bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dolphin hearing during echolocation: evoked potential responses in an Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)
Authors: Li Songhai , Nachtigall Paul E. , Breese Marlee 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARY
Auditory evoked potential (AEP) responses were recorded during echolocation in an Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) trained to accept suction-cup EEG electrodes and detect targets by echolocation. AEP recording was triggered by the echolocation clicks of the animal. Three targets with target strengths of –34, –28 and –22 dB were used at a target distance of 2 to 6.5 m for each target. The results demonstrated that the AEP appeared to both outgoing echolocation clicks and echoes during echolocation, with AEP complexes consisting of alternative positive and negative waves. The echo-related AEP amplitudes were obviously lower than the outgoing click-related AEP amplitudes for all the targets at the investigated target distances. However, for targets with target strengths of –22 and –28 dB, the peak-to-peak amplitudes of the echo-related AEPs were dependent on the target distances. The echo-related AEP response amplitudes increased at further target distances, demonstrating an overcompensation of echo attenuation with target distance in the echo-perception system of the dolphin biosonar. Measurement and analysis of outgoing click intensities showed that the click levels increased with target distance (R) by a factor of approximately 10 to 17.5 logR depending on target strength. The results demonstrated that a dual-component biosonar control system formed by intensity compensation behavior in both the transmission and receiving phases of a biosonar cycle exists synchronously in the dolphin biosonar system.
Arctic reindeer extend their visual range into the ultraviolet
Authors: Hogg Christopher , Neveu Magella , Stokkan Karl-Arne , Folkow Lars , Cottrill Phillippa , Douglas Ronald , Hunt David M. , Jeffery Glen 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARY
The Arctic has extreme seasonal changes in light levels and is proportionally UV-rich because of scattering of the shorter wavelengths and their reflection from snow and ice. Here we show that the cornea and lens in Arctic reindeer do not block all UV and that the retina responds electrophysiologically to these wavelengths. Both rod and cone photoreceptors respond to UV at low-intensity stimulation. Retinal RNA extraction and in vitro opsin expression show that the response to UV is not mediated by a specific UV photoreceptor mechanism. Reindeer thus extend their visual range into the short wavelengths characteristic of the winter environment and periods of extended twilight present in spring and autumn. A specific advantage of this short-wavelength vision is the use of potential information caused by differential UV reflections known to occur in both Arctic vegetation and different types of snow. UV is normally highly damaging to the retina, resulting in photoreceptor degeneration. Because such damage appears not to occur in these animals, they may have evolved retinal mechanisms protecting against extreme UV exposure present in the daylight found in the snow-covered late winter environment.
Low external environmental calcium levels prevent forgetting in Lymnaea
Authors: Knezevic Bogdan , Dalesman Sarah , Karnik Vikram , Byzitter Jovita , Lukowiak Ken 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARY
Forgetting may allow an animal to react more appropriately to current conditions, rather than continuing to exhibit a previously learned, possibly maladaptive behaviour based on previous experience. One theory is that forgetting is an active process, whereby the previously learnt response is replaced by new learning that interferes with the older memory. Hence, we hypothesized that an appropriately timed environmental stressor that blocks long-term memory (LTM) formation would also block forgetting. Lymnaea stagnalis (L.) is a freshwater snail, which requires environmental calcium of at least 20 mg l–1 to meet its requirements. Low environmental Ca2+ (i.e. 20 mg l–1) in their environment acts as a stressor, and prevents LTM formation. Here, we asked whether a low Ca2+ environment would also prevent forgetting, concordant with the retrograde interference model of Jenkins and Dallenbach. Snails were operantly conditioned to reduce aerial respiration in hypoxia. When maintained in standard conditions (80 mg l–1 Ca2+), snails demonstrated LTM following training lasting 24 h, but not 72 h; however, when trained in standard conditions then exposed to a low Ca2+ environment (20 mg l–1) immediately following training, they retained memory for at least 96 h, indicating that forgetting had been blocked. Thus, when exposed to low environmental Ca2+, Lymnaea will fail to form new memories, but will also continue to retain information previously learned and remembered as the low calcium blocks forgetting.
Layer-by-layer Deposition of Ionomers with Lipophilic Ion-pairs Dissociated in Less-polar Media
Authors: Ohta Masahiko , Ono Toshikazu , Sada Kazuki 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Two kinds of oppositely charged polystyrene ionomers bearing the bulky and lipophilic phosphazenium cation or diborateimidazolide anion that are soluble and dissociated partially into ions even in nonpolar solvents were prepared. Alternate complexes of them were fabricated in less-polar solvent, acetone, layer-by-layer onto a gold substrate and silica nanoparticles.
Between-Method Differences in Prostate-Specific Antigen Assays Affect Prostate Cancer Risk Prediction by Nomograms
Authors: Stephan Carsten , Siemßen Kerstin , Cammann Henning , Friedersdorff Frank , Deger Serdar , Schrader Mark , Miller Kurt , Lein Michael , Jung Klaus , Meyer Hellmuth-Alexander 
Published: May 2011

