bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in the nitric oxide system in the shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus (Crustacea, decapoda) CNS induced by a nociceptive stimulus
Authors: Dyuizen Inessa V. , Kotsyuba Elena P. , Lamash Nina E. 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARY
Using NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting, we characterized the nitric oxide (NO)-producing neurons in the brain and thoracic ganglion of a shore crab subjected to a nociceptive chemical stimulus. Formalin injection into the cheliped evoked specific nociceptive behavior and neurochemical responses in the brain and thoracic ganglion of experimental animals. Within 5–10 min of injury, the NADPH-d activity increased mainly in the neuropils of the olfactory lobes and the lateral antenna I neuropil on the side of injury. Later, the noxious-induced expression of NADPH-d and iNOS was detected in neurons of the brain, as well as in segmental motoneurons and interneurons of the thoracic ganglion. Western blotting analysis showed that an iNOS antiserum recognized a band at 120 kDa, in agreement with the expected molecular mass of the protein. The increase in nitrergic activity induced by nociceptive stimulation suggests that the NO signaling system may modulate nociceptive behavior in crabs.
Sex differences in fuel use and metabolism during development in fasting juvenile northern elephant seals
Authors: Kelso Elizabeth J. , Champagne Cory D. , Tift Michael S. , Houser Dorian S. , Crocker Daniel E. 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARY
Many polygynous, capital breeders exhibit sexual dimorphism with respect to body size and composition. Sexual dimorphism is often facilitated by sex differences in foraging behavior, growth rates and patterns of nutrient deposition during development. In species that undergo extended fasts during development, metabolic strategies for fuel use have the potential to influence future reproductive success by directly impacting somatic growth and acquisition of traits required for successful breeding. We investigated sexual dimorphism associated with metabolic strategies for fasting in developing northern elephant seals. Thirty-one juvenile seals of both sexes were sampled over extended fasts during annual autumn haul-outs. Field metabolic rate (FMR) and the contribution of protein catabolism to energy expenditure were estimated from changes in mass and body composition over 23±5 days of fasting (mean ± s.d.). Protein catabolism was assessed directly in a subset of animals based on urea flux at the beginning and end of the fast. Regulatory hormones and blood metabolites measured included growth hormone, cortisol, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, insulin, glucagon, testosterone, estradiol, glucose, urea and β-hydroxybutyrate. Males exhibited higher rates of energy expenditure during the fast but spared body protein stores more effectively than females. Rates of protein catabolism and energy expenditure were significantly impacted by hormone levels, which varied between the sexes. These data suggest that sex differences in fuel metabolism and energy expenditure during fasting arise early in juvenile development and may play an important role in the development of adult traits associated with reproductive success.
Quantitative analysis of crypt cell population during postnatal development of the olfactory organ of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata (Teleostei, Poecilidae), from birth to sexual maturity
Authors: Bettini Simone , Lazzari Maurizio , Franceschini Valeria 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARY
Crypt cells are one of three types of olfactory sensory neuron, differing from ciliated and microvillar cells in shape, localization and number, and found only in fish. Although crypt cells are morphologically well characterized, their function remains unclear. They were hypothesized to be involved in reproductive behaviours by detecting sex pheromones, but electrophysiological investigations revealed sensitivity to only amino acids. However, the number of crypt cells in adult guppies is not the same in the two sexes. In this study, we compared the size of the crypt cell population in juvenile guppies during the first 90 days after birth. The purpose of our study was to clarify whether a correlation exists between sex and the number of these olfactory neurons. The data show that guppies reach adult crypt cell density when they become sexually mature. Despite a constant increment in volume during development of the olfactory organ, the minimum density of crypt neurons occurs at ∼45 days. Moreover, in the early weeks, the density of crypt neurons is greater in males than in females because in females the total number of cells decreases significantly after just 7 days. In adults, however, crypt neurons are found in higher density in females than in males. These findings suggest that the number of crypt cells is sex specific, with independent developmental dynamics between males and females. A role in pheromone detection could explain such a difference, but the early appearance of crypt cells in the first days of life is suggestive of other, not sexually related, functions.
