bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Working Mothers, Breastfeeding, and the Law
Authors: Murtagh Lindsey , Moulton Anthony D. 
Published: December 2010

Workplace barriers contribute to low rates of breastfeeding. Research shows that supportive state laws correlate with higher rates, yet by 2009, only 23 states had adopted any laws to encourage breastfeeding in the workplace. Federal law provided virtually no protection to working mothers until the 2010 enactment of the “reasonable break time” provision of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. This provision nonetheless leaves many working mothers uncovered, requires break time only to pump for (not feed) children younger than 1 year, and exempts small employers that demonstrate hardship. Public health professionals should explore ways to improve legal support for all working mothers wishing to breastfeed. Researchers should identify the laws that are most effective and assist policymakers in translating them into policy.
Association of Walkability With Obesity in Baltimore City, Maryland
Authors: Casagrande Sarah Stark , Gittelsohn Joel , Zonderman Alan B. , Evans Michele K. , Gary-Webb Tiffany L. 
Published: December 2010

Objectives. To investigate the association between walkability and obesity, we studied adults residing in Baltimore City, Maryland, in neighborhoods of varying racial and socioeconomic composition. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 3493 participants from the study Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span. We used the Pedestrian Environment Data Scan to measure neighborhood walkability in 34 neighborhoods of diverse racial and socioeconomic composition in which the study participants lived. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to determine walkability scores. Multilevel modeling was used to determine prevalence ratios for the association between walkability and obesity. Results. Among individuals living in predominately White and high-socioeconomic status (SES) neighborhoods, residing in highly walkable neighborhoods was associated with a lower prevalence of obesity when compared with individuals living in poorly walkable neighborhoods, after adjusting for individual-level demographic variables (prevalence ratio–[PR] = 0.58; P = <.001 vs PR = 0.80; P = .004). Prevalence ratios were similar after controlling for the perception of crime, physical activity, and main mode of transportation. The association between walkability and obesity for individuals living in low-SES neighborhoods was not significant after accounting for main mode of transportation (PR = 0.85; P = .060). Conclusions. Future research is needed to determine how differences in associations by neighborhood characteristics may contribute to racial disparities in obesity.
Racial Disparities in Exposure, Susceptibility, and Access to Health Care in the US H1N1 Influenza Pandemic
Authors: Quinn Sandra Crouse , Kumar Supriya , Freimuth Vicki S. , Musa Donald , Casteneda-Angarita Nestor , Kidwell Kelley 
Published: December 2010

Objectives. We conducted the first empirical examination of disparities in H1N1 exposure, susceptibility to H1N1 complications, and access to health care during the H1N1 influenza pandemic. Methods. We conducted a nationally representative survey among a sample drawn from more than 60 000 US households. We analyzed responses from 1479 adults, including significant numbers of Blacks and Hispanics. The survey asked respondents about their ability to impose social distance in response to public health recommendations, their chronic health conditions, and their access to health care. Results. Risk of exposure to H1N1 was significantly related to race and ethnicity. Spanish-speaking Hispanics were at greatest risk of exposure but were less susceptible to complications from H1N1. Disparities in access to health care remained significant for Spanish-speaking Hispanics after controlling for other demographic factors. We used measures based on prevalence of chronic conditions to determine that Blacks were the most susceptible to complications from H1N1. Conclusions. We found significant race/ethnicity-related disparities in potential risk from H1N1 flu. Disparities in the risks of exposure, susceptibility (particularly to severe disease), and access to health care may interact to exacerbate existing health inequalities and contribute to increased morbidity and mortality in these populations.
WAMS - based control of series FACTS devices installed in tie-lines of interconnected power system
Authors: Nogal Łukasz , Machowski Jan 
Published: December 2010

WAMS - based control of series FACTS devices installed in tie-lines of interconnected power systemThis paper addresses the state-variable stabilising control of the power system using such series FACTS devices as TCPAR installed in the tie-line connecting control areas in an interconnected power system. This stabilising control is activated in the transient state and is supplementary with respect to the main steady-state control designed for power flow regulation. Stabilising control laws, proposed in this paper, have been derived for a linear multi-machine system model using direct Lyapunov method with the aim to maximise the rate of energy dissipation during power swings and therefore maximisation their damping. The proposed control strategy is executed by a multi-loop controller with frequency deviations in all control areas used as the input signals. Validity of the proposed state-variable control has been confirmed by modal analysis and by computer simulation for a multi-machine test system.
Overloss coefficient in magnetic laminations during PWM supply voltage
Authors: Zakrzewski Kazimierz 
Published: December 2010

