bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of mesoscale eddies on global ocean distributions of CFC-11, CO2 and Δ14C
Authors: Lachkar Z. , Orr J. C. , Dutay J.-C. , Delecluse P. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. Global-scale tracer simulations are typically made at coarse resolution without explicitly modeling eddies. Here we ask what role do eddies play in ocean uptake, storage, and meridional transport of transient tracers. We made global anthropogenic transient-tracer simulations in non-eddying (2°cosφ×2°, ORCA2) and eddying (½°cosφ×½°, ORCA05) versions of the ocean general circulation model OPA9. We focus on the Southern Ocean where tracer air-sea fluxes are largest. Eddies have little effect on global and regional bomb Δ14C uptake and storage. Yet for anthropogenic CO2 and CFC-11, increased eddy activity reduces southern extratropical uptake by 28% and 25% respectively. There is a similar decrease in corresponding inventories, which provides better agreement with observations. With higher resolution, eddies strengthen upper ocean vertical stratification and reduce excessive ventilation of intermediate waters by 20% between 60° S and 40° S. By weakening the Residual Circulation, i.e., the sum of Eulerian mean flow and the opposed eddy-induced flow, eddies reduce the supply of tracer-impoverished deep waters to the surface near the Antarctic divergence, thus reducing the air-sea tracer flux. Consequently, inventories for both CFC-11 and anthropogenic CO2 decrease because their mixed layer concentrations in that region equilibrate with the atmosphere on relatively short time scales (15 days and 6 months, respectively); conversely, the slow air-sea equilibration of bomb Δ14C of 6 years, gives surface waters little time to exchange with the atmosphere before they are subducted.
Physical response of the coastal ocean to Hurricane Isabel near landfall
Authors: Bingham F. M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. Hurricane Isabel made landfall near Drum Inlet, North Carolina on 18 September 2003. In nearby Onslow Bay an array of 5 moorings captured the response of the coastal ocean to the passage of the storm by measuring currents, surface waves, bottom pressure, temperature and salinity. Temperatures across the continental shelf decreased by 1–3°C, consistent with a surface heat flux estimate of 750 W/m2. Salinity decreased at most mooring locations. A calculation at one of the moorings estimates rainfall of 11 cm and a net addition of fresh water at the surface of 8 cm. The low-pass current field shows a shelf-wide movement of water, first to the southwest, with an abrupt reversal to the northeast along the shelf after landfall. Close analysis of this reversal shows it to be a disturbance propagating offshore at a speed somewhat less than the local shallow water wave speed. The high-pass current field at one of the moorings shows a significant increase in kinetic energy at periods between 10 min and 2 h during the approach of the storm. This high-pass flow is isotropic and has a short (<5 m) vertical decorrelation scale. It appears to be closely associated with the winds, Finally we examined the surface wave field at one of the moorings. It shows the swell energy peaking well before the winds waves. At the height of the storm, as the winds rotated rapidly in the cyclonic sense, the wind wave direction rotated as well, with a lag of 45–90°.
Rubidium and Rubidium Compounds
Authors: Lenk Winfried , Prinz Horst , Steinmetz Anja 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties3.Raw Materials and Production4.Rubidium Compounds5.Quality Specifications and Analysis6.Storage and Transportation7.Uses and Economic Aspects8.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Rheometry
Authors: Strivens Trevor A. , Schoff Clifford K. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.The Science of Rheology1.1.Introduction1.2.Terminology1.2.1.Rheological Measurement Terms1.2.2.Rheological Classification of Materials1.2.3.Classification of Rheological Experiments and Measuring Systems1.3.Examples of Rheological Behavior1.3.1.Newtonian Liquids1.3.2.Elastic Solids1.3.3.Simple Viscoelastic Liquids1.3.4.Complex Viscoelastic Liquids1.3.5.Thixotropic Liquids2.Rheological Measurements2.1.Basic Deformation Modes for Measurement2.1.1.Shear Deformation2.1.2.Extensional Deformation2.2.Torsional Shear Deformation2.2.1.Rheometer Types2.2.2.Measurement Geometries2.2.2.1.Parallel Plates2.2.2.2.Cone and Plate2.2.2.3.Concentric Cylinder (Cup and Bob, Couette)2.2.2.4.Other Geometries2.3.Capillary (Poiseuille) Shear Flow2.4.Extensional Flow2.5.Measurement Procedures2.5.1.Steady‐State Measurements2.5.2.Dynamic (Oscillatory) Measurements2.5.3.Transient Methods2.5.4.Combined Methods2.5.5.Normal Stress Measurements3.Results of Rheological Measurements3.1.Steady‐State Measurements3.2.Dynamic (Oscillatory) Measurements3.3.Transient Measurements
Graphene Oxide: Surface Activity and Two‐Dimensional Assembly
Authors: Kim Franklin , Cote Laura J. , Huang Jiaxing 
Published: April 2010

