bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The structure of Gower
Authors: George T. Neville 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
The peninsula of Gower, extending 16 miles westwards between Swansea and Carmarthen bays, is a remnant of the Armorican fold system that at one time formed continuous mountain ranges—the front of Meso-Europe—along the southern borders of Wales. Its coastal outline and trend are a reflection of the earth-movements its rocks have suffered, while its inland topography is also largely determined by the strike of the rock outcrops. Apart from insignificant Triassic outliers in the south-west of the peninsula, the solid geology is wholly Upper Palaeozoic. Coal Measures crop out along its north-eastern border and in the coalfield to the north, but are elsewhere absent. The greater part of the peninsula is a plateau of Carboniferous Limestone, complexly folded, in which synclines of Millstone Grit shales form embayments and depressions at Oystermouth, Oxwich, and Port Eynon, and above which the anticlinal cores are marked by the monadnock hills of Old Red Sandstone—Cefn Bryn and the western downs.
The general geology is illustrated on the maps of the Geological Survey (New Series 1-inch maps nos. 246, 247) and is described in the accompanying memoirs (Strahan and others 1907a, 1907b). Following the early work of de la Beche, the Survey officers clearly distinguished the various rock types, and determined the nature of the major structures so far as this was possible by a close examination of dip and strike, and of lithology. At a later date Dixon and Vaughan (1911, p. 479) indicated the location of some of the zones in
Notes on Cretaceous Asteroidea
Authors: Wright Claud William , Wright E. V. 
Published: October 2009

Introduction
The publication by the Palaeontographical Society of a monograph on the Cretaceous asteroids by Sladen and Spencer (1891–1908) and by the Royal Society of a paper by Dr. Spencer (1913) on the evolution of the same group might seem to have exhausted the subject for the time being. Very many of the starfish figured in the monograph, however, came from only one locality and horizon, the Chislehurst Caves and the Coranguinum Zone of the Upper Chalk, and the nature of Dr. Spencer's paper unfortunately prevented the complete figuring and description of many of the species with which he dealt. The rarity even of fragments of fossil starfish compared with the abundance of dissociated ossicles makes it natural that further information should come to light with continued collecting.
It is the purpose of these notes, therefore, to figure and describe starfish of species hitherto known only from loose ossicles, or specimens from zones different from those of previously figured examples, as well as several new species.
I. The Metopaster parkinsoni Series
We have two new species of this series from the high zones of the Chalk.

Metopaster stainforthi
sp. nov. Pl. XIII, figs. 1-4, 11, 12; Pl. XVII, figs. 1,2; Text-fig. 7

Diagnosis
.—Body stellate, of medium height: median superomarginalia fairly tumid, with no definite central area, but ornamented with deep spine-pits, fine round the edge, coarse in the middle: the terminal superomarginalia are broken down into constituent ossicles, which have a definite, though irregular, central area with irregularly scattered spine-pits.
On Northern Glacial Drifts: some peculiarities and their significance
Authors: Carruthers R. G. 
Published: October 2009

