calculated by difference from marker imbibed and that present in the rumen on emptying after water had been imbibed. It thus represents the passage of marked water directly to the omasum/abomasum and that which rapidly effluxed from the rumen before emptying. Bypass of imbibed marked water was 19·0 and 25·3% for animals consuming pangola and concentrate respectively (significantly different from zero but no significant diet effect). Imbibed water entering the rumen mixed rapidly so that liquid from a posterior site in the rumen had a similar concentration of Cr to that from an anterior site in the proximity of the reticulum and cranial sac by about 1 h after drinking. There was no effect of rumen sampling site on the fractional outflow rate of CrEDTA (from imbibed marked water) from the rumen. It was concluded that most water which is drunk after a period of water deprivation will enter the rumen, mix rapidly and have a fractional outflow rate similar to other fluid in the rumen. The values derived may be used to calculate the amounts of supplement needed in drinking water if the target site is the rumen or intestines of cattle with intermittent access to water under extensive grazing conditions.
Food intake and ruminal osmolality in sheep: differentiation of the effect of osmolality from that of the products of maize silage fermentation
Authors: Phillip L. E. , Buchanan-Smith J. G. , Grovum W. L. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYFive rumen-cannulated Cheviot lambs were used in two successive experiments to differentiate the effect of osmolality from the specific effects of the soluble compounds in maize silage on voluntary intake and ruminal motility. In Expt 1, extracts from fresh (FCE) and ensiled (CSE) maize were adjusted to pH 6·5 andtonicities of 200, 400, 800, and 1600 m-osmol/kg with NaCl, then infused into the rumen according to a 5×5 repeated latin-square design. Water was infused as the control. In Expt 2 solutions of NaCl, with tonicities similar to those in Expt 1, were also infused into the rumen. The lambs were fed ad libitum a diet of pelleted lucerne, but on the morning of infusion they were deprived of food for 4 h and infused continuously for 4 h commencing after 1 h of food deprivation. The infusion of FCE and CSE resulted in no significant difference in cumulative dry matter (D.M.) intake. However, increasing the tonicities of the infusates caused a linear increase (P < 0·05) in ruminal osmolality and a corresponding linear reduction in food intake during the first 30 min of feeding. Infusion of NaCl alone produced a similar effect on intake. The linear regression coefficients of food intake (Y) (g D.M./kg W0·75) against rumen osmolality (X) (m-osmol/kg) were –0·077±0·0085 (r2 = 0·78), –0·082±0·0095 (r2 = 0·76) and –0·073±0·0065 (r2 = 0·84) for FCE, CSE and NaCl, respectively, with no significant differences among the infusates. The frequencies of ruminal contractions during the infusion of FCE and CSE were similar (P > 0·05) and were unaffected (P > 0·05) by ruminal osmolality up to 550 m-osmol.
Some observations on high- and low-potassium Chokla sheep given water intermittently under semi-arid conditions
Authors: More T. , Rawat P. S. , Sahni K. L. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYNon-breeding groups, I, II and III, each with six high-potassium (HK) and six lowpotassium(LK) Chokla ewes were given water once in 24, 48 and 72 h respectively. In the next summer, seven ewes (4 HK and 3 LK) from each group I, II and III were switched over to a watering schedule of once in 24, 72 and 96 h respectively and were naturally bred. All the animals were maintained on grazing alone.Water deprivation for 72 h caused 18·8 and 19·2% body weight loss in HK and LKewes respectively; an overall average maintenance of weight loss in LK ewes was significantly higher than in HK ewes from the same group. There were significant differences in water intake due to treatments only. The HK and LK ewes from groups I and III showed a similar trend.Pregnant ewes of HK and LK types given water once in 96 h lost 21·7 and 23·8% of their body weights respectively. Corresponding weight loss in aborted ewes were 23·8 and 33·3%. Two ewes, each from 3 LK and 4 HK animals aborted owing to water deprivation for 96 h. The water intake reached 30 and 36·5% of body weight in LK and HK pregnant ewes given water intermittently.The wool attributes of non-pregnant ewes did not indicate a significant influence of blood potassium types. Four out of five ewes of the LK phenotype died during 3 years, irrespective of watering schedule.
Inhibition of iron precipitation from field drainage water
Authors: Vaughan D. , Ord B. G. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryIn field drainage waters, Fe(II) can be oxidized to Fe(III), which is precipitated as iron ochre. At a farm near Aberdeen, Scotland, ochre is precipitated both chemically and biologically. The precipitation was delayed using the antibiotic D-threo-chloramphenicol and Cu(II) ions. Iron deposition was delayed on glass slides coated with copper filings. It is suggested that the incorporation and slow release of substances which inhibit ochre formation, from drainage pipe material, would be a valuable method of controlling the ochre problem.
