bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Positron annihilation spectroscopy using high‐energy photons
Authors: Butterling Maik , Anwand Wolfgang , Brauer Gerhard , Cowan Thomas E. , Hartmann Andreas , Jungmann Marco , Kosev Krasimir , Krause‐Rehberg Reinhard , Krille Arnold , Schwengner Ronald , Wagner Andreas 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe superconducting electron accelerator ELBE (Electron Linac with high Brilliance and low Emittance) at the Research Centre Dresden‐Rossendorf (Germany) serves as a high‐intensity bremsstrahlung photon‐source delivering a pulsed beam (26 MHz) with very short bunches (<5 ps). The photons are being converted into positrons by means of pair production inside the target material thus forming an intense positron source.The accelerator machine pulse is used as time reference allowing positron lifetime spectroscopy. We performed positron annihilation spectroscopy by pair production in different sample materials and used coincidence techniques to reduce the background due to scattered photons significantly in order resulting in spectra of extraordinary high quality.
Hydrogen effects on crystallinity, photoluminescence, and magnetization of indium tin oxide thin films sputter‐deposited on glass substrate without heat treatment
Authors: Luo Suning , Kohiki Shigemi , Okada Koichi , Shoji Fumiya , Shishido Toetsu 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIndium tin oxide (ITO) thin films were sputter deposited by using working gas containing hydrogen on glass substrate without any heat treatments. The films demonstrated X‐ray diffraction due to polycrystalline ITO, blue‐green photoluminescence (PL) due to oxygen defects in nano‐structured ITO crystals, and paramagnetic behaviour in temperature dependence of magnetization overlapped with diamagnetic signal from the substrate. The carrier density n of the films was of the order of 1020 cm−3, and varied as an inverse of V‐character with the hydrogen concentration [H] in the gas. The n value peaked at [H] = 1%. Spectral features at ≈430 and ≈470 nm of the PL emission were invariant with [H]. The order of the density of electrons N with spins obeying the Curie law was 1023 cm−3, and the variation in N with [H] was almost parallel to that in n with [H].
Unique surface textures of ZnO films deposited by chemical bath deposition
Authors: Seo Seung‐Woo , Lee Dong‐Hyun , Kim Young Sung , Chae Heeyeop , Cho Sung Min 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe unique surface textures of zinc oxide (ZnO) films grown by chemical bath deposition were presented. Both the zinc concentration and ethanol content in the chemical bath were found to affect the surface texture of ZnO films significantly. At certain growth conditions, the commonly observed textures derived from ZnO hexagonal rods evolve into unique shell‐like textures. The shell‐like surface textures are entirely different from the common textures in that the shape of grains is not hexagonal but rather round. A possible mechanism for the shell‐like texture growth was discussed.
Intravenous contrast ultrasound examination using contrast‐tuned imaging (CnTI™) and the contrast medium SonoVue® for discrimination between benign and malignant adnexal masses with solid components
Authors: Testa A. C. , Timmerman D. , Van Belle V. , Fruscella E. , Van Holsbeke C. , Savelli L. , Ferrazzi E. , Leone F. P. G. , Marret H. , Tranquart F. , Exacoustos C. , Nazzaro G. , Bokor D. , Magri F. , Van Huffel S. , Ferrandina G. , Valentin L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether intravenous contrast ultrasound examination is superior to gray‐scale or power Doppler ultrasound for discrimination between benign and malignant adnexal masses with complex ultrasound morphology.MethodsIn an international multicenter study, 134 patients with an ovarian mass with solid components or a multilocular cyst with more than 10 cyst locules, underwent a standardized transvaginal ultrasound examination followed by contrast examination using the contrast‐tuned imaging technique and intravenous injection of the contrast medium SonoVue®. Time intensity curves were constructed, and peak intensity, area under the intensity curve, time to peak, sharpness and half wash‐out time were calculated. The sensitivity and specificity with regard to malignancy were calculated and receiver–operating characteristics (ROC) curves were drawn for gray‐scale, power Doppler and contrast variables and for pattern recognition (subjective assignment of a certainly benign, probably benign, uncertain or malignant diagnosis, using gray‐scale and power Doppler ultrasound findings). The gold standard was the histological diagnosis of the surgically removed tumors.ResultsAfter exclusions (surgical removal of the mass > 3 months after the ultrasound examination, technical problems), 72 adnexal masses with solid components were used in our statistical analyses. The values for peak contrast signal intensity and area under the contrast signal intensity curve in malignant tumors were significantly higher than those in borderline tumors and benign tumors, while those for the benign and borderline tumors were similar. The area under the ROC curve of the best contrast variable with regard to diagnosing borderline or invasive malignancy (0.84) was larger than that of the best gray‐scale (0.75) and power Doppler ultrasound variable (0.79) but smaller than that of pattern recognition (0.93).ConclusionFindings on ultrasound contrast examination differed between benign and malignant tumors but there was a substantial overlap in contrast findings between benign and borderline tumors. It appears that ultrasound contrast examination is not superior to conventional ultrasound techniques, which also have difficulty in distinguishing between benign and borderline tumors, but can easily differentiate invasive malignancies from other tumors. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of Aligned Ultra-long and Diameter-controlled Silicon Oxide Nanotubes by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition Using Electrospun PVP Nanofiber Template
