bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increasing diversity in pediatric hematology/oncology
Authors: Frugé Ernest , Lakoski Joan M. , Luban Naomi , Lipton Jeffrey M. , Poplack David G. , Hagey Anne , Felgenhauer Judy , Hilden Joanne , Margolin Judith , Vaiselbuh Sarah R. , Sakamoto Kathleen M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackgroundDiversity is necessary for the survival and success of both biological and social systems including societies. There is a lack of diversity, particularly the proportion of women and minorities in leadership positions, within medicine [Leadley. AAMC 2009. Steinecke and Terrell. Acad Med 2010;85:236–245]. In 2009 a group of ASPHO members recognized the need to support the career advancement of women and minority members. This article reports the results of a survey designed to characterize the comparative career pathway experience of women and minority ASPHO members.ProcedureA group of ASPHO members modified a published Faculty Worklife survey [Pribbenow et al. High Educ Policy 2010;23:17–38] for use by Pediatric Hematologist‐Oncologists (PHOs). A link to an online version of the survey was sent to all ASPHO members.ResultsOf 1,228 ASPHO members polled, 213 responded (17%). Women and minority PHOs reported less satisfaction than their counterparts on 70 of the 90 issues addressed in the survey including the hiring process, access to resources as well as integration and satisfaction with their organizations. Women also expressed greater dissatisfaction with issues of work‐life balance, support for family obligations and personal health.ConclusionsThe current literature suggests that there are significant disparities in career opportunities, compensation and satisfaction for women compared to men and minority compared to majority faculty in academic medicine [Nivet. J Vasc Surg 2010;51:53S–58S; Peterson et al. J Gen Intern Med 2004;19:259–265; DesRoches et al. Acad Med 2010;85:631–639; Castillo‐Page. AAMC 2008]. Our data, derived from a survey of ASPHO members, suggests that this holds true for PHOs as well. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;57:147–152. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Off‐label drug use evaluation in paediatrics—applied to ciprofloxacin when used as treatment of cholangitis
Authors: Nydert Per , Lindemalm Synnöve , Nemeth Antal 
Published: January 2011

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate drug and indication specific off‐label use in paediatrics, applied to ciprofloxacin (CPFX) in cholangitis.MethodsWe collected four different sets of data for an off‐label drug use evaluation. (1) Literature review from medical journals, (2) the use and safety profile from the whole Swedish paedatric population by extracting data from national registers, (3) locally performed retrospective drug chart reviews, and (4) interviews regarding paediatric patients with CPFX treated cholangitis.ResultsThe literature reviews show a lack of information for paediatric use of CPFX in cholangitis. The prescribing of CPFX to Swedish children has grown over the last decade and generated a small number of reports for adverse drug reactions. In our local biliary atresia population 32 patients had suffered from at least one episode of cholangitis and 13 patients had been prescribed CPFX. The dosing strategy had an empirical prescribing approach, since monitoring of bacterial resistance and efficacy is difficult in the biliary ducts. No clear relationship was seen between dosing and age/weight. Reports of suspected side effects could not be found in the retrospective chart reviews. The interviews show that the existing dosage forms are well accepted.ConclusionsThis drug use evaluation creates awareness of the off‐label situation. The international and national data are sparse for the paediatric use of CPFX in cholangitis. Locally we have highlighted a heterogeneous dosing strategy of CPFX, drug/drug interactions, and the need to monitor and report the risk of short‐ and long‐term adverse drug reactions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Could adverse reactions of antibiotic drugs in children be detected in a prescription database?
