bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
pH- and Temperature-induced Crystallization of Aqueous Dispersions of Positively Charged Poly(styrene-co-2-vinylpyridine) Particles
Authors: Nagano Ryota , Toyotama Akiko , Yamanaka Junpei 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
We report that aqueous dispersions of cationic poly(styrene-co-2-vinylpyridine) particles exhibit pH- and temperature-induced crystallization. Thus far, these crystallization methods have been examined only for negatively charged colloids. The present findings will be useful for the fabrication of positively charged colloidal crystalline materials.
Boundary value problems for heat equation with certain potentials in Lipschitz cylinders
Authors: Tang Lin 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The Dirichlet and Neumann problems of heat
equation with certain potentials of the form

∂
t

-
Δ
+
V
=
0

$\partial _t-\Delta +V=0$

in
Lipschitz cylinders are studied, where V is a nonnegative
potential satisfying certain conditions.
Protecting and Respecting Civilians
Authors: Haque Adil Ahmad 
Published: November 2011

There is a gap between the international humanitarian law of Geneva and the international criminal law of Rome, a gap between the law we have and the law we need if we are to “ensure respect for and protection of the civilian population” caught in the midst of armed conflict.
The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court fails to fully enforce four core principles of humanitarian law designed to protect civilians: distinction, discrimination, necessity, and proportionality. As a result, it is possible for a combatant with a culpable mental state, without justification or excuse, and in violation of humanitarian law, to kill civilians, yet escape criminal liability under the Rome Statute. The Rome Statute also ignores or misapplies three fundamental criminal law distinctions: between conduct offenses and result offenses, between material elements and mental elements, as well as between offenses and defenses. These distinctions are not empty formalisms but rather are the means by which any system of criminal law gives expression to its underlying moral values.
The purpose of this article is to expose these defects and propose a way to overcome them. Drawing on contemporary criminal law theory, it offers a new approach to war crimes against civilians, one that better protects and respects the value of civilian life. This article proposes a redefined offense of Willful Killing that fully incorporates the principles of distinction and discrimination as well as a new affirmative defense that fully incorporates the principles of necessity and proportionality. Only by adopting such an approach can international criminal law provide civilians the legal protection and moral recognition they deserve. The recent adoption of an operative definition of the crime of aggression during a Review Conference in June 2010 suggests that further reform of the Rome Statute is achievable.
Multichannel Mueller Matrix Analysis of the Evolution of Surface Roughness on Different In-Plane Scales during Polycrystalline Film Processing
Authors: Chen Chi , Ross Christoph , Wronski C. R. , Collins R. W. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractOptical analysis of polycrystalline semiconductors and transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) used in thin film photovoltaics is a considerable challenge due to surface roughness and nonuniformities that may exist over many orders of magnitude in the in-plane scale L, from tenths of nanometers to hundreds of microns. Here we describe the new optical technique of multichannel Mueller matrix ellipsometry, that enables one to extract the dielectric function (ε1, ε2) of such a film, as well as the time evolution of surface roughness layer thicknesses on (i) microscopic (L <<λ, whereλ is the probe wavelength), (ii) macroscopic (L λ), and (iii) “geometric optical” (L <<λ) scales, in an analysis of data collected during deposition or processing. We present as an example, analysis results from spectra collected during chemical etching of the TCO zinc oxide that leads to detectable surface roughness on all three scales. The optical results are in good agreement with direct measurements by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and profilometry.
Electron Radiation Damage in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 analysed in-situ by Cathodoluminescence in a Transmission Electron Microscope
Authors: Scheel Hanne , Frank Gerhard , Ott Niels , Witte Wolfram , Strunk Horst P. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe have equipped our transmission electron microscope (accelerating voltage up to 300 kV) with a cathodoluminescence (CL) system that covers a wavelength range of 180 — 1800 nm and temperatures from 10 K upwards. This contribution shows how this system can be utilized to study the initial damage process due to electron irradiation in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin solar films. This damage leads essentially to atomic defects that cannot structurally be imaged in the transmission electron microscope, but influence the luminescence spectra. We analyse in-situ the spectral evolutions with electron dose of Cu(In1-xGax)Se2 with [Ga]/([Ga]+[In]) ratio x ranging from x=0 to x=1 and interpret the defect formation kinetics with a first model. The obtained results indicate that the films with equal Ga and In concentration are the least radiation sensitive. The voltage dependence of the damage rate indicates that the damage arises essentially due to displacement by electron knock-on (in the voltage range 150 — 300 kV).
Structural, optical and electrical properties of transparent conducting CuInO2 thin films prepared by RF sputtering
Authors: Yang Bin , He Yunbin , Polity Angalika , Meyer Bruno K. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe transparent conducting CuInO2 thin films were prepared by radio frequency (RF) reactive sputtering and post growth annealing. A study of structural, optical, and electrical properties was performed on the films. The crystalline phase in the films was identified to be the delafossite structure. The optical properties, such as the wavelength dependence of the transmittance and the band gap energy, were determined. The average transmittance is 70% in the wavelength range of 400-1100 nm and the band gap is ˜3.7 eV. The temperaturedependence of electrical conductivity in the CuInO2 delafossite thin films was measured from 70 to 400K. The resistivity, carrier density, and mobility of the thin films at 300K were 1.8x101 Δcm, 1.6x1019 cm-3 and 2x10-1 cm2/Vs, respectively. Hall coefficient indicated that the CuInO2 thin films are n-type conductors. The electrical conductivity showed semiconducting type at room temperature.
Flexible, Monolithically Integrated Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin-Film Solar Modules
Authors: Herrmann Dirk , Kessler Friedrich , Klemm Ulf , Kniese Robert , Friedlmeier Theresa Magorian , Spiering Stefanie , Witte Wolfram , Powalla Michael 
Published: November 2011

