bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting the abundance of the copra beetle, Necrobia rufipes (Deg.) (Col., Cleridae)
Authors: Ashman F. 
Published: July 2009

Some effects of temperature, relative humidity and food supply on the fecundity, length of adult life and rate of development of Necrobia rufipes (Deg.) are outlined.At 30°C. and 64–70 per cent. R.H., females laid few eggs when supplied with palm kernels as food, whereas when given freshly squashed larvae of Carpophilus dimidiatus (F.) as their only food supply they laid large numbers of eggs.When Aspergillus spp. commonly found on copra of high moisture content were cultured, conditioned and supplied as the only food at 30°C. and 81 per cent. R.H., newly emerged larvae died within two days. Complete mortality also occurred on palm kernels at 30°C. and 64–70 per cent. R.H., although a few larvae survived for 60 days.On copra alone, complete development occurred in all conditions attempted, except at 25°C. and 53 per cent. R.H. Development on this food was most rapid at 30°C. and 81 per cent. R.H. (mean period (larva + pupa) 66·5 days). The addition of fishmeal to copra reduced the mean period of development (larva + pupa) at 30°C. and 81 per cent. R.H. to 42·6 days. The shortest mean period of development (larva + pupa) recorded, 37·9 days, was with larvae of C. dimidiatus as food, at 30°C. and 64–70 per cent. R.H. Rapid development was also achieved by adding larvae of N. rufipes to a culture of Oryzaephihis mercator (Fauv.).
The susceptibility of tsetse flies to topical applications of insecticides. VI.—Data on more chlorinated hydrocarbons and organophosphates, and a general discussion
Authors: Burnett G. F. 
Published: July 2009

Five insecticides (Thiodah, Bromodan, dimethoate, Dipterex (trichlorphon) and Sumithion) were applied topically in solution to young adults of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans Westw. The toxicity of Thiodan (LD50 for males, 0·0012 µg.; for females, 0·0014 µg.) lay between that of Telodrin and dieldrin, and that of Bromodan (LD50 for both sexes combined, 0·0032 µg.) between that of dieldrin and γ BHC. Dimethoate, Dipterex and Sumithion were all less toxic than Baytex, but were not fully evaluated.Results recorded in this paper and earlier ones in this series, and those of workers using Musca domestica L., are discussed in an attempt to rationalise the search for new toxicants for tsetse flies. Chlorinated hydrocarbons fall into two classes, in both of which there is an approximate positive correlation between toxicity to Musca and to Glossina. One class, including Telodrin, Thiodan and Bromodan, is exceptionally toxic to tsetse and more than 40 times as toxic to Glossina as to Musca. These have a molecule with a particular type of nucleus (hexachloro-l,4-methano-cyclohexene) with a single bridged unsaturated ring. The more common chlorinated hydrocarbons (γ BHC, DDT and aldrin) are two to five times, and dieldrin 12 times, as toxic to G. morsitans as to M. domestica, and all are very toxic to both species.Among organophosphorus compounds there is very little correlation between toxicity to M. domestica and that to G. morsitans, but it appears probable that no compound of low toxicity to Musca (i.e., LD50 of the order of 0·5 µg.) would be likely to compete with those compounds already known to be most toxic to Glossina. Replacement of the nitro group on the benzene ring of Sumithion by a thiomethyl group, to form Baytex, increases toxicity to Glossina fivefold, but that to Musca by only one-fourth. There is less information on organocarbamates, and it may be a coincidence that 2-isopropoxyphenyl N-methylcarbamate, the most toxic of those tested on G. morsitans, was also most toxic to Musca.
Effects of piperonyl butoxide on insecticidal potency
Authors: Hadaway A. B. , Barlow F. , Duncan J. 
Published: July 2009

