bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concentration and Distribution of Elements in Plants and Soils near Phosphate Processing Factories, Pocatello, Idaho
Authors: Severson R. C. , Gough L. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe processing of phosphatic shale near Pocatello, Idaho has a direct influence on the element content of local vegetation and soil. Samples of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. subsp. tridentata) and cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) show important negative relations between the concentration of certain elements Cd, Cr, F, Ni, P, Se, U, V, and Zn) and distance from phosphate processing factories. Plant tissues within 3 km of the processing factories contain unusually high amounts of these elements except Ni and Se. Important negative relations with distance were also found for certain elements (Be, F, Fe, K, Li, Pb, Rb, Th, and Zn) in A‐horizon soil. Amounts of seven elements (Be, F, Li, Pb, Rb, Th, and Zn) being contributed to the upper 5 cm of the soil by phosphate processing, as well as two additional elements (U and V) suspected as being contributed to soil, were estimated, with F showing the greatest increase (about 300 kg/ha) added to soils as far as 4 km downwind from the factories. The greatest number of important relations for both plants and soils was found downwind northeast) of the processing factories.
Phosphates in Soils Treated with Sewage Water: I. General Information on Sewage Farm, Soil, and Treatment Results
Authors: Beek J. , de Haan F. A. M. , van Riemsdijk W. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA sewage farm which has been used during the past 50 years for treatment of raw sewage water of domestic and industrial origin was studied. The farm (100 ha) is situated on sandy soil and is agricultural use as permanent pastuce. Intermittent flooding of the soil with sewage water results in a 98% decrease of the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) by passing it through the soil; phosphates are removed to the extent of 96%. These phosphates accumulate in the top 50‐cm layer of the soil. Removal of nitrogenous compounds is less effective. The sewage water additions raised the pH of the soil and increased the organic matter content (mainly of the top layers). These changes may have practical implications with respect to chemical and physico‐chemical reactions in the soil.
Forms of Sulfur in Sewage Sludge
Authors: Sommers L. E. , Tabatabai M. A. , Nelson D. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMost studies concerning the composition of sewage sludge have placed emphasis on total elemental analysis, including sulfur. This study was conducted to determine the forms of S and their relationships to other components in sludge. Analyses of the forms and amounts of S in sewage sludge produced by 11 Indiana cities showed that total S concentrations ranged from 0.7 to 2.1% and that from 1 to 27% of the total sludge S was inorganic S extractable with 0.1M LiCl. Expressed as a percentage of total S, the sludge samples contained from < 1 to 35% sulfide S, from 18 to 53% inorganic nonsulfate S, from 18 to 56% carbon‐bonded S, from 0 to 35% ester sulfate S and inorganic sulfate S, and from 0 to 42% unidentified organic S. Analyses of seven sludge samples obtained over a 2‐year period from the same treatment plant indicated that the forms of S in sludge vary with time. No consistent relationships were found between the amounts of organic C, N, S, and P in sludges. Statistical analyses of the sludge components indicated that Pb and Zn were significantly correlated with sulfide S and that Cd was significantly correlated with organic S, ester sulfate S, and with 0.1M LiCL extractable S. No significant relationships were found for other metals and the various S fractions.
Extractability of Copper, Zinc, Cadmium, and Lead in Soils Incubated with Sewage Sludge
Authors: Silviera D. J. , Sommers L. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoils amended with sewage sludge were incubated in the laboratory and analyzed periodically by a sequential fractionation procedure for the amounts of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb that were H2O‐soluble, KNO3‐exchangeable, and DTPA‐ and HNO3‐extractable. The H2O‐soluble and exchangeable metals comprised a small percentage of the total metal concentration in the sludge and in the soil‐sludge mixtures incubated for 7 to 28 days. The proportion of total Cu, Zn, and Cd extracted by DTPA increased with time while this fraction remained constant with time for Pb. The relative amount of metals extracted by HNO3 and DTPA were inversely related. The data indicated that the forms of some metals in soils amended with sludge change with time, suggesting changes in the availability of metals to plants.
