bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Host plant exploitation within a population of a generalist herbivore, Choristoneura rosaceana
Authors: Carrière Y. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractFeeding performance of larvae of the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), was estimated on apple and three alternative hosts in the Okanagan Valley. The obliquebanded leafroller is native to the study area and apple was introduced in the valley at the beginning of the century. Components of insect fitness were measured to help formulate predictions about the evolution of host preference in this generalist herbivore. In the summer, females attained a higher pupal weight on apple than on trembling aspen, wild rose and snowberry. Males performed best on apple and trembling aspen. In the field, females arising from caterpillars fed on apple leaves had a 26% greater mean fecundity than if fed on alternative hosts. The diet also affected development time; females initiated pupation later on trembling aspen than on the other hosts. Finally, no differences were found in larval survival nor in the proportion of larvae diapausing when fed on different hosts. These components of fitness indicate apple as the most suitable host in the summer.In the fall, diet influenced larval propensity to initiate diapause in the second or third instar, the time elapsed from hatching to diapause initiation and the weight of the instars initiating diapause. However, no difference in overwintering survival among larvae fed on different hosts was detected. The rank order of water and nitrogen contents of leaves of the host plants did not match the rank order of larval feeding performance in either season. A high suitability of apple and its abundance in the Okanagan valley are factors that would favor the evolution of an increased utilization of this host by the obliquebanded leafroller.
Toxicity and anticholinesterase activity of the fungal metabolites territrems to the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea
Authors: Dowd P. F. , Peng F. C. , Chen J. W. , Ling K. H. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe toxicity and anticholinesterase activity of tremorgenic fungal metabolites, territrems, to the corn earworm, Helioverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) were examined. In oral toxicity studies, territrem A significantly inhibited growth by 40% at 25 ppm and by 89% at 250 ppm. Territrem B and an epoxy‐derivative significantly inhibited growth by ca. 45% at 250 ppm. Piperonyl butoxide administered orally synergized the toxicity of the territrems tested. In topical toxicity studies, the epoxy‐derivative caused 26% mortality and 25% growth retardation at 10 mg/gm insects. Territrem A and B were not significantly lethal, but did reduce growth by 15–20% at 10 mg/gm insect. Paraoxon tested in the same way caused 100% mortality at 25 ppm orally and 10 mg/gm topically. However, all territrems tested in vitro as inhibitors of H. zea head acetylcholinesterase were at least comparable to or were more active than paraoxon. Topically administered epoxy‐territrem B also inhibited H. zea head acetylcholinest‐erase. The potential for development of new insecticides from a territrem lead structure is discussed.
Trichome‐borne and artificially applied acylsugars of wild tomato deter feeding and oviposition of the leafminer Liriomyza trifolii
Authors: Hawthorne D. J. , Shapiro J. A. , Tingey W. M. , Mutschler M. A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractOviposition and adult feeding of the leafminer Liriomyza trifollii (Burgess) (Diptera, Agromyzidae) on Lycopersicon pennellii (Corr.) D'Arcy and its F1 hybrid with Lycopersicon esculentum (Mill.) was significantly less than that on the cultivated tomato, L. esculentum. The resistance of L. pennellii and the F1 was reduced following rinsing of foliage with ethanol. Resistant attributes of L. pennellii were transferred to L. esculentum through appression of L. pennellii foliage to L. esculentum leaflets. Application of purified 2, 3, 4‐tri‐O‐acylglucoses (the principal component of type IV glandular trichome exudate of L. pennellii) to L. esculentum significantly decreased feeding and oviposition on L. esculentum leaflets by 61–99%. Therefore the principal mechanism of resistance to this leafminer by L. pennellii is the secretion of these acylglucoses. Dose response analysis of acylglucoses applied to L. esculentum shows that dosages as low as 10% those found on L. pennellii provide large reductions (91%) in leaf punctures and mines.
