bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Green matters?
Authors: Dart Raymond , Hill Stephen D. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAlthough the environmental impact of nonprofit organizations is likely significant, those in the sector seem to have largely ignored this fact. We examine a model of environmental performance for corporations and consider its relevance to nonprofit organizations. Our analysis suggests that motivators of environmental performance in nonprofit organizations remain minor, and that countervailing barriers to green behavior by nonprofits remain more significant than those faced by businesses.
Piloting external peer review as a model for performance improvement in third‐sector organizations
Authors: Purcell Martin E. , Hawtin Murray 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPeer review is used widely in the United Kingdom as a means of engendering performance improvement in the statutory sector and is being used increasingly to address the needs of specific networks of third‐sector organizations. The project on which this article is based sought to develop a peer review model that could be applied by any third‐sector organization to improve performance. The article reviews existing initiatives and details elements of models that the research sought to replicate. It describes the approach taken to develop the model, including details of three pilots, and summarizes the associated guidance. Finally, it incorporates a commentary on some of the opportunities and challenges presented by the model as a means of securing continued performance improvement by third‐sector organizations.
Ectopic expression of the microtubule‐dependent motor protein Eg5 promotes pancreatic tumourigenesis
Authors: Liu Min , Wang Xiuchao , Yang Yunfan , Li Dengwen , Ren He , Zhu Qigang , Chen Qiang , Han Shuyong , Hao Jihui , Zhou Jun 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive disease with a grim prognosis, due to its late diagnosis, propensity to rapidly metastasize, and resistance to therapy. The molecular events underlying this remain poorly defined. Here we report the overexpression and gene copy number gain of the microtubule‐dependent motor protein Eg5 in human pancreatic cancer samples. We also show that Eg5 expression correlates with clinicopathological parameters of pancreatic cancer and promotes anchorage‐independent cell growth and tumour formation in mice. In addition, Eg5 is up‐regulated in pancreatic cancer cell lines and enhances cell proliferation in an ATPase activity‐dependent manner. Our data further reveal that Eg5 overexpression causes the formation of multipolar spindles and multinucleation and induces the accumulation of polyploid cells. These findings demonstrate a role for Eg5 in pancreatic tumourigenesis and indicate a potential for targeting Eg5 in pancreatic cancer treatment. Copyright © 2010 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical presentation and outcome of epidemic Kaposi sarcoma in Ugandan children
Authors: Gantt Soren , Kakuru Abel , Wald Anna , Walusansa Victoria , Corey Lawrence , Casper Corey , Orem Jackson 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackgroundKaposi sarcoma (KS) is one of the most common pediatric cancers in sub‐Saharan Africa. Few data are available about the clinical presentation or response to treatment of children with epidemic (HIV‐associated) KS.MethodsMedical records of all children with KS and HIV infection referred to the Uganda Cancer Institute in Kampala, Uganda from October 2004 to June 2007 were reviewed. Charts were abstracted for age, sex, location of KS lesions at presentation, biopsy results, CD4 T‐cell count and percentage, and KS treatment and outcome.ResultsSeventy‐three children with epidemic KS were identified, 37 males and 36 females. The median age was 10.1 years (range 2–18). KS presented with lymph node (LN) involvement in 60% of cases. The median absolute and percentage CD4 T‐cells at presentation were 210 cells/µl and 7.4%, respectively. Those children with lymphadenopathic KS were younger (mean difference 3.7 years; P = 0.01) and had higher CD4 T‐cell counts (mean difference 242 cells/µl; P = 0.03) than those without LN involvement. Of 32 patients for whom outcome data were available, a complete response to chemotherapy and/or antiretroviral therapy was documented in 20 (62.5%) patients.ConclusionsIn comparison to cutaneous involvement, LN involvement of epidemic KS occurs at younger ages and at higher CD4 levels. This clinical presentation may reflect recent infection with human herpesvirus 8 followed by a rapid progression to malignancy. Favorable response to treatment was observed in the majority of cases, but prospective studies are needed to determine optimal management. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010;54:670–674. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of poly(cyclohexene oxide)‐block‐polystyrene by combination of radical‐promoted cationic polymerization, atom transfer radical polymerization and click chemistry