Authors: de Jong Josta , Bos Jens H. J. , de Vries Tjalling W. , de Jong‐van den Berg Lolkje T. W. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractPurposeTo explore the possibility to detect adverse drug reactions (ADRs) from a pharmacy prescription database by examining the use of proxy‐drugs during the treatment.MethodsFrom a pharmacy prescription database we selected all children of 0–6 years old who started an antibiotic drug between 1999 and 2006. In the period of 5 days before till 12 days after the initiation of the antibiotic, we examined the number of prescriptions of 5 groups of proxy‐drugs associated with adverse reactions: propulsives, skinmedication, antihistaminics, drugs against candidiasis and diarrhea. We did this also for cases where the children did not use any other drugs on the start day (t = 0) and the 5 days before, to focus on the use of proxy‐drugs not related to the infection.ResultsA total of 105 804 antibiotic courses were selected. The use of the proxy‐drugs was the highest at the first day with no significant increase in the days thereafter. In case of no use of any other drugs from day −5 till day 0 a significant increase of antihistaminic use on day 7 and 8 and of skin medication use on day 7 was found.ConclusionsExamining prescriptions of proxy drugs is not an optimal method to detect adverse reactions. An increase of antihistaminic use and skin medication use around day 7 in patients who had no other prescriptions 5 days before and on the first day of the course could be an indication for a skin reaction or allergy. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disentangling cancer patients' trust in their oncologist: a qualitative study
Authors: Hillen Marij A. , Onderwater Astrid T. , van Zwieten Myra C. B. , de Haes Hanneke C. J. M. , Smets Ellen M. A. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjective: Patients' trust in their physician is crucial for an optimal treatment. Yet, among oncology patients, for whom trust might be especially important, research into trust is limited. A qualitative interview study was carried out to investigate (1) to what extent aspects of trust important to cancer patients reflect the aspects described in other patient populations and (2) which additional themes emerge.Methods: In‐depth, semi‐structured interviews were performed with a purposefully selected heterogeneous sample of 29 cancer patients. Transcribed interviews were analyzed using MAXqda. Data were clustered across interviews to derive common themes related to trust.Results: Three commonly described aspects, i.e., fidelity, competence and honesty, were strongly reflected in patients' accounts of trust in their oncologist. Confidentiality was irrelevant to many. An additional aspect, labeled ‘caring’, was distinguished. Central to the accounts of these patients was their need to trust the oncologist, arising from the severe and life‐threatening nature of their disease. This necessity to trust led to the quick establishment of a competence‐based trust alliance. A deeper, more emotional bond of trust was developed only after repeated interaction and seemed primarily based on the oncologist's interpersonal skills.Conclusions: The need for trust encountered in this study underscores the power imbalance between cancer patients and their oncologist. Additionally, these results imply that when aiming to measure cancer patients' trust, what we might actually be assessing is patients' intention and determination to trust their oncologist. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the δ18O, δD and D‐excess relations in meteoric precipitation and during equilibrium freezing: theoretical approach and field examples
Authors: Lacelle Denis 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAnalysis of the δD and δ18O composition of ice is commonly used to provide insight into the origin of ice bodies. However, studies have questioned the use of the co‐isotope relationship to differentiate ground ice types. This study reviews the principles of fractionations affecting δD, δ18O and deuterium excess (d) in meteoric precipitation and during equilibrium freezing of water under changing freezing rates. Traditionally, regression slope values (S
D‐18O) between δD and δ18O of less than 6 have been used to suggest that ground ice was formed by freezing of liquid water but here it is shown that S
D‐18O values of less than 7.3 can be suggestive of freezing under equilibrium conditions. This maximum freezing S
D‐18O value falls within the range of many local meteoric water lines at sites in the Arctic, which can complicate proper identification of subsurface ice types. Many studies are starting to use the calculation of d to infer the origin of subsurface ice. However, d values do not provide much information on the origin of subsurface ice, as d is dependent on freezing conditions. To make proper use of d, its relation with D needs to be investigated, with no relation reflecting meteoric precipitation and a negative relation indicative of freezing. In all cases, it is recommended that stable O‐H isotope measurements be supported by additional distinguishing tools (i.e. entrapped gases) when attempting to infer subsurface ice types. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diagnostic yield of nasal scrape biopsies in primary ciliary dyskinesia: A multicenter experience
