bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantization of Planetary Systems and its Dependency on Stellar Rotation
Authors: Zoghbi Jean-Paul A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWith the discovery of now more than 500 exoplanets, we present a statistical analysis of the planetary orbital periods and their relationship to the rotation periods of their parent stars. We test whether the structural variables of planetary orbits, i.e. planetary angular momentum and orbital period, are ‘quantized’ in integer or half-integer multiples of the parent star's rotation period. The Solar System is first shown to exhibit quantized planetary orbits that correlate with the Sun's rotation period. The analysis is then expanded over 443 exoplanets to statistically validate this quantization and its association with stellar rotation. The results imply that the exoplanetary orbital periods are highly correlated with the parent star's rotation periods and follow a discrete half-integer relationship with orbital ranks n = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, etc. The probability of obtaining these results by pure chance is p < 0.024. We discuss various mechanisms that could justify this planetary quantization, such as the hybrid gravitational instability models of planet formation, along with possible physical mechanisms such as the inner disc's magnetospheric truncation, tidal dissipation, and resonance trapping. In conclusion, we statistically demonstrate that a quantized orbital structure should emerge from the formation processes of planetary systems and that this orbital quantization is highly dependent on the parent star's rotation period.
A Gaseous Group with Unusual Remote Star Formation
Authors: Santiago-Figueroa N. , Putman M. E. , Werk J. , Meurer G. R. , Ryan-Weber E. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe present VLA 21-cm observations of the spiral galaxy ESO 481-G017 to determine the nature of remote star formation traced by an Hii region found 43 kpc and ∼800 km s−1 from the galaxy center (in projection). ESO 481-G017 is found to have a 120 kpc Hi disk with a mass of 1.2 × 1010M⊙ and UV GALEX images reveal spiral arms extending into the gaseous disk. Two dwarf galaxies with Hi masses close to 108M⊙ are detected at distances of ∼200 kpc from ESO 481-G017 and a Hi cloud with a mass of 6 × 107M⊙ is found near the position and velocity of the remote Hii region. The Hii region is somewhat offset from the Hi cloud spatially and there is no link to ESO 481-G017 or the dwarf galaxies. We consider several scenarios for the origin of the cloud and Hii region and find the most likely is a dwarf galaxy that is undergoing ram pressure stripping. The Hi mass of the cloud and Hi luminosity of the Hii region (1038.1 erg s−1) are consistent with dwarf galaxy properties, and the stripping can trigger the star formation as well as push the gas away from the stars.
In Support of Nagorno-Karabakh: Social Components of the Armenian Nationalist Movement
Authors: Huttenbach Henry R. 
Published: September 2011

Without a thorough grounding in the pre- and post-1917 historical dimension of the Nagorno-Karabakh dispute, one will have difficulty comprehending the depth of sentiment, indeed passion, it arouses among the disputing parties, in this case among Armenians, whether inside or outside the Soviet Union.The roots of prying Nagorno-Karabakh from Muslim control via Russian intervention go back to the seventeenth century when Armenian emissaries contacted the Romanovs and urged them to liberate fellow Christians from Muslim domination. This, in part, led to the eighteenth century Russian campaign to conquer Transcaucasia, the Tsarist court encouraged by the possibility of local Christian support. Through Muslim eyes (a conviction held to this day), this was an act of political sabotage casting the Armenians in the role of political collaborators in collusion with the new Tsarist overlords, a suspicion that finds its modern echoes today as Armenia and Azerbaijan compete for Moscow's support in determining the status of the autonomous region.
The Challenge of Glasnost:Ogonek'sHandling of Russian Antisemitism
Authors: Garrard John 
Published: September 2011

