bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Myeloperoxidase associated with neutrophil extracellular traps is active and mediates bacterial killing in the presence of hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Parker Heather , Albrett Amelia M , Kettle Anthony J , Winterbourn Christine C 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACT
A variety of inflammatory stimuli induces NETs. These structures consist of a network of chromatin strands associated with predominately granule proteins, including MPO. NETs exhibit antimicrobial activity, which is proposed to augment the more-established mechanism of phagosomal killing. They may also be detrimental to the host in situations such as chronic inflammation or severe sepsis. The objective of this study was to establish whether MPO associated with NETs is active and able to kill bacteria. Neutrophils were stimulated with PMA to release NETs. Peroxidase activity measurements were performed and showed that enzymatically active MPO was released from the neutrophils, 2–4 h after stimulation, concomitant with NET formation. Approximately 30% of the total cellular MPO was released, with the majority bound to the NETs. The bound enzyme retained its activity. Staphylococcus aureus were not killed when added to preformed NETs under our assay conditions. However, addition of H2O2 to the bacteria in the presence of NETs resulted in MPO-dependent killing, which was observed with NETs in situ and with NETs when they were removed from the neutrophils by limited DNase digestion. Our results show that the enzymatic activity of MPO on NETs could contribute to antimicrobial activity or tissue injury when NETs are released from neutrophils at sites of infection or inflammation.
Azithromycin drives in vitro GM-CSF/IL-4-induced differentiation of human blood monocytes toward dendritic-like cells with regulatory properties
Authors: Polančec Darija Stupin , Munić Kos Vesna , Banjanac Mihailo , Vrančić Mila , Čužić Snježana , Belamarić Daniela , Parnham Michael J , Polančec Denis , Haber Vesna Eraković 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTAzithromycin, a macrolide antibacterial, has been shown to modify the phenotype of macrophages. We have investigated whether azithromycin in vitro is able to modulate the differentiation of human blood monocytes to DCs. iA-DCs appear to have a unique phenotype, characterized by increased granularity, adherence, and a surface molecule expression profile similar to that of MDCs, namely, CD1a–CD14–CD71+CD209high, as well as high CD86 and HLA-DR expression. The iA-DC phenotype is associated with increased IL-6 and IL-10 release, increased CCL2 and CCL18 expression and release, and M-CSF expression, as well as reduced CCL17 expression and release. Upon maturation with LPS, A-DCs and MDCs exhibit decreased expression of HLA-DR and costimulatory molecules, CD40 and CD83, as well as an increase in IL-10 and a decrease in CCL17 and CXCL11 secretion. These modulated responses of iA-DCs were associated with the ability to reduce a MLR, together with enhanced phagocytic and efferocytotic properties. Azithromycin, added 2 h before activation of iDCs with LPS, enhanced IL-10 release and inhibited IL-6, IL-12p40, CXCL10, CXCL11, and CCL22 release. In conclusion, azithromycin modulates the differentiation of blood monocyte-derived DCs to form iA-DCs with a distinct phenotype similar to that of iMDCs, accompanied by enhanced phagocytic and efferocytic capabilities. It also modifies LPS-induced DC maturation by decreasing surface molecule expression required for T cell activation, increasing IL-10 production, and inducing MLR-reducing properties.
Stimulation of Ly-6G on neutrophils in LPS-primed mice induces platelet-activating factor (PAF)-mediated anaphylaxis-like shock
Authors: Tanaka Yukinori , Nagai Yasuhiro , Kuroishi Toshinobu , Endo Yasuo , Sugawara Shunji 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACT
Previously, two anti-Ly-6G mAb—RB6-8C5 and 1A8—have been used to deplete neutrophils in mice and to clarify their involvement in immune responses. During the course of experiments on neutrophil depletion, we noticed that i.v. injection of RB6-8C5 or 1A8 induced anaphylaxis-like shock in mice pretreated i.v. with LPS. Signs of shock, such as hypothermia, appeared within a few minutes, and the mice died of shock within 20 min of the antibody injection. In vivo experiments, including depletion of various cell types, indicated that neutrophils and macrophages (but not platelets, basophils, or mast cells) are involved in the shock. Experiments using various drugs and gene-targeted mice demonstrated that PAF is the central mediator of the shock. Optimal LPS priming required at least 1 h, and the priming was associated with neutrophil accumulation within pulmonary and hepatic blood vessels. Consistently, following 1A8 injection into LPS-pretreated mice, the mRNA for LysoPAFAT (a PAF biosynthetic enzyme) was markedly up-regulated in neutrophils accumulated in the lung but not in macrophages. These results suggest that (1) stimulation of Ly-6G on LPS-primed neutrophils induces PAF-mediated anaphylaxis-like shock in mice, (2) neutrophils are primed by LPS during and/or after their accumulation in lung and liver to rapidly induce LysoPAFAT, and (3) macrophages may play a pivotal role in the priming phase and/or in the challenge phase by unknown mechanisms. These findings may be related to adult respiratory distress syndrome, although the natural ligand for Ly-6G remains to be identified.
Conceptual framework for personal recovery in mental health: systematic review and narrative synthesis
Authors: Leamy Mary , Bird Victoria , Boutillier Clair Le , Williams Julie , Slade Mike 
Published: December 2011

