bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A seamless handoff scheme for IEEE 802.11 wireless networks
Authors: Yen Yun‐Sheng , Chang Ruay‐Shiung , Wu Chuan‐Yung 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTThe advance of computer network technologies such as IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network has made it possible for users to connect to Internet almost anywhere. A mobile node (MN) is likely to move between different base stations while running applications. The IETF has defined the Mobile IP (MIP) to allow MNs to maintain their communication uninterrupted while roaming across different IP subnets. However, the mechanisms defined in MIP may cause undesired connection disruptions or packet losses, which will significantly degrade the quality of real‐time applications. It is an important and challenging issue to support seamless handoff management. To achieve seamless handoff, we propose a unified scheme to address application quality degradation. Our main contribution is the concept and implementation of utilising buffering and resending method to eliminate the packet losses while keeping the end‐to‐end delay of real‐time traffic flow in an acceptable value. The NS‐2 simulation results show that our proposed scheme can significantly maintain application quality during layer‐2 and ‐3 handoffs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐cost routing for energy and capacity constrained wireless mesh networks
Authors: Kokkinos Panagiotis , Papageorgiou Christos , Varvarigos Emmanouel 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTWe propose a class of novel energy‐efficient multi‐cost routing algorithms for wireless mesh networks, and evaluate their performance. In multi‐cost routing, a vector of cost parameters is assigned to each network link, from which the cost vectors of candidate paths are calculated using appropriate operators. In the end these parameters are combined in various optimization functions, corresponding to different routing algorithms, for selecting the optimal path. We evaluate the performance of the proposed energy‐aware multi‐cost routing algorithms under two models. In the network evacuation model, the network starts with a number of packets that have to be transmitted and an amount of energy per node, and the objective is to serve the packets in the smallest number of steps, or serve as many packets as possible before the energy is depleted. In the dynamic one‐to‐one communication model, new data packets are generated continuously and nodes are capable of recharging their energy periodically, over an infinite time horizon, and we are interested in the maximum achievable steady‐state throughput, the packet delay, and the energy consumption. Our results show that energy‐aware multi‐cost routing increases the lifetime of the network and achieves better overall network performance than other approaches. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learning Options and Binomial Trees
Authors: Guthrie Graeme 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper modifies the standard binomial option pricing approach to real options analysis so that it can incorporate learning options. These options allow a manager to gather information about a potential investment payoff prior to investment occurring. The project's overall volatility will vary in the run‐up to investment, being higher when the manager gathers more information about the eventual investment payoff. This paper shows how to construct a recombining tree for the project's anticipated value by making the time steps shorter during periods of high volatility. It describes a simple scheme for calculating the lengths of these steps and the risk‐neutral probabilities that are needed to calculate arbitrage‐free asset prices. Copyright © 2011 Wilmott Magazine Ltd.
Portfolio Optimization Under a Stressed‐Beta Model
Authors: Fouque Jean‐Pierre , Tashman Adam P. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper presents a closed‐form solution to the portfolio optimization problem where an agent wishes to maximize expected terminal wealth, trading continuously between a risk‐free bond and a risky stock following Stressed‐Beta dynamics specified in Fouque and Tashman (2010). The agent has a finite horizon and a utility of the Constant Relative Risk Aversion type. The model for stock dynamics is an extension of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM); it is expressed in continuous‐time, and the slope relating excess stock returns to excess market returns switches between two values. This mechanism reflects the fact that the slope may steepen during periods of stress, a feature which has been demonstrated to better model stock dynamics than CAPM. An asymptotic expansion technique is used to write an explicit expression for the agent's optimal strategy. Lastly, the optimization approach is illustrated with market data, and its outperformance versus the Merton approach is demonstrated. Copyright © 2011 Wilmott Magazine Ltd.
Treating acutely psychotic patients in private homes
Authors: Polak Paul R. , Kirby Michael W. , Deitchman Walter S. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractFamily sponsor homes, a network of private homes where patients are helped through their crises by carefully screened and selected families, have helped reduce the annual use of hospital beds to 1 per 100, 000 population in southwest Denver. These homes are part of a range of small, diversified, and effective environments for treatment of acutely and chronically disabled psychiatric clients.
