bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Establishment of the 1st World Health Organization international standards for human papillomavirus type 16 DNA and type 18 DNA
Authors: Wilkinson Dianna E. , Baylis Sally A. , Padley David , Heath Alan B. , Ferguson Morag , Pagliusi Sonia R. , Quint Wim G. , Wheeler Cosette M. ,   on behalf of the Collaborative Study Group
Published: November 2009

AbstractA World Health Organization collaborative study was conducted to evaluate candidate international standards for human papillomavirus (HPV) Type 16 DNA (NIBSC code 06/202) and HPV Type 18 DNA (NIBSC code 06/206) for use in the amplification and detection steps of nucleic acid‐based assays. The freeze‐dried candidate international standards were prepared from bulk preparations of cloned plasmid containing full‐length HPV‐16 or HPV‐18 genomic DNA. Nineteen laboratories from 13 countries participated in the study using a variety of commercial and in‐house quantitative and qualitative assays. The data presented here indicate that, upon freeze‐drying, there is no significant loss in potency for the candidate HPV‐18 DNA and a slight loss in potency for the candidate HPV‐16 DNA; although this is likely not scientifically relevant when assay precision is considered. In general, the individual laboratory mean estimates for each study sample were grouped ±∼2 log10 around the theoretical HPV DNA concentration of the reconstituted ampoule (1 × 107 HPV genome equivalents/mL). The agreement between laboratories is improved when potencies are made relative to the candidate international standards, demonstrating their utility in harmonizing amplification and detection steps of HPV‐16 and −18 DNA assays. Degradation studies indicate that the candidate international standards are extremely stable and suitable for long‐term use. Based on these findings, the candidate standards were established as the 1st WHO international standards for HPV‐16 DNA and HPV‐18 DNA, each with a potency of 5 × 106 international units (IU) per ampoule or 1 × 107 IU mL−1 when reconstituted as directed.
Welfare‐maximizing monetary policy under parameter uncertainty
Authors: Edge Rochelle M. , Laubach Thomas , Williams John C. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis paper examines welfare‐maximizing monetary policy in an estimated micro‐founded general equilibrium model of the US economy where the policymaker faces uncertainty about model parameters. Uncertainty about parameters describing preferences and technology implies uncertainty about the model's dynamics, utility‐based welfare criterion and the ‘natural’ rates of output and interest that would prevail absent nominal rigidities. We estimate the degree of uncertainty regarding natural rates due to parameter uncertainty. We find that optimal Taylor rules under parameter uncertainty respond less to the output gap and more to price inflation than would be optimal absent parameter uncertainty. We also show that policy rules that focus solely on stabilizing wages and prices yield welfare outcomes very close to the first‐best. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vivo antibacterial and silver‐releasing properties of novel thermal sprayed silver‐containing hydroxyapatite coating
Authors: Shimazaki Takafumi , Miyamoto Hiroshi , Ando Yoshiki , Noda Iwao , Yonekura Yutaka , Kawano Shunsuke , Miyazaki Masaki , Mawatari Masaaki , Hotokebuchi Takao 
Published: November 2009

AbstractOne of the serious postoperative complications associated with joint replacement is bacterial infection. In addressing this problem, we have previously described the development of a novel thermal spraying technology combining silver (Ag) showing antibacterial activity with hydroxyapatite (HA) displaying good biocompatibility and osteoconductivity, and reported the in vitro properties. This study evaluated serum Ag ion concentrations and antibacterial activity against methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using a subcutaneous rat model. HA loaded with 3 wt % of silver oxide (Ag‐HA) and plain HA were sprayed on the surface of titanium disks. Ag‐HA‐ or HA‐coated samples were implanted into the back subcutaneous pockets of male Sprague‐Dawley rats. Mean serum Ag ion concentration in the Ag‐HA group increased to more than 50 ppb by 48 h after implantation, then decreased gradually to baseline levels. Mean (± standard error of the mean) number of viable MRSA on HA coating was (1.5 ± 0.5) × 105, which is significantly more than the (1.1 ± 0.4) × 104 on Ag‐HA coating (p < 0.001). Ag‐HA coating offers good abilities to release Ag ions and kill MRSA in vivo. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010
