bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2 The Financial Crisis of 2007–8 and its Macroeconomic Consequences1
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe global financial crisis is distinctive in its origins, its magnitude, and its consequences. This chapter examines the failures that led to the crisis and, in particular, the important role played by information and incentives problems. On the basis of this diagnosis, the author provides recommendations on how to reform financial regulation to prevent future crises. The crisis provides an excellent case study in the economics of information. Stiglitz illustrates how the models—those used explicitly by or implicit in the mind of both regulators and market participants—ignored the imperfections and asymmetries of information. Since incentives mattered, distorted incentives at both the individual and organizational level led to distorted behavior. These distorted incentives included executive compensation systems in banks and conflict of interest in rating agencies. Additional problems were caused by the repeal of Glass‐Steagall, moral hazard, the use of complexity to reduce competition and increase profit margins, as well as moral hazard problems created by securitization.
3 Sub‐Prime Finance: Yes, We are Still in Kansas1
Authors: Caprio, Jr. Gerard 
Published: February 2010

AbstractCaprio Jr. argues that many of the features of the crisis are disturbingly familiar: they reflect “universal constants” of financial market behavior, particularly incentive systems that are conducive to excessive risk‐taking and lax oversight by markets and supervisors alike. In the author's view, one of the major mistakes that authorities made was putting their faith in a static set of rules, ignoring the dynamics of the regulatory game—that is, the fact that any static set of rules will end up inducing innovations designed to evade the same rules. According to Caprio, the goal of regulation should be a financial system that takes prudent risks in supplying a large volume of useful financial services efficiently, to the broadest part of society, and with the least corruption.
8 The Role of Policy and Banking Supervision in the Light of the Credit Crisis
Authors: Persaud Avinash D. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPersaud provides in his chapter complementary analysis on the design of banking regulation and supervision in the light of the credit crisis. In the author's view, two fundamental flaws in financial regulation led to the biggest crisis of modern times. The first was to put market evaluations of risk at the heart of financial regulation, through external ratings and risk measures derived from market prices. The essential problem is that market prices may improperly evaluate risk in the presence of market failures. The second flaw was to assume that common standards, such as value‐accounting and risk measures are good and that diversity is bad, thus underestimating the advantages different players have to assume different risks.
13 Regulation of the Financial Sector in Developing Countries: Lessons from the 2008 Financial Crisis
Authors: Reddy Y. V. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Reddy highlights several broad issues which need to be kept in view while considering changes in the regulatory structures of developing economies. During a crisis, whatever has to be done must be done promptly, comprehensively, and effectively to bring stability. But in rewriting regulatory structures, some broader issues need to be considered. Most developing economies recognize the continuing need for reforms in their financial sectors. However, the crisis of 2008 raises doubts as to the efficacy of known and existing models of financial sectors in the advanced economies, particularly the Anglo Saxon one. Thus, in the future, reforms in the financial sector may have to be cognizant of the evolving understanding of the subject, and hence gradualism commends itself.
3 Forces of Nature
Authors: Giudice Gian Francesco 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
A remarkable result of modern science has been to show that not only all forms of matter can be ascribed to a few fundamental elements, but also all natural phenomena, in their variety and complexity, can be reduced to four fundamental forces: gravity, electromagnetism, weak, and strong interactions. This chapter describes the nature of these forces. The gravitational force, first identified by Newton, is understood today in terms of Einstein's general relativity. This theory interprets gravity as the effect of the distortion of space and time caused by any form of mass or energy. Electromagnetism unifies electric and magnetic phenomena into a simple theory. This chapter recounts the discovery of the weak force through beta radioactivity, the neutrino, and Fermi's theory. It presents the story of the discovery of the strong force that binds together protons and neutrons inside the atomic nucleus.
9 Dealing with Naturalness
Authors: Giudice Gian Francesco 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The naturalness problem is regarded by most physicists as one of the primary motivations for expecting new particles or new phenomena in zeptospace. This conceptual problem arises from the existence of a large ratio between the weak and the Planck lengths, in spite of the natural tendency of virtual particles to erase any difference between the two lengths. This chapter explains the problem, starting from a discussion of the hierarchy between weak and gravitational forces and then elucidating the meaning of virtual particles. Finally, the role of symmetries in the naturalness problem is introduced.
GOSemSim: an R package for measuring semantic similarity among GO terms and gene products
Authors: Yu Guangchuang , Li Fei , Qin Yide , Bo Xiaochen , Wu Yibo , Wang Shengqi 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Summary: The semantic comparisons of Gene Ontology (GO) annotations provide quantitative ways to compute similarities between genes and gene groups, and have became important basis for many bioinformatics analysis approaches. GOSemSim is an R package for semantic similarity computation among GO terms, sets of GO terms, gene products and gene clusters. Four information content (IC)- and a graph-based methods are implemented in the GOSemSim package, multiple species including human, rat, mouse, fly and yeast are also supported. The functions provided by the GOSemSim offer flexibility for applications, and can be easily integrated into high-throughput analysis pipelines.
