bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Mesoscale Dynamics and Turbulence on Fine Dust Transport in Owens Valley
Authors: Jiang Qingfang , Liu Ming , Doyle James D. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Fine dust particles emitted from Owens (dry) Lake in California documented during the Terrain-Induced Rotor Experiment (T-REX) of 2006 have been examined using surface observations and a mesoscale aerosol model. Air quality stations around Owens (dry) Lake observed dramatic temporal and spatial variations of surface winds and dust particulate concentration. The hourly particulate concentration averaged over a 2-month period exhibits a strong diurnal variation with a primary maximum in the afternoon, coincident with a wind speed maximum. The strongest dust event documented during the 2-month-long period, with maximum hourly and daily average particulate concentrations of 7000 and 1000 μg m−3, respectively, is further examined using output from a high-resolution mesoscale aerosol model simulation. In the morning, with the valley air decoupled from the prevailing westerlies (i.e., cross valley) above the mountaintop, fine particulates are blown off the dry lake bed by moderate up-valley winds and transported along the valley toward northwest. The simulated strong westerlies reach the western part of the valley in the afternoon and more fine dust is scoured off Owens (dry) Lake than in the morning. Assisted by strong turbulence and wave-induced vertical motion in the valley, the westerlies can transport a substantial fraction of the particulate mass across the Inyo Mountains into Death Valley National Park.
An Ensemble Cumulus Convection Parameterization with Explicit Cloud Treatment
Authors: Wagner Till M. , Graf Hans-F. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe paper describes a convection parameterization employing a new formulation of the quasi-equilibrium closure hypothesis of Arakawa and Schubert. The scheme models a full spectrum of different cumulus clouds and its evolution within one time step of the host global climate model. Each cloud is simulated using a one-dimensional Lagrangian entraining parcel model, which includes mixed phase microphysics and vertical velocity. Hence, the model delivers explicit information on distribution of vertical velocities, precipitation intensities, cloud heights, and cloud coverage. The parameterization is evaluated in the ECHAM single-column model for midlatitude summer and tropical convection. Results show an improved temporal distribution, including the diurnal cycle, of convective heating and moistening in comparison to the Tiedtke–Nordeng scheme, which is the standard convection parameterization within ECHAM. The amount and temporal distribution of precipitation are clearly improved compared with the original parameterization. The convective cloud field model (CCFM) does not produce spurious convection events occurring with the standard parameterization.
Using and Designing GCM–RCM Ensemble Regional Climate Projections
Authors: Kendon Elizabeth J. , Jones Richard G. , Kjellström Erik , Murphy James M. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Multimodel ensembles, whereby different global climate models (GCMs) and regional climate models (RCMs) are combined, have been widely used to explore uncertainties in regional climate projections. In this study, the extent to which information can be enhanced from sparsely filled GCM–RCM ensemble matrices and the way in which simulations should be prioritized to sample uncertainties most effectively are examined.
A simple scaling technique, whereby the local climate response in an RCM is predicted from the large-scale change in the GCM, is found to often show skill in estimating local changes for missing GCM–RCM combinations. In particular, scaling shows skill for precipitation indices (including mean, variance, and extremes) across Europe in winter and mean and extreme temperature in summer and winter, except for hot extremes over central/northern Europe in summer. However, internal variability significantly impacts the ability to determine scaling skill for precipitation indices, with a three-member ensemble found to be insufficient for identifying robust local scaling relationships in many cases.
This study suggests that, given limited computer resources, ensembles should be designed to prioritize the sampling of GCM uncertainty, using a reduced set of RCMs. Exceptions are found over the Alps and northeastern Europe in winter and central Europe in summer, where sampling multiple RCMs may be equally or more important for capturing uncertainty in local temperature or precipitation change. This reflects the significant role of local processes in these regions. Also, to determine the ensemble strategy in some cases, notably precipitation extremes in summer, better sampling of internal variability is needed.
