bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Right hepatic lobectomy with thoracotomy: a description (with video)
Authors: Kubota Keiichi 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackground/purposeTo describe surgical techniques and results of right hepatic lobectomy (RHL) with thoracotomy.MethodsThis procedure consists of laparotomy and thoracotomy, cholecystectomy, division of the right hepatic artery and right portal vein, mobilization of the liver, division of the right hepatic vein, transection of the liver parenchyma, and division of the right hepatic duct. Thoracotomy allows effective retraction of the costal arch, creating a better operative field and widening the working space.ResultsBetween April 2000 and May 2011, RHL, excluding RHL with partial resection of the liver, with bile duct resection, and with combined resection of other organs, was performed in 62 patients. Thoracotomy was employed in 55 patients, but not in the remaining 7. There were no statistically significant differences in age, ICG15, blood loss, Pringle time, or morbidity between the two groups, but there was a significant inter‐group difference in operation time. There was no postoperative mortality in either of the groups.ConclusionAlthough RHL with thoracotomy requires a longer operation time than RHL without thoracotomy, a thoraco‐abdominal approach offers a greater degree of safety, particularly in patients with massive tumors, or tumors invading the diaphragm, without any increase in morbidity or mortality.
Class Politics, American-Style
Authors: Box-Steffensmeier Janet M. 
Published: September 2011

Jacob S. Hacker and Paul Pierson's Winner-Take-All Politics: How Washington Made the Rich Richer—And Turned Its Back on the Middle Class is both a work of political science and a contribution to broad public discussion of distributive politics. Its topic could not be more relevant to a US polity wracked by bitter partisan disagreements about taxes, social spending, financial regulation, social insecurity, and inequality. The political power of “the rich” is a theme of widespread public attention. The headline on the cover of the January–February 2011 issue of The American Interest—“Inequality and Democracy: Are Plutocrats Drowning Our Republic?”—is indicative. Francis Fukuyama's lead essay, entitled “Left Out,” clarifies that by “plutocracy,” the journal means “not just rule by the rich, but rule by and for the rich. We mean, in other words, a state of affairs in which the rich influence government in such a way as to protect and expand their own wealth and influence, often at the expense of others.” Fukuyama makes clear that he believes that this state of affairs obtains in the United States today.Readers of Perspectives on Politics will know that the topic has garnered increasing attention from political scientists in general and in our journal in particular. In March 2009, we featured a symposium on Larry Bartels's Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age. And in December 2009, our lead article, by Jeffrey A. Winters and Benjamin I. Page, starkly posed the question “Oligarchy in the United States?” and answered it with an equally stark “yes.” Winner-Take-All Politics thus engages a broader scholarly discussion within US political science, at the same time that it both draws upon and echoes many “classic themes” of US political science from the work of Charles Beard and E. E. Schattschneider to Ted Lowi and Charles Lindblom.In this symposium, we have brought together a group of important scholars and commentators who offer a range of perspectives on the book and on the broader themes it engages. While most of our discussants are specialists on “American politics,” we have also sought out scholars beyond this subfield. Our charge to the discussants is to evaluate the book's central claims and evidence, with a focus on three related questions: 1) How compelling is its analysis of the “how” and “why” of recent US public policy and its “turn” in favor of “the rich” and against “the middle class”? 2) How compelling is its critique of the subfield of “American politics” for its focus on the voter–politician linkage and on “politics as spectacle” at the expense of an analysis of “politics as organized combat”? 3) And do you agree with its argument that recent changes in US politics necessitate a different, more comparative, and more political economy–centered approach to the study of US politics?—Jeffrey C. Isaac, Editor
The Future is Always the Place of Hope: Two Poems by Mohammad-Hossein Shahriyar
Authors: Shahriyar Mohammad-Hossein 
Published: September 2011

