bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Original Article: A primary school outbreak of pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) in China
Authors: Huai Yang , Lin Jinyan , Varma Jay K. , Peng Zhibin , He Jianfeng , Cheng Chen , Zhong Haojie , Chen Yuansheng , Zheng Yingdong , Luo Yuan , Liang Wenjia , Wu Xiaoling , Huang Zhenyu , McFarland Jeffrey , Feng Zijian , Uyeki Timothy M. , Yu Hongjie 
Published: July 2010

Please cite this paper as: Huai et al. (2010) A primary school outbreak of pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) in China. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses DOI: 10.1111/j.1750‐2659.2010.00150.x.Background  We investigated the first known outbreak of pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) at a primary school in China.Objectives  To describe epidemiologic findings, identify risk factors associated with 2009 H1N1 illness, and inform national policy including school outbreak control and surveillance strategies.Methods  We conducted retrospective case finding by reviewing the school’s absentee log and retrieving medical records. Enhanced surveillance was implemented by requiring physicians to report any influenza‐like illness (ILI) cases to public health authorities. A case–control study was conducted to detect potential risk factors for 2009 H1N1 illness. A questionnaire was administered to 50 confirmed cases and 197 age‐, gender‐, and location‐matched controls randomly selected from student and population registries.Results  The attack rate was 4% (50/1314), and children from all grades were affected. When compared with controls, confirmed cases were more likely to have been exposed to persons with respiratory illness either in the home or classroom within 7 days of symptom onset (OR, 4·5, 95% CI: 1·9–10·7). No cases reported travel or contact with persons who had traveled outside of the country.Conclusions  Findings in this outbreak investigation, including risk of illness associated with contacting persons with respiratory illness, are consistent with those reported by others for seasonal influenza and 2009 H1N1 outbreaks in school. The outbreak confirmed that community‐level transmission of 2009 H1N1 virus was occurring in China and helped lead to changes in the national pandemic policy from containment to mitigation.
REVIEW: γ‐Secretase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: The Current State
Authors: Panza Francesco , Frisardi Vincenza , Imbimbo Bruno P. , Capurso Cristiano , Logroscino Giancarlo , Sancarlo Daniele , Seripa Davide , Vendemiale Gianluigi , Pilotto Alberto , Solfrizzi Vincenzo 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARY Aims: Drugs currently used for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) partially stabilize patients’ symptoms without modifying disease progression. Brain accumulation of oligomeric species of β‐amyloid (Aβ) peptides, the principal components of senile plaques, is believed to play a crucial role in the development of AD. Based on this hypothesis, huge efforts are being spent to identify drugs able to interfere with proteases regulating Aβ formation from amyloid precursor protein (APP). This article briefly reviews the profile of γ‐secretase inhibitors, compounds that inhibit γ‐secretase, the pivotal enzyme that generates Aβ, and that have reached the clinic. Discussion: Several classes of potent γ‐secretase inhibitors have been designed and synthesized. Preclinical studies have indicated that these compounds are able to lower brain Aβ concentrations and, in some cases, reduce Aβ plaque deposition in transgenic mouse models of AD. The most developmentally advanced of these compounds is semagacestat, presently in Phase III clinical trials. In animals, semagacestat reduced Aβ levels in the plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and the brain. However, studies have not reported on its cognitive effects. Studies in both healthy volunteers and patients with AD have demonstrated a dose‐dependent inhibition of plasma Aβ levels, and a recent study in healthy subjects demonstrated a robust, dose‐dependent inhibition of newly generated Aβ in the CSF after single oral doses. Conclusions: Unfortunately, γ‐secretase inhibitors may cause intestinal goblet cell hyperplasia, thymus atrophy, decrease in lymphocytes, and alterations in hair color, effects associated with the inhibition of the cleavage of Notch, a protein involved in cell development and differentiation. Nevertheless, at least other two promising γ‐secretase inhibitors are being tested clinically. This class of drugs represents a major hope to slow the rate of decline of AD.
Preserving Domesticity: Reading Tupperware in Women's Changing Domestic, Social and Economic Roles*
Authors: VINCENT SUSAN 
Published: July 2010

