bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hobbes's Voluntarist Theory of Morals
Authors: Harvey Martin 
Published: March 2012

AbstractTwo interpretations of Hobbes's theory of morals dominate the subject: the Egoistic Reading (ER) and the Naturalist Reading (NR). According to ER, all of Hobbes's moral concepts are self-interested at their core. According to NR, Hobbes's Laws of Nature set down genuine moral obligations/virtues both inside of the state of nature and out. This article rejects both of these interpretations in favor of a Voluntarist Reading (VR). On this reading, morality is an artifact of human endeavor, specifically covenanting. Unlike both ER and NR, VR takes seriously Hobbes's claim that there is “no obligation on any man which ariseth not from some act of his own”.
From Precision to Peace; Hobbes and Political Language
Authors: Minogue Kenneth 
Published: March 2012

AbstractMy intention is to explore the Hobbesian account of civil association in terms of his conception of the state of nature, especially as it relates to his view of language in politics. I start from the view that the achievement of a political philosopher must be to reveal some central presupposition of our thought and action, as the Greeks did in their exploration of justice, Rousseau with the general will, and Locke with the idea of property. Hobbes takes the view that we cannot properly understand ideas such as sovereignty, government, law, obligation and so on without presupposing the kind of unstable conflict-ridden situation he called the condition of nature.
The Commonwealth as a Person in Hobbes's Leviathan
Authors: Tukiainen Arto 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBy now, it has become a commonplace to say that Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan is a work of rigorous reasoning wrapped up in rhetorical turns of speech.1 In this paper, my intention is to unravel one of the most powerful metaphors of that work, the metaphor of the commonwealth as a person. First, I shall try to locate the precise point at which the metaphor is meant to operate. After that, I shall focus on the metaphor itself. The third section is devoted to an examination of the power effects of the metaphor.
"Retained Liberties and Absolute Hobbesian Authorization"
Authors: Cohen Andrew I. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractHobbes claims that the sovereign's absolute authority is consistent with the subjects' retaining liberties to resist certain commands. In this essay, I explore what it means for subject to authorize a sovereign with a right to command. I show how retained rights are compatible with sovereignty. Though any given subject does not authorize the sovereign to do anything, I argue that the sovereign power is absolute. The sovereign has the most power anyone could command.
Censorship and Sovereignty: Shanghai and the Struggle to Regulate Film Content in the International Settlement
Authors: Wall Michael 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe Nationalist government struggled to control the content and exhibition of motion pictures in Shanghai in the 1920s. Officials of the Shanghai Municipal Council in the foreign-controlled International Settlement, empowered by the right of extraterritoriality, stymied Chinese efforts to control foreign – predominantly American – motion pictures shown in the enclave. The struggle over political control was exacerbated by increasing nationalist sentiment and belief that foreign motion pictures contained distorted and unflattering images of China and its people. Demonstrations targeted Hollywood films including those by Douglas Fairbanks and Harold Lloyd. Ultimately, neither strenuous Chinese efforts nor stubborn foreign resistance could resolve the matter satisfactorily, but the dispute became moot with Japan's seizure of Shanghai in 1937.
An observational assessment of physical activity levels and social behaviour during elementary school recess
Authors: Roberts Simon J , Fairclough Stuart J , Ridgers Nicola D , Porteous Conor 
Published: March 2012

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to assess children’s physical activity, social play behaviour, activity type and social interactions during elementary school recess using a pre-validated systematic observation system. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Two elementary schools located in Merseyside, England. Method: Fifty-six elementary school children (27 boys, 29 girls) were systematically observed during recess over a three-month period using a standardized physical activity observation instrument. Results: The results revealed the boys were engaged in significantly higher levels of physical activity during recess than girls. The boys were also involved in more sport-specific activities and participated in larger group sizes. Positive associations between physical activity and availability of equipment during recess were also reported. Conclusion: This study has confirmed recess as a valuable opportunity for elementary school children to increase their levels of physical activity. However, further studies with larger sample sizes need to identify and explore the relationship between physical activity (PA) and availability of equipment.
The Development of Cam-Type Deformity in Adolescent and Young Male Soccer Players
Authors: Agricola Rintje , Bessems Johannes H.J.M. , Ginai Abida Z. , Heijboer Marinus P. , van der Heijden Rianne A. , Verhaar Jan A.N. , Weinans Harrie , Waarsing Jan H. 
Published: March 2012