BACKGROUND
To date, no published nomogram for prostate cancer (PCa) risk prediction has considered the between-method differences associated with estimating concentrations of prostate-specific antigen (PSA).

METHODS
Total PSA (tPSA) and free PSA were measured in 780 biopsy-referred men with 5 different assays. These data, together with other clinical parameters, were applied to 5 published nomograms that are used for PCa detection. Discrimination and calibration criteria were used to characterize the accuracy of the nomogram models under these conditions.

RESULTS
PCa was found in 455 men (58.3%), and 325 men had no evidence of malignancy. Median tPSA concentrations ranged from 5.5 μg/L to 7.04 μg/L, whereas the median percentage of free PSA ranged from 10.6% to 16.4%. Both the calibration and discrimination of the nomograms varied significantly across different types of PSA assays. Median PCa probabilities, which indicate PCa risk, ranged from 0.59 to 0.76 when different PSA assays were used within the same nomogram. On the other hand, various nomograms produced different PCa probabilities when the same PSA assay was used. Although the ROC curves had comparable areas under the ROC curve, considerable differences were observed among the 5 assays when the sensitivities and specificities at various PCa probability cutoffs were analyzed.

CONCLUSIONS
The accuracy of the PCa probabilities predicted according to different nomograms is limited by the lack of agreement between the different PSA assays. This difference between methods may lead to unacceptable variation in PCa risk prediction. A more cautious application of nomograms is recommended.
SELSET RESERVOIR: DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION.
Authors: KENNARD J , KENNARD M F 
Published: May 2011

This Paper refers briefly to the hydrological features of the upland sources of the Tees Valley and Cleveland Water Board, and deals in some detail with certain aspects of the design and construction of the Selset Dam. The geology and cut-off trench are touched upon and the Authors deal with the study of the foundation and refer to the subsequent settlement observations. The principal parts of the Paper deal with the construction of over 4,000 vertical sand drains for increasing the strength of the soft clay underlying the seat of the embankment, and the problems associated with the construction of an embankment 128 ft high of boulder clay, with speciraelf erence to the dissipation of porewater pressure and the effect of rainfall and temperature on the rate of progress achieved. The presence of a slipped area on the south side of the dam adjacent to the embankment necessitated the carrying out of special protective measures, which are described, and the overflow works and control of the water are dealt with shortly. Construction commenced in June 1955 and the reservoir first filled in July 1960. The cost of the dam was £3,200,000.
DIVING AND SALVAGE. PART 1: DIVING EQUIPMENT. PART 2: MARINE SALVAGE.
Authors: BISHOP R W , FLETT P F 
Published: May 2011

