bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fetal echocardiography: z‐score reference ranges for a large patient population
Authors: Lee W. , Riggs T. , Amula V. , Tsimis M. , Cutler N. , Bronsteen R. , Comstock C. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjectivesThe main goal was to develop new z‐score reference ranges for common fetal echocardiographic measurements from a large referral population.MethodsA retrospective cross‐sectional study of 2735 fetuses was performed for standard biometry (biparietal diameter (BPD) and femoral diaphysis length (FDL)) and an assessment of menstrual age (MA). Standardized fetal echocardiographic measurements included aortic valve annulus and pulmonary valve annulus diameters at end‐systole, right and left ventricular diameters at end‐diastole, and cardiac circumference from a four‐chamber view of the heart during end‐diastole. Normal z‐score ranges were developed for these echocardiographic measurements using MA, BPD and FDL as independent variables. This was accomplished by using first standard regression analysis and then weighted regression of absolute residual values for each parameter in order to adjust for inconstant variance.ResultsA simple, linear regression model was the best description of the data in each case and correlations between fetal cardiac measurements and the independent variables were excellent. There was significant heteroscedasticity of standard deviation with increasing gestational age, which also could be modeled with simple linear regression. After this adjustment, the residuals conformed to a normal distribution, validating the calculation and interpretation of z‐scores.ConclusionDevelopment of reliable z‐scores is possible for common fetal echocardiographic parameters by applying statistical methods that are based on a large sample size and weighted regression of absolute residuals in order to minimize the effect of heteroscedasticity. These normative ranges should be especially useful for the detection and monitoring of suspected fetal cardiac size and growth abnormalities. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Terms, definitions and measurements to describe the sonographic features of the endometrium and intrauterine lesions: a consensus opinion from the International Endometrial Tumor Analysis (IETA) group
Authors: Leone F. P. G. , Timmerman D. , Bourne T. , Valentin L. , Epstein E. , Goldstein S. R. , Marret H. , Parsons A. K. , Gull B. , Istre O. , Sepulveda W. , Ferrazzi E. , Van den Bosch T. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe IETA (International Endometrial Tumor Analysis group) statement is a consensus statement on terms, definitions and measurements that may be used to describe the sonographic features of the endometrium and uterine cavity on gray‐scale sonography, color flow imaging and sonohysterography. The relationship between the ultrasound features described and the presence or absence of pathology is not known. However, the IETA terms and definitions may form the basis for prospective studies to predict the risk of different endometrial pathologies based on their ultrasound appearance. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Health effects with consumption of the flax lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside
Authors: Adolphe Jennifer L. , Whiting Susan J. , Juurlink Bernhard H. J. , Thorpe Lilian U. , Alcorn Jane 
Published: December 2009

Flaxseed is the richest source of the lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG). After ingestion, SDG is converted to secoisolariciresinol, which is further metabolised to the mammalian lignans enterodiol and enterolactone. A growing body of evidence suggests that SDG metabolites may provide health benefits due to their weak oestrogenic or anti-oestrogenic effects, antioxidant activity, ability to induce phase 2 proteins and/or inhibit the activity of certain enzymes, or by mechanisms yet unidentified. Human and animal studies identify the benefits of SDG consumption. SDG metabolites may protect against CVD and the metabolic syndrome by reducing lipid and glucose concentrations, lowering blood pressure, and decreasing oxidative stress and inflammation. Flax lignans may also reduce cancer risk by preventing pre-cancerous cellular changes and by reducing angiogenesis and metastasis. Thus, dietary SDG has the potential to decrease the incidence of several chronic diseases that result in significant morbidity and mortality in industrialised countries. The available literature, though, makes it difficult to clearly identify SDG health effects because of the wide variability in study methods. However, the current evidence suggests that a dose of at least 500 mg SDG/d for approximately 8 weeks is needed to observe positive effects on cardiovascular risk factors in human patients. Flaxseed and its lignan extracts appear to be safe for most adult populations, though animal studies suggest that pregnant women should limit their exposure. The present review discusses the potential health benefits of SDG in humans, with supporting evidence from animal studies, and offers suggestions for future research.
Dietary antioxidant restriction affects the inflammatory response in athletes
Authors: Plunkett Brendan A. , Callister Robin , Watson Trent A. , Garg Manohar L. 
Published: December 2009

