bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global trends in senesced‐leaf nitrogen and phosphorus
Authors: Yuan Zhiyou , Chen Han Y. H. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTAim  Senesced‐leaf litter plays an important role in the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. While green‐leaf nutrients have been reported to be affected by climatic factors at the global scale, the global patterns of senesced‐leaf nutrients are not well understood.Location  Global.Methods  Here, bringing together a global dataset of senesced‐leaf N and P spanning 1253 observations and 638 plant species at 365 sites and of associated mean climatic indices, we describe the world‐wide trends in senesced‐leaf N and P and their stoichiometric ratios.Results  Concentration of senesced‐leaf N was highest in tropical forests, intermediate in boreal, temperate, and mediterranean forests and grasslands, and lowest in tundra, whereas P concentration was highest in grasslands, lowest in tropical forests and intermediate in other ecosystems. Tropical forests had the highest N : P and C : P ratios in senesced leaves. When all data were pooled, N concentration significantly increased, but senesced‐leaf P concentration decreased with increasing mean annual temperature (MAT) and mean annual precipitation (MAP). The N : P and C : P ratios also increased with MAT and MAP, but C : N ratios decreased. Plant functional type (PFT), i.e. life‐form (grass, herb, shrub or tree), phylogeny (angiosperm versus gymnosperm) and leaf habit (deciduous versus evergreen), affected senesced‐leaf N, P, N : P, C : N and C : P with a ranking of senesced‐leaf N from high to low: forbs ≈ shrubs ≈ trees > grasses, while the ranking of P was forbs ≈ shrubs ≈ trees < grasses. The climatic trends of senesced‐leaf N and P and their stoichiometric ratios were similar between PFTs.Main conclusions  Globally, senesced‐leaf N and P concentrations differed among ecosystem types, from tropical forest to tundra. Differences were significantly related to global climate variables such as MAT and MAP and also related to plant functional types. These results at the global scale suggest that nutrient feedback to soil through leaf senescence depends on both the climatic conditions and the plant composition of an ecosystem.
Spatial subdivision among assemblages of Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus commerson (Pisces: Scombridae) across northern Australia: implications for fisheries management
Authors: Newman Stephen J. , Buckworth Rik C. , Mackie Michael C. , Lewis Paul D. , Wright Ian W. , Williamson Peta C. , Bastow Trevor P. , Ovenden Jennifer R. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTAim  This study investigated the use of stable δ13C and δ18O isotopes in the sagittal otolith carbonate of narrow‐barred Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus commerson, as indicators of population structure across Australia.Location  Samples were collected from 25 locations extending from the lower west coast of Western Australia (30°), across northern Australian waters, and to the east coast of Australia (18°) covering a coastline length of approximately 9500 km, including samples from Indonesia.Methods  The stable δ13C and δ18O isotopes in the sagittal otolith carbonate of S. commerson were analysed using standard mass spectrometric techniques. The isotope ratios across northern Australian subregions were subjected to an agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis to define subregions. Isotope ratios within each of the subregions were compared to assess population structure across Australia.Results  Cluster analysis separated samples into four subregions: central Western Australia, north Western Australia, northern Australia and the Gulf of Carpentaria and eastern Australia. Isotope signatures for fish from a number of sampling sites from across Australia and Indonesia were significantly different, indicating population separation. No significant differences were found in otolith isotope ratios between sampling times (no temporal variation).Main conclusions  Significant differences in the isotopic signatures of S. commerson demonstrate that there is unlikely to be any substantial movement of fish among these spatially discrete adult assemblages. The lack of temporal variation among otolith isotope ratios indicates that S. commerson populations do not undergo longshore spatial shifts in distribution during their life history. The temporal persistence of spatially explicit stable isotopic signatures indicates that, at these spatial scales, the population units sampled comprise functionally distinct management units or separate ‘stocks’ for many of the purposes of fisheries management. The spatial subdivision evident among populations of S. commerson across northern and western Australia indicates that it may be advantageous to consider S. commerson population dynamics and fisheries management from a metapopulation perspective (at least at the regional level).
