bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of tick (Acari: Ixodidae) infestation by application of ear tags impregnated with acaricides to cattle in Africa
Authors: Young A. S. , De Castro J. J. , Kiza-Auru P. P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNine types of plastic ear tags impregnated with organophosphorus, amidine or synthetic pyrethroid compounds were applied to both ears of groups of five Maasai zebu cattle in Narok District, Kenya, and grazed together with five untagged cattle to which no acaricides were applied. Most of the tag types gave highly efficient control of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann attaching to the head and ears of the cattle, which lasted up to 160 days after application and often completely prevented tick engorgement. All the chemical groups were effective. The most effective tag was a combination of amitraz and permethrin which gave better control than either chemical on its own. Control of Boophilus decoloratus (Koch), Amblyomma cohaerens Dönitz, A. variegatum (F.) and R. evertsi evertsi Neumann attaching to the bodies of cattle was less effective, although most of the tags exerted some effect. Rainfall appeared to reduce the degree of control by the tags. A role for such impregnated ear tags for the control of cattle ticks in Africa is suggested.
Control of the oriental fruit moth, Cydia molesta (Busek) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), at a district level by mating disruption with synthetic female pheromone
Authors: Vickers R. A. , Rothschild G. H. L. , Jones E. L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMating disruption of Cydia molesta (Busck) was attempted by treating, with pheromone, all orchards in a small but discrete peach-growing district in New South Wales for two successive years. In the final year of the trial, two former control orchards were also treated with pheromone. The efficacy of the treatment was examined by monitoring fruit and shoot damage, male captures in pheromone traps, captures of both sexes in feeding lures, mated status of wild females and numbers of immature stages in trap bands. It was concluded that mating disruption was a viable alternative to conventional insecticides.
Radar and opto-electronic measurements of the effectiveness of Rothamsted Insect Survey suction traps
Authors: Schaefer G. W. , Bent G. A. , Allsopp K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRadar methods have been extended to measure the aerial density of small insects. Results obtained during an outbreak of the cereal aphid Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) in south-eastern England were compared with simultaneous suction trap catches to study the sensitivity of trap effectiveness to windspeed. Two traps were studied: the Rothamsted Insect Survey trap (12·2-m) and a standard aerofoil trap. The Survey trap effectiveness is moderately sensitive to windspeed, decreasing exponentially by a factor of two for each 2·4 m/s (5 knots) of average windspeed. The two trap sensitivities did not differ significantly, but both results are very significantly different (P>0·001) from the published predictions, which were based upon a comparison of catches from suction traps and a combination of a rotary (whirligig) net and a tow net. These differences are discussed. The average catching rate is about 40% of that of an ideal trap. Seven-day catches could vary by a factor of 0·5—2·0 from average due to prolonged periods of extra strong or light winds. Systematic windspeed gradients can corrupt suction trap studies of insect dispersal in relation to vertical density profiles, diurnal flight patterns and geographical distribution. Absolute calibration of the aerofoil trap was achieved by using the remote-sensing IRADIT infra-red system to measure the aerial density of aphid-size insects near to the trap inlet in very light winds; the effectiveness was not statistically different from unity, and the Survey trap is expected to perform similarly.
Introduction and spread of the cassava green mite,Mononychellus tanajoa(Bondar) (Acari: Tetranychidae), an exotic pest in Africa and the search for appropriate control methods: a review
Authors: Yaninek J. S. , Herren H. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMononychellus tanajoa(Bondar), a spider mite new to Africa, was discovered on cassava in Uganda in 1971. This exotic mite of Neotropical origin has since spread to 27 countries, causing an estimated 13–80% reduction in cassava yield. The history of its introduction and spread in Africa is reported, and present knowledge on the taxonomy, biology, ecology and pest status of the mite, and the evolution of strategies to control it are reviewed. While attempts have been made to controlM. tanajoa, it remains a serious pest in most areas. The prospects for classical biological control as an appropriate control strategy are discussed.
