bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analytical separation of the methyl esters of the c8‐c34 straight‐chain fatty acids and the detection of odd‐carbon‐number acids in commercial mixtures of fatty acids by gas chromatography
Authors: Khan M. A. , Whitham B. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA gas‐chromatographic technique is described whereby fatty acids up to C34 may be separated as their methyl esters. Application to commercial fatty acid mixtures revealed the presence of acids with odd numbers of carbon atoms and small amounts of acids hitherto unidentified in such mixtures.
The Pyrolysis of p‐terphenyl: Separation and identification of the thermal products
Authors: Silverman L. , Trego Katherine , Houk W. , Shideler Mary E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe products obtained by heating p‐terphenyl to 460–480° in a closed tube have been studied and identified. One group of products consists of low‐molecular‐weight hydrocarbon gases and hydrogen; a second decomposition product is diphenyl; there is a third group consisting of quater‐, quinque‐, and sexi‐phenyls. Of these, the following polyphenyls have been isolated and identified: p‐quaterphenyl, 3: 4′‐diphenyldiphenyl, 3‐phenyl‐4′‐(4″‐diphenyl)diphenyi, 4‐phenyl‐3′‐(4″‐diphenylyl)diphenyl, p‐sexiphenyl and 4 : 3′‐bis‐(4″ : 4″‐diphenylyl) diphenyl.Under the influence of heat, p‐polyphenyls combine with each other, chiefly at the m‐positions. An equimolar mixture of diphenyl and p‐terphenyl, after being held at 480° for 2 days, gave several types of m‐quaterphenyls and m‐quinquephenyls which shows that p‐terphenyl breaks down partially to diphenyl which either condenses with itself to form even‐numbered polyphenyls, or reacts with undecomposed p‐terphenyl to form a quinquephenyl.
Statistical‐graphical survey of series of linear and cyclic dimethylsiloxanes
Authors: Waterman H. I. , Van Herwijnen W. E. R. , Den Hartog H. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study is made of the physical characteristics of linear and cyclic polysiloxanes. It is shown that by plotting v20/v70 versus v20 (v = kinematic viscosity) it is possible to determine the average number of silicon atoms per molecule in a mixture of linear and cyclic siloxanes, and the average ratio of silicon atoms in linear structure to those in cyclic structure and to predict physical constants of siloxanes when two of them are known.
Influence of additives on the properties of surfactant solutions
Authors: Biswas Arun K. , Mukherji B. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSurface tension, interfacial tension and wetting, emulsifying, foaming, and suspension characteristics of ionic and non‐ionic surfactant solutions have been determined and evaluated in absence, and in presence, of electrolytes and non‐ionogenic additives. Considerable insight has been gained about the factors governing the surface and bulk properties of surfactant solutions and as regards how these are influenced by additives.
The influence of movement and temperature on the corrosion of mild steel. I. Water circulation apparatus and tests in teddington mains water
Authors: Butler G. , Ison H. C. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn apparatus designed for investigating corrosion in flowing water at speeds up to 400 ft. per min. and at temperatures up to 70° is described. Each system accommodates 36 tube specimens, each 6 in. long, and provides for three speeds of flow.Preliminary conditioning tests with a hard mains water demonstrate the applicability of the testing technique. The corrosivity of this water is largely governed by its scale‐forming properties and an increase in both speed of flow and temperature promotes the deposition of a protective scale. The decrease of alkalinity due to scale deposition often results in a higher corrosion rate on specimens introduced into the system during test.
Corrosion of zinc. I. Corrosion in impure ammonium chloride solution
Authors: Stickland F. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe corrosion of zinc in circumstances closely simulating those existing in a dry primary cell during storage has been examined with special reference to the effect of ionic impurities. It is shown that, after 12 weeks in ammonium chloride electrolyte solution containing such impurities, the attack on the zinc may be drastically modified. In particular, earlier work is confirmed which suggested that cobalt and nickel are extremely harmful and that mercury exerts a protective influence. No satisfactory explanation of these facts has been found.It is shown that the chemical reactions associated with the corrosion are independent of the added ions. A sequence of reactions is suggested to explain the changes observed in the solution and in the solid corrosion products as corrosion progresses.
