bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The mechanical properties of the non-sticky spiral inNephilaorb webs (Araneae, Nephilidae)
Authors: Hesselberg Thomas , Vollrath Fritz 
Published: June 2012

SummaryDetailed information on web geometry and the material properties of the various silks used elucidates the function of the web's different structures. In this study we investigated the non-sticky spiral in Nephila edulis webs, which in this species is not removed during web-building. This permanent non-sticky spiral shows several modifications compared to other, i.e. temporary non-sticky spirals; it is zigzag shaped and wrapped around the radial thread at the elongated junctions. Material properties of silk in the non-sticky spiral and other scaffolding structures (i.e. radii, frame and anchor threads) were comparable. However, the fibre diameters differed with the non-sticky spiral threads being significantly smaller. We used the measured data in a finite element (FE) model of the non-sticky spiral in a segment of the web. The FE analysis suggested that the observed Zigzag index resulted from the application of very high pre-stresses to the outer turns of the non-sticky spiral. However, final pre-stresses in the non-sticky spiral after reorganisation were down to 300 MPa or 1.5-2 times the stress in the radii, which is probably closer to the stress applied by the spider during web-building.
The proximal costs of case construction in caddisflies: antioxidant and life history responses
Authors: Mondy Nathalie , Rey Benjamin , Voituron Yann 
Published: June 2012

Summary
Animal construction allows organisms to cope with environmental variations but the physiological costs of such behaviour are still poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to measure the physiological cost of construction behaviour through the oxidative balance that is known to affect the ability of organs to function, stimulate senescence processes and ultimately impact the fitness of the organism. We used larvae of caddisfly, Limnephilus rhombicus, by experimentally modifying the effort associated with case-building. Larvae that were forced to build a new case showed a significant increase in both total antioxidant capacity and the specific activity of superoxide dismutase 48 hours and 72 hours, respectively, after the initiation of the reconstruction. These results strongly suggest that the larval construction behaviour triggered the production of reactive oxygen species but their effects were reversed 7 days after the reconstruction. In the animals that were forced to build a new case, oxidative stress appeared to be mitigated by a network of antioxidant defences because no oxidative damage was observed in proteins compared to the control larvae. At the adult stage, while the longevity was not sex-dependant and not affected by the treatment, the body weight and the body size of adult males from the reconstruction treatment were significantly lower than the control ones. Such unexpected sex effect together with data on oxidative stress highlight the difficulty to determine the physiological cost associated with energy demanding behaviours implying a consideration of both their energetic and non-energetic components.
64 multidetector CT findings of influenza A (H1N1) virus in patients with hematologic malignancies
Authors: El-Badrawy Adel , Zeidan Amany , Ebrahim Mohamed A 
Published: June 2012

Background The pandemic of swine-origin H1N1 influenza that began in early 2009 has provided evidence that radiology can assist in the early diagnosis of severe cases. Immunocompromised patients are at increased risk for morbidity and mortality. MDCT is superior to radiography in showing the distribution of the disease. Purpose To review the 64 multidetector CT thoracic findings of novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus in patients with hematologic malignancies. Material and Methods This study included 12 patients (3 women, 9 men; mean age, 32.2 years). All patients proved to be infected with influenza A (H1N1) virus. The hematologic malignancies were acute myeloid leukemia ( n = 8), chronic lymphocytic leukemia ( n = 2), multiple myeloma ( n = 1), and myelodysplastic syndrome ( n = 1). All the patients underwent CT scanning using a 64 multidetector CT scanner. Chest CT scans were reviewed for ground-glass opacities (GGOs), consolidation, airway thickening/dilatation, nodules, mediastinal lymphadenopathy, and pleural effusion. Results More than one CT finding was detected in every patient. Pulmonary affection was bilateral, more on the left side. The affections were mainly peribronchial. Airway wall thickening and dilatation were detected in all 12 patients, GGO in 9/12 patients, nodules in 6/12 patients, consolidation in 6/12 patients, hilar lymphadenopathy in 3/12 patients, and pleural effusion in 2/12 patients. Conclusion Acute myeloid leukemia is the most common hematologic malignancy affected by influenza A (H1N1) virus. The left lung is affected more than the right one. The most common multidetector CT findings are unilateral or bilateral airway thickening and dilatation. Multidetector CT can be used for early and accurate assessment of pulmonary affection with influenza A H1N1 virus infection.
