bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a self‐assessed screening test for masticatory ability of Taiwanese older adults
Authors: Hsu Kun‐Jung , Lee Huey‐Er , Lan Shou‐Jen , Huang Shun‐Te , Chen Chun‐Min , Yen Yea‐Yin 
Published: February 2012

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2012.00632.xEvaluation of a self‐assessed screening test for masticatory ability of Taiwanese older adultsObjectives:  The aim of this study was to evaluate a screening test based on a food intake questionnaire to discriminate the masticatory ability of Taiwanese older adults with 20 and more natural teeth and at least 8 functional tooth units (FTUs) from the masticatory ability of those with fewer than 20 natural teeth and 8 FTUs.Materials and Methods:  The subjects were 2244 patients (mean age, 60.4±10.0 years) recruited from 23 counties and cities in Taiwan. Information about their demographic data, dentition, and masticatory ability was collected. Masticatory ability was measured for 23 food groups comprising 35 common Taiwanese foods, and receiver operation characteristic curve analysis was performed.Results:  The results showed that the final questionnaire included 14 food groups and a subject choosing ’difficult to eat‘ responses for 4 and more of these food groups had the same masticatory ability as individuals with fewer than 20 natural teeth and 8 FTUs.Conclusion:  In conclusion, foods that are the most difficult to eat are not necessarily good discriminatory indicators. Hence, the 14‐food group questionnaire can be considered the best screening test for masticatory ability of Taiwanese older adults in terms of the presence of 20 and more natural teeth and at least 8 FTUs.
The Concept of Shame in Late‐Medieval English Literature
Authors: Flannery Mary C. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAs well as describing dishonor itself, the Middle English word ‘shame’ can refer either to the emotion resulting from an awareness of dishonor or disgrace, or to the anticipation of dishonor, the potential for disgrace to be experienced. Late‐medieval English literature reveals the interrelation between the personal experience of shame and the way it is produced in relation to others, typically through such kinds of exposure as showing and telling. This essay draws attention to the complex ways in which shame is imagined in late‐medieval English literature. It begins by considering the two major focal points of late‐medieval shame studies so far: chivalric literature and Christian shame. After surveying the approaches that have been taken to date, it suggests new themes that deserve critical attention in these areas. The remainder of this essay points to other literary contexts in which we might investigate shame more closely. While chivalric and devotional texts are significant areas in which shame was imagined, medical, conduct, and advisory texts also engage with the concept of shame in important ways.
Genotyping for cytokine polymorphisms in a Northern Ivory Coast population reveals a high frequency of the heterozygote genotypes for the TNF‐α‐308G/A SNP
Authors: Santovito A. , Cervella P. , Schleicherova D. , Delpero M. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryCytokine polymorphisms influence the outcomes of parasitic diseases and vary among populations because of their different evolutionary histories and selective pressures imposed by host–pathogen interactions. In this frame, we investigated the frequencies of TNF‐α (‐308G/A), TGF‐β1 (codon 10C/T, codon 25C/G) and IL‐10 (‐1082A/G) SNPs in 133 individuals from Ouangolodougou, a rural village in Northern Ivory Coast, where malaria and other parasitic diseases are endemic. The SNPs alleles were determined by ARMS‐PCR methodology. Allele frequencies of the SNPs investigated were as follows: IL 10 ‐1082G = 0.741 and ‐1082A = 0.259; TGF‐β1 Codon 10 C = 0.835 and T = 0.165; TGF‐β1 Codon 25 G = 0.782 and C = 0.218. For the TNF‐α gene, we found high frequencies of the ‐308A allele (0.305) and heterozygote genotypes (0.594), with a consequent deviation from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. The high heterozygosity at the TNF‐α locus suggests a possible selective advantage of the heterozygote genomes, associated with intermediate levels of TNF‐α expression, against the infectious agents endemic in Western Africa.
Water‐Soluble Binder System Based on Poly‐Methyl Methacrylate and Poly‐Ethylene Glycol for Injection Molding of Large‐Sized Ceramic Parts
Authors: Yang Xianfeng , Jia Cui , Xie Zhipeng , Liu Wei , Liu Qicheng 
Published: February 2012

