bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microsatellite markers for Grosmannia alacris (Ophiostomataceae, Ascomycota) and other species in the G. serpens complex
Authors: Duong Tuan A. , de Beer Z. Wilhelm , Zanzot James W. , Wingfield Michael J. , Wingfield Brenda D. 
Published: April 2012

• Premise of the study: Polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed for the pine‐infecting fungus, Grosmannia alacris.• Methods and Results: Sixteen microsatellite markers were developed by using inter‐simple sequence repeat (ISSR)–PCRs and 454 sequencing methods. Seven of these markers showed polymorphisms for a South African population of G. alacris, and 13 markers showed polymorphism when European isolates were included. Most of the primer pairs also amplified four closely related species: G. serpens, Leptographium gibbsii, L. castellanum, and L. yamaokae.• Conclusions: These new markers will be useful for population studies of G. alacris and other species in the G. serpens complex.
Phylogenetics, biogeography, and staminal evolution in the tribe Mentheae (Lamiaceae)
Authors: Drew Bryan T. , Sytsma Kenneth J. 
Published: April 2012

• Premise of the study: The mint family (Lamiaceae) is the sixth largest family of flowering plants, with the tribe Mentheae containing about a third of the species. We present a detailed perspective on the evolution of the tribe Mentheae based on a phylogenetic analysis of cpDNA and nrDNA that is the most comprehensive to date, a biogeographic set of analyses using a fossil‐calibrated chronogram, and an examination of staminal evolution.• Methods: Data from four cpDNA and two nrDNA markers representing all extant genera within the tribe Mentheae were analyzed using the programs BEAST, Lagrange, S‐DIVA, and BayesTraits. BEAST was used to simultaneously estimate phylogeny and divergence times, Lagrange and S‐DIVA were used for biogeographical reconstruction, and BayesTraits was used to infer staminal evolution within the tribe.• Key results: Currently accepted subtribal delimitations are shown to be invalid and are updated. The Mentheae and all five of its subtribes have a Mediterranean origin and have dispersed to the New World multiple times. The vast majority of New World species of subtribe Menthinae are the product of a single dispersal event in the mid‐late Miocene. At least four transitions from four stamens to two stamens have occurred within Mentheae, once in the subtribe Salviinae, once in the subtribe Lycopinae, and at least twice in the subtribe Menthinae.• Conclusions: Worldwide cooling trends probably played a large role in the diversification and present day distribution of the tribe Mentheae. Additional work is needed to ascertain relationships within some Mentheae genera, especially in the subtribe Menthinae.
Subsea Well Intervention Vessel and Systems
Authors: Zijderveld Govert H.T. , Tiebout Han J. , Hendriks S.M. , Poldervaart L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
With the present deepwater developments on the increase it is foreseen that adedicated market will develop for vessels capable of intervening on subseawells at a lesser cost than existing deepwater drilling units. Thereby (I)extend the life of deepwater developments rendering additional profits and (II)adhere to minimum field production requirements as are being required by theauthorities more and more to date.
The paper describes the development of the concept for such a Well InterventionVessel resulting from a combined effort between a Naval Architecture DesignBureau and a major rig equipment supplier with a focus on an open equipmentstructure facilitating the possible application of multiple levels of/andintervention solutions. The vessel will target Class B+/(II+) and Class C/(III)type interventions, based upon systems which will use risers and capable ofretrieving completions. Input of operators as well as equipment- and serviceproviders has been used in the development of the concept to develop the opensystem.
The proposed paper shall present in detail the design approach and basis, theconcept design and the operational parameters of the deepwater well completionand intervention vessel. It will also address in detail the specific pieces ofequipment to be used on the vessel.
The Use of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles in Seafloor Massive Sulphide Exploration
Authors: Stevenson Ian 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Commercial exploration of Seafloor Massive Sulphides (SMS) requires mapping ofthe seafloor at a variety of scales, from regional mapping (&gt; 10,000 km2)to detailed prospect delineation (1- 10 km2). Vessel-based multi beam echosounder (MBES) surveys are commonly used at the regional scale of mapping. Follow-up detailed high-resolution mapping has been undertaken with eitherROV's or deep-towed geosurvey platforms. To date, these techniques have yieldeda high success rate in the discovery of SMS prospects for Nautilus on itsexploration tenements.
With the SMS exploration and production industry still in its early stages, there exists significant opportunities in the re-application of existingtechnologies into this new industry. One technology where there is significantmarket benefit and growth potential is Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV)technology. With a large tenement holding (almost 600, 000 km2 of explorationtenements granted or under application), Nautilus considers AUV technology hasthe ability to deliver faster and improved assessment exploration technique todecrease the cost and delivery time of prospective seafloor sampling and drilltargets.
Although the SMS industry is still in its infancy, it has been possible toevaluate AUV technology for SMS application through joint collaboration withMarine Science Research (MSR) groups with AUV capability, and a keen researchinterest in hydrothermal vents. To date, MSR group AUV's have been utilised inscientific expeditions over Nautilus Minerals' tenements on threeoccasions.
Nautilus Minerals is developing its plans to realise improved explorationquality and productivity with AUV technology including different operating /commercial models to meets its short through to long term explorationrequirements. An important consideration is to modify AUV payload design toinclude sensors specific to SMS exploration. Nautilus is currentlyinvestigating numerous geophysical sensor payloads which are not common tocommercial AUV survey solutions, but are seen as key to further improving SMStarget discovery rate.
This paper will provide a recap on the application AUV technology for SMSexploration and draw from a recent AUV " proof-of-concept" cruise to illustratethe potential of this technology.

