bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genomics and Pharmacogenomics of Dementia
Authors: Cacabelos Ramón , Martínez‐Bouza Rocío 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYDementia is a major problem of health in developed countries, and a prototypical paradigm of chronic disability, high cost, and social‐family burden. Approximately, 10–20% of direct costs in this kind of neuropathology are related to pharmacological treatment, with a moderate responder rate below 30% and questionable cost‐effectiveness. Over 200 different genes have been associated with the pathogenesis of dementia. Studies on structural and functional genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics have revealed the paramount importance of these novel technologies for the understanding of pathogenic cascades and the prediction of therapeutic outcomes in dementia. About 10–30% of Western populations are defective in genes of the CYP superfamily. The most frequent CYP2D6 variants in the Iberian peninsula are the *1/*1 (57.84%), *1/*4 (22.78%), *1×N/*1 (6.10%), *4/*4 (2.56%), and *1/*3 (2.01%) genotypes, accounting for more than 80% of the population. The frequency of extensive (EMs), intermediate (IMs), poor (PMs), and ultra‐rapid metabolizers (UMs) is about 59.51%, 29,78%, 4.46%, and 6.23%, respectively, in the general population, and 57.76, 31.05%, 5.27%, and 5.90%, respectively, in AD cases. The construction of a genetic map integrating the most prevalent CYP2D6+CYP2C19+CYP2C9 polymorphic variants in a trigenic cluster yields 82 different haplotype‐like profiles, with *1*1‐*1*1‐*1*1 (25.70%), *1*1‐*1*2‐*1*2 (10.66%), *1*1‐*1*1‐*1*1 (10.45%), *1*4‐*1*1‐*1*1 (8.09%), *1*4‐*1*2‐*1*1 (4.91%), *1*4‐*1*1‐*1*2 (4.65%), and *1*1‐*1*3‐*1*3 (4.33%), as the most frequent genotypes. Only 26.51% of AD patients show a pure 3EM phenotype, 15.29% are 2EM1IM, 2.04% are pure 3IM, 0% are pure 3PM, and 0% are 1UM2PM. EMs and IMs are the best responders, and PMs and UMs are the worst responders to a combination therapy with cholinesterase inhibitors, neuroprotectants, and vasoactive substances. The pharmacogenetic response in AD appears to be dependent upon the networking activity of genes involved in drug metabolism and genes involved in AD pathogenesis (e.g., APOE). AD patients harboring the APOE‐4/4 genotypes are the worst responders to conventional antidementia drugs. To achieve a mature discipline of pharmacogenomics in CNS disorders and dementia it would be convenient to accelerate the following processes: (i) to educate physicians and the public on the use of genetic/genomic screening in daily clinical practice; (ii) to standardize genetic testing for major categories of drugs; (iii) to validate pharmacogenomic information according to drug category and pathology; (iv) to regulate ethical, social, and economic issues; and (v) to incorporate pharmacogenomic procedures both to drugs in development and drugs on the market in order to optimize therapeutics.
Desperately Seeking Fighters: Taiwan's Military Aircraft Deals
Authors: Lee Wei‐chin 
Published: August 2010

Desperately Seeking Fighters: Taiwan's Military Aircraft DealsMs. Margaret Backenheimer read an earlier version of this paper and offered her critical comments and suggestions. The Research and Creativity Fund and Dean's office, Wake Forest University, funded the research. The Inter‐library answered to my numerous requests. I would like to thank all their help. Needless to say, I am responsible for any mistake and opinion in this paper.
Northeast Asian Energy Cooperation: The Irkutsk Pipeline Project*
Authors: Kim Euikon 
Published: August 2010

