bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics and bone tissue concentrations of lincomycin following intravenous and intramuscular administrations to cats
Authors: ALBARELLOS G. A. , MONTOYA L. , DENAMIEL G. A. A. , VELO M. C. , LANDONI M. F. 
Published: December 2011

Albarellos, G. A., Montoya, L., Denamiel, G. A. A., Velo, M. C., Landoni, M. F. Pharmacokinetics and bone tissue concentrations of lincomycin following intravenous and intramuscular administrations to cats.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 35, 534–540.The pharmacokinetic properties and bone concentrations of lincomycin in cats after single intravenous and intramuscular administrations at a dosage rate of 10 mg/kg were investigated. Lincomycin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for some gram‐positive strains isolated from clinical cases was determined. Serum lincomycin disposition was best‐fitted to a bicompartmental and a monocompartmental open models with first‐order elimination after intravenous and intramuscular dosing, respectively. After intravenous administration, distribution was rapid (T1/2(d) = 0.22 ± 0.09 h) and wide as reflected by the volume of distribution (V(d(ss))) of 1.24 ± 0.08 L/kg. Plasma clearance was 0.28 ± 0.09 L/h·kg and elimination half‐life (T1/2) 3.56 ± 0.62 h. Peak serum concentration (Cmax),Tmax, and bioavailability for the intramuscular administration were 7.97 ± 2.31 μg/mL, 0.12 ± 0.05 h, and 82.55 ± 23.64%, respectively. Thirty to 45 min after intravenous administration, lincomycin bone concentrations were 9.31 ± 1.75 μg/mL. At the same time after intramuscular administration, bone concentrations were 3.53 ± 0.28 μg/mL. The corresponding bone/serum ratios were 0.77 ± 0.04 (intravenous) and 0.69 ± 0.18 (intramuscular). Lincomycin MIC forStaphylococcusspp. ranged from 0.25 to 16 μg/mL and forStreptococcusspp. from 0.25 to 8 μg/mL.
A depositional model for a wave‐dominated open‐coast tidal flat, based on analyses of the Cambrian–Ordovician Lagarto and Palmares formations, north‐eastern Brazil
Authors: BASILICI GIORGIO , DE LUCA PEDRO HENRIQUE VIEIRA , OLIVEIRA ELSON PAIVA 
Published: December 2011

AbstractOpen‐coast tidal flats are hybrid depositional systems resulting from the interaction of waves and tides. Modern examples have been recognized, but few cases have been described in ancient rock successions. An example of an ancient open‐coast tidal flat, the depositional architecture of the Lagarto and Palmares formations (Cambrian–Ordovician of the Sergipano Belt, north‐eastern Brazil) is presented here. Detailed field analyses of outcrops allowed the development of a conceptual architectural model for a coastal depositional environment that is substantially different from classical wave‐dominated or tide‐dominated coastal models. This architectural model is dominated by storm wave, low orbital velocity wave and tidal current beds, which vary in their characteristics and distribution. In a landward direction, the storm deposits decrease in abundance, dimension (thickness and spacing) and grain size, and vary from accretionary through scour and drape to anisotropic hummocky cross‐stratification beds. Low orbital wave deposits are more common in the medium and upper portion of the tidal flat. Tidal deposits, which are characterized by mudstone interbedded with sandstone strata, are dominant in the landward portion of the tidal flat. Hummocky cross‐stratification beds in the rock record are believed, in general, to represent storm deposits in palaeoenvironments below the fair‐weather wave base. However, in this model of an open‐coast tidal flat, hummocky cross‐stratification beds were found in very shallow waters above the fair‐weather wave base. Indeed, this depositional environment was characterized by: (i) fair‐weather waves and tides that lacked sufficient energy to rework the storm deposits; (ii) an absence of biological communities that could disrupt the storm deposits; and (iii) high aggradation rates linked to an active foreland basin, which contributed definitively to the rapid burial and preservation of these hummocky cross‐stratification deposits.
ABERRANT SPIKELET AND PANICLE1, encoding a TOPLESS‐related transcriptional co‐repressor, is involved in the regulation of meristem fate in rice
Authors: Yoshida Akiko , Ohmori Yoshihiro , Kitano Hidemi , Taguchi‐Shiobara Fumio , Hirano Hiro‐Yuki 
Published: December 2011

