bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Survey of National Physicians Working in an Active Conflict Zone: The Challenges of Emergency Medical Care in Iraq
Authors: Donaldson Ross I. , Shanovich Patrick , Shetty Pranav , Clark Emma , Aziz Sharaf , Morton Melinda , Hasoon Tariq , Evans Gerald 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIntroductionThere has been limited research on the perspectives and needs of national caregivers when confronted with large-scale societal violence. In Iraq, although the security situation has improved from its nadir in 2006-2007, intermittent bombings, and other hostilities continue. National workers remain the primary health resource for the affected populace.ProblemTo assess the status and challenges of national physicians working in the Emergency Departments of an active conflict area.MethodsThis study was a survey of civilian Iraqi doctors working in Emergency Departments (EDs) across Iraq, via a convenience sample of physicians taking the International Medical Corps (IMC) Doctor Course in Emergency Medicine, given in Baghdad from December 2008 through August 2009.ResultsThe 148 physician respondents came from 11 provinces and over 50 hospitals in Iraq. They described cardiovascular disease, road traffic injuries, and blast and bullet injuries as the main causes of death and reasons for ED utilization. Eighty percent reported having been assaulted by a patient or their family member at least once within the last year; 38% reported they were threatened with a gun. Doctors reported seeing a median of 7.5 patients per hour, with only 19% indicating that their EDs had adequate physician staffing. Only 19% of respondents were aware of an established triage system for their hospital, and only a minority had taken courses covering ACLS- (16%) or ATLS-related (24%) material. Respondents reported a wide diversity of prior training, with only 3% having some type of specialized emergency medicine degree.ConclusionsThe results of this study describe some of the challenges faced by national health workers providing emergency care to a violence-stricken populace. Study findings demonstrate high levels of violent behavior directed toward doctors in Iraqi Emergency Departments, as well as staffing shortages and a lack of formal training in emergency medical care.Donaldson RI, Shanovich P, Shetty P, Clark E, Aziz S, Morton M, Hasoon T, Evans G. A survey of national physicians working in an active conflict zone: the challenges of emergency medical care in Iraq. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2012;27(2):1-9.
Surgical Care during Humanitarian Crises: A Systematic Review of Published Surgical Caseload Data from Foreign Medical Teams
Authors: Nickerson Jason W. , Chackungal Smita , Knowlton Lisa , McQueen Kelly , Burkle Frederick M. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjectiveHumanitarian surgery is often organized and delivered with short notice and limited time for developing unique strategies for providing care. While some surgical pathologies can be anticipated by the nature of the crisis, the role of foreign medical teams in treating the existing and unmet burden of surgical disease during crises is unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine published data from crises during the years 1990 through 2011 to understand the role of foreign medical teams in providing surgical care in these settings.MethodsA literature search was completed using PubMed, MEDLINE, and EMBASE databases to locate relevant manuscripts published in peer-reviewed journals. A qualitative review of the surgical activities reported in the studies was performed.ResultsOf 185 papers where humanitarian surgical care was provided by a foreign medical team, only 11 articles met inclusion criteria. The reporting of surgical activities varied significantly, and pooled statistical analysis was not possible. The quality of reporting was notably poor, and produced neither reliable estimates of the pattern of surgical consultations nor data on the epidemiology of the burden of surgical diseases. The qualitative trend analysis revealed that the most frequent procedures were related to soft tissue or orthopedic surgery. Procedures such as caesarean sections, hernia repairs, and appendectomies also were common. As length of deployment increased, the surgical caseload became more reflective of the existing, unmet burden of surgical disease.ConclusionsThis review suggests that where foreign medical teams are indicated and requested, multidisciplinary surgical teams capable of providing a range of emergency and essential surgical, and rehabilitation services are required. Standardization of data collection and reporting tools for surgical care are needed to improve the reporting of surgical epidemiology in crisis-affected populations.Nickerson JW, Chackungal S, Knowlton L, McQueen K, Burkle FM Jr. Surgical care during humanitarian crises: a systematic review of published surgical caseload data from foreign medical teams. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2012;27(2):1-6.
