bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolism of U-14C-phenylalanine and U-14C-tyrosine by females of Glossina morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) during pregnancy
Authors: Moloo S. K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAfter injections of U-14C-phenylalanine into the haemolymph of female Glossina morsitans Westw. during late pregnancy, radioactivity was detected in the post-parturient female and its larval offspring in the injected material and in lipids, a range of non-essential amino acids and tyrosine. After intrahaemocoelic administration of U-14C-tyrosine, radio-activity was detected in the adult and larva in all these nutriments except phenylalanine. The level of radioactivity in the larva was higher than that remaining in the female parent, and in both radioactivity was greater in amino acids than in the lipid fraction. Radiometric analysis of the oocyte and the infra-uterine larva 24 h after injection of labelled phenylalanine or tyrosine on different days of the pregnancy cycle revealed patterns of radioactivity relative to their respective growth characteristics. The rate of phenylalanine utilisation by the pregnant female for nourishment of the in-utero third-instar larva was significantly higher than the rate of tyrosine utilisation. For both labelled materials, there was a significantly higher utilisation for energy during early than during late pregnancy, but at both physiological ages tyrosine was metabolised for energy to a relatively greater degree. Uric acid is the main nitrogenous waste product of aromatic amino acid metabolism in this insect, though a very low level of activity was also detected in the amino acid fractions of the excreta from females in early and late pregnancy.
Foraging and grass selection by the grass-cutting ant Acromyrmex landolti fracticornis (Forel) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in habitats of introduced forage grasses in Paraguay
Authors: Fowler H. G. , Robinson S. W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractColony densities of Acromyrmex landolti fracticornis (Forel) were found to vary in habitats of introduced forage grasses in central Paraguay. Colony densities were found to be positively correlated with basal grass coverage and the amount of grazing damage. The ants preferentially harvested tender grass blades that showed little or no previous damage by other invertebrates. Colony densities and the amount of grazing damage by the ants showed negative correlations with the amount of grazing damage by other invertebrates. Preferences were determined for 13 species of exotic forage grasses. In both laboratory and field tests, Digitaria smutsii and Panicum maximum were selected significantly more often than other species, and Pennisetum purpureum, P. ciliare and Brachiaria decumbens were selected significantly less often. The preferences observed in the laboratory were also observed in field colonies. The importance of these factors in determining colony density and their practical implications on the Paraguayan cattle industry are discussed.
Tests of pyrethroid vaporising mats against Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Chadwick P. R. , Lord C. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractVaporising mats are used to volatilise small amounts of pyrethroid to prevent mosquito nuisance within houses. A small absorbent mat containing pyrethroid is placed on a 5- to 6-W electric heater. The mat surface temperature is about 125°C. Pyrethroid is released for several hours at a slowly diminishing rate. In tests, no evidence of degradation of bioallethrin was obtained. Vapour from mats inhibited biting by female Aedes aegypti (L.) and caused knockdown and kill. A commercial mat containing 88 mg allethrin was as effective as a mosquito coil containing 0·25% allethrin. In laboratory-made mats, 40 mg bioallethrin or 19 mg S-bioallethrin gave equal or better action than allethrin. Additives, such as piperonyl butoxide, mineral oil or antioxidant slightly reduced the rate of emission of pyrethroid and diminished the bite inhibitory and knockdown effects.
Mathematical model of the survival rates of female bushflies (Musca vetustissima Walker) (Diptera: Muscidae) as inferred from field populations
Authors: Sands P. , Hughes R. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe survival rate of the females of Musca vetustissima Wlk., the Australian bushfly, was determined as a function of age and size from an analysis of the age-size distribution of 11 530 females caught over a period of four years at three sites in south-eastern Australia. The mean length of life of the largest female flies commonly observed in the field was about 15·5 egg-stage periods, as compared to 8·5 for the smallest flies commonly observed. Over the same range of sizes, the breeding potential of a female varied by a factor of 22 to 1. It was found that the attractiveness of a human observer as a bait to female flies varied with the flies' reproductive state; taking the attractiveness to newly emerged flies to be unity, the attractiveness of the observer to flies that had just laid eggs was 1·22, and to flies in the pre-gravid stage 0·15. The mathematical model presented in this paper is appropriate for use in an overall model of bushfly population dynamics.
