bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crimes Against Humanity: Directing Attacks Against A Civilian Population
Authors: Eboe-Osuji Chile 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn international criminal law, to sustain a charge of crimes against humanity, the Prosecution must prove, among other elements, that the perpetrator was involved in an attack directed against a civilian population. In Prosecutor v Fofana and Kondewa, the Special Court for Sierra Leone found that the Prosecution failed to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the civilian population was the 'primary object' of the attack and acquitted the accused on the counts of murder and other inhumane acts as crimes against humanity. The Appeals Chamber accepted this view. However, it reversed Trial Chamber I on the ground that the Prosecution evidence did establish that the civilian population had been the primary, as opposed to incidental, target of the attack. The author suggests that this is an error resulting from the undue jurisprudential pre-occupation with the meaning of 'primary' in relation to the notion of attack against a civilian population. Instead, the inquiry should focus on whether the civilian population was 'intentionally' targeted in the attack, notwithstanding that it may not have been the primary object of the attack. He submits that this approach would be consistent with the classic theory of mens rea in criminal law.
Constitutional and Succession Crisis in West Africa: The Case of Togo
Authors: Banjo Adewale 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe politics of succession in post-independence West Africa has left much to be desired and, by extension, has affected the quality of democracy and human security in the sub-region. This article briefly assesses succession politics in Togo, a small West African nation of approximately 5 million people, following the death of President Gnassingbe Eyadema, one of Africa's longest serving dictators. The author describes the military takeover and subsequent election that legitimized the illegal take over of power by Eyadema's son despite sustained domestic opposition from politicians and civil society, as well as sub-regional, regional and international condemnation of a Constitutional "coup d'etat" in Togo. The article concludes that the succession crisis in Togo is far from over, given the continuing manipulation of what the author calls the geo-ethnic divide in that country.
Development of a vascular niche platform for expansion of repopulating human cord blood stem and progenitor cells
Authors: Butler Jason M. , Gars Eric J. , James Daylon J. , Nolan Daniel J. , Scandura Joseph M. , Rafii Shahin 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Transplantation of ex vivo expanded human umbilical cord blood cells (hCB) only partially enhances the hematopoietic recovery after myelosuppressive therapy. Incubation of hCB with optimal combinations of cytokines and niche cells, such as endothelial cells (ECs), could augment the efficiency of hCB expansion. We have devised an approach to cultivate primary human ECs (hECs) in serum-free culture conditions. We demonstrate that coculture of CD34+ hCB in direct cellular contact with hECs and minimal concentrations of thrombopoietin/Kit-ligand/Flt3-ligand resulted in a 400-fold expansion of total hematopoietic cells, 150-fold expansion of CD45+CD34+ progenitor cells, and 23-fold expansion of CD45+ Lin−CD34hi+CD45RA−CD49f+ stem and progenitor cells over a 12-day period. Compared with cytokines alone, coculture of hCB with hECs permitted greater expansion of cells capable of multilineage engraftment and serial transplantation, hallmarks of long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells. Therefore, hECs establish a cellular platform for expansion of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and treatment of hematologic disorders.
Zur Identifikation mehrdimensionaler Kennfelder für Verbrennungsmotoren
Authors: Sequenz Heiko , Keller Kerstin , Isermann Rolf 
Published: June 2012

Zusammenfassung
Es werden verschiedene Kennfeldstrukturen zur Identifikation des stationären Verhaltens multidimensionaler nichtlinearer Prozesse betrachtet. Zur experimentellen Bestimmung der Kennfelder werden die Methode der kleinsten Quadrate in expliziter und rekursiver Form und eine Methode mit Zwischenmodell beschrieben. Es wird eine Kennfeldregularisierung eingeführt, welche die Identifikation von nicht angeregten Stützstellen ermöglicht und eine Glättung erlaubt. Die beschriebenen Methoden sind besonders für Verbrennungsmotoren mit vielen Ein- und Ausgangssignalen geeignet. Als eine Anwendung wird die Identifikation und Invertierung einer Kennfeldstruktur für ein Momentenmodell gezeigt.
Einrichtung einer Abteilung Regelungstechnik im Deutschen Museum München — Ein unvollendetes Projekt
Authors: Schmidt Günther 
Published: June 2012

Zusammenfassung
Dieser Beitrag stellt die Originalversion eines von Professor W. Oppelt im Jahr 1972 ausgearbeiteten und bisher unveröffentlichten Dokuments mit dem Vorschlag zur Einrichtung einer Abteilung Regelungstechnik im Deutschen Museum vor. Er berichtet über Hintergründe zu der bisher fehlenden Umsetzung und regt eine neue Initiative zu einer angemessenen Präsentation der Leitdisziplin Mess- und Automatisierungstechnik im Deutschen Museum an.
