bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic uses of cholera bacteriophages
Authors: Mukerjee S. 
Published: May 2009

1. Apart from strain identification of V. cholerae for epidemiological studies by phage-typing and determination of their S-R dissociation cholera bacteriophages may be utilized for other valuable diagnostic aids in the laboratory.2. The universal susceptibility of V. cholerae strains to group IV cholera bacteriophage and universal lyso-resistance of El Tor vibrios to it provide a specific method for differentiating between the two species of vibrios. This test is simple and convenient for routine diagnostie use and should be of special value for identifying non-haemolytic El Tor vibrios, which are otherwise liable to be missed.3. The marked insensitivity of the NAG vibrios to cholera bacteriophages, particularly their total insusceptibility to the phage of group II, enables these strains to be readily distinguishable from V. cholerae.4. Cholera bacteriophages which are stable on maintenance and storage in the laboratory can conveniently be supplied absorbed on filter disks for the use of the smaller laboratories.
The intracerebral infection of mice with Bordetella pertussis
Authors: Dolby Jean M. , Standfast A. F. B. 
Published: May 2009

The growth of virulent strains of Bordetella pertussis in the brains of mice was studied by carrying out viable counts on mice killed at various times during the infection. The results suggested that this system conformed to the general model which postulates that the organisms causing death multiply in vivo at a rate which is constant for all doses and that death is certain to occur when the number of organisms reaches a certain constant figure.Perhaps the most important factor in this route of infection is the lodgement of the parasite in the host, for if this is accomplished a single organism grows until the lethal level is reached. There is no sublethal infection.In actively and passively protected mice, the growth of the organism is approximately the same as in unprotected controls for the first 4–5 days. At this time there is a striking change in protected animals and the viable count falls rapidly and progressively and the animals survive. At the same time the blood-brain barrier becomes permeable and circulating antibodies diffuse into the brain. In vitro, specific antisera plus complement are highly bactericidal.
Infestations of the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) in drift mines of the British Isles
Authors: Twigg G. I. 
Published: May 2009

Questionnaire survey of the drift mines of the British Isles revealed that the presence or absence of rat infestations could be related to the size of the mine in terms of manpower, large mines being more commonly infested than small ones. In addition, various features of drift mines and their surroundings, i.e. the presence of urban areas, nearby rat concentration points, canteen and surface stables, horses, the absence of buildings and the type of surface sanitation are all related to infestation. Field survey has shown that the extent of dilapidation and piling of waste material assists infestation. It has also indicated that the greater infestation of pits with large numbers of workmen is due to some extent to the extra cover provided by the greater number of surface buildings, these being few or lacking altogether in small pits.At a mine at which changes in the rat population were studied it was seen that unsuccessful poisoning could leave a breeding nucleus of rats, but that there could also be a speedy re-invasion even after successful poison treatments. Whilst the surface rat population in the buildings of this mine was controlled there were no underground infestations. It appears, therefore, that regular inspection and control of surface infestations should in most cases prevent underground infestation.This work was carried out under a research grant from Safety in Mines Research Establishment, Ministry of Power, and I am indebted to the Ministry for permission to publish the results. I should like to express my gratitude to the several members of the staff of the Safety in Mines Research Establishment, Sheffield, for the help they gave, in particular Mr C. S. W. Grice. I should like also to thank Prof. L. E. S. Eastham in whose department the work was carried out, Dr E. T. B. Francis who supervised it, Miss B. B. Jones of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, and the many employees of the National Coal Board who assisted at various times.
The effect of chlorination on chicken carcasses infected with Salmonellae
Authors: Dixon J. M. S. , Pooley F. E. 
Published: May 2009

A study was made of the effect of chlorine solutions on broiler chicken carcasses that had been artificially infected with salmonellae. One hundred and sixteen carcasses were infected with widely varying numbers of seven different salmonella serotypes.Treatment of carcasses with 200 p.p.m. of chlorine for 10 min. usually prevented the subsequent recovery of salmonellae when fewer than 1000 organisms had been inoculated. When larger numbers of organisms were inoculated or when lower concentrations of chlorine were used, salmonellae were usually recovered from the treated carcasses.It is suggested that the incorporation of chlorination with 200 p.p.m. for 10 min. into the routine processing of poultry carcasses would greatly reduce the number of contaminated birds leaving processing factories.We wish to thank the management of a local poultry-packing factory for their co-operation, without which this investigation would not have been possible. We are also grateful to Miss P. E. Ellis for technical assistance.
The influence of technique on the sensitivity of monkeys to intraspinally inoculated poliovirus
Authors: Beswick T. S. L. , Coid C. R. 
Published: May 2009

