bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of carbadox metabolites formed by liver microsomes from rats, pigs and chickens using high‐performance liquid chromatography combined with hybrid ion trap/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Liu Zhao‐Ying , Tao Yan‐Fei , Chen Dong‐Mei , Wang Xu , Yuan Zong‐Hui 
Published: December 2010

AbstractCarbadox (methyl‐3‐(2‐quinoxalinylmethylene)‐carbazate‐N1,N4‐dioxide) is a chemotherapeutic growth promoter added to feed for starter pigs. In this work, the metabolism of carbadox in rat, pig and chicken liver microsomes has been studied firstly. The incubation mixtures were then processed and analyzed for metabolites with a sensitive and reliable method based on high‐performance liquid chromatography combined with hybrid ion trap/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC/MS‐IT‐TOF). With the help of chromatographic behavior and accurate mass measurements, it is possible to rapidly and reliably characterize the metabolites of carbadox. The structural elucidations of these metabolites were performed by comparing the changes in the accurate molecular masses and fragment ions generated from precursor ions with those of parent drug. The present results showed that the metabolism of carbadox in liver microsomes had qualitative species‐difference. A total of seven metabolites were identified in rat liver microsomes. Five metabolites (Cb1–Cb3, Cb5, Cb7) were observed in pig and chicken liver microsomes. In addition, metabolite Cb6 was also detected in chicken liver microsomes. The peak areas of the metabolites in the three species are different. For the formations of Cb1, Cb2, Cb5 and Cb6, the rank order was rat>chicken>pig; Cb3; pig∼chicken>rat. Cb1, Cb2 and Cb3 have been previously reported, whereas the other four metabolites were novel. The N→O group reduction and hydroxylation followed by N→O group reduction were the main metabolic pathways for carbadox in the three species. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robotic palliation for unresectable pancreatic cancer and distal cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Buchs Nicolas C. , Addeo Pietro , Bianco Francesco M. , Elli Enrique F. , Ayloo Subhashini , Giulianotti Pier C. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBackgroundOptimizing quality of life is a major goal for patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer and distal cholangiocarcinoma. The aim of this study was to assess the value of robotic surgery for palliation in these patients.MethodsBetween May 2007 and January 2010, nine patients who presented with unresectable pancreatic cancer or distal cholangiocarcinoma at exploratory laparoscopy were included in this retrospective study.ResultsEight hepaticojejunostomies, one choledochoduodenostomy and five gastrojejunostomies were performed robotically. Mean operative time was 236 ± 25 min. Median length of stay was 6 (range 4–10) days. There was no perioperative mortality. The morbidity rate was 22.2%. After a median follow‐up of 265 days, there were no other readmissions for problems related to the operation.ConclusionsRobotic palliation in cases of unresectable pancreatic cancer or distal cholangiocarcinoma is feasible and effective. The use of robotics in palliative surgery offers low morbidity, short hospital stay and minimal readmissions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation and tribological properties of two‐component ultrathin ionic liquid films on Si
Authors: Pu Jibin , Liu Xiufang , Wang Liping , Xue Qunji 
Published: December 2010

AbstractSeveral single‐component and two‐component imidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) ultrathin films were formed on Si substrates by a dip‐coating and heat treatment process. The formation and surface properties of the films were analyzed by means of ellipsometric thickness measurement, X‐ray photoelectron spectra and atomic force microscope. The adhesive and nanotribological behaviors of the films were evaluated by a homemade colloidal probe. A ball‐on‐plate tribometer was used to test the microtribological performances of these films. As a result, the two‐component ILs ultrathin film containing 80% solid‐like ILs phase shows more homogenous surface morphologies and optimal micro/nano‐tribological properties as compared to single‐component ILs films, which is ascribed to a synergic effect between the steady solid‐like ILs phase as the backbone and the proper amount of flowable liquid‐like ILs phase. By studying the influence of various solid/liquid ILs ratios on tribological properties of the two‐component ILs films, we might find the way to design ILs films with excellent comprehensive tribological properties. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental determination of the electron elastic backscattering probability and the surface excitation parameter for Si, Ni, Cu and Ag at 0.5 and 1 keV energies
