bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of brain size on pilot performance varies with aviation training and years of education
Authors: ADAMSON MAHEEN M. , SAMARINA VIKTORIYA , XIANGYAN XU , HUYNH VIRGINIA , KENNEDY QUINN , WEINER MICHAEL , YESAVAGE JEROME , TAYLOR JOY L. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPrevious studies have consistently reported age-related changes in cognitive abilities and brain structure. Previous studies also suggest compensatory roles for specialized training, skill, and years of education in the age-related decline of cognitive function. The Stanford/VA Aviation Study examines the influence of specialized training and skill level (expertise) on age-related changes in cognition and brain structure. This preliminary report examines the effect of aviation expertise, years of education, age, and brain size on flight simulator performance in pilots aged 45–68 years. Fifty-one pilots were studied with structural magnetic resonance imaging, flight simulator, and processing speed tasks. There were significant main effects of age (p < .01) and expertise (p < .01), but not of whole brain size (p > .1) or education (p > .1), on flight simulator performance. However, even though age and brain size were correlated (r = −0.41), age differences in flight simulator performance were not explained by brain size. Both aviation expertise and education were involved in an interaction with brain size in predicting flight simulator performance (p < .05). These results point to the importance of examining measures of expertise and their interactions to assess age-related cognitive changes. (JINS, 2010, 16, 412–423.)
Obama Administration Proposes Increases for NASA and Energy Department Budgets
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: March 2010

Obama Administration Proposes Increases for NASA and Energy Department BudgetsNASA's FY 2011 budget would increase to US$19 billion, up 1.5% from $18.7 billion. In addition, the budget would set the agency on a trajectory to increase by about $6 billion between FY 2011 and FY 2015. Within the overall budget, the Science account would increase to $5 billion (up from $4.5 billion), with Earth Science receiving $1.8 billion (up a whopping 29% from $1.4 billion) in FY 2011 and approximately an additional $1.8 billion between FY 2011 and FY 2014. Planetary Science would get $1.49 billion (up from $1.34 billion), Heliophysics would increase slightly to $642 million from $627 million, and Astrophysics would dip to $1.08 billion from $1.1 billion.
One in Five AGU Members Votes for Governance Changes
Authors: Galvin Cyril 
Published: March 2010

At the top of the front page of the 24 November 2009 issue of Eos is a red headline that reads, “Overwhelming Approval for AGU Governance Change.” Three pages farther, the AGU president opens his discussion with, “Over the past month, AGU members have made their voices heard, overwhelmingly supporting the Council‐endorsed governance changes….”The plain English meaning of those words in Eos—contrasted against the data provided—suggests that a more accurate statement of the facts would say, “Despite an energetic program of e‐mail and print advertisement, fewer than one out of five AGU members voted for the governance changes.”
Reply to “One in Five AGU Members Votes for Governance Changes”
Authors: Van Hook Robert T. 
Published: March 2010

Of the 56,670 AGU members eligible to vote for the recent governance changes, 11,614 cast usable ballots. This is a 20.5% participation rate; Cyril Galvin is correct in saying that one out of five AGU members voted. It is also correct to say that the recent vote on governance changes had a record turnout.The total number of ballots cast in the governance vote—and the percentage of members voting—exceeds that of the previous four elections. For the officers elected to serve terms in 2008–2010, about 9700 ballots were cast (19.1%); for 2006–2008, about 8400 ballots were cast (19.0%). The elections held for terms in 2004–2006 and in 2002–2004 each had much lower turnouts of roughly 6600 (around 16.5%).
Discovering the flight autostabilizer of fruit flies by inducing aerial stumbles
Authors: Ristroph Leif , Bergou Attila J. , Ristroph Gunnar , Coumes Katherine , Berman Gordon J. , Guckenheimer John , Wang Z. Jane , Cohen Itai 
Published: March 2010

