bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Caregiver food behaviours are associated with dietary intakes of children outside the child-care setting
Authors: Erinosho Temitope O , Beth Dixon L , Young Candace , Brotman Laurie Miller , Hayman Laura L 
Published: August 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate whether food behaviours of parents are associated with children's dietary intakes outside the child-care setting, and to compare children's dietary intakes at home with foods and beverages consumed when they are at child-care centres.DesignIn 2005–2006, a survey was completed by parents of at least one child between 3 and 5 years old who attended group child-care centres. Surveys about nutrition practices were completed by centre directors. Research assistants observed foods and beverages consumed by children at lunchtime at the centres.SettingSixteen licensed group child-care centres in three underserved New York City communities (South Bronx, East/Central Harlem, Central Brooklyn) and the Lower East Side of Manhattan.SubjectsTwo hundred parents.ResultsChildren were more likely to consume healthful foods including fruits or vegetables if parents reported purchasing food from produce stands/farmers’ markets, shopped for frozen or canned fruits frequently and ate family meals or meals prepared at home daily. Children were more likely to consume less healthful foods such as French fries, or fruit drinks, more frequently if parents reported eating meals from fast-food or other restaurants at least once weekly, or if children ate while watching television. Types of foods and beverages offered to children at home (e.g. higher-fat milk, soft drinks and desserts) were less healthful than those offered at child-care centres.ConclusionsChildren's dietary intakes at home need to be improved. Parents need to understand the importance of providing home environments that support healthful food behaviours in children.
Characteristics of tropical cyclone precipitation features over the western Pacific warm pool
Authors: Thatcher Levi , Takayabu Yukari N. , Yokoyama Chie , Pu Zhaoxia 
Published: August 2012

In this study, ten years (1998–2007) of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)‐derivative radar precipitation feature (PF) product are analyzed in order to determine the differences between tropical cyclone‐related precipitation characteristics compared with those of the tropical Pacific warm pool (10 to 30°N and 130 to 150°E) in general. The PF data, from the University of Utah's archive, are based on the TRMM precipitation radar's 2A25 product, where one PF consists of a single or group of contiguous pixels with near surface rainfall greater than zero. Using the PF database, the height and area of tropical background PFs versus those within 500 km of tropical cyclones (TCs) are compared. It is found that TC‐related PFs are markedly more frequent from 5 to 10 km altitude than are background tropical PFs. The enhanced midlevel TC‐related populations not only exist in stratiform precipitation around the melting level at 5.5 km, but also from 6 to 9 km in stratiform regions, in convective precipitation, and when culling the smallest features from the data set. This increase in congestus‐like echoes in TC environments aligns well with observations regarding mesoscale convective systems (MCSs), in which the enhanced ice present in MCS (and TC) environments creates a stabilized melting layer through cooling immediately below 0°C. This stable layer appears to enhance the detrainment of convective PFs in our TC data set at and for a few kilometers above the melting level.
Estimation of higher‐order ionospheric errors in GNSS positioning using a realistic 3‐D electron density model
Authors: Kashcheyev A. , Nava B. , Radicella S. M. 
Published: August 2012

The accuracy of the positioning systems such as GPS, GLONASS or Galileo is heavily affected by the presence of the ionosphere. Ionosphere‐free dual‐frequency algorithms used for positioning applications remove most of the ionospheric error but do not take into account its higher‐order terms. In addition, the raypaths and total electron content (TEC) are assumed to be the same for both frequencies. This leads to centimeter‐level range errors that can cause millimeter‐level errors in positioning. In this paper an accurate estimation of the higher‐order ionospheric errors based on a realistic 3‐D electron density model is presented. A numerical homing‐in ray‐tracing algorithm is implemented to rigorously calculate satellite to receiver ray trajectories. The numerical simulations performed showed that higher‐order ionospheric residual range errors may reach several centimeters (up to 5 cm) at low and middle latitudes; however, at high latitudes they hardly exceed several millimeters (up to 1 cm).
Sediment mixing in the tropical Pacific and radiolarian stratigraphy
Authors: Moore Ted C. , Mayer Larry A. , Lyle Mitchell 
Published: August 2012

