bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organizational stabilities of bulk neat and well‐mixed, blended polymer samples coalesced from their crystalline inclusion compounds formed with cyclodextrins
Authors: Tonelli Alan E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic starches containing α‐1,4‐linked glucose units. Commonly available α‐, β‐, and γ‐CDs have six, seven, and eight glucose units, respectively. They are well known for forming noncovalent inclusion complexes (ICs) with a variety of guest molecules, including many polymers, by threading and inclusion into their relatively hydrophobic interior cavities, which are roughly cylindrical, with diameters of ∼0.5–1.0 nm. Warm water washing of crystalline CD‐ICs containing polymer guests insoluble in water or treatment with amylase enzymes serve to remove the host CDs and result in the coalescence of the guest polymers into solid bulk samples. When guest polymers are coalesced from their CD‐ICs by carefully removing the host CD lattices, they are observed to solidify with structures, morphologies, and even conformations that are distinct from bulk samples made from their solutions and melts. In addition, molecularly mixed, intimate blends can be obtained upon coalescence of two or more normally immiscible polymer guests from their common CD‐ICs. Not only are the organizations and behaviors of bulk polymer samples significantly modified on coalescence from their CD‐ICs, but both are also maintained for significant periods of time even when heated above their Tgs and Tms, where their chains are mobile. Here, we discuss the long‐time, high temperature stabilities of the organizations and properties of bulk polymers coalesced from their crystalline CD‐ICs. While random‐coiling of their initially coalesced, largely extended, separated, and unentangled chains may be relatively rapid, we conclude that the subsequent slow establishment of homogeneous melts or phase‐segregated blends results from the extremely sluggish center‐of‐mass diffusion that must accompany full entanglement of their chains. Apparently, the process of entangling the largely separated and not fully interpenetrating randomly coiled chains initially coalesced from their CD‐ICs is particularly slow, much slower in fact than the center‐of mass diffusion of polymer chains in their fully entangled melts. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 1543–1553, 2009
Effect of chain blockiness on the phase behavior of ethylene‐octene copolymer blends
Authors: Kamdar A. R. , Wang H. P. , Khariwala D. U. , Taha A. , Hiltner A. , Baer E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNew challenges and opportunities for polyolefin blends arise from the recent introduction of olefin block copolymers (OBCs). In this study, the effect of chain blockiness on the miscibility and phase behavior of ethylene‐octene (EO) copolymer blends was studied. Binary blends of two statistical copolymers (EO/EO blends) that differed in comonomer content were compared with blends of an EO with a blocky EO copolymer (EO/OBC blends). The blends were rapidly quenched to retain the phase morphology in the melt and the phase volumes were obtained by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Two EOs of molecular weight about 100 kg/mol were miscible if the difference in octene content was less than about 10 mol % and immiscible if the octene content difference was greater than about 13 mol %. The blocky nature of the OBCs reduced the miscibility and broadened the partial miscibility window of the EO/OBC blends compared with the EO/EO blends. The EO/OBC blends were miscible if the octene content difference was less than 7 mol % and immiscible above 13 mol % octene content difference. It was also found that the phase behavior of EO/OBC blends strongly depended on blend composition even for constituent polymers of about the same molecular weight. Significantly more demixing was observed in an OBC‐rich blend (EO/OBC 30/70 v/v) than in an OBC‐poor blend (EO/OBC 70/30 v/v). An interpretation based on extractable fractions of the OBC described the major features of the EO/OBC (30/70 v/v) blends. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 1554–1572, 2009
Temperature induced structural evolution of a fluorene‐thiophene copolymer on rubbed surfaces
