bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diaton tonometry: an assessment of validity and preference against Goldmann tonometry
Authors: Doherty Mark D , Carrim Zia I , O'Neill Damian P 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackground:  To assess agreement between the Diaton, a new transpalpebral tonometer, and Goldmann applanation tonometry, the accepted gold standard.Design:  Comparative study of two devices in a hospital setting.Participants:  Two hundred and fifty‐one patients attending the eye casualty and general ophthalmology clinics at St James' University Hospital, Leeds between February and December 2009.Methods:  Intraocular pressure was measured using Goldmann applanation tonometry and Diaton tonometry by one examining ophthalmologist. Patient preference for either technique was also recorded.Main Outcome Measures:  Intraocular pressure measured by Diaton was compared with intraocular pressure measured by Goldmann applanation tonometry. Limits of agreement were determined using the Bland‐Altman method.Results:  Two hundred and fifty right eyes underwent both Goldmann applanation tonometry and Diaton tonometry. Mean intraocular pressure was 13.8 ± 3.6 mmHg using Goldmann applanation tonometry and 13.2 ± 4.3 mmHg using Diaton tonometry. Upper and lower limits of agreement were +8.4 mmHg and −9.6 mmHg, respectively. Order of intraocular pressure measurement and positioning did not influence limits of agreement in a clinically significant manner. Overall, more patients expressed preference for Diaton tonometry (40.2%) than Goldmann applanation tonometry (30.3%). Those aged 50 or less were more likely to prefer Diaton tonometry.Conclusions:  The Diaton tonometer is portable, lightweight, user‐friendly and well tolerated by patients. However, it shows poor agreement with Goldmann applanation tonometry, thereby precluding it from being regarded as a substitute in routine clinical practice.
ReGAE 7: long‐term outcomes of augmented trabeculectomy with mitomycin C in African Caribbean patients
Authors: Shah Peter , Agrawal Pavi , Khaw Peng T , Shafi Fariha , Sii Freda 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackground:  To evaluate long‐term outcomes and complication rates following trabeculectomy with mitomycin C in a case series of African Caribbean patients.Design:  A prospective, observational and non‐comparative case series.Participants:  Forty‐seven consecutive African Caribbean patients (47 eyes) with glaucoma.Methods:  All patients underwent augmented trabeculectomy with mitomycin C for uncontrolled intraocular pressure (IOP). Survival analysis was performed with a minimum of 12 months' follow up.Main Outcome Measures:  Surgical success was based upon IOP reduction to ≤21 mmHg, ≤18 mmHg and ≤15 mmHg without glaucoma medication (complete); or IOP reduction to ≤21 mmHg, ≤18 mmHg and ≤15 mmHg with or without glaucoma medication (qualified).Results:  The mean follow‐up period was 48.6 months. At 3 years post‐trabeculectomy 92.6% achieved a qualified success and 59.3% a complete success for an IOP ≤21 mmHg. At final follow up the mean IOP reduced from 33.7 mmHg to 13.1 mmHg (P < 0.0001). Survival rates were 96%, 90% and 86% at 12, 24 and 36 months, respectively, with a mean survival time of 97.4 months (95% confidence interval, 86.0–108.8) for an IOP ≤21 mmHg. Early postoperative hypotony requiring surgical intervention occurred in four (8.5%) patients. There were no cases of blebitis, endophthalmitis, suprachoroidal haemorrhage, malignant glaucoma or hypotony maculopathy.Conclusions:  Good long‐term stable IOP can be achieved with low complication rates and high success rates amongst African Caribbean patients following trabeculectomy with mitomycin C. A proactive postoperative management regime is needed to ensure trabeculectomy survival in high‐risk populations.
