bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Periodic nodal surfaces and exponential scale
Authors: Predel Matthias , Grin Yuri 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Both, Periodic Nodal Surfaces (PNS) and exponential scale surfaces (ES), are suitable tools to investigate and describe the organisation of crystal structures. Therefore the mathematical relationship between ES and PNS is investigated. It is shown that the function cos (x) within the range 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π can be developed into a series in terms of orthogonal functions Φ

n
(x) = Σ
k = 1
n
c

n

k exp (cos ((k–1)x)). An orthonormal set of functions Φ

n
(x) has been evaluated using Gram-Schmidt orthonormalization. Series representation of cos (x) and sin (x) in terms of exp (sin ((k–1)x)) is impossible.
Crystal and molecular structures of two triphenyllead xanthates, Ph3Pb(S2COR), R = Me and i-Pr, featuring weak intramolecular Pb … O interactions
Authors: Câmpian Marius , Haiduc Ionel , Lönnecke Peter , Tiekink Edward R. T. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The crystal structure of Ph3Pb(S2COMe) (1) features a tetrahedrally coordinated lead centre existing within a distorted tetrahedral geometry defined by three ipso-carbon atoms and a sulphur atom derived from a monodentate xanthate ligand. The xanthate ligand is orientated to place the oxygen atom in close proximity to the lead atom rather than the formally thione-sulphur atom. The structure of Ph3Pb(S2CO-i-Pr) (2) comprises three independent molecules that differ from each other only in the relative orientations of the lead-bound phenyl groups, the distorted tetrahedral coordination geometries and orientation of the xanthate ligand resembles that observed in (1). Globally, the crystal structures are similar in that they both comprise supramolecular layers of molecules self-assembled through C—H … π(aryl) contacts. Crystal data for (1): monoclinic, Cc, a = 17.614(4), b = 8.4270(18), c = 15.392(4) Å, β = 120.351(3)°, V = 1971.5(8) Å3, Z = 4, R = 0.028. Crystal data for (2): triclinic, P-1, a = 10.0922(11), b = 12.1182(12), c = 26.815(3) Å, α = 91.741(9), β = 96.406(9), γ = 96.768(9)°, V = 3233.1(6) Å3, Z = 6, R = 0.037.
New rod packings, polyhedra, and virus structures
Authors: Andersson Sten 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Simple rod packings of new kinds are used to circumscribe the Platonic and the Archimedean polyhedra. The geometry is chiral and describes a spherical propeller and differences in the Echoviruses 7 and 12 structures. A cubic version of such a chiral virus is discussed for the early evolution.
Children whose diet contained olive oil had a lower likelihood of increasing their body mass index Z-score over 1 year
Authors: Haro-Mora J J , García-Escobar E , Porras N , Alcázar D , Gaztambide J , Ruíz-Órpez A , García-Serrano S , Rubio-Martín E , García-Fuentes E , López-Siguero J P , Soriguer F , Rojo-Martínez G 
Published: June 2011

ObjectiveChanges in eating habits may be influential in the ever-increasing rate of childhood obesity. Our aim was to determine whether those children who consume olive oil have a lower risk of weight gain compared with children who consume other oils.Design and methodsThe study included 18 girls and 74 boys, all aged 13–166 months. A survey was completed for each subject about eating habits and physical activity. A sample of subcutaneous adipose tissue was also obtained for cellular study. Data were recorded on the mean size of the adipocytes, the number of preadipocytes, and the concentration of particular fatty acids. The weight and height of the children were measured 13 months later.ResultsThe likelihood that after 1 year the children would have increased their body mass index (BMI)Z-score above the initial score was less in the children who consumed only olive oil (odds ratio (OR)=0.22; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.08–0.63;P=0.005). These results remained after adjusting for age, physical activity and BMI (OR=0.19; 95% CI: 0.06–0.61;P=0.005) and after adjusting for age, physical activity and adipocyte volume (OR=0.15; 95% CI: 0.04–0.52;P=0.003).ConclusionsDiets with mono unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)-rich olive oil could reduce the risk of obesity in childhood.
Uncoupling of Proliferation and Cytokines From Suppression Within the CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T–Cell Compartment in the 1st Year of Human Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Hughson Angela , Bromberg Irina , Johnson Barbara , Quataert Sally , Jospe Nicholas , Fowell Deborah J. 
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE
The mechanistic basis for the breakdown of T-cell tolerance in type 1 diabetes is unclear and could result from a gain of effector function and/or loss of regulatory function. In humans, the CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T–cell compartment contains both effector and regulatory T cells, and it is not known how their relative proportions vary in disease states.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We performed a longitudinal study of CD4+CD25+ T–cell function in children with type 1 diabetes at onset and throughout the 1st year of disease. Function was assessed using single-cell assays of proliferation, cytokine production, and suppression. Type 1 diabetic individuals were compared with age-matched control subjects, and suppression was directly assessed by coculture with control T–cell targets.

