bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Slaughterfloor Decontamination of Pork Carcases with Hot Water or Acidified Sodium Chlorite – A Comparison in Two Australian Abattoirs
Authors: Hamilton D. , Holds G. , Lorimer M. , Kiermeier A. , Kidd C. , Slade J. , Pointon A. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryA decontamination trial on the effectiveness of hot water or acidified sodium chlorite (SANOVA™) treatment on Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli and Total Viable Count (TVC) was undertaken on pork carcases prior to primary chilling in two large pork abattoirs in Australia using belly‐strip excision sampling. A total of 123 samples from Abattoir A and 400 samples from Abattoir B were cultured and analysed. Test pigs were selected from herds with a known high level of on‐farm Salmonella infection. At Abattoir A, Salmonella spp. were not isolated from carcases. The prevalence of E. coli on control carcases was 92.9% compared with 9.8% for hot water and 12.5% for SANOVA™ treated carcases. The mean log10E. coli concentration for control carcases was 0.89 cfu/gram, compared with −0.83 cfu/gram from hot water and −0.75 cfu/gram from SANOVA™ treated carcases. The mean log10 TVC for control carcases was 4.06 compared with 1.81 cfu/gram for hot water and 2.76 cfu/gram for SANOVA™ treated carcases. At Abattoir B, the prevalence of Salmonella on control carcases was 16% compared with 2.7% for hot water and 7.0% for SANOVA™ treated carcases. The prevalence of E. coli on control carcases was 69.3% compared with 22% for hot water and 30% for SANOVA™ treated carcases. The mean log10E. coli concentration for control carcases was 0.45 cfu/gram, compared with −0.65 cfu/gram from hot water and −0.60 cfu/gram from SANOVA™ treated carcases. The mean log10 TVC for control carcases was 3.00 cfu/gram compared with 2.10 cfu/gram for hot water and 2.53 cfu/gram for SANOVA™ treated carcases. The reductions in prevalence and mean log10 concentrations in the present trial were all found to be statistically significant and indicate that carcases decontamination with either hot water or SANOVA™ are effective risk management options immediately available to the pork industry.
Salmonella in Pork Cuttings in Supermarkets and Butchers’ Shops in Denmark in 2002 and 2006
Authors: Hansen T. B. , Christensen B. B. , Aabo S. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThe prevalence of Salmonella in fresh pork cuttings in Denmark in the years 2002 and 2006 was investigated at retail and compared with the retail supply pattern. A total of 1025 and 3473 samples were taken in 2002 from butcher’s shops and supermarkets, respectively. The corresponding numbers in 2006 were 259 from butchers’ shops and 628 from supermarkets. In 2002, 1.2% of all samples were positive for Salmonella; butchers’ shops and supermarkets had 1.8% and 1.0% positive samples, respectively. The overall prevalence in 2006 was 4.2%, with prevalence of 8.1% and 2.6% for butchers’ shops and supermarkets, respectively. Hence, increases around 3‐ to 5‐fold were found. There was neither observed any parallel increase in Salmonella positive carcasses in Danish slaughterhouses during the study period, nor were any changes in supply routes towards slaughterhouses with higher prevalence observed, which could explain the apparent increase. We hypothesize that hygiene levels and ability to avoid cross‐contamination and prevent growth of the organism, in the meat processing chain after slaughter were the most likely responsible factors. Results from this study indicate that the hygiene performance, particularly at retail, has a significant impact on the occurrence of Salmonella. This implies that there is no direct link between slaughterhouse Salmonella surveillance data and the level of Salmonella contamination at retail. To improve risk assessment of Salmonella in fresh pork meat, this study underlines the need for comprehensive retail data.