Although the predominant language of Iran's literature is Persian, a trickle of literary works has always been written in other languages, most notably in Azeri Turkish, the language spoken in Iranian Azerbaijan as well as in the Republic of Azerbaijan to the north of the Araxes river. The following two poems, translated from the original Azeri Turkish, demonstrate the presence of that minority voice.With regard to the translated poems, a reference to a historical event is necessary here. From 1946, when the autonomous movement in Iranian Azerbaijan was defeated, to the downfall of the Iranian monarchy in 1979, contact between the people of the two regions was discouraged on both sides, and Azeri Turkish was aggressively suppressed by the state, which defined Iranian nationalism through the increasing dominance of the Persian language. However, individual poets of the two regions were in sporadic contact.
Pistachios, Camels and Cement Blocks: The Familiar and the Shock of the New in Simin Behbahani's Ghazals
Authors: Behbahani Simin 
Published: September 2011

The five poems below, as will be evident to the reader, are as “contemporary” as any poems in Persian, at least thematically. With shocking clarity, they are “about” traumatic experiences that have shaped recent Iranian history: revolution and war.They are all the more shocking in this respect: for their choice of language and imagery. Simin Behbahani resists the penchant that remains, even in Modern Persian poetry (whether by choice, habit, or force of circumstance), for oblique and symbolic expression—whereby “skewered nightingales” stand for silenced or censored poets, “dogs giving up their freedom for shelter and a piece of bone” connote political and moral compromise, and “dark and stormy nights” and other meteorological signs serve as barometers for political, moral, and cultural oppression.
Fauna
Authors: Anderson Steven C. 
Published: September 2011

The Principal Users of the Encyclopaedia are Likely to be Students and scholars of Iranian culture, history, literature, geography, and area studies. Most of these will not be looking so much for technical articles in their own specialties as for general introductory entries in ancillary areas. I hope that another category of user of the fauna and other natural history entries, for which some forty articles have now been published, will be the student or scholar beginning studies of Iranian natural history looking for summary and review articles and bibliographic sources. For such users, the EIr can perform an invaluable service, as there is no other existing source in any language attempting to pull together the knowledge of Iranian natural history as a whole.To serve the needs of this diverse audience, entries about individual species of native animals ought to include some description or definition of the creature, a brief summary of its natural history, viz., its habits and behavior, its habitat, its status in the biotic community (as prey, predator, relative abundance, etc.), its general distribution, and its range within Iran (and the other areas covered by the EIr); cultural information that applies, such as conservation, economic importance, history of use or human interactions, appearance in literature, folklore, and mythology, should be discussed.
Population length variability and nucleoid numbers in Escherichia coli
Authors: Athale Chaitanya A. , Chaudhari Hemangi 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Motivation: Cell sizes and shapes are a fundamental defining characteristic of all cellular life. In bacteria like Escherichia coli, the machinery that determines cell length is complex and interconnected, spanning extracellular cues, biosynthesis and cell division. Few tools exist to study cell lengths in a population. We have developed and tested three automated image analysis routines on growing E.coli cultures to simultaneously measure cell lengths and nucleoid numbers in populations of bacteria. We find population profiles changing with culture density—higher density of culture leads to fewer long cells. Additionally, lab strains mutant for recA show a correlation between the number of nucleoids and cell length.
Contact: cathale@iiserpune.ac.in; chaitanya.athale@gmail.com
Supplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Quality control in cervicovaginal cytology by cytohistological correlation
Authors: Izadi‐Mood N. , Sarmadi S. , Sanii S. 
Published: September 2011

