bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of vertical wind shear and cloud radiative processes on responses of rainfall to the large‐scale forcing during pre‐summer heavy rainfall over southern China
Authors: Shen Xinyong , Wang Yi , Li Xiaofan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe pre‐summer heavy rainfall over southern China during 3–8 June 2008 is simulated using a two‐dimensional cloud‐resolving model. The model is integrated with imposed zonally uniform vertical velocity, zonal wind, horizontal temperature and vapour advection from National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)/Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) data. The effects of vertical wind shear and cloud radiative processes on the response of rainfall to large‐scale forcing are analysed through the comparison of two sensitivity experiments with the control experiment. One sensitivity experiment excludes the large‐scale vertical wind shear and the other excludes the cloud radiative effects. During the decay phase of convection, the increase in model domain‐mean surface rain‐rate resulting from the exclusion of vertical wind shear is associated with the slowdown in the decrease of perturbation kinetic energy due to the exclusion of barotropic conversion from mean kinetic energy to perturbation kinetic energy. The increase in domain‐mean rain‐rate from the exclusion of cloud radiative effects is related to the enhancement of condensation and associated latent heat as a result of strengthened radiative cooling. The increase in the domain‐mean surface rain‐rate is mainly associated with the increase of convective rainfall, which is in turn related to the local atmospheric change from moistening to drying. During the onset and mature phases of convection, the domain‐mean surface rain‐rates are generally insensitive to vertical wind shear and cloud radiative effects whereas convective and stratiform rain‐rates are sensitive to vertical wind shear and cloud radiative effects. The decrease in convective rain‐rate and the increase in stratiform rain‐rate are primarily associated with the enhanced transport of hydrometeor concentration from convective regions to raining stratiform regions. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Natural molecular shells as open subsystems of small molecules
Authors: Gottlieb Alex D. , Head John D. , Perusse Dennis 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWe compare the first few natural molecular shells of several small molecules to the corresponding “restricted Hartree‐Fock,” “second‐order Møller‐Plesset,” and “local density approximation” molecular shells. Occupation probabilities of each molecular shell are computed ab initio, especially the single‐occupation and double‐occupation probabilities, that is, the probabilities that the molecular shell is occupied by exactly one electron or by exactly two electrons. We observe that among corresponding molecular shells, the natural molecular shell has the least single‐occupation probability and the greatest double‐occupation probability. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
SIZE‐FRACTIONATED PHYTOPLANKTON GROWTH AND MICROZOOPLANKTON GRAZING RATES IN THE UPPER ST. LAWRENCE RIVER
Authors: Twiss Michael R. , Smith Derek E. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTChlorophyll‐a‐specific growth and grazing rates of phytoplankton in three size fractions (0.2 to 2 µm, 2 to 20 µm, and 20 to 153 µm) were determined using dilution assays (n = 38) that were conducted from May to December 2009 in the St. Lawrence River (discharge approx. 7135 m3 s−1) from its headwaters at Lake Ontario to 180 km downstream. There was no discernible difference in phytoplankton growth or grazing rates as a function of river reach sampled. At water temperatures below 20°C specific rates of growth and grazing were closely matched (0.43 day−1), suggesting tight coupling of phytoplankton grazing in the water column. However, specific phytoplankton growth rates exceeded specific grazing rates by 0.29 day−1 when river water temperature exceeded 20°C. Nevertheless, the greater specific growth rate did not manifest in greater phytoplankton biomass with transit downstream suggesting the importance of grazer organisms on benthic surfaces that graze phytoplankton in this reach of a large river. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low‐dose methylmercury‐induced oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, and tau‐hyperphosphorylation in human neuroblastoma (SH‐SY5Y) cells
Authors: Petroni Daniel , Tsai Jeffrey , Agrawal Krishna , Mondal Debasis , George William 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAcute neurotoxic effects of high‐dose methylmercury (MeHg) in humans have been well documented in the scientific literature. However, low‐dose effects are less well described. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of low‐dose MeHg (<100 nM) on human brain cells in a tissue culture model. Neuroblastoma (NB) cells (SH‐SY5Y) were used in the cell culture model to study low‐dose effects of MeHg on cell growth, cell survival, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the phosphorylation of tau protein, as a measure of potential markers of cellular events associated with tauopathies. When cells were incubated in culture with MeHg (50 and 100 nM), there were significant decreases in cell viability as well as significant increase in ROS generation as determined by fluorescent dye analysis (H2DCFDA). Furthermore, a concomitant decrease in glutathione levels to 25% of control was observed at both 50 and 100 nM MeHg. In addition, the level of phosphorylated tau was significantly increased after treatment at both 50 and 100 nM MeHg, compared with controls. Pretreatment of NB cells with the antioxidant, N‐acetylcysteine (1.25 mM) and the calpain inhibitor, MDL‐28170 (10 μM), significantly attenuated the effects of MeHg (50 and 100 nM) on cell viability as well as on tau phosphorylation. These results indicate that low‐dose MeHg toxicity may be related to an induction of tau phosphorylation through an oxidative stress‐dependent mechanism and that blockade of this pathway may attenuate the toxic effects of MeHg. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2012.
