bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Writing's Shadow: Corticospinal Activation during Letter Observation
Authors: Nakatsuka Masahiro , Thabit Mohamed Nasreldin , Koganemaru Satoko , Nojima Ippei , Fukuyama Hidenao , Mima Tatsuya 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWe can recognize handwritten letters despite the variability among writers. One possible strategy is exploiting the motor memory of orthography. By using TMS, we clarified the excitatory and inhibitory neural circuits of the motor corticospinal pathway that might be activated during the observation of handwritten letters. During experiments, participants looked at the handwritten or printed single letter that appeared in a random order. The excitability of the left and right primary motor cortex (M1) was evaluated by motor-evoked potentials elicited by single-pulse TMS. Short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) of the left M1 was evaluated using paired-pulse TMS. F waves were measured for the right ulnar nerve. We found significant reduction of corticospinal excitability only for the right hand at 300–400 msec after each letter presentation without significant changes in SICI. This suppression is likely to be of supraspinal origin, because of no significant alteration in F-wave amplitudes. These findings suggest that the recognition of handwritten letters may include the implicit knowledge of “writing” in M1. The M1 activation associated with that process, which has been shown in previous neuroimaging studies, is likely to reflect the active suppression of the corticospinal excitability.
Meteorological Impacts of Forest Mortality due to Insect Infestation in Colorado
Authors: Wiedinmyer Christine , Barlage Michael , Tewari Mukul , Chen Fei 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Physical characteristics of forests and other ecosystems control land–atmosphere exchanges of water and energy and partly dictate local and regional meteorology. Insect infestation and resulting forest dieback can alter these characteristics and, further, modify land–atmosphere exchanges. In the past decade, insect infestation has led to large-scale forest mortality in western North America. This study uses a high-resolution mesoscale meteorological model coupled with a detailed land surface model to investigate the sensitivity of near-surface variables to insect-related forest mortality. The inclusion of this land surface disturbance in the model increased in simulated skin temperature by as much as 2.1 K. The modeled 2-m temperature increased an average of 1 K relative to the default simulations. A latent to sensible heat flux shift with a magnitude of 10%–15% of the available energy in the forested ecosystem was predicted after the inclusion of insect infestation and forest dieback. Although results were consistent across multiple model configurations, the characteristics of forests affected by insect infestations must be better constrained to more accurately predict their impacts. Despite the limited duration of the simulations (one week), these initial results suggest the importance of including large-scale forest mortality due to insect infestation in meteorological models and highlight the need for better observations of the characteristics and exchanges of these disturbed landscapes.
Effectiveness of computerised cognitive behaviour therapy for anxiety disorders in secondary care
Authors: Bell Caroline J , Colhoun Helen C , Carter Frances A , Frampton Christopher M 
Published: February 2012

Objective: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of computerised cognitive behaviour therapy (CCBT) with a wait list control (WLC) for the treatment of patients with an anxiety disorder (social phobia, panic disorder, generalised anxiety disorder) referred to a specialist, publically funded, outpatient anxiety service. Method: Patients with social phobia ( n = 37), panic disorder ( n = 32) or generalised anxiety disorder ( n = 14) were randomised to treatment with either CCBT ( n = 40) or WLC ( n = 43). Self-report rating scale assessments were conducted at baseline, 12 and 24 weeks. Results: Compared with WLC, the CCBT group improved significantly on approximately half of the self-report primary (the Work and Social Adjustment Scale) and approximately half of the secondary measures at both 12 and 24 weeks (the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, the Penn State Worry Questionnaire, the Generalised Anxiety inventory and the Fear Questionnaire). Effect sizes in this study were moderate. Conclusion: This is one of the few studies to investigate CCBT for anxiety disorders in patients in a secondary care service. The results show that CCBT in this secondary care setting has the potential to be beneficial and confirms and extends the findings from previous studies of self-referral or primary care settings.
