bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post‐ingestive effects of nectar alkaloids depend on dominance status of bumblebees
Authors: MANSON JESSAMYN S. , THOMSON JAMES D. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract 1. Secondary metabolites have acute or chronic post‐ingestive effects on animals, ranging from death to growth inhibition to reduced nutrient assimilation.2. Although characterised as toxic, the nectar of Gelsemium sempervirens is not lethal to pollinators, even when the concentration of the nectar alkaloid gelsemine is very high. However, little is known about the sublethal costs of nectar alkaloids.3. Using a microcolony assay and paired worker bumblebees, the present study measured the effects of artificial nectar containing gelsemine on oocyte development. Oocytes are a sensitive indicator of protein utilisation and general metabolic processes. We also calculated carbohydrate concentrations in the haemolymph to examine energetic costs of gelsemine consumption.4. High concentrations of gelsemine significantly reduced mean oocyte width in subordinate bees, while dominant bees showed only a trend towards oocyte inhibition. Gelsemine consumption did not reduce carbohydrate concentrations in haemolymph.5. The cost of ingesting gelsemine may be due to direct toxicity of alkaloids or may be an expense associated with detoxifying gelsemine. Detoxification of alkaloids can require reallocation of resources away from essential metabolic functions like reproduction. The risks associated with nectar alkaloid consumption are tied to both the social and nutritional status of the bee.
Pulmonary involvement of autoimmune pancreatitis
Authors: Tsushima K. , Tanabe T. , Yamamoto H. , Koizumi T. , Kawa S. , Hamano H. , Honda T. , Uehara T. , Kawakami S. , Kubo K. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBackground  A wide variety of systemic lesions have been seen in patients with autoimmune pancreatitis. The pulmonary involvement of autoimmune pancreatitis was analysed to clarify the clinicopathological features of pulmonary lesions in comparison with pulmonary sarcoidosis.Materials and methods  Nineteen patients had autoimmune pancreatitis and eight had pulmonary sarcoidosis. The symptoms, laboratory data, chest computed tomography, Gallium‐67 scintigraphy, pulmonary function testing and bronchoscopy findings, including the histological IgG4‐immunostaining and IgG subclasses in the bronchoalveolar lavage in autoimmune pancreatitis, were collected to compare them with pulmonary sarcoidosis.Results  The serum total protein, IgG and IgG4 levels were found to be significantly elevated in comparison with pulmonary sarcoidosis. In autoimmune pancreatitis, 17 patients showed bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, while eight showed pulmonary nodules on chest computed tomography. Eighteen of 19 patients on Gallium‐67 scintigraphy showed accumulation spots in either the hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes. Six patients with pulmonary nodules demonstrated accumulation spots in the corresponding lesions on chest computed tomography. All eight patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis showed accumulation spots in either the hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes. Bronchoalveolar lavage IgG4 in autoimmune pancreatitis showed a significant increase in comparison with pulmonary sarcoidosis. The histological findings obtained by a transbronchial lung biopsy showed the infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells in the thickened interstitum and alveoli with IgG4‐positive plasma cell infiltration in patients with autoimmune pancreatitis.Conclusion  IgG4 in the bronchoalveolar lavage was seen at remarkably increased levels and IgG4‐positive plasma cells were identified in the pulmonary lesions of patients with autoimmune pancreatitis.
