bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiological interpretation of the navicular bone
Authors: Dyson S. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryAccurate radiological interpretation of a navicular bone requires at least a true lateromedial (LM) image, dorsoproximal‐palmarodistal oblique (DPr‐PaDiO) and palmaroproximal‐palmarodistal oblique (PaPr‐PaDIO) images. Additional information is sometimes acquired from a weightbearing dorsopalmar (DPa) image. The LM image is used to assess thickness of the palmar cortex, proximal or distal extension of the palmar cortex, demarcation between the cortex and spongiosa and the presence of periarticular osteophytes. The number, size, shape and position of radiolucent zones along the distal borders of the navicular bone are assessed in a PaPr‐PaDiO image, together with the presence of central or acentric radiolucent osseous cyst‐like lesions in the spongiosa, proximal or distal border entheseophytes, distal or proximal border fragments and a fracture. The PaPr‐PaDiO image is used to identify radiolucent lesions in the palmar cortex and to confirm the thickness of the palmar cortex and the presence of a fracture, and to assess the trabecular architecture of the spongiosa. The presence of a bipartite or tripartite navicular bone is determined from DPr‐PaDiO, PaPr‐PaDiO and DPa images.
Characterization of Infecting Strains and Superantigen-Neutralizing Antibodies in
Staphylococcus aureus
Bacteremia
Authors: Grumann Dorothee , Ruotsalainen Eeva , Kolata Julia , Kuusela Pentti , Järvinen Asko , Kontinen Vesa P. , Bröker Barbara M. , Holtfreter Silva 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT

Staphylococcus aureus
superantigens (SAgs) are highly potent T cell mitogens. Antibodies against non-enterotoxin gene cluster (non-
egc
) SAgs are common in healthy adults, whereas neutralizing antibodies against
egc
SAgs are rare. We investigated the infecting
S. aureus
strains and the anti-SAg antibody response during
S. aureus
bacteremia (SAB). This prospective clinical study (
www.clinicaltrials.gov
,
NCT00548002
) included 43 injection drug users (IDUs) and 44 group-matched nonaddicts with SAB.
spa
genotypes and SAg gene patterns (multiplex PCR) of the
S. aureus
isolates were determined. The neutralizing capacities of sera obtained at the acute phase and the convalescent phase of SAB were tested against the SAg cocktail of the respective infecting strain and a panel of recombinant SAgs. The lineages CC59 and CC30 were more prevalent among bacteremia strains from IDUs than among strains from nonaddicts. SAg gene patterns in isolates from IDUs and nonaddicts were similar. At the acute phase of bacteremia, IDUs had more neutralizing antibodies against non-
egc
SAgs than did nonaddicts. Antibody titers frequently increased during infection. In contrast, there were no neutralizing antibodies against
egc
SAgs at disease onset and such antibodies were not induced by SAB. SAB triggers an antibody response only against non-
egc
SAgs. Preimmunization in IDU patients is probably due to previous exposure to the infecting strain.
Screening for Urinary Tract Infection with the Sysmex UF-1000i Urine Flow Cytometer
Authors: Broeren Maarten A. C. , Bahçeci Semiha , Vader Huib L. , Arents Niek L. A. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT

The diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) by urine culture is time-consuming and can produce up to 60 to 80% negative results. Fast screening methods that can reduce the necessity for urine cultures will have a large impact on overall turnaround time and laboratory economics. We have evaluated the detection of bacteria and leukocytes by a new urine analyzer, the UF-1000i, to identify negative urine samples that can be excluded from urine culture. In total, 1,577 urine samples were analyzed and compared to urine culture. Urine culture showed growth of ≥10
3
CFU/ml in 939 samples (60%). Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves and ROC decision plots were been prepared at three different gold standard definitions of a negative urine culture: no growth, growth of bacteria at <10
4
CFU/ml, and growth of bacteria at <10
5
CFU/ml. Also, the reduction in urine cultures and the percentage of false negatives were calculated. At the most stringent gold standard definition of no growth, a chosen sensitivity of 95% resulted in a cutoff value of 26 bacteria/μl, a specificity of 43% and a reduction in urine cultures of only 20%, of which 14% were false negatives. However, at a gold standard definition of <10
5
CFU/ml and a sensitivity of 95%, the UF-1000i cutoff value was 230 bacteria/μl, the specificity was 80%, and the reduction in urine cultures was 52%, of which 0.3% were false negatives. The applicability of the UF-1000i to screen for negative urine samples strongly depends on population characteristics and the definition of a negative urine culture. In our setting, however, the low workload savings and the high percentage of false-negative results do not warrant the UF-1000i to be used as a screening analyzer.
Relapse of Enterococcus hirae Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis
Authors: Talarmin J. P. , Pineau S. , Guillouzouic A. , Boutoille D. , Giraudeau C. , Reynaud A. , Lepelletier D. , Corvec S. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT

