bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High-Resolution Global Climate Simulations with the ECMWF Model in Project Athena: Experimental Design, Model Climate, and Seasonal Forecast Skill
Authors: Jung T. , Miller M. J. , Palmer T. N. , Towers P. , Wedi N. , Achuthavarier D. , Adams J. M. , Altshuler E. L. , Cash B. A. , Kinter J. L. , Marx L. , Stan C. , Hodges K. I. 
Published: November 2011

The sensitivity to the horizontal resolution of the climate, anthropogenic climate change, and seasonal predictive skill of the ECMWF model has been studied as part of Project Athena—an international collaboration formed to test the hypothesis that substantial progress in simulating and predicting climate can be achieved if mesoscale and subsynoptic atmospheric phenomena are more realistically represented in climate models.In this study the experiments carried out with the ECMWF model (atmosphere only) are described in detail. Here, the focus is on the tropics and the Northern Hemisphere extratropics during boreal winter. The resolutions considered in Project Athena for the ECMWF model are T159 (126 km), T511 (39 km), T1279 (16 km), and T2047 (10 km). It was found that increasing horizontal resolution improves the tropical precipitation, the tropical atmospheric circulation, the frequency of occurrence of Euro-Atlantic blocking, and the representation of extratropical cyclones in large parts of the Northern Hemisphere extratropics. All of these improvements come from the increase in resolution from T159 to T511 with relatively small changes for further resolution increases to T1279 and T2047, although it should be noted that results from this very highest resolution are from a previously untested model version. Problems in simulating the Madden–Julian oscillation remain unchanged for all resolutions tested. There is some evidence that increasing horizontal resolution to T1279 leads to moderate increases in seasonal forecast skill during boreal winter in the tropics and Northern Hemisphere extratropics. Sensitivity experiments are discussed, which helps to foster a better understanding of some of the resolution dependence found for the ECMWF model in Project Athena.
Parameterization of Runway Visual Range as a Function of Visibility: Implications for Numerical Weather Prediction Models
Authors: Boudala Faisal S. , Isaac George A. , Crawford Robert W. , Reid Janti 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
A parameterization of runway visual range (RVR) has been developed using relevant meteorological parameters such as visibility (Vk), relative humidity (RH), temperature (T), precipitation intensity (PI), and precipitation type (PT) measured in years between 2009 and 2011 at Toronto Pearson International Airport during the Canadian Airport Nowcasting Project. The FD12P probe measured PI, Vk, and PT. The observed Vk and PT were tested against data reported by hourly surface observations (SAs). The measured Vk has correlated well with the SA with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.76 for Vk &lt; 5 km, but the FD12P underestimated visibility by about 20% with a mean difference (MD) of about 196 m. For Vk &lt; 2 km, the FD12P overestimated visibility by about 7% with an MD of 60 m. The SA reported slightly more snow events—22% as compared to 17%—but the FD12P reported many more snow grain cases than the SA. Both the SA and the FD12P reported rain at similar frequency—4% and 5%, respectively. Using a theoretical approach, a parameterization that can be used to determine RVR as a function of Vk has been developed. Using the observed T, RH, and dewpoint temperature (Td), a new parameterization for predicting Vk/RVR in fog has been also developed. These parameterizations agreed with observations (r ≈ 0.8). The parameterizations have been tested using the Canadian Environmental Multiscale Regional model. The results show that when PI, RH, and T are reasonably predicted and the fog events are correctly diagnosed, the model can be used to forecast RVR.
Incidence-Angle Dependency of TRMM PR Rain Estimates
Authors: Hirose Masafumi , Shimizu Shuji , Oki Riko , Iguchi Toshio , Short David A. , Nakamura Kenji 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The incidence-angle differences of estimated surface rainfall obtained from the precipitation radar (PR) on board the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite were investigated. The bias before the orbit boost in August 2001 relative to the near-nadir statistics was 2.7% over the ocean and −5.8% over land. After the boost, the bias was −3.2% and −9.5%, respectively. These biases were further quantified with respect to error sources, that is, the beam mismatch correction error, detection capability of storms with low-level storm-top height, and residual effects. For shallow storms lower than 3 km, most incidence-angle differences were caused by main lobe contamination. For nonshallow storms, several error factors resulted in 5.3% overestimates over the ocean and 5.1% underestimates over land for the period before the boost. The remaining uncertainty in local low-level profiles was identified as a controversial issue.
