bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fuzzy Analysis for Modeling Regional Delineation and Development: The Case of the Sardinian Mining Geopark
Authors: Manca Germana , Curtin Kevin 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAlthough defining geographic regions for analysis can be a complex exercise, involving both physical and human geographic perspectives, employing both qualitative and quantitative data, and integrating a wide range of social, economic, and political factors, it is frequently a necessary exercise in the pursuit of regional development. This article presents a method for modeling and delineating regions with fuzzy analysis for the purpose of regional development. A review of the literature regarding fuzzy analysis is provided, which demonstrates that this method is both novel and necessary. An application of this method is described in the context of the Sardinian Geopark. The fuzzy clustering analysis demonstrates how combinations of factors can inform decisions regarding where and how to initiate or continue regional development efforts. Suggestions for improvements and extensions to this process are provided.
Functional reconstitution of defective myeloid dendritic cells in chronic hepatitis C infection on successful antiviral treatment
Authors: Rana Deepa , Chawla Yogesh K. , Duseja Ajay , Dhiman Radhakrishan , Arora Sunil K. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractObjectivePoor cellular trafficking and suboptimal T‐cell responses in liver, the hall marks of chronic hepatitis C virus (CHC) infection, might be attributed to defective antigen presentation. Controversy exists regarding role of myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) in CHC and response to antiviral treatment. This study examines functional status of DCs before and after completion of treatment with the aim to find any modulatory effect.DesignFrequency and functions of monocyte‐derived DCs (mo‐DCs) were evaluated in CHC (n = 25), before the start of therapy (CHC0). These patients were then put on treatment with peg‐interferon‐α plus ribavirin for 24 or 48 weeks, and the mo‐DC functions were evaluated after 6 months of completion of treatment (CHC6) again, using multicolour flow cytometry, endocytosis assay, cytokine assay and mixed lymphocyte reaction.ResultsPre‐treatment frequency of mo‐DCs in CHC0 was lower than that in healthy controls, which became close to normal in patients who achieved virological response (SVR+, n = 20) but not in non‐responders (SVR−, n = 5). Pre‐treatment levels of CD83, CD80 and CD86 on mo‐DC in SVR0+, but not SVR0−, got upregulated after lipopolysaccharide stimulation supporting the hypothesis that DCs play deciding role in response to therapy. Post‐treatment allostimulatory and phagocytosing capacity of mo‐DCs in SVR+ patients indicated regain in functional capacity in these patients but not in SVR− patients.ConclusionsOur results indicate that DCs in CHC patients exhibiting mature and functional phenotype prior to therapy achieve sustained virological response suggesting that functional modulation of defective DCs is directly associated with successful response to therapy.
Serial plotting on customised fundal height charts results in doubling of the antenatal detection of small for gestational age fetuses in nulliparous women
Authors: Roex Alphonse , Nikpoor Payam , van Eerd Eva , Hodyl Nicolette , Dekker Gus 
Published: February 2012

BackgroundThe antenatal detection of fetal growth restriction is a focus point of antenatal care. If detected fetal demise may be prevented and perinatal complications could be managed more appropriately.AimsTo investigate whether introducing serial plotting on customised fundal height charts can increase the detection rate of small for gestational age (SGA) fetuses in low risk nulliparous women attending antenatal clinics in a public teaching hospital in Adelaide, South Australia.MethodsAn observational study was employed to compare SGA detection rates, utilising data from an historical Control group compared to data collected after the study intervention. In the Control group the fundal height (FH) was measured for every antenatal visit and documented in the notes, but not plotted on a chart. The study intervention used serial FH plotting on customised charts, with a dedicated clinical practice guideline and regular audits to increase clinician awareness of the intervention.ResultsThe antenatal detection rate of SGA was 31/125 (24.8%) in the Control group and 44/87 (50.6%) in the Intervention group (P < 0.001; OR 3.10; 95% CI 1.73–5.57).ConclusionsSerial plotting of the FH on customised charts supported by a clinical practice guideline resulted in a doubling of the antenatal detection of SGA in nulliparous pregnant women at low risk for SGA.
