bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non‐Newtonian blood flow study in a model cavopulmonary vascular system
Authors: Chitra K. , Sundararajan T. , Vengadesan S. , Nithiarasu P. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA transient haemodynamic study in a model cavopulmonary vascular system has been carried out for a typical range of parameters using a finite element‐based Navier–Stokes solver. The focus of this study is to investigate the influence of non‐Newtonian behaviour of the blood on the haemodynamic quantities, such as wall shear stress (WSS) and flow pattern. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is based on an artificial compressibility characteristic‐based split (AC‐CBS) scheme, which has been adopted to solve the Navier–Stokes equations in space–time domain. A power law model has been implemented to characterize the shear thinning nature of the blood depending on the local strain rate. Using the computational model, numerical investigations have been performed for Newtonian and non‐Newtonian flows for different frequencies and input pulse forms. The haemodynamic quantities observed in total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) for the above conditions suggest that there are considerable differences in average (about 25–40%) and peak (about 50%) WSS distributions, when the non‐Newtonian behaviour of the blood is taken into account. The lower WSS levels observed for non‐Newtonian cases point to the higher risk of lesion formation, especially at higher pulsation frequencies. A realistic pulse form is relatively safer than a sinusoidal pulse as it has more energy distributed in the higher harmonics, which results in higher average WSS values. The present study highlights the importance of including non‐Newtonian shear thinning behaviour for modelling blood flow in the vicinity of repaired arterial connections. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation of gravity currents using the thermal lattice Boltzmann method
Authors: Lizhong Yang , Junqi Ye , Yafei Wang 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is becoming an effective numerical technique of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). In this study, with some new thermal LBM schemes being proposed, the LBM is used to simulate the gravity current prior to backdraft (a particular and hazardous phenomenon in compartment fire) within laminar restrictions. The dimensionless time for gravity current traveling from the opening to the rear wall of a bench‐scale compartment is calculated under different opening geometries, respectively, including: full end opening, upside‐slot end opening, middle‐slot end opening, downside‐slot end opening, and slot ceiling opening. The application is very successful and the results show that the dimensionless time under the slot ceiling opening is the longest. Among the slot end openings, similar dimensionless time has been obtained for the upside‐slot and middle‐slot end openings, which is shorter than the downside‐slot end opening. For the full end opening, the shortest dimensionless time is obtained. Finally, some valuable advices are given for fire protection engineering. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of a locally conservative Galerkin (LCG) method for modelling blood flow through a patient‐specific carotid bifurcation
Authors: Bevan R. L. T. , Nithiarasu P. , Van Loon R. , Sazonov I. , Luckraz H. , Garnham A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn the present work, blood flow through a patient‐specific carotid bifurcation is thoroughly analysed. A locally conservative Galerkin spatial discretization is applied along with an artificial compressibility and characteristic‐based split scheme to solve the 3D incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. Boundary layer meshes are introduced to accurately resolve high near‐wall velocity gradients inside a patient‐specific carotid bifurcation. A total of six haemodynamic wall parameters have been brought together to analyse the regions of possible atherogenesis within the domain. The results show that wall shear stress (WSS) is high (6–15 Pa) near the apex, along with a small region where WSS exceeded 20 Pa. This peak WSS region is close to the inner wall of the external carotid artery (ECA). It is also clear from the results that low WSS occurred in the common carotid artery (CCA). High oscillatory shear occurred in the CCA distal to a local narrowing of the internal carotid artery and along the outer wall, indicating a potential region of atherogenesis. The highest values of wall shear stress angle deviation and wall shear stress angle gradient occur at the apex. The wall shear stress temporal gradient reached 4000 Pa/s near the apex, closer to the ECA. Wall shear stress spatial gradient distribution corresponded with the WSS distribution, with a maximum occurring at the apex. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Creep of Ferritic Interconnect on Long‐Term Performance of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stacks
Authors: Liu W. N. , Sun X. , Khaleel M. A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractHigh‐temperature ferritic alloys are potential candidates as interconnect (IC) materials and spacers due to their low cost and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) compatibility with other components for most of the solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). However, creep deformation becomes relevant for a material when the operating temperature exceeds or even is less than half of its melting temperature (in degrees of Kelvin). The operating temperatures for most of the SOFCs under development are around 1,073 K. With around 1,800 K of the melting temperature for most stainless steel (SS), possible creep deformation of ferritic IC under the typical cell operating temperature should not be neglected. In this paper, the effects of IC creep behaviour on stack geometry change and the stress redistribution of different cell components are predicted and summarised. The goal of the study is to investigate the performance of the fuel cell stack by obtaining the changes in fuel‐ and air‐channel geometry due to creep of the ferritic SS IC, therefore indicating possible changes in SOFC performance under long‐term operations. The ferritic IC creep model was incorporated into software SOFC‐MP and Mentat‐FC, and finite element analyses (FEAs) were performed to quantify the deformed configuration of the SOFC stack under the long‐term steady‐state operating temperature. It was found that the creep behaviour of the ferritic SS IC contributes to narrowing of both the fuel‐ and the air‐flow channels. In addition, stress re‐distribution of the cell components suggests the need for a compliant sealing material that also relaxes at operating temperature.
