bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is an outgroup member in need a friend indeed? Personal and task‐oriented contact as predictors of intergroup prosocial behavior
Authors: Koschate Miriam , Oethinger Salome , Kuchenbrandt Dieta , van Dick Rolf 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIntergroup contact, particularly close personal contact, has been shown to improve intergroup relations, mainly by reducing negative attitudes and emotions toward outgroups. We argue that contact can also increase intergroup prosocial behavior. More specifically, we predict that different forms of contact will differentially impact on prosocial behavior directed at individual outgroup members and outgroups as a whole. Data of two studies (N1 = 264, N2 = 185), conducted with workgroups in two organizations, show that personal contact is a better predictor of prosocial behavior directed at individual outgroup members, whereas task‐oriented contact is a better predictor of prosocial behavior directed at an outgroup as a whole. Additionally, Study 2 provides evidence that empathy mediates the path from personal contact to individual‐directed prosocial behavior, whereas reward (but not cost) considerations mediate the path from task‐oriented contact to outgroup‐directed prosocial behavior. Implications for research on intergroup contact and prosocial behavior are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An efficient method for estimating the collapse risk of structures in seismic regions
Authors: Eads Laura , Miranda Eduardo , Krawinkler Helmut , Lignos Dimitrios G. 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYAssessing the probability of collapse is a computationally demanding component of performance‐based earthquake engineering. This paper examines various aspects involved in the computation of the mean annual frequency of collapse (λc) and proposes an efficient method for estimating the sidesway collapse risk of structures in seismic regions. By deaggregating the mean annual frequency of collapse, it is shown that the mean annual frequency of collapse is typically dominated by earthquake ground motion intensities corresponding to the lower half of the collapse fragility curve. Uncertainty in the collapse fragility curve and mean annual frequency of collapse as a function of the number of ground motions used in calculations is also quantified, and it is shown that using a small number of ground motions can lead to unreliable estimates of a structure's collapse risk. The proposed method is shown to significantly reduce the computational effort and uncertainty in the estimate. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A web‐based methodology for the prediction of approximate IDA curves
Authors: Peruš Iztok , Klinc Robert , Dolenc Matevž , Dolšek Matjaž 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYA web‐based methodology for the prediction of approximate IDA curves, which consists of two independent processes, is proposed. The result of the first process is a response database of the SDOF model, whereas the second process involves the prediction of approximate IDA curves from the response database by using n‐dimensional linear interpolation. Such an approach enables user‐friendly prediction of the seismic response parameters with high accuracy. In order to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed methodology, a web application for the prediction of the approximate 16th, 50th and 84th fractile responses of an RC structure was developed. For the presented case study, the response database was computed for a set of 30 ground motion records and the discrete values of six structural parameters. Very good agreement between the computed and the approximated IDA curves of the four‐storey RC building was observed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Life‐cycle cost assessment of RC and ECC frames using structural optimization
Authors: Gencturk Bora 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYIn this study life‐cycle cost (LCC) assessment of structural frames is performed. Two different materials, reinforced concrete (RC) and reinforced engineered cementitious composites (ECC), with different response characteristics are used to model the frames. ECC is characterized by high tensile ductility and energy absorption and reduced crack widths when compared to conventional concrete. However, the material is more expensive than conventional concrete; therefore, in order to quantify the potential benefits that could be obtained by replacing concrete with ECC, the life‐cycle performance is evaluated in an optimization framework. Three different structural frames are considered: an RC only frame, an ECC only frame and a multi‐material (MX) frame in which ECC is selectively applied at the potential plastic hinge locations while the remainder of the frame is made of RC. The structural capacity and earthquake demand are evaluated using rigorous analysis methods to capitalize on different characteristics of concrete and ECC, and both aleatory and epistemic uncertainties are incorporated into the LCC formulation. It is found that both the initial and LCC of frames that use ECC are lower due to savings in material and labor cost of transverse reinforcement for the former and due to increased capacity and reduced demand for the latter. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using ice‐scars as indicators of exposure to physical lakeshore disturbances, Corvette Lake, northern Québec, Canada
