bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE BERTHA ARMYWORM, MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE). STERILIZATION OF ADULTS BY EXPOSURE OF PREPUPAL–PUPAL STAGES TO 25°C
Authors: Bucher G. E. , Bracken G. K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractExposure of the prepupal and pupal stages of the bertha arrnyworm to 25°C during development had no obvious effect on pupal or adult survival, but reduced the incidence both of attempted mating and of spermatophore transfer and caused mated females with spermatophores to lay only a small number of eggs, all of which were sterile. Pupae are formed in the soil of rape fields during the latter part of August at depths up to 15 cm, and the frequency of their exposure to 25°C may influence population density the following year. Temperature profiles in the soil of rape fields are unknown, but an analysis of soil temperature records under sod from nine meteorological stations in the rape growing area indicated that they frequently reached 25°C. Thus there is sufficient probability that soil temperatures in rape reach a sterilizing temperature to warrant specific studies on temperature profiles in rape and their correlation with published meteorological data and with the fecundity of natural populations of the insect.
PARASITISM OF NEODIPRION SERTIFER (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE) BY EXENTERUS SPP. (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE) IN ONTARIO, 1962–1972, WITH NOTES ON THE PARASITES
Authors: Lyons L. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFour species of Exenterus were reared from the European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.), in Ontario. An introduced species, E. abruptorius (Thunb.), last reported in Ontario in 1948, was recovered in very small numbers at one location. The native E. affinis Roh. (= E. walleyi Cush.) parasitized a small proportion of N. sertifer but was the main species attacking feeding larvae. The native E. nigrifrons (formerly called E. canadensis Prov.) and the introduced E. amictorius (Panz.) occurred at all sampled locations. Both species were more numerous in high than in low density populations of N. sertifer, but E. nigrifrons was more destructive, and E. amictorius less destructive, at high than at low density.About 60% of adults of E. amictorius and 6% of those of E. nigrifrons eclosed in the same summer that attack occurred. Most were unlikely to have reproduced, owing to the scarcity of hosts. In both species females were more frequent in female than in male hosts.Samples of N. sertifer cocoons in July were superior to larval samples in June and cocoon samples in August and the following May for measuring the rate of parasitism and the relative abundance of Exenterus spp. However, because of mortality of Exenterus before and after sampling, data based on the rearing of cocoons seriously underestimated the impact of the parasites.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE ONTOGENY AND HABITS OFLYTTA NUTTALLI,L.VIRIDANA, ANDL.CYANIPENNIS(COLEOPTERA: MELOIDAE): THE ADULTS AND EGGS
Authors: Church N. S. , Gerber G. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMixed colonies of adults ofLytta nuttalliSay andL.viridanaLe Conte, and ofL.cyanipennis(Le Conte) andnuttalli, and colonies containing only one of these three species have been seen in various parts of the Canadian prairies, usually in aggregations and most commonly near bodies of water. The flight period ofnuttalliextends from early June to early August, ofviridanafrom late May to late June, and ofcyanipennisfrom mid-June to early July. The natural food plants of these three species are a variety of wild legumes, though they prefer certain cultivated legumes when present.Nuttalliandviridanawill eat some non-leguminous plants, including species ofIris,Delphinium, andBrassica, and such crops as sugar beets, oats, barley, and wheat. In captivity, males and females ofnuttalliandviridanamated more than once and females deposited more than one batch of eggs. Egg batches ofnuttalli,viridana, andcyanipenniscontained an average of 320, 340, and 390 eggs each, respectively. Cross-mating betweennuttalliandviridanaandnuttalli–viridanahybrids were observed in the field. Fournuttallifemales were seen ovipositing in an area that contained the remains of nesting cells of leafcutter bees (Megachilesp.); these are the first recorded observations ofLyttaspecies ovipositing in the field. The beetles preferred moist, firm soil for oviposition, and the eggs desiccated very quickly when not in contact with moisture. The eggs of these three species developed fairly uniformly at temperatures from 15° to 30 °C, and it appeared to take about 2 to 3 weeks to complete embryological development at temperatures normally encountered during June through August. Relationships among these three species suggested by their behaviour and biology are discussed.