Introduction
Commercial exploration of Seafloor Massive Sulphides (SMS) requires mapping ofthe seafloor at a variety of scales, from regional mapping (&gt; 10,000 km2)to detailed prospect delineation (1- 10 km2), using a variety of techniques. There are four phases within the exploration to resource generationprocess:Target GenerationTarget TestingProspect DelineationResource Evaluation
Assessing Integrity and Reliability of Multicomposite LNG Transfer Hoses
Authors: van der Weijde Gerard , van der Putten Sjoerd 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Reliable transfer systems are a key element in developing floating LNG and thesmall scale LNG market. Multi-composite hoses may prove to be a reliable andcost effective solution for offshore, near- and on-shore applications. TNO, theDutch contract research organization, has executed an extensive test program onthe multi-composite hose of Gutteling B.V. for Ship-to-Ship (STS) LNGtransfers. It has resulted in the qualification of a hose as a product inaccordance to EN1474-part 2. This paper summarizes the test program. Transfersystems needs to be qualified in accordance with EN1474-part 3 which applies arisk based approach. Moreover in order, to provide data to support systemqualification, a complementary test program was performed focused on thebehavior under off-spec conditions. The growing range of composite LNG hoseapplications and the growing interest of industry raise questions on theintegrity and reliability over service life. The paper reviews what factorswill affect the reliability over service life. Mechanical fatigue and creep areidentified as the potential critical failure mechanisms. The paper proposes anapproach to modeling fatigue and creep performance to support thesubstantiation of the hose reliability over service life. Having commonlyaccepted engineering models available will enhance the further application ofcomposite hoses in the floating LNG and small scale LNG market.