Gender and migration from Albania
Authors: Stecklov Guy , Carletto Calogero , Azzarri Carlo , Davis Benjamin 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis article examines the dynamics and causes of the shift in the gender composition of migration, and more particularly, in women’s access to migration opportunities and decision-making. Our analysis focuses on Albania, a natural laboratory for studying international migration where out-migration was essentially nonexistent from the end of World War II to the end of the 1980s. Interest in the Albanian case is heightened because of the complex layers of inequality existing at the time when migration began: relatively low levels of inequality within the labor market and educational system—a product of the Communist era—while household relations remained heavily steeped in tradition and patriarchy. We use micro-level data from the Albania 2005 Living Standards Measurement Study, including migration histories for family members since migration began. Based on discrete-time hazard models, the analysis shows a dramatic increase in male migration and a gradual and uneven expansion of the female proportion of this international migration. Female migration, which is shown to be strongly associated with education, wealth, and social capital, appears responsive to economic incentives and constraints. Using information on the dependency of female migration to the household demographic structure as well as the sensitivity of female migration to household-level shocks, we show how household-level constraints and incentives affect male and female migration differently. Throughout this period, however, women’s migration behavior appears more directly aligned with household-level factors, and there is little evidence to suggest that increased female migration signals rising behavioral independence among Albanian women.
Standardization of pathways to adulthood? an analysis of Dutch cohorts born between 1850 and 1900
Authors: Bras Hilde , Liefbroer Aart C. , Elzinga Cees H. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis article examines pathways to adulthood among Dutch cohorts born in the second half of the nineteenth century. Although largely overlooked by previous studies, theory suggests that life courses of young adults born during this period were already influenced by a process of standardization, in the sense that their life courses became more similar over time. Using data from a Dutch registry-based sample, we examine household trajectories: that is, sequences of living arrangements of young adults aged 15–40. Our study shows that for successive cohorts, household trajectories became more similar. We identified six types of trajectories: early death, life-cycle service, early family formation, late family formation, singlehood, and childless but with partner. Overtime, early family formation gradually became the “standard” trajectory to adulthood. However, late family formation and singlehood, tcommon pathways within the preindustrial western European marriage pattern, remained widespread among cohorts born in the late nineteenth century. Laboring class youths, farmers’ daughters, young people of mixed religious background, and urban-born youngsters were the nineteenth century forerunners of a standard pathway to adulthood.
Obtaining multistate life table distributions for highly refined subpopulations from cross-sectional data: A bayesian extension of sullivan’s method
Authors: Lynch Scott M. , Brown J. Scott 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Multistate life table methods are often used to estimate the proportion of remaining life that individuals can expect to spend in various states, such as healthy and unhealthy states. Sullivan’s method is commonly used when panels containing data on transitions are unavailable and true multistate tables cannot be generated. Sullivan’s method requires only cross-sectional mortality data and cross-sectional data indicating prevalence in states of interest. Such data often come from sample surveys, which are widely available. Although the data requirements for Sullivan’s method are minimal, the method is limited in its ability to produce estimates for subpopulations because of limited disaggregation of data in cross-sectional mortality files and small cell sizes in aggregated survey data. In this article, we develop, test, and demonstrate a method that adapts Sullivan’s approach to allow the inclusion of covariates in producing interval estimates of state expectancies for any desired subpopulation that can be specified in the cross-sectional prevalence data. The method involves a three-step process: (1) using Gibbs sampling to sample parameters from a bivariate regression model; (2) using ecological inference for producing transition probability matrices from the Gibbs samples; (3) using standard multistate calculations to convert the transition probability matrices into multistate life tables.
Dietary Monounsaturated Fatty Acids Are Protective Against Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors
Authors: Gillingham Leah G. , Harris‐Janz Sydney , Jones Peter J. H. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractOver 50 years of research has sought to define the role dietary fat plays in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Although optimal dietary fat quantity has been keenly pursued over past decades, attention has recently centered on the value of dietary fat quality. The purpose of the present review is to provide a critical assessment of the current body of evidence surrounding efficacy of dietary monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) for reduction of traditional risk factors defining metabolic syndrome (MetS) and CVD. Due to existing and emerging research on health attributes of MUFA rich diets, and to the low prevalence of chronic disease in populations consuming MUFA rich Mediterranean diets, national dietary guidelines are increasingly recommending dietary MUFA, primarily at the expense of saturated fatty acids (SFA). Consumption of dietary MUFA promotes healthy blood lipid profiles, mediates blood pressure, improves insulin sensitivity and regulates glucose levels. Moreover, provocative newer data suggest a role for preferential oxidation and metabolism of dietary MUFA, influencing body composition and ameliorating the risk of obesity. Mounting epidemiological and human clinical trial data continue to demonstrate the cardioprotective activity of the MUFA content of dietary fat. As the debate on the optimal fatty acid composition of the diet continues, the benefit of increasing MUFA intakes, particularly as a substitute for dietary SFA, deserves considerable attention.
