bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subtle white matter injury is common in term‐born infants with a wide range of risks
Authors: Iwata Sachiko , Bainbridge Alan , Nakamura Tomohiko , Tamura Masanori , Takashima Sachio , Matsuishi Toyojiro , Iwata Osuke 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjectivesPerinatal hypoxia–ischaemia affects cognitive outcomes of infants even when clinical symptoms were latent and intensive care was not required. We performed a retrospective analysis in a cohort of term infants who required intensive care (i) to investigate the incidence of abnormal white matter appearances on the magnetic resonance imaging obtained before 2 months corrected age, and (ii) to examine its relationships with other cerebral lesions, clinical backgrounds, and short‐term outcome at 12 months.Study designWhite matter appearances on T2‐weighted imaging (T2WI) and fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery imaging (FLAIR) were assessed in relationship with other cerebral lesions, clinical backgrounds, established white matter lesions on follow‐up scans, and abbreviated developmental outcomes at 12 months in 150 term‐born infants who were cared for at a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit with mixed indications for admission (positive pressure ventilation and intravenous inotropes required in 38% and 49% of infants respectively).ResultsOn T2WI and FLAIR, 14.0% and 41.3% of infants showed abnormal white matter intensities respectively, which were both related with lesions in the internal capsule and deep grey matter. Abnormal T2WI appearances were correlated with low Apgar scores and low blood base‐excess whereas abnormal FLAIR appearances were associated with younger corrected age at scan. Follow‐up studies in a cohort of infants revealed that abnormal white matter intensities further correlated with chronic long‐T2 lesions after 8 months corrected age (n = 40) and severe neuro‐developmental disability at 12 months (n = 104).ConclusionsAbnormal white matter intensities were associated with pathological clinical variables. White matter injury may not be a specific form of cerebral damage in preterm infants. For the precise evaluation of newborn brain imaging, it may be beneficial to account for corrected age even in term infants.
Polystoma okomuensisn. sp. (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) from Boulenger's striped frog,Phlyctimantis boulengeri(Perret, 1986) in Nigeria
Authors: Aisien M.S.O. , Du Preez L.H. , Imasuen A.A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPolystoma okomuensisis described as a new species of the Polystomatidae parasitic in the urinary bladder of Boulenger's striped frogPhlyctimantis boulengeriin the Okomu National Park, Edo State, Nigeria. Although other African polystomes have been reported from Nigeria, this is the first to be described from the country and the first fromPhlyctimantis. It is distinguished from other AfricanPolystomaspecies by a combination of characters, including the body size, size and shape of the hamuli, size and shape of marginal hooklets and intestinal location.Phlyctimantis boulengeriwas found to be infected in two of four seasonal lakes where specimens were caught with prevalences and mean intensities ranging from 14.3 to 22% and 1.0 to 1.5, respectively. Of the total number of 45 frogs examined, the prevalence was 15.6% and mean intensity 1.4.
Effects of habitat type on bird nesting in the desert grasslands of central Mexico: conservation implications
Authors: Posadas-Leal César , Chapa-Vargas Leonardo , Arredondo-Moreno José Tulio , Huber-Sannwald Elisabeth 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPopulations of North American grassland birds have suffered drastic declines. The causes of these declines are only partially understood and may vary among regions. During the 2004 and 2005 breeding seasons we recorded survival information from 220 nests of four bird species in nine study sites representing three habitat types of the desert grasslands of central Mexico, where grassland birds had not yet been studied. We predicted that land-use change from shortgrass steppe to heavily grazed savannah-type grasslands and agriculture would negatively affect nesting success, number of fledglings and nest abundance. We also examined temporal effects on reproductive success. We found some evidence that nest survival of savannah sparrowsPasserculus sandwichensis, loggerhead shrikesLanius ludovicianusand white-winged dovesZenaida asiaticavaried with date, and that nest survival of the dove was lowest in agricultural sites. However, confidence intervals were large, suggesting that other variables were also important. Whereas white-winged dove nests were notably more abundant in agricultural areas compared to the other habitat types, western meadowlarkSturnella neglectanests were not found in agricultural areas. Ploughing caused the largest proportion of nest failures in agricultural areas and, on average, all species fledged fewer young per nest in agricultural areas. Therefore, minimizing agriculture and adjusting harvest times could enhance conservation of grassland-nesting birds in central Mexico. Our study also suggests that inter-annual variation in rainfall can change the onset of nesting by at least 2 months.