The Ionic Conductivity of a Nafion® 1100 Series of Proton‐exchange Membranes Re‐cast from Butan‐1‐ol and Propan‐2‐ol
Authors: Slade S. M. , Ralph T. R. , Ponce de León C. , Campbell S. A. , Walsh F. C. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe ionic conductivity of Nafion® 1100 extruded membranes re‐cast from solutions of butan‐1‐ol and propan‐2‐ol is measured in 0.5 mol dm–3 H2SO4 at 295 K, using an immersed, four‐electrode d.c. technique. The general trend is an increasing conductivity for the thicker membranes. Materials which were solution‐cast from butan‐1‐ol yielded the highest conductivity while a series of membranes with lower conductivities (similar to those of an extruded Nafion® 1100 series of membranes) was found using propan‐2‐ol. The conductivity results indicate that membranes manufactured by extrusion and casting from various solvents might have different structures. Differences in the water content and conductivity of the membranes are considered to arise from the impact of processing conditions on the surface and bulk structure of the membranes.
Preparation of Bimodal Porous Carbon Supported PtRu Catalysts for Fuel Cells
Authors: Hwang S. , Park G.‐G. , Yim S.‐D. , Park S.‐H. , Yang T.‐H. , Kim H. , Kim C.‐S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn this work, we synthesised the bimodal porous carbon supported electro‐catalyst as a novel catalyst for fuel cells. For this purpose, the bimodal porous carbons with different pore sizes were prepared by imprinting method. Three kinds of bimodal porous carbons were fabricated by using the silica spheres with diameters of ca. 50, 100 and 300 nm and SBA‐15 particle having 200–250 nm diameter and 700–900 nm length as templates. The BET surface areas of the bimoal porous carbons were determined to be 235–294 m2 g–1, which are similar to that of Vulcan XC72. To evaluate the electro‐catalytic activity, the PtRu nanoparticles of ca. 1.9–2.6 nm were loaded on the bimodal porous carbon supports. The PtRu/C100, synthesised by using SBA‐15 and 100 nm silica sphere, had the higher electrochemical surface area (ECSA) and the lower on‐set potential and showed comparable performance with the commercial catalyst.
Iron and Copper Containing Oxygen Reduction Catalysts From Templated Glucose–Histidine
Authors: Galbiati I. , Bianchi C. L. , Longhi M. , Carrà A. , Formaro L. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractNitrogen doped carbons loaded with non‐precious transition metals are currently investigated as substitutes of Pt‐based catalysts for oxygen reduction in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEMFCs). This paper reports the preparation of one kind of such catalysts using glucose/histidine mixtures added with Fe and Cu salts in the presence of silica gels as hard templating agent to increase carbon surface area. The resulting carbons contain nitrogen in amounts that depend on heating temperature (T = 600 and 900 °C) on the glucose/histidine molar ratio and, more weakly, on the relative Fe/Cu amount. Surface areas are a function of reactant concentration and heating temperature, whereas pore size and pore size distribution only depend on glucose/histidine molar ratio. Cyclic voltammetry results on oxygen reduction depend on Fe/Cu ratio, the best result both in terms of incipient oxygen reduction potentials and currents being observed on samples only containing Fe, with no Cu added.
