bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visualizing polysemy using LSA and the predication algorithm
Authors: Jorge‐Botana Guillermo , León José A. , Olmos Ricardo , Hassan‐Montero Yusef 
Published: May 2010

AbstractContext is a determining factor in language and plays a decisive role in polysemic words. Several psycholinguistically motivated algorithms have been proposed to emulate human management of context, under the assumption that the value of a word is evanescent and takes on meaning only in interaction with other structures. The predication algorithm (Kintsch, 2001), for example, uses a vector representation of the words produced by LSA (Latent Semantic Analysis) to dynamically simulate the comprehension of predications and even of predicative metaphors. The objective of this study was to predict some unwanted effects that could be present in vector‐space models when extracting different meanings of a polysemic word (predominant meaning inundation, lack of precision, and low‐level definition), and propose ideas based on the predication algorithm for avoiding them. Our first step was to visualize such unwanted phenomena and also the effect of solutions. We use different methods to extract the meanings for a polysemic word (without context, vector sum, and predication algorithm). Our second step was to conduct an analysis of variance to compare such methods and measure the impact of potential solutions. Results support the idea that a human‐based computational algorithm like the predication algorithm can take into account features that ensure more accurate representations of the structures we seek to extract. Theoretical assumptions and their repercussions are discussed.
Hydrogen Storage Properties of Ca(BH4)2–LiNH2 System
Authors: Chu Hailiang , Xiong Zhitao , Wu Guotao , Guo Jianping , Zheng Xueli , He Teng , Wu Chengzhang , Chen Ping 
Published: May 2010

AbstractCa(BH4)2 is one of the promising candidates for hydrogen storage materials because of its high gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen capacity. However, its high dehydrogenation temperature and limited reversibility has been a hurdle for its practical applications. In an effort to overcome these barriers and to adjust the thermal stability, we make a composite system Ca(BH4)2–LiNH2. Interaction of Ca(BH4)2 and LiNH2 leads to decreased dehydrogenation temperatures and increased hydrogen desorption capacity in comparison to pristine Ca(BH4)2. More than 7 wt % of hydrogen can be detached at a temperature as low as approximately 178 °C from the cobalt‐catalyzed Ca(BH4)2–4 LiNH2 system.
Eine Frage der Politik: Wissenschaft und Ideologie im 21. Jahrhundert
Authors: Wahrig Bettina 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA Political Matter: Science and Ideology in the 21st Century. In the last two decades, history of science and science studies have been quite reluctant to adopt the notion of ideology when analyzing the dynamics of science. This may be an effect of the decreasing popularity of neo‐marxist approaches within this disciplinary field; but it is also due to the fact that alternative approaches have been developed, for example Michel Foucault's notion of problematization, Roland Barthes' semiotic mythology, Bruno Latour's re‐interpretation of the ontological difference between fact and fetish in science, or Donna Haraway's semi‐fictional re‐narrations of the techno‐scientific world. This contribution undertakes to sketch the impact of two strands of 19th century immanentism on the authors named above, and on their use of concepts related to the notion of ideology, namely fetish, fetishism, myth and mythology respectively. It is argued that in some respect, Marx' concept of commodity fetishism is worth being re‐examined, since it articulates a dialectical relation of ‘reality’ and ‘seeming’, and its impact on Barthes' mythology is deeper than it might appear at first glance.