Availability: GOSemSim is released under the GNU General Public License within Bioconductor project, and freely available at http://bioconductor.org/packages/2.6/bioc/html/GOSemSim.html
Contact: boxc@bmi.ac.cn; sqwang@bmi.ac.cn
Supplementary information: Supplementary information is available at Bioinformatics online.
Accelerated similarity searching and clustering of large compound sets by geometric embedding and locality sensitive hashing
Authors: Cao Yiqun , Jiang Tao , Girke Thomas 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Motivation: Similarity searching and clustering of chemical compounds by structural similarities are important computational approaches for identifying drug-like small molecules. Most algorithms available for these tasks are limited by their speed and scalability, and cannot handle today's large compound databases with several million entries.
Results: In this article, we introduce a new algorithm for accelerated similarity searching and clustering of very large compound sets using embedding and indexing (EI) techniques. First, we present EI-Search as a general purpose similarity search method for finding objects with similar features in large databases and apply it here to searching and clustering of large compound sets. The method embeds the compounds in a high-dimensional Euclidean space and searches this space using an efficient index-aware nearest neighbor search method based on locality sensitive hashing (LSH). Second, to cluster large compound sets, we introduce the EI-Clustering algorithm that combines the EI-Search method with Jarvis–Patrick clustering. Both methods were tested on three large datasets with sizes ranging from about 260 000 to over 19 million compounds. In comparison to sequential search methods, the EI-Search method was 40–200 times faster, while maintaining comparable recall rates. The EI-Clustering method allowed us to significantly reduce the CPU time required to cluster these large compound libraries from several months to only a few days.
Availability: Software implementations and online services have been developed based on the methods introduced in this study. The online services provide access to the generated clustering results and ultra-fast similarity searching of the PubChem Compound database with subsecond response time.
Contact: thomas.girke@ucr.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Ecoregion and land‐use influence invertebrate and detritus transport from headwater streams
Authors: BINCKLEY CHRISTOPHER A. , WIPFLI MARK S. , MEDHURST R. BRUCE , POLIVKA KARL , HESSBURG PAUL , BRION SALTER R. , KILL JOSHUA Y. 
Published: February 2010

Summary1. Habitats are often connected by fluxes of energy and nutrients across their boundaries. For example, headwater streams are linked to surrounding riparian vegetation through invertebrate and leaf litter inputs, and there is evidence that consumers in downstream habitats are subsidised by resources flowing from headwater systems. However, the strength of these linkages and the manner in which potential headwater subsidies vary along climatic and disturbance gradients are unknown.2. We quantified the downstream transport of invertebrates, organic matter and inorganic sediment from 60 fishless headwater streams in the Wenatchee River Basin located on the eastern slope of the Cascade Range in Washington, U.S.A. Streams were classified into four groups (eachn = 15) based on their position within two ecological subregions (wet and dry) and the extent of past timber harvest and road development (logged and unlogged).3. Time and ecoregion were significant for all response variables as transport varied across sampling periods, and dry ecoregion streams displayed significantly higher mean values. Logged sites also generally showed higher mean transport, but only inorganic sediment transport was significantly higher in logged sites. Both ecoregion and land‐use interacted significantly with time depending on the response variable. Differences among stream categories were driven by relatively low levels of transport in unlogged drainages of the wet ecoregion. Interestingly, unlogged dry ecoregion streams showed comparable transport rates to logged sites in the wet ecoregion. Dominance by deciduous riparian vegetation in all but unlogged streams in the wet ecoregion is a primary hypothesised mechanism determining transport dynamics in our study streams.4. Understanding the quantity and variation of headwater subsidies across climate and disturbance gradients is needed to appreciate the significance of ecological linkages between headwaters and associated downstream habitats. This will enable the accurate assessment of resource management impacts on stream ecosystems. Predicting the consequences of natural and anthropogenic disturbances on headwater stream transport rates will require knowledge of how both local and regional factors influence these potential subsidies. Our results suggest that resources transported from headwater streams reflect both the meso‐scale land‐use surrounding these areas and the constraints imposed by the ecoregion in which they are embedded.