Putting Money Where the Mouths Are: The Relation Between Venture Financing and Electronic Word-of-Mouth
Authors: Aggarwal Rohit , Gopal Ram , Gupta Alok , Singh Harpreet 
Published: June 2012

External financing is critical to ventures that do not have a revenue source but need to recruit employees, develop products, pay suppliers, and market their products/services. There is an increasing belief among entrepreneurs that electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM), specifically blog coverage, can aid in achieving venture capital financing. Conflicting findings reported by past studies examining eWOM make it unclear what to make of such beliefs of entrepreneurs. Even if there were generally agreed-upon results, a stream of literature indicates that because of the differences in traits between the prior investigated contexts and venture capital financing, the findings from the prior studies cannot be generalized to venture capital financing. Extant studies also fall short in examining the role of time and the status of entities generating eWOM in determining the influence of eWOM on decision making. To address this dearth of literature in a context that attracts billions of dollars every year, we investigate the effect of eWOM on venture capital financing. This study entails the challenging task of gathering data from hundreds of ventures along with other sources including VentureXpert, surveys, Google Blogsearch, Lexis-Nexis, and Archive.org. The key findings of our econometric analysis are that the impact of negative eWOM is greater than is the impact of positive eWOM and that the effect of eWOM on financing decreases with the progress through the financing stages. We also find that the eWOM of popular bloggers helps ventures in getting higher funding amounts and valuations. The empirical model used in this work accounts for inherent selection biases of entrepreneurs and venture capitalists, and we conduct numerous robustness checks for potential issues of endogeneity, selection bias, nonlinearities, and popularity cutoff for blogs. The findings have important implications for entrepreneurs and suggest ways by which entrepreneurs can take advantage of eWOM.
Validation of a Dosage Individualization Table for Extended-Interval Gentamicin in Neonates
Authors: Dersch-Mills Deonne , Akierman Albert , Alshaikh Belal , Yusuf Kamran 
Published: June 2012

BACKGROUND: Extended-interval aminoglycoside dosing is increasingly used in neonates; however, guidance on how to monitor concentrations and adjust dosages accordingly is limited. OBJECTIVE: To prospectively validate the use of a 22-hour gentamicin concentration dosing table for the individualization of extended-interval dosing in the neonatal population by examining the peak and trough concentrations achieved through its use. METHODS: A prospective observational study was carried out on gentamicin concentrations achieved using a 22-hour post–first-dose gentamicin concentration dosing table for determining dosing intervals in neonates. Neonates (N = 104) in the first week of life, gestational age 23 weeks to full term, in level II and III neonatal intensive care units were included. Neonates were given gentamicin 5 mg/kg intravenously; a table using 22-hour post-first-dose gentamicin concentrations was then used to individualize dosing intervals. Pre- and post-serum gentamicin concentrations on the dosing interval indicated were measured with the second or third doses and used to calculate the peak and trough concentrations achieved. RESULTS: Use of the 22-hour post-first-dose gentamicin concentration dosing table resulted in dosing intervals that provided appropriate peak (mean 10.55 mg/L) and trough (mean 0.75 mg/L) concentrations (with second or third doses) in all neonates. All patients had trough concentrations less than 2 mg/L, and 73% had a trough concentration less than 1 mg/L. No peak concentrations were less than 5 mg/L, 82% of patients had a peak concentration from 5 to 12 mg/L, and the remaining 18% had concentrations from 12.1 to 16 mg/L. Peak and trough concentrations were similar across all gestational ages. CONCLUSIONS: Use of a 22-hour post-first-dose gentamicin concentration dosing table to individualize extended-interval gentamicin dosages in neonates resulted in appropriate peak and trough concentrations in all neonates studied. Use of this table will result in appropriate extended-interval aminoglycoside dosages in neonates early in treatment, using a single serum concentration.
