bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soil Investigations and the Seventh Approximation
Authors: Flach Klaus W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Seventh Approximation was developed because of the need for precise soil classification for agricultural and other uses. It incorporates recent advances in soil science and allows classification of all soils, whether cultivated, eroded, or virgin. Classes are defined in terms of morphology although the grouping of classes is based on genetic relationships. The Seventh Approximation presents challenges to soil characterization research because classes must be defined by measurable parameters and to soil genesis research because parameters at high categorical levels must reflect important soil‐forming processes. Precise definition of classes may, in turn, aid in evaluating the relative importance of soil‐forming factors and in the application of the results of research on one soil to similar soils in widely separated areas.
Effect of N, P, and K Fertilization on Yield and Sugar Content of Sap of Sugar Maple Trees
Authors: Watterston Kenneth G. , Leaf Albert L. , Engelken John H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSap yield, sap sugar concentration, and sugar yield data from sugar maple trees collected over 3 years revealed great intra‐ and interseasonal variations. The effect of N, P, and K fertilizers, applied singly and in combination, affected the yield of sugar by affecting sap yield and/or sap sugar concentration. The combination fertilizer depressed sugar yield the first sap flow season after treatment and increased this yield in the second season. The N or K fertilizer resulted in little change in sugar yield over the control trees while P fertilizer produced a significant effect on sap sugar concentration, thus affecting sugar yield.
Some Characteristics of the Soil Deformation Process
Authors: McMurdie John L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExisting deformation theories—infinitesimal and finite deformation elasticity theory, plasticity theory, and linear viscoelasticity—were discussed as to their applicability to soils. Analysis of data obtained on a Yolo loam utilizing triaxial compression equipment showed that deformation is nonlinear, finite, irreversible, that the component ratios such as Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio were not constants during the deformation process, and therefore elasticity theory is not generally applicable. Plasticity theory was found to be unsatisfactory as as general theory because of its assumption of a region of Hookean behavior or of yield after only small deformations, neither of which condition holds for soils. Performance of creep tests showed that the basic assumption of viscoelasticity theory, the time‐dependence of the relationship between stress and strain states, is valid for soils. It is concluded that viscoelasticity offers the best hope for a deformation theory for soils.
Diffusion of Tritiated Water in Soils
Authors: Nakayama F. S. , Jackson R. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe apparent diffusion coefficient of tritiated water (DTHO) was measured in four soil materials and two sizes of glass beads at about 40% water content by volume, and in agar gel. The apparent tritiated water diffusion coefficient may include diffusion in the liquid, vapor, and possibly adsorbed phases. For Pachappa loam, DTHO was determined in detail as a function of water content. The DTHO was nearly constant for volumetric water contents of 10 to 40%. As the water content decreased below 10%, the DTHO rapidly increased to a maximum at about 4% water content, then rapidly decreased as the water content was further reduced. The maximum value of DTHO is 3.5 times greater than DTHO at 40% water content.
Variation in Exchangeable K and Relation to Intergrade Layer Silicate Minerals
Authors: Carter D. L. , Harward M. E. , Young J. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA mica‐vermiculite material was treated with MgCl2 and converted to a typical Mg‐vermiculite. The same material was treated with AlCl3 and converted to a 14Å. mineral concluded to be a vermiculite‐chlorite intergrade similar to those recently reported in the literature. AlCl3 treatment of Mg‐vermiculite also resulted in intergrade formation. In B22 and C horizon samples of a Dayton soil, added aluminum blocked K fixation and increased K release when samples were cycled through various wetting and drying treatments. The roles of aluminum in release of K and in intergrade mineral formation were shown to be interrelated. It was concluded that Al3+ replaces K+ in mica and Mg2+ in vermiculite lattices and then probably forms a sixfold coordination compound with H2O or (OH)‐ which blocks lattice collapse upon subsequent K‐saturation. The increase in exchangeable K upon drying of soils appears to be related to the replacement of fixed K+ by Al3+ arising from degradation of minerals.
