bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Novel Mutation of the CLCN1 Gene Associated with Myotonia Hereditaria in an Australian Cattle Dog
Authors: Finnigan Daniel F. , Hanna W.J. Brad , Poma Roberto , Bendall Andrew J. 
Published: March 2010

Background:Heritable myotonia is a genetic muscle disorder characterized by slow relaxation of skeletal muscles. The main clinical signs are skeletal muscle stiffness, especially after vigorous contraction, and muscle hypertrophy. Muscle stiffness may be enhanced by inactivity, and often is relieved by exercise. Myotonia can be inherited in an autosomal dominant or recessive manner (Thomsen‐or Becker‐type myotonia, respectively). In mice, goats, Miniature Schnauzer dogs, and most affected humans, the disorder is caused by mutations in CLCN1, which encodes the skeletal muscle voltage‐gated chloride channel, ClC‐1.Hypothesis:We hypothesized that an Australian Cattle Dog with generalized muscle stiffness and hypertrophy examined at the Ontario Veterinary College would have a mutation in the CLCN1 gene.Animals:A pure‐bred Australian Cattle Dog from Ontario, Canada, was used.Methods:Based on clinical signs and electromyographic test results, a diagnosis of myotonia hereditaria was made, and a muscle biopsy was collected for genetic analysis.Results:Sequence data obtained from the affected dog confirmed that it was homozygous for a single base insertion in the CLCN1 coding sequence. This mutation would result in a truncated ClC‐1 protein being expressed, which, based on molecular evidence from other studies, would result in functionally compromised chloride conduction in the skeletal muscles of the animal.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: To the authors' knowledge, this report describes the 1st case of myotonia in an Australian Cattle Dog and represents the 1st non‐Schnauzer canine myotonia to be genetically characterized. In addition, we developed a polymerase chain reaction‐based genetic screen to detect heterozygotes with this mutation in the at‐large Australian Cattle Dog population.
Effects of 2 Concentrations of Sodium Citrate on Coagulation Test Results, von Willebrand Factor Concentration, and Platelet Function in Dogs
Authors: Morales F. , Couto C.G. , Iazbik M.C. 
Published: March 2010

Background:Blood collection tubes containing 3.2% (0.109 M) sodium citrate, instead of 3.8% (0.129 M) sodium citrate, have recently become available in the United States. These tubes are visually indistinguishable from the traditional 3.8% sodium citrate tubes, except for wording on the label. Consequently, samples for hemostatic evaluation are frequently collected in tubes containing the lower concentration of sodium citrate.Hypothesis:Results of hemostasis assays are different in samples collected in 3.2% versus 3.8% sodium citrate.Animals:Twenty healthy dogs.Methods:This study aimed at determining whether results of standard coagulation tests, von Willebrand factor concentration (vWF:Ag), and platelet function with the platelet function analyzer PFA‐100a were affected by the different concentrations of sodium citrate. Blood samples were collected in tubes containing either 3.2% or 3.8% sodium citrate concentrations and processed routinely for coagulation assays (one‐stage prothrombin time [OSPT], activated partial thromboplastin time [aPTT], fibrinogen concentration, and platelet count), vWF:Ag, and platelet function assays with a PFA‐100.Results:There was no significant difference between samples collected in 3.2% versus those collected in 3.8% sodium citrate for OSPT, aPTT, fibrinogen concentration, platelet count, or vWF:Ag. The closure times with collagen/adenosine diphosphate were significantly shorter (66 ± 8.1 versus 74.8 ± 9.7 seconds; P < .0001) with the 3.2% than with 3.8% sodium citrate concentration, and the hematocrit was significantly higher (47.9 ± 5.6 versus 46.0 ± 4.7 seconds; P= .03) in samples collected in 3.2% than in those collected in 3.8% sodium citrate.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: There is no clinically relevant effect of collection of blood into 3.2% or 3.8% sodium citrate.
Effects of Syringe Type and Storage Temperature on Results of Blood Gas Analysis in Arterial Blood of Horses
Authors: Picandet Valerie , Jeanneret Stephanie , Lavoie Jean‐Pierre 
Published: March 2010

