bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting the testing of stainless steels in boiling concentrated nitric acid
Authors: Truman J. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe rates of corrosion obtained when testing stainless steels in concentrated boiling nitric acid can be very markedly affected by the method of testing. The main source of error is the contamination of the test acid by the dissolved steel. If the acid can be maintained in an essentially pure state, corrosion is linear with time, but, if corrosion products are allowed to accumulate, acceleration of attack occurs, and thus the volume of acid used for testing has a serious effect on the rates of attack obtained.The prime cause of this acceleration is the chromium dissolved in the acid. This affects the rate of corrosion only if it is in the sexivalent state, and the degree of acceleration is roughly proportional to the amount of dissolved chromium in this condition. Chromium can be oxidized from the terto the sexi‐valent state by boiling concentrated nitric acid, but the extent to which this reaction proceeds is affected by several factors, which can consequently have a marked effect on the rate of corrosion of the steel. These include the type of condenser used and the strength of the test acid. Cyclic tests, in which the acid is changed at regular intervals, are not necessarily the answer to errors introduced by this process, as the mechanism of attack in sexivalent chromium‐bearing nitric acid is such that the stainless steel is left in a condition susceptible to heavier attack, even in pure nitric acid, and this can lead to earlier serious contamination of the acid used in later cycles. Unless these factors are taken into account when designing testing procedures, less satisfactory materials may be selected, since the steels most resistant to pure nitric acid are not necessarily those most resistant to nitric acid contaminated with sexivalent chromium.
Formaldehyde condensations with phenol and its homologues. XV. The dinuclear monoalcohols
Authors: Finn S. R. , James J. W. , Standen C. J. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSix isomeric monoalcohols, believed to be intermediates in phenol—formaldehyde resin condensations, can be derived from oo′‐, op′‐ and pp′‐dihydroxydiphenylmethanes by treatment with formaldehyde. These have been prepared by methods that leave no doubt as to their structures.The general method of synthesis consisted in treating a brominated bromomethylphenol with a suitable phenolic ester. The resulting dinuclear ester was then hydrolysed to an acid which, after dehalogenation with Ni‐Al alloy in sodium hydroxide, was reduced with lithium aluminium hydride to the required alcohol.
Investigations on organo‐tin compounds. III. The biocidal properties of organo‐tin compounds
Authors: Van Kerk G. J. M. Der , Luijten J. G. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe present paper gives an account of the results of a systematic investigation on the fungicidal properties of organo‐tin compounds. It is shown that among these compounds one structural type in particular exhibits a very high fungicidal activity. Within this type the influence on the activity of the nature of the various groups linked to tin has been investigated.The toxicity of organo‐tin compounds towards some other organisms is mentioned briefly.The final section deals with possibilities for practical applications of organo‐tin compounds as a consequence of their biocidal properties. From the results of laboratory tests the preservation of wood seems the most promising possibility.
The surface properties of silica gels. II. Adsorption of water vapour
Authors: Sing K. S. W. , Madeley J. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAdsorption isotherms of water vapour have been determined at 25° on some laboratory and commercial samples of silica gel. A McBain‐Bakr type of sorption balance, which included a ‘Pyrex’ glass spring of high sensitivity, was employed.The Brunauer, Emmett & Teller (B.E.T.) method is used to compare the water isotherms with those of nitrogen, previously determined on the same samples. It appears likely that water does not form a close‐packed monolayer.
The interaction of benzyl acetate and cellobiose α‐octa‐acetate with some solvents for cellulose acetate
Authors: Moore W. R. , Russell J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe interaction of benzyl acetate and cellobiose α‐octa‐acetate, used as models for cellulose acetate, with some solvents for cellulose acetate, has been studied by a dielectric‐constant method. Chloroform and m‐cresol appear to form complexes with benzyl acetate in hexane solution, the molecular proportions being 2:1 m‐cresol: benzyl acetate and 1:1 or 3:2 chloroform: benzyl acetate. Complex‐formation between benzyl acetate and acetone, dioxan or pyridine was not detectable. Some evidence was obtained for 1:1 complexes of cellobiose α‐octa‐acetate with m‐cresol and aniline in dioxan solution. Complex‐formation between the octa‐acetate and acetone, ethyl acetate, pyridine and chloroform was not detected.