BackgroundNo systematic review and narrative synthesis on personal recovery in mental illness has been undertaken.AimsTo synthesise published descriptions and models of personal recovery into an empirically based conceptual framework.MethodSystematic review and modified narrative synthesis.ResultsOut of 5208 papers that were identified and 366 that were reviewed, a total of 97 papers were included in this review. The emergent conceptual framework consists of: (a) 13 characteristics of the recovery journey; (b) five recovery processes comprising: connectedness; hope and optimism about the future; identity; meaning in life; and empowerment (giving the acronym CHIME); and (c) recovery stage descriptions which mapped onto the transtheoretical model of change. Studies that focused on recovery for individuals of Black and minority ethnic (BME) origin showed a greater emphasis on spirituality and stigma and also identified two additional themes: culturally specific facilitating factors and collectivist notions of recovery.ConclusionsThe conceptual framework is a theoretically defensible and robust synthesis of people's experiences of recovery in mental illness. This provides an empirical basis for future recovery-oriented research and practice.
Lay health worker led intervention for depressive and anxiety disorders in India: impact on clinical and disability outcomes over 12 months
Authors: Patel Vikram , Weiss Helen A. , Chowdhary Neerja , Naik Smita , Pednekar Sulochana , Chatterjee Sudipto , Bhat Bhargav , Araya Ricardo , King Michael , Simon Gregory , Verdeli Helena , Kirkwood Betty R. 
Published: December 2011

BackgroundDepressive and anxiety disorders (common mental disorders) are the most common psychiatric condition encountered in primary healthcare.AimsTo test the effectiveness of an intervention led by lay health counsellors in primary care settings (the MANAS intervention) to improve the outcomes of people with common mental disorders.MethodTwenty-four primary care facilities (12 public, 12 private) in Goa (India) were randomised to provide either collaborative stepped care or enhanced usual care to adults who screened positive for common mental disorders. Participants were assessed at 2, 6 and 12 months for presence of ICD-10 common mental disorders, the severity of symptoms of depression and anxiety, suicidal behaviour and disability levels. All analyses were intention to treat and carried out separately for private and public facilities and adjusted for the design. The trial has been registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00446407).ResultsA total of 2796 participants were recruited. In public facilities, the intervention was consistently associated with strong beneficial effects over the 12 months on all outcomes. There was a 30% decrease in the prevalence of common mental disorders among those with baseline ICD-10 diagnoses (risk ratio (RR) = 0.70, 95% CI 0.53–0.92); and a similar effect among the subgroup of participants with depression (RR = 0.76, 95% CI 0.59–0.98). Suicide attempts/plans showed a 36% reduction over 12 months (RR = 0.64, 95% CI 0.42–0.98) among baseline ICD-10 cases. Strong effects were observed on days out of work and psychological morbidity, and modest effects on overall disability. In contrast, there was little evidence of impact of the intervention on any outcome among participants attending private facilities.ConclusionsTrained lay counsellors working within a collaborative-care model can reduce prevalence of common mental disorders, suicidal behaviour, psychological morbidity and disability days among those attending public primary care facilities.
Physical health disparities and mental illness: the scandal of premature mortality
Authors: Thornicroft Graham 
Published: December 2011