Multivariate data analysis on historical IPV production data for better process understanding and future improvements
Authors: Thomassen Yvonne E. , van Sprang Eric N.M. , van der Pol Leo A. , Bakker Wilfried A.M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractHistorical manufacturing data can potentially harbor a wealth of information for process optimization and enhancement of efficiency and robustness. To extract useful data multivariate data analysis (MVDA) using projection methods is often applied. In this contribution, the results obtained from applying MVDA on data from inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) production runs are described. Data from over 50 batches at two different production scales (700‐L and 1,500‐L) were available. The explorative analysis performed on single unit operations indicated consistent manufacturing. Known outliers (e.g., rejected batches) were identified using principal component analysis (PCA). The source of operational variation was pinpointed to variation of input such as media. Other relevant process parameters were in control and, using this manufacturing data, could not be correlated to product quality attributes. The gained knowledge of the IPV production process, not only from the MVDA, but also from digitalizing the available historical data, has proven to be useful for troubleshooting, understanding limitations of available data and seeing the opportunity for improvements. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;107: 96–104. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Azide: A Unique Dipole for Metal‐Free Bioorthogonal Ligations
Authors: Debets Marjoke F. , van der Doelen Christianus W. J. , Rutjes Floris P. J. T. , van Delft Floris L. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractCovalently bound azide on a (small) organic molecule or a (large) biomolecular structure has proven an important handle for bioconjugation. Azides are readily introduced, small, and stable, yet undergo smooth ligation with a range of reactive probes under mild conditions. In particular, the potential of azides to undergo metal‐free reactions with strained unsaturated systems has inspired the development of an increasing number of reactive probes, which are comprehensively summarized here. For each individual probe, the synthetic preparation is described, together with reaction kinetics and the full range of applications, from materials science to glycoprofiling. Finally, a qualitative and quantitative comparison of azido‐reactive probes is provided.
Multivalent Display and Receptor‐Mediated Endocytosis of Transferrin on Virus‐Like Particles
Authors: Banerjee Deboshri , Liu Allen P. , Voss Neil R. , Schmid Sandra L. , Finn M. G. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe structurally regular and stable self‐assembled capsids derived from viruses can be used as scaffolds for the display of multiple copies of cell‐ and tissue‐targeting molecules and therapeutic agents in a convenient and well‐defined manner. The human iron‐transfer protein transferrin, a high affinity ligand for receptors upregulated in a variety of cancers, has been arrayed on the exterior surface of the protein capsid of bacteriophage Qβ. Selective oxidation of the sialic acid residues on the glycan chains of transferrin was followed by introduction of a terminal alkyne functionality through an oxime linkage. Attachment of the protein to azide‐functionalized Qβ capsid particles in an orientation allowing access to the receptor binding site was accomplished by the CuI‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) click reaction. Transferrin conjugation to Qβ particles allowed specific recognition by transferrin receptors and cellular internalization through clathrin‐mediated endocytosis, as determined by fluorescence microscopy on cells expressing GFP‐labeled clathrin light chains. By testing Qβ particles bearing different numbers of transferrin molecules, it was demonstrated that cellular uptake was proportional to ligand density, but that internalization was inhibited by equivalent concentrations of free transferrin. These results suggest that cell targeting with transferrin can be improved by local concentration (avidity) effects.
Structural Optimization of Photoswitch Ligands for Surface Attachment of α‐Chymotrypsin and Regulation of Its Surface Binding
Authors: Pearson David , Abell Andrew D. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA modified gold surface that allows photoregulated binding of α‐chymotrypsin has previously been reported. Here the development of this surface is reported, through the synthesis of a series of trifluoromethyl ketones and α‐keto esters containing the azobenzene group and a surface attachment group as photoswitch inhibitors of α‐chymotrypsin. All of the compounds are inhibitors of the enzyme, with activity that can be modulated by photoisomerization. The best photoswitch shows a reversible change in IC50 inhibition constant of >5.3 times on photoisomerization. The trifluoromethyl ketone 1 exhibited excellent photoswitching and was attached to a gold surface in a two‐step procedure involving an azide–alkyne cycloaddition. The resulting modified surface bound α‐chymotrypsin to a degree that could be modulated by UV/Vis irradiation, showing “slow‐tight” enzyme binding as observed for inhibitors in solution.