Authors: Gergely G. , Gurban S. , Menyhard M. , Jablonski A. , Zemek J. , Goto K. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractElectron spectra are generally presented in arbitrary units. The experimental elastic peak intensity Iespec(E) is determined by the elastic backscattering probability Ie(E) of electrons backscattered elastically within the solid angle of the spectrometer. The experimental elastic peak Iespec(E) is converted to Ie(E) backscattering probability using our new procedure based on the Goto ie(E) elastic backscattering current database. The elastic backscattering probability Ic(E) was calculated applying the EPESWIN software of Jablonski. Ie(E) < Ic(E) due to the surface losses of electrons, characterized by the surface excitation parameter Pse (SEP). Pse(E) was determined experimentally using the Goto database and the relationship of Tanuma. Our new procedure is applied to angular‐resolved (AREPES) spectra of Jablonski and Zemek presented in arbitrary units. In their AREPES experiments, the experimental elastic peak intensity Iespec = Ie(E, αd, ΔΩ) was measured at αd angle of detection (35–74°) with a small HSA, with ΔΩ solid angle. The experimental value at 42° $I_{e}(E, {\it{42}}\deg{\hbox{}}, {\Delta}\Omega)$ was converted to probability with the Goto database. It was corrected with a SEP parameter Pse, determined by trial and error method for Si, Ni, Cu and Ag for E = 0.5 and 1 keV primary energies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interfacial Studies for improving the adhesion of Cr/Al films on composites
Authors: Zhao Dong‐Cai , Xiao Geng‐Jie , Ren Ni , Ma Zhan‐Ji , Wu Sheng‐Hu 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe composites, such as CFRP and GFRP, have been widely applied in spaceflight, for their low specific gravity, low cost, and additional structural stability. However, the high resistivity of the composites severely inhibits their further applications. Therefore, Cr/Al films with low resistivity and high adhesion were deposited on composites by cathodic arc technique. The films were characterized by pull test, Dektak 8 Stylus Profilometer, SEM, XPS, XRD and Z‐82 standard four probes. Results show that the aluminum film of fcc structure is compact and uniform, with resistivity as low as bulk Al. The adhesion between Cr buffer layer and composite substrate was greatly enhanced because of the formation of the chemical bonds, such as CrC, CrO and CrN, at the Cr/composite interface. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patterned Polymer Carpets
Authors: Amin Ihsan , Steenackers Marin , Zhang Ning , Schubel René , Beyer André , Gölzhäuser Armin , Jordan Rainer 
Published: December 2010

AbstractFor the development of polymer carpets as active devices for micro‐ and nanotechnology, a control of the polymer carpet morphology and especially control of the stimulus responsive polymer brush is needed. Here, we report on the first example for the fabrication of patterned polymer carpets. On a two‐dimensional framework of fully crosslinked and chemically patterned nanosheets, polymer brushes of styrene and 4‐vinyl pyridine were grafted by self‐initiated surface photopolymerization and photografting (SIPGP). It was found that polymer grafting by SIPGP occurred over the entire nanosheets but with a preferred grafting on the amino functionalized nanosheet areas. This results in continuous polymer carpets with an intact nanosheet framework but with amplification of the chemical patterning into a three dimensional topography of the grafted polymer brush. In the case of negative patterned nanosheets, the patterned carpet could be prepared as freestanding ultrathin membranes. Furthermore, swelling experiments with poly(4‐vinyl pyridine) carpets showed that the patterns induces a directional buckling of the flexible polymer carpet. This may open the possibility of the development of micro‐ or nanoactuator devices with anisotropic responds upon environmental changes.