Northeast Asia is a cluster of countries with wide differences in political systems, stages of economic development, levels of technology, and natural resource endowments. In addition, infrastructures of national economies are mutually complementary: Japan and Korea have capital and technology on the one hand and Russia and China enjoy abundant resources and cheap labor. Yet many socio‐political elements have so far barred active economic cooperation among Northeast Asian national economies from becoming a reality, such as, North Korean nuclear issues, different ideologies, unstable political systems, and anti‐Japanese sentiments.The Irkutsk Pipeline Projects can be a litmus test for the future economic cooperation in the region. Market forces in Russia, Japan, South Korea and China increasingly tend to jump national boundaries and to escape political control, seeking for economic profits, whereas socio‐political factors have tendency to restrict and channel the economic activities. Thus, problems of the Irkutsk Pipeline Projects lie in how and where those positive and negative factors are reconciled.
Going Transnational?: Dynamics and Challenges of Linking Local Claims to Global Advocacy Networks in Southeast Asia
Authors: Caouette Dominique 
Published: August 2010

In Southeast Asia, especially since the 1997 financial crisis, there has been a growing tendency, for NGOs, social movements and activist networks to organize and work transnationally. This paper explores one specific component of Sidney Tarrow's most recent work on transnational activism, namely “the political processes that activists trigger to connect their local claims to those of others across borders and to international institutions, regimes, and processes.” In doing so, I will try to answer the following questions: Is the emergence and expansion of transnational activism in Southeast Asia comparable to other regions of the world? What are the reasons that motivate local activists and how do they inscribe their demands and claims in transnational coalitions, networks and campaigns? And, in what ways does this participation in such form of collective action affect local level activism and influence for public policy changes?>Using a process tracing approach, the proposed paper will discuss transnational activism in four East Asian countries, namely the Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia and Hong Kong. The analysis of each transnational network reveals that different methodologies and processes that are deployed to link local concerns to global advocacy. These reflect certain organizational choices linked to certain conception of social change as well as different types of domestic structures.
Cost‐effectiveness analysis of voglibose for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Japanese patients with impaired glucose tolerance
Authors: Ikeda Shunya , Kobayashi Makoto , Tajima Naoko 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAims/Introduction:  The objective of this study was to estimate the cost‐effectiveness of administering voglibose, in addition to standard care of diet and exercise, compared with standard care alone for high‐risk Japanese patients with impaired glucose tolerance.Materials and Methods:  A Markov model was constructed to estimate the long‐term prognosis of individuals with impaired glucose tolerance, in terms of expected medical costs and life expectancy. Transition probabilities were derived from the results of a clinical trial of voglibose, as well as the epidemiological information. Effectiveness was evaluated by life expectancy and only direct costs were considered. The future costs and effectiveness were discounted by 3% per year.Results:  Estimated expected lifetime costs for the voglibose administration group and the standard care group was JPY718,724 ($US7598) and JPY1,365,405 ($US14,433), respectively, with voglibose administration resulting in saving of JPY646,681 ($US6836). Estimated life expectancy was 18.672 and 18.073 years, respectively, with life expectancy prolonged by 0.599 years when voglibose was administered together with the standard care.Conclusions:  In order to prevent type 2 diabetes among Japanese patients with impaired glucose tolerance, voglibose with standard care resulted in cost‐saving, as well as prolongation of life expectancy, compared with standard care alone. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2010.0052.x, 2010)
Community‐specific, preventive oral health policies: preventive measures on dental caries
Authors: Esfandiari Shahrokh , Jamal Nekky , Feine Jocelyne 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn all health fields, limited infrastructure and resources hinder the provision of basic services to low‐income populations. Subsequently, oral health is often neglected, as over 90% of caries remains untreated in developing communities. In order to deliver the most cost‐effective prevention methods, public health officials must assess each available strategy on an individual community basis. In this paper, examples from oral health will demonstrate the importance of community‐specific determinants in the formation of preventive public health policies. These determinants include economical, cultural, social, and political elements that can assist policy makers in generating effective functional public health policies.
Nd:YAG (1064 nm) laser for the treatment of chronic periodontitis: a pilot study