Just as the Wright brothers implemented controls to achieve stable airplane flight, flying insects have evolved behavioral strategies that ensure recovery from flight disturbances. Pioneering studies performed on tethered and dissected insects demonstrate that the sensory, neurological, and musculoskeletal systems play important roles in flight control. Such studies, however, cannot produce an integrative model of insect flight stability because they do not incorporate the interaction of these systems with free-flight aerodynamics. We directly investigate control and stability through the application of torque impulses to freely flying fruit flies (
Drosophila melanogaster
) and measurement of their behavioral response. High-speed video and a new motion tracking method capture the aerial “stumble,” and we discover that flies respond to gentle disturbances by accurately returning to their original orientation. These insects take advantage of a stabilizing aerodynamic influence and active torque generation to recover their heading to within 2° in < 60 ms. To explain this recovery behavior, we form a feedback control model that includes the fly’s ability to sense body rotations, process this information, and actuate the wing motions that generate corrective aerodynamic torque. Thus, like early man-made aircraft and modern fighter jets, the fruit fly employs an automatic stabilization scheme that reacts to short time-scale disturbances.
An Ergatis-based prokaryotic genome annotation web server
Authors: Hemmerich Chris , Buechlein Aaron , Podicheti Ram , Revanna Kashi V. , Dong Qunfeng 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Summary: Ergatis is a flexible workflow management system for designing and executing complex bioinformatics pipelines. However, its complexity restricts its usage to only highly skilled bioinformaticians. We have developed a web-based prokaryotic genome annotation server, Integrative Services for Genomics Analysis (ISGA), which builds upon the Ergatis workflow system, integrates other dynamic analysis tools and provides intuitive web interfaces for biologists to customize and execute their own annotation pipelines. ISGA is designed to be installed at genomics core facilities and be used directly by biologists.
Availability: ISGA is accessible at http://isga.cgb.indiana.edu/ and the system is also freely available for local installation.
Contact: qunfeng.dong@unt.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Understanding changing patterns of survival and hospitalization for heart failure over two decades in New Zealand: utility of ‘days alive and out of hospital’ from epidemiological data
Authors: Wasywich Cara A. , Gamble Greg D. , Whalley Gillian A. , Doughty Robert N. 
Published: March 2010