The President (Prof. H. H. Swinnerton) reminded the Fellows that some time ago Mr. Carruthers had read a paper before the Society “on Northern Glacial Drifts” which provoked much interest; so much so, indeed, that it was decided to devote a separate meeting entirely to the continuation of the discussion after the paper had been published. That discussion was now about to be resumed. He then showed two slides of photographs taken by Mr. R. Bentham of the snout of the Craig Harbour glacier, Ellesmere Land. One of these was taken in June, 1937, and showed water flowing from beneath the glacier while as yet none was flowing on the surface. The second was taken in July, 1937, when the thaw was at its maximum. This showed both surface and subglacial streams in full flood, a condition which lasted three weeks. These pictures gave evidence that subglacial melting did actually take place.
Mr. N. E. Odell said that he was critical of certain expressed views of Mr. Carruthers regarding polar glaciers, and also of one or two other aspects of his important paper. The principal characteristics of high polar glaciers (in contrast largely to glaciers of the temperate zone) were (1) relative freedom from surface moraine; (2) confinement of their morainic load to the lower layers; (3) lamellar movement (that is, differential thrusting within these lower layers); (4) development of imbricate structure within the lower strata; (5) contortion of ice-laminae, especially just above the lower debris-loaded layers and round lenses
The Carboniferous Limestone of the Castleton-Bradwell area, North Derbyshire
Authors: Shirley Jack , Horsfield Ernest Lockwood 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
The area included in the investigation forms a limestone plateau north of the line Perryfoot-Great Hucklow, generally about 1200–1400 feet above sea-level with broad valleys down to 900 feet and hills up to 1500 feet. The west side is formed by the broad valley running south from Windy Knoll; the northern edge runs along the steep slopes from Treak Cliff, behind Castleton to Bradwell; eastwards the area is confined by the valley running south from Bradwell to Hucklow. On these three sides the limestone is bounded by Edale Shales. On the south the area is bounded naturally by the broad depression in the limestone known as Perrydale. The northern edge of the limestone massif is incised by four narrow gorges: beginning on the west, the Winnats, Cavedale, Pindale, and Bradwell Dale. These display the most important profiles. Between the dales the limestone is exposed on the uplands but good continuous sections are rare, although the large quarries opened between Bradwell and Pindale help considerably in the interpretation of the structure and succession. Mining along the numerous lead veins has also exposed the limestone, but these sections are often disappointing owing to the presence of gangue minerals covering the surface of the veins or joints.
The Castleton area has long been famous for its fossils, especially the brachiopod limestones of Treak Cliff and the Winnats, but, although frequently mentioned, the limestone has never been described in detail. The Geological Survey memoir on North Derbyshire (Green 1887) did not describe
The ammonite body-chamber, with special reference to the buoyancy and mode of Life of the living ammonite
Authors: Trueman Arthur E. 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
In many works relating to the classification and morphology of ammonites reference has been made to the length of the body-chamber and to the form of the mouth border. There have been numerous attempts to use these features as a basis for the classification of the ammonites and almost equally numerous suggestions that they are practically valueless for this purpose. It is not proposed to give detailed references to this very extensive literature. It may. however, be remarked that, following Suess (1865), Haug in 1898 drew attention to the view that the ammonites could be grouped into those with long and those with short body-chambers and proposed to refer to these as the longidome and brevidome forms. A similar classification was adopted by G. von Arthaber (1911). Doubt as to the value of this basis of classification was expressed by several authorities, including Wedekind (1913, 1916), but the most complete summary of the facts then available regarding the lengths of ammonite body-chambers was published by Diener (1916), who pointed out the variations in the lengths of body-chambers occurring in ammonites which were held to be closely related; Diener also gave particulars of the lengths of body-chamber in a wide range of ammonites of different ages.
It is familiar that the lengths of ammonite body-chambers vary greatly; in some species the length is not more than a half whorl, while in others it is commonly more than a whorl, and in some cases more than one and a half
Loch Awe succession and tectonics: Kilmartin-Tayvallich-Danna
Authors: Allison Archibald 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
The original of this paper forms part of a Ph.D. thesis accepted by the University of Glasgow, and available for reference in the University Library. With the consent of the author, who went abroad in 1933, the text was recast by Dr. E. B. Bailey for publication, and the illustrations redrawn by Dr. W. J. McCallien. In the meantime, Dr. G. L. Elles in 1935 published a paper dealing further with south Tayvallich, and the island of Danna. Although the present paper was read to the Society by Dr. Bailey in 1936, publication was held over until the author could revisit and re-examine the Tayvallich and Danna exposures in the light of Dr. Elles's conclusions, which had differed materially from those expressed by the author. This was not accomplished until the summer of 1939.
The investigation was originally pursued while the writer held a Carnegie Research Scholarship at Glasgow University.
The rocks of the three areas, exclusive of dykes and superficial deposits, consist of sedimentary and igneous schists of Dalradian age. The sediments are grouped according to E. B. Bailey's classification as follows, in descending order both of age and superposition:—
Of these formational names, three—Ardrishaig, Loch Avich, and Shira—are taken from parts of the Loch Awe district outside the scope of the present paper.
The igneous rocks are grouped under the broad heading epidiorite. Lavas and breccias are strongly developed in the Tayvallich Group, and also in the lower part of the Loch Avich
The geology of Helvellyn and the southern part of Thirlmere
Authors: Hartley John Jerom 
Published: October 2009