Potassium in soils under different cropping systems:1. Behaviour of K remaining in soils from classical and rotation experiments at Rothamsted and Woburn and evaluation of methods of measuring soil potassium
Authors: Johnston A. E. , Addiscott T. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYMeasurements made on soils from the Ley–Arable rotation experiments and some of the Classical experiments at Rothamsted and Woburn are described. Values of exchangeable K, equilibrium activity ratio, equilibrium K potential, and buffer capacity are given for each plot. Potassium quantity/intensity relationships measured for each plot showed that no differences in K exchange behaviour have arisen as a result of manuring or of ley or arable treatments. The only fundamental variation was in the quantity of K in the soils. Continuous ley plots, whether given N fertilizer or containing clover, contained much more K than plots carrying crop rotations. In the Classical experiment soils, quantity of K depended largely on manuring.Potassium uptakes by ryegrass grown on the soils from the various plots are discussed. Potassium uptake was well-related to quantity of K, better so than to the other K parameters. The release of non-exchangeable K to the crop was non-linearly related to the fall in exchangeable K in the soils from the Rothamsted Ley-Arable experiments.Drying and re-wetting the cropped soils released K in amounts inversely proportional to the amount of K in the moist cropped soil. This release of K was unrelated to the original exchangeable K contents of the soils.
Influence of the growth promotant Synovex-H® on growth, resistance to parasites and reproduction of cattle heifers of three breeds
Authors: Frisch J. E. , Hunter R. A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYSynovex-H®, a combination of testosterone propionate and oestradiol benzoate, was implanted on three occasions at about 90-day intervals into Hereford × Shorthorn (HS), Brahman (B) and BX(B × HS) heifers to try to increase live weights and hence pregnancy rates at first breeding. Half of both the implanted and nonimplanted heifers of each breed was treated every 3 weeks to control cattle ticks and gastro-intestinal helminths. Treatment to control these parasites increased live weights, the increase depending on the breed. Implanting with Synovex-H also increased growth, the magnitude of the increase depending on both breed and treatment to control parasites. When parasites were present in significant numbers in the environment, the implanted groups had higher tick and helminth burdens and, in consequence, their live weight gains in response to the implant were lower than those of the nonimplanted group. The reason for the increase in susceptibility to parasites of the implanted group was not sought. It is suggested that it is associated with the presence, either alone or in combination, of the androgen and oestrogen components of Synovex-H.By the start of the 10-week breeding season, 290 days after the last dose of Synovex-H was implanted, previous advantages of the implanted groups in live weight had been eroded to the point where the differences between groups were no longer statistically significant. Subsequent fertility both as maidens and as first-calf heifers was generally significantly lower in the previously implanted groups of all breeds. Calves born to implanted heifers were not as heavy as those born to nonimplanted heifers both at weaning and 120 days after weaning. The particular regimen of use of Synovex-H followed in this study cannot be recommended if heifers are to be used for breeding.
Effects of cold conditions on heat production by young sambar (Cervus unicolor) and red deer (Cervus elaphus)
Authors: Semiadi G. , Holmes C. W. , Barry T. N. , Muir P. D. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYAn experiment to measure the effects of cold conditions upon heat production in young sambar (Cervus unicolor) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) was conducted during winter 1994, at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (NZ), using four young animals of each species. Animals were fed a pelleted concentrated diet (total N 29g/kg DM; 11·9MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg DM) at approximately maintenance ME intake (MEI). Hair coat characteristics were measured on samples cut from a patch on the mid-side of the body. Pairs of animals (one sambar and one red deer) were confined in two open circuit calorimetry chambers (one deer in each chamber) for 18-day periods, and oxygen consumption was measured at 20 and 5 °C, with and without simulated wind (6 km/h). Heat production was calculated as 20·5 MJ/1 oxygen consumed.Hair coats of sambar deer were less deep, lighter in weight (g/m2) and contained a lower proportion of undercoat than those of red deer. Fibre length of both guard hairs and undercoat were shorter in sambar deer than in red deer, whilst fibre diameter of both guard hairs and undercoat was greater in sambar deer. Heat production (HP) at 20 °C was lower in sambar than in red deer (P <0·05; 0·46 v. 0·48-0·53 MJ/kgW0·75 per day). Increases in HP from 20 to 5 °C and from 20 °C to 5 °C W (i.e. with wind effect) were greater in sambar than in red deer (P < 0·01; 34 v. 16% and 44 v. 20%, respectively). Calculated lower critical temperatures (LCT) were higher for sambar than for red deer (P < 0·10) both in the absence (0 km/h; 11·6 v. 8·9 °C) and in the presence of wind (6 km/h; 140 v. 11·1 °C). Under field conditions, young sambar deer are likely to require more shelter and better feeding during cold weather than do red deer.
Sources of variation in the grazing behaviour of dairy cows
Authors: Rook A. J. , Huckle C. A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYMeasurements of grazing, ruminating and idling time and number and duration of bouts of these activities were made on cows grazing a perennial ryegrass-white clover sward on a number of different occasions between 8 May and 10 July 1990 at the North Wyke Research Station, Devon, UK. Repeatabilities, calculated using the residual maximum likelihood method, were low for all measurements, the highest being for idling time. Coefficients of variation were generally lower between periods than between animals for total activity times and ruminating and idling bout duration but were higher for the number of bouts of all activities and for meal duration. Grazing time and meal duration increased significantly as the season progressed, while the number of bouts of all activities declined. Behaviour was not significantly correlated with meteorological conditions. There were no significant correlations between production traits and mean behaviour of cows across periods.