A modified universal semi‐micro Kjeldahl method for the determination of nitrogen in coal and other carbonaceous materials
Authors: Beet A. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA semi‐micro Kjeldahl method is described, in which for the first time an unmistakable colour indication is given of the completeness of conversion into ammonium sulphate. Instead of the usual catalysts, crystalline potassium permanganate is used as oxidant and digestion is complete in about 13 minutes; the distillation takes about 8 minutes. With only a single distillation unit, 36 determinations can easily be made in a working day. The method has been thoroughly tested in our laboratories for about six months.
Comparison of the heats of vapour and gas evolution from low‐vapour‐pressure liquids
Authors: Burrows G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBy the use of values of heats of vaporization ΔH and of gas evolution that have been derived in a previous paper, it is now shown that a linear relationship exists between ΔH and a defined change of entropy ΔS at 298° K for both vapours and gases. Equations are also established that enable estimates to be made of the solubility of a given non‐polar gas in a given low‐vapour‐pressure liquid, and of the value of ΔH for vaporization and for gas evolution, all at 298° K, from a knowledge of the molecular weight of the vapour or gas.
The determination of chlorine in pentachlorophenol and pentachlorophenol laurate
Authors: Searle E. H. , Bell E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study has been made of the removal of nuclear chlorine from pentachlorophenol and allied aromatic organic compounds by hydrolysis with potassium hydroxide in tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol. A practicable method of analysis has been developed which involves distillation of the tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol from the hydrolysis product in order to convert the polyphenols into a separable tarry mass before titration of the chloride.
A redetermination of the ionization constants of nicotine
Authors: Fowler R. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe ionization constants of aqueous solutions of nicotine have been determined by potentiometric titration at 0°, 25° and 40° by using strong and weak acids of varying normality.The primary dissociation constant at 25° has been estimated to be 1.05 × 10−6 and the secondary constant to be 2.63 × 10−11, showing that nicotine acts primarily as a monoacidic base when titrated with strong or weak acids.
The revival of formaldehyde‐treated bacteria
Authors: Nash T. , Hirch Ann 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTests on 39 reagents showed that a few were able to revive formaldehyde‐treated bacteria (streptococci), i.e. growth was obtained in their presence when controls showed no growth. The most promising reagent, a mixture of dimedone and morpholine, was then tested in greater detail, mainly on a staphylococcus, and revival was demonstrated both by incorporating the mixture with the medium on which the bacteria were grown, and also by the use of the mixture in an aqueous wash before plating. The effect was limited, however, and may be ascribed to active interference with the lethal process rather than to the reversal of some action that had proceeded to completion.
Physicochemical studies on dusts. VIII. Some sorption properties of silicious dusts
Authors: Gibb J. G. , Ritchie P. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAdsorption of a basic dyestuff (methylene blue) on the surface of silica dusts, with and without the disturbed layer produced during crushing and grinding, indicates that for Lochaline sand, pure quartz and vitreous silica the layer is more active than the core in sorption processes, just as in solution processes. Acid extraction of an impure silica dust effectively reduces the equilibrium adsorption, the pH of the extracting medium being a factor controlling the extent of this reduction; a similar reduction is again apparent when an acid‐extracted dust is heated. These results support the conclusion, outlined in Part VII, that the increased rate of solution produced in a silicious dust by acid treatment is due to the adsorption of hydrogen ions on the particle surfaces.
Improvements in the determination of small amounts of sulphur
Authors: Wilson H. N. , Pearson R. M. , Fitzgerald D. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe quartz‐tube method for the combustion of organic samples before the determination of sulphur1 has been improved. A new catalyst—ceria on alumina—has been produced which is as active as the previous vanadium oxide catalyst, and has the advantage of being unaffected by chlorine. The absorption train has also been much improved. These modifications are described in Part I. A rapid volumetric method, using disodium dihydrogen ethylenediaminetetra‐acetate, for the determination of low concentrations of sulphate ion is described in Part II. This method has been shown to give results of the same order of accuracy as those obtained by the standard gravimetric procedure.
