bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sagittal Stratum
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter begins with a historical account of the study of the saggital stratum (SS). It then discusses the results of the investigation of the SS of rhesus monkey brains. The SS is a major corticosubcortical white matter bundle that conveys fibers from the parietal, occipital, cingulate, and temporal regions to subcortical destinations in the thalamus, the nuclei of the basis pontis, and other brainstem structures. It also conveys afferents principally from the thalamus to the cortex. It may therefore be viewed as equivalent to the internal capsule in that it is a major subcortical fiber system and not exclusively a fiber tract linking the lateral geniculate nucleus with the calcarine cortex.
Are Single Cortical Neurons Soloists or Are They Obedient Members of a Huge Orchestra?
Authors: Kenet Tal , Arieli Amos , Tsodyks Misha , Grinvald Amiram 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter shows that the spontaneous firing of single neurons is tightly linked to the cortical networks in which they are embedded. The idea of a network is a central concept in theoretical brain research and it is now finally possible to directly visualize the cortical networks and their states in action, at high spatiotemporal resolution.
Are Neurons Adapted for Specific Computations? Examples from Temporal Coding in the Auditory System
Authors: Carr C. E. , Iyer S. , Soares D. , Kalluri S. , Simon J. Z. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter makes the case that neurons may be adapted for particular tasks, using the example of temporal coding cells in the vertebrate auditory system because their function is well known. It shows that auditory neurons that phase lock, detect coincidences, and encode temporal patterns all exhibit a suite of physiological and morphological adaptations that suit them for their task. Other neuronal systems exhibit similarly well-equipped neural circuits.
How Is Time Represented in the Brain?
Authors: Herz Andreas V. M. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter addresses the question of how time is represented in the brain. It presents a collection of basic computing principles, focusing on algorithms that deal with sensory pattern sequences that vary over time scales from a few to a few hundred milliseconds. It shows that transmission delays, input currents that decay in time, and synaptic short-time dynamics, such as depression or facilitation, support interesting calculations in the time domain that would otherwise require much more elaborate architectures and algorithms.
How General Are Neural Codes in Sensory Systems?
Authors: McAlpine David , Palmer Alan R. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter shows that careful attention to the frequency range over which interaural time difference (ITD) -processing is carried out has important consequences both for the form of the sensory representation of ITDs and the means by which this sensory representation is translated in the central nervous system. Cross-species comparisons have proved to be a powerful tool in furthering the understanding of the brain. However, in some instances, even when basic neural mechanisms appear completely analogous, care needs to be exercised before accepting that this implies a complete commonality.
How Does Our Visual System Achieve Shift and Size Invariance?
Authors: Wiskott Laurenz 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins by summarizing psychophysical and neurophysiological evidence for shift and size invariance and its limitations. It provides a list of constraints from neuroanatomy and physiology that need to be taken into account when developing biologically plausible models. From a computational point of view, there are two basic approaches by which shift and size invariance can be achieved: normalizing the image or extracting invariant features. Models following these two computational approaches are presented and the extent to which they can account for different aspects of the visual system are discussed. Open questions in modeling shift and size invariance in the visual system are addressed.
Brain Serotonin and Aggressive Disposition in Humans and Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Manuck Stephen B. , Kaplan Jay R. , Lotrich Francis E. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins with a brief introduction to the neurobiology of serotonin, including common methods of investigation and sources of serotonin-associated genetic variation. It briefly addresses comparative conceptualizations of aggressive behavior in nonhuman primates and people, including the role of antagonistic interaction in primate social dominance and human psychopathology. It summarizes the substantial literature on CNS serotonergic activity as a correlate of aggressive disposition, as seen in studies employing neurochemical indices of serotonergic function, neuropharmacologic challenges, functional neuroimaging, and neurogenetic methodologies. Finally, the chapter attempts to integrate observations derived from studies on monkeys and humans, identify implications of these findings for models of serotonergic influences on aggression, and speculate briefly regarding possible evolutionary origins of these associations.
The Role of Estrogen Receptors in the Regulation of Aggressive Behaviors
Authors: Ogawa Sonoko , Nomura Masayoshi , Choleris Elena , Pfaff Donald 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAt least two types of estrogen receptors (ERs), the classical ER-α and the more recently identified ER-β, have been localized in the central nervous system. ER-α and ER-β are very similar estrogen binding proteins that act as ligand-dependent transcription factors. Although somewhat overlapping, brain distributions of ER-α and ER-β are not identical. This chapter summarizes current knowledge of the possible differential roles played by the two types of ERs in the expression of aggressive behavior. It also discusses potential brain mechanisms of ER-mediated regulation of aggression.
