bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biochemistry and Evolution of Anaerobic Energy Metabolism in Eukaryotes
Authors: Müller Miklós , Mentel Marek , van Hellemond Jaap J. , Henze Katrin , Woehle Christian , Gould Sven B. , Yu Re-Young , van der Giezen Mark , Tielens Aloysius G. M. , Martin William F. 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARYMajor insights into the phylogenetic distribution, biochemistry, and evolutionary significance of organelles involved in ATP synthesis (energy metabolism) in eukaryotes that thrive in anaerobic environments for all or part of their life cycles have accrued in recent years. All known eukaryotic groups possess an organelle of mitochondrial origin, mapping the origin of mitochondria to the eukaryotic common ancestor, and genome sequence data are rapidly accumulating for eukaryotes that possess anaerobic mitochondria, hydrogenosomes, or mitosomes. Here we review the available biochemical data on the enzymes and pathways that eukaryotes use in anaerobic energy metabolism and summarize the metabolic end products that they generate in their anaerobic habitats, focusing on the biochemical roles that their mitochondria play in anaerobic ATP synthesis. We present metabolic maps of compartmentalized energy metabolism for 16 well-studied species. There are currently no enzymes of core anaerobic energy metabolism that are specific to any of the six eukaryotic supergroup lineages; genes present in one supergroup are also found in at least one other supergroup. The gene distribution across lineages thus reflects the presence of anaerobic energy metabolism in the eukaryote common ancestor and differential loss during the specialization of some lineages to oxic niches, just as oxphos capabilities have been differentially lost in specialization to anoxic niches and the parasitic life-style. Some facultative anaerobes have retained both aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Diversified eukaryotic lineages have retained the same enzymes of anaerobic ATP synthesis, in line with geochemical data indicating low environmental oxygen levels while eukaryotes arose and diversified.
How RecBCD Enzyme and Chi Promote DNA Break Repair and Recombination: a Molecular Biologist's View
Authors: Smith Gerald R. 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARY

The repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is essential for cell viability and important for homologous genetic recombination. In enteric bacteria such as
Escherichia coli
, the major pathway of DSB repair requires the RecBCD enzyme, a complex helicase-nuclease regulated by a simple unique DNA sequence called Chi. How Chi regulates RecBCD has been extensively studied by both genetics and biochemistry, and two contrasting mechanisms to generate a recombinogenic single-stranded DNA tail have been proposed: the nicking of one DNA strand at Chi versus the switching of degradation from one strand to the other at Chi. Which of these reactions occurs in cells has remained unproven because of the inability to detect intracellular DNA intermediates in bacterial recombination and DNA break repair. Here, I discuss evidence from a combination of genetics and biochemistry indicating that nicking at Chi is the intracellular (
in vivo
) reaction. This example illustrates the need for both types of analysis (i.e., molecular biology) to uncover the mechanism and control of complex processes in living cells.
ADAMS-IWASAWA $\mathcal{N} = 8$ BLACK HOLES
Authors: CACCIATORI SERGIO LUIGI , CERCHIAI BIANCA LETIZIA , MARRANI ALESSIO 
Published: June 2012

