bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing a multilevel model of young children’s oral health with national survey data
Authors: Bramlett Matthew D. , Soobader Mah‐J , Fisher‐Owens Susan A. , Weintraub Jane A. , Gansky Stuart A. , Platt Larry J. , Newacheck Paul W. 
Published: March 2010

Bramlett MD, Soobader M‐J, Fisher‐Owens SA, Weintraub JA, Gansky SA, Platt LJ, Newacheck PW. Assessing a multilevel model of young children’s oral health with national survey data. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2010; 38: 287–298. Published 2010. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.Abstract –  Objectives:  To empirically test a multilevel conceptual model of children’s oral health incorporating 22 domains of children’s oral health across four levels: child, family, neighborhood and state.Data source:  The 2003 National Survey of Children’s Health, a module of the State and Local Area Integrated Telephone Survey conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Center for Health Statistics, is a nationally representative telephone survey of caregivers of children.Study design:  We examined child‐, family‐, neighborhood‐, and state‐level factors influencing parent’s report of children’s oral health using a multilevel logistic regression model, estimated for 26 736 children ages 1–5 years.Principal findings:  Factors operating at all four levels were associated with the likelihood that parents rated their children’s oral health as fair or poor, although most significant correlates are represented at the child or family level. Of 22 domains identified in our conceptual model, 15 domains contained factors significantly associated with young children’s oral health. At the state level, access to fluoridated water was significantly associated with favorable oral health for children.Conclusions:  Our results suggest that efforts to understand or improve children’s oral health should consider a multilevel approach that goes beyond solely child‐level factors.
Combined 677CC/1298AC genotypes of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR ) reduce susceptibility to precursor B lymphoblastic leukemia in a Chinese population
Authors: Lv Ling , Wu Cuie , Sun Henjuan , Zhu Saijuan , Yang Yongchen , Chen Xi , Fu Hua , Bao Liming 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) encodes a major enzyme in folate metabolism. It has been suggested that two MTHFR polymorphisms, 677C>T and 1298A>C, influence risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Most studies on relation of MTHFR polymorphisms to ALL susceptibility have been in pediatric populations because ALL is relatively rare in adults. Here, we report a case–control study of 127 Chinese patients with adult precursor B lymphoblastic leukemia (B‐ALL) to examine correlation between the MTHFR polymorphisms and B‐ALL susceptibility in adults. Our data show that although the prevalence of genotype 1298CC was significantly higher in the female patients than in the controls (P = 0.04), the differences in distributions of combined genotypes of 1298CC with either 677CC or 677CT between the cases and the controls were statistically insignificant. Haplotype analysis revealed no significant difference between the cases and the controls. The prevalence for joint MTHFR genotypes 677CC/1298AC was significantly lower in the female B‐ALL cases than in the controls [odds ratio (OR) = 0.06, 95% CI = 0.00–0.53, P = 0.0033] and no differences among the men [OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.20–2.53, P = 0.55], suggesting that protective effects of combined MTHFR 677CC/1298AC genotypes on susceptibility of adult B‐ALL are gender bias toward women with 677CC/1298AC women being at a 17‐fold reduced odds to develop B‐ALL.
Physical Activity and PDE5 Inhibitors in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction: Results of a Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Maio Giuseppe , Saraeb Salim , Marchiori Antonio 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Physical activity (PhA) has proven to be a protective factor for normal erectile function in numerous epidemiological studies.

Aim
The aim of this study was to establish if PhA could have a therapeutic role in the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED).

Methods
This was a randomized, open-label study. A total of 60 patients complaining of ED were studied. Patients were assessed at baseline and after 3 months of study treatment. At baseline, patients were randomized to receive phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5i) alone (group A) or PDE5i plus regular (≥3 hours/week), aerobic, non-agonistic PhA (group B).

Main Outcome Measures
All subjects completed the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-15) questionnaire and performed total testosterone (TT).