Chemoselective Catalysis with Organosoluble Lewis Acidic Polyoxotungstates
Authors: Dupré Nathalie , Rémy Pauline , Micoine Kévin , Boglio Cécile , Thorimbert Serge , Lacôte Emmanuel , Hasenknopf Bernold , Malacria Max 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe preparation of new organosoluble Lewis acidic polyoxometalates (POMs) is reported. These complexes were prepared by the incorporation of Zr, Sc, and Y atoms into the corresponding monolacunary Dawson [P2W17O61]10− and Keggin [PW11O39]7− polyoxotungstates. The catalytic activity of these compounds was evaluated for CC bond formation in the Diels–Alder, Mannich, and Mukaiyama‐type reactions. Comparisons with previously described Lewis acidic POMs are reported. Competitive reactions between imines and aldehydes or between various imines demonstrated that fine tuning of the reactivity could be reached by varying the metal atom incorporated into the polyanionic framework. A series of experiments that employed pyridine derivatives allowed us to distinguish between the Lewis and induced Brønsted acidity of the POMs. These catalysts activate imines in a Lewis acidic way, whereas aldehydes are activated by indirect Brønsted catalysis.
Pyrrolidinyl–Camphor Derivatives as a New Class of Organocatalyst for Direct Asymmetric Michael Addition of Aldehydes and Ketones to β‐Nitroalkenes
Authors: Ting Ying‐Fang , Chang Chihliang , Reddy Raju Jannapu , Magar Dhananjay R. , Chen Kwunmin 
Published: May 2010

AbstractPractical and convenient synthetic routes have been developed for the synthesis of a new class of pyrrolidinyl–camphor derivatives (7 a–h). These novel compounds were screened as catalysts for the direct Michael addition of symmetrical α,α‐disubstituted aldehydes to β‐nitroalkenes. When this asymmetric transformation was catalyzed by organocatalyst 7 f, the desired Michael adducts were obtained in high chemical yields, with high to excellent stereoselectivities (up to 98:2 diastereomeric ratio (d.r.) and 99 % enantiomeric excess (ee)). The scope of the catalytic system was expanded to encompass various aldehydes and ketones as the donor sources. The synthetic application was demonstrated by the synthesis of a tetrasubstituted‐cyclohexane derivative from (S)‐citronellal, with high stereoselectivity.
Imaging monocytes with iron oxide nanoparticles targeted towards the monocyte integrin MAC‐1 (CD11b/CD18) does not result in improved atherosclerotic plaque detection by in vivo MRI
Authors: von zur Muhlen C. , Fink‐Petri A. , Salaklang J. , Paul D. , Neudorfer I. , Berti V. , Merkle A. , Peter K. , Bode C. , von Elverfeldt D. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractImaging of macrophages with superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIO) has been performed to improve detection of atherosclerotic plaque inflammation in human and mouse studies by molecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Since affinity of the monocyte/macrophage integrin MAC‐1 (CD11b/CD18) is upregulated in inflammation, we generated a contrast agent targeting CD11b (CD11b‐SPIOs) for improved macrophage detection in plaques. CD11b‐SPIOs and non‐targeted SPIOs (control‐SPIOs) were incubated in vitro with human monocytes/macrophages. As quantified by SPIO‐induced MRI signal extinction, intracellular iron‐content was significantly higher in monoytes/macrophages incubated with CD11b‐SPIO than with control‐SPIO in vitro (p < 0.05), suggesting an improved uptake of CD11b‐SPIOs into monocytes. Therefore, the aortic arch (AA) and vessel branches of ApoE−/−‐knockout mice on a Western‐type diet were imaged before and 48 h after contrast agent injection of either CD11b‐SPIOs or control‐SPIOs, using a 9.4 T animal MRI system. The SPIO‐induced change in the MRI signal was quantified, as well as the macrophage‐content by anti‐CD68 immunhistochemistry and the iron‐content by Prussian‐blue staining. However, SPIO‐induced signal extinction in in vivo‐MRI was similar in CD11b‐SPIO and control‐SPIO‐injected animals, with a non‐significant trend towards an improved uptake of CD11b‐SPIOs in the subclavian artery and subsections of the AA. These data correlated well with the results obtained by histology. Although in vitro MRI‐data indicated an increased uptake of targeted CD11b‐SPIOs in monocytes/macrophages, in vivo mouse data do not allow improved atherosclerotic plaque detection compared WITH non‐targeted SPIOs. Therefore, CD11b‐targeted MRI contrast labelling of monocytes/macrophages does not seem to be a successful strategy in stable atherosclerotic plaques such as found in the ApoE−/−‐knockout‐model. However, the impressive correlation between MRI and histology data encourages further development of inflammation‐ and plaque‐specific contrast agents for vulnerable plaque imaging. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contention‐tolerant crossbar packet switches
