bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of mechanical properties of heterogeneous soft bodies using gravity loading
Authors: Babarenda Gamage Thiranja P. , Rajagopal Vijayaraghavan , Ehrgott Matthias , Nash Martyn P. , Nielsen Poul M. F. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis study investigates the use of multiple gravity‐loaded configurations of a soft heterogeneous body for the identification of its mechanical properties. It is largely motivated by the need for in vivo, non‐invasive determination of the mechanical properties of biological tissue, such as the breast, for the purposes of tracking and predicting tumor locations. In order to validate this approach, experiments were performed on a heterogeneous two‐layered silicone gel cantilever beam, laser scanned in eight different orientations under gravity loading. A finite element model of the beam was constructed and analyzed using non‐linear finite elasticity and a neo‐Hookean stress–strain relationship. The constitutive parameters representing the stiffness of each layer were estimated, using non‐linear optimization techniques, to best fit the laser‐scanned data. Different subsets of the experiments were used for training (parameter fitting), with the remaining experiments being used for validation. In both experimental sets, a cross‐validation study was performed in order to compare and assess the predictive power of the identified parameters. Several determinability criteria were used to assess the objective function in the neighborhood of the identified minimum. We found that individual experiments were not sufficient for reliable parameter identification of heterogeneous soft bodies under gravity loading, but that a small number of gravity‐loaded configurations were sufficient to reliably estimate the parameters within the scale of experimental errors. We also discuss the practical and numerical issues related to both single and multi‐experiment parameter estimation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive fault tolerance mechanisms for opportunistic environments: a mobile agent approach
Authors: Pinheiro V. G. , Goldman A. , Kon F. 
Published: February 2011

SUMMARYThe mobile agent paradigm has emerged as a promising alternative to overcome the construction challenges of opportunistic grid environments. This model can be used to implement mechanisms that enable application execution progress even in the presence of failures such as the mechanisms provided by the MAG middleware (Mobile Agents for Grids). MAG includes retrying, replication, and checkpointing as fault tolerance techniques; they operate independently from each other and they are not capable of detecting changes on resource availability. In this paper, we describe a MAG extension that is capable of migrating agents when nodes fail, which optimizes application progress by keeping only the most advanced checkpoint, and also migrates slow replicas. The proposed approach was evaluated via simulations and experiments, which showed significant improvements. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heterogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation Reactions in Continuous‐Flow Reactors
Authors: Irfan Muhammad , Glasnov Toma N. , Kappe C. Oliver 
Published: February 2011

AbstractMicroreactor technology and continuous flow processing in general are key features in making organic synthesis both more economical and environmentally friendly. Heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation reactions under continuous flow conditions offer significant benefits compared to batch processes which are related to the unique gas‐liquid‐solid triphasic reaction conditions present in these transformations. In this review article recent developments in continuous flow heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation reactions using molecular hydrogen are summarized. Available flow hydrogenation techniques, reactors, commonly used catalysts and examples of synthetic applications with an emphasis on laboratory‐scale flow hydrogenation reactions are presented.
An Expedient Synthesis of Olfactory Lactones by Intramolecular Hydroacylalkoxylation Reactions
Authors: Adrio Luis A. , Hii King Kuok (Mimi) 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA series of 4,5‐disubstituted γ‐lactones, including whisky and cognac lactones, was synthesised in four steps from a readily available chiral precursor. By using an intramolecular hydroacylalkoxylation reaction in the final step, a correlation between the (E)/(Z) configuration of the precursor and the product distribution has been established, for the first time, in this type of cyclisation reactions.
Potentiometric Sensors Based on Polyaniline and Thiacalixarenes for Green Tea Discrimination
Authors: Evtugyn G. A. , Shamagsumova R. V. , Stoikova E. E. , Sitdikov R. R. , Stoikov I. I. , Budnikov H. C. , Ivanov A. N. , Antipin I. S. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe performance of potentiometric sensors based on carbon screen‐printed and glassy carbon electrodes covered with polyaniline (PANI) and thiacalix[4]arene receptors have been compared in the determination of some ions and discrimination of green tea brands. The optimization of PANI electropolymerization provided satisfactory characteristics of screen‐printed electrodes comparable with those of conventional sensors based on glassy carbon. The potentiometric sensors make it possible to determine 1×10−2–1×10−6 M Fe3+ ions. Also, successful discrimination of twelve tea brands was performed with three‐sensor array. The 100 % true prediction was confirmed by principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA).
