bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plasma MicroRNAs as Sensitive and Specific Biomarkers of Tissue Injury
Authors: Laterza Omar F , Lim Lee , Garrett-Engele Philip W , Vlasakova Katerina , Muniappa Nagaraja , Tanaka Wesley K , Johnson Jason M , Sina Joseph F , Fare Thomas L , Sistare Frank D , Glaab Warren E 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBackground: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, small noncoding RNAs. Because of their size, abundance, tissue specificity, and relative stability in plasma, miRNAs hold promise as unique accessible biomarkers to monitor tissue injury.Methods: We investigated the use of liver-, muscle- and brain-specific miRNAs as circulating biomarkers of tissue injury. We used a highly sensitive quantitative PCR assay to measure specific miRNAs (miR-122, miR-133a, and miR-124) in plasma samples from rats treated with liver or muscle toxicants and from a rat surgical model of stroke.Results: We observed increases in plasma concentrations of miR-122, miR-133a, and miR-124 corresponding to injuries in liver, muscle, and brain, respectively. miR-122 and miR-133a illustrated specificity for liver and muscle toxicity, respectively, because they were not detectable in the plasma of animals with toxicity to the other organ. This result contrasted with the results for alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase, which were both increased with either organ toxicity. Furthermore, miR-122 exhibited a diagnostic sensitivity superior to that of ALT when the results were correlated to the liver histopathologic results. The miR-124 concentration increased in the plasma of rats 8 h after surgery to produce brain injury and peaked at 24 h, while the miR-122 and miR-133a concentrations remained at baseline values.Conclusions: These results demonstrate that tissue-specific miRNAs may serve as diagnostically sensitive plasma biomarkers of tissue injury.
Advanced Crew Escape Suits (ACES) Particle Impact Test
Authors: Rosales Keisa R. , Stoltzfus Joel M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
NASA Johnson Space Center requested NASA JSC White Sands Test Facility to assist in determining the effects of impaired anodization on aluminum parts in advanced crew escape suits (ACES). Initial investigation indicated poor anodization could lead to an increased risk of particle impact ignition, and a lack of data was prevalent for particle impact of bare (unanodized) aluminum; therefore, particle impact tests were performed. A total of 179 subsonic (Test Series 1–3) and 60 supersonic (Test Series 6) tests were performed with no ignition of the aluminum targets. Based on the resulting test data and analysis, WSTF found no increased particle impact hazard was present in the ACES equipment.
An Approach to Understanding Flow Friction Ignition: A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Study on Temperature Development of High-Pressure Oxygen Flow Inside Micron-Scale Seal Cracks
Authors: Hooser Jared D. , Wei Mingjun , Newton Barry E. , Chiffoleau Gwenael J. A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Flow friction ignition of non-metallic materials in oxygen is a poorly understood heat-generating mechanism thought to be caused by oxygen flow past a non-metallic sealing surface. Micron-scale fatigue cracks or channels were observed on non-metallic sealing surfaces of oxygen components and could provide a leak path for the high-pressure oxygen to flow across the seal. Literature in the field of micro-fluidics research has noted that viscous dissipation, a heat-generating mechanism, may not be negligible as the flow dimension of the channel is reduced to the micron-scale. Results of a computational fluid dynamics study are presented and used to determine if temperatures developed in high-pressure driven micro-channel oxygen flows are capable of reaching the reported autogenous ignition temperature of non-metallic materials in oxygen.
Good Practices for Avoiding Fires in Steel Mill Oxygen Systems
Authors: Forsyth Elliot T. , Newton Barry E. , Chiffoleau Gwenael J. A. , Brophy Brendan 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Over time, oxygen has been used with increasing frequency in the steel industry. Applications include basic oxygen furnaces, electric arc furnaces, scrap melting, lancing operations, and slab-cutting operations. Because of the inherently “dirty” environment of most steel mills, avoiding contaminants in the oxygen systems can be challenging and numerous fires have occurred due to contaminant-promoted ignition sources. This paper presents many good practices that can be practically implemented to reduce the risk of oxygen fires in typical steel mill oxygen system installations.
Liquid Oxygen Rotating Friction Ignition Testing of Aluminum and Titanium with Monel® and Inconel® for Rocket Engine Propulsion System Contamination Investigation
Authors: Peralta Stephen F. , Rosales Keisa R. , Stoltzfus Joel M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Metallic contaminant was found in the liquid oxygen (LOX) pre-valve screen of the shuttle main engine propulsion system on two orbiter vehicles. To investigate the potential for an ignition, NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility performed (modified) rotating friction ignition testing in LOX. This testing simulated a contaminant particle in the low-pressure oxygen turbo pump (LPOTP) and the high-pressure oxygen turbo pump (HPOTP) of the shuttle main propulsion system. Monel® K-500 and Inconel® 718 samples represented the LPOTP and HPOTP materials. Aluminum foil tape and titanium foil represented the contaminant particles. In both the Monel® and Inconel® material configurations, the aluminum foil tape samples did not ignite after 30 s of rubbing. In contrast, all of the titanium foil samples ignited regardless of the rubbing duration or material configuration. However, the titanium foil ignitions did not propagate to the Monel and Inconel materials. Based on these results, NASA determined that the risk of a fire occurring in the turbo pumps was acceptably low.
Marine Exposure Tests of Pressure-Treated Douglas Fir and Southern Pine
Authors: Graham R. D. , Miller D. J. 
Published: September 2009