A new genus and species of Braconinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitic on Diatraea sp. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) from Ecuador
Authors: Quicke Donald L. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe braconine Palabracon diatraeaphilus gen. et sp. n. is described and illustrated from a unique female collected in Ecuador. The new species was reared as a parasitoid of an undetermined species of Diatraea.
A preliminary study of variation and inheritance of life-history traits and the occurrence of hybrid vigour inSitobion avenae(F.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Newton Chris , Dixon A. F. G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractClones ofSitobion avenae(F.) collected in southern England in 1983 and 1984 were subjected to sexual-inducing conditions in the laboratory (12 L:8 D photoperiod at 15°C and/or 8 L:16 D photoperiod at 12°C). Most clones were continuously parthenogenetic under these conditions; some clones produced males only (androcyclic), and the same behaviour was observed under field conditions in the autumn of 1983. In contrast, over 90% of the clones collected from Scotland in 1984 were holocyclic (i.e. cyclically parthenogenetic). Fundatrices from intra- and interclonal matings were obtained. Those from interclonal matings were significantly more fecund than fundatrices from intraclonal matings. Examination of the descendants of these fundatrices indicated that both life-history strategy and migratory tendency were genetically-determined.
Movement and impact of Trichogrammatoidea cryptophlebiae Nagaraja (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in citrus orchards after inundative releases against the false codling moth, Cryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Newton Philip J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractInundative releases of the indigenous egg parasitoid Trichogrammatoidea cryptophlebiae Nagaraja were made against Cryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyrick) in two sweet orange orchards in the Transvaal lowveld, South Africa. The rate of parasitism was raised to similar levels in the two release areas, but there was a significant decrease in crop damage in only one of them. Although the larval population was twice as large in a control orchard, the losses there were compensated for by a larger total crop. Three explanations for the different performances of the parasitoids are examined. Movement away from release areas was not apparent. Rates of parasitism at the tops or bottoms of trees or at the four cardinal aspects were not significantly different overall but should have been to compensate for the linear increase in numbers of host eggs with height, and the larger numbers on the warmer northern and eastern sides of trees. Parasitism was higher at the tree tops than at the bottoms in the orchard that lost the least fruit. The stochastic processes governing host-egg distribution on fruit were also important. Pest density was higher in the release areas than the control, and eggs were distributed more contagiously in the orchard with the most crop loss.
Natural enemies and their impact on Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) populations
Authors: Aalbersberg Y. K. , Westhuizen M. C. Van Der , Hewitt P. H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe influence of natural enemies on the population growth of Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) in wheat fields in eastern South Africa was investigated. Since the natural enemies were not present in the initial stages, the apparent mortality observed must have been due to other causes. During the logarithmic phase of aphid population growth, predators, in particular the coccinellid Hippodamia variegata (Goeze), had a slight inhibitory effect on growth. During the decline phase of the aphid population, the potential population size was reduced by as much as 52% by predation. The most abundant parasitoids, Aphidius colemani Viereck and Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh), had a negligible effect. Although natural enemy populations showed functional responses to increases in Diuraphis noxia numbers, they did not prevent the latter from attaining and exceeding economic injury levels.
The Rothamsted Insect Survey ‘12-metre' suction trap
Authors: Macaulay E. D. M. , Tatchell G. M. , Taylor L. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSuction traps sampling at a height of 12·2 m have been operated by the Rothamsted Insect Survey since 1964 to monitor the aerial movement of aphids and other insects. Many variants of the trap have evolved in other countries due to the lack of a detailed published description. A standard for a low maintenance structure of the ‘12-metre' suction trap now being adopted by the Rothamsted Insect Survey and some other users is described. This should lead to better uniformity and comparability of data from such traps.
