bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of foundation flexibility and structural strength on response reduction factor of RC frame structures
Authors: Halabian Amir M. , Erfani Masoomeh 
Published: December 2010

SUMMARYCurrent force‐based design procedure adopted by most seismic design codes allows the seismic design of building structures to be based on static or dynamic analyses of elastic models of the structure using elastic design spectra. The codes anticipate that structures will undergo inelastic deformations under strong seismic events; therefore, such inelastic behaviour is usually incorporated into the design by dividing the elastic spectra by a factor, R, which reduces the spectrum from its original elastic demand level to a design level. The most important factors determining response reduction factors are the structural ductility and overstrength capacity. For a structure supporting on flexible foundation, as Soil Structure Interaction (SSI) extends the elastic period and increases damping of the structure‐foundation elastic system, the structural ductility could also be affected by frequency‐dependent foundation‐soil compliances. For inelastic systems supporting on flexible foundations, the inelastic spectra ordinates are greater than for elastic systems when presented in terms of flexible‐base structure's period. This implies that the reduction factors, which are currently not affected by the SSI effect, could be altered; therefore, the objective of this research is to evaluate the significance of foundation flexibility on force reduction factors of RC frame structures. In this research, by developing some generic RC frame models supporting on flexible foundations, effects of stiffness and strength of the structure on force reduction factors are evaluated for different relative stiffnesses between the structure and the supporting soil. Using a set of artificial earthquake records, repeated linear and nonlinear analyses were performed by gradually increasing the intensity of acceleration time histories to a level, where first yielding of steel in linear analysis and a level in which collapse of the structure in nonlinear analysis are observed. The difference between inelastic and elastic resistance in terms of displacement ductility factors has been quantified. The results indicated that the foundation flexibility could significantly change the response reduction factors of the system and neglecting this phenomenon may lead to erroneous conclusions in the prediction of seismic performance of flexibly supported RC frame structures. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental seismic evaluation of old concrete columns reinforced by plain bars
Authors: Arani Kamyar Karbasi , Marefat Mohammad S. , Amrollahi‐Biucky Abolfazl , Khanmohammadi Mohammad 
Published: December 2010

SUMMARYConcrete buildings reinforced by plain (smooth) bars are one of the special types of old reinforced concrete buildings that were generally built before the 1970s. As columns are generally the most important structural members of a framed structure, understanding their realistic seismic behavior is very helpful in estimating structural deformations, forces and energy dissipation capacities. Furthermore, in most of old‐framed building structures, columns play a key role in the final behavior because of strong beam–weak column conditions. This article reports the results of experimental monotonic and cyclic tests on four concrete column specimens reinforced by plain bars and with various types of splices. Through the experimental results, it tried to obtain more clarification on the complicated behavior of such old reinforced members as well as the differences compared with relevant results of columns reinforced by deformed bars. It was realized that slip (fixed‐end rotation) contribution is the major source of deformation in all specimens independent from type of splices. Moreover, general mode of behavior was restrained‐rocking action independent of type of splice detailing. A simple theory for the explanation of hysteresis force–displacement response was proposed. The theory assumes a concrete block rocking element that is restrained with plain bars at both ends. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reasoning, logic, and psychology
Authors: Stenning Keith , van Lambalgen Michiel 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWe argue that reasoning has been conceptualized so narrowly in what is known as ‘psychology of reasoning’ that reasoning's relevance to cognitive science has become well‐nigh invisible. Reasoning is identified with determining whether a conclusion follows validly from given premises, where ‘valid’ is taken to mean ‘valid according to classical logic’. We show that there are other ways to conceptualize reasoning, more in line with current logical theorizing, which give it a role in psychological processes ranging from (verbal) discourse comprehension to (nonverbal) planning. En route we show that formal logic, at present marginalized in cognitive science, can be an extremely valuable modeling tool. In particular, there are cases in which probabilistic modeling must fail, whereas logical models do well. WIREs Cogni Sci 2011 2 555–567 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.134This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Language
