bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative toxicity of formulated glycol deicers and pure ethylene and propylene glycol to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales promelas
Authors: Pillard David A 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Airlines use deicers to remove ice and snow from aircraft before flights, and to retard the inflight buildup of these materials Many of the deicers are formulated mixtures of ethylene glycol (EG) or propylene glycol (PG) and a variety of additives Because these deicers may be intentionally or accidentally released into aquatic ecosystems, the possibility exists for direct and indirect adverse effects on aquatic organisms Laboratory studies evaluated the comparative toxicity of formulated glycol deicers and pure materials on the water flea, Ceriodaphnia dubia, and fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas Acute (48 h and 96 h) and short-term chronic tests were performed according to U S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidelines The formulated mixtures were found to be substantially more toxic than either of the pure glycol materials The 48 h LC50s for C dubia were 13,140 mg/L and 1,020 mg/L using formulated EG and PG, and 34,400 mg/L and 18,340 mg/L using pure EG and PG, respectively The 96 h LC50s for P promelas were 8,050 mg/L and 710 mg/L using formulated EG and PG, and 72,860 mg/L and 55,770 mg/L using pure EG and PG, respectively Chronic IC25s for C dubia were 3,960 mg/L and 640 mg/L using formulated EG and PG, 12,310 mg/L and 13,470 mg/L using pure EG and PG Chronic IC25s for P promelas were 3,660 mg/L and 110 mg/L using formulated EG and PG, 22,520 mg/L and 6,940 mg/L using pure EG and PG For airports that have stormwater discharge permits, numerical limits for EG and PG are generally listed, potential toxicity is assumed to be due to the glycol materials However, other compounds in the mixtures may either contribute substantially to, or in some cases overshadow, the toxicity of the glycol materials
Submitochondrial particles as toxicity biosensors of chlorophenols
Authors: Argese Emanuele , Bettiol Cinzia , Ghelli Anna , Todeschini Roberto , Miana Paola 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAn in vitro bioassay procedure was used to investigate the toxic action of chlorophenols on mitochondrial respiratory parameters The toxicity of these compounds was evaluated by determining their effects on the energy coupled reverse electron transfer (RET) in submitochondrial particles (SMPs) from beef heart mitochondria The bioassay procedure is based on the spectrophotometric recording of the effects of toxicants on the rate of NAD+ reduction, induced by ATP and succinate at the first site level of the respiratory chain The toxicity end point was expressed as the toxicant concentration that causes 50% inhibition of NAD+ reduction rate (EC50). The EC50 values determined for the 14 tested chlorophenols ranged from 17 mg/L for 2 chlorophenol to 0 081 mg/L for pentachlorophenol, indicating a general trend of increasing toxicity with increasing chlorine substitution Among chlorophenol isomers, which have the same number of chlorine atoms, a lesser toxicity was associated with ortho-substituted chlorophenols, whereas meta substituted chlorophenols were much more toxic The EC50 values were compared with the toxicity data for a variety of bioassays, by means of linear regression analysis High degrees of correlation obtained with toxicity tests involving different freshwater species demonstrate the ability of SMPs to reproduce the toxic effects of the tested compounds upon aquatic organisms This supports the assessment that the respiratory chain is the main target of this class of toxicants Results obtained with chlorophenols and, in previous studies, with other environmental contaminants confirm the suitability of the SMP bioassay as a prescreening or complementary short term test for monitoring aquatic toxicity
Mineralization of polycyclic and N-heterocyclic aromatic compounds in hydrocarbon-contaminated soils
Authors: Grosser Robert J. , Vestal J. Robie , Warshawsky David 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The comparative mineralization of eight polycyclic aromatic compounds in five soils collected from an abandoned coal tar refinery in eastern Ohio was determined. The soils showed differences only in total extractable hydrocarbon content of the soil chemical characteristics measured. The compounds studied included five polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, and carcinogenic benz[a]anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene) and three N-heterocyclic aromatics (9H-carbazole, and carcinogenic 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole and dibenz[a,j]acridine). Mineralization was measured by serum bottle radiorespirometry. Only phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, and carbazole were mineralized in the soils after 64 d. Two of the soils with eight to 15 times the hexane-extractable hydrocarbon content consistently showed more rapid initial rates and higher overall extents of mineralization compared to the other three soils. Overall extents of mineralization ranged from 38 to 55% for phenanthrene, 10 to 60% for anthracene, 25 to 70% for pyrene, background to 40% for benz[a]anthracene, and 25 to 50% for carbazole after 64 d. Extents of mineralization by indigenous soil microbiota appear to be more dependent on the chemical characteristics of the soil and not soil total biomass and activity. Cultures capable of degrading phenanthrene, anthracene, and pyrene were obtained following enrichment techniques. A Mycobacterium sp. capable of degrading these three compounds was isolated and reintroduced into two of the soils, resulting in mineralization enhanced above that of the indigenous soil microbial population. These data indicate that the future success of bioremediation methods relies on the characterization of environmental parameters affecting microbial degradation as well as the isolation of microbial populations that can reduce toxicity in the environment.
