bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and evaluation of 2-chloro N-[(S)-{(S)-1-[11 C]methylpiperidin-2-yl} (phenyl)methyl]3-trifluoromethyl-benzamide ([11 C]N-methyl-SSR504734) as a PET radioligand for glycine transporter 1
Authors: Fuchigami Takeshi , Takano Akihiro , Gulyás Balázs , Jia Zhisheng , Finnema Sjoerd J , Andersson Jan D , Nakao Ryuji , Magata Yasuhiro , Haratake Mamoru , Nakayama Morio , Halldin Christer 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

Background
Dysfunction of the glycine transporter 1 (GlyT1) has been suggested to be involved in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. GlyT1 inhibitors have therefore been considered to have antipsychotic therapeutic potential. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging probes for GlyT1 are, consequently, expected to be useful for investigating the mechanism of such disease conditions and for measuring occupancy of GlyT1 inhibitors in vivo. The aim of this study was to assess the potential of 2-chloro N-[(S)-{(S)-1-[11 C]methylpiperidin-2-yl} (phenyl)methyl] 3-trifluoromethyl-benzamide ([11 C]N-methyl-SSR504734) as a PET imaging agent for GlyT1.

Methods
[11 C]N-methyl-SSR504734 was synthesized by N-[11 C]methylation of SSR504734 via [11 C]CH3OTf. In vitro brain distribution of [11 C]N-methyl-SSR504734 was tested in whole-hemisphere autoradiography (ARG) on human brain slices. Initial PET studies were performed using a cynomolgus monkey at baseline and after pretreatment with 0.1 to 1.5 mg/kg of SSR504734. Then, PET studies using rhesus monkeys were performed with arterial blood sampling at baseline and after pretreatment with 1.5 to 4.5 mg/kg SSR504734. Distribution volumes (V
T) were calculated with a two-tissue compartment model, and GlyT1 occupancy by SSR504734 was estimated using a Lassen plot approach.

Results
[11 C]N-methyl-SSR504734 was successfully synthesized in moderate radiochemical yield and high specific radioactivity. In the ARG experiments, [11 C]N-methyl-SSR504734 showed specific binding in the white matter and pons. In the initial PET experiments in a cynomolgus monkey, [11 C]N-methyl-SSR504734 showed high brain uptake and consistent distribution with previously reported GlyT1 expression in vivo (thalamus, brainstem > cerebellum > cortical regions). However, the brain uptake increased after pretreatment with SSR504734. Further PET studies in rhesus monkeys showed a similar increase of brain uptake after pretreatment with SSR504734. However, the V
T of [11 C]N-methyl-SSR504734 was found to decrease after pretreatment of SSR504734 in a dose-dependent manner. GlyT1 occupancy was calculated to be 45% and 73% at 1.5 and 4.5 mg/kg of SSR504734, respectively.

Conclusions
[11 C]N-methyl-SSR504734 is demonstrated to be a promising PET radioligand for GlyT1 in nonhuman primates. The present results warrant further PET studies in human subjects.
African Words, Academic Choices: Re-Presenting Interviews and Oral Histories
Authors: Reef Anne 
Published: July 2012

There are many things that it is like, this storytelling business. One of them (so she says in one of the paragraphs she has not crossed out yet) is a bottle with a genie in it. When the storyteller opens the bottle, the genie is released into the world, and it costs all hell to get him back in again. Her position … better, on the whole, that the genie stay in the bottle.So says the narrator of the protagonist of J.M. Coetzee's novel, Elizabeth Costello. Costello, an aging novelist, philosophizes at a point in the book where Coetzee has conspired to provoke a moment of ethical reflection on the process of telling stories. Irony and paradox cleave to this paragraph's core—clearly, Coetzee, by continuing to write and to publish, does not really believe that the genie should stay bottled. But, while Costello intends to edit this reflection from her written work, both the narrator and Coetzee consider it worthy of inclusion in the novel, thus endorsing its importance.Costello's comment provokes consideration of the nature and effects of narration in other representations. One such site is academic writing that uses interviews and oral histories as source material. Such writing necessitates at least two levels of narration: first, re-presentation of the primary material and second, the author's analysis, synthesis, and commentary on it. As in other genres, this distils into two kinds of material: mimesis and diegesis. Here Elizabeth Tonkin's definitions of these terms are useful. She describes mimesis as “the representation of direct speech” and diegesis as “the description of nonverbal events.”
Chipimpi, Vulgar Clans, and Lala-Lamba Ethnohistory
Authors: Siegel Brian 
Published: July 2012

