bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Melt Homogenization and Self‐Organization in Chalcogenides‐Part I
Authors: Bhosle Siddhesh , Gunasekera Kapila , Boolchand Punit , Micoulaut Matthieu 
Published: July 2012

An FT‐Raman profiling method is developed to monitor growth of structural homogeneity of binary GexSe100‐x melts in real time (tR) non‐invasively as starting materials are reacted over days. Raman spectra of quenched melts were acquired along a one inch long column of a sample in a quartz tube. In the first step of reaction, tR < 2 days, Ge‐rich crystalline‐ and glassy‐ phases form and coexist with Se‐rich glasses. In the second step, tR extending up to 7 days, local structures characteristic of melts/glasses form, and steadily homogenize as Ge and Se atoms diffuse. The process terminates when all Raman lineshapes taken along the length of a sample coalesce into unique profile. Several factors contribute to the long reaction time tR for melts to homogenize, including liquid density difference of Ge and Se, diffusion controlled nanoscale mixing of melts, batch dryness, batch sizes, and laser spot size. Physical properties of such homogeneous GexSe100‐x glasses are found to be quite different from their inhomogeneous counterparts realized after the first step of reaction. Slow homogenization of chalcogenides melts may occur generally. Variations in physical properties of chalcogenide glasses possessing nominally the same composition may have their origin in structural heterogeneity and purity.
Monitoring community mobilisation and organisational capacity among high-risk groups in a large-scale HIV prevention programme in India: selected findings using a Community Ownership and Preparedness Index
Authors: Narayanan Pradeep , Moulasha K , Wheeler Tisha , Baer James , Bharadwaj Sowmyaa , Ramanathan T V , Thomas Tom 
Published: July 2012

BackgroundIn a participatory approach to health and development interventions, defining and measuring community mobilisation is important, but it is challenging to do this effectively, especially at scale.MethodsA cross-sectional, participatory monitoring tool was administered in 2008–2009 and 2009–2010 across a representative sample of 25 community-based groups (CBGs) formed under the Avahan India AIDS Initiative, to assess their progress in mobilisation, and to inform efforts to strengthen the groups and make them sustainable. The survey used a weighted index to capture both qualitative and quantitative data in numeric form. The index permitted broad, as well as highly detailed, analysis of community mobilisation, relevant at the level of individual groups, as well as state-wide and across the whole programme.ResultsThe survey demonstrated that leadership and programme management were the strongest areas among the CBGs, confirming the programme's investment in these areas. Discussion of the Round 1 results led to efforts to strengthen governance and democratic decision making in the groups, and progress was reflected in the Round 2 survey results. CBG engagement with state authorities to gain rights and entitlements and securing the long-term financial stability of groups remain a challenge.ConclusionThe survey has proven useful for informing the managers of programmes about what is happening on the ground, and it has opened spaces for discussion within community groups about the nature of leadership, decision making and their goals, which is leading to accelerated progress. The tool provided useful data to manage community mobilisation in Avahan.
Inference about Causation from Examination of Familial Confounding: Application to Longitudinal Twin Data on Mammographic Density Measures that Predict Breast Cancer Risk
Authors: Stone Jennifer , Dite Gillian S. , Giles Graham G. , Cawson Jennifer , English Dallas R. , Hopper John L. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBackground: Mammographic density is a strong risk factor for breast cancer. It is unknown whether there are different causes of variation in mammographic density at different ages.Methods: Mammograms and questionnaires were obtained on average 8 years apart from 327 Australian female twin pairs (204 monozygous and 123 dizygous). Mammographic dense area and percentage dense area were measured using a computer-assisted method. The correlational structure of the longitudinal twin data was estimated under a multivariate normal model using FISHER. Inference about causation from examination of familial confounding was made by regressing each twin's recent mammographic density measure against one or both of her and her co-twin's past measures.Results: For square root dense area and percentage dense area (age- and body mass index–adjusted), the correlations over time within twins were 0.86 and 0.82, and the cross-twin correlations were 0.71 and 0.65 for monozygous pairs and 0.25 and 0.20 for dizygous pairs, respectively. As a predictor of a twin's recent dense area, the regression coefficient (SE) for the co-twin's past dense area reduced after adjusting for her own past measure from 0.84 (0.03) to 0.09 (0.03) for monozygous pairs and from 0.63 (0.04) to 0.04 (0.03) for dizygous pairs. Corresponding estimates for percentage dense area were 0.73 (0.04), 0.10 (0.03), 0.42 (0.05), and 0.03 (0.03).Conclusion: Mammographic density measures are highly correlated over time and the familial/genetic components of their variation are established before mid-life.Impact: Mammographic density of young women could provide a means for breast cancer control. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(7); 1149–55. ©2012 AACR.