Authors: Olin J. Tod , Burns Kim , Carson Johnny L. , Metjian Hilda , Atkinson Jeffrey J. , Davis Stephanie D. , Dell Sharon D. , Ferkol Thomas W. , Milla Carlos E. , Olivier Kenneth N. , Rosenfeld Margaret , Baker Brock , Leigh Margaret W. , Knowles Michael R. , Sagel Scott D. ,   for the Genetic Disorders of Mucociliary Clearance Consortium
Published: January 2011

AbstractExamination of ciliary ultrastructure remains the cornerstone diagnostic test for primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a disease of abnormal ciliary structure and/or function. Obtaining a biopsy with sufficient interpretable cilia and producing quality transmission electron micrographs (TEM) is challenging. Methods for processing tissues for optimal preservation of axonemal structures are not standardized. This study describes our experience using a standard operating procedure (SOP) for collecting nasal scrape biopsies and processing TEMs in a centralized laboratory. We enrolled patients with suspected PCD at research sites of the Genetic Disorders of Mucociliary Clearance Consortium. Biopsies were performed according to a SOP whereby curettes were used to scrape the inferior surface of the inferior turbinate, with samples placed in fixative. Specimens were shipped to a central laboratory where TEMs were prepared and blindly reviewed. Four hundred forty‐eight specimens were obtained from 107 young children (0–5 years), 189 older children (5–18 years), and 152 adults (> 18 years), and 88% were adequate for formal interpretation. The proportion of adequate specimens was higher in adults than in children. Fifty percent of the adequate TEMs showed normal ciliary ultrastructure, 39% showed hallmark ultrastructural changes of PCD, and 11% had indeterminate findings. Among specimens without clearly normal ultrastructure, 72% had defects of the outer and/or inner dynein arms (IDA), while 7% had central apparatus defects with or without IDA defects. In summary, nasal scrape biopsies can be performed in the outpatient setting and yield interpretable samples, when performed by individuals with adequate training and experience according to an SOP. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2011; 46:483–488. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of 1,3,5,5‐tetranitrohexahydropyrimidine
Authors: Levins D. A. , Bedford C. D. , Staats S. J. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract1,3,5,5‐Tetranitrohexahydropyrimidine, (1), was synthesized by the oxidative nitrolysis of 1,3‐diisopropyl‐5,5‐dinitrohexahydropyrimidine, (2), with 90% nitric acid. The course of the reaction was influenced by both the n‐alkyl substituents and the nitrolyzing medium. Compound 1 was synthesized by nitrolysis of N,N‐diisopropyl or dicyclohexyl substituents, while dimethyl, diethyl, or other di‐n‐alkyl substituents yielded ring‐cleaved products 3 and/or 4.Similar effects were observed by varying the nitric acid concentration. The formation of nitramine products, rather than nitrosamine or alkyl amide products that generally result from tertiary amine nitrolysis, is attributed to conformational changes in a postulated nitronium ion‐amine complex intermediate.
Mechanism of thermal decomposition of double base propellants
Authors: Verneker V. R. Pai , Kishore K. , Subhas C. B. V. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThermogravimetric studies were carried out with double base propellants to find out the rate‐determining stage and to understand the mechanism. The decomposition process can be divided into 3 stages as follows: Diffusion of nitroglycerin takes place in the temperature range 120°C–160°C. Two processes occur in the temperature range 170°C–205°C, namely the dissociation of nitroglycerin and the cleavage of the CO bond, the later being the rate‐determining step. The cleavage of the CO bond is followed by a considerable decomposition of nitrocellulose.
Improved formulas for velocity, acceleration, and projection angle of explosively driven liners
Authors: Chou P. C. , Carleone J. , Flis W. J. , Ciccarelli R. D. , Hirsch E. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractImproved one‐dimensional formulas for both the direction and magnitude of the velocity of explosively driven liners are developed. First, an analytical formula for the direction of motion of the liner under unsteady conditions is derived. This new formula is compared with both two‐dimensional calculations and experimental data for both shaped‐charge and exploding cylinder geometries. The new formula is more accurate than the classical steady‐state Taylor‐angle formula for these cases.Next, for implosive geometries, a new formula for the fully accelerated liner velocity is given. Since the standard Gurney approach does not apply to imploding geometries, a modified approach was adopted. Results agree well with two‐dimensional code results for a wide range of explosives and geometries. Also, the velocity history is shown to follow an exponential law, and a useful formula for characteristic metal acceleration time was developed.
