bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Audit of Pap Smear Cytology
Authors: Kumar Harendra , Narasimha Aparna , Vasavi B , Sapna M 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Cervicovaginal cytology (Pap test) is the commonly used tool for screening of cervical cancers. Its accurate interpretation depends on obtaining adequately cellular samples prepared to a high standard. Its accuracy and cost-effectiveness can be seriously compromised by inadequate samples.

Aim
To audit the adequacy of Pap smears in diagnosing cervical cancer.

Study design
Pap smears reported were retrieved from the hospital records and data were analyzed. Histopathology correlation done for abnormal pap smears.

Results
A total of 1,531 cases were reported; 1,157 (75.57%) cases were adequate and 374 (24.42%) inadequate. Qualitative inadequacy included inadequate fixation and poor quality of staining 10 (2.67%), drying artefacts 15 (4.10%), broken slides five (1.33%). Quantitative inadequacy was sampling errors — lack of junctional component 186 (49.73%), presence of inflammation 138 (36.89%) and blood 20 (5.34%). 998 (86.25%) were labeled as negative. About 159 (13.74%) cases showed epithelial cell abnormalities. Cytohistological correlation revealed significant discrepancy. The majority of these were carcinomas that were misdiagnosed as atypical cells.

Conclusion
Cytopathologists or clinicians must be adequately trained, experienced and subject to regular audit. Reporting of atypical cells needs to be addressed with more stringent training of cytopathologists.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma Arising in Mature Cystic Teratoma of the Ovary: A Case Report with Review of Literature
Authors: Kalyani R , Gayathri BN , Vidyavathi K 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT
Up to a quarter of ovarian masses originate from germ cells and many of these are mature cystic teratomas (MCT). The secondary development of malignancy is a rare but well-known phenomenon in patient with ovarian teratomas. The incidence of malignant transformation in mature cystic teratoma of the ovary is less than 2% as reported in gynecological and pathological literature. Here, we present a case of malignant transformation in MCT of the ovary.
A Rare Case of Lipoid Cell Tumor of Ovary
Authors: Bhute Sindhu , Shrivastava Deepti , Mukherjee Satarupa 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT
Lipoid cell tumors are rare hormone producing ovarian neoplasm. Majority of patients with these tumors are diagnosed at an early stage and unlike common epithelial tumors, these tumors have more specific symptoms due to the production of hormones and are associated with signs of virilism (hirsutism, amenorrhea, changed voice, breast atrophy and clitoromegaly).
Reported is a case of patient with sudden virilization caused by the benign androgen-producing lipoid-cell tumor of the ovary, very infrequently described in the literature.
Acardius Acephalic Monster
Authors: Kakani Anuradha , Shrivastava D , Arora Asha 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT
Dermoid cyst in postmenopausal women is a rare entity. It is seen most commonly in young reproductive age group. It constitutes about 10 to 20% of all ovarian tumors in pregnancy. Chance of malignancy is about 1-2%, torsion is common.
Here, we have presented an unusual case of dermoid cyst in a postmenopausal woman who presented with complaints which were not directly related to the cyst. A 16-week mass per abdomen was not bothering the patient at all, rather she presented in the OPD with a mass coming out per vaginum, which was a third degree uterocervical descent. Patient was posted for vaginal hysterectomy and the cyst was removed perabdominally.
Forgotten Lippes Loop associated with Endometrial Carcinoma
Authors: Nanda Smiti , Singhal Savita Rani , Madan Seema 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT
Patients with a forgotten intrauterine device (IUD) present most often with irregular vaginal bleeding or postmenopausal bleeding. We report a case of nonmedicated IUD (Lippes loop) associated with endometrial adenocarcinoma in a woman who presented with postmenopausal bleeding and a forgotten IUD. Although the occurrence of endometrial adenocarcinoma with IUD is almost unknown, yet given the serious nature of the disease, endometrial sampling is indicated in any patient with postmenopausal bleeding and IUD in situ.
Female Hypospadias and Congenital Uterine Müllerian Anomaly with Proved Fertility: A Rare Case Report
Authors: Choudhary Rekha , Verma Suniti , Choudhary Gautam Ram 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT
Congenital anomalies of the female genital tract result from müllerian duct anomalies and/or abnormalities of the urogenital sinus or cloaca. Due to the close developmental relationship between the genital and the urinary tracts, association of anomalies in both systems are common. This article reviews the appearance of developmental anomalies of the female urinary (hypospadias) and genital tracts and points out complication associated with bicornuate uterus. A 40-year-old primigravid woman conceived a pregnancy after 10 years of primary infertility. The prenatal course was uncomplicated. At 38 weeks’ gestation, she was successfully delivered by elective low transverse cesarean section.
Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry in Analysis of Chemicals Related to the Chemical Weapons Convention
Authors: Read Robert W. , Black Robin M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractLiquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) is the direct coupling of a chromatographic separation of analytes dissolved in a liquid phase with mass spectrometric detection/identification. Analytes are separated by one or more mechanisms, usually involving hydrophobic, polar, or ionic interactions. The components eluting from the liquid chromatography (LC) are introduced directly into the mass spectrometer via an interface, which removes the solvent and ionizes the analyte molecules to produce positive or negative ions. These ions are separated by the mass spectrometer on the basis of their mass‐to‐charge (m/z) ratios. The availability of versatile and robust interfaces, that use atmospheric pressure ionization (API) (atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and electrospray ionization (ESI)), has led to widespread application of LC/MS to the analysis of chemical warfare‐related chemicals.Although LC/MS can be used for the direct analysis of chemical warfare agents in aqueous samples, its major application in this field is for the analysis of hydrolysis products of chemical warfare agents, and other polar degradation products and precursors. Reversed‐phase LC/MS provides a rapid screening procedure for hydrolysis products such as phosphonic acids and thiodiglycol, avoiding the tedious isolation and derivatization required for gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Increased structural information for unequivocal identification, or improved limits of detection (LODs) in trace analysis, can be obtained using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). LC/MS/MS is particularly useful for detecting biological markers of poisoning by chemical warfare agents.
Diode Laser Spectroscopic Monitoring of Trace Gases*Update based on original article by Frank K. Tittel and Konstantin P. Petrov, Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, © 2000, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Authors: Schilt Stephane , Tittel Frank K. , Petrov Konstantin P. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractModern diode laser spectroscopy is becoming an important and a more widely used tool for detection and measurement of trace gases. The change is driven by the recent advances in diode laser technology and diode laser frequency conversion techniques, which now push the limits of emission wavelength, output power, operating temperature, miniaturization, and cost. Basic features of the diode laser now find new, interesting, and unique use in well‐established laboratory and field applications related to trace‐gas detection and, in some instances, even transform the traditional spectroscopic methods. It is the purpose of this chapter to familiarize the reader with the key elements of diode laser technology and analytical methods used in diode laser spectroscopy.
Determination of β‐ emitters by Cherenkov Counting
Authors: Alfassi Zeev B. , Levinson Shmuel , Tsroya Shimon , Gonen Refael 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