Hunting and consumption of mammals and birds by people in urban areas of western Madagascar
Authors: Randrianandrianina Félicien H. , Racey Paul A. , Jenkins Richard K.B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe assessed the consumption and hunting of wild animals by people in urban areas of western Madagascar using structured questionnaires in households and direct observations. Six wild mammal and five wild bird species were reported, or observed, to be sources of bushmeat although fish and domestic animals were the preferred and cheapest sources of animal protein. Bushmeat accounted for 10% of the meat consumed the day before our questionnaires were completed. Common tenrecTenrec ecaudatusand bush pigPotamochoerus larvatuswere the preferred wild meat and the former was also the most expensive type of meat. Taboos and strong dislikes limited the consumption of domestic pigs, bush pigs, goats, lemurs and fruit bats. Game species were hunted according to their availability, which coincided with the legal hunting season for fruit bats but only partly so for the other game species. Illegal hunting of Verreauxi’s sifakaPropithecus verreauxiis cause for concern and assessments of primate consumption may have been underestimated because of reluctance of interviewees to admit illegal activities.
Size and spatio-temporal variations of the Andean condorVultur gryphuspopulation in north-west Patagonia, Argentina: communal roosts and conservation
Authors: Lambertucci Sergio A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEstimations of the population sizes of threatened species are fundamental for conservation. The current estimate of the population of the Andean condorVultur gryphusis based on limited local counts. Simultaneous censuses of 10 condor communal roosts were therefore conducted during 2006–2008 in north-west Patagonia, Argentina, to obtain a minimum population number, to estimate the size of the local population, and to describe use of the roosts by season and age classes. I fitted the data to two asymptotic models to calculate the population of condors as a function of the number of communal roosts surveyed. In an area of c. 6,300 km2I obtained a minimum population size of 246 individuals by direct observation, and a population estimate of 296 condors (range 260–332) by applying the models. This population, the largest known of this species, comprises 68.5% adults and 31.5% immatures. Condors had large aggregations in some communal roosts and used the area seasonally, increasing in numbers from autumn to spring and decreasing in summer. Long-term monitoring of communal roosts across the Andean condor’s range is essential for the monitoring of this rare and vulnerable species.
Carbon, forests and the REDD paradox
Authors: Sandbrook Chris , Nelson Fred , Adams William M. , Agrawal Arun 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe institutional arrangements governing forests will be a critical factor in reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) as part of the global effort to mitigate climate change. A growing body of empirical research demonstrates how local forest governance can be as, if not more, effective than centralized state-based regimes. Local forest governance can secure improvements in multiple forest outcomes such as biomass and carbon storage and livelihoods contributions for the poor, and it can do so at lower cost than is possible through centralized governance. Many national governments have implicitly recognized these findings in their pursuit of decentralized forest governance and in strengthening local rights and capacities to use and manage forests. However, such reforms are often politically resisted, particularly where the value of forest resources is high and central government bodies are able to capture the majority of benefits. Ongoing negotiations related to the design and delivery of REDD policy and practice must take into account both the importance of local forest governance arrangements and the political–economic barriers to devolving secure rights over forests to local communities. These political dimensions of forest tenure and policy create a paradox for REDD: increasing the value of forest resources through global carbon markets without attending to local governance and rights will create political incentives towards centralized governance, which could lead to greater forest loss and lower forest-related benefits for the poor.
