bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Camelina‐derived jet fuel and diesel: Sustainable advanced biofuels
Authors: Shonnard David R. , Williams Larry , Kalnes Tom N. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractRecently, an isoparaffin‐rich jet fuel derived from camelina, a low‐input nonfood oilseed crop, was flight‐tested by a commercial airline. To date, all test results indicate that this hydrotreated renewable jet fuel (HRJ) not only meets stringent engine fuel and performance specifications but also reduces environmental emissions. Several scenarios are now being considered for camelina as a sustainable feedstock for advanced biofuel production. For example, growth of camelina in the Northern Plains of the United States on either marginal lands or as a rotation crop during fallow periods on existing lands already in food crop production can avoid the conflict with food cultivation and concerns with indirect land use change impacts. Updated estimates of camelina cultivation requirements and commercial scale oil recovery and refining were used to calculate life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy demand for both HRJ and renewable diesel (green diesel, GD). GHG life cycle emissions for GD and HRJ are 18.0 and 22.4 g CO2 equiv/MJ fuel, which represent savings relative to petroleum counterparts of 80% and 75%, respectively. Scenario analyses were conducted to determine response to model assumptions and data uncertainty, including allocation methodology, N fertilizer application rate, N2O emission factor, source of H2, and farm diesel consumption. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Decentralized sustainable energy planning of Tumkur district, India
Authors: Hiremath Rahul B. , Kumar Bimlesh , Balachandra P. , Ravindranath N.H. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractPresent work shows the feasibility of decentralized energy options for the Tumkur district in India. Decentralized energy planning (DEP) involves scaling down energy planning to subnational or regional scales. The important aspect of the energy planning at decentralized level would be to prepare an area‐based DEP to meet energy needs and development of alternate energy sources at least‐cost to the economy and environment. The geographical coverage and scale reflects the level at which the analysis takes place, which is an important factor in determining the structure of models. In the present work, DEP modeling under different scenarios has been carried out for Tumkur district of India for the year 2020. DEP model is suitably scaled for obtaining the optimal mix of energy resources and technologies using a computer‐based goal programming technique. The rural areas of the Tumkur district have different energy needs. Results show that electricity needs can be met by biomass gasifier technology, using biomass feedstock produced by allocating only 12% of the wasteland in the district at 8 t/ha/yr of biomass productivity. Surplus electricity can be produced by adopting the option of biomass power generation from energy plantations. The surplus electricity generated can be supplied to the grid. The sustainable development scenario is a least cost scenario apart from promoting self‐reliance, local employment, and environmental benefits. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011
Modeling of the radicalary state in the H2O2/UV oxidation system to predict the degradation kinetics of phenolic mixture solutions
Authors: De Luis Ana , Lombraña José Ignacio , Menéndez Amaia 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe characterization of radical oxidation in the degradation of phenolic compounds with H2O2/UV has been studied. A kinetic model was developed to estimate the concentration of different radical species. Radical concentration defines a determined oxidative level whose changes are analyzed for different oxidizing conditions involving pH and hydrogen peroxide dosage. This study has been developed to extend a previous radical model, only for simple phenolic solutions, to phenolic mixtures consisting of phenol and different cresols. In a mixture, the effects of composition and total amount of phenolics have a great influence on the degradation of each compound markedly modifying the behavior found in a simple solution.The application of a new extended radicalary model requires the characterization of the phenolic mixture solution through two fundamental parameters. The first one is the equivalent phenol in the mixture or phenol concentration, which gives the same oxidative level as that of the mixture case. Besides, additional information must be considered to characterize the deviation of the radical level between each compound and the mixture through the corresponding coefficient of radicalary activity. The model has been applied and verified to estimate the degradation of the different phenolics of a mixture, whatever the composition of phenolics, with good fitting to the experimental data. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011
Experimental study on simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification from flue gas with composite absorbent
