Abstract PO4-27-12: Increasing DAXX as a Novel Approach to Inhibit Breast Cancer Stem Cells and Estrogen Receptor-positive Tumor Recurrence
Authors: Osipo Clodia , Wyatt Debra , Albain Kathy 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Background: Resistance to endocrine therapy (ET; tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors, AI, or fulvestrant) in ER+ breast cancer (BC) could be due to survival of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs). BCSCs contribute to relapse of ER+ BC. We discovered a novel and potent anti-BCSC gene, Death Associated Protein 6 (DAXX) through a pre-surgical biomarker window study combining ET plus a Notch inhibitor [MK-0752, a g-secretase inhibitor (GSI)]. We also found that ET enhances the BCSC population by decreasing DAXX protein levels. In this current study, we measured DAXX protein levels in ER+ PDX tumors and human tumor tissues treated with ET. We determined the mechanism by which ET regulates DAXX expression at the level of protein stability. The goal of this study was to identify novel therapeutic strategies to prevent ET-mediated degradation of the DAXX protein, eliminate BCSCs, and prevent ER+ recurrence. Methods: ER+ BC cell lines (MCF-7 and T47D), an ER+ PDX BCM 5097 tumor line, and human breast cancer tumor samples were used. The ER+ PDX tumor (BCM 5097) was implanted into NSG mice and passaged into female athymic, nude mice-supplemented with an estradiol capsule. After one week, the estradiol capsule was removed from 10 mice, to mimic the use of AI. The remaining 10 mice retained the estradiol capsule. Tumor area was measured weekly up to 50 weeks. Western blotting detected ERa, the stem cell factor Notch4, and DAXX levels. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) detected DAXX protein levels. ER+ human tumor samples were collected prior to and after neoadjuvant treatment with ET (N=11) or chemotherapy (N=14) and stained for the DAXX protein. Correlations were made between DAXX and Ki67. Full length and deletion mutants of DAXX were expressed in ER+ BC cells. BCSCs were measured using the mammosphere forming assay. Liquid chromatography followed by mass spectrometry were used to detect phosphorylated residues of DAXX in response to ET. Kinases that phosphorylate these residues on DAXX were identified using PhosphoSite.org. ER+ cells were treated with kinase inhibitors for AURKA (alisertib), AURKB (barasertib), CK1 (CK-IN-1), or CK2 (CX-4945) and DAXX protein was detected by western blotting. BCSC survival was measured using mammosphere forming assay. Based on results from the kinase inhibitor screen, barasertib was selected for pre-clinical testing in mice. ER+ MCF-7 xenograft tumors were treated with vehicle or barasertib in vivo up to 120 days. Results: DAXX protein levels decreased in ER+ PDX tumors in response to ET. Similar trends were detected in human tumor tissue after ET or chemotherapy alone. DAXX protein levels inversely correlated with Ki67 in ER+ human tumor samples. Analysis of DAXX deletion mutants demonstrated that amino acids 400-740 of the DAXX protein were required to inhibit BCSC survival. This region of the DAXX protein had high levels of phosphorylated residues in response to ET. Only the AURKB (barasertib) inhibitor increased DAXX protein expression and inhibited BCSCs in a DAXX-dependent manner. Barasertib inhibited growth of ER+ MCF-7 tumor xenografts compared to the vehicle control. After treatment ceased, tumor recurrence was measured up to 120 days. Regrowth of tumors was partially delayed in response to barasertib. Conclusions: ET decreased DAXX protein levels in ER+ PDX and human tumors. Downregulation of the DAXX protein by ET was through activation of AURKB and hyper-phosphorylation of DAXX which resulted in protein degradation and enhanced survival of BCSCs. Therefore, Inhibition of AURKB using barasertib partially restored DAXX expression, inhibited BCSCs, and delayed tumor recurrence. A combination approach of ET plus an AURKB inhibitor might be a novel therapeutic strategy to prevent ER+ breast cancer relapse by increasing DAXX in order to eradicate BCSCs. Support: Breast Cancer Research Foundation
Citation Format: Clodia Osipo, Debra Wyatt, Kathy Albain. Increasing DAXX as a Novel Approach to Inhibit Breast Cancer Stem Cells and Estrogen Receptor-positive Tumor Recurrence [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO4-27-12.