Since the official examination by the Geological Survey in the seventies of the nineteenth century, more recent work on various portions of the Lake District, carried out by Mr. E. E. Walker, Mr. J. F. N. Green, the late Professor Marr, Dr. G. H. Mitchell, and the present author, has shown that acid rocks are widespread throughout the area and, as foreseen by Sir Archibald Geikie, that their outcrops furnish important facts which any interpretation of the structure of the district, to be convincing, must explain.
The original object of the present communication was to describe the development of this type of rock in the neighbourhood of Helvellyn, an area which, since the time of Clifton Ward and J. J. H. Teall, has received only passing and incidental mention. As the work progressed, however, it was found necessary to extend the investigation and to include the mapping and description of the whole of the Borrowdale Volcanic Series as found in this particular area.
J. C. Ward, who described the Helvellyn range very thoroughly, fully recognized that an unusual type of rock was present in this locality. He discussed it in detail in his memoir (1876, p. 24), but, led astray by his views as to its metamorphic origin, he failed to map it in detail. He made no attempt to separate these flows of acid lava, but included them with other rocks on the one-inch map, indicating them by a symbol representing “mostly altered ash”. This vital omission excludes from
Notes on the glacial phenomena of Arvon
Authors: Greenly Edward 
Published: October 2009

The glacial phenomena of Arvon are of very great importance, since it is in this region that the ice of the sea-basin comes into contact with the glaciers of the mountain-land. The country which had been mapped by me at the time of writing this summary just enters the mouths of the great valleys of the Ogwen and the Peris (“Llanberis,” when repeated often, comes to be a little cumbrous) at Bethesda and Bryn-yr-efail. From north-east to south-west it extends from Llanllechid to Carnarvon.

Over most of the platform country, the striae, with the onset-and-lee features, point to the south-west. But at the mouths of the two great mountain valleys they point northwest or north-north-west. Knowing, moreover, as we do (
G. of A.
p. 712 &c and fig. 326) that Anglesey was invaded for some three miles by ice from the mountain-land, we shall not be surprised to find that, at some places in Arvon, the one series is crossed by the other. This transgression is far longer in the case of the Ogwen than in the case of the Peris glacier. In the Peris case, it has not been traced for more than a mile beyond Cwm-y-glo. In the Ogwen case it is found as far north as Llandegai, the northward striae being the later.

Along the foot of the mountain-land, between the Peris and the Ogwen, no great valley opens out, and here, accordingly, no crossings have been found: the south-westerly trend is not interfered with.
Glacial deposits
The Middle Jurassic rocks of Yorkshire : A petrological and palaeogeographical study
Authors: Smithson Frank 
Published: October 2009

I. I
troduction

I
n
Yorkshire the rocks of Middle Jurassic age consist largely of non-marine sandstones and shales usually spoken of as the Estuarine beds. Middle Jurassic times commenced and concluded with marine conditions and there were three marine invasions during the period. In these invasions the sea apparently did not extend over the whole area; hence, although the marine beds divide the Estuarine beds into as many as four divisions, in some places two or three of these divisions merge into one (Table I).

