bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
9 Rational and Irrational Beliefs in Primary Prevention and Mental Health
Authors: Caserta Donald A. , Dowd E. Thomas , David Daniel , Ellis Albert 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews research on the relationship between rational beliefs (RBs) and indicators of emotional wellness, the predictive utility of RBs when identifying healthier adaptive functioning in children, adolescents, and adults; and the current status of RBs in the prevention literature. Research provides evidence for the associations between indicators of rational beliefs and adaptive responses to general negative life events and stressors, such as job-related stress, anticipation of surgery, adolescents' general adjustment in high school, relationship problems, and frustration/anger management, as well as more significant or chronic adversities, including loss of a loved one, imprisonment, management of a disability, and childhood maltreatment. What is less clear is what types of rational beliefs provide psychological protection against what kinds of problems.
10 Rational and Irrational Beliefs: Implications for Mechanisms of Change and Practice in Psychotherapy
Authors: David Daniel , Freeman Arthur , DiGiuseppe Raymond 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter explores the role of irrational beliefs in stressful and nonstressful situations in health promoting behaviors, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and psychotherapy in general. It argues that irrational beliefs are important causal factors in psychopathology, and that rational beliefs are an important health promoting mechanism. This hypothesis pertains to both cognitive-behavioral therapies and psychotherapy in general.
11 Mindfulness and Irrational Beliefs
Authors: Mellinger David I. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses metacognitions from the vantage points of Buddhist psychology and cognitive behavior theory, and also metacognitive therapy strategies based on CBT and mindfulness practice are described. From the metacognitive perspective, both mindfulness and CBT are metacognitive control strategies; but so are states intrinsic to psychopathology, such as experiential avoidance and perseverative, refractory, and self-focused negative states like rumination and active worry. Mindfulness-based techniques and Buddhist psychology are reshaping and augmenting contemporary cognitive-behavioral therapy in far-reaching ways. Acceptance- and mindfulness-based approaches are increasing the versatility and robustness of CBT. The chapter believes that cross-pollination of process-based cognitive theory with content-based theories shows promise for fortifying the power of cognitive-behavioral therapy to contend with pervasive problems of rumination and active worry.
Measurement of Physical Activity and Inactivity in Epidemiologic Studies
Authors: Pettee Kelley K. , Storti Kristi L. , Ainsworth Barbara E. , Kriska Andrea M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents an overview of tools used to assess physical activity and inactivity. These include objective measures of energy expenditure, objective measures of physical activity, objective measures of physical fitness, subjective measures of physical activity, measures of physical inactivity, and considerations for selecting an appropriate assessment tool.
Individual Responses to Physical Activity
Authors: Rankinen Tuomo , Bouchard Claude 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the basic study designs and research methods that can be used to investigate the genetic basis of human heterogeneity in the ability to benefit from a physically active lifestyle. It summarizes the key findings regarding the genetics of physical activity levels and responsiveness to regular exercise. It shows that genetic factors contribute to the individual differences in response to regular exercise.
Design of Present-Day Epidemiologic Studies of Physical Activity and Health
Authors: Lee I-Min , Paffenbarger Jr. Ralph S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter provides an in-depth discussion of two large, present-day prospective cohort studies—one in men (the Harvard Alumni Health Study) and one in women (the Nurses' Health Study)—that have published several important findings related to physical activity and health. These two studies will be used as exemplars to illustrate important principles in the design, conduct, and analyses of data from epidemiologic studies investigating physical activity as a predictor of health outcomes. The chapter also discusses other selected ongoing, prospective cohort studies to provide additional illustrations of several of the main principles.
Physical Activity and Cancer
Authors: Sternfeld Barbara , Lee I-Min 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews data on the associations between physical activity and the development of various site-specific cancers. The observed associations will be considered in terms of generally accepted criteria for inference of causality which include: (1) strength of the association; (2) consistency of the association across different studies in different populations; (3) existence of appropriate temporal relations; and (4) existence of a dose-response relationship. The chapter also discusses issues of chance, confounding, and bias as alternate explanations for the observed associations. It briefly reviews evidence suggesting biological plausibility, all of which are additional important criteria for evaluating causality. Finally, it considers the public health significance of current knowledge for reducing the risk of cancer through regular physical activity.
