bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shear and Bending Strength of SiC/SiC Joined by a Modified Commercial Adhesive
Authors: Salvo Milena , Rizzo Stefano , Casalegno Valentina , Handrick Karin , Ferraris Monica 
Published: February 2012

The aim of this work was to develop a new joining/repairing material suitable to be easily applied at temperature not exceeding 300°C, in air atmosphere, on large surfaces of SiCf/SiC composites for aerospace applications. The joining/repairing material proposed here is based on a Carbon Fiber‐reinforced commercial Adhesive (CFA) where silicon carbide particles were added. Mechanical strength of the joined SiC/SiC was tested before and after heat treatment at the maximum working temperature for these SiC/SiC. Flexural strengths higher than 200 MPa and 90 MPa, before and after heat treatment, respectively, were obtained by coupling mechanical and adhesive bonding techniques.
Effect of ZrO2, TiO2, and Al2O3 Additions on Process and Kinetics of Bonelike Apatite Formation on Sintered Natural Hydroxyapatite Surfaces
Authors: Mezahi Fatima Zohra , Oudadesse Hassane , Harabi Abdelhamid , Le Gal Yann 
Published: February 2012

In this study, the ability to form bone‐like apatite on surface of both pure natural hydroxapatite (N‐HA) and natural hydroxyapatite containing 5 wt% of ZrO2 or TiO2 or Al2O3, sintered at 1300°C for 2 h and soaked in the simulated body fluid for different times, was studied. It has been found that the presence of β‐tricalcium phosphate in N‐HA + 5 wt% ZrO2 or TiO2 has promoted the precipitation of bone‐like apatite in the Zr or Ti poorest regions. By contrast, the presence of 5 wt% of Al2O3 did not induce any apatite precipitation on N‐HA sample surfaces.
Promoting the Purchase of Low‐Calorie Foods From School Vending Machines: A Cluster‐Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Kocken Paul L. , Eeuwijk Jennifer , Van Kesteren Nicole M.C. , Dusseldorp Elise , Buijs Goof , Bassa‐Dafesh Zeina , Snel Jeltje 
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND: Vending machines account for food sales and revenue in schools. We examined 3 strategies for promoting the sale of lower‐calorie food products from vending machines in high schools in the Netherlands.METHODS: A school‐based randomized controlled trial was conducted in 13 experimental schools and 15 control schools. Three strategies were tested within each experimental school: increasing the availability of lower‐calorie products in vending machines, labeling products, and reducing the price of lower‐calorie products. The experimental schools introduced the strategies in 3 consecutive phases, with phase 3 incorporating all 3 strategies. The control schools remained the same. The sales volumes from the vending machines were registered. Products were grouped into (1) extra foods containing empty calories, for example, candies and potato chips, (2) nutrient‐rich basic foods, and (3) beverages. They were also divided into favorable, moderately unfavorable, and unfavorable products.RESULTS: Total sales volumes for experimental and control schools did not differ significantly for the extra and beverage products. Proportionally, the higher availability of lower‐calorie extra products in the experimental schools led to higher sales of moderately unfavorable extra products than in the control schools, and to higher sales of favorable extra products in experimental schools where students have to stay during breaks. Together, availability, labeling, and price reduction raised the proportional sales of favorable beverages.CONCLUSION: Results indicate that when the availability of lower‐calorie foods is increased and is also combined with labeling and reduced prices, students make healthier choices without buying more or fewer products from school vending machines. Changes to school vending machines help to create a healthy school environment.
The Effect of School Dismissal on Rates of Influenza‐Like Illness in New York City Schools During the Spring 2009 Novel H1N1 Outbreak
Authors: Egger Joseph R. , Konty Kevin J. , Wilson Elisha , Karpati Adam , Matte Thomas , Weiss Don , Barbot Oxiris 
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND: The effects of individual school dismissal on influenza transmission have not been well studied. During the spring 2009 novel H1N1 outbreak, New York City implemented an individual school dismissal policy intended to limit influenza transmission at schools with high rates of influenza‐like illness (ILI).METHODS: Active disease surveillance data collected by the New York City Health Department on rates of ILI in schools were used to evaluate the impact. Sixty‐four schools that met the Health Department's criteria for considering dismissal were included in the analysis. Twenty‐four schools that met criteria subsequently dismissed all classes for approximately 1 school week. A regression model was fit to these data, estimating the effect of school dismissal on rates of in‐school ILI following reconvening, adjusting for potential confounders.RESULTS: The model estimated that, on average, school dismissal reduced the rate of ILI by 7.1% over the entire average outbreak period. However, a large proportion of in‐school ILI occurred before dismissal criteria were met. A separate model estimated that school absenteeism rates were not significantly affected by dismissal.CONCLUSION: Results suggest that individual school dismissal could be considered in situations where schools have a disproportionate number of high‐risk students or may be unable to implement recommended preventive or infection control measures. Future work should focus on developing more sensitive indicators of early outbreak detection in schools and evaluating the impact of school dismissal on community transmission.
