bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calibration of a 0.08 Tesla magnetic resonance imager for in vivo T
1 and T
2 measurement
Authors: Keevil S. F. , Dolke G. , Armstrong P. , Smith M. A. 
Published: July 2009

The magnetic resonance unit at St Bartholomew's Hospital is equipped with an upgraded MD800 resistive magnetic resonance imager (Imatec International Limited) operating at a field strength of 0.08 Tesia. In vivo spin-lattice relaxation times (T 1) can be measured using a saturation recovery/inversion recovery sequence (SRIR, T R = 1000 ms, T 1 = 200 ms) and spin–spin relaxation times (T 2) using a four echo Carr- Purcell-Meiboom-Gill sequence (CPMG, T R = 1000 ms, T E = 32, 64, 96, 128 ms). The SRIR sequence consists of selective 90° pulses every 1000 ms, alternate 90° pulses being preceded by 200 ms adiabatic fast passage (AFP) inversion pulses. It can be considered to be an interleaved saturation recovery and inversion recovery sequence with gradient echoes. In each case a relaxation time map is produced on a pixel-by-pixel basis without the need for elaborate off-line image processing.
The aim of the work described was to investigate the accuracy and reproducibility of T 1 and T 2 values measured using the imager, and to determine suitable calibration factors before commencing a programme of clinical research.
The calibration was carried out using a relaxation time test object developed by the EEC Concerted Research Project Identification and Characterisation of Biological Tissues by NMR (EEC Concerted Research Project, 1988; Podo et al, 1988). This object consists of a Perspex disc with a series of holes into which glass tubes are inserted. Each tube contains a quantity of agarose gel doped with gadolinium (III) chloride to produce predictable relaxation properties (Walker et al, 1988, 1989). Calibration data and temperature correction factors for 0.08 T were available for the gels in the test object.
An alternative approach to contrast-detail testing of X-ray image intensifier systems
Authors: Kotre C. J. , Marshall N. W. , Faulkner K. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The difficulties of making the results of threshold contrast-detail diameter tests on X-ray image intensifier systems consistent with published performance standards are discussed. The current approach to contrast-detail testing is described and an alternative method intended to give greater consistency for all image intensifier input field diameters proposed. The current and alternative test conditions are compared on two image intensifier systems. The results obtained show that the contrast-detail curves for image intensifier systems with a wide range of input field diameters can be effectively normalized to be directly comparable to a common reference standard by applying the proposed alternative test conditions. The implications of this result on the interpretation of the contrast-detail test are discussed.
Primary choroid plexus papilloma of the cerebellopontine angle: magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomographic and angiographic appearances
Authors: Jackson A. , Panizza B. J. , Hughes D. , Reid H. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The computed tomographic, angiographic and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearances of a benign primary choroid plexus papilloma of the cerebellopontine angle are reported. Although benign, this tumour showed local invasion of the petrous temporal bone and mastoid air cells. The differential diagnosis of cerebellopontine angle lesions is discussed. Papilloma is suggested by the presence of a vascular, calcined, enhancing extra-axial mass in or around the cerebellopontine angle. MRI may show evidence of high vascularity and internal haemorrhage. Differentiation from other cerebellopontine tumours, most particularly meningioma, may not be possible on radiological features.
The optimum pressure of oxygen for radiotherapy of a mouse tumour
Authors: Perry P. M. , Nias A. H. W. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that there is more regrowth delay in mammary tumours irradiated in C3H mice after 25 Gy when breathing normobaric oxygen than in those breathing air, as might be expected. However, in both cases this radiation response was reduced in anaesthetized animals in comparison with unanaesthetized control mice, when a time interval of only 10 min was allowed after anaesthesia. After 25 min, however, the response in air returned to the control level and the oxygen group now showed significantly more radiosensitization. We have now found that when tumour-bearing mice were exposed to different pressures of oxygen for that 25-min period after the induction of anaesthesia, before the tumours were treated with 25 Gy, there was even more regrowth delay with 2 atm pressure than 1, but that there was no further advantage from using 3 atm pressure of oxygen. Our data suggest that 2 atm may be the optimal pressure to use in anaesthetized mice and there is even a small benefit from using this pressure in unanaesthetized animals for a transplanted C3H mammary tumour.
