bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Converging on Values: Cognition and Sentiment
Authors: Denham A. E. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter reconsiders the intuitive conception of truth which any account of ‘qualified judgements’ and ‘suitable subjects’ will have to subserve. There are many alternative conceptions of truth; philosophers have characterised it variously in terms of correspondence, coherence, conventional warrant, and idealised assertibility. A minimalist conception of truth is not committed to any constitutive account of the truth-predicate as it applies to any and every discourse, but is rather satisfied to assign minimal content to the idea of ‘truth-in-general’. At least two approaches to this minimalist conception may be distinguished. The first denies that truth is, strictly speaking, a property at all, while the second — known as a ‘minimalist’ approach — allows that any predicate which coincides in normative force with warranted assertibility while yet being potentially divergent from it in extension deserves the title of a truth-predicate.
Anaphoric Reference: Grammatical or Pragmatic?
Authors: Bach Kent 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAnaphoric reference has been discussed much more by linguists than by philosophers. It should be addressed by philosophers as well, for it raises some interesting questions about the syntax, semantics, and pragmatics of pronouns. The main question concerns the status of the relation of co-reference between a pronoun and its antecedent: is this a semantic or merely a pragmatic relation? An answer to that question depends on the answer to a similar question about antecedency, which seems to be a syntactic relation. But is this relation really syntactic? In other words, do pronouns literally have antecedents? If they do, then anaphoric reference would have a syntactic basis and, since it would be explained at the level of sentence grammar, would have to be regarded as a semantic phenomenon. Otherwise, it would have to be explained pragmatically and be understood merely as a special case of indexical reference. This chapter takes the latter position, which is summed up very simply: being mentioned elsewhere in a sentence is just one way of being salient.
Introduction
Authors: Honderich Ted 
Published: October 2011

AbstractConnections called nomic or lawlike connections, to distinguish them from logically necessary connections rooted in words and other symbols, are pervasive in the natural world, and fundamental to it. They are connections not between words but in reality, and they are considered the cement of the universe. It is also believed that every fact about a person, including every fact about the brain and central nervous system, and character and personality, and thought and feeling, might have been exactly as it was before and at the moment when the person understood something, or hoped, or decided, or acted, and nevertheless the understanding, hoping, deciding, or acting might never have occurred. That was the possibility in reality, not merely something that can be thought without contradiction.
The Causation of Psychoneural Pairs
Authors: Honderich Ted 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe question that have been considered in previous chapters had something to do with how the mind is related to the brain, or the relation between mental and neural events. In particular, it was questioned how a mental event exactly is related to the particular neural event to which it is intimately related and thus with which it is simultaneous. The identity theory in its various forms attempts an answer to this question of the psychoneural relation. As the Correlation Hypothesis is supplemented, it brings about a Union Theory that leads to the question which seeks to find out an explanation for mental events. Answers to this and other questions partly depend for their worth on, and can be tested by, what they include or entail by way of answers to the second question which is the explanation of mental events.
The Origins of Methods
Authors: Jardine Nicholas 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines methodological innovation by investigating large claims about the role of common sense as matrix for the methods of sciences. It discusses transference of methods between disciplines and some ways in which some disciplines may serve others as models or arbiters of method. It summarizes the social, institutional, and technological factors that may stimulate methodological innovation: changes in the social roles of practitioners of the sciences; the routines, practices, and instrumentation of technicians; teaching curricula; the organization, architecture, and resources of scientific institutions; and technologies of representation and communication.
A New Historiography
Authors: Jardine Nicholas 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter begins by reviewing the main hypotheses about the factors responsible for setting and shifting scenes of inquiry. It notes two methodological issues that are vital in the development of a new historiography. The first concerns the proper level required for the analysis of scenes of inquiry in the sciences. The second problem is that of the roles to be assigned to individual agency, choice, and strategic deliberation in shifting and stabilizing scenes of inquiry. The chapter outlines a proposed programme for a new historiography of the sciences centred on the formation, transformation, and dissolution of scenes of inquiry, noting that such a historiography overcomes the opposition between internalist and externalist, intellectualist and praxis-oriented, individualist, and collectivist approaches.
