bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Community assembly and diversification in Indo‐Pacific coral reef fishes
Authors: Hubert Nicolas , Paradis Emmanuel , Bruggemann Henrich , Planes Serge 
Published: October 2011

AbstractTheories of species coexistence have played a central role in ecology and evolutionary studies of the origin and maintenance of biodiversity in highly diverse communities. The concept of niche and associated theories predict that competition for available ecological space leads to a ceiling in species richness that influences further diversification patterns. By contrast, the neutral theory supports that speciation is stochastic and diversity independent. We examined the phylogenetic community structure and diversification rates in three families and 14 sites within coral reef fish communities from the Indian and Pacific oceans. Using the phylogenetic relationships among 157 species estimated with 2300 bp of mitochondrial DNA, we tested predictions in terms of species coexistence from the neutral and niche theories. At the regional scale, our findings suggest that phylogenetic community structure shifts during community assembly to a pattern of dispersion as a consequence of allopatric speciation in recent times but overall, variations in diversification rates did not relate with sea level changes. At the local scale, the phylogenetic community structure is consistent with a neutral model of community assembly since no departure from a random sorting of species was observed. The present results support a neutral model of community assembly as a consequence of the stochastic and unpredictable nature of coral reefs favoring generalist and sedentary species competing for living space rather than trophic resources. As a consequence, the observed decrease in diversification rates may be seen as the result of a limited supply of living space as expected in a finite island model.
Water Quality Management in Japan: Recent Developments and Challenges for Integration
Authors: Kataoka Yatsuka 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTJapanese water quality management is evolving toward the more integrated management of water resources by adapting to the changes in society, such as changes in public perceptions on water and the environment; diversification of water usage; and the state of water quality itself. Mitigation of water pollution and conservation of the watershed environment and ecosystem services have begun to be recognized as important elements of water quality management. In that sense, water quality management in Japan is now transforming from management of water quality to management of the wider water environment. Although there have been signs of integration of the quantity and quality aspects of water management, this paper concludes that opportunities to promote integrated management should be further explored in Japan and that local governments must play a key role in the promotion of integrated water resources management. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Helical Complexes of Chiral Quaterpyridines – Mononuclear CuII and Dinuclear CuI Complexes
Authors: Yeung Ho‐Lun , Sham Kiu‐Chor , Wong Wai‐Yeung , Wong Chun‐Yuen , Kwong Hoi‐Lun 
Published: October 2011

