bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Now or Later? Examining Social and Financial Decision Making in Middle-to-Older Aged Adults
Authors: Halpin Amy , Tallman Morgan , Boeve Angelica , MacAulay Rebecca K 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Objectives
Contextually driven decision making is multidimensional, as individuals need to contend with prioritizing both competing and complementary demands. However, data is limited as to whether temporal discounting rates vary as a function of framing (gains vs loss) and domain (monetary vs social) in middle-to-older aged adults. It is also unclear whether socioaffective characteristics like social isolation and loneliness are associated with temporal discounting.

Methods
Temporal discounting rates were examined across monetary gain, monetary loss, social gain, and social loss conditions in 140 adults aged 50–90 during the Omicron stage of the pandemic. Self-report measures assessed loneliness and social isolation levels.

Results
Results found evidence of steeper temporal discounting rates for gains as compared to losses in both domains. Social outcomes were also more steeply discounted than monetary outcomes, without evidence of an interaction with the framing condition. Socioeconomic and socioaffective factors were unexpectedly not associated with temporal discounting rates.

Discussion
Community-dwelling middle-to-older aged adults showed a preference for immediate rewards and devalued social outcomes more than monetary outcomes. These findings have implications for tailoring social and financial incentive programs for middle to later adulthood.
Assessing health behavior change and comparing remote, hybrid and in-person implementation of a school-based health promotion and coaching program for adolescents from low-income communities
Authors: Gefter Liana , Morioka-Douglas Nancy , Srivastava Ashini , Jiang Can Angela , Lewis Meredith , Sanders Lee , Rodriguez Eunice 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
To assess the impact of a school-based health intervention on adolescents’ health knowledge, psychosocial assets and health behaviors, including comparisons of implementation mode: remote, hybrid or in-person. The Stanford Youth Diabetes Coaches Program, an 8-week, school-based health promotion and coaching skills program, was offered to adolescents (ages 14–18 years) from four low-income US communities. Mode of program implementation was remote, hybrid or in-person. Participants completed online pre- and postsurveys. Analysis included paired t-tests, linear regression and qualitative coding. From Fall 2020 to Fall 2021, 262 adolescents enrolled and 179 finished the program and completed pre- and postsurveys. Of the 179, 80% were female, with a mean age of 15.9 years; 22% were Asian; 8% were Black or African American; 25% were White; and 40% were Hispanic. About 115 participants were remote, 25 were hybrid and 39 were in-person. Across all participants, significant improvements (P &lt; 0.01) were reported in health knowledge, psychosocial assets (self-esteem, self-efficacy and problem-solving) and health behaviors (physical activity, nutrition and stress reduction). After adjusting for sex and age, these improvements were roughly equivalent across the three modes of delivery. Participation was associated with significant improvements in adolescent health behaviors. Furthermore, remote mode of instruction was just as effective as in-person and hybrid modes.
Genomic Diversity and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Invasive Neisseria meningitidis in South Africa, 2016–2021
Authors: Mikhari Rito L , Meiring Susan , de Gouveia Linda , Chan Wai Yin , Jolley Keith A , Van Tyne Daria , Harrison Lee H , Marjuki Henju , Ismail Arshad , Quan Vanessa , Cohen Cheryl , Walaza Sibongile , von Gottberg Anne , du Plessis Mignon 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Background
Invasive meningococcal isolates in South Africa have in previous years (&lt;2008) been characterized by serogroup B, C, W, and Y lineages over time, with penicillin intermediate resistance (peni) at 6%. We describe the population structure and genomic markers of peni among invasive meningococcal isolates in South Africa, 2016–2021.

Methods
Meningococcal isolates were collected through national, laboratory-based invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) surveillance. Phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing were performed, and the mechanism of reduced penicillin susceptibility was assessed in silico.

