bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Citrobacter koseri. II. Serological and biochemical examination of Citrobacter koseri strains from clinical specimens
Authors: Rowe B. , Gross R. J. , Allen H. A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARY165 strains of Citrobacter koseri isolated from clinical specimens were studied and their biochemical reactions determined. They were examined serologically by means of a scheme consisting of 14 O antigens. The sources of the clinical specimens were tabulated and the epidemiological information was summarized. The clinical significance of these findings is discussed.
Contribution to the study of live streptomycin–dependentSalmonellavaccines: the problem of reversion to a virulent form
Authors: Vladoianu I. R. , Dubini F. , Bolloli Adele 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe recovery of virulence by means of reversion of a live streptomycin-dependent (Sm D)Salmonella typhimuriumvaccine was studied in CD–I Swiss mice. Initially, a one–step Sm D mutant was obtained from a virulent streptomycin-sensitive (Sm S)S. typhimuriumstrain. Afterwards, two pools of streptomycin-independent (Sm I) revertants were prepared from the Sm D strain. The virulence of the Sm D strain and of the Sm I revertants was tested intraperitoneally. In the virulence testing the original suspension of the Sm I revertants, as well as their 1st and 10th passages on plain medium, medium + 50 μg. streptomycin/ml, and medium + 1000 μg. streptomycin/ml, were used. The results show that the Sm D mutant was avirulent, its avirulence being due to an intrinsic, genetic quality. The Sm I revertants, compared to the original Sm S strain, also displayed a lack of virulence. However, afterwards, the Sm I revertants behaved quite differently, according to their subsequent passages. Indeed, there was an increase in virulence after passages on plain medium, whereas after similar passages on medium containing the drug, the virulence not only failed to increase, but disappeared almost completely. Moreover, the passages on medium containing 1000 μg. streptomycin/ml, induced a return to the status of drug–dependence. The danger of recovery of virulence by means of revertants is evaluated.
Age–sex incidence in symptomatic allergies: an excess of females in the child-bearing years
Authors: Wormald P. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYEight-hundred and one patients amongst 1912 referred for skin testing because of suspected allergies were found suffering from asthma due to the house-dust mite or from grass pollenosis. They were analysed in terms of sex, age of referral and age of onset of symptoms. Amongst children referred below the age of 10 with house-dust mite asthma the ratio of males to females was 3:1; with grass pollenosis 2–1:1, as expected. The sex ratio gradually became reversed with increasing age of referral, females overtaking males in the third decade. Female–male ratios increased to a mean of 1–8:1 in the fourth and fifth decades. Reliable ages of onset of symptoms were obtained in 388 males and 323 females. Of these, 280 males and 162 females experienced their first symptoms before the age of 10 whereas 96 males and 148 females first developed symptoms between 10 and 29 years of age. The remaining 12 males and 13 females showed their first symptoms after the age of 29.
Antibodies and the Aberdeen typhoid outbreak of 1964: II. Coombs', complement fixation and fimbrial agglutination tests
Authors: Brodie J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYIn a previous paper (Brodie, 1977) the value of the Widal test in the diagnosis of typhoid fever was shown to be limited. Evaluation of possible alternative tests showed that:(1) the sensitivity of the anti-human globulin (Coombs') test appeared greater than that of the agglutination test but the length of time (48 h) before results were available rendered it of little value in rapid diagnosis;(2) the complement fixation test offered no particular help towards diagnosis;(3) immunized and non-immunized typhoid fever patients developed fimbrial antibodies, as also did immunized healthy individuals. In this latter group, however, those immunized with alcoholized TAB vaccine had higher antibody titres to fimbrial antigen than those immunized with heat-killed phenolized vaccine.
Influenza infections during pregnancy in the mouse
Authors: Williams K. , Mackenzie J. S. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe effect of a sublethal dose (0·5 LD 50) of influenza A/WSN (H0N1) administered intranasally in the 1st and 3rd weeks of pregnancy was studied in C3H inbred mice. Maternal and neonatal mortality rates were significantly increased by infections in the 3rd week of pregnancy, but not in the 1st week. Infections during the last part of the 1st week significantly depressed the growth rate of neonates. No evidence of viraemia, transplacental transmission or congenital malformations were observed from infections during either week. The results are discussed in terms of a possible model for human influenza infections during pregnancy to determine the potential risks to the mother, fetus and neonate.
