bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphology of corrosion products of steel in concrete under macro‐cell and self‐corrosion conditions
Authors: Neff D. , Harnisch J. , Beck M. , L'Hostis V. , Goebbels J. , Meinel D. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn this paper investigations into the formation of specific corrosion products during the process of chloride induced corrosion of steel in concrete are presented. The extension of corrosion products within concrete was established by means of X‐ray tomography analyses. Then a detailed analysis of the nature of corrosion products has been conducted by means of Raman micro‐spectroscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Results emphasize two different corrosion patterns. The first one is composed of shallow cavities, where mostly magnetite and goethite were identified, traducing aerated to moderate aerated conditions in these media. The second pattern was identified as deep, needle‐like pits, where chlorinated‐iron‐oxides phases were present associated with more or less important chloride enrichments. The presence of these particular species is indicating low redox and low pH conditions within these pits.
Performance of Al‐rich oxidation resistant coatings for Fe‐base alloys
Authors: Pint B. A. , Zhang Y. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe oxidation resistance of Al‐rich coatings made by chemical vapor deposition and pack cementation was examined on representative ferritic‐martensitic (FM, e.g. Grade 91, Fe‐9Cr‐1Mo) and austenitic steel substrates at 650°‐800 °C. To evaluate the potential benefits and problems with these alumina‐forming coatings, oxidation exposures were conducted in a humid air environment where the uncoated substrates experience rapid oxidation, similar to steam. Exposure temperatures were increased to accelerate failure by oxidation and interdiffusion of Al into the substrate. The difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) between coating and substrate was found to cause cracking and coating failure during rapid thermal cycling on thicker coatings with Fe‐Al intermetallic phases. Therefore, thinner coatings with less Al and a ferritic Fe(Al) structure were evaluated more extensively and tested to failure at 700° and 800 °C on FM steels. The remaining Al content at failure was measured and used to improve a previously developed coating lifetime model. At 700° and 800 °C, thin coated austenitic specimens continue to exhibit protective behavior at more than double the lifetime of a similar coating on FM steel. The longer lifetime was attributed to the ferritic coating‐austenitic substrate phase boundary inhibiting Al interdiffusion.
Study on particle distribution, microstructure and corrosion behavior of Ni‐Al composite coatings
Authors: Bostani B. , Arghavanian R. , Parvini‐Ahmadi N. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWatt's baths containing different amounts of Al powder were used to electroplate the pure Ni and Ni–Al composite coatings. Surface morphology, microstructure of the samples and particle distribution in the coatings were studied using optical microscope, SEM, EDX and XRD. The results showed that the electroplated sample in the bath containing 40 g.L−1 Al has the maximum particle and the best particle distribution. Evaluation of microstructures demonstrated that Al particles change the microstructure of Ni from coarse‐columnar to fine‐granular structure due to providing new nucleation sites and stopping columnar growth of Ni grains. Corrosion measurements revealed that Ni‐Al coatings have lower corrosion resistance than pure Ni probably due to formation of active‐passive cells and weak bandings between Al particles and Ni substrate.
Influence of heat treatment on corrosion behaviour of AlZnMgCuZrSc alloy
Authors: Xiao Y. P. , Pan Q. L. , Li W. B. , Liu X. Y. , He Y. B. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractCorrosion behaviour of different tempers (namely NA, UA, PA and OA) of AlZnMgCuZrSc alloy was studied by potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), optical microscopy (OM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Over aged (OA) can decrease the susceptibility to exfoliation due to the discontinuous distribution of the η precipitates at the grain boundaries, cause a negative shift of the corrosion potential (Ecorr), and lead to the prolonging of the time of the appearance of two time constants in impedance diagrams. In addition, AlZnMgCuZrSc alloy with over aged treatment has an enhanced resistance to exfoliation corrosion.
Corrosion behaviour of Cr13 steel in CO2 saturated brine with high chloride concentration
Authors: Yevtushenko O. , Bäßler R. , Pfennig A. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe corrosion behaviour of martensitic stainless injection‐pipeline steel X46Cr13 exposed to CO2 saturated artificial saline brine with high chloride concentration similar to onshore CCS‐site at Ketzin, Germany has been investigated by means of electrochemical technique and microscopic observations at short exposure times (up to 24 h) and by mass loss and metallographic observations at exposure times up to 17520 h. Pitting corrosion kinetics has been characterised and the predictions about the corrosion mechanism are made.
