bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling mid‐channel bars in meandering channels
Authors: Luchi Rossella , Zolezzi Guido , Tubino Marco 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAn analytical modelling framework is proposed to reproduce the frequently observed but poorly studied occurrence of mid‐channel bars in meandering channels. Mid‐channel bars occur in meanders and may characterize transitional morphologies between pure meandering and braided rivers. Based on existing field and experimental observations, we propose that two different mechanisms can generate central topographical patterns in meanders. A former mechanism (‘width‐forced’) is related to spatial width oscillations which determine a laterally symmetrical bed shear stress pattern that promotes mid‐channel bars. A second mechanism (‘curvature‐forced’) can take place also in curvilinear equiwidth streams since also longitudinal variations of channel curvature can produce laterally symmetrical alterations of the sediment transport capacity. A perturbation approach is employed to model both mechanisms within a common framework, allowing reproduction, at least qualitatively, of several observed features. While width‐forced mid‐channel bars are a symmetric linear altimetric response, to reproduce curvature‐forced mid‐channel bars requires modelling nonlinear flow‐bed topography interactions at the second order of the perturbation expansion. Hypotheses on how these mechanisms operate are further discussed through an application to field cases. The amplitude of the nonlinear response can be relevant compared to that of the point bar in equiwidth meanders and the location of mid‐channel bars seldom coincides with bend apexes, mainly depending upon the intrinsic meander wavelength. Central bars tend to symmetrically divert the flow against the two banks, a process which is proposed as a possible cause of cross‐sectional overwidening, along with the asymmetry between the rates of bank erosion and of the opposite bank accretion. The outcomes of this first modelling step on the subject allow discussion of the mutual feedback processes that characterize interactions between mid‐channel bars and width variations in river meanders. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term river meandering as a part of chaotic dynamics? A contribution from mathematical modelling
Authors: Frascati Alessandro , Lanzoni Stefano 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn the present contribution we focus our attention on the possible signatures of a chaotic behaviour or a self‐organized criticality state triggered in river meandering dynamics by repeated occurrence of cutoff processes. The analysis is carried out examining, through some robust nonlinear methodologies inferred from time series analysis, both the spatial series of local curvatures and the time series of long‐term channel sinuosity. Temporal distribution of cutoff inter‐arrivals is also investigated. The analyzed data have been obtained by using a suitable physics‐based simulation model for river meandering able to reproduce reasonably the features of real rivers. The results are consistent and show that, at least from a modelling point of view, no evidence of chaotic determinism or self‐organized criticality is detectable in the investigated meandering dynamics. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effectiveness of grass strips in trapping suspended sediments from runoff
Authors: Pan Chengzhong , Ma Lan , Shangguan Zhouping 
Published: April 2010

AbstractLittle information is available concerning the performance of grass strips for erosion control from steep cropland. An experiment was conducted on 5‐m‐long grass strips with slopes of 3°∼15° that were subjected to silt laden runoff and simulated rainfall, to investigate the sediment trapping processes. The grass strips had three treatments including intact grass control (C), no litter (dead grass material covering the soil surface was removed) (NL), and no litter or leaves (only 2∼3 cm grass stems and roots were reserved) (NLL).Generally the grass strips had a high effectiveness in trapping sediment from steep cropland runoff. Sediment trapping efficiency (STE) decreased with increasing slope gradient, and even for a 15° slope, STE was still more than 40%. Most sediment deposited in the backwater region before each grass strips. The removal of grass litter or/and leaves had no significant influence on STE. The sediment median size (D50) in inflow was greater than that in outflow, and the difference (ΔD50) decreased with increasing slope. A positive power relationship between STE and ΔD50 can be obtained. Grass strips were more effective in trapping sediments coarser than 10 or 25 µm, but sediments finer than 1 µm were more readily removed from runoff than particles in the range of 2 to approximately 10 µm.Grass litter had less influence on flow velocity than leaves because the deposited sediment partially covered the litter layer. Mean flow velocity and its standard deviation were negatively correlated with STE, and they can help make good estimation of STE. Results from this study should be useful in planting and managing forage grass to effectively conserve soil loss by runoff from steep slopes on the Loess Plateau of China. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transverse architecture of lahar terraces, inferred from radargrams: preliminary results from Semeru Volcano, Indonesia
