bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the orientation of the catalytic dyad in aspartic proteases
Authors: Friedman Ran , Caflisch Amedeo 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe recent re‐refinement of the X‐ray structure of apo plasmepsin II from Plasmodium falciparum suggests that the two carboxylate groups in the catalytic dyad are noncoplanar, (Robbins et al., Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2009;65: 294–296) in remarkable contrast with the vast majority of structures of aspartic proteases. Here, evidence for the noncoplanarity of the catalytic aspartates is provided by analysis of multiple explicit water molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of plasmepsin II, human β‐secretase, and HIV‐protease. In the MD runs of plasmepsin II, the angle between the planes of the two carboxylates of the catalytic dyad is almost always in the range 60°–120°, in agreement with the perpendicular orientation in the re‐refined X‐ray structure. The noncoplanar arrangement is prevalent also in the β‐secretase simulations, as well as in the runs with the inhibitor‐bound proteases. Quantum‐mechanics calculations provide further evidence that before catalysis the noncoplanar arrangement is favored energetically in eukaryotic aspartic proteases. Remarkably, the coplanar orientation of the catalytic dyad is observed in MD simulations of HIV‐protease at 100 K but not at 300 K, which indicates that the noncoplanar arrangement is favored by conformational entropy. This finding suggests that the coplanar orientation in the crystal structures of apo aspartic proteases is promoted by the very low temperature used for data collection (usually around 100 K). Proteins 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Integrating job safety analysis into process hazard analysis
Authors: Collins Robert L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn this article, the author will present and explain in some detail how the job safety analysis (JSA) technique can be integrated into and used in conjunction with any of the six process hazard analysis (PHA) techniques required by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration process safety management Standard for highly hazardous chemicals. The goal of this effort is to produce a rigorous and unified approach to performing a PHA for either a batch chemical process or a continuous chemical process with significant batch elements (i.e., startup and shutdown). This approach combines the typical approach to performing a PHA with representative operating, emergency, and maintenance procedures to allow PHA teams to evaluate process risks within the environment of specific modes of operation for the process equipment and PHA nodes. When this approach is used, the PHA team is less likely to miss something important. As a result, the PHA produces a set of preventive actions that, when implemented, will produce the best and safest way to operate the system reviewed. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2010
Control of near‐grazing dynamics and discontinuity‐induced bifurcations in piecewise‐smooth dynamical systems
Authors: Misra Sambit , Dankowicz Harry 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis paper develops a rigorous control paradigm for regulating the near‐grazing bifurcation behavior of limit cycles in piecewise‐smooth dynamical systems. In particular, it is shown that a discrete‐in‐time linear feedback correction to a parameter governing a state‐space discontinuity surface can suppress discontinuity‐induced fold bifurcations of limit cycles that achieve near‐tangential intersections with the discontinuity surface. The methodology ensures a persistent branch of limit cycles over an interval of parameter values near the critical condition of tangential contact that is an order of magnitude larger than that in the absence of control. The theoretical treatment is illustrated with a harmonically excited damped harmonic oscillator with a piecewise‐linear spring stiffness as well as with a piecewise‐nonlinear model of a capacitively excited mechanical oscillator. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FineTrust: a fine‐grained trust model for peer‐to‐peer networks
Authors: Ren Yizhi , Li Mingchu , Sakurai Kouichi 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTrust research is a key issue in peer‐to‐peer (P2P) networks. Reputation‐based trust models as one of the good solutions to resolve the trust problems in P2P network are received more and more attention in recent years. One of the fundamental challenges is to capture the evolving nature of a trust relationship between peers and reflect the varied bias or preference of peers in a distributed and open environment. In this paper, we present a fine‐grained trust computation model for P2P networks. Our model defines the service as a fined‐grained quality‐of‐service (QoS) (N‐dimensional vector), and in order to accurate the recommendation trust computing, several concepts are introduced to reflect the recommenders' current status, history behavior, and the gap between these two behaviors. Also, we firstly introduce the Gauss‐bar function to measure the preference similarity between peers. All these will result in a flexible model which represents trust in a manner more close to human intuitions and satisfies the diverse QoS requirements of peers in P2P networks. The extensive simulations have confirmed the efficiency of our model. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of coping responses in the relationship between perceived stress and disordered eating in a cross‐cultural sample of female university students
