bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
American Saints: Gender and the Re-Imaging of U.S. Catholicism in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Cummings Kathleen Sprows 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIn Roman Catholic theology, saints are intermediaries between heaven and earth. In American Catholic practice, saints could also serve as intermediaries between two cultures—the minority religious community and the larger Protestant one. This article focuses on two female saints who became popular among American Catholics in the early twentieth century in part because American Catholics believed that devotion to them would help to undermine negative images of Catholicism in American culture. Presenting St. Bridget of Ireland as an antidote to popular stereotypes of Bridget the Irish serving girl, Irish-American Catholics argued that the former's beauty and wisdom provided a more authentic rendering of Catholic womanhood than the ignorance and coarseness of the latter. Seton's devotees, meanwhile, highlighted her status as a descendant of the American Protestant elite, offering her as model of Catholicism that was socially, racially, and culturally distant from that presented by recent Catholic immigrants. Taken together, the revival of Bridget and the quest to canonize Seton show how U.S. Catholics looked to the saints not only as models of holiness but also as agents of Americanization. It may seem counterintuitive that Catholics would choose to mediate their Americanness through saintly devotion, the very religious practice that appeared most alien to Protestant observers. There is, however, no question that hagiography took on a decidedly American dimension in the early twentieth century as U.S. Catholics repackaged European saints for a U.S. audience and petitioned for the canonization of one of their own.
Broadcasting Mainline Protestantism: The Chicago Sunday Evening Club and the Evolution of Audience Expectations from Radio to Television
Authors: Stamm Michael 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis article analyzes the broadcast activities of the Chicago Sunday Evening Club (CSEC), a mainline Protestant organization founded in 1908 and still active today. The CSEC began broadcasting its weekly meetings on the radio in 1922 and on television in 1956. Drawing on archival organizational records from the CSEC and from listener correspondence, this essay traces how the club's use of the new media of particular historical moments shaped its history as a public entity.This study makes two claims. First, it argues that, though evangelicals and fundamentalists took to radio and television broadcasting with greater vigor, mainline Protestant groups did as well, and the persistence of a group like the CSEC offers a way to understand the challenges that broadcasting presented to religious organizations. Second, this article shows how audience expectations for religious programming evolved from radio to television. For many listeners, radio offered what they told the CSEC was a spiritual and even miraculous experience, and they marveled at being able to tune in to religious services from their homes. Television, however, prompted remarks often focused on visual style, and the club found itself struggling to compete with the newly emerging group of religious television programs not only on denominational terms (many were evangelicals and fundamentalists) but also on aesthetic terms. In contrast to radio, as many viewers wrote to the CSEC, television seemed to provide not a singular “experience” but rather spectatorial access to events taking place elsewhere. In the context of competition from the more telegenic programming of evangelicals and fundamentalists, these shifting audience expectations shaped both the history of the CSEC as a public entity and the broader history of mainline Protestantism in the mass media.
Impacts of climate variability and human colonization on the vegetation of the Galápagos Islands
Authors: Restrepo Alejandra , Colinvaux Paul , Bush Mark , Correa-Metrio Alexander , Conroy Jessica , Gardener Mark R. , Jaramillo Patricia , Steinitz-Kannan Miriam , Overpeck Jonathan 
Published: August 2012

A high‐resolution (2–9 year sampling interval) fossil pollen record from the Galápagos Islands, which spans the last 2690 years, reveals considerable ecosystem stability. Vegetation changes associated with independently derived histories of El Niño Southern Oscillation variability provided evidence of shifts in the relative abundance of individual species rather than immigration or extinction. Droughts associated with the Medieval Climate Anomaly induced rapid ecological change that was followed by a reversion to the previous state. The paleoecological data suggested nonneutral responses to climatic forcing in this ecosystem prior to the period of human influence.Human impacts on the islands are evident in the record. A marked decline in long‐term codominants of the pollen record, Alternanthera and Acalypha, produced a flora without modern analogue before 1930. Intensified animal husbandry after ca. 1930 may have induced the local extinction of Acalypha and Alternanthera. Reductions in populations of grazing animals in the 1970s and 1980s did not result in the return of the native flora, but in invasions by exotic species. After ca. 1970 the trajectory of habitat change accelerated, continuously moving the ecosystem away from the observed range of variability in the previous 2690 years toward a novel ecosystem. The last 40 years of the record also suggest unprecedented transport of lowland pollen to the uplands, consistent with intensified convection and warmer wet seasons.
