bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal validity and responsiveness of the Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire – Parent Form in children 0–12 years following positive and negative food challenges
Authors: DunnGalvin A. , Cullinane C. , Daly D. A. , Flokstra‐de Blok B. M. J. , Dubois A. E. J. , Hourihane J. O'B. 
Published: February 2010

SummaryBackground
There are no published studies of longitudinal health‐related quality of life (HRQL) assessments of food‐allergic children using a disease‐specific measure.Objective
This study assessed the longitudinal measurement properties of the Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire – Parent Form (FAQLQ‐PF) in a sample of children undergoing food challenge.Methods
Parents of children 0–12 years completed the FAQLQ‐PF and the Food Allergy Independent Measure (FAIM) pre‐challenge and at 2 and 6 months post food challenge. In order to evaluate longitudinal validity, differences between Group A (positive challenge) and Group B (negative challenge) were expected over time. We computed correlation coefficients between change scores in the FAQLQ‐PF and change scores in the FAIM. To determine the minimally important difference (MID), we used distributional criterion and effect size approaches. A logistic regression model profiled those children falling below this point.Results
Eighty‐two children underwent a challenge (42 positive; 40 negative). Domains and total score improved significantly at pos‐challenge time‐points for both groups (all P<0.05). Sensitivity was demonstrated by significant differences between positive and negative groups at 6 months [F(2, 59)=6.221, P<0.003] and by differing improvement on relevant subscales (P<0.05). MID was 0.45 on a seven‐point response scale. Poorer quality of life at baseline increased the odds by over 2.0 of no improvement in HRQL scores 6‐month time‐point. General maternal health (OR 1.252), number of foods avoided (OR 1.369) and children >9 years (OR 1.173) were also predictors. The model correctly identified 84% of cases below MID.Conclusion
The FAQLQ‐PF is sensitive to change, and has excellent longitudinal reliability and validity in a food‐allergic patient population. The standard error of measurement value of 0.5 points as a threshold for meaningful change in HRQL questionnaires was confirmed. The FAQLQ‐PF may be used to identify problems in children, to assess the effectiveness of clinical trials or interventions, and to guide the development of regulatory policies. Cite this as: A. DunnGalvin, C. Cullinane, D. A. Daly, B. M. J. Flokstra‐de Blok, A. E. J. Dubois and J. O'B. Hourihane, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 476–485.
The effect of irrigation time, root morphology and dentine thickness on tooth surface strain when using 5% sodium hypochlorite and 17% EDTA
Authors: Sobhani O. E. , Gulabivala K. , Knowles J. C. , Ng Y.‐L. 
Published: February 2010

Sobhani OE, Gulabivala K, Knowles JC, Ng Y‐L. The effect of irrigation time, root morphology and dentine thickness on tooth surface strain when using 5% sodium hypochlorite and 17% EDTA. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 190–199, 2010.AbstractAim  To evaluate the effect of irrigation with 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) alone and in conjunction with 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on tooth surface strain (TSS) and to analyse the influence of irrigation time, root morphology and dentine thickness.Methodology  Thirty‐six single‐rooted pre‐molars with single canals had their crown and enamel reduced and root canals prepared using a standardized protocol. Teeth were grouped according to anatomical criteria and randomly distributed to experimental irrigation groups: (A) saline (negative control); (B) 5% NaOCl (positive control); (C) 5% NaOCl alternated with 17% EDTA. TSS was measured using electrical strain gauges bonded to the cervico‐proximal part of the tooth. Teeth, mounted in clear acrylic resin placed in a universal testing machine, were subjected to nine consecutive 10‐min irrigation periods followed by non‐destructive occlusal loading to record TSS. Statistical analysis was carried out using two‐way hierarchical anova and post hoc multiple comparisons.Results  Two groups showed an increase in TSS from the baseline (initial 10‐min irrigation with saline). Group A showed a negligible reduction of 1.2% (343–339 με), which was not statistically significant (P = 0.7). Group B showed a highly significant (P = 0.001) increase in TSS by 53.7% (178–253 με), and group C showed a significant (P = 0.02) increase in TSS by 17.4% (163–192 με). The rate of change in TSS was significantly different between test groups. The length of the tooth (P = 0.04) as well as the mesio‐distal (P = 0.05) width had significant effects on TSS.Conclusions  Irrigation with 5% with or without 17% EDTA increased TSS. The increase was significantly greater with 5% NaOCl alone than with 5% NaOCl alternated with 17% EDTA in contrast to previous findings with longer duration of irrigant exposure. Tooth length and mesio‐distal root width significantly contributed to the increase in TSS.
