bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chronic and reproductive toxicity of a mixture of 15 methylsulfonyl-polychlorinated biphenyls and 3-methylsulfonyl-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethene in mink(Mustela vison)
Authors: Lund Bert-Ove , Örberg Jan , Bergman Åke , Larsson Christina , Bergman Anders , Bäcklin Britt-Marie , Håkansson Helen , Madej Andrzej , Brouwer Abraham , Brunström Björn 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA synthetic mixture of 16 aryl methyl sulfones was given in the feed to female mink for one year (three times a week, resulting in a mean daily exposure of 0.1 mg/mink). The mink were mated after 9 months of exposure and the reproductive outcome was studied. The dams and kits were examined for biochemical and toxic effects. The litter size was significantly increased (50%) in the exposed group, and the mean birth weight was 20% lower than that of the controls. Kit survival was 47% by 2 weeks after birth in the exposed group, as compared to 73% in the control group. Both adults and kits had induced (5- to 11-fold) hepatic activities of pentoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase. In livers from the dams, catabolism of progesterone in vitro was increased almost twofold. Decreased thyroid hormone concentrations (total triiodothyronine and total thyroxine, 30–35% of control values) in plasma were observed in the adults. The bioaccumulation factor for the mixture of 3- and 4-methylsulfonyl-polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was 2.1 (muscle vs feed concentration). The 3-methylsulfonyl-PCBs accumulated 2- to 65-fold in liver relative to muscle and lung. At the cessation of the exposure period, the total concentrations of aryl methyl sulfones in the dams and their 5-week-old kits were 18 ± 2 and 21 ± 3 μg/g, respectively (lipid weight, muscle), demonstrating significant transport from dams to kits and accumulation in the kits.
Behavioral avoidance: Possible mechanism for explaining abundanc and distribution of trout species in a metal-impacted river
Authors: Hansen James A , Woodward Daniel F , Little Edward E , DeLonay Aaron J , Bergman Harold L 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Behavioral avoidance of metal mixtures by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was determined in the laboratory under water quality conditions that simulated the upper Clark Fork River, Montana, USA. A metal mixture with a fixed ratio of observed ambient metal concentrations (12 μg/L Cu:1.1 μg/L Cd:3.2 μg/L Pb:50 μg/L Zn) was used to determine avoidance in a countercurrent avoidance chamber. Rainbow trout avoided all metal concentrations tested from 10 to 1,000% of the simulated ambient metal mixture. The behavioral response of rainbow trout to the metal mixture was more sensitive than the response of brown trout (Salmo trutta) previously reported from the same laboratory under the same experimental conditions. Additionally, rainbow trout that were acclimated to the simulated ambient metal mixture for 45 d preferred clean water and avoided higher metal concentrations. Therefore, our laboratory experiments on the behavioral avoidance responses of rainbow trout, as well as previously reported experiments on brown trout, show that both species will avoid typical metal concentrations observed on the Clark Fork River. And the greater sensitivity of rainbow trout to the metal mixture may explain, in part, why rainbow trout populations appear to be more severely affected, compared to brown trout populations, in the upper Clark Fork River.
An in vivo testing system for endocrine disruptors in fish early life stages using induction of vitellogenin
Authors: Tyler Charles R , van Aerle Ronny , Hutchinson Tom H , Maddix Sue , Trip Heleanne 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based oncarp (Cyprinus carpio) vitellogenin (c-VTG, an estrogen-dependent precursor of egg yolk) was developed to quantify VTG in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and was employed to establish an in vivo testing system for estrogens in fish early life stages. The working range of the c-VTG ELISA was between 1 and 50 ng/ml (20%–80% binding). The inter- and intraassay variations were 9.7 ± 3% and 8.9 ± 3.4% (n = 15), respectively. Plasma and whole body homogenates from females and from estrogenized male fathead minnow diluted parallel with the c-VTG standard. Measurements of plasma VTG fractionated on sodium dodecyl sulphate gels and quantified using densitometry were compared with measurements with the same plasma samples using the c-VTG ELISA and they were similar for the carp and fathead minnow. The plasma concentration of VTG in the male fathead minnow was 25 ± 6 ng/ml, whereas in females, plasma concentrations of VTG ranged from 5.3 ± 1 μg/ml to 182 ± 7.6 μg/ml, depending on the state of maturity. Exposure of fathead minnows to estradiol-17β in the water (nominal concentrations of 25 ng/L, 50 ng/L, and 100 ng/L) from 24 h postfertilization to 30 d posthatch induced VTG synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. Shorter periods of exposure to 100 ng/L estradiol-17β (24 h postfertilization to 10 or 20 d posthatch) similarly induced a vitellogenic response. This work demonstrates that fathead minnow are sensitive to estrogen and are able to synthesize VTG very early in development; this provides the basis for the adaptation of existing fish early-life-stage tests for the in vivo testing of estrogenic chemicals.