A pilot study of accelerated fractionation in the radiotherapy of invasive carcinoma of the bladder
Authors: Cole D. J. , Durrant K. R. , Roberts J. T. , Dawes P. J. T. K. , Yosef H. , Hopewell J. W. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
24 patients with muscle invasive carcinoma of the bladder were treated in a pilot study of twice daily fractionation at radiation doses of 1.8–2.0 Gy per fraction to total doses of 54–64 Gy to the bladder and 39.6–44 Gy to the whole pelvis. The treatment aim was to give 32 fractions in 22 days. The interfraction interval was a minimum of 6 h. The principle objective was to record acute and late tolerance, but local control and survival data is also presented. Acute radiation morbidity was scored according to the RTOG system. Grade 2 large bowel effects were seen in 52% of patients, Grade 3 effects in 26% and there was one Grade 4 and one Grade 5 effect. The mean duration of effect was 4.5 weeks although the more severe reactions were also more protracted. Grade 2 urinary effects occurred in 30% and Grade 3 in 17% of patients. The mean duration of effect was 7.2 weeks. There were no Grade 4 or 5 acute urinary effects. Late radiation morbidity was scored according to the EORTC/RTOG system and was assessable in 16 cases who survived more than 6 months. There were two cases (12%) of Grade 1 bowel toxicity, two cases of Grade 1 and three of Grade 2 urinary toxicity. There were no cases of late skin effects. Actuarial analysis at 2 years shows a local control probability of 56% and survival probability of 35%.
Portable chest radiography in intensive care: a comparison of computed and conventional radiography
Authors: Jennings Paul , Padley Simon P. G. , Hansell David M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A prospective study was performed comparing computed and conventional radiography for the detection and visibility of cardiovascular devices in intensive care unit patients. Computed images were obtained using a commercially available 2K × 2K, 12-bit storage phosphor plate system. Image sets from 50 patients were assessed independently by three observers. A significant difference between the types of image was found for the detection of mediastinal drainage tubes and prosthetic valves. Computed images allowed greater confidence in the identification of courses and tips of lines. This advantage was most marked with edgeenhanced computed images.
Intrathoracic lymphadenopathy and HIV infection
Authors: Cowan N. C. , Salisbury J. R. , Moxham J. 
Published: July 2009

A 32-year-old homosexual man, known to be HIV-seropositive for 7 years, presented with a 2-month history of a productive cough, night sweats, lethargy, right-sided upper chest discomfort and exertional dyspnoea. He smoked 10–20 cigarettes per day. There was no other relevant past medical history.
The patient looked thin and unwell but was afebrile. Small lymph nodes were palpable in the neck, axillae and groin. A chest radiograph showed right paratracheal lymphadenopathy with adjacent ill-defined air-space consolidation in the right upper lobe (Fig. 1). At fibreoptic bronchoscopy the only abnormality was tracheal indentation from the right. Other investigations at presentation included a blood CD4 lymphocyte count of 386/mm3 (normal value &gt; 1000/mm3,) a CD8 lymphocyte count of 1819/mm3, Hb 13.6 g/dl, WBC 10.6 × 109, granulocytes 7.7 × 109/l, lymphocytes 2.7 × 109/1; urea, electrolytes and liver function tests were normal except for an elevated alkaline phosphatase (105 IU/1).
Radiation protection associated with well women breast cancer screening
Authors: Moores B. M. , Henshaw E. T. 
Published: July 2009

We would like to thank all those who responded to our letter (Moores & Henshaw, 1992). We are fully conversant with the views expressed in all of the replies but unfortunately we feel that none address the fundamental operational radiation protection issues raised in our letter. Therefore, we would like to make the following comments to these replies.