Graphene Oxide‐Templated Polyaniline Microsheets toward Simultaneous Electrochemical Determination of AA/DA/UA
Authors: Bao Yu , Song Jixia , Mao Yan , Han Dongxue , Yang Fan , Niu Li , Ivaska Ari 
Published: February 2011

AbstractGraphene oxide‐templated polyaniline (GO‐PAN) microsheets were prepared via oxidation polymerization of aniline with graphene oxide (GO) as template. By applying this approach, irregularly shaped GO‐PAN microsheets were obtained which was revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) measurements demonstrated that the resulted GO‐PAN was electroactive and could be further used as electrocatalyst in simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA) and together with uric acid (UA).
Preparation and Application of Mediator‐Free H2O2 Biosensors of Graphene‐Fe3O4 Composites
Authors: Zhou Kangfu , Zhu Yihua , Yang Xiaoling , Li Chunzhong 
Published: February 2011

AbstractGraphene‐Fe3O4 (G‐Fe3O4) composites were prepared with a solvothermal method for the immobilization of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to construct a mediator‐free H2O2 biosensor. The morphology and structure of the G‐Fe3O4 composites were analyzed by TEM, SEM, and XRD. Chitosan (CH) was utilized to disperse the composites, and the mixture of CH, G‐Fe3O4 and HRP was spin‐coated on an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode to form a biocomposites film. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammograms (CV) demonstrated the fast electron transfer process between HRP and the electrode. The resulted H2O2 biosensor exhibited a rapid response upon the addition of H2O2, a high sensitivity of 132 µA mM−1 cm−2 and a low detection limit of 6×10−7 M. The linear range of the biosensor is from 5×10−6 to 3.81×10−3 M (r=0.997). Such interesting G‐Fe3O4 composites with easy preparation and low cost can provide a novel matrix for enzyme immobilization to construct biosensors with higher performance.
A Graphene Platform for Sensitive Electrochemical Immunoassay of Carcinoembryoninc Antigen Based on Gold‐Nanoflower Biolabels
Authors: Su Biling , Tang Juan , Yang Huanghao , Chen Guonan , Huang Jianxin , Tang Dianping 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA new graphene immunosensing platform based on a new electrochemical immunosensor was designed for sensitive screening of carcinoembryoninc antigen (CEA) as a model biomarker in clinical immunoassay. Gold nanoflowers and single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) molecules were initially assembled onto the surface of graphene for the fabrication of the electrochemical immunosensor using layer‐by‐layer strategy, and then a sandwich‐type immunoassay format was developed for CEA detection based on gold nanoflower‐labeled signal antibodies. Graphene nanosheets with high conductivity and biocompatibility could greatly enhance the bound force with ssDNA, and improve the analytical properties of the immunosensor. Gold nanoflowers with electrochemical activity provide a large surface area for the label of biomolecules. The graphene platform displayed a good electrochemical behaviour toward the detection of CEA. Under optimal conditions, the electrochemical immunosensor exhibited a wide dynamic range of 0.05 to 45 ng mL−1 with a relatively low detection limit of 0.01 ng mL−1 CEA at signal‐to‐noise ratio of 3. Intra‐ and interassay coefficients of variation were below 12 %. The feasibility of the electrochemical immunosensor was evaluated for real‐life clinical specimens, and no significant differences at the 95 % confidence level were encountered between the immunosensor and commercially available Roche Elecsys 2010 Electrochemiluminescent Automatic Analyzer. In addition, the analytical properties of the immunosensor were comparatively favourable with those of other electrochemical immunosensors.
The World Trade Center evacuation study: Factors associated with initiation and length of time for evacuation
Authors: Gershon Robyn R. M. , Magda Lori A. , Riley Halley E. M. , Sherman Martin F. 
