bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plant species richness belowground: higher richness and new patterns revealed by next‐generation sequencing
Authors: HIIESALU INGA , ÖPIK MAARJA , METSIS MADIS , LILJE LIISA , DAVISON JOHN , VASAR MARTTI , MOORA MARI , ZOBEL MARTIN , WILSON SCOTT D. , PÄRTEL MEELIS 
Published: December 2011

AbstractVariation in plant species richness has been described using only aboveground vegetation. The species richness of roots and rhizomes has never been compared with aboveground richness in natural plant communities. We made direct comparisons of grassland plant richness in identical volumes (0.1 × 0.1 × 0.1 m) above and below the soil surface, using conventional species identification to measure aboveground richness and 454 sequencing of the chloroplasttrnL(UAA) intron to measure belowground richness. We described above‐ and belowground richness at multiple spatial scales (from a neighbourhood scale of centimetres to a community scale of hundreds of metres), and related variation in richness to soil fertility. Tests using reference material indicated that 454 sequencing captured patterns of species composition and abundance with acceptable accuracy. At neighbourhood scales, belowground richness was up to two times greater than aboveground richness. The relationship between above‐ and belowground richness was significantly different from linear: beyond a certain level of belowground richness, aboveground richness did not increase further. Belowground richness also exceeded that of aboveground at the community scale, indicating that some species are temporarily dormant and absent aboveground. Similar to other grassland studies, aboveground richness declined with increasing soil fertility; in contrast, the number of species found only belowground increased significantly with fertility. These results indicate that conventional aboveground studies of plant richness may overlook many coexisting species, and that belowground richness becomes relatively more important in conditions where aboveground richness decreases. Measuring plant belowground richness can considerably alter perceptions of biodiversity and its responses to natural and anthropogenic factors.
Extensive gene flow over Europe and possible speciation over Eurasia in the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Laccaria amethystina complex
Authors: VINCENOT LUCIE , NARA KAZUHIDE , STHULTZ CHRISTOPHER , LABBÉ JESSY , DUBOIS MARIE‐PIERRE , TEDERSOO LEHO , MARTIN FRANCIS , SELOSSE MARC‐ANDRÉ 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBiogeographical patterns and large‐scale genetic structure have been little studied in ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi, despite the ecological and economic importance of EM symbioses. We coupled population genetics and phylogenetic approaches to understand spatial structure in fungal populations on a continental scale. Using nine microsatellite markers, we characterized gene flow among 16 populations of the widespread EM basidiomycete Laccaria amethystina over Europe (i.e. over 2900 km). We also widened our scope to two additional populations from Japan (104 km away) and compared them with European populations through microsatellite markers and multilocus phylogenies, using three nuclear genes (NAR, G6PD and ribosomal DNA) and two mitochondrial ribosomal genes. European L. amethystina populations displayed limited differentiation (average FST = 0.041) and very weak isolation by distance (IBD). This panmictic European pattern may result from effective aerial dispersal of spores, high genetic diversity in populations and mutualistic interactions with multiple hosts that all facilitate migration. The multilocus phylogeny based on nuclear genes confirmed that Japanese and European specimens were closely related but clustered on a geographical basis. By using microsatellite markers, we found that Japanese populations were strongly differentiated from the European populations (FST = 0.416), more than expected by extrapolating the European pattern of IBD. Population structure analyses clearly separated the populations into two clusters, i.e. European and Japanese clusters. We discuss the possibility of IBD in a continuous population (considering some evidence for a ring species over the Northern Hemisphere) vs. an allopatric speciation over Eurasia, making L. amethystina a promising model of intercontinental species for future studies.
The profile of inflammatory and metabolic response in children undergoing heart transplantation
Authors: Yu Xiaoyang , Larsen Bodil , Urschel Simon , Cheung Po‐Yin , Ross David B. , Rebeyka Ivan , West Lori , Li Jia 
Published: December 2011