Comparison of Indoor Air Quality Management Strategies Between the School and District Levels in New York State
Authors: Lin Shao , Kielb Christine L. , Reddy Amanda L. , Chapman Bonnie R. , Hwang Syni‐An 
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND: Good school indoor air quality (IAQ) can affect the health and functioning of school occupants. Thus, it is important to assess the degree to which schools and districts employ strategies to ensure good IAQ management. We examined and compared the patterns of IAQ management strategies between public elementary schools and their school districts in New York State.METHODS: District‐level information obtained from surveys of district facilities managers in 326 districts was described and stratified by district size and socioeconomic status. School‐level information obtained from surveys of head custodians in 770 elementary schools was then compared with the district‐level information in 241 districts.RESULTS: About 47% of participating school districts reported having a district‐wide IAQ program, with a large range in the prevalence of specific IAQ management strategies. Airing out newly painted areas was the most commonly reported (92%) and having a classroom animal policy was the least commonly reported (29%). Larger districts and districts with a district‐wide IAQ program were more likely to report certain IAQ strategies than other districts. Elementary schools and their districts were most likely to report airing out newly painted areas (76%). The most common area of disagreement was construction after hours (50%). The top strategy not reported at either level was having an IAQ coordinator (53%).CONCLUSIONS: Many school districts lack key IAQ management strategies, and differences exist between district‐level policy and school‐level practice. Districts and schools should work together to formalize and expand existing IAQ policies and inform stakeholders about these strategies.
An evidence‐based review of peritonsillar abscess
Authors: Powell J. , Wilson J.A. 
Published: February 2012

Clin. Otolaryngol. 2012, 37, 136–145Objective of review: We present the current literature surrounding peritonsillar abscess management highlighting areas of controversy.Type of review and search strategy: Literature review using Medline and Embase databases (search terms ‘peritonsillar abscess’, ‘peritonsillar infection’ and ‘quinsy’) limited to articles published from 1991 to 2011 (English language).Results: (i) Investigations: Intraoral ultrasound has a sensitivity and specificity of between 89–95% and 79–100%, respectively, for correctly diagnosing peritonsillar abscess and is underutilised currently. (ii) Medical management: Steroids can effectively aid recovery, reducing hospitalisation time and improving symptom relief; however, further study is needed, especially related to risk and cost benefit. Penicillin and metronidazole are an effective combination in 98–99% of cases of peritonsillar abscess. (iii) Surgical management: Overall, there is no convincing evidence in favour of either aspiration or incision & drainage. Quinsy tonsillectomy is subject to great geographical variation, however, is a safe procedure and reduces overall recovery time when compared with interval tonsillectomy. (iv) Admission: peritonsillar abscess can be effectively managed as an outpatient in many cases. (v) Further management: Overall, the recurrence rate of peritonsillar abscess is poorly defined but estimated as 9–22% based on current evidence. Interval tonsillectomy may be indicated in selected groups of patients at high risk of recurrence.Conclusions: Peritonsillar abscess is a common condition with increasing incidence. We demonstrate the potential for evidence‐based modifications in clinical management. However, lack of national consensus may mean that this evidence base is not being adequately exploited in current practice. A national audit of peritonsillar abscess management, in particular looking at recurrence rates and patient experience with different management strategies, appears indicated.
Role of DNA methyltransferase 3A mRNA expression in Egyptian patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: EL‐SHIEKH E. H. , BESSA S. S. , ABDOU S. M. , EL‐REFAEY W. A. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIntroduction:  Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an organ‐specific autoimmune hemorrhagic disease characterized by breakdown of self‐tolerance and triggering autoreactive lymphocytes’ response against platelets. The underlying etiology of ITP remains largely unknown. DNA methylation plays an essential role in maintaining T‐cell function, and impaired methylation can lead to inappropriate gene expression and contribute to T‐cell autoreactivity and autoimmunity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of DNA methyltransferase 3A gene expression in the pathogenesis of ITP.Methods:  This study included 60 subjects: 20 healthy volunteers as a control group, 20 patients with acute ITP, and 20 patients with chronic ITP. DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was measured by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Plasma S‐adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) levels were assayed with reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography.Results:  DNMT3A mRNA expression was significantly decreased in patients with ITP as compared with that of the control group. Plasma SAH level was significantly elevated in patients with ITP than in healthy controls. However, no significant difference was found in DNMT3A mRNA expression or plasma SAH level between patients with acute and chronic ITP.Conclusions:  Aberrant DNA methylation status reflected by decreased mRNA expression of DNMT3A and increased plasma SAH level may play an important role in the pathogenesis of ITP, although the precise underlying mechanisms still await further investigations, and extensive work in this field is clearly needed to provide novel therapeutic targets for ITP.
