bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La mission de Juraj Križanić en Moscovie
Authors: Geronimi Valérie 
Published: May 2011

Миссия Юрия Крижанича в Москву

Автор настоящей статьи поставила перед собой задачу доказать, что хорватский миссионер Юрий Крижанич всю свою жизнь оставался верным убеждениям своих молодых лет, согласно которым самодержавная Россия должна служить образцом политического развития для всех славянских народов. Хотя для этого, по мнению Крижанича, России необходимо было пойти на объединение с западной, римокато- лической церковью.
Юрий Крижанич родился в Хорватии в 1617 (или 1618) году. Учился в Загребе, в Граце (Австрия) и в Болонье, где окончил курс философии. В 1641 году он поступил в греческую Коллегию имени св. Афанасия в Риме, откуда два года спустя вышел миссионером. Первую свою миссионерскую деятельность Крижанич осуществил у себя на родине, после чего он уехал в Смоленск, который в это время находился в составе Речи Посполитой. Там он воспользовался представившимся случаем и в составе польского посольства совершил в 1647 году поездку в Москву. В 1652 году Крижанич вернулся в Рим, откуда по истечении шести лет снова отправился в Москву, где около полутора лет занимался переводами. После этого по царскому указу Крижанич был сослан в Тобольск, причем причины этой ссылки так и остались невыясненными. В Тобольске хорватский миссионер провел 15 лет своей жизни и был освобожден по случаю вступления на престол царя Федора Алексеевича. В 1677 году Крижанич приехал в Вильно, где поступил в Доминиканский монашеский орден. Однако с доминиканцами у него произошла ссора и он решил уехать из города. После того он попал в армию польского короля Яна Собеского. Скончался Юрий Крижанич в 1683 году во время осады Вены, буквально накануне победы, которую одержали войска христианской коалиции.
Юрий Крижанич всячески стремился приспособить содержание своих произведений и писем к тем конкретным читателям, которым они были адресованы. При этом он нисколько не поступался своими убеждениями. Так, в записке написанной в 1641 году, обращаясь к иезуитам Пропаганды веры, он говорит о необходимости обращения русского царя в католическую веру. Там же он пишет, что во имя защиты христианства, именно этот царь освободит южных славян от турецкого ига. Позже, уже находясь в сибирской ссылке, он написал произведениие Беседы о правлении, известное так же под названием Политика, в котором описывается политическое устройство русского государства. В нем он дает положительную оценку католикам, подчеркивая их высоконравственные качества. Здесь же он подвергает резкой критике немцев и греков за их «нечестность и высокомерие». Для Крижанича политика и вера всегда были неотделимы друг от друга.
Курс Адама Мицкевича по славянским литературам в Коллеж де Франс в контексте сравнительного славянского литературоведения
Authors: Karagyozov Panayot 
Published: May 2011

Le cours de littératures slaves d'Adam Mickiewicz au Collège de France dans le contexte des études comparées des littératures slaves

L'article traite du Cours de littératures slaves tenu par Adam Mickiewicz au Collège de France de 1840 à 1844. L'activité d'enseignant du poète polonais est présentée sur le fond des processus politiques généraux se développant en Europe au milieu du XIXe siècle.
Les constatations d'Adam Mickiewicz sur l'importance de la langue, de la mythologie, du folklore, du territoire, de la religion, de l'histoire et du destin historique des peuples slaves en tant que prémisses pour la création d'une communauté littéraire et culturelle sont comparées aussi bien aux vues de ses prédécesseurs et contemporains (P. J. Šafárik, Jan Kollár, F. L. Čelakovský) qu'à celles des slavistes appartenant à des générations ultérieures : A. N. Pypin, G. D. Gačev, B. Ničev et d'autres.
L'article étudie la spécificité littéraire slave dans le cadre de l'universalité culturelle européenne et des relations culturelles entre les peuples d'Europe occidentale et les Slaves.
Sont également présentées les suppositions du professeur polonais sur l'unité des Slaves au sein de la civilisation européenne chrétienne et ses vues sur l'origine et le développement des genres dans les littératures slaves.
Inferring the higher‐order phylogeny of mosses (Bryophyta) and relatives using a large, multigene plastid data set
Authors: Chang Ying , Graham Sean W. 
Published: May 2011