Blood Pressure Measurements and Left Ventricular Mass Index in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Ekart Robert , Kanič Vojko , Pečovnik‐Balon Breda , Bevc Sebastjan , Dvoršak Benjamin , Hojs Radovan 
Published: February 2012

AbstractLeft ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is the most frequent cardiac abnormality in hemodialysis (HD) patients. It is related to cardiovascular diseases and is an important risk factor for mortality in HD patients. Arterial hypertension is an established risk factor for LVH in HD patients. Inferior vena cava (IVC) diameter is a good indicator of circulating fluid volume; hypervolemia is an important pathogenetic factor of hypertension in HD patients. The purpose of our study was to evaluate possible association between LVH, IVC diameter, and different blood pressure (BP) measurements in HD patients. In the present study, 85 HD patients were included. BP was measured with a standard mercury sphygmomanometer before and after the HD session; the average 1‐monthly values of the routine BP measurements were also analyzed. 24‐ and 48‐h ambulatory blood pressure measurements (ABPMs) were performed after the end of HD sessions using a noninvasive ABPM. Average values of systolic and diastolic BP were analyzed separately for the first (HD) and second (interdialytic) day ABPM and for both days together. Using echocardiography, left ventricular mass was measured and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was calculated. Using ultrasonography, IVC diameter was measured on the interdialytic day. Using multiple regression analysis, we found statistically significant correlations between LVMI and mean monthly postdialysis systolic BP (P < 0.05) and mean 48‐h diastolic BP (P < 0.05). Only longer BP measurements (average 1‐month post‐HD and 48‐h ABPM) were associated with LVMI in HD patients.
Mutations of the SCN1A gene in acute encephalopathy
Authors: Saitoh Makiko , Shinohara Mayu , Hoshino Hideki , Kubota Masaya , Amemiya Kaoru , Takanashi Jun‐lchi , Hwang Su‐Kyeong , Hirose Shinichi , Mizuguchi Masashi 
Published: February 2012

SummaryPurpose:  Acute encephalopathy is the most serious complication of pediatric viral infections, such as influenza and exanthema subitum. It occurs worldwide, but is most prevalent in East Asia. Recently, there have been sporadic case reports of epilepsy/febrile seizure and acute encephalopathy with a neuronal sodium channel alpha 1 subunit (SCN1A) mutation. To determine whether SCN1A mutations are a predisposing factor of acute encephalopathy, we sought to identify SCN1A mutations in a large case series of acute encephalopathy including various syndromes.Methods:  We analyzed the SCN1A gene in 87 patients with acute encephalopathy, consisting of 20 with acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE), 61 with acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion (AESD), and six with nonspecific (unclassified) acute encephalopathy.Key Findings:  Three patients had distinct point mutations. Two of them had epileptic seizures prior to acute encephalopathy. Clinical and neuroradiologic findings of acute encephalopathy were diverse among the three patients, although all had a prolonged and generalized seizure at its onset. The first patient with V982L had partial epilepsy and AESD. The second patient with M1977L had febrile seizures and nonspecific acute encephalopathy. The third patient with R1575C had no seizures until the onset of ANE. M1977L was a novel mutation, whereas the remaining two, V982L and R1575C, have previously been reported in cases of Dravet syndrome and acute encephalopathy, respectively.Significance:  These findings provide further evidence that SCN1A mutations are a predisposing factor for the onset of various types of acute encephalopathy.
Distress, defiance or adaptation? A review paper of at‐risk mental health states in young offenders
Authors: Casswell Miranda , French Paul , Rogers Andrew 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAim: This paper firstly aims to explore the prevalence of mental health problems in young offenders and secondly, to review the factors which mean a young offender is at risk of developing more serious and chronic mental health problems, including psychosis.Methods: The literature in this field will be reviewed, and the highlighted risk factors explored in detail.Results: Reviewing the evidence base highlights the complex needs of this population, as the prevalence of mental health problems in both detained and community‐based young offenders is high, with the presence of at least one mental health problem found in up to 92%. There is much data to suggest that young offenders have many of the risk indicators that would place them at risk of significant mental health problems according to previously identified criteria. Factors such as intellectual level, difficulties in school, substance abuse problems, exposure to trauma and problems understood within an attachment framework are explored.Conclusion: The main conclusion is that this population have many risk factors which increase the possibility of developing serious mental health problems, therefore highlighting the need for early intervention.
