bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Limiting Dilution Analysis of Alloantigen‐Reactive Cells which Respond to Allogeneic Lymphocytes in Human MLC and PLT
Authors: Singal D. P. , Naipaul N. , Joseph S. 
Published: July 2010

We have determined the frequency of the alloantigen‐reactive cells (ARC) in human MLC and PLT by the limiting dilution analysis. In PLT, the frequency of the ARC to the original sensitizing donor ranged between 1:32 to 1:62, an increase of six to nine‐fold after priming in MLC. The MLC primed populations were also enriched (three to five fold) for the ARC responding to the PL‐positive allogeneic donors. The incidence of the ARC was 1:62 to 1:118 with donors positive for the sensitizing HLA–DRw antigen and 1:77 to 1:144 with donors negative for the specific HLA–DRw determinant. The results from experiments utilizing pooled stimulating cells from the original and allogeneic donors suggest that same subpopulation of cells responds to the sensitizing HLA–DRw determinant, whether it is presented by the specific stimulator or by a third‐party allogeneic donor. On the other hand, different subpopulations of alloreactive cells respond to different alloantigens.In MLC experiments between HLA–identical siblings, the incidence of the ARC ranged between 1:995 to 1:1673. The responses of the ARC to non‐HLA antigens were observed under conditions where responder cells were limiting. Also, the responses of the limiting numbers of responding cells were inhibited by mitomycin‐treated autologous lymphocytes. Nonresponse in MLC combinations with higher responder cell numbers was not due to small numbers of stimulating cells.
HLA‐linked Control of Susceptibility to Tuberculoid Leprosy and Association with HLA–DR types*
Authors: de Vries René R. P. , Mehra Narinder K. , Vaidya Mahesh C. , Gupte Mohan D. , Khan Pathan Meera , Van Rood Jon J. 
Published: July 2010

In an attempt to confirm an HLA–linked effect on the course of Mycobacterium leprae infection observed in families from Surinam (South America), we conducted a similar family study in an endemic area in India. We observed a significant (P < .05) excess of identical HLA–GLO haplotypes only from healthy parents among siblings affected with tuberculoid leprosy. Compared with healthy controls, unrelated patients with tuberculoid leprosy (n = 15) showed a significant heterogeneity at the HLA–DR locus (P < .05). This heterogeneity was caused by an increased frequency of HLA–DRw2 (.93 versus .53, P < .05), particularly of DRw2 homozygotes (.53 versus .11, P < .005), and a decreased frequency of HLA–DRw6 (.07 versus .58, P < .005). We observed a significant (P = .03) preferential segregation of DRw2 from DRw2 heterozygous parents not affected with tuberculoid leprosy to children with the tuberculoid type of the disease.These data confirm an HLA–linked control of susceptibility to tuberculoid leprosy only, and suggest a recessive inheritance of this trait for which HLA–DRw2 appears to be a genetic marker.
Effects of Cations on Brown Adipose Tissue in Relation to Possible Metabolic Consequences of Membrane Depolarisation
Authors: NEDERGAARD Jan 
Published: July 2010

Norepinephrine‐stimulated respiration of isolated hamster brown fat cells is only slightly dependent upon the extracellular concentration of Mg2+ and Ca2+, but very dependent upon K+ and Na+.
The inhibition of respiration in the absence of K+ is caused by diminished norepinephrine‐stimulated fatty acid release. However, in the absence of Na+. norepinephrine‐stimulated fatty acid release proceeds virtually unaffected.
Na+‐stimulated Ca2+ release from isolated brown fat mitochondria is higher in preparations from cold‐adapted rats than from control rats.
The extramitochondrial (‘cytosolic’) Ca2+, level is regulated by Na+ in the range 5–25 mM.
K+ in the range 0–20 mM decreases mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and thus promotes the effect of Na+ on the extramitochondrial steady‐state level of Ca2+.
Energy dissipating Na+‐induced Ca2+‐cycling is only of minor thermogenic importance.
Mitochondrial glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase is indirectly regulated by Na+ through an increase in extramitochondrial Ca2+.
Lack of Na+ in the incubation medium for brown fat cells abolishes the inhibitory effect of norepinephrine addition on triacylglycerol synthesis.
It is suggested that the norepinephrine‐induced plasma membrane depolarisation in brown fat cells leads, through the increased Na+ entry, to elevated cytosolic levels of Na+, and that this Na+ has metabolic consequences: it increases the cytosolic Ca+ level, and this Ca+ may regulate enzyme systems, including glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase. Lowered levels of glycerol 3‐phosphate within brown fat cells may reduce the rate of fatty acid esterification and, in consequence, acyl‐CoA may be directed towards oxidation.
Studies on Transport of Amino Acids from Peptides by Rat Small Intestine in vitro
Authors: SÉMÉKIVA Michel , VARESI Laurent , GRATECOS Dirnielle 
Published: July 2010