Overloss coefficient in magnetic laminations during PWM supply voltage
Author presents an analytical method of calculation of unit power losses in magnetic laminations used in electrical machines and transformers. The idea of this method, based on the solution of Maxwell's equations in the lamination material, was described by the author in the previous work [3], taking into account approximation of constitutive static hysteresis loop by elliptic form of the function B = f(H) depending on magnetic saturation. In the previous formula for new isotropic and anisotropic materials it is needed to introduce so called "anomaly coefficient" deduced from the comparison of measured and calculated value of power losses in arbitrary excitation frequency for assumed induction. The method was tested by comparison with the results of experiments presented in commercial catalogues [1, 2]. Assuming superposition of harmonic power losses it is possible to enlarge this method for the estimation of overloss coefficient in dynamo sheet during axial magnetization with nonsinusoidal flux generated e.g. by PWM voltage supply.
Inverse systems of linear systems
Authors: Kaczorek Tadeusz 
Published: December 2010

Inverse systems of linear systemsThe concept of inverse systems for standard and positive linear systems is introduced. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of the positive inverse system for continuous-time and discrete-time linear systems are established. It is shown that: 1) The inverse system of continuous-time linear system is asymptotically stable if and only if the standard system is asymptotically stable. 2) The inverse system of discrete-time linear system is asymptotically stable if and only if the standard system is unstable. 3) The inverse system of continuous-time and discrete-time linear systems are reachable if and only if the standard systems are reachable. The considerations are illustrated by numerical examples.
Nematode infections in Slovak children hospitalised during 2008–2009
Authors: Königová A. , Kinčeková J. , Hrčková G. , Velebný S. , Várady M. , Pavlinová J. , Kuchta M. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
A study involved 1800 hospitalised children (age: 9 months to 16 years) examined by ovoscopic analyses and confirmed the occurrence of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura in 46 patients (2.55 %). Of these, 30 patients had Ascaris infection, 13 were positive for both nematodes and 3 patients had Trichuris infection. The mean count of A. lumbricoides eggs in positive cases was 1050 eggs per gramme (EPG) in range 150–4450 EPG. The mean count of T. trichiura eggs was 150 EPG (50–250 EPG). The highest intensities of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura infections occurred in children 3–5 years of age living in poor hygienic conditions. Most common clinical conditions in all the patients included anaemia combined with complicated bronchopneumonia, colitis and gastritis. The strongest correlation between the parasite burden and selected laboratory test data (eosinophil count, haemoglobin, total serum iron) was found in children of 2 years of age (P < 0.05) and decreased with age.
Parasitic infections of the European brown hare (Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778) in south -western Slovakia
Authors: Dubinský P. , Vasilková Z. , Hurníková Z. , Miterpáková M. , Slamečka J. , Jurčík R. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
A total of 74 European brown hares (Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778), hunted during the winter seasons of 2006 and 2007, were examined by dissection for the presence of helminths and coprologically for protozoa. The animals came from five districts with a high population density of this species. Our results revealed 54.5 % of specimens being infected with one or more helminth species and a high prevalence of eimeriid coccidia (91.89 %). The most prevalent helminth species was Trichuris leporis (55.41 %). Lower prevalence was found for Passalurus ambiguus (12.16 %) and Trichostrongylus retortaeformis (6.76 %). The intensity of infection was low for all parasite species. As for coccidia, Eimeria semisculpta (74.35 %) and E. leporis (61.54%) were recorded in all districts. Other coccidia showed lower prevalence rates: E. robertsoni (15.38 %), E. europaea (12.82 %), E. babatica (12.82 %), E. hungarica (5.13 %) and E. towsendi (2.56 %), occurring only in some districts. The highest infection rate was observed in E. semisculpta, 7657.8 oocysts per gram of faeces (OPG). The potential effect of protozoan infection on hare mortality is discussed.
Drinking water ivermectin treatment for eradication of pinworm infections from laboratory rat colonies
Authors: Lytvynets A. , Langrová I. , Lachout J. , Vadlejch J. , Fučíková A. , Jankovská I. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The effects of ivermectin were studied in laboratory rats naturally infected with the pinworm Syphacia muris. Ivermectin was administered over four 5-days periods in drinking water; the ivermectin dose was 2.5 mg/kg of body weight per day. All the rats were weighed every five days and their ova production was monitored by a cellophane — tape test. Every fifth day six males and six females from the experimental group were euthanized and examined for adult pinworms and larvae. The rats’ health condition, behaviour and consumption of food and water were monitored every day. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of orally administered ivermectin as a treatment against adult pinworms and their larvae in laboratory rat colonies.
First record of Schulmanela petruschewskii Shulman, 1948 (Nematoda: Capillariidae) from cultured Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Turkey
Authors: Pekmezci Z. , Umur S. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The nematode Schulmanela petruschewskii (Shulman, 1948) was identified during the parasitological examination on the liver parenchyma in one specimens of a cultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) which reared in Derbent Dam Lake in Samsun, Turkey (41°25′6′’ North latitude, 35°49′52′’ East longitude) in August 2008. This parasite species was not previously reported from Turkey. With the present study we report S. petruschewskii for the first time in Turkey. This specimen which is a parasite of cultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is a new record for the Turkish parasite fauna. Original measurements and figures are presented.
Heart valve bioprothesis; effect of different acellularizations methods on the biomechanical and morphological properties of porcine aortic and pulmonary valve
Authors: Wilczek P. 
Published: December 2010