The effects of piperonyl butoxide on the toxicity to adult mosquitos (Anopheles stephensi List, and Aedes aegypti (L.)) and house-flies (Musca domestica L.) of pyrethrins, two synthetic pyrethroids, three organophosphorus compounds and their oxygen analogues, and three carbamates (Sevin, and both 3-isopropylphenyl and 3,5-di-isopropylphenyl N-methylcarbamate) were determined quantitatively. Solutions, in di-isobutyl ketone, containing insecticide alone and insecticide/ piperonyl butoxide mixtures in the proportion of 1:10 were applied topically to individual insects.A high degree of synergism was obtained only with natural pyrethrins and carbamates and house-flies, and the effect on the toxicity of these insecticides to adult mosquitos was much less pronounced. Insecticidal potency of the synthetic pyrethroids allethrin and dimethrin was influenced less than that of natural pyrethrins.Piperonyl butoxide antagonised the action of malathion in M. domestica, and to a slight extent in A. stephensi, but increased the toxicity of malathion and malaoxon to Ae. aegypti. It had little effect on the potency of diazinon and parathion and their oxygen analogues (diazinoxon and paraoxon) with the exception that it increased the toxicity of diazinon and diazinoxon to Ae. aegypti.The results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that piperonyl butoxide inhibits detoxification in insects. From a practical point of view, they suggest that no great advantages would be derived from the addition of piperonyl butoxide to formulations of organophosphorus compounds and carbamates used for residual contact action against adult mosquitos.
Oviposition in DDT-resistant and susceptible strains of Aedes aegypti (L.): egg-laying on open-water surfaces
Authors: Wood R. J. 
Published: July 2009

Oviposition was investigated in five strains of Aedes aegypti (L.), two being DDT-resistant (from Trinidad (STR) and Haiti) and three susceptible (two from West Africa and one (AS) from U.S.A.). Strains were compared with respect to their oviposition at sites illuminated at two levels (0·02 and 6·5 lumens per sq. ft.), each site being composed of a strip of moist white paper and an approximately equal area of open water set against a dark background.Oviposition on the water surface was consistently less at the lower level of illumination. Generally the moist white paper was preferred by all strains, but oviposition on the water surface was practised more readily by strain AS than by the others, and differences between certain strains (including AS and STR) were significant.Mass crosses and back-crosses were performed between strains AS and STR. The results were in close agreement with the hypothesis that laying on open-water surfaces is controlled by a genetic system in which there is no dominance.The frequency of oviposition on an open-water surface was not correlated with two other characteristics (oviposition time and oviposition light preference) that have been investigated in these five strains, nor with DDT resistance.
The distribution of sandflies (Diptera, Psychodidae)in Kenya
Authors: Minter D. M. 
Published: July 2009

Brief notes are given on the distribution of 34 species of sandflies (Phlebotomus) recorded in Kenya. Mention is also made of two other species not so far known from Kenya but from areas close to its border, since these may ultimately be found within it.The distributions of the 36 species in Kenya and bordering areas, based on published work supplemented by many unpublished records, are shown on a series of maps.
Trypanosome infection rates inGlossina morsitans submorsitansNewst. in Northern Nigeria
Authors: Jordan A. M. 
Published: July 2009

Previous records and new data on trypanosome infection rates inGlossina morsitans submorsitansNewst. in Northern Nigeria are presented, and discussed in relation to the hosts fed on by this tsetse fly. The new observations were carried out in three areas: at Mando and Gamagira, both lying in a fly-belt north of Kaduna, and in the Yankari Game Reserve in Bauchi Province.Infection rates were obtained by dissection of flies, and the trypanosomes were identified by their locus; the validity of this method of identification is discussed. All infections withTrypanosomaspp. were attributable either to thevivaxgroup or to theconrgolensegroup; nobrucen-group trypanosomes were identified. More than 260 flies from each area were examined during March 1962, at the end of the dry season, and similar numbers during October 1962, at the end of the wet season.There was no significant difference between dry-season and wet-season infection rates in any area. Taking the two seasons together, the rate at Yankari (12%) was significantly higher than the rates at Mando (5%) and Gamagira (3%), which did not differ significantly. These contrasting infection rates could be related to the host species principally fed on by flies in the different areas as shown by blood-meal determinations. The lowest infection rates occurred where Suidae furnished a high proportion of meals (Mando, 51%; Gamagira, 67%) and Bovidae a small proportion (Mando, 16%; Gamagira, 9%). The high infection rate at Yankari was associated with a high proportion of Bovid meals (53%), especially from buffalo (Syncerus nanus) and bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), and a lower proportion of Suid meals (33%). For the three areas the relationship between infection rate and percentage of Bovid meals was statistically significant.The species groups of infecting trypanosomes showed further contrasts between the three areas which were unrelated to the total infection rates. At Gamagira, 81 per cent, of infections werecongolensegroup, and this proportion was significantly higher than that at Mando (45%) or Yankari (37%). The differences could be related to the types of host from which blood-meals were principally derived. The highest proportion ofcongolense-group infections occurred where the highest percentage of meals came from Suidae (Gamagira, 67%), and lower proportions occurred at Mando and Yankari where Suid feeds were relatively fewer (51% and 33%, respectively).These findings are discussed in the light of existing evidence on the factors governing infection rates inGlossina. It is concluded that, within the over-riding influence exerted by temperature through geographical latitude, infection rates are determined by the type of host that forms the principal source of food. In some populations of Glossina the influence of the nature of the main food source can be sufficient to obscure the general effect of temperature in determining the level of infection. Some of the reasons for these relationships are discussed.
A guide to the identification of all stages of the Haemaphysalis ticks of South India
Authors: Trapido H. , Varma M. G. R. , Rajagopalan P. K. , Singh K. R. P. , Rebello M. J. ,   Virus Research Centre
Published: July 2009

