bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Vivo Morphological Changes in Animal Models of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Alzheimer's‐Like Disease: MRI Approach
Authors: Andjus Pavle R. , Schäfer Karl‐Herbert , Mitrečić Dinko 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAdapted composite picture of images taken from different contributions to this Neurodegeneration and Neuroplasticity special issue (see Andjus et al., on page 1871; Schäfer et al., on page 1929; and Mitrečić et al., on page 1951).
Signaling by Neuronal Tyrosine Kinase Receptors: Relevance for Development and Regeneration
Authors: Hausott Barbara , Kurnaz Isil , Gajovic Srecko , Klimaschewski Lars 
Published: November 2009

AbstractReceptor tyrosine kinase activation by binding of neurotrophic factors determines neuronal morphology and identity, migration of neurons to appropriate destinations, and integration into functional neural circuits as well as synapse formation with appropriate targets at the right time and at the right place. This review summarizes the most important aspects of intraneuronal signaling mechanisms and induced gene expression changes that underlie morphological and neurochemical consequences of receptor tyrosine kinase activation in central and peripheral neurons. Anat Rec, 292:1976–1985, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Preliminary Study of Solid Embryonic Cerebellar Graft Survival in Adult B6CBA Lurcher Mutant and Wild Type Mice
Authors: Cendelín Jan , Korelusová Ivana , Vožeh František 
Published: November 2009

AbstractLurcher mutant mice represent a model of olivocerebellar degeneration. They suffer from complete loss of Purkinje cells and a reduction of granule cells and inferior olive neurons. Their wild type littermates serve as healthy controls. The aim of the work was to compare solid embryonic cerebellar graft survival within a period of 9 weeks after their transplantation in adult Lurcher mutant and wild type mice of the B6CBA strain. The solid grafts were injected through a hole in the occipital bone. Host mice were sacrificed 3, 6, or 9 weeks after the transplantation and their cerebella and brain‐stems were examined histologically to assess graft presence and structure. We did not find significant differences in graft survival rates between Lurcher mutant and wild type mice. The frequency of graft presence did not differ between mice examined 3, 6, and 9 weeks after the transplantation, neither in Lurchers nor in wild type mice. The grafts were of various sizes. In some cases, only small residua of the grafts were found. Nerve fiber sprouting and cell migration from the graft to the host tissue were observed more often in wild type mice than in Lurchers when examined 6 weeks after surgery. In the period 3–9 weeks after transplantation, massive dying out of the grafts was not observed despite regressive processes in some of the grafts. The degenerative changes in the Lurcher mutant cerebellum do not have strong impact on the fate of the solid cerebellar graft. Anat Rec, 292:1986–1992, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
From Genes to Proteins in Mendelian Parkinson's Disease: An Overview
Authors: Pirkevi Caroline , Lesage Suzanne , Brice Alexis , Nazli Başak A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractParkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease. A progressive movement disorder typified by the production of bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, and impairment of postural reflexes, PD is characterized by a depletion of dopamine in the striatum. For the last decade, several Mendelian forms of PD have been identified. Mutations in these genes potentially lead to autosomal dominant (α‐synuclein and LRRK2), or autosomal recessive PD (Parkin, PINK1, DJ1, and ATP13A2). This article will spotlight these six distinct genes unambiguously associated with Mendelian PD and the function of their encoded proteins. Anat Rec, 292:1893–1901, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural Features of Ischemic Damage in the Hippocampus
Authors: Nikonenko Alexander G. , Radenovic Lidija , Andjus Pavle R. , Skibo Galyna G. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractCerebral ischemic injury resulting from either focal or global circulatory arrests in the brain is one of the major causes of death and disability in the adult population. The hippocampus, playing important roles in learning and memory, is selectively vulnerable to ischemic insults. Distinct populations of hippocampal neurons are targeted by ischemia and multiple factors, including excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation, are responsible for their damage and death. Modifications of synapses occur very early after ischemia, reflecting related changes in synaptic transmission. These modifications structurally relate to spatial patterns formed by synaptic vesicles, geometry of postsynaptic density, and so forth. Ischemia‐induced changes of synaptic contacts can be implicated in the mechanisms leading to delayed neuronal death. In this review, we summarize the available data on the structural aspects of ischemic injury of the hippocampus obtained in tissue culture and animal models and discuss pathways of neurodegeneration common for cerebral ischemia and various neurodegenerative disorders. Anat Rec, 292:1914–1921, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Guanosine‐Induced Synaptogenesis in the Adult Brain In Vivo