Temporary Increase of PPAR‐γ and Transient Expression of UCP‐1 in Stromal Vascular Fraction Isolated Human Adipocyte Derived Stem Cells During Adipogenesis
Authors: Jo Seong Jin , Choi Won Woo , Lee Eun Seong , Lee Jae Yong , Park Hyun Sun , Moon Dae Won , Eun Hee Chul , Chung Jin Ho 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn this study, cells from the stromal vascular fraction of human subcutaneous tissues were induced to differentiate toward adipose cells in vitro for 2 weeks. During adipogenic differentiation, we followed the chronological changes in their morphology with Coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy and checked the PPAR‐γ and UCP‐1 expression with RT‐PCR. On day 4 after inducing adipogenic differentiation, CARS imaging showed multiple small lipid droplets (LD) distributed peripherally along the cellular membrane. PPAR‐γ began to express at this time and increased until day 14 at a steady rate. On day 7, the cells appeared as brown adipocytes with numerous small LD throughout the cytoplasm, and the mRNA level of UCP‐1 rose abruptly by 6‐ to 7‐fold. After an additional 7 days, CARS imaging showed the development of a large LD, which is characteristic of white adipocytes, and the mRNA level of UCP‐1 slumped significantly. These results demonstrate the possibility that ADSC pass through a brown adipocyte‐like stage while differentiating into white adipocytes.
Understanding suicide among sexual minority youth in America: An ecological systems analysis
Authors: Hong Jun Sung , Espelage Dorothy L. , Kral Michael J. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTThis article examines major risk factors for suicide among sexual minority youth using Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory. Although suicidal behavior among sexual minority youth is a major public concern in the United States, understanding of this phenomenon has been limited since the majority of empirical research studies have addressed individual level characteristics without much consideration to the larger environmental contexts. This review integrates past and current empirical findings on suicidal behaviors of sexual minority youth within the context of micro‐, meso‐, exo‐, macro‐, and chrono‐systems levels. Finally, it draws implications for assessment, prevention, and intervention strategies.
Laparoscopic decortication of symptomatic simple renal cyst using conventional monopolar device
Authors: Tuncel Altug , Aydin Omur , Balci Melih , Aslan Yilmaz , Atan Ali 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn our study, we assessed the efficacy, safety, and feasibility of laparoscopic decortication of symptomatic simple renal cysts using conventional monopolar device. Long‐term symptomatic and radiological results of 15 patients who underwent laparoscopic renal symptomatic simple cyst decortication, which was performed by conventional monopolar device, were retrospectively reviewed. The mean age of the patients was 49.7 years. There were nine male and six female patients. Their presenting symptoms were lumber pain in 93% (n = 14), and hypertension in 7% (n = 1). The mean operating time was 64.6 minutes. The mean hospital stay was 2.2 days. After a mean follow up of 12.08 months, the radiological and symptomatic successes were 100% and 86.6%, respectively. Laparoscopic renal cyst decortication using conventional monopolar device represents an effective and safe treatment option in the management of renal cyst without any need for more expensive energy sources.
Laparoendoscopic single‐site surgery versus conventional laparoscopic surgery for adnexal tumors: A comparison of surgical outcomes and postoperative pain outcomes
Authors: Im Kyong‐Shil , Koo Yu‐Jin , Kim Jong‐Bun , Kwon Yong‐Soon 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe objective of this study was to show the feasibility of laparoendoscopic single‐site surgery (LESS) by comparing the surgical outcomes and postoperative pain of LESS with conventional laparoscopic surgery (CLS) for gynecologic adnexal tumor. This is a prospective case–control study. We enrolled 33 patients—one in 18 patients for LESS and the other in 15 patients for CLS—who were diagnosed with evident adnexal tumor consecutively from September 2009 to February 2010 and were performed by a single surgeon. In LESS, all procedures were performed successfully without any case of conversion to CLS. There were no differences in the demographic characteristics between the two groups. The pathological findings were similar in both groups; a mucinous cystadenoma was the most common pathological feature. The most common operative type performed was cystectomy (22/33, 66%). There were no differences between the LESS and CLS groups in median operation time (62.8 minute vs. 51.3 minutes, p = 0.073); estimated blood loss during operation (100 mL vs. 128 mL, p = 0.068); and postoperative pain intensity measured by visual analog scale. There were no major complications in either group, including operative wound complications. Our study suggested that LESS for adnexal tumor is a feasible surgical technique through the comparable data of the surgical outcomes and postoperative pain outcomes.
