bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some principles in the dental crown construction in permanent maxillary centrals of Slovenians
Authors: GAŠPERŠIČ D. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryTo increase the understanding of the incisors crown form, the lingual fossa depth, crown width and crown thickness between lingual marginal ridges of the permanent maxillary centrals were measured on 257 stone casts of Slovene children. The right‐left, male‐female differences, as well as the correlations between the variables themselves were analysed. Male centrals exhibited wider and thicker crown compared to female centrals, while the lingual fossa depth showed no sex differences. A positive correlation in terms of positive allometry between lingual fossa depth and crown width was established. A negative lingual fossa depth‐crown thickness correlation was found with female left centrals. High right‐left symmetry was established, except for the directional asymmetry of all three measured variables on female centrals.The results indicate that the positive correlation in terms of positive allometry between the thickness of the lingual marginal ridges and the crown width is one of the basic principles of the crown formation for the permanent maxillary centrals. Usually we have to work with absolute thickening of the lingual marginal ridges because relative thickening on the account of the crown thickness is less usual. The latter possibility is less favourable for the firmness of the dental crown.
Effects of light on cyanide‐resistant respiration and alternative oxidase function in Arabidopsis seedlings
Authors: ZHANG DA‐WEI , XU FEI , ZHANG ZHONG‐WEI , CHEN YANG‐ER , DU JUN‐BO , JIA SHU‐DAN , YUAN SHU , LIN HONG‐HUI 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTMitochondrial alternative oxidase (AOX), the unique respiratory terminal oxidase in plants, catalyzes the energy wasteful cyanide (CN)‐resistant respiration and plays a role in optimizing photosynthesis. Although it has been demonstrated that leaf AOX is upregulated after illumination, the in vivo mechanism of AOX upregulation by light and its physiological significance are still unknown. In this report, red light and blue light‐induced AOX (especially AOX1a) expressions were characterized. Phytochromes, phototropins and cryptochromes, all these photoreceptors mediate the light‐response of AOX1a gene. When aox1a mutant seedlings were grown under a high‐light (HL) condition, photobleaching was more evident in the mutant than the wild‐type plants. More reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and inefficient dissipation of chloroplast reducing‐equivalents in aox1a mutant may account for its worse adaptation to HL stress. When etiolated seedlings were exposed to illumination for 4 h, chlorophyll accumulation was largely delayed in aox1a plants. We first suggest that more reduction of the photosynthetic electron transport chain and more accumulation of reducing‐equivalents in the mutant during de‐etiolation might be the main reasons.
Enumeration of Haemagglutinin‐specific CD8+ T Cells after Influenza Vaccination Using MHC Class I Peptide Tetramers
Authors: Krnic E. Kosor , Gagro A. , Drazenovic V. , Kuzman I. , Jeren T. , Cecuk‐Jelicic E. , Kerhin‐Brkljacic V. , Gjenero‐Margan I. , Kaic B. , Rakusic S. , Sabioncello A. , Markotic A. , Rabatic S. , Mlinaric‐Galinovic G. , Dekaris D. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWith emergence of MHC class I tetramers loaded with CD8+ T‐cell viral epitopes, it is possible to study virus‐specific CD8 cells in humans during infection and after vaccination. MHC class I tetramers was used to detect the frequency of haemagglutinin (HA)‐specific T cells in 26 healthy influenza‐vaccinated humans. Peripheral blood was collected before, and 7, 14 and 28 days after vaccination. Four‐colour flow cytometry was used for monitoring of vaccine induced T‐cell response. In 15 donors, two‐ to fivefold increase in frequency of HA‐specific T cells was observed 7 days after vaccination. In addition, in 12 of these donors, this increase was accompanied with fourfold increase of H1N1 antibody titre. The increase in frequency of HA‐specific CD8+/IFN‐γ+ cells was low and peaked 28 days after vaccination in three of the six donors tested. Frequencies of HA‐specific CD8+ T cells and antibody titre returned to prevaccination values 1 year after vaccination. Subunit influenza vaccines have the ability to induce HA‐specific CD8+ cells. As the immune response to this vaccine decreased significantly after 1 year, our results confirm the importance of annual immunization for adequate protection.
IL‐17 Eliminates the Therapeutic Effects of Myelin Basic Protein‐Induced Nasal Tolerance in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Activating IL‐6
Authors: Wang G.‐Y. , Sun B. , Kong Q.‐F. , Zhang Y. , Li R. , Wang J.‐H. , Wang D.‐D. , Lv G. X. , Li H.‐L. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractInterleukin (IL)‐17 is a proinflammatory cytokine primarily secreted by Th17 cells, which are a CD4+ T‐cell subset. Th17 cells and IL‐17 are important in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and in its established animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, it is unclear whether IL‐17 contributes to EAE immune tolerance. We used the myelin basic protein (MBP) peptide MBP 68–86 to induce nasal tolerance to EAE, and simultaneously interfered with the tolerance by treatment with different doses of IL‐17. We found that IL‐17 dramatically interfered with MBP 68–86‐induced immune tolerance. IL‐17 administration increased IL‐6 release, skewing T cell differentiation towards Th17 cells and decreasing the number of Treg cells. This led to an imbalance between Treg cells and Th17 cells and spurred the development of EAE.
Circular dichroism studies of human big‐endothelin‐1 (Big ET‐1)
Authors: WALLACE B.A. , CORDER ROGER 
Published: August 2010