AbstractTwo series of chiral helical copper–quaterpyridine complexes were prepared by reacting chiral ligands L1–4 with CuI and CuII precursors. The CuII complexes, [Cu(L)(H2O)(ClO4)2] or [Cu(L)(ClO4)2], were studied by ESI‐MS, elemental analysis, and CD spectroscopy, and the CuI complexes, [Cu2(L)2](PF6)2, were examined by NMR, ESI‐MS, elemental analysis, and CD spectroscopy. The crystal structures of [Cu(L1)(H2O)(ClO4)](ClO4) and [Cu(L3)(ClO4)2] were determined by X‐ray diffraction. They are monomeric, distorted octahedral complexes with the quaterpyridine ligand coordinated at the four equatorial positions and one or two perchlorates at the apical position. The crystal structure of [Cu(L1m)(H2O)(ClO4)](ClO4), which has an achiral quaterpyridine ligand L1m, the meso form of L1, was also determined. Comparison between [Cu(L1)(H2O)(ClO4)](ClO4) and [Cu(L1m)(H2O)(ClO4)](ClO4) shows small differences between the two structures. CD analyses of mononuclear CuII complexes of sterically demanding L2–4 indicate that these structures require a helical twist in the ligand. The crystal structure of [Cu2(L3)2](PF6)2 shows that it is a two‐metal two‐ligand double‐stranded helical structure. Solution NMR studies of the dinuclear CuI complexes show that each sample consists of two diastereomers with moderate to high diastereoselectivity (52–99 %). With L1m, head‐to‐head and head‐to‐tail configurational isomers were formed in an almost 1:1 ratio. Heterostranded helicates could also be formed with two different chiral ligands but selectivity favors the homostranded one. DFT calculations on the homostranded helicates yield evidence that interactions between the chiral groups of the ligand strands in the helicate are not solely responsible for determining the helical chirality of the CuI complexes.
A Reduced (β‐Diketiminato)iron Complex with End‐On and Side‐On Nitriles: Strong Backbonding or Ligand Non‐Innocence?
Authors: Cowley Ryan E. , Christian Gemma J. , Brennessel William W. , Neese Frank , Holland Patrick L. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractTreatment of the iron(I) synthon LMeFeNNFeLMe (LMe = β‐diketiminato ligand) with pivalonitrile gives a formally iron(I) complex LMeFe(NCtBu)2, which has one strongly bound side‐on nitrile and one weakly bound end‐on nitrile ligand. The side‐on nitrile ligand has N–C–C bending and N–C weakening that suggests partial reduction of the nitrile group. The S = 3/2 ground state of this molecule can be described as either an iron(II) atom with a nitrile radical anion or an iron(I) atom that is strongly backbonding. DFT computations show that strong backbonding comes from a doubly occupied orbital, and that there is little ligand radical character. Therefore, the iron(I) formulation is the most appropriate. This study exemplifies how one‐electron transfer to ligands and two‐electron backbonding to ligands may be distinguished by using spectroscopically calibrated and validated computations.
Ruthenium Polypyridyl Sensitisers in Dye Solar Cells Based on Mesoporous TiO2 (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 29/2011)
Authors: Reynal Anna , Palomares Emilio 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe cover picture shows the molecular structure of three ruthenium polypyridyl complexes, namely the tris(isothiocyanato)bis(2,2′‐bipyridyl‐4,4′‐dicarboxylato)ruthenium(II)?2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine‐4,4′,4″‐tricarboxylic acid tris(tetrabutylammonium) salt (commonly known as Black Dye). The background of the picture corresponds to the drawing of a series of dye‐sensitised solar cells, which use ruthenium complexes as photosensitisers. This is the topic of the Microreview by A. Reynal and E. Palomares on p. 4509 ff, in which the properties, synthetic routes and main applications of the most relevant ruthenium–polypyridyl complexes are presented in further detail.
Performance of palm‐based fat blends with a low saturated fat content in puff pastry
Authors: Garcia‐Macias Paulina , Gordon Michael H. , Frazier Richard A. , Smith Kevin , Gambelli Luisa 
Published: October 2011

AbstractFour fat blends based on palm fractions in combination with high oleic sunflower oil (HOSF) with a relatively low saturated fatty acid content (29.2 ± 0.85%, i.e. less than 50% of that of butter) were prepared. The saturated fat was located in different TAG structures in each blend. Principal saturated TAG were derived from palm stearin (POs, containing tripalmitoyl glycerol—PPP), palm mid‐fraction (PMF, containing 1,3‐dipalmitoyl‐2‐oleoyl glycerol—POP) and interesterified PMF (inPMF, containing PPP, POP and rac‐1,2‐dipalmitoyl‐3‐oleoyl glycerol—PPO). Thus, in blend 1, composed of POs and HOSF, the saturates resided principally in PPP. In blend 2, composed of POs, PMF and HOSF, the principal saturate‐containing TAG were PPP and POP. Blend 3, composed of inPMF and HOSF, was similar to blend 2 except that the disaturated TAG comprised a 2:1 mixture of PPO:POP. Finally, blend 4, a mixture of PMF and HOSF, had saturates present mainly as POP. The physical properties and the functionality of blends, as shortenings for puff pastry laminated in a warm bakery environment (20–24°C), were compared with each other, and with butter. Puff pastry prepared with blend 1 (POs:HOSF 29:71) and blend 4 (PMF:HOSF 41:59), was very hard; blend 2 (POs:PMF:HOSF 13:19:68) was most similar to butter in the compressibility of the baked product and it performed well in an independent baking trial; blend 3 (inPMF:HOSF 40:60) gave a product that required a higher force for compression than butter.
Antioxidant activity of the essential oil and methanolic extract of cumin seed (Cuminum cyminum)
Authors: Einafshar Soodabeh , Poorazrang Hashem , Farhoosh Reza , Seiedi Seyed Mohammad 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe antioxidant activities of the essential oil and crude methanolic extract (CEx) of cumin seed (Cuminum cyminum) were evaluated. Total phenolics and tocopherols contents, reducing power, DPPH radical‐scavenging capacity (EC50), and the oxidative/oil stability index were assessed. The contents of total phenolics and total tocopherols in the essential oil (18.47 and 0.11 mg/g, respectively) were significantly lower than those of the CEx (29.12 and 0.42 mg/g, respectively). The CEx had an EC50 value (0.74 mg/mL) significantly lower than those of the essential oil and α‐tocopherol (1.20 and 32.50 mg/mL, respectively). The reducing power of the CEx (459.46 mmol Fe2+ per mass) was significantly higher than those of the essential oil (18.47 mmol/L) and α‐tocopherol (99.96 mmol/L). The addition of CEx to the purified sunflower oil significantly improved its oxidative stability at the levels of 800 ppm and higher whereas the essential oil indicated no antioxidant activity at the levels experimented (200–2000 ppm). The CEx was considered to be a useful antioxidative compound in bulk oil and emulsion systems but the essential oil showed no antioxidant activities. The CEx in the bulk oil system had higher antioxidant activities than in the emulsion system. The CEx concentration of 2000 ppm showed the highest antioxidant activity and reduced the formation of hydroperoxides and secondary products more than the other antioxidative compounds applied in this study.
Temperature‐Dependent Regioselective Synthesis of 1,2,4‐Triazino[2,3‐b]indazoles and 3H‐1,4‐Benzodiazepines by Domino‐Staudinger/Aza‐Wittig/Isomerization Reaction
Authors: Xie Hai , Yu Jian‐Bo , Ding Ming‐Wu 
Published: October 2011