Investigations of the natural history of the virus of Kyasanur Forest disease since its discovery during 1957 in Shimoga District, Mysore State, south India have concentrated much attention on ticks of the genus Haemaphysalis in the region, as virus has repeatedly been isolated from them.Keys are provided for larvae, nymphs and adults of both sexes of the 14 species of Haemaphysalis that have been taken in the area, with supplementary comments on six other species of the genus recorded, or likely to occur, elsewhere in south India. Illustrations are given showing the characters of the larvae and nymphs that are used in the keys.
The insecticidal potency of γ-BHC and the chlorinated cyclodiene compounds and the significance of resistance to them
Authors: Busvine James R. 
Published: July 2009

The insecticidal potencies of γ-BHC and a range of chlorinated cyclodiene compounds have been measured for normal and resistant strains of bothMusca domesticaL. andLucilia cuprina(Wied.). Apart from minor discrepancies, the relative potencies presented similar pictures in the two species, and the resistance spectra were also similar.Moderate to high insecticidal potency is shown by a variety of compounds with a chlorinated bicyclo-heptene nucleus in the molecule, including Diels-Alder condensation products and chlorinated camphenes. Various additions and sub-stituents on the nucleus affect the potency quantitatively but not qualitatively. In contrast, γ-BHC is almost unique among poly-halogenated cyclohexanes.When resistance develops to any of the chlorinated cyclodiene compounds, it invariably extends to all others and to γ-BHC and chlorinated adamantane. The resistance level, in most cases, is proportional to the original potency of the compound; this is apparently because resistance is usually complete, so that the more toxic compounds have more to lose. There are, however, a few puzzling exceptions.The consistency of the cross-resistance spectrum to all members of the group implies a common defence mechanism. This suggests a common mode of toxic action, resistance being due to insensitivity at the site. A common mode of action for the cyclodiene series is understandable; the anomalies are γ-BHC and chlorinated adamantane. Their conformity with the cyclodiene insecticides was investigated by the following observations with normal insects: (a) signs of poisoning; (b) relative potency to different species; (c) tests with mixtures. The general conclusions were not unfavourable to the hypothesis of a common mode of action, though secondary features of the intoxication process somewhat complicated the results.
Numbers of eggs laid by Anobium punctatum (Degeer)
Authors: Spiller D. 
Published: July 2009

The number of eggs produced by females of Anobium punctatum (Deg.) (Col., Anobiidae) was determined at Auckland, New Zealand, during annual emergence in December 1957. The females were collected before mating and egg-laying occurred. Each female was weighed and then confined, with males, to an egg-laying block of sapwood of Podocarpus dacrydioides. The average number of eggs per female was 54·8, far higher than obtained from field-collected females, and additionally the egg-laying distribution was neither skewed nor censored. Following a short preoviposition period, eggs were laid rapidly, egg-laying being virtually finished by the 15th day after emergence. Females lived a few days after egg-laying had ceased, maximum length of life being between 24 and 31 days.For about 60 per cent, of females the number of eggs laid was closely related to the initial weight of the female, but the remaining females laid fewer eggs in relation to their weight.
A field test of a lindane/dieldrin smoke for control of the death-watch beetle, Xestobium rufovillosum (Deg.) (Coleoptera, Anobiidae)
Authors: Harris E. C. 
Published: July 2009

