bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic Review of Barriers to Surgical Care in Low‐Income and Middle‐Income Countries
Authors: Grimes Caris E. , Bowman Kendra G. , Dodgion Christopher M. , Lavy Christopher B. D. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackgroundThere is increasing evidence that lack of facilities, equipment, and expertise in district hospitals across many low‐ and middle‐income countries constitutes a major barrier to accessing surgical care. However, what is less clear, is the extent to which people perceive barriers when trying to access surgical care.MethodsPubMed and EMBASE were searched using key words (“access” and “surgery,” “barrier” and “surgery,” “barrier” and “access”), MeSH headings (“health services availability,” “developing countries,” “rural population”), and the subject heading “health care access.” Articles were included if they were qualitative and applied to illnesses where the treatment is primarily surgical.ResultsKey barriers included difficulty accessing surgical services due to distance, poor roads, and lack of suitable transport; lack of local resources and expertise; direct and indirect costs related to surgical care; and fear of undergoing surgery and anesthesia.ConclusionsThe significance of cultural, financial, and structural barriers pertinent to surgery and their role in wider health care issues are discussed. Immediate action to improve financial and geographic accessibility along with investment in district hospitals is likely to make a significant impact on overcoming access and barrier issues. Further research is needed to identify issues that need to be addressed to close the gap between the care needed and that provided.
Extreme musculo-skeletal ultrasound: training of non-physicians in the Arctic Circle
Authors: O’Connell Kathleen , Bouffard Antonio J. , Vollman Andrew , Mercado-Young Rosario , Sargsyan Ashot E. , Rubinfeld Ilan , Dulchavsky Scott A. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract

Objective
The purpose of this study was to compare if non-physician, inexperienced ultrasound subjects can take quality diagnostic images after watching a brief educational video and using reference cue cards (autonomous group) versus taking ultrasound images with expert guidance using a satellite connection.

Methods
Six non-medical, inexperienced ultrasound subjects from a rural area (Arctic Circle) obtained ultrasound images of target anatomic regions using a portable ultrasound device after receiving expert-guided training or autonomous training (educational video and cue cards). Real-time expert guidance was provided using an audiovisual tele-ultrasound connection with direct ultrasound video compression which was relayed to a remote expert via a secure satellite connection. The resultant images from all studies were blindly reviewed by imaging experts for determination of diagnostic adequacy.

Results
All of the examinations were completed in <15 min. The blinded expert identified 85.1% of autonomously acquired images and 86.2% of the images obtained by expert guidance to be of diagnostic quality; there was no statistical difference between the two groups (P = 0.6653).

Conclusion
Non-physician, inexperienced subjects can quickly educate themselves to retrieve diagnostic quality ultrasound images whether they are being expert-guided or trained autonomously.
Two-layer shallow-water dam-break solutions for non-Boussinesq gravity currents in a wide range of fractional depth
Authors: UNGARISH MARIUS 
Published: March 2011

