bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of nitrogen fertilizer applied to the seed crop on the subsequent growth of early potatoes
Authors: Gray D. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThree experiments involving three early maincrop cultivars explored the effect of nitrogen fertilizer (0–301 kg N/ha) applied to seed potato crops on seed performance and the growth of the subsequent early ware crop.The tuber N-content ranged from 1·1 g N/100 g dry matter (D.M.) to 1·6 g N/100 g D.M. for seed tubers obtained from crops grown at 0 and 201·301 kg N/ha. Seed of cv. Maris Peer from crops given 100 kg N/ha in 1969 produced ware yields 10% and 24% higher than those obtained from seed from crops given 0 and 201 kg N/ha. No effects of fertilizer applied to the seed crop on subsequent growth were observed in the other two experiments.It is suggested that the effects of nitrogen fertilizer applied to the seed crop on subsequent growth other than that related to seed tuber size only arise as a result of effects on the maturity of the seed crop. Thus any observed effect is attributed to differences in the ‘physiological age’ of seed rather than to differences in seed tuber N-reserves.
The reproductive performance of two British breeds of sheep in contrasting photoperiodic environments
Authors: Williams H. Ll. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe reproductive performance of breeding and cyclic Welsh Mountain (WM) and Border Leicester (BL) ewes was compared in two contrasting photoperiodic environments during January 1971–April 1972. Treatment 1 consisted of natural daylength changes at latitude 51° 43’ N. There was no difference between the two breeds in onset of the breeding season, percentage exhibiting oestrus or percentage lambing. The breeding season of BL ewes terminated earlier (mean date, 31 January) than that of WM ewes (mean date, 9 March). The WM ewes had 8–12 oestrous periods and the BL ewes 7–11 oestrous periods. In treatment 2 a simulated equatorial photoperiod (13 h light: 11 h dark) was applied from January 1971 but was inadvertently interrupted by a short period of continuous light in June 1971. All WM ewes exhibited oestrus compared with 37·5% of BL ewes. The failure to show oestrus in the majority of BL ewes contributed to the marked difference between breeds in the percentage of ewes lambing: 88·9% in WM compared with 11·1% in BL ewes. In the cyclic subgroup, the WM ewes had 3–10 oestrous periods and the BL ewes, 2–7 oestrous periods.It is concluded that the breeds showed a differential response to the two treatments and that Treatment 2 had a marked adverse effect on the reproductive potential of the Border Leicester ewes.
Contribution of legumes to the fertilizer nitrogen economy in a maize-based cropping system
Authors: Singh R. K. , De R. , Lal R. B. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA field experiment conducted for two cropping seasons (1976–7 and 1977–8) showed that a fodder crop of Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) increased the grain yield of a subsequently grown maize crop. Lathyrus (Lathyrus sativus) and peas (Pisum sativum) were less effective in this regard.
Evaluation of the potency of the biological compound Dipel against the spiny bollworm Earias insulana (Boisd.)
Authors: Mesbah H. A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYLaboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the pathogenic effect of Dipel Bacillus thuringiensis separately, and in combination with sugar on the fourth instar larvae of spiny bollworm using both a dipping and a residue film method of application. In addition the histopathological changes in the treated mid-gut larvae are described.
Dietary phosphorus depletion in sheep: effects on plasma inorganic phosphorus, calcium, l,25-(OH)2-Vit.D3and alkaline phosphatase and on gastrointestinal P and Ga balances
Authors: Breves G. , Ross R. , Höller H. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYExperiments were carried out to study the effects of dietary P depletion on plasma concentrations of inorganic P (P1), calcium, 1,25-(OH)2-Vit.D3and alkaline phosphatase, and to investigate the effects of P depletion, in comparison with P repletion, on intestinal flow and net disappearance of Ca and P in sheep. The animals were adapted to an experimental diet of pellets and chopped straw providing between 0·91 and 1·04 g P/day for depletion. They were repleted by single infusions of phosphate into the duodenum raising total P supply to about 4·1 g/day. During P depletion plasma P1, concentrations decreased significantly whereas those of Ca increased. The development of hypercalcaemia is discussed with respect to intestinal absorption and bone accretion and resorption. Plasma 1,25-(OH)2-Vit.D3and alkaline phosphatase were not affected by P depletion.In P depletion the flow through the gastrointestinal tract of total P contained in the digesta and faecal P excretion were significantly reduced and the P balance was slightly negative. Calcium net absorption from the gut was also reduced. Daily flow of total P and P1, contained in the particle-free intestinal fluid was markedly lower in P depletion as compared with P repletion. The percentage of net disappearance from the small intestines of total P and P1, in the particle-free fluid was 57 and 70 % in the depleted state and 79 and 93% in the repleted state.