1. Law et al quite rightly point out that: “Screening programmes… should be undertaken only if the expected medical benefits to the individuals examined and to the population as a whole exceed the economic and social costs, including the risks associated with the radiation involved. Since benefits are not always the same for all members of the population screening should be limited normally to particular groups”. The main elements of this statement are:
(a) A screening programme has responsibilities to the individual as well as to the population.
(b) Since well women participating in a breast screening programme are volunteers all those participating should be provided with information appropriate to their own circumstances if they are expected to give informed consent.
(c) Particular groups may need to be considered separately, particularly if items (a) and (b) are to be effectively implemented.
Sclerotic bone lesions in Gorlin's syndrome
Authors: Yee K C , Tan C Y , Bhatt K B , Davies A M 
Published: July 2009

The naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS; Gorlin's Syndrome) was first fully described by Gorlin and Goltz in 1960 and consists of the classic triad of multiple basal cell carcinomas, odontogenic keratocysts and skeletal anomalies (Gorlin & Goltz, 1960; Gorlin, 1987). Osteosclerotic foci are a rare feature of this condition (Hermann & Som, 1981; Blinder et al, 1984) and we present a case in which bone scintigraphy proved helpful in excluding presumed metastatic disease as a cause of these sclerotic lesions.
A 46-year-old woman on follow-up for NBCCS complained of 2 months low back pain and sciatica in February 1990. Lumbosacral and pelvic radiographs, obtained at the time, showed multiple sclerotic foci within the pelvis (Figure 1) and lumbar vertebral bodies (Figure 2). A presumptive diagnosis of multiple metastases was made and the patient referred for further assessment.
Book reviews
Authors: Goddard P 
Published: July 2009

Well, another atlas of sectional anatomy. But does it have any particularly distinctive advantages or disadvantages for use as a radiological reference book?
The initial impression is that the images are clear and the legends are easy to read. There are, however, some conundrums if this atlas is really to be used for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) work as well as computed tomography (CT).
Book reviews
Authors: Dawson P 
Published: July 2009

This is a slightly bulky paperback of 411 pages dedicated, according to the frontal piece, to Ron—“My brain may belong to neuroradiology but my heart definitely belongs to you”!
The book claims to be designed as “a handy reference guide to neuroradiology … intended for neuroradiology and neuroscience students, fellows, clinicians and practising radiologists who perform neuroimaging procedures”. I think it is exactly what it claims to be, namely a reference guide.
Low-dose computed tomographic imaging in orbital trauma
Authors: Jackson A , Whitehouse R W 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
We review the findings in 75 computed tomographic (CT) examinations of 66 patients with orbital trauma who were imaged using a low-radiation-dose CT technique. Imaging was performed using a dynamic scan mode and exposure factors of 120 kVp and 80 mAs resulting in a skin dose of 11 mGy with an effective doseequivalent of 0.22 mSv. Image quality was diagnostic in all cases and excellent in 73 examinations. Soft-tissue abnormalities within the orbit including muscle adhesions were well demonstrated both on primary axial and reconstructed multiplanar images. The benefits of multiplanar reconstructions are stressed and the contribution of soft-tissue injuries to symptomatic diplopia is examined.
Assessment of the biliary tract by antegrade cholecystography after percutaneous cholecystostomy in patients with acute cholecystitis
Authors: Creasy T S , GRønvall S , Stage J G 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The diagnostic value of formal antegrade cholecystography in a consecutive series of 44 patients with scintigraphically confirmed acute cholecystitis, treated by percutaneous transperitoneal cholecystostomy, has been evaluated. A total of six patients did not have antegrade cholecystography (catheter migration in five patients and gangrenous gallbladder perforation in one). Antegrade cholecystography was performed in the remaining 38: 10 patients with persisting cystic duct obstruction and 28 patients with patent cystic ducts. In the persisting cystic duct obstruction group, antegrade cholecystography confirmed the cause of gallbladder outflow obstruction as impacted calculi in either the gallbladder neck or cystic duct in all patients. In the patent cystic duct group, antegrade cholecystography demonstrated the common ducts well in all but two patients, and common duct calculi in eight of nine patients. Three patients had common duct calculi in nondilated ducts. Antegrade cholecystography is an easy and safe method of clarifying gallbladder pathology in all patients, and can be used to evaluate the common duct for associated common duct calculi in most patients.