Dried lumber pieces of Douglas fir heartwood and sapwood and southern pine sapwood (3/4 by 3 by 18 in.) were treated by the full-cell process with creosote and creosote — coal tar in a 70-30 per cent solution. Douglas fir sapwood pieces also were treated with ammoniacal copper arsenite (Chemonite) and with copper formate. Average retentions in pounds per cubic foot were: creosote, 35.7; creosote — coal tar, 33.7; Chemonite, 0.38; and copper formate, 0.28.
Specimens were installed during the summer and fall of 1957 at three marine exposure sites on the Pacific Coast and three sites on the Atlantic Coast of the United States. Douglas fir sapwood pieces treated with each preservative were installed at all sites. Douglas fir heartwood pieces were installed at three Pacific Coast sites and one Atlantic Coast site. Pine specimens were installed at two Atlantic Coast sites.
Specimens were mounted on galvanized steel bars in replicates of five. Pieces treated with creosote and creosote — coal tar were mounted on bars numbered 1 through 5 in such a way that each bar contained a complete set of treated replicates and two untreated panels. Bars 6 and 7 contained five replicates of pieces treated with Chemonite and with copper formate, respectively.
One bar of specimens treated with creosote and creosote — coal tar, and one replicate from both bars 6 and 7 will be removed permanently every two years. These specimens will be examined closely and related according to a standard procedure as to extent and cause of deterioration. Results of the first biennial inspection are reported.
Irradiation Effects in Pressure Vessel Materials for Steam-Cooled Fast Reactors
Authors: Grounes M. , Lindhagen P. 
Published: September 2009

Steam-cooled fast reactor pressure vessels must withstand high pressures (130–230 atm) and high neutron doses, for example, 5 × 10 20 n/cm 2 (&gt;1 MeV). Two new steels have been investigated, a 16 Cr-5 Ni-1 Mo steel (Avesta 248 SV) and a 13 Cr-6 Ni-1.5 Mo steel (Bofors 2 RMO). Their tensile strengh is above 70 kg/mm2 at 300 C. The steels are unusually tough at low temperatures, and there is no sharp brittle-to-ductile transition. Various properties of the steels are described.
Impact and tension specimens have been irradiated in two thermal reactors at 60 to 550 C. After 3.2 × 1019 n/cm2 (&gt;1 MeV) at 265 C, the temperature at 4.2 kg-m impact energy has been increased 100 C to —90 C. Tension tests show a small decrease or an increase in ductility because of irradiation.
To draw conclusions from these experiments the differences in neutron spectra between the materials testing reactors and the fast reactor vessel have to be taken into account. This problem is discussed for two types of damage: displacement damage and transmutation damage. In the former case, an attempt is made to use different damage theories for an engineering type of estimate of the maximum difference between irradiation effects in the two types of spectra. In the later case, an analysis of the transmutation reactions is made.
The Role of Base Oils and Additives in Modern-Day Turbine Oils
Authors: Dolby George W , Kofke William A 
Published: September 2009

