bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cryo-Electron Tomography of Rubella Virus
Authors: Battisti Anthony J. , Yoder Joshua D. , Plevka Pavel , Winkler Dennis C. , Mangala Prasad Vidya , Kuhn Richard J. , Frey Teryl K. , Steven Alasdair C. , Rossmann Michael G. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT

Rubella virus is the only member of the
Rubivirus
genus within the
Togaviridae
family and is the causative agent of the childhood disease known as rubella or German measles. Here, we report the use of cryo-electron tomography to examine the three-dimensional structure of rubella virions and compare their structure to that of Ross River virus, a togavirus belonging the genus
Alphavirus
. The ectodomains of the rubella virus glycoproteins, E1 and E2, are shown to be organized into extended rows of density, separated by 9 nm on the viral surface. We also show that the rubella virus nucleocapsid structure often forms a roughly spherical shell which lacks high density at its center. While many rubella virions are approximately spherical and have dimensions similar to that of the icosahedral Ross River virus, the present results indicate that rubella exhibits a large degree of pleomorphy. In addition, we used rotation function calculations and other analyses to show that approximately spherical rubella virions lack the icosahedral organization which characterizes Ross River and other alphaviruses. The present results indicate that the assembly mechanism of rubella virus, which has previously been shown to differ from that of the alphavirus assembly pathway, leads to an organization of the rubella virus structural proteins that is different from that of alphaviruses.
Acute Diarrhea in West African Children: Diverse Enteric Viruses and a Novel Parvovirus Genus
Authors: Phan Tung G. , Vo Nguyen P. , Bonkoungou Isidore J. O. , Kapoor Amit , Barro Nicolas , O'Ryan Miguel , Kapusinszky Beatrix , Wang Chunling , Delwart Eric 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT

Parvoviruses cause a variety of mild to severe symptoms or asymptomatic infections in humans and animals. During a viral metagenomic analysis of feces from children with acute diarrhea in Burkina Faso, we identified in decreasing prevalence nucleic acids from anelloviruses, dependoviruses, sapoviruses, enteroviruses, bocaviruses, noroviruses, adenoviruses, parechoviruses, rotaviruses, cosavirus, astroviruses, and hepatitis B virus. Sequences from a highly divergent parvovirus, provisionally called bufavirus, were also detected whose NS1 and VP1 proteins showed <39% and <31% identities to those of previously known parvoviruses. Four percent of the fecal samples were PCR positive for this new parvovirus, including a related bufavirus species showing only 72% identity in VP1. The high degree of genetic divergence of these related genomes from those of other parvoviruses indicates the presence of a proposed new
Parvoviridae
genus containing at least two species. Studies of the tropism and pathogenicity of these novel parvoviruses will be facilitated by the availability of their genome sequences.
Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Adenovirus Membrane Rupture and Endosomal Escape
Authors: Maier Oana , Marvin Shauna A. , Wodrich Harald , Campbell Edward M. , Wiethoff Christopher M. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT