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of dietary antioxidant restriction on plasma concentrations of carotenoids and inflammatory markers at rest and in response to exercise in endurance-trained males. Seventeen males performed two exercise trials 2 weeks apart. Participants followed their habitual antioxidant diet (H-AO) before the first exercise test, then a restricted antioxidant diet (R-AO) for 2 weeks before the second exercise test. Blood was collected pre- and post-exercise. Dietary intakes of fibre, ascorbic acid and β-carotene were lower (P < 0·05) on the R-AO diet, but no other differences were observed. Pre-exercise plasma β-carotene concentrations were lower (H-AO, 195 (sd92); R-AO, 123 (sd54) ng/ml;P < 0·05), and TNF-α concentrations were higher (H-AO, 16 (sd7); R-AO, 613 (sd325) pg/ml;P < 0·01) on the R-AO diet compared to the H-AO diet. Most plasma carotenoid concentrations decreased with exercise, but this effect was more consistent on the H-AO diet. No differences in plasma IL-6 concentrations were observed pre-exercise, whereas post-exercise plasma IL-6 concentrations (H-AO, 30·3 (sd16); R-AO, 15·3 (sd5) pg/ml;P < 0·05) were lower following the R-AO diet. Post-exercise TNF-α concentrations were higher on the R-AO diet. Ratings of perceived effort during submaximal exercise were higher (P < 0·05) on the R-AO diet, but there was no difference in the time to exhaustion between diets. In conclusion, lower dietary intakes of carotenoids alter the plasma concentrations of antioxidants and markers of inflammation at rest and in response to exercise.
Conceptions of Citizenship in India and the ‘Muslim Question’
Authors: SHANI ORNIT 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis paper explores the development of multiple conceptions of citizenship in India in an attempt to understand how, despite profound social divisions, India's nationhood holds together. The paper advances the proposition that the Indian polity incorporated a deeply divided and conflict-ridden population by offering multiple notions of citizenship upon which a sense of membership in the nation, and a share in the enterprise of the state, could be sought. By negotiating and balancing distinct overlapping conceptions for competing membership claims in the nation, diverse social groups could find a viable place in the nation, without entirely resigning their various group identities. The analysis focuses as a lens on the Muslim citizens who are amongst the most excluded members in the whole body of Indian citizenry. It provides perspectives into how even some of the most marginalised members in Indian society found sufficient prospects for a meaningful participation within the nation. Multiple conceptions of citizenship enabled the state to manage its diverse social groups and contain many of their underlying conflicts.
Motion control of the 2-DOF parallel manipulator of a hybrid machine tool
Authors: Wu Jun , Wang Liping 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARYThis paper focuses on the motion control of the two-degree-of-freedom (2-DOF) planar parallel manipulator of a hybrid machine tool. On the basis of the performance analysis of the kinematic control system, a parameter-tuning method is proposed for regulating the control parameters. To improve the response performance, the proportional-derivative control and a low-pass filter are introduced to the position-loop controller. The simulation shows that the response speed is increased and that the tracking error is reduced. Furthermore, the effect of load torque on the contour error is investigated, and the dynamic feedforward control is used to control the parallel manipulator. On the basis of the principle of dual-channel compensation, the feedforward compensator is designed. The simulations, that the moving platform moves along a linear trajectory and circular trajectory, show that the dynamic feedforward control can reduce the effect of load torque on contour error.
Position in the distributional range and sensitivity to forest fragmentation in birds: a case history from the Atlantic forest, Brazil
Authors: ANJOS LUIZ DOS , HOLT ROBERT D. , ROBINSON SCOTT 
Published: December 2009

