bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Body Iron Stores and Glucose Intolerance in Premenopausal Women
Authors: Martínez-García M. Ángeles , Luque-Ramírez Manuel , San-Millán José L. , Escobar-Morreale Héctor F. 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE
Increased serum ferritin levels and iron stores may be involved in the development of abnormal glucose tolerance in women presenting with obesity and/or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). We aimed to study the determinants of serum ferritin levels in premenopausal women among indexes of insulin resistance, adiposity, hyperandrogenism, and genotypes pertaining to inflammation, oxidative stress, and iron metabolism.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 257 premenopausal women, classified depending on the presence or absence of PCOS, obesity, and/or abnormal glucose tolerance, underwent a complete metabolic evaluation, serum ferritin, haptoglobin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) measurements, and genotyping for proinflammatory and prooxidant variants and mutations in the HFE gene.

RESULTS
Serum ferritin concentrations were increased in women presenting with PCOS and/or abnormal glucose tolerance, independent of obesity. A stepwise multivariate linear regression analysis (R2 = 0.18, P &lt; 0.0001) retained menstrual dysfunction (β = 0.14, P = 0.035), free testosterone (β = 0.14, P = 0.052), insulin sensitivity index (β = −0.12, P = 0.012), the His63Asp variant in HFE (β = 0.16, P = 0.008), and abnormal glucose tolerance (β = 0.15, P = 0.015) as significant predictors of the logarithm of ferritin levels, whereas CRP, haptoglobin, waist-to-hip ratio, or variants in the TNFα, TNFRSF1B, IL6, IL6ST, IL6Rα, PON1, and HFE Cys282Tyr mutation exerted no influence.

CONCLUSIONS
Androgen excess (partly because of hyperandrogenemia and partly because of menstrual dysfunction), insulin resistance, abnormal glucose tolerance, and the HFE His63Asp variant correlate with ferritin levels in premenopausal women.
Diabetes Numeracy
Authors: Osborn Chandra Y. , Cavanaugh Kerri , Wallston Kenneth A. , White Richard O. , Rothman Russell L. 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE
Understanding the reasons and eliminating the pervasive health disparities in diabetes is a major research, clinical, and health policy goal. We examined whether health literacy, general numeracy, and diabetes-related numeracy explain the association between African American race and poor glycemic control (A1C) in patients with diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Adults with type 2 diabetes (n = 383) were enrolled in a cross-sectional study at primary care and diabetes clinics at three medical centers. Data collected included the following: self-reported race, health literacy, general numeracy, diabetes-related numeracy, A1C, and sociodemographic factors. A series of structural equation models were estimated to explore the interrelations between variables and test for mediation.

RESULTS
In model 1, younger age (r = −0.21, P &lt; 0.001), insulin use (r = 0.27, P &lt; 0.001), greater years with diabetes (r = 0.16, P &lt; 0.01), and African American race (r = 0.12, P &lt; 0.01) were all associated with poorer glycemic control. In model 2, diabetes-related numeracy emerged as a strong predictor of A1C (r = −0.46, P &lt; 0.001), reducing the association between African American and poor glycemic control to nonsignificance (r = 0.10, NS). In model 3, African American race and older age were associated with lower diabetes-related numeracy; younger age, insulin use, more years with diabetes, and lower diabetes-related numeracy were associated with poor glycemic control.

CONCLUSIONS
Diabetes-related numeracy reduced the explanatory power of African American race, such that low diabetes-related numeracy, not African American race, was significantly related to poor glycemic control. Interventions that address numeracy could help to reduce racial disparities in diabetes.
Stability of common biochemistry analytes in equine blood stored at room temperature
Authors: RENDLE D. I. , HELLER J. , HUGHES K. J. , INNOCENT G. T. , DURHAM A. E. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryReasons for performing study: Time delays between collection of blood samples and biochemical analysis of equine blood are unavoidably common in equine practice. The effect that delays may have on the accuracy of results of blood biochemical analyses is not well established.Hypothesis: Delays in processing of blood of up to 72h results in alterations in measured levels of common biochemical analytes that are of potential clinical relevance. Separation of serum prior to storage is protective against the effects of time delays.Methods: Samples of clotted blood, separated serum and oxalate fluoride plasma from 20 horses were stored and analysed at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h. Graphical exploration of each analyte was undertaken. General linear models with fixed effects were fitted for the whole blood data. The mean bias and 95% limits of agreement were calculated, using bootstrapped data, to assess agreement between pairs of samples analysed at 0 h and other time points. Bland‐Altman plots were used to explore general trends in the data. Pairedttests were used to compare the results from whole blood and separated serum.Results: Delays in processing equine blood resulted in significant increases in measured concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, total bile acids and magnesium. A significant decrease in concentration was identified for glucose (serum and oxalate fluoride preserved plasma). Separation of serum immediately following clot formation resulted in nonsignificant increases in accuracy for some analytes.Conclusions and practical significance: Delays in processing of blood samples may result in biochemical changes of clinical relevance in individual cases; however, in the majority of cases, where delays are only a few days and a number of analytes are assessed concurrently, delays are unlikely to have an effect on the interpretation of results. Separation of serum following clot formation is of limited benefit. Clinical samples in which a delay in processing has occurred may be interpreted with reference to the data presented.