Candida albicans Tpk1p and Tpk2p isoforms differentially regulate pseudohyphal development, biofilm structure, cell aggregation and adhesins expression
Authors: Giacometti Romina , Kronberg Florencia , Biondi Ricardo M. , Passeron Susana 
Published: December 2010

AbstractCandida albicans undergoes a reversible morphological transition from single yeast cells to pseudohyphal and hyphal filaments. In this organism, cAMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKA), coded by two catalytic subunits (TPK1 and TPK2) and one regulatory subunit (BCY1), mediates basic cellular processes, such as the yeast‐to‐hypha transition and cell cycle regulation. It is known that both Tpk isoforms play positive roles in vegetative growth and filamentation, although distinct roles have been found in virulence, stress response and glycogen storage. However, little is known regarding the participation of Tpk1p and/or Tpk2p in pseudohyphal development. This point was addressed using several C. albicans PKA mutants having heterozygous or homozygous deletions of TPK1 and/or TPK2 in different BCY1 genetic backgrounds. We observed that under hypha‐only inducing conditions, all BCY1 heterozygous strains shifted growth toward pseudohyphal morphology; however, the pseudohypha:hypha ratio was higher in strains devoid of TPK2. Under pseudohypha‐only inducing conditions, strains lacking TPK2 were prone to develop short and branched pseudohyphae. In tpk2Δ/tpk2Δ strains, biofilm architecture was markedly less dense, composed of short pseudohyphae and blastospores with reduced adhesion ability to abiotic material, suggesting a significant defect in cell adherence. Immunolabelling assays showed a decreased expression of adhesins Als1p and Als3p only in the tpk2Δ/tpk2Δ strain. Complementation of this mutant with a wild‐type copy of TPK2 restored all the altered functions: pseudohyphae elongation, biofilm composition, cell aggregation and adhesins expression. Our study suggests that the Tpk2p isoform may be part of a mechanism underlying not only polarized pseudohyphal morphogenesis but also cell adherence. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brain activation associated with motor skill practice in children with developmental coordination disorder: an fMRI study
Authors: Zwicker Jill G. , Missiuna Cheryl , Harris Susan R. , Boyd Lara A. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractChildren with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) have difficulty in learning new motor skills. At present, it is not known whether these children employ a different set of brain regions than typically developing (TD) children during skilled motor practice. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we mapped brain activity associated with skilled motor practice of a trail‐tracing task in 7 children with DCD and 7 age‐matched controls (aged 8–12 years). We indexed change in motor performance as a reduction in tracing error from early practice to retention. Children with DCD showed less blood‐oxygen‐level‐dependent signal as compared to TD children in a network of brain regions associated with skilled motor practice: bilateral inferior parietal lobules (Brodmann Area (BA) 40), right lingual gyrus (BA 18), right middle frontal gyrus (BA 9), left fusiform gyrus (BA 37), right cerebellar crus I, left cerebellar lobule VI, and left cerebellar lobule IX. While no statistically significant differences were detected, effect size testing revealed that children with DCD demonstrated poorer tracing accuracy than TD children at retention (d = 0.48). Our results suggest that, compared to TD peers, children with DCD demonstrate under‐activation in cerebellar–parietal and cerebellar–prefrontal networks and in brain regions associated with visual‐spatial learning. These data suggest a neurobiological correlation with impaired learning of motor skills in children with DCD, which will need to be confirmed with a larger sample.
Are low‐literate and high‐literate consumers different? Applying resource‐matching theory to ad processing across literacy levels
Authors: Jae Haeran , DelVecchio Devon S. , Childers Terry L. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis research investigates whether low‐literate consumers process written advertisements differently than high‐literate consumers do. Consistent with resource‐matching theory (RMT), the first experiment reveals that, unlike high‐literate processors, when low‐literate processors read ads of moderate complexity, involvement with the ad does not affect processing. The second experiment extends RMT's applicability to both low‐ and high‐literate consumers by demonstrating that low‐literate processors' reading outcomes mirror those of high‐literate processors when ads are written to reflect their reading capability.