Physicochemical characterization of biomaterials commonly used in dentistry as bone substitutes—Comparison with human bone
Authors: Figueiredo Margarida , Henriques Jose , Martins Gabriela , Guerra Fernando , Judas Fernando , Figueiredo Helena 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe present work focuses on the physicochemical characterization of selected mineral‐based biomaterials that are frequently used in dental applications. The selected materials are commercially available as granules from different biological origins: bovine, porcine, and coralline. Natural and calcined human bone were used for comparison purposes. Besides a classical rationalization of chemical composition and crystallinity, a major emphasis was placed on the measurement of various morphostructural properties such as particle size, porosity, density, and specific surface area. Such properties are crucial to acquiring a full interpretation of the in vivo performance. The studied samples exhibited distinct particle sizes (between 200 and 1000 μm) and shapes. Mercury intrusion revealed not only that the total sample porosity varied considerably (33% for OsteoBiol®, 50% for PepGen P‐15®, and 60% for BioOss®) but also that a significant percentage of that porosity corresponded to submicron pores. Biocoral® was not analyzed by this technique as it possesses larger pores than those of the porosimeter upper limit. The density values determined for the calcined samples were close to the theoretical values of hydroxyapatite. However, the values for the collagenated samples were lower, in accordance with their lower mineral content. The specific surface areas ranged from less than 1 m2/g (Biocoral) up to 60 m2/g (BioOss). The chemical and phase composition of most of the samples, the exception being Biocoral (aragonite), were hydroxyapatite based. Nonetheless, the samples exhibited different organic material content as a consequence of the distinct heat treatments that each had received. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010
Empirically supported religious and spiritual therapies
Authors: Hook Joshua N. , Worthington Everett L. , Davis Don E. , Jennings David J. , Gartner Aubrey L. , Hook Jan P. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis article evaluated the efficacy status of religious and spiritual (R/S) therapies for mental health problems, including treatments for depression, anxiety, unforgiveness, eating disorders, schizophrenia, alcoholism, anger, and marital issues. Religions represented included Christianity, Islam, Taoism, and Buddhism. Some studies incorporated a generic spirituality. Several R/S therapies were found to be helpful for clients, supporting the further use and research on these therapies. There was limited evidence that R/S therapies outperformed established secular therapies, thus the decision to use an R/S therapy may be an issue of client preference and therapist comfort. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 66: 1–27, 2010.
Provision of social support to individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome
Authors: Jason Leonard A. , Roesner Nicole , Porter Nicole , Parenti Brittany , Mortensen Jennifer , Till Lindsay 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe present study evaluated a buddy program designed to provide support for individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). The intervention involved weekly visits by a student paraprofessional, who helped out with tasks that needed to be done in an effort to reduce some of the taxing demands and responsibilities that participants regularly encountered. This model of rehabilitation focused on avoiding overexertion in persons with CFS, aiming to avoid setbacks and relapses while increasing their tolerance for activity. Participants with CFS were randomly assigned to either a 4‐month buddy intervention or a control condition. Posttest results showed that individuals who received a student buddy intervention had significantly greater reductions in fatigue severity and increases in vitality than individuals in the control condition. There were no significant changes between groups for physical functioning and stress. Buddy interventions that help patients with CFS reduce overexertion and possibly remain within their energy envelopes can be thought of as representing a different paradigm than nonpharmacologic interventions that focus only on increasing levels of activity through graded exercise. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 66: 249–258, 2010.
