bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Plasma Removal on Blood Stored in ACD with Adenine
Authors: Shields C. E. 
Published: October 2009

An evaluation of the effects of plasma in blood preservation was carried out on units of blood from which the plasma had been removed at different times during storage and on other units in which the plasma volume had been replaced by saline. Blood was either collected in ACD and stored for 14 or 21 days, or collected in ACD supplemented with adenine and stored for 21 or 42 days. These units were given in homologous transfusions to human volunteers. Autologous transfusions were used for separate groups studied at the same time.Stored units reflected progressive chemical deterioration with increasing storage. The elevation of plasma hemoglobin concentration was observed to be greater in units stored as packed cells.Average posttransfusion survival values for blood stored for 21 or 42 days were higher for adenine‐supplemented blood than for blood in ACD alone, Autologous transfusions with ACD‐adenine blood stored for 21 or 42 days survived for the same length of time as did homologous transfusions. Packed cells with plasma removed shortly after collection had the poorest survival.The similarity of values obtained for cells without plasma suggested that plasma was not particularly involved with the preservation of blood for up to 21 days of storage as tested by red blood cell survival. Improved preservation obtained with adenine was observed even when plasma was removed. Hence, the usefulness of plasma for component therapy may well outweigh its role in blood storage.
Experimental Transfusion Reactions and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Produced by Incompatible Plasma in Monkeys
Authors: Lopas H. , Birndorf N. I. , Robboy S. J. 
Published: October 2009

Hemolytic plasma transfusion reactions were produced in six Macaca irus monkeys. The plasma for these transfusions was obtained from alloimmunized animals with agglutinins of high titer and, in some cases, hemolysins directed against the recipients' red blood cells. The transfusion reactions were characterized by varying degrees of intravascular hemolysis, hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria, and disseminated intravascular coagulation accompanied by marked falls in Factors VIII and V, and fibrinogen. Shortening of euglobulin clot lysis time was seen in three animals.Two animals died and had fibrin thrombi in renal glomeruli, myocardial veins, pulmonary arteries, and hepatic sinusoids.
Calcium Ion Activity During Rapid Exchange Transfusion with Citrated Blood
Authors: Perkins H. A. , Snyder M. , Thacher C. , Rolfs M. R. 
Published: October 2009

Measurement of ionized calcium levels by the technic of Soulier during massive transfusion of ACD blood supplemented with various quantities of calcium led to the apparently erroneous conclusion that ionized calcium levels would rise in the recipient when each unit was supplemented with 0.6 g CaCl2, the quantity which restores normal ionized calcium levels in vitro.Measurement of ionized calcium activity with the Orion electrode indicates that this ratio of CaCl2 will maintain an approximately normal ionized calcium level in dog recipients if it is infused simultaneously with the blood. Based on this information, it appears reasonable to assume that heparinized ACD blood, recalcified with 0.6 g CaCl2 per unit, may be used to prime the extracorporeal circuit for open heart surgery with the confidence that it will not alter the ionized calcium activity of the patient's blood.Addition of calcium to the circulation following administration of ACD blood causes a sharp rise and then a fall in the recipient's level of ionized calcium. Further studies in a variety of situations are required before final guidelines can be formulated for supplementation of ACD blood with calcium in massive transfusion.
Serological and Genetic Studies of the HL‐A System
Authors: Legrand L. , Dausset J. , Rapaport F. T. 
Published: October 2009