Introduction
Transfer systems are a crucial enabler for floating LNG [4], [5]. To offloadLNG offshore, various aerial and floating transfer systems are currently underdevelopment [6], [7]. Some are based on loading arm technology, others on metalflexible pipe or multi-composite hoses. The multi-composite hose consists ofhelical wires, thin liquid tight films of polymeric materials and layers offabric like polymeric materials. For floating hoses the composite hose iscovered with insulation and a polymeric outer hose. Similar composite hoses arefrequently used in the oil and chemical industry for transfer. As such, thecomposite hose technology is not new. However, reliability and safetyrequirements and the cryogenic temperature during operation makes the LNG hosea class on its own.
Offshore Pipeline Trenching In Arctic Regions: A Unique Concept "The Arctic Subsea Bucket Ladder Trencher"
Authors: Berg Nicoline , Frederiks Jeroen , Miedema Sape , Swart Pieter , Plat Robert 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Pipelay in Arctic offshore regions comes with a number of challenges. Thepipelay process includes safe burial of pipelines, while minimizing thedisturbance to the natural environment is key priority. Deep trenching will benecessary, resulting from deep keeled ice features that can gouge the soil andpresent a threat to the pipelines. In addition, a fast trenching solutionshould be obtained to enable the pipelay operation to be carried out in theshort open water season. So far, this can hardly be carried out by conventionalequipment.
This paper describes a deep and fast trenching method suitable for Arcticconditions. The concept is approached from a dredging industry perspectivesince the huge soil volumes to be excavated relate to practices common in thedredging industry. The views of operating and dredging companies areintegrated, leading to a promising conceptual solution for Arctictrenching.
The purpose of the design case was created to discuss several Arctic trenchingchallenges to find a conceptual solution for deep and fast trenching (6m) inthe Arctic. The case was about trenching through stiff clay in which backpacksize boulders are present, while keeping in mind a high required trenchingspeed (75m/hr) and the desire to keep the spoil to remain as in-situ aspossible to minimize the impact on the environment.
For this base case The Arctic Subsea Bucket Ladder Trencher that is presentedin the paper is a promising method. This Arctic Trencher (AT) has the followingcharacteristics:Precise excavation possible;Highly capable of operating in stiff clay;Relatively low cutting power required;Capable of excavating without compromising the in-situ soil;Boulder handling possible up to the size of the buckets;Trenching possible in one operating season;Proven method in dredging industry: expertise readily available.
Based on the initial base case design conditions it was concluded that thepresented design case has an excellent potential for successful trenching inthe Arctic. Although some uncertainties remain, the authors are continuingdevelopment of the concept to further assure its feasibility. This paper showsthat it is worthwhile to include the joint effort of field operator, pipelay/trenching operator and manufacturer of trenching equipment, to tacklethe challenges when the difficulties of trenching operations increase.
"Lessons Learned" following Macondo - Safety Enhancement on the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf
Authors: Lantz J.G. , Little Patrick , Nadeau John , Reynolds Joshua 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The Coast Guard is responsible for protecting the marine environment, promotingthe safety of life and property, and ensuring security on the U.S. OuterContinental Shelf (OCS). Based on authorities provided under the OuterContinental Shelf Lands Act (OCSLA), the Coast Guard regulates facilities, MODUs, and vessels engaged in or supporting OCS activities. The tragic loss oflife and environmental disaster resulting from the Macondo incident in April2010 focused significant attention on the U.S. OCS, where industry employs tensof thousands of U.S. mariners and offshore workers on over 4,100 U.S. andforeign flagged facilities and vessels engaged in oil and gas exploration andproduction activities.
Though the Macondo incident was not initiated by failures within areas of CoastGuard jurisdiction and the Coast Guard-regulated safety systems generallyperformed well under the extreme conditions, the Coast Guard is reviewing itsregulatory construct and seeking " lessons learned" from this tragic incident. Acontemporary and effective regulatory regime needs to be maintained andconsistently applied to all vessels and facilities engaged in operations on theU.S. OCS.
This paper discusses the Coast Guard's regulatory approach for effectivelymitigating the risk to people, property, and the environment on the U.S.continental shelf. It includes recent work to keep pace with the rapidlyevolving technology employed on the OCS and efforts to ensure contemporary andsensible safety standards are promulgated and enforced.