Development of Aggression
Authors: Delville Yvon , Newman Matt L. , Wommack Joel C. , Taravosh-Lahn Kereshmeh , Cervantes M. Catalina 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins with a discussion of the development of agonistic behavior in mammals. It then discusses the adaptive value of play and play fighting, sex differences and hormonal control of play fighting, neural control of play fighting, and controlling the time course of the maturation of agonistic behavior. It shows a correlation between that maturation of aggressive behavior and maturation of the the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA). The HPA axis controls the maturation of aggressive behavior during puberty. It is also likely that adrenarche, the onset of the activity of the HPA axis, controls the appearance of aggressive responses before puberty. This regulation mechanism may provide an explanation for interactions between genes and the environment, as the activity of the HPA axis differs between individuals and can be affected by external stimuli, such as stress.
Drugs of Abuse and Aggression
Authors: Grimes Jill M. , Ricci Lesley , Rasakham Khampaseuth , Melloni, Jr. Richard H. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter summarizes studies examining the link between drugs of abuse and the behavioral neurobiology of aggressive behavior in animal models. It considers studies examining how drug abuse affects the aggressive response patterns of animals, as well as the development, activity, and function of neural systems implicated in aggression control. It shows that the effects of many commonly abused drugs, illegal and prescribed, on aggression are dependent upon the sex and species of the animal, the dosing and treatment regimen, and the behavioral testing paradigm. Although very few drugs, or drug classes, have been shown to consistently influence aggressive behavior regardless of the aforementioned factors (i.e., species, age, sex, dosing, testing paradigm), there are notable exceptions, including some anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), nicotine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and mescaline. The administration of various types of AAS has consistently increased aggression in various animal species of varying ages regardless of experimental paradigm, whereas nicotine, MDMA, and mescaline have been shown to consistently decrease aggressive responding.
The Origin of Broca’s Area and Its Connections from an Ancestral Working Memory Network
Authors: Aboitiz Francisco , García Ricardo , Brunetti Enzo , Bosman Conrado 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter provides an updated version of the theory that language networks emerged as a specialization of temporoparietal-prefrontal networks involved in cognitive processes that require sustained activity, like working memory, attention, and movement imitation. It begins with a brief overview of the original proposals and then discusses new evidence from comparative neuroanatomy, brain imaging, and cognitive neuroscience. The chapter ends with a discussion on the possible role of neuropsychological processes like working memory in semantic and syntactic processing.
Broca’s Area in System Perspective: Language in the Context of Action-Oriented Perception
Authors: Arbib Michael 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA neurolinguistic approach to language is part of a performance approach that analyzes both perception and production. For production, there is much that could be possibly talked about which might be represented as cognitive structures from which some aspects are selected for possible expression. Further selection and transformation yield semantic structures (hierarchical constituents expressing objects, actions, and relationships) that constitute a semantic form. Finally, the ideas in the semantic form should be expressed in phonological form, that is, as words whose markings and ordering reflect the relationships within semantic form. This chapter extends the phonological form to embrace a wide range of ordered expressive gestures that may include speech, sign, and orofacial expressions.
Broca’s Area and Lexical-Semantic Processing
Authors: Cappa Stefano F. , Perani Daniela 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the relationship between Broca's area and lexical-semantic processing. The first section reviews the aphasiological evidence for lexical and/or semantic impairment in the syndrome of Broca's aphasia. The second section considers the relationship between damage to Broca's area and neighboring structures and specific aspects of linguistic impairment in the syndrome, including disorders of lexical/semantic processing. Finally, the chapter reviews the contribution of functional imaging to the issue of the role of Broca's area in lexical/semantic processing.
The Agrammatical Language Disturbance: Studies on a Psychological Basis for the Teaching on Aphasia (1913)
Authors: Pick Arnold 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter presents a paper published by Arnold Pick in 1913. Pick was the first to put the study of language disturbances in the context of modern psycholinguistic research. Agrammatism is now recognized as a central feature of Broca's aphasia. Pick's recognition of the centrality of the grammatical aspect in the deficit in Broca's aphasia paved the way to later linguistic analyses of aphasic syndromes, and thus made linguistic investigations of brain-language relations possible.
