bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resilience in trauma and disaster
Authors: Regel Stephen 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines resilience in relation to trauma and disaster. The past decade has seen an increasing focus and consensus on the importance of providing psychosocial support following disasters and complex emergencies and many professionals with expertise in palliative care are being increasingly called upon to use their experience of working with loss to assist in post-disaster interventions. This chapter explains that the psychosocial well-being of individuals and communities can be defined with reference to three core domains: human capacity, social ecology, and culture and values.
The Beginning of Modern International Human Rights Law (Background to the Birth of the European Convention)
Authors: Bates Ed 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the international human rights law background to the creation of the ECHR system. It looks at the main steps taken in the field of the international law of human rights in the late 1940s, after World War Two. It comments on the writing and views of Hersch Lauterpacht, one of the leading intellectual forces on international human rights law at the time. It addresses and examines the failures of the United Nations to create effective human rights institutions and systems in the immediate post war period, focussing on the work of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights and the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
The Convention’s ‘Coming of Age’ (The 1990s and Protocol 11)
Authors: Bates Ed 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe chapter examines the situation of the ECHR in the 1990s, up to 1998, when Protocol 11 entered into force. The first part addresses the higher profile of the ECHR system and its Court in the 1990s, and how the Court was increasingly seen as a type of quasi-constitutional court for Europe. It considers the important case of Loizidou v Turkey (Preliminary Objections), which had important implications for the status of the Convention's optional clauses and the right of individual petition. It also covers the early expansion of the Convention system, as new States from central and eastern Europe started to ratify the ECHR. Next, Protocol 11 is examined. It looks at the negotiation of the Protocol and what it established. A key issue here was the United Kingdom's reluctant acceptance that the right of individual petition should become a mandatory feature of the ECHR. The final part of the chapter addresses the circumstances in which the new, permanent Court of Human Rights was born. There were concerns as to how it could survive even before Protocol 11 entered into force and these are discussed.
Trinity Monotheism
Authors: Howard-Snyder Daniel 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter formulates several criticisms of the analogies of Social Trinitarianism, particularly Craig's. It questions whether there could even be such a thing as Cerberus at all. It argues that because Social Trinitarianism's ‘whole’ Triune God is not, strictly speaking, a person, God cannot perform the intentional actions of creation and redemption. Because God is not a person, God cannot know, choose, or act at all. It concludes that such a God cannot be considered worship-worthy. It contends that genuine monotheism holds that there is one God, that something can be a God without exemplifying the property of being triune and that nothing can be a God without exemplifying a nature that includes the property of being a person.
Another Glance at Trinity Monotheism
Authors: Craig William Lane 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter presents a brief response to Howard–Snyder's criticisms. The main focus of the response is on defending the central claim that there are two ways for something to be canine, feline, or divine, one of which guarantees only that the thing in question is part of a dog, cat, or God. It holds that the unity of God is preserved along with the divinity of the persons. Hence, nothing of significance hangs on whether a substance's inseparable parts are substances. The crucial fact is that these individuals compose one unique, indivisible individual which is a substance.
The Trinity in Theology and Philosophy: Why Jerusalem Should Work with Athens
Authors: Padgett Alan G. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter argues that theologians should take seriously and benefit from the work being done by analytic philosophers of religion. Against claims that proper appreciation of the transcendence of God should lead to the rejection of the quest for clarity, it argues that divine transcendence guarantees that full understanding of the divine nature is impossible, but it hardly guarantees that God cannot be understood at all. The chapter suggests that the theologians in Jerusalem should pay more attention to what the philosophers are up to in Athens when writing and thinking about the Triune God. The work of philosophers on the models of the Trinity is important but not central to the work of Christian doctrine.
Structuring the Global Customer Management Programme
Authors: Yip George S. , Bink Audrey J. M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractChapter 3 discussed how the global customer management (GCM) programme should fit into the company's overall global strategy and global organization. This chapter moves on to the GCM programme itself. The organization of the programme forms the bedrock of the total GCM effort. But there is, of course, no single best way of organizing GCM, as the right structure depends on the company and its situation. The one commonality is that a global account management (GAM) programme nearly always sits at the core of the GCM organization. The GAM programme constitutes the formal part of GCM, usually with a specific organization and reporting structure for the main players in GCM. As such the GAM programme will be the most visible part of the GCM organization, but needs to be integrated with the rest of the company. The chapter describes the various elements that make up a GCM organization, and discusses the three major forms of GAM organization, along with their benefits and possible pitfalls.