N. Izadi‐Mood, S. Sarmadi and S. Sanii  Quality control in cervicovaginal cytology by cytohistological correlationObjective:  Frequent studies attest to the correlation of cytological interpretations with defined histopathological entities. Nevertheless, as part of quality control, cytology laboratories are required to compare Papanicolaou smear reports with those of cervical biopsies to search for discrepancies. We have attempted to determine and categorize the causes of existing discrepancies in our laboratory in order to clarify the source of errors.Methods:  We reviewed 670 cervical smears that were paired with subsequent punch biopsy or endocervical curettage samples, obtained within 2 months of the cytology, and found out that 60 smear‐biopsy pairs were discrepant regarding the diagnosis. These cases were categorized into four error groups after careful re‐evaluation of the original smear and biopsy slides.Results:  In 51 (85%) of 60 cervical smear‐biopsy pairs with reports that disagreed, the initial diagnoses of both cervical smear and biopsy were confirmed by the review opinion; in these cases, cytology and biopsy ‘sampling errors’ were responsible for 40 and 11 instances of discrepancy, respectively. Seven cases (11.1%) were discrepant due to ‘smear interpretation errors’ and consisted of five cases with initial under‐diagnosis and two cases with initial over‐diagnosis. One case (1.7%) was due to ‘screener error’. In another case, discordance was due to cervical ‘biopsy interpretation error’, with initial over‐diagnosis as squamous intraepithelial lesion.Conclusion:  In this retrospective study, we determined the causes of cytohistological discrepancies in cervical samples. The main explanation for discrepancy was ‘sampling error’.
Impact of a tertiary Gleason pattern 4 or 5 on clinical failure and mortality after radical prostatectomy for clinically localised prostate cancer
Authors: Servoll Einar , Sæter Thorstein , Vlatkovic Ljiljana , Lund Tormod , Nesland Jahn , Waaler Gudmund , Axcrona Karol , Beisland Hans O. 
Published: September 2011

Study Type – Prognosis (case series)Level of Evidence 4What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?It is known that a tertiary Gleason grade pattern 4 or 5 found in RP specimens has a negative impact on recurrence rate regarding biochemical relapse after radical prostatectomy. This is the first publication addressing clinical outcome in patients with a tertiary Gleason grade pattern 4 or 5 showing a negative influence on clinical failure rates.OBJECTIVE
To investigate the impact of a tertiary Gleason grade (TGG) pattern 4 or 5 on clinical failure, as the presence of a TGG pattern 4 or 5 in radical prostatectomy (RP) specimens has been associated with biochemical failure.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
In all, 151 consecutive patients undergoing RP between 1985 and 2006 were reviewed, and 148 patients met study inclusion criteria.
The RP specimens were pathologically re‐examined and the presence of a TGG pattern 4 or 5 was recorded.
The endpoint was clinical failure defined as local recurrence and/or development of metastasis at a mean follow‐up of 108 months.
Univariate analyses were performed using the Kaplan–Meier method. Multivariate analyses were performed using Cox proportional hazards regression.
RESULTS
Clinical failure was more likely among men with presence of a TGG pattern 4 or 5 than in men without a TGG pattern 4 or 5 (P= 0.006). In the subgroup of patients with Gleason score 7 the presence of a TGG 5 was significantly associated with clinical failure rate (P= 0.002).
In patients with Gleason score <7 or >7, a TGG pattern 4 or 5 was not associated with increased failure rates.
Multivariate Cox regression analyses in patients with Gleason score 7 showed that a TGG pattern 5 was a statistically significant predictor of clinical failure when adjusting for pathological stage, surgical margin status, extraprostatic extension and seminal vesicle invasion (hazard ratio 4.03, 95% confidence interval 1.72–9.46; P= 0.001).
Further subgroup analyses showed that a TGG pattern 5 was associated with statistically higher clinical progression rates in patients with Gleason score 3 + 4 (P= 0.03).
In patients with Gleason score 4 + 3, a TGG pattern 5 was associated with a trend towards a higher clinical progression rate, although this was not statistically significant (P= 0.189).
CONCLUSION
A TGG pattern 4 or 5 is associated with decreased clinical recurrence‐free survival in Gleason score 7.
MACROECONOMIC OUTCOMES OF CHANGING SOCIAL BARGAINS. THE FEASIBILITY OF A WAGE‐LED OPEN ECONOMY RECONSIDERED
Authors: Cassetti Mario 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTIt has been argued, in neo‐Kaleckian growth theory, that profit‐led growth regimes are more likely in an open economy, at least in the short run. This paper reconsiders this question by developing a macroeconomic model for the medium run where distribution and inflation, caused by conflicting nominal income claims, influence growth. We show that the strict alternative between wage‐led and profit‐led growth is misguided, and that an expansion of real wages and employment is feasible when enduring incomes policies are established. Hindrance to these policies is reminiscent of the political opposition to permanent full employment envisaged by Kalecki.
Biogeographical kinetics on an island volcano (Capelinhos, Azores): fast colonisation rates and dominance of arthropod exotic species
Authors: FATTORINI SIMONE , BORGES PAULO A. V. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract.  1. The aim of this paper was to investigate the arthropod colonisation of a recently erupted volcano in the framework of a general model of colonisation kinetics.2. We analysed the diversity of arthropod communities at three locations on Faial Island (Azores) using a well‐defined disturbance gradient: (i) a site that is new land added by the eruption of Capelinhos Volcano of 1957; (ii) a site moderately affected by this eruption; and (iii) a pristine site not affected. We calculated the recolonisation times at the disturbed sites using species richness at the undisturbed site as an equilibrium value (last erupted 900–1000 years ago).3. Species with different distributional ranges (endemic, native non‐endemic and introduced) have different colonisation kinetics. Introduced exotic species were particularly rapid in colonising the erupted volcano, reaching a number of species greater than that observed in the undisturbed area. By contrast, native non‐endemic species had more difficulty in recolonising the erupted area, and no endemic has reached it. The volcano community is dominated by a few species with high abundance and shows low richness and strong dominance in comparison with the undisturbed community. The moderately disturbed site supports a rich and well‐balanced arthropod community.4. Although the erupted volcano has a species richness even slightly higher than the undisturbed site, this is a consequence of the high colonisation ability of introduced species, and its arthropod community is strongly disharmonic.
Model-Based Approach for Optimization of Atazanavir Dose Recommendations for HIV-Infected Pediatric Patients
Authors: Hong Ying , Kowalski Kenneth G. , Zhang Jenny , Zhu Li , Horga Mariaarantxa , Bertz Richard , Pfister Marc , Roy Amit 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT

Atazanavir (Reyataz; ATV) is a well-tolerated protease inhibitor (PI) that is indicated as a once-daily treatment for HIV infections. These features of ATV, combined with its virologic potency, make it particularly desirable for the treatment of HIV-infected pediatric patients. The objective of this study was to use a model-based approach to recommend body weight-based ATV capsule doses for pediatric patients. ATV concentration-time data from three adult studies and one pediatric study were described by a
C
0
-delinked one-compartment model to guard against introducing bias in pharmacokinetic (PK) parameter estimates due to the potential nonadherence in outpatient studies. The apparent clearance (CL
/F
) and apparent volume of distribution (
V/F
) were determined to increase with body weight, and CL
/F
was 40.9% lower in patients receiving ATV comedication with ritonavir (RTV). The relative bioavailability (
F
rel
) of ATV was 132% higher with RTV comedication and was 35.5% lower for the ATV powder formulation than the capsule formulation. Model-based simulations were used to recommend weight-based ATV capsule doses of 150 to 300 mg boosted with 100 mg RTV for pediatric patients weighing ≥15 kg, such that the exposures in these patients are similar to those obtained in HIV-infected adults treated with the recommended ATV/RTV dose of 300/100 mg.
Modular rollback through control logging
Authors: Shivers Olin , Turon Aaron J. 
Published: September 2011

We present a technique, based on the use of first-class control operators, enabling programs to maintain and invoke rollback logs for sequences of reversible effects. Our technique is modular, in that it provides complete separation between some library of effectful operations, and a client, "driver" program which invokes and rolls back sequences of these operations. In particular, the checkpoint mechanism, which is entirely encapsulated within the effect library, logs not only the library's effects, but also the client's control state. Thus, logging and rollback can be almost completely transparent to the client code.
This separation of concerns manifests itself nicely when we must implement software with sophisticated error handling. We illustrate with two examples that exploit the architecture to disentangle some core parsing task from its error management. The parser code is completely separate from the error-correction code, although the two components are deeply intertwined at run time.
Functional modelling of musical harmony
Authors: Magalhães José Pedro , de Haas W. Bas 
Published: September 2011