Host marking pheromone of Rhagoletis cerasi: field deployment of synthetic pheromone as a novel cherry fruit fly management strategy
Authors: Aluja M. , Boller E. F. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe tested the efficacy of synthetic host marking pheromone (HMP) of the European cherry fruit fly (R. cerasi) as a fruit‐infestation‐reducing‐agent in an experimental cherry orchard. Two different pheromone deployment strategies were compared: covering entire tree canopies with synthetic HMP or treating only one half (top to bottom or lower half) of the tree canopy. Pheromone application caused a tenfold reduction in fruit infestation if the entire tree canopy was covered (0.226 vs 0.021 pupae/fruit in untreated and treated trees, respectively). Results show, nevertheless, that a significant reduction in fruit infestation can be achieved by treating only one half of tree canopies (top to bottom) (0.021 vs 0.048 pupae/fruit when comparing totally vs partially treated trees). We conclude that synthetic cherry fruit fly HMP has potential as a fruit fly management tool, especially in cases where ‘organically’ grown fruit reaches high market values.
Diel flight periodicity of Chilo partellus
Authors: Päts P. , Wiktelius S. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe diel flight periodicity of the nocturnal moth Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae) was measured in the laboratory using an actograph and in the field with suction traps. Females showed almost no flight activity on the night of eclosion. Flight activity of mated females peaked before midnight, the period of peak oviposition activity. Male peak activity occurred after midnight coinciding with female eclosion. Presence or absence of females did not affect when or how long males were active. Data on flight activity and reproductive behaviour are discussed in relation to the use of pheromones to protect maize.
The thelytokous Trichogramma chilonis in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Bing‐huei , Kfir R. , Chen C. N. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractTrichogramma chilonis Ishii (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) with a mode of reproduction different from arrhenotoky was discovered and maintained in the laboratory. With or without mating, individuals of this form were able to produce males, females, and mosaics which varied in morphological characters. Reciprocal and backcrosses between males and females from this form and the arrhenotokous population revealed that they were compatible in mating. Progeny obtained from F1 and F2 proved the existence of gene flow between these two forms which are morphologically indistinguishable. More males were produced as temperature rose to above 25 °C, or when females fed on a mixture of tetracycline‐hydrochloride and honey (1 mg/1 ml). The impact of parasitoids with such mode of reproduction on biological control is discussed.
Diet‐induced food preference by Manduca sexta larvae: acceptable non‐host plants elicit a stronger induction than host plants
Authors: de Boer G. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDiet‐induced changes in food preference by fifth instar larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (Johan.) (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae), were examined. Two groups of larvae with different diet experience were used: larvae reared on a host or on an acceptable non‐host plant species. Each group of larvae was offered a choice between leaf discs from each rearing plant species (2‐plant choice test) and food preference was measured as the consumption of one plant species relative to that of the other plant species. Diet‐induced changes in preferences were larger with the host versus acceptable non‐host plant pairs Solanum pseudocapsicum (L.) versus Raphanus sativus (L.), Lycopersicon esculentum (Mill.) versus Vigna sinensis (Savi), and Datura innoxia (L.) versus V. sinensis than with the host versus host plant pairs L. esculentum versus Capsicum annuum (L.) and L. esculentum versus D. innoxia. To examine how much the food preference had been altered for each test plant species alone, two other groups of larvae were offered a choice between leaf discs from a single plant species and filter paper discs laced with distilled water (l‐plant choice test). Larvae preferred the dietary plant species more strongly than the non‐dietary plant species in tests using the following plant species: for C. annuum with C. annuum and L. esculentum as diets, for V. sinensis with V. sinensis and L. esculentum or D. innoxia as diets, and for R. sativus with R. sativus and S. pseudocapsicum as diets. The preference for the hosts L. esculentum and D. innoxia did not change significantly after rearing larvae on different hosts or on an acceptable non‐host. Thus, diet‐induction by M. sexta larvae results in an enhancement of preference for the dietary plant species which is much stronger with acceptable non‐hosts than with hosts.
