bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Euro-African Commerce and Social Chaos: Akan Societies in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Konadu Kwasi 
Published: November 2010

Akokɔ nto nto, aduasa – the chicken should lay-lay eggs, thirty [plenty]Akorɔma mfa mfa, aduasa – the hawk should take-take, thirty [plenty]Akokɔ, mato mato bi awura – chicken: I have laid-laid some eggs ownerAkorɔma mmεfa me na mabrε – the hawk should come and take me, I am tiredAkan drum textAnimguase mfata okaniba – disgrace does not befit the Akan child[i.e., Akan-born]Akan proverbIn the drum text above, the chicken and the hawk parallel the symbiotic relationship between the “slave trade” and the period of “legitimate trade” between the Gold Coast and Britain. The former “trade” paved the way for and nourished the outcomes of the latter, and as the uneven power relations between West Africa and European nation-states become even more explicit in a globalizing economy, Europe or Britain (“the hawk”) seized on the valued resources (“eggs”) of a tiresome and ravaged Gold Coast. To halt the disgrace (animguase) of impending colonial incursion and protectionism, several Akan societies (“chickens”) became hawk-like in domestic matters—for they had less control over international forces beyond their soil—and its internal conflicts had as much to do with their inner drive to maintain “order” in juxtaposition to the exigencies of their times. The key nineteenth-century relationship between Asante of the forest interior and Elmina of the coast provides a spatial parameter and a mnemonic for examining key transformations between those two boundaries as represented by the coastal Fante polities, forest-based Asante, and the Bono, who occupied the northern forest fringe. I argue that the conflicts between and within Akan societies of varying orders were the product of multilayered factors occurring at the same time and in different places, such as power struggles and tensions born of conservatism and Christianity, that ultimately transformed all in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Although the Akan share a composite culture, spiritual practice, calendrical system, socio-political structure, and ethos, the transformations in Asante society were not replicated among the Fante or Bono, although the Bono offer a comparative case that diverged from much of the nascent colonial shaping of Asante and Fante society. This essay suggests that Akan societies, beyond the almost exclusive focus on Asante, are better approached thematically than in spatial or chronological isolation, since the themes of social dissolution and conflicts were shared by all in a context of Euro-African commerce, Westernization, and Christian proselytization.
Building Creole Identity in the African Atlantic: Boundaries of Race and Religion in Seventeenth-Century Cabo Verde
Authors: Green Tobias 
Published: November 2010

The Atlantic may be a vast ocean for the most part devoid of human life, but that is not how historians see it. As the historian of the British Atlantic world David Armitage put it, “we are all Atlanticists now.” Not a little of the excitement of the historical profession has turned on the need to construct broad and transnational perspectives for the exchanges of peoples and goods which have constructed modern worlds.This is, as every reader of this journal knows, a process in which Africa played a fundamental part. Conceptualizing an Atlantic space in the early modern era requires the inclusion of African contributions to revolutions in ideas, agriculture, and global capital brought about by the forced African diaspora produced by Atlantic slavery. And yet historians of African societies have not joined their colleagues working on the Americas, the Caribbean and Europe in the leap to embrace “Atlantic” history. While there have been some attempts to construct an African sphere of the Atlantic world, a general attempt to achieve this on a systematic basis remains lacking.Part of the reason for this is the current general decline in research in early modern African history. While the late 1960s, 1970s, and early 1980s saw many highly distinguished monographs, such research is no longer so easy to come by. Shunning the externalized, European perspectives on which many traditional histories of Africa were based, post-colonial students of Africa have rightly interpreted African history from the viewpoint of African societies. As this has required primarily a cultural engagement with material, practitioners have moved towards contemporary histories, which may explain the present dearth of studies reaching farther back.
Save the Bacon! Primary Sources from Fieldwork
Authors: Vansina Jan 
Published: November 2010

If very long titles were still acceptable, the one for this note would read Save the evidence: A plea for fieldworkers to make the raw materials or primary evidence from their field work accessible to all scholars— Especially all recorded oral data.Ever since ethnographic monographs based on fieldwork were first published, they have raised problems of credibility. In the absence of any evidence at all to test the assertions made, readers of such works have been asked to trust the scholarly authority and integrity of their writers blindly, a stance diametrically contrary to basic tenets in all sciences. It may well be that, at the outset, early practitioners of the craft believed that their observations did not differ in any way from those made by natural scientists in the field—that they needed no evidence because their observations were wholly replicable. Anyone who cared to carry out the experiment—that is, to go to observe the same people in the same field—would find exactly the same situation as described in the monograph. For this was the age of the ethnographic present. Humans were divided into races and tribes, and, just like so many species of songbirds, every human tribe had its own invariant characteristics. A people-watcher need only to enumerate them.
“A Naughty Child with a Pen”: Gahadzikwa Albert Chaza as an African Policeman and Author in Colonial Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) 1936–1963
Authors: Stapleton Tim 
Published: November 2010

