bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High-Strength Filaments for Cables and Lines
Authors: Scala E 
Published: March 2009

A review of bundle theory and the strength of yarns compared to single filaments has been made for several high strength filament materials. The dielectric properties and the statistical distribution of tensile strength have been compared for filaments of glass (Types E and S), graphites, and the high modulus PRD-49 (organic). The review was made in conjunction with the development of a new type of a high modulus line using PRD-49 filaments. The lines were to be used as guys for the antennae system at the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico, the National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center which is operated by Cornell University for the National Science Foundation. The unique requirement for these cables was not only the high modulus for a low total elongation of 20 to 90 ft lengths with low loss tangent and dielectric properties, but the need for rigidity at comparatively low prestrain loads.
Varying sizes and designs were produced experimentally, ranging from 15 to 19 000 lb ultimate strengths. The testing of lines involved both precision optical strain measurements on 1 ft gage lengths as well as 10 ft test lengths for elongation, modulus, and strength measurements. The final design involved 1800 ends of 380 denier Type III, PRD-49 duPont fibers. The finished cable has a nominal modulus of 16. 5 Ç 106 psi capable of supporting a 19 000-lb load with a cable weight 0.04 lb/ft of length. For optimum resistance to weathering, moisture, and ultraviolet effects, outer sheathing with extruded black PVC had been used. Epoxy bonded end fittings were employed to permit tension adjustments at the comparatively low leads.
Status Report on Plastics Recycling
Authors: Lawrence JR 
Published: March 2009

Although plastics wastes form only a very small portion of the total wastes generated in the United States, considerable concern has been expressed over the environmental damage and nonrecyclability attributed to plastics. The plastics industry has made a careful study of the existing and potential recycle opportunities for plastics, both within the industry and from solid waste material.
The conclusion that is rapidly taking shape as a result of these studies is that the use of waste plastics in an unsorted form for the recovery of energy by either pyrolysis or incineration will probably be the most successful plastics recycling program in the context of present day technology and economics. However, the technology and economic evaluation of these opportunities is still in a development phase. Therefore, until energy recovery is clearly shown to be the optimum reuse of plastics, the plastics industry will continue to support other short-term activities. These activities include programs for sorting plastics from mixed solid waste and economic research for markets for products from such materials. The plastics industry continues to encourage programs that demonstrate that plastics can be recycled if the circumstances are such that clean material of one kind can be obtained in volume quantities.
Since the majority of our collected municipal waste is now going to landfills, it is important to recognize that plastics contribute no particular problems to landfill in that they are nonbiodegradable and compact readily to provide good solid fill in this kind of disposal system.
Ductility Exhaustion Model for Prediction of Thermal Fatigue and Creep Interaction
Authors: Polhemus JF , Spaeth CE , Vogel WH 
Published: March 2009

Extensive laboratory testing of typical alloys used in gas turbine blading has shown that there is a strong interaction of the thermal fatigue and creep damage modes which is nonlinear in nature. Consequently, a model for cumulative damage analysis was developed using an exhaustion of ductility concept in which the total available ductility is derived from baseline thermal fatigue tests or, alternatively, estimated from stress-rupture tests. A cycle-by-cycle reckoning of ductility used and remaining is made with the use of a digital computer program, and cracking is ultimately predicted at the point where the remaining ductility is insufficient to complete another cycle.
The developed analysis is shown to correlate with laboratory test results. The understanding and design procedure developed make it possible to simulate complex service conditions in digital computer programs and evaluate designs and materials in simulated “fly offs.”
Codes: Asset or Liability?
Authors: Cooper WE 
Published: March 2009

Elevated temperature fatigue evaluation rules are now included in the ASME Codes which govern the construction of nuclear power plant components. This paper considers the general question as to whether such Codes consitute an asset or a liability, and the specific question concerning asset versus liability as it relates to elevated temperature fatigue.
It is concluded that the present rules with respect to elevated fatigue represent a liability. The background of this situation is discussed and suggestions are made with respect to the steps required for conversion to an asset.
