bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Interpretation and Application of Whole Core Analysis Data on Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Jenkins R.E. , Aufricht W.R. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
In recent years, and particularly in the Rocky Mountain and West Texas areas, many commercially productive oil and gas reservoirs have been developed in low-permeability, often non-homogeneous, fractured and vuggy formations. In order to evaluate this non-homogeneous rock, whole core analysis techniques have been developed. The use of the whole core for analysis minimizes sampling errors and allows the inclusion of fractures and solution cavities in the test specimens.
Equipment and procedures used in whole core analysis methods are briefly discussed. Comparisons with conventional analysis methods are made to illustrate the type of formation where whole core analysis is desirable.
The major portion of this paper is devoted to examples of whole core analyses of reservoirs in the Rocky Mountain area and their interpretations. The interpretation of the data and its application are presented in terms of fluid contacts, probable production, and the estimation of oil-in-place and recoverable oil.

Introduction
During the last ten to fifteen years a large percentage of the oil and gas reservoirs discovered in the Rocky Mountain and West Texas areas have been in carbonate rocks. These carbonate formations are often characterized by erratic porosity and permeability development, and non-uniform lithology. In many cases, the porosity and permeability are due almost entirely to vugs and fractures.
The advent of diamond coring was of great benefit in the evaluation of carbonate reservoirs since it permitted faster penetration and much better recovery of dense, fractured formation. Another tool for the evaluation of these reservoirs which was developed to work hand-in-glove with the improved core recovery is whole core analysis.
Learning correction grammars
Authors: Carlucci Lorenzo , Case John , Jain Sanjay 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe investigate a new paradigm in the context of learning in the limit, namely, learningcorrection grammarsfor classes ofcomputably enumerable (c.e.)languages. Knowing a language may feature a representation of it in terms oftwogrammars. The second grammar is used to make corrections to the first grammar. Such a pair of grammars can be seen as a single description of (or grammar for) the language. We call such grammarscorrection grammars. Correction grammars capture the observable fact that peopledocorrect their linguistic utterances during their usual linguistic activities.We show that learning correction grammars for classes of c.e. languages in theTxtEx-mode(i.e., converging to a single correct correction grammar in the limit) is sometimes more powerful than learning ordinary grammars even in theTxtBc-model (where the learner is allowed to converge to infinitely many syntactically distinct but correct conjectures in the limit). For eachn≥ 0. there is a similar learning advantage, again in learning correction grammars for classes of c.e. languages, but where we compare learning correction grammars that maken+ 1 corrections to those that makencorrections.The concept of a correction grammar can be extended into the constructive transfinite, using the idea of counting-down from notations for transfinite constructive ordinals. This transfinite extension can also be conceptualized as being about learning Ershov-descriptions for c.e. languages. Forua notation in Kleene's general system (O, <o) of ordinal notations for constructive ordinals, we introduce the concept of anu-correction grammar, whereuis used to bound the number of corrections that the grammar is allowed to make. We prove a general hierarchy result: ifuandvare notations for constructive ordinals such thatu<ov. then there are classes of c.e. languages that can beTxtEx-learned by conjecturingv-correction grammars but not by conjecturingu-correction grammars.Surprisingly, we show that—above “ω-many” corrections—it is not possible to strengthen the hierarchy:TxtEx-learningu-correction grammars of classes of c.e. languages, whereuis a notation inOforanyordinal, can be simulated byTxtBc-learningw-correction grammars, wherewis any notation for the smallest infinite ordinalω.
Obesity Blunts Microvascular Recruitment in Human Forearm Muscle After a Mixed Meal
Authors: Keske Michelle A. , Clerk Lucy H. , Price Wendie J. , Jahn Linda A. , Barrett Eugene J. 
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE
Ingestion of a mixed meal recruits flow to muscle capillaries and increases total forearm blood flow in healthy young lean people. We examined whether these vascular responses are blunted by obesity.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We fed eight middle-aged lean and eight obese overnight-fasted volunteers a liquid mixed meal (480 kcal). Plasma glucose and insulin were measured every 30 min, and brachial artery flow and muscle microvascular recruitment (contrast ultrasound) were assessed every 60 min over 2 h after the meal.