The resistance of fire‐fighting foams to destruction by petrol
Authors: French R. J. , Hinkley P. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe rate of drainage of a foam layer on the surface of petrol has been measured for a range of petrol temperatures, with different types of foam compound. In the experiments described, the liquid resulting from the breakdown of the foam was collected after it had drained, and a ‘petrol resistance index’, defined as the time in which 25% of the liquid content of the foam could be collected, was calculated. This index was found to vary greatly with the temperature of the petrol and the type of foaming agent employed.
The production of oxalic acid from new zealand plant wastes
Authors: Bailey R. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRecent work has shown that oxalic acid is capable of replacing sulphuric acid, in whole or part, in the superphosphate process.The most promising method of manufacturing cheap oxalic acid on a large scale is by nitric acid oxidation of plant wastes, provided that most of the nitric acid can be recovered for re‐use. With wood and straw waste, oxalic acid yields of up to 85% are obtained at optimum conditions of temperature, catalyst concentration and reaction time. However, the loss of nitric acid is sufficiently low only when fuming nitric acid is used. In this case the ratio of oxalic acid produced to nitric acid lost is 7:1. The nitric acid lost is converted largely into nitrous oxide and this conversion appears to be connected with the oxidation of the lignin fraction of the sawdust.
The interaction of sulphur and sulphur compounds with olefinic substances. VII Low‐temperature sulphuration of trialkylethylenes with hydrogen sulphide‐sulphur dioxide, and with a sulphur‐zinc dithiocarbamate system
Authors: Farmer E. H. , Ford J. F. , Lyons J. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe sulphuration of trialkylethylenes with hydrogen sulphide‐sulphur dioxide at 0° (Peachey process) results in disubstitutive cross‐linking of the olefins, yielding dialkenyl tetrasulphides. At higher temperatures substitutive—additive cross‐linking occurs and alkyl alkenyl polysulphides are formed. Dialkenyl tetrasulphides are similarly formed by causing the olefin to react with sulphur at room temperature in the presence of zinc oxide and zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate, low concentrations of hydrogen sulphide acting as a catalyst for this reaction. At higher temperatures the reaction is also exclusively disubstitutive, a feature connected with the function of zinc compounds in influencing the cross‐linking reaction. The sulphuration of olefins with tetramethylthiuram disulphide at 140° shows a similar influence of zinc compounds.
The contraction on polymerization of n‐ and sec.‐alkyl methacrylates
Authors: Crawford J. W. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe contraction on polymerization per mole of monomeric methacrylic ester varies considerably with the nature of the alcohol alkyl group. It has been found, however, that the higher normal alkyl methacrylates (between propyl and decyl) give a constant molar contraction of 24.5 c.c. It is supposed that this constant contraction is the result of the common feature of the polymerization process at the double bond, the volume of the alkyl groups remaining unchanged. The molar contractions of alkylmethylcarbinyl methacrylates, which are higher than those of the normal alkyl esters, appear to be the result of assumption in the polymer by the secondary alkyl groups of a packing tending to be the same as that of the normal alkyl groups, and due to constraints arising from the polymerization reaction.
Corrosion due to mud banks in river estuaries
Authors: Patterson W. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEstuary mud, which is frequently characterized by high bacterial pollution, is an environment in which corrosion of iron and steel may readily occur.The influence of temperature on the process has been examined, as has also the effect of abrasion on the protective quality of a paint film.The corrosion is very severe under the anaerobic conditions obtained by complete immersion in the mud. Under water‐line conditions the phenomenon is more complicated, but corrosion under oxide blisters may be due to bacterial action.The presence of sulphide pollution of river mud‐banks is widespread and occurs over extensive geographical areas.