Background:Results of arterial blood gas analysis can be biased by pre‐analytical factors, such as time to analysis, syringe type, and temperature during storage. However, the acceptable delay between time of collection and analysis for equine arterial blood gas remains unknown.Hypothesis:Dedicated plastic syringes provide better stability of arterial blood gases than multipurpose plastic syringes.Animals:Eight mares, 1 stallion, and 1 gelding, ages 3 to 10 years old.Methods:Arterial blood samples were collected in a glass syringe, a plastic syringe designated for blood gas collection, and a multipurpose tuberculin plastic syringe. Blood samples were stored at ambient temperature or in iced water. For each sample, partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (PaO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood (PaCO2), and pH were measured within a few minutes of collection and at 5, 20, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after collection.Results:Collection into glass syringes stored in iced water provided adequate PaO2results for up to 117 ± 35 minutes, whereas blood collected in either of the plastic syringes resulted in a variation >10 mm Hg after 10 ± 3 to 17 ± 2 minutes, depending on the storage conditions. Plastic syringes kept at ambient temperature offered more stability for PaCO2analysis because they could be stored up to 83 ± 16 minutes without significant variations. Values of pH did not show variations more than 0.02 for the first hour, irrespectively of storage condition.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Glass syringes placed on ice are preferable for analysis of PaO2. Blood collected in plastic syringes should be analyzed within 10 minutes, irrespective of the storage temperature, to ensure the accuracy of PaO2values.
Cytokine Profiles of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Isolated from Septic and Healthy Neonatal Foals
Authors: Gold Jenifer R. , Perkins Gillian A. , Erb Hollis N. , Ainsworth Dorothy M. 
Published: March 2010

Background:Septicemia initiates the production of pro‐inflammatory (interleukin [IL] 1‐beta [IL‐β], interferon‐gamma [IFN‐γ], IL‐6), and anti‐inflammatory (IL‐4) cytokines. The transcription of some of these proteins (IL‐8, IL‐6) is linked to endotoxin‐induced activation of the toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC).Hypotheses: Septic foals fail to increase gene expression of IFN‐γ. Nonsurviving septic foals exhibit distinctive cytokine profiles.Animals:Twenty‐one septic and 20 healthy neonatal foals.Methods:Using real‐time polymerase chain reaction, gene expression of IFN‐γ, IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐4, IL‐8, TLR4, and β‐actin in PBMC were measured in samples obtained from septic foals at 0, 24, and 72 hours (T = 0, 24, and 72 hours) after admission to the Cornell University Hospital for Animals. Control foals were sampled at comparable times.Results:At T = 0 hours, septic foals exhibited a 6‐fold decrease in gene expression of IL‐4 and a 5‐fold increase in gene expression of TLR4. Gene expression of IFN‐γ, IL‐6, IL‐8, or of IL‐1β did not differ between the 2 groups of foals at T = 0 hours. In septic foals that died (n = 3), there was a 15‐fold increase in IL‐6 at T = 0 hours compared to survivors.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Septic foals, unlike septic human infants, up‐regulate TLR4 gene expression, which may enhance pro‐inflammatory cytokine production. Despite the presence of sepsis, IFN‐γ was not up‐regulated. Additional studies are needed to verify that increased IL‐6 expression is associated with a poor prognosis in septic foals.
Serum Iron and Plasma Fibrinogen Concentrations as Indicators of Systemic Inflammatory Diseases in Horses
Authors: Borges AIexandre S. , Divers Thomas J. , Stokol Tracy , Mohammed O. Hussni 
Published: March 2010

Background:Detection of systemic inflammation, which is important for proper diagnosis and prompt treatment, can be challenging.Hypothesis:Measurement of plasma iron concentration is a sensitive method for detecting systemic inflammation in horses compared with measurements of plasma fibrinogen concentration, a traditional marker for inflammation in the horse.Animals:Ninety‐seven horses hospitalized with diseases causing systemic inflammation, 22 horses with localized inflammation, and 12 clinically normal horses were included in this study.Methods:A retrospective study was made on hospitalized horses that had both plasma iron and fibrinogen concentrations measured on hospital admission.Results:Plasma iron concentration was lower in horses with systemic inflammation (64 ± 45 μg/dL) than the reference interval minimum (105 μg/dL) and were significantly lower (P= .001) than the value in a group of horses with local inflammation (123 ± 45 μg/dL) and in healthy transported horses (143 ± 29 μg/dL). Low plasma iron and high fibrinogen concentrations were both sensitive indicators of systemic inflammation in horses with sensitivity of 90 and 82%, respectively. There was a similar correlation between either continued decreases in iron concentration (Rspof 0.239) or increases in fibrinogen concentration (Rspof 0.280) during hospitalization and a worse prognosis.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Measurement of plasma iron concentration better reflected acute inflammation than did fibrinogen concentration.
Serum Bile Acids Concentrations in Healthy and Clinically III Neonatal Foals
Authors: Barton Michelle Henry , LeRoy Bruce E. 
Published: March 2010