Results
Of 585 IMD cases reported during the study period, culture and PCR-based capsular group was determined for 477/585 (82%); and 241/477 (51%) were sequenced. Predominant serogroups included NmB (210/477; 44%), NmW (116/477; 24%), NmY (96/477; 20%), and NmC (48/477; 10%). Predominant clonal complexes (CC) were CC41/44 in NmB (27/113; 24%), CC11 in NmW (46/56; 82%), CC167 in NmY (23/44; 53%), and CC865 in NmC (9/24; 38%). Peni was detected in 16% (42/262) of isolates, and was due to the presence of a penA mosaic, with the majority harboring penA7, penA9, or penA14.

Conclusions
IMD lineages circulating in South Africa were consistent with those circulating prior to 2008; however, peni was higher than previously reported, and occurred in a variety of lineages.
The International Refugee Regime and the Liberal International Order: Dialectics of Contestation
Authors: Lavenex Sandra 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe international refugee regime finds itself in a delicate balance between two conflicting principles of the liberal order: the particularism of sovereign states and the universalism of human rights. This article proposes a theory of endogenous contestation, rooted in the dialectic of law, propelling liberal aspirations, and politics, vindicating sovereign control. In doing so, we identify three shifts in the international refugee regime. Following 1945, legal consolidation in a propitious geopolitical context engendered a phase of regime expansion. The provisional “triumph” of liberalism in the early 1990s bolstered the regime’s geographical and normative clout but fueled political backlash. This set the stage for a new phase of regime contestation, where liberal democracies adapted political practices to ostensibly uphold the asylum norm while precluding access to it. The article concludes by exploring whether this subversion signals a gradual evolution or a fundamental shift in the nature of the liberal refugee regime.
Insights into the human metabolism of hexahydrocannabinol by non-targeted liquid chromatography–high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Pitterl Florian , Pavlic Marion , Liu Jianmei , Oberacher Herbert 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Hexahydrocannabinol (HHC), 6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6a,7,8,9,10,10a-hexahydrobenzo[c]chromen-1-ol, is a semi-synthetic cannabinoid that has presented challenges to analytical laboratories due to its emergence and spread in the drug market. The lack of information on human pharmacokinetics hinders the development and application of presumptive and confirmatory tests for reliably detecting HHC consumption. To address this knowledge gap, we report the analytical results obtained from systematic forensic toxicological analysis of body-fluid samples collected from three individuals suspected of drug-impaired driving after HHC consumption. Urine and plasma samples were analyzed using non-targeted liquid chromatography–high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. The results provided evidence that HHC undergoes biotransformation reactions similar to other well-characterized cannabinoids, such as ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol or cannabidiol. Notably, HHC itself was only detectable in plasma samples, not in urine samples. The observed Phase I reactions involved oxidation of C11 and the pentyl side chain, leading to corresponding hydroxylated and carboxylic acid species. Additionally, extensive glucuronidation of HHC and its Phase I metabolites was evident.
Should We Offer Web, Paper, or Both? A Comparison of Single- and Mixed-Response Mode Treatments in a Mail Survey
Authors: Heimel Sarah K , Medway Rebecca L , Horwitz Rachel T 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis article leverages a five-treatment response mode experiment (paper-only, web-only, sequential web-mail, choice, and choice-plus [choice with a promised incentive for responding online]) that was conducted within a nationally representative survey. Because this survey’s sample was drawn from respondents to another nationally representative survey, we have rich frame data that includes multiple indicators of comfort using the internet for our sample members and we can compare their response behavior across two surveys. We find that the paper-only treatment yielded a lower response rate than most of the other treatments, but there were not significant differences between the response rates for the other treatments. Among our mixed-mode treatments, the sequential web-mail treatment had the highest percentage of response by web and the lowest cost per response. When focusing on the subgroups that we expected to be the least—and the most—comfortable with the internet, we found that the paper-only treatment generally performed worse than the others, even among subgroups expected not to be comfortable with the internet. We generally did not find significant differences in the effect of response mode treatment on the response rate or percentage of response by web between the subgroups who were the most and least comfortable with the internet. In terms of the consistency of response mode choice over time, our results suggest that some people respond consistently—but also that response mode preferences are weak enough that they can be influenced by the way in which the modes are offered. We ultimately recommend using a sequential web-mail design to minimize costs while still providing people who cannot or will not respond by web with another response mode option. We also find evidence that there may be a growing lack of interest in responding by paper; more research is needed in this area.
Caveat Emptor: The Curious Case of Scotland’s Astorga Collection
Authors: Lennon Paul Joseph 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Astorga Collection comprises 3,716 pre-1800 volumes and forms part of the Special and Named Printed Collections at the National Library of Scotland. This article revisits the nineteenth-century historical narrative surrounding the events that saw part of the Astorga library taken from Spain to France, the result of political pressures, and sold in England to raise funds, focusing attention upon the purchase to understand how the Faculty paid the princely sum of £3,000 for what it believed was some seven thousand volumes only to receive fewer than half that. Use is made of hitherto unexplored archival sources to illuminate the involvement of King Fernando VII in relaxing mayorazgo to help the Marquis clear his debts, and the involvement of the Scottish publisher Archibald Constable (1774-1827) in the Faculty’s purchase, and how a misunderstanding in the Scottish chapter of this collection's history may have resulted in the costly mistake.
Biphasic Kinetics of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in Response to Military Field Training in Brazilian Air Force Recruits
Authors: Talarico Neto Thomaz , Magraner José Maurício , Hahns Júnior Higino Carlos , Ferreira Leandro , Martinelli Júnior Carlos Eduardo , Tourinho Filho Hugo 
Published: April 2024

