bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychology and Philosophy
Authors: O'Donohue William 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Concerns that are now typically part of contemporary psychology—What is the nature of the mind? What causes human happiness? How do humans come to believe or know?—were, until the end of the nineteenth century, the concerns only of philosophers. In the latter part of the nineteenth century, investigators such as Wilhelm Wundt took an experimental approach to these questions, or at least certain aspects of these questions, and contemporary scientific psychology was born. Although empirical and experimental methods allow psychologists to address questions commonly outside the scope of philosophy (e.g., What is the incidence of depression?), philosophical concerns continue to influence these empirical pursuits. One clear example of such influence is the general agreement among psychologists that research takes place within a context of philosophical assumptions: What is science? What counts as evidence? What inferences are legitimate to make given the data? What are morally permissible research or clinical methodologies? Relatedly, analytic philosophers often engage in conceptual explication, and psychologists are often still puzzled by their concepts, for example, What is intelligence? What is clinical depression? Ludwig Wittgenstein (1953), in his
Philosophical Investigations,
famously wrote the following:

The confusion and barrenness of psychology is not to be explained by calling it a “young science”; its state is not comparable with that of physics, for instance, in its beginnings. (Rather with that of certain branches of mathematics. Set theory.) For in psychology there are experimental methods and conceptual confusion…. The existence of the experimental method makes us think we have the means of solving the problems which trouble us; though problem and method pass one another by.
Psychology and the Law
Authors: Roesch Ronald , Zapf Patricia A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The field of psychology and law first began to develop within the last century and is currently experiencing a period of growth and expansion. The interaction between the disciplines of psychology and law has greatly increased over the past few decades in three overlapping areas: forensic psychology, legal psychology, and psychological jurisprudence. In forensic psychology, psychologists act as experts, practitioners, researchers, and/or consultants with respect to legally relevant clinical areas (such as competency to stand trial, insanity, or civil commitment to psychiatric hospitals). Legal psychology uses applied and empirical research methods to study a range of issues of importance to the legal system (e.g., eyewitness accuracy, police selection, procedural justice, jury decision making, and legal assumptions about human behavior relevant to the rights of defendants, victims, children, and mental patients). Finally, psychological jurisprudence is that area of the field in which the main focus involves efforts to develop a philosophy of law and justice based on psychological values.
Psychology of Men
Authors: Cochran Sam V. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The study of sex and gender differences in psychology has a long and distinguished history. However, a field of psychology explicitly devoted to the study of the psychology of men is a relatively recent development. Beginning as a response to the feminist critique of traditional gender roles that gained prominence in the late 1960s, the psychology of men is now an established specialization within developmental, clinical, and counseling psychology. The American Psychological Association has established a division, the Society for the Psychological Study of Men and Masculinity, devoted to this psychology of men. In addition, a number of national organizations, such as the National Organization of Men against Sexism, have sections and interest groups devoted to issues pertaining to the psychology of men.
Psychoneuroendocrinology
Authors: Campeau Serge 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Psychoneuroendocrinology is the study of endocrine functions ultimately controlled by the brain. In turn, many brain processes underlying mood and cognition are influenced by the hormonal products of the various endocrine organs. The main endocrine functions of the body organize development and growth, reproduction, homeostasis (temperature, fluids, minerals, and energy balance), and immunity. Although endocrine dysfunctions are often produced by direct organic disorders, many endocrine disorders have been traced to abnormal brain processes. Thus, the discipline of psychoneuroendocrinology focuses on an exploration of the relationships between mind, brain, and endocrine systems. The following account briefly describes the major constituents of the neuroendocrine system and focuses on how the brain, moods, and cognition regulate, and are regulated by, hormones.
Psychonomic Society
Authors: Carlson Laura A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

The objective of the Psychonomic Society (
http://www.psychonomic.org
) is to promote the communication of scientific research in psychology and allied sciences. It achieves this goal through two main mechanisms: (1) an annual meeting devoted to the presentation of scientific papers and (2) the publication of scholarly journals in a variety of domains relating to cognition.
Psychopathic Personality
Authors: Patrick Christopher J. , Vaidyanathan Uma 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Because of its important social impact, psychopathic personality (psychopathy) is one of the most studied personality disorders. Psychopathy is characterized by distinctive emotional (shallow affect, lack of remorse or shame, callousness), interpersonal (charm, grandiosity, deceitfulness, manipulativeness), and behavioral features (impulsivity, irresponsibility, norm‐violating acts). Antisocial personality disorder (APD) comprises a related, but distinguishable syndrome. The diagnostic criteria for APD include extensive coverage of behavioral deviancy in childhood and adulthood but limited coverage of affective and interpersonal features.
