bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Substrates for flexible electronics: A practical investigation on the electrical, film flexibility, optical, temperature, and solvent resistance properties
Authors: Zardetto Valerio , Brown Thomas M. , Reale Andrea , Di Carlo Aldo 
Published: March 2011

AbstractDesigning and developing flexible electronics requires a thorough investigation of the substrates available for the fabrication of devices. Here, we present a practical study on a variety of significant substrates: polyethylene terephthalate (PET), its heat‐stabilized (HS) derivative, HS‐PET, and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) plastic insulating films; indium tin oxide (ITO)‐coated ITO/PEN and ITO/PET transparent conducting films; rigid ITO/glass and FTO/glass substrates; stainless steel and titanium foils. We put the substrates through a range of tests these actually undergo during device fabrication to determine their optical, mechanical flexibility (under different types of tensile and compressive stress bending with and without a PEDOT:PSS conducting polymer layer), solvent resistance, stability to temperature treatment (conductivity and deformation), and to UV irradiation. We highlight issues and propose solutions to improve substrate response. The results and thresholds extracted reveal limitations and windows of opportunity useful for the designer of flexible optoelectronics in determining manufacturing processes and the final applications under everyday operation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011
Assessment of the Myogenic Stem Cell Compartment Following Transplantation of Pax3/Pax7-Induced Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Progenitors
Authors: Darabi Radbod , Santos Filipe N. C. , Filareto Antonio , Pan Weihong , Koene Ryan , Rudnicki Michael A. , Kyba Michael , Perlingeiro Rita C. R. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
An effective long-term cell therapy for skeletal muscle regeneration requires donor contribution to both muscle fibers and the muscle stem cell pool. Although satellite cells have these abilities, their therapeutic potential so far has been limited due to their scarcity in adult muscle. Myogenic progenitors obtained from Pax3-engineered mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells have the ability to generate myofibers and to improve the contractility of transplanted muscles in vivo, however, whether these cells contribute to the muscle stem cell pool and are able to self-renew in vivo are still unknown. Here, we addressed this question by investigating the ability of Pax3, which plays a critical role in embryonic muscle formation, and Pax7, which is important for maintenance of the muscle satellite cell pool, to promote the derivation of self-renewing functional myogenic progenitors from ES cells. We show that Pax7, like Pax3, can drive the expansion of an ES-derived myogenic progenitor with significant muscle regenerative potential. We further demonstrate that a fraction of transplanted cells remains mononuclear, and displays key features of skeletal muscle stem cells, including satellite cell localization, response to reinjury, and contribution to muscle regeneration in secondary transplantation assays. The ability to engraft, self-renew, and respond to injury provide foundation for the future therapeutic application of ES-derived myogenic progenitors in muscle disorders.
Surface area measurement using rendered three‐dimensional ultrasound imaging: an in‐vitro phantom study
Authors: Ioannou C. , Sarris I. , Yaqub M. K. , Noble J. A. , Javaid M. K. , Papageorghiou A. T. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjectiveCranial sutures and fontanelles can be reliably demonstrated using three‐dimensional (3D) ultrasound with rendering. Our objective was to assess the repeatability and validity of fontanelle surface area measurement on rendered 3D images.MethodsThis was an in‐vitro phantom validation study. Four holes, representing fontanelles, were cut on a flat vinyl tile. The phantom was scanned in a test‐tank by two sonographers, at four different depths and using two different 3D sweep directions. The surface areas were measured on scan images and also directly from the phantom for comparison. Coefficients of variation (CVs), intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and Bland–Altman plots were used for repeatability analysis. Validity was expressed as the percentage difference of the measured area from the true surface area.ResultsValidity of measurement was satisfactory with a mean percentage difference of − 5.9% (median = − 3.5%). The 95% limits of agreement were − 23.9 to 12.1%, suggesting that random error is introduced during image generation and measurement. Repeatability of caliper placement on the same image was higher (intraobserver CV = 1.6%, ICC = 0.999) than for measurement of a newly generated scan image (intraobserver CV = 5.5%, ICC = 0.992). Reduced accuracy was noted for the smallest shape tested.ConclusionSurface area measurements on rendered 3D ultrasound images are accurate and reproducible in vitro. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Change blindness and inattentional blindness
