bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La négociation : les enseignements du jeu du dictateur
Authors: Petit Emmanuel , Rouillon Sébastien 
Published: February 2011

Résumé L’objectif de cet article est de retracer les principaux enseignements issus des expériences récentes réalisées à partir du jeu du dictateur. Le jeu du dictateur est un jeu économique stylisé dans lequel le rapport entre les acteurs de la négociation est complètement asymétrique : l’un des acteurs (l’offreur) fait une proposition de partage d’une somme forfaitaire que son partenaire (le bénéficiaire) est obligé d’accepter. Contrairement à la prédiction théorique, notre revue des données expérimentales indique tout d’abord que le dictateur transfère une partie non négligeable de la somme à répartir (de 20% à 40% selon les études) et que cette proportion est d’autant plus élevée que la distance sociale qui le sépare du récipiendaire est réduite. L’identification ou la communication, qui réduisent la distance sociale, auraient en particulier pour effet de sensibiliser l’offreur à la norme sociale d’équité. Nous montrons ainsi que le bénéficiaire peut avoir intérêt, sous certaines conditions, à révéler son identité, à communiquer ses préférences ou même à tenter d’influencer l’offreur en jouant notamment sur son aversion à la culpabilité. Nous analysons ensuite les tentatives récentes de modélisation du comportement individuel permettant de tenir compte des faits stylisés caractéristiques du jeu du dictateur.
Chronique de jurisprudence
Authors: Busseuil Guillaume , Garinot Jean-Marie , Jourdain-Fortier Clotilde , Moine-Dupuis Isabelle 
Published: February 2011

Cette année encore, les décisions rendues par l’Organe de règlement des différends de l’OMC permettent de mettre en lumière les difficultés à concilier les valeurs marchandes et non marchandes en droit du commerce multilatéral. Deux nouvelles affaires, qui impliquent l’Accord SPS mais aussi l’accord du GATT, soulèvent des questions de protection des végétaux pour la première, et de la santé pour la seconde ; une troisième est relative aux publications et « produits audiovisuels » ; enfin, une quatrième affaire concerne l’Accord sur les technologies de l’information (ATI), mécanisme de réduction tarifaire – bien qu’intégré au GATT – afférent aux produits numériques. La première affaire est relative au refus très ancien de l’Australie d’autoriser les importations de pommes en provenance de Nouvelle-Zélande et ceci pour des raisons de biosécurité. Elle se voit condamnée par le groupe spécial qui lui reproche, notamment, de ne pas avoir fondé sa mesure d’interdiction sur une procédure d’évaluation des risques menée conformément aux prescriptions de l’Accord SPS. La deuxième affaire concerne les États-Unis qui avaient institué une forme de moratoire sur les volailles abattues et traitées en Chine : à la suite de différents problèmes sanitaires suffisamment alarmants, les procédures d’inspection habituelles, pourtant rigoureuses et suivies, ne leur paraissaient pas garantir le niveau de protection qu’ils estimaient nécessaire. Les États-Unis se voient reprocher a posteriori leur réglementation par le groupe spécial, lequel à cette occasion passe un grand nombre d’articles de l’Accord SPS en revue. En outre, la question épineuse des relations entre cet accord et le GATT est opportunément soulevée. La réponse est cependant loin d’épuiser le débat à notre sens. La troisième affaire des publications et produits audiovisuels implique une fois encore la Chine, qui se voit en revanche condamnée pour sa politique de traitement national préférentiel, contredisant ses engagements au titre du GATT, ce qui n’est pas surprenant en soi, mais fournit l’occasion de mesurer la complexité de ces biens particuliers que sont les biens culturels. Enfin, la dernière affaire concerne les Communautés européennes dont c’est le tour d’être l’objet d’une décision qui leur est défavorable, sans réelle surprise là aussi, car la taxation des écrans plats de télévision allait directement à l’encontre de leurs engagements dans le cadre de l’ATI.