Effects of fungal diseases on linseed (Linum usitatissimum) growth and yield, 1988–1990
Authors: Fitt B. D. L. , Ferguson A. W. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYEffects of diseases on growth and yield of linseed (cv. Antares) were assessed by controlling diseases with fungicide treatments in field experiments at Rothamsted from 1988 to 1990. Fungicide seed treatments decreased the incidence of Alternaria lesions on cotyledons and stem bases of emerging seedlings in 1989 but decreased emergence in 1990. The incidenceof leaf browning, associated with Alternaria spp. and Botrytis cinerea, was less in 1989 and 1990 than in 1988 when the period, in July, between flowering and harvest was wet, but the incidence of powdery mildew was greater in 1989 and 1990 than in 1988. Fungicide spraysdecreased leaf browning in 1988 and powdery mildew in 1990. In 1988 there were more capsules per plant and the crop was taller than in either 1990 or 1989, when July and August were hot withperiods of dry weather. The incidence of plants with dark brown stems, associated with Verticillhun dahliae, was greater in 1989 and 1990 than in 1988, but was not greatly affected byfungicide treatments. The incidence of Alternaria linicola on sepals, capsule cases and seed from capsules sampled before harvest was decreased by fungicide treatments. Other fungi isolated from these tissues included A. alternata, A. infectoria, B. cinerea, Fusarium spp. and V. dahliae. Yields of grain and oil were increased by fungicide treatments in all three years, but the yield increases were greatest in 1988 when fungicide treatments also increased 1000-grain weight. The incidence of fungi on the harvested seed was not greatly affected by fungicide treatments.
Simple water-balance models for simulating moisture, salinity and sodicity profiles in soils under wheat
Authors: Pal R. , Kapoor A. K. , Poonia S. R. , Raj M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYExperiments were conducted in wheat planted in microplots at Hisar and Sirsa in Haryana state, India, to observe and simulate the depth distribution of moisture content, electrical conductivity in 1:2 soil-water extract (EC 1:2), and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of soils after irrigation with water of high electrical conductivity (12–19 dS/m) and sodium adsorption ratio (20–80 (mmol/1)0·5). The three simulation models used differed in the procedure of estimation of evapotranspiration (models I and II, Reddy 1983; model III, Arora et al. 1987). In general, the means of the experimental moisture content profiles decreased and those of EC 1:2 and ESP increased with irrigation at both locations. Statistical analysis showed an overall good agreement between the experimental and simulated values of moisture content, EC 1:2 and ESP; the accuracy of simulation of the models followed the order model II = model III > model I, for moisture content and EC 1:2, but was identical for ESP.
Uptake of labelled phenylalanine into different blood fractions in the portal vein and cranial mesenteric vein of lambs
Authors: Neutze S. A. , Gooden J. M. , Oddy V. H. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYFour lambs (mean 27 kg liveweight) offered 900 g/day lucerne chaff were prepared with catheters in the portal vein (PV), cranial mesenteric vein (CMV), femoral artery (FA) and abomasum. L-[2,6-3H]phenylalanine (Phe) and14C-(Phe)casein were infused into the abomasum in separate experiments. Concurrent samples of blood from the PV, CMV and FA were prepared as four fractions: plasma, deproteinized whole blood, free Phe in deproteinized whole blood, and whole blood. Ratios of net label uptakes in different blood fractions indicated that red blood cells and blood proteins were unlikely to contribute to net Phe uptake into the PV or CMV. Small peptides may have contributed up to 20% to total appearance of Phe in the PV and CMV. However, net uptake of peptides from the lumen was probably zero. It was concluded that the Phe uptake and, by implication, total amino acid uptake from the lumen of the small intestine into the PV and CMV were as free amino acids.
Shading effects on the yield of an Argentinian wheat cultivar
Authors: Savin R. , Slafer G. A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYShading treatments of 50% of the incident radiation were applied to the semidwarf wheat cultivar Leones INTA before and after anthesis in two field experiments in Argentina in 1987 and 1988. The treatments reduced biological (above-ground dry matter) yield, grain yield and number of grains/m2. Number of grains/m2 was closely and linearly correlated with ear dry weight at anthesis and with the photothermal quotient, calculated from 20 days before to 10 days after anthesis. Grain yield was sink limited, and the shading treatments reduced sink strength. The contribution of preanthesis assimilates to grain yield was smaller in the shaded crops than in the unshaded controls; in unshaded crops, almost 40% of grain yield was contributed by preanthesis assimilates whilst in preanthesis shaded crops this contribution was negligible. The proportion of preanthesis assimilates contributed to the grain was closely related to the decrease in stem dry weight during grain filling. The effects of shading on main stems and tillers were the same.