Authors: Lemay Mickaël , Bégin Yves 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThe hypothesis tested in this study is that ice‐scars recorded by lakeshore tree stands can be used as an integrative proxy indicator of the overall hydrodynamic disturbance regimes affecting northern lakeshores. A 2‐km‐long shore segment was divided into 21 sections according to shore orientation and slope. An ice‐scar chronology and a wave exposure index value were obtained for each shore section. A significant relationship was found between ice‐scar chronology and wave exposure index, which indicates that the mechanical action and physical force of ice activity mainly depend on the same environmental factors determining exposure to wave action (i.e. fetch, wind direction and velocity, and shore slope). The spatial and temporal variability of ice‐scar chronology features also corresponded to the distribution of geomorphological features associated with ice activity along the shoreline. Analysis of the hydrological signal associated with these ice‐scar chronology features indicated that an increase in ice‐push frequency observed in the 1930s can be associated to an increase in wave action related to more frequent spring floods maintaining high lake levels during the ice‐free period. This study demonstrates that ice‐scars have strong potential as proxy indicators of shore exposure and provide a temporal frame to reconstruct the history of lakeshore disturbance regimes at a local scale. Together, ice‐scars and wave exposure index provide essential information to interpret the evolution of lakeshore vegetation mosaics in time and space. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of glaciation on the intensity of seismic ground motion
Authors: McColl Samuel T. , Davies Timothy R. H. , McSaveney Mauri J. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTSeismicity is known to contribute to landscape denudation through its role in earthquake‐triggered slope failure; but little is known about how the intensity of seismic ground motions, and therefore triggering of slope failures, may change through time. Topography influences the intensity of seismic shaking – generally steep slopes amplify shaking more than flatter slopes – and because glacial erosion typically steepens and enlarges slopes, glaciation may increase the intensity of seismic shaking of some landforms. However, the effect of this may be limited until after glaciers retreat because valley ice or ice‐caps may damp seismic ground motions. Two‐dimensional numerical models (FLAC 6.0) were used to explore how edifice shape, rock stiffness and various levels of ice inundation affect edifice shaking intensity. The modelling confirmed that earthquake shaking is enhanced with steeper topography and at ridge crests but it showed for the first time that total inundation by ice may reduce shaking intensity at hill crests to about 20–50% of that experienced when no ice is present. The effect is diminished to about 80–95% if glacier ice level reduces to half of the mountain slope height. In general, ice cover reduced shaking most for the steepest‐sided edifices, for wave frequencies higher than 3 Hz, and when ice was thickest and the rock had shear stiffness well in excess of the stiffness of ice. If rock stiffness is low and shear‐wave velocity is similar to that of ice, the presence of ice may amplify the shaking of rock protruding above the ice surface. The modelling supports the idea that topographic amplification of earthquake shaking increases as a result of glacial erosion and deglaciation. It is possible that the effect of this is sufficient to have influenced the distribution of post‐glacial slope failures in glaciated seismically active areas. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification and accumulation of aromatic sensitizers in fish from paper recycling in Japan
Authors: Terasaki Masanori , Jozuka Kazuhiko , Makino Masakazu 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Aromatic sensitizers and related compounds (SRCs) originating from thermal recording material as impurities in waste paper have been detected in aquatic environments near cities where the paper industry is flourishing. In the present study, the levels of exposure to such SRCs and the stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N) in different fish species (Konosirus punctatus, Takifugu niphobles, and Tribolodon hakonensis) were analyzed. These fish species were collected from the vicinity of waste paper recycling plants in Japan. Eleven SRCs were identified in fish muscle at total concentration levels (ΣSRCs) of 64 to 818 ng/g wet weight (mean 181 ng/L wet wt). The dominant SRCs in the fish samples were 1,1-di(4-methylphenyl)ethane, 1,2-bis(3-methylphenoxy)ethane, and 1,4-dibenzyloxybenzene. Stable isotope ratios showed that, although three species feed on the same trophic level, K. punctatus and T. niphobles live in waters farther offshore than those in which T. hakonensis live. The contributions of various factors to the accumulation were also assessed. The lipid content (r2 = 0.512, p &lt; 0.001) was found to be the significant factor that influenced accumulation of SRCs in fish. The results also revealed significant positive correlation between the accumulation patterns and SRC components in water (r2 = 0.512–0.658, all p values &lt;0.05), but they showed negative correlations between the SRCs in fish and log KOW values. This suggests that the aqueous route is the predominant route for the accumulation of SRCs in fish. This is the first study on the accumulation of aromatic sensitizers in aquatic biota. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:1202–1208. © 2012 SETAC
A scaled-up system to evaluate zooplankton spatial avoidance and the population immediate decline concentration