AimsTo describe changes in heart failure (HF) epidemiology in New Zealand between 1988 and 2008 using the number of days alive and out of hospital after a first hospitalization for HF, and to use these data to evaluate the overall impact of changing patterns of hospitalization and survival.Methods and resultsWe performed a population analysis of all HF hospitalization and mortality data from 1 January 1988 to 31 December 2008 in New Zealand. The main outcome measures were: days alive and out of hospital, age standardized hospitalization rates, and mortality after an index hospitalization for HF. The number of days alive and out of hospital at 2 years increased by 2 months over the two decades of the study (from 448.8 to 511.3 days). Age standardized index HF hospitalization rates increased from 1988 to 1999, and declined thereafter, current rates are 106.9/100 000 for women and 174.3/100 000 for men. Patient age at index admission progressively increased, and hospital length of stay decreased. Mortality rates progressively decreased until 2000, but there has been no further decrease since then. Total hospital days have decreased up to 2008.ConclusionThere have been major changes in the epidemiology of HF in New Zealand between 1988 and 2008, during which time there have been important changes in HF management. Despite increasing age, hospitalization rates are now declining and patients with HF are surviving longer out of hospital and with fewer hospital days. These results support the need for continued emphasis on delivery of effective community‐based care for patients with this long‐term condition.
Evidence for the effectiveness of sterile injecting equipment provision in preventing hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus transmission among injecting drug users: a review of reviews
Authors: Palmateer Norah , Kimber Jo , Hickman Matthew , Hutchinson Sharon , Rhodes Tim , Goldberg David 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTAims  To review the evidence on the effectiveness of harm reduction interventions involving the provision of sterile injecting equipment in the prevention of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission among injecting drug users (IDUs). The interventions assessed were needle and syringe programmes (NSP), alternative modes of needle/syringe provision (pharmacies, vending machines and outreach) and the provision of injecting equipment other than needles/syringes.Methods  Systematic searches of the English language literature to March 2007 were undertaken to identify systematic, narrative or meta‐analytical reviews (also known as a review of reviews) of the impact of interventions on HCV transmission, HIV transmission or injecting risk behaviour (IRB). Critical appraisal criteria classified the reviews as either high quality (‘core’) or supplementary: a framework based on the quality of reviews, the reviewers' conclusions and the designs/findings of the primary studies was used to derive evidence statements.Results  Three core and two supplementary reviews of injecting equipment interventions were identified. According to the proposed framework, this study found (a) insufficient evidence to conclude that any of the interventions are effective in preventing HCV transmission; (b) tentative evidence to support the effectiveness of NSP in preventing HIV transmission; (c) sufficient evidence to support the effectiveness of NSP (and tentative evidence of an additional impact of pharmacy NSP) in reducing self‐reported IRB; and (d) little to no evidence on vending machines, outreach or providing other injecting equipment in relation to any of the outcomes.Conclusions  The evidence is weaker than given credit for in the literature. The lack of evidence for effectiveness of NSP vis‐à‐vis biological outcomes (HCV and HIV incidence/prevalence) reflects the limitations of studies that have been undertaken to investigate these associations. Particularly for HCV, low levels of IRB may be insufficient to reduce high levels of transmission. New studies are required to identify the intervention coverage necessary to achieve sustained changes in blood‐borne virus transmission.
The perspectives of young children in care about their circumstances and implications for social work practice
Authors: Winter Karen 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTRecent reviews of research regarding children in care have concluded that there remains little research which specifically focuses on young children. This paper presents the findings of research carried out with a sample of young children in care (aged 4–7 years) regarding their perspectives of their circumstances. The findings reveal that they have deeply held views regarding living with risk; removal from their families; unresolved feelings of guilt and loss; and not being listened to. This paper considers the implications of these findings for social work practice. It concludes by stressing the capacity of young children in care to express their perspectives, and the importance of practitioners seeking these views and incorporating them into assessment and decision‐making processes.
Someone to check in on me: social capital, social support and vulnerable parents with very young children in the Australian Capital Territory
Authors: Winkworth Gail , McArthur Morag , Layton Megan , Thompson Lorraine 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTAlthough knowledge of how social support can mediate stress is now well known, finding ways to enable isolated parents to access social resources that could make a positive difference for children during their critical early years remains difficult. This paper reported on the findings of a telephone survey aimed at understanding levels of social capital and social support experienced by isolated parents raising young children on their own in Canberra, Australia. Specifically, it discussed a successful methodology for reaching isolated parents, those whom services find hard to reach. The survey found that despite the relative affluence of Canberra's population, there is a significant group of parents who are isolated from both formal and informal support and the social capital that can help them cope with the stresses and demands of raising young children. These parents were unsure where to get parenting information and had a strong sense that they were judged by their local communities and services. We identified lost opportunities by general practitioners and other widely used systems such as public housing and security to take more proactive roles and connect parents to formal service support systems. Flexible, affordable child care was identified as an unmet need for these parents, not only as a source of relief from extreme isolation but also to enable them to work or prepare for work through study.
ADHD and its comorbidity: an example of gene–environment interaction and its implications for child and family social work
Authors: Howe David 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTIn many of their cases, child and family social workers, particularly those involved with abuse and neglect, will find themselves also working with children who have been diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The paper reviews current understandings and debates about the nature and causes of ADHD. Although modern evidence suggests the neurobiological basis of the condition and the effectiveness of medication in treating the behaviour, it is also recognized that the quality of the child's caregiving and social environment plays a significant role in the aetiology, maintenance and treatment of ADHD. Recognizing the part that psychosocial elements play in understanding the condition, child and family social workers can be valued members of multidisciplinary teams treating ADHD in which they offer support to parents, helping them to understand and manage their ADHD‐diagnosed child.
Ex vivo evaluation of the accuracy and coefficient of repeatability of three electronic apex locators using a simple mounting model: a preliminary report
Authors: D’Assunção F. L. C. , Albuquerque D. S. , Salazar‐Silva J. R. , Dos Santos V. C. , Sousa J. C. N. 
Published: March 2010