Authors: Jensen Melinda S. , Yao Richard , Street Whitney N. , Simons Daniel J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractChange blindness and inattentional blindness are both failures of visual awareness. Change blindness is the failure to notice an obvious change. Inattentional blindness is the failure to notice the existence of an unexpected item. In each case, we fail to notice something that is clearly visible once we know to look for it. Despite similarities, each type of blindness has a unique background and distinct theoretical implications. Here, we discuss the central paradigms used to explore each phenomenon in a historical context. We also outline the central findings from each field and discuss their implications for visual perception and attention. In addition, we examine the impact of task and observer effects on both types of blindness as well as common pitfalls and confusions people make while studying these topics. WIREs Cogni Sci 2011 2 529–546 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.130This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Attention
IGAD as an International Organization, Its Institutional Development and Shortcomings
Authors: Weldesellassie K Isaac 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe heads of state and government of the East African sub-region established a forum known as the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD) for expanded cooperation in 1996. The conclusion of the treaty by which IGAD was created was the beginning, not the end, of commitment to IGAD through the principle ofpacta sunt servanda[agreements are binding and must be implemented in good faith]. In spite of the great hopes, optimism and aspirations placed on the creation of IGAD, the challenge then become IGAD members' commitment to the treaty establishing IGAD. If member states are unable to grant powers to IGAD and cooperate to enable IGAD to execute its objectives, IGAD cannot work as was intended, hence it remains open to questions. This article discusses IGAD's fundamental features and the institutional progress it has achieved, as well as the challenges it faces as an international legal body.
Entrenching the Right to Participate in Government in Kenya's Constitutional Order: Some Viable Lessons from the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Authors: Mbondenyi Morris Kiwinda 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA practice of frequent constitutional amendments started shortly after Kenya attained her independence in 1963. Consequently, the country has witnessed a confusion of systems of governance, ranging from single-party autocracy to virtual multi-party democracy, which have served to endorse the chronic condition of human rights violations in the country. In the process of such experimentation, Kenyans have unabatedly been denied the enjoyment of many of their fundamental rights and freedoms, including the right to participate in their government. This article analyses Kenya's constitutional order with the intention of highlighting the extent to which the country's citizens have been denied the right to participate in their government. Drawing inspiration from the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, the article recommends ways in which this right could be entrenched in the country's constitutional order.
Corporate Criminal Liability in South Africa: The Need to Look Beyond Vicarious Liability
Authors: Nana Constantine Ntsanyu 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCorporate criminal liability is a problematic concept, especially where it is based on an exceptionable principle such as vicarious liability. This is the case with the South African model. This article seeks to demonstrate that this model requires substantial modification because it compels the court to adopt the incoherent exercise of holding a corporation (which is a distinct person) liable for the intentional act (crime) of any of its agents, whether or not there is criminal intention on the corporation's part and whether or not it was aware of, or could have prevented the commission of the offence. It is submitted that it is more appropriate to hold a corporation liable only where it has been established that the course of conduct that resulted in the offence was encouraged or tolerated by persons who embody the corporation (usually sufficiently empowered managers or members of the board of directors).
Nigeria's National Content Bill: The Hype, the Hope and the Reality
Authors: Nwaokoro Joseph Nna Emeka 
Published: March 2011

AbstractNigeria's recent efforts to pass local content legislation with stringent targets and stiff penalties have drawn widespread attention, spurred ongoing debate and prompted numerous international workshops and seminars. Lack of local content has been blamed for high unemployment and lack of capacity, and even been linked to militancy in the Niger Delta region. After much debate and delay, the bill has become law. This article reviews the bill's history and tracks the hype surrounding Nigeria's moves towards a legislative mandate. It discusses the provisions of the bill, observing that it is poorly drafted, vague and therefore difficult to comply with. The bill could also violate international agreements, such as bilateral investment treaties and GATT, and is unnecessary in the face of contractual alternatives that could be successfully utilized to enhance local content. Contract models contain ample provisions for enabling local content and have been successfully employed by other resource-rich nations.