L'image représentée par Tupperware est essentiellement féminine. Cet article analyse la littérature entourant Tupperware pour y retrouver cette image de la fémininité de classe moyenne, euronord‐américaine et domestique. L'analyse de cette littérature se fait en tenant compte des changements et continuités, au cours des 50 dernières années, des rôles domestiques, économiques et sociaux des femmes nord‐américaines. Ces rôles domestiques et économiques se sont entrelacés, ce qui a permis à L'entreprise de mieux les exploiter. La réussite de Tupperware en s'associant à cette image très précise peut servir comme baromètre pour révéler comment les femmes négocient les pressions combinées de la maison et du travail.Tupperware projects a quintessentially gendered image. This article explores writings by and about Tupperware to discover its representation of middle‐class white domestic femininity. This image is read against changes and continuities in North American women's domestic, economic and social roles over the past fifty years. There has been an ongoing intertwining of women's domestic and paid work roles that Tupperware has been able to exploit. The enduring success of Tupperware as a company associated with a specific image is thus a useful barometer indicating how women are contending with the combined pressures of home and work.
Direct absorbed dose to water determination based on water calorimetry in scanning proton beam delivery
Authors: Sarfehnia A. , Clasie B. , Chung E. , Lu H. M. , Flanz J. , Cascio E. , Engelsman M. , Paganetti H. , Seuntjens J. 
Published: July 2010

PurposeThe aim of this manuscript is to describe the direct measurement of absolute absorbed dose to water in a scanned proton radiotherapy beam using a water calorimeter primary standard.MethodsThe McGill water calorimeter, which has been validated in photon and electron beams as well as in HDR brachytherapy, was used to measure the absorbed dose to water in double scattering and scanning proton irradiations. The measurements were made at the Massachusetts General Hospital proton radiotherapy facility. The correction factors in water calorimetry were numerically calculated and various parameters affecting their magnitude and uncertainty were studied. The absorbed dose to water was compared to that obtained using an Exradin T1 Chamber based on the IAEA TRS‐398 protocol.ResultsThe overall 1‐sigma uncertainty on absorbed dose to water amounts to 0.4% and 0.6% in scattered and scanned proton water calorimetry, respectively. This compares to an overall uncertainty of 1.9% for currently accepted IAEA TRS‐398 reference absorbed dose measurement protocol. The absorbed dose from water calorimetry agrees with the results from TRS‐398 well to within 1‐sigma uncertainty.ConclusionsThis work demonstrates that a primary absorbed dose standard based on water calorimetry is feasible in scattered and scanned proton beams.
Peak SNR in automated coronary calcium scoring: Selecting CT scan parameters and statistically defined scoring thresholdsa)
Authors: Arnold Ben A. , Xiang Ping , Mao Song S. , Budoff Matthew J. 
Published: July 2010

PurposeDevelopment and verification of peak signal‐to‐noise ratio equations for determining optimum CT scanning and scoring parameters for a new automated coronary calcium scoring program (N‐vivo™). Experimental evaluation of the new program for scoring small calcium hydroxyapatite (CaHA) microspheres with small voxel CT images.MethodsTheoretical equations were developed using measures of noise, resolution, contrast, scatter, and x‐ray photon energy. A coronary calcium scoring test phantom containing very small CaHA microspheres was scanned simultaneously with a calibration phantom at three kVps, three voxel sizes, and three phantom sizes. Agatston and calibrated mass scores, noise standard deviations, peak noise, and peak signal voxel intensities were measured by the N‐vivo method for individual microspheres and in patient CT scans.ResultsThe equation was predictive of the optimum voxel size, kVp, and phantom size, and allowed automated computation of mass scoring thresholds specific to each patient and CT scan. The smallest microcalcification scored in the full sized phantom with the N‐vivo method by calibrated mass score (volume , mass 0.17 mg) was approximately four times smaller than that scored with the Agatston method (, mass 0.63 mg).ConclusionsThe equation can be used to model and optimize calcium scoring and CT scan parameters. The common assumptions that noise is too high in thin slice CT or requires high radiation dose for CAC scoring are shown to be misleading. The N‐vivo method showed higher detection sensitivity for small microspheres and more consistent mass scores at different beam energies than the conventional Agatston method. Advanced calcium scoring methods with higher sensitivity may allow improved monitoring of plaque changes and provide earlier detection of atherosclerosis.
Noise variance analysis using a flat panel x‐ray detector: A method for additive noise assessment with application to breast CT applications
Authors: Yang Kai , Huang Shih‐Ying , Packard Nathan J. , Boone John M. 
Published: July 2010

