bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Response of Bragg Soybean to TIBA (2,3,5‐Triiodobenzoic Acid)1
Authors: Clapp J. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStudies involving the use of TIBA (2,3,5‐triiodobenzoic acid) on indeterminate soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] have shown that increased grain yields are more likely to occur when the growth regulator is applied as a single application during flower initiation. TIBA studies using determinate varieties are more limited. Results from these studies are more erratic and yield increases are more likely to be associated with a much earlier time of application.In order to determine the most appropriate method of applying TIBA to determinate soybeans, a single rate (38g/ha) of TIBA was applied to the soybean variety ‘Bragg’ either in a single or in multiple applications during early vegetative growth stages for two years in field experiments.TIBA applications during the two, four, or six trifoliolate growth stage increased soybean yields over the 2‐year period. These yield increases ranged from 7.0 to 9.8%.In general, a single application was just as effective as multiple applications in increasing yields.Plant height was reduced by as much as 13.3% when TIBA was applied at either the four or six trifoliolate growth stage. This reduction in plant height did not help reduce lodging as has been reported for TIBA applications made later in the growing season on indeterminate varieties. In this study TIBA either had no effect on lodging or increased lodging.
Straw Placement: Its Effect on Nitrification of Anhydrous Ammonia1
Authors: Cochran V. L. , Koehler F. E. , Papendick R. I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractResidue and its mode of placement in the soil are known to influence soil biological processes under certain conditions, including nitrification of applied ammoniacal fertilizers. In this experiment, the effect of straw placement on the nitrification of anhydrous NH3 was studied in the laboratory. Gaseous NH3 was line injected into Walla Walla silt loam at a 15‐cm depth, simulating a field application into soil: without straw, with the equivalent of 13.5 metric tons/ha of straw applied in a band at the 15‐cm depth and with straw, mixed uniformly in the surface 15 cm of soil. The NH3 retention zone was sampled periodically for 10 weeks and analyzed for NH+ 1‐N, NO− 2‐N, NO− 3‐N, and soil pH. Air samples were withdrawn periodically from the soil systems for determining CO2 and O2.Straw and its placement mode had little effect on the nitrification rate of the applied NH3. Presumably because of the large amount of straw in the retention zone, both the NH+ 1‐N and NO− 3‐N concentrations were generally highest where the anhydrous NH3 was injected directly into the straw band. However, the percentage of recovery of the applied N as NH+ 1‐N, by extraction with KC1, was only slightly higher from the banded straw treatment than for either the mixed straw or no‐straw treatments during the first 6 weeks of the experiment. This difference disappeared later. Differences in NO− 3‐N recovery among treatments were small and not significant. Approximately 60% of the applied N had nitrified by the 10th week following N application. Oxygen and CO2 concentrations indicated that adequate aeration prevailed throughout the incubation period with only minor differences among the treatments.Apparently any competitive effect by microorganisms for NH+ 4‐N in straw decomposition was eliminated by the high NH+ 4‐N concentrations in the NH3, retention zone, and the partial sterilization of the retention zone by the NH3 did not affect nitrifying activity in the presence of straw differently than in residue‐free soil.
Evaluation of Glyphosate as a Harvest‐Aid Chemical on Cotton1
Authors: Cathey George W. , Barry Harrison R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRegrowth is sometimes a problem after defoliation of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Glyphosate [N‐(phosphonomethyl) glycine], a systemic herbicide, has been suggested as a regrowth suppressant. Glyphosate rates of 1.12 to 4.48 kg/ha were used in greenhouse studies to measure effects on leaf abscission and regrowth inhibition. Treatments of DEF (S,S,S,‐tributylphosphorotrithioate) at 1.26 kg/ha mixed with glyphosate at either 0, 1.12, 2.24, or 3.36 kg/ were used in a field experiment to determine effects of these treatments on defoliation, regrowth, yield, and various boll, seed, and fiber properties. Bolls that dehisced 0 to 25 days after treatment were used for boll, seed, and fiber property measurements.Glyphosate suppressed regrowth development when used either alone or in combination with DEF, and enhanced defoliation when the two chemicals were applied as a mixture. Seed cotton yield and most boll components were not affected by glyphosate treatments. Seed index was reduced by glyphosate treatments of 3.36 kg/ha, and a significant interaction between glyphosate rates and boll development was indicated for seed vigor. This research indicates that glyphosate can be an effective harvest‐aid on cotton when used in combinations with the defoliant chemical DEF.
Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers on a Bromegrass and Alfalfa Mixture Grown Under Two Systems of Pasture Management. II. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Uptake and Concentration in Herbage1
Authors: Nuttall W. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractYield response and botanical composition changes of a bromegrass (Bromus inermis L.) and alfalfa (Medicago media Pers.) herbage mixture were related to applied N and P fertilizers in previous experiments. Herbage quality also can be affected by these elements. To determine the relationship between N and P fertilizers applied and nutrient uptake, the concentration of N and P was measured in the herbage mixtures taken from two pasture management treatments, “Put and Take” and “Fed Barley.”Nitrogen and P uptake by bromegrass and alfalfa was significantly related by regression analyses to N and P fertilizer applied. Nitrogen uptake ranged from 90 to 211 kg N/ha and P uptake from 6.3 to 18.9 kg P/ha. N uptake in herbage was greater than applied fertilizer N (45, 90, and 135 kg N/ha) with some exceptions and P uptake was less than applied P fertilizer (20 kg P/ha). Nitrogen uptake measured for 2 years after the last addition of fertilizer was curvilinearly related to residual N fertilizer. Phosphorus uptake also was curvilinearly related to residual N except for the “Fed Barley” treatment and linearly (positively) related to P fertilizer for 2 years after the last addition.Concentration of N in bromegrass herbage was highly related to applied N fertilizer and ranged from 2.1 to 3.5%. Concentration of N in alfalfa also was highly related to applied N fertilizer in the second cut of the “Put and Take” pasture management treatment and in the first cut of the “Fed Barley” pasture treatment. Percentage N in alfalfa ranged from 2.8 to 4.0%. Concentration of P in pasture herbage was increased by P fertilizer and ranged from 0.16 to 0.30% in alfalfa and 0.16 to 0.31% in bromegrass.As N uptake in herbage was greater than applied N fertilizer with the exception of the highest rates of N applied without P, symbiotic N fixation by the alfalfa plant and soil N would make up for the difference between applied N and that removed by the herbage. As P was applied at a greater rate than what was removed in the herbage, a net accumulation of P would occur in the roots and soil. As the forage was pastured, much of the nutrients in the herbage would be returned to the soil by cattle excrement which would not occur if all herbage or seed were removed under other harvesting systems.
Effect of Banded and Broadcast Placement of Cu Fertilizers on Correction of Cu Deficiency1
Authors: Varvel G. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPreliminary investigations on the organic soils (Histosols) in northern Minnesota indicated that Cu was the main limiting factor for small grain production, especially for hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Yield increases of 2,240 kg/ha were obtained with Cu applied. The experiments in this study were conducted to determine the affect of Cu carrier, Cu rate, and their placement on grain yield of hard red spring wheat. Five experiments were conducted during the 1977 and 1978 growing seasons on two organic soil series, Brophy and Cathro. The treatments consisted of placement comparisons of broadcast vs banded applications of CuSO4·5H2O and Cu chelate (5% Cu) derived from Cu HEDTA at various rates. A control plot with no Cu applied was also included in the treatments. Grain was harvested at maturity and the yields were determined. Severe Cu deficiency was observed in all five experiments and significant responses to Cu were obtained. The response obtained was dependent upon the carrier, rate, and placement. The most significant finding was that the broadcast application of CuSO4 worked extremely well, but when banded it did not correct the Cu deficiency. The effectiveness of both Cu carriers and the rate of Cu needed varied widely and depended mainly on the method of application and specifically the amount of incorporation.
Navy Bean Seed Vigor and Field Performance in Relation to Microwave Radiation1
Authors: Spilde L. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of microwave irradiation of seed have been evaluated for many years on numerous crops, but information is limited concerning the effect on navy bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Seed lots were exposed to 2450‐MHz electric fields of three intensities for various time periods and tested for germination, vigor, and seed yield in laboratory and field studies for 2 yr. Seed exposed to temperatures ranging from 38 to 49°C had significantly increased germination percentage. Seed vigor tests were less conclusive. Exposure of seed to a high power level (500 W) or to seed temperatures above 62°C reduced germination and vigor. The effect of radiation at high seed moisture content (180 g kg−1) was similar to the low moisture content level (90 g kg−1).
