bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Erratum
Authors: Victoir K. , Dujardin J. C. , Doncker S. De , Barker D. C. , Arevalo J. , Hamers R. , Ray D. Le 
Published: June 2009

Plasticity of gp63 gene organization in Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Viannid) peruviana Parasitology (1995), 111, 265–273Fig. 4 (p. 270) was wrongly orientated. It appears correctly below.Fig. 4. RFLP analysis after digestion with Bgl I and hybridization with pLb-134Sp (A) or the 10 kb Not I/Bgl I recombinant fragment of cosmid clone B.3.4.2 (B). Isolates: Leishmania braziliensis M2904, 1; L. peruviana LC26, 2. Size is expressed in kb.
The excretory metabolism of the endoparasitic digeneanFasciola hepaticaand its relationship to its respiratory metabolism
Authors: Moss G. D. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYThe amounts of ammonia excreted by two endoparasitic flatworms have been compared and, weight for weight, the sheep liver flukeFasciola hepaticaproduces ten times as much ammonia as the rat tapewormHymenolepis diminuta. This is thought to reflect a difference in diet, the fluke feeding mainly on the blood and tissue proteins of its host, and the tapeworm mainly on carbohydrates from the food materials in the gut of the host. However, the addition of glucose to the saline in which the flukes are cultured produces a marked decrease in the ammonia and an increase in the lactic acid excreted, suggesting that flukes are not obligatory protein feeders but that they may utilize carbohydrate when it is available. The relatively low production of lactic acid when proteins are being metabolized suggests that the flukes are producing an alternative end-product of respiratory metabolism. It is possible that this is the neutral lipid found in the excretory system ofFasciolaand the possibility of an alternative metabolic pathway for the production of such lipid is discussed. The respiratory metabolism appears to be independent of oxygen, and the possible role of oxygen in other aspects of the metabolism of the fluke is discussed.I should like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr J. Llewellyn for his constant advice and encouragement during the course of this work and the preparation of the manuscript. I also thank Professor 0. E. Lowenstein, F.R.S., for allowing me the use of the facilities in his department during the tenure of an S.R.C. Research Studentship. Finally, my thanks are due to Mr E. Wilson, the Veterinary Officer at the Birmingham City Meat Market, for his constant co-operation in obtaining supplies of liver flukes.
The penetration of human epidermal sheets by the cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni and the collection of schistosomula
Authors: Kusel J. R. 
Published: June 2009

1. The percentage conversion of cercariae into schistosomula, when the former were penetrating human epidermal sheets, was found not to be significantly affected by the underlying media 1—5 (Table 1). The percentage conversion varied from 16·4% (in normal saline underlying skin) to 26.2 %. When distilled water was the underlying medium significantly fewer cercariae penetrated the sheets.2. There was a statistically significant decrease in the percentage conversion of cercariae to schistosomula when sodium chloride final concentration 0·67 % was placed in the exposure tube with the cercariae (1·6 % P = < 0·02 when compared with La Ye medium); 0·43 % sodium chloride also significantly decreased penetration.3. There was a statistically significant decrease in the percentage conversion of cercariae to schistosomula when the orientation of the human epidermis was reversed, i.e. the biologically inner surface was exposed to the cercariae (2.6 %, P = < 0.02, when compared with La Ye medium).4. Schistosomula agglutinated in the presence of normal or immune human serum or horse serum. In human serum to which donor red blood cells had been added, many red cells adhered to the schistosomula. The number adhering was less in inactivated serum. The adhesion was specific for red cells, the effect not occurring with either yeast cells or silicic acid particles. The red cells were shed from the surface of the schistosomulum after 4—12 h.I should like to thank the following: Dr S. A. Ibrahim, in whose laboratory this work was carried out; Dr S. Dawood of the Stack Laboratory, Khartoum for the use of his microscope; Mr T. R. Melrose and Mr J. R. Lauder for valuable discussions; the Medical Research Council, U.K., and the University of Khartoum for research grants. I am very grateful to the Pathology Department Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, for preparing the sections of human epidermis.