AbstractCIGS (Cu(In,Ga)Se2) thin-film solar modules on glass substrates are currently on the verge of commercialization. Entirely new application areas could be accessed with CIGS modules fabricated on thin and flexible non-glass substrates. Additionally, the roll-to-roll manufacturing of such flexible CIGS modules promises to be a low-cost production method. Different external Na supply methods and a vacuum-deposited buffer were investigated in this contribution, a sample of the challenges we face when modifying the standard, industrial CIGS module production process to the particular requirements of flexible substrates. Both metal foil substrates and polymer films are considered. Our excellent best results of above 14 % for single cells on titanium, more than 11% on polyimide, and around 7 % for modules on both substrates indicate our progress in developing flexible CIGS.
Glancing Incidence X-Ray Diffraction of Polycrystalline Thin Films
Authors: McCandless Brian E. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractGlancing incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXRD) is a powerful diagnostic tool for nondestructive analysis of thin film materials and structures. GIXRD fundamentals and experimental techniques and results are presented with respect to polycrystalline thin-films. The refraction index and critical incident beam angle are calculated for selected elemental and inorganic compounds. Quantitative GIXRD analysis with Cu Kα radiation is applied to several problems: recrystallization of ultra-thin chemical surface deposited CdS films; compositional grading in CuIn1-xGaxSe2films; formation of native oxides on CdTe films; interdiffusion between CdTe and CdS; Te film thickness determination on etched CdTe; and correlation of inplane residual stress with deposition conditions for sputtered Mo films.
The Structure and Passivation Effects of Double-Positioning Twin Boundaries in CdTe
Authors: Yan Yanfa , Al-Jassim M.M. , Jones K.M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractUsing the combination of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, first-principles density-functional total-energy calculations, and image simulations, we studied the atomic structure and passivation effects of double-positioning (DP) twin boundaries in CdTe. The DP twin boundaries are found to contain more Te dangling bonds than Cd dangling bonds, resulting in energy states in the bandgap that are detrimental to the electronic properties of CdTe. We found that I, Br, Cl, S, and O atoms present passivation effects on the DP twin boundaries to differing degrees, whereas H does not passivate the boundaries. Of all these impurities, I and Cl atoms present the best passivation effects on the DP twin boundaries. The superior passivation effects are realized by either terminating the Cd atoms with dangling bonds, or substituting the Te atoms with dangling bonds in the DP twin boundaries in CdTe by Cl and I atoms.
Band offsets at the ZnSe / CuInS2 interface
Authors: Papathanasiou O. , Siebentritt S. , Lauermann I. , Hahn T. , Metzner H. , Lux-Steiner M. Ch. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractZnSe has been shown to be a promising alternative buffer in CuInS2 thin film solar cells. Here we present for the first time photoemission measurements to determine the band alignment at the ZnSe/CuInS2 interface. Epitaxial CuInS2 is used as a substrate. ZnSe is deposited in varying thicknesses by MOCVD. X-ray photoelectron spectra are measured with an Mg laboratory source and with synchrotron radiation. A valence band offset of 0.4+/-0.1eV is obtained.
Photoluminescence Studies on Cu and O Defects in Crystalline and Thin-film CdTe
Authors: Corwine Caroline R. , Gessert Timothy A. , Sites James R. , Metzger Wyatt K. , Dippo Pat , Li Jingbo , Duda Anna , Teeter Glenn 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPolycrystalline thin-film CdTe is one of the leading materials used in photovoltaic solar cells. One way to improve device performance and stability is through understanding how various process steps alter defect states in the CdTe layer. Low-temperature photoluminescence (PL) studies show a 1.456-eV PL peak in single-crystal CdTe that is likely due to a Cui-OTe defect complex. A similar peak, observed in as-deposited glass/SnO2:F/CdS/CdTe thin-film structures, strongly suggests a common origin. The 1.456-eV peak is also seen in a thin-film sample after performing the CdCl2 treatment needed for high efficiencies.
The Impact of Maxillary Osteotomy on Speech Outcomes in Cleft Lip and Palate: An Evidence-Based Approach to Evaluating the Literature
Authors: Pereira Valerie , Sell Debbie , Tuomainen Jyrki 
Published: November 2011