The circular dichroism (CD) spectra of human endothelin (ET‐1) and its precursor (Big ET‐1) have been compared in order to provide information on the secondary structure of Big ET‐1. It appears that the secondary structures of the common parts of the two molecules are very similar and that the additional C‐terminal residues in Big ET‐1 may contain both helical and sheet components, information which may be of use in modeling studies of the Big ET‐1 structure.In studies of the pH dependence of the conformation of Big ET‐1, it was found that Big ET‐1 adopts similar structures at pH 6.0 and 7.0, but has a subtly different conformation at pH 8.0 that may result in a reduced susceptibility to proteolysis at this pH. This difference may be in the conformation of a turn‐type structure, producing a less accessible peptide bond in the molecule at the site of cleavage. © Munksgaard 1997.
Structure of cyclic peptides: the crystal and solution conformation of cyclo(Phe‐Phe‐Aib‐Leu‐Pro)
Authors: ZANOTTI GIANCARLO , SAVIANO MICHELE , SAVIANO GABRIELLA , TANCREDI TEODORICO , ROSSI FILOMENA , PEDONE CARLO , BENEDETTI ETTORE 
Published: August 2010

A solid‐state and solution conformation analyses of the cyclopentapeptide cyclo(Phe‐Phe‐Aib‐Leu‐Pro) has been carried out by X‐ray diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. The structure of the hexagonal crystals, grown from a methanol solution [a=b= 16.530(4) Å, c= 21.356(9) Å, space group P65, Z = 6], shows the presence of one intramolecular N‐H⋯O=C hydrogen bond with the formation of a γ‐turn (C7). The Aib3 residue, at the center of the γ‐turn, presents unexpected values of the torsion angles [φ= 70.5° and ψ= ‐73.8°], which have been observed only once before for this helicogenic residue. A cis peptide bond occurs between Leu4 and Pro5; all other peptide bonds are trans. The overall conformation for the cyclopentapeptide with one cis‐peptide bond on one side and an intramolecular γ‐turn on the opposite side results in an equatorial topology of the side‐chains of the Phe1, Phe2 and Leu4 residues. Indeed, the Cα‐Cβand Cβ‐Cγ bonds of these residues lie approximately in the mean plane of the cyclic ring system.The structure is compared with data in the literature on cyclic pentapeptides. In addition the Pro‐Phe‐Phe moiety shows a conformation similar to that observed in other larger cyclic bioactive peptides, which indicates a reduced number of conformations for this sequence. The solution study was carried out in three different solvent systems: chloroform, acetonitrile and methanol in the temperature interval 220–300 K. In all three solvents the room temperature spectra show that the peptide is conformationally nonhomogeneous. In acetonitrile at low temperatures it is possible to reduce the conformational equilibrium to two predominant conformers which differ for the cis‐trans isomerism of the Leu4‐Pro5 peptide bond.
Solution conformational analysis of sodium complexed [Gly6]. ‐ and [Gly9]. ‐antamanide analogs
Authors: AMODEO PIETRO , SAVIANO GABRIELLA , BORIN GIANFRANCO , CALDERAN ANDREA , RUZZA PAOLO , TANCREDI TEODORICO 
Published: August 2010