Homogeneous superchondritic 142Nd/144Nd in the mid‐ocean ridge basalt and ocean island basalt mantle
Authors: Jackson Matthew G. , Carlson Richard W. 
Published: May 2012

146Sm decays to 142Nd with a relatively short half‐life (∼68 Ma). The142Nd/144Nd of modern terrestrial mantle‐derived lavas is 18 ± 5 ppm higher than the chondrite reservoir. The difference in142Nd/144Nd between Earth and chondrites likely owes to Sm/Nd ratios 6% higher in the accessible Earth that arose within the first 30 million years following accretion. In order to constrain the early history of the mantle domains sampled by ocean island basalts (OIB) and mid‐ocean ridge basalts (MORB), we present high‐precision142Nd/144Nd measurements on 11 different lavas from five hot spots, and one lava each from the Indian and Atlantic ridges. The lavas examined in this study bracket much of the known Sr‐Nd‐Pb‐He isotopic variability the in mantle. These data complement existing high‐precision142Nd/144Nd data on MORB and OIB lavas. In agreement with previous studies, we find that MORB and OIB lavas examined for high‐precision142Nd/144Nd exhibit ratios that are indistinguishable from the terrestrial standard and are 15–20 ppm higher than the average obtained for ordinary and enstatite chondrites. The uniform, superchondritic 142Nd/144Nd data in OIB and MORB are consistent with derivation from a common, early formed (<30 Ma after accretion) progenitor reservoir with Sm/Nd ∼6% higher than chondrites. If there exists any variability in 142Nd/144Nd in the OIBs and MORBs examined to date, it is too small to be resolved with the precision currently available.
Effects of atmospheric light scattering on spectroscopic observations of greenhouse gases from space: Validation of PPDF‐based CO2 retrievals from GOSAT
Authors: Oshchepkov Sergey , Bril Andrey , Yokota Tatsuya , Morino Isamu , Yoshida Yukio , Matsunaga Tsuneo , Belikov Dmitry , Wunch Debra , Wennberg Paul , Toon Geoffrey , O'Dell Christopher , Butz André , Guerlet Sandrine , Cogan Austin , Boesch Hartmut , Eguchi Nawo , Deutscher Nicholas , Griffith David , Macatangay Ronald , Notholt Justus , Sussmann Ralf , Rettinger Markus , Sherlock Vanessa , Robinson John , Kyrö Esko , Heikkinen Pauli , Feist Dietrich G. , Nagahama Tomoo , Kadygrov Nikolay , Maksyutov Shamil , Uchino Osamu , Watanabe Hiroshi 
Published: May 2012

This report describes a validation study of Greenhouse gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) data processing using ground‐based measurements of the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) as reference data for column‐averaged dry air mole fractions of atmospheric carbon dioxide (XCO2). We applied the photon path length probability density function method to validate XCO2retrievals from GOSAT data obtained during 22 months starting from June 2009. This method permitted direct evaluation of optical path modifications due to atmospheric light scattering that would have a negligible impact on ground‐based TCCON measurements but could significantly affect gas retrievals when observing reflected sunlight from space. Our results reveal effects of optical path lengthening over Northern Hemispheric stations, essentially from May–September of each year, and of optical path shortening for sun‐glint observations in tropical regions. These effects are supported by seasonal trends in aerosol optical depth derived from an offline three‐dimensional aerosol transport model and by cirrus optical depth derived from space‐based measurements of the Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) instrument. Removal of observations that were highly contaminated by aerosol and cloud from the GOSAT data set resulted in acceptable agreement in the seasonal variability of XCO2 over each station as compared with TCCON measurements. Statistical comparisons between GOSAT and TCCON coincident measurements of CO2column abundance show a correlation coefficient of 0.85, standard deviation of 1.80 ppm, and a sub‐ppm negative bias of −0.43 ppm for all TCCON stations. Global distributions of monthly mean retrieved XCO2 with a spatial resolution of 2.5° latitude × 2.5° longitude show agreement within ∼2.5 ppm with those predicted by the atmospheric tracer transport model.