The effect of rising and sitting trot on back movements and head‐neck position of the horse
Authors: de COCQ P. , PRINSEN H. , SPRINGER N. C. N. , van WEEREN P. R. , SCHREUDER M. , MULLER M. , van LEEUWEN J. L. 
Published: April 2009

Summary Reason for performing study: During trot, the rider can either rise from the saddle during every stride or remain seated. Rising trot is used frequently because it is widely assumed that it decreases the loading of the equine back. This has, however, not been demonstrated in an objective study. Objective: To determine the effects of rising and sitting trot on the movements of the horse. Hypothesis: Sitting trot has more extending effect on the horse's back than rising trot and also results in a higher head and neck position. Methods: Twelve horses and one rider were used. Kinematic data were captured at trot during over ground locomotion under 3 conditions: unloaded, rising trot and sitting trot. Back movements were calculated using a previously described method with a correction for trunk position. Head‐neck position was expressed as extension and flexion of C1, C3 and C6, and vertical displacement of C1 and the bit. Results: Sitting trot had an overall extending effect on the back of horses when compared to the unloaded situation. In rising trot: the maximal flexion of the back was similar to the unloaded situation, while the maximal extension was similar to sitting trot; lateral bending of the back was larger than during the unloaded situation and sitting trot; and the horses held their heads lower than in the other conditions. The angle of C6 was more flexed in rising than in sitting trot. Conclusions and clinical relevance: The back movement during rising trot showed characteristics of both sitting trot and the unloaded condition. As the same maximal extension of the back is reached during rising and sitting trot, there is no reason to believe that rising trot was less challenging for the back.
Pharmacokinetics of detomidine administered to horses at rest and after maximal exercise
Authors: HUBBELL J. A. E. , SAMS R. A. , SCHMALL L. M. , ROBERTSON J. T. , HINCHCLIFF DrK. W. , MUIR W. W. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryReason for performing study: Increased doses of detomidine are required to produce sedation in horses after maximal exercise compared to calm or resting horses.Objectives: To determine if the pharmacokinetics of detomidine in Thoroughbred horses are different when the drug is given during recuperation from a brief period of maximal exercise compared to administration at rest.Methods: Six Thoroughbred horses were preconditioned by exercising them on a treadmill. Each horse ran a simulated race at a treadmill speed that caused it to exercise at 120% of its maximal oxygen consumption. One minute after the end of exercise, horses were treated with detomidine. Each horse was treated with the same dose of detomidine on a second occasion a minimum of 14 days later while standing in a stocks. Samples of heparinised blood were obtained at various time points on both occasions. Plasma detomidine concentrations were determined by liquid chromatographymass spectrometry. The plasma concentration vs. time data were analysed by nonlinear regression analysis.Results: Median back‐extrapolated time zero plasma concentration was significantly lower and median plasma half‐life and median mean residence time were significantly longer when detomidine was administered after exercise compared to administration at rest. Median volume of distribution was significantly higher after exercise but median plasma clearance was not different between the 2 administrations.Conclusions and potential relevance: Detomidine i.v. is more widely distributed when administered to horses immediately after exercise compared to administration at rest resulting in lower peak plasma concentrations and a slower rate of elimination. The dose requirement to produce an equivalent effect may be higher in horses after exercise than in resting horses and less frequent subsequent doses may be required to produce a sustained effect.