Immunization of 35 recipients with skin allografts and leukocytes obtained from genetically haplo‐indentical donors induced the formation of antibodies directed against HL‐A antigens in 25 instances. The resulting antibodies could be divided into three main categories: (i) “broad” antibodies capable of reacting equally well with at least two allelic HL‐A specificities; (ii) “narrow” antibodies which reacted with one antigenic specificity, but could be absorbed by and eluted from cells bearing another specificity, without any cytotoxic reaction (CYNAP); (iii) antibodies which may be considered monospecific in the light of current knowledge.Antisera produced in the course of thir study have resulted in the definition of four new HL‐A antigens. Two of these, Da17 (HL‐A10) and Da25, were detected by the lymphmytotoxicity method, and have a gene frequency of 0.060 and 0.053, respectively. (The other two antigens, Da18 and Da22, were detected by the platelet complement fixation technic and have a gene frequency of 0.043 and 0.040, respectively.) Further absorption and elution of the antisera permitted the isolation of at least two populations of antibodies in a number of the immunized recipients. As a result, three HL‐A speciticities were subdivided into two allelic antigens: HG‐A9 was divided into HL‐A9′ and HL‐A9” HG‐AlO was divided into HL‐AlO' and HL‐A10” and Da25 was divided into Da25′ and Da25”.Review of the antigenic relationships existing between donors and recipienta in each of the 35 families studied indicates that (i) the occurrence of cross‐reacting antigens in donor and recipient is usually not associated with the production of antibodia (i.c, it constitutes a situation of nonimmunogenicity) and (ii) antibodies capable of reacting with one or several specificities, absent in the donor and in the recipient but which crossreact with the immunizing antigen, may occur with relative frequency. One other recipient developed three defferent antibody populations. Two of these antibodies were “broad” antibodies, capable of reacting with two allelic specificities. This observation supports the concept that the same munizing cell may bear several determinants, each of which may share a common structure with other defic products of the same locus. These data have been discuesed on the basis of two not mutually exclusive hypotheses: (i) complex antibodies capable of reacting with different allelic determinants and (ii) complex antigens bearing several antigenic factors.
Quantitative Blood Typing Profiles of Human Erythrocytes
Authors: Berkman E. M. , Nusbacher J. , Kochwa S. , Rosenfield R. E. 
Published: October 2009

Automated, sequential, quantitative blood typing has been achieved by modification of two previously described single channel AutoAnalyzers. In each of these channels, agglutination has been potentiated, either with bromelin and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K‐90) or mannitol and protamine sulfate. Phased pulse‐sampling of both erythrocytes and prediluted antisera through micro‐probes and micro T‐fittings allow sampling rates of 80 tests/hour.Fifty‐five erythrocytic antigenic determinants within all major blood group systems have been assayed and quantitative reproducibility was evident in the identity of data for identical twins and, within sibships, identical genotypes.The degree of agglutinability of unrelated Rhl (Rho or D) and MN phenotypes assayed with IgM antibodies or with lectins is directly related to the strength of the antigen as measured by the amount of antibody bound by test cells. In contrast, when IgG antibodies are sufficiently potentiated by either sugar or PVP, the relation between strength of cell antigen and degree of agglutination for M and Rhl may be reversed.
Studies on Rh Prophylaxis
Authors: Pollack W. , Ascari W. Q. , Crispen J. F. , O'Connor R. R. , Ho T. Y. 
Published: October 2009

The incidence of Rh immunization of Rh‐negative volunteers given approximately 500 ml of Rh‐positive blood is 18 out of 22. Complete Rh immune suppression was achieved in a treated group given a precalculated dose of Rh immune globulin. Rh immune prophylaxis is safe, effective and practical after transfusion accidents or massive fetomaternal hemorrhages where large volumes of Rh‐positive blood enter the circulation of Rh‐negative individuals.The dose of RhoGAM,* Rho(D) Immune Globulin (Human) found to be effective in suppressing an immune response to the Rh factor was 20 μg/ml of red blood cells (not whole blood). Since each vial contains no less than 300 μg of anti‐Rho(D), the potency for RhoGAM is 15 ml of red blood cells/vial.
Australin Antigen Detection
Authors: Lewis J. H. , Coram J. E. 
Published: October 2009

Two hundred and fifty potentially Australia Antigen (AuAg)‐positive serum samples had been collected from individuals who were recovering from AuAg+ hepatitis. These were tested for AuAg by five counterlectrophoresis (CEP) methods and by a radioimmunoassay (RIA) technic. Of these, 149 (6%) were negative by all CEP tests as well as by RIA, and 67 (27%) were positive by all tests. In only 13 per cent was there disagreement. Eighteen (7%) were positive by RIA only, and 16 (6%) were positive by RIA with variable results in the different CEP tests.Additional studies on the RIA method showed that it could detect standard AuAg diluted 1:1,000. CEP was negative at dilutions greater than 1:10. Kinetic studies suggested that RIA could be adapted to a reasonably rapid test (2 hours) with only a slight loss in sensitivity.
Efficacy of the Latham Blood Processor To Perform Plateletpheresis
Authors: Szymanski I. O. , Patti K. , Kliman A. 
Published: October 2009

