bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The infant incubator in the neonatal intensive care unit: unresolved issues and future developments
Authors: Antonucci Roberto , Porcella Annalisa , Fanos Vassilios 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSince the 19thcentury, devices termed incubators were developed to maintain thermal stability in low birth weight (LBW) and sick newborns, thus improving their chances of survival. Remarkable progress has been made in the production of infant incubators, which are currently highly technological devices. However, they still need to be improved in many aspects. Regarding the temperature and humidity control, future incubators should minimize heat loss from the neonate and eddies around him/her. An unresolved issue is exposure to high noise levels in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Strategies aimed at modifying the behavior of NICU personnel, along with structural improvements in incubator design, are required to reduce noise exposure. Light environment should be taken into consideration in designing new models of incubators. In fact, ambient NICU illumination may cause visual pathway sequelae or possibly retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), while premature exposure to continuous lighting may adversely affect the rest-activity patterns of the newborn. Accordingly, both the use of incubator covers and circadian lighting in the NICU might attenuate these effects. The impact of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on infant health is still unclear. However, future incubators should be designed to minimize the EMF exposure of the newborn.
Reduction of IGF-binding protein-3 as a potential marker of intra-uterine growth restriction
Authors: Baker Méio Maria Dalva Barbosa , Lopes Moreira Maria Elizabeth , Sichieri Rosely , Moura Aníbal Sanchez 
Published: July 2009

Abstract

Background: Growth factor-binding proteins influence the growth of infants starting in utero. Adaptation of the fetus to an adverse uterine environment is associated with changes in the growth hormone-growth factor-insulin axis.

Aims: To evaluate serum levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in small and appropriate for gestational age newborn infants.

Methods: Fifty-four newborn infants, small (SGA, n=28) or appropriate (AGA, n=26) for gestational age were matched by gestational age and sex. Blood was collected on the first day of life, and anthropometric measurements were taken at birth. The serum levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were compared, and correlated with the anthropometric measurements.

Results: On the first day of life, mean serum IGFBP-3 levels were significantly lower in SGA babies and correlated with weight, length, head circumference, and ponderal index (weight/length 3) (P<0.0001). In contrast, no associations were found between IGF-I serum levels and these anthropometric measurements.

Conclusion: Our data show that SGA babies have significantly reduced IGFBP-3 concentrations at birth.
The metabolic syndrome and the risks of unfavourable outcome of pregnancy
Authors: Horváth Boldizsár , Kovács Lajos , Riba Mária , Farkas György , Bödecs Tamás , Bódis József 
Published: July 2009

A metabolikus szindróma jellemzői a hasi elhízás, a magas vérnyomás, az éhhomi glükóz és dyslipidaemia együttes előfordulása. A vizsgálat célja, hogy feltárja a metabolikus anyagcserezavar és egyes terhességi szövődmények kapcsolatát.
Anyag és módszer:
A releváns kódok alapján retrospektíve leválogatott digitális adatbázisból a 2005–2008 közötti vizsgált időszakban (4 év) a kórházi dokumentációkban 5869 várandós anya gondozási adataival rendelkeztek. Százhetvenkettő anya (2,9%) esetében a várandósságuk első harmadában a metabolikus tünetegyüttes jellemzői szerepeltek. Ezen betegek adatait részletesen megvizsgálták, feldolgozták és releváns adataikat a többi várandós hasonló dokumentációival összehasonlították.
Eredmények:
A metabolikus tünetegyüttes tüneteit mutató csoportban a koraszülési arány 15,1% (26/172) volt, míg a metabolikus szindrómától mentes esetekben az idő előtti születés csupán 11,7% volt [OR: 1,52 (95%-os CI: 0,996–2,33) p=0,051]. Az anyagcserezavarban érintettek csoportjában 32 anyánál intrauterin növekedési zavart észleltek, míg ezen tünetegyüttes nélküli esetekben ez csupán 3,6%-ban (205/5697) fordult elő [OR: 6,38 (95%-os CI: 4,24–9,61) p<0,001)]. A vizsgált csoportban 47 praeeclampsiával szövődött várandósságot észleltek (27,3%), szemben a beteganyaguk további részével, ahol a terhességi mérgezés előfordulása 4,7% volt [OR: 7,93 (95%-os CI: 5,54–11,33) p<0,001]. A metabolikus tünetegyüttesben szenvedők körében 67 (38,2%) olyan beteg volt, aki több mint egy, a betegségre jellemző szülészeti szövődményben szenvedett. A kontrollcsoportban ugyanez az arány 17,0%-nak adódott [OR: 3,11 (2,27–4,26) p<0,001]. A metabolikus szindróma által érintett csoportban csupán 47 (27,3%) olyan esetet találtak, akik várandósságuk és szülésük alatt tünetmentesek voltak, míg az 5697 anyából, akiknél az első terhességi harmadban a metabolikus tünetegyüttes jeleit nem észlelték, szignifikánsan kedvezőbb arányban (74,1%, 4220 várandós) voltak olyan anyák, akik minden szövődmény nélkül viselték várandósságukat [OR: 0,132 (0,09–0,18) p<0,001].
