bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Opportunity begets opportunity to drive macroevolutionary dynamics of a diverse lizard radiation
Authors: Alencar Laura R V , Schwery Orlando , Gade Meaghan R , Domínguez-Guerrero Saúl F , Tarimo Eliza , Bodensteiner Brooke L , Uyeda Josef C , Muñoz Martha M 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Evolution proceeds unevenly across the tree of life, with some lineages accumulating diversity more rapidly than others. Explaining this disparity is challenging as similar evolutionary triggers often do not result in analogous shifts across the tree, and similar shifts may reflect different evolutionary triggers. We used a combination of approaches to directly consider such context-dependency and untangle the complex network of processes that shape macroevolutionary dynamics, focusing on Pleurodonta, a diverse radiation of lizards. Our approach shows that some lineage-wide signatures are lost when conditioned on sublineages: while viviparity appears to accelerate diversification, its effect size is overestimated by its association with the Andean mountains. Conversely, some signals that erode at broader phylogenetic scales emerge at shallower ones. Mountains, in general, do not affect speciation rates; rather, the occurrence in the Andean mountains specifically promotes diversification. Likewise, the evolution of larger sizes catalyzes diversification rates, but only within certain ecological and geographical settings. We caution that conventional methods of fitting models to entire trees may mistakenly assign diversification heterogeneity to specific factors despite evidence against their plausibility. Our study takes a significant stride toward disentangling confounding factors and identifying plausible sources of ecological opportunities in the diversification of large evolutionary radiations.
Leadership Matters: Investigating the Association Between Nursing Home Administrator Turnover and Quality
Authors: Pradhan Rohit , Ghiasi Akbar , Weech-Maldonado Robert 
Published: June 2024

