bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abuse is in the eyes of the beholder: using multiple perspectives to evaluate elder mistreatment under round-the-clock foreign home carers in Israel
Authors: AYALON LIAT 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTThe overall goal of the study reported in this paper was to examine differences in the perceived occurrence of abuse and neglect as between older care recipients, their family carers, and foreign home-care workers in Israel. Overall, 148 matched family members and foreign home-care workers and 75 care recipients completed a survey of abuse and neglect. Significant discrepancies in their reports of neglect were found, with the foreign home-care workers more likely to identify neglect (66%) than the older adults (27.7%) or their family members (29.5%). Although the rates of reported abuse ranged between 16.4 and 20.7 per cent and the differences were not statistically significant, the different parties assigned the responsibility for the abuse to different perpetrators. The independent variables that significantly associated with abuse and neglect also varied by the three groups of participants. The findings suggest that even with round-the-clock home care, the basic needs of many older adults are not met, and that many experience substantial abuse. The study emphasises the subjective nature of abuse and neglect, and suggests that more education about what constitutes elder abuse and neglect may lead to more accurate and consistent reports across reporting sources. Incorporating data from the various stakeholders may enhance the early identification of elder abuse and neglect.
Second Language Research Forum Colloquia 2009
Authors: Loewen Shawn 
Published: December 2010

Presented at the Second Language Research Forum, Michigan State University, USA; 31 October 2009Focus on form, i.e. brief attention to language items within a larger meaning-focused context (Long 1991; Ellis 2001), occurs in a variety of L2 instructional contexts. Meta-analyses of the effectiveness of focus on form have found overall positive effects; however, these meta-analyses have commented on the small number of studies available for synthetic analyses, particularly when considering the effects of specific characteristics of focus on form (e.g. Norris & Ortega 2001; Russell & Spada 2006; Mackey & Goo 2007). Consequently, this colloquium continued the investigation of specific focus on form variables to further our understanding of why ‘sometimes focus on form works, and sometimes it does not’ (Williams 2005: 685).
Identifying appropriate sampling and modelling approaches for analysing distributional patterns of Antarctic terrestrial arthropods along the Victoria Land latitudinal gradient
Authors: Caruso Tancredi , Hogg Ian D. , Bargagli Roberto 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBiotic communities in Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems are relatively simple and often lack higher trophic levels (e.g. predators); thus, it is often assumed that species’ distributions are mainly affected by abiotic factors such as climatic conditions, which change with increasing latitude, altitude and/or distance from the coast. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that factors other than geographical gradients affect the distribution of organisms with low dispersal capability such as the terrestrial arthropods. In Victoria Land (East Antarctica) the distribution of springtail (Collembola) and mite (Acari) species vary at scales that range from a few square centimetres to regional and continental. Different species show different scales of variation that relate to factors such as local geological and glaciological history, and biotic interactions, but only weakly with latitudinal/altitudinal gradients. Here, we review the relevant literature and outline more appropriate sampling designs as well as suitable modelling techniques (e.g. linear mixed models and eigenvector mapping), that will more adequately address and identify the range of factors responsible for the distribution of terrestrial arthropods in Antarctica.
The biogeochemistry of meltwater habitats in the Darwin Glacier region (80°S), Victoria Land, Antarctica
Authors: Webster-Brown J. , Gall M. , Gibson J. , Wood S. , Hawes I. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractMeltwater habitats in the Darwin Glacier region, Victoria Land (80°S), were sampled in December 2007 and January 2009 to characterize their microbial and metazoan ecology, nutrient status and geochemistry. Targeted areas included terrestrial ponds of the Grant Valley, Lake Wellman, Tentacle Ridge and Diamond Hill, and supraglacial ponds and cryoconite holes of the lower Darwin Glacier. Geochemistry ranged from Na-Cl dominated terrestrial ponds to Na-HCO3dominated, dilute supraglacial ponds and cryoconites. All showed the nitrate enrichment typical of inland ponds of Victoria Land (up to 13 g.l-1NO3-N), with some precipitating nitratine (NaNO3) salt. Elevated pH indicated ongoing photosynthetic processes. Benthic microbial mats were thin and poorly developed, dominated by oscillatoriacean cyanobacteria. Nitrogen-fixing genera were generally absent and diatoms were rare. A large (20 μm long)Cyanothecespecies was the most abundant cyanobacterium in the water and in sediments of the cryoconites. DNA finger-printing identified distinct differences in cyanobacterial and bacterial community structure between the cryoconites, terrestrial ponds and ponds on glacial margins. Eleven metazoan species were identified, with rotifers being the most abundant. Pond substrate (terrestrial rock, ice-cored moraine or supraglacial ice) proved to be a more significant influence on biogeochemistry than other aspects of geography or climatic conditions.