A key step in adenovirus cell entry is viral penetration of cellular membranes to gain access to the cytoplasm and deliver the genome to the nucleus. Yet little is known about this important event in the adenoviral life cycle. Using the cytosolic protein galectin-3 (gal3) as a marker of membrane rupture with both live- and fixed-cell imaging, we demonstrate that in the majority of instances, exposure of pVI and recruitment of gal3 to ruptured membranes occur early at or near the cell surface and occur minimally in EEA-1-positive (EEA-1
+
) early endosomes or LAMP-1
+
late endosomes/lysosomes. Live-cell imaging of Ad5 egress from gal3
+
endosomes occurs most frequently from perinuclear locations. While the Ad5 capsid is observed escaping from gal3
+
endosomes, pVI appears to remain associated with the gal3
+
ruptured endosomes. Thus, Ad5 membrane rupture and endosomal escape appear to be both spatially and temporally distinct events.
Human Rotavirus-Specific IgM Memory B Cells Have Differential Cloning Efficiencies and Switch Capacities and Play a Role in Antiviral ImmunityIn Vivo
Authors: Narváez Carlos F. , Feng Ningguo , Vásquez Camilo , Sen Adrish , Angel Juana , Greenberg Harry B. , Franco Manuel A. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTProtective immunity to rotavirus (RV) is primarily mediated by antibodies produced by RV-specific memory B cells (RV-mBc). Of note, most of these cells express IgM, but the function of this subset is poorly understood. Here, using limiting dilution assays of highly sort-purified human IgM+mBc, we found that 62% and 21% of total (non-antigen-specific) IgM+and RV-IgM+mBc, respectively, switchedin vitroto IgG production after polyclonal stimulation. Moreover, in these assays, the median cloning efficiencies of total IgM+(17%) and RV-IgM+(7%) mBc were lower than those of the corresponding switched (IgG+IgA+) total (34%) and RV-mBc (17%), leading to an underestimate of their actual frequency. In order to evaluate thein vivorole of IgM+RV-mBc in antiviral immunity, NOD/Shi-scid interleukin-2 receptor-deficient (IL-2Rγnull) immunodeficient mice were adoptively transferred highly purified human IgM+mBc and infected with virulent murine rotavirus. These mice developed high titers of serum human RV-IgM and IgG and had significantly lower levels than control mice of both antigenemia and viremia. Finally, we determined that human RV-IgM+mBc are phenotypically diverse and significantly enriched in the IgMhiIgDlowsubset. Thus, RV-IgM+mBc are heterogeneous, occur more frequently than estimated by traditional limiting dilution analysis, have the capacity to switch Ig classin vitroas well asin vivo, and can mediate systemic antiviral immunity.
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Induces Formation of Stress Granules Whose Proteins Regulate HCV RNA Replication and Virus Assembly and Egress
Authors: Garaigorta Urtzi , Heim Markus H. , Boyd Bryan , Wieland Stefan , Chisari Francis V. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT
Stress granules (SGs) are cytoplasmic structures that are induced in response to environmental stress, including viral infections. Here we report that hepatitis C virus (HCV) triggers the appearance of SGs in a PKR- and interferon (IFN)-dependent manner. Moreover, we show an inverse correlation between the presence of stress granules and the induction of IFN-stimulated proteins, i.e., MxA and USP18, in HCV-infected cells despite high-level expression of the corresponding MxA and USP18 mRNAs, suggesting that interferon-stimulated gene translation is inhibited in stress granule-containing HCV-infected cells. Finally, in short hairpin RNA (shRNA) knockdown experiments, we found that the stress granule proteins T-cell-restricted intracellular antigen 1 (TIA-1), TIA1-related protein (TIAR), and RasGAP-SH3 domain binding protein 1 (G3BP1) are required for efficient HCV RNA and protein accumulation at early time points in the infection and that G3BP1 and TIA-1 are required for intracellular and extracellular infectious virus production late in the infection, suggesting that they are required for virus assembly. In contrast, TIAR downregulation decreases extracellular infectious virus titers with little effect on intracellular RNA content or infectivity late in the infection, suggesting that it is required for infectious particle release. Collectively, these results illustrate that HCV exploits the stress granule machinery at least two ways: by inducing the formation of SGs by triggering PKR phosphorylation, thereby downregulating the translation of antiviral interferon-stimulated genes, and by co-opting SG proteins for its replication, assembly, and egress.
Evaluation of Different Moxibustion Doses for Lumbar Disc Herniation: Multicentre Randomised Controlled Trial of Heat-Sensitive Moxibustion Therapy
Authors: Chen Mingren , Chen Rixin , Xiong Jun , Chi Zhenhai , Sun Jianhua , Su Tongsheng , Zhou Meiqi , Yi Fan , Zhang Bo 
Published: August 2012