Authors: Gomez C. , Lavigne F. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractSemeru Volcano is the highest mountain of Java (Indonesia), and a vulcanian explosion occurs every 15 minutes on average, since 1967. Thus a constantly renewed stock of material and the heavy monsoon rainfall [3700 mm yr−1 at 1500 m above sea level (a.s.l.)] provide a perfect setting for the study of lahars and their deposits. Hence, we examined the architecture of lahars' terraces 9·5 km from the summit in the Curah Lengkong Valley. We first used ground penetrating radar (GPR) over vertical exposures of the lahars cut‐bank terraces. This allowed us to better understand transversal radargrams across terraces, which are not visually accessible in the field.Preliminary results from a single radargram are very instructive, since (1) they prove that the lateral architecture does not correspond to that observed from banks only; (2) we could observe the presence of lenses and stratigraphic discontinuities; (3) the setting of the various units can also help reconstruct deposition processes and the chronology of different units. In order to finalize these preliminary results, we however need to perform multiple GPR radargrams and provide a complete set of results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rock slope instability assessment using spatially distributed structural orientation data in Darjeeling Himalaya (India)
Authors: Ghosh Saibal , Günther Andreas , Carranza Emmanuel John M. , van Westen Cees J. , Jetten Victor G. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe discuss a geographic information system (GIS)‐based methodology for rock slope instability assessment based on geometrical relationships between topographic slopes and structural discontinuities in rocks. The methodology involves (a) regionalization of point observations of orientations (azimuth and dip) of structural discontinuities in rocks in order to generate a digital structural model (DStM), (b) testing the kinematical possibility of specific modes of rock slope failures by integrating DStMs and digital elevation model (DEM)‐derived slope and aspect data and (c) computation of stability scenarios with respect to identified rock slope failure modes. We tested the methodology in an area of 90 km2 in Darjeeling Himalaya (India) and in a small portion (9 km2) within this area with higher density of field structural orientation data. The results of the study show better classification of rock slope instability in the smaller area with respect to known occurrences of deep‐seated rockslides than with respect to shallow translational rockslides, implying that structural control is more important for deep‐seated rockslides than for shallow translational rockslides. Results of scenario‐based analysis show that, in rock slopes classified to be unstable, stress‐induced rock slope instability tends to increase with increasing level of water saturation. The study demonstrates the usefulness of spatially distributed data of orientations of structural discontinuities in rocks for medium‐ to small‐scale classification of rock slope instability in mountainous terrains. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling fluid saturated porous media under frost attack
Authors: Ricken Tim , Bluhm Joachim 
Published: April 2010

AbstractFreezing and thawing are important processes in civil engineering. On the one hand frost damage of porous building materials like road pavements and concrete in regions with periodical freezing is well known. On the other hand, artificial freezing techniques are widely used, e.g. for tunneling in non‐cohesive soils and other underground constructions as well as for the protection of excavation and compartmentalization of contaminated tracts. Ice formation in porous media results from a coupled heat and mass transport and is accompanied by the ice expansion. The volume increase in space and time is assigned to the moving freezing front inside the porous solid. In this paper, a macroscopic ternary model is presented within the framework of the Theory of Porous Media (TPM) in view of the description of phase transition. For the mass exchange between ice and water an evolution equation based on the local balance of the heat flux vector is used. Examples illustrate the application of the model for saturated porous solids under thermal loading (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Solving geometrically exact micromorphic elasticity with a staggered algorithm
Authors: Klawonn Axel , Neff Patrizio , Rheinbach Oliver , Vanis Stefanie 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA minimization problem modeling geometrically exact generalized continua of micromorphic type is considered. The solution consists of two fields, the elastic deformation φ of a given body and a tensorial field P which can model different additional features needed for a more reliable description of solids. For the solution of this minimization problem, a staggered algorithm is introduced which decouples the original problem into two separate problems. In each of these subproblems, one of the variables, φ or P, respectively, is kept fixed and the subproblem is solved for the remaining variables, i.e., P or φ, respectively. Each of the problems is discretized with finite elements. Numerical results are presented for a cubic and a cylindrical geometry (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Parallel simulation of an infinitesimal elasto‐plastic Cosserat model
Authors: Neff Patrizio , Müller Wolfgang , Wieners Christian 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe review the continuous and fully‐discrete problem setting of an elasto‐plastic Cosserat model, which is an enhanced continuum model with independent rotational degrees of freedom. The continuous model is defined by a variational inequality, and for the discrete model a corresponding non‐smooth nonlinear variational problem is derived which can be solved with a generalized Newton method. We present numerical results for two representative geometries, where we test the convergence for different finite element discretizations, we study the parameter dependency, and we demonstrate the efficiency of the parallel solution method for very large problem sizes (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ferroportin1 and hephaestin overexpression attenuate iron‐induced oxidative stress in MES23.5 dopaminergic cells
Authors: Song Ning , Wang Jun , Jiang Hong , Xie Junxia 
Published: April 2010

