bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Basics of standardization and calibration in cytometry – a review
Authors: Mittag Anja , Tárnok Attila 
Published: June 2009

AbstractStandardization, calibration, and controls (negative and positive controls) are essential for quality assurance. Cytometers are capable of reliable and repeatable cellular analyses. However, a prerequisite is instrument calibration and standardized preanalytics. Calibration is often done by beads. Beads are available for different quality control applications, e.g. calibration of size and measuring scale, compensation, absolute cell counting, and laser alignment. Results can be standardized by converting MFI values into MESF or ABC values. Standardized data allow comparison of experiments over a long period of time and between different instruments and laboratories. Alterations in the sensitivity of the cytometer can be detected by routinely performing quality control. The process of quality assurance quantifies and helps manage the variance from the desired value. Results can thus be compared objectively with those of other laboratories. Standardization is the basis of cytometry and a prerequisite for obtaining reliable data. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Composition and anti‐inflammatory activities of Zanthoxylum schinifolium essential oil: suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase‐2, cytokines and cellular adhesion
Authors: Lee Je‐Hyuk , Chang Kyung‐Mi , Kim Gun‐Hee 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBACKROUND: The chemical composition of Zanthoxylum schinifolium essential oil (EO) was analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). To date, the biological functions of Z. schinifolium EO have not been demonstrated scientifically. We investigated the composition of Z. schinifolium EO and its potential anti‐inflammatory effects including iNOS and COX‐2 gene transcription, the production of cytokines IL‐1β and IL‐6, and the cellular adhesion.RESULTS: Over 55 compounds were detected in Z. schinifolium EO, and β‐phellandrene, citronellal, and geranyl acetate were identified as the major constituents. Z. schinifolium EO and its constituents suppressed significantly gene transcription of the inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase‐2 from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, Z. schinifolium EO inhibited interleukin‐1β production in LPS‐stimulated macrophage cells. The suppression of E‐selectin gene transcription by Z. schinifolium EO caused the cellular adhesion of THP‐1 monocytes to HUVEC monolayers.CONCLUSION: This study suggests that Z. schinifolium EO may be useful as an alternative medicine for the relief and retardation of immunological inflammatory responses, as well as aromatherapy, and its action may occur through the reduction of inflammatory mediators. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Optimal efficacy of ribavirin in the treatment of hepatitis C
Authors: Chakrabarty Siddhartha P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA mathematical model to represent hepatitis C is presented. An objective functional keeping biomedical goals in mind is formulated. The optimal control problem is solved numerically to obtain an optimal efficacy of ribavirin in a combination treatment of ribavirin with interferon, where the efficacy of the latter has a clinically validated functional form. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systematic study of protein sumoylation: Development of a site‐specific predictor of SUMOsp 2.0
Authors: Ren Jian , Gao Xinjiao , Jin Changjiang , Zhu Mei , Wang Xiwei , Shaw Andrew , Wen Longping , Yao Xuebiao , Xue Yu 
Published: June 2009

AbstractProtein sumoylation is an important reversible post‐translational modification on proteins, and orchestrates a variety of cellular processes. Recently, computational prediction of sumoylation sites has attracted much attention for its cost‐efficiency and power in genomic data mining. In this work, we developed SUMOsp 2.0, an accurate computing program with an improved group‐based phosphorylation scoring algorithm. Our analysis demonstrated that SUMOsp 2.0 has greater prediction accuracy than SUMOsp 1.0 and other existing tools, with a sensitivity of 88.17% and a specificity of 92.69% under the medium threshold. Previously, several large‐scale experiments have identified a list of potential sumoylated substrates in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Homo sapiens; however, the exact sumoylation sites in most of these proteins remain elusive. We have predicted potential sumoylation sites in these proteins using SUMOsp 2.0, which provides a great resource for researchers and an outline for further mechanistic studies of sumoylation in cellular plasticity and dynamics. The online service and local packages of SUMOsp 2.0 are freely available at: http://sumosp.biocuckoo.org/.