Authors: Beukes Magdel , Walker Stephen , Esterhuyse Karel 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe aim of the study was to determine whether a relationship exists between perceived stress and disordered eating among 349 female, residential, first year students (143 Black and 206 White). The possible influence of coping responses and cultural differences on this relationship was also investigated. The participants completed measures of disordered eating, coping responses and perceived stress. Body mass index scores were also calculated. Product‐term regression analyses were conducted to investigate whether coping responses mediated or moderated the relationship between perceived stress and disordered eating. The results indicated a significant correlation between perceived stress and disordered eating among the White female students. Furthermore, with the exception of drive for thinness, similar results were found for the Black female participants. Coping responses did not moderate the relationship between perceived stress and disordered eating among the White female students. Coping responses did, however, act as mediators in this group. Coping responses were found not to moderate nor mediate the relationship between perceived stress and disordered eating among Black females. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detecting memory leaks in managed languages with Cork
Authors: Jump Maria , McKinley Kathryn S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA memory leak in a managed language occurs when the program inadvertently maintains references to objects that it no longer needs. Memory leaks cause systematic heap growth that degrade performance and can result in program crashes after perhaps days or weeks of execution. Prior approaches for detecting memory leaks rely on heap differencing or detailed object statistics which store state proportional to the number of objects in the heap. These overheads preclude their use on the same processor for deployed long‐running applications. This paper introduces Cork as a tool that accurately identifies heap growth caused by leaks. It is space efficient (adding less than 1% to the heap) and time efficient (adding 2.3% on average to total execution time). We implement this approach of examining and summarizing the class of live objects during garbage collection in a class points‐from graph (CPFG). Each node in the CPFG represents a class and edges between nodes represent references between objects of the specific classes. Cork annotates nodes and edges with the corresponding volume of live objects. Cork identifies growing data structures across multiple collections and computes a class slice to identify leaks for the user. We experiment with two functions for identifying growth and show that Cork is accurate: it identifies systematic heap growth with no false positives in 4 of 15 benchmarks we tested. Cork's slice report enabled us to quickly identify and eliminate growing data structures in large and unfamiliar programs, something their developers had not previously done. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human Embryonic Stem Cell Lines and Their Use in International Research
Authors: Löser Peter , Schirm Jacqueline , Guhr Anke , Wobus Anna M. , Kurtz Andreas 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Research in human pluripotent stem cells, including human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC), is one of the most dynamic research fields. Despite the high public attention, especially for hESC research, there is only scattered information on the number of hESC lines and the degree, dynamics, and diversification of their use on a global level. In this study we present data on the current number of publicly disclosed hESC lines, on the extent and impact of experimental work involving hESCs, and on the use of specific hESC lines in international research. The results are based on the evaluation of nearly 1,000 research papers published by the end of 2008, which describe experimental work on hESCs, and of a comprehensive database of published hESC lines. The average impact of hESC research papers is high at 7.422, with a predominance of research output by the United States. Of at least 1,071 original hESC lines derived up to November 2009 at 87 institutions in 24 countries, only a fraction is thoroughly characterized. Our data show the global predominance of a few hESC lines in research, but also reveal remarkable country-specific differences. Comparison of hESC and hiPSC application did not show a diminished role for hESC research, but rather revealed that, up to this time, both fields continue to expand, exist independently, and partially overlap.
Neural networks
Authors: Titterington Michael 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA variety of artificial neural networks are reviewed, including feed‐forward networks, recurrent networks, associative memories such as the Hopfield network, and the self‐organizing map. Their architectures are described, as are methods that have been developed for training them. Particular emphasis is placed on links with statistical activities, especially regression, classification, and clustering, in contexts such as graphical models and latent structure models. In terms of the training procedures, attention is drawn to the implicit or explicit implementation of statistical methodological approaches such as likelihood and Bayesian methods. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Neural Networks
The creation of a Pavlik “hemi-harness” for a singly irreducible hip in bilateral dysplastic hips
Authors: Atrey Amit , Katchburian Marcos 
Published: December 2009