SubCollaboration: large‐scale group management in collaborative learning
Authors: Pardo Abelardo , Kloos Carlos Delgado 
Published: December 2010

AbstractComputer‐supported collaborative learning is a paradigm that uses technology to support collaborative methods of instruction. When combining collaborative learning with the need to exchange documents between students and the teaching staff in a blended learning scenario, version control systems (VCSs) greatly simplify this collaboration. Furthermore, these tools need to be adopted in regular classes as they are used in industrial environments. But deploying a collaborative environment in which version control is used does not scale for large classes. This paper presents SubCollaboration, a platform that uses the VCS Subversion to manage a large number of work spaces in a collaborative learning environment. The tool maintains a reference workspace where teaching staff introduces new material that is then synchronized with the team repositories. Two case studies are presented showing that students easily learn the use of version control and its deployment in large classes is feasible. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perfect class hashing and numbering for object‐oriented implementation
Authors: Ducournau Roland , Morandat Floréal 
Published: December 2010

AbstractLate binding and subtyping create run‐time overhead for object‐oriented languages, especially in the context of both multiple inheritance and dynamic loading, for instance for JAVA interfaces. In a previous article, we proposed a novel approach based on perfect hashing and truly constant‐time hashtables for implementing subtype testing and method invocation in a dynamic loading setting. In this first study, we based our efficiency assessment on Driesen's abstract computational model for the time aspect, and on large‐scale benchmarks for the space aspect. The conclusions were that the technique was promising but required further research in order to assess its scalability. This article presents some new results on perfect class hashing that enhance its interest. We propose and test both new hashing functions and an inverse problem that amounts to selecting the best class identifiers in order to minimize the overall hashtable size. This optimizing approach is proven to be optimal for single‐inheritance hierarchies. Experiments within an extended testbed with random class loading and under cautious assumptions about what should be a sensible class‐loading order show that perfect class hashing scales up gracefully, especially on JAVA‐like multiple‐subtyping hierarchies. Furthermore, perfect class hashing is implemented in the PRM compiler testbed, and compared here with the coloring technique, which amounts to maintaining the single‐inheritance implementation in multiple inheritance. The overall conclusion is that the approach is efficient from both time and space standpoints with the bit‐wise and hashing function. In contrast, the poor time efficiency of modulus hashing function on most processors is confirmed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automated scheduling for clone‐based refactoring using a competent GA
Authors: Lee Sukhee , Bae Gigon , Chae Heung Seok , Bae Doo‐Hwan , Kwon Yong Rae 
Published: December 2010

AbstractRefactoring is a widely accepted technique to improve the software quality by restructuring its design without changing its behavior. In general, a sequence of refactorings needs to be applied until the quality of the code is improved satisfactorily. In this case, the final design after refactoring can vary with the application order of refactorings, thereby producing different quality improvements. Therefore, it is necessary to determine a proper refactoring schedule to obtain as many benefits as possible. However, there is little research on the problem of generating appropriate schedules to maximize quality improvement. In this paper, we propose an approach to automatically determine an appropriate schedule to maximize quality improvement through refactoring. We first detect code clones that are suitable for refactoring and generate the most beneficial refactoring schedule to remove them. It is straightforward to select the best from the exhaustively enumerated schedules. However, such a technique becomes NP‐hard, as the number of available refactorings increases. We apply a genetic algorithm (GA) to generate the best refactoring schedule within a reasonable time to cope with this problem. We compare the GA‐based approach with manual scheduling, greedy heuristic‐based, and exhaustive approaches for four open systems. The results show that the proposed GA‐based approach generates more beneficial schedules than the others. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of primary filter using theoretical intensity of fluorescent X‐rays and scattered X‐rays
