bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of the Equilibrium between 2-Phosphinoazobenzenes and Inner Phosphonium Salts by Heat, Solvent, Acid, and Photoirradiation
Authors: Yamamura Masaki , Kano Naokazu , Kawashima Takayuki 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Several 2-phosphinoazobenzenes, which are in equilibrium with inner phosphonium salts, were synthesized. Effects of substituents, solvents, and acidic additives on their equilibria are described. Thermodynamic parameters of the equilibria in various solvents suggest that the acceptor character of the solvents is mainly responsible for the solvent effects. Addition of phenols changed the equilibria depending on their acidity. Substituents at the 4- and 4′-positions of the azobenzene also affected the equilibrium constants, which shifted the equilibrium toward the phosphonium salt in the order of their electron-withdrawing ability. Photoisomerization of the 2-phosphinoazobenzenes bearing electron-donating substituents at the 4- and 4′-positions, which shifted the equilibrium toward the 2-phosphinoazobenzene, proceeded successfully. While the phosphonium salt in equilibrium with the (E)-isomer of the 2-phosphinoazobenzene was protonated by perchlorophenol, the (Z)-isomer did not react with a proton source because it could not take on the form of an inner phosphonium salt. Thus, the properties and reactivity of the inner phosphonium salts in equilibrium with the phosphines can be successfully controlled by photoirradiation.
Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Once-Weekly Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Agonists in Development for Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Adults
Authors: Tzefos Maria , Harris Kira , Brackett Adriane 
Published: January 2012

OBJECTIVE: To review pharmacologic, pharmacokinetic, efficacy, and safety data of once-weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists exenatide long-acting release (LAR), albiglutide, and taspoglutide in treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE search (1966-August 2011) was conducted using the following key words: type 2 diabetes mellitus, glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists once weekly, glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists, exenatide LAR, albiglutide, and taspoglutide. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: All articles published in English identified from the data sources were evaluated, prioritizing randomized controlled trials with human data. The references of published articles identified were examined for additional studies appropriate for the review. DATA SYNTHESIS: Native GLP-1 increases glucose-dependent insulin secretion, decreases glucagon secretion, and slows gastric emptying in healthy individuals, but these effects may be blunted in patients with T2DM. Because native GLP-1 is rapidly degraded by dipeptidyl peptidase-IV, it is not a practical treatment option. Currently, 2 GLP-1 receptor agonists have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration: exenatide twice daily and liraglutide once daily. Several additional GLP-1 agonists, including exenatide LAR, albiglutide, and taspoglutide, are in various stages of clinical trials and have been modified to increase their half-lives. These agents have shown significant improvements in hemoglobin A1c, fasting plasma glucose, and postprandial plasma glucose, as well as improvements in body weight, blood pressure, and lipid parameters. These agents allow for less-frequent dosing schedules, improved glycemic control throughout the day, and improved treatment satisfaction compared to some available agents. GLP-1 agonists have been well tolerated, with the most common adverse effects being gastrointestinal related, which occurred early in therapy but typically resolved after 4-8 weeks. The incidence of hypoglycemia was infrequent and mild during therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Once-weekly GLP-1 agonists provide similar glycemic control with weight reduction, as well as overall higher treatment satisfaction for patients because of their ease of use and need for less-frequent dosing compared to some available agents.
Understanding China's Response to North Korea's Provocations
Authors: Song Jooyoung 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
China criticized North Korea's nuclear test in 2006, but Beijing refused to condemn Pyongyang's provocations in 2010. When will China punish North Korea's belligerence? The “Dual Threats Model” suggests that China responds only when Pyongyang's activities heighten the possibility of U.S. military response, and as long as Pyongyang remains stable.
Correlates of HIV Infection Among Sexually Active Adults in Kenya: A National Population-Based Survey
Authors: Oluoch Tom , Mohammed Ibrahim , Bunnell Rebecca , Kaiser Reinhard , Kim Andrea A , Gichangi Anthony , Mwangi Mary , Dadabhai Sufia , Marum Lawrence , Orago Alloys , Mermin Jonathan 
Published: January 2012

Objective:
To identify factors associated with prevalent HIV in a national HIV survey in Kenya.