Real-Time Scanning Charged-Particle Microscope Image Composition with Correction of Drift
Authors: Cizmar Petr , Vladár András E. , Postek Michael T. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn this article, a new scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image composition technique is described, which can significantly reduce drift related image corruptions. Drift distortion commonly causes blur and distortions in the SEM images. Such corruption ordinarily appears when conventional image-acquisition methods, i.e., “slow scan” and “fast scan,” are applied. The damage is often very significant; it may render images unusable for metrology applications, especially where subnanometer accuracy is required. The described correction technique works with a large number of quickly taken frames, which are properly aligned and then composed into a single image. Such image contains much less noise than the individual frames, while the blur and deformation is minimized. This technique also provides useful information about changes of the sample position in time, which may be applied to investigate the drift properties of the instrument without a need of additional equipment.
Disentangling the relative influence of bacterioplankton phylogeny and metabolism on lysogeny in reservoirs and lagoons
Authors: Maurice Corinne F , Mouillot David , Bettarel Yvan , De Wit Rutger , Sarmento Hugo , Bouvier Thierry 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Previous studies indicate that lysogeny is preponderant when environmental conditions are challenging for the bacterial communities and when their metabolism is reduced. Furthermore, it appears that lysogeny is more frequent within certain bacterial phylogenetic groups. In this comparative study from 10 freshwater reservoirs and 10 coastal lagoons, we aim to disentangle the influence of these different factors. In eight reservoirs and four lagoons, lysogeny was detected by induction assays with mitomycin C, and induction significantly modified the bacterial community composition (BCC), whereas community composition remained constant in ecosystems in which lysogeny was not observed. Among the phylogenetic groups studied, the most abundant ones were Bacteroidetes and α-proteobacteria in lagoons, and β-proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes in reservoirs. These dominant groups comprised the highest proportions of inducible lysogens. In order to unravel the effects of bacterial metabolism from phylogeny on lysogeny, we measured bacterial community physiology and the specific activities of selected phylogenetic groups. The proportion of inducible lysogens within the α- and the β-proteobacteria decreased with increasing group-specific metabolism in lagoons and reservoirs, respectively. In contrast, this relationship was not observed for the other lysogen-containing groups. Hence, both host physiology and phylogeny are critical for the establishment of lysogeny. This study illustrates the importance of lysogeny among the most abundant phylogenetic groups, and further suggests its strong structuring impact on BCC.
