bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Fossil Flora of the Cleveland District of Yorkshire: I.—The Flora of the Marske Quarry
Authors: Thomas Hugh Hamshaw 
Published: October 2009

T
he
fossil flora of the Jurassic rocks of the Yorkshire coast has been investigated by many workers. At the beginning of last century a considerable number of the common plants were described by Brongniart and Phillips, and during the succeeding years excellent collections were made by such enthusiastic workers as Bean, Leckenby, and the two Williamsons. The close and critical study of these plants was, however, never accomplished until Prof. Seward's critical work in the British Museum Catalogue appeared. This put the subject for the first time on a firm basis, and has very much simplified subsequent investigations.

The earlier collectors confined their attention almost entirely to the accessible exposures of the Estuarine Series between Whitby and Filey, though some specimens are recorded from the neighbourhood of Runswick. In comparatively recent years, however, it has been found that the Lower Estuarine Beds in the Cleveland district were very fossiliferous, and large collections have been made by enthusiastic local geologists. As a result, several interesting forms were discovered in this district which were unknown farther south, and a systematic and critical examination of the whole flora was deemed advisable.
The present work is the result of a re-examination of the specimens collected by the Rev. G. J. Lane, F.G.S., and Mr. T. W. Saunders, F.G.S., who have succeeded in obtaining a large number of fossils from the Marske and Upleatham quarries on Upleatham Hill. They kindly sent the most important specimens in their collections to me, for examination at Cambridge. I
On the Fossil Flora of the Pembrokeshire Portion of the South Wales Coalfield
Authors: Goode Reginald H. 
Published: October 2009

T
his
paper records the results of a study of the fossil plants which I have collected from the Pembrokeshire Coalfield during the last two years; of these the best specimens are now in the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge.

I have confined my attention principally to the excellent coast-sections between Tenby and Ragwen Point, where the coalfield is eaten into by the sea along Carmarthen Bay; and those on the eastern side of St. Bride's Bay, from Talbenny on the south to Newgale on the north. I have also collected from various colliery-‘tips’ between Nolton and Newgale, and have worked much of the sections where the Eastern Cleddau, the Western Cleddau, and the Daucleddau eat into the coalfield south-east of Haverfordwest. These river-sections proved, however, to be very disappointing, with the exception of that in the neighbourhood of Picton Point, and in one or two other localities.
I wish here to record my indebtedness to Dr. E. A. Newell Arber, without whose aid this work would not have been undertaken. It was at his suggestion that I first proceeded to Pembrokeshire, with the view of studying the fossil flora of this portion of the South Wales Coalfield. He has supervised the identification of the plants, particularly affording me much help in the determination of difficult species, and has given me his advice throughout, for which I return my sincere thanks.
I also gratefully acknowledge the help which I have received from various officers of H.M. Geological Survey, who have freely given me
The Volcanic Rocks of the Forfarshire Coast and the Associated Sediments
Authors: Jowett Albert 
Published: October 2009

T
he
earliest description of the volcanic rocks of Lower Old Red Sandstone age, which are so admirably exposed on the coast of Forfarshire, we owe to the Rev. John Fleming, whose observations were in a remarkable degree unprejudiced by the theories prevalent at the time when he wrote.

A fuller account of the rocks as they appear in the field is given by Sir Archibald Geikie in his ‘Ancient Volcanoes of Great Britain;’ but no attempt has been made, up to the present, to describe the rocks of this locality as they appear under the microscope, although similar rocks in adjoining areas have been so dealt with.
The Geological Survey 1-inch maps clearly indicate the occurrence of a great anticline, a continuation of the Ochil Axis, which runs in a general east-north-easterly direction, passing out to sea near Montrose, where exposures of the oldest lavas may be seen. On following the coast southwards from Montrose, one meets with higher beds in the volcanic series; these extend as far as the Lunan-Bay sands, beyond which a newer and higher series of lavas forms the promontory that juts out eastwards on the south side of the Bay. These lavas are succeeded by sandstones, all dipping consistently south-eastwards.
Broadly speaking, therefore, the field-relations of these rocks are quite simple. When, however, we descend to detail, the petrological similarity of the different lava-flows, their lenticular character, as, also the lenticular character of the conglomerates and sandstones which are found among them, make it very
The Geology of Bardsey Island
Authors: Matley Charles Alfred 
Published: October 2009