Phase and Microstructural Stability of Electrolyte Matrix Materials for Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
Authors: Choi H.‐J. , Lee J.‐J. , Hyun S.‐H. , Lim H.‐C. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractLiAlO2 powder is used as a material for molten‐carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) matrices. The physical and chemical stabilities of LiAlO2 powder during MCFC operation determine the performance and lifetimes of the cells. Change to the phase and particle size in the allotropic phase of LiAlO2 was examined with long‐term stability tests on pure α‐LiAlO2 matrix, Al‐reinforced α‐LiAlO2 matrix, Al‐reinforced γ‐LiAlO2 matrix, aqueous γ‐LiAlO2 matrix and an α‐/β‐LiAlO2 mixture powder in molten carbonate at 650 °C in air. In the γ‐LiAlO2 and α‐/β‐LiAlO2 mixture, the particle growth was continuous from the early stages of heat‐treatment to 20,000 h. Crystalline phase transformation (γ‐LiAlO2 and β‐LiAlO2 to α‐LiAlO2 and γ‐LiAlO2, respectively) of these powders and matrices also occurred, and γ‐LiAlO2 made the third phase like LiAl5O8. By contrast, the sizes of these particles and the crystalline phase of α‐LiAlO2 did not change during immersion tests. These results show that, among α‐/β‐ and γ‐LiAlO2, α‐LiAlO2 is the most stable phase in molten carbonate.
A non‐functioning vitamin D receptor predisposes to leukaemoid reactions in mice
Authors: Erben Reinhold G. , Zeitz Ute , Weber Karin , Stierstorfer Birgit , Wolf Georg , Schmahl Wolfgang , Balling Rudi , Quintanilla‐Martinez Leticia 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe vitamin D hormone 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], the biologically active form of vitamin D, is not only essential for mineral metabolism but may have important functions beyond calcium homoeostasis. By gene targeting, we have recently generated mice expressing a functionally inactive mutant vitamin D receptor (VDR). After a change in environmental conditions from specific pathogen free (SPF) conditions to a modified barrier system, a high percentage of aged mutant, but not wild‐type, mice developed a haematological disorder characterized by splenomegaly, granulocytosis, thrombocytosis and dysplastic changes with displacement of erythropoiesis in bone marrow during the following months. All cases were associated with very high serum levels of the acute phase reaction protein serum amyloid A (SAA). Serological testing of affected mice revealed antibodies against murine hepatitis virus (MHV). However, electron microscopy of spleen and bone marrow cells did not reveal virus particles, and clinical signs of infectious diseases were absent. We hypothesize that a non‐functioning VDR is associated with a latent defect in the regulation of myeloid cell differentiation and proliferation. Under the conditions of environmental stress, this latent defect may predispose to a deregulation of myelopoiesis in the form of a leukaemoid reaction accompanied by dysplastic changes. Thus, 1,25(OH)2D3 may be an important inhibitory factor in the onset and progression of myeloproliferative and myelodysplastic diseases. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of antituberculosis drug concentration in human plasma by MALDI‐TOF/TOF
Authors: Notari Stefania , Mancone Carmine , Sergi Manuel , Gullotta Francesca , Bevilacqua Nazzario , Tempestilli Massimo , Urso Rocco , Lauria Francesco Nicola , Pucillo Leopoldo Paolo , Tripodi Marco , Ascenzi Paolo 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTherapeutic drug monitoring allows to determine the best dosage regimen adapted to each patient optimizing the therapeutic benefits, while minimizing the risk for side effects. Here, the first methodological approach based on matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization source equipped with tandem time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry for the determination of the antituberculosis (anti‐TB) drugs ethambutol, pyrazinamide, rifampicin, and streptomycin concentration in the plasma of tuberculosis‐infected patients is reported. The volume of the plasma sample was 200 μL. Plasma samples were cleaned‐up by protein precipitation and evaporated in a water bath under a nitrogen stream. The extracted samples were reconstituted with 200 μL of 50% methanol‐0.03% formic acid solution (v/v), spiked with known amounts of anti‐TB drugs, mixed (1:1) with a saturated matrix solution (4‐hydroxybenzoic acid in 50% acetonitrile‐0.1% trifluoracetic acid solution; v/v), and spotted onto the MALDI‐TOF/TOF sample target plate. The anti‐TB drug concentration was determined by standard additions analysis. Regression of standard additions was linear over the whole anti‐TB drug concentration range explored (the final anti‐TB drug concentration ranged from 0.20 to 200 pmol/μL). The absolute recovery of the anti‐TB drugs ranged between 87 and 110%. The minimal ethambutol, pyrazinamide, rifampicin, and streptomycin concentration detectable by MALDI‐TOF/TOF is 0.08, 0.20, 0.12, and 0.15 pmol/μL, respectively. © 2010 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 62(5): 387–393, 2010
