bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Agronomic Characteristics of the Little‐Known, Northern Grass, Arctagrostis latifolia var. arundinacea (Trin.) Griseb., and a Proposed Common Name, Tall Arcticgrass1
Authors: Klebesadel L. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractArctagrostis latifolia var. arundinacea (Trin.) Griseb. is a tall‐growing, perennial grass confined to global regions above 50° N. Evaluations disclosed that this grass possesses several desirable attributes for possible agronomic use in the Subarctic, including excellent forage yield potential, a high level of winter hardiness, rapid spring growth, and succulent herbage containing markedly less dry‐matter than other grasses compared. A disadvantage is its very small seed size (5,126,000/kg) which contributes to poor seedling vigor and necessitates shallow seed placement, with little associated competition for successful establishment. The common name “tall arcticgrass” is proposed. Several new locations are added to its known range in Alaska.
Peanut Response to Uniform and Non‐uniform Soil Salinity1
Authors: Shalhevet J. , Reiniger P. , Shimshi D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe yield of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) grown in artificially salinized plots was reduced to 50% at ECe of 4.7 mmhos/cm and by 20% at ECe of 3.8 mmhos/cm. Yield reduction was the same for equal mean soil salinities regardless of the shape of the soil salinity profile. Reduction in water uptake as a result of increased soil salinities was probably the consequence rather than the cause of the reduced growth. The salt tolerance during germination was much higher than during subsequent growth. A 50% reduction in germination was obtained at ECe of 13 mhos/cm and in seedling development at ECe, of 7.2 mmhos/cm.
Frequency and Severity of Defoliation of Crownvetch Stems by Grazing Sheep1
Authors: Hart Richard H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhen crownvetch (Coronilla varia L.) was grazed by sheep (21 sheep/ha for 9 days), the probability that a leaf‐bearing stem would be grazed on any day was .134. Over O% of the leaves were removed from nearly all grazed stems, but 21 to 40, 41 to 60, 61 to 80, and 81 to 100% of the leaves were removed from equal numbers of stems. Stem tissue was seldom removed. The pattern of leaf and stem removal under grazing was totally different from the pattern under clipping.
Influence of Row Width and Plant Population on Yield of two Varieties of Corn (Zea mays L.)1
Authors: Brown R. H. , Beaty E. R. , Ethredge W. J. , Hayes D. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo varieties of corn (Zea mays L.) were evaluated for grain yield at row widths of 51 and 102 cm and within‐row spacings of 15, 23, 31, 38, and 46 cm. Both varieties, ‘Pioneer 309B’ (P‐309B) and ‘DeKalb XL 65’ (D‐XL 65), were grown with and without irrigation at Plains, Ga., in 1967 and 1968. Pioneer 309B was grown under irrigation at Calhoun, Ga., during the same years. Yields of irrigated corn were higher in 51‐cm than in 102‐cm rows. Without irrigation, P‐309B yielded more grain in 51‐cm than 102‐cm rows, but yields of D‐XL 65 were similar for both row spacings. Increasing populations in the 51‐cm rows from about 50,000 to 100,000 plants/ha did not increase yields except in irrigated D‐XL 65. Yield decreased with increased population in the above range for nonirrigated P‐309B. Increased populations within 102 cm rows increased yields except for P‐309B at Calhoun and unirrigated P‐309B at Plains. Optimum populations were estimated from relationships between log grain yield per plant and population. Estimated optimum populations were higher for 51‐cm than for 102‐cm rows, for irrigated than for nonirrigated corn, and for D‐XL 65 than for the P‐309B variety. Estimated optimum population appeared to be related to plant size with smaller plants requiring a higher population for maximum grain yield. Leaf area per plant for D‐XL 65 was only 0.7 of that for P‐309B. This difference in leaf area was also probably related to estimates of optimum population.