The effectiveness of passive ultrasonic irrigation on intraradicular Enterococcus faecalis biofilms in extracted single‐rooted human teeth
Authors: Bhuva B. , Patel S. , Wilson R. , Niazi S. , Beighton D. , Mannocci F. 
Published: February 2010

Bhuva B, Patel S, Wilson R, Niazi S, Beighton D, Mannocci F. The effectiveness of passive ultrasonic irrigation on intraradicular Enterococcus faecalis biofilms in extracted single‐rooted human teeth. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 241–250, 2010.AbstractAim  To compare the efficacy of passive ultrasonic irrigation with 1% sodium hypochlorite, with that of conventional syringe irrigation with 1% sodium hypochlorite, on intraradicular Enterococcus faecalis biofilms in extracted single‐rooted human teeth.Methodology  Biofilms of E. faecalis (strain OMGS 3202) were grown on the prepared root canal walls of 48 standardized root halves which had been longitudinally sectioned. Following reapproximation, the roots were divided into four groups of twelve. The two experimental groups were treated with conventional syringe irrigation with 1% sodium hypochlorite solution (experimental group A) and passive ultrasonic irrigation with 1% sodium hypochlorite solution (experimental group B). Of the two control groups, the first was treated with conventional syringe irrigation with sterile saline solution (control group C), whilst the second control group (D) received no irrigation.The root halves were processed for scanning electron microscopy. Three images (×700), coronal, middle and apical, were taken of the twelve root halves in each of the four groups, using a standardized protocol. The images were randomized and biofilm coverage assessed independently by three calibrated examiners, using a four‐point scoring system.Results  There were no significant differences in the scores for remaining biofilm coverage between group A (conventional syringe irrigation with 1% sodium hypochlorite) and group B (passive ultrasonic irrigation with 1% sodium hypochlorite) at the three observed levels. There was a significant difference between both experimental groups (groups A and B) and group C (conventional syringe irrigation with sterile saline solution) (P < 0.001) at all three observed levels.Conclusions  Both conventional syringe irrigation and passive ultrasonic irrigation with 1% sodium hypochlorite were effective at completely removing intraradicular E. faecalis biofilms. Conventional syringe irrigation with sterile saline solution was only partially effective at removing the biofilms.
Implementing nurse prescribing: a case study in diabetes
Authors: Stenner Karen , Carey Nicola , Courtenay Molly 
Published: February 2010

stenner k., carey n. & courtenay m. (2010) Implementing nurse prescribing: a case study in diabetes. Journal of Advanced Nursing66(3), 522–531.AbstractAim.  This paper is a report of a study exploring the views of nurses and team members on the implementation of nurse prescribing in diabetes services.Background.  Nurse prescribing is adopted as a means of improving service efficiency, particularly where demand outstretches resources. Although factors that support nurse prescribing have been identified, it is not known how these function within specific contexts. This is important as its uptake and use varies according to mode of prescribing and area of practice.Method.  A case study was undertaken in nine practice settings across England where nurses prescribed medicines for patients with diabetes. Thematic analysis was conducted on qualitative data from 31 semi‐structured interviews undertaken between 2007 and 2008. Participants were qualified nurse prescribers, administrative staff, physicians and non‐nurse prescribers.Findings.  Nurses prescribed more often following the expansion of nurse independent prescribing rights in 2006. Initial implementation problems had been resolved and few current problems were reported. As nurses’ roles were well‐established, no major alterations to service provision were required to implement nurse prescribing. Access to formal and informal resources for support and training were available. Participants were accepting and supportive of this initiative to improve the efficiency of diabetes services.Conclusion.  The main factors that promoted implementation of nurse prescribing in this setting were the ability to prescribe independently, acceptance of the prescribing role, good working relationships between doctors and nurses, and sound organizational and interpersonal support. The history of established nursing roles in diabetes care, and increasing service demand, meant that these diabetes services were primed to assimilate nurse prescribing.