Background: Cam impingement is a well-recognized cause of hip pain and might cause osteoarthritis of the hip. Clinically, cam impingement is mostly observed in young, active male patients, but only a few studies have focused on the manifestation of cam-type deformities during skeletal development. Purpose: To determine the age of onset and prevalence of cam-type deformities in young male soccer players versus controls. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: In this study, 89 elite preprofessional soccer players and 92 controls aged 12 to 19 years were included. In the soccer players, range of motion and impingement tests were performed. Both an anteroposterior (AP) pelvic radiograph and a frog-leg lateral radiograph of the hip were obtained according to a standardized protocol. Controls with both an AP pelvic and a frog-leg lateral radiograph and no hip disorders were obtained from radiology databases. The α angle was automatically determined in all radiographs, using a threshold value of 60° to define a cam-type deformity. Further, all radiographs were scored using a 3-point scoring system. The anterosuperior head-neck junction was classified as (1) normal, (2) flattened, or (3) having a prominence. Differences in prevalence were tested using logistic regression. Differences in range of motion were calculated using generalized estimating equations. Results: An α angle >60° was already found at the age of 12 years in some soccer players and controls. A cam-type deformity defined by α angle tended to be more prevalent in soccer players (26%) than in controls (17%; P = .31). In 13% of soccer players, a prominence was visible on radiographs and was first seen at the age of 13 years. The anterosuperior flattening (56% vs 18%, P = .0001) and prominence (13% vs 0%, P < .03) were more prevalent in soccer players than in controls. Conclusion: Cam-type deformities were recognizable and present from the age of 13 years and were more prevalent in soccer players than in their nonathletic peers. Cam-type deformity develops during adolescence and is likely to be influenced by high-impact sports practice.
Stereotyped B-cell receptors in one-third of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a molecular classification with implications for targeted therapies
Authors: Agathangelidis Andreas , Darzentas Nikos , Hadzidimitriou Anastasia , Brochet Xavier , Murray Fiona , Yan Xiao-Jie , Davis Zadie , van Gastel-Mol Ellen J. , Tresoldi Cristina , Chu Charles C. , Cahill Nicola , Giudicelli Veronique , Tichy Boris , Pedersen Lone Bredo , Foroni Letizia , Bonello Lisa , Janus Agnieszka , Smedby Karin , Anagnostopoulos Achilles , Merle-Beral Helene , Laoutaris Nikolaos , Juliusson Gunnar , di Celle Paola Francia , Pospisilova Sarka , Jurlander Jesper , Geisler Christian , Tsaftaris Athanasios , Lefranc Marie-Paule , Langerak Anton W. , Oscier David Graham , Chiorazzi Nicholas , Belessi Chrysoula , Davi Frederic , Rosenquist Richard , Ghia Paolo , Stamatopoulos Kostas 
Published: March 2012

