bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Kinetic and Mechanistic Aspects of Acid‐Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Hydroxamic Acids
Authors: GHOSH K. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Simplification of Mathematical Models of Chemical Reaction Systems
Authors: OKINO M. S. , MAVROVOUNIOTIS M. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Lectins: Carbohydrate‐Specific Proteins that Mediate Cellular Recognition
Authors: LIS H. , SHARON N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Protein Radicals in Enzyme Catalysis
Authors: STUBBE J. , VAN DER DONK W. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: NMR Spectroscopy as a Tool to Investigate the Structural Basis of Anticancer Drugs
Authors: GMEINER W. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Naphthalene “Proton Sponges”
Authors: POZHARSKII A. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Non‐Conventional Hydrogen Bonds
Authors: ALKORTA I. , ROZAS I. , ELGUERO J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Soft Lithography
Authors: XIA Y. , WHITESIDES G. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Data and trends in cancer screening in the United States
Authors: Swan Judith , Breen Nancy , Graubard Barry I. , McNeel Timothy S. , Blackman Donald , Tangka Florence K. , Ballard‐Barbash Rachel 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:This paper examines the prevalence of cancer screening use as reported in 2005 among US adults, focusing on differences among historically underserved subgroups. We also examine trends from 1992 through 2005 to determine whether differences in screening use are increasing, staying the same, or decreasing.METHODS:Data from the National Health Interview Surveys between 1992 and 2005 were analyzed to describe patterns and trends in cancer screening practices, including Papanicolaou test, mammography, prostate‐specific antigen, and colorectal screening. Logistic regression was used to report 2005 data for population subgroups defined by several demographic and socioeconomic characteristics.RESULTS:Rates of use for cancer tests are rising only for colorectal cancer, due largely to the increase in colorectal endoscopy screening. Use of all the modalities was strongly influenced by contact with a physician and by having health insurance coverage.CONCLUSIONS:There remain large gaps in use for all screening modalities by education, income, usual source of care, health insurance, and recent physician contact. These specific populations would benefit from interventions to overcome these barriers to screening. Cancer 2010. Published 2010 by the American Cancer Society.
Palladium‐Catalyzed C–C Coupling/C–H Activation: Formation of Isoindolinone‐Fused Heterocyclic Compounds
Authors: Hu Yimin , Ren Dong , Zhang Lidong , Lin Xiangang , Wan Jing 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInactivated dienes containing a cycloalkenyl moiety with aryl halides were used in a palladium‐catalyzed reaction to give different kinds of rare, fused isoindolinone heterocyclic compounds through highly regioselective C–C coupling/C–H functionalization in a one‐step domino reaction. Different dienes and aryl halides were shown to be very active in this reaction. Substituents on the aryl halides were ethoxycarbonyl, methoxycarbonyl, sulfonyl, formacyl, keto, cyano,acetyl, and naphthalene. The C–H functionalization and allyl isomerization occurred simultaneously when 1‐iodobenzene or aryl halides were treated with substrates having allylmoieties on the protecting group. The generality of this process makes the reaction highly valuable due to the synthetic and medicinal importance of these kinds of fused heterocycles.
Adaptations in microbiological populations exposed to dinitrophenol and other chemical stressors
Authors: Ray Sujata , Peters Catherine A. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Microbiological populations in natural and engineered systems may experience multiple exposures to chemical stressors, which may affect system functions. The impact of such exposures on the metabolism of a population of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied using respirometry. Two serial exposures to low concentrations of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), pentachlorophenol (PCP), or N-ethyl maleimide (NEM) did not affect metabolism beyond that expected for a single exposure. However, at higher concentrations, three exposures to DNP led to a combination of metabolic stress and resilience in the population. At a low DNP concentration of 400 mg/L, multiple exposures led to increased stress but indicated no development of resilience. At a high DNP concentration of 1,200 mg/L, no biological activity was observed, indicating that the population did not survive the exposure. At intermediate concentrations of 800 and 900 mg/L DNP, stress was observed, but it was found to decrease after multiple exposures. This, combined with the observation that the size of the population decreased, indicated that resilience in the population had developed because of elimination of the weaker organisms in the population. In contrast, the lack of resilience at the lower DNP concentration was attributed to the survival of the strong as well as weak members, lowering the resilience of the population as a whole. The development of resilience within a window of stressor concentrations is an important finding with implications for predicting the performance of biotreatment processes and biosensor technologies and for interpreting ecotoxicity risk assessments. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2161–2168. © 2010 SETAC
