bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two species of Nematoda (Spirurida: Spiruridae) from Australian dasyurids
Authors: Mawson Patricia M. 
Published: June 2009

Cylicospirura heydoni (Baylis) is redescribed, from what is assumed to be paratype material (Queensland) and from Dasyurus quoll (Tasmania) and Dasyurops maculatus (N.S. Wales). Cyathospirura dasyuridis, sp.nov., is described from the same host spp., from N.S.W. and Tasmania.Some specimens and some intact nodules were sent by Mr Green of Queen's Museum, Launceston, Tasmania. Skinned animals were given to me for dissection by Mr Peter Aitken, Curator of Mammals, at the South Australian Museum. To both of these collectors I am most grateful.Types of the new species will be deposited in the South Australian Museum.
Death of schistosome cercariae during penetration of the skin
Authors: Clegg J. A. , Smithers S. R. 
Published: June 2009

A large percentage of the cercariae ofSchistosoma mansonidie while penetrating the abdominal skin of rats or mice but relatively few cercariae die in the skin of hamsters.Comparison of hamsters and mice infected from the same pool of cercariae showed that the higher percentage of cercariae recovered as adult worms from hamsters than from mice was due to the lower percentage of cercariae which died during penetration of hamster skin.In similar comparisons of rats with mice the lower percentage of adult worms recovered from rats was not entirely accounted for by the higher percentage of cercariae which died in rat skin. Losses of schistosomula at later stages of development are apparently higher in rats than in mice.Cercariae die within 10 min after beginning to penetrate the skin of mice. At this stage the cercariae, which are now termed schistosomula, are attempting to penetrate the Malpighian layer of the epidermis. Five minutes later many schistosomula have entered the dermis.The cause of death of cercariae has not been determined. It is not related to the development of sensitivity to water which accompanies the transition from cercaria to schistosomulum. Sensitivity to water appears much sooner after penetration in some cercariae than in others; even after 30 min in the skin some cercariae can tolerate a return to water.In rats, hyper-immunized by a series of infections with cercariae through the abdominal skin, the percentage of challenging cercariae which die in the abdominal skin shows a slight increase over controls. No further mortality of schistosomula occurs during the next 24 h.Age resistance to infection withS. mansonicould not be demonstrated in comparisons of young mice (1 month) with old mice (1 year) of the Parkes and CBA strain.We should like to thank Dr F. Hawking for performing the skin biopsies on the dogs and Mrs P. Clark and Miss J. Marsh for their excellent technical assistance.
The development of the adhesive organs of some diplectanid, tetraonchid and dactylogyrid gill parasites (Monogenea)
Authors: Kearn G. C. 
Published: June 2009

The adhesive organs of diplectanid, tetraonchid and dactylogyrid monogeneans develop in very similar ways indicating that all these gill parasites are closely related to each other. The oncomiracidia make initial contact with the general body skin or the lining of the buccal cavity to which they attach themselves by 14 or 16 ventrally orientated marginal hooklets. The growing parasites then find their way to the gills which call for a different kind of adhesive apparatus. In order to anchor itself between two of the host's secondary gill lamellae, two pairs of the parasite's marginal hooklets migrate to the dorsal surface of the haptor and two of the four developing hamuli rotate so that they also point dorsally.In diplectanids the hamuli are assisted by accessory friction pads (squamodiscs) which develop on the surface of the body anterior to the hooks.In dactylogyrids the ventral hamuli do not develop and are represented in the adult only by small spicules. In contrast the marginal hooklets grow during larval development and become important adult attachment organs, together with the dorsal hamuli.Adults of Tetraonchus monenteron feed on the epidermis covering the gills.I am most grateful to the Director and Staff of the Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association at Plymouth and particularly to Mr J. E. Green for help and hospitality. I would also like to express my thanks to the East Suffolk and Norfolk River Authority and particularly to the Fishery Superintendent, Mr E. Q. Bitton, and to Mr D. Leary, for supplying me with freshwater fishes.