Authors: Gerrikagoitia Inmaculada , Martínez‐Millán Luis 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAstrocytes release factors like cholesterol, apoE, and pleiotropic molecules that influence synaptogenesis in the central nervous system. In vitro studies have shown that guanosine elicits the production and further release of these synaptogenic factors. To demonstrate that such astrocytic factors are synaptogenic in vivo, osmotic pumps were implanted in primary visual cortex (VC) of Sprague‐Dawley rats to deliver guanosine. Simultaneous injection of dextran amine as an anterograde tracer at the same site where the osmotic pumps were implanted enabled the morphology of the fibers emerging from the VC to be visualized as well. The guanosine‐treated efferent connections from these animals showed a significant increase in the number and size of synaptic boutons along the efferent fibers when compared with controls. A similar increase in the number and size of synaptic boutons was also detected when the cortico–cortical connection to the lateral secondary visual area was studied in more detail. The ensuing morphological changes to the synapses did not show a clear preference for any particular type or site of the axonal branches that integrates this cortical connection. Moreover, the distribution of boutons along the fibers was clearly stochastic according to their size. Thus, guanosine administration appears to open up the possibility of manipulating connections to compensate for total or partial denervation. Anat Rec, 292:1968–1975, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alzheimer's Mechanisms in Ischemic Brain Degeneration
Authors: Pluta Ryszard , Ułamek Marzena , Jabłoński Mirosław 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThere is increasing evidence for influence of Alzheimer's proteins and neuropathology on ischemic brain injury. This review investigates the relationships between β‐amyloid peptide, apolipoproteins, presenilins, tau protein, α‐synuclein, inflammation factors, and neuronal survival/death decisions in brain following ischemic episode. The interactions of these molecules and influence on β‐amyloid peptide synthesis and contribution to ischemic brain degeneration and finally to dementia are reviewed. Generation and deposition of β‐amyloid peptide and tau protein pathology are important key players involved in mechanisms in ischemic neurodegeneration as well as in Alzheimer's disease. Current evidence suggests that inflammatory process represents next component, which significantly contribute to degeneration progression. Although inflammation was initially thought to arise secondary to ischemic neurodegeneration, recent studies present that inflammatory mediators may stimulate amyloid precursor protein metabolism by upregulation of β‐secretase and therefore are able to establish a vicious cycle. Functional brain recovery after ischemic lesion was delayed and incomplete by an injury‐related increase in the amount of the neurotoxic C‐terminal of amyloid precursor protein and β‐amyloid peptide. Moreover, ischemic neurodegeneration is strongly accelerated with aging, too. New therapeutic alternatives targeting these proteins and repairing related neuronal changes are under development for the treatment of ischemic brain consequences including memory loss prevention. Anat Rec, 292:1863–1881, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MAPK Signal Transduction Underlying Brain Inflammation and Gliosis as Therapeutic Target
Authors: Kaminska Bozena , Gozdz Agata , Zawadzka Malgorzata , Ellert‐Miklaszewska Aleksandra , Lipko Maciej 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA majority, if not all, acute and progressive neurodegenerative diseases are accompanied by local microglia‐mediated inflammation, astrogliosis, infiltration of immune cells, and activation of the adaptive immunity. These processes progress by the expression of cytokines, adhesion molecules, proteases, and other inflammation mediators. In response to brain injury or infection, intracellular signaling pathways are activated in microglia, which turn on inflammatory and antigen‐presenting cell functions. Different extrinsic signals shape microglial activation toward neuroprotective or neurotoxic phenotype under pathological conditions. This review discusses recent advances regarding molecular mechanisms of inflammatory signal transduction in neurological disorders and inin vitromodels of inflammation/gliosis. Mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are a family of serine/threonine protein kinases responsible for most cellular responses to cytokines and external stress signals and crucial for regulation of the production of inflammation mediators. Increased activity of MAPKs in activated microglia and astrocytes, and