RESULTS
We identify novel functional changes within the type 1 diabetes CD4+CD25+ compartment. Type 1 diabetic CD4+CD25+ cells exhibited a striking increase in proliferative capacity in coculture with CD4 T cells that was present at onset and stable 9–12 months from diagnosis. Elevated type 1 diabetes CD4+CD25+ cell proliferation correlated with increased inflammatory cytokines interleukin 17 and tumor necrosis factor-α but not γ-interferon. Type 1 diabetes CD4+CD25+ cytokine production occurred coincident with suppression of the same cytokines in the control targets. Indeed, enhanced proliferation/cytokines by CD4+CD25+ cells was uncoupled from their suppressive ability. Longitudinally, we observed a transient defect in type 1 diabetes CD4+CD25+ suppression that unexpectedly correlated with measures of improved metabolic function.

CONCLUSIONS
Type 1 diabetes onset, and its subsequent remission period, is associated with two independent functional changes within the CD4+CD25+ T–cell compartment: a stable increase in effector function and a transient decrease in regulatory T–cell suppression.
Prevalence of Diabetes in New York City, 2002–2008
Authors: Gupta Leena S. , Wu Charles C. , Young Stephanie , Perlman Sharon E. 
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE
To describe diabetes prevalence in New York City by race/ethnicity and nativity.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Data were from the New York City 2002–2008 Community Health Surveys. Respondents were categorized on the basis of self-reported race/ethnicity and birth country: foreign-born South Asian (Indian subcontinent), foreign-born other Asian, U.S.-born non-Hispanic black, U.S.-born non-Hispanic white, and U.S.-born Hispanic. Diabetes status was defined by self-reported provider diagnosis. Multivariable models examined diabetes prevalence by race/ethnicity and birth country.

RESULTS
Prevalence among foreign-born South Asians was nearly twice that of foreign-born other Asians (13.6 vs. 7.4%, P = 0.001). In multivariable analyses, normal-BMI foreign-born South Asians had nearly five times the diabetes prevalence of comparable U.S.-born non-Hispanic whites (14.1 vs. 2.9%, P &lt; 0.001) and 2.5 times higher prevalence than foreign-born other Asians (P &lt; 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
Evaluating Asians as one group masks the higher diabetes burden among South Asians. Researchers and clinicians should be aware of differences in this population.
Nuts as a Replacement for Carbohydrates in the Diabetic Diet
Authors: Jenkins David J.A. , Kendall Cyril W.C. , Banach Monica S. , Srichaikul Korbua , Vidgen Edward , Mitchell Sandy , Parker Tina , Nishi Stephanie , Bashyam Balachandran , de Souza Russell , Ireland Christopher , Josse Robert G. 
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE
Fat intake, especially monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), has been liberalized in diabetic diets to preserve HDL cholesterol and improve glycemic control, yet the exact sources have not been clearly defined. Therefore, we assessed the effect of mixed nut consumption as a source of vegetable fat on serum lipids and HbA1c in type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 117 type 2 diabetic subjects were randomized to one of three treatments for 3 months. Supplements were provided at 475 kcal per 2,000-kcal diet as mixed nuts (75 g/day), muffins, or half portions of both. The primary outcome was change in HbA1c.