The Paper falls into two parts. First, a brief description is given of the standard diving equipment, which has changed very little over a number of years, and a more detailed description is given of the compressed-air equipment which has been developed largely as a result of the 1939-45 war. The selfcontained swimmer's air breathing apparatus is now a standard issue to the Royal Navy but the surface-demand diving equipment, which is considerably lighter and consequently more mobile, is still under trial. An indication is given of developments in underwater communications, as well as a descriptiono f underwater tools such as thaeir lift, the tunnelling lance, the submerged bolt-driving and punching gun, the air bolt, and underwater cutting and welding equipment. The second part of the Paper deals with the technical aspects of marine salvage and gives brief descriptions of some of the practices, including underwater work, which are commonly followed in dealing with marine casualties. The techniques are illustrated by actual examples of refloating a stranded ship, raising a wreck, dealing with an abandoned ship on fire, and identification and recovery of objects on the sea bed at depths too great for helmet divers.
Evaluation and Optimization of Therapeutic Footwear for Neuropathic Diabetic Foot Patients Using In-Shoe Plantar Pressure Analysis
Authors: Bus Sicco A. , Haspels Rob , Busch-Westbroek Tessa E. 
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE
Therapeutic footwear for diabetic foot patients aims to reduce the risk of ulceration by relieving mechanical pressure on the foot. However, footwear efficacy is generally not assessed in clinical practice. The purpose of this study was to assess the value of in-shoe plantar pressure analysis to evaluate and optimize the pressure-reducing effects of diabetic therapeutic footwear.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Dynamic in-shoe plantar pressure distribution was measured in 23 neuropathic diabetic foot patients wearing fully customized footwear. Regions of interest (with peak pressure &gt;200 kPa) were selected and targeted for pressure optimization by modifying the shoe or insole. After each of a maximum of three rounds of modifications, the effect on in-shoe plantar pressure was measured. Successful optimization was achieved with a peak pressure reduction of &gt;25% (criterion A) or below an absolute level of 200 kPa (criterion B).

RESULTS
In 35 defined regions, mean peak pressure was significantly reduced from 303 (SD 77) to 208 (46) kPa after an average 1.6 rounds of footwear modifications (P &lt; 0.001). This result constitutes a 30.2% pressure relief (range 18–50% across regions). All regions were successfully optimized: 16 according to criterion A, 7 to criterion B, and 12 to criterion A and B. Footwear optimization lasted on average 53 min.

CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that in-shoe plantar pressure analysis is an effective and efficient tool to evaluate and guide footwear modifications that significantly reduce pressure in the neuropathic diabetic foot. This result provides an objective approach to instantly improve footwear quality, which should reduce the risk for pressure-related plantar foot ulcers.
Influence of deposition temperature on amorphous structure of PECVD deposited a-Si:H thin films
Authors: Müllerová Jarmila , Fischer Marinus , Netrvalová Marie , Zeman Miro , Šutta Pavel 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The effect of deposition temperature on the structural and optical properties of amorphous hydrogenated silicon (a-Si:H) thin films deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) from silane diluted with hydrogen was under study. The series of thin films deposited at the deposition temperatures of 50–200°C were inspected by XRD, Raman spectroscopy and UV Vis spectrophotometry. All samples were found to be amorphous with no presence of the crystalline phase. Ordered silicon hydride regions were proved by XRD. Raman measurement analysis substantiated the results received from XRD showing that with increasing deposition temperature silicon-silicon bond-angle fluctuation decreases. The optical characterization based on transmittance spectra in the visible region presented that the refractive index exhibits upward trend with increasing deposition temperature, which can be caused by the densification of the amorphous network. We found out that the scale factor of the Tauc plot increases with the deposition temperature. This behaviour can be attributed to the increasing ordering of silicon hydride regions. The Tauc band gap energy, the iso-absorption value their difference were not particularly influenced by the deposition temperature. Improvements of the microstructure of the Si amorphous network have been deduced from the analysis.
Solute-dependent activation of cell motility in strongly hypertonic solutions in Dictyostelium discoideum, human melanoma HTB-140 cells and walker 256 carcinosarcoma cells
Authors: Korohoda Włodzimierz , Kucia Magdalena , Wybieralska Ewa , Wianecka-Skoczeń Magdalena , Waligórska Agnieszka , Drukała Justyna , Madeja Zbigniew 
Published: May 2011