Nutritional Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Pediatric Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Karpouzis Fay , Bonello Rod 
Published: June 2012

Increasing prevalence rates of pediatric and adolescent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), concerns over the safety and efficacy of psychostimulants, and fears about long-term use of psychostimulants have led many parents to seek alternative therapies for their children. Numerous environmental factors have been suspected of influencing ADHD. Over the last few decades, there has been an increasing awareness of the importance of nutrition and the potential role it has on influencing ADHD and ADHD symptomatology.This article focuses on nutrition, dietary modifications, and nutraceuticals, which are the most commonly used complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies for the management of pediatric and adolescent ADHD. The aim is to present a narrative literature review for dietary modifications and nutritional supplementation for pediatric and adolescent ADHD.Searches were made in full-text English language articles from 2000 to February 2012 in the PubMed Central, Medline, Cochrane Library, Psych INFO, Scopus, and CINAHL databases. The review revealed a full range of research strategies, but this article concentrates on randomized controlled trials, observational studies, longitudinal studies, epidemiological studies, surveys, qualitative reviews, narrative reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. The literature reveals a mixture of results in respect to dietary modifications and nutritional supplementation for children and adolescents with ADHD; however, the future of nutritional research appears promising.
Traditional Birth Attendants in Samoa: Integration With the Formal Health System
Authors: Homer Caroline S. E. , Lees Tauaitala , Stowers Pelenatete , Aiavao Fulisia , Sheehy Annabel , Barclay Lesley 
Published: June 2012

A traditional birth attendant (TBA) is a person who assists the mother during childbirth and who initially acquired her skills by delivering babies herself or through apprenticeship to other TBAs. In many parts of the world, TBAs continue to provide a significant proportion of maternity care during pregnancy, birth, and the postpartum period. In Samoa, TBAs are recognized part of both the formal and informal health care system. The aim of this research was to examine the contribution that TBAs made in the provision of maternity care in Samoa. A descriptive study was undertaken, and 100 TBAs who had attended more than 400 births a year were interviewed as part of a broader Safe Motherhood Needs Assessment.The findings highlighted that although TBAs can work in collaboration with individual health providers or facilities or be integrated into the health system, TBAs were often practicing autonomously within their communities, independent of collaborative links. This study showed that formal recognition and registration of TBAs would improve the recording of births and augment their partnership to the formal health care system. This formal registration process has since been implemented to improve monitoring and evaluation and assist future research with this important group.
Constrained thermal denaturation of DNA under fixed linking number
Authors: Bar Amir , Kabakçıoğlu Alkan , Mukamel David 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
A DNA molecule with freely fluctuating ends undergoes a sharp thermal denaturation transition upon heating. However, in circular DNA chains and some experimental setups that manipulate single DNA molecules, the total number of turns (linking number) is constant at all times. The consequences of this additional topological invariant on the melting behaviour are nontrivial. Below, we investigate the melting characteristics of a homogeneous DNA where the linking number along the melting curve is preserved by supercoil formation in duplex portions. We obtain the mass fraction and the number of loops and supercoils below and above the melting temperature. We also argue that a macroscopic loop appears at T
c and calculate its size as a function of temperature.
Surfactant-assisted synthesis of polyaniline nanofibres without shaking and stirring: effect of conditions on morphology and conductivity
Authors: Olad Ali , Ilghami Fahimeh , Nosrati Rahimeh 
Published: June 2012

AbstractPolyaniline (PANI) nanofibres were synthesised by the chemical oxidative polymerisation method using ammonium peroxydisulphate (APS) as an oxidant/initiator. In this work, a surfactant-assisted method without shaking and stirring was used for the synthesis of PANI nanofibres. The effect was investigated of various parameters such as monomer/oxidant ratio, polymerisation temperature, and the presence of surfactant (Triton X-100 as a non-ionic surfactant) on the morphology and electrical conductivity of nanofibres. The morphology of PANI nanofibres was characterised by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results demonstrate that the morphology of PANI nanofibres was significantly influenced by the aniline/APS mole ratio, polymerisation temperature and presence of the surfactant during synthesis. The results showed that more regular and consistent nanofibres were obtained using a monomer/oxidant ratio of 4 at ambient temperature of polymerisation. PANI nanofibres with diameters in the range of 10–100 nm and length up to several μm were obtained. PANI nanofibres were also characterised using FTIR and UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy. The electrochemical behaviour of PANI nanofibres was studied by cyclic voltammetry. It was found that the electrical conductivity of PANI nanofibres increased with the increasing monomer/oxidant ratio and decreasing polymerisation temperature, respectively.