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Insulin-like growth factor type I (IGF-I) has gained considerable notoriety in military training, primarily because it is responsible for energy deficits and sensitive to an inadequate protein intake, which are situations that are commonly experienced in specific military operations. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the kinetics of IGF-I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein type 3 (IGFBP-3) in a 4-day military field training exercise.

Materials and Methods
The sample comprised 12 male soldiers (21.71 ± 1.64 years). Changes were assessed at 3 times: time 1—basal (control week); time 2—after specific military field training; and time 3—1 week after the specific training (control week). Changes in body composition and serum levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were observed.

Results
The main finding of this study was it verified the biphasic kinetics of both IGF-I and IGFBP-3 at the 3 times observed, that is, a significant drop from time 1 (basal—IGF-I: 189 ng/mL and IGFBP-3: 4.71 mg/L) to time 2 (immediately after military training—IGF-I: 162 ng/mL and IGFBP-3: 4.08 mg/L) and a subsequent recovery of these markers, with a significant increase from time 2 (immediately after military training) to time 3 (a week after military training—IGF-I: 199 ng/mL and IGFBP-3: 4.96 mg/L).

Conclusions
It can be concluded that IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels respond quickly to the stimuli caused by military training, especially after specific field training. However, the same markers quickly return to their basal values after this type of training finishes, simply by following the daily routine of the battalion in the control weeks, with no specific intervention being necessary.
Segmentation of hyphae and yeast in fungi-infected tissue slice images and its application in analyzing antifungal blue light therapy
Authors: Wang Yuan , Zhang Yunchu , Leng Hong , Dong Jianfei 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Candida albicans is a pathogenic fungus that undergoes morphological transitions between hyphal and yeast forms, adapting to diverse environmental stimuli and exhibiting distinct virulence. Existing research works on antifungal blue light (ABL) therapy have either focused solely on hyphae or neglected to differentiate between morphologies, obscuring potential differential effects. To address this gap, we established a novel dataset of 150 C. albicans-infected mouse skin tissue slice images with meticulously annotated hyphae and yeast. Eleven representative convolutional neural networks were trained and evaluated on this dataset using seven metrics to identify the optimal model for segmenting hyphae and yeast in original high pixel size images. Leveraging the segmentation results, we analyzed the differential impact of blue light on the invasion depth and density of both morphologies within the skin tissue. U-Net-BN outperformed other models in segmentation accuracy, achieving the best overall performance. While both hyphae and yeast exhibited significant reductions in invasion depth and density at the highest ABL dose (180 J/cm2), only yeast was significantly inhibited at the lower dose (135 J/cm2). This novel finding emphasizes the importance of developing more effective treatment strategies for both morphologies.
Chemical abundances of LINER galaxies – nitrogen abundance estimations
Authors: Oliveira C B , Krabbe A C , Dors O L , Zinchenko I A , Hernandez-Jimenez J A , Cardaci M V , Hägele G F , Ilha G S 
Published: April 2024