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesExisting research has associated nursing home (NH) staff turnover with poor performance, yet the impact of nursing home administrator (NHA) turnover remains relatively understudied. This study aimed to explore the relationship between NHA turnover and NH quality, and to determine if this relationship was mediated by registered nurse (RN) turnover.Research Design and MethodsUtilizing data from multiple secondary sources, including the Care Compare: Skilled Nursing Facility Quality Reporting Program (SNF QRP) and LTCFocus.org, this study employed a longitudinal analysis covering the period 2021–2022 (n = 19,645). The dependent variable was quality star ratings from SNF QRP, whereas the independent variable was NHA turnover, reflecting the number of administrators who left each facility annually. We used Baron and Kenny’s mediation testing method, incorporating 2-way fixed effects (state and year level) with appropriate organizational and market level control variables.ResultsThe results affirmed that NHA turnover negatively affected quality, decreasing the likelihood of a higher star rating by 14% with one departure and 25% with multiple departures (p = .001). Additionally, NHA turnover correlated with an increase in RN turnover by 7% and 11%, respectively, for one and multiple departures (p = .001). RN turnover fully mediated the impact of NHA turnover on quality, nullifying the direct effect of NHA turnover.Discussion and ImplicationsThe results of this study highlight the synergistic relationship between administrators and caregivers in NHs. To enhance NHA retention, NHs should improve compensation and benefits. Nonetheless, broader governmental support and interventions might be necessary to sustain these improvements.
The phosphorylation of a WD40-repeat protein negatively regulates flavonoid biosynthesis in Camellia sinensis under drought stress
Authors: Li Zhu , Han Yunyun , Li Xin , Zhao Jingjuan , Wang Nana , Wen Yangyang , Li Tongtong , Su Huangqiang , Gao Liping , Xia Tao , Liu Yajun 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Flavonoids constitute the main nutraceuticals in the leaves of tea plants (Camellia sinensis). To date, although it is known that drought stress can negatively impact the biosynthesis of flavonoids in tea leaves, the mechanism behind this phenomenon is unclear. Herein, we report a protein phosphorylation mechanism that negatively regulates the biosynthesis of flavonoids in tea leaves in drought conditions. Transcriptional analysis revealed the downregulation of gene expression of flavonoid biosynthesis and the upregulation of CsMPK4a encoding a mitogen-activated protein kinase in leaves. Luciferase complementation and yeast two-hybrid assays disclosed that CsMPK4a interacted with CsWD40. Phosphorylation assay in vitro, specific protein immunity, and analysis of protein mass spectrometry indicated that Ser-216, Thr-221, and Ser-253 of CsWD40 were potential phosphorylation sites of CsMPK4a. Besides, the protein immunity analysis uncovered an increased phosphorylation level of CsWD40 in tea leaves under drought conditions. Mutation of the three phosphorylation sites generated dephosphorylated CsWD403A and phosphorylated CsWD403D variants, which were introduced into the Arabidopsis ttg1 mutant. Metabolic analysis showed that the anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin content was lower in ttg1:CsWD403D transgenic plants than ttg1::CsWD403A transgenic and wild type plants. The transient overexpression of CsWD403D downregulated the anthocyanidin biosynthesis in tea leaves. The dual-fluorescein protein complementation experiment showed that CsWD403D did not interact with CsMYB5a and CsAN2, two key transcription factors of procyanidins and anthocyanidins biosynthesis in tea plant. These findings indicate that the phosphorylation of CsWD40 by CsMPK4a downregulates the flavonoid biosynthesis in tea plants in drought stresses.
A simple and efficient gene functional analysis method for studying the growth and development of peach seedlings
Authors: Cheng Jun , Shao Yun , Hu Xinyue , Gao Liying , Zheng Xianbo , Tan Bin , Ye Xia , Wang Wei , Zhang Haipeng , Wang Xiaobei , Lian Xiaodong , Li Zhiqian , Feng Jiancan , Zhang Langlang 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Stable genetic transformation of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] still faces many technical challenges, and existing transient expression methods are limited by tissue type or developmental stage, making it difficult to conduct functional analysis of genes regulating shoot growth. To overcome this dilemma, we developed a three-step method for efficient analysis of gene functions during peach seedling growth and development. This method resulted in transformation frequencies ranging from 48 to 87%, depending on the gene. From transformation of germinating seeds to phenotyping of young saplings took just 1.5 months and can be carried out any time of year. To test the applicability of this method, the function of three tree architecture-related genes, namely PpPDS, PpMAX4, and PpWEEP, and two lateral root-related genes, PpIAA14–1 and −2, were confirmed. Since functional redundancy can challenge gene functional analyses, tests were undertaken with the growth-repressor DELLA, which has three homologous genes, PpDGYLA (DG), PpDELLA1 (D1), and −2 (D2), in peach that are functionally redundant. Silencing using a triple-target vector (TRV2-DG-D1-D2) resulted in transgenic plants taller than those carrying just TRV2-DG or TRV2. Simultaneously silencing the three DELLA genes also attenuated the stature of two dwarf genotypes, ‘FHSXT’ and ‘HSX’, which normally accumulate DELLA proteins. Our study provides a method for the functional analysis of genes in peach and can be used for the study of root, stem, and leaf development. We believe this method can be replicated in other woody plants.
Tofacitinib in Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis: A Retrospective Multicenter Experience
Authors: Ledder Oren , Dolinger Michael , Dubinsky Marla C , Stein Ronen , Vellanki Srisindu , Buckuk Rachel , Fatima Ayesha , Suskind David L , Scarlett Jarrad , Röser Dennis , Shouval Dror S , Meyer Gabriele , Rios Zarela Molle , Pujol-Muncunill Gemma , Lozano Anna , Kolho Kaija-Leena , Rohani Pejman , Hussey Seamus , de Mejj Tim , Ayers Travis , Navas-López Victor Manuel , Turner Dan , Tzivinikos Christos 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Background
Tofacitinib has recently been approved for treatment of moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis (UC) in adults, yet pediatric data are limited. This international multicenter study describes the effectiveness and safety of tofacitinib in pediatric UC.

Methods
This is a retrospective review of children diagnosed with UC treated with tofacitinib from 16 pediatric centers internationally. The primary outcome was week 8 corticosteroid-free clinical remission (Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index &lt;10). Secondary outcomes were clinical response (≥20-point decrease in Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index) at week 8, corticosteroid-free clinical remission at week 24, and colectomy rate and adverse safety events through to last follow-up. The primary outcome was calculated by the intention-to-treat principle.