Water debinding technique was applied in preparing injection molded large‐sized parts. The results showed that the origin of cracking and blistering defects was the swelling from polyethylene glycols of folded chain crystal. The combination of polyethylene glycols with molecular weight 600 and 4000 could ensure both debinding quality and green body strength. It was shown that higher than 20% of insoluble backbone binder was sufficient to resist the stress from swelling. For the compact with length sale of 3.14 mm (the ratio of volume to surface area), approximately 65% of polyethylene glycols were leached after 22 h at 40°C.
Cardiovascular Protective Effects of On‐Line Hemodiafiltration: Comparison With Conventional Hemodialysis
Authors: Ohtake Takayasu , Oka Machiko , Ishioka Kunihiro , Honda Kenjiro , Mochida Yasuhiro , Maesato Kyoko , Moriya Hidekazu , Hidaka Sumi , Kobayashi Shuzo 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAtherosclerotic complications have a significant effect on mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) therapy. However, anti‐atherosclerotic and cardioprotective effects of on‐line hemodiafiltration (HDF) remain to be elucidated. We prospectively compared the anti‐atherosclerotic and cardioprotective effects in two randomly divided groups, i.e. on‐line HDF group (n = 13) and conventional HD group (n = 9) for 1 year. Surrogate markers were brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), intima‐media thickness (IMT) of carotid artery as an atherosclerosis marker, and cardiac functional surrogate markers included left ventricular mass index (LVMI), ejection fraction (EF), and LV diastolic capacity represented as E/A and deceleration time (DT). LVMI in on‐line HDF patients showed significant regression after 1 year of treatment (131.9 ± 25.8 to 116.5 ± 24.7 g/m2, P = 0.03), while LVMI in HD patients did not show any significant change (148.0 ± 47.1 to 142.3 ± 35.5 g/m2). Levels of baPWV in HD patients showed a significant increase (11.4%) from basal levels, while on‐line HDF groups showed no significant increase. Furthermore, HD patients showed significant worsening of LV diastolic capacity (E/A: from 0.87 ± 0.12 to 0.79 ± 0.08, P = 0.03), while it was not shown in on‐line HDF patients. Ejection fraction and IMT did not show any significant change in both groups. Serum albumin, C‐reactive protein, β2 microglobulin, blood pressure, and anti‐hypertensive drug use did not change in both groups. On‐line HDF showed a significant improvement in LVMI and prevented a significant worsening of baPWV or LV diastolic capacity compared with patients on conventional HD therapy.
Left Ventricular End‐Diastolic Diameter Is an Independent Predictor of Mortality in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Inoue Tomoko , Ogawa Tetsuya , Iwabuchi Yuko , Otsuka Kuniaki , Nitta Kosaku 
Published: February 2012

AbstractLeft ventricular (LV) function is impaired in most hemodialysis (HD) patients. We conducted an observational cohort study to investigate whether LV end‐diastolic diameter (LVDd) could predict all‐cause mortality in a cohort of 166 HD patients. The LVDd values (5.06 ± 0.64 cm) of the non‐survivor group were significantly greater than in the survivor group (4.78 ± 0.71 cm). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for an LVDd cut‐off value of 5.01 cm was 0.6145 (P = 0.0234). The sensitivity and specificity of the LVDd threshold of 5.01 cm were 75.7% and 50.4%, respectively. The 4‐year survival rate was significantly lower in the group with LVDd ≥ 5.01 cm than in the group with LVDd < 5.01 cm (log‐rank test, P = 0.0047). Multivariate analysis with adjustments for clinical and echocardiographic parameters showed that increased LVDd was an independent predictor of all‐cause mortality (hazard ratio 2.363, 95% CI 1.320–4.228, P = 0.0013). The results of the present study showed that increased LVDd predicts the all‐cause mortality of chronic HD patients better than other echocardiographic parameters. Our findings suggest that LVDd measurements may be helpful for risk stratification and providing therapeutic direction for the management of HD patients.
“The Value of Understanding”
Authors: Grimm Stephen 
Published: February 2012