Short‐term outcome of equine emergency admissions at a university referral hospital
Authors: SOUTHWOOD L. L. , DOLENTE B. A. , LINDBORG S. , RUSSELL G. , BOSTON R. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryReasons for performing study: Obtaining data on emergency admission survival rates is important to provide clients with an estimate of prognosis and to identify areas in which improvements in case management can be achieved.Objective: To determine the short‐term outcome of equine emergency admissions to a university referral hospital during a 12 month period.Methods: Short‐term outcome was defined as survival to discharge or died/euthanasia during hospitalisation. The overall death (euthanasia) rate was calculated; and rate for horses with different categories of: age; admission month, day and time; presenting complaint (PC); duration of clinical signs prior to presentation; clinical pathology abnormalities; and therapy/therapeutic‐related procedures performed was recorded.Results: There were 918 admissions. The overall death rate was 24%. Foals (34%) and geriatric (40%) subjects had a death rate that was higher than that for mature horses (21%, referent). The death rate was highest in March (37%). Horses with a PC categorised as neurological (46%) or neonatal (41%) had the highest and as ophthalmological (5%) or trauma/skin (13%) the lowest death rates. There was no difference in death rate between different admission days or times or the duration of clinical signs prior to presentation. The death rates for horses with abnormal peritoneal fluid (71%), coagulopathy (63%), acid‐base abnormalities (52%), hypoproteinaemia (47%), dehydration (43%), hypoxia/hypercapnia (48%), leucopenia (44%), electrolyte abnormalities (39%), hyperlactataemia (39%) or azotaemia (35%) were high. The death rate for horses treated with intranasal oxygen (57%), plasma (34%) or polymixin B (35%) was high and for horses undergoing laceration repair/joint (0%) or synovial cavity lavage (4%) was low.Conclusions: Age and critical illness were important contributing factors to a higher death rate.Potential relevance: Improving the understanding of disease processes in and developing treatment strategies for neonatal and geriatric patients as well as critically ill patients is required.
Two‐ and three‐dimensional computed tomographic anatomy of the enamel, infundibulae and pulp of 126 equine cheek teeth. Part 2: Findings in teeth with macroscopic occlusal or computed tomographic lesions
Authors: WINDLEY Z. , WELLER R. , TREMAINE W. H. , PERKINS J. D. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryReasons for performing study: Dental disease often presents a diagnostic challenge in the horse. Computed tomography (CT) is increasingly used in the evaluation of head related disease in the horse, but the CT appearance of the most common dental diseases of horses has not yet been fully described.Objective: To describe the CT appearance of the peripheral enamel, pulp, infundibular enamel and cement in equine cheek teeth with macroscopic occlusal or CT lesions.Methods: In this study, 126 cadaveric cheek teeth with eruption ages of between 0.5 and 19 years were evaluated for lesions of their infundibulae, pulp and enamel using occlusal surface morphology, 2‐ (2D) and 3‐dimensional (3D) CT and anatomical sectioning. Variations in teeth with no macroscopic lesions have been described in a previous study. The infundibular lesions were categorised further into one of 6 classifications.Results: Infundibular lesions were identified on CT in 90% (115/128) of infundibulae. Of these, 65% (83/128) had infundibular lesions on occlusal surface examination. The extent of infundibular lesions observed varied with age group. All infundibulae over 6 years post eruption had detectable lesions. Peripheral enamel hypoplasia and enamel prolapses, were observed in 10% (12/126) and 1.6% (2/126) of teeth, respectively. The CT appearance of teeth with pulp infections was seen to vary with differing pathologies.Conclusions and potential relevance: The high prevalence of infundibular lesions should encourage consideration of their clinical significance, in addition to the role of infundibulae in dental disease of the horse. Two‐dimensional and 3D CT proved to be highly valuable imaging modalities for dental disease, enabling lesions within the enamel, infundibulae and pulp of equine cheek teeth to be easily detected. The results of this study will facilitate the use of 2D and 3D CT as clinical diagnostic tools for dental disease and aid in the selection of the most appropriate treatment protocol.
Ultrasonographic assessment of the superficial digital flexor tendons of National Hunt racehorses in training over two racing seasons
Authors: AVELLA C. S. , ELY E. R. , VERHEYEN K. L. P. , PRICE J. S. , WOOD J. L. N. , SMITH R. K. W. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryReasons for performing study: It is important to ascertain the prevalence of superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) injuries and to improve methods of predicting injury in National Hunt (NH) racehorses.Objectives: To establish: 1) the prevalence of SDFT tendinopathy in NH horses; 2) whether routine ultrasonography can be used to predict SDFT injuries; 3) whether previous tendinopathy predisposes to reinjury; 4) a normal range for the SDFT cross‐sectional area (CSA); and 5) the effects of gender, age, background (ex‐flat or exstore), limb, training and rest periods on SDFT CSA.Methods: Routine ultrasound assessment of the palmar metacarpal soft tissues of 263 NH racehorses was performed on up to 6 occasions over 2 NH racing seasons.Results: The prevalence of SDFT pathology detected using ultrasonography was 24% (n = 148), with a nonsignificant variation between yards of 10–40%. No changes in SDFT CSA or ultrasonographic appearance were detected prior to injury. Older horses had a significantly higher prevalence of SDFT pathology compared to younger horses, and horses with tendinopathy were more likely to suffer an acute injury compared to horses with no evidence of pathology. A reference range for normal CSA measurements was established as 77–139 mm2at level 4, from 142 horses with no ultrasonographic evidence of SDFT pathology. The CSA of normal horses did not vary significantly with age, limb or over 2 racing seasons, but did with sex and background.Conclusions: The study confirms that SDFT tendinopathy is common in NH horses, with substantial variation between training yards. Ultrasonography at 3 month intervals did not seem to predict acute SDFT injuries.Potential relevance: Variation in the prevalence of tendinopathy between yards suggests that training methods may influence injury rate. It was not possible to predict injury using routine ultrasonography and therefore other methods must be identified. A normal reference range for SDFT CSA is provided.
