bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les voix chaudes du Grand Nord dans l’oeuvre de Gabrielle Roy*
Authors: Mitroi Anca 
Published: July 2012

Dans l’oeuvre de Gabrielle Roy, tout comme dans beaucoup d’autres romans canadiens, on peut trouver des oppositions nettes entre la nature et la ville, entre le progrès et la vie simple, entre la plaine et la montagne. Chez Gabrielle Roy, ces oppositions semblent être profondément enracinées dans la pensée de Rousseau et donner ainsi préférence à la nature, à la montagne et à la vie simple. Toutefois, une des oppositions rousseauistes, celle entre le Nord et le Sud, entre les langues du Nord et les langues du Sud, même si elle est très présente dans l’oeuvre de Gabrielle Roy, se trouve inversée par la romancière canadienne, qui attribue au climat froid et inhospitalier des terres du Nord les qualités du Sud rousseauiste et de ses « langues du Sud ». Nous considérons qu’il s’agit là d’une métaphore de sa propre écriture qui établit un dialogue chaleureux et plein de vie entre des gens de différentes langues et cultures.
Les effluents de tannerie caractérisation et impact sur le milieu marin
Authors: Aboulhassan Moulay Abdelazize , Souabi Salah , Yaacoubi Abdelrani , Zaim Nourredine , Bouthir Fatima Zohra 
Published: July 2012

Dans ce travail, nous avons caractérisé et évalué l’impact sur le milieu marin des rejets industriels de tannerie. Les résultats montrent que la qualité des eaux usées varie considérablement d’une étape de production à l’autre. Les opérations de prétannage (travail de rivière) sont les plus polluantes avec des teneurs en DCO qui peuvent atteindre 30 000 mg/L. L’analyse des eaux usées au niveau du bassin de collecte, où s’achemine l’ensemble des effluents de l’usine, montre une charge polluante importante et variable avec le temps. La DCO fluctue entre 700 et 3 400 mg/L et les matières en suspension entre 500 et 8 000 mg/L avec des charges polluantes moyennes de 114 et 358 kg/jour respectivement. Ces eaux sont aussi chargées en chrome avec des teneurs qui se situent entre 40 et 115 mg/L, soit une charge de 6,5 kg/jour. La teneur en sulfures varie entre 65 et 160 mg/L. En outre, l’indice de biodégradabilité (DBO5/DCO : 0.1 – 0.2) indique que ce rejet n’est pas facilement biodégradable.
L’examen des teneurs en chrome chez des espèces bioindicatrices, la moule Mytilus galloprovincialis et les algues Ulva lactuca et Corallina officinalis, montre l’ampleur des apports en polluants causée par ce type de rejets au niveau de la mer. Les teneurs en chrome au niveau de ces espèces à proximité de point du déversement de ces eaux usées, sont élevées comparées à d’autres points plus éloignés.
Le dilemme de la justice transitionnelle et la réconciliation dans les sociétés postguerre civile
Authors: Souaré Issaka K. 
Published: July 2012

Les violations graves des droits humains sont une des principales causes des conflits armés. Certains conflits sont le théâtre de plusieurs de ces violations – crimes de guerre et contre l’humanité y compris. Punir les auteurs de ces crimes constitue généralement une des mesures essentielles de prévention de ces types de conflits. Cependant, si les rapports de force ne permettent pas de prononcer la victoire décisive de l’une ou plusieurs parties et que l’on doive résoudre le conflit par voie de négociation, il devient souvent impossible d’écarter les seigneurs de guerre, qu’il faudrait traduire en justice, du fait qu’ils sont indissociables du processus de paix. L’objectif principal de cet article est de proposer une réponse au dilemme qui en résulte dans les cas spécifiques de trois pays africains : le Libéria, la Sierra Leone et l’Ouganda.
Le consommateur et le procès – Rapport général
Authors: Lafond Pierre-Claude 
Published: July 2012

