bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bonding Agents for High-Temperature Strain Gages
Authors: Moore Dwight G. 
Published: September 2009

The properties most desired of a cement for high-temperature gages are:
1. High electrical resistivity up to the maximum temperature of use,
2. Good adhesion to the substrate metal and to the strain-sensitive elements,
3. Accurate transmission of strains up to 1 per cent,
4. High resistance to flow under steady-state strains up to the maximum temperature of use,
5. Chemical inertness toward the alloy filament of the gage,
6. Thermal expansion that is approximately equal to that of the metal substrate,
7. Freedom from hygroscopic effects after curing,
8. Good working properties,
9. Long shelf life, and
10. Low curing temperature.
Resistance to Creep Deformation and Fracture in Metals and Alloys
Authors: Garofalo F. 
Published: September 2009

Various techniques employed in studying the factors controlling resistance to creep and creep rupture are reviewed and discussed. The primary modes of deformation that have been identified metallographically on specimen surfaces include coarse and fine slip and grain boundary shearing. More complex modes of deformation have also been found. Measurements of grain distortions well below the specimen surface indicate that grain boundary shearing may be more important than is indicated by surface studies.
Substructure formation is being studied by metallographic methods and by electron transmission and high-resolution X-ray techniques. The latter techniques are suitable for determining rearrangement of dislocations during creep. Initial observations indicate that dislocation pile-ups are probably not involved in the processes controlling primary and secondary creep.
Time laws of creep and dependence of transient and steady-state creep on stress and temperature are discussed briefly. Such information is necessary to isolate the prominent creep processes. Their strong temperature-dependence indicates that creep processes are thermally activated. The similarity between the activation energy for secondary creep and that for self-diffusion is pointed out and the dislocation models based on this fact are discussed. Some of these models postulate dislocation pile-ups which as yet have not been observed. Furthermore, the fact that creep is found at stresses very much lower than the static yield strength indicates that the development of extensive pile-ups is unlikely. Prominent creep processes may involve, therefore, the activation of dislocation sources rather than movement of loops of freshly generated dislocations.
The end of secondary creep may depend in some cases on grain boundary shearing and hence may be affected by precipitation in the boundaries. It is shown that rupture life is proportional to the time at the end of secondary creep. This relationship, which is not strongly dependent on stress and temperature, leads directly to the dependence of rupture life on minimum creep rate suggested by Grant and his co-workers. The interrelationship between intercrystalline crack initiation and grain boundary shearing is briefly discussed for both wedge-type and round-type cracks. Results that have been obtained on stainless steel suggest that for this material crack growth does not depend to any extent on vacancy condensation. In this material the intercrystalline cracks are predominantly of the wedge type.
Quenchable Effects of High-Temperature, High-Pressure Treatment on Nonmetallic Materials
Authors: Roy Rustum 
Published: September 2009

The usefulness of high pressures in materials synthesis and tailor-making is considered in two different pressure ranges: below and above 10 kilobars.
Below 10 kilobars, high-pressure technology has made possible the controlled synthesis of special phases containing volatile components such as water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen, etc. Examples range from synthetic zeolites and micas to special valence state ferrimagnetics prepared under high oxygen pressures. High water pressure is also an excellent solvent for crystal growth and the most effective catalyst for attaining equilibrium in the subsolidus region of anhydrous nonmetallic systems.
Above 10 kilobars, a systematic crystal chemical approach to the synthesis of new materials has produced a large number of new high-pressure materials which can be retained under ambient conditions. These include a variety of simple oxides (e.g. B2O3, ZnO, SiO2, TiO2 PbO2) halides (BeF2, MnF2), semiconductors (silicon, germanium, etc.), ternary phases (a whole series of Ln3+PO4, Ln3+VO4, CaCO3, various garnets), noncrystalline dense glasses, etc.
The Mechanical Properties and Deformation Characteristics of Metals and Alloys Under Pressure
Authors: Pugh H. Ll. D. 
Published: September 2009