Yu X, Larsen B, Urschel S, Cheung P‐Y, Ross DB, Rebeyka I, West L, Li J. The profile of inflammatory and metabolic response in children undergoing heart transplantation.  Clin Transplant 2011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399‐0012.2011.01566.x.  © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  Inflammatory and metabolic response is an important factor to determine clinical outcomes. However, it remains unknown in children undergoing heart transplantation (HTx). We examined the perioperative changes in the inflammatory and metabolic response markers C‐reactive protein (CRP) and prealbumin (PA) in 38 heart‐transplanted children. Data obtained prior to and within one month after HTx included CRP, PA, total and differential white blood cell counts, doses of inotropes and immunosuppressants, cultures of blood and body fluids, duration of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), aortic cross clamp and donor heart ischemia, and days in the intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital. CRP was 32 ± 49 mg/L before HTx, increased to 130 ± 55 mg/L on postoperative day 1–2, and decreased to 21 ± 31 mg/L by one month after HTx. PA was 0.15 ± 0.06 g/L before HTx, decreased to 0.12 ± 0.03 g/L on postoperative day 1–2, and then gradually increased to 0.21 ± 0.10 g/L by one month after HTx. Postoperative CRP positively correlated with epinephrine dosage and CPB duration. PA positively correlated with age. In conclusion, inflammatory and metabolic response is present before HTx and acutely intensified after HTx. It may be mainly influenced by CPB duration and cardiovascular function status.
Incidence and predictors of post‐reperfusion syndrome in living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Chung In S. , Kim Ha Y. , Shin Young H. , Ko Justin S. , Gwak Mi S. , Sim Woo S. , Kim Gaab S. , Lee Suk‐Koo 
Published: December 2011

Chung IS, Kim HY, Shin YH, Ko JS, Gwak MS, Sim WS, Kim GS, Lee S‐K. Incidence and predictors of post‐reperfusion syndrome in living donor liver transplantation.Abstract:  A characteristic pattern of hemodynamic changes that may occur in reperfusion phase of liver transplantation (LT) is known as post‐reperfusion syndrome (PRS). In this study, we determined the frequency of PRS and evaluated possible predictors of PRS. The medical records of 152 patients who underwent living donor LT were reviewed. PRS was defined as a decrease in mean arterial pressure of more than 30% from the baseline value for more than one min during the first five min after reperfusion. The frequency of PRS was determined, and patients were divided into two groups: PRS group and non‐PRS group. Donor factors, preoperative and intraoperative recipient factors, and postoperative outcomes were compared between the two groups. PRS occurred in 58 recipients (34.2%). Preoperative model for end‐stage liver disease scores of recipients and percentage of graft steatotic changes were higher in PRS group. PRS group showed higher heart rates and lower hemoglobin values preoperatively. Before reperfusion, PRS group received more transfusion and their urine output was less than that of non‐PRS group. Postoperatively, peak bilirubin during the first five d after LT was higher in PRS group. In conclusion, both severity of liver disease and graft steatosis may increase risk for PRS in LT. Further prospective studies of PRS in its relationship to outcome are indicated.
Cell Cycle Synchronization of Bison (Bos Gaurus) Fibroblasts Derived from Ear Piece Collected Post‐mortem
Authors: Uma Mahesh Y , Rao BS , Katari VC , Komjeti S , Christo D , Lakshmikantan U , Pawar RM , Shivaji S 
Published: December 2011