Methyltrioxorhenium-catalysed oxidation of secondary amines to nitrones in ionic liquids
Authors: Mečiarová Mária , Mojzesová Melinda , Šebesta Radovan 
Published: June 2012

AbstractNitrones serve as starting materials for the synthesis of many heterocycles. Oxidation of secondary amines using hydrogen peroxide and the catalytic amount of methyltrioxorhenium in ionic liquids is a useful method for the preparation of nitrones. Ultrasonic irradiation and ionic liquids have a positive influence on the reaction. The nitrones required were isolated in good yields. Corresponding hydroxylamines, which can be easily oxidised to nitrones, often accompanied the main products. Methyltrioxorhenium in ionic liquids was re-used in several reaction cycles without any deteriorating effect on the course of the reaction.
Recent advancement in metal containing multicomponent chalcogenide glasses
Authors: Singh A. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAmorphous semiconductors or chalcogenide glasses are the key materials in modern optoelectronics to make comfortable life of our society. Understanding of physical properties (like microstructure, thermal, optical, electrical) of these materials is important for their different uses. Predominant study of physical properties of the metal containing multicomponent chalcogenide glasses have attracted much attention, due to their interesting variable features and wide range of structural network modifications. Structural modifications in these materials are usually described with respect to the values of structural units (or average coordination number). In significance to this, the present work demonstrates the chronological development in the field of chalcogenide glasses along with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) morphologies. Optical, electrical and thermal correlative properties of recent developed Se93−xZn2Te5Inx (0 ≤ x ≤ 10) metallic multicomponent chalcogenide glasses are discussed. Variation in SEM morphology, refractive index (n), extinction coefficient (K), optical energy band gap (Eg), electrical conductivity (σav), crystallization activation energy (Ec) and glass forming ability (GFA) with structural units of Se-Zn-Te-In glasses have been demonstrated in this study. Subjected materials thermal, optical and electrical parameters have been achieved higher and lower in a respective manner at the threshold structural unit value 〈r〉.
Flow conditions in the grooves of a Low-Consistency refiner
Authors: Wittberg Lisa Prahl , Björkman Magnus , Khokhar Gohar , Mohlin Ulla-Britt , Dahlkild Anders 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The flow pattern in the grooves plays a major role for the homogeneity of refining as well as for the transfer and loading of fiber flocs in refining position on the bar edges. However, it is an area where very little information is available. In the present study, flow conditions in the grooves in a Low-Consistency (LC) - disc refiner were studied both experimentally and numerically. The experimental study involved high-speed imaging through a 3 cm peephole into a commercial refiner. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation focused on the flow condition in a radial groove, considering both Newtonian and non-Newtonian flows. Flow conditions for stator and rotor grooves were modeled along the groove at different angular speeds and pressure differences over the refiner. Both the experimental and the modeling results show a dual flow pattern in the grooves; a rotational/spiral movement at the top of the groove and a flow in the direction of the groove at the bottom, which to the authors knowledge has not been reported in literature. The strong vortical motion at the top of the grooves observed both for the rotor and the stator are believed to be important for placing the fibers onto the bar edges and to induce shear forces in such a way that the fibers get treated. Moreover, a large sensitivity to suspension properties in terms of the development of flow pattern was detected.
Multiphase simulation of fiber suspension flows using immersed boundary methods
Authors: Svenning Erik , Mark Andreas , Edelvik Fredrik , Glatt Erik , Rief Stefan , Wiegmann Andreas , Martinsson Lars , Lai Ron , Fredlund Mats , Nyman Ulf 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Fiber suspension simulations are challenging since they involve transient fluid flow with immersed solid objects subject to large displacements and rotations. In the present work, a beam model in corotational formulation is coupled with a fluid solver using immersed boundary methods. The model is used to simulate a fiber in a shear flow and excellent agreement is found with Jeffery's equations. The shapes of fibers deforming in a shear flow are found to be in qualitative agreement with shapes observed in experiments. The flow of a fiber suspension is studied by simulating early paper forming with one-way and semi-two-way coupling. It is found that the flow through the fiber web needs to be resolved in order to predict the retention of fibers in the fiber web.
Exceptional pore size distribution in foam-formed fibre networks
Authors: Al-Qararah Ahmad M. , Hjelt Tuomo , Kinnunen Karita , Beletski Nikolai , Ketoja Jukka 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Foam forming leads to sheet structures with exceptional volume of large pores. The link between fibre network structure and foam properties is investigated by comparing pore structure with measured bubble-size distribution. In foams produced by mechanical mixing, higher rotor speed leads to smaller average bubble size, whereas the effects coming from air content and surfactant are smaller and non-systematic. A significant drop in the average bubble size is seen when mixing fibres to foam. In sheets made with foam forming, there are more large pores compared to the water formed sheets. The size of these pores is affected by the sizes of the bubbles in the foam. Overall, pore size distribution is more strongly affected by the fibre type than by small changes in bubble size distribution.