From genes to behavior: investigations of neurochemical signaling come of age for the model crustacean

Daphnia pulex
Authors: Christie Andrew E. , McCoole Matthew D. 
Published: July 2012

Summary
The cladoceran crustacean Daphnia pulex has served as a standard organism for aquatic toxicity testing for decades. The model organism status of D. pulex rests largely on its remarkable ability to rapidly adapt morphologically, physiologically and behaviorally to a wide range of environmental challenges, as well as on its parthenogenetic reproduction and ease of laboratory culture. As in all multicellular organisms, neurochemical control systems are undoubtedly major contributors to the functional flexibility of Daphnia. Surprisingly, little work has focused on understanding its neurochemistry at any level. Recently, D. pulex has been the subject of extensive genome and transcriptome sequencing, and it is currently the only crustacean with a fully sequenced, publicly accessible genome. Although the molecular work was initiated for gene-based investigations of ecotoxicology and toxicogenomics, the data generated have allowed for investigations into numerous aspects of Daphnia biology, including its neurochemical signaling. This Commentary summarizes our knowledge of D. pulex neurochemistry obtained from recent genomic and transcriptomic studies, and places these data in context with other anatomical, biochemical and physiological experiments using D. pulex and its sister species Daphnia magna. Suggestions as to how the Daphnia molecular data may be useful for future investigations of crustacean neurochemical signaling are also provided.
The metabolic cost of walking on gradients with a waddling gait
Authors: Nudds Robert L. , Codd Jonathan R. 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYUsing open-flow respirometry and video footage (25 frames s–1), the energy expenditure and hindlimb kinematics of barnacle geese, Branta leucopsis, were measured whilst they were exercising on a treadmill at gradients of +7 and –7 deg, and on a level surface. In agreement with previous studies, ascending a gradient incurred metabolic costs higher than those experienced on level ground at comparable speeds. The geese, however, are the first species to show an increased duty factor when ascending a gradient. This increased duty factor was accompanied by a longer stance time, which was probably to enable the additional force required for ascending to be generated. Contrary to previous findings, the geese did not experience decreased metabolic costs when descending a gradient. For a given speed, the geese took relatively shorter and quicker strides when walking downhill. This ‘choppy’ stride and perhaps a lack of postural plasticity (an inability to adopt a more crouched posture) may negate any energy savings gained from gravity's assistance in moving the centre of mass downhill. Also contrary to previous studies, the incremental increase in metabolic cost with increasing speed was similar for each gradient, indicating that the efficiency of locomotion (mechanical work done/chemical energy consumed) is not constant across all walking speeds. The data here suggest that there are species-specific metabolic responses to locomotion on slopes, as well as the established kinematics differences. It is likely that a suite of factors, such as ecology, posture, gait, leggedness and foot morphology, will subtly affect an organism's ability to negotiate gradients.
Notchand the Awesome Power of Genetics
Authors: Greenwald Iva 
Published: July 2012

AbstractNotch is a receptor that mediates cell–cell interactions in animal development, and aberrations in Notch signal transduction can cause cancer and other human diseases. Here, I describe the major advances in the Notch field from the identification of the first mutant in Drosophila almost a century ago through the elucidation of the unusual mechanism of signal transduction a little over a decade ago. As an essay for the GENETICS Perspectives series, it is my personal and critical commentary as well as an historical account of discovery.