SummaryPost‐embryonic development depends on the activity of meristems in plants, and thus control of cell fate in the meristem is crucial to plant development and its architecture. In grasses such as rice and maize, the fate of reproductive meristems changes from indeterminate meristems, such as inflorescence and branch meristems, to determinate meristems, such as the spikelet meristem. Here we analyzed a recessive mutant of rice, aberrant spikelet and panicle1 (asp1), that showed pleiotropic phenotypes such as a disorganized branching pattern, aberrant spikelet morphology, and disarrangement of phyllotaxy. Close examination revealed that regulation of meristem fate was compromised in asp1: degeneration of the inflorescence meristem was delayed, transition from the branch meristem to the spikelet meristem was accelerated, and stem cell maintenance in both the branch meristem and the spikelet meristem was compromised. The genetic program was also disturbed in terms of spikelet development. Gene isolation revealed that ASP1 encodes a transcriptional co‐repressor that is related to TOPLESS (TPL) in Arabidopsis and RAMOSA ENHANCER LOCUS2 (REL2) in maize. It is likely that the pleiotropic defects are associated with de‐repression of multiple genes related to meristem function in the asp1 mutant. The asp1 mutant also showed de‐repression of axillary bud growth and disturbed phyllotaxy in the vegetative phase, suggesting that the function of this gene is closely associated with auxin action. Consistent with these observations and the molecular function of Arabidopsis TPL, auxin signaling was also compromised in the rice asp1 mutant. Taken together, these results indicate that ASP1 regulates various aspects of developmental processes and physiological responses as a transcriptional co‐repressor in rice.
Expression Levels of mRNA‐Encoding PDGF Receptors in Goat Ovaries and the Influence of PDGF on the In Vitro Development of Caprine Pre‐Antral Follicles
Authors: Brito IR , Lima IMT , Saraiva MVA , Silva CMG , Magalhães‐Padilha DM , Araújo VR , Barreto Luz V , Barbalho Silva AW , Campello CC , Silva JRV , Figueiredo JR 
Published: December 2011

ContentsThe aims of this study were to investigate the expression levels of mRNA for platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors (PDGFR‐α and ‐β) in caprine follicles at different developmental stages and to evaluate the influence of PDGF on the in vitro development of pre‐antral follicles. For this, goat primordial, primary and secondary follicles, as well as small (1–3 mm) and large (3–6 mm) antral follicles, were obtained, and PDGFR‐α and ‐β mRNA levels were quantified by real‐time PCR. Furthermore, pre‐antral follicles (≥200 μm) were isolated from goat ovaries and cultured for 18 days in α‐ minimum essential medium supplemented with PDGF at 50 or 100 ng/ml, containing or not FSH. Real‐time PCR showed highest PDGFR‐α mRNA levels in secondary follicles, while PDGFR‐β mRNA levels were highest in primary follicles onwards. Both receptors showed higher mRNA levels in granulosa/theca cells from small and large antral follicles than in their corresponding cumulus–oocyte complexes. In culture, the percentage of antrum formation was significantly higher in 100 ng/ml PDGF compared with the same PDGF concentration associated with FSH. After 18 days, PDGF in both concentrations associated with FSH promoted follicular growth significantly higher than the control. Moreover, the addition of FSH to 50 ng/ml PDGF positively influenced the follicular growth when compared with the same PDGF concentration in the absence of FSH. In conclusion, PDGF is important for early goat folliculogenesis, because the presence of PDGFR‐α and ‐β mRNA was detected in all follicular categories, and PDGF associated with FSH stimulated the growth of goat pre‐antral follicles isolated and cultured in vitro.
Leptin Enhances Maturation and Development of Calf Oocytes In vitro
Authors: Jia Z , Zhang J , Wu Z , Tian J 
Published: December 2011