We consider the dam-break initial stage of propagation of a gravity current released from a lock of length x0 and height h0 into an ambient fluid in a channel of height H*. The system contains heavy and light fluids, of densities ρH and ρL, respectively. When the Reynolds number is large, the resulting flow is governed by the parameters R = ρL/ρH and H = H*/h0. We focus attention on non-Boussinesq effects, when the parameter R is not close to 1; in this case significant differences appear between the ‘light’ (top surface) current and the ‘heavy’ (bottom) current. We use a shallow-water two-layer formulations. We show that ‘exact’ solutions of the thickness and speed of the current and ambient can be obtained by the method of characteristics. However, this requires a careful matching with the conditions at the front (ambient) and the back (reservoir). We show that a jump, instead of a rarefaction wave, propagates into the reservoir when H < Hcrit(R), and solutions for these jumps are presented and discussed. The theory is applied to the full-depth lock-exchange H = 1 problem, and the results are compared with previous hydraulic models. The application of the theory is also illustrated for more general cases H > 1, including comparisons with the one-layer model results of Ungarish (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 579, 2007, p. 373).Overall, the shallow-water two-layer theory yields consistent, self-contained, and physically acceptable analytical solutions for the dam-break problem over the full physical range of the R and H parameters, for both light-into-heavy and heavy-into-light gravity currents. The solution can be closed without adjustable constants or predetermined properties of the flow field. The thickness solution is formally valid until the jump, or rarefaction wave, hits the backwall; the speed of propagation prediction is valid until this reflected wave hits the nose, i.e. until the end of the slumping stage. This theory is a significant extension of the Boussinesq problem (recovered by the present solution for R = 1), which elucidates the non-Boussinesq effects during the first stage of propagation of lock-released gravity currents.
Building the Nation, Serving the Frontier: Mobilizing and Reconstructing China's Borderlands during the War of Resistance (1937–1945)
Authors: RODRIGUEZ ANDRES 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe wartime period between 1937 and 1945 provided an exceptional opportunity for the Guomindang state to experiment with a wide array of schemes that sought to further its nation-state project in the borderland regions of China. Under the rubric of ‘frontier reconstruction’ (bianjiang jianshe) it devised a series of plans that encompassed both the economic and cultural transformations of these regions. This paper discusses a particular scheme devised by Chinese anthropologist, Li Anzhai (1900–1985), during his stay at the Tibetan Buddhist monastery of Labrang where he sought to transform borderland societies into a modern Chinese citizenry. A key aspect to his strategy was the mobilization of youth where trained cadres and students performed what became known as ‘frontier service’ (bianjiang fuwu) establishing a dialogue with the community's own particular demands by means of building schools, hospitals and agricultural projects. This paper argues that the notion of ‘frontier service’ and the ‘cultural reconstruction’ project propounded by Li not only sought to modernize and unify China around a distinct multicultural identity, it was also an important mobilizing force amongst sectors of wartime youth which arguably introduced young Han Chinese to a region which they had hitherto only imagined in the pre-war period.
Remember History, Not Hatred: Collective Remembrance of China's War of Resistance to Japan
Authors: REILLY JAMES 
Published: March 2011

AbstractChinese leaders have repeatedly insisted upon the contemporary relevance of the ‘War of Resistance to Japan’ (1937–1945). However, the content of the official history of the war and the lessons drawn from it have changed dramatically from 1949 through 2010. This paper begins by reviewing theories of collective remembrance and then covers four historical periods: China's ‘benevolent amnesia’ on Japan's wartime atrocities before 1982; China's patriotic education campaign from the mid-1980s; the rise of history activism in China in the late 1990s; and the post-2005 reversal in official rhetoric on Japan and the wartime past. It concludes that, while the party-state retains an impressive capacity to shape the narratives of critical periods of modern Chinese history, Chinese leaders are likely to find themselves increasingly constrained by domestic forces and by external events beyond their control.
From rivalry to partnership? Critical reflections on Anglo-French cooperation in Africa
Authors: CUMMING GORDON D. , CHAFER TONY 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAt the December 1998 Saint-Malo summit, Britain and France promised to set aside past rivalries and work together on African issues. While brief indications were given as to possible areas of bilateral and ‘bi-multi’ cooperation, the terms and scope of this ‘partnership’ were not spelt out. Was this to involve only sporadic collaboration? Or was it to be an institutionalised partnership, such as the Franco-German tandem, or perhaps a more intuitive alliance, such as the Anglo-American ‘special relationship’? These questions are central to this article, which begins by showing how Anglo-French relations in Africa were largely marked by rivalry from the colonial era to the early post-Cold War period. Drawing upon extensive interviews, it demonstrates how, over the last decade or so, closer linkages have developed between the UK and French administrations and how there has been a greater degree of cooperation in response to the key challenges of Africa. It then uses a neo-classical realist framework to explain the readiness or reluctance of Britain and France to collaborate on Africa. It concludes by suggesting that, while there has been progress in ‘deconflictualising’ African policies, cooperation has been, and is likely to remain, limited.
Current oil (dis)order: players, scenarios, and mechanisms
Authors: PALAZUELOS ENRIQUE 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis article has been constructed under the premise that International Political Economy provides the appropriate analytical tools for understanding the characteristics and performance of oil in economic and political relations. The article argues the need to articulate three levels of analysis (major players, scenarios, and exchange mechanisms) in order to understand the economic and political relations that underpin oil exchange during last decades. The central conclusion is that the current oil system is characterised by a set of asymmetric, unstable, and ungovernable relations, whose consequences are unpredictable but not necessarily traumatic.
Psychosocial issues in Engaging Older People with Physical Activity Interventions for the Prevention of Falls
Authors: Nyman Samuel R. 
Published: March 2011