Authors: Jensen Jørgen , Lulic Martina , Heitz‐Mayfield Lisa J.A. , Joss Andreas , Lang Niklaus P. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAim:  To evaluate the clinical and microbiological effects of neodymium: yttrium–aluminum–garnet laser therapy as an adjunct to scaling and root planing during the hygienic phase.Methods:  In eight patients, sites with a mean probing pocket depth (PPD) of ≥5 mm were treated by either scaling and root planing (n = 28) (control) or by scaling and root planing and adjunctive laser therapy (n = 28) (power: 5 W). Re‐evaluation was at 4–6 weeks. Thereafter, remaining pockets (mean PPD ≥5 mm) were eliminated by either laser surgery (power: 7 W) or gingivectomy (control).Results:  At baseline, the mean PPD of sites originally presenting with a mean PPD ≥4 mm were 4.69 and 4.73 mm in the test and control sites, respectively. Six months following surgery, there was a similar average mean PPD reduction in the test (1.18 mm, P < 0.01) and control sites (1.35 mm, P < 0.01). Also, the reduction in bleeding on probing in both groups was statistically significant (P < 0.01, paired t‐tests). No statistically‐significant differences between the test and control sites were found for any clinical or microbiological parameters at baseline, after initial, and 3 or 6 months’ post‐surgical therapy.Conclusion:  During the hygienic phase, neodymium: yttrium–aluminum–garnet (1064 nm) laser treatment yielded no superiority in clinical efficacy compared to conventional debridement. Laser gingivectomy resulted in similar treatment outcomes (mean PPD and bleeding on probing reduction), as did conventional gingivectomy.
Welfare and health of horses transported for slaughter within the European Union Part 1: Methodology and descriptive data
Authors: MARLIN D. , KETTLEWELL P. , PARKIN T. , KENNEDY M. , BROOM D. , WOOD J. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:Anecdotal evidence collected by a variety of organisations has highlighted poor welfare in horses transported long distances to slaughter within the European Union.Objective:To investigate welfare of horses being transported long distances within the EU to slaughter.Methods:Data on transported horses were recorded at 2 assembly centres in Romania and at 4 abattoirs in Italy over an 8 month period in 2008.Results:A total of 1519 horses in 64 separate shipments were observed in Romania prior to transport of which 212 horses were deemed unfit for transport and only 3 shipments (5%) complied with Council Regulation (EC) no. 1/2005 with respect to both horse and vehicle compliance. The destination most commonly stated for the horses from these assembly centres was Italy. A total of 1271 horses in 63 separate shipments were observed after transport in Italy, of which 86 horses in 4 shipments had also been observed prior to transport in Romania. The majority of the horses observed at these abattoirs originated from Poland (51%) and Romania (44%). On arrival in Italy at the time of unloading, 471 of 1271 horses (37%) were deemed unfit for transport in accordance with Council Regulation (EC) no. 1/2005 and none of the shipments were compliant with respect to both vehicle and horse requirements. An average of 6 horses per shipment (28% of each shipment) had at least one acute injury on arrival in Italy. A significantly higher prevalence of severe injuries and lameness was found in animals on arrival In Italy compared with animals leaving Romania. Horses examined on arrival in Italy were twice as likely to have 1–3 acute contusions or excoriations as horses examined in Romania. There was also a 2‐fold increase in the number of animals deemed unfit for transport.Conclusion:This study has identified evidence of poor welfare in horses being transported long distances to slaughter, including severe lameness and injuries, and a high level of noncompliance with Council Regulation (EC) no. 1/2005 on the Protection of Animals during Transport.
Approximating the Schur multiplier of certain infinitely presented groups via nilpotent quotients
Authors: Hartung René 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWe describe an algorithm for computing successive quotients of the Schur multiplier M(G) of a group G given by an invariant finite L-presentation. As applications, we investigate the Schur multipliers of various self-similar groups, including the Grigorchuk super-group, the generalized Fabrykowski–Gupta groups, the Basilica group and the Brunner–Sidki–Vieira group.
Climate modelling study on mountain uplift and Asian monsoon evolution
Authors: Kitoh A. , Motoi T. , Arakawa O. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Impacts of mountain uplift on the Asian monsoon and adjacent seas are investigated by climate model sensitivity studies. Two sets of general circulation model (GCM) experiments are performed. Using an atmosphere-ocean coupled GCM, a progressive mountain uplift experiment is performed. During boreal summer, monsoon precipitation is confined in the deep tropics around 10°N in the no-mountain case, but as mountains become higher, heavy rain areas move inland from the East Asian coast with stronger upward winds and increased rainfall over the southeastern Tibetan Plateau region. An increase of freshwater discharge from the Asian rivers results in a significant decrease of sea surface salinities over the Bay of Bengal, the South China, East China and Yellow Seas. A high-resolution atmospheric GCM experiment, which shows improvement in reproducing the present-day model climatology, gives more precise information on precipitation and the circulation changes caused by mountain uplift.
Orbital and suborbital variability in the equatorial Indian Ocean as recorded in sediments of the Maldives Ridge (ODP Hole 716A) during the past 444 ka
Authors: De Soma , Sarkar Sudipta , Gupta Anil K. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