Psychophysiology
Authors: Stern Robert M. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Psychophysiology, the study of the interaction of psychological and physiological variables, is relatively new as a separate discipline. The formal development of psychophysiology began in the 1950s, when a group composed mainly of psychologists met informally under the leadership of R. C. Davis. In 1960 this group organized the Society for Psychophysiological Research, with Chester Darrow as the first president. Research communications among this group were initiated in 1955, when Al Ax began a newsletter dealing with research and instrumentation in psychophysiology. In 1964 this newsletter developed into the journal
Psychophysiology,
with Ax as the editor, and became the official publication of the Society for Psychophysiological Research. However, the subject matter of psychophysiology—the interaction of mind and body—has been studied for centuries by people trained as philosophers, physicists, physicians, physiologists, and, most recently, psychologists.
Psychostimulant Treatment for Children
Authors: Rapport Mark D. , Raiker Joseph S. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPsychostimulants are the most widely used and efficacious treatments currently available for children with Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Recent estimates by the Center for Disease Control indicate that 2.5 of the 4.4 million children with ADHD residing in the United States between 4 and 17 years old are prescribed medication, and in most cases, are given one of the available psychostimulants. Table 1 lists available psychostimulant formulae according to their release format (extended, intermediate, immediate), and the typical dosing schedule, onset of effect, and peak/duration of behavioral effects for each formula.
Psychotherapy Integration
Authors: Boswell James F. , Goldfried Marvin R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Although a substantial number of psychotherapists identify themselves as eclectic or integrative (Norcross & Goldfried, 2005), the acceptance of psychotherapy integration was a process that evolved over several decades. A seed for psychotherapy integration was first planted by French in his address of the 1932 meeting of the American Psychiatric Association (later published as French, 1933), in which he drew parallels between psychoanalysis and Pavlovian conditioning. Subsequently, the potential for psychotherapy integration received attention from only a handful of authors between 1932 and 1960 (e.g., Dollard & Miller; Rosenzweig), and did not emerge as a theme until the 1960s and 1970s, beginning with Frank's (1961)
Persuasion and Healing
.
Psychotherapy Research
Authors: Castonguay Louis G. , Norberg Samuel S. , Schut Alexander J. , Constantino Michael J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Psychotherapy research is primarily concerned with the evaluation of the impact and process of psychological interventions for clinical disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety), problems of living (e.g., marital discord), and medical conditions (e.g., chronic pain). It is also concerned with characteristics of the client and therapist as they relate to treatment process and outcome. Most psychotherapy research has focused on individual treatment. However, numerous investigations have also been conducted on couples, family, and group therapy.
Psychotherapy Training
Authors: Hess Allen K. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe story of psychotherapy training reaches back to antiquity. Perhaps a devoted student accompanied the medicine man, shaman, or priest and helped alleviate mental anguish. This student apprenticed or modeled the rituals, prescriptions, and incantations while providing sympathetic care to the afflicted. In more contemporary times, the art and science of psychotherapy and its training or supervision dates back to the late nineteenth century. Bernheim, Charcot, and Janet demonstrated hysteria and hypnotic phenomena to their eager students, one of whom was Freud. Freud formally systematized many of the ideas of the time into a unified theory including developmental states, unconscious phenomena, the continuity of abnormal and normal people, and the combination of scientific and humane treatment for the mental disorders. He conferred with his senior colleague, Breuer, and eventually formed his Wednesday evening groups whereby psychoanalytic theory, clinical cases, and the scientific methodology of psychoanalysis were reviewed, debated, and revised.
Psychotherapy, Philosophy of
Authors: Messer Stanley B. , Woolfolk Robert L. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPsychotherapy is often considered to be an applied science consisting of a compendium of techniques or approaches validated by empirical research. Alternately, it is viewed as an art form requiring a creative, intuitive, and individualistic approach to clients and their problems. Psychotherapy, however, can also be regarded as a philosophically influenced practice whose underpinnings transcend its scientific, human engineering, or artistic dimensions.
Psychotic Disorders
Authors: Cohen Lisa J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPsychosis refers to a breakdown in the ability to recognize external reality. Symptoms of psychosis include hallucinations, delusions, and disorganization of thought or behavior. Hallucinations entail the perception of something that is not present, and they can occur in auditory, visual, tactile, olfactory, and gustatory modes. Delusions are characterized by a fixed, false belief, and they vary across a spectrum from plausible to bizarre. Thought disorder can range in severity from subtle disorganization to total incoherence.