Darwin’s Galapagos gourd: providing new insights 175 years after his visit
Authors: Sebastian Patrizia , Schaefer Hanno , Renner Susanne S. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe year 2010 marks the 175th anniversary of Charles Darwin’s visit to the Galapagos Islands. A recent paper by J. C. Briggs, ‘Darwin’s biogeography’ (Journal of Biogeography, 2009, 36, 1011–1017), summarizes Darwin’s contributions to the field of biogeography, stressing the importance of his natural history specimens. Here, we illustrate how a plant collected by Darwin during his visit to Floreana and not collected since can provide insights into dispersal to oceanic islands as well as extinction of island plants, based on ancient DNA from Darwin’s herbarium specimen.
The development of the QUALITRA‐ID: a user‐orientated interview to assess the quality of care and service trajectories for intellectually disabled persons
Authors: Barelds A. , Van de Goor I. , Van Heck G. , Schols J. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBackground  Care and service trajectories for people with intellectual disabilities (ID) are routes within the healthcare delivery system that consist of all the steps that people with ID and their families have to take in order to realise the needed care and services. In contrast to the growing system‐orientated knowledge concerning quality of care delivered through collaborative relationships between care providers, specific user‐orientated knowledge regarding the quality of care and service trajectories is largely lacking.Aim  This article aims to describe the development of the QUALITRA‐ID; a user‐orientated interview concerning the quality of care and service trajectories for people with ID.Methods  First, the phenomenon ‘care and service trajectories’ is conceptualised on the basis of document analysis and semi‐structured interviews with key informants in the field of health care for people with ID. Second, the quality of care and service trajectories is operationalised by means of eight focus group discussions with intellectually disabled persons and their parents/relatives and a review of the literature. Third, the QUALITRA‐ID is constructed using the results of the conceptualisation and operationalisation of the phenomenon. Fourth, the QUALITRA‐ID is refined in two stages that were concerned with examining the feasibility, understandability and completeness of the QUALITRA‐ID. The second stage was also concerned with the first quality assessment among people with ID.Results  The final result is a 24‐item QUALITRA‐ID consisting of a personal conversation and a closed‐ended part.
Expressive language in male adolescents with fragile X syndrome with and without comorbid autism
Authors: Kover S. T. , Abbeduto L. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBackground  Approximately one‐quarter of individuals with fragile X syndrome (FXS) meet diagnostic criteria for autism; however, it is unclear whether individuals with comorbid FXS and autism are simply more severely affected than their peers with only FXS or whether they have qualitatively different profiles of behavioural impairments. To address this issue, variation in the FXS linguistic phenotype was examined in males with FXS with and without autism. The syndrome‐specificity of the expressive language impairment of both groups of those with FXS was assessed in relation to Down syndrome. The extent to which different language sampling contexts affected expressive language in each diagnostic group was also examined.Method  Spontaneous language samples were collected from male adolescents with FXS without autism (n = 20), comorbid FXS and autism (n = 8), and Down syndrome (n = 16). Syntactic complexity (indexed by mean length of utterance), expressive vocabulary (indexed by lexical diversity), talkativeness, fluency and intelligibility were assessed in two contexts: conversation and narration. Groups were matched on non‐verbal IQ, non‐verbal mental age and chronological age to allow the assessment of relative strengths and weaknesses across language variables.Results  Males with comorbid FXS and autism were less intelligible than males with only FXS; no other differences between these two groups were found. Participants' performance differed across contexts for syntactic complexity, lexical diversity, talkativeness and fluency.Conclusions  These findings contribute to existing research on the behavioural profiles of individuals with FXS or FXS with autism who have low cognitive abilities. Although individuals with comorbid FXS and autism may be, as a group, more impaired than those with only FXS, data from this small sample of males with comorbid FXS and autism with low IQs suggest that their relative strengths and weaknesses in spontaneous expressive language are largely comparable and not differentially affected by the context in which their talk occurs.