Land Disposal of Broiler Litter: Changes in Concentration of Chloride, Nitrate Nitrogen, Total Nitrogen, and Organic Matter in a Cecil Sandy Loam
Authors: Jackson W. A. , Wilkinson S. R. , Leonard R. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBroiler litter at rates of 0, 22.4, 44.8, 89.6, and 134.4 metric tons/ha, was surface applied semiannually for 2 years to established plots of Kentucky‐31 tall fescue (Festuca arundinacae Schreb) grown on a Cecil soil. After 2 years almost all the added Cl had moved below 107 cm, although there was increased Cl concentration at the lower soil depths. Nitrate nitrogen in the soil profile increased significantly between rates, but not between years. There was no significant change in total N in the soil after correction for NO3‐N. Organic matter decreased significantly between check and application rates, but not within rates or between years. Rates of 22.4 metric tons/ha applied semiannually were considered excessive from the standpoint of potential losses of a valuable N resource for crop production.
Lysimeter Measurements of Nitrate and Chloride Losses from Soil Under Conventional and No‐tillage Corn
Authors: Tyler Donald D. , Thomas Grant W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSalt and water movement was studied using steel pan lysimeters in the field under corn (Zea mays L.) grown in killed sod and with conventional tillage. The study was done to determine the actual leaching losses of nitrogen under the two tillage systems. Losses of nitrate nitrogen and chloride used as a tracer of nitrate ion were higher under the no‐tillage system as measured in the leachate collected after rainfall. This loss could occur within 1 to 2 months after the application of the nitrogen. Concentrations of nitrate and chloride ions in the leachate indicated that these mobile, surface‐applied anions could be washed into natural soil cracks and channels and flow much deeper into the soil than predicted by miscible displacement theory.
Determination of Orthophosphate in Aqueous Solutions Containing Labile Organic and Inorganic Phosphorus Compounds
Authors: Dick W. A. , Tabatabai M. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA simple and precise colorimetric method of determining orthophosphate in aqueous solutions containing labile organic and inorganic P compounds is described. It involves a rapid formation of molybdenum blue color by the reaction of orthophosphate with molybdate ions in the presence of ascorbic acid‐trichloroacetic acid and citrate‐arsenite reagents and complexation of the excess molybdate ions to prevent further formation of blue color from the phosphate derived from hydrolysis of the acid‐labile P compounds. The color is stable up to 24 hours. The method is sensitive and accurate, and it permits determination of microgram quantities of orthophosphate in samples containing large amounts of acid‐labile P compounds.Tests with a wide range of condensed phosphate and organic phosphate compounds showed that none of the P compounds studied interfered with this method. Results by this method are compared with those obtained by the method of Murphy and Riley.
Plutonium Activities in Soil Solutions and the Stability and Formation of Selected Plutonium Minerals
Authors: Rai Dhanpat , Serne R. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSelected thermodynamic data was used to develop solid phasesoil solution equilibria diagrams which are used to predict and understand plutonium behavior in terrestrial environments.The plutonium mineral transformations in soils are highly dependent upon the pH, Eh, and the soil solution composition. The predictions of weathering and formation sequences of Pu(OH)3, Pu(OH)4, PuO2(OH), PuO2(OH)2, PuO2, βPu2O3, PuF3, PuF4, PuO2CO3, and Pu(HPO4)2 at pH values from 3 to 11 at pO2 from 0.68 to 80, and in an assumed weathering environment are given. The study shows that the PuO2 is the most stable mineral in the pH and pO2 ranges found in the terrestrial environments.The nature and activity of ions and ion‐complexes and, hence, the total plutonium in solution is a function of the stable phase, pH, Eh, and complexing anions: for example, (i) in a reducing environment (pO2 80) at pH 8 and in equilibrium with PuO2(s), the predominant solution species are Pu3+ and its complexes, and (ii) in an oxidizing environment (pO2 16) at pH 8 and in equilibrium with PuO2(s), the predominant solution specie is PuO2CO3OH−.Empirical predictions regarding the plutonium sorption by soils are outlined and verified by experimental results reported in the literature. The deficiencies in the present thermodynamic data and future research needs are outlined.