Pharmacokinetics and Short‐Term Safety of Etravirine in Combination With Fluconazole or Voriconazole in HIV‐Negative Volunteers
Authors: Kakuda Thomas N. , Van Solingen‐Ristea Rodica , Aharchi Fatima , Smedt Goedele De , Witek James , Nijs Steven , Vyncke Veerle , Hoetelmans Richard M. W. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor etravirine, approved for use in treatment‐experienced, HIV‐1‐infected patients, is a substrate and inducer of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and a substrate and inhibitor of CYP2C9/CYP2C19. Pharmacokinetic interactions and safety of etravirine 200 mg twice daily coadministered with fluconazole 200 mg daily or voriconazole 200 mg twice daily, both inhibitors of CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19, were evaluated in an open‐label, randomized, 3‐period crossover trial in 18 HIV‐negative volunteers. Based on least squares means (LSM) ratios, coadministration of etravirine with fluconazole or voriconazole resulted in higher etravirine exposures (area under plasma concentration‐time curve from 0‐12 hours [AUC12 h] 1.86‐ and 1.36‐fold, respectively). Fluconazole pharmacokinetics were unchanged with etravirine coadministration (AUC12 h LSM ratio: 0.94), and voriconazole plasma concentrations were slightly raised (AUC12 h LSM ratio: 1.14). All treatments and combinations were well tolerated, with no grade 3 or 4 adverse events observed during treatment. There was 1 adverse event–related trial withdrawal during treatment with fluconazole alone (leukocyturia). The most frequent adverse events were headache and blurred vision (11 and 8 volunteers, respectively), with blurred vision occurring exclusively during voriconazole‐alone treatment. Pharmacokinetic interactions between etravirine and fluconazole or voriconazole are not expected to be clinically relevant; no dose adjustments are required during coadministration.
Head and Neck Cancer in Canada
Authors: Johnson‐Obaseki Stephanie , McDonald James Ted , Corsten Martin , Rourke Ryan 
Published: February 2012

ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to investigate the changes in the epidemiology (incidence, age at diagnosis, and survival) of head and neck cancers (HNCs) in Canada in the past decade.Study DesignAnalysis of a national cancer data registry.SettingAll Canadian hospital institutions treating head and neck cancer.Subjects and MethodsUsing Canadian Cancer Registry data (1992‐2007), the authors categorized HNCs into 3 groups according to their possible association with human papillomavirus (HPV): oropharynx (highly associated), oral cavity (moderate association), and “other” (hypopharynx, larynx, and nasopharynx), which are not HPV related. They calculated age‐adjusted incidence, median age at diagnosis, and survival for each category.ResultsOropharynx tumors increased in incidence over the study time period (annual percent change: 1.50% men, 0.8% women), whereas oral cavity tumors decreased (2.10% men, 0.4% women), as did other HNCs (decreased by 3.0% for men and 1.9% for women). The median age at diagnosis for oropharynx cancer decreased by an average of 0.23 years/y. There was no change for oral cavity tumors but an increase for other HNCs of 0.12 years/y. Survival for patients with oropharynx cancer increased by 1.5%/y but was significant for men only. Survival for patients with oral cavity and other HNCs also increased in men only by 0.9%/y and 0.25%/y, respectively.ConclusionOropharynx cancer, which is highly correlated with HPV infection, is increasing in incidence in Canada, with a decreasing age at diagnosis and an improvement in survival. This could have implications for screening strategies and treatment for oropharyngeal cancers in Canada.
Are people with rheumatoid arthritis who undertake activity pacing at risk of being too physically inactive?
Authors: Cuperus Nienke , Hoogeboom Thomas J , Neijland Yvette , van den Ende Cornelia HM , Keijsers Noël LW 
Published: February 2012

Objective: To gain insight into the relationship between activity pacing and physical inactivity. Design: A cross-sectional study. Setting: Outpatient clinic of a rheumatology department. Subjects: Men and women diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis Main measures: Physical activity was assessed using self-reported measures and an accelerometer-based activity monitor. An occupational therapist and specialized nurse analysed the self-reported physical activity data and classified on the basis of consensus the pacing of activities of all patients as ‘adequate’ or ‘not adequate’. Results: Thirty rheumatoid arthritis patients participated in this study of whom nine were categorized as adequate activity pacers. None of these nine undertook sufficient exercise whereas 6 of the 20 people who did not pace activity appropriately did. Physical activity levels assessed by self-reported measures were significantly higher than when assessed by an accelerometer-based activity monitor. Conclusions: Activity pacing was associated with lower levels of physical activity. Since patients with rheumatoid arthritis are already at risk for inactivity, further inactivation by activity pacing might potentially be harmful.