AbstractPublished data concerning the effects of hypertonicity on cell motility have often been controversial. The interpretation of results often rests on the premise that cell responses result from cell dehydration, i.e. osmotic effects. The results of induced hypertonicity on cell movement of Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae and human melanoma HTB-140 cells reported here show that: i) hypertonic solutions of identical osmolarity will either inhibit or stimulate cell movement depending on specific solutes (Na+ or K+, sorbitol or saccharose); ii) inhibition of cell motility by hypertonic solutions containing Na+ ions or carbohydrates can be reversed by the addition of calcium ions; iii) various cell types react differently to the same solutions, and iv) cells can adapt to hypertonic solutions. Various hypertonic solutions are now broadly used in medicine and to study modulation of gene expression. The observations reported suggest the need to examine whether the other responses of cells to hypertonicity can also be based on the solute-dependent cell responses besides cell dehydration due to the osmotic effects.
On correctness of first and second order fast marching method
Authors: Lass Christoph 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn this article we will discuss the Fast Marching Method which was introduced by James A. Sethian to solve some types of nonlinear partial differential equations efficiently. We will show that this method yields the unique solution to an upwind discretization. Furthermore we will present the correct algorithm for the second order case where existence and unicity of the solution will be proven as well.
Microsatellite primers in Stipa purpurea (Poaceae), a dominant species of the steppe on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Liu Wensheng , Liao Hui , Zhou Yin , Zhao Yao , Song Zhiping 
Published: May 2011

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite markers were developed in Stipa purpurea, a dominant species of the steppe and meadow on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau.• Methods and Results: Using the combined biotin capture method, 15 microsatellite primer sets were isolated and characterized. Eleven of these markers showed polymorphism, and the number of alleles per locus ranged from two to seven across 96 individuals from four populations.• Conclusions: These markers provide a useful tool to investigate the spatial genetic structure and mating system of Stipa purpurea.
La politique territoriale française sur la rive gauche du Rhin (1679-1697) : des « réunions » à la Province de la Sarre
Authors: Jalabert Laurent 
Published: May 2011

Résumé Les entreprises dites de réunion de la monarchie française sous Louis XIV ont concerné les frontières du grand quart nord-est du royaume (Franche-Comté, Alsace, Lorraine). Au-delà de la démonstration de la puissance du roi, l’un des principaux objectifs était de parfaire la sécurisation de ce vaste espace. De fait, les réunions ont mis à mal des terres d’empire avec entre autres la création de la province de la Sarre, peu peuplée mais importante stratégiquement. Au contraire de la province d’Alsace, celle de la Sarre ne franchit pas vraiment le palier de l’intendance militaire ; pourtant, malgré son caractère éphémère, la mise en place de cette nouvelle province a favorisé la réimplantation du catholicisme entre la Sarre et la Queich.
Team Effectiveness in Virtual Environments
Authors: Shachaf Pnina , Hara N. 
Published: May 2011

This chapter attempts to address the need for more research on virtual team effectiveness and outlines an ecological theoretical framework that is applicable to virtual learning environments (VLE). Prior empirical studies on virtual team effectiveness used frameworks of traditional team effectiveness and mainly followed Hackman’s normative model (input-process-output). We propose an ecological approach for virtual team effectiveness that accounts for team boundaries management, technologyuse, and external environment in VLE, properties which were previously either nonexistent or contextual. The ecological framework suggests that three components — external environment, internal environment, and boundary management — reciprocally interact with effectiveness. The significance of the proposed framework is a holistic perspective that takes into account the complexity of the external and internal environment of the team. Furthermore, we address the needs for new pedagogical approaches in VLE.
Fe3O4@mesoporouspolyaniline: A Highly Efficient and Magnetically Separable Catalyst for Cross‐Coupling of Aryl Chlorides and Phenols
Authors: Arundhathi R. , Damodara D. , Likhar Pravin R. , Kantam M. Lakshmi , Saravanan P. , Magdaleno Travis , Kwon Sun Hee 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA high surface, magnetic Fe3O4@mesoporouspolyaniline core‐shell nanocomposite was synthesized from magnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles and mesoporouspolyaniline (mPANI). The novel porous magnetic Fe3O4 was obtained by solvothermal method under sealed pressure reactor at high temperature to achieve high surface area. The mesoporouspolyaniline shell was synthesized by in situ surface polymerization onto porous magnetic Fe3O4 in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS), as a linker and structure‐directing agent, through ‘blackberry nanostructures’ assembly. The material composition, stoichiometric ratio and reaction conditions play vital roles in the synthesis of these nanostructures as confirmed by variety of characterization techniques. The role of the mesoporouspolyaniline shell is to stabilize the porous magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles, and provide direct access to the core Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The catalytic activity of magnetic Fe3O4@mesoporousPANI nanocomposite was evaluated in the cross‐coupling of aryl chlorides and phenols.
A Highly Active and Recyclable Catalyst: Phosphine Dendrimer‐Stabilized Nickel Nanoparticles for the Suzuki Coupling Reaction
Authors: Wu Lei , Ling Jie , Wu Zong‐Quan 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe report here the first dendritic phosphine‐stabilized nickel nanoparticles, which can be prepared from nickel(II) chloride, a third generation phosphine dendrimer and the surfactant tetraoctylammonium bromide (TOABr) by two‐phase reduction using sodium borohydride. The resulting nickel nanoparticles are found to be a highly active and recyclable catalyst for Suzuki coupling reactions, especially those extended to aryl chloride substrates, affording the biaryls in moderate to good yields.
Visible‐Light‐Induced Metal‐Free Allylic Oxidation Utilizing a Coupled Photocatalytic System of g‐C3N4 and N‐Hydroxy Compounds
Authors: Zhang Pengfei , Wang Yong , Yao Jia , Wang Congmin , Yan Chao , Antonietti Markus , Li Haoran 
Published: May 2011

AbstractGraphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) and N‐hydroxy compounds can function as a non‐metal photocatalytic system to activate O2 for the selective allylic oxidation under mild conditions, avoiding the employment of any metal derivative or organic oxidizing agents. Interestingly, the novel photocatalytic system affords a remarkably high selectivity towards the formation of aldehydes, especially in the oxidation of toluene. By combining the unique nature of g‐C3N4 (surface basicity, semiconductor features, high stability) and the remarkable catalytic oxidation reactivity of nitroxyl radicals, this photocatalytic system opens up a mild and efficent access for CH bond activation.
Micro‐modeling of porous composite anodes for solid oxide fuel cells
Authors: Farhad Siamak , Hamdullahpur Feridun 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA new anode micromodel for solid oxide fuel cells to predict the electrochemical performance of hydrocarbon‐fuelled porous composite anodes with various microstructures is developed. In this model, the random packing sphere method is used to estimate the anode microstructural properties, and the complex interdependency among the multicomponent mass transport, electron and ion transports, and electrochemical and chemical reactions is taken into account. As a case study, a porous Ni–YSZ composite anode operated with biogas fuel is simulated numerically and distributions of the current density, polarization, and mole fraction and rate of flux of the fuel components along the thickness of the anode are determined. The effect of the anode microstructural variables including the porosity, thickness, particle‐size ratio, and particle size and volume fraction of Ni particles on the anode electrochemical performance is also studied. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 1893–1906, 2012
A new general approach to determine more accurate comonomer reactivity ratios in controlled/living radical copolymerization systems
Authors: Abdollahi Mahdi 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn controlled/living radical copolymerization (atom transfer radical copolymerization in this study) and in any other living chain‐growth copolymerization, the possible preferential addition of one of the comonomers onto the (macro)initiator‐derived (macro)radical can affect the copolymer composition, especially at low conversion; this results in inaccurate comonomer reactivity ratio estimation by the classic approach. A new general approach is introduced in this article, which allowed us to exclude the influence of the possible preferential addition of one of the comonomers onto the (macro)initiator‐derived (macro)radical on the copolymer composition at any conversion. According to this approach, copolymer chain grown during time t (t ≠ 0) is considered to be, in fact, the macroinitiator terminated with one of the comonomers under study, which will further grow during the time interval Δt′ = t′ − t [where any reaction time t′ is considered to be grater than reaction time t, i.e. t′ > t] from a comonomer mixture with composition of f(t) [where f(t) is the molar ratio of comonomer i to comonomer j in the comonomer mixture] at time t. In such a situation, it is possible to obtain individual comonomer conversions [xi(Δt′) and xj(Δt′)], the overall comonomer conversion [xov(Δt′)], and the cumulative average copolymer composition for the copolymer formed during Δt′, from which more accurate comonomer reactivity ratios can be calculated by the various low‐ or high‐conversion methods, depending on the overall comonomer conversion. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011