Nitrate Removal Effectiveness of a Riparian Buffer along a Small Agricultural Stream in Western Oregon
Authors: Wigington P. J. , Griffith S. M. , Field J. A. , Baham J. E. , Horwath W. R. , Owen J. , Davis J. H. , Rain S. C. , Steiner J. J. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTThe Willamette Valley of Oregon has extensive areas of poorly drained, commercial grass seed lands. Little is know about the ability of riparian areas in these settings to reduce nitrate in water draining from grass seed fields. We established two study sites with similar soils and hydrology but contrasting riparian vegetation along an intermittent stream that drains perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) fields in the Willamette Valley of western Oregon. We installed a series of nested piezometers along three transects at each site to examine NO3–N in shallow ground water in grass seed fields and riparian areas. Results showed that a noncultivated riparian zone comprised of grasses and herbaceous vegetation significantly reduced NO3–N concentrations of shallow ground water moving from grass seed fields. Darcy's law–based estimates of shallow ground water flow through riparian zone A/E horizons revealed that this water flowpath could account for only a very small percentage of the streamflow. Even though there is great potential for NO3–N to be reduced as water moves through the noncultivated riparian zone with grass–herbaceous vegetation, the potential was not fully realized because only a small proportion of the stream flow interacts with riparian zone soils. Consequently, effective NO3–N water quality management in poorly drained landscapes similar to the study watershed is primarily dependent on implementation of sound agricultural practices within grass seed fields and is less influenced by riparian zone vegetation. Wise fertilizer application rates and timing are key management tools to reduce export of NO3–N in stream waters.
Leaf Litter Dynamics and Nitrous Oxide Emission in a Mediterranean Riparian Forest
Authors: Bernal S. , Butturini A. , Nin E. , Sabater F. , Sabater S. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTMediterranean riparian zones can experience severe drought periods that lead to low soil moisture content, which dramatically affects their performance as nitrate removal systems. In the Mediterranean riparian zone of this study, we determined that N2O emission was practically nil. To understand the role of forest floor processes in nitrogen retention of a Mediterranean riparian area, we studied leaf litter dynamics of two tree species, London planetree [Platanus×acerifolia(Aiton) Willd.] and alder [Alnus glutinosa(L.) Gaertn.], for two years, along with soil nitrogen mineralization rates. Annual leaf litter fall equaled 562.6 ± 10.1 (standard error) g dry wt. m−2, 68% of which was planetree and 32% of which was alder. The temporal distribution of litterfall showed a two‐peak annual cycle, one occurring in midsummer, the other in autumn. Planetree provided the major input of organic nitrogen to the forest floor, and the amount of planetree leaves remaining on the forest floor was equivalent to approximately four years of stock. Leaf litter decomposition was three times higher for alder (decay coefficient [k] = 1.13 yr−1) than for planetree (k= 0.365 yr−1). Mineralization rates showed a seasonal pattern, with the maximum rate in summer (1.92 mg N kg−1d−1). Although the forest floor was an important sink for nitrogen due to planetree leaf accumulation, 7.5% of this leaf litter was scoured to the streambed by wind. This loss was irrelevant for alder leaves. Due to the litter quality, the forest floor of this Mediterranean riparian forest acts as a nitrogen sink.
