bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le système coopératif laitier en Inde à l'épreuve de la libéralisation
Authors: Alary Véronique 
Published: November 2009

The cooperative dairy milk system in india since the liberalization
In 20 years the average availability of milk has crossed 112 gms per day per inhabitant (1973-1974) to about 194 (1994- 1995). These achievements lie numerous technical and organizational efforts to tap a scattered supply system and make the product accessible to the urban population. These results are the fruits of « Operation Flood », launched by the National Dairy Development Board (nddb) in 1970-1971. However, since the liberalization of the dairy sector in 1991, the increase in number of the private dairy industries threatens the monopoly of the nddb. But the possible imports of milk powder at low price, specially from Europe and New Zealand, could constitute the biggest danger to the producers and the nddb, and, in the longer term, to the national production of milk.
Analyse empirique de l'intégration des marchés agricoles en Tunisie
Authors: Khedhiri Sami 
Published: November 2009

Empirical analysis of agricultural market integration in Tunisia
The development of the agricultural sector requires that agricultural products be competitive in the domestic and the international markets. This may be shown by the degree of market integration which is studied in this article for the case of Tunisia. Our cointegration analysis results show that the degree of wholesale market integration is low in particular for the strategic products. It is also shown that the distance between markets and the volume of transactions cannot explain this lack of linkage between the markets.
Emploi agricole : les cadres d'analyse à l'épreuve des dynamiques actuelles
Authors: Blanc Michel , Perrier-Cornet Philippe 
Published: November 2009

Agricultural employment analytical frameworks questionned by current dynamics
This paper reviews three questions which have to do with agricultural employment Is there a change in the factors which bear upon the agricultural employment volume ? Is there a change in agricultural job characteristics and in occupational trajectories leading to these jobs ? Is agricultural employment still a key variable of rural employment ? The authors underscore the more conspicuous dynamics, investigate how they could be modified in the near future and question the need for reassessing the classical analytical frameworks explaining agricultural employment trends.
Organisation du travail dans les systèmes d'activités complexes
Authors: Dedieu Benoît , Laurent Catherine , Mundler Patrick 
Published: November 2009

Work organization for households with complex system of activities <i>
</i>
A significant proportion of farm households combine several types of professional activities. However the compatibility of these different activities is not obvious. Work planning aspects should therefore be included when analysing change in farming and rural employment. Animal production specialists addressing these issues have developed a method named « Bilan Travail » (work planning assessment) which is implemented in diagnostic and advisory work on livestock farms. Some of its principles could be taken up to analyse all the professional activities of farm households.
Une véritable politique de l'emploi : élément de la resilience industrielle des moyennes montagnes d'Auvergne
Authors: Fournier Mauricette 
Published: November 2009

A genuine employment policy : a part a the industrial resilience of middle mountains in Auvergne
The middle mountains industry in Auvergne is currently facing a lack of qualifications both due to insufficiency of local labour training and to the difficulty in attracting resources of other regions, specially skilled people. However, the industrial system didn't seem to suffer that much from this handicap and the characteristics of the local labour remain for the local managers one of the key advantages of their geographic situation. These two assessments, apparently contradictory, are indeed the cause and the consequence of a third one : the necessity in which many companies are to train themselves their staff had led them to implement a true employment policy, main element of the industrial resilience.
Fiabilité des résultats de méthode d'évaluation contingente et modes d'interrogation
Authors: Grappey Corinne 
Published: November 2009

Reliability of estimates from contingent valuation method and modes of data collection: an application to groundwater resource
This paper explores the reliability of estimates from contingent valuation method assessing the variability of contingent values collected by two modes of data collection: face-to-face interviewing or mail survey. We compare the results of two contingent valuation surveys on the willingness to pay for preserving groundwater quality in the Bievre-Liers Plain (Isere, France). Empirical results indicate that the mean willingness to pay estimated for each survey are significantly different
Contrat agri-environnemental: aide ou rémunération?
Authors: Boy Laurence 
Published: November 2009

AGRI-ENVIRONMENTAL CONTRACTS, SUBSIDIES OR PAYMENTS
Agri-environmental measures, specially agri-environmental contracts, have been analysed as an «alibi», concealing in fact an act of benevolence issue from the Administration and therefore as subsidies without any counterpart. This survey tries hard to refute such an analysis from the legal notion of the sufficient and valuable consideration ant to demonstrate that agri- environmental «subsidies» constitute the price for services promised by the farmers. So they cannot be considered as technical trade barriers condemned by the wro rules.
Éléments de réflexion relatifs à l'interaction entre réglementation et structures industrielles
Authors: Bascourret Jean-Marc , Delaplace Marie , Gaignette Antonin 
Published: November 2009