The bias-corrected dataset updates the interannual variation in rainfall obtained from the TRMM PR. The increasing rainfall features and recent high-rainfall years were consistent with prior studies based on other microwave sensors. The coherent signals and slight differences in the temporal variation compared with the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) data indicate the importance of further internal and cross validations based on long-term observation by multiple sensors.
Chemotherapy-associated thromboembolic risk in cancer outpatients and effect of nadroparin thromboprophylaxis: results of a retrospective analysis of the PROTECHT study
Authors: Barni Sandro , Labianca Roberto , Agnelli Giancarlo , Bonizzoni Erminio , Verso Melina , Mandalà Mario , Brighenti Matteo , Petrelli Fausto , Bianchini Carlo , Perrone Tania , Gasparini Giampietro 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Background
Cancer patients receiving chemotherapy are at increased risk of thrombosis. Nadroparin has been demonstrated to reduce the incidence of venous and arterial thrombotic events (TEs) by about 50% in cancer outpatients receiving chemotherapy. The aims of this retrospective analysis were to evaluate the thromboembolic risk and the benefit of thromboprophylaxis according to type of chemotherapy.

Methods
Cancer outpatients were randomly assigned to receive subcutaneous injections of nadroparin or placebo. The incidence of symptomatic TEs was assessed according to the type of chemotherapy. Results were reported as risk ratios with associated 95% CI and two-tailed probability values.

Results
769 and 381 patients have been evaluated in the nadroparin and placebo group, respectively. In the absence of thromboprophylaxis, the highest rate of TEs was found in patients receiving gemcitabine- (8.1%) or cisplatin-based chemotherapy (7.0%). The combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin or carboplatin increased the risk to 10.2%. Thromboprophylaxis reduced TE risk by 68% in patients receiving gemcitabine; with a further decrease to 78% in those receiving a combination of gemcitabine and platinum.

Conclusions
This retrospective analysis confirms that patients undergoing chemotherapy including gemcitabine, platinum analogues or their combination are at higher risk of TEs. Our results also suggest that outpatients receiving chemotherapy regimens including these agents might achieve an increased benefit from thromboprophylaxis with nadroparin. Clinical Trial registration number: NCT 00951574
Novel Developed Systems and Techniques Based on Double-Network Principle
Authors: Wu Zi Liang , Kurokawa Takayuki , Gong Jian Ping 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The double-network hydrogels (DN gels), developed by our group in 2003, have attracted increasing attention due to their excellent mechanical performance and unique fracture mechanism. The anomalously large fracture energy of DN gels up to 2200 J m−2 originates from the specific combination of two networks with contrasting properties. The first brittle network serves as sacrificial bonds, which breaks into small clusters to efficiently disperse the stress around the crack tip into the surrounding damage zone, while the second ductile polymer chains act as hidden length, which extends extensively to sustain large deformation. The DN gels also exhibit good biocompatibility and low friction resistance. Owing to these superior properties, DN gels possess promising prospective in industrial and medicine fields, especially for load-bearing artificial soft tissues such as artificial cartilage. However, there are several critical problems limiting the practical applications of DN gels, such as how to produce tough artificial tissue with complex shapes or bond a gel to a solid substrate. To address these specific issues, we have developed new systems and techniques based on the DN principle. These achievements, including synthesis of ultrathin DN gels, bonding of one gel to another gel or solid substrate, free-shaping of DN gels, enhancing typical single network gels by creating a DN structure, will be briefly introduced in this account paper. We believe that these new techniques will substantially promote the practical applications of DN hydrogels and extent the DN principle to other systems.