Iron therapy in patients with chronic kidney disease
Authors: BHANDARI SUNIL 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYIron deficiency, both functional and absolute, is common in patients with chronic kidney disease and in those requiring dialysis. The Renal National Service Framework and National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence advocate treatment of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. Oral iron is often both insufficient and slow to improve hemoglobin levels while intravenous supplementation replenishes and maintains iron stores more effectively. This leads to a reduction in the use of erythropoietin stimulating agents. This reduction in erythropoietin stimulating agents use may be potentially beneficial in certain cases in particularly reducing stroke risk. In contrast, intravenous iron has the potential to improve quality of life, reduce cardiovascular risk and produce cost savings. However, long‐term clinical data are needed to reassure one of the effectiveness of parenteral iron therapy and exclude potential long‐term cellular and systemic adverse effects.
Donor disclosure – a donor's right and blood bank's responsibility
Authors: DONTULA SANJANA , MATHUR ANKIT , KAMALADOSS THEODORE , ADIMURTHY SIDDAPPA , JAGANNATHAN LATHA 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYInforming blood donors about their reactive test results of viral transfusion transmissible infections (TTI) is an important aspect of donor care. Rotary Bangalore TTK Blood Bank offers counseling and referrals to donors to enable them to avail of timely treatment options. Recognizing that donor disclosure is an important public health issue that especially impacts blood safety, we started a program for donor disclosure, counseling and referrals. The number of enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay reactive units in our blood bank in 2007 and 2008 were 0.78% [hepatitis B virus (HBV)], 0.12% [human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)], 0.18% [hepatitis C virus (HCV)], and 0.73% (HBV), 0.16% (HIV) and 0.18% (HCV), respectively. The reactive donors were informed of their test results and called for counseling.Overall, 41.18% and 48.17% of HBV reactive donors attended counseling in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Only 11.11% and 16.22% of HIV reactive donors attending counseling in 2007 and 2008, respectively. The HCV reactive donors who attended counseling were 14.63% for both years. All reactive donors who attended counseling were referred to gastroenterologist or physician for confirmatory testing and further management. This study describes our experiences in counseling donors who were enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay reactive for viral TTI, and challenges faced in implementing the donor disclosure program in a resource‐limited environment.
A Nursing Conceptual Model for Contamination
Authors: Green Pauline M. , Polk Laura V. 
Published: February 2012

PURPOSE:  To propose a nursing model of contamination that describes the key features of contamination at a level of abstraction needed for clinical decision making.DATA SOURCES:  Relevant literature on contamination, biopreparedness, and classic epidemiologic literature were reviewed and analyzed.DATA SYNTHESIS:  A model of contamination was created along with a description of benefits of use in practice, education, and research.DISCUSSION:  The nursing profession is called to respond to contamination incidents on a local, national, and global level. Achieving optimum health outcomes while managing contamination incidents is enhanced by nurses' use of a model that incorporates six elements to identify and name instances of contamination and select suitable outcomes and interventions.