RÉSUMÉDans cet article on présente une vue d’ensemble des facteurs psychosociaux ayant une influence sur la participation des personnes âgées aux interventions concernant l’activité physique et visant la prévention des chutes. On souligne l’importance des facteurs psychosociaux puisque les interventions seront rendues inutiles si elles ne réussissent pas à attirer la participation active des personnes âgées. La théorie du comportement planifié sert de cadre pour un examen de la façon dont les connaissances (un préalable), les attitudes, les normes subjectives (le contexte social) et la perception du contrôle comportemental (la confiance) encouragent ou entravent l’intention d’entre-prendre des activités pour la prévention des chutes. Cette étude est accompagnée de documents qui indiquent la manière dont la perception de soi influence l’intention. On termine par une discussion des recommendations recommendations du réseau européen Prevention of Falls Network Europe concernant l’implication des personnes âgées dans la prévention des chutes.
Generalised lymphangiomatosis in an 8-year-old girl who presented with cardiomegaly
Authors: Öztunç Funda , Koca Bülent , Adaletli İbrahim 
Published: March 2011

AbstractGeneralised lymphangiomatosis is a rare disease that is characterized by widespread bony and soft tissue involvement of lymphangioma. Radiological evaluation is crucial because the site and extent of the lymphangioma are important prognostic factors. The computed tomography, ultrasonography and magnetic resonance images showed sharply defined, non-enhanced cystic lesions involving the mediastinum, bones, spleen, lung, and lower neck. We report here a case that was referred to us for investigation of marked cardiomegaly.
Three-Dimensional Microscopic Elemental Analysis Using an Automated High-Precision Serial Sectioning System
Authors: Fujisaki Kazuhiro , Yokota Hideo , Furushiro Naomichi , Komatani Shintaro , Ohzawa Sumito , Sato Yoshimichi , Matsunaga Daisuke , Himeno Ryutaro , Higuchi Toshiro , Makinouchi Akitake 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe elemental composition and microscopic-level shape of inclusions inside industrial materials are considered important factors in fracture analytical studies. In this work, a three-dimensional (3D) microscopic elemental analysis system based on a serial sectioning technique was developed to observe the internal structure of such materials. This 3D elemental mapping system included an X-ray fluorescence analyzer and a high-precision milling machine. Control signals for the X-ray observation process were automatically sent from a data I/O system synchronized with the precision positioning on the milling machine. Composite specimens were used to confirm the resolution and the accuracy of 3D models generated from this system. Each of the two specimens was composed of three metal wires of 0.5 mm diameter braided into a single twisted wire that was placed inside a metal pipe; the pipe was then filled with either epoxy resin or Sn. The milling machine was used to create a mirror-finish cross-sectional surface on these specimens, and elemental analyses were performed. The twisted wire structure was clearly observed in the resulting 3D models. This system enables automated investigation of the 3D internal structure of materials as well as the identification of their elemental components.
Millimeter-wave interactions with the human body: state of knowledge and recent advances
Authors: Zhadobov Maxim , Chahat Nacer , Sauleau Ronan , Le Quement Catherine , Le Drean Yves 
Published: March 2011