Comparative studies on the biology and morphology ofEchinococcus granulosusfrom domestic livestock, moose and reindeer
Authors: Sweatman G. K. , Williams R. J. 
Published: June 2009

1. As an intermediate host of the hydatid tapeworm in boreal North America, the moose is of relatively greater importance than other indigenous cervids (white-tailed deer, wapiti, barren-ground caribou) primarily because of a higher rate of infection in different individuals and the fertility of the hydatid cysts.2. The European reindeer introduced into north-western Canada is of considerable importance as an intermediate host where it occurs locally.3. Timber wolves are the important definitive hosts; no infections occurred naturally or were produced experimentally in the bobcat, Canada lynx, raccoon, fisher, marten, striped skunk or European ferret.4. A description using biological and morphological criteria is presented forEchinococcus granulosus granulosusin dogs, sheep and other domestic animals,E. g. borealissubsp.nov. in timber wolves, moose and other cervids indigenous to North America, andE. g. canadensisWebster and Cameron, 1961, in dogs and reindeer introduced into north-western Canada from Laplandic Norway.5. The rate of cystic growth, scolex production, infectability of timber wolves and dogs and prepatent period are similar for all three subspecies.6.E. g. borealisreached a gravid state in experimental red foxes (Vulpes fulva).7. Hydatid cysts developed only rarely in sheep fed eggs ofE. g. borealisorE. g. canadensis.8. Eggs ofE. g. granulosusproduced only one viable hydatid cyst in a series of experimental red deer (Cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (Dama dama).9.E. g. granulosus, E. g. borealisandE. g. canadensisare morphologically distinct, the most distinctive characters occur inE. g. canadensis.10. Besides the above andE. multilocularis, other species inEchinococcusare little known. Those recognized as being currently valid areE. lycaontis, E. ortleppi, E. felidis, E. cameroni, E. oligarthrus, E. cruziand possiblyE. patagonicus.The writers wish to thank Sir Charles Hercus and the other members of the Hydatid Research Committee for their interest and encouragement in the present study. Valuable discussion in the early stages of this work was had with Prof. A. M. Fallis, Director, Department of Parasitology, Ontario Research Foundation. Much of the field work was done with various members of the Ontario Research Foundation; Institute of Parasitology, McGill University; Canada Department of Agriculture; and Canada Department of Northern Affairs and Natural Resources, to whom we extend our thanks. Norwegian material was kindly provided by Dr Sven Skjenneberg, Statens Veterinaera Laboratorium for Nord-Norge. Technical assistance was provided by Messrs G. D. Page, D. V. Weston, Miss L. A. Duncan and Mrs B. R. Clarke.
Opposite influences of host anaemia on blood feeding rate and fecundity of mosquitoes
Authors: Shieh J.-N. , Rossignol P. A. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYWe tested a theoretical model based on the physics of capillary flow and confirmed that anaemia accelerates blood intake in the yellow-fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.). We also investigated the influence of anaemic blood on egg production of mosquitoes and found that it has a negative influence on fecundity. Based strictly on egg production and the physics of fluid intake, we propose that although anaemia associated with blood-borne parasites may be detrimental to mosquitoes that can engorge to repletion in one session, it may be beneficial to those interrupted before repletion because the greater quantity of the bloodmeal may compensate for its lower quality. Epidemiological consequences are discussed but require further inquiry.
The ENZYMEBA test: detection of intestinal Entamoeba histolytica infection by immuno-enzymatic detection of histolysain
Authors: Luaces A. L. , Picó T. , Barrett A. J. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYWe describe a new, improved test for the detection of intestinal infection by Entamoeba histolytica. The test depends upon immunoadsorption of the E. histolytica cysteine proteinase, histolysain, from faecal samples, and subsequent visual detection of the enzyme by a colour reaction. With samples from 200 volunteers, results agreed closely with those obtained by the conventional microscopic technique, and there were no false positive reactions with samples containing other parasites. The test is suitable for use either in the laboratory or in the field.