A novel clade of Prochlorococcus found in high nutrient low chlorophyll waters in the South and Equatorial Pacific Ocean
Authors: West Nyree J , Lebaron Philippe , Strutton Pete G , Suzuki Marcelino T 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
A novel high-light (HL)-adapted Prochlorococcus clade was discovered in high nutrient and low chlorophyll (HNLC) waters in the South Pacific Ocean by phylogenetic analyses of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and 16S–23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. This clade, named HNLC fell within the HL-adapted Prochlorococcus clade with sequences above 99% similarity to one another, and was divided into two subclades, HNLC1 and HNLC2. The distribution of the whole HNLC clade in a northwest to southeast transect in the South Pacific (HNLC-to-gyre) and two 8°N to 8°S transects in the Equatorial Pacific was determined by quantitative PCR using specific primers targeting ITS regions. HNLC was the dominant HL Prochlorococcus clade (2–9% of bacterial 16S rRNA genes) at the three westernmost stations in the South Pacific but decreased to less than 0.1% at the other stations being replaced by the eMIT9312 ecotype in the hyperoligotrophic gyre. The highest contributions of HNLC Prochlorococcus in both Equatorial Pacific transects along the latitudinal lines of 170°W and 155°W were observed at the southernmost stations, reaching 16 and 6% of bacterial 16S rRNA genes, respectively, whereas eMIT9312 dominated near the Equator. Spearman Rank Order correlation analysis indicated that although both the HNLC clade and eMIT9312 were correlated with temperature, they showed different correlations with regard to nutrients. HNLC only showed significant correlations to ammonium uptake and regeneration rates, whereas eMIT9312 was negatively correlated with inorganic nutrients.
Evidence for gliadin antibodies as causative agents in schizophrenia.
Authors: Carter Chris 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAntibodies to gliadin, a component of gluten, have frequently been reported in schizophrenia. Highly immunogenic B cell epitopes along its length are homologous to numerous proteins relevant to schizophrenia, including members of the DISC1 interactome, glutamate, dopamine and neuregulin signaling networks, and plasticity or myelination pathways. Antibodies to gliadin may cross react with these key proteins, as has already been observed with synapsin 1 and calreticulin. Gliadin may thus be a causative agent in schizophrenia, under certain genetic and immunological conditions, producing its effects via antibody mediated knockdown of multiple proteins relevant to the disease process. Because of such homology, an autoimmune response may be sustained by the human antigens that resemble gliadin itself, a scenario supported by many reports of immune activation both in the brain and in lymphocytes in schizophrenia. Gluten free diets and removal of such antibodies may be of therapeutic benefit in certain cases of schizophrenia.
Comparative theoretical investigation on the isomerization energies of long-chain perfluoroalkanes: A case study with perfluorooctane sulfonic acid congeners
Authors: Rayne Sierra , Forest Kaya 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe gas and solution phase relative thermodynamic stabilities of the 89 perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) congeners play an important role in assessing whether synthetic conditions for commercial mixtures are under thermodynamic or kinetic control, and in calculating various physico-chemical properties for these important industrial compounds and environmental contaminants. In the present study, 4,272 gas and solvent phase (water and n-octanol) calculations were conducted at various levels of semiempirical (PM6), density functional (B3LYP, B97D, PBE1PBE [PBE0], and M062X functionals with the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set), and second order Moller-Plesset perturbation (MP2/6-311++G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)) theory and the SMD, IEFPCM-UFF, and CPCM implicit solvation models on the 89 PFOS congeners in both their acid and anionic forms. The B3LYP functional consistently and incorrectly predicts substantially increasing thermodynamic stability of PFOS isomers with increasing linearity of the perfluoroalkyl chains. By comparison, PM6, M062X, and MP2 calculations more closely reflect the expected patterns of thermodynamic stability for branched versus linear PFOS congeners.
On the progressive enrichment of the oxygen isotopic composition of water along a leaf
Authors: FARQUHAR G. D. , GAN K. S. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTA model has been derived for the enrichment of heavy isotopes of water in leaves, including progressive enrichment along the leaf. In the model, lighter water is preferentially transpired leaving heavier water to diffuse back into the xylem and be carried further along the leaf. For this pattern to be pronounced, the ratio of advection to diffusion (Péclet number) has to be large in the longitudinal direction, and small in the radial direction. The progressive enrichment along the xylem is less than that occurring at the sites of evaporation in the mesophyll, depending on the isolation afforded by the radial Péclet number. There is an upper bound on enrichment, and effects of ground tissue associated with major veins are included. When transpiration rate is spatially nonuniform, averaging of enrichment occurs more naturally with transpiration weighting than with area‐based weighting. This gives zero average enrichment of transpired water, the modified Craig–Gordon equation for average enrichment at the sites of evaporation and the Farquhar and Lloyd (In Stable Isotopes and Plant Carbon‐Water Relations, pp. 47–70. Academic Press, New York, USA, 1993) prediction for mesophyll water. Earlier results on the isotopic composition of evolved oxygen and of retro‐diffused carbon dioxide are preserved if these processes vary in parallel with transpiration rate. Parallel variation should be indicated approximately by uniform carbon isotope discrimination across the leaf.