Enterococcus hirae
, a Gram-positive bacterium, is a rare isolate in clinical specimens. We report an unusual case of a relapse of prosthetic valve endocarditis due to
E. hirae
6 months after the initial episode. Clonal relationship was proven by genomic analysis.
Analysis of Emergence of Quinolone-Resistant Gonococci in Greece by Combined Use of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Multiantigen Sequence Typing and Multilocus Sequence Typing
Authors: Mavroidi Angeliki , Tzelepi Eva , Siatravani Eirini , Godoy Daniel , Miriagou Vivi , Spratt Brian G. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT

The prevalence of quinolone-resistant
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
(QRNG) in Greece remained low from 1997 to 2003 but increased dramatically from 11% to 56% between 2004 and 2007.
N. gonorrhoeae
multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were used to investigate trends in quinolone resistance from 1997 to 2007 and explore the origins of the recent increase in QRNG. We characterized 295 QRNG isolates from the study period and 233 quinolone-susceptible (QS) gonococci from 2004 and 2005, when the rapid increase in QRNG occurred. From 1997 to 1999, an outbreak of QRNG was due to the dissemination of isolates of serovar Arst that belonged to two closely related genotypes. Few QRNG isolates, of diverse genotypes, were present between 2001 and 2003, whereas the sharp increase in QRNG from 2004 onwards was due to the appearance of serovar Bropyst isolates of several major NG-MAST sequence type (STs) that previously had not been identified in Greece. These isolates were shown by MLST to be variants of a single multiply antibiotic-resistant QRNG strain (ST1901) that appeared in Greece and rapidly diversified into 31 NG-MAST STs. There were no isolates of MLST ST1901 or any of the 31 NG-MAST STs among QS isolates from 2004 and 2005 or among 8 representatives of multiresistant but quinolone-susceptible serovar Bropyst isolates circulating in Greece during the 1990s, supporting the view that the recent increase in QRNG was due to importation of a QRNG strain(s) of MLST ST1901 into Greece. Recently, multiresistant QRNG isolates of ST1901 with reduced susceptibility to the newer cephalosporins have appeared in Greece.
Comparison of Aptima Trichomonas vaginalis Transcription-Mediated Amplification Assay and BD Affirm VPIII for Detection of T. vaginalis in Symptomatic Women: Performance Parameters and Epidemiological Implications
Authors: Andrea Sarah B. , Chapin Kimberle C. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT

Trichomonas vaginalis
is an underestimated sexually transmitted infection (STI) associated with numerous clinical sequelae. The true prevalence and clinical impact of trichomoniasis are unknown, as current methods of detection exhibit poor sensitivity compared to molecular amplification methods. Limited data exist comparing the BD Affirm VPIII hybridization assay to the Gen-Probe Aptima
T. vaginalis
(ATV) transcription-mediated amplification (TMA) assay for detection of
T. vaginalis
. In this study, specimens from 766 patients were evaluated. Specimens were retrieved consecutively from patients with vaginal complaints and/or with histories suggestive of STI. Study inclusion was dependent upon the request for and collection of both a vaginal swab for Affirm and a specimen for Aptima Combo 2 by the health care provider during the same office visit. Affirm was performed using the specific collection swab and the transport provided for the test. The ATV assay was performed on remnant Aptima Combo 2 specimens. A second ATV TMA assay, utilizing an alternate
T. vaginalis
primer and probe set, was performed on all specimens positive by the initial TMA and/or the Affirm assay. Infected-patient status was defined as positive
T. vaginalis
test results by at least 2 assays. Overall, 5.1% of subjects were positive for
T. vaginalis. T. vaginalis
was most prevalent in women who were 36 to 45 (11.9%), 51 to 60 (7.7%), and 16 to 25 (4.2%) years of age. The ATV assay was statistically more sensitive than the Affirm assay (100% versus 63.4%,
P
< 0.0001), identifying 36.6% more positive patients.
Vital Role for CD8+Cells in Controlling Retroviral Infections
Authors: Kane Melissa , Case Laure K. , Golovkina Tatyana V. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTAntiviral adaptive immune defenses consist of humoral and cell-mediated responses, which together eliminate extracellular and intracellular virus. As most retrovirus-infected individuals do not raise efficient protective antivirus immune responses, the relative importance of humoral and cell-mediated responses in restraining retroviral infection is not well understood. We utilized retrovirus-resistant I/LnJ mice, which control infection with mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) and murine leukemia virus (MuLV) via an adaptive immune mechanism, to assess the contribution of cellular responses and virus-neutralizing antibodies (Abs) to the control of retroviral infection. We found that in retrovirus-infected CD8-deficient I/LnJ mice, viral titers exceed the neutralizing capability of antiviral Abs, resulting in augmented virus spread and disease induction. Thus, even in the presence of robust neutralizing Ab responses, CD8-mediated responses are essential for full protection against retroviral infection.
Human Cytomegalovirus Disrupts the Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Peptide-Loading Complex and Inhibits Tapasin Gene Transcription
Authors: Halenius Anne , Hauka Sebastian , Dölken Lars , Stindt Jan , Reinhard Henrike , Wiek Constanze , Hanenberg Helmut , Koszinowski Ulrich H. , Momburg Frank , Hengel Hartmut 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT

Major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) molecules present antigenic peptides for CD8
+
T-cell recognition. Prior to cell surface expression, proper MHC I loading is conducted by the peptide-loading complex (PLC), composed of the MHC I heavy chain (HC) and β
2
-microglobulin (β
2
m), the peptide transporter TAP, and several chaperones, including tapasin. Tapasin connects peptide-receptive MHC I molecules to the PLC, thereby facilitating loading of high-affinity peptides onto MHC I. To cope with CD8
+
T-cell responses, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) encodes several posttranslational strategies inhibiting peptide transport and MHC I biogenesis which have been studied extensively in transfected cells. Here we analyzed assembly of the PLC in naturally HCMV-infected fibroblasts throughout the protracted replication cycle. MHC I incorporation into the PLC was absent early in HCMV infection. Subsequently, tapasin neosynthesis became strongly reduced, while tapasin steady-state levels diminished only slowly in infected cells, revealing a blocked synthesis rather than degradation. Tapasin mRNA levels were continuously downregulated during infection, while
tapasin
transcripts remained stable and long-lived. Taking advantage of a novel method by which
de novo
transcribed RNA is selectively labeled and analyzed, an immediate decline of
tapasin
transcription was seen, followed by downregulation of TAP2 and TAP1 gene expression. However, upon forced expression of
tapasin
in HCMV-infected cells, repair of MHC I incorporation into the PLC was relatively inefficient, suggesting an additional level of HCMV interference. The data presented here document a two-pronged coordinated attack on tapasin function by HCMV.
The Herpes Simplex Virus Immediate-Early Ubiquitin Ligase ICP0 Induces Degradation of the ICP0 Repressor Protein E2FBP1
Authors: Fukuyo Yayoi , Horikoshi Nobuo , Ishov Alexander M. , Silverstein Saul J. , Nakajima Takuma 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT
E2FBP1/hDRIL1, a DNA-binding A/T-rich interaction domain (ARID) family transcription factor, is expressed ubiquitously in human tissues and plays an essential role in maintaining the proliferation potential of passage-limited human fibroblasts by dissociating promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML-NBs). This effect on PML-NBs is similar to that of viral immediate-early gene products, such as infected cellular protein 0 (ICP0) from human herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), which also disrupts PML-NBs to override the intrinsic cellular defense. Here we report that E2FBP1 inhibits accumulation of ICP0 RNA and, at the same time, is degraded via ICP0's herpes ubiquitin ligase 2 (HUL-2) activity upon HSV-1 infection. These reciprocal regulatory roles of ICP0 and E2FBP1 are linked in an ARID-dependent fashion. Our results suggest that E2FBP1 functions as an intrinsic cellular defense factor in spite of its PML-NB dissociation function.
Adenovirus Virus-Associated RNAs Induce Type I Interferon Expression through a RIG-I-Mediated Pathway
Authors: Minamitani Takeharu , Iwakiri Dai , Takada Kenzo 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT
The current study demonstrates that adenovirus virus-associated RNA (VA) is recognized by retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor, and activates RIG-I downstream signaling, leading to the induction of type I interferons (IFNs), similarly to Epstein-Barr virus-encoded small RNA. Further analysis revealed that adenovirus infection leads to biphasic type I IFN induction at 12 to 24 h and 48 to 60 h postinfection. The later induction coincided with VA expression and was reduced by virus UV inactivation or RIG-I silencing. These results suggest that VA-mediated RIG-I activation is involved in activating innate immune responses during adenovirus infection.
Reappraisal of the Relationship between the HIV-1-Protective Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism 35 Kilobases Upstream of theHLA-CGene and Surface HLA-C Expression
Authors: Corrah Tumena W. , Goonetilleke Nilu , Kopycinski Jakub , Deeks Steven G. , Cohen Myron S. , Borrow Persephone , McMichael Andrew , Brackenridge Simon 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTPrevious studies have found an association between a single-nucleotide polymorphism 35 kb upstream of theHLA-Clocus (−35 SNP), HLA-C expression, and HIV-1 set point viral loads. We show that the difference in HLA-C expression across −35 SNP genotypes can be attributed primarily to the very low expression of a single allelic product, HLA-Cw7, which is a common HLA type. We suggest that association of the −35 SNP and HIV-1 load manifests as a result of linkage disequilibrium of this polymorphism with both favorable and unfavorable HLA-C and -B alleles.
A Herpesvirus Virulence Factor Inhibits Dendritic Cell Maturation through Protein Phosphatase 1 and IκB Kinase
Authors: Jin Huali , Yan Zhipeng , Ma Yijie , Cao Youjia , He Bin 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT

Dendritic cells are sentinels in innate and adaptive immunity. Upon virus infection, a complex program is in operation, which activates IκB kinase (IKK), a key regulator of inflammatory cytokines and costimulatory molecules. Here we show that the γ
1
34.5 protein, a virulence factor of herpes simplex viruses, blocks Toll-like receptor-mediated dendritic cell maturation. While the wild-type virus inhibits the induction of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, CD86, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-12, the γ
1
34.5-null mutant does not. Notably, γ
1
34.5 works in the absence of any other viral proteins. When expressed in mammalian cells, including dendritic cells, γ
1
34.5 associates with IKKα/β and inhibits NF-κB activation. This is mirrored by the inhibition of IKKα/β phosphorylation, p65/RelA phosphorylation, and nuclear translocation in response to lipopolysaccharide or poly(I:C) stimulation. Importantly, γ
1
34.5 recruits both IKKα/β and protein phosphatase 1, forming a complex that dephosphorylates two serine residues within the catalytic domains of IκB kinase. The amino-terminal domain of γ
1
34.5 interacts with IKKα/β, whereas the carboxyl-terminal domain binds to protein phosphatase 1. Deletions or mutations in either domain abolish the activity of γ
1
34.5. These results suggest that the control of IκB kinase dephosphorylation by γ
1
34.5 represents a critical viral mechanism to disrupt dendritic cell functions.
Involvement of p32 and Microtubules in Alteration of Mitochondrial Functions by Rubella Virus
Authors: Claus C. , Chey S. , Heinrich S. , Reins M. , Richardt B. , Pinkert S. , Fechner H. , Gaunitz F. , Schäfer I. , Seibel P. , Liebert U. G. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT
The interaction of the rubella virus (RV) capsid (C) protein and the mitochondrial p32 protein is believed to participate in virus replication. In this study, the physiological significance of the association of RV with mitochondria was investigated by silencing p32 through RNA interference. It was demonstrated that downregulation of p32 interferes with microtubule-directed redistribution of mitochondria in RV-infected cells. However, the association of the viral C protein with mitochondria was not affected. When cell lines either pretreated with respiratory chain inhibitors or cultivated under (mild) hypoxic conditions were infected with RV, viral replication was reduced in a time-dependent fashion. Additionally, RV infection induces increased activity of mitochondrial electron transport chain complex III, which was associated with an increase in the mitochondrial membrane potential. These effects are outstanding among the examples of mitochondrial alterations caused by viruses. In contrast to the preferential localization of p32 to the mitochondrial matrix in most cell lines, RV-permissive cell lines were characterized by an almost exclusive membrane association of p32. Conceivably, this contributes to p32 function(s) during RV replication. The data presented suggest that p32 fulfills an essential function for RV replication in directing trafficking of mitochondria near sites of viral replication to meet the energy demands of the virus.
Injuries patterns among professional golfers: an international survey
Authors: Barclay Caroline , West Sophie , Shoaib Qasim , Morrissey Dylan , Langdown Ben 
Published: January 2011