•Premise of the study: Investigating the early diversification of major clades requires well‐corroborated and accurate phylogenetic inferences. We examined the performance of a large set of plastid genes for inferring the broad phylogenetic backbone of mosses—the second largest major clade of land plants—and their nearest relatives.•Methods: We surveyed 14–17 plastid genes from a broadly representative taxonomic sampling of the major bryophyte lineages, including all major lines of non‐peristomate mosses. We examined how well these new data corroborated or contradicted the findings of other studies, and investigated the effect of removing rapidly evolving characters.•Key results: We inferred major clades with at least as strong support as other studies that used more taxa. We corroborated current views of overall embryophyte relationships, i.e., (liverworts, (mosses, (hornworts, tracheophytes))), with strong maximum likelihood (ML) bootstrap support, and also placed Zygnematales as the sister group of embryophytes with moderate ML bootstrap support. Within mosses, we confirmed Oedipodiaceae as the sister group of the large clade of peristomate taxa. Likelihood analysis also firmly placed Takakiaceae as the sister group of all other mosses, a strong conflict with parsimony results. Parsimony converged on the Takakia‐sister result when rapidly evolving characters were removed, depending on the tree used to classify the site rates.•Conclusions: Our findings broadly support the utility of a 14‐gene set from the plastome for future, more densely sampled phylogenetic studies of mosses and relatives, potentially complementing anticipated whole‐plastome studies. Likelihood and parsimony conflicts flag possible instances of long‐branch attraction, including one involving the earliest split in moss phylogeny.
Bryophyte‐specific primers for retrieving plastid genes suitable for phylogenetic inference
Authors: Chang Ying , Graham Sean W 
Published: May 2011

• Premise of the study: We present here new bryophyte‐specific primers that permit retrieval of 17 slowly evolving plastid genes and their associated introns and intergenic spacers. These regions were chosen to facilitate accurate phylogenetic inference across a broad range of mosses and other bryophytes.• Methods and Results: We developed 78 new primers for the targeted regions using an initial sampling of exemplar bryophytes and other green plants, to complement those used in vascular plants. We assessed the ability of the new primers to amplify and sequence these regions using a test set of 11 additional exemplar bryophytes.• Conclusions: We show that the newly designed primers facilitate ready retrieval of 14 of 17 targeted regions from a broad range of bryophyte taxa. These primers should prove useful for future studies of bryophyte phylogeny.
Integration of vessel traits, wood density, and height in angiosperm shrubs and trees
Authors: Martínez‐Cabrera Hugo I. , Schenk H. Jochen , Cevallos‐Ferriz Sergio R. S. , Jones Cynthia S. 
Published: May 2011

• Premise of the study: Trees and shrubs tend to occupy different niches within and across ecosystems; therefore, traits related to their resource use and life history are expected to differ. Here we analyzed how growth form is related to variation in integration among vessel traits, wood density, and height. We also considered the ecological and evolutionary consequences of such differences.• Method: In a sample of 200 woody plant species (65 shrubs and 135 trees) from Argentina, Mexico, and the United States, standardized major axis (SMA) regression, correlation analyses, and ANOVA were used to determine whether relationships among traits differed between growth forms. The influence of phylogenetic relationships was examined with a phylogenetic ANOVA and phylogenetically independent contrasts (PICs). A principal component analysis was conducted to determine whether trees and shrubs occupy different portions of multivariate trait space.• Key results: Wood density did not differ between shrubs and trees, but there were significant differences in vessel diameter, vessel density, theoretical conductivity, and as expected, height. In addition, relationships between vessel traits and wood density differed between growth forms. Trees showed coordination among vessel traits, wood density, and height, but in shrubs, wood density and vessel traits were independent. These results hold when phylogenetic relationships were considered. In the multivariate analyses, these differences translated as significantly different positions in multivariate trait space occupied by shrubs and trees.• Conclusions: Differences in trait integration between growth forms suggest that evolution of growth form in some lineages might be associated with the degree of trait interrelation.
Characterization of 15 novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the Actinidia chinensis species complex (Actinidiaceae)
Authors: Zhou Jin , Liu Yifei , Huang Hongwen 
Published: May 2011