AbstractOver the last several years a number of leading philosophers – including Catherine Elgin, Linda Zagzebski, Jonathan Kvanvig, and Duncan Pritchard – have grown increasingly dissatisfied with the contemporary focus on knowledge in epistemology and have attempted to “recover” the notion of understanding. According to some of these philosophers, in fact, understanding deserves not just to be recovered, but to supplant knowledge as the focus of epistemological inquiry. This entry considers some of the main reasons why philosophers have taken understanding to be more valuable than knowledge, focusing on claims that it is more transparent, that it better reflects or mirrors the world, and that it is a greater intellectual achievement.
Epistemic Expressivism
Authors: Chrisman Matthew 
Published: February 2012

AbstractEpistemic expressivism is the application of a nexus of ideas, which is prominent in ethical theory (more specifically, metaethics), to parallel issues in epistemological theory (more specifically, metaepistemology). Here, in order to help those new to the debate come to grips with epistemic expressivism and recent discussions of it, I first briefly present this nexus of ideas as it occurs in ethical expressivism. Then, I explain why and how some philosophers have sought to extend it to a version of epistemic expressivism. Finally, I consider a number of objections and replies with the aim of giving the reader the tools needed to begin to evaluate the promise and prospects of epistemic expressivism.
Bayesian Models of Cognition: What's Built in After All?
Authors: Perfors Amy 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis article explores some of the philosophical implications of the Bayesian modeling paradigm. In particular, it focuses on the ramifications of the fact that Bayesian models pre‐specify an inbuilt hypothesis space. To what extent does this pre‐specification correspond to simply ‘‘building the solution in''? I argue that any learner (whether computer or human) must have a built‐in hypothesis space in precisely the same sense that Bayesian models have one. This has implications for the nature of learning, Fodor's puzzle of concept acquisition, and the role of modeling in cognitive science.
Network Theory in the Assessment of the Sustainability of Social–Ecological Systems
Authors: Gonzalès Rodolphe , Parrott Lael 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAs human activities increasingly threaten the ecosystems on which they depend, one of the main questions our societies are facing is related to the resilience – seen as a necessary element of sustainability – of social–ecological systems (SESs). SESs are composed of many heterogeneous elements including human actors such as institutions and resource users, and natural components such as land patches, animal species, etc. The numerous relationships between these different entities shape complex, dynamic networks of social–ecological interdependencies. Once described as networks, SESs can be analysed using a variety of network metrics, which may potentially help to better quantify and evaluate the resilience of SESs to external or internal perturbations. In this paper, we provide a broad overview of the latest progress in network theory as applied to SESs and discuss how network metrics may be used to assess the sustainability of an SES.
Geographies of the Performing Arts: Landscapes, Places and Cities
Authors: Rogers Amanda 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe performing arts of dance, theatre, music and live art have become established means through which cultural geographers can examine how people experience and make sense of their everyday worlds. Simultaneously, performance theorists and practitioners increasingly seek geographical tools that help elucidate the broader processes or politics that underpin artistic genres of performance. This review article works at this interdisciplinary nexus, exploring the diverse areas of engagement between geography and the performing arts. It provides an overview of three spatialities around which interdisciplinary exchanges take place, and where there are interesting synergies in the conceptual approach to studying geographies of performance, namely: landscapes, places and cities. In so doing, the article outlines some avenues where geography and performance studies academics might further their mutual interests, and argues that geography is central to the constitution, meaning and form that performance works take.
Community Transitions to Low Carbon Futures in the Transition Towns Network (TTN)
Authors: Aiken Gerald 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis paper examines the use of ‘community’ rhetoric in the Transition Town Network (TTN). This is seen in both its external and internal context. Externally, TTN has emerged against the backdrop of an increasing use of ‘community’ rhetoric in environmental governance, for example, in renewable energy projects. Internally, the use of ‘community’ language and ‘community’ ways of operating are crucial for understanding this movement, in how it sees itself and the lineage it builds upon. Particularly, TTN builds upon the polysemic, subjective nature of the word, fused with their unique permaculture inspired meaning. TTN have emerged as an important response to climate change and peak oil (Bailey et al. 2010; Mason and Whitehead 2011). This paper attempts to address their crucial, if neglected, focus on ‘community’. In the wide sweep of writing on ‘community’, what distinctive, if anything, can TTN add to current understandings and practices of ‘community’?
Evaluation of Diethyl‐3‐3′‐(9,10‐anthracenediyl)bis Acrylate as a Probe for Singlet Oxygen Formation during Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Kessel David , Price Michael 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe cell‐permeable anthracene analog diethyl‐3‐3′‐(9,10‐anthracenediyl)bis acrylate (DADB) was recently identified as a highly selective probe for singlet oxygen (1O2). Now, we show that DADB can be used to monitor 1O2 formation in cell culture during photodynamic therapy. An atypical property of DADB is that fluorescence emission is decreased upon oxidation. Using photosensitizers that target specific organelles, we determined that DADB could detect 1O2 whether formed in ER, mitochondria or lysosomes. DADB fluorescence was not, however, significantly altered when the photosensitizing agent was the palladium bacteriopheophorbide termed WST11, an agent reported to produce mainly oxygen radicals upon irradiation in an aqueous environment, whereas singlet oxygen was formed in organic solvents.
Effect of substrate availability on nitrous oxide production by deammonification processes under anoxic conditions
Authors: Schneider Yvonne , Beier Maike , Rosenwinkel Karl‐Heinz 
Published: February 2012