Possible spread of African horse sickness on the wind
Authors: Sellers R. F. , Pedgley D. E. , Tucker M. R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAnalyses of outbreaks of African horse sickness showed that movement of infected Culicoides midges on the wind was most likely responsible for the spread of the disease over the sea from Morocco to Spain in 1966, from Turkey to Cyprus in 1960, and from Senegal to the Cape Verde Islands in 1943. The pattern of spread of the epidemic in the Middle East in 1960 could have been laid down by the infected midges carried on spells of south-east winds, and analyses of outbreaks in Algeria in 1965 and India in 1960 also suggested windborne spread of the disease. Each spread occurred when the presence of virus, host and vector coincided either with a spell of winds unusual for a particular time of year (Spain, Cyprus, Cape Verde Islands and Algeria) or with a series of disturbances usual at that time of the year (Middle East and India). Inferred flight endurance of the midge varied up to at least 20 h and flight range from 40 to 700 km. Flight occurred when temperatures were likely to have been in the range of 15–25 °C if it was at night or 20 to about 40 °C if it was by day.It is suggested that likely movements of midges on the wind can be estimated from synoptic weather charts, and should be taken into account when planning control of the disease in the face of an outbreak. Such control includes a ban on movement of horses, vaccination and spraying of insecticide.The risk of spread to countries outside the endemic areas should be assessed by reference to possible wind dispersal of infected midges.
Immunity to attenuated influenza virus WRL 105 infection induced by heterologous, inactivated influenza A virus vaccines
Authors: Potter C. W. , Jennings R. , Nicholson K. , Tyrrell D. A. J. , Dickinson K. G. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYGroups of student volunteers were immunized with one of five different inactivated influenza virus vaccines. The concentration of virus in the various vaccines differed by both the international unitage test and by the concentration of haemagglutinin, as measured by the single radial diffusion test; the results of the two methods of standardization showed no correlation. The serum HI response to immunization was variable; volunteers given A/England/72 showed a 16·6-fold increase in homologous serum antibody titre whilst volunteers given A/Hong Kong/68 vaccine showed a 4·2-fold increase. The variable response of volunteers to immunization could not be explained by the varied concentration of virus in the vaccines, as measured by either test, the titres of serum HI antibody present before immunization, or a combination of these two factors.The ability to infect volunteers with WRL 105 virus 4 weeks after immunization with heterologous, inactivated virus vaccine was directly related to the degree of cross-reactivity between the haemagglutinins of this vaccine virus and WRL 105 virus. Thus, the greatest number of infections by the challenge virus were seen in volunteers given A/Hong Kong/68 vaccine, less were observed in volunteers given A/England/72 vaccine, and least were found in groups given A/Port Chalmers/73 or A/Scotland/74 vaccine. However, compared with the incidence of infection in volunteers given B/Hong Kong/73 vaccine, all the heterologous influenza A vaccine gave some immunity to challenge infection.
Myxomatosis: the transmission of a highly virulent strain of myxoma virus by the European rabbit flea Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale) in the Mallee region of Victoria
Authors: Shepherd Rosamond C. H. , Edmonds J. W. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe European rabbit flea Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale) was introduced into Australia to act as a vector of myxoma virus. It was first released in the semi-arid Mallee region of Victoria in 1970 where epizootics caused by field strains of myxoma virus occur each summer. Introductions of the readily identified Lausanne strain were made annually following the release of the flea. The introductions were successful and the strain persisted for up to 16 weeks despite competition from field strains.The Lausanne strain is more readily spread by fleas than the Glenfield strain which has been widely used in rabbit control. The ability of the Lausanne strain to persist and its effective transmission compared with the Glenfield strain may be due in part to the more florid symptoms of the disease.