The effect of previous cropping and manuring on the yield of potatoes
Authors: Hanley F. , Ridgman W. J. , Jarvis R. H. 
Published: March 2009

1. An experiment conducted on a light gravelly soil at Cambridge which compared the effects of different sequences of cropping, some of which contained leys of various types and duration, different levels of nitrogenous manuring, and the application of farm-yard manure on the yield of potatoes, is described and the results discussed.2. Under the circumstances of the experiment, in which phosphate and potash were maintained at a high level on all plots, sequence of cropping had little effect on the yield of potatoes when 4 cwt./acre of ‘Nitro-Chalk’ was applied to the potatoes, but in the absence of applied nitrogen leys containing lucerne led to higher yields than other sequences.
Side-placing urea and other nitrogen fertilizers for spring barley
Authors: Widdowson F. V. , Penny A. , Williams R. J. B. 
Published: March 2009

1. Laboratory experiments compared alternative ways of placing urea for wheat. Urea greatly increased the pH in the seed-row; placed in contact with seeds, it killed many plants, but did not when placed 1 in. to the side of the seed.2. A combine-drill was modified so that, by simple adjustments, fertilizers could be placed in contact with the seed, or at 1 in. to the side of the seed, or broadcast over the seed-bed.3. Fifteen experiments with spring barley and one with spring wheat, made from 1960–62, compared yields from urea with yields from ammonium sulphate; calcium nitrate and sodium nitrate were tested in seven and in six experiments, respectively.
Levels of first winter feeding in relation to performance of Cheviot hill ewes
Authors: Gunn R. G 
Published: March 2009

1. Over 3 years, different levels of first winter nutrition created the following live-weight differences between groups of North and South Country Cheviot ewe hoggs at 12 months of age. High plane (H.P.) and mid-plane (M.P.) fed groups born 1956 were 34–35% and 11–13% heavier, respectively, than low plane (L.P.) fed groups, H.P. and M.P. fed groups born 1957 were 47–57% and 18–24% heavier, respectively, than hill-wintered groups. Away wintered groups born 1958 were 9–12% heavier than hill-wintered groups. All group differences were highly significant.2. From 12 months onwards all groups were run together on the same hill and received similar management. Live weight and live measurement response of the total treatment groups and of the heavy and light hoggs within the groups prior to treatment were studied over the summer after treatment from 12 to 18 months.
The influence of N and Mg fertilizers and CaCO3 on the absorption of Mg by oats
Authors: Alston A. M. 
Published: March 2009

The effects of applying CaCO3, MgSO4, 7H2O, (NH4)2SO4 and Ca(NO3)2 to the soil on the drymatter yield and Mg absorption of oats at the 4-5-leaf stage were studied in a factorial pot experiment with a Mg-deficient acid sandj soil.Yield of dry matter was increased by all treatments, particularly CaCO3.Applying CaCO3, MgSO4, 7H2O and Ca(NO3)3 generally increased % Mg and total Mg uptake of oats. Applying (NH4)2SO4, which reduced the % Mg in oats growing in the unlimed soil, generally increased % Mg where CaCO3 was also added. The rate of nitrification of NH4, which was slow in the acid soil, was greatly increased by applying CaCO3.
Respiration in cropped and fallow soil
Authors: Pritchard D. T. , Brown N. J. 
Published: March 2009

SummarySoil air was sampled daily at depths of 5, 10, 20 and 30 cm in fallow and cropped plots, which had either been rolled or cultivated. Carbon dioxide was measured by gas chromatography.Carbon dioxide concentrations were greater in the cropped than in the fallow plots. The rolled plots were wetter than the cultivated plots and carbon dioxide concentrations were also greater.In the fallow plots, carbon dioxide was correlated with soil temperature but variations in soil moisture content had little immediate effect.In the cropped plots, temperature effects were overshadowed by the response to irrigation which immediately increased the carbon dioxide concentration. These increases were attributed to enhanced root respiration, rather than to restricted diffusion or increased microbial activity.