SummaryDue to its high global warming potential, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from wastewater treatment processes have recently received a high degree of attention. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of information regarding the microbiological processes leading to N2O production. In this study, two lab‐scale sequencing batch reactors were operated with deammonification biomass to investigate the role of denitrification and the influence of substrate availability regarding N2O formation during the anoxic phase of deammonification. Three different operational phases were established: within the first phase conversion by anammox was favoured and after a transition phase, denitrification activity was promoted. Low nitrous oxide production was observed during stable operation aiming for anammox conversion. Pulsed inflow of the wastewater containing ammonium (NH4+) and nitrite (NO2‐) led to increased N2O production rates. Within the period of denitrification as dominating nitrogen conversion process, the nitrous oxide concentration level was higher during continuous inflow conditions, but the reaction to pulsed inflow was less pronounced. The results indicated that denitrification was responsible for N2O formation from the deammonification biomass. Operational settings to achieve suppression of denitrification processes to a large extend were deducted from the results of the experiments.
Short‐Term Hydroscheduling with Discrepant Objectives Using Multi‐Step Progressive Optimality Algorithm1
Authors: Cheng Chuntian , Shen Jianjian , Wu Xinyu , Chau Kwok‐wing 
Published: February 2012

Cheng, Chuntian, Jianjian Shen, Xinyu Wu, and Kwok‐wing Chau, 2012. Short‐Term Hydroscheduling with Discrepant Objectives Using Multi‐step Progressive Optimality Algorithm. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(3): 464‐479. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00628.xAbstract:  With increase in the number and total capacity of hydropower plants in power systems, optimality algorithms with a single objective are not suitable for optimizing the operation of complex hydropower systems to meet complex demands. Hydropower plants should prioritize discrepant objectives, such as peak regulation and maximizing generation during solving of optimal operation problems of hydropower systems. In this article, we present a multi‐step progressive optimality algorithm (MSPOA) for the short‐term hydroscheduling (STHS) problem to improve the quality of optimal solutions and enhance the convergence speed of progressive optimality algorithm (POA). In MSPOA, the original problem is first decomposed into a sequence of problems with the longer time steps. Next, the problem with the longest time step is solved, and the optimal solution is used as the initial solution for the problem with the second longest time step. This process proceeds until the original problem with the shortest time step is solved. The proposed discrepant‐objective method and solution technique are tested for two types of hydroelectric systems. The results show that MSPOA can give better solutions and cost less time than POA due to enlarging feasible range of decision variables and reducing the number of computational stages. Discrepant objectives among hydropower plants can express the operation characteristics of complex hydropower systems more accurately than unique objective or multiple objectives.
Spatial Variability of Pool‐Tail Fines in Mountain Gravel‐Bed Stream Affects Grid‐Count Results1
Authors: Bunte Kristin , Potyondy John P. , Swingle Kurt W. , Abt Steven R. 
Published: February 2012