N‐acetylcysteine versus N‐acetylcysteine + theophylline for the prevention of contrast nephropathy
Authors: Baskurt M. , Okcun B. , Abaci O. , Dogan G. M. , Kilickesmez K. , Ozkan A. A. , Ersanli M. , Gurmen T. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBackground  The use of N‐acetylcysteine or theophylline in specific subgroups of patients has been suggested to reduce the incidence of contrast‐induced nephropathy (CIN) in patients undergoing angiographic procedures. Our purpose was to compare the use of N‐acetylcysteine versus N‐acetylcysteine + theophylline for the prevention of CIN.Materials and methods  We randomized 217 patients with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (calculated by Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula) between 30 and 60 mL min−1 1·73 m−2 who were undergoing coronary angiography to three prophylactic treatment groups:Group 1: Intravenous hydration with isotonic saline (1 mL kg−1 h−1 for 12 h before and after contrast, n = 72).Group 2: Intravenous hydration with isotonic saline (1 mL kg−1 h−1 for 12 h before and after contrast)+ N‐acetylcysteine (600 mg p.o. twice daily the preceding day and the day of angiography, n = 73).Group 3: Intravenous hydration with isotonic saline (1 mL kg−1 h−1 for 12 h before and after contrast)+ N‐acetylcysteine + theophylline (600 mg N‐acetylcysteine p.o. and 200 mg theophylline p.o. twice daily for the preceding day and the day of angiography, n = 72).The incidence of CIN (0·5 mg dL−1 increase in serum creatinine from the baseline value 48 h after intravascular injection of contrast) was compared in three groups.Results  Of the 217 patients, 12 patients (5·5%) experienced CIN. Five patients (6·9%) in group 1, seven patients (9·6%) in group 2 and zero (0%) patients in group 3 experienced CIN (P < 0·033).Conclusion  Among patients with eGFR between 30 and 60 mL min−1 1·73 m−2 undergoing coronary angiography, oral administration of N‐acetylcysteine + theophylline in addition to saline hydration has a beneficial effect in the prevention of CIN.
Daily energy expenditure increases in response to low nutritional stress in an Arctic‐breeding seabird with no effect on mortality
Authors: Welcker Jorg , Harding Ann M. A. , Kitaysky Alexander S. , Speakman John R. , Gabrielsen Geir W. 
Published: June 2009

Summary 1. The regulation of energy expenditure in relation to food availability and its consequences for individual fitness in free‐ranging animals are poorly understood. Increased daily energy expenditure (DEE) may be viewed as the result of two different processes: expenditure may be forced upwards by low food availability (forcing hypothesis) or enabled to increase by high levels of food resources (enabling hypothesis). Several studies have suggested long‐term fitness costs due to increased mortality as a trade‐off to increased DEE. 2. We examined the relationship between energy expenditure and an indirect measure of food availability, and the short‐term fitness consequences associated with changes in DEE in a small, Arctic seabird, the little auk (Alle alle). We measured DEE of 43 parent little auks by the doubly labelled water method during two consecutive breeding seasons and inferred food availability from plasma concentrations of the stress hormone corticosterone (CORT). 3. We found that DEE was elevated by 26·7% in the year with reduced levels of CORT, indicating that little auks responded to increased food availability by increasing their DEE. These results support the enabling hypothesis. Elevated DEE was presumably caused by increased parental effort as reflected by higher chick provisioning rates and larger chick meals, and was associated with fitness benefits in terms of enhanced current reproductive success. 4. Contrary to earlier studies, our data did not indicate adverse effects associated with elevated DEE; there was no negative relationship between DEE and the probability of adults returning to the colony the following year. Instead, adult return rate was positively related to body mass, with lower return rates when food was limited. 5. These results suggest that ecological consequences associated with limited resource availability may outweigh possible direct negative physiological effects of elevated DEE.