Tennessee's Inventory of Pavement Skid Resistance
Authors: Goodwin WA , Moore AB 
Published: March 2009

Tennessee has been continuously engaged in skid resistance and corrective action research since 1952. A new program was initiated in July 1970 as a specific effort of inventorying the present skid resistant level of the State's primary highway system. The skid resistance level is measured with the University's two-wheel skid trailers that essentially meet the requirements of ASTM designation E 274 using the standard ASTM E 249 tire. The skid tests are performed on wetted pavements at a constant speed of 40 mph. Tests are conducted at intervals of approximately one-half mile or less in the inner wheel path of both lanes of the pavement. To date, 66 counties of the 95 counties within the State have been surveyed. This amounts to about 48 percent of the total rural highway mileage. For each test section base data on roadway goemetry, pavement surface characteristics, pavement type and date of construction, and the length of the test section are recorded for future evaluation.
The results of the skid measurements are summarized in tabular form and presented graphically. The graphical form depicts the measured skid number or coefficient of friction as related to the log mile along the highway surface. This type presentation provides a continuous log of the changes in skid number throughout a particular pavement construction section. In some instances, it can be readily seen that the type of construction influences the skid resistance level. Also, variations within a construction section can be readily identified. The results of the inventory are reported systematically to the State Highway Department, and, where indicated, corrective measures are taken. The corrective action may be complete resurfacing with a hot plant mix or the application of a seal coat.
Although intensive field and laboratory research has been sponsored during the past 19 years by the Highway Department, this project of inventorying all primary highway surfaces affords a systematic opportunity of pinpointing surfaces of questionable skid resistance level for corrective action. It is anticipated that the inventory and corrective action program will result in maintaining a satisfactory level of skid resistance on the roadway throughout the State and hopefully will result in the reduction of accidents. The data collected relative to characterizing the pavement surface and roadway goemetry will be useful in improving pavement design and construction techniques.
Biological Methods for the Assessment of Water Quality
Authors: Cairns J , Dickson KL 
Published: March 2009

Description
The Symposium on Biological Methods for the Assessment of Water Quality was presented at the Seventy-fifth Annual Meeting of ASTM held in Los Angeles, Calif., 26-29 June 1972. The symposium was sponsored by Committee D19 on Water, and was designed to form Subcommittee D19.01 on Biological Monitoring. John Cairns, Jr. and K. L. Dickson, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, presided as cochairmen.
ROV Mateable Electrical Connector
Authors: Pye D.B. 
Published: March 2009

Growth of the Requirement
"There is no more easy oil!"
This statement above all others symbolises the changes of emphasis in therecovery of oil and gas reserves in all parts of the world. With exceptionpossibly of the CIS and the former Soviet Republics, it is unlikely thatdiscoveries of reserves even approaching the size of the smaller North Seafields will be discovered in areas that allow exploitation by the technologiesof the 1980's.
The discovery of marginal reserves in the North Sea has led to theinvestigation of various new approaches to their exploitation such as Sub-seaseparation, multiphase pumping, Sub-sea wellheads, production facilities andFloating Production vessels to name but a few. This increase in the use ofsub-sea facilities has been allied to a dramatic improvement in the reliabilityof electrical equipment in general and sub-sea connectors in particular.
The development of a new family of connectors to satisfy this changingmarket has taken place over the last few years and has now reached a stagewhere a number of independent solutions are available in the marketplace. Thesetake widely differing approaches to the problem all having their own perceivedadvantages and disadvantages. Discussions over these could be the subject of aseparate paper!
