bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of pore pressure on velocity in low‐porosity sandstone: Implications for time‐lapse feasibility and pore‐pressure study
Authors: Xu Xiaoxia , Hofmann Ronny , Batzle Michael , Tshering Tashi 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTAs seismic data quality improves, time‐lapse seismic data is increasingly being called upon to interpret and predict changes during reservoir development and production. Since pressure change is a major component of reservoir change during production, a thorough understanding of the influence of pore pressure on seismic velocity is critical. Laboratory measurements show that differential pressure (overburden minus fluid pressure) does not adequately determine the actual reservoir conditions. Changes in fluid pressure are found to have an additional effect on the physical properties of rocks. The effective‐stress coefficient n is used to quantify the effect of pore pressure compared to confining pressure on rock properties. However, the current practice in time‐lapse feasibility studies, reservoir‐pressure inversion and pore‐pressure prediction is to assume that n= 1. Laboratory measurements, reported in both this and previous research show that n can be significantly less than unity for low‐porosity rocks and that it varies with porosity, rock texture and wave type.We report the results of ultrasonic experiments to estimate n for low‐porosity sandstones with and without microcracks. Our results show that, for P‐waves, n is as low as 0.4 at a differential pressure of 20 MPa (about 3000 psi) for a low‐porosity sandstone. Thus, in pore‐pressure inversion, an assumption of n= 1 would lead to a 150% underestimation of the pore pressure. Comparison of the effective‐stress coefficient for fractured and unfractured samples suggests that the presence of microfractures increases the sensitivity of P‐wave velocity to pore pressure, and therefore the effective‐stress coefficient. Our results show that the effective‐stress coefficient decreases with the differential pressure, with a higher differential pressure resulting in a lower effective‐stress coefficient. While the effective‐stress coefficient for P‐wave velocity can be significantly less than unity, it is close to one for S‐waves.
Laboratory measures of isotope discrimination factors: comments on Caut, Angulo & Courchamp (2008, 2009)
Authors: Perga Marie‐Elodie , Grey Jonathan 
Published: June 2010

Summary 1. In a recent paper, Caut, Angulo & Courchamp (2008, Functional Ecology, 22, 255) experimentally measured isotope discrimination factors for rats Rattus rattus. In their study, values for their discrimination factors spanned a much larger range than previously reported in the literature and were found to be negatively related to the stable isotope composition of the diet that the rats were fed. 2. In a subsequent meta‐analysis, Caut, Angulo & Courchamp (2009, Journal of Applied Ecology, 46, 443) confirmed the trends they had found in their previous study and pointed to a method for obtaining adequate values for discrimination factors when they could not be measured experimentally. 3.
Synthesis and applications. We argue that the discrimination factors determined by Caut et al. (2008) were an artefact of experimental design. We also argue that the reported linear relationships between the stable isotope composition of the diet and isotope discrimination factors in their follow‐up meta‐analyses (Caut et al. 2009) do not reflect relevant trends that can be extrapolated to the field and that the method they proposed for obtaining adequate values for discrimination factors should be used with considerable care.
Forest patch size and isolation as drivers of bird species richness in Maputaland, Mozambique
Authors: Guldemond Robert A. R. , van Aarde Rudi J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAim  To examine the response of forest‐dependent and generalist bird assemblages and feeding guilds to patch characteristics of forest fragments in the context of island biogeography and metapopulation theories in an area that supports high levels of species diversity and endemism.Location  Dune, riverine, sand and swamp forest fragments in southern Mozambique’s Maputaland.Methods  We recorded 20 forest‐dependent and 69 generalist bird species at 220 survey points in 30 forest fragments that ranged in size from 5 to 7432 ha and that were 100 to 5100 m apart. We used linear regressions to relate the number of species to forest fragment size, isolation, perimeter, fractal dimension, shape and core area for frugivores, insectivores, granivores, nectarivores, carnivores and omnivores separately for forest‐dependent and generalist bird assemblages. We tested for modality in occupancy frequency distributions of species in forest fragments and used the binary matrix temperature calculator to determine whether the assemblages had a nested structure separately for forest‐dependent and generalist bird species.Results  The number of forest‐dependent and generalist bird species categorized into the feeding guilds varied independently from forest patch parameter values. Occupancy models showed a random distribution for forest‐dependent birds, and generalists had a unimodal distribution. Both the forest‐dependent and generalist bird assemblages had a non‐nested structure. The presence of eight rare forest‐dependent and four endemic bird species in 22 of the 30 fragments contributed to the non‐nested structure of these bird assemblages.Main conclusions  Fragmented forests did not induce the expected responses of the forest bird assemblages in that the number of species was not explained by patch characteristics, nor could we find evidence for metapopulation dynamics. Non‐nestedness may be caused by the few rare and endemic species occupying forest fragments with a wide range of patch characteristics. Knowledge of the response of species to forest fragmentation can benefit conservation planning catering for rare and endemic species. Our study suggests that all forest fragments in the region may have to be included in a conservation network to complement existing landscape‐based plans to protect the region.