Authors: Zhao Yi , Guo Tianxiang , Chen Zhouyan 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe characteristics of desulfurization and denitrification with composite absorbent were researched through aqueous absorption experiments. The removal efficiencies of SO2 and NO were up to 100 and 95%, respectively. The composite absorbent included NaClO2 and component M. Existence of component M in the solution could reduce the absorbent cost compared with using sodium chlorite alone. Chlorine dioxide, as main reaction intermediate product, participated in oxidation reaction. The optimal experimental conditions involved NaClO2 concentration of1.13 mmol/L, solution pH of 5.5, molar ratio (M/NaClO2) of 4.1, reaction temperature of 323 K. The optimal solution pH and reaction temperature were both in the required ranges of limestone‐gypsum wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) process. The research could offer primary data and important references for simultaneous removal of SO2 and NOx in limestone‐gypsum wet FGD process. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011
Changes in hydrology and sediment delivery of the Mekong River in the last 50 years: connection to damming, monsoon, and ENSO
Authors: Xue Zuo , Liu J. Paul , Ge Qian 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAs the population and economy boom, more and more dams are being built in the Mekong River basin. Previous studies have revealed that Manwan Dam had little influence on the runoff–SSC (suspended sediment concentration) relationship, and the sediment load was relatively stable over the past 40 years. However, little is known at present on the relationship among monsoons, El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), precipitation, runoff, and the impact of dams on the delta dynamics. A comprehensive hydropower GIS database covering the entire Mekong basin is presented in this study. Mann–Kendall trend analysis showed no significant change in precipitation and runoff over the past 50 years. Spectral analysis showed that the runoffs of the middle to lower reach of Mekong River are correlated with the Indian Monsoon, where as the East Asian Monsoon's influence is mainly on the lower reach. With another 200 new dams to be added to the basin in the next couple of decades, changes are expected in both hydrological regime and delta dynamics. On one hand, the runoff showed a closer connection with the regional precipitation and ENSO in the post‐dam period (1993–2005) than in the pre‐dam period (1950–1993). Such a relationship is expected to be even closer when more dams are completed. On the other hand, both daily maximum and minimum water levels on the delta plain have shown an abrupt drop since the end of 1994. This reduced water‐level gradient between the river and sea inevitably weakens the sediment discharge to the coast, which might intensify the ongoing coastal erosion on the eastern part of the delta plain. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of secondary metabolites on gall fly infestation of mango leaves
Authors: Augustyn W. A. , Botha B. M. , Combrinck S. , Maree J. E. , du Plooy G. W. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe mango gall fly (Procontarinia) is a growing concern in many countries that import mango trees. Mangoes flush (produce opening buds) twice a year: once in spring, and the main flush, which occurs in early autumn flush and corresponds to the photoperiod necessary for the gall fly to emerge. Gall flies attack only very young mango flush leaves. Three cultivars displaying varying susceptibility were used in this study: Heidi, which typically is heavily infected; Keitt, which displays antixenosis properties; and Sensation, which is resistant to gall fly attack. Headspace profiles of the three cultivars were obtained over two full growing seasons. It was found that flush leaves emit higher levels of volatile organic compounds than mature leaves. Volatile emissions peaked during the main flush, after which they declined as the tree went into the winter dormant period. The levels of α‐ and β‐pinene increased in gall fly‐susceptible cultivars as the season progressed, while very low levels of these terpenes were emitted by resistant cultivars. The changes in the profiles of these emissions suggest that α‐ and β‐pinene may be linked to gall fly susceptibility. In addition, chemometric analysis confirmed the correlation between volatile emissions and gall fly susceptibility. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of market reforms and new public management mechanisms on the Swiss health care system
Authors: Moresi‐Izzo Stefania , Bankauskaite Vaida , Gericke Christian A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn 1996, the Federal Law on Health Insurance (LAMal) was adopted in order to contain costs in Swiss health care. At the same time, the reform aimed to maintain or even improve solidarity and encourage institutional reform through new public management (NPM) and market mechanisms. More freedom in contractual conditions between insurers and providers and a clearer distinction of responsibilities between federal and regional (cantonal) authorities were stipulated to achieve efficiency, effectiveness, and transparency. The focus of this paper is an analysis of the effects of market reforms and NPM mechanisms introduced with the LAMal on the cost‐containment, quality of care and equity objectives in the Swiss health care system. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early Nascent Chain Folding Events on the Ribosome
Authors: Cabrita Lisa D. , Dobson Christopher M. , Christodoulou John 
Published: June 2010

AbstractTo maintain optimal protein homeostasis within the cell, a complex interplay exists between factors determining the production, transport, and folding of nascent chains. Here we review the evidence for the structural and dynamical properties of nascent polypeptide chains as they emerge from the ribosome and that enable them to acquire their biologically active, three‐dimensional structures. In particular, we focus on the application of NMR spectroscopy, which is now emerging as a powerful technique to probe the behavior and properties of emerging nascent chains.