Bunte, Kristin, John P. Potyondy, Kurt W. Swingle, and Steven R. Abt, 2012. Spatial Variability of Pool‐Tail Fines in Mountain Gravel‐Bed Stream Affects Grid‐Count Results. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(3): 530‐545. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00629.xAbstract:  Fine sediment (<2 and <6 mm) particles underlying a 49‐intersection grid placed on a streambed at 25, 50, and 75% of the wetted pool‐tail width are commonly counted to assess the status and trend of aquatic ecosystems or to monitor changes in the supply of fines in mountain gravel‐bed streams. However, results vary even when crews perform nearly identical procedures. This study hypothesized that spatial variability of pool‐tail fines affects grid‐count results and that a sampling scheme can be optimized for precision and accuracy. Grid counts taken at seven evenly spaced locations across the wetted width of 10 pool tails in a pool‐riffle study stream indicated a bankward fining trend with secondary peaks of fines within the stream center. Sampling locations close to the waterlines harbored more than twice as many fines as central locations. Most of the five grid‐count schemes derived from the seven sampled locations produced significantly different results. Compared with sampling at all seven locations, schemes that focus near waterlines overpredicted fines, while those that focus on the center underpredicted them. Variability of fines among pool tails was the highest within a broad band along the waterlines; hence, focusing sampling there yielded the most variable results. The scheme sampling at 25, 50, and 75% of the wetted width had the lowest precision and moderate accuracy. Accuracy and precision of grid‐count results can be greatly improved by sampling at seven even‐spaced locations across the pool tail.
Large trees are keystone structures in urban parks
Authors: Stagoll Karen , Lindenmayer David B. , Knight Emma , Fischer Joern , Manning Adrian D. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractLarge trees are considered keystone structures in agricultural and forestry production landscapes, but research demonstrating this in urban landscapes is urgently needed. If large trees are keystone structures in urban parks, it is imperative that this is recognized in policy to ensure their ongoing existence. We studied the role of large native trees for birds in urban parks in Canberra, Australia. We found that (1) large trees had a consistent, strong, and positive relationship with five measures of bird diversity, and (2) as trees became larger in size, their positive effect on bird diversity increased. Large urban trees are therefore keystone structures that provide crucial habitat resources for wildlife. Hence, it is vital that they are managed appropriately. With evidence‐based tree preservation policies that recognize biodiversity values, and proactive planning for future large trees, the protection and perpetuation of these important keystone structures can be achieved.
Activation of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase in non‐cancerous liver tissue predicts a high risk of recurrence after hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Hagiwara Satoru , Kudo Masatoshi , Chung Hobyung , Ueshima Kazuomi , Inoue Tatsuo , Haji Seiji , Watanabe Tomohiro , Park Ah‐Mee , Munakata Hiroshi , Sakurai Toshiharu 
Published: February 2012

Aim:  Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks as the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Hepatic resection is the mainstay of curative treatment for early stage HCC. Although c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) activation contributes to hepatocyte proliferation and HCC development in mice, the extent of involvement of JNK in human HCC development is unknown. The aim of this study is to assess the predictive value of JNK for postoperative recurrence in HCC.Methods:  From April 2005 to March 2008, 159 patients underwent curative resection for HCC. From the 159 patients, 20 patients each matched for age, gender and etiology were registered as three groups: (i) without recurrence (no recurrence group), (ii) with recurrence within one year after surgery (early recurrence group), and (iii) with recurrence at one year or more after surgery (late recurrence group) (a cross‐sectional control study). We investigated factors contributing to postoperative early and late phase recurrence.Results:  Multivariate analysis using a Logistic regression model showed that JNK activity in non‐cancerous liver tissue was correlated with postoperative late recurrence. (P = 0.02, odds ratio; 5.79, 95% confidence interval [CI]; 1.33–25.36).Conclusions:  JNK activity in non‐cancerous liver tissue is considered as a reliable predictive biomarker for post‐operative recurrence in HCC.