Securing tropical forest carbon: the contribution of protected areas to REDD
Authors: Scharlemann Jörn P. W. , Kapos Valerie , Campbell Alison , Lysenko Igor , Burgess Neil D. , Hansen Matthew C. , Gibbs Holly K. , Dickson Barney , Miles Lera 
Published: July 2010

AbstractForest loss and degradation in the tropics contribute 6–17% of all greenhouse gas emissions. Protected areas cover 217.2 million ha (19.6%) of the world’s humid tropical forests and contain c. 70.3 petagrams of carbon (Pg C) in biomass and soil to 1 m depth. Between 2000 and 2005, we estimate that 1.75 million ha of forest were lost from protected areas in humid tropical forests, causing the emission of 0.25–0.33 Pg C. Protected areas lost about half as much carbon as the same area of unprotected forest. We estimate that the reduction of these carbon emissions from ongoing deforestation in protected sites in humid tropical forests could be valued at USD 6,200–7,400 million depending on the land use after clearance. This is > 1.5 times the estimated spending on protected area management in these regions. Improving management of protected areas to retain forest cover better may be an important, although certainly not sufficient, component of an overall strategy for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD).
Seed predation and defleshing in the agouti-dispersed palmAstrocaryum standleyanum
Authors: Jansen Patrick A. , Elschot Kelly , Verkerk P. Johannes , Wright S. Joseph 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:The agouti (Dasyprocta punctata) meticulously defleshesAstrocaryum standleyanumpalm seeds before scatter hoarding. On Barro Colorado Island, Panama, we experimentally tested three hypotheses on how this behaviour could reduce seed predation to the mutual benefit of the tree and the rodent. The first and established hypothesis – that defleshing reduces seed predation by bruchid beetles by intercepting larvae – was rejected. Experiments in which manually defleshed seeds or entire fruits were incubated at different times showed that defleshing reduced bruchid infestation before fruit fall but not after fruit fall. The second hypothesis – that defleshing reduces cache pilferage by making seeds less conspicuous – was supported. An experiment in which intact fruits and manually defleshed seeds were placed in mimicked agouti caches and followed showed that seeds with flesh were pilfered at higher rates than defleshed seeds. The third hypothesis – that defleshing reduces post-dispersal infestation of cached seeds – was rejected. An experiment in which intact fruits and manually defleshed seeds were placed in mammal exclosures and later collected to assess infestation showed that burial reduced seed infestation but defleshing did not. Thus, seed defleshing reduced palm seed predation, but in a different way than previously believed. We also found that (1) bruchid beetles can be pre-dispersal rather than post-dispersal seed predators, (2) seed infestation by scolytid beetles may control bruchid larvae, and (3) scolytids rather than bruchids are the main invertebrate seed predators of this palm.
“Sooty Empiricks” and Natural Philosophers: The Status of Chemistry in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Clericuzio Antonio 
Published: July 2010

ArgumentThis article argues that during the seventeenth century chemistry achieved intellectual and institutional recognition, starting its transition from a practical art – subordinated to medicine – into an independent discipline. This process was by no means a smooth one, as it took place amidst polemics and conflicts lasting more than a century. It began when Andreas Libavius endeavored to turn chemistry into a teaching discipline, imposing method and order. Chemistry underwent harsh criticism from Descartes and the Cartesians, who reduced natural phenomena to the mechanical affections of matter, leaving little room for chemistry as an independent discipline. Boyle rejected the chemical principles and promoted the fusion of chemistry with corpuscularianism. He did not reduce chemical phenomena to the mechanical affections of matter, but strived to promote chemistry as part of natural philosophy. Lemery gave strong impulse to the recognition of chemistry as a discipline in its own right by fostering a compromise of chemistry and mechanism. Lemery adopted the chemical principles, but did not see them as the ultimate ingredients of bodies. In order to promote chemistry, he distanced it from alchemy and pursued the reform of chemical terminology.
