bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Freilanduntersuchungen zum Kampf‐ und Sexualverhalten des europäischen Wildschweines (Sus scrofa L.)
Authors: Beuerle Wilfried 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis ethogram of the fighting and sexual behaviour of European wild hogs is supposed to serve as a basis for further research on the social behaviour of Sus scrofa L.The observations were recorded in writing respectively on cassette recorder as well as photographed and filmed. Behaviour patterns of the European wild hogs which were wrongly interpreted or not yet described could be documented. Being comparatively original, omnivorous social Artiodactyla, Suidae are well comparable with other Artiodactyla, with Perissodactyla, Carnivora and their domesticated types.There might also be references to the origin and development of behaviour patterns in various zoological categories or on reductions of social behaviour in domestication.
Ursachen und Konsequenzen von Aggressivität bei Etroplus maculatus. (Cichlidae, Pisces)
Authors: Reyer Heinz‐Ulrich 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIncreased aggressive activity between ♂ and ♀ in isolated pairs of Etroplus maculatus. has hitherto been explained either by the drive hypothesis or by the external stimulus hypothesis. In an attempt to investigate these two hypotheses the partners of 48 pairs were separated and their aggressiveness towards their mirrored images and their non‐aggressive activities were recorded the following day and again 4 days later after 180 brief presentations of an adjacent compartment. For both sexes aggressiveness was lowered if this compartement was empty (isolation) and heightened if it held the original mate. ♂y also reacted more aggressively on seeing conspecific strangers of both sexes. There was no significant alteration of non‐aggressive activities in any of the series. The increase of aggressiveness caused by the presence of the mate was normally offset by various investigated mechanisms preventing its eruption against the partner. Attacks only occurred if the equilibrium between aggressiveness and inhibition was disturbed. All results and those of other authors are discussed; it is concluded that the behaviour of E. maculatus. can be better explained in terms of external stimulation than in terms of an endogenous production of aggressive drive energy.
Sozialstruktur und ökologische Spezialisierung von verwandten Fischen (Pomacentridae)
Authors: Fricke Hans W. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract4 different social types were found in 21 pomacentrid fish of the Red Sea. Eco‐ and ethological factors are linked with each social type. Species of one type are ecologically similarly specialized. A hypothetical flow diagram describes the influence of independant environmental factors on several behavioural aspects and the social type. The social types are independant of taxonomic relationships. Several species are able to live in different social types due to differences in local environmental settings.
Microbial population in the rumen of swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) as influenced by coconut oil and mangosteen peel supplementation
Authors: Pilajun R. , Wanapat M. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryFour, rumen fistulated swamp buffalo bulls were used to study microbial populations in the rumen when supplemented with coconut oil and mangosteen peel. Animals were randomly assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Four treatments were un‐supplemented (Control), supplementation with coconut oil at 50 g/kg (CO5), supplementation with mangosteen peel at 30 g/kg (MP3) and supplementation with CO5 and MP3 (COM), of total DM intake. Animals received concentrate at 10 g/kg of BW, and rice straw was given ad libitum. Abundance of total bacteria was increased by CO5 supplementation, whereas populations of protozoa and Fibrobacter succinogenes were reduced by CO5 and COM supplementation. Dietary supplementation did not affect methanogen, Ruminococcus flavefaciens or Ruminococcus albus abundances. Dietary treatments changed denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) band patterns of methanogens and protozoa when compared with the control group, especially when supplemented with MP3. Supplementation of COM resulted in the greatest difference in pattern of DGGE bands for total bacteria compared with the control. Coconut oil and mangosteen peel supplementation resulted in changing of rumen microbial abundances and communities; however, combination of them could be more benefit to improve rumen fermentation of swamp buffalo fed on rice straw.
Lupus vulgaris: Difficulties in diagnosis
Authors: Rhodes Julia , Caccetta Tony Philip , Tait Clare 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTLupus vulgaris is one of the most common forms of cutaneous tuberculosis. It presents a diagnostic challenge due to its paucibacillary nature. This is a report of a case of a delayed diagnosis of lupus vulgaris, presenting as perianal and peristomal plaques, followed by a review of the diagnostic tools for lupus vulgaris and their limitations.
Mechanisms mediating propofol protection of pulmonary epithelial cells against lipopolysaccharide‐induced cell death
Authors: Gu Xiaoxia , Lu Yan , Chen Ji , He Huijuan , Li Peng , Yang Teng , Li Longxuan , Liu Gang , Chen Yanfang , Zhang Liangqing 
Published: February 2012

Summary
Propofol (2,6‐diisopropylphenol) is an anaesthetic agent with anti‐oxidant properties. The aim of the present study was to determine whether propofol can protect pulmonary epithelial (A549) cells against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced cell death and, if so, the mechanisms involved.