The paper is concerned with the mechanical properties and the extrusion of materials under pressure up to about 200,000 psi. Apparatus is described for carrying out tension and torsion tests under pressure. Results are given and discussed on the effect of pressure on: the ductility of various materials, the correlation of the fracture stress obtained in tension and torsion tests under pressure, and on the variation with pressure of the ratio of the radii of the minimum cross section to that of the curvature at the neck. Typical stress-strain curves under pressure are given, as are some results on the effect of soaking at pressure on the atmospheric tensile properties.
Two applications of high pressure to the extrusion of metals are described: one, hydrostatic extrusion, in which a high-pressure liquid instead of a ram is used to extrude metals; the other, in which the metal is extruded into or against a hydrostatic pressure thus allowing the satisfactory extrusion of brittle metals. Results are given of the hydrostatic extrusion of a number of materials, and the mechanics of the process are discussed. The potential of the method for the extrusion of long billets is illustrated.
A Promiscuous Prion: Efficient Induction of [URE3] Prion Formation by Heterologous Prion Domains
Authors: Ross Carley D , McCarty Blake R , Hamilton Michael , Ben-Hur Asa , Ross Eric D 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe [URE3] and [PSI+] prions are the infections amyloid forms of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins Ure2p and Sup35p, respectively. Randomizing the order of the amino acids in the Ure2 and Sup35 prion domains while retaining amino acid composition does not block prion formation, indicating that amino acid composition, not primary sequence, is the predominant feature driving [URE3] and [PSI+] formation. Here we show that Ure2p promiscuously interacts with various compositionally similar proteins to influence [URE3] levels. Overexpression of scrambled Ure2p prion domains efficiently increases de novo formation of wild-type [URE3] in vivo. In vitro, amyloid aggregates of the scrambled prion domains efficiently seed wild-type Ure2p amyloid formation, suggesting that the wild-type and scrambled prion domains can directly interact to seed prion formation. To test whether interactions between Ure2p and naturally occurring yeast proteins could similarly affect [URE3] formation, we identified yeast proteins with domains that are compositionally similar to the Ure2p prion domain. Remarkably, all but one of these domains were also able to efficiently increase [URE3] formation. These results suggest that a wide variety of proteins could potentially affect [URE3] formation.
A Scoring System for Early Prognostic Assessment After Neonatal Seizures
Authors: Pisani Francesco , Sisti Lisa , Seri Stefano 
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to devise a scoring system that could aid in predicting neurologic outcome at the onset of neonatal seizures.
METHODS: A total of 106 newborns who had neonatal seizures and were consecutively admitted to the NICU of the University of Parma from January 1999 through December 2004 were prospectively followed-up, and neurologic outcome was assessed at 24 months’ postconceptional age. We conducted a retrospective analysis on this cohort to identify variables that were significantly related to adverse outcome and to develop a scoring system that could provide early prognostic indications.
RESULTS: A total of 70 (66%) of 106 infants had an adverse neurologic outcome. Six variables were identified as the most important independent risk factors for adverse outcome and were used to construct a scoring system: birth weight, Apgar score at 1 minute, neurologic examination at seizure onset, cerebral ultrasound, efficacy of anticonvulsant therapy, and presence of neonatal status epilepticus. Each variable was scored from 0 to 3 to represent the range from “normal” to “severely abnormal.” A total composite score was computed by addition of the raw scores of the 6 variables. This score ranged from 0 to 12. A cutoff score of ≥4 provided the greatest sensitivity and specificity.
CONCLUSIONS: This scoring system may offer an easy, rapid, and reliable prognostic indicator of neurologic outcome after the onset of neonatal seizures. A final assessment of the validity of this score in routine clinical practice will require independent validation in other centers.
Modeling Tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) Habitat and Climate Change Effects in the Northwestern United States
Authors: Kerns Becky K. , Naylor Bridgett J. , Buonopane Michelle , Parks Catherine G. , Rogers Brendan 
Published: September 2009