ABSTRACT
In this work, we investigated the nitrogen and oxygen abundances in a sample of galaxies with Low Ionization Nuclear Emission Regions (LINERs) in their nucleus. Optical spectroscopic data (3600 – 10 000 Å) of 40 LINERs from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies (MaNGAs) survey were considered. Only objects classified as retired galaxies, that is, whose main ionization sources are post-Asymptotic Giant Branch (pAGB) stars, were selected. The abundance estimates were obtained through detailed photoionization models built with the cloudy code to reproduce a set of observational emission line intensities ratios of the sample. Our results show that LINERs have oxygen and nitrogen abundances in the ranges of $\rm 8.0 \: \lesssim \: 12+\log (O/H) \: \lesssim \: 9.0$ (mean value 8.74 ± 0.27) and $\rm 7.6 \: \lesssim \: 12+\log (N/H) \: \lesssim \: 8.5$ (mean value 8.05 ± 0.25), respectively. About 70 per cent of the sample have oversolar O/H and N/H abundances. Our abundance estimates are in consonance with those for Seyfert 2 nuclei and H ii regions with the highest metallicity, indicating that these distinct object classes show similar enrichment of the interstellar medium (ISM). The LINERs in our sample are located in the higher N/O region of the N/O versus O/H diagram, showing an unexpected negative correlation between these two parameters. These results suggest that these LINERs mainly exhibit a secondary nitrogen production and could be acting some other mechanisms that deviate them from the usual theoretical secondary nitrogen production curve and the H ii regions observations. However, we did not find any evidence in our data able to support the literature suggested mechanisms. Alternatively, our results show that LINERs do not present any correlation between the N/O abundances and the stellar masses of the hosting galaxies.
Live-Donor Kidney Transplant Outcome Prediction (L-TOP) using artificial intelligence
Authors: Ali Hatem , Mohammed Mahmoud , Molnar Miklos Z , Fülöp Tibor , Burke Bernard , Shroff Sunil , Shroff Arun , Briggs David , Krishnan Nithya 
Published: April 2024

ABSTRACT

Background
Outcome prediction for live-donor kidney transplantation improves clinical and patient decisions and donor selection. However, the currently used models are of limited discriminative or calibration power and there is a critical need to improve the selection process. We aimed to assess the value of various artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms to improve the risk stratification index.

Methods
We evaluated pre-transplant variables among 66 914 live-donor kidney transplants (performed between 1 December 2007 and 1 June 2021) from the United Network of Organ Sharing database, randomized into training (80%) and test (20%) sets. The primary outcome measure was death-censored graft survival. We tested four machine learning models for discrimination [time-dependent concordance index (CTD) and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC)] and calibration [integrated Brier score (IBS)]. We used decision-curve analysis to assess the potential clinical utility.

Results
Among the models, the deep Cox mixture model showed the best discriminative performance (AUC = 0.70, 0.68 and 0.68 at 5, 10 and 13 years post-transplant, respectively). CTD reached 0.70, 0.67 and 0.66 at 5, 10 and 13 years post-transplant. The IBS score was 0.09, indicating good calibration. In comparison, applying the Living Kidney Donor Profile Index (LKDPI) on the same cohort produced a CTD of 0.56 and an AUC of 0.55–0.58 only. Decision-curve analysis showed an additional net benefit compared with the LKDPI ‘treat all’ and ‘treat none’ approaches.