SummaryA 20-year mortality gap for men, and 15 years for women, is still experienced by people with mental illness in high-income countries. The combination of lifestyle risk factors, higher rates of unnatural deaths and poorer physical healthcare contribute to this scandal of premature mortality that contravenes international conventions for the ‘right to health.’
Improving psychiatric diagnosis in multidisciplinary child and adolescent mental health services
Authors: Michelson Daniel , Rock Stephen , Holliday Sophia , Myers Gil , Tilki Susan , Murphy Elizabeth , Day Crispin 
Published: December 2011

Aims and methodWe examined learning outcomes, practice impacts and implementation processes for a training intervention in diagnostic skills delivered to multidisciplinary child and adolescent mental health service practitioners (n = 63).ResultsTraining was viewed positively by most participants and associated with significant increases in practitioner self-efficacy, with the effect sustained at 8-month follow-up. A comparative audit before and after training indicated that clinicians were significantly more likely to assign an Axis I diagnosis following the training intervention. However, absolute rates of Axis I classification remained relatively low (< 40%) both before and after training. Practitioners were moderately successful at following through on personal plans for implementing new learning; inconsistent support for implementation was provided within teams.Clinical implicationsA brief training workshop may have limited effects in changing practitioners' behaviour so that diagnoses are made more promptly and appropriately recorded. Future workforce development initiatives should consider more comprehensive and diversified strategies, including targeted post-training support, if increased self-efficacy following training is to be translated into sustained changes in diagnostic practice.
Fatigue Crack Closure in Residual Stress Bearing Materials
Authors: Hill Michael R. , Kim Jihwi 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
During fatigue crack growth, the two opposing faces of a fatigue crack can make physical contact while unloading from a maximum level of cyclic load, so that the crack tip state at the minimum cyclic load depends on the host geometry, material properties, and loading history. Although significant work has been performed in order to examine the effects of crack face contact, often called crack closure, under variations of applied loading history, little work has been done to understand the details of crack closure in materials that contain bulk residual stress fields. For an elastic material, variations of applied load history create changes in the crack tip behavior that are directly related to the current levels of cyclic stress, with no effect of prior loading. For an elastic-plastic material, variations of the applied load history cause the crack tip behavior to depend on the current and former loading cycles, because of plastic deformation in the crack wake. In an elastic material with bulk residual stress, crack closure occurs because the strain fields locked into the material, which are the source of the residual stress, alter the shape of the crack faces, so that the details of closure depend on the residual stress field and crack geometry. Residual stresses might therefore affect fatigue crack growth in two distinct ways: first, by combining with applied loads to affect the stress intensity factor (at the current crack size), and second, by altering crack closure. We emphasize that the effect of bulk residual stresses on crack closure described here is an elastic effect, which distinguishes it from the more commonly discussed forms of closure, such as arise from plasticity or roughness. The paper describes a means to forecast crack closure due to bulk residual stress fields and assesses schemes to account for its effects on fatigue crack growth.
Einsatz der Röntgenfluoreszenz-analyse in der Prozessanalytik
Authors: Ostermann Markus , Kühn A. , Bjeoumikhov A. , Wedell R. 
Published: December 2011

Zusammenfassung
Elementanalyse mit Röntgenfluoreszenzspektrometrie direkt am Materialstrom in Produktionsprozessen gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung. Die Röntgenfluoreszenzspektrometrie kann aufgrund der technischen Entwicklung mittlerweile ohne aufwändige Probenvorbereitung als aussagekräftige Informationsquelle für Stoffparameter im industriellen Prozess eingesetzt werden. Der Einsatz von online Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse zahlt sich sowohl finanziell als auch zeitlich schnell aus, da sie sowohl für den ökonomischen Einsatz von Rohmaterialien, als auch z. B. im Materialrecycling zu gebrauchen ist. In diesem Beitrag werden vier unterschiedliche Einsatzmöglichkeiten beschrieben.
Schnelle tomographische Bildgebungsverfahren für Mehrphasenströmungen
Authors: Hampel Uwe , Schubert Markus , Barthel Frank 
Published: December 2011