Decomposition of Rice Straw in Soils as Affected by Some Management Factors
Authors: Sain Pritam , Broadbent F. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDecomposition of rice straw contained in nylon bags was measured in field experiments at two different locations during winter and spring months. Incorporated straw decomposed more rapidly than did straw on the soil surface, and least decomposition occurred in straw samples suspended above the soil surface as in a windrow. Decomposition rates were not affected by chopping straw.Laboratory decomposition experiments conducted at 8 and 25C and at 60 and 150% water holding capacity showed more effect of low temperature in retarding straw decomposition than excess water. Additional nitrogen stimulated straw decomposition in Stockton adobe clay during the first few weeks but had little effect in Sacramento clay. After 2 months' initial decomposition the soil samples treated with straw were dried and rewetted to 60% water holding capacity (WHC), then incubated another 2 months. During this period straw decomposition in Sacramento clay samples which had received additional N was significantly depressed. Additional P and S had no effect on rice straw decomposition.
Effects of Low Levels of Dietary Cadmium in Animals—A Review
Authors: Doyle J. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCadmium is a toxic metal commonly found in small quantities in animal and human foods. The possible effects on domestic animal and human health from exposure over long periods to low (0–10 ppm) dietary concentrations of the metal is currently a cause for concern. Experimental data from laboratory animals indicate that low dietary concentrations of the metal will impair growth, cause hypertension and sodium retention, and produce adverse effects on some enzyme systems, reproduction, and tissue levels of some essential metals. Some of these toxic effects may be prevented by supplementary levels of iron, copper, zinc, selenium, and manganese in the diet.
Phosphorus Fertilizer as a By‐product of Energy Production from Agricultural Wastes
Authors: Siegel Robert S. , Rubin J. , Hafez A. A. R. , Stout P. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThree pot experiments were conducted to test the utilization of ash from different kinds of animal manures and vegetative crop residues as source of phosphorus fertilizer. Corn (Zea mays L.) yield grown on phosphorus‐deficient soil (Aiken loam), treated with acidified ash at rates equivalent to 200, 400, 800, and 1,200 ppm P, responded almost like concentrated super phosphate (CSP) at the same rates.Yields from pots treated with ash acidified at 50% of its base equivalent were slightly less than those at 100% acidification. The leached acidified ash of agricultural waste materials proved to be a comparable source to CSP fertilizer.
The Assessment of Plant‐Available Cadmium in Soils
Authors: Symeonides C. , McRae S. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study has been made of the amounts of cadmium recovered by a variety of reagents and extraction procedures from soils to which Cd has been added. Correlation of these results with the Cd content of radish plants (Raphanus sativus L. cultivar French Breakfast Crimson (Suttons)) grown in these soils has shown that the most sensitive of several possible indices to Cd uptake by plants is the amount extracted by a 1‐hour shaking with 1/V ammonium nitrate solution at a soil/solution ratio of 1:10 (wt/vol). The greater efficiency of this extractant compared with other proposed extractants is ascribed to the system reflecting the natural pH of the soil which has a marked effect on cadmium availability to plants.
Composition and Reactions of Liquid Manure (Gülle), with Particular Reference to Phosphate: I. Analytical Composition and Reaction with Poorly Crystalline Iron Oxide (Ferrihydrite)
Authors: Fordham A. W. , Schwertmann U. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSamples of liquid cattle (Bos taurus) manure (gülle) of different maturity were collected from three sites in West Germany and analysed for several components, many of them relevant to the behaviour of phosphate in both liquid and solid phases. When gülle solutions were shaken with iron oxide, changes of inorganic phosphate concentration were generally very similar to those in comparable inorganic model systems. Thus, there was very little interference to sorption processes from organic components of gülle and, furthermore, no interferences developed during storage of samples at 4C, laboratory temperature, or during incubation at 35C for several months. Precipitation of inorganic phosphate, normally observed in these gülle samples during shaking, was minimized by rapid removal of phosphate from solution by adsorption on iron oxide. Organic phosphate in solution constituted only about 5% of total phosphate and very little, if any, was sorbed from solution by iron oxide.Observations by other workers of deep penetration of phosphorus from gülle into a sandy soil were best explained by transport of finely divided solid particles of inorganic phosphate suspended in the large volumes of liquid applied to the soil. Rapid movement of phosphate in solid form would limit retention of soluble phosphate by soil components such as iron oxide.