D’Assunção FLC, Albuquerque DS, Salazar‐Silva JR, Dos Santos VC, Sousa JCN.
Ex vivo evaluation of the accuracy and coefficient of repeatability of three electronic apex locators using a simple mounting model: a preliminary report. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 269–274, 2010.AbstractAim  To compare ex vivo the accuracy and coefficient of repeatability of three electronic apex locators in locating the apical constriction.Methodology  Thirty‐one single‐rooted teeth were used. The teeth were sectioned at the cement–‐enamel junction. A mounting model was used for the measurement of electronic length (EL). The Root ZX‐II, the Mini Apex Locator and the Novapex were used for electronic measurements. Each electronic measurement was obtained and repeated. After the last measurement, the file was cemented in place, and the apical 4 mm of each root canal was exposed. The distance from the tip of the file to the apical constriction was determined by three investigators and compared with the corresponding ELs.Results  The coefficient of repeatability of all devices was acceptable: Root ZX‐II, 0.04 mm; Mini Apex Locator, 0.10 mm; and Novapex, 0.08 mm. There was little variation in inter‐examiner agreement; the ρC (Lin) correlation coefficient was 0.83 for examiners 1 and 2, 0.88 for examiners 1 and 3 and 0.99 for examiners 2 and 3. Using the Root ZX‐II, 13 of 31 electronic measurements were located at the apical constriction (42%). Otherwise, the tip of the file was not located at the apical constriction in any of the electronic measurements with the other two devices. The Wilcoxon signed rank test did not reveal any statistical difference between the Root ZX‐II measurements and the actual length (P = 0.628), but there was a statistical difference between the Mini Apex Locator and Novapex measurements and the actual length position (P < 0.05).Conclusions  The devices tested in this study had a high coefficient of repeatability. The Root ZX‐II was accurate, but the Mini Apex Locator and Novapex were not accurate in locating the apical constriction.
Endodontists experience using ultrasonics for removal of intra‐canal fractured instruments
Authors: Madarati A. A. , Qualtrough A. J. E. , Watts D. C. 
Published: March 2010

Madarati AA, Qualtrough AJE, Watts DC. Endodontists experience using ultrasonics for removal of intra‐canal fractured instruments. International Endodontic Journal 43, 301–305, 2010.AbstractAim  To investigate the experience of UK endodontists with aspects of ultrasonic use for removal of intra‐canal fractured instruments.Methodology  A questionnaire form comprising both close‐ended and partially close‐ended questions with a covering letter explaining the aims of the study and indicating that all information would remain confidential and anonymous were sent to 180 endodontists working in the UK. Non respondents received a reminder with a differently worded covering letter. After collecting the responses, data were entered into SPSS software through which frequencies were determined and the chi‐square test at the 0.05 level of significance, when required, was applied.Results  Overall, 97% of endodontists reported the use of ultrasonics for removal of fractured instruments. The majority of them (78%) used ultrasonics with a coolant at least some of the time. Forty‐seven per cent of users activated tips at medium to maximum power settings. The greatest proportion (53%) activated the tips for approximately 10 s.Conclusions  Endodontists reported different techniques when using ultrasonics for removal of fractured instruments.
Investigation of the interactions between neutrophils and endodontic isolates of Enterococcus faecalis
Authors: Sairafi R. , Ready D. , Gulabivala K. , Nair S.P. 
Published: March 2010