Transpiration and Soil Water Usage by Oat as Affected by Postemergence Herbicides
Authors: Beardmore R. A. , Linscott D. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChanges in transpiration of plants as influenced by herbicides may or may not significantly affect soil water uptake in the field. We compared effects of the relatively new herbicides fluazifop [(±)‐butyl‐2‐(4‐{[5‐(trifuoromethyl)‐2‐pyridinyl]oxy}phenoxy)propanoate], haloxyfop [methyl‐2‐(4‐{[3‐chloro‐5‐(trifluoromethyl)‐2‐pyridinyl]oxy}phenoxy)propanoate], and sethoxydim {2‐[1‐(ethoxyimino)butyl]‐5‐2[2‐(ethylthio)propyl]‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐cyclohexen‐1‐one} applied at various rates to oat (Avena sativa L.) at the 5‐ to 6‐cm stage on transpiration, soil water use, and plant development. In controlled environments, transpiration rates in oat declined about 6 d after herbicide treatment. Time for and the degree of transpiration reduction were herbicide and herbicide‐rate dependent, as were the reductions in plant weight and leaf number. First reductions in soil moisture under laboratory conditions were found 10 d after treatment of oat with fluazifop and haloxyfop and 12 d after treatment with sethoxydim. Similarly, in the field fluazifop treatment required 9 d and haloxyfop and sethoxydim 11 d before significant differences in soil moisture occurred. The correlation coefficient of soil matric potential and dry weight of oat in the field was −0.89 and −0.90, respectively, for 2 yr, 1984 and 1985. Reduction of oat dry matter and soil water use in the field was also herbicide rate dependent.
Effect of Method and Plant Sample on Nitrogen Fixation Estimates in Soybean
Authors: Vasilas B. L. , Nelson R. L. , Vanden Heuvel R. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe labor involved in collecting total plant dry matter limits the number of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] genotypes that can be evaluated for N2 fixation. Therefore, a 2‐yr experiment was conducted on a Flanagan silt loam (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Aquic Argiudoll) to determine if genotypic differences in plant N derived from fixation (N2 fixed) and percentage of plant N derived from fixation (% Ndfa) could be detected by isotope dilution or difference (total N) method analysis of whole plant samples (whole plant sample including abscised material), shoot samples (whole plant samples‐abscised material), or seed samples. Five experimental soybean lines derived from a ‘Williams’ ✕ ‘Kanrich’ cross and ‘Harosoy’ were tested. Estimates of N2 fixed and % Ndfa generated by isotope dilution analysis of whole plant samples ranged from 36 to 113 kg ha−1 and 17 to 48%, respectively. More genotypic separations were possible with isotope dilution than with the difference method. Separation on the basis of % Ndfa by isotope dilution was not affected by plant sample. More genotypic separations on the basis of N2 fixed were possible by isotope dilution analysis of whole plant or shoot samples than by analysis of seed samples.
Reducing Erosion from Surface Irrigation by Furrow Spacing and Plant Position
Authors: Sojka R. E. , Brown M. J. , Kennedy‐Ketcheson E. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractErosion is a serious problem in many furrow‐irrigated fields. Erosion abatement can be costly or inconvenient. Plant placement, row spacing, and choice of trafficked or non‐trafficked furrow have not been thoroughly exploited for furrow erosion control. It was hypothesized that reducing furrow spacing and plant distance to the furrow would reduce erosion for equal amounts of water applied. A study in 1986 and 1987 observed the effect of narrow rows or twin rows with plants in close proximity to the furrow on infiltration, sediment loss, and yields in three crops grown under conventional tillage on a Portneuf silt loam (coarse‐silty, mixed, mesic Durixerollic Calciorthids) with 1% slope. Yields of twin‐row dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) significantly increased in both years (P < 0.05), whereas yield of sugarbeet or corn (Beta vulgaris L., or Zea Mays L.) were not affected significantly by any planting pattern. Sediment loss, runoff, and the ratio of sediment loss to infiltration were greatly reduced by twin‐row configurations, and somewhat reduced, although less consistently, by narrow single‐row configurations. The results point the way to a lowcost, low‐maintenance method of reducing furrow erosion.