Authors: Ogawa R. , Ochi H. , Nishino M. , Ichimaru N. , Yamato R. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA primary filter is often used for low‐concentration analysis by energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectrometer. We determined the material and thickness of the primary filter and calculated the theoretical intensities of the fluorescent X‐rays and scattered X‐rays using lead in brass, for which the concentration is known. The filter materials were zirconium, nickel, titanium, aluminum, and molybdenum with a thickness between 20 and 125 µm.For verification, we calculated the lower limits of detection using theoretical intensities for several filters and compared them with values calculated using the measured intensities. For example, both values were similar for a 125 µm zirconium filter: 128.0 ppm using theoretical intensities and 147.7 ppm using measured intensities.The theoretical intensity values are obtained by measurements and calculations, but require no primary filters for the measurements. This method is extremely effective for selecting the optimal filter for multiple samples and elements. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrogen‐Bond‐Based Magnetic Exchange Between μ‐Diethylnicotinamide(aqua)bis(X‐salicylato)copper(II) Polymeric Chains
Authors: Korabik Maria , Repická Zuzana , Martiška Ladislav , Moncol Jan , Švorec Jozef , Padělková Zdeňka , Lis Tadeusz , Mazúr Milan , Valigura Dušan 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPolymeric salicylatocopper(II) complexes of unusual composition [Cu(X‐sal)2(μ‐denia)(H2O)]n [denia = diethylnicotinamide, and X‐sal = 5‐methylsalicylate (1), 3‐methylsalicylate (2), 4‐methoxysalicylate (3), 3,5‐dichlorosalicylate (4) and 3,5‐dibromosalicylate (5)] were synthesized and characterized. Magnetic measurements were performed in the temperature range 1.8–300 K. The structural unit of all complexes consists of a CuII atom, which is monodentately coordinated by the pair of X‐salicylate anions in trans positions. Water and the diethylnicotinamide ligand occupy the other two basal plane positions of the tetragonal pyramid. The axial positions are occupied by a diethylnicotinamide oxygen atom of neighboring structural units, thus forming a spiral polymeric structure parallel to b axis. Magnetic measurements showed that all complexes 1–5 exhibit a susceptibility maximum at about 6–8 K. The obtained data fit to Bleaney–Bowers equation gave singlet‐triplet energy gaps 2J = –8.60 cm–1 for 1, 2J = –6.57 cm–1 for 2, 2J = –8.57 cm–1 for 3, 2J = –6.82 cm–1 for 4, and 2J = –6.45 cm–1 for 5. The supramolecular structure based on hydrogen bonds [described by supramolecular synthons R22(10) and R22(12)] is the pathway for antiferromagnetic interactions of the magnetically coupled pairs of copper atoms of neighboring chains within the 2D supramolecular layers. The results of the magnetic measurements suggest involvement of the COO groups in the magnetic interaction pathway for all five complexes.
Heteroleptic Organostannylenes and an Organoplumbylene Bearing Phosphorus‐Containing Pincer‐Type Ligands – Structural Variations and Insights into the Configurational Stability
Authors: Henn Markus , Deáky Vajk , Krabbe Stefan , Schürmann Markus , Prosenc Marc H. , Herres‐Pawlis Sonja , Mahieu Bernard , Jurkschat Klaus 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe syntheses of the arylphosphonic esters 3‐Br‐5‐tBu‐1‐{P(O)(OiPr)2}C6H3 (1), 5‐tBu‐1,3‐{P(O)(OiPr)2}2C6H3 (2), of the heteroleptic intramolecularly coordinated organostannylenes [4‐tBu‐2,6‐{P(O)(OiPr)2}2C6H2]SnX (3, X = Cl; 4, X = Br; 5, X = I; 6, X = SPh), the organoplumbylene [4‐tBu‐2,6‐{P(O)(OiPr)2}2C6H2]PbCl (7), and the transition metal complex [4‐tBu‐2,6‐{P(O)(OiPr)2}2C6H2]Sn(Cl)Cr(CO)5 (8) are reported. The compounds were characterized by 1H, 13C, 31P, 31P MAS (3), 119Sn, and 119Sn MAS (3) NMR spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (3), Mössbauer spectroscopy (3–5, 8) and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses (2, 3–5, 6–8). In contrast to its ethoxy‐substituted analogue [4‐tBu‐2,6‐{P(O)(OEt)2}2C6H2]SnCl, compound 3, like the thiophenolate derivative 6, is monomeric in solution as well as in the solid state. This difference is also manifested by the Mössbauer as well as solid state NMR spectroscopic data. On the other hand, the corresponding organoplumbylene 7 shows a similar chlorido‐bridged polymeric structure as its ethoxy‐substituted analogue. Variable‐temperature and concentration‐dependent 1H and 31P NMR spectra reveal, on the respective time scales, the tin atom in compound 3 to be configurationally unstable and those in compounds 6 and 8 to be configurationally stable. DFT calculations support a chlorido‐bridged dimer to account for the configurational instability in compound 3. Surprisingly and in contrast to compounds 3 and 6, the organobromido‐ and organoiodidostannylenes 4 and 5, respectively, show intermolecular Sn···Sn distances of 3.6809(4) and 3.5953(4) Å being shorter than twice the van der Waals radius of tin (2.20 Å). Quantum chemical calculations were performed on monomeric and dimeric model compounds, which revealed a weak Sn···Sn bonding interaction for dimer 3 (16 kJ·mol–1) as well as for dimer 5 (20 kJ·mol–1) whereas the hypothetical model compound p‐tBuC6H4SnI showed an iodido‐bridged dimer rather than a Sn···Sn bonding interaction.