Authors: Zhou Ming , Zhou Jinyuan , Li Ruishan , Xie Erqing 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Well-aligned and suspended polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) nanofibers with 8 mm in length were obtained by electrospinning. Using the aligned suspended PVP nanofibers array as template, aligned ultra-long silicon oxide (SiOx) nanotubes with very high aspect ratios have been prepared by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) process. The inner diameter (20–200 nm) and wall thickness (12–90 nm) of tubes were controlled, respectively, by baking the electrospun nanofibers and by coating time without sacrificing the orientation degree and the length of arrays. The micro-PL spectrum of SiOx nanotubes shows a strong blue–green emission with a peak at about 514 nm accompanied by two shoulders around 415 and 624 nm. The blue–green emission is caused by the defects in the nanotubes.
A prospective multicenter audit of labor‐room episiotomy and anal sphincter injury assessment in the Netherlands
Authors: van Dillen Jeroen , Spaans Maaike , van Keijsteren Wilma , van Dillen Marieke , Vredevoogd Corla , van Huizen Marloes , Middeldorp Annemieke 
Published: November 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the length and angle of mediolateral episiotomies performed by midwives and resident gynecologists at 3 teaching hospitals in the Netherlands, and determine the incidence of obstetric anal sphincter injury.MethodsIn this prospective audit conducted between February and September 2008, all women delivered at the 3 hospitals were examined in the labor room for perineal injury. When an injury was assessed as being grade 2 or higher, it was re‐evaluated. The incidence of anal sphincter injury was then compared with that reported in the preceding year.ResultsOf 1979 women delivered, 420 (21.2%) were given an episiotomy and 58 (2.9%) sustained anal sphincter injury. The episiotomies formed a mean angle of 40° with the perineal midline. There was no difference in length or angle between the episiotomies performed by resident gynecologists and those performed by midwives, and the angle of most episiotomies was sufficiently wide. Compared with the preceding year, the rate of anal sphincter injury was significantly higher.ConclusionThe quality of episiotomies did not differ when performed by midwives or resident gynecologists. To improve the recognition and classification of obstetric anal sphincter injuries, audits based on an internationally accredited classification could easily become a part of routine hospital practice.
Comparing the performance of analytical techniques for genetic parentage of half-sib progeny arrays
Authors: CROSHAW DEAN A. , PETERS MAUREEN B. , GLENN TRAVIS C. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryThe prevalence of female multiple mating in natural populations is important for many questions in mating system evolution. Several statistical techniques use genetic data to estimate the number of fathers that contribute gametes to broods, but they have not been widely compared to assess the magnitude of differences in their performance. With a combination of new data and reanalysis of previously published data, we compared five analytical approaches: (1) allele-counting, (2) parental reconstruction in GERUD, (3) a Bayesian probability model to estimate the frequency of multiple mating (FMM), (4) computer simulations based on population allele frequencies in HAPLOTYPES and (5) Bayesian parental reconstruction in PARENTAGE. The results show that choice of analysis technique can significantly affect estimates of sire number. Estimates from GERUD conformed exactly to results obtained from strict exclusion of potential sires in an experimental context. However, estimates yielded by HAPLOTYPES and PARENTAGE sometimes exceeded the numbers from GERUD by as much as 120 and 55%, respectively. We recommend GERUD over these other approaches for most purposes because of its accuracy and consistency in this analysis. Our novel genetic data set allowed us to investigate the extent and frequency of multiple paternity in a marbled salamander (Ambystoma opacum) population in South Carolina, USA.A. opacumcontrasted with other salamander species by having relatively low levels of multiple paternity (only 31–54% compared with 71–96%). AlthoughA. opacumhad the lowest level of multiple paternity under all analytical approaches used here, the magnitude of differences among species varied.
On the Division of the GenusOesophagostomumMolin, 1861, into Subgenera and the Creation of a New Genus for the Oesophagostomes of the Wart-Hog
Authors: Leroux P. L. 
Published: November 2009