Pancreas disease (PD) in sea‐reared Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in Norway; a prospective, longitudinal study of disease development and agreement between diagnostic test results
Authors: Jansen M D , Wasmuth M A , Olsen A B , Gjerset B , Modahl I , Breck O , Haldorsen R N , Hjelmeland R , Taksdal T 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA prospective longitudinal study was performed on three cages at each of three Norwegian Atlantic salmon seawater sites that experienced outbreaks of pancreas disease (PD). Once salmonid alphavirus (SAV) ribonucleic acid (RNA) was detected by real‐time RT‐PCR (Rt RT‐PCR) at a site, it became detected in all studied cages and was persistently found until the end of the study period up to 19 months after first detection. SAV‐specific antibodies were detected at all sites until the end of the study period and were also found at a high prevalence in broodfish at the time of stripping. No evidence of increased viral activity was detected in these broodfish. One site tested negative over several months prior to the first detection of SAV by Rt RT‐PCR and SAV‐specific antibody, which occurred 1 month prior to clinical manifestations of PD. Moribund fish or thin fish/runts that were sampled after the first PD diagnosis had almost twice the risk of testing positive by one or more diagnostic tests compared to that of randomly selected apparently healthy individuals. This paper describes the first detailed investigation of the disease development of PD at site and cage level in Norway, as well as an assessment of the performance and agreement of the commonly used diagnostic tests.
Immersion oil for high‐resolution live‐cell imaging at 37°C: optical and physical characteristics
Authors: OOMEN L.C.J.M. , SACHER R. , BROCKS H.H.J. , ZWIER J.M. , BRAKENHOFF G.J. , JALINK K. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe use of normal immersion oil, developed for 23°C, at 37°C greatly compromises both axial resolution and signal intensity. We developed and characterized an immersion oil for optimal performance in live‐cell imaging at 37°C. We quantify the improvements in resolution and intensity obtained when using the new oil instead of its standard 23°C counterparts.
Development of multiple pigmented viral plaques and squamous cell carcinomas in a dog infected by a novel papillomavirus
Authors: Munday John S. , O’Connor Karin I. , Smits Bronwyn 
Published: June 2010

AbstractCanine viral plaques are uncommon skin lesions that are induced by papillomaviruses (PVs). Plaques are usually of little clinical significance in dogs, although they have been reported rarely to progress to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Here is described a 7‐year‐old mixed‐breed dog that developed numerous darkly pigmented plaques up to 8 cm in diameter. Multiple ulcerated nodular masses were visible within plaques on the ventrum and axilla. The dog showed no clinical evidence of immunodeficiency and appeared otherwise healthy. Over the next 2 years, five surgeries were performed to remove 23 ulcerated masses that ranged in size from 2 to 5 cm in diameter. Five masses were submitted for histology, and all were SCCs. Each was surrounded by epidermis that contained histological features consistent with those described in canine plaques. Suggestive of a PV aetiology, massive numbers of large keratohyaline granules were present throughout the thickened epidermis. Additionally, koilocytes were focally present, and one sample contained a band of keratinocytes within the superficial epidermis that contained pale cytoplasm and marginated chromatin. From two samples, DNA sequences from a previously unreported PV were amplified, and immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of PV antigen in both. The PV DNA sequences were most similar to those of canine PVs previously associated with plaque formation. The plaques observed in this case were unusual owing to their rapid growth, large size and frequent malignant transformation. It is unknown whether this unusual behaviour was due to the specific PV detected in this case or to host factors within the dog.