Quantitative analysis of cellular proteome alterations in human influenza A virus‐infected mammalian cell lines
Authors: Vester Diana , Rapp Erdmann , Gade Dörte , Genzel Yvonne , Reichl Udo 
Published: June 2009

AbstractOver the last years virus–host cell interactions were investigated in numerous studies. Viral strategies for evasion of innate immune response, inhibition of cellular protein synthesis and permission of viral RNA and protein production were disclosed. With quantitative proteome technology, comprehensive studies concerning the impact of viruses on the cellular machinery of their host cells at protein level are possible. Therefore, 2‐D DIGE and nanoHPLC‐nanoESI‐MS/MS analysis were used to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the dynamic cellular proteome responses of two mammalian cell lines to human influenza A virus infection. A cell line used for vaccine production (MDCK) was compared with a human lung carcinoma cell line (A549) as a reference model. Analyzing 2‐D gels of the proteomes of uninfected and influenza‐infected host cells, 16 quantitatively altered protein spots (at least ±1.7‐fold change in relative abundance, p<0.001) were identified for both cell lines. Most significant changes were found for keratins, major components of the cytoskeleton system, and for Mx proteins, interferon‐induced key components of the host cell defense. Time series analysis of infection processes allowed the identification of further proteins that are described to be involved in protein synthesis, signal transduction and apoptosis events. Most likely, these proteins are required for supporting functions during influenza viral life cycle or host cell stress response. Quantitative proteome‐wide profiling of virus infection can provide insights into complexity and dynamics of virus–host cell interactions and may accelerate antiviral research and support optimization of vaccine manufacturing processes.
Interaction of acoustic waves with flame front propagation
Authors: Daubech J. , Sochet I. , Proust Ch. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe mechanisms of laminar premixed flame propagation have been intensively studied over the last century. Numerous authors have highlighted intrinsic phenomena in flame propagation such as Darrieus‐Landau instability and Rayleigh‐Taylor instability. Rayleigh‐Taylor instability is often linked to the interaction between the flame front and an acoustic wave.To better characterize the interaction between a flame and aerodynamic conditions, we designed a special vertical closed tube apparatus. Our analysis focused on the behavior of a flame that propagates in a uniform stoichiometric mixture of H2 and O2 diluted with nitrogen. The experimental investigation revealed that acoustic waves emitted as the flame formed near the ignition point could increase the flame front surface by a factor of 10. An acoustic node with an amplitude of 1.3 m was identified and seemed to be responsible for the disappearance of one of the acoustic modes and for a reduction in the average flame surface. This could explain why the flame trajectory had two distinct parts: one corresponding to propagation at a high speed in the lower part of the tube, and the other with a slower speed in the upper part of the tube. The flame surface seemed to depend primarily on the frequencies of vibration and marginally on the nature of the reactive components. Propagation velocities, obtained by multiplying these flame surfaces by the fundamental burning velocity, strongly depended on the mixture reactivity. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2009
Mass spectrometric study of glucose and cellobiose produced during enzymatic hydrolysis ofα‐cellulose extracted from oak late‐wood annual rings
Authors: Sensuła Barbara M. , Derrick Peter J. , Bickerton John C. , Pazdur Anna 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe present the first results concerning interannual variations in concentrations of glucose and cellobiose, obtained through enzymatic hydrolysis ofα‐cellulose. Theα‐cellulose was extracted from late‐wood of oak. The tree‐ring chronologies, wood components and their physical and chemical properties provide information about the ecosystem in which the tree grew, and thus information regarding climate variability and the impact of human activity in the past. The large molecular size and insolubility make it difficult to determine precisely the chemical and physical properties of the intact cellulose polymer. Enzymatic hydrolysis is the principal method of degradation of cellulose. In this study the feasibility has been examined of characterizingα‐cellulose through analysis by mass spectrometry (MS) of the degradation products from hydrolysis. Degradation ofα‐cellulose was possible without using alkaline or acid buffers. Analysis by MS provided the opportunity to obtain information on the biodegradation of saccharides. The presence of cellobiose and glucose in the degradation product was evidenced by the mass spectra. We have compared the abundances of these glucose and cellobiose ions with carbon isotope ratios, the efficiency of extraction ofα‐cellulose from the wood and tree‐ring width indices. The challenge is to establish, with respect to climate changes and environmental conditions, the significance of the variations from one year to another in the observed abundances of glucose and cellobiose ions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A reliable analytical approach based on gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole and time‐of‐flight mass analyzers for the determination and confirmation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in complex matrices from aquaculture activities