Pathway Analyses Identify TGFBR2 as Potential Breast Cancer Susceptibility Gene: Results from a Consortium Study among Asians
Authors: Ma Xiangyu , Beeghly-Fadiel Alicia , Lu Wei , Shi Jiajun , Xiang Yong-Bing , Cai Qiuyin , Shen Hongbing , Shen Chen-Yang , Ren Zefang , Matsuo Keitaro , Khoo Ui Soon , Iwasaki Motoki , Long Jirong , Zhang Ben , Ji Bu-Tian , Zheng Ying , Wang Wenjing , Hu Zhibin , Liu Yao , Wu Pei-Ei , Shieh Ya-Lan , Wang Shenming , Xie Xiaoming , Ito Hidemi , Kasuga Yoshio , Chan Kelvin Y.K. , Iwata Hiroji , Tsugane Shoichiro , Gao Yu-Tang , Shu Xiao Ou , Moses Harold L. , Zheng Wei 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Background: The TGF-β signaling pathway plays a significant role in the carcinogenic process of breast cancer.
Methods: We systematically evaluated associations of common variants in TGF-β signaling pathway genes with breast cancer risk using a multistage, case–control study among Asian women.
Results: In the first stage, 341 single-nucleotide polymorphisms with minor allele frequencies ≥ 0.05 across 11 genes were evaluated among 2,926 cases and 2,380 controls recruited as a part of the Shanghai Breast Cancer Genetics Study (SBCGS). In the second stage, 20 SNPs with promising associations were evaluated among an additional 1,890 cases and 2,000 controls from the SBCGS. One variant, TGFBR2 rs1078985, had highly consistent and significant associations with breast cancer risk among participants in both study stages, as well as promising results from in silico analysis. Additional genotyping was carried out among 2,475 cases and 2,343 controls from the SBCGS, as well as among 5,077 cases and 5,384 controls from six studies in the Asian Breast Cancer Consortium (stage III). Pooled analysis of all data indicated that minor allele homozygotes (GG) of TGFBR2 rs1078985 had a 24% reduced risk of breast cancer compared with major allele carriers (AG or AA; OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.65–0.89; P = 8.42 × 10−4).
Conclusion: These findings support a role for common genetic variation in TGF-β signaling pathway genes, specifically in TGFBR2, in breast cancer susceptibility.
Impact: These findings may provide new insights into the etiology of breast cancer as well as future potential therapeutic targets. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(7); 1176–84. ©2012 AACR.
The Inconvenience of Convenience Cohorts: Rhabdomyosarcoma and the PAX-FOXO1 Biomarker
Authors: Rosenberg Abby R. , Skapek Stephen X. , Hawkins Douglas S. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
“Convenience cohorts” comprise individuals thought to represent the general population, but chosen because they are readily available for evaluation, rather than at random. As such, these methods are subject to bias and may be misleading. Convenience cohorts have been used to investigate the prognostic significance of chromosomal translocations between the PAX3 or PAX7 and the FOXO1 genes in rhabdomyosarcoma, the most common pediatric sarcoma. However, retrospective studies assessing the role of PAX-FOXO1 translocations have yielded inconsistent results. This review highlights the findings from several clinical correlation studies of the PAX-FOXO1 biomarker and illustrates the challenges of using such methods to draw clinical conclusions. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(7); 1012–8. ©2012 AACR.