Those who have visited book stores in Zimbabwe in recent years, even the small one in Harare international airport, will have seen a thin volume authored by G.A. Chaza and entitledBhurakuwacha: The Story of a Black Policeman in Colonial Southern Rhodesia.Bhurakuwachais the longest and most detailed first hand account by an African member of the British South Africa Police (BSAP), Southern Rhodesia's paramilitary law enforcement organization, and as such constitutes an important source for studying the experience of black security force members in a white settler state.Chaza was typical of the moderate and loyalist black middle class of the 1940s and 1950s that wanted equality with whites as part of a civilized imperial citizenry but became less significant during the anti-colonial and revolutionary violence of the 1960s and 1970s. Unfortunately, the book only hints at Chaza's early interest in writing which began when he was a young constable in the late 1930s and continued through his post-retirement involvement in politics in the early 1960s.The aim of this paper is to examine the first three decades of Chaza's publications within the context of African police service in the colonial era.Bhurakuwachawas written after African nationalists had come to power in independent Zimbabwe and promoted a version of history that lionized those who had resisted colonial rule and vilified those, such as African policemen, who had worked for the colonial state. Therefore, it is tempting to see Chaza's book as an effort to rehabilitate his image by portraying African colonial police as victims of racism against which some, like the author, struggled. Looking at his now forgotten earlier writings will illustrate how Chaza's views changed over the years and reveal whether or notBhurakuwacharepresents an accurate account of African colonial police service.
Finding Foreign Policy: Researching in Five South African Archives
Authors: Graham Matthew 
Published: November 2010

The turbulent modern history of South Africa, which includes notable events such as the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960, the banning and exile of the African National Congress (ANC) and the Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), and the dramatic transition from apartheid to democracy in the early 1990s, has drawn academics from a number of fields to studying the nation from a variety of angles. Two such topics which have attracted scholarly attention are the foreign policy of South Africa both during apartheid, and subsequently after its demise in 1994, and the multi faceted activities of the liberation movements fighting against it. When looking at the international relations of South Africa from the end of the Second World War, through until the present day, it is almost impossible to analyse this dimension of South Africa's past without examining the lasting effects that the political mindset of apartheid had upon foreign policy decision making, and the international community. Likewise, the history of the liberation movements such as the ANC and the PAC were shaped by their attempts to defeat apartheid and the eventual end to the struggle. The histories of the ANC and South African foreign policy are inextricably linked, demonstrating the importance of what has, and is occurring in the country, creating a complex, but truly intriguing area of research for academics.Conducting archival research on these two areas of interest is relatively easy in South Africa, with on the whole, well stocked, largely deserted, and easy to use archives located across the country.
Heritage, Tourism, and Slavery at Shimoni: Narrative and Metanarrative on the East African Coast
Authors: Wynne-Jones Stephanie , Walsh Martin 
Published: November 2010

There's a hole in the side of Africa, where the walls will speak if you only listen Walls that tell a tale so sad, that the tears on the cheeks of Africa glisten Stand and hear a million slaves, tell you how they walked so far That many died in misery, while the rest were sold in Zanzibar Shimoni, oh Shimoni, You have to find the answer and the answer has been written down in ShimoniWhen Kenya-born singer-songwriter Roger Whittaker sang these doleful words in 1983, the village of Shimoni was a relatively quiet backwater on the southern Kenya coast, known primarily for its deep-sea fishing club. It is now a much larger and busier place, where tourists come to see the ‘slave cave’ that gives Shimoni its name (Swahilishimo-ni, “at the cave”), and embark on boat trips to Wasini Island and the nearby Kisite-Mpunguti Marine National Park (see Figure 1). Whittaker's song played a significant role in this development, by bringing Shimoni and its caves to wider attention, and focusing on one of a number of narratives about the caves' past usage. The lyrics of ‘Shimoni’ did not simply embellish a local tale, but (re)created it in the image of metanarratives about the history of slavery on the East African coast. As we will argue in this paper, these metarratives now dominate reconstructions of the past in Shimoni, and are reinforced by the activities and institutions that constitute and promote the caves as an important site of cultural heritage.
“May It Please Your Honor”: Letters of Petition as Historical Evidence in an African Colonial Context
Authors: Korieh Chima J. 
Published: November 2010