Objective To undertake a critical and systematic review of the literature on the impact of maxillary advancement on speech outcomes in order to identify current best evidence. Design and Main Outcome Measures The following databases were searched: PubMed, CINAHL, and The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register. In addition, reference lists were hand searched for additional articles. Using a predefined framework and set criteria, evidence was evaluated using the assignment of levels of evidence (at least Level III on the evidence hierarchy), calculation of post-hoc power (≥ 0.8), effect size (Cohen's d ≥ 0.5), and adaptation of the parameters as set out by The Cochrane Collaboration. Results Of the 40 studies identified, the majority (68%) fell within Level lll.ii, representing cohort-type studies and a fifth (20%) within Level IV, the weakest form of evidence. Power and effect size calculations were only possible in 9 studies for different speech outcomes, and only seven studies met the set criteria for best evidence. Accordingly, current best evidence for articulation exists only for a noncleft population, is conflicting for resonance and nasalance, and is mixed for velopharyngeal function depending on which instrumental measure is used. Conclusions There is an obvious need for further prospective research in the field with strong speech methodology such as the undertaking of interrater and intrarater reliability, adequate follow-up, and sufficient sample sizes based on a priori power analyses. Methodologic issues are discussed and recommendations made.
Correction of Moderate to Severe Coronal Plane Deformity with the STAR™ Ankle Prosthesis
Authors: Reddy Sudheer C. , Mann Jeffrey A. , Mann Roger A. , Mangold Devin R. 
Published: November 2011

Background: Prior studies have demonstrated a correlation between the degree of preoperative coronal plane deformity and failure following ankle replacement. We reviewed all of our patients who underwent ankle replacement utilizing the STAR™ prosthesis from 2000 to 2009 to evaluate the outcome of those with moderate (10 to 19 degrees) and severe (20 degrees or greater) coronal plane deformity. Materials and Methods: Out of 130 consecutive patients, 43 patients had at least 10 degrees of preoperative coronal plane deformity. Twenty-five ankles had 10 to 19 degrees degrees of deformity and 18 ankles had 20 degrees or greater deformity. Average age was 66 years. Average length of followup was 41 (range, 12 to 98) months. Results: Average talar preoperative deformity was 17.9 (range, 10 to 29) degrees, while average initial talar postoperative deformity was 3.5 (range, 0 to 12) degrees. Average final talar postoperative deformity was 4.7 (range, 0 to 14) degrees. Preoperative and final correction of deformity was statistically significant ( p < 0.01), but there was no significant difference between initial and final postoperative correction. Overall, recurrence of the preoperative coronal plane deformity occurred in six of 43 patients (14%). All three patients who had deformities over 25 degrees developed recurrences. Correction of the coronal plane deformities was achieved by using intraoperative soft-tissue balancing, including deltoid ligament release in 12 patients and lateral ligament reconstruction in one patient. Deltoid ligament release was found to be necessary for all patients with greater than 18 degrees of varus plane deformity. Conclusion: Correction of moderate to severe coronal plane deformity with the STAR™ prosthesis was achievable with only soft-tissue balancing procedures with predictable results especially for deformities less than 25 degrees. Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Histomorphological Evaluation of Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Plantar Soft Tissue
Authors: Wang Yak-Nam , Lee Kara , Ledoux William R. 
Published: November 2011