Composition and Reactions of Liquid Manure (Gülle), with Particular Reference to Phosphate: III. pH‐Buffering Capacity and Organic Components
Authors: Fordham A. W. , Schwertmann U. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractpH titrations of gülle samples disclosed differences of composition related to origin, age, and storage conditions prior to collection. Buffering capacities depended partly on ammonium bicarbonate content, which fluctuated from sample to sample but increased during laboratory storage, at 4C or room temperature. Organic compounds both in solution and solid phases buffered in the lower pH ranges, in some instances having greater influence on total buffering capacity than any other factor. The nature as well as the amount of these compounds differed between samples. Many were modified or decomposed during storage at laboratory temperature. Inorganic components of the solid phase, such as ammonium, magnesium, and calcium phosphates, as well as calcium carbonate, made significant though relatively minor contributions.Tyrosine was identified in gülle solutions by TLC, while other amino acids, glutamic acid and histidine, were likely constituents. There were no simple carboxylic acid anions of the type that inhibit phosphate uptake by iron oxides.
Geographical Distribution of Fluorides in Forage Using a Bioindicator
Authors: McClenahen James R. , Weidensaul T. Craig 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFluoride levels in leaves of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) collected in late summer were used to predict geographical distributions of average seasonal pasture forage and hay fluoride levels near a source of airborne fluorides.Simple linear regression models with various logarithmic transformations were tested. Greatest proportions of the total variation were explained by the linear regression model for second‐cutting hay (81%) and by a logarithmic transformation of the dependent variable for average pasture forage (63%). None of the models tested were found adequate for predicting fluoride levels in first‐cutting hay. Isopleth maps based on predicted fluoride values compared favorably with those derived from direct measurements.The use of black locust foliage as a quantitative bioindicator of geographical forage fluoride levels can provide considerable savings in material and personnel in long term fluoride surveys.
Influence of Soil Materials in Copper Mine Wastes on the Growth and Quality of Barley Grain
Authors: Day A. D. , Ludeke K. L. , Tucker T. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExperiments were conducted in Arizona to study the effects of four soil materials in copper mine wastes (desert, overburden, tailing‐overburden, and tailing) on the growth, grain yield, and grain quality of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. emend Lam.). Barley was effective in the revegetation and stabilization of the four soil materials in Cu mine wastes. It also provided needed organic matter to be incorporated into the surface 15 cm, which created a more suitable soil medium for the establishment of perennial grass species. When grown in desert soil and overburden, barley produced taller plants, more vegetative plants, higher grain yields, and grain of higher quality than when it was produced in tailing‐overburden and tailing soil materials. Barley can be used effectively to produce satisfactory grain yields and grain of suitable quality for livestock and wildlife feed in the rehabilitation of desert soil, overburden, tailing‐overburden, and tailing soil materials in copper mine wastes.
Nutrient Transport in Surface Runoff and Interflow from an Aspen‐Birch Forest
Authors: Timmons D. R. , Verry E. S. , Burwell R. E. , Holt R. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNutrients transported in surface runoff and interflow from an undisturbed aspen‐birch (Populus tremuloides Michx., and Betula papyrifera Marsh.) forest (6.48 ha) in northern Minnesota were measured for 3 years. Surface runoff from snowmelt accounted for 97% of the average annual surface runoff and for 57% of the average annual water loss. Slope aspect influenced the amount, rate, and time of snowmelt runoff. In surface runoff, organic nitrogen (N) comprised 80% of the total N load, and organic (+ hydrolyzable) phosphorus (P) comprised 45% of the total P load. The quantities of cations in surface runoff were in the order of calcium (Ca) > potassium (K) > magnesium (Mg) > sodium (Na). More than 96% of all the nutrients in surface runoff were transported by snowmelt. The annual volumes of interflow varied only slightly during the 3 years. Compared with surface runoff, the amounts of all the nutrients (except Na) and their weighted concentrations decreased in interflow. These nutrient losses from the ecosystem can accumulate in surface waters.