Challenges of Transforming a Traditional Brick-and-Mortar Store into a Bricks-and-Clicks Model
Authors: Clarke III Irvine , Flaherty Theresa B. 
Published: February 2011

This article addresses some of the unique challenges faced as small businesses try to establish a presence in the fiercely competitive online marketplace. Specifically, a small fragrance/aromatherapy boutique (named The Scent Network) is the organization examined. This brick-and-mortar retailer evolved into a bricks-and-clicks model while the business owner had little IT experience, a small budget, and little time to devote to the Web site. More failures were experienced than successes, resulting in numerous “lessons learned”. By sharing these experiences, it is hoped that small business owners find success as a “dot.com” and avoid becoming a “dot.gone”.
Acid-Sensing Ion Channels Contribute to the Effect of Acidosis on the Function of Dendritic Cells
Authors: Tong Jing , Wu Wen-Ning , Kong Xiaoling , Wu Peng-Fei , Tian Li , Du Wenjiao , Fang Min , Zheng Fang , Chen Jian-Guo , Tan Zheng , Gong Feili 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
As an H+-gated subgroup of the degenerin/epithelial Na+ channel family, acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) were reported to be involved in various physiological and pathological processes in neurons. However, little is known about the role of ASICs in the function of dendritic cells (DCs). In this study, we investigated the expression of ASICs in mouse bone marrow-derived DCs and their possible role in the function of DCs. We found that ASIC1, ASIC2, and ASIC3 are expressed in DCs at the mRNA and protein levels, and extracellular acid can evoke ASIC-like currents in DCs. We also demonstrated that acidosis upregulated the expression of CD11c, MHC class II, CD80, and CD86 and enhanced the Ag-presenting ability of DCs via ASICs. Moreover, the effect of acidosis on DCs can be abolished by the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ibuprofen and diclofenac. These results suggest that ASICs are involved in the acidosis-mediated effect on DC function.
Primordial Linkage ofβ2-Microglobulinto the MHC
Authors: Ohta Yuko , Shiina Takashi , Lohr Rebecca L. , Hosomichi Kazuyoshi , Pollin Toni I. , Heist Edward J. , Suzuki Shingo , Inoko Hidetoshi , Flajnik Martin F. 
Published: February 2011

Abstractβ2-Microglobulin (β2M) is believed to have arisen in a basal jawed vertebrate (gnathostome) and is the essential L chain that associates with most MHC class I molecules. It contains a distinctive molecular structure called a constant-1 Ig superfamily domain, which is shared with other adaptive immune molecules including MHC class I and class II. Despite its structural similarity to class I and class II and its conserved function, β2M is encoded outside the MHC in all examined species from bony fish to mammals, but it is assumed to have translocated from its original location within the MHC early in gnathostome evolution. We screened a nurse shark bacterial artificial chromosome library and isolated clones containing β2M genes. A gene present in the MHC of all other vertebrates (ring3) was found in the bacterial artificial chromosome clone, and the close linkage of ring3 and β2M to MHC class I and class II genes was determined by single-strand conformational polymorphism and allele-specific PCR. This study satisfies the long-held conjecture that β2M was linked to the primordial MHC (Ur MHC); furthermore, the apparent stability of the shark genome may yield other genes predicted to have had a primordial association with the MHC specifically and with immunity in general.
A Complete Classification of AI Algebras with the Ideal Property
Authors: Ji Kui , Jiang Chunlan 
Published: February 2011

AbstractLetAbe an AI algebra; that is,Ais the C*-algebra inductive limit of a sequencewhereare [0, 1],kn, and [n,i] are positive integers. Suppose thatAhas the ideal property: each closed two-sided ideal ofAis generated by the projections inside the ideal, as a closed two-sided ideal. In this article, we give a complete classification of AI algebras with the ideal property.