A Prototype WRF-Based Ensemble Data Assimilation System for Dynamically Downscaling Satellite Precipitation Observations
Authors: Zupanski Dusanka , Zhang Sara Q. , Zupanski Milija , Hou Arthur Y. , Cheung Samson H. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
In the near future, the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission will provide precipitation observations with unprecedented accuracy and spatial/temporal coverage of the globe. For hydrological applications, the satellite observations need to be downscaled to the required finer-resolution precipitation fields. This paper explores a dynamic downscaling method using ensemble data assimilation techniques and cloud-resolving models. A prototype ensemble data assimilation system using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) has been developed. A high-resolution regional WRF with multiple nesting grids is used to provide the first-guess and ensemble forecasts. An ensemble assimilation algorithm based on the maximum likelihood ensemble filter (MLEF) is used to perform the analysis. The forward observation operators from NOAA–NCEP’s gridpoint statistical interpolation (GSI) are incorporated for using NOAA–NCEP operational datastream, including conventional data and clear-sky satellite observations. Precipitation observation operators are developed with a combination of the cloud-resolving physics from NASA Goddard cumulus ensemble (GCE) model and the radiance transfer schemes from NASA Satellite Data Simulation Unit (SDSU). The prototype of the system is used as a test bed to optimally combine observations and model information to produce a dynamically downscaled precipitation analysis. A case study on Tropical Storm Erin (2007) is presented to investigate the ability of the prototype of the WRF Ensemble Data Assimilation System (WRF-EDAS) to ingest information from in situ and satellite observations including precipitation-affected radiance. The results show that the analyses and forecasts produced by the WRF-EDAS system are comparable to or better than those obtained with the WRF-GSI analysis scheme using the same set of observations. An experiment was also performed to examine how the analyses and short-term forecasts of microphysical variables and dynamical fields are influenced by the assimilation of precipitation-affected radiances. The results highlight critical issues to be addressed in the next stage of development such as model-predicted hydrometeor control variables and associated background error covariance, bias estimation, and correction in radiance space, as well as the observation error statistics. While further work is needed to optimize the performance of WRF-EDAS, this study establishes the viability of developing a cloud-scale ensemble data assimilation system that has the potential to provide a useful vehicle for downscaling satellite precipitation information to finer scales suitable for hydrological applications.
Transfer of Satellite Rainfall Uncertainty from Gauged to Ungauged Regions at Regional and Seasonal Time Scales
Authors: Tang Ling , Hossain Faisal , Huffman George J. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Hydrologists and other users need to know the uncertainty of the satellite rainfall datasets across the range of time–space scales over the whole domain of the dataset. Here, “uncertainty” refers to the general concept of the “deviation” of an estimate from the reference (or ground truth) where the deviation may be defined in multiple ways. This uncertainty information can provide insight to the user on the realistic limits of utility, such as hydrologic predictability, which can be achieved with these satellite rainfall datasets. However, satellite rainfall uncertainty estimation requires ground validation (GV) precipitation data. On the other hand, satellite data will be most useful over regions that lack GV data, for example developing countries. This paper addresses the open issues for developing an appropriate uncertainty transfer scheme that can routinely estimate various uncertainty metrics across the globe by leveraging a combination of spatially dense GV data and temporally sparse surrogate (or proxy) GV data, such as the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar and the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission dual-frequency precipitation radar. The TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) products over the United States spanning a record of 6 yr are used as a representative example of satellite rainfall. It is shown that there exists a quantifiable spatial structure in the uncertainty of satellite data for spatial interpolation. Probabilistic analysis of sampling offered by the existing constellation of passive microwave sensors indicate that transfer of uncertainty for hydrologic applications may be effective at daily time scales or higher during the GPM era. Finally, a commonly used spatial interpolation technique (kriging), which leverages the spatial correlation of estimation uncertainty, is assessed at climatologic, seasonal, monthly, and weekly time scales. It is found that the effectiveness of kriging is sensitive to the type of uncertainty metric, time scale of transfer, and the density of GV data within the transfer domain. Transfer accuracy is lowest at weekly time scales with the error doubling from monthly to weekly. However, at very low GV data density (&lt;20% of the domain), the transfer accuracy is too low to show any distinction as a function of the time scale of transfer.