Varietal differences in the susceptibility of cowpea to larvae of the seed moth, Cydia ptychora (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Perrin R. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractGlasshouse and field screening showed that several varieties of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) in the germplasm collection at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture at Ibadan, Nigeria, had promising levels of resistance to damage by larvae of Cydia ptychora (Meyr.). There was no preference between varieties for oviposition in the glasshouse, but varietal differences in damage to pods and seeds occurred due to differences in the pod-boring and seed-feeding success of larvae. Large numbers of seeds per pod in some varieties diluted the effects of a given larval density and resulted in low percentages of damaged seed. A measure of relative susceptibility was devised that overcame the problem of chance escape from attack by certain pods. Resistance in glasshouse screening was not necessarily related to resistance in the field, where plant growth habits and the ecological requirements of the adult moths are more fully expressed and play an important role in determining the outcome of the plant-insect interaction. The most resistant variety in the glasshouse, Vita-3, was least resistant in the field, partly because it was partially photosensitive and produced few flowers and pods in the early growing season in Ibadan. Two varieties, TVu 946 and TVu 2994, may have escaped severe attack by maturing quickly. The former is small-leaved, non-vigorous, carries its pods on long peduncles well above the foliage and consequently constitutes an unsuitable habitat for daytime sheltering by adults. It was the least damaged variety in the field trial. The latter was most attacked by other pod-feeding pests, and the consequent reduction in seed weight and quality appeared to enhance the level of damage caused by C. ptychora.
Larval release method for genetic control of the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae).
Authors: Foster G. G. , Whitten M. J. , Vogt W. G. , Woodburn T. L. , Arnold J. T. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA method for releasing genetically altered strains of Lucilia cuprina (Wied.) as free-falling larvae from aircraft was tested. Full-fed genetically marked third-instar larvae were released from aircraft flying at a height of 150 m and speeds of 120 or 220 km/h. Progeny tests of adult flies trapped subsequently indicated that released male larvae survived to the adult stage and were competitive with wild males for females.
Enzyme variation in theAnopheles gambiaeGiles group of species (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Miles S. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe genotypes of chromosomally-identified individuals from natural populations of the known species of the group ofAnopheles gambiaeGiles were scored for the enzyme protein structural loci coding for adenylate kinase (Adk), α-naphthyl acetate esterase (Est-1, Est-2, Est-3), glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (Got), α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (αGpd), hexokinase (Hk), isocitric dehydrogenase (Idh), lactic dehydrogenase (Ldh), ‘leucine’ aminopeptidase (Lap-2), malic enzyme (Me), octanol dehydrogenase (Odh), phosphoglucomutase (Pgm-1, Pgm-2), 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase (6-Pgd), phosphohexose isomerase (Phi) and superoxide dismutase (Sod), following starch gel electrophoresis. In the material examined,Est-1, Est-2, Est-3, Got, ldh, Lap-2, Odh, Pgm-1, Pgm-2andSodwere segregating for two or more alleles; unique alleles at theEst-1, GotandSodloci produced species-specific phenotypes inA. melas(Theo.), species C and species D, respectively. The further sampling ofA. merusDön, populations supported the presence of a unique SOD phenotype by which this species can also be identified. Of the other enzyme systems examined, no activity following electrophoresis was detected for aldolase and fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, and the resolution of acid and alkaline phosphatase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase and xanthine dehydrogenase was too poor under the particular electrophoretic conditions for genetic analyses of the enzyme phenotypes.
Evaluation of a new technique for recording the direction of flight of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the field
Authors: Gillies M. T. , Jones M. D. R. , Wilkes T. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn a study in the Gambia on the relationship between wind direction and the direction of flight of mosquitoes, high-voltage electric grids were used as screens in conjunction with suction traps. Mosquitoes contacting or attempting to fly through the grids were electrocuted. The screening efficiency of the grids was estimated to be 75–80%, and the grids had no demonstrable effect on wind speed. The traps were set up in pairs with their mouths at ground level, one trap in each pair being screened on the upwind and the other on the downwind side. In this way, the mosquitoes could be segregated into those that were flying predominantly upwind and predominantly downwind, respectively. The results indicated that some 64% were flying upwind at this level, but this proportion varied considerably over a period of days, with nightly extremes of 87 and 43%; there was little difference between species. This variation was not correlated with wind speed, but there was some evidence that the presence of moonlight led to a greater degree of upwind flight.
Courtship and mating behaviour of the African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Khasimuddin Syed 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLaboratory-bred males of Spodoptera exempta (Wlk.) required at least 48 h after emergence before responding to females, whereas wild-caught males matured in 24 to 36 h; laboratory-bred females took 60 h, whereas wild-caught females were sexually attractive to males 48 h after emergence. Mating only occurred between 00.30 and 03.00 h. Females exhibited a courtship behaviour involving ‘calling’, and the males exhibited a series of pre-mating behavioural responses, probably characteristic of physiological levels of excitement by the female's ‘calling’. Experiments showed that a male can mate with and inseminate only one female each night. The number of females inseminated by any male was related to the male's life-span and was very variable. The fertility of eggs laid by a female was not affected by the age of the male she mated with. A single mating was sufficient for the fertilisation of a life-time's production of eggs by a female.