Authors: Degirmenci Mustafa , Genli Nasrettin 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe combination of radical‐promoted cationic polymerization, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and click chemistry was employed for the efficient preparation of poly(cyclohexene oxide)‐block‐polystyrene (PCHO‐b‐PSt). Alkyne end‐functionalized poly(cyclohexene oxide) (PCHO‐alkyne) was prepared by radical‐promoted cationic polymerization of cyclohexene oxide monomer in the presence of 1,2‐diphenyl‐2‐(2‐propynyloxy)‐1‐ethanone (B‐alkyne) and an onium salt, namely 1‐ethoxy‐2‐methylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate, as the initiating system. The B‐alkyne compound was synthesized using benzoin photoinitiator and propargyl bromide. Well‐defined bromine‐terminated polystyrene (PSt‐Br) was prepared by ATRP using 2‐oxo‐1,2‐diphenylethyl‐2‐bromopropanoate as initiator. Subsequently, the bromine chain end of PSt‐Br was converted to an azide group to obtain PSt‐N3 by a simple nucleophilic substitution reaction. Then the coupling reaction between the azide end group in PSt‐N3 and PCHO‐alkyne was performed with Cu(I) catalysis in order to obtain the PCHO‐b‐PSt block copolymer. The structures of all polymers were determined. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Reinforcing thermosets with crystallizable solvents
Authors: Yordem Onur Sinan , Lesser Alan J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis study demonstrates an approach to generate reinforcement in thermosetting polymers through crystal growth of crystallizable solvents. Emphasis is to identify the reaction conditions, which lead to suitable reinforcement in selected compounds. Crystallization behavior and miscibility of dimethylsulfone (DMS) in diglycidylether of bisphenol‐A epoxy monomer was investigated. Small angle laser scattering and optical microscopy were utilized to monitor phase separation and crystallization of DMS at different isothermal conditions during the cure process. It is shown that DMS crystals grow anisotropically to form faceted geometries and demonstrate possible structures to anchor into the epoxy matrix. The growth mechanism and the agility of crystals are shown to be affected by the cure reaction as well as depth of supercooling. A completely cured sample with 15 wt % DMS shows a broad map of rich morphologies from nanoscale particles to uniformly distributed macroscale, discontinuous fiber‐like crystals generated only by altering the curing conditions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 840–849, 2010
Polylactide/exfoliated graphite nanocomposites with enhanced thermal stability, mechanical modulus, and electrical conductivity
Authors: Kim Il‐Hwan , Jeong Young Gyu 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe have prepared a series of polylactide/exfoliated graphite (PLA/EG) nanocomposites by melt‐compounding and investigated their morphology, structures, thermal stability, mechanical, and electrical properties. For PLA/EG nanocomposites, EG was prepared by the acid treatment and following rapid thermal expansion of micron‐sized crystalline natural graphite (NG), and it was characterized to be composed of disordered graphite nanoplatelets. It was revealed that graphite nanoplatelets of PLA/EG nanocomposites were dispersed homogeneously in the PLA matrix without forming the crystalline aggregates, unlike PLA/NG composites. Thermal degradation temperatures of PLA/EG nanocomposites increased substantially with the increment of EG content up to ∼3 wt %, whereas those of PLA/NG composites remained constant regardless of the NG content. For instance, thermal degradation temperature of PLA/EG nanocomposite with only 0.5 wt % EG was improved by ∼10 K over PLA homopolymer. Young's moduli of PLA/EG nanocomposites increased noticeably with the increment of EG content up to ∼3 wt %, compared with PLA/NG composites. The percolation threshold for electrical conduction of PLA/EG nanocomposites was found to be at 3–5 wt % EG, which is far lower graphite content than that (10–15 wt % NG) of PLA/NG composites. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 850–858, 2010
Acid/Base Gas/Liquid Adsorption Properties of Carbon Black Modified in NH3/O2 RF Glow Discharges
Authors: De Vietro Nicoletta , Favia Pietro , Fracassi Francesco , d'Agostino Riccardo 
Published: March 2010

AbstractCarbon Black granules were modified in a rotating RF (13.56 MHz) plasma reactor fed with NH3/O2 gas mixtures, in order to graft acid (O‐containing) and/or basic (N‐containing) chemical groups and tune their surface acid/base character. X‐rays photoelectron spectroscopy was used to evaluate the surface chemical composition of the modified carbon surface. Boehm titrations, in OH−/H+ water solutions, and NH3/HCl vapour adsorption tests were performed on plasma treated Carbon Black, with the aim to check its capability of adsorbing acid and basic compounds from solution and in gas/vapour phase, respectively.magnified image
Post‐infectious bronchiolitis obliterans: Can CT scan findings at early age anticipate lung function?