Where Do We Stand in the Control of Rabies? Knowledge and Practices Among Physicians in a Health District in Turkey
Authors: Koruk Suda Tekın , Koruk Ibrahim , Kutlu Seher 
Published: December 2010

Objective The aim of this study was to determine the level of knowledge of rabies transmission and control among physicians practicing in healthcare centers in Sanliurfa, Turkey where 2 cases of human rabies were reported in the past 12 months. Implementation issues regarding the current guidelines will also be discussed. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 84 physicians practicing in healthcare centers in Sanliurfa, located in the Southeastern Anatolian region of Turkey. Results Among physicians, average duration of medical practice was 8.5 ± 6.7 years. The correct incubation period of rabies cases was known by 57.1% of the physicians. While 88.1% of physicians were aware of possible exposure routes, only 44.0% of them had the information that mucosal contact may also lead to transmission. While 96.4% of the physicians correctly indicated that cats and dogs can transmit the disease, the fact that foxes also have a role in transmission was known by only 48.8%. Post-exposure prophylaxis was correctly indicated by 65.5% of participants, but only 17.9% had correct information about pre-exposure prophylaxis. Conclusion An important approach in rabies control is to increase community awareness, particularly among healthcare providers. It was found that basic management issues and insufficient awareness still exist despite the presence of legal regulations. To control rabies, the issue must be dealt with locally, through both economic and social means, by supporting rabies control efforts of local health and agricultural directorate managers and by encouraging collaboration with academics.
Do Ski Helmets Affect Reaction Time to Peripheral Stimuli?
Authors: Ruedl Gerhard , Herzog Simone , Schöpf Stephanie , Anewanter Pia , Geiger Astrid , Burtscher Martin , Kopp Martin 
Published: December 2010

Background Ski helmet use has steadily increased worldwide over the last 10 years in part as a result of preventive helmet campaigns but also in part as a result of increased media coverage after fatal injuries involving celebrities. However, a commonly reported reason for nonuse is impaired vision. Objective The aim of this pilot study was to investigate whether ski helmet use affects reaction time to peripheral stimuli. Methods A randomized controlled trial using the Compensatory-Tracking-Test (CTT) was conducted in a laboratory situation. This test measures reaction time to peripheral stimuli during a tracking task and was carried out by 10 males and 10 females (age: 22.1 ± 2.5 years) during 4 conditions in a randomized order: (A) with a ski cap; (B) with a ski helmet; (C) with a ski cap and ski goggles; and (D) with a ski helmet and ski goggles. Results Friedman-tests revealed significant differences in reaction times (ms) between the 4 conditions ( p = .031). The lowest mean reaction time (± standard error) was measured for cap only use (477.3 ± 16.6), which was not different than helmet-only use (478.5 ± 19.1, p = 0.911). However, reaction time was significantly longer for cap + goggles use (514.1 ± 20.8, p = 0.005) and for helmet + goggles use (497.6 ± 17.3, p = 0.017) when compared to cap-only use. Conclusion Our results showed that ski helmet use did not increase reaction time to peripheral stimuli. This information should be implemented in future preventive campaigns to increase helmet use in skiers and snowboarders.