Sedation and patient monitoring in vascular and interventional radiology
Authors: McDermott V G M , Chapman M E , Gillespie I 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A postal survey of British and Irish interventional radiologists was carried out in 1991 in order to assess current practice with respect to sedation and monitoring of patients during angiography and interventional procedures. The response rate was 65%. 49% of patients are fasted prior to angiography and 68% prior to interventional procedures. Radiologists participate in obtaining consent in 60% of cases. Patients are often (50%) sedated for angiography and usually (62–94% depending on the procedure) sedated for interventional procedures. Nurses are present for most procedures, but are given the task of monitoring the patient's vital signs in only 49% of cases. Anaesthetists are present for less than 10% of interventional procedures. Pulse oximetry is used routinely in 20% of departments, and automatic blood pressure monitors in 16%. 28% of radiologists never administer oxygen to patients under sedation, whereas 4% always do. 43% of departments have a staffed recovery area. Most vascular/interventional suites are stocked with emergency drugs and 80% with a defibrillator. 28% of departments report at least one death during or shortly after a procedure during the last 10 years. 18% of interventional radiologists have taken a refresher course in cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the past year. These findings indicate a wide variation in practice and a need to standardize practice at a uniform high level.
Evaluation of “Gastromiro” for bowel opacification during computed tomography: comparison with diatrizoate and barium sulphate
Authors: Doyle G J , O'Donnell S C , McDonald J R , Murthy L N S , Keir M J , Wright A R 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A new oral formulation of iopamidol, “Gastromiro”, was evaluated as a bowel contrast agent during abdominal computed tomography (CT). Comparison was made with the well established agents sodium/ meglumine diatrizoate (“Urografin 370”) and dilute barium sulphate (“E-Z CAT”) in a randomized, blind study of 150 consecutive patients undergoing abdominal and/or pelvic CT. Parameters assessed included quality of bowel opacification, artefact generation, contrast-medium palatibility, side effects and cost. No significant difference was found between the three contrast media in stomach- or small-bowel opacification. E-Z CAT was superior at opacifying the caecum/ascending colon. No compelling reason to choose a particular agent was found in the other assessed parameters, but cost is a significant factor.
Variations in individual radiation dose in a breast screening programme and consequences for the balance between associated risk and benefit
Authors: Law J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In a breast screening programme there is a small but inevitable risk of inducing some breast cancers that may appear many years later. This risk has to be compared with the benefits of detecting existing cancers at an early stage. In the current UK screening programme, for women aged 50–64 years and with a 3-year screening interval, the numbers detected greatly exceed the numbers predicted to be induced. For the individual, only those with very large and thick breasts who also have many views taken during the screening process appear to be at any appreciable risk, and the number for whom the risk of induction exceeds the probability of cancer detection is of the order of less than 1 per million, a risk level normally considered negligible. Results are also presented for younger age groups, and for a range of dose levels. Down to age 35 years, induction exceeds detection in less than about 1% of those screened, if a 3-yearly interval is maintained. The effect of shorter screening intervals is briefly considered. All results are based on repeat screening rounds (incidence rounds) using a single view and not on the initial (prevalence) round, and use UK data for breast cancer incidence. The calculation requires a number of assumptions and is intended as a preliminary one, pending more data on doses and numbers of women requiring specific numbers of films in screening programmes, but sufficient to promote discussion of the appropriate age range for breast screening.
Quantitative macroradiography with biochemical correlation of children with renal osteodystrophy
Authors: Wou P C S , Lima E , Turner C , Rigden S , Buckland-Wright J C 
Published: July 2009

Renal osteodystrophy is a common complication of chronic renal failure in children. Its radiological appearances include those of hyperparathyroidism, namely subperiosteal bone resorption and ungual tuft erosion and rickets (Meema et al, 1978; Genant & Resnick, 1988).