Results
Mean PhA was 3.4 hours/week in group B vs. 0.43 in group A; mean energy expenditure in group B was 1,868 kcal/ week or 22.8 metabolic equivalent (MET)/week. IIEF restoration of ED occurred in 77.8% (intervention group) vs. 39.3% (control) (P &lt;0.004). The IIEF-15 score resulted in statistical improvement in intervention group in all the domains but one (orgasm): erectile function 24.7 vs. 26.8 (P = 0.003); confidence (Q15) 3.53 vs. 4.07 (P = 0.006); sexual desire 6.46 vs. 7.18 (P = 0.028); intercourse satisfaction 9.85 vs. 11.25 (P = 0.001); total satisfaction 7.17 vs. 8.07 (P = 0.009); total score 56.2 vs. 61.07 (P = 0.007). TT was statistically similar in the two groups; separate analysis in each group showed statistical increase in group B 4.24 vs. 4.55 (P = 0.012). At multivariate logistic regression analysis, PhA was the only independent variable for normal erection (P = 0.010) (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.036–0.643), higher sexual satisfaction (P = 0.022) (95% CI 0.084–0.821) and normal total IIEF-15 score (P = 0.023) (95% CI 0.85–0.837).

Conclusion
In this randomized controlled pilot study, PDE5i plus PhA was more effective than PDE5i alone in the treatment of ED.
Evaluation of Tramadol on Demand Vs. Daily Paroxetine as a Long-Term Treatment of Lifelong Premature Ejaculation
Authors: Alghobary Moheiddin , El-Bayoumy Youssef , Mostafa Yosry , Mahmoud El-Hassanin Mohamed , Amr Mostafa 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Premature ejaculation (PE) is the most common male sexual dysfunction with many lines of treatment that show conflicting results. Paroxetine and tramadol were both reported to be effective in treatment of PE.

Aim
To investigate the effectiveness of long-term daily paroxetine vs. on-demand tramadol HCl in treatment of PE.

Main Outcome Measures
Intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT) and Arabic Index of PE (AIPE) were used to assess the efficacy of investigated drugs.

Methods
Thirty-five cases with lifelong PE were enrolled in this study. Baseline recording of IELT using a stop watch and AIPE was done. Patients were randomized to take tramadol HCl on-demand or daily paroxetine. Reassessment was done after 6 and 12 weeks. A wash-out period for 2 weeks was given before cross-over to the other medication. Assessment of the effect of the second medication after 6 and 12 weeks was done.

Results
Tramadol and paroxetine increased IELT significantly after 6 weeks by seven- and 11-folds, respectively, compared with baseline. After 12 weeks, a decline of IELT to fivefolds was recorded with tramadol whereas further increase of IELT to 22-folds was recorded with paroxetine compared with baseline (P &lt;0.05). Tramadol improved AIPE score significantly after 6 weeks but not after 12 weeks vs. baseline, whereas paroxetine increased the AIPE score after 6 and 12 weeks vs. baseline (P &lt;0.05).

Conclusions
Daily paroxetine is more effective than on-demand tramadol for treatment of lifelong PE. Tramadol is not recommended as a long-term treatment of lifelong PE.
Pentoxifylline Attenuates Transforming Growth Factor-β1-Stimulated Collagen Deposition and Elastogenesis in Human Tunica Albuginea-Derived Fibroblasts Part 1: Impact on Extracellular Matrix
Authors: Shindel Alan W. , Lin Guiting , Ning Hongxiu , Banie Lia , Huang Yun-Ching , Liu Gang , Lin Ching-Shwun , Lue Tom F. 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Peyronie’s disease (PD) and also plays a role in collagen and elastin metabolism. Pentoxifylline (PTX) antagonizes the effects of TGF-β1 and has been utilized in our clinic for the management of PD.

Aim
We studied the effects of TGF-β1 and PTX on collagen metabolism and elastogenesis in tunica albuginea-derived fibroblasts (TADFs).

