bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of a Suction Device for Femtosecond Laser on Anterior Chamber Depth and Crystalline Lens Position Measured by OCT
Authors: Kunert Kathleen S. , Blum Marcus , Reich Matthias , Dick Manfred , Russmann Christoph 
Published: November 2009

Purpose:
To investigate the position and stability of the crystalline lens after application of a suction device containing a contact lens and a vacuum unit for the treatment of presbyopia using a femtosecond laser.

Methods:
Twenty presbyopic (44.4±4.3 years) and 5 pre-presbyopic patients (31.6±3.8 years) were included. The anterior chamber depth, along with the position of the lens, was investigated before and after application of the suction device with optical coherence tomography (Visante OCT; Carl Zeiss Meditec AG). The type of suction device is routinely used for femtosecond LASIK with the VisuMax laser (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG).

Results:
In both groups, there was a reduction in anterior chamber depth of approximately 700 µm due to the suction device, and the anterior chamber depth achieved was stable. The maximum variation was 160 µm. At the periphery of the crystalline lens, there were movements up to 310 µm axially and 470 µm laterally.

Conclusions:
The study proves that once the suction device has been applied, the crystalline lens is stable enough to undergo presbyopic laser therapy. However, the reduction in anterior chamber depth induced by the suction device showed significant individual variation. The exact position of the lens should therefore be measured immediately before laser surgery.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:1005–1011.]
Location of Steepest Corneal Area of Cone in Keratoconus Stratified by Age Using Pentacam
Authors: Ertan Aylin , Kamburoglu Günhal , Colin Joseph 
Published: November 2009

Purpose:
To evaluate topographic patterns in keratoconic cases and to classify those topographic patterns according to different age groups.

Methods:
Four hundred eighty-two eyes of 251 patients with keratoconus were separated into 3 groups based on age. The age range of group 1 (younger) was <21 years (83 eyes), group 2 (middle) was 21 to 40 years (362 eyes), and group 3 (older) was >40 years (37 eyes). All patients underwent full ocular examination and Pentacam (Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH) measurement. Topographic patterns were analyzed by comparing the results according to age groups.

Results:
Distribution ratios of keratoconic eyes in the three age groups were 17.2% younger, 75.3% middle, and 7.5% older. The most frequent topographic patterns for those patients were vertical bowtie pattern (28.4%) in the younger group, inferior global cone pattern (23.7%) in the middle group, and inferotemporal global cone pattern (16.4%) in the older group. Temporal global cone pattern was more frequently seen among younger keratoconus patients—22% for the eyes in the younger group, 6.9% for the eyes in the middle group, and 11.1% for the eyes in the older group.

Conclusions:
In keratoconus, the steepest part of the cone can be located temporally, especially in younger patients, which is unusual. Younger candidates for refractive surgery should be screened for temporal forme fruste.

[
J Refract Surg.
2009;25:1012–1016.]
The Addition Reaction of Samarium Enolates and 2‐Haloenolates Derived from Esters, and Amides to Imines. Totally Stereoselective Synthesis of Enantiopure 3,4‐Diamino Esters or Amides
Authors: Concellón José M. , Rodríguez‐Solla Humberto , Simal Carmen , del Amo Vicente , García‐Granda Santiago , Díaz M. Rosario 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe addition reaction of samarium enolates and 2‐haloenolates derived from esters and amides to imines takes place in an efficient manner. A novel protocol to perform the addition reaction of samarium enolates derived from esters or amides to chiral 2‐aminoimines, with total stereoselectivity and without racemization, is also reported. The use of samarium enolates in place of other classic metallic enolates (lithium, magnesium, etc.) could be a valuable alternative to obtain enantiopure 3,4‐diamino esters or amides, when enolates of low basicity are necessary.
On neat embeddings of cylindric algebras
Authors: Ahmed Tarek Sayed 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe show that certain properties of dimension complemented cylindric algebras, concerning neat embeddings, do not generalize much further. Let α ≥ ω. There are non‐isomorphic representable cylindric algebras of dimension α each of which is a generating subreduct of the same β dimensional cylindric algebra. We also show that there exists a representable cylindric algebra 𝔄 of dimension α, such that 𝔄 is a generating subreduct of 𝔅 and 𝔅′, both in CAα +ω , however 𝔅 and 𝔅′ are not isomorphic. This settle questions raised by Henkin, Monk and Tarski (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Hetero‐Multifunctional Poly(ethylene glycol) Copolymers with Multiple Hydroxyl Groups and a Single Terminal Functionality
Authors: Mangold Christine , Wurm Frederik , Obermeier Boris , Frey Holger 
Published: November 2009