Risk Factors forSalmonellaInfection in Fattening Pigs – An Evaluation of Blood and Meat Juice Samples
Authors: Hotes S. , Kemper N. , Traulsen I. , Rave G. , Krieter J. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThe main objective of this study was to analyse potential herd‐level factors associated with the detection ofSalmonellaantibodies in fattening pigs. Two independent datasets, consisting of blood and meat juice samples respectively, were used. Additional information about husbandry, management and hygiene conditions was collected by questionnaire for both datasets. The serological analysis showed that 13.8% of the blood samples and 15.7% of the meat juice samples had to be classified asSalmonella‐positive. Logistic‐regression models were used to assess statistically significant risk factors associated with a positive sample result. The results of the statistical blood sample analysis showed that the application of antibiotics increased the odds ratio (OR) by a factor of 5.21 (P < 0.001) compared to untreated pigs. A fully slatted floor decreased the prevalence ofSalmonellaas well as the use of protective clothing or the cleaning of the feed tube (ORs 0.35–0.54,P < 0.001). It was shown that a distance of less than 2 km to other swine herds increased the chance of a positiveSalmonellaresult (OR = 3.76,P < 0.001). The statistical analysis of the meat juice samples revealed the importance of feed aspects. The chance of obtaining a positive meat juice sample increased by a factor of 3.52 (P < 0.001) by using granulated feed instead of flour. It also became clear that liquid feeding should be preferred to dry feeding (OR = 0.33,P < 0.001). A comparison of the blood sample analysis to the meat juice model revealed that the latter was less powerful because data structure was less detailed. The expansion of data acquisition might solve these problems and improve the suitability of QS monitoring data for risk factor analyses.
Phenotypic and Genotypic Heterogeneity of Campylobacter coli Within Individual Pigs at Farm and Slaughter in the US
Authors: Thakur S. , Gebreyes W. A. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThe aim of this study was to determine the phenotypic and genotypic diversity of multiple Campylobacter isolates (n = 3 per sample) present within individual (heterogeneity) pig faecal and carcass samples at farm and slaughter, respectively. We isolated 1459 Campylobacter coli (1110 on farm and 349 from slaughter) from 908 pigs and 757 carcasses and characterized them for their antimicrobial susceptibility profile to a panel of six antimicrobials using the agar dilution method. Overall, we detected a significantly higher Campylobacter prevalence at the farm (54.7%) than at slaughter (19%) level (P < 0.05). C. coli isolates were resistant most commonly to tetracycline (66.2%) and erythromycin (53.6%) while fluoroquinolone resistance was detected in isolates (n = 17) only from the farm level. Phenotypic diversity of C. coli isolates at the 4‐fold minimum inhibitory concentration levels within the same sample was detected in 38.6% (n = 192) pigs and 40.2% (n = 58) carcass swabs with no significant difference between the two sources (P = 0.72). Phenotypic heterogeneity based on the antimicrobial resistance patterns was observed in 32.5% (n = 162) of the farm samples and in 30.5% (n = 44) carcass swabs at slaughter (P = 0.64). A subset of 40 isolates representing ten pigs and eight carcass samples (originating from separate pigs) were further genotyped by multi locus sequence typing. The observation of phenotypic diversity was replicated at the genotypic level, as it was highlighted by the 22 sequence types which represented the 40 isolates. In conclusion, we detected multiple C. coli subtypes from individual pig or carcass samples indicating unprecedented level of heterogeneity. Our study clearly signifies the importance of testing multiple colonies to make appropriate and valid conclusions in epidemiological‐based studies.
Evaluation of three commercial enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays for the detection of antibodies against Salmonella spp. in meat juice from finishing pigs in Spain
Authors: Vico J. P. , Engel B. , Buist W. G. , Mainar‐Jaime R. C. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThe control of animal salmonellosis is considered as a major objective in Europe and indirect ELISAs will be important tools for the implementation of control programs for this infection in pigs. We analyse the results yielded by three commercial ELISAs (Herdcheck® Swine Salmonella, SALMOTYPE® Pig Screen, and PrioCHECK® Salmonella) on meat juice samples from a population of slaughter pigs of Aragon, NW Spain, to assess their efficacy using traditional and latent‐class approaches. Overall, the Herdcheck® Swine Salmonella detected more Salmonella‐infected pigs than the other two tests, but its relative sensitivity was low (65.9%). A similar result was observed when only serotypes detectable by this test were considered (69.1%). When a Bayesian approach was used the Herdcheck® Swine Salmonella showed also the highest overall accuracy (sensitivity = 88% and specificity = 74%). Our results suggest that a relatively small proportion of the observed prevalence in herds would be explained by using these ELISAs. Also, this study points out that when different ELISA tests are used within the same herd, results may differ substantially. Thus, caution is advised if it is decided to use these assays for herd health classification in Spanish Salmonella control programs.
