bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk factors for the elimination of endurance horses from competition
Authors: Fielding C. Langdon , Meier Chloe A. , Balch Olin K. , Kass Phillip H. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Objective—To identify risk factors such as signalment, previous competition miles completed, ride characteristics, and physical examination variables associated with the elimination of horses during endurance competitions.
Design—Retrospective observational study.
Sample—Veterinary records for 3,493 endurance horse competition starts.
Procedures—Records were requested of all sanctioned 2007 endurance horse competitions in the United States. Only rides that provided data from all horses were included. The horse's signalment, previous endurance competition record, specific ride characteristics, weight division (ie, based on rider's weight with tack), and physical examination variables throughout the ride were included for analysis. Examination variables were separated into abnormalities occurring prior to the start of the ride, during the first half of the ride, and during the second half of the ride. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for overall elimination and elimination subcategories (lameness and metabolic).
Results—Specific breeds, the heavyweight division, and distance of the ride were all associated with an increased risk of elimination. A variety of examination variables prior to the start of the ride and during the ride were associated with elimination and included heart rate, cardiac recovery index, and abnormal gastrointestinal sounds.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that specific risk factors were associated with elimination of horses from endurance competitions. These factors may be used to help identify horses at higher risk for elimination and prevent morbidity associated with competition.
'We Are Now Reduced to Women': Impacts of Forced Disarmament in Karamoja, Uganda
Authors: Stites Elizabeth , Akabwai Darlington 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
This article provides background on the Government of Uganda's disarmament campaign in Karamoja. We discuss the recent history of and motivations for the disarmament campaign, and the experiences and perceptions of local communities as they adjust to a changing security and livelihoods environment. We focus on the emergence of protected kraals as an indicator of the impacts of disarmament on local lives and livelihoods, even while recognizing that the protected kraals are themselves in transition due to shifts in military priorities and practice. We look both at intended effects and unintended externalities caused by the disarmament campaign, including increased sedentarization and associated shifts away from pastoral production, shifts in gendered divisions of labour and responsibility within households, and the substantial infl ux of humanitarian assistance into the region. Lastly, we consider the alignment of donor and government priorities and policies over the next fi ve years, and the likely impacts for development and security.
'Someone Dies in Your Lap': Structural, Ecological and Political Effects on Child and Maternal Health Care Decisions, Moroto District, Uganda, 2004
Authors: Gray Sandra 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
In this paper I examine the impact of recent ecological and political events, and of structural inequalities, on child health and maternal utilization of biomedical services in Moroto District, Uganda. Data were collected in 2004 in two communities in Bokora and Mazeniko sub-counties, as part of a study of maternal strategies in a context of extreme environmental and social stress. Children suffered from a range of chronic and preventable illnesses, in particular, from gastrointestinal, malarial and febrile diseases. Parasitic infestations in the form of worms, scabies and sand fl eas were endemic. Children's exposure to infection was heightened by a poor public health infrastructure. Mothers sought a range of health interventions, including biomedical services, indigenous therapies and private drug shops and clinics, but defi ciencies both real and perceived in the formal health care sector discouraged them from relying exclusively on its services. Structural inequalities in health care contributed to high child morbidity in these communities. Maternal health interventions were further constrained in 2004 by the erosion of the agropastoralist system and resultant deepening poverty and food shortages. The launching of the government disarmament campaign compounded structural effects on maternal resources, children's health and women's access to health care.
Surface mass balance, thinning and iceberg production, Columbia Glacier, Alaska, 1948–2007
Authors: Rasmussen L.A. , Conway H. , Krimmel R.M. , Hock R. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA mass-balance model using upper-air meteorological data for input was calibrated with surface mass balance measured mainly during 1977–78 at 67 sites on Columbia Glacier, Alaska, between 135 and 2645 m a.s.l. Root-mean-square error, model vs measured, is 1.0 m w.e. a−1, withr2= 0.88. A remarkable result of the analysis was that both precipitation and the factor in the positive degree-day model used to estimate surface ablation were constant with altitude. The model was applied to reconstruct glacier-wide components of surface mass balance over 1948–2007. Surface ablation, 4 km3ice eq. a−1(ice equivalent), has changed little throughout the period. From 1948 until about 1981, when drastic retreat began, the surface mass balance was positive but changes in glacier geometry were small, so the positive balance was offset by calving, ∼0.9 km3ice eq. a−1. During retreat, volume loss of the glacier accounted for 92% of the iceberg production. Calving increased to ∼4.3 km3ice eq. a−1from 1982 to 1995, and after that until 2007 to ∼8.0 km3ice eq. a−1, which was about twice the loss by surface ablation, whereas prior to retreat it was only about a quarter as much. Calving is calculated as the difference between glacier-wide surface mass balance and geodetically determined volume change.