AbstractHetero‐multifunctional poly(ethylene glycol‐co‐glycerol) random copolymers with multiple hydroxyl functionalities and a single terminal functionality have been prepared by copolymerization of ethylene oxide (EO) and ethoxy ethyl glycidyl ether (EEGE) with the use of a suitable initiator, introducing a protected amino group or a double bond, respectively. Acidic deprotection was used for removal of the acetal protecting groups in the chain, and the terminal amino group was regenerated by catalytic hydrogenation. A series of copolymers with narrow polydispersity was obtained, varying comonomer fractions from 3 to 67% and molecular weights in the range of 5 000–32 000 g · mol−1 (1.05 < $\overline M _{\rm w} /\overline M _{\rm n}$ < 1.25). Molecular and thermal characterization was carried out using 1H‐ and 13C NMR, SEC and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).magnified image
Determination of nitrogen‐15 isotope fractionation in tropine: evaluation of extraction protocols for isotope ratio measurement by isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Molinié Roland , Kwiecień Renata A. , Silvestre Virginie , Robins Richard J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractN‐Demethylation of tropine is an important step in the degradation of this compound and related metabolites. With the purpose of understanding the reaction mechanism(s) involved, it is desirable to measure the 15N kinetic isotope effects (KIEs), which can be accessed through the 15N isotope shift (Δδ15N) during the reaction. To measure the isotope fractionation in 15N during tropine degradation necessitates the extraction of the residual substrate from dilute aqueous solution without introducing artefactual isotope fractionation. Three protocols have been compared for the extraction and measurement of the 15N/14N ratio of tropine from aqueous medium, involving liquid‐liquid phase partitioning or silica‐C18 solid‐phase extraction. Quantification was by gas chromatography (GC) on the recovered organic phase and δ15N values were obtained by isotope ratio measurement mass spectrometry (irm‐MS). Although all the protocols used can provide satisfactory data and both irm‐EA‐MS and irm‐GC‐MS can be used to obtain the δ15N values, the most convenient method is liquid‐liquid extraction from a reduced aqueous volume combined with irm‐GC‐MS. The protocols are applied to the measurement of 15N isotope shifts during growth of a Pseudomonas strain that uses tropane alkaloids as sole source of carbon and nitrogen. The accuracy of the determination of the 15N/14N ratio is sufficient to be used for the determination of 15N‐KIEs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generalized orientations and the Bloch invariant
Authors: Matthey Michel , Pitsch Wolfgang , Scherer Jérôme 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFor compact hyperbolic 3-manifolds we lift the Bloch invariant defined by Neumann and Yang to an integral class inK3(ℂ). Applying the Borel and the Bloch regulators, one gets back the volume and the Chern-Simons invariant of the manifold. We perform our constructions in stable homotopy theory, pushing a generalized orientation of the manifold directly intoK-theory. On the way we give a purely homotopical construction of the Bloch-Wigner exact sequence which allows us to explain the ℚ/ℤ ambiguity that appears in the non-compact case.
Heterodera schachtii (Schmidt) and Soil Acidity
Authors: Peters B. G. 
Published: November 2009

1. The possibility of correlating the acidity of the soil with the distribution of cysts of Heterodera schachtii is investigated by a colorimetric method of hydrogen ion determination. The variety of this eelworm which infests potatoes is alone considered, the material being derived from South Lincolnshire—in particular from Kirton and the district around Boston. The samples, general notes and cyst-concentration data are due to Morgan, to whom the writer is greatly indebted.2. A brief account of the life-history of H. schachtii is given, and also:3. A note on the theoretical aspect of hydrogen ions and of the colorimetric methods for determining their concentrations.4. The technique involved is fully discussed, and after various tests is standardized as follows : 2 grams of dry, finely-sieved soil are shaken up with 10 c.c. of twice-distilled water for ¼ hour. The mixture is centrifuged for 5 minutes and diluted with water in the ratio 1:9. A suitable indicator is added, aeration of the solution follows, and the pH-value is read by comparison with indicator-standards in a Walpole Comparator.It is pointed out that at most the results give the pH-value of the solutions. The pH-value of the soil itself, in situ, is not determined, so that the results are only of relational value.
On the Identification of Strains of Heterodera schachtii
Authors: Franklin Mary T. 
Published: November 2009