Livin’ for the city: African American ethnogenesis and depression era migration
Authors: Price-Spratlen Townsand 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Urban ethnogenesis is a process by which a group creates and maintains social networks and communication patterns as the basis for institutional and communal life in urban areas. Ethnogenesis is a foundation upon which most historical, urbanward migrations have been built, including the “Great Migration” of African Americans during the first half of this century. Although a period of decreased migration, the Depression was marked by sizeable movement in which nearly 10% of the total African American population moved interregionally. Ethnogenic measures such as NAACP activism, the number of community newspapers directed at African Americans, and the longevity of a chapter of the National Urban League significantly increased migration flows.
Marital characteristics in relation to the rural-urban continuum in taiwan
Authors: Yuan D. Y. 
Published: January 2011

Resumen
Es poco lo que se conoce sobre la relación que existe entre el tipo y tamaño de la comunidad y las características maritales de la población en los países no occidentales. Con el propósito de aclarar un poco este tema se examina en este trabajo la relación de algunas características maritales seleccionadas en una continuidad urbano-rural de Taiwan. Esta continuidad urbano-rural fué construida sobre la base del iomaño de la población y los tipos administrativos de las comunidades; los principales hallazgos de esie estudio son confrontados con las variaciones que se dan en Estados Unidos. Los resultados indican que esta continuidad urbano-rural tiene un alto valor de predicción o de discriminación para ciertas características maritales.
Mortality level, desired family size, and population increase
Authors: Heer David M. , Smith Dean O. 
Published: January 2011

Resumen
Aunque la explosión de la población en el mundo ha sido creada por una disminución en las tasas de mortalidad, paradójicamente una mayor declinación en esias tasas en las naciones menos desarrolladas, Puede ser una ayuda invalorable para reducir la actual tasa de crecimiento poblacional en el mundo.
En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de varios modelos simulados en las computadoras, en los cuales se presume que los padres tienen un métoda perfecto de control de nacimientos, pero que tambien desean estar muy seguros de que cuando menos un hijo pueda sobrevivir al padre deepués que éste ha llegado a los sesenticinco años, de moda que pueda sosiener a los padres en su vejez.
Bajo estas hipótesis, los resultados de las simulaciones en las computadoras muestran que la tasa de incremento poblacional será elevada cuando el nivel de mortalidad es de magnitud intermedia. Este nivel intermedio de mortalidad ee el que actualmente se encuentra en la mayor parte de los paises menos desarrollados. Cuando el nivel de mortalidad es muy alto, las parejas son biológicamente incapaces de tener todos los hijos que quisieran. De esto resulta que, por un lado, un alto nivel de mortalidad ocasiona una fecundidad sólo ligeramente más alta que la que originan los niveles intermedios de mortalidad, y consecueniemenie, la tasa de crecimiento poblacional es algo menor con altos niveles de mmtalidad de lo que lo es can niveles intermedios. Por otro lado, cuando la mortalidad ee baja, como en los paises desarrollados, el numero deseado de nacimientos disminuye en forma brusea, y la tasa de crecimiento poblacional es muy baja.