Exploring the Influence of Income and Geography on Access to Services for Older Adults in British Columbia: A Multivariate Analysis Using the Canadian Community Health Survey (Cycle 3.1)
Authors: Allan Diane E. , Funk Laura M. , Reid R. Colin , Cloutier-Fisher Denise 
Published: March 2011

RÉSUMÉLes recherches existantes sur les modes d’utilisation des soins de santé des Canadiens âgés suggèrent que habituellement le revenu ne restreint pas l’accès d’une personne. Cependant, le rôle que joue le revenu en influençant l’accès aux services de santé par les personnes âgées vivant en milieux ruraux est relativement inconnu. Cet article examine la relation entre le revenu et l’utilisation des services de santé chez les personnes âgées dans les zones rurales et urbaines de la Colombie-Britannique. Les données ont été extraites de l’Enquête sur la santé dans les collectivités canadiennes (ESCC) de Statistique Canada, cycle 3.1. Avec une régression multivariable, on a examiné l’influence du revenu sur l’accessibilité de 3 424 personnes âgés de 65 ans et plus. Les résultats suggèrent que (1) de faible revenu n’influence pas l’accès aux services de soins de santé, et (2) que cela est vrai pour les adultes âgés urbaines et ruraux. Dans tous les cas, les prédicteurs les plus importants et cohérents d’accès sont ceux qui ont mesuré le besoin de soins de santé.
Nematode communities of Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, maritime Antarctica
Authors: Nielsen Uffe N. , Wall Diana H. , Li Grace , Toro Manuel , Adams Byron J. , Virginia Ross A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe nematode communities of Antarctica are considered simple. The few species present are well adapted to the harsh conditions and often endemic to Antarctica. Knowledge of Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems is increasing rapidly, but nematode communities remain to be explored in large parts of Antarctica. In soil samples collected at Byers Peninsula (Antarctic Specially Protected Area No. 126), Livingston Island we recorded 37 nematode taxa but samples showed great variation in richness and abundance. Nematode richness decreased with increasing soil pH, whereas total abundances, and the abundance of several trophic groups, were greatest at intermediate pH (around 6.5–7). Moreover, the community composition was mainly related to pH and less so to soil moisture. Trophic group, and total nematode, rotifer and tardigrade, abundances were generally positively correlated. Byers Peninsula is thus, by maritime Antarctic standards, a nematode biodiversity hotspot, and the presence of several previously unrecorded genera indicates that nematode species richness in maritime Antarctica is probably underestimated. Our results indicate that abiotic factors influence nematode communities with little evidence for biotic interactions. The unexplained heterogeneity in community composition is probably related to variation in microclimate, vegetation, topography and unmeasured soil properties, but may also be contributed to by biological processes.
Skin-digging tanaids: the unusual parasitic behaviour of Exspina typica in Antarctic waters and worldwide deep basins
Authors: Alvaro Maria Chiara , Błażewicz-Paszkowycz Magdalena , Davey Niki , Schiaparelli Stefano 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe order Tanaidacea includes over 1000 species which are mainly free-living or tube-dwelling detritivores. Exspina typica Lang, 1968 represents an exception to these common life styles, having being found in the intestine and body cavity of deep sea holothuroids. The 2008 New Zealand ‘IPY-CAML Cruise’ held in the Ross Sea collected several deepwater holothuroids that were observed to carry specimens of E. typica inside their coelomic cavity. A clear interpretation of this association was hence possible. Even if E. typica shows slight adaptations to a parasitic life style, the tanaids were found to actively ‘dig’ into the host's skin, grasping tissue with their claws and producing tunnels in the body wall. It is therefore possible to clearly define this association, which is here reported from the Antarctic for the first time, as parasitism.