1. Two methods of injecting monkeys intraspinally are compared.2. It has been shown that the technique of inserting the needle through the cord and withdrawing it 1–2 mm. before injection (Sabin's technique) gives a less widespread distribution of inoculum than the alternative method of making the injection as soon as the tip of the needle is within the substance of the spinal cord (‘standard technique’).3. When attenuated Type 3 poliovirus is injected into cynomolgus monkeys by Sabin's technique, the incidence of paralysis and poliomyelitis lesions observed is less than when it is injected by the ‘standard technique’.4. The relative merits of the two techniques are discussed.
Association of PPLO infection and antibody response in rats and mice
Authors: Lemcke Ruth M. 
Published: May 2009

By means of a complement-fixation test of the sera of laboratory rats and mice, the immunological response of these animals to both naturally occurring and induced PPLO infections was determined, and the presence and extent of infection in the animals determined by culture.PPLO antibodies specific for the infecting strain were demonstrable in rats and mice from which PPLO were isolated.The amount of serum antibody rises with the extent and severity of the infection. Thus, young rats with PPLO infections confined to the nasopharynx had little or no antibody whereas the oldest rats with consolidated lungs had the highest titres. In mice too, the sera of those with pneumonia had the highest titres.The comparatively low titres found in rat bronchiectasis together with the failure to isolate PPLO from the spleen and other organs, suggest that the chronic form of the disease remains localized. This is in contrast to infections with rat polyarthritis and related PPLO in which the organisms can be isolated from the lymph nodes and other organs and in which antibody is present in high titre.In view of the high degree of correlation between the presence of antibodies to PPLO in the blood and the presence of PPLO in the tissue of rats and mice, it is suggested that specific antibody found in man is a significant indicator of PPLO infection.
Staphylococcal infections following childbirth
Authors: Hughes M. H. 
Published: May 2009

An investigation is reported into sepsis due toStaphylococcus aureusin the maternity unit of a provincial hospital and in domiciliary midwifery in the same town.In the hospitalStaph. aureusinfections of mother or infant occurred 123 times per 1000 live births in one ward and 116 per 1000 in another, but the use of hexachlorophane powder on the infants in one ward reduced the sepsis rate in that ward to 34 cases per 1000 live births, thus confirming the reports by two teams in Bristol hospitals. Sepsis was more frequent in both mothers and infants after Caesarean delivery than after normal labour. Reasons are given for thinking that ‘sticky eyes’ are usually not caused by the bacteria isolated when the eyes are swabbed.The rate of infection in domiciliary cases was 39 per 1000 live births. As all these were normal deliveries the sepsis rate cannot be directly compared with that occurring among complicated cases in hospital.No evidence was found that hospitalStaph. aureusstrains carried home by newly born infants were causing a significant amount of sepsis among their home contacts within 28 days of delivery.The importance of nurses as sources of infecting strains ofStaph. aureusin maternity work is discussed. The infant-to-infant route of transmission has been stressed in the literature but reasons are given for believing that nurse-to-infant infection in the labour room may also be important under certain circumstances.I am greatly indebted to Dr V. P. Randall Martin, formerly Senior Medical Officer in the Hampshire County Health Department, who organized the follow-up of patients after leaving hospital and after home delivery, and also to the County Medical Officer Dr I. A. MacDougall for his help.I am also grateful to Messrs P. R. Mitchell and G. T. Hammond for permission to investigate their wards and to Sister D. M. Carter and her staff, and to the County midwives and Health Visitors, for their co-operation.Dr G. J. G. King kindly undertook the phage-typing of a large number of strains ofStaph. aureusat the Bournemouth Public Health Laboratory, for which I am most grateful.I am also grateful to Dr W. A. Gillespie for information in advance of publication, and for advice, about the hexachlorophane regimen of which he and his Bristol colleagues were the pioneers.
Allergy in experimental rat tuberculosis
Authors: Gray David F. , Noble John L. , O'Hara Mary 
Published: May 2009

1. This paper confirms and extends several observations during the past 20 years that, despite many reports to the contrary, the rat is not unduly resistant to initial infection with tubercle bacilli provided they lodge in the lungs.2. The pattern of pathogenesis in the rat is probably closest to the now classical picture in the mouse, i.e. the response of a species with a low hypersensitivity potential. The pathology of the lesions agreed closely with the descriptions of Wessels (1941) and Kumashiro (1958b) resembling the mouse in most respects but, unlike the mouse, including the production of giant cells.3. When tested by footpad inoculation with 1/3·5 Old Tuberculin a positive reaction was demonstrated, commencing between 2 and 5 weeks after infection and persisting for several weeks. A fatal systemic reaction could often be induced with large doses of tuberculin given intraperitoneally.4. In a few cases loss of allergy was shown to be associated with a terminal anergic flare of the type observed previously in mice and guinea-pigs.
The relative natural resistance of rats and mice to experimental pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Gray David F. 
Published: May 2009