Innate resistance to myxomatosis in wild rabbits in England
Authors: Ross J. , Sanders M. F. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYWild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) from one study area in England have been used over a period of 11 years to investigate the possible appearance of innate resistance to myxomatosis. Rabbits of 4–6 weeks old were captured alive, retained in the laboratory until at least 4 months old, and then infected with a type of myxoma virus which kills 90–95% of laboratory rabbits. Observations were made of symptoms, mortality rate and survival times.In the first 4 years of the study (1966–9), mortality rates were not significantly different from those of laboratory rabbits, although survival times of wild rabbits were appreciably longer. In 1970, the mortality rate amongst wild rabbits was 59%, in 1974 it was 17%, and in 1976 it was 20%, thus showing that a considerable degree of inherited resistance to myxomatosis has developed.The types of myxoma virus most commonly isolated from wild rabbits in Great Britain in recent years have been those which cause 70–95% mortality in laboratory rabbits. Therefore, if the degree of innate resistance demonstrated is widespread in Great Britain, there are serious implications regarding the size of the rabbit population, because myxomatosis has been an important factor in holding rabbit numbers at a relatively low level.
Haemagglutination-inhibition antibodies against influenza A and influenza B in maternal and neonatal sera
Authors: Masurel N. , de Bruijne J. I. , Beuningh H. A. , Schouten H. J. A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYHaemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies against the influenza viruses A/Hong Kong/8/68 (H3N2) and B/Nederland/77/66 were determined in 420 paired sera from mothers and newborns (umbilical cord sera), sampled in 1970–1.A higher concentration of antibodies against influenza A virus was found more frequently in neonatal than in maternal sera. By contrast, low titres against influenza B virus were more frequently observed in neonatal than in maternal sera. Maternal age, duration of pregnancy, and birth-weight did not affect the results of the tests.It is suggested that the titre of the newborn against an epidemic influenza virus can be predicted from that of the mother. Furthermore, the maternal titre may be an indication of the susceptibility of the newborn infant to influenza infections.
The use of a fluorescence typing method in an epidemiological study of Klebsiella infection in a London hospital
Authors: Riser E. , Noone P. , Thompson R. E. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe fluorescent antibody technique was used to investigate an epidemic of Klebsiella infection in a urological ward and to trace the probable source to a contaminated sink in the treatment room. It was also shown that cross infections by particular capsular types were very common within each ward. Certain types of Klebsiella occurred in cut-flower water but could not be associated with the types infecting the patients.Antibiotic resistance patterns within one capsular type were found to vary whether the type was from different sources in one patient or from different patients in the same ward. One capsular type was observed to develop resistance to increasing numbers of antibiotics over a 3-year period. This was probably due to the acquisition of R-plasmids. There also appeared to be a relation between capsular type and the site of infection.The frequency of Klebsiella infections in the urological wards dropped significantly after up-grading the treatment room, improving catheter storage and reducing ampicillin use.
Observations of the effects of formaldehyde on cockroaches and their flora: I. Survival of vaccinia virus-infected cockroaches during fumigation with formaldehyde
Authors: Bartzokas C. A. , McCarthy K. , Shackleton W. B. , Baker B. F. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYIn these studies it is shown that the common ‘British’ and ‘American’ adult cockroaches can survive exposure to formaldehyde fumigation carried out at double the strength and for four times as long as is recommended for disinfection of rooms.It is further reported that vaccinia virus ingested prior to the fumigation survives in the cockroach gut and may be excreted up to 5 days later.Since cockroaches are ubiquitous and are to be found in most hospitals, laboratories and animal houses, these findings should be considered whenever fumigation is called for.
Immunity to challenge in volunteers vaccinated with an inactivated current or earlier strain of influenza A(H3N2)
Authors: Larson H. E. , Tyrrell D. A. J. , Bowker C. H. , potter C. W. , Schild G. C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYVolunteers were inoculated with vaccine made from the 30c mutant, A/Port Chalmers/73 or B/Hong/8/73. Preliminary experiments showed that the 30c strain was antigenically quite close to A/HK/8/68. Volunteers given 30c developed haemagglutination inhibiting antibodies against the ‘current’ 1973 serotypes (as well as to the vaccine virus) but the titres were less than those after the A/PC/73 vaccine. Volunteers were then challenged with a live attenuated virus, WRL 105, with A/Finland/4/74 antigens, by intranasal inoculation. The rates of infection were 43% after B/Hong Kong/8/73, 20% after 30c and 5% after A/PC/73. This indicated that the 30c gave some protection but the vaccine prepared from the current strain gave more.