Convective initiation on 19 June 2002 during IHOP: High‐resolution simulations and analysis of the mesoscale structures and convection initiation
Authors: Wang Qi‐Wei , Xue Ming 
Published: May 2012

The 19 June 2002 convective initiation (CI) case from the International H2O Project (IHOP) is simulated using the ARPS at 1 km grid spacing. It involves three distinct CI groups, CI‐A, CI‐B, and CI‐C, associated with a cold front‐dryline system. Initial condition at 1800 UTC, 19 June 2002 was created using the ARPS 3DVAR, including standard as well as special observations. The simulation captured the three groups of CIs rather well, with small timing and spatial errors. CI‐A is most typical of dryline initiation. Vertical cross sections through the initiation locations show typical dryline structures with an upward moisture bulge forced by lifting along the dryline convergence. For CI‐B, the model‐predicted mesoscale structures agree with special IHOP aircraft dropsonde observations closely. Strong low‐level convergence from opposing cold front and dryline circulations produces deep symmetric upwelling of moist air, and the convection is initiated at the crest of the moisture bulge. CI‐C is more typical of frontal convection where deep convection is first initiated at the front edge of the cold air. For CI‐B and CI‐C, north‐south moisture bands that have dryline characteristics (and can be considered multiple drylines) and contain enhanced vertical motion and upward moisture bulges intercept the dryline and cold front, respectively, providing the most favored locations on the dryline or cold front for initiation. Furthermore, the air parcels feeding the initial cells at CI‐B and CI‐C have trajectories along the moisture bands and have already experienced uplifting when they reach the dryline and cold front locations.
Diversity of active aerobic methanotrophs along depth profiles of arctic and subarctic lake water column and sediments
Authors: He Ruo , Wooller Matthew J , Pohlman John W , Quensen John , Tiedje James M , Leigh Mary Beth 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Methane (CH4) emitted from high-latitude lakes accounts for 2–6% of the global atmospheric CH4 budget. Methanotrophs in lake sediments and water columns mitigate the amount of CH4 that enters the atmosphere, yet their identity and activity in arctic and subarctic lakes are poorly understood. We used stable isotope probing (SIP), quantitative PCR (Q-PCR), pyrosequencing and enrichment cultures to determine the identity and diversity of active aerobic methanotrophs in the water columns and sediments (0–25 cm) from an arctic tundra lake (Lake Qalluuraq) on the north slope of Alaska and a subarctic taiga lake (Lake Killarney) in Alaska’s interior. The water column CH4 oxidation potential for these shallow (∼2 m deep) lakes was greatest in hypoxic bottom water from the subarctic lake. The type II methanotroph, Methylocystis, was prevalent in enrichment cultures of planktonic methanotrophs from the water columns. In the sediments, type I methanotrophs (Methylobacter, Methylosoma and Methylomonas) at the sediment-water interface (0–1 cm) were most active in assimilating CH4, whereas the type I methanotroph Methylobacter and/or type II methanotroph Methylocystis contributed substantially to carbon acquisition in the deeper (15–20 cm) sediments. In addition to methanotrophs, an unexpectedly high abundance of methylotrophs also actively utilized CH4-derived carbon. This study provides new insight into the identity and activity of methanotrophs in the sediments and water from high-latitude lakes.
Macrofauna regulate heterotrophic bacterial carbon and nitrogen incorporation in low-oxygen sediments
Authors: Hunter William R , Veuger Bart , Witte Ursula 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) currently impinge upon &gt;1 million km2 of sea floor and are predicted to expand with climate change. We investigated how changes in oxygen availability, macrofaunal biomass and retention of labile organic matter (OM) regulate heterotrophic bacterial C and N incorporation in the sediments of the OMZ-impacted Indian continental margin (540–1100 m; [O2]=0.35–15 μmol l−1). In situ pulse-chase experiments traced 13C:15N-labelled phytodetritus into bulk sediment OM and hydrolysable amino acids, including the bacterial biomarker d-alanine. Where oxygen availability was lowest ([O2]=0.35 μmol l−1), metazoan macrofauna were absent and bacteria assimilated 30–90% of the labelled phytodetritus within the sediment. At higher oxygen levels ([O2]=2–15 μmol l−1) the macrofaunal presence and lower phytodetritus retention with the sediment occur concomitantly, and bacterial phytodetrital incorporation was reduced and retarded. Bacterial C and N incorporation exhibited a significant negative relationship with macrofaunal biomass across the OMZ. We hypothesise that fauna–bacterial interactions significantly influence OM recycling in low-oxygen sediments and need to be considered when assessing the consequences of global change on biogeochemical cycles.
