bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GPS meteorology: An investigation of ocean‐based precipitable water estimates
Authors: Kealy John , Foster James , Businger Steven 
Published: July 2012

A study of ship‐based precipitable water (PW) estimation using the global positioning system (GPS) is presented for a field experiment in the coastal waters of Hawai‘i. GPS precipitable water estimates, with a temporal resolution of 30 min, are shown to agree with radiosonde observations with an RMS error of 2.16 mm. The GPS PW time series is shown to possess significant value in identifying atmospheric features at both synoptic and mesoscale resolution throughout the experiment. Examples include influences from an upper level low‐pressure system, shear lines, island blocking, and zones of low level convergence. Given PW's high spatial and temporal variability and the fact that it is not dynamically tied to other variables such as pressure or temperature, future PW estimates from ships could provide an important constraint for numerical weather prediction (NWP) models over ocean regions.
Variety and origin of magmas on Shatsky Rise, northwest Pacific Ocean
Authors: Sano Takashi , Shimizu Kenji , Ishikawa Akira , Senda Ryoko , Chang Qing , Kimura Jun‐Ichi , Widdowson Mike , Sager William W. 
Published: July 2012

Shatsky Rise consists of thick (∼30 km maximum) basaltic crust with various geochemical compositions. Geochemistry data indicate that four magma types exist on the plateau; namely normal, low‐Ti, high‐Nb, and U1349 types. The normal type is the most abundant in volume and appears on all three large edifices of the plateau: Tamu, Ori, and Shirshov massifs. Composition of the normal type is similar to normal mid‐ocean ridge basalt (N‐MORB) composition, but with slight relative enrichment of the more incompatible elements. The low‐Ti type is distinguished from the normal type basalt by slightly lower Ti content at a given MgO. Composition of the high‐Nb type is characterized by distinctively high contents of incompatible trace elements. U1349 type basalts are composed of more primitive and depleted compositions compared with the others. The normal type basalts constitute ∼94% of the lava units of the oldest Tamu Massif and non‐normal types (i.e., the other three types) basalts comprise ∼57% on the younger Ori Massif, implying that geochemical compositions may have become heterogeneous with time. Petrological examination demonstrates that compositions of the normal‐, low‐Ti‐, and high‐Nb‐type basalts evolved through fractional crystallization of olivine, plagioclase, and augite in shallow magma chambers (<200 MPa). Model calculations of immobile trace elements estimate that the normal type basalt can be formed by ∼15% melting of a depleted mantle source in the presence of residual garnet. This degree of melting is similar to N‐MORB, but the larger effect of residual garnet during petrogenesis implies that a greater depth of melting.
Bayesian evaluation of groundwater age distribution using radioactive tracers and anthropogenic chemicals
Authors: Massoudieh Arash , Sharifi Soroosh , Solomon D. Kip 
Published: July 2012