Real-Time Implementation of a Network-Based Attenuation Correction in the CASA IP1 Testbed
Authors: Lim S. , Chandrasekar V. , Lee P. , Jayasumana A. P. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Monitoring of precipitation using higher-frequency radar systems such as X band is becoming popular. At X-band frequency, weather radar signals are attenuated along their paths due to precipitation. A network-based reflectivity retrieval technique has been developed for the Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA) system, which is a radar network that can observe a weather event simultaneously by multiple radars. This paper describes the design and implementation of an architectural framework for real-time processing of the network-based attenuation correction system. The benchmarks presented here show that the system accomplishes networked attenuation correction within a few seconds, making it well suited for the CASA system. This paper presents the performance of the network-based attenuation correction system in terms of the metrics of attenuation correction as well as computational performance using CASA Integrated Project 1 (IP1) data during 2007–09 field experiments. The results show that the network-based attenuation correction algorithm works robustly in real time while retrieving attenuation-corrected reflectivity.
Displacing Potential Vorticity Structures by the Assimilation of Pseudo-Observations
Authors: Michel Yann 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Classic formulations of variational data assimilation in amplitude space are not able to directly handle observations that measure the geographical positions of meteorological features like fronts and vortices. These observations can be derived from satellite images, as is already the case for tropical cyclones. Although some advanced data assimilation algorithms have been specifically designed to tackle the problem, a widespread way of dealing with this information is to use so-called bogussing pseudo-observations: user-specified artificial observations are inserted in a traditional data assimilation scheme. At the midlatitudes, there is a relationship between dry intrusions in water vapor images and upper-level potential vorticity structures. Some prior work has also shown that it was possible to automatically identify dry intrusions with tracking algorithms. The difference of positions between model and image dry intrusions could therefore be used as observations of the misplacement of potential vorticity structures. One strategy to achieve the displacement of potential vorticity anomalies is to sample them, and assimilate the values at displaced locations. The uncertainty of these pseudo-observations is left as a tuning parameter to try to make the displacement both effective and robust. A simple one-dimensional assimilation model is used to study the displacement of curves defined by Gaussian humps. The concept is then illustrated in realistic examples from real synoptic systems, where pseudo-observations of potential vorticity are incorporated in a global variational data assimilation scheme. Overall and despite reasonable optimization, the results contain artifacts. This suggests that the use of pseudo-observations to displace identifiable structures is not an effective strategy.
What's in a Name? Mixed-Race Families and Resistance to Racial Codification in Eighteenth-Century France
Authors: Palmer Jennifer L. 
Published: September 2010

The Saint-Domingue planter Aimé-Benjamin Fleuriau did not simply leave colonialism behind when he returned to his hometown La Rochelle: he literally brought some of its complications with him. Five of his mixed-race children by his former slave Jeanne arrived with or soon after their white father. The very existence of this family complicated an increasingly easy equation between blackness and slavery, and for both the planter and his children, family ties shaped their experience of race and status. In the midst of growing racial paranoia in France and legislation that regulated all people of color, Fleuriau and his daughter Marie-Jeanne privileged family over race as a means of carving out a position of autonomy for themselves in French society, albeit in very different ways and for very different reasons. In doing so, they shaped what the category “family” meant in France.
Aimé-Benjamin Fleuriau, ex–résident blanc de Saint-Domingue, au lieu d'abandonner le colonialisme après son retour à La Rochelle, a rapporté avec lui certaines des complications coloniales. Cinq des enfants métisses qu'il a eus avec son ancienne esclave Jeanne sont arrivés avec lui, ou peu après. L'existence même de cette famille a compliqué le lien évident entre la négritude et l'esclavage. Pour le planteur et ses enfants les liens familiaux ont informé leur manière d'assumer leur race et leur position sociale. Au milieu de la paranoïa raciale croissante en France au dixhuitième siècle et la législation qui réglementait tous gens de couleur, Fleuriau et sa fille Marie-Jeanne ont privilégié les liens familiaux plutôt que raciaux afin de créer une position d'autonomie dans la société française, bien que par des moyens et pour des raisons très différents. Ils ont ainsi façonné la catégorie « famille » en France.
