bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of stabilisation training on trunk muscle size, motor control, low back pain and player availability among elite australian rules football players
Authors: Hides J , Stanton W , Mendis M D , Gildea J 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundAmong the injuries in Australian Rules Football League (AFL), hip, thigh and groin muscle injuries are highly prevalent. The prevalence rates of injuries classified as ‘trunk/back’ in the AFL injury report have not decreased over the past 16 years. In addition, low back pain (LBP) is common among AFL players. Deficits within the lumbo-pelvic region such as impaired motor control, is thought to contribute to injuries.ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of a staged stabilisation training program on trunk muscle size and motor control.DesignRandomised control trial.SettingMRI examinations were carried out in a hospital setting, and the stabilisation training was conducted at the AFL club premises.Participants42 male elite players representing the training squad of an AFL club, participated in the study.InterventionsThe stabilisation program involved voluntary contraction of the multifidus, transversus abdominis, and pelvic floor muscles, with real-time feedback from rehabilitative ultrasound imaging, progressed from non-weight-bearing to weight-bearing positions. Training sessions were 30 min in duration, and were conducted twice per week for 7–15 weeks.Main outcome measurementsThe dependent variables were the cross-sectional areas (CSA) of the multifidus muscles, the ability to draw in the abdominal wall (CSA of the trunk, relaxed versus contracted), pain (Visual analogue scale) and player availability for competition games.ResultsIn the control group, multifidus muscle CSA decreased. Stabilisation training was associated with an increase in multifidus muscle CSA and an increased amount of abdominal wall draw-in. This was concomitant with a decrease in LBP and an increase in player availability.ConclusionAlterations in muscle size and motor control can exist in highly active, elite athletes. Specific retraining during the season was effective in terms of increasing availability of players and decreasing LBP.
The relationship between ACL injuries and physical fitness in junior austrian alpine ski racers – a 10 year longitudinal study
Authors: Raschner C , Platzer H P , Patterson C , Werner I , Hildebrandt C 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundEpidemiological studies have shown a high incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries among competitive alpine skiers. Little is known about modifiable risk factors and there is still equivocal discussion about the gender-related risk factors.ObjectiveTo determine the relationship between ACL injuries and internal risk factors among competitive junior alpine skiers.DesignRetrospective data analyses of a cohort.Participants175 female and 195 male competitive alpine ski racers between the ages of 14 and 19.Assessment of risk factorsAthletes of the Skigymnasium Stams underwent a test battery three times annually from 1996 to 2006. Norm profiles were established and Z score transformations normalised the different age groups. In the case of an ACL injury the last test result before the injury was compared with the norm values.Main outcome measurementsPhysical parameters between injured and non-injured athletes.ResultsBetween 1996 and 2006, 57 ACL injuries occurred. The injury rate in females was 2.1 times greater than in males. The binary logistic regression revealed Nagelkerkes R2of 0.368 and 0.236 for men and women, respectively. Z scores for relative leg force, ratio of absolute flexion/extension force, relative core strength and reactive strength index were predictive variables for men. Z scores of all these predictive variables except relative leg force were higher (p<0.05) in the non-injured group than in the injured group. Ratio of absolute flexion/extension force and absolute core strength were predictive covariates for women. Z scores for absolute core strength were higher in the non-injured group (p<0.01).ConclusionThe risk of injury was higher in females compared with males. Findings suggest that core and leg strength are critical factors for ACL injuries in young ski racers. Targeted evidence-based preventative training programs must include these aspects.