THE DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF ADULT GRASSHOPPERS (ACRIDIDAE) IN CROPS IN ALBERTA, 1918–1975
Authors: Smith D. S. , Holmes N. D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAnnual surveys of the adults show that outbreaks of grasshoppers in cultivated crops in Alberta have occurred in 32 of 58 years. Five outbreaks have occurred, lasting from 3 to 14 years, interspersed by periods of low infestation lasting from 3 to 9 years. Some control measures, however, were required every year even during periods of low infestation. The highest recorded adult populations occurred in 1933, 1936, and 1962, and the lowest in 1952 and 1969.During most periods with low populations, infestation were confined mainly to the area south of the Bow and South Saskatchewan rivers. When high populations occurred, the infested areas increased in size and extended north to the Battle River. The largest infested area covered 48,600 sq. miles and the smallest was 300 sq. miles.Two species of grasshoppers, Camnula pellucida (Scudder) and Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabr.), generally predominated in separate regions. Melanoplus bivittatus (Say) predominated only during periods of low grasshopper infestation. Melanoplus packardii Scudder was restricted in its range and became noticeable when the grasshopper outbreaks were declining.
TRENDS IN POPULATIONS OF THREE SPECIES OF SAWFLIES INFESTING TAMARACK IN SOUTHEASTERN MANITOBA (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDEVIDAE)
Authors: Ives W.G.H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSeasonal distributions of adult emergence and larval drop for Anoplonyx luteipes (Cresson), A. canadensis Harrington, and Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig) are compared. Larval populations of A. luteipes have a significant positive correlation with those of P. erichsonii, while A. canadensis adult populations show a significant negative correlation with P. erichsonii larval populations.
HOST SPECIFICITY OF TINGIS AMPLIATA (TINGIDAE: HETEROPTERA): A CANDIDATE FOR THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF CANADA THISTLE (CIRSIUM ARVENSE)
Authors: Peschken D. P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe only confirmed host plant of Tingis ampliata H.-S. (Tingidae: Heteroptera) is Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.). For this and other reasons, T. ampliata appeared to be a promising biocontrol agent for use in Canada. However, in the laboratory, T. ampliata developed fertile eggs while feeding on the two economic plants globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), and nymphs developed to adults on globe artichoke. Therefore, T. ampliata should not be released in Canada.
TWO SPECIES OF PALPITA HÜBNER DESCRIBED BY JANSE, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE: PYRAUSTINAE)
Authors: Munroe Eugene 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLectotypes are designated for Margaronia curvilinea Janse, 1924, and Margaronia pratti Janse, 1924. These species are referred to Palpita Hübner, [1808], as new combinations. They are redescribed and differentiated from certain closely related species. Phalaena Geometra annulata Fabricius, 1794, and Botys partialis Lederer, 1863, are treated as species inquirenda in the absence of type material. Glyphodes celsalis Walker, 1859, and Margaronia inusitata Butler, 1879, are treated as distinct species and are transferred to Palpita as new combinations. Margaronia warrenalis Swinhoe, 1894, is transferred to Palpita as a new combination; a lectotype is designated for this species and its characters are compared with those of P. curvilinea. Palpita varii n. sp., from Manusela, Ceram, and P. jansei n. sp., from the Island of Mioswar, Geelvink Bay, New Guinea, are described from holotypes drawn from the type-series of P. pratti; characters differentiating these three species are given.
ATTACK BY GNATHOTRICHUS SULCATUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) ON STUMPS AND FELLED TREES BAITED WITH SULCATOL AND ETHANOL
Authors: McLean J. A. , Borden J. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEthanol and sulcatol (6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol), primary attractant and population aggregation pheromone, respectively, for Gnathotrichus sulcatus, were deployed alone or in combination on stumps and felled trees in the University of British Columbia Research Forest, Maple Ridge, B.C. On 18 April 1974, four Douglas-fir trees were felled at each of three locations, and four western hemlock trees were felled at each of three other locations. Felled trees and their respective stumps were baited on 26 April. Attacks by G. sulcatus and bark beetles were recorded at weekly intervals until 25 October. G. sulcatus attacks increased rapidly, reaching a maximum in June and July, followed by a steady decrease to October. Attacks by Dendroctonus pseudotsugae, Pseudohylesinus nebulosus, and P. tsugae showed characteristic seasonal trends, but were not correlated to any of the treatments. Over half the G. sulcatus attacks were on stumps, in which attack densities reached 683.5/m2. The greatest numbers of attacks were on stumps and logs baited with sulcatol or sulcatol plus ethanol. There was a significant interaction between sulcatol and ethanol on Douglas-fir but not on western hemlock. Significantly more G. sulcatus attacked ethanol-baited western hemlock stumps and logs than unbaited controls. However, there was no difference between the level of attack on ethanol-baited Douglas-fir and the controls. The role of ethanol is hypothesized to be more of a boring stimulant than a major attractant. Stumps baited with sulcatol and then treated with ethanolic solutions of systemic insecticide could be used to trap and kill field populations, thus reducing numbers of G. sulcatus being transported to log-booming grounds, dryland sorting areas, and sawmills.