Modern-day turbine oils are required to: (1) lubricate and cool load-carrying surfaces, (2) maintain viscosity, (3) resist oxidation, (4) provide protection against rusting and other forms of corrosion, (5) resist foaming, and (6) have good water separation characteristics. Good turbine lubricants are compounded from well-refined responsive blending stocks, antioxidants, rust inhibitors, and antifoam additives. Inhibitor response, compatibility, and stability are important factors to be considered when formulating turbine oils.
The properties of turbine oil base stocks depend on three factors: (1) the type or source of crude oil used to produce the raw lubricating oil distillates, (2) the method or process used to refine the raw distillates, and (3) the degree or severity of refinement. Good base oils have high viscosity indexes, low iodine numbers, low pour points, and low sulfur contents. They are also light in color and essentially neutral.
Data are presented on light- and heavy-base oil blending stocks before and after refining by solvent treating, dewaxing, and clay filtering. Furfural and phenol were used, both at two different treating severities to illustrate the effect of process variables on the finished base oils.
Data are also presented on fully inhibited turbine oil blends prepared from the furfural- and phenol-treated oils. The blends were inhibited at two different antioxidant levels to demonstrate base oil inhibitor response. Laboratory inspection data show the differences in inhibitor response as expressed by the oxidation lives obtained on the blended oils by the ASTM oxidation test method (D 943). Other data also show the antioxidant response of an aluminum chloride-treated oil, as well as the response of various hydrofinished turbine oils produced from different crude oils.
Fleet Experience with Navy Turbine Oils—Are Specification Methods Significant?
Authors: King H F , Glassman N 
Published: September 2009

U. S. Navy experience with turbine lubricating oil generally has been excellent. This experience is based on a turbine oil consumption rate of 9,000,000 gal per yr in machinery ranging from main propulsion turbines and gearing to hydraulic systems and various machinery auxiliaries. This equipment has transported and been transported by turbine oil to every sea in the world by mighty Polaris submarines and giant aircraft carriers as well as by the less glamorous but essential landing ships dock and others.
The Navy’s turbine oil is competitively procured under a specification composed of performance requirements defined by applicable test methods. The majority of these methods are ASTM procedures. The U. S. Navy’s turbine oil is a sophisticated product possessing a well-refined petroleum oil body containing a balanced additive formulation which makes it a responsible lubricant for key machinery and at the same time a protector of that machinery from attack by rust. It is intended to be noncorrosive, stable to oxidation, nonemulsifying, nonfoaming, and stable in storage.
The wide use of this oil in other than turbine machinery testifies to its generally satisfactory performance. Still, more than isolated instances of oil failure have occurred as in the rusting observed in the gear train of a docked submarine, fretting corrosion in couplings, and the increased maintenance required due to sludging in relatively inaccessible ships' auxiliary machinery. These failures lead to the recognition that improvements in the oil should be sought, and that present tests do not entirely define or predict the types of failure being encountered in service.
This paper recounts the types of failures being encountered, the inability of present tests to predict oil rust protection and oxidation stability, and suggests approaches to improve the situation.
The 1962 Status of Test Sequences I, II, and III
Authors: Bennett P. A. , Kabel R. H. 
Published: September 2009

The ASTM Test Sequences have gradually gained recognition as useful tools for defining motor oil quality (1). For example, Sequences I, II, and III are being used to evaluate new motor oil formulations in 19 laboratories. They are also used in factory-fill and U.S. Army Ordnance motor oil specifications.
Although repeatability and reproducibility have been serious problems in some laboratories, others have established that satisfactory results can be obtained. Several variables that recent experience has shown to be important test parameters are discussed. Test modifications resulting from a reevaluation of these variables are included.
Effects of Implants on the Blood
Authors: Sears D. A. 
Published: September 2009