Incorporating arbitrary basal topography in the variational formulation of ice-sheet models
Authors: Dukowicz John K. , Price Stephen F. , Lipscomb William H. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThere are many advantages to formulating an ice-sheet model in terms of a variational principle. In particular, this applies to the specification of boundary conditions, which might otherwise be problematic to implement. Here we focus primarily on the frictional basal sliding boundary condition in a non-Newtonian Stokes model. This type of boundary condition is particularly difficult because it is heterogeneous, requiring both a Dirichlet (no-penetration) condition normal to the bed, and a Neumann (frictional sliding) condition tangential to the bed. In general, Neumann conditions correspond to natural boundary conditions in a variational principle; that is, they arise naturally in the variational formulation and thus need not be explicitly specified. While the same is not necessarily true of Dirichlet conditions, it is possible to enforce a no-penetration condition using Lagrange multipliers within the variational principle so that the Dirichlet condition becomes a natural boundary condition. Thus, in the case of ice sheets, all relevant boundary conditions may be incorporated in the variational functional, making them particularly easy to discretize. For the Stokes model, the resulting basal boundary condition is valid for arbitrary topographic slopes. Here we apply the same methodology to the Blatter– Pattyn higher-order approximate model, which is ordinarily limited to small basal slopes by the smallaspect-ratio approximation. We introduce a modification that improves on the accuracy of the standard Blatter–Pattyn model for all values of the basal slope, as we demonstrate in the slow sliding regime for which analytical results are available. The remaining error is due to the effects of the small-aspect-ratio approximation in the Blatter–Pattyn model.
Interfacial and structural relaxations of snow under isothermal conditions
Authors: Löwe H. , Spiegel J.K. , Schneebeli M. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe investigated the morphological evolution of laboratory snow under isothermal conditions at −3,−9 and −19°C, using X-ray tomography. We employed a two-point density correlation function to measure spatial fluctuations of the density of the bicontinuous ice/vapor system at different length scales. Length scales were derived from the correlation function to distinguish between interfacial coarsening due to the minimization of surface energy on the smallest scales and anisotropic structural rearrangements due to gravity on larger scales. On the smallest scales our data suggest a crossover between T = −9 and −19°C from evaporation/condensation to surface diffusion as the dominant transport mechanism. Anomalous growth was found for the slope of the correlation function at the origin, and it was similar to those reported for the coarsening of fractal clusters. This is consistent with the observed persistence of dendritic structures throughout an entire year. The dynamics of large-scale morphology was characterized by the first zero-crossing of the correlation function which displays a nonmonotonic evolution with a pronounced anisotropy between the direction of gravity and horizontal directions. Since the correlation function naturally emerges in problems of scattering of radiation in snow, our results appear to be important for optical and remote-sensing methods.
Recent volume and area changes of Kaskawulsh Glacier, Yukon, Canada
Authors: Foy Norah , Copland Luke , Zdanowicz Christian , Demuth Mike , Hopkinson Chris 
Published: August 2011

AbstractRecent surface elevation changes of Kaskawulsh Glacier, Yukon, Canada, are quantified by comparing an air-photo derived DEM from 1977 and airborne lidar measurements from 1995, 2000 and 2007. Surface-area changes are assessed using historical aerial photography from 1956 and satellite imagery from 1977 to 2007. Combined, these measurements provide some of the first detailed records of volume change of a large Yukon glacier. Between 1977 and 2007, Kaskawulsh Glacier underwent a decrease in area of 1.53% and a decrease in volume of 3.27–5.94 km3w.e.). The terminus also retreated by 655 m over the period 1956–2007. There was relatively minor volume change over the period 1977–95 (<+0.01 km3w.e.a−1), while over the periods 1995–2000 and 2000–07 volume losses occurred at a relatively constant rate of −0.51 and −0.50 km3a−1w.e., respectively. Since 1995, thinning has been prominent throughout the ablation zone, while relative stability and even slight thickening has occurred in the accumulation zone. These findings are similar to those recently observed at other nearby Alaskan glaciers.
Antarctic ice-shelf thickness from satellite radar altimetry
Authors: Griggs J.A. , Bamber J.L. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIce-shelf thickness is an important boundary condition for ice-sheet and sub-ice-shelf cavity modelling. It is required near the grounding line to calculate the ice flux used to determine ice-sheet mass balance by comparison with the upstream accumulation. In this mass budget approach, the accuracy of the ice thickness is one of the limiting factors in the calculation. We present a satellite retrieval of the ice thickness for all Antarctic ice shelves using satellite radar altimeter data from the geodetic phases of the European Remote-sensing Satellite (ERS-1) during 1994–95 supplemented by ICESat data for regions south of the ERS-1 latitudinal limit. Surface elevations derived from these instruments are interpolated on to regular grids using kriging, and converted to ice thicknesses using a modelled firn-density correction. The availability of a new spatial variable firn-density correction significantly reduces the error in ice thickness as this was previously the dominant error source. Comparison to airborne data shows good agreement, particularly when compared to SOAR CASERTZ data on the largest ice shelves. Biases range from −13.0 m for areas where the assumption of hydrostatic equilibrium breaks down, to 53.4 m in regions where marine ice may be present.