SOME CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT THE LINK BETWEEN REGULATION AND INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES: THE CASE OF BIODEGRADABLE MATERIALS
This paper is part of a research programme. The aim of this program is to identify the structural and strategic determinants which are likely to influence the industrialisation of an innovation (starch based biopolymers used in packaging) in two countries, France and Germany. In this paper, we focus on one determinant, the regulation. More precisely, the aim of this paper is to present some theoretical considerations about the link between regulation and industrial structure. We intend to put forward that it is very difficult to analyse the impact of regulation on industrial structures because regulation is building by strategies of actors in the same time than industrial structures.
La politique agricole dans les négociations internationales
Authors: Mahé Louis-Pascal , Laroche-Dupraz Catherine 
Published: November 2009

THE FRENCH AGRICULTURAL POLICY WITHIN THE INTERNATIONAL ROUNDS : TIME OF AGGIORNAMENTO
The paper covers the main topic of the French agricultural trade policy: the cap and the gatt. We review some developments of the cap in relation to the successive gatt rounds. Against early evidence of difficulties, the cap was not significantly adjusted, even in 1984, before the 1992 reform under the pressure of the Uruguay Round and of the previous concessions making the grain policy untenable. The French agricultural strategy is seen as too narrowly focused on the financial and trade benefits derived from the customs union and the financial solidarity principle. The French agricultural policy is paradoxical for a structural exporter as it relies extensively on market support, intervention and restitutions. Some explanations of this French paradox are suggested, and the supra national nature of the cap viewed as a main factor. Agenda 2000 and the « Loi d'orientation » could launch a far reaching agricultural policy, consistent with the European model of the countryside, if the whole support to the farm sector were channelled through the system of the «Contrats territoriaux d'exploitation», based not on agricultural products volumes, but on agricultural practices and effective environmental services.
Determination of Corneal Elasticity Coefficient Using the ORA Database
Authors: Avetisov Sergei E. , Novikov Ivan A. , Bubnova Irina A. , Antonov Alexei A. , Siplivyi Vladimir I. 
Published: November 2009

Purpose:
To propose a new approach for the study of corneal biomechanics using the Reichert Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA) database, which is based on changes in velocity retardation in the central cornea at the peak of flattening.

Methods:
The ORA applanation curve was analyzed using a mathematical technique, which allowed calculation of the elasticity coefficient (Ke), which is primarily characteristic of the elastic properties of the cornea. Elasticity coefficient values were obtained in patients with presumably different biomechanical properties of the cornea: “normal” cornea (71 eyes, normal group), keratoconus (34 eyes, keratoconus group), LASIK (36 eyes, LASIK group), and glaucoma with elevated and compensated intraocular pressure (IOP) (38 eyes, glaucoma group).

Results:

The mean Ke value in the normal group was 11.05±1.6, and the corneal thickness correlation coefficient r
2
was 0.48. In the keratoconus group, the mean Ke value was 4.91±1.87 and the corneal thickness correlation coefficient r
2
was 0.47. In the LASIK group, Ke and r
2
were 5.99±1.18 and 0.39, respectively. In the glaucoma group, the same eyes that experienced a two-fold reduction in IOP developed a statistically significant reduction in the Ke (1.06 times lower), whereas their corneal hysteresis value increased 1.25 times.

Conclusions:
The elasticity coefficient calculated using the ORA applanation curve can be used in the evaluation of corneal biomechanical properties.
Proteolytic Cleavage, Reaction Mechanisms
Authors: Aehle Wolfgang , Bott Richard , Graycar Thomas 
Published: November 2009

