bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE LOW DOSE PROGESTOGENS, CHLORMADINONE ACETATE, MEGESTROL ACETATE AND NORETHISTERONE, AS ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
Authors: Hawkins D. F. , Benster B. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryThree low dose progestogens, chlormadinone acetate (0·5 mg), megestrol acetate (0&5 mg) in oil, and norethisterone (0·35 mg), taken daily, were employed as oral contraceptives in postnatal women who desired to postpone their next pregnancy for up to a year. In a lower and middle social class population net pregnancy rates (life table) were five to six per 100 woman‐years, of which about half were due to failure to take the tablets. Side effects other than menstrual disturbance were few. Norethisterone was the least likely of the three preparations to lead to discontinuation because of disturbance of menstruation. There were three ectopic gestations amongst 35 pregnancies in 4500 woman‐months of use. Ninety‐five patients with varicose veins, 15 with a history of thrombophlebitis and 23 with a history of liver disease took progestogens without relevant untoward effects.
AMNIOTIC FLUID TESTOSTERONE AND FETAL SEX DETERMINATION IN THE FIRST HALF OF PREGNANCY
Authors: Zondek T. , Mansfield M. D. , Zondek L. H. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryThe concentration of freely extractable testosterone in amniotic fluid was measured in 54 patients whose gestational ages ranged from 10 to 20 weeks; 31 of the fetuses were male and 23 were female. The mean amniotic fluid testosterone concentration was significantly higher with a male fetus than with a female fetus. On only 7 out of 31 occasions was the presence of a male fetus associated with amniotic fluid testosterone values below 100 pg/ml, whereas the values associated with a female fetus were never higher than 90 pg/ml. After 14 weeks gestation no amniotic fluid testosterone level was lower than 120 pg/ml in the presence of a male fetus.
Surgical training in gastrointestinal procedures within a UK gynaecological oncology subspecialty programme
Authors: Naik R , Galaal K , Alagoda B , Katory M , Mercer‐Jones M , Farrel R 
Published: September 2010

Objective  An analysis of surgical experience in gastrointestinal procedures within a UK‐based gynaecological oncology centre to which subspecialty fellows within the subject are exposed.Design  Retrospective study.Setting  Northern Gynaecological Oncology Centre, Gateshead, UK.Population  All women undergoing bowel surgery over a six‐year period, 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2005.Methods  Cases were analysed by specialty and grade of surgeon performing the procedure.Main outcome measure  Proportion of cases to which subspecialty fellows were exposed.Results  Two hundred and sixty‐two women (11.5%) underwent bowel surgery out of 2280 women undergoing major surgery for gynaecological cancer. This included ovarian/primary peritoneal cancer in 186 women (71%). Of these 262 cases, 238 operations (91%) were performed by a gynaecological oncologist, 20 (7.5%) were performed jointly with the gastrointestinal surgeons and four (1.5%) were performed solely by the gastrointestinal surgeons. A gynaecological oncology subspecialty fellow performed 21 (8%) and assisted in an additional 204 operations (78%). Perioperative morbidity and mortality statistics in addition to overall survival outcomes were comparable to the published literature.Conclusions  A significant proportion of major surgical operations performed within a gynaecological oncology centre require gastrointestinal procedures. The majority of these procedures can be performed by gynaecological oncologists with an acceptable perioperative morbidity and mortality rate. Subspecialty training has the potential to allow trainees significant exposure to these procedures. An accredited post‐Fellowship Training Programme can provide the opportunity for hands‐on experience to allow gynaecological oncologists the confidence and credibility to perform these procedures independently.