This study is aimed at understanding past 444 ka record of climate variability in the equatorial Indian Ocean using high resolution records of planktic and benthic foraminifera and pteropods from Ocean Drilling Program Hole 716A, Maldives Ridge, southeastern Arabian Sea. In total, 892 samples of 10 cm
3
volume from 444 ka old sequence were analysed at 1 cm intervals to generate census data of the foraminiferal fauna and pteropods. The percent and detrended time series of mixed-layer species
Globigerinoides ruber
and
Globigerinoides sacculifer
and thermocline species
Neogloboquadrina dutertrei
, benthic foraminifera
Cymbaloporetta squammosa
,
Sphaeroidina bulloides
and
Uvigerina proboscidea
, and pteropods from ODP Hole 716A reveal significant changes in wind intensity during the past 444 ka. An abrupt decrease in the
Cymbaloporetta squammosa
population at
c.
300 ka (across MIS 8/9) suggests a weakening of equatorial wind intensity, which could be linked to Indian monsoon and may have driven pronounced changes in the oxygen minimum zone in the Maldivian region. These changes were contemporaneous with the Mid-Brunhes Climatic Event, the beginning of aridity in the Indonesian-Australian region and the onset of a humid phase in equatorial East Africa as observed in several oceanic and continental records. This strengthens a connection between equatorial Indian Ocean wind intensity, the Indian monsoon and Indonesian-Australian-African climates.

Supplementary material:

Percentages of benthic and planktic foraminifera and pteropods used in the present study are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18413
Cenozoic sediments in the southern Tarim Basin: implications for the uplift of northern Tibet and evolution of the Taklimakan Desert
Authors: Zheng Hongbo , Tada Ryuji , Jia Juntao , Lawrence Colin , Wang Ke 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

Cenozoic sedimentary successions along the southern margin of the Tarim Basin, western China, reach up to 10 km in thickness. The two studied sections, the Yecheng and Aertashi, comprise
c
. 4.5 km and
c
. 7.0 km of clastic sedimentary rocks respectively. The base of the Yecheng section has been dated palaeomagnetically to be about 8 Ma. Age control of the Aertashi section is based on
87
Sr/
86
Sr measurements (for the basal marine bed), together with magnetostratigraphy and regional stratigraphic correlation. The lower part of each section is mainly composed of fine-grained mudstone and fine sandstone, which makes up the Wuqian Group (Miocene). The palaeoenvironment is low-energy, meandering and braided streams. The middle part is composed of red mudstone, sandstone with thin conglomerate beds, which make up the Artux Formation (Pliocene). The palaeoenvironment is a distal- to mid-fan environment. The uppermost part of the section, known as the Xiyu Formation (Plio-Pleistocene), consists of cobble and boulder conglomerate intercalated with massive siltstone lenses, which formed as proximal alluvial fan and aeolian deposits. Neogene red beds passing upward into upward-coarsening conglomerate and debris-flow deposits record the change in palaeoslope related to uplift of the northern margin of Tibetan Plateau.