The effects of LPS alone and in combination with propofol on A549 cell death were investigated. Cell viability was determined using the colourimetric 3‐(4,5‐dimethyl‐2 thiazoyl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2H‐tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Apoptotic A549 cells were detected by flow cytometry, as propidium iodide‐negative and annexin‐V‐positive cells, and terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP–digoxigenin nick end‐labelling (TUNEL). Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), caspase 9 activity, Ca2+ concentrations and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were analysed by immunofluorescent methods. Aconitase 2 (ACO2), microtubule‐associated light chain 3 (LC3) and beclin‐1 levels were evaluated using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and/or western blot analysis.
Exposure of A549 cells to 1–50 μg/mL LPS for 3–24 h resulted in the concentration‐ and time‐dependent induction of cell death. Cell apoptosis accounted for approximately 77% of cell death induced by LPS. Propofol (5–150 μmol/L) concentration‐dependently inhibited LPS‐induced A549 cell death. This protective effect of propofol was accompanied by prevention of LPS‐induced mitochondrial dysfunction (reductions in MMP, ACO2 expression and ATP) and was associated with the inhibition of LPS‐induced activation of apoptotic signals (caspase 9 activity, ROS overproduction and Ca2+ accumulation). In addition, propofol blocked LPS‐induced overexpression of the autophagy‐associated proteins LC3 and beclin‐1.
The data indicate that propofol protects A549 cells against LPS‐induced apoptosis, and probably autophagy, by blocking LPS‐induced activation of ROS/caspase 9 pathways and upregulation of LC3 and beclin‐1, respectively.
Threatened mammals become more predatory after small‐scale prescribed fires in a high‐rainfall rocky savanna
Authors: RADFORD IAN J. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractUnderstanding mechanisms underlying fire regime effects on savanna fauna is difficult because of a wide range of possible trophic interactions and feedbacks. Yet, understanding mechanisms underlying fauna dynamics is crucial for conservation management of threatened species. Small savanna mammals in northern Australia are currently undergoing widespread declines and regional extinctions partly attributable to fire regimes. This study investigates mammal trophic and ecosystem responses to fire in order to identify possible mechanisms underlying these declines. Mammal trophic responses to fire were investigated by surveying mammal abundance, mammal diet, vegetation structure and non‐mammal fauna dynamics in savannas six times at eight sites over a period of 3 years. Known site‐specific fire history was used to test for trophic responses to post‐fire interval and fire frequency. Mammal and non‐mammal fauna showed only minor responses of post‐fire interval and no effect of fire frequency. Lack of fauna responses differed from large post‐fire vegetation responses. Dietary analysis showed that two mammal species, Dasyurus hallucatus and Isoodon auratus, increased their intake of large prey groups in recently burnt, compared to longer unburnt vegetation. This suggests a fire‐related change in trophic interactions among predators and their prey, after removal of ground‐layer vegetation. No evidence was found for other changes in food resource uptake by mammals after fire. These data provide support for a fire‐related top‐down ecosystem response among savanna mammals, rather than a bottom‐up resource limitation response. Future studies need to investigate fire responses among other predators, including introduced cats and dingoes, to determine their roles in fire‐related mammal declines in savannas of northern Australia.
Basolateral amygdala encodes upcoming errors but not response conflict
Authors: Kashtelyan Vadim , Tobia Steven C. , Burton Amanda C. , Bryden Daniel W. , Roesch Matthew R. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAdaptive behavior depends on the detection of potential errors so that ongoing behavior might be corrected. Here, we ask whether basolateral amygdala (ABL) might serve this function by examining activity in rats performing a task in which errors were induced by pitting two behavioral responses against each other. This response competition or conflict was created by forcing rats to respond away from the direction in which they were freely choosing on the majority of trials. Rats were slower and less accurate on these incongruent trial types. We found that activity in ABL fired more strongly prior to errant responses, but did not signal the potential for errors on correctly performed incongruent trials. These data support a role for ABL in processing errors prior to their occurrence and suggest that ABL is not involved in monitoring conflict so that ongoing behavior might be corrected.