The development of a Bayesian modeling approach for estimation of the age distribution of groundwater using radioactive isotopes and anthropogenic chemicals is described. The model considers the uncertainties associated with the measured tracer concentrations as well as the parameters affecting the concentration of tracers in the groundwater, and it provides the posterior probability densities of the parameters defining the groundwater age distribution using a Markov chain Monte Carlo method. The model also incorporates the effect of dissolution of aquifer minerals on diluting the14C signature and the uncertainties associated with this process on the inferred age distribution parameters. Two demonstration modeling cases have been performed. First, the method was applied to simulated tracer concentrations at a discharge point of a hypothetical 2‐D vertical aquifer with two recharge zones, leading to a mixed groundwater age distribution under different presumed uncertainties. When the error variance of the observed tracer concentrations is considered unknown, the method can estimate the parameters of the fitted exponential‐lognormal distribution with a relatively narrow credible interval when five hypothetical samples are assumed to be collected at the discharge point. However, when a single sample is assumed, the credible intervals become wider, and credible estimations of the parameters are not obtained. Second, the method was applied to the data collected at La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica. In this demonstration application, nine different forms of presumed groundwater age distributions have been considered, including four single forms and five mixed forms, assuming the groundwater consists of distinct young and old fractions. For the medium geometrical standard deviationδc,i = 1.41, the model estimates a young groundwater age of between 0 and 350 years, with the largest odds being given to a mean age of approximately 100 years, and a fraction of young groundwater of between 15% to roughly 60%, with the largest odds for 30%. However, the method cannot definitively rule out larger fractions of young groundwater. The model provides a much more uncertain estimation of the age of old groundwater, with a credible interval of between 20,000 to 200,000 years.
Metaproteogenomic insights beyond bacterial response to naphthalene exposure and bio-stimulation
Authors: Guazzaroni María-Eugenia , Herbst Florian-Alexander , Lores Iván , Tamames Javier , Peláez Ana Isabel , López-Cortés Nieves , Alcaide María , Del Pozo Mercedes V , Vieites José María , von Bergen Martin , Gallego José Luis R , Bargiela Rafael , López-López Arantxa , Pieper Dietmar H , Rosselló-Móra Ramón , Sánchez Jesús , Seifert Jana , Ferrer Manuel 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Microbial metabolism in aromatic-contaminated environments has important ecological implications, and obtaining a complete understanding of this process remains a relevant goal. To understand the roles of biodiversity and aromatic-mediated genetic and metabolic rearrangements, we conducted ‘OMIC’ investigations in an anthropogenically influenced and polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soil with (Nbs) or without (N) bio-stimulation with calcium ammonia nitrate, NH4NO3 and KH2PO4 and the commercial surfactant Iveysol, plus two naphthalene-enriched communities derived from both soils (CN2 and CN1, respectively). Using a metagenomic approach, a total of 52, 53, 14 and 12 distinct species (according to operational phylogenetic units (OPU) in our work equivalent to taxonomic species) were identified in the N, Nbs, CN1 and CN2 communities, respectively. Approximately 10 out of 95 distinct species and 238 out of 3293 clusters of orthologous groups (COGs) protein families identified were clearly stimulated under the assayed conditions, whereas only two species and 1465 COGs conformed to the common set in all of the mesocosms. Results indicated distinct biodegradation capabilities for the utilisation of potential growth-supporting aromatics, which results in bio-stimulated communities being extremely fit to naphthalene utilisation and non-stimulated communities exhibiting a greater metabolic window than previously predicted. On the basis of comparing protein expression profiles and metagenome data sets, inter-alia interactions among members were hypothesised. The utilisation of curated databases is discussed and used for first time to reconstruct ‘presumptive’ degradation networks for complex microbial communities.
Contact map prediction using a large-scale ensemble of rule sets and the fusion of multiple predicted structural features
Authors: Bacardit Jaume , Widera Paweł , Márquez-Chamorro Alfonso , Divina Federico , Aguilar-Ruiz Jesús S. , Krasnogor Natalio 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Motivation: The prediction of a protein’s contact map has become in recent years, a crucial stepping stone for the prediction of the complete 3D structure of a protein. In this article, we describe a methodology for this problem that was shown to be successful in CASP8 and CASP9. The methodology is based on (i) the fusion of the prediction of a variety of structural aspects of protein residues, (ii) an ensemble strategy used to facilitate the training process and (iii) a rule-based machine learning system from which we can extract human-readable explanations of the predictor and derive useful information about the contact map representation.
Results: The main part of the evaluation is the comparison against the sequence-based contact prediction methods from CASP9, where our method presented the best rank in five out of the six evaluated metrics. We also assess the impact of the size of the ensemble used in our predictor to show the trade-off between performance and training time of our method. Finally, we also study the rule sets generated by our machine learning system. From this analysis, we are able to estimate the contribution of the attributes in our representation and how these interact to derive contact predictions.
Availability: http://icos.cs.nott.ac.uk/servers/psp.html.
Contact: natalio.krasnogor@nottingham.ac.uk
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Acute heart failure patient profiles, management and in‐hospital outcome: results of the Italian Registry on Heart Failure Outcome
Authors: Oliva Fabrizio , Mortara Andrea , Cacciatore Giuseppe , Chinaglia Alessandra , Di Lenarda Andrea , Gorini Marco , Metra Marco , Senni Michele , Maggioni Aldo P. , Tavazzi Luigi ,   on the behalf of the IN‐HF Outcome Investigators
Published: July 2012