We study some of the properties of the geometry of the exceptional Lie group E7(7), which describes the U-duality of the [Formula: see text], d = 4 supergravity. In particular, based on a symplectic construction of the Lie algebra 𝔢7(7) due to Adams, we compute the Iwasawa decomposition of the symmetric space [Formula: see text], which gives the vector multiplets' scalar manifold of the corresponding supergravity theory. The explicit expression of the Lie algebra is then used to analyze the origin of [Formula: see text] as scalar configuration of the "large" ⅛-BPS extremal black hole attractors. In this framework it turns out that the U(1) symmetry spanning such attractors is broken down to a discrete subgroup ℤ4, spoiling their dyonic nature near the origin of the scalar manifold. This is a consequence of the fact that the maximal manifest off-shell symmetry of the Iwasawa parametrization is determined by a completely non-compact Cartan subalgebra of the maximal subgroup SL(8, ℝ) of E7(7), which breaks down the maximal possible covariance SL(8, ℝ) to a smaller SL(7, ℝ) subgroup. These results are compared with the ones obtained in other known bases, such as the Sezgin-van Nieuwenhuizen and the Cremmer-Julia /de Wit-Nicolai frames.
Cigarette Smoking and Risk of Meningioma: The Effect of Gender
Authors: Claus Elizabeth B. , Walsh Kyle M. , Calvocoressi Lisa , Bondy Melissa L. , Schildkraut Joellen M. , Wrensch Margaret , Wiemels Joseph L. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Background: A number of studies have reported on the association between smoking and meningioma risk, with inconsistent findings. We examined the effect of gender on the association between cigarette smoking and risk of intracranial meningioma in a large population-based, case–control study.
Methods: The data include 1,433 intracranial meningioma cases aged 29 to 79 years diagnosed among residents of the states of Connecticut, Massachusetts, North Carolina, the San Francisco Bay Area and eight Texas counties between May 1, 2006 and April 28, 2011 as well as 1,349 controls that were frequency matched on age, sex, and geography. The data are analyzed separately and in a meta-analysis with six previously reported studies.
Results: Female cases who reported having ever smoked were at significantly decreased risk of intracranial meningioma (OR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.7–0.9) in contrast to male cases who were at increased risk (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.0–1.7). Similar findings were noted for current and past smokers. Smoking-induced risk for females did not vary by menopausal status. For males, increased duration of use (P = 0.04) as well as increasing number of pack-years (P = 0.02) was associated with elevated risk. A meta-analysis including 2,614 cases and 1,179,686 controls resulted in an OR for ever smoking of 0.82 (95% CI, 0.68–0.98) for women and 1.39 (95% CI, 1.08–1.79) for men.
Conclusion: The association of cigarette smoking and meningioma case status varies significantly by gender with women at reduced risk and men at greater risk.
Impact: Whether the observed differences are associated with a hormonal etiology will require additional investigation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(6); 943–50. ©2012 AACR.
Selection Bias in Population-Based Cancer Case–Control Studies Due to Incomplete Sampling Frame Coverage
Authors: Walsh Matthew C. , Trentham-Dietz Amy , Gangnon Ronald E. , Nieto F. Javier , Newcomb Polly A. , Palta Mari 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBackground: Increasing numbers of individuals are choosing to opt out of population-based sampling frames due to privacy concerns. This is especially a problem in the selection of controls for case–control studies, as the cases often arise from relatively complete population-based registries, whereas control selection requires a sampling frame. If opt out is also related to risk factors, bias can arise.Methods: We linked breast cancer cases who reported having a valid driver's license from the 2004–2008 Wisconsin women's health study (N = 2,988) with a master list of licensed drivers from the Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WDOT). This master list excludes Wisconsin drivers that requested their information not be sold by the state. Multivariate-adjusted selection probability ratios (SPR) were calculated to estimate potential bias when using this driver's license sampling frame to select controls.Results: A total of 962 cases (32%) had opted out of the WDOT sampling frame. Cases age &lt;40 (SPR = 0.90), income either unreported (SPR = 0.89) or greater than $50,000 (SPR = 0.94), lower parity (SPR = 0.96 per one-child decrease), and hormone use (SPR = 0.93) were significantly less likely to be covered by the WDOT sampling frame (α = 0.05 level).Conclusions: Our results indicate the potential for selection bias due to differential opt out between various demographic and behavioral subgroups of controls. As selection bias may differ by exposure and study base, the assessment of potential bias needs to be ongoing.Impact: SPRs can be used to predict the direction of bias when cases and controls stem from different sampling frames in population-based case–control studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(6); 881–6. ©2012 AACR.
A Randomized Trial of Aerobic Exercise and Sleep Quality in Lymphoma Patients Receiving Chemotherapy or No Treatments
Authors: Courneya Kerry S. , Sellar Christopher M. , Trinh Linda , Forbes Cynthia C. , Stevinson Clare , McNeely Margaret L. , Peddle-McIntyre Carolyn J. , Friedenreich Christine M. , Reiman Tony 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Background: Patients with lymphoma experience sleep problems that may be managed with aerobic exercise but no previous study has examined this issue.
Methods: We randomized 122 patients with lymphoma to usual care (n = 62) or 12 weeks of supervised aerobic exercise training (AET; n = 60). Our primary sleep endpoint was global sleep quality assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Secondary endpoints were the PSQI component scores. Planned subgroup analyses were also conducted.
Results: Intention-to-treat analyses indicated that AET resulted in a nonsignificant (P = 0.16) improvement in global sleep quality compared with usual care [mean group difference = −0.64; 95% confidence interval (CI), −1.56 to +0.27]. In planned subgroup analyses, statistically significant or borderline significant interactions were identified for type of lymphoma (Pinteraction = 0.006), current treatment status (Pinteraction = 0.036), time since diagnosis (Pinteraction = 0.010), body mass index (Pinteraction = 0.075), and baseline sleep quality (Pinteraction = 0.041). Specifically, AET improved global sleep quality in patients with lymphoma who had indolent non–Hodgkin lymphoma (P = 0.001), were receiving chemotherapy (P = 0.013), were &lt;2 years post-diagnosis (P = 0.005), were obese (P = 0.025), and were poor sleepers at baseline (P = 0.007).
Conclusions: AET did not significantly improve sleep quality in this heterogeneous sample of patients with lymphoma; however, clinically identifiable subgroups appeared to benefit. Future exercise trials targeting these responsive subgroups are needed to confirm these findings.
Impact: If replicated in larger and more focused trials, aerobic exercise may be an attractive option to manage sleep dysfunction in patients with cancer because of its favorable safety profile and other documented health benefits. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(6); 887–94. ©2012 AACR.
EGFR Somatic Mutations in Lung Tumors: Radon Exposure and Passive Smoking in Former- and Never-Smoking U.S. Women
Authors: Taga Masataka , Mechanic Leah E. , Hagiwara Nobutoshi , Vähäkangas Kirsi H. , Bennett William P. , Alavanja Michael C.R. , Welsh Judith A. , Khan Mohammed A. , Lee Adam , Diasio Robert , Edell Eric , Bungum Aaron , Jang Jin Sung , Yang Ping , Jen Jin , Harris Curtis C. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Background: Patients with lung cancer with mutations in EGF receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase have improved prognosis when treated with EGFR inhibitors. We hypothesized that EGFR mutations may be related to residential radon or passive tobacco smoke.
Methods: This hypothesis was investigated by analyzing EGFR mutations in 70 lung tumors from a population of never and long-term former female smokers from Missouri with detailed exposure assessments. The relationship with passive smoking was also examined in never-smoking female lung cancer cases from the Mayo clinic.
Results: Overall, the frequency of EGFR mutation was 41% [95% confidence interval (CI), 32%–49%]. Neither radon nor passive-smoking exposure was consistently associated with EGFR mutations in lung tumors.
Conclusions: The results suggest that EGFR mutations are common in female, never-smoking lung cancer cases from the United States, and EGFR mutations are unlikely due to exposure to radon or passive smoking. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(6); 988–92. ©2012 AACR.
Clinical Manifestations of the Unperforated Aortic Sinus Aneurysm
Authors: STEINBERG ISRAEL , FINBY NATHANIEL 
Published: June 2012