EFFECTS OF DATE OF SOIL DISTURBANCE ON NUMBERS OF ADULT FIELD CRICKETS (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE), IN FLORIDA
Authors: Kay Carol A. Rolph , Veazey Joyce Naffziger , Whitcomb W. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAdults ofGryllus rubensScudder,G.firmusScudder, andG.ovisopisWalker were collected for 4 years from plots disked annually on one of six dates and from undisturbed plots to examine effects of date of soil disturbance on field cricket populations. Adults of the two field-inhabiting species,G.rubensandG.firmus, were most numerous from plots disked in February or April and least numerous from the plots disked in October and from the undisturbed (control) plots. Adults ofG.ovisopis, a species that normally inhabits forests, were most numerous from the undisturbed plots and least numerous from the plots disked in August.
PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF THE DOUGLAS-FIR TUSSOCK MOTH, ORGYIA PSEUDOTSUGATA (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIDAE), IN LOW TO MODERATE POPULATIONS IN CENTRAL CALIFORNIA
Authors: Dahlsten D. L. , Luck R. F. , Schlinger E. I. , Wenz J. M. , Copper W. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDouglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough), populations were studied on white fir at four areas in central Sierra Nevada mountains of California during 1971–73. Life tables were constructed for four populations in El Dorado County. The number of eggs per egg mass decreased and the percentage eggs parasitized doubled with declining moth populations. Hymenopterous parasitoids were collected from all immature stages of the moth: one egg parasitoid, Telenomus californicus Ashmead, six species of larval parasitoids, principally, Hyposoter sp., and 13 species of larval–pupal parasitoids. Tachinids were predominant and accounted for 73% of the parasitoidism of the cocoons in 1971. The apparent mortality of female pupae due to the parasitoid complex was greater than 97% in 1971 and 75% in 1972. One population in Placer County collapsed in 1971 apparently due to a combination of heat exhaustion and low levels of virus infection. Other defoliators, spiders, and several predatory insect species were collected from the foliage samples simultaneously with the tussock moth during larval sampling. Twelve species of "free living" spiders which could be capable of preying on the defoliator complex of white fir were collected. Parasitoids and predators appear to be potentially important biotic factors at low to moderate host population levels. This is the first recorded case where an agent other than the nucleopolyhedrosis virus has been responsible for the collapse of a Douglas-fir tussock moth population.
PREDATOR–PREY MODELS WITH ADDED MORTALITY
Authors: Barclay H. , van den Driessche P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSeveral predator–prey models are examined to assess the generality of Volterra’s contention that an external mortality imposed simultaneously on both predators and prey results in a decrease in predators and an increase in prey equilibrium numbers. The models indicate that this phenomenon occurs mainly as a result of the lack of predator crowding. If predator crowding occurs, a strong functional response of predators to prey density, or light prey mortality relative to predator mortality, is required for Volterra’s phenomenon to occur. In increasing populations away from equilibrium, numerical results indicate conditions for Volterra’s phenomenon to occur.
ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF PHEROMONE-BAITED TREES ON A SPRUCE BEETLE POPULATION (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Dyer E. D. A. , Safranyik L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFrontalin, a synthetic pheromone, induces attacks by the spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) on baited standing trees, in which most broods fail. The impact of baiting 100 randomly chosen trees was determined by estimating the beetle population in a 766-ha spruce forest. Attack density in infested bark was similar for wind-thrown and baited trees; however, 95% of attacks occurred on the former, which were more numerous and had greater attacked surface areas. In this forest, it is estimated that 34 frontalin-baited trees would have been required for each windfall to trap 90% of the beetle population.