Field investigation of near-surface metamorphism of snow
Authors: Slaughter A.E. , Adams E.E. , Staron P.J. , Shertzer R.H. , Walters D.J. , McCabe D. , Catherine D. , Henninger I. , Leonard T. , Cooperstein M. , Munter H. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBuried surface hoar and near-surface faceted crystals are known to lead to deadly avalanches. Over the course of three winter seasons a field investigation detailing the environmental conditions leading to the formation of these crystals was performed. Weather stations on north- and south-facing aspects were established. The weather data were accompanied by detailed daily observations and grain-scale photographs of the snow surface. During the three seasons, 35 surface hoar and 47 near-surface facets events were recorded. The mean weather conditions for the entire dataset (all three seasons and both stations) were compared to the nights when surface hoar formed. The comparison yielded five parameters that were statistically linked to the formation of surface hoar: incoming longwave radiation, snow surface temperature, wind velocity, relative humidity and the air/snow temperature difference. A similar comparison between the daytime mean values for all days with near-surface facet events revealed three parameters with statistically significant differences. Thus, these parameters (short- and longwave radiation and relative humidity) could be statistically linked to facet formation. This research also suggests that environmental conditions in the daytime hours before and after surface hoar formation are statistically similar to the conditions causing near-surface facet formation.
Localized uplift of Vatnajökull, Iceland: subglacial water accumulation deduced from InSAR and GPS observations
Authors: Magnússon Eyjólfur , Björnsson Helgi , Rott Helmut , Roberts Matthew J. , Pálsson Finnur , Guđmundsson Sverrir , Bennett Richard A. , Geirsson Halldór , Sturkell Erik 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe report on satellite and ground-based observations that link glacier motion with subglacial hydrology beneath Skeiðarárjökull, an outlet glacier of Vatnajökull, Iceland. We have developed a technique that uses interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data, from the European Remote-sensing Satellite (ERS-1/-2) tandem mission (1995–2000), to detect localized anomalies in vertical ice motion. Applying this technique we identify an area of the glacier where these anomalies are frequent: above the subglacial course of the river Skeiðará, where we observed uplift of 0.15–0.20 m d−1during a rainstorm and a jökulhlaup, and subsidence at a slower rate subsequent to rainstorms. A similar pattern of motion is apparent from continuous GPS measurements obtained at this location in 2006/07. We argue that transient uplift of the ice surface is caused by water accumulating at the glacier base upstream of an adverse bed slope where the overburden pressure decreases significantly over a short distance. Most of the frictional energy of the flowing water is therefore needed to maintain water temperature at the pressure-melting point. Hence, little energy is available to enlarge water channels sufficiently by melting to accommodate sudden influxes of water to the base. This causes water pressure to exceed the overburden pressure, enabling uplift to occur.
Synthesis and in vitro antibacterial activity of Cephradine Benzoate
Authors: Ahmad M , Rahman M , Kumar Paul P 
Published: August 2011

Aims & Methods: The present study was undertaken to compare the antibacterial activity of a cephradine derivative with that of the parent antibiotic cephradine. Cephradine was converted to its benzoyl derivative by Schotten-Baumann method for the first time. Disc diffusion method was employed to find out the antibacterial activity against EPEC, ETEC, E. Agg, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella group B, Shigella boydii, Shigella dysenteriae 1, Shigella dysenteriae 2, Shigella flexinariae and Shigella sonnei. Melting point, TLC, HPLC, UV, FTIR and <sup>1</sup>H NMR studies were carried out to check the purity and confirm that the derivative was cephradine benzoate. Results: The benzoyl derivative showed promising activity against tested bacteria. The results obtained from the study demonstrate that the benzoyl derivative could be a potential antibacterial agent. Key words: Cephradine benzoate, antibacterial activity, disc diffusion method. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3329/bjms.v10i3.8356 BJMS 2011; 10(3): 148-151
A Model-driven Privacy Compliance Decision Support for Medical Data Sharing in Europe
Authors: Solomonides T. , Mont Casassa , Shiu S. , Rahmouni M. , Rahmouni Boussi 
Published: August 2011

SummaryObjectives: Clinical practitioners and medical researchers often have to share health data with other colleagues across Europe. Privacy compliance in this context is very important but challenging. Automated privacy guidelines are a practical way of increasing users’ awareness of privacy obligations and help eliminating unintentional breaches of privacy. In this paper we present an ontology-plus-rules based approach to privacy decision support for the sharing of patient data across European platforms.Methods: We use ontologies to model the required domain and context information about data sharing and privacy requirements. In addition, we use a set of Semantic Web Rule Language rules to reason about legal privacy requirements that are applicable to a specific context of data disclosure. We make the complete set invocable through the use of a semantic web application acting as an interactive privacy guideline system can then invoke the full model in order to provide decision support.Results: When asked, the system will generate privacy reports applicable to a specific case of data disclosure described by the user. Also reports showing guidelines per Member State may be obtained.Conclusion: The advantage of this approach lies in the expressiveness and extensibility of the modelling and inference languages adopted and the ability they confer to reason with complex requirements interpreted from high level regulations. However, the system cannot at this stage fully simulate the role of an ethics committee or review board.