their regulatory role in the synthesis of inflammatory cytokines mediators, make them potential targets for novel therapeutics. MAPK inhibitors emerge as attractive anti‐inflammatory drugs, because they are capable of reducing both the synthesis of inflammation mediators at multiple levels and are effective in blocking inflammatory cytokine signaling. Small molecule inhibitors targeting of p38 MAPK and JNK pathways have been developed and offer a great potential as potent modulators of brain inflammation and gliosis in neurological disorders, where cytokine overproduction contributes to disease progression. Many of the pharmacological MAPK inhibitors can be administered orally and initial results show therapeutic benefits in preclinical animal models. Anat Rec, 292:1902–1913, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The novel ruthenium—γ‐linolenic complex [Ru2(aGLA)4Cl] inhibits C6 rat glioma cell proliferation and induces changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, increased reactive oxygen species generation and apoptosisin vitro
Authors: Ribeiro Geise , Benadiba Marcel , de Oliveira Silva Denise , Colquhoun Alison 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe present study reports the synthesis of a novel compound with the formula [Ru2(aGLA)4Cl] according to elemental analyses data, referred to as Ru2GLA. The electronic spectra of Ru2GLA is typical of a mixed valent diruthenium(II,III) carboxylate. Ru2GLA was synthesized with the aim of combining and possibly improving the anti‐tumour properties of the two active components ruthenium andγ‐linolenic acid (GLA). The properties of Ru2GLA were tested in C6 rat glioma cells by analysing cell number, viability, lipid droplet formation, apoptosis, cell cycle distribution, mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species. Ru2GLA inhibited cell proliferation in a time and concentration dependent manner. Nile Red staining suggested that Ru2GLA enters the cells and ICP‐AES elemental analysis found an increase in ruthenium from <0.02 to 425 mg/Kg in treated cells. The sub‐G1 apoptotic cell population was increased by Ru2GLA (22 ± 5.2%) when analysed by FACS and this was confirmed by Hoechst staining of nuclei. Mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased in the presence of Ru2GLA (44 ± 2.3%). In contrast, the cells which maintained a high mitochondrial membrane potential had an increase (18 ± 1.5%) in reactive oxygen species generation. Both decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and increased reactive oxygen species generation may be involved in triggering apoptosis in Ru2GLA exposed cells. The EC50for Ru2GLA decreased with increasing time of exposure from 285 µM at 24 h, 211 µM at 48 h to 81 µM at 72 h. In conclusion, Ru2GLA is a novel drug with antiproliferative properties in C6 glioma cells and is a potential candidate for novel therapies in gliomas. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catalytic Ammonia Synthesis over Mo Nitride/ZSM‐5
Authors: Liu Na , Nie Lei , Xue Nianhua , Dong Houhuan , Peng Luming , Guo Xuefeng , Ding Weiping 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMolybdenum nitride species in HZSM‐5 are prepared by the reaction of ammonia with MoOx, which is pre‐exchanged into the channel of HZSM‐5. Both the processes of solid exchange of molybdenum oxide with the zeolite and the ammonia reaction are monitored by mass spectrometry. The Mo/N ratio of the MoNx species in the Mo nitride/HZSM‐5 is close to 2, as measured by temperature‐programmed oxidation. The MoNx species are more stable than bulk Mo2N against oxidation, due to the interaction between the molybdenum nitride species and the charged zeolite framework. The MoNx species, of which the dispersion is found to be greater than 90 %, are very active in ammonia synthesis and the catalytic activity is much more stable than that of bulk Mo2N. The reaction pressure is much more favorable to ammonia formation on the MoNx/ZSM‐5 catalyst than on bulk Mo2N. The interaction of nitrogen molecules with the inner electric field of the zeolite, at an equivalent pressure, enhances the reaction of ammonia synthesis.
Volcano Relation for the Deacon Process over Transition‐Metal Oxides
Authors: Studt Felix , Abild‐Pedersen Frank , Hansen Heine A. , Man Isabela C. , Rossmeisl Jan , Bligaard Thomas 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe establish an activity relation for the heterogeneous catalytic oxidation of HCl (the Deacon Process) over rutile transition‐metal oxide catalysts by combining density functional theory calculations (DFT) with microkinetic modeling. Linear energy relations for the elementary reaction steps are obtained from the DFT calculations and used to establish a one‐dimensional descriptor for the catalytic activity. The descriptor employed here is the dissociative chemisorption energy of oxygen. It is found that the commonly employed RuO2 catalyst is close to optimal, but that there could still be room for improvements. The analysis suggests that oxide surfaces which offer slightly weaker bonding of oxygen should exhibit a superior activity to that of RuO2.