The effect of fatigue on frontal plane angular changes in the lumbar spine of elite rowers
Authors: Wilson F , Simms C , Gormley G , Gissane C 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundThe incidence of lumbar spine injury is high in rowers. Spinal kinematics and fatigue may influence onset of this injury.ObjectiveTo quantify lumbar spine motion in the frontal plane (at L3) and examine the effects of fatigue (measured by changes in blood lactate accumulation) on changes in angular displacement of the lumbar spine during ergometer rowing.DesignThe lumbar spine kinematics of the study cohort were measured using a Spectrotilt Inclinometer connected to a Biometrics DataLog system.SettingA laboratory based study of elite level rowing.Participants12 elite rowers, all male, mean age 23.2 (5.2) years, mean weight 79.1 (5) Kg.Assessment of risk factorsLumbar spine angular kinematics were measured in the frontal plane at L3 during an ergometer rowing trial. The trial was an incremental ‘step test’ on a Concept 2 ergometer. Blood lactate was sampled at 3 min intervals throughout the test using a portable lactate analyser.Main outcome measurementsChanges in spinal angular displacement between the first and last stage of the test. Fatigue was indicated by accumulation of blood lactate.ResultsMean angular displacement was 4.6° (1.4) at the first stage of the test, increasing to 8.7° (2.1) for the last stage. A significant increase in frontal plane angular displacement between the first and last stage of the test was observed (mean increase=4.1° (1.94), 95% CI 2.9 to 5.3°, t=7.36, p=0.000014). Incremental rise in angular displacement was associated with an incremental rise in blood lactate.ConclusionThe high values of angular displacement reached by the participants in this study confirm that there is considerable frontal plane motion during rowing and this increases with fatigue and should be considered as a factor for injury.
Sequence variants within the 3′-UTR of the col5a1 gene alters mrna stability: implications for musculoskeletal soft tissue injuries
Authors: Laguette M-J , Prince S , Collins M 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundCOL5A1 encodes the à1 chain of type V collagen, a minor fibrillar collagen that regulates fibrillogenesis within non-cartilaginous connective tissues. A variant within the COL5A1 3'-untranslated region (UTR) is associated with Achilles tendinopathy (AT), Anterior cruciate ligament ruptures in females, flexibility and endurance running performance.ObjectiveTo provide functional evidence for these genetic associations, the aim of this study was to identify common variants of the COL5A1 3′-UTR from patients with chronic AT and asymptomatic controls. Functional differences between the different variants were tested using reporter gene constructs.MethodsThe entire COL5A1 3′-UTR from four AT patients and three controls were cloned, from genomic DNA using nested PCR, within the pGL3-Promoter vector, substituting the poly (A) signal of the firefly-luciferase reporter gene. The constructs were transiently co-transfected with an internal control HT1080 cells. The normalised results were expressed as relative luciferase activity.ResultsInter-individual variation was demonstrated with a 2.6-fold difference (p<0.001) in the highest activity for an AT patient (110.5±11.6%) and the lowest activity for an asymptomatic subject (42.8±8.6%). In addition, an overall significantly higher activity (87.5±14.3% vs 67.6±20.0%, p<0.001) was observed for the clones from the AT patients. Two major forms of the COL5A1 3′-UTR were identified when all the cloned 3′-UTRs were sequenced. One form (WT-allele) was predominantly identified in the controls, while the second form (TEN-allele) was predominately identified in AT subjects. The luciferase activity of the WT-allele was also significantly lower than the TEN-allele (68.3±24.9% vs 86.0±18.5%, p=0.007).ConclusionTwo major COL5A1 3′-UTR alleles were identified; one from the AT patients and the other from the asymptomatic controls. There was an overall increase in mRNA stability for the TEN-allele. These results demonstrate that the COL5A1 3′-UTR may play an important regulatory role which could results is susceptibility to musculoskeletal soft tissue injures and other phenotypes.