A charged particle traveling through a transparent medium at a speed faster than the velocity of light in this medium will produce photons of light — Cherenkov photons. These photons can be used to measure the intensity of β
−
radiation. The main advantage of this method compared to LSC (Liquid Scintillation Counting) is the higher efficiency of light collection due to the volume ratio of the LS cocktail and the original solution and to the possibility to use the original solution as it is. The chapter discusses the possibility to use the External Source (ES) method.
Solid‐StateNMRInvestigations on Complex Disordered Materials
Authors: Villanueva‐Garibay Jorge A. , Abele Matthias , Müller Klaus 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe describe the use of solid‐state NMR spectroscopy for studies of order and disorder in solids. A short overview of different aspects of order and disorder in solid materials is given, addressing the differences between static and dynamic disorders. A brief introduction to the basics of broad‐line, high‐resolution, and dynamic solid‐state NMR spectroscopy follows. Subsequently, we present representative applications of solid‐state NMR spectroscopy on various types of disordered materials. The experiments primarily involve dipolar recoupling techniques for structural characterization, as well as dynamic broad‐line and high‐resolution methods for examination of motional features. Selected examples demonstrate the potential of advanced solid‐state NMR methods for characterization of both static and dynamic disorders in the solid state.
Fundamentals and Practical Aspects of Nonspectroscopic Interferences in Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Spectrometry
Authors: Todolí José Luis , Mermet Jean Michel 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP/AES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) are well‐established techniques for elemental analysis. However, matrix effects can be considered to be their main pitfall. Changes in the performance of the system induced by the main sample component (or matrix) are referred to as
matrix effects
. As a result, the concentration obtained does not correspond to the actual one. Therefore, this is a problem that should be overcome. To do so, matrix effects must be understood. A full comprehension of the interferences begins with an evaluation of the contribution of each part of a spectrometer to the overall effect. This is only accomplished by means in‐depth fundamental studies. For more than 40 years, basic research has allowed to reach quite a high knowledge of the phenomena responsible for matrix effects. A representative sample of these is given in the present article. Some of the results of these investigations have allowed for the design and application of methods to find solutions that are appropriate for more or less general applications. In general terms, it may be stated that matrix effects have still not been fully mastered and more research is needed in this field in order to extend the field of applicability of ICP/AES and ICP/MS. Besides, the methods for overcoming interferences cannot be applied universally and new methods must be developed.
Planar Chromatography Using Electroosmotic Flow
Authors: Dzido Tadeusz H. , Polak Beata , Chomicki Adam , Płocharz Paweł W. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Application of electroosmotic flow to drive mobile phase in planar chromatography is presented. There are two techniques of this mode: planar electrochromatography (PEC) and pressurized planar electrochromatography (PPEC). In the former technique, three phases (solid, liquid, and gas) are involved in separation process in the later but two phases (solid and liquid). Theoretical backgrounds of the mode are presented and historical overview as well. The techniques are described regarding development of equipment and methodology in respect of operating variables (composition of the mobile phase, pressure exerted on adsorbent layer, mobile phase flow velocity, temperature of separating system, mode of sample application, etc.) influencing separation efficiency. Advantages of the techniques, especially PPEC, such as high kinetic performance, short time of electrochromatogram development, and different separation selectivity in comparison to conventional thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) are presented and discussed. Kinetic performance of PPEC and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is compared. Two‐dimensional separations (2D) using PPEC and TLC are demonstrated to show high separation potential of the mode. The PPEC technique is still in beginning stage of development, so its challenges are discussed as well.
Firearms – Ammunition
Authors: Heard Brian J. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Firearms Ammunition, Basic Terminology, Primer Cap Types, Cartridge Case Nomenclature, Types of Cartridge Case, Shotgun Ammunition, Bore Sizes, Pellet Sizes, Cartridge Loadings and Ballistics, Non Toxic Shot Types, Solid Slug Types, Military Colour Coding, Bullet Forms, Non Toxic Bullet Compositions.
Impulsivity
Authors: Patton Jim H. , Stanford Matthew S. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractImpulsivity, with the possible exception of intelligence, is the personality dimension or trait that most broadly influences human endeavor. Impulsivity has been a topic of consideration throughout recorded history and discussed by classical philosophers. Over the past century, paper‐and‐pencil tests have been developed to test impulsivity and its three major dimensions, but these measures have still not been able to reliably predict how any one individual will react in any specific situation. Impulsivity relates directly to both impulsive and compulsive behavioral disorders, possibly mediated by some underlying central serotonergic dysfunction. Pharmacotherapy for these disorders has tended to focus on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Psychotherapeutic interventions that have proved effective in the treatment of impulsivity and the impulse control disorders (both impulsive and compulsive) include cognitive behavioral therapy and dialectical behavioral therapy.
Firearms: Accidental Discharge
Authors: Heard Brian J. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
A review of the major causes of a firearm ‘accidentally discharging’. This includes simple diagrams illustrating the various types of trigger mechanism, the average trigger pull weights for various weapons and some examples of weapons which were manufactured with the built in potential to accidentally discharge. The various scenarios are illustrated by a number of case examples which have been examined by the author.
Molecular Quantum Mechanics and Molecular Spectra, Molecular Symmetry, and Interaction of Matter with Radiation
Authors: Merkt Frédéric , Quack Martin 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The basic experimental and theoretical concepts underlying molecular spectroscopy are presented. The equations and relations needed in practical applications of high‐resolution spectroscopy are provided. Group theoretical tools and their use in high‐resolution spectroscopy are introduced and illustrated by simple examples. Time‐dependent processes and quantum dynamics are presented and discussed in relation to spectroscopic observations. Coherent and incoherent radiative excitation and radiationless transitions are treated in relation to applications in molecular spectroscopy.
Conventions, Symbols, Quantities, Units and Constants for High‐Resolution Molecular Spectroscopy
Authors: Stohner Jürgen , Quack Martin 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA summary of conventions, symbols, quantities, units, and constants which are important for high‐resolution molecular spectroscopy is provided. In particular, great care is taken to provide definitions which are consistent with the recommendations of the IUPAC “Green Book”, from which large parts of this article are drawn. While the recommendations in general refer to the SI (Système International), the relation to other systems and recommendations, which are frequently used in spectroscopy, for instance atomic units, is also provided. A brief discussion of quantity calculus is provided as well as an up‐to‐date set of fundamental constants and conversion factors together with a discussion of conventions used in reporting uncertainty of experimentally derived quantities. The article thus should provide an ideal compendium of many quantities of practical importance in high‐resolution spectroscopy.
AbInitio Theory for Accurate Spectroscopic Constants and Molecular Properties
Authors: Tew David P. , Klopper Wim , Bachorz Rafał A. , Hättig Christof 
Published: September 2011