Abstracto‐Azidobenzaldimine 8 reacted with triphenylphosphane at 0 °C with warming to room temperature to give 1,2,4‐triazino[2,3‐b]indazoles 12 by a domino‐Staudinger/aza‐Wittig/isomerization reaction. However, when heated to 80 °C the same reaction mixture afforded 3H‐1,4‐benzodiazepines 14 by a tandem‐Staudinger/aza‐Wittig reaction.
Synthesis of Tetrahedral Shape‐Persistent Tetranuclear Metal–salphens (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 30/2011)
Authors: Mastalerz Michael , Oppel Iris M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe cover picture shows tetrahedral shape‐persistent tetranuclear metal–salphens (with Zn2+, Ni2+, and Pd2+ as metal ions) and their absorption spectra. The basis for the synthesis of the metal–salphens is the tetrakis(salicylaldehyde), depicted at the center. Details are discussed in the article by M. Mastalerz and I. M. Oppel on p. 5971 ff.
Capillary electrophoresis method for the determination of isradipine enantiomers: Stability studies and pharmaceutical formulation analysis
Authors: Aguiar Fernando A. , de Gaitani Cristiane M. , Borges Keyller B. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA simple enantioselective method based on CE using CD as chiral selector was developed and validated for the determination of isradipine (IRD) enantiomers in a pharmaceutical formulation and for the determination of IRD enantiomers in degradation studies. After optimization, the best results were obtained using 15 mM borate buffer at pH 9.3 and sulfobutyl ether‐β‐cyclodextrin (2.5%, w/v) as chiral selector. The applied voltage was +30 kV, and the sample injection was performed in the hydrodynamic mode. All analyses were carried out in a fused‐silica uncoated capillary with an id of 50 μm and total length of 60.0 cm. Under these conditions, a complete separation between IRD enantiomers was achieved in less than 7 min. Linearity was obtained in the range 50–300 μg/mL for both enantiomers (r≥0.9978). The RSD (%) and relative errors (%) obtained in precision and accuracy studies (intra‐day and inter‐day) were lower than 5%. Therefore, this method was found to be appropriate for controlling pharmaceutical formulations containing IRD enantiomers and the assay was considered to be stability indicating. The drug was subjected to oxidation, hydrolysis and photolysis. In all stress conditions the drug presented considerable degradation when compared with a fresh sample (zero time).
Spectral analysis for a semi‐active–passive net‐zero base‐shear design concept
Authors: Rodgers G. W. , Chase J. G. , Roland T. , MacRae G. A. 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYPassive high force‐to‐volume (HF2V) dampers offer significant displacement reduction and energy dissipation, but cannot customise overall response. Semi‐active resettable devices offer adaptive, custom hysteresis loops that reduce displacement and base shear, but have limited dissipation. This paper presents a new, combined concept to maximise displacement reduction without increasing base shear – a net‐zero base‐shear concept.HF2V devices, up to a maximum of 10% structural weight, are combined with fixed stiffness resettable devices. Spectral analyses are run for the three SAC ground motion suites that iteratively size the HF2V device at each structural period to achieve maximum displacement reductions without increasing median base shear. HF2V velocity dependence and the need to scale HF2V capacity to spectral velocity are examined in terms of their impact on the results of these analyses.The net‐zero approach reduces base shear by up to 50% and displacements by 30–70% over all ground motions, exceeding reductions obtained by either device separately by 30–50% (relative). The net‐zero condition is not reached within the device limits defined, except at relatively long periods (>3.5 s) because of a virtuous circle of reduced displacement from the resettable and HF2V devices outweighing the increased base shear from the HF2V devices alone. These results are independent of HF2V device scaling, design and velocity dependence. The overall net‐zero concept offers a significant advantage in a combination that cannot be achieved by passive or semi‐active solutions alone. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical and sociodemographic factors in a sample of older subjects experiencing depressive symptoms
Authors: Barcelos‐Ferreira Ricardo , Lopes Marcos A. , Nakano Eduardo Yoshio , Steffens David C. , Bottino Cássio M. C. 
Published: October 2011

