bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Possible Worlds and God's Creative Process: How a Classical Doctrine of Divine Creation Can Understand Divine Creativity
Authors: Bawulski Shawn , Watkins James 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn this article we will argue this thesis: even with classical theism and meticulous providence, one can properly sayGod exercises creativity. This is not merely to say that God is creative – which is perhaps tautologous given that God is the Creator – but further, it is to say that God's activity in relation to the cosmos displayscreativity. We will examine open theism, which resides at the other end of the spectrum, in order to provide contrast with the position defended in this article. There are three aspects we intend to affirm in sayingGod exercises creativity.First, theproduct(the cosmos which God made) exhibits creativity. This should not be particularly contentious and we will not pursue this aspect here. Second, theagent(God) exhibits creativity. Third, theprocessexhibits creativity. Both of these latter aspects will be defended. In this article we argue that God's freedom, creation's contingency, creation's reality and actuality, and considerations from the incarnation all enable meaningful ways in which one can speak of divine creativity while still affirming classical theism and meticulous providence. First, in support of our thesis we will use possible world talk as a heuristic device. Possible world talk involves modal claims, modal logic and counterfactuals. We use this conceptual device, operating within a theistic framework, to approach with clarity theological issues such as the divine decree, creationex nihiloand providence. Second, we will utilise a two-nature christology to speak meaningfully about divine creativity. Against those who describe God's creativity in terms of divine attributes, we suggest that it is possible to understand God's creativity in terms of the incarnation. Drawing upon the work of Thomas Weinandy, we suggest that it is possible to speak about God experiencing something genuinely new in the person of Christ. As such, one can hold to a classical doctrine of divine creation and use language associated with human creativity, such as ‘risk’, ‘process’ and ‘discovery’, to speak about God. We hope to demonstrate that the affirmation of divine creativity need not be exclusive to positions such as open theism.
‘The Essential Theatricality of Virtue’: A Review of Jennifer Herdt's Putting on Virtue
Authors: Perry John 
Published: March 2012

One of Alasdair MacIntyre's colleagues at Notre Dame once told me that of all the passages in all his books, there is one of which MacIntyre is most proud. It is found, of course, in After Virtue:
Consider the example of a highly intelligent seven-year-old child whom I wish to teach to play chess, although the child has no particular desire to learn the game. The child does however have a very strong desire for candy and little chance of obtaining it . . .
Input frequency and lexical variability in phonological development: a survival analysis of word-initial cluster production
Authors: OTA MITSUHIKO , GREEN SAM J. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTAlthough it has been often hypothesized that children learn to produce new sound patterns first in frequently heard words, the available evidence in support of this claim is inconclusive. To re-examine this question, we conducted a survival analysis of word-initial consonant clusters produced by three children in the Providence Corpus (0 ; 11–4 ; 0). The analysis took account of several lexical factors in addition to lexical input frequency, including the age of first production, production frequency, neighborhood density and number of phonemes. The results showed that lexical input frequency was a significant predictor of the age at which the accuracy level of cluster production in each word first reached 80%. The magnitude of the frequency effect differed across cluster types. Our findings indicate that some of the between-word variance found in the development of sound production can indeed be attributed to the frequency of words in the child's ambient language.
Aortic stenosis: current treatment options for a common condition in old age
Authors: Tiwari D , Radvan J , Allen SC 
Published: March 2012

SummaryDegenerative-calcific aortic stenosis is mainly a disease of old age. Patients with mild to moderate stenosis without symptoms and those with aortic valve sclerosis do not require mechanical intervention. There is no firm evidence that the rate of progression can be modified by medical therapies, though statins might have some effect. Patients who develop severe stenosis with symptoms have a very poor prognosis if managed medically. Surgical aortic valve replacement greatly improves symptoms and mortality rates and remains the treatment of choice for those fit for major surgery, even above the age of 80 years. For those not suitable for surgery, or who are unwilling to have an operation, outcomes can be significantly improved by trans-catheter aortic valve replacement, which has become an important option for frail elderly patients. Balloon aortic valvuloplasty improves symptoms and short-term survival, but has a less clear impact on mortality beyond 1 year. It is useful as a palliative treatment and as a bridging procedure for patients who are not ready for valve replacement. There is less agreement on the best approach to patients with asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis. Trials indicate that early valve replacement results in outcomes that are comparable to those seen in symptomatic patients, though guidelines advocate delaying surgery until symptoms occur or left ventricular function begins to decline rapidly. All elderly patients with severe aortic stenosis should be considered for a mechanical intervention unless there is a properly considered reason for not doing so, or they are not willing to receive such treatment.