Use of geometry for spatial reorientation in children applies only to symmetric spaces
Authors: Lew Adina R. , Gibbons Bryony , Murphy Caroline , Gavin Bremner J. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractProponents of the geometric module hypothesis argue that following disorientation, many species reorient by use of macro‐environment geometry. It is suggested that attention to the surface layout geometry of natural terrain features may have been selected for over evolutionary time due to the enduring and unambiguous location information it provides. Paradoxically, however, tests of the hypothesis have been exclusively conducted in symmetric (hence ‘unnatural’ and geometrically ambiguous) environments. The present series of studies examines reorientation by 18‐month–3‐year‐old children in a rectangular versus irregular quadrilateral enclosure (Study 1), a rectangular versus irregular quadrilateral array (Study 2) and an isosceles versus irregular triangular array (Study 3). Children were successful in symmetric but not asymmetric environments, casting doubt on the functional argument for an empirical basis of the geometric module hypothesis.
Forms of Our Life: Wittgenstein and the Later Heidegger
Authors: Weston Michael 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe paper argues that an internal debate within Wittgensteinian philosophy leads to issues associated rather with the later philosophy of Martin Heidegger. Rush Rhees's identification of the limitations of the notion of a “language game” to illuminate the relation between language and reality leads to his discussion of what is involved in the “reality” of language: “anything that is said has sense‐if living has sense, not otherwise.” But what is it for living to have sense? Peter Winch provides an interpretation and application of Rhees's argument in his discussion of the “reality” of Zande witchcraft and magic in “Understanding a Primitive Society”. There he argues that such sense is provided by a language game concerned with the ineradicable contingency of human life, such as (he claims) Zande witchcraft to be. I argue, however, that Winch's account fails to answer the question why Zande witchcraft can find no application within our lives. I suggest that answering this requires us to raise the question of why Zande witchcraft “fits” with their other practices but cannot with ours, a question of “sense” which cannot be answered by reference to another language game. I use Joseph Epes Brown's account of Native American cultures (in Epes Brown 2001) as an exemplification of a form of coherence that constitutes what we may call a “world”. I then discuss what is involved in this, relating this coherence to a relation to the temporal, which provides an internal connection between the senses of the “real” embodied in the different linguistic practices of these cultures. I relate this to the later Heidegger's account of the “History of Being”, of the historical worlds of Western culture and increasingly of the planet. I conclude with an indication of concerns and issues this approach raises, ones characteristic of “Continental” rather than Wittgensteinian philosophy.
Differential effect of three‐repeat and four‐repeat tau on mitochondrial axonal transport
Authors: Stoothoff Will , Jones Phillip B. , Spires‐Jones Tara L. , Joyner Daniel , Chhabra Ekta , Bercury Kathryn , Fan Zhanyun , Xie Hong , Bacskai Brian , Edd Jon , Irimia Daniel , Hyman Bradley T. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractTau protein is present in six different splice forms in the human brain and interacts with microtubules via either 3 or 4 microtubule binding repeats. An increased ratio of 3 repeat to 4 repeat isoforms is associated with neurodegeneration in inherited forms of frontotemporal dementia. Tau over‐expression diminishes axonal transport in several systems, but differential effects of 3 repeat and 4 repeat isoforms have not been studied. We examined the effects of tau on mitochondrial transport and found that both 3 repeat and 4 repeat tau change normal mitochondrial distribution within the cell body and reduce mitochondrial localization to axons; 4 repeat tau has a greater effect than 3 repeat tau. Further, we observed that the 3 repeat and 4 repeat tau cause different alterations in retrograde and anterograde transport dynamics with 3 repeat tau having a slightly stronger effect on axon transport dynamics. Our results indicate that tau‐induced changes in axonal transport may be an underlying theme in neurodegenerative diseases associated with isoform specific changes in tau’s interaction with microtubules.