Invalid estimates of rate of population increase from Glossina (Diptera: Glossinidae) age distributions
Authors: Sickle J. Van 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSeveral published reports have presented estimates of the rate of increase, r, based on sampled ovarian age distributions from Glossina populations throughout Africa. These estimates are invalid, because an age distribution sampled at one point in time can be equated to a survivorship curve only if r = 0. When such a survivorship curve and a corresponding fecundity schedule are then used to estimate r via the Euler-Lotka equation, the result is a value of r near zero, regardless of the population's true rate of increase. Synthetic sampling from a hypothetical tsetse population confirmed that estimates computed in this fashion are entirely the products of sampling error. Valid estimates of r can sometimes be obtained from an age distribution, using an alternative method, but such estimates are highly sensitive to sampling errors in the distribution.
On the bionomics of the Sandflies (Phlebotomus) of Tokar, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
Authors: King Harold H. 
Published: July 2009

The following observations were made during eighteen days spent at Tokar in October and November, 1912. Only a limited amount of time could be given to the work of searching for the breeding places of sandflies, but it is thought that possibly these very brief notes may be of some interest to those engaged in similar research elsewhere.The town of Tokar is situated about eighteen miles from the port of Trinkitat on the Red Sea and some fifty-eight miles south-east of Suakin. It is the centre of a cotton-growing area comprising between 30,000 and 40,000 acres watered by the flood-river (or khor) Baraka. This khor comes down in flood during the months of July and August and spreads over the plain. As soon as the land is dry enough it is cleaned and almost the whole of it sown to cotton. A few heavy rainstorms usually occur during the months of October, November and December, and cotton picking extends from the latter month till May. The soil is alluvial, and on drying cracks vertically to a depth of several feet, and also horizontally, forming shale-like plates of varying thicknesses. There are scarcely any trees and only a moderate number of low bushes.
Note on an entomological store-box suitable for use in the Tropics
Authors: King Harold H. 
Published: July 2009

The following is a description of a modified and improved form of the store-box described by Mr. H. Maxwell-Lefroy in Parasitology, vol. iv, p. 174 :—In Khartoum, where the shade temperature is sometimes 116° F., boxes of the type in use at Pusa were found to be unsuitable. The tops and bottoms of many of them split, while the paraffin wax became too soft to hold the cork carpet in position. The type of box which I am now using and which is proving very reliable, differs from the Pusa box in two respects. Instead of being made entirely of teak, the top and bottom are of three-ply wood, and the cork carpet instead of being bedded in paraffin wax is held in position by glue. In all other respects it resembles the Pusa box, the cork carpet being enamelled white above and covered with a mixture of 80 per cent. paraffin wax (melting point 136° F.) and 20 per cent. naphthaline, melted and run in when the glue has become firm.
Third report on Glossina investigations in Nyasaland
Authors: Lamborn W. A. 
Published: July 2009

I remained in the proclaimed area till 6th August 1915, then returning to the vicinity of Monkey Bay for the purpose of endeavouring to establish artificial breeding places on a large scale.While in the proclaimed area I took the opportunity of completing my survey of the distribution of Glossina morsitans, especially in the neighbourhood of Rifu and Kuti described by Dr. Shircore (Bull. Ent. Res., v, p. 87) as “primary centres 1 and 2,” which I had been unable to examine last season before the advent of the rains. As in the case of “ centres 3 and 4,” at Nyansato and Lingadzi respectively, I have not been able to find that the fly is sufficiently localised, even when the dry season is far advanced, as to render feasible any attempt to control it by prophylactic clearing of the bush. In the Rifu district there is a range of rocky hills and high ground running more or less parallel to the lake, with corresponding modification of the soil, so that a zone of scrub has sprung up, from half a mile to two miles in width, consisting very largely of thorn bush, among which are a few big trees. Towards the north this gradually dwindles, to be replaced by the borassus palms usually growing in the sandy ground along the Lake shore, and towards the south it gradually widens out and becomes continuous with the Kuti bush some five miles distant. Throughout its whole extent the fly was plentiful.