ContentsWe investigated the effects of leptin on the in vitro maturation (IVM) and development of calf oocytes. Cumulus–oocyte complexes were matured in IVM medium containing 0–100 ng/ml leptin. Experiment 1 showed that exposure of calf oocytes to IVM medium containing 1 or 10 ng/ml leptin significantly increased rates of development to the metaphase II stage compared with the control (81.7 ± 3.0% and 83.3 ± 2.1% for 1 and 10 ng/ml leptin, respectively, vs 64.1 ± 5.1% for control; p < 0.05). Experiment 2 showed that 1 or 10 ng/ml leptin significantly improved cleavage rates after in vitro fertilization when compared to control (58.6 ± 3.3% and 59.3 ± 2.9% for 1 and 10 ng/ml leptin, respectively, vs 48.5 ± 2.6% for control; p < 0.05); in addition, when compared to control medium, the addition of 10 ng/ml leptin to the IVM medium resulted in more presumptive zygotes reaching the 4‐ to 8‐cell stage after 48 h of in vitro culture (30.3 ± 2.3% vs 20.1 ± 2.3%; p < 0.05) and developing into blastocysts after 8 days of culture (20.4 ± 1.6% vs 11.7 ± 1.7%; p < 0.05). Experiment 3 showed that the addition of 1 or 10 ng/ml leptin significantly increased the total number of blastocyst cells on day 8 of culture (114.6 ± 7.8 and 117.4 ± 5.9 for 1 and 10 ng/ml leptin, respectively, vs 92.7 ± 8.3 for control; p < 0.05) and trophectoderm (TE) cells (88.5 ± 5.5 and 90.6 ± 3.7 for 1 and 10 ng/ml leptin, respectively, vs 70.1 ± 5.9 for control; p < 0.05). In summary, these results indicate that the addition of leptin to IVM medium enhances meiotic maturation and embryo development from calf oocytes and improves the quality of embryos derived from these oocytes.
Toxin‐assisted micropredation: experimental evidence shows that contact micropredation rather than exotoxicity is the role of Prymnesium toxins
Authors: Remmel Emily J. , Hambright K David 
Published: December 2011

Ecology Letters (2011)AbstractBlooms of Prymnesium parvum can severely harm fish and zooplankton, presumably through the release of allelopathic exotoxins that offer advantages for Prymnesium in its interactions with competitors and prey. We show that Prymnesium attaches to zooplankton and fish, causing mortality, whereas exposure of these organisms to Prymnesium across a permeable membrane does not cause mortality. We also show that Prymnesium exotoxins are released independently of contact toxicity only in response to experimental procedures or natural causes of stress. Our results are consistent with the idea that toxins have evolved for release during cell‐to‐cell contact in support of heterotrophy. The evolution of toxin‐assisted micropredation would be consistent with mechanisms of natural selection favouring individual fitness as opposed to broadcast allelopathy from which the benefits are more dispersed. Research into the toxicity of Prymnesium and other harmful algal species may profit from focus on processes following physical contact with potential prey.
Diabetes in Greenland and its relationship with urbanization
Authors: Jørgensen M. E. , Borch‐Johnsen K. , Witte D. R. , Bjerregaard P. 
Published: December 2011

Diabet. Med. 29, 755–760 (2012)AbstractBackground and aim  Most studies show that diabetes increases with migration and urbanization. Previous studies from Greenland have shown inconsistent associations between cardiovascular risk and urbanization. Thus, the aim was to study the association between diabetes and urbanization among Greenland Inuit.Methods  A total of 3089 adult Inuit aged 18 years and older participated in a geographically representative, population‐based study ‘Inuit Health in Transition Study’. The examination included a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test and anthropometric measurements. Information on socio‐demographic characteristic and health behaviour was obtained by interview or questionnaire. The participants were categorized according to degree of urbanization into three groups based on current place of residence: (1) participants living in towns (> 2000 inhabitants), (2) participants living in small towns (< 2000 inhabitants) and (3) participants living in villages (< 500 inhabitants).Results  The total prevalence of diabetes was 9% of which 79% were previously unknown. Nine per cent had impaired glucose tolerance and 19% had impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG). Compared with towns, odds rations (ORs) for diabetes and impaired fasting glycaemia were higher in small towns [ORdiabetes = 1.5 (1.0–2.3), ORIFG = 1.9 (1.2–2.3)] and villages [ORdiabetes = 1.2 (0.8–1.9), ORIFG = 1.3 (0.9–2.0)], whereas no association was seen for impaired glucose tolerance. The inverse association between urbanization and diabetes and impaired fasting glycaemia persisted after adjustment for relevant confounders.Conclusion  Diabetes and impaired fasting glycaemia decreased with urbanization contrary to the results of most studies. It appears that Greenland Inuit follow the pattern usually observed in industrialized countries with the highest risk of diabetes in the lower socio‐economic groups.
Type 1 diabetes and measles, mumps and rubella childhood infections within the Italian Insulin‐dependent Diabetes Registry
Authors: Ramondetti F. , Sacco S. , Comelli M. , Bruno G. , Falorni A. , Iannilli A. , d’Annunzio G. , Iafusco D. , Songini M. , Toni S. , Cherubini V. , Carle F. ,   RIDI Study Group
Published: December 2011