During the past nine years the writer has collected many helminths from the gastro-intestinal tract of various antelopes in Northern Rhodesia.Amongst the collected material are oesophagostomes from the Puku (Adenota vardoni), the Red Lechwe (Onotragus leche), the Duiker (Cephalophus natalensis), the Kudu (Strepsiceros strepsiceros) and the Roan Antelope (Hippotragus equinus).
On the systematic relationships of the vinegar eelworm, Turbatrix aceti, and its congeners, with a description of a new species
Authors: Goodey T. 
Published: November 2009

Study of a species of eelworm closely akin to the eelworm of paper-hanger's paste but differing from it in certain anatomical details has afforded an opportunity for considering the systematic relationships of this interesting worm and its congeners with the result that a new and, to the writer, a more satisfactory grouping is put forward.In the characters of the head, the structure of the stoma, the shape and build of the oesophagus and the general structure and arrangement of the female gonad as well as in the distribution of the male caudal papillae and the character of the spicules, the genera comprising this group, show obvious resemblances to members of the family Cephalbbidae Chitwood & Chitwood, 1934. The writer therefore proposes their formal inclusion in this family.
A Cotton Blue-Lactophenol Technique for Mounting Plant-Parasitic Nematodes
Authors: Franklin Mary T. , Goodey J. Basil 
Published: November 2009

The lack of a rapid and reliable method of making permanent preparations of nematodes is most strongly felt in the case of the plant-parasitic forms. The method in general use for most plant- and soil-inhabiting nematodes consists in relaxing the worms by gentle heat, fixing in 5% formalin or Ditlivsen's fixative (Thorne, 1925) and then impregnating slowly with glycerine. This procedure is quite reliable for the non-plant-parasitic forms but its results with plant-parasitic worms are very uncertain. With the latter it is necessary to transfer from fixative to very dilute glycerine, usually 1.5% glycerine in 7.5% alcohol with a trace of thymol or copper sulphate to discourage moulds. The glycerine is allowed to concentrate very slowly during at least four weeks until the worms can be transferred to pure glycerine in which they are mounted. Even then the results are often disappointing for the worms very frequently collapse.In considering this general problem recently the authors called to mind the appearance of worms stained within plant tissues by the acid fuchsin-lactophenol method (Goodey, 1987: Franklin, 1949). This method causes no collapse or distortion of the worms and takes but a few minutes from living material to permanently stained preparations. The process has now been developed for use with free specimens of Anguillulina dipsaci and plant-parasitic species of Aphelenchoides, and is as follows:
On the Adult Morphology of Wuchereria sp. (malayi?) from a Monkey (Macaca irus) and from Cats in Malaya, and on Wuchereria pahangi n.sp. from a Dog and a Cat
Authors: Buckley J. J. C. , Edeson J. F. B. 
Published: November 2009