Safety and efficacy of extended‐release bupivacaine local anaesthetic in open hernia repair: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Hadj Afif , Hadj Andrew , Hadj Anthony , Rosenfeldt Frank , Nicholson Douglas , Moodie John , Turner Richard , Watts Richard , Fletcher Ian , Abrouk Nacer , Lissin Dmitri 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackground:  Pain relief remains a major problem in hernia surgery. SABER‐Bupivacaine is an investigational extended‐release formulation of bupivacaine in a resorbable matrix, which may provide up to 72 h of local pain relief.Methods:  A double‐blinded, randomized controlled trial was undertaken to evaluate the safety and efficacy of SABER‐Bupivacaine. Consented patients (n= 124) undergoing open inguinal hernia repair at five sites in Australia and New Zealand were randomized to receive either 2.5 (330 mg) or 5.0 mL (660 mg) of SABER‐Bupivacaine or SABER‐Placebo administered to the surgical wound at the end of the procedure. Analgesic efficacy and safety was evaluated.Results:  SABER‐Bupivacaine appeared safe with no difference in the incidence of side effects compared with SABER‐Placebo. The 5.0 mL dose of SABER‐Bupivacaine reduced the mean area under the curve of pain intensity on movement compared with SABER‐Placebo (2.47 versus 3.60; P= 0.0033) and decreased the number of patients requiring supplemental opioids by 26% (although not statistically significant; P= 0.0909). Normal wound healing was reported throughout the trial and at 3‐ and 6‐month follow‐up in every treatment group.Conclusion:  After open inguinal hernia repair, SABER‐Bupivacaine administered at the surgical site was safe and provided pain relief, reduced the need for supplemental (oral and parenteral) analgesia and did not impair wound healing.
The theory of critical distances and fatigue from notches in aluminium 6061
Authors: CLEGG R. E. , DUAN K. , MCLEOD A. J. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTFatigue failure of metal components containing notches, cracks and other defects has been an active research topic for many years because of its important practical and theoretical implications. Recently, Taylor and his colleagues have re‐visited this topic and proposed the theory of critical distance (TCD), which summarizes the early work by Neuber, Peterson and others in a unifying theory and predicts fatigue fracture with the use of a critical distance, Lo. In this paper, an experimental and numerical study of the fatigue of notched and un‐notched 6061 aluminium alloys is used to verify the TCD and some of the limitations of the TCD are discussed on this basis.
Connexin26 expression in brain parenchymal cells demonstrated by targeted connexin ablation in transgenic mice
Authors: Nagy J. I. , Lynn B. D. , Tress O. , Willecke K. , Rash J. E. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAstrocytes are known to express the gap junction forming proteins connexin30 (Cx30) and connexin43 (Cx43), but it has remained controversial whether these cells also express connexin26 (Cx26). To investigate this issue further, we examined immunofluorescence labelling of glial connexins in wild‐type vs. transgenic mice with targeted deletion of Cx26 in neuronal and glial cells (Cx26fl/fl:Nestin‐Cre mice). The Cx26 antibodies utilized specifically recognized Cx26 and lacked cross reaction with highly homologous Cx30, as demonstrated by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence in Cx26‐transfected and Cx30‐transfected C6 glioma cells. Punctate immunolabelling of Cx26 with these antibodies was observed in leptomeninges and subcortical brain regions. This labelling was absent in subcortical areas of Cx26fl/fl:Nestin‐Cre mice, but persisted in leptomeningeal tissues of these mice, thereby distinguishing localization of Cx26 between parenchymal and non‐parenchymal tissue. In subcortical brain parenchyma, Cx26‐positive puncta were often co‐localized with astrocytic Cx43, and some were localized along astrocyte cell bodies and processes immunolabelled for glial fibrillary acidic protein. Cx26‐positive puncta were also co‐localized with punctate labelling of Cx47 around oligodendrocyte somata. Comparisons of Cx26 labelling in rodent species revealed a lower density of Cx26‐positive puncta and a more restricted distribution in subcortical regions of mouse compared with rat brain, perhaps partly explaining reported difficulties in detection of Cx26 in mouse brain parenchyma using antibodies or Cx26 gene reporters. These results support our earlier observations of Cx26 expression in astrocytes and its ultrastructural localization in individual gap junction plaques formed between astrocytes as well as in heterotypic gap junctions between astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.