Responses of the African Armyworm and three species of borers to carbohydrates and phenolic substances: an electro‐ and behavioural physiological study
Authors: Den Otter C.J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractElectrophysiological recordings were made from the maxillary sensilla styloconica of fifth instars of the African Armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Wlk.) (Lep.: Noctuidae), and the borers (Lep.: Pyralidae) Eldana saccharina Wlk. and Maruca testulalis (Geyer), and fifth and sixth instars of the borer Chilo partellus (Swinhoe). Stimuli were different concentrations of 13 carbohydrates and 11 phenolic substances. It appeared that a sucrose sensitive cell is present in the lateral styloconic sensilla of Spodoptera, Maruca and Chilo, and in both the lateral and medial sensilla of Eldana. The sucrose cell of fifth‐instar Chilo is more sensitive than that of sixth instars. The additional responses of the medial cells to the phagostimulant sucrose are supposed to have contributed to the widespread infestation of sugarcane by Eldana. The medial sensilla of the Armyworm contain a cell type responding to both meso‐inositol and D‐ribose. Chilo appeared to be the only one of the three borer species able to perceive phenolic substances. It has a cell responsive to chlorogenic acid in its medial sensilla, which is a bit more sensitive in fifth‐ than in sixth‐instar larvae. The presence of this cell may account for the positive correlation between total phenols content and resistance of sorghum cultivars to this borer. Spodoptera can perceive four phenolic acids. Its lateral sensilla contain a cell responsive to chlorogenic acid and its medial sensilla a cell responsive to 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid as well as vanillic acid. Feeding experiments showed that the latter substances inhibit feeding in the Armyworm.So far, in the borers adequate stimuli could be determined for only two or three of the four taste cells present in each sensillum styloconicum. This indicates that we are still unaware of chemicals that may be important to these caterpillars. On the other hand, for the sensilla styloconica of Spodoptera, electrophysiology suggests the presence of five or six taste cell types, whereas only four taste cells are known from morphological studies.
Egg distribution patterns in the almond seed wasp, Eurytoma amygdali
Authors: Kouloussis N. A. , Katsoyannos B. I. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe egg distribution patterns of Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae), which oviposits singly in green, developing almonds, were studied in the laboratory and in the field. In the laboratory, individual females were caged with a number of almonds and the eggs deposited in each fruit were counted. In the field, eggs were censused in almonds of different varieties at regular intervals, over four seasons (1988–91). In the susceptible ‘Retsou’ variety, eggs were uniformly distributed among fruits, both in the laboratory and in the field, as long as the mean number of eggs per almond was ≤2.5. When the mean number of eggs per almond was higher the egg distributions were random. This suggests that, up to a certain level of infestation, females were able to assess egg load of fruits and oviposit in the less infested ones. The main factor enabling the females to discriminate and select the less infested almonds for oviposition is probably a host‐marking pheromone. In 1990, the same patterns of egg distribution were observed in samples taken from 5 other almond varieties that are not as susceptible as Retsou and have thicker pericarp and harder endocarp. In 1991 however, when fruits developed more rapidly than in 1990, egg distributions in 3 of these 5 varieties (Truoito, Ai, and Marcona) were not uniform. Although the mean number of eggs per fruit was low (1.2–2.0), many fruits of these varieties contained no eggs. This suggests that, in some less susceptible varieties, egg distribution might also be affected by certain fruit parameters, unfavourable for oviposition, related to the pericarp thickness and endocarp hardness.