The influence of small amounts of KCl(s) on the high temperature corrosion of a Fe‐2.25Cr‐1Mo steel at 400 and 500°C
Authors: Folkeson N. , Jonsson T. , Halvarsson M. , Johansson L.‐G. , Svensson J.‐E. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis paper reports the oxidation behaviour of a low‐alloyed steel (Fe‐2.25Cr‐1Mo) in the presence of small amounts of KCl(s) at 400 and 500°C. Cleaned and polished sample coupons were exposed in a horizontal tube furnace with exposure times ranging from one hour to one week. The flue gas composition was 5% O2with 40% H2O in N2, and 0.1 mg KCl/cm2was deposited on the samples prior to exposure. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) analysis were used to characterize the samples. Cross sections were prepared by means of focused ion beam (FIB) and broad ion beam (BIB). At 400°C there was a modest mass gain in the absence of KCl. In the presence of KCl, mass gain is significantly increased and a rapid attack is evident already after short exposure times. At 500°C, the mass gains in the absence of KCl were considerably higher than at 400°C, especially after 168 hours of exposure. KCl had an effect at shorter exposure times, but after one week the samples exposed with and without KCl had mass gains of comparable magnitude.
MS‐based analytical methodologies to characterize genetically modified crops
Authors: García‐Cañas Virginia , Simó Carolina , León Carlos , Ibáñez Elena , Cifuentes Alejandro 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe development of genetically modified crops has had a great impact on the agriculture and food industries. However, the development of any genetically modified organism (GMO) requires the application of analytical procedures to confirm the equivalence of the GMO compared to its isogenic non‐transgenic counterpart. Moreover, the use of GMOs in foods and agriculture faces numerous criticisms from consumers and ecological organizations that have led some countries to regulate their production, growth, and commercialization. These regulations have brought about the need of new and more powerful analytical methods to face the complexity of this topic. In this regard, MS‐based technologies are increasingly used for GMOs analysis to provide very useful information on GMO composition (e.g., metabolites, proteins). This review focuses on the MS‐based analytical methodologies used to characterize genetically modified crops (also called transgenic crops). First, an overview on genetically modified crops development is provided, together with the main difficulties of their analysis. Next, the different MS‐based analytical approaches applied to characterize GM crops are critically discussed, and include “‐omics” approaches and target‐based approaches. These methodologies allow the study of intended and unintended effects that result from the genetic transformation. This information is considered to be essential to corroborate (or not) the equivalence of the GM crop with its isogenic non‐transgenic counterpart. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 30:396–416, 2011
Mass spectrometry with accelerators
Authors: Litherland A. E. , Zhao X‐L. , Kieser W. E. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAs one in a series of articles on Canadian contributions to mass spectrometry, this review begins with an outline of the history of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), noting roles played by researchers at three Canadian AMS laboratories. After a description of the unique features of AMS, three examples, 14C, 10Be, and 129I are given to illustrate the methods. The capabilities of mass spectrometry have been extended by the addition of atomic isobar selection, molecular isobar attenuation, further ion acceleration, followed by ion detection and ion identification at essentially zero dark current or ion flux. This has been accomplished by exploiting the techniques and accelerators of atomic and nuclear physics. In 1939, the first principles of AMS were established using a cyclotron. In 1977 the selection of isobars in the ion source was established when it was shown that the 14N− ion was very unstable, or extremely difficult to create, making a tandem electrostatic accelerator highly suitable for assisting the mass spectrometric measurement of the rare long‐lived radioactive isotope 14C in the environment. This observation, together with the large attenuation of the molecular isobars 13CH− and 12CH during tandem acceleration and the observed very low background contamination from the ion source, was found to facilitate the mass spectrometry of 14C to at least a level of 14C/C ∼ 6 × 10−16, the equivalent of a radiocarbon age of 60,000 years. Tandem Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, or AMS, has now made possible the accurate radiocarbon dating of milligram‐sized carbon samples by ion counting as well as dating and tracing with many other long‐lived radioactive isotopes such as 10Be, 26Al, 36Cl, and 129I. The difficulty of obtaining large anion currents with low electron affinities and the difficulties of isobar separation, especially for the heavier mass ions, has prompted the use of molecular anions and the search for alternative methods of isobar separation. These techniques are discussed in the latter part of the review. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 30:1037–1072, 2011