Si la situation s’est améliorée en quelques endroits du monde, les consommateurs de tous les pays demeurent aux prises avec le même sérieux problème d’accès à la justice, qui s’exprime par une difficulté réelle à exercer leurs droits substantiels devant les instances judiciaires. Le présent rapport de droit comparé analyse les mesures correctives et les solutions de plusieurs pays, non seulement à l’aune de leur existence et de leur mode de fonctionnement, mais aussi à la lumière de leur efficacité.
La procédure judiciaire ordinaire n’étant pas appropriée pour régler les différends liés à la consommation, l’auteur s’intéresse, d’une part, aux procédés d’adaptation du processus judiciaire aux besoins du consommateur et, d’autre part, à l’intégration de nouvelles procédures adaptées aux besoins de justice du consommateur, et ce, tant à l’intérieur du système judiciaire traditionnel qu’en marge du procès.
La morphologie des environs de Québec et la basse-vallée du Saint-Laurent
Authors: Taillefer François 
Published: July 2012

The morphology of the Québec region and the lower St. Lawrence valley is reappraised in this article divided in three parts. The physical landscape is described in part I ; the structural conditions are examined in part II and the morphological problems are presented in part III.
The relief is the result of a succession of glacial episodes and submersion and emersion episodes which followed glaciation. The over deepening of the Limoilou depression and the opening of Calvaire lake and Cap Rouge depressions are the results of the glacier. To the submerged phase correspond the alluvial fill, especially thick in the Limoilou depression, and during the emersion phase, the St. Lawrence cut in soft schists the Ancienne Lorette and the lower terrace which would have been shaped after the over deepening of the Limoilou depression.
Les karsts de l’Est canadien
Authors: Corbel Jean 
Published: July 2012

This is a systematic study of karsts in Eastern Canada especially caves and underground streams. The analysis of the limestone content in the water bas been used to study the actual dissolution of limestone. It bas been deducted that some of the most typical caves, such as the Saint-Casimir cave in Portneuf county, was formed 3,500-4,000 years ago. This dating is cross-examined with other factors supplied by the physical geography of the area : ice retreat, study of pollens, C.14 analysis, post-glacial surrection, etc.
The evolution of the limestone coast of the Mingan-Anticosti area is also described. Everywhere, in the Mingan area and the Anticosti region as well as in the Saint-Casimir cave, the erosion is very rapid. It is a constant fact in regions with heavy snowfalls as demonstrated in similar regions of Norway and Alaska.
The climatic influence on the shape and speed of karstification is a determinant factor.
Post-war development of geography in Poland
Authors: Gajda Roman T. 
Published: July 2012

Ces notes témoignent de la vitalité et du dynamisme de la géographie polonaise d'après-guerre. Les chiffres fournis sont impressionnants, surtout si l'on songe à la rapidité avec laquelle la géographie polonaise est ressuscitée du néant où la guerre l'avait plongée. Aujourd'hui sept universités, sept écoles supérieures d'économique, un grand nombre d'écoles supérieures de pédagogie et d'universités technologiques dispensent un enseignement géographique spécialisé.
Comme dans la plupart des démocraties populaires, la géographie physique et la géographie économique font l'objet des plus actives recherches. La géomorphologie est une spécialité polonaise ; et c'est en Pologne que les recherches sur les problèmes du quaternaire et sur la géomorphologie périglaciaire connaissent leur maximum de développement. La géographie économique a été de son côté l'objet de recherches très poussées et originales, notamment dans les questions de régionalisation, problème auquel les organismes gouvernementaux des démocraties populaires attachent une énorme importance.
L'auteur note que la géographie polonaise a aussi ses points faibles, particulièrement en géographie des transports, en cartographie, en histoire de la géographie et, surtout, en géographie mathématique.
Bref, l'avenir de la géographie polonaise s'annonce brillant.
Conception et interprétation en géographie humaine
Authors: Ribeiro Orlando 
Published: July 2012