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Wegener Granulomatosis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Miles J. Douglas , McWilliams Laurie , Liu Wendy , Preston David C. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWegener granulomatosis (WG) is an uncommon, idiopathic disorder that is characterized by granulomatous inflammation of the upper and lower respiratory tract, disseminated vasculitis involving small and medium-sized vessels, and focal segmental glomerulonephritis. Approximately 25% to 50% of patients have nervous system involvement. The brain is less frequently involved. We report a case of a 74 year-old previously well woman who presented with rapidly progressing WG that culminated in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Only six cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage in the setting of WG have previously been reported. We review the common presenting signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and complications of WG.
Ethnicity and Age at Onset in Bipolar Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Javaid Naima , Kennedy James L. , De Luca Vincenzo 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIntroductionTo determine the influence of ethnicity on the age at onset (AAO) and further understand the significance of AAO as a clinical marker of bipolar and schizoaffective disorders.MethodsAdmixture analysis was used to identify sub-groups characterized by differences in AAO. Differences in clinical features were analyzed for these sub-groups using multivariate logistic regression. Comparisons were made with previous studies using the 2-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test.ResultsAdmixture analysis yielded a combination of 2 normal theoretical distributions with means (SD) of 16.9 (3.6) for the early-onset sub-group and 24.4 (9.2) years for the late-onset sub-group. The sub-groups were divided by a cut-off of 22 years. There were significant differences between the early and late onset bipolar patient populations regarding substance abuse comorbidity (P=.044) and psychotic features (P=.015). Ethnicity did not have a significant influence on the AAO.DiscussionThe associations between early-onset and higher incidence of psychosis and substance abuse in our sample are consistent with other studies exploring the AAO in bipolar disorder.ConclusionOur findings support the notion of AAO as a clinical marker for the underlying heterogeneity of bipolar spectrum disorders. In particular, we found a strong overlap of early AAO with clinical features associated with greater severity and poor outcome.
Symptom Dimensional Approach and BDNF in Unmedicated Obsessive-Compulsive Patients: An Exploratory Study
Authors: dos Santos Igor Marcanti , Ciulla Leandro , Braga Daniela , Ceresér Keila Maria , Gama Clarissa Severino , Kapczinski Flávio , Ferrão Ygor Arzeno 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIntroductionThe dimensional approach of the obsessive-compulsive symptoms may help to find more homogeneous groups of patients. The brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may help to identify neurobiological differences between obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions.MethodsWe compared serum BDNF (pg/μg) levels of 25 unmedicated patients meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria for obsessivecompulsive disorder (OCD) and 25 controls, using the Dimensional Yale‐Brown Obsessive‐Compulsive Scale, the Yale‐Brown Obsessive‐Compulsive Scale and the Beck's Anxiety and Depression Inventories.ResultsThere were no sociodemographic differences between the groups. The standard error of mean serum BDNF levels were reduced in unmedicated OCD patients (0.47+0.038) when compared to healthy controls (0.75+0.060) (P<.001). The patients with the presence of sex/religion obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) dimension (P=.002), with chronic course of OCS (P=.022) and the presence of lifetime major depression (P=.016) and social anxiety (P=.030) presented higher levels of BDNF than OCD patients without those features. The severity of aggression (P=.039) and sex/religion (P<.001) OCS dimension presented direct (moderate and strong, respectively) correlation with serum BDNF levels in this sample. Serum BDNF levels were decreased in OCD patients when compared to healthy controls.Discussion/ConclusionSexual and religious content of symptoms and aggression and sex/religion dimensions severity should be better explored, since these specific OCS dimensions could be based on neurocircuits diverse from those of the other OCS dimensions.
