bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Das Mammographie-Screening schafft neue Qualitätskultur im Gesundheitswesen Prävention
Authors: Schultz-Zehden Beate 
Published: January 2010

Einleitung
Das Mammographie-Screening ist für über 10 Millionen Frauen zwischen 50 und 69 Jahren die wichtigste Maßnahme zur Brustkrebsfrüherkennung. Ziel des Programms ist es, durch eine frühzeitige Diagnose von Brustkrebs eine schonende und qualifizierte Therapie der bösartigen Tumore zu ermöglichen, die Heilungschancen zu verbessern und die Sterblichkeit an der Erkrankung zu senken. Ergebnisse einer ersten, bundesweiten Befragungsstudie zur Inanspruchnahme, Einstellungen und erste Erfahrungen von Frauen mit diesem neuen Früherkennungsangebot werden vorgestellt.
Häufigkeit ausgewählter überwiegend chronischer Krankheiten als Beispiel für Probleme der Gesundheitsversorgung von morgen
Authors: Beske Fritz 
Published: January 2010

Einleitung
Die demografische Entwicklung ist ein entscheidender Faktor für die künftige Gesundheitsversorgung. Dies wird deutlich an der Entwicklung der Morbidität von 22 Krankheiten bis 2050, je nach Datenlage Prävalenz oder Inzidenz. So nimmt die Prävalenz der Makuladegeneration um 125 Prozent zu, die Inzidenz des Herzinfarkts um 75 Prozent, die Inzidenz des Schlaganfalls um 62 Prozent und der Demenz um 113 Prozent. In Verbindung mit der Zunahme der demografiebedingten Multimorbidität steigt der Versorgungsbedarf. Dies erfordert mehr Finanzmittel und mehr Personal. Die Gesundheitspolitik wird sich auf diese Entwicklung einstellen müssen.
Nanowire transistor arrays for mapping neural circuits in acute brain slices
Authors: Qing Quan , Pal Sumon K. , Tian Bozhi , Duan Xiaojie , Timko Brian P. , Cohen-Karni Tzahi , Murthy Venkatesh N. , Lieber Charles M. 
Published: January 2010

Revealing the functional connectivity in natural neuronal networks is central to understanding circuits in the brain. Here, we show that silicon nanowire field-effect transistor (Si NWFET) arrays fabricated on transparent substrates can be reliably interfaced to acute brain slices. NWFET arrays were readily designed to record across a wide range of length scales, while the transparent device chips enabled imaging of individual cell bodies and identification of areas of healthy neurons at both upper and lower tissue surfaces. Simultaneous NWFET and patch clamp studies enabled unambiguous identification of action potential signals, with additional features detected at earlier times by the nanodevices. NWFET recording at different positions in the absence and presence of synaptic and ion-channel blockers enabled assignment of these features to presynaptic firing and postsynaptic depolarization from regions either close to somata or abundant in dendritic projections. In all cases, the NWFET signal amplitudes were from 0.3–3 mV. In contrast to conventional multielectrode array measurements, the small active surface of the NWFET devices, ∼0.06 μm
2
, provides highly localized multiplexed measurements of neuronal activities with demonstrated sub-millisecond temporal resolution and, significantly, better than 30 μm spatial resolution. In addition, multiplexed mapping with 2D NWFET arrays revealed spatially heterogeneous functional connectivity in the olfactory cortex with a resolution surpassing substantially previous electrical recording techniques. Our demonstration of simultaneous high temporal and spatial resolution recording, as well as mapping of functional connectivity, suggest that NWFETs can become a powerful platform for studying neural circuits in the brain.