Successful Treatment of Painful Irreparable Partial Meniscal Defects With a Polyurethane Scaffold
Authors: Verdonk Peter , Beaufils Philippe , Bellemans Johan , Djian Patrick , Heinrichs Eva-Lisa , Huysse Wouter , Laprell Heinz , Siebold Rainer , Verdonk René ,   the Actifit Study Group, Colombet Philippe , Cugat Ramon , Alvarez Pedro , Neyret Philippe , Pðssler Hans 
Published: February 2012

Background: A novel, biodegradable, polyurethane scaffold was designed to fulfill an unmet clinical need in the treatment of patients with painful irreparable partial meniscal defects. Hypothesis: The use of an acellular polyurethane scaffold for new tissue generation in irreparable partial meniscal defects provides both pain relief and improved functionality. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Fifty-two patients with irreparable partial meniscal defects (34 medial and 18 lateral, 88% with 1-3 previous surgeries on the index meniscus) were implanted with a polyurethane scaffold in a prospective, single-arm, multicenter, proof-of-principle study. Safety was assessed by the rate of scaffold-related serious adverse events (SAEs) and the International Cartilage Repair Society articular cartilage scoring system comparing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 24 months to MRI at baseline (1 week). Kaplan-Meier time to treatment failure distributions were performed. Clinical outcomes were measured comparing visual analog scale, International Knee Documentation Committee, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), and Lysholm scores at 24 months from baseline (entry into study). Results: Clinically and statistically significant improvements ( P < .0001) compared with baseline were reported in all clinical outcome scores (baseline/24 months): visual analog scale (45.7/20.3), International Knee Documentation Committee (45.4/70.1), KOOS symptoms (64.6/78.3), KOOS pain (57.5/78.6), KOOS activities of daily living (68.8/84.2), KOOS sports (30.5/59.0), KOOS quality of life (33.9/56.6), and Lysholm (60.1/80.7), demonstrating improvements in both pain and function. The incidence of treatment failure was 9 (17.3%) patients, of which 3 patients (8.8%) had medial meniscal defects and 6 patients (33.3%) had lateral meniscal defects. There were 9 SAEs requiring reoperation. Stable or improved International Cartilage Repair Society cartilage grades were observed in 92.5% of patients between baseline and 24 months. Conclusion: At 2 years after implantation, safety and clinical outcome data from this study support the use of the polyurethane scaffold for the treatment of irreparable, painful, partial meniscal defects.
Video Incident Analysis of Head Injuries in High School Girls’ Lacrosse
Authors: Caswell Shane V. , Lincoln Andrew E. , Almquist Jon L. , Dunn Reginald E. , Hinton Richard Y. 
Published: February 2012

Background: Knowledge of injury mechanisms and game situations associated with head injuries in girls’ high school lacrosse is necessary to target prevention efforts. Purpose: To use video analysis and injury data to provide an objective and comprehensive visual record to identify mechanisms of injury, game characteristics, and penalties associated with head injury in girls’ high school lacrosse. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: In the 25 public high schools of 1 school system, 529 varsity and junior varsity girls’ lacrosse games were videotaped by trained videographers during the 2008 and 2009 seasons. Video of head injury incidents was examined to identify associated mechanisms and game characteristics using a lacrosse-specific coding instrument. Results: Of the 25 head injuries (21 concussions and 4 contusions) recorded as game-related incidents by athletic trainers during the 2 seasons, 20 head injuries were captured on video, and 14 incidents had sufficient image quality for analysis. All 14 incidents of head injury (11 concussions, 3 contusions) involved varsity-level athletes. Most head injuries resulted from stick-to-head contact (n = 8), followed by body-to-head contact (n = 4). The most frequent player activities were defending a shot (n = 4) and competing for a loose ball (n = 4). Ten of the 14 head injuries occurred inside the 12-m arc and in front of the goal, and no penalty was called in 12 injury incidents. All injuries involved 2 players, and most resulted from unintentional actions. Turf versus grass did not appear to influence number of head injuries. Conclusion: Comprehensive video analysis suggests that play near the goal at the varsity high school level is associated with head injuries. Absence of penalty calls on most of these plays suggests an area for exploration, such as the extent to which current rules are enforced and the effectiveness of existing rules for the prevention of head injury.