In view of the promising results obtained with insecticidal smokes against the common furniture beetle, Anobium punctatum (Deg.), a field trial was conducted to study the effect of deposits from lindane/dieldrin smoke on adults of the death-watch beetle, Xestobium rufovillosum (Deg.), emerging from infested roof timbers of a college chapel in Cambridge, England, in 1963. Quantitative determination of the insecticidal deposits was made and methods were devised for studying the effect of the treatment on the numbers of beetles emerging subsequently in order to assess the long-term value of annual treatments for reducing the population. Beetles collected from an untreated building were used for comparison.Fewer males were found than in preceding years and it is postulated that some may have been prevented by the insecticides from emerging. The normal sequence of beetles dropping from roofing timbers—males predominating first, then females—did not occur. Both sexes dropped nearly uniformly, a fact suggesting, particularly in the case of the females, that the insecticides had caused them to drop before their normal time. Mating was considerably reduced. Examination of females showed no signs of their having laid eggs, this being attributed to the action of the insecticide deposits. Beetles obtained from an untreated building and placed on wood surfaces which had been exposed to the smoke treatment were affected but laid some eggs, of which a small proportion hatched; larval boring into such surfaces was, however, completely prevented.From these results it was inferred that the deposits from the treatment with lindane/dieldrin smoke prevented emerging adults from causing reinfestation of the roofing timbers and it is argued that, provided that this can be achieved annually by a succession of treatments, the beetle population should ultimately be eliminated or, at least, greatly reduced. Other possible effects which might result from annual smoke treatments are accumulation of the insecticide deposits with a consequent increase in toxicity of the timber surfaces and sorption of the deposits by the timber to a point where they might exert a toxic effect on larvae or pupae beneath the surface.
Pest fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in northwestern Australia: one species or two?
Authors: Cameron E.C. , Sved J.A. , Gilchrist A.S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSince 1985, a new and serious fruit fly pest has been reported in northwestern Australia. It has been unclear whether this pest was the supposedly benign endemic species,Bactrocera aquilonis, or a recent introduction of the morphologically near-identical Queensland fruit fly,B. tryoni.B. tryoniis a major pest throughout eastern Australia but is isolated from the northwest region by an arid zone. In the present study, we sought to clarify the species status of these new pests using an extensive DNA microsatellite survey across the entire northwest region of Australia. Population differentiation tests and clustering analyses revealed a high degree of homogeneity within the northwest samples, suggesting that just one species is present in the region. That northwestern population showed minimal genetic differentiation fromB. tryonifrom Queensland (FST=0.015). Since 2000, new outbreaks of this pest fruit fly have occurred to the west of the region, and clustering analysis suggested recurrent migration from the northwest region rather than Queensland. Mitochondrial DNA sequencing also showed no evidence for the existence of a distinct species in the northwest region. We conclude that the new pest fruit fly in the northwest is the endemic population ofB. aquilonisbut that there is no genetic evidence supporting the separation ofB. aquilonisandB. tryonias distinct species.
Study on mating ecology and sex ratio of three internally ovipositing fig wasps of Ficus curtipes
Authors: Zhang F.P. , Yang D.R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractStudies on mating ecology and sex allocation in fig-parasitizing wasps ovipositing from outside the fig have given valuable insights into known factors that are responsible for the theory of sex ratio. Similarly, internally ovipositing fig-parasitizing wasps and fig-pollinating wasps provide interesting models for comparative analysis. In addition to the fig-pollinating wasp Eupristina sp., we found that Ficus curtipes hosts two species of internally ovipositing fig-parasitizing wasps: D. yangi and Lipothymus sp. Eupristina sp. males showed less aggression. Eupristina sp. has wingless males that mate only within the natal patch, providing excellent examples of full local-mate competition. D. yangi males showed high levels of aggression and lethal combat. D. yangi has winged males but mate mostly within the natal patch. Only a few matings occur after male dispersal. Its sex ratio was lower than the prediction of partial local mate competition theory. Wingless male Lipothymus sp., which mate partly after dispersal, did not present fatal fight. Therefore, the mating behaviour of D. yangi and Lipothymus sp. did not follow predicted patterns, based on wing morph. The mating pattern of D. yangi and Lipothymus sp. should follow the partial local mate competition theory. Furthermore, there was not a significant correlation between the proportion of males and the proportion of fruit parasitized in both winged D. yangi males and wingless Lipothymus sp. males.
RAPE, TORTURE AND THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS
Authors: McGlynn Clare 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis article examines the legacy of the ground-breaking judgment in Aydin v Turkey in which the European Court of Human Rights held that rape could constitute torture. Ten years on, it examines jurisprudential developments in the conceptualisation of torture in the specific context of the offence of rape. It is argued that while all rapes should be found to satisfy the minimum threshold for Article 3, rape does not per se satisfy the severity of harm criterion for torture. Nonetheless, where the severity of harm is established, the case is made that the purposive element of torture is satisfied in all cases of rape. Finally, in relation to the scope of State responsibility for rape, particularly by private individuals, the article suggests that while the Court's achievements in recognizing rape as a serious harm are considerable, there remain further avenues for jurisprudential development which would ensure that rape as a form of torture is recognized in a wider range of situations and circumstances than is currently the case.
Early settings of the Kyrie eleison and the problem of genre definition
Authors: Bjork David 
Published: July 2009

