bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The 98th Congress and science
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

Many supporters of science were reelected in the November 2 congressional elections, but several key people will not return for another term. Although some reassignments will be made for the 98th Congress, which convenes in early January, there are sure to be some familiar faces on the major committees of both houses concerned with the earth sciences.All but eight of the incumbents on the House Science and Technology Committee will return. Don Fuqua (D.‐Fla.) will return as chairman, Doug Walgren (D.‐Pa.) is expected to continue as chairman of the Science, Research, and Technology Subcommittee, and Ronnie Flippo (D.‐Ala.) is likely to retain the chairmanship of the Space Science and Applications Subcommittee. California Rep. George E. Brown (D), well known for his staunch science support, is also returning for another term.
Schubert edits JGR‐Red
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

‘As editor, my major concern will be to maintain and strengthen the Journal of Geophysical Research's position as the preeminent journal in solid earth and solid planet geophysics,’ asserted Gerald Schubert, the new editor of the red section of JGR. ‘I will endeavor to ensure that all major subject areas covered by JGR‐Red are adequately represented among the published papers.’ Schubert, professor of geophysics and planetary physics at the University of California, Los Angeles, officially begins his 4‐year term as editor on December 1, although he has been receiving manuscripts since October 1.The new editor brings to JGR enthusiasm and dedication. ‘I will try to make it the type of journal that the readers want it to be in terms of both rapid publication time and publication of the best papers.’ He expects to continue the traditions that his predecessor, Thomas J . Ahrens, has established. In particular, Schubert wants to continue publishing special issues that focus on specific research topics. He welcomes suggestions for such issues from the research community.
COSOD: A critique
Authors: von Huene Roland 
Published: October 2011

In November 1981, the University of Texas at Austin hosted a Conference on Scientific Ocean Drilling (COSOD), which was attended by an international group of nearly 150 earth scientists. COSOD was first proposed by the passive‐ and active‐margins panels of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES) as a forum where the earth science community could update scientific priorities and deliberate on the most productive ways to sample rock from the world's ocean basins. The results of this forum had the potential to guide the direction of scientific ocean drilling, particularly as its future was being reshaped.About a year ago, the proposed program was disproportionately weighted toward drilling on the eastern U.S. margin, and some significant subjects in previous drilling programs became much less important. Unfortunately, the COSOD report is similarly unbalanced, but in a contrary direction. The COSOD report has shifted consideration from the margins to an emphasis on the deep ocean basins. Scientific ocean drilling is vital for research in many fields of the earth sciences, and the Glomar Challenger facility has an unmatched record of providing a means to solve problems across earth science disciplines. Therefore, any new drilling program should be of sufficient scope to advance the earth sciences as a whole.
Our needs and opportunities
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

We have undertaken new meetings and publications as needs have been perceived by members. Growth has been sporadic, however, and largely limited to incomeproducing projects, which are often constrained by the economy and by the ability of the Union to respond at any given time.Real financial stability has been elusive. Present reserves cover a scant 3 months' operating expenses. Many societies have reserves and endowments equal to a year or more of operating expenses.
Modeling Wastewater Renovation: Land Treatment
Authors: Gillham R. W. 
Published: October 2011

The physical, geochemical, and biochemical processes associated with the renovation of wastewater by land treatment are complex, frequently interactive, and generally highly sensitive to changes in the physical environment. As in other disciplines dealing with complex and interactive problems, it is reasonable to expect that mathematical models could provide valuable guidance in site selection, design, and management of land‐treatment facilities.This book presents discussions of the processes recognized as being pertinent to land treatment facilities and describes mathematical models that have been developed to represent these processes. Specific topics include water movement, solute transport, salinity models, plant uptake, trace elements, virus movement, soil nitrogen, and soil phosphorus. Additional models pertinent to site selection and system optimization are also presented.
The MAP/GLOBUS project
Authors: Offermann D. 
Published: October 2011

The MAP/GLOBUS project is part of the Middle Atmosphere Program (MAP) and was described in general in MAP Handbook I. GLOBUS stands for Global Budget of Stratospheric Trace Constituents.The 1983 program for this project was recently planned during a meeting of the steering committee and of more than 40 interested scientists from the USA, Japan, and five European countries at the Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Oct. 18–20, 1982. An integrated campaign of balloon‐borne, airplane, and ground‐based experiments was designed for September 1983 in southern France. Primary scientific objectives are (1) accurate measurements of ozone and its short‐term variability; (2) simultaneous determination of NOx species and their short‐term variability, including diurnal variations; (3) measurement of solar flux, scattered flux, and albedo; and (4) measurement of atmospheric dynamics. The program includes launches of eight balloon gondolas of the 300–400 kg class that contain various in situ and remote‐sensing experiments that will also provide information about numerous trace species, ions, and aerosols. Releases of 50–100 ozone sondes from five stations are also envisaged. Airplane experiments will presumably include remote sensing in the infrared by a grille spectrometer. A network of 14 ground‐based experiments shall be operated in Western Europe during the balloon and airplane flights. It includes, among other instruments, four lidars, one ST radar, two IR and one microwave spectrometer.
Transition and turbulence
Authors: Thorpe S. A. 
Published: October 2011