Demographic Trends in Arthroscopic SLAP Repair in the United States
Authors: Zhang Alan L. , Kreulen Christopher , Ngo Stephanie S. , Hame Sharon L. , Wang Jeffrey C. , Gamradt Seth C. 
Published: February 2012

Background: Treatment of superior labral anterior posterior (SLAP) tears remains controversial, particularly in older age groups. Repair, debridement, biceps tenodesis, tenotomy, and observation have been recommended depending on patient characteristics, but there have not been any large epidemiologic studies investigating treatment trends. Purpose: To investigate current trends in SLAP repair across time, gender, age, and regions in the United States. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Patients who underwent arthroscopic SLAP repair ( Current Procedural Terminology [ CPT] code 29807) were identified using a publicly available national database of insurance records (PearlDiver Patient Records Database) during years 2004 through 2009. Factors identified for each patient included gender, age group, and region in the United States. Logistic regression analysis and the chi-square test were used for statistical measures. Results: From 2004 to 2009 there were 25,574 cases of arthroscopic SLAP repair identified, of which 75% were male patients and 25% were female patients. There was a significant rise in cases of SLAP repair from 2004 to 2009 as the incidence of SLAP repair increased from 17.0 for every 10,000 patients with an orthopaedic International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision ( ICD-9) or CPT code in 2004 to 28.1 in 2009 ( P < .0001). Age analysis revealed the highest incidence in the 20-29–year (29.1 per 10,000) and 40-49–year (27.8 per 10,000) age groups. Men (37.3 per 10,000) had a significantly higher incidence of repairs than did women (10.7 per 10,000). The West (24.6 per 10,000) and South (24.4 per 10,000) regions also demonstrated a higher incidence than the Midwest (20.5 per 10,000) and Northeast (20.1 per 10,000) regions ( P < .0001). Conclusion: Our analysis illustrates that surgeons are performing significantly more arthroscopic SLAP repairs each year. The highest incidence of repair is in the 20-29– and 40-49–year age groups, and a significant gender difference exists, with men having a threefold higher incidence of repair.
Evidence for both innate and acquired mechanisms of protection from Plasmodium falciparum in children with sickle cell trait
Authors: Gong Lauren , Maiteki-Sebuguzi Catherine , Rosenthal Philip J. , Hubbard Alan E. , Drakeley Chris J. , Dorsey Grant , Greenhouse Bryan 
Published: February 2012

AbstractSickle cell trait (HbAS) is known to be protective against Plasmodium falciparum malaria, but it is unclear when during the course of infection this protection occurs and whether protection is innate or acquired. To address these questions, a cohort of 601 children 1-10 years of age were enrolled in Kampala, Uganda, and followed for 18 months for symptomatic malaria and asymptomatic parasitemia. Genotyping was used to detect and follow individual parasite clones longitudinally within subjects. Children with HbAS were protected against the establishment of parasitemia, as assessed by the molecular force of infection at older but not younger ages (at 2 years of age: incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.16; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.62-2.19; P = .6; at 9 years of age: IRR = 0.50; 95% CI, 0.28-0.87; P = .01), suggesting an acquired mechanism of protection. Once parasitemic, children with HbAS were less likely to progress to symptomatic malaria, with protection again being the most pronounced at older ages (at 2 years of age: relative risk [RR] = 0.92; 95% CI, 0.77-1.10; P = .3; at 9 years of age: RR = 0.68; 95% CI, 0.51-0.91; P = .008). Conversely, the youngest children were best protected against high parasite density (at 2 years of age: relative density = 0.24; 95% CI, 0.10-0.54; P = .001; at 9 years of age: relative density = 0.59; 95% CI, 0.30-1.19; P = .14), suggesting an innate mechanism of protection against this end point.