Purpose The treatment of bilaterally dislocated hips with a Pavlik harness can have deleterious effects if one hip remains dislocated. We assess the success of potentially leaving the persistently dislocated hip free and the relocated hip in a “hemi-Pavlik” harness. Methods In this report, we retrospectively review three cases of bilaterally dislocated hips in children who were treated with a Pavlik harness. Only one hip was effectively reduced by the harness and, in each case, half of the harness was cut away to create a “hemi-Pavlik” harness and the free side was operated on at a later date. Results Initial follow-up has shown that the “hemi-Pavlik” harness is effective in maintaining reduction of one hip whilst leaving the other hip untreated, thus, avoiding the complications of prolonged use of the harness in an unreduced hip or having both hips dealt with operatively. Conclusions We suggest, in the early stages, that if only one side of the bilaterally displaced hips can be reduced, the non-reduced side should be left free and an elective procedure carried out at a later stage. In the early stages, a “hemi-Pavlik” harness is effective in treating the reducible hip and causes no treatment obstacles for the irreducible side.
Effect of prebiotic fibre supplementation on hepatic gene expression and serum lipids: a dose–response study in JCR:LA-cp rats
Authors: Parnell Jill A. , Reimer Raylene A. 
Published: December 2009

Prebiotic fibres have been proposed to promote weight loss and lower serum cholesterol; however, the mechanisms are not fully understood. The aim of the present research was to identify possible mechanisms through which prebiotic fibres improve serum lipids. Lean and obese JCR:La-cp rats aged 8 weeks consumed one of three diets supplemented with 0, 10 or 20 % prebiotic fibre for 10 weeks. Rats were anaesthetised and a fasting blood sample was taken for lipid analysis. Real-time PCR was used to determine gene expression for cholesterol and fatty acid regulatory genes in liver tissue. Liver and caecal digesta cholesterol and TAG content were quantified. Both doses of prebiotic fibre lowered serum cholesterol levels by 24 % in the obese hyperlipidaemic rats (P < 0·05). This change was associated with an increase in caecal digesta as well as an up-regulation of genes involved in cholesterol synthesis and bile production. Additionally, there was a 42 % reduction in TAG accumulation in the liver of the obese rats with 10 % prebiotic diet (P < 0·05); however, no change in liver fatty acid synthase (FAS). Prebiotic fibres appear to lower cholesterol levels through increased cholesterol excretion in the form of bile and inhibit the accumulation of TAG in the liver through a mechanism unrelated to FAS. These effects appear to be limited to the obese model and particularly the 10 % dose. The present work is significant as it provides insight into the mechanisms of action for prebiotic fibres on lipid metabolism and furthers the development of dietary treatments for hypercholesterolaemia.
IV A Book of All the Several Officers of the Court of Exchequer together with the Names of the Present Officers, in Whose Gift, and how Admitted. With a Brief Collection of the Chief Heads of Whatevery Officer Usually Doeth by Vertue of his Office According to the State of the Exchequer at this Day, January 1641
Authors: Squibb Lawrence 
Published: December 2009

Introduction 77I. Lawrence Squibb 78II. The Manuscripts and Their Descent 80III. Editorial Practice 95Text 97
The Charge to the Grand Jury of the City of Bristol and County of the same City, At the General Quarter-Session of the Peace, held in the Guild-Hall there, April 30, 1728
Authors: Cann William 
Published: December 2009