Original Contribution: Three clinical studies showing the anti‐aging benefits of sodium salicylate in human skin
Authors: Merinville Eve , Byrne Adam J , Rawlings Anthony V , Muggleton Adam J , Laloeuf Aurelie C 
Published: September 2010

SummaryBackground  Anti‐aging effects of high concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) peels are commonly known. Like all acids, SA can produce somatosensory and visible irritation to the skin and as such may be unsuitable for subjects with sensitive skin.Aims  To provide evidence that sodium salicylate (SS) obtained from neutralization of 1% SA by sodium hydroxide can deliver significant anti‐aging benefits.Methods  The effects of SS were examined using three approaches: (1) evaluating its effects on stimulating the synthesis of fibrillin and collagen‐1 in vivo; (2) examining its efficacy by using Fast Optical in vivo Topometry (FOITS) in a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical study; (3) determining its effects on both expert and naïve grader assessement of wrinkles in a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study.Results  In the first study SS produced significant increases of the fibrillin and collagen‐1 anti‐aging biomarkers compared with the untreated skin control. A commercially available retinol cream delivered similar effects to SS. In the second study using FOITS we showed that the SS formulation significantly reduced wrinkle depth (Rz) and skin roughness (Ra) after 4 and 8 weeks of daily application vs. placebo (Rz: −8.2 ± 1.40% and −11.4 ± 1.07%; Ra: −7.8 ± 1.33% and −11.9 ± 0.61%; P < 0.01). In the third study reductions in wrinkle depth were observed by expert assessment at both 4 and 8 weeks for the SS‐containing formulation compared to its placebo (P < 0.05). Equally, non‐expert graders recorded the SS formulation superior to its placebo.Conclusion  Although the mechanism of action is not completely understood, we believe the benefits of SS are derived from its intrinsic stratum corneum exfoliation effects. All three studies demonstrate the significant anti‐aging effects of SS that are especially suitable for subjects with sensitive skin.
Master Case Presentation: Idiopathic hemi‐facial lipoatrophy treated with autologous fat transfer
Authors: Liu Stephanie W , Cohen George F 
Published: September 2010

SummaryFacial lipoatrophy can be socially disfiguring, often prompting patients to seek correction. A variety of agents are used to treat facial lipoatrophy, but the quest for the ideal agent remains elusive. We present a case of non‐HIV associated, idiopathic hemi‐facial lipoatrophy successfully treated with autologous fat transfer (ATF). Because ATF has no complications from antigenicity, it is a safe and cost‐effective treatment option for patients with non‐HIV associated cases of facial lipoatrophy and abundant donor tissue.
Parting Thought: Innovation in the personal care industry
Authors: Knaggs Helen 
Published: September 2010

SummaryWhen considering opportunities to develop novel, eye‐catching and consumer‐relevant personal care (PC) products, it is important to understand and reflect on how science has changed over the last two decades and how this has generated a new body of data from which to draw ideas and technologies. This article outlines some advances in scientific technologies and new ways of thinking in science, which lead to new insights into skin biology. How these innovations may impact and be leveraged into the development of new products in PC is also discussed. For example, fundamental discoveries in skin biology and the advancement of scientific methodologies are enabling step changes in technology in PC. Two examples of areas where we have seen much advancement are discussed. This article is based on and summarizes a presentation given at the HBA in Sep 2009 as part of a session entitled “Emerging Technologies and New Opportunities in Antiaging in PC.”
Effects of physical exercise on insulin absorption in insulin‐dependent diabetics. A comparison between human and porcine insulin
Authors: Fernqvist Eva , Linde Birgitta , Östman Jan , Gunnarsson Rolf 
Published: September 2010

Summary. Nine insulin‐dependent diabetics with undetectable plasma C‐peptide (<0·05 nmol 1‐1) and without insulin antibodies (insulin binding to IgG<0·05 Ul‐1) received subcutaneous injections of 10 U 125I‐labelled soluble human or porcine insulin in the thigh on 2 consecutive days. Disappearance rates of 125I were monitored continuously by external counting and plasma insulin levels were determined during rest for 30 min, bicycle exercise of moderate intensity for 40 min, and 60 min recovery. Subcutaneous blood flow was measured concomitantly in the contralateral thigh by the 133Xenon clearance technique.During the initial period of rest human insulin was absorbed approximately 40% faster than its porcine analogue (first order rate constants 0·37±0·06 vs 0·27±0·06% min‐1, P<0·05) and the increment of the area under the plasma insulin curve was greater after hum‐ii than after porcine insulin (184±46 vs 112±42 mUl‐1 min, P<0·05).Exercise enhanced the absorption rates for both 125I‐insulins to 0·50±0·06 and 0·48±0·10% min‐1 for human and porcine insulin, respectively (P<0·05). This increase was less pronounced for human compared to porcine insulin (49±19 vs 105±40%, P=0·06). During exercise plasma insulin rose to 37±5 mUl‐1 after human and 30±5 mUl‐1 after porcine insulin and the areas under the plasma insulin curves were similar. During the recovery phase the absorption rates decreased slightly compared to the exercise value for both insulins. The blood glucose lowering effect was similar for the two insulins. Subcutaneous blood flow was not significantly altered by exercise in either group.It is concluded that during rest human soluble insulin is more rapidly absorbed than porcine insulin. Physical exercise tends to increase porcine insulin absorption more and eliminates the basal difference in the absorption kinetics between human and porcine insulin. The increased insulin absorption during exercise is not coupled to corresponding changes in the subcutaneous blood flow.
