bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simple Tests for estimating the Suitability of Mineral Oils as Mosquito Larvicides
Authors: David W. A. L. 
Published: July 2009

In practice it is seldom found that any one of the numerous grades of oil prepared from crude petroleum is a satisfactory mosquito larvicide. The final product is almost invariably blended from several constituents. Each of the constituents may confer beneficial properties on the larvicide directly, or it may serve to correct undesirable features possessed by the other ingredients.Even under world conditions which might be regarded as normal compared with those prevailing to-day, difficulties have confronted those who wished to select or blend a larvicide. There was firstly, in the remoter parts of the world, a lack of any specialised chemical apparatus ; secondly, the lack of a complete minimum performance specification by which to judge laboratory blends ; and thirdly, the difficulty arising from the fact that the specifications supplied for commercial grades of oil do not include data on many properties of the oil which are important to the malariologist but unimportant to the usual consumer.This paper represents an endeavour to overcome the three difficulties outlined above. It provides a minimum performance specification for a larvicide and describes a series of simple tests which may be applied (a) to a commercially blended larvicide in order to establish whether this meets the requirements of the specification, and (b) to the individual ingredients (e.g., kerosines, Diesel oils or fuel oils) so that, in each case, the one with the most desirable combination of properties may be selected for incorporation in the final blend.
The macroscopic Differentiation of Anopheline Eggs according to their Pattern on the Surface of Water
Authors: Saliternik Z. 
Published: July 2009

Thus far nine species of Anopheles have been found in Palestine. These, in order of frequency and importance, are : A. elutus, Edw., A. superpictus, Grassi, A. sergenti, Theo., A. multicolor, Camb., A. claviger, Mg. (bifurcatus, auct.), A. algeriensis, Theo., A. hyrcanus, Pall., A. pharoensis, Theo., and A. coustani, Lav. (mauritianus, Grp.).The morphological characters of the eggs of these species have been described and are well known. Workers have, however, overlooked the fact that their eggs arrange themselves on water in specific patterns, determined apparently by their structure. Observations made during 1939–41 have shown that, if a number of eggs is placed on a drop of water, they assume a pattern characteristic of the species. This pattern arrangement makes possible a macroscopic differentiation of species in the field.Observations have been made on ovipositions of all the species, but more particularly of A. elutus (188 ovipositions), A. sergenti (365 ovipositions), A. superpictus (149 ovipositions) and A. multicolor (51 ovipositions). These results indicate that these species arrange themselves into two types of patterns :—i. Eggs arranged in parallel patterns. To this group belong those species that breed in open unshaded water : A. elutus, A. superpictus, A. multicolor.ii. Eggs arranged in angular patterns, the eggs lying at an angle to one another, in the form of stars, etc. This group comprises the six remaining species, all of which prefer shaded places for their development.
A Tachinid parasitic on Plutella maculipennis, Curt.
Authors: Emden F. I. van 
Published: July 2009

Dr. R. H. Le Pelley has reared in Nairobi a number of specimens of a new Tachinid from the diamond-back moth (Plutella maculipennis, Curt.).Cadurcia plutellae, sp. n : ♂♀.♂. Head black, the pollinosity of the face, lower half of the parafrontalia and lower half of the posterior orbits inconspicuous, but appearing almost silver-white in certain directions. Eyes bare. Frons one-fifth to one-sixth head-width (slightly less than one-half eye-width) above middle, very slightly dilated to vertex, moderately dilated to lunula ; face moderately dilated with the sides almost straight to the lower margins of the eyes, which are separated by half the head-width ; parafrontalia and interfrontalia somewhat narrowed to about middle, parallel-sided from there to base, the interfrontalia velvety blackish-brown, somewhat wider than the parafrontalia, the latter with about six inclinate and two reclinate setae, the parafacialia with 3–4 descending inclinate frontals, which reach the level of the apex of the second antennal joint. Antennae fuscous-black, third joint more than twice as long aswide, almost reaching level of lower eye-margins, falling short of mouth-margin by half its width, arista minutely pubescent, the hairs shorter than its basal diameter, the basal fourth moderately incrassate. Parafacialia one-half, jowls fully as wide as the third antennal joint, vibrissae level with mouth-margin. Palpi fuscous, hardly projecting beyond mouth-margin.
A Method of transporting living Mosquito Larvae
Authors: Lewis D. J. 
Published: July 2009