Growth and Water Movement in Silver Maple Seedlings Affected by Cadmium
Authors: Lamoreaux Robert J. , Chaney William R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEffect of cadmium chloride on dry weight accumulation, height growth, and relative conductivity of stems of silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.) seedlings exposed to 0, 5, 10, or 20 ppm CdCl2 · 2½ H2O (on weight basis of rooting media) was determined. Leaf, stem, and root dry weight were significantly reduced by all CdCl2 treatments. Seedling height at 8 weeks was severely reduced and strongly correlated with applied CdCl2 levels. Relative conductivity of excised stem sections was significantly reduced by Cd treatment. The reduction was caused by (i) a progressive decrease in the proportion of xylem tissue available for water conduction, (ii) reduced size of vessels and tracheids, and (iii) partial blockage of xylem elements by cellular debris or gums. These findings are discussed in relation to water stress.
The Contribution of Red Clay Erosion to Orthophosphate Loadings into Southwestern Lake Superior
Authors: Bahnick Donald A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of the erosion of red clay deposits along the northwestern Wisconsin shoreline area on orthophosphate inputs into Lake Superior was investigated. Using clay soil and river particulate samples, the release of orthophosphate in Lake Superior water was studied. The results indicate a maximum release of 240 metric tons of soluble PO4 from soil entering Lake Superior annually from shoreline erosion and 63 metric tons of PO4 from river particulates. These estimates assume equilibrium with soluble orthophosphate at a concentration of < 0.005 mg/liter of PO4, which is typical of Lake Superior water. Actual PO4 release may be less because soluble orthophosphate concentrations are higher in near shore waters. Suspended particulates buffer soluble orthophosphate concentrations and may even cause a net removal of orthophosphate from Lake Superior water when high concentrations exist.
Phosphorus Movement in Calcareous Soils Irrigated with Waste Water from Potato Processing Plants
Authors: Robbins C. W. , Smith J. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTotal, organic, and acid‐hydrolyzable phosphorus and orthophosphate concentrations were determined in waste waters from five potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) processing plants and the waste water volumes applied to cropped land were measured monthly for three processing seasons. These P forms were also measured in soil water samples extracted monthly at five depths to 1.5 m. Organic plus hydrolyzable fractions comprised 60 to 70% of the total P in the waste waters and 30 to 40% in the soil water extracts. When the numerical value of the relationship (kg P/ha applied per month) (mm of clay size material in 1.5 m)−1 was < 0.4, the total P concentration in the extracts at 1.5 m was < 0.05 mg/liter. When the value exceeded 0.4, the total P concentrations in the extracts averaged 1 to 2 mg/liter. The relationship may provide disposal site selection and waste water application rate guidelines for land disposal of waste water high in organic and hydrolyzable P.
Correlations between Rain and Runoff Amounts and Composition in Eastern South Dakota
Authors: White E. M. , Williamson E. J. , Kingsley Q. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA correlation between a synthesized rainfall‐intensity factor and runoff from small plots with sparse cover was significant but explained less than half the variation in the data. Loss of PO4‐P, NO3‐N, NH4‐N, and K in runoff was significantly correlated to the runoff amounts, and the regression explained about 50 to 75% of the variation in the data. The unexplained variation in the regressions probably is due to antecedent plot conditions, such as the soil and the plant cover growth or decomposition stage. Time since an antecedent rain was not significantly related to runoff. Average runoff volumes and average losses of PO4‐P and NO3‐N per runoff event from different‐sized cultivated areas for 2‐ to 5‐year periods had a highly significant correlation. The regressions, based on runoff volume and not on watershed size, apparently could estimate PO4‐P and NO3‐N losses on other watersheds in eastern South Dakota.