Detention by armed groups: overcoming challenges to humanitarian action
Authors: Tuck David 
Published: March 2012

AbstractArmed conflict and deprivation of liberty are inexorably linked. Deprivation of liberty by non-state armed groups is a consequence of the predominantly non-international character of contemporary armed conflicts. Regardless of the nature of the detaining authority or the overarching legality of its detention operations, deprivation of liberty may nonetheless have serious humanitarian implications for the individuals detained. Despite a need for humanitarian action, effective engagement is hampered by certain threshold obstacles, such as the perceived risk of the group's legitimization. Since the formative work of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)'s founder, Henry Dunant, the ICRC has sought to overcome these obstacles. In doing so it draws upon its experience of humanitarian action in state detention, adapting it to the exigencies of armed groups and the peculiarities of their detention practice. Although not without setbacks, the ICRC retains a unique role in this regard and strives to ameliorate the treatment and conditions of detention of persons deprived of liberty by armed groups.
Identification of electron field‐aligned current systems in Saturn's magnetosphere
Authors: Schippers P. , André N. , Gurnett D. A. , Lewis G. R. , Persoon A. M. , Coates A. J. 
Published: March 2012

Based on the analysis of 7 years of Cassini electron plasma spectrometer data near Saturn's equatorial plane, we computed the average directional electron current in the Northern and the Southern hemispheres separately. We determined the net current density by subtracting the downward electron current density (equator to the ionosphere) from the upward electron current density (ionosphere to the equator). From the symmetric analysis (no separation in local time), we identified: (1) layers of net upward current carried by the thermal electrons (1–10 eV) in both hemispheres inside 5–8 RS (Saturn Radius = 60,268 km) (region A) and (2) layers of net downward current carried by a population of warmer electrons (10–400 eV) inside 8–10 RS (region B). From the analysis of the currents organized by local time (dayside and nightside parsing), new features were identified such as (1) a day‐night asymmetry of the current carried by the warm and hot (400 eV–26,000 eV) electrons beyond 10 RS (region C), and (2) the possible existence of inter‐hemispheric currents directed from the Southern to the Northern hemisphere inside 4 RS (region A) and oppositely directed at about 13–15 RS (region C). Our interpretation is that the observed current system results from the superimposition of (1) a current system associated with the corotation enforcement, (2) a current system linked to the presence of the newly identified noon‐to‐midnight convection electric field and (3) a system of inter‐hemispheric currents driven by the thermosphere‐ionosphere. We finally discuss the relation of the observed currents with the newly identified Saturn's secondary auroral emissions.
Chlorate salts and solutions on Mars
Authors: Hanley Jennifer , Chevrier Vincent F. , Berget Deanna J. , Adams Robert D. 
Published: March 2012

Chlorate (ClO3−) is an intermediate oxidation species between chloride (Cl−) and perchlorate (ClO4−), both of which were found at the landing site by the Wet Chemistry Lab (WCL). The chlorate ion is almost as stable as perchlorate, and appears to be associated with perchlorate in most terrestrial reservoirs (e.g. Atacama and Antarctica). It is possible that chlorate contributed to the ion sensor response on the WCL, yet was masked by the strong perchlorate signal. However, very little is known about chlorate salts and their effect on the stability of water. We performed evaporation rate experiments in our Mars simulation chamber, which enabled us to determine the activity of water for various concentrations. From this we constructed solubility diagrams for NaClO3, KClO3, Mg(ClO3)2 and Ca(ClO3)2, and determined the Pitzer parameters for each salt. Chlorate salt eutectic temperatures range from 270 K (KClO3) to 204 K (Mg(ClO3)2). Modeling the addition of chlorate to the initial WCL solutions shows that it precipitates in concentrations comparable to other common salts, such as gypsum and epsomite, and implies that chlorates may play an important role in the wet chemistry on Mars.