Diagnostic evaluation of conceptual rainfall–runoff models using temporal clustering
Authors: de Vos N. J. , Rientjes T. H. M. , Gupta H. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGiven the structural shortcomings of conceptual rainfall–runoff models and the common use of time‐invariant model parameters, these parameters can be expected to represent broader aspects of the rainfall–runoff relationship than merely the static catchment characteristics that they are commonly supposed to quantify. In this article, we relax the common assumption of time‐invariance of parameters, and instead seek signature information about the dynamics of model behaviour and performance. We do this by using a temporal clustering approach to identify periods of hydrological similarity, allowing the model parameters to vary over the clusters found in this manner, and calibrating these parameters simultaneously. The diagnostic information inferred from these calibration results, based on the patterns in the parameter sets of the various clusters, is used to enhance the model structure. This approach shows how diagnostic model evaluation can be used to combine information from the data and the functioning of the hydrological model in a useful manner. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alu and Satα hypomethylation in Helicobacter pylori‐infected gastric mucosae
Authors: Yoshida Takeichi , Yamashita Satoshi , Takamura‐Enya Takeji , Niwa Tohru , Ando Takayuki , Enomoto Shotaro , Maekita Takao , Nakazawa Kazuyuki , Tatematsu Masae , Ichinose Masao , Ushijima Toshikazu 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGlobal hypomethylation and regional hypermethylation are supposed to be hallmarks of cancer cells. During gastric carcinogenesis, in which Helicobacter pylori infection is causally involved, aberrant hypermethylation is already present in H. pylori‐infected gastric mucosae. In contrast, little is known about global hypomethylation, which can be caused by hypomethylation of individual repetitive elements and other sequences. We, therefore, investigated hypomethylation of individual repetitive elements and the global 5‐methylcytosine content in four groups of gastric mucosal samples that represented the time course of H. pylori infection and gastric carcinogenesis [gastric mucosae of H. pylori‐negative healthy volunteers (G1, n = 34), H. pylori‐positive healthy volunteers (G2, n = 42), H. pylori‐positive gastric cancer patients (G3, n = 34) and H. pylori‐negative gastric cancer patients (G4, n = 20)] and 52 primary gastric cancers. Major variants of Alu, LINE1 and Satα were identified, and their methylation levels were quantified by bisulfite pyrosequencing. Compared with G1, the Alu methylation level was decreased in G2, G3, G4 and cancers (89.2–97.1% of that in G1, p < 0.05). The Satα methylation level was decreased in G2 (91.6%, p < 0.05) and G3 (94.3%, p = 0.08) but not in G4 and cancers. The LINE1 methylation level was decreased only in cancers. The 5‐methylcytosine content was at similar levels in G2, G3 and G4 and highly variable in cancers. These results showed that Alu and Satα hypomethylation is induced in gastric mucosae by H. pylori infection during gastric carcinogenesis, possibly in different target cells, and that global hypomethylation is not always present in human gastric cancers.
Hydrogen‐bond networks in finite ice nanotubes
Authors: Tokmachev A. M. , Dronskowski R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn exhaustive analysis of all H‐bond networks for finite elements of ice nanotubes formed by up to 32 water molecules (3,660,732 configurations in total) is performed. The results constitute a unique database and demonstrate the H‐bond network formation and changes with the growth of the ice nanotube. The statistical analysis shows that H‐bonds can be classified according to their structural positions, and there are remarkable dependencies of the cooperativity energy and bond lengths on the system's morphology. The study of low‐energy configurations supports the conclusion about the ferroelectric order in ice nanotubes with odd numbers of water molecules in the ring. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010
The semi‐micro Kjeldahl method for the determination of nitrogen in coal
Authors: Edwards A. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of the type and amount of catalyst and the regime of heating on the determination of nitrogen in coal by a semi‐micro method, based essentially on that of Kjeldahl, has been investigated. Results obtained by the use of mercuric sulphate/selenium and vanadium pentoxide/selenium catalysts have been compared with those obtained by the standard macro‐method. A modified Markham distillation apparatus is described, and it is shown that by its use ‘blank’ corrections are considerably reduced. Estimates have also been made of the limits within which duplicate results should agree for both semi‐micro and macro‐methods and of the limits of error of the determination.
Salts for static control of humidity at relatively low levels
Authors: Richardson G. M. , Malthus R. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn isopiestic technique has been used for observing the static control of humidity by saturated salt solutions and by paired salt hydrates. Many new values within the range 7% to 60% relative humidity at 25°C have been obtained, using saturated solutions of highly soluble salts. Difficulties encountered in using paired salt hydrates to control humidity at low levels have been described.