Ozone and Sunlight Effect on Aging of Carbon Black Vulcanizates
Authors: Popp George E. , Harbison Lynn 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Carbon black, regardless of type, particle size, structure, and physical properties imparted, does not affect the rate or degree of checking or cracking in natural-rubber or low-temperature polymer compounds when subjected to weather or ozone exposure. Natural rubber will withstand much longer periods of exposure than the synthetic polymer studied. A pronounced degree of ozone and weather cracking and checking will result if no antioxidant is compounded into the synthetic polymer. An MAF black-synthetic polymer compound may be substantially improved in its resistance to ozone and weather resistance by selection and application of the proper antichecking ingredients.
Physical Properties of Natural and Synthetic Rubber Materials at Low Temperatures
Authors: Lichtman J. Z. , Chatten C. K. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
A torsional apparatus and a hardness indentation tester have been found to be essentially equivalent for use in evaluating the stiffness characteristics of elastomers over a range of low temperatures. The torsion apparatus, requiring the use of relatively small specimens, facilitates carrying out various conditioning cycles on a material, such as liquid immersion or atmospheric aging. The indentometer, on the other hand, permits the employment of larger sized specimens or even samples, such as relatively thick gasket stocks. There are, then, individual advantages in each apparatus which would determine the choice to be made in selecting a test method for a particular specification.
Crystallization and Tensile Strength of Vulcanized Natural Rubber Compounds
Authors: Morrell S. H. , Stern Jan 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The effect which changes in the degree of cross-linking have on the crystallization of stretched rubber has been studied by observing the densities of a series of peroxide-cured natural rubber compounds. It was found that at any one elongation, crystallization first increased and then decreased with increase in the degree of cross-linking. The significance of this maximum and the relation between crystallization and tensile strength are discussed.
A Tentative Explanation of the Weissenberg Effect in Latex Solutions
Authors: Frei E. H. , Katchalsky A. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Shearing motion produces in certain liquids, not only shearing stresses but also stresses in other directions. This effect, described by Garner and Nissan and by Weissenberg, was treated theoretically by Oldroyd, Reiner, and Rivlin. It will be shown that the last two theories are an oversimplification and do not describe the more complicated behavior of slightly vulcanized latex solutions.
The Direct Reinforcement of Rubber in Latex. II. Synthetic Resins Formed in Situ by the Addition to Latex of the Starting Materials of Their Resinification
Authors: Piccini Ivan 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
This study makes it clear that fillers ordinarily used in the rubber industry impair the properties of latex mixtures. On the other hand, certain organic fillers, in solution and in dispersion, which are susceptible to certain chemical modifications within the latex mixtures in which they have been incorporated, and with which they are compatible, have a favorable effect. Consequently, by introducing into a latex mixture which can be gelled and vulcanized a suitable quantity of formaldehyde-resorcinol resin, in particular a soluble formaldehyde-resorcinol resin, prepared in slightly alkaline pH medium under certain carefully defined conditions, it was possible : (1) for the first time to obtain reinforced articles directly from natural rubber latex, and (2) to obtain an ensemble of properties superior to those at present known in the rubber world. The reinforcement which has been found does not seem attributable to any chemical combination between rubber and resin, but rather to a specific structure of the resin-rubber mixture. The way is now open to the direct use of latex in applications which were undreamed of previously. In fact, reinforced latex, possessing extremely high qualities, must be considered a new material, and it offers to technologists in the latex industry the opportunity to explore applications to heavy industry, such as belts, pneumatic tires, hose, and mechanical articles which must have high quality. Tests have already been undertaken in this direction, and they have given promising results and are being pursued actively. We may assume that, in the not too distant future, certain articles of reinforced latex will be manufactured on an industrial scale.