When antisemites call me a Jew, I never deny it. My feeling is that if Jews are persecuted in my country, then I too am a Jew. In fact, I am not Jewish. But as long as Jews are persecuted, I will never refuse to be a Jew.Vitalii Korotich, chief editor ofOgonekRevolutions devour their children; Nationalism eats its parents.Jack Gallagher, late Professor of Imperial History, Cambridge UniversityAmerican citizens have had over two hundred years to judge the differences between liberty and license, but for Russians freedom of expression is a new, heady, unsettling experience. Glasnost has not only permitted them to print liberal, democratic sentiments, but opened up a Pandora's Box of suppressed anger and frustration at what many Russians consider the systematic destruction of their culture during the Soviet period. An ugly side to this eruption of patriotic outrage has resulted in the public expression of violent hostility to the tiny fraction (less than 1%) of the Soviet population who are Jewish. It is in this context thatOgonek'ssophisticated handling of certain unsavory aspects of the Russian nationalist movement deserves special attention. Under the guidance of its chief editor, Vitalii Korotich, the weekly magazine has not limited its coverage to such neo-Nazi organizations as Pamyat (Memory) and “Otechestvo” (Fatherland), but focussed attention also on the important role in fomenting antisemitism being played by certain prominent members of an immensely important but little known organization, the Russian Republic Writers' Union.Ogonekhas handled both sources of antisemitism with the traditional weapons of democratic pluralism: exposure to public scrutiny, and deflation through satire and ridicule.
The Post-Soviet Nations Without Gorbachev: Common Challenges
Authors: Hazard John N. 
Published: September 2011

Alexander Motyl (Chair): Introductory RemarksThis is the fourth and final Conference sponsored by the Program on Nationality and Siberian Studies. While you are witnessing the final act of this particular institution, the traditions of this program—that is, the study of the former Soviet republics and their nationalities—will be carried on by the Harriman Institute.
Negotiating a New Life: Burdens of Empire and Independence—the Case of the Balties
Authors: Clemens Walter C. 
Published: September 2011

Walter C. Clemens, Jr. Negotiating a New Life: Burdens of Empire and Independence—the Case of the BalticsThe Soviet Union disappeared in 1991 but, dying, gave birth to many new shoots of life, each struggling to survive and flourish despite great difficulties. Devolution of empire rarely proceeds without pain; it often causes, or results from, great violence. The first year of independent life for the successor states of the USSR witnessed much less violence than attended the demise of other great empires in this century. None had to fight for liberation as did Algeria and Angola. The fighting over Nagorno-Karabakh and South Ossetia does not approach the violence seen in the breakup of India, the attempted secessions of Katanga and Biafra, or the Croatian-Serbian war.
Reviews
Authors: Zack‐Williams A.B. , Simon David 
Published: September 2011

Debt and Imperialism
A Fate Worse than Debt: A Radical New Analysis of the Third World Debt Crisis by Susan George, London, Penguin, 1988; The Debt Squads: The US, the Banks and Latin America by Sue Branford and Bernardo Kucinski, London, Zed Books, 1988.
Exploited Earth: Britain's Aid and the Environment by Teresa Hayter, London: Earthscan, 1989, £7.95, ISBN 1–85383–048–8.
No problem here! The supply of physics teachers in Scotland
Authors: SPARKES ROBERT A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe paper discusses the situation in England and Scotland with regard to the supply of well‐qualified physics teachers. The results of two surveys are described, which support the assertion that there is no shortage of such teachers in Scotland. Some of the suggested reasons for the shortage in England are then discussed in the light of this finding. The main conclusion is that there is no shortage of physics teachers in Scotland because the pool of potential physics teachers is larger as a result of more university students taking physics‐based courses. More students take physics courses because more youngsters study physics beyond sixteen, and more youngsters study physics beyond sixteen because they are taught by well‐qualified physics teachers. The cycle is, therefore, self‐perpetuating.
Regenerating curriculum and pedagogy: the English experience
Authors: Moon Bob 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThis article identifies two traditions in the development of curriculum theory and practice in England. The first, it is suggested, grew from the Nuffield tradition of investigative subject‐based enquiry and has evolved in a broadly social constructivist and child‐focused way. The second, with origins in the Humanities Curriculum Project, has developed through action research and professional, reflective practice and is teacher focused. The paper argues for the integration of these interrelated perspectives to embrace the emergent field of study around pedagogic content knowledge (in the USA) and didactic transposition (in France).
Molecular and Biochemical Basis for Stress-Induced Accumulation of Free and Boundp-Coumaraldehyde in Cucumber
Authors: Varbanova Marina , Porter Katie , Lu Fachuang , Ralph John , Hammerschmidt Ray , Jones A. Daniel , Day Brad 
Published: September 2011