Immunity to coccidiosis: effect of betamethasone treatment of fowls on Eimeria mivati infection
Authors: Rose M. Elaine 
Published: June 2009

Daily 1 mg doses of a cortisone derivative, betamethasone, caused an increase in oocyst production and extended the patent period of E. mivati infections in partially immunized chickens. The more prolonged the course of cortisone injections, the greater the effect, although this was substantial when only a single dose was given, especially if this was at or near to the time of oocyst inoculation. E. mivati infections in susceptible chickens were similarly affected but not to such a great extent.The possible means whereby cortisone treatment reduces acquired immunity to E. mivati infection are discussed.Thanks are due to Mrs P. Hesketh and to other members of the parasitology department for technical assistance, also to the senior poultry attendant for care of the animals. Mr C. C. Wannop examined several of the birds post mortem.
Social behaviour and susceptibility to infection in house mice (Mus musculus): effects of group size, aggressive behaviour and status-related hormonal responses prior to infection on resistance toBabesia microti
Authors: Barnard C. J. , Behnke J. M. , Sewell J. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryAssociations between social rank, immunodepression and resistance toBabesia microtiinfection within single-sex groups of male house mice suggest rank-dependent suites of response involving different hormonal and immune changes in relation to aggressive behaviour and group size prior to infection. Reduced resistance among high-ranking males was associated with increased serum testosterone and corticosterone concentration and reduced serum immunoglobulin, but was independent of group size. Among low-ranking males, hormonal changes were not associated with resistance toB. microtibut changes in corticosterone concentration and measures of immunodepression increased with group size and aggressive behaviour. The results concur with earlier findings suggesting differences between high- and low-ranking mice in their physiological responses to social experience and consequently reduced resistance toB. microtiinfection among high-ranking individuals.
Aggregations of nematode parasites withinDrosophila: proximate causes
Authors: Jaenike J. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryMacroparasites almost invariably exhibit overdispersed distributions of parasites/host, yet the specific causes of such aggregations remain poorly understood. The present study focused on the distribution of the parasitic nematodeHowardula aoronymphiumamong its hosts, several species of mycophagousDrosophila. The distribution of parasites/host is close to random for cohorts of flies of a given host species emerging from single mushrooms. At the level ofHowardulapopulations, overdispersion of parasites among hosts results primarily from variation among subgroups of hosts in their exposure to infective-stage nematodes. The sources of variation identified in this study includeDrosophilahost species, the site where flies bred, mushroom species within sites, and, most importantly, individual mushrooms within mushroom species at a site. For the mean intensity of parasitism observed in this study, the degree of aggregation is typical of macroparasites in general. Combinations of random distributions with different means, resulting from variation among groups in exposure to parasites, may be a common cause of the overdispersion of macroparasites among hosts.
Identification and characterization of the cysteine and serine proteinases of the trematode,Haplometra cylindraceaand determination of their haemoglobinase activity
Authors: Hawthorne S. J. , Halton D. W. , Walker B. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe excreted/secreted proteinases ofHaplometra cylindraceamaintainedin vitro, were found to hydrolyse the fluorogenic substrates, Z-ArgArg-NHMec and Z-PheArg-NHMec. This activity was shown to be typically that of cysteine proteinases, as turn-over of both substrates could be blocked by pre-incubation with peptidyl diazomethyl ketones. The biotinylated affinity reagent, biotin-Phe Ala-DMK, used in combination with Z-PheTyr(OBut)-DMK, was employed for the labelling and characterization of these cysteine proteinase activities. Three cathepsin B-like species were detected, with molecular weights of 48, 22–23 and 14 kDa, together with a cathepsin L-like enzyme, with a molecular weight of 55 kDa. The proteinases were also found to have hydrolytic activity towards the substrate, Z-GlyGlyArg-NHMec, which could be blocked by pre-incubation with either of the serine proteinase-selective reagents, Z-ArgP(OPh)2, or biotin-LysP(OPh)2, showing the activity to be trypsin-like. Using the biotinylated affinity label to characterize the trypsin-like enzymes revealed two molecular species with molecular weights of 20 and 24 kDa.