Következtetések:
A metabolikus szindróma irodalmi adatok alapján és saját megfigyeléseik szerint is jelentős szerepet játszik a szövődményes várandósságok kialakulásában, elsősorban a gyulladásos faktorok és a fokozott trombóziskészség provokálásával. Számos irodalmi adat utal arra, hogy a metabolikus tünetegyüttes esetén a már a koncepció idején alkalmazott heparinkezelés eredményes lehet. 2007-ben prospektív vizsgálatot indítottak azzal a céllal, hogy megismerjék, vajon az alacsony molekulatömegű heparin megelőző célú kezelés, segít-e elkerülni ennek az anyagcserezavarnak a kedvezőtlen következményeit? Reményeik szerint a 2010-es évektől a heparinkezelés eredményeiről adatokkal rendelkeznek.
Pad Topography, Contact Area and Hydrodynamic Lubrication in Chemical-Mechanical Polishing
Authors: Borucki Leonard John , Sun Ting , Zhuang Yun , Slutz David , Philipossian Ara 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMaterial removal during CMP occurs by the activation of slurry particles at contact points between pad summits and the wafer. When slurry is present and the wafer is sliding, contacts become lubricated. We present an analysis valid over the full range from static contact to hydroplaning that indicates that CMP usually operates in boundary or mixed lubrication mode at contacts and that the lubrication layer is nanometers thick. The results suggest that the sliding solid contact area is mainly responsible for the friction coefficient while both the solid contact and lubricated areas control the removal rate.
Influence of Chemical-Mechanical Polishing Process on Time Dependent Dielectric Breakdown Reliability of Cu/Low-k Integration
Authors: Yamada Yohei , Konishi Nobuhiro 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe effects of defects caused by Cu chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) on time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) in a damascene structure incorporating a low-k interlevel dielectric layer were investigated experimentally. Comb line capacitor structures were prepared with one of three types of defects (rough Cu surface corrosion, Cu depletion, or crevice corrosion) and stressed at 3.2 to 6.2 MV/cm at 140°C. The first two defects had an insignificant effect on the TDDB characteristics while crevice corrosion at the edges of wires significantly degraded them. Investigation of the effects of Cu oxidation during post-CMP cleaning on the TDDB characteristics revealed that the formation of a non-uniform oxide layer accompanying deionized water rinsing was due to the dissolution of Cu oxide during the post-CMP cleaning process. When a barrier metal slurry containing a soluble inhibitor was used, non-uniform oxide formation on the Cu surfaces during post-CMP cleaning degraded the TDDB characteristics. These results demonstrate the importance of uniform Cu oxidation during post-CMP cleaning for improving the TDDB characteristics.
An Investigation of the Influence of Orientation on CMP through Nanoscratch Testing
Authors: Neyer Sarah , Ozdoganlar Burak , Higgs C. Fred 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWith the increase in integrated circuit (IC) feature density, the quality of chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) becomes more important as the copper interconnects decrease in size. The optimization of the IC manufacturing process will be greatly enhanced if the nanoscale effects on CMP are better understood. CMP-related wear at the sub-micron scale, where a single particle affects the microstructure of individual copper features within the substrate, needs to be investigated to account for wafer-scale variations. Hardness is known to affect the material removal rate, but the grain level mechanism of the removal process is not yet well known. In this work, the orientation-dependence of wear has been investigated by performing nanoscale scratch tests on single crystal copper along different crystallographic planes, indentified using orientation imaging microscopy (OIM). An analysis of the surface forces and post-scratch topography produced during the scratch tests was conducted and the results have been interpreted from a CMP perspective. Ultimately, these results are expected to refine existing material removal rate models which do not consider the sensitivity of microstructure on the CMP process.