PurposeA simplified linear model approach was proposed to accurately model the response of a flat panel detector used for breast CT (bCT).MethodsIndividual detector pixel mean and variance were measured from bCT projection images acquired both in air and with a polyethylene cylinder, with the detector operating in both fixed low gain and dynamic gain mode. Once the coefficients of the linear model are determined, the fractional additive noise can be used as a quantitative metric to evaluate the system's efficiency in utilizing x‐ray photons, including the performance of different gain modes of the detector.ResultsFractional additive noise increases as the object thickness increases or as the radiation dose to the detector decreases. For bCT scan techniques on the UC Davis prototype scanner (80 kVp, 500 views total, 30 frames/s), in the low gain mode, additive noise contributes 21% of the total pixel noise variance for a 10 cm object and 44% for a 17 cm object. With the dynamic gain mode, additive noise only represents approximately 2.6% of the total pixel noise variance for a 10 cm object and 7.3% for a 17 cm object.ConclusionsThe existence of the signal‐independent additive noise is the primary cause for a quadratic relationship between bCT noise variance and the inverse of radiation dose at the detector. With the knowledge of the additive noise contribution to experimentally acquired images, system modifications can be made to reduce the impact of additive noise and improve the quantum noise efficiency of the bCT system.
Validation of 3D reconstructions of a mimicked femoral artery with an ultrasound imaging robotic system
Authors: Janvier Marie‐Ange , Soulez Gilles , Allard Louise , Cloutier Guy 
Published: July 2010

PurposeThe degree of stenosis is the most important criterion to assess peripheral arterial disease manifested by atherosclerosis mainly in lower limb arteries. Ultrasound (U.S.) imaging offers low‐cost, safe, and convenient options to evaluate this disease, but most U.S. freehand approaches cannot optimally locate stenoses and map lower limb arterial geometries. A 3D‐U.S. imaging robotic system that can control and standardize image acquisition by scanning typically encountered diseased arterial lower limb segments is presented and validated with phantoms.MethodsA Z‐phantom calibration procedure was used to characterize spatial transformation of the U.S. probe image plane for different clinical image acquisition settings. Moreover, the accuracy of the calibration transform to reconstruct a lower‐limb‐mimicking vessel geometry was evaluated with a vascular phantom.ResultsA 3D calibration precision of was achieved. Reconstruction errors were less than in all 3D vessel representations and the cross‐sectional areas of each image section were close to those of gold standard phantom measures. The best reconstruction accuracy (smallest error) was .ConclusionAltogether, these results demonstrate the potential of the robotic scanner to adequately represent lower limb vessels for the clinical evaluation of stenoses.
Evaluation of the peripheral dose in stereotactic radiotherapy and radiosurgery treatmentsa)
Authors: Di Betta Erika , Fariselli Laura , Bergantin Achille , Locatelli Federica , Del Vecchio Antonella , Broggi Sara , Fumagalli Maria Luisa 
Published: July 2010