Magnetosomes eliminate intracellular reactive oxygen species in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense MSR‐1
Authors: Guo Fang Fang , Yang Wei , Jiang Wei , Geng Shuang , Peng Tao , Li Ji Lun 
Published: February 2012

SummaryMagnetotactic bacteria synthesize magnetic particles called magnetosomes that cause them to orient to their external magnetic fields. However, the physiological significance and other possible functions of these magnetosomes have not been explored in detail. In this study, we have investigated the biological functions of magnetosomes with respect to their ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense MSR‐1. To assess the changes in ROS levels under different conditions, cells were cultured under aerobic or micro‐aerobic conditions in medium containing high and low amounts of iron. To ensure that the observed results were not due to nonspecific interactions, reactions were carried out using a mutant deficient in synthesizing magnetite (mamO‐deficient mutant), its complementary strain or the wild‐type MSR‐1. We observed that the levels of intercellular ROS under micro‐aerobic conditions with high‐iron medium were much higher when the non‐synthetic Fe3O4 crystals mutant Mu21‐415 was employed for the assay, compared with the wild‐type or complementary strain, or when conditions were aerobic with low‐iron medium. These results indicated that magnetosomes function in the scavenging of intracellular ROS. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that the magnetosomes exhibit peroxidase‐like properties, by using the earlier reported in vitro horseradish peroxidase assay for artificial magnetic nanoparticles. In addition to possessing peroxidase‐like activity, the magnetosomes also exhibited a more enzymatic kinetic response, suggesting that proteins on the membranes of the magnetosomes likely contribute to the enzymatic activity. This is the first study to demonstrate that magnetosomes play an important role in decreasing or eliminating ROS.
An assessment approach for application of spermatic data in phylogenetic analyses: within the genus Moenkhausia Eigenmann, 1903 (Characiformes: Characidae)
Authors: Santana Júlio C. O. , Baicere‐Silva Clarianna M. , Gusmão‐Pompiani Priscila , Benine Ricardo C. , Quagio‐Grassiotto Irani 
Published: February 2012

AbstractSpermiogenesis and sperm ultrastructure from 21 species of Moenkhausia and others related genera are described. To evaluate the phylogenetic signals, 18 unordered characters were utilized in implied weighting analysis through the program TNT 1.1. Four variations of spermiogenesis were found. In the earliest spermatids, the nucleus can be positioned lateral, eccentric, strongly eccentric or nearly medial in relation to the distal centriole. The nuclear rotation can be present or absent. These spermiogenesis processes are related or intermediate to Type I and Type III. Taking into account the degrees of nuclear rotation during the spermiogenesis and other characteristics, distinct forms of spermatozoa are observed among the species analyzed. The phylogenetic analysis yielded a single most parsimonious tree with fit value 2.70000 and the topology obtained founds Moenkhausia as non‐monophyletic. However, some hypothesis of relationships previously proposed viz the clade 20, which contains the type species Moenkhausia xinguensis, is recovered herein. This clade is supported by five synapomorphies, and it allows the supposition that these species constitute a monophyletic group. The whole topology is presented and discussed.
Number and sex ratio of children and impact of parental diabetes in individuals with Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Holstein A. , Patzer O. , Tiemann T. , Vortherms J. , Kovacs P. 
Published: February 2012

Diabet. Med. 29, 1268–1271 (2012)AbstractObjective  To assess the number and sex ratio of children in individuals with Type 1 diabetes mellitus and the influence of parental diabetes on age at onset of Type 1 diabetes in our cohort.Methods  In a cross‐sectional study in a German region comprising 350 000 inhabitants, 697 subjects with Type 1 diabetes (364 women, 333 men) underwent a standardized assessment regarding the number and sex of their children and the family history of diabetes.Results  Compared with 1.36 children per woman in the German background population, the total fertility rate in the calendar year of 2010 in our female cohort with Type 1 diabetes (age 18–49 years) was 0.88. Men with Type 1 diabetes had a fertility rate of 0.65. More men (51.1%) than women (35.7%; P < 0.0001) were childless. Twenty per cent of all women aged 41–45 years in the background population were childless compared with 36.2% of all women and 52% of all men in this specific age group from our cohort. The sex ratio of female vs. male offspring of individuals with Type 1 diabetes did not differ significantly from the expected 1:1 ratio. Maternal Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes increased the age at onset of Type 1 diabetes from 22.9 ± 13.7 (no maternal diabetes) to 28.6 ± 16.8 and 30.1 ± 15.1 years (p < 0.0001), respectively.Conclusions  Compared with the German reference population, individuals with Type 1 diabetes had significantly fewer children and were more often childless. The sex ratio female vs. male offspring of women and men with Type 1 diabetes was unaffected. Maternal history of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes was associated with a significant later onset of Type 1 diabetes.
SONG CHINA'S WATER TRANSPORT REVISITED: A STUDY OF THE 1077 COMMERCIAL TAX DATA
Authors: LIU GUANGLIN WILLIAM 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis paper provides an overall assessment of water transport in Song China based on the 1077 commercial tax data. The analysis demonstrates that the extension of waterway networks, especially the major waterways that linked the north and the south, greatly reduced transportation costs. Development of 11th century water transportation was due to two reasons: the emergence of a national market during the Tang–Song transition and the massive construction of canals by the government.