p-Aminophenyl Alkyl Ether-based 19F MRI Probe for Specific Detection and Imaging of Hypochlorite Ion
Authors: Doura Tomohiro , An Qi , Sugihara Fuminori , Matsuda Tetsuya , Sando Shinsuke 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
We report a 19F MRI probe for the specific detection and imaging of −OCl. Our designed probe, having p-aminophenyl alkyl scaffold, reacted expeditiously with −OCl to produce a trifluoroethanol. Concomitant with the reaction, the 19F chemical shift changed by 2.6 ppm, allowing the visualization of −OCl-dependent probe-to-product conversion using 19F MRI.
Raman, UV–vis, and CD Spectroscopic Studies of Dodecameric Oxyhemocyanin from Carcinus aestuarii
Authors: Andersen Niels H , Zoppellaro Giorgio , Bubacco Luigi , Casella Luigi , Andersson K Kristoffer 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The stable dodecameric oxy form of Carcinus aestuarii hemocyanin (Cae oxy-Hc) has been probed by resonance Raman, UV–vis, and CD spectroscopy. A clear signal emerged at 746 cm−1 (Raman) sensitive to isotopic exchange with 18O2 (−40 cm−1), thus confirming the presence of a μ-η2:η2 peroxide coordinated to the cupric centers. The optical fingerprints of Cae oxy-Hc show that symmetry breaking exists at the Cu(II)–O22−–Cu(II) core and that exciton coupling effects are present in the visible region of the spectra.
Terrestrial Perspective on Authigenic Clay Mineral Production in Ancient Martian Lakes
Authors: Bristow Thomas F. , Milliken Ralph E. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe discovery of phyllosilicates in terrains of Noachian age (>3.5 Ga) on Mars implies a period in the planet’s history that was characterized by wetter, warmer conditions that may have been more hospitable for life than the cold and dry conditions prevalent today. More specific information about the original locations and mechanisms of clay mineral formation on Mars is not as well constrained, however, in part because the origin of particular clay minerals is often non-unique. For example, Fe and Mg smectite-bearing deposits on Mars may have formed in various environments, including the weathering profiles of basic volcanic rocks, impact-induced hydrothermal sites, or in bodies of standing water. The identification of lacustrine deposits on Mars is of great interest due to their potential for the preservation of organic material, but identifying any given suite of sedimentary rocks as such is difficult when limited to mineralogy and morphology derived from orbital data. Here, the processes and conditions leading to clay mineral formation in lakes and evaporative marine basins on Earth are reviewed, with a focus on the spatial and stratigraphic distribution of clays in these settings. The goal is to provide criteria to determine if certain Martian clay deposits are consistent with such an origin, which in turn will aid in the identification of possible ancient habitable environments on Mars.
Evidence for Low-Grade Metamorphism, Hydrothermal Alteration, and Diagenesis on Mars from Phyllosilicate Mineral Assemblages
Authors: Ehlmann Bethany L. , Mustard John F. , Clark Roger N. , Swayze Gregg A. , Murchie Scott L. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe enhanced spatial and spectral resolution provided by the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) has led to the discovery of numerous hydrated silicate minerals on Mars, particularly in the ancient, cratered crust comprising the southern highlands. Phases recently identified using visible/near-infrared spectra include: smectite, chlorite, prehnite, high-charge phyllosilicates (illite or muscovite), the zeolite analcime, opaline silica, and serpentine. Some mineral assemblages represent the products of aqueous alteration at elevated temperatures. Geologic occurrences of these mineral assemblages are described using examples from west of the Isidis basin near the Nili Fossae and with reference to differences in implied temperature, fluid composition, and starting materials during alteration. The alteration minerals are not distributed homogeneously. Rather, certain craters host distinctive alteration assemblages: (1) prehnite-chloritesilica, (2) analcime-silica-Fe,Mg-smectite-chlorite, (3) chlorite-illite (muscovite), and (4) serpentine, which furthermore has been found in bedrock units. These assemblages contrast with the prevalence of solely Fe,Mg-smectites in most phyllosilicate-bearing terrains on Mars, and they represent materials altered at depth then exposed by cratering. Of the minerals found to date, prehnite provides the clearest evidence for subsurface, hydrothermal/metamorphic alteration, as it forms only under highly restricted conditions (T = 200–400°C). Multiple mechanisms exist for forming the other individual minerals; however, the most likely formation mechanisms for the characteristic mineralogic assemblages observed are, for (1) and (2), low-grade metamorphism or hydrothermal (<400°C) circulation of fluids in basalt; for (3), transformation of trioctahedral smectites to chlorite and dioctahedral smectites to illite during diagenesis; and for (4), low-grade metamorphism or hydrothermal (<400°C) circulation of fluids in ultramafic rocks. Evidence for high-grade metamorphism at elevated pressures or temperatures >400°C has not been found.