The reworking of older radiolarian microfossils into near‐surface sediments of the tropical Pacific has long been the source of confusion for the development of radiolarian stratigraphy and of puzzlement over the mechanism(s) that could effect such pervasive reworking. Widespread dissolution “pits” in the sediments of the tropical Pacific are believed to be associated with hydrothermal circulation cells in the older oceanic crust and are here linked to processes which expose older sections and inject older non‐carbonate material into near‐bottom waters. Discharging waters of these circulation cells tend to dissolve carbonate in near‐surface sediments; thus, only the non‐carbonate material (including radiolarians) is preserved and reworked into younger sediments. Results from the study of two sites in the tropical Pacific indicate that reworked older, stratigraphically important radiolarians are less than 2% of the total radiolarian assemblage. This constitutes a minimum estimate of the amount of reworked, non‐carbonate material in the younger sediments. The oldest reworked radiolarians are no more than 10 m.y. younger than the underlying basement, and radiolarians from the entire older section above that level can be found in the reworked material. A time series of the flux of reworked material at one site is not constant but instead has varied by a factor of 3 to 4 over the past 2.5 m.y. During times when the flux of reworked material is particularly low, the proportion of older, more robust radiolarians is larger.
Whitecaps in deep water
Authors: Plant William J. 
Published: August 2012

Whitecaps in deep water are located near maximum slopes of the interference pattern of dominant wind waves and the most probable breaking waves are those waves that travel with the speed of the component of the interference pattern in the wind direction. These breaking waves are in the wavelength range 1 to 12 m, much shorter than typical dominant waves. The patterns of large steepness caused by interfering dominant waves move at speeds less than the group speed of the dominant wave unless the wave spectrum is narrow in both wavenumber and azimuth. For spectra with wavenumber and azimuth angle spreads representative of those observed on the ocean, the velocity of propagation of the pattern of steep waves in the wind direction is the same as the speed at the maximum of Phillips Λ(c) function, the speed of the peak of HH Doppler spectra, and the speed measured by acoustic event tracking.
Perception of climate change
Authors: Hansen James , Sato Makiko , Ruedy Reto 
Published: August 2012

“Climate dice,” describing the chance of unusually warm or cool seasons, have become more and more “loaded” in the past 30 y, coincident with rapid global warming. The distribution of seasonal mean temperature anomalies has shifted toward higher temperatures and the range of anomalies has increased. An important change is the emergence of a category of summertime extremely hot outliers, more than three standard deviations (3σ) warmer than the climatology of the 1951–1980 base period. This hot extreme, which covered much less than 1% of Earth’s surface during the base period, now typically covers about 10% of the land area. It follows that we can state, with a high degree of confidence, that extreme anomalies such as those in Texas and Oklahoma in 2011 and Moscow in 2010 were a consequence of global warming because their likelihood in the absence of global warming was exceedingly small. We discuss practical implications of this substantial, growing, climate change.
Two-year survey comparing earthquake activity and injection-well locations in the Barnett Shale, Texas
Authors: Frohlich Cliff 
Published: August 2012