Phylogenetic relationships, diversification and biogeography in Neotropical Brotogeris parakeets
Authors: Ribas Camila C. , Miyaki Cristina Y. , Cracraft Joel 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAim  We present a molecular phylogenetic analysis of Brotogeris (Psittacidae) using several distinct and complementary approaches: we test the monophyly of the genus, delineate the basal taxa within it, uncover their phylogenetic relationships, and finally, based on these results, we perform temporal and spatial comparative analyses to help elucidate the historical biogeography of the Neotropical region.Location  Neotropical lowlands, including dry and humid forests.Methods  Phylogenetic relationships within Brotogeris were investigated using the complete sequences of the mitochondrial genes cyt b and ND2, and partial sequences of the nuclear intron 7 of the gene for Beta Fibrinogen for all eight species and 12 of the 17 taxa recognized within the genus (total of 63 individuals). In order to delinetae the basal taxa within the genus we used both molecular and plumage variation, the latter being based on the examination of 597 skin specimens. Dates of divergence and confidence intervals were estimated using penalized likelihood. Spatial and temporal comparative analyses were performed including several closely related parrot genera.Results  Brotogeris was found to be a monophyletic genus, sister to Myiopsitta. The phylogenetic analyses recovered eight well‐supported clades representing the recognized biological species. Although some described subspecies are diagnosably distinct based on morphology, there was generally little intraspecific mtDNA variation. The Amazonian species had different phylogenetic affinities and did not group in a monophyletic clade. Brotogeris diversification took place during the last 6 Myr, the same time‐frame as previously found for Pionus and Pyrilia.Main conclusions  The biogeographical history of Brotogeris implies a dynamic history for South American biomes since the Pliocene. It corroborates the idea that the geological evolution of Amazonia has been important in shaping its biodiversity, argues against the idea that the region has been environmentally stable during the Quaternary, and suggests dynamic interactions between wet and dry forest habitats in South America, with representatives of the Amazonian biota having several independent close relationships with taxa endemic to other biomes.
Biogeography of Iberian freshwater fishes revisited: the roles of historical versus contemporary constraints
Authors: Filipe Ana F. , Araújo Miguel B. , Doadrio Ignacio , Angermeier Paul L. , Collares‐Pereira Maria J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAim  The question of how much of the shared geographical distribution of biota is due to environmental vs. historical constraints remains unanswered. The aim of this paper is to disentangle the contribution of historical vs. contemporary factors to the distribution of freshwater fish species. In addition, it illustrates how quantifying the contribution of each type of factor improves the classification of biogeographical provinces.Location  Iberian Peninsula, south‐western Europe (c. 581,000 km2).Methods  We used the most comprehensive data on native fish distributions for the Iberian Peninsula, compiled from Portuguese and Spanish sources on a 20‐km grid‐cell resolution. Overall, 58 species were analysed after being categorized into three groups according to their ability to disperse through saltwater: (1) species strictly intolerant of saltwater (primary species); (2) species partially tolerant of saltwater, making limited incursions into saltwaters (secondary species); and (3) saltwater‐tolerant species that migrate back and forth from sea to freshwaters or have invaded freshwaters recently (peripheral species). Distance‐based multivariate analyses were used to test the role of historical (basin formation) vs. contemporary environmental (climate) conditions in explaining current patterns of native fish assemblage composition. Cluster analyses were performed to explore species co‐occurrence patterns and redefine biogeographical provinces based on the distributions of fishes.Results  River basin boundaries were better at segregating species composition for all species groups than contemporary climate variables. This historical signal was especially evident for primary and secondary freshwater fishes. Eleven biogeographical provinces were delineated. Basins flowing to the Atlantic Ocean north of the Tagus Basin and those flowing to the Mediterranean Sea north of the Mijares Basin were the most dissimilar group. Primary and secondary freshwater species had higher province fidelity than peripheral species.Main conclusions  The results support the hypothesis that historical factors exert greater constraints on native freshwater fish assemblages in the Iberian Peninsula than do current environmental factors. After examining patterns of assemblage variation across space, as evidenced by the biogeographical provinces, we discuss the likely dispersal and speciation events that underlie these patterns.
The effect of hyperoxygenation and reduced flow in fresh water and subsequent infectious pancreatic necrosis virus challenge in sea water, on the intestinal barrier integrity in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.