Jezebels and Victims: Antillean Women in Postwar France, 1946–1974
Authors: Germain Felix 
Published: September 2010

This article demonstrates that in the post–World War II period the bodies of Guadeloupean and Martinican women served as a tool to implement new French “development” policies affecting Guadeloupe and Martinique. Immigration officials hoped to improve the women's socioeconomic conditions by encouraging them to migrate to France where they could earn higher wages. By contrast, the women's bodies became a battlefield for Caribbean male nationalists, who appropriated their experiences for political reasons. On both sides, however, the paradoxes were striking. French officials treated Antillean women in a manner that contradicted the national republican values of universal equality, and the Antillean nationalists politicized the migration of Antillean women to France as a way of dealing with the emasculating effects of neocolonial relations.
Après la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, les Guadeloupéennes et Martiniquaises furent, à leur insu, mêlées à la politique française de développement des nouveaux départements d'Outre-Mer. En encourageant un courant d'immigration vers la « métropole », où les Antillaises avaient la possibilité de gagner leur vie plus facilement, les agents de l'état français désiraient améliorer la situation socioéconomique de ces femmes ainsi que celle des départements. Cependant, les Antillaises jouaient un rôle assez important dans la politique nationaliste locale. Les indépendantistes, alors majoritairement des hommes, utilisaient l'expérience féminine pour protester contre la politique d'immigration et affirmer leurs droits nationaux. Néanmoins, les paradoxes étaient évidents dans la politique respective de chaque camp. L'état français trahissait ses valeurs républicaines, et l'opposition indépendantiste était symptomatique d'un nationalisme ultra-masculin.
Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties of Organic Radical Cation Salt, α-(Benzo[1,2-d:4,5-d′]bis[1,3,2]dithiazole)2ReBr6
Authors: Suzuki Ken-ichi , Kodama Takeshi , Kikuchi Koichi , Fujita Wataru 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
A new molecule-based magnet, α-(benzo[1,2-d:4,5-d′]bis[1,3,2]dithiazole (BBDTA))2ReBr6, comprised a one-dimensional network composed of an alternative alignment of BBDTA+ (S = 1/2) and ReBr62− (S = 3/2) and an S = 1/2 regular chain network of the other BBDTA+. This material became a ferromagnet below 12.2 K. The magnetization curve showed complex field dependence, which might be related to the orientation of the one-dimensional alternative network in its crystal.
Current Generation by Fullerene in the Presence of Tetraphenylborate at a Nitrobenzene|Water Interface under Illumination with a Fluorescent Light
Authors: Furuhashi Shoko , Tatsumi Hirosuke , Kimoto Takashi , Hinoue Teruo 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
We found that currents flowed across an interface, when a nitrobenzene solution containing fullerene, C60, and tetraoctylammonium tetraphenylborate was illuminated. Expecting that a photochemical reaction of C60 would be responsible for the currents, we investigated its mechanism. Voltammetric and spectroscopic experiments suggested that the currents were generated through ion transfer of anions produced during the photochemical reaction and/or electron transfer between anion radical of C60 and oxygen. Further, we propose a galvanic cell based on the photochemical reaction.
Subphthalocyanines Having Axial Substituent with Direct B–C Bond: General Preparation and Physical Properties
Authors: Yamasaki Yasuhiro , Mori Tomohiro 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
A novel synthetic methodology and the characterization of subphthalocyanines (SubPcs) having an axial substituent with a direct boron–carbon bond are reported. The SubPcs are found to be more light- and/or heat resistant than analogs with a heteroatom between boron and carbon, thereby making SubPcs suitable for application to functional dyestuff in display devices.