Outcomes after matched unrelated donor versus identical sibling hematopoietic cell transplantation in adults with acute myelogenous leukemia
Authors: Saber Wael , Opie Shaun , Rizzo J. Douglas , Zhang Mei-Jie , Horowitz Mary M. , Schriber Jeff 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Approximately one-third of patients with an indication for hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) have an HLA-matched related donor (MRD) available to them. For the remaining patients, a matched unrelated donor (MUD) is an alternative. Prior studies comparing MRD and MUD HCT provide conflicting results, and the relative efficacy of MRD and MUD transplantation is an area of active investigation. To address this issue, we analyzed outcomes of 2223 adult acute myelogenous leukemia patients who underwent allogeneic HCT between 2002 and 2006 (MRD, n = 624; 8/8 HLA locus matched MUD, n = 1193; 7/8 MUD, n = 406). The 100-day cumulative incidence of grades B-D acute GVHD was significantly lower in MRD HCT recipients than in 8/8 MUD and 7/8 MUD HCT recipients (33%, 51%, and 53%, respectively; P < .001). In multivariate analysis, 8/8 MUD HCT recipients had a similar survival rate compared with MRD HCT recipients (relative risk [RR], 1.03; P = .62). 7/8 MUD HCT recipients had higher early mortality than MRD HCT recipients (RR, 1.40; P < .001), but beyond 6 months after HCT, their survival rates were similar (RR, 0.88; P = .30). These results suggest that transplantation from MUD and MRD donors results in similar survival times for patients with acute myelogenous leukemia.
Cyclophosphamide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone therapy in AL amyloidosis is associated with high clonal response rates and prolonged progression-free survival
Authors: Venner Christopher P. , Lane Thirusha , Foard Darren , Rannigan Lisa , Gibbs Simon D. J. , Pinney Jennifer H. , Whelan Carol J. , Lachmann Helen J. , Gillmore Julian D. , Hawkins Philip N. , Wechalekar Ashutosh D. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Bortezomib has shown great promise in the treatment of amyloid light-chain (AL) amyloidosis. We present our experience of 43 patients with AL amyloidosis who received cyclophosphamide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone (CVD) upfront or at relapse. Of these, 74% had cardiac involvement and 46% were Mayo Cardiac Stage III. The overall hematologic response rate was 81.4%, including complete response (CR) in 41.9% and very good partial response with > 90% decrease in difference between involved/uninvolved light chain (VGPR-dFLC) in 51.4%. Patients treated upfront had higher rates of CR (65.0%) and VGPR-dFLC (66.7%). The estimated 2-year progression-free survival was 66.5% for patients treated upfront and 41.4% for relapsed patients. Those attaining a CR or VGPR-dFLC had a significantly better progression-free survival (P = .002 and P = .026, respectively). The estimated 2-year overall survival was 97.7% (94.4% in Mayo Stage III patients). CVD is a highly effective regimen producing durable responses in AL amyloidosis; the deep clonal responses may overcome poor prognosis in advanced-stage disease.
HIV-1 Subtype distribution in morocco based on national sentinel surveillance data 2004-2005
Authors: Akrim Mohammed , Lemrabet Sanae , Elharti Elmir , Gray Rebecca R , Tardy Jean Claude , Cook Robert L , Salemi Marco , Andre Patrice , Azarian Taj , Aouad Rajae El 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBackgroundLittle is known about HIV-1 subtype distribution in Morocco. Some data suggest an emergence of new HIV subtypes. We conducted phylogenetic analysis on a nationally representative sample of 60 HIV-1 viral specimens collected during 2004-2005 through the Morocco national HIV sentinel surveillance survey.ResultsWhile subtype B is still the most prevalent, 23.3% of samples represented non-B subtypes, the majority of which were classified as CRF02_AG (15%). Molecular clock analysis confirmed that the initial introduction of HIV-1B in Morocco probably came from Europe in the early 1980s. In contrast, the CRF02_AG strain appeared to be introduced from sub-Saharan Africa in two separate events in the 1990s.ConclusionsSubtype CRF02_AG has been emerging in Morocco since the 1990s. More information about the factors introducing HIV subtype-specific transmission will inform the prevention strategy in the region.