• Premise of the study: Based on the ESTs database, we report here for the first time 15 polymorphic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the Actinidia chinensis species complex that can be used to study population genetic variation.• Methods and Results: SNPs derived from ESTs of the A. chinensis species complex were identified by the in silico SNP discovery strategy. The Cleaved Amplified polymorphic Sequences (CAPS) method was used to validate putative SNPs in a sample of 24 diploid A. chinensis individuals. For the 15 nuclear SNPs identified, all loci had two alleles, and the minor allele frequency ranged from 0.146 to 0.479. The expected and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0 to 0.500 and from 0 to 0.875, respectively.• Conclusions: The developed markers in this study will provide valuable tools for characterizing genetic variation in evolutionary and ecological studies of natural populations.
Cryptic spatial aggregation of the cushion plant Azorella selago (Apiaceae) revealed by a multilocus molecular approach suggests frequent intraspecific facilitation under sub‐Antarctic conditions
Authors: Cerfonteyn Mia E. , Roux Le Peter C. , Vuuren Van Bettine Jansen , Born Céline 
Published: May 2011

• Premise of the study: In abiotically severe habitats, intraspecific aggregations can increase species’ fitness by ameliorating stressful environmental factors. However, the difficulty of identifying individual plants in some growth forms makes the measurements of intraspecific aggregation, and therefore the assessment of intraspecific facilitation, problematic. In this study, we examined the genotype composition within cushions of Azorella selago, a sub‐Antarctic cushion plant, to investigate the potential extent of intraspecific facilitation.• Methods: The study was performed on Marion Island, South Africa. Two to eight samples were collected from 42 A. selago cushions, comprising eight different growth forms. Samples were genotyped using seven microsatellite markers.• Key results: We showed that all cushion shapes, with the exception of small cushions, may be comprised of more than one genetically distinct individual.• Conclusions: Under harsh sub‐Antarctic conditions, intraspecific aggregation between A. selago individuals appears common and may be driven by the positive impacts of environmental amelioration.
Carrières morales et épreuves scolaires. Se construire dans un monde scolaire inéquitable
Authors: Verhoeven Marie 
Published: May 2011

Résumé L’auteur étudie la scolarité de jeunes issus de l’immigration sous l’angle de la justice sociale et de la reconnaissance à travers une enquête par entretiens auprès d’adolescents scolarisés en Communauté française de Belgique. L’approche intégrée de diverses dimensions –distribution, reconnaissance, pouvoir– permet de saisir leur imbrication au sein d’environnements scolaires concrets où les jeunes se construisent comme sujet moral et développent une capacité d’action. Deux sources majeures d’inégalités apparaissent : la ségrégation socio-spatiale qui marque le choix de l’établissement et inscrit ces élèves dans des environnements dévalorisés pour la compétition scolaire ; le stigmate socio-ethnique dont ils font l’expérience dans leurs relations avec les enseignants ou les pairs. Trois idéaux-types revendiquant la parité de participation sont dégagés –“carrière scolaire ouverte”, “carrière scolaire confinée”, “carrière instable”– qui engendrent parcours et identités contrastés. Face au travail et aux stratégies des individus, les environnements scolaires instituent et perpétuent les inégalités sociales. Les victimes d’inégalités tentent de s’accommoder des effets négatifs de la stigmatisation. Quand elles accèdent à un environnement scolaire de qualité, elles ont besoin de ressources familiales et amicales qui les soutiennent dans la mise à distance coûteuse du stigmate de leur origine et/ou appartenance ethno-culturelle.
Comment intégrer le développement durable à la stratégie?
Authors: Poisson-de Haro Serge 
Published: May 2011

Résumé De nombreuses organisations ont décidé de transformer leurs processus dans l’optique du développement durable en prenant en compte non seulement les effets économiques de leurs activités, mais aussi leurs effets sociaux et environnementaux. Toutefois, pour la plupart des entreprises, il reste un long chemin à parcourir afin de faire vraiment du développement durable, car elles n’ont pas encore changé leurs façons de faire par manque de moyens, de savoir-faire ou de volonté. Comment les entreprises peuvent-elles se positionner, puis mettre en œuvre des plans d’action en matière de développement durable? Quel type de changement devraient-elles apporter? Cet article vise à aider les entreprises à mieux comprendre les enjeux du développement durable et à proposer une démarche cohérente par rapport à leurs ambitions stratégiques. Nous présentons les trois étapes de l’intégration du développement durable : analyser la performance économique, environnementale et sociale de l’entreprise; évaluer les enjeux du développement durable pour l’entreprise et l’industrie; adopter une position face au développement durable accordée avec l’importance de ce défi pour l’entreprise et sa capacité à le gérer. Plusieurs exemples illustrent nos propos. En outre, notre analyse de l’intégration du développement durable dans l’industrie de l’électricité en Espagne nous amène à constater que, dans un même secteur, des entreprises peuvent adopter un positionnement qui leur est propre.
Epidemiological Analysis of an Outbreak of Diffuse Lamellar Keratitis
Authors: Javaloy Jaime , Alió Jorge L. , Rodríguez Alejandra , González Amagoia , Pérez-Santonja Juan J. 
Published: May 2011