RESULTS
By 30 min, plasma glucose rose in both the lean (5.1 ± 0.1 vs. 6.7 ± 0.4 mmol/l, P &lt; 0.05) and the obese groups (5.4 ± 0.2 vs. 6.7 ± 0.4 mmol/l, P &lt; 0.05). Plasma insulin rose (28 ± 4 vs. 241 ± 30 pmol/l, P &lt; 0.05) by 30 min in the lean group and remained elevated for 2 h. The obese group had higher fasting plasma insulin levels (65 ± 8 pmol/l, P &lt; 0.001) and a greater postmeal area under the insulin-time curve (P &lt; 0.05). Brachial artery flow was increased at 120 min after the meal in the lean group (38 ± 6 vs. 83 ± 16 ml/min, P &lt; 0.05) but not in the obese group. Muscle microvascular blood volume rose by 120 min in the lean group (14.4 ± 2.2 vs. 24.4 ± 4.2 units, P &lt; 0.05) but not in the obese group.

CONCLUSIONS
A mixed meal recruits muscle microvasculature in lean subjects, and this effect is blunted by obesity. This impaired vascular recruitment lessens the endothelial surface available and may thereby impair postprandial glucose disposal.
Effects of Acute Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia on Spatial Abilities in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Wright Rohana J. , Frier Brian M. , Deary Ian J. 
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE
To examine the effects of acute insulin-induced hypoglycemia on spatial cognitive abilities in adult humans with type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Sixteen adults with type 1 diabetes underwent two counterbalanced experimental sessions: euglycemia (blood glucose 4.5 mmol/l [81 mg/dl]) and hypoglycemia (2.5 mmol/l [45 mg/dl]). Arterialized blood glucose levels were maintained using a hyperinsulinemic glucose clamp technique. During each session, subjects underwent detailed assessment of spatial abilities from the Kit of Factor-Referenced Cognitive Tests and two tests of general cognitive function.

RESULTS
Spatial ability performance deteriorated significantly during hypoglycemia. Results for the Hidden Patterns, Card Rotations, Paper Folding, and Maze Tracing tests were all impaired significantly (P ≤ 0.001) during hypoglycemia, as were results for the Cube Comparisons Test (P = 0.03). The Map Memory Test was not significantly affected by hypoglycemia.

CONCLUSIONS
Hypoglycemia is a common side effect of insulin therapy in individuals with type 1 diabetes, and spatial abilities are of critical importance in day-to-day functioning. The deterioration in spatial abilities observed during modest experimental hypoglycemia provides novel information on the cerebral hazards of hypoglycemia that has potential relevance to everyday activities.
Five-Year Change in Visceral Adipose Tissue Quantity in a Minority Cohort: The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) Family Study
Authors: Hairston Kristen G. , Scherzinger Ann , Foy Capri , Hanley Anthony J. , McCorkle Orita , Haffner Steven , Norris Jill M. , Bryer-Ash Michael , Wagenknecht Lynne E. 
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE
To describe the 5-year change in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) areas.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Absolute change in VAT and SAT measured by abdominal computed tomography scans has been obtained at a 5-year interval from African Americans (n = 389) and Hispanic Americans (n = 844), aged 20–69 years, in 10-year age-groups.

RESULTS
Mean 5-year increases in VAT areas in women were 18, 7, 4, 0.4, and −3 cm2 for African Americans and 13, 7, 3, 1, and −15 cm2 for Hispanics, across the 5 age decades (trend not significant). Mean 5-year increases in SAT areas in women were 88, 46, 19, 17, and 14 cm2 for African Americans and 53, 20, 17, 12, and 1 cm2 for Hispanics, across the 5 age decades (P &lt; 0.05 for both). Similar trends have been observed in men.

CONCLUSIONS
Accumulation of abdominal fat is greatest in young adulthood. These data may be useful in identifying subgroups at risk of type 2 diabetes.
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Urinary Incontinence in Overweight and Obese Diabetic Women
Authors: Phelan Suzanne , Kanaya Alka M. , Subak Leslee L. , Hogan Patricia E. , Espeland Mark A. , Wing Rena R. , Burgio Kathryn L. , DiLillo Vicki , Gorin Amy A. , West Delia S. , Brown Jeanette S. 
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE
To determine the prevalence and risk factors for urinary incontinence among different racial/ethnic groups of overweight and obese women with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from the Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) study, a randomized clinical trial with 2,994 overweight/obese women with type 2 diabetes.