Yield and Water Use by Different Populations of Dryland Corn, Grain Sorghum, and Forage Sorghum in the Western Corn Belt1
Authors: Olson Tamlin C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn South Dakota, grain yields of corn grown in 102‐cm rows with 35,000 plants/hectare and in 51‐cm rows with 45,000 and 70,000 plants/hectare, respectively, decreased with increasing population in adverse soil‐water seasons and were approximately constant during the more favorable growing seasons. Grain yields from grain sorghum planted in 102‐cm rows with 175,000 plants/hectare and in 51‐cm rows with 250,000 and 350,000 plants/hectare were the same in adverse years but increased markedly with increasing population during the better growing seasons. Corn, grain sorghum, and forage sorghum all gave increasing total dry‐matter yields with increasing population throughout the range of populations used. Water use was nearly the same for all crops within each year, although grain sorghum grown at the lowest population tended to use slightly less water.
Effect of Storage Length on Seed Germination in Jute (Corchorus spp.)1
Authors: Jain N. K. , Saha J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeeds of five varieties of Corchorus olitorius and of four varieties of Corchorus capsularis, stored for 2 months to 14 years, were tested for germination. Viability of seeds declined with period of storage. Older seeds had less vigor, and sprouted slowly. The coefficient of correlation between vigor rating and germination percentage was +0.82. Seeds of C. capsularis varieties stored better than C. olitorius varieties up to 38 months, but all seeds were dead after 50 months of storage in a laboratory in glassstoppered bottles.Varieties within each species varied in storage quality. Decline in germination of C. olitorius varieties ranged from 5.0% in JRO 620 to as much as 71.3% in JRO 632 after storage for 38 months. A low viability of the 1960 crop in six of the nine varieties appears to be due to some seasonal conditions during maturation, but not to rainsoaking before harvest.
Effects of Salt Treatments of Cotton Plants (Gossypium hirsutum L.) on Leaf Mesophyll Cell Microstructure
Authors: Gausman H. W. , Baur P. S. , Porterfield M. P. , Cardenas R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCotton plants (Gosspium hirsutum L.) were grown hydroponically in a controlled environment to study the effect of three salt treatments on the microstructure of leaf mesophyll cells. Sodium chloride was added to a basic nutrient solution in amounts to give low‐, medium‐, and high‐salt treatments.Leaves of the same chronological age from the fifth true node were used for electron microscopic studies of mesophyll cell microstructure. Electronmicrographs showed many crystalline deposits in leaf mesophyll cells for the low‐ and high‐salt treatments, but not for the medium‐ salt treatment. Heavy deposits of these crystals occurred in the cytoplasm, central vacuole, cell walls, and intercellular spaces. The high‐salt treatment also produced many necrotic mesophyll cells and changes in chloroplast ultrastructure, and more mitochondria than cells from the medium‐ and low‐salt treated leaves.
Comparative Yield and Fertilizer Efficiency of No‐tillage and Conventionally Tilled Corn1
Authors: Moschler W. W. , Shear G. M. , Martens D. C. , Jones G. D. , Wilmouth R. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSurface application of fertilizer for no‐tillage (Zea mays L.) corn is probably the most convenient method. The relative efficiency of fertilizer applied in this manner has been undetermined, however. Field experiments on three soil types in Virginia suggest that fertilizer efficiency for no‐tillage corn with surface application was higher than for conventionally tilled corn with an equal disked‐in application. No‐tillage resulted in a 9‐year average yield increase of 25.6% on Lodi silt loam, a 6‐year average increase of 13.7% on Davidson clay loam, and a 5‐year average increase of 39.0% on Cecil clay loam. In addition to increased yields, larger amounts of residual N, P, and K, as well as organic matter, were found in no‐tillage soil in several cases.