Differential CRX and OTX2 expression in human retina and retinoblastoma
Authors: Glubrecht Darryl D. , Kim Ji‐Hyeon , Russell Laurie , Bamforth J. Stephen , Godbout Roseline 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe histogenesis of retinoblastoma tumors remains controversial, with the cell‐of‐origin variably proposed to be an uncommitted retinal progenitor cell, a bipotent committed cell, or a cell committed to a specific lineage. Here, we examine the expression of two members of the orthodenticle family implicated in photoreceptor and bipolar cell differentiation, cone‐rod homeobox, CRX, and orthodenticle homeobox 2, OTX2, in normal human retina, retinoblastoma cell lines and retinoblastoma tumors. We show that CRX and OTX2 have distinct expression profiles in the developing human retina, with CRX first expressed in proliferating cells and cells committed to the bipolar lineage, and OTX2 first appearing in the photoreceptor lineage. In the mature retina, CRX levels are highest in photoreceptor cells whereas OTX2 is preferentially found in bipolar cells and in the retinal pigmented epithelium. Both CRX and OTX2 are widely expressed in retinoblastoma cell lines and in retinoblastoma tumors, although CRX is more abundant than OTX2 in the differentiated elements of retinoblastoma tumors such as large rosettes, Flexner‐Wintersteiner rosettes and fleurettes. Widespread expression of CRX and OTX2 in retinoblastoma tumors and cell lines suggests a close link between the cell‐of‐origin of retinoblastoma tumors and cells expressing CRX and OTX2.
The environmental disaster of Aznalcóllar (southern Spain) as an approach to the Cretaceous–Palaeogene mass extinction event
Authors: RODRÍGUEZ‐TOVAR F. J. , MARTÍN‐PEINADO F. J. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBiotic recovery after the Cretaceous–Palaeogene (K–Pg) impact is one unsolved question concerning this mass extinction event. To evaluate the incidence of the K–Pg event on biota, and the subsequent recovery, a recent environmental disaster has been analysed. Areas affected by the contamination disaster of Aználcollar (province of Sevilla, southern Spain) in April 1998 were studied and compared with the K–Pg event. Several similarities (the sudden impact, the high levels of toxic components, especially in the upper thin lamina and the incidence on biota) and differences (the time of recovery and the geographical extension) are recognized. An in‐depth geochemical analysis of the soils reveals their acidity (between 1.83 and 2.11) and the high concentration of pollutant elements, locally higher than in the K–Pg boundary layer: values up to 7.0 mg kg−1 for Hg, 2030.7 mg kg−1 for As, 8629.0 mg kg−1 for Pb, 86.8 mg kg−1 for Tl, 1040.7 mg kg−1 for Sb and 93.3–492.7 p.p.b. for Ir. However, less than 10 years after the phenomenon, a rapid initial recovery in biota colonizing the contaminated, ‘unfavourable’, substrate is registered. Nesting of the ant Tapinoma nigerrima (Nylander) has taken place through the tailing layer, with arranged particles from inside the soils showing similar values in pollutant elements as the deep soils. This agrees with recent ichnological evidence of a rapid colonization of the K–Pg boundary layer, classically interpreted as an inhabitable substrate, by organisms with a high independence with respect to substrate features (i.e. Chondrites trace makers). The dramatic consequences of the K–Pg boundary impact and the generalized long‐time recovery interpreted after the event (in the order of 104–105 years) could have been overestimated due to the absence of a high‐temporal resolution in the range of 102–103 years.
The effect of treatment zone diameter in hyperopic orthokeratology
Authors: Gifford Paul , Swarbrick Helen A. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractPurpose:  To investigate the time course of treatment zone (TZ) diameter changes in hyperopic orthokeratology (OK) lens wear from 1 h in the open eye through to seven nights in the closed eye.Methods:  Twelve subjects were fitted with rigid hyperopic OK lenses. Lenses were worn in the open eye for 1 h then one night in the closed eye, separated by a washout period of 4 days. Changes in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and corneal topography (Medmont E‐300) were measured on lens removal. The TZ, comprising the central steepened zone (CSZ) and surrounding annular flattened zone (AFZ), was measured from corneal topography. Subsequently, ten subjects wore the same lens design overnight for seven nights, and measurements were taken on lens removal and 8 h later on Days 1 and 7.Results:  Both CSZ and AFZ were apparent after 1 h of hyperopic OK lens wear. CSZ decreased while AFZ increased with longer periods of lens wear. BCVA reduced with longer periods of lens wear and was associated with decreasing CSZ (r = −0.866, p < 0.001) and increasing AFZ (r = 0.447, p < 0.05).Conclusions:  The association of changes of treatment zone size with reductions in BCVA suggests that increasing CSZ may lead to better visual outcomes in hyperopic OK.