Theoretical prediction of the velocity‐diameter relation of bubble‐sensitized liquid explosives
Authors: Chan S. K. , Lownds C. M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA hot‐spot initiated grain burning model is presented which simulates the reaction of an aerated liquid explosive. This model assumes hot spot formation by bubble collapse. The explosive is assumed to react via bulk thermal reaction and laminar burning. The burning fraction is obtained by numerical simulation which accounts for the random distribution of the size and location of the initial air bubbles which are collapsed before burning. Eyring's burn‐rate is used to predict the burning velocity of the flame envelopes.This reaction model is applied with a 2‐D non‐ideal detonation theory to predict the velocity‐diameter relationship of the explosive at various initial densities. There is good agreement between theory and experiment for densities down to 0.7 liquid density.
Experiments on the transition deflagration‐detonation of propellants
Authors: Frauenfelder R. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn the course of testing a new storage concept for granular propellants, the transition deflagration‐detonation has been investigated on a porous nitrocellulose propellant, on a nitroglycerin flake propellant and on a single‐perforated nitrocellulose propellant without surface treatment. Test charges weighed from 1 kg to 770 kg and the temperatures ranged from 10°C to 71°C. The test containers consisted of steel, of wood or of a combination of both steel and wood. Temperature coefficients have been established in the order of −0.6%/°C for the critical height of bed for detonation.
Raman spectroscopy of bio‐SiC ceramics
Authors: Yukhymchuk V. O. , Kiselov V. S. , Belyaev A. E. , Valakh M. Ya. , Chursanova M. V. , Danailov M. , Vitusevich S. A. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBiomorphic SiC ceramics produced by the forced infiltration with liquid silicon of carbon matrices derived from hardwood precursors were investigated. The phase composition of the ceramics obtained was found to be dependent on the mass ratio of the initial silicon and carbon components, the synthesis temperature, and the process duration. Raman spectroscopy (RS) investigations showed that the 3C polytype is formed at a synthesis temperature of about 1550 °C, and that both 3C and 6H‐SiC are formed at temperatures of about 1800 °C. Further temperature rises up to 2100 °C lead to an increase in the fraction of the 6H polytype. In the specimens obtained by impregnation under excess Si conditions, the residual silicon inside the SiC pores is recorded. Analysis of the parameters of phonon peaks allowed us to conclude that the residual silicon in these samples is under significant compressive strain.magnified image
Surface morphology of axial profiles of SiC ceramics produced from pear‐tree wood for ψ = 2.33 component mass ratio.
Contactless electrical defect characterization in semiconductors by microwave detected photo induced current transient spectroscopy (MD‐PICTS) and microwave detected photoconductivity (MDP)
Authors: Berger Bastian , Schüler Nadine , Anger Sabrina , Gründig‐Wendrock Bianca , Niklas Jürgen R. , Dornich Kay 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe contactless electrical characterization techniques MDP and MD‐PICTS will be presented in this paper. Both methods are predestined for defect investigation in a variety of semiconductors. Due to a so far not reached sensitivity, major advantages of MDP are its high spatial resolution and its measurement speed, which allows for two dimensional inline measurements at production speed. Furthermore a versatile numerical tool for simulations of electrical properties of a semiconductor as a function of defect parameters was developed. MD‐PICTS is a contactless temperature dependent measurement which allows the determination of activation energies of trap levels in the material. To demonstrate the abilities of both methods, measurements conducted at different semiconductor materials, e.g. silicon, silicon carbide, gallium arsenide and indium phosphide, will be presented exemplarily.