ContentsEfficiency of the technique of somatic cell nuclear transfer critically depends on the cell cycle phase compatibility between the donor somatic cell nucleus and recipient cytoplasm. In this study, attempts were made to optimize conditions for cell cycle synchronization of bison ear fibroblasts at G0/G1 using different approaches such as using cells in confluency, after contact inhibition, serum starvation or treatment with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0%), sodium butyrate (NaBu) (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mm), cytochalasin‐B (CB) (7.5 μg/ml), cycloheximide (CHX) (7.5 μg/ml) and 6‐dimethyl aminopurine (6‐DMAP) (2.0 mm). A small piece of an ear of an adult female bison collected post‐mortem 10 h after death was used for the preparation of fibroblast cells. The synchronization efficiency was determined by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting. Higher proportion of G0/G1 phase was obtained when cells were subjected to serum starvation for 48 h (85.4%). Sodium butyrate had no effect on synchronization of cells at G0/G1 when the cells were treated for 24 and 48 h. Similarly, DMSO (0.5% and 1.0%) had also no effect on the proportion of cells at G0/G1 for 24 and 48 h. The synchronization ability of CB, CHX and 6‐DMAP at G0/G1 phase was equally effective when cells were treated for 4 h (68.5%, 68.7% and 67.4%) and 24 h (67.8%, 66.1% and 67.5%). In conclusion, this study shows that cells subjected to serum starvation for 24–48 h or confluent monolayer, or cycling cells treated with 1.0% DMSO or 2.0 mm NaBu for 24 h showed best synchronization in G0/G1 phase of cell cycle.
Exposure to dysfunctional parenting and trauma events and posttraumatic stress profiles among a treatment sample with coexisting depression and alcohol use problems
Authors: BAILEY KYLIE , WEBSTER ROSEMARY , BAKER AMANDA L. , KAVANAGH DAVID J. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. Trauma exposure (including experiencing dysfunctional parenting when a child) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) frequently coexist with major depressive disorder (MDD) and alcohol use disorders (AUD), with the impact of this comorbidity usually studied as a dual disorder (i.e. PTSD‐MDD or PTSD‐AUD). This study explores trauma exposure (including to dysfunctional parenting), PTSD symptom severity and PTSD in people seeking treatment for coexisting depressive symptoms and alcohol use problems.Design and Methods. Participants (n = 221) with current depression and alcohol use problems were recruited. Trauma exposure, PTSD symptoms and PTSD were assessed using the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale. The Measure of Parenting Style assessed dysfunctional parenting (neglect/over‐control/abuse) experienced as a child.Results. Most participants experienced trauma (71.6%, n = 159), with more than one‐third reaching DSM‐IV criteria for current PTSD (38.0%, n = 84). Unique to this study was that there were no gender differences in rates of trauma exposure, number of traumatic events and PTSD. More severe PTSD symptoms and PTSD were associated with: childhood neglect; earlier depression onset; more severe depression and alcohol problems; and lower general functioning. More severe problems with alcohol were related to Intrusion and Avoidance symptoms, while severe alcohol dependence symptoms were related to hyperarousal.Discussion and Conclusions. PTSD symptoms and PTSD are highly prevalent in those with coexisting depression and alcohol use problems and are associated with a history of childhood neglect and higher levels of comorbidity. Trauma, PTSD symptoms and PTSD should be assessed and addressed among people seeking treatment for coexisting depression and alcohol problems.[Bailey K, Webster R, Baker AL, Kavanagh DJ. Exposure to dysfunctional parenting and trauma events and posttraumatic stress profiles among a treatment sample with coexisting depression and alcohol use problems. Drug Alcohol Rev 2012;31:529–537]
Problem‐based learning in Guyana: a nursing education experiment
Authors: O'Connor J. , Carr A. 
Published: December 2011

O'CONNOR J. & CARR A. (2011) Problem‐based learning in Guyana: a nursing education experiment. International Nursing Review59, 376–379Aim:  This paper invites the reader into sharing a journey of change through a new curriculum grounded in a problem‐based learning (PBL) approach to education in the first year of a diploma nursing programme in Guyana.Background:  In Guyana, students are trained using traditional teaching methods: lectures and a single, often outdated, text. The authors had been dissatisfied previously with their students' knowledge retention, critical thinking skills and application abilities. The authors became advocates for change through the introduction of a PBL approach in nursing education within their school.Methods:  PBL is quite different from ‘problem solving’, and the goal of learning is not to solve the problem, which has been presented. Rather, the problem is used to help students identify their own learning needs as they attempt to understand the problem, to pull together, synthesize and apply information to the problem, and to begin to work effectively to learn from group members as well as tutors. Students met in small groups to identify the problem; explore their pre‐existing knowledge; generate hypotheses and possible mechanisms; and identify learning issues.Conclusion:  Students in their first exposure to self‐directed, small group learning can immediately thrive as active learners with minimal guidance and support. The programme was evaluated with the admission and scoring of homework/exams based on the school syllabus for the individual courses; and continual small group oral as well as a final written qualitative evaluation. Specific positive and negative learning factors are addressed.
Domestic violence screening: when will we get it right?
Authors: Roush Karen 
Published: December 2011

