bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simple Objects of Comparison for Complex Grammars: An Alternative Strand in Wittgenstein's Later Remarks on Religion
Authors: Citron Gabriel 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe predominant interpretation of Wittgenstein's later remarks on religion takes him to hold that all religious utterances are non‐scientific, and to hold that the way to show that religious utterances are non‐scientific is to identify and characterise the grammatical rules governing their use. This paper claims that though this does capture one strand of Wittgenstein's later thought on religion, there is an alternative strand of that thought which is quite different and more nuanced. In this alternative strand Wittgenstein stresses that religious utterances and beliefs can come in both scientific and non‐scientific varieties. More than that, he claims that the grammar of religious utterances, and the logic of religious beliefs, is often complex – in that individual utterances and beliefs will often be mixed between, indeterminate between, or fluid between being scientific and being non‐scientific. This complexity means that it will often be unhelpful to try to pin down one particular grammar or logic for a given utterance or belief. Wittgenstein therefore suggests a new method of grammatical and logical investigation, which is less likely to distort complex grammars or logics by being overly simplistic or rigid. This method is to use simple examples of utterances and beliefs as objects of comparison, so as to illuminate the different aspects of the more complex actual utterances and beliefs under examination. This alternative strand in Wittgenstein's later remarks on religion is a manifestation of a broader strand of Wittgenstein's later thought as a whole, which was first described by Friedrich Waismann, and later developed by Gordon Baker and Oskari Kuusela. The paper concludes by providing examples of religious beliefs which are logically mixed, indeterminate, and fluid, and showing how simple objects of comparison can be used to illuminate them.
The Earthy Realism of Plato's Metaphysics, or: What Shall We Do with Iris Murdoch?
Authors: Robjant David 
Published: December 2011

AbstractI develop Iris Murdoch's argument that “there is no Platonic ‘elsewhere,’ similar to the Christian ‘elsewhere.’ ” Thus: Iris Murdoch is against the Separation of the Forms not as a correction of Plato but in order to keep faith with him; Plato's Parmenides is not a source book of accurately targeted self‐refutation but a catalogue of student errors; the testimony of Aristotle and Gilbert Ryle about Plato's motivations in the Theory of Forms is not an indubitable foundation from which to denounce Iris Murdoch's treatment of Plato as inaccurate but a rival reading of dubious charity. If Iris Murdoch's version of the Theory of Forms strikes Newton Garver as an incoherent mix of influences from Wittgenstein and Plato, this is not because Iris Murdoch is herself confused, but because in important respects the orthodoxy has Plato wrong.
Moving to the Countryside ... and Staying: Lives beyond Representations
Authors: Halfacree Keith H. , Rivera María Jesús 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMigration towards rural areas – pro‐rural migration – is a lively, diverse, well illustrated research area. However, interest tends to stop with spatial relocation, with migrants' subsequent lives in rural places much less examined. Such imbalance reflects a more general bias in favour of studying distinctive actions, such as migration, at the expense of non‐actions, such as staying put. This article challenges this situation. It argues for regarding migration in a more contextual, biographical and distributed manner, even potentially attaining some characteristics of what is known in non‐representational theory as an ‘event’. While pro‐rural migration is usually initially a contemplated ‘representational’ action, the significance to the migrant of the resulting relocation does not end here, requiring attention to be paid to everyday entanglements with (rural) place. Becoming event‐like, some experiences may be unanticipated and unexpected rather than foreshadowed. This sensitivity is applied in the article through introduction of an interpretative map for exploring why and how pro‐rural migrants subsequently stay in their destinations. Proceeding through the map, concerns with representations of the location are increasingly left behind in favour of becoming more attentive to life course issues and more‐than‐representational rural experiences shaping the migrant's ‘line of growth’.
Established‐Outsider Relations and Fear of Crime in Mining Towns
Authors: Scott John , Carrington Kerry , McIntosh Alison 
Published: December 2011

AbstractUsing Elias and Scotson's (1994) account of established‐outsider relations, this article examines how the organizational capacity of specific social groups is significant in determining the quality of crime‐talk in isolated and rural settings. In particular, social ‘oldness’ and notions of what constitutes ‘community’ are significant in determining what activities and individuals are salient within crime‐talk. Individual and group interviews, conducted in a West Australian mining town, revealedhowcrime‐talk is an artefact of specific social figurations and the relative ability of groups to act as cohesive and integrated networks. We argue that anxieties regarding crime are a product of specific social figurations and the shifting power ratios of groups within such figurations.