I humbly lay my reputation on your verdict, and beg that your acute interest to help your subjects in this time of conflict mark you [as] an asset and real factor, helpful figure whose merciful eye would reflect upon my case which stands me a subject of compassion. —Odili Ezeoke to the Authority Controlling Food Supply, Aba, 9 July 1943.Historians have relied on a variety of sources to analyze Africa's encounter with Europe and response to colonialism. Several scholars, who have published in the Heinemann African Social History Series, have relied on oral accounts to add an indigenous perspective to the history of colonialism in Africa. African history nevertheless suffers from a lack of other sources, such as diaries, journals, and personal narratives, which can enrich the historical narrative. Letters of petitions provide one of the very few opportunities to locate African men and women's voices as they confronted the new political, economic, judicial and social system that emerged in the colonial context. Petitions were widely used by every class of the African population in the colonial period and can help to re-evaluate African-European interactions and dialogues in a colonial context. Their existence challenges the notion of colonial authorities as a hegemonic force in the making of colonized societies in light of new forms of evidence that redefine this encounter. Petitions were used by individuals as well as groups as a means to seek remedy for grievance for a number of types of actions, ranging from taxation, court cases and a variety of other issues.
Aggregation of multiple sclerosis genetic risk variants in multiple and single case families
Authors: Gourraud Pierre‐Antoine , McElroy Joseph P. , Caillier Stacy J. , Johnson Britt A. , Santaniello Adam , Hauser Stephen L. , Oksenberg Jorge R. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractObjective:Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifactorial neurologic disease characterized by modest but tractable heritability. Genome‐wide association studies have identified and/or validated multiple polymorphisms in approximately 16 genes associated with susceptibility. We aimed at investigating the aggregation of genetic MS risk markers in individuals by comparing multiple‐ and single‐case families.Methods:A weighted log‐additive integrative approach termed MS genetic burden (MSGB) was used to account for the well‐established genetic variants from previous association studies and meta‐analyses. The corresponding genetic burden and its transmission was analyzed in 1,213 independent MS families (810 sporadic and 403 multicase families).Results:MSGB analysis demonstrated a higher aggregation of susceptibility variants in multicase compared to sporadic MS families. In addition, the aggregation of non‐major histocompatibility complex single nucleotide polymorphisms depended neither on gender nor on the presence or absence of HLA‐DRB1*15:01 alleles. Interestingly, although a greater MSGB in siblings of MS patients was associated with an increased risk of MS (odds ratio, 2.1; p = 0.001), receiver operating characteristic curves of MSGB differences between probands and sibs (area under the receiver operator curves, 0.57 [95% confidence interval, 0.53–0.61]) show that case–control status prediction of MS cannot be achieved with the currently available genetic data.Interpretation:The primary interest in the MSGB concept resides in its capacity to integrate cumulative genetic contributions to MS risk. This analysis underlines the high variability of family load with known common variants. This novel approach can be extended to other genetically complex diseases. Despite the emphasis on assembling large case–control datasets, multigenerational, multiaffected families remain an invaluable resource for advancing the understanding of the genetic architecture of complex traits. Ann Neurol 2011;69:65–74
Experimental investigation of the release mechanism of proxyphylline from silicone rubber matrices
Authors: Soulas Dimitrios N. , Papadokostaki Kyriaki G. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe release process of a water soluble, model drug (proxyphylline) with small, yet not negligible osmotic action, from silicone rubber (SR) matrices is presented. The kinetics of release for different initial loads of the drug is supplemented by measurements of the kinetics of the concurrent water uptake. To gain insight on the relevant non‐Fickian transport mechanisms, the morphology, the diffusion, and sorption properties of the drug‐depleted matrices are studied. In addition, both drug‐loaded and drug‐depleted matrices are characterized with respect to their mechanical properties. The combined information derived from these techniques support—at least below the percolation threshold—the operation of a release mechanism occurring through a uniformly swollen polymer matrix without formation of cracks, in contrast to the release observed in the case of water soluble, inorganic salts where release takes place through a network of microscopic cracks. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Study of heavy metal ion absorbance by amidoxime group introduced to cellulose‐graft‐polyacrylonitrile
Authors: El‐Khouly A. S. , Takahashi Y. , Saafan A. A. , Kenawy E. , Hafiz Y. A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAmidoximated grafted cellulose was obtained by reacting hydroxylamine and cellulose‐graft‐polyacrylonitrile (C‐g‐PAN), prepared by KMnO4/citric acid redox system, and the resultant amidoximated grafted cellulose was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), solid‐state NMR, FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and elemental analysis. The highest value of amidoxime content in the grafted sample was 2.42 mmol/g. The adsorption efficiencies of amidoximated grafted cellulose have been evaluated with studying different adsorption conditions. Amidoximated sample with amidoxime content 2.42 mmol/g showed high ability to adsorb the metal ions from the aqueous solutions as high as 1.7 mmol/g, 1.6 mmol/g, and 0.84 mmol/g for Co2+, Cu2+, Ni2+ ions, respectively, at the highest original metal ion concentration. These values are about three times larger than previous studies. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
The use of Weber number to predict morphology in the electrospinning of poly(ethylene oxide) nanofibers
Authors: Call Christopher C. , Schwartz Christian J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn the electrospinning of polymer nanofibers, an electrically driven jet of polymer solution travels to a grounded target to be collected. The morphology of the resulting nanofibers can be manipulated through process parameters, though little work has been done to correlate electrospinning parameters with those of the free‐jet flow of pure liquids. This is essential when the nanofibers hold entrained beaded structures indicative of jet breakup. The effects of applied voltage and solution concentration on the fiber morphology of electrospun aqueous solutions of poly(ethylene oxide) were investigated. Solution concentrations of 4–8 wt % were used along with voltages of 4.5–11 kV to produce nanofibers with and without entrained beads. It was determined that the calculated Weber number for each condition correlated well with the resulting morphology. These results may suggest that Weber number may also be used to predict nanofibers morphology in the electrospinning of other polymer systems. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Poly(butylene succinate) and its copolymers: Research, development and industrialization
Authors: Xu Jun , Guo Bao‐Hua 
Published: November 2010