ROUSH K. (2011) Domestic violence screening: when will we get it right? International Nursing Review59, 115–116Domestic violence (DV) is a major health and human rights problem across the globe that causes serious mental and physical health consequences. Regulatory agencies and accrediting organizations include universal screening among required standards for hospitals and ambulatory clinics. Yet we are still failing to identify women suffering from DV and provide them with the resources and care they need. This commentary looks at a study of universal screening in a hospital in Israel and calls for a shift in focus from the question of whether we are screening and why to how we are educating healthcare providers about DV and interventional research for women experiencing DV.
The contribution of high‐fidelity simulation to nursing students' confidence and competence: a systematic review
Authors: Yuan H.B. , Williams B.A. , Fang J.B. 
Published: December 2011

YUAN H.B., WILLIAMS B.A. & FANG J.B. (2011) The contribution of high‐fidelity simulation to nursing students' confidence and competence: a systematic review. International Nursing Review59, 26–33Background:  High‐fidelity simulation (HFS) has been proposed as a novel, supplemental teaching‐learning strategy to enhance students' confidence and competence in nursing practice.Aim:  To describe available evidence about the effects of HFS on students' confidence and competence within nursing educational programmes.Methods:  A review of studies published between 2000 and 2011 was undertaken using the following databases: CINAHL, Proquest, MEDLINE, Science Direct, OVID and Chinese Academic Journal. The concepts of confidence and competence as they related to HFS in nursing education were used for screening the literature. Quantitative studies were assessed for methodological quality.Findings:  Eighteen English and six Chinese studies addressed confidence and competence as outcomes of simulation and were retrieved in this review. The results of meta‐analysis indicated a mixed contribution of HFS to confidence and competency with a lack of high‐quality random control trials and large sample sizes.Conclusions:  Although qualitative studies presented positive results, there was still insufficient evidence for supporting the notion that students' confidence and competency are enhanced through HFS. More quantitative studies are needed to demonstrate effectiveness. There was a deficit of formal measurement tools available to evaluate HFS. Most research pays no attention to validation of measurements. The increased confidence and competence after simulation may not be realized until the student experiences a real situation like the one in the simulation. More research is needed to examine the transferability of the simulation experience into real situations.
Towards a New Feeling Theory of Emotion
Authors: Kriegel Uriah 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAccording to the old feeling theory of emotion, an emotion is just a feeling: a conscious experience with a characteristic phenomenal character. This theory is widely dismissed in contemporary discussions of emotion as hopelessly naïve. In particular, it is thought to suffer from two fatal drawbacks: its inability to account for the cognitive dimension of emotion (which is thought to go beyond the phenomenal dimension), and its inability to accommodate unconscious emotions (which, of course, lack any phenomenal character). In this paper, I argue that the old feeling theory is in reality only a pair of modifications removed from a highly plausible account of the nature of emotion that retains the essential connection between emotion and feeling. These modifications are, moreover, motivated by recent developments in work on phenomenal consciousness. The first development is the rising recognition of a phenomenal character proper to cognition—so‐called cognitive phenomenology. The second is the gathering momentum behind various ‘connection principles’ that specify some connection that a given state must bear to phenomenally conscious states in order to qualify as mental. These developments make it possible to formulate a new feeling theory of emotion, which would overcome the two fatal drawbacks of the old feeling theory. According to the new feeling theory, an emotion is a mental state that bears the right connection to conscious experiences with the right phenomenal character (involving, among other elements, a cognitive phenomenology).
Improving Financial Stability: Can European Union Member States Learn From China's Experience in Enhancing Commercial Banks' Social Responsibilities?
Authors: Liu Suyu 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis paper concerns the financial stability during the crisis. It introduces the experience of Chinese commercial banks. The Chinese commercial banks emphasise social responsibilities, which contributed to improve the stability of the Chinese financial system, while the increased financial stability brought tremendous positive effects to the development of economy, society and also the commercial banks themselves. We argue that in China, both the government and the financial authority enhance the commercial banks' social responsibility. There are sufficient incentives for the staff of commercial banks to increase the achievements of enhancing the social responsibilities under effective formal institutions. We further argue that, although the legal foundations of China and the EU are different, it is possible for the EU Member States to learn from China to increase the financial stability by enhancing the commercial banks' social responsibilities. We find that because the EU has much more developed financial markets, it is possible for the EU to create effective institutions and legal framework to achieve that goal through the market mechanisms.
The Influence of the Euro in Reshaping Global Monetary Governance: Perceptions from financial elites in Brazil and China
Authors: Otero‐Iglesias Miguel 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis article examines the ways in which key emerging market financial elites assess Europe's monetary power in the reconfiguration of the U.S. dollar‐dominated monetary system. Interviews with public and private financial actors in China and Brazil record that while Europe's debt markets are limited by their size, and hence the material impact of the euro is restricted, the ideational effects are considerable. The findings show that even if the euro does not appear to be replacing the dollar as the main international currency, the European Monetary Union (EMU) is an example for regional and even world monetary integration. Chinese and Brazilian elites applaud European efforts to create a more multilateral and regulated financial system. In this sense, EMU has significant influence, and hence potential for global reach. However, this study also notes that this projection requires greater political coordination of exchange rate policy in order to fully realise its material impact in global monetary governance.
Alcohol Use and Crime: Findings from a Longitudinal Sample of U.S. Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Popovici Ioana , Homer Jenny F. , Fang Hai , French Michael T. 
Published: December 2011