Common to the matrilineal peoples of eastern central Africa is their clan system, and the reciprocal joking or “funeral friendship,” relations that exist between clans with figuratively complementary names (Cunnison 1959:62-71; Richards 1937; Stefaniszyn 1950). This paper, however, focuses on the southeastern Shaba Pedicle, and the anomalous, one-sided joking between the Vulva and (allegedly pubic) Hair clans of the Lala and Lamba chiefs. I suggest that this joking, like the claim that these clans share a common mythical ancestor, is best explained in terms of nineteenth-century Lala and Lamba history, and of their competing claims to the Pedicle's easternmost end. This region of Bukanda lies between the Aushi to the north (in Bwaushi), the Lala and Swaka to the east and south (in Ilala and Maswaka), and the Lamba (of Ilamba) to the west. The main distinction among these closely-related and adjacent peoples, with their similar customs and languages, is in the histories and traditions of their chiefs.The bizarre relationship between the chiefly Vulva and Hair clans is not widely known. I only heard of it during my fieldwork in Ilamba. The Lala, like the Lamba, straddle both the Congolese and Zambian sides of the Shaba Pedicle, and the literature on this region, in both French and English, is fragmentary and marked by an ahistorical and uncritical acceptance of oral traditions. The Lala are probably best known in relation to Mwana Lesa's Watchtower movement of the 1920s (Verbeek 1977,1983). Norman Long's Social Change and the Individual (Manchester, 1968) is the only modern ethnography on the Lala, yet this study of the enterprising Jehovah's Witnesses has little to say about dieir history or clans. Fortunately, Léon Verbeek's Filiation et usurpation (1987) has sorted through the oral and colonial histories, and has paved the way for comparative ethnohistories of the peoples on both sides of the Shaba Pedicle.
Perspectives on Fifty Years of Ghanaian Historiography
Authors: Adjaye Joseph K. 
Published: July 2012

This paper seeks to contribute to the ongoing debate on African methodology—sources, issues, methods, challenges—by presenting a Ghanaian case study, for, whereas there are a number of broad overviews of African methodology, some of which include surveys of regions such as eastern or southern Africa, as well as countries like Nigeria and Senegal, a study specifically devoted to examining historical production in Ghana is yet to be essayed. This paper, however, shares common concerns with African historiography in general in terms of the quest for distinctly African constructions of history as well as the manifold ways in which African historical production might be made to relate more effectively to local contexts.In a recent contribution to a volume dedicated to honoring Bethwell Ogot, David William Cohen (2001:53) echoed a call which was by no means new but which still has relevance for African historical production today as it did in the 1960s. Emphasizing the need for African voices, he asserted that “…there are realms of knowledge and programs of knowledge production outside the academy, and outside the field situation, that might be understood and drawn upon to work at the reconstruction of the African past.” It is in this light that this piece was originally prepared in connection with Ghana's fiftieth independence anniversary in 2007.Ghana has had a long span of historical writing dating back several centuries, but a tradition of Ghanaian historiography is only about 50 years old, as is the case with the development of national historiographies throughout much of Africa.
The Benin Kingdom in British Imperial Historiography
Authors: Osadolor Osarhieme Benson , Otoide Leo Enahoro 
Published: July 2012