Background There is some evidence for the effectiveness of moxibustion for the treatment of lumbar disc herniation (LDH), but it remains unclear what dose is optimal. Objective To compare the effectiveness of a new technique of individualised ‘sensitivity elimination’ dose versus a standardised 15 min dose in the treatment of LDH. Methods This study was a multicentre (four centres in China), randomised, controlled trial with two parallel arms (group A, individualised sensitivity elimination dose; group B, standardised dose). The most heat-sensitised acupuncture point from the triangle bound by BL25 and GV2 was selected. Both groups received 18 sessions over 2 weeks. The outcome was evaluated by Modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association scale (M-JOA) score before and after treatment and at 6-month follow-up examination. All main analyses were by intention to treat. Results A total of 96 patients were included. A Significant difference of total M-JOA score was noted between the groups at weeks 1 and 2 (p<0.05). Significant differences were also evident during the follow-up period (p<0.01). The mean duration of moxibustion was 42.7±5.4 (range, 22–58) minutes in the experimental group. Conclusions The effectiveness of the individualised sensitivity elimination dose appears superior to the standardised dose in the treatment of LDH. Only 15 min moxibustion in the conventional dose group seemed insufficient to elicit the satisfactory clinical effects obtained by heat-sensitive moxibustion therapy. However, in view of some limitations of this study further research is necessary before this can be stated conclusively. Trial Registration Controlled Clinical Trials: ChiCTR-TRC-09000602.
Self-perceived psychosomatic health in Swedish children, adolescents and young adults: an internet-based survey over time
Authors: Friberg Peter , Hagquist Curt , Osika Walter 
Published: August 2012

ObjectivesThe authors investigated self-perceived psychosomatic health in young people (10–24 years of age) in Sweden and analysed different samples during the years 2005 and 2007–2010 via a community website.DesignRepeated cross-sectional surveys: (1) single question on a single day in 2005. (2) One specific question delivered on each of eight separate days in 2005. (3) The same eight questions delivered to smaller groups on the same day in 2007 and then again to randomly selected subjects in 2010.SettingValidated questionnaires launched on the internet by a recognised Swedish community site. Study participants were invited to answer questions about their health with full anonymity as they logged into their personal area.Participants10–24-year-old children, adolescents and young adults.Primary and secondary outcome measuresSelf-reported psychosomatic health in terms of sex and age over time.ResultsA large number of responses were obtained (up to 140 000). The response rate for the single item on stress was 41%. A high percentage of young subjects responded that they felt stressed very often/often; the numbers were higher for women (47%) than for men (29%). Older teenaged women had more psychosomatic complaints than did men of similar ages; in contrast, among 10–12-year-old children, the percentage of psychosomatic complaints was similar for men and women. When comparing results obtained in 2010 with those obtained in 2007, young people of both sexes had a slightly better self-perceived health status in 2007.ConclusionsDuring the period 2005–2010 a high percentage of young people, particularly females, 16–18 years of age, had psychosomatic complaints and considered themselves as being often or very often stressed. These complaints were more pronounced in the older age groups. When directing questions to a large community, internet-based surveys appear to be valuable tools.
Age differences in the associations between sick leave and aspects of health, psychosocial workload and family life: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Donders Nathalie C G M , Bos Judith T , van der Velden Koos , van der Gulden Joost W J 
Published: August 2012

ObjectivesTo investigate differences in associations between sick leave and aspects of health, psychosocial workload, family life and work–family interference between four age groups (<36, 36–45, 46–55 and 55+ years).DesignA cross-sectional study; a questionnaire was sent to the home addresses of all employees of a university.SettingA Dutch university.Participants1843 employees returned the questionnaire (net response: 49.1%). The age distribution was as follows: <36: 32%; 36–45: 26%; 46–55: 27% and 55+: 12%.Primary outcomesFrequent sick leave (FSL, ≥3 times in the past 12 months) and prolonged sick leave (PSL, >2 weeks in total in the past 12 months). Differences between the age groups in independent variables and outcomes were investigated. Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate associations between various variables and the sick leave outcomes. Interaction terms were included to detect differences between the age groups.ResultsAge differences were found for many work- and family-related characteristics but not in the mean scores for health-related aspects. Presence of chronic disease was reported more frequently with increasing age. The 55+ age group had almost two times less chance of FSL, but 1.6 times more chance of PSL than the <36 age group. Age moderates the associations between career opportunities, partner's contribution in domestic tasks and sex, and FSL. Job security and pay, support from supervisor, challenging work and being breadwinner have different associations with PSL. However, life events in private lives and perceived health complaints are important in all age groups. FSL and PSL have some determinants in common, but there are differences between the outcomes as well.ConclusionsAge should be treated as a variable of interest instead of a control variable. Employers and occupational physicians need to be aware that each phase in life has specific difficulties that can lead to FSL and PSL.
Psychosocial risk factors, job characteristics and self-reported health in the Paris Military Hospital Group (PMHG): a cross-sectional study
Authors: Ferrand Jean-François , Verret Catherine , Trichereau Julie , Rondier Jean-Philippe , Viance Patrice , Migliani René 
Published: August 2012