Authors: Werzer Oliver , Flesch Heinz‐Georg , Smilgies Detlef‐M. , Resel Roland 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe thermal alignment of the liquid crystalline fluorene‐thiophene copolymer (F8T2) on rubbed polyimide surfaces is investigated by ex‐situ and in‐situ X‐ray scattering experiments. The ex‐situ characterization allows an assignment of the observed diffraction peaks to distances between polymer backbones (1.6 nm), distances between the flexible side groups of the polymer chains (0.43 nm), and intramolecular distances of adjacent ring units (0.5 nm). The in‐situ characterization allows a temperature dependent observation of the polymer chain alignment. A gradual alignment process of the polymer backbones is observed for temperatures up to 563 K. Decreasing temperature after the polymer chain alignment is accompanied by a glass transition of the side chains at 380 K. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47:1599–1604, 2009
Plastic deformation of ethylene/methacrylic acid copolymers and ionomers
Authors: Scogna Robert C. , Register Richard A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA material strained beyond its yield point typically suffers substantial irrecoverable deformation. Surprisingly, this is not the case for ethylene/methacrylic acid (E/MAA) copolymers and ionomers, for which significant permanent deformation does not result until the applied strain exceeds 50–150%, far beyond the yield strain of 5–10%. At room temperature, strain recovery is complete on the order of hours or days following the removal of the applied load. Interestingly, the onset of permanent deformation coincides with a broad maximum or shoulder in the plot of stress versus strain. Two‐dimensional X‐ray scattering studies of both initially isotropic samples and highly aligned blown films reveals that this “second yield shoulder,” commonly observed in the stress–strain curves of ethylene/α‐olefin copolymers, is fundamentally associated with polyethylene crystal fracture, resulting in fragments of reduced lateral extent. Connections formed between these crystalline fragments lock in the deformed conformations of the amorphous intercrystalline segments, preventing the specimen from retracting to its initial dimensions. Additional recovery is possible through heating; complete melting of the deformed specimens results in full recovery up to applied strains of 200%, beyond which strain‐induced chain disentanglement begins. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 1588–1598, 2009
Bonding Structure and Mechanical Properties of Ti‐B‐C Coatings
Authors: Abad Manuel David , Cáceres Daniel , Pogozhev Yury S. , Shtansky Dmitry V. , Sánchez‐López Juan Carlos 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNanocomposite coatings combining hard phases (TiB2, TiC) with an amorphous carbon (a‐C) were developed to provide a good compromise between mechanical and tribological properties for M2 steels used in a wide variety of applications such as cutting tools, bearings and gear mechanisms. A combined d.c.‐pulsed and r.f.‐magnetron deposition process was used to deposit nanocomposite TiBC/a‐C coatings with a variable content of carbon matrix phase. Chemical composition was determined by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the coatings microstructure is rather amorphous with small nanocrystals of TiC and/or TiB2 (not possible to differentiate by diffraction techniques). Investigation of the chemical bonding environment by XPS and EELS allows us to confirm the presence of titanium‐boron and titanium‐carbon bonds together with free a‐C. Coatings exhibited hardness values (H) of 25–29 GPa, effective Young modulus (E*) of 310–350 GPa, H/E* ratios over 0.080 and resistance to plastic deformation (H3/E*2) from 0.15 to 0.20. Tribological properties of the coatings were characterized by a pin‐on‐disk tribometer using steel and WC balls at high contact stresses (1.1 and 1.4 GPa respectively). Friction coefficients were reduced from 0.6 to 0.2 by increasing the content of free carbon without reduction of the hardness (around 28 GPa), by self‐lubricant effects. The tribo‐mechanical data are revised according to the phase composition and chemical bonding inside the nanocomposites.