Subcortical projections to the frontal pole in the marmoset monkey
Authors: Burman Kathleen J. , Reser David H. , Richardson Karyn E. , Gaulke Heidi , Worthy Katrina H. , Rosa Marcello G. P. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe subcortical projections to the marmoset frontal pole were mapped with the use of fluorescent tracer injections. The main thalamic projections, which originated in both the magnocellular and parvocellular subdivisions of the mediodorsal nucleus, were topographically organized. Our results suggest the existence of a third, caudal subdivision of this nucleus, which is likely to be homologous to the macaque’s pars densocellularis. A substantial, but not topographically organized, projection to Brodmann’s area 10 originated in the medial part of the ventral anterior nucleus. Minor thalamic projections originated in the medial pulvinar nucleus and in the midline/intralaminar nuclei. Finally, the posterior thalamic group (including the limitans and suprageniculate nuclei) sent a small projection to rostral area 10 that has not previously been documented in primates. The main extrathalamic projections stemmed from the claustrum, which contained as many as 50% of all subcortical labelled neurons. Minor connections originated in the hypothalamus (mainly in the lateral anterior and lateral tuberal regions), dorsal periaqueductal grey matter, basal forebrain (nucleus basalis of Meynert and horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca), and amygdala (basal, accessory basal and lateral nuclei). The present results, combined with recent data on the cortical projections to area 10, reveal the frontal pole as a region that integrates information from multiple neural processing systems, including high‐level sensory, limbic and working memory‐related structures. Although the pattern of subcortical projections is similar to that previously described in the macaque, suggesting a homologous organization, the present data also suggest functional distinctions between medial and lateral sectors of area 10.
Modulation of astroglial glutamine synthetase activity affects nociceptive behaviour and central sensitization of medullary dorsal horn nociceptive neurons in a rat model of chronic pulpitis
Authors: Tsuboi Y. , Iwata K. , Dostrovsky J. O. , Chiang C. Y. , Sessle B. J. , Hu J. W. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractPrevious studies indicate that the astroglial glutamate–glutamine shuttle may be involved in acute pulpal inflammatory pain by influencing central sensitization induced in nociceptive neurons in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis [the medullary dorsal horn (MDH)] by application of an inflammatory irritant to the rat tooth pulp. The aim of this study was to test if intrathecal application to the rat medulla of the astroglial glutamine synthetase inhibitor methionine sulfoximine (MSO) can influence the central sensitization of MDH nociceptive neurons and the animal’s associated behaviour that are manifested in a model of chronic pulpitis pain induced by exposure of a mandibular molar pulp. This model was found to be associated with nocifensive behaviour and enhanced reflex activity evoked by mechanical stimulation of the rat’s facial skin and with immunocytochemical evidence of astroglial activation in the MDH. These features were apparent for up to 28 days post‐operatively. During this post‐operative period, the nocifensive behaviour and enhanced reflex activity were significantly attenuated by intrathecal application of MSO (5 μL, 10 mM) but not by vehicle application. In electrophysiological recordings of nociceptive neuronal activity in the MDH, central sensitization was also evident in pulp‐exposed rats but not in intact rats and could be significantly attenuated by MSO application but not by vehicle application. These behavioural and neuronal findings suggest that the astroglial glutamate–glutamine shuttle is responsible for the maintenance of inflammation‐induced nocifensive behavioural changes and the accompanying central sensitization in MDH nociceptive neurons in this chronic pulpitis pain model.
Increased expression of 5‐HT6 receptors in dorsolateral striatum decreases habitual lever pressing, but does not affect learning acquisition of simple operant tasks in rats
Authors: Eskenazi Daniel , Neumaier John F. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractSerotonin‐6 (5‐HT6) receptors are densely expressed in the dorsolateral striatum (DLS), a brain region linked to habits. Medications acting on the serotonergic system, including 5‐HT6 receptors, can diminish habitual and repetitive behaviors associated with clinical syndromes such as obsessive‐compulsive disorder, and may have implications for addiction as well. To examine the role of 5‐HT6 receptors in the acquisition and persistence of habitual behavior, we manipulated 5‐HT6 receptor expression in the DLS with herpes simplex virus vectors in combination with different behavioral procedures; control rats received a vector expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein. In one set of experiments, rats were tested under conditions that favor the acquisition of either discrete action–outcome responding or repetitive responding; increased 5‐HT6 receptor expression in DLS did not alter learning in either paradigm. In the next experiment, rats were over‐trained on fixed‐ then variable‐interval schedules, resulting in an escalation of lever pressing over sessions far in excess of that necessary to receive sucrose pellets. After training, rats received viral vector infusion into the DLS. Subsequently, half of each group underwent an omission contingency training session in which they received reinforcement for refraining from pressing the lever, while the other half served as yoked controls. A probe session under extinction conditions was performed the following day. Only rats that received both the 5‐HT6 vector and omission contingency training showed reduced lever pressing during the probe session. These results suggest that increasing 5‐HT6 receptor signaling in the DLS facilitates behavioral flexibility in the face of changing contingencies.