AbstractTamarisk species are shrubs or small trees considered by some to be among the most aggressively invasive and potentially detrimental exotic plants in the United States. Although extensively studied in the southern and interior west, northwestern (Oregon, Washington, and Idaho) distribution and habitat information for tamarisk is either limited or lacking. We obtained distribution data for the northwest, developed a habitat suitability map, and projected changes in habitat due to climate change in a smaller case study area using downscaled climate data. Results show extensive populations of tamarisk east of the Cascade Mountains. Despite the perceived novelty of tamarisk in the region, naturalized populations were present by the 1920s. Major population centers are limited to the warmest and driest environments in the central Snake River Plain, Columbia Plateau, and Northern Basin and Range. Habitat suitability model results indicate that 21% of the region supports suitable tamarisk habitat. Less than 1% of these areas are occupied by tamarisk; the remainder is highly vulnerable to invasion. Although considerable uncertainty exists regarding future climate change, we project a 2- to 10-fold increase in highly suitable tamarisk habitat by the end of the century. Our habitat suitability maps can be used in “what if” exercises as part of planning, detection, restoration, management, and eradication purposes.
Forest Roads Facilitate the Spread of Invasive Plants
Authors: Mortensen David A. , Rauschert Emily S. J. , Nord Andrea N. , Jones Brian P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe distribution and abundance of invasive species can be strongly influenced by habitat suitability and by corridors that facilitate dispersal. We synthesize results from a large-scale invasive plant survey with a patch-scale expansion experiment. The large-scale survey involved transects up to 250 m away from of all roads in a 32,000 ha forest. The patch experiment involved initiating invasions in different habitat types (roadside, wetland, disturbed, and intact forests), and then fitting statistical models to patch spread rates. The large-scale survey highlighted the importance of roads in predicting the presence of invasive plants, also revealing that one invasive plant,Microstegium vimineum, has spread rapidly since its purported introduction in 1994. The patch-scale experiments focused onMicrostegiumand demonstrated that spread rates are higher in roadsides than in forested and wetland patches, even in the absence of major disturbances. These results highlight the importance of landscape features when designing prevention and management practices aimed at limiting invasive plant abundance and spread.
Seeding Cool-Season Grasses to Suppress Broom Snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae), Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum), and Weedy Forbs
Authors: Thacker Eric , Ralphs Michael H. , Monaco Thomas A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBroom snakeweed (snakeweed) is an aggressive native range-weed found throughout arid and semiarid areas of the western United States, that increases following disturbances such as overgrazing, drought, or wildfire. Ecologically based strategies that include controlling snakeweed and reestablishing desirable herbaceous species are needed to restore productivity and diversity to invaded areas. The objective of this study was to compare the ability of selected introduced and native grass species and prostrate kochia (kochia) to prevent reinvasion of snakeweed, downy brome, and annual forbs following control. This field study was replicated at two sites (Howell and Nephi, Utah) within the sagebrush-steppe biome. Snakeweed and downy brome were controlled by picloram (0.25 kg/ha [0.22 lb/ac]) and glyphosate (1.5 kg/ha [1.3 lb/ac]). The seeding treatments were comprised of three introduced grasses and a mix of these species, three native grasses and a mix of these species, and kochia. The treatments were seeded into 3 by 15-m (10 by 50 ft) plots in October 2003. Frequency and biomass of seeded species, snakeweed, downy brome, other grasses, and annual forbs were measured in 2004, 2005, and 2008. Seeded species were evaluated for success of establishment and persistence, and their ability to restrict reinvasion of snakeweed, downy brome, and annual forbs. Crested wheatgrass and big squirreltail had the best initial establishment at both locations (> 75%). In contrast, kochia and Russian wildrye did not establish well at either site, and western wheatgrass did not establish well at Nephi. Snakeweed reestablishment was restricted in all treatments except the kochia treatments, in which kochia did not establish well. Frequency of downy brome increased at both sites, and annual forb frequency increased at Nephi to near 100%, but the better established grasses suppressed biomass production of these weedy species. Crested wheatgrass established best, had the greatest production, and provided greatest suppression of downy brome and annual weeds.
Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) Removal Method Affects Native Establishment
Authors: Barto E. Kathryn , Cipollini Don 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe used a growth chamber experiment with first-year garlic mustard plants to explore the effects of three garlic mustard removal techniques (treatment with glyphosate, pulling out the entire plant, and clipping the shoot) on growth of the native herb pale jewelweed and its associated mycorrhizal fungi. We also explored the effects of activated carbon and mycorrhizal inocula amendments. We monitored plant height, intra- and extraradical mycorrhizal structures, root growth, and the fractal dimension of the root system. Removing as much garlic mustard root tissue as possible by hand pulling plants led to larger jewelweed plants than other removal methods. Activated carbon and mycorrhizal inocula did not improve plant growth.
Hepatic Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors Are Not Critically Involved in Maintaining Glucose Homeostasis in Mice
Authors: Li Jian H. , Gautam Dinesh , Han Sung-Jun , Guettier Jean-Marc , Cui Yinghong , Lu Huiyan , Deng Chuxia , O'Hare James , Jou William , Gavrilova Oksana , Buettner Christoph , Wess Jürgen 
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVEAn increase in the rate of hepatic glucose production is the major determinant of fasting hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes. A better understanding of the signaling pathways and molecules that regulate hepatic glucose metabolism is therefore of great clinical importance. Recent studies suggest that an increase in vagal outflow to the liver leads to decreased hepatic glucose production and reduced blood glucose levels. Since acetylcholine (ACh) is the major neurotransmitter of the vagus nerve and exerts its parasympathetic actions via activation of muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs), we examined the potential metabolic relevance of hepatocyte mAChRs.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSWe initially demonstrated that the M3 mAChR is the only mAChR subtype expressed by mouse liver/hepatocytes. To assess the physiological role of this receptor subtype in regulating hepatic glucose fluxes and glucose homeostasis in vivo, we used gene targeting and transgenic techniques to generate mutant mice lacking or overexpressing M3 receptors in hepatocytes only.RESULTSStrikingly, detailed in vivo phenotyping studies failed to reveal any significant metabolic differences between the M3 receptor mutant mice and their control littermates, independent of whether the mice were fed regular or a high-fat diet. Moreover, the expression levels of genes for various key transcription factors, signaling molecules, and enzymes regulating hepatic glucose fluxes were not significantly altered in the M3 receptor mutant mice.CONCLUSIONSThis rather surprising finding suggests that the pronounced metabolic effects mediated by activation of hepatic vagal nerves are mediated by noncholinergic signaling pathways.
From Genetic Risk Awareness to Overt Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Goldstein Eszter , Hermann Robert , Renfors Timo J. , Näntö-Salonen Kirsti M. , Korhonen Tapio , Kärkkäinen Maarit , Veijola Riitta K. , Knip Mikael , Simell Tuula T. , Simell Olli G. 
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the psychological burden of parents facing increasing risk of type 1 diabetes in their children.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In the population-based Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) Study, newborn infants with HLA-DQB1–conferred diabetes risk were enrolled in sequential analyses of diabetes-associated autoantibodies. Those persistently positive for at least two autoantibodies were recruited to a randomized double-blinded intervention trial. The experience of stress in parents of 664 children was measured using Parenting Stress Index self-report inventory.

