bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resistance toSalmonellacarrier state: selection may be efficient but response depends on animal's age
Authors: BEAUMONT CATHERINE , CHAPUIS HERVE , PROTAIS JOCELYNE , SELLIER NADINE , MENANTEAU PIERRETTE , FRAVALO PHILIPPE , VELGE PHILIPPE 
Published: July 2009

SummaryIncreasing resistance to acute salmonellosis (defined as bacteraemia in animals showing symptoms) is not sufficient for food safety, because of the risk of carrier state (when animals excrete bacteria without showing any symptoms). Increased resistance toSalmonellacarrier state is therefore needed. Two experiments of divergent selection on resistance at a younger and a later age lead to significant differences between lines and allowed estimating genetic parameters on 4262 animals. Heritability of resistance was estimated at 0·16 in chicks, while it varied from 0·14 to 0·23 with analysed organ in adult hens. Genetic correlations between contamination of the different organs ranged from 0·46 to 0·67, while correlations between resistance at both ages were estimated at −0·50, showing that increasing genetic resistance of hens will reduce resistance in chicks. Highest estimated absolute values of genetic correlations between resistance and production traits were, for chicken contamination level, with number of eggs laid between 41 and 60 (0·37) and, for adult contamination, with number of eggs laid between 18 and 24 (0·37) or 25 and 40 (−0·33) weeks of age.
An unusual middle-ear mass
Authors: Muller M , Zammit-Maempel I , Hill J , Wilkins B 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjective:We describe a case of endolymphatic sac tumour confined to the middle ear, which radiologically mimicked a glomus tympanicum, in a 58-year-old woman with tinnitus.Case report:A 58-year-old woman presented with a one-year history of right-sided tinnitus. The clinical, radiological and surgical features were felt to be in keeping with a glomus tympanicum. However, the histopathological picture was that of a low grade papillary carcinoma of the endolymphatic sac, i.e. an endolymphatic sac tumour.Conclusion:Endolymphatic sac tumours are classically locally aggressive and centred around the petrous temporal bone. Further growth results in complete replacement of the mastoid and petrous pyramid by tumour. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no previous reports of an endolymphatic sac tumour located solely within the hypo- and epitympanum of the middle ear.
Prognostic scoring in necrotising otitis externa
Authors: Eveleigh M O , Hall C E J , Baldwin D L 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjective:To collect and analyse data from the published literature concerning the rare condition necrotising otitis externa, in order to formulate a prognostic scoring model based on signs and symptoms.Design:Retrospective data collection from published literature, and binary logistic regression analysis of the effect on outcome of identified signs and symptoms.Results:Six factors were identified as prognostic of a poorer outcome, including facial nerve involvement, additional cranial nerve involvement, non-cranial nerve neurological involvement, extensive granulations (or oedema) in the external auditory canal, bilateral symptoms and aspergillus species as the causative organism. A four-point scoring model based on these findings is presented.Conclusions:A novel, systematic method of data analysis was utilised to construct a prognostic scoring model for necrotising otitis externa. This will better equip clinicians to treat this potentially fatal condition.
High densities and depth-associated changes of epibenthic megafauna along the Aleutian margin from 2000–4200 m
Authors: Fodrie F.J. , Levin L.A. , Rathburn A.E. 