The Stress and Microstructure analysis of Polycrystalline Silicon Films Deposited by LPCVD
Authors: Cherng Y.T. , Boysel M.C. , Gates B.D. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTAmorphous (a-Si) and polycrystalline silicon(c-Si) films have been obtained by low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) in fixed silane flow at low pressure (200 mtorr) with variable growth temperature. Measurement of residual stress of polysilicon films growth between 570°C to 620°C was reported. Residual stress of polycrystalline silicon depends on film microstructure. The poly-silicon microstructure is a strong function of LPCVD growth temperature and pressure. In this work, Raman Scattering and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to study the film structure and composition. The multilayer optical model of Spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) was used to crosscheck the crystallinity fraction. The surface roughness was identified by Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and SE. The residual stress changed from compressive to tensile and back to compressive for deposition temperature between 570°C and 620°C. Film’s c-Si fraction increased as a function of deposition temperature. The roughness surface was found at deposition temperature of 580°C. For deposition temperature larger then 580°C, all films shown (200) texture. The (220) grain size increased from 18.6 nm to 25 nm when deposition temperature increased from 580°C to 620°C. The film residual stress change can be explained by grain structure, surface stress and volume stress. At deposition temperature from 580°C to 587°C, grain is equi-axes type and volume stress dominate which cause the tensile stress. For temperature higher then 587°C inverse conical grain formed from oxide interface to surface and surface stress dominate cause the stress back to compressive. The columnar structure formed when deposition temperature > 600°C, grain growth push the compressive stress decrease again.
Structural Control of Carbon Nickel Thin Films Without Substrate Heating
Authors: Bosworth David , Stelmashenko Nadia , Barber Zoe H. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTA variety of characterization techniques have been employed to study the growth and structure of nickel carbon thin films fabricated by ionized magnetron sputter deposition. A two target magnetron system is used along with an RF powered coil, to create a secondary plasma, with a DC bias applied at the substrate. By varying the bias it is possible to control the energy of the depositing species as well as a range of other plasma properties and therefore the resulting film microstructure. It has been observed that a change from the metastable hexagonal nickel carbide phase to the stable face centered cubic structure of nickel can be induced. This change in metal crystallinity was accompanied by a change in carbon ordering. The ability to control the film structure and morphology without the need for substrate heating opens up the possibility of depositing a range of structures onto polymers.
Photopatterneable Block Co-Polymers for Laser Interference Lithography
Authors: Alabi Taiwo R. , Yuan Dajun , Das Suman 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTWe report on the laser interference patterning of as-spun block copolymer films on silicon and silicon dioxide substrates. Our process involves the use of a pulsed laser light source of 266 nm wavelength and any type of diblock copolymer as a positive tone photoresist, resulting in the generation of sub-micron domains of different geometries and periodicity. This non-solvent based method is robust, and when combined with the inherent nano-scaled periodicity in block copolymers, can produce hierarchical patterns on substrates with potential use in the electronics and semiconductor industries.
Characterization of a monolithic device for detection of FRET signals
Authors: Louro P. , Vieira M. , Vieira M. A. , Silva V. , Costa J. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTFluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) is a standard technique used in many medical and biological applications. It involves the detection of transient fluorescent signals coming from the different fluorescent proteins that work in the visible range of the spectrum. Common fluorescent emissions come from the cyan/yellow fluorophores that emit respectively, at 470 nm and 588 nm. In this paper we use optical filters based on multilayered a-SiC:H heterostructures to detect optical signals at these wavelengths. The advantage of this type of sensor is that it does not rely on mechanical parts; it is compact and cost effective. The transducer consists of two heterostructures based on a-SiC:H/a-Si:H optimized for the detection of the fluorescence emissions at wavelengths 470 nm (cyan) and 588 nm (yellow). Both front and back structures were designed to optimize the detection at these wavelengths. Results show that the device photocurrent signal measured under reverse bias and using appropriate steady state optical bias, allows the separate detection of the cyan and yellow fluorescence signals.
Time-resolved Ellipsometry to Study Extreme Non-equilibrium Electron Dynamics in Nanostructured Semiconductors
Authors: Roger T. W. , Kaplan A. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTWe present a femtosecond pump-probe ellipsometer operating over a spectral range of 1.4 – 1.7 eV with a ∼50fs time resolution. The calibration and preliminary findings of the setup are discussed. We tested the apparatus on bulk crystalline silicon (not shown here) and on silicon nanocrystals embedded in an amorphous silicon phase. The ellipsometric angles (ψ, Δ) were determined as a function of time and wavelength. The results suggest that a simple Drude model of free carrier absorption is not sufficient to explain the findings.