Objective analysis of whole lung and lobar ventilation/ perfusion relationships in pulmonary embolism
Authors: Harris Benjamin , Bailey Dale L. , Chicco Peter , Bailey Elizabeth A. , Roach Paul J. , King Gregory G. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryPurpose:  Lung scintigraphy using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) allows accurate regional measurement of the ventilation/perfusion () relationship. Objective analysis has been shown to be useful in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE). By using anatomical information provided by co‐registered computed tomography, we describe methodology for determining the extent of heterogeneity at a lobar level. We investigate this methodology using simulated data, and demonstrate its potential application in the clinical setting of PE.Methods:  Data representing an incremental perfusion defect involving the right lung, together with an unaffected ventilation dataset, were modelled using Monte Carlo simulation. For each increase in the size of the perfusion defect, the whole lung relationship was objectively determined. In addition, using an image mask of the pulmonary lobes, lobar relationships were also determined. heterogeneity was characterized using the log10 standard deviation of the ratio (log SDVQR), ventilation (log SDV) and perfusion (log SDQ) distributions. Finally, this methodology was explored in clinical cases.Results:  As an increasing number of segments were involved by perfusion defects, there was a progressive increase in all objective parameters of heterogeneity. The relative change was greatest for log SDV. Analysis of both the simulated and clinical studies demonstrated sensitive changes in the lobar profiles to the presence of PE.Conclusions:  Segmentation and analysis of SPECT ventilation–perfusion scintigraphy at a lobar level can be used to quantify regional relationships. This objective methodology is sensitive to the presence of PE, and may be useful in a clinical setting.
Re‐visiting Histories of Modernization, Progress, and (Unequal) Citizenship Rights: Coerced Sterilization in Peru and in the United States
Authors: Pieper Mooney Jadwiga E. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractScholars have provided compelling evidence of the positive impact global guidelines for human rights have had on the promotion of gender equity and citizenship rights in modernizing nations across the globe. This essay seeks to approach these successes with caution. It questions whether all citizens of a nation are equally empowered by current paradigms of progress and modernization; and it shows that changing constructions of class, ethnicity, and gender have often compromised the equalization of citizenship rights. Coercive sterilization campaigns in the United States and in Peru provide a useful lens to evaluate the diverse effects public policies can have on different populations of a nation. These campaigns took place in different national settings and time periods, and amidst radically disparate global understandings of human and women’s rights. When legislators in the United States implemented sterilization campaigns, a universal definition of reproductive rights and bodily integrity was nonexistent. When women were sterilized in Peru, international norms, endorsed by the United Nations, defined reproductive rights as a central feature of women’s human rights, and Peru signed and ratified this UN resolution. Nonetheless, both campaigns found ways to target designated ‘unwanted populations’, and disproportionally sterilized women. Acknowledging women’s agency and the diversity of women’s experiences, I recognize that some women managed to use the campaigns to increase their reproductive choices. But many others became victims of aggressive measures to control their sexuality and reproduction, even after national political leaders claimed to accept global norms of women’s reproductive rights.