In the present paper the Cornbrash is not dealt with, and the Dogger is referred to only in so far as is necessary for an understanding of the sediments above it. Although the term Middle Jurassic is usually understood to include these beds, I have ventured, for want of a better term, to use it in this paper so as to imply the exclusion of them. Where precision of statement is called for, the contractions shown in Table I will be used.
The Estuarine beds with their marine divisions attain a maximum thickness of nearly 700 feet in the neighbourhood of Ravenscar. Their outcrop on the " solid " map (Geological Survey one-inch map, sheets 33, 34, 35, 42, 43, 44, 52, 53, 54, 63, 72) covers about 380 square miles; but as the outcrop is very irregular in shape, the area over which reasonably safe conclusions as to the conditions of deposition can be drawn is not less than 1500 square miles.
Stratigraphy and palaeogeographical
The buried channel of the Tawe Valley near Ynystawe, Glamorganshire
Authors: Owen Thomas Jones 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction

I
n
1927 several boreholes were put down for the Swansea Corporation by Messrs. Vivians Boring and Exploration Company Ltd. on the floor of the Tawe valley near Ynystawe, nearly six miles above the mouth of the river at Swansea. The boreholes Ynystawe House, on a terrace raised a few feet above the alluvial plain between the site and the river and standing about 40 feet above Ordnance Datum. The boreholes were required to test the bearing capacity of the site for the erection of a large power station.

In all, six boreholes were sunk to varying depths; their positions are shown in Fig. 1. They are numbered in the order in which they were carried out. All except No. 1, which is somewhat to the south of the others, lie nearly on a straight line roughly at right anglés to the valley.
The No. 1 borehole was commenced on 6 April, 1927, and was stopped at a depth of 120 feet, or about 80 feet below O.D. This first borehole revealed the existence of a channel at this locality the floor of which lay at some considerable depth below sea-level at a point six miles above the mouth of the river. The thickness of about 35 feet of gravel and coarse sand was considered ample for the support of the heavy loads of the proposed power station, but the presence of 60 feet of muddy sediments revealed in the lower part of the succession raised doubts regarding the effect of this soft material on the bearing capacity of the site as a whole.
The CNOC Nan Cuilean Area of the Ben Loyal Igneous Complex
Authors: King Basil Charles 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction

T
he
Ben Loyal Igneous Complex forms an impressive group of mountains situated in northern Sutherland about six miles south of Tongue. The rock types include three distinct varieties of syenites, composing respectively the Ben Loyal range, Cnoc nan Cuilean and Ben Stumanadh, together with related syenites, aplites and pegmatites which constitute numbers of dykes, sheets and veins.

The only previous work on this area of which an account has been published was carried out by the officers of the Geological Survey during the mapping of sheets 108 and 114 (Scotland). In the Geological Survey memoir on Central Sutherland (1931, pp. 174—9), H. H. Read gives a brief description of the field occurrence and petrology of the syenites; the rocks are described as unfoliated syenites and nordmarkites and their general petrographic characters are noted. The evident similarity of the Ben Loyal rocks to those of the Loch Ailsh intrusion is demonstrated both mineralogically and with the aid of chemical analyses. For more general references see J. Phemister (1936, p. 57) and E. B. Bailey and 0. Holtedahl (1938, p. 35).
During the investigation here recorded, a field study was made of the Cnoc nan Cuilean and the Ben Loyal intrusions, and, for purposes of comparison, several traverses were made over the Ben Stumanadh mass.
The primary purpose of this paper is to describe and interpret the petrography of the Cnoc nan Cuilean mass. This intrusion presents features not to be seen in the other two masses, namely, the development
Large-scale superficial structures in the Northampton Ironstone Field
Authors: Hollingworth Sydney Ewart , Taylor James Haward , Kellaway Geoffrey Arthur 
Published: October 2009