Thrombolitic and coral buildups in the Upper Albian of the Fahdene basin (North Tunisia): stratigraphy, sedimentology and genesis
Authors: Layeb Mohsen , Ben Fadhel Moez , Ben Youssef Mohamed 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWithin the Upper Albian marl/limestone pelagic to hemi-pelagic successions of Fahdene basin (northern Tunisia), small-scale thrombolitic and coral buildups were recognized for the first time. The exceptionally well-exposed and well-preserved buildups (i.e. Oued Siliana and Jebel Srassif buildups) were investigated for their biostratigraphic, petrographic, and genesis character. The vertical succession is characterized as shallowing upward and comprise four to nine conical and/or lenticular bioherms/biostromes (up to 4 m in diameter). Basal buildups consist of four to six deep water microbial thrombolites and are generally associated with the uppermost organic-rich black shale of the Mouelha member which corresponds to the Oceanic Anoxic Event OAE1d. These buildups change stratigraphic upward into three hermatypic hexacorallian thrombolites with abundant fossils and bioturbation traces. The geometry and the observed internal structures of the thrombolites suggest that microbial activity thrived carbonate precipitation and subsequent lithification, which in turn favoured preservation of the original structure of the buildups. The microbial thrombolites formed within or near the anoxic zone (related to the Oceanic Anoxic Event OAE1d) whereas the coral thrombolites grew in the photic zone. We suggest that the onset of the microbial thrombolites was induced by the presence of an eutrophic, hypersaline, and anoxic environment which is enhanced by the Late Albian sea level rise. Nevertheless, flourishing of metazoans that lead to the coral thrombolites was associated with an oxygenated and oligotrophic environment. Halokinetic dynamics and tilted-block fault systems provided conduits for nutrient-rich fluids and hydrocarbons which fueled chemosynthetic-based communities.
Les Phylloceratina et Lytoceratina (Ammonoidea) du Bajocien inférieur du Paso del Espinacito (Argentine). Étude paléontologique et implications paléogéographiques
Authors: Joly Bernard 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Les faunes étudiées dans la présente note ont été citées et figurées, leurs niveaux de récolte ainsi que les faunes accompagnatrices ont été précisés, dans un mémoire qui vient de paraître [Dietze et al., 2010]. La présente note complète ce mémoire en apportant une étude systématique et paléontologique sur les Phylloceratina et Lytoceratina du col d’Espinacito (Argentine). Il était également intéressant de les comparer à celles d’autres régions du monde : Europe, Afrique, Amérique du Nord, Asie. Les Phylloceratina et Lytoceratina d’Espinacito ont principalement des affinités avec les faunes téthysiennes et africaines (y compris malgaches), plus rarement avec l’Amérique du Nord et l’Asie. Les échanges fauniques entre Téthys et Amérique du Sud ont pu s’effectuer par le corridor hispanique « via la Téthys ca-raïbe » (sans exclure le contournement du Gondwana par le sud ou de la Laurasie par le nord, voies possibles [Moyne et al., 2004].
Les espèces et sous-espèces décrites appartiennent au Bajocien inférieur. Ce sont quatre Phylloceratina : Phyllo-ceras kunthi (Neumayr, 1871) modestumTornquist, 1898, Calliphylloceras achtalense (Redlich, 1894), Calliphyl-loceras aff. disputabile (Zittel, 1869), Holcophylloceras torulosum (Tornquist, 1898) et deux Lytoceratina :Lytoceras subfrancisciSturani, 1964posteraGottsche, 1878, Lytoceras adelae (d’orbigny, 1844). Si l’on ne considère que l’ensemble des genres on reconnaît l’association habituellement observée dans le Dogger et le Malm de la Téthys.
Il est intéressant de noter que chez deux espèces, C. achtalense et L. adelae, les spécimens de la province Sud-pacifique semblent être les plus anciens connus actuellement.