Crust-mantle mechanical coupling in Eastern Mediterranean and Eastern Turkey
Authors: Sinan Özeren M. 
Published: May 2012

Present-day crust-mantle coupling in the Eastern Mediterranean and eastern Turkey is studied using the Global Positioning System (GPS) and seismic anisotropy data. The general trend of the shear wave fast-splitting directions in NE Turkey and Lesser Caucaus align well with the geodetic velocities in an absolute plate motion frame of reference pointing to an effective coupling in this part of the region of weak surface deformation. Farther south, underneath the Bitlis Suture, however, there are significant Pn delays with E-W anisotropy axes indicating significant lateral escape. Meanwhile, the GPS reveals very little surface deformation. This mismatch possibly suggests a decoupling along the suture. In the Aegean, the shear wave anisotropy and the Pn anisotropy directions agree with the extensional component of the right-lateral shear strains except under the Crete Basin and other parts of the southern Aegean Sea. This extensional direction matches perfectly also with the southward pulling force vectors across the Hellenic trench; however, the maximum right-lateral shear directions obtained from the GPS data in the Aegean do not match either of these anisotropies. Seismic anisotropy from Rayleigh waves sampled at 15 s, corresponding to the lower crust, match the maximum right-lateral maximum shear directions from the GPS indicating decoupling between the crust and the mantle. This decoupling most likely results from the lateral variations of the gravitational potential energies and the slab-pull forces.
Significant Reduction in Central Venous Catheter–related Bloodstream Infections in Children on HPN After Starting Treatment With Taurolidine Line Lock
Authors: Chu Hui‐Ping , Brind Joanne , Tomar Rajeev , Hill Susan 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTObjective:The aim of this study was to review the incidence and type of central venous catheter–related bloodstream infection in children on treatment with home parenteral nutrition (PN) before and after the introduction of taurolidine. Taurolidine is a catheter lock solution that prevents biofilm formation and has broad‐spectrum bactericidal and antifungal action. Its use in pediatric patients on PN has only been reported in case studies.Methods:A total of 19 children were reviewed, with the diagnoses of enteropathy (8 cases), short bowel syndrome (7 cases), and gastrointestinal dysmotility (4 cases). Incidence and type of sepsis were reviewed for 8 to 12 months pre‐ (when heparin was used) and 2 to 33 months postintroduction of the taurolidine catheter lock.Results:There were 8.6 episodes of catheter‐related bloodstream infections per 1000 catheter days with heparin and 1.1 episodes per 1000 catheter days with taurolidine (P = 0.002). A total of 14 of the 19 patients (74%) had no infections for up to 33 months after changing to taurolidine. No reports of multiresistant organisms or adverse effects with taurolidine were found.Conclusions:Taurolidine line lock was associated with a decreased incidence of catheter‐related bloodstream infections. This finding supports its use in patients with a history of septicemia on treatment with cyclical PN.
Review article: current treatment options and management of functional dyspepsia
Authors: Lacy B. E. , Talley N. J. , Locke G. R. , Bouras E. P. , DiBaise J. K. , El‐Serag H. B. , Abraham B. P. , Howden C. W. , Moayyedi P. , Prather C. 