Puberty
Authors: Susman Elizabeth J. , Negriff Sonya , Dorn Lorah D. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Puberty is the period of development when sexual, reproductive maturity is reached. The span of puberty covers the approximate ages of 9–15 in girls and 10–16 in boys. Why is this predictable, biological event surrounded by so much psychological turmoil for some adolescents? The significance of puberty as a psychological event for adolescents is that it entails major neuroendocrine and structural brain changes as well as a period of growth that is exceeded in rapidity only during infancy. These neuroendocrine and structural brain changes putatively alter cognition, emotions, and potentially social roles, yet all of these changes are essential for the healthy development of adolescents. Changes in the behavior of adolescents, in turn, affect the functioning of the family as adolescents and families develop within a close system of dynamic and coordinated relationships. Furthermore, pubertal‐age adolescents and their families experience these major changes within a culture that continues to harbor the impression that puberty is synonymous with adolescence, a period negatively characterized as one in which there is risky sexuality, delinquency, and psychopathology. This section will discuss the neuroendocrine processes responsible for the onset and progression of puberty, the measurement of puberty, and the problem behaviors associated with off‐time pubertal development.
Q‐Methodology
Authors: Bambery Michael , Porcerelli John 
Published: January 2010

AbstractQ‐methodology embraces, and is particularly suited for, the study of human subjectivity. Commonly (though incompletely) known as the Q‐sorting technique, Q‐methodology encompasses a unique set of psychometric and operational principles that, when combined with specialized statistical applications of correlational and factor‐analytical techniques, provides psychological researchers with an organized and rigorously quantitative means for examining subjective impressions (McKeown & Thomas, 1988). It allows complex naturalistic data to be reliably rated and examined. From the standpoint of Q‐methodology, the subjectivity inherent in many areas of psychology is not problematic; it is merely regarded as points of view on any matter to be researched. In fact, it is only subjective judgments that are at issue in Q‐methodology, and although they are typically improvable, they can nevertheless be reliably and intersubjectively observed, and they can be shown to have structure and form. Q‐methodology is employed to test whether subjective phenomena are intersubjectively observable and co‐occur; this is done by assessing their relationships through rigorous quantitative means (Jones, 2000).
Quality of Life
Authors: Evans David R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Quality of life has become a popular concept that is used by politicians, marketing executives, media and sports personalities, and members of the public. There is an extensive scientific literature of books, theoretical articles, and empirical studies on the subject by health practitioners, psychologists, sociologists, economists, geographers, social historians, and philosophers. Scholars in ancient China and Greece were interested in quality of life several millennia ago, and renewed interest occurred in times of enlightenment in the centuries that followed. In more recent history, quality of life emerged as a political entity in the United States in the mid‐1950s and in Europe in the 1960s. In presidential commissions and in their speeches, U.S. presidents such as Eisenhower, Johnson, and Nixon popularized the term. The focus on quality of life in the last half century has increased, as there has been a general recognition that the health of countries must be judged by something more than gross economic factors and that the health of individuals is something beyond the absence of illness.
Quasi‐Experimental Design
Authors: Shadish William R. , Galindo Rodolfo 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Like all experiments, quasi‐experiments manipulate treatments to determine their effects. Quasi‐experiments differ from randomized experiments in that units are not randomly assigned to conditions. Instead, units are assigned to conditions using such nonrandomized ways as permitting units to choose conditions or assigning them based on presumed need or merit. Lacking random assignment, quasi‐experiments may not yield unbiased estimates, threatening the validity of inferences about treatment effects.
Questionnaires
Authors: Geisinger Kurt F. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Questionnaires are inventories used by researchers to gather various kinds of information from responding individuals. Questionnaires are typically self‐administered, so‐called self‐report devices. As such, they are similar to interviews conducted face‐to‐face or over the telephone. In fact, some or all of the individuals who do not choose to complete a survey are often contacted and interviewed by a researcher so that their opinions and information may be included in the study data. Among the advantages of questionnaires are their relatively low cost as a means of gathering data, a general freedom from bias on the part of an interviewer, the large number of individuals who can be asked to respond, the sense of anonymity that respondents may feel, the temporal flexibility afforded the respondent, the possibility of directly linking research questions and survey results, and the ease of data coding and analysis for interpretation of the results (Judd, Smith, & Kidder, 1991).