SBML Reaction Finder: Retrieve and extract specific reactions from the BioModels database
Authors: Neal Maxwell , Sauro Herbert 
Published: March 2012

AbstractSummary: The SBML Reaction Finder (SRF) application leverages the deep semantic annotations in the BioModels database to provide efficient retrieval and extraction of individual reactions from SBML models. We hope that the SRF will be useful to quantitative modelers who seek to accelerate their modeling efforts by reusing previously published representations of specific chemical reactions.Availability and Implementation: The SRF is open source, coded in Java, and distributed under the Mozilla Pubic License Version 1.1. Windows, Macintosh and Linux distributions are available for download at http://sourceforge.net/projects/sbmlrxnfinder.
Data Mining of the Coffee Rust Genome
Authors: Botero-Rozo David Octavio , Giraldo William , Gaitan Alvaro , Cristancho Marco , Riaño-Pachon Diego , Restrepo Silvia 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe genomes of nine isolates of Hemileia vastatrix, the causal agent of coffee leaf rust were sequenced by Illumina and 454. Quality control, cleaning and de novo assemblies of data were performed. Since isolates were obtained from the field and it is not possible to produce axenic cultures of H. vastatrix, MEGAN software was used to evaluate contamination levels and to select contigs with fungal similarities. Mitochondrial contigs were identified and annotated by comparing this assembly against the Puccinia genome. Furthermore, two transcriptomes from isolates of H. vastatrix were assembled to complement the genomic data.
A functional description of CymA, an electron-transfer hub supporting anaerobic respiratory flexibility in Shewanella
Authors: Marritt Sophie J. , Lowe Thomas G. , Bye Jordan , McMillan Duncan G. G. , Shi Liang , Fredrickson Jim , Zachara John , Richardson David J. , Cheesman Myles R. , Jeuken Lars J. C. , Butt Julea N. 
Published: March 2012

CymA (tetrahaem cytochrome c) is a member of the NapC/NirT family of quinol dehydrogenases. Essential for the anaerobic respiratory flexibility of shewanellae, CymA transfers electrons from menaquinol to various dedicated systems for the reduction of terminal electron acceptors including fumarate and insoluble minerals of Fe(III). Spectroscopic characterization of CymA from Shewanella oneidensis strain MR-1 identifies three low-spin His/His co-ordinated c-haems and a single high-spin c-haem with His/H2O co-ordination lying adjacent to the quinol-binding site. At pH 7, binding of the menaquinol analogue, 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide, does not alter the mid-point potentials of the high-spin (approximately −240 mV) and low-spin (approximately −110, −190 and −265 mV) haems that appear biased to transfer electrons from the high- to low-spin centres following quinol oxidation. CymA is reduced with menadiol (Em=−80 mV) in the presence of NADH (Em=−320 mV) and an NADH–menadione (2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) oxidoreductase, but not by menadiol alone. In cytoplasmic membranes reduction of CymA may then require the thermodynamic driving force from NADH, formate or H2 oxidation as the redox poise of the menaquinol pool in isolation is insufficient. Spectroscopic studies suggest that CymA requires a non-haem co-factor for quinol oxidation and that the reduced enzyme forms a 1:1 complex with its redox partner Fcc3 (flavocytochrome c3 fumarate reductase). The implications for CymA supporting the respiratory flexibility of shewanellae are discussed.
Atomistic simulations of liquid crystal mixtures of alkoxy substituted phenylpyrimidines 2PhP and PhP14
Authors: Yan Fangyong , Earl David J. 