Managing Knowledge
Authors: Yip George S. , Bink Audrey J. M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractKnowledge provides a major competitive advantage. Keeping track of knowledge is particularly hard for global accounts, given the geographic nature of this beast. Having larger and more geographically spread out accounts means having more and geographically spread out knowledge about these accounts. So the global demands of the accounts increase the necessity for global knowledge management capabilities. This chapter discusses the use of information management systems, the use of customer relationship management (CRM) systems and other knowledge management tools in global customer management (GCM) situations.
Rewarding and Motivating the Team
Authors: Yip George S. , Bink Audrey J. M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe success of the global customer management (GCM) programme depends mostly on the efforts of the employees of the company who deal with the global accounts — in other words, not just the global account manager (gam) but also the global account team (gat) members and any other employees who deal with the global accounts. So it is vital that all employees know about the importance of the GCM programme for the company, and that they have a positive attitude toward it from the start. Incentives and compensation constitute two critical tools for building such a positive attitude that helps implementation of the GCM programme. This chapter discusses the difficulties in constructing a compensation structure that is fair to all involved and that remains effective in achieving the objectives of the GCM programme. This includes remunerating the right people for the right results, and using the right criteria to measure the results.
Developing for Ongoing Effectiveness
Authors: Yip George S. , Bink Audrey J. M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractOnce the global customer management (GCM) programme has been implemented, the work is not over. Managers of the GCM programme have to realize that it is an ongoing process, not a project. In order to achieve the best results from the GCM programme, it needs to continue to run as smoothly as possible. Once the implementation phase is over, GCM managers will find some need to customize the programme for different accounts. This chapter discusses the support that the programme needs and especially why relationship management is key for ongoing success. It also discusses the planning process and possible barriers that a company can encounter while working with a GCM programme.
The Duty of a Teacher: Liminality anddisciplinain Augustine'sDe Ordine
Authors: Conybeare Catherine 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses Augustine's duty as a teacher, looking at the importance of disciplina, and of the need to communicate godlike wisdom to others. In the retirement of Cassiciacum, Augustine drew on resources nearer to hand: those of the Ciceronian–Platonic philosophical dialogue. In that most conventional and nostalgic of didactic genres (in the early part of Book 2 of De Ordine), he devised a ‘theology’ of disciplinarity which, by undercutting the Neoplatonic distinction between the divine and the corporeal, already casts doubt on the logic of his proposed Christianisation of the liberal disciplines. The chapter suggests that the abandonment of the ‘disciplinarum libri’ reflects Augustine's own recognition of the project's conceptual inadequacy.
Augustine's Disciplines:Silent diutius Musae Varronis?
Authors: Shanzer Danuta R. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSiding with Ritschl and Dyroff against Hadot, this chapter examines the hypothesis of a Varronian model for the ‘medieval’ scheme of the liberal arts, and provides new reasons for regarding Augustine as a crucial witness to this line of descent. It also examines the reasons why Augustine gave up on the liberal arts. The restoration of Varro's lost Musaemakes it easier to appreciate the difficulties Augustine faced in attempting to adapt these traditional figures of disciplinary thought to Christian purposes. The chapter suggests that the newly assembled evidence of the survival of Varronian themes and motifs in Late Antiquity makes it harder to suppose that any single author of that period, even one with the powers of Martianus Capella, could ever have restructured the tradition decisively.
Survey of Extensional Mereology
Authors: SIMONS PETER 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSince the original formulation of a mereology by Stanislaw Leśniewski in 1916, a number of writers, working sometimes independently of one another, have formulated and reformulated principles which are clearly mereological in nature and which all conform to the principles laid down in the previous chapter for a minimal extensional mereology. Much of this work is scattered and some of it is difficult to obtain. Much of it has been developed less for its own sake than for some extraneous purpose. This chapter summarises the major contributions without aspiring to universal coverage. Since the two major lines of approach, those initiated by Leśniewski and Henry Leonard, respectively, differ considerably in their logical base, this chapter also shows in what respect their mereologies are equivalent. Several extensional mereologies which fall short of the classical in their strength are surveyed.