PurposeThe main purpose of this work was to compare peripheral doses absorbed during stereotactic treatment of a brain lesion delivered using different devices. These data were used to estimate the risk of stochastic effects.MethodsTreatment plans were created for an anthropomorphic phantom and delivered using a LINAC with stereotactic cones and a multileaf collimator, a CyberKnife® system (before and after a supplemental shielding was applied), a TomoTherapy® system, and a Gamma Knife® unit. For each treatment, 5 Gy were prescribed to the target. Measurements were performed with thermoluminescent dosimeters inserted roughly in the position of the thyroid, sternum, upper lung, lower lung, and gonads.ResultsMean doses ranged from of 4.1 (Gamma Knife) to 62.8 mGy (LINAC with cones) in the thyroid, from 2.3 (TomoTherapy) to 30 mGy (preshielding CyberKnife) in the sternum, from 1.7 (TomoTherapy) to 20 mGy (preshielding CyberKnife) in the upper part of the lungs, from 0.98 (Gamma Knife) to 15 mGy (preshielding CyberKnife) in the lower part of the lungs, and between 0.3 (Gamma Knife) and 10 mGy (preshielding CyberKnife) in the gonads.ConclusionsThe peripheral dose absorbed in the sites of interest with a 5 Gy fraction is low. Although the risk of adverse side effects calculated for 20 Gy delivered in 5 Gy fractions is negligible, in the interest of optimum patient radioprotection, further studies are needed to determine the weight of each contributor to the peripheral dose.
Combined mixed approach algorithm for in‐line phase‐contrast x‐ray imaging
Authors: De Caro Liberato , Scattarella Francesco , Giannini Cinzia , Tangaro Sabina , Rigon Luigi , Longo Renata , Bellotti Roberto 
Published: July 2010

PurposeIn the past decade, phase‐contrast imaging (PCI) has been applied to study different kinds of tissues and human body parts, with an increased improvement of the image quality with respect to simple absorption radiography. A technique closely related to PCI is phase‐retrieval imaging (PRI). Indeed, PCI is an imaging modality thought to enhance the total contrast of the images through the phase shift introduced by the object (human body part); PRI is a mathematical technique to extract the quantitative phase‐shift map from PCI. A new phase‐retrieval algorithm for the in‐line phase‐contrast x‐ray imaging is here proposed.MethodsThe proposed algorithm is based on a mixed transfer‐function and transport‐of‐intensity approach (MA) and it requires, at most, an initial approximate estimate of the average phase shift introduced by the object as prior knowledge. The accuracy in the initial estimate determines the convergence speed of the algorithm. The proposed algorithm retrieves both the object phase and its complex conjugate in a combined MA (CMA).ResultsAlthough slightly less computationally effective with respect to other mixed‐approach algorithms, as two phases have to be retrieved, the results obtained by the CMA on simulated data have shown that the obtained reconstructed phase maps are characterized by particularly low normalized mean square errors. The authors have also tested the CMA on noisy experimental phase‐contrast data obtained by a suitable weakly absorbing sample consisting of a grid of submillimetric nylon fibers as well as on a strongly absorbing object made of a 0.03 mm thick lead x‐ray resolution star pattern. The CMA has shown a good efficiency in recovering phase information, also in presence of noisy data, characterized by peak‐to‐peak signal‐to‐noise ratios down to a few dBs, showing the possibility to enhance with phase radiography the signal‐to‐noise ratio for features in the submillimetric scale with respect to the attenuation‐based imaging.ConclusionsIt has been shown that phase‐retrieved radiographies can be used both to have quantitative phase information about soft tissues, complementary to the attenuation information, and to enhance the visibility of details inside soft tissues, with higher efficiency with respect to phase radiography.
An attenuation integral digital imaging technique for the treatment portal verification of conventional and intensity‐modulated radiotherapy
Authors: Guan Huaiqun 
Published: July 2010