Physical Activity, Fitness, and the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Hu Gang , Lakka Timo A. , Tuomilehto Jaakko 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews current evidence regarding the role of physical activity and physical fitness in the primary prevention of type 2 diabetes. Epidemiological evidence from prospective cohort studies and clinical trials indicates that thirty minutes/day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity can reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. Such activity reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes by exerting favorable changes in insulin sensitivity and the metabolic syndrome (including reducing body weight, blood pressure, plasma levels of triglycerides, and inflammation) and increasing plasma levels of HDL cholesterol.
Physical Activity, Fitness, and Musculoskeletal Injury
Authors: Hootman Jennifer M. , Powell Kenneth E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the potential adverse events associated with increased activity, focusing on population-based studies of sports and recreation injuries from around the world. Examples from studies of competitive athletes or military recruits are used to illustrate select concepts. The chapter covers the epidemiology of sports- and recreation-related injury. It discusses the dose-response relationship between physical activity and activity-related injuries, focusing on the issues surrounding measurement and definitions used in epidemiologic studies of physical activity and injury.
Evolution of Physical Activity Recommendations
Authors: Haskell William L. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the scientific rationale and evolution of guidelines and recommendations made by various government agencies or professional organizations regarding the role of physical activity or physical fitness in promoting good health. It emphasizes the development of guidelines in the United States between 1970 and 2005. It also provides a brief overview of the rapidly evolving science of physical activity and health—especially in the United States—during the 1900s that preceded and supported the development of guidelines by major organizations.
Connectionist Models of Development: Mechanistic Dynamical Models with Emergent Dynamical Properties
Authors: McClelland James L. , Vallabha Gautam 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter attempts to underscore the common ground between connectionist and dynamical systems approaches. Central to both approaches is the emergent nature of system-level behavior and changes to such behavior through development. Topics covered in this chapter include mechanistic and emergent dynamics, examples of activation and weight-change dynamics, short-term emergent dynamics in perceptual classification, and perceptual and semantic learning.
Dynamic Systems, Sensorimotor Processes, and the Origins of Stability and Flexibility
Authors: Smith Linda B. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents an overview of a dynamic systems account of the A-not-B error in infants. It presents evidence on how the processes that give rise to perseveration in infants are also processes that, in a quite positive way, create coherence and stability. It also presents evidence on how flexibility emerges in this same system and considers the role of sensorimotor processes and implications of this work.
Connectionist Approaches to Perseveration: Understanding Universal and Task-Specific Aspects of Children's Behavior
Authors: Morton J. Bruce , Munakata Yuko 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses on case studies of connectionist models of perseveration for understanding infants' reaching behavior and children's rule-guided behavior. These models demonstrate how general connectionist principles (1) provide a unified framework for understanding perseveration across ages, task paradigms, and response modalities, (2) capture important details of children's performance, and (3) lead to novel and testable predictions.
Dynamical Insight into Structure in Connectionist Models
Authors: Tabor Whitney 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses on a connectionist model called the fractal learning neural network (FLNN). The FLNN model's account is appealing because it (a) uses a simple learning mechanism and thus corresponds to a theory that links development and learning; (b) predicts stagewise behavior with progressive quantitative changes occurring within the stages, a phenomenon also observed in development; (c) derives phase transitions from the learning, thus predicting, rather than stipulating, the stages; (d) shows highly structured, domain-specific behavior arising from a mechanism which is capable of a wide variety of behaviors, not all of which are highly structured (thus, in some sense, deriving the structure where no structure was apparent); and (e) generalizes beyond its input in a way that is, at least partially, consistent with human generalization in the comprehension and production of recursive sentence structures.
The Robot as a New Frontier for Connectionism and Dynamic Systems Theory
Authors: Schlesinger Matthew 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter provides an optimistic forecast for the future of connectionism and dynamic systems theory (DST). In particular, it focuses on the idea that regardless of how similar or dissimilar connectionism and DST appear to be at this moment in their development, there are numerous signs that hybridization of the two approaches is not only possible, but also has begun to occur. The chapter begins by reviewing three major, crosscutting themes that are shared by connectionism and DST. It then highlights the evidence for an optimistic outlook by describing recent work in the field of adaptive behavior and robotics, which is illustrated by numerous examples of models that blend elements of connectionism and DST. Finally, it returns to the crosscutting themes and elaborates on each in light of the progress that robotics researchers have made toward a hybrid approach.