Proposed supramolecular structure of lignin in softwood tracheid compound middle lamella regions
Authors: Terashima Noritsugu , Yoshida Masato , Hafrén Jonas , Fukushima Kazuhiko , Westermark Ulla 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The structure of lignin in the compound middle lamella (CML) of softwood tracheids differs from that in the secondary wall (SW) in regard to the content of condensed structures (5-5′-biphenyl, dibenzodioxocin and 4-O-5′-diphenyl ether). In an early stage of cell wall formation, random coarse networks composed of thin cellulose microfibrils (CMFs), hemicelluloses, and pectin are formed in the CML, then globular p-hydroxyphenyl/guaiacyl lignin (HG-lignin) is deposited quickly into the network. The globular lignin is assumed to be a micellar aggregate of oligolignols folded at the β-O-4 bond with their phenolic ends on the outer part of the aggregate. When 3D clusters of the globules are deposited on the preformed network of polysaccharides, further growth of the oligolignols by endwise addition of new monolignols is spatially limited, so frequent condensation occurs between growing aromatic ends of adjacent HG-oligolignols within the globule and between the wide contact boundaries of the 3D clustered globules to produce a highly condensed supramolecule in CML. In SW, the folded G-oligolignols are deposited slowly in the narrow tubular space surrounding thick CMFs coated with hemicelluloses. Condensation occurs mostly between adjacent growing ends of the oligolignols within the tubular aggregates. Spatial regulation of condensation of folded polylignols is one of the factors producing a different supramolecular structure for CML lignin than for SW lignin.
Experimental Bend Tests to Study Mechanical Descaling of Hot-Rolled Steel Rod
Authors: Yang Wengai , Li YaoHou , Sellars Christopher Michael 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Simple cantilever bend testing to assess mechanical descaling of industrial hot-rolled steel rods has been developed and analysed. This test method has no contact damage to the scale, and produces a range of strains along the rod, which always include those for scale behaviour from crack initiation to complete spallation. A series of methods has been used to assess the variation of the plastic strain along the bent rods and the results have been compared with finite element modelling. Using a cyclone scanner for these measurements provides an accurate and efficient testing procedure. To compare with industrial practice, constrained bending around cylinders was also carried out.
Experimental Study of Thermal Contact Conductance Based on Heat-Transfer Theory with Variable Thermal Conductivity
Authors: Wang Zong Ren , Yang Jun , Yang Mingyuan , Zhang Weifang 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
To calculate the interface temperature drop ΔT during the thermal contact conductance (TCC) testing, an optimization computing method based on the one-dimensional steady heat-transfer theory with variable thermal conductance is proposed in this paper. This method takes into account the physical process of heat transfer adequately, which can calculate the temperature drop (ΔT) accurately. Besides, a practical engineering example is utilized to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach. By using the optimization computing method along with traditional linear fitting method, the testing values of TCC obtained from the interfaces of the structural materials GH4169 and K417 used in aero-engines are studied and compared. The results show that there are large errors and poor stability in the traditional linear fitting method, and the relative errors of these two methods vary from about 3 % to 17 %.
A Gauge Study for Dynamic Light Scattering and Differential Mobility Analyzer Instruments
Authors: Wang F. K. , Chern H. L. , Yu T. C. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
This paper presents the performance of dynamic light scattering (DLS) and differential mobility analyzer (DMA) instruments in measuring nanoparticle size data using a gauge repeatability and reproducibility (GR&R) study based on the mixed model. The adequacy of the measurement process was evaluated using a measure of %GR&R with its confidence interval. The results show that the performance of the DMA instrument is superior to that of the DLS with regard to all variance components of a GR&R study. However, both instruments performed poorly in terms of %GR&R. Therefore, the part and measurement system require further improvement. Using these empirical study applications, this research promotes and maintains measurement quality through procedure analysis.