Purification and characterization of a 47 kDa protease fromSchistosoma mansonicercarial secretion
Authors: Chavez-Olortegui C. , Resende M. , Tavares C. A. P. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYFractionation ofSchistosoma mansonicercariae gland secretion on a Sephadex G-150 column followed by a Superose-12 column in an FPLC system, isolated a 47 kDa protease which migrated as a single band on SDS–PAGE gels. A monoclonal antibody (MAb) was produced which recognizes only the 47 kDa protease, and an immuno-affinity column with the MAb was used to isolate the protease. The 47 kDa protease showed activity on several macromolecules such as elastin and collagen type VI besides gelatin and casein. This suggests that this enzyme can be one of the enzymes that might facilitate invasion of the cercariae through host skin. The optimal pH of the protease against the synthetic substrate, Ac-Phe-Arg-Nan, in Tris–HCI buffer was 10. Experiments with protease inhibitors indicate that the purified enzyme is a serine protease.
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms within the ribosomal DNA repeat unit of British entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae)
Authors: Reid A. P. , Hominick W. M. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYGenomic DNA extracted from entomopathogenic nematodes isolated from 89 soil samples taken throughout the United Kingdom was hybridized with the ribosomal DNA clone from Caenorhabditis elegans (pCe7). When the DNA was digested with EcoR I and Hind III in a double digest, 5 distinct RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) types were observed. While the prevalence of the 5 types was not equal, no correlation with geographical location, soil type or habitat could be detected. Subsequent hybridizations of total genomic DNA from the various RFLP types divided them into 2 groups. The most prevalent group, identified as Steinernema feltiae ( = bibionis), contained 2 of the RFLP types (Al and A2). The other group contained the remaining 3 RFLP types (B1, B2 and B3). Although similar to S. feltiae ( = bibionis), the members of the B-types can be distinguished from this species on morphological grounds and preliminary crossbreeding experiments have demonstrated that the 2 groups are reproductively isolated.
The influence of temperature on the succession of redial and cercarial generations of Fasciola gigantica in a snail host
Authors: Dinnik J. A. , Diknik N. N. 
Published: June 2009

Experiments on the larval development of Fasciola gigantica carried out under natural conditions have shown that at temperatures of 16° C. or less the rediae did not produce cercariae. The first-generation rediae, developed from the sporocyst, and all the rediae of subsequent generations produced only daughter rediae and did not change over to the production of cercariae as long as the low temperatures of the cold season lasted.As soon as the cold season ended and the temperature of the water in the aquaria containing the infected snails rose to a mean maximum of 20° C. all the rediae switched from redial to cercarial production.
Epidemiology of nematode infections of Soay sheep (Ovis ariesL.) on St Kilda
Authors: Gulland F. M. D. , Fox M. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYThe epidemiology of nematode infections of Soay sheep on the island of St Kilda over a period of 2 years (August 1988–August 1990) spanning a host population crash is described. Infective larvae (L3) levels on pasture were high (2422±365 L3/kg D.M. grass in midsummer 1988) when host population density was high, decreasing after the sheep population declined by 70% in early 1989 (601 ±14 L3/kg D.M. in midsummer 1989). The availability of infective larvae to sheep increased during the winter of 1988–1989, probably as a result of concentration of existing larvae on grass as vegetation was destroyed by bad weather and overgrazing. Increased availability of pre-parasitic stages was accompanied by a marked increased in faecal egg counts from sheep of all ages and both sexes. Prevalence and intensity of infection (faecal egg counts) were higher in males than females throughout the 2-year study (χ2= 208.3,P< 0.005 andF1.2000= 304,P< 0.001 respectively), except during the lambing periods, and decreased with age in both sexes. Changes in prevalence and intensity of strongyle infections were associated with changes in host population density. Prevalence and intensity ofDictyocaulus filarialarvae in faeces increased during the host population crash. Infection intensity decreased with age (F1.203= 44.02,P< 0.001) and was higher in males than females (F1.203= 13.45,P< 0.001).