Heart valve bioprothesis; effect of different acellularizations methods on the biomechanical and morphological properties of porcine aortic and pulmonary valveTissue engineering is a promising tool for the creation of a new type of the heart valve bioprothesis. The biological scaffold composed of decellularized tissue has been successfully used for the constructions of the valve prosthesis. An analysis of the efficiency of the valve leaflet acellularization methods and the influence of those methods on the morphology and the biomechanical properties of the ECM (extra cellular matrix) was performed. Fresh porcine hearts obtained from a slaughterhouse were used in the experiments. The efficiency of the acellularization methods was dependent on the tissue type and the acellularoization methods used. The more effective were the enzymatic methods, both because of the cell removal efficiency and the effect on the biomechanical properties of the heart valve. The differences in the biomechanical and morphological properties of the porcine aortic and the pulmonary valve after different types of the acellularization process could influence the hemodynamic conditions of the heart after the valve replacement, which limited the range of the tissue types used for the creations of the tissue engineered heart valve.
Positive linear systems with different fractional orders
Authors: Kaczorek T. 
Published: December 2010

Positive linear systems with different fractional ordersA new class of positive linear systems with different fractional orders is introduced. A solution to the set of linear differential equations with different fractional orders is derived Necessary and sufficient conditions for the positivity of the fractional systems are established. It is shown that the linear electrical circuits composed of resistors, supercondensators, coils and voltage (current) sources are positive systems with different fractional orders.
Modeling of strains and stresses of material nanostructures
Authors: Szefer G. , Jasińska D. 
Published: December 2010

Modeling of strains and stresses of material nanostructuresStress and deformation analysis of materials and devices at the nanoscale level are topics of intense research in materials science and mechanics. In these investigations two approaches are observed. First, natural for the atomistic scale description is based on quantum and molecular mechanics. Second, characteristic for the macroscale continuum model description, is modified by constitutive laws taking atomic interactions into account. In the present paper both approaches are presented. For a discrete system of material points (atoms, molecules, clusters), measures of strain and stress, important from the mechanical viewpoint, are given. Numerical examples of crack propagation and deformation of graphite sheets (graphens) illustrate the behavior of the discrete systems.
Nanomechanics = biomechanics
Authors: Skubiszak L. 
Published: December 2010

Nanomechanics = biomechanicsThe knowledge of the mechanism of mechanical energy production by the so-called bioengines, living cells, could be very helpful for resolving different tasks concerning nanomechanics, e.g., construction of nanorobots. The present work considers a new idea, namely that the conformational changes within the so-called track, actin filament or microtubule are crucial for production of the mechanical energy by all bioengines. This concept contrasts with the presently prevailing view, according to which the force is generated as a result of conformational changes within the so-called motor proteins: myosin, kinesin or dynein.
Machine-part grouping and cluster analysis: similarities, distances and grouping criteria
Authors: Owsiński J. 
Published: December 2010