AbstractProteolytic cleavage, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein, is a ubiquitous reaction in nature catalyzed by enzymes calledpeptidases(also referred to asproteases,proteinases, andproteolytic enzymes). Whether the purpose served is digestive scavenging of nutrients or regulation of a critical physiological process such as blood coagulation, peptidases play an essential role in the growth and survival of all living organisms. Because of their abundance and importance, the reaction mechanisms of peptidases have been studied more extensively than any other class of enzyme. Many of the first high resolution x‐ray crystal structures of proteins were obtained for peptidases. Our understanding of the mechanism of rate acceleration used by peptidases and the structural basis for their specificity has improved dramatically through the use of a recombinant DNA technique calledsite‐specific mutagenesis. Developed in the early 1980s, site‐specific mutagenesis is a method whereby one or more specific residues in the amino acid sequence of a protein can be removed or, more commonly, replaced with another amino acid via mutagenesis of its corresponding cloned gene. The contribution to catalysis of an amino acid functional group in the active site of an enzyme can then be determined directly. Because of the valuable insight into the reaction mechanism of peptidases afforded by site‐specific mutagenesis studies and high resolution x‐ray crystallography, there has been significant progress made in the design of new peptidase inhibitor drugs as well as the development of peptidases with improved properties for medicinal and industrial applications.
Regulatory Requirements for Human Biopharmaceuticals, European Community
Authors: Walsh Gary 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The European Union (EU), consisting of 27 member states and supporting a population of almost 500 million, now represents the world's single largest developed pharmaceutical market. Throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, a series of pharmaceutical laws were enacted throughout the EU, which effectively harmonized pharmaceutical regulations within all member states. This legislation, along with associated guidelines and other interpretative documents, collectively comprise the 10‐volume “rules governing medicinal products within the EU”, which is published by the European Commission. These laws also paved the way for the establishment of the European Medicines Agency (EMEA), charged with managing and coordinating the new EU‐wide drug regulatory system. The EMEA assesses new marketing application for biotech drugs via a centralized system. The agency, through its Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP), formulates an opinion on the application within an active evaluation time frame of 210 days. This opinion is then transmitted to the European Commission, the EU body with the legislative power to actually grant marketing authorization. The commission has 90 days in which to examine the EMEA opinion and make a final decision. Thus, the overall drug approval process is undertaken within 300 days of active evaluation. In addition to playing a central role in assessing new biotech drugs for marketing authorization, the EMEA also plays various roles in other activities pertinent to a drug's life cycle. This includes the drug development process, pharmacovigilance, and manufacturing. Much of the day‐to‐day activities concerning the latter regulatory issues, however, are undertaken within the national regulatory bodies of the individual EU member states.
Solid Substrate Fermentations, Enzyme Production, Food Enrichment
Authors: Chisti Yusuf 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
In this article, use of solid substrate fermentations in producing foods, enzymes, and other commodities is discussed. Factors that influence solid‐state fermentation are outlined. Major types of fermenters used are reviewed. Processes are outlined for producing a selection of fermented foods and enzymes. Biosafety considerations that are relevant to solid‐state fermentation are discussed.
Solute Transport, Microbial
Authors: Marquis Robert E. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractSolute transport systems in the cell and organelle membranes of industrial microbes play major roles in the physiological processes exploited for human benefit. Transmembrane transport of solutes is a major function of microbial cells, and commonly, some 15% of the total protein production of cells is devoted to transport proteins. Very often, the rates at which solutes enter cells determine the rates at which cytoplasmic enzymes can act on substrates from the environment. Transport systems are also important in the excretion of toxic materials from cells or in the production of exopolymers such as exoenzymes. Prominent types of transmembrane transport systems include channels, which mainly act as selective conduits for the movement of solutes, including water, through membranes and various carriers, which are commonly active, energy‐coupled transporters of solutes into or out of cells. These transporters may act by uniport, symport, or antiport, and also by group translocation, for example, in phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase systems. Energy coupling for transport systems may be primary, for example, involving membrane F‐ATPases working in the synthase mode in conjunction with respiration or photosynthesis. Primary coupling can also involve cytoplasmic metabolism resulting in alkalinization of the cytoplasm, for example, through decarboxylation resulting in proton entry from the environment through F‐ATPases with net synthesis of ATP or energization of the cell membrane. F‐ATPases also play prominent roles in acid–base balance when they act in the hydrolytic mode to excrete protons when cells are in acid environments. Transport processes may also be secondarily energized by solute gradients across the cell membrane with, for example, antiport of the product of a metabolic process out of the cell with coupled antiport of the substrate for the process. Currently, there is an increasing appreciation for the roles of biofilms in industrial processes and the need to use biofilms, for which solute uptake may be diffusion limited, for the studies of transport processes of industrial microbes, which normally live in biofilm communities.
Plants: Genetic Transformation
Authors: Siemens Johannes 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe majority of cultivated plants, including all major cereals, can be transformed either byAgrobacterium‐mediated transformation or by particle bombardment, which are the two widely used methods for genetic manipulation of plants. Virus‐based vectors can be efficiently used for high transient expression of foreign proteins in transfected plants, providing a low cost alternative to stable transformation. Beside these three major methods, further techniques such as protoplast‐based direct gene transfer, tissue electroporation, silicon carbide fiber‐mediated transformation, sonoporation, and microinjection have yielded transgenic plants, and still find applications.
Biomimetic Patterns in Architectural Design
Authors: Vincent Julian 
Published: November 2009

AbstractJulian Vincent, Professor of Biomimetics and Director of the Centre for Biomimetics and Natural Technologies within the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Bath, identifies three distinct levels at which patterns can be translated from biology to architecture. Emphasising the importance of pattern recognition in the transfer of the most abstract derivations, he demonstrates that the greatest potential for biomimetics lies in its application for problem solving rather than straightforward mimicry of biological shapes and forms. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multifunctional FeCo/TiN Multilayer Thin Films with Combined Magnetic and Protective Properties
Authors: Klever Christian , Stüber Michael , Leiste Harald , Nold Eberhard , Seemann Klaus , Ulrich Sven , Brunken Hayo , Ludwig Alfred , Thede Claas , Quandt Eckhard 
Published: November 2009