Summary
Detailed mapping reveals many structures, unrelated to the slight regional tilting, folding and faulting, that are determined not by deep-seated movements but by disturbances that are demonstrably of superficial origin. These structures include cambers, gulls, dip-and-fault structure and valley bulges. As a result of these movements dissected Inferior and Great Oolite strata are lowered vertically to the extent of 100 feet or more, so that they swathe the hill tops and valley sides. The causal processes of this camber structure include sub-surface erosion and valleyward outflow of the underlying Lias. Gulls are widened joints in the camber filled with material from above. They usually* trend parallel to the strike of the cambered strata and may attain a width of 40 yards. Step-faulting of similar trend is commonly associated with advanced cambering. The throw of each fault in this " dip-and-fault " structure is compensated for by steep downslope dips (up to 40°) in the inter-fault blocks. Valley bulges comprise a variety of upward displacements of the strata that are confined to the valleys and are due to differential loading of the incompetent Lias. Their origin and mode of development are discussed in relation to the physiography of the area and the fundamental part played by the Lias clay.
The economic significance of the structures in the exploitation of ironstone and in water supply are briefly considered and reference is made to analogous structures in other areas.
Stratigraphy and structures east of Oxford. Part II: The Miltons and Haseleys
Authors: Arkell William Joscelyn 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The area consists of Kimeridgian, Portlandian, Wealden, Aptian( ?) and Albian rocks (Kimeridge Clay to Gault) with terrace gravels of the River Thame and its tributaries. The Jurassic and Wealden rocks are folded and faulted along northwest axes. After the movements had come to rest the resulting structures were planed off and red sands, attributed to the Upper Aptian or Lower Albian (Lower Greensand), were deposited unconformably. The sands are in turn overlapped by the Gault, which has been traced overstepping unconformably across an eroded anticline in the Jurassic rocks. Finally, the Gault itself is faulted along the same north-west lines as the older rocks, but with downthrows in the opposite sense.
The Miocene beds of Kavirondo, Kenya
Authors: Kent Percy Edward 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The paper describes the succession in the Miocene beds of localities near the Kavirondo Gulf of Lake Victoria, with particular reference to Rusinga island. Fossiliferous lacustrine beds form the lowest part of a sequence laid down during a phase of yolcanic eruption, and there is an upward passage from clays through tuffs to agglomerates. Plateau lavas were subsequently extruded over the Miocene beds. Conclusive evidence establishes that the beds are Lower Miocene, a fact of importance in relation to the dating of the rich fauna and of the volcanic activity, and in proving the date of deformation of the main Central. African peneplain to be pre-Miocene. The subsequent history is traced, and it is shown that the Miocene beds were successively subjected to dyke intrusion, strong faulting, valley erosion and (in the Lower Pleistocene) to raised beach formation. The disturbance of the Miocene beds includes reversed faulting and is interpreted as due to horizontal compression; it is suggested that it is related to a late Miocene phase of Rift Valley formation.
The variation in an assemblage of the
Caninia Cornucopiae
plexus from the Middle Viséan>
Authors: Hudson Robert George Spencer 
Published: October 2009

Summary

A
Caninia cornucopiae
assemblage of C
1
age and one S
2
D
1
are both shown to consist of a dominated and several subsidary forms. The dominant form of the newer assemblage, which is described as
C. lanceolata
sp. nov., shows a definite structural advance on that of the older assemblage, the change being considered to be palin-genetic. Lengthy conocylindrical forms are found in both assemblages; their distribution is discussed and they are considered to be forms successfully adapted to an initially adverse environment by a change in relative growth-rate.
The structure and ore deposits of the Carboniferous Limestone of the Eyam district, Derbyshire
Authors: Shirley Jack , Horsfield Ernest Lockwood 
Published: October 2009

Summary

The area described consists of Carboniferous Limestone almost surrounded by Edale Shales and an account of the stratigraphy is given. The uppermost group of limestones, belonging to the "reef", is shown to lie unconformably on the normal-bedded D
1
-D
2
limestones. Descriptions are given of the principal exposed sections through the limestones. Structure-contours based on the
Orwnastraea placenta
horizon high in the D
2
limestones demonstrate the tectonic movements of the mid-Carboniferous. The distribution of the main lead-ore veins is shown to be nearly related to the structures of the limestones.