AbstractPoly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and its copolymers are a family of biodegradable polymers with excellent biodegradability, thermoplastic processability and balanced mechanical properties. In this article, production of the monomers succinic acid and butanediol, synthesis, processing and properties of PBS and its copolymers are reviewed. The physical properties and biodegradation rate of PBS materials can be varied in a wide range through copolymerization with different types and various contents of monomers. PBS has a wide temperature window for thermoplastic processing, which makes the resin suitable for extrusion, injection molding, thermoforming and film blowing. Finally, we summarized industrialization and applications of PBS.
1,3‐Propanediol and its copolymers: Research, development and industrialization
Authors: Liu Hongjuan , Xu Yunzhen , Zheng Zongming , Liu Dehua 
Published: November 2010

Abstract1,3‐Propanediol (PDO), is now taking the transition from a traditional “specialty chemical” to a “commodity chemical”. The market for PDO is growing rapidly as the technology develops. With the advancing PDO production technology, polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) as a new type of polyester has been applied in carpet and textile fibers, monofilaments, films, and nonwoven fabrics, and in the engineering thermoplastics area, because PTT has unique properties compared to other polymers such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT). Responding to the environmental and sustainability factors, one‐ or two‐step fermentation technology for PDO production has attracted people's attention. A novel flexible process for PDO production by using aerobic fermentation from glycerol or glucose has been developed and demonstrated with a facility capacity of 4000 t/year in a pilot plant. By using engineered Escherichia coli, 135 g/L PDO was obtained with glucose as feedstock. Since the bio‐process of PDO production consumes 40% less energy and reduces greenhouse gas emissions by 20% versus petroleum‐based propanediol, the bio‐based PTT is more environmentally friendly and sustainable compared with the fossil fuel‐based polymers, which made PTT more attractive with good prospects for the future.
Characterization of constituents in Sini decoction and rat plasma by high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection coupled to time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Tan Guangguo , Zhu Zhenyu , Jing Jing , Lv Lei , Lou Ziyang , Zhang Guoqing , Chai Yifeng 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode‐array detection coupled to time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (HPLC/DAD/TOFMS) method was established to clarify the chemical composition of Sini decoction (SND) and rat plasma after oral administration of SND. With dynamic adjustment of fragmentor voltage in TOFMS, an efficient transmission of the ions was achieved to obtain the best sensitivity for providing the molecular formula for each analyte and abundant fragment ions for structural information. By accurate mass measurements within 5 ppm error for each molecular ion and subsequent fragment ions, 53 compounds including diterpenoid alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids and gingerol‐related compounds were identified in SND. Major compounds identified from SND were further assigned in the three individual herbs. After oral administration of SND, 33 compounds and five metabolites in rat plasma were detected and identified by comparing and contrasting the compounds measured in SND with those in the plasma samples by HPLC/DAD/TOFMS. The results provided helpful chemical information for further pharmacology and active mechanism research on SND. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.