bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hypothermia prevents OGD/R induced injury by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and enhancing autophagy
Authors: Shi Cheng-Long , Gao Yong-Jun , Wang zhen , Chen Jing-Ce , Chen chong , Gu Yao , Xu Rui , Min Xiao-Li 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To evaluate the role of hypothermia in the injury of PC12 cells which induced by OGD/R. To investigate the mechanism of hypothermia intervention to alleviate OGD/R-induced injury of PC12 cells through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway and autophagy, and to lay a foundation and provide theoretical basis for clinical application of hypothermia on protect nerve injury in the future.
Methods
Induce PC12 cells establish an Ischemia reperfusion injury model in vitro by OGD/R. Then, intervene PC12 cells with OGD/R and OGD/R treated with LY294002 inhibitor at 37℃, 32℃, 27℃. Valuate cell viability by CCK-8 assay, detect the phosphorylation levels of PI3K, AKT and mTOR proteins through western blotting, evaluate signaling pathway activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR, detect protein expression of LC3I/II by immunofluorescence and western blotting, and observe the autophagosomes by fluoroscopic electron microscopy to evaluate autophagy. Detect apoptosis by flow cytometry, and evaluate the cell damage.
Results
Hypothermia treatment could effectively improve the cell viability of PC12 cells treated with OGD/R, and the cell viability increased with the decrease of temperature (P < 0.05). Hypothermia treatment also promoted the increase of the phosphorylation levels of PI3K, AKT and mTOR proteins in cells (P < 0.05). In addition, flow cytometry was used to detect the apoptosis rate of different treatments, and the results showed that hypothermia could inhibit the apoptosis that induced by OGD/R. In the control group, OGD/R group and LY294002 inhibitor group, autophagy specific protein LC3I/II which labeled with green fluorescently was increased significantly under the culture conditions of 32℃ and 27℃, and the fluorescence signal was enhanced. Meanwhile, the expression level of LC3I/II also increased. Autophagosome was increased under the electron microscopy.
Conclusion
Hypothermia can inhibit apoptosis by regulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis and the level of autophagy, thus protecting PC12 cell damage that induced by OGD/R.
Repurposing Resveratrol: A Novel Approach to Inhibit MTH1 for Effective Breast Cancer Therapy
Authors: Taiyab Aaliya , Haider Shaista , Choudhury Arunabh , Rathi Aanchal , Hussain Afzal , Alajmi Mohamed F , Chakrabarty Anindita , Islam Asimul , Hassan Md. Imtaiyaz 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

The increased metabolic activity in cancer cells often leads to higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) compared to normal cells, which can cause damage to cellular components, including DNA. Cancer cells rely on MTH1 to maintain their DNA integrity and cellular function to counteract this damage. MTH1 is critical in sanitizing oxidized nucleotide pools by removing damaged nucleotides. Inhibition of MTH1 disrupts this repair process, leading to increased DNA damage and cell death in cancer cells. In this study, we present resveratrol (RV) as a potential MTH1 inhibitor. Docking and MD Simulations illustrated the effective binding of RV to the active site of the MTH1 protein, forming a notably stable complex. The fluorescence binding studies estimated a high binding affinity of RV with MTH1 (Ka − 6.2 x 105), inhibiting MTH1 activity with IC50 20.4µM. The inhibitory effects of RV on the proliferation of breast cancer cells revealed significant inhibition in cell growth, leading to apoptosis. RV significantly increases ROS production, inducing considerable oxidative stress and ultimately resulting in cell death. Our study offers a rationale for evaluating RV as an MTH1 inhibitor for potential anti-cancer therapy, particularly in breast cancer.
Courage versus Tolerance of Ambiguity among Young Adults Making Career Decisions. The Moderating Effect of Life Orientation
Authors: Paszkowska-Rogacz Anna 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between courage and tolerance of ambiguity among young adults when making career decisions. It also aimed to determine whether life orientation—categorized as either transitive or moratory—serves as a moderating factor in this relationship, and to what extent. The study included 229 participants, consisting of 145 women and 84 men, aged 19 to 26. Courage was measured using a custom-adapted version of the Courage Scale, and tolerance of ambiguity was assessed with the Tolerance of Ambiguity in Career Decision Making Questionnaire. Life orientation was evaluated using the KPS-S2 Social Participation Questionnaire. Results indicated that both moratory and transitive orientations significantly moderated the relationship between courage and tolerance of ambiguity. Specifically, an interaction between low to medium moratory orientations and courage, as well as between medium to high transitive orientations and courage, was observed. In both scenarios, this interaction was associated with an increased aversion to tolerance of ambiguity.
Tingkat Pengencer dan Waktu Penyimpanan Berbeda Terhadap Abnormalitas dan Malondialdehid Semen Entog Pada Suhu Kamar
Authors: Andaruisworo Sapta , Tanjungsari Ardina , Yuniati Erna , Solikin Nur , Anifiatiningrum Anifiatiningrum , Fitriani Fitriani 
Published: May 2024