A meta‐analysis of crop pest and natural enemy response to landscape complexity
Authors: Chaplin‐Kramer Rebecca , O’Rourke Megan E. , Blitzer Eleanor J. , Kremen Claire 
Published: June 2011

Ecology Letters (2011) 14: 922–932AbstractMany studies in recent years have investigated the relationship between landscape complexity and pests, natural enemies and/or pest control. However, no quantitative synthesis of this literature beyond simple vote‐count methods yet exists. We conducted a meta‐analysis of 46 landscape‐level studies, and found that natural enemies have a strong positive response to landscape complexity. Generalist enemies show consistent positive responses to landscape complexity across all scales measured, while specialist enemies respond more strongly to landscape complexity at smaller scales. Generalist enemy response to natural habitat also tends to occur at larger spatial scales than for specialist enemies, suggesting that land management strategies to enhance natural pest control should differ depending on whether the dominant enemies are generalists or specialists. The positive response of natural enemies does not necessarily translate into pest control, since pest abundances show no significant response to landscape complexity. Very few landscape‐scale studies have estimated enemy impact on pest populations, however, limiting our understanding of the effects of landscape on pest control. We suggest focusing future research efforts on measuring population dynamics rather than static counts to better characterise the relationship between landscape complexity and pest control services from natural enemies.
Host location by the fruit fly parasitoid Diachasmimorpha krausii: role of fruit fly species, life stage and host plant
Authors: Ero Mark M. , Clarke Anthony R. 
Published: June 2011

Diachasmimorpha krausii is a braconid parasitoid of larval tephritid fruit flies, which feed cryptically within host fruit. At the ovipositor probing stage, the wasp cannot discriminate between hosts that are physiologically suitable or unsuitable for offspring development and must use other cues to locate suitable hosts.
To identify the cues used by the parasitoid to find suitable hosts, we offered, to free flying wasps, different combinations of three fruit fly species (Bactrocera tryoni, Bactrocera cacuminata, Bactrocera cucumis), different life stages of those flies (adults and larvae) and different host plants (Solanum lycopersicon, Solanum mauritianum, Cucurbita pepo). In the laboratory, the wasp will readily oviposit into larvae of all three flies but successfully develops only in B. tryoni. Bactrocera tryoni commonly infests S. lycopersicon (tomato), rarely S. mauritianum (wild tobacco) but never C. pepo (zucchini). The latter two plant species are common hosts for B. cacuminata and B. cucumis, respectively.
The parasitoid showed little or no response to uninfested plants of any of the test species. The presence of adult B. tryoni, however, increased parasitoid residency time on uninfested tomato.
When the three fruit types were all infested with larvae, parasitoid response was strongest to tomato, regardless of whether the larvae were physiologically suitable or unsuitable for offspring development. By contrast, zucchini was rarely visited by the wasp, even when infested with B. tryoni larvae.
Wild tobacco was infrequently visited when infested with B. cacuminata larvae but was more frequently visited, with greater parasitoid residency time and probing, when adult flies (either B. cacuminata or B. tryoni) were also present.
We conclude that herbivore‐induced, nonspecific host fruit wound volatiles were the major cue used by foraging D. krausii. Although positive orientation to infested host plants is well known from previous studies on opiine braconids, the failure of the wasp to orientate to some plants even when infested with physiologically suitable larvae, and the secondary role played by adult fruit flies in wasp host searching, are newly‐identified mechanisms that may aid parasitoid host location in environments where both physiologically suitable and unsuitable hosts occur.