Some viscous and elastic properties of rubberised bitumens
Authors: Smith L. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe simultaneous changes in the viscous, elastic, and brittle properties that result from the addition of rubber to bitumen have been investigated for several different types of rubber and bitumens ranging in hardness from 170 penetration to 55 penetration. The results show that the changes in viscosity and low‐temperature extensibility are due, in the main, to the molecular (or near molecular) dispersion of rubber in the bitumen. For a given bitumen these changes are linearly related both to each other and also to changes in softening point, thus giving a simple method of assessing the relative merits of different types of rubber. It is shown that sulphur, added to latex or present in a vulcanised rubber, causes a rapid breakdown of the rubber when it is heated with bitumen. An equi‐viscous basis is suggested for the characterisation of rubberised bitumens.
Estimation of ruthenium species in solutions arising from the aqueous processing of irradiated uranium
Authors: Brown P. G. M. , Naylor A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe estimation, by paper chromatography and solvent extraction, of the different types of nitrosylruthenium complex present in solutions of irradiated uranium is described. The ruthenium in certain ‘dissolver solutions’ has been found to occur in approximately equal proportions of (RuNO) nitrato (non‐nitro) and (RuNO) nitro complexes. The value of the ruthenium decontamination factor observed in the first extractor of the chemical separation plant at Windscale, to which these ‘dissolver solutions’ are fed, is consistent with this composition.
The pyrethrins and related compounds. II. infra‐red spectra of the pyrethrins and of other constituents of pyrethrum extract
Authors: Elliott M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe infra‐red spectra of the pyrethrins and of other compounds found with them in pyrethrum extract are presented and discussed. The spectra of the four insecticidal esters are interpreted in terms of those of the acids and alcohols from which they are constituted.
Effect of impurities on polyethylene adhesion
Authors: Bikerman J. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe peeling strength of an aluminium foil glued to a glass plate with ‘adhesionable’ polyethylene was lowered by incorporating oleic acid into polyethylene. The average thickness τ of the organic film remaining on the aluminium after peeling was a few microns for pure polyethylene, near 20 μ for a mixture of polyethylene 99.6 and oleic acid 0.4 parts, and very small (for instance, 0.5 μ) for a mixture of polyethylene 97 and oleic acid 3 parts. In grossly contaminated polyethylenes, rupture occurred in a weak boundary layer and τ depended on location and extent of these layers.
The transformation of bayerite into hydrargillite
Authors: Sato Taighi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractX‐ray and infra‐red studies have been made of the ageing of bayerite in water and in potassium aluminate solution for periods of up to 3 months at 30°. They show that transformation of bayerite into hydrargillite occurs slowly in water, and more rapidly in potassium aluminate solution. The seeding of alkali aluminate solution is also investigated in connexion with these results.
Anion exchange in chromate solution
Authors: Arden T. V. , Giddings M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhen chromic acid solutions are passed through hydroxide‐form anion‐exchange resin columns, the resin is converted successively to the chromate and dichromate forms, the completion of the second process coinciding with the first appearance of chromic acid in the effluent. Continuation of the process beyond the breakthrough point results in the uptake of tri‐ and tetra‐chromate in proportions dependent on the concentration of the input solution. The polychromates are removed by means of water, and the dichromate by direct reaction with alkali, neither of these being ion‐exchange processes. Chromate is removed by exchange with hydroxide in the normal manner.