Other factors influencing the growth of the requirement are:The move to deeper waters - This imposes an obvious restriction on theuse of Divers and makes remote handling an essential factor in the viability ofa reserve, not just an option.Diving Regulations - The tightening up of the parameters for divingoperations has had a significant impact on the cost effectiveness of their useand, more likely than not, these will become even more restrictive in thefuture. It is however possible to retain some of the advantages of a diver, without infringing these regulations, by the use of an Atmospheric DivingSystem as will be discussed later.Costs - In general it will be possible to make savings on installation costsby the use of remote installation techniques. Time on site can be greatlyreduced and the capital cost of the equipment utilised should be also reduced. Against this however must be set the possible increase in structure complexityto accommodate the ROV/Tooling package to be used.
One‐Dimensional Conducting Polymer Nanostructures: Bulk Synthesis and Applications
Authors: Tran Henry D. , Li Dan , Kaner Richard B. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis Progress Report provides a brief overview of current research activities in the field of one‐dimensional (1D) conducting polymer nanostructures. The synthesis, properties, and applications of these materials are outlined with a strong emphasis on recent literature examples. Chemical methods that can produce 1D nanostructures in bulk quantities are discussed in the context of two different strategies: 1) procedures that rely on a nanoscale template or additive not inherent to the polymer and 2) those that do not. The different sub‐classifications of these two strategies are delineated and the virtues and vices of each area are discussed. Following this discussion is an outline of the properties and applications of 1D conducting polymer nanostructures. This section focuses on applications in which nanostructured conducting polymers are clearly advantageous over their conventional counterparts. We conclude with our perspective on the main challenges and future research directions for this new class of nanomaterials. This Progress Report is not intended as a comprehensive review of the field, but rather a summary of select contributions that we feel will provide the reader with a strong basis for further investigation into this fast emerging field.
Growth perturbations in a phenotype with rapid fetal growth preceding preterm labor and term birth
Authors: Lampl Michelle , Kusanovic Juan Pedro , Erez Offer , Gotsch Francesca , Espinoza Jimmy , Goncalves Luis , Lee Wesley , Gomez Ricardo , Nien Jyh Kae , Frongillo Edward A. , Romero Roberto 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe variability in fetal growth rates and gestation duration in humans is not well understood. Of interest are women presenting with an episode of preterm labor and subsequently delivering a term neonate, who is small relative to peers of similar gestational age. To further understand these relationships, fetal growth patterns predating an episode of preterm labor were investigated. Retrospective analysis of fetal biometry assessed by serial ultrasound in a prospectively studied sample of pregnancies in Santiago, Chile, tested the hypothesis that fetal growth patterns among uncomplicated pregnancies (n = 3,706) and those with an episode of preterm labor followed by term delivery (n = 184) were identical across the time intervals 16–22 weeks, 22–28 weeks, and 28–34 weeks in a multilevel mixed‐effects regression. The hypothesis was not supported. Fetal weight growth rate was faster from 16 weeks among pregnancies with an episode of preterm labor (P < 0.05), declined across midgestation (22–28 weeks, P < 0.05), and rebounded between 28 and 34 weeks (P = 0.06). This was associated with perturbations in abdominal circumference growth and proportionately larger biparietal diameter from 22 gestational weeks (P = 0.03), greater femur (P = 0.01), biparietal diameter (P = 0.001) and head circumference (P = 0.02) dimensions relative to abdominal circumference across midgestation (22–28 weeks), followed by proportionately smaller femur diaphyseal length (P = 0.02) and biparietal diameter (P = 0.03) subsequently. A distinctive rapid growth phenotype characterized fetal growth preceding an episode of preterm labor among this sample of term‐delivered neonates. Perturbations in abdominal circumference growth and patterns of proportionality suggest an altered growth strategy pre‐dating the preterm labor episode. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interactions between metabolic and reproductive functions in the resumption of postpartum fecundity