Adult specimens or parts of specimens of Wuchereria were recovered from the lymphatic systems of a Kra monkey (Macaca irus) (1), domestic cats (4), a dog (1) and a Slow Loris (N. coucang), from areas of endemic human filariasis in Pahang, Malaya.Morphological studies on this material revealed a new species, herein named W. pahangi, in the dog and in one cat; a species in the Kra monkey which is close to and probably identical with adults of W. malayi as described by Bonne el at. (1941) from man in Indonesia; but its relationships, and also those of the species from man in Indonesia, with the W. malayi described by Rao & Maplestone (1939) in India need further investigation. Three cats harboured a species which is close to that in the Kra monkey but its identity is sub judice until further material is available. Fragments only of a female worm, which included the tail, were recovered from the Slow Loris. It is thought that this material may be the new species W. pahangi.
Studies on Anafilaroides rostratus Gerichter, 1949 in Cats: II. The Life Cycle
Authors: Seneviratna P. 
Published: November 2009

The first stage larva of Anafilaroides rostratus develops, after penetration into the foot of certain molluscs, Laevicaulis alte Fer. Mariella dussumieri Gray, Achatina fulica (Fer.) and Helix aspersa Müller. Two moults occur in the foot of these molluscs in 20–56 days depending on the temperature. After each moult the cuticle is shed. The details of development are described. The infective larvae are found in the foot of these molluscs. Natural infection was found in L. alte.Mice and chickens can act as auxiliary hosts. Probably rats, other rodents and birds can also act in the same capacity.The study of the development of the parasite in the cats is not complete. On ingestion the infective larvae penetrate the stomach wall and reach the lung where the third and the fourth moults occur. Exact times of the occurrence of the moults have not been definitely established. All moults are however completed by the 46th day; from then until the 58th day, immature helminths are found in the lungs. Fully gravid females are found on the 74th day, and larvae are first seen on the 78th day. The worms continue to produce larvae for more than 255 days after maturity. The duration of the life of the adult is probably considerably longer than one year.
A Modified Technique for Preliminary Screening of Compounds for Anthelmintic Activity against Eggs and Larvae of Bursate Nematodes of Sheep
Authors: Parnell I. W. 
Published: November 2009

A technique is described for measuring the larvicidal activity of compounds against the free-living stages of bursate nematodes of sheep. Cultures were made in small glass tubes in 2 oz. “pomade” jars, and the larvicidal effects of the compounds were measured by comparing the number of infective larvae which were recovered from treated cultures with the numbers from the control cultures.This technique provides another in vitro screening method for compounds which may be effective as anthelmintics against bursate nematodes.
The Development and Life History of Echinorhynchus truttae Schrank, 1788 (Acanthocephala)
Authors: Awachie J. B. E. 
Published: November 2009

The details of the post-embryonic development of Echinorhynchus truttae in the intermediate host, Gammarus pulex, and the final host, Salmo truttae, are described.The cystacanths of this species are sexually mature and are formed about 82 days after infection at room temperature, ca. 17°C.Copulation takes place in the definitive host soon after the worms enter the pyloric region of the intestine. About 10 weeks after infection, mature eggs are passed out with the faeces of fish.
The Intermediate Host and the Cercaria of Gastrodiscoides hominis (Trematoda: Gastrodiscidae). Preliminary Report
Authors: Dutt S. C. , Srivastava H. D. 
Published: November 2009

The planorbid snail Helicorbis coenosus (Benson) has been found experimentally to serve as the intermediate host of Gastrodiscoides hominis.The cercaria of G. hominis is described. It is characterized by the presence of a pair of well-developed oral pouches, an alimentary tract having an oesophagus with a muscular bulb and two simple intestinal caeca, an excretory system with a cross-connection between the two main trunks and a reproductive system represented by rudimentary cell groups arranged in a manner similar to that found in the adult fluke.
On a Parasitic Nematode, Galebiella sp. Basir, 1941, from Aquatic Beetles in Egypt
Authors: Rostom Z. M. F. 
Published: November 2009