Properties of Ti-Si-N Hard Coatings Prepared by Filtered Vacuum Arc Source and Magnetron Sputtering Cathode
Authors: Lee Seunghun , Svadkovski Igor , Kim Jong-Kuk , Kim Do-Geun 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTi-Si-N nanocomposite coatings have been investigated using a hybrid coating system. The elimination of macro particles and the control of Si content should be accompanied to realize high quality of coating layer since macro particles induce corrosive reaction and the Si content of Ti-Si-N coating affects the mechanical properties such as hardness and friction coefficient. We introduced the hybrid coating system which consists of double bending filtered vacuum arc system (DBFVAS) and magnetron sputter cathode to solve two problems such as the macro particles and the control of Si content in Ti-Si-N coatings. The DBFVAS and magnetron sputter equipped with Ti cathode and Si cathode target, respectively. Ar and N2 are used for discharge and reaction gas and operating pressure is 0.6 mTorr. We confirmed that the DBFVAS reduced macro particles effectively and the Si content could be changed by controlling the applied power on magnetron sputtering cathode. The properties of Ti-Si-N coating layer are estimated by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, wear test and nano indentation. And we compared Si content with Si emission (594.84 nm) of process chamber using an optical emission spectroscopy.
Effect of Shunts on Thin-Film CdTe Module Performance
Authors: Koishiyev Galymzhan T. , Sites James R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA 2-D numerical circuit model is used to analyze the impact of shunts on basic performance parameters of a CdTe thin-film module. A numerical estimate of module-efficiency loss in the worst-case scenario due to shunts of different severity and fractional module area is presented. It is shown that absolute module-efficiency loss Δη (%) varies in systematic fashion with these shunt parameters. Estimates of Δη based on simple area-weighted efficiency are typically low by 3-4 times. Furthermore, the distribution pattern of shunts over the module plays a significant role in the module loss. A reliable parameter P to characterize the distribution of shunts is introduced, and its effect on module-efficiency loss, as well as individual-parameter (FF, VOC and JSC) losses, is shown. Furthermore, higher transparent-conductive-oxide (TCO) sheet resistance is shown to increase shunt isolation and consequently mitigate the efficiency decrease.
Chemically Deposited Silver Antimony Selenide Thin Films for Photovoltaic Applications
Authors: Garza Jorge G. , Shaji Sadasivan , Tovar Ana Maria Arato , Tijerina Eduardo Perez , Roderiguez Alan Castillo , Roy Tushar K Das , Krishnan Bindu 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSilver antimony selenide (AgSbSe2) thin films were prepared by heating sequentially deposited antimony sulphide (Sb2S3), silver selenide (Ag2Se) and Ag thin films in close contact with a selenium thin film. Sb2S3 thin film was prepared from chemical bath containing SbCl3 and Na2S2O3, Ag2Se from the bath containing AgNO3 and Na2SeSO3 and Se thin films from an acidified solution of Na2SeSO3, at room temperature on cleaned glass substrates. Ag thin film was deposited by vacuum thermal evaporation. The annealing temperature was varied from 300-390°C in vacuum (∼10−3 Torr) for 1 h. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the films formed at 350 °C was polycrystalline AgSb(S,Se)2 or AgSbSe2 depending on selenium thin film thickness. Morphology of these films was analyzed using Atomic Force Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The elemental analysis was done using Energy Dispersive X-ray technique. Optical characterization of the thin films was done by optical transmittance spectra. The electrical characterizations were done using Hall effect and photocurrent measurements. A photovoltaic structure: Glass/ITO/CdS/AgSbSe2/Ag was formed, in which CdS was deposited by chemical bath deposition. J-V characteristics of this PV structure showed Voc=370 mV and Jsc=0.5 mA/cm2 under illumination using a tungsten halogen lamp.