Nitrogen utilization of growing-finishing Barbados Blackbelly lambs
Authors: Osuji P. O. , Devers C. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryTwelve 6–8 months old male Barbados Blackbelly lambs were used in a 4 × 4 latin square experiment with three replicates to study the utilization of diets made from local by-products and containing 64, 93, 125 or 143 g crude protein/kgD. M.Both dry-matter (mean 750·1 g/day) and digestible-energy (mean 6·2 MJ DE/day) intakes, and their digestibility coefficients increased, though not significantly, with increasing dietary protein concentration. However, nitrogen digestibility, urinary-nitrogen output and nitrogen retention all increased significantly (P< 0·01) with increasing dietary protein concentration.Metabolic faecal nitrogen and endogenous urinary nitrogen derived from the intercept of significant regressions of nitrogen intake against urine and faecal nitrogen outputs were 5·07 g/kg dry matter eaten and 3·46 g/day (0·35 kg W0·75) respectively. The diets had a mean biological value of 73·6%. The digestible crude protein requirements for maintenance were (g/day) 29·0, 38·4 and 26·6 when estimated from nitrogen retention, factorially and from live-weight performance respectively.
Lactation pattern in Scottish Blackface and East Friesland × Scottish Blackface cross-bred ewes
Authors: Peart J. N. , Doney J. M. , Smith W. F. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryMilk yield of 2-year-old Scottish Blackface and of East Friesland × Scottish Blackface ewes rearing single or twin lambs was estimated by the oxytocin method on 1 day each week up to the 14th week of lactation. Both groups of ewes had been reared from birth under good nutritional conditions. They were housed in individual pens from mid-pregnancy and offered a liberal ration of a pelleted concentrate food until parturition. Similar food was offered ad libitum during lactation.The cross-bred ewes rearing singles or twins produced significantly more milk in the first 12 weeks (181 and 258 kg respectively) than did pure Blackface ewes in the same period (144 and 208 kg respectively). The pattern of lactation differed between breeds. Cross-bred ewes attained higher maximum yields between the second and sixth weeks (2·37 and 3·32 kg/day, respectively, for single- and twin-suckled ewes) than did the Blackface ewes (1·97 and 2·88 kg/day). The yield from the cross-breds was sustained at a higher level throughout lactation. In the third 4-week period cross-bred ewes rearing single and twin lambs produced 116 and 92%, respectively, of their yield in the first 4 weeks whilst Blackface ewes produced 87 and 65%, respectively.In the sixth week of lactation the milk produced by the two breed groups was similar in quality (mean value of solids-not-fat 11·04% and fat 5·48%) but by the 11th week the fat percentage of milk produced by Blackface ewes had increased significantly to 7·34% whereas that of the cross-breds had remained almost unchanged.Single-suckled ewes gained weight throughout lactation but twin-suckled ewes remained relatively constant. Lambs reared as singles by cross-bred or Blackface ewes reached a mean live weight of 36·2 and 35·0 kg at 102 days of age, respectively, compared with 33·6 and 30·1 kg for twin lambs. Food intake of all ewes increased until the fifth or sixth week of lactation.
The effect of sodium hydroxide and urea on some storage properties of moist grain
Authors: Ørskov E. R. , Stewart C. S. , Greenhalgh J. F. D. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryStorage of high moisture grain treated with NaOH in various concentrations and with and without urea showed that while untreated moist grain (17–26% moisture) deteriorated during storage, grain treated with urea and with various concentrations of NaOH had few bacteria and fungal propagules, and was considered safe for feeding. When the grain was treated with NaOH at 35 g/kg air dry weight, there were less than 102·6bacteria and fungal propagules/g. Similar results were obtained when grain was stored in large batches in an open shed, although at 20 g NaOH/kg grain there was some deterioration after 6 months.Mouldy grain treated with NaOH showed an immediate decrease in both fungal propagules and bacteria from about 108to 104/g.The possibility of using urea to preserve grain was examined in a 5 months storage trial with urea concentrations varying from 0 to 20 g/kg. With 5 g urea/kg grain there was an immediate decrease in the numbers of bacteria and fungal propagules and the results suggest that 10 g/kg would be safe for storage.The mechanisms of the preservation effects of NaOH and urea are discussed.