AimsRegistries and surveys improve knowledge of the ‘real world’. This paper aims to describe baseline clinical profiles, management strategies, and the in‐hospital outcome of patients admitted to hospital for an acute heart failure (AHF) episode.Methods and resultsIN‐HF Outcome is a nationwide, prospective, multicentre, observational study conducted in 61 Cardiology Centres in Italy. Up to December 2009, 5610 patients had been enrolled, 1855 (33%) with AHF and 3755 (67%) with chronic heart failure (CHF). Baseline and in‐hospital outcome data of AHF patients are presented. Mean age was 72 ± 12 years, and 39.8% were female. Hospital admission was due to new‐onset heart failure (HF) in 43% of cases. Co‐morbid conditions were observed more frequently in the worsening HF group, while those with de novo HF showed a higher heart rate, blood pressure, and more preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Electrical devices were previously implanted in 13.3% of the entire group. Inotropes were administered in 19.4% of the patients. The median duration of hospital stay was 10 days (interquartile range 7–15). All‐cause in‐hospital death was 6.4%, similar in worsening and de novo HF. Older age, hypotension, cardiogenic shock, pulmonary oedema, symptoms of hypoperfusion, hyponatraemia, and elevated creatinine were independent predictors of all‐cause death.ConclusionOur registry confirms that in‐hospital mortality in AHF is still high, with a long length of stay. Pharmacological treatment seems to be practically unchanged in the last decades, and the adherence to HF guidelines concerning implantable cardioverter defibrillators/cardiac resynchronization therapy is still very low. Some AHF phenotypes are characterized by worst prognosis and need specific research projects.
Long‐acting somatostatin analogues decrease blood transfusion requirements in patients with refractory gastrointestinal bleeding associated with angiodysplasia
Authors: Bon C. , Aparicio T. , Vincent M. , Mavros M. , Bejou B. , Raynaud J.‐J. , Zampeli E. , Airinei G. , Sautereau D. , Benamouzig R. , Michopoulos S. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryBackgroundGastrointestinal angiodysplasias (GIADs) may be the cause of recurrent bleeding, despite endoscopic treatment.AimTo evaluate the effect of long‐acting somatostatin analogues on blood transfusion requirements, in patients with refractory bleeding due to GIADs.MethodsConsecutive patients with recurrent bleeding from GIADs were enrolled. They received somatostatin analogue treatment for at least 6 months. The efficacy was evaluated in terms of blood transfusions, frequency of bleeding episodes and haemoglobin level during 6 months of treatment (Period During) compared to a 6‐months' period before treatment (Period Before).ResultsFifteen patients were enrolled from 2007 to 2010. The median duration of somatostatin analogue treatment was 12 months (range: 6–36). The number of transfusions significantly decreased in Period During compared with Period Before [median number: 2 (0–14) vs. 10 (6–24); P < 0.001]. The percentage of patients who experienced a bleeding event was lower during somatostatin analogues treatment (20% vs. 73%; P = 0.01). The mean haemoglobin level was significantly higher when somatostatin analogues were offered [median: 10 g/dL (9–13) vs. 7 (5–8.5); P < 0.001]. None of the patients discontinued treatment due to side effects.ConclusionsLong‐acting somatostatin analogues treatment decreased transfusion needs in patients with refractory bleeding from gastrointestinal angiodysplasias. Bleeding episodes were limited and haemoglobin improved during treatment. Long‐acting somatostatin analogues may represent an option for the management of patients with chronic bleeding due to gastrointestinal angiodysplasias.
SnTox5–Snn5: a novel Stagonospora nodorum effector–wheat gene interaction and its relationship with the SnToxA–Tsn1 and SnTox3–Snn3–B1 interactions
Authors: Friesen Timothy l. , Chu Chenggen , Xu Steven S. , Faris Justin D. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryThe Stagonospora nodorum–wheat interaction involves multiple pathogen‐produced necrotrophic effectors that interact directly or indirectly with specific host gene products to induce the disease Stagonospora nodorum blotch (SNB). Here, we used a tetraploid wheat mapping population to identify and characterize a sixth effector–host gene interaction in the wheat–S. nodorum system. Initial characterization of the effector SnTox5 indicated that it is a proteinaceous necrotrophic effector that induces necrosis on host lines harbouring the Snn5 sensitivity gene, which was mapped to the long arm of wheat chromosome 4B. On the basis of ultrafiltration, SnTox5 is probably in the size range 10–30 kDa. Analysis of SNB development in the mapping population indicated that the SnTox5–Snn5 interaction explains 37%–63% of the variation, demonstrating that this interaction plays a significant role in disease development. When the SnTox5–Snn5 and SnToxA–Tsn1 interactions occurred together, the level of SNB was increased significantly. Similar to several other interactions in this system, the SnTox5–Snn5 interaction is light dependent, suggesting that multiple interactions may exploit the same pathways to cause disease.
THE EFFECT OF INDORAMIN ON PERIPHERAL BLOOD FLOW
Authors: ROYDS R.B. , LOCKHART J.D.F. 
Published: July 2012