Authors: Mattiello Rita , Sarria Edgar E. , Mallol Javier , Fischer Gilberto B. , Mocelin Helena , Bello Rodrigo , Flores Jose A.M. , Irion Klaus , Jones Yvonne 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackgroundThe image findings of post‐infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PIBO) have been described, however, we do not know if such findings can predict lung function (LF) deterioration with increasing patient age. Aim: To assess whether computed tomography (CT) abnormalities detected at an early stage of the disease can anticipate abnormal LF a decade later in children with PIBO.MethodsWe compared CT scans of 21 children with PIBO, done within their first 3 years of life, and their actual LF. To evaluate CT scans we used a modified Bhalla score and, for LF, FEV1 as percentage of predicted values. We calculated prevalence ratios (PRs) by comparing the proportion of patients with worst CT score and worst LF, with the proportion of those with best CT score and worst LF.ResultsPR was 1.17 (CI 1.02; 1.34, P = 0.02).ConclusionsThe CT finding early in the life of children with PIBO, when assessed by the Bhalla, score seem to anticipate future LF status. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010; 45:315–319. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Insecticidal efficacy of fipronil against four stored‐product insect pests: influence of commodity, dose, exposure interval, relative humidity and temperature
Authors: Kavallieratos Nickolas G , Athanassiou Christos G , Vayias Basileios J , Betsi Petri Christina C 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBACKROUND: Fipronil is an insecticidal pyrazole that is commonly used as an insecticide in field crops, urban pesticide and veterinary medicine, but there are no reports of its evaluation against stored‐product insects. Three series of laboratory bioassays were conducted to assess fipronil as a potential grain protectant against adults of Sitophilus oryzae (L.), Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) and Prostephanus truncatus (Horn). Factors such as dose (0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 mg fipronil kg−1 grain), exposure interval (24 h, 48 h, 7 days and 14 days), temperature (20, 25 and 30 °C), relative humidity (RH; 55 and 65%) and commodity (wheat, maize, barley and paddy rice) were evaluated with regard to their impact on the insecticidal activity of fipronil. Progeny production was assessed after 64 days of exposure.RESULTS: At doses of < 1 mg fipronil kg−1 grain, efficacy of fipronil was enhanced by an increase in temperature from 20 to 25 °C against S. oryzae or R. dominica for exposures of > 48 h and against T. confusum or P. truncatus for exposures of > 24 h. A further increase in temperature from 25 to 30 °C, although it enhanced efficacy at doses of < 1 mg fipronil kg−1 grain against S. oryzae at all exposure intervals and against T. confusum after 7 days of exposure, it was negatively associated with efficacy against R. dominica or P. truncatus for exposures of > 24 h. By contrast, increase in RH did not have a significant impact on efficacy of fipronil. Although the performance of fipronil among the tested commodities was species dependent, this substance appeared to be less effective in paddy rice than in barley, maize and wheat. Regardless of the treated commodity, progeny production of all the tested species was almost suppressed with doses higher than 0.1 mg fipronil kg−1 grain.CONCLUSIONS: Fipronil appeared to be a very effective alternative to the existing substances in stored‐grain protection at doses equal to or higher than 1 mg fipronil kg−1 grain, and thus these doses require further evaluation in terms of safety for the consumer and residues on stored products. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Autosomal inheritance of deltamethrin resistance in field populations of Triatoma infestans (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) from Argentina