Machine-part grouping and cluster analysis: similarities, distances and grouping criteriaThe paper considers the machine-part grouping problem, as equivalent to partitioning the set of machines and operations into subsets, corresponding to block diagonalisation with constraints. The attempts to solve the problem with clustering methods are outlined. The difficulties encountered are presented, related to (i) ambiguity of formulations; (ii) selection of criteria; and (iii) lack of effective algorithms. These are illustrated in more detail with a limited survey of similarity and distance definitions, and of criteria used, constituting the main body of the paper. The return is proposed to the basic paradigm of cluster analysis, as providing simple and fast algorithms, which, even if not yielding optimal solutions, can be controlled in a simple manner, and their solutions improved.
Microstructure and mechanical properties of Zn25Al3Cu based composites with large Al2O3 particles at room and elevated temperatures
Authors: Bobic Biljana , Babic Miroslav , Mitrovic Slobodan , Ilic Nenad , Bobic Ilija , Jovanovic Milan T. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Microstructures and compressive properties of Zn25Al3Cu alloy and Zn25Al3Cu/Al2O3 particulate composites with large reinforcing particles (250 μm) were examined. The composites were obtained by the compocasting technique through infiltration of 3, 8 and 16 wt.% Al2O3 particles into the semi-solid metal matrix. The influence of temperature in the range from 70 to 170°C on compressive yield strength of the matrix alloy (as-cast and thixocast Zn25Al3Cu alloy) and the composites was investigated. Above 70°C compressive yield strength of all materials decreases, but the rate of decrease is different for the matrix alloy (as-cast and thixocast) and composites. It was found that the abrupt decrease in compressive yield strength of the matrix alloy occurred at temperatures higher than 70°C, whereas composites retained relatively high values of compressive yield strength till the end of the testing temperature range regardless of the amount of reinforcing particles.
Reassessment of the Mg–Ge binary system using CALPHAD supported by first-principles calculation
Authors: Yan Huanli , Du Yong , Zhou Liangcai , Xu Honghui , Zhang Lijun , Liu Shuhong 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The Mg–Ge system is reassessed by means of the CALPHAD approach, supplemented with first-principles calculation. All of the experimental phase diagram and thermodynamic data available in the literature are critically reviewed and assessed by using thermodynamic models for the Gibbs energies of individual phases. Two models, the substitutional solution model and associate solution model, are employed to describe the Gibbs energy of the liquid phase. The enthalpy of formation for Mg2Ge is calculated by first-principles calculation with a desire to clarify the discrepancies in the literature data reported for the enthalpies of formation. Two sets of self-consistent thermodynamic parameters for the Mg–Ge system are finally obtained, with a substitutional solution model or associate solution model for the liquid phase. Some improvements have been made, compared with the previous assessments.
Dynamically evoked, discrete-threshold electromyography in the extreme lateral interbody fusion approach
Authors: Tohmeh Antoine G. , Rodgers William Blake , Peterson Mark D. 
Published: December 2010

Object
Because the psoas muscle, which contains nerves of the lumbar plexus, is traversed during the extreme lateral interbody fusion (XLIF) approach, appropriate nerve monitoring is needed to avoid nerve injury during surgery and prevent approach-related neural deficit. This study was performed to assess the effectiveness of dynamically evoked electromyography (EMG) to detect and prevent neural injury during the XLIF approach.

Methods
One hundred two patients undergoing XLIF at L3–4 and/or L4–5 were enrolled in a prospective, multicenter, nonrandomized clinical study. The EMG threshold values for each of the 3 successive dilators were recorded at the surface of the psoas muscle, mid-psoas, and on the spine. At each location, the dilators were rotated 360°, taking recordings immediately posterior, superior, anterior, and inferior. For each dilator, the authors noted the rotational position (the angle in degrees) at which the lowest threshold was found. Findings of pre- and postoperative neurological examinations were also recorded.

Results
Nerves were identified within proximity of the dilators (alert-level EMG feedback) in 55.7% of all cases during the XLIF approach. Although nerves were more commonly identified in the posterior margin (63%), there was significant variability in the location of nerves identified. Despite the fact that the posterior half of the disc space was targeted in 90% of cases, no significant long-lasting neural deficits were identified in any case; 27.5% experienced new iliopsoas/hip flexion weakness and 17.6% experienced new postoperative upper medial thigh sensory loss. Transient motor deficits were identified in 3 patients (2.9%), and all had resolved by the 6-month follow-up visit.

Conclusions
The ability to identify and report a discrete, real-time EMG threshold during the transpsoas approach helps to avoid nerve injury and is required for the safe performance of the XLIF procedure. Additionally, nerve location is variable, thus reinforcing the need for real-time directional and proximity information.