Sensitivity of Ambrosia artemisiifolia to glufosinate and glyphosate at various developmental stages
Authors: GAUVRIT C , CHAUVEL B 
Published: June 2010

Gauvrit C & Chauvel B (2010). Sensitivity of Ambrosia artemisiifolia to glufosinate and glyphosate at various developmental stages. Weed Research50, 503–510.SummaryGlufosinate and glyphosate at 375 g a.i. ha−1 and 540 g a.e. ha−1, respectively, were assessed for control of Ambrosia artemisiifolia under non‐crop conditions at four different developmental stages (vegetative, BBCH 14; bud appearance, BBCH 53–55; onset of pollen production, BBCH 61; mid female flowering, BBCH 73–77). Both herbicides displayed high efficacies at all development stages. However, after treatments at BBCH 14, new emergence or re‐growth of A. artemisiifolia led to the presence of plants that produced pollen and seeds. Treatments at BBCH 53–55 gave more than 99.9% reduced pollen production. Seed production was more than 99.9% reduced by glyphosate and 92.0–99.8% by glufosinate. Treatments at BBCH 61 suppressed viable seed production by more than 99.8%. When treatments were made at BBCH 73–77, seed production by A. artemisiifolia was not significantly affected, but seed viability was decreased by 10–85%. Although significantly reduced, the number of viable seeds was still 283–652 and 827–3893 m−2 in the plots treated by glufosinate and glyphosate respectively. It is concluded that on non‐crop areas, herbicide treatment of A. artemisiifolia at bud appearance (BBCH 53–55) with glufosinate or glyphosate gave the most effective control of both pollen and seed production.
Building models for crack propagation under fatigue loads: application to macrocrack growth
Authors: CASTILLO C. , FERNÁNDEZ‐CANTELI A. , CASTILLO E. , PINTO H. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper deals with the problem of building crack growth models. First, some inconveniences of existing models are described. Next, a general methodology is presented starting by identifying the set of variables involved in the crack growth problem obtaining a minimum subset of dimensionless parameters with the help of the Buckingham  theorem, and imposing some consistency and compatibility conditions in terms of functional equations. These functional equations, once solved, provide the subset of crack growth models satisfying the required deterministic and stochastic compatibility conditions, which, in addition to providing mean values of the crack sizes as a function of time, as alternative models do, also give densities of the crack sizes. The main elements required to build a crack growth model, such as the initial crack size distribution, the crack growth function and a loading effect function, have been identified. The methodology is illustrated with some examples, including crack growth for different load histories. Finally, some models proposed in the past are shown to satisfy these conditions and one numerical example is given.
Closely related protist strains have different grazing impacts on natural bacterial communities
Authors: Glücksman Edvard , Bell Thomas , Griffiths Robert I. , Bass David 
Published: June 2010

SummaryHeterotrophic protists are abundant in most environments and exert a strong top‐down control on bacterial communities. However, little is known about how selective most protists are with respect to their bacterial prey. We conducted feeding trials using cercomonad and glissomonad Cercozoa by assaying them on a standardized, diverse bacterial community washed from beech leaf litter. For each of the nine protist strains assayed here, we measured several phenotypic traits (cell volume, speed, plasticity and protist cell density) that we anticipated would be important for their feeding ecology. We also estimated the genetic relatedness of the strains based on the 18S rRNA gene. We found that the nine protist strains had significantly different impacts on both the abundance and the composition of the bacterial communities. Both the phylogenetic distance between protist strains and differences in protist strain traits were important in explaining variation in the bacterial communities. Of the morphological traits that we investigated, protist cell volume and morphological plasticity (the extent to which cells showed amoeboid cell shape flexibility) were most important in determining bacterial community composition. The results demonstrate that closely related and morphologically similar protist species can have different impacts on their prey base.