Racial Differences
Authors: Griffin Tiffany M. , Jackson James S. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractDuBois (1989) stated that the “problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color line.” Contemporary research reveals that the color line still poses major problems in the twenty‐first century (Jackson, 2000). Racial differences have been observed in many domains, including housing, employment, education, social and economic standing and wealth, occupational opportunities, criminal convictions and incarceration, and physical and mental health statuses. Thus, although interpersonal racial discrimination, or behavioral manifestations of racial bias, has become subtler (Mays, Cochran, & Barnes, 2007), racial differences are still extremely pervasive and are projected to remain for years to come (Jackson, 2000). This article discusses the concept of race and research findings related to mechanisms by which race may produce disparities between social groups, and it ends with a brief discussion of important theoretical and empirical considerations that researchers and consumers of psychological literature should take into account when thinking about race and race differences.
Randomized Control Trials
Authors: Shadish William R. , Galindo Rodolfo 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Randomized control trials (RCTs) are experiments that randomly assign participants to two or more groups to assess the effects of treatment (Shadish, Cook, & Campbell, 2002). Random assignment, when properly implemented and analyzed, yields effect estimates that are both unbiased and consistent. They are unbiased in that the expectation of the effect equals the effect in the population; thus, while any single trial might not yield exactly the right answer, the average over many similar RCTs will approach the right answer. They are consistent in that the effect in any given randomized experiment will approach the population effect as the sample size of the experiment increases. Therefore, large sample sizes in any single trial make it more likely that the results will be accurate.
Rape
Authors: McDonald Kate L. , Koss Mary P. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAccording to the Centers for Disease Control, rape is the nonconsensual completed or attempted penetration, however slight, of the vulva or anus by the penis, hand, finger, or other object. Rape occurs if a person cannot give consent (e.g. because of age, disability, or being under the influence of drugs or alcohol) or cannot refuse (e.g. because of the use of weapons, physical violence, or coercion; Basile & Saltzman, 2002). Laws defining rape vary by state, but in contrast to older definitions, rape is no longer limited to female victims or vaginal penetration alone, and spouses are no longer excluded as possible perpetrators. Social scientists describe many forms of rape, including child rape, rape by acquaintances and dates, punitive rape, forced prostitution, rape in war, and genocidal rape. In general, the rape of women is 10 times more common than the rape of men, and perpetrators are almost always males regardless of the sex of the victim (United States Department of Justice, 2006).
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Authors: Enfield Roger E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is a theory of personality and a system of psychological treatment developed in the 1950s by Albert Ellis, an American clinical psychologist. It emphasizes the role of unrealistic expectations and irrational beliefs in human misery. Emotional upsets, Ellis asserted, largely follow from cognitions, not from events. The REBT “A‐B‐C theory” of personality holds that should an unfortunate event, such as a family quarrel, be followed by extreme anxiety or some other undesirable emotional consequence, inquiry will disclose that consequences (C) were caused not by the activating event (A) but rather by some irrational belief or beliefs (B) about the nature or meaning of the quarrel, such as “I am an awful person” or “They are awful and should be punished” or “Without their approval, I cannot go on.”
Raven's Progressive Matrices
Authors: Robertson Gary J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Developed by British psychologist J. C. Raven and first published in 1938, the progressive matrices (PM) tests measure the ability to deduce relationships within geometric patterns or among figural elements contained in a matrix. Items employ either a complete pattern from which a piece has been removed, or figural elements placed in discrete rows and columns, with one element missing. The missing element must be selected from six or eight answer choices presented. These tests reportedly assess the ability to impose meaning on confusion, to formulate nonverbal constructs to explain complex relationships, and to minimize the influences of verbal communication and past experience (J. Raven, J. C. Raven, & Court, 1998, p. 1).
Reality Therapy
Authors: Wubbolding Robert E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

William Glasser developed reality therapy in a mental hospital and a correctional institution in California in the 1950s and 1960s. Although reality therapy is rooted in the work of Alfred Adler, who described human beings as social creatures and behavior as purposeful, many mental health professionals saw Glasser's ideas as controversial. Believing that human beings choose their behavior and are at least in partial control of it, he held his patients responsible for their actions and treated them as such. When approaching his supervisor, G. L. Harrington, and explaining how he perceived patient behavior, he was greeted with the encouraging response, “Join the club.” From that point on, Glasser and Harrington enjoyed a mutually cordial and professional relationship that resulted in the 1965 publication of Glasser's book
Reality Therapy.
Reflective Listening
Authors: Iberg James R. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractReflective listening refers to a way of responding to another person to communicate empathy. Empathy is widely believed to be an important element of psychotherapeutic interaction. Carl Rogers believed empathy was one of the necessary conditions for psychotherapy. The importance of empathy and empathic listening has been written about in many approaches to psychotherapy, including client‐centered, self psychology, psychoanalysis, Gestalt, existential, focusing‐oriented, process‐experiential, pre‐therapy, child therapy, marital and couple therapy, disaster‐recovery therapy, and clinical supervision.