Purpose:
To describe the incidence, causes, risk factors, and preventive strategies regarding an outbreak of diffuse lamellar keratitis (DLK).

Methods:
Between March and October 2007, an epidemic of DLK was detected in one center. During this period, 6 surgeons performed 1161 LASIK or flap lift procedures. From March to August 2007, data were retrospectively collected corresponding to pre- and postoperative clinical findings and environmental risk factors related to the operating room, auxiliary staff, sterilization, and surgical equipment (phase 1). Incidence and distribution of cases are described. From August to October 2007, a prospective epidemiological study was completed, analyzing the clinical and intraoperative variables associated with the outbreak (phase 2). A plan of action was applied covering a wide range of possible causes.

Results:
During phase 1, 25.79% of eyes developed DLK. A greater incidence was found in eyes operated on Mondays and a smaller incidence was found when povidone-iodine was used for disinfection of the instruments. Actions taken by the staff to stop the outbreak had no effect, and epidemiologists designed a strategy aimed at addressing all possible weak points and the prospective study for detecting causes. The incidence decreased to 1.87% and a weak significant association was found for sex, atopy, drug allergies, spherical equivalent refraction, and mechanical microkeratome.

Conclusions:
Strategies aimed at addressing all possible etiological factors can stop an epidemic of DLK even when a single cause has not been isolated.
Refractive Outcomes and Quality of Vision Related to an Outbreak of Diffuse Lamellar Keratitis
Authors: Javaloy Jaime , Alió Jorge L. , El Kady Bassam , Muñoz Gonzalo , Barraquer Rafael I. , Maldonado Miguel J. 
Published: May 2011

Purpose:
To report the impact on visual function and corneal aberrations during an epidemic of diffuse lamellar keratitis (DLK).

Methods:
A retrospective, comparative, and consecutive case-control study was performed, involving 418 eyes operated between March and October 2007 in the refractive surgery unit of one center. Eyes were separated into groups: group 1 (DLK group) included 209 eyes that presented with DLK after LASIK and group 2 (control group) included 209 unaffected, consecutive eyes operated from the beginning of the outbreak. Refractive variables and corneal aberrations were compared between the two groups.

Results:

Visual outcomes were significantly different when comparing control eyes and eyes with DLK grades 3 and 4, but not for eyes with DLK grades 1 and 2. Uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) significantly improved from the third month after DLK was diagnosed (Kruskal-Wallis,
P
=.02). Corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) did not decrease significantly with DLK grades 1 and 2 (preoperative CDVA vs 1, 3, and 6 months after diagnosis; Mann-Whitney,
P
>.05, respectively). At the end of follow-up, UDVA and CDVA were not significantly different between the two groups. Eyes suffering from DLK had significantly increased corneal aberrations, except for spherical and astigmatism aberrations, 3 months after being diagnosed (Kruskal-Wallis,
P
<.05); however, corneal aberrations were not significantly different between the DLK and control groups (Mann-Whitney,
P
>.05).

Conclusions:
The outbreak of DLK did not induce a significant decrease in global visual outcomes, except in severe cases, and postoperative corneal aberrations were not affected.
Effects of LASIK on Corneal Endothelium Using the 15-kHz IntraLase Femtosecond Laser
Authors: Muñoz Gonzalo , Albarrán-Diego César , Sakla Hani F. , Ferrer-Blasco Teresa , Javaloy Jaime 
Published: May 2011

PURPOSE:
To assess the effects of LASIK with the 15-kHz IntraLase femtosecond laser on corneal endothelium.