Synthesis, reactivity, and NMR spectroscopy of 4,6‐ and 6,7‐difluoro‐3‐methyl‐1H‐indazoles
Authors: Medina Carlos Pérez , López Concepción , Claramunt Rosa M. , Elguero José 
Published: November 2009

Abstractmagnified image Four 1H‐indazoles, two of them doubly substituted by fluorine atoms and the other two obtained by nitration of the foregoing derivatives, were prepared and fully characterized by multinuclear NMR in solution and in solid state in view of their potential nitric oxide synthase inhibition properties. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
An efficient method to prepare 4‐aminoquinazolines: Potential application to conformation‐restricted bleomycin analogs
Authors: Wei Zhonglin , Zheng Lianyou , Dang Qun , Bai Xu 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
magnified image To enhance the iron‐chelating ability of P‐3A, 4‐aminoquinazolines were designed as conformation‐restricted bleomycin analogs. An efficient method was developed to prepare the 4‐aminoquinazoline heterocyclic nucleus, which entails a two‐step one‐pot procedure leading to 4‐aminoquinazolines in good yields. The application of this method to synthesis 4‐aminoquinazoline bleomycin analogs is envisioned. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
Regioselectivity of a 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition to phenyl vinyl sulfoxide
Authors: Gray Tyler C. , Hasanayn Faraj , Richardson David P. , Markgraf J. Hodge 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
magnified image The regioselectivity of the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of benzonitrile N‐oxide to phenyl vinyl sulfoxide is established by isotopic labeling and 13C NMR analysis, and by DFT calculations. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
Bayesian journey‐to‐crime modelling of single and multiple crime‐type series in Baltimore County, MD
Authors: Leitner Michael , Kent Joshua 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis study tested different Bayesian Journey‐to‐Crime (JTC) models on a sample group of 850 serial offenders apprehended in Baltimore County, MD from 1993 to 1997. In this research, Bayesian JTC models were being used to predict the home locations of the offenders. The sample group data included 133 assaults, 90 burglaries, 497 larcenies, 81 robberies, and 49 vehicle thefts. The main question this research aimed to answer was whether the addition of crimes of a different type to an existing crime series of a single type would result in more accurate and/or precise Bayesian JTC models. The standard practice by law enforcement has been to consider the same‐type crime series only when modelling the anchor point of the offender. Similarly, in research, geographic profiles have been constructed exclusively with the same‐type crime series. The results of this study clearly indicated that the inclusion of crimes of a different type into a single crime‐type series will result in significantly more accurate and more precise Bayesian JTC models. In contrast, crime series with predominantly assault and burglary showed results that were inconclusive or indicated no significant differences. These results should encourage law enforcement agencies to re‐evaluate their standard practice of constructing geographic profiles with only the same‐type crime series. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developments in geographical offender profiling: commentary on Bayesian journey‐to‐crime modelling
Authors: Canter David 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe Bayesian approach covered in this special issue complements the earlier ways of exploring offenders' crime location choices. It is different from earlier approaches in dealing directly with large local data sets of solved crimes to develop statistical models as compared with attempts to derive more generic ways of conceptualising an offender's geographical crime pattern. The two approaches can thus be seen to enshrine different epistemologies; the Bayesian being about a process for deriving patterns in geographically specific data sets, the earlier centre‐of‐gravity‐oriented approaches seeking to establish general theories and principles that are broadly independent of any given locality. They are consequently sensitive to different types of bias in the data available. However, the interesting results achieved through the analysis of Bayesian patterns within crime data does further the consideration of the similarities across offenders in their use of locations for crime and thus has theoretical as well as practical implications. Therefore, these two approaches need to build on each other. This complementarity provides a useful example for other areas of Investigative Psychology. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Novel Temperature‐Responsive Polymer as a Gene Vector