Membrane‐Covered Electrode for Measurement of Oxygen Concentration in Soil
Authors: Willey C. R. , Tanner C. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe membrane‐covered polarographic electrode has been modified to permit a continuous in situ measurement of the oxygen concentration (partial pressure) of soil air. The modifications include temperature compensation (for a 30°C. temperature range) and a probe design that permits sealing in a soil access tube. The temperature‐compensated signal is proportional to oxygen concentration and is about 20 mv. in atmospheric oxygen. The (1/e) time constant of the probe following a step change in oxygen concentration is ¼ minute. The relative error for routine measurements is about 2%. General design features of the probe and example measurements are presented.
Uptake of Rubidium by Plants from Cation‐Exchange Resin Suspensions and Their Equilibrium Solutions
Authors: Werkhoven C. H. E. , Ohlrogge A. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo laboratory experiments were performed to evaluate absorption of Rb86‐labeled rubidium by rye and corn from suspensions of a cation‐exchange resin and their equilibrium solutions as affected by a small distance, defined by high‐porosity filters, separating the roots from the exchanger.With one exception, the absorption from the suspensions was from 3% to more than 100% higher than that from the solutions, depending on the length of the absorption period, the presence or absence of a filter, and the rubidium concentration.The data are in agreement with those of other workers, who demonstrated the existence of two‐phase effects on ion absorption; the increased uptake from the suspensions is possibly due to a replenishment effect which is effective over a distance of at least 150µ from the colloids.
Investigations of Nitric Oxide Reactions in Soils
Authors: Cady F. B. , Bartholomew W. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe equilibrium reaction between NO (nitric oxide) and nongaseous compounds in the denitrification process was studied. Increments of NO were added to or removed from denitrification systems during the course of incubation.Nitric oxide rapidly equilibrates isotopically with non‐gaseous products during the early stages of denitrification. Under acid soil conditions NO appeared in the gaseous phase. Under basic soil conditions NO did not appear from denitrification reactions but added NO persisted in the system and isotopically equilibrated with the non‐gaseous products in the soil. The equilibrium reactions between NO and the nongaseous compounds in the denitrification system could not be adequately explained by the conventional equation 3NO2‐ + 3H+ ⇄ NO3‐ + H+ + 2NO + H2O. The hypothesis is advanced that other reactions and products are involved.
Critical Soil Temperature for Tomato Plant Growth
Authors: Martin George C. , Wilcox Gerald E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFireball and Kokomo variety of tomatoes were used to study the effect of root temperatures at 56°, 58°, 60° and 70°F., and of P concentration on plant growth and chemical composition. It was found that the early and late tomato varieties responded similarly to the respective root temperatures. The response to P fertilizer was between 5 and 50 ppm., with no further growth increase at 100 ppm. There was a growth increase as expressed by dry weight between 56° and 58° and 58° and 70°F., but not between 58° and 60°F. Although in all cases increasing the temperature from 56° to 58°F. increased nutrient uptake, the difference was not great enough to have any practical importance. The growth of tomato shoots was doubled by increasing the root temperature from 56° to 58°F.
The Effects of Levels and Times of Fertilizer Application on the Growth of White Spruce Seedlings
Authors: Armson K. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFour levels of nitrogen and phosphorus were added in combination on three different time schedules to white spruce seedlings during their second growing season. The three time schedules were: (1) “Periodic,” in which fertilizer was applied in five dressings from May to September; (2) “Normal,” in which fertilizer was applied in May, June, and July; and (3) “Summer and Fall,” in which fertilizer was applied in May, June, and September.Seedling dry weight increased with increasing level of fertilizer application but was not significantly affected by time of application. Seedling height showed a general increase with increase in amount of fertilizer. Shoot/root ratios increased with increasing level of fertilizer, however, by using a “Periodic” time schedule the increase was minimized. Nitrogen concentrations and contents in the foliage increased with increase in fertilizer level and “Periodic” and “Summer and Fall” applications resulted in larger concentrations than did those under the “Normal” time schedule. Foliage concentrations of phosphorus were not affected by any of the treatments.