Effects of qinghaosu (artemisinin) and its derivatives on experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis
Authors: Yang D. M. , Liew F. Y. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYWe have investigated the effect of qinghaosu (QHS, artemisinin) and its derivatives onLeishmania majorreplicationin vitroand on the disease development in mice infected withL. major. Artemisinin is effective against promastigotesin vitro, with an ED50(50% effective dose) at 7.5 × 10−7m. Both artemisinin and artemether are leishmanicidal for amastigotes in infected murine macrophagesin vitro, with ED50at 3 × 10−5m and 3 × 10−6m respectively. These compounds have no effect on the viability of macrophages or on the phytohaemaglutinin-induced proliferation of normal spleen cells, even at 10−4m. BALB/c mice infected in the footpad withL. majordeveloped significantly smaller lesions and parasite loads when treated with the compounds. Intra-lesion injection of the compounds was the most effective route. The intramuscular and oral routes were also effective; however, intravenous injection with artesunate was not effective.
The recruitment of mast cells, exclusively of the mucosal phenotype, into granulomatous lesions caused by the pentastomid parasitePorocephalus crotali: recruitment is irrespective of site
Authors: McHardy P. , Riley J. , Huntley J. F. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYAdults of the porocephalid pentastomidPorocephalus crotaliinfect the lung of rattlesnake definitive hosts and larvae develop in rat intermediate hosts. In the latter, nymphs encyst within a variety of tissue sites (commonly abdominal fat bodies and lungs) and each becomes the focus of an eosinophilic granuloma. From an early stage in infections, granulomas become increasingly infiltrated by mast cells which, using conventional histology and paired immunofluorescence against mast cell proteases, appear to be exclusively of the mucosal phenotype. Mucosal mast cells are concentrated along the dorsal region of the parasite and in a plug of tissue containing degenerating cuticles within independent granulomas, which is located between its head and tail. ELISAs against the rat mast cell proteases I and II (RMCP I and II), extracted from abdominal fat, lung, spleen, liver and kidney granulomas at various intervals post-infection, reveal a substantially elevated concentration of RMCP II in all lesions. In fat, concentrations increase up to about 100 days post-infection, at which time moulting ceases and inflammatory responses subside. RMCP II was scarcely detectable in matched control tissues. Unlike infections with certain nematode parasites, where enteric mucosal mast cells secrete RMCP II systemically, concentrations of RMCP II in the serum of infected rats were significantly reduced when compared with age-matched uninfected controls. These results confirm thatP. crotalican selectively recruit mucosal mast cells to a variety of tissue sites, most of which are non-mucosal. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
Vaccination of merino lambs against haemonchosis with membrane-associated proteins from the adult parasite
Authors: Munn E. A. , Smith T. S. , Grahama M. , Greenwood C. A. , Tavernor A. S. , Coetzee G. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYGroups of South African, farm-reared merino lambs about 4 months old were vaccinated with extracts of adult Haemonchus contortus enriched with H11, an integral membrane protein from the parasite's intestinal microvilli, or with proteins soluble in Tween 20. The lambs were challenged with 5000 infective 3rd-stage larvae. Compared to the adjuvant-injected controls, lambs vaccinated with 350 μg/kg liveweight of the H11-enriched extract showed an 89% reduction in parasite egg production and an 88% reduction in total worm burden at post-mortem 35 days post-challenge. The H11-enriched extract contained some protein also present in the Tween 20 extract. Lambs vaccinated with 600 μg/kg of protein soluble in Tween 20 showed a 40% reduction in faecal egg counts and 51% reduction in total worm numbers 35 days post-challenge. Animals injected with 20 μg/kg of a sub-fraction containing H11 obtained from the H11 extract, showed a 71% reduction in egg output and total worm numbers.
