bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) MOTH FLIGHT AND DISPERSAL: NEW UNDERSTANDING FROM CANOPY OBSERVATIONS, RADAR, AND AIRCRAFT
Authors: Greenbank D.O. , Schaefer G.W. , Rainey R.C. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA research programme in New Brunswick coordinating the use of radar, specially-instrumented aircraft, and observations from platforms extending above the forest canopy has established the massive scale and regularity of evening take-off flights by spruce budworm moths, Choristoneura fumiferana, and of subsequent nocturnal dispersal at levels high above the ground. A night-viewing telescope showed moths taking off from the tree crowns up until 2330 h, 2.5 h after sunset, while radar dot echoes of uniform strength and size began to appear each night at about the same time. Direct identification of radar echoes was provided by simultaneous catches of budworm moths taken in insect-collecting nets on Cessna 185 aircraft. Moths collected during emigration, displacement, and immigration contained a high proportion of egg-carrying females.Radar recorded the rates of climb and the altitudes reached by the flying moths and provided extensive data on their numbers, density, orientation, direction, speed, and duration of displacement. Airborne moths became concentrated in zones of wind convergence, and line-echoes from moths at wind-shift fronts were detected on radar at distances of 30 km. The time of passage of wind-shift fronts over a surface site was detectable by pilot-balloon observations and by sensing equipment on a 24-m meteorological tower. Wind-fields over New Brunswick, as found from a DC-3, showed a marked contrast between the high degree of wind uniformity on many evenings and convergent winds on other evenings. Attention is focussed on the potential effects of meso-scale sea breeze fronts, of which one example is presented, and of storm cells on moth concentration and dispersal.Through the use of radar, spruce-budworm moth dispersal has been viewed for the first time in its entirety and the integrated research programme has provided new data for better evaluation of the significance of moth dispersal in the initiation and spread of infestations.
REVISION OF THE GENUSHYDROCHARABERTH. (COLEOPTERA: HYDROPHILIDAE)
Authors: Smetana Aleš 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA revision of the hydrophilid genusHydrocharaBerth. (Coleoptera) is presented including a historical review, a discussion of diagnostic characters and techniques, and a discussion of the phylogeny and zoogeography of this genus.Twenty-one species are recognized. Six species are described as new.H.grandis(Zimm.) is listed asspecies dubia.H.scrobiculata(Panzer, 1799),H.substriata(Sturm, 1843),H.intermedia(Mulsant, 1844),H.subaenea(Motschulsky, 1845),H.smaragdina(Bach, 1856),H.costata(Lüderwaldt, 1897),H.flaviventris(Ochs, 1923), andH.carinata(Jander, 1927) are placed in synonymy withH.caraboides(Linné, 1758);H.roubali(Vávra, 1923) withH.flavipes(Stev.);H.uniformis(Fairmaire, 1869) withH.elliptica(Fabricius, 1801).Neotype is designated forH.obtusata(Say). Lectotypes are designated forH.dichroma(Fairm.),H.sarta(Sem.),H.libera(Sharp),H.semenovi(Zaits.),H.profanifuga(Sem.),H.affinis(Sharp),H.uniformis(Fairm.),H.fulvofemorata(Fairm.), andH.glauca(LeC.).Key to species is provided, each species is described and illustrated, and all available bionomic and distributional data are presented; distributional records are mapped.
A REVISION OF THE SYSTEMATICS OFACALYMMA SENSU STRICTOBARBER (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) FROM NORTH AMERICA INCLUDING MEXICO
Authors: Munroe D.D. , Smith Ray F. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe systematics ofAcalymma sensu strictoof North America including Mexico are revised.Acalymma sensu strictois defined and distinguished from the other species groups ofAcalymma. Sixteen species are discussed including four new species:A.blomorum,A.palomarense,A.invenustum, andA.luridifronsall from Mexico. Three new subspecies ofA.blandulum(LeConte) are described:blandulum(LeConte) new status,nigriventre, andyucatanense.Acalymma coruscum costaricenseBechyné is placed as a synonym ofA.innubum(Fabricius). Keys are presented to all species and subspecies. Habitus and male genitalia drawings are given for all species and distribution maps are given where appropriate.