The formation of aeolian dunes at
c
. 8 Ma, and underlying playa lake deposits (as at Aertashi), may indicate an arid, enclosed basin in the southern Tarim after this time. Sedimentological characteristics, together with grain size distribution and geochemistry of siltstone bands in the Xiyu and Artux Formations, point to an aeolian origin. This indicates that the Taklimakan Desert and the regional climate regime may have been fully developed by the Early Pliocene. The onset of aeolian sedimentation in the southern Tarim Basin coincided with uplift of the northern Tibetan Plateau, as inferred from the lithofacies change. Tibetan Plateau uplift resulted in the shift of sedimentary environments northwards into the southern Tarim Basin, and could well have triggered the onset of full aridity in the Taklimakan region as a whole.
Non-stationary response of Plio-Pleistocene East Asian winter monsoon variation to ice volume forcing
Authors: Sun Youbin , An Zhisheng , Clemens Steven C. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

Recent progress both in studies of Chinese loess and deep-sea sediments have provided robust and longer records of winter monsoon variation and ice volume change back to the Late Miocene. However, when and how the winter monsoon became coupled with global ice volume change remains uncertain. Here we compare quartz grain size (a reliable winter monsoon proxy) generated from two loess-palaeosol and red clay sequences with a stacked benthic δ
18
O record (a global ice volume proxy). Our results indicate that at longer (>500 ka) timescales, the winter monsoon became strongly coupled with global ice volume change at 2.1 Ma, while at orbital timescales the winter monsoon variations started to be influenced by global ice volume change at
c
. 3.3 Ma. Correlation coefficients between these two records further indicate that winter monsoon intensity was strongly coupled with global ice volume change during intervals of 0–1.1 Ma, 1.4–1.8 Ma, and 2–2.85 Ma. In spite of these close connections amplitude mismatches between these two records are evident in terms of both long-term trend and glacial–interglacial fluctuations, suggesting that additional processes might have played a role in modulating the response of the winter monsoon variation to ice volume forcing.
Radiometric dating of the late Quaternary summer monsoon on the Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Stevens T. , Lu H. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

Recent advances in radiometric dating have enabled independent investigation into monsoon variations. In this study, summer monsoon pedogenesis proxies (CaCO
3
and magnetic susceptibility) have been analysed by optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) age for five loess-palaeosol sections over the Chinese Loess Plateau. The use of CaCO
3
is complicated by the multiple influences on its variation. However, changes in magnetic susceptibility can be used as a proxy for summer monsoon induced pedogenesis. The data suggest that the summer monsoon in north-central China is not prone to high frequency shifts, although abrupt transitions occur. The overall patterns show general decreasing trends from
c
. 50 to 18 ka. However, between 9 and 6 ka, magnetic susceptibility increases abruptly and dramatically at the sites. These findings suggest that the Holocene ‘optimum’ in the region may be a more recent phenomenon than previously suggested, and that this summer monsoon intensity increase significantly post-dates the insolation peak occurring at 11.5 ka. An apparent close correspondence to ice volume is suggested to be a consequence of forcing via atmospheric circulation. Independently dated records that employ high sampling resolution can be used to test this hypothesis, together with suggestions over the apparent lag between insolation forcing and monsoon response.
An Overview of the Crime of Genocide in Latin American Jurisdictions
Authors: Santalla Vargas Elizabeth 
Published: August 2010

AbstractGenocide is included in most Latin American Criminal Codes that were enacted long before the adoption of the Rome Statute. Genocide's criminalization in Latin America has, to a large extent, deviated from the Genocide Convention definition with respect to the actus reus, mainly concerning the protected groups. However, the existing jurisprudence does not shed much light on the reasons or justifications for such a deviation; it is rather inconsistent in some instances. The implementation of the Rome Statute offers mixed signals as to the legal and policy trends in Latin America with regard to the scope of genocide. The fact that the codification of crimes against humanity has gained momentum with the entry into force of the Rome Statute implies an increasing need to reflect on the coherence of the domestic criminalization of core crimes.
The Prosecution of International Crimes in Argentina
Authors: Parenti Pablo 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn recent years, the Argentine courts have developed a rich case law surrounding the prosecution of international crimes. In particular, the courts have handed down judgments regarding the limits to amnesties and pardons, and the inapplicability of statutory limitations for crimes against humanity, invoking several sources of international law in the process. However, applying these international norms has caused debate about constitutional matters such as the reach of the principle of legality, the use of customary law, and whether domestic criminal norms are compatible—or could even be combined—with international criminal norms.