BackgroundGolf is a popular sport played worldwide. The majority of professional golfers work as teaching professionals based at golf clubs. All professional players spend numerous hours on the golf course, placing themselves at increased risk of injury. There have been no recent, large studies investigating injury patterns among male and female professional golfers.ObjectiveTo investigate the frequency, types and mechanism of injury sustained by male and female professional golfers and to compare injury patterns between touring and teaching professionals.MethodsInjury data was analysed from 526 professional golfers recruited through the Professional Golfers Association database. A web based survey was conducted focusing on injury frequency, location and mechanism and any subsequent time or income loss.Results70% of the study population were full time teaching or club professionals and 5% were full time touring players. Overall 66% had sustained an injury during their professional career and 31% had injured themselves within the last year. There were no significant gender differences (x2=0.25, P=0.62). The most frequently injured sites were lower back (44%), wrist (44%), elbow (23%), neck (20%) and shoulder (19%). Men were 2.5 times more likely to sustain a lower back injury than women (OR 2.53). There was no relationship between the number of hours spent playing golf and likelihood of injury (x2=17.30, p value=0.16). Most players took time out from playing golf (72%) and received physiotherapy following injury (83%).ConclusionThe majority of professional golfers will sustain an injury at some point during their career. The back and wrist are the most commonly injured sites. There were no differences in the frequency or types of injury sustained by touring and teaching professional golfers.
Achilles tendon thickness, ultrasound signs and symptoms in skaters, gymnasts, elite soccer players, club athletes and healthy sedentary adults - a cross-sectional study
Authors: Perry M , Morrissey D , Emerson C , Teatino R , Shaikh Z , Mitchell S , O'Driscoll G , Ahmad M , Maffulli N 
Published: January 2011

BackgroundLittle is known about differences between various sports in terms of Achilles tendon pathology and ultrasonographic (US) findings. An improved knowledge of these differences may help to shed light on possible aetiological factors and guide multi-sport sports medicine support.AimThe aim of this study was to compare Achilles tendon pathology, ultrasound signs and mid-tendon thickness between healthy sedentary controls, gymnasts, skaters, athletes and soccer players.Methodology111 controls, 40 elite gymnasts/tumblers, 17 elite skaters, 25 elite soccer players and 25 club athletes of mean (SD) age 21.7 (10) years were recruited. The existence of lifetime and present Achilles tendon symptoms were recorded. Mid tendon longitudinal thickness, hypoechoic areas and neovascularisation were determined with high-resolution ultrasound. χ2tests were used to compare sports groups for pathology and US signs, and ANCOVA for tendon morphology.ResultsBoth tendons from each participant were included in the analysis. Groups differed in terms of the existence of present symptoms (p<0.001), symptoms ever (p<0.001), hypoechoic areas (p<0.001) and neovascularity (p<0.001). After adjustment for gender, age, lifetime Achilles pathology, height and weight, the groups also differed (p<0.001) in mid tendon thickness (table 1). Posthoc tests showed significant differences in thickness between tendons of controls and gymnasts, controls and soccer players, gymnasts and skaters, gymnasts and athletes, soccer players and skaters, and soccer players and athletes.ControlsGymnastsSkatersSoccer playersAthletesPresent symptoms (% of tendons)1.415008Past symptoms (% of tendons)7.23511.81842Hypoechoic areas (% of tendons)51005811Neovascularisation (% of tendons)0.53.801420Mid tendon thickness* (cm)0.48 (0.01)0.53 (0.01)0.437 (0.03)0.546 (0.02)0.480 (0.02)*Estimated marginal mean (SE), adjusted to age 21.7, height 167.7cm and weight 62.8kg.ConclusionThere were considerable intersport differences in Achilles tendon pathology and ultrasound findings. Gymnastics, athletics and soccer appeared to have higher risk of Achilles tendinopathy symptoms and ultrasound signs than skaters and controls, implying more vigilance in these sports. Gymnasts and soccer players also have greater tendon thickness, which may be related to greater pathology as all participants with present symptoms had greater tendon thickness (p=0.04).