By comparison with what is known of disaccharides transport, it has been suggested that intestinal amino‐ peptidase N could, hydrolyze, on the surface of the microvillus membrane, oligopeptides longer than tripeptides and itself subserve the translocation function for the amino acids released from these peptides. This article describes the synthesis of the tritiated azido‐tetrapeptides p‐azido[3H]phenylalanyl‐alanyl‐glycyl‐glycine containing L or D‐alanine. The synthesized products possess a function which displays a11 the characteristics of an aryl‐azide. The photosensitive tetrapeptide formed with LAla‐Gly‐Gly is as good a substrate for porcine and rat aminopeptidases N as unmodified peptides while the tetrapeptide formed with LAla‐Gly‐Gly is not hydrolyzed at all. In addition a pattern of stepwise hydrolysis could be demonstrated and aminopeptidase N is the only exopeptidase present in the mucosal cells capable of utilizing the modified tetrapeptide as substrate.Uptake assays performed on everted rings of rat jejunum with the azido‐tetrapeptide as substrate have shown that: (a) the azido‐tetrapeptide is not transported intact but must be hydrolyzed first; (b) p‐azido‐ phenylalanine is not released in the external medium and therefore its observed uptake is not from the bulk medium and (c) the azido‐D‐tetrapeptide is only accumulated by passive diffusion. These observations suggest the presence on the brush border membrane of an aminopeptidase‐related transport system.
Regulation of Formation of Threonyl‐tRNA Synthetase, Phenylalanyl‐tRNA Synthetase and Protein Synthesis Initiation Factor 3 from Escherichia coli in vivo and in vitro
Authors: ELHARDT Dieter , WIRTH Reinhard , BÖK August 
Published: July 2010

The expression of the structural genes for the protein synthesis initiation factor 3 (IF‐3), threonyl‐tRNA synthetase and phenylalanyl‐tRNA synthetase carried by the transducing phage λp2 was studied in a DNA‐dependent transcription‐translation system in vitro and the results were compared to the regulatory pattern in vivo. In vitro, the DNA of the phage λp2 gives rise to the formation of the two forms of IF‐3 (IF‐31 and IF‐3,) which are known to be present in vivo. The kinetics of synthesis indicate an interconversion of IF‐31 into IF‐3,. Addition of excess purified IF‐3, does not significantly repress IF‐3 synthesis but does stimulate the rate of conversion of IF‐3, into IF‐3,. This apparent lack of autoregulation in vitro is in accordance with gene‐dosage‐ dependent synthesis in vivo. The fact that strains with more than one copy of the IF‐3 structural gene contain a higher relative amount of IF‐3, than do haploid ones suggests that the proteolytic conversion of IF‐3, into IF‐3, may occur predominantly in the free (non‐ribosome‐bound) state. In vivo, the amount of IF‐3 varies with the growth rate much like elongation factor Tu or aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases. As with the aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases, IF‐3 synthesis is not significantly subject to a stringent control system. This coordinated regulatory response in vivo, however, is not paralleled by the susceptibility of synthesis in vitro to guanosine 3′‐diphosphate 5′‐diphosphate (ppGpp), since IF‐3 formation is inhibited by ppGpp whereas that of threonyl‐tRNA synthetase and phenylalanyl‐tRNA synthetase is stimulated.
Decreased Candida albicans Killing Activity of Granulocytes from Patients with Diabetes mellitus/Verminderte Candida‐albicans‐Abtötungsaktivität der Granulozyten von Patienten mit Diabetes mellitus
Authors: Raith L. , Csató M. , Dobozy A. 
Published: July 2010