RESULTS
The relative increase in MUFAs was 8.7% energy on the full-nut dose compared with muffins. Using an intention-to-treat analysis (n = 117), full-nut dose (mean intake 73 g/day) reduced HbA1c (−0.21% absolute HbA1c units, 95% CI −0.30 to −0.11, P &lt; 0.001) with no change after half-nut dose or muffin. Full-nut dose was significantly different from half-nut dose (P = 0.004) and muffin (P = 0.001), but no difference was seen between half-nut dose and muffins. LDL cholesterol also decreased significantly after full-nut dose compared with muffin. The LDL cholesterol reduction after half-nut dose was intermediate and not significantly different from the other treatments. Apolipoprotein (apo) B and the apoB:apoA1 ratio behaved similarly. Nut intake related negatively to changes in HbA1c (r = −0.20, P = 0.033) and LDL cholesterol (r = −0.24, P = 0.011).

CONCLUSIONS
Two ounces of nuts daily as a replacement for carbohydrate foods improved both glycemic control and serum lipids in type 2 diabetes.
A new case of rare proximal 3q13 interstitial deletion
Authors: Lovrecic Luca , Rudolf Gorazd , Veble Alenka , Peterlin Borut 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
We present the case of a 20-year-old man referred to the clinical geneticist because of mental retardation and dysmorphic features because of concerns about hereditability when his older, healthy brother was expecting a child. Deletion of proximal 3q arm was found with standard G-banding, and array comparative genomic hybridisation (array-CGH) was used to further locate the breakpoints. A unique interstitial deletion del 3q13.11q13.33 was confirmed. The first clinical symptoms in the 20-year-old were described at the age of 4 months when the pediatrician reported muscle hypertonia of the lower limbs, which later evolved into hypotonia. Later clinical observations revealed that the patient’s psychomotor development was delayed: he exhibited craniofacial abnormalities, cryptorchidism, thoracic kyphosis, and tapering fingers. Interstitial deletions of the proximal long arm of chromosome 3 have rarely been reported:; there are only 12 previously reported cases. The breakpoints and sizes of described deletions vary greatly, which makes definite genotype-phenotype conclusions impossible at this time. Developmental delay is one of the common features described in the majority of reported cases. The BTB-zinc finger gene ZBTB20 might be a potential candidate gene: it was shown in the mouse hippocampus to be expressed during the important period of neurogenesis of pyramidal neurons. Also, four of patients reported to date had agenesis of the corpus callosum and one, holoprosencephaly. We suggest that the GAP43 gene is involved in the development of structural neurological abnormalities in patients with 3q deletion.
Withdrawal related adverse effects of antipsychotic medication in a patient with first-episode schizophrenia
Authors: Barteček Richard , Kašpárek Tomáš , Češková Eva 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Withdrawal-emergent adverse effects of antipsychotics are an infrequently identified condition which can appear during antipsychotic dose reduction and medication change. In this paper, we present the case of severe extrapyramidal symptoms after a dose reduction of risperidone is presented. A patient, 23 years of age, was admitted to a health care facility due to an unexpected change in his behavior, with paranoid delusions, incoherent thinking, and significant anxiety. An initial risperidone treatment was soon changed to zuclopenhixol. Subsequently, severe extrapyramidal symptoms appeared, after which the medication was switched back to resperidone. Following this treatment, the patient left the health care facility and stopped the medication of his own volition. Psychotic symptoms and massive extrapyramidal symptoms again occurred. These symptoms subsided only slowly during a subsequent treatment with olanzapine.
The development of adverse neurological effects together with a worsening of productive psychotic symptomatology may be explained by withdrawal of antipsychotic medication. These symptoms are often attributed to new medications, which are prematurely discontinued after the appearance of an adverse effect, but which are potentially beneficial to a patient, provided that enough time for a spontaneous subsidence of withdrawal-emergent effects is given. Any change in antipsychotic treatment should be carefully considered and thoroughly planned.
Crustal Deformation due to Atmospheric Pressure Loading in New Zealand
Authors: Gladkikh Vladislav , Tenzer Robert , Denys Paul 
Published: June 2011