Influence of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Plant Population on Yield and Quality of Forage Corn1
Authors: Robinson D. L. , Murphy L. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe acreage of forage corn (Zea mays L.) produced in Kansas has steadily increased to meet the demand for corn silage required by commercial feedlots, Fertilization practices and plant populations are major factors involved in corn production, but their combined effects on yield and quality of forage have not been thoroughly evaluated. Therefore, irrigated forage corn was grown at five plant populations and five levels each of N and P at five field locations in central Kansas during a 3‐year period to determine the influence of each variable on yield and quality of forage produced. An incomplete factorial arrangement of 23 treatments was used in a randomized complete block design. Multiple regression analyses indicated both forage and grain yields were significantly affected by N but not by P or plant population treatments. Treatment variables contributed little to variability in forage quality as measured by in vitro fermentation and forage fiber analyses. Nitrogen, cellulose, and lignin concentrations in the forage contributed up to 84% of the variation in in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). Simple correlation coefficients indicated a significant negative relationship between N and cellulose concentrations, a significant positive relationship between cellulose and lignin concentrations, and no consistent relationship between lignin and N concentrations in the forage. These results indicate that in central Kansas, irrigated corn yields are primarily a function of the rate of N application, and that a rather wide range of plant populations can be tolerated without significantly affecting yield or quality of forage produced.
Winter Turf Development on Dormant Bermudagrass as Influenced by Summer Cultivation and Winter N Fertilization1
Authors: Schmidt R. E. , Shoulders J. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOverseeded winter turf on dormant bermudagrass is an important practice in providing live turf for a large portion of the year. It has been observed that as vigorous bermudagrass becomes older satisfactory winter turf is more difficult to establish and maintain. Previous research has shown that cultivation of bermudagrass immediately prior to overseeding cool season turfgrasses has improved winter turf. However, no work has been reported showing the effects of bermudagrass summer cultivation on overseeded winter turf quality. This investigation was initiated to study the relationship of thatch removal in the summer on winter turf quality.Thatch was removed from a 5‐year‐old putting green with a vertical mower in early, middle, and late summer and soil top dressing was applied after each aeration. N fertilizer was applied in summer, fall, and winter; P and K were maintained at high levels and the pH at 6.5. Ryegrass and red fescue were overseeded after turf mowing in October. The percent ground cover was measured in December, March, May, and June.The removal of thatch by frequent summer aeration and soil topdressing (cultivation) improved the winter quality of overseeded cool season turf. Excessive nitrogen fertilization in winter, especially on heavily thatched areas, reduced winter turf coverage.The best transition from cool season turf to bermudagrass occurred when the cool season grass persisted into the summer. The increased Poa annua infestation caused by early cultivation was reduced by more frequent cultivation.
Distinguishing Annual From Perennial Ryegrass1
Authors: Nittler L. W. , Kenny T. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSince the fluorescence test for distinguishing seeds of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) from those of perennial ryegrass, (Lolium perenne L.) is not always reliable, there is a need for a new method of distinguishing these species. This study was undertaken to determine temperature and nutritional requirements for rapid development of species differences.Seeds were planted in sand and plants were grown with continuous light and with a temperature of 24 C or with alternating temperature of 27 C for 20 hours and 16 C for 4 hours. Nutrient solutions were made by adding 3.8, 7.5, or 15.0 ml of molar ammonium nitrate per liter of a solution lacking N. One treatment used the lowest N solution the entire experiment. Others used this solution the first 6, 8, 10, or 15 days and then medium or high N solution until 3 weeks after the seeds were planted.No plants grown from perennial ryegrass seed produced stems or heads. In contrast, up to 70% of Italian ryegrass seedlings had stems and up to 10% were headed out. Stem development and heading were not affected significantly by nutrient treatment. Alternating temperature resulted in significantly (1% level) more plants with stems or heads than constant 24 C. Italian ryegrass plants that had not developed stems could be identified by the fact that they had rolled leaf buds. In contrast, perennial ryegrass seedlings had folded leaf buds.Growing seedlings with alternating temperature and any of the nutrient treatments used in our experiments appears to be a practical method of distinguishing these species.
An Electronic Sensor and Circuit for Automatic Operation of Rainfall Shelters1
Authors: White C. M. , Myhre D. L. , Williams S. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA simple, inexpensive, and durable electronic sensor for automatic operation of rainfall shelters for research plots is described. The advantages of the new circuit are: (i) the very high input resistance overcomes problems associated with low conductivity of rainfall; (ii) the limited amount of current through the grid reduces corrosion; and (iii) the time delay prevents reversing of the shelters while in motion. Provision for heating the sensor grid prevents condensation of dew and hastens evaporation on cloudy days after rain stops.