Methods
TADFs from men with and without PD were cultured and treated with TGF-β1 and PTX as monotherapy at differing concentrations and time points. Combination treatment (TGF-β1 followed by PTX and vice versa) was also investigated.

Main Outcome Measures
Cell proliferation assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunohistochemistry were utilized to assess the impact of TGF-β1 and PTX on TADF with respect to elastin and collagen I metabolism.

Results
PTX inhibited fibroblast proliferation at doses of 100 µM. TGF-β1 stimulated elastogenesis and collagen I fiber deposition in TADF in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. Pretreatment with PTX dramatically attenuated TGF-β1-mediated elastogenesis and collagen fiber deposition in TADF from men with and without PD. Interestingly, production of collagen I was higher in untreated Peyronie’s tunica (PT) cells relative to normal tunica (NT) cells; furthermore, PTX attenuated collagen production to levels similar to untreated control TADF in PT cells but not in NT cells, suggesting important intrinsic differences between PT and NT cells.

Conclusion
Both elastin and collagen are upregulated by TGF-β1 in TADF. This likely contributes to the PD phenotype. Pretreatment with PTX attenuates both collagen fiber deposition and elastogenesis in TADF exposed to TGF-β1; these effects suggest a useful role for PTX in the management of PD.
Erectile Dysfunction and Risk of Clinical Cardiovascular Events: A Meta-Analysis of Seven Cohort Studies
Authors: Guo Wenbin , Liao Cun , Zou Yaguang , Li Fei , Li Tieqiu , Zhou Qizhao , Cao Yunfei , Mao Xiangming 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT

Introduction
For many years, erectile dysfunction (ED) has been considered as a complication of cardiovascular disease (CVD) or regarded as a late consequence of generalized arterial disease. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that ED is an early manifestation of atherosclerosis and a precursor to systemic vascular disease.

Aim
We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the association between ED and the risk of CVD events.

Methods
Relevant studies published between January 1966 and September 2009 were identified by searching Medline, Embase, and The Cochrane Library. Studies were selected using a prior defined criteria. The strength of the relationship between ED and CVD events was assessed by adjusted relative risks (RRs).

Main Outcome Measures
The adjusted RRs of CVD events.

Results
A total of 45,558 participants from seven cohort studies (eight full-text articles) were identified in this meta-analysis. The studies provided adjusted RRs estimates for ED subjects comparing with health subjects, leading to a pooled adjusted RR of 1.47 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.29–1.66, P &lt;0.001; P for heterogeneity=0.152; I† = 36.2%) for CVD events. The risks of CVD, all-cause mortality and myocardial infarction were 1.41 (95% CI, 1.22–1.64 P &lt;0.001), 1.23 (95% CI, 1.02–1.48; P = 0.034), and 1.43 (95% CI, 1.10–1.85 P = 0.007), respectively. The overall adjusted RR decreased significant from 1.63 (&lt;7 years) to 1.37 (≥7 years) along with the elongation of follow-up.

Conclusions
There is evidence of an increased risk of CVD events for patients with ED. Patients who are discovered to have ED are supposed to be thoroughly assessed for cardiovascular risk and occult systemic vascular disease.
Validity of the Patient-Reported Clinical Global Impression of Change as a Measure of Treatment Response in Men with Premature Ejaculation
Authors: Althof Stanley E. , Brock Gerald B. , Rosen Raymond C. , Rowland David L. , Aquilina Joseph W. , Rothman Margaret , Tesfaye Fisseha , Bull Scott 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC) measures have high utility in clinical practice. However, it is unknown whether the CGIC is valued for assessing premature ejaculation (PE) symptoms and/or the relationship between CGIC and other validated PE patient-reported measures.

Aim
The study aims to assess the validity of the patient-reported CGIC measure in men with PE and to examine the relationship between CGIC ratings and assessments of control, satisfaction, personal distress, and interpersonal difficulty.