Permafrost mapping using quasi‐3D resistivity imaging, Murtèl, Swiss Alps
Authors: Rödder Tobias , Kneisel Christof 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTTo investigate recent permafrost characteristics in detail, quasi‐3D resistivity imaging was applied to map the extent of frozen ground in an area of a glacier forefield in the Engadin/Eastern Swiss Alps. This approach combines a number of parallel and perpendicular electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) profiles into one data set and enables a subsequent 3D inversion and interpretation of geoelectric resistivity results. Spatial information about resistivity distribution within the heterogeneous subsurface of the investigated area is gained and allows a detailed analysis of permafrost occurrence, which is superior to two‐dimensional resistivity surveying.Information about the consistency of the model results is obtained from the modification of the damping parameters during the inversion process. Data sets based on different combinations of ERT profiles and array types were compared to optimize the adequate number and orientation of profiles required for 3D inversion. Our findings show the importance of perpendicular tie lines in improving the image of the subsurface resistivity distribution. Inversion results from a Wenner‐Schlumberger array are regarded as the best trade‐off between accuracy and acquisition time in this periglacial environment. Spatial resistivity data facilitate a good delineation of a distinct permafrost body within the measurement grid. In addition, borehole temperatures are used as ground truth data. Our results show that quasi‐3D resistivity imaging allows a spatial interpretation of ground conditions and thus constitutes an improvement compared to scattered 2D ERT profiles. In particular, single landforms of small‐ to medium‐scale can be regarded as objectives and favour the application of detailed quasi‐3D surveys.
Geotechnical characterization of a river dyke by surface waves
Authors: Karl Lutz , Fechner Thomas , Schevenels Mattias , François Stijn , Degrande Geert 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTThe need for effective and reliable methods to survey and monitor the structure of earth‐fill dams recently became pressing in light of the increasing number of flood events in central Europe. Among geophysical techniques, dam imaging using electrical resistivity methods is applied in most cases. Occasionally, ground‐penetrating radar is applied in the framework of the search for subsurface facilities. Seismic methods are rarely used.This paper focuses on the multichannel analysis of the surface waves (MASW) method to determine dynamic soil properties and aims to extend its application field to dyke and dam structures. The standard processing procedure of the MASW assumes a flat free surface of infinite extension. The flat surfaces of a dyke, in contrast, are in the order of 1–10 times smaller than the wavelengths in the soil; disturbing side reflections will occur. Even though MASW has already been applied on a few dyke sites, the effect of such an obvious breach of preconditions needs to be studied before the method can be recommended.In this paper the influences of the dyke’s topography on the test results are studied by means of a numerical analysis. Typical cross‐sections are modelled using 2.5D finite and boundary elements. The results of models taking the topography into account are compared with models neglecting the topography. The differences are evaluated on the level of the dispersion curves and for one cross‐section on the level of the S‐wave velocity. They were found to be insignificant for dykes with a width‐to‐height ratio larger than four.A testing campaign was conducted providing the chance to collect experience in the practical use of the MASW method on dykes. Test results obtained at two test sites are selected and compared to the results of borehole logs and cone penetration tests. A remarkable relation between the S‐wave velocity and the consistency of the clay sealing was found at one site; a distinct positive correlation to the measured cone tip resistances was achieved on the other test site. Valuable information on the composition of the dyke body and base could be obtained but the resolution of the method to identify small areas of inhomogeneity should not be overestimated.
On Perturbations of Continuous Maps
Authors: Jacob Benoît 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe give sufficient conditions for the following problem: given a topological space X, ametric space Y, a subspace Z of Y, and a continuous map f from X to Y, is it possible, by applying to f an arbitrarily small perturbation, to ensure that f(X) does not meet Z? We also give a relative variant: if f(X') does not meet Z for a certain subset X'⊂ X, then we may keep f unchanged on X'. We also develop a variant for continuous sections of fibrations and discuss some applications to matrix perturbation theory.