Novel conserved structural domains of acrosome reaction‐inducing substance are widespread in invertebrates
Authors: Naruse Masahiro , Ishikawa Riho , Sakaya Hiroshi , Moriyama Hideaki , Hoshi Motonori , Matsumoto Midori 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn the starfish Asterias amurensis, acrosome reaction inducing substance (ARIS) is the main factor responsible for allowing sperm to recognize the egg jelly and begin the acrosome reaction (AR). ARIS is a large proteoglycan‐like molecule, and its pentasaccharide repeat, Fragment 1 (Fr. 1), is responsible for inducing AR. Here, we investigated the primary structure of ARIS for the first time in order to improve our understanding of its functionality. Electrophoretic analysis revealed that ARIS is a complex of three proteins, all of which are modified by the Fr. 1 sugar chain. Sequencing indicated that there are two novel, conserved domains in all three ARIS proteins: ARIS N‐terminus (AR‐N) and ARIS C‐terminus (AR‐C) domains. We also found that other echinoderms possess ARIS proteins that are capable of inducing the AR for homologous sperm, indicating that ARIS proteins may be a ubiquitous component for echinoderm fertilization. Moreover, we identified ARIS‐like genes from Ctenophora to Protochordata. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 78:57–66, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Big segment small segment global optimization algorithm on networks
Authors: Berman Oded , Drezner Zvi , Krass Dmitry 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn this article, we propose a global optimization technique (Big Segment Small Segment) for solving single facility location problems on a network when the location of the facility can either at nodes or along the links of the network. Some multiple facility location problems can be solved by recursively solving single facility problems. The technique is tested on five problems: the mixed weights 1‐median problem where the weights are a mix of positive and negative values, the obnoxious facility location problem assuming that the nuisance function declines by the square of the distance, the competitive facility location problem using the gravity model, and minimizing cover by locating two facilities while requiring a minimum distance between them. Computational experiments provided excellent results. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 58(1), 1–11 2011
Continuum‐Mechanical Modelling of Hip Cartilage under Physio‐Dynamical Loading
Authors: Mabuma Joffrey , Markert Bernd , Ehlers Wolfgang 
Published: December 2010

AbstractArticular cartilage is a very resilient material which lines the bony ends in synovial joints and has a gel‐like hydrated structure reinforced by a collagen fibre network. Despite its high load‐bearing and almost frictionless low‐wear capabilities, the high dynamical contact loads acting on cartilage can cause degenerative changes inside the tissue, whose internal structure hardly regenerates due to its avascular nature. One goal of the presented research is the appropriate modelling of the chemo‐mechanical behaviour of such materials under physio‐dynamical loading to foster the principle understanding of articulating joint mechanics. In particular, the tissue is described as a charged biphasic solid‐fluid aggregate based on the well‐founded Theory of Porous Media (TPM) against the background of large strain inelastic multi‐field continuum mechanics. The description of the inherent tissue heterogeneities over the cartilage thickness starting from the outer contact surface to the underlying bone layer as well as the strong anisotropic behaviour remains a challenge. The numerical treatment of the coupled PDE system is carried out in the framework of the mixed Finite Element Method (FEM) applying an efficient implicit monolithic solution procedure allowing the computer‐based analysis of a realistic hip joint contact. (© 2010 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Stress‐dependent Failure Surface of Granular Materials
Authors: Avci Okan , Ehlers Wolfgang 
Published: December 2010