Results
We included 101 children with a mean age at diagnosis of 12.8 ± 2.8 years and a median disease duration of 20 months (interquartile range [IQR], 10-39 months). All had treatment failure with at least 1 biologic agent, and 36 (36%) had treatment failure with 3 agents. Median follow-up was 24 weeks (IQR, 16-54 weeks). Sixteen (16%) children achieved corticosteroid-free clinical remission at week 8, and an additional 30 (30%) demonstrated clinical response. Twenty (23%) of 88 children achieved corticosteroid-free clinical remission at week 24. A total of 25 (25%) children underwent colectomy by median 86 days (IQR, 36-130 days). No serious drug-related adverse events were reported; there was 1 case of herpes zoster and 2 cases of minor blood test perturbations.

Conclusions
In this largest real-life pediatric cohort to date, tofacitinib was effective in at least 16% of patients with highly refractory UC by week 8. Adverse events were minor and largely consistent with adult data.
Treatment of Chronic Pouchitis With JAK Inhibitors: Results from A Large Multicenter Database
Authors: Alsakarneh Saqr , Desai Aakash , Kochhar Gursimran S , Farraye Francis A , Hashash Jana G 
Published: June 2024

Lay Summary
This retrospective study assessed the use of Janus kinase inhibitors in treating chronic pouchitis. While showing relative safety, Janus kinase inhibitors demonstrated effectiveness in &lt;50% of cases, cautioning against their use as first-line agents. Larger randomized trials are recommended for further investigation.
Induced Power Scaling Alone Cannot Explain Griffenfly Gigantism
Authors: Ellers Olaf , Gordon Caleb M , Hukill Max T , Kukaj Ardit , Cannell Alan , Nel André 
Published: June 2024

Synopsis
Paleozoic skies were ruled by extinct odonatopteran insects called “griffenflies,” some with wingspans 3 times that of the largest extant dragonflies and 10 times that of common extant dragonflies. Previous studies suggested that flight was possible for larger fliers because of higher atmospheric oxygen levels, which would have increased air density. We use actuator disk theory to evaluate this hypothesis. Actuator disk theory gives similar estimates of induced power as have been estimated for micro-air vehicles based on insect flight. We calculate that for a given mass of griffenfly, and assuming isometry, a higher density atmosphere would only have reduced the induced power required to hover by 11%, which would have supported a flyer 3% larger in linear dimensions. Steady-level forward flight would have further reduced induced power but could only account for a flier 5% larger in linear dimensions. Further accounting for the higher power available due to high-oxygen air and assuming isometry, we calculate that the largest flyer hovering would have been only 1.19 times longer than extant dragonflies. We also consider known allometry in dragonflies and estimated allometry in extinct griffenflies. But such allometry only increases flyer size to 1.22 times longer while hovering. We also consider profile and parasite power, but both would have been higher in denser air and thus would not have enhanced the flyability of larger griffenflies. The largest meganeurid griffenflies might have adjusted flight behaviors to reduce power required. Alternatively, the scaling of flight muscle power may have been sufficient to support the power demands of large griffenflies. In literature estimates, mass-specific power output scales as mass0.24 in extant dragonflies. We need only more conservatively assume that mass-specific muscle power scales with mass0, when combined with higher oxygen concentrations and induced power reductions in higher-density air to explain griffenflies 3.4 times larger than extant odonates. Experimental measurement of flight muscle power scaling in odonates is necessary to test this hypothesis.
Active surveillance of immunization adverse effects: a multicentre, open-label, three-arm randomized uncontrolled trial in Ethiopia
Authors: Assefa Dawit Getachew , Tesefaye Tizalegn , Bekele Etaferaw , Geberemickeal Genet , Mebratu Andualem , Ejigu Aschalew Gossaye , Nigatu Tariku , Zeleke Eden Dagnachew 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Background
Participant-centred active adverse event following immunization (AEFI) surveillance can offer real-time vaccine safety data and help in signal detection. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of participant-centred active adverse events (AEs) surveillance following measles immunization in Gedeo Zone health facilities in Ethiopia.