The effects on the blood of prostheses implanted in the heart or blood vessels are discussed. Particular attention is paid to red cell damage. Intracardiac prosthetic devices may be associated with hemolytic anemia which is characterized by red cell fragmentation and intravascular hemolysis. Red cell destruction probably results from the mechanical effects of altered circulatory dynamics in which abnormal velocity and turbulence of flow are generated.
In vitro systems have provided some insight into the mechanisms of mechanical damage to red cells, but many basic questions are still unanswered. Prevention of the syndrome depends on durable prostheses and optimal surgical correction of the anatomical and physiological abnormalities. No direct chemical effects of prosthetic materials on the red cells have been identified. Whether prosthetic devices can result in alteration of the antigenic structure of red cells through mechanical or other trauma remains to be determined.
Thrombosis continues to be a frequent complication of the use of intravascular prostheses. Here, too, mechanical problems of blood flow are significant. Areas of low pressure and stagnation of flow predispose to thrombosis. Surface properties of implants are undoubtedly important, but present in vitro tests correlate rather poorly with in vivo results. Direct platelet damage due to prosthetic devices has not been demonstrated.
No clinical problems have arisen that suggest any direct effects of implants on white cells or plasma.
Embrittlement of Zircaloy-2 Pressure Tubes
Authors: Watkins B. , Cowan A. , Parry G. W. , Pickles B. W. 
Published: September 2009

Previous work on hydrogen absorption has been extended to cover the effect of radial hydrides and greater hydrogen concentrations, and the effect of neutron irradiation on Zircaloy-2 pressure tubes. Specimens with radial hydrides were produced by modification of tube-manufacturing route and by hydriding under pressure in lithiated water. Both series of tests showed that the effect of the hydrides was marked at 20 C but was small at 300 C. Thus, at design condition, the critical crack length is of the order of 3 to 4 in. Critical crack-length tests on irradiated tubes show that, up to doses of 1021 n/cm2 (&gt;1 MeV), there is no decrease in critical crack length on irradiation.
Results from small specimens and tube behavior have been correlated. This has permitted assessing the effect of a large number of material variables (for example, H2 content, hydride orientation, neutron dose, etc.). For example, the effect of irradiation up to doses of 2 × 1021 n/cm2 (Ni) has been assessed on the basis of both tension and notched specimens. These show that the effect on impact specimens saturates at 1020 n/cm2 but there is a progressive but small increase in tensile strength over the range of neutron dose examined.
This work shows that the critical crack length of through-thickness defects under reactor-design conditions is of the order of 3 to 4 in. Leakage can be expected to occur when the through-thickness crack is of the order of 0.5 in. and failure due to instability is not, therefore, considered feasible.
The Corrosion Behavior of 2.5Nb Zirconium Alloy
Authors: LeSurf J. E. 
Published: September 2009

The heat-treatable 2.5Nb zirconium alloy is of interest to nuclear-reactor designers because it has greater strength than the Zircaloys. Its corrosion behavior is affected by its metallurgical structure, the chemical composition of the environment, and the presence of reactor radiation.
Desirable mechanical properties are obtained by quenching from a temperature high in the (α + β)-phase region (generally 850 to 880 C) and stabilizing the structure by aging in the α-phase region (500 to 575 C). Cold work between quenching and aging enhances some properties, notably corrosion resistance. This is illustrated by results of corrosion experiments in aqueous and gaseous media. The corrosion resistance after different amounts of cold work and aging may be correlated with the sub-microstructure developed, as shown by electron microscopy. Evidence from several independent experiments shows that the alloy is much less sensitive to radiation enhancement of corrosion than is Zircaloy, even under strongly oxidizing conditions, such as neutral boiling water. In many cases the oxidation in-flux is less than that out-of-flux in the same coolant stream.
The 2.5Nb zirconium alloy has found nuclear application as pressure tubes for heavy-water moderated reactors, both with pressurized water and boiling water coolant, and as fuel cladding in organic coolant. Results of irradiation experiments suggest it would be useful as fuel cladding in boiling-water-cooled reactors and for conditions which exceed the upper temperature limit of Zircaloy cladding.
The Use of Visco-Elastic Stress-Strain Laws in Soil Testing
Authors: Schiffman Robert L. 
Published: September 2009