Published: May 2012

SummaryBackgroundFunctional dyspepsia (FD), a common functional gastrointestinal disorder, is defined by the Rome III criteria as symptoms of epigastric pain or discomfort (prevalence in FD of 89–90%), postprandial fullness (75–88%), and early satiety (50–82%) within the last 3 months with symptom onset at least 6 months earlier. Patients cannot have any evidence of structural disease to explain symptoms and predominant symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux are exclusionary. Symptoms of FD are non‐specific and the pathophysiology is diverse, which explains in part why a universally effective treatment for FD remains elusive.AimTo present current management options for the treatment of FD (therapeutic gain/response rate noted when available).ResultsThe utility of Helicobacter pylori eradication for the treatment of FD is modest (6–14% therapeutic gain), while the therapeutic efficacy of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) (7–10% therapeutic gain), histamine‐type‐2‐receptor antagonists (8–35% therapeutic gain), prokinetic agents (18–45%), tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) (response rates of 64–70%), serotonin reuptake inhibitors (no better than placebo) is limited and hampered by inadequate data. This review discusses dietary interventions and analyses studies involving complementary and alternative medications, and psychological therapies.ConclusionsA reasonable treatment approach based on current evidence is to initiate therapy with a daily PPI in H. pylori‐negative FD patients. If symptoms persist, a therapeutic trial with a tricyclic antidepressant may be initiated. If symptoms continue, the clinician can possibly initiate therapy with an anti‐nociceptive agent, a prokinetic agent, or some form of complementary and alternative medications, although evidence from prospective studies to support this approach is limited.
Worldwide genetic relationships of pigs as inferred from X chromosome SNPs
Authors: Burgos‐Paz W. , Souza C. A. , Castelló A. , Mercadé A. , Okumura N. , Sheremet'eva I. N. , Huang L. S. , Cho I. C. , Paiva S. R. , Ramos‐Onsins S. , Pérez‐Enciso M. 
Published: May 2012

SummaryThe phylogeography of the porcine X chromosome has not been studied despite the unique characteristics of this chromosome. Here, we genotyped 59 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 312 pigs from around the world, representing 39 domestic breeds and wild boars in 30 countries. Overall, widespread commercial breeds showed the highest heterozygosity values, followed by African and American populations. Structuring, as inferred from FST and analysis of molecular variance, was consistently larger in the non‐pseudoautosomal (NPAR) than in the pseudoautosomal regions (PAR). Our results show that genetic relationships between populations can vary widely between the NPAR and the PAR, underscoring the fact that their genetic trajectories can be quite different. NPAR showed an increased commercial‐like genetic component relative to the PAR, probably because human selection processes to obtain individuals with high productive parameters were mediated by introgressing boars rather than sows.
Exon 8 amplification of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in invasive breast carcinomas
Authors: Souka Efthimia , Alexiadis Evaggelos , Theohari Irini , Giannopoulou Ioanna , Papadimitriou Christos , Nakopoulou Lydia 
Published: May 2012

Souka E, Alexiadis E, Theohari I, Giannopoulou I, Papadimitriou C & Nakopoulou L  (2012) Histopathology 61, 644–651Exon 8 amplification of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in invasive breast carcinomasAims:  The rate of EGFR amplification in breast cancer ranges between 0% and 15%. Recent studies have focused on the amplification status of cytosine–adenine (CA) repeats in intron 1 of the gene and correlated it with increased EGFR protein. The aim of this study was to investigate, for the first time, the significance of coding exon 8 amplification of EGFR in invasive breast cancer.Methods and results:  We investigated, by means of real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the amplification status of exon 8 of the EGFR gene in 148 paraffin‐embedded tissue sections, 115 with invasive breast carcinoma and 33 controls. Immunohistochemistry was utilized to detect EGFR and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were performed for the evaluation of our results. EGFR amplification was observed in 7.8% of the patients, and EGFR was immunodetected in 9.6%. EGFR amplification was correlated positively with EGFR expression (P < 0.0001), HER2 expression (P = 0.023), coexpression of EGFR/HER2 (P < 0.0001) and nuclear grade (P = 0.047), and inversely with ER protein expression (P = 0.047).Conclusions:  It appears that amplification of the coding sequence exon 8 exhibits similar biological behaviour to amplification of the regulatory sequence in intron 1, leading to elevated levels of EGFR protein.