ZusammenfassungTomographische Bildgebungsverfahren sind heute vor allem aus der Medizin und der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung bekannt. Sie werden aber auch als äußerst vielversprechend für die Analyse komplexer Strömungsvorgänge, etwa in chemischen Apparaten, erachtet. Besonderes Interesse besteht hierbei in der Aufklärung hydrodynamischer Phänomene in Mehrphasenapparaten, wie beispielsweise Blasensäulen, Kolonnen, Festbettreaktoren und Wirbelschichten, in denen die Hydrodynamik die Stoff- und Wärmetransportvorgänge sowie das makroskopische Reaktionsgeschehen entscheidend beeinflussen. Allerdings müssen tomographische Messverfahren für solche Anwendungen besonders schnell sein, da sich Strömungsstrukturen in einer räumlichen Skale von Millimetern im Allgemeinen im Millisekundenmaßstab ändern. In der jüngeren Vergangenheit wurden mit der Gittersensormesstechnik und der ultraschnellen Röntgentomographie zwei Messverfahren entwickelt, die diese Anforderungen erfüllen. Ihre Funktionsprinzipien und Anwendungen werden in diesem Artikel beschrieben.
New Insights into the Genetics ofin VivoInduction of Maternal Haploids, the Backbone of Doubled Haploid Technology in Maize
Authors: Prigge Vanessa , Xu Xiaowei , Li Liang , Babu Raman , Chen Shaojiang , Atlin Gary N , Melchinger Albrecht E 
Published: December 2011

AbstractHaploids and doubled haploid (DH) inbred lines have become an invaluable tool for maize genetic research and hybrid breeding, but the genetic basis of in vivo induction of maternal haploids is still unknown. This is the first study reporting comparative quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses of this trait in maize. We determined haploid induction rates (HIR) in testcrosses of a total of 1061 progenies of four segregating populations involving two temperate haploid inducers, UH400 (HIR = 8%) and CAUHOI (HIR = 2%), one temperate and two tropical inbreds with HIR = 0%, and up to three generations per population. Mean HIR of the populations ranged from 0.6 to 5.2% and strongly deviated from the midparent values. One QTL (qhir1) explaining up to p^=66% of the genetic variance was detected in bin 1.04 in the three populations involving a noninducer parent and the HIR-enhancing allele was contributed by UH400. Segregation ratios of loci in bin 1.04 were highly distorted against the UH400 allele in these three populations, suggesting that transmission failure of the inducer gamete and haploid induction ability are related phenomena. In the CAUHOI × UH400 population, seven QTL were identified on five chromosomes, with qhir8 on chromosome 9 having p^&gt;20% in three generations of this cross. The large-effect QTL qhir1 and qhir8 will likely become fixed quickly during inducer development due to strong selection pressure applied for high HIR. Hence, marker-based pyramiding of small-effect and/or modifier QTL influencing qhir1 and qhir8 may help to further increase HIR in maize. We propose a conceptual genetic framework for inheritance of haploid induction ability, which is also applicable to other dichotomous traits requiring progeny testing, and discuss the implications of our results for haploid inducer development.
Low-Pass Genome-Wide Sequencing and Variant Inference Using Identity-by-Descent in an Isolated Human Population
Authors: Gusev A , Shah M J , Kenny E E , Ramachandran A , Lowe J K , Salit J , Lee C C , Levandowsky E C , Weaver T N , Doan Q C , Peckham H E , McLaughlin S F , Lyons M R , Sheth V N , Stoffel M , De La Vega F M , Friedman J M , Breslow J L , Pe’er I 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWhole-genome sequencing in an isolated population with few founders directly ascertains variants from the population bottleneck that may be rare elsewhere. In such populations, shared haplotypes allow imputation of variants in unsequenced samples without resorting to complex statistical methods as in studies of outbred cohorts. We focus on an isolated population cohort from the Pacific Island of Kosrae, Micronesia, where we previously collected SNP array and rich phenotype data for the majority of the population. We report identification of long regions with haplotypes co-inherited between pairs of individuals and methodology to leverage such shared genetic content for imputation. Our estimates show that sequencing as few as 40 personal genomes allows for inference in up to 60% of the 3000-person cohort at the average locus. We ascertained a pilot data set of whole-genome sequences from seven Kosraean individuals, with average 5× coverage. This assay identified 5,735,306 unique sites of which 1,212,831 were previously unknown. Additionally, these variants are unusually enriched for alleles that are rare in other populations when compared to geographic neighbors (published Korean genome SJK). We used the presence of shared haplotypes between the seven Kosraen individuals to estimate expected imputation accuracy of known and novel homozygous variants at 99.6% and 97.3%, respectively. This study presents whole-genome analysis of a homogenous isolate population with emphasis on optimal rare variant inference.
Male Prisoners and HIV Prevention: A Call for Action Ignored
Authors: Braithwaite Ronald L. , Arriola Kimberly R. J. 
Published: December 2011