Combining Connectionist and Dynamic Systems Principles in Models of Development: The Case of Analogical Completion
Authors: Mareschal Denis , Leech Robert , Cooper Richard P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes model of the development of simple analogical reasoning and shows how the model accounts for seven characteristics of children's developing abilities to reason analogically. It argues that the model's success is critically dependent upon principles of both connectionism and dynamic systems theory. Thus, the model demonstrates complementarity between the approaches.
Are Dynamic Systems and Connectionist Approaches an Alternative to Good Old-Fashioned Cognitive Development?
Authors: Oakes Lisa M. , Newcombe Nora S. , Plumert Jodie M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter addresses the question of whether dynamic systems and connectionist approaches are an alternative to good old-fashioned cognitive development (GOFCD). The chapter is organized as follows. The first section discusses what connectionism and dynamic systems bring to the study of cognitive development. The second section examines how connectionist and dynamic systems theories relate to other GOFCD theories of developmental change. The third section evaluates the contribution of connectionism and dynamic systems in more depth by examining explanations of two historically important issues in cognitive development: infants' behavior in the A-not-B task and children's solutions to the balance scale problem. Finally, the chapter considers how well connectionist and dynamic systems approaches address criticisms often leveled at other theories of cognitive development.
Transitions in Cognitive Development: Prospects and Limitations of a Neural Dynamic Approach
Authors: van der Maas Han L. J. , Raijmakers Maartje E. J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses old-fashioned cognitive development from the point of view of two modern approaches, connectionism and nonlinear dynamical systems theory. The main assertion in both connectionist and dynamic systems approaches is that higher cognitive functioning is largely based on nonsymbolic, graded, and dynamic properties, of which these same approaches provide the best account. The chapter argues that the claim concerning nonsymbolic higher order cognition is overstated and explains its position by focusing on sudden transitions in cognitive development.
Dynamic and Connectionist Approaches to Development: Toward a Future of Mutually Beneficial Coevolution
Authors: Thomas Michael S. C. , McClelland James L. , Richardson Fiona M. , Schapiro Anna C. , Baughman Frank D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA tension has existed between connectionism and dynamic systems theory (DST), and this chapter considers why this should be the case. The chapter argues that much of the tension arises from a tenet that the two approaches share: they both rely on the explicit, quantitative instantiation of ideas in mathematical or computational models. The use of such models is responsible for much of the theoretical progress generated by connectionism and DST beyond the theories of good old-fashioned cognitive development (GOFCD). But the use of explicit, quantitative models brings with it a new set of problems. The chapter discusses several consequences of the use of such models and considers three points of apparent disagreement between connectionism and DST.
Moving toward a Unified Theory While Valuing the Importance of the Initial Conditions
Authors: Spencer John P. , Dineva Evelina , Schöner Gregor 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter seeks to articulate and clarify cases of perceived differences between dynamical systems theory (DST) and the connectionist (CN) approaches that are not real, as well as cases of perceived differences that are real. It discusses the implications of efforts to integrate the two approaches for developmental science more generally. Clarifying similarities/differences between approaches offers far more that just technical clarity for co-called modeler types; it offers a vision of a new, integrative, developmental theory.
The Law and the Public's Health: The Foundations
Authors: Gostin Lawrence O. , Thompson F. Ed , Grad Frank P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents the foundations of the integral relations between law and public health practice, including definition, infrastructure, constitutional underpinnings, and powers. It examines the fundamental aspects of the field of public health. It argues that law is a means to achieving better health in a society, while simultaneously limiting the extent to which individual rights are sacrificed for the common good. By crafting a consistent and uniform approach, carefully delineating the mission and functions of public health agencies, designating a range of flexible powers, specifying the criteria and procedures for using those powers, and protecting against discrimination and invasion of privacy, the law can become a catalyst, rather than an impediment, to reinvigorating the public health system.
Integrating Genetics into Public Health Policy and Practice
Authors: Clayton Ellen Wright , Rothstein Mark A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter explores the complex patchwork of federal and state laws applicable to the evolving relation between genetics and public health practice. It focuses on two major genetics-associated challenges for public health law and public health agencies at all levels. The first challenge involves the ability of the medical and public health sectors to assess the effect of genetic variation on health—a task made more difficult by tensions between the government's need for information and the public's concerns about privacy, confidentiality, and discrimination. The second challenge is ensuring the appropriate translation of genetic discoveries into the clinical setting.