RURAL HOUSEHOLDS' PRODUCTION CAPACITY AND SOCIAL CHANGES: A COMPARISON BETWEEN ENGLAND DURING INDUSTRIALIZATION AND THE YANGZI DELTA IN MODERN TIMES
Authors: GUO AIMIN 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe growth of rural households' production ability is the key factor in the transformation from a traditional society based on a small‐scale peasant economy to a non‐agricultural dominated society based mainly on social production and trading on a large scale. From this perspective, this article examines England and the Yangzi Delta, both at one stage considered the most developed districts in their own countries, to investigate how England accomplished social change during the period of industrialization and why the Yangzi Delta failed to industrialize in modern times.
ASIAN FINANCIAL LINKAGE: MACRO‐FINANCE DISSONANCE
Authors: FUJIWARA IPPEI , TAKAHASHI KOJI 
Published: February 2012

AbstractHow are Asian financial markets interlinked and how are they linked to markets in developed countries? What is the main driver of fluctuations in Asian financial markets as well as real economic activity? To answer these questions, we estimate the spillover index proposed by Diebold and Yilmaz and gauge the degree of interaction in both financial markets and real economic activity among Asian economies. We first show that the degree of the international spillover in stock markets is uniform, irrespective of the groups of countries concerned, such as the G3 and ASEAN4. This suggests the importance of global common shocks in stock markets. We then discuss the macro‐finance dissonance. In stock and bond markets, the United States has been the main driver of fluctuations. However, China has emerged as an important source of fluctuations in real economic activity.
Relaxed selection and environmental change decrease reintroduction success in simulated populations
Authors: McPhee M. E. , McPhee N. F. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractPrevious work has shown that captive environments can relax selective pressures on various traits, resulting in significantly more trait variance in captive‐bred versus wild populations. This increased variance could be one cause of the high mortality rates observed when captive‐bred populations are released into the wild, because a significant proportion of the released population exhibits traits that are no longer adapted to the wild. Here we use evolutionary simulation to examine the effects of relaxed selection on trait variance and population persistence when populations are reintroduced into static and changing environments. Our simulations show that when wild environments remained stable and selective pressures on given traits were quite strong (1) relaxation of selective pressures led to significant increases in trait variance; (2) trait variance rapidly decreased when pressures were restored; (3) the smaller the population size, the lower the probability of persistence; and (4) there was often a significant lag time between reintroduction and eventual extinction, reinforcing the importance of long‐term monitoring after release. When captive‐bred populations were reintroduced into changing environments, strength of selection in the release habitat was the factor that most influenced survivorship. Amount of change between the source and release habitat and the population's carrying capacity also influenced survivorship, but to a lesser extent.
The effect of payment type on product‐related emotions: evidence from an experimental study
Authors: Hahn Luise , Hoelzl Erik , Pollai Maria 
Published: February 2012

AbstractConsumption and payments have been shown to be closely associated in consumers' minds. Based on the idea of ‘coupling’, it is hypothesized that product‐related emotions will differ depending on payment type (i.e. repayment and prepayment). Moreover, it has been suggested that forecasted emotions do not always correspond to experienced emotions. This is tested in a longitudinal experiment, which simulated a saving and credit situation, and assessed forecasted and experienced product‐related emotions. As hypothesized, prepayment led to more positive product‐related emotions than repayment. Moreover, participants showed some inconsistencies between forecasted and experienced emotions. Implications for marketing and consumer education are discussed.
Over‐the‐counter vs. prescription medications: are consumer perceptions of the consequences of drug instruction non‐compliance different?
Authors: Bower Amanda B. , Grau Stacy Landreth , Taylor Valerie A. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractOver‐the‐counter (OTC) medications are widely available and are extensively used by consumers to treat a range of health maladies. These medications are viewed as both safe and effective when used appropriately. However, the US Food and Drug Administration cautions that very serious adverse reactions frequently result from overdose of common OTC medications. The frequency and severity of these adverse reactions stemming from non‐compliance with OTC usage suggest that these medications may not be treated with the same level of care by consumers as those afforded to prescription drugs. Consequently, the purpose of the present research is to investigate the different perceptions consumers may have regarding the importance of complying with the drug instructions for prescription vs. OTC medications. Results suggest that when considering compliance attitudes and intentions towards the usage instructions of a new and unfamiliar medication, subjects do not perceive there to be an initial difference in the consequences of non‐compliance with drug instructions across the two classification conditions. However, when thinking about OTC and prescription drug instructions in general, subjects tend to take the prescription drug instructions more seriously. While further studies are obviously needed, these preliminary results provide insight into consumer perception of non‐compliance with different classes of medications.