Ultrastructural and biochemical aspects of digestion in the imagoes of the fly Rhynchosciara americana
Authors: Ferreira C. , Ribeiro A.F. , Terra W.R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe midgut of adult Rhynchosciara americana Wiedemann (Diptera: Sciaridae) displays, in contrast to the midguts of other adult Diptera, two caeca connected to a ventriculus. All midgut cells exhibit long apical microvilli, and narrow and ramified basal channels with openings to the underlying space. These morphological features are thought to be involved in the absorption of nutrients from food. Enzymatic assays in R. americana adults revealed that amylase occurs in salivary glands and midgut, whereas aminopeptidase, α‐glucosidases and trypsin occur only in the midgut, mainly in the ventriculus. There is a soluble (Mr 105000) and a membrane‐bound aminopeptidase (solubilized form, Mr 110000). Soluble α‐glucosidase inactivates easily and could not be characterized, whereas membrane‐bound α‐glucosidases were resolved after solubilization into three molecular species (Mr 186000, 105000 and 84000) with different substrate specificities. The activities of trypsin (pH optimum 9.0), which was inhibited completely by soybean trypsin inhibitor, and of amylase (pH optimum 5.5), were not sufficiently high to be further characterized. The data support the assertion that R. americana adults are able, to a limited extent, to digest and absorb starch and proteins, in addition to nectar sugars. The results, supported by published data, suggest that there is an inverse correlation between the digestive enzyme activities and midgut absorptive surface in insects which has nectar as a major food.
The size of the female and quality assessment of mass‐reared Trichogramma spp
Authors: Pavlík J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe relationship between the index of female's size, hind tibia length (HTL), and selected fitness parameters used in quality assessment of mass‐reared Trichogramma spp. (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) was investigated. The studied fitness parameters were: the number of mature eggs present in the ovaries of females 0–2 hours, as well as 1, 2 and 3 days old, lifetime fecundity, fecundity during a 24 h period, longevity in the presence and absence of the factitious host (Ephestia kuehniella Zeller) and locomotor activity. The relationship between HTL and fitness parameters was analysed in 7 strains of Trichogramma spp. (Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura, T. evanescens Westwood, T. maidis Pinturea et Voegelé and T. ostriniae Pang et Chen) using linear correlation. No significant relationship was found between HTL and egg complement, fecundity, longevity and locomotor activity.The results indicate that HTL used as an index of female's size is not suitable for quality assessment of Trichogramma reared on E. kuehnieIla.
Use of synthetic pheromone traps to time control of the lucerne leafroller, Merophyas divulsana
Authors: Bishop A. L. , McKenzie H. J. , Whittle C. P. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractCatches of male Merophyas divulsana (Walker) (Lepidoptera:Tortricidae) in pheromone traps showed seven peaks per year in lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) between September and April at approximately five week intervals. The trap catches can be used to predict the occurrence of specific stages of the life cycle and periods of damage. By using trap catches to time both harvesting and the application of insecticide, damage to a lucerne crop was reduced. Harvesting was considered to be the more acceptable control strategy.
Gravimetric vs. respirometric determination of metabolic efficiency in caterpillars of Pieris brassicae
Authors: van Loon J. J. A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractConventional gravimetry and a combination of gravimetry and respirometry were compared for their precision in measuring respiration and metabolic efficiency of growth of final stadium Pieris brassicae L. (Pieridae, Lepidoptera) caterpillars. This was done both for caterpillars feeding on an artificial diet and for caterpillars feeding on excised leaf material of a host plant, Brassica oleracea L. Gravimetry produced significantly greater variation in the total amount of matter respired and the metabolic efficiency than indirect calorimetry for caterpillars feeding on plant material, while the two methods gave similar results for the caterpillars reared on a meridic artificial diet. Respirometry (indirect calorimetry) revealed that caterpillars feeding on the artificial diet were growing with a higher metabolic efficiency than caterpillars feeding on the host plant. This difference was not revealed by conventional gravimetry. It is argued that metabolic efficiencies as derived from gravimetric budget calculations are subject to a number of random errors that distort precise determination of metabolic efficiencies in studies involving plant food.