New Insight into the SDF-1/CXCR4 Axis in a Breast Carcinoma Model: Hypoxia-Induced Endothelial SDF-1 and Tumor Cell CXCR4 Are Required for Tumor Cell Intravasation
Authors: Jin Fengyan , Brockmeier Ulf , Otterbach Friedrich , Metzen Eric 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The SDF-1/CXCR4 axis has been implicated in breast cancer metastasis. In contrast to its well-established role in organ-specific homing and colonization of tumor cells, the involvement in intravasation, especially in a hypoxic environment, is still poorly understood. Initially, we detected both, the chemokine SDF-1 and its receptor CXCR4 in microvessels in invasive ductal cancer samples. To elucidate the role of the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis in vascular endothelium for tumor intravasation, we evaluated the effects of CXCR4 activation in human umbilical vein and dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HUVEC and HDMEC) and in cultured mammary carcinoma cells (MDA MB231, and MCF7). We observed an upregulation of SDF-1 and CXCR4 in HUVECs in hypoxia, which led to proliferation, migration, and tube formation. Hypoxia induced adhesion of tumor cells to endothelial cells and stimulated transendothelial migration. The effects of hypoxia were dependent on the activity of the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor. Adhesion to and migration through a HUVEC monolayer were significantly reduced by lentiviral inhibition of CXCR4 in breast carcinoma cells or treatment of endothelial cells with an anti-SDF-1 neutralizing antibody. These data show that the interaction of SDF-1 secreted by ECs with tumor cell CXCR4 is sufficient to stimulate transendothelial migration of the tumor cells. Our results suggest that the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis is important in angiogenesis and tumor cell intravasation. Because both proteins were readily identifiable in a significant fraction of human breast cancer samples by immunohistochemistry, CXCR4 may constitute a molecular target for therapy when both, SDF-1, and CXCR4 are expressed. Mol Cancer Res; 10(8); 1021–31. ©2012 AACR.
An Enhanced Geostationary Satellite–Based Convective Initiation Algorithm for 0–2-h Nowcasting with Object Tracking
Authors: Walker John R. , MacKenzie Wayne M. , Mecikalski John R. , Jewett Christopher P. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis paper describes an enhanced 0–2-h convective initiation (CI) nowcasting algorithm known as Satellite Convection Analysis and Tracking, version 2 (SATCASTv2). Tracking of developing cumulus cloud “objects” in advance of CI was developed as a means of reducing errors caused by tracking single satellite pixels of cumulus clouds, as identified in Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) output. The method rests on the idea that cloud objects at one time, when extrapolated forward in space and time using mesoscale atmospheric motion vectors, will overlap with the same actual cloud objects at a later time. Significant overlapping confirms that a coherent cumulus cloud is present and trackable in GOES data and that it is persistent enough that various infrared threshold–based tests may be performed to assess cloud growth. Validation of the new object-tracking approach to nowcasting CI was performed over four regions in the United States: 1) Melbourne, Florida; 2) Memphis, Tennessee; 3) the central United States/Great Plains; and 4) the northeastern United States as a means of evaluating algorithm performance in various convective environments. In this study, 9943 CI nowcasts and 804 CI events were analyzed. Optimal results occurred in the central U.S./Great Plains domain, where the probability of detection (POD) and false-alarm ratio (FAR) reached 85% and 55%, respectively, for tracked cloud objects. The FARs were partially attributed to difficulties inherent to the CI nowcasting problem. PODs were seen to decrease for CI events in Florida. Discussion is provided on how SATCASTv2 performed, as well as on how certain problems may be mitigated, especially in light of enhanced geostationary-satellite systems.