STUDYING THE ATMOSPHERE OF THE EXOPLANET HAT-P-7b VIA SECONDARY ECLIPSE MEASUREMENTS WITH EPOXI, SPITZER, AND KEPLER
Authors: Christiansen Jessie L. , Ballard Sarah , Charbonneau David , Madhusudhan Nikku , Seager Sara , Holman Matthew J. , Wellnitz Dennis D. , Deming Drake , A'Hearn Michael F. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACT
The highly irradiated transiting exoplanet, HAT-P-7b, currently provides one of the best opportunities for studying planetary emission in the optical and infrared wavelengths. We observe six near-consecutive secondary eclipses of HAT-P-7b at optical wavelengths with the EPOXI spacecraft. We place an upper limit on the relative eclipse depth of 0.055% (95% confidence). We also analyze Spitzer observations of the same target in the infrared, obtaining secondary eclipse depths of 0.098% ± 0.017%, 0.159% ± 0.022%, 0.245% ± 0.031%, and 0.225% ± 0.052% in the 3.6, 4.5, 5.8, and 8.0 μm IRAC bands, respectively. We combine these measurements with the recently published Kepler secondary eclipse measurement and generate atmospheric models for the dayside of the planet that are consistent with both the optical and infrared measurements. The data are best fit by models with a temperature inversion, as expected from the high incident flux. The models predict a low optical albedo of ≲0.13, with subsolar abundances of Na, K, TiO, and VO. We also find that the best-fitting models predict that 10% of the absorbed stellar flux is redistributed to the nightside of the planet, which is qualitatively consistent with the inefficient day–night redistribution apparent in the Kepler phase curve. Models without thermal inversions fit the data only at the 1.25σ level, and also require an overabundance of methane, which is not expected in the very hot atmosphere of HAT-P-7b. We also analyze the eight transits of HAT-P-7b present in the EPOXI data set and improve the constraints on the system parameters, finding a period of P = 2.2047308 ± 0.0000025 days, a stellar radius of R
⋆ = 1.824 ± 0.089 R
☉, a planetary radius of Rp
= 1.342 ± 0.068 R
Jup, and an inclination of i = 85.7+3.5
−2.2 deg.
An advanced disruption predictor for JET tested in a simulated real-time environment
Authors: Rattá G.A. , Vega J. , Murari A. , Vagliasindi G. , Johnson M.F. , de Vries P.C. 
Published: January 2010

Disruptions are sudden and unavoidable losses of confinement that may put at risk the integrity of a tokamak. However, the physical phenomena leading to disruptions are very complex and non-linear and therefore no satisfactory model has been devised so far either for their avoidance or their prediction. For this reason, machine learning techniques have been extensively pursued in the last years. In this paper a real-time predictor specifically developed for JET and based on support vector machines is presented. The main aim of the present investigation is to obtain high recognition rates in a real-time simulated environment. To this end the predictor has been tested on the time slices of entire discharges exactly as in real world operation.
Since the year 2000, the experiments at JET have been organized in campaigns named sequentially beginning with campaign C1. In this paper results from campaign C1 (year 2000) and up to C19 (year 2007) are reported. The predictor has been trained with data from JET's campaigns up to C7 with particular attention to reducing the number of missed alarms, which are less than 1%, for a test set of discharges from the same campaigns used for the training. The false alarms plus premature alarms are of the order of 6.4%, for a total success rate of more than 92%. The robustness of the predictor has been proven by testing it with a wide subset of shots of more recent campaigns (from C8 to C19) without any retraining. The success rate over the period between C8 and C14 is on average 88% and never falls below 82%, confirming the good generalization capabilities of the developed technique. After C14, significant modifications were implemented on JET and its diagnostics and consequently the success rates of the predictor between C15 and C19 decays to an average of 79%. Finally, the performance of the developed detection system has been compared with the predictions of the JET protection system (JPS). The new predictor clearly outperforms JPS up to about 180 ms before the disruptions.
Chapter 13 Downtown
Authors: Salzman Eric , Desi Thomas 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter outlines the history of the off-Broadway theater in New York going back to the experimental music theater projects of the 1930s and the extended run of the Blitzstein version of the Weill/Brecht 3-Penny Opera in the '60s, along with the inheritance of the various experimental theater companies such as the Living Theater, the Open Theater, the Performance Group, Quog Music Theater, and the Music Theater Group. Non-traditional theaters and other performance venues have developed new theatrical forms that tend strongly towards the condition of music theater. Other downtown developments include the growth of dance theater and the proliferation of what came to be known as performance art (or just “performance”), in lofts, galleries, church basements, and specialized venues, in Manhattan and, afterwards, in Brooklyn and other parts of the country, notably California.
