bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A REVISION OF THE GENUS HOPLANDRIA KRAATZ OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE, ALEOCHARINAE)
Authors: Génier François 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA revision of the genus Hoplandria of America north of Mexico is presented. Four subgenera are recognized, of which two (Genosema Notman and Lophomucter Notman) previously were given generic status and one (Arrhenandria) is here newly described. Twelve species are defined, of which eight are described as new: H. alternans, H. isabellae, H. kisatchie, H. klimaszewskii, H. oconee, H. okaloosa, H. sanbornei, and H. smetanai. The species are arranged according to their relationships into species groups within the subgenus Lophomucter, where seven species are assigned. For the remaining subgenera species grouping was not possible due to the smaller number of species. The following synonymies are confirmed (the first specific name is valid): Subg. Hoplandria, H. lateralis (Melsheimer) = H. ochracea Kraatz = H. texana Casey = H. arizonica Casey = H. carinata Casey; Subg. Arrhenandria, H. laeviventris Casey = H. acudentata Dury. The species Genosema sexualis Notman is here synonymized with H. pulchra Kraatz. Hoplandria brittoni Casey was previously regarded as a synonym of H. lateralis (Melsheimer); it is now considered as a junior synonym of Platandria carolinae Casey. Lectotypes are designated for Gyrophaena lateralis Melsheimer, Hoplandria arizonica Casey, H. carinata Casey, H. laeviventris Casey, H. ochracea Kraatz, H. pulchra Kraatz, and H. texana Casey. Keys to subgenera and species are provided. All species are described, diagnostic characteristics of each are illustrated with line drawings and scanning electron microscope photomicrographs, and all available bionomic and distributional data are given. The morphology, systematics, and phylogeny of the subgenera and certain species are discussed, and a checklist of Nearctic species is added.
THE INSECT FAUNA AND SOME OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF NATURAL SALT SPRINGS ON SALTSPRING ISLAND, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Ring Richard A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe natural salt springs on Saltspring Island, southwestern British Columbia, originate from a source at least 1000 m deep and are distinct in chemical composition not only from the surrounding seawater but also from the groundwater-based salt springs on nearby Mayne Island. Spring water is approximately 2.2-fold more saline than average seawater and is characterized by having significantly higher levels of chloride, sodium, sulphate, silica, iron, alumina, and boron; similar levels of calcium, potassium, fluoride, and nitrogen; but less magnesium. The pH levels in different springs vary between 7.3 and 7.9, compared with pH 8.2 for average surface seawater. Near-surface water temperatures range from 7 °C in mid-winter to 16–21 °C in late summer.The flora and fauna that exploit this unique habitat are characterized by halophilic species known from other saline environments such as saline lakes, brackish water, beaches, and the intertidal zone. Organisms that have been isolated and identified include the following: seven species of bacteria, none of which depends exclusively on a saline environment; a blue-green alga that lives within the springs; an abundant filamentous green alga; and halophilic higher plants and grasses. Two species of spiders [Zelotessp. (Gnaphosidae) andPardosasp. (Lycosidae)] are active in the salt-impregnated areas surrounding the springs.Collembola are represented byAnuridasp. (Poduridae); and insects bySaldula comatula(Saldidae, Hemiptera), the chironomids (Chironomidae, Diptera)Thalassosmittia marinaplus two unidentified species, brine flies (Ephydridae, Diptera), and two unidentified cyclorrhaphan dipterans. Among the Hymenoptera, there are two species ofEupteromalus(Pteromalidae),Cyrtogaster capitanea(Pteromalidae),Urolepis rufipes(Pteromalidae), andStigmussp. (Pemphredonidae). Ants (Formicaspp.) and yellowjackets (Vespulasp.) are frequent foragers in the immediate vicinity of the salt spring. There are three species of Coleoptera,Bembidion indistinctum(Carabidae),Ochthebius lecontei(Hydraenidae), andThicanus mimus(Anthicidae). These insects are discussed in terms of their distribution within, and preference for, saline environments.
GEOGRAPHICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PATTERNS IN CADDISFLY (TRICHOPTERA) ASSEMBLAGES FROM COLDWATER SPRINGS IN CANADA
Authors: Williams Nancy E. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractCaddisfly collections from 25 springs across Canada reveal some general trends and some regional and habitat-related differences in spring faunas. In general the number of caddisfly species present in springs increases with habitat diversity. Limnocrenes and rheocrenes with low current and small-sized substrate particles support few caddisfly species, but may have large populations of individual species. Species categorized as grazers, shredders, and predators are common in springs, but filter-feeders are rare.Eastern and western springs have many genera but few species in common. About 35% of the species recorded in this study are from the family Limnephilidae, but the most frequently encountered genus was Parapsyche (Hydropsychidae), usually P. apicalis (Banks) in the east and P. elsis Milne in the west (British Columbia and Alberta). Other common genera in both east and west were Neophylax, Lepidostoma, and Rhyacophila. Common genera collected only in the west were Anagapetus, Homophylax, Psychoglypha, and Neothremma, and Frenesia and Pseudostenophylax were taken only in the east. Three analytical techniques — ordination by detrended correspondence analysis, constrained ordination by canonical correspondence analysis, and classification by two-way indicator species analysis — all confirmed an east/west geographical difference in caddisfly communities and pointed to elevation, extent of groundwater source, and summer temperature as environmental factors influencing, but not totally responsible for, east/west species distributions. Past and present barriers to migration both appear to be important. Riparian vegetation, current, substrate particle size, microhabitat diversity, and pH all have strong influences upon the composition of spring communities in both the east and the west. Springs in which caddisflies were primarily associated with detrital processing were dominated by Frenesia and Lepidostoma in the east but by Homophylax in the west. Scrapers and predators were abundant only in springs with relatively high microhabitat diversity, current speed, and PH.
ADAPTATIONS OF GALL WASPS OF THE GENUS DIPLOLEPIS (HYMENOPTERA: CYNIPIDAE) AND THE ROLE OF GALL ANATOMY IN CYNIPID SYSTEMATICS
Authors: Shorthouse J.D. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAdaptations and attributes of gall-inducing cynipid wasps are reviewed to emphasize that differences in life cycles and anatomical features of their galls are just as useful for systematic purposes as are structural differences in the adult insects themselves. The extent to which cynipid wasps have specialized is illustrated by the genus Diplolepis, all species of which are restricted to native and introduced roses and induce structurally distinct galls. Various aspects of Diplolepis biology including life cycles, host specificity, and gall development and anatomy are reviewed. The biologies of two species of Diplolepis that commonly co-exist in the same habitat in central Ontario are then examined in detail. Diplolepis polita (Ashmead) induces a single-chambered gall on the leaves of Rosa acicularis Lindl. whereas Diplolepis spinosa (Ashmead) induces a multi-chambered gall on the stems of Rosa blanda Ait. Differences in life cycles, distribution, host and organ specificity, oviposition, gall initiation and development, along with differences in the communities of parasitoids and inquilines attracted to the galls, confirm the existence of distinct species and allow some speculation on their ecological and phylogenetic relationships.
ORIBATIDA OF CANADIAN PEATLANDS
Authors: Behan-Pelletier V.M. , Bissett B. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis paper reviews and summarizes preliminary data on the taxonomy, distribution, and ecology of oribatid mites of Canadian peatlands, primarily those of eastern Canada. This fauna is a heterogenous assemblage comprising 71 species in 49 genera and 34 families, found in four main types of habitats: aquatic, mesic, xeric, and epigeal. About half of the oribatid fauna of peatlands, and most aquatic species, are restricted in distribution to the Nearctic. Oribatid taxa known or suspected to be parthenogenetic are much better represented in peatlands than in the general Canadian fauna. Data on the feeding habits of odonate larvae in Newfoundland bog pools, based on gut content analysis, show that oribatid mites, in particular species ofLimnozetesHull andHydrozetesBerlese, are common prey of species ofAeshnaFabricius,LeucorrhinaBrittinger, andLibellulaL. A synopsis of available data suggests that assemblages ofLimnozetesspecies may be useful in characterizing peatlands.