Characteristics of the polyamide‐epoxy resin system
Authors: Floyd D. E. , Peerman D. E. , Wittcoff H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPolyamide resins, from a dimeric acid mixture, have been interacted with low‐molecular‐weight resins with terminal epoxy groups. The reaction mechanisms of the primary and secondary amino groups of the polyamide resins with the epoxy groups are discussed. Comparison is made with the reaction conditions and the properties of the resultant blends when epoxy resins are interacted with amine hardening agents.The polyamide‐epoxy thermoset blends are highly adhesive, partly due to the high concentration of polar groups, and have unusual flexibility because of the high degree of internal plasticization due to the fatty character of the polyamide resin. The physical properties of various blends are tabulated, and their current and prospective uses discussed.
Some characteristic infra‐red absorption frequencies of furan compounds. I
Authors: Cross A. H. J. , Stevens S. G. E. , Watts T. H. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe infra‐red absorption spectra of a number of 2‐monosubstituted and 2: 5‐disubstituted furan derivatives have been measured over the frequency range 2000–700 cm.−1. Two bands at approximately 1225 cm.−1 and 1020 cm.−1 are characteristic of the furan ring and other tentative assignments are made in the 1000cm.−1 to 700 cm.−1 region for the identification of the type of substitution. A nitro‐group in the α‐position of a furan ring absorbs strongly at 1535–1505 cm.−1 and 1360–1340 cm.−1.
Electrodialysis using ion‐exchange membranes II. Demineralization of solutions containing amino‐acids
Authors: Peers A. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhen the ratio of electrical transport numbers (ratio of fluxes) of two ionic species in a membrane has a value different from the ratio of concentrations in free solution, the membrane may be utilized to effect a partial separation of the two species. The degree of separation may be characterized by a ‘separation factor’, a, which has been evaluated theoretically for a simple case. The effect of current density on a is also considered. The theory is utilized to determine the optimum conditions for the separation of amino‐acids from sodium chloride in a three‐compartment cell employing ion‐exchange membranes. Results are in general agreement with theory.
New Nessler reagent and its use in the direct nesslerisation of Kjeldahl digests
Authors: Middleton K. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe instability of conventional Nessler reagents is shown to be the cause of inaccuracy when they are used to estimate ammonia in solution. A critical investigation of the Nessler reaction has resulted in the formulation of a satisfactory, aqueous reagent. Use of this reagent along with gum arabic, which protects the ammonia‐colour‐complex from flocculation, has permitted the problem of interference to be clarified and by incorporating a method for controlling interference a procedure has been worked out for directly nesslerising Kjeldahl digests. When applied to the determination of the nitrogen content of plant material, the procedure is comparable in accuracy and precision to that of a distillation‐titration method. The reagent is sensitive to 5 μg. of ammoniacal nitrogen in solution and the precision of the method is about 1·4%.
Thermodynamic properties of the normal alcohols, C1 C12
Authors: Green J. H. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe following thermodynamic functions are tabulated for the normal alcohols (CnH2n+1.OH) for C1—C12 inclusive, for the ideal gas state at 1 atm. pressure from 298.16°K to 1000°K : free energy function, (G°—H)/T heat content function, (H°—H)/T heat content, (H°—H) entropy, S° heat capacity, C; and standard heat, Δ H, free energy, Δ G and logarithm of the equilibrium constant, log10K, of formation. For the three lower members the functions were obtained by methods of statistical mechanics and for the higher members by a method of increments. Agreement with the experimental values is satisfactory.
The dihydrate‐hemihydrate transformation in gypsum
Authors: Fowler A. , Howell H. G. , Schiller K. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA microscope study has been made of the development of crystals of calcium sulphate hemihydrate produced on, or in, sheets of the dihydrate in the form of selenite by calcining under controlled conditions. The crystal forms were shown to be strongly dependent upon both temperature and ambient water vapour pressure. A mechanism for the nucleation and growth of these crystals is propounded in terms of the diffusion of molecular vacancies. The relevant properties of the so‐called α‐and β‐hemihydrates are discussed, and it is argued that these forms are due to incoherent and coherent growth, respectively, from the parent selenite; it is explained how it is possible to obtain incoherent growth in this solid transformation. The overall shape of the crystals is examined.