Authors: Sundh H , Olsen R‐E , Fridell F , Gadan K , Evensen Ø , Glette J. , Taranger G‐L , Myklebust R , Sundell K 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn high intensive fish production systems, hyperoxygenation and reduced flow are often used to save water and increase the holding capacity. This commonly used husbandry practice has been shown to be stressful to fish and increase mortality after infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) challenge, but the cause and effect relationship is not known. Salmonids are particularly sensitive to stress during smoltification and the first weeks after seawater (SW) transfer. This work aimed at investigating the impact of hyperoxygenation combined with reduced flow in fresh water (FW), on the intestinal barrier in FW as well as during later life stages in SW. It further aims at investigating the role of the intestinal barrier during IPNV challenge and possible secondary infections. Hyperoxygenation in FW acted as a stressor as shown by significantly elevated plasma cortisol levels. This stressful husbandry condition tended to increase paracellular permeability (Papp) as well as translocation of Aeromonas salmonicida in the posterior intestine of Atlantic salmon. After transfer to SW and subsequent IPNV challenge, intestinal permeability, as shown by Papp, and translocation rate of A. salmonicida increased in the anterior intestine, concomitant with further elevation in plasma cortisol levels. In the anterior intestine, four of five fish displayed alterations in intestinal appearance. In two of five fish, IPNV caused massive necrosis with significant loss of cell material and in a further two fish, IPNV caused increased infiltration of lymphocytes into the epithelium and granulocytes in the lamina propria. Hyperoxygenation and reduced flow in the FW stage may serve as stressors with impact mainly during later stages of development. Fish with an early history of hyperoxygenation showed a higher stress response concomitant with a disturbed intestinal barrier function, which may be a cause for the increased susceptibility to IPNV infection and increased susceptibility to secondary infections.
Development and evaluation of a loop‐mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid and simple detection of Flavobacterium psychrophilum
Authors: Fujiwara‐Nagata E , Eguchi M 
Published: June 2009

Abstract Flavobacterium psychrophilum is the causative agent of bacterial cold‐water disease and rainbow trout fry syndrome of salmonids. The pathogen has been reported from all regions in the world involved in salmonid aquaculture, but also from natural fresh‐water environments. We established a quantitative loop‐mediated isothermal amplification of DNA (LAMP) method to estimate quantities of F. psychrophilum. LAMP primers were designed based on the sequence of the DNA topoisomerase IV subunit B gene, parE, of F. psychrophilum. parE LAMP exhibited a high specificity for the parE gene of F. psychrophilum but not for other related species. parE LAMP detected the gene in a wide range of concentrations from 2.0 × 101 to 2.0 × 109 copies/reaction within 70 min and revealed a good correlation between threshold times and gene copy number.
NOD2/CARD15 genotype and common gastrointestinal diseases in 43 600 individuals
Authors: Yazdanyar S. , Nordestgaard B. G. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract.  Yazdanyar S, Nordestgaard BG (Herlev Hospital, Herlev; Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; Denmark). NOD2/CARD15 genotype and common gastrointestinal diseases in 43 600 individuals. J Intern Med 2010; 267 228–236.Objectives.  NOD2/CARD15 is involved in the innate immune response and three polymorphisms in this gene (Arg702Trp rs2066844, Gly908Arg rs2066845 and Leu1007fsinsC rs5743293) have been associated with risk of the rare Crohn’s disease. We tested the hypothesis that polymorphisms in NOD2/CARD15 associate with risk of nine common gastrointestinal diseases.Design and setting.  We genotyped 43 596 white individuals from the Danish general population followed for 31 years, during which time 782 developed oesophagitis and reflux, 1395 ulcus ventriculi and duodeni, 1384 gastritis and dyspepsia, 1407 appendicitis, 646 irritable bowel syndrome, 1301 infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, 681 anal fissure, fistula and abscess, 826 gastrointestinal cancer and 161 developed cancer in liver and pancreas.Results.  Some 89% were non‐carriers, 11% heterozygotes, 0.15% homozygotes and 0.23% compound heterozygotes. Cumulative incidences differed by genotype for appendicitis (log‐rank P = 0.02), anal fissure, fistula and abscess (P = 0.003) and gastrointestinal cancer (P = 0.004), but not for any of the other endpoints. Compared with non‐carriers, age and sex adjusted hazard ratios were 2.7 (95%CI 1.4–5.5) for appendicitis amongst compound heterozygotes, 3.2 (1.3–7.8) for anal fissure, fistula and abscess amongst compound heterozygotes, and 3.8 (1.6–9.2) for gastrointestinal cancer amongst homozygotes, whilst other genotypes did not have increased risk. The increased risk of gastrointestinal cancer amongst homozygotes appeared to be similar amongst both men and women and amongst those below or above 60 years, and likely included both upper gastrointestinal cancer and colorectal cancer.Conclusions.  NOD2/CARD15 polymorphisms are not major risk factors for common gastrointestinal diseases; however, we cannot completely exclude association with appendicitis, anal fissure, fistula and abscess, and gastrointestinal cancer.