To investigate the conformational flexibility of metal‐complexed cyclodecapeptides, we synthesized and studied two antamanide analogs, in which the phenylalanine residue in position 6 or 9 of the sequence was substituted by Gly. Previous conformational studies on antamanide suggested that these backbone regions are affected by conformational variation. The NMR conformational study showed a high degree of flexibility for the two analogs. With sodium ions, on the other hand, [Gly9]. ‐antamanide was able to form a fairly stable equimolar complex, whereas [Gly6]. ‐antamanide showed a conformational heterogeneity, with one prevailing conformer.For the [Gly9]. ‐antamanide analog, the whole NMR data, combined with extensive theoretical calculations, were consistent with the presence of 1) two (β‐turns of type I, centered on Gly9‐Phe10 and Ala4‐Phe5, respectively; 2) a central cavity with a six‐carbonyl oxygen cage, optimal for a Na+ hexacoordination; 3) strongly H‐bonded amide protons for residues 1 and 6, both involved in the formation of the two type I β‐turns, which, however, exhibited some fluctuations during the molecular dynamics simulations. For the [Gly6]. ‐antamanide‐Na+ complex the prevailing conformer was consistent with a more open structure, with the partial solvent exposure of all the amide protons; that is, the Gly residue in position 6 increases the flexibility of this critical site more than does the Gly in position 9. These data in some way parallel the results of the cytotoxicity tests on B16‐F10 transformed cells for the two analogs: [Gly9]. ‐antamanide is cytotoxic after 48 h exposure, whereas [Gly6]. ‐antamanide is almost inactive. On the contrary, both analogs are practically inactive in vivo against phalloidin.
Solution conformations of deltorphin‐I obtained from combined use of quantitative 2D‐NMR and energy calculations: A comparison with dermenkephalin
Authors: Naim M. , Nicolas P. , Benajiba A. , Baron D. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:Deltorphin‐I, Tyr‐d‐Ala‐Phe‐Asp‐Val‐Val‐Gly‐NH2and dermenkephalin, Tyr‐d‐Met‐Phe‐His‐Leu‐Met‐Asp‐NH2, two highly related opioid peptides from frog skin, display very similar N‐termini but strikingly different C‐terminal tails. Nevertheless, both peptides are highly potent at, and exquisitely selective for the δ‐opioid receptor. To identify common determinants concuring to the remarkably efficient targeting of deltorphin‐I and dermenkephalin, combined use of quantitative two‐dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (53 dipolar interactions studied at four temperatures) and energy calculations using simulated annealing generated five groups of deltorphin‐I conformers. These groups were pooled into two families whose overall conformation could be described either by a left‐handed helix (Family I) or by a big loop (Family II), both stabilized by H‐bonds. Proximity of D‐Ala2‐Phe3‐Asp4and Val5‐Val6‐Gly7triads is an obvious structural similarity between almost all groups in both families of structures. Whereas differences between the two families originated mostly from a transition at Ψ Asp4backbone dihedral angle, the backbone structures at segment 1–4 are similar and spatial arrangements of Tyr1(t) and Phe3(g–) are identical in one group of each family. Moreover, these two groups have a N‐terminal tetrapeptide whose conformation most closely resembles that of a well‐defined group of structures for dermenkephalin. Altogether, these results suggest that conformational attributes that are common to dermenkephalin and deltorphin‐I,i.e.,the backbone conformation of the N‐terminal tetrapeptide and preferential orientations in the side‐chain of Tyr1(t) and Phe3 (g–) underlie their ability to bind with high selectivity to the δ‐opioid receptor.
Reduced amide pseudopeptide analogues of a malaria peptide possess secondary structural elements responsible for induction of functional antibodies which react with native proteins expressed in Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte stages