B
ardsey
, an island a mile and three-quarters long, and covering approximately an area of 500 acres, is the westernmost fragment of North Wales, and lies about 2 miles from the promontory of the Lleyn (Western Carnarvonshire), from which it is separated by Bardsey Sound. Its Welsh name, Ynys Enlli, or the Island of the Current, has reference to the strong tides that sweep between its shore and the mainland.

Mynydd Enlli, the dominant topographical feature of Bardsey, lies in the north-east of the island, and forms a bold ridge running nearly due north and south. It rises precipitously above the eastern line of sea-cliffs to a height of 548 feet O.D., and descends more gradually on its western side to about 100 feet O.D., where it passes into cultivated drift-covered ground. At the harbour of Henllwyn, the larger and northern part of the island in which this ‘mountain’ is situated is connected by an isthmus, at its narrowest some 35 yards wide, with the smaller southern portion, which consists of a rather flat tract having an elevation of about 50 to 60 feet O.D.; on this portion the lighthouse is built. The southern extremity has been so much dissected by sea-erosion, that the strip of slates between the heads of the opposing inlets of Ogof Lladron and Ogof Diban is only 40 feet wide.
Geologically, Bardsey has long been recognized as forming the isolated extremity of the 18-mile-long strip of ancient rocks that borders the western coast of the Lleyn
VII. The Post-Glacial Raised Beach (?)
Authors: Flett John Smith 
Published: October 2009

The isthmus between Porth Solfach and Henllwyn forms the lowest part of the island, with a level about 18 to 20 feet above Ordnance datum. The low cliffs on each side are excavated in boulder-clay, on which lies at several places a shingle resembling a thin beach-deposit. I also found sand containing marine shells in one of the fields about here. It seems not unlikely, therefore, that we have at this spot a relic of the post-Glacial 25-foot beach so well-known on the east coast of Ireland; but the evidence is, to my mind, not strong, and I should like to have confirmatory evidence of a similar beach on the neighbouring mainland of North Wales before definitely adopting this explanation. One would expect, for instance, that when the sea was at raised-beach level the scour of the tides between the two islands into which Bardsey would have been divided would have swept out the boulder-clay. One has also to consider the possibility that the shingle and sand may in recent times have been cast over the isthmus during storms, or even that the shingle may have been spread artificially along shore cart-tracks now cut into by coast-erosion.
Mr. Fearnsides has recently recognized some features on the coast east of Criccieth, which suggest to him a post-Glacial rock-platform about 10 feet above tide-level. This level corresponds fairly well with that of the Bardsey platform, so that further work in the Lleyn may establish a post-Glacial raised beach in Bardsey beyond reasonable
On an apparently Palæolithic Engraving on a Bone from Sherborne (Dorset)
Authors: Woodward Arthur Smith 
Published: October 2009

Thirty-seven years ago Prof. Boyd Dawkins described to the Society the incised figure of a horse on a piece of bone found with Palæolithic implements and remains of Pleistocene mammals in the Robin Hood Cave, Creswell Crags. Until the present time, this has remained the sole example of the pictorial art of Palæolithic Man met with in Britain. It is, therefore, of interest to record the discovery of a second specimen, which appears to date back to the same period, and is especially remarkable as being almost identical with the first, both in subject and in style.
The new specimen was found by two boys of Sherborne School, A. S. Cortesi and P. C. Grove, and was submitted to me by Mr. R. Elliot Steel, to whom I am indebted for the opportunity of making this communication. It was picked up, with fragments of calcspar and miscellaneous Inferior Oolite fossils, in an old heap of quarry-débris near the Bristol road, on the outskirts of Sherborne (Dorset); and there can be no doubt that it was originally obtained from one of the small dry valleys with steep sides which furrow the dip-slope of the Inferior Oolite north of the town. A careful consideration of all the circumstances suggests that it may have occurred in a in a rock-shelter, which was destroyed by quarrying : for the heap of d6bris which yielded the speCmen was most probably derived from a sheltered spot with a south-westen~ aspect, whieh would serve admil:nbly for human habitation
On the Occurrence of a Giant Dragon-Fly in the Radstock Coal Measures
Authors: Bolton Herbert 
Published: October 2009