Penguin cranial remains from the Eocene La Meseta Formation, Isla Marambio (Seymour Island), Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Hospitaleche Carolina Acosta , Haidr Nadia 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWidely accepted ideas about trophic preferences of early penguins suggest that all Eocene sphenisciforms were piscivorous. However, recent findings from the La Meseta Formation (Eocene) of Antarctica, support the presence of at least two different morphotypes that may have evolved as a niche partitioning strategy, which is consistent with the high diversity recorded. The first of them corresponds to a medium–large sized penguin, resembling the Neogene species in configuration. Another morphotype is represented by extremely large penguins with very long and slender bills, clearly linked to fish catching habits.
High-performance 60 GHz MMICs for wireless digital communication in 100 nm mHEMT technology
Authors: Lopez-Diaz Daniel , Kallfass Ingmar , Tessmann Axel , Weber Rainer , Massler Hermann , Leuther Arnulf , Schlechtweg Michael , Ambacher Oliver 
Published: March 2011

Wireless data communication is pushing towards 60 GHz and will most likely be served by SiGe and Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technologies in the consumer market. Nevertheless, some applications are imposing superior performance requirements on the analog frontend, and employing III-V compound semiconductors can provide significant advantages with respect to transmitter power and noise figure. In this paper, we present essential building blocks and a novel single-chip low complexity transceiver Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC) with integrated antenna switches for 60 GHz communication, fabricated in a 100 nm metamorphic high electron mobility transistor (mHEMT) technology. This technology features a measured noise figure of <2.5 dB in low-noise amplifiers at 60 GHz and the realized medium power amplifiers achieve more than 20 dBm saturated output power. Integrated antenna switches with an insertion loss of less than 1.5 dB enable the integration of the transmit and the receive stages on a single chip. A single-chip transceiver with external subharmonic Local Oscillator (LO) supply for its I/Q down- and up-converter achieves a linear conversion gain in both, the Transmit (Tx) and the Receive (Rx) paths, of more than 10 dB.
Interfacial electronic structures at Fe/pentacene/Fe interfaces
Authors: Wang Yu-Zhan , Gao Xing-Yu , Wee Andrew , Qi Dong-Chen , Chen Shi 
Published: March 2011

We investigate the interfacial electronic structures of the heterojunction Fe/pentacene/Fe on Cu(100) substrate, using synchrotron-based photoemission spectroscopy. No chemical reaction is observed at either Fe/pentacene or pentacene/Fe interface. The hole injection barrier was estimated to be about 0.95 eV between pentacene and under the Fe thin film. C K-edge NEXAFS revealed that the long axis of pentacene molecule was almost perpendicular to the surface plane. With increasing Fe thickness deposited on pentacene film, the pentacene's HOMO shifts to higher binding energy whereas the C 1s binding energy showed an interesting unusual behaviour due to the initial band bending gradually suppressed by the increasing core-hole screening effect.
Cellulose-degrading bacteria associated with the invasive woodwasp Sirex noctilio
Authors: Adams Aaron S , Jordan Michelle S , Adams Sandye M , Suen Garret , Goodwin Lynne A , Davenport Karen W , Currie Cameron R , Raffa Kenneth F 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Sirex noctilio is an invasive wood-feeding wasp that threatens the world's commercial and natural pine forests. Successful tree colonization by this insect is contingent on the decline of host defenses and the ability to utilize the woody substrate as a source of energy. We explored its potential association with bacterial symbionts that may assist in nutrient acquisition via plant biomass deconstruction using growth assays, culture-dependent and -independent analysis of bacterial frequency of association and whole-genome analysis. We identified Streptomyces and γ-Proteobacteria that were each associated with 94% and 88% of wasps, respectively. Streptomyces isolates grew on all three cellulose substrates tested and across a range of pH 5.6 to 9. On the basis of whole-genome sequencing, three Streptomyces isolates have some of the highest proportions of genes predicted to encode for carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZyme) of sequenced Actinobacteria. γ-Proteobacteria isolates grew on a cellulose derivative and a structurally diverse substrate, ammonia fiber explosion-treated corn stover, but not on microcrystalline cellulose. Analysis of the genome of a Pantoea isolate detected genes putatively encoding for CAZymes, the majority predicted to be active on hemicellulose and more simple sugars. We propose that a consortium of microorganisms, including the described bacteria and the fungal symbiont Amylostereum areolatum, has complementary functions for degrading woody substrates and that such degradation may assist in nutrient acquisition by S. noctilio, thus contributing to its ability to be established in forested habitats worldwide.