Physiological age-grading in females of the dung beetle Euoniticellus intermedius (Reiche) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Tyndale-Biscoe Marina 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNewly emerged females of Euoniticellus intermedius (Reiche) have no differentiated oocytes in their single ovariole. The eggs mature sequentially during the maturation period, and at 27°C the first egg is laid 4–8 days after emergence. The rate of oviposition increases with temperature between 18 and 32°C. The threshold for oviposition is 19·6°C, and one egg is produced for every four day-degrees above this threshold. Most females can be sorted into the nulliparous or one of three parous categories, covering the period from emergence to the time when between 75 and 127 eggs have been deposited, on the basis of the quantity of yellow body in the ovariole. The hardness of the cuticle, the degree of oocyte development, and the presence or absence of fat-body in the abdomen can be used to subdivide the nulliparous category into three parts and to recognise old or ‘spent’ beetles. The degree of wear on the tibial teeth gives an age estimate that is independent of nutritionally induced delays and with which the ovarian age can be compared. Actual age cannot be estimated in field-caught-beetles, however, since many factors besides temperature alter the rate of brood production.
Wing dimorphism and flight in Zonocerus variegatus (L.) (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)
Authors: Chapman R. F. , Cook A. G. , Mitchell G. A. , Page W. W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAdults of Zonocerus variegatus (L.) from the dry-season population in southern Nigeria were shown to exist in two forms, one with relatively long wings and the other with relatively short wings. The wet-season population normally existed as the short-winged form, but the insects had the capacity to develop long wings. Long-winged insects had welldeveloped flight muscles and were capable of flight. Flight in the field occurred before sexual maturation and may have led to downwind displacement of individuals over considerable distances.
Estimation of age of females in field populations ofLucilia cuprina(Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) using ambient temperature and solar radiation
Authors: Woodburn T. L. , Vogt W. G. , Kitching R. L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA previously published method for determining the physiological age of femaleLucilia cuprina(Wied.), based on a linear relationship between their rates of ovarian development and temperature, was tested under field-cage conditions. It was found that ovarian development was more rapid than that predicted by thermal summation based on ambient temperature. A re-examination of the rate of development-ambient temperature relationship, over a wider temperature range that that used previously, showed that the development threshold temperature was 8·2°C rather than 11·3°C. Thermal summation using the revised threshold also fell short of the observed day-degree totals. An effective temperature for ovarian development (ambient temperature plus a temperature excess proportional to the incoming solar radiation intensity) was fitted to the data from the field cage. This relationship gave accurate predictions of ovarian development (±8%) for flies that were released into the field.
Description of the developmental stages of Sosylus spp. (Coleoptera: Colydiidae) from New Guinea, parasites and predators of ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Platypodidae)
Authors: Roberts Hywel 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA description is given of some of the developmental stages of Sosylus vicinus (Grouv.), S. silius Hinton and S. reflexus Pope from Papua New Guinea. At least three instars are recognised in all species, and the first or primary instar is of the triungulin type. A triungulin is also reported as the primary instar of another colydiid, Asosylus rhysodoides (Pasc.). This is the first time triungulins have been found in the coleopterous family Colydiidae. Differences in the triungulin of the three species of Sosylus are recognised, based on the form and arrangement of segmental spines. The structure of the different instars with regard to their habits on the host is discussed, and a brief comparison is made with larvae of Meloidae and Rhipiphoridae, the only two other families of Coleoptera with triungulin first-instar larvae.
Andaspis dasi Williams identical with A. numerata Brimblecombe (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), a species found on tea and associated with the fungus Septobasidium
Authors: Williams D. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAndaspis dasi Williams, which was described from India, is made a synonym of A. numerata Brimblecombe, which was described from Australia. The species is now known from several localities and host-plants in the Pacific area and is often found on tea. A short account is given of its association with the fungus Septobasidium in Papua New Guinea.
Observations on scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) of the Middle East*
Authors: Ben-Dov Y. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObservations on the taxonomy, distribution and host-plants of scale insects of several taxa in the Middle East are reported. A lectotype is designated for Bodenheimera rachelae (Bodenh.). Coccus capparidis (Green) is recorded for the first time from Israel and the Mediterranean region. C. arens Hodgson is a new synonym of C. capparidis. C. pseudo-magnoliarum (Kuw.) is recorded from Israel and France. The genus Paralecanopsis is regarded as a subjective synonym of Lecanopsis. Archaspis is synonymised with Quadraspidiotus and Archaspis ephedrae Bodenh. with Quadraspidiotus cecconii (Leonardi). The identity of Diaspis capparidis Bodenh. is established, the species is transferred to Rungaspis, and R. trabuti Balachowsky synonymised with it. R. macrolobis Kaussari is redescribed and a lectoype designated; it is recorded from Israel. A key is given to the three species of Rungaspis, and Sinaidiaspis is synonymised with this. Pseudococcus lindingeri Bodenh. is transferred to Planococcus, and Planococcus variabilis (Hall) synonymised with it. Trionymus internodii (Hall) is recorded for the first time from pineapple and from Israel.