Spatial Variability of Soil Carbon in Forested and Cultivated Sites
Authors: Conant Richard T. , Smith Gordon R. , Paustian Keith 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTThe potential to sequester atmospheric carbon in agricultural and forest soils to offset greenhouse gas emissions has generated interest in measuring changes in soil carbon resulting from changes in land management. However, inherent spatial variability of soil carbon limits the precision of measurement of changes in soil carbon and hence, the ability to detect changes. We analyzed variability of soil carbon by intensively sampling sites under different land management as a step toward developing efficient soil sampling designs. Sites were tilled cropland and a mixed deciduous forest in Tennessee, and old‐growth and second‐growth coniferous forest in western Washington, USA. Six soil cores within each of three microplots were taken as an initial sample and an additional six cores were taken to simulate resampling. Soil C variability was greater in Washington than in Tennessee, and greater in less disturbed than in more disturbed sites. Using this protocol, our data suggest that differences on the order of 2.0 Mg C ha−1 could be detected by collection and analysis of cores from at least five (tilled) or two (forest) microplots in Tennessee. More spatial variability in the forested sites in Washington increased the minimum detectable difference, but these systems, consisting of low C content sandy soil with irregularly distributed pockets of organic C in buried logs, are likely to rank among the most spatially heterogeneous of systems. Our results clearly indicate that consistent intramicroplot differences at all sites will enable detection of much more modest changes if the same microplots are resampled.
Wet Chemical and Phosphorus‐31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Analysis of Phosphorus Speciation in a Sandy Soil Receiving Long‐Term Fertilizer or Animal Manure Applications
Authors: Koopmans G. F. , Chardon W. J. , Dolfing J. , Oenema O. , van der Meer P. , van Riemsdijk W. H. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTIn areas under intensive livestock farming and with high application rates of animal manure, inorganic and organic phosphorus (P) may be leached from soils. Since the contribution of these P compounds to P leaching may differ, it is important to determine the speciation of P in these soils. We determined the effect of various fertilization regimes on the P speciation in NaOH–Na2EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) and water extracts of acidic sandy soil samples from the top 5 cm of grassland with wet chemical analysis and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. These soils had been treated for a period of 11 years with no fertilizer (control), N (no P application), N–P–K, or different animal manures. Inorganic P was highly elevated in the NaOH–Na2EDTA extracts of the soils amended with N–P–K or animal manures, while organic P increased only in the soil treated with pig slurry. Water‐extractable P showed a similar trend. As indicated by 31P NMR, orthophosphate monoesters were the main organic P compounds in all soils. Our results suggest that long‐term applications of large amounts of P fertilizer and animal manures caused an accumulation of inorganic P, resulting in an increase of the potential risk related to mobilization of inorganic P in the top 5 cm of these soils.
Microbial Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium under Vadose Zone Conditions
Authors: Oliver Douglas S. , Brockman Fred J. , Bowman Robert S. , Kieft Thomas L. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTHexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a common contaminant associated with nuclear reactors and fuel processing. Improper disposal at facilities in arid and semiarid regions has contaminated underlying vadose zones and aquifers. The objectives of this study were to assess the potential for immobilizing Cr(VI) using a native microbial community to reduce soluble Cr(VI) to insoluble Cr(III) under conditions similar to those in the vadose zone, and to evaluate the potential for enhancing biological Cr(VI) reduction through nutrient addition. Batch microcosm and unsaturated flow column experiments were performed. Native microbial communities in subsurface sediments with no prior Cr(VI) exposure were shown to be capable of Cr(VI) reduction. In both the batch and column experiments, Cr(VI) reduction and loss from the aqueous phase were enhanced by adding high levels of both nitrate (NO−3) and organic C (molasses). Nutrient amendments resulted in up to 87% reduction of the initial 67 mg L−1 Cr(VI) in an unsaturated batch experiment. Molasses and nitrate additions to 15 cm long unsaturated flow columns receiving 65 mg L−1 Cr(VI) resulted in microbially mediated reduction and immobilization of 10% of the Cr during a 45‐d experiment. All of the immobilized Cr was in the form of Cr(III), as shown by XANES analysis. This suggests that biostimulation of microbial Cr(VI) reduction in vadose zones by nutrient amendment is a promising strategy, and that immobilization of close to 100% of Cr contamination could be achieved in a thick vadose zone with longer flow paths and longer contact times than in this experiment.