On the genus Phlebotomus—Part III
Authors: Newstead R. 
Published: July 2009

Phlebotomus major, var. chinensis, var. n.This variety differs from the description of P. major given by Annańdale by the relatively greater length of the proximal segment of the superior claspers, and, also in the male, in having the second, third, and fourth segments of the palpi of equal length. There are also slight colour differences in both sexes, but little importance can be attached to such a variable character.
Sarcophaga froggatti, sp. n.—a new sheep-maggot fly
Authors: Taylor Frank H. 
Published: July 2009

Some two years ago Mr. E. V. Hines, of Winton, Queensland, sent me some fly-maggots which were attacking the sheep on his station. On breeding them out it was seen that they were referable to two different genera—Pycnosoma and Sarcophaga.Specimens were later submitted to Mr. E. E. Austen, of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), who informed me that they were Pycnosoma rufifacies (Macq.) and a Sarcophaga which was probably a new species.I take this opportunity of extending my cordial thanks to Mr. Austen for his kindly assistance.
Further observations on possible mosquito vectors (Diptera: Culicidae) of yellow fever on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria
Authors: Lee V. H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAs in previous limited entomological studies carried out toward the end of the 1969 yellow fever epidemic on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria, the vector mosquito was not identified, additional observations were made in April, June, August-September and October 1970. In the three study areas selected, each the scene of yellow fever cases in 1969, special attention was given to the larval habitats and adult biting cycles of five species of Aedes (Stegomyia). Holes in the broken or cut stems of Euphorbia kamerunica, a plant commonly used as hedge in rural settlements, proved to be well utilised by larvae of Ae. aegypti (L.), Ae. africanus (Theo.) and Ae. luteocephalus (Newst.), the latter species being the most abundant. Collections of adults on human bait, mainly from 12.00 to 21.00 h, showed that species of this subgenus comprised between 70 and 89% of all mosquitoes captured in June-October. Ae. luteocephalus always predominated, followed by Ae. aegypti, then Ae. vittatus (Big.), Ae. africanus and Ae. simpsoni (Theo.). Ae. aegypti was found not to be a domestic, household-inhabiting species in the study areas. The indications are that Ae. simpsoni is not strongly anthropophilic on the plateau. Two arboviruses, UgMP 359 and a member of the Bunyamwera group, were isolated, from Ae. (Aedimorphus) dentatus (Theo.) and Anopheles funestus Giles, respec tively; no isolations were made from 2033 adults of Stegomyia.
Studies on the age-composition of samples ofAnopheles darlingiRoot (Diptera: Culicidae) in Brazil
Authors: Charlwood J. D. , Wilkes T. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe Polovodova ageing technique was applied to females ofAnopheles darlingiRoot in the northern part of Mate Grosso, Brazil, in April 1978; 1·5% of the females had oviposited at least four times and were old enough to be potential vectors of malaria. The oldest female dissected had oviposited six times. The mosquito has a resting period of at least 24 h between oviposition and the next blood-meal. There was a pronounced peak of biting activity, consisting largely of nulliparous females, at dawn and dusk.
The identity of Empoasca dolichi Paoli (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) and descriptions of new species of Empoasca from light-traps near crops in Malawi and Nigeria
Authors: Ghauri M. S. K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe identity of Empoasca dolichi Paoli, a serious pest of beans and other crops in Africa, was confused. While processing a collection of leafhoppers from Malawi, E. dolichi was found mixed with other species. The identity of E. dolichi was established with reference to its type material, and two new species and a new subspecies of Empoasca from Malawi and two new species from Nigeria are described. New characters that might help specific identification and show the relationships of groups of species are also illustrated and described.