Methods
Data from a randomized, double-blind, 24-week phase 3 trial in 1,162 men with PE who received dapoxetine (30 mg or 60 mg) or placebo on demand provided the basis for the analysis. Patients were ≥18 years, in a stable monogamous relationship for ≥6 months, met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition-Text Revision criteria for PE for ≥6 months, and had an intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT) ≤2 minutes in ≥75% of intercourse episodes.

Main Outcome Measures
The CGIC asked patients to rate improvement or worsening of their PE compared with the start of the study using a 7-point response scale; other patient-reported measures were control over ejaculation, satisfaction with sexual intercourse, interpersonal difficulty, and personal distress related to ejaculation. Stopwatch-measured IELT was recorded. Associations between CGIC and change in other measures at study end point were assessed.

Results
The magnitude of IELT increased for each category of improvement on the CGIC: 1.63, 4.03, and 7.15 minutes for slightly better, better, and much better, respectively. Higher CGIC ratings were correlated with greater improvement in control (r = 0.73), satisfaction (r = 0.62), greater reduction in distress (r = −0.52), and interpersonal difficulty (r = −0.39). Total variance accounted for was 57.4%: control (48.7%), satisfaction (4.5%), IELT (2.8%), and distress (1.15%).

Conclusions
The analyses support the validity of the CGIC measure in men with PE. The CGIC can provide clinicians in practice with a valid and brief outcome assessment of their patient’s condition.
Patient Expectations Prior to Coloplast Titan Penile Prosthesis Implant Predicts Postoperative Satisfaction
Authors: Kramer Andrew C. , Schweber Adam 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Managing and understanding expectations of patients prior to inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) surgery is a critical. Clinicians vary in the way they explain the operation, and patients have varied expectations prior to surgery.

Aims
The goal is to understand the role that preoperative counseling and patients’ realistic understanding of IPP surgery play in determining postoperative satisfaction.

Methods
21 Patients underwent IPP surgery, and received a preoperative expectations survey, then, 4 months later, gave a single score of 1–100 (1 is very dissatisfied, 100 is extremely satisfied).

Main Outcome Measures
The results were correlated with an R2 value and visualized on a scatter plot. This significance is tested using a two-tailed test.

Results
Lower preoperative expectations scores correlated almost linearly with higher satisfaction scores after surgery. The R (Pearson) value was −0.489, with an R2 of 0.239. This was significant using a two-tailed test, with a P value of 0.0245.

Conclusion
Giving patients an accurate description of the procedure and setting realistic expectations leads to higher postoperative satisfaction.
Baylor University Roundtable on The Corporate Mission, CEO Pay, and Improving the Dialogue with Investors
Authors: Martin John , Jensen Michael , Naples Ron , Harris Trevor , Chew Don 
Published: March 2010

A small group of academics and practitioners discusses four major controversies in the theory and practice of corporate finance:

What is the social purpose of the public corporation? Should corporate managements aim to maximize the profitability and value of their companies, or should they instead try to balance the interests of their shareholders against those of “stakeholder” groups, such as employees, customers, and local communities?
Should corporate executives consider ending the common practice of earnings guidance? Are there other ways of shifting the focus of the public dialogue between management and investors away from near‐term earnings and toward longer‐run corporate strategies, policies, and goals? And can companies influence the kinds of investors who buy their shares?
Are U.S. CEOs overpaid? What role have equity ownership and financial incentives played in the past performance of U.S. companies? And are there ways of improving the design of U.S. executive pay?
Can the principles of corporate governance and financial management at the core of the private equity model—notably, equity incentives, high leverage, and active participation by large investors—be used to increase the values of U.S. public companies?
Value Maximization, Stakeholder Theory, and the Corporate Objective Function
Authors: Jensen Michael C. 
Published: March 2010