Determination of the accessibility of cellulose films by infra‐red spectroscopy
Authors: Priest D. J. , Shimell R. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method has been developed, based on that of Mann & Marrinan,4 for the accurate determination of the accessibility of regenerated cellulose films of thickness 20–25 μ such as are used commercially for packaging. The films are treated with heavy‐water vapour and the exchange reaction with accessible hydroxyl groups is followed spectroscopically.By application of this method it has been shown that the accessibility of these films is decreased by treatment with water or dilute alkali followed by drying. On prolonged drying of deuterated cellulose films fresh accessible hydroxyl groups are formed, which it is suggested is due to proton‐deuteron interchange in the fringes of crystallites.Introduction of hydroxyethyl side groups into the cellulose chain molecules causes the accessibility to increase. Over the range studied (78.6—86.9% accessible) the accessibility is proportional to the volume swelling in water, an increase of 1% in the accessibility corresponding to a 16% increase in the volume swelling. It is deduced from this large effect that the increase in accessibility is accompanied by disappearance of small crystallites (which act as junction points in the molecular chain network) as well as a reduction in the size of larger crystallites.
Diffusivity of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate in aqueous solutions
Authors: Mullin J. W. , Cook T. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEmpirical relationships commonly used for the prediction of liquid diffusivity data are shown to be unreliable for aqueous solutions of solid solutes. An interferometric technique suitable for diffusivity measurement in such solutions is described. For the system ammonium dihydrogen phosphate‐water over the temperature range 15–50° diffusivities can be estimated from the relationshipDζ × 108 = 4.7 + 0.16θThe activation energy for diffusion in near‐saturated solutions over this temperature range is ∼10 kcal./mole.
Critical temperatures and pressures of ternary hydrocarbon mixtures: The ethane‐propane‐n‐butane system
Authors: Grieves Robert B. , Thodos George 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUtilising a visual PVT cell, experimental values have been established for the critical temperatures and critical pressures of five mixtures containing ethane, propane and n‐butane, and of two mixtures containing propane and n‐butane. The results are extended by use of experimental critical values reported in the literature for the ethane‐propane, ethane‐n‐butane, and propane‐n‐butane binary systems; a unique graphical technique is applied to generate triangular composition diagrams containing parameters of critical temperature and pressure. These diagrams accurately establish the critical point of ethane‐propane‐n‐butane mixtures over the entire composition range.
Some crystallisation phenomena in rapidly quenched 6.6 nylon
Authors: Chappel F. P. , Culpin M. F. , Gosden R. G. , Tranter T. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn a study of the technology of the melt spinning of 6.6 nylon filaments of diameter in the range 30–100 μ, some new crystallisation phenomena have been noted. Because of the geometrical form of the filaments, cooling from the melt is extremely rapid. Solidification takes place in a fraction of a second, and further cooling to room temperature is also rapid. The polymer can be observed at various stages during its quenching, either by taking samples from the running filaments, or by examining it whilst it is running.Under these conditions, the solid polymer is seen to have a structure not very different from that of the melt. This structure is stable at room temperature for long periods in the absence of moisture. However, on exposure to moisture, diffusion of water into the filament may result in elongation with accompanying changes in the crystalline character. The effects of temperature and moisture concentration on the diffusion process have been studied. X‐Ray diffraction, depolarisation of light and microscopical techniques have been used to examine the crystallisation process in the filament as it is being spun and during the subsequent process of equilibration with water.X‐Ray and optical results show changes of structure to occur on different time scales: the implications of this on the concepts of polymer morphology are discussed. The important röle played by atmospheric moisture in the crystallisation of 6.6 nylon is established, and the likely dependence on water content of second‐order transition data is examined.
Preparation of N‐alkenyl‐ and N‐m‐styryl‐phosphoramidates and their application as flame retardants for wood
Authors: Arni P. C. , Jones E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInteraction of organophosphorus halides with allylamine and diallylamine yields N‐alkenyl‐phosphoramidates: with m‐aminostyrene, N‐m‐styryl derivatives are obtained. These compounds may be polymerised with varying degrees of facility by heat, free‐radical or ammonium persulphate initiation to yield resins or gums. The preparation and properties of phosphoramidate monomers obtained by condensation of these unsaturated amines with mono‐ and bifunctional phosphoro‐, phosphono‐ and phosphonothio‐chloridates is described. The attempted condensation of phosphoramidates with αβ‐unsaturated acid chlorides to obtain N‐unsaturated acyl phosphoramidates gave syrups which resinified on heating to yield brittle solids high in phosphorus and nitrogen. Some of the compounds described have been used to impregnate wood blocks, and polymerised in situ, either by heat, chemical or irradiation initiation, and they imparted flame‐retardant properties to the wood which were resistant to cold‐water leaching.