SAFETY AND REGISTRATION OF MICROBIAL AGENTS FOR CONTROL OF GRASSHOPPERS AND LOCUSTS
Authors: Goettel Mark S. , Jaronski Stefan T. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractMicrobial control agents offer a method of pest control using organisms that are a natural component of the environment and are usually much more selective than chemical pesticides. Furthermore, they can usually be integrated with other methods of control, and may provide prolonged control by establishment within the host population. However, microbial control agents also possess properties that can pose human and environmental risks depending on the nature of the pathogen and its pattern of use. We present an overview of issues concerning the safety and registration of microbial control agents with emphasis on pathogens of locusts and grasshoppers. The potential safety issues and other consequences of concern from the deployment of microorganisms for pest control are: (1) pathogenicity to non-target organisms, (2) toxigenicity to non-target organisms, (3) competitive displacement of microorganisms, and (4) allergenicity. Inundative control methods pose unique risks because the pathogens must be produced in large quantities, stored, transported, and applied, usually in concentrations much higher than would normally ever occur naturally. The overriding concern in introducing an exotic agent is the risk to non-target beneficial organisms, because once the agent becomes established, it will in most situations be impossible to eradicate. However, if indigenous organisms are used, there is relatively little risk of irreversible, long-term detrimental effects. A synopsis of safety testing results of some of the more promising microbial control agents for grasshoppers and locusts and an evaluation of their potential hazards are presented. Safety to vertebrates is evaluated by a tiered series of laboratory test requirements. Assessments on hazards to non-target invertebrates are based principally on results of laboratory bioassays. Safety tests should be chosen with regard to the biological characteristics of the agent and should not impose standards that are more stringent than those imposed on other forms of pest control. Regulatory oversight should assure the integrity of the environment and safety of the public, while at the same time not unduly hampering the development, registration, and use of more sustainable pest control methods.
Using agronomic traits and semiochemical production in winter wheat cultivars to identify suitable trap crops for the wheat stem sawfly
Authors: Buteler Micaela , Weaver David K. , Bruckner Phil L. , Carlson Gregg R. , Berg James E. , Lamb Peggy F. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractTrap crops are a plausible control strategy for the wheat stem sawfly (WSS), Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), especially in alternate wheat−fallow cropping systems. Identifying the most suitable winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L., Poaceae) cultivars is necessary to further improve the effectiveness of winter wheat trap crops. We compared cultivars suitable for cultivation in Montana to identify those that exhibit the greatest potential as trap crops. To accomplish this we used nine winter wheat cultivars to analyze plant characteristics that influence the oviposition behavior of the WSS: stem height, stem diameter, rate of plant development, and emission of the WSS attractant (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate. Data on sawfly-induced stem cutting collected from these cultivars in field nurseries were analyzed to evaluate the potential of each cultivar to attract sawflies. Based on these criteria, five cultivars with good potential as trap crops are ‘Norstar’, ‘Neeley’, ‘Morgan’, ‘Rampart’, and ‘BigSky’. More data from laboratory preference tests and detailed measurement of semiochemical production from these cultivars are required for selecting optimal cultivars for trap-cropping.
Host-tree-related differences in trap captures and electroantennogram activity of Conotrachelus nenuphar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Leskey Tracy C. , Hancock Torri J. , Wright Starker E. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), is a serious pest of stone and pome fruits (Rosaceae) in eastern North America. We recorded captures of adult plum curculios in the field and measured electroantennogram (EAG) activity in the laboratory associated with cultivars of four hosts, ‘Formosa’ Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.), ‘Stanley’ European plum (P. domestica L.), ‘Empire’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.), and ‘Loring’ peach (P. persica (L.) Batsch) (Rosaceae) to determine whether hosts that may be attractive to the plum curculio under field conditions also elicit positive EAG responses. Trap captures of adults on ‘Formosa’ plum were significantly greater than on any other host, and corresponding headspace extracts also produced strong EAG responses throughout the active season. ‘Stanley’ plum and ‘Loring’ peach, the other stone-fruit hosts included in the study, elicited strong EAG responses throughout the season, although trap captures associated with these hosts were generally not as high as for ‘Formosa’ plum. Throughout the season, trap captures of adults were significantly lower for ‘Empire’ apple than for ‘Formosa’ plum, and EAG responses were much lower than for all stone-fruit hosts. Our results indicate that volatiles from ‘Formosa’ plum likely contain uniquecompounds or are comprised of ratios of stimulating compounds that make it much more attractive to plum curculio in the field.