Simulated leachability of pesticides from recycled pesticide-container plastics
Authors: Kells Alice M. , Solomon Keith R. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The rate of leaching of pesticides from fence posts made with recycled high-density polyethylene plastics from pesticide containers was determined. Posts were 7.5 cm in diameter and contained 100, 50, or 25% pesticide-container plastics, with pesticide-free sources of low-density polyethylene used as the diluent. As posts are manufactured in a number of diameters, results are reported as μg/m2. The 7.5-cm posts had a surface area of about 0.5 m2. Trifluralin was the only pesticide detected in the leachates. Total amounts of trifluralin leached from these three products, using well water, were 17, 234, and 90 μg/m2 of the surface area of the posts, respectively. Total amounts leached using simulated acid rain were 85, 196, and 84 μg/m2 respectively. Weathering of posts for 1 year resulted in significantly lower concentrations of trifluralin in the leachate using simulated acid rain, total amounts of trifluralin leached were 4, 6, and 6 μg/m2 for the 100, 50, and 25% contents, respectively. The amount of trifluralin released in all instances was judged to be insufficient to cause injury to sensitive plants and did not exceed Canadian guidelines for the protection of drinking water for humans or livestock. Trifluralin levels in the leachate did exceed Canadian guidelines for the protection of aquatic life in some cases, suggesting caution in the use of the products in aquatic environments.
Influence of sediment composition on apparent toxicity in a solid-phase test using bioluminescent bacteria
Authors: Benton Michael J , Malott Michelle L , Knight Scott S , Cooper Charles M , Benson William H 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Clean and spiked sediment formulations of various silt sand and clay sand ratios were tested for toxicity using a bioassay that utilizes bioluminescent bacteria Measured toxicities of clean and copper sulfate–spiked sediments were negatively but nonlinearly related with percent silt and percent clay, but no significant relationship existed between measured toxicity and sediment composition for methyl parathion–spiked formulations Results suggest that solid phase sediment bioassays using bioluminescent bacteria may be useful for testing the toxicities of single contaminants in formulated artificial sediments of known particle size composition, and for repeated samples collected from the same site However, extreme caution must be taken when testing sediments of varying composition or which may be differentially contaminated or contain a suite of contaminants
Chemical partitioning and bioavailability of lead and nickel in an estuarine system
Authors: Babukutty Y , Chacko Jacob 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Sediments, water, and biota of an estuarine system were analyzed for concentrations of lead and nickel Sediments were sequentially extracted to obtain the different chemically extractable fractions (exchangeable, carbonate bound, Fe/Mn-oxide bound, organically bound, and residual fractions) of these metals Concentrations of these metals in the soft tissue of an estuarine bivalve Villorita cyprinoides var cochinensis were correlated with the concentrations of these metals present in the various sediment fractions, dissolved, and particulate phases in water The degree of correlation between these various environmental variables and biological factors was considered as the index of bioavailability Metal concentrations in the soft tissue and particulate phase of water were divided by the corresponding concentrations in the dissolved phase in water to obtain the bioconcentration ratio (BCR) and metal partitioning ratio (MPR), respectively These ratios were found to be useful in quantifying the metal bioavailability The relationship between other biological factors and environmental variables is also presented and discussed
Determination of dieldrin binding to dissolved organic material in sediment pore water using a reverse-phase separation technique