Published: February 2011

SUMMARYOn 11 September 2001, one of the largest workplace evacuations in the U.S. history took place. The evacuation was largely successful: an estimated 87% of all occupants in World Trade Center (WTC) Towers 1 and 2 exited in less than two hours. Evacuation times, however, were highly variable and not entirely explained by the engineering parameters of the buildings. To understand the complexity of factors that potentially influenced the evacuation time on 11 September, 2001, an interdisciplinary research study was conducted by public health scientists from the Mailman School of Public Health at the Columbia University in the New York City. Analysis of survey data collected from a sample of 1444 evacuees identified several facilitators and barriers to length of time to initiate and fully evacuate from WTC Towers 1 and 2. At the individual level, these included sociodemographic and occupational variables, health status, sensory cues, risk perception, delaying behaviors, and following a group or an emergent leader. At the organizational level, factors included emergency preparedness safety climate variables. Structural (environmental) factors included egress route barriers, poor signage, congestion, and communication system failures. Many factors identified in the study are modifiable. Therefore, these data have the potential to inform high‐rise preparedness and response policies and procedures. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adapting communication to the public's intuitive understanding of CCS
Authors: Wallquist Lasse , Visschers Vivianne H. M. , Dohle Simone , Siegrist Michael 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPublic perceptions of the benefits and risks associated with carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) are important determinants of public acceptance and have a strong impact on the political feasibility of this technology. Communication material aimed at informing the general public about CCS should be tested to find out how it influences perceived risks and benefits. Existing literature shows that laypeople's intuitive concepts about technical functioning and value‐based socio‐economic concerns influence perceived risks and benefits. We conducted two experimental studies that built on previous research about lay concepts of CCS. The first experiment examined the impact of extensive information versus basic information; the second experiment examined the effect of specific information on perceived risks and benefits. The results show that the provision of comprehensive information aimed at resolving prevalent misconceptions about CCS can decrease perceived risk and increase perceived benefits. But the findings also show that some specific types of information can result in the perception of higher risks and lower benefits. We conclude that CCS communication for the general public needs to be adapted to laypeople's intuitive knowledge in associated fields. The present research provides some first indications of how specific information about CCS can affect the public. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Direct optic nerve pulvinar connections defined by diffusion MR tractography in humans: Implications for photophobia
Authors: Maleki Nasim , Becerra Lino , Upadhyay Jaymin , Burstein Rami , Borsook David 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe pathway that underlies exacerbation of migraine headache by light has not been elucidated in the human brain but has recently been reported in a rodent model. We employ diffusion weighted imaging and probabilistic tractography to map connectivity of direct pathways from the optic nerve to the pulvinar implicated with whole‐body allodynia during migraine. Nine healthy subjects were recruited to the study and underwent scanning on a 3T magnet. We were able to define well‐known image‐forming (optic nerve ‐> lateral geniculate ‐> visual cortex) as well as a less known nonimage forming visual pathway from the optic chiasm to the pulvinar, and from the pulvinar to several associative cortical brain regions. Such pathway may allow photic signals to converge on a thalamic region we described recently to be selectively activated during migraine headache. Consistent with physiological and anatomical studies in rats, the data provide an anatomical substrate for exacerbation of migraine headache by light in the human. Hum Brain Mapp, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mimicking the prebiotic acidic hydrothermal environment: One‐pot prebiotic hydrothermal synthesis of glucose phosphates