Molecular basis of cytokine receptor activation
Authors: Lopez Angel F , Hercus Timothy R , Ekert Paul , Littler Dene R , Guthridge Mark , Thomas Daniel , Ramshaw Hayley S , Stomski Frank , Perugini Michelle , D'Andrea Richard , Grimbaldeston Michele , Parker Michael W 
Published: June 2010

AbstractCytokines are secreted soluble peptides that precisely regulate multiple cellular functions. Amongst these the GM‐CSF/IL‐3/IL‐5 family of cytokines controls whether hematopoietic cells will survive or apoptose, proliferate, differentiate, migrate, or perform effector functions such as phagocytosis or reactive oxygen species release. Their potent and pleiotropic activities are mediated through binding to high affinity membrane receptors at surprisingly low numbers per cell. Receptor binding triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling events, including reversible phosphorylation of receptor subunits and associated signaling molecules, leading to multiple biological responses, with the prevention of apoptosis or “cell survival” being a key cellular function that underpins all others. Many chronic inflammatory diseases and a number of haematological malignancies are driven by deregulated GM‐CSF, IL‐3, or IL‐5 cytokine receptor signaling, highlighting their importance in disease. A major step in understanding how these cytokine receptors function is to elucidate their three dimensional structure and to relate this to the many signaling pathways emanating from their receptors. We have recently solved the structure of the human GM‐CSF receptor complexed to GM‐CSF which revealed distinct forms of receptor assembly: a hexamer that comprises two molecules each of GM‐CSF, GM‐CSF receptor alpha chain and GM‐CSF receptor beta chain; and an unexpected dodecamer in which two hexameric complexes associate through a novel site 4. This latter form is necessary to bring JAK2 molecules sufficiently close together to enable full receptor activation. In this review we focus on the most recent insights in cytokine receptor signaling, and in receptor assembly. The stage is now set to link distinct forms of cytokine receptor assembled structures to specific forms of cytokine receptor signaling and function. Armed with this knowledge it may be possible to map distinct cytokine receptor signaling pathways from the cell surface to the cell nucleus which may themselves become new therapeutic targets. © 2010 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 62(7): 509–518, 2010
Photocrosslinkable chitosan modified with angiopoietin‐1 peptide, QHREDGS, promotes survival of neonatal rat heart cells
Authors: Rask Fiona , Dallabrida Susan M. , Ismail Nesreen S. , Amoozgar Zohreh , Yeo Yoon , Rupnick Maria A. , Radisic Milica 
Published: June 2010

AbstractMyocardial infarction (MI) results in the death of cardiomyocytes (CM), which causes scar formation and pathological remodeling of the heart. The delivery of healthy myocytes or bone marrow cells reduces pathological remodeling after MI, however, current cell injection methods have low cell survival rates and high cell loss. The main objective of this work was to develop a novel hydrogel that can promote survival of CMs. Photocrosslinkable azidobenzoic acid modified chitosan (Az‐chitosan) was conjugated with the angiopoietin‐1‐derived peptide, QHREDGS. This novel peptide is thought to mediate attachment and survival responses of CM to angiopoietin‐1 via integrin binding. Thin layers of Az‐chitosan, Az‐chitosan‐QHREDGS, and Az‐chitosan‐DGQESHR (scrambled peptide control) were spin coated on glass slides and photocrosslinked with application of UV light (365 nm). Neonatal rat heart cells cultured up to 5 days, demonstrated significantly higher attachment and viability on Az‐chitosan‐QHREDGS compared to cells on other hydrogel controls. Surfaces were also stained for the CM‐specific marker troponin I, demonstrating significantly higher percentage of CMs on Az‐chitosan‐QHREDGS compared to Az‐chitosan. The cells cultivated on Az‐chitosan‐QHREDGS demonstrated significantly lower levels of caspase 3/7 activation after taxol treatment in comparison to cells cultivated on the control hydrogels, glass substrate, or Az‐chitosan linked to RGD, an established integrin binding peptide that did not protect against apoptosis. Thus, Az‐chitosan‐QHREDGS supports attachment and survival of neonatal rat heart cells. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Silicate, borosilicate, and borate bioactive glass scaffolds with controllable degradation rate for bone tissue engineering applications. II. In vitro and in vivo biological evaluation