Strongly bound citrate stabilizes the apatite nanocrystals in bone
Authors: Hu Y.-Y. , Rawal A. , Schmidt-Rohr K. 
Published: December 2010

Nanocrystals of apatitic calcium phosphate impart the organic-inorganic nanocomposite in bone with favorable mechanical properties. So far, the factors preventing crystal growth beyond the favorable thickness of
ca
. 3 nm have not been identified. Here we show that the apatite surfaces are studded with strongly bound citrate molecules, whose signals have been identified unambiguously by multinuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. NMR reveals that bound citrate accounts for 5.5 wt% of the organic matter in bone and covers apatite at a density of about 1 molecule per (2 nm)
2
, with its three carboxylate groups at distances of 0.3 to 0.45 nm from the apatite surface. Bound citrate is highly conserved, being found in fish, avian, and mammalian bone, which indicates its critical role in interfering with crystal thickening and stabilizing the apatite nanocrystals in bone.
JOB PREFERENCES IN EUROPE
Authors: Gesthuizen Maurice , Verbakel Ellen 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT
In this article we answered the research question to what extent variation in extrinsic and intrinsic job preference orientations can be attributed to and explained by differences between individuals and between countries. We argued that socialization in school, economic deprivation, and job quality influence job preferences, and formulated testable hypotheses on the individual and country level. After first testing for cross-national equivalence of the latent constructs and assuring that factor solutions were satisfactory, we employed multiple response multilevel models on a subset of 22 countries in the European Values Study 1999/2000. The findings indicate that higher educational attainment, a high income, working in managerial and higher professional jobs, and having autonomy in one's job stimulate intrinsic job preference orientations, while particularly educational attainment and autonomy temper extrinsic work values. Workers in semi- and unskilled manual jobs have the highest extrinsic job preferences. On top of individual characteristics, living in a nation that invests much in human capital or has a high quality labour market is associated with lower levels of extrinsic job preferences. Moreover, countries with socio-economic features that reduce the risk of economic deprivation have a more intrinsically motivated workforce.
‘IT IS NOT A MATTER OF TASTE … ’
Authors: Heikkilä Riie , Rahkonen Keijo 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT
Upper classes and elites are usually exclusive circles which are hard to enter. In this paper we approach one such group using a focus group interview: a group from the Swedish-speaking upper class in officially bilingual Finland. Our paper addresses Bourdieu's idea of distinction by cultural or taste distinctions. In comparison to some international studies on elites and upper classes, our group was surprisingly keen on expressing disgust towards other tastes and lifestyles and therefore other classes and/or social groups. One might be surprised at how efficiently distinction works in the Swedish-speaking old upper class and how politically incorrect its outspokenness about cultural superiority is. In this specific group, there is a double-distinction: not only are Finnish speakers looked down upon regardless of their class position, almost any other group is, too. In this sense, this is more or less a case par excellence of Bourdieu's theory of distinction.
Maternal antenatal peanut consumption and peanut and rye sensitization in the offspring at adolescence
Authors: Kemp A. S. , Ponsonby A‐L , Dwyer T. , Cochrane J. A. , Pezic A. , Jones G. 