Methods:
The Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey was a nationally representative population-based sero-survey that examined demographic and behavioral factors and serologic testing for HIV, HSV-2 and syphilis in adults aged 15-64 years. We analyzed questionnaire and blood testing data to identify significant correlates of HIV infection among sexually active adults.

Results:
Of 10,957 eligible women and 8,883 men, we interviewed 10,239 (93%) women and 7,731 (87%) men. We collected blood specimens from 9,049 women and 6,804 men of which 6,447 women and 5,112 men were sexually active during the 12 months prior to the survey. HIV prevalence among sexually active adults was 7.4%. Factors independently associated with HIV among women were region (Nyanza vs Nairobi: adjusted OR [AOR] 1.6, 95%CI 1.1-2.3), number of lifetime sex partners (6-9 vs 0-1 partners: AOR 3.0, 95%CI 1.6-5.9), HSV-2 (AOR 6.5, 95%CI 4.9-8.8), marital status (widowed vs never married: AOR 2.7, 95%CI 1.5-4.8) and consistent condom use with last sex partner (AOR 2.3, 95%CI 1.6-3.4). Among men, correlates of HIV infection were 30-to-39-year-old age group (AOR 5.2, 95%CI 2.6-10.5), number of lifetime sex partners (10+ vs 0-1 partners, AOR 3.5, 95%CI 1.4-9.0), HSV-2 (AOR 4.7, 95%CI 3.2-6.8), syphilis (AOR 2.4, 95%CI 1.4-4.0), consistent condom use with last sex partner (AOR 2.1, 95% CI 1.5-3.1) and lack of circumcision (AOR 4.0, 95%CI 2.8 - 5.5).

Conclusion:
Kenya’s heterogeneous epidemic will require regional and gender-specific prevention approaches.
Minimally Invasive Thoracolumbar Corpectomy and Reconstruction
Authors: Khan Safdar N. , Cha Thomas , Hoskins Jonathan A. , Pelton Miguel , Singh Kern 
Published: January 2012

Minimally invasive surgical approaches have been advocated to approach ventrolateral thoracolumbar pathology. This article describes our technique for performing minimally invasive surgical thoracolumbar corpectomy and reconstruction. Twenty-five consecutive patients at a single institution were treated between 2006 and 2010 for a variety of diagnoses including tumors, infections, and trauma. Treatment variables, including operating time, estimated blood loss, number of levels treated, and complications, were collected, as were visual analog scale (VAS) scores for pain.
Surgical times (mean, 188.5 minutes) and blood loss (mean, 423 mL) reflect a significant improvement over standard open corpectomy procedures. More than 60% of patients did not need blood products after the corpectomy procedure because substantial blood loss encountered during an open exposure to the spine was obviated. Similarly, operative times and anesthetic load was minimal enough for ≥80% of our patients to be extubated immediately after the corpectomy procedure. A 62% decrease in self-reported VAS scores was observed. No wound complications or radiographic evidence of implant subsidence or failure were observed at last follow-up.
The advantages of the minimally invasive approach for corpectomies of the thoracolumbar spine were that an access surgeon was not needed; tissue dissection and surgical exposure were reduced, improving VAS scores postoperatively; and blood loss and operative times were minimized, preventing hemodynamic deterioration in these complex cases. Corpectomies may be performed in this fashion safely, with excellent pain relief and without many of the morbidities and difficulties associated with conventional open procedures.
Association of Low-energy Femoral Shaft Fractures and Bisphosphonate Use
Authors: Fowler John R. , Craig Matthew R. 
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this study was to elaborate on the association between the use of bisphosphonates and low-energy femoral shaft fractures. A retrospective review was performed between January 2000 and January 2010 to identify patients older than 65 years who sustained femoral shaft diaphyseal fractures (Orthopaedic Trauma Association classification 32 A [extra-articular], B [partial articular/unicondylar], or C [complete articular/bicondylar]) using ICD-9 code 821.01. After exclusion criteria were applied, 77 patients remained for analysis. A total of 66 patients had no history of bisphosphonate therapy, and 11 patients had received bisphosphonate therapy for >2 years prior to admission. All 11 patients in the bisphosphonate group had sustained a low-energy fall from a standing height or lower. In 9 of 11 (82%) patients in the bisphosphonate group, radiographs resembled transverse shaft fractures with lateral cortical beaking that have been observed in patients on chronic bisphosphonate therapy.
Our series echoes the findings of other authors, who found that bisphosphonate use is associated with lateral cortical beaking and low-energy, transverse fractures of the femoral shaft. Further research is needed to determine if specific medications and length of treatment are important risk factors.
Piercing Injury of the Pelvis With a Steel Bar
Authors: Lee Soon Hyuck , Park Si Young , Kim Jin , Huh Young-Jae 
Published: January 2012