GUIDE TO THE GEOMETRIDAE OF CANADA (LEPIDOPTERA) II. SUBFAMILY ENNOMINAE. 3
Authors: McGuffin W.C. 
Published: April 2011

SummaryThis is the fourth in a series of manuals designed to facilitate the recognition of the Geometridae of Canada. In the introductory section key characters are given for the identification of Geometridae in adult, larval, and pupal stages. A generalized description of each stage is followed by a key to subfamilies of the Geometridae and a synopsis of the characters of the Ennominae. Keys to the four parts of the Ennominae (sometimes broken down into tribes) as they are to be treated in this series of manuals are supplemented by text descriptions, line drawings, and colour photographs. The distribution of many of the 41 species is shown on 23 maps.A section on the collecting and rearing of Geometridae has been added to the introductory part of this manual to encourage amateurs and young professionals to collect and rear Geometridae. The writer has enjoyed this part of the work more than any other and would like to see others share in the fun.
TAXONOMIC MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUSPITYOPHTHORUSEICHHOFF IN NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Bright Donald E. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA revision of the species in the genusPityophthorusEichhoff in North and Central America is presented. The limits ofPityophthorusare expanded to include the species previously placed inGnatholeptusBlackman. This unit is maintained as a subgenus. One additional subgenus is described,Hypopityophthorus, forP.debilisWood andP.inopsWood. The genus contains 220 species in North and Central America. The principal subgenusPityophthorusis divided into 47 species groups. New species are:micans(Mexico),sapineus(Mexico),miniatus(Honduras, Guatemala, and Mexico),pubifrons(Mexico), andacceptus(British Columbia, Wyoming). New synonymy is proposed as follows:P.deletusLeConte (=P.dolusWood);P.exquisitus(Blackman) n. comb. (=P.inceptisWood);P.intextus(=P.ornatusBlackman andP.limatusWood);P.balsameusBlackman (=P.angustusBlackman) andP.indigensWood (=P.irritansSchedl). Five species are given new status as subspecies:P.tuberculatusEichhoff as a subsp. ofP.pulchellusEichhoff;P.subopacusBlackman as a subsp. ofP.segnisBlackman;P.bellusBlackman as a subsp. ofP.confususBlandford;P.agnatusBlackman as a subsp. ofP.confertusSwaine, andP.aurulentusBright as a subsp. ofP.murrayanaeBlackman.The monograph includes an historical review, a discussion of diagnostic characters, and a discussion of the general biology of species in the genus. Keys to subgenera, species groups, and species are provided. Each species is described and many are illustrated, and all known bionomic and distributional data are included. Distribution records of many species are mapped.
THE SYSTEMATICS AND PHYLOGENY OF THESTENOCHIRONOMUSCOMPLEX (XESTOCHIRONOMUS,HARRISIUS, andSTENOCHIRONOMUS) (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE)
Authors: Borkent Art 
Published: April 2011

AbstractTheStenochironomuscomplex contains all those species which exhibit the highly modified, mining larval form previously recognized as typical of only the genusStenochironomusKieffer: larvae with a dorsoventrally compressed head capsule, expanded thoracic segments and a long, flaccid abdomen. The complex includes members ofXestochironomusSublette & Wirth (New World),HarrisiusFreeman (Australian Region),Stenochironomus(cosmopolitan) and two larval forms, one from New Zealand and the other from Africa.This revision provides analysis of 12 species ofXestochironomus(five new), four species ofHarrisius, and 54 species of Neotropical and HolarcticStenochironomus(32 new named species, two new species not named, and four new combinations:S.innocuus(Williston),S.semifumosus(Edwards),S.longilobatus(Tokunaga) andS.gracilivalva(Kieffer)). Of these species, the pupae and fourth instar larvae are described for two species ofXestochironomus,Harrisius pallidusFreeman and 24 of the named species ofStenochironomus. Descriptions, diagnoses, keys, and distribution maps are provided for all species in each available stage.Stenochironomus taeniapennis(Coquillett, 1901),S.zonopterus(Mitchell, 1908), andS.exquisitus(Mitchell, 1908) are newly recognized as junior synonyms ofS.hilaris(Walker, 1848).A cladistic analysis of all these species suggests that theStenochironomuscomplex is monophyletic. The African larval form is the sister group of all other members;Xestochironomusis the sister group ofHarrisius, the New Zealand larval form andStenochironomus; andStenochironomusis the sister group ofHarrisiusplus the New Zealand larval form. These relationships suggest possible southern continental affinities.Stenochironomusis composed of two monophyletic species groups, the subgenusStenochironomus s.str. with species whose larvae mine wood and the new subgenusPetalopholeus(type-species,S.cinctusTownes) with species whose larvae mine leaves.Cladistic patterns show that Caribbean species are related to other New World species, and that North American species are related to Neotropical or Palaearctic species.Larval food type and ecological differences are analyzed using cladistic relationships. The plesiotypic habitat for species of theStenochironomuscomplex is running waters.The phylogenetic relationships ofStenochironomusspecies and their mite parasites are compared and show little congruence.