The body of knowledge that constituted British imperial writing, and the expression that interacted with it were attempts to engage European readership on the imperial adventure in Africa in the age of the new imperialism. This study is an attempt to address the complex issues involved in the production of historical knowledge about precolonial Benin to justify British colonial rule. The argument advanced in this paper is that, since imperial discourse set out to deal with history in terms of civilization, British imperial writing was a struggle to articulate certain ideas about Benin into a position of dominance before the British public. As Mary Louise Pratt explains, “depicting the civilizing mission as an aesthetic project is a strategy the west has often used for defining others as available for and in need of its benign and beautifying intervention.” British imperial discourse will form the basis of the discussion in this paper.Imperial discourse and its subjectivity raises questions about issues of power and privilege of those writers who were determined to sustain their voices in the debate on European imperialism in Africa. Their approach to the constitution of knowledge about Benin was one of many ways that opened the frontiers of knowledge about African states and societies to redefine civilization, albeit for the purposes of understanding various meanings and implications in this intellectual assault. This provides a vital entry point for examining the European colonial approach to the construction of the image of Africa. The aim is to demonstrate how this process suggests a connection from imperial expansionism to forms of knowledge and expression that reaffirmed metropolitan authority in the context of colonial subjugation.
"Le Père Judas," ou la (re)construction laborieuse d'un conte peu convaincant de Guy de Maupassant
Authors: Haezewindt Bernard 
Published: July 2012

"Le Père Judas" a été publié par Guy de Maupassant dans Le Gaulois du 28 février 1883. Ce journal de droite sera plus tard antidreyfusard et affichera ouvertement les préjugés antisémites de sa rédaction et aussi de ses lecteurs.	Ce conte, non repris du vivant de Guy de Maupassant fait partie de ceux que l'auteur, pour des raisons diverses, n'a pas jugés dignes de figurer dans ses recueils. Serait-ce pour des raisons politiques ou purement artistiques, l'écrivain jugeant que ces récits, au moment de leur première parution, étaient plus alimentaires que littéraires? Nous ne pourrons peut-être jamais répondre à cette question qui exige, en fin de compte une explication de l'auteur. Néanmoins, nous pouvons tenter d'élaborer des supputations à cet effet, fondées sur une étude structurale et textuelle approfondie du "Père Judas." (In French)
Embracing the Challenges - Installation of the Deepest Level 4 Multilateral Cemented Junction
Authors: Hua An Wen , Qing Teng Xue , Tong Yang Xiang , Xiang Bai Deng , Ponton Calvin , Durst Doug 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
To increase and optimize single well production performance, multilateral drilling and completion technology were implemented from a new single wellbore deep in the Tarim Desert of the Xinjiang Province in northwestern China.
Although planning and preparation began in earnest in Tianjin months in advance of the actual installation, the on-site demands, distant logistics support, and the well depth operational demands of the project installation were the most challenging steps in the process. The remote location of the multilateral well in the Tarim Desert proved to be an operational and logistical challenge in terms of time (4- to 5-days travel time by vehicle) and distance (3600 kilometers) to the nearest repair and maintenance facilities in Tanggu, Tianjin Province in eastern China.
The well design was based on a vertical pilot well, or motherbore, drilled and cased into the reservoir. The multilateral system was then installed to add another wellbore, thereby increasing reservoir exposure. The goals of this system were to accelerate production, increase ultimate recovery and, for this particular operator, qualify multilateral technology for application in this specific field. Because of the unprecedented depth of the proposed junction, thorough project management and planning were required throughout, from the feasibility phase through the execution phase, to mitigate risk and to promote a successful project installation.
Strong collaboration between the operator and service supplier resulted in the world's deepest TAML Level 4 cemented multilateral installation at 5082 m TVD junction depth and 5889 m MD at the lateral toe. This was also the first multilateral installation by Tarim Oil Company and the first cemented Level 4 multilateral installation in China. This paper describes the objectives, challenges, best practices, contingencies, logistics issues, results, and lessons learned from the implementation of this deep-set multilateral technology.
State or Private Ownership? A Survey of Empirical Studies
Authors: Tichá Michaela 
Published: July 2012