U.S. Coast Guard Authority and Regulatory Construct on the OCS
The U.S. Coast Guard, within the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), hasbroad authority under the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (OCSLA) to regulatethe safety of life and property on facilities and vessels engaged in OCSactivities, and the safety of navigation. In addition, the Coast Guard isresponsible for promoting workplace safety and health by enforcing requirementsrelated to personnel, workplace activities, and conditions and equipment on theU.S. OCS. The Coast Guard is also responsible for security regulations on OCSfacilities, as specified under the Maritime Transportation Security Act (MTSA), and has select duties for regulating deepwater ports as enumerated in theDeepwater Ports Act (DPA), as amended. Other regulatory agencies, such as theBureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) also share jurisdictionover OSC activities. This paper will focus primarily on the Coast Guard role inregulating the safety of facilities and vessels engaged in OCS activities.
Marine Well Containment Company Progress
Authors: Massey Marty 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Following the Deepwater Horizon incident, ExxonMobil, Chevron, ConocoPhillipsand Shell recognized the need to improve containment capability for a potentialdeepwater well control incident in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico.
This led to the formation of a not-for-profit, independent company, Marine WellContainment Company, which would develop, maintain and advance well containmentsystems for the U.S. Gulf. Following formation, MWCC gained six additionalmembers (for a total of ten member companies): BP, Apache, Anadarko, BHPBilliton, Statoil and Hess. This coming together signified unprecedentedindustry collaboration and is a key reason that drilling has resumed in theU.S. Gulf of Mexico.
Leadership
With a membership that includes the recognized leaders in deepwater drilling, Marine Well Containment Company is already a recognized industry expert indeepwater well containment systems. Approximately 70 percent of the wellsdrilled in the Gulf of Mexico from 2007 through 2009 were drilled by the 10MWCC members.
MWCC's member companies collaborated on developing a deepwater well containmentsystem that provides the American public and government confidence in drillingin the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. These companies have also committed time, effortand considerable resources - including more than $1 billion - to put in placethe containment systems necessary for the deepwater U.S. Gulf of Mexico.
Key Accomplishments
MWCC's interim containment system (ICS) paved the way for the lifting of thedrilling moratorium following the Deepwater Horizon incident. Drilling permitsare again being issued; as of January 1, 2012, 29 cite MWCC's interimcontainment system.
Completed in February 2011, the interim containment system is an accomplishmentthat required a deep and shared sense of commitment and a common, unifiedpurpose. All of the equipment is being maintained in a response-ready state. The capping stack - the centerpiece of the containment system - is pressuretested regularly, and MWCC's dispersant stock is available and ready for use bymembers and non-members who have signed a System Services Agreement. The ICS isengineered to cap or contain a well in deepwater depths up to 8,000 feet. Improvements to the ICS were made that extended the capping-only capability to10,000 feet. If the well will allow, the capping stack can shut in the well andstop the flow of oil without additional system equipment. If there are wellconditions that require that the oil continue to flow, the capping stack willattach to risers and other containment equipment to direct the flow of liquidsto the capture vessels for storage. The liquid will flow through flexible pipesto riser assemblies, configured to connect to the capture vessels at the oceansurface. The system has the capacity to contain up to 60,000 barrels of liquidper day and can handle up to 120 million standard cubic feet of gas perday.
Utilizing Integrated Technology to Develop Leading Indicators and Improve Process Safety Management
Authors: Neill Michael Alexander , Lehmann Scott 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper focuses on an area of PSM which is somewhat overlooked. The area wecall Work Execution (WE) and that encompasses all aspects of planning, executing and managing work on hazardous plants. It is an area which iscritical to safe operations since, second only to road traffic accidents, failures in WE account for the most number of fatalities and serious incidentson hazardous plants. PSM has a focus on safe process plant design and operationwhere multiple layers of protection are installed to minimize the risk ofcontainment loss and to mitigate the consequences loss of containment occur. InWE many of these barriers are systematically removed for good reasons andadditional hazards brought onto the plant raising the level of operationalrisk. The paper introduces the concept of cumulative risk where multiple worktask and other risk factors are being managed individually but the cumulativeeffect of the residual risk is unknown. Currently most WE is managed usingpaper forms in triplicate and as a result, little to no data in this space isgenerated to allow us to properly analyze and manage such risks. New web basedsolutions have been replacing these legacy systems which thus far havedelivered greater rigor on the process and improved efficiency. The nextgeneration of these tools has the ability to measure operational risk in wayswe have not seen before. These generate data which can not only be used aslagging indicators of risk performance but can also be used in predictive modeto provide risk data on near term work plans. Using such data, not onlyimproves governance but the ability will be there for front line supervision tooptimize work plans on the basis of risk as well as for expediency and resourceefficiency. These solutions are designed not just for local site management butwill be deployed at an enterprise level covering many assets and individualsites and providing much greater insight and oversight of risk managementacross an organization.

