bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local steroid therapy as the first‐line treatment for boys with symptomatic phimosis – a long‐term prospective study
Authors: Reddy Srinath , Jain Viral , Dubey Manish , Deshpande Pankaj , Singal Arbinder K 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAim:  Phimosis is a common paediatric urological disorder and often necessitates circumcision. We prospectively evaluated local steroid therapy (LST) as the first choice therapy for such children.Methods:  Two hundred and sixty symptomatic boys up to 15 years of age (mean 34 months) with phimosis were started on betamethasone dipropionate (0.05%) application on gently stretched prepuce twice a day. Follow‐up visits were arranged at the end of weeks 1, 2 and 4 and 6 months. Grade of phimosis was objectively graded.Results:  Ninety one percent of the boys showed a successful outcome at the end of 4 weeks; 72% responded in first week, further 16% responded in week 2, and only 2.6% achieved alleviation of phimosis on further application of LST beyond 2 weeks. Fourty two (17.8%) boys had a recurrence of phimosis on a long‐term follow‐up (mean – 25.4 months, range 6–48 months); thus, the long‐term success rate was 77%, while 60 (23%) boys underwent surgery.Conclusion:  Local steroid therapy is safe and successful in alleviating symptomatic tight foreskin in a large majority of children. The response can be seen as early as 1 week; most of the children respond by week 2 and continuing therapy further may not be very effective.
Enhancing plant biodiversity in species‐poor grassland through plant material transfer – the impact of sward disturbance
Authors: Schmiede Ralf , Otte Annette , Donath Tobias W. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractQuestionsIs the transfer of plant material a feasible measure for the enrichment of species‐poor alluvial grassland? Which is the proper degree of grass sward disturbance to enhance germination and establishment of plant material species? Does the establishment success depend on soil nutrient status of the restoration sites?LocationNorthern Upper Rhine valley, southwest Germany.MethodsSeed‐containing plant material was transferred to species‐poor meadows. We tested two methods of sward disturbance: rotovation or ploughing before the transfer of plant material vs. a control, i.e. no disturbance but transfer of plant material. We studied vegetation development on nine sites for 3 yr.ResultsThree years after the transfer of plant material, 101 species were successfully re‐established on the restoration sites, including 28 Red List species. In contrast to our expectations, establishment was similar on rotovated and ploughed plots, both harbouring higher numbers and abundances of plant material species than the control plots. In contrast, the cover of resident grassland species differed significantly between ploughed plots (lowest cover), rotovated plots (intermediate cover) and control plots (highest cover) in the last 2 yr of vegetation recording. While elevated phosphorus was in line with reduced establishment of plant material species, potassium and total nitrogen had no negative effect.ConclusionsThe transfer of plant material is an appropriate method to enhance plant biodiversity in species‐poor grasslands. We show that a sward disturbance by rotovation or ploughing is crucial for species to re‐establish. Our results suggest that ploughing is the more promising disturbance measure because it more persistently suppresses grassland vegetation.