Laboratory studies on the use of coal‐tar bases as inhibitors of corrosion by flue gases
Authors: Kear R. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExperiments have been made to investigate the possibility of using coal‐tar bases as inhibitors of the corrosion of steel surfaces by flue gases containing sulphur trioxide. In the first series of tests, the bases were sprayed into a town's‐gas flame with the object of minimizing the formation of sulphur trioxide in the combustion process; in the second series, the bases were sprayed into the gas stream with the object of depositing a protective film on the steel surface. The addition to the flame (gas flowing at 170 cu. ft./h.) of up to 12 g./h. of the bases reduced corrosion and rate of sulphuric acid deposition from gases containing 0.005% of sulphur trioxide (dew‐point 138°) at all surface temperatures below the dew‐point. When a liquid film was deposited on the steel, surface corrosion at temperatures below 117° was decreased, but some corrosion was induced at temperatures above the dew‐point, i.e. 136°.
The corrosion of tin in solutions of sodium alkyl sulphates
Authors: Ross T. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEarlier work had suggested that surface‐active agents played a more specific role in corrosion processes than was generally supposed. A series of sodium alkyl sulphates were prepared, and the behaviour of tin specimens immersed in their dilute aqueous solutions was examined. Some weight‐loss experiments were made, and the effects of constitution and concentration upon corrosion rate determined.The corrosion was not general, but essentially a point attack, so that a note of the distribution of corrosion, as well as of its extent, was made. Theory suggests that the readiness with which a solution corrodes tin lies in its ability to dissolve the existing protective oxide layer on the metal surface. However, experiments showed that stannic oxide was insoluble in neutral solutions of any of the materials used.Further experiments involving breakdown‐potential measurements and pressure tests on stripped oxide films revealed that the surface‐active solute ruptures, rather than dissolves, the oxide film. This film is generally sufficiently stressed for many potential cracks to exist. Adsorption of a surface‐active solute on the surfaces of these cracks so reduces their adhesion that they develop into actual failures, and ultimately into corrosion sites. The subsequent activity of these sites is controlled in part by the structure of the adsorbed layer of solute at the metal surface.
Operation of the thylox process with coal gas containing hydrogen cyanide
Authors: Toynbee P. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA pilot‐scale Thylox plant has been fabricated, and operated first on synthetic mixtures of town's gas and hydrogen sulphide at Dominion Laboratory, Wellington, New Zealand, and subsequently on crude gas at the Wellington Gas Company's works.It has been found that hydrogen cyanide present in coal gas has a serious effect on the removal of hydrogen sulphide by the Thylox process, but satisfactory operation is obtained when the cyanide content of the gas entering the Thylox process has been reduced to below 10 grains/100 cu. ft.Operated in conjunction with the prior removal of hydrogen cyanide, the Thylox process has proved capable of reducing the hydrogen sulphide content of gas to below 1 grain/100 cu. ft. Of the sulphur in the gas 85% is recovered as sulphur of significant commercial value.
Chromium hexacarbonyl. II. Chromium hexacarbonyl as a fuel additive
Authors: Cumming W. M. , Horn J. A. , Ritchie P. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChromium hexacarbonyl raises the spontaneous ignition temperature (S.I.T.) of various hydrocarbon fuels, and therefore would be expected to have anti‐knock properties. However, determination of the highest useful compression ratio (H.U.C.R.) shows that the carbonyl is a pro‐knock agent; with a ‘pool’ petrol, the maximum pro‐knock effect (decrease of 5 in octane number) is approached at an unusually low concentration of additive (0.02 g./l.). Similarly, a very small concentration raises the cetane number of a Diesel fuel by about 3; the effect is not increased by raising the concentration. The carbonyl lowers the S.I.T. of benzene, and raises the H.U.C.R. from 14.5 to 15.6. The latter effect is attributed to inhibition of pre‐ignition. Explanations of this anomalous behaviour of chromium hexacarbonyl are advanced, based on either of the two current theories of knock. With fuels containing 1 g./l. of the carbonyl, chromium sesquioxide (Cr2O3) is deposited in the combustion chamber; this can be reduced but not eliminated by a small proportion of ethylene dichloride or dibromide in the fuel.