The fine structure of the alimentary tract of third-stage larvae of Haemonchus placei and Trichostrongylus colubriformis
Authors: Smith Kenneth , Harness Eric 
Published: June 2009

A comparative study was made of defined regions of the alimentary tract of third-stage larvae of T. colubriformis and H. placei. The general organization of the tract was similar in both nematodes. The mouth, buccal cavity and oesophagus were lined with cuticle. Muscle cells, apical cells and gland cells were present in the oesophagus. In both species the gland cells contained secretory granules of similar morphology. The lumen of the intestine was ill-defined and apparently nonfunctional. Dense bodies observed in the intestinal cells differed in the two species.We are grateful to Dr D. W. Brocklesby for his help and advice. We would also like to thank Dr D. L. Lee and Dr W. G. MacMillan for helpful discussions.
A study of acetylcholinesterase throughout the life cycle ofNippostrongylus brasiliensis
Authors: Sanderson Barbara E. , Ogilvie Bridget M. 
Published: June 2009

Acetylcholinesterase activity, measured per unit wet weight, is relatively low in the eggs and infective larvae ofN. brasiliensis. It increases rapidly during the parasitic phase, especially in the late 3rd- and early 4th-larval stages. Activity in normal adults is extremely high (× 15 egg activity) and this is doubled again in immune-damaged adults. Possible functions ofN. brasiliensisacetylcholinesterase are discussed.It is a pleasure to acknowledge the technical assistance of Miss Anne Cronin and Miss Beryl Crooks.
Acephaline gregarines of British earthworms–their possible host specificity
Authors: Segun A. O. 
Published: June 2009

The host-specificity of monocystids was investigated experimentally by infesting infection-free Dendrobaena subrubicunda f. typica with sporocysts of Apolocystis megagranulata and A. lavernensis normally found in Dendrobaena subrubicunda and Allolobophora longa respectively. An attempt to infect worms raised free from infection with sporocysts of Monocystis agilis normally harboured by Lumbricus spp. was unsuccessful. Eighteen of the thirty identified monocystids were found to be monobiotic (species-specific), eleven were oligobiotic (genus-specific) and only one was polybiotic (family-specific).The writer wishes to express his sincere appreciation to Dr Anne Terry for her advice and useful suggestions, and to Mr D. Etherington, the head of department, for his encouragements throughout the research period.
Molecular biology and electrophysiology of glutamategated chloride channels of invertebrates
Authors: Cully D. F. , Wilkinson H. , Vassilatis D. K. , Etter A. , Arena J. P. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYIn this chapter we summarize the available data on a novel class of ligand-gated anion channels that are gated by the neurotransmitter glutamate. Glutamate is classically thought to be a stimulatory neurotransmitter, however, studies in invertebrates have proven that glutamate also functions as an inhibitory ligand. The bulk of studies conductedin vivohave been on insects and crustaceans, where glutamate was first postulated to act on H-receptors resulting in a hyperpolarizing response to glutamate. Recently, glutamate-gated chloride channels have been cloned from several nematodes andDrosophila. The pharmacology and electrophysiological properties of these channels have been studied by expression inXenopusoocytes. Studies on the cloned channels demonstrate that the invertebrate glutamate-gated chloride channels are the H-receptors and represent important targets for the antiparasitic avermectins.