The Organization of Language and the Brain (1970)
Authors: Geschwind Norman 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter presents a paper published by Norman Geschwind in 1970. Geschwind helped revive the interest in brain-language relations in the 1940s-1950s. His work on the cerebral representation of language resulted in an enriched Connectionist model, which he explored in the context of other disorders such as apraxia and agnosia.
Observed Brain Dynamics
Authors: Mitra Partha , Bokil Hemant 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe biomedical sciences have recently undergone revolutionary change, due to the ability to digitize and store large data sets. In neuroscience, the data sources include measurements of neural activity measured using electrode arrays, EEG and MEG, brain imaging data from PET, fMRI, and optical imaging methods. Analysis, visualization, and management of these time series data sets is a growing field of research that has become increasingly important both for experimentalists and theorists interested in brain function. The first part of the book contains a set of chapters which provide non-technical conceptual background to the subject. Salient features include the adoption of an active perspective of the nervous system, an emphasis on function, and a brief survey of different theoretical accounts in neuroscience. The second part is the longest in the book, and contains a refresher course in mathematics and statistics leading up to time series analysis techniques. The third part contains applications of data analysis techniques to the range of data sources indicated above, and the fourth part contains special topics.
Theoretical Accounts of the Nervous System
Authors: Mitra Partha P. , Bokil Hemant 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses on theoretical accounts of the nervous system. It argues that one way to deal with the diversity presented by the large number of theoretical accounts of the nervous system and of animal behavior would be to understand the principle dimensions along which the theories differ—a set of axes, as it were, for the “space” of theories. It presents three “axes” that seem to capture some of the major distinctions between classes of theories: level of organization, direction of causal explanations, and instrumental approach.
Stress Effects on the Developing Brain
Authors: Gunnar Megan R. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the brain's stress response system (the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis or HPA) and how early stressors can influence this system as the child develops. It reviews research suggesting that adverse effects on the stress response system produced by neglectful parenting can be reversed by subsequent more responsive care.
Maternal Programming of Defensive Responses Through Sustained Effects on Gene Expression
Authors: Meaney Michael J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the long-term effects of early stress on the subsequent development of both physical and mental disorder. It then discusses the role of maternal care during pre- and postnatal periods as an early source of these effects, using research conducted in the laboratory with the rat. The chapter then reviews potential mediators of the effects of maternal behavior on gene expression. The chapter concludes with the questions that remain regarding the effects of early stress on pathology.
The Effects of Early Deprivation on Brain-Behavioral Development
Authors: Nelson III Charles A. , Zeanah Charles H. , Fox Nathan A. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter describes the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP) is a randomized controlled trial comparing the effects of foster care as an alternative to institutional care for young children abandoned at birth and placed in institutions in Bucharest, Romania. This study comprehensively assessed 136 children between the ages of 6 and 31 months who were institutionalized in all six of the institutions for young children in Bucharest, Romania, and followed them systematically through to 54 months of age. Institutionalization was associated with profoundly negative effects on child and brain development. Virtually all domains of development were compromised by institutional rearing: physical, brain, cognitive, linguistic, and social-emotional development. Nearly half of institutionalized children appeared to suffer from one or more forms of psychopathology. The good news is that foster care appeared to be effective in diminishing some forms of psychopathology and normalizing other domains of development; the bad news is that it was not affecting all domains of development, nor did full recovery occur in most domains assessed to date.
Neurohormones, Neurodevelopment, and the Prodrome of Psychosis in Adolescence
Authors: Walker Elaine F. , McMillan Amanda , Mittal Vijay 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIt has been suggested that the neural systems governing the response to stress, especially the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, may function to augment the expression of the core vulnerability to psychosis. This chapter reviews research findings that bear on adolescent vulnerability for psychosis and neurodevelopment of the HPA-hippocampal system, with an emphasis on implications for preventive intervention. The chapter presents preliminary data from recent research that suggests how psychopharmacologic interventions might alter HPA function, and thereby modify the transition to psychosis in at-risk adolescents.
CHAPTER 4 A Psychological Advantage for the Status Quo
Authors: Eidelman Scott , Crandall Christian S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses a host of psychological phenomena and their supporting mechanisms that favor status quo maintenance. These phenomena are placed into two loose clusters: those that describe cognitive processes and those that describe evaluative processes. The chapter argues these processes work in tandem, providing existing states with a psychological advantage; relative to alternatives, the status quo requires less effort, intention, control, and/or awareness for support and/or endorsement. As such, status quo maintenance is more ubiquitous and subtle than often believed.