Salt Tolerance of Chickpea Varieties during Germination1
Authors: Kheradnam M. , Ghorashy S. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is grown extensively in Iran. The accumulation of salts in irrigated soils may reduce the germination, growth, and eventually the yield of this crop. Knowledge of variation in salt tolerance in chickpeas is important for assigning varieties to fit the soil.Effects of seven salinity levels (O to 2% NaCl) on germination of Iranian chickpea varieties, ‘Isfahan 11,’ ‘Ardebill 169,’ ‘Ardebill 174,’ and Ahar 174' were determined under controlled temperature (30 ± 2 C). Increased salinity reduced the germination of Isfahan 11 significantly more than Ardebill 174 and Ahar 174. Sodium chloride concentrations greater than 0.5% reduced the germination of all varieties significantly. The general trend in germination reduction with increased salinity was the same for each variety.
Pima Cotton Lint Yield as Influenced by Irrigation Schedule, Cultivar and Altitude1
Authors: Kittock D. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDevelopment of heat tolerant cultivars of American Pima cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) made it desirable to re‐evaluate irrigation practices for hot climates. To accomplish this, two cultivars and one experimental strain were tested over a period of 6 years at two altitudes (climates) and under several irrigation regimes. There were three basic irrigation regimes and several modifications of them. The regimes were: wet, irrigate every 7 to 12 days; medium, 14 to 17 days; and dry, 21 to 28 days. Individual irrigations were added in amounts necessary to refill the soil profile.At high altitude (moderate climate), the heat tolerant cultivar, ‘Pima S‐4’, did not differ in water requirement from the non‐heat tolerant cultivar, ‘Pima S‐3.’ Both cultivars obtained maximum lint production with a total of 80 cm of water or five post‐emergence irrigations.At low altitude (hot climate), Pima S‐4 yielded higher and required more water (150 cm) than Pima S‐3 (115 cm). More frequent irrigations during May and June than are commonly applied were indicated for low altitude. Fewer irrigations than commonly used on Pima cotton during August and September (28 days between irrigations) did not decrease yields and, in some cases, significantly increased yields of all cultivars at low altitude.Consumptive water use for Pima cotton (103 cm) was similar to that previously reported for Upland cotton (105 cm) when grown under similar irrigation regimes.
Light Fluctuations in Corn1
Authors: Desjardins R. L. , Sinclair T. R. , Lemon E. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe fluctuations of photosynthetically active radiation within different corn (Zea mays L.) varieties were studied in the frequency domain using spectral analysis. This approach which uses a single traversing sensor, provides a simple method for separating the temporal and spatial light fluctuations in a crop. It was found that the light spectra are influenced by the height of the light sensors within crop structure and by wind conditions. The most rapid fluctuations observed were about 10 cycles/second, which tends to discount their importance in the dark reaction of photosynthesis. Finally, these results give a better perspective on fluctuating light experiments.
Factors Affecting Early Growth of Cotton and Subsequent Effects on Plant Development1
Authors: Ashley D. A. , Elsner J. E. , Brooks O. L. , Perry C. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeedling cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) growth rate is frequently retarded due to adverse environmental conditions and the effects are often reflected in retarded development and performance later in the season. In efforts to find ways of enhancing the ability of the seedling to grow under adverse conditions, cotton plants were grown under field conditions with black plastic mulch, NaNO3, NH4NO3, and (NH4)2SO4 sources of N, and irrigation treatments. Vegetative development, nitrogen uptake, and fruiting behavior were measured in early stages of growth and final yields taken at maturity. Ammonium sources of N resulted in enhanced seedling vigor, plant height, rate of early‐season dry weight accumulation, and rate of early flowering compared to nitrate N sources. A complete ground cover of black plastic mulch gave an additional increase in the early‐season growth and fruiting parameters above that obtained from ammonium N alone. Nitrogen concentration in the tissue in early season did not differ among the treatments; therefore, total N uptake followed closely the response in dry weight accumulation. Yield of cotton was not materially affected by source of N. In general yields were higher from plots receiving NH4NO3 plus plastic mulch than from plots treated with NaNO3 and no plastic mulch.