Authors: Kosian Patricia A. , Hoke Robert A. , van dermeiden Frances M. , Ankley Gerald T. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The objective of our study was to examine the partitioning of dieldrin in sediment interstitial (pore) water. Clean sediments obtained from three northeastern Minnesota lakes, Airport Pond (AP), Pequaywan (PQ) Lake, and West Bearskin (WB) Lake, were spiked with dieldrin at five different concentrations. Pore water was isolated by centrifugation, and a reversephase C18 column technique was used to separate freely dissolved dieldrin from dissolved organic carbon (DOC)-bound dieldrin. Results showed DOC-bound dieldrin was generally &gt;30% when pore-water DOC concentrations were &gt;20 mg/L. Pore-water DOC partition coefficients (KDOC) were determined for AP, PQ Lake, and WB Lake using the ratio of the DOC-bound chemical concentration (normalized to DOC) to the freely dissolved chemical concentration. The individual partition coefficients were compared by one-way analysis of variance. Statistical analysis revealed that KDOC values were not significantly different. This suggests that under our experimental procedures, KDOC values are not significantly different among pore waters obtained from the three northeastern Minnesota lake sediments. A pooled KDOC was calculated using least-squares regression and compared to the mean of all individual KDOC values. The KDOC is best represented for this region by a pooled log10 KDOC value of 4.43. Our observed KDOC was compared to KDOC values predicted from published KDOC and Kow (octanol/water partition coefficient) relationships. Our observed value was in close agreement with predicted values.
Spatial and temporal variations in toxicity in an urban-runoff treatment marsh
Authors: Katznelson Revital , Jewell William T. , Anderson Susan L. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Toxicity tests have not been widely used to assess the performance of urban-runoff treatment facilities. In the present study, Ceriodaphnia dubia toxicity tests were used to quantify toxicity of urban runoff at Crandall Creek and the downstream Demonstration Urban Stormwater Treatment (DUST) March in Fremont, California. Acute toxicity, expressed as the median time to lethality (LT50) for C. dubia, was used to compare the relative intensities of toxicity in the system. During or shortly after storm events, horizontal and vertical gradients in LT50 and electrical conductivity were observed, with high correlation between the two parameters. Toxicity diminished as time passed after the storm. The performance of the DUST Marsh as a treatment facility was evaluated for three aspects: detention, dilution, and toxicity removal. We found that toxic storm water generated by small- to medium-sized storms (5 to 25 mm rain) was contained in the marsh. Toxicity was greatly reduced upon dilution of storm water with pre-existing marsh water, and mixing of the water column increased the rate of toxicity diminution. Toxicity reduction, above and beyond that attributable to dilution, was evident in the marsh. Results of this study demonstrate the potential use of toxicity assessments as an integral component of marsh design and management.
Growth, fecundity and glycogen utilization in Lymnaea palustris exposed to atrazine and hexachlorobenzene in freshwater mesocosms
Authors: Baturo Wojciech , Lagadic Laurent , Caquet Thierry 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Freshwater mesocosms were used to study the long-term sublethal effects of atrazine and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) on a basommatophoran gastropod, Lymnaea palustris (Müller). Growth, fecundity, and biochemical parameters related to polysaccharide metabolism (glycogen content and polysaccharide-hydrolyzing enzyme activity) of pesticide-exposed snails were compared with those of control animals maintained in untreated mesocosms. HCB inhibited body growth and stimulated egg production, whereas atrazine had no relevant effect on these physiological parameters. Also, HCB stimulated the activity of polysaccharide-hydrolyzing enzymes, suggesting that changes in the metabolism of reserve polysaccharides (glycogen) may be involved in the inhibition of growth and increase of fecundity. In contrast, atrazine had no effect on the metabolism of polysaccharides. It is concluded that the effects of HCB are related to its neurotoxicity that would have affected the neurohormonal control of growth and reproduction of exposed snails. It is suggested that polysaccharide-hydrolyzing enzymes may be used as biomarkers to predict the effects of neurotoxic pesticides on freshwater snail populations.