The biocompatibility of millimeter-wave devices and systems is an important issue due to the wide number of emerging body-centric wireless applications at millimeter waves. This review article provides the state of knowledge in this field and mainly focuses on recent results and advances related to the different aspects of millimeter-wave interactions with the human body. Electromagnetic, thermal, and biological aspects are considered and analyzed for exposures in the 30-100 GHz range with a particular emphasis on the 60-GHz band. Recently introduced dosimetric techniques and specific instrumentation for bioelectromagnetic laboratory studies are also presented. Finally, future trends are discussed.
Three-dimensional colloidal crystals in liquid crystalline blue phases
Authors: Ravnik Miha , Alexander Gareth P. , Yeomans Julia M. , Žumer Slobodan 
Published: March 2011

Applications for photonic crystals and metamaterials put stringent requirements on the characteristics of advanced optical materials, demanding tunability, high Q factors, applicability in visible range, and large-scale self-assembly. Exploiting the interplay between structural and optical properties, colloidal lattices embedded in liquid crystals (LCs) are promising candidates for such materials. Recently, stable two-dimensional colloidal configurations were demonstrated in nematic LCs. However, the question as to whether stable 3D colloidal structures can exist in an LC had remained unanswered. We show, by means of computer modeling, that colloidal particles can self-assemble into stable, 3D, periodic structures in blue phase LCs. The assembly is based on blue phases providing a 3D template of trapping sites for colloidal particles. The particle configuration is determined by the orientational order of the LC molecules: Specifically, face-centered cubic colloidal crystals form in type-I blue phases, whereas body-centered crystals form in type-II blue phases. For typical particle diameters (approximately 100 nm) the effective binding energy can reach up to a few 100
k
B
T
, implying robustness against mechanical stress and temperature fluctuations. Moreover, the colloidal particles substantially increase the thermal stability range of the blue phases, for a factor of two and more. The LC-supported colloidal structure is one or two orders of magnitude stronger bound than, e.g., water-based colloidal crystals.
Mixing categories
Authors: Oprea John , Strom Jeff 
Published: March 2011

We show that

c
a
t

(
X
)
≤

c
a
t

1

(
X
)
+

c
a
t

1

(
X
)

\mathrm {cat}(X) \leq \mathrm {cat}_1(X) + \mathrm {cat}^1(X)

, where

c
a
t

1

(
X
)

\mathrm {cat}_1(X)

is Fox’s

1
1

-dimensional category and

c
a
t

1

(
X
)

\mathrm {cat}^1(X)

is the

A

\mathcal {A}

-category of Clapp and Puppe with

\mathcal {A}=\{\mbox {1

-dimensional spaces}\}.
Dougall’s bilateral ₂𝐻₂-series and Ramanujan-like 𝜋-formulae
Authors: Chu Wenchang 
Published: March 2011

The modified Abel lemma on summation by parts is employed to investigate the partial sum of Dougall’s bilateral

2

H
2

_2H_2

-series. Several unusual transformations into fast convergent series are established. They lead surprisingly to numerous infinite series expressions for

π
\pi

, including several formulae discovered by Ramanujan (1914) and recently by Guillera (2008).
Methods for Characterization of Residual Starch in Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS)
Authors: Srichuwong Sathaporn , Jane Jay‐lin 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to establish methods for determining the content and components of residual starch in distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS), a coproduct from dry‐grind corn ethanol production. Four DDGS prepared in our laboratory and one DDGS obtained from a commercial ethanol manufacturer were used for the study. Quantitative analysis of total residual sugar (TRS) in DDGS was performed by determining d‐glucose produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of oligosaccharides and residual starch remaining in hexane‐defatted DDGS after being dispersed in 90% DMSO. The TRS consisted of free glucose, oligosaccharides, and residual starch. The commercial manufacturer's DDGS contained more TRS (15.8%, w/w db) than the laboratory‐processed DDGS (2.4–2.9%, w/w db). The content of residual starch remaining in the commercial DDGS (5.5% w/w db) was also larger than the laboratory‐processed DDGS (1.9–2.5% w/w db). Analyses of molecular weight distribution showed that the residual starch in DDGS consisted of short‐chain amylose and amylopectin, respectively, as the major and minor components. The short‐chain amylose molecules constituted 86.5–94.1% of the residual starch. The major population of the short‐chain amyloses had an average degree of polymerization (DP) of 85, closely resembling the length of enzyme‐resistant fragments of amylose‐lipid complexes.
Clinical Assessment of the Ultrasonographic Measurement of Antral Area for Estimating Preoperative Gastric Content and Volume
Authors: Bouvet Lionel , Mazoit Jean-Xavier , Chassard Dominique , Allaouchiche Bernard , Boselli Emmanuel , Benhamou Dan 
Published: March 2011