To the Gentlemen of the Grand Jury of the City of Bristol and County of the same City.GENTLEMEN,Could I with any Decency have excused my self from printing the following Speech after your Commands to publish it, the same, being no more intended for the Press than it is fit for it, had never thus appear'd abroad. The only Recommendation of this Charge to your least Notice, were those slight Touches in it relating to our happy Establishment: And your View in having it thus come into the World, I look upon as kindly giving me a proper Opportunity to clear my self from the Aspersion mention'd in your Presentment, which I hope the following Pages will effectually do. I am,Gentlemen,Your Most Obedient andMost Humble Servant,William Cann.
A Charge to the Grand Jury of the City and Liberty of Westminster, &c. At the General Quarter-Sessions of the Peace, held the third Day of July, 1729, in Westminster-Hall
Authors: Knt John Gonson 
Published: December 2009

Printed at the Desire of the Justices of the Peace, for the said City and Liberty, and of thew Grand Jury.LONDON: Printed by Charles Ackers, in Great-Swan-Alley, St. John's -Street. 1729.Civitas, Burgas, & Villa Westm. in Com. Midd. } Ad Generalem Quarterialem Sessionem Pacis Domino Regis Regis tent' apud Westm. pro Libertat' Decani & Capituli Ecclesiœ Collegial. Beati Petri Westm. Civit', Burgi & Ville Westm. in Comitat. Midd. & Sancti Martini le Grand, London' Die Jovis scilicet tertio die Julii, Anno Regis Domini Georgii Secundi, Dei Gratiâ, nunc Regis Magnæ Birtanniæ, &c Tertio.
A Charge given to the Grand Juries of the County of the City of Dublin, and County of Dublin, at a Sitting of His Majesty's Commissions of Oyer and Terminer, and General Gaol Delivery for the said Counties, On Saturday the 3d Day of December, 1763
Authors: Aston Richard 
Published: December 2009

I HAVE the Honour to meet You on this solemn Occasion, which the Wisdom of Government, for the Sake of preserving Peace and Good Order, has made frequent and regular.As the Well-being of every Country in a great Measure depends upon the wise Frame of their Laws, to regulate Property, and to restrain and punish Offenders, and on a due Execution of those Laws; it became absolutely necessary for die Sup-[4] port of Government, and the Safety of the Subject, that some Persons should be intrusted with the Inquiry into all Crimes and Offences whatsoever: And it was no less needful for the Security and Quiet of every Man, diat such a Trust should be delegated to Men of Integrity and Indifference, who might not suffer the Guilty to escape Prosecution for dieir Crimes, or the Innocent to be oppressed by false, weak, or vindictive Accusations.
A Charge to the Grand Jury of the County of Middlesex. delivered At the General Quarter Session of the Peace, holden at Hick's Hall in the said County, on Monday the Eleventh Day of September, 1780
Authors: Hawkins John 
Published: December 2009

At the General Quarter Session of the Peace holden at HICK's HALL, in Saint-John-Street, in and for the County aforesaid, on Monday the Eleventh Day of September 1780, before the Reverend Sir George Booth, Baronet, Thomas Cogan, William Gregson, George Alcock, Esquires, and others their Fellows, Justices of our Lord the King assigned to keep the Peace in and for the said County.It is unanimously resolved and ordered, That the Thanks of this Court be, and the same are hereby returned to Sir JOHN HAWKINS, Knt. Chairman of die Sessions of die Peace for this County, for his Charge delivered to the Grand Jury, at die Opening of diis Session. And the Court doth desire, dial he will be pleased to cause the same to be printed and published as soon as conveniendy may be. And it is further ordered, That Sir JOHN HAWKINS have a copy of this order, and diat the Clerk of the Peace do attend him dierewith immediately.
A Charge delivered to the Grand Jury of the County of Middlesex at the General Session of the Peace, held at the Sessions House on Clerkenwell-Green, on monday the 10th of December 1792
Authors: Mainwaring William 
Published: December 2009