Effects of sediment-bound polydimethylsiloxane on the bioavailability and distribution of benzo[a]pyrene in lake sediment to Lumbriculus variegatus
Authors: Kukkonen Jussi , Landrum Peter F. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Oligochaetes, Lumbriculus variegatus, were exposed to Lake Michigan sediment spiked in the laboratory with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) at two different concentrations (50 and 150 μg g−1). Additionally, these sediment samples and one without PDMS were spiked with benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) (about 190 pg g−1). The accumulation of PDMS and BaP, survival, wet weight, and defecation of the animals were monitored. Lumbriculus variegatus accumulated sediment-associated BaP rapidly and achieved steady state within 96 to 168 h. The BaP uptake clearances (ks, g sediment g−1 animal h−1) were 0.069, 0.060, and 0.056 for BaP only, BaP with low-dose PDMS, and BaP with high-dose PDMS exposures, respectively. The BaP bioaccumulation factor was reduced by PDMS in the sediment. Only very low concentrations of PDMS were found associated with the worms, which suggests some surface sorption or association with material in the gut. Elimination of BaP in clean sediment was rapid, but elimination in water was much slower. Elimination rate constants for BaP, ke, were 0.0229 ± 0.0011 h−1 for sediment and 0.0004 ± 0.0004 h−1 water-only depuration. The PDMS was excreted within 10 h both in sediment and water-only depuration exposures, indicating that most of the measured body burden was due to the sediment-associated material inside the organisms' gut. Animals were not purged before analyses, and several approaches were investigated for estimating the contribution of the intestinal contents. Based on both measurements and calculations, sediment-associated BaP in the gut contributes less than 10% of total body burden. Thus, a 10-h water-only purge was found to be the most appropriate method for eliminating the gut-content influence on the body burden.
Uptake, bioavailability and elimination of hydrophobic compounds in earthworms (Eisenia andrei) in field-contaminated soil
Authors: Belfroid Angelique , van den Berg Martin , Seinen Willem , Hermens Joop , van Gestel Kees 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Uptake, accumulation, and elimination of hydrophobic organic chemicals in earthworms (Eisenia andrei) exposed to field-contaminated Volgermeerpolder soil was studied Earthworms were able to take up chlorobenzenes and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), but body burdens did not exceed concentrations measured in the soil For the chlorobenzenes, steady state concentrations in the worms and biota to-soil accumulation factor (BSAF) values were much smaller than expected based on earlier experiments, suggesting a decreased bioavailability in the Volgermeerpolder soil Comparison of the PCB accumulation pattern in worms to the pattern in soil showed that biotransformation of the studied PCBs is of minor importance in this species Elimination of all chemicals studied was monophasic, with the exception of hexachlorobenzene, which showed a biphasic elimination The elimination half life for the initial fast phase of this compound is comparable to the elimination measured in previous studies Elimination rate constants decreased with increasing log Kow
Effects of the synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, esfenvalerate, on larval leopard frogs (Ranaspp.)