Authors: Fu Qiang , Rahaman Mohamed N. , Bal B. Sonny , Bonewald Lynda F. , Kuroki Keiichi , Brown Roger F. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn Part I, the in vitro degradation of bioactive glass scaffolds with a microstructure similar to that of human trabecular bone, but with three different compositions, was investigated as a function of immersion time in a simulated body fluid. The glasses consisted of a silicate (13‐93) composition, a borosilicate composition (designated 13‐93B1), and a borate composition (13‐93B3), in which one‐third or all of the SiO2 content of 13‐93 was replaced by B2O3, respectively. This work is an extension of Part I, to investigate the effect of the glass composition on the in vitro response of osteogenic MLO‐A5 cells to these scaffolds, and on the ability of the scaffolds to support tissue infiltration in a rat subcutaneous implantation model. The results of assays for cell viability and alkaline phosphatase activity showed that the slower degrading silicate 13‐93 and borosilicate 13‐93B1 scaffolds were far better than the borate 13‐93B3 scaffolds in supporting cell proliferation and function. However, all three groups of scaffolds showed the ability to support tissue infiltration in vivo after implantation for 6 weeks. The results indicate that the required bioactivity and degradation rate may be achieved by substituting an appropriate amount of SiO2 in 13‐93 glass with B2O3, and that these trabecular glass scaffolds could serve as substrates for the repair and regeneration of contained bone defects. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Gold nanoparticles on titanium and interaction with prototype protein
Authors: Padmos J. Daniel , Duchesne Paul , Dunbar Michael , Zhang Peng 
Published: June 2010

AbstractModifying titanium (Ti) implant surfaces with functional proteins can strengthen the interface between prosthesis and bone. A prototype system was developed using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to immobilize proteins onto Ti. An electroless (galvanic displacement) deposition method was first used to form AuNPs of controlled size and coverage on commercial Ti foil (giving Ti‐AuNPs). Parameters were then modified to create two groups of discs (n = 26) with different average AuNP diameters. Scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to characterize the morphology and surface structure of Ti‐AuNPs. To study the interaction of Ti‐AuNPs with proteins, Ti discs (n = 8) modified with plain AuNPs and discs (n = 8) modified with thiol (HSRCOOH)‐functionalized AuNPs were treated with lysozyme solution. The amount and activity of the lysozyme on the discs were examined with Micro‐BCA and enzymatic assays. Lysozyme was immobilized onto the discs, and the assays showed that the discs with thiol‐functionalized AuNPs, discs with bare AuNPs, and Ti controls had average lysozyme adsorptions of 23 × 104, 2.3 × 104, and 5.7 × 104 μg/m2, respectively. The activity assays showed that 21.5, 18.4, and 12.5% of the adsorbed lysozyme was active on the discs with thiol‐functionalized AuNPs, discs with bare AuNPs, and Ti controls, respectively. This technique holds promise for binding functional biomolecules to surgical implants, hence possibly creating implant surfaces that react to their local environment. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Directional fluid flow enhancesin vitroperiosteal tissue growth and chondrogenesis on poly‐ε‐caprolactone scaffolds