Late Medieval Education: Continuity and Change1
Authors: Sheffler David 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe late Middle Ages was a period of remarkable expansion in education. The educational wasteland depicted by humanists and religious reformers bears little resemblance to the complex and dynamic situation that characterized the last centuries of the Middle Ages. New urban schools catering to the needs of an increasingly powerful merchant elite appear throughout the Latin West supplementing and at times supplanting existing ecclesisatical schools. Monarchs, princes, bishops, and towns supported the foundation of new universities from Scandinavia to the Iberian Peninsula. Although substantial barriers to education remained, the late Middle Ages saw increases in literacy across a broad spectrum of society including both women and the poor. Although Jewish communities suffered from episodic and at times catastrophic outbreaks of violence, Jewish education continued to flourish in many parts of the Latin West until the end of the Middle Ages. In Italy new humanist textbooks and approaches augmented (though they did not entirely replace) traditional medieval grammatical instruction, and by the end of the Middle Ages Humanists had begun to make inroads within the universities as well. The result was the creation of a substantial literate public whose skills served both to challenge and reinforce existing political and religious institutions.
Mapping Race: Historicizing the History of the Color‐Line
Authors: Irwin Ryan 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis study examines scholarship about the global color‐line. It unfolds in two sections. The first traces how understandings of race and racism were encoded within university environments in the mid‐twentieth century. The second shows how this epistemology influenced early academic comparisons of the United States and South Africa in the 1980s and why the literature diversified in the post‐apartheid era.
The Use During Pregnancy of Prescription, Over‐the‐Counter, and Alternative Medications Among Hispanic Women
Authors: Bercaw Jennifer , Maheshwari Bani , Sangi‐Haghpeykar Haleh 
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Background:  Despite lack of scientific evidence about the safety of complementary and alternative medicines, the reported use of such remedies during pregnancies has increased. This study was undertaken to investigate the use of herbs, vitamins, and over‐the‐counter and prescription medications among pregnant Hispanic women and reasons for use, and to assess physician–patient level of communication about women’s use.Methods:  A total of 485 Hispanic women were surveyed by means of a self‐administered questionnaire immediately postpartum in a public hospital in Houston, Texas. The primary outcome was use of alternative therapies during the prenatal period.Results:  During their pregnancies, 19 percent of the participants took herbs and 47 percent took vitamin supplements, other than prenatal vitamins. The most common reason for using herbs and vitamins was to improve the woman’s general health and energy level (59%); a few women (12%) had used them for specific pregnancy‐related problems. Overall, 77 percent took prenatal vitamins and 21 percent supplemented with folic acid. The rates of use of over‐the‐counter and prescription medications were 23 and 29 percent, respectively. The use of prescription medication was two‐and‐a‐half times higher among women with history of medical problems (adjusted OR = 2.59, 95% CI = 1.59–4.25, p = 0.0001). No other factor studied was independently associated with supplement or medication use. One in five women (20%) believed that herbs and vitamins were safer to use than prescription medication or were better at treating medical problems than prescription medicine, and one‐third had not disclosed information about supplement use to their physicians.Conclusions:  Use of herbal remedies does not appear to be a replacement for conventional medicine among most pregnant Hispanic women. Patient education about the risks of alternative therapies may lead to a reduction in intake of alternative medicines and greater disclosure to medical practitioners among this ethnic group. (BIRTH 37:3 September 2010)
Understanding the Stigma of Hyperemesis Gravidarum: Qualitative Findings from an Action Research Study
Authors: Power Zoë , Thomson Ann M. , Waterman Heather 
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Background:  Severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (hyperemesis gravidarum) can be a distressing and debilitating condition when it is uncontrolled. For all concerned, hyperemesis gravidarum can be difficult to treat satisfactorily, and women tend to be admitted to a hospital several times during early pregnancy. Our research objectives were to describe the experience of hyperemesis gravidarum from the perspective of affected women and to explore with health care professionals the barriers and facilitators to caring for women with the condition.Methods:  A qualitative research design was used. A total of 18 women were interviewed, of whom 8 had two or more interviews. Seven focus groups were conducted with health care professionals. Thematic data analysis was undertaken.Results:  The main themes emerging from the women’s data were the effect and burden of the symptoms of the condition and feeling unpopular with staff. From the practitioner data, the main themes were the validity (or invalidity) of hospitalization for women, skepticism of the severity of symptoms, the psychological and social dimensions of the condition, and inadequate primary care services.Conclusions:  The main findings revealed that hyperemesis gravidarum is a debilitating condition and that the unhelpful attitudes of practitioners may affect whether women access timely and appropriate care. Many women appear to be unsupported by primary care services and are distressed when perceived either as “time wasters” or someone else’s responsibility. We propose that a tailored assessment and care plan for each woman is needed to help them control their symptoms, which ideally should be delivered in the community. (BIRTH 37:3 September 2010)
Screening for Second Cancers and Osteoporosis in Long‐Term Survivors
Authors: Mahon Suzanne M. , Williams Melanie T. , Spies Martha A. 