ObjectivesThis study aims to determine the frequency of clinically significant depressive symptoms (CSDS) in a community sample of older Brazilians and to examine their relationship with sociodemographic factors, cognitive and functional impairment (CFI), and medical illness.MethodsA total of 1145 subjects aged 60 years or older living in the City of Ribeirao Preto, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, were interviewed. The following instruments were used: a 10‐item scale for screening of depressive symptoms in older people, the mini mental state examination, the Fuld Object Memory Evaluation, the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly, the Bayer Activities of Daily Living Scale, and a sociodemographic and clinical questionnaire.ResultsThe frequency of CSDS was 15.7%. Logistic regression analysis indicated that being previously depressed, having CFI, having lower level of education, using psychotropics, and not engaging in physical exercise were related to CSDS. On the other hand, being a woman, older, medically ill, employed, or married was not associated with CSDS.ConclusionsConsistent with previous reports, lower education, lack of physical activity, and CFI were significantly associated with higher frequencies of CSDS. Further investigations are necessary to clarify the occurrence of depression and possible modifiable factors in developing countries such as Brazil. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optical imaging of oral squamous cell carcinoma and cervical lymph node metastasis
Authors: Keereweer Stijn , Kerrebijn Jeroen D. F. , Mol Isabel M. , Mieog J. Sven D. , Van Driel Pieter B. A. A. , Baatenburg de Jong Robert J. , Vahrmeijer Alexander L. , Löwik Clemens W. G. M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackgroundIn oral cancer surgery, intraoperative optical imaging could help the surgeon to determine adequate tumor‐free margins.MethodsTumor‐specific near‐infrared fluorescence agents targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (CW800 EGF) or glucose transporter system (CW800 2‐DG) were administered to mice with tongue carcinoma and cervical lymph node metastases. Tumor growth was followed by bioluminescence imaging. Fluorescence signals were compared with a control group of healthy animals.ResultsSignificantly higher fluorescence was found in tongue tumors and cervical lymph node metastases compared with that in control animals. Fluorescence correlated with histopathology. Tumor‐to‐background ratio of CW800 EGF in the tongue was 13.8 (SD = 6.1) and in the lymph nodes 15.7 (SD = 8.8). For CW800 2‐DG, the tumor‐to‐background ratio in the tongue was 4.6 (SD = 2.1) and in the lymph nodes 33.9 (SD = 18.4).ConclusionsOptical imaging can be used to detect oral cancer and cervical lymph node metastases and could potentially improve complete surgical resection by real‐time image‐guided surgery. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Upper Limits of Normal for Alanine Aminotransferase Activity in the United States Population
Authors: Ruhl Constance E. , Everhart James E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is an important test for liver disease, yet there is no generally accepted upper limit of normal (ULN) in the United States. Furthermore, the ability of ALT to differentiate persons with and without liver disease is uncertain. We examined cut-offs for ALT for their ability to discriminate between persons with positive hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA and those at low risk for liver injury in the U.S. population. Among adult participants in the 1999-2008 U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 259 were positive for serum HCV RNA and 3,747 were at low risk for liver injury (i.e., negative HCV RNA and hepatitis B surface antigen, low alcohol consumption, no evidence of diabetes, and normal body mass index and waist circumference). Serum ALT activity was measured centrally. Maximum correct classification was achieved at ALT = 29 IU/L for men (88% sensitivity, 83% specificity) and 22 IU/L (89% sensitivity, 82% specificity) for women. The cut-off for 95% sensitivity was an ALT = 24 IU/L (70% specificity) for men and 18 IU/L (63% specificity) for women. The cut-off for 95% specificity was ALT = 44 IU/L (64% sensitivity) for men and 32 IU/L (59% sensitivity) for women. The area under the curve was 0.929 for men and 0.915 for women. If the cut-offs with the best correct classification were applied to the entire population, 36.4% of men and 28.3% of women would have had abnormal ALT.