Published: July 2009

The Aleutian margin is a dynamic environment underlying a productive coastal ocean and subject to frequent tectonic disturbance. In July 2004, we used over 500 individual bottom images from towed camera transects to investigate patterns of epibenthic megafaunal density and community composition on the contiguous Aleutian margin (53°N 163°W) at depths of 2000 m, 3200 m and 4200 m. We also examined the influence of vertical isolation on the megafaunal assemblage across a topographic rise at 3200 m, located 30 km from the main margin and elevated 800 m above the surrounding seafloor. In comparison to previous reports from bathyal and abyssal depths, megafaunal densities along the Aleutian margin were remarkably high, averaging 5.38±0.43 (mean±1 standard error), 0.32±0.02 to 0.43±0.03 and 0.27±0.01 individuals m−2 at 2000 m, 3200 m and 4200 m, respectively. Diversity at 2000 m was elevated by 15–30% over the deeper sites (3200–4200 m) depending on the metric, while evenness was depressed by ~10%. Levels of richness and evenness were similar among the three deeper sites. Echinoderms were the most abundant phylum at each depth; ophiuroids accounted for 89% of individuals in photographs at 2000 m, echinoids were dominant at 3200 m (39%), and holothurians dominated at 4200 m (47%). We observed a 26% reduction in megafaunal density across the summit of the topographic rise relative to that documented on the continental slope at the same depth. However, the two communities at 3200 m were very similar in composition. Together, these data support the modified ‘archibenthal zone of transition’ framework for slope community patterns with distinct communities along the middle and lower slope (the upper slope was not evaluated here). This study fills a geographical gap by providing baseline information for a relatively pristine, high-latitude, deep-sea benthic ecosystem. As pressures grow for drilling, fishing and mining on high-latitude margins, such data can serve as a reference point for much-needed studies on the ecology, long-term dynamics, and anthropogenically induced change of these habitats.
Growth and reproduction of Solen dactylus (Bivalvia: Solenidae) on northern coast of the Persian Gulf (Iran)
Authors: Saeedi Hanieh , Raad Shahrokh P. , Ardalan Aria A. , Kamrani Ehsan , Kiabi Bahram H. 
Published: July 2009

Solen dactylus is a razor clam distributed throughout the coast of the northern Persian Gulf. Study on biology of razor clams in this area is important for an essential management where these clams are overfished without any control. This study provides the first estimate of growth rate and an interpretation of the reproductive cycle of S. dactylus on the coast of the Persian Gulf (Bandar Abbas). In this study, 945 razor clams were collected from April 2007 to March 2008 along two transects of Golshahr coast in Bandar Abbas. Von Bertalanffy growth parameters for transects 1 and 2 ranged from 101–108 mm for asymptotic length (L∞), 0.27–0.28 year−1 for growth constant (k), and −0.99–0.94 for age at length zero (t0), respectively. Gonads were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and gametogenic stages were based on seven stages: (Stage 0) sexual rest; (Stage I) proliferation of gonad and start of gametogenesis; (Stage II) advanced gametogenesis; (Stage IIIA) ripeness; (Stage IIIB) start of spawning; (Stage IIIC) restoration; and (Stage IV) emission. The result showed that S. dactylus is a gonochoric clam and both males and females demonstrated synchronism in gonadal development. The gametogenic cycle began in late August and ended in late February. After several minor spawnings, plus a major one in January, the razor clams entered to the sexual rest stage in March.
Copepod community structure related to environmental factors from a summer cruise in the Gulf of Gabès (Tunisia, eastern Mediterranean Sea)
Authors: Drira Zaher , Belhassen Malika , Ayadi Habib , Hamza Asma , Zarrad Rafik , Bouaïn Abderrahmen , Aleya Lotfi 
Published: July 2009

We studied the summer spatial distribution of the copepod community in both the neritic and oceanic areas of the Gulf of Gabès (Tunisia, eastern Mediterranean Sea) coupled with environmental factors. Copepods were the most abundant zooplankton throughout the sampling period, contributing 78% of the total zooplankton. A total of 14 copepod families were identified in all stations, with an overwhelming abundance of Acartiidae and Oithonidae (39.05 and 39.09% of total abundance, respectively). Abundance of Acartia clausi and chlorophyll-a concentrations were negatively correlated with salinity, suggesting that this species probably escaped the high coastal salinity (38 psu). Significant correlation determined between A. clausi and tintinnids at 50 m isobaths indicates that these planktonic ciliates probably served as a substantial food link towards higher trophic levels of this area. Conversely, Oithona nana which was well adapted to high chlorophyll-a concentrations and high salinity along the coast, showed significant correlations with Dictyochophyceae, Dinophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and Euglenophyceae, suggesting that this small copepod was capable of feeding on a wide selection of phytoplankton preys.