Crustal Deformation due to Atmospheric Pressure Loading in New ZealandWe investigate atmospheric pressure loading displacements in New Zealand using global and regional air-pressure data collected over a period of 50 years (1960-2009). The elastic response of the Earth to atmospheric loading is calculated by adopting mass loading Love numbers based on the parameters of the Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM). The ocean response to atmospheric loading is computed utilising a modified inverted barometer theory. The results reveal that the atmospheric loading vertical displacements are typically smallest along coastal regions, while gradually increasing inland with the maximum peak-to-peak displacement of 13.1 mm for this study period. In contrast, the largest horizontal displacements are found along coastal regions, where the maximum peak-to-peak displacement reaches 2.7 mm. The vertical displacements have a high spatial correlation, whereas the spatial correlation of the horizontal displacement components is much smaller. A spectral decomposition of the atmospheric loading time series shows that the signal is a broad band with most energy between 1 week and annual periods, and with a couple of peaks corresponding to approximately annual forcing and its overtones. The largest amplitudes in the atmospheric loading time series have an annual and semi-annual period.
Factors Associated with Length of Stay and the Risk of Readmission in an Acute Psychiatric Inpatient Facility: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Zhang Jianyi , Harvey Carol , Andrew Carol 
Published: June 2011

Objective: This study was to investigate factors influencing the length of stay and predictors for the risk of readmission at an acute psychiatric inpatient unit. Method: Two comparative studies were embedded in a retrospective cross-sectional clinical file audit. A randomly selected 226 episodes of admissions including 178 patients during a twelve-month period were reviewed. A total of 286 variables were collected and analysed. A case control study was employed in the study of length of stay. A retrospective cohort study was used to investigate the predictors for the risk of readmission. Results: Logistic regression analyses showed that 10 variables were associated with length of stay. Seclusion during the index admission, accommodation problems and living in an area lacking community services predicted longer stay. During the follow-up period 82 patients (46%) were readmitted. Cox regression analyses showed 9 variables were related to the risk of readmission. Six of these variables increased the risk of readmission, including history of previous frequent admission, risk to others at the time of the index admission and alcohol intoxication. More active and assertive treatment in the community post-discharge decreased the risk of readmission. Conclusions: Length of stay is multifactorially determined. Behavioural manifestations of illness and lack of social support structures predicted prolonged length of stay. Good clinical practice did not necessarily translate to a shorter length of stay. Therefore, length of stay is predictable, but not readily modifiable within the clinical domain. Good clinical practice within the community following discharge likely reduces the risk of readmission. Quality of inpatient care does not influence the risk of readmission, which therefore raises a question about the validity of using the rate of readmission as an outcome measure of psychiatric inpatient care.
Impact of Mental Health First aid Training on Pharmacy Students' Knowledge, Attitudes and Self-Reported Behaviour: A Controlled Trial
Authors: O'Reilly Claire L. , Bell J. Simon , Kelly Patrick J. , Chen Timothy F. 
Published: June 2011