The role of lysimeters in the development of our understanding of soil water and nutrient dynamics in ecosystems
Authors: Goss M. J. , Ehlers W. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis paper considers the development of lysimeters and their role in the evolution of our understanding of the dynamics of water and plant nutrients in ecosystems. Lysimeters are delineated volumes of soil. They can be divided into those filled with repacked soil, and those enclosing an undisturbed monolith. The original repacked lysimeter was developed to investigate the concept that all life stems from water, and is considered to be the first quantitative experiment in history. It focussed on the growth of a willow tree and how much of the increment was derived from the soil solids. From this start some 360 years ago lysimeters quickly contributed to the quantification of the transpiration stream and the differentiation of water loss by evaporation from the soil from loss via the leaves of plants. Chronologically, further development began about 210 years ago with the exploration of whether precipitation could account for all the water moving from the land to the oceans, and was the origin of springs. In part, this required a careful quantification of soil evaporation, runoff and deep drainage. This in turn led to the quantification of the soil water balance. As a result, we are able to predict indices, such as crop water use efficiency, drainage and irrigation requirements, contributions to stream flow, groundwater recharge and nutrient loss by leaching. Recognition that the quantification of drainage and leaching required soils of natural structure and profile integrity resulted in the building of the first monolith lysimeter and the development of ‘pan’ or ‘Ebermayer’ lysimeters. Improved technology allowed a better understanding of the role of soil in the regional water balance through the development of small diameter lysimeters that could be transported to a central location subject to the same climatic variables. In contrast, other technological changes allowed the impact of typical soil management operations carried out using regular machinery to be applied on field‐scale lysimeters. The contribution of the different types of lysimeter to the development of our understanding of soil use and management is considered.
Immunogenetic susceptibility to diabetes mellitus in patients with liver disease
Authors: Montano‐Loza Aldo J. , Sultan Aqib , Falanga Debbie , Loss George , Mason Andrew L. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBackground/Aim: Genetic, environmental, metabolic and infectious influences, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, are thought to impact on the development of diabetes in patients with liver disease. As specific human leucocyte antigen (HLA) alleles provide the major genetic risk factors for type 1 diabetes, our aim was to investigate whether HLA class I and II alleles constitute additional risk factors for diabetes in patients with liver disease.Methods: We evaluated two independent databases of 193 and 728 adult patients with chronic liver disease for the diagnosis of diabetes and the presence of specific HLA subtypes.Results: In each database, 24 and 19% of patients met criteria for diabetes. In the first database, specific class I and II alleles were observed more frequently in diabetics compared with non‐diabetics: Cw7 (50 vs. 32%, P=0.04), DR51 (17 vs. 3%P=0.003) and DQ6 (37 vs. 18%, P=0.02). In the second database, DQ6 was observed in 16% of diabetics vs. 8% of non‐diabetics (P=0.04). The DR2–DR51–DQ6 haplotype was higher in patients with diabetes in both databases (22 vs.7%, P=0.02 and 12 vs. 5%, P=0.02). In a subgroup analysis of patients with HCV infection, increased frequencies of Cw7, DR2/DR51, DQ6 and DR2–DR51–DQ6 were also observed to be higher in subjects with diabetes compared with those without diabetes.Conclusions: Patients with chronic liver disease, especially those with HCV infection, have an immunogenetic risk for diabetes characterized by the presence of Cw7, DR51, DQ6 and DR2–DR51–DQ6.
The Feasibility of Percutaneous Transradial Coronary Intervention for Saphenous Vein Graft Lesions and Comparison with Transfemoral Route
Authors: RATHORE SUDHIR , ROBERTS ELVED , HAKEEM ABDUL R. , PAURIAH MAHESHWAR , BEAUMONT ANDREW , MORRIS JOHN L. 
Published: August 2009

Background: Transradial PCI is rapidly expanding and is effective in complex lesion subset due to miniaturization of devices and accumulated clinical experience. However, the femoral route still remains the usual vascular route used for SVG PCI in most catheterization laboratories.