Synthesis of lipid A and inner-core lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ligands containing 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose units
Authors: Zamyatina Alla , Hollaus Ralph , Blaukopf Markus , Kosma Paul 
Published: November 2011

Attachment of 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (Ara4N) to phosphates or sugar hydroxyl groups of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) contributes to bacterial resistance against common antibiotics. For a detailed study of antigenic properties and binding interactions, Ara4N-containing inner-core ligands related to Burkholderia and Proteus LPS have been synthesized in good yields. Glycosylation at position 8 of allyl glycosides of oct-2-ulosonic acids (Ko, Kdo) has been accomplished using an N-phenyltrifluoroacetimidate 4-azido-4-deoxy-L-arabinosyl glycosyl donor followed by azide reduction and global deprotection. The β-L-Ara4N-(1 → 8)-α-Kdo disaccharide was further extended into the branched β-L-Ara4N-(1 → 8)[α-Kdo-(2 → 4)]-α-Kdo trisaccharide via a regioselective glycosylation of a protected triol intermediate. Synthesis of Ara4N-modified lipid A part structure occurring in the LPS of Burkholderia, Pseudomonas, and Klebsiellla strains was accomplished using the H-phosphonate approach. The stereocontrolled assembly of the phosphodiester linkage connecting glycosidic centers of two aminosugars was elaborated employing an anomeric H-phosphonate of cyclic silyl-ether protected 4-azido-4-deoxy-β-L-arabinose, which was coupled to the hemiacetal of the lipid A GlcN-disaccharide backbone. Conditions for global deprotection, which warrant the integrity of “double anomeric” phosphodiester linkage, were successfully developed. Introduction of thiol-terminated spacer at the synthetic ligands allows both coupling to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and immobilization on gold nanoparticles as well as generation of glycoarrays.
Carl Linnaeus and the Visual Representation of Nature
Authors: Charmantier Isabelle 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) is reputed to have transformed botanical practice by shunning the process of illustrating plants and relying on the primacy of literary descriptions of plant specimens. Botanists and historians have long debated Linnaeus's capacities as a draftsman. While some of his detailed sketches of plants and insects reveal a sure hand, his more general drawings of landscapes and people seem ill-executed. The overwhelming consensus, based mostly on his Lapland diary (1732), is that Linnaeus could not draw. Little has been said, however, on the role of drawing and other visual representations in Linnaeus's daily work as seen in his other numerous manuscripts. These manuscripts, held mostly at the Linnean Society of London, are peppered with sketches, maps, tables, and diagrams. Reassessing these manuscripts, along with the printed works that also contain illustrations of plant species, shows that Linnaeus's thinking was profoundly visual and that he routinely used visual representational devices in his various publications. This paper aims to explore the full range of visual representations Linnaeus used through his working life, and to reevaluate the epistemological value of visualization in the making of natural knowledge. By analyzing Linnaeus's use of drawings, maps, tables, and diagrams, I will show that he did not, as has been asserted, reduce the discipline of botany to text, and that his visual thinking played a fundamental role in his construction of new systems of classification.