A Retrospective Clinical Analysis of Moderate to Severe Athletic Concussions
Authors: Cantu Robert C. , Guskiewicz Kevin , Register‐Mihalik Johna K. 
Published: December 2010

ObjectiveTo investigate differences in clinical outcomes on the basis of gender and age after a moderate or severe concussion in a cohort of physically active subjects examined by a single clinician.DesignA descriptive, cross‐sectional, retrospective chart review of consecutive patients.SettingOutpatient assessments by a single clinician with expertise in sports concussion.PatientsPhysically active subjects seen for evaluation after a concussion experienced while participating in sports (N = 194; 215 concussions; age mean ± standard deviation = 19.19 ± 8.53 years) were included.Interventions (Independent Variables)Intergroup differences and associations were examined by gender, age group (<18 years and 18+ years), and concussion grade for all outcome measures.Main Outcome MeasurementsSeparate χ2 tests were used to assess associations between gender, age group, and symptom duration group (≤7 days, 8‐90 days, >90 days), the presence of depression, the presence of loss of consciousness, altered school or work, and concussion grade. Separate independent samples t‐tests was used to examine differences in symptom reporting and time to recovery.ResultsNo association was observed between gender and any measured characteristics (P > .05). Subjects 18 years or older took longer to recover (315.77 days), compared with younger subjects (91.31 days) (t213 = −2.01, P = .049). Older subjects also reported more concussions than did younger ones, 4.33 and 2.37, respectively (t213 = −3.77, P < .001).ConclusionsAll concussions included in this study were moderate to severe in nature as defined by the Revised Cantu Grading Scale. Contrary to existing literature regarding gender differences in concussion of a lesser severity, no gender differences were observed in this sample. Age differences were observed, with the population of subjects who were 18 years and older experiencing a greater number and duration of concussion symptoms than the younger group. Developing evidence‐based return‐to‐play progressions and rehabilitation strategies in this population is the next frontier for concussion researchers.
Intensive Electrical Stimulation Attenuates Femoral Bone Loss in Acute Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Groah Suzanne L. , Lichy Alison M. , Libin Alexander V. , Ljungberg Inger 
Published: December 2010

ObjectiveTo determine whether intensive electrical stimulation (ES) can reduce femoral bone mineral density (BMD) loss in acute spinal cord injury (SCI).DesignRandomized controlled trial.SettingInpatient rehabilitation hospital.ParticipantsTwenty‐six subjects with C4 to T12 American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale A or B SCI less than 12 weeks postinjury.MethodsThe control group received usual rehabilitative care and the intervention group received usual care plus 1 hour of ES over the quadriceps 5 days per week for 6 weeks.Main Outcome MeasurementsOutcome measurements were collected at baseline, postintervention (interim), and 3 months postinjury (follow‐up), and included dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry, serum osteocalcin (OC), and urinary N‐telopeptide (NTx).ResultsIn the control group, there was increasing BMD loss with distance from the spine (lumbar −1.88%, hip −12.25%, distal femur −15.15%, proximal tibia −17.40%). This trend was attenuated over the distal femur in the ES group (lumbar −1.29%, hip −14.45%, distal femur −7.40%, proximal tibia −12.31%). NTx increased over the 3 assessments in controls ([mean ± standard deviation] 115.00 ± 34.10, 154.86 ± 70.41, and 171.33 ± 75.8 nmol/mmol creatinine) compared with the ES group (160.56 ± 140.06, 216.71 ± 128.40, and 154.67 ± 69.12 nmol/mmol creatinine)—all of which were elevated compared with the reference range, and the differences between the 2 groups were not significant. Osteocalcin levels markedly decreased in the control group (12.90 ± 7.30, 24.00 ± 4.29, and 6.40 ± 7.28 μg/L) to subnormal levels, and remained stable and in the normal range in the ES group (13.80 ± 7.64, 11.86 ± 6.77, and 14.80 ± 12.91 μg/L), although differences between the groups were not significant.ConclusionsLower extremity BMD loss increases with distance from the spine. An intensive lower extremity ES program may attenuate BMD loss locally after acute motor complete SCI, although it is unknown whether these benefits are maintained in the long term.