Schizophrenia: from Epidemiology to Rehabilitation
Authors: Mura Gioia , Petretto Donatella Rita , Bhat Krishna M , Carta Mauro Giovanni 
Published: July 2012

Purpose/Objective:We discuss recent evidences about schizophrenia (frequency, onset, course, risk factors and genetics) and their influences to some epidemiological myths about schizophrenia diffuse between psychiatric and psychopathology clinicians. The scope is to evaluate if the new acquisitions may change the rehabilitation approaches to schizophrenia modifying the balance about the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia accepting that the cognitive deficits are produced by errors during the normal development of the brain (neurodevelopmental hypothesis) that remains stable in the course of illness and the neurodegenerative hypothesis according of which they derived from a degenerative process that goes on inexorably.Research Method/Design:A review of the literature about epidemiology of schizophrenia has been performed and the contributions of some of these evidence to neurodevelopmental hypothesis and to rehabilitation has been described.Results:It cannot be definitively concluded for or against the neurodevelopmental or degenerative hypothesis, but efforts in understanding basis of schizophrenia must go on. Until now, rehabilitation programs are based on the vulnerability-stress model: supposing an early deficit that go on stable during the life under favorable circumstances. So, rehabilitation approaches (as neuro-cognitive approaches, social skill training, cognitive-emotional training) are focused on the individual and micro-group coping skills, aiming to help people with schizophrenia to cope with environmental stress factors.Conclusions/Implications:Coping of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia may represents the starting-point for further research on schizophrenia, cohort studies and randomized trials are necessary to defined the range of effectiveness and the outcome of the treatments.
Naturalising the Exotic and Exoticising the Naturalised: Horticulture, Natural History and the Rosy Periwinkle
Authors: Curry Helen Anne 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The rosy periwinkle, a plant originating in the rainforest of Madagascar, is best known for its use in modern biomedicine as a cancer therapy and as a symbol of the importance of biodiversity conservation. Yet images of the plant as a novel therapeutic and an endangered exotic obscure its commonness, for it is both naturalised in many parts of the world as a weed and has long been used as an ornamental plant in greenhouses and gardens. This seeming contradiction is the result of the rosy periwinkle's long history as a horticultural variety, especially its transition over a two-hundred-year period from being understood as a hothouse exotic to being seen as native and commonplace. Horticultural practices generated changes in the distribution and biology of the rosy periwinkle and this in turn generated changes in people's valuation of the species. Through a horticultural history of the rosy periwinkle, this paper explores how ideas about what constitutes an exotic or naturalised species, and the value attached to these, can dramatically shape and then reshape the natural history of a species. It suggests why such attention to such plasticity is important both for historians and for conservation.
'Order out of Chaos': Resources, Hazards and the Production of a Tin-Mining Economy in Northern Nigeria in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Bridge Gavin , Frederiksen Tomas 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
This paper examines the development of commercial tin mining in northern Nigeria in the early twentieth century. It recounts how a fundamentally unknown space - an underground zone lying at the edge of Empire - came to be constructed as a mineral rich region, and subsequently integrated with capital and commodity markets in Europe as an extractive economy. From 1902 onwards, the landscape of the Jos Plateau was re-worked to supply tin ores and concentrates to smelters, refineries and fabricators in Europe. At their height, the mines of northern Nigeria provided almost one-tenth of the world's tin. The paper's primary aim is to problematise the processes of ordering and disordering that transformed the Plateau into an extractive economy. To this end, it examines geological science and colonial administration as practices that struggled to differentiate unfamiliar ecologies and invisible geologies into either resources to be exploited or hazards to be overcome. The paper illustrates the economic, political and cultural processes by which some conditions came to be seen as hazards (disease, seasonality of water supply, distance), while others were regarded as resources integral to the commerciality of mining on the Plateau (agricultural labour, land and water courses for sediment disposal, horizontal and vertical variation in ore grades). It shows how commercial exploitation of the Plateau's tin resources radically re-configured both physical landscapes and forms of social organisation on the Plateau, generating novel socio-natural juxtapositions that came to be experienced as poor working conditions, environmental hazards, and conflicts between agriculture and mining over access to land.