AbstractElevated iron was found in the substantia nigra (SN) of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Our previous in vivo experiments suggested that decreased ferroportin1 (FPN1) and hephaestin (HP) expression might account for the cellular iron accumulation and resulting dopaminergic neurons loss in the SN of PD animal models. In the present study, we investigated whether increased FPN1 and/or HP expression could attenuate iron‐induced oxidative stress in the dopaminergic MES23.5 cell line. We generated MES23.5 cells with stable overexpression of FPN1 and/or HP. Our study showed that overexpression of FPN1 and/or HP increased iron efflux, lowered cellular iron level, suppressed reactive oxygen species production, and restored mitochondrial transmembrane potential, similar to the effects seen for the iron chelator deferoxamine. These results suggest that FPN1 and/or HP might directly contribute to iron efflux process from neurons in conditions of overexpression, thus prevent cellular iron accumulation and eventually protect cells from iron‐induced oxidative stress. J. Cell. Biochem. 110: 1063–1072, 2010. Published 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interferon regulatory factor‐1 acts as a powerful adjuvant in tat DNA based vaccination
Authors: Castaldello Arianna , Sgarbanti Marco , Marsili Giulia , Brocca‐Cofano Egidio , Remoli Anna Lisa , Caputo Antonella , Battistini Angela 
Published: April 2010

AbstractGenetic vaccines are safe cost‐effective approaches to immunization but DNA immunization is an inefficient process. There is, therefore, a pressing need for adjuvants capable of enhancing the immunogenicity and effectiveness of these vaccines. This is particularly important for diseases for which successful vaccines are still lacking, such as cancer and infectious diseases including HIV‐1/AIDS. Here we report an approach to enhance the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines involving the use of transcription factors of the Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family, specifically IRF‐1, IRF‐3, and IRF‐7 using the tat gene as model antigen. Balb/c mice were immunized by three intramuscular inoculations, using a DNA prime‐protein boost protocol, with a DNA encoding tat of HIV‐1 and the indicated IRFs and immune responses were compared to those induced by vaccination with tat DNA alone. In vivo administration of plasmid DNA encoding IRF‐1, or a mutated version of IRF‐1 deleted of the DNA‐binding domain, enhanced Tat‐specific immune responses and shifted them towards a predominant T helper 1‐type immune response with increased IFN‐γ production and cytotoxic T lymphocytes responses. Conversely, the use of IRF‐3 or IRF‐7 did not affect the tat‐induced responses. These findings define IRF‐1 and its mutated form as efficacious T helper 1‐inducing adjuvants in the context of tat‐based vaccination and also providing a new promising candidate for genetic vaccine development. J. Cell. Physiol. 224: 702–709, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cross‐talk between the insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) axis and membrane integrins to regulate cell physiology
Authors: Beattie James , McIntosh Lisa , van der Walle Christopher F. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe biology of cross‐talk between activated growth factor receptors and cell‐surface integrins is an area which has attracted much interest in recent years (Schwartz and Ginsberg, 2002). This review discusses the relationship between the insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) axis and cell‐surface integrin receptors in the regulation of various aspects of cell physiology. Key to these interactions are signals transmitted between integrins and the IGF‐I receptor (IGF‐IR) when either or both are bound to their cognate ligands and we will review the current state of knowledge in this area. The IGF axis comprises many molecular components and we will also discuss the potential role of these species in cross‐talk with the integrin receptor. With respect to integrin ligands, we will mainly focus on the well‐characterized interactions of the two extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoproteins fibronectin (FN) and vitronectin (VN) with cell‐surface ligands, and, how this affects activity through the IGF axis. However, we will also highlight the importance of other integrin activation mechanisms and their impact on IGF activity. J. Cell. Physiol. 224: 605–611, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Arachidonic acid inhibits neuronal nitric oxide synthase elicited by proinflammatory stimuli and promotes astrocyte survival with both exogenous and endogenous peroxynitrite via different mechanisms
Authors: Palomba Letizia , Cerioni Liana , Cantoni Orazio 
Published: April 2010

AbstractCytosolic phospholipase A2‐inhibited astrocytes respond to the cocktail lipopolysaccharide/interferon‐γ with an immediate formation of peroxynitrite (ONOO–) and a delayed lethal response. Low concentrations of arachidonic acid (ARA; i.e., <0.1 μM) cause tyrosine kinase‐dependent inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) activity, thereby suppressing formation of ONOO– and the ensuing lethal response. ARA promoted its effects only when given to the cultures just prior to, or in parallel with, the proinflammatory mixture. High concentrations of ARA, i.e., >3 μM, promoted cytoprotection when applied to the cultures up to 50 min after the formation of endogenous ONOO– had been completed or up to 30 min after addition of exogenous ONOO–. The mechanism(s) involved in these responses was, however, independent of tyrosine kinase activation and was in fact mediated by ARA metabolites of the lipoxygenase pathway. These results are consistent with a scenario in which astrocytes respond to low or high amounts of ARA with the triggering of different pathways involved in the inflammatory response. Early nNOS inhibition mediated by very low levels of ARA is indeed critical for nuclear factor‐κB activation, which is otherwise effectively inhibited by constitutive nitric oxide, and for preventing early formation of ONOO–. Greater ARA concentrations promote survival in astrocytes committed to death by ONOO–, a species extensively released under inflammatory conditions, via a mechanism dependent on lipoxygenase metabolism and inhibition of downstream events leading to cell demise. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung shows increased thymidylate synthase expression compared to other histotypes