Methods
An open-label, multicentred, three-arm randomized uncontrolled trial was conducted from 1 June to 21 October 2023. After assessing enrolment eligibility, the study participants were randomized into three groups (short message service [SMS], telephone interview, and diary card). They were expected to report AEs in children 1 week after receiving immunization. Binary and multivariable logistic regression and χ2 tests were used to analyse the data.

Results
Among the 396 participants randomized into the three groups, 80.8% (320 participants) reported back about their children's AE status. Participants in the telephone interview group exhibited a substantially superior response rate (93.2% of 132 participants; p&lt;0.00001) compared with the SMS (71.2%) and diary card (78%) groups. The likelihood of reporting the status of AEs experienced by children was lower by 77% (adjusted odds ratio 0.23 [95% confidence interval 0.1 to 0.52], p-value &lt;0.00001) in the diary card group compared with the telephone interview group.

Conclusions
In this study, a telephone interview was found to be the best method for AEFI reporting. Participant-centred active AE surveillance could potentially permit more rapid identification of emerging safety signals.
Trial registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05803538.
Responding to Multiple Global Challenges: Global Priorities, Global Scarcities, and Global Harms
Authors: Glanville Luke , Pattison James 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
States face a range of multiple, ongoing global challenges that appear to be increasing each year. In this article, we argue that a three-tiered approach is needed to think through how states should respond to the multiple challenges that they face. The first tier has us ask how states should prioritize among the many global issues, threats, and crises that confront them under conditions of scarce resources. We demonstrate the need for both ideal and nonideal theorizing about how states should prioritize their global responsibilities. The second tier has us consider how these feasibility constraints might be challenged and overcome. And the third tier has us examine how states need to refrain from contributing to the very global harms that they then need to address. In combination, these second and third tiers have us ask what steps can and should be taken to make the world itself more ideal and thus to overcome, or at least significantly reduce, the need for states to prioritize among global challenges in the first place. A more complete reckoning with the demands of global justice, we argue, requires engagement with all three tiers. That is, we need to not only consider (1) how states should prioritize the use of scarce resources, but also to (2) problematize states’ rhetoric of scarcity and (3) interrogate how states are commonly implicated in the production of the same global vulnerabilities and global crises that they seek (insufficiently) to address.
International adjudication as interactional law-making: the incorporation of fair and equitable treatment elements in investment treaties
Authors: Yu Chen 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This article collects data on fair and equitable treatment (FET) ‘elements’ from ISDS awards and investment treaties, respectively, and examines the extent to which States incorporate ISDS tribunals’ interpretation of FET into their subsequent design of treaty clauses. According to the empirical findings, States do incorporate tribunals’ interpretations in treaty design; nevertheless, the practices of incorporation vary according to the types of elements and the economy classification of treaty parties, and are subject to constraints such as bounded rationality and institutional capacity. The findings also reveal the substantive divergence between treaties and the ISDS jurisprudence in the enumeration of FET elements, which, I caution, may exacerbate legitimacy challenges against ISDS.
Using a Nice knot to simplify and strengthen closed reduction in displaced distal clavicle fracture: a technical note
Authors: Tangjaroenpaisan Yanin , Klabklay Prapakorn , Maliwankul Korakot , Chuaychoosakoon Chaiwat 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
A displaced distal clavicle fracture often necessitates surgical intervention, with various open and closed reduction options. Open reduction is easier but raises blood supply concerns, while closed reduction can involve complex deforming forces with differing displacement vectors. Herein, we demonstrate how a Nice knot with its sliding and self-locking qualities can be used to make closed reduction easier and the alignment more secure. A case report illustrates this Nice knot application in a 61-year-old male with a distal clavicle fracture. The Nice knot’s ability to be loosened and retightened ensured more precise alignment in this case. The Nice knot technique is a versatile option for easier and more secure distal clavicle fracture management.