Implementation and Evaluation of the Nursing Process in Primary Health Care
Authors: Pérez Rivas Francisco Javier , Santamaría García José Ma , Minguet Arenas Cristina , Beamud Lagos Milagros , García López Montserrat 
Published: February 2012

PURPOSE.  The purpose of this study is to publicize the experience of implementing and developing the nursing process in a sanitary area of primary health care (PHC), and to assess the outcomes reached during the past 9 years.METHODS.  This descriptive longitudinal study was carried out in the 42 PHC centers in the 11th Primary Care Area of Madrid, Spain.FINDINGS.  Between 2001 and 2009, 243,838 new nursing diagnoses were performed. The indicator of resolution capacity ranged from 75% to 80% for the attended problems.CONCLUSIONS.  Nurses in the 11th PHC Area have effectively incorporated the nursing process as a work methodology in their caregiving practices.IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE.  The nursing process can be used to identify nursing care issues and assess the capacity for resolution.OBJETIVO.  El objetivo de este estudio es dar a conocer la experiencia de implantación y desarrollo del proceso enfermero en un Área Sanitaria de Atención Primaria (AP) y evaluar los resultados alcanzados en los últimos nueve años.MÉTODOS.  Estudio descriptivo longitudinal, realizado en los 42 centros de AP del Área 11 de Madrid (España).RESULTADOS.  Entre 2001 y 2009 se han realizado 243838 diagnósticos de enfermería. El indicador de capacidad de resolución se ha situado entre el 75 y el 80% de los problemas atendidos.CONCLUSIONES.  Las enfermeras de AP del Área 11 han integrado el proceso enfermero como metodología de trabajo en su práctica asistencial.IMPLICACIONES.  El proceso enfermero permite identificar problemas de cuidados y evaluar la capacidad de las enfermeras para su resolución.PALABRAS CLAVE.  Proceso Enfermero, Diagnósticos de Enfermería, Atención Primaria, Investigación en Enfermería, Efectividad.
Uncertainties, Trends, and Hottest and Coldest Years of U.S. Surface Air Temperature since 1895: An Update Based on the USHCN V2 TOB Data
Authors: Shen Samuel S. P. , Lee Christine K. , Lawrimore Jay 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
This paper estimates the sampling error variances of gridded monthly U.S. Historical Climatology Network, version 2 (USHCN V2), time-of-observation-biases (TOB)-adjusted data. The analysis of mean surface air temperature (SAT) assesses uncertainties, trends, and the rankings of the hottest and coldest years for the contiguous United States in the period of 1895–2008. Data from the USHCN stations are aggregated onto a 2.5° × 3.5° latitude–longitude grid by an arithmetic mean of the stations inside a grid box. The sampling error variances of the gridded monthly data are estimated for every month and every grid box with data. The gridded data and their sampling error variances are used to calculate the contiguous U.S. averages and their trends and associated uncertainties. The sampling error variances are smaller (mostly less than 0.2°C2) over the eastern United States, where the station density is greater and larger (with values of 1.3°C2 for some grid boxes in the earlier period) over mountain and coastal areas. In the period of 1895–2008, every month from January to December has a positive linear trend. February has the largest trend of 0.162°C (10 yr)−1, and September has the smallest trend at 0.020°C (10 yr)−1. The three hottest (coldest) years measured by the mean SAT over the United States were ranked as 1998, 2006, and 1934 (1917, 1895, and 1912).
Impact of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, Indian Ocean Dipole, and Southern Annular Mode on Daily to Subdaily Rainfall Characteristics in East Australia
Authors: Pui Alexander , Sharma Ashish , Santoso Agus , Westra Seth 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The relationship between seasonal aggregate rainfall and large-scale climate modes, particularly the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), has been the subject of a significant and ongoing research effort. However, relatively little is known about how the character of individual rainfall events varies as a function of each of these climate modes. This study investigates the change in rainfall occurrence, intensity, and storm interevent time at both daily and subdaily time scales in east Australia, as a function of indices for ENSO, the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD), and the southern annular mode (SAM), with a focus on the cool season months. Long-record datasets have been used to sample a large variety of climate events for better statistical significance. Results using both the daily and subdaily rainfall datasets consistently show that it is the occurrence of rainfall events, rather than the average intensity of rainfall during the events, which is most strongly influenced by each of the climate modes. This is shown to be most likely associated with changes to the time between wet spells. Furthermore, it is found that despite the recent attention in the research literature on other climate modes, ENSO remains the leading driver of rainfall variability over east Australia, particularly farther inland during the winter and spring seasons. These results have important implications for how water resources are managed, as well as how the implications of large-scale climate modes are included in rainfall models to best capture interannual and longer-scale variability.