Background
This prospective observational study aimed to assess the feasibility and performance of the ultrasonographic measurement of antral cross-sectional area (CSA) for the preoperative assessment of gastric contents and volume in adult patients and for the diagnosis of risk stomach (defined by the presence of solid particles and/or gastric fluid volume >0.8 ml/kg).

Methods
A preoperative ultrasonographic measurement of the antral CSA was performed for each patient by a physician (L.B.) blinded to the history of the patient. Immediately after tracheal intubation, an 18-French multiorifice Salem tube was inserted and gastric contents were aspirated in five different patient positions; during this time, the patient's epigastrium was massaged and the tube was moved backward and forward in the stomach. The relationship between the antral area and the volume of aspirated gastric contents was analyzed, as was the performance of ultrasonographic measurement of antral area for the diagnosis of risk stomach.

Results
The measurement of antral CSA was performed on 180 of 183 patients. A significant positive relationship between antral CSA and aspirated fluid volume was found. The cutoff value of antral CSA of 340 mm(2) for the diagnosis of risk stomach was associated with a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 71%. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the diagnosis of risk stomach was 90%.

Conclusions
The ultrasonographic measurement of antral CSA could be an important help for the anesthesiologist in minimizing the risk of pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents due to general anesthesia.
Propofol Restores Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Receptor Subtype-1 Sensitivity via Activation of Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin Receptor Subtype-1 in Sensory Neurons
Authors: Zhang Hongyu , Wickley Peter J. , Sinha Sayantani , Bratz Ian N. , Damron Derek S. 
Published: March 2011

Background
Cross talk between peripheral nociceptors belonging to the transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor subtype-1 (TRPV1) and ankyrin subtype-1 (TRPA1) family has been demonstrated recently. Moreover, the intravenous anesthetic propofol has directly activates TRPA1 receptors and indirectly restores sensitivity of TRPV1 receptors in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons. Our objective was to determine the extent to which TRPA1 activation is involved in mediating the propofol-induced restoration of TRPV1 sensitivity.

Methods
Mouse DRG neurons were isolated by enzymatic dissociation and grown for 24 h. F-11 cells were transfected with complementary DNA for both TRPV1 and TRPA1 or TRPV1 only. The intracellular Ca concentration was measured in individual cells via fluorescence microscopy. After TRPV1 desensitization with capsaicin (100 nM), cells were treated with propofol (1, 5, and 10 μM) alone or with propofol in the presence of the TRPA1 antagonist, HC-030031 (0.5 μM), or the TRPA1 agonist, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC; 100 μM); capsaicin was then reapplied.

Results
In DRG neurons that contain both TRPV1 and TRPA1, propofol and AITC restored TRPV1 sensitivity. However, in DRG neurons containing only TRPV1 receptors, exposure to propofol or AITC after desensitization did not restore capsaicin-induced TRPV1 sensitivity. Similarly, in F-11 cells transfected with both TRPV1 and TRPA1, propofol and AITC restored TRPV1 sensitivity. However, in F-11 cells transfected with TRPV1 only, neither propofol nor AITC was capable of restoring TRPV1 sensitivity.

Conclusions
These data demonstrate that propofol restores TRPV1 sensitivity in primary DRG neurons and in cultured F-11 cells transfected with both the TRPV1 and TRPA1 receptors via a TRPA1-dependent process. Propofol's effects on sensory neurons may be clinically important and may contribute to peripheral sensitization to nociceptive stimuli in traumatized tissue.