RESULTS
Weekly incontinence (27%) was reported more often than other diabetes-associated complications, including retinopathy (7.5%), microalbuminuria (2.2%), and neuropathy (1.5%). The prevalence of weekly incontinence was highest among non-Hispanic whites (32%) and lowest among African Americans (18%), and Asians (12%) (P &lt; 0.001). Asian and African American women had lower odds of weekly incontinence compared with non-Hispanic whites (75 and 55% lower, respectively; P &lt; 0.001). Women with a BMI of ≥35 kg/m2 had a higher odds of overall and stress incontinence (55–85% higher; P &lt; 0.03) compared with that for nonobese women. Risk factors for overall incontinence, as well as for stress and urgency incontinence, included prior hysterectomy (40–80% increased risk; P &lt; 0.01) and urinary tract infection in the prior year (55–90% increased risk; P &lt; 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
Among overweight and obese women with type 2 diabetes, urinary incontinence is highly prevalent and far exceeds the prevalence of other diabetes complications. Racial/ethnic differences in incontinence prevalence are similar to those in women without diabetes, affecting non-Hispanic whites more than Asians and African Americans. Increasing obesity (BMI ≥35 kg/m2) was the strongest modifiable risk factor for overall incontinence and stress incontinence in this diverse cohort.
Circulating Fibroblast Growth Factor-21 Is Elevated in Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Type 2 Diabetes and Correlates With Muscle and Hepatic Insulin Resistance
Authors: Chavez Alberto O. , Molina-Carrion Marjorie , Abdul-Ghani Muhammad A. , Folli Franco , DeFronzo Ralph A. , Tripathy Devjit 
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-21 is highly expressed in the liver and regulates hepatic glucose production and lipid metabolism in rodents. However, its role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes in humans remains to be defined. The aim of this study was to quantitate circulating plasma FGF-21 levels and examine their relationship with insulin sensitivity in subjects with varying degrees of obesity and glucose tolerance.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Forty-one subjects (8 lean with normal glucose tolerance [NGT], 9 obese with NGT, 12 with impaired fasting glucose [IFG]/impaired glucose tolerance [IGT], and 12 type 2 diabetic subjects) received an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (80 mU/m2 per min) combined with 3-[3H] glucose infusion.

RESULTS
Subjects with type 2 diabetes, subjects with IGT, and obese subjects with NGT were insulin resistant compared with lean subjects with NGT. Plasma FGF-21 levels progressively increased from 3.9 ± 0.3 ng/ml in lean subjects with NGT to 4.9 ± 0.2 in obese subjects with NGT to 5.2 ± 0.2 in subjects with IGT and to 5.3 ± 0.2 in type 2 diabetic subjects. FGF-21 levels correlated inversely with whole-body (primarily reflects muscle) insulin sensitivity (r = −0.421, P = 0.007) and directly with the hepatic insulin resistance index (r = 0.344, P = 0.034). FGF-21 levels also correlated with measures of glycemia (fasting plasma glucose [r = 0.312, P = 0.05], 2-h plasma glucose [r = 0.414, P = 0.01], and A1C [r = 0.325, P = 0.04]).

CONCLUSIONS
Plasma FGF-21 levels are increased in insulin-resistant states and correlate with hepatic and whole-body (muscle) insulin resistance. FGF-21 may play a role in pathogenesis of hepatic and whole-body insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes.
A critical appraisal of drainage in syringomyelia
Authors: Sgouros Spiros , Williams Bernard 
Published: June 2009

✓ The use of drains in the treatment of syringomyelia has a simple and immediate appeal and has been practiced widely since the report of Abbe and Coley over 100 years ago. Good short-term results have been claimed in the past, but long-term outcome is largely unknown. An experience in Birmingham, England is reviewed in which 73 patients who had had some form of syrinx drainage procedure performed were subsequently followed up. In these cases, a total of 56 syringopleural and 14 syringosubarachnoid shunts had been inserted. Ten years after the operations, only 53.5% and 50% of the patients, respectively, continued to remain clinically stable. A 15.7% complication rate was recorded, including fatal hemorrhage, infection, and displacement of the drain from the pleural and syrinx cavities. At second operation or necropsy, at least 5% of shunts were discovered to be blocked. The effect of other drainage procedures that do not use artificial tubing, such as syringotomy and terminal ventriculostomy, was analyzed but found not to offer any substantial benefit. These results indicate that drainage procedures are not an effective solution to remedying the progressive, destructive nature of syringomyelia. It is suggested that, rather than attempting to drain the syrinx cavity, disabling the filling mechanism of the syrinx is more appropriate. Most forms of syringomyelia have a blockage at the level of the foramen magnum or in the subarachnoid space of the spine. Surgical measures that aim to reconstruct the continuity of the subarachnoid space at the site of the block are strongly recommended. Lowering the overall pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid is advocated when reestablishment of the pathways proves impossible.
Syrinx drainage as an adjuvant to more physiological surgery may have a place in the treatment of syringomyelia. If two procedures are done at the same time, however, it is difficult to ascribe with certainty a success or failure, and it is suggested that the drainage procedure be reserved for a later attempt if the elective first operation fails.
Herniation of the spinal cord
Authors: Kumar Rakesh , Taha Jamal , Greiner Alson Lee 
Published: June 2009