Identification of harmless and pathogenic algae of the genus Prototheca by MALDI‐MS
Authors: von Bergen Martin , Eidner Angelika , Schmidt Frank , Murugaiyan Jayaseelan , Wirth Henry , Binder Hans , Maier Thomas , Roesler Uwe 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe only plants infectious for mammals, green algae from the genus Prototheca, are often overseen or mistaken for yeast in clinical diagnosis. To improve this diagnostical gap, a method was developed for fast and reliable identification of Prototheca. A collection of all currently recognized Prototheca species, most represented by several strains, were submitted to a simple extraction by 70% formic acid and ACN; the extracts were analyzed by means of MALDI‐MS. Most of the peaks were found in the range from 4 to 20 kDa and showed a high reproducibility, not in absolute intensities, but in their peak pattern. The selection of measured peaks is mostly due to the technique of ionization in MALDI‐MS, because proteins in the range up to 200 kDa were detected using gel electrophoresis. Some of the proteins were identified by peptide mass fingerprinting and MS2 analysis and turned out to be ribosomal proteins or other highly abundant proteins such as ubiquitin. For the preparation of a heatmap, the intensities of the peaks were plotted and a cluster analysis was performed. From the peak‐lists, a principal component analysis was conducted and a dendrogram was built. This dendrogram, based on MALDI spectra, was in fairly good agreement with a dendrogram based on sequence information from 18S DNA. As a result, pathogenic and nonpathogenic species from the genus Prototheca can be identified, with possible consequences for clinical diagnostics by MALDI‐typing.
Proteomic analysis of circulating immune complexes in juvenile idiopathic arthritis reveals disease‐associated proteins
Authors: Low Jason M. , Chauhan Anil K. , Gibson David S. , Zhu Mengmeng , Chen Sixue , Rooney Madeleine E. , Ombrello Michael J. , Moore Terry L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractJuvenile idiopathic arthritis reflects a group of clinically heterogeneous arthritides hallmarked by elevated concentrations of circulating immune complexes. In this study, the circulating immune complex proteome was examined to elucidate disease‐associated proteins that are overexpressed in patients with an aggressive, and at times destructive, disease phenotype. To solve this proteome, circulating immune complexes were isolated from the sera of patients with chronic, erosive or early‐onset, aggressive disease and from patients in medical remission or healthy controls subsequent to protein separation by 2‐DE. Thirty‐seven protein spots were overexpressed in the circulating immune complexes of the aggressive disease groups as compared to controls, 28 of which have been confidently identified to date. Proteolytic fragments of glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase, serotransferrin, and α‐1‐antitrypsin have been identified among others. In total, these 28 putative disease‐associated proteins most definitely contribute to immune complex formation and likely have a significant role in disease etiology and pathogenesis. Moreover, these proteins represent markers of aggressive disease, which could aid in diagnosis and management strategies, and potential therapeutic targets to prevent or control disease outcome. This is the first in‐depth analysis of the circulating immune complex proteome in juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
All‐nitride monochromatic amber‐emitting phosphor‐converted light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Mueller‐Mach Regina , Mueller Gerd O. , Krames Michael R. , Shchekin Oleg B. , Schmidt Peter J. , Bechtel Helmut , Chen Ching‐Hui , Steigelmann Oliver 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPhosphor conversion of light‐emitting diode (LED) radiation has been used in many configurations and combinations to generate white light. The concept of down conversion of, e.g., blue LED emission, offers also the possibility to provide efficient generation of monochromatic, high‐color‐purity light, especially in wavelength ranges in which direct radiation from non‐converted LEDs is relatively inefficient, i.e., in the “yellow gap”. In the case described here, a blue‐emitting LED is ‘fully’ converted to amber emission with a peak wavelength of 595 nm and a color purity of >96%, while demonstrating an external quantum efficiency exceeding that of direct AlGaInP LEDs of the same wavelength by a factor of almost two at room temperature, and the lumen output under equal drive conditions at 85 °C by more than a factor of four. An essential component in this high performance is, besides the choice of the right – nitride – phosphor, the use of this phosphor in a densely sintered ceramic form which has considerable optical advantages over powders. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Morphotropic phase boundary in (1–x)Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–x (Bi0.8La0.2)FeO3 with improved depolarization temperature
Authors: Wang Lei , Zhang Chong , Ji Wei‐Jing , Zhang Shan‐Tao , Chen Yan‐Feng 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe structure–property relationship of (1–x)Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–x (Bi0.8La0.2)FeO3 (BNT–BLF) lead‐free piezoceramics was investigated. A morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) exists near x = 0.0125 with highest piezoelectric constant d33 and electromechanical coupling factor kp of 128 pC/N and 0.30, respectively. Especially, it was found that the introduction of BLF can improve the depolarization temperature (Td) of BNT‐based piezoceramics. At 100 Hz, the measured Td of the composition with x = 0.0125 was 163 °C, i.e., higher than for other BNT‐based ceramics. These results may provide some guidelines to develop BNT‐based piezoceramics with high Td. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Design and analysis of industrial strip‐plot experiments
