bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mass transfer in turbulent flow with and without chemical reaction
Authors: Marangozis J. , Trass O. , Johnson A. I. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper reports the results of a theoretical study on mass transfer from solid surfaces to fluids in turbulent flow in circular or rectangular conduits. A combined molecular and eddy diffusion mechanism was assumed; three different cases of eddy‐distribution functions were considered.Analytical results were obtained for concentration profiles, mass transfer coefficients and reaction factors in cases of mass transfer without reaction, with rapid chemical reaction, and with first‐order chemical reaction. Mass transfer coefficients were shown to vary linearly with\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \left({\frac{D}{v}} \right)^n $\end{document}. The exponentnincreased from 0.5 to unity as eddy motion assumed near the wall decreased to zero. The reaction factor was shown to increase with decreasing turbulence near the interface, with the reactant concentration ratio,CBL/CA1and with the Schmidt number ratio,ScA/ScB9to the powern.
The hydrates of methane and sulphur hexafluoride
Authors: Sortland L. D. , Robinson D. B. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe gas hydrates of sulphur hexafluoride have been studied in the temperature interval from about −9°C. to 15°C. A quadruple point containing the four phases hydrate, water rich liquid, sulphur hexafluoride rich liquid, and vapor was found to exist at 14.0° C. and 293 lb./sq.in.abs. The pressure‐temperature data in the vicinity of 0°C. was used to show that the sulphur hexafluoride hydrate contains 17.02 moles of water per mole of sulphur hexafluoride. The difference in chemical potential between water in the hydrate lattice for Structure II and in ice calculated from this composition was found to be 211 cal/gm mole of water.Hydrates in the methane‐sulphur hexafluoride‐water system were studied at −3°C. over the full range of composition from 10.6 to 342 lb./sq.in.abs. Agreement between the experimental and predicted composition of the vapor and hydrate phases provides excellent confirmation of the applicability of the solution theory of hydrate formation to the methane‐sulphur hexafluoride system.
Filled linear polyethylene compositions
Authors: Furter W. F. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractHigh‐density coordination polyethylene was blended with finely‐divided, rigid, low‐cost fillers. Compounding was accomplished by Banbury mixing. The purpose was to achieve cost reduction on a unit‐volume basis.For each of the five fillers investigated, the effects of filler concentration on the flexural stiffness, tensile strength, tear resistance, and melt index of the filled compound were investigated. These compounds were observed to exhibit a considerable increase in stiffness (threefold or more) over that of the polymer itself, at the expense of reductions in tensile yield point, tear resistance, and melt processibility. Little if any reinforcement appeared to exist in the compounds investigated.
Estimation of latent heats of vaporization
Authors: Lu Benjamin C.‐Y. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA simple and generalized equation has been developed for estimating latent heats of vaporization over a wide range of conditions up to the critical. The proposed equation extends the reduced reference‐substance plot of Gordon and employs the acentric factor of Pitzer. It is shown that the acentric factor is superior to the critical compressibility factor as the parameter for the correlation.
A new basic form for vapor pressure equations
Authors: Hall Raymond C. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA general model for the saturated vapor‐pressure‐temperature relationship is presented. The development of this model centered on the discovery that, on the basis of a constant latent heat, the volume change in vaporization can be described with a simple function of pressure. This relationship substitutes into the Clapeyron equation to give an integrateable form. The resulting model is simple, thus it is readily adaptable to computer use, and tends to be inherently reliable as the critical is approached.Constants evaluated for water gave an equation which predicts pressure with 0.2 mean percent error and limited range equations with 0.04 or less.
The pipeline flow of capsules part 5 ‐ an experimental investigation of the transport by water of single spherical capsules with density greater than that of the water
Authors: Ellis H. S. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSingle plastic and aluminum spheres of five different diameters transported by water in a laboratory pipeline travelled at velocities from 4% to 8% greater than the average water velocity when the latter was more than 2 ft./sec. and the diameter of the spheres was over half the pipe diameter.A short high‐speed photographic investigation showed that the percentage of sliding experienced by the spheres of both materials increased both with increase of water velocity and decrease of sphere diameter, and that it was considerably greater for the plastic spheres. However, motion was predominantly by rolling.
Production of potassium sulphate from naturally occurring sodium sulphate and potassium chloride
Authors: Gunn Brad 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe production of potassium sulphate from sodium sulphate and potassium chloride is recognized as a two stage operation. In the first stage sodium sulphate and potassium chloride react to form glaserite‐a double salt of sodium and potassium sulphate. In the second stage glaserite reacts with potassium chloride to form potassium sulphate. The re‐use of mother liquor from stage two and the recovery of potassium chloride and sodium sulphate from stage one are important aspects of the problem. The efficiencies of the various operations in the process have been improved by fairly extensive use of phase data which are mainly available in the literature.