A piercing or penetrating injury of the pelvis by a steel bar is a rare condition compared with piercing or penetrating injuries of the extremities. We report the case of a 34-year-old woman who attempted a suicidal fall that resulted in the piercing of the pelvis with a long steel bar. The steel bar entered the pelvic cavity from the left buttock through the sciatic notch and was bent at the middle of the pelvic cavity between the bladder and rectum. At the right hip joint, the rod penetrated the posteromedial aspect of the femoral head, was bent again, and extended straight along the medial border of the femur without damaging the femoral neurovascular bundle. At the middle one-third level, the bar spanned in a posterolateral direction and then down toward the lateral aspect at the level of the mid-calf. The bar exited the lateral side of the left calf.
An explorative laparotomy was performed to ensure that no intraperitoneal injury had occurred. The smaller portion of the uterus bicornis was the only organ that had been pierced. The penetrated uterus was incised to expose the bent portion of the bar. The bar was cut in half using a diamond burr, and the cutting edge was trimmed so as not to injure the surrounding organs during removal. The second bent portion of the rod, located in the right hip joint, was straightened by positional reduction, and the hip joint was abducted under fluoroscopic monitoring from outside of the operative field by grasping the end of the bar remaining in the pelvic cavity. The steel bar was safely removed and treated after careful planning and multiteam approaches with a general surgeon and orthopedic trauma specialists.
Intracranial Meningeal Hemangiopericytoma Metastatic to the Scapula
Authors: Siegel Herrick J. , Lopez-Ben Robert , Sutton J. Hunter , Siegal Gene P. 
Published: January 2012

Meningeal hemangiopericytomas are rare vascular tumors that have a propensity for recurrence and metastasis. Intracranial hemangiopericytomas are rare vascular tumors. They account for 0.5% of primary central nervous system tumors and 2% of meningiomas. Unlike usual benign meningiomas, which rarely metastasize extracranially, meningeal hemangiopericytoma has a high rate of local recurrence and distant metastasis. The treatment paradigms for hemangiopericytomas and meningiomas differ based on their biological behaviors. Hemangiopericytomas have higher rates of recurrence and metastasis compared with meningiomas. Intracranial meningeal hemangiopericytoma is characterized by clinically repeated local recurrences at the primary site. Bone, liver, lung, central nervous system, and abdominal cavity are the most commonly reported sites of metastasis in hemangiopericytomas.
This article describes a case of bone metastasis with extensive involvement of the scapula from intracranial hemangiopericytoma. Bone metastasis can be seen in a relatively late phase of the disease, with metastasis to other organs. Although radiation therapy is effective in controlling pain from bone metastases in unresectable disease and those with extensive visceral metastases, aggressive local surgical control of a solitary bone metastasis may be an option for patients with limited distant disease. The diagnosis may be initially confused with clear cell meningioma and benign meningiomas. The management of bone metastasis is not well reported in the orthopedic literature.
Predictors of Response to Targeted Therapies for Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
Authors: Marrari Andrea , Wagner Andrew J. , Hornick Jason L. 
Published: January 2012