Rhetoric, Aesthetics and Reliability
Authors: Jardine Nicholas 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the roles in the sciences of different forms of appeal to literary and aesthetic sensibility. It reviews some studies to discuss the reliability and amenability to calibration of literary and aesthetic strategies. The first group of studies examines the literary strategies used to promote new conceptions of the nature and status of experiments in early 17th-century natural philosophy. The second group looks into the formation and transformation of the discipline of chemistry. Lastly, the chapter rebuts certain doctrines prevalent in philosophical aesthetics which imply that such strategies could not possibly be reliable.
Creation
Authors: HARRISON CAROL 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Love of God in this life is inseparable from hope for Augustine. It is a movement of desire and longing for an ultimate goal: sight or knowledge. Augustine's teaching on the beauty of Creation, which has as its end the vision of the supreme beauty of God, assumes an eschatological aspect. Augustine likens Creation to the words of a sentence or poem, whose temporal sequence must pass before the beauty of the whole can be grasped. Creation awaiting the revelation of the Sons of Men is likened by Augustine to the colours of a painter on a palate, waiting to be applied to a painting to take on a new image and value. Thus, the beauty of Creation is relative.
The Hebrew Verbs and Aspect
Authors: Goldfajn Tal 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the verbs and the concept of aspect in biblical Hebrew (BH) language. It suggests that the sequential interpretation triggered by wayyiqtols in the BH text is closely connected with the fact that the wayyiqtol form represents situations which include their end points. It concludes that the different aspectual classes do not play any important role in the interpretation of the prefixed forms because the movement in the narrative advances whether or not a sentence presents an event or a state.
Conclusion
Authors: Goldfajn Tal 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This concluding chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the relation between the four main biblical Hebrew (BH) verb forms and the temporal ordering of classical BH text narrative. It has suggested that the differences in the use of the BH verb forms should be analysed in their intersentential use and proposed that a tense marker can only be properly understood when its place and role in the text has been determined. The general argument of this study is that the main function of the BH verb forms is to indicate the temporal relations holding between the events in the text.
Aspectology, Related Issues, and the Greek Verb
Authors: Evans T. V. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The Ancient Greek verbal system has been subjected to the scrutiny of scholars for over 2,500 years, but is still in many respects little understood. This state of affairs has been clarified in recent times by the work of Porter and Fanning on the verb in the New Testament (NT). Accordingly, this chapter sets out the theoretical basis of its own approach to the Greek verb with reference to developments in modern aspectology and especially to Porter and Fanning's contributions. According to the approach adopted here, ancient Greek manifests two aspects, perfective and imperfective, and as many as five aspectual tenses: present, imperfect, aorist, perfect, and pluperfect. The future and future perfect are taken as the only non-aspectual tense forms, but from the later Koine period, the future comes to be replaced by aspectual periphrases.
Comparative Analysis of the Greek and Hebrew Verbal Systems
Authors: Evans T. V. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Because Greek and Hebrew belong to separate language families (IE and Semitic respectively), their grammatical structures are naturally dissimilar in many respects. This chapter provides a mainly descriptive analysis of the verbal systems of the two languages, according to their manifestations in the Greek and MT Pentateuchs. The structural differences caused the LXX translators, despite their essentially literal techniques, to make choices regarding verbal usage which had less to do with the demands of the underlying Hebrew text than with natural Greek nuances of meaning. A range of options were available in Koine Greek for the translation of most Biblical Hebrew verbal forms. It can be seen that the grammatical categories of aspect, tense, and mood represent a significant sphere of difference between the languages and thus of largely independent Greek usage.
Preliminary Questions concerning Greek—Hebrew Comparisons
Authors: Evans T. V. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter considers the relationship between verbal forms in the Greek Pentateuch and the underlying Hebrew text components, so as to establish degrees of independence in the Greek usage. In approaching the Greek-Hebrew formal comparisons, three issues must be addressed: the necessity for a methodology different from conventional translation-technical analysis; questions regarding the Hebrew text to be used as the basis for comparison; and complications concerning classification of Hebrew forms. It is apparent from this chapter that classification of Hebrew formal matches involves numerous difficulties. Nevertheless, consistent application of the method described provides a model for their resolution. The vast bulk of Greek-Hebrew formal matches in the Pentateuch are clear-cut.