Adsorption Kinetic Modeling of Safranin onto Rice Husk Biomatrix Using Pseudo‐first‐ and Pseudo‐second‐order Kinetic Models: Comparison of Linear and Non‐linear Methods
Authors: Chowdhury Shamik , Saha Papita 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBatch kinetic studies were carried out for the removal of safranin from aqueous solution using a biomatrix prepared from rice husk. The adsorption kinetic data were modeled using the pseudo‐first‐order and pseudo‐second‐order kinetic equations. The linear and non‐linear forms of these two widely used kinetic models were compared in this study. In order to determine the best‐fitting equation, the coefficient of determination (r2), the sum of the squares of the errors (SSE), sum of the absolute errors (SAE), average relative error (ARE), hybrid fractional error function (HYBRID), Marquardt's percent standard deviation (MPSD), and the Chi‐squared test (χ2) were used as error analysis methods. Results showed that the non‐linear forms of pseudo‐first‐order and pseudo‐second‐order models were more suitable than the linear forms for fitting the experimental data. Non‐linear method is thus more appropriate for estimating the kinetic parameters and should primarily be used to describe adsorption kinetics.
FLT3 inhibitors in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Pemmaraju Naveen , Kantarjian Hagop , Ravandi Farhad , Cortes Jorge 
Published: February 2011

AbstractDespite recent modest improvements in the chemotherapy regimens used to treat acute myeloid leukemia (AML), many patients diagnosed with AML ultimately die of the disease. Commonly occurring genetic alterations have been identified that strongly affect the prognosis for patients with AML. These alterations represent possible targets for investigational therapies that could act to specifically halt the aberrant growth of AML cells while limiting damage to normal cells. One such gene is the Fms‐like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) gene, which is mutated in approximately 30% of adult patients with AML and has a significant impact on prognosis. In particular, internal tandem duplications in FLT3 confer a poor prognosis to this large subgroup of patients with AML. Agents that target FLT3 are in development for the treatment of patients who have AML and offer a potential paradigm change in the current standard treatment of AML. For this report, the authors reviewed the prognostic significance of genetic alterations observed in AML with a focus on the therapeutic implications of targeting FLT3. The introduction of such agents may be the next major step toward the era of personalized therapy in AML. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Effectiveness of a patient and practice‐level colorectal cancer screening intervention in health plan members
Authors: Pignone Michael , Winquist Andrea , Schild Laura A. , Lewis Carmen , Scott Tracy , Hawley Jonathan , Rimer Barbara K. , Glanz Karen 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening reduces CRC incidence and mortality but is underused. Effective interventions to increase screening that can be implemented broadly are needed.METHODS:A controlled trial was conducted to evaluate a patient‐level and practice‐level intervention to increase the use of recommended CRC screening tests among health plan members. The patient‐level intervention was a patient decision aid and included stage‐targeted brochures that were mailed to health plan members. Intervention practices received academic detailing to prepare practices to facilitate CRC testing once patients were activated by the decision aid. We used patient surveys and claims data to assess CRC test completion.RESULTS:Among 443 active participants, 75.8% were ages 52 to 59 years, 80.9% were white, 62.1% were women, and 46.4% had college degrees or greater education. Among 380 active participants with known screening status at 12 months based on survey results, 39% in the intervention group reported receiving CRC screening compared with 32.2% in the usual care group (unadjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.34; 95% confidence interval; [CI], 0.88‐2.05; P = .17). After adjusting for baseline differences and accounting for clustering, the effect was somewhat larger (OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 0.98‐2.73; P = .06). Claims analysis produced similar effects for active participants. The intervention was more effective in those who had incomes >$50,000 (OR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.07‐4.35) than in those who had lower incomes (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 0.53‐2.94; P = .03 for interaction).CONCLUSIONS:Interventions combining a patient‐directed decision aid and practice‐directed academic detailing had a modest but statistically nonsignificant effect on CRC screening rates among active participants. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Molecular fingerprint of neuropeptide s‐producing neurons in the mouse brain