Chapter 19 Toward a Theory of the New Music Theater
Authors: Salzman Eric , Desi Thomas 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Music theater may be a process or a product. Works are rarely static and the process begins from the first development of the piece and continues through its performance history. Beyond the text is the meta-text, which may be defined as interpretation. The intentionality of a performance may be more important than even the libretto or the score in understanding the work or the performance. The axis of interpretation, improvisation, and co-creation differs for every music-theater project and brings into question issues of authorship between collaborators. Works are usually created with the image of an ideal audience in mind. There is almost always an auteur, not necessarily the composer, who is the central voice. The score, not the libretto, is traditionally the essential or idealized underlying text, but in many contemporary works it loses its authority. Timing or musical dramaturgy may exercise control over the mise en scène, but other elements may be equally important.
The Chicago World’s Fair of 1893
Authors: Carter Marva Griffin 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter begins by discussing the designation of “Colored American Day” on August 25, 1893. It then explains that this day was designated in order to combat the exclusionary climate during the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago, wherein almost all black Americans were excluded in the planning and execution of the fair’s exhibitions. Ida B. Wells and other African-Americans urged blacks to boycott the fair for they feared the event might provide whites with ammunition to mock the race. It discusses that “Colored American Day” was observed in a dignified manner and the appearance and demeanor of the participants brought honor to the race. This chapter adds that the event demonstrated that acculturation was the avenue to greater acceptance into the larger social order. The emergence of ragtime and The Creole Show was a cultural innovation, an important first step toward the development of the black musical comedies.
The National Conservatory and Beginning of Musical Career
Authors: Carter Marva Griffin 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter begins by discussing the founding and development of the National Conservatory of Music in Manhattan by Jeannette Meyer-Thurber. It then talks about how the foundress attracted the Bohemian composer Antonín Dvořák as musical director. It also discusses Will Cook’s experiences as a student in that institution. It examines some of Cook’s musical composition such as “We’re Marching On”, “That’ll Be Alright Baby”, and “Love is the Tend’rest of Themes”. It adds that Will Cook began a compositional career and later discovered a new love—musical theater.
Watchdogs of the Sea: Bantay Dagat
Authors: Goldoftas Barbara 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The Philippines depends on its coastal coral reef fisheries as a critical source of livelihood and seafood for both export and domestic consumption. By the mid-1990s, these fisheries had been over-exploited by both large-scale commercial and small-scale subsistence fishermen. Nearly all the coastal fisheries had been over-fished, and three-fourths of the coral reefs were being eroded. This chapter profiles Apo Island, one of the oldest marine protected areas in the country; the scientific research on marine conservation and coastal resource management that led to its creation; and the challenges that the community has faced in maintaining its no-take zone. The chapter also describes the USAID-funded Coastal Resource Management Project and its work building local government capacity to manage coastal resources at a larger scale, using Malalag Bay, Mindanao, as an example.
Why Do You Want to Know: Bakit?
Authors: Goldoftas Barbara 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Until the 1990s, the province of Palawan was the final ecological frontier in the Philippines. Its relatively intact natural resources and unusually rich biodiversity made it the focus of attempts to create a model for sustainable development, particularly through the development of ecotourism. In the memorable coastal town El Nido in the 1990s, local officials were unable to get the political support they needed to provide strict enforcement of the marine protected area. Eventually, corruption and the influence of powerful economic and political interests determined the direction that ecotourism developed. This chapter looks at the political and economic roles of the sex industry in the Philippines. It also analyzes the benefits and drawbacks of ecotourism as a development strategy.