Summary: In 18 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus and in 15 healthy volunteers the Candida killing activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes was tested. Granulocytes from diabetes patients exhibited a significantly depressed Candida killing activity as compared with that of healthy volunteers. Sera from 8 patients with diabetes mellitus failed to influence the Candida killing activity of granulocytes from healthy persons. Further in diabetes mellitus proportion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes capable of forming rosettes with complement‐coated zymosan beads (C 3 rosette‐forming cells) did not differ from that in the healthy group. The depressed intracellular yeast killing, which seems to be independent of serum factors, may obviously play a significant role in the higher susceptibility of diabetics to Candida infections.Zusammenfassung: Wir untersuchten bei 18 Patienten mit Diabetes mellitus und bei 15 gesunden Vergleichspersonen die Candida‐abtötende Aktivität von polymorphkernigen Leukozyten. Die Granulozyten von diabetischen Patienten zeigten eine signifikant verminderte Abtötungs‐Aktivität im Vergleich zu der von gesunden Kontrollpersonen. Ein gepooltes Serum von 8 Patienten mit Diabetes mellitus hatte keinen Einfluß auf die Candida‐abtötende Aktivität von Granulozyten gesunder Personen. Bei Diabetikern und Gesunden gibt es keinen Unterschied hinsichtlich des Anteils der Granulozyten, die in der Lage sind, Rosetten mit komplement‐beladenen Zymosanpartikeln (C 3 Rosetten‐bildende Zellen) zu bilden. Die verminderte intra‐zelluläre Hefezell‐Abtötung, die vermutlich unabhängig von Serumfaktoren ist, spielt eine bedeutsame Rolle bei der höheren Empfänglichkeit von Diabetikern für Candida‐Infektionen.
Immunity in cattle vaccinated against ringworm
Authors: Rybnikář A. , Chumela J. , Vrzal V. , Krupka V. 
Published: July 2010

Summary.Protective properties of a live, freeze‐dried vaccine against ringworm, produced by Bioveta, Ivanovice na Hané, Czechoslovakia, were tested in a group of 422 calves. Vaccinated and control calves were challenged by epicutane‐ous inoculation of a virulent culture ofTrichophy‐ton verrucosum. Between 4.4 and 9.5% of calves challenged between days 14 and 25 after re‐vaccination showed only mild clinical signs of ringworm and 99–100% were fully protected from day 28, the immunity persisting for at least one year. All control calves showed signs of ringworm after challenge. In most cases, extensive mycotic lesions, also penetrating into deep skin layers, were observed. Protective properties of the Czechoslovak vaccine and a USSR vaccine were high and comparable.Zusammenfassung.An 422 Kälbern wurde der protektive Wert einer lyophilisierten Lebend‐vakzine gegen Rinder‐Trichophytie geprüft (Hersteller: Bioveta, Ivanovice na Hané, Tsche‐choslowakei). Sowohl die vakzinierten Kälber wie auch die Kontrollgruppe wurden danach mit einem virulentenTrichophyton verrucosum‐Stammepikutan inokuliert. Sämtliche Kontrollkälber erkrankten an Kälberflechte; in den meisten Fällen wurden dabei deutliche mykotische Läsionen beobachtet, die auch bis in tiefere Hautschichten reichten. In der geimpften Gruppe zeigten 4.4–9.5% der Kälber bei Infektion 14 und 25 d nach Revakzination nur milde klinische Kälber‐flechten‐Symptome; bei Infektion 28 d nach Revakzination waren 99–100% der Tiere voll‐kommen geschützt. Der durch die tschechoslowa‐kische Vakzine bedingte Immunschutz war hochgradig, hielt mindestens ein Jahr vor und erwies sich als dem mit einer USSR‐Vakzine erreichbaren vergleichbar.
Drought tolerance of barley varieties in relation to their root system size
Authors: Chloupek O. , Dostál V. , Středa T. , Psota V. , Dvořáčková O. 
Published: July 2010

With 2 figures and 4 tables AbstractThis study introduces the evaluation of root system size (RSS) for the breeding of barley, in particular for drought tolerance. In 2005–2008, 10–22 varieties of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were evaluated at two locations (only one in 2007) for RSS by its electric capacity. The RSS was compared with the yield and the quality of the varieties in state registration trials at 7–19 stations each year. Varieties with a greater RSS than the others varieties had a significantly higher yield in the dry year of 2007. Similar relationships between RSS and yield in the other years were found in only some of the environments. Malting varieties with a greater RSS had significantly higher contents of starch, saccharide extracts and malt extracts, as well as higher yields of protein and starch in 2007. It can be concluded that a small RSS is related to a low grain yield and malt quality in dry environments, even in genetically diverse varieties.
The glucocorticoid receptor is required for experimental adrenocorticotrophic hormone‐induced hypertension in mice
Authors: Zhang Yi , Schyvens Christopher G , Cole Timothy J , McKenzie Katja US , Vickers Janine J , Whitworth Judith A 
Published: July 2010