✓ Herniation of the spinal cord, or displacement of the cord outside the dura, is so rare that only 13 cases have been reported in the literature. The authors report a new case of spontaneous herniation of the spinal cord in a 38-year-old man who presented with lower left limb paresis and Brown-Séquard syndrome, with a T-8 sensory level. Displacement of the spinal cord was noted on computerized tomography following myelography and on magnetic resonance imaging. The herniated cord was confirmed at operation and reduced intradurally. Postoperatively, the patient showed complete neurological recovery.
Based on a review of the literature, herniation of the spinal cord may be classified as spontaneous, iatrogenic, or traumatic. At cervical levels, the spinal cord has herniated into an iatrogenic pseudomeningocele located dorsally. At thoracic levels, spinal cord herniations were reported to be in a preexisting extradural arachnoid cyst located ventrally. The authors propose a pathogenesis for spinal cord herniation based on abnormal positioning of the spinal cord in the dural sleeve and the known anteroposterior movements of the cord that occur with cardiac and respiratory pulsations. The presence of a dural defect situated on the concavity of the spinal curvature is a prerequisite for this rare condition. As adhesions develop between the cord and the edges of the dural defect, cerebrospinal fluid pulsations push the cord into a preexisting cyst. The authors suggest modifying the classification by Nabors, et al., of spinal meningeal cysts to include this mechanism of spinal cord herniation. This diagnosis should also be considered in the differential diagnosis of myelopathy in the absence of a mass lesion.
Microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm
Authors: Barker Fred G. , Jannetta Peter J. , Bissonette David J. , Shields Philip T. , Larkins Mark V. , Jho Hae Dong 
Published: June 2009

✓ The authors report the results of 782 microvascular decompression procedures for hemifacial spasm in 703 patients (705 sides), with follow-up study from 1 to 20 years (mean 8 years). Of 648 patients who had not undergone prior intracranial procedures for hemifacial spasm, 65% were women; their mean age was 52 years, and the mean preoperative duration of symptoms was 7 years. The onset of symptoms was typical in 92% and atypical in 8%. An additional 57 patients who had undergone prior microvascular decompression elsewhere were analyzed as a separate group. Patients were followed prospectively with annual questionnaires.Kaplan-Meier methods showed that among patients without prior microvascular decompression elsewhere, 84% had excellent results and 7% had partial success 10 years postoperatively. Subgroup analyses (Cox proportional hazards model) showed that men had better results than women, and patients with typical onset of symptoms had better results than those with atypical onset. Nearly all failures occurred within 24 months of operation; 9% of patients underwent reoperation for recurrent symptoms. Second microvascular decompression procedures were less successful, whether the first procedure was performed at Presbyterian-University Hospital or elsewhere, unless the procedure was performed within 30 days after the first microvascular decompression. Patient age, side and preoperative duration of symptoms, history of Bell's palsy, preoperative presence of facial weakness or synkinesis, and implant material used had no influence on postoperative results.Complications after the first microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm included ipsilateral deaf ear in 2.6% and ipsilateral permanent, severe facial weakness in 0.9% of patients. Complications were more frequent in reoperated patients. In all, one operative death (0.1%) and two brainstem infarctions (0.3%) occurred. Microvascular decompression is a safe and definitive treatment for hemifacial spasm with proven long-term efficacy.
Insulin reduction of cerebral infarction due to transient focal ischemia
Authors: Hamilton Mark G. , Tranmer Bruce I. , Auer Roland N. 
Published: June 2009