REVISION OF THE SUBFAMILY HELOPHORINAE OF THE NEARCTIC REGION (COLEOPTERA: HYDROPHILIDAE)
Authors: Smetana Aleš 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA revision of the hydrophilid subfamily Helophorinae (Coleoptera), containing the single genusHelophorusFabricius 1775, is presented, including an historical review, a discussion of diagnostic characters and techniques, and an attempt at a phylogenetic reconstruction of the major lineages of the NearcticHelophorus.Forty-one species are recognized; 9 species and 1 subspecies are described as new.AtractohelophorusKuweit 1886 is placed in synonymy withRhopalelophorusKuwert 1886, andMegahelophorusKuwert 1886 withHelophorusFabricius 1775. On the specific levelH.ventralisMotschulsky 1860 andH.obsoletesulcatusMotschulsky 1860 are placed in synonymy withH.lineatusSay 1823.A neotype is designated forH.lineatusSay.Lectotypes are designated forH.oblongusLeC.,H.fortisLeC.,H.regularisSharp,H.lacustrisLeC., andH.alternatusLeC.The genusHelophorusis described and the nomenclatorial and taxpnomic problems surrounding it are discussed in detail. Keys to subgenera and species are provided. Each subgenus is described; each species is described and illustrated, all available bionomic and distributional data are presented, and distributional records are mapped.
PEATLANDS AND MARSHES IN THE WETLAND REGIONS OF CANADA
Authors: Zoltai S.C. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPeatland development in Canada is influenced by climatic conditions, specifically a north–south temperature and an east–west precipitation gradient, resulting in specific and characteristic kinds of wetlands. The wetland classes (bogs, fens, marshes) are broad ecological units, each composed of distinctive groups of vegetation growing in appropriate habitats. Bogs usually develop in nutrient-poor areas where there is little movement of groundwater, whereas fens occur in more mineral-rich environments having a slowly moving water table. Marshes develop in areas that are periodically inundated by oxygen-rich water. Included within the peatlands are water environments ranging from small puddles to pools, each with a water quality that is influenced by the surrounding peatland.
AQUATIC AND SEMIAQUATIC HEMIPTERA OF PEATLANDS AND MARSHES IN CANADA
Authors: Scudder G.G.E. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThirteen families containing 138 species of aquatic and semiaquatic Hemiptera have so far been recorded from Canada. The identification of these presents few real difficulties and so the general occurrence of the taxa across the country is fairly well known. Although there has been no intensive study of the Hemipterous insects in peatlands and marshes, the 61 species so far reported from marshes, 32 from fens, and the 33 from bogs appear to be facultative rather than obligatory inhabitants of these habitats. All have been found in other habitats and probably most lentic species occur in marsh habitats. All aquatic and semiaquatic bugs are predators, and most overwinter as adults. Environmental–physiological study of species occurring in bogs has just begun, but evidence suggests that many species have the ability to regulate their internal milieu in water with pH below 4.6–4.7. However, further experiments are needed to determine the physiological limits of tolerance of these insects, the details of osmotic and ionic regulation, and acid–base balance in low-pH water. More collecting is needed in bogs, fens, and marshes, and the life cycle and biology of the Hemiptera occurring in peat-lands still require intensive study.
CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA) OF PEATLANDS AND MARSHES IN CANADA
Authors: Wrubleski Dale A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA survey of the literature has revealed that the Chironomidae are one of the most abundant and diverse groups of insects present in Canadian peatlands and marshes. A total of 104 named species of Chironomidae has been recorded from Canadian bogs, fens, and marshes. At least 207 species are present if all unnamed species are included in the total. However, until more information is available about the distribution of chironomid species, particularly those from fens, it is not possible to determine if any species (other thanMetriocnemus knabiCoq.) are restricted to these habitats. Although several studies have been conducted in marshes and bog pools, the saturated peat habitats of fens and bogs have been little studied.Most information on chironomids within peatlands and marshes is based on emergence trapping of adults, and there have been few attempts to study the ecologically important immature stages. Several aspects of chironomid ecology pertinent to peatlands and marshes are presented, based primarily on information gathered from other shallow-water habitats. The ecological and economic importance of chironomids within these habitats remains largely unknown. Most effort to date has been expended on faunal surveys, and any attempt to study chironomid ecology within peatlands and marshes would add greatly to existing knowledge.
ORIGINS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN EPHEMEROPTERA FAUNA, ESPECIALLY THE LEPTOPHLEBIIDAE
Authors: Peters William L. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe complex origins of the North American Ephemeroptera fauna extended from the Lower Permian to the Recent. This paper discusses origins of North American genera of the cosmopolitan family Leptophlebiidae with a few examples from other mayfly families. The two extant subfamilies, Leptophlebiinae and Atalophlebiinae, probably evolved at least by the mid-Cretaceous, or about 100 million years before present. The primitive Leptophlebiinae are distributed throughout most of the Northern Hemisphere and the ancestors of the Leptophlebia–Paraleptophlebia complex within this subfamily dispersed widely by the North Atlantic route as early as the mid-Cretaceous and later probably by northern trans-Pacific dispersals through Beringia. The ancestors of Habrophlebia dispersed through the North Atlantic route at an early time, but the vicariant distribution of Habrophlebiodes in several areas of the Oriental Region and eastern North America correlates with the Arcto-Tertiary forest that covered most of the Northern Hemisphere including Beringia from the Early Tertiary into the Pleistocene. Within the nearly cosmopolitan Atalophlebiinae, Traverella is austral in origin and probably dispersed north through the Mexican Transition Zone during the mid-Tertiary as an ancient dispersal and then dispersed to its northern and eastern limits following the last Pleistocene deglaciation by way of the Missouri River tributaries. Thraulodes and Farrodes are both austral in origin and probably dispersed north through the Mexican Transition Zone during the Early Pleistocene as a relatively recent dispersal. The origins of Choroterpes sensu stricto and Neochoroterpes in North America are unknown. The mayfly fauna of the West Indies is Neotropical in origins, and no affinities between the West Indies and North America through Florida have ever been confirmed.
A ZOOGEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF THE NOCTUIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA) OF BERINGIA, AND SOME INFERENCES ABOUT PAST BERINGIAN HABITATS
Authors: Lafontaine J.D. , Wood D.M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe 245 species of Noctuidae known from Beringia, i.e. northwestern North America and northeastern Asia, are arranged in six groups based on their habitat preferences. These groups are analysed in terms of their distribution, endemism within Beringia, and zoogeographic affinities. The fauna associated with taiga, boreomontane forests and southern steppe (prairie) habitats shows only limited evidence of continuous occurrence in Beringia, and limited exchange during the Pleistocene between the Nearctic and Palaearctic. We have concluded therefore that this fauna has entered the Beringian area in Recent times following deglaciation of western and central Canada. In wet and dry tundra habitats, in contrast, there is abundant evidence of trans-Beringian faunal exchange. A high degree of endemism in dry tundra habitats within Beringia today is evidence of long-term stability of this habitat. These patterns, as well as evidence from a limited fossil sample of mid-Wisconsinan age, allow us to speculate on Beringian habitats during Wisconsinan times. We further conclude that the eastern Palaearctic and Beringia was the source area for the fauna that repopulated the Canadian Arctic after deglaciation. By contrast, non-Beringian refugia of the Nearctic have contributed little to the fauna of the Arctic.