Authors: Materna Elizabeth J. , Rabeni Charles F. , Lapoint Thomas W. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractLeopard frog (Rana spp.) tadpoles exposed to esfenvalerate in the laboratory experienced a decrease in activity at concentrations as low as 1.3 μg/L and exhibited a convulsive, twitching response at concentrations of 3.6 μg/L. The 96-h median lethal concentration was 7.29 μg/L. Temperature influenced amphibian mortality; the mortality concentration-response slope at 22°C was significantly greater than at 18°C. Tadpoles exposed in a pond showed the same responses (inactivity, convulsive actions, and death) at similar concentrations as laboratory test organisms. Surviving tadpoles from laboratory tests resumed normal behavior 1 week after being placed into clean water, but most of those tadpoles that exhibited convulsive behavior during initial exposure eventually died. Tadpoles surviving pond exposures showed no later mortality, but rather exhibited a negative density-growth relation. Measured pyrethroid concentrations in ponds and streams adjacent to sprayed fields do not exceed levels associated with convulsive twitching or mortality in larval amphibians; however, they do exceed concentrations associated with inactivity and fish and invertebrate mortality, which may indirectly affect larval amphibians.
Evaluation of soil toxicity at joliet army ammunition plant
Authors: Simini Michael , Wentsel Randall S. , Checkai Ronald T , Phillips Carlton T. , Chester Nancy A , Major Michael A 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Environmental toxicity testing and chemical analyses of soil were performed as part of an ecological risk assessment at the Joliet Army Ammunition Plant (JAAP), Johet, Illinois Soils were collected from an area where munitions were loaded, assembled, and packed (area L7, group 1), and from an area where waste explosives were burned on unprotected soil (area L2) Control samples were collected from an adjacent field Soil toxicity was determined using early seedling growth and vigor tests, earthworm survival and growth tests, and Microtox® assays Relative toxicity of soils was determined within each area based on statistical significance (p = 0 05) of plant and earthworm growth and survival, and the effective concentration at which luminescence of the bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum was reduced by 50% (EC50) in the Microtox assay Samples were designated as having high, moderate, or no significant toxicity Soil that had significant toxicity according to at least one test, and representative samples showing no toxicity, were analyzed for munitions via HPLC Chemical residues found in soils were 2,4,6 trinitrotoluene (TNT), 1,3,5 trinitrobenzene (TNB), 2,4 dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), 2,6 dinitrotoluene, 2 amino-4,6-DNT, 4-ammo-2,6 DNT, 1,3,5 trinitro 1,3,5 triazine (RDX), and octahydro-1,3,5,7 tetramtro-l,3,5,7-tetrazocme (HMX) All soils with no significant toxicity were void of these chemicals However, some soils void of munitions still showed toxicity that may have been caused by elevated levels of heavy metals Linear regressions of toxicity test results vs chemical concentrations showed that TNT and TNB accounted for most of the soil toxicity Lowest observable-effect concentrations (LOEC) of TNT were de termined from these data This study presents a simple, relatively inexpensive methodology for assessing toxicity of soils containing TNT, RDX, and other contaminants related to munitions production
Evaluation of taste repellents with northern bobwhites for deterring ingestion of granular pesticides
Authors: Mastrota F Nicholas , Mench Joy A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The risk of accidental poisoning of birds may be reduced by adding an aversive tasting chemical to granular pesticides The efficacy of eight taste repellents in deterring consumption was therefore evaluated in a game species, the northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) Avoidance was measured using a two-cup preference test in which treated feeds were paired with untreated feeds in one experiment, and against other treated feeds in another experiment All repellents tested were significantly avoided without evidence of habituation during the 5 d test period The most effective repellents were d pulegone and quinine hydrochloride Methyl anthranilate, 2-heptanone, and lithium chloride also performed reasonably well, whereas sucrose octaacetate and cinnamaldehyde performed relatively poorly The d-pulegone was further evaluated using a one cup test with treated clay granules The effects of adding d-pulegone and/or a red dye (erythrosine) were evaluated with a two way factorial design Addition of d-pulegone strongly reduced consumption of granules (p&lt; 0 001), whereas addition of erythrosine had no significant effect when added alone or in combination with d-pulegone Our results indicate that treating pesticide granules with a potent taste repellent, such as d-pulegone, is a promising approach to reduce the risk of their ingestion by birds