✓ Insulin has recently been shown to ameliorate damage in models of global brain ischemia. To determine whether insulin is also neuroprotective in focal ischemia, 20 rats were given 2 to 3 IU/kg insulin and 10 did not receive treatment prior to normothermic transient middle cerebral artery occlusion for 2 hours at a blood pressure of 60 mm Hg. To further elucidate whether infarction volume is influenced by variations in blood glucose levels within the physiological range, blood glucose was raised in 10 of the insulin-treated animals to levels comparable with the untreated controls. At 1-week survival, damage was assessed using quantitative neuropathological examination of 25 coronal planes. It was found that preischemic insulin lowered the mean intraischemic blood glucose level from 8.4 ± 0.2 mM (µ ± standard error of the mean) in the control group to 3.4 ± 0.2 mM and reduced total damage (atrophy plus cortical and striatal necrosis), expressed as the percentage of the normal hemisphere, from a control of 28.5% ± 2.9% to 14.5% ± 1.6% (p < 0.005). Coadministration of glucose and insulin resulted in a mean intraischemic blood glucose level of 10.1 ± 0.5 mM, with 27.0% ± 2.4% total damage (p = 0.96, compared with control). Total ischemic damage showed an independent correlation with blood glucose levels (r = 0.67, p = 0.0018).
The findings indicate that insulin benefits transient focal ischemia and that reducing the blood glucose from 8 to 9 mM to the low-normal range of 3 to 4 mM with insulin dramatically reduces subsequent infarction. The data suggest that the neuroprotective mechanism of insulin action in focal middle cerebral artery occlusion is mediated predominantly via alterations in blood glucose levels. In comparison to global ischemia, focal ischemia appears to show only a minor direct central nervous system effect of insulin. In clinical situations in which transient focal ischemia to the hemisphere can be anticipated, insulin-induced hypoglycemia of a mild degree may be beneficial.
Limited protective effects of etomidate during brainstem ischemia in dogs
Authors: Guo Jing , White Jonathan A. , Batjer H. Hunt 
Published: June 2009

✓ To evaluate etomidate as a neuroprotective agent in the brain stem, 33 dogs were divided into seven groups and were exposed to isolated, reversible brainstem ischemia in the presence or absence of etomidate using a newly developed canine model of brainstem ischemia. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) and regional cerebral blood flow were measured during ischemia and for 5 hours after reperfusion. This model provides a potential physiological environment in which to test the efficacy of putative brainstem ischemic protective strategies.
During ischemia, BAEP were abolished in all animals. Without etomidate 10 minutes of ischemia was of short enough duration to allow complete recovery of BAEP. Ischemia of 20 or 30 minutes' duration resulted in minimal recovery. The dose of etomidate administered did not suppress BAEP or brainstem cardiovascular response to ischemia. In animals receiving etomidate and rendered ischemic for 20 minutes, a significant but only temporary recovery in BAEP was seen. Etomidate failed to have a significant effect in animals rendered ischemic for 30 minutes.
The minimal effect of etomidate on the current measures of brainstem function is in contrast to etomidate's known suppressive effect on cortical electroencephalogram and predicts that etomidate does little to alter brainstem metabolism. Etomidate's failure to provide for permanent recovery of BAEP suggests that the drug does not give sufficient protection from ischemia to the brainstem neurons in the auditory pathway. If these auditory neurons reflect brainstem function as a whole, etomidate may not be the protective agent of choice during temporary arterial occlusion of posterior circulation.
An additional therapeutic effect of adequate hyperventilation in severe acute brain trauma: normalization of cerebral glucose uptake
Authors: Cruz Julio 
Published: June 2009

✓ In a total of 309 frequent serial studies, arteriojugular differences in glucose and oxygen levels were concurrently evaluated in 33 adult patients who were experiencing the most acute phase of severe brain trauma.
Hyperventilation therapy was optimized to maintain both normalized intracranial pressure and cerebral extraction of oxygen. Under these circumstances, global cerebral glucose extraction was found to be closest to normal during profound optimized hyperventilation, with PaCO2 levels below 25 mm Hg. In contrast, during normocapnia global cerebral glucose extraction dropped below normal range, indicating impairment of cerebral glucose uptake.
Findings from this study show that in severe acute brain injury, optimized hyperventilation exerts an additional metabolic effect with respect to cerebral glucose uptake.