Risk of urinary tract infection after detrusor botulinum toxin A injections for refractory neurogenic detrusor overactivity in patients with no antibiotic treatment
Authors: Mouttalib Sofia , Khan Shahid , Castel‐Lacanal Evelyne , Guillotreau Julien , De Boissezon Xavier , Malavaud Bernard , Marque Philippe , Rischmann Pascal , Gamé Xavier 
Published: June 2010

Study Type – Harm/Safety (case series) Level of Evidence 4OBJECTIVETo determine if antibiotic prophylaxis is required for intradetrusor botulinum toxin A (BoNT‐A) injections.PATIENTS AND METHODSThis was a prospective non‐randomized study. Inclusion criteria were adult patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity who failed anticholinergic‐based first‐line treatment and had sterile urine culture 7 days before injections, a negative dipstick test on the day of the injections, and were performing clean intermittent self‐catheterization. Injections were performed using a rigid cystoscope, under local anaesthetic. Patients received BoNT‐A as either Botox® (Allergan Inc., Irvine, CA, USA) 300 U in 30 sites or Dysport® (Ipsen Ltd, Ipsen, Paris, France) 750 U in 20 sites. Urine culture was done 6 days and 6 weeks after the injections. If urinary tract infection (UTI) was suspected, a physician performed a complete physical examination. The primary outcome criterion was the occurrence of UTI during the first week after injections.RESULTSIn all, 42 patients (22 women, 20 men) with a mean (sd) age 45.3 (16.4) years were included. A symptomatic UTI occurred during the first week after the injections in three patients (7.1%). The urinary colonization rate was 31% and 26% at 6 days and 6 weeks after injection, respectively. The most common bacterium was Escherichia coli (62.5%). There were no differences between 20 and 30 injection sites or between the sexes.CONCLUSIONThe rate of UTI after intradetrusor injections of BoNT‐A was 7.1%. The most frequent bacterium involved was Escherichia coli. These results indicate that antibiotic prophylaxis for intradetrusor BoNT‐A injections seems necessary.
PTEN genomic deletion is an early event associated with ERG gene rearrangements in prostate cancer
Authors: Bismar Tarek A. , Yoshimoto Maisa , Vollmer Robin T. , Duan Qiuli , Firszt Matthew , Corcos Jacques , Squire Jeremy A. 
Published: June 2010

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? So far we know that ERG rearrangements and PTEN deletions interact to induce prostate cancer in transgenic mice. The study confirms that an association also exists between the two genetic aberrations in human prostate cancer, as there is increased incidence of PTEN deletions in cases with ERG rearrangements.OBJECTIVETo investigate the interaction between, and significance of, ERG gene rearrangements and PTEN genomic deletions in relation to the development and progression of prostate cancer (PCA).PATIENTS AND METHODSWe interrogated an initial cohort of 220 men with localized PCA using fluorescence in situ hybridization for ERG rearrangements and PTEN genomic deletions.RESULTSThe incidences of ERG rearrangements and PTEN deletions in PCA were significantly higher than in high‐grade prostatic intra‐epithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) and benign prostate tissue (P < 0.001). ERG rearrangements and PTEN deletions were detected in 41.9 and 42.6% of patients’ tumours, respectively. ERG rearrangements were never detected in benign prostate tissue, while PTEN aberrations were present at a basal level of 4.6%. PTEN hemizygous deletions showed higher frequency than homozygous deletions within each diagnostic category from benign prostate tissue to HGPIN and PCA (P ≤ 0.001). Furthermore, in 29 patients where all three tissues were available, PTEN genomic aberrations in PCA were significantly different from those in benign tissue (P = 0.005) and HGPIN (P = 0.02), reflecting the accumulation of genomic aberrations in the early stages of disease progression. Within this cohort, 71.4% of homozygous and 44.2% of hemizygous PTEN deletions occurred simultaneously with ERG rearrangements (P ≈ 0). Stratified according to Gleason score (GS), hemizygous PTEN deletions across various GS groups were observed at a higher frequency than homozygous deletions. However, PTEN homozygous deletions showed positive trends with higher GS, increasing in poorly differentiated PCA (GS 8–10) in comparison to moderately and well differentiated tumours (GS 6 and 7).CONCLUSIONWe show significant association between ERG gene rearrangements and PTEN genomic aberrations in subset of PCA. Our analysis also provides further support for the observation that homozygous PTEN deletions can occur within the subset of HGPIN lesions, and shows accumulating genetic aberrations with disease progression, evidenced by higher detection in PCA than in HGPIN and more PTEN homozygous deletions in GS 8–10 than in 6–7.