Authors: Nácher‐Mestre Jaime , Serrano Roque , Portolés‐Nicolau Tania , Hernández Félix , Benedito‐Palos Laura , Pérez‐Sánchez Jaume 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe potential of gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) with a triple quadrupole analyzer (QqQ) has been investigated for the quantification and reliable identification of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the EPA priority list in animal and vegetable samples from aquaculture activities, whose fat content ranged from 5 to 100%. Matrices analyzed included fish fillet, fish feed, fish oil and linseed oil. Combining optimized saponification and solid‐phase extraction led to high efficiency in the elimination of interfering compounds, mainly fat, from the extracts. The developed procedure minimized the presence of these interfering compounds in the extracts and provided satisfactory recoveries of PAHs. The excellent sensitivity and selectivity of GC/(QqQ)MS/MS in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) allowed to reach limits of detection at pg/g levels. Two SRM transitions were acquired for each analyte to ensure reliable identification of compounds detected in samples. Confirmation of positive findings was performed by GC coupled to high‐resolution time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (GC/TOFMS). The accurate mass information provided by GC/TOFMS in full acquisition mode together with its high mass resolution makes it a powerful analytical tool for the unequivocal confirmation of PAHs in the matrices tested. The method developed was applied to the analysis of real‐world samples of each matrix studied with the result of detecting and confirming the majority of analytes at the µg/kg level by both QqQ and TOF mass spectrometers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exact solutions corresponding to the viscous incompressible and conducting fluid flow due to a rotating disk
Authors: Turkyilmazoglu M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA study is pursued in the present paper for the evaluation of the exact solution of the steady Navier‐Stokes equations governing the incompressible viscous Newtonian electrically conducting fluid flow motion over a disk rotating with a constant angular speed. Instead of the traditional von Kármán's axisymmetric evolution of the flow, the non‐axisymmetric conducting flow is taken into consideration here. The three‐dimensional equations of motion are treated analytically yielding derivation of exact solutions which differ from those of corresponding to the classical von Kármán's conducting flow. The effects of Alfven number on the flow field is better conceived from the exact velocity and induced magnetic field equations obtained. Making use of this solution, analytical formulas for the angular velocity and current density components as well as for the magnetic wall shear stresses are extracted. It is proved from the analytical results that the properly defined thicknesses of the flow decay as the magnetic field strength increases in magnitude, further enhanced by the increasing Reynolds number. Interaction of the resolved flow field with the surrounding temperature is then analyzed via the energy equation. The temperature field is shown to accord with the viscous dissipation and the Joule heating. As a result, exact formulas are obtained for the temperature field which takes different forms depending on whether isothermal wall or adiabatic wall conditions are considered. In accordance with the Fourier's heat law, a constant heat transfer from the disk to the fluid takes place, which is found to be effectively increased as the magnetic field becomes dominant on the fluid flow considered.
Propagation of sound in an infinite two‐part duct carrying mean flow inserted axially into a larger infinite duct with wall impedance discontinuity
Authors: Demir A. , Çinar Ö.Yanaz 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe propagation of sound in a two‐part circular cylindrical duct carrying a mean gas flow, inserted in a larger infinite outer duct with wall impedance discontinuity is investigated rigorously through the Wiener‐Hopf technique. The part z < 0 of the inner duct is hard walled while the part z > 0 is perforated. The related matrix Wiener‐Hopf equation is first transformed into two simultaneous equations which are decoupled by the introduction of infinite sum of poles. The exact solution is then obtained in terms of the coefficients of these poles satisfying two infinite systems of linear algebraic equations. The influence of the outer duct radius, the contrast of the lining impedances, the mean flow, and the acoustical impedance of the central perforated tube on the sound propagation are displayed graphically.
Palm‐Based Nonionic Surfactants as Emulsifiers for High Internal Phase Emulsions
Authors: Lim Hongngee , Kassim Anuar , Huang Nayming , Ambar Yarmo Mohd. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn the present study, a series of as‐synthesized palm‐based nonionic surfactants with various hydrophile–lipophile balance values were successfully synthesized. The critical micelle concentration and the Gibbs energy of the surfactants were determined and discussed. For the first time, the surfactants were used to stabilize three‐component olein oil‐in‐water high internal phase emulsions, with an oil volume fraction of 0.85, and which were easily prepared by one‐pot homogenization. Proof of high stability was confirmed by the satisfactory rheological profiles and further enhanced by a three‐month storage exercise at an elevated temperature which showed no significant physical and rheological changes. These results suggest that low concentration of the surfactants efficiently stabilized the emulsions with high content of oil. Based on the optical micrograph observation, an average droplet size of less than 10 μm increased with increasing ethylene oxide chain length and temperature. The varying degree of viscosity resulted from the various ethylene oxide chain lengths of the surfactants. The hydration efficacy of the emulsions was examined in vivo using a corneometer. The impressive hydration efficacy of olein oil suggests that it could well be a potential moisturizing lipid which might interest dermatologists.