Fission Product‐Soil Organic Matter Complexes: I. Strontium‐90 (Yttrium‐90) in Water Extracts and HCl Hydrolysates of Soil
Authors: Mortensen J. L. , Marcusiu E. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBrookston silty clay loam was incubated with 40 µc. Sr90(Y90) for 60 days and extracted with hot water or hydrolyzed with 6N HCl. The supernatant liquid was centrifuged, concentrated, and subjected to electrodialysis, dialysis, gel filtration, and paper electrophoresis.Some Sr90(Y90) and organic matter migrated to the anode compartment during electrodialysis suggesting the presence of low molecular weight, negatively charged Sr90(Y90)—organic matter complexes. Dialysis did not remove all of the Sr90(Y90) from the extracts.Gel filtration separated the extracts into several organic matter containing components and showed that Sr90(Y90) was complexed or held on exchange sites by high molecular weight polymers. Presence of radioactivity in the components was correlated with the presence of polyuronides.Phenols, α‐amino acids and α‐keto acids were separated from the 6N HCl hydrolysate by paper electrophoresis but no clear correlation between these components and radioactivity on the paper strips was obtained.
Relationship Between Yield Response to Applied Fertilizers and Laboratory Measures of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Availability
Authors: Grunes D. L. , Haise H. R. , Turner F. , Alessi J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSurface soils (generally 0‐ to 7‐inch depth) and subsoils (generally 7‐ to 21‐inch depth) were collected from sites in 13 Western states. Total N, initial NO3‐N, NO3‐N present after incubation, and NaHCO3‐soluble P were determined on all samples. On 14 surface soils these laboratory measures were correlated with values of N and P availability obtained in a controlled light‐temperature plant growth chamber. Growth response to applied N was highly correlated with nitrates in nonincubated soils, as well as with nitrates present following incubation. However, correlations were better with the sum of the NO3‐N produced during incubation and the NO3‐N present in nonincubated soils, than with only the NO3‐N produced. Correlation coefficients were higher when the soils were incubated 3 weeks, rather than 6 weeks, and also when no CaCO3 was added to the soil prior to incubation. The following measurements were good predictors of increase in barley yields following N fertilization in growth chamber experiments: NO3‐N in nonincubated soils; NO3‐N present following incubation; total N in plants from non‐N plots; “N” values of Munson and Stanford; and relative uptake of total N by plants in the P and NP plots.The following measurements were good predictors of yield increases of barley when P was applied in the growth chamber: NaHCO3‐soluble P; A values of Fried and Dean; total P in plants from non‐P plots; and relative uptake of total P by plants in the N and NP plots.In 46 field trials, laboratory measures of available N in the soil were compared with yield response to applied N fertilizers. Similarly, in 44 field trials, yield response from applied P was compared with NaHCO3‐soluble soil P. When the laboratory estimate for available soil N or P was low, growth response to fertilization was generally obtained in the field studies. When the soil level of available P was high, there was generally no yield increase following the addition of P fertilizer. However, yield response sometimes occurred on sites having high soil test values for available N. Differences, in the ability of the N and P laboratory tests to predict response to fertilization in field trials, are attributed to the influence of climate. Except for the relatively small amounts of initial available N in the soil, soil moisture and temperature determine the N supply from mineralization. However, mineralization of organic P may not be very important for supplying P to plants on soils having fairly high initial NaHCO3‐soluble P levels.
Estimates of Field Infiltration by Numerical Solution of the Moisture Flow Equation
Authors: Green R. E. , Hanks R. J. , Larson W. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe numerical procedure of Hanks and Bowers was used to solve the moisture flow equation for boundary conditions corresponding approximately to those existing for infiltration into a field soil. Water diffusivity and retention data, necessary for theory calculations of infiltration, were measured on field cores by the outflow method. Infiltration estimates were obtained for a simulated two‐horizon soil with three nonuniform antecedent moisture profiles.Calculated infiltration rates were in good agreement with field rates measured with a sprinkling infiltrometer. Although not considered a substitute for field measurement, the numerical procedure appears to be a useful means of supplementing field measurement data by providing estimates of infiltration for simulated conditions of practical interest which are difficult to evaluate in the field.