The Making of "The Rape of Nanking"
Authors: Yoshida Takashi 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
On December 13, 1937, the Japanese army attacked and captured the Chinese capital city of Nanjing, planting the rising-sun flag atop the city's outer walls. What occurred in the ensuing weeks and months has been the source of a tempestuous debate ever since. The book examines how views of the Nanjing Massacre have evolved in history writing and public memory in Japan, China, and the United States. For these nations, the question of how to treat the legacy of Nanjing — whether to deplore it, sanitize it, or even ignore it — has aroused passions revolving around ethics, nationality, and historical identity. The study traces the evolving, and often conflicting, understandings of the Nanjing Massacre, revealing how changing social and political environments have influenced the debate. This study suggests that, from the 1970s on, the dispute over Nanjing has become more lively, more globalized, and immeasurably more intense, due in part to Japanese revisionist history and a renewed emphasis on patriotic education in China. While today it is easy to assume that the Nanjing Massacre has always been viewed as an emblem of Japan's wartime aggression in China, the image of the “Rape of Nanking” is a much more recent icon in public consciousness. The book analyzes the process by which the Nanjing Massacre has become an international symbol and provides a fair and respectful treatment of the politically charged and controversial debate over its history.
Conclusion
Authors: Yoshida Takashi 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This concluding chapter argues that the lengthy dispute over the Nanjing Massacre has brought both benefits and detriments to the discipline of history. While Nanjing has finally become a recognized symbol of the horrors of war and the human capacity for evil, the public memory of Nanjing has been occasionally tainted with overtones of nationalism and ethnocentrism.
The Transparent Performer
Authors: Haynes Bruce 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Whatever is done to their music, the original composers will be affected. Original repertoire is all in the public domain now. This chapter argues that far from being “faithful” to a composer's intentions, people are in fact merely stealing ideas from them, and doing it selectively. But obviously, to get the most value out of this theft, it is necessary to be conscious of the composer's wishes. This will give the music the best chance of being understandable. The wishes of the listener, in this case, coincide with those of the composers. This chapter discusses fidelity to the composer, Werktreue (work-fidelity) as the musical analogue of religious fundamentalism, the Urtext imperative and text fetishism, untouchability, the Romantic invention of the interpretive conductor, and the maestro-rehearsal.
Original Ears
Authors: Haynes Bruce 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Some people like copies of paintings or musical instruments to have the “look of age,” a vintage value. They would prefer, for example, a new “Baroque” violin with an artificial patina of age over its varnish. Given a choice, in other words, they prefer to see “old” things look like they look now (that is, old) rather than how they looked then (which would have been new). The appearance of age is not what makes an instrument, a performance, or a score authentic, but rather the style. This chapter discusses the vintage nature of music compared with style, modern music called Seconda Pratica, past examples of authenticity movements, difference between an art fake and a Period concert, how historical musicology differs from Historically Inspired Performance (HIP) movement, Romantic audience compared with Baroque audience, and Period musicians in Victorian outfits.
The Musical Playground
Authors: Marsh Kathryn 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book provides an account of the musical play of school-aged children. Based on fifteen years of ethnomusicological field research in urban and rural school playgrounds around the globe, this book provides unique insights into children's musical playground activities across social, cultural, and national contexts. The book examines sung and chanted games, singing and dance routines associated with popular music and sports chants, and more improvised and spontaneous chants, taunts, and rhythmic movements. The book introduces playgrounds in Australia, Norway, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Korea, offering an important study of how children transmit, maintain, and transform the games of the playground.
Investigating Musical Play
Authors: Marsh Kathryn 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter deals with philosophical issues as well as ethics and pragmatics related to research on the musical play of children in school playgrounds. One issue concerns the understanding that children's culture, while drawing upon adult society, has its own integrity. It is necessary to view the material collected within the subculture of children in terms of the attributes that are important to them, rather than the qualities that adults perceive as “useful”. This chapter describes the development of a reflexive field methodology used in this book to collect and document, as accurately as possible, the practices associated with children's musical play within a wide range of schools over a period of nearly fifteen years. As a result, considerable insight has been gained with respect to the teaching and learning, generation, variation, and transmission processes used by children in these schools in relation to the forms of musical play that are an integral part of their culture.