1. Wistar-albino rats showed no significant difference from albino mice in their response to pulmonary tuberculosis. This conclusion was reached after a detailed comparison of bacillary multiplication, lung involvement, death rates and the rate of conversion to the immune state as determined by footpad reaction to tuberculin in the two species.2. These findings support the theory that the key to species differences in resistance to tuberculosis is the rate of onset of acquired immunity and it is therefore unrelated to natural resistance.
Complement-fixation and complement-fixation-inhibition titres against the Bedsonia antigen in sera of trachoma patients
Authors: Terzin A. L. , Birtašević B. V. 
Published: May 2009

Sera of 132 selected patients belonging to stages II, III or IV of clinical trachoma have been tested by CF-test against the ether-soluble, group-specific Bedsonia antigen, as well as by CF-inhibition test against an indicator system of the same group-reactive specificity.On the basis of the serological results obtained, the following conclusions have been advanced:Trachoma patients do not develop group-specific CF-inhibiting antibodies in their sera.The group-reactive (anti-Bedsonia) CF-titres found in sera of trachoma patients represent residual titres developed in response to past infections with agents other than trachoma. There is no satisfactory explanation for the fact that in trachoma patients neither CF, nor CF-inhibiting antibodies develop against the group-reactive Bedsonia antigen, which is known to be produced also by the virus of trachoma.Statistical analyses revealed that, in the group of stage IV trachomas, the mean values of the anti-Bedsonia CF-titres were significantly higher than those found in the groups of stage II or III, as well as that the factors responsible for that difference must be other than the duration of the trachoma.A hypothesis was advanced to explain the appearance of the highest group specific mean-titre revealed by the group of stage IV cases.
Atmospheric ions and comfort
Authors: Koch Walter 
Published: May 2009

1. Fifteen apparently healthy persons were exposed to air enriched with positive or negative ions at 78° F. and 87° F. Average ion counts at 78° F. were 12,324 positive ions per ml. and 5,451 negative ions per ml. The averages at 87° F. were 14,865 positive ions per ml. and 5,442 negative ions per ml. Relative humidity was kept at 50% and air motion was 28 ft./min.2. Seven sensations related to comfort (thermal sensation, humidity sensation, sensible perspiration, air motion, pleasantness, mood and fatigue) were recorded, pulse rate and oral temperature were measured.3. In the experiments at 78° F. mood was improved (P < 0·001) by positive ionization. All other qualities remained unaffected by positive ionization. No effect was found under negative ionization at the ion concentration applied.4. In the experiments at 87° F. five sensations (thermal sensation, sensible perspiration, pleasantness, mood and fatigue) were significantly (P < 0·001) improved by ionized air. In general, as can be seen from the significantly differences between grand means, the subjects felt cooler, perspired less, felt more pleasant, were in a better mood, and felt less fatigued under the influence of air enriched with ions.Air motion sensation, humidity sensation, pulse rate and oral temperature were not affected by ionization.5. As different individuals may vary in their response to ionization, individual preferences were tested. These tests indicated that at 87° F. six out of the fifteen persons tested preferred ionized air (P < 0·001). One person preferred air not enriched with ions (P = 0·0091).
The effect of desiccation on the viability of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Rountree Phyllis M. 
Published: May 2009

The death-rates have been determined of strains of Staphylococcus arueus dried on lint and other textiles and stored at room temperature in the dark.Two categories of strains were distinguished, those that showed no significant loss of viability after 15 days storage and those whose death commenced from the beginning of the drying period.There was some degree of correlation between survival for 15 days and implication in epidemics of hospital infection.
A seventeen-year survey of the ringworm flora of Birmingham
Authors: Carlier Gwendoline I. M. 
Published: May 2009

The nature of the ringworm flora of Birmingham over 17 years was investigated and tabulated by species, geographical distribution and concentration.The rise and fall of such outbreaks as occurred has been charted.The persistent preponderance of zoophilic species, in spite of the recent decline in over-all incidence, has been demonstrated.
The epidemiology of louping ill in Ayrshire: the first year of studies in sheep
Authors: Smith C. E. Gordon , McMahon Dolores A , O'Reilly K. J , Wilson A. L , Robertson J. M 
Published: May 2009