RESULTS
While diagnosis of diabetes increased parental stress, the appearance of autoantibodies or participation in the intervention trial did not. Mothers had higher stress levels than fathers. Single parenthood and chronically ill family members increased parental stress.

CONCLUSIONS
Parental stress was not increased by notification of autoantibody positivity or by participation in an intervention trial. Other demanding family conditions contributed to the experience of stress.
Genetic Polymorphisms in Genes Encoding Antioxidant Enzymes Are Associated With Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Hovnik Tinka , Dolžan Vita , Bratina Nataša Uršič , Podkrajšek Katarina Trebušak , Battelino Tadej 
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of microangiopathic complications in type 1 diabetes. We investigated polymorphic markers in genes encoding enzymes regulating production of reactive oxygen species in association with diabetic retinopathy or diabetic nephropathy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 124 patients with type 1 diabetes were investigated in this case-control study. All subjects were matched for sex, age, and duration of diabetes. Genotyping was conducted using real-time PCR for p.Val16Ala polymorphism in the MnSOD gene and c.C−262T in the promoter region of the CAT gene. Multiplex PCR method was used for determination of GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphic deletions. Fluorescence-labeled PCR amplicons and fragment analysis was used for assessing the number of pentanucleotide (CCTTT)n repeats in inducible nitric oxide synthase.