The Role of Carbon Black in the Action of Light on Rubber
Authors: Zuyev Y. S. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The action of light on rubber was studied with reference to the rate of elongation at constant stress of films, 100–150µ thick, obtained from solutions of rubber to which channel carbon black had been added by milling. The measurements were made in an apparatus, described earlier, which was equipped with a rolling carriage. When structure formation takes place as a result of irradiation of a film, the film stretches more slowly than one that has not been irradiated. If the structure is destroyed, the film elongates at a faster rate. The films were irradiated by a mercury quartz lamp P RK-2 in air at a distance of 5 cm., both when relaxed (preliminary irradiation) and while stretched (continuous irradiation). The light filters listed in Table 1 were used. The average temperature in the experiments was 25° ± 0.1° C. A film was stretched in the quartz apparatus, which was equipped with a jacket, about 1 cm. thick, in which distilled water or a solution of the light-filtering substance was circulated. The water and also the solutions were provided with an ultra-thermostat. The temperature of the water leaving the jacket was measured by a thermometer, and was kept constant within ± 0.1° C.
Statistical Mechanics of Rubber
Authors: Boggs F. W. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
It is shown in this paper that, above the second-order transition, the partition function of a rubber can be represented to a reasonably good approximation by the product of the partition function of a liquid formed of molecules similar to the chain elements and the partition function of the noninteracting chains divided by the partition function of a perfect gas. In terms of the free energy this means that the free energy of rubber is equal to the sum of the free energy of the chain network without interactions and that of a liquid formed of the chain elements alone minus the free energy of a perfect gas having the same number of molecules as the rubber has chain elements. This same procedure has made possible the calculation of the free energy and partial pressure of a rubber solution. This is, however, by no means the only possible application. All the thermodynamic properties of elastomer solvent systems can be obtained. This is a generalization of the methods previously used in the statistical studies of rubber and rubber solvent mixtures.
Ideal Copolymers and the Second-Order Transitions of Synthetic Rubbers. I. Noncrystalline Copolymers
Authors: Gordon Manfred , Taylor James S. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Theoretical and practical evidence is put forward to show that copolymers can be treated like solutions of small molecules in the interpretation of packing phenomena, and that ideal volume-additivity of the repeating units in copolymers is frequently realized. On this basis equations are derived for predicting θ, the second-order transition temperature, of binary copolymers from the two second-order transition temperatures of the pure polymers and their coefficients of expansion in the glassy and rubbery states. Previous mechanistic theories of the second-order transition temperature of such copolymers are thus superseded by a general reduction of the problem to the mechanism of thermal expansion. Practical applications to the choice of monomers in producing synthetic rubbers are outlined, and attention is drawn to the importance of second-order transitions in kinetic measurements on the reactions of polymers.
Mastication of Rubber. I. Mechanism of Plasticizing by Cold Mastication
Authors: Pike M. , Watson W. F. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The process of cold mastication has been rationalized in terms of recognized chemical reactions, and its essential difference from the hot mastication process has been demonstrated. Many apparently unrelated phenomena occurring on cold mastication, as, for example, are collected in a recent survey, can be interpreted as specific manifestations of the general scheme now presented. A clearer understanding of the basic function of the masticator is relevant to the design of such machines, i.e., the provision of high shearing forces for low-temperature chain rupture and the exposure of large surface area for high-temperature autoxidative breakdown. No acceleration of cold plasticization by added compounds is normally obtainable under the shear conditions of the Banbury mixer, but may be encountered under more efficient shear and in oxygen-deficient conditions. Cold mastication is revealed as a versatile method for producing rubbers of a wide variety of physical properties, i.e., softer (linear degraded) rubbers, harder and soluble (branched or cross-linked) rubbers, and insoluble (cross-linked) rubbers.
A Study of the Chlorination of Natural Rubber
Authors: Koningsberger C. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
In 1939 there appeared a series of very interesting communications dealing with the chlorination of simple olefinic hydrocarbons. In these papers it was shown, in conjunction with other experimental work, that branched-chain hydrocarbons like 2-methylpropene and trimethylethylene are attacked by chlorine, with formation chiefly of substitution products, at least in the first stage of the reaction: This substitution, which was, as a matter of fact, demonstrated long ago by Scheschukov in 1884 and by Kondakov in 1885, predominates at room temperature, and also at elevated temperatures, over the addition reaction. In the works cited above, the experiments are described in detail and quantitative data are presented to show that, by means of fractional distillation of the reaction products, the yields of allyl monochlorides are of the order of 80–90 per cent. Now during the last War, chemical investigations by the British Rubber Producers' Research Association, and independently by the Rubber Foundation at Delft, established the fact that this same primary substitution reaction takes place when natural rubber is treated in solution with chlorine. The researches of the British Rubber Producers' Association have already been published, and the experiments described in the present paper represent some of the results obtained in the laboratory at Delft. As will be seen, the latter work is in good accord with the work described by Bloomfield.