Published: December 2010

Cite this as: A. S. Kemp, A‐L Ponsonby,T. Dwyer J. A. Cochrane, A. Pezic and G. Jones, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2011 (41) 224–231.SummaryBackground
There is considerable controversy whether maternal peanut ingestion during pregnancy might influence sensitization in later life.Objective
To examine whether maternal peanut ingestion during pregnancy might increase sensitization in the offspring.Methods
A population‐based longitudinal cohort study with 16 years follow‐up was conducted (N=373). Subjects were recruited at birth as part of an infant health study. Maternal antenatal peanut consumption was documented at birth and peanut and rye sensitization were determined by measurement of serum‐specific IgE at age 16.Results
Peanut sensitization was common (14%). In the entire cohort (n=310), there was no association between antenatal peanut ingestion and peanut sensitization (P=0.17). However, there was a strong association between antenatal peanut ingestion and decreased risk of rye sensitization and peanut sensitization in those (n=201) without a family history (FH) of asthma (Rye OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.14–0.63, P=0.001 and Peanut OR 0.18, 95% CI 0.04–0.78, P=0.02). There was an increased risk of rye sensitization in those (n=108) with a FH of asthma and antenatal peanut ingestion (Rye OR 2.69, 95% CI 1.11–6.51 P=0.03). It was considered that these sensitizations were likely to be related to the presence of IgE antibodies to cross‐reacting carbohydrate epitopes common to rye and peanut allergens.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Antenatal peanut ingestion may influence the development of IgE antibody to cross‐reacting carbohydrate epitopes in later life. Genetic factors may modify this association.
Oral mucosal lesions during orthodontic treatment
Authors: Baricevic Marinka , Mravak‐Stipetic Marinka , Majstorovic Martina , Baranovic Marijan , Baricevic Denis , Loncar Bozana 
Published: December 2010

BackgroundOral mucosal lesions can result from irritation caused by orthodontic appliances or malocclusion, but their frequency is not known.AimTo examine the frequency of oral mucosal lesions in wearers of orthodontic appliances in comparison to children with malocclusion.DesignThis study comprised 111 subjects: 60 wearers of orthodontic appliances and 51 controls (aged between 6 and 18 years). Type and severity of mucosal lesions, their topography, gingival inflammation, and oral hygiene status were determined by using clinical indices.ResultsMucosal lesions were more present in wearers of orthodontic appliances than in children with malocclusion. Gingival inflammation, erosion, ulceration, and contusion were the most common findings in orthodontic patients. The severity of gingival inflammation was in correlation with oral hygiene status; the poorer oral hygiene, the more severe gingival inflammation was. Better oral hygiene status was found in children during orthodontic treatment than in children with malocclusion.ConclusionsOrthodontic treatment carries a higher risk of mucosal lesions and implies greater awareness of better oral hygiene as shown by the results of this study. Oral hygiene instructions and early treatment of oral lesions are important considerations in better patient’s motivation, treatment planning, and successful outcome.
Family quality of life: adaptation to Spanish population of several family support questionnaires
Authors: Balcells‐Balcells A. , Giné C. , Guàrdia‐Olmos J. , Summers J. A. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBackground The concept of family quality of life has emerged as a decisive construct in the last decades to improve the capabilities of families and to assess the outcomes of the services and supports they get. The goal of this research is to adapt three instruments to the Spanish population: the ‘Beach Center Family Quality of Life Scale’, the ‘Beach Center Family‐Professional Partnership Scale’ and the ‘Service Inventory’. These tools were originally designed by researchers from the Beach Center on Disability, University of Kansas, in order to obtain some input from the families of people with intellectual disability (ID) with regard to the attention they get from the early childhood intervention services.Method The sample included a total of 202 families of children with ID, between 0 and 6 years old, all of them cared for at 13 early childhood intervention centres. Based on a confirmatory factorial analysis, we have explored the psychometric properties of the three scales administered to respondents. Statistical analyses were conducted with thespsssoftware version 17.0 and the EQS software version 6.1 for Structural Equation Models.Results The results confirm that the factor structure of the ‘Beach Center Family Quality of Life Scale’, the ‘Beach Center Family‐Professional Partnership Scale’ and the ‘Service Inventory’ adapted for the Spanish population fit the factor models proposed by the authors of the surveys. Consequently, the scales are ready to be used.Conclusions The developed measures may serve as a foundation for good decision‐making from practices and policies.