Epidemiological patterns of klebsiella colonization and infection in an intensive care ward
Authors: Casewell M. W. , Phillips I. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYTwenty-four per cent of 2315 patients admitted to the intensive care unit of St Thomas's Hospital in the 4 year period from November 1969 became colonized or infected withKlebsiellaspecies. Capsular typing of 986 klebsiella isolates from 551 patients showed that there were 695 patient-isolates, mostly derived from the respiratory tract. Capsular types 47 and 21 were the commonest types and together accounted for 19·9% of the patient-isolates. The 14 commonest types accounted for 47·3% of all patient-isolates and all these strains showed clustering, strongly suggesting a changing common source, cross infection, or both.
The effect of three frequently applied antibiotics on the colonization resistance of the digestive tract of mice
Authors: Thijm H. A. , van der Waaij D. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe influence of treatment with increasing oral doses of three absorbable antibiotics on the colonization resistance of the digestive tract was investigated in mice. Mice treated with ampicillin or epicillin in any of the applied doses had a strongly decreased colonization resistance as demonstrated by ‘bacterial over-growth’ after contamination with resistant strains ofEscherichia coli. After a treatment period of 2 weeks,Streptococcus faecalisbecame resistant in a number of animals. Oral treatment with cephradine on the other hand had no obvious influence on the endogenous flora of the mice, nor was the colonization resistance decreased.
Enteric fever in Scotland, 1967–1974
Authors: Sharp J. C. M. , Heymann C. S. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA review of 194 cases of enteric infection in Scotland during 1967–74, is reported. Diagnosis was confirmed by the laboratory isolation of Salmonella typhi (64 cases), S. paratyphi A (3) and S. paratyphi B (127), from blood or faeces; 174 persons were clinically ill and 20 were symptomless infections.Most patients (81·0%) were under 35 years of age, with the highest incidence occurring among young adults of 15–24 years, many of whom had been travelling overseas. One-third of all cases (65) were imported infections; the remaining 129 patients had not been outside the United Kingdom. A significantly greater proportion of typhoid infection (54·7%) was contracted overseas, in contrast to paratyphoid B with only one-fifth of cases (21·2%) being imported; all three cases of paratyphoid A were imported. The geographic distribution of origin of imported infections is discussed, along with the frequency of organisms belonging to different phage types.Two deaths occurred, one of which was the result of complications of paratyphoid fever. All other patients responded well to treatment, although two persons continued to excrete and became chronic carriers.A few examples are given of episodes of particular epidemiological interest.It is expected that in future years there will be a continued increase in the proportion of imported infections as more persons travel overseas, concurrent with the continuing decline in the number of chronic carriers resident in the British Isles.
Characteristics of a virus causing a pox disease in sheep and goats in Kenya, with observations on the epidemiology and control
Authors: Davies F. G. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe sheep and goat pox viruses isolated in Kenya are not host specific as in the Middle East and India. The virus strains from one species are of a similar patho-genicity for the other, and the same virus appears to occur in field outbreaks in mixed flocks. A silent infection with no skin lesions occurs in the field outbreaks.The virus grows well in lamb testis cell cultures, it does not haemadsorb nor haemagglutinate and is ether sensitive. Most strains could not readily be adapted to grow on the chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated eggs; one isolation only was made in this way. Staining of the virus inclusions showed that they were of DNA; the virus resembled that of lumpy skin disease in many characteristics.It was possible to cross-protect both species with virus of sheep or goat origin. A vaccine was made from tissue culture virus adsorped onto aluminium hydroxide gel and treated with formalin.