Efek penyimpanan semen Entog akan menyebabkan penurunan kualitas seiring dengan perlakuan lama penyimpanan dan kadar pengencerÂ semen. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kandungan Malondialdehid (MDA) semen Entog pada pengenceran dan penyimpanan yang berbeda pada suhu ruang 27 Â°C. Penelitian ini menggunakan tingkat pengenceran semen dengan lama penyimpanan yang berbeda pada suhu ruang 27 Â°C. Pada penelitian ini parameter motilitas masa spermatozoa yang digunakan adalah motilitas individu, abnormalitas spermatozoa, dan uji aktivitas MDA. Sampel menggunakan 5 ekor Entog dewasa berumur 1,5-2 tahun, 3 jantan dan 2 betina, sehat dan memiliki libido tinggi digunakan sebagai penelitian dan dikandangkan secara individu. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimen dengan pola petak terbagi. Faktor pertama sebagai petak utama adalah tingkat pengenceran yaitu 0 (A0), 5 kali (A1), 10 kali (A2) dan 15 kali (A3), faktor kedua sebagai anak petak adalah waktu penyimpanan 0 (BO), 60 menit (B1), 120 menit (B2) dan 180 menit (B3) disimpan pada suhu ruang 27 Â°C dengan 3 kali pengulangan. Hasil penelitian ini adalah hasil terbaik adalah abnormalitas terjadi pada laju pengenceran 5 kali dengan umur simpan 60 menit dan MDA tanpa pengenceran atau kontrol dengan umur simpan 120 menit.
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA : ALERGI SUSU SAPI
Authors: Kurnia Ary Wiartika I Gusti Ngurah , Purnamawati Ida Ayu Putu 
Published: May 2024

Air susu ibu (ASI) adalah makanan yang baik untuk bayi. Namun pada kondisi tertentu karena suatu indikasi medis, bayi tidak diperbolehkan untuk memperoleh ASI sehingga diperlukan susu formula. Susu formula yang direkomendasikan sebagian besar berasal dari susu sapi, namun hal tersebut tidak menutup kemungkinan anak mengalami alergi akibat mengkonsumsi susu sapi. Alergi susu sapi (ASS) merupakan reaksi yang tidak diinginkan yang diperantarai secara imunologis terhadap protein susu sapi. ASS biasanya dikaitkan dengan reaksi hipersensitivitas tipe 1 yang diperantarai oleh Imunoglobulin E. Namun demikian ASS dapat juga diakibatkan oleh reaksi imunologis yang tidak diperantarai oleh Imunoglobulin E ataupun proses gabungan antara keduanya. ASS dapat menyebabkan beragam gejala dan keluhan dan tidak memiliki gejala yang khas, Gejala yang umum yang dapat terjadi antara lain pada gastrointestinal (50-60%), kulit (50-60%), dan sistem respirasi (20-30%). Gejala ini biasanya muncul sebelum usia 1 bulan dan muncul dalam 1 minggu setelah mengkonsumsi protein susu sapi. Setelah diagnosis ASS ditegakan, prinsip utama dalam tatalaksana alergi susu sapi adalah dengan menghindari susu sapi dan turunannya sambil mempertahankan diet bergizi dan seimbang untuk bayi dan ibu menyusui sehingga dapat dicegahnya komplikasi yang tidak diinginkan seperti dapat menyebabkan kondisi hipersensitivitas yang berat yang dapat mempengaruhi pertumbuhan anak.
Analysis of Pragmatic Presupposition of Characters in Disney's Luca Film
Authors: Al Kahfi Raziq Agan , Rosdiana Aliva , Santos Miguel R. 
Published: May 2024