Preparation and Surface Characterization of Surface-modified Electrospun Poly(methyl methacrylate) Copolymer Nanofibers
Authors: Yano Takahiro , Yah Weng On , Yamaguchi Hiroki , Terayama Yuki , Nishihara Masamichi , Kobayashi Motoyasu , Takahara Atsushi 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
We developed a surface modification of electrospun nonwoven nanofiber mat by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Nanofibers of poly(methyl methacrylate)-co-poly[2-(2-bromoisobutyryloxy)ethyl methacrylate] were prepared by electrospinning to form a nonwoven nanofiber mat containing bromoalkyl groups, which initiated ATRP of 3-[dimethyl(methacryloyloxyethyl)ammonio]propanesulfonate (DMAPS) and 2-(perfluorooctyl)ethyl acrylate (FA-C8), respectively, without deformation of nanofiber structure. The surface of the obtained electrospun nonwoven nanofiber mat was characterized by XPS, SEM, AFM, and contact angle measurement before and after surface modification.
A Dual Concentric Ring Test for Evaluating Residual Stress Development due to Restrained Volume Change
Authors: Schlitter J. L. , Senter A. H. , Bentz D. P. , Nantung T. , Weiss W. J. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
A new test is being developed to evaluate the performance of concretes undergoing both expansion and shrinkage during hydration and/or temperature changes under mechanically restrained conditions. The standard restrained ring test (ASTM C1581-09) is a simple, economical method to evaluate a concrete mixture’s susceptibility to develop shrinkage cracking when it is restrained. The standard test only provides restraint against samples that shrink at isothermal temperature and cannot be used to characterize materials undergoing expansion. Further, the conventional restrained ring test is difficult to apply in cases in which the concrete undergoes large variations in temperature since the restraint changes dimension under heating and cooling. This paper describes a test that was designed to overcome both of these limitations. The new dual concentric ring test provides restraint for both shrinkage and expansion and has incorporated the ability to study thermal stresses by using a restraining ring having a very low thermal expansion coefficient. This paper will discuss the design and construction of the test device and will present preliminary data that characterizes its ability to quantify and evaluate restrained expansive, shrinkage, and thermal stresses.
Hybride, kontext-sensitive Generierung von Produktempfehlungen
Authors: Hussein Tim , Gaulke Werner 
Published: September 2010

Zusammenfassung
In diesem Beitrag stellen wir mit Hybreed RecFlows ein modulares Framework zur Generierung von (Produkt) Empfehlungen vor. RecFlows (Kurzform für Recommendation Workflows) stellt eine Reihe etablierter Algorithmen aus dem Bereich Recommender Systems zur Verfügung sowie einen Workflow-Mechanismus, um aus diesen Algorithmen flexibel hybride Recommender zu erstellen. Darüber hinaus werden unterschiedliche Sensoren bereitgestellt, um Informationen aus verschiedenen Quellen in den Empfehlungsprozess mit einfließen zu lassen. Insbesondere werden Sensoren zur Kontext-Erfassung (z. B. der aktuelle Ort des Nutzers anhand seiner IP-Adresse) implementiert. So ist es möglich, mit Hilfe von RecFlows hybride, kontextsensitive Empfehlungen zu generieren.
Lernprozesse und Lernstile im Digital Game Based Learning
Authors: Bufe Johannes 
Published: September 2010

Zusammenfassung
Videospiele und Computersimulationen werden zum Vermitteln von Wissen seit vielen Jahren eingesetzt. Sie haben unter der Bezeichnung ”Serious Game“ ihr Nischendasein verlassen. Eine entscheidende Rolle für das Lernen mit Serious Games stellt hierbei das Konzept des ”Erfahren Lernens“ dar. David Kolb definierte in diesem Modell vier typische Lernstile. Gegenstand des folgenden Artikels ist, den Lernerfolg eines Serious Games FISS (Fertigungs- und Instandhaltungs-Strategie Simulation) in Bezug auf diese Lernstile zu untersuchen. FISS wurde in Zusammenarbeit der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt mit der Daimler AG entwickelt. Im vierten Quartal 2008 wurde FISS bei einem Training von Ingenieuren eingesetzt. In der Auswertung zeichnen sich signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den Lernstilen ab. Unabhängig von den Lernstilen der Teilnehmer wurde eine Leistungsverbesserung festgestellt, jedoch profitieren Lernstile mit Stärken im konkreten Beobachten überdurchschnittlich stark. Im Ausblick ergeben sich hieraus interessante Ansätze für die weitere Forschung.