Ectopic ampulla of vater in D4 with adenosquamous carcinoma: case report and literature review
Authors: AlSharit Mohammed Abdulmohsen , Althwanay Reem Mohammed , AlQattan Abdullah Saleh , AlTamimi Abdulrahman Abdullah , Mansi Nabeel 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Ampulla of Vater (AOV) is typically located in the second part of the duodenum. There are few reported cases of ectopic AOV over the line extending from the pylorus of the stomach down to the distal part of the duodenum. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are only five cases reported in the English literature of an ectopic AOV in the fourth part of the duodenum, with only one of them having adenocarcinoma of the ampulla. Hereby, we report the first case of ectopic AOV in the fourth part of the duodenum, presenting with obstructive due to adenocarcinoma with focal squamous differentiation. This is the case a 42-year-old lady who had a sleeve gastrectomy for morbid obesity in the past. She presented with right upper quadrant pain for one month associated with subjective fever, unintentional weight loss, pale stool, and dark urine. The physical examination revealed a deeply jaundiced lady with an unremarkable abdominal exam. A computed tomography scan of the abdomen revealed intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary dilation with ectopic insertion of the distal CBD into the fourth part of the duodenum with no evidence of biliary stones. She underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy after difficult biliary decompression. Histopathological diagnosis was moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma, pancreaticobiliary type with focal squamous differentiation. Ectopic AOV is a very rare entity, especially when it is associated with adenosquamous carcinoma changes.
First use of a new extended reality tool for preoperative planning in coronary artery bypass surgery: a case-report
Authors: el Mathari Sulayman , Broersen Alexander , Dijkstra Jouke , Sadeghi Amir H , Grisèl Bastiaan , de Lind van Wijngaarden Robert A F , Klautz Robert J M , Kluin Jolanda 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
A 73-year-old male presented with angina symptoms and was diagnosed with three-vessel coronary artery disease by use of computed tomography angiography and coronary angiography. This diagnosis necessitated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. A custom made AI-driven algorithm was used to generate a patient-specific three-dimensional coronary artery model from computed tomography angiography imaging data. This framework enabled precise segmentation and reconstruction of the coronary vasculature, yielding an accurate anatomical and pathological representation. Subsequently, this generated model was integrated into a novel extended reality tool for preoperative planning and intraoperative guidance in CABG surgery. Both preoperatively and intraoperatively, the tool augmented spatial orientation and facilitated precise stenosis localization, thereby enhancing the surgeon’s operative proficiency. This case report underscores the utility of advanced extended reality tools in cardiovascular surgery, emphasizing their pivotal role in refining surgical planning and execution.
Giant diaphragmatic hernia surgical treatment by laparoscopic repair: a case report
Authors: Flores Karen Aguirre , Mazariegos Gutiérrez Ulises E , Blaz Zavala Rogelio A , Gómez Arenas Samuel R 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Diaphragmatic hernias occur in up to 10%–50% of the general population. Treatment of hiatal hernias depends on the type of hernia and the severity of the symptoms. We report the case of a 52-year-old woman with no significant history who presented for 1 year with non-specific chest pain, dyspnea, dysphagia, and heartburn. A thoracoabdominal tomography with contrast was performed, showing a diaphragmatic hernia containing the stomach, portions of the duodenum, pancreas, small intestine, and colon with a sac of up to 20 cm, which was successfully repaired laparoscopically.
Pyogenic liver abscess after Milligan–Morgan hemorrhoidectomy
Authors: Yang Jie , Zhang Liman , Wang Qiang 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Milligan–Morgan(M-M) hemorrhoidectomy is regarded as the primary treatment option for patients diagnosed with grade III or IV hemorrhoids. Here, we present the case of a 50-year-old male who developed pyogenic liver abscesses as an unusual complication following M-M hemorrhoidectomy. Severe complications subsequent to hemorrhoid surgery are infrequent. A review of the PubMed database spanning the 30-year period between 1994 and 2024 yielded only four publications documenting patients who experienced liver abscesses following open hemorrhoidectomy. Furthermore, the patient exhibited symptoms of a liver abscess as early as the second day post-surgery, despite having no history of diabetes or liver disease, making this occurrence truly uncommon.