Authors: Ma Yongzheng , Hou Sen , Ji Bin , Yao Yang , Feng Xizeng 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA temperature‐responsive polymer poly{2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate‐co‐[cis‐butenedioic anhydride‐poly[(N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐co‐(butyl methacrylate)]]} (PDMNIB) was synthesized by free radical polymerization. The polymer had a significant temperature‐responsive behavior with a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) at 20 °C. Gel retardation assay showed that PDMNIB could efficiently interact with DNA. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential measurement indicated that the average sizes and the surface electric charges of the PDMNIB/DNA complexes could be changed by temperature. Due to the thermosensitive interaction between PDMNIB and DNA, the gene transfection efficiency of PDMNIB could be improved by temperature.magnified image
Functional L‐Lysine Dendritic Macromolecules as Liver‐Imaging Probes
Authors: Luo Kui , Liu Gang , Zhang Xiaowei , She Wenchuan , He Bin , Nie Yu , Li Li , Wu Yao , Zhang Zhirong , Gong Qiyong , Gao Fabao , Song Bin , Ai Hua , Gu Zhongwei 
Published: November 2009

AbstractLiver‐imaging probes are prepared through the conjugation of Gd chelates and galactosyl moieties to peptide dendrimers. The dendritic probes possessing highly controlled structures and a single molecular weight have a two‐fold increase in T1 relaxivity to 9.1 × 103 (Gd M)−1 s−1 compared to Gd‐DTPA. No obvious cytotoxicity of this multifunctional dendritic agent is discovered in vitro. The dendrimer bearing galactosyl moieties leads to a much‐higher hepatocyte‐cell uptake in vitro and provides good signal‐intensity enhancement (35%) of mouse liver in vivo especially at 60 min after intravenous injection. In comparison, non‐targeting Gd dendrimers provide only an 11% enhancement of imaging contrast at the same time point. Overall, the dendrimers bearing galactosyl moieties may be used as liver‐imaging probes.magnified image
Water Soluble Polymer Protected Lipofectamine 2000/DNA Complexes for Solid‐Phase Transfection
Authors: Zhang Qiao , Cheng Si‐Xue , Zhang Xian‐Zheng , Zhuo Ren‐Xi 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA fast degrading cholic acid‐functionalized star poly(DL‐lactide) has been used to fabricate polymer films to support Lipofectamine 2000/DNA complexes for mediating solid‐phase transfection. To improve the gene expression activity, a water‐soluble polymer, poly‐α,β‐[N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐L‐aspartamide (PHEA), was added to protect the complexes. The in vitro gene transfection in 293T cells, HeLa cells, and 3T3 cells showed that the gene expressions could be effectively mediated by the deposited Lipofectamine 2000/DNA complexes encapsulated in polymer films. The degradation of the polymer films that occurred during gene transfection did not show any unfavorable effects on the gene expression.magnified image
Influence of N,N′‐dimethylaminoethanol as an inhibitor on the chloride threshold level for corrosion of steel reinforcement
Authors: Xu J. , Jiang L. , Xing F. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe aim of this study is to examine the influence of N,N′‐dimethylaminoethanol (DMEA) as an inhibitor on the chloride threshold level for corrosion of steel in a concrete contaminated by chlorides. The experiment has been carried out in a saturated Ca(OH)2 solution and chloride contaminated concrete containing different chloride and DMEA level. The critical point of corrosion onset is concluded by combining the open‐circuit potential (Ecorr) with corrosion current (Icorr), which is decided by electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) in the solution. Besides, the EIS has also been applied to determinate the chloride threshold level in the chloride contaminated concrete. It has been found that the presence of DMEA represented as an amino‐alcohol inhibitor, exerts little influence on the chloride threshold level for corrosion of steel in the solution. Similarly, the effect of the DMEA on the chloride threshold level in the chloride contaminated concrete, is also negligible.
Modelling of reinforcement corrosion – geometrical effects on macrocell corrosion
Authors: Warkus J. , Raupach M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractReinforcement corrosion is still the most frequent reason for damage of concrete structures. It can be caused by carbonation or the ingress of chlorides. In cases of localized contaminations with chlorides, macrocells with very high corrosion rates can be established. Thereby the resulting macrocell current is dependent on many different boundary conditions like driving voltage, concrete resistivity and the geometrical arrangement of anode and cathode. In order to investigate macrocell corrosion, the herein presented research work was carried out by laboratory experiments and additionally by numerical analyses. First the numerical simulations were calibrated by laboratory measurements and thereafter, a numerical parameter study was carried out to increase the available database and identify the impact of changes in single parameters. As the focus is on geometrical effects, all laboratory specimens and numerical models were designed to represent practical conditions with diverse geometrical arrangements, e.g., slabs or beams with localized depassivations. In addition, parameters like concrete resistivity, driving voltage and cathode to anode surface area ratios have been varied. Thereafter, all results were used to derive cell factors for a simple macrocell current estimation. The present status of the project will be presented and discussed.