Platelets were separated during extracorporeal circulation by the method of Tullis et al. in the Latham Blood Processor equipped with a 375 ml disposable centrifuge bowl. The average yield of platelets recovered from each 710 ml unit of blood was 0.665 × 1011 ± 0.244 × 1011 (± 1 S. D.) N = 105, corresponding to an efficiency of 45.8 ± 12.4 per cent.Platelets were also separated during extracorporeal circulation by a modification of the method. In this technic the final platelet concentrate contained about 50 ml of red blood cells that were removed by an additional centrifugation. The average quantity of platelets recovered from each 710 ml of blood was 1.23 × 1011 ± 0.285 × 1011 (± I S. D.) corresponding to an efficiency of removal of 69.5 ± 14.6 per cent (± I S. D.). The modified method permitted a collection of large numbers of platelets from single donors in a relatively short time.Donor effects of the procedure were insignificant. Mild to moderate donor reaction consisting of chilling and hypotensive reactions occurred in three of 145 donors. Transient decreases occurred in hematocrit and platelet count. No untoward effects were observed following repeated procedures.
Selected Types of Frozen Blood for Patients with Multiple Blood Group Antibodies
Authors: Grove‐Rasmussen M. , Huggins C. E. 
Published: October 2009

A statistical study of the incidence and specificity of multiple irregular blood group antibodies shows predominance of those within the Rh‐Hr, Kell, and Duffy systems. When multiple antibodies included those in the Lewis, Lutheran, MNS, P, or Kidd systems, the other antibodies were usually in the Rh‐Hr, Kell, and Duffy systems.The following categories of donors: 1a Group O Rh‐neg. (dce/dce) K‐neg. Fya‐neg. 1b Group O Rh‐neg. (dce/dce) K‐neg. Fyb‐neg. 2a Group O Rh‐pos. (R1R1‐DCe) K‐neg. Fya‐neg. 2b Group O Rh‐pos. (R1R1‐DCe/DCe) K‐neg. Fyb‐neg. 3a Group O Rh‐pos. (R2R2‐DcE7DcE) K‐neg. Fya‐neg. 3b Group O Rh‐pos. (R2R2‐DcE/DcE) K‐neg. Fyb‐neg. are further subtyped for Lea, Leb, P, Jka, Jkb, M, N, S, s, and Lua.Erythrocytes from these donors, frozen in glycerol, with Anti‐A, and Anti‐B antibodies removed during deglycerolization simplifies the problem of finding compatible blood for patients with multiple antibodies.
Accumulation of DI‐2‐Ethylhexyl Phthalate (DEHP) in Whole Blood, Platelet Concentrates, and Platelet‐Poor Plasma
Authors: Contreras T. J. , Sheibley R. H. , Valeri C. R. 
Published: October 2009

The concentration of the plasticizer, di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), in the plasma was measured after storage of the whole blood in polyvinylchloride plastic bags at 4 C for up to 38 days in either ACD or CPD. The plasma from ACD‐stored whole blood contained more DEHP than that from CPD‐stored whole blood. The continuous‐flow centrifugation washing procedures removed about 98 per cent of the DEHP from ACD whole blood stored for 33 days at 4 C.DEHP was assayed in the platelet‐rich plasma, platelet‐poor plasma, supernatant of the platelet concentrate, washed platelets, and washed red blood cells prepared from CPD whole blood. Very little DEHP was found in the washed red blood cells and platelets, a small amount was found in the platelet‐poor plasma, and a large amount in the supernatant of the platelet concentrate. A greater amount of DEHP accumulated in the platelet concentrates that were stored at 22 C than in those stored at 4 C. When platelet concentrates from CPD whole blood were stored at 22 C for 72 hours, the amount of DEHP was about four times that observed after 4 C storage for the same length of time.
Jaundice and Hepatitis B Antigen/Antibody in Hemophilia
Authors: Lewis J. H. , Maxwell N. G. , Brandon J. M. 
Published: October 2009