Authors: Lozano J. M. , Espejo F. , Diaz D. , Salazar L. M. , Rodriguez J. , Pinzón C. , Calvo J. C. , Guzmán F. , Patarroyo M. E. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:A Ψ[CH2NH] isoster bond was introduced by replacing one peptide bond at a time within the 1513 malaria peptide KEKMV motif to obtain a set of five pseudopeptides. The motif belongs to a Plasmodium falciparum malarial peptide coded 1513, derived from the MSP‐1 protein. This high‐binding motif included in the 1513 peptide is involved in the attachment of the malarial parasite to human erythrocytes. The novel malaria 1513 Ψ[CH2NH] surrogates were analyzed using RP‐HPLC and MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry techniques.Nuclear magnetic resonance experiments allowed definition of the five pseudopeptide analogues’ secondary structural features. Such structures are present in only a very few molecules in the 1513 parent peptide. A molecular model demonstrating the solution of the three‐dimensional structure of the 1513 peptide Pse‐437 analogue was constructed on the basis of 1H‐NMR spectral parameters.Monoclonal antibodies were generated to the five 1513 malaria peptide pseudopeptide analogues. These antibodies not only recognize the native MSP‐1 (195 kDa) and its 83 kDa and 42 kDa proteolytic processing proteins but also different SPf(66)n malaria vaccine batches containing the native sequence. In addition, the mAbs were able to modify the kinetics of Plasmodium falciparum parasites’ intraerythrocytic development and their ability to invade new RBCs.The presented evidence suggests that peptide bond‐modified peptides could reproduce a transient state in 1513's native sequence and represent useful candidates in the development of a second generation of effective malarial vaccines.
Detection of human antibodies using “convergent” combinatorial peptide libraries or “mixotopes” designed from a nonvariable antigen: Application to the EBV viral capsid antigen p18
Authors: Tranchand‐Bunel D. , Auriault C. , Diesis E. , Gras‐Masse H. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:We have previously described the use of synthetic combinatorial “convergent” libraries, or “mixotopes” as immunogens or as antigens to represent naturally hypervariable sequences. The success of this approach suggests that such a mixture of closely related peptides could, at least in part, conveniently represent a nonvariable epitope during its multiple interactions with an antibody population. To address this possibility, we have designed from a non‐variable immunodominant peptide of the EBV‐viral capsid antigen of 18 kD (VCAp18) a series of three mixotopes containing from 65,000 to 16 million combinatorial sequences. The reactivity of VCAp18 and its three derived mixotopes was examined in ELISA towards a collection of 74 human sera from documented EBV‐negative or EBV‐positive donors, and analyzed in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Following the observation that the two least degenerated mixotopes could improve the sensitivity of detection of some sera of low reactivity for VCAp18, we decided to combine each mixotope with the VCAp18 peptide. In the case of the least degenerated mixotope in combination with VCAp18, sensitivity and specificity for immunoenzymatic EBV‐serodiagnosis, were enhanced to 100%. Our results suggest that synthetic “convergent” combinatorial peptide libraries or “mixotopes,” designed from nonvariable antigens, could be useful adjuncts to an antigenic single‐sequence peptide in immunoenzymatic serodiagnosis.
Incomplete trifluoroacetic acid deprotection of asparagine‐trityl‐protecting group in the vicinity of a reduced peptide bond
Authors: Quesnel A. , Briand J.‐P 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:During the Fmoc solid‐phase synthesis of reduced peptide bond analogues, we observed that the trityl protection of an asparagine residue in the vicinity of a reduced peptide bond is not cleaved completely after the final trifluoroacetic acid deprotection step. The relative position of the Asn side‐chain amine and of the aminomethylene bond as well as the preferential protonation of the secondary amine can be used to explain this phenomenon. We show that longer deprotection times or the use of methyl‐trityl protection partially improves the yield of the Asn‐deprotected peptide whereas xanthenyl protection totally overcomes this problem.
Synthesis of lipopeptides using hydrazone chemical ligation
Authors: Melnyk O. , Bossus M. , David D. , Rommens C. , Gras‐Masse H. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn this paper we report that a hydrazinopeptide synthesized using solid‐phase N‐electrophilic amination with N‐Boc‐3‐(4‐cyanophenyl)oxaziridine reacted with a lipophilic peptide aldehyde to give the corresponding hydrazone plus an unexpected 1,3,4‐oxadiazolidinopeptide containing two peptide aldehyde units. This methodology allows the synthesis of large lipopeptides.
Die Zusammensetzung und Verdaulichkeit von extrahierten Roggenkeimen und extrahierter Roggenkleie.1
Authors: Nehring K. , Schramm W. 
Published: August 2010