Authors: Arnouts Heidi , Goos Peter , Jones Bradley 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe cost of experimentation can often be reduced by forgoing complete randomization. A well‐known design with restricted randomization is a split‐plot design, which is commonly used in industry when some experimental factors are harder to change than others or when a two‐stage production process is studied. Split‐plot designs are also often used in robust product design to develop products that are insensitive to environmental or noise factors. Another, lesser known, type of experimental design plan that can be used in such situations is the strip‐plot experimental design. Strip‐plot designs are economically attractive in situations where the factors are hard to change and the process under investigation consists of two distinct stages, and where it is possible to apply the second stage to groups of semi‐finished products from the first stage. They have a correlation structure similar to row–column designs and can be seen as special cases of split‐lot designs. In this paper, we show how optimal design of experiments allows for the creation of a broad range of strip‐plot designs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐peak Autler‐Townes splitting in the photoelectron spectrum of Li2 molecules caused by femtosecond laser pulses
Authors: Hu Wen‐Hui , Yuan Kai‐Jun , Han Yong‐Chang , Shu Chuan‐Cun , Cong Shu‐Lin 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThree‐peak Autler‐Townes (A‐T) splitting in the resonant multiphoton ionization photoelectron spectrum for a rotating Li2 molecular system in femtosecond pulse laser fields is studied by using two‐dimension time‐dependent quantum wave packet method. The A‐T splitting results from rapid Rabi oscillation caused by intense femtosecond laser pulses. Because of the effects of molecular rotation and alignment, the Rabi oscillation in the population distribution will be damped in a certain degree. The three‐peak A‐T splitting can only be observed for a strongly aligned molecule with rapid Rabi oscillation. The three‐peak A‐T splitting dynamics can be affected by intensity, duration, temporal profile of laser pulse, and initial molecular rotational temperature. The conditions to observe the A‐T splitting are discussed in detail. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Mobile TV Receiver Technology with special emphasis on DVB‐SH
Authors: Pekowsky Stuart , Pousset Gerard , Levy Yannick 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDVB‐SH is one of the most recent video broadcast standards to come from the DVB consortium. It is a hybrid satellite and terrestrial system, which will enable mobile DTV services over vast geographical areas similar to the DTH fixed satellite systems that are commonplace today. A comparison between DTH and DVB‐SH has also shown, thanks to the terrestrial network part, that DVB‐SH is more efficient for indoor and city center reception. The technology available today to support DVB‐SH is based on a long line of technological advances in signal processing and materials processes used in DVB‐T and DVB‐H. These advances have allowed more powerful chipsets to become available in smaller form‐factors using less power, critical for integration into mobile and portable devices. Through the use of advanced DVB‐SH chipsets like the DiBcom DIB29098, DVB‐SH handheld and automotive terminals can be designed and offered at competitive and attractive prices for both OEM and After‐Market applications. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stress and well‐being
Authors: Cooper Cary L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractGiven the world economic crisis over the last year, the fields of stress and well‐being have taken off as significant focal points of research attention in the psychological and medical sciences. For example, the UK government's Foresight project on Mental Capital and Wellbeing, which was launched in October 2008, explored how one's mental capital is enhanced or depleted throughout the life course through numerous international science reviews (Cooper, Field, Goswami, Jenkins, & Sahakian, 2009), and ultimately by evidence‐based policies and interventions. The European Union has similar projects on work and well‐being, as do many other developed and developing countries. We can see that the concerns about the health and well‐being of citizens throughout the world have led to increased and sustained research on identifying the sources of stress and lack of well‐being, as well as strategies to cope and deal with them.In this issue, we have papers exploring the sources of stress and their relationship to actual strain outcomes such as the link between ‘stress, self esteem and childhood acceptances’, ‘job stress, job satisfaction and stress‐related illness’ and ‘role conflicts, emotional exhaustion and health problems’. In addition, we have coping or intervention‐based work on, for example, ‘perceived stress, coping and night‐eating in college students’, ‘emotional disclosure as a coping strategy’ and the like.The bringing together of the ill health effects of stress, together with the positive psychology orientation of well‐being, is where the future lies in improving the emotional capital and well‐being of people in society. We would like to encourage more papers on the links between stress and well‐being and well‐being more generally, in order to capture what enhances as well as what depletes the mental capital of all of us. As Marcel Proust once wrote about extending our experience, ‘the real voyage of discovery consists not in seeking new landscapes but in having new eyes’.