Background:Reference ranges for serum bile acids (SBA) concentration are well established in healthy adult horses. Increased values are indicative of hepatic disease.Hypotheses: SBA concentrations are significantly greater in the neonatal period compared with mature horses, and illness in the neonatal period will further increase SBA.Animals:Ten healthy mature horses, 12 healthy foals, and 31 clinically ill foals.Methods:Prospective cross‐sectional study. Blood samples were obtained once from the mature horses, from healthy foals immediately after birth, at 2 days, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 weeks of age; and from ill foals less than 1 month of age at the time of admission to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital. SBA concentrations were determined enzymatically and by radioimmunoassay. Total and direct bilirubin and triglyceride concentrations were measured, as well as sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) and γ‐glutamyltransferase (GGT) activities.Results:There was a significant negative correlation between age and SBA concentration. Compared with mature horses, SBA concentrations were significantly greater in healthy foals at each collection time over the first 6 weeks of life. Radioimmunoassay values were lower than enzymatic SBA values, with increasing bias as the mean difference between values increased. When comparing age‐matched values between healthy and ill foals, there were no significant differences in SBA. None of the ill foals had a primary diagnosis of hepatic disease. There was no significant correlation between the SBA concentration and the bilirubin or triglyceride concentrations or the GGT activity. There was a significant direct correlation between increased SBA and serum SDH activity in healthy foals only.Conclusion and Clinical Importance: SBA concentrations in foals are significantly higher in the early neonatal period, underscoring the importance of using age‐matched references when evaluating clinical pathology values during the neonatal period.
Hemorrhagic Syndrome‐Like Disease in Calves with Bovine Viral Diarrhea and Mucosal Disease Complex
Authors: Dabak Murat , Karapinar Tolga , Gulacti Irem , Bulut Hakan , Kizil Omer , Aydin Suleyman 
Published: March 2010

Background:Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection is one of the causes of hemorrhagic diathesis in cattle but there have been limited field studies about that condition.Hypothesis:To identify the cause of hemorrhagic diathesis in calves and describe its clinical findings.Animals:Five calves from a farm with 150 dairy cows.Methods:Clinical examination of the calves was performed. After blood samples were obtained from 2 calves, whole blood, sera, and leukocyte samples were used for hematologic and hemostatic examinations, neutralization tests, virus isolation, and viral genome sequencing.Results:The calves had moderate pyrexia, dullness, serous or mucous nasal discharge, and petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages on mucosal surfaces. Severe thrombocytopenia and anemia were identified on hematologic examinations. All calves died within 10 days of the onset of clinical signs. Virologic examinations identified BVDV as the causative agent of the disease.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: This paper identifies a hemorrhagic syndrome‐like disease in calves with bovine viral diarrhea and mucosal disease complex in Turkey.
Culture‐Positive Sepsis in Neonatal Camelids: 21 Cases
Authors: Dolente Brett A. , Lindborg Susan , Palmer Jonathan E. , Wilkins Pamela A. 
Published: March 2010