“My Goose Child Martina”:
Authors: Munz Tania 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
In 1935, the graylag goose Martina (1935–?) hatched from an egg in the home of the zoologist Konrad Lorenz (1903–1989). Martina imprinted on Lorenz, slept in his bedroom, mated with the gander Martin, and flew off in 1937. Over the following decades, Konrad Lorenz helped to establish the discipline of ethology, received a share of the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and continued to write about his famous goose Martina. This essay examines the different instantiations of the geese in general, and Martina in particular, in Lorenz's writings aimed at readerships that included prewar zoologists, National Socialist psychologists, and popular audiences from the 1930s to 1980s. By developing an animal with her own biography, Lorenz created an individual whose lived and rhetorical agency made her especially well suited to perform widely divergent aspects of his evolving science. While a significant literature in the history of science has explored the standardization and stabilization of animals in science, I show how Lorenz's creation of a highly protean and increasingly public Martina was co-constitutive of the establishment of his science and public persona.
Rhizomatic Subjects
Authors: Prystash Justin 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
By examining Thomas Carlyle's scientific writings (often buried in his “literary” texts) and placing them in relation to Charles Kingsley's work on marine biology, this essay explores how these writers posit a transcendent, eternal origin in order to stabilize a normative hierarchy of subjectivity in the present. Their concept of the eternal origin was internally subverted, however, through the metaphorical irruption of organisms from natural history, especially the roots of plants and coral. These nonhierarchical, rhizomatic organisms express, as Carlyle puts it, so many “rhizophagous” threats to a stable English society. Due to the ontological and epistemological instability of the biological referent, these metaphors also continually subvert Carlyle's language and political message, from his early essays on Goethe to the Latter-Day Pamphlets (1850). Kingsley presents an analogous case. In the dream sequence in Alton Locke (1850), for example, he paradoxically portrays the transcendent origin of male subjectivity as materialist and matriarchal: the “madrepore” (or “mother-passage,” a type of coral) that forms the basis of Alton's identity is described in terms of its femininity, temporal flux, and biological indeterminacy (only later is this origin subsumed in the telos of the divine “All-Father”). Ultimately, both Carlyle and Kingsley reveal the extent to which concepts of temporality and biology formed and deformed Victorian subjectivity in the pre-Darwinian period.
Frameshift Mutagenesis: The Roles of Primer–Template Misalignment and the Nonhomologous End-Joining Pathway inSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Lehner Kevin , Mudrak Sarah V , Minesinger Brenda K , Jinks-Robertson Sue 
Published: November 2011

AbstractSmall insertions or deletions that alter the reading frame of a gene typically occur in simple repeats such as mononucleotide runs and are thought to reflect spontaneous primer–template misalignment during DNA replication. The resulting extrahelical repeat is efficiently recognized by the mismatch repair machinery, which specifically replaces the newly replicated strand to restore the original sequence. Frameshift mutagenesis is most easily studied using reversion assays, and previous studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae suggested that the length threshold for polymerase slippage in mononucleotide runs is 4N. Because the probability of slippage is strongly correlated with run length, however, it was not clear whether shorter runs were unable to support slippage or whether the resulting frameshifts were obscured by the presence of longer runs. To address this issue, we removed all mononucleotide runs &gt;3N from the yeast lys2ΔBgl and lys2ΔA746 frameshift reversion assays, which detect net 1-bp deletions and insertions, respectively. Analyses demonstrate that 2N and 3N runs can support primer–template misalignment, but there is striking run-specific variation in the frequency of slippage, in the accumulation of +1 vs. −1 frameshifts and in the apparent efficiency of mismatch repair. We suggest that some of this variation reflects the role of flanking sequence in initiating primer–template misalignment and that some reflects replication-independent frameshifts generated by the nonhomologous end-joining pathway. Finally, we demonstrate that nonhomologous end joining is uniquely required for the de novo creation of tandem duplications from noniterated sequence.