Evaluation of Soil and Plant Nitrogen Tests for Maize on Manured Soils of the Atlantic Coastal Plain
Authors: Sims J. Thomas , Vasilas Bruce L. , Gartley Karen L. , Milliken Bill , Green V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractImproved N management programs for fertilizers and manures are needed in the Atlantic Coastal Plain because of concerns about agriculture's role in groundwater contamination with nitrate‐N. We conducted a 3‐yr study (1990–1992) at 56 locations in Delaware to evaluate the use of soil and plant N tests as components of a manure‐based N management program for maize. In Phase 1 (15 sites), a factorial design was used; main plots were either poultry manure (PM, at 4.5 Mg ha−1) applied at planting or starter fertilizer (SF, at 30 kg N ha−1) and split plots were six rates of sidedress N. Phase 2 was conducted on 41 farms and evaluated the response of maize to sidedress N (0 to 268 kg N ha−1). The pre‐sidedress soil nitrate test (PSNT) and two quicktests (the Nitrachek and Cardy meters) were used to identify N‐sufficient sites in both phases. In Phase 1, we also evaluated the effect of time and depth of PSNT sampling and two plant N tests: the leaf chlorophyll meter (LCM; 1992 only) and the late‐season stalk nitrate test. Maize response to sidedress N was rare at manured sites, and the ratio of total N added as manure and/or fertilizer to maize yield was consistently lower than the commonly used value of 17.8 kg N Mg−1 maize (1.0 pound N bushel−1 maize). Average ratios for manured and nonmanured sites in Phase 1 were 13.0 and 13.2 kg N Mg−1 maize. The PSNT effectively identified N‐sufficient or N‐deficient sites ≈70% of the time. Delaying sampling, deeper sampling, or using NH4‐N + NO3‐N instead of NO3‐N alone did not significantly improve predictive accuracy of the PSNT. The stalk nitrate test was found to be effective at identifying sites that were nonresponsive to sidedress N; our critical range was 0.7 to 2.0 g NO3‐N kg−1. The LCM results were encouraging and suggest that further research should be conducted on its use as an alternative to the PSNT. The Nitrachek meter was better correlated with laboratory measurements of soil NO3‐N (r2 = 0.87***) than the Cardy meter (r2 = 0.60***) and should be an effective means to identify N‐sufficient sites under field conditions.
Factors Affecting Resistance of Field‐Planted Alfalfa Clones to the Alfalfa Weevil1
Authors: Norwood B. L. , VanDenburgh R. S. , Hanson C. H. , Blickenstaff C. C. 
Published: July 2010

Seventy alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., clones representing a range of observed reactions to the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), were evaluated in a field test for oviposition and larval feeding, and for interrelationships between plant resistance and growth characteristics.Oviposition preference accounted for 26% of the variation among clones for larval feeding damage. Plants with decumbent growth, wide crown, little growth, and small stems tended to receive fewest eggs and suffer least larval feeding; they had many characteristics of Medicago falcata. Although weevils preferred to oviposit in plants with large stems, oviposition differences among clones were still significant after adjustment for stem size by covariance analysis. Weevils oviposited only sparingly in several of the clones with medium large stems. The following correlation coefficients were positive and significant: Number of egg masses and eggs per stem, stem diameter and eggs per stem, larval feeding and egg masses per stem, larval damage scores in different years, and number of egg masses in different years. Further study is needed to determine the kinds of resistance mechanisms involved and whether oviposition preference mechanisms reported here offer suitable control of alfalfa weevil damage.
Factors Associated with Tiller Survival in Sorghum Varieties Resistant to the Sorghum Shoot Fly (Atherigona varia soccata)1
Authors: Blum A. 