Combination toxicology of copper, zinc, and cadmium in binary mixtures: Concentration-dependent antagonistic, nonadditive, and synergistic effects on root growth in Silene vulgaris
Authors: Sharma Shanti S , Schat Henk , Vooijs Riet , Van Heerwaarden Luisa M 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Using Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke as a test plant, the combination toxicology of Cu, Cd, and Zn was studied. Plants were exposed to single metals and binary metal mixtures in a factorial design. Root elongation after 3 d of exposure was used as a toxicity endpoint. The responses to mixtures were classified using nonaddition, response addition, and, where possible, concentration addition as reference models. In all the metal combinations tested, the nature of the joint effect appeared to be strongly concentration-dependent. The responses were approximately nonadditive (Cu/Zn, Cu/Cd) or antagonistic (Zn/Cd) with respect to root growth inhibition as long as the concentrations of both components of the mixture were kept within the slightly toxic range. As soon as one of the mixture components exceeded a critical level of toxicity, synergism was the predominant joint effect, even when the concentration of the other component was nontoxic under single-metal exposure. Further increases of the metal concentrations eventually decreased the degree of synergism, possibly as a result of increasing antagonisms at the level of metal uptake. The strongly synergistic effects of root-internal metals in the more concentrated mixtures seemed to be due to sensitizing secondary effects other than saturation of common cellular detoxification mechanisms.
An integrated evaluation of the persistence and effects of 4-nonylphenol in an experimental littoral ecosystem
Authors: Liber Karsten , Knuth Michael L , Stay Frank S 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A comprehensive littoral enclosure study was conducted to assess the persistence and distribution of 4-nonylphenol (NP) in a littoral ecosystem, and to evaluate the compound's effects on resident aquatic biota. Enclosures with a mean (±SD) surface area and volume of 31.4 ± 3.3 m2 and 32.0 ± 6.4 m3, respectively, received eleven applications at 48-h intervals with one of four different rates of NP. This created a 20-d application period which was followed by a three to fourteen month observation period, depending on the endpoint measured. Mean ± SD NP concentrations in the water column measured 2 h after each application averaged 5 ± 4, 23 ± 11, 76 ± 21, and 243 ± 41 μg/L at nominal treatments of 3, 30, 100, and 300 μg/L, respectively. Persistence in the water column was relatively short, with a dissipation half-life estimated at ≤1.2 d. Persistence of NP in sediment and on macrophytes was substantially longer, with estimated half-lives of 28 to 104 d and 8 to 13 d, respectively. Zooplankton was the most sensitive group of organisms evaluated, with significant reductions in population abundances of some copepod taxa observed at the 23 ± 11-μg/L treatment. Fish survival was affected at 243 ± 41 μg/L. The most sensitive benthic macroinvertebrate taxon, Pisidium (Bivalvia) was affected at 76 ± 21 μg/L, but most taxa were only affected at the 243 ± 41-μg/L treatment. None of the assessed populations were affected at the 5 ± 4-μg/L treatment. Macrophytes and periphyton were not adversely affected by any of the treatments. Overall community composition, assessed at the family level or higher, was not affected at or below the 23 ± 11-μg/L treatment, but did exhibit substantial changes at the 243 ± 41-μg/L treatment. Some minor changes were observed at the 76 ± 21-μg/L treatment. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration in the water column, based on protection of the most sensitive taxa in the test system, was estimated at ˜10 μg/L. Details on NP persistence and distribution within the enclosures, and detailed effects on zooplankton, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fish are described in four separate papers immediately following this overview.