Predation of oral pathogens by Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109J
Authors: Dashiff A. , Kadouri D.E. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryPeriodontal diseases are multifactorial infections elicited by a complex of primarily gram‐negative bacteria that interact with host tissues and lead to the destruction of the periodontal structures. Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus is a gram‐negative bacterium that preys upon other gram‐negative bacteria. It was previously shown that B. bacteriovorus has an ability to attack and remove surface‐attached bacteria or biofilms. In this study, we examined the host specificity of B. bacteriovorus strain 109J and its ability to prey on oral pathogens associated with periodontitis, including; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Eikenella corrodens, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. We further demonstrated that B. bacteriovorus 109J has an ability to remove biofilms of Ei. corrodens as well as biofilms composed of A. actinomycetemcomitans. Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus was able to remove A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilms developed on hydroxyapatite surfaces and in the presence of saliva, as well as to detach metabolically inactive biofilms. Experiments aimed at enhancing the biofilm removal aptitude of B. bacteriovorus with the aid of extracellular‐polymeric‐substance‐degrading enzymes demonstrated that proteinase‐K inhibits predation. However, treating A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilms with DspB, a poly‐N‐acetylglucosamine (PGA) ‐hydrolysing enzyme, increased biofilm removal. Increased biofilm removal was also recorded when A. actinomycetemcomitans PGA‐defective mutants were used as host cells, suggesting that PGA degradation could enhance the removal of A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm by B. bacteriovorus.
Methods for exact perturbation analysis
Authors: Miller D. , Morgan B.J.T. , Ridout M.S. , Carey P.D. , Rothery P. 
Published: November 2010

Summary 1. The dominant eigenvalue of the population projection matrix provides the asymptotic growth rate of a population. Perturbation analysis examines how changes in vital rates and transitions affect this growth rate. The standard approach to evaluating the effect of a perturbation uses sensitivities and elasticities to provide a linear approximation. 2. A transfer function approach provides the exact relationship between growth rate and perturbation matrix. An alternative approach derives the exact solution directly by calculating the matrix characteristic equation in terms of the perturbation parameters and the asymptotic growth rate. This may be calculated numerically or by using symbolic algebra, and here we focus on the symbolic algebra approach. 3. The direct approach provides integrated sensitivities and plots of the exact relationship. The same method may be used for any perturbation structure, however complicated, including perturbations to vital rates that determine the elements of the population projection matrix. 4. The simplicity of the direct approach is illustrated through two examples, the killer whale and the lizard orchid. 5. Synthesis and applications. In this paper we describe three different methods for exact perturbation analysis. It is shown that each has its own merits, and the associated online computer code will encourage wider use of this analysis in the future.
From meso‐ to macroscale population dynamics: a new density‐structured approach
Authors: Queenborough Simon A. , Burnet Kirsty M. , Sutherland William J. , Watkinson Andrew R. , Freckleton Robert P. 
Published: November 2010

Summary 1. To predict how plant populations may respond to changes in the environment or management, it is necessary to quantify the factors influencing their population dynamics and distributions over large spatial and/or temporal scales. 2. Most studies of plant population dynamics monitor demography at the sub‐metre scale. Extrapolation or prediction from these studies is difficult because the data are sparse, parameter error cannot be ascertained and the data may not cover the range of expected environmental conditions. 3. Here, we describe a survey method based on density‐structured models. These models use a discrete density state variable and model rates of transition between density states. Although analytically simple, these models are empirically useful as they may be parameterized using readily collected data. They also offer an empirical link between meso‐scale and macro‐scale population dynamics. 4. For a large‐scale study on annual weeds, we describe the rapid estimation of densities using relatively coarse density estimates using visual estimates of density. Using information from detailed surveys, we describe how we use the method to measure populations of annual plants to a scale of 20 × 20 m in areas of up to 4 ha per population within 500 different arable fields over 3 years. 5. We show that the approach taken is repeatable within and among observers, and we quantify the degree of measurement error. We give examples of the resultant data, and compare these with the data obtained from nested small‐scale plots. Finally, we show how the information from this type of survey can be incorporated into population models and used to measure within‐population and inter‐annual flux.