Microstructural investigation of the oxide formed on TP 347H FG during long‐term steam oxidation
Authors: Hansson A. N. , Danielsen H. , Grumsen F. B. , Montgomery M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe long‐term oxidation behaviour of TP347H FG in ultra supercritical steam conditions was assessed by exposing the steel in test superheater loops in a Danish coal‐fired power plant and characterising the oxide layer with reflective light and electron microscopy. Double layered oxide scales formed during steam oxidation. TEM investigations reveal that the inner oxide layer consists of particles of metallic Ni/Fe and FeCr spinel in the interior of the former alloy grains and a compact layer of FeCr spinel and Cr2O3 along the former alloy grain boundaries. The morphology suggests that the inner layer grows by internal oxidation of the interior of the alloy grains. The thickness of the inner oxide layer did not change significantly with oxidation time and temperature for exposure times up to 30 000 h. Faster Cr diffusion within the fine‐grained alloy at higher temperatures is held responsible for this observation. This hypothesis is supported by kinetic data. The oxide thickness at low and high temperatures after 58 000 h exposure was higher than expected.
Numerical model of Ca(OH)2 transport in concrete due to electrical currents
Authors: Koster T. , Peelen W. , Larbi J. , de Rooij M. , Polder R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA mathematical model is being developed to describe a repair method in concrete, called cathodic protection (CP). The model is in principle also useful to describe electrodeposition in concrete, e.g. the process of re‐precipitation of Ca(OH)2 invoked by an electrical current. In CP, the current is sent from an external anode to the reinforcement inside the concrete. This model is implemented using the numerical software package Comsol Multiphysics. The model is based on the Nernst–Planck equations and the electroneutrality condition considering the ionic species Na+, OH− and Ca2+ and the solid Ca(OH)2. The mathematical model makes it possible to predict the location where Ca(OH)2 precipitates when a certain current density is used. This could be of great use for controlled crack repair in concrete and for electrochemical re‐alkalisation. This paper presents the qualitative behaviour of dissolution and re‐precipitation of Ca(OH)2 in CP. It discusses model calculations and preliminary experimental results. Experiments for a more complete validation of the model are in process.
Corrosion and elution of harmful metals from metal buttons
Authors: Rezić I. , Zeiner M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMetals present in metal items may due to the corrosion processes that occur in sweat cause adverse health effects, such as allergic reactions, on direct and prolonged contact with the skin. For example, 20% of female population and about 6% of male population are allergic to nickel. Therefore, three different textile accessories were tested for metal leaching: the samples were kept at 30 °C in the artificial sweat solution for different time periods and quantified. The results have shown that the limits prescribed by international standards were much exceeded. Samples of such properties present a high risk for human health and should be used with special attention.
Preparation of Polystyrene/Clay Nanocomposites by Free‐Radical Polymerization in Dispersion
Authors: Greesh Nagi , Hartmann Patrice C. , Sanderson Ronald D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFully exfoliated PS/clay nanocomposites were prepared via FRP in dispersion. Na‐MMT clay was pre‐modified using MPTMS before being used in a dispersion polymerization process. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of the clay concentrations on the monomer conversion, the polymer molecular weight, and the morphology and thermal stability of the nanocomposites prepared via dispersion polymerization. DLS and SEM revealed that the particle size decreased and became more uniformly distributed with increasing clay loading. XRD and TEM revealed that nanocomposites at low clay loading yielded exfoliated structures, while intercalated structures were obtained at higher clay loading.magnified image