Diabet. Med. 29, 761–766 (2012)AbstractAims  Several studies confirmed the growing rate of Type 1 diabetes mellitus in childhood coinciding with increasing diagnosis of viral infections. A study investigating the incidence of Type 1 diabetes during 1996–1997 showed a higher notification of viral infections in the Pavia District. The aim was to confirm these results.Methods  This study evaluated the relationship between new cases of Type 1 diabetes and those of measles, mumps and rubella in 1996–2001, analysing data of newly‐diagnosed Type 1 diabetes children, aged 0–14 years and enrolled into the RIDI (Italian Insulin‐dependent Diabetes Registry) during the same years. Measles, rubella and mumps rates were calculated using as denominator the estimated ‘population at risk’, represented by the number of 0‐ to 14 year‐old subjects who did not undergo the MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccination. In order to investigate the association between Type 1 diabetes incidence and measles, rubella and mumps respectively, Spearman’s rank correlation was used.Results  The analysis of the whole Registries data did not at first show any statistical significance between age‐standardized Type 1 diabetes incidence density and estimated rates of measles, mumps and rubella notifications. Excluding data from Sardinia Registry, a significant association was observed between Type 1 diabetes incidence and mumps (P = 0.034) and rubella (P = 0.014), respectively, while there was no statistical significance between the incidence of measles cases and diabetes rates (P = 0.269).Conclusions  According to our findings, mumps and rubella viral infections are associated with the onset of Type 1 diabetes. The statistical significance observed after exclusion of the Sardinian data suggests that other environmental factors may operate over populations with different genetic susceptibility.
Risk of depression in diabetes is highest for young persons using oral anti‐diabetic agents
Authors: Berge L. I. , Riise T. , Fasmer O. B. , Lund A. , Oedegaard K. J. , Hundal Ø. 
Published: December 2011

Diabet. Med. 29, 509–514 (2012)AbstractAims  Previous studies report an increased risk of depression in patients with diabetes, but there is little knowledge about if or how the risk varies according to sex, groups of age and different type of treatments for the diabetes. We therefore aimed to investigate the risk of depression in different types of treatment for diabetes and in subgroups of age and sex.Methods  Data on the Norwegian population from 20 years of age being prescribed antidepressants (n = 253 668) and anti‐diabetic agents (n = 121 392) in 2006 was obtained from the National Register of Prescriptions and analysed in a cross‐sectional design.Results  Individuals using insulin in monotherapy (n = 29 611) had an age‐ and sex‐adjusted odds ratio of 1.47 (95% CI 1.42–1.53) for receiving antidepressants. Corresponding odds ratios for individuals receiving oral anti‐diabetic agents in monotherapy (n = 76 387) and for those who received both insulin and oral anti‐diabetic agents (n = 15 394) were 1.44 (95% CI 1.41–1.47) and 1.82 (95% CI 1.80–1.97), respectively. No major differences in risk according to age were found for persons receiving insulin in monotherapy, while a marked and inverse association between age and risk of receiving antidepressants was found for those receiving oral anti‐diabetic agents. Highest risk of antidepressant treatment [odds ratio 4.15 (95% CI 3.12–5.52)] was found for patients receiving both oral anti‐diabetic agents and insulin at 30–39 years. The risk was equally increased among men and women.Conclusions  The risk of depression among patients with diabetes varies strongly according to age and type of treatment for diabetes.
Protecting patients, protecting healthcare workers: a review of the role of influenza vaccination
Authors: Music T. 
Published: December 2011