Feeding ecology ofSymbolophorus californiensislarvae (Teleostei: Myctophidae) in the southern transition region of the western North Pacific
Authors: Sassa Chiyuki 
Published: July 2009

The feeding habits of myctophid larvae ofSymbolophorus californiensiswere examined in the southern transition region of the western North Pacific where the main spawning and nursery grounds ofS. californiensisare formed. This species is a key component of the pelagic ecosystems of this region, and their larvae attain one of the largest sizes among myctophids. To analyse gut contents larvae, including most life history stages after yolk-sac absorption (3.7 to 22.2 mm body length (BL)), were collected in the upper 100 m layer in 1997 and 1998. Feeding incidence was higher during the day than at night (53.1–92.3% versus 0–5.6%), and daytime feeding incidence increased gradually with larval growth. Larvae fed mainly on copepods of various developmental stages. Larvae ofS. californiensisshowed an ontogenetic change in their diet: larvae ≤7.9 mm BL (i.e. preflexion stage) fed mainly on copepod eggs and nauplii, while the larvae ≥8 mm BL consumed mainly calanoid copepodites such asPseudocalanusandParacalanusspp. In the largest size-class (16–22.2 mm BL), the furcilia stage of euphausiids was also an important prey item. There was an increase in the average prey size with growth in larvae ≤11.9 mm BL, while the number of prey eaten positively correlated with growth in larvae ≥12 mm BL. The trophic niche breadth also increased with larval growth, which would ensure a wide range of available food resources for the larger size-class larvae.
Sponges associated withSargassumspp. (Phaeophyceae: Fucales) from the south-western Gulf of California
Authors: Ávila E. , Blancas-Gallangos N.I. , Riosmena-Rodríguez R. , Paul-Chávez L. 
Published: July 2009

This study constitutes a preliminary assessment of the abundance and species richness of sponges living on the brown seaweedSargassumspp. from the southern Gulf of California (Mexico). The diversity and abundance of sponges associated withSargassumwas investigated from November 2006 to November 2007. In addition, it was examined whether temporal variations in the abundance of associations were influenced by changes in size and density ofSargassumas well as environmental factors such as water temperature and salinity. Twelve sponge species (4 Haplosclerida, 3 Poecilosclerida, 4 Dictyoceratida and 1 Clathrinida) were found growing epiphytically on the lower portions ofSargassumplants and the most frequent species wereCallyspongia californicaandHaliclona turquoisia(38% and 27%, respectively). The abundance of associations showed significant temporal and spatial variations, being higher from June to November (postSargassumgrowth period), at depths from 0.5–2.5 m. The number of sponge species m−2(both epiphytic and non-epiphytic) inside the seaweed bed was 4.8 species m−2, while outside it, the absence of hard substrate for attachment severely restricted the number of sponges. These results suggest thatSargassumprovide substratum and habitat for the sponge community from this region, and that their seasonal growth patterns may influence the abundance and diversity of the associations.
Long-stay psychiatric inpatients: a study based on the Camberwell Register
Authors: Hailey Anthea M. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISA cohort of patients from Camberwell, who had been in psychiatric hospital for one year or more on 31 December 1964, is described. The attrition rate for this group, and the accumulation of ‘new’ long-stay patients from the area since that date, are analysed, and compared with published data from other studies. In the light of the resulting overall decrease in the long-stay population with time, possible trends in the future can be considered.
Assessment of the severity of primary depressive illness: Wakefield self-assessment depression inventory
Authors: Snaith R. P. , Ahmed S. N. , Mehta S. , Hamilton Max 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYA self-assessment inventory for measuring severity of depressive illness is described, Its chief merits are brevity and simplicity. The correlation with the Hamilton Rating Scale is +0·87. At a cut-off level of 14–15 points 3% of patients and 7·5% of ‘Normals’ are misclassified. The mean scores for male and female patients do not differ significantly and the small positive correlation of score with age is of little practical significance. The limitations in this inventory are discussed but, despite them, it has practical value and merits further development.