There are no diagnostic features for the recognition of unperforated aortic sinus aneurysms except for a grade 3 to 4 cardiac murmur. Linear or massive calcifications in the intracardiac portion of the root of the aorta continuous with the linear calcifications of the ascending aorta sometimes occurs in syphilitic aortic sinus aneurysms. Accordingly, a high index of suspicion and angiocardiography are advocated in order to establish the diagnosis during life.
Surgical repair of a localized congenital aortic sinus aneurysm through the right atrial approach seems feasible if there are no serious complicating aortic or cardiac lesions. The diffuse unruptured aneurysmal congenital and syphilitic aortic sinus aneurysms are better left alone. If rupture occurs, surgical repair, even though heroic, should be attempted.
Proposals for Ballistocardiographic Nomenclature and Conventions: Revised and Extended
Authors: SCARBOROUGH WILLIAM R. , TALBOT SAMUEL A. , BRAUNSTEIN JOHN R. , RAPPAPORT MAURICE B. , DOCK WILLIAM , SCARBOROUGH WILLIAM R. , HAMILTON W. F. , SMITH JOHN E. , NICKERSON JOHN L. , TALBOT SAMUEL A. , STARR ISAAC 
Published: June 2012

The committee's first report, published in
Circulation
for June 1953, recommended a terminology and certain conventions for recording ballistocardiograms of the type then in use. However, it soon became apparent that the committee's work was far from complete.