PurposeTo propose an attenuation integral digital imaging (AIDI) technique for the treatment portal verification of conventional and intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT).MethodsIn AIDI technique, an open in air fluence image and a patient fluence image were acquired under the same exposure. Then after doing the dark field correction for both the and , the AIDI image was simply calculated as , which is the attenuation integral along the ray path from the x‐ray source to a detector pixel element. Theoretical analysis for the low contrast detection and the contrast to noise ratio (CNR) of AIDI was presented and compared to those for the fluence imaging. With AIDI, the variation of x‐ray fluence and the variation of individual detector pixel's response can be automatically compensated without using the flood field correction.ResultsThe AIDI image for a contrast detail phantom demonstrated that it can efficiently suppress the background structures such as the couch and generate better visibility for low contrast objects with megavoltage x rays. The AIDI image acquired for a Catphan 500 phantom using a 60° electronic dynamic wedge field also revealed more contrast disks than the fluence imaging did. Finally, AIDI for an IMRT field of a head/neck patient successfully displayed the anatomical structures underneath the treatment portal but not shown in fluence imaging.ConclusionsFor IMRT and high degree wedge beams, direct imaging using them is difficult because their photon fluence is highly nonuniform. But AIDI can be used for the treatment portal verification of these beams.
Prostate and seminal vesicle volume based consideration of prostate cancer patients for treatment with 3D‐conformal or intensity‐modulated radiation therapya)
Authors: Reddy Nandanuri M. S. , Nori Dattatreyudu , Chang Hyesook , Lange Christopher S. , Ravi Akkamma 
Published: July 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this article was to determine the suitability of the prostate and seminal vesicle volumes as factors to consider patients for treatment with image‐guided 3D‐conformal radiation therapy (3D‐CRT) or intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), using common dosimetry parameters as comparison tools.MethodsDosimetry of 3D and IMRT plans for 48 patients was compared. Volumes of prostate, SV, rectum, and bladder, and prescriptions were the same for both plans. For both 3D and IMRT plans, expansion margins to (CTV) and prostate were 0.5 cm posterior and superior and 1 cm in other dimensions to create PTV and CDPTV, respectively. Six‐field 3D plans were prepared retrospectively. For 3D plans, an additional 0.5 cm margin was added to PTV and CDPTV. Prescription for both 3D and IMRT plans was the same: 45 Gy to CTV followed by a 36 Gy boost to prostate. Dosimetry parameters common to 3D and IMRT plans were used for comparison: Mean doses to prostate, CDPTV, SV, rectum, bladder, and femurs; percent volume of rectum and bladder receiving 30 , 50 , and 70 Gy , dose to 30% of rectum and bladder, minimum and maximum point dose to CDPTV, and prescription dose covering 95% of CDPTV .ResultsWhen the data for all patients were combined, mean dose to prostate and CDPTV was higher with 3D than IMRT plans . Mean to CDPTV was the same for 3D and IMRT plans . On average, among all cases, the minimum point dose was less for 3D‐CRT plans and the maximum point dose was greater for 3D‐CRT than for IMRT . Mean dose to 30% rectum with 3D and IMRT plans was comparable . was less , was the same , and was more for rectum with 3D than IMRT plans. Mean dose to bladder was less with 3D than IMRT plans . for bladder with 3D plans was less than that of IMRT plans . and for 3D plans were the same for 3D and IMRT plans . Mean dose to femurs was more with 3D than IMRT plans . For a given patient, mean dose and dose to 30% rectum and bladder were less with 3D than IMRT plans for prostate or volumes (38/48) and (39/48), respectively . The larger the dose to rectum or bladder with 3D plans, the larger also was the dose to these structures with IMRT . For both 3D and IMRT plans, dose to rectum and bladder increased with the increase in the volumes of prostate and seminal vesicles ( to 0.001).ConclusionsVolumes of prostate and seminal vesicles provide a reproducible and consistent basis for considering patients for treatment with image‐guided 3D or IMRT plans. Patients with prostate and volumes and , respectively, would be suitable for 3D‐CRT. Patients with prostate and volumes and , respectively, might get benefit from IMRT.