En las naciones menos desarrolladas, las reducciones en el tamano deseado de la familia pueden obtenerse ya sea mediante programas que reduzcan la mortalidad infantil y preescolar, 0 a traves de programas de seguridad social que puedan servir para reducir el deseo de los padres de asegurarse que sobreviva cuando menos un hijo para cuanda ellos lleguen a la vejez. Sin embargo, es dudoso que un media perfecto de control de nacimientos pueda, por si solo, lograr una tasa baja de crecimiento poblacional en el mundo.
The evolution of marxist theories of population: Marxism recognizes the population problem
Authors: Brackett James W. 
Published: January 2011

Resumen
La teoría Marxista lleva a los escriiores soviéticos a enfocar los problemas de población en los paises menos desarrollados en términos excesivamente simplistas: desde que la sobrepoblación es causada por el capitalismo, la solucion obvia para el supuesio problema de población es simplemente reemplazar el sistema capitalista por el comunismo. En contrate con esto el argumento más frecuentemente escuchado en la Conferencia Mundial de Población de 1965 aceptaba el problema de población de los paises sub-desarrollados como real, al menos en el presente contexto, pero manteniendo que ese problema se resolvería a traves del curso natural de los acontecimientos por incrementos en el nivel de vida. Las tasas de natalidad de alguna manera declinan naturalmente a medida que un pais se transforma en mas industrial y mas urbano. Los programas de planeamiento familiar no pueden tener éxito en las situaciones de ausencia de urbanización y creciente niveles de vida.
El 23 de noviembre de 1965 el periódico intelectualLiteraturnaya gazeta publicó el primero de usa serie de artículos proponiendo una nueva interpretación de los problemas de población en los paises en desarrolo. Boris Urlanis puso en duda la presunción de varios escritores marxistas de que las tasas de natalidad disminuyen cuando la proporción de la población viviendo en areas urbanas aumenta. El sostuvo de que es posible de que el aumento de la población viviendo en areas urbanas pueda traer con el tiempo bajas en las tasas de natalidad, pero que es esencial resolver el problema de población inmediatamente. En las semanas y meses que siguieron, otros escritores sovieticos contribuyeron a ese dialogo algunos apoyando a Urlanis y otros sostenienda una interpretación más tradicional del marxismo.
El test real de la política soviéticafueron tres reuniones internacionales realizadas durante 1966. En la mas importante de las tres, la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas, la Union Soviética apoyó la resolucion que da a la Secretaría General amplia autoridad en el campo de población, afirmando que era muy satisfactorio que las Naciones Unidas hubieran finalmente aceptado el punto de vista sovietico de que el planeamiento familiar no era un sustituto para programas económicos y sociales y que cada estado debeformular sus propias politicas de población.
Estos acontecimientos indican que la Union Soviética esta en el proceso de formular una nueva política de población. Sus acciones hasta la fecha sin embargo han sido cautelosas; pero no es de la naturaleza de los gobiernos haeer rápidos cambios en política, particularmente euanda la política está tan mezclada con la ideología. El gobierno de Estados Unidos tardó muchos años hata llegar a su presente política, y sería poco realista esperar que la Union Soviética canbie más rapidamente.
Is Robotic Surgery Superior to Endoscopic and Open Surgeries in Thyroid Cancer?