Antifibrotic effect after low‐dose imatinib mesylate treatment in patients with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: an open‐label non‐randomized, uncontrolled clinical trial
Authors: Elmholdt T.R. , Buus N.H. , Ramsing M. , Olesen A.B. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackground  Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis is a disease affecting the connective tissue of the skin and internal organs in patients with renal failure. No effective treatments are available.Objectives  To investigate if the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib mesylate was effective in patients with moderate to severe nephrogenic systemic fibrosis.Methods  Among 25 patients with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis evaluated for the study from 1 October 2009 to 1 December 2010, four were included. They were treated with oral imatinib mesylate at a start dose of 400 mg/day. Main outcome measure: Reduction of skin fibrosis and increase in joint mobility evaluated by the modified Rodnan skin score and a goniometer.Results  In two patients, the imatinib mesylate dose was reduced to 200 mg/day and in one patient to 100 mg/day. Two patients were treated for 24 weeks, one patient for 16 weeks and one patient for 4 weeks. Three patients experienced tethering of their skin which lessened with reduction in modified Rodnan skin score from 24 to 20, 24 to 17 and 21 to 14 but with very limited changes in joint mobility. The fourth patient discontinued the treatment due to a complicating infection.Conclusion  Imatinib mesylate may be an effective drug in the treatment of skin fibrosis in moderate to severe NSF cases, even at reduced doses. We found a positive clinical effect on the skin, but no convincing improvement of the joint mobility. Only few patients could be recruited limiting the interpretation and conclusions of the results.
Functional morphology, ontogeny and evolution of mantis shrimp‐like predators in the Cambrian
Authors: HAUG JOACHIM T. , WALOSZEK DIETER , MAAS ANDREAS , LIU YU , HAUG CAROLIN 
Published: December 2011

Abstract:  We redescribe the morphology of Yohoia tenuis (Chelicerata sensu lato) from the Cambrian Burgess Shale Lagerstätte. The morphology of the most anterior, prominent, so‐called great appendage changes throughout ontogeny. While its principal morphology remains unaltered, the length ratios of certain parts of the great appendage change significantly. Furthermore, it possesses a special jack‐knifing mechanism, i.e. an elbow joint: the articulation between the distal one of the two peduncle elements and the most proximal of the four spine‐bearing claw elements. This morphology might have enabled the animal to hunt like a modern spearer‐type mantis shrimp, an analogy enhanced by the similarly large and protruding eyes. For comparison, details of specimens of selected other great‐appendage arthropods from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte have been investigated using fluorescence microscopy. This revealed that the morphology of the great appendage of Y. tenuis is much like that of the Chengjiang species Fortiforceps foliosa and Jianfengia multisegmentalis. The morphology of the great appendage of the latter is even more similar to the morphology developed in early developmental stages of Y. tenuis, while the morphology of the great appendage of F. foliosa is more similar to that of later developmental stages of Y. tenuis. The arrangement of the elbow joint supports the view that the great appendage evolved into the chelicera of Chelicerata sensu stricto, as similar joints are found in various ingroup taxa such as Xiphosura, Opiliones or Palpigradi. With this, it also supports the interpretation of the great appendage to be homologous with the first appendage of other arthropods.