Use of p‐nitrophenol for specific surface measurement of granular solids and fibres
Authors: Giles C. H. , D'Silva A. P. , Trivedi A. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEarlier work describing the use of p‐nitrophenol (PNP) in measuring specific surface of finely divided solids is supplemented here by a description of recent investigations which enable the usefulness of the method to be more clearly defined. Normally PNP is used in aqueous solution, but for some materials liable to dissolve in, swell in, or react chemically with, water, e.g. sugar, certain inorganic oxides and textile fibres, an organic solvent is used. The method is suitable for a wide variety of solids, both non‐porous and porous, provided they either form a hydrogen bond with PNP or have aromatic nuclei. Thus, with appropriate solvents, oxides, textile fibres with polar molecules and carbons can be used, but not, for example barium sulphate. With porous solids the results may or may not reveal a lower accessible surface than the area measured by nitrogen, depending on the pore size distribution. With porous solids the method enables a rapid estimate of the relative proportion of small and large pores to be made. Also, it can be used to measure the external specific surface only, as distinct from the total surface of some porous granular solids and fibres. Normally PNP appears to be adsorbed flatwise from water or organic solvents with an effective molecular area of 52.5 Å2. (An earlier value for this area given for special cases of adsorption from non‐aqueous solutions is now shown to be invalid). In some cases on polar inorganic solids it is adsorbed end‐on with an effective area of 25 Å2. The mode of adsorption is indicated by the type of isotherm.
Alkylation of phenols with isobutylene
Authors: Gehlawat J. K. , Sharma M. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe kinetics of absorption of isobutylene in molten phenol, p‐cresol and pyrocatechol were studied in a stirred cell using concentrated sulphuric acid as a catalyst. The absorption of isobutylene in molten phenols was found to conform to pseudo‐first‐order mechanism. The products of various reactions were analysed by gas‐liquid chromatography.The absorption of isobutylene in mono‐t‐butyl derivatives of phenols was studied in an agitated glass reactor. It was possible to eliminate the effect of diffusion. The values for the rate constant of the second‐order reactions between isobutylene and p‐t‐butylphenol at 104°, isobutylene and 2‐t‐butyl‐p‐cresol at 70° and isobutylene and 4‐t‐butylpyrocatechol at 104° were 49, 40 and 56 ml/g mole/sec, respectively.Mass transfer influenced the rate of alkylation of phenol and p‐cresol with isobutylene in a bubble column. However, no significant improvement was observed in the yield of the mono‐derivative, which in some cases is the desired product.
Studies on bleaching of lac I. Action of sodium hypochlorite on the resin
Authors: Khanna B. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study was made of physical and chemical changes that take place during bleaching of Rangeeni and Kusmi, the two main varieties of lac, by the improved hypochlorite bleaching process. The physical changes studied include life, flow and keeping quality. The chemical changes observed were oxidation, addition, substitution and partial hydrolysis. Fractionation and intrinsic viscosity, however, showed little overall molecular change.
Chemical changes in slabs of cast gypsum during standard tests of resistance to fire
Authors: King G. A. , Beretka J. , Ridge M. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study was made of changes in composition occurring in slabs of cast gypsum when subjected to standard tests of resistance to fire.The temperature of the unfired surfaces of the specimens rose rapidly for ∼55°c and then continued to rise but very much more slowly. Eventually, the temperature again began to rise rapidly and thermal failure occurred. In the cases of the thicker specimens tested, the increase in temperature during the period of slow rise was in the form of two steps separated by a period of faster heating.Observations were made on the composition of specimens heated to various extents. Dehydration was virtually complete at the beginning of the final rapid increase in temperature.
Flavour retention in drying preconcentrated food liquids
Authors: Thijssen H. A. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe loss of volatile flavours from food liquids during evaporative drying and freeze‐drying is independent of the relative volatility of the flavours and fully controlled by the rate at which the flavours can migrate to the evaporating surface. This rate of transfer is in solids and liquids without internal circulation directly proportional to the molecular diffusion coefficient of the flavour component. The diffusion coefficients of the flavour components are strongly dependent on water concentration and decrease much more steeply with decrease in water concentration than the diffusion coefficient of water. Below a critical water concentration the system becomes selectively permeable to water and completely impermeable to flavour molecules. The critical moisture content is dependent on the nature of the dissolved solids, and increases with increasing size of the flavour molecule and decreasing temperature.Drying conditions leading to a steep water concentration gradient and a rapid decrease in the water concentration at the liquid‐or solid‐gas interface down to the domain of selective permeability result in high flavour retention. The effect of these process conditions on retention have been studied experimentally for spray drying and freeze drying.