METHODS:
In a prospective, single-center clinical trial, 138 patients (mean age: 32.0±7.1 years [range: 21 to 42 years]) underwent femtosecond LASIK for the correction of myopia −0.75 to −9.00 diopters (D) and cylinder up to 3.25 D. Patients were divided into two groups: contact lens group (n=76) and non-contact lens group (n=62). Pre- and 12-month postoperative specular microscopy of the central corneal endothelium was performed. The integrity of the central endothelium was assessed in terms of endothelial cell density and percentage of hexagonality.

RESULTS:

In the contact lens group, mean endothelial cell density improved significantly from 3401±292 cells/mm
2
to 3587±262 cells/mm
2
(
P
<.001) with a mean increase of 5.5%. The percentage of hexagonal cells was statistically significantly higher after surgery (32.5±4.0%) compared with preoperative data (31.0±5.1%) (
P
=.035). No statistically significant differences were noted regarding mean endothelial cell density (
P
=.126) or hexagonality (
P
=.56) before and 1 year after femtosecond LASIK in the non-contact lens group.

CONCLUSIONS:
Femtosecond LASIK to correct myopia was safe for the corneal endothelium. Improvement in mean endothelial cell density and percentage of hexagonality was observed in the contact lens group.
Incidence and Characteristics of Unilateral Keratoconus Classified on Corneal Topography
Authors: Wei Rui Hua , Zhao Shao Zhen , Lim Li , Tan Donald T.H. 
Published: May 2011

PURPOSE:
To evaluate the characteristics of unilateral keratoconus defined on the basis of corneal topography and analyze videokeratography parameters between fellow eyes and normal controls.

METHODS:
A total of 111 patients with clinical keratoconus were prospectively enrolled. Both eyes were evaluated with Tomey (Tomey Corp) and Orbscan II (Bausch & Lomb) corneal topography systems. The patient was classified as having unilateral keratoconus if one eye had clinical keratoconus and the other eye did not have any topographic signs of keratoconus such as asymmetric videokeratographic pattern, positive result in Tomey keratoconus screening, maximum posterior elevation >40 μm, or corneal thinnest pachymetry <500 μm. Clinical characteristics and 13 Orbscan II quantitative indices between keratoconic and fellow eyes and normal control eyes were evaluated.

RESULTS:

Five (4.5%) of 111 patients with keratoconus had no topographic evidence of keratoconus in the fellow eye. All clinically normal fellow eyes had symmetric bowtie patterns. Statistically significant differences were noted in maximum posterior elevation, corneal irregularity, and corneal thinnest values between keratoconic eyes and fellow eyes, and between keratoconic eyes and control eyes. Only 3-mm irregularity was significantly higher in the fellow eyes compared with control eyes (
P
<.05). An increased trend for corneal 5-mm irregularity was found in fellow eyes compared to control eyes.

CONCLUSIONS:
The incidence of unilateral keratoconus was 4.5%. A trend of higher irregularity was found in fellow eyes compared with control eyes. This finding indicates that fellow eyes may show a certain low-expressivity morphologic feature of keratoconus.
Anterior Chamber Depth Measurements Obtained with Pentacam HR
®
Imaging System and Conventional A-Scan Ultrasound
Authors: Szalai Eszter , Berta András , Németh Gábor , Hassan Ziad , Módis László 
Published: May 2011

Background and Objective:
To evaluate the reliability and repeatability of anterior chamber depth (ACD) measurements obtained with the rotating Scheimpflug camera and conventional A-scan ultrasound.

Patients and Methods:
The right eyes of 46 healthy volunteers were examined. ACD was determined first with the Pentacam HR (Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany) and then by ultrasound (AL-2000; Tomey, Tennenlohe, Germany).

Results:

The mean ACD results were significantly shallower when obtained with the Pentacam HR (Investigator 1: 2.89 ± 0.41 mm; Investigator 2: 2.90 ± 0.41 mm) than with ultrasound (Investigator 1: 3.08 ± 0.43 mm,
P
< .0001; Investigator 2: 3.00 ± 0.45,
P
= .0005). Significant and strong correlation was observed between the two techniques (Investigator 1: r = 0.937; Investigator 2: r = 0.913).

Conclusion:
ACD measurements obtained with the Pentacam HR seemed to be reliable and repeatable when the cornea was optically clear. The significant differences between the Pentacam HR and ultrasound indicate that the two devices should not be used interchangeably for ACD measurements.