Stochastic Space–Time Disaggregation of Rainfall into DSD fields
Authors: Schleiss Marc , Berne Alexis 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
A stochastic method to disaggregate rain rate fields into drop size distribution (DSD) fields is proposed. It is based on a previously presented DSD simulator that has been modified to take into account prescribed block-averaged rain rate values at a coarser scale. The integral quantity used to drive the disaggregation process can be the rain rate, the radar reflectivity, or any variable directly related to the DSD. The proposed method is illustrated and qualitatively evaluated using radar rain rate data provided by MeteoSwiss for two rain events of very contrasted type (stratiform versus convective). The evaluation shows that both types of rainfall are correctly disaggregated, although the general agreement in terms of rain rate distributions, intermittency, and space–time structures is much better for the stratiform case. Possible extensions and generalizations of the technique (e.g., using radar reflectivities at two different frequencies or polarizations to drive the disaggregation process) are discussed at the end of the paper.
On the Width of the Equatorial Deep Jets
Authors: Greatbatch R. J. , Brandt P. , Claus M. , Didwischus S.-H. , Fu Y. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The equatorial deep jets (EDJ) are a striking feature of the equatorial ocean circulation. In the Atlantic Ocean, the EDJ are associated with a vertical scale of between 300 and 700 m, a time scale of roughly 4.5 years, and upward energy propagation to the surface. It has been found that the meridional width of the EDJ is roughly 1.5 times larger than expected based on their vertical scale. Here, the authors use a shallow-water model for a high-order baroclinic vertical normal mode to argue that mixing of momentum along isopycnals can explain the enhanced width. A lateral eddy viscosity of 300 m2 s−1 is found to be sufficient to account for the width implied by observations.
Carbon Dioxide Emission Pathways Avoiding Dangerous Ocean Impacts
Authors: Kvale K. , Zickfeld K. , Bruckner T. , Meissner K. J. , Tanaka K. , Weaver A. J. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases could lead to undesirable effects on oceans in coming centuries. Drawing on recommendations published by the German Advisory Council on Global Change, levels of unacceptable global marine change (so-called guardrails) are defined in terms of global mean temperature, sea level rise, and ocean acidification. A global-mean climate model [the Aggregated Carbon Cycle, Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model (ACC2)] is coupled with an economic module [taken from the Dynamic Integrated Climate–Economy Model (DICE)] to conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis to derive CO2 emission pathways that both minimize abatement costs and are compatible with these guardrails. Additionally, the “tolerable windows approach” is used to calculate a range of CO2 emissions paths that obey the guardrails as well as a restriction on mitigation rate. Prospects of meeting the global mean temperature change guardrail (2° and 0.2°C decade−1 relative to preindustrial) depend strongly on assumed values for climate sensitivity: at climate sensitivities &gt;3°C the guardrail cannot be attained under any CO2 emissions reduction strategy without mitigation of non-CO2 greenhouse gases. The ocean acidification guardrail (0.2 unit pH decline relative to preindustrial) is less restrictive than the absolute temperature guardrail at climate sensitivities &gt;2.5°C but becomes more constraining at lower climate sensitivities. The sea level rise and rate of rise guardrails (1 m and 5 cm decade−1) are substantially less stringent for ice sheet sensitivities derived in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report, but they may already be committed to violation if ice sheet sensitivities consistent with semiempirical sea level rise projections are assumed.
For Christ and Catalonia: Catholic Catalanism and Nationalist Revival in Late Francoism
Authors: Dowling Andrew 
Published: July 2012

Princess of our noble Catalan land Oh Virgin of the mountain … pious Mother of this land that has always loved you, make it great and powerful 1 Over the course of Franco’s dictatorship in Spain (1939–1975), we can trace a remarkable transformation in the position of the Catholic Church in the historic territory of Catalonia. Subject to deep-rooted anti-clericalism, with the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, the Church found itself the target of an unprecedented assault. The victory of Franco’s Nationalist forces in 1939 restored the Church, yet due to its Spanish Nationalist ideology, sought the ending of the Catalan Catholic tradition. However, over the course of the 1940s and 1950s, the Catalan Church was able to undertake a cautious reconstruction of the indigenous religious and cultural movement. This revival would begin to transform the Church’s position in Catalan society to the point where, by the mid-1960s, it was possible to assert that anti-clericalism was no more. The Church became a key element in the revival of Catalan nationalism and an important component to the opposition in late anti-Francoism.