Factors Affecting the Stability of Hevea Latex. II
Authors: Paton F. F. , Peel J. D. , Sutno G. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Latex from clone Glenshiels 1 (G.1) is always unstable. It contains insufficient phosphate to precipitate its magnesium on ammoniation. After centrifuging, magnesium remains in the concentrated latex and is partly responsible for its abnormal properties, especially for its low mechanical stability and abnormal gelling characteristics. The properties are improved by the addition of phosphates before processing. The concentration of magnesium on the rubber phase is such that in 60 per cent d.r.c. latex one-third of the magnesium is associated with the rubber particles. By almost completely interchanging the serum of G.1 concentrate with that of a seedling latex, a marked improvement in stability and gelling characteristics is brought about. In preliminary experiments, concentrate prepared from G.1 white fraction showed less abnormality than concentrate from the whole latex.
The Influence of the Test-Specimen on the Results Obtained In Tensile Tests of Soft Vulcanized Rubber Mixtures
Authors: Herzog R. , Burton R. H. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The small test-specimen of the VSM-1 type should not be used for measuring the tensile properties of pure-gum vulcanizates; instead, the VSM-1a type of test-specimen should be used for such vulcanizates. Results obtained with the different types of test-specimen differ greatly; hence, in reporting the results of any tests of this kind, the type of test-specimen used should be stated, and only results obtained with one particular type of test-specimen should be compared. For example, substitution of the VSM-2 type of test-specimen by the KTA-II type of test-specimen, which is of approxmately the same size, unfortunately does not result in any better agreement. Based on these differences, which in the case of natural rubber have been found to vary from one type of vulcanizate to another, it is natural to expect corresponding unpredictable differences with various synthetic elastomers. The determination of stress-strain properties of soft rubber vulcanizates is, therefore, fundamentally a problem of agreement on methods of testing, i.e., of standardization.
Determination of Particle Size in Latex
Authors: Cockbain E. G. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The soap titration method of determining average particle sizes in synthetic latexes has been modified so as to make it applicable to natural rubber latexes. The method consists essentially in determining the distribution of an added detergent (sodium dodecyl sulfate) between the rubber and aqueous phases at a pH of approximately 6.0, the total dodecyl sulfate concentration being just sufficient for the formation of micelles in the aqueous phase. The average particle sizes of nine ammoniated latexes have been measured, including centrifuged and electrodecanted concentrates, two clonal field latexes and a sample of latex skim.
Polyurethanes. IX. New Types of Highly Elastic Products: Vulcollans. Part 2
Authors: Müller E. , Bayer O. , Petersen S. , Piepenbrink H. F. , Schmidt F. , Weinbrenner E. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
In the 6th Communication on the general subject of urethanes, it was shown that, in the presence of an excess of a diisocyanate, in particular naphthalene 1,5-diisocyanate, linear polyesters of adipic acid and simple glycols simultaneously lengthen and become converted into so-called polyester isocyanates, with the isocyanate groups as terminal groups of the chains. While this earlier work was concerned with the problem of cross-linking to form the synthetic elastomer, Vulcollan, with water as the agent, the work described in the present paper deals with other cross-linking agents, including glycols, aminoalcohols, diamines, and other bifunctional compounds. The mechanism of cross-linking is discussed for each of these cases, and it is shown that the chemical nature of the cross-linking agent has a decisive influence on the properties of the resulting Vulcollan product. The methods of preparation which are described point the way to new manufacturing processes, particularly the possibility of molding Vulcollan without having to use a solvent.