Silicon: an indigestible marker for measuring food consumption and utilization by insects
Authors: Barbehenn R. V. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractSilicon (Si) is a useful indigestible marker in plants for measuring food consumption and nutritional indices. Si concentrations in HF:HCl extracts of small (5–20 mg) samples may be measured easily using atomic emission spectroscopy. The Si marker and gravimetric methods were compared using Lymantria dispar (L.) larvae fed artificial diet with 2.5% silica (SiO2). Both methods produced equivalent measures of consumption and nutritional indices. The Si marker method was also used to measure the consumption of six grass species by larvae of Paratrytone melane Edwards. The results were similar overall when compared with estimates of consumption based on total fecal weight, but varied significantly for some grass species. The Si marker method may be a useful alternative to the gravimetric method, especially in field situations.
Survival, growth, and reproduction of two aphid species on sucrose solutions containing host or non‐host honeydews
Authors: Dorschner K. W. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAphids, like most phloem‐feeding insects, commonly exhibit a high degree of host specificity. Plant‐specific chemical compounds are likely to serve as important host selection cues for monophagous aphids and such substances could be present in aphid honeydew. Apterous virginoparae of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Phorodon humuli (Schrank) were reared on a buffered sucrose solution containing various aphid honeydews or a mixture of amino acids. In two separate experiments, the host‐specific P. humuli (hop aphid) could grow and reproduce only on diets containing honeydew collected from hop (Humulus lupulus L.). M. persicae (the green peach aphid, GPA) did not perform well on diets containing hop honeydew, perhaps because hop is a poor GPA host. Honeydew collected from preferred GPA host plants rape, Brassica napus L., and jimsonweed, Datura stramonium L., allowed GPA growth and reproduction. Hop aphids, however, performed poorly on rape and jimsonweed honeydew diets. Bell pepper, Capsicum annuum L., honeydew supported neither the hop aphid nor GPA. The study of aphid honeydew components may contribute towards a more complete understanding of host preference and selection phenomena in aphids.
Superparasitism and sex ratio in the solitary parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi
Authors: van Dijken Marianne J. , van Stratum Pam , van Alphen Jacques J. M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractHighly variable sex ratios are found in the solitary parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi, both in the field and in a mass‐rearing situation. Superparasitism is one of a number of factors which can influence sex ratios in parasitoid Hymenoptera. We show that superparasitism in E. lopezi is common in the field. Sex allocation decisions when parasitizing unparasitized hosts are not different from those with parasitized hosts; neither does differential mortality occur between the sexes in superparasitized hosts. Therefore superparasitism does not contribute to the variable sex ratio of E. lopezi. Both the occurrence of superparasitism and the sex produced when ovipositing are shown to be functional for E. lopezi.
Development of a monoclonal antibody to detect predation of the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci
Authors: Hagler James R. , Brower Albert G. , Tu Zhijian , Byrne David N. , Bradley‐Dunlop Debbie , Enriquez F. Javier 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe have developed an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of whitefly antigen in the guts of predaceous arthropods based on a monoclonal antibody (MAb) produced in response to Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) egg antigen. We observed positive antigen‐antibody reactions with the egg and the adult female stages of certain whitefly species and not with others. This MAb did not cross‐react with any of the whitefly nymphs or adult males we tested. Moreover, this MAb did not cross‐react with the various life stages of other insect species we examined. This immunologically‐based technique to identify whitefly egg facilitates examinations of predator gut contents in the field. Such a specific and sensitive whitefly egg immunoassay will expedite the characterization of the B. tabaci predator complex in the southwestern United States.
Colonization of potato fields in eastern North Carolina by Colorado potato beetle
Authors: French N. M. , Follett P. , Nault B. A. , Kennedy G. G. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractRotated and non‐rotated commercial potato fields were sampled intensively to follow Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), colonization and subsequent oviposition patterns in the spring of 1990 and 1991. Maximum densities of colonizing adults ranged from 0 to 14,891/ha and maximum egg mass densities ranged from 0 to 48,451/ha. Crop rotation generally resulted in lower potato beetle populations. Regardless of crop rotation management practices, colonization of fields planted in potatoes began at field edges and progressed inward in all fields for both years. Management of potato beetles is discussed in light of these findings.