Authors: Kim Wan Wook , Kim Jee Soo , Hur Sung Mo , Kim Sung Hoon , Lee Se‐Kyung , Choi Jae Hyuck , Kim Sangmin , Lee Jeong Eon , Kim Jung‐Han , Nam Seok Jin , Yang Jung‐Hyun , Choe Jun‐Ho 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackgroundEndoscopic thyroidectomies have been performed using various approaches, and indications have expanded with the development of new surgical techniques and instruments. Endoscopic thyroid surgery using bilateral axillo‐breast approaches have excellent cosmetic results and a symmetrical, optimal operative view. However, because of the two‐dimensional view and the nonflexible instruments, these approaches are not easy to use in performing a central lymph node dissection (CND). Robotic surgery has drawn attention as a potentially safe and effective method for treating thyroid cancer. The aim of the present study was to determine whether robotic surgery is superior to endoscopic and open surgery through comparing technical aspects and surgical outcomes.MethodsFrom October 2008 to December 2009, 302 patients had total thyroidectomies and CND with cancer less than 1 cm. Patients were divided into three groups according to operation methods (open group; n = 138), (endo group; n = 95), (robot group; n = 69).ResultsYoung patients preferred the robotic and endoscopic surgery. The number of retrieved lymph nodes in the open group (4.8 ± 2.8) was not different from the robot group (4.7 ± 2.7) and the endo group (4.6 ± 3.7). The operative time of the robot group was longer than the open and the endo group. The total drain amount in the robot group was more than the open and endo groups; however, there was no difference in the length of hospitalization and complication rates. There were no differences between the open (0.8 ± 2.0) and robot groups (0.8 ± 1.4), but the endo group (2.4 ± 6.3) showed higher postoperative serum thyroglobulin off thyroid hormone (Off‐Tg) when compared to the open and robot groups.ConclusionsRobotic surgery was equal to open surgery except with respect to operative time and was superior to endoscopic surgery in Off‐Tg levels presenting completeness of the operation in thyroid cancer surgery. Because it has excellent cosmetic results and various technical advantages, it should be considered in young, low‐risk patients with thyroid carcinoma less than 1 cm.
Early biochemical effects after unilateral hypoxia–ischemia in the immature rat brain
Authors: Weis Simone N. , Schunck Rebeca V.A. , Pettenuzzo Leticia F. , Krolow Rachel , Matté Cristiane , Manfredini Vanusa , Peralba Maria do Carmo R. , Vargas Carmen R. , Dalmaz Carla , Wyse Angela T.S. , Netto Carlos A. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractPerinatal hypoxia–ischemia (HI) gives rise to inadequate substrate supply to the brain tissue, resulting in damage to neural cells. Previous studies at different time points of development, and with different animal species, suggest that the HI insult causes oxidative damage and changes Na+, K+–ATPase activity, which is known to be very susceptible to free radical‐related lipid peroxidation. The aim of the present study was to establish the onset of the oxidative damage response in neonatal Wistar rats subjected to brain HI, evaluating parameters of oxidative stress, namely nitric oxide production, lipoperoxidation by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBA‐RS) production and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, reactive species production by DCFH oxidation, antioxidant enzymatic activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase as well as Na+, K+–ATPase activity in hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Rat pups were subjected to right common carotid ligation followed by exposure to a hypoxic atmosphere (8% oxygen and 92% nitrogen) for 90 min. Animals were sacrificed by decapitation 0, 1 and 2 h after HI and both hippocampus and cerebral cortex from the right hemisphere (ipsilateral to the carotid occlusion) were dissected out for further experimentation. Results show an early decrease of Na+, K+–ATPase activity (at 0 and 1 h), as well as a late increase in MDA levels (2 h) and superoxide dismutase activity (1 and 2 h after HI) in the hippocampus. There was a late increase in both MDA levels and DCFH oxidation (1 and 2 h) and an increase in superoxide dismutase activity (2 h after HI) in cortex; however Na+, K+–ATPase activity remained unchanged. We suggest that neonatal HI induces oxidative damage to both hippocampus and cortex, in addition to a decrease in Na+, K+–ATPase activity in hippocampus early after the insult. These events might contribute to the later morphological damage in the brain and indicate that it would be essential to pursue neuroprotective strategies, aimed to counteract oxidative stress, as early as possible after the HI insult.
Factors predicting the response to biofeedback‐assisted pelvic floor muscle training for urinary incontinence
Authors: Yoo Eun‐Hee , Kim Young‐Mi , Kim Donguk 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of biofeedback‐assisted pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) for urinary incontinence and to determine the patient characteristics predictive of success.MethodsClinical and physiologic data of 86 patients with urinary incontinence who had received biofeedback‐assisted PFMT were analyzed retrospectively. The clinical response was determined to be a success (requiring no more therapy) or a failure (requiring surgery or other medical therapy) at 3 months after completion of treatment.ResultsThe success group included 57% of the enrolled patients. In the univariate analysis, the following factors had P values of less than 0.20: alcohol consumption, detrusor overactivity, type of urinary incontinence, and the change in the average amplitude of tonic contraction before treatment and after the 8th session of biofeedback‐assisted PFMT. In the multiple logistic regression analysis, the only independent predictive factor of a successful response was a significant change in the average tonic contraction before treatment and after the 8th session (odds ratio, 1.661; 95% confidence interval, 1.015– 2.721).ConclusionAfter biofeedback‐assisted PFMT, 57% of patients with urinary incontinence required no further therapy. Increased pelvic floor muscle activity after the 8th session of PFMT predicted a successful response to treatment.