Reliability Evaluation of Failure Data with Poor Information
Authors: Xia Xintao 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
For costly and dangerous experiments, growing attention has been paid to the problem of the reliability of failure data with small sample sizes. The existing reliability theory relies on a given probability distribution, such as the Weibull distribution and the exponential distribution; thus it is ineffective if the probability distribution is unknown. This paper proposes the grey bootstrap method for the reliability analysis of very few failure data with a known or unknown probability distribution. The grey bootstrap method can be employed to generate many simulated data with few data outputted by a population, as well as to imitate the probability distribution of this population. The experimental investigation shows that the grey bootstrap method is effective in analyzing reliability with small sample sizes without any prior information of the probability distribution.
Correlation of Flow Number with Stiffness Obtained from Dynamic Shear Rheometer Testing of Extracted Binder from Asphalt Concrete Containing Recycled Asphalt Pavement
Authors: Apeagyei Alex K. , Diefenderfer Stacey D. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
This paper describes the results of a study that used the flow number (FN) test to evaluate the rutting susceptibility of asphalt concrete (AC) mixtures containing recycled asphalt pavement (RAP). The study compared the rut depths determined using an asphalt pavement analyzer (APA) (APA rut depth) with binder stiffness test data obtained with a dynamic shear rheometer. Both APA rut depths and binder stiffness are used to evaluate the rutting susceptibility of AC mixtures in Virginia. However, recent studies suggest that the results of the FN test might correlate better with field rutting than most existing rut tests. In addition, because currently almost all AC mixtures produced in Virginia contain RAP, extraction and recovery (ER) tests are required to obtain binder for testing. Therefore, another objective of the study was to determine whether the correlation between FN and the stiffness of recovered asphalt binders would allow the FN test to be used as a surrogate for the recovered binder stiffness. For the mixtures evaluated, the APA rut depth ranged from 0.61 to 1.99 mm, the FN from about 700 to 7500 cycles, and the binder stiffness from 1.637 to 8.498 kPa. The results show that FN was positively correlated with binder stiffness (r = 0.8507, p &lt; 0.0001) but not correlated with APA rut depth (r = −0.2666, p = 0.3010). The results also show that APA rut depth and binder stiffness were not correlated (r = 0.01829, p = 0.944). The study concluded that FN is sensitive to binder stiffness for the mixtures considered. This suggests that the FN test could be used as a new approach for evaluating the effect of RAP on asphalt mixtures and thereby replace or minimize the use of binder ER test methods.
Low Cycle Fatigue Experiments on Turbogenerator Steels and a New Method for Defining Confidence Bands
Authors: Olmi Giorgio 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The 26 NiCrMoV 14 5 and 18Mn18Cr steels have wide applications in the manufacturing of rotors and coil retaining rings. Current studies in the literature mainly regard their metallurgical properties, while little information is available about their cyclic and fatigue behavior. There is also little information regarding possible anisotropic behavior along the tangential and radial forming directions of the aforementioned components. The cited items were tackled by running an experimental campaign with specimens machined from real components in the tangential and radial directions. The experimental procedure was very careful from the points of view of methodology, of strain control, and of fracture evaluation. Static, cyclic, and low cycle fatigue curves were determined. The data were processed for the computation of curve parameters. While an original statistical analysis inspired by ASTM E739-10 was conducted to determine hyperbolic confidence bands “wrapped around” the entire fatigue curves, relating total strain amplitudes to lives. To tackle the question of anisotropy, a novel formulation of the analysis of variance was applied to compare the fatigue curves of both materials along the two forming directions.
From Demilitarization to Democratization. Demobilized Soldiers Between the American Occupation and the German and Japanese States, 1945–1955
Authors: Schneider Birgit 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The demilitarization of Germany and Japan constituted one of the most important goals of the Allies during and after the end of the Second World War and caused the abolishment of the German Wehrmacht and the Imperial Japanese Army. This article focuses on the return of demobilized German and Japanese soldiers during the first postwar decade and examines the policies that the American occupation and the German and Japanese administrations implemented with regard to them. It seeks to shed light on how demobilized soldiers, after they had participated in their countries’ aggressive and ultimately genocidal wars, found their way back into civilian life and civil society without becoming the subversive force that the Allies had feared they would become. Embodying the contradictions of war and defeat, demobilized soldiers greatly benefited from economic reconstruction and from the Cold War, and contributed to the construction of national postwar identities.