AbstractGraphene oxide (GO) is a promising precursor for preparing graphene‐based composites and electronics applications. Like graphene, GO is essentially one‐atom thick but can be as wide as tens of micrometers, resulting in a unique type of material building block, characterized by two very different length scales. Due to this highly anisotropic structure, the collective material properties are highly dependent on how these sheets are assembled. Therefore, understanding and controlling the assembly behavior of GO has become an important subject of research. In this Research News article the surface activity of GO and how it can be employed to create two‐dimensional assemblies over large areas is discussed.
Lrp4: A novel modulator of extracellular signaling in craniofacial organogenesis
Authors: Ohazama Atsushi , Porntaveetus Thantrira , Ota Masato S. , Herz Joachim , Sharpe Paul T. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor family is a large evolutionarily conserved group of transmembrane proteins. It has been shown that LDL receptor family members can also function as direct signal transducers or modulators for a broad range of cellular signaling pathways. We have identified a novel mode of signaling pathway integration/coordination that occurs outside cells during development that involves an LDL receptor family member. Physical interaction between an extracellular protein (Wise) that binds BMP ligands and an Lrp receptor (Lrp4) that modulates Wnt signaling, acts to link these two pathways. Mutations in either Wise or Lrp4 in mice produce multiple, but identical abnormalities in tooth development that are linked to alterations in BMP and Wnt signaling. Teeth, in common with many other organs, develop by a series of epithelial–mesenchymal interactions, orchestrated by multiple cell signaling pathways. In tooth development, Lrp4 is expressed exclusively in epithelial cells and Wise mainly in mesenchymal cells. Our hypothesis, based on the mutant phenotypes, cell signaling activity changes and biochemical interactions between Wise and Lrp4 proteins, is that Wise and Lrp4 together act as an extracellular mechanism of coordinating BMP and Wnt signaling activities in epithelial–mesenchymal cell communication during development. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identical but not the same: The value of discordant monozygotic twins in genetic research
Authors: Zwijnenburg Petra J.G. , Meijers‐Heijboer Hanne , Boomsma Dorret I. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractMonozygotic (MZ) twins show remarkable resemblance in many aspects of behavior, health, and disease. Until recently, MZ twins were usually called “genetically identical”; however, evidence for genetic and epigenetic differences within rare MZ twin pairs has accumulated. Here, we summarize the literature on MZ twins discordant for Mendelian inherited disorders and chromosomal abnormalities. A systematic literature search for English articles on discordant MZ twin pairs was performed in Web of Science and PubMed. A total number of 2,016 publications were retrieved and reviewed and 439 reports were retained. Discordant MZ twin pairs are informative in respect to variability of phenotypic expression, pathogenetic mechanisms, epigenetics, and post‐zygotic mutagenesis and may serve as a model for research on genetic defects. The analysis of single discordant MZ twin pairs may represent an elegant approach to identify genes in inherited disorders. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ileal disease is associated with surgery for perianal disease in a population-based Crohn's disease cohort
Authors: Eglinton T , Reilly M , Chang C , Barclay M , Frizelle F , Gearry R 
Published: April 2010

Abstract

Background
The aim of this study was describe the frequency and characteristics of perianal surgical intervention (PSI) for Crohn's disease in a population-based cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Methods
A total of 1421 patients with IBD were recruited, representing approximately 91 per cent of people with IBD in Canterbury, New Zealand. The clinical notes were screened to confirm the diagnosis and extract clinical data, including details of PSIs.