Vaccination Mandates: The Public Health Imperative and Individual Rights
Authors: Malone Kevin M. , Hinman Alan R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes the impact of vaccines in dramatically reducing infectious diseases in the United States, the role of legally mandated vaccination in achieving and sustaining that impact, and the constitutional basis for those mandates. It also includes a brief overview of the federal role and its legal foundations in immunization practices.
Control of Foodborne Diseases
Authors: Kux Leslie , Sobel Jeremy , Fain Kevin M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter discusses legal and policy interventions for food safety. Topics covered include legal authorities, legal issues and controversies, public health practice considerations, and emerging issues. Public health and food-safety regulatory agencies face many challenges in ensuring the safety and security of the U.S. food supply. The emergence of new pathogens and sources of transmission, the rapidly changing practices for food production and distribution, the practical difficulties in responding to foodborne disease outbreaks, and the concern about the possibility of deliberate contamination of food are issues that federal, state, and local government agencies must address in protecting the public health. As food-safety challenges evolve, so must agencies' legal authorities, along with their scientific and administrative capabilities.
Bloodborne and Sexually Transmitted Infections
Authors: Richards III Edward P. , Birkhead Guthrie S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses on legal tools for controlling sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and certain related bloodborne infections for which sexual transmission is important. It focuses on the public health and legal response to four selected STIs that also are associated with significant bloodborne or perinatal transmission: HIV, gonorrhea, syphilis, and HBV. Together these pose the key legal questions common to all STIs.
Prevention and Control of Chronic Diseases
Authors: McGowan Angela K. , Brownson Ross C. , Wilcox Lynne S. , Mensah George A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the legal and policy interventions for preventing and controlling chronic disease. It describes legal authorities and controversies, then covers practice considerations in relation to three examples: cardiovascular health, diabetes, and physical activity. The chapter concludes by briefly discussing several emerging issues that should be considered as this topic continues to evolve.
Prevention and Control of Diseases Associated with Tobacco use through Law and Policy
Authors: Daynard Richard A. , Gottlieb Mark A. , Sweda, Jr Edward L. , Friedman Lissy C. , Eriksen Michael P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the legal and policy interventions for preventing and controlling tobacco use. It reviews legal authorities that affect tobacco use at the federal, state, and local levels, and considers key developments in tobacco litigation. The chapter discusses legal issues and controversies such as reducing youth access to tobacco, reducing exposure to second hand smoke, and the regulation of tobacco advertising and promotion.
Reproductive Health
Authors: Anderson Bebe J. , Macaluso Maurizio , Wilcox Lynne S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the legal and policy interventions for reproductive health. It outlines the law governing reproductive health in the United States, with particular emphasis on the federal Constitution, statutes, regulations, and case law. It considers legal issues and controversies such as issues related to reproductive health services generally or to services other than abortion, issues related solely to abortion, and legal issues relating to payment for services.
Injury Prevention
Authors: Stier Daniel D. , Mercy James A. , Kohn Melvin 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses on legal tools for preventing and controlling unintentional injuries and injuries resulting from interpersonal violence. Broadly speaking, laws—including administrative rules authorized by legislation—can be used to prevent injuries by providing legal authority to engage in the public health practice of injury prevention and control, including injury surveillance and injury-prevention programming; and to regulate personal behaviors or environmental factors that cause injury, and imposing liability for injuries. Because the field of injury prevention and control is so broad, application of the law to injury is illustrated through selected examples.
Occupational Safety and Health Law
Authors: Rischitelli Gary , Silverstein Michael A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the statutory and administrative legal systems that regulate occupational safety and health in the United States. It also reviews important judicial interpretations of the law governing occupational safety and health. Topics discussed include the development of occupational health and safety regulation in the U.S., legal authorities, legal issues and controversies, practice considerations, and emerging issues.
Perspective: Law and Great Public Health Achievements
Authors: Moulton Anthony D. , Goodman Richard A. , Parmet Wendy E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe perspective presented in this chapter illuminates the central role of law in contemporary public health; distills important themes from the practice of public health law; and projects the heightened role law is likely to play in public health practice in the coming decades. It begins with an overview of the contributions of law to selected public health advances in the United States during the 20th century by examining three of ten such achievements identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). It then comments on foundational powers and five themes in law and public health that emerge from that history. It concludes with an examination of factors that could strengthen the role of law as a tool for improving the health of the public during the 21st century.