Between November 2009 and September 2011, temporary seismographs deployed under the EarthScope USArray program were situated on a 70-km grid covering the Barnett Shale in Texas, recording data that allowed sensing and locating regional earthquakes with magnitudes 1.5 and larger. I analyzed these data and located 67 earthquakes, more than eight times as many as reported by the National Earthquake Information Center. All 24 of the most reliably located epicenters occurred in eight groups within 3.2 km of one or more injection wells. These included wells near Dallas–Fort Worth and Cleburne, Texas, where earthquakes near injection wells were reported by the media in 2008 and 2009, as well as wells in six other locations, including several where no earthquakes have been reported previously. This suggests injection-triggered earthquakes are more common than is generally recognized. All the wells nearest to the earthquake groups reported maximum monthly injection rates exceeding 150,000 barrels of water per month (24,000 m
3
/mo) since October 2006. However, while 9 of 27 such wells in Johnson County were near earthquakes, elsewhere no earthquakes occurred near wells with similar injection rates. A plausible hypothesis to explain these observations is that injection only triggers earthquakes if injected fluids reach and relieve friction on a suitably oriented, nearby fault that is experiencing regional tectonic stress. Testing this hypothesis would require identifying geographic regions where there is interpreted subsurface structure information available to determine whether there are faults near seismically active and seismically quiescent injection wells.
GERMANIUM, ARSENIC, AND SELENIUM ABUNDANCES IN METAL-POOR STARS*
Authors: Roederer Ian U. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT
The elements germanium (Ge, Z = 32), arsenic (As, Z = 33), and selenium (Se, Z = 34) span the transition from charged-particle or explosive synthesis of the iron-group elements to neutron-capture synthesis of heavier elements. Among these three elements, only the chemical evolution of germanium has been studied previously. Here we use archive observations made with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph on board the Hubble Space Telescope
and observations from several ground-based facilities to study the chemical enrichment histories of seven stars with metallicities −2.6 ⩽ [Fe/H] ⩽ −0.4. We perform a standard abundance analysis of germanium, arsenic, selenium, and several other elements produced by neutron-capture reactions. When combined with previous derivations of germanium abundances in metal-poor stars, our sample reveals an increase in the [Ge/Fe] ratios at higher metallicities. This could mark the onset of the weak s-process contribution to germanium. In contrast, the [As/Fe] and [Se/Fe] ratios remain roughly constant. These data do not directly indicate the origin of germanium, arsenic, and selenium at low metallicity, but they suggest that the weak and main components of the s-process are not likely sources.
Wideband flat frequency response of thermo-acoustic emission
Authors: Hu Hanping , Wang Yandong , Wang Zedong 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Many advantages of thermo-acoustic (TA) ultrasound over the conventional electro-acoustic ultrasound are mainly attributed to its unique nature—constant (flat) amplitude–frequency response over a wide frequency range. However, realization of the TA flat frequency response itself has so far remained unclear due to the lack of theoretical investigation. In this work, using analysis of thermal–mechanical coupling and thermal wave penetration depth for TA emission in gas, the mechanism and regularities of flat frequency response are clarified. The limits of both frequency and space for the existence of flat frequency response of TA ultrasound are revealed. In addition, the performance evaluation and selection techniques for both TA material and its backing are presented. Therefore, the most important feature of TA ultrasound from a technical standpoint is studied more completely.
The Asbestos Litigation Master Narrative: Building Codes, Engineering Standards, and “Retroactive Inculpation”
Authors: Maines Rachel 
Published: August 2012

“Asbestos litigation is a quintessential example of the expansion of the scope of liability by retroactive inculpation”—Lester Brickman, Lawyer Barons (Cambridge University Press, 2011, 154).Sociologist of science Sheila Jasanoff tells us that “A master narrative is a compelling and frequently repeated story about the way the world works that takes hold of our imaginations and shapes the ways in which we perceive reality, as well as our possibilities for collective action.” The asbestos litigation master narrative, versions of which are available on hundreds of plaintiff-firm websites, has been spectacularly successful in generating billions of dollars in revenue for plaintiffs, attorneys, and expert witnesses since 1973.2 As of December 31, 2009, the US District Court E.D. Pa. MDL 875 (Multi-District asbestos Litigation) docket included 42,076 cases “consisting of 2,337,692 individual claims (all diseases).”
Growth differentiation factor 15, ST2, high‐sensitivity troponin T, and N‐terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide in heart failure with preserved vs. reduced ejection fraction
Authors: Santhanakrishnan Rajalakshmi , Chong Jenny P.C. , Ng Tze P. , Ling Lieng H. , Sim David , Toh G. Leong Kui , Shuan D. Yeo Poh , Ong Hean Y. , Jaufeerally Fazlur , Wong Raymond , Chai Ping , Low Adrian F. , Richards Arthur Mark , Lam Carolyn S.P. 
Published: August 2012