The genus Galebiella Basir, 1941, has been recorded from Hydrous aculeatus Sol. (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) in the U.A.R. Female nematodes only were found, in the hindgut of the adult beetles.Worms were especially abundant close to the pyloric valve and were found free in the gut lumen; a few of them were loosely attached to the gut wall.The reaction of the hind- and midgut was almost the same yet the infection was restricted to the hindgut.In many cases of infection the peritrophic membrane in the hindgut region became fragmented into longitudinal fibres. The intima, epithelium and muscle layers showed no changes at all.
Haemonchus longistipes Railliet & Henry, 1909 in goats in the Sudan
Authors: Hussein H. S. , Arzoun I. H. , Hussein M. F. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractHaemonchus longistipes specimens were collected from experimentally infected Sudanese goats and camels for morphological studies. The specimens from goats were much smaller than those from camels, but their infectivity to camels was not affected by their passage in goats. Goats inhabiting the same areas as camels in the Sudan were found to be naturally infected with H. longistipes, but sheep were not and were resistant to experimental infection.
The effects of treatment with transfer factor, parasitic antigen and precipitated immunoglobulin on the parasitological and histopathological responses inHaemonchus contortusinfection in lambs under six months of age
Authors: MacKenzie Grace , Hunter A. R. , Ross J. G. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTIn lambs under six months of age infected with 10,000H. contortusthird stage larvae two effects were observed as a result of the treatment regimes administered: 1. Reduced adult worm burdens, indicating protection, occurred in the animals treated with combined transfer factor, adult parasitic antigen and precipitated immunoglobulin whereas other treatment combinations produced no significant effects. 2. Defined patterns of histological changes in the abomasa were associated with each treatment and cumulative effects were recognized when combined treatments were given. The responses induced by transfer factor treatment suggest the development of a hypersensitivity reaction outwith the changes seen in primaryH. contortuschallenge.
Prevalence of Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in commensal rats in Bombay
Authors: Renapurkar D. M. , Bhopale M. K. , Limaye Lalita S. , Sharma K. D. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTThe prevalence Angiostrongylus cantonensis, a metastrongylid lungworm of rats, was investigated in three common species of rodents in the Greater Bombay area, namely, Rattus rattus, R. norvegicus and Bandicota bengalensis. In all, 737 R. norvegicus, 100 R. rattus and 100 B. bengalensis were examined and the presence of A. cantonensis infection was noticed in R. norvegicus (1·62%). About 800 slugs (Laevicaulis alte) were examined and were found to harbour third-stage larvae of Angiostrongylus.
The Degree of Heterodera Infectivity of Soil and its Determination
Authors: Fenwick D. W. 
Published: November 2009

(1) A technique for measuring the infectivity of soil with Heterodera schachtii in terms of the number of larvae potentially capable of infecting plants per pound of soil is described.(2) The liberation of the larvae is accomplished by subjecting the cysts recovered from one half-pound sample of soil to a given strength of calcium hypochlorite solution for four hours. The loss of larvae due to solution during this time was found to be negligible.(3) It was shown that if the larvae liberated were made up to a suspension, then counts made on 0·15 cc. samples of this suspension fall into a Poisson distribution and hence the accuracy of the final determination is dependent only on the number of larvae counted.(4) It was found that provided the soil to be examined was thoroughly mixed that it was unnecessary to examine more than one half-pound sample as there was no significant difference between the means from different samples.(5) Figures of cyst counts tabulated alongside available larvae show the utter inadequacy of cyst counts as a measure of infectivity.(6) No attempt is made in this paper to determine how many of the larvae are alive and viable, further research into this matter being contemplated.
Prophets in the Wilderness: An Ecology of Ministerial Organization Participation in Public Affairs
Authors: Djupe Paul A. , Niles Franklyn C. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractStudies of interest groups typically sample from organizations or lobbyists registered with a government – those already engaged in political action. Because of this design choice, the questions asked of organizational systems are constrained. We take a different tack, pursuing investigation of one organizational form, ministerial organizations (MOs), in a wide variety of systems to ask about whether and how they engage in public affairs across ecologies. Specifically, we ask: What pressures affect whether MOs engage a public versus private purpose? How do MOs forage in public affairs, with what size and diversity of coalition? The data result from a hyper-network survey of MO contacts, identified by a national sample of United Methodist Church clergy. We find, contrary to assertions in previous work that religious interest groups respond to ecological pressures in a similar manner as other interest groups.