Bahasa memiliki peran penting dalam komunikasi. Artikel ini menyelami ranah wacana sinematik dengan melakukan analisis pragmatis presuposisi dari film animasi "Luca". Dengan mengacu pada prinsip-prinsip pragmatika, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap dan menguji presuposisi yang terkandung dalam dialog dan interaksi karakter, memberikan pemahaman tentang asumsi implisit yang membentuk narasi. Dengan pendekatan kualitatif, penelitian ini mengeksplorasi bagaimana presuposisi berkontribusi pada pemahaman penonton tentang karakter, dinamika plot, dan elemen tematik dalam film tersebut. Analisis juga mempertimbangkan nuansa budaya dan kontekstual yang dapat memengaruhi interpretasi presuposisi dalam konteks sinematik. Melalui eksplorasi ini, ditemukan total 177 data jenis presuposisi. Diantaranya, presuposisi faktif menyumbang 74 data (42%), sedangkan presuposisi struktural mencakup 49 data (28%). Presuposisi eksistensial ditemukan dalam 33 data (19%), diikuti oleh presuposisi non-faktif dengan 14 data (8%). Selain itu, presuposisi leksikal diamati dalam 4 data (2%), dan presuposisi kontrafaktual merupakan 3 data sisanya (1%). Presuposisi faktif sering muncul dalam film ini karena seringnya narasi film bergantung pada kebenaran yang sudah jelas dan asumsi-asumsi dalam ceritanya. Language plays a crucial role in communication. This article delves into the realm of cinematic discourse by undertaking a pragmatic presupposition analysis of the animated film "Luca." Drawing on the principles of pragmatics, this study aims to uncover and examine the underlying presuppositions embedded within the characters' dialogues and interactions, shedding light on the implicit assumptions that shape the narrative. By employing a qualitative approach, the research explores how presuppositions contribute to the audience's understanding of the characters, plot dynamics, and thematic elements in the film. The analysis also considers the cultural and contextual nuances that may influence the interpretation of presuppositions in the cinematic context. Through this exploration, a total of 177 data types of presuppositions were identified. Among these, factive presuppositions accounted for 74 data (42%), while structural presuppositions comprised 49 data (28%). Existential presuppositions were found in 33 data (19%), followed by non-factive presuppositions in 14 data (8%). Additionally, lexical presuppositions were observed in 4 data (2%), and counter-factual presuppositions constituted the remaining 3 data (1%). The most used type of presupposition found in this movie is factive presupposition as evidenced by the frequent reliance on established truths and assumptions within the narrative of this film.
Turbulent flow characteristics over rough permeable and impermeable gravel-bed stream- an experimental study
Authors: Das Ratul , Ghosh Mithun 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The study aims to presents flow heterogeneity over rough permeable and impermeable gravel-bed stream. The rough permeable stream is prepared by laying multiple layers of gravel, whereas its impermeable counterpart is presented by a resin-casted gravel-bed. In general, a common approach can be found in literature to mimic an impermeable bed by laying single layer of gravels, therefore some results are compared with single layer gravel-bed stream keeping the hydraulic conditions same. An acoustic Doppler velocimeter was used for flow measurements whereas; double averaging (DA) methodology was adopted for data analysis. The larger flow penetration depth and intense flow mixing in permeable gravel-bed infer sufficient impetus for organized flow turbulence and damping of DA Reynolds shear stresses whereas; the wall-blocking in resin-casted gravel-bed prevents fluid infiltration which leads to follow the linear stress profile away from the crest level. The damping of DA Reynolds shear stress (RSS) is compensated by enhanced DA form-induced shear stress (FISS). The results are further analysed under the light of the energy budget to characterize the mass-momentum exchange as it penetrates the subsurface layers. The energy budget indicates negative pressure energy diffusion rates corroborating gain in turbulence production in the permeable gravel-bed stream.
Influence of land use enclave distribution on discharge in a small catchment
Authors: Moravcova Jana , Moravcova Vendula , Ondr Pavel , Pavlicek Tomas 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
According to many authors, hydrological modelling is one of the fundamental techniques for determining the impacts of various environmental changes on the quantitative characteristics of the aquatic environment. This study examines the effects of landscape changes induced by the need to respond to climate change and the natural urban development of the rural setting on the discharge from the small catchment. The SWAT model was applied to a small catchment of Kopaninsky Stream in the traditional agricultural part of the Czech Republic. According to the results, the most effective approach for reducing the consequences of hydrological extremes in the catchment and retaining more water in the landscape is the properly spaced placement of grassland and forest enclaves in the developing urban structure. In practice, each land use category’s overall percentage of representation is less significant than its relative arrangement.
قاعدة : داعية الطبع تجزئ عن تكلف الشرع واثرها في الاوامر والنواهي الشرعية واجتهادات العلماء المرعية
Authors: عبدالله احمد المشهداني جسام محمد 
Published: May 2024