The effect of indoramin, a new hypotensive agent, on peripheral blood flows of six normal subjects was determined and compared to placebo in a double‐blind, randomized study.
Indoramin (0.25 mg/kg), administered intravenously, resulted in an increased forearm muscle volume as measured by strain gauge plethysmography and an increase in the skin temperature of the hand but not to the skin of the chest.
It is concluded that these effects are the result of α‐adrenoceptor blockade.
THE EFFECT OF AGE ON THE HYDROXYLATION OF AMYLOBARBITONE SODIUM IN MAN
Authors: IRVINE R.E. , GROVE J. , TOSELAND P.A. , TROUNCE J.R. 
Published: July 2012

Following a single oral dose of amylobarbitone sodium it has been shown that a group of young subjects convert a higher proportion of the dose to 3′‐hydroxyamylobarbitone than a group of elderly subjects.
Twenty‐four hours after the administration of the drug, the mean plasma level of amylobarbitone in the elderly group is significantly higher than in the group of young subjects.
It is concluded that the rate of hydroxylation of amylobarbitone sodium decreases with age.
EFFECTS ON THE HUMAN CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF TWO ISOMERS OF EPHEDRINE AND TRIPROLIDINE, AND THEIR INTERACTION
Authors: BYE C. , DEWSBURY D. , PECK A.W. 
Published: July 2012

D(‐)ephedrine is four times as potent as L(+)pseudoephedrine in producing both tachycardia and a rise in systolic blood pressure. No changes in diastolic blood pressure occurred in 12 subjects with doses of up to D(‐)ephedrine (50 mg) and L(+)pseudoephedrine (180mg).
Significant evidence of stimulation of the central nervous system occurred only after D(‐)ephedrine in that tapping rates were increased and subjects could reliably detect that they had received an active drug. While mean performance rates in an auditory vigilance test were higher following both ephedrine isomers these changes were not significant.
Impairment of both tapping rates and auditory vigilance occurred following triprolidine in another group of 12 subjects. The effect was generally related to dose of antihistamine given and lasted up to 7.25 hours. Subjective effects were reliably recognized by subjects following all treatments containing triprolidine (2.5 mg or more) for up to 4.75 hours. Using analogue lines for self rating the subjective effects following triprolidine indicated both mental and physical impairment differing significantly from scores after lactose and L(+)pseudoephedrine (60 mg).
Combination of triprolidine (2.5 mg) and L(+)pseudoephedrine (60 mg) produced effects similar to triprolidine alone on both subjective measures and the auditory vigilance test. It is suggested that these objective tests and subjective scales could be used to measure effects on the central nervous system produced by antihistamines together with similar drugs, and their interaction with other compounds administered concurrently.
THE ASSESSMENT OF β‐ADRENOCEPTOR BLOCKING DRUGS IN HYPERTHYROIDISM
Authors: CARRUTHERS S.G. , GHOSAL A. , McDEVITT D.G. , NELSON J.K. , SHANKS R.G. 
Published: July 2012

Intravenous propranolol and practolol both reduced resting supine heart rate in patients with hyperthyroidism. Propranolol produced a significantly greater reduction than practolol, which did not have a dose‐dependent effect.
The effect of these drugs on resting heart rate was much less than their effect on the tachycardias produced both by severe exercise and by standing upright in hyperthyroid patients. Propranolol again produced a significantly greater reduction than practolol in each situation, but practolol did have a dose dependent effect on exercise heart rate.
The percentage reduction of standing tachycardia produced by the two drugs appeared to parallel closely the reduction in exercise tachycardia.
It is concluded that a simple and convenient way of assessing the activity of β‐adrenoceptor blocking drugs in hyperthyroid patients would be to measure their effect on the tachycardia induced by standing. Their effect on resting heart rate should not be used.
Practolol may be useful in the management of hyperthyroidism in patients in whom propranolol and similar non‐selective β‐adrenoceptor blocking drugs are contraindicated.
THE ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL DRUG INTERACTIONS WITH A NEW TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG
Authors: BRIANT R.H. , GEORGE C.F. 
Published: July 2012