From stem cell to erythroblast: Regulation of red cell production at multiple levels by multiple hormones
Authors: Lodish Harvey , Flygare Johan , Chou Song 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis article reviews the regulation of production of red blood cells at several levels: (1) the ability of erythropoietin and adhesion to a fibronectin matrix to stimulate the rapid production of red cells by inducing terminal proliferation and differentiation of committed erythroid CFU‐E progenitors; (2) the regulated expansion of the pool of earlier BFU‐E erythroid progenitors by glucocorticoids and other factors that occurs during chronic anemia or inflammation; and (3) the expansion of thehematopoietic cell pool to produce more progenitors of all hematopoietic lineages. © 2010 IUBMB IUBMB Life 62(7): 492–496, 2010
Enzymology of the carnitine biosynthesis pathway
Authors: Strijbis Karin , Vaz Frédéric M. , Distel Ben 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe water‐soluble zwitterion carnitine is an essential metabolite in eukaryotes required for fatty acid oxidation as it functions as a carrier during transfer of activated acyl and acetyl groups across intracellular membranes. Most eukaryotes are able to synthesize carnitine endogenously, besides their capacity to take up carnitine from the diet or extracellular medium through plasma membrane transporters. This review discusses the current knowledge on carnitine homeostasis with special emphasis on the enzymology of the four steps of the carnitine biosynthesis pathway. © 2010 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 62(5): 357–362, 2010
Aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetase–interacting multifunctional proteins (AIMPs): A triad for cellular homeostasis
Authors: Park Sang Gyu , Choi Eung‐Chil , Kim Sunghoon 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are highly conserved for efficient and precise translation of genetic codes. In higher eukaryotic systems, several different ARSs including glutamyl‐prolyl‐, isoelucyl‐, leucyl‐, methionyl‐, glutaminyl‐, lysyl‐, arginyl‐, and aspartyl‐tRNA synthetase form a macromolecular protein complex with three nonenzymatic cofactors (AIMP1/p43, AIMP2/p38, and AIMP3/p18). Although the structure and functional implications for this complex formation are not completely understood, rapidly accumulating evidences suggest that this complex would work as a molecular hub linked to the multiple signaling pathways that involve the components of enzymes and cofactors. In this article, the roles of three nonenzymatic components of the multi‐tRNA synthetase complex in the assembly of the components and in cell regulation are addressed. © 2010 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 62(4): 296–302, 2010
Manipulating CD4+ T cells by optical tweezers for the initiation of cell‐cell transfer of HIV‐1
Authors: McNerney Gregory P. , Hübner Wolfgang , Chen Benjamin K. , Huser Thomas 
Published: March 2010

AbstractCell‐cell interactions through direct contact are very important for cellular communication and coordination – especially for immune cells. The human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV‐1) induces immune cell interactions between CD4+ cells to shuttle between T cells via a virological synapse. A goal to understand the process of cell‐cell transmission through virological synapses is to determine the cellular states that allow a chance encounter between cells to become a stable cell‐cell adhesion. We demonstrate the use of optical tweezers to manipulate uninfected primary CD4+ T cells near HIV Gag‐iGFP transfected Jurkat T cells to probe the determinants that induce stable adhesion. When combined with fast 4D confocal fluorescence microscopy, optical tweezers can be utilized not only to facilitate cell‐cell contact, but also to simultaneously track the formation of a virological synapse, and ultimately to probe the events that precede virus transfer. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Real time characterization of hydrodynamics in optically trapped networks of micro‐particles