AbstractHaving access to highly accurate potential energy surfaces (PESs) is a prerequisite for the ab initio calculation of accurate spectroscopic constants and molecular properties. The construction of such surfaces, however, is a formidable task. It not only requires solving of the time‐independent, nonrelativistic, clamped‐nuclei, electronic Schrödinger equation of the molecularn‐electron system at the highest possible level of approximation, but it also requires inclusion of small energy terms that are often neglected at other occasions. Such terms are, for example, due to nonadiabatic and relativistic effects (scalar and nonscalar). Nevertheless, the largest sources of error in calculating PESs are most often due to the inadequate description of the nonrelativistic electronic wave function of the molecularn‐electron system in the Born–Oppenheimer approximation. This article is concerned with these sources of error, which are related to the truncation of the one‐electron basis set of atomic functions and to the incomplete expansion of the wave function in a basis ofn‐electron functions. In particular, these errors diminish only extremely slowly with the extension of the one‐electron basis set when the wave function is expanded in terms ofn‐electron functions that are (antisymmetrized) products of one‐electron functions (orbitals). Coupled‐cluster theory in conjunction with explicitly correlated two‐electron geminals (instead of the more commonly used products of two orbitals) appears to be a promising approach toward obtaining an adequate description of the clamped‐nuclei, nonrelativistic electronic wave function and, thus, for the calculation of highly accurate PESs, from which accurate spectroscopic constants and molecular properties may be obtained.
Spherical Top Theory and Molecular Spectra
Authors: Boudon Vincent , Champion Jean‐Paul , Gabard Tony , Loëte Michel , Rotger Maud , Wenger Christian 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