Outbreaks of yellow fever in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and Uganda in 1940 emphasised the necessity for the mosquito control measures which are in force to prevent the disease from reaching Egypt or the East African ports. Edwards (1941, Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region, III, p. 3), referring to yellow fever, states that “ it would seem that most of the common biting mosquitoes of West Africa are to be regarded as potentially dangerous.” This statement applies also to north-east Africa. For the further planning of control measures, more information is required as to which mosquitos can act as vectors. Transmission experiments can usually be carried out only in a few specially equipped laboratories, so that mosquitos must sometimes be transported over great distances. A convenient method of doing this is to carry several thousands of living larvae which can provide a supply of adults for experiments. The writer has, for several years, used the simple method described below and found it effective in the hot dry climate of the northern Sudan. Recently it proved useful for sending larvae of species of Aëdes to the Yellow Fever Reseaich Institute at Entebbe.Larvae are stranded on a wet surface in a cool damp atmosphere and can be carried under these conditions for many hours or even several days. Perforated trays are made from the metal of petrol tins as shown in Fig. 1. A piece of cloth 44 cm. square is laid over each tray and tied underneath it. Water containing the larvae is poured into the tray and drains away, leaving the larvae stranded. A metal cross-piece laid on the tray serves to support another tray above it. Eight trays can be placed in a four gallon petrol tin which is then closed with a lid. In hot weather a wet towel may be wrapped round the tin.
The relative Toxicity of Rotenone and Pyrethrum in Oil to the Argasid Tick, Ornithodorus moubata, Murray
Authors: Robinson G. G. 
Published: July 2009

(1) Coal-tar phenols are useful intermediate solvents for making solutions of rotenone in both mineral and vegetable oils.(2) Medium petroleum oil showed superiority to ground-nut oil as a carrier of rotenone in xylenol tested against Ornithodorus moubata.(3) The solutions of rotenone in xylenol and oil showed no deterioration after storage in the dark at room temperature for six weeks.(4) In these solutions rotenone proved far less toxic to Ornithodorus moubata than an equal weight of pyrethrin I in medium petroleum oil.
Residual Effect, Skin Application and Injection of γ-Hexachlorocyclohexane in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Dresden D. , Oppenoorth F. J. 
Published: July 2009

As a basis for future investigations on the development and the nature of resistance against insecticides, the regression lines for the toxicity of γ-hexachlorocyclohexane to D. melanogaster were estimated by means of1. A contact method, in which the insects (adults) were exposed to a treated surface.2. A skin-application method, in which measured doses of an acetone solution of the poison were used.3. An injection method in which adults were injected with known doses of an emulsion containing the insecticide.The reproducibility of the results obtained with the above methods is briefly discussed. It was found that in the case of the skin-application and injection methods the regression line did not deviate significantly from linearity. The same was true for the contact method if the results obtained with the smaller doses were not taken into consideration.
The Larvae and Pupae of some important Lepidoptera
Authors: Williams J. R. 
Published: July 2009

The larvae and pupae of the following Lepidoptera, all of which are of economic importance in Mauritius and most of them elsewhere also, are described:—The Agrotids, Sesamia calamistis Hamps. and S. inferens (Wlk.); the Crambids, Proceras sacchariphagus Boj. and P. indicus Kapur (larva only); and the Olethreutids, Argyroploce schistaceana (Snell.), A. leucotreta Meyr., Cryptophlebia peltastica (Meyr.) and C. williamsi Bradley.
The Sandflies (Phlebotominae) of Iraq
Authors: Pringle Gordon 
Published: July 2009