Some helminth parasites of Fishes of Bermuda and an account of the attachment organ ofAlcicornis carangisMacCallum, 1917 (Digenea: Bucephalidae)
Authors: Rees Gwendolen 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYOf 414 Bermuda fishes, 148 belonging to 13 species harboured Digenea and 11 belonging to 6 species Aspidogastrea, Acanthocephala or nematodes. In a previous paper 69 of these fishes belonging to 20 species were found to contain cestodes. The number of infected species was greatest in the case of cestodes and the number of infected individuals in the case of Digenea. The latter is probably due to the closer proximity, for reasonably long periods, of the various hosts in the life-cycles. Of the 17 species of Digenea 3 are new host records, 3 new locality records and 4 new host and new locality records. New records were found, also, in the other groups of helminths. The digenean fauna of Bermuda fishes most closely resembles that of Dry Tortugas, Florida. Digenea and cestodes were not usually found in the same families of fishes. Cestode larvae were abundant in the deep-water Serranidae and Lutianidae which had no Digenea, the latter being common in Clupeidae, Hae-mulidae and Belonidae, which do not harbour cestodes and which occur, mostly, in the inner reefs and shallows.The functional morphology of the apical disk, tentacles and rhynchus ofAlcicornis carangisis described. The tentacles are invaginable and concerned with attachment.I am most grateful to Dr W. H. Sutcliffe Jun., Director of the Bermuda Biological Station, for the excellent facilities provided and to The Shell Grants Committee and The National Science Foundation for grants which made the work possible. I would also like to express my gratitude to all those who kindly helped in the capture of fishes and to Mrs M. Fisher for technical assistance.
A comparative study of the thoracic skeleton and musculature of the Pupipara and the Glossinidae (Diptera)
Authors: Schlein Y. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYThe thoracic skeleton and musculature of the Pupipara were studied and compared with the thorax ofMuscaandGlossinain order to identify the sclerites of the thorax of the Nycteribiidae. Comparative studies of the thorax and other features suggest that the Pupipara do not belong to the higher Calypterata. This comparison also supports the view which separates the Streblidae and the Nycteribiidae from the Hippoboscidae, and supplies evidence for reconsideration of the position of these two families among the Calyptera.Gratitude is expressed to Professor O. Theodor of the Hebrew University, who supplied most of the Pupipara examined, to Professor R. Wenzel of the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, for species of American Streblidae and to Dr I. Paperna for the species ofGlossina.
The evaluation of potential global morbidity attributable to intestinal nematode infections
Authors: Chan M. S. , Medley G. F. , Jamison D. , Bundy D. A. P. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThis paper presents a method of estimating the potential global morbidity due to human intestinal nematode infections (Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiuraand hookworms), based on the observed prevalence of infection. The method relies on the observed relationships between prevalence and intensity of infection, and between worm burden and potential morbidity. This approach is shown to be sensitive to the precision of the original prevalence estimates and, in particular, to the degree of spatial heterogeneity in levels of infection. The estimates presented here indicate that several tens of millions of children are likely to suffer developmental consequences from infection, and suggest that the global disease burden of geohelminthiasis may be significantly greater than was supposed.
Detection of polymorphisms amongTheileria parvastocks using repetitive, telomeric and ribosomal DNA probes and anti-schizont monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Bishop R. P. , Sohanpal B. K. , Allsopp B. A. , Spooner P. R. , Dolan T. T. , Morzaria S. P. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryA total of 21Theileria parvastocks from 6 countries were characterized usingT. parvarepetitive and ribosomal DNA probes, aPlasmodium bergheitelomeric oligonucleotide and a panel of anti-schizont monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Hybridization of the repetitive DNA probe to Southern blots ofEcoRI-digestedT. parvaDNA revealed 20 different restriction fragment patterns among DNA samples isolated from infections initiated using 16 parasite stocks. The panel of anti-schizont MAbs defined 8 different profiles among schizont-infected lymphoblastoid cell-cultures infected with the same 16T. parvastocks. Many stocks, which were differentiated by the repetitive DNA probe, could not be distinguished using the anti-schizont MAbs. A clonedT. parvasmall subunit ribosomal RNA (SSUrRNA) gene probe separated 17T. parvastocks into 2 groups, exhibiting either 1 or 2 restriction fragments, when hybridized toEcoRI-digestedT. parvaDNA. When hybridized toPvuII-digested DNA from 8T. parvastocks, the ribosomal probe identified 4 groups with similar restriction fragment patterns. A synthetic oligonucleotide derived from aP. bergheitelomeric sequence hybridized to 7 or 8 size-polymorphic restriction fragments in theEcoRI-digested DNA of mostT. parvastocks. The telomeric and ribosomal probes defined the same 4 groups among 8T. parvastocks as assessed by similarities in restriction fragment patterns. Based on the comparison of repetitive DNA sequences from theT. parvaUganda and Muguga stocks, a synthetic oligonucleotide was developed which distinguished the DNA of theT. parvaUganda stock from that of 4 otherT. parvastocks on a positive/negative basis.