Consciousness survey of junior-high school handball instructors regarding anterior cruciate ligament injuries in japan
Authors: Nakase J , Kitaoka K , Goshima K , Takahashi R , Tsuchiya H 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundRecently, prevention of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries has gained attention. However, there has not been any report on a consciousness survey of sports instructors regarding ACL injuries in Japan.ObjectiveThe purpose of the present study was to conduct a consciousness survey regarding ACL injuries of instructors who coached junior-high school handball team and to ascertain their current knowledge or awareness.ParticipantsThe subjects of the survey were instructors who coached teams that participated in the national junior-high school handball championships in Japan (the subjects were 102 coaches (69 males and 33 females) from 70 teams).MethodsThe questions were the following: (1) Do you know what an ACL injury is? (2) Have you had players with ACL injuries? (3) Do you know the mechanisms of ACL injury? (4) Do you know about the training programs for ACL injury prevention? In addition, the instructors coaching experience in handball was surveyed.ResultsThe instructors had a mean of approximately 10 years of coaching experience, and 89.2% of the instructors knew about ACL injuries, 49% knew the mechanisms of ACL injury, and 13.7% knew about training programs for ACL injury prevention. The percentage of instructors who had players with ACL injuries was 27.5%.ConclusionPuberty has been reported to be a suitable time to introduce programs for ACL injury prevention. Although most handball instructors who coached in the Japanese national championships knew what an ACL injury is, only 14% knew about training programs for ACL injury prevention. As sports medicine physicians, we can help reduce the incidence of ACL injuries through lectures to educate instructors about the mechanisms of ACL injury and training methods for ACL injury prevention.
Online tailored intervention, http://www.voorkomblessures.nl, effective on injury preventive behaviour of dutch runners
Authors: Kloet S , Adriaensens L , Harting L , Fabrie M , van Huik B , Kraaij S 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundOn a population of 10 million sportsmen in the Netherlands, 3.6 million sports injuries are sustained each year. Behaviour is essential in preventing those injuries. An online tailored intervention,http://www.voorkomblessures.nl, provides Dutch amateur athletes with sport-specific and personalised (tailored) advice.ObjectiveTo test the effectiveness of the online intervention on (determinants of) behaviour to prevent sports injuries among amateur runners between 18 and 35 years old.DesignIn a prospective randomised controlled trial participants were randomly assigned to: experimental group 1 (with baseline), experimental group 2 (without baseline) or control-group. Baseline, 30 min follow up and 3 month follow up data were obtained through online questionnaires between September 2009 and February 2010.SettingReal life setting.ParticipantsAfter selection on age (18–35), skill level (amateur) and familiarity with the intervention (none) 318 of 352 recruited runners were included in the study and participated at baseline and 30 min follow up measurement. 199 runners participated at 3 month follow up.InterventionParticipants in both experimental groups had to view the online intervention for 30 min. Respondents in the control group had to read non running related magazines for 30 min.Main outcome measurementsThe intervention aims to influence taking four preventive behaviours and/or change their determinants.ResultsAt 30 min follow up significant effects of the intervention are found on various determinants: attitude, risk perception, knowledge and intention. At 3 month follow up significant effects are found on the determinants knowledge and risk perception. More importantly significant effects are shown on two injury preventive behaviours.ConclusionsThis study shows the online interventionhttp://www.voorkomblessures.nlsucceeds in positively influencing the (determinants of) injury preventive behaviours. More research is needed on long term effects and effects on other types of sport.
The use of biomarkers to assess the response of cartilage to exercise
Authors: Savage T , Niehoff A , Brüggemann L , Müller M , Zaucke F , Eckstein F , Müller-Lung U , Brüggemann G-P 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundOsteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive degenerative disease of all joint structures, affecting over 50% of the population over the age of 65 in the US. Joint injury, a common outcome of sport participation, and high impact loading, such as that experienced in landing and running, are associated with an increased risk of cartilage degeneration and OA development. However, joint loading is also important to cartilage matrix health. The relationship between mechanical loading and joint degeneration is not clear.ObjectiveTo investigate the response of biological markers of cartilage metabolism to moderate cyclical and high impact loading activities.DesignComparative cohort study.SettingHigh level athletes.Participants10 impact athletes (five women and five men) and 14 adult non-athletic controls (seven women and seven men).InterventionsData were collected and compared between three experimental conditions: complete rest; moderate cyclical loading (slow jog); and high impact loading (landing). The duration of intervention was 30 min and subjects were supervised throughout the intervention.Main outcome measurementsBlood samples were collected from each subject at baseline and 30, 60, 120 and 240 min after three interventions. Blood samples were allowed to clot, centrifuged to separate the serum and aliquots were stored at −80° until testing. Serum concentrations of glucosaminoglycans, C-propeptide of collagen II (CP2), cleavage of collagen II (C2C) and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) were evaluated using commercially available Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay kits.ResultsA significant change in serum biomarker concentration in response to the loading intervention was observed for COMP.ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that serum CP2 and C2C concentrations were not influenced by the loading interventions at the analysed time points. However, COMP increased immediately after the loading interventions. Future studies should investigate the role of biomarkers as a diagnostic tool for evidence based workload assessment.
Mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury in world cup alpine skiing: a systematic video analysis of 20 cases
Authors: Bere T , Flørenes T W , Krosshaug T , Koga H , Nordsletten L , Irving C , Muller E , Reid R C , Senner V , Bahr R 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundWe have limited insight into the mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in alpine skiing, particularly among professional ski racers.ObjectiveTo describe the mechanisms of ACL injury in World Cup alpine skiing.DesignDescriptive video analysis.SettingWorld Cup alpine skiing.Methods20 cases of ACL injuries reported through the International Ski Federation Injury Surveillance System for three consecutive World Cup seasons (2006–2009) were obtained on video. Seven international experts performed visual analyses of each case to describe the injury mechanisms in detail (skiing situation, skier behaviour, biomechanical characteristics).ResultsThree main categories of injury mechanisms were identified: the slip-catch, landing back-weighted and the dynamic snowplow. The slip-catch mechanism accounted for half of the cases (n=10), and all these injuries occurred during turning, without or before falling. The skier lost pressure on the outer ski, and while extending the outer knee to regain grip, the inside edge of the outer ski abruptly caught in the snow, forcing the knee into internal rotation and valgus. The same loading pattern was observed for the dynamic snowplow (n=3). The landing back-weighted category included cases (n=4) where the skier was out of balance backwards in-flight after a jump and landed on the ski tails with nearly extended knees. The suggested loading mechanism was a combination of tibiofemoral compression, boot induced anterior drawer and quadriceps anterior drawer.ConclusionA consistent pattern was observed where the main mechanism of ACL injury in World Cup alpine skiing appeared to be a slip-catch situation where the outer ski suddenly catches the inside edge, abruptly forcing the outer knee into internal rotation and valgus. A similar loading pattern was observed for the dynamic snowplow. Injury prevention efforts should focus on the slip-catch mechanism and the dynamic snowplow.
Kinematics of a slip-catch mechanism for anterior cruciate ligament injury in world cup alpine skiing
Authors: Koga H , Bere T , Bahr R , Krosshaug T 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundWe have identified that a slip-catch situation is the main mechanism for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in World Cup alpine skiing by simple visual inspection of injury videos. This occurs when the skier loses pressure on the outer ski during turning, and while extending the outer knee to regain grip, the inside edge of the outer ski catches abruptly, forcing the knee into valgus and internal rotation. To develop injury prevention methods based on this mechanism, a more precise description is needed.ObjectiveTo describe the detailed joint kinematics in a slip-catch situation using a model-based image-matching (MBIM) technique.DesignCase study.SettingMen's World Cup alpine skiing.MethodsVideo of a slip-catch injury situation in slalom captured with two nearly perpendicular camera views was analyzed using the MBIM method to obtain the time course of knee and hip joint kinematics.ResultsKnee valgus and internal rotation angle increased by 13° and 13°, respectively, in the last 60 ms before the time of ACL rupture, which was estimated to occur 100 ms after the catching the edge. Knee flexion angle increased by 32° in the last 20 ms from 22° at snow contact to a final position. Hip flexion and adduction angle increased by 18° and 13°, respectively, in the last 20 ms and the hip stayed at approximately 30° of internal rotation in the last 60 ms.ConclusionAbrupt compression, valgus and internal rotation loading seems to be the main mechanism of slip-catch injury situations in ACL injuries in World Cup alpine skiing. The knee loading pattern described from the previous simple visual inspection study matched well with the more detailed analysis using the MBIM technique. Prevention efforts should focus on avoiding valgus and internal rotation loading on the knee.