Ion‐Exchange Temperature Effect on Cu/HMS Catalysts for the Hydrogenation of Dimethyl Oxalate to Ethylene Glycol
Authors: Yin Anyuan , Guo Xiuying , Fan Kangnian , Dai Wei‐Lin 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA series of Cu/HMS (HMS=hexagonal mesoporous silica) catalysts, synthesized by ion exchange at temperatures from 303 to 363 K, are extensively investigated as catalysts for the hydrogenation of dimethyl oxalate to ethylene glycol. The physicochemical properties and catalytic activity are compared with those of a catalyst prepared by the conventional impregnation method. Characterization of the Cu/HMS catalysts shows that the surface and textural structure of the HMS support as well as the dispersion and nature of copper species depend strongly on the ion‐exchange temperature. Temperature‐programmed reduction patterns reveal the presence of three types of copper species. N2O titration experiments show that the catalyst prepared by ion‐exchange treatment at 333 K has the highest metallic copper surface area. A 98 % ethylene glycol yield is attained over the catalyst ion‐exchanged at 333 K, illustrating that an optimum ion‐exchange temperature is beneficial for the generation of copper catalysts with enhanced activity.
The Protonation of HSO3F: Preparation and Characterization of Fluorodihydroxyoxosulfonium Hexafluoroantimonate [H2SO3F]+[SbF6]−
Authors: Seelbinder Raphael , Goetz Nadine R. , Weber Johannes , Minkwitz Rolf , Kornath Andreas J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractSulfurtrioxide reacts with the superacidic solutions XF/SbF5 (X=H, D) to form the corresponding salts [X2SO3F]+[SbF6]−, which are the protonated forms of fluorosulfuric acid. The salts have been characterized by vibrational spectroscopy and a single‐crystal structure analysis. [H2SO3F]+[SbF6]− crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n (no. 14) with four formula units in the unit cell. The crystal structure possesses a distorted tetrahedral O3SF skeleton of the cations, which are linked with two strong hydrogen bridges to [SbF6]− anions and forms a one‐dimensional chain. The crystal structure and the vibrational spectra are compared to the quantum‐chemical‐calculated free [H2SO3F]+ cation. Additionally, an [H2SO3F(HF)2]+ unit was calculated at the RHF/6‐311++G(d,p) level to simulate H⋅⋅⋅F hydrogen bridges found in the solid state.
Synthesis of (Z)‐Trisubstituted Olefins by Decarboxylative Grob‐Type Fragmentations: Epothilone D, Discodermolide, and Peloruside A
Authors: Prantz Kathrin , Mulzer Johann 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMethyl‐branched (Z)‐trisubstituted olefins are found in many polyketides with interesting biological activity, such as epothilone D (1), discodermolide (3), and peloruside A (2). Despite the employment of numerous different strategies, this motif has often been the weak point in total synthesis. Thus, we present a novel hydroxide‐ induced Grob‐type fragmentation as an easy access to trisubstituted olefins. In our case, β‐mesyloxy δ‐lactones with three stereogenic centers were chosen whose fragmentation underlies a high stereoelectronic control. Major challenges in the syntheses were the installation of quaternary stereocenters, achieved by enzymatic desymmetrization of meso‐diesters and by aluminium‐promoted stereoselective rearrangement of chiral epoxides, respectively. Different aldol strategies were developed for the formation of the fragmentation precursors. Additionally a short survey about nucleophilic additions to aldehydes with quaternary α‐centers is presented.