Three methods of differentiating the various strains of Heterodera schachtii are tried out in an attempt to find a quick means of identifying the strains.Infection experiments using possible host plants, though they are the final test of strain, require careful handling and take some weeks to carry out. In a limited number of such experiments a strain of eelworm occurring on wild clovers appears to be distinct from the pea, oat and beet strains. A strain parasitic on Myosotis appears to be distinct from the clover strain.
A Controlled Experiment with Phenothiazine in Sheep
Authors: Leiper J. W. G. , Peters B. G. , Clapham P. A. 
Published: November 2009

In an experiment previously reported (1941) we were able to show little anthelmintic effect against the gastro-intestinal nematodes of sheep after using phenothiazine powder in single doses up to 0·3 gm. per Kg. body weight. In view of our experience and its contrast with that of many" other workers, we felt it desirable to test a much larger dose, to compare it with another brand of the drug, and (because of the very large variation in worm burden from lamb to lamb) to use not less than four lambs in each treatment group.Accordingly, 12 lambs from a flock known to be naturally infested were purchased last November, and these were divided at random into three groups as follows: A, untreated controls; B, given compressed 5 gm. tablets of phenothiazine (recently placed on the market by a well-known firm) at the rate of 5 gm. per 5 Kg. body weight; and C, given phenothiazine powder in water as a drench, at the same dosage rate, with the addition to each dose of 1 gm. sodium glycocholate as a wetting agent. This powder was from the same batch as that used in our previous experiment. In each case the full amount was given as a single dose.The same three criteria of efficacy were used as before: three eggcountings and lamb-weighings before and after treatment, and post mortem worm-counts. Eggs were counted by the same modified McMaster technique, the individual counts representing the eggs in 0·005 gm. of faeces, but on this occasion only three cells were counted per sheep per day.
The Effect of Phenothiazine on the Weights of Worm-free Sheep and Goats
Authors: Leiper J. W. G. , Peters B. G. 
Published: November 2009

A total dose of 30 gm. of phenothiazine, given as tablets in one dose of 15 gm. and three of 5 gm. to three goats and six sheep known to be worm-free, had no effect on the weights of the animals in comparison with equal numbers of worm-free controls, over a period of 15 weeks from the first dose.It is concluded that weights can validly be used as a criterion of anthelmintic efficacy; they not only constitute an obvious economic criterion, but also are statistically more sensitive than egg-counts when subjected to analysis of covariance.
The Control of Anguillulina dipsaci on the seed of Teazle and Red Clover by Fumigation with Methyl Bromide
Authors: Goodey J. Basil 
Published: November 2009

The stem eelworm Anguillulina dipsaci (Kühn) Gerv. & v. Ben., is responsible for disease in numerous plants, amongst which are teazle, Dipsacus fullonum L., the type host and red clover, Trifolium pratense L. In both cases seed harvested from infected plants will often be infected by the stem eelworm in spite of the greatest care in dressing the seed.Kühn (1857) in describing the parasite for the first time said:— The seeds of the diseased teazles differ from those of the healthy ones. They are not half so large nor so sharply angular. Whilst the pappus of the healthy seed is stalked that of the diseased seed is sessile and almost twice as large. The worms do not completely fill the diseased seed but occur within the atrophied ovule and also as small clumps of worms within the tissue of the abnormally thickened seed coat. The worms are found not only within the diseased seeds but in all other parts of the head including the pith where they cause not only abnormal growth but death and brown discolouration of the tissues.
A Survey of the Helminths of Scottish Hill Sheep
Authors: Parnell I. W. , Rayski C. , Dunn A. M. , Mackintosh G. M. 
Published: November 2009