Authors: Tarng Yih‐Wen , Casper Michelle E. , Fitzsimmons James S. , Stone James J. , Bekkers Joris , An Kai‐Nan , Su Fong‐Chin , O'Driscoll Shawn W. , Reinholz Gregory G. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of directional fluid flow on periosteal chondrogenesis. Periosteal explants were harvested from 2‐month‐old rabbits and sutured onto poly‐ε‐caprolactone (PCL) scaffolds with the cambium layer facing away from the scaffolds. The periosteum/PCL composites were cultured in suspension in spinner flask bioreactors and exposed to various fluid flow velocities: 0, 20, 60, and 150 rpm for 4 h each day for 6 weeks. The application of fluid flow significantly increased percent cartilage yield in periosteal explants from 17% in the static controls to 65–75% under fluid flow (there was no significant difference between 20, 60, or 150 rpm). The size of the neocartilage was also significantly greater in explants exposed to fluid flow compared with static culture. The development of zonal organization within the engineered cartilage was observed predominantly in the tissue exposed to flow conditions. The Young's modulus of the engineered cartilage exposed to 60 rpm was significantly greater than the samples exposed to 150 and 20 rpm. These results demonstrate that application of directional fluid flow to periosteal explants secured onto PCL scaffolds enhances cell proliferation, chondrogenic differentiation, and cell organization and alters the biomechanical properties of the engineered cartilage. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Petroleum‐contaminated soil remediation in a new solid phase bioreactor
Authors: Rizzo Andrea C. de L. , dos Santos Renata da Matta , dos Santos Ronaldo L. C. , Soriano Adriana U. , da Cunha Cláudia D. , Rosado Alexandre S. , Sobral Luis G. dos S. , Leite Selma G. F. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: Oil spills are a frequent source of environmental contamination. As a consequence, remediation of soils, waters and sediments is a great challenge in this area of research. This study aims at using a new type of soil bioreactor (13 L bench‐scale and 800 L pilot‐scale) to treat tropical soil contaminated with petroleum. Additionally, it includes the evaluation of the effectiveness of two auxiliary techniques: bulking agent addition (sawdust) and biostimulation using two different nitrogen sources (sodium nitrate and urea).RESULTS: The best result in bench‐ and pilot‐scale bioreactors were reached when using urea as a nitrogen supplement and bulking agent addition. Removal of 20 to 35% of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) was achieved within 42 days. The molecular fingerprinting performed with 16S‐PCR analysis associated with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was used to evaluate changes in the pattern of the bacterial community for all experimental conditions tested. The results revealed that the use of urea caused a smaller change in the dominant bacterial community structure than the treatments using nitrate, showing that this analysis can be a useful complementary tool to evaluate the impact of treatment strategies applied to hydrocarbon‐contaminated soil.CONCLUSIONS: These new solid phase bioreactors showed satisfactory results in the tropical soil bioremediation process, proving that the homogenization system interferes with crude oil biodegradation efficiency. This new technology can be used as an isolated treatment as well as in association with other classically employed bioremediation technologies. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Monitoring and evaluation in global HIV/AIDS control—weighing incentives and disincentives for coordination among global and local actors
Authors: Holzscheiter Anna , Walt Gill , Brugha Ruairi 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis paper discusses coordination efforts of both donors and recipient countries in the monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of health outcomes in the field of HIV/AIDS. The coordination of M&E is a much underdeveloped area in HIV/AIDS programming in which, however, important first steps towards better synchronisation have already been taken. In this paper, we review the concepts and meanings commonly applied to M&E, and approaches and strategies for better coordination of M&E in the field of HIV/AIDS. Most importantly, drawing on this analysis, we examine why the present structure of global health governance in this area is not creating strong enough incentives for effective coordination among global and local actors. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.