Central Versus Lower Body Obesity Distribution and the Association With Lower Limb Physical Function and Disability
Authors: Foster Norah A. , Segal Neil A. , Clearfield Jacob S. , Lewis Cora E. , Keysor Julie , Nevitt Michael C. , Torner James C. 
Published: December 2010

ObjectiveTo determine whether fat distribution in obese adults is significantly associated with decreased function and increased disability.DesignCross‐sectional epidemiologic analysis.SettingMulticenter, community‐based study.ParticipantsMulticenter Osteoarthritis Study participants included adults ages 50–79 years at high risk of developing or already possessing knee osteoarthritis. A total of 549 men and 892 women from the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study who had a body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 and who underwent dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans were included in these analyses. Exclusion criteria included bilateral knee replacements, cancer, or other rheumatologic disease.MethodsBody fat distribution was determined using baseline DEXA scan data. A ratio of abdominal fat in grams compared with lower limb fat in grams (trunk:lower limb fat ratio) was calculated. Participants were divided into quartiles of trunk:lower limb fat ratio, with highest and lowest quartiles representing central and lower body obesity, respectively. Backward elimination linear regression models stratified by gender were used to analyze statistical differences in function and disability between central and lower body obesity groups.Main Outcome MeasuresLower limb physical function measures included 20‐meter walk time, chair stand time, and peak knee flexion and extension strength. Disability was assessed using the Late Life Function and Disability Index.ResultsTrunk:lower limb fat ratio was not significantly associated with physical function or disability in women or men (P value .167–.972). Total percent body fat (standardized β = –0.1533 and –0.1970 in men and women, respectively) was a better predictor of disability when compared with trunk:lower limb fat ratio (standardized β = 0.0309 and 0.0072).ConclusionsAlthough fat distribution patterns may affect clinical outcomes in other areas, lower limb physical function and disability do not appear to be significantly influenced by the distribution of fat in obese older adults with, or at risk for, knee osteoarthritis. These data do not support differential treatment of functional limitations based on fat distribution.
THE IDEAL STRUCTURE OF SEMIGROUPS OF TRANSFORMATIONS WITH RESTRICTED RANGE
Authors: MENDES-GONÇALVES SUZANA , SULLIVAN R. P. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractLet Y be a fixed nonempty subset of a set X and let T(X,Y ) denote the semigroup of all total transformations from X into Y. In 1975, Symons described the automorphisms of T(X,Y ). Three decades later, Nenthein, Youngkhong and Kemprasit determined its regular elements, and more recently Sanwong, Singha and Sullivan characterized all maximal and minimal congruences on T(X,Y ). In 2008, Sanwong and Sommanee determined the largest regular subsemigroup of T(X,Y ) when |Y |≠1 and Y ≠ X; and using this, they described the Green’s relations on T(X,Y ) . Here, we use their work to describe the ideal structure of T(X,Y ) . We also correct the proof of the corresponding result for a linear analogue of T(X,Y ) .
The impact of the catechol-O-methyltransferase genotype on the acute responsiveness of vascular reactivity to a green tea extract
Authors: Miller Rosalind J. , Jackson Kim G. , Dadd Tony , Mayes Andrew E. , Louise Brown A. , Minihane Anne M. 