SummaryWe tested the hypothesis that endemic bird species of the Brazilian Atlantic forest are more sensitive to forest fragmentation than non-endemics in a fragmented landscape in northern Paraná state of southern Brazil. Levels of sensitivity (high, medium, and low) were previously determined in the landscape based on the occurrences of bird species in 14 forest fragments. We evaluated 112 forest bird species and found that endemic species were more sensitive than non-endemics. Among the endemic species, highly sensitive species tended to have smaller geographic ranges. In a second analysis, we determined that birds at the edges of their geographic ranges in northern Paraná were more vulnerable to forest fragmentation. Combining both factors we found that endemic birds at the edge of their ranges were the most sensitive to fragmentation. Our results suggest that endemics and species at the edges of larger ranges might need larger tracts to ensure their continued existence within that region. Our results, however, also indicate that even small forest fragments may have considerable value for non-endemics and for species closer to the centres of their ranges.
Land degradation and migration in a dry land region in India: extent, nature and determinants
Authors: SHAH AMITA 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTMigration literature has considered environmental constraints as one of the prime movers of populations, especially from dry regions, where water rather than land is the primary limiting factor. This study examines the impact of degradation of private as well as common pool land resources on migration decisions, based on primary data from over one thousand households in three dry land districts in Gujarat. The study finds that economic assets and natural capital have differential impacts on short-term and long-term migration decisions. Thus, any employment creation in rural dry land regions is likely to help the poorest. Further degradation of common-pool land resources influences short-term but not long-term migration. Therefore, better management of common-pool resources would strengthen the livelihood base of traditional herder communities and limit migration among middle-income households. Overall, in dry areas such as Gujarat, access to irrigation, rather than land ownership per se, is likely to deter migration.
GORENSTEIN PROJECTIVE, INJECTIVE AND FLAT MODULES
Authors: LIU ZHONGKUI , YANG XIAOYAN 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn basic homological algebra, projective, injective and flat modules play an important and fundamental role. In this paper, we discuss some properties of Gorenstein projective, injective and flat modules and study some connections between Gorenstein injective and Gorenstein flat modules. We also investigate some connections between Gorenstein projective, injective and flat modules under change of rings.
GROUP ALGEBRAS WHOSE GROUP OF UNITS IS POWERFUL
Authors: BOVDI VICTOR 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA p-group is called powerful if every commutator is a product of pth powers when p is odd and a product of fourth powers when p=2. In the group algebra of a group G of p-power order over a finite field of characteristic p, the group of normalized units is always a p-group. We prove that it is never powerful except, of course, when G is abelian.
SAMPLING AND BIRKHOFF REGULAR PROBLEMS
Authors: ANNABY M. H. , BUTERIN S. A. , FREILING G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe establish new sampling representations for linear integral transforms associated with arbitrary general Birkhoff regular boundary value problems. The new approach is developed in connection with the analytical properties of Green’s function, and does not require the root functions to be a basis or complete. Unlike most of the known sampling expansions associated with eigenvalue problems, the results obtained are, generally speaking, of Hermite interpolation type.
RANDERS METRICS OF SCALAR FLAG CURVATURE
Authors: CHENG XINYUE , SHEN ZHONGMIN 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe study an important class of Finsler metrics, namely, Randers metrics. We classify Randers metrics of scalar flag curvature whose S-curvatures are isotropic. This class of Randers metrics contains all projectively flat Randers metrics with isotropic S-curvature and Randers metrics of constant flag curvature.
Overview of the North American beef cattle industry and the incidence of bovine respiratory disease (BRD)
Authors: Miles Delbert G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe North American beef cattle industry has endured many changes throughout the years but is encountering some of the most dramatic challenges in history during the first decade of the 21st century. The US beef cattle inventory increased from 1990 to a high of 103.5 million in 1996 and since has declined to a low of 94.5 million on 1 January 2009. Even though economic signals have encouraged the cow herd to increase over the last 5 years, a significant decrease occurred during 2008. It is difficult to determine the precise cost of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) to the industry but it is reported to be greater than US$500 million per year. Data from our practice indicate that losses from BRD over the last 18 years have been characterized by 5-year cycles of decreases and increases. Perhaps it is time for the industry to look for ways to reduce death loss by methods that focus on the animal's response to the pathogens instead of continuing to focus on the pathogens.
North American cattle marketing and bovine respiratory disease (BRD)
Authors: Smith Robert A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe risk of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) has a significant effect on the value of cattle in the marketplace. Calves sold in larger groups have $6.37/45.45 kg more value than those sold as singles or in small groups. Morbidity is higher in unweaned commingled calves than those marketed in groups more than 45 days following weaning. Calves with an aggressive disposition have significantly less value than docile calves, due largely to depressed performance and less carcass value. The value of cattle in the marketplace can be improved by offering larger, uniform lots of cattle that have been weaned at least 45 days. Cattle that suffer BRD in the feedlot have from $23.23 to $151.18 less value than those remaining healthy.
Impact of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) from the perspective of the Canadian beef producer
Authors: Jim Kee 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe costs of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) to the beef producer can be estimated by identifying and summing the direct and indirect costs associated with the disease. The major direct costs are attributable to the cost of the feeder, production costs and carcass disposal. The indirect costs are mainly associated with infrastructure and labour.
Antimicrobials and BRD
Authors: Apley Mike 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPharmacodynamics is limited with respect to its ability to provide precise predictions to guide therapy because of complications related to the bound versus unbound state of the agent, tissue versus plasma concentrations, drug degradation over time, variations among microorganisms, and factors associated with the specific environment at the infection site. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing is likewise imprecise when applied to an individual animal; however, it is valuable on an animal population basis.
Future of BRD research: an animal health industry perspective
Authors: Wilkinson Ann 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIndustry has made large investments into bovine respiratory disease (BRD) research historically, and will continue to do so, despite the apparent lack of progress, an uncertain regulatory environment, and increased competition for internal resources. Factors such as the growing demand for protein, and the ongoing consolidation and ‘technification’ of the beef sector globally suggest that the industry will continue to demand interventions that prevent disease, are more efficacious, can be easily administered, and positively affect meat quality. New products must also meet the regulatory requirements of safety and efficacy and anticipate the future needs of the numerous stakeholders in the global food chain. Two obstacles in meeting this challenge are the declining interest in food animal medicine, and BRD specifically, and the reluctance to accept new technology at the consumer level.
BRD research needs in the next 10–20 years
Authors: McVey D. Scott 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDespite numerous advances in bovine infectious disease research, bovine respiratory disease (BRD) remains a significant disease threat and a cause of tremendous loss. Renewed efforts and innovative strategies are required to build on the successes of the past to achieve the successes of tomorrow. Continued and improved support of BRD research will prove to be a worthwhile investment. To achieve better coordination and more efficient use of resources, the following supportive actions should be considered. There should be coordination of integrative teams through an over-arching agency (United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)) to provide peer review and priority review for available public research funds. This would include use of development grants (as seed and matching funding) available to public/private partnerships. Testing and validation of new procedures in production settings (providing more than cost analyses) should be strengthened. Publication of studies should be promoted and old links between clinicians, diagnosticians and basic researchers should be re-established. Sets of ‘best practices’ should be published. Programs to support both basic and applied research through graduate fellowships, residencies, workshops and start-up funding for young research scientists should be strengthened. Sustained funding to train the next generation of research investigators should be addressed as a critical need.
Phonological Awareness, Vocabulary, and Reading in Deaf Children With Cochlear Implants
Authors: Johnson Carol , Goswami Usha 
Published: December 2009