Evaluation of the Scott bond test method
Authors: Fellers Christer , Östlund Sören , Mäkelä Petri 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The Scott bond test is the most commonly used test method for quantifying the delamination resistance of paper and board. The objective of this investigation was to validate the hypothesis that the Scott bond value would be dominated by the total energy under the force elongation curve in a z-directional tensile test. The investigation comprised three types of hand sheets with comparatively low strength values. Three test methods were used to obtain the energy for delamination: 1) Z-test, a z-directional tensile test, 2) Scott bond test, and 3) Simulated Scott bond test, a Scott bond type of test performed in a hydraulic tensile tester. The test data were expressed as a correlation between the failure energy obtained from the Z-test and the other two tests. The results showed that the Scott bond test gave slightly higher values than the Z-test for the weakest paper, but that the value tended to be much higher for the stronger papers. On the other hand the Simulated Scott bond test tended to give lower values than the Z-test. High speed photography was used to reveal several energy consuming mechanisms in the Scott bond test that can explain why this test gave higher values than the Ztest. The lower values from the Simulated Scott bond values are more difficult to explain. At this stage we can suggest that the failure mechanism is different if the paper is delaminated by pure tension or by a gradual delamination as in the Scott bond test.
Towards 3D analysis of pulp fibre networks at the fibre and bond levels
Authors: Marulier C. , Dumont P. J. J. , Orgéas L. , Caillerie D. , du Roscoat S. Rolland 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
By using X-ray synchrotron microtomography imaging, this work aims at proposing a method to get 3D information on paper fibrous microstructures. Such technique is useful to better understand the links between the manufacturing conditions, the resulting microstructural and mechanical properties of the paper fibrous networks, together with the morphology of fibres and fibre-fibre bonds. Its usefulness is illustrated for the 3D analysis of model papers being produced by changing the wet pressing conditions. It is demonstrated that the image analysis allows the changes of parameters describing, for example, the fibre cross section shape and inclination, the bond area surfaces, the distance between bonds to be followed with respect to the processing conditions for a large set of fibres and bonds. The distributions of properties that can be drawn from this experimental analysis will allow mechanical or physical discrete modelling approaches for papers to be enriched.
Automated 3D measurement of fiber cross section morphology in handsheets
Authors: Lorbach Christian , Hirn Ulrich , Kritzinger Johannes , Bauer Wolfgang 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
We present a method for 3D measurement of fiber cross sectional morphology from handsheets. An automated procedure is used to acquire 3D datasets of fiber cross sectional images using an automated microtome and light microscopy. The fiber cross section geometry is extracted using digital image analysis. Simple sample preparation and highly automated image acquisition and image analysis are providing an efficient tool to analyze large samples. It is demonstrated that if fibers are tilted towards the image plane the images of fiber cross sections are always larger than the true fiber cross section geometry. In our analysis the tilting angles of the fibers to the image plane are measured. The resulting fiber cross sectional images are distorted to compensate the error due to fiber tilt, restoring the true fiber cross sectional shape. We use an approximated correction, the paper provides error estimates of the approximation. Measurement results for fiber wall thickness, fiber coarseness and fiber collapse are presented for one hardwood and one softwood pulp.
Investigation of sample-size effects on in-plane tensile testing of paperboard
Authors: Hagman Anton , Nygårds Mikael 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The impact of sample size on in-plane strain behavior in paperboard was investigated, with the aim to explore the differences between local and global properties in paperboard, and try to pinpoint the mechanisms behind such differences. The local properties are of interest in converting as well as for future 3D forming of paperboard. It is important to identify differences in behavior between local and global properties since most paperboards are evaluated against the latter. The methods used for evaluation were tensile tests in controlled environment and speckle photography. The results show that there is a difference in strain behavior that is dependent of the length to width ratio of the sample, that this behavior cannot be predicted by standard tensile tests and that it depends on the board composition. The speckle analysis revealed that the behavior is a result of the activation of strain zones in the sample. These zones are relatively constant in size and therefore contribute differently to total strain in samples of different size.
Stress-strain curve of paper revisited
Authors: Borodulina Svetlana , Kulachenko Artem , Nygårds Mikael , Galland Sylvain 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
We have investigated a relation between micromechanical processes and the stress-strain curve of a dry fiber network during tensile loading. By using a detailed particle-level simulation tool we investigate, among other things, the impact of “non-traditional” bonding parameters, such as compliance of bonding regions, work of separation and the actual number of effective bonds. This is probably the first three-dimensional model which is capable of simulating the fracture process of paper accounting for nonlinearities at the fiber level and bond failures. The failure behavior of the network considered in the study could be changed significantly by relatively small changes in bond strength, as compared to the scatter in bonding data found in the literature. We have identified that compliance of the bonding regions has a significant impact on network strength. By comparing networks with weak and strong bonds, we concluded that large local strains are the precursors of bond failures and not the other way around.