Human geography is torn between two tendencies : the ecological tendency examines man in interrelation with the natural environment, the chorological tendency places the accent on the changes which man bas produced in the landscape. Man, in this sense, is a genuine geographic factor. There are two extreme positions : one tends to point out the role of determinismof the natural environment, the other seeks « the key to geographical explanation » in the culture of man. By means of examples taken in part from his own research, the author, while according an essential place to culture in geographical interpretation, draws attention to the fact that culture itself is explained in large part by its genetic environment. For example, one could not imagine the peasant cultures of l'Asie verteand the ideal of nomad and urban life of l'Asie fauve —marked by the imprint of Islam —being interchanged, the one for the other.
The expansion of peoples of western civilization, first of all, and then the ubiquity of industrial civilization, appear to contradict an ecological conception of the relation between man and environment. But the industrial revolution it self was favored by a combination of conditions that man was able to exploit and that explains the rise of western and central Europe, just as the lack of the conditions explains the technological immobility of the Mediterranean.
Research into ecological correlations is not the essence of human geography. Human geography ought to remain « the description and interpretation »of the human elements of the landscape, of regions, and of continents. Its fundamental method remains observation. Spiritual factor s, biological factors, superior forms of economic life, and social structures are not of interest to human geography except in so far as they are evident in the physiognomy of areas. The interpretation, with delicate gradations as in all the social sciences, ought to be based simultaneously on the « influences of the environment »and on the resources of the culture of a given people. It thereby reflects both determinism and the freedom of choice in all human behaviour.
La population de la Côte-Nord
Authors: Bussières Paul 
Published: July 2012

The history of the settlement of the North Shore region of the Gulf St. Lawrence can be divided into five stages : the periodical visits of Basque and Breton fishermen from the XIV th to the XVII th century ; the repeated concessions from 1653 to about 1820 of coast sectors to companies, such as the Hudson Bay Co., and merchants of Québec who hold exclusive rights of occupation and exploitation ; the foundation of most of the existing agglomerations between 1836 and 1865 when settlers gather around sawmills between Tadoussac and Baie-Trinité and fishermen from the south shore of the Gulf, the Magdalen Islands, Newfoundland and the Channel Islands, sometimes after a long association with the exploitation of the coastal fisheries, establish some 20 hamlets and villages between Sept-lies and Blanc-Sablon ; the consolidation of the population, parallel to the growth of the pulp and paper industry up to the advent of the second world war ; the mass immigration brought about by the mining developments in the 1950's.
Various conditions have influenced the distribution of the population and given rise to different types of settlement. These conditions have been : the hold of the wood and pulp companies on the land and the labour force, the absence of industrial diversification in any one sector of the region or, in other words, the over-specialization of the economic activities, the proper requirements of those activities, the particular conditions of the land tenure and of the lot structure and, to a lesser extent, the social background of the immigrants.
The settlement outlook is thus as follows. From Tadoussac to Natashquan, the habitat is differenciated : the largest communities have grown at the points of transhipment where man and merchandise journey to and fro, that is near deep sheltered bays ; the villages depending on the export of pulpwood are all sited at the mouth of the rivers and show small but dense concentrations of population ; when agriculture dominates, the « rang » System of rural settlement is prevalent ; below Sept-lies, the population concerned with fishing bas settled in small nuclei at short distance from its fisheries. From Kegashka to Blanc-Sablon, the inhabitants are individualistic, dwell on Crown Lands — often as squatters — and keep jealously to their self-appropriated fishing spots, whence their dispersion.
In the backcountry, the mining towns of Schefferville, Wabush, Labrador and Gagnon bear witness of the conceptions that presided to their elaboration.
Agriculture et réforme agraire en Bolivie
Authors: Grenier Fernand 
Published: July 2012

One of the major impacts of the Bolivian revolution of 1952 was felt in the rural areas of this country where the campesinos still represent two thirds of the total population. In the first part of this article the various agricultural regions of Bolivia are presented with their main characteristics : the altiplano, the yungas and the lowlands of the Oriente. The effects of the agrarian reform undertaken in January 1953 are then examined. During the first years of the reform the subdivision of properties contributed to extend a subsistence economy and there were movements of résistance from the major landowners as well as from the traditional Indian communities known as the ayllus. Colonization of the fertile Oriente, mainly in the region of Santa Cruz, was an alternative which had some interesting results. Despite its limited success the experience of agrarian reform has led the Government to undertake in 1962 a new ten-year plan whose objectives are the continuation of the agrarian reform together with expansion of agricultural productions and colonization.
La circulation sur la route transcanadienne dans l’Ontario central
Authors: Hamelin Louis-Edmond 
Published: July 2012