Frequent mitochondrial gene introgression among high elevation Tibetan megophryid frogs revealed by conflicting gene genealogies
Authors: CHEN WEI , BI KE , FU JINZHONG 
Published: June 2009

AbstractHistorical mitochondrial introgression causes differences between a species’ mitochondrial gene genealogy and its nuclear gene genealogy, making tree‐based species delineation ambiguous. Using sequence data from one mitochondrial gene (cytochrome b) and three nuclear genes (introns), we examined the evolutionary history of four high elevation Tibetan megophryid frog species, Scutiger boulengeri, Scutiger glandulatus, Scutiger mammatus and Scutiger tuberculatus. The three nuclear genes shared a similar history but the mitochondrial gene tree suggested a drastically different evolutionary scenario. The conflicts between them were explained by multiple episodes of mitochondrial introgression events via historical interspecific hybridization. ‘Foreign’ mitochondrial genomes might have been fixed in populations and extended through a large portion of the species’ distribution. Some hybridization events were probably as old as 10 Myr, while others were recent. An F1 hybrid was also identified. Historical hybridization events among the four species appeared to be persistent and were not restricted to the period of Pleistocene glaciation, as in several other well‐studied cases. Furthermore, hybridization involved several species and occurred in multiple directions, and there was no indication of one mitochondrial genome being superior to others. In addition, incomplete lineage sorting resulting from budding speciation may have also explained some discrepancies between the mitochondrial DNA and nuclear gene trees. Combining all evidences, the former ‘Scutiger mammatus’ appeared to be two species, including a new species. With the availability of a wide range of highly variable nuclear gene markers, we recommend using a combination of mitochondrial gene and multiple nuclear genes to reveal a complete species history.
Composition of floating weed seeds in lowland rice fields in China and the effects of irrigation frequency and previous crops
Authors: LI R H , QIANG S 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe diversity and composition of floating weed seed communities were surveyed in 27 sites across the main rice‐growing regions in China with the aim of better understanding weed seed dispersal via irrigation water. Seed of 74 species, belonging to 20 families, were identified from floating matter on the water surface in lowland rice fields. Thirty‐five species from three families: Poaceae (15), Asteraceae (11), and Polygonaceae (9), accounted for 47% of all species identified. Species with seed maturing in the summer accounted for 64% of the weed seed and their mean relative abundance was 0.74. Species richness, Shannon–Wiener index and Pielou evenness index were significantly different among the floating weed seed communities. The diversity of weed seed communities in the Yangtze river valley was higher than that in other sites, and some sites were dominated by only a few weed species, such as Beckmannia syzigachne, Alopecurus aequalis, A. japonicus, and Polypogon fugax. At all sites, the dominant weed seeds reflected the dominant weed species in the previous crop. The 27 sample sites of weed seed communities can be clustered into two groups on the basis of previous crop, either lowland rice or sites with previous crops of winter fallow, winter wheat or oilseed rape. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) revealed that irrigation frequency, previous crop, and latitude, but not soil type or longitude, significantly affected species composition. The numbers of floating weed seed species were high in lowland rice fields; composition was affected by previous crops and irrigation frequency. Filtering irrigation water and collecting and removing floating weed seeds from the water surface could be integrated into weed management practices to control weeds in lowland rice fields.