Stable Sulfur Isotope Ratio Indicates Long‐Term Changes in Sulfur Deposition in the Broadbalk Experiment since 1845
Authors: Zhao F. J. , Knights J. S. , Hu Z. Y. , McGrath S. P. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTArchived wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain and straw, and soil samples from the control plot of the Rothamsted Broadbalk Experiment, located in southeastern England and established in 1843, were used to investigate the effects of dramatically changing SO2 pollution inputs on the concentrations and stable isotope ratios (δ34S) of S in the samples. Representative coal samples from UK major coal fields were also determined for δ34S. Concentrations of S showed no clear trends in either grain or straw over the 155 years from 1845 to 1999. However, grain and straw δ34S decreased rapidly from 6 to 7‰ in 1845 to −2 to −5‰ in the early 1970s, and since then have increased to 0.5 to 2‰ in the late 1990s. This pattern mirrored the trend of UK SO2 emissions over the 155 years. Both grain and straw δ34S correlated strongly and negatively with UK SO2 emissions (R2 > 0.89), but the relationships were different for the pre‐ and post‐1970 data sets. Soil δ34S also decreased considerably, from 8.2‰ in 1865 to 3.7 to 4.5‰ during 1965–1999. A negative δ34S value was inferred for the anthropogenic S deposited at the experimental site before 1970, and further confirmed by negative δ34S values (−6 to −10‰) found in the coal samples from southeastern England and southern Wales. Based on the S isotope ratios, we estimated that anthropogenic S contributed 62 to 78% of the S uptake by wheat at the peak of SO2 emissions, and accounted for 28 to 37% of the topsoil S in 1965.
Decadal Change in Vegetation and Soil Phosphorus Pattern across the Everglades Landscape
Authors: Childers Daniel L. , Doren Robert F. , Jones Ronald , Noe Gregory B. , Rugge Michael , Scinto Leonard J. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTWetlands respond to nutrient enrichment with characteristic increases in soil nutrients and shifts in plant community composition. These responses to eutrophication tend to be more rapid and longer lasting in oligotrophic systems. In this study, we documented changes associated with water quality from 1989 to 1999 in oligotrophic Everglades wetlands. We accomplished this by resampling soils and macrophytes along four transects in 1999 that were originally sampled in 1989. In addition to documenting soil phosphorus (P) levels and decadal changes in plant species composition at the same sites, we report macrophyte tissue nutrient and biomass data from 1999 for future temporal comparisons. Water quality improved throughout much of the Everglades in the 1990s. In spite of this improvement, though, we found that water quality impacts worsened during this time in areas of the northern Everglades (western Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge [NWR] and Water Conservation Area [WCA] 2A). Zones of high soil P (exceeding 700 mg P kg−1 dry wt. soil) increased to more than 1 km from the western margin canal into the Loxahatchee NWR and more than 4 km from northern boundary canal into WCA‐2A. This doubling of the high soil P zones since 1989 was paralleled with an expansion of cattail (Typha spp.)‐dominated marsh in both regions. Macrophyte species richness declined in both areas from 1989 to 1999 (27% in the Loxahatchee NWR and 33% in WCA‐2A). In contrast, areas well south of the Everglades Agricultural Area, including WCA‐3A and Everglades National Park (ENP), did not decline during this time. We found no significant decadal change in plant community patterns from 1989 and 1999 along transects in southern WCA‐3A or Shark River Slough (ENP). Our 1999 sampling also included a new transect in Taylor Slough (ENP), which will allow change analysis here in the future. Regular sampling of these transects, to verify decadal‐scale environmental impacts or improvements, will continue to be an important tool for long‐term management and restoration of the Everglades.