ObjectivesTo investigate the associations between psychosocial risk factors and self-reported health, taking into account other occupational risk factors.DesignCross-sectional survey using a self-administered questionnaire.SettingThe three military hospitals in Paris, France.ParticipantsSurveys were distributed to 3173 employees (1807 military and 1336 civilian), a total of 1728 employees completed surveys. Missing data prohibited the use of 26 surveys.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe authors used Karasek's model in order to identify psychosocial factors (psychological demands, decisional latitude, social support) in the workplace. The health indicator studied was self-reported health. Adjustments were made for covariates: age, gender, civil or military status, work injury, ergonomic score, physical and chemical exposures, and occupational profile. Occupational profile was defined by professional category, department, work schedule, supervisor status and service-related length in the hospital.ResultsJob strain (defined as high psychological demands and low decisional latitude) (adjusted OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.5 to 2.8, p<0.001) and iso-strain (job strain with low social support) were significantly associated with moderate or poor self-reported health. Among covariates, occupational profile (p<0.001) and an unsatisfactory ergonomic score (adjusted OR 2.3 95% CI 1.6 to 3.2, p<0.001) were also significantly associated with moderate or poor self-reported health.ConclusionsThe results support findings linking moderate or poor self-reported health to psychosocial risk factors. The results of this study suggest that workplace interventions that aim to reduce exposure to psychological demands as well as to increase decisional latitude and social support could help improve self-reported health.
Mapping the receptivity of malaria risk to plan the future of control in Somalia
Authors: Noor Abdisalan Mohamed , Alegana Victor Adagi , Patil Anand Prabhakar , Moloney Grainne , Borle Mohammed , Yusuf Fahmi , Amran Jamal , Snow Robert William 
Published: August 2012

ObjectivesTo measure the receptive risks of malaria in Somalia and compare decisions on intervention scale-up based on this map and the more widely used contemporary risk maps.DesignCross-sectional communityPlasmodium falciparumparasite rate (PfPR) data for the period 2007–2010 corrected to a standard age range of 2 to <10 years (PfPR2–10) and used within a Bayesian space–time geostatistical framework to predict the contemporary (2010) meanPfPR2–10and the maximum annual meanPfPR2–10(receptive) from the highest predictedPfPR2–10value over the study period as an estimate of receptivity.SettingRandomly sampled communities in Somalia.ParticipantsRandomly sampled individuals of all ages.Main outcome measureCartographic descriptions of malaria receptivity and contemporary risks in Somalia at the district level.ResultsThe contemporary annualPfPR2–10map estimated that all districts (n=74) and population (n=8.4 million) in Somalia were under hypoendemic transmission (≤10%PfPR2–10). Of these, 23% of the districts, home to 13% of the population, were under transmission of <1%PfPR2–10. About 58% of the districts and 55% of the population were in the risk class of 1% to <5%PfPR2–10. In contrast, the receptivity map estimated 65% of the districts and 69% of the population were under mesoendemic transmission (>10%–50%PfPR2–10) and the rest as hypoendemic.ConclusionCompared with maps of receptive risks, contemporary maps of transmission mask disparities of malaria risk necessary to prioritise and sustain future control. As malaria risk declines across Africa, efforts must be invested in measuring receptivity for efficient control planning.
Improper cause-of-death statements by specialty of certifying physician: a cross-sectional study in two medical centres in Taiwan
Authors: Cheng Tain-Junn , Lee Fang-Chuan , Lin Shio-Jean , Lu Tsung-Hsueh 
Published: August 2012