Social Background
Authors: Miller William L. , Timpson Annis May , Lessnoff Michael 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter investigates the influence of age, gender, class, education, income, religion, town size and rurality, parenthood, and occupational sector on attitudes towards rights and liberties. British attitudes towards the principle of liberty followed patterns broadly similar to those described by Sullivan, Pierson, and Marcus for practical tolerance. However, attitudes to the principle of equality — which Sullivan and his colleagues did not research even at the level of practice — followed quite different patterns.
Policy Making in the 1970s: Constraints in Britain, Boldness in France
Authors: Thatcher Mark 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the impact of differing institutional frameworks on policy making in Britain and France, given the powerful external pressures common to the two countries. It looks for linkages between the major features of institutional frameworks and patterns of policy making (processes of decision-making, strategies, and major areas of substantive policy). It compares the patterns of policy formation in the two countries to assess the differences between them and to consider whether the cross-national institutional dissimilarities contributed to the policy contrasts identified.
Competition in Network Operation 1990–1996: Differing National Paths away from Monopoly
Authors: Thatcher Mark 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines decision-making processes in key areas of substantive policy in Britain and France concerning network operation. Institutional factors that differed between the two countries are considered in detail, including ownership and formal position of network operators (BT and France Telecom), the existence of an independent industry regulator, the ending of the network operator's monopoly, and the powers and duties of the political executive, regulatory bodies, and network operator. In examining France, particular attention is given to policy change and to the impact of institutional features that were altered in 1990, such as the separation of France Telecom and the PTE Ministry. Finally, Britain and France are compared directly in order to link institutions to the observed patterns of policy making.
The Era of Cheap Fuel From Early Times to the Mid-Sixteenth Century
Authors: Hatcher John 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the early history of the coal industry. Throughout much of the early Middle Ages, adequate supplies of fuel were cheaply, even freely, available. Firewood could be gathered almost everywhere from trees and hedgerows, and in addition turves, sedge, thack, furze, heath, coal, and other local specialities might also provide useful supplements. Coal was burnt in small quantities by those living close to outcrops, and the special qualities of mineral fuel created a limited but widespread demand from artisans engaged in specialist processes for which coal was the most suitable fuel. The long era from the 8th or 9th centuries to the opening of the 14th was one of massive expansion, and in its latter stages it brought increasing pressure on resources. By the opening decades of the 14th century mining was taking place on every British coalfield excepting perhaps Cumberland, and by the close of the Middle Ages pits abounded on all coalfields.
The Market Context
Authors: BURNS TOM , STALKER G. M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the importance of the Government market in the formative years of the post-war electronics industry. It describes the treatment of the market as a sink, into which a firm tries to pour applications of techniques known to the firm, or as a continuing source of needs, actual and potential, which the firm tries to satisfy. Whether a firm treated the market as a sink or as a source appears to have been the most important determinant of its success.
Codes of Practice in Management Conduct
Authors: BURNS TOM , STALKER G. M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the significance of the codes of practice in management conduct. The common system of beliefs existing in a concern, or in one section of a concern, is manifested in the way in which people treat each other. Each firm has its code of practice which defines the kind of conduct appropriate to managerial roles. The code is fixed by the managing director. This is his most important contribution to the welfare of the organization.
Conclusions
Authors: Fincham Robin , Fleck James , Procter Rob , Scarbrough Harry , Tierney Margaret , Williams Robin 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis book has investigated the innovation process through a focus on the management of information technology (IT) expertise in the financial services sector. Expertise is both an important focus of theoretical debate and a practical problem that has become more pressing as organizational and technological change have called into question traditional management models. Perhaps, ironically, organizations respond to this dynamism, and its attendant uncertainties, by employing new kinds of expertise and new means of deploying skilled resources. These range from attempts to integrate distributions of knowledge to more systematic efforts to redefine the underlying structures of knowledge around which products and development processes are based. Managerial concerns for the expertise problem increasingly reflect measures such as the development of elaborate integration mechanisms, the creation of ‘hybrid specialists’ and joint development teams, and the external acquisition of expertise from consultants and software houses.