AbstractMounting evidence indicates that grouping of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) into distinct subsets with stereotyped BCRs is functionally and prognostically relevant. However, several issues need revisiting, including the criteria for identification of BCR stereotypy and its actual frequency as well as the identification of “CLL-biased” features in BCR Ig stereotypes. To this end, we examined 7596 Ig VH (IGHV-IGHD-IGHJ) sequences from 7424 CLL patients, 3 times the size of the largest published series, with an updated version of our purpose-built clustering algorithm. We document that CLL may be subdivided into 2 distinct categories: one with stereotyped and the other with nonstereotyped BCRs, at an approximate ratio of 1:2, and provide evidence suggesting a different ontogeny for these 2 categories. We also show that subset-defining sequence patterns in CLL differ from those underlying BCR stereotypy in other B-cell malignancies. Notably, 19 major subsets contained from 20 to 213 sequences each, collectively accounting for 943 sequences or one-eighth of the cohort. Hence, this compartmentalized examination of VH sequences may pave the way toward a molecular classification of CLL with implications for targeted therapeutic interventions, applicable to a significant number of patients assigned to the same subset.
Hemogenic endothelium during development and beyond
Authors: Hirschi Karen K. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractDuring embryonic development, multilineage HSCs/progenitor cells are derived from specialized endothelial cells, termed hemogenic endothelium, within the yolk sac, placenta, and aorta. Whether hemogenic endothelial cells contribute to blood cell development at other sites of definitive hematopoiesis, such as in the fetal liver and fetal bone marrow, is not known. Also unknown is whether such cells exist within the vasculature of adult bone marrow and generate hematopoietic stem cells after birth. These issues and their clinical relevance are discussed herein.
Immune insufficiency during GVHD is due to defective antigen presentation within dendritic cell subsets
Authors: Markey Kate A. , Koyama Motoko , Kuns Rachel D. , Lineburg Katie E. , Wilson Yana A. , Olver Stuart D. , Raffelt Neil C. , Don Alistair L. J. , Varelias Antiopi , Robb Renee J. , Cheong Melody , Engwerda Christian R. , Steptoe Raymond J. , Ramshaw Hayley S. , Lopez Angel F. , Vega-Ramos Javier , Lew Andrew M. , Villadangos Jose A. , Hill Geoffrey R. , MacDonald Kelli P. A. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Alloreactivity after transplantation is associated with profound immune suppression, and consequent opportunistic infection results in high morbidity and mortality. This immune suppression is most profound during GVHD after bone marrow transplantation where an inflammatory cytokine storm dominates. Contrary to current dogma, which avers that this is a T-cell defect, we demonstrate that the impairment lies within conventional dendritic cells (cDCs). Significantly, exogenous antigens can only be presented by the CD8− cDC subset after bone marrow transplantation, and inflammation during GVHD specifically renders the MHC class II presentation pathway in this population incompetent. In contrast, both classic and cross-presentation within MHC class I remain largely intact. Importantly, this defect in antigen processing can be partially reversed by TNF inhibition or the adoptive transfer of donor cDCs generated in the absence of inflammation.
Fuzzy Hyers-Ulam approximation of a mixed AQ mapping
Authors: Azadi Kenary Hassan , Talebzadeh Saedeh , Rezaei Hamid , Lee Jung Rye , Shin Dong Yun 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
In this article, we adopt the fixed point and direct methods to prove the Hyers-Ulam stability for an additive-quadratic functional equation in fuzzy Banach spaces.