Results
Some 649 patients with Crohn's disease were included in the analysis, of whom 119 (18·3 per cent) had at least one PSI. Of these, 61 (51·3 per cent) required further procedures. Operations for perianal abscess and fistula accounted for 72·4 per cent of interventions. PSI rates did not differ between the sexes (P = 0·218). Age less than 17 years (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1·89 (95 per cent confidence interval 1·08 to 3·28)) and ileal disease (OR 1·76 (1·06 to 2·92)) were identified as predictors of PSI. As disease duration increased, so did the proportion of patients with complicated intestinal disease among those who had undergone PSI. The median time to first PSI from diagnosis of Crohn's disease was 28 (interquartile range 7–82) months. Sex, age at diagnosis and disease location did not influence the time to first PSI.

Conclusion
PSIs are frequent in patients with Crohn's disease, particularly those with ileal disease and those diagnosed at a young age.
Clinicoradiological score for predicting the risk of strangulated small bowel obstruction
Authors: Schwenter F , Poletti P A , Platon A , Perneger T , Morel P , Gervaz P 
Published: April 2010

Abstract

Background
Intestinal ischaemia as a result of small bowel obstruction (SBO) requires prompt recognition and early intervention. A clinicoradiological score was sought to predict the risk of ischaemia in patients with SBO.

Methods
A clinico-radiological protocol for the assessment of patients presenting with SBO was used. A logistic regression model was applied to identify determinant variables and construct a clinical score that would predict ischaemia requiring resection.

Results
Of 233 consecutive patients with SBO, 138 required laparotomy of whom 45 underwent intestinal resection. In multivariable analysis, six variables correlated with small bowel resection and were given one point each towards the clinical score: history of pain lasting 4 days or more, guarding, C-reactive protein level at least 75 mg/l, leucocyte count 10 × 109/l or greater, free intraperitoneal fluid volume at least 500 ml on computed tomography (CT) and reduction of CT small bowel wall contrast enhancement. The risk of intestinal ischaemia was 6 per cent in patients with a score of 1 or less, whereas 21 of 29 patients with a score of 3 or more underwent small bowel resection. A positive score of 3 or more had a sensitivity of 67·7 per cent and specificity 90·8 per cent; the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0·87 (95 per cent confidence interval 0·79 to 0·95).