AbstractTo elucidate the genetic and biochemical regulation of elicitor-induced p-coumaraldehyde accumulation in plants, we undertook a multifaceted approach to characterize the metabolic flux through the phenylpropanoid pathway via the characterization and chemical analysis of the metabolites in the p-coumaryl, coniferyl, and sinapyl alcohol branches of this pathway. Here, we report the identification and characterization of four cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases (CADs) from cucumber (Cucumis sativus) with low activity toward p-coumaraldehyde yet exhibiting significant activity toward other phenylpropanoid hydroxycinnamaldehydes. As part of this analysis, we identified and characterized the activity of a hydroxycinnamoyl-coenzyme A:shikimate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT) capable of utilizing shikimate and p-coumaroyl-coenzyme A to generate p-coumaroyl shikimate. Following pectinase treatment of cucumber, we observed the rapid accumulation of p-coumaraldehyde, likely the result of low aldehyde reductase activity (i.e. alcohol dehydrogenase in the reverse reaction) of CsCAD enzymes on p-coumaraldehyde. In parallel, we noted a concomitant reduction in the activity of CsHCT. Taken together, our findings support the hypothesis that the up-regulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway upon abiotic stress greatly enhances the overall p-coumaryl alcohol branch of the pathway. The data presented here point to a role for CsHCT (as well as, presumably, p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase) as a control point in the regulation of the coniferyl and sinapyl alcohol branches of this pathway. This mechanism represents a potentially evolutionarily conserved process to efficiently and quickly respond to biotic and abiotic stresses in cucurbit plants, resulting in the rapid lignification of affected tissues.
Natural selection. I. Variable environments and uncertain returns on investment*
Authors: FRANK S. A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMany studies have analysed how variability in reproductive success affects fitness. However, each study tends to focus on a particular problem, leaving unclear the overall structure of variability in populations. This fractured conceptual framework often causes particular applications to be incomplete or improperly analysed. In this article, I present a concise introduction to the two key aspects of the theory. First, all measures of fitness ultimately arise from the relative comparison of the reproductive success of individuals or genotypes with the average reproductive success in the population. That relative measure creates a diminishing relation between reproductive success and fitness. Diminishing returns reduce fitness in proportion to variability in reproductive success. The relative measurement of success also induces a frequency dependence that favours rare types. Second, variability in populations has a hierarchical structure. Variable success in different traits of an individual affects that individual's variation in reproduction. Correlation between different individuals’ reproduction affects variation in the aggregate success of particular alleles across the population. One must consider the hierarchical structure of variability in relation to different consequences of temporal, spatial and developmental variability. Although a complete analysis of variability has many separate parts, this simple framework allows one to see the structure of the whole and to place particular problems in their proper relation to the general theory. The biological understanding of relative success and the hierarchical structure of variability in populations may also contribute to a deeper economic theory of returns under uncertainty.
PREBIOTIC DI‐D‐FRUCTOSE DIANHYDRIDE‐ENRICHED CARAMELS: DEVELOPMENT OF BATCH PROCESS (1 L) AND OPTIMIZATION OF OPERATING CONDITIONS
Authors: IDRI IMANE , HAVET JEAN‐LOUIS , GARCIA FERNANDEZ JOSÉ MANUEL , PORTE CATHERINE 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTAn experimental design was used to scale up the synthesis of caramels enriched in di‐D‐fructose dianhydride. The scale‐up from 100 mL to 1 L is particularly difficult because the mixture is a viscous paste. Using the Doehlert design for three factors, a model of difructose dianhydrides (DFAs) yield in relation to operating conditions was established. By considering only the significant coefficients, a second model was rewritten. The second model was verified and validated. F‐test was calculated (3.3) and was satisfactory (probability of adjustment is 25%). In a 100‐mL flask, the optimum DFAs yield was 30%. The determination of an optimum in a 1‐L reactor was 50% with better rheological conditions (a lower proportion of resin and a higher proportion of water).PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSDFAs have prebiotic properties and are intended to be used as food additives. The possibility of producing them by caramelization allows one to consider the addition of these healthy caramels to different food matrices. The synthesis used at 100‐mL scale presented the advantage of satisfying yields but the inconvenience of strong rheological constraints. This work shows that the passage at the larger scale is possible while increasing performance and decreasing the viscosity of the medium. This step is fundamental in the industrial extrapolation process.
A tool for measuring workers' sitting time by domain: the Workforce Sitting Questionnaire
Authors: Chau Josephine Y , van der Ploeg Hidde P , Dunn Scott , Kurko John , Bauman Adrian E 
Published: September 2011