Subperiosteal resorption has been considered the most sensitive radiographic sign of renal osteodystrophy (Sundaram, 1989) and as such, its extent has been assessed as an indicator for disease activity (Meema et al, 1978). Accurate measurements of its extent have been made using high definition magnification radiographs (Buckland-Wright et al, 1989; 1990). They showed that the extent of percentage subperiosteal resorption (i.e. subperiosteal resorption expressed as a percentage of the total subperiosteal bone length) and its change over time correlated with the level of serum parathyroid hormone (PTH). Thus a high PTH level was associated with extensive subperiosteal resorption. These findings were confirmed by a semiquantitative study employing conventional radiographic techniques, again showing a good correlation betwen PTH levels and the intensity of radiological change (Tratting et al, 1990). Both these studies involved patients who had severe renal osteodystrophy; children in the first study and an adult population in the second. Using the quantitative method devleloped for microfocal radiography, this study examined the extent of subperiosteal resorption in a group of children with controlled renal osteodystrophy, as reflected by their lower PTH levels. Two further questions were addressed.
Quantification of image persistence in a digital angiography system
Authors: Okkalides D P , Raptou P D 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Image persistence, as a characteristic of video imaging systems affecting the quality of fast moving fluoroscopic images, is shown to vary considerably. A simple quantitative method for measuring image persistence in a digital angiography system is presented, together with a series of image intensifier exposure–response curves. For the Saticon tube, used with the Siemens 3VA Digitron, it was found that persistence increased for low exposure rates and may increase to 31% at a 120 ms interval. In addition, a sharp increase in image persistence, from 8.3% to 33%, was observed within 18 months from installation of the system.
Fat suppressed magnetic resonance imaging at 0.5 T using binomial radiofrequency pulses
Authors: Redpath T W , Wayte S C 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Fat suppressed MR imaging can be achieved by selectively saturating lipid protons, just before applying a conventional spin-echo rf pulse sequence. The difference in the Larmor frequency between fat and water protons is only 3.5 ppm, so that the frequency response of the suppressing pulse, or pulses, has to be carefully designed. The choice of suitable binomial and modified trains of hard rf pulses was investigated by computer simulation, phantom testing and T 1 weighted spin-echo imaging of a normal volunteer's optic nerve at 0.5 T.
Interesting ileus
Authors: Sacks A J , Goldschmidt R P 
Published: July 2009

A 50-year-old black female with well controlled hypertension presented with a neck swelling and a right hypochondrial mass. She had no evidence of neurofibromatosis or mucosal neuromata and no significant family history. A chest radiograph taken on admission was normal. Serum electrolytes, glucose and full blood count were normal. Urinary vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) levels were elevated, 50.6 μxmol 1−1 (5–35 μmol 1−1) and serum catecholamine levels were markedly elevated, noradrenaline 5530 pg ml−1 (100/600 pg ml−1) and adrenaline 831 pg ml−1 (10−80 pg ml−1), while dopamine levels were normal 30 pg ml−1 (10–150 pg ml−1). Non-contrast computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen showed a mixed density 10×6×5 cm mass in the region of the right adrenal gland (Figure 1). A saggital T 1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) scan showed a 5 × 4 cm vascular mass in the left neck, anterior to the carotid bifurcation (Figure 2).
Design features of the indwelling intrauterine tube for high dose rate intracavitary therapy for carcinoma of the cervix and some hints on its optimal use
Authors: Smit B J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A description of the indwelling intrauterine tube to facilitate high dose rate brachyradiotherapy, with some clinical results, was published previously in this journal. This communication emphasizes some important design features of this tube, which ensures optimal efficiency and ease of use.
Helical computed tomography: where is the cut?
Authors: Horrocks J A , Speller R D 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The helical scanning mode in computed tomography (CT) entails continuous table movement during image acquisition. The projections acquired in this mode will not be consistent with those in the axial scanning mode. A comparison of the helical and axial modes of scanning on the IGE HiSpeed Advantage CT system (software version ZA) has been made using a contrast-detail phantom. Differences seen between the two modes include shadow and streaking artefacts and an increase in the partial volume effect in the helical scan mode.