Authors: Curran Arran , Yao Alison , Gibson Graham , Bowman Richard , Cooper Jon , Padgett Miles 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe hydrodynamic interactions of micro‐silica spheres trapped in a variety of networks using holographic optical tweezers are measured and characterized in terms of their predicted eigenmodes. The characteristic eigenmodes of the networks are distinguishable within 20–40 seconds of acquisition time. Three different multi‐particle networks are considered; an eight‐particle linear chain, a nine‐particle square grid and, finally, an eight‐particle ring. The eigenmodes and their decay rates are shown to behave as predicted by the Oseen tensor and the Langevin equation, respectively. Finally, we demonstrate the potential of using our micro‐ring as a non‐invasive sensor to the local environmental viscosity, by showing the distortion of the eigenmode spectrum due to the proximity of a planar boundary. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optofluidic chip for single cell trapping and stretching fabricated by a femtosecond laser
Authors: Bragheri Francesca , Ferrara Lorenzo , Bellini Nicola , Vishnubhatla Krishna C. , Minzioni Paolo , Ramponi Roberta , Osellame Roberto , Cristiani Ilaria 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe authors present the design and optimization of an optofluidic monolithic chip, able to provide optical trapping and controlled stretching of single cells. The chip is fabricated in a fused silica glass substrate by femtosecond laser micromachining which can produce both optical waveguides and microfluidic channels with great accuracy. A new fabrication procedure adopted in this work allows the demonstration of microchannels with a square cross‐section, thus guaranteeing an improved quality of the trapped cell images. Femtosecond laser micromachining emerges as a promising technique for the development of multifunctional integrated biophotonic devices that can be easily coupled to a microscope platform, thus enabling a complete characterization of the cells under test. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cell morphology and intracellular ionic homeostasis explored with a multimodal approach combining epifluorescence and digital holographic microscopy
Authors: Pavillon Nicolas , Benke Alexander , Boss Daniel , Moratal Corinne , Kühn Jonas , Jourdain Pascal , Depeursinge Christian , Magistretti Pierre J. , Marquet Pierre 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe authors have developed a live‐cell multimodality microscope combining epifluorescence with digital holographic microscopy; it has been implemented with a decoupling procedure allowing to separately measure from the quantitative phase important cell parameters including absolute volume, shape and integral intracellular refractive index. In combination with the numerous different specific fluorescent cellular probes, this multimodality microscopy can address important issues in cell biology. This is demonstrated by the study of intracellular calcium homeostasis associated with the change in cell volume, which play a critical role in the excitotoxicity‐induced neuronal death. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Novel graph distance matrix
Authors: Randić Milan , Pisanski Tomaž , Novič Marjana , Plavšić Dejan 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe have introduced novel distance matrix for graphs, which is based on interpretation of columns of the adjacency matrix of a graph as a set of points in n‐dimensional space, n being the number of vertices in the graph. Numerical values for the distances are based on the Euclidean distance between n points in n‐dimensional space. In this way, we have combined the traditional representation of graphs (drawn as 2D object of no fixed geometry) with their representation in n‐dimensional space, defined by a set of n‐points that lead to a representation of definite geometry. The novel distance matrix, referred to as natural distance matrix, shows some structural properties and offers novel graph invariants as molecular descriptors for structure‐property‐activity studies. One of the novel graph descriptors is the modified connectivity index in which the bond contribution for (m, n) bond‐type is given by 1/√(m + n), where m and n are the valence of the end vertices of the bond. The novel distance matrix (ND) can be reduced to sparse distance‐adjacency matrix (DA), which can be viewed as specially weighted adjacency matrix of a graph. The quotient of the leading eigenvalues of novel distance‐adjacency matrix and novel distance matrix, as illustrated on a collection of graphs of chemical interest, show parallelism with a simple measure of graph density, based on the quotient of the number of edges in a graph and the maximal possible number of edges for graphs of the same size. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010