Noggin Elicits Retinal Fate inXenopusAnimal Cap Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Lan Lei , Vitobello Antonio , Bertacchi Michele , Cremisi Federico , Vignali Robert , Andreazzoli Massimiliano , Demontis Gian Carlo , Barsacchi Giuseppina , Casarosa Simona 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDriving specific differentiation pathways in multipotent stem cells is a main goal of cell therapy. Here we exploited the differentiating potential of Xenopus animal cap embryonic stem (ACES) cells to investigate the factors necessary to drive multipotent stem cells toward retinal fates. ACES cells are multipotent, and can be diverged from their default ectodermal fate to give rise to cell types from all three germ layers. We found that a single secreted molecule, Noggin, is sufficient to elicit retinal fates in ACES cells. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization experiments showed that high doses of Noggin are able to support the expression of terminal differentiation markers of the neural retina in ACES cells in vitro. Following in vivo transplantation, ACES cells expressing high Noggin doses form eyes, both in the presumptive eye field region and in ectopic posterior locations. The eyes originating from the transplants in the eye field region are functionally equivalent to normal eyes, as seen by electrophysiology and c-fos expression in response to light. Our data show that in Xenopus embryos, proper doses of a single molecule, Noggin, can drive ACES cells toward retinal cell differentiation without additional cues. This makes Xenopus ACES cells a suitable model system to direct differentiation of stem cells toward retinal fates and encourages further studies on the role of Noggin in the retinal differentiation of mammalian stem cells.Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Pulsations in the umbilical vein during labor are associated with increased risk of operative delivery for fetal distress
Authors: Ghosh G. S. , Fu J. , Olofsson P. , Gudmundsson S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjectivesUnder physiological conditions the blood flow velocity waveform in the umbilical vein (UV) has an even non‐pulsating pattern. Pulsations in the UV have been described in human fetuses exposed to chronic hypoxia and heart failure. Current techniques for fetal surveillance during labor and delivery involve a risk of both over‐ and underestimation of fetal hypoxia. We aimed to examine whether pulsations in the UV appear in the human fetus during suspected intrapartum hypoxia, and if so whether they are associated with increased risk of operative delivery for fetal distress (ODFD).MethodsThis was a prospective double blind study including 52 normal pregnancies. A Doppler examination of the UV was performed on 26 fetuses with pathological and 26 fetuses with normal cardiotocography (CTG) during labor. Presence or absence of pulsations in the UV were noted and related to perinatal outcome.ResultsPulsations in the UV were seen in eight (30.8%) of the fetuses with pathological CTG, of which six (75%) underwent ODFD. No pulsations were seen in the other 18 (69.2%) fetuses with pathological CTG and these were all delivered without ODFD. No pulsations were seen in the UV in the fetuses with normal CTG and these were all delivered without ODFD. Among the fetuses with pathological CTG, there was an increased risk of ODFD in fetuses with vs. those without pulsations in the UV (P < 0.0001).ConclusionsPulsations in the UV can be observed in human fetuses during suspected intrapartum hypoxia and these pulsations are associated with an increased risk of ODFD. Doppler examination of the UV might give important additional information on fetal condition during labor and delivery. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.