Authors: Valeggia Claudia , Ellison Peter T. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractLactation has long been recognized as a major determinant of interbirth intervals. The temporal pattern of nursing has been proposed as the mechanism behind lactational amenorrhea. We present a new model of the dynamic regulation of lactational amenorrhea that identifies maternal energy availability as the main determinant of ovarian resumption. Variation in the intensity of lactation remains a component of the model as a determinant of the absolute energetic cost of milk production. However, maternal energy supply determines net energy availability; a larger energy supply leaves a greater net energy surplus than a smaller energy supply (lactation costs being equal). We characterize the hormonal postpartum profile of 70 lactating Toba women of Argentina. We use C‐peptide, which reflects maternal insulin production, as a measure of energy availability. Initially low, insulin production rises as the postpartum period progresses, reflecting the declining metabolic load of lactation. A short period of supernormal insulin production precedes menstrual resumption. The high levels of insulin may play a role in stimulating the resumption of ovarian activity, which in turn may help to resolve the transient period of insulin resistance. The dynamics of insulin sensitivity during lactation would aid in synchronizing the resumption of ovarian function with a reduction in the energy demands of milk production. This hypothesis is supported by the sustained weight gain experienced by lactating women during the months preceding the first postpartum menses. The link between fecundity and energy balance could serve as a mechanism for adjusting the duration of lactational amenorrhea to the relative metabolic load of lactation. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Memantine and constraint‐induced aphasia therapy in chronic poststroke aphasia
Authors: Berthier Marcelo L. , Green Cristina , Lara J. Pablo , Higueras Carolina , Barbancho Miguel A. , Dávila Guadalupe , Pulvermüller Friedemann 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectiveWe conducted a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group study of both memantine and constraint‐induced aphasia therapy (CIAT) on chronic poststroke aphasia followed by an open‐label extension phase.MethodsPatients were randomized to memantine (20mg/day) or placebo alone during 16 weeks, followed by combined drug treatment with CIAT (weeks 16–18), drug treatment alone (weeks 18–20), and washout (weeks 20–24), and finally, an open‐label extension phase of memantine (weeks 24–48). After baseline evaluations, clinical assessments were done at two end points (weeks 16 and 18), and at weeks 20, 24, and 48. Outcome measures were changes in the Western Aphasia Battery‐Aphasia Quotient and the Communicative Activity Log.ResultsTwenty‐eight patients were included, and 27 completed both treatment phases. The memantine group showed significantly better improvement on Western Aphasia Battery‐Aphasia Quotient compared with the placebo group while the drug was taken (week 16, p = 0.002; week 18, p = 0.0001; week 20, p = 0.005) and at the washout assessment (p = 0.041). A significant increase in Communicative Activity Log was found in favor of memantine‐CIAT relative to placebo‐CIAT (week 18, p = 0.040). CIAT treatment led to significant improvement in both groups (p = 0.001), which was even greater under additional memantine treatment (p = 0.038). Beneficial effects of memantine were maintained in the long‐term follow‐up evaluation, and patients who switched to memantine from placebo experienced a benefit (p = 0.02).InterpretationBoth memantine and CIAT alone improved aphasia severity, but best outcomes were achieved combining memantine with CIAT. Beneficial effects of memantine and CIAT persisted on long‐term follow‐up. Ann Neurol 2009;65:577–585
Anticonvulsant and antiepileptic actions of 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose in epilepsy models
Authors: Stafstrom Carl E. , Ockuly Jeffrey C. , Murphree Lauren , Valley Matthew T. , Roopra Avtar , Sutula Thomas P. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectiveConventional anticonvulsants reduce neuronal excitability through effects on ion channels and synaptic function. Anticonvulsant mechanisms of the ketogenic diet remain incompletely understood. Because carbohydrates are restricted in patients on the ketogenic diet, we evaluated the effects of limiting carbohydrate availability by reducing glycolysis using the glycolytic inhibitor 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose (2DG) in experimental models of seizures and epilepsy.MethodsAcute anticonvulsant actions of 2DG were assessed in vitro in rat hippocampal slices perfused with 7.5mM [K+]o, 4‐aminopyridine, or bicuculline, and in vivo against seizures evoked by 6Hz stimulation in mice, audiogenic stimulation in Fring's mice, and maximal electroshock and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazol (Metrazol) in rats. Chronic antiepileptic effects of 2DG were evaluated in rats kindled from olfactory bulb or perforant path.Results2DG (10mM) reduced interictal epileptiform bursts induced by 7.5mM [K+]o, 4‐aminopyridine, and bicuculline, and electrographic seizures induced by high [K+]o in CA3 of hippocampus. 2DG reduced seizures evoked by 6Hz stimulation in mice (effective dose [ED]50 = 79.7mg/kg) and audiogenic stimulation in Fring's mice (ED50 = 206.4mg/kg). 2DG exerted chronic antiepileptic action by increasing afterdischarge thresholds in perforant path (but not olfactory bulb) kindling and caused a twofold slowing in progression of kindled seizures at both stimulation sites. 2DG did not protect against maximal electroshock or Metrazol seizures.InterpretationThe glycolytic inhibitor 2DG exerts acute anticonvulsant and chronic antiepileptic actions, and has a novel pattern of effectiveness in preclinical screening models. These results identify metabolic regulation as a potential therapeutic target for seizure suppression and modification of epileptogenesis. Ann Neurol 2009;65:435–448.