Neurophysiological correlates of senile dementia: II. The somatosensory evoked response
Authors: Levy Raymond , Isaacs Anthony , Behrman Joan 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISSpecific cortical somatosensory evoked responses were recorded in nine patients suffering from senile dementia and eight elderly depressed patients. The results were as follows. (1) The latencies of each peak were longer in the demented than in the depressed group but this difference was significant only for peak 3 (the second negative deviation). (2) The late negative deviation (peak 5) was either absent or very flat in demented patients. The ratio of the amplitude of this late wave to that of the first peak discriminated between demented and non-demented patients at the 0·5% level. (3) The value of this ratio combined with that of the latency of peak 3 could be used to classify all but one patient into the correct diagnostic group. The results are discussed in the light of the relevant literature. It is suggested that slowing of conduction in the nervous system may be a very basic disturbance associated with cognitive impairment in old age and that measurements of this kind may come to assist in the diagnosis of dementia.
Folate and amine metabolites in senile dementia: a combined trial and biochemical study
Authors: Shaw David M. , Macsweeney David A. , Johnson Anthony L. , O'Keeffe Ruth , Naidoo D. , Macleods D. M. , Jog Sudha , Preece John M. , Crowley J. M. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISFolate (RBC, serum, CSF) and B12(serum and CSF) and 5-HIAA and HVA (CSF) concentrations were measured in patients with senile dementia. Those with RBC folate < 130 ng/ml. were given folate/B12in a double-blind crossover trial. (1) Amine metabolites and folate were unrelated. (2) CSF folate levels rose significantly but slowly on ward diet only independently of the period of intensive replacement. (3) There was no clinical improvement over the 24 weeks of observation but in view of the biochemical findings the period of study may have been too short.
Dementia during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: a conceptual history
Authors: Berrios G. E. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisAn historical analysis is made of the word and of the concept of ‘dementia’ before the nineteenth century. With regard to the word, it is shown that it had legal and medical meanings and that, while the former developed during the seventeenth century, the latter did so only during the eighteenth century (earlier than psychiatric historians have suggested). As evidence for the latter point, rare historical material on ‘Démence’ from the first edition of the Encyclopédie Française is presented for the first time in English. It is also shown that the legal meaning was finally enshrined in the ‘Code Napoléon’. With regards to the concept of dementia, it is shown that it took final shape in the work of Willis, Hartley and Cullen in whose view it was made to include terminal states of behavioural incompetence due to severe failure of almost any mental function. During this period, dementia was not yet associated with a particular age group nor was specifically defined in terms of cognitive deficit. The origins of the ‘cognitive’ paradigm of dementia and of the clinical boundaries of the future concept of dementia are briefly outlined.
Arginine vasopressin in manic-depressive psychosis
Authors: Penney M. D. , Levell M. J. , Hullin R. P. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisUrinary excretions of arginine vasopressin (AVP), sodium, potassium, osmoles and creatinine were measured in three in-patients with bipolar manic-depressive psychosis on at least eight 24-hour periods in each affective phase. Mood and body weight were recorded twice daily. The excretion by each patient of sodium, water and osmoles was greater in mania than during depression. Comparison of electrolytes and osmoles suggested that the increase was due to increased intake of salt and water rather than of total diet. There was a fall of mean AVP excretion during mania, the magnitude of the fall being related to the increase of water throughput.Compared with controls, AVP excretion was high and variable. It did not show the normal relationship to urine osmolality. Days with very high AVP were not associated with any characteristic feature of the other measurements; nor were they confined to any one point in the manic-depressive cycle.AVP does not appear to play a major role in the salt and water changes characteristic of manicdepressive psychosis and we have no evidence of its having any direct relationship to mood changes. We suggest that the observed abnormalities of AVP excretion are another manifestation of the central defect of this disease.
Enlargement of cerebrospinal fluid spaces in long-term benzodiazepine abusers
Authors: Schmauss C. , Krieg J.-C. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisIn 17 benzodiazepine (BDZ) dependent in-patients a CT scan was performed before initiation of withdrawal therapy. The evaluation of the ventricular to brain ratio (VBR) by standardized and computerized measurements revealed significantly higher mean VBRs for both high-and low-dose BDZ-dependent patients compared to the mean VBR of an age- and sex-matched control group. In addition, the mean VBR of high-dose BDZ-dependent patients (N = 8) was significantly higher than the mean VBR of low-dose BDZ-dependent patients (N = 9). This difference could not be accounted for by the age of the patients or duration of BDZ-dependency and, therefore, suggests a dose-dependent effect of BDZs on the enlargement of internal CSF-spaces. On the other hand, higher values for the width of external CSF-spaces were found to be related to increasing age of the patients and duration of BDZ-dependency.