Post‐dispersal probability of germination and establishment on the shorelines of slow‐flowing or stagnant water bodies
Authors: Sarneel Judith M. , Soons Merel B. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractQuestionIn Dutch fens, species that colonize open water and induce the formation of floating peat mats have become rare. Many such riparian pioneer species occur predominantly on shorelines sheltered from the wind, whereas the majority of seeds tend to be deposited on exposed shorelines, as seeds are dispersed via wind‐driven waves and currents. Do differences in germination and seedling survival between sheltered and exposed shorelines explain this difference?LocationThe fen reserve ‘De Westbroekse zodden’ (52 °10′ N; 5 °07′ E)MethodsWith a sowing experiment, the germination, seedling survival and overall recruitment of Berula erecta, Calla palustris, Comarum palustre, Glyceria maxima and Mentha aquatica were studied on sheltered and wind‐exposed banks in eight fen ponds. Temperature, light availability, water level, wave impact, litter and seed deposition and vegetation height were recorded over 16 wk. The probability of washing away was quantified with small seed mimics. With a greenhouse experiment, we separately examined the effects of environmental differences between sheltered and exposed banks.ResultsIn the field, compared to sheltered shorelines, exposed shorelines had a higher wave impact, higher light availability in spring and more litter and seeds deposited on them. In the greenhouse experiment, only litter addition decreased germination. This effect was overridden in the field, where the higher light availability on exposed banks increased germination. In the field, the number of seedlings decreased strongly over time, and eventual recruitment was determined by the degree to which seeds and seedlings were washed away by wave action. The probability of being washed away was highest on exposed shorelines (where waves were larger), which resulted in higher recruitment on sheltered shorelines.ConclusionsThe recruitment of colonizing species to fen pond shorelines is limited by the probability that seeds and seedlings may be washed into the open water. This process can eventually cause more successful recruitment on upwind or lee‐side shorelines despite lower seed inputs there.
Income‐related inequalities in denture‐wearing by Europeans aged 50 and above
Authors: Listl Stefan 
Published: November 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00590.x

Income‐related inequalities in denture‐wearing by Europeans aged 50 and aboveBackground:  Despite its importance for the planning of future treatment needs and an optimised allocation of health care resources, only little is known about socio‐economic inequalities in denture‐wearing by late middle‐aged and elderly generations.Objectives:  To describe income‐related inequalities in denture‐wearing by elderly populations residing in different European countries.Material and methods:  Data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE Wave 2) were used to assess income‐related inequalities in denture‐wearing by means of Concentration Indices (CI) for populations aged 50+ from 14 different European countries.Results:  We could identify a significant disproportionate concentration of denture‐wearing amongst the poor elderly populations in Denmark (CI = −0.3534, corresponding to the highest level of inequality), Sweden (CI = −0.3479), Switzerland (CI = −0.2013), Greece (CI = −0.1953), the Netherlands (CI = −0.1413), France (CI = −0.1339), Austria (CI = −0.0974), Czech Republic (CI = −0.0959), Belgium (CI = −0.0947), Germany (CI = −0.0762), Ireland (CI = −0.0575) and Spain (CI = −0.0482, corresponding to the lowest level of pro‐poor inequality). Poland became evident as the only country in which individuals from the upper end of the income scale wear more dentures than their peers from the lower end of the income scale (CI = 0.0379). No significant income‐related inequalities were observable in Italy.Conclusions:  There is considerable income‐related inequality in denture‐wearing by several elderly populations in Europe. Future resource planning for prosthetic care should, thus, specifically distinguish between the treatment needs of different socio‐economic groups within elderly populations.
Polly Peachum, a ‘Model of Virtue’? Questions of Morality in John Gay's Polly
Authors: PETZOLD JOCHEN 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAt first sight, John Gay's Polly (1729) seems to ‘rectify’ the moral problems of The Beggar's Opera (1728): Macheath is finally brought to justice, and the virtuous Polly finds a suitable husband. This view has been more or less taken for granted for almost 300 years. However, closer analysis reveals that Gay's treatment of the morality question is ironic, since Polly is not the model of virtue she has frequently been taken to be. In particular, some of the songs she sings highlight the discrepancy between her words and her actions.