Naturally occurring fluid flows are seldom in a state of fully developed turbulence, except near boundaries. The upper atmosphere and the ocean, in and below the thermocline, are dominated by wave‐like motions. Turbulence when, and where, it occurs is sporadic and short‐lived; it is transitional rather than maintained. The subject of this volume is thus of importance and relevance to scientists concerned with understanding the motion and mechanics of ‘geophysical’ fluids.This volume contains 12 (sadly not all) of the invited lectures at a symposium held at the University of Wisconsin in October 1980. Many of the distinguished authors offer very forthright and refreshingly clear commentaries on the state of the art and, in particular, on the areas where perspectives differ.
Walter B. Langbein: 1907–1982
Authors: Matalas Nick 
Published: October 2011

Walter B. Langbein was born in Newark, New Jersey, on October 17, 1907, and died at his home in Arlington, Virginia, on December 10, 1982. For 33 years he carried on a distinguished career in hydrologic research with the U.S. Geological Survey—very much in the public interest.Langbein graduated from Cooper Union in 1931 with a bachelor's degree in civil engineering. While attending classes in the evening, he worked for the Rosoff Construction Company, beginning as a rodman on a surveying team. At that time the company was engaged by the city of New York to enlarge the subway along 8th Avenue. Between 123rd Street and 124th Street, excavation was suspended a short time after it was begun because difficulties were encountered in lowering the groundwater levels with pumps. As the junior member of the engineering staff, Langbein was given the task of measuring and recording the distance of the water level below a reference mark—a task he later recalled as being his ‘introduction’ to hydrology.
Swiss NSF fellowships
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) annually awards a few international postdoctoral fellowships for American scientists involved in earth, astronomical, atmospheric, mathematical, physical, or engineering sciences to work in Switzerland. Recipients must be under 36 years of age at the beginning of the fellowship tenure.Applications for fellowships that begin between September 1, 1983, and April 1, 1984, must be completed and returned to the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) by February 28, 1983. NSF will then transmit the applications to the Swiss National Science Foundation. Awards usually are announced by SNSF in July.
AGU on Capitol Hill
Authors: Swift Al , Shaw George 
Published: October 2011

I would like to take this opportunity to commend and thank the American Geophysical Union for supporting a Congressional Science Fellowship. This year I had my first experience with this program when the AGU Congressional Science Fellow, George Shaw, spent the year in my office. It has proven to be an exceptionally good and enlightening experience for me and my staff and, I hope, for him as well.I must admit I was skeptical as to the value of having a scientist in the office for a year, a skepticism which I suspect would likely be shared by most Members of Congress who tend to be steeped in the humanities or, worse, the law. That skepticism, I think, grows out of a prejudice: that scientists are both too clinical and too “ivory tower” to function well in the visceral and rough and tumble world of political policy making.
Greenland sea ice/ocean margin
Authors: McPhee Miles G. 
Published: October 2011

One of the fundamental obstacles to understanding both weather and long term climate variability of polar and subpolar regions lies in knowing what controls the position and behavior of the boundary between open and ice‐covered ocean, the marginal ice zone (MIZ). Over the seasonal cycle, variation in sea ice coverage of the world ocean is about 25 million km2 , roughly 7% of the total area; thus a significant portion of the ocean is at some time during the year part of the MIZ.From the point of view of air‐sea interaction, the MIZ is a very complex system: an interface between ocean and atmosphere with potentially extreme horizontal and vertical temperature gradients and large variations in mechanical properties. The ‘joker‐in‐the‐deck’ is, of course, sea ice—it modifies momentum transfer from the atmosphere; drastically alters surface albedo; serves as an efficient thermal insulator; damps surface wave motion; and, because it is relatively fresher than sea water, may substantially change both temperature and salinity structure in the upper ocean by melting or freezing. Sea ice is highly mobile in response to surface wind, capable of traveling tens of kilometers per day. It thus represents a negative source of both salt and heat that can be advected long distances across water—mass boundaries by atmospheric systems. It is estimated (e.g., Hibler, 1979) that fresh water exported from the Arctic Basin through Fram Strait as sea ice (about 105 m3 s −1) is roughly comparable to the total continental runoff entering the basin. In this sense, the MIZ of the North Atlantic, despite its limited area, is the terminus of a vast territorial watershed.
Gelhar receives Horton Award
Authors: Eagleson P. S. 
Published: October 2011