Conclusion :

ALT discriminates persons infected with HCV from those at low risk of liver disease, but would be considered elevated in a large proportion of the U.S. population. (Hepatology 2012)
Prospective Biopsy-Controlled Evaluation of Cell Death Biomarkers for Prediction of Liver Fibrosis and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
Authors: Joka Diana , Wahl Kristin , Moeller Sarah , Schlue Jerome , Vaske Bernhard , Bahr Matthias J. , Manns Michael P. , Schulze-Osthoff Klaus , Bantel Heike 
Published: October 2011

Abstract

Fibrosis and steatosis are major histopathological alterations in chronic liver diseases. Despite various shortcomings, disease severity is generally determined by liver biopsy, emphasizing the need for simple noninvasive methods for assessing disease activity. Because hepatocyte cell death is considered a crucial pathogenic factor, we prospectively evaluated the utility of serum biomarkers of cell death to predict different stages of fibrosis and steatosis in 121 patients with chronic liver disease. We compared the M30 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which detects a caspase-cleaved cytokeratin-18 (CK-18) fragment and thereby apoptotic cell death, with the M65 ELISA, which detects both caspase-cleaved and uncleaved CK-18 and thereby overall cell death. Both biomarkers significantly discriminated patients with different fibrosis stages from healthy controls. However, whereas both markers differentiated low or moderate from advanced fibrosis, only the M65 antigen could discriminate even lower stages of fibrosis. The M65 assay also performed better in distinguishing low (≤10%) and higher (>10%) grades of steatosis. In a subgroup of patients, we evaluated the biomarkers for their power to predict nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Importantly, both markers accurately differentiated healthy controls or simple steatosis from NASH. However, only serum levels of M65 antigen could differentiate simple steatosis from healthy controls.

Conclusion:

Cell death biomarkers are potentially useful to predict fibrosis, steatosis, or NASH. Compared with the widely used apoptosis marker M30, the M65 assay had a better diagnostic performance and even differentiated between lower fibrosis stages as well as between healthy individuals and patients with simple steatosis. (Hepatology 2012)
Mortality and the Risk of Malignancy in Autoimmune Liver Diseases: A Population-Based Study in Canterbury, New Zealand
Authors: Ngu Jing Hieng , Gearry Richard Blair , Frampton Chris Miles , Malcolm Stedman Catherine Ann 
Published: October 2011

Abstract

Population-based quantitative data on the mortality and cancer incidence of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are scarce. Our aim was to systematically investigate the survival and risk of malignancy on population-based cohorts of AIH, PBC, and PSC in Canterbury, New Zealand. Multiple case-finding methods were employed, including searches of all public and private, adult and pediatric outpatient clinics, hospital notes, laboratory, radiology, and pathology reports. Cases that fulfilled standardized diagnostic criteria were included. Kaplan-Meier survival estimates, standardized mortality ratios (SMR), and standard incidence ratios (SIR) for malignancy were calculated. A total of 130 AIH, 70 PBC, and 81 PSC patients were included contributing to 1,156, 625, and 613 person-years at risk, respectively. For AIH, PBC, and PSC cohorts, SMRs for all-cause mortality were 2.1 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4-3.1), 2.7 (95% CI 1.7-4.0), and 4.1 (95% CI 2.6-6.3), SMRs for hepatobiliary mortality were 42.3 (95% CI 20.3-77.9), 71.2 (95% CI 30.7-140.3), and 116.9 (95% CI 66.8-189.8), SIRs for all cancers were 3.0 (95% CI 2.0-4.3), 1.6 (95% CI 0.8-2.9), and 5.2 (95% CI 3.3-7.8), and SIRs for extrahepatic malignancy were 2.7 (95% CI 1.8-3.9), 1.6 (95% CI 0.8-2.9), and 3.0 (95% CI 1.6-5.1), respectively.

Conclusion :

This is the first population-based study to examine and compare the survival and cancer incidence in AIH, PBC, and PSC in the same population. The mortality for all three cohorts was significantly increased due to liver-related death, demonstrating the inadequacy of current management strategies. The risk of hepatic and extrahepatic malignancy was significantly increased in AIH and PSC patients. (Hepatology 2012)