US prison inmates are disproportionately indigent young men of color. These individuals are severely affected by HIV/AIDS, largely owing to the high-risk behavior that they engage in prior to incarceration. Researchers and practitioners have issued a call for the importance of offering HIV prevention services in prison settings. However, this call has largely been ignored. In this article, we outline reasons why these recommendations have been largely ignored, discuss innovative HIV prevention programs that are currently being implemented in prison settings, and offer recommendations for securing support for HIV prevention services in correctional settings.
Criminal (In)Justice in the City and Its Associated Health Consequences
Authors: Golembeski Cynthia , Fullilove Robert 
Published: December 2011

The American system of prisons and prisoners—described by its critics as the prison–industrial complex—has grown rapidly since 1970. Increasingly punitive sentencing guidelines and the privatization of prison-related industries and services account for much of this growth. Those who enter and leave this system are increasingly Black or Latino, poorly educated, lacking vocational skills, struggling with drugs and alcohol, and disabled. Few correctional facilities mitigate the educational and/ or skills deficiencies of their inmates, and most inmates will return home to communities that are ill equipped to house or rehabilitate them. A more humanistic and community-centered approach to incarceration and rehabilitation may yield more beneficial results for individuals, communities, and, ultimately, society.
A Multilevel Analysis of the Relationship Between Institutional and Individual Racial Discrimination and Health Status
Authors: Gee Gilbert C. 
Published: December 2011

Objectives. This study examined whether individual (self-perceived) and institutional (segregation and redlining) racial discrimination was associated with poor health status among members of an ethnic group. Methods. Adult respondents (n=1503) in the cross-sectional Chinese American Psychiatric Epidemiologic Study were geocoded to the 1990 census and the 1995 Home Mortgage Disclosure Act database. Hierarchical linear modeling assessed the relationship between discrimination and scores on the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36 and revised Symptom Checklist 90 health status measures. Results. Individual and institutional measures of racial discrimination were associated with health status after control for acculturation, sex, age, social support, income, health insurance, employment status, education, neighborhood poverty, and housing value. Conclusions. The data support the hypothesis that discrimination at multiple levels influences the health of minority group members.
Oral Disease Burden in Northern Manhattan Patients With Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Lalla Evanthia , Park David B. , Papapanou Panos N. , Lamster Ira B. 
Published: December 2011

Objectives. We explored the association between diabetes mellitus and oral disease in a low-socioeconomic-status urban population. Methods. Dental records of 150 adults with diabetes and 150 nondiabetic controls from the dental clinic at Columbia University in Northern Manhattan matched by age and gender were studied. Results. There was a 50% increase in alveolar bone loss in diabetic patients compared with nondiabetic controls. Diabetes, increasing age, male gender, and use of tobacco products had a statistically significant effect on bone loss. Conclusions. Our findings provide evidence that diabetes is an added risk for oral disease in this low-income, underserved population of Northern Manhattan. Oral disease prevention and treatment programs may need to be part of the standards of continuing care for patients with diabetes