The field of subsurface hydrology was perhaps the last area of hydrology to abandon strict determinism and to incorporate into its analysis the ample uncertainty arising from the structure and properties of the medium. Recent years have seen an explosion of activity in this area, however, made possible in large part by the pioneering contributions of this year's Robert E. Horton Award winner.His early papers on the spatial variability of aquifer parameters established a general Tramework for the treatment of random hydraulic conductivity variations in an aquifer by means of stochastic differential equations. This provided the basis for his important later work on the stochastic theory of macrodispersion in nonuniform porous media. The impact of his contributions is evident from the large number of recent symposia and publications devoted to the stochastic description of groundwater flow and from the fact that his work is referred to extensively in the literature.
Geophysicists
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

William W. Fox, Jr., has been appointed director of the Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS). He had been director of the Southeast Fisheries Center of the National Marine Fisheries Service since 1978. CIMAS was established in 1977 by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the University of Miami.Seven of the 689 U.S. Fulbright Scholars for 1982–1983 are lecturing and conducting advanced research in geology in universities abroad. Brian Francis Farrell, a research assistant in planetary studies at Harvard University, is lecturing in oceanography at the University of Cambridge in England through June. William B. Fergusson, associate professor of civil engineering at Villanova University, will lecture in geology at the Kangwon National University in Korea until July. Ray Edward Ferrell, Jr., geology chairman at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, lectured and conducted research in marine geology at the University of Oslo in Norway. M. Allan Kays, professor of geology at the University of Oregon in Eugene, will conduct research in geology at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark through April. Richard Vernon McGehee, associate professor of health education at Southeastern Louisiana University (University Station campus), will be lecturing in geology at the University of Monrovia in Liberia through July. Bruce Warren Nelson, a professor of environmental studies at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, will be lecturing in geology at the Universiti Malaya in Malaysia through April. Ronald Porter Willis, professor of geology at the University of Wisconsin—Eau Claire, will be lecturing in geology at the Seoul National University in Korea through July.
Another AGU index
Authors: Eviatar Aharon 
Published: October 2011

I note that Juan G. Roederer has proposed an index of AGU affiliation named JGR (Eos, October 19, 1982, p. 817). According to this index, Alaska is the most AGU‐involved state in the Union. I praise his customary modesty in disclaiming any connection between his initials and the name of the index. I think it only fitting that the index be applied on a worldwide basis since AGU in many ways transcends national boundaries, as indeed its subject matter does.I propose that the worldwide index, applied to each country as the JGR index is applied to the states, should be named after either a well‐known magnetic index or the Atmospheric Explorer spacecraft, i.e., it should be known as the AE index. I, of course, emulate Dr. Roederer in disclaiming any connection with my initials.
Sunspots affect insolation
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The notion of a rigorously constant amount of solar radiation reaching the earth was upset recently by a team of scientists at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). John Eddy, Ronald Gilliland, and Douglas Hoyt of NCAR's High Altitude Observatory report that sunspots, which speckle the sun's surface in a fluctuating 11‐year cycle, diminish the amount of sunlight reaching the earth. Their conclusion, which may radically affect global climate modeling, is based on data gathered from the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) satellite and their own solar blocking model.Data collected by the SMM satellite reveal that only a small fraction of the energy blocked by sunspots is balanced by immediate, enhanced emissions from bright areas on the sun. Moreover, solar energy can remain trapped in the sunspots, which have an average diameter of 9000 km, for years. Blocked radiative energy can be stored in the lower convective zone of the sun and have a ‘relaxation‐time scale’ of 100,000 years, during which time it may slowly seep out. Fluctuating solar output affects the accuracy of global climate models that forecast long‐term effects on the world's weather: Weather and climate are determined by the circulation patterns of the oceans and air, which are driven by solar energy coupled with the rotational inertia of the spinning planet.
Wet February for nation's streams
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

February marked a very wet month for the nation's streams with 97% of the key index gaging stations across the country reporting average to above‐average streamflow, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.USGS hydrologists said that the only stations that reported below‐normal conditions for February were one gaging station each in New York, New Jersey, Ohio, and Alaska and all four of the key index stations in the Hawaiian Islands.
Education Bill passes
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