In this article, we present an overview of the present state of the art of the theory of high‐resolution spherical‐top spectra in the framework of the effective Hamiltonian approach. We describe the specific features of this class of molecules to explain the basic concepts of the theoretical methods used for the analysis (line positions and intensities) and the simulation of absorption (including pure rotation) and Raman spectra of such species. The non conventional formalism that we use is essentially based on irreducible tensor methods and is especially adapted to computational treatments and global analyses of complex interacting band systems. We give examples concerning mainly methane (CH
4
) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF
6
). The efficiency of these methods is not restricted to spherical tops, as they also apply to other molecular species or spectroscopic problems. We demonstrate this through recent developments including the modeling of the effects of collisions on line shapes, the modeling of rovibronic effects, as well as extensions to molecules with lower symmetry. The computer implementation of the methods is an integral part of the modeling. We conclude the article with an overview of the free access programs and databases developed in the Dijon group for spherical‐top molecules and some other species.
Elements of Quantum Defect Theory
Authors: Jungen Ch. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

Quantum defect theory (QDT) is concerned with the interaction of a single particle with an (atomic or molecular) target, which may be in an ionized or a neutral state. The formalism provides a unified theory of bound state spectroscopy, resonance phenomena, as well as elastic and inelastic scattering processes. In its most common formulation, quantum defect theory refers to Coulomb systems, particularly an electron moving in the field of a positively charged ion, and hence it is a theoretical tool for the description of atomic or molecular
Rydberg states.
The present article emphasizes the foundations of the theory, but a number of applications are also considered.
THz
and Submillimeter‐wave Spectroscopy of Molecular Complexes
Authors: Tanaka Keiichi , Harada Kensuke , Yamada Koichi M.T. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

This article reviews the recent progress of terahertz (THz) and submillimter‐wave (SMMW) spectroscopy in the frequency range of 10–300 cm
−1
and its application to the study of weakly bound molecular complexes.

The first section describes the light sources used for generating THz radiation, which includes the backward‐wave oscillators (BWO), the multipliers with the GaAs monolithic membrane diode (MOMED), and the supperlattice electronic devices (SLED), as well as the tunable far infrared (TuFIR) lasers.
In the following section, we introduce extremely sensitive spectrometers developed for observing very weakly bound molecular complexes, such as the intra‐cavity OROTRON spectrometer and the millimeterwave‐Fourier transform microwave (MMW‐FTMW) double resonance spectrometer. We also review the traditional millimeter‐wave spectrometers, electric‐resonance optothermal spectrometers (EROS), and the tunable far‐infrared (TuFIR) laser spectrometers, which have also been applied successfully to study weakly bound molecular complexes.

In the last section, the recent topics of the THz and millimeterwave spectroscopy of molecular complexes are reviewed in the four subsections; (i) Rare gas‐molecule complexes: Rg‐HX, Rg‐CO, and Rg‐HCN, (ii) dimers: (CO)
2
, CO‐N
2
, HCN‐H
2
, and (H
2
O)
2
, (iii) water complexes (H
2
O)

n

, with
n
up to 6, and (iv) ion and radical complexes: ArSH, ArH
2
O, H
2
OHO
2
, and ArH
3
+
.