Impacts of anthropogenic activity on the ecology of class 1 integrons and integron-associated genes in the environment
Authors: Gaze William H , Zhang Lihong , Abdouslam Nouradin A , Hawkey Peter M , Calvo-Bado Leo , Royle Jeremy , Brown Helen , Davis Susan , Kay Paul , Boxall Alistair B A , Wellington Elizabeth M H 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The impact of human activity on the selection for antibiotic resistance in the environment is largely unknown, although considerable amounts of antibiotics are introduced through domestic wastewater and farm animal waste. Selection for resistance may occur by exposure to antibiotic residues or by co-selection for mobile genetic elements (MGEs) which carry genes of varying activity. Class 1 integrons are genetic elements that carry antibiotic and quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) resistance genes that confer resistance to detergents and biocides. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and diversity of class 1 integron and integron-associated QAC resistance genes in bacteria associated with industrial waste, sewage sludge and pig slurry. We show that prevalence of class 1 integrons is higher in bacteria exposed to detergents and/or antibiotic residues, specifically in sewage sludge and pig slurry compared with agricultural soils to which these waste products are amended. We also show that QAC resistance genes are more prevalent in the presence of detergents. Studies of class 1 integron prevalence in sewage sludge amended soil showed measurable differences compared with controls. Insertion sequence elements were discovered in integrons from QAC contaminated sediment, acting as powerful promoters likely to upregulate cassette gene expression. On the basis of this data, &gt;1 × 1019 bacteria carrying class 1 integrons enter the United Kingdom environment by disposal of sewage sludge each year.
SurvJamda: an R package to predict patients' survival and risk assessment using joint analysis of microarray gene expression data
Authors: Yasrebi Haleh 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Summary: SurvJamda (Survival prediction by joint analysis of microarray data) is an R package that utilizes joint analysis of microarray gene expression data to predict patients' survival and risk assessment. Joint analysis can be performed by merging datasets or meta-analysis to increase the sample size and to improve survival prognosis. The prognosis performance derived from the combined datasets can be assessed to determine which feature selection approach, joint analysis method and bias estimation provide the most robust prognosis for a given set of datasets.
Availability: The survJamda package is available at the Comprehensive R Archive Network, http://cran.r-project.org.
Contact: hyasrebi@yahoo.com
Large-scale learning of combinatorial transcriptional dynamics from gene expression
Authors: Asif H. M. Shahzad , Sanguinetti Guido 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Motivation: Knowledge of the activation patterns of transcription factors (TFs) is fundamental to elucidate the dynamics of gene regulation in response to environmental conditions. Direct experimental measurement of TFs' activities is, however, challenging, resulting in a need to develop statistical tools to infer TF activities from mRNA expression levels of target genes. Current models, however, neglect important features of transcriptional regulation; in particular, the combinatorial nature of regulation, which is fundamental for signal integration, is not accounted for.
Results: We present a novel method to infer combinatorial regulation of gene expression by multiple transcription factors in large-scale transcriptional regulatory networks. The method implements a factorial hidden Markov model with a non-linear likelihood to represent the interactions between the hidden transcription factors. We explore our model's performance on artificial datasets and demonstrate the applicability of our method on genome-wide scale for three expression datasets. The results obtained using our model are biologically coherent and provide a tool to explore the concealed nature of combinatorial transcriptional regulation.
Availability: http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/gsanguin/software.html.
Contact: g.sanguinetti@ed.ac.uk
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.