Laboratory studies on the potential of three insect growth regulators for control of the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae)
Authors: Jordan A. M. , Trewern M. A. , Bořkovec A. B. , DeMilo A. B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractExperiments were carried out to determine the effects of the insect growth regulators (IGRs), diflubenzuron and two of its analogues, on adult female Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. The most effective method of dosing was by topical application, and less pronounced effects followed tarsal contact with treated surfaces and contact during mating with treated males. The compounds had no effect on female length of life or the number of offspring produced, but following topical application at 0·5 μg/female or above, most offspring produced throughout reproductive life (more than 100 days) failed to pupariate. Little difference was detected between the effects of the three IGRs tested. Following the application of diflubenzuron to oviparous insects, egg hatch is inhibited; it is suggested that in the larviparous tsetse fly such compounds act by inhibiting the biosynthesis of chitin at the time of pupariation. IGRs show promise as potential agents for the control of Glossina in the field, and the quantities required would probably not exceed the quantities of insecticides used in current operations against tsetse flies.
Description of a new eupelmid parasite (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of cockroaches in India
Authors: Bouček Z 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAnastatus umae sp. n., a parasite in the oothecae of two Indian species of cockroaches, mainly of Neostylopyga rhombifolia (Stoll), is described. It is assigned to Cladanastatus subgen. n. of Anastatus, based mainly on the branched antennae in the male and on some less conspicuous characters of the female. Eupelmus leithi Wlk., another Indian species, is transferred to Anastatus. In addition, two other parasites of Indian cockroaches, Tetrastichus hagenowii (Ratz.) and T. asthenogmus (Wtstn.), which were confused as a single species, T. hagenowii, in the synopsis of the cockroaches and their parasites by Roth & willis in 1960, are separated.
Insects injurious to vegetation
Authors: Fiske W. F. 
Published: July 2009

In 1837 a commission established by the State of Massachusetts to conduct a botanical and zoological survey was instructed by Governor Everett in the following terms:—“ It is presumed to have been a leading object of the Legislature, in authorizing this survey, to promote the agricultural benefit of the Commonwealth, and you will keep carefully in view the economical relations of every subject of your inquiry. By this, however, it is not intended that scientific order, method or comprehension should be departed from. At the same time that which is practically useful will receive a proportionately greater share of attention than that which is merely curious; the promotion of comfort and happiness being the great human end of all science.”
Termite (Isoptera) damage and control in tropical forestry with special reference to Africa and Indo-Malaysia: a review
Authors: Cowie Robert H. , Logan James W. M. , Wood T. G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTermite damage is a major problem in tropical forestry especially where exotic tree species are used. Stressed tress are generally the most susceptible to attack. Dry-wood termites (Kalotermitidae) live and feed in dead wood but sometimes attack living parts of mature trees; generally, they are pests only in the humid tropics, causing local but sometimes serious damage. Coptotermes (Rhinotermitidae) causes more widespread and serious damage to mature trees, especially in Malaysia and Australia. The most serious losses (up to 100%), due predominantly to various Macrotermitinae (Termitidae) such as Macrotermes, Odontotermes and Microtermes, occur in young, exotictrees such as Eucalyptus in dry regions in Africa and India. Chemical control of dry-wood termites is not feasible; use of resistant trees is probably the only satisfactory strategy. Control of Coptotermes by various methods has been suggested; but only insecticide injection into nests within affected trunks (Australia) and destruction of nests with explosives prior to planting, followed by destruction of queens in subsequently located nests (Papua New Guinea), are effective and economically viable. Attack on seedings, especially by Macrotermitinae in Africa and India, can be prevented by the increasingly unacceptable persistent cyclodienes used as mound poisons or as a barrier around the roots preventing attack by subterranean species. Controlled-release formulations of otherwise non-persistent insecticides are being development but are expensive and not widely available. Many non-chemical measures have been suggested, but none has been rigorously evaluated; none will provide the almost complete protection afforded by cyclodienes. Biological control shows little promise. Use of resistant tree species and development of resistant varieties offers the only long-term solution, but until these are available there will be a need to continue using cyclodienes or rapidly to develop alternative control methods.