Mathematics Subject Classification 2010: 39B52, 46S40; 26E50.
Identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the bovine Toll-like receptor 1 gene and association with health traits in cattle
Authors: Russell Christopher D , Widdison Stephanie , Leigh James A , Coffey Tracey J 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Bovine mastitis remains the most common and costly disease of dairy cattle worldwide. A complementary control measure to herd hygiene and vaccine development would be to selectively breed cattle with greater resistance to mammary infection. Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) has an integral role for the initiation and regulation of the immune response to microbial pathogens, and has been linked to numerous inflammatory diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the bovine TLR1 gene (boTLR1) are associated with clinical mastitis (CM).
Selected boTLR1 SNPs were analysed within a Holstein Friesian herd. Significant associations were found for the tagging SNP -79 T > G and the 3'UTR SNP +2463 C > T. We observed favourable linkage of reduced CM with increased milk fat and protein, indicating selection for these markers would not be detrimental to milk quality. Furthermore, we present evidence that some of these boTLR1 SNPs underpin functional variation in bovine TLR1. Animals with the GG genotype (from the tag SNP -79 T > G) had significantly lower boTLR1 expression in milk somatic cells when compared with TT or TG animals. In addition, stimulation of leucocytes from GG animals with the TLR1-ligand Pam3csk4 resulted in significantly lower levels of CXCL8 mRNA and protein.
SNPs in boTLR1 were significantly associated with CM. In addition we have identified a bovine population with impaired boTLR1 expression and function. This may have additional implications for animal health and warrants further investigation to determine the suitability of identified SNPs as markers for disease susceptibility.
Oxidative stress induced Interleukin-32 mRNA expression in human bronchial epithelial cells
Authors: Kudo Megumi , Ogawa Emiko , Kinose Daisuke , Haruna Akane , Takahashi Tamaki , Tanabe Naoya , Marumo Satoshi , Hoshino Yuma , Hirai Toyohiro , Sakai Hiroaki , Muro Shigeo , Date Hiroshi , Mishima Michiaki 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackgroundChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by airflow obstruction and persistent inflammation in the airways and lung parenchyma. Oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of COPD. Interleukin(IL)-32 expression has been reported to increase in the lung tissue of patients with COPD. Here, we show that IFNγ upregulated IL-32 expression and that oxidative stress augmented IFNγ-induced-IL-32 expression in airway epithelial cells. We further investigated transcriptional regulation responsible for IFNγ induced IL-32 expression in human airway epithelial cells.MethodsHuman bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells were stimulated with H2O2and IFNγ, and IL-32 expression was evaluated. The cell viability was confirmed by MTT assay. The intracellular signaling pathways regulating IL-32 expression were investigated by examining the regulatory effects of MAPK inhibitors and JAK inhibitor after treatment with H2O2and IFNγ, and by using a ChIP assay to identify transcription factors (i.e. c-Jun, CREB) binding to the IL-32 promoter. Promoter activity assays were conducted after mutations were introduced into binding sites of c-Jun and CREB in the IL-32 promoter. IL-32 expression was also examined in HBE cells in which the expression of either c-Jun or CREB was knocked out by siRNA of indicated transcription factors.ResultsThere were no significant differences of cell viability among groups. After stimulation with H2O2or IFNγ for 48 hours, IL-32 expression in HBE cells was increased by IFNγ and synergistically upregulated by the addition of H2O2. The H2O2augmented IFNγ induced IL-32 mRNA expression was suppressed by a JNK inhibitor, but not by MEK inhibitor, p38 inhibitor, and JAK inhibitor I. Significant binding of c-Jun and CREB to the IL-32 promoter was observed in the IFNγ + H2O2stimulated HBE cells. Introducing mutations into the c-Jun/CREB binding sites in the IL-32 promoter prominently suppressed its transcriptional activity. Further, knocking down CREB expression by siRNA resulted in significant suppression of IL-32 induction by IFNγ and H2O2in HBE cells.ConclusionIL-32 expression in airway epithelium may be augmented by inflammation and oxidative stress, which may occur in COPD acute exacerbation. c-Jun and CREB are key transcriptional factors in IFNγ and H2O2induced IL-32 expression.
T lymphocyte insensitivity to corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Kaur Manminder , Smyth Lucy JC , Cadden Paul , Grundy Seamus , Ray David , Plumb Jonathan , Singh Dave 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackgroundThere are increased numbers of activated lymphocytes in the lungs of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. The clinical benefits of corticosteroids in COPD patients are limited. Our hypothesis is that lymphocytes play a role in this corticosteroid insensitivity.ObjectivesTo investigate the effects of the corticosteroid dexamethasone on lung lymphocyte cytokine production from patients with COPD compared to controls.MethodsCultured airway lymphocytes obtained by bronchoscopy from healthy non-smokers (HNS), smokers (S) and COPD patients were stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) & phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), +/- dexamethasone. Supernatants were assayed for interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)γ. Immunofluoresence was used to analyse changes in CD8 glucocorticoid receptor (GRα and GRβ) expression.ResultsThe inhibition of PHA/PMA stimulated IFNγ production by dexamethasone was reduced in COPD patients compared to HNS (p< 0.05 at concentrations from 0.1-1 μM). There was also a significant reduction (p< 0.05) in the mean inhibitory effect at 1 μM in COPD patients (54.1%) compared to smokers (72.1%), and in smokers compared to HNS (85.5%). There was a numerically reduced effect of dexamethasone on IL-2 production that did not reach statistical significance. There was no difference in GRα and GRβ expression in follicular CD8 cells between COPD patients (50.9% and 30.4% respectively) and smokers (52.9% and 29.7% respectively).ConclusionsIFNγ production from COPD airway lymphocytes is corticosteroid insensitive. This phenomenon may be important in the poor clinical response often observed with corticosteroids.
Postdialysis blood pressure rise predicts long-term outcomes in chronic hemodialysis patients: a four-year prospective observational cohort study
Authors: Yang Chih-Yu , Yang Wu-Chang , Lin Yao-Ping 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Background
The blood pressure (BP) of a proportion of chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients rises after HD. We investigated the influence of postdialysis BP rise on long-term outcomes.