Collective foraging patterns of field colonies ofMalacosoma disstriacaterpillars
Authors: McClure Melanie , Despland Emma 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe monitored 12 colonies of the nomadic social caterpillarMalacosoma disstriaHübner (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) on trembling aspen,Populus tremuloidesMichx. (Salicaceae), under field conditions in spring 2007. We examined cohesion and synchronization of colonies and spatiotemporal activity patterns to compare foraging in the field with the results of laboratory studies and with foraging by central-place foragers. All colonies were highly cohesive; fragmentation was observed only three times. Activity was highly synchronous within colonies, with clear alternation between periods of activity and quiescence. Colonies performed 4.25 ± 0.12 (mean ± SE) activity bouts per day, and foraging was more likely to occur in the early morning than at midday. Colony activity was weakly correlated with temperature. In contrast to that ofM. americanum(F.), the foraging schedule was flexible: foraging was observed at all recorded times and temperatures. Colonies searched for a new feeding site every 2.54 ± 0.37 days (mean ± SE) after a food source was depleted. Time spent at a food source decreased with colony size, and distance travelled between food sources increased with instar.Malacosoma disstriacaterpillars on trembling aspen are not very selective; rather, they minimize movement, thus decreasing potential contacts with predators.
Observations on the feeding behaviour of late-instar larvae ofChoristoneura fumiferana
Authors: van Frankenhuyzen Kees , Espinasse Sylvain 
Published: April 2011

AbstractLaboratory observations revealed that late-instar larvae of the eastern spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana(Clemens)) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) spend most of their time spinning, wandering, and resting; less than 10% is spent feeding. Larvae feed in a discontinuous pattern of short feeding bouts separated by much longer intervals of nonfeeding activity. Over a 2 h observation period, feeding bouts averaged 2.2 min and were separated by 17.4 min intervals for 4th-instar larvae as compared to 3.3 min bouts separated by 33.4 min intervals for 5th-instar larvae. The duration of a feeding bout was positively correlated with the duration of the subsequent interval, not with the duration of preceding intervals, suggesting that feeding-bout frequency is governed primarily by post-ingestion processes. It is postulated that short feeding bouts followed by long intervals limit the window for ingesting an efficacious dose of aerially applied insecticides such asBacillus thuringiensis.
Use of a detached leaf screening method for segregating Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) resistant Solanum hybrid lines
Authors: Nandy Sanjib , Chen Qin , Yang Jilang , Beasley Debbie , Li Hiyan , Goettel Mark S 
Published: April 2011

A diploid segregating population for resistance to Colorado potato beetle (CPB) was developed by crossing the resistant Mexican species Solanum pinnatisectum (S. pnt., 2n = 2x = 24) with the susceptible S. cardiophyllum (S. cph., 2n = 2x = 24). A resistant hybrid plant from this cross was selected and backcrossed as a female to S. cph in order to generate a backcross family. A beetle feeding preference test bioassay was developed to examine segregation for CPB resistance in 345 backcross progeny. A screening method that optimized the length of the feeding period allowed the quantification of CPB resistance in the backcross progeny. Percent resistance of the test lines over the susceptible control was determined using the formula R = 100 × [C/(C + L)]
The effects of diverse cropping systems on aggregation of a Luvisolic soil in the Peace River region
Authors: Broersma K. , Robertson J. A. , Chanasyk D. S. 