Warmer and richer? Predicting the impact of climate warming on species richness in small temperate waterbodies
Authors: ROSSET VÉRONIQUE , LEHMANN ANTHONY , OERTLI BEAT 
Published: February 2010

AbstractClimate change is expected to affect communities worldwide. Many studies focus on responses at the regional level and show an increase in species richness. However, less is known about the consequences of climate change at the local scale (in ecosystems). Small waterbodies, such as ponds, could play an important role for the assessment of the impact of future changes in climate at the local level. We evaluated here the potential changes due to climate warming in the species richness for various groups (plants, snails, beetles, dragonflies, amphibians) across 113 lowland and high altitude ponds in Switzerland. We modelled the relationships between species richness and environmental variables (including temperature) and predicted species richness changes for the end of the century (2090–2100; using the A2 IPCC scenario). Temperature rise could significantly increase pond species richness. For the five taxonomic groups pooled, species richness would potentially increase from 41 to 75 (+83%) in lowland ponds. In presently species‐poor high altitude ponds, the potential increase would be particularly marked, with a proportional increase (+150%; from 14 to 35 species) almost double that in lowland areas. A strong increase in species richness also resulted from models including changes in additional variables, such as landuse or water quality. Future reductions in water quality (e.g. increase in nutrients) may limit the predicted increase in lowland species richness or, conversely, result in a greater increase in species richness in high altitude areas. Nutrient enrichment is shown to affect the taxonomic groups differentially, with plant species richness the most negatively influenced. Climate warming could therefore affect species richness of temperate ponds not only regionally, but also at the local, within ecosystems‐scale; species richness could increase markedly in temperate regions, and especially so at higher altitude.
Reconsidering off‐task: a comparative study of PDA‐mediated activities in four classrooms
Authors: Mifsud L. , Mørch A.I. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractMobile technology is ubiquitous and diverse and permeates many aspects of daily life at home, during leisure activities, and in public spaces. The study presented here is of two sixth grade classes in Michigan, USA and two seventh grade classes in Norway. The students and the teachers in these four classrooms were equipped with mobile technologies (PDAs). We found that the students' PDA‐mediated actions in the classroom were not exclusively used for the tasks and activities set by the teacher, but that the students also used the PDAs on their own initiative – so‐called ‘off‐task’ activities. We analyze the findings by reconsidering off‐task activities from a sociocultural perspective.
Larval food quality affects adult (but not larval) immune gene expression independent of effects on general condition
Authors: FELLOUS SIMON , LAZZARO BRIAN P. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe potential effect of larval condition on adult immunity in holometabolous insects is rarely considered. We show here that larval food composition can impact adult immunity independent from effects on general condition of the animal. Rather, our data indicate a plastic allocation of resources to immunity in high‐protein environments. Specifically, we found that increasing the nutritional yeast (protein) available to larval Drosophila melanogaster increased the adult’s constitutive transcription of two genes encoding defensive antimicrobial peptides. Adult dry weight was not significantly affected by larval food composition, while adult fat content decreased when larval yeast increased. Larval immune activity was unaffected by alterations of larval diet, indicating a lack of covariation in this trait across life‐stages. We conclude that the nutritional environment of insect larvae can affect adult immunity by influencing plastic allocation of resources. These influences are less predictable than constraints linked to general condition would be.
Climatic niche and neutral genetic diversity of the six Iberian pine species: a retrospective and prospective view
Authors: SOTO A. , ROBLEDO‐ARNUNCIO J. J. , GONZÁLEZ‐MARTÍNEZ S. C. , SMOUSE P. E. , ALÍA R. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractQuaternary climatic fluctuations have left contrasting historical footprints on the neutral genetic diversity patterns of existing populations of different tree species. We should expect the demography, and consequently the neutral genetic structure, of taxa less tolerant to particular climatic extremes to be more sensitive to long‐term climate fluctuations. We explore this hypothesis here by sampling all six pine species found in the Iberian Peninsula (2464 individuals, 105 populations), using a common set of chloroplast microsatellite markers, and by looking at the association between neutral genetic diversity and species‐specific climatic requirements. We found large variation in neutral genetic diversity and structure among Iberian pines, with cold‐enduring mountain species (Pinus uncinata, P. sylvestris and P. nigra) showing substantially greater diversity than thermophilous taxa (P. pinea and P. halepensis). Within species, we observed a significant positive correlation between population genetic diversity and summer precipitation for some of the mountain pines. The observed pattern is consistent with the hypotheses that: (i) more thermophilous species have been subjected to stronger demographic fluctuations in the past, as a consequence of their maladaptation to recurrent glacial cold stages; and (ii) altitudinal migrations have allowed the maintenance of large effective population sizes and genetic variation in cold‐tolerant species, especially in more humid regions. In the light of these results and hypotheses, we discuss some potential genetic consequences of impending climate change.