Authors: Liu Xiaobin , Zeng Joanne , Zhou Anni , Theodorsson Elvar , Fahrenkrug Jan , Reinscheid Rainer K. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractNeuropeptide S (NPS) has been associated with a number of complex brain functions, including anxiety‐like behaviors, arousal, sleep‐wakefulness regulation, drug‐seeking behaviors, and learning and memory. In order to better understand how NPS influences these functions in a neuronal network context, it is critical to identify transmitter systems that control NPS release and transmitters that are co‐released with NPS. For this purpose, we generated several lines of transgenic mice that express enhanced green‐fluorescent protein (EGFP) under control of the endogenous NPS precursor promoter. NPS/EGFP‐transgenic mice show anatomically correct and overlapping expression of both NPS and EGFP. A total number of ∼500 NPS/EGFP‐positive neurons are present in the mouse brain, located in the pericoerulear region and the Kölliker‐Fuse nucleus. NPS and transgene expression is first detectable around E14, indicating a potential role for NPS in brain development. EGFP‐positive cells were harvested by laser‐capture microdissection, and mRNA was extracted for expression profiling by using microarray analysis. NPS was found co‐localized with galanin in the Kölliker‐Fuse nucleus of the lateral parabrachial area. A dense network of orexin/hypocretin neuronal projections contacting pericoerulear NPS‐producing neurons was observed by immunostaining. Expression of a distinct repertoire of metabotropic and ionotropic receptor genes was identified in both NPS neuronal clusters that will allow for detailed investigations of incoming neurotransmission, controlling neuronal activity of NPS‐producing neurons. Stress‐induced functional activation of NPS‐producing neurons was detected by staining for the immediate‐early gene c‐fos, thus supporting earlier findings that NPS might be part of the brain stress response network. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:1847–1866, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Peripheral sensory cells in the cephalic sensory organs of Lymnaea stagnalis
Authors: Wyeth Russell C. , Croll Roger P. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe peripheral nervous system in gastropods plays a key role in the neural control of behaviors, but is poorly studied in comparison with the central nervous system. Peripheral sensory neurons, although known to be widespread, have been studied in a patchwork fashion across several species, with no comprehensive treatment in any one species. We attempted to remedy this limitation by cataloging peripheral sensory cells in the cephalic sensory organs of Lymnaea stagnalis employing backfills, vital stains, histochemistry, and immunohistochemistry. By using at least two independent methods to corroborate observations, we mapped four different cell types. We have found two different populations of bipolar sensory cells that appear to contain catecholamines(s) and histamine, respectively. Each cell had a peripheral soma, an epithelial process bearing cilia, and a second process projecting to the central nervous system. We also found evidence for two populations of nitric oxide‐producing sensory cells, one bipolar, probably projecting centrally, and the second unipolar, with only a single epithelial process and no axon. The various cell types are presumably either mechanosensory or chemosensory, but the complexity of their distributions does not allow formation of hypotheses regarding modality. In addition, our observations indicate that yet more peripheral sensory cell types are present in the cephalic sensory organs of L. stagnalis. These results are an important step toward linking sensory cell morphology to modality. Moreover, our observations emphasize the size of the peripheral nervous system in gastropods, and we suggest that greater emphasis be placed on understanding its role in gastropod neuroethology. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:1894–1913, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The mini questionnaire of personal organization (MQPO): Preliminary validation of a new post‐rationalist personality questionnaire
Authors: Nardi Bernardo , Arimatea Emidio , Giovagnoli Sara , Blasi Stefano , Bellantuono Cesario , Rezzonico Giorgio 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBackground: The Mini Questionnaire of Personal Organization (MQPO) has been constructed in order to comply with the inward/outward Personal Meaning Organization's (PMO) theory. According to Nardi's Adaptive Post‐Rationalist approach, predictable and invariable caregivers' behaviours allow inward focus and a physical sight of reciprocity; non‐predictable and variable caregivers' behaviours allow outward focus and a semantic sight of reciprocity.Methods: The 20 items of MQPO have been selected from 29 intermediate (n = 160) and 40 initial items (n = 204). Psychometric validation has been conducted (n = 296), including Internal Validity (Item‐Total Correlation; Factor Analysis), Internal Coherence by Factor Analysis, two analyses in Discriminant Validity (n = 132 and n = 80) and Reliability by Test‐Retest Analysis (n = 49). All subjects have been given their written informed consent before beginning the test.Results: The validation of the MQPO shows that the ultimate version is consistent with its post‐rationalist paradigm. Four different factors have been found, one for each PMO. Validity of the construct and the internal reliability index are satisfying (Alpha = 0.73). Moreover, the results obtained are constant (from r = 0.80 to r = 0.89). There is an adequate agreement between the MQPO scales and the clinical evaluations (72.5%), as well as an excellent agreement (80.0%) between the scores of the MQPO and those of the Personal Meaning Questionnaire.Conclusion:  The MQPO is a tool able to study personality as a process by focusing on the relationships between personality and developmental process axes, which are the bases of the PMO's theory, according to the APR approach. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Message:• Adaptive post‐rationalist approach.• Cognitive psychotherapy.• Easy and quick subjective screening of personality.• Personal Meaning Organizations construction supported by Mini Questionnaire of Personal Organization.• Workup in clinical practice and research.