State or Private Ownership? A Survey of Empirical StudiesThis paper focuses on property rights and performance of enterprises. The objective of this paper is to summarize existing knowledge from empirical studies dealing with the question of whether private property and privatization of enterprises encourage firms to increase their performance measured as growth of profitability, labor productivity, investments, costs effectiveness, etc. On the basis of empirical studies, it is also determined what the influence of institutional frameworks of property rights and privatization is on the firm performance. The first part of the paper reviews results of studies on the non-transition economies privatized by 1990. The second one evaluates the impact of private ownership on performance of enterprises from transition economies of Central and Eastern Europe, and the Former Soviet Union. The results of the studies suggest that private ownership is an important but not sufficient determinant of firm prosperity, subsequently resulting in overall rise of wealth of nations. The positive impact of private ownership on economic performance can occur only in an appropriate institutional environment with relevant legal standards (righteous and enforceable contracts, the protection of shareholders and creditors, adequate banking system, functioning bankruptcy courts, capital market supervision, etc.).
Distillation profiles in ternary heterogeneous mixtures with distillation boundaries: staged columns
Authors: Królikowski Andrzej 
Published: July 2012

Distillation profiles in ternary heterogeneous mixtures with distillation boundaries: staged columns
Distillation boundaries originate from saddle azeotropes, dividing the composition space into distillation regions. In heterogeneous mixtures distilled in packed columns, distillation regions overlap. The common area of distillation regions is parametrically sensitive, and it determines the possibilities of crossing (at a finite reflux) the distillation boundaries defined for a total reflux or reboil ratio. This work is an extended research of the paper (Królikowski et al., 2011) conducted to scrutinize whether the distillation regions overlapped in heteroazeotropic systems distilled in staged columns. Presented studies were performed by finding such composition points of the products, for which the rectifying profiles of staged columns were ended in different distillation regions. Calculations were executed for the heterogeneous mixture classified under Serafimov's topological class as 3.1-2: ethanol - benzene - water. Distillation regions for staged columns were found to overlap each other in the heterogeneous systems. As a result, their common part was parametrically sensitive.
Investigation of the distribution of chemical components in selected landfill layers and fly ash fractions
Authors: Sambor Aleksandra , Szymanek Arkadiusz 
Published: July 2012

Investigation of the distribution of chemical components in selected landfill layers and fly ash fractions
The article concerns fly ashes generated from the combustion of hard coal and deposited on landfills. Investigation results describing fly ash taken from a combustion waste landfill are presented in the article. The investigation results indicate a possibility for combusting the coal reclaimed by separation from the fly ash and utilizing the remaining fly ash fractions.
Limestone in flue gas desulphurization in oxygen-enriched atmospheres - Part I: The effect of CO2 on limestone calcination
Authors: Kochel Angelika , Cieplińska Aleksandra , Szymanek Arkadiusz 
Published: July 2012

Limestone in flue gas desulphurization in oxygen-enriched atmospheres - Part I: The effect of CO2 on limestone calcination
The article describes the testing of four selected samples of limestone originating from four commercially exploited deposits. The tests of sorbents included a physicochemical analysis and calcination in different atmospheres. The main aim of the tests was to determine the possibilities for using limestone during combustion in oxygen-enriched atmospheres. Tests in a synthetic flue gas composition make it possible to assess the possibility of CaCO3 decomposition in atmospheres with an increased CO2 concentration.
Continuous mathematical models of airlift bioreactors: Families, affinity, diversity and modelling for single-substrate kinetics
Authors: Grzywacz Robert 
Published: July 2012

Continuous mathematical models of airlift bioreactors: Families, affinity, diversity and modelling for single-substrate kinetics
This paper presents a method of describing an airlift bioreactor, in which biodegradation of a carbonaceous substrate described by single-substrate kinetics takes place. Eight mathematical models based on the assumption of liquid plug flow and axial dispersion flow through the riser and the downcomer in the reactor were proposed. Additionally, the impact of degassing zone with assumed complete mixing on the obtained results was analyzed. Calculations were performed for two representative hydrodynamic regimes of reactor operation, i.e. with the presence of gas bubbles only within the riser and for complete gas circulation. The conclusions related to the apparatus design and process performance under sufficient aeration of the reaction mixture were drawn on the basis of the obtained results.
Quantitative Analysis of the Polyurethane Composites with Non-Organic Nanofiller for Use in Implants of Intervertebral Disc
Authors: Waśniewski Bartłomiej , Ryszkowska Joanna , Skalski Konstanty , Pawlikowski Marek 
Published: July 2012