Chant scholarship provides a fairly standard description of the Kyrie, in terms expressing very clearly what a typical example was like in the post-Carolingian era. There is no disagreement here, as there is with the sequence and trope, over how to treat the genre. Describing it seems to be a simple task. The chants are nine phrases long, with one phrase for each petition of the Ordinary text:The relation among the phrases varies from complete identity of all nine to nearly the opposite extreme, yet in most cases the phrases are grouped by threes, giving the melody a tripartite shape like that of the text. Certain of the melodies were sometimes underlaid with syllabic texts expanding or replacing the Ordinary petitions (e.g.: Kyriefons bonitatis, Pater ingenite, a quo bona cuncta procedunt, eleison). Medieval commentaries on the liturgy (such as Amalar's Liber officialis) and exegesis of these texts make it clear that the Kyrie was thought of as being Trinitarian, with the first three petitions directed to the Father, the next three to the Son, and the last three to the Holy Spirit.
The musical contents of two Danish pontificals from the late Middle Ages
Authors: Asketorp Bodil 
Published: July 2009

Musicologists are in a very unsatisfactory position as regards liturgical chant from medieval Denmark because the sources are so exceedingly few, even by comparison with Sweden. No graduals, antiphoners or similar specifically musical manuscripts are preserved, but they must have been in use as various textual sources mention them and occasionally name individual chants. There are some exceptional manuscripts containing at least some notation: Erik Abrahamsen, one of the few to have written on the subject before, lists ten items in his dissertation:1. Liber daticus (Lund, 12th c.) – Lund, Universitetsbibliotek, Mh. 7 (sequences)2. Ordinal of St. Knud, original dated 1170 (Denmark, 13th c.) – Kiel, Universitatsbibliothek, SH 8.A.8° (Office of St. Knud)3. Liber scholae virginis (Lund, 14–16th c.) – Lund, Universitetsbibliotek, Mh. 14 (antiphons, sequences, masses)4. Sammelhandschrift (Ryd or Løgum, Schleswig, 13th c.) – Copenhagen, Royal Library, Gl. kgl. no 54 Fol.5. Lund Pontifical – Uppsala, Universitetsbibliotek, C.441 (discussed in this article)6. Lund Missal (Paris, Wolfgang Hopyl, 1514) (manuscript intonations)7. Liber agendarum ecclesiae Sleswicensis (Paris, Wolfgang Hopyl, 1512) (manuscript intonations). Ed. J. Freisen: Liber agendarum ecclesiae et diocesis Sleszwicensis: katholisches Ritualbuch der Diozese Schleswig im Mittelalter (Paderborn, 1898)8. Canon Roschildensis (Nyborg, Fyn: Paul Raeff, 1522) (manuscript responses)9. States (1485) of community of Ramsø Bjaeverskov (Zealand, Denmark) – Copenhagen, Royal Library, Ny kgl. no 1346 4° (Collects)10. Helgesen manuscript (16th century) – Copenhagen, Royal Library, Gl. kgl. no 1551 4° (Responses)