An account is given of a survey of the sandfly fauna of Iraq made in 1949 and 1950. Two new species, one of which has been previously misidentified, and two new varieties are described, and brief notes are given on all the 12 species of Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia taken in the survey. A description is given of a male of P. palestinensis taken in Baghdad, as it differs from the male described from Jericho. Keys to the Phlebotominae in Iraq and neighbouring territories are included, together with a Table showing their distribution.Relationship between distribution of human dermal leishmaniasis and the species of Phlebotomus is shown on a map, supporting the belief that P. sergenti is the principal, if not the sole, vector of oriental sore in Iraq.The distribution of Sergentomyia is given in another map indicating that, in contrast to Phlebotomus, the individual species of Sergentomyia are confined to one or other side of the boundary between the Saharo-Sindian and the Irano-Turanian zoogeographical regions.
The Biology of the Coconut PestMelittomma insulare(Col., Lymexylonidae), and its Control in the Seychelles
Authors: Brown E. S. 
Published: July 2009

The biology ofMelittomma insulareFairm. (Coleoptera, Lymexylonidae), a wood-boring pest of coconuts in the Seychelles and northern Madagascar, has been studied from all angles, with the object of discovering practical means of control.The stages in the life-history are figured and briefly discussed, supplementary details being given to the earlier accounts of Vesey-FitzGerald and others.The feeding habits of the larvae ae described in some detail, with particular reference to their association with micro-organisms which were almost invariably detected in infested wood surrounding the tunnels. The larva is shown to feed on fluid extracted from the parenchymatous tissues and not on solid wood.The course of the development of an infestation in an individual trunk is described in detail, culminating in the fall of the palm. Variations in this process are correlated with the age of the palm and other factors. The spread of infestations through plantations and islands is also discussed. A detailed account is given of the symptoms shown by attacked palms, together with a critical revision of certain changes which have in the past been attributed toMelittommaattack.An account is given of the occurrence ofM. insularein certain palms other than coconuts, in which it has been found.
Studies on the Responses of the Female Aëdes Mosquito. Part VI.—The Attractiveness of coloured Cloths to Canadian Species
Authors: Brown A. W. A. 
Published: July 2009

A series of 32 cloths, including 8 flannels dyed to Munsell standard colours, seven coloured satins and 17 service fabrics, were tested for their attractiveness to northern Canadian Aëdes mosquitos, and were assessed for their reflectivity of visible and ultra-violet light.Their attractiveness was found to vary inversely with their reflectivity or brightness, although the different textures represented in the series tended to obscure the generalised relationship.When comparisons were made within a series of identical texture, the correlation was good in the range between 475 and 625 mμ wave-length, but was not present in the red or infra-red, nor in the violet and ultra-violet ranges of wavelength.Green tended to be less attractive, and white more attractive, than was expected from this relationship. For colour values of similar lightness or darkness, the order of attractiveness to Aëdes punctor and associated species was black, red, blue, brown, green, white, yellow.
Studies of the Life History and Ecology of the Ant Oecophylla longinoda Latreille
Authors: Way M. J. 
Published: July 2009

In British East Africa Oecophylla longinoda (Latr.) var. textor Santschi is locally common in the costal region. Inland it is absent from higher altitudes and from areas where there is a pronounced dry season.In Zanzibar Island, O. longinoda at least 89 species of trees and shurbs; the largest populations occur on the clove (Jambosa caryophyllus), Citrus spp., Bridelia micrantha and Canthium zanzibaricum.The nesting habits and colony composition of O. longinoda are such that one colony may spread over a number of adjacent trees; it contains only one gravid queen.Winged virgin sexual forms are released at the beginning of the wet seasons and new colonies are initiated by a single queen, who uses her food reserves to bring the first batch of brood to maturity.In Zanzibzr, O. longinoda tends a wide range of Homoptera that produce honey-dew, but apparently “ prefers ” certain Coccids, notably Saissetia spp.The degree of attention afforded by an ant species determines the species of Homoptera which it is able to attend.The insect species preyed upon by O. longinoda include the honey bee, Apis mellifera, and the driver ant, Dorylus nigricans, of which large numbers may be destroyed.O. longinoda is of undoubted value for controlling certain coconut pests, notably Theraptus sp. (Coreidae), and its efficiency in coconut plantations could probably be much enhanced.
Studies on the Association of the AntOecophylla longinoda(Latr.) (Formicidae) with the Scale InsectSaissetia zanzibarensisWilliams (Coccidae)
Authors: Way M. J. 
Published: July 2009