Structure–metabolism relationships for the glucuronidation of flavonoids by UGT1A3 and UGT1A9
Authors: Xie Shenggu , Chen Yakun , Chen Shuqing , Zeng Su 
Published: November 2010

AbstractObjectivesThis study tries to find structure–metabolism relationships between flavonoids and human UGT1A3 and UGT1A9.MethodsThe glucuronidation of flavonoids was studied with recombinant UGT1A3 and UGT1A9, and the glucuronidation activity was determined by HPLC.Key findingsOf the flavonoids studied, it was shown for the first time that baicalein, quercetin-3-OCH2OCH3, quercetin-4′-CH3, quercetin-3′-OCH3 and quercetin-3′-Br are substrates of UGT1A3. Wogonin, baicalein, quercetin-4′-Cl, quercetin-3-OCH2OCH3, quercetin-3-O-arabinoside, quercetin-4′-CH3, quercetin-3′-OCH3 and quercetin-3′-Br are the newly reported substrates of UGT1A9. The preferred substrates for UGT1A3 and UGT1A9 contain the hydroxyl group at the C7-position. The glycon and the position of the B ring have conspicuous influences on the glucuronidation activity, and other chemical structures of flavonoids have minor effects.ConclusionsFrom the quantitative study, UGT1A9 in general has higher glucuronidation efficiency than UGT1A3.
Immunogenicity and Reactivity of Novel
Mycobacterium avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
PPE MAP1152 and Conserved MAP1156 Proteins with Sera from Experimentally and Naturally Infected Animals
Authors: Bannantine John P. , Paulson Avery L. , Chacon Ofelia , Fenton Robert J. , Zinniel Denise K. , McVey David S. , Smith David R. , Czuprynski Charles J. , Barletta Raúl G. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT

Mycobacterium avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
causes Johne's disease (JD) in ruminants. Development of genetic tools and completion of the
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
genome sequencing project have expanded the opportunities for antigen discovery. In this study, we determined the seroreactivities of two proteins encoded at the 5′ and 3′ regions of the MAP1152-MAP1156 gene cluster. MAP1152 encodes a PPE protein, and MAP1156 encodes a diacylglycerol acyltransferase involved in triglyceride metabolism and classified in the uncharacterized protein family UPF0089. Recombinant MAP proteins were overproduced and purified from
Escherichia coli
as maltose-binding protein (MBP) fusions. Immunoblotting analysis indicated that both MAP1152 and MAP1156 displayed reactivity against sera of mice and rabbits immunized with live
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
cells and against samples from naturally infected cattle. In immunoblot assays, MAP1156 yielded a stronger positive signal than MAP1152 against sera from cattle with JD. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the recombinant proteins was developed and used to test preclassified positive and negative serum samples from naturally infected and noninfected cattle. Samples, with one exception, displayed no seroreactivity against the MBP-LacZ fusion protein (
P
> 0.05), the negative-control antigen. MAP1152 displayed seroreactivity against all positive sera but no seroreactivity to the negative sera (
P
< 0.01). MAP1156 displayed stronger and more variable reactivity than MAP1152, but significant differences were observed between noninfected and infected cattle (
P
< 0.05). Otherwise, degrees of reactivity followed the same trend as the positive reference antigen. In conclusion, both proteins are immunogenic in mice and rabbits, and
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
-infected cattle mount a humoral response to both MAP1152 and MAP1156 cross-reactive epitopes. These findings have potential applications to diagnostics, vaccine production, and elucidation of the immunopathogenesis of JD.