Response of Phalaris Genotypes and Other Cool‐Season Grasses to Temperature1
Authors: Hoveland C. S. , Foutch H. W. , Buchanan G. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractImproved winter forage production is a major objective in breeding phalaris (Phalaris tuberosa L.) varieties for the southeastern United States. The purpose of our study was to determine morphological and physiological parameters accounting for winter forage productivity. Winter‐productive phalaris genotypes in field and growth chamber experiments responded rapidly to increasing temperatures with more rapid appearance of new leaves and greater leaf expansion rates than tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), or winter‐dormant phalaris types. Tiller numbers were not related to winter productivity. Fructosans comprised a higher percentage of total nonstructural carbohydrates in winter‐productive than in less winter‐productive phalaris genotypes. Phalaris genotypes did not differ in photosynthetic rates per unit area of leaf surface at several temperatures. Winter‐productivity of certain phalaris genotypes appears to result from rapid development of new leaves and rapid leaf expansion during short periods of favorable temperature, possibly aided by a supply of readily translocated carbohydrates.
Effect of Potassium on the Incidence of Diaporthe sojae in Soybean1
Authors: Crittenden H. W. , Svec L. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMany varieties of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) are highly susceptible to the fungus Diaporthe sojae Lehman when grown in Delaware. It has been shown, in Iowa, that potassium levels in upper pods of soybean plants decreased markedly in late season. Because the upper pods frequently had the highest incidence of D. sojae in Delaware and the infection occurs in late season, the relationship of K in soybean to the incidence of disease caused by D. sojae was studied.Two varieties of soybeans were grown in aluminum lined cylinders on soil testing low in K during the summer of 1972 in the field. This allowed control over the soil volume which the plants could use for a source of K. Potassium chloride and potassium sulfate were added to the soil at O, 2, 10, and 30 g/cylinder. The 30‐g treatment received a 10‐g fertilizer sidedress at midseason. These rates were equivalent to O, 98, 490, and 1,960 kg/ha of K as KC1 and O, 82, 410, and 1,640 kg/ha of K as K2SO4, respectively, which included rates higher than usually used in soybean production. Mature seed was evaluated for incidence of D. sojae.Significantly less diseased seed occurred as K level increased, although neither KC1 nor K2SO4 prevented incidence of the disease. The K had no significant effect on the seed yield or number of seeds per plant.
Chemical Composition of Three Legume and Four Grass Herbages Harvested at Early Flower during Three Years1
Authors: Smith Dale , Rohweder D. A. , Jorgensen N. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThree legume and four grass species were grown in pure‐row stands under the same soil conditions, but without N fertilization, and were harvested when each species reached first flower during 3 years. Knowledge of the compositional differences among grasses and legumes is needed to provide additional information for recommending forage species to livestock producers. The dry herbages were analyzed for concentration of in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM), total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC), crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, ash, K, Ca, Mg, Na, S, Al, Fe, Sr, B, Cu, Zn, and Mn. Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) was significantly higher than either alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) or sainfoin (Onobrychis sativa Lam.) in concentration of IVDDM, ether extract, Mg, and Cu. Alfalfa was higher than the other legumes in crude fiber and Na; sainfoin was highest in P. Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) was significantly higher than bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), timothy (Phleum pratense L.), and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) in concentration of crude protein, was higher than all but orchardgrass in ash and P, and was higher than bromegrass in IVDDM. Orchardgrass was higher than the other grasses in Mn; bromegrass was highest in Cu. There was no significant difference among species for TNC percentage. An average of the analyses showed that the legumes were higher than the grasses in all constituents except crude fiber, ash, K, and Mn.