Recombination in ingot cast silicon solar cells
Authors: Rinio Markus , Yodyungyong Arthit , Keipert‐Colberg Sinje , Borchert Dietmar , Montesdeoca‐Santana Amada 
Published: January 2011

AbstractMinority carrier recombination is studied in multicrystalline ingot cast silicon solar cells. The normalized recombination strength Γ of dislocations is obtained by correlating topograms of the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) with those of the dislocation density ρ. Γ is obtained by fitting an extended theory of Donolato to the experimental data. The measured Γ‐values vary significantly between adjacent dislocation clusters and correlate with the spatial pattern of the dislocations. All Γ‐values are strongly dependent on the parameters of the solar cell process. The influence of phosphorus diffusion and hydrogenation is shown. After solidification of the silicon, impurities from the crucible enter the ingot and deteriorate its border regions during cooling to room temperature. These deteriorated border regions can be significantly improved by an additional low temperature anneal that is applied after phosphorus diffusion. The experiments indicate that the mechanism of the anneal is external phosphorus gettering into the emitter.
Consensus in multi‐agent systems with communication constraints
Authors: Wen Guanghui , Duan Zhisheng , Yu Wenwu , Chen Guanrong 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe problem of second‐order consensus is investigated in this paper for a class of multi‐agent systems with a fixed directed topology and communication constraints where each agent is assumed to share information only with its neighbors on some disconnected time intervals. A novel consensus protocol designed based on synchronous intermittent local information feedback is proposed to coordinate the states of agents to converge to second‐order consensus under a fixed strongly connected topology, which is then extended to the case where the communication topology contains a directed spanning tree. By using tools from algebraic graph theory and Lyapunov control approach, it is proved that second‐order consensus can be reached if the general algebraic connectivity of the communication topology is larger than a threshold value and the mobile agents communicate with their neighbors frequently enough as the network evolves. Finally, a numerical example is simulated to verify the theoretical analysis. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability analysis and H∞ control for hybrid complex dynamical networks with coupling delays
Authors: Guan Zhi‐Hong , Yang Shuang‐Hua , Yao Jing 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis paper formulates and studies a model of complex dynamical networks with switching topology and coupling delays. Based on the hybrid control and Lyapunov function, the stability and robust H∞ control of such networks with impulsive and switching effects, which have not been studied before, are addressed with some criteria derived. Examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sliding mode observer–controller design for uncertain Markovian jump systems with time delays
Authors: Zhang Yashun , Xu Shengyuan , Chu Yuming 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARYThis paper proposes a sliding mode observer–controller design method for uncertain Markovian jump systems with time delays and uncertain switching probabilities. Both the structures of a sliding mode observer and a sliding mode controller are given. By the mode‐dependent Lyapunov functional approach, a sufficient condition for the stochastic stability of the closed‐loop system is given, which can be converted into a convex optimization problem. The reachability of the sliding surfaces in both the estimation error space and the state estimate space can be ensured by the presented control scheme. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed design method is demonstrated by a simulation example. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Local Surface Potential of π‐Conjugated Nanostructures by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy: Effect of the Sampling Depth
Authors: Liscio Andrea , Palermo Vincenzo , Fenwick Oliver , Braun Slawomir , Müllen Klaus , Fahlman Mats , Cacialli Franco , Samorí Paolo 
Published: January 2011

AbstractKelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) is usually applied to map the local surface potential of nanostructured materials at surfaces and interfaces. KPFM is commonly defined as a ‘surface technique’, even if this assumption is not fully justified. However, a quantification of the surface sensitivity of this technique is crucial to explore electrical properties at the nanoscale. Here a versatile 3D model is presented which provides a quantitative explanation of KPFM results, taking into account the vertical structure of the sample. The model is tested on nanostructured films obtained from two relevant semiconducting systems for field‐effect transistor and solar cell applications showing different interfacial properties, i.e., poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and perylene‐bis‐dicarboximide (PDI). These findings are especially important since they enable quantitative determination of the local surface potential of conjugated nanostructures, and thereby pave the way towards optimization of the electronic properties of nanoscale architectures for organic electronic applications.