Real-Time Spectroscopic Ellipsometry of Sputtered CdTe Thin Films: Effect of Ar Pressure on Structural Evolution and Photovoltaic Performance
Authors: Sestak Michelle Nicole , Li Jian , Paudel Naba Raj , Wieland Kristopher , Chen Jie , Thornberry Courtney , Collins Robert , Compaan Alvin 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn this study, 1 μm thick polycrystalline CdTe films were deposited by magnetron sputtering using a variable argon pressure, 2.5 ≤ pAr ≤ 50 mTorr, and a fixed substrate temperature, Ts = 230°C. Real time spectroscopic ellipsometry (RTSE) was performed during deposition in order to analyze the nucleation and coalescence, as well as the evolution of the surface roughness thickness ds with bulk layer thickness db and the depth profile in the void volume fraction fv. A linear correlation was found between the final ds value measured by RTSE at the end of deposition and the root-mean-square (rms) surface roughness measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) ex situ after deposition. A monotonic decrease in RTSE-determined roughness thickness is observed with decreasing Ar pressure from 18 to 2.5 mTorr. The lowest pressure also leads to the greatest bulk layer structural uniformity; in this case, fv increases to 0.04 with increasing CdTe thickness to 1 μm. The photovoltaic performance of CdTe films prepared with the lowest pressure of pAr = 2.5 mTorr is compared with that of previously optimized CdTe solar cells with pAr = 10 mTorr.
Determination of Thermal Parameters of Nanostructures Exhibiting One-Dimensional Heat Flow Through a Thermal Transient Method
Authors: Arriagada Anton , Yu Edward T , Bandaru Prabhakar 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe present an improved methodology for a thermal transient method enabling simultaneous measurement of thermal conductivity and specific heat of nanoscale structures with one-dimensional heat flow. The temporal response of a sample to finite duration heat pulse inputs for both short (1 ns) and long (5μs) pulses is analyzed and exploited to deduce the thermal properties. Excellent agreement has been obtained between the recovered physical parameters and computational simulations.
Quantitative Structure Analysis of Nano-sized Materials by Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Neumann Wolfgang , Kirmse Holm , Häeusler Ines , Zheng Changlin , Mogilatenko Anna 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNanostructured materials from almost all classes of materials are of great interest because the reduced dimensionality may drastically change the physical properties. In general, these properties are a function of size, shape, arrangement and chemical composition of the nano-sized materials. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a powerful tool to get a detailed insight into the material characteristics. To correlate microstructure as well as microchemistry and materials properties the various TEM techniques for imaging, diffraction and spectroscopy have to be combined. The potential applicability of quantitative TEM will be demonstrated for different nano-sized objects, particularly for semiconductor islands, nanowires, quantum dots and for soft magnetic materials. The classical diffraction contrast method of conventional TEM is applied to analyse the size, shape and arrangement of nano-sized structures, where a quantitative analysis often requires image simulations of diffraction contrast for theoretical structure models. An alternative and powerful method is the three-dimensional reconstruction of the shape from two-dimensional phase mapping by means of electron holography. This reqires the exact calculation of the mean inner potential of the specimen. Quantitative high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (qHRTEM) has to be applied to analyse structure and chemical composition on an atomic scale of magnitude. Particularly the application of aberration-corrected HRTEM offers new possibilities for quantitative structure analysis due to a contrast transfer by means of negative spherical aberration imaging (NCSI) and the resulting strong suppression of image delocalisation effects. An example for quantitative composition analysis will be demonstrated for ternary semiconductor quantum structures by means of a combined analysis of dark-field imaging and qHRTEM. The results will be compared with analytical TEM data (energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS), electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), and energy-filtered TEM (EFTEM)). The retrieval of chemical information with atomic resolution will be illustrated for III-V semiconductor nanostructures using STEM (scanning TEM) Z-contrast imaging. The correlation of structure and magnetic properties of soft magnetic materials will be demonstrated by combined application of Lorentz microscopy and electron holography. The potential applicability of the different quantitative TEM methods will be shown for following systems:(i) (Si,Ge) islands(ii) ZnTe and (Zn,Mn)Te nanowires(iii) Ga(As,Sb) quantum dots (QDs) on GaAs substrate(iv) nc softmagnetic FeCo alloysThe possibilities and limitations of the various methods applied will be critically evaluated.