AbstractCoatings with thicknesses ranging from a few nanometer up to several micrometer produced by physical vapor deposition (PVD) processes have been established in engineering technologies since the early 1980s. In particular, magnetron sputtered wear resistance coatings are industrially established and capable to enhance tool lifetimes significantly. However, in cases where optical inspection of a coating in use is not possible, an intrinsic sensor function of the film would be beneficial. Therefore, the development of wear resistant coatings with an integrated sensor functionality based on the insertion of a magnetoelastic ferromagnetic phase is suggested. In combination with appropriate read‐out electronics such a film system would be ready for online monitoring of the coatings' actual state (e.g., strain, temperature, volume loss). This paper focuses on the development of wear resistance coatings which simultaneously supply beneficial mechanical properties as well as ferromagnetic properties optimized for online non‐contact read‐out applications. Multilayer coatings obtained through alternate stacking of magnetron sputtered TiN and FeCo layers with a nominal total thickness of 1000 nm were produced as a model system meeting the above conditions. The bilayer period was varied down to 2.6 nm while the individual layer thickness ratio tTiN/tFeCo was determined by the deposition rates and maintained constant at a value of about 3/1. The films were vacuum annealed ex situ in a static magnetic field subsequent to the deposition. The constitution of the as‐deposited and annealed coatings as well as their mechanical (nanohardness, Young's modulus) and magnetic properties (magnetization hysteresis, frequency‐dependent permeability) are described. Finally, the suitability of the coatings for the use in remote‐interrogable wear sensor applications is briefly discussed.
Three patients with oculo‐auriculo‐vertebral spectrum and microdeletion 22q11.2
Authors: Digilio M. Cristina , McDonald‐McGinn Donna M. , Heike Carrie , Catania Charles , Dallapiccola Bruno , Marino Bruno , Zackai Elaine H. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe report on three unrelated patients with the 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome (del22q11) who have phenotypic anomalies compatible with oculo‐auriculo‐vertebral spectrum (OAVS). Hemifacial microsomia, unilateral microtia, hearing loss, congenital heart/aortic arch arteries defects, and feeding difficulties were present in all three patients. Additional anomalies occasionally diagnosed included coloboma of the upper eyelid, microphthalmia, cerebral malformation, palatal anomalies, neonatal hypocalcemia, developmental delay, and laryngomalacia. Several clinical features characteristic of OAVS have been described in patients with del22q11 from the literature, including ear anomalies, hearing loss, cervical vertebral malformations, conotruncal cardiac defects, renal malformations, feeding and respiratory difficulties. Atretic ear with facial asymmetry has been previously described in one patient. Thus, clinical expression of hemifacial microsomia and microtia resembling OAVS should now be included within the wide phenotypic expression of del22q11. The occurrence of this manifestation in del22q11 is currently low. Nevertheless, patients with hemifacial microsomia and microtia associated with clinical features typically associated with del22q11 should now have for specific cytogenetic testing. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fallback foods and dietary partitioning among Pan and gorilla
Authors: Yamagiwa Juichi , Basabose Augustin Kanyunyi 
Published: November 2009

AbstractRecent findings on the strong preference of gorillas for fruits and the large dietary overlap between sympatric gorillas and chimpanzees has led to a debate over the folivorous/frugivorous dichotomy and resource partitioning. To add insight to these arguments, we analyze the diets of sympatric gorillas and chimpanzees inhabiting the montane forest of Kahuzi‐Biega National Park (DRC) using a new definition of fallback foods (Marshall and Wrangham: Int J Primatol 28 [2007] 1219–1235). We determined the preferred fruits of Kahuzi chimpanzees and gorillas from direct feeding observations and fecal analyses conducted over an 8‐year period. Although there was extensive overlap in the preferred fruits of these two species, gorillas tended to consume fewer fruits with prolonged availability while chimpanzees consumed fruits with large seasonal fluctuations. Fig fruit was defined as a preferred food of chimpanzees, although it may also play a role as the staple fallback food. Animal foods, such as honey bees and ants, appear to constitute filler fallback foods of chimpanzees. Tool use allows chimpanzees to obtain such high‐quality fallback foods during periods of fruit scarcity. Among filler fallback foods, terrestrial herbs may enable chimpanzees to live in small home ranges in the montane forest, whereas the availability of animal foods may permit them to expand their home range in arid areas. Staple fallback foods including barks enable gorillas to form cohesive groups with similar home range across habitats irrespective of fruit abundance. These differences in fallback strategies seem to have shaped different social features between sympatric gorillas and chimpanzees. Am J Phys Anthropol 140:739–750, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.