Estimation of intestinal nematode prevalence: influence of parasite mating patterns
Authors: Guyatt H. L. , Bundy D. A. P. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryPrevalence of infection with intestinal helminths is usually assessed through stool examination. There are limitations in using this technique to measure infection status, since some infected individuals have no patent infection. The relationship between infection assessed by stool examination and actual infection prevalence is investigated for the three major nematode species-Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiuraand the bookworms-using a model which describes the presence of non-egg producing worm combinations. The analysis demonstrates that stool examination under-estimates the actual infection prevalence, and that the degree of under-estimation is dependent on the level of infection, the nematode species and the parasite sex ratio. These findings have implications for the validity of epidemiological surveys and the evaluation of control programmes.
Host reactions of Musca domestica, Orthellia caesarion, and Ravinia I'herminieri to the nematode Heterotylenchus autumnalis
Authors: Stoffolano John G. , Streams Frederick A. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYThe nematode, Heterotylenehus autumnalis, generally failed to develop successfully in Musca domestica L., Orthellia caesarion (Meigen) and Ravinia l'herminieri(Robineau-Desvoidy). Failure is attributed mainly to host resistance in the form of haemocytic encapsulation of the small gamogenetic female nematode. In a few instances, the nematode was able to complete development successfully in housefly and Orthellia, but was not capable of leaving the host. These few instances of development in the unnatural, experimental hosts are attributed in part to general ’weakening’ of the host by superparasitism. In many cases superparasitism resulted in the death of the fly larvae or pupae.Tracheolar proliferation was usually associated with the encapsulated nematodes and there was evidence that many of them were expelled from the host during pupation. We also observed nematodes with cephalic caps of dark material, presumably melanin, and some that were tightly girdled with this material. A host reaction, apparently never before reported for a parasitized insect, was the darkening (presumably melanization) of the larval anal organ.The authors would like to express their appreciation to Dr A. J. Nappi, Biology Department, State University of New York, Oswego, New York, and Dr G. 0. Poinar, Jr., Department of Entomology and Parasitology, University of California, Berkeley, California, for reading an early draft of the manuscript and offering critical comments. The senior author would like to express his deep appreciation to Dr W. R. Nickle, Nematology Investigations, Crops Research Division, Agr. Res. Serv., USDA, Beltsville, Maryland, and to Dr H. Welch, Zoology Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada, for their help and encouragement during the course of this study. This study was supported in part by a grant from the University of Connecticut Research Foundation.
Schistosoma mansoni and S. japonicum: comparison of levels of ultraviolet irradiation for vaccination of mice with cercariae
Authors: Ruppel A. , Shi Y. E. , Moloney N. A. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYWhen cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni and of S. japonicum were irradiated with various levels of u.v. light at 254 nm, their development to perfusable worms was reduced to below 1% at about 200 μW min cm−2. Cercariae attenuated with about 300 μW min cm−2 induced partial resistance against an homologous challenge infection in mice. No differences were observed between the two schistosome species when the same treatment was given to the cercariae. Thus the same u.v. dose can confer immunizing ability to cercariae of both S. mansoni and S. japonicum.