Elastic Properties of Nano–Thin Films by Use of Atomic Force Acoustic Microscopy
Authors: Kopycinska-Müller Malgorzata , Striegler Andre , Hürrich Arnd , Köhler Bernd , Meyendorf Norbert , Wolter Klaus Jürgen 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAtomic force acoustic microscopy (AFAM) is a non-destructive method able to determine the indentation modulus of a sample with high lateral and depth resolution. We used the AFAM technique to measure the indentation modulus of film-substrate systems Msam and then to extract the value of the indentation modulus of the film Mf. The investigated samples were films of silicon oxide thermally grown on silicon single crystal substrates by use of dry and wet oxidation methods. The thickness of the samples ranged from 7 nm to 28 nm as measured by ellipsometry. Our results clearly show that the values of Msam obtained for the film-substrate systems depended on the applied static load and the film thickness. The observed dependency was used to evaluate the indentation modulus of the film. The values obtained for Mf ranged from 77 GPa to 95 GPa and were in good agreement with values reported in the literature.
Amino- and Carboxy-functionalized Nano- and Microstructured Surfaces for Evaluating the Impact of Non-biological Stimuli on Adhesion, Proliferation and Differentiation of Primary Skin-Cells
Authors: Kluger Petra J. , Panas Marc , Schober Lena , Tovar Guenter E. M. , Mertsching Heike , Borchers Kirsten 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTo gain basic insight into the impact of non-biological features on cells’ behaviour, primary skin-cells, keratinocytes and fibroblasts, were cultured on amine-functionalized or carboxy-functionalized planar, nano- or microstructured surfaces. Sintered layers of silica nano- or microparticles were used to fabricate structures in the range of naturally occurring structure-sizes. Organo-chemical functionalization was achieved using organo-functional silanes. Primary human keratinocytes and fibroblasts were isolated from human foreskin and cultivated on the modified interfaces. Both cell-types displayed specific proliferation behaviour, depending on surface topography and chemical functionalization: Keratinocytes showed significantly better proliferation on amino-functionalized surfaces than on carboxy-functionalized surfaces. On amino-functional surfaces decree-topography. Fibroblasts, in contrast, tended to proliferate stronger on carboxylated surfaces. Immunohistological staining proofed that actin and vinculin, which is involved in the formation of focal adhesions, were expressed on all modified surfaces, thus revealing intact cytoskeleton and cell-substrate contacts.
Relationship Between Materials Properties and Shape Memory Behavior in Epoxy-Amine Polymers
Authors: Rousseau Ingrid A , Xie Tao 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAlthough epoxy-based polymers remain infrequently used as shape memory polymers (SMP’s), they are a promising base material for highly demanding applications due to their intrinsic physical properties and ease of processing. A series of epoxy SMP’s was synthesized with varying mechanical properties and with glass transition temperatures ranging from 31 to 93 °C, tunable via the variations of the molecular structures. The influence of chemical structures and physical properties of these epoxy SMP’s on their shape memory (SM) behavior is examined in detail along with the impact of the shape memory cycling conditions. While the results show that lower crosslink densities and/or higher molecular flexibility/mobility leads decreased SM performance, at low crosslink density the effect of molecular flexibility/mobility becomes dominant in influencing the SM response.
Mechanically changed band gap of single walled carbon nanotube: a third neighbor tight-binding approach
Authors: Pakkhesal Mehdi , Ghayour Rahim 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Analytical derivation of electronic band gap of Single Walled Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT) under a small percent of uniaxial and torsional strains is in this paper. Our approach is based on a kind of π-Tight Binding (π-TB) approximation which includes interactions of the second and the third neighbors of each carbon atom in addition to the nearest ones. Implementing the approach of this paper, yields more precise results than those of other researches.
Anisotropic evolution of a D-brane
Authors: Gusin Paweł 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The evolution of a probe D-brane in the p-brane background is considered. The anisotropic evolution of the world-volume of the D-brane with a given topology of a world-volume in the form of a direct product of a n-dimensional flat space and (3 − n)-dimensional sphere is formulated. In this case the anisotropy is described with the aid of two parameters (Hubble parameters) The special case of this evolution, namely the isotropic evolution corresponds to equality of these two parameters. In the latter case the masses and charges of the background p-branes are obtained.
Topological Derivatives for Semilinear Elliptic Equations
Authors: Iguernane Mohamed , Nazarov Serguei , Roche Jean-Rodolphe , Sokolowski Jan , Szulc Katarzyna 
Published: July 2009

Topological Derivatives for Semilinear Elliptic EquationsThe form of topological derivatives for an integral shape functional is derived for a class of semilinear elliptic equations. The convergence of finite element approximation for the topological derivatives is shown and the error estimates in theL∞norm are obtained. The results of numerical experiments which confirm the theoretical convergence rate are presented.