A Selective, Nontoxic, OFF–ON Fluorescent Molecular Sensor Based on 8‐Hydroxyquinoline for Probing Cd2+ in Living Cells
Authors: Mameli Marta , Aragoni M. Carla , Arca Massimiliano , Caltagirone Claudia , Demartin Francesco , Farruggia Giovanna , De Filippo Greta , Devillanova Francesco A. , Garau Alessandra , Isaia Francesco , Lippolis Vito , Murgia Sergio , Prodi Luca , Pintus Anna , Zaccheroni Nelsi 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn spite of the fact that cadmium(II) has been recognized as a highly toxic element and that excessive exposure to this metal ion has been reported to have many adverse effects on human health, very few selective and specific fluorescent probes are available for imaging Cd2+ in living cells. Herein, we report the spectroscopic and photochemical characterization of 5‐(5‐chloro‐8‐hydroxyquinolinylmethyl)‐2,8‐dithia‐5‐aza‐2,6‐pyridinophane (L) as a fluorescent sensor for the selective imaging of Cd2+ in living cells. In particular, the response of L to Cd2+ was first assessed in aqueous solutions, sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles, and liposomes, and subsequently in living cells by fluorescence microscopy techniques. Cytofluorimetric analyses of leukemic HL‐60 cells loaded with L also allowed evaluation of the toxicity of the probe and the selective analysis of its intracellular fluorescence in the presence of Cd2+. Furthermore, the 1:1 complex species [Cd(L)H2O]2+ responsible for the OFF–ON chelation enhancement of fluorescence (CHEF) effect on L was structurally characterized; time‐dependent DFT calculations allowed the prediction of theoretical excitations, which were comparable with the experimental ones.
Synthesis of a Monophosphoryl Derivative of Escherichia coli Lipid A and Its Efficient Coupling to a Tumor‐Associated Carbohydrate Antigen
Authors: Tang Shouchu , Wang Qianli , Guo Zhongwu 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMonophosphoryl lipid A is a safe and potent immunostimulant and vaccine adjuvant, which is potentially useful for the development of effective carbohydrate‐based conjugate vaccines. This paper presents a convergent and efficient synthesis of a monophosphoryl derivative of E. coli lipid A that has an alkyne functionality at the reducing end, which is suitable for coupling with various molecules. The coupling of this derivative to an N‐modified analogue of tumor‐associated antigen GM3 through click chemistry is also presented.
Neuroprotective Effects of N‐Alkyl‐1,2,4‐oxadiazolidine‐3,5‐diones and Their Corresponding Synthetic Intermediates N‐Alkylhydroxylamines and N‐1‐Alkyl‐3‐carbonyl‐1‐hydroxyureas against in vitro Cerebral Ischemia
Authors: Biraboneye Alain Cesar , Madonna Sebastien , Maher Pamela , Kraus Jean‐Louis 
Published: November 2009

AbstractHerein we report the synthesis and neuroprotective effects of new N‐alkyl‐1,2,4‐oxadiazolidine‐3,5‐diones and their corresponding synthetic intermediates, N‐alkylhydroxylamines and N‐1‐alkyl‐3‐carbonyl‐1‐hydroxyureas, in an in vitro model of ischemia. We found five analogues that protect HT22 cells from death in the concentration range of 1–5 μM. Because members of the MAP kinase family are known to be key players in nerve cell survival and death, we characterized the role of these kinases in the neuroprotective mechanisms of the newly synthesized analogues. The results indicate that these compounds provide neuroprotection through distinct mechanisms of action.
Functional Materials for Sustainable Energy Technologies: Four Case Studies
Authors: Kuznetsov V. L. , Edwards P. P. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe critical topic of energy and the environment has rarely had such a high profile, nor have the associated materials challenges been more exciting. The subject of functional materials for sustainable energy technologies is demanding and recognized as a top priority in providing many of the key underpinning technological solutions for a sustainable energy future. Energy generation, consumption, storage, and supply security will continue to be major drivers for this subject. There exists, in particular, an urgent need for new functional materials for next‐generation energy conversion and storage systems. Many limitations on the performances and costs of these systems are mainly due to the materials′ intrinsic performance. We highlight four areas of activity where functional materials are already a significant element of world‐wide research efforts. These four areas are transparent conducting oxides, solar energy materials for converting solar radiation into electricity and chemical fuels, materials for thermoelectric energy conversion, and hydrogen storage materials. We outline recent advances in the development of these classes of energy materials, major factors limiting their intrinsic functional performance, and potential ways to overcome these limitations.