Authors: Germano Mónica D , Vassena Claudia V , Picollo María I 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: Triatoma infestans (Klug) is the major Chagas disease vector in the Southern Cone area of South America, and its chemical control is based on the use of pyrethroid insecticides. Resistance to deltamethrin in Salta Province, Argentina, has been detected in field populations since 2002, causing the failure of vector control campaigns in this disease‐endemic area. The inheritance of deltamethrin resistance in T. infestans was evaluated through reciprocal crosses conducted between resistant and susceptible insects.RESULTS: The response of the reciprocally mated insects' progeny to deltamethrin was intermediate between the highly resistant and the susceptible parent colonies. Lack of significant differences between the LD50 and resistance ratios of the reciprocally mated insects indicated no sex linkage on this trait.CONCLUSION: Bioassay results, in addition to degree of dominance calculations, suggest that the resistance to deltamethrin in T. infestans is controlled by semi‐dominant, autosomally inherited factors. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Contact toxicity of insecticides for attract‐and‐kill applications against adult Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Campos Manuel , Phillips Thomas W 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: The Indian meal moth (IMM), Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), is an important pest of stored food products. Contact toxicities of 13 insecticides applied to different surfaces were evaluated at registered label and a higher dose for killing adult males. The ultimate objective was to develop attract‐and‐kill technologies for P. interpunctella. Two‐day‐old adult males were exposed to treated surfaces for 2.0 s and then paired with virgin females for mating and oviposition over a 24 h period.RESULTS: Permethrins and pyrethrins (organic pyrethrin and pyrethrin plus a synergist) caused over 70% mortality to males. Oviposition was impacted by these insecticides, while egg hatch was not. A second experiment tested the 8 week residual toxicity of cyfluthrin, permethrin and pyrethrin at label and at a higher dose of 20 g AI L−1 on five surfaces: plastic‐coated paper, metal, painted plastic, unpainted plastic and wood. Permethrin at 20 g AI L−1 suppressed males at over 80% for up to 8 weeks and retained activity on surfaces made with plastic‐coated paper, metal or plastic. Oviposition was variable among treatments. Egg hatch was generally unaffected by treatment.CONCLUSION: Effective attract‐and‐kill surfaces can be developed for killing IMM males and thereby potentially lead to reduced reproduction and, ultimately, population suppression. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Fe‐catalysed synthesis of C nanotubes by i‐C4H10 decomposition: Advantages and problems deriving from H2 addition to the growth ambient
Authors: Santangelo Saveria , Milone Candida , Lanza Maurizio , Messina Giacomo 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis work is a continuation and a completion of our previous studies on the synthesis of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by i‐C4H10 decomposition at moderate temperature (600 °C). It intends to show the existence of well‐defined relationships between the variations of the reaction parameters and the changes of yield and graphitization degree of the grown MWCNTs. For this purpose, MWCNTs prepared by catalysed chemical vapour deposition (CCVD) in i‐C4H10–H2–He environment over Fe/Al2O3 catalysts (metal load: 29%; reduction temperature: 500 or 700 °C) are considered. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy (RS) and thermo‐gravimetry (TG) analyses, performed on purified MWCNTs, evidence the changes in morphology, crystalline arrangement, purity and thermal stability produced by the use of different i‐C4H10 and H2 partial pressures (0.25–0.75 atm) and catalyst amount (0.25–2.00 g). The empirical correlations established, by fitting the data, between issue of reactions, in terms of yield and MWCNT graphitization degree, and relative (to catalyst) carbon‐ and hydrogen‐supply rates allow highlighting, on a quantitative basis, benefits and problems deriving from H2 addition to the growth atmosphere, topic on which, as in our knowledge, only qualitative information is available in literature.