ObjectiveTo determine the frequency of various types of improper cause-of-death (COD) statements reported on death certificates and whether the frequency differed by specialty of the certifying physician.DesignCross-sectional descriptive study.Setting2 medical centres in Tainan, Taiwan.ParticipantsA total of 2520 death certificates issued by 230 physicians.Main outcome measures4 types of improper COD statements based on the criteria of correctness of the COD causal sequence and the level of specificity of underlying COD selected.ResultsOf 2520 death certificates analysed, 502 (19.9%) had at least one type of improper COD statement. However, only 235 (9.3%) sustained major errors, that is, 91 (3.6%) reported incorrect causal sequence and 144 (5.7%) reported only mechanism(s) of death (such as respiratory failure, heart failure, sepsis and acidosis). The improper reporting rate was highest among nephrologists (53%, 24/45), followed by infectious diseases physicians (45%, 29/65) and was lowest among oncologists (6%, 57/995).ConclusionsAbout one-fifth issued death certificates sustained improper COD statements and only one-tenth had noteworthy errors that would threaten the quality of COD statistics. The frequency varied by specialty of the certifying physician because physicians in different specialties manage different types of diseases and conditions with contrasting complexities in terms of determining the causal sequence and specificity of COD statements.
Dental status and incident falls among older Japanese: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Yamamoto Tatsuo , Kondo Katsunori , Misawa Jimpei , Hirai Hiroshi , Nakade Miyo , Aida Jun , Kondo Naoki , Kawachi Ichiro , Hirata Yukio 
Published: August 2012

ObjectiveTo examine if self-reported number of teeth, denture use and chewing ability are associated with incident falls.DesignLongitudinal cohort study (the Aichi Gerontological Evaluation Study).Setting5 Japanese municipalities.Participants1763 community-dwelling individuals aged 65 years and older without experience of falls within the previous year at baseline.Main outcome measuresSelf-reported history of multiple falls during the past year at the follow-up survey about 3 years later. Baseline data on the number of teeth present and/or denture use and chewing ability were collected using self-administered questionnaires. Logistic regression analyses controlled for sex, age, functional disability during follow-up period, depression, self-rated health and educational attainment.Results86 (4.9%) subjects reported falls at the follow-up survey. Logistic regression models fully adjusted for all covariates showed that subjects having 19 or fewer teeth but not using dentures had a significantly increased risk for incident falls (OR 2.50, 95% CI 1.21 to 5.17, p=0.013) compared with those having 20 or more teeth. Among subjects with 19 or fewer teeth, their risk of falls was not significantly elevated so long as they wore dentures (OR 1.36, 95% CI 0.76 to 2.45, p=0.299). No significant association was observed between chewing ability and incident falls in the fully adjusted model.ConclusionsHaving 19 or fewer teeth but not using dentures was associated with higher risk for the incident falls in older Japanese even after adjustment for multiple covariates. Dental care to prevent tooth loss and denture treatment for older people might prevent falls, although the authors cannot exclude the possibility that the association is due to residual confounding.
The coronary CT angiography vision protocol: a prospective observational imaging cohort study in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery
Authors: Sheth Tej , Butler Craig , Chow Benjamin , Chan M T V , Mitha Ayesha , Nagele Peter , Tandon Vikas , Stewart Lori , Graham Michelle , Choi G Y S , Kisten T , Woodard P K , Crean Andrew , Abdul Aziz Y F , Karthikeyan G , Chow C K , Szczeklik W , Markobrada M , Mastracci T. , Devereaux P J 
Published: August 2012

IntroductionAt present, physicians have a limited ability to predict major cardiovascular complications after non-cardiac surgery and little is known about the anatomy of coronary arteries associated with perioperative myocardial infarction. We have initiated the Coronary CT Angiography (CTA) VISION Study to (1) establish the predictive value of coronary CTA for perioperative myocardial infarction and death and (2) describe the coronary anatomy of patients that have a perioperative myocardial infarction.Methods and analysisThe Coronary CTA VISION Study is prospective observational study. Preoperative coronary CTA will be performed in 1000–1500 patients with a history of vascular disease or at least three cardiovascular risk factors who are undergoing major elective non-cardiac surgery. Serial troponin will be measured 6–12 h after surgery and daily for the first 3 days after surgery. Major vascular outcomes at 30 days and 1 year after surgery will be independently adjudicated.Ethics and disseminationCoronary CTA results in a measurable radiation exposure that is similar to a nuclear perfusion scan (10–12 mSV). Treating physicians will be blinded to the CTA results until 30 days after surgery in order to provide the most unbiased assessment of its prognostic capabilities. The only exception will be the presence of a left main stenosis >50%. This approach is supported by best available current evidence that, excluding left main disease, prophylatic revascularisation prior to non-cardiac surgery does not improve outcomes. An external safety and monitoring committee is overseeing the study and will review outcome data at regular intervals. Publications describing the results of the study will be submitted to major peer-reviewed journals and presented at international medical conferences.