The mechanism of phenol adsorption by organo‐clay derivatives
Authors: Roberts A. L. , Street G. B. , White D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe adsorption of phenol by various amine‐activated montmorillonites has been studied and the resulting expansion of the basal spacings of the derivatives measured. The results indicate that the expansion of the basal spacings of the primary amine derivatives is strictly limited, whereas with the quaternary ammonium‐treated clays a much greater expansion is found, and a correspondingly larger amount of phenol is adsorbed.A comparison of the amount of phenol adsorbed by the quaternary ammonium compound in solution and when the latter is ion‐exchanged on to the clay, shows that a considerable increase in adsorption occurs in the latter case.
Three methods for the determination of the degree of substitution at protein‐amino groups with special reference to substituted gelatins
Authors: Cobbett W. G. , Gibbs J. A. , Leach A. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThree methods for the determination of the degree of substitution at protein‐amino groups are examined and compared. The procedures are applied to benzenesulphonyl derivatives of gelatin. The formol titration and ninhydrin colorimetric procedures are generally applicable to soluble proteins and their soluble derivatives. The spectrophotometric method is also applicable to these materials when the substituting reagent contains a chromophoric group. In this method the tyrosine content of the protein must be low or not react with the reagent, or the chromophore of the substituent must not absorb light in the tyrosine absorption region. The agreement between the first two procedures is good, and the third method is also in good agreement when the above conditions are met.
Kinetics of n‐butane adsorption on various particle sizes of silica gel by gas‐solid chromatography
Authors: Eberly P. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe techniques of gas‐solid chromatography have been widely used for measuring heats of adsorption. It is theoretically possible to derive information concerning the adsorption kinetics from the same chromatographic data and the present report deals with this application of chromatography. The process of adsorption in a packed column of adsorbent is visualised as resulting from molecular collisions with the external surface of the porous adsorbent particles. Only a fraction α of the total collisions results in adsorption. The adsorbed molecules, on the average, spend a finite time, θ, in the adsorbent particle. For n‐butane on silica gel at 60°, θ is proportional to the 3/2 power of the particle diameter and varies from 1·8 to 13·8 sec, for samples having median diameters of 0·192 to 0·712 mm., respectively. For a given particle size, θ is proportional to eΔH/RT (ΔH is the heat of adsorption) and amounts to about 8 kcal./mole.
Competitive interactions in adsorption from dilute aqueous BI‐solutesolutions
Authors: Weber W. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExperimental evidence of competitive interactions between individual adsorbates in dilute aqueous bi‐solute systems are presented. Rates of adsorption and positions of equilibrium for adsorption on porous granular carbon have been investigated. In the cases studied, the rate of adsorption as well as the total quantity of a single solute adsorbed at equilibrium is decreased with increasing concentration in the system of a second adsorbate. Indeed, it has been possible to describe quantitatively, after the Langmuir adsorption model, the competitive effect of each solute upon the total quantity of the other adsorbed at equilibrium. It appears that the competitive forces are quite broad in scope, doubtlessly effective to varying degrees in all multiple‐adsorbate systems. Apparently the effect of one solute on the position of equilibrium attained by another is largely a function of the relative energies of adsorption. Kinetic interactions observed in the experiments cannot be explained entirely on this basis, because rates of uptake in the agitated non‐flow experimental systems were apparently controlled by rates of transport of solute in the capillary‐size pores of the adsorbent. Thus, physical hindrance becomes of importance in interpretation of the observed results. The large dodecylbenzenesulphonate molecule exhibits a markedly greater effect on the rates of uptake of the other adsorbates studied than do they upon that of the former.