AimsGrowth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), ST2, high‐sensitivity troponin T (hsTnT), and N‐terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) are biomarkers of distinct mechanisms that may contribute to the pathophysiology of heart failure (HF) [inflammation (GDF15); ventricular remodelling (ST2); myonecrosis (hsTnT); and wall stress (NT‐proBNP)].Methods and resultsWe compared circulating levels of GDF15, ST2, hsTnT, and NT‐proBNP, as well as their combinations, in compensated patients with clinical HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFREF) (n = 51), HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF) (n= 50), and community‐based controls (n = 50). Compared with controls, patients with HFPEF and HFREF had higher median levels of GDF15 (540 pg/mL vs. 2529 and 2672 pg/mL, respectively), hsTnT (3.7 pg/mL vs. 23.7 and 35.6 pg/mL), and NT‐proBNP (69 pg/mL vs. 942 and 2562 pg/mL), but not ST2 (27.6 ng/mL vs. 31.5 and 35.3 ng/mL), adjusting for clinical covariates. In receiver operating characteristic curve analyses, NT‐proBNP distinguished HFREF from controls with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.987 (P < 0.001); GDF15 distinguished HFPEF from controls with an AUC of 0.936 (P < 0.001); and the combination of NT‐proBNP and GDF15 distinguished HFPEF from controls with an AUC of 0.956 (P < 0.001). NT‐proBNP and hsTnT levels were higher in HFREF than in HFPEF (adjusted P < 0.04). The NT‐proBNP:GDF15 ratio distinguished between HFPEF and HFREF with the largest AUC (0.709; P < 0.001).ConclusionsOur study provides comparative data on physiologically distinct circulating biomarkers in HFPEF, HFREF, and controls from the same community. These data suggest a prominent role for myocardial injury (hsTnT) with increased wall stress (NT‐proBNP) in HFREF, and systemic inflammation (GDF15) in HFREF
The Efficacy of Electromagnetic Navigation to Assist with Computed Tomography–Guided Percutaneous Thermal Ablation of Lung Tumors
Authors: Narsule Chaitan K. , dos Santos Ricardo Sales , Gupta Avneesh , Ebright Michael I. , Rivas Roberto , Daly Benedict D.T. , Fernando Hiran C. 
Published: August 2012

Objective Electromagnetic (EM) navigation is increasingly used to assist with bronchoscopic interventions such as biopsy or fiducial placement. Electromagnetic navigation can also be a useful adjunct to computed tomography (CT)–guided thermal ablation and biopsy of lung tumors. This study compares procedures carried out using an EM navigation system (Veran Medical Technologies Inc, St Louis, MO) with procedures using CT fluoroscopy only. Methods Over a 23-month period, 17 patients scheduled for thermal ablation were prospectively enrolled in this study. The mean age was 72 years (range, 60–84 years). Seven patients were women. Patients were randomized to EM navigation (n = 7) or CT fluoroscopy alone (n = 10). In some cases, additional ablation or biopsies were performed with or without EM navigation depending on the randomization arm. All procedures were performed under general anesthesia either by a thoracic surgeon or a radiologist. Results A total of 23 procedures were performed in 17 patients: 20 were ablation procedures and 3 were biopsies. Fourteen were performed for non–small cell lung cancer, and 9 for pulmonary metastases from other organs. Despite randomization, patients receiving EM navigation had a trend for smaller tumors (mean diameter, 1.45 vs 2.90 cm; P = 0.06). For thermal ablation procedures, the time to complete intervention was significantly less when EM navigation was used (mean, 7.6 vs 19 minutes; P = 0.022). Although not statistically significant, there were fewer skin punctures (mean, 1 vs 1.25; P = 0.082), fewer adjustments (mean, 5.6 vs 11.8; P = 0.203), less CT fluoroscopy time (mean, 21.3 vs 34.3 seconds; P = 0.345), and fewer CT scans (mean, 7 vs 15; P = 0.204) whenever EM navigation was used. Conclusions Electromagnetic navigation reduces the time to successfully place an ablation probe in a target tumor. Further study is required to determine whether EM navigation may also reduce the number of adjustments, skin punctures, and CT scans as well as decrease CT fluoroscopy time.
The sympathetic nervous system in polycystic ovary syndrome: a novel therapeutic target?
Authors: Lansdown Andrew , Rees D. Aled 
Published: August 2012

SummaryPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine condition associated with long‐term health risks, including type 2 diabetes and vascular dysfunction in addition to reproductive sequelae. Many of the common features of PCOS, such as central obesity, hyperinsulinaemia and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), are associated with chronic sympathetic overactivity, suggesting that sympathoexcitation may be involved in the pathogenesis of this condition. Rodent models of polycystic ovaries have shown that ovarian sympathetic outflow may be increased, accompanied by elevated intra‐ovarian synthesis of nerve growth factor (NGF) which may be involved in initiation of ovarian pathology. Patients with PCOS have evidence of increased muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), altered heart rate variability and attenuated heart rate recovery postexercise, compared with age‐ and BMI‐matched controls, suggesting a generalized increase in sympathetic nerve activity. Active weight loss can reduce MSNA and whole body noradrenaline spillover, whereas low‐frequency electroacupuncture decreased MSNA in overweight women with PCOS. Treatment of OSA with continuous positive airways pressure may reduce plasma noradrenaline levels and diastolic blood pressure and improve cardiac sympathovagal balance. Renal sympathetic denervation also reduced MSNA, noradrenaline spillover and blood pressure in two PCOS subjects with hypertension, accompanied by improved insulin sensitivity. The sympathetic nervous system may thus offer a new therapeutic target in PCOS but larger and longer‐term studies are needed before these treatments can be considered in clinical practice.
Management strategies for the control of Tuta absoluta  (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) damage in open‐field cultivations  of processing tomato in Tuscany (Italy)
Authors: Balzan M. V. , Moonen A.‐C. 
Published: August 2012

Since its recent introduction into the Mediterranean area, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) has become widespread and an important pest throughout the region, including in Tuscany, where it was first recorded in 2009. Although several studies have been conducted within controlled environments on the ecology and management of T. absoluta, limited information is currently available on the importance of this pest in open‐field cultivations, which may lead to ineffective management strategies. This study was carried out to monitor fluctuations in adult populations of T. absoluta in organic and conventional cultivations of processing tomatoes using pheromone lures, and to collect inter‐annual data on direct yield loss and fruit damage from larval feeding in two separate trials in Grosseto (Tuscany). The first trial included eight conventionally managed fields; the second trial was carried out in four organically managed fields. Results show relatively higher crop damage for tomatoes transplanted later in the season and harvested towards the end of August to early September, and limited fruit damage from this pest during the second year of the study for both conventional and organically managed fields. Finally, biological and chemical pest management strategies for the control of T. absoluta adopted by farmers within the region are reviewed and discussed.
The tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) in Tunisia: current status and management strategies
Authors: Abbes K. , Harbi A. , Chermiti B. 
Published: August 2012

The tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) was first identified in the region of Akkouda in October 2008 before it spread to all tomato‐producing areas in Tunisia. The introduction of this pest disturbed existing pest control programmes in greenhouses and open fields, forcing Tunisian growers to use more chemicals to reduce its impact on their crops. A national programme was adopted to control T. absoluta, including cultural practices, the use of pheromones, the installation of insect‐proof screens in greenhouses, and the use of organic insecticides including Bacillus thuringiensis Kurstaki (Bt) and plant extract‐based products. In addition, a few experiments in biological control, using the predatory Mirid Nesidiocoris tenuis Reuter (Heteroptera: Miridae) and the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), were conducted in greenhouses and open‐field crops (producing tomatoes for fresh consumption as well as for processing). This paper describes the status of T. absoluta in Tunisia, including data collected from sex pheromone traps installed in six tomato‐producing areas (Takelssa, Korba, Teboulba, Bekalta, Sousse and Kairouan) between 2009 and 2011, and control strategies in greenhouses and open fields.