bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationships between stream macroinvertebrates and environmental variables at multiple spatial scales
Authors: LI FENGQING , CHUNG NAMIL , BAE MI‐JUNG , KWON YONG‐SU , PARK YOUNG‐SEUK 
Published: August 2012

Summary1. Aquatic communities are structured by multiple forces, and identifying the driving factors over multispatial scales is an important research issue. The East Asian monsoon region is globally one of the richest environments in terms of biodiversity, and is undergoing rapid human development, yet the river ecosystems in this region have not been well studied. We applied a hierarchical framework to incorporate regional and local environmental effects on stream macroinvertebrate communities in this region. The knowledge gained is expected to improve the understanding of the importance of spatial scale on regional and local diversity in the East Asian monsoon region.2. A national data set of benthic macroinvertebrates and environmental variables (geographical, land‐use, hydrological, substratum and physicochemical elements) in Korean rivers was used to determine the habitat preferences of macroinvertebrates.3. Latitude, proportion of forest coverage, riffle habitat, silt substratum and temperature were the most important determinants for the ordinations of macroinvertebrate communities in each category evaluated by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The optimal habitats for stream macroinvertebrates are not the same for all species, and overall community metrics and abundance of sensitive species tended to be lower in open agricultural and urban streams than in forested streams. The sensitivity of mayflies and stoneflies to anthropogenic disturbances implicated them as good indicators to assess the effects of urban and agricultural activities.4. A partial CCA was used to evaluate the relative importance of macrohabitat and microhabitat variables on community composition at three spatial scales (whole country, the large Han River basin and two small sub‐basins in the lowlands and highlands). The majority of community variation (17–22% for each environmental element) was explained by macrohabitat variables at the regional spatial scale. In contrast, large proportions (15–18%) were explained by microhabitat variables at the local spatial scale.5. Our findings indicate that the relative importance of habitat scales should be determined by geographical size and that comprehensive understanding of multispatial scale patterns can be important for implementing sound biodiversity conservation programmes.
A qualitative study of young people's perspectives of living with type 1 diabetes: do perceptions vary by levels of metabolic control?
Authors: Scholes Cheryl , Mandleco Barbara , Roper Susanne , Dearing Karen , Dyches Tina , Freeborn Donna 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAimTo explore if young people with higher and lower levels of metabolic control of type 1 diabetes have different perceptions about their lives and illness.BackgroundAdolescence through emerging adulthood is a developmental stage made more challenging when the person has type 1 diabetes. Little research has investigated if individuals with high and low levels of metabolic control in this age group perceive their disease differently.DesignQualitative descriptive.MethodsIn this study, 14 participants, ages 11–22 years were interviewed in 2008 about their perceptions of living with type 1 diabetes. Through a process of induction, major themes were identified.Results/findingsParticipants with high and low metabolic control levels reported similar themes related to reactions of others, knowledge about type 1 diabetes, and believed healthcare providers used authoritarian interactions. However, high metabolic control level participants believed type 1 diabetes would be cured; had negative initial responses to being diagnosed; rarely received parental support in managing their diabetes; and were negligent in self‐care activities. Participants with low metabolic control levels did not believe a cure was imminent or have negative responses to being diagnosed; received parental support in managing diabetes; and were diligent in self‐care activities.ConclusionNurses should give information to young people with type 1 diabetes beyond initial diagnosis and help and support this age group learn appropriate ways to manage their disease, develop positive relationships with healthcare professionals, and participate in interactions with others their age successfully managing type 1 diabetes.
Transitory Activation of the Central and Ovarian Norepinephrine Systems During Cold Stress‐Induced Polycystic Ovary in Rats
Authors: Bernuci M. P. , Leite C. M. , Barros P. , Kalil B. , Leoni G. B. , Del Bianco‐Borges B. , Franci C. R. , Szawka R. E. , Lara H. E. , Anselmo‐Franci J. A. 