Determinate Functions
Authors: Price Carolyn 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter proposes some additional constraints on function ascription in order to address the shortcomings of the core account of the theory of functions in underwriting the ascription of determinate functions to biological devices. It explains that rival function ascriptions can be divided into four separate groups. The first includes ascriptions concerning things an item has to do before it can perform its function, the second consists of ascriptions that concern activities by means of which the device performs its function, the third is concerned with consequences that a device helps to bring about by performing its function, and the last characterizes the function of a device in a particular fine-grained way.
Minimal Intentionality
Authors: Price Carolyn 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter attempts to identify what it is that distinguishes an intentional system from a non-intentional system. It sets out the minimal requirements that a system must meet if it is to count as an intentional system and discusses the functions of a minimally intentional system. It analyses whether there are any constraints on the way in which an intentional system perform its function and argues that there is one such constraint.
Keeping Track
Authors: Price Carolyn 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the capacities of relatively unsophisticated organisms. It discusses the long-standing philosophical debate concerning the relationship between the capacity to represent objects and the capacity to represent places. It argues that these two capacities are interdependent and neither can exist without the other. It also comments on the controversy concerning the nature of the causal relationship between the perceiver and the object that he perceives.
Case Study. Regulating the Sharecropping System: Operation Barga
Authors: Saha Uday Shankar , Saha Mandira 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Although West Bengal is one of India's smaller states, it is perceived to be the most populous wherein more than half of its population — about 72% — reside in rural areas on 6.3 million fragmented landholdings. ‘Operation Barga’ (OB) was initiated by the West Bengal government in 1978 as a comprehensive program to address the reforms on the sharecropping system which was employed throughout the state and comprises 20–25% of all farms. This chapter presents a case study wherein the OB's overall impact is assessed through an appraisal study which involved eighty sharecroppers across six villages under four local government systems or Panchayats. The areas were categorized based on a relative agricultural development level to further emphasize OB's differential regional effect.
Negotiated Land Reform as One Way of Land Access: Experiences from Colombia, Brazil, and South Africa
Authors: Deininger Klaus 
Published: October 2011

AbstractResearch has shown that productivity and farm size have a negative relationship because employing hired labour entails certain supervision costs, and one of the implications of such a situation involves how productivity is increased when land is redistributed to family-operated smaller farms from those that are larger and wage-operated. As such, land ownership may be able to improve credit access and aid in easing consumption intertemporally. Analyzing cross-country regressions reveals how both efficiency and equity may be improved if the poor are allowed to proceed with productive investments and if certain measures to improve asset distribution are imposed. This chapter examines a negotiated land reform that involves voluntary land transfers which is rooted on negotiation. It looks into how this system has affected land reform particularly in Colombia, Brazil, and South Africa.
Case Study. Post-Communist Land Reform and Changes in Tenure in the Czech Republic
Authors: Doucha Tomáš , Mathijs Erik , Swinnen F. M. Johan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWhen the Czech Republic was still under the Communism regime, agriculture was still organized in collective farms and in large-scale states. By 1989, the last year of Communist rule, 174 state farms accounted for 29.2% of the total agricultural land (TAL) while 1,024 collective farms covered the remaining 70.4%. Private agriculture, which was mostly operated on a part-time basis, proved to be marginal since it only made up 0.4% of TAL. The ownership of various farm assets could be divided into three categories which involve state-owned assets, privately-owned assets, and non-land assets that were collectively owned by the members of collective farms. As such, post-Communist agricultural reform included the following: restitution, transformation, and privatization. This chapter focuses on the legislative framework passed by the Czech parliament which encompasses land tenure and land access as a result of the laws.
The Evolution of the World Bank's Land Policy
Authors: Deininger Klaus , Binswanger Hans 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn most rural areas in many developing countries, land, and the means to accumulate and transfer wealth between generations on the land, prove to be essential means for generating a livelihood. As such, the need arises for land access to be regulated, land rights to be assigned and imposed, and conflicts that involve the ownership of land to be resolved since these affect the economic and social status of households, the capacity of households to produce marketable surplus, their incentives for managing natural resources, and their capability to access financial markets. In this context, some of the most important public goods include administrative infrastructure and land rights for enabling land market operations. This chapter looks into how the World Bank had been able to issue the ‘Land Reform Policy Paper’ (LRPP) to address these needs.
Distributive Justice and the International Context
Authors: Jones Charles 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe responsibility for economic and social well-being is general, transnational. Human beings are human beings wherever they live. Concern for their suffering from hunger, other deprivation, and disease does not end because those so afflicted are on the other side of an international frontier. This is the case even though no elementary truth is so consistently ignored, or on occasion so fervently assailed. Serious debates about international distributive justice are a relatively new feature of work in political philosophy. Everyone would agree that the present international political and economic system is not perfect. This book determines both what is wrong and what can be done to improve matters, at least with respect to the justice of current arrangements.
