bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why writers don't use XML
Authors: Flynn Peter 
Published: August 2009

XML, LaTeX, and other structured-document systems are used daily by those experienced in computing, and by technical authors in many fields. Outside these areas, however, there is a widespread lack of adoption, or resistance to these systems. This forms a barrier to the creation and use of reliable, persistent, unencumbered, and reusable documents, which in turn adds a hidden burden to the use of corporate, institutional, and personal information.
This paper reports on a study of the usability of editing software for structured documents. It extends the research outlined in earlier work [Flynn2006], where it was found that there was no essential difference in markup operations between any of the editing software tested, and that any distinction was possibly more attributable to the interaction design of the interfaces.
The objective is to see if changes to the interface to make it user-centered rather than technology-centered could result in greater acceptability to authors and editors both inside and outside the IT and markup fields, and thereby lead to an improved adoption rate of structure-guided writing and editing software.
The earlier analyses of software and features sought by users were extended to cover more recent data, and a survey of existing users was conducted to determine how the interfaces were being used. The results are being applied to construct a model of the interface which can be tested for usability compared with existing systems.
Agile Business Objects Management Application for Electronic Records Archive Transfer Process
Authors: Nguyen Quyen L. , Harvey Betty 
Published: August 2009

In order to continue to fulfill its mission in the information technology age, the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) has made the decision to develop the Electronic Records Archives (ERA) system. One of the goals is to provide to the archivists a modernized system with automatic workflow that can streamline the digital archive business process.
For an archival system, Ingest is one of the core components. As part of the ingest process, this component would allow the record Producer to negotiate submission agreement before transferring digital materials into the system. Within the framework of a service-oriented architecture with business process management, the ERA system uses XML to represent business objects and metadata. In this paper, we will show how the synergetic combination of XForms and Genericode makes the system agile and responsive to business user requirements. Furthermore, the approach fits well with ERA's design principle to use international and industry standards, and facilitates the integration of XML business objects and the electronic records metadata. We believe that the standard-based approach of XForms+Genericode exposed in this paper can be generalized to develop any e-Forms system with a set of control values and vocabularies.
How to Play XML: Markup Technologies as Nomic Game
Authors: Piez Wendell 
Published: August 2009

What is a “game”? A definition is famously difficult. Wittgenstein, for example, after having described language as a game in his Philosophical Investigations, goes on to ask what a game is and how we know what's a game, using the word (“Spiel” in German) as a vivid example of the provisional and contingent nature of the supposedly clear concepts communicated by language. Game theory, a branch of mathematics, solves this question by avoiding it, providing its own definition of “game”, which only partially fits many or most games as we know them. And talking about games becomes really interesting when we reflect, as is inescapable since Peter Suber coined the term “nomic game” in 1982, that part of the action of many games, and indeed the essence of some, is in the process, play or competition of providing the game itself with its rules and hence its definition. Originally developed in reference to legislative systems as an illustration of “a game of self-amendment”, Suber's rule set for the game “Nomic” quickly took on a life of its own and spawned a small thought industry among gamers and philosophers, implicating economics, sociology and anthropology, life sciences, psychology and politics.
Markup technologies such as HTML, XML and everything that goes with them, from schemas to processing languages to public specifications and standards, have many gamelike aspects. We have players, equipment, and opportunities to compete and cooperate. When applications work as well as or better than planned, there are victories. When projects fail or initiatives collapse, there are defeats. As in many games, much of the activity of markup technologies is devoted to rules enforcement; it also, in nomic fashion, extends to breaking received rules and making new ones. (Illustrations and examples are offered at micro and macro levels.) An engagement with markup technologies, or with any media production or software application design that relies on them, demands tactics and strategy, presenting us with problems and tradeoffs enmeshed in complexities both on and off the board, and challenging us to decide not only how we play, but what game we wish to be playing. And the deeper we go, the more nomic it gets. As we ponder what we are doing with markup technologies and how they are changing what else we do – as technologists, publishers, scholars, teachers, and creative producers – it is well if we reflect on who is making the rules and how; for whose benefit; whether, when, to what extent and how we should follow their rules or make our own; and finally how the rules we make about the games we play can have far-reaching effects even beyond the game we thought we were playing.
Formal and informal meaning from documents through skeleton sentences
Authors: Marcoux Yves , Sperberg-McQueen C. M. , Huitfeldt Claus 
Published: August 2009