Neuroleptic effects on platelet aggregation: a study in normal volunteers and schizophrenics
Authors: Dinan Timothy G. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisPlatelet-rich plasma from healthy controls was pre-treated with neuroleptics of the phenothiazine, butyrophenone or benzamide variety before aggregation with one of the following agonist agents: ADP, adrenaline, 5-HT, collagen, platelet activating factor or ristocetin. All compounds effective as antipsychotics, except sulpiride, depressed aggregation. Unmedicated schizophrenics showed aggregation responses indistinguishable from healthy controls. However, within days of treatment with either trifluoroperazine or haloperidol responses became abnormal in acutely psychotic patients. Increased responses to 5-HT and depressed responses to platelet activating factor were detected. After 4 weeks of treatment responses tended to return to normal. Aggregation responses were normal in those patients on long-term depot neuroleptics.
A controlled family history study of bulimia
Authors: Hudson James I. , Pope Harrison G. , Jonas Jeffrey M. , Yurgelun-Todd Deborah , Frankenburg Frances R. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisUsing the family history method, we assessed the morbid risk for psychiatric disorders the first-degree relatives of 69 probands with bulimia, 24 probands with major depression, and nonpsychiatric control probands. The morbid risk for major affective disorder among the first-degree relatives of the bulimic probands was 32%, significantly greater than that found in the nonpsychiatric control probands. The rate of familial major affective disorder was significantly greater in bulimic probands who had a history of major affective disorder themselves than in bulimic probands without such a history - but the latter group, in turn, displayed significantly higher rates than the nonpsychiatric control probands. Eating disorders were slightly, but not significantly, more prevalent in the families of bulimic probands than nonpsychiatric control probands. We present two alternative hypotheses which might explain these findings.
Violence in sleep: medico-legal issues and two case reports
Authors: Howard Christopher , D'Orbán P. T. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisReported cases of violence during sleep are reviewed. Two new cases are reported where the subjects were charged respectively with attempted murder and murder; both were acquitted on the grounds of non-insane automatism. Clinical features and aetiological factors are analysed. The legal concepts surrounding non-insane automatism are discussed and criticized.
The relationship between symptoms and diagnoses of minor psychiatric disorder in general practice
Authors: Grayson D. A. , Bridges K. , Duncan-Jones P. , Goldberg D. P. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisIn an earlier paper (Goldberg et al. 1987) 36 common symptoms of minor psychiatric disorder in general practice were analysed using the technique of latent trait analysis. From this analysis two dimensions of illness emerged, corresponding to anxiety and depression. In the present paper, this symptom-based representation of minor psychiatric illness is used as a framework for comparing four diagnostic systems: General Practitioner (GP) diagnoses, the ID-CATEGO diagnostic system, the DSM-III system and the Bedford College diagnostic system. This analysis clarifies the reasons for disagreement among systems of diagnostic criteria and examines the practical effects of alternative diagnostic algorithms.
Intervening processes in the relationship between unemployment and health
Authors: Kessler Ronald C. , Turner J. Blake , House James S. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA considerable amount of research documents the negative effects of job loss on both physical and mental health. Yet we know comparatively little about the mechanisms through which these effects occur. Unemployment, like other events, is not the same experience for everyone exposed to it. An understanding of this variation might be facilitated by breaking down the analysis of unemployment into a consideration of the various stresses that it creates or exacerbates. This is our purpose in the present paper.We demonstrate that, for one area of the United States, the effect of job loss on several health outcomes involves two mechanisms: (1) unemployment results in increased financial strain which, in turn, results in negative health effects, and (2) unemployment leaves the individual more vulnerable to the impact of unrelated life events. Controlling for financial strain, unemployed people in our sample who have not experienced an additional life event in the previous year are in no worse health than the stably employed. This provides useful insights into the nature of the unemployment experience in this particular setting. It also provides a basis for future detailed explorations of the various ways people cope with this event.