Overt hepatitis was found in 11.7 per cent of the hemophiliac population studied. In those who had received fractions prepared from pooled plasma, the incidence was 22 per cent. Concentrates of factor IX were associated with hepatitis about three times as often as were factor VIII fractions. Blood samples obtained during the acute phase of hepatitis were available from 12 of the 14 patients treated with factor VIII fractions and eight of the ten treated with factor IX concentrates. Two of the 12 samples from factor VIII deficient patients and seven of the eight from factor IX deficient patients were positive for HB Ag. Antibody (HB Ab) was found in six factor VIII deficient and one factor IX deficient patient with hepatitis. Severe diffuse intravascular coagulation (DIC) occurred in a factor IX deficient man who had been treated with factor IX fractions and who expired in hepatic coma.Multiple serum samples were available from 89 patients who had not had overt hepatitis but had received fraction therapy. Antigenemia was found in one hemophiliac and one afibrinogenemic. Antibody was found in 24 per cent of the factor VIII and 17 per cent of the factor IX deficient patients. Usually HB Ab appeared following therapy with plasma fractions and lessened or disappeared during quiescent periods only to recur after additional exposure to pooled plasma fractions. Remarkably, of the 113 patients who have received fraction therapy, 66 (58%) have not had hepatitis or developed circulating HB Ag or HB Ab.
The Preparation of Cryoprecipitate in a Mobile Laboratory
Authors: Keating L. J. 
Published: October 2009

The Northern Ohio Red Cross Blood Program has been utilizing a mobile laboratory for the production of cryoprecipitate antihemophilic factor (AHF) for a five‐year period. During this time, 68,690 units of cryoprecipitate have been distributed for the care of approximately 200 hemophiliacs in this area of 31/2 million people.The mobile laboratory makes it possible to prepare AHF at the site of bloodmobile operations in sufficient quantity to satisfy the needs of these hemophiliacs. In times of extremely high usage, it has been necessary for us to obtain this product from other Red Cross Centers, but the responsibility for total supply remains with the center.
Hemoglobin Catabolism Following a Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction in a Patient with Sickle Cell Anemia
Authors: Duvall C. P. , Alter H. J. , Rath C. E. 
Published: October 2009

A hemolytic transfusion reaction occurring in a patient with sickle cell anemia provided insight into the handling of massive amounts of hemoglobin in patients who lack haptoglobin. Despite the acute intravascular release of 33 gms of hemoglobin, the peak plasma hemochromogen was only 134 mg/100 ml and only 6 per cent of the hemoglobin load was recovered in the urine. In contrast, the serum bilirubin rose sharply to a peak of 30 mg/100 ml within three hours of hemolysis.The minimal hemoglobinuria, the relatively low peak level of plasma hemoglobin, and the marked and rapid elevation of serum bilirubin suggest an increased hemoglobin clearing capacity of the chronically stimulated reticuloendothelial system in patients with chronic severe hemolytic disease.
Limited Response to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Patients with Concomitant Right Ventricular Dysfunction
Authors: TABEREAUX PAUL B. , DOPPALAPUDI HARISH , KAY G. NEAL , MCELDERRY H. THOMAS , PLUMB VANCE J. , EPSTEIN ANDREW E. 
Published: October 2009