Unifac modeling of multicomponent nonaqueous phase liquids containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Authors: Peters Catherine A , Mukherji Suparna , Weber Walter J 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Multicomponent nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) contaminants that are mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are examined using UNIFAC. The NAPL phase activity coefficients for constituent compounds of four different coal tar materials are estimated. The group contribution approach is adapted to describe representative molecular structures of the uncharacterized fractions of the tar materials, determined from average molecular weights and nonparametric regressions of the functional group parameters against molecular weight. The molecular structure characterization of the tars elucidates the similar chemistry of the materials from different sites, despite their different chemical compositions. Nearly ideal behavior is predicted for most tar constituents, with the majority of activity coefficients in the range of 0.9 to 1.1. These results provide a firm theoretical basis for an assumption of NAPL-phase ideality for many tar constituents. The robustness of this conclusion is indicated through comparable results across different tar materials and through a sensitivity analysis of the effect of the estimated characteristics of the uncharacterized fractions.
Response of mysid shrimp (Mysidopsis bahia), sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus), and inland silverside minnow (Menidia beryllina) to changes in artificial seawater salinity
Authors: Pillard David A , Dufresne Doree L , Tietge Joseph E , Evans James M 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Although marine organisms are adapted to naturally high concentrations of total dissolved solids (salinity) in their environment, abnormally high or low concentrations of ions can be toxic. Toxicity can result from aberrant levels of a single ion or from shifts in the entire spectrum of salts that comprise saltwater. To determine how marine organisms will respond to drastic swings in solution salinity and to provide a predictive tool to assess toxicity attributable to salinity, three common marine test organisms were exposed to balanced solutions ranging in salinity from near zero to more than 80%0. The organisms tested were mysid shrimp (Mysidopsis bahia), sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus), and inland silverside minnow (Menidia beryllina) Logistic regression was used to relate salinity to survival for each of the three test species. Survival of all three species was reduced at low and high salinities, although impacts to mysid shrimp at salinities of 4%0 or less were more pronounced than to either fish species. In high-salinity studies, mysid shrimp and inland silverside minnows had 48-h LC50s of approx. 45%0; a 48-h LC50 of nearly 70%0 was calculated for the sheepshead minnow. Mysid shrimp and sheepshead minnows were relatively consistent in their response to saline solutions, whereas silverside minnows were more variable in their response.
Effects of butyltin compounds on phagocytic activity of hemocytes from three marine bivalves
Authors: Bouchard Nicole , Pelletier Émilien , Fournier Michel 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Effects of tributyltin (TBT), dibutyltin (DBT), and monobutyltin (MBT) on the in vitro phagocytic activity of hemocytes from three marine bivalve species, Mytilus edulis, Mya arenaria, and Mactromeris polynyma, were determined using flow cytometry. Phagocytosis was reduced with increasing doses of TBT and DBT. The toxicity of butyltins on hemocytes decreased in the order DBT &gt; TBT &gt; MBT, and comparison of the relative sensitivity of the three species showed that blue mussels (M. edulis) were more tolerant of butyltin compounds than both clam species. Toxicity mechanisms of butyltins are discussed and compared to those of other metals.