Background:There is limited literature on neonatal bacterial sepsis in New World (NW) camelids.Hypothesis:Bacterial culture‐positive crias have clinical differences based on the specific bacterial genera isolated.Animals:Bacterial culture‐positive NW camelid crias <21 days of age from 1990 to 2005 were included.Methods:Historic physical examination and cliniopathologic data were retrieved from medical records as were the identity and antibiograms of bacterial isolates. Cases were categorized by outcome (survival versus nonsurvival) and type of sepsis (gram‐negative or gram‐positive). Kruskal‐Wallis and chi‐square testing were used to evaluate differences between groups.Results:Twenty‐one crias met the inclusion criteria. Median age was 2 days. Failure of passive transfer was common. There were few differences identified on the basis of outcome or type of sepsis. Crias without gastrointestinal or central nervous system involvement survived in greater numbers. Forty‐six percent of isolates were gram‐positive. The most common isolates were the following:Escherichia coli, Enterococcusspp.,Listeria monocytogenes, andCitrobacterspp. Overall survival was 67% (14/21).Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Crias with sepsis do not appear to present with major biochemical, hematologic, or blood gas abnormalities, potentially complicating diagnosis. Affected crias may not have localizing signs at presentation and are not usually febrile, although hypothermia, tachypnea, and tachycardia are relatively common. Total protein concentration was not a substitute for immunoglobulin G measurement in septic crias in this study. Familiarity with the clinical presentation and common pathogens isolated should improve early recognition and treatment and ultimately outcome of crias with sepsis.
Altered Tryptophan Metabolism in FIV‐Positive Cats
Authors: Kenny Martin J. , Baxter Katie J. , Avery Nicholas C. , Addie Diane , Gruffydd‐Jones Tim , Tasker Severine 
Published: March 2010

Background:Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is analogous to human immunodeficiency virus, the causative agent of human acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In AIDS patients, a progressive reduction in serum tryptophan concentration occurs because of activation of an inducible tryptophan degradation pathway mediated by elevated Λ‐interferon production.Hypothesis:Cats infected with FIV have increased tryptophan catabolism evidenced by reduced circulating concentrations of tryptophan and increased concentrations of the tryptophan catabolite kynurenine.Animals:Convenience sample of 235 cats submitted for diagnostic FIV serology (115 FIV‐negative and 120 FIV‐positive cats).Methods:Retrospective, cross‐sectional study. Serum was assayed for tryptophan and kynurenine using a high performance liquid chromatography assay with fluorescence and ultraviolet detection, respectively.Results:Tryptophan and kynurenine concentrations were log‐normally distributed. Geometric mean concentrations were: tryptophan: FIV‐positive 30.6 μM (95% CI: 26.8–34.8 μM), FIV‐negative 48.9 μM (95% CI: 43.6–54.9 μM) (P < .001); kynurenine: FIV‐positive 22.7 μM (95% CI: 25.5–10.9 μM), FIV‐negative 9.9 μM (95% CI: 20.3–9.03 μM) (P < .001). The ratio of kynurenine to tryptophan was: FIV‐positive 4.93 (95% CI: 5.62–4.32), FIV‐negative 1.34 (95% CI: 1.53–1.17) (P < .0001).Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Serum tryptophan concentration was significantly lower and serum kynurenine concentration was significantly higher in FIV‐positive cats. The kynurenine: tryptophan ratio was >3‐fold higher in FIV‐positive animals, indicating increased tryptophan catabolism in this group. Dietary or pharmacologic intervention to support serum tryptophan concentrations has been shown to be clinically useful in humans with AIDS and might be applicable to cats with FIV infection.
Use of Conventional and Real‐Time Polymerase Chain Reaction to Determine the Epidemiology of Hemoplasma Infections in Anemic and Nonanemic Cats
Authors: Sykes Jane E. , Drazenovich Nicole L. , Ball Louise M. , Leutenegger Christian M. 
Published: March 2010

Background: The goals of this study were to develop and apply conventional (c) and real‐time TaqMan polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays forMycoplasma haemofelis(Mhf),‘CandidatusMycoplasma haematoparvum’ (Mhp), and‘CandidatusMycoplasma haemominutum’ (Mhm) to blood samples of cats to determine the epidemiology of these infections in cats.Hypothesis: Cats are infected with >2 hemoplasma species, and organism load correlates with disease induced by these organisms.Animals: Blood samples from 263 anemic and nonanemic cats were used.Methods: A retrospective study was conducted.Results: Forty‐seven (18%) samples were positive. Three samples (1%) yielded 170 base pair cPCR products, 1 of which was positive forMhfusing real‐time PCR. Forty‐four samples (17%) yielded 193 base pair cPCR products, 40 of which were positive forMhmusing real‐time PCR. Organism loads ranged from 375 × 106/mL to 6.9 × 106/mL of blood. Sequencing of cPCR products from samples testing negative using real‐time PCR identified 2Mhp‐like sequences, 1Mhm‐like sequence, and 1 sequence resembling ‘CandidatusMycoplasma turicensis.’ Cats infected withMhmwere less likely to be anemic than uninfected cats. Older age, outdoor exposure, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) seropositivity, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and stomatitis were associated withMhminfection. Cats from the Sacramento Valley were more often infected withMhmthan cats from the San Francisco bay area.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Cats may be infected with 4 hemoplasma species. The association betweenMhminfection, FIV, and SCC may reflect outdoor roaming status of infected cats. The clustered distribution of infection suggests an arthropod vector in transmission.
Treatment of Severe Immune‐Mediated Thrombocytopenia with Human IV Immunoglobulin in 5 Dogs
Authors: Bianco Domenico , Armstrong P. Jane , Washabau Robert J. 
Published: March 2010