Structural evolution optimization at p/i interface and in the bulk intrinsic‐layer for high efficiency microcrystalline silicon solar cells
Authors: Hou Guofu , Han Xiaoyan , Geng Xinhua , Zhang Xiaodan , Wei Changchun , Sun Jian , Chen Xinliang , Zhang Jianjun , Zhao Ying 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe structural evolution in high‐rate deposited hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon (μc‐Si:H) films and solar cells has been investigated. In order to reduce the incubation layer thickness, a high‐quality initial seed layer at p/i interface has been developed by lowering silane concentration and very high frequency (VHF) power simultaneously. This initial seed layer not only acts as a seed layer for the high‐rate deposited i ‐layer, but also it can reduce the ion bombardment on the p/i interface. Then, a novel VHF power profiling technique, which is designed by dynamically decreasing the VHF power step by step during the deposition of μc‐Si:H, has been developed to control the structural evolution along the growth direction in the bulk i ‐layer. Another advantage of this VHF power profiling technique is the reduced ion bombardments on growth surface because of decreasing the VHF power. At last, a high conversion efficiency of 9.4% has been obtained for a single junction μc‐Si:H p‐i‐n solar cell with i ‐layer deposited at average deposition rate over 10 Å/s (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Enhanced blue‐orange‐red light emission from nc‐Si:H/SiO2 pillar arrays using nanosphere lithography
Authors: Ma Z. Y. , Liu G. Y. , Yan M. Y. , Xia G. Y. , Jiang X. F. , Ling T. , Sun H. C. , Wang D. Q. , Dong H. P. , Xu L. , Li W. , Chen K. J. , Xu J. , Feng D. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractHydrogen passivated nanocrystalline Si/SiO2 (nc‐Si:H/SiO2) pillar arrays were fabricated by using nanosphere lithography combination with hydrogen plasma annealing (HPA). Enhanced blue‐orange‐red photoluminescence (PL) could be observed by the naked eye in the bright room from the samples. By controlling the size of nc‐Si:H from 3.8 to 1.8 nm, the PL peak blueshifts from 757 to 435 nm. It is found that the nanopillar structure can drastically enhance the light‐absorbing properties of the samples and hydrogenation of nc‐Si embedded in pillars is benefit to the increase of photoluminescence (PL) intensity. Combined with the analysis of atomic force microscope (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and absorption spectra, the blue photoluminescence (PL) peak are ascribed to the quantum size effect of the nc‐Si passivated by hydrogen, and the orange and red ones to both the localized surface states and quantum confinement effects of nc‐Si:H. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Excess noise in amorphous selenium p‐i‐n devices
Authors: Majid Shaikh Hasibul , Johanson Robert E. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe report on 1/f noise measurements in amorphous selenium p‐i‐n devices, where the p‐ and n‐layers are trapping layers for electrons and holes respectively. Under forward bias, the normalized 1/f noise power is 5 × 104 times less than that of a single i‐layer device. At frequencies above 100 Hz, a region of white noise is observed that we attribute to partial shot noise.We propose that the reduction in 1/f noise and the region of shot noise are a result of the trapping layers acting as reservoirs of charge carriers. The traps randomize the charge carriers producing the observed white noise and act as the source of the device current. Sourcing the current in this way suppresses the very noisy charge injection from the metal electrodes which controls the current in single i‐layer devices (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Novel morphology of chemical vapor deposited diamond films
Authors: Tang C. J. , Fernandes A. J. S. , Abe I. , Grácio J. , Buijnsters J. G. , Pinto J. L. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe have obtained simultaneously nanocrystalline and {100} faceted large‐grained polycrystalline diamond films not only on different substrates but also on the same substrate in only one deposition run using a novel approach for substrate arrangement. Furthermore, interesting unusual morphologies and microstructures composed by non‐faceted nanostructures and terminated with large smooth {100} facet‐like belt are found near the edges of the top square sample. The morphology variation is likely caused by the so called edge effect, where a strong variation in temperature is also present. We have modelled the temperature distribution on the substrates by computer simulations using the finite element method. The novel feature, namely the coexistence of oval non‐faceted nanocrystalline diamond grains and large smooth {100} facet‐like belt in one diamond grain, is in the transition from {100} faceted polycrystalline diamond to cauliflower‐like nanocrystalline diamond. The formation mechanism is discussed based on the temperature analysis and other simulation results described in the literature. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)