Initial investigation of mortality rates and prognostic indicators in horses with colic in Israel: A retrospective study
Authors: SUTTON G. A. , ERTZMAN‐GINSBURG R. , STEINMAN A. , MILGRAM J. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryReasons for performing study: Initial assessment of the mortality rates and prognostic indicators in horses with colic presented to a referral hospital in Israel.Objectives: To determine mortality rates and to identify potential prognostic indicators in horses undergoing treatment for colic.Methods: The medical records of 208 colic cases were reviewed and mortality rates calculated including 95% confidence intervals. Mortality rates in surgical cases were calculated separately for strangulating and nonstrangulating lesions as well as for lesions of the large and small intestines. Potential prognostic indicators were identified and evaluated by Student'sttest or X2test, where appropriate. Those found to be significant (P<0.05) were evaluated in 2 logistic regression models; one including all horses with colic and one for surgical cases only.Results: The overall mortality rate was 51/208 (25%); 5/72 (7%) in medically treated cases, 46/136 (34%) in surgical cases, 30/50 (60%) in strangulating lesions and 15/85 (18%) in nonstrangulating lesions, 17/27 (63%) in cases involving small intestinal lesions and 28/108 (26%) in cases with large intestinal lesions. Clinical parameters found to be significantly associated with death by univariate analysis were medical/surgical treatment, location of lesion, severity of lesion, mucous membrane colour (MM), capillary refill time (CRT) and heart rate. Using a multivariate logistic regression model, including all cases, medical/surgical treatment, CRT and MM were found to be prognostic indicators and when using the surgical cases alone, only CRT and lesion severity remained related to mortality.Conclusions: Mortality rates were similar or better than those previously reported in most cases, however, studies from the USA and the UK published better success rates for small intestinal surgeries. Cultural attitudes toward euthanasia may be associated with mortality rates.Potential relevance: These results assist clinicians in providing an immediate prognosis based on clinical findings at presentation and contribute to an international database that may aid future research in improving treatment of colic.
Influence of the position of the foot on MRI signal in the deep digital flexor tendon and collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint in the standing horse
Authors: SPRIET M. , ZWINGENBERGER A. 
Published: April 2009

Summary Reasons for performing study: Hyperintense signal is sometimes observed in ligaments and tendons of the equine foot on standing magnetic resonance examination without associated changes in size and shape. In such cases, the presence of a true lesion or an artifact should be considered. A change in position of a ligament or tendon relative to the magnetic field can induce increased signal intensity due to the magic angle effect. Objectives: To assess if positional rotation of the foot in the solar plane could be responsible for artifactual changes in signal intensity in the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint and in the deep digital flexor tendon. Methods: Six isolated equine feet were imaged with a standing equine magnetic resonance system in 9 different positions with different degrees of rotation in the solar plane. Results: Rotation of the limb induced a linear hyperintense signal on all feet at the palmar aspect of one of the lobes of the deep digital flexor tendon and at the dorsal aspect of the other lobe. Changes in signal intensity in the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint occurred with rotation of the limb only in those feet where mediolateral hoof imbalance was present. Conclusions: The position and conformation of the foot influence the signal intensity in the deep digital flexor tendon and in the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint. Potential relevance: The significance of increased signal intensity in the deep digital flexor tendon and in the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint should be interpreted with regard to the position and the conformation of the foot.
Neurectomy of the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve can cause neurogenic atrophy of the muscle fibres in the proximal part of the suspensory ligament(M. interosseous III)
Authors: PAUWELS F. E. , SCHUMACHER J. , MAYHEW I. G. , van SICKLE D. C. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryNeurectomy of the deep branch of the right lateral plantar nerve was performed on a single healthy mature horse. Six weeks after surgery, the horse was subjected to euthanasia and both hind suspensory ligaments harvested. The cross sectional area of the muscular part of the proximal part of the suspensory ligament was measured and assessed for morphological abnormalities in a blinded fashion. There was a clear difference in cross sectional area of the muscular part between treated and control ligament and there was profound neurogenic atrophy of the muscular fibres in the treated ligament.Summary
Ophthalmic antimicrobial therapy in the horse
Authors: Matthews A. G. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryEffective antimicrobial therapy of infectious ocular disease in the horse may be difficult to achieve. This paper reviews the routes of delivery, the pharmacokinetics and the bioavailability of the various antimicrobial agents used in the treatment of ocular infection in the horse. The modes of action and the criteria for selection of the common antibacterial, antimycotic and antiviral drugs used are described.