Quantitative Analysis of the Polyurethane Composites with Non-Organic Nanofiller for Use in Implants of Intervertebral DiscThe aim of this research was to develop a composite material to be used as an elastomeric core of the artificial intervertebral disc. Two types of polyurethane composites with non-modified SiO2and SiO2modified NH2group were obtained. The composites made of these materials have different filler content. The effect of modifying fillers for the structure and properties of these materials were investigated.
Contribution to the knowledge on the synanthropization and dietary specialization of the Ural Owl (Strix uralensis) in urban environment of Košice city (East Slovakia)
Authors: Dravecký Miroslav , Obuch Ján 
Published: July 2012

Contribution to the knowledge on the synanthropization and dietary specialization of the Ural Owl (Strix uralensis) in urban environment of Košice city (East Slovakia)S. uralensisis a typical silvatic species, specialized for this life style through its biology and diet. Synanthropization is a rare phenomenon in this species, reflected in the changes of diet and hunting strategies, adapting to the characteristics of the urban environment. Between November 22, 1993 and June 2, 1994, an individual of the Ural Owl was observed 39 times in the urban areas of Košice city. The examination of the pellets revealed that the Ural Owl specialized in huntingStreptopelia decaocto(76.7%) andColumba liviaf.domestica(13.4%). These results were confirmed by observations ofS. uralensishuntingS. decaocto.This discovery is the first direct evidence ofS. uralensisdiet adaptation toS. decaoctoand feralC. liviaf.domesticain Slovakia.
Estimation of tumour mass in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma using serum thyroglobulin
Authors: Wieduwilt M. , Nagarajah J. , Bockisch A. , Jentzen W. , Rosenbaum-Krumme S. J. 
Published: July 2012

SummarySerum thyroglobulin (Tg) is a reliable tumour marker in follow-up of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). A positive correlation between Tg level and tumour mass was recently observed, but no attempts were made to derive a numerical relation. The aim of this study was to derive a numerical relationship between serum Tg level and tumour mass that allows optimizing the diagnostic procedures. Patients, method: 78 DTC patients with tumour lesions in either 124I-NaI or 18F-FDG PET/CT were included. For each patient, the total tumour mass was determined functionally in iodine- and FDG-positive lesions as well as morphologically in only CTpositive lesions. The serum Tg level was measured under TSH stimulation prior to imaging. Regression analyses were performed to derive an approach for estimation of the total tumour mass based on Tg levels. Results: A positive correlation of serum Tg and tumour mass was confirmed and a mathematical expression was given to estimate the tumour mass along with its 95% confidence interval using only the serum Tg level. The results demonstrated that the range of predicted tumour mass was higher per serum Tg unit for iodinepositive lesions than for FDG-positive tumour lesions and was higher for follicular than for papillary thyroid carcinoma. Conclusion: This study provides an approach to estimate the tumour mass and its 95% confidence intervals in DTC patients using the serum Tg level. The range of the estimated tumour mass for a given Tg level is rather large, and therefore, the approach is of limited value in clinical application.
Dilemme en action motrice et robustesse de la stratégie évolutionnairement stable
Authors: Collard Luc , Obœuf Alexandre , Legrand Marc 
Published: July 2012

Résumé Dans un jeu de l’évolution résolu par l’action motrice, la stratégie évolutionnairement stable ( ses ) est-elle robuste ? Cinquante-six étudiants sportifs participent à faucons vs colombes qu’ils jouent chacun cinq fois. Deux joueurs se séparent à égale distance d’un ballon. Ils choisissent secrètement un maillot, de couleur différente pour colombe et faucon. Au signal, chacun tente de ramener le ballon dans son camp. Ceci en usant des techniques du rugby pour faucon et du basket-ball pour colombe. La ses invite théoriquement à choisir faucon sept fois sur douze. Sur 140 tournois, la petite moitié de joueurs (25) jouant cet équilibre de Nash n’a pas maximisé ses gains. Cela tient à la pertinence motrice du jeu. Les joueurs s’éloignant de la ses révèlent une autre logique basée sur leurs possibilités dynamiques d’intervention, en liaison anticipée avec les caractéristiques des autres joueurs.