Published: August 2012

Cold stress‐induced ovarian sympathetic activation is associated with the development of ovarian cysts in rats. Although we have hypothesised that polycystic ovary (PCO) features induced by cold stress, as prevented by lesion of the noradrenergic nucleus locus coeruleus (LC), were a result of the increased activity of the ovarian norepinephrine (NE) system, this was not evident after 8 weeks of stress. In the present study, we investigated the temporal changes in LC and ovarian NE activities and steroid secretion in rats exposed to single (SS) or repeated (RS) cold stress. SS and 4 week (4W)‐RS but not 8 week (8W)‐RS increased c‐Fos expression in the LC and ovarian NE release. Plasma oestradiol, testosterone and progesterone levels tended to increase in 4W‐RS and were elevated in 8W‐RS rats, which displayed PCO morphology. β‐adrenergic receptor agonist increased steroid hormone release from the ovary of unstressed (US) but not from 8W‐RS rats. To determine whether increased activity of noradrenergic system during the initial 4 weeks of RS would be sufficient to promote PCO, rats were exposed to 4 weeks of cold stress and kept in ambient temperature for the next 4 weeks (4W‐RS/4W‐US). Accordingly, PCO morphology, increased steroid secretion and decreased ovulation rate were found in 4W‐RS/4W‐US rats, strengthening the hypothesis that the initial increase in NE release triggers the development of PCO. The correlated activity of LC neurones and ovarian noradrenergic terminals and the induction of PCO in 4W‐RS/4W‐US rats provide functional evidence for a major role of NE in disrupting follicular development and causing the long‐lasting endocrine abnormalities found in stress‐induced PCO.
Colestyramine slows gastric emptying of liquids and reduces appetite in healthy subjects
Authors: Psichas A. , Little T. , Lal S. , McLaughlin J. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackground  There is evidence to suggest that the particulate resin colestyramine, a bile acid sequestrant formerly used as a cholesterol‐lowering agent, enhances secretion of the gut hormone cholecystokinin (CCK). Established physiological actions of CCK include inhibition of gastric emptying and induction of satiation. This study evaluated the hypothesis that colestyramine, which is luminally retained, would slow gastric emptying of liquids and suppress appetite in humans.Methods  Nine healthy volunteers consumed 500 mL liquid test meals containing 4 g colestyramine, 12 g colestyramine, or control (water alone), on three occasions, in a randomized order. The effect of colestyramine on gastric emptying was determined non‐invasively using the 13C‐acetate breath test, and appetite and other gut‐centered sensations were rated using visual analog scale questionnaires.Key Results  Colestyramine dose dependently slowed liquid gastric emptying compared with control (water) (4 g vs control, ∼20% reduction, P < 0.05; 12 g vs control, ∼35% reduction, P < 0.01). Colestyramine also significantly reduced hunger (4 g vs control, ∼20% reduction, P < 0.01), and the amount of food participants felt able to eat (12 g vs control, ∼32% reduction, P < 0.001), but increased bloating (both doses, P < 0.05), with no effect on ratings of nausea.Conclusions & Inferences  This study provides the first evidence that colestyramine significantly slows liquid gastric emptying and reduces appetite in healthy humans. Colestyramine therefore presents an attractive gut‐brain signaling research tool in that it is not absorbed and thus lacks potentially confounding postabsorptive effects. Furthermore, with clear effects on gastric emptying and appetite, colestyramine now merits consideration as a trial therapeutic strategy for appetite suppression and weight loss.