Immunohistochemical and immunopathologic characterization of superficial stromal immune-mediated keratitis in horses
Authors: Pate Diana O. , Clode Alison B. , Olivry Thierry , Cullen John M. , Salmon Jacklyn H. , Gilger Brian C. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Objective—To describe the immunopathologic characteristics of superficial stromal immune-mediated keratitis (IMMK) immunopathologically by characterizing cellular infiltrate in affected corneas of horses.
Animals—10 client-owned horses with IMMK.
Procedures—Immunohistochemical staining was performed on keratectomy samples with equine antibodies against the T-cell marker CD3 and B-cell marker CD79a (10 eyes) and the T-helper cytotoxic marker CD4 and T-cell cytotoxic marker CD8 (6 eyes). Percentage of positively stained cells was scored on a scale from 0 (no cells stained) to 4 (> 75% of cells stained). Equine IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies were used to detect corneal immunoglobulin via direct immunofluorescence (10 eyes). Serum and aqueous humor (AH) samples from 3 horses with IMMK were used to detect circulating and intraocular IgG against corneal antigens via indirect immunofluorescence on unaffected equine cornea.
Results—Percentage scores (scale, 0 to 4) of cells expressing CD3 (median, 2.35 [range, 0.2 to 3.7]; mean ± SD, 2.36 ± 1.08) were significantly greater than scores of cells expressing CD79a (median, 0.55 [range, 0 to 1.5]; mean, 0.69 ± 0.72). All samples stained positively for CD4- and CD8-expressing cells, with no significant difference in scoring. All samples stained positively for IgG, IgM, and IgA. No serum or AH samples collected from horses with IMMK reacted with unaffected equine cornea.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Pathogenesis of superficial stromal IMMK included cell-mediated inflammation governed by both cytotoxic and helper T cells. Local immunoglobulins were present in affected corneas; however, corneal-binding immunoglobulins were not detected in the serum or AH from horses with IMMK.
Centrality dependence of freeze-out parameters from Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt {s_{NN} } $ = 7.7, 11.5 and 39 GeV
Authors: Kumar Lokesh 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The RHIC beam energy scan program in its first phase collected data for Au+Au collisions at beam energies of 7.7, 11.5 and 39 GeV. The event statistics collected at these lower energies allow us to study the centrality dependence of various observables in detail, and compare to fixed-target experiments at SPS for similar beam energies. The chemical and kinetic freeze-out parameters can be extracted from the experimentally measured yields of identified hadrons within the framework of thermodynamical models. These then provide information about the system at the stages of the expansion where inelastic and elastic collisions of the constituents cease. We present the centrality dependence of freeze-out parameters for Au+Au collisions at midrapidity for $\sqrt {s_{NN} } $ = 7.7, 11.5, and 39 GeV from the STAR experiment. The chemical freeze-out conditions are obtained by comparing the measured particle ratios (involving π, K, p, and p) to those from the statistical thermal model calculations. The kinetic freeze-out conditions are extracted at these energies by simultaneously fitting the invariant yields of identified hadrons (π, K, and p) using Blast Wave model calculations.
Primary malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour of the heart
Authors: Voluckiene Elvyra , Uzdavinys Giedrius , Cicenas Saulius , Ivaskeviciene Loreta , Zakarkaite Diana , Nogiene Giedre 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
A malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (MPNST) is a rare variety of soft-tissue sarcoma of ectomesenchymal origin. The World Health Organisation created the term MPNST to replace previous terminology such as malignant schwannoma, malignant neurilemmoma, neurogenic sarcoma, and myxofibrosarcoma for tumours of neurogenic origin with similar biological behavior.[1–3] The vast majority of these tumours develop in extremities. They also tend to be located in unusual sites of the body, such as the pelvic retroperitoneum, infratemporal fossa, intrapericardium, and mediastinum.[1,3,4] This case study presents a patient with an extremely rare primary cardiac MPNST..