Supplemental description of <i>Paraphelenchus acontioides</i> (Tylenchida&#x3A; Aphelenchidae, Paraphelenchinae), with ribosomal DNA trees and a morphometric compendium of female <i>Paraphelenchus</i>
Authors: Skantar Andrea M. , Handoo Zafar A. , Carta Lynn K. , Baynes Melissa A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractNematodes were isolated from surface-sterilised stems of cheatgrass, Bromus tectorum (Poaceae), in Colorado, grown on Fusarium (Hypocreaceae) fungus culture, and identified as Paraphelenchus acontioides. Morphometrics and micrographic morphology of this species are given to supplement the original description and expand the comparative species diagnosis. A tabular morphometric compendium of the females of the 23 species of Paraphelenchus is provided as the last diagnostic compilation was in 1984. Variations in the oviduct within the genus are reviewed to evaluate the taxonomic assignment of P. deckeri, a morphologically transitional species between Aphelenchus and Paraphelenchus. Sequences were generated for both 18S and 28S ribosomal DNA, representing the first identified species within Paraphelenchus so characterised. These sequences were incorporated into phylogenetic trees with related species of Aphelenchidae and Tylenchidae. Aphelenchus avenae isolates formed a well supported monophyletic sister group to Paraphelenchus. The ecology of Paraphelenchus, cheat grass and Fusarium is also discussed.
Organizational Collaborative Capacities in Disaster Management: Evidence from the Taiwan Red Cross Organization
Authors: Allen Lai Yu-Hung 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
In the post disaster situation, relief organizations are expected to learn and adjust their capacity to collaborate with other major players such as nonprofit organizations, government agencies, and local workers. In other words, effective responses to disasters require capacity for collaboration on the part of emergency response agencies; however in disaster affected area, not every relief organization is equally capable of doing so. The capacity for organizations to collaborate with others in and after a disaster does not occur spontaneously or in a vacuum. Since organizational collaborative capacity is essential in disaster relief, it is imperative to present empirical evidence regarding organizational collaborative capacity. The purpose of this paper is to develop a working theory of what characteristics an emergency response organization needs in order to develop collaborative capacity. We analyze collaborative capacities by examining two events: the 2004 Asian Tsunami and the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake. This piece argues that collaborative capacity, defined by purpose, structure communication and resources, is a requisite for collaboration in a post disaster situation. The implications for practitioners and scholars in post disaster society are discussed.
Reconciliation in Aceh: Addressing the social effects of prolonged armed conflict
Authors: Schiller Rachel 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Aceh, Indonesia is one of the few societies that have successfully navigated a post-disaster transition following simultaneous natural and man-made disasters. Since the August 2005 peace agreement, Aceh’s road to recovery from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and 30 years of separatist war has been largely successful. However, key challenges remain to consolidate the success of Aceh’s post-disaster transition and ensure sustainable peace in the province. Reconciliation is among the challenges that has to date been largely neglected. While significant political and economic change has occurred, prolonged armed conflict left behind a legacy of negative intergroup relations in Aceh that has yet to be addressed.
As political realities have delayed implementation of mechanisms designed to promote reconciliation such as the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Human Rights Court, this paper argues that peacebuilding practitioners should adopt complementary approaches to reconciliation such as intergroup contact programs that are being proven effective in various international contexts. It will explore an important, and largely neglected aspect of Aceh’s post-disaster transition by providing an overview of the literature on reconciliation and intergroup contact, and highlighting key efforts to pilot these techniques and advance reconciliation in Aceh.
Aid Accountability and Participatory Approaches in Post-Disaster Housing Reconstruction
Authors: Daly Patrick , Daly Patrick , Brassard Caroline 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
In the last decade, housing has become one of the most prominent and best funded sectors in large-scale post-disaster reconstruction efforts. This has especially been the case in Asian developing countries where both official and private aid helped finance a significant amount of the housing reconstruction. Despite the emphasis upon community involvement, inclusive and participatory processes for housing reconstruction by international non-governmental organizations, recent experiences show that such ideas often do not readily translate in practice on the ground.
This paper analyses the necessary conditions for successful involvement by local beneficiaries in rebuilding their homes following natural disasters. The analysis is situated within the context of community recovery, and the trade-off between centralized donor planning, and community driven initiatives, using primary and secondary data collected from post-tsunami Aceh, Indonesia. The paper also discusses how various stakeholders (including recipient government and donors) evaluate and make use of the practical capacities of affected persons and communities to be involved in planning, building and monitoring processes in the housing sector.