High‐throughput two‐dimensional root system phenotyping platform facilitates genetic analysis of root growth and development
Authors: CLARK RANDY T. , FAMOSO ADAM N. , ZHAO KEYAN , SHAFF JON E. , CRAFT ERIC J. , BUSTAMANTE CARLOS D. , MCCOUCH SUSAN R. , ANESHANSLEY DANIEL J. , KOCHIAN LEON V. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTHigh‐throughput phenotyping of root systems requires a combination of specialized techniques and adaptable plant growth, root imaging and software tools. A custom phenotyping platform was designed to capture images of whole root systems, and novel software tools were developed to process and analyse these images. The platform and its components are adaptable to a wide range root phenotyping studies using diverse growth systems (hydroponics, paper pouches, gel and soil) involving several plant species, including, but not limited to, rice, maize, sorghum, tomato and Arabidopsis. The RootReader2D software tool is free and publicly available and was designed with both user‐guided and automated features that increase flexibility and enhance efficiency when measuring root growth traits from specific roots or entire root systems during large‐scale phenotyping studies. To demonstrate the unique capabilities and high‐throughput capacity of this phenotyping platform for studying root systems, genome‐wide association studies on rice (Oryza sativa) and maize (Zea mays) root growth were performed and root traits related to aluminium (Al) tolerance were analysed on the parents of the maize nested association mapping (NAM) population.
Preventive therapy in children exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: problems and solutions
Authors: Rutherford Merrin E. , Hill Philip C. , Triasih Rina , Sinfield Rebecca , van Crevel Reinout , Graham Stephen M. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractYoung children living with a tuberculosis patient are at high risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease. WHO guidelines promote active screening and isoniazid (INH) preventive therapy (PT) for such children under 5 years, yet this well‐established intervention is seldom used in endemic countries. We review the literature regarding barriers to implementation of PT and find that they are multifactorial, including difficulties in screening, poor adherence, fear of increasing INH resistance and poor acceptability among primary caregivers and healthcare workers. These barriers are largely resolvable, and proposed solutions such as the adoption of symptom‐based screening and shorter drug regimens are discussed. Integrated multicomponent and site‐specific solutions need to be developed and evaluated within a public health framework to overcome the policy–practice gap and provide functional PT programmes for children in endemic settings.
Defining retention and attrition in pre‐antiretroviral HIV care: proposals based on experience in Africa
Authors: Fox Matthew P. , Larson Bruce , Rosen Sydney 
Published: August 2012

Objectif:  Proposer des définitions standard pratiques pour le report des rétentions dans les soins pré‐ART.Méthode:  Définitions tablée sur trois stades: Stade 1, du test VIH‐positif à l’évaluation initiale de l’éligibilité pour l’ART; Stade 2, de l’évaluation initiale à l’éligibilité pour l’ART et Stade 3, de l’éligibilitéà l’initiation de l’ART. Pour chaque stade, les résultats négatifs comprennent le décès, les perdus de vue, ou le fait de ne pas être retenu.Résultats:  Rétention dans le stade 1: la proportion de patients qui ont terminé l’évaluation initiale de l’éligibilité pour l’ART dans les 3 mois du dépistage du VIH, avec les reports des résultats de la cohorte à 3 et 12 mois après le dépistage du VIH. Les patients terminant le stade 1, éligibles pour l’ART, passent directement à l’étape 3. Rétention dans le stade 2: la proportion de patients qui soit terminent toutes les possibles réévaluations pour l’éligibilitéà l’ART dans les 6 mois du calendrier de visite standard du site, soit ont eu une évaluation endéans 1 an de la date du report et n’étaient pas admissibles pour l’ART à la dernière évaluation. La rétention devrait être rapportée à intervalles de 12 mois. Rétention dans le stade 3: Initiation de l’ART (i.e. ART administré) dans les 3 mois de l’éligibilité pour l’ART, avec des reports à 3 mois après l’éligibilité et avec des intervalles de 3 mois par la suite.Conclusion:  Si la rétention pré‐ART doit être améliorée, une terminologie cohérente est nécessaire pour la collecte des données, la mesure et le report des résultats, et la comparaison des résultats entre les programmes et les pays. Les définitions que nous proposons offrent une stratégie pour améliorer la cohérence et la comparabilité des futurs rapports.