A close association exists between the antOecophylla longinoda(Latr.) and the scale insectSaissetia zanzibarensisWilliams.Several factors cause the scale to be rare in the absence of the ant. Contamination by honey-dew and sooty moulds prevents increase of theS. zanzibarensispopulation above a relatively low level, while, in addition, insect parasites and probably predators virtually exterminate the scale. A fungal parasite may destroy honey-dew-contaminatedS. zanzibarensisunder humid conditions.The attendantO. longinodaprevents contamination of the scale by honeydew. It gives absolute protection from Coccinellid predators and, although parasitism byCoccophagusspp. and predation byEublemmaspp. is not prevented, the mortality ofS. zanzibarensiswhich they cause is thought to be of little significance.O. longinodaworkers benefitS. zanzibarensisin other ways. They remove débris from the scale clusters; they transport the nymphs and establish them at suitable feeding sites. The effect of these benefits is most marked when the ant population is high relative to that of the scale.The silken shelters built byO. longinodaoverS. zanzibarensisclusters protect the ant during adverse weather and may only incidentally benefit the scales.S. zanzibarensisand other honey-dew-producing Homoptera are the major food source forO. longinoda. Other sources are sufficient to maintain only relatively low populations of the ant.
Radar observations of individual desert locusts (Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.) (Orthoptera, Locustidae))
Authors: Riley J. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTechniques used in the radar detection and identification of individual flying insects are outlined, and laboratory and field measurements of the radar cross section of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.), are presented. The cross section was strongly aspect-dependent, and had an average value of approximately 1 cm2 at a radar wavelength of 3·2 cm. An example is given of the periodic fluctuation in radar cross section (the radar ‘signature’) produced by locusts in free flight, and the spectral contents of the signatures obtained from 35 laboratory-bred free-flying locusts are described. The fundamental components of the signatures, presumed to be at the wing beat frequency, were closely grouped about 23 Hz. It is suggested that the feasibility of using radar signatures as a means of insect identification will largely depend on the degree to which the species of interest are characterised by specific wing beat frequencies. Estimates of locust flying speed and heading deduced from photographs of locust and balloon radar tracks produced a mean value of 5·3 m s-1. Undetected small-scale flight manoeuvres may introduce negative errors in the estimation of flying speed. It is concluded that radar will provide unique observational facilities for the entomologist but that the limitations introduced by the problem of target recognition have yet to be defined.
The mosquitoes of Bwamba County, Uganda. X. Observations on the biting behaviour ofAnophelesspp. other thanA. gambiaeGiles, with notes on the behaviour of these species in the Entebbe area
Authors: Haddow A. J. , Ssenkubuge Y. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis paper reports the data for the uncommonAnophelesspp. from 24-h man-baited catches mainly in the Semliki Forest, Uganda, but also from the Zika and Mpanga ForestsAnopheles(Cellia)nili(Theo.),A.(C.)marshallii(Theo.),A. (C.)demeilloniEvans,A. (C.)squamosusTheo.,A. (A.)coustaniLav.s. str.andA. (A.)tenebrosus(Dön.) were rarely caught.A. (A.)obscurus(Grünb.),A. (C.)mouchetiEvans andA. (C.)keniensisEvans were also scarce, but the numbers did indicate nocturnal and ground-haunting habits. Comparison of catches of the less uncommon species (A. (A.)ziemanni Grünb.,A. (A.)paludisTheo.,A. (A.)implexus(Theo.),A. (C.)funestusGiles,A. (C.)hargreavesiEvans andA. (C.)pharoensisTheo.) with those obtained by other workers showed them to be primarily ground haunting and nocturnal but with wide variation in their temporal distribution patterns.
Ticks (Ixodoidea) of domestic animals in Cyprus