Methods: We examined 115 consecutive patients undergoing SVG PCI between January 2003 and December 2005 and compared the radial (51 patients) and femoral (64 patients) approaches.
Results: Baseline demographics, lesion location, and clinical indication were similar in both groups. GpIIbIIIa inhibitor usage was high in the radial group (78.4% vs. 53.1%, P < 0.01). Angiographic success was similar in both groups, 96% in the radial group vs. 96.8 in the femoral. Total fluoroscopy time (18.59 ± 12.23 vs. 20.45 ± 12.9), total procedure time (52.1 ± 29.5 vs. 43.90 ± 23.31 min), and the use of total contrast volume (357.0 ± 174.0 vs. 346.0 ± 157.0 ml) were similar in the radial and femoral groups, respectively. In‐hospital MACE (radial: 2 MI [4.0%] vs. femoral: 1 death [1.6%] and 7 MI [11.0%], P < 0.01) were similar in both groups. Access site vascular complications (radial: 2 [4.0%] vs. femoral: 10 [11.0%], P < 0.001) were significantly less in the radial group.
Conclusions: The transradial approach for SVG PCI is feasible, safe, and as quick as the femoral approach. Procedural success is high with similar radiation and contrast exposure. In‐hospital MI in the femoral group is high because of more‐unstable patients. However, there are significantly lower vascular complications despite high use of platelet inhibitors in the radial approach.
Favorable Long‐Term Survival in Patients Undergoing Stent PCI of Unprotected Left Main Coronary Artery Compared to Predicted Short‐Term Prognosis of CABG Estimated by EuroSCORE: Clinical Determinants of Long‐Term Outcome
Authors: LEHMANN RALF , SPYRIDOPOULOS IOAKIM , KREMER JANINE , ZEIHER ANDREAS M. , SCHÄCHINGER VOLKER , FICHTLSCHERER STEPHAN 
Published: August 2009

Aims/Methods: The long‐term outcome of patients (pts) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of unprotected left main coronary artery (LMCA) is unclear so far. We prospectively investigated the outcome of 102 consecutive patients who underwent stent PCI of unprotected LMCA. Patients were divided according to clinical indication for PCI: stable coronary artery disease (CAD) (N = 60), NSTEMI (N = 18), STEMI (N = 24). Expected in‐hospital mortality of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) was calculated using the European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE) and compared to the observed survival rate during long‐term follow‐up (mean 1.8 ± 1.2 years).
Results: The observed 30‐day mortality was 1.7% (1/60 pts) in patients with stable CAD, 11% (2/18 pts) in NSTEMI patients, and 13% (3/24 pts) in STEMI patients. The observed mortality was lower than the predicted mortality of CABG as calculated by the logistic EuroSCORE. Using receiver‐operator characteristics curves (ROC), EuroSCORE demonstrated a high predictive value for both 30‐day mortality as well as 1‐year mortality (AUC > 0.8; P < 0.01). Prognostically relevant patient related factors (P < 0.01) included severely reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (HR 3.24), ACS (HR 3.18), STEMI (HR: 3.01), Killip class IV (HR 7.69), occurrence of neoplastic disease (HR 3.97), and elevated CRP (HR 3.86).
Conclusions: LMCA‐PCI was associated with lower long‐term mortality rates compared to the estimated mortality of CABG. This prospective observational study suggests that DES‐PCI of unprotected LMCA in “all‐comers” can be carried out with reasonable risk.
The double split flap: a surgical approach for regenerative treatment of interproximal defects
Authors: Thalmair Tobias , Fickl Stefan , Bolz Wolfgang , Wachtel Hannes 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAims and Background: Primary wound closure has been advocated to be indispensable for a successful outcome of guided tissue regeneration‐procedures. Yet narrow inter‐proximal spaces often lack sufficient tissue quantity in order to facilitate a tension free re‐adaptation of periodontal flaps. In order to maintain an uneventful healing process, the concept of layer‐wise wound closure is applied to periodontal surgery.Material and Method: This article describes the introduction of a modified flap design, the double split flap.Results and Conclusion: By preparation of a second, internal flap and a wound in a layer‐wise fashion, it is assumed that primary healing will be more predictable to achieve.