Purpose
To explore the phonological awareness skills of deaf children with cochlear implants (CIs) and relationships with vocabulary and reading development.

Method

Forty-three deaf children with implants who were between 5 and 15 years of age were tested; 21 had been implanted at around 2.5 years of age (Early CI group), and 22 had been implanted at around 5 years of age (Late CI group). Two control groups—a deaf hearing aided group (16 children) and a typically developing group of hearing children (19 children)—were also tested. All children received a battery of phonological processing tasks along with measures of reading, vocabulary, and speechreading. Analyses focus on deaf children within the normal IQ range (
n
= 53).

Results
Age at cochlear implantation had a significant effect on vocabulary and reading outcomes when quotient scores were calculated. Individual differences in age at implant, duration of fit, phonological development, vocabulary development, auditory memory, visual memory, and speech intelligibility were all strongly associated with progress in reading for the deaf implanted children. Patterns differed somewhat depending on whether quotient scores or standard scores were used.

Conclusions
Cochlear implantation is associated with development of the oral language, auditory memory, and phonological awareness skills necessary for developing efficient word recognition skills. There is a benefit of earlier implantation.
Tongue Pressure Modulation During Swallowing: Water Versus Nectar-Thick Liquids
Authors: Steele Catriona M. , Bailey Gemma L. , Molfenter Sonja M. 
Published: December 2009

Purpose
Evidence of tongue-palate pressure modulation during swallowing between thin and nectar-thick liquids stimuli has been equivocal. This mirrors a lack of clear evidence in the literature of tongue and hyoid movement modulation between nectar-thick and thin liquid swallows. In the current investigation, the authors sought to confirm whether tongue-palate pressures are modulated between discrete swallows of water and nectar-thick juice.

Method
Tongue-palate pressures were measured at 3 sites (anterior, medial, and posterior palate) using an adhered 3-bulb pressure strip in 20 healthy, young adults during discrete swallows of water and nectar-thick apple juice.

Results
Pressure modulation was not noted with respect to pressure amplitudes (in mm Hg), but was identified both in the pressure patterns observed (the sites and number of bulbs activated) and temporal aspects of pressure duration.

Conclusion
Tongue-palate pressure amplitude modulation does not occur for nectar-thick swallows compared to thin liquid swallows. Modulation does, however, occur with respect to the tongue-palate contact surface area and pressure durations. The authors introduce the concept of pressure slope as a meaningful way to examine tongue-palate pressure application in swallowing.
Normal Changes in the Speech of Older Adults: You've still got what it takes; it just takes a little longer!
Authors: Hooper Celia R. , Cralidis Ann 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe authors reviewed the changes in speech production as a result of aging, including changes in structure and function as well as changes in motor control for speech. The following speech production processes in normal or typical aging were reviewed: breathing for speech, phonation, resonation, articulation, and fluency. Different theories of the role of motor control were reviewed, including more recent conclusions that cognition influences speech motor behavior throughout the lifespan. There are many speech changes in the communication of an older adult, but most are adaptive and do not affect good conversational speech.
An Evaluation of a Summer Reading Improvement Course for Disadvantaged High School Students
Authors: Gwaltney Wayne K. 
Published: December 2009

Purposes of this investigation were to evaluate a seven-weeks reading improvement course and to analyze various correlates of reading achievement using disadvantaged high school students as subjects. Sixty students were randomly assigned to one of two groups: experimental (enrolled in course) or control (no reading instruction). Analysis of covariance results suggested that the reading improvement course was not effective in raising post-test reading achievement scores. Among those variables studied listening comprehension appeared to be the best correlate of reading achievement. Other variables considered were intelligence, total personality adjustment, achievement motivation, and endurance.