Gentlemen, BEFORE you retire from the Court to proceed to your Business, I must request you will permit me to call your Attention to some Measures of great Importance to us all, in which the Tranquillity and Hap-[6]piness of the Country are most materially concerned, and which it is your particular Province at this Time, as the Grand Jury for this great and populous County, to enquire in to and present.His Majesty has found it necessary to issue a second Proclamation, in which it is set forth, that the utmost Industry is still employed by evil-disposed Persons within this Kingdom, acting in concert with Persons in Foreign Parts, with a View to subvert the Laws and established Constitution of this Realm, and de-[B 2–7] stray all Order and Government therein; and that a Spirit of Tumult and Disorder, thereby excited, has lately shewn itself in Acts of Riots and Insurrection.
II George Rainsford's ‘Ritratto d'Ingliterra’ (1556)
Authors: Donaldson P. S. 
Published: December 2009

George Rainsford's Ritratto d'Ingliterra appears, in the two manuscripts in which it has come down to us, as an appendix to Stephen Gardiner's Ragionamento dell'advenimento delli inglesi et normanni in Britannia. Apart from catalogue references and one brief note in J. A. Muller's introduction to The Letters of Stephen Gardiner (Cambridge, 1933), neither the Gardiner work nor that by Rainsford has been mentioned by scholars. Professors Paul Oskar Kristeller and William Nelson directed my attention to these texts some years ago, and suggested the project which has resulted in the publication of Gardiner's treatise under the title A Machiavellian Treatise by Stephen Gardiner (Cambridge, 1975) and in the edition of Rainsford's appendix presented here. Though it has proved necessary to publish the two texts separately, they are very closely connected works, and should be studied together. Rainsford was Gardiner's translator; it was he who was responsible for the Italian version in which Gardiner's last work survives, and to which his own composition was appended. The Rainsford text was, therefore, explicitly offered as a supplement to what Gardiner had done. In his dedication of the composite volume to Philip II he gave this as the reason for his own work:So that nothing might be lacking in this little book that might contribute to an understanding of the laws, procedures, customs, nature and humour of the people of Britain, I have composed and here appended a portrait of the realm, (fo. IVr)Thus his own work was composed expressly to supplement what Gardiner has written.
V Captain Henry Herbert's Narrative of his Journey through France with his Regiment, 1671–3 and Ane Account of Our Regements Marches from the Winter Quarters to ther Entrance in France
Authors: Childs John 
Published: December 2009

Acknowledgement 273Abbreviations 274Introduction 276Editorial Practice 291Note on Biographies 293Captain Henry Herbert's Narrative of his Journey Through France with his Regiment, 1671–3 294Chronology of Herbert's Travels, 1671–3 363Ane Account of Our Regementes Marches from the Winter Quarters to ther Entrance in France, 1673 366The transcripts from the Herbert Manuscripts in the National Library of Wales are reproduced with the kind permission of the Librarian and the Trustees of the Powis Castle Estate.
VI Lord Cutts's Letters, 1695
Authors: Childs John 
Published: December 2009

Acknowledgements 373Abbreviations 374Introduction 375Editorial Practice 380Lord Cutts's Letters, 1695 381Appendix: Biographical Index of army Officers Mentioned in the Text 407The publication of this edition of Lord Cutts's Letters is by the kind permission of the current owners, Mr. and Mrs. Richard Moore, of ‘Hancox’, Whatlington, Sussex. The editor is especially mindful of Mrs. Moore's generous hospitality and assistance during the transcription and preparation of these documents. The editor also wishes to thank Dr. Paul Hopkins for drawing his attention to these letters of Lord Cutts.
Serum phosphate in older people
Authors: Lambert M , Witham MD , Sumukadas D 
Published: December 2009

SummaryPhosphate (PO4−) has a number of important functions in the human body and abnormalities of phosphate handling and phosphate levels are common in older people. We review the physiological functions of phosphate, the effects of phosphate deficiency and excess, and discuss the evidence underpinning management of these conditions in older people. Both hyper- and hypophosphataemia have been associated with a variety of adverse effects in different patient groups. There is currently little evidence to guide practice in treatment of abnormal phosphate levels specifically in older people. Studies looking into the effect of replacing phosphate on morbidity and mortality in milder cases of hypophosphataemia and into the dangers of, and treatment of, hyperphosphataemia in older people are required.