Authors: Le Riche P. D. , Altan Y. , Campbell J. B. , Efstathiou G. C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA total of 15 835 ticks was identified, mainly from sheep and goats, in a livestock survey in Cyprus in 1970–72. Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum Koch, H. a. excavatum Koch, H. marginatum marginatum Koch, H. m. turanicum Pom., H. m. rufipes Koch, Haemaphysalis sulcata C. & F., Ixodes crenulatus Koch and Rhipicephalus turanicus Pom. & Matikashvili are recorded for the first time in Cyprus. H. sulcata was found in all parts of the island; Hyalomma spp. and Rhipicephalus spp. were mostly seen in the low drier areas, and Ixodes gibbosus Nutt. in the wetter areas; Boophilus annulatus (Say) was confined to one small area. Ticks were most common in autumn and early winter. Haemaphysalis sulcata and I. gibbosus were only found in the winter months, whereas Hyalomma spp. were found all the year round but especially in the warmer months. The Hyalomma subspecies showed some differences in seasonal distribution. Immature Rhipicephalus ticks were found in the colder months whereas the adults were seen mainly in the spring and early summer. Immature Haemaphysalis sulcata and Hyalomma spp. were extremely rare on ruminants. Only adults of I. gibbosus were seen in the first year of the survey, whereas only immatures, mainly larvae, were seen in the second year. The period of attachment of R. bursa C. & F. adults was shorter than that of R. turanicus and corresponded closely to the incidence of babesiosis in sheep and goats. The predilection sites of ticks for cattle, sheep and goats are given.
Variation in the proportion of different reproductive stages of female bushflies (Musca vetustissimaWlk. (Diptera, Muscidae)) in bait catches as a cause of error in population estimates
Authors: Hughes R. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMost trapping techniques for estimating populations assume that all individuals are equally trappable. Where potential protein sources are used as baits for muscoid flies, which are known to have a cyclical intake of protein during ovarian development, numbers caught may not be comparable. Accumulated field data on the reproductive stages of samples of the bushfly (Musca vetustissimaWlk.) in a study area near Canberra have been analysed to show that only flies in the last stages of maturing their eggs (reproductive stage IV) are uniformly under-represented (about 22% of expectation) in baited samples.
A new genus and species of Elachistid moth (Lepidoptera, Elachistidae) reared on sugar-cane in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Bradley J. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn Elachistid moth whose larva mines leaves of sugar-cane in Papua New Guinea is described and named Eupneusta solena gen. et sp. n. The genus is differentiated from Dicranoctetes Braun, a New World genus which contains the Cuban species D. saccharella (Busck) whose larva is also a miner in leaves of sugar-cane. Descriptions of the larva and pupa are included, and special note is made of the highly developed spiracular processes of these stages.
Ticks (Ixodoidea) on migrating birds in Cyprus, fall 1967 and spring 1968, and epidemiological considerations
Authors: Kaiser Makram N. , Hoogstraal Harry , Watson George E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMore or less cursory examination of migrating birds in Cyprus revealed 115 of 2580 southward (fall) migrants and 177 of 22015 northward (spring) migrants to be infested by 167 and 797 ticks, respectively. Most ticks on fall migrants wereHyalomma marginatum marginatumKoch; others wereIxodes frontalis(Panz.), I.ricinus(L.),Haemaphysalis concinnaKoch, andH. punctataC. & F., all representative of the Eurasian fauna. Most ticks on spring migrants wereH. m. rufipesKoch; others wereAmblyomma lepidumDön.,A. nuttalliDön., andA. variegatum(F.), representative of sub-Saharan Africa, andArgas streptopeliaKaiser, Hoogst. & Horner,Ixodes eldaricusDzhaparidze, and I.redikorzeviOlen. which probably attached to the hosts in the eastern Mediterranean area. In Africa and Eurasia, 16 arboviruses have been recorded from eight of these tick species, and also the agents of boutonneuse fever, Siberian tick typhus, Q fever, and tularaemia. The epidemiological potential of migrating birds is enhanced by the multiplicity of pathogens that may infect them and the biological diversity of ticks that may infest them. The remarkably wide distribution of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in Africa and Eurasia is likely to be due to intercontinental carriage of the virus and ticks by migrating birds.