Zusammenfassung der ErgebnisseEs wurden extrahierte Roggenkeime und extrahierte Roggenkleie, die nach dem Verfahren von H. Friese mit Methanol und Benzol zur Gewinnung verschiedener Inhaltsstoffe ausgezogen waren, auf ihre Zusammensetzung und in Ausnützungsversuchen an Hammeln und Schweinen auf ihre Verdaulichkeit geprüft. Das Ergebnis der Untersuchungen war folgendes:

In den extrahierten Roggenkeimen ist der Gehalt an Rohprotein etwas erhöht, der Rohfettgehalt erniedrigt (in Trockensubstanz 46,6% Rohprotein, 7,3% Rohfett).
Die Zusammensetzung der extrahierten Roggenkleie wich nicht von der einer normalen ab.
Die Verdaulichkeit der extrahierten Roggenkeime wie der extrahierten Roggenkleie ist nicht wesentlich verändert. Die Verdauungskoeffizienten waren folgende:
Die extrahierten Roggenkeime wie Roggenkleien stellen hochwertige Futtermittel dar, die durch die Extraktion in ihrem Futterwert bei alleiniger Berücksichtigung der üblichen Nährstoffe nicht beeinträchtigt sind.
Vergleichender Schweinemastversuch mit Holzzuckerhefe und Fischmehl
Authors: Crasemann E. , Tscherniak A. 
Published: August 2010

ZusammenfassungEs wurde ein vergleichender Schweinemastversuch zur Prüfung von Holzzuckerhefe durchgeführt. Verglichen wurden an drei Versuchsgruppen zu 7 bzw. 6 Tieren Fischmehl, Holzzuckerhefe und eine Mischung von Fischmehl und Holzzuckerhefe, die zu einem gleichbleibenden Grundfutter verabreicht wurden. Dabei setzte man, dem Eiweißgehalt entsprechend, 100 g Fischmehl = 140 g Holzzuckerhefe = 50 g Fischmehl + 70 g Holzzuckerhefe. Der durch die Zulage von Holzzuckerhefe gegenüber der Fischmehlfütterung entstehende Ca‐ und P‐Ausfall wurde mit Kalziumkarbonat und phosphorsaurem Futterkalk ausgeglichen. Das Anfangsgewicht der aus der gleichen Zucht stammenden Schweine betrug im Mittel 19 kg und am Ende der Mast nach 136 Tagen 103–109 kg.Die Ergebnisse des Versuches können wie folgt zusammengefaßt werden:

Die Freßleistung der drei Versuchsgruppen ließ keine auffallenden Unterschiede erkennen.
Der durchschnittliche Lebendgewichtszuwachs war befriedigend und betrug:Wir schließen aus den Zuwachszahlen, die immerhin bedeutende Schwankungen aufwiesen, daß bezüglich Futterwirkung Fischmehl durch Holzzuckerhefe nicht vollständig ergänzt werden konnte, daß dagegen ein Hefe‐Fischmehl‐Gemisch als vollwertige Eiweißzulage an Stelle von Fischmehl Verwendung fand.
Die Futterverwertung, d. h. der Stärkewertaufwand je Kilogramm Zuwachs betrug:
Die Ausschlachtung ergab einen unbedeutenden Unterschied zugunsten der Holzzuckerhefegruppe.