CHAPTER 5 Belief in a Just World, Perceived Fairness, and Justification of the Status Quo
Authors: Hafer Carolyn L. , Choma Becky L. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses primarily on the system justifying properties of a belief in a just world (BJW); that is, a belief that people get what they deserve. The chapter presents a review of research on the relation between individual differences in the strength of BJW and attributions and attitudes that justify the status quo by increasing one’s sense that outcomes are fair or deserved. One implication of the system justifying properties of a strong BJW is examined; namely, that a strong BJW is related to less perceived discrimination. The chapter presents original research suggesting that a strong BJW might lead to less perceived discrimination directed at one personally when the presence of that discrimination is relatively ambiguous. System justifying beliefs are more generally examined by discussing moderators and mediators of the relation between these various beliefs (including a BJW) and justification of the status quo.
CHAPTER 10 No Atheists in Foxholes: Motivated Reasoning and Religious Belief
Authors: Willer Robb 
Published: May 2009

AbstractRecent research has focused on the motivational bases of political ideology. It is plausible that similar factors may drive the formation of religious ideology. Although explanations of the existence of religious beliefs in terms of their satisfaction of psychological needs date back centuries, limited empirical research links motivated reasoning to religious belief. This chapter reviews existing research on the role of motivation in the formation of religious belief systems, specifically research on the relationship between fear of death and afterlife belief. The results of two original, experimental studies are presented, investigating the hypothesis that fear of death leads to greater religious belief. The results of these studies suggest that a more parsimonious motivated reasoning account may explain the relationship between fear of death and afterlife belief better than one based on terror management theory. Taken together, findings support the notion that some religious beliefs can be usefully explained in motivational terms.
CHAPTER 14 Procedural Justice and System-Justifying Motivations
Authors: Feygina Irina , Tyler Tom R. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractFindings from system justification theory suggest that procedural justice information processing may be subject to motivational influences, and therefore may not always be accurate. In particular, experiencing procedural injustice may pose a threat to beliefs about the legitimacy and benevolence of the groups and systems a person inhabits and motivate a more positive reinterpretation of the experience in line with one's beliefs. This hypothesis was tested among 997 respondents to a survey concerning personal interactions with legal authorities. Results indicate that more conservative respondents, who exhibit a stronger motivation to justify the system compared with more liberal respondents, reported greater overall satisfaction with the authority figure, while adjusting for outcome favorability, and greater overall decision acceptance. In addition, more conservative respondents were less sensitive to decreases in procedural justice and showed a slower decrease in evaluations of the authority in response to experiencing greater injustice, compared to more liberal respondents. Implications for legitimacy of authorities and systems are discussed.
CHAPTER 17 Group Status and Feelings of Personal Entitlement: The Roles of Social Comparison and System-Justifying Beliefs
Authors: O'Brien Laurie T. , Major Brenda 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the relationship between group status and feelings of personal entitlement. Considered are two mechanisms that affect feelings of personal entitlement: social comparison processes and system justification. Biases to compare one’s outcomes with the outcomes of similar others and with one’s own past outcomes lead to different reference standards for people from high-status versus low-status groups. The use of different reference standards creates group differences in feelings of personal entitlement. System justifying beliefs justify hierarchical and unequal relationships among groups in society. System justifying beliefs lead to the inference that groups that possess more social goods (high-status groups) must have greater inputs (e.g., intelligence, skill) than groups with fewer social goods (low-status groups). The inference that high-status groups have more inputs than low-status groups may lead to the belief that they deserve greater outcomes and thus increase feelings of personal entitlement among members of high-status groups and decrease entitlement among members of low-status groups. The chapters describe a recent program of research on the role of system justifying beliefs in creating group differences in personal entitlement, and discuss potential strategies for eliminating group differences in personal entitlement as well as directions for future research.
CHAPTER 19 Acknowledging and Redressing Historical Injustices
Authors: Starzyk Katherine B. , Blatz Craig W. , Ross Mike 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents research and theory focusing on how individuals and governments respond to historical injustices. The chapter proposes that people and groups remember negative historical events more benignly, if they remember them at all, to maintain positive views of important groups and social systems. The focus is placed on studies demonstrating that people’s evaluations of reparations for past harms depend on situational variables, such as whether the harm happened in their own or another country. The chapter also connect people’s responses to reparations to the dual motivations to protect important groups and social systems, and examine the responses of members of a victimized minority and nonvictimized majority to a government apology for a historical injustice. Finally, the content of government offers of reparation is analyzed, to assess how these offers might enhance the social identities of both the victimized minority and nonvictimized majority, as well as affirm the current system of government and laws.