Divine Illumination, Mechanical Calculators, and the Roots of Modern Reason
Authors: Dear Peter 
Published: July 2010

ArgumentTalk of “reason” and “rationality” has been perennial in the philosophy and sciences of the European, Latin tradition since antiquity. But the use of these terms in the early-modern period has left especial marks on the specialties and disciplines that emerged as components of “science” in the modern world. By examining discussions by seventeenth-century philosophers, including natural philosophers such as Descartes, Pascal, and Hobbes, the practical meanings of, specifically, inferential reasoning can be seen as reducing, for most, to intellectual processes deriving from foundations that required intuitional insight that was owing to God. Mechanical reasoning, or artificial intelligence, was a contradiction in terms for such as Pascal, whose views of his own arithmetical machine illustrate the issue well. Hobbes’ analysis of reason, however, replaced the ineffable authority of God with the authority of the civil power, to reveal the social reality of “reason” as nothing other than authorized judgment.
The Myth of Primordialism in Cicero's Theory of Jus Gentium
Authors: CONKLIN WILLIAM E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAfter setting out the importance of the notion of an international community in contemporary treaties, International Court of Justice judgments and opinio juris, this paper claims that we need to turn to Cicero's works in order to appreciate a sense of what an international community is. Cicero was the first jurist known to recognize and elaborate a theory of the international community and this through his concept of jus gentium. Cicero's theory of jus gentium, I argue, was neither a positivist theory nor a natural law theory. Instead, jus gentium dwelt in an intermediate position between posited state laws and the laws of nature. I find a problem, however, in that Cicero exempts certain types of society from the guidance and protection of the jus gentium. I document examples of the sort of society so exempted. In order to understand why Cicero exempts such societies from the protection of the jus gentium, I argue, Cicero's theory depends on a primordial condition where human beings, living an animal-like existence, lack a language and reason. Cicero posits that human beings must leap from such a primordial condition into a civilized world where language is shared. Cicero associates a civilized world with communication, deliberation, reason, and law, particularly the jus gentium. His theory of jus gentium thereby hierarchizes societies and begs that we ask whether such a hierarchy remains presupposed in contemporary international law and international legal theory.
Role of probiotic in preventing acute diarrhoea in children: a community-based, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled field trial in an urban slum
Authors: SUR D. , MANNA B. , NIYOGI S. K. , RAMAMURTHY T. , PALIT A. , NOMOTO K. , TAKAHASHI T. , SHIMA T. , TSUJI H. , KURAKAWA T. , TAKEDA Y. , NAIR G. B. , BHATTACHARYA S. K. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYAcute diarrhoea remains a major public health challenge in developing countries. We examined the role of a probiotic in the prevention of acute diarrhoea to discover if there was an effect directed towards a specific aetiology. A double-blind, randomized, controlled field trial involving 3758 children aged 1–5 years was conducted in an urban slum community in Kolkata, India. Participants were given either a probiotic drink containingLactobacillus caseistrain Shirota or a nutrient drink daily for 12 weeks. They were followed up for another 12 weeks. The primary outcome of this study was the occurrence of first episodes of diarrhoea. We assessed this during 12 weeks of intake of study agent and also for 12 weeks of follow-up. There were 608 subjects with diarrhoea in the probiotic group and 674 subjects in the nutrient group during the study period of 24 weeks. The level of protective efficacy for the probiotic was 14% (95% confidence interval 4–23,P<0·01 in adjusted model). The reduced occurrence of acute diarrhoea in the probiotic group compared to nutrient group was not associated with any specific aetiology. No adverse event was observed in children of either probiotic or nutrient groups. The study suggests that daily intake of a probiotic drink can play a role in prevention of acute diarrhoea in young children in a community setting of a developing country.