Production of wetland Chironomidae (Diptera) and the effects of using Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis for mosquito control
Authors: Lundström J.O. , Schäfer M.L. , Petersson E. , Persson Vinnersten T.Z. , Landin J. , Brodin Y. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMassive mosquito nuisance problems, caused by the flood-water mosquito Aedes sticticus, occur after floods in the flood plains of the River Dalälven, central Sweden. Since 2002, the biological mosquito larvicide Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) has been used to control these mosquitoes. Here, we report results from the first six years of monitoring Chironomidae, the most susceptible non-target organisms, in three wetlands with Bti-treatment against mosquitoes and in three wetlands without treatment. Emergence traps were used for continuous insect sampling from May to September each year, 2002–2007, and were emptied once a week. A total of 21,394 chironomids of 135 species were collected, and the subfamily Orthocladiinae dominated the fauna followed by Chironominae and Tanypodinae. The annual chironomid production in the wetlands was low, with an average of 1917 individuals per m2, and 42 g ash-free dry weight per m2. We found no reduced production of chironomids at neither family, nor subfamily level, in Bti-treated as compared to untreated wetlands. This is the first long-term follow-up study of the possible effects of Bti-based mosquito larval control on chironomid species production. In the short-term view, one species had higher production in treated areas. In the long-term view, four species had higher and one species had lower production in treated areas. We conclude that the Bti-based control of flood-water mosquitoes does not cause any major direct negative effects on chironomid production, and therefore does not seem to induce any risk for indirect negative effects on birds, bats or any other predators feeding on chironomids.
The Scottish aristocracy, anglicization and the Court, 1603–38
Authors: Brown Keith M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis article seeks to analyse the extent to which the Scottish aristocracy was anglicized in the years between the union of the crowns and the national covenant. The question is one which has a bearing upon the origins of the Scottish revolution in 1637–8, and on the wider issues of elite integration in multi-state monarchies in the early modem period. Topics discussed are aristocratic education, exposure to a new court culture, office holding in England, the effects on income and expenditure of English patronage and lifestyles, changes in the honours system, and new patterns in births, marriages and deaths. The conclusions are firstly that the Scottish presence at court was such that it does not make sense to talk of an English court after 1603. Secondly, there was very little anglidzation of the Scottish aristocracy outside a handful of court families, and even these retained a strong sense of national consciousness.
Feminism and the state in later Victorian England
Authors: Roberts M. J. D. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTVictorian feminists faced a dilemma in their dealings with the state. This dilemma intensified in the years following the 1867 Reform Act. Radical feminist leaders (Josephine Butler, Lydia Becker, Elizabeth Wolstenholme) eagerly adopted an ‘equality before the law’ stance in order to link women's credentials for citizenship with conventional principles of liberal individualism. Yet the same leaders were recurrently angered and frightened by the sex-insensitive uses to which male politicians were prepared to put state power, even while claiming to be defending and improving a liberal social order. This article traces feminist responses to the dilemma from the high point of libertarian individualism accompanying the 1870s campaigns against the Contagious Diseases Acts to the more complicated appraisals of the potential of state agency made during following decades. The democratization of English political life, it is argued, may ultimately have persuaded feminists of the worth of the state as a sponsor of social change; but the half-democratized form of politics characteristic of the later Victorian period left key feminists with an ideologically entrenched suspicion of state intervention which even mid-eighties repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts and ‘maiden tribute’ child prostitution revelations could not efface.
The end of an ideology? Right-wing antisemitism in France, 1944–1970
Authors: Vinen Richard C. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTIt is normally assumed that antisemitism in post-war France needs to be understood primarily in the light of the German occupation of 1940–4. This article seeks to describe the relationship between political antisemitism and events after 1945. Special attention is given to the issue that obsessed a large part of the French right: the loss of Algeria. It is argued that between 1954 and 1962 right-wingers came to took on the Jewish population of Algeria, which was often fervently opposed to French withdrawal, with new favour. Furthermore, many right-wingers began to admire Israel, which seemed so successful in combating Arab nationalism and which was widely believed to have links with the Organisation de l' Arméte Secrète. Changes in attitudes to Israel and the Jews were linked with a wider change in the French right that had been going on since 1945: most of the right now focused their loyalties around ‘l' occident’ a block of nations led by America and including Israel rather than around the France that was so important to Gaullist thinking. Finally, an attempt is made to show how the French right's new attitude to the Jews influenced its reaction to the 1965 Presidential election campaign, de Gaulle's denunciation of Israel in 1967 and the student riots of 1968.
High Summer at Nun Appleton, 1651: Andrew Marvell and Lord Fairfax'S Occasions
Authors: Hirst Derek , Zwicker Steveb 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTAndrew Marvell's country-house epic, Upon Appleton House,has long been understood as a meditation on conventional philosophical themes. An exact dating allows us to see the topical and polemical force of those themes. Moreover, situating the poem within particular chronological and geographical confines, the summer of 1651 and the household of the recently retired Lord General as well as the political geography of the vale of York, reveals the continuities and the patronage-afflicted contours of the poet's engagement with the crisis of the English revolution, a crisis he had so searchingly explored inAn Horatian Ode upon Cromwell's return from Ireland.