Game-Theoretic Models of Bargaining: An Introduction for Economists Studying the Transnational Commons
Authors: Myerson Roger B. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The chapter discusses the different game-theoretic models of bargaining and serves as an introduction for economists studying the transnational commons. The chapter also explains the importance of bargaining and defines the transnational commons as the resources of the world, from the ozone layer to the deep ocean floor, that do not belong to any individual, organization, or nation. The chapter surveys some of the most important game-theoretic models of bargaining to see what they may tell us about the problems of the transnational commons. It also talks about Nash's demand game as well as the multiple equilibria in dynamic bargaining, and discusses the problems of arbitration, mediation, and multilateral bargaining in great detail.
International River Basins: Pervasive Unidirectional Externalities
Authors: Rogers Peter 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter talks about international river basins and the effects of pervasive unidirectional externalities. The chapter states that water development in our time is driven by population growth and technological advances such as hydroelectric generation and modernized year-round agriculture, and that under this heading, it is fair to visualize multi-billion dollar, often heroic national enterprises such as Hoover and Aswan dams, and the irrigation of the North China Plain. The concern with international river basins and the need to move quickly with mechanisms to diffuse conflicts before they become deeply entrenched is also part of the current interest in global environmental issues. The chapter states that an externality occurs whenever an action taken by some economic unit has a direct impact upon welfare of productivity of some other economic unit.
Protecting the Transnational Commons
Authors: Dorfman Robert 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter states that the problem of protecting the transnational commons is less a natural scientific problem of understanding the physical and biological processes that disrupt the environment, or of developing appropriate protective techniques, than it is a social scientific problem of devising procedures to expedite international cooperation in protecting the transnational commons. The chapter suggests that the procedures of international negotiations be altered so as to make more use of relevant economic concepts and insights. The chapter also recommends an approach based on the benefits principle of public finance, advocated particularly by Knut Wicksell and Erik Lindahl. The chapter recommends more research be done. Specifically, a need for drastic improvement in the negotiating procedures is great enough to justify conducting pilot trials in a few relatively manageable cases.
Implications of a World Economy for Environmental Policy and Law
Authors: Caldwell Lynton Keith 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the implications of a world economy for environmental policy and law. The chapter states that the interpretation of the influence of an emergent world economy on environmental policies presented in this chapter follows a logical topical sequence. It begins with a description of the techno-economic developments that are shaping the present world and the principal environmental issues that have consequently arisen are identified. This is followed by a synthesis of economic-environmental interrelationships that is relevant for the present context of national and international environmental policy and law. The chapter also analyses alternative strategies such as administrative, fiscal, diplomatic, legal, and ethical strategies, through which transnational issues of global change are addressed. The implications of policy choices for the future of the world economy and of the human condition in the biosphere are also conjectured.
Cultural Diversity in the Global Ecumene
Authors: Hannerz Ulf 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe chapter starts by discussing two aspects of globalization. On the one hand, population and social structures which have previously always been separated now increasingly impinge physically and materially on people's living conditions and are the basis of most problems of transnational commons. On the other hand, there is also a growing, more direct flow of culture, of meanings and modes of expression, between territories and populations. For both of these reasons, one will have to reconsider received notions about boundaries and conceptions of boundedness which may have long been taken for granted. The chapter also discusses at length the right to one's culture, as well as the relationship of culture and ecology. It also talks about the role of difference as resistance, enjoying diversity, creative confrontations, drawing on other cultures, and the future of diversity.
The Desirability of Natural Resource Depletion
Authors: Mirrlees James A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Club of Rome model using a polemical style. The second section contains the bulk of the discussion, and includes discussions on some numerical calculations that are intended to shed some light on the way economics uses exhaustible resources. These resources are viewed as a necessary preliminary to any consideration of the extent to which these resources are substitutable for other production factors.
Concepts and Hypotheses
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter draws attention to the outline of the study. It points out that divergent theories on the development and performance of institutions are grounded on the differences in the assumptions about market operations. By analysing a cross-national long-term study of twenty countries under the OECD, this study attempts to answer whether internationalized markets brought about a general pattern of labour relations. Since institutionalism, class theory, and rational choice theory make up the analytical framework for this study, the various aspects of labour relations that should be concentrated on are able to be identified. The chapter presents three structural properties of organizations of interest and the bargaining system since these serve as the central institutional arrangement in labour relations. The study divides the three decades involved in the study into subperiods so that the chapter is able to observe the developments in the said periods.