Aim  The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effect of phagocytosis by neutrophils on the antimicrobial sensitivity of Enterococcus faecalis strains. A secondary aim was to determine whether carriage of a plasmid encoding aggregation substance (AS), which has been reported to increase the survival of some strains inside neutrophils, affected the antimicrobial susceptibility of E. faecalis after phagocytosis by neutrophils.Methodology  An assay was carried out to identify isolates of E. faecalis which demonstrated pheromone‐responsive clumping caused by the production of aggregation substance (AS). Four E. faecalis strains grown to both logarithmic and stationary phases were exposed to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations of these two agents. The antimicrobial susceptibility tests were repeated with E. faecalis strains which survived phagocytosis by neutrophils for 18 h.Results  As expected a laboratory strain of E. faecalis OG1RF which was AS negative became AS positive after introduction of the pheromone responsive plasmid pCF10 into the bacterium to give strain OG1RF(pCF10). These two strains and two endodontic isolates, E08‐584 which demonstrated pheromone‐responsive clumping and E08‐398 which did not, were selected for further study All the test E. faecalis strains were inhibited by low concentrations of sodium hypochlorite (MIC range 0.02–0.3%) and chlorhexidine gluconate (MIC range 0.0004–0.004%). Bacteria recovered from inside neutrophils after 18 h following phagocytosis were susceptible to both ¼MIC and MIC of CHX and NaOCl.Conclusions  Aggregation substance did not appear to affect the antimicrobial susceptibility of any of the strains to CHX or NaOCl. All of the E. faecalis strains examined were capable of survival for 18 h inside the neutrophils following phagocytosis; regardless of their capacity to produce aggregation substance. In addition, all strains of E. faecalis had enhanced susceptibilities to the antimicrobial agents after residence inside neutrophils for 18 h.
The probability of and factors influencing tooth survival following non‐surgical root canal treatment – a prospective study
Authors: Ng Y.‐L. , Mann V. , Gulabivala K. 
Published: March 2010

Aim  To investigate the probability of and factors influencing tooth survival following primary or secondary root canal treatment.Methodology  This prospective study involved annual follow‐up of up to 4 years of primary (759 teeth, 572 patients) or secondary (858 teeth, 642 patients) root canal treatment in an Eastman cohort. Informed consent was obtained from the patients. Pre‐, intra‐ and post‐operative data were collected prospectively on customised proforma. Information about extraction of the root treated tooth was reported by the patient, the referring dentist or extracted from the patient's hospital medical records. The timing and reasons for extraction were recorded. Tooth survival was estimated and prognostic factors investigated using Cox regression. Clustering effects within patients were adjusted in all models using robust standard error.Results  The 4‐year tooth survival after primary root canal treatment (95.4%) or secondary root canal treatment (95.3%) were similar. Fourteen prognostic factors were identified. Significant patient factors included: History of diabetes and systemic steroid therapy. Significant pre‐operative factors included: narrow periodontal probing depth; pain; discharging sinus; cervical root resorption; and iatrogenic perforation (for retreatment cases only). Significant intra‐operative factors included: iatrogenic perforation; patency at apical terminus; and extrusion of root fillings. Significant post‐operative restorative factors included: Presence of cast restoration or temporary restoration; presence of cast post & core; proximal contacts with both mesial and distal adjacent teeth; and terminal location of the tooth. The presence of pre‐operative pain had a profound effect on tooth loss within the first 22 months after treatment (HR = 3.1; P = 0.001) with a lesser effect beyond 22 months (HR = 2.4; P = 0.01). Patency at the apical terminus reduced tooth loss (HR = 0.3; P < 0.01) within the first 22 months after treatment but had no significant effect on tooth survival beyond 22 months. Extrusion of gutta‐percha root filling did not have any effect on tooth survival (HR = 1.1; P = 0.2) within the first 22 months but significantly increased the hazard of tooth loss beyond 22 months (HR = 3.0; P = 0.003).Conclusions  The 4‐year tooth survival following primary or secondary root canal treatment was 95%; with fourteen prognostic factors common to both.