Conclusion
By combining clinical, laboratory and radiological parameters, the clinical score allowed early identification of strangulated SBO.
The effects of organic solvents on the efficiency and regioselectivity of N‐acetyl‐lactosamine synthesis, using the β‐galactosidase from Bacillus circulans in hydro‐organic media
Authors: Bridiau Nicolas , Issaoui Neyssène , Maugard Thierry 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe enzymatic synthesis of N‐acetyl‐lactosamine (LacNAc) by the transgalactosylation of N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosamine (GlcNAc), catalyzed by the β‐galactosidase from Bacillus circulans (BcβGal), was studied in hydro‐organic media, starting from o‐nitrophenyl‐β‐D‐galactopyranoside (oNPG) as a galactosyl donor. Thermal stability and synthesis activity of BcβGal were shown to depend on the organic solvent polarity, characterized by its Log P value. BcβGal was thus most stable in 10% (v/v) t‐BuOH, an organic solvent found to have a stabilizing and/or weakly denaturing property, which was confirmed for high t‐BuOH concentrations. In the same manner, the optimal synthesis yield increased as the Log P value of the organic solvent increased. The best results were obtained for reactions carried out in 10% (v/v) pyridine or 2‐methyl‐2‐butanol, which gave 47% GlcNAc transgalactosylation yield based on starting oNPG, of which 23% (11 mM; 4.3 g/L) consisted in LacNAc synthesis. Furthermore, it was also established that both the GlcNAc transgalactosylation yield and the enzyme regioselectivity depended on the percentage of organic solvent used, the optimal percentage varying from 10 to 40% (v/v), depending on the solvent. This phenomenon was found to correlate mainly with the thermodynamic activity of water (aw) in the aqueous organic solvent mixture, which was found to be optimal when close to 0.96, whatever the organic solvent used. Finally, this study highlighted the fact that the regioselectivity of BcβGal for 1‐4 linkage formation could be advantageously managed by controlling the aw parameter. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
Estimation of Reliable Parameters for Solid‐Liquid Equilibrium Description of Chiral Systems
Authors: Haida H. , Kaemmerer H. , Lorenz H. , Seidel‐Morgenstern A. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe knowledge of accurate solid‐liquid phase equilibria serves in general as a strong basis for the design of any crystallization process. The available database is often limited and the experimental determination of necessary and reliable thermodynamic data is a tedious and time‐consuming task. In this study, the predictive power of a multi‐component gE model fed with limited experimental data was evaluated. Hereby, the impact of uncertainties in the underlying experimental data and the obtained model parameters was of particular interest. Statistical methods were used in order to extend the knowledge about the reliability of the model correlation and to evaluate its predictive characteristics. Therefore, binary and ternary phase equilibria for the system methionine/water were taken from the literature, and analyzed.
Outlier detection and ambiguity detection for microarray data in probabilistic discriminant partial least squares regression
Authors: Botella C. , Ferré J. , Boqué R. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe reject option plays an important role in the classification of microarray data. In this work, a reject option is implemented in the probabilistic discriminant partial least squares (p‐DPLS) method in order to reject to classify both outliers and ambiguous samples. Microarray data are highly susceptible to present outliers because of the many steps involved in the experimental process. During the development of the classifier, outliers in the training data may strongly influence the model and degrade its performance. Some future samples to be classified may also be outliers that will most probably be misclassified. Ambiguous samples are samples that cannot be clearly assigned to any of the classes with a high confidence. In this work, outlier detection and ambiguity detection are implemented taking into account the x‐residuals, the leverage and the predicted ŷ. The method was applied to oligonucleotide microarray data and cDNA microarray data. For the first dataset (prostate cancer data set), the outlier detection criteria allowed us to remove nine samples from the training set. The model without those samples had better classification ability, with a decrease in the classification cost per sample from 0.10 to 0.07. The method was also used in a second dataset (small round blue cell tumours of childhood dataset) to detect prediction outliers so that most of the outliers were rejected to classify and misclassifications were reduced from 100 to 5%. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A concise summary of experimental facts about the Soai reaction
Authors: Gehring Timo , Busch Mark , Schlageter Martin , Weingand Daniel 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe Soai reaction amplifies small enantiomeric excesses in a spectacular manner. Being known for 20 years, it has drawn the attention of many scientists in different fields as it is to date the only chemical reaction offering the chance to study the phenomenon of asymmetric autocatalysis in conjunction with high amplification of enantiomeric excess (ee). This mini‐review comprises an introduction to the discovery of asymmetric autocatalysis with amplification of ee and a concise summary of published experimental results showing which starting materials and reaction parameters play an important role in this reaction and which influences are understood. It is addressed especially to scientists entering the field of the Soai reaction to get a quick overview of important aspects. Chirality 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enhanced cell migration and invasion of CD133+ pancreatic cancer cells cocultured with pancreatic stromal cells