Authors: Ibe Takashi , Shimizu Kimihiro , Nakano Tetsuhiro , Kakegawa Seiichi , Kamiyoshihara Mitsuhiro , Nakajima Takashi , Kaira Kyoichi , Takeyoshi Izumi 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackgroundThymidylate synthase (TS) expression has been reported in various tumors, including non‐small‐cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), but not in high‐grade neuroendocrine (HGNE) carcinoma of the lung.MethodsWe measured TS expression in surgically resected pulmonary tumors, comparing HGNE carcinomas of the lung (13 large‐cell neuroendocrine carcinomas, 8 small‐cell lung carcinomas) with squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the lung using laser‐capture microdissection for tissue isolation, real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and immunohistochemistry. We also measured TS mRNA expression in small‐cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and NSCLC cell lines using real‐time PCR.ResultsAt both mRNA and protein levels, TS expression was significantly higher in squamous cell carcinoma compared to adenocarcinoma. Moreover, TS expression was significantly higher in HGNE carcinomas of the lung compared to squamous cell carcinoma. A significant correlation was found between mRNA and protein expression. TS mRNA expression in SCLC cell lines was significantly higher than in NSCLC cell lines.ConclusionsTS expression was higher in HGNE carcinomas of the lung than in squamous cell carcinoma, which was higher than in adenocarcinoma. This information may be useful in predicting the effects of TS‐inhibiting agents in patients with NSCLC and HGNE carcinomas of the lung. J. Surg. Oncol. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Examining the potential relationship between multidisciplinary cancer care and patient survival: An international literature review
Authors: Hong Nicole J. Look , Wright Frances C. , Gagliardi Anna R. , Paszat Lawrence F. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe aim of this review is to examine the relationship between multidisciplinary cancer care and patient survival.MethodsA literature review was undertaken between January 1950 and September 2009. Included studies described multidisciplinary cancer care and its relation to patient survival. Multidisciplinary care was defined as involvement of a team of clinical and allied specialists whose intent is individualized patient management. Studies were critically appraised for internal and external validity. All study designs were included.ResultsTwenty‐one studies met eligibility criteria for this review, including two systematic reviews, one abstract, and 18 original studies. Pooling of results was not possible due to heterogeneity of patient populations, disease sites, measured outcomes, and follow‐up periods. Twelve studies (one prospective and six retrospective cohort studies, five before–after series) reported statistically significant association between multidisciplinary care and patient survival.ConclusionsDue to methodological limitations, this review is unable to assert a causal relationship between multidisciplinary care and patient survival. In order to better evaluate this relationship, the oncology community must first accept a common definition of multidisciplinary care. Future efforts can then elucidate which aspects of multidisciplinary care impact survival, with consideration of confounding patient and tumour factors. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;102:125–134. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Laser Markets in the USA
Authors: Belforte David A. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe world market for industrial laser materials processing systems experienced the steepest decline in the history of this sector that dates back to 1970. Over the past 25 years, which show the greatest growth for the technology, only one other period, 1990–1992, experienced a decline (16%) in laser revenues. Even in the U.S.‐ centered recession of 2000 laser sales did not go negative because of the global nature of the market. From the middle of 2008 until the end of 2009 the world market for industrial lasers experienced a sudden and deep decline. For 2009 industrial laser sales declined 24% and industrial laser system revenues declined 20% (note that laser systems for photolithography are not included in this number). As this article will also show there are signs of recovery of the industrial laser market.
Seshadri fibrations of algebraic surfaces
Authors: Syzdek Wioletta , Szemberg Tomasz 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe refine results of [6] and [10] which relate local invariants – Seshadri constants – of ample line bundles on surfaces to the global geometry – fibration structure. We show that the same picture emerges when looking at Seshadri constants measured at any finite subset of the given surface (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Independence of group algebras
Authors: Conti R. , Hamhalter J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIt is shown that major independence conditions for left and right group operator algebras coincide. If Σ is a discrete ICC group, then the reduced left and right group algebras W*λ(Σ) and Wϱ*(Σ) are W*‐independent. These algebras are moreover independent in the product sense if, and only if, Σ is amenable. If A and B are subgroups of Σ, then the left and right reduced group (sub)algebras W*λ(A) and Wϱ*(B) are W*‐independent provided that any of the following two conditions is satisfied: (i) A and B have trivial intersection; (ii) A or B is ICC. The results indicate an interplay between intrinsic group‐theoretic properties and independence of the corresponding group algebras that can be further exploited. New examples of W*‐independent von Neumann algebras arising from groups are generated (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)