Penile revascularization in vasculogenic erectile dysfunction (ED): long‐term follow‐up
Authors: Kayıgil Onder , Okulu Emrah , Aldemir Mustafa , Onen Efe 
Published: June 2011

Study Type – Therapy (case series)Level of Evidence 4What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?This study reflects the second largest series of revascularization operations performed in different etiologic and risk groups with the longest follow up. Beyond that this is the only study in which CC‐EMG techniques were used preoperatively to exclude some patients and to predict postoperative success in penile revascularization.OBJECTIVE• To determine the overall long‐term success of penile revascularization surgery in the treatment of vasculogenic erectile dysfunction (ED) and also to investigate the effect of risk factors on the results of a modified Furlow–Fisher technique.PATIENTS AND METHODS• Between 1999 and 2010, 125 men with a mean (sd, range) age of 43.2 (11.3, 23–69) years underwent penile revascularization surgery. In all, 110 men completed the long‐term follow‐up with a mean follow‐up of 73.2 months.• Diagnostic evaluations, penile colour Doppler ultrasonography, corpus cavernosum electromyography, and cavernosometry, were performed in all the men before surgery.• The efficacy of the surgery was assessed as improvement or failure according to the change in the five‐item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF‐5). A ≥5 point increase in the IIEF‐5 score during the latest patient visit after surgery compared with that before surgery was regarded as improvement (surgical success).RESULTS• The mean (sd) IIEF‐5 score was 7.3 (3.2) before surgery and at the end of the follow‐up periodit was 16.8 (3.1).• The success rates were 81.8% at 3 months, 77.2% at 1 year, 70% at 2 years, 66.3% at 3 years and 63.6% at 5 years after surgery in the men who achieved a no‐ED threshold score of >26 in the IIEF‐15.• The success rate was the highest in the men with no risk factors (92.8%).• Seven patients (6.36%) showed signs of glans hypervascularization as a major complication.CONCLUSIONS• Penile revascularization surgery has not been widely used by urologists probably due to the technical difficulties and the use of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors.• However, with reported high rates of noncompliance or failure of oral pharmacotherapy it seems likely that this surgery will become more popular in the near future.
Exposed proliferation antigen 210 (XPA‐210) in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and oncocytoma: clinical utility and biological implications
Authors: Kruck Stephan , Hennenlotter Joerg , Vogel Ulrich , Schilling David , Gakis Georgios , Hevler Joachim , Kuehs Ursula , Stenzl Arnulf , Schwentner Christian 
Published: June 2011

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?The exposed proliferation antigen 210 (XPA‐210) of the proliferation marker thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) showed higher expression levels in metastatic renal cell carcinoma.The current study used a new XPA‐210 antibody to clarify the role of TK1 tissue expression in the largest reported cohort of different renal cell carcinoma types and oncocytomas.OBJECTIVE
To determine the clinical role of the exposed proliferation antigen 210 (XPA‐210) of the proliferation marker thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) in a large cohort of different renal cell carcinoma (RCC) types, oncocytomas and normal renal tissues samples, as TK1 is reported to be of clinical significance in several cancer entities and is suggested as a prognostic serum biomarker for RCC.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Expressions of XPA‐210 were determined immunohistochemically in 40 clear cell RCCs (ccRCC), 25 papillary RCCs (papRCC), 17 chromophobe RCC (chRCC), 27 oncocytomas and 64 normal renal parenchyma paraffin‐embedded specimens.
Immunohistochemistry was performed with a monoclonal anti‐XPA‐210 antibody. Staining was measured by the percentage of positive cells.
Expression was compared between subgroups and correlated with respective clinical data using one‐way analysis of variance with post hoc Tukey‐Kramer analyses.
RESULTS
XPA‐210 staining in the RCC subgroup was significantly different from the oncocytomas (mean [sem] 4.1 [0.4] vs 2.2 [0.4]; P = 0.004) and from normal renal tissue (1.0 [0.1]; P < 0.001], whereas oncocytomas did not differ from normal renal parenchyma staining (P = 0.18).
Subdivided into RCC groups, only ccRCC (mean [sem] 5.1 [0.6]; P < 0.001) and papRCC (4.4 [0.6]; P < 0.001) varied from normal renal parenchyma, whereas chRCC (1.4 [0.3]; P = 0.99) did not.
RCC XPA‐210 staining was significantly associated with higher tumour stage (T = 3, P = 0.002) and grade (G = 3, P = 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
The malignant character of RCC is reflected by higher XPA‐210 expression as compared with oncocytomas and normal kidney.
The ccRCC and papRCC subgroups had higher XPA‐210 levels.
XPA‐210 could be considered a potential marker for the assessment of the proliferative activity in primary RCC.