Reference genes validation for qPCR normalization inDeschampsia antarcticaduring abiotic stresses
Authors: Lee Hyoungseok , Kim Ji Hyun , Park Mira , Kim Il-Chan , Yim Joung Han , Lee Hong Kum 
Published: July 2010

AbstractQuantitative real time PCR is the most sensitive and widely used method for the analysis of gene expression. The choice of one or several reference genes is very important for a normalization process, which should not fluctuate under stress conditions, to reduce error rate and bias during experimental procedure. In the present study, the expression stability of nine reference genes (two actins, two tubulins, two elongation factor 1α, two ubiquitins, and cyclophilin) during abiotic stresses such as cold, salt, and PEG treatments, was evaluated onDeschampsia antarcticaplants using geNorm software. Results from various experimental conditions indicated that cyclophilin and elongation factor 1α were the most stable genes in the leaf and the root, respectively. The expression of the other reference genes varied under stress. The relative quantification of the TACR7 gene varied according to the kind and the number of reference genes used, suggesting the importance of considering the implications of a combination of reference genes under different stress conditions and in different tissues.
Combinational dormancy in winter annualFabaceae
Authors: Van Assche Jozef A. , Vandelook Filip E.A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAmong 14 species of herbaceousFabaceae, all six winter annuals show a marked non-deep physiological dormancy of the embryo in addition to physical dormancy. This physiological dormancy is apparent at 23°C, but not at lower temperatures of 10°C and 5°C and disappears after 3 months of dry storage. These results corroborate the hypothesis that combinational dormancy is a double safety mechanism for delaying germination during summer: physical dormancy postpones germination, and even in early softened seeds germination is prevented by physiological dormancy of the embryo. Softened, swollen seeds ofMedicago arabicatolerate a subsequent desiccation and remain viable even after five cycles of dehydration and rehydration. The rate of natural softening ofM. arabicaseeds increases exponentially at higher temperatures, with a Q10between 3.4 and 5.1, and obeys the Arrhenius equation. This indicates that a chemical reaction might be involved in breakdown of physical dormancy. Winter annuals with hard seeds show similar properties as winter annuals with permeable seeds: the need for afterripening and requirement of lower temperatures delay germination until autumn. Only one species,Vicia sativa, loses physical dormancy during dry storage. Drying during summer might be a supplementary cue for germination in autumn.
‘HEE-HAW … LLELUJAH’: HANDEL AMONG THE VAUXHALL ASSES (1732)
Authors: CHRISSOCHOIDIS ILIAS 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThe discovery of a satirical list from 1732 helps us revisit Handel's affairs during the early 1730s. Placing the composer among elite guests at the opening night of Vauxhall Gardens in 1732, the new document predates his known links with the venue by six years, offers a rare description of him as subservient to John James Heidegger and possibly alludes to his medical condition prior to 1737. It also invites an exploration of hidden affinities between English oratorio and John Henley's much-abused Oratory, including a hypothesis about the strictures applied to Esther by the Bishop of London. Much more important, it helps launch a re-examination of Handel's role in the ‘Second Academy’ as a court composer in an entrepreneurial milieu.
Correction of mass calibration gaps in liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry metabolomics data
Authors: Benton H. Paul , Want Elizabeth J. , Ebbels Timothy M. D. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Motivation: High mass accuracy is an important goal in liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry experiments. Some manufacturers employ a mass calibration system that regularly switches between the analyte and a standard reference compound, and leads to gaps in the analyte data. We present a method for correction of such gaps in global molecular profiling applications such as metabolomics. We demonstrate that it improves peak detection and quantification, successfully recovering the expected number of peaks and intensity distribution in an example metabolomics dataset.
Availability and implementation: Available in XCMS versions 1.23.3 and higher. Distributed via Bioconductor under GNU General Public License. (http://www.bioconductor.org/packages//2.7/bioc/html/xcms.html)
Contact: hpaul.benton08@imperial.ac.uk; hpbenton@gmail.com; t.ebbels@imperial.ac.uk
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.