MUSIC T. (2012) A review of the role the role of influenza vaccination in protecting patients, protecting healthcare workers the role of influenza vaccination. International Nursing Review59, 161–167Aim:  Many health authorities recommend routine influenza vaccination for healthcare workers (HCWs), and during the 2009 A (H1N1) pandemic, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended immunization of all HCWs worldwide. As this remains an important area of policy debate, this paper examines the case for vaccination, the role of local guidelines, barriers to immunization and initiatives to increase uptake.Background:  Seasonal influenza is a major threat to public health, causing up to 1 million deaths annually. Extensive evidence supports the vaccination of priority groups, including HCWs. Immunization protects HCWs themselves, and their vulnerable patients from nosocomial influenza infections. In addition, influenza can disrupt health services and impact healthcare organizations financially. Immunization can reduce staff absences, offer cost savings and provide economic benefits.Methods:  This paper reviews official immunization recommendations and HCW vaccination studies, including a recent International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations (IFPMA) survey of 26 countries from each region of the world.Results:  HCW immunization is widely recommended and supported by the WHO. In the IFPMA study, 88% of countries recommended HCW vaccination, and 61% supported this financially (with no correlation to country development status). Overall, coverage can be improved, and research shows that uptake may be impacted by lack of conveniently available vaccines and misconceptions regarding vaccine safety/efficacy and influenza risk.Conclusions:  Many countries recommend HCW vaccination against influenza. In recent years, there has been an increased uptake rate among HCWs in some countries, but not in others. Several initiatives can increase coverage, including education, easy access to free vaccines and the use of formal declination forms. The case for HCW vaccination is clear, and in an effort to further accelerate uptake as a patient safety measure, an increasing number of healthcare organizations, particularly in the USA, are implementing mandatory immunization policies, similar to other obligatory hygiene measures. However, it would be desirable if similar high vaccination uptake rates could be achieved through voluntary procedures.
Dopamine receptor D4 gene variation predicts preschoolers’ developing theory of mind
Authors: Lackner Christine , Sabbagh Mark A. , Hallinan Elizabeth , Liu Xudong , Holden Jeanette J.A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIndividual differences in preschoolers’ understanding that human action is caused by internal mental states, or representational theory of mind (RTM), are heritable, as are developmental disorders such as autism in which RTM is particularly impaired. We investigated whether polymorphisms of genes affecting dopamine (DA) utilization and metabolism constitute part of the molecular basis of this heritability. Seventy‐three 42‐ to 54‐month‐olds were given a battery of RTM tasks along with other task batteries that measured executive functioning and representational understanding more generally. Polymorphisms of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) were associated with RTM performance such that preschoolers with shorter alleles outperformed those with one or more longer alleles. However, polymorphisms of the catechol‐O‐methyl transferase gene (COMT) and the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) genes were not associated with children’s RTM performance. Further tests showed that the association between DRD4 allele length and RTM performance was not attributable to a common association with executive functioning or representational understanding more generally. We conclude that DRD4 receptors, likely via their effects on frontal lobe development and functioning, may represent a neuromaturational constraint governing the stereotypical and universal trajectory of RTM development.
Face‐to‐face interference in typical and atypical development
Authors: Riby Deborah M. , Doherty‐Sneddon Gwyneth , Whittle Lisa 
Published: December 2011

AbstractVisual communication cues facilitate interpersonal communication. It is important that we look at faces to retrieve and subsequently process such cues. It is also important that we sometimes look away from faces as they increase cognitive load that may interfere with online processing. Indeed, when typically developing individuals hold face gaze it interferes with task completion. In this novel study we quantify face interference for the first time in Williams syndrome (WS) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). These disorders of development impact on cognition and social attention, but how do faces interfere with cognitive processing? Individuals developing typically as well as those with ASD (n = 19) and WS (n = 16) were recorded during a question and answer session that involved mathematics questions. In phase 1 gaze behaviour was not manipulated, but in phase 2 participants were required to maintain eye contact with the experimenter at all times. Looking at faces decreased task accuracy for individuals who were developing typically. Critically, the same pattern was seen in WS and ASD, whereby task performance decreased when participants were required to hold face gaze. The results show that looking at faces interferes with task performance in all groups. This finding requires the caveat that individuals with WS and ASD found it harder than individuals who were developing typically to maintain eye contact throughout the interaction. Individuals with ASD struggled to hold eye contact at all points of the interaction while those with WS found it especially difficult when thinking.
On the Prospects for Ontology: Deflationism, Pluralism, and Carnap's Principle of Tolerance
Authors: Haug Matthew C. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn this paper, I critically discuss recent work on the role that the principle of tolerance plays inRudolfCarnap's philosophy. Specifically, I consider how two prominent interpretations ofCarnap's principle of tolerance can be used to argue forCarnap's anti‐metaphysical views. I then argue that there are serious problems with these arguments, and I diagnose those problems as resulting, in part, from a tension between competing goals ofCarnap's philosophical project.