Some two years ago, Dr. E. A. Newell Arber drew my attention to a fragment of an insect-wing, lying upon a mass of shale which he had obtained from the Tyning waste-heap at Radstock Colliery (Somerset), and afterwards deposited in the Sedgwick Museum at Cambridge. Unfortunately, the precise horizon from which the shale came cannot be determined, because the waste-material from no fewer than five collieries is thrown upon the Tyning waste-heap, or Tyning Batch.
By the courtesy of Dr. Arber and the Sedgwick Museum authorities, I have been granted the loan of the specimen for the purposes of examination and description.
The fragment consists of the proximal portion only of a wing, and forms, I believe, not more than a third of the complete structure. The wing has also been broken along its length, and a portion of the middle lost. This is apparently caused by the shale splitting irregularly, the shaly surface being more than usually uneven. The anterior and posterior portions of the wing-fragment still retain their normal position relatively one to the other, a condition unlikely to happen if they had drifted separately to the place where they now are. This also bears out the supposition that the breakage is due to fracture of the shale, and that the missing middle part of the wing was upon the portion of shale that is broken away. The length of the wing-fragment along the anterior margin is 64 mm.; the length of the hinder margin is but 53
The Glacial Geology of East Lancashire
Authors: Jowett Albert 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
The area dealt with in this paper comprises the western slopes of the Pennines from Boulsworth Hill to Blackstone Edge, together with the western offshoot from them, which separates the basin of the Ribble from that of the Mersey.
Although the treatment of the distribution of the Drift is regarded as the primary object of the paper, I also intend to examine the whole Glacial history of the district, in order that it may be viewed in relation to the larger problem of the glaciation of the Irish-Sea basin.
A brief outline of some of my conclusions was presented to the Southport meeting of the British Association in 1903.
II. The Glacial Deposits.

(
a
) General Appearance and Texture.

The chief characteristic of the Glacial deposits—or, as they are usually termed, the Drift—of this region is their variability. Lenticular beds of sand and gravel alternate with clay, which generally includes boulders of different sizes. Frequently, several of these varieties of Drift occur together in the same section. By far the greater number of exposures, especially in the uplands, are of Boulder Clay, which consists of rounded, smoothed, and scratched stones enclosed without orderly arrangement in a matrix of clay, generally with an admixture of more or less sand.
The texture of the Drift has had considerable influence upon the extent to which it has been altered by the action of the weather since its deposition. Tough blue clay, being impervious, weathers to yellow clay for only a little distance
On the Lithology and Composition of Durham Magnesian Limestones
Authors: Trechmann Charles Taylor 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
The analyses of which a selection is here presented were commenced during an investigation of the Magnesian Limestones of the southern part of the Durham area. The results proved of sufficient interest to induce me to extend the enquiry over a considerable variety of rocks included in the whole Permian area of Durham.

The work was undertaken, primarily in order to obtain satisfactory and reliable information regarding the following questions :—

(1)
The quantity and nature of the insoluble residues in the rock;

(2)
The amount of iron, together with the traces of alumina and phosphoric acid accompanying it, and the state of oxidation of the former;

(3)
The dolomitic or non-dolomitic character of the various beds; and

(4)
The possibility of sulphates still remaining in the rock.