X‐linked and autosomal recessive Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia: genotypic‐dental phenotypic findings
Authors: Clauss F , Chassaing N , Smahi A , Vincent MC , Calvas P , Molla M , Lesot H , Alembik Y , Hadj‐Rabia S , Bodemer C , Manière MC , Schmittbuhl M 
Published: February 2010

Clauss F, Chassaing N, Smahi A, Vincent MC, Calvas P, Molla M, Lesot H, Alembik Y, Hadj‐Rabia S, Bodemer C, Manière MC, Schmittbuhl M. X‐linked and autosomal recessive Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia: genotypic‐dental phenotypic findings.Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is characterized by abnormal development of ectodermal structures and its molecular etiology corresponds to mutations of EDA‐EDAR genes. The aim of this study was first to investigate the genotype and dental phenotype associated with HED and second, to explore possible correlations between dental features and molecular defects. A total of 27 patients from 24 unrelated families exhibiting clinical signs of HED (22 XLHED males, 5 autosomal recessive forms) were retrospectively included. In the sample, 25 different mutations on EDA and EDAR genes were detected; 10 were not previously described. EDA and EDAR mutations corresponded respectively to 80.0% and 20.0% of the mutations. The dental phenotype analysis revealed a mean number of primary and permanent missing teeth ranging respectively from 14.5 (4–20) to 22.5 (10–28); the majority of the patients exhibited dysmorphic teeth. Overall, no differential expression in the degree of oligodontia according to either the mutated gene, the mutated functional sub‐domains, or the mutation type, could be observed. Nevertheless, the furin group exhibited severe phenotypes unobserved in the TNF group. Significant differences in the number of some primary missing teeth (incisor and canine) related to EDA‐EDAR genes defects were detected for the first time between XLHED and autosomal recessive HED, suggesting differential local effects of EDA‐EDAR genes during odontogenesis. The present genotypic‐phenotypic findings may add to the knowledge of the consequences of the molecular dysfunction of EDA‐NF‐kB in odontogenesis, and could be helpful in genetic counseling to distinguish autosomal forms from other HED syndromes.
Mass releases of Trichogramma ostriniae increase maize production in DPR Korea
Authors: Zhang F. , Babendreier D. , Wang Z.‐Y. , Il K. S. , Zheng L. , Pyon Y. C. , Bai S.‐X. , Song K. , Ri J. O. , Grossrieder M. , Kuhlmann U. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractField‐scale experiments were conducted in 2005 and 2006 on three cooperative farms in DPR Korea to evaluate the potential of Trichogramma ostriniae releases to reduce tunnel damage of maize plants caused by the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis, and increase grain maize production. When released three times against the first generation of the pest at nominal densities of about 150 000 parasitoids/ha each and another two times against the second generation (in total 750 000 parasitoids/ha), significant effects on all assessed parameters were obtained. In the release plots, a mean parasitism rate of 61% was found, significantly different from the 21.8% found in non‐release (control) plots. Furthermore, the number of larvae was significantly reduced in release plots compared to control plots by 63.5% over all farms and both study years. Feeding tunnels caused by the Asian corn borer were reduced in length in the release plots by 64.1%. Finally, we found that fresh yield of maize ears was significantly higher in the release plots compared to control plots. For all farms and both years, the increase in fresh yield was 28.2%. In this paper we are for the first time presenting data in an international journal on the effect of Trichogramma releases on maize production in DPRK. Although T. ostriniae releases at high host densities observed in the present study were not able to completely suppress damage by the Asian corn borer, the yield increase of more than 1 ton/ha indicate that T. ostriniae releases may contribute significantly to stabilize the country’s maize production as well as support community efforts to avoid reversion into a food emergency situation.
A Critical Examination of the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Transformational Leadership
Authors: Lindebaum Dirk , Cartwright Susan 
Published: February 2010

abstractThe buoyant research interest in the constructs emotional intelligence (EI) and transformational leadership (TFL) is a testament to the crucial role of emotional skills at work. EI is often described as an antecedent of TFL, and several empirical studies report a positive relationship between these variables. On closer inspection, however, there may be methodological factors, such as common method variance, that potentially undermine the validity of findings. Using a multi‐rater assessment (N = 227), this study sought to overcome the problem of method variance, whilst at the same time evaluate its potential presence by comparing same‐source and non‐same‐source data. Findings suggest that, when using a strong methodological design, no relationship between EI and TFL is found. Thus, these findings renew the demand for scientific rigour in the design of studies to enhance their validity. The theoretical ramifications of this study are such that management scholars need to re‐conceptualize the relationship between EI and TFL.
The Underpricing of Initial Public Offerings at the Berlin Stock Exchange, 1870–96
Authors: Burhop Carsten 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
In this article, we evaluate underpricing of initial public offerings at the Berlin Stock Exchange between 1870 and 1896. In contrast to modern data, first-day returns were extraordinary low and averaged less than 5%, even during the speculative period of the early 1870s. Moreover, standard underpricing theories based on asymmetric information, signalling mechanisms or litigation risk cannot explain underpricing. In contrast to modern markets, underpricing was higher during hot issue markets. Finally, we show that cash-flow relevant information contained in the corporate charter was readily factored in the first market price. Thus, the historical capital market differed from today’s market, but seems to have been efficient.