Increased Pulmonary Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha, Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-17A Responses Compensate for Decreased Gamma Interferon Production in Anti-IL-12 Autovaccine-Treated,Mycobacterium bovisBCG-Vaccinated Mice
Authors: Freches Danielle , Romano Marta , Korf Hannelie , Renauld Jean-Christophe , Van Snick Jacques , Uyttenhove Catherine , Huygen Kris 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTInterleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-23 (which share a p40 subunit) are pivotal cytokines in the generation of protective Th1/Th17-type immune responses upon infection with the intracellular pathogenMycobacterium tuberculosis. The role of IL-12 and IL-23 in protection conferred by the tuberculosis vaccineMycobacterium bovisbacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is, however, less well documented. By using an autovaccine approach, i.e., IL-12p70 cross-linked with ovalbumin and PADRE peptide formulated with the GSK proprietary adjuvant system AS02V, we could specifically neutralize IL-12 while leaving the IL-23 axis intact. Neutralization of IL-12 beforeM. tuberculosischallenge rendered C57BL/6 mice highly susceptible, resulting in 30-fold-higher CFU in spleen and lungs and accelerated mortality. In contrast, neutralization of IL-12 in BCG-vaccinated mice prior toM. tuberculosischallenge only marginally affected vaccine-mediated protection. Analysis of cytokine production in spleen and lungs 3 weeks post-TB challenge by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and functional and flow cytometric assays showed significantly reduced mycobacterium-specific gamma interferon (IFN-γ) responses inM. tuberculosis-infected and BCG-vaccinated mice that had been treated with the autovaccine. Purified protein derivative-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, and IL-17A levels, however, were highest in lungs from BCG-vaccinated/IL-12-neutralized animals, and even unstimulated lung cells from these mice produced significant levels of the three cytokines. Mycobacterium-specific IL-4 and IL-5 production levels were overall very low, but IL-12 neutralization resulted in increased concanavalin A-triggered polyclonal secretion of these Th2-type cytokines. These results suggest that TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17A may be more important pulmonary effector molecules of BCG-mediated protection than IFN-γ in a context of IL-12 deficiency.
The Inverse Correlation between
Staphylococcus aureus
and
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Colonization in Infants Is Not Explained by Differences in Serum Antibody Levels in the Generation R Study
Authors: Lebon Ankie , Verkaik Nelianne J. , de Vogel Corné P. , Hooijkaas Herbert , Verbrugh Henri A. , van Wamel Willem J. B. , Jaddoe Vincent W. V. , Hofman Albert , Hermans Peter W. M. , Mitchell Tim J. , Moll Henriette A. , van Belkum Alex 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT

Colonization rates of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
and
Staphylococcus aureus
are inversely correlated in infants. Several studies have searched for determinants of this negative association. We studied the association between antipneumococcal antibodies with
Staphylococcus aureus
colonization and the association between antistaphylococcal antibodies with pneumococcal colonization in healthy children in the pneumococcal vaccine era. In the first year of life, no association between maternal IgG levels and colonization was seen. In addition, no association between the IgG and IgA levels in the child versus colonization status was seen.
Association of High-Level Mupirocin Resistance and Multidrug-Resistant Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
at an Academic Center in the Midwestern United States
Authors: Cadilla Adriana , David Michael Z. , Daum Robert S. , Boyle-Vavra Susan 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT

Mupirocin is a topical antimicrobial used to eradicate methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) colonization, usually in the absence of susceptibility testing. We hypothesized that high-level (HL) mupirocin resistance was associated with multidrug resistance (MDR). To this end, unique patient isolates identified at our institution during 2008 were stratified into those resistant to ≥3 non-β-lactam antimicrobial classes (MDR) and non-MDR MRSA. HL mupirocin resistance was screened by
mupA
PCR on all MDR isolates (
n
= 191) and a 20% random sample (
n
= 130) of non-MDR isolates; E-testing confirmed HL resistance. We found that among MDR isolates, 13 (6.8%) carried
mupA
, whereas none of the non-MDR isolates did (
P
= 0.001). Thus, although the overall prevalence of HL mupirocin resistance is low among MRSA isolates at our institution, an association exists between
mupA
carriage and MDR. Using genotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility profiling, we identified nine HL mupirocin-resistant clones. Whereas the majority of
mupA
-negative MDR isolates had a health care-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) genotype (multilocus sequence type 5 [ST5] or SCC
mec
type II), the majority of
mupA
-positive MDR isolates had a community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) genotype (ST8 or SCC
mec
type IV). However, CA- and HA-MRSA genotypes were more evenly distributed among
mupA
-positive isolates compared to
mupA
-negative MDR isolates. Thus, in Chicago,
mupA
is circulating among both CA- and HA-MRSA backgrounds.