Published: April 2011

Aggregate distribution and stability of surface soil were determined for different cropping systems of a Luvisolic soil in the Peace River region of Alberta. Gray Luvisolic soils have inherent problems that include weak platy structured surface horizons which are underlain by compact sub-soils. The cropping systems consisted of (i) continuous barley (CB) (Hordeum vulgare L.); (ii) barley/forage (BF), 3 yr of barley followed by 3 yr of forage (mixture of bromegrass [Bromus inermis Leyss] and red clover [Trifolium pratense L.]); (iii) continuous grass (CG) (bromegrass); and (iv) continuous legume (CL) (red clover). The barley/forage rotation consisted of two phases, the barley phase (BF) and forage phase (BF). Each phase was present every year. Aggregate separation by dry-sieving with a rotary sieve indicated that the CL cropping system had fewer large aggregates and more small aggregates than the other cropping systems. The CG, BF and CB cropping systems had more larger aggregates and were similar to each other. Wet-sieving, by contrast, resulted in the CG cropping system having greater amounts of large aggregates while the CL, BF phases, and CB cropping systems were similar with more smaller aggregates. Wet-sieving of the different aggregate size fractions from the rotary dry-sieve indicated that the cropping system aggregate stability was in the order of: CG > CL > BF ≥ BF ≥ CB. The stability of the BF cropping system was greater than that of the BF as it had recently come out of the BF phase (3 yr of forage production). Aggregate stability for the cropping system soils was consistent among the evaluation method of wet-sieving and the McCalla water-drop method. Inclusion of forage crops are important in maintaining or improving soil structure of Luvisolic surface horizons. Key words: Luvisolic soil, cropping systems, aggregation, aggregate stability, Peace River region
An Akaike-type information criterion for model selection under inequality constraints
Authors: Kuiper R. M. , Hoijtink H. , Silvapulle M. J. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The Akaike information criterion for model selection presupposes that the parameter space is not subject to order restrictions or inequality constraints. Anraku (1999) proposed a modified version of this criterion, called the order-restricted information criterion, for model selection in the one-way analysis of variance model when the population means are monotonic. We propose a generalization of this to the case when the population means may be restricted by a mixture of linear equality and inequality constraints. If the model has no inequality constraints, then the generalized order-restricted information criterion coincides with the Akaike information criterion. Thus, the former extends the applicability of the latter to model selection in multi-way analysis of variance models when some models may have inequality constraints while others may not. Simulation shows that the information criterion proposed in this paper performs well in selecting the correct model.
Does shortening the training on Integrated Management of Childhood Illness guidelines reduce its effectiveness? A systematic review
Authors: Rowe Alexander K , Rowe Samantha Y , Holloway Kathleen A , Ivanovska Verica , Muhe Lulu , Lambrechts Thierry 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Objective Implementation of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) strategy with an 11-day training course for health workers improves care for ill children in outpatient settings in developing countries. The 11-day course duration is recommended by the World Health Organization, which developed IMCI. Our aim was to determine if shortening the training (to reduce cost) reduces its effectiveness.
Methods We conducted a systematic review to compare IMCI's effectiveness with standard training (duration ≥11 days) versus shortened training (5–10 days). Studies were identified from a search of MEDLINE, two existing systematic reviews, and by contacting investigators. We included published or unpublished studies that evaluated IMCI's effectiveness in developing countries and reported quantitative measures of health worker practices related to managing ill children under 5 years old in public or private health facilities. Summary measures were the median of effect sizes for all outcomes from a given study, and the percentage of patients needing oral antimicrobials or rehydration who were treated according to IMCI guidelines.
Findings Twenty-nine studies were included. Direct comparisons from three studies showed little difference between standard and shortened training. Indirect comparisons from 26 studies revealed that effect sizes for standard training versus no IMCI were greater than shortened training versus no IMCI. Across all comparisons, differences ranged from -3 to +23 percentage-points, and our best estimate was a 2 to 16 percentage-point advantage for standard training. No result was statistically significant. After IMCI training (of any duration), 34% of ill children needing oral antimicrobials or rehydration were not receiving these treatments according to IMCI guidelines.
Conclusions Based on limited evidence, standard IMCI training seemed more effective than shortened training, although the difference might be small. As sizable performance gaps often existed after IMCI training, countries should consider implementing other interventions to support health workers after training, regardless of training duration.