In [Sperberg-McQueen et al. 2000a], Sperberg-McQueen et al. describe a framework in which the semantics of a structured document is represented by the set of inferences (statements) licensed by the document, that is, statements which can be considered to hold on the basis of the document. The authors suggest that an adequate set of basic inferences can be generated from the document itself by a fairly simple skeleton sentence and deictic expression mechanism. These ideas were taken up and developed in various ways and contexts in later work (see for example [Sperberg-McQueen et al. 2002]) and came to be called the “Formal tag-set description” approach (FTSD). The approach is independent of any particular logical system, and the possibility that the statements licensed by a document be in natural language has been mentioned and exemplified, though not to a large extent.
With a different set of preoccupations in mind (namely, providing semantic support to an author during the document creation process), Marcoux introduced in [Marcoux 2006] intertextual semantics (IS), a framework in which the meaning of a document is entirely and exclusively represented by natural language segments.
In this paper, we compare the IS and FTSD approaches, and argue that the insights into the meaning of a document supplied by the two approaches actually complement each other. We give a number of concrete examples of increasing complexity, including the set of formal and informal statements derivable in each case, to substantiate our claim.
Investigating the streamability of XProc pipelines
Authors: Walsh Norman 
Published: August 2009

XProc: An XML Pipeline Language is a specification being developed by the W3C for describing a sequence of XML operations performed over a set of input documents. Not all of the steps in XProc are known to streamable and consequently, the XProc specification does not require implementations to support streaming.
It's an open question whether or not a streaming implementation would be likely to achieve significant performance improvements over a similar non-streaming implementation. Using data collected from real-world pipelines, this paper examines that question.
Graciously handling a level of change in a complex specification
Authors: McCay Charlie , Odling-Smee Michael , Waller Joseph , Wrightson Ann 
Published: August 2009

The concept of a flexible and yet also breakable interface is central to successful configuration and version management for a messaging specification. Changes which are made to a message or message definition should not affect systems or design teams that are not concerned with the subject of the change. However, changes causing unexpected behaviour or misinterpretation of a message should ‘break the interface’ thus making it impossible for systems to unknowingly use a changed message in a way which may hold clinical safety or other risks. Achieving these features in a complex specification with a diverse implementation community is not a simple matter. However, there are several measures that could be beneficial.
Applying the kind of configuration management discipline that is well known for complex software artefacts to the development of a complex specification is likely to be cost-effective, even though the tools available are less mature. A combined strategy of representing key aspects of design configuration not only within the specification artefacts published to the implementation community, but also as a matrix documenting expected impacts, and within message instances in live operation, is also promising as a way to enable gracious handling of change.
TNTBase: Versioned Storage for XML
Authors: Zholudev Vyacheslav , Kohlhase Michael 
Published: August 2009

Version control systems like CVS and Subversion have transformed collaboration workflows in software engineering and made possible the globally distributed project teams we know from the Open Source phenomenon. On the other hand, XML is coming of age as a basis for document formats, and even though XML as a text-based format is amenable to version control in principle, the fact that version control systems work on files makes difficult the integration of fragment access techniques like XPath, XQuery that are currently revolutionizing XML workflows.
In this paper we present the TNTBase system, an open-source versioned XML database obtained by integrating Berkeley DB XML into the Subversion Server. The system is intended as a basis for collaborative editing and sharing XML-based documents. It integrates versioning and fragment access needed for fine-granular document content management.
The XML Chip at 6 Years
Authors: Leventhal Michael , Lemoine Eric 
Published: August 2009