Authors: Moriyama Taiki , Ohuchida Kenoki , Mizumoto Kazuhiro , Cui Lin , Ikenaga Naoki , Sato Norihiro , Tanaka Masao 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:Recently, cancer stem cells have been reported as a new therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer as well as other cancers, but the specific role of these cells is unknown.METHODS:The authors investigated the functional roles of CD133+ cells, 1 of the putative cancer stem cell candidates in pancreatic cancer. CD133 expression was assessed in human pancreatic cancer and cancer cell lines by quantitative real‐time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry. Next, they compared the ability of CD133+ and CD133− cells to proliferate, migrate, and invade using 2 pancreatic cancer cell lines. In particular, they evaluated the relationship between CD133+ cells and primary pancreatic stromal cells.RESULTS:CD133 was expressed in primary human pancreatic cancer tissues and some cancer cell lines, whereas there was little expression in primary normal pancreatic epithelial cells and primary pancreatic stromal cells. CD133+ cells, isolated by flow cytometry, showed increased cell proliferation under anchorage‐independent conditions (P < .01), and enhanced migration and invasion, particularly when cocultured with primary pancreatic stromal cells (P < .001). Chemokine‐related receptor‐4 (CXCR4), markedly overexpressed in CD133+ cells, may be responsible for the increased invasive ability of the cells cocultured with pancreatic stromal cells, which express stromal derived factor‐1, the ligand to CXCR4.CONCLUSIONS:These data suggest that CD133+ cells exhibit more aggressive behavior, such as increased cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, especially in the presence of pancreatic stromal cells. The targeting therapy for the interaction between CD133+ cancer cells and stromal cells may be a new approach for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Developmental instability of ano‐genital distance index: Implications for assessment of prenatal masculinization
Authors: Dušek Adam , Bartoš Luděk , Sedláček František 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPrenatal androgens are generally assumed to permanently affect the morphology of external genitalia. In laboratory rodents, the ano‐genital distance index (AGDI) has become widely used as a marker of natural prenatal masculinization. A greater value should indicate a greater masculinization. The aim of this study was to assess the developmental stability of the AGDI in female mice during pre‐ (Days 1–21) and postweaning (Days 21–61) periods. Presuming that the AGDI reflects a permanent effect of prenatal masculinization, we hypothesized that the AGDI will be a developmentally stable morphometric measurement (interindividual differences in the AGDI measurement should persist over time). In contrast to our prediction, the AGDI showed poor repeatability both during pre‐ (.15) and postweaning (.22) periods, indicating developmental instability. (A value of 1 indicates perfect repeatability and a value of 0 indicates no repeatability.) The AGDI thus does not seem to be a reliable marker of prenatal female masculinization. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 52: 568–573, 2010.This article was published online on 28 April 2010. An error was subsequently identified. This notice is included in the online and print versions to indicate that both have been corrected 1 June 2010.
Do children with developmental dyslexia have impairments in implicit learning?
Authors: Pavlidou Elpis V. , Louise Kelly M. , Williams Joanne M. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe explored implicit learning in a group of typically developing and developmental dyslexic primary school children (9–12 y) using a modified artificial grammar learning task. Performance was calculated using two measures of performance: a perfect free recall (PFR) score and a grammaticality judgment score. Both groups of children required the same amount of exposure to memorize the items (i.e. PFR performance) (t(30)=1.620, p>0.05; p‐value reported two‐tailed). However, repeated measures ANOVA (Participant type × Grammaticality × Chunk strength) revealed a Participant type effect for grammaticality judgment scores (F(1,30)=4.521, p<0.05; p‐value reported two‐tailed). Typically developing children showed above chance performance in terms of both grammaticality and chunk strength of the stimuli. Children with developmental dyslexia on the other hand, failed to show implicit learning irrespective of the substring characteristics (i.e. grammaticality or chunk strength). We propose that children with developmental dyslexia may be impaired in their implicit rule abstraction mechanism, which can partially explain their persistent reading problems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catalyst Regeneration in Transition‐Metal‐Mediated Atom‐Transfer Radical Addition (ATRA) and Cyclization (ATRC) Reactions
Authors: Pintauer Tomislav 
Published: April 2010

AbstractTransition‐metal‐catalyzed atom‐transfer radical addition (ATRA) and cyclization (ATRC) are considered fundamental reactions in organic chemistry for the formation of C–C bonds using free‐radical means. Until recently, both processes were plagued by the large amounts of catalysts needed to achieve high selectivity towards the desired target compound (as high as 30 mol‐%). The principal problem was the accumulation of the transition metal complex in the higher oxidation state as a result of unavoidable radical‐radical termination reactions. In this article, recent advanced in the area of catalyst regeneration in transition‐metal‐mediated ATRA and ATRC reactions in the presence of free‐radical diazo initiators or magnesium as reducing agents are reviewed. The role of the reducing agent in both systems is to continuously regenerate the activator (transition metal complex in the lower oxidation state) from the deactivator (transition metal complex in the higher oxidation state). As a result, ATRA and ATRC reactions can be conducted using very small concentrations of metal catalysts, making this methodology a “greener” alternative to currently available synthetic processes for such organic transformations.