Our research focused on the level and types of roles played by the aid beneficiaries in the housing reconstruction process in Aceh. In spite of considerable rhetoric about participation and inclusive reconstruction accompanying the post-tsunami reconstruction by various donors, a number of systemic barriers created considerable distance between beneficiaries and NGOs in Aceh in the housing sector. The drive for efficiency and need to produce tangible results quickly, mixed with the sheer number of stakeholders and resources involved, created a largely top-down environment in which decisions were centralized, and arbitrary standards imposed. This was exacerbated by an extensive chain of sub-contractors, a large supply of lower-cost imported labor, and highlighted the importance of local political affiliations, leading to weak accountability and reduced aid effectiveness.
Two Ways of Living through Postpartum Depression
Authors: Røseth Idun , Binder Per-Einar , Malt Ulrik Fredrik 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Our aim with this descriptive phenomenological study was to identify and describe the essential meaning structure in the experience of postpartum depression (PPD). We interviewed four women diagnosed with major depression and analyzed the data with Giorgi’s descriptive phenomenological method. Our analysis revealed two essential meaning structures of PPD. The first structure describes the mother as thrown into a looming, dangerous world, coupled with a restricted, heavy body that hindered her attunement to her baby. Tormented by anxiety, guilt and shame, she tried to deal with her pain by analytical reflection and social isolation. The second structure describes sudden lapses into intense feelings of alienation from the self, the baby, and from the social and material world. With a distorted primordial self-awareness, the mother no longer felt that she existed as herself in the world. We reflect on these findings using the insights of Fuchs, Van den Berg, Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty.
IPA and Science: A Response to Jonathan Smith
Authors: Giorgi Amedeo 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
This article is a response to Jonathan Smith’s attempted rebuttal to the accusations I had made that Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis’s (IPA’s) methodical procedures did not meet generally accepted scientific criteria. Each of Smith’s defenses was carefully examined and found to be lacking. IPA’s claim to have roots in contemporary phenomenological philosophy was found to be seriously deficient and its claim that it has a basis in hermeneutics was superficial. IPA’s hesitation to proclaim fixed methods makes the possibility of replication of IPA studies impossible and thus it makes the fulfillment of an important scientific criterion impossible. Its claim that its findings are subjective fails to meet the important scientific criterion of objectivity or even intersubjectivity. Consequently, the claims that I made in my original article were basically sustained and repeated.
Virtual Gender: Moroccan and Saudi Women’s Cyberspace
Authors: Khannous Touria 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
This paper looks at how Arab Muslim feminists have deployed Facebook and blogging in recent years as a tool for networking with other feminists and forming different groups. It offers an analysis of the ways Muslim women in Morocco and Saudi Arabia converse online about issues of gender and Islam in the present globalized context. Their topics of discussion include their personal legal status, discourses on feminism, redefining gender roles, sexuality, and a range of other issues. Facebook and blogging allow these women to speak freely to one another and encourage them to form groups. These platforms are useful not only for coalescing around key social and political issues pertaining to women, but also for initiating social change. Women utilizing online social networking are using new forms of feminist discourse—and the technology to fuel such discourse—to promote change from within. What is also happening is a revolution in the way these women are approaching Islam. They are turning to Facebook and blogging not only to debate, discuss, and explain their religion to people who do not understand the concept of Islam, but also to learn about the rights of women elsewhere.
Representation of Islam and Christianity in the Swiss Media
Authors: Dahinden Urs , Koch Carmen , Wyss Vinzenz , Keel Guido 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
What is the role of the media in multi-religious societies? Are they aggravating latent tensions between religions or rather helping to promote mutual understanding? These are the key research questions addressed in this paper. The discussion in this paper refers to narration and framing as two theoretical approaches from communication science. The empirical findings of a media content analysis in Switzerland show strong differences between Islam and Christianity: While Christianity and its denominations are mainly presented in positive frames and positive narratives (e.g. “good mother”), the image of Islam is rather negative. Islam receives relatively high media attention, but the focus is not on Islam in Switzerland, but on Islam abroad. A number of qualitative interviews with journalists and representatives of religious organisations show that this negative image is not caused by anti-muslim attitudes, but rather the outcome of journalistic routines. The paper discusses these findings against the background of the research questions and concludes with some recommendations for journalists and representatives of religious organizations.