1. Following an epizootic of louping ill on certain farms in south-west Ayrshire in 1960, a long-term study of several farms was initiated.2. The flocks on two hirsels of one farm were studied during spring and early summer of 1961. Although only one lamb death was confirmed as due to louping ill, the infection rates in sentinel hoggs on the two hirsels were 50–60. and 11% respectively. The difference between the hirsels is probably attributable to the difference in the amount of tick habitat on them.3. The ewes were bled in March and June and their lambs in June. Haemagglutinin inhibition (HI) and neutralization tests revealed that the HI antibody is much shorter lasting than neutralizing antibody. Many ewes, therefore, had neutralizing but not HI antibody. Otherwise agreement between the tests was good. In March almost all the ewes aged 3 years or more had antibody. Of the gimmers (2-year-olds) about two-thirds on one hirsel and one-third on the other had antibody in March: by June almost all the former and about half of the latter had antibody.4. About two-thirds of the lambs had the same antibody status as their mothers in June and almost all the rest had less antibody than their mothers. Serological evidence suggestive of louping ill without recognizable clinical disease was found in six lambs and a further lamb recovered from clinical disease.5. Revaccination of two-thirds of the flock failed to cause any detectable change in antibody status.6. The epidemiology and pathogenesis are discussed in relation to immunity and infection rates, and to the design of control measures.We are greatly indebted to the late Mr James Murdoch at Dalmellington, Mr John Murdoch at Dalcairnie Farm, and Mr David Murdoch at Knockgray Farm for permission to work on their farms and for all the help they gave us during the study.
Serological studies on group- and species-specific antigens of trachoma and inclusion conjunctivitis (TRIC) agents
Authors: Terzin A. L. , Vedros N. A. , Johnston J. B. 
Published: May 2009

Group-reactive ether soluble psittacosis and boiled mouse pneumonitis antigens were tested in parallel, with 85 serum specimens. The results indicate that the group-specific C.F. antigens of these organisms are indistinguishable when tested against sera of trachoma patients, monkeys infected with trachoma or against sera of other individuals.Sera of rabbits immunized with viable trachoma-inclusion conjunctivitis (TRIC) organisms, grown in tissue culture, were absorbed with boiled elementary body suspension of mouse pneumonitis agent, which removed the group reactive antibodies, and resulted in a species-specific anti-TRIC serum.The absorbed and unabsorbed TRIC sera were titrated against purified E.B. suspensions, which were prepared both from yolk and from tissue culture grown organisms, of homologous TRIC strains and from other heterologous Bedsonia organisms.Results of absorption experiments indicate that group reactive antigens prepared from mouse pneumonitis and psittacosis are indistinguishable by C.F. test from the group-specific component of the TRIC antigens. The species-specific antigen of the TRIC agents was well distinguished from the species-specific antigen of the psittacosis agent. However, the C.F. test did not distinguish the strains isolated from trachoma from those isolated from cases of inclusion conjunctivitis.The stabilizing effect of sucrose and albumin upon the species-specific C.F. antigen of purified elementary bodies of TRIC organisms was found to be pronounced.Our attempts to produce a species-specific antigen preparation, free from group component, failed.We have pleasure in thanking Dr F. B. Gordon for suggestions; Dr B. V. Birtašević, Mr H. R. Dressler, Dr E. S. Murray and Dr A. J. Vargosko for procuring sera of patients or organisms grown in tissue culture; Dr T. A. Strike for the help with statistical computations; HMC P. R. Hill, HM3 C.O. Wiese and Mr B. L. Ward for invaluable technical assistance.
Cell-free varicella-zoster virus in tissue culture
Authors: Caunt Anne E. , Taylor-Robinson D. 
Published: May 2009

Infected human thyroid tissue cultures have been found to yield free V-Z virus on ultrasonic disintegration and some virus is also present in the fluid phase of intact tissue cultures, while the yield of virus from infected human amnion cells is very low and no free virus is found in the fluid phase. Thyroid cultures are more susceptible to infection with V-Z virus, and the infected cultures are a better source of complement-fixing antigen, than are amnion cultures.The lack of free virus in infected amnion tissue cultures cannot be attributed to protection by interferon. It also seems likely that if any infectious virus were released it would be more likely to be adsorbed to normal cells than to be inactivated, but as no secondary foci appear in amnion monolayers we conclude that infective virus is not released into the medium.It is suggested that the virus in thyroid cells is present in a more complete form than that in amnion cells.We are grateful to Dr R. M. Rawcliffe of Birkenhead General Hospital and Dr F. Whitwell of Broadgreen Hospital, Liverpool, for arranging the supply of thyroid tissue.