Still budgeting by muddling through: Why disjointed incrementalism lasts
Authors: Good David A 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis paper examines Charles Lindblom’s ‘science of muddling through’ and its transport and transformation to budgeting through the work of Aaron Wildavsky by analyzing its impact on budget theory and assessing its continued relevance to the practice of budgeting in the context of the Canadian federal government. We find that: the concept is of fundamental importance and yet considerably elastic to capture key features of political, economic, and organizational life; the criticisms of it have been overstated although, perhaps surprisingly, with the exception of budgeting, little empirical testing of the concept has been undertaken; the impact on budget theory and practice has been considerable especially since much of the initial application was undertaken at a time of relative economic and political stability in government and in budgeting; and yet even today, in a more turbulent world, the concept remains surprisingly relevant, although not complete, for understanding and explaining some of the most central and enduring features of budgetary behaviour. It is a key to our understanding of how budget participants deal with complexity and manage conflict.
Charles Lindblom is alive and well and living in punctuated equilibrium land
Authors: Howlett Michael , Migone Andrea 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Incrementalism enjoyed an almost uninterrupted 40 year run as the dominant model of policy change from the publication of Lindblom and Dahl's first mention of the subject in 1953. In the mid-1990s, however, the elements of a new orthodoxy of policy dynamics began to appear in the form of various models of ‘punctuated equilibrium’, most notably in the works of Peter Hall, Frank Baumgartner and Bryan Jones. It is important to note, that the new orthodoxy did not replace the old, but rather supplemented it through the addition of notions of ‘atypical’ or ‘paradigmatic’ change to the pattern of marginal or incremental change put forward by Lindblom and his colleagues in the 1950s and 1960s. Contemporary models thus owe a great debt to incrementalism, attempting to incorporate its strengths while overcoming its weaknesses. This article discusses this evolution in theories of policy dynamics and the research agenda currently found in this area of policy studies.
Stress Hormone Responses to an Ultraendurance Race in the Cold
Authors: Stuempfle Kristin J. , Nindl Bradley C. , Kamimori Gary H. 
Published: January 2011

Objective Physical stress (exercise and/or environmental) activates the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axes. The combination of ultraendurance exercise in the cold presents a unique summated stress to the body. The purpose of this study was to assess the stress hormone response in runners, cyclists, and skiers participating in a 161-km ultraendurance race on a snow-packed course in the Alaskan wilderness. Methods Forty-four athletes (20 runners, 17 cyclists, 7 skiers) competed on the same course of snow-machine trails and ice roads with each athlete carrying 7 kg of mandatory equipment. Prerace weight and blood samples were collected 2 days prior to the race start. Postrace measurements were made within 15 minutes of race finish. Hematocrit was measured, and blood samples were analyzed for levels of norepinephrine, epinephrine, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and cortisol. Results Runners lost significant weight (−1.74 kg ± 1.29) prerace to postrace. Hematocrit was maintained, and plasma volume increased minimally. Norepinephrine increased significantly prerace (279.9 pg/mL ± 356.9) to postrace (691.7 pg/mL ± 422.6) with no difference among divisions. Epinephrine did not change significantly during the race. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (2.40 pg/mL ± 2.40 to 19.04 pg/mL ± 45.38) increased significantly with no difference among divisions. Cortisol increased significantly prerace (12.03 μg/dL ± 5.66) to postrace (26.69 μg/dL ± 5.77), and postrace cortisol was significantly higher in runners vs skiers. Conclusions These data suggest activation of both the SAM and HPA axes from an ultraendurance race in the cold and reveal the degree of stress hormone responses to this exhausting bout of exercise.