A Case Study of the Cutoff Process and Latent Heating Effect in an Upper-Level Cold-Core Low during the Mei-Yu Season in East Asia
Authors: Yin-Mao Wang Mark , Tai-Jen Chen George , Wang Chung-Chieh , Kuo Ying-Hwa 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Using observational data and model sensitivity test, the present study diagnosed the evolution of an upper-level trough over 2–7 May 1998 during the mei-yu season in East Asia, with a focus on the role of latent heating downstream from the trough on the cutoff process and the formation of the cold-core low (CCL). Compared with conceptual models based on dry dynamics, the formation process of this cutoff low (COL) was inconsistent with the model of migratory jet streak–trough interaction, but the evolution of the upper-level trough (including its narrowing and rotation of axis) and the scale of the resultant COL generally agreed with the theory of interaction between trough and mean westerly flow with anticyclonic background shear. East/southeast of the trough, active and persistent convection appeared and induced 1) divergent ageostrophic flow near the tropopause, 2) an increase in mid- to upper-level thickness due to effective heating, and 3) amplification of an upper-level ridge downstream. Through a model sensitivity test, the diabatic heating is suggested to play a key role in the formation of the current CCL as the trough moved and extended southeastward to approach the amplifying ridge. Because of the east/southeast ageostrophic flow, the trough encountered a critical layer and became distorted, and its southern segment eventually detached to form a COL. When latent heating is turned off, the model produced a trough evolution anticipated by the dry theory but without cutoff. Such a role played by the moist process downstream of the trough during cutoff in the mei-yu season has not been previously noted in the literature.
Temperature Effect on the Reorientational Correlation Time of Water in Formamide– and N,N-Dimethylformamide–Water Mixtures
Authors: Okada Masaki , Ibuki Kazuyasu , Ueno Masakatsu 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
NMR spin–lattice relaxation times (T1) for nucleus D of D2O in FA-d3–D2O and DMF–D2O mixtures were measured up to 80 mol % of amide at 5, 25, and 45 °C under atmospheric pressure. To discuss the dynamic behavior of water molecules in the mixtures in detail, the reorientational correlation times (τc) of D2O molecules were estimated from the quadrupole coupling equation. In FA-d3–D2O mixtures, τc increased monotonously with increasing FA content at 25 and 45 °C, while we can recognize a shallow minimum at 5 °C in the D2O-rich region. In DMF–D2O mixtures, τc showed a remarkable maximum in the composition dependence at each temperature. In order to investigate the effect of the microscopic environments on the reorientational dynamics of water molecules, we calculated τc for individual environments through the MD simulations. From these results, we discussed the effects of hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions on the molecular reorientational dynamics.
Rapid Synthesis and Charge–Discharge Properties of LiMnPO4 Nanocrystallite-embedded Porous Carbons
Authors: Aono Shintaro , Urita Koki , Yamada Hirotoshi , Moriguchi Isamu 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
LiMnPO4 nanocrystallite-embedded porous carbons were successfully synthesized within a few minutes by a microwave-heating process. The nanocomposites showed higher charge–discharge capacity and better rate capability than bulk-LiMnPO4 particles synthesized in a similar manner without porous carbons.
One-touch Nanofabrication of Regular-sized Disks through Interfacial Dewetting and Weak Molecular Interaction
Authors: Mori Taizo , Sakakibara Keita , Endo Hiroshi , Akada Misaho , Okamoto Ken , Shundo Atsuomi , Lee Michael V , Ji Qingmin , Fujisawa Takuya , Oka Ken-ichiro , Matsumoto Mutsuyoshi , Sakai Hideki , Abe Masahiko , Hill Jonathan P , Ariga Katsuhiko 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Nanodisks with uniform height and tunable diameter on the nanometer scale were constructed without any lithographic processes. The disks consisting of an amphiphilic triimide module were formed at the air–water interface in the presence of cyclen as an aqueous shackle and transferred onto substrates by the surface-touching (Langmuir–Schaefer) technique. The 3 nm height of the disks was maintained, whereas the diameter was tunable from 45 to 74 nm by varying surface pressures.