A survey of the helminths of Scottish hill sheep, made by collecting over seven hundred viscera from sheep which died from disease or accidents on over eighty farms, has shown that worms are the direct or indirect cause of the death of many sheep, and of loss in condition of many more.Infestations of H. contortus increase in incidence and severity in the late spring, but the majority of hill sheep are not infested with it and it is not a serious problem unless lack of herding, bad weather, etc. harm the sheep.Ostertagia spp. are often the most numerous species found in Scottish hill sheep; their numbers increase considerably for several weeks in the spring and to a less extent and for a shorter time in the autumn. Any prophylactic dosing programmes for lambs, hoggs or adult sheep must include Ostertagia spp. in the species against which they are directed.The numbers of T. axei increase in Scottish hill sheep during the winter and for some weeks from March onwards contribute to the pathogenic effect of clinical and subclinical helminthiasis of sheep.
A Further Description of Nematodirus battus Crofton and Thomas, 1951
Authors: Crofton H. D. , Thomas R. J. 
Published: November 2009

A brief description of Nematodirus battus has been given elsewhere (Crofton and Thomas, 1951), but this included only sufficient details for specific diagnosis. A more detailed account is given below.The worms are long, slender and more or less straight. The cuticle is smooth except in the cephalic region where it is inflated and is lightly striated. The cephalic inflation extends 0.12 mm. from the anterior end and is 0.06 mm. in diameter (see Fig. 1). In some specimens the cephalic inflation may be reduced and relatively inconspicuous. Although this variation may be due to fixation, it occurs in members of a batch which have been fixed simultaneously. The head is 0.03 mm. in diameter and bears six papillae round the mouth. The “mouth capsule” is small and bears a tooth on the dorsal side. This tooth is not easily visible in Fig. 1 because of contraction of the oesophagus. (The term mouth capsule is retained because it has been used by other workers (see Rajewskaja, 1918, Travassos, 1987) but if the definitions of Baylis and Daubney (1926) are adopted it would be more correct to refer to the tooth as lying in an oesophageal funnel). The oesophagus is relatively short, 0.35–0.54 mm. in length.
Functional Deformation in the Head of the Genus Allodapa (Nematoda)
Authors: Inglis William G. 
Published: November 2009