Urea as a fertilizer. Ammonia evolution and brairding of wheat
Authors: Mees G. C. , Tomlinson T. E. 
Published: March 2009

1. Moderate percentages of urea are widely and successfully used in compound fertilizers but the use of large proportions may be accompanied by two disadvantages:(a) the loss of nitrogen as ammonia from surface applications,(b) the occurrence of toxic effects when urea and seeds are drilled together in soil. This paper shows that both these effects are consequences of the rapid hydrolysis of urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide.2. The effect on brairding of the presence of urea and of ammonium sulphate drilled with wheat seeds, and the loss of ammonia from top-dressings of the compounds on bare soils have been studied on a range of soils. Phytotoxicity was most pronounced in those conditions in which ammonia evolution was greatest. Thus, in a sandy soil, from which about 75% of the nitrogen of a top-dressing of urea was evolved as ammonia in our conditions, more than 15 lb. nitrogen as urea per acre reduced the braird of wheat seeds; while in a clay soil, from which only 10% of a top-dressing was lost as ammonia, up to 60 lb. nitrogen as urea per acre could be added before braird was reduced. Intermediate results were obtained with three more soils and ammonia evolution and brairding were always closely parallel.
The digestion of frozen and dried grass by sheep
Authors: Beever D. E. , Thomson D. J. , Cammell S. B. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryS. 24 perennial ryegrass, containing 2·9 g nitrogen/100 g D.M.>, was conserved by freezing (to represent the fresh material) or by drying. Three dehydration treatments were imposed, comprising low temperature (inlet temperature 145 °C) high temperature (inlet temperature 900 °C) or oven drying (100 °C for 18 h) and in addition part of the high temperature dried grass was treated with formalin (1 g/100 g crude protein) prior to feeding.The digestion of the energy and nitrogen components of all diets was investigated using sheep fitted with re-entrant cannulae at the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum.Dehydration and formalin of the grass reduced nitrogen solubility and apparent energy and nitrogen (P < 0·001) digestibilities but led to increased quantities of nitrogen entering the small intestine (P < 0·01) compared with the frozen diet. A significant relationship describing nitrogen transformations was established: Y = 165–1·13X (r = –0·98, P < 0·001), where Y is g nitrogen entering the small intestine per 100 g N consumed and X is dietary nitrogen solubility. All dried diets showed increased losses of nitrogen within the small intestine compared with the frozen diet, the largest values being observed on the oven-dried and formalin-treated diets.Neither total VFA production within the rumen nor overall cellulose digestibility was influenced by dehydration, but on the formalin-treated diet there was a marked shift of cellulose digestion from the rumen to the caecum and colon compared with the other diets, associated presumably with the large reduction in protein solubility on this diet.Dehydration improved the efficiency of conversion of ruminally digested energy to VFA energy within the rumen, and in relation to the nature of the total absorbed nutrients a significant relationship was established:Y = 30·97–0·22X (r = –0·98; P < 0·001),where Y is g digestible crude protein lost in the total intestines per 100 g digestible organic matter intake and X is dietary nitrogen solubility.
Heterosis, inbreeding depression and combining abilities in a five-parent diallel of six-row barley
Authors: Nasr H. G. , Khayrallah W. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe F1 and F2 generations of a diallel cross of six-row barley involving the parents, Beecher, Athenais, Atlas 46, 3130-4564-3, and 3130-864-4 were studied and heterosis, inbreeding depression, and combining abilities were measured for grain yield, number of tillers per plant, number of kernels per plant, kernel weight, and plant height. Significant heterosis was detected for grain yield in two of the ten crosses, for number of tillers per plant in one cross, for number of kernels per plant in two crosses, for plant height in three crosses, and for kernel weight in none of the crosses. The inbreeding depression of the F2 generation was present in most cases but significantly so in a few. Atlas 46 x 3130-4564-3 exhibited inbreeding depression for grain yield, number of kernels per plant, and plant height.The general combining ability (GCA) mean squares of both generations were significant for all characters studied except number of kernels per plant in the F1 generation. The specific combining ability (SCA) mean squares were significant for only plant height in the F1 generation and all characters studied except number of tillers per plant in the F2 generation.The GCA effects indicated that Beecher and Athenais are good general combiners for grain yield and its components. The latter parent produced good yielding hybrids with slightly shorter plants than the remaining hybrids.The SCA effects revealed that Athenais × 3130-4564-3, Athenais × 3130-864-4, and Beecher × Atlas 46 seem good specific combinations for high grain yield. Also, the former two crosses tend to produce shorter plants.