POPULATIONS OF SOME MAJOR PESTS AND THEIR NATURAL ENEMIES ON YOUNG AND SEMIDWARF APPLE TREES IN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: MacLellan C. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe population densities of several major apple pests and their natural enemies were studied in an insecticide-free young bearing orchard and in an older orchard of semidwarf trees on an integrated control program. In mature orchards of standard size trees, greater natural mortality occurs than that reported in this study. Over a 5-year period most pests, with notable exceptions, increased rapidly under insecticide-free conditions whereas occasional numerical surges of certain pest species occurred under the mild insecticide program. Insect damage on fruit at harvest averaged 24% in the insecticide-free orchard and 8% in the integrated control orchard which had 2.4 times more harvested fruit.
SPATIAL PATTERN AND DENSITY OFCTENICERA DESTRUCTORANDHYPOLITHUS BICOLOR(COLEOPTERA: ELATERIDAE) IN SOIL IN SPRING WHEAT
Authors: Doane J. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDetermination of the spatial pattern and estimation of the density of egg, larval, and adult populations ofCtenicera destructor(Brown) andHypolithus bicolorEschscholtz were made by soil sampling, and forC.destructoradults, also by cages that collected the emerging adults in the spring. Eggs of both the above species and also those ofAeolus mellillus(Say), which were also found in the samples, were highly aggregated. SmallC.destructorlarvae were most highly aggregated and medium larvae less so; large larvae were usually randomly distributed. UnlikeC.destructor, largeH.bicolorlarvae were more highly aggregated than either the small or mediumbicolorlarvae. Sampling by emergence cages showed thatC.destructoradults were aggregated while sampling by soil cores showed them to be randomly distributed. The different result obtained by the two methods was attributed to the difference in the size of the sampling unit. Aggregation was detected in 29% of theH.bicoloradult population sampled by soil cores only.Larval densities ofC.destructorranged from a low of 0.25 to a high of 1.46 per sample unit (81 cm2) over the 14-year period that samples were taken; densities ofH.bicolorranged from 0.16 to 0.64. Densities ofC.destructorandH.bicoloradults averaged about 6 (range 1–16) % and 12 (0–27) % of the total population of larvae and adults for each respective species. Population composition, in terms of adults and larvae of different sizes, and population fluctuations are discussed.The relation between density and the number of sampling units required to achieve four levels of margin of error at four levels of statistical significance was determined.No satisfactory transformation was found for data of individual samples with a mean less than 1. Several common transformations, including Taylor’s power transformation, were satisfactory for stabilizing the variance of pooled samples.
AN UNUSUAL SENSE RECEPTOR IN INTERNAL ANTENNAL VESICLES OFPTOMAPHAGUS(COLEOPTERA: LEIODIDAE)
Authors: Peck Stewart B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCleared slide mounts of antennae of 30 species ofPtomaphagusbeetles showed two internal sensory vesicles in segments 7, 9, and 10. The vesicles were of similar size in each segment except in segment 7 of cavernicolous species. SEM study showed a narrow circular opening in the distal face of segments 7, 9, and 10 which opens into a widened circular canal inside of and under the segment’s distal surface. Sensory vesicles are pockets in the bottom of this canal. The canal and vesicles are predominantly lined with a unique type of fluted sensilla basiconicum. These sensilla are more elongated and more numerous in cavernicolous species. The origin and evolution of the sensilla and vesicles are discussed.
LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF AERIAL APPLICATIONS OF VIRUS–FENITROTHION COMBINATIONS AGAINST THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Morris O. N. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSpruce budworm infested stands of white spruce and balsam fir were aerially sprayed with an entomopox virus, a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV), a low dose of fenitrothion, and the two virus–chemical insecticide combinations. Long-term assessment of the efficacy of the treatments showed that NPV + a low dose of fenitrothion suppressed the budworm population density particularly on balsam fir below that causing economic damage for 3 years due mainly to transmission of the virus from one generation to the next and maintenance of natural control agents in the population.