This study concerns the section of the trans-Shield route between Lake Simcoe and the boundary of Manitoba. The data were obtained from the Ontario Department of Highways for the period from 1958 to January 1965 and by personalinquiry carried out in May 1965. To what extent does this section link the two principal cores of the Canadian ecumene, that is, the Lower Great Lakes - St. Lawrence area and southern Alsama ?
After having briefly presented the geographic environment in which the route is situated, the author presents a number of statistics. The annual average daily traffic outside the towns is light : 3,000 vehicles in the more popular sectors and less than 1,000 in the less frequented parts. There is a decrease in the intensity of traffic from east to west as jar as Dryden. For the entire 1,200 miles of highway, three fourths of the vehicles have Ontario license plates. East of Sault St. Marie, the vehicles from outside Ontario come mainly from the U.S.A. whereas in the Kenora area they are principally from Manitoba. Traffic is three to Jour times heavier in summer than in winter. In the winter season the number of non-Ontario cars is very small and there are relatively more trucks than in summer. In the month of May the situation is more similar to that in winter than to that in summer. In the last jive years the frequentation of the route bas greatly increased ; at Dinorwic the number of vehicles in July bas multiplied five times. From a regional point of view, three sectors should be recognized : (1) from Lake Simcoe to Sault St. Marie, (2) from Sault St. Marie to Dryden, and (3) extreme western Ontario.
Economically, the Ontario section of the Trans-Canada Highway is not a profitable enterprise. Furthermore, this route appears to be much less transcontinental than the parallel rail line. In several ways the trans-Shield corridor presents a greater obstacle to the continuity of the Canadian population ecumene than the Rocky Mountains, or even the Appalachian barrier. Nevertheless, central Ontario is a part of the ecumene but it is only an « ecumene of liaison » with low intensity of occupance. An office of Trans-Canadian traffic should be created.
Some Observations on the Late-Glacia Stages in the Coaticook Valley, Southern Québec
Authors: Thornes John 
Published: July 2012

Cette étude a pour but de présenter les résultats de recherches sur le terrain portant sur certains aspects de la déglaciation de la région de Coaticook, dans les Cantons de l'Est. La principale conclusion de l'auteur, c'est la possibilité qu'il y
ait eu plus de deux avancées glaciaires à travers la région, suivies par une succession de lacs pro-glaciaires. Parmi les autres sujets qui ont retenu l'attention de l'auteur, on peut signaler la répartition des blocs erratiques de granité, ainsi que certaines formes d'origine fluvio-glaciaire (eskers, deltas pro-glaciaires, etc.).
Pour une esquisse biogéographique du Saint-Laurent
Authors: Rousseau Jacques 
Published: July 2012

In most instances, biogeographical monographs deal only with a fragmentary aspect of the subject-matter. In spite of their titles, some of these monographs are nothing but phytogeographical essays, and even then, these deal with a limited range of phanerogams only and leave aside the cryptogams. This is so because the authors, when they are not also systematically oriented, neglect a large segment of the flora and fauna. Research conditions also require sometimes specialization around one particular point. A biogeographical study which would claim to be comprehensive must include not only the vegetation cover, the fauna, and man in his many-sided activities, but also a description of the whole living world since the very beginnings of the organization of the Biosphere.
Taking the Saint-Lawrence River, this essay depicts some examples of features which are all-important in an unabridged biogeography. Thus, the study deals successively with the pageant of life on the River since the Precambrian era ; a brief look at the discordant levels of the Laurentian flora : the upper part of the thalweg, the banks, the shores, and the waters, since each of these elements follow a different evolution in their rhythm; the calendar of the seasons and the irregularities which upset the climatic cycle. Finally, man enters the scène with all the elements which tie him to the River: patterns of settlement, toponymy, house construction styles, clothing, transportation, gathering, hunting, forestry and agriculture, gastronomy, medicine, and, finally, the role of the River in recreational activities and in literary works.
Since the author bas devoted nearly half a century to the study of the River, this essay sometimes includes autobiographical elements.
Le rôle de l’aménagement du Saint-Laurent dans l’évolution de la cité de Cornwall (Ontario)
Authors: Lasserre Jean-Claude 
Published: July 2012