Parenting stress and coping styles in mothers and fathers of pre‐school children with autism and Down syndrome
Authors: Dabrowska A. , Pisula E. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBackground  The study examined the profile of stress in mothers and fathers of preschool children with autism, Down syndrome and typically developing children. A further aim was to assess the association between parenting stress and coping style.Methods  A total of 162 parents were examined using Holroyd's 66‐item short form of Questionnaire of Resources and Stress for Families with Chronically Ill or Handicapped Members and the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations by Endler and Parker.Results and Conclusions  The results indicated a higher level of stress in parents of children with autism. Additionally, an interaction effect was revealed between child diagnostic group and parent's gender for two scales of parenting stress: dependency and management and limits of family opportunities. Mothers of children with autism scored higher than fathers in parental stress; no such differences were found in the group of parents of children with Down syndrome and typically developing children. It was also found that parents of children with autism differed from parents of typically developing children in social diversion coping. Emotion‐oriented coping was the predictor for parental stress in the samples of parents of children with autism and Down syndrome, and task‐oriented coping was the predictor of parental stress in the sample of parents of typically developing children. The results strongly supported earlier findings on parenting stress in parents of children with autism. They also shed interesting light on the relationship between coping styles and parental stress.
Genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphisms reveal population history and adaptive divergence in wild guppies
Authors: WILLING EVA‐MARIA , BENTZEN PAUL , Van OOSTERHOUT COCK , HOFFMANN MARGARETE , CABLE JOANNE , BREDEN FELIX , WEIGEL DETLEF , DREYER CHRISTINE 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAdaptation of guppies (Poecilia reticulata) to contrasting upland and lowland habitats has been extensively studied with respect to behaviour, morphology and life history traits. Yet population history has not been studied at the whole‐genome level. Although single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most abundant form of variation in many genomes and consequently very informative for a genome‐wide picture of standing natural variation in populations, genome‐wide SNP data are rarely available for wild vertebrates. Here we use genetically mapped SNP markers to comprehensively survey genetic variation within and among naturally occurring guppy populations from a wide geographic range in Trinidad and Venezuela. Results from three different clustering methods, Neighbor‐net, principal component analysis (PCA) and Bayesian analysis show that the population substructure agrees with geographic separation and largely with previously hypothesized patterns of historical colonization. Within major drainages (Caroni, Oropouche and Northern), populations are genetically similar, but those in different geographic regions are highly divergent from one another, with some indications of ancient shared polymorphisms. Clear genomic signatures of a previous introduction experiment were seen, and we detected additional potential admixture events. Headwater populations were significantly less heterozygous than downstream populations. Pairwise FST values revealed marked differences in allele frequencies among populations from different regions, and also among populations within the same region. FST outlier methods indicated some regions of the genome as being under directional selection. Overall, this study demonstrates the power of a genome‐wide SNP data set to inform for studies on natural variation, adaptation and evolution of wild populations
Geography disentangles introgression from ancestral polymorphism in Lake Malawi cichlids
Authors: MIMS MERYL C. , DARRIN HULSEY C. , FITZPATRICK BENJAMIN M. , TODD STREELMAN J. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPhenotypically diverse Lake Malawi cichlids exhibit similar genomes. The extensive sharing of genetic polymorphism among forms has both intrigued and frustrated biologists trying to understand the nature of diversity in this and other rapidly evolving systems. Shared polymorphism might result from hybridization and/or the retention of ancestrally polymorphic alleles. To examine these alternatives, we used new genomic tools to characterize genetic differentiation in widespread, geographically structured populations of Labeotropheus fuelleborni and Metriaclima zebra. These phenotypically distinct species share mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes and show greater mtDNA differentiation among localities than between species. However, Bayesian analysis of nuclear single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data revealed two distinct genetic clusters corresponding perfectly to morphologically diagnosed L. fuelleborni and M. zebra. This result is a function of the resolving power of the multi‐locus dataset, not a conflict between nuclear and mitochondrial partitions. Locus‐by‐locus analysis showed that mtDNA differentiation between species (FCT) was nearly identical to the median single‐locus SNP FCT. Finally, we asked whether there is evidence for gene flow at sites of co‐occurrence. We used simulations to generate a null distribution for the level of differentiation between co‐occurring populations of L. fuelleborni and M. zebra expected if there was no hybridization. The null hypothesis was rejected for the SNP data; populations that co‐occur at rock reef sites were slightly more similar than expected by chance, suggesting recent gene flow. The coupling of numerous independent markers with extensive geographic sampling and simulations utilized here provides a framework for assessing the prevalence of gene flow in recently diverged species.