Flight as a factor in the host-finding behaviour of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae)
Authors: Vale G. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe numbers of Glossina pallidipes Aust. and G. morsitans morsitans Westw. flying in and out of a large clearing in Zimbabwe were estimated from catches on unbaited electrified nets placed on the perimeter of the clearing. By estimating the numbers of flies that would encounter visual and olfactory attractants in the middle of the clearing, and from measurements of the numbers caught responding and estimates of the efficiency with which responding flies were caught, it was calculated that 80–100% of flying tsetse responded to stimuli they encountered. The importance of flight as a means of encountering host stimuli in woodland and open areas, and with mobile and stationary baits, is discussed.
Life-cycle studies on Paulinia acuminata (DeGeer) (Orthoptera: Pauliniidae) with particular reference to the effects of constant temperature
Authors: Thomas P. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe effects were examined of constant temperature on the life-cycle of Paulinia acuminata (Deg.), a potential biological control agent for Salvinia molesta. Over the range of temperatures tested (25–36°C), the duration of the life-cycle varied from approximately 85 days to 38 days. Egg development was most rapid at 33–36°C, but percentage hatch was greatest at 33–34°C. The duration of the nymphal period continued to decrease up to 36°C. The optimum temperature for nymphal development appeared to be higher than for eggs since temperature did not significantly affect nymphal mortality, which was about 50%. There were sometimes five and sometimes six instars, six being rather more common at lower than at higher temperatures. Crowded nymphs developed more slowly than isolated ones. Population growth rate statistics were calculated by combining data from several series of experiments. In an attempt to predict the results of a release of Paulinia at Lake Kariba between Zambia and Zimbabwe, these statistics were related to the mean annual temperature on the lake. It was estimated that P. acuminata would undergo three generations a year, with the population increasing by a factor of 8000 per annum.
Hybridisation studies on sibling species of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex (Diptera: Culicidae) in the laboratory
Authors: Okereke T. A 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAssortative mating amongst species of the complex of Anopheles gambiae Giles that occur sympatrically in West Africa was investigated in laboratory mating-choice experiments using dieldrin resistance and hybrid sterility as genetic markers. In competition experiments involving A. gambiae and A. arabiensis Patt., mating was found to be assortative. No effect of cage volume was observed on the operation of the specific mate-recognition system. On the other hand, experiments in which A. gambiae and A. arabiensis were caged separately with A. melas Theo. failed to show the presence of mating barriers known to operate in nature. Similar cage experiments conducted with two different strains of A. gambiae showed that there was no marked mating barrier between the strains. Other experiments showed that hybrid females from the cross between A. gambiae females and A. arabiensis males and the reciprocal cross would mate with both parental types as well as their own males in cages.
Release and establishment of the baculovirus disease of Oryctes rhinoceros (L.) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Gorick B. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractOryctes rhinoceros (L.) is a major pest of coconut palms in Papua New Guinea but has a limited distribution within the country. Pre-release monitoring showed that no baculovirus disease was present in the country prior to its importation. A consignment of O. rhinoceros larvae infected with a baculovirus disease was imported into Papua New Guinea from Western Samoa in 1977. The virus proved highly infectious to both larvae and adults of the local population of O. rhinoceros. During 1978 and 1979, adults were perorally infected with the baculovirus and released at nine sites on Manus Island, four sites on New Ireland and twelve sites on the Gazelle Peninsula of East New Britain. The infected adults were active disseminators of the virus into the field population, and the virus became established at nearly all the release sites. The shortest time between virus release and recapture of newly infected adults from a release site was eight weeks. Three different examples indicated the virus spread at approximately 1 km/month. During a fourteen-week period in the early establishment phase, significantly more females than males were collected in traps but a significantly higher percentage of the males was infected.
Population dynamics of pine woolly aphid, Pineus pini (Gmelin) (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), in Kenya
Authors: Mailu A. M. , Khamala C. P. M. , Rose D. J. W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe population dynamics of Pineus pini (Gmel.) was examined in two locations in the Kenya Highlands where the mean annual precipitation ranges from 620 to 1400 mm. Variations in population densities were related to rainfall. Generally, there was a marked decrease in population during the three months of heavy rainfall in March to May and a significant increase during dry weather from August to October. This was followed by a slight decrease in the rate of population build-up, until the long rains in April again resulted in another population collapse. Nine species of predatory insects were identified, and population fluctuations of the most common of these, Exochomus spp., was studied. Predators seemed to remove about 12% of the aphid population. Other mortality factors included heat and crawler dispersion. The greatest mortality occurred early in the life-cycle and was mainly due to eggs and crawlers being washed off the host-tree by rain.