Correlations of Phosphorus Availability by Chemical Tests With Inorganic Phosphorus Fractions
Authors: Pratt P. F. , Garber M. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLinear and multiple correlations are presented between and among data for 3 soil tests for available P, 4 inorganic P fractions, clay content, and pH of acid soils.Water‐soluble P was positively correlated with NH4Cl‐soluble P, NH4F‐soluble P, and negatively correlated with clay content. In a multiple correlation analysis, water‐soluble P was correlated only with NH4Cl‐soluble P. The P extracted by the Bray reagent was positively correlated with NH4Cl‐soluble and NH4F‐soluble P and negatively correlated with clay content. In a multiple regression analysis, an expression of the NH4Cl‐soluble plus NH4F‐soluble P as ppm. P in the clay fraction was the only significant factor. The P extracted by NaHCO3 was positively correlated with NH4Cl‐soluble, NH4F‐soluble, and NaOH‐soluble P. In a multiple regression analysis, the NaHCO3‐P was related to NH4Cl‐soluble, NH4F‐soluble plus NaOH‐soluble P in parts per million P in the clay fraction. The effect of increasing clay content in decreasing the effectiveness of the Bray and NaHCO3 reagents to extract P from soils was related to exhaustion of the reagent in the case of the former and to exhaustion of the reagent and secondary precipitation in the case of the latter.
A Technique for Magnetic Susceptibility Determination of Soil Materials
Authors: Jones Robert L. , Beavers A. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA simple and inexpensive magnetic balance can be erected by replacing the weighing pan of an analytical balance with a plastic pan containing a well which receives a sample pellet. The force set up between the pellet and a magnet centered beneath the pellet is measured by adding weight to the weighing pan until the break‐away point of the centering needle is slightly exceeded. Results compare favorably with those obtained with the Faraday balance. Data obtained with the balance can be used to determine discontinuities in parent material and to follow soil forming processes.
Nutrition of Corn on a Calcareous Soil: II. Effect of Zinc on the Yields of Grain and Stover in Relation to Other Micronutrients
Authors: Fuehring H. D. , Soofi G. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of row‐applied Zn, B, Fe, Mn, and Cu on grain and stover yields and on the sixth leaf composition of corn grown on a calcareous soil was studied using a central composite factorial. Grain yield was decreased by application of the micronutrients studied. The yield of stover, however, was considerably enhanced at all levels of applied Zn indicating that response to Zn was directly opposite between vegetative and storage parts of the plant. Concentration of Zn in the sixth corn leaf ranged from 20 to 145 ppm. Grain yield was relatively high at 20 ppm. while yield of stover was highest at the 145 ppm. Zn content. A highly significant positive interaction between Zn and Mn on grain yield indicated that increasing either element decreased the toxic effect of the other. However, the Zn‐Mn interaction was negative for yield of stover, and increasing Mn tended to decrease yield at the higher levels of applied Zn. A possible interference of Zn with the translocation of carbohydrates to the storage organs was postulated. The optimum Zn level in the leaves for grain production was affected to the greatest extent by the level of Mn, low Mn in the leaves resulting in a low Zn requirement while higher concentrations of Mn in the leaves resulted in a high Zn requirement for both grain and stover.
Interrelations of Calcium and Rubidium Absorption by Excised Roots of Barley and Plantain
Authors: Noggle J. C. , de Wit C. T. , Fleming A. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe uptake rates of Rb and Ca, applied alone or together, by excised barley and plantain roots were compared. The barley roots absorbed Rb at a faster rate than Ca, whereas the reverse was true for plantain roots. The presence of Ca increased the rate of Rb uptake by barley roots, but the presence of Rb had very little effect upon the Ca uptake. The uptake rate of either ion by plantain was reduced by the presence of the other ion.Calculations indicate that the depressing effect of one ion on the uptake of the other by plantain was due predominantly to ionic competition when the ions were present in the concentration range of 10‐2N, but factors in addition to competition were responsible in the concentration range of 10‐4N. The significance of the differences in response of the two species is discussed.