I was also desirous of gaining information, if possible, regarding the original condition of deposition of the formation, by analysis of those parts which had undergone little, or relatively little, subsequent alteration; and I also wished to ascertain to what extent those portions which have a calcareous composition might be regarded as the result of original conditions of deposition, of escape from secondary dolomitization, or of subsequent calcareous segregation.
The advisability of further analytical investigation was recently emphasized by some significant remarks, which Prof. E. J. Garwood and Mr. E. E. L. Dixon made during the discussion of a paper by Dr. D. Woolacott. Among the questions asked
On the Relationship of the Vredefort Granite to the Witwatersrand System
Authors: Penny Frederick Willoughby 
Published: October 2009

Introduction.
The Vredefort Granite has always been considered as a member of that ‘old granite’ group which throughout the Transvaal and the Orange Free State is found emerging from beneath the Witwatersrand Beds. Although mineralogical differences could be observed from area to area, this grouping together was a matter of convenience, dictated by their stratigraphical position.
The first attempt to indicate the extent of the granite outcrop with any pretence of accuracy was made by Dr. F. H. Hatch in his Geological Map of the Southern Transvaal, published in 1897. With regard to the encircling sedimentary rocks, it is clear from the stratigraphical and lithological evidence that they are of Witwatersrand age—the southern rim of the basin of Witwatersrand rocks, the northern rim of which crops out along the Rand.
Several geologists who have visited the Vredefort area appear to have been struck by indications pointing to the intrusive nature of the granite into the Witwatersrand Beds. Thus Dr. Molengraaff in 1903, arguing from the steep dip and overtilting of the surrounding strata, the occurrence in them of small enclosures of granite at some distance from the main outcrop, and the evidence of contact-metamorphism in the adjacent beds—particularly the production of corundum—proved it conclusively to his own satisfaction. But, in the following year, he was led to retract his views, on considering evidence collected in the meantime from other parts of the Transvaal as to the non-intrusive relationship of this ‘old granite’ group to the Witwatersrand System. To argue, however,
The Topaz-bearing Rocks of Gunong Bakau (Federated Malay States)
Authors: Scrivenor John Brooke 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
Igneous rocks with topaz as a constituent are well known, and it is unnecessary to give in detail the literature dealing with them. The best known are those in which the topaz is associated with cassiterite, and in such cases it is generally believed that the topaz has been formed by the tin-bearing media acting on felspar, converting part of the silicate of alumina into fluoride of alumina. The object of this paper, however, is to describe some clear sections in the Federated Malay States where two topaz-bearing rocks, both carrying cassiterite, are shown to have been intruded into porphyritic granite, and where the evidence is conclusive that both topaz and cassiterite are not alteration-products of previously formed minerals, but crystallized from the molten rock as topaz and cassiterite.
Gunong Bakau (‘Gunong’ is the Malay equivalent for mountain) is a mountain 4426 feet high, situated in the centre of the Main Range of the Peninsula, on the boundary between the two States, Selangor and Pahang. The name will not be found on any published map, but it will suffice to say that, in the sketch-map accompanying my paper on the ‘Geological History of the Malay Peninsula’, its position is near the source of the River Selangor, at the boundary of the State of that name.
The sketch-map accompanying the present paper (fig. 1, p. 364) gives some ideas of the surroundings of the mountain. On the west are the sources of the Rivers Kajang, Bakau, and Luit; on
Correlation of Dinantian and Avonian
Authors: Vaughan Arthur 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
In view of the restricted purpose of this paper, a lengthy historical account of early research in the Belgian Province is entirely out of place.
In regard to Belgium, Prof. Delépine's recent and exhaustive treatise—‘Recherches sur le Calcaire carbonifère de la Belgique’—contains an ample bibliography and gives details of classical research by Dorlodot and others.
In regard to the North of France, Dr. A. Carpentier's recent work—‘Contribution à l'Étude du Carbonifère du Nord de la France’—gives a very full account of the Avesnes area and of the classical work of Gosselet.
Lithological stratigraphy in Belgium.—Correlation within the Franco-Belgian Province has, in the main, proceeded upon lithological characters, and has resulted in as close an approximation as could be expected from so unsatisfactory a method.
Fossil stratigraphy in Belgium.—The palæontological method employed in Belgium to determine the age of a given fauna consisted in weighing it against the Tournaisian and Viséan faunas; the proportionate resemblance was considered to give the horizon.
Recent fossil stratigraphy in Britain.—It was the South-Western Province of Britain that first yielded a sequence of faunal zones applicable over a wide area.
At the outset, only the first-establishment of new forms, whether due to migration or to evolution, was relied upon for the purpose of drawing time-lines across the Avonian sequence. Phasal difficulties did not arise, on account of the general similarity of the whole South-Western Province in lithological as well as in faunal succession.
So soon as attempts were made, however, to apply the faunal
On a Raised Beach on the Southern Coast of Jersey
Authors: Dunlop Andrew 
Published: October 2009