ان الله تعالى وضع الشريعة الغراء على أكمل ما تقتضيه حاجات المكلفين في الدنيا والآخرة ، مراعيا فيها أحوالهم ، وما جبلوا عليه من الأخلاق والطباع ، ومن محاسنها ولطائفها في أوامرها ونواهيها انه سبحانه لم يأمر بشيء تدعو اليه طباعنا أمر إيجاب وإلزام ، وانما جعله أمر ندب وارشاد ، اكتفاء بالوازع الطبعي ، ولم ينه عن شيء تنبو عنه طباعنا نهي تحريم والزام ، اكتفاء بالرادع الطبعي ، وهذا كله مصداق لقوله تعالى:﴿ أَلا لَهُ الْخَلْقُ وَالْأَمْرُ﴾ فمثلما ان الخلق خلقه وهو اعلم بمصالحهم ، فالأمر أمره وهو اعلم بما يصلحهم ، فثمة تناسب ظاهر بين أوامر الشرع وبين طبائع الخلق ، وفي هذا البحث سوف أسلط الضوء على هذا التناسب من خلال قاعدة : (داعية الطبع تجزيء عن تكليف الشرع ) مبينا أثرها في الأوامر والنواهي الشرعية ، وكذلك في تصرفات العلماء الاكارم واجتهاداتهم الفقهية .
الانقلابات الحرارية فوق مدينة الدمام في المملكة العربية السعودية دراسة في مناخ المدن الصناعية
Authors: عبد الحافظ شيماء سامي 
Published: May 2024

يهدف البحث الى دراسة ظاهرة الانقلابات الحرارية فوق مدينة الدمام الصناعية في المنطقة الشرقية من المملكة العربية السعودية للمدة 2011 -2022 كونها من الظواهر المناخية المهمة والمرتبطة بظروف المدن الصناعية ومشاكل التلوث الجوي والتي ترتبط بهذه الظاهرة , وخصوصا تركز العديد من الصناعات الاساسية في هذه المدينة لذا جاء البحث للكشف عن طبيعية الانقلابات الحارية با نواعها المختلفة وتويع تكراره ومدة بقائها شهريا اضافة الى تحديد بعض صفاتها الاساسية مثل ارتفاع طبقة الانقلاب وسمكها اضافة الى تحديد شدتها , وتبين من تحليل بيانات الراديوسوند للمدة المذكورة ان الظاهرة تكاد ان تكون ظاهرة شبه دائمية فوق المدينة اذ بلغ مجموع معدل بقاء الانقلاب السطحي 246 يوم ويزداد تكراره نسبيا خلال اشهر الشتاء نتيجة سرعه تبريد الطبقات الهوائية السطحية قياسا بالأقسام العليا منه وسجل الانقلاب الحراري العلوي الهبوطي معدل بقاء موسمي بلغ 84.36 يوما والجبهي 13.43 يوما ويعود سبب ذلك الى موقع منطقة الدراسة من حزام الضغط العالي شبة المداري الدائم وسيطرة المرتفعات الجوية العلوية عليها وتنخفض حالات الانقلاب الجبهي لقلة تكرار المنخفضات الجبهوية المارة على المنطقة كما يتباين معدل ارتفاع و سمك طبقة الانقلاب الحراري اذ بلغ اعلى معدل سمك للانقلاب العلوي خلال شهر تشرين الاول وادناه خلال شهر شباط اما بالنسبة للانقلاب السطحي فسجل اعلى سمك خلال في شهر كانون الثاني وادناه في شهر تشرين الثاني . ويسجل اعلى ارتفاع للانقلابات الحرارية العلوية خلال أشهر فصل الصيف بسب سيطرة المرتفع شبة المداري بينما تستقر طبقة الانقلاب السطحي على ارتفاع يبلغ 400 م تقريبا لا غلب أشهر السنة بالنسبة للشدة فان نسبة عدد ايام بقاء الانقلاب الحراري السطحية متباينة بين فصول السنة اذ اعلى نسبة بلغت للانقلاب الضحل في الخريف اما الانقلاب المتوسط زاد في فصل الشتاء والانقلاب الشديد يزداد في فصل الصيف والانقلاب الشديد جدا خلال الصيف ايضا. كما تتباين شدة الانقلاب الحراري العلوي شهريا اذ اعلى نسبة سجلت في فصل الشتاء للانقلاب الضحل والمتوسط والشديد بين الخريف والشتاء اما الانقلاب الشديد جدا خلال فصلي الشتاء والربيع.
فاعلية برنامج تربوي في تحسين مهارات التعلم الذاتي لدى طالبات المرحلة الاعدادية
Authors: رشيد تحرير نزهان 
Published: May 2024