Published: March 2012

We study liquid crystal mixtures of alkoxy substituted phenylpyrimidines 2-[4-(butyloxy)phenyl]-5-(octyloxy)pyrimidine (2PhP) and 2-[4-(tetradecyloxy)phenyl]-5-(tetradecyloxy)pyrimidine (PhP14) using molecular dynamics simulations at the all atom level. The molecular length of PhP14 is 1.8 times that of 2PhP, resulting in an interesting binary mixture phase diagram. Our simulations are composed of 1000−1600 molecules for a total of 80 000−130 000 atomic sites, with total simulation times of 60−100 ns. We first show that a pure 2PhP system self-assembles into isotropic, nematic, smectic A and smectic C phases, and a pure PhP14 system self-assembles into isotropic and smectic C phases. Binary mixtures of PhP14 and 2PhP display a stabilization of the smectic A phase at the expense of the smectic C and nematic phases. We determine that the concentration-induced phase transition from the smectic C to the smectic A phase in the mixture is driven by an out-of-layer fluctuation arrangement of the molecules. We also observe that the tilt angle in the smectic C phases formed in the mixtures is concentration dependent. The results of our simulations are in good agreement with the experimental findings of Kapernaum et al. [J. Org. Chem. 5, 65 (2009)]10.3762/bjoc.5.65, thus showing that atomistic simulations are capable of reproducing the phase behavior of liquid crystal mixtures and can also provide microscopic details regarding the mechanisms that govern phase stability.
Chemical and Electrical Approaches to Sedation of Hybrid Striped Bass: Induction, Recovery, and Physiological Responses to Sedation
Authors: Trushenski Jesse T. , Bowker James D. , Gause Brian R. , Mulligan Bonnie L. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractCurrently, in the United States, there are few sedatives available to fisheries professionals that are safe, effective, and practical. Chemical sedatives, including tricaine methanesulfonate (MS‐222), carbon dioxide (CO2), benzocaine, and eugenol may be used to sedate fish, though none of these compounds are currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as immediate‐release fish sedatives. Another option is the use of electricity to temporarily immobilize fish. Few studies have assessed the efficacy of these options for immediate‐release sedation in side‐by‐side comparisons. We evaluated the use of MS‐222 (150 mg/L), CO2 (∼400 mg/L), benzocaine (150 mg/L), eugenol (60 mg/L), and a commercially available electrosedation unit (30 Hz pulsed DC, 60 V, 25% duty cycle, 3‐s exposures) to induce hybrid striped bass (white bass Morone chrysops × striped bass M. saxatilis; 510 ± 12 g [mean ± SE]) to stage IV anesthesia or sedation. Induction times were shortest (0.2 ± 0.1 min) when electrosedation was used and longest (2.5 ± 0.1 min) when CO2 was used; the induction times for the other chemical sedatives varied (<2 min). Recovery times were longest for eugenol (5.2 ± 0.4 min postinduction) and benzocaine (4.0 ± 0.4 min); however, the difference in recovery time between these two treatments was not significant or between recovery times for benzocaine and the remaining sedatives (∼3–4 min). Physiological responses varied but were consistent with the generalized stress response. Circulating levels of cortisol, glucose, and lactate increased after sedation, and though response magnitude and duration varied somewhat among these variables, these changes were resolved within 6 h. Changes in plasma osmolality and hematocrit were less overt and varied less among the sedatives. Electrosedation may be a suitable tool for quickly sedating hybrid striped bass; however, all of the sedatives evaluated were effective at the doses and strengths used and some may be better suited to certain applications than to others.
Comparing Economic Values of Trout Anglers and Nontrout Anglers in Colorado's Stocked Public Reservoirs
Authors: Loomis John , Ng Kawa 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Trout are often popular target species for anglers worldwide and have been the most commonly stocked game fish species in the USA. Using survey data collected at Colorado's stocked public reservoirs in 2009, we found that trout anglers’ net economic benefits were more than twice those of anglers fishing for species other than trout. Values estimated from the travel cost method produced angler-day consumer surpluses (willingness to pay [WTP]) of US$191.60 for trout anglers and $61.68 for nontrout anglers. Based on the contingent valuation method, the mean WTP was $196.48 for trout anglers and $73.84 for nontrout anglers, while the median WTP was $164.53 for trout anglers and $56.78 for nontrout anglers. Thus, the relative values of fishing for trout versus fishing for other species are robust to nonmarket valuation methods, and the two valuation methods show convergent validity.
Received August 31, 2010; accepted November 11, 2011