Limited Response to CRT in Patients with RVD. Introduction: Patients with left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) and LV dyssynchrony may respond to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). However, right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) is a predictor of decreased survival in patients with LVD, and its influence on clinical response to CRT is unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of RVD on the clinical response to CRT.
Methods and Results:
A retrospective cohort of consecutive patients who underwent implantation of a CRT implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) were included and deemed to have RVD based on a RV ejection fraction <0.40. A lack of response to CRT was defined as: death, heart transplantation, implantation of an LV assist device, absent improvement in NYHA functional class at 6 months or hospice care. Among 130 patients included (mean age 58 ± 11 years, 68.5% male, 87.7% Caucasian, 51.5% nonischemic cardiomyopathy), 77 (59.2%) had no response to CRT as defined above. Of the nonresponders, 43 (56%) had RVD and 34 (44%) did not have RVD (P = 0.02). After adjustment for age, race, gender, cardiomyopathy type, atrial fibrillation, serum sodium, and severe mitral regurgitation, RVD (adjusted OR = 0.34, 95%CI 0.14–0.82), female gender (adjusted OR = 0.36, 95%CI 0.14–0.95), and serum creatinine (adjusted OR = 0.25, 95%CI 0.09–0.71) were independently associated with decreased odds of response to CRT. There was a significant difference in survival of patients with and without RVD after CRT (log rank P = 0.01).
Conclusion:
RVD represents a strong predictor of lack of clinical response to CRT in patients with CHF due to LVD and should be considered when prescribing CRT. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 21, pp. 431–435, April 2010)
Using diffusion MRI for measuring the temperature of cerebrospinal fluid within the lateral ventricles
Authors: Kozak LR , Bango M , Szabo M , Rudas G , Vidnyanszky Z , Nagy Z 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAim:  Hypothermia is often induced to reduce brain injury in newborns, following perinatal hypoxic–ischaemic events, and in adults following traumatic brain injury, stroke or cardiac arrest. We aimed to devise a method, based on diffusion‐weighted MRI, to measure non‐invasively the temperature of the cerebrospinal fluid in the lateral ventricles.Methods:  The well‐known temperature dependence of the water diffusion constant was used for the estimation of temperature. We carried out diffusion MRI measurements on a 3T Philips Achieva Scanner involving phantoms (filled with water or artificial cerebrospinal fluid while slowly cooling from 41 to 32°C) and healthy adult volunteers.Results:  The estimated temperature of water phantoms followed that measured using a mercury thermometer, but the estimates for artificial cerebrospinal fluid were 1.04°C lower. After correcting for this systematic difference, the estimated temperature within the lateral ventricles of volunteers was 39.9°C. Using diffusion directions less sensitive to cerebrospinal fluid flow, it was 37.7°C, which was in agreement with the literature.Conclusion:  Although further improvements are needed, measuring the temperature within the lateral ventricles using diffusion MRI is a viable method that may be useful for clinical applications. We introduced the method, identified sources of error and offered remedies for each.
Prevalence of Interstitial Cystitis in Vulvodynia Patients Detected by Bladder Potassium Sensitivity
Authors: Kahn Bruce S. , Tatro Christopher , Parsons C. Lowell , Willems John J. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Intravesical potassium sensitivity has been reported in 82% of vulvodynia patients, suggesting the bladder generates their pain and indicating interstitial cystitis (IC)/painful bladder syndrome deserves greater attention in differential diagnosis of vulvodynia.

Aims
The aims of this study were to: (i) determine the prevalence of IC as detected by intravesical potassium sensitivity; and (ii) survey for urinary, pelvic pain, and sexually associated symptoms in patients with vulvodynia.

Methods
Consecutive patients with vulvodynia were surveyed for urinary and pelvic pain symptoms using the pelvic pain and urgency/frequency (PUF) questionnaire, and tested for abnormal epithelial permeability using the potassium sensitivity test (PST). Rates of positive PST were determined overall and by PUF score range, and were compared in patients with intermittent vs. constant vulvodynia symptoms.

Main Outcome Measures
Results of intravesical PST.

Results
Of 122 vulvodynia patients, 102 (84%) had a positive PST and 97 (80%) had urologic symptoms. Of the 87 sexually active patients, 81 (93%) reported pain associated with sex. Patients with constant (72/87, 83%) vs. intermittent symptoms (30/35, 86%) had no significant difference in rates of positive PST. Mean PUF score was 13.2. PUF scores of 3–4 were associated with an 86% rate of positive PST; scores 5–9, 44%; 10–14, 84%; 15–19, 87%; 20–24, 86%; and 25 and above, 100%.

Conclusion
Most patients with vulvodynia have a positive PST and urgency/frequency, indicating pain of bladder origin (IC). IC deserves far greater consideration in the differential diagnosis of patients with vulvodynia. This represents a dramatic change for the gynecologic paradigm of vulvodynia, which in many cases appears to be referred pain from the urinary bladder.