The XML chip is now more than six years old. The diffusion of this technology has been very limited, due, on the one hand, to the long period of evolutionary development needed to develop hardware capable of accelerating a significant portion of the XML computing workload and, on the other hand, to the fact that the chip was invented by start-up Tarari in a commercial context which required, for business reasons, a minimum of public disclosure of its design features. It remains, nevertheless, a significant landmark that the XML chip has been sold and continuously improved for the last six years. From the perspective of general computing history, the XML chip is an uncommon example of a successful workload-specific symbolic computing device. With respect to the specific interests of the XML community, the XML chip is a remarkable validation of one of its core founding principles: normalizing on a data format, whatever its imperfections, would enable the developers to, eventually, create tools to process it efficiently.
This paper was prepared for the International Symposium on Processing XML Efficiently: Overcoming Limits on Space, Time, or Bandwidth, a day of discussion among, predominately, software developers working in the area of efficient XML processing. The Symposium is being held as a workshop within Balisage, a conference of specialists in markup theory. Given the interests of the audience this paper does not delve into the design features and principles of the chip itself; rather it presents a dialectic on the motivation for the development of an XML chip in view of related and potentially competing developments in scaling as it is commonly characterized as a manifestation of Moore's Law, parallelization through increasing the number of computing cores on general purpose processors (multicore Von Neumann architecture), and optimization of software.
Performance of XML-based applications: a case-study
Authors: Robinson James A. 
Published: August 2009

HighWire Press is the online publishing operation of the Stanford University Libraries, and currently hosts online journals for over 140 separate publishers. HighWire has developed and deployed a new XML-based publishing platform, codenamed H2O, and is in the process of migrating all of its publishers to this new platform.
This paper describes four XML-based systems developed for our new H2O platform, and describes some of the performance characteristics of each. We describe some limitations encountered with these systems, and conclude with thoughts about our experience migrating to an XML-based platform.
Assessment of Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication
Authors: Klaunig James E. , Shi Yuhui 
Published: August 2009

AbstractGap junctions are important plasma membrane organelles through which most cells in normal tissues communicate with each other. They exist in two neighboring cells and each cell contributes half of the structure. One gap junction consists of two hexameric connexons that dock with each other to create a channel. Six of the basic subunits referred to as connexins form a connexon. Less than one hundred to several thousand gap junction channels cluster together in the plane of the membrane. The gap junction channels serve as a regulated conduit for the intercellular exchange of small molecules. Maintenance of the integrity of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) is important and required for normal electrical coupling, homeostasis, and embryogenesis. Aberrations of gap junctions have been related to human diseases such as cancer, cardiac arrhythmia, Charcot‐Marie‐tooth disease, and visceroatrial heterotaxia syndrome. This unit describes methods for measuring gap junctional intercellular communication using primary mouse hepatocytes as a model. Focus is only on functional evaluation based on dye coupling. Other methods, such as intracellular calcium waves and dual patch clamp, have been used to measure gap junctional communication, but these are not described in this unit. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 41:2.17.1‐2.17.10. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Azoreductase in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Zou Wen , Cerniglia Carl E. , Chen Huizhong 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAzoreductase(s) catalyze a NAD(P)H‐dependent reaction in bacteria to metabolize azo dyes to colorless aromatic amines. Azoreductases from bacteria represent a novel family of enzymes with little similarity to other reductases. This unit will describe the current methods for measuring azoreductase from Staphylococcus aureus, which has been suggested to serve as a model strain to study the azo dye degradation by human skin microflora. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 41:4.28.1‐4.28.9. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Separation of chiral mixtures in real SMB units: The FlexSMB‐LSRE®
Authors: Gomes Pedro Sá , Zabkova Miriam , Zabka Michal , Minceva Mirjana , Rodrigues Alírio. E. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn this work, a procedure for the separation of a racemic mixture of guaifenesin onto a chiral stationary phase (Chiralpak AD), by means of Simulated Moving Bed (SMB) technology, is presented in four major steps: (1) search for the suitable stationary and mobile phases; (2) determination of sorption parameters and validation by frontal analysis; (3) modeling and design of the SMB unit; and (4) operation and demonstration. A major emphasis is given to the common deviations that “real” SMB units present when compared with the theoretical apparatus (due to tubing and equipment dead volumes, switching time asymmetries and delays, pumps flow rates variations). These deviations are analyzed before and after the design and construction of the FlexSMB‐LSRE® unit, a new flexible unit, hereby presented. A detailed model that takes into account tubing and equipment dead volumes, as well as switching time asymmetries and delay, was used to study and compare different dead volumes design and compensating strategies. It is shown that all these approaches can be converged into a switching time compensating strategy. This approach served to predict the experimental operating conditions and run a classical SMB experiment, which afterwards was compared with the simulated profiles obtained for the FlexSMB‐LSRE® unit. The result of the separation was guaifenesin enantiomers with purities above 98% and a productivity value of 23 genantiomer/(dm3 CSP day). © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Depletion of the neural precursor cell pool by glucocorticoids
Authors: Yu Shuang , Patchev Alexandre V. , Wu Yan , Lu Jie , Holsboer Florian , Zhang Jing‐Zhong , Sousa Nuno , Almeida Osborne F. X. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractObjectiveGlucocorticoids (GCs) are indicated for a number of conditions in obstetrics and perinatal medicine; however, the neurodevelopmental and long‐term neurological consequences of early‐life GC exposure are still largely unknown. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that GCs have a major influence on hippocampal cell turnover by inhibiting neurogenesis and stimulating apoptosis of mature neurons. Here we examined the fate of the limited pool of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) after GC administration during neonatal development; the impact of this treatment on hippocampal structure was also studied.MethodsPhenotype‐specific genetic and antigenic markers were used to identify cultured NPCs at various developmental stages; the survival of these cells was monitored after exposure to the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX). In addition, the effects of neonatal DEX treatment on the neurogenic potential of the rat hippocampus were examined by monitoring the incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine and expression of Ki67 antigen at various postnatal ages.ResultsMultipotent nestin‐expressing NPCs and Tα1‐tubulin–expressing immature neurons succumb to GC‐induced apoptosis in primary hippocampal cultures. Neonatal GC treatment results in marked apoptosis among the proliferating population of cells in the dentate gyrus, depletes the NPC pool, and leads to significant and sustained reductions in the volume of the dentate gyrus.InterpretationBoth NPCs and immature neurons in the hippocampus are sensitive to the proapoptotic actions of GCs. Depletion of the limited NPC pool during early life retards hippocampal growth, thus allowing predictions about the potential neurological and psychiatric consequences of neonatal GC exposure. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:21–30
How beliefs influence the relative magnitude of pleasure and pain
Authors: Mellers Barbara A. , Ritov Ilana 
Published: August 2009