Coagulation in hepatobiliary disease
Authors: Kavanagh Carrie , Shaw Scott , Webster Cynthia R.L. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo review the pathogenesis and clinical consequences of coagulation abnormalities accompanying hepatobiliary disorders and to highlight the need for further studies to characterize these derangements and their treatment options in small animal patients.Data SourcesVeterinary and human medical literature: original research articles, scientific reviews, consensus statements, and recent texts.SummaryThe liver plays an important role in the production and clearance of many components of coagulation. A wide range of hemostatic derangements can occur in patients with hepatobiliary disease including alterations in platelet number and function, coagulation factor levels, anticoagulants, vascular endothelial function, and fibrinolysis. As these hemostatic alterations include both pro‐ and anticoagulation pathways, the net result is often a rebalanced hemostatic system that can be easily disrupted by concurrent conditions resulting in either clinical bleeding or thrombosis. Conventional coagulation tests are inadequate at identifying the spectrum of coagulation alterations occurring in patients with hepatobiliary disease, but their evaluation is necessary to assess bleeding risk and provide prognostic information. A paucity of information exists regarding the treatment of the coagulation derangements in small animals with hepatobiliary disease. Extrapolation from human studies provides some information about potential treatment options, but further studies are warranted in this area to elucidate the best management for coagulation abnormalities in dogs and cats with hepatobiliary disease.ConclusionHepatobiliary disease can have profound effects on coagulation function leading to hypercoagulable or hypocoagulable states. Overall coagulation status with hepatobiliary disease depends on both the type and severity of disease and the presence of associated complications.
Prostanoid EP1 receptors mediate up‐regulation of the orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1 by cAMP‐independent activation of protein kinase A, CREB and NF‐κB
Authors: Ji R , Sanchez CM , Chou CL , Chen XB , Woodward DF , Regan JW 
Published: December 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEProstaglandin E2 (PGE2) stimulation of the G protein‐coupled prostanoid EP1 receptor was found to up‐regulate the expression of Nur‐related factor 1 (Nurr1) (NR4A2), a transcription factor in the NR4A subfamily of nuclear receptors. The present studies characterize the molecular mechanism of this up‐regulation.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHThe expression of Nurr1 was examined by immunoblot analysis, the polymerase chain reaction and reporter gene assays in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells stably expressing the recombinant EP1 receptor and in SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells expressing endogenous EP1 receptors. Signalling pathway inhibitors were used to examine the roles of Rho, PKA, the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and NF‐κB on the PGE2 stimulated up‐regulation of Nurr1. CREB and NF‐κB signalling were also examined by immunoblot analysis and reporter gene assays.KEY RESULTSThe EP1 receptor mediated up‐regulation of Nurr1 was blocked with inhibitors of Rho, PKA, NF‐κB and CREB; but PGE2 failed to significantly stimulate intracellular cAMP formation. PGE2 stimulation of the EP1 receptor induced the phosphorylation and activation of CREB and NF‐κB, which could be blocked by inhibition of PKA.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSPGE2 stimulation of the human EP1 receptor up‐regulates the expression of Nurr1 by a mechanism involving the sequential activation of the Rho, PKA, CREB and NF‐κB signalling pathways. EP1 receptors are implicated in tumorigenesis and the up‐regulation of Nurr1 may underlie the anti‐apoptotic effects of PGE2.
Investigation of uav systems and flight modes for photogrammetric applications
Authors: Eisenbeiss Henri , Sauerbier Martin 
Published: December 2011

AbstractUnmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry has been used in a growing number of diverse applications across different scientific disciplines. Early applications of UAVs included cultural heritage and archaeology, mainly for the documentation and modelling of monuments, buildings and landscapes. In this paper, the focus is on the application of UAVs for documenting archaeological excavations. As excavating is a dynamic process and the objects to be acquired can change significantly within a few hours, UAVs can provide a suitable alternative to traditional measurement methods such as measuring tapes and tachymeters. Nevertheless, the image processing steps have to be automated, as a large number of resulting materials, usually sketches, maps, ortho‐images and 3D models, need to be available quickly. In order to accelerate the processing workflow, an interface between the UAV ground control software and various photogrammetric software packages was developed at ETH Zurich, which allows for an efficient management and transfer of orientation, trajectory and sensor data for rapid project set up.