Summary1. In the present study, we have (i) measured basal blood pressure by telemetry in wild‐type (WT) and glucocorticoid receptor knockout (GRKO) mice; (ii) investigated whether or not adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) can induce hypertension in GRKO mice; and (iii) investigated the effect of mineralocortocoid receptor blockade on the cardiovascular physiology of GRKO mice.2. Male WT and GRKO mice were treated with ACTH (2 mg/kg per day s.c.) or spironolactone (100 mg/kg per day s.c.) for 1–2 weeks. Blood pressure (BP) was measured using a radiotelemetry system. Urinary Na : K, blood glucose concentrations and haematocrit were also measured during the treatment period.3. Baseline systolic blood pressure (SBP) was higher in GRKO mice (126 ± 4 mmHg, mean ± SEM, n = 11) than WT mice (114 ± 2 mmHg, n = 10; P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in baseline haematocrit, blood glucose and urine Na : K ratio in WT and GRKO mice. ACTH raised SBP in WT (135 ± 8 mmHg, n = 8; P < 0.05), but not in GRKO mice (113 ± 9 mmHg, n = 6). Spironolactone treatment did not alter SBP.4. Basal SBP was higher in GRKO than WT mice; ACTH raised blood pressure in WT, but not GRKO mice; and spironolactone did not alter BP in GRKO or WT mice. These data, together with a previous study showing both ACTH and corticosterone are increased in GRKO mice, show that the GR is required for the development of ACTH‐induced hypertension in mice. Increased endogenous ACTH levels in this model might contribute to the increased basal SBP in GRKO mice, possibly through residual fragments of GR. Mineralocorticoid receptors do not appear to play a critical role in maintaining BP in glucocorticoid receptor deficient mice.
Nitric oxide induced sinusoidal relaxation after a propranolol priming dose in the perfused rat liver reduces propranolol availability on subsequent dosing
Authors: Liu Xin , Zou Yuhong , Khlentzos Alexander M , Yang Yan , Nikolovski Julijana , Weiss Michael , Roberts Michael S 
Published: July 2010

Summary1. The present study sought to explain the mechanism leading to reduced availability of propranolol when given after a priming dose in the single‐pass perfused rat liver.2. Extracellular sucrose space (as a measure of sinusoidal relaxation) in perfused rat liver before and after propranolol or propranolol andNG‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (l‐NAME; nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor) treatment were examined. The results showed that propranolol induces sinusoidal relaxation in the perfused liver and this effect could be abolished by NO synthase inhibitorl‐NAME.3. Two bolus injections of propranolol were given to the isolated perfused rat liver and outflow concentration‐time profiles of intact propranolol were determined. A two‐phase physiologically based organ pharmacokinetic model was applied to estimate hepatocellular influx, efflux, binding, ion‐trapping and metabolic elimination pharmacokinetic parameters for propranolol. The recovery of propranolol in the second injection was approximately 54% of that in the first injection. The permeability‐surface area product, the binding and the intrinsic clearance all increased significantly after prior exposure of the rat liver to the first bolus of propranolol (P < 0.05).4. Based on the findings of the present study, we propose that the most likely explanation for the reduced availability of a second propranolol dose (after administration of a priming dose) in the perfused liver is a consequence of the NO‐mediated sinusoidal relaxation effect of propranolol, arising from the priming dose. This observation supports the view that the pharmacokinetics of some drugs might be altered by the pharmacodynamic effects of the same drug given earlier in the perfused liver.
Fatigue after myocardial infarction: Relationships with indices of emotional distress, and sociodemographic and clinical variables
Authors: Alsén Pia , Brink Eva , Brändström Yvonne , Karlson Björn W , Persson Lars‐Olof 
Published: July 2010

Alsén P, Brink E, Brändström Y, Karlson BW, Persson L‐O. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2010; 16: 326–334 Fatigue after myocardial infarction: Relationships with indices of emotional distress, and sociodemographic and clinical variablesFatigue and depressive symptoms are relatively common among patients recovering from myocardial infarction (MI). The symptoms of depression and fatigue overlap. The present study aimed at identifying patient fatigue and at examining the incidence of fatigue, particularly without coexisting depression, after MI. The sample comprised 204 consecutive patients who had completed the questionnaires Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory–20 after MI (1 week and 4 months). The results showed that fatigue had decreased after 4 months compared with the time of MI onset. Compared with the general population, patients reported significantly higher levels of fatigue. Furthermore, fatigue was associated with depression, but 33% of the sample reported fatigue without coexisting depression after 4 months. In order to prevent or treat patients' symptoms of fatigue after MI, the concepts of fatigue and depression should be assessed separately so as to exclude overlapping effects.
What do consumers want to know in the emergency department?
Authors: Kington Michelle , Short Alison E 
Published: July 2010