Organic pollutant characterization and toxicity testing of settling particulate matter by nanoinjection in sea trout (Salmo trutta) eggs
Authors: Ishaq Rasha , Åkerman Gun , Näf Carina , Balk Lennart , Bandh Cecilia , Broman Dag 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A “nanoinjection” technique was used to expose sea trout (Salmo trutta) eggs to a toluene extract of settling particulate matter (SPM) and fractions thereof from the urban waters of Stockholm, Sweden. Total extract (unfractionated), fractions collected using fractionation on an open Florisil® column (F1–F4), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) aminopropylsilica/2-(1-pyrenyl)ethyldimethylsilulated silica column (A1–A7 and A2/P1–P3), and recombined fractions of Florisil (F-Rec) and HPLC (A-Rec) were injected into fertilized sea trout eggs. Toxicity was evaluated on the basis of deformities at hatching and in larval stages and on the basis of larvae mortality. Chemical analysis, using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, was performed on all HPLC fractions and indicated that major components of fractions A2/P1 and A3 through A7 were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) or their alkylated derivatives. Fraction A2/P2 contained non-ortho-chlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, and some Cl-substituted PAHs. Deformities at hatching were observed mainly in the larvae exposed to fraction A-Rec. F2 showed the highest effect on larvae mortality, and both F-Rec and A-Rec showed antagonistic mechanisms. The frequency of deformities in larvae was highest in fractions A2/P2, F4, and A-Rec. Fractions A2/P1 and F1, which partly contained similar substances, showed similar effects on deformity at hatching and larvae mortality; however, F1 showed no effect on larvae abnormality compared with A2/P1. This could have been due to antagonistic mechanisms acting in F1.
Aquatic ecological risks posed by tributyltin in united states surface waters: Pre-1989 to 1996 data
Authors: Cardwell Rick D , Brancato Mary Sue , Toll John , Deforest David , Tear Lucinda 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Acute and chronic risks to aquatic life from exposure to tributyltin (TBT) in surface waters were assessed probabilistically using more than 9 years of monitoring data. More than 50 sites around the United States were sampled, representing six saltwater regions and one freshwater (Lake Erie). Ambient TBT concentrations were compared to acute and chronic effect thresholds to estimate risks for each year (1986-1988 and 1992-1996), site type, and region. Site types comprised commercial harbors, shipyards, marinas, and fish/shellfish habitats proximate to these commercial areas. Tributyltin concentrations in surface waters have declined in all regions and site types since passage of the Organotin Antifouling Paint Control Act in 1988. No risks of acute toxicity have been suggested since 1994. Chronic risks have remained highest in marinas compared to other site types but have declined from a risk involving 25% of the species prior to 1989 to one involving 6% of the species in 1996. Risks associated with commercial harbors and shipyards have been similar (4-6%) since 1994. Chronic risks have been ≤1% in fish and shellfish habitats sampled &lt;1 to 2 km from TBT sources. Risks in Galveston Bay, over all years (1-19%), have been greater than in the other regions (≤9%).
Ecological risk assessment in a large river-reservoir: 1. Introduction and background
Authors: Cook Robert B , Suter Glenn W , Sain E Riley 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The U.S. Department of Energy initiated a remedial investigation of the Clinch River/Poplar Creek system Superfund Site in 1989. This site, located in eastern Tennessee near Oak Ridge, consists of 70 river kilometers and 40 km2 of surface area. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nature and extent of contamination, perform an ecological and human health risk assessment, and evaluate possible remedial alternatives. This introductory article summarizes the environmental setting, the contamination history, and the study approach and provides some general results of the site characterization. Subsequent papers in this series describe the ecological risks to fish, piscivorous and insectivorous wildlife, and benthic invertebrates.
Ecological risk assessment in a large river-reservoir: 2. Fish community
Authors: Suter Glenn W Suter , Barnthouse Lawrence W , Efroymson Rebecca A , Jager Henriette 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
This paper summarizes the assessment of risks to fishes in the Clinch River Operable Unit due to contaminants released by the U.S. Department of Energy's activities on its Oak Ridge Reservation in Tennessee. This paper focuses on the most contaminated area, the Poplar Creek (PC) embayment. The assessment is of interest because of its use of five distinct lines of evidence: fish community surveys, fish body burdens, toxicity tests of ambient waters, suborganismal bioindicators, and single chemical toxicity tests. None of these lines of evidence provided unambiguous evidence of a significant risk, but the surveys indicated that the fish community in PC was depauperate, polychlorinated biphenyl body burdens may have been at toxic levels in catfish, one of the three tests of ambient water showed clear toxicity, some of the indicators were indicative of toxic effects, and concentrations that have been toxic in the laboratory were detected periodically. Interpretation was further complicated by upstream contamination of both the Clinch River and PC. The risk characterization was performed by evaluating each line of evidence separately and then weighing the evidence using an ecoepidemiological approach.