Aeolian Beach Sand Transport Monitored by Terrestrial Laser Scanning
Authors: Lindenbergh Roderik C. , Soudarissanane Sylvie S. , De Vries Sierd , Gorte Ben G. H. , De Schipper Matthieu A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMorphodynamic changes at sandy coasts, as are dominant in the Netherlands, are typically monitored at yearly intervals by means of airborne laser scanning. Meanwhile it is recognised that beach morphodynamics is not a regular process and is strongly correlated to meteorological conditions. A series of 25 terrestrial laser scans of a beach experiment is analysed, obtained during a time period of 88 hours, characterised by changing weather conditions including strong wind and rain. It is shown that after a conversion to a cylindrical grid, different deformation regimes can be identified and rates of elevation changes below 1 mm per hour can be detected. Simultaneously, an analysis of distances between targets through time demonstrates the sensitivity of the used measurement set‐up to the harsh weather conditions.
Recent cessation of smoking and its effect on pregnancy outcomes
Authors: BICKERSTAFF Margaret , BECKMANN Michael , GIBBONS Kristen , FLENADY Vicki 
Published: December 2011

Background:  Smoking in pregnancy is associated with a range of adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Aim:  To compare adverse pregnancy outcomes for women according to smoking status at the first antenatal visit in an Australian setting.
Methods:  A retrospective study using routinely collected data of all births between 1997 and 2006 at the Mater Mothers’ Hospital Brisbane (MMH). Analysis was undertaken using multivariate logistic regression. The following comparisons were undertaken: (i) smokers versus non‐smokers; (ii) recent quitters (quit within the last 12 months) versus smokers; and (iii) recent quitters versus non‐smokers. Primary outcome measures were small for gestational age (SGA) <10th customised centile and preterm birth (PTB) <37 weeks.
Results:  Between 1997 and 2006, 40 193 women birthed at the MMH. Of these 30 524 (75.9%), for which adequate data were available, were included in the study. The smoking rate at booking was 15.4%. Compared to non‐smokers (n = 25 814), women who were smoking at the first visit (n = 4710) were at increased risk of SGA (aOR = 2.26, 95%CI = 2.08–2.47) and PTB (aOR = 1.42, 95%CI = 1.27–1.59). In the subset (7801 births) used for comparisons two and three, compared to smokers (n = 1434), recent quitters (n = 945) were at a decreased risk of SGA (aOR = 0.43, 95%CI = 0.33–0.57) but not PTB (aOR = 0.92. 95%CI = 0.69–1.23). Outcomes for recent quitters and non‐smokers (n = 5422) appeared similar.
Conclusion:  This study confirms the increased risk of continued smoking in pregnancy. Women who quit prior to or during early pregnancy appear to have similar risk to that of non‐smokers.
The comparison of clinicopathological characteristics in primary malignant mixed műllerian tumour with epithelial endometrial carcinoma
Authors: TONG Seo‐Yun , LEE Jong‐Min , CHOI Young‐Joon , LEE Jae‐Kwan , KIM Jao Weon , CHO Chi‐Heum , KIM Seok‐Mo , PARK Sang‐Yoon , PARK Chan‐Yong , KIM Ki‐Tae 
Published: December 2011

Aims:  We performed an age‐matched case–control study to compare the clinical and pathology outcomes between histologically diagnosed primary malignant mixed műllerian tumour (MMMT) of the uterus and endometrial carcinoma.
Methods:  Thirty‐two women were treated for primary MMMT at seven tertiary medical centres in Korea from 2000 to 2006. For each woman with MMMT, four women with endometrioid and two with non‐endometrioid endometrial carcinoma were selected as age‐matched controls for analysis. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed to obtain outcome data.
Results:  The incidence of MMMT was 2.57% (32/1244). In comparison with women with endometrioid endometrial cancer, those with MMMT were characterised by large tumour size, higher incidence of adnexal involvement and lymph node metastases, leading to advanced disease stage. Despite the frequent use of adjuvant treatment, the 5‐year survival rate of women with MMMT was significantly poorer than those with endometrioid endometrial cancer. However, women with MMMT were not significantly different from those with non‐endometrioid endometrial cancer in terms of important pathologic variables, apart from larger tumour size. In addition, the 5‐year survival rate of women MMMT was poorer than that those with non‐endometrioid endometrial cancer, but the difference was not statistically significant.
Conclusions:  Malignant mixed műllerian tumour is characterised by a high incidence of lymph node metastases and advanced stage at diagnosis, leading to poorer overall survival than other subtypes of endometrial carcinoma. Clinical trials for MMMT are critical for improving treatment strategies.