Methods for the investigation of possible interactions with tricyclic antidepressant drugs are described. These methods have been applied to a new compound, Ciba 34276‐Ba, which has been shown to have antidepressant activity.
In five normal volunteers tested before and during treatment with Ciba 34276‐Ba, no abnormalities of resting or post‐exercise electrocardiographs occurred. A three‐fold reduction in tyramine‐responsiveness was seen in three normal subjects studied, but no potentiation of the noradrenaline pressor effect occurred. One of six patients given Ciba 34276‐Ba whilst on long‐term treatment with bethanidine showed loss of blood pressure control.
The metabolic clearance of antipyrine was unaltered in two subjects studied, showing no evidence of induction or inhibition of hepatic microsomal oxidizing enzymes by Ciba 34276‐Ba.
METABOLISM OF TERBUTALINE IN MAN AND DOG
Authors: DAVIES D.S. , GEORGE C.F. , BLACKWELL ELAINE , CONOLLY M.E. , DOLLERY C.T. 
Published: July 2012

The metabolism of terbutaline (1‐(3,5‐dmydroxyphenyl)‐2‐tertiarybutylamino‐ethanol), a drug which acts selectively on β2 ‐adrenoceptors has been studied in man and dog.
The sulphate conjugate of terbutaline was the only metabolite identified in plasma or urine from humans or dogs given the drug either orally or intravenously. We have confirmed that terbutaline, a resorcinol derivative, is not a substrate for catechol‐0‐methyl transferase in man or dog.
Metabolism of terbutaline was dependent upon the route of administration in man, but not in dog. In man, oral terbutaline was largely conjugated whereas drug administered intravenously appeared largely unchanged in urine.
Conjugation of oral terbutaline, which probably occurred during the ‘first‐pass’ through the gut wall or liver, was less than oral isoprenaline. This may explain why the poorly absorbed terbutaline is a more effective oral bronchodilator than isoprenaline, even though the latter drug is completely absorbed following oral dosing.
THE EFFECTS OF DRUGS ON ERYTHROCYTES in vitro: HEINZ BODY FORMATION, GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE INHIBITION AND CHANGES IN MECHANICAL FRAGILITY
Authors: HOPKINS J. , TUDHOPE G.R. 
Published: July 2012

The relationship between mechanical fragility, glutathione peroxidase inhibition and Heinz body formation, in erythrocytes exposed to oxidant drugs in vitro, has been investigated. All drugs tested caused Heinz body formation, and with the exception of acetyl salicylic acid and salicylic acid, also caused increased erythrocyte mechanical fragility.
There was a direct relationship between mechanical fragility and drug concentration. Mechanical fragility increased in parallel with Heinz body formation, with primaquine, gentisic acid, ascorbic acid and potassium chlorate. In contrast Heinz body formation occurred at drug concentrations which did not cause a marked increase in mechanical fragility in the case of menadione, acetyl phenylhydrazine and phenylhydrazine.
The degree of inhibition of glutathione peroxidase was directly related to increased mechanical fragility with menadione, gentisic acid and potassium chlorate. However other substances causing increased mechanical fragility resulted in little or no loss of glutathione peroxidase activity.
The results show that there is no constant relationship between mechanical fragility caused by drugs, the formation of Heinz bodies and the inhibition of glutathione peroxidase. The factors contributing to oxidant drug‐induced haemolysis appear to be variable and depend upon the drug concerned.
EFFECT OF THE IMIDAZOLINE‐DERIVATIVE ST‐91 ON HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE IN HEALTHY MAN
Authors: SAUNAMÄKI K.I. 
Published: July 2012

ST‐91, 2‐(2, 6‐diethylphenylamino)‐2‐imidazoline hydrochloride produces in animal experiments bradycardia, and in larger doses, also hypertension, due to α‐sympathomimetic activity and probable central sympathetic inhibition.
The effects of ST‐91, after oral administration, were studied in 10 healthy volunteers. A dose‐dependent, significant decrease of the heart rate was observed. On average the resting heart rate was reduced by 11–19 beats/min (15–29%). During exercise the decrease of the heart rate was less pronounced. After the largest dose there was a fall of the systolic blood pressure during exercise averaging at 14–15 mmHg (11–12%). Otherwise the blood pressure remained unchanged.
Eight out of the 10 test‐subjects complained of hair‐raising and goose‐flesh after all doses, due to the α‐sympathomimetic effect of the drug. No toxic effects were observed.