Authors: Rosa Rita , Materatski Patrick , Moreira-Santos Matilde , Sousa José Paulo , Ribeiro Rui 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Most laboratory tests may underestimate adverse effects in real scenarios of contamination because they imply the forced exposure of organisms to contaminants, thus overlooking the possibility of emigration. Avoidance from contaminants has been observed in several aquatic organisms, and avoidance-based tests have been recommended to be included in risk assessment studies. To reduce uncertainty in the extrapolation of laboratory derived results, the first aim of the present study was to compare both the median avoidance concentration and the lowest-observed-effect gradient (LOEG) values of atrazine for the cladoceran Daphnia magna, between an already developed 1.1-m-long system and a scaled-up system, three times longer. Second, the present study aimed at evaluating the population immediate decline—the proportion of the population that disappears (avoids and, if not, dies)—through the integration of the relationships between lethality and avoidance versus contaminant concentration. Daphnia magna significantly avoided atrazine, during 12-h exposures, with similar results in the original and scaled-up systems. The population immediate decline at the 48-h median lethal concentration would be 94%. Even at a concentration eliciting only 5% mortality, the population immediate decline would be over 50%. Achieving a higher pertinence of avoidance results and a better understanding of the LOEG values and their time dependence, scaling up the system further both spatially and temporally, and modeling explicit spatial dynamics in exposure and organism movement in space and time are needed. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:1301–1305. © 2012 SETAC
Resolution of racemic 3‐hydroxy‐4,5‐dimethyl‐2(5H)‐furanone (sotolon) by packed column supercritical fluid chromatography
Authors: Xie Jianchun , Han Huilan , Sun Lei , Zeng Huiying , Sun Baoguo 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThe resolution of racemic 3‐hydroxy‐4,5‐dimethyl‐2(5H)‐furanone (sotolon) by packed column supercritical fluid chromatography was studied. On an analytical scale, the chiral stationary phases of Chiralpak AD‐H, Chiralcel OB‐H, Chiralcel OD‐H, and Chiralcel OJ‐H along with methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and acetonitrile as organic modifiers were tested. The effect on resolution of the modifier content in mobile phase, column temperature, column pressure, and flow rate of mobile phase was investigated through single‐factor experiment and orthogonal experiment. The optimum conditions found were Chiralpak AD‐H, column temperature 28°C, column pressure 8 MPa, 2.5% (v/v) methanol in the mobile phase, and a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min for the mobile phase, whereby the resolution achieved was 2.98. Several milligrams of enantiomers, with an optical purity of S‐100% and R‐93%, were obtained by scaling up the analytical method to preparative separation using Chiralpak AD (250 × 10 mm I.D. 10 µm ps). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using symbolic computation software packages in production of multidimensional finite volume‐based large eddy simulation codes
Authors: Aprovitola A. , Denaro F. M. 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYThe numerical simulation of turbulence is one of the most challenging tasks in the field of the modern computational science. At present, the most advanced approach is the large eddy simulation (LES) technique wherein a formal separation between resolved (large) and unresolved (small) scales of the motion is in effect by means of a filtering operation applied onto the governing equations. However, LES requires very sophisticated numerical discretizations in terms of both accuracy and efficiency. Often, the modelling of the unresolved subgrid scale terms adds further computational complexities. This paper illustrates the suitability in using software packages for symbolic computation (in the present case, Maple© for helping in the production of subroutines for a new multidimensional, high‐order accurate finite volume‐based LES code. Specifically, it will be detailed how producing, rapidly and efficiently, the routines for computing convective, diffusive as well as subgrid scale modelling fluxes. It is particularly detailed how exploiting the package for differential calculus and linear algebra for the analytical integration of the flux polynomials over the finite volume faces. The structure of the LES code is illustrated, and an accuracy analysis of the local truncation errors is performed comparing the third‐order accurate multidimensional upwind and the classical second‐order centred reconstruction in the wavenumbers space. Then, some numerical results for the turbulent plane channel and some brief points concerning the parallelization issue are addressed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficacy of an adjunctive computer‐based cognitive training program in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: a single‐blind, randomized clinical trial
Authors: Gaitán Adrian , Garolera Maite , Cerulla Noemí , Chico Gloria , Rodriguez‐Querol Mariona , Canela‐Soler Jaume 
Published: April 2012

ObjectiveThis study evaluates the efficacy at 12 months of a computer‐based cognitive training (CBCT) program, adjunctive to traditional cognitive training (TCT), on the basis of pen‐and‐paper exercises.MethodsSixty patients with multi‐domain mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease who were already receiving cognitive training, recruited from a day hospital, were assigned into two groups following a simple randomization procedure (computerized random numbers): (i) a group that received CBCT during 3 months and TCT (CBCT + TCT), n = 37, and (ii) a group that received only TCT, n = 23. Patients were assessed at baseline and after 3 and 12 months of treatment by a neuropsychologist blinded to group assignment, with a neuropsychological battery (primary outcomes) and measures of decision making, memory complaints, and emotional disturbances.ResultsWith the use of repeated‐measures analyses of covariance, the CBCT + TCT group showed less anxiety symptoms (F = 5.13, p = 0.03, d = 1.12) and less disadvantageous choices (F = 4.70, p = 0.04, d = 0.89) in decision making than the TCT group at 12 months. No significant improvement or worsening was observed in the other measures examined. However, positive effect sizes favoring the CBCT + TCT group were observed in all variables.ConclusionsThe addition of a CBCT program was effective in anxiety and decision making but had no significant effects on outcomes in basic cognitive functions in patients who were already receiving cognitive training, possibly due to a ceiling effect. Future studies should compare the efficacy of CBCT with TCT in naïve patients. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CROSS‐STATE DISPARITIES IN US HEALTH CARE EXPENDITURES