اهداف البحث: يسعى البحث الحال الى تحقيق الاهداف الاتية:
بناء برنامج تربوي لتحسين مهارات التعلم الذاتي لدى طالبات المرحلة الاعدادية ، ومعرفة فاعلية البرنامج التربوي في تحسين مهارات التعلم الذاتي لدى طالبات المرحلة الاعدادية .،ولتحقيق اهداف البحث صاغت الباحثة فرضيتين صفريتين واختيار تصميم المجموعتين التجريبية والضابطة واجراء تكافؤات بين المجموعتين في العمر والذكاء وتحصيل الوالدين، وتبني مقياس لقياس مهارات التعلم الذاتي تكون من (32) فقرة حيث تم التأكد من صدقه وثباته ،وبناء برنامج لتحسين مهارات التعلم الذاتي وقد تم التحقق من صدقه وصلاحيته من خلال عرضه على مجموعة من المحكمين من ذوي الاختصاص ، تكونت عينة البحث من (58) طالبة من طالبات الصف الرابع العلمي وبعد معالجة البيانات احصائيا باستعمال (الاختبار التائي لعينتين مستقلتين (test-t) لمكافأة المجموعتين ولمعرفة دلالة الفرق بينهما ومعادلة ألفا كرونباخ لحساب معامل الثبات لمقياس مهارات للتعلم الذاتي ومعادلة مربع كأي للتحقق من تكافؤ مجموعتي البحث في التحصيل الدراسي للوالدين، والاختبار التائي لعينتين مستقلتين والاختبار التائي لعينتين مترابطتين وحساب حجم الاثر بمعادلة ايتا وأظهرت النتائج:
-تفوق طالبات المجموعة التجريبية اللواتي طبق عليهن البرنامج التربوي على طالبات المجموعة الضابطة بالاختبار البعدي بفرق دال إحصائيا ،عند مستوى دلالة (0.05).
-وجود فرق ذي دلالة إحصائية بين درجات طالبات المجموعة التجريبية اللواتي طبق عليهن البرنامج التربوي على مقياس مهارات للتعلم الذاتي (القبلي والبعدي)لصالح الاختبار البعدي.
واستكمالا للبحث الحالي توصلت الباحثة الى عدد من التوصيات والمقترحات
ANALISIS KAPASITAS RUANG PARKIR OFF STREET DI RUMAH SAKIT JASA KARTINI KOTA TASIKMALAYA
Authors: Dea amelia Azkia , Sumarno Wahyu , Defiana Yanti 
Published: May 2024