Context.—The inhibition of oncogenic kinase signaling is a successful strategy to treat both hematologic and solid malignancies. Patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia, lung adenocarcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, and gastrointestinal stromal tumors are experiencing tremendous clinical benefits from targeted therapies in the form of kinase inhibitors. These drugs marked a revolution in cancer treatment, not only for their safety and efficacy, but also because they continue to expand our knowledge of the pathophysiology of cancer.
Objective.—To provide a summary of the biologic predictors of gastrointestinal stromal tumor behavior and response to targeted therapies that currently help guide clinical decision making.
Data Sources.—Published articles pertaining to the diagnosis, molecular genetics, prognostication, clinical behavior, and treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors, as well as experiences in a multidisciplinary sarcoma clinic.
Conclusions.—In gastrointestinal stromal tumors, the strongest predictor of response to targeted therapies is the mutational status of KIT or PDGFRA. Patients whose tumors harbor a KIT exon 11 mutation benefit the most from imatinib mesylate therapy, in terms of response rate, progression-free survival, and overall survival. Conversely, tumors without detectable mutations in either gene (“wild-type” gastrointestinal stromal tumors) are generally not responsive to imatinib mesylate.
Ultrasound evaluation of fluid in knee recesses at varying degrees of flexion
Authors: Mandl P. , Brossard M. , Aegerter P. , Backhaus M. , Bruyn G. A. , Chary‐Valckenaere I. , Iagnocco A. , Filippucci E. , Freeston J. , Gandjbakhch F. , Jousse‐Joulin S. , Möller I. , Naredo E. , Schmidt W. A. , Szkudlarek M. , Terslev L. , Wakefield R. J. , Zayat A. , D'Agostino M. A. , Balint P. V. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectiveVarious methods are utilized in daily practice to obtain optimal information on effusion in the knee. Our aim is to investigate which scanning position provides the best information about synovial fluid in the knee by using ultrasound and to evaluate the magnitude of difference for measuring synovial fluid in 3 major recesses (suprapatellar, medial parapatellar, and lateral parapatellar) of the knee according to various degrees of flexion.MethodsSonographers in 14 European centers documented bilateral knee joint ultrasound examinations on a total of 148 knee joints. The largest sagittal diameter of fluid was measured in scans corresponding to the 3 major recesses at different (0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°) degrees of flexion of the knee. The difference of measurement of effusion according to transducer position, knee position, and the interaction between them was investigated by analysis of variance followed by Tukey's test.ResultsNo correlation was noted between patient characteristics and ultrasound detection of effusion. The sagittal diameter of synovial fluid in all 3 recesses was greatest at 30° flexion. Analysis of variance and Tukey's test revealed that the suprapatellar scan and 30° flexion is the best combination for detecting effusion as confirmed by receiver operator characteristic curve analysis.ConclusionThe suprapatellar scan of the knee in 30° flexion was the most sensitive position to detect fluid in knee joints. Sagittal diameter of fluid in all 3 recesses increased with the knee in the 30° flexed position as compared to the extended position.
Is there a higher genetic load of susceptibility loci in familial ankylosing spondylitis?
Authors: Joshi Reeti , Reveille John D. , Brown Matthew A. , Weisman Michael H. , Ward Michael M. , Gensler Lianne S. , Wordsworth B. Paul , Evans David M. , Assassi Shervin 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectiveSeveral genetic risk variants for ankylosing spondylitis (AS) have been identified in genome‐wide association studies. Our objective was to examine whether familial AS cases have a higher genetic load of these susceptibility variants.MethodsOverall, 502 AS patients were examined, consisting of 312 patients who had first‐degree relatives (FDRs) with AS (familial) and 190 patients who had no FDRs with AS or spondylarthritis (sporadic). All patients and affected FDRs fulfilled the modified New York criteria for AS. The patients were recruited from 2 US cohorts (the North American Spondylitis Consortium and the Prospective Study of Outcomes in Ankylosing Spondylitis) and from the UK‐Oxford cohort. The frequencies of AS susceptibility loci in IL‐23R, IL1R2, ANTXR2, ERAP‐1, 2 intergenic regions on chromosomes 2p15 and 21q22, and HLA–B27 status as determined by the tag single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs4349859 were compared between familial and sporadic cases of AS. Association between SNPs and multiplex status was assessed by logistic regression controlling for sibship size.ResultsHLA–B27 was significantly more prevalent in familial than sporadic cases of AS (odds ratio 4.44 [95% confidence interval 2.06, 9.55], P = 0.0001). Furthermore, the AS risk allele at chromosome 21q22 intergenic region showed a trend toward higher frequency in the multiplex cases (P = 0.08). The frequency of the other AS risk variants did not differ significantly between familial and sporadic cases, either individually or combined.ConclusionHLA–B27 is more prevalent in familial than sporadic cases of AS, demonstrating higher familial aggregation of AS in patients with HLA–B27 positivity. The frequency of the recently described non–major histocompatibility complex susceptibility loci is not markedly different between the sporadic and familial cases of AS.