Corn Stover Mulch for Control of Runoff and Erosion on Land Planted to Corn After Corn
Authors: Taylor R. E. , Hays O. E. , Bay C. E. , Dixon R. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA mulch of corn stover and barnyard manure has given excellent control of soil and water losses from corn after corn on a steeply sloping deep loess soil. During 9 years of measurement in Wisconsin, losses of soil and water from corn after corn with a mulch were less than from corn or oats without mulch in a corn‐oats‐hay rotation and were about equal to the losses from the meadow in the rotation. Corn yields averaged 3 bushels more from the corn after corn than from the corn in the 3‐year rotation.
Differential Effects of Phosphorus Fertility on Soybean Varieties
Authors: Fletcher H. F. , Kurtz L. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChief and Lincoln soybeans, previously shown to be tolerant and intolerant, respectively, to very high P levels were grown in the greenhouse in soil admixed with ordinary superphosphate at rates varying from 0 to 4,400 pounds of P per acre. The varieties were similar in P response, dry weight, and mineral composition to around 870 pounds per acre of added P. Higher levels of added P were better tolerated by Chief than by Lincoln. At 2,620 pounds or more P per acre, marginal browning of the leaves, chlorosis, leaf drop, and severe stunting occurred in the Lincoln variety. In the Chief variety, stunting occurred only at much higher levels of P and the other toxicity symptoms never developed. Number of nodules, but neither size nor appearance, was reduced more on the Lincoln variety than on the Chief at intermediate P levels. At highest levels of P, no nodules were found on either variety. In mineral composition, Lincoln increased more than Chief in percent P and K as the P additions increased. Percent P and percent Si showed a reciprocal relationship in both varieties. No striking differences between varieties were observed in the contents of Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg, and B.
The Effect of Ammonium Phosphate and Other Chemicals on the Germination of Cotton and Wheat Seeds
Authors: Hood J. T. , Ensminger L. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField and greenhouse studies with cotton and wheat showed that fertilizers containing ammonium phosphates were especially detrimental to germination and could result in very poor stands. In order to study the cause of this harmful effect, seeds were soaked in salt solutions (including ammonium phosphates) and acids for various time intervals. The seed surfaces were then washed free of the solutions and allowed to germinate. The (NH4)2 HPO4 solutions reduced germination more than any other salt solution including NH4H2PO4. In studies with cotton seed, a solution of (NH4)2SO4 adjusted with NH4OH to pH 8.2 did not reduce germination as much as did (NH4)2 HPO4. Germination was lowered more by H2SO4 than by H3PO4 at the same pH. Soaking the seed in salt solutions such as CaSO4 before soaking in (NH4)2HPO4 did not improve germination. When the seeds were soaked in MgSO4 or MgCl2 after being soaked in (NH4)2HPO4, there was an improvement in germination as compared with (NH4)2HPO4 alone. Soaking in MgSO4 and MgCl2 did not increase the germination of seed that had been soaked in H3PO4. It appears that the detrimental effect of ammonium phosphate is not due to the ammonium or phosphate ion per se.
Properties of Selected Soils Developed Near the Forest‐Prairie Border in East‐Central Illinois
Authors: Bailey L. W. , Odell R. T. , Boggess W. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo Gray‐Brown Podzolic soils and two Gray‐Brown Podzolic to Brunizem intergrade (transition) soils which occur near the forest‐prairie border in east‐central Illinois were studied to determine the effect of vegetation upon soil properties. All four profiles developed in loess and calcareous till of similar age and in the same climatic area so that soil differences are related to length of occupancy by trees, forest composition, and natural drainage.The Gray‐Brown Podzolic soils are more highly weathered and show more forest influence than the transition soils. This is indicated by higher organic carbon content and base status in the Al horizons; higher clay maxima, higher cation‐exchange capacities, lower Ca/Mg ratios, and lower base status in the B2 horizons; and less organic matter in the lower horizons of the Gray‐Brown Podzolic soils than in the transition soils.The relationships between soil properties and the vegetation sequence in north‐central United States are reviewed.