Abschließend möchten wir nicht unterlassen, Herrn H. Herzog, Verwalter der Staatsdomäne Münsterlingen, und dem Personal der Guts‐verwaltung Münsterlingen für die entgegenkommende und sorgfältige Durchführung der Versuchsarbeit unseren besten Dank auszusprechen.
Ernährungsphysiologische Versuche mit Luzernemehl als Ersatz für Getreideschrot zu Schweinen1
Authors: Scharrer K. , Schreiber R. 
Published: August 2010

Zusammenfassung

Es wurden Verdauungsversuche mit Luzernemehl als Ersatz für Getreideschrot zu Schweinen durchgeführt.
Das Luzernemehl wurde von den Schweinen gut aufgenommen und ohne Reste verzehrt.
Die Versuchsergebnisse der Verdauungsversuche zu Schweinen mit Luzernemehl und der Vergleichsversuche bringt die Übersicht 19. Es sei darauf hingewiesen, daß für sichere Schlüsse die Zahl der Tiere zu gering oder auch die Versuchsdauer zu kurz ist. In allen drei Versuchen sind ungefähr, der landwirtschaftlichen Praxis entsprechend, gleiche Eiweißmengen (227,8, 247,7, 276,5) sowie etwa gleiche Mengen an Gesamtnährstoffen (1505,7, 1407,2, 1382,1) verabfolgt worden. Trotz der sogar etwas höheren Eiweißmenge des Versuches 2 (Luzernemehl) erbrachten die täglichen Lebendgewichtszunahmen nur 525 g gegenüber 625 g des Versuches 1 (Getreideschrot), d. h. also, daß ein Ersatz des Gerstenschrotes durch Luzernemehl sich nur auf Kosten einer Mastverlängerung erreichen läßt. Der Vergleichsversuch 3 (nur Eiweißfutter), welcher sogar einen noch etwas höheren Eiweißgehalt des Gesamtfutters aufwies, erbrachte eine tägliche Lebendgewichtszunahme von 510 g.
Was die Verwertungszahl (V.‐Z.) (d. i. jene Zahl, die besagt, wieviel Gramm Gesamtnährstoffe nötig sind, um 100 g Lebendgewichtszunahme zu erzielen) der Versuche anbelangt, so zeigt der Versuch 1 (Kartoffeln, Gerstenschrot + Eiweiß) die niedrigste Verwertungszahl von 240,9 der Versuch 2 (Kartoffeln, Luzernemehl + Eiweißfutter) schon eine etwas höhere, nämlich 268,0; die Verwertungszahl des Versuches 3 (Kartoffeln + nur Eiweiß) liegt mit 271,0 auf gleicher Höhe.
Den Versuchen ist zu entnehmen, daß ein teilweiser Ersatz des Getreideschrotes durch Luzernemehl ohne weiteres möglich ist, daß sich jedoch ein voller Ersatz des Getreideschrotes durch Luzernemehl nur durch Mastverlängerung oder entsprechende Erhöhung der Gaben an Luzernemehl erzielen läßt.
Natürliche Gärfutterbereitung durch ein neues biologisches Verfahren1
Authors: Ruschmann G. , Warthe Landsberg a. d. 
Published: August 2010

ZusammenfassungDurch einen Einsäuerungsversuch mit jungem, eiweißreichem Grünfutter, Landsberger Gemenge, wurde ein neues biologisches Verfahren zur Gärfutterbereitung geprüft, das in der außerordentlich einfachen Anwendung eines bisher nicht bekannten Milchsäurebakterien‐Impfmittels besteht. Die Ergebnisse fielen eindeutig zugunsten der Grünfutterimpfung aus. Die Prüfung des Impfmittels selbst ergab einen überaus großen Keimgehalt, eine vorzügliche Reinheit und eine verhältnismäßig gute Haltbarkeit. Auch wurden die Vor‐ und Nachteile der biologischen oder natürlichen und der chemischen Verfahren besprochen.