Effect of prostaglandin analogue Cloprostenol on oestrus, ovulation and embryonic viability in sheep
Authors: Trounson A. O. , Willadsen S. M. , Moor R. M. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe effect of a single injection of 100 μg prostaglandin analogue Cloprostenol, during the luteal phase of the oestrous cycle was examined for synchronization of oestrus, time of ovulation and embryonic viability in ewes.Following injection of Cloprostenol alone, 84% of ewes were detected in oestrus 29–48 h later. Pretreatment with PMSG increased the proportion of ewes in oestrus within 36 h. In these ewes 38% had begun ovulating 30 h after the onset of oestrus and by 36 h 87% had begun ovulating. Normal embryos of 8-cells to blastocysts were obtained from ewes given PMSG and Cloprostenol, and on transfer to recipient ewes, treated with Cloprostenol, all recipient ewes produced lambs.It is concluded that injection of 100 μg Cloprostenol is an efficient method of synchronizing oestrus in ewes and that normal embryonic development would be expected in mated ewes following this treatment.
Urinary allantoin excretion and digestible dry-matter intake in cattle and buffalo
Authors: Vercoe J. E. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryA linear relationship between the amount of allantoin excreted in the urine of cattle and the digestible dry-matter intake, has been found for cattle fed different roughage diets. The relation was also linear for buffalo although they excreted less urinary allantoin than cattle at the same level of digestible dry matter intake. It is postulated that the relationship arises because of the contribution that degraded microbial nucleic acids make to the excreted allantoin in the urine of cattle.
Weed control of irrigated peanuts in an arid zone
Authors: Amir J. , Lifshitz N. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryWeed control in irrigated peanuts was evaluated under arid conditions over an 8-year period. Weed competition during the first 8 weeks of the growing season, affected the yield in three out of eight experiments. Mechanical cultivation and herbicides alone or in combination did not control the weed population completely. The best weed control was accomplished by the combination of two herbicides, a system which allowed a complementary effect and long-term control of annual weeds.
Effects of sowing date on the growth, yield and quality of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.) in southern Nigeria
Authors: Iremiren G. O. , Okiy D. A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYTwo varieties of okra were sown at approximately 14-day intervals from 1 April to 1 June for 2 years during the main rainy season in Nigeria. Low soil temperature and moisture, which resulted from a combined effect of high solar radiation, high atmospheric temperature and low rainfall, led to poor seedling emergence at the early sowing dates.The growth of the fewer plants of the early sowing dates were more vigorous than those of later sowing dates and they attained 50% flowering earlier and had a longer harvest duration. This resulted in increases in number of pods per plant, pod length, pod diameter, pod volume, pod weight and pod yield per ha, indicating compensatory growth by the fewer plants in the early plantings. The relatively lower values obtained for these variables with the late sowing dates were also attributed to possible poor soil aeration arising from the increased rainfall during their growth period.Sowing dates did not generally affect the percentage moisture, oil and protein in the pods. The effects of varieties on the variables measured were more uniform than those of sowing dates and mostly not significant.
The use of double haploids for detecting linkage and pleiotropy between quantitatively varying characters in spring barley
Authors: Caligari P. D. S. , Powell W. , Jinks J. L. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe relationships between pairs of characters are investigated using F1 and F2 derived doubled haploids as well as single seed descent lines from spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) crosses. It is shown that linkage disequilibrium and pleiotropy are factors affecting the relationship between characters in barley. In fact, the linkages found are in general in the coupling phase and pleiotropy is usually positive. The consequences of such relations for plant breeding are discussed.