On March 2 the U.S. House of Representatives passed a bill authorizing $425 million for science and mathematics education in fiscal 1984; the authorization is $350 million more than President Ronald Reagan requested in his budget proposal (Eos, February 15, 1983, p. 65).H.R. 1310 allocates $295 million to the Department of Education not only to improve precollege instruction in science and math, but to beef up foreign language training to aid in improving international communication among scientists. The bill also allots $130 million to the National Science Foundation for a variety of programs, the lion's share of which aims to upgrade research equipment at colleges and universities. It is hoped that industry will match the $100 million targeted for this program.
Introduction to Tides: The Tides of the Waters of New England and New York
Authors: Bowman Malcolm J. 
Published: October 2011

This interesting little book is not really about what its main title suggests, an introductory text on tides for oceanography students. Its subtitle gives more of a clue to its contents and intended readership. The author immediately points out in the preface that ‘this book is written for the many intelligent people who work or play along the coast between Sandy Hook and the Bay of Fundy.’In addition to discussing elementary tidal theory, the book describes in some detail the author's systematic analysis of coastal tides and currents in the New England and New York region. His analysis fits the solution of the telegrapher's equation to Tide Table predictions of tidal elevations and times of high water and slack current. In this way, Redfield separates the observed M2 tides in various straits, embayments, hydraulic channels, and estuaries into damped, progressive waves travelling in opposite directions. These waves arise through reflection of the primary wave at the head of an embayment or estuary, or through two primary waves entering a tidal strait or hydraulic channel from both ends.
AGU Panel meets on career topics
Authors: Hollister Charles 
Published: October 2011

Graduate students and their career opportunities in ocean and earth sciences were the focus of the Education and Human Resources (E & HR) Committee meeting held at the 1982 AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco. A standing committee of AGU, the E & HR committee is responsible for matters concerning education in earth, ocean, and planetary sciences from precollege through graduate programs, including career guidance, academic preparation, student recruitment, and manpower supply and demand.At the meeting a draft of the AGU‐sponsored Careers in Oceanography booklet by committee chairman C. Hollister was thoroughly discussed and a new draft will emerge soon for final approval. The booklet is designed to complement the Careers in Geophysics booklet recently published by AGU; the booklets contain information about planning a career, job opportunities, educational requirements, and a synopsis of where the prospective student might apply.
New weather index
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Scientists at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the University of Delaware have refined the wind‐chill factor, a common measurement of weather discomfort, into a new misery register called the weather stress index. In addition to the mix of temperature and wind speed data used to calculate wind chill, the recipe for the index adds two new ingredients—humidity and a dash of benchmark statistics—to estimate human reaction to weather conditions. NOAA says that the weather stress index estimates human reaction to weather conditions and that the reaction depends on variations from the ‘normal’ conditions in the locality involved.Discomfort criteria for New Orleans, La., and Bismarck, N.D., for example, differ drastically. According to NOAA, when it's the middle of winter and it's −10°C with a relative humidity of 80% and 24 km/h winds, persons in New Orleans would be highly stressed while those in Bismarck wouldn't bat an eye.
[Comment on] Bottom water
Authors: Schnitker Detmar 
Published: October 2011

I read with great interest your writeup on the ‘Mysteries of Bottom Water’ in the March issue of The Oceanography Report (Eos, March 1, 1983, p. 83).I can recall the time, not so very long ago, when some very prominent physical oceanographers dismissed the notion advanced by paleo‐oceanographers that the deep ocean environment is far from steady. It is nice to see them come around, some of them even to start to pay attention to what paleo‐oceanographers have to say.
Solar flares increased in 1982
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Geomagnetic storms and solar flares occurred more frequently in 1982 (3 years after the solar maximum of the current 11‐year sunspot cycle) than is usual for that portion of the cycle. Among the most notable events were two X‐12 flares and one X‐7 flare. Although less intense, the X‐7 flare triggered the most fierce geomagnetic storm in a decade; it distorted the earth's magnetic field, disrupted long‐range communications and low‐frequency navigational systems, interfered with ham radio activities, and spread a brilliant auroral display over much of the nation.Solar flares are divided into three classes depending on the output of X radiation: the common C class, the moderate M class, and the intensive X class. The numerical designation indicates the level of radiation intensity; an X‐12, which is t h e most intense that instruments can measure, is 12 times more intense than an X‐1 . An X‐1 flare releases 10 times more radiation than an M‐1, and 100 times more than a C‐1.