Published: December 2010

The beneficial effects of green tea catechins, such as the proposed improvement in endothelial function, may be influenced by phase II metabolism during and after absorption. The methylation enzyme, catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), has a missense mutation rs4680 (G to A), proposed to result in a 40 % reduction in enzyme activity. In the present pilot study, twenty subjects (ten of each homozygous COMT genotype) were recruited. Green tea extract capsules (836 mg green tea catechins) were given in a fasted state, and a high-carbohydrate breakfast was given after 60 min. Blood samples and vascular function measurements were taken at regular intervals. The change in digital volume pulse stiffness index (SI) from baseline was shown to be different between genotype groups at 120 and 240 min, with a lower SI in the GG individuals (P ≤ 0·044). The change in blood pressure from baseline also differed between genotype groups, with a greater increase in systolic (P = 0·023) and diastolic (P = 0·034) blood pressure at 120 min in the GG group. The AA group was shown to have a greater increase in insulin concentrations at 120 min (P = 0·019) and 180 min (P = 0·008) compared with baseline, despite similar glucose profiles. No genotypic differences were found in vascular reactivity measured using laser Doppler iontophoresis, total nitrite, lipids, plasma total antioxidant capacity or inflammatory markers after ingestion of the green tea extract. In conclusion, SI and insulin response to the glucose load differed between the COMT genotype groups, and this may be suggestive of a green tea extract and genotype interaction.
The pterosaurian remains from the Grünbach Formation (Campanian, Gosau Group) of Austria: a reappraisal of ‘Ornithocheirus buenzeli’
Authors: BUFFETAUT ERIC , ŐSI ATTILA , PRONDVAI EDINA 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe fragmentary pterosaur material from the Campanian Grünbach Formation (Gosau Group) of Muthmannsdorf (Austria), previously identified asOrnithocheirus buenzeliBunzel, 1871, is revised. A lower jaw fragment shows a helical type of articulation, which is known in several families of pterosaurs, and cannot be identified with great accuracy. The proximal part of a humerus shows distinctive features that allow it to be referred to as a member of the family Azhdarchidae, which is widespread in the Late Cretaceous Period of Europe.Ornithocheirus buenzeliis considered anomen dubium. The pterosaur material from the Grünbach Formation cannot be used as evidence for the presence of ornithocheirids in the Late Cretaceous of Europe.
IV. Big-Business Pressure Groups and Bismarck's Turn to Protectionism, 1873–79
Authors: Böhme Helmut 
Published: December 2010

Although the first decade of the German Empire has long been a central topic of historical research, the question with which this essay is concerned—Bismarck's relationship to the pressure groups at this time—cannot be answered satisfactorily on the basis of the material known hitherto. This is due to the fact that until very recently historians have concentrated on the diplomatic-political occurrences. Bismarck's eastern policy, the Livadia affair, the ‘war-in-sight crisis’, the Berlin Congress, and the change from the Three Emperors' Alliance to the ‘Eternal’ Treaty with the Danube monarchy—these are the events always used to demonstrate Bismarck's ‘genius’ in the field of foreign policy. On the problem of the ‘Kulturkampf’ much less effort has been expended. Here Bismarck's outstanding political skill was not as apparent as it was in his judgement of international relations. Moreover, this question was bound up from the very beginning with a strong ideological bias which only slightly weakened after World War II for the first time. Even less attention has been paid to the problems of domestic and social policy and economic developments have been almost totally neglected. It is true that these items have recently obtained new historical relevance from the new socio-political point of view, but up to the present day they have not been clarified. The chief general contributions of this kind have been published by non-German historians (e.g. Rosenberg, Lambi, and Pflanze) in the United States or in Canada. These studies, however, give inadequate answers to specific questions, as do the detailed essays of Karl-Erich Born and Wolfgang Zorn with their systematizing way of reflexion. They do not deal with our formulation of the question: the relationship between economic development and political events in a comparatively short period. Nevertheless, the essays of Born and Zorn will serve as a starting-point for our own investigation. Born in particular realizes the urgent need for more detailed research in the social and economic sphere, and pleads for a ‘supplementary’ approach (Ergänzungsgeschichte). He states thatthe history of the aristocracy during the industrial age has to be completed by studies dealing with the history of the trade unions; by dissertations on the history of industrial branches, commercial centres, and companies; and last but not least by works on the disintegration of the old bourgeoisie. Then we shall be able to extend the political history of the German Empire, which is largely clarified, to a comprehensive view of a German historical epoch by adding the social and economic history of the late nineteeth century.