Jasa Kartini Hospital is located on Jalan Otto Iskandardinata Tasikmalaya City. Seen during rush hour, the available parking lot often accommodates the number of vehicles that exceed the capacity it should be. Therefore, Jasa Kartini Hospital needs enough parking space to meet the needs of visitors. The purpose of this study was to determine the capacity of off street parking spaces as well as static and dynamic capacities at Jasa Kartini Hospital Tasikmalaya City. This research uses quantitative methods by measuring parking area and taking data on parking volume and parking duration. Then analysis is carried out to obtain results static and dynamic capacity at the location. The results ofthis study can be concluded that the capacity of off street parking spaces of Jasa Kartini Hospital Tasikmalaya City has a land area of 450.83 for motorcycles and 800.54 for cars. The parking volume of motorcycles is 607 vehicles and cars are 348 vehicles. The accumulation of motorcycle parking is 322 vehicles and cars are 88 vehicles. The duration of parking for motorbikes is 577 minutes and cars are 554 minutes. The motorcycle parking index was 156.31% and cars were 237.84%. The static capacity of off street parking spaces at Jasa Kartini Hospital Tasikmalaya City resulted in the number of motorbike parking of 206 SRP while the need for parking spaces was 227 SRP and cars amounted to 37 SRP while the need for parking spaces was 44 SRP. And for the dynamic capacity of motorcycles, the largest occurred on Sunday at 972.74 and the smallest on Thursday at 526.34. The largest dynamic capacity of the car occurred on Wednesday at 583.23 and the smallest occurred on Sunday at 215.50.
Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis, Hidradenitis Suppurativa, and SAPHO Syndrome
Authors: Wang Sonia , Bayefsky Sarah , Coromilas Alexandra , Whitaker Kathryn , Bronfenbrener Roman , Rosenbach Misha , Wang Leo 
Published: May 2024

Introduction: Synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome may represent one side of a spectrum of disease that also includes chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis.
Case: A 23-year-old male with bone pain in the anterior chest, shoulder, clavicles, left elbow, and left ankle presented to rheumatology clinic after multiple evaluations for infectious osteomyelitis. Imaging and deep bone biopsies of affected areas were consistent with chronic osteomyelitis, with labs notable for elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, and positivity for HLA-B27. A full skin exam was consistent with hidradenitis suppurativa, and he was started on infliximab and methotrexate with improvement in both his osteoarticular and skin symptoms.
Conclusions: Patients presenting with features of follicular occlusion or neutrophilic dermatoses in conjunction with bone pain should be evaluated for SAPHO/CNO. In patients with SAPHO/CNO with vertebral involvement, bisphosphonates in addition to anti-inflammatory medications (such as methotrexate and TNF-inhibitors) can be effective.
Martin’s formula is best to calculate low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
Authors: Farheen Fatima , Ambiger Sudha , Jaalam Kamarudin , Javali Shivalingappa 
Published: May 2024

Objectives:
Due to the cost-effectiveness, most of the laboratories in India estimate low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels with the Friedewald’s formula. There were many shortcomings of the Friedewald’s formula. Recently, Martins have derived a new formula for calculating LDL-C. The present study was undertaken to calculate LDL-C using various formulae (Friedewald’s formula, Anandaraja’s formula, and Martin’s formula) and to compare directly measured LDL-C with calculated LDL-C at various ranges of triglyceride (TG) concentration.

Materials and Methods:
The present study compared LDL-C measured by Martin’s formula, Friedewald’s formula, and Anandaraja’s formula with directly measured LDL In 280 Outpatient fasting samples between the age group of 18 and 50 years. Depending on the TG values, study samples are divided into four groups. Group 1: <200 mg/dL, Group 2: 200–300 mg/dL, Group 3: 300–400 mg/dL, Group 4: >400 mg/dL.

Statistical Analysis:
This was performed by the Statistical package for social sciences version 16. Paired t test and pearson correlation were performed to find the significant difference and correlation between direct LDL-C and calculated LDL-C by different formula.

Results:
Martin’s formula shows highest correlation with r-value of (0.9979) compared to Friedewald’s (0.9857) and Anandaraja’s (0.9683) r-values. The mean difference was least for Martin’s formula (0.31 ± 3.53) compared to other formulae. Among all the groups, the percentage of error was least for Martin’s formula (0.23%). Martin’s LDL-C shows highest concordance (90.90%) compared to Friedewald’s (79.60%) and Anandaraja’s formulae (82.90%).

Conclusions:
Among all the groups, Martin’s formula shows highest correlation, least percentage of error, highest concordance, and least mean differences. At all TG levels, Martin’s formula is the best formula compared to the Friedewald’s formula and Anandaraja’s formula.