Authors: Panopoulou Ekaterini , Pantelidis Theologos 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYThis study examines the degree of convergence in health care expenditures among the US states from 1980 to 2004. Our results suggest that the US states form two clubs with specific geographical characteristics that converge to different equilibria. We also extend our analysis to investigate the cross‐state disparities in nine major components of health expenditures. Our findings provide evidence for full convergence for only two components, namely ‘physician and other professional services’ and ‘home health care’. However, for the remaining components, we can still identify various convergence clubs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of Resource Scheduling Changes on Flight Training Effectiveness Using Discrete Event Simulation
Authors: Liu Dahai , Findlay Melissa A. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis study presented a resource scheduling model of the Flight Training Department at Embry Riddle Aeronautical University's Daytona Beach Campus built using Discrete Event Simulation, to assess the effect of changes in the resources available to students in Flight Training Device (FTD) course modules on Flight Training effectiveness. Historical data from the Flight Training Department was used to build and validate the model. Results showed that, on average, students who had more resources available to them during FTD modules completed the training program 1 day earlier than those in the current system. As well, Cessna 172 and PA44 Aircraft average daily utilization increased whereas Cessna 172 S and PA44 FTD average daily utilization decreased. These results are discussed and conclusions are given at the end of this paper. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Retracted: A study of a B2C supporting interface design system for the elderly
Authors: Kuo Hui‐Ming , Chen Cheng‐Wu , Hsu Chih‐Hun 
Published: April 2012

AbstractPeople are now living longer because of advances in medical science, resulting in the percentage of the elderly in the population increasing year by year. These older individuals cannot move about like youngsters do. Internet shopping could become one of the most important shopping channels for them. According to related domestic and foreign survey results, this is confirmed by the increased percentage of elderly Internet shoppers. A lot of consumers, however, are still not satisfied with their Internet shopping experiences. Many have had the experience of giving up before completing the purchasing procedure. The key factors included in such procedures are rather complex, and user interfaces are not necessarily well‐designed. Nowadays, most websites are still designed for the convenience of the seller instead of the consumers. Often consumers find that their interfaces are complex and hard to use and that they require a high mental workload. Based on the behavioral model of older Internet consumers and difficulties they have encountered, and after exploring the information provided by shopping websites and evaluating the status of their current interface design, this study proposes an example of a supporting interface design system (SIDS) for the elderly. The effects of the SIDS are verified experimentally. A total of 12 subjects participated in the experiment. The results showed that the SIDS could successfully reduce the time spent by the elderly subjects on inputting data during the shopping process and the number of repetitions and the time spent on searching for, examining, and comparing products. Furthermore, it was also helpful to reduce the mental workload caused by Internet shopping. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dissociable anterograde amnesic effects of retrosplenial cortex and hippocampal lesions on spontaneous object recognition memory in rats
Authors: Haijima Asahi , Ichitani Yukio 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe amnesic effects of excitotoxic lesions of the rat retrosplenial cortex (RS) and hippocampus (HPC) in the spontaneous object recognition (SOR) performance were investigated. The SOR test consisted of the sample‐exposure session(s) and a test session. First, to test retrograde amnesia, rats received four sample‐exposure sessions within a day at 4 weeks and 1 day before the surgery, respectively. In the test sessions conducted 1 week after the surgery, both lesion groups showed a temporally ungraded retrograde amnesia. Second, to test anterograde amnesia, 1‐ and 4‐week retention intervals were inserted between the four sample‐exposure sessions and the test session. The RS‐lesioned rats showed a retention interval‐dependent impairment in the test sessions, while the HPC‐lesioned rats showed an impairment regardless of the retention interval. Finally, to test short‐term recognition memory, 5‐ or 30‐min delay was interposed between the single sample‐exposure session and the test session. Both lesion groups performed normally irrespective of the delay length. These results suggest that both the RS and HPC are important for long‐term object recognition memory, but these areas have different roles in it. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.