The Substance–Accident Model (2) Giles of Rome and his Opponents
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines a group of thinkers who accept the substance-accident model for the hypostatic union, but whose views are directly informed by the results of a detailed debate between them on the question of a real distinction between essence and existence. The three thinkers are Giles of Rome, Henry of Ghent, and Godfrey of Fontaines. Giles's account of the hypostatic union relates directly to his views on the substance-accident relation. Henry of Ghent and Godfrey of Fontaines both reject a real distinction between essence and existence; they likewise reject Giles's account of the existence of accidents and the application of this account to the hypostatic union.
The Substance-Accident Model (3) Duns Scotus
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Scotus offers the most fully developed Christology of any of the thinkers considered here other than Aquinas, and his is certainly the most sophisticated offering. Scotus takes very seriously the claim that the assumed nature is a substance, and he is generally very aware of the sometimes awkward implications of this view. This chapter considers the identity problem that a view like Scotus's raises — namely, if Christ is a whole who includes both a person (the Word of God) and a non-essential substance (the assumed human nature), how can Christ be identical with the Word? It first examines Scotus's account of the type of unity relevant in the Incarnation, along with the attendant identity problem. It then goes on to consider a problem raised by the contingency of the relation between the nature and the person, and the Henrician notion of indwelling as applied by Scotus in the Incarnation.
Christ's Human Activity Agency and Predication
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter argues that, if (as the medievals assume) the assumed nature is something like an individual substance, then it will not be possible to ascribe properly human activity to the Word unless the assumed nature is itself the causal origin of the human actions. Making this ascription has certain consequences — only fully articulated by Scotus in this period — about the way in which we understand the human actions to be predicated of the Word.
Conservatism: The Unexpected Ally
Authors: Pugh Martin 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The achievements of the Victorian suffragists have been underrated. Since their success preceded the militant phase it obviously has major implications for the significance attributable to it; when the WSPU was founded in 1903 it was in some ways a symptom of the improving fortunes of suffragism rather than simply a cause. This chapter complements this thesis by putting the domestic movement in the context of international suffragism. It seeks to demonstrate how the enfranchisement of women in New Zealand and Australia, and to a lesser extent the United States, advanced the cause in Britain by discrediting some of the alarmism of the Antis and lending credibility to the suffragist case. The accumulation of experience from abroad was very good for morale; indeed, by the early 1900s it had created a sense of momentum and inevitability in suffragist circles.
Administrative Reform
Authors: Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe fiscal crisis experienced in Japan from the mid-1970s gave rise to a broadly based campaign of administrative reform associated with the work of the Second Provisional Commission for Administrative Reform, launched in 1981. This chapter assesses the extent to which the administrative reform movement in the 1980s changed the administrative context within which the central budgetary system was operated in Japan. It also examines the re-emergence in the 1990s of administrative reform as a political issue on the agenda of successive coalition governments, together with the broadening of the reform agenda in Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto's six ‘visions’. The chapter argues that the conditions of persistent fiscal crisis in the 1980s did not act as a catalyst for a radical re-conceptualization of the role and purpose of the public sector in Japan comparable to that which occurred elsewhere in other G7 countries at that time, and explains why its structure and organization remained relatively unchanged throughout the last quarter of the 20th century.
Winning and Losing in the FILP Budget
Authors: Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAnalysis of Japan's Fiscal Investment Loan Programme (FILP) Budget outputs is beset with definitional traps and methodological hazards. The FILP Budget can be, and is, defined gross budget or net budget. The gross budget included all expenditures for whatever purpose attributed to FILP and financed through deposits, mainly with the Trust Fund Bureau Fund and the Postal Life Insurance Fund. By contrast, the net budget included only those funds used to finance the investments and loans of the FILP agencies. FILP investments and loans to eligible agencies were classified into thirteen policy areas which the Ministry of Finance reported annually to the Diet. This chapter distinguishes those definitions and budget bases in an examination of the trends of the aggregate budget outputs, and shows their allocation and distribution, organizationally, among FILP agencies and, functionally, among broad policy areas. The issue of the extent to which the FILP Budget supported industrial and technological development, despite the reorientation of national objectives to give greater weight to social and environmental objectives, is examined.