Published: September 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this preliminary study was to describe the extent to which healthcare providers recommend the screening strategies for early detection described by the American Cancer Society (ACS), for breast, gynecologic, and colorectal cancer, and by the National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF), for osteoporosis, to women who are long‐term survivors of breast, ovarian, or endometrial cancer.Overview: A four‐part survey was developed for this study, with the first three parts based on the ACS guidelines for breast, gynecologic, and colorectal cancer screening and the NOF guidelines for osteoporosis screening. The fourth part related to personal characteristics, setting, knowledge, and perceptions of the nurses surveyed. A random sample of outpatient nurses was obtained from the Oncology Nursing Society. Of 668 nurses, 321 (48%) responded (Oncology Certified Nurse (OCN) 68.1%; Advanced Oncology Certified Nurse (AOCN) 16.6%).Results: The most consistently performed screenings that were reported were mammogram (range 74.2–87.7%), professional breast examination (range 73.9–83.7%), and Pap test and pelvic examination (range 61.8–85.2%). The least frequently performed screenings are flexible sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy (range 20.2–27.7%), bone mineral density testing (range 16.9–19.0%), and height measurement (range 22.5–28.3%). Less than one third of survivors are offered counseling on strategies to promote bone health.clinical Implications: Knowledge of factors associated with osteoporosis and the use of screening strategies for second malignancies in survivors of breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancers can be used to implement activities such as patient education and clinical practice protocols that will increase the use of current screening recommendations.
The Relation of QT Dispersion to Spontaneous Ventricular Arrhythmias During the Acute Phase of Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Rashba Eric J. , Zareba Wojciech , Moss Arthur J. 
Published: September 2010

Background: QT dispersion is associated with ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death among patients with a previous myocardial infarction (Ml). The relationship between QT dispersion and ventricular arrhythmias during the acute phase of Ml is uncertain.Methods: Patients enrolled in the Multicenter Study of Silent Myocardial Ischemia who had first Q wave myocardial infarctions (n = 363) were screened for the presence of ventricular arrhythmias during the initial hospitalization. Twelve patients had ventricular fibrillation, and 18 patients had an episode of monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. Each patient who had ventricular arrhythmias was matched with four controls on the basis of age, peak creatine kinase, thrombolysis, and the presence of congestive heart failure. The final study population consisted of 150 patients: 12 patients with ventricular fibrillation (VF+) who were compared to 48 controls (VF—), and 18 patients with ventricular tachycardia (VT+) who were compared to 72 controls (VT–). The RR, QRS, and QT intervals were measured manually using standard 12‐lead ECGs (25 mm/s) obtained after hospital admission. The maximal QT dispersion (maximum — minimum value) was calculated. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine if QT dispersion was independently associated with ventricular arrhythmias during the acute phase of Ml.Results: QT dispersion was significantly greater in VF+ patients compared to VF— patients (89 ± 18 ms vs 66 ± 22 ms, P > 0.01). QT dispersion was similar in VT+ and VT— patients (68 ± 25 ms vs 68 ± 26 ms, P = NS). QT dispersion was the only variable that was independently associated with ventricular fibrillation (OR 1.7 for each 10‐ms increment in QT dispersion; 95% Cl 1.2–2.6; P = 0.008). QT dispersion was not associated with monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (OR 1.0; 95% Cl 0.8–1.2; P = NS).Conclusion: QT dispersion is independently associated with ventricular fibrillation, but not monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, during the acute phase of Ml.