Authors: Maheen Gull , Wang Yu , Wang Yingwu , Shi Zhan , Tian Ge , Feng Shouhua 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPrebiotic acidic hydrothermal conditions were mimicked, and biological phosphate esters such as glucose‐1‐phosphate, glucose‐6‐phosphate, and glucose‐di‐phosphate were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions, in the presence of a mixture of montmorillonite and kaolinite. Phosphorus was incorporated into the biological world under hydrothermal conditions, leading to the formation of phosphate esters. The synthesis was successfully carried out within a temperature range of 100–160°C. Both isomers of glucose phosphate were obtained, with some detectable amount of glucose‐di‐phosphate. Selected mixture of montmorillonite and kaolinite was found to be essential for the reaction. No products were detected without this catalyst mixture. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 22:186–191, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20675
Balloon kyphoplasty for the treatment of acute vertebral compression fractures: 2-year results from a randomized trial
Authors: Boonen Steven , Van Meirhaeghe Jan , Bastian Leonard , Cummings Steven R , Ranstam Jonas , Tillman John B , Eastell Richard , Talmadge Karen , Wardlaw Douglas 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Vertebral fractures are often painful and lead to reduced quality of life and disability. We compared the efficacy and safety of balloon kyphoplasty to nonsurgical therapy over 24 months in patients with acute painful fractures. Adults with one to three vertebral fractures were randomized within 3 months from onset of pain to undergo kyphoplasty (n = 149) or nonsurgical therapy (n = 151). Quality of life, function, disability, and pain were assessed over 24 months. Kyphoplasty was associated with greater improvements in Short-Form 36 (SF-36) Physical Component Summary (PCS) scores when averaged across the 24-month follow-up period compared with nonsurgical therapy [overall treatment effect 3.24 points, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.47–5.01, p = .0004]; the treatment difference remained statistically significant at 6 months (3.39 points, 95% CI 1.13–5.64, p = .003) but not at 12 months (1.70 points, 95% CI −0.59 to 3.98, p = .15) or 24 months (1.68 points, 95% CI −0.63 to 3.99, p = .15). Greater improvement in back pain was observed over 24 months for kyphoplasty (overall treatment effect −1.49 points, 95% CI −1.88 to −1.10, p &lt; .0001); the difference between groups remained statistically significant at 24 months (−0.80 points, 95% CI −1.39 to −0.20, p = .009). There were two device-related serious adverse events in the second year that occurred at index vertebrae (a spondylitis and an anterior cement migration). There was no statistically significant difference between groups in the number of patients (47.5% for kyphoplasty, 44.1% for control) with new radiographic vertebral fractures; fewer fractures occurred (∼18%) within the second year. Compared with nonsurgical management, kyphoplasty rapidly reduces pain and improves function, disability, and quality of life without increasing the risk of additional vertebral fractures. The differences from nonsurgical management are statistically significant when averaged across 24 months. Most outcomes are not statistically different at 24 months, but the reduction in back pain remains statistically significant at all time points. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Rapid and efficient synthesis of [18F]fluoronicotinamides, [18F]fluoroisonicotinamides and [18F]fluorobenzamides as potential pet radiopharmaceuticals for melanoma imaging
Authors: Al Jammaz I. , Al‐Otaibi B. , Okarvi S. , Amartey J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn an attempt to simplify nucleophilic radiofluorination reactions to be amenable for automation, a series of [18F]fluoronicotinamides, [18F]fluoroisonicotinamides and [18F]fluorobenzamides were synthesized using one‐step synthetic approach involving displacement reactions on trimethylammonium‐nicotinamide, trimethylammonium‐isonicotinamide and trimethylammonium‐benzamide precursors. Based on starting [18F]‐fluoride, radiochemical yields and purities were found to be greater than 90 and 97%, respectively, within 20 min synthesis time and, without high‐performance liquid chromatography purification. This synthetic approach holds great promise as a rapid and simple method for the automated radiofluorination of [18F]fluoronicotinamides, [18F]fluoroisonicotinamides and [18F]fluorobenzamides with high radiochemical yield and very short preparation time. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The 14C, 13C, and 15N syntheses of a potent VEGFR‐2 kinase inhibitor, Brivanib, and its prodrug, Brivanib Alaninate