Background: Diabetic foot ulceration has a complex and multi-factorial etiology and can involve changes in the pathophysi-ology of the plantar soft tissue. In the current study, histomor-phological analyses of diabetic and non-diabetic plantar tissue were performed. It was hypothesized that the diabetic tissue would have thicker skin (epidermis and dermis), less interdig-itation between the dermis and epidermis, thicker elastic septa and decreased adipose cell size. Materials and Methods: Two locations of the foot (the heel and the first metatarsal) were examined, both of which have been reported to be locations with a high incidence of ulceration. Stereological methods and quantitative morphological techniques were used to evaluate the skin thickness, interdigitation index, elastic septae thickness and adipocyte cell size. Results: The diabetic donors had a greater body mass index (BMI) than the non-diabetic donors. The diabetic tissue had significantly thicker elastic septae and dermis. However, no significant difference was observed in the interdigitation index or adipocyte size. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that morphological changes can be evaluated histologically to give a better understanding of the pathological changes in the plantar soft tissue with diabetes. These evaluations can then be associated with biomechanical changes that occur in diabetes to provide new insight into how microstruc-tural changes can alter macroscopic properties. Clinical Relevance: An understanding of the histomorphological changes in the soft tissue in relationship to the location on the foot could help to explain the biomechanical changes that occur in diabetes and the subsequent increase in susceptibility to breakdown.
Public Reporting in Germany: the Content of Physician Rating Websites
Authors: Sander U. , Esslinger A. S. , Maryschok M. , Schöffski O. , Emmert M. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryBackground: Physician rating websites (PRWs) are gaining in popularity among patients seeking quality information about physicians. However, little knowledge is available about the quantity and type of information provided on the websites.Objective: To determine and structure the quantity and type of information about physicians in the outpatient sector provided on German-language physician rating websites.Methods: In a first step, we identified PRWs through a systematic internet search using German keywords from a patient´s perspective in the two search engines Google and Yahoo. Afterwards, information about physicians available on the websites was collected and categorised according to Donabedian´s structure/process/outcome model. Furthermore, we investigated whether the information was related to the physician himself/ herself or to the practice as a whole.Results: In total, eight PRWs were detected. Our analysis turned up 139 different information items on eight websites; 67 are related to the structural quality, 4 to process quality, 5 to outcomes, and 63 to patient satisfaction/experience. In total, 37% of all items focus specifically on the physician and 63% on the physician’s practice. In terms of the total amount of information provided on the PRWs, results range from 61 down to 13.5 items.Conclusions: A broad range of information is available on German PRWs. While structural information can give a detailed overview of the financial, technical and human resources of a practice, other outcome measures have to be interpreted with caution. Specifically, patient satisfaction results are not risk-adjusted, and thus, are not appropriate to represent a provider’s quality of care. Consequently, neither patients nor physicians should yet use the information provided to make their final decision for or against an individual physician.
Cytological analysis of small branch-duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms provides a more accurate risk assessment of malignancy than symptoms
Authors: Ono Jill , Yaeger Kurt A. , Genevay Muriel , Mino-Kenudson Mari , Brugge William R. , Pitman Martha B. 
Published: November 2011

Objectives:The Sendai guidelines for management of patients with clinically suspected intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) recommend resection of cysts > 30 mm, a dilated main pancreatic duct (MPD) > 6 mm, a mural nodule (MN), symptoms or positive cytology. Although sensitive, asymptomatic cysts, nonspecific symptoms, and a high threshold for positive cytology limit the specificity of the guidelines. We have assessed the value of cytology relative to symptom for predicting malignancy in IPMNs without high-risk imaging features.Materials and Methods:We retrospectively reviewed the clinical, radiological, and cytological data of 31 small branch-duct IPMNs without a MN. The cytological presence of high-grade atypical epithelial cells (HGA) was considered true positive, with a corresponding histology of high-grade dysplasia or invasive carcinoma. The performance of cytology versus symptoms was evaluated by calculating the sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value (NPV), positive predictive value (PPV), and accuracy.Results:The sensitivity (0.80), specificity (0.85), and accuracy (0.84) of HGA were higher than the corresponding performance characteristics of symptoms (0.60, 0.45, and 0.48, respectively). The NPV of no HGA on cytology was > 95%.Conclusions:Cytology is a better predictor of malignancy than symptoms, for the conservative management of small branch-duct IPMNs. Cytology contributes to a highly accurate triple negative test for malignancy in small IPMN: No dilated MPD, MN or HGA.
The Relationship between Obesity and the Prevalence of Fast Food Restaurants: State-Level Analysis
Authors: Maddock Jay 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. Obesity accounts for approximately 300,000 deaths a year in the United States, and prevalence rates have been increasing over the past decade. The nutrition environment may be contributing to this epidemic. This study examined the relationship between fast food restaurants and obesity on a state-wide basis. Design. A one-time cross-sectional analysis of secondary data was used for this study. Setting. The setting for this study was the United States. Subjects. State-level data were used as the unit of analysis. Alaska was excluded as an outlier, and the District of Columbia was added (N = 50). Measures. Measures included aggregate state-level means for square miles per fast food restaurant, population per fast food restaurant, population density, ethnicity, age, gender, physical inactivity, fruit and vegetable intake, and obesity rates. Data were obtained from the 2002 Behavioral Risk Factor and Surveillance Survey, the 2000 U.S. Census, and the 2002 U.S. Yellow Pages. Results. Multiple hierarchal regressions revealed that square miles per fast food restaurants and residents per restaurant accounted for 6% of the variance in state obesity rates after controlling for population density, ethnicity, age, gender, physical inactivity, and fruit and vegetable intake. The entire model explained 70% of the total variance in state obesity rates. Conclusions. These results indicate a correlational relationship between both the number of residents per fast food restaurant and the square miles per fast food restaurants with state-level obesity prevalence. Limitations include the use of correlational aggregate data.