Phase equilibria in sugar solutions. VII. The quaternary system sucrose‐glucose‐potassium chloride‐water
Authors: Kelly F. H. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEquilibrium‐phase relationships of the quaternary system sucrose‐glucose‐KCl‐water have been determined at 30°. No double compounds were identified and glucose was almost invariably in equilibrium as the monohydrate. In a small zone near the quaternary point (Q.P.) a metastable condition of the glucose‐glucose monohydrate relationship was identified, with the monohydrate as the stable phase. The concentration of solute increased as composition approached the Q.P., at which point the solubility of each of the three solutes was appreciably higher than when alone in solution. Results have been plotted by using a Jänecke type of projection on a triangular diagram with isohydrores defined quantitatively as solvent per 100 units of total solute.
Flotation frothers for low‐rank coals
Authors: Mainhood J. , Whelan P. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA number of aliphatic alcohols and acids, phenols and other heteropolar compounds were studied as flotation frothers for a tetralin‐conditioned low‐rank coal.The effects of these reagents, in the absence of coal, on the static surface tension of water and on froth formation and the character of bubble streams in aqueous solutions were investigated and correlations made with flotation merit. Although some of the most efficient flotation frothers reduced the surface tension of water markedly, the amount of lowering of surface tension appeared to be unimportant. The effects of the reagents on bubble streams and on the formation and stability of froths in a frothmeter tube showed some correlation with flotation merit.The balance between polar and non‐polar groups in the molecule is the most important factor in determining flotation merit for low‐rank coal. For monohydric alcohols and monocarboxylic acids to be good frothers, the molecule must contain between 5 and 10 carbon atoms, the optimum being probably 8. Little variation between isomeric alcohols was observed. No phenol with good frothing properties had a dissociation constant (Ka) greater than 2 × 10−8, but no correlation between Ka and frothing power was found. Molecules of small residual polarity were often good frothers, but the presence of more than one strongly polar group in the molecule reduced the efficiency.
Phase equilibria in sugar solutions. X. The quinary system sucrose–glucose–fructose–potassium chloride–water
Authors: Kelly F. H. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe equilibrium‐phase relationships for the quinary system sucrose–glucose–fructose–potassium chloride–water have been determined at 30°, and are illustrated on a triangular diagram.Solutions saturated with glucose and potassium chloride are nearly always in equilibrium with anhydrous glucose. A small range of compositions is shown for which glucose is stable as the monohydrate, and a smaller range of intermediate compositions for which the anhydrous glucose is in a metastable condition with a tendency to form the monohydrate. No double‐compound formation was observed. The solution of highest concentration of total solids was not at the quinary point and, in this respect, resembled the quaternary system sucrose–fructose–potassium chloride–water. A line is drawn round the quinary point which marks the limit of increasing solute concentration. The quinary point has the percentage composition sucrose 18°0, fructose 44.6, glucose 11.7, potassium chloride 11.0 and water 14.7.
Studies in the formation of fibre from groundnut protein
Authors: Naismith W. E. F. , Thomson R. H. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new study has been made of the manufacture of a textile fibre from groundnut protein. This includes a series of ultracentrifuge examinations of the protein at each stage of the process from the groundnut meal to the coagulated fibre. It was seen that little change in the protein occurred until its reaction with sodium hydroxide gave a spinning solution. An accompanying study was made of the protein, caustic soda and water solutions used for extrusion, observing the rheological changes which occur with change of composition and relating these to the parallel ultracentrifuge examination.
The ignition of firedamp by copper electric detonators
Authors: Dolan J. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDirect still photography and flash silhouettes have been used to obtain information on the factors governing the incidence of methane/air ignitions caused by instantaneous and short‐delay electric detonators. The probability of an instantaneous detonator causing ignitions appears to be a function of the nature and size of the explosive charge and the density to which it is pressed. The incendivity of the short‐delay series, on the other hand, appears to be governed by the type of delay element used, and whether that element has a slag ejection confined within certain limits of ejection velocity and projected distance. A non‐incendive short‐delay detonator has also been investigated.