Co‐Ordination state of aluminium ions in CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 glasses
Authors: Chopra S. K. , Taneja C. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe state of co‐ordination of aluminium ions in synthetic glasses in the system CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 was studied by determining the effects of varying the alumina content (from 1 to 7 moles) on the density and refractive index of glasses of composition 10 CaO, 8 SiO2, n‐Al2O3 (CaO/SiO2 ratio 1.17:1). The partial molecular refractivity of alumina indicated a fourfold co‐ordination of aluminium ions.The increase in density and refractive index due to the replacement of varying amounts of silica by alumina at a fixed level of CaO (36—44%) has been shown to be due to lower partial specific volume of alumina compared with that of silica and is not due to sixfold co‐ordination of aluminium ions as reported in the literature.
The boiling‐point relations of cadmium and zinc at elevated pressures
Authors: Baker E. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe boiling points of cadmium and zinc have been determined at elevated pressures by means of an internally heated pressure vessel, used in conjunction with argon as the pressure medium.Vapour pressure‐temperature relations have been derived for cadmium in the pressure range 1—103.5 atmospheres and for zinc in the range 1—30.2 atmospheres; heats of vaporisation have been calculated for these metals from these relations.Unusual crystallisation phenomena are exhibited by the condensed droplets of the metals.
Binary vapour‐liquid equilibria
Authors: Jean Fu S. , Lu Benjamin C.‐Y. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVapour‐liquid equilibrium data were determined at 75° for three binary systems: benzene‐n‐heptane, n‐heptane‐propanol‐1 and benzene‐propanol‐1, using a modified Gillespie still. Log γ values were correlated by a three‐constant Redlich‐Kister equation.
The formation of ettringite on aluminium surfaces
Authors: Edmeades R. M. , James A. N. , Wheeler J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt has been shown that the reaction between aluminium powder and the aqueous phase of cement pastes is chiefly characterised by a definite inhibition period when no hydrogen evolves, followed by a slow evolution of gas. The utility of aluminium powder in reducing the early shrinkage of cement pastes depends upon this gradual reaction. The inhibition is specifically associated with the presence of ettringite on the surface of aluminium particles. It is suggested that the ettringite is formed by reaction of calcium sulphate with the hydrous oxide film on aluminium particles: termination of a period where no hydrogen is evolved, probably results from a more or less complete conversion of aluminium oxide to ettringite.
Activity coefficients of the n‐primary, secondary and tertiary aliphatic amines in aqueous solution
Authors: Christie A. O. , Crisp D. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe activity coefficients of the n‐primary, secondary and tertiary aliphatic amines in very dilute aqueous solution were obtained from determinations of partial pressures or from solubility measurements. the activity coefficient of n‐butylamine increased 1.26 times when the ionic strength of the solution was raised from 0 to 0.75, the approximate value for sea water.Free energies of solution, hydration and vaporisation all showed regular increases with the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. the free energy of solution of primary, secondary and tertiary amines increased by 727, 700 and 610 calories respectively and the free energy of hydration by 85, 143 and 52 calories for each carbon atom. Isomeric aliphatic amines showed an increase in total free energy of hydration in the order, primary, secondary, tertiary, indicating that, as with the isomeric alcohols, the free energy of hydration increased as the molecule became more compact.
The rate of evaporation of potassium sulphate
Authors: Nettleton M. A. , Raask E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn an effort to throw more light on the evaporation and condensation of alkali‐salts metal in high‐temperature furnaces, measurements have been made of the rate of evaporation of captive potassium sulphate droplets at temperatures up to 1500°. Observations on the evaporation rate in nitrogen and in oxidising atmospheres are consistent with the view that, in those conditions, the rate is controlled by the well‐known laws relating to the diffusion process. In the presence of hydrogen or carbon monoxide, the rate of loss of weight is very much increased because the potassium sulphate is then reduced on the surface of the droplet and the reduction products are much more volatile. the rate of weight‐loss then depends on a balance of the transport of the reducing gases to the surface and the diffusion of the reduction products from the surface.