1. The structure of the head in four samples of the genus Allodapa from Madagascar birds is described and shown to represent stages in the functional deformation of the pharyngeal portions.2. All the specimens are considered to belong to Allodapa suctoria (Molin, 1860) s.l. and are described. Their hosts are: Margaroperdix sp. Centropus toulou, Coua caerulea and C. raynandii.3. The species of the family Subuluridae known from Madagascar hosts are discussed and it is shown that they represent a minor parasite fauna which has most probably been secondarily introduced.4. It is reported that Subulura prosimiae Baer, 1935 is indistinguishable from Primasubulura distans (Rudolphi, 1819) and that the record of the former species given by Chabaud and Petter (1958), based only on females, is that of a Subulura species and not a Primasubulura.5. A Subulura species is reported from Coua gigas.
Scanning electron microscopic observations on the tegumental surfaces of two rumen flukes (Trematoda: Paramphistomata)
Authors: Tandon Veena , Maitra S. C. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTThe surface microtopography ofCalicophoron papillosum(Stiles & Goldberger) andC. calicophorum(Fischoeder), inhabiting the rumen of sheep, has been studied by SEM. InC. papillosum, conspicuous transverse ridges encircle the mid-body, gradually lessening dorsally towards the posterior end. The general body surface is aspinose and smooth except for minute bead-like tubercles in the circumoral area. Two types of putative sensory structures—domed aciliate papillae and tegumental pits—are present. Their characteristic aggregation in certain regions and their distribution in other parts of the body is described. A unique pattern of ridges, confined only to the base of the genital papilla and the genital atrium, has been observed. InC. calicophorum, tegumental folds encircle the body, these are more numerous near the anterior end and fewer posteriorly. The oral area has numerous concentric folds with domed aciliate papillae; between or on the papillae are tegumental elevated pits from the centre of which a knob-like structure protrudes. These sensory structures occur to a lesser extent in the acctabular area.
A comparison of the efficiency of the percutaneous and per-oral routes of infection in caprineSchistosoma bovisinfections
Authors: Kassuku Ayub , Nansen Peter , Christensen Niels Ø. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe comparative efficiency of the percutaneous and per-oral routes of infection was studied in goats experimentally infected withSchistosoma bovis.The heaviest infection was obtained by the percutaneous route, but a relatively high parasite load was also achieved by the per-oral route, i.e., where goats were allowed to drink a cercarial suspension, volume of 0·9 to 1·7 litre per animal. Studies using radio-isotopically labelled cercariae were designed to clarify the cercarial penetration sites following uptake by drinking. Radioactivity could be demonstrated in the outer lips, buccal cavity, oesophagus and the reticulum, omasum and rumen. Highest counts were recorded in outer lips, reticulum and rumen constituting 41·2, 22·1 and 20·6%, respectively, of total radioactivity recovered. It is concluded that the per-oral infection route may play a larger role than hitherto anticipated in infection of ruminants, and possibly also in other mammals, with schistosomes. The epidemiological implications of the present findings are discussed.
Behaviour and enzyme release by Anisakis sp. larvae (Nematoda: Ascaridida)
Authors: Matthews Bernard E. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTAnisakis sp. larvae when incubated in vitro produced secretions/excretions which released the dye from an azocoll substrate, indicating protease activity. The optimal conditions for enzyme release and activity were a temperature of 37°C and a pH of 7·5. In addition the larvae showed peak behavioural activity at 37°C, the body temperature of the final, marine mammalian host. The results are discussed in relation to their possible significance to the invasion of the various hosts in the life-cycle.
A comparison of morphology, acid phosphatase and ATPase activity in Ganeo tigrinum from hibernating and non-hibernating Rana cyanophlyctis and R. tigrina
Authors: Sharma P. N. , Mandawat Sushila 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTThis study compares the morphology, anatomy, physiology and histochemical distribution of two key enzymes (AcPase and ATPase) in the intestinal trematode Ganeo tigrinum recovered from hibernating and non-hibernating Rana cyanophlyctis and R. tigrina. It has been shown that the torpid state of the host influences its worm so severely that it produces untanned and low quality eggs, the sperm population falls, the rate of worm infection is decreased and the worms do not grow.AcPase has been shown to undergo significant changes during hibernation, especially in the gut, where extraordinarily high activity seems to be responsible for the autophagy of certain gastrodermal cells. ATPase similarly reveals a decrease in activity in most of the parasite tissues during hibernation. However, its high activity in the parenchyma has been related to the quick transportation of metabolites, representing the threshold concentration necessary for survival and egg production.
Kinetic and electrophoretic studies on acid and alkaline phosphatases of the metacercariae ofClinostomum complanatum(Trematoda: Digenea)
Authors: Siddiqui Afzal A. , Nizami Wajih A. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTHomogenates of the metacercariae ofClinostomum complanatumshowed two peaks for the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl phosphate at pH 4·5–5·0 and 11·0; specific activity at pH 5·0 was 0·017 µmol p-nitrophenol/mg protein/min and 0·0049 µmol p-nitrophenol/mg protein/min at pH 11·0 at 37°C. Maximal activities of acid and alkaline phosphatases were observed at 50° and 40°C respectively. Both enzymes reached maximal rates after 50 min of incubation. Linearity in enzyme activity was noticed with increasing homogenate concentrations for both enzymes. The Kmfor p-nitrophenyl phosphate was 1·1 mM with a Vmaxof 0·018 units/mg protein for acid phosphatase and 1·6 mM with a Vmaxof 0·0052 units/mg protein for alkaline phosphatase. Sodium arsenate and sodium fluoride inhibit and Mg++and Co++stimulate both enzymes. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed one cathodic band each for both the enzymes.
Imagining Religious Freedom: Potentials and Pitfalls in the “Land between Two Rivers”
Authors: Tyler Aaron 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis article explores the complex reality of religious freedom in post-war Iraq. It examines the constitutional parameters of religious freedom in a democratizing Iraq, while also demonstrating how the muddy realities of sectarian intolerance and violence continue to impede the realization of this essential liberty in “the land between two rivers.”
Ein Verfahren zur on-line-Auswertung und semiautomatischen Befundung der seitengetrennten Nierenclearance-Untersuchung
Authors: Schneider P. , Haas J. P. , Becker H. P. 
Published: November 2009

ZusammenfassungEin Vierkanal-Clearance-Meßplatz wird on-line an einen Tischrechner angeschlossen. Nach programmgesteuerter Erfassung der Meßkurven berechnet der Computer die Gesamtclearance und die Seitenverteilung. Die Ergebnisse werden zusammen mit einer semi-automatischen Beurteilung in Form eines Arztbriefes auf einer Teletype ausgegeben. Die Richtigkeit des Auswerteprogramms wurde durch manuelle Auswertung der Clearancekurven überprüft.