In June last Mr. Emile F. Guiton, a member of the Geological Section of the Société Jersiaise, drew my attention to a raised beach which had been exposed in the course of some building operations on the southern coast of the island.
It is on the east side of the ridge between Le Hocq and Pontac, and the section showing it runs from under the surface of the eastern slope about 25 feet westwards: here it is terminated by the rock, fine red granite, which makes a steep descent, and passes under the bed of pebbles. It is nearly at right angles to the main axis of the ridge, and faces northwards. The ridge here bends somewhat inwards, so that there was ground sloping to the north-east covering the beds before they were laid bare, and the underlying rock seems also to slope in the same direction.

The middle of the section shows the following succession of beds, from above downwards:—

Thickness in feet
inches.

1. Loam
about
4
2

2. Stiff btrnish red clay
about
1
0

3. Yellow clay, containing waterworn pebbles and angular blocks
about
3
4

4. Coarse btrn sand
about
3
6

5. Waterworn pebbles
about
4
6

At the western end of the
Further Observations on the Late Glacial, or Ponder's End, Stage of the Lea Valley
Authors: Warren Samuel Hazzledine 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
The present paper is supplementary to that brought before this Society three years ago. The broader problems of correlation, and the general conclusions with regard to the climatic evidence furnished by these deposits, have been entered into in the previously published paper. At the present time, I have little modification of importance to suggest.
There are, however, additional sections which seem to deserve description. The geographical range of these deposits has now been extended to a distance of 6 1/2 miles along the course of the Lea, that is, roughly speaking, from Ponder's End to Stratford. In the opposite direction, at right angles to the course of the river, they have been traced for 2 1/4 miles, from Lower Edmonton to the Tottenham Marshes: that is, nearly across the whole range of the Low Terrace Drift. Thus the Arctic deposits are seen to be an integral part of the Low Terrace River-Drift, and not an accidental fragment of some earlier deposit. Doubtless, their range will be extended still farther as favourable sections are opened up.
The position of the various sites is indicated on the accompanying map (fig. 1, p. 166) as follows:—A, Pickett's Lock Pit, Ponder's End; B, the Angel Road pit; C, the Southgate District Council pit, with Arctic plant-beds; D, the eastern pit in Hedge Lane in the Low Terrace; E, the pit in the Middle Terrace on the south side of Hedge Lane; F, the approximate position of
The Pitchstones of Mull and their Genesis
Authors: Anderson Ernest Masson , Radley Ernest George 
Published: October 2009

The first record of pitchstone in Mull seems to have been made by Jameson, who, referring to a locality on the north shore of Loch Scridain, writes: ‘I accidentally discovered a piece of black pitchstone porphyry, similar to that which is found in Glencloy, in the island of Arran.’
Macculloch also reports that it had been found ‘upon the southern shore’ of Mull by Greenough. From that time, although the tachylyte margins of certain dykes were recorded by various observers, pitchstones do not seem again to have been noticed until the detailed mapping of Mull was begun by the Geological Survey. Mr. Lightfoot first noted their association with ‘olivine-free dolerites,’ and also recorded sheath-and-core structure.
During the progress of the survey pitchstones have been shown to occur with extraordinary frequency in the Ross of Mull, in an area bounded on the east by Glen Leidle and Carsaig, and extending for several miles to the west. They are also found less abundantly outside this area. The area in question is occupied by plateau-basalts. It is outside the ‘region of complication’ which occupies the centre of the island, and the relation of the pitchstones to the various intrusions of that region is so far uncertain.
The pitchstones fall into two classes, which may be easily distinguished by the presence of the porphyric felspar. Those of the non-porphyritic class are by far the more numerous; they form the centres of sills and inclined sheets, the marginal parts of which are crystalline. In many