Mortality trends for benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer in English populations 1979–2006
Authors: Duncan Marie E. , Goldacre Michael J. 
Published: June 2010

Study Type – Prevalence (retrospective cohort) Level of Evidence 2b What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? Benign prostatic hyperplasia is very common. It does not itself cause death, but its complications, and therapy, may.Prostatic cancer has recently overtaken lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men in England.Mortality rates for deaths attributed to benign prostatic hypertrophy have fallen dramatically over the past three decades. This is likely to be a consequence of improvements in quality of care of men with the condition.Over a similar period, mortality for prostate cancer initially increased, peaked in the 1990s, and since then has shown a decline.OBJECTIVE To determine mortality trends for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer in English populations, between1979 and 2006.SUBJECTS AND METHODS Analysis of datasets that include both the underlying cause and all other mentioned causes on death certificates (together, termed ‘mentions’): the Oxford Record Linkage Study, 1979–2006, and English national data, 1995–2006.RESULTS In the Oxford region, underlying‐cause mortality from BPH fell from 45 deaths per million in 1979 to 2.4 in 2006. For mentions, the respective rates were 93 and 7.1. In England, underlying‐cause mortality reduced from 9.2 deaths per million in 1995 to 4.5 deaths per million in 2006. For mentions, the rates were 20 and 9.9 deaths per million. When BPH was certified on death certificates, it was selected as the underlying cause of death on fewer than half. Underlying‐cause mortality for prostate cancer in Oxford increased from 213 deaths per million in 1979 to 335 by 1991, and thereafter declined to 253 deaths per million in 2006. Mentions‐mortality in Oxford followed a similar pattern. In later years, when there were comparable data for Oxford and England, the pattern of decline in England was similar to that in Oxford. Where mentioned, prostate cancer was coded as the underlying cause of death on three‐quarters of death certificates.CONCLUSIONS The fall in BPH mortality, evident in statistics on underlying cause, was confirmed by statistics on all certified causes of death. The fall is dramatic in scale, likely to be attributable to clinical care, and could be regarded as an indicator of improving standards of care. Mortality for prostate cancer increased, peaking in the 1990s, then decreased in recent years in rates as measured both by underlying cause and by mentions.
Using the SDIlightApproach in Teaching a Geoinformatics Master
Authors: Köbben Barend , De By Rolf , Foerster Theodor , Huisman Otto , Lemmens Rob , Morales Javier 
Published: June 2010

AbstractITC, the Faculty of Geo–Information Science and Earth Observation of the University of Twente, is an institute that aims at capacity building and institutional development, specifically in developing countries. In our Geoinformatics curriculum, we emphasise two principles. The first addresses the systematics of purposeful spatial data production and uptake into computerised systems; the second addresses the methodical construction of these computerised systems, applying principles of model – driven architecture, formal specification and transformational design of SDI nodes. The term Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) usually denotes large, complex systems, but its principles can also be applied in simple and cost–effective ways. This approach we have calledSDIlightand it is of particular interest to our students that come from developing countries. We work with and build a software stack consisting of free and open source components. To achieve interoperability, we emphasise the use of open standards from the Open Geospatial Consortium and others. In this paper, we explain how our students apply the SDIlightapproach in the GeoinformaticsMaster degree course. An important part of that course is a Case Study Application Building & Programming, in which students apply their knowledge in a ‘real–world’ project, with a focus on geo–information engineering skills. We conclude with a section that evaluates the effectiveness of using the SDIlightconcept in teaching our Geoinformatics Master, and on the more general applicability of the methodology.