Methods
A total of 115 prevalent HD patients were enrolled. Because of the fluctuating nature of predialysis and postdialysis BP, systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP before and after HD were recorded from 25 consecutive HD sessions during a 2-month period. Patients were followed for 4 years or until death or withdrawal.

Results
Kaplan-Meier estimates revealed that patients with average postdialysis SBP rise of more than 5 mmHg were at the highest risk of both cardiovascular and all-cause mortality as compared to those with an average postdialysis SBP change between -5 to 5 mmHg and those with an average postdialysis SBP drop of more than 5 mmHg. Furthermore, multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that both postdialysis SBP rise of more than 5 mmHg (HR, 3.925 [95% CI, 1.410-10.846], p = 0.008) and high cardiothoracic (CT) ratio of more than 50% (HR, 7.560 [95% CI, 2.048-27.912], p = 0.002) independently predicted all-cause mortality. We also found that patients with an average postdialysis SBP rise were associated with subclinical volume overload, as evidenced by the significantly higher CT ratio (p = 0.008).

Conclusions
A postdialysis SBP rise in HD patients independently predicted 4-year cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Considering postdialysis SBP rise was associated with higher CT ratio, intensive evaluation of cardiac and volume status should be performed in patients with postdialysis SBP rise.
An update on the strategies in multicomponent activity monitoring within the phytopharmaceutical field
Authors: Gostner Johanna M , Wrulich Oliver A , Jenny Marcel , Fuchs Dietmar , Ueberall Florian 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Background
To-date modern drug research has focused on the discovery and synthesis of single active substances. However, multicomponent preparations are gaining increasing importance in the phytopharmaceutical field by demonstrating beneficial properties with respect to efficacy and toxicity.

Discussion
In contrast to single drug combinations, a botanical multicomponent therapeutic possesses a complex repertoire of chemicals that belong to a variety of substance classes. This may explain the frequently observed pleiotropic bioactivity spectra of these compounds, which may also suggest that they possess novel therapeutic opportunities. Interestingly, considerable bioactivity properties are exhibited not only by remedies that contain high doses of phytochemicals with prominent pharmaceutical efficacy, but also preparations that lack a sole active principle component. Despite that each individual substance within these multicomponents has a low molar fraction, the therapeutic activity of these substances is established via a potentialization of their effects through combined and simultaneous attacks on multiple molecular targets. Although beneficial properties may emerge from such a broad range of perturbations on cellular machinery, validation and/or prediction of their activity profiles is accompanied with a variety of difficulties in generic risk-benefit assessments. Thus, it is recommended that a comprehensive strategy is implemented to cover the entirety of multicomponent-multitarget effects, so as to address the limitations of conventional approaches.

Summary
An integration of standard toxicological methods with selected pathway-focused bioassays and unbiased data acquisition strategies (such as gene expression analysis) would be advantageous in building an interaction network model to consider all of the effects, whether they were intended or adverse reactions.
Formulas for the Reidemeister, Lefschetz and Nielsen coincidence number of maps between infra-nilmanifolds
Authors: Ha Ku Yong , Lee Jong Bum , Penninckx Pieter 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe prove practical formulas for the Reidemeister coincidence number, the Lefschetz coincidence number and the Nielsen coincidence number of continuous maps between oriented infra-nilmanifolds of equal dimension. In order to obtain these formulas, we use the averaging formulas for the Lefschetz coincidence number and for the Nielsen coincidence number and we develop an averaging formula for the Reidemeister coincidence number. We also give a simple proof of the averaging formula for the Lefschetz coincidence number.Mathematics Subject Classification 2000: 55M20; 57S30.