The distribution of serotypes ofEscherichia coliin cow-pats and other animal material compared with serotypes ofE. coliisolated from human sources
Authors: Bettelheim K. A. , Ismail Nermin , Shinebaum Ruth , Shooter R. A. , Moorhouse Ellen , Farrell Wendy 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe serotypes of 13,139 strains ofEscherichia coliisolated from humans were compared with the serotypes of 1076 strains isolated from animals. 689 of these strains were isolated from fresh cow-pats on 22 sites in England and Wales. 708 different O/H combinations were found. Of these, 520 were found in human strains only, 130 from animal strains only and 58 O/H serotypes from humans and animals. Approximately half of the animal strains could not be typed with the full set of sera used.
The occurrence of salmonellas, mycobacteria and pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli in pig slurry
Authors: Jones P. W. , Bew Janice , Burrows M. R. , Matthews P. R. J. , Collins P. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYNinety-eight samples of pig slurry from 54 farms were examined for the presence of salmonellas, porcine enteropathogenic strains of haemolytic Escherichia coli and mycobacteria. Salmonellas were isolated from 12 farms (22 %) and enteropathogenic E. coli from 13 farms (24%). Pathogenic mycobacteria were not isolated.Salmonellas were isolated from 7 of 16 farms (44%) stocked with ‘minimal disease’ pigs compared with only 5 of 38 farms (13%) stocked with conventionally reared pigs. Conversely enteropathogenic coliforms were isolated from 3 of 16 farms (19%) stocked with ‘minimal disease’ pigs compared with 10 of 38 farms (26%) stocked with conventionally reared pigs.
Effect of heat on foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in the components of milk from FMDV-infected cows
Authors: Blackwell J. H. , Hyde J. L. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYFoot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) survived in skim milk, cream and the pelleted cellular debris components of milk obtained from FMDV-infected cows after pasteurization at 72°C for 0·25 min. Virus was recovered from whole milk of infected cows after that milk was heated at 72°C. for 5 min. and from the skim milk component after it was heated at the same temperature for 2 min. Evaporation of the whole milk samples after they were heated at 72°C. for 3 min. did not inactivate the virus, but evaporation of infected skim milk samples after they were heated at 72°C. for 0·5 min. did inactivate the virus. FMDV survived in the cream component after it was heated at 93°C. for 0·25 min.
Latent injury in frozen–thawed bacteriophage T4Bo
Authors: Steele P. R. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYTwo interesting new phenomena have been observed in suspensions of T4Bo bacteriophage which were frozen to temperatures below the eutectic temperature of the salt (sodium chloride) in the suspending medium. Approximately 10% of the phage appeared to survive such a phase change as determined by plaque titre. However, exposure of these survivors to ultrasonic vibration or repeated freezing showed them to be hypersensitive and thus latently injured. The hypersensitivity was lost on incubating the phage at 37° C. for 3 hr. Furthermore, following a eutectic phase change, the surviving phage could be inactivated by rapid cooling to — 90° C. followed by slow rewarming. Such inactivation cannot be accounted for by accepted theories of freezing injury.
WRL 105 strain live attenuated influenza vaccine; comparison of one and two dose schedules
Authors: Evans A. E. J. , Letley E. , Ferris R. P. , Freestone D. S. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYHaemagglutinating inhibiting antibody (HAI) responses were determined and clinical reactions recorded in 162 adult volunteers who received either 1 or 2 intranasal doses of 107·0EID 50 WRL 105 strain live influenza vaccine or placebo. After administration of a single dose of vaccine significant antibody responses were obtained in 69 (70%) of 98 volunteers with initial antibody titres of ≤ 1/20. Of the 70 volunteers who received a second dose of vaccine, 62 provided a further post-vaccination sample of serum, and only 3 (4·8 %), who had not responded to the first dose of vaccine, produced a significant antibody response.Local, upper respiratory and constitutional symptoms were recorded more frequently after the administration of a first dose of vaccine than after placebo or a second dose of vaccine. The symptoms were of a minor nature except in one volunteer who, after the first dose of vaccine, developed influenzal symptoms followed by bronchitis.