Low‐temperature preparation of bismuth ferrite microcrystals by a sol‐gel‐hydrothermal method
Authors: Chen Zhiwu , Zhan Guanghui , He Xinhua , Yang Hu , Wu Hao 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWell‐crystallized pure perovskite bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3) powders with various morphologies have been synthesized by a novel sol‐gel‐hydrothermal route for the first time, which combined the conventional sol‐gel process and the hydrothermal method. The as‐prepared samples were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and ferroelectric test system. The results revealed that the compositions, morphological and dimensional changes in bismuth ferrite samples synthesized by sol–gel–hydrothermal method strongly depend on the concentrations of mineralizer. Ferroelectric hysteresis loops are displayed in the BiFeO3 samples. The bismuth ferrites were hydrothermally synthesized at as low a temperature as 180 °C, which is comparatively lower than that synthesized by the normal sol–gel route. The formation mechanism of the bismuth ferrite crystalline was also discussed. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
CellTracks TDI: An image cytometer for cell characterization
Authors: Scholtens Tycho M. , Schreuder Frederik , Ligthart Sjoerd T. , Swennenhuis Joost F. , Tibbe Arjan G. J. , Greve Jan , Terstappen Leon W. M. M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractCharacterization of rare cells usually requires high sensitivity quantification of multiple parameters. Detection of morphological features of these cells is highly desired when routinely identifying circulating tumor cells (CTC) in blood of patients. We have designed an image cytometer intended for fast and sensitive routine analysis of CTC. After an initial scan, prospective events can be revisited for more detailed analysis. The image cytometer features: 375, 491, and 639 nm laser lines, a 40×/0.6NA objective, a CCD camera operating in TDI mode, servo stages to move the sample in two dimensions and a piëzo microscope objective positioner to move the objective in the third dimension. ImageJ is used for dedicated image analysis. A homogeneous illumination area, measuring 180 × 180 μm2, was created by the use of a rotating diffuser in combination with two micro‐lens arrays. For feed‐forward automatic focusing of the sample during a scan, a 3D spline was fitted through 30 predetermined focus positions before scanning the sample. Continuous signal acquisition is made possible by using a CCD operating in TDI mode synchronized to the movement of two servo scan stages. The limit of fluorescence sensitivity is 120 PE molecules on a bead with a diameter of 6.8 μm, at a scanning speed of 1.0 mm s−1. The resolution of the imaging system is 0.76 μm in the TDI scan direction at a wavelength of 580 nm. Identification of cells is facilitated by scatter plots of the fluorescent parameters in which each individual event can be viewed for its morphological features by fluorescence as well as bright field. The image cytometer measures quantitative fluorescence and morphological features at a high sensitivity, high resolution, and with minimal overhead time. It has the ability torelocate events of interest for further detailed analysis. The system can be used for routine identification and characterization of rare cells. © 2011 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Sensitive and selective spectrophotometric assay of gabapentin in capsules using sodium 1, 2‐naphthoquinone‐4‐sulfonate
Authors: Abdulrahman Sameer A. M. , Basavaiah Kanakapura 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA simple, sensitive, and selective spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of gabapentin (GBP) in capsules. The method is based on the reaction of GBP and sodium 1,2‐naphthoquinone‐4‐sulfonate (NQS) in the presence of Clark and Lubs buffer of pH 11 to form an orange‐coloured product which was measured at 495 nm. The parameters that affect the reaction were carefully optimized and under the optimized conditions, linear relationship was obtained in the concentration range of 7.5–75 µg ml−1GBP. The molar absorptivity, limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) and Sandell sensitivity are also reported. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of GBP in capsules with good accuracy and precision and without detectable interference from common excipients. The reliability of the proposed method was further established by parallel determination by the reference method and also by recovery studies. The reaction mechanism is proposed and discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanisms of digit formation: Human malformation syndromes tell the story
Authors: Stricker Sigmar , Mundlos Stefan 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIdentifying the genetic basis of human limb malformation disorders has been instrumental in improving our understanding of limb development. Abnormalities of the hands and/or feet include defects affecting patterning, establishment, elongation, and segmentation of cartilaginous condensations, as well as growth of the individual skeletal elements. While the phenotype of such malformations is highly diverse, the mutations identified to date cluster in genes implicated in a limited number of molecular pathways, namely hedgehog, Wnt, and bone morphogenetic protein. The latter pathway appears to function as a key molecular network regulating different phases of digit and joint development. Studies in animal models not only extended our insight into the pathogenesis of these conditions, but have also contributed to our understanding of the in vivo functions and interactions of these key players. This review is aimed at integrating the current understanding of human digit malformations into the increasing knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of digit development. Developmental Dynamics 240:990–1004, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.