Background: Glucocorticoids with or without other immunotherapy are the initial treatment of choice for dogs with severe immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia (IMT). The majority of treated dogs will have improvements in platelet counts within 5 to 7 days of starting therapy, but complications from hemorrhage often occur before a response is seen. Human IV immunoglobulin (hIVIG) blocks Fc receptors on mononuclear phagocytic cells in dogs; it is used in people with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to describe adverse effects and benefit of hIVIG in addition to conventional immunosuppressive therapy in dogs with severe IMT.Animals: Five client‐owned dogs with severe primary IMT.Methods: Case series. The hospital database was searched for dogs with primary IMT treated with hIVIG.Results: No adverse effects were noted during or after hIVIG infusion in any treated dog. Over a 6‐month follow‐up, all dogs were clinically normal when using conventional immunosuppressive therapy. Human IVIG was administered 3 days after initiation of immunosuppressive therapy in 4 dogs, and, after 2 days, in 1 dog. In all dogs, the mean platelet counts pre‐and 24 hours post‐hIVIG infusion (0.28–0.76 g/kg) were 2,500/μL and 50,600/μL (62,750/μL for the 4 responders), respectively. One dog failed to respond as promptly to hIVIG (0.34 g/kg), and the platelet count increased to 66,000/μL after 9 days of immunosuppressive therapy. The mean duration of hospitalization post‐hIVIG in all 5 dogs was 1.8 days (12 hours for responders), and the mean total length of hospitalization was 4.6 days (3.5 days for responders). Active hemorrhage resolved and no packed red blood cell transfusions were required after hIVIG infusion for responders.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Human IVIG was well tolerated and appeared to be associated with rapid platelet count recovery and amelioration of clinical signs in most dogs with IMT.
Assessment of Regional Systolic and Diastolic Myocardial Function Using Tissue Doppler and Strain Imaging in Dogs with Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Chetboul Valérie , Gouni Vassiliki , Sampedrano Carolina Carlos , Tissier Renaud , Serres Francois , Pouchelon Jean‐Louis 
Published: March 2010

Background: Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI) or strain (St) imaging could provide sensitive indices for early detection and treatment follow‐up of canine dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Analysis of TDI and St features in dogs with overt DCM is a prerequisite before using these new criteria in prospective screenings of predisposed families or in clinical trials. Hypothesis: Radial and longitudinal right and left myocardial motion, assessed by TDI and St variables, is altered in dogs with DCM. Animals: Case records for 26 dogs; 14 with DCM and 12 healthy controls of comparable age and weight were reviewed. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted of conventional echocardiography, 2‐dimensional color TDI, and St imaging data. Results: The DCM group was characterized by decreases in radial and longitudinal systolic velocity gradients of the left ventricular free wall (LVFW), radial and longitudinal absolute values of peak systolic St of the LVFW, and longitudinal systolic right ventricular (RV) velocities (all P < .001 versus control) associated with longitudinal postsystolic contraction waves in 7/14 dogs. Early diastolic LVFW velocities also were decreased for longitudinal (P < .01) and radial (P < .05) motions. All radial LVFW, longitudinal basal LVFW, and RV systolic velocities were negatively correlated with heart rate (P < .01). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: LV contractility along both the short and long axes is impaired in dogs with spontaneous DCM, as is systolic RV and diastolic LVFW function. These myocardial alterations are associated with an inverse force‐frequency relationship. Studies now are needed to determine the comparative sensitivity of TDI and St variables for the early detection of canine DCM.