Mercury Sequestration in Forests and Peatlands
Authors: Grigal D. F. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTNearly all Hg in vegetation is derived directly from the atmosphere. Mass of Hg in forest vegetation (roughly 0.1 mg m−2) is about an order of magnitude smaller than that in the forest floor (1 mg m−2) and two orders of magnitude smaller than that in the mineral soil (10 mg m−2). Mass of Hg in peat (20 mg m−2) is greater than the sum of that in mineral soil and the forest floor; wetlands usually sequester more Hg than associated uplands. The strong relationship of Hg to organic matter, associated with binding by reduced S groups, is fundamental to understanding Hg distribution and behavior in terrestrial systems. The stoichiometry of the Hg–C relationship varies; Hg–S relationships, though less variable, are not constant. Because of the Hg–organic matter link, landscape conditions that lead to differential soil organic matter accumulation are likely to lead to differential Hg accumulation. The ratio of methylmercury (MeHg) to total Hg is generally low in both vegetation (near 1.5%) and soil (<1%), but areas of poorly drained soils and wetlands are sites of MeHg production. The annual emission of anthropic Hg from the 48 contiguous states of the USA (144 Mg) is two orders of magnitude less than the pool of Hg in forests of those states (30 300 Mg). Peatlands, less than 2% of total land area, sequester more than 20 times annual emissions (2930 Mg). If global climate change affects C storage it will indirectly affect Hg storage, having a major effect on the balance between emissions and sequestration and on the global Hg cycle.
Environmental Fate and Impacts of Sulfometuron on Watersheds in the Southern United States
Authors: Michael J. L. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTDissipation of sulfometuron (SM), methyl 2‐[[[[(4,6‐dimethyl‐2‐pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl] benzoate, in streamflow, sediment, plant tissue, litter, and soil following operational forestry applications at the target rate of 0.42 kg a.i. ha−1 was monitored. Streamflow samples were collected at a weir on the perimeter and 30, 60, and 150 m downstream from the perimeter of the application site. Sulfometuron was detected in streamflow at low levels up to 29 days after treatment (DAT) on the watershed treated with the 75% dispersible granule formulation (Oust; DuPont Chemical Company, Wilmington, DE) and less than 53 DAT on the watershed treated with the experimental formulation (1% pellet). Twenty‐four‐hour average SM concentration in water ranged from not detected to a maximum of 49.3 μg L−1 Sulfometuron was not detected at quantifiable levels (1 μg L−1) 150 m downstream. Stream sediment, vegetation, litter, and soil were sampled periodically up to 180 DAT. All samples were analyzed for SM by high performance liquid chromatography. Sulfometuron dissipated from these watersheds with half‐lives that ranged from 4 d in plant tissues to 33 d in soil. Acidic soil solution on these treated watersheds contributed to their rapid dissipation. Environmental impacts are discussed for these watersheds in the context of available toxicological data.
Surface and Subsurface Geologic Risk Factors to Ground Water Affecting Brownfield Redevelopment Potential
Authors: Kaufman Martin M. , Murray Kent S. , Rogers Daniel T. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTA model is created for assessing the redevelopment potential of brownfields. The model is derived from a space and time conceptual framework that identifies and measures the surface and subsurface risk factors present at brownfield sites. The model then combines these factors with a contamination extent multiplier at each site to create an index of redevelopment potential. Results from the application of the model within an urbanized watershed demonstrate clear differences between the redevelopment potential present within five different near‐surface geologic units, with those units containing clay being less vulnerable to subsurface contamination. With and without the extent multiplier, the total risk present at the brownfield sites within all the geologic units is also strongly correlated to the actual costs of remediation. Thus, computing the total surface and subsurface risk within a watershed can help guide the remediation efforts at broad geographic scales, and prioritize the locations for redevelopment.