BackgroundSitting time is an emerging health risk, and many working adults spend large amounts of time sitting each day. It is important to have reliable and accurate measurement tools to assess sitting time in different contexts.ObjectiveTo validate the Workforce Sitting Questionnaire (WSQ), an adapted measure of total and domain-specific sitting time based on work and non-workdays for use in working adults.MethodsA convenience sample (N=95, 63.2% women) was recruited from two workplaces and by word-of-mouth in Sydney, Australia. Participants completed the WSQ, which asked about sitting time (1) while travelling to and from places; (2) while at work; (3) while watching TV; (4) while using a computer at home; and (5) while doing other leisure activities on work and non-workdays on two occasions, 7 days apart. Participants also wore an accelerometer for the 7 days between test and retest. They recorded the times they wore the accelerometer, the days they worked and their work times in a logbook. Analyses determined test–retest reliability with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and assessed criterion validity against accelerometers using Spearman's r and Bland–Altman plots.ResultsMeasuring total sitting time based on a workday, non-workday and on average had fair to excellent test–retest reliability (ICC=0.46–0.90) and had sufficient criterion validity against accelerometry in women (r=0.22–0.46) and men (r=0.18–0.29). Measuring domain-specific sitting at work on a workday was also reliable (ICC=0.63) and valid (r=0.45).ConclusionsThe WSQ has acceptable measurement properties for measuring sitting time at work on a workday and for assessing total sitting time based on work and non-workdays. This questionnaire would be suitable for use in research investigating the relationships between sitting time and health in working populations.
Organisational characteristics associated with the use of daily interruption of sedation in US hospitals: a national study
Authors: Miller Melissa A , Krein Sarah L , Saint Sanjay , Kahn Jeremy M , Iwashyna Theodore J 
Published: September 2011

ObjectiveDaily interruption of sedation (DIS) has multiple proven benefits, but implementation is erratic. Past research on sedative interruption utilisation focused on individual clinicians, ignoring the role of organisations in shaping practice. The authors test the hypothesis that specific hospital organisational characteristics are associated with routine use of DIS.Design and settingNational, mailed survey to a stratified random sample of US hospitals in 2009. Respondents were the lead infection control professionals at each institution.MethodsSurvey items enquired about DIS use, institutional structure, and organisational culture. Multivariable analysis was used to evaluate the independent association of these factors with DIS use.ResultsA total of 386 hospitals formed our final analytic sample; the response rate was 69.4%. Hospitals ranged in size from 25 to 1359 beds. 26% of hospitals were associated with a medical school. Almost 80% reported regular use of DIS for ventilated patients. While 75.4% of hospitals reported having leadership focus on safety culture, only 42.7% reported that their staff were receptive to changes in practice. In a multivariable logistic regression model, structural characteristics such as size and academic affiliation were not associated with use of DIS. However, leadership emphasis on safety culture (p=0.04), staff receptivity to change (p=0.02) and involvement in an infection prevention collaborative (p=0.04) were significantly associated with regular DIS use.ConclusionsSeveral elements of hospital organisational culture were associated with regular use of DIS in US hospitals. These findings emphasise the importance of combining specific administrative approaches with strategies to encourage receptivity to change among bedside clinicians in order to successfully implement complex evidence-based practices in the intensive care setting.
An analysis of outcomes of emergency physician/department-based thrombolysis for stroke
Authors: Volans A P 
Published: September 2011