Authors: Qu Guannan , Chang Hyung Jae , Wang Jianping , Fang Zhiyi , Zheng S. Q. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe propose an innovative agile crossbar switch architecture called contention‐tolerant crossbar, denoted by CTC(N). Unlike the conventional crossbar and the crossbar with crosspoint buffers, which require complex hardware resolvers to grant one out of multiple output requests, CTC(N) can tolerate output contentions by a pipelining mechanism, with pipeline stages implemented as buffers in input ports. These buffers are used to decouple the scheduling task intoNindependent parts in such a way thatNschedulers are located inNinput ports, and they operate independently and in parallel. Without using arbiters and/or crosspoint buffers that require additional chip area, the CTC(N) switch is more scalable than existing crossbars. We analyze the throughput of CTC(N) switch, and find 63% throughput bottleneck. For achieving 100%, we consider two approaches: using internal speedup and using space multiplexing without internal speedup. We prove that 100% throughput can be achieved with internal speedup 2 or using two layers of CTC(N) fabric mathematically. Our simulation results validate our theoretical analysis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mortality of eating disorders: A follow‐up study of treatment in a specialist unit 1974–2000
Authors: Rosling Agneta M. , Sparén Pär , Norring Claes , von Knorring Anne‐Liis 
Published: May 2010

AbstractObjective:To study excess mortality, causes of death, and co‐morbidity in patients with eating disorder (ED), treated in a Swedish specialist facility.Method:A retrospective cohort study of 201 patients with ED followed from 1974 to year 2001 in the Swedish Causes of Death Register (SCODR). Standardized mortality ratio (SMR) was calculated with respect to the Swedish population, by gender, age, and calendar time.Results:In the complete follow‐up of 201 patients, 23 had died. At a mean follow‐up of 14.3 years the overall SMR was 10. Patients with body mass index (BMI) over 11.5 had an average SMR of about 7 and for those with BMI lower than 11.5 had SMR above 30. Six patients died from AN/starvation, nine due to suicide, and eight from other causes.Discussion:SMR in anorexia nervosa (AN) is high but not in bulimia nervosa. A risk stratification of AN, based on BMI is suggested. © 2010 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2011; 44:304–310)
Associations between body checking and disordered eating behaviors in nonclinical women
Authors: Haase Anne M. , Mountford Victoria , Waller Glenn 
Published: May 2010

AbstractObjective:Recent research suggests that body checking cognitions and behaviors are differentially associated with pathological eating behaviors in clinical women. However, it is unknown whether similar associations exist in nonclinical populations. The aim of this study is to examine whether body checking (cognitions and behaviors) is associated with pathological eating behaviors in a nonclinical sample of women.Method:Validated measures of pathological eating behaviors, body checking cognitions, and body checking behaviors were completed by 342 nonclinical university women.Results:Women engaging in binging (objective and subjective), purging, restraint, and excessive exercise reported consistently higher scores across all body checking cognitions and behaviors. All body checking cognitions and behaviors independently contributed to distinguishing those who reported each behavior as opposed to those who did not. The predicted classification was most accurate for the cardinal diagnostic symptoms for bulimia—objective binging and purging.Discussion:Body checking cognitions are implicated in the development of pathological eating behaviors in nonclinical populations, requiring consideration for planning prevention programs. © 2010 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2011; 44:465–468)
Aromatic Nitrogen Donors for Efficient Copper(I)–NHC CuAAC under Reductant‐Free Conditions
Authors: Teyssot Marie‐Laure , Nauton Lionel , Canet Jean‐Louis , Cisnetti Federico , Chevry Aurélien , Gautier Arnaud 
Published: May 2010

AbstractCopper(I)‐catalysed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) has been successfully conducted under reductant‐free conditions. The catalytic system consisted of a combination of a copper(I)–N‐heterocyclic carbene complex and aromatic N‐donors. The catalyst is stable and can be stored, thus rendering the reaction valuable for routine use.