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of delivering Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) training for pharmacy students on their mental health literacy and stigma towards mental illness. Methods: A non-randomized controlled design was used, with all third year pharmacy students at the University of Sydney (n = 272) in 2009 invited to participate in one of two MHFA training courses, each of 12 hours duration. Of these, 174 students applied for MHFA training, of whom 60 were randomly selected and offered MHFA training. Outcome measures that were completed by all participants in the MHFA and non-MHFA groups before and after the MHFA training included an evaluation of mental health literacy, the 7-item social distance scale, and 16 items related to self-reported behaviour. Results: The survey instrument was completed by 258 participants at baseline (59 MHFA and 199 non-MHFA) and 223 participants at follow up (53 MHFA and 170 non-MHFA). The MHFA training improved the participants’ ability to correctly identify a mental illness (p = 0.004). There was a significant mean decrease in total social distance of 2.18 (SD 3.35) p <0.001 for the MHFA group, indicating less stigmatizing attitudes. There were improvements in recognition of helpful interventions with participants’ views becoming more concordant with health professional views about treatments for depression (p = 0.009) and schizophrenia (p = 0.08), and participants were significantly more confident (p < 0.01) to provide pharmaceutical services to consumers with a mental illness following the training. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that MHFA training can reduce pharmacy students’ mental health stigma, improve recognition of mental disorders and improve confidence in providing services to consumers with a mental illness in the pharmacy setting.
Risk Assessment: Predicting Physical Aggression in Child Psychiatric Inpatient Units
Authors: Phillips Natalie Lynette , Stargatt Robyn , Fisher Leeanne 
Published: June 2011

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the predictive validity of unstructured clinical risk assessment and associated risk factors for aggression in predicting physical aggression in children admitted to an Australian psychiatric inpatient facility. Method: A retrospective review of patient records was conducted at the State Wide Child Inpatient Unit during late 2009 for the period September 2006-July 2009. Children between the ages of 8 and 13 were included in analyses. Information collected included admission risk assessment ratings, critical incident reports, patient diagnoses and history of aggression and trauma. Results: A total of 127 children (aged 8–13 years) were included in retrospective analyses. Higher aggression risk rankings were predictive of the frequency but not the severity of aggression. A diagnosis of a disruptive behaviour disorder and a history of being a victim of trauma were also predictive of engagement in aggression; however, were not as predictive as the risk assessment. A high risk assessment rating for aggression was better able to predict engagement in aggressive behaviour than a history of physical aggression alone. Conclusions: Based on professional expertise, prior experience and intuition, clinicians were able to successfully predict engagement in aggressive behaviour during patient admission to a child psychiatric inpatient units.
Effect of An Induction Period of Pegylated Interferon-α2A and Ribavirin on Early Virological Response in HIV–HCV-Coinfected Patients: Results from the Coral-2 Study
Authors:   the CORAL-2 study group, Tural Cristina , Solà Ricard , Àlvarez Núria Pérez , Moltó José , Sánchez Matilde , Zamora Ana Moreno , Ornelas Arelly , Laguno Montserrat , González Juan , von Wichmann Miguel Ángel , Téllez Maria Jesús , Paredes Roger , Clotet Bonaventura 
Published: June 2011

Background It is uncertain whether a 4-week induction period of pegylated interferon and ribavirin increases early virological response (EVR) in HIV-HCV-coinfected patients. Methods HIV and HCV genotype 1- and 4-coinfected subjects were randomized to receive pegylated interferon-α2a 270 μg/week plus ribavirin 1,600 mg daily and epoetin-β for 4 weeks, followed by pegylated interferon-α2a at standard dosages plus weight-based ribavirin (WBR) dosage for 8 weeks (induction arm [IA]), or pegylated interferon-α2a plus WBR for 12 weeks (standard therapy arm [SA]). HCV RNA was determined at weeks 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 and 12. Ribavirin plasma trough concentrations were determined at weeks 4 (RBV-C4) and 12 (RBV-C12). Results A total of 67 patients were included; 33 in the SA and 34 in the IA. Overall, 25% received nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)-sparing regimens. More patients achieved an HCV RNA decrease ≥1 log10 at week 4 in the IA than in the SA (62% versus 38%; P=0.017), but EVR rates were similar in the two groups (74% versus 59% in the IA and SA, respectively; P=0.15). Independent predictors of faster HCV RNA decrease at 12 weeks were higher RBV-C4 and younger age. RBV-C4 were higher in patients allocated in the IA and in those receiving NRTIs ( P=0.039). Conclusions A 4-week induction with pegylated interferon-α2a plus ribavirin was associated with a greater decrease in HCV RNA at week 4; however, this did not translate into higher EVR rates. Higher RBV doses and avoidance of NRTI-sparing antiretroviral regimens might improve HCV treatment efficacy.