Social‐Psychological Theories and Adolescent Health Risk Behavior
Authors: Gibbons Frederick X. , Kingsbury John H. , Gerrard Meg 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis paper reviews several psychosocial theories that have been applied to the study of adolescent health behavior. Some of these theories have existed for several decades and, though not originally intended for this purpose, have proven quite useful in predicting and explaining many different types of health‐relevant behaviors. During the last 10–15 years, however, there has been a significant increase in the application of social psychological theories to the examination of what is increasingly being seen as a social‐psychological phenomenon: health risk behavior among adolescents. This interest has been prompted, in part, by an appreciation of the value of dual‐processing principles in explaining these behaviors, and, in particular, a recognition that much adolescent health risk behavior: a) is not always planful or premeditated, and b) involves both heuristic and analytic processing. The paper includes discussion of how dual‐processing principles and social‐psychological theories can inform intervention efforts.
Selection, Optimization, and Compensation in the Domain of Emotion Regulation: Applications to Adolescence, Older Age, and Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Opitz Philipp C. , Gross James J. , Urry Heather L. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractEmotions often are well calibrated to the challenges and opportunities we face. When they are not, we may try to regulate our emotions. Interestingly, there seems to be considerable variation both in the strategies people use to regulate emotions and in the success of these emotion regulation efforts. The Selection, Optimization, and Compensation with Emotion Regulation framework suggests that variation in the resources required for particular emotion regulation strategies may be a crucial determinant of emotion regulation use and success within individuals across situations, between individuals, and between groups of individuals. In this review, we consider the ways in which two resources for emotion regulation (working memory and social support) might differ among three groups, namely adolescents, older adults, and adults with major depressive disorder. We link these between‐group differences in resources to differences in emotion regulation and make suggestions for future research.
Cultural Variations in Motivation for Cognitive Consistency: Influences of Self‐Systems on Cognitive Dissonance
Authors: Hoshino‐Browne Etsuko 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAre people always motivated to strive for cognitive consistency? Does culture influence a person’s motivation to maintain cognitive consistency between attitudes and actions or between preferences and choices? When and how do people in different cultures experience cognitive dissonance, engage in justification of their behavior, and use self‐affirmation? When and how are people with different models of agency motivated to maintain a preference‐choice consistency? In this paper, culturally variable self‐schemata and models of agency, independent self and agency dominant in North American culture and interdependent self and agency prevalent in Asian culture, are considered as the source of cultural variations in cognitive consistency. These culturally divergent self‐systems create variance in situations in which North Americans and Asians are motivated to maintain cognitive consistency. In this paper, related cross‐cultural research is reviewed. Some future research agenda are also discussed.
Motivated Strategies for Judgment: How Preferences for Particular Judgment Processes can Affect Judgment Outcomes
Authors: Molden Daniel C. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBeyond motivations to achieve particular outcomes, people also have motivations to use particular strategies while pursuing these outcomes. This article integrates research on the latter strategic preferences and discusses the place of such research in the broader investigation of motivated thinking. A review of studies examining the strategic preferences stemming from both motivations for promotion versus prevention (Higgins, 1997) and motivations for locomotion versus assessment (Higgins, Kruglanski, & Pierro, 2003) illustrates that these preferences have unique effects on basic processes of judgment, including the evaluation of alternative hypotheses or counterfactuals, the prioritization of fast versus accurate information processing, and the recall and activation of knowledge from memory. Moreover, this review also demonstrates important interactions between strategic preferences and outcome preferences. Strategic preferences thus appear to make distinct and important contributions to understanding how motivation influences judgment and should feature prominently in general analyses of motivated thinking.
When Should We Use Nitrates in Congestive Heart Failure?
Authors: Vizzardi Enrico , Bonadei Ivano , Rovetta Riccardo , D'Aloia Antonio , Quinzani Filippo , Curnis Antonio , Dei Cas Livio 
Published: February 2012

SummaryOrganic nitrates remain among the oldest and most commonly employed drugs in cardiology. Although, in most cases, their use in acute and chronic heart failure is based on clinical practice, only a few clinical trials have been conducted to evaluate their use in acute and chronic heart failure, most of which compare them with other drugs to evaluate differing endpoints. The purpose of this review is to examine the various trials that have evaluated the use of nitrates in acute and chronic heart failure.