Spatial synchrony of malaria outbreaks in a highland region of Ethiopia
Authors: Wimberly Michael C. , Midekisa Alemayehu , Semuniguse Paulos , Teka Hiwot , Henebry Geoffrey M. , Chuang Ting‐Wu , Senay Gabriel B. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractTo understand the drivers and consequences of malaria in epidemic‐prone regions, it is important to know whether epidemics emerge independently in different areas as a consequence of local contingencies, or whether they are synchronised across larger regions as a result of climatic fluctuations and other broad‐scale drivers. To address this question, we collected historical malaria surveillance data for the Amhara region of Ethiopia and analysed them to assess the consistency of various indicators of malaria risk and determine the dominant spatial and temporal patterns of malaria within the region. We collected data from a total of 49 districts from 1999–2010. Data availability was better for more recent years and more data were available for clinically diagnosed outpatient malaria cases than confirmed malaria cases. Temporal patterns of outpatient malaria case counts were correlated with the proportion of outpatients diagnosed with malaria and confirmed malaria case counts. The proportion of outpatients diagnosed with malaria was spatially clustered, and these cluster locations were generally consistent from year to year. Outpatient malaria cases exhibited spatial synchrony at distances up to 300 km, supporting the hypothesis that regional climatic variability is an important driver of epidemics. Our results suggest that decomposing malaria risk into separate spatial and temporal components may be an effective strategy for modelling and forecasting malaria risk across large areas. They also emphasise both the value and limitations of working with historical surveillance datasets and highlight the importance of enhancing existing surveillance efforts.
Race Profiling and Molecular Diversity Analysis ofFusarium oxysporumf.sp.cicerisCausing Wilt in Chickpea
Authors: Dubey Sunil C. , Priyanka Kumari , Singh Vivek , Singh Birendra 
Published: August 2012

AbstractSeventy isolates ofFusarium oxysporumf.sp.ciceris(Foc) causing chickpea wilt representing 13 states and four crop cultivation zones ofIndia were analysed for their virulence and genetic diversity. The isolates of the pathogen showed high variability in causing wilt incidence on a new set of differential cultivars of chickpea, namelyC104,JG74,CPS1,BG212,WR315,KWR108,GPF2,DCP92‐3,Chaffa andJG62. New differential cultivars for each race were identified, and based on differential responses, the isolates were characterized into eight races of the pathogen. The same set of isolates was used for molecular characterization with four different molecular markers, namely random amplified polymorphicDNA, universal rice primers, simple sequence repeats and intersimple sequence repeats. All the four sets of markers gave 100% polymorphism. Unweighted paired group method with arithmetic average analysis grouped the isolates into eight categories at genetic similarities ranging from 37 to 40%. The molecular groups partially corresponded to the states of origin/chickpea‐growing region of the isolates as well as races of the pathogen characterized in this study. The majority of southern, northern and centralIndian populations representing specific races of the pathogen were grouped separately into distinct clusters along with some other isolates, indicating the existence of variability in population predominated by a single race of the pathogen. The present race profiling for theIndian population of the pathogen and its distribution pattern is entirely new. The knowledge generated in this study could be utilized in resistance breeding programme. The existence of more than one race, predominated by a single one, in a chickpea cultivation zone as supported by the present molecular findings is also a new information.