Most soil testing is either of an inferential nature or an environmental nature. The inferential tests investigate empirical properties of the soil in the belief that correlations of empirical parameters with field performance can be extrapolated to embrace simple general laws. Such broad correlations have proven to be inaccurate and extremely limited in use. The environmental tests, in their simplest application, are designed to be of direct use in the determination of specific design criteria for specific problems. This type of testing is highly restrictive and comprises highly specialized specific purpose tests.
In order to avoid the fundamental deficiencies of two testing methods referred to above, a basic postulation of stress-strain-time behavior must be made. With a given behavior postulation, the soil tests take on two purposes. The first purpose is to confirm the stress-strain-time laws previously proposed and then to ascertain numerical values for the controlling soil properties. At this stage the applications are completely general. It still remains that specific soils be tested for specific properties.
This paper is directed towards establishing an analytical basis for setting up certain stress-strain-time laws for soil materials. Based on the conditions of visco-elastic stress-strain-time properties, the test behavior is analyzed for hydrostatic compression, torsion, and for viscometer tests. In addition the unconfined and triaxial test stress-strain-time laws are postulated for various types of visco-elasticity and test conditions.
Load Transfer in Spot Welds: A Preliminary Investigation with Photoelastic Coating
Authors: Freytag Norman A. 
Published: September 2009

Principal strain directions as well as principal strain differences have been determined on a cross-section of a single lapped spot weld using photoelastic coating techniques in this preliminary study.
The highest stressed areas on the specimen investigated occur on the interface surface of the welded joint somewhat away from the forged area surrounding the spot weld within the range of loading investigated and not on the edge of this area as previously expected.
Due to the nature of the spot-weld tensile shear test, bending in the legs of the specimen tends to diminish with respect to the tensile load applied as load increases. This is indicated by a shift in the neutral axis toward the outer surface of the weld specimen.
Yielding on the interface surfaces of the spot-weld specimen occurred in a direction corresponding to the maximum shear-strain direction at that area.
At the particular section of the load-carrying leg that was studied, the effects of “funneling” the load from the entire cross-section of the leg down through the two spot welds were noticed.
Method for Fire Tests of Floor and Ceiling Assemblies
Authors: Bono J 
Published: September 2009

A typical fire test sequence is described, primarily by illustrations of the facilities and equipment. The fabrication of the specimen, its preparation for test, and the character and control of the exposure fire are depicted. Although unexpected and bizarre results are occasionally recorded, the majority of tests result in the development of fire-resistance ratings, with the end point being reached in the surface temperature. Details of construction of the test specimen that appear of little significance will often influence the performance in the fire test. Examples of this condition are described, confirming the necessity for careful examination of the report of such tests.
Despite the use of this test method for many years, a number of features are still being studied and discussed by various groups. Curing practices for the concrete used in the fire-resistance assemblies, restraint of the test specimen, load calculations, deflection limits, and temperature limits for structural members are current topics for consideration with a view to further revision and refinement of the test method.
A Building Official's View Concerning Fire Test Standards
Authors: Goldberg A 
Published: September 2009

The use of ASTM standards by building officials and others who are not familiar with the details involved in the evolution of the standards nor the tests presents problems. On the other hand, the preparation and development of standards without recognizing the requirements of modern construction is unrealistic. An outline of certain of these areas of inadequacy is presented and suggestions made to improve the communication problem between standard making organizations and the user regarding fire test standards.
I hope my remarks might emphasize those made by several other authors.
Some of my comments may be a rehash of things said by others; however, I believe it is essential that ASTM Committee E-5 on Fire Tests of Materials and Construction recognize its obligation not only to ASTM but also to the public that relies upon the ASTM standards for safety.