Comparison of epidermal growth factor receptor mutation analysis results between surgically resected primary lung cancer and metastatic lymph nodes obtained by endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration
Authors: Okada Hironobu , Anayama Takashi , Kume Motohiko , Hirohashi Kentaro , Miyazaki Ryouhei , Matsumoto Manabu , Orihashi Kazumasa 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBackground:  Lung cancers with mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene respond well to treatment with EGFR inhibitors. Endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS‐TBNA) is considered a useful modality to obtain samples from the mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes. However, the EGFR gene status of EBUS‐TBNA samples may not always match that of primary tumors.Methods:  In 14 node‐positive patients diagnosed by EBUS‐TBNA, EGFR mutation analysis results were compared between EBUS‐TBNA samples and surgically removed primary tumors. EGFR mutation was screened with peptide nucleic acid‐locked nucleic acid polymerase chain reaction (PNA‐LNA PCR) clamp followed by direct sequence analysis. For one controversial case, gene mutation analyses were performed for the multiple micro‐fractions of a metastatic lymph node, which exhibited the heterogeneous immunohistochemical features.Results:  EBUS‐TBNA diagnosed one case of exon 21 point mutations, one case of exon 19 deletion, and 12 cases of wild‐type EGFR. Results were consistent with those of surgically removed primary tumors in 13 of 14 cases. One case of wild‐type EGFR diagnosed by EBUS‐TBNA exhibited exon 21 point mutation in the surgically removed primary tumor. The metastatic lymph node targeted by EBUS‐TBNA mostly consisted of cancer cells with wild‐type EGFR; however, a minor component positive for thyroid transcription factor‐1 (TTF‐1) and surfactant‐associated protein A (PE‐10) exhibited EGFR mutation.Conclusion:  The combination of EBUS‐TBNA and PNA‐LNA clamp is useful for EGFR mutation analysis. However, EGFR mutation status in EBUS‐TBNA samples may not be consistent with that of the primary tumor when the tumor contains few EGFR mutations.
Asymmetric Price Distribution and Bid–Ask Quotes in the Stock Options Market*
Authors: Chan Kalok , Peter Chung Y. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWe present a model of the bid and ask quotes in the equity option market when option payoffs are asymmetrically distributed due to the limited liability of the option. We then provide empirical evidence for the actively traded Chicago Board Options Exchange stock options, which is consistent with the implications of our model. First, the bid and ask quotes are asymmetric around the option value, with the value being closer to the bid quote than to the ask. Second, the degree of the asymmetry increases as the moneyness of the option decreases. Finally, the ask quote of an option changes more than its bid quote. An important implication of the paper is that the bid–ask midpoint is not an unbiased estimator of the option value, especially for out‐of‐the‐money options.
Corporate Governance and Diversification*
Authors: Gleason Kimberly C. , Kim Inho , Kim Yong H. , Kim Young Sang 
Published: February 2012

AbstractUsing 1640 observations of completed acquisitions from 1996 to 2003, we investigate the relation between corporate governance and returns to bidders and targets. We find that the cumulative abnormal returns for acquirers are significantly negative upon announcement of acquisitions for the full sample and for the related and diversifying subsamples. However, we find that diversifying acquisitions, when conducted by firms with a higher percentage of outsiders on the board, improve returns. Furthermore, we separately examine high‐technology and non‐high‐technology firms to test the relation between board characteristics and announcement returns in different information asymmetry environments. We also find that diversifying acquirers with independent boards perform better than those with insider‐dominated boards and the results are especially pronounced for high‐technology firms. Taken together, the results suggest that firms with better incentive alignment will be more likely to be perceived by the market as stronger performers in acquisitions. In sum, we find that corporate governance plays an important role in determining wealth creation for our sample of acquiring firms.
Empirical Comparison of Alternative Implied Volatility Measures of the Forecasting Performance of Future Volatility*
Authors: Rhee Dong Woo , Byun Suk Joon , Kim Sol 
Published: February 2012

AbstractImplied volatility from the Black and Scholes (Journal of Political Economy 81, 1973, p. 637) model has been empirically analyzed for the forecasting performance of future volatility and is well known to be biased. Based on the belief that implied volatility from option prices can best estimate future volatility, this study identifies the best way to derive implied volatility to overcome the forecast bias associated with the Black–Scholes model. For this, the following three models are considered: Heston’s model, which best addresses the problems associated with the Black–Scholes model for pricing and hedging options; Britten‐Jones and Neuberger’s model‐free implied volatility (MFIV), which eliminates the model‐oriented bias; and VKOSPI, the Korean version of the Chicago Board Options Exchange Market Volatility Index. This study conducts a comparative analysis of implied volatilities from the Black–Scholes model, Heston’s model, the MFIV, and VKOSPI for their abilities to forecast future volatility. The results of the empirical analysis of the KOSPI 200 options market indicate that Heston’s model can eliminate most of the bias associated with the Black–Scholes model, whereas the MFIV and VKOSPI do not show any improvement in terms of forecasting performance.