AbstractNumerical computations of geotechnical problems will become increasingly important because of the growing complexity of geotechnical applications. Therefore, a well‐founded prediction of stability statements requires appropriate models, which are able to realistically depict the stress‐strain behaviour of non‐cohesive‐frictional granular materials.On several stress paths, drained triaxial compression experiments on compact dense sand specimen exhibited that the size of the failure surface is not independent from the hydrostatic pressure. The failure surface and, thus, the maximal shear stresses at a specific confining pressure σ3exp can be increased by a compression preload at a level higher than σ3exp. This means that granular materials own several failure surfaces in dependence of the hydrostatic pressure. Consequently, the failure criteria based on the assumption of a compression stress‐path‐independent single‐failure surface cannot recover the newly detected plastic yielding behaviour of granular materials. An improved approach for modelling the plastic hardening and softening behaviour coupled with the new yield properties at the limit state will be presented. (© 2010 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Nonlinear Piezoelectric Effects Including Minor Hystereses
Authors: Bossong Heiko , Schmidt Rüdiger 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPiezoelectric ceramics are often used in active structures for shape and vibration control. Since the operation range is not limited to small signals the nonlinear behaviour of the actuator under high electric loads has to be known. There are several approaches in literature to model the hysteretic effects, each having its assets and drawbacks. When a model is able to reproduce the minor loops of the strain ‐ electric field hysteresis, it often lacks the consideration of stress dependence which is fundamental for actuators attached to elastic structures. On the other hand constitutive models which take into account all ferroelectric and ferroelastic effects are not capable of representing the minor hystereses in acceptable calculation times.In this work a phenomenological constitutive model is verified using the experimental data of an active plate structure. Therefore, the ceramic is characterised under mechanically unconstrained conditions and afterwards attached onto a steel plate. The bonding to the substructure leads to a mechanical stress depending on the actuation state of the ceramic. (© 2010 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Three‐Dimensional Model for Fiber Lay‐Down Processes
Authors: Maringer Johannes , Klar Axel , Wegener Raimund 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWe present an improved stochastic model concerning the lay‐down of fibers on a conveyor belt in the production of nonwovens. The model is based on stochastic differential equations describing the resulting position of the fiber on the belt having regard to its motion in the deposition region under influence of turbulent air flow. Our aim is to generalize an existing model to 3D. By introducing a parameter we have an alternative to consider both isotropic and anisotropic orientation of the fibers generating the nonwoven. (© 2010 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Malignant rhabdoid tumours of the kidney (MRTKs), registered on recent SIOP protocols from 1993 to 2005: A report of the SIOP renal tumour study group
Authors: van den Heuvel‐Eibrink Marry M. , van Tinteren Harm , Rehorst Harriet , Coulombe Aurore , Patte Catharine , de Camargo Beatriz , de Kraker Jan , Leuschner Ivo , Lugtenberg Rieneke , Pritchard‐Jones Kathy , Sandstedt Bengt , Spreafico Filippo , Graf Norbert , Vujanic Gordan M. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBackgroundSurvival data of malignant rhabdoid tumour of the kidney (MRTK) registered in SIOP trials, advocating preoperative chemotherapy, are not available. Aim To evaluate characteristics, response and survival of MRTK patients registered in recent SIOP protocols.MethodsAn evaluation of all MRTK patients treated from 1993 to 2005 (SIOP trials 93‐01 and 2001) was performed. Data were obtained from study specific case record forms and entered centrally in a database.ResultsHundred and seven patients were identified (57 male), with a median age at diagnosis of 13 months (interquartile range 6–27 months), and a median follow‐up time of 60 months. Left and right kidneys were equally affected. Tumour stage distribution was stage I (6%), stage II (22%), stage III (43%), stage IV (22%) and stage V (3%). Stage IV patients included 17 with pulmonary metastasis (8 lung‐only) and 12 with multiple organ metastases (bone, brain and liver). Primary surgery was the upfront treatment approach in 22/107 patients (21%), by which 19 patients reached a complete remission (CR). Median difference in tumour volume before and after preoperative chemotherapy was 69 ml (interquartile range: 4.5–158.0, P < 0.0001), indicating marked chemosensitivity. The 5‐year event‐free survival (EFS) of the total group was 22% (95% CI: 15–33) and overall survival 26% (95% CI: 18–37). Most events (86%) occurred within the first 2 years after diagnosis. Younger age at diagnosis was an important adverse prognostic factors for survival. In contrast, tumour volume at diagnosis, nor volume reduction was associated with outcome.ConclusionMRTK has a poor outcome especially in young and advanced‐stage disease patients. Neither tumour volume at diagnosis, nor pre‐operative chemosensitivity are prognostic factors for survival. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;56:733–737. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antibiotic resistance is associated with longer bacteremic episodes and worse outcome in febrile neutropenic children with cancer