Increasing knowledge of ballistic theory soon began to throw light on the relations of records secured by various instruments to one another, and a rapid advance in instrumentation began to provide records related to, but often not identical with, those which had been provided with a standard terminology by the committee in its first report. Accordingly, the committee has continued its labors to provide the rapidly advancing field with a uniform terminology.
While they were thus engaged, attention was called to the fact that the designation of spatial axes previously recommended for vector ballistocardiograms differed from that which had been recommended for electrocardiograms by another committee of the American Heart Association. The advantages of a common system for designating spatial axes were obvious to all. Accordingly, as the electrocardiographic usage had priority and as little had been published in the field of ballistocardiographic vectors the committee voted to withdraw their original recommendation and substitute one conforming to that in use by electrocardiographers. In the present communication this new convention is also set forth.
All members of the committee have shared in the deliberations and taken part in the decisions which form the basis of this report; but so much of the larger proportion of the actual work fell on Dr. Scarborough and Dr. Talbot that it was agreed without dissenting vote that only their names should appear as authors. This report has the endorsement of the committee as a whole, and the terminology it suggests is recommended as the official terminology of the American Heart Association.
George E. Brown Memorial Lecture
Authors: MONTGOMERY HUGH 
Published: June 2012

It seems fair to say that prior to the use of the oxygen electrode there was a static concept of the oxygen tension of tissues. This was true in spite of the fact that Bazett and Sribyatta, with the gas bubble technic, had demonstrated one example of a labile oxygen tension, in the subcutaneous space of man.
17
They of course could not show the rapidity with which the changes take place. Experiments with the polarographic technic have shown that profound changes in oxygen tension can take place very rapidly, all the way from values approaching that of arterial blood down to zero.

In vasodilated skin oxygen tension approaches that of arterial blood. When different concentrations of oxygen are breathed, the changes in oxygen tension in such skin closely follow those of the arterial blood. When the circulation to skin is limited by peripheral arterial occlusion, oxygen is reduced and does not increase on vasodilatation as much as does that of normal skin. When a normal person breathes oxygen, the oxygen in the tissues that use little oxygen quickly reaches a pressure 4 or 5 times that produced when he breathes air. In the case of tissues that use greater amounts of oxygen this relationship is not so close. The higher tensions have not been found in the tissues that use the most oxygen. The transfer of oxygen from the capillaries to the tissue is rapid but not instantaneous.
The usual ranges of oxygen tension of various tissues such as skeletal muscle, heart muscle, brain, etc., are not yet known in terms of millimeters of mercury, but this should now be possible. It is hoped that local metabolisms will be measured reasonably accurately in intact tissues within the body. Perhaps the storage of oxygen by myoglobin and cytochromes can be derived, again in situ, from the metabolism and the rate of change of oxygen tension when the circulation is arrested.
The potentialities of the oxygen electrode are great, but limitations of the method should be respected. Further development of the method may free it of some of its defects. Other methods may supplant it, but if so they will need to be equally rapid and more capable of exact calibration.
In closing this presentation I want to thank our chairman, my friend Dr. Arthur Merrill, for allowing me to speak to you. I want also to thank Dr. George Brown, in memoriam, for his pioneering in the paths of study of the interrelations of circulatory and tissue physiology and medicine.
Pulseless Disease due to Branchial Arteritis
Authors: KOSZEWSKI BOHDAN J. , HUBBARD THEODORE F. 
Published: June 2012