Authors: Tran Scott B. , Lago Michael W. , Tian Yuan , Gong Sharon X. , Batra Indu , Allentoff Alban J. , Maxwell Brad D. , Bonacorsi Samuel J. , Ogan Marc , Rinehart J. Kent , Balasubramanian Balu 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe interruption of tyrosine kinase vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐2 (VEGFR‐2) signaling by the binding of a small molecule inhibitor, for example, Brivanib, to VEGFR‐2 kinase domain has been shown as an effective method of slowing angiogenesis and tumor progression. [14C]Brivanib, 13 and its prodrug [14C]Brivanib Alaninate, 15 were prepared to support preclinical and clinical studies. Their respective stable isotope‐labeled versions, [13CN2]Brivanib, 21 and [13CN2]Brivanib Alaninate, 28, were also prepared to support bioanalytical LC‐MS analyses of clinical samples. All of the four title compounds were synthetically derived from the respective isotopically labeled common pyrrolotriazinone intermediate, 6 or 16. This labeled central core pyrrolotriazinone was also conveniently used to synthesize other structurally related drug discovery candidates. Copyright © 2011 John wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and purification of [2‐13C]‐5‐fluorouracil
Authors: Rangwala Huzaifa S. , Giraldes John W. , Gurvich Vadim J. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract[2‐13C]‐5‐Fluoropyrimidine‐2,4(1H,3H)‐dione ([2‐13C]‐5‐fluorouracil or [2‐13C]‐5‐FU) is a potential diagnostic agent for measuring 5‐FU‐induced toxicity in cancer patients. It was prepared and purified with isotopic and chemical purity of>99% on a multigram scale in a two‐step synthesis from [13C]‐urea. Preparative separation of [2‐13C]‐FU and [2‐13C]‐uracil was carried out by automated medium pressure silica gel column chromatography. The method is applicable to a broader range of 5‐FU isotopic analogs derived from labeled uracil. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of deuterium‐labeled (24R)‐methyl brassinosteroids
Authors: Khripach Vladimir A. , Zhabinskii Vladimir N. , Gulyakevich Olga V. , Ermolovich Yurii V. , Konstantinova Olga V. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSynthesis of labeled brassinosteroids (24‐epibrassinolide and its biosynthetic precursors) containing three deuterium atoms in the terminal part of the side chain is reported. Labeling was achieved by three‐step reductive transformation of carbethoxy group into methyl using lithium aluminium deuteride. The proposed method ensured high isotopic purity of (24R)‐methyl brassinosteroids containing a label in a position which is not subjected to its loss. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cilostazol enhances integrin‐dependent homing of progenitor cells by activation of camp‐dependent protein kinase in synergy with Epac1
Authors: Lee Dong Hyung , Lee Hye Rin , Shin Hwa Kyoung , Park So Youn , Hong Ki Whan , Kim Eun Kyoung , Bae Sun Sik , Lee Won Suk , Rhim Byung Yong , Kim Chi Dae 
Published: February 2011

AbstractRecruitment and adhesion of exogenous endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) or endogenously mobilized bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM MNCs) to the sites of ischemia is an important focus of cell therapy. This study sought to determine whether cilostazol enhances integrin‐dependent homing of progenitor cells both in vitro and in vivo. In the in vitro experiments with human umbilical cord blood (HUCB)‐derived EPCs, cilostazol (10 μM) stimulated up‐regulation of integrins β1, α1, and αv as well as 8‐pCPT‐2′‐O‐Me‐cAMP (100 μM; 8‐pCPT, Epac activator). Cilostazol and 8‐pCPT significantly enhanced migration and adhesion of HUCB EPCs to a fibronectin‐coated plate and endothelial cells, which were inhibited by KT5720 (PKA inhibitor, 1 μM) and GGTI‐298 (Rap1 inhibitor, 20 μM). Cilostazol stimulated Epac1 expression and up‐regulated the active Rap1, as did 8‐pCPT, and they were suppressed by KT5720 (P < 0.001) and GGTI‐298 (P < 0.001). 8‐pCPT increased p‐CREB expression and stimulated PKA activity, which was inhibited by KT5720, Rp‐cAMPS, and GGTI‐298. In addition, N6‐benzoyl‐cAMP (100 μM) increased Rap1 GTP expression, as did 8‐pCPT; they were suppressed by Rp‐cAMPS and GGTI‐298. The in vivo experiments showed that cilostazol (30 mg/kg/day, orally for 7 days) significantly enhanced the integrin β1 expression in the molecular layer and up‐regulated homing of BM MNCs to the injured molecular layer with increased capillary density in mouse brain subjected to transient forebrain ischemia (n = 6, P < 0.001). In conclusion, cilostazol stimulated integrin expression and enhanced migration and adhesion of progenitor cells through cooperative activation of PKA and Epac signals; such activity may improve the efficacy of cell therapy for ischemic disease. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.