Variations on a Theme
Authors: Marsh Kathryn 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines creative strategies and forms of variation employed by children in terms of their musical play in school playgrounds through a detailed musical analysis of one singing game genre, “Sar macka dora”. What is remarkable about Sar macka dora is the high level of textual variability between performances of the game and its definition by the performers in terms of movement characteristics rather than text. Another unique characteristic of this genre is its mode of oral transmission; unlike many other game genres, Sar macka dora is transmitted both by children in the playground and by teachers in the classroom. The interrelatedness of text, movement, melody, and rhythm is evident in game performances in all locations, as is children's willingness to innovate and to draw on influences both within and external to the playground for material with which to generate new play ideas.
Interpretation
Authors: Owen Barbara 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter argues that although Brahms was familiar with the organ music of other composers and is known to have dabbled in organ playing sufficiently in his youth to know how to write for the instrument, it is impossible to connect him directly with any particular instrument beyond the anonymous little music store organ he occasionally practiced on in Hamburg and possibly the organs in St. Michael's Church and St. Peter's Church in that city. Thus, a somewhat wider range of organs that Brahms is known or believed to have heard during his lifetime must be considered. These include, during his early career, the two Hamburg organs and very possibly some in Düsseldorf churches.
12 Slavery and Union
Authors: DUSINBERRE WILLIAM 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Polk's purpose in securing the speedy annexation of Texas had been to expand plantation slavery into that vast domain. But this was not his aim in provoking war with Mexico; instead, Polk's principal purpose was continentalist — to expand the American empire — an aim he shared with many Northerners. Nevertheless, the Mexican War was as dangerous to the American Union as if slavery expansion had been the president's purpose. This was because Polk believed that the federal government must recognize Southern rights to extend slavery at least south of the Missouri Compromise line, even if it should prove impracticable to establish slavery very vigorously anywhere in the arid Southwest. Polk felt slavery could not be secure in the Southern states unless the right to take slaves into some of those territories were to receive federal recognition.
Rudolf Von Ems And The Art Of Authorial Self-Reference
Authors: Coxon Sebastian 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter analyses the texts of Rudolf von Ems and his significance for the period 1220-90. Rudolf occupies a special position in the first half of the 13th century by virtue of the extent to which he instils the vernacular narrative with a Latinate sense of written literature. As Rudolf made the transition from the continuous narrative structure of his first texts — where the main body of the narrative is simply bracketed by a prologue and an epilogue — to the arrangement of his later works in ‘books’, each with their own prologue and epilogue, the opportunities for addressing the theme of authorship in any one narrative came to be increased greatly. Consequently, Rudolf 's authorial self-reference is often truly multifaceted: incorporating acrostics, a wide range of authorial roles, and statements from a variety of perspectives. Rudolf may owe a number of these devices to his ‘classical’ predecessors Hartmann, Wolfram, and Gottfried, but the ways in which he combines them are his own.
Patronage, Co-Operation, And Artistic Self-Assurance: Aspects Of Authorship In The Narrative Works Of Konrad Von Würzburg
Authors: Coxon Sebastian 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter analyses the works of Konrad von Würzburg. His massive oeuvre encompasses love and gnomic lyric poetry, as well as a eulogy of the Virgin Mary, three legends, two romances, a retelling of the story of the Trojan War, and a substantial body of shorter narratives. Konrad's works show that practices of authorial self-presentation did not develop in a linear and straightforward way in the course of the 13th century, not even at the heart of literary tradition. In chronological terms, his activity as a poet follows on almost seamlessly from Rudolf von Ems's, and together these authors represent the two most important points on the axis of ‘postclassical’ narrative literature. Yet Konrad's presentation of authorship bears little or no relation to Rudolf 's.