THE INSECT FAUNA OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA: PRESENT PATTERNS AND AFFINITIES AND THEIR ORIGINS
Authors: Kavanaugh David H. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe insect fauna of the Pacific Northwest Coast is diverse and rich in endemic forms. Nine different elements are recognized in the fauna, including (1) restricted coastal, (2) coast-centred, (3) Great Basin, (4) Rocky Mountain, (5) trans-American, (6) Holarctic, (7) trans-Beringian, (8) Alaskan, and (9) introduced elements. Elements (6), (7), and (8) are generally restricted to the northwestern portion of the coast; and representation of Rocky Mountain elements (4) increases in three major steps from south to north along the coast—at the Puget Lowland/Fraser River valley, the Prince Rupert area, and the Kenai Peninsula, respectively. Patterns of vicariance among sister taxa in the carabid beetle genusNebriademonstrate relationships which, together with analyses of other faunal elements, show that the fauna of glaciated portions of the Coastal region has greatest affinity with faunas of southern coastal areas, less affinity with those of southern interior areas, and least affinity with faunas of northern areas. Areas of local endemism within the region include the Aleutian Archipelago, the southeastern Alaskan Panhandle, the Queen Charlotte Archipelago, the Olympic Peninsula/Vancouver Island, the northern Cascade Range, the Klamath Mountains system, and the Sierra Nevada. The extant coastal insect fauna has evolved from a widespread northern Tertiary fauna, elements of which were isolated in several separate refugia during Pleistocene glaciations. The northern two-thirds of the region has been recolonized in postglacial time from both coastal and interior refugia south of the Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets. Local endemism in the region reflects survival and differentiation of a few forms in small coastal refugia; but survivors from these refugia, as well as those from the Yukon/Beringian refugium, have generally been unable to extend their ranges to other parts of the Coastal region following deglaciation.
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF INSECTS AND WEATHER: GRASSHOPPERS AND RAINFALL IN ALBERTA
Authors: Johnson Daniel L. , Worobec Adla 
Published: April 2011

AbstractNew technology allows the rapid mapping of point or polygon variables, the correlation of maps, and the use of maps as variables in computer models. An illustration is the use of map correlation to investigate how changes in abundance of adult grasshoppers relate to rainfall in Alberta: maps of monthly rainfall, monthly hours of sunlight and annual grasshopper counts (8391 survey records) from a 5-year period were contoured and correlated. The methods of smoothing are described. Correlograms of Moran's I over distance show spatial autocorrelation of grasshopper abundance on a geographic scale. The grasshopper counts were autocorrelated to 20–30 km on most maps, and the relationship of correlograms to contour mapping is discussed. Quotient maps were produced: each population–abundance map was divided by the map from the previous year, and the results were correlated with monthly rainfall maps. There was significant association between areas of increase and levels of rainfall. Population tended to decline in areas of above-average rainfall. A simple model enabled a forecast of grasshopper distribution from the previous year's grasshopper population, monthly rainfall maps, and sunlight hours during the previous August.
EFFETS MATERNELS ET BIOLOGIE DES POPULATIONS D'INSECTES
Authors: Labeyrie Vincent 
Published: April 2011

AbstractMaternal influences on an insect population must be assessed within a numerically and spatially restricted enclave; it is difficult to demonstrate the impact within a large polymorphic group whose qualitative and quantitative evolution is subject to a number of conflicting influences. When a variety of selective factors is involved, the problem is to isolate, from the polymorphism, the portion that can be attributed to maternal effects.In short-lived organisms such as insects, direct maternal effects on the progeny have an advantage over slower, indirect responses to selective pressures. Direct effects allow progeny to adapt sooner to ecological trends that began or were operating during the parental generation. The peculiarities of insect embryonic development allow maternal influences to act directly on the F1adults through their deferred effects on the imaginal discs. Species that deposit organized egg masses provide the best material for studying maternal effects.Behaviour at oviposition can lead to special types of progeny distributions that affect the offspring's survival. In parasitoids, for example, maternal behaviour can introduce a kind of "arena selection" generating superparasitism by aggregative oviposition.The next generation's ecological response that is produced by maternal effects is mediated by changes at the behavioural, metabolic and ovarian levels during the mother's reproductive activity. In this way, she provides a key part of the next generation's functional polymorphism.