Background:  A positive relationship between alcohol use and criminal activity has been well documented among adults, but fewer studies explore this relationship among adolescents.
Methods:  Using data from 4 waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), we examine alcohol use patterns and criminal activity from adolescence to young adulthood. Fixed‐effects models partially address the potential endogeneity of alcohol use, and, because numerous studies indicate that males are more likely than females to engage in drinking and criminal activity, the analyses are segmented by gender.
Results:  We find a strong positive relationship between alcohol consumption, the commission of crimes, and criminal victimization for both genders. Various sensitivity analyses and robustness checks support this core finding.
Conclusions:  Our results have important policy implications, as public policy tools that aim to reduce drinking among adolescents could also reduce criminal activity. Moreover, effective alcohol abuse treatment may indirectly reduce delinquency and thus have greater long‐term economic benefits than previously estimated.
Investigation of Phase Structure and Electrical Properties of Doped PMN–PZT Ceramics Prepared by Different Methods
Authors: Wang Li , Liang Ruihong , Mao Chaoliang , Gao Min , Du Gang , Cao Fei , Wang Genshui , Dong Xianlin 
Published: December 2011

The doped 0.25Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.40PbTiO3–0.35PbZrO3 (PMN–PZT) ceramics with pure perovskite phase were prepared by one‐step oxide‐mixed method and conventional columbite method. The phase structure and electrical properties were systematically investigated. Crystallites of the ceramic fabricated by the oxide‐mixed method are partially oriented with the c‐axis, while samples prepared from columbite method are randomly oriented. This crystalline orientation enabled better electric properties, especially a higher piezoelectric coefficient d33 of 760 pC/N and electromechanical coupling factor kp of 69%. Materials fabricated from the oxide‐mixed method are attractive for high‐performance piezoelectric actuator and this simple method may have a great prospect in industrial production.
Synthesis and Characterization of Rutile Nanocrystals Prepared in Aqueous Media at Low Temperature
Authors: Kong Linggen , Karatchevtseva Inna , Blackford Mark , Chironi Ilkay , Triani Gerry 
Published: December 2011

Rutile powder was synthesized via sol–gel processing of Tyzor TE precursor in an aqueous solution at 40°C–50°C. A suite of characterization techniques, including FTIR, Raman, X‐ray, and electron diffraction, were employed to investigate the microstructural evolution. The synthesized powder was phase‐pure rutile possessing high surface area (144.7 m2/g), an average pore size of 24.9 nm, and pore volume of 0.66 cm3/g. A reaction mechanism is proposed for the preferential evolution of rutile over other titania polymorphs (i.e. amorphous or anatase).