THE BIOLOGY OF THE TREE-HOLES OF POINT PELEE NATIONAL PARK, ONTARIO: II. FIRST RECORD OF TOXORHYNCHITES RUTILUS SEPTENTRIONALIS IN CANADA (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Parker D. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe mosquito Toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis (Dyar and Knab) is recorded for the first time in Canada. The species was found breeding in a water-filled rot cavity in a tree in the deciduous forest of Point Pelee National Park. The distribution of the species for which this record represents an extension of the range is discussed.
INFLUENCE OF RESISTANT AND SUSCEPTIBLE MAIZE INBRED LINES ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER, OSTRINIA NUBILALIS (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE), AFTER NATURAL OVERWINTERING CONDITIONS IN SOUTHWESTERN QUEBEC
Authors: Hudon M. , Chiang M. S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractForty exotic maize inbred lines from 10 countries with known resistance or susceptibility to the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), were used to study the effect of plant resistance on borer survival from natural overwintering conditions and particularly the fecundity of the female moth during the following summer. Also, additional information was obtained on different biological characters of the insect. Resistant and susceptible lines were grouped according to their leaf feeding ratings (antibiosis), per cent borer survival at pollination time or at harvest (tolerance). Each specimen observed was kept on the same plant tissue until pupation. The number of eggs and egg masses/female was significantly higher only when lines are grouped according to their leaf feeding ratings. No significant differences were obtained in most biological characters of borers fed on resistant or susceptible maize lines: spring pupation, pupal parasitism, mortality and weight, moth emergence and sex ratio.
A PARTIAL LIFE TABLE FOR THE DOUGLAS-FIR CONE MOTH, BARBARA COLFAXIANA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE)
Authors: Nebeker T. Evan 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA population of the Douglas-fir cone moth, Barbara colfaxiana (Kft.), was studied on the Buckhead Seed Production Area, Lowell Ranger District, Willamette National Forest, Oregon, during 1971. Factors contributing to the mortality of B. colfaxiana are presented in a partial life table and discussed. The egg – instar I was identified as the critical age interval and resinosis the critical factor.
HOST RESISTANCE TO THE FIR ENGRAVER BEETLE, SCOLYTUS VENTRALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE): 2. REPELLENCY OF ABIES GRANDIS RESINS AND SOME MONOTERPENES
Authors: Bordasch Robert P. , Berryman Alan A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCortical blister and wound reaction resin vapors from Abies grandis, and some of their monoterpene fractions, were quantitatively bioassayed for attractiveness and repellency to the fir engraver beetle, Scolytus ventralis. All were found to be repellent.Quantitative differences between liquid resins and vapors were examined. Wound reaction resin vapors contained higher percentages of the more repellent monoterpenes than cortical blister resin vapors. It is hypothesized that α-pinene is the most important monoterpene in the insects’ perception of a resistant host.
LARVAL GROWTH IN BUMBLE BEES (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE)
Authors: Plowright R. C. , Pendrel B. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLarval growth in B. terricola Kirby was measured from daily photographs of the combs of colonies. The growth rate of well-fed larvae was exponential until the commencement of cocoon spinning. No difference between the instantaneous growth rates of physiologically determined workers and queens developing in the same larval clump could be detected. Queen morphogenesis consisted principally of an extended stadial duration as compared with workers. Larvae which were starved regained their former growth rates once they were again fed plentifully. As a general feature of larval growth in Bombus it is suggested that the capacity to resume growth at an invariant maximal rate is retained under widely varying trophic regimes. Thus larval growth in bumble bees is interpreted as a succession of bursts of maximum proportional increase separated by periods of temporary starvation induced both by irregularities in colony food intake and the inherent stochasticity of worker feeding behaviour.
EFFECT OF A PHENYL-BENZOYL UREA [l-(4-CHLOROPHENYL)-3-(2,6-DIFLUOROBENZOYL)-UREA] ON DIPRION SIMILIS (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE)
Authors: Fogal W. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIngestion of a phenyl-benzoyl urea [1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)-urea] by Diprion similis (Hartig) interferes with molting. At the highest concentration (1% solution) tested, it prevents ecdysis but does not prevent apolysis. The Cuticle of pharate larvae is thinner than normal but the formation of melanin in the cuticle is not inhibited. At a concentration of.01%, ecdysis is usually completed but many survivors fail to feed following the molt. This failure is associated with the accumulation of a fibrous material in the midgut. Prior to the molt, food consumption as measured by faecal output is not impaired.