Longitudinal study of the bidirectional association between pain and depressive symptoms in patients with psoriatic arthritis
Authors: Husted Janice A. , Tom Brian D. , Farewell Vernon T. , Gladman Dafna D. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo test the bidirectional hypothesis that depressive symptoms influence changes in pain over time, and pain influences changes in depressive symptoms.MethodsA total of 394 patients attending the University of Toronto Psoriatic Arthritis clinic were followed over a mean period of 7.5 years with annual assessments, including number of swollen joints (SJC), Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), and the Medical Outcomes Survey Short Form 36 (SF‐36). Linear mixed‐effects models were used to examine the cross‐ and lagged associations between the changes in HAQ pain and in the SF‐36 mental component summary (MCS) score, adjusting for SJC and other covariates.ResultsThe strongest predictors of changes in pain, SJC, and depressive symptoms between visits were scores of the corresponding variables at the previous visit, with standardized regression coefficients exceeding 0.75 in absolute value. There was, however, evidence of a small, but consequential, bidirectional relationship (i.e., standardized regression coefficients <0.3) between depressive symptoms and pain. Both previous MCS scores and change in MCS scores were associated with change in pain between visits; conversely, previous pain scores and change in pain scores were associated with change in depressive symptoms between visits.ConclusionEven though cross‐variable associations between pain and depressive symptoms exist, changes in pain and depressive symptoms appear to be strongly driven by their measurements at the previous visit. To optimize patient outcomes, a clinical approach that assesses and treats clinically significant depressive symptoms, as well as pain, is required.
Hierarchical Nanocomposites Derived from Nanocarbons and Layered Double Hydroxides ‐ Properties, Synthesis, and Applications
Authors: Zhao Meng‐Qiang , Zhang Qiang , Huang Jia‐Qi , Wei Fei 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe combination of one‐dimensional and two‐dimensional building blocks leads to the formation of hierarchical composites that can take full advantages of each kind of material, which is an effective way for the preparation of multifunctional materials with extraordinary properties. Among various building blocks, nanocarbons (e.g., carbon nanotubes and graphene) and layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are two of the most powerful materials that have been widely used in human life. This Feature Article presents a state‐of‐the‐art review of hierarchical nanocomposites derived from nanocarbons and LDHs. The properties of nanocarbons, LDHs, as well as the combined nanocomposites, are described first. Then, efficient and effective fabrication methods for the hierarchical nanocomposites, including the reassembly of nanocarbons and LDHs, formation of LDHs on nanocarbons, and formation of nanocarbons on LDHs, are presented. The as‐obtained nanocomposites derived form nanocarbons and LDHs exhibited excellent performance as multifunctional materials for their promising applications in energy storage, nanocomposites, catalysis, environmental protection, and drug delivery. The fabrication of LDH/carbon nanocomposites provides a novel method for the development of novel multifunctional nanocomposites based on the existing nanomaterials. However, knowledge of their assembly mechanism, robust and precise route for LDH/nanocarbon hybrid with well designed structure, and the relationship between structure, properties, and applications are still inadequate. A multidisciplinary approach from the scope of materials, physics, chemistry, engineering, and other application areas, is highly required for the development of this advanced functional composite materials.
Electrostatic Anchoring of Mn4 Single‐Molecule Magnets onto Chemically Modified Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Bosch‐Navarro Concha , Coronado Eugenio , Martí‐Gastaldo Carlos , Rodríguez‐González Benito , Liz‐Marzán Luis M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractTwo different routes that enable the electrostatic grafting of cationic single‐molecule magnets (SMMs) onto the surface of chemically modified anionic multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) are described. The chemical nature and physical properties of the resulting hybrids are discussed on the basis of a complete battery of experimental techniques. The data show that the chemical nature of the SMM unit remains intact, while its magnetic response is significantly affected by the grafting process, which is likely due to surface effects.