1. Introduction
As the oil and gas industry continues to grapple with the challenge ofunderstanding how best to react to the lessons of Ma-condo, there is growingrecognition that the answer to the wider challenge of fundamentally improvingthe way the industry operates is not a simple one. Macondo and the resultingresponse by the industry over the past eighteen months or in some cases a lackof a response, indicates that ongoing problems remain with operational riskmanagement and its impact on process safety management (PSM) and decisionmaking. The Chief Counsel's Report; National Commission on the BP DeepwaterHorizon Oil Spill And Offshore Drilling Report to the President, was verydirect in stating that Macondo was more than a series of disparate technicalfailures but an overarching failure of management; " Ultimately, the companiesplaced undue reliance on timely intervention and human judgment in light oftheir failure to provide individuals with the information, tools, and trainingnecessary to be effective" [ref 1]
Avoiding Unnecessary Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology by Accuractely Predicting the Benign Nature of Thyroid Nodules Using Ultrasound
Authors: Vinayak Sudhir , Sande Joyce A. 
Published: April 2012

Objective:
The objective of this study was to describe a reliable ultrasound based index scoring system based on ultraound characteristics to identify benign thyroid nodules and avoid unnecessary fine needle aspiration cytology.

Materials and Methods:
Patients undergoing ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) for thyroid nodules were evaluated prospectively. A total of 284 patients were evaluated from November 2005 to November 2011. There were 284 nodules. Any solid or partly solid focal nodule in the thyroid gland was included in the study. Cysts with no solid component were excluded. We used LOGIQ 9 (GE Healthcare) scanner equipped with a 10--14 MHz linear matrix transducer with color and power Doppler capability. Four US characteristics were evaluated, i.e., nodule margins, echo texture, vascularity, and calcification. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) was performed on all nodules. The nodules were labeled benign or suspicious using an ultrasound index score and the results compared with FNAC. Follicular neoplasms on fine-needle aspiration cytology were further assessed by excision biopsy and histology. Cytology/histology was used as the final diagnosis.

Results:
In total 284 nodules were analyzed. All the 234 nodules in US labeled benign category were proven to be benign on cytology/histology. Therefore the specificity of ultrasound in labeling a nodule benign was 100%. Twenty of the 50 nodules that were suspicious on US were malignant. The most significant US differentiating characteristics were nodule margins, vascularity, and microcalcification.

Conclusion:
Our results show that US can accurately characterize benign thyroid nodules using an index scoring system and therefore preclude FNAC in these patients.
Association of Low Maternal Plasma Glucose after Oral Glucose Challenge Test with Small for Gestational Age Neonate
Authors: Kumar Pratap , Bhat Rajeshwari G , Bhagya KV 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTAims and objectivesTo study the association of low maternal plasma sugar with birth weight and neonatal morbidity.Materials and methodsGlucose challenge test was performed in low risk women, the birth weight and neonatal morbidities were compared between women with low GCT (<88 mg/dl) and normal GCT (88-139 mg/dl).ResultsIncidence of small for gestational age (<2500 gm) was significantly more in women with low GCT (17.3%vs7.3%), but difference in NICU admission between the two groups was not significant statistically.ConclusionPrevalence of small for gestational age neonate was significantly higher in women with low GCT compared to women with normal GCT.How to cite this articleBhat RG, Bhagya KV, Kumar P. Association of Low Maternal Plasma Glucose after Oral Glucose Challenge Test with Small for Gestational Age Neonate. Int J Infertility Fetal Med 2012;3(1):22-25.