From the beginning of the 19 th century, the growth of the city of Cornwall bas taken place by spurts, which were connected either with periods of industrialization (1870-1890 and 1920-1930) or, more often, with the construction of canals along the St. Lawrence (1834-1848 and 1876-1908). Canalization work on the river, from 1954 to 1959, brought about to the city a new cyclical spurt, which was reflected in considerable prosperity and speculation during the period of construction, followed by a very distinct depression after 1959, which was made worse by the sudden shutdown of one of the major local plants. However, since 1962, the economic situation has been improving thanks to a new wave of industrialization.
The consequence of canalization are no less significant from the standpoint of the organization of urban space. Before the work was carried out, Cornwall’s land use map was already very anarchical. The relocation of transport routes, which was made necessary by the creation of Lake St. Lawrence, has considerably aggravated compartmentalization of the urban space. On the other hand, by contributing to the city's administrative consolidation and to the establishment of its Master Plan, improvement of the river has opened new and more realistic prospects for the city's future growth.
Le Saint-Laurent, facteur de localisation industrielle
Authors: Cazalis Pierre 
Published: July 2012

With almost 100 million tons of cargo yearly, of which more than 80 millions pass through Québec ports, the St. Lawrence is an important artery of transport. The fluvial communications System, comprising gulf, estuary, river, and the Great Lakes, extends deep into the north American continent; Duluth, for example, is 2,200 miles from the sea. Although the Seaway has opened the Great Lakes to ocean-going ships, the general increase in tonnage and draught of these vessels has allowed Québec ports, located at the break point between maritimes and Great Lakes traffic, to maintain their privileged position. Nevertheless, transhipment cargoes here are not particularly impressive (about 30 million tons yearly, mainly cereals) if one considers the enormous industrial capacity of the basin; this is because the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence network is in many ways an autonomous unit, essentially continental, and supplied from the interior rather than from the exterior, as is the case of the Rhine basin, for example. In Québec, cargoes originating from « secondary » industries scattered along the river and its tributaries (for example, the Saguenay) are relatively unimportant in terms of tonnage ... only 22 million tons of cargo from these industrial zones pass through Québec ports. Only 3.9% 0of the 6,539 factories located in cities touching on water, and only 13% of the total industrial payroll in these cities, are directly related to the St. Lawrence. This « underuse »of the river can be explained by Québec s industrial structure, geared to the production of consumer goods for local markets ; in contrast, Ontario has much heavy industry tied directly to the St. Lawrence network.
Place du géographe dans l’étude des problèmes d’aménagement régional et de développement
Authors: Tricart Jean 
Published: July 2012

Partant d'une réflexion méthodologique sur le rôle que doit jouer la géographie dans l'aménagement régional, l'auteur expose les caractéristiques d'une formation géographique universitaire destinée à préparer les étudiants à travailler dans des équipes interdisciplinaires, et à collaborer à des études de développement. De nos jours, l'aménagement régional est de plus en plus envisagé dans une perspective écologique. La géographie peut apporter de précieuses connaissances pour l'exploitation et la conservation des ressources naturelles, à condition de garder une approche synthétique des problèmes. C'est en renouant l'unité du physique et de l'humain que la géographie peut le mieux aider à comprendre la complexité des organisations régionales, et à faire oeuvre originale par rapport à d'autres disciplines, telle l'économie. D'où la nécessité d'adapter la formation des géographes afin de les préparer à travailler sur les problèmes de développement. Il faut d'abord prévoir les caractéristiques méthodologiques de la discipline plusieurs années à l'avance ; il faut ensuite concevoir un enseignement interdisciplinaire, non seulement pour initier le géographe au vocabulaire et aux concepts des disciplines connexes, mais aussi donner aux spécialistes de ces disciplines les élément géographiques nécessaires à une meilleure compréhension du milieu. Enfin, l'auteur termine en exposant le contenu d'un programme de formation interdisciplinaire, patronné par l'UNESCO, au niveau de la maîtrise. Le programme comprend trois orientations : étude des ressources en eau, de l'aménagement du milieu naturel dans une perspective écologique, et un programme d'études intégrées en vue du développement. L'auteur conclut que le géographe doit se débarrasser de ses complexes d'infériorité et baser son action sur une profonde réflexion méthodologique, accompagnée d'une ouverture intelligente sur les disciplines voisines.