RESULTS
A positive association of MnSOD genotype Val/Val (odds ratio [OR] 2.49, 95% CI 1.00–6.16, P = 0.045) and GSTM1–1 genotype (2.63, 1.07–6.47, P = 0.031) with diabetic retinopathy but not with diabetic nephropathy was demonstrated. Additionally, the combination of the two genotypes conveyed an even higher risk (4.24, 1.37–13.40, P = 0.009). No other investigated genetic polymorphisms were associated with either diabetic retinopathy or diabetic nephropathy.

CONCLUSIONS
Selected polymorphisms in genes encoding MnSOD and GSTM1 could be added to a panel of genetic markers for identification of individuals with type 1 diabetes at an increased risk for developing diabetic retinopathy.
Computed tomography–assisted management of a mandibular dentigerous cyst in a dog with a nasal carcinoma
Authors: Soukup Jason W. , Lawrence Jessica A. , Pinkerton Marie E. , Schwarz Tobias 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Case Description—A 6-year-old neutered male Boston Terrier was examined to determine the cause of sneezing, bilateral nasal discharge, nasal congestion, lethargy, and coughing of 2 months' duration.
Clinical Findings—An undifferentiated nasal carcinoma was diagnosed. During computed tomography (CT) evaluation of response to tomotherapy radiation treatment, a mandibular dentigerous cyst, associated with an unerupted left mandibular first premolar, was monitored for expansion.
Treatment and Outcome—The dog had a profound response to radiation treatment, and the nasal carcinoma totally resolved. It was determined on the basis of CT that the rate of expansion of the dentigerous cyst was placing the dog at risk for mandibular fracture and loss of vitality to the surrounding teeth. The unerupted left mandibular first premolar and associated dentigerous cyst were surgically removed and submitted for histologic evaluation.
Clinical Relevance—Images obtained during sequential CT evaluations performed after radiation treatment of nasal carcinoma should be examined for evidence of the primary neoplasm as well as to detect unrelated lesions of the orofacial region that can compromise the quality of life. Findings of CT evaluations can be used to determine when and how to initiate treatment for dentigerous cysts in regard to the patient's response to radiation treatment.
Effect of lameness on sow longevity
Authors: Anil Sukumarannair S. , Anil Leena , Deen John 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Objective—To analyze the association of lameness and performance variables on sow longevity by use of time-to-event analysis.
Design—Cohort study.
Animals—674 sows from a commercial breeding herd.
Procedures—A lameness assessment was performed on each sow. Data on farrowing performance and longevity were collected for the sows during 3 or fewer parities from the database of the herd during 2005 and 2006. The association of risk factors with sow longevity within 350 days after lameness assessment was analyzed via Cox regression analysis. Pigs per day, total production days, and survival at 350 days after lameness evaluation were compared between lame and nonlame sows.
Results—Numbers of preweaning baby pig deaths, stillborn pigs, and mummified pigs were negatively associated with sow longevity within 350 days after lameness assessment. A higher number of pigs born alive and younger parity of sows were protective. Lame sows had a higher risk (1.710 times as high) of removal from the herd within 350 days after lameness assessment. The number of pigs born alive per day, survival of sows at 350 days, and total number of days in the herd were lower in lame sows.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of this study indicated significant differences in the survivability of lame and nonlame sows in a commercial herd. Parity and farrowing performance variables were factors influencing sow longevity in this herd. Producers need to minimize sow lameness and remove lame sows from a herd early (when treatment is not an option) to minimize economic loss.