AbstractLoss aversion is an economic assumption about utility—people value giving up a good more than they value getting it. It also has hedonic meaning—the pain of a loss is greater in magnitude than the pleasure of a comparable gain. But value and pleasure are not necessarily identical. We test the hedonic interpretation of loss aversion in experimental markets. With hedonic forecasts, sellers imagine the pain of losing their endowment, and buyers imagine the pleasure of being endowed. With hedonic experiences, sellers rate the pleasure of having the endowment, and buyers rate the pain of being without it. Contrary to loss aversion, predicted pleasure is greater in magnitude than predicted pain, and experienced pleasure surpasses experienced pain. We show that the relative magnitude of pleasure and pain depends on beliefs about the likelihood of outcomes, as well as utilities. Surprise makes gains more pleasurable and losses more painful. With surprising gains and expected losses, pleasure can surpass pain. But when gains and losses are equally likely (or losses are surprising and gains are expected), the opposite pattern can occur. Finally, within‐group and between‐group prices are significantly correlated with hedonic experiences. Sellers who feel better with their endowments assign higher selling prices, and buyers who feel worse about the absence of endowment assign higher buying prices. Despite the fact that hedonic experiences deviate from loss aversion, these emotions predict the endowment effect. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Stochastic Regression Model for General Trend Analysis of Longitudinal Continuous Data
Authors: Chao Wei‐Hsiung , Chen Su‐Hua 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA predictive continuous time model is developed for continuous panel data to assess the effect of time‐varying covariates on the general direction of the movement of a continuous response that fluctuates over time. This is accomplished by reparameterizing the infinitesimal mean of an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck processes in terms of its equilibrium mean and a drift parameter, which assesses the rate that the process reverts to its equilibrium mean. The equilibrium mean is modeled as a linear predictor of covariates. This model can be viewed as a continuous time first‐order autoregressive regression model with time‐varying lag effects of covariates and the response, which is more appropriate for unequally spaced panel data than its discrete time analog. Both maximum likelihood and quasi‐likelihood approaches are considered for estimating the model parameters and their performances are compared through simulation studies. The simpler quasi‐likelihood approach is suggested because it yields an estimator that is of high efficiency relative to the maximum likelihood estimator and it yields a variance estimator that is robust to the diffusion assumption of the model. To illustrate the proposed model, an application to diastolic blood pressure data from a follow‐up study on cardiovascular diseases is presented. Missing observations are handled naturally with this model.