This paper examines the role of the corporate objective function in increasing corporate productivity, social welfare, and the accountability of managers and directors. Because it is logically impossible to maximize in more than one dimension, purposeful behavior requires a “single‐valued” objective function. Two hundred years of work in economics and finance implies that, in the absence of externalities and monopoly, social welfare is maximized when each firm in an economy aims to maximize its total market value.The main contender to value maximization is stakeholder theory, which argues that managers should attempt to balance the interests of all corporate stakeholders, including not only financial claimants, but employees, customers, communities, and governmental officials. By refusing to specify how to make the necessary tradeoffs among these competing interests, the advocates of stakeholder theory leave managers with a theory that makes it impossible for them to make purposeful decisions. With no clear way to keep score, stakeholder theory effectively makes managers unaccountable for their actions (which helps explain the theory's popularity among many managers).But if value creation is the overarching corporate goal, the process of creating value involves much more than simply holding up value maximization as the organizational objective. As a statement of corporate purpose or vision, value maximization is not likely to tap into the energy and enthusiasm of employees and managers. Thus, in addition to setting up value maximization as the corporate scorecard, top management must provide a corporate vision, strategy, and tactics that will unite all the firm's constituencies in its efforts to compete and add value for investors.
How to Tie Equity Compensation to Long‐Term Results
Authors: Bebchuk Lucian A. , Fried Jesse M. 
Published: March 2010

Companies, investors, and regulators around the world are now seeking to tie executives' payoffs to long‐term results and avoid rewarding executives for short‐term gains. Focusing on equity‐based compensation, the primary component of top executives' pay, the authors analyze how such compensation should best be structured to provide executives with incentives to focus on long‐term value creation.To improve the link between equity compensation and long‐term results, the authors recommend that executives be prevented from unwinding their equity incentives for a significant time period after vesting. At the same time, however, the authors suggest that it would be counterproductive to require that executives hold their equity incentives until retirement, as some have proposed. Instead, the authors recommend that companies adopt a combination of “grant‐based” and “aggregate” limitations on the unwinding of equity incentives.Grant‐based limitations would allow executives to unwind the equity incentives associated with a particular grant only gradually after vesting, according to a fixed, pre‐specified schedule put in place at the time of the grant. Aggregate limitations on unwinding would prevent an executive from unloading more than a specified fraction of the executive's freely disposable equity incentives in any given year.Finally, the authors emphasize the need for effective limitations on executives' use of hedging and derivative transactions that would weaken the connection between executive payoffs and long‐term stock values that a well‐designed equity arrangement should produce.
Prevention and early intervention to improve mental health in higher education students: a review
Authors: Reavley Nicola , Jorm Anthony F. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackground: The age at which most young people are in higher education is also the age of peak onset for mental and substance use disorders, with these having their first onset before age 24 in 75% of cases. In most developed countries, over 50% of young people are in higher education.Aims: To review the evidence for prevention and early intervention in mental health problems in higher education students. The review was limited to interventions targeted to anxiety, depression and alcohol misuse.Methods: Interventions to review were identified by searching PubMed, PsycINFO and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Interventions were included if they were designed to specifically prevent or intervene early in the general (non‐health professional) higher education student population, in one or more of the following areas: anxiety, depression or alcohol misuse symptoms, mental health literacy, stigma and one or more behavioural outcomes.Results: For interventions to prevent or intervene early for alcohol misuse, evidence of effectiveness is strongest for brief motivational interventions and for personalized normative interventions delivered using computers or in individual face‐to‐face sessions. Few interventions to prevent or intervene early with depression or anxiety were identified. These were mostly face‐to‐face, cognitive–behavioural/skill‐based interventions. One social marketing intervention to raise awareness of depression and treatments showed some evidence of effectiveness.Conclusions: There is very limited evidence that interventions are effective in preventing or intervening early with depression and anxiety disorders in higher education students. Further studies, possibly involving interventions that have shown promise in other populations, are needed.