Published: July 2010

Five resistant sorghum (Sorghum sp.) varieties and two susceptible to the sorghum shoot fly (Atherigona varia soccata) were studied in order to evaluate the association between several plant traits and tiller survival after simulated damage in an insectarium and infestation in the field. Under insectarium conditions (non‐infested), tillering was simulated through a manual destruction of the growing apex: in seedlings.The pattern of silica deposition in the abaxial epidermis at the base of the leaf sheaths of tillers differed markedly from that previously reported (3) for seedlings of the same varieties. However, in tillers of resistant varieties, the same lignification was found of the walls of cells which enclose the vascular bundles in the central leaf whorl, as in seedlings of resistant varieties. This was not found in tillers of the susceptible variety. Tillers of all resistant varieties grew faster than those of the susceptible ones. If tillers of resistant varieties were infested, infestation was delayed by two days, as compared with the susceptible one.The results imply that tiller survival in shoot‐fly‐resistant sorghum varieties is associated with lignified tissues at the central leaf whorl and a fast growth rate of tillers
Identification of Diploid and Tetraploid Lolium Cultivars Grown Under Controlled Environmental Conditions1
Authors: Kranski B. , Bula R. J. 
Published: July 2010

Seven cultivars of ryegrass, Lolium sps., were grown under controlled environmental conditions in an attempt to use the characters of leaf blade length or width, dry weight accumulations, and leaf blade proteins as a means of cultivar or ploidy identification.Leaf width measurements after 2 weeks of growth at 20 C and 20‐hour photoperiods provided the most definitive statistical separation of cultivars. Dry weight measurements of plants grown at 20 C and 12‐, 16‐, or 20‐hour photoperiods for 4 weeks provided reasonable separation of cultivars but not to the degree noted for leaf blade width measurements. Leaf length measurements provided cultivar separations similar to those observed for the dry weight measurements. In all cases, cultivar separation was not specifically related to degree of ploidy (diploid vs. tetraploid).Seed weights of four of the five tetraploid cultivars were statistically separate from the two diploid cultivars and the tetraploid cultivar, ‘Petra.’Gel electrophoretic patterns of leaf blade proteins showed sufficient uniqueness to be potentially useful for cultivar identification.Chromosome counts of root tip cells were time‐consuming and in some instances difficult to interpret as to degree of ploidy. The most satisfactory procedure for making chromosome counts may be unique for each cultivar.These studies illustrate the feasibility of using growth characteristics of plants grown under controlled environment conditions for cultivar identification.
Quantification of Hydrocyanic Acid in Green Forage1
Authors: Burns J. C. , Smith L. H. , Moline W. J. , Wedin W. F. , Noller C. H. , Rhykerd C. L. 
Published: July 2010

A procedure is presented for the quantification of potential hydrocyanic acid (HCN) released from green tissue. This procedure is suggested in preference to qualitative procedures because resulting data can be compared among both laboratories and regions. In addition, results from qualitative procedures frequently appear incorrectly on a quantitative basis.The procedure was evaluated for its precision and recovery. An experiment was conducted to examine method (s) of sample preservation and period (s) of sample holding and incubation prior to analysis.Forage sealed in a polyethylene bag and immediately frozen analyzed similarly in HCN to samples stored in the dark at 26 C. Once preserved, samples were held for 6 hr prior to analysis without significant reduction in HCN levels; however, a slight reduction was noted after 3 hr.Maximum release of HCN was obtained after samples had been incubated in ethanol for 24 hr with no significant change through 96 hr.
Correlation of Pith Cell Death with Various Stalk Quality Characteristics in Two Synthetic Populations of Maize1
Authors: Miller Terry L. , Myers Oval 
Published: July 2010

Estimates of pith cell death in the first five elongated internodes of the stalk were obtained at midsilk and 3 weeks after midsilk in two synthetic maize (Zea mays L.) populations which had undergone three cycles of recurrent selection for high and low stalk quality. Significant correlations between rating periods and the first three successive internodes indicated that rating the first three internodes at midsilk accurately estimates pith cell death for these two populations.Four components of stalk quality, crushing strength, rind thickness, rind puncture, and weight of a 5.1‐cm internode section, were determined for both populations. Significant negative correlations were obtained between pith cell death ratings and each of the stalk quality components. Thus, internodal cell death ratings could be successfully and practically utilized in predicting stalk quality.