Decreased ventilatory response to hypercapnia in dementia with Lewy bodies
Authors: Mizukami Katsuyoshi , Homma Toshiaki , Aonuma Kazutaka , Kinoshita Toru , Kosaka Kenji , Asada Takashi 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA systematic autonomic dysfunction observed among patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) has recently attracted close attention. Here, we compare cardiovascular and pulmonary autonomic functions among patients with DLB, patients with Alzheimer's disease, and healthy control subjects. All 15 DLB patients demonstrated severely low ventilatory response to hypercapnia, whereas none of the other subjects demonstrated abnormal results. The majority of the DLB patients showed impaired heart rate variability, low uptake on 123I‐metaiodobenzylguanidine myocardial scintigraphy, and orthostatic hypotension. Ventilatory response to hypercapnia as a marker of respiratory autonomic function is a promising diagnostic tool for DLB. Ann Neurol 2009;65:614–617
Fulminant JC virus encephalopathy with productive infection of cortical pyramidal neurons
Authors: Wüthrich Christian , Dang Xin , Westmoreland Susan , McKay John , Maheshwari Atul , Anderson Matthew P. , Ropper Allan H. , Viscidi Raphael P. , Koralnik Igor J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe polyomavirus JC (JCV) is the causative agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and of JCV granule cell neuronopathy. We present a human immunodeficiency virus–negative patient who experienced development of multiple cortical lesions, aphasia, and progressive cognitive decline after chemotherapy for non–small‐cell lung cancer. Brain biopsy and cerebrospinal fluid polymerase chain reaction demonstrated JCV, and she had a rapidly fatal outcome. Postmortem analysis showed diffuse cortical lesions and areas of necrosis at the gray–white junction. Immunostaining showed a productive JCV infection of cortical pyramidal neurons, confirmed by electron microscopy, with limited demyelination. This novel gray matter syndrome expands the scope of JCV clinical presentation and pathogenesis. Ann Neurol 2009;65:742–748
Selective enhancement of rapid eye movement sleep by deep brain stimulation of the human pons
Authors: Lim Andrew S. , Moro Elena , Lozano Andres M. , Hamani Clement , Dostrovsky Jonathan O. , Hutchison William D. , Lang Anthony E. , Wennberg Richard A. , Murray Brian J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAnimal studies suggest that rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is governed by the interaction of REM‐promoting and REM‐inhibiting nuclei in the pontomesencephalic tegmentum. The pedunculopontine nucleus is proposed to be REM promoting. Using polysomnography, we studied sleep in five parkinsonian patients undergoing unilateral pedunculopontine nucleus deep brain stimulation (DBS). We demonstrated a near doubling of nocturnal REM sleep between the DBS “off” and DBS “on” states, without significant changes in other sleep states. This represents the first demonstration that DBS can selectively modulate human sleep, and it supports an important role for the pedunculopontine nucleus region in modulating human REM sleep. Ann Neurol 2009;66:110–114