Phylogeography of Plathymenia reticulata (Leguminosae) reveals patterns of recent range expansion towards northeastern Brazil and southern Cerrados in Eastern Tropical South America
Authors: NOVAES RENAN MILAGRES LAGE , DE LEMOS FILHO JOSÉ PIRES , RIBEIRO RENATA ACÁCIO , LOVATO MARIA BERNADETE 
Published: February 2010

AbstractLittle is known about past vegetation dynamics in Eastern Tropical South America (ETSA). Here we describe patterns of chloroplast (cp) DNA variation in Plathymenia reticulata, a widespread tree in the ETSA Atlantic Forest and Cerrado biomes, but not found in the xeromorphic Caatinga. Forty one populations, comprising 220 individuals, were analysed by sequencing the trnS‐trnG and trnL‐trnL‐trnF cpDNA regions. Combined, they resulted in 18 geographically structured haplotypes. The central region of the sampling area, comprising Minas Gerais and Goiás Brazilian states, is a centre of genetic diversity and probably the most longstanding area of the distribution range of the species. In contrast, populations from northeastern Brazil and the southern Cerrados showed very low diversity levels, almost exclusively with common haplotypes which are also found in the central region. Coupled with a long‐branched star‐like network, these patterns suggest a recent range expansion of P. reticulata to those regions from central region sources. The recent origin of the species (in the early Pleistocene) or the extinction of some populations due to drier and cooler climate during the last glacial maximum could have been responsible for that phylogeographic pattern. The populations from northeastern Brazil originated from two colonization routes, one eastern (Atlantic) and one western (inland). Due to its high diversity and complex landscape, the central region, especially central‐north Minas Gerais (between 15°–18° S and 42°–46° W), should be given the highest priority for conservation.
Genetic association of physically unlinked islands of genomic divergence in incipient species of Anopheles gambiae
Authors: WHITE BRADLEY J. , CHENG CHANGDE , SIMARD FREDERIC , COSTANTINI CARLO , BESANSKY NORA J. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPrevious efforts to uncover the genetic underpinnings of ongoing ecological speciation of the M and S forms of the African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae revealed two centromere‐proximal islands of genetic divergence on X and chromosome 2. Under the assumption of considerable ongoing gene flow between M and S, these persistently divergent genomic islands were widely considered to be ‘speciation islands’. In the course of microarray‐based divergence mapping, we discovered a third centromere‐associated island of divergence on chromosome 3, which was validated by targeted re‐sequencing. To test for genetic association between the divergence islands on all three chromosomes, SNP‐based assays were applied in four natural populations of M and S spanning West, Central and East Africa. Genotyping of 517 female M and S mosquitoes revealed nearly complete linkage disequilibrium between the centromeres of the three independently assorting chromosomes. These results suggest that despite the potential for inter‐form gene flow through hybridization, actual (realized) gene flow between M and S may be substantially less than commonly assumed and may not explain most shared variation. Moreover, the possibility of very low gene flow calls into question whether diverged pericentromeric regions—characterized by reduced levels of variation and recombination—are in fact instrumental rather than merely incidental to the speciation process.