Predisposing Factors for Postoperative Delirium After Hip Fracture Repair in Individuals with and without Dementia
Authors: Lee Hochang B. , Mears Simon C. , Rosenberg Paul B. , Leoutsakos Jeannie‐Marie S. , Gottschalk Allan , Sieber Frederick E. 
Published: December 2011

ObjectivesBased on a multifactorial model of delirium, to compare the types and magnitude of pre‐ and intraoperative predisposing factors for incident delirium in a stratified sample of individuals with and without preoperative dementia undergoing acute hip fracture repair.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingAcademic medical center.ParticipantsFour hundred twenty‐five individuals with acute hip fracture and without delirium (mean age 80.2 ± 6.8, 73.2% female, 33.1% with probable dementia) admitted to a multidisciplinary hip fracture repair service.MeasurementsA research nurse assessed each participant for delirium based on the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) before study enrollment and from the second postoperative day until hospital discharge.ResultsThe incidence of delirium was higher in the group with probable dementia (56%) than in the group without dementia (26%) (P < .001). In the group without dementia (n = 284), age (odds ratio (OR) = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.02–1.13), male sex (OR = 2.81, 95% CI = 1.40–5.64), body mass index (OR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.86–0.99), number of medical comorbidities (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.01–1.32), and duration of surgery longer than 2 hours (OR = 2.53, 95% CI = 1.20–4.88) were independently associated with postoperative delirium. In the group with probable dementia, only the lag time from the emergency department to operating room was significantly associated (OR = 2.83, 95% CI = 1.24–2.25) with delirium.ConclusionPreoperative determination of dementia status is important for risk stratification for incident delirium after acute hip fracture repair surgery because types and magnitude of predisposing risk factors for postoperative delirium substantially differ based on preoperative dementia status.
Do Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Predict Dementia at 1‐ and 2‐Year Follow‐Up? Findings from the Development of Screening Guidelines and Diagnostic Criteria for PredementiaAlzheimer's Disease Study
Authors: Sikkes Sietske A. M. , Visser Pieter Jelle , Knol Dirk L. , de Lange‐de Klerk Elly S. M. , Tsolaki Magda , Frisoni Giovani B. , Nobili Flavio , Spiru Luiza , Rigaud Anne Sophie , Frölich Lutz , Rikkert Marcel Olde , Soininen Hilkka , Touchon Jacques , Wilcock Gordon , Boada Mercè , Hampel Harald , Bullock Roger , Vellas Bruno , Pijnenburg Yolande A.L. , Scheltens Philip , Verhey Frans R. , Uitdehaag Bernard M.J. 
Published: December 2011

ObjectivesTo investigate whether problems in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) can add to conventionally used clinical measurements in helping to predict a diagnosis of dementia at 1‐ and 2‐year follow‐up.DesignMulticenter prospective cohort study.SettingMemory clinics inEurope.ParticipantsIndividuals aged 55 and older without dementia.MeasurementsIADLswere measured using pooled activities from five informant‐based questionnaires. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to investigate the relation betweenIADLsand dementia. Age, sex, education, depression, and cognitive measures (Mini‐Mental State Examination and verbal memory) were included in the model.ResultsFive hundred thirty‐one participants had baseline and 1‐year follow‐up assessments; 69 (13.0%) of these had developed dementia at 1‐year follow‐up. At 2‐year follow‐up, 481 participants were seen, of whom 100 (20.8%) had developed dementia. Participants withIADLdisabilities at baseline had a higher conversion rate (24.4%) than participants withoutIADLdisabilities (16.7%) (chi‐square = 4.28, degrees of freedom = 1,P = .04).SEMshowed thatIADLdisability could help predict dementia in addition to the measured variables at 1‐year follow‐up (odds ratio (OR) = 2.20, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.51–3.13) and 2‐year follow‐up (OR = 2.11, 95%CI = 1.33–3.33).ConclusionIADLdisability is a useful addition to the diagnostic process in a memory clinic setting, indicating who is at higher risk of developing dementia at 1‐ and 2‐year follow‐up.