Authors: El‐Mahallawy Hadir A. , El‐Wakil Mohamed , Moneer Manar M. , Shalaby Lobna 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPurposeWith the increasing emergence of multiresistant pathogens, better understanding of these infections is necessary. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the risk factors associated with isolating a multiresistant organism (MRO) from a positive blood culture in pediatric cancer patients with febrile neutropenia (F&N), and to study its impact on clinical course and outcome of febrile episodes.Patients and MethodsThe association between MRO with underlying malignancy, age, disease status, hospitalization during episode, absolute neutrophil count, absolute monocyte count, clinical foci of infection, and pathogens isolated was assessed in bacteremic pediatric cancer patients. The MRO phenotype was defined as diminished susceptibility to ≥3 of the broad spectrum antibody classes.ResultsAmong 239 episodes of blood stream infections (BSI), Gram‐positive, and Gram‐negative organisms were detected in 180 (75%), and 59(25%) episodes, respectively; with 38% of isolates showing multiresistance (n = 92). Significant risk factors (P < 0.05) for MRO were hospitalization, Gram‐negative organisms, presence of clinical focus of infection, reduced ANC, prolonged duration of neutropenia, and previous intake of antibiotics. Of the episodes with prolonged duration of fever extending for more than 7 days 62% (64|93) were associated with a multiresistant phenotype, while it accompanied 72% (18|25) of the cases with an unfavorable outcome; P‐value <0.001.ConclusionIsolation of MRO is more likely to be associated with a prolonged course and an unfavorable outcome. Continuous multidisciplinary surveillance of BSI is warranted to develop strategies for antimicrobial resistance control. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57: 283–288. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increased CCL2 and IL‐8 in the bone marrow microenvironment in acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: de Vasconcellos Jaíra Ferreira , Laranjeira Angelo Brunelli Albertoni , Zanchin Nilson Ivo Tonin , Otubo Rosemary , Vaz Thais Haline , Cardoso Angelo Almeida , Brandalise Silvia Regina , Yunes José Andrés 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBackgroundThe interactions of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) blasts with bone marrow (BM) stromal cells have a positive impact on leukemia cell survival. In the present study, we proposed to identify and investigate the role of molecules critically involved in leukemia—microenvironment crosstalk.ProcedureGene expression profiling analyses of BM mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSC) were performed following stimulation by ALL cells. CCL2 and IL‐8 plasma levels were evaluated from ALL patients and controls. Expression of the CCL2 and IL‐8 receptors in ALL was determined by RT‐PCR. The biological effects of CCL2, IL‐8 or its neutralizing antibodies in primary precursor‐B ALL and BMMSC cells were evaluated using in vitro assays.ResultsLeukemia stimulation of BMMSC upregulated the expression of several inflammatory chemokines, including CCL2 and IL‐8. The BM plasma levels of CCL2 and IL‐8 in children at diagnosis were significantly higher than in healthy controls (P < 0.001). Functional studies revealed that CCL2 and IL‐8 enhanced the capacity of BMMSC to support adhesion of ALL cells. CCL2 and IL‐8 were also found to enhance BMMSC survival and to increase their proliferation. ALL cells were not directly affected by CCL2 or IL‐8.ConclusionsThe leukemic BM microenvironment had increased levels of CCL2 and IL‐8. These chemokines are known to have suppressive effects in normal hematopoiesis. Our data indicate that CCL2 and IL‐8 have a positive impact on BMMSC survival, proliferation, and adhesiveness to ALL cells. Leukemia‐associated CCL2 and IL‐8 upregulation may represent one possible mechanism of microenvironment perversion in favor of ALL cells. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;56:568–577. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.