Music theory has been essential in composing and performing music for centuries. Within Western tonal music, from the early Baroque on to modern-day jazz and pop music, the function of chords within a chord sequence can be explained by harmony theory. Although Western tonal harmony theory is a thoroughly studied area, formalising this theory is a hard problem.
We present a formalisation of the rules of tonal harmony as a Haskell (generalized) algebraic datatype. Given a sequence of chord labels, the harmonic function of a chord in its tonal context is automatically derived. For this, we use several advanced functional programming techniques, such as type-level computations, datatype-generic programming, and error-correcting parsers. As a detailed example, we show how our model can be used to improve content-based retrieval of jazz songs.
We explain why Haskell is the perfect match for these tasks, and compare our implementation to an earlier solution in Java. We also point out shortcomings of the language and libraries that limit our work, and discuss future developments which may ameliorate our solution.
Nameless, painless
Authors: Pouillard Nicolas 
Published: September 2011

De Bruijn indices are a well known technique for programming with names and binders. They provide a representation that is both simple and canonical.
However, programming errors tend to be really easy to make. We propose a safer programming interface implemented as a library. Whereas indexing the types of names and terms by a numerical bound is a famous technique, we index them by worlds, a different notion of index that is both finer and more abstract. While being more finely typed, our approach incurs no loss of expressiveness or efficiency.
Via parametricity we obtain properties about functions polymorphic on worlds. For instance, well-typed world-polymorphic functions over open λ-terms commute with any renaming of the free variables.
Our whole development is conducted within Agda, from the code of the library, to its soundness proof and the properties of external functions. The soundness of our library is demonstrated via the construction of a logical relations argument.
Inhaled Nitric Oxide Improves Outcomes After Successful Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Mice
Authors: Minamishima Shizuka , Kida Kotaro , Tokuda Kentaro , Wang Huifang , Sips Patrick Y. , Kosugi Shizuko , Mandeville Joseph B. , Buys Emmanuel S. , Brouckaert Peter , Liu Philip K. , Liu Christina H. , Bloch Kenneth D. , Ichinose Fumito 
Published: September 2011

Background—
Sudden cardiac arrest (CA) is a leading cause of death worldwide. Breathing nitric oxide (NO) reduces ischemia/reperfusion injury in animal models and in patients. The objective of this study was to learn whether inhaled NO improves outcomes after CA and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).

Methods and Results—

Adult male mice were subjected to potassium-induced CA for 7.5 minutes whereupon CPR was performed with chest compression and mechanical ventilation. One hour after CPR, mice were extubated and breathed air alone or air supplemented with 40 ppm NO for 23 hours. Mice that were subjected to CA/CPR and breathed air exhibited a poor 10-day survival rate (4 of 13), depressed neurological and left ventricular function, and increased caspase-3 activation and inflammatory cytokine induction in the brain. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed brain regions with marked water diffusion abnormality 24 hours after CA/CPR in mice that breathed air. Breathing air supplemented with NO for 23 hours starting 1 hour after CPR attenuated neurological and left ventricular dysfunction 4 days after CA/CPR and markedly improved 10-day survival rate (11 of 13;
P
=0.003 versus mice breathing air). The protective effects of inhaled NO on the outcome after CA/CPR were associated with reduced water diffusion abnormality, caspase-3 activation, and cytokine induction in the brain and increased serum nitrate/nitrite levels. Deficiency of the α1 subunit of soluble guanylate cyclase, a primary target of NO, abrogated the ability of inhaled NO to improve outcomes after CA/CPR.

Conclusions—
These results suggest that NO inhalation after CA and successful CPR improves outcome via soluble guanylate cyclase–dependent mechanisms.