A case of pulseless disease or branchial arteritis is described and findings of arteriography and arterial biopsy are observed. The primary lesion seems to consist of an acute neutrophilic periarteritis progressing to panarteritis, causing arterial thrombosis. Later stages are characterized by fibroblastic hypertrophy of adventitia with lymphocytic and plasmacellular infiltrations.
The anatomic changes are characteristic enough to regard the condition as an independent syndrome that can usually be well differentiated from other inflammatory and degenerative arterial diseases.
The arteritis in this case seemed to respond to combined steroid and anticoagulant therapy.
Systolic Murmurs
Authors: LEATHAM AUBREY 
Published: June 2012

The graphic registration of heart sounds and murmurs (phonocardiography) has greatly facilitated analysis of their pattern, timing, and relation to hemodynamics. Many of the principles and facts so established are being applied to auscultation with great benefit to that art.
Systolic murmurs fall into 2 main groups, ejection murmurs and regurgitant murmurs, according to their shape and relation to the heart sounds.

Ejection systolic murmurs
are separated from the first heart sound by the isometric contraction time; they are crescendo-diminuendo in pattern (diamond shaped) and finish appreciably before the second heart sound. They are due to ejection of blood from the left or right ventricle into the aorta or pulmonary artery when there is stenosis of the appropriate valve or outflow tract, valve disease without stenosis, or—without valve disease-increased forward stroke flow or dilatation of the aorta or pulmonary artery. Small ejection vibrations can be recorded in normal subjects and their physiologic accentuation is probably responsible for most systolic murmurs that prove to be innocent.

Regurgitant systolic murmurs
are pansystolic for they start with the first heart sound and finish with the second; the volume of sound emitted is relatively constant throughout systole or increased in late systole. They are caused by backflow of blood through the mitral or tricuspid valve or by a left-to-right shunt of high velocity through a ventricular septal defect or patent ductus arteriosus.
Conference on Electrolyte and Adrenal Factors in Human and Experimental Renal Hypertension
Authors: BOHR DAVID F. 
Published: June 2012

In addition to reviewing evidence bearing on the broad relationship of adrenal and electrolyte changes to the pathogenesis of hypertension, this conference considered more specifically the changes in vascular reactivity and electrolyte excretion in hypertension.
Supporting the theory of an adrenal mechanism in hypertension was evidence that the development of adrenal-regeneration hypertension in different species may bear a direct relationship to the degree of adrenal regeneration (Dr. Skelton), and that a steroid having electrolyte action opposite to that of desoxycorticosterone is hypotensive in action both in DCA and renal ischemic hypertension, but not in normotensive animals (Dr. Sturtevant). On the other hand, it was observed that adrenalectomy does not alter the development of hypertension produced by kidney encapsulation in the rat (Dr. Fregly).
Although it is probable that constrictor agents cause a greater increment in vascular resistance in hypertension than in normotension, the interpretation of this relationship in terms of responsiveness of vascular smooth muscle is fraught with difficulties: 1. The base line of vascular resistance in hypertension is different from that in normotension, and it is possible that the increment in resistance for a given amount of smooth muscle shortening is greater in the constricted than in the normal vessel (Dr. Tobian). 2. It is possible that the increase in resistance in hypertension is due to the encroachment of the edematous blood vessel wall into the lumen without an increase in tone of vascular smooth muscle (Dr. Tobian). 3. The responsiveness to epinephrine of aortic strips from hypertensive animals is less than (Dr. Bohr) or no greater than (Dr. Tobian) that from the nor mal animal. The pertinence of the aortic strip studies was questioned, both because the aorta differs in function (Dr. Sancetta) and responsiveness (Dr. Bohr) from the arteriole and because epinephrine was used in these studies (Dr. Skeggs). The problem of tachyphylaxis of the isolated artery strip in response to angiotonin may not yet be resolved (Drs. Bohr and Helmer).
In hypertension there is an increase in sodium excretion by the kidney which is accentuated by the administration of a sodium chloride load. This abnormality reflects an impairment of the tubular reabsorption of sodium which is related to an impaired reabsorption of water (Dr. Sapirstein) and is a direct function of the arterial blood pressure (Drs. Hollander and Weller).