Kington M, Short AE. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2010; 16: 406–411 What do consumers want to know in the emergency department?Consumers unexpectedly accessing the complex and confusing context of the emergency department (ED) need appropriately communicated information to minimize unrealistic expectations leading to stressed and frustrated behaviour. This pilot project sought consumer opinions to develop an ED informational brochure to improve communication strategies. Thirty‐two ED consumers attending a large tertiary hospital completed an anonymous one‐page questionnaire comprising 22 topic areas. Descriptive data analysis indicated consumers' interest in information about waiting times, how the ED works, the triage system, identifying staff and parking. Most interest was shown by 31‐ to 50‐year‐old consumers. Pragmatically grouped results suggested the need for three information brochures to enhance health communication in the ED, in turn leading to a safer and more congenial health‐care context.
Reproductive phenology, seed germination and ex situ conservation of Pseudananas sagenarius in a semi‐deciduous tropical forest fragment
Authors: VIEIRA B.C. , SILVEIRA F. A. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUnderstanding the life history and ecophysiology of native species is crucial for the restoration of fragmented landscapes, such as the Atlantic Forest. In the present study, we examined the reproductive phenology and specific germination requirements of Pseudananas sagenarius (Bromeliaceae), an understory perennial herb from semi‐deciduous tropical forests. The reproductive phenology was followed for 24 months and the effects of light and temperature on germination were evaluated under constant temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35°C for both light and dark conditions. Seeds were also stored for 24 and 36 months before being allowed to germinate at optimum conditions. The reproduction of P. sagenarius was supra‐annual, extended, irregular and non‐synchronic, with seed dispersal occurring at the onset of the rainy season. Seeds are small, orthodox and photoblastic, and the optimum temperature for germination was 25°C, which is consistent with the soil surface temperature at dispersal. Stored seeds showed a minor decrease in germinability, but maintained their viability after 36 months. Recruitment from seed is likely to occur at the onset of the rainy season or after gap formation. Our results suggest that P. sagenarius has the potential to form seedling banks and that seeds retain their germinative potential after storage.
Role of immune molecules in the establishment and plasticity of glutamatergic synapses
Authors: Fourgeaud Lawrence , Boulanger Lisa M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn increasing number of studies support an unexpected role for immune molecules in regulating healthy brain functions during development and in adulthood. Here we review the roles of specific immune molecules (including cytokines, components of the complement cascade, and members of the major histocompatibility complex class I family and their receptors) in the formation and plasticity of glutamatergic synapses. These findings add a new dimension to our understanding of neural–immune interactions, and suggest novel molecular mechanisms that may underlie the modification of glutamatergic synapses in both normal and pathological states.
Unrecorded consumption, quality of alcohol and health consequences
Authors: REHM JÜRGEN , KANTERES FOTIS , LACHENMEIER DIRK W. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Issues. This contribution aims to examine systematically the evidence on the impact of the quality of unrecorded alcohol products on health consequences. Approach. Systematic computer assisted review of the literature. Key Findings. There are a number of pathways related to alcohol quality that may lead to acute or chronic health problems. The following constituents and contaminants of alcoholic beverages were identified as likely contributors to these problems: (i) toxic metals (e.g. lead) from contaminated water sources or unsuitable distillation equipment; (ii) volatile constituents, such as acetaldehyde or higher alcohols, which may be produced in significant amounts due to faults in production technology or microbiological spoilage; (iii) ethyl carbamate (urethane), a carcinogenic contaminant with major occurrence in certain fruit and sugarcane spirits; (iv) biologically active flavour compounds (e.g. coumarin in cosmetics used as non‐beverage alcohol); (v) toxic compounds used to denature alcohol (e.g. methanol or diethyl phthalate). In addition, the often higher ethanol content may have detrimental health effects. These pathways should not be assumed as present for all subcategories of unrecorded alcohol, but are more relevant to certain types and geographic regions. Implications. A health impact of unrecorded alcohol over and above the effect of ethanol cannot be excluded. More research is urgently needed, especially with respect to liver disease and alcohol poisoning as endpoints. Conclusion. A feasible approach for new research on the effects of unrecorded alcohol could be based on a representative sample from low socioeconomic regions with high prevalence of unrecorded consumption.[Rehm J, Kanteres F, Lachenmeier DW. Unrecorded consumption, quality of alcohol and health consequences. Drug Alcohol Rev 2010]