Exploratory and recruitment phases in soldier-mediated foraging activities in the termite,Coptotermes intermediusSilvestri (Rhinotermitidae: Coptotermitinae)
Authors: Olugbemi B.O. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractCoptotermes intermediusis a damp-wood subterranean termite, which attacks timber and other woody materials with heavy losses in the southern part of Nigeria. The process leading to search for wood and eventual damage was investigated, with focus on how this search is initiated and by which of the termite castes. Results showed that minor soldiers initiate the exploratory phase of search, while the workers are involved in the eventual recruitment process. Under appropriate soldier-worker caste ratio or percentages, exploratory activities inC. intermediusmay be regulated.
Major folds affecting the Lower Old Red Sandstone Group at Lligwy, Anglesey, North Wales, and their regional significance
Authors: TREAGUS JACK E. , TREAGUS SUSAN H. , WOODCOCK NIGEL H. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe Old Red Sandstone on Anglesey, North Wales, presumed Lower Devonian in age, is folded and locally cleaved, but the intensity of this deformation has previously been understated. We describe two S-verging anticline–syncline pairs, one with a strongly overturned middle limb, their associated minor folds and an axial-planar cleavage. The intensity of the deformation calls into question a proposed link to Variscan fault displacements, and the angular unconformity below the Old Red Sandstone precludes the deformation being part of a continuous ‘late Caledonian’ phase. We consider this deformation of the Old Red Sandstone to be mid-Devonian, correlating with the Acadian phase in mainland Wales. It is predated by a Silurian shortening deformation on Anglesey that is possibly related to the closure of the Iapetus Ocean, absent in mainland Wales and the Lake District, but perhaps preserved also on the Isle of Man.
African Shenzhen: China's special economic zones in Africa
Authors: Bräutigam Deborah , Xiaoyang Tang 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTThis article examines recent Chinese efforts to construct a series of official economic cooperation zones in Africa. These zones are a central platform in China's announced strategy of engagement in Africa as ‘mutual benefit’. We analyse the background, motives and implementation of the zones, and argue that they form a unique, experimental model of development cooperation in Africa: market-based decisions and investment by Chinese companies are combined with support and subsidies from an Asian ‘developmental state’. Though this cooperation provides a promising new approach to sustainable industrialisation, we also identify serious political, economic and social challenges. Inadequate local learning and local participation could affect the ability of the zones to catalyse African industrialisation. The synergy between Chinese enterprises, the Chinese government and African governments has been evolving through practice. A case study of Egypt provides insight into this learning process.
Private sector development as poverty and strategic discourse: PSD in the political economy of EU–Africa trade relations
Authors: Langan Mark 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTPrivate sector development (PSD) has emerged as a core component of donor strategies aimed at making free markets work for ‘the poor’ through assistance to business sector capacity in low-income states. PSD initiatives cannot be understood, however, as technical exercises aimed solely at promoting development through business competitiveness. Instead they serve as normative concessions through which developmentally questionable market-opening has been rationalised by donors in pursuit of lucrative commercial opportunities in emerging economies. Examining the European Union's (EU) PSD framework in bilateral relations with the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) states, the article examines the utilisation of PSD discourse in the ‘development branding’ of Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs). PSD discourse is seen to facilitate a ‘double-veiling’ of asymmetric ACP–EU trade ties via legitimising images of equitable market-opening and the trickle-down of business wealth to ‘the poor’. Nevertheless, the reality of reciprocal trade structures combined with Europe's anaemic PSD resources bears little resemblance to the strategic illusions of PSD. In particular, the interventions of Europe's Centre for the Development of Enterprise (CDE) in cotton and textiles sectors in East Africa are seen to have dubious outcomes for ‘development’ in ACP former colonies.
In the shadow of the city: Africa's urban poor in opposition strongholds
Authors: Resnick Danielle 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTSub-Saharan Africa is the fastest urbanising region of the world. This demographic transformation has occurred in concert with two other trends in the region, nascent democratisation and stalled decentralisation. Using the case of Lusaka, Zambia, this study argues that in the context of multi-party competition and limited fiscal decentralisation, the challenges posed by rapid urbanisation are exacerbated for the urban poor living in cities controlled by opposition parties. Semi-structured interviews conducted with local political actors are combined with a survey of 200 informal sector workers in Lusaka. This data reveals the tactics employed by the central government to weaken the popularity of the opposition in Lusaka and shows that from the viewpoint of the urban poor, such tactics ultimately prove counterproductive. The presence of similar dynamics in other African cities has important implications for aid modalities, such as budget support, that are currently used by international donors to fund development projects, including those in the urban sector.