The pen is mightier than the word: Object priming of evaluative standards
Authors: Rutchick Abraham M. , Slepian Michael L. , Ferris Bennett D. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBecause red pens are closely associated with error‐marking and poor performance, the use of red pens when correcting student work can activate these concepts. People using red pens to complete a word‐stem task completed more words related to errors and poor performance than did people using black pens (Study 1), suggesting relatively greater accessibility of these concepts. Moreover, people using red pens to correct essays marked more errors (Study 2) and awarded lower grades (Study 3) than people using blue pens. Thus, despite teachers' efforts to free themselves from extraneous influences when grading, the very act of picking up a red pen can bias their evaluations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Will moral outrage stand up?: Distinguishing among emotional reactions to a moral violation
Authors: O'Mara Erin M. , Jackson Lydia E. , Batson C. Daniel , Gaertner Lowell 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMoral outrage—anger at violation of a moral standard—is claimed to be a prevalent and powerful moral emotion. However, evidence for moral outrage has been compromised by failure to distinguish it from personal anger—anger at harm to self—felt by victims of a moral violation. Although it does not seem possible to distinguish these two forms of anger by measurement, it is possible to do so by experimental manipulation of their distinct eliciting conditions. Extending previous research, the current study manipulated how a victim (self vs. stranger) was excluded (fairly vs. unfairly) from a favorable experience. Reported anger and behavioral retribution provided evidence of personal anger and revenge, not of moral outrage. These findings suggest that the prevalence and power of moral outrage has been exaggerated. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Objectification leads to depersonalization: The denial of mind and moral concern to objectified others
Authors: Loughnan Steve , Haslam Nick , Murnane Tess , Vaes Jeroen , Reynolds Catherine , Suitner Caterina 
Published: May 2010

AbstractPhilosophers have argued that when people are objectified they are treated as if they lack the mental states and moral status associated with personhood. These aspects of objectification have been neglected by psychologists. This research investigates the role of depersonalization in objectification. In Study 1, objectified women were attributed less mind and were accorded lesser moral status than non‐objectified women. In Study 2, we replicated this effect with male and female targets and extended it to include perceptions of competence and pain attribution. Further, we explored whether target and perceiver gender qualify depersonalization. Overall, this research indicates that when people are objectified they are denied personhood. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Somatic alterations in the melanoma genome: A high‐resolution array‐based comparative genomic hybridization study
Authors: Gast Andreas , Scherer Dominique , Chen Bowang , Bloethner Sandra , Melchert Stephanie , Sucker Antje , Hemminki Kari , Schadendorf Dirk , Kumar Rajiv 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe performed DNA microarray‐based comparative genomic hybridization to identify somatic alterations specific to melanoma genome in 60 human cell lines from metastasized melanoma and from 44 corresponding peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Our data showed gross but nonrandom somatic changes specific to the tumor genome. Although the CDKN2A (78%) and PTEN (70%) loci were the major targets of mono‐allelic and bi‐allelic deletions, amplifications affected loci with BRAF (53%) and NRAS (12%) as well as EGFR (52%), MITF (40%), NOTCH2 (35%), CCND1 (18%), MDM2 (18%), CCNE1 (10%), and CDK4 (8%). The amplified loci carried additional genes, many of which could potentially play a role in melanoma. Distinct patterns of copy number changes showed that alterations in CDKN2A tended to be more clustered in cell lines with mutations in the BRAF and NRAS genes; the PTEN locus was targeted mainly in conjunction with BRAF mutations. Amplification of CCND1, CDK4, and other loci was significantly increased in cell lines without BRAF‐NRAS mutations and so was the loss of chromosome arms 13q and 16q. Our data suggest involvement of distinct genetic pathways that are driven either through oncogenic BRAF and NRAS mutations complemented by aberrations in the CDKN2A and PTEN genes or involve amplification of oncogenic genomic loci and loss of 13q and 16q. It also emerges that each tumor besides being affected by major and most common somatic genetic alterations also acquires additional genetic alterations that could be crucial in determining response to small molecular inhibitors that are being currently pursued. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.