Phylogenetic signal and variation of visceral pigmentation in eight anuran families
Authors: Provete Diogo B. , Franco‐Belussi Lilian , De Souza Santos Lia R. , Zieri Rodrigo , Moresco Rafaela M. , Martins Itamar A. , De Almeida Silvio C. , De Oliveira Classius 
Published: August 2012

Provete, D. B, Franco‐Belussi, L., de Souza Santos, L. R., Zieri, R., Moresco, R. M., Martins, I. A., de Almeida, S. C., & de Oliveira, C. (2012). Phylogenetic signal and variation of visceral pigmentation in eight anuran families. —Zoologica Scripta,41, 547‐556.Visceral pigmentation is found in several organs and structures of ectothermic animals, comprising the extracutaneous pigmentary system. Its function is not well defined, although it is known that melanin is produced and stored inside pigmented cells. Previous studies demonstrated that the distribution of visceral pigmentation is neither homogeneous among organs among anuran species. We described the diversity of visceral pigmentation in 12 organs/structures from 32 anuran species belonging to eight families in a phylogenetic context. We also determined in which node(s) of the phylogeny there is more variation in the pigmentation and whether this variation has phylogenetic signal. The visceral pigment cells in organs and structures of the abdominal cavity varied among genera. All species had pigmentation in the urogenital and cardiorespiratory systems, whereas the stomach lacks pigmentation in all species. We also found a phylogenetic signal for pigmentation in all organs and structures taken together, besides heart, testes, lumbar parietal peritoneum and lumbar nerve plexus when considered separately. Overall, considering all organs, the highest diversity of categories of pigmentation was found in the nodes corresponding to Cruciabatrachia and Athesphatanura. This study constitutes the first step towards understanding the evolution of visceral pigmentation in anurans.
Effects of psyllium on metabolic syndrome risk factors
Authors: Pal Sebely , Radavelli‐Bagatini Simone 
Published: August 2012

SummaryHigh‐fibre intake has been shown to reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome (MS), cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Psyllium is one of the most widely used fibre supplements because it is reasonably cheap and is better tolerated than other fibre supplements. The review of the literature supports the notion that the consumption of psyllium provides benefits to many components of the MS. Psyllium supplementation does improve glucose levels and insulin response, blood pressure, as well as lipid profile in both animals and humans, thereby reducing metabolic risk factors. Appetite has also been reported to decrease after the consumption of psyllium in most studies. Collectively, psyllium supplementation could be promoted to patients who present MS risk factors, such as hypercholesterolaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia and hyperglycaemia. It may also play a role in controlling body weight, body composition, appetite and hypertension, but further investigation is still required.
The Early Mobilization of Women Union Leaders — A Comparative Perspective
Authors: Healy Geraldine , Kirton Gill 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis article explores the initial reasons for union joining of women who became union leaders in the UK and the USA by drawing on concepts from mobilization theory and the literature on women and unions. The comparative study demonstrates similarities and differences in early mobilization influences on UK and US women with respect to family, ideology, instrumentality and injustice. Informed by the women and unions literature, the article critiques mobilization theorists for failing to problematize the term ‘injustice’ and underplaying the importance of ideology which are shown to be gendered and racialized and located in time and place.
External Financing, Growth and Stock Returns
Authors: Hardouvelis Gikas , Papanastasopoulos Georgios , Thomakos Dimitrios , Wang Tao 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIn this paper we investigate the relation of the value/growth anomaly with the anomaly on corporate financing activities. We confirm and expand earlier results that value/growth and external financing indicators are, to some degree, related predictors of stock returns in the cross section. We show that external financing indicators are incrementally informative since they pick up stock returns associated with earnings quality. Portfolios that combine information from both these indicators generate significantly higher returns than portfolios containing each individual indicator. More importantly, our analysis strongly suggests that the external financing anomaly is, to some extent, distinct from the value/growth anomaly, in that it may also reflect investors’ misunderstanding of the effects of opportunistic earnings management.
Ruminations on Investment Performance Measurement
Authors: Ferson Wayne E. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis is a summary of a keynote address to the European Financial Management Symposium on Asset Management in April 2012. It makes five observations about the state of the art in investment performance measurement. First, the traditional alphas used in performance measurement are not to be trusted as normative indicators for when to buy or sell funds, but Stochastic Discount Factor (SDF) alphas are better. Traditional alphas can be equivalent to the correct SDF alphas, but this requires that an Appropriate Benchmark be used. Third, mean variance efficient portfolios are almost never Appropriate Benchmarks. Fourth, Sharpe ratios can be justified as performance measures, if they are properly used. Finally, current holdings‐based approaches to performance measurement are also flawed, but I offer some suggestions for improving them.