Influence of the single or combined administration of cocaine and testosterone in autonomic and neuroendocrine responses to acute restraint stress
Authors: Cruz Fábio C , Engi Sheila A , Leão Rodrigo M , Planeta Cleopatra S , Crestani Carlos C 
Published: July 2012

Abuse of cocaine and androgenic–anabolic steroids (AASs) has become a serious public health problem. Despite reports of an increase in the incidence of simultaneous abuse of these substances, potential toxic interactions between cocaine and AASs are poorly known. In the present study, we investigated the effects of either single or combined administration of testosterone and cocaine for one or 10 consecutive days on autonomic (arterial pressure, heart rate and tail cutaneous temperature) and neuroendocrine (plasma corticosterone) responses induced by acute restraint stress in rats. Combined administration of testosterone and cocaine for 10 days reduced the increase in heart rate and plasma corticosterone level, as well as the fall in tail skin temperature induced by restraint stress. Furthermore, repeated administration of cocaine inhibited the increase in arterial pressure observed during restraint, and this effect was not affected by coadministration of testosterone. Ten-day combined administration of testosterone and cocaine increased basal values of arterial pressure. Moreover, chronic administration of testosterone induced rest bradycardia and elevated basal level of plasma corticosterone. One-day single or combined administration of the drugs did not affect any parameter investigated. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that combined administration of testosterone and cocaine changed the autonomic and neuroendocrine responses to acute restraint stress. These findings suggest that interaction between AASs and cocaine may affect the ability to cope with stressful events.
Australian Rotary Health: a major contributor to mental illness research and mental health awareness in Australia
Authors: Jorm Anthony , Sawyer Michael , Gillett Joy 
Published: July 2012

Objective: Australian Rotary Health (ARH) was established in 1981 with the goal of supporting family health research in Australia. Since 2000, ARH has supported research relevant to mental health and mental illness. This article describes the early history of the fund, the reasons for the move to mental illness research, some examples of research projects that have had a beneficial impact and the branching out into mental health community awareness raising and stigma reduction. Conclusions: ARH has emerged as a major non-government supporter of mental illness research. It has also effectively engaged Rotary clubs at a local level to increase community awareness of mental illness and to reduce stigma.
Better laws for coercive psychiatric treatment: lessons from the Waterlow case
Authors: Ryan Christopher , Callaghan Sascha , Large Matthew 
Published: July 2012

Objective: The purpose of this paper is to use the circumstances surrounding the trial of Antony Waterlow to consider the statutory mechanisms for coercive treatment of people with mental illness in Australasia. Method: The facts in R v Waterlow are examined in the light of a review of Australasia’s mental health legislation and recent empirical work on the ability to usefully categorise patients by their likelihood to harm others. Results: Arguably a major reason for Mr Waterlow’s not receiving effective psychiatric treatment prior to the killings was that the doctors who examined him did not think they had reasonable grounds for believing that detention was necessary for the protection of others from serious harm. Conclusions: The tragedy of the Waterlow matter provides further impetus to a much wider call for the move to capacity-based mental health legislation.
‘Theory of mind’ II: difficulties and critiques
Authors: Plastow Michael 
Published: July 2012

Objective: ‘Theory of mind’ will be further examined firstly by looking at the experimental situation that was used to put forward this notion. A fundamental difficulty regarding the failure of ‘theory of mind’ to account for the misunderstandings of everyday life will be discussed. Other difficulties in the experimental conceptualisation of this notion will then be studied. Critiques that have previously been made of ‘theory of mind’ will also be examined. Conclusions: ‘Theory of mind’ proposes an ideal of limpid understanding of the other. It is argued here that this notion of mind-reading is belied by its failure in our everyday lives. The experimental results by which this notion was proposed are neither sensitive nor specific. It is argued that there is also a fundamental error in this conception and its experimental design due to assessing a second-person phenomenon by a third-person method. Critiques of ‘theory of mind’ emphasise the epistemological difficulties and the fact that it is a poor explanation for the interactions of non-autistic subjects.