BackgroundStroke thrombolysis is strongly supported as an effective therapy for selected cases of early stroke. The absence of 24 h stroke specialists in district general hospitals (DGHs) has led to the suggestion that regional hyper-acute stroke centres should be developed. This paper describes a cooperative model that uses the skills already present in a DGH to deliver a thrombolysis service initiated in the emergency department by the emergency physicians, and describes the outcomes of that service in comparison with the SITS-MOST trial.MethodThe outcomes of all stroke patients thrombolysed at Scarborough DGH from 2004 to January 2009 were reviewed. Outcome was defined using a three-part scale. Data at Scarborough DGH were compared with data from the SITS-MOST European-wide study of stroke thrombolysis.ResultsData were available for 98 of 110 patients thrombolysed during the study period. Fifty (51%) had a good outcome, seven (8%) had partial resolution of their symptoms, and 41 (42%) showed no improvement or deterioration. These outcomes were comparable to those in the European database.ConclusionStroke thrombolysis can be effectively delivered in a non-specialist (a non-hyper-acute stroke centre) DGH in the UK. An audit of cases completed describes complications seen.
Tipping time of a holonomic quantum cylinder
Authors: Shegelski Mark R.A. , Stoker Jamie Sanchez-Fortun , Kellett Ian 
Published: September 2011

The classical and quantum mechanical Hamiltonians for a cylinder subject to holonomic constraints are derived. The quantum mechanical Hamiltonian is simplified and cast into a dimensionless form. The tipping time of a quantum mechanical cylinder subject to gravity is calculated. Numerical solutions for an appropriate initial wave function are obtained. We find that the tipping time is given by 〈t〉tip = t0C1 exp [C2(r/r0)9], where t0 is the time scale, C1 and C2 are constants of order unity, r is the radius of the cylinder, and r0 is the length scale for the tipping. We compare our results with those found in previous works.
Specific loss of Toll-like receptor 2 on bone marrow derived cells decreases atherosclerosis in LDL receptor null mice*The senior author, Stewart C. Whitman, passed away on 19 February 2010. The manuscript has been communicated by Ross W. Milne (e-mail: rmilne@ottawaheart.ca) and Yves L. Marcel (e-mail: ylmarcel@ottawaheart.ca), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada.
Authors: Hasu Mirela , Thabet Mohamed , Tam Nancy , Whitman Stewart C. 
Published: September 2011

Innate immunity and, notably, Toll-like receptors (TLR), have an important role in atherogenesis. We have tested the hypothesis that the selective loss of TLR-2 by cells of bone marrow (BM) origin will protect low-density receptor-deficient (Ldlr −/−) mice from both early- and late-stage atherosclerosis. BM cells from Tlr2+/+ and Tlr2−/− littermates were used to reconstitute lethally irradiated Ldlr−/− mice. Following a recovery period, mice were placed either on a diet containing 21% saturated fat – 0.15% cholesterol for 8 weeks to study early-stage atherosclerosis, or on a diet richer in cholesterol (1.5%) for 16 weeks to study late-stage atherosclerosis. Donor cell Tlr2 genotype did not alter serum cholesterol levels or lipoprotein profiles in recipient animals. After 8 weeks on the 0.15% cholesterol diet, deficiency of TLR-2 expression on cells of BM origin reduced atherosclerosis in the aortic root and the aortic arch in both genders of mice. In contrast, the BM recipients who received the 1.5% cholesterol diet for 16 weeks showed much larger lesions in the aortic root, and TLR-2 deficiency in BM cells failed to provide protection. Thus, TLR-2 expression in BM-derived cells contributes primarily to early stage atherosclerosis.
Sphingosine Kinase Inhibitors and Cancer: Seeking the Golden Sword of Hercules
Authors: Pyne Susan , Bittman Robert , Pyne Nigel J. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
There is considerable evidence that sphingosine kinases play a key role in cancer progression, which might involve positive selection of cancer cells that have been provided with a survival and growth advantage as a consequence of overexpression of the enzyme. Therefore, inhibitors of sphingosine kinase represent a novel class of compounds that have potential as anticancer agents. Poor inhibitor potency is a major issue that has precluded successful translation of these compounds into the clinic. However, recent discoveries have shown that sphingosine kinase 1 is an allosteric enzyme and that some inhibitors offer improved effectiveness by inducing proteasomal degradation of the enzyme or having nanomolar potency. Herein, we provide a perspective about these recent developments and highlight the importance of translating basic pharmacologic and biochemical findings on sphingosine kinase into new drug discovery programs for treatment of cancer. Cancer Res; 71(21); 6576–82. ©2011 AACR.