Good Religion or Bad Religion: Distanced Church-members and their Perception of Religion and Religious Plurality
Authors: Portmann Adrian , Plüss David 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The article presents the findings of a qualitative study that examined the church affiliation and religiosity of distanced church-members as well as their perception of religions and their reaction to religious plurality. It brings forward thirteen patterns of interpretation to which distanced church-members refer in their evaluation of religions and in their dealing with religious plurality. Two types of pattern constellation could be made out and, correspondingly, two groups whose members share the same patterns: the pluralists and the proponents of the traditional. The principal difference between the types can be seen in their dealing with intuitive reactions to, and critical assessments of, religions. Distanced church-members in general show a weak and individualized religiosity, which is nevertheless connected to Christian ideas and symbols. Again, the two groups mentioned above could be found, their main differences being self-reflexivity in the motives for church affiliation, the social and cultural role ascribed to church, the awareness of confessional identity and expectations of tolerance towards other religions.
Dividing Harm
Authors: Øverland Gerhard 
Published: November 2011

In this paper I argue that mere causal contribution to harm is morally significant on two counts: a) innocent aggressors have a duty to bear additional costs to help protect their potential victims, as compared to the duty innocent bystanders are expected to bear, and correspondingly; b) it is permissible to use more force against innocent aggressors, as used in self-defense and defense of others, than innocent bystanders.
The paper has two parts. First I aim to demonstrate the intuitive plausibility of this proposal and what I call “the asymmetrical fair share procedure.” According to this procedure, innocent aggressors have a duty to take on a fair share of the harm if dividing it is possible, and a fair share of the risk of being harmed if redistribution of harm is impossible. In the second part, I develop a contractual account explaining why mere contribution is morally significant.
Intercomparison of Nine Micrometeorological Stations during the BEAREX08 Field Campaign
Authors: Alfieri Joseph G. , Kustas William P. , Prueger John H. , Hipps Lawrence E. , Chávez José L. , French Andrew N. , Evett Steven R. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractLand–atmosphere interactions play a critical role in regulating numerous meteorological, hydrological, and environmental processes. Investigating these processes often requires multiple measurement sites representing a range of surface conditions. Before these measurements can be compared, however, it is imperative that the differences among the instrumentation systems are fully characterized. Using data collected as a part of the 2008 Bushland Evapotranspiration and Agricultural Remote Sensing Experiment (BEAREX08), measurements from nine collocated eddy covariance (EC) systems were compared with the twofold objective of 1) characterizing the interinstrument variation in the measurements, and 2) quantifying the measurement uncertainty associated with each system. Focusing on the three turbulent fluxes (heat, water vapor, and carbon dioxide), this study evaluated the measurement uncertainty using multiple techniques. The results of the analyses indicated that there could be substantial variability in the uncertainty estimates because of the advective conditions that characterized the study site during the afternoon and evening hours. However, when the analysis was limited to nonadvective, quasi-normal conditions, the response of the nine EC stations were remarkably similar. For the daytime period, both the method of Hollinger and Richardson and the method of Mann and Lenschow indicated that the uncertainty in the measurements of sensible heat, latent heat, and carbon dioxide flux were approximately 13 W m−2, 27 W m−2, and 0.10 mg m−2 s−1, respectively. Based on the results of this study, it is clear that advection can greatly increase the uncertainty associated with EC flux measurements. Since these conditions, as well as other phenomena that could impact the measurement uncertainty, are often intermittent, it may be beneficial to conduct uncertainty analyses on an ongoing basis.