Immunoelectron microscopical studies of regulatory peptides in the nervous system of the monogenean parasite, Diclidophora merlangi
Authors: Brennan G. P. , Halton D. W. , Maule A. G. , Shaw C. , Johnston C. F. , Moore S. , Fairweather I. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYSpecific antisera, directed against the highly conserved C-terminal hexapeptide amide of mammalian pancreatic poly-peptide (PP) and the invertebrate peptide FMRFamide, have been used in conjunction with post-embedding, IgG-conjugated colloidal gold immunostaining to demonstrate peptide immunoreactivity at subcellular level in the nervous system of adult Diclidophora merlangi. Gold labelling revealed that immunoreactivity for PP and FMRFamide was localized exclusively in dense-cored vesicles occupying the majority of axons in the central nervous system. Double-labelling demonstrated an apparent co-localization of PP and FMRFamide in the same dense-cored vesicles. Antigen pre-absorption experiments indicated cross-reactivity of the two antisera as unlikely, and that some if not all of the PP/FMRFamide immunostaining in the parasite was due to a neuropeptide F-like peptide.
The expulsion of Echinostoma trivolvis: worm kinetics and intestinal cytopathology in conventional and congenitally athymic BALB/c mice
Authors: Fujino T. , Fried B. , Tada I. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYThe infectivity and distribution of Echinostoma trivolvis were studied in male, conventional and congenitally athymic nude mice, each infected with 30 metacercarial cysts. In conventional mice, worm recoveries at 6 and 8 days post-exposure were58·3 and 54·0%, respectively. Worm recovery declined to 44·0% by day 10, to 4·3% by day 13, and 0% by day 17. In athymic mice, worm recoveries at 6 and 8 days post-exposure were 61·7 and 36·3%, respectively. Worm recovery declined to 27·7% by day 10, to 0·7% by day 13, and 0% by day 17. The distribution of worms demonstrated a posteriad migration over time in both groups. Kinetic changes in the number of goblet and mucosal mast cells in the upper ileum of mice infected with E. trivolvis were examined. In conventional mice, the number of goblet cells increased rapidly to reach a peak at day 13 and then declined gradually. The number of goblet cells in athymic mice also increased to reach a peak at day 13, and then declined rapidly. However, the number of goblet cells in athymic mice was always less than that inconventional mice. The mast cell number in infected conventional mice increased rapidly to reach a peak at day 17 and then declined. There was no increase in the mast cell number of infected athymic mice throughout the experiment. Whereas common pathological changes occurred in the intestines of both mice groups infected with echinostomes some ultrastructural differences were observed in the gut epithelial cells of conventional versus athymic mice.
Immunocytochemical demonstration of neuropeptides in the central nervous system of the roundworm, Ascaris suum (Nematoda: Ascaroidea)
Authors: Brownlee D. J. A. , Fairweather I. , Johnston C. F. , Smart D. , Shaw C. , Halton D. W. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYThe localization and distribution of neuropeptides in the central nervous system of the pig roundworm, Ascaris suum, have been determined by an indirect immunofluorescence technique in conjunction with confocal microscopy. Antisera to 25 vertebrate peptides and two invertebrate peptides were used to screen the worm for immunoreactivity (IR). Immuno-staining was obtained with antisera to pancreatic polypeptide (PP), peptide YY (PYY), neuropeptide Y (NPY), gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), substance P (SP), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone (SGnRH), mammalian gonadotropin-releasing hormone (MGnRH), chromogranin A (CGA) and FMRFamide. The most extensive patterns of IR occurred with antisera to PYY, FMRFamide and gastrin. IR was evident in nerve cells and fibres in the ganglia associated with the anterior nerve ring and in the main nerve cords and their commissures; IR to FMRFamide also occurred in the posterior nerve ring. Immunostaining for the other peptides was confined to the nerve cords, with the number of immunoreactive nerve fibres varying from peptide to peptide.