Ecological risk assessment in a large river-reservoir: 5. Aerial insectivorous wildlife
Authors: Baron Lisa A , Sample Bradley E , Suter Glenn W 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Risks to aerial insectivores (e.g., rough-winged swallows, little brown bats, and endangered gray bats) were assessed for the remedial investigation of the Clinch River/Poplar Creek (CR/PC) system. Adult mayflies and sediment were collected from three locations and analyzed for contaminants. Sediment-to-mayfly contaminant uptake factors were generated from these data and used to estimate contaminant concentrations in mayflies from 13 additional locations. Contaminants of potential ecological concern (COPECs) were identified by comparing exposure estimates generated using point estimates of parameter values to NOAELs. To incorporate the variation in exposure parameters and to provide a better estimate of the potential exposure, the exposure model was recalculated using Monte Carlo methods. The potential for adverse effects was estimated based on the comparison of exposure distribution and the LOAEL. The results of this assessment suggested that population-level effects to rough-winged swallows and little brown bats are considered unlikely. However, because gray bats are endangered, effects on individuals may be significant from foraging in limited subreaches of the CR/PC system. This assessment illustrates the advantage of an iterative approach to ecological risk assessments, using fewer conservative assumptions and more realistic modeling of exposure.
Ecological risk assessment in a large river-reservoir: 7. Environmental contaminant accumulation and effects in great blue heron
Authors: Halbrook Richard S , Brewer Robert L , Buehler David A 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPast plant operations and waste disposal on the Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR) have introduced an assortment of potentially harmful contaminants into the surrounding environment. Elevated concentrations of mercury (Hg) and PCBs have been found in fish collected from aquatic systems on the ORR, and a screening level risk assessment has identified piscivorous wildlife downstream from the ORR as being at risk. As a component of an ecological risk assessment of a large river-reservoir system, the great blue heron (Ardea herodias) was chosen as an endpoint species to evaluate potential adverse effects of contaminants on piscivorous wildlife using aquatic systems on or downstream of the ORR. Eggs and chick liver, muscle, and fat samples were collected from two heron colonies located on and two colonies located off the ORR. Samples were analyzed for PCBs, mercury, chromium, and arsenic to determine if differences existed among colonies. Mean mercury and PCB concentrations were greater in eggs and chick tissues collected from colonies located on the ORR. However, no biologically significant differences were observed in fecundity or in egg physical measurements or chick physiological measurements between study locations. The results of this study do not indicate that the contaminant burdens in great blue heron chicks and eggs have a detrimental effect on heron populations utilizing aquatic habitats on the ORR.
Assessment of the toxicity of metals in soils amended with sewage sludge using a chemical speciation technique and alux-based biosensor
Authors: McGrath Steve P , Knight Bruce , Killham Ken , Preston Sara , Paton Graeme I 
Published: March 2010

AbstractCurrently, regulations regarding the maximum permitted concentrations of metals in soils are based on measurements of the total concentration. However, a range of chemical and biological techniques are being developed to predict the bioavailable component of these pollutants. A lux-based biosensor was tested in soil solutions extracted from two field experiments at Braunschweig, Germany, that had the same metal inputs, but differed in pH. The bioluminescence response was found to decline as the free Zn2+ increased, and both soils fitted the same relationship with soil solution metal concentrations. The EC25 and EC50 derived from this curve were 1.9 and 6.1 mg/L, respectively. In contrast, the response to total Zn concentrations in the bulk soil showed distinct curves for each soil, further highlighting the appropriateness of free Zn2+ as a toxicity indicator. Other metals were present in the soil, but were unlikely to be toxic, because the observed concentrations were less than their individual toxic threshold values in solution. Bioluminescence-based biosensors were concluded to possibly offer an inexpensive and rapid technique to evaluate the bioavailability of metals in soil systems. The response of these biosensors can be related to soil solution speciation measurements, and this gives a common basis for expression of toxic thresholds in different soils.