The vancouver 2010 paralympic winter games medical care programme: facts, figures and recommendations
Authors: Van de Vliet P , Willick S , Ferrer O Martinez , Wilkinson M , Stewart R , Sasyniuk T M , Celebrini R , Pit-Grosheide P , Taunton J 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundThe medical care programme during Paralympic Winter Games should reflect the particular needs and necessities of Paralympic athletes and their support staff.ObjectiveTo characterise in detail the medical encounters at the 2010 Vancouver Paralympic Winter Games in order to improve knowledge or injury and illness patterns for medical providers at future adaptive sports events.DesignProspective (sports) injury epidemiological study.SettingThe data collection took place during the Vancouver 2010 Paralympic Winter Games.ParticipantsData are reported on all persons involved in the Vancouver 2010 Paralympic Winter Games that consulted VANOC Medical Services, with particular emphasis on athlete records (n=502 participating athletes).InterventionsSystematic records were held on all medical and physical therapy consultations throughout the duration of the Games.Main outcome measurementsNumber of patients treated during the 2010 Vancouver Paralympic Winter Games, stratified by accreditation status, injury or illness type and services consulted.ResultsAt the Vancouver 2010 Paralympic Winter Games, more than 2717 medical interventions occurred for injury or illness, of whom 25% were athlete encounters (n=657). Consultations were mainly for minor injury/illness, majority of musculoskeletal nature; with only seven hospitalisations (five athletes) for a total of 24 inpatient days stay (16 days for athletes). 977 pharmacy prescriptions were issued, which in seven cases were followed up with a Therapeutic Use Exemption application. Alpine Ski was responsible for over 50% of the athlete imaging visits and approximately 20% of total imaging visits (n=332). Physical therapy interventions (n=897) primarily addressed back and shoulder structures.ConclusionA critical analysis of the actual findings and an efficient transfer of knowledge indicate the need for a multidisciplinary approach with other functional areas related to the organisation of Paralympic (Winter) Games, as well as for the initiating of longitudinal study to gain further and in-depth knowledge on sport injuries and exercise-induced physiological reactions in Paralympic Athletes.
A comparison of muscular activation patterns during running and landing
Authors: Savage T , Fantini C , Brüggemann G-P 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundCoactivation of the hamstrings and quadriceps has been identified as the most effective stabilising pattern of the knee. The risk of knee injury is increased in landing compared to running and may be associated with a different muscular response to the loading pattern.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to compare coactivation patterns of the knee flexors and extensors during two common athletic activities.DesignKinetic and EMG analysis.SettingCompetitive athletes.ParticipantsEight young adult athletes (5 male/3 female).InterventionsData were collected from two running interventions (2.5 and 3.0 m/s) and expected landings from a height of 73 cm.Main outcome measurementsMuscular activation of selected quadriceps and hamstrings muscles was determined using normalised RMS of surface EMG. The relative amount of knee flexor and extensor activity was determined using a coactivation ratio (CCR, Sum RMS Hams/Sum RMS Quads). For the running trials, the stance phase was normalised and mean muscle activity calculated during three intervals: weight acceptance (WA); middle stance (MS); and late stance (LS). Landing trials were divided into two phases: initial contact (IC, the first 100 ms after touchdown) and eccentric (EC, from 100 ms until maximal knee flexion).ResultsThe CCR was significantly greater (p<0.001) during running (WA=0.56, MS=0.49) than landing (IC=0.20, EC=0.32). Muscular activity observed during landing greatly favoured the quadriceps while hamstring activity was highest during LS in running. There was a trend for an increase in CCR with running velocity, however only during LS was CCR significantly higher (p<0.05) (2.5 m/s=1.67, 3 m/s=2.14).ConclusionQuadriceps activity was observed to be much higher than the hamstrings in landing than running and this has been hypothesised as a mechanism of anterior cruciate ligament injury. The Quadriceps contract eccentrically to control landing and a low hamstring contribution may affect joint stability and loading patterns.