Conclusion
Our AI-based deep Cox mixture model, termed Live-Donor Kidney Transplant Outcome Prediction, outperforms existing prediction models, including the LKDPI, with the potential to improve decisions for optimum live-donor selection by ranking potential transplant pairs based on graft survival. This model could be adopted to improve the outcomes of paired exchange programs.
The biology of ferroptosis in kidney disease
Authors: Seibt Tobias , Wahida Adam , Hoeft Konrad , Kemmner Stephan , Linkermann Andreas , Mishima Eikan , Conrad Marcus 
Published: April 2024

ABSTRACT
Ferroptosis is a regulated cell death modality triggered by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. Ferroptosis plays a causal role in the pathophysiology of various diseases, making it a promising therapeutic target. Unlike all other cell death modalities dependent on distinct signaling cues, ferroptosis occurs when cellular antioxidative defense mechanisms fail to suppress the oxidative destruction of cellular membranes, eventually leading to cell membrane rupture. Physiologically, only two such surveillance systems are known to efficiently prevent the lipid peroxidation chain reaction by reducing (phospho)lipid hydroperoxides to their corresponding alcohols or by reducing radicals in phospholipid bilayers, thus maintaining the integrity of lipid membranes. Mechanistically, these two systems are linked to the reducing capacity of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) by consuming glutathione (GSH) on one hand and ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1, formerly AIFM2) on the other. Notably, the importance of ferroptosis suppression in physiological contexts has been linked to a particular vulnerability of renal tissue. In fact, early work has shown that mice genetically lacking Gpx4 rapidly succumb to acute renal failure with pathohistological features of acute tubular necrosis. Promising research attempting to implicate ferroptosis in various renal disease entities, particularly those with proximal tubular involvement, has generated a wealth of knowledge with widespread potential for clinical translation. Here, we provide a brief overview of the involvement of ferroptosis in nephrology. Our goal is to introduce this expanding field for clinically versed nephrologists in the hope of spurring future efforts to prevent ferroptosis in the pathophysiological processes of the kidney.
Military Medicine and the Hidden Costs of War
Authors: Fazal Tanisha M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Decisions to go to war are often framed in cost-benefit terms. But what if we are getting the costs wrong? Dramatic improvements in military medicine, alongside the expansion of veterans’ benefits, have increased the long-term costs of war in the United States today. Military personnel return home having survived wounds they would not have survived in the past. Veterans, their families, and the government bear these increased costs of war, which are greatly underestimated by policymakers. In a deep dive into the history of military medicine and veterans’ benefits, the book traces the developments that underlie these hidden costs of war from the Civil War to the present. This analysis clearly demonstrates how US policymakers have repeatedly misunderstood the costs of war because they neglect to anticipate these changes. Underestimating the costs of war increases willingness to use force abroad, with profound consequences for global politics in an era of heightened great power competition.
Ethnography
Authors: Gullion Jessica Smartt 
Published: April 2024

AbstractEthnography is rooted in the fields of anthropology and sociology. Historically, anthropologists used ethnography to study preliterate cultures, and sociologists studied urban subcultures (typically subaltern). This is no longer the case; ethnography is used to study all sorts of cultures and phenomena. Ethnography is often referred to as “deep hanging out.” Ethnographers spend a significant amount of time in a community in order to understand that community’s slice of social life. Ethnography is data- and time-intensive research, but it provides a depth and richness that other techniques cannot. This chapter discusses ethnographic practice, fieldwork, participant observation, and conducting ethnography on the internet.
Medical Narratives and Narrative Interviewing
Authors: Gullion Jessica Smartt 
Published: April 2024

AbstractMedical narratives include the stories of both patients and health care workers. In narrative interviewing, the participant is invited to tell their story. The researcher asks questions but these are more in-depth than other forms of interviewing. The participant and interviewer are literally having a conversation. The conversation is dialogic in nature. This chapter discusses how to capture and write the stories of patients and health care workers. This includes a variety of techniques, such as leading workshops for people to write their own narratives. The chapter also discusses the power of storytelling and how to write stories that are compelling. In addition, it discusses visual storytelling through the use of photovoice.