bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and Characterization of Edible Films from Cranberry Pomace Extracts
Authors: Park Su‐il , Zhao Yanyun 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe feasibility of using cranberry pomace extract as a new film‐forming material was studied. Cranberry pomaces were extracted using hot water. Low methoxyl pectin (LMP) or high methoxyl pectin (HMP) at a concentration of 0.50% or 0.75% (w/w) and 0.25% (w/w) sorbitol or glycerol was incorporated into film‐forming solutions (FFSs) for improving film functionality. Proximate compositions of cranberry pomace and its extract were determined. The pH and total soluble solid content (SSC) of FFSs, physical and mechanical properties, water vapor permeability, and microstructure of dried films were analyzed. About 1.4% (w/w) of solids was obtained from cranberry pomace water extracts, of which about 93% was carbohydrate. Dried films had bright red color and strong cranberry flavor. Films plasticized with sorbitol were denser in matrix structure and had higher color intensity than those of glycerol plasticized films. In general, LMP and sorbitol incorporated films had higher tensile strength and lower elongation at break and lower water vapor permeability than other films. The higher (0.75%) pectin concentration resulted in increased tensile strength, but decreased elongation at break. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that sorbitol added films had more regular and compact cross‐section structure than those of glycerol added films. This study demonstrated that it is feasible to create natural colorful and fruit flavor edible films from fruit pomace water extracts. Depending on specific applications of the films, targeted film functionality can be achieved by incorporating proper pectin type and concentration and plasticizer into pomace extracts.
Improving Microbial Growth Prediction by Product Unit Neural Networks
Authors: Hervás‐Martíanez Cesar , Garcíaa‐Gimeno Rosa M. , Martíanez‐Estudillo Alfonso C. , Martíanez‐Estudillo Francisco J. , Zurera‐Cosano Gonzalo 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThis article presents a new approach to the Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) modeling of bacterial growth; using Neural Network models based on Product Units (PUNN) instead of on sigmoidal units (multilayer perceptron type [MLP]) of kinetic parameters (lag‐time, growth rate, and maximum population density) of Leuconostoc mesenteroides and those factors affecting their growth such as storage temperature, pH, NaCl, and NaNO2 concentrations under anaerobic conditions. To enable the best degree of interpretability, a series of simple rules to simplify the expression of the model were set up. The new model PUNN was compared with Response Surface (RS) and MLP estimations developed previously. Standard Estimation Error of generalization (SEPG’) values obtained by PUNN were lower for lag‐time and growth rate but higher for maximum population density than MLP when validated against a new data set. In all cases, bias factors (Bf) and accuracy factors (Af) were close to unity, which indicates a good fit between the observations and predictions for the 3 models. In our study, PUNN and MLP models were more complex than the RS models, especially in the case of the growth rate parameter, but they described lower SEPG’. With this work we have attempted to propose a new approach to neural networks estimations for its application on predictive microbiology, searching for models with easier interpretation and with a great ability to fit the data on the boundaries of variables range. We consider that still there is a lot left to do but PUNN could be a very valuable instrument for mathematical modeling.
Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes by Nisin Combined with Grape Seed Extract or Green Tea Extract in Soy Protein Film Coated on Turkey Frankfurters
Authors: Theivendran Sivarooban , Hettiarachchy Navam S. , Johnson Michael G. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of grape seed extract (GSE), green tea extract (GTE), nisin and their combinations (nisin with either GSE or GTE) againstListeria monocytogenes. The inhibitory effect of these natural compounds was evaluated in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) medium containing approximately 109colony‐forming units (CFU/mL) ofL. monocytogenes.The effectiveness of these compounds in a meat model system was evaluated by surface inoculation (approximately 106CFU/g) ofL. monocytogenesonto turkey frankfurters. The inoculated frankfurters were dipped into soy protein film‐forming solutions with and without the addition of antimicrobial agents (GSE 1% or GTE 1% or nisin 10000 IU or combinations). Samples were stored at either 4 °C or 10 °C. The inhibitory effects of edible coatings were evaluated on a weekly basis for 28 d. The greatest inhibitory effect was observed in the PBS medium containing GSE (1%) and nisin (10000 IU/mL), which caused a 9‐log cycle reduction ofL. monocytogenespopulation after 3 h incubation at 37 °C. In the meat system, theL. monocytogenespopulation (7.1 CFU/g) was decreased by more than 2 log cycle after 28 d at 4 °C and 10 °C, in the samples containing nisin (10000 IU) combined with either GSE (1%) or GTE (1%). This research has demonstrated that the use of an edible film coating containing both nisin and natural extracts is a promising means of controlling the growth and recontamination ofL. monocytogeneson ready‐to‐eat meat products.
Influence of Injection, Packaging, and Storage Conditions on the Quality of Beef and Bison Steaks
Authors: Pietrasik Zbigniew , Dhanda Jagvinder S. , Shand Phyllis J. , Pegg Ronald B. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe combined effects of injection, packaging (modified atmosphere packaging [MAP] with 70% O2/ 30% CO2 and vacuum packaging [VP]), storage temperature (‐1 °C and +4 °C), and storage time on the color, microbial and oxidative stability of beef and bison longissimus lumborum (LL) steaks were investigated. Beef LL steaks in MAP retained their bright red color longer than bison steaks. Bison steaks developed higher 2‐Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) during storage, and this might have influenced the resulting rapid loss of redness from the bloomed meat. Storage at ‐1 °C in MAP provided greater color stability and a longer storage life for both meat species studied. Injection of salt/phosphate had a beneficial effect on the color stability of steaks during retail display; however, this positive effect was more pronounced for bison steaks compared with those of beef. Steaks stored overnight under MAP before retail display maintained the highest a* values for up to 5 d compared with those stored under vacuum. MAP‐OV steaks generally maintained the highest OMB content for up to 5 d during retail display compared with those stored under vacuum. Nevertheless, OMB levels were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in bison steaks compared with those of beef irrespective of packaging treatments. Injected steaks and those stored at ‐1 °C had significantly (P < 0.05) higher OMB levels compared with non‐injected counterparts and those stored at +4 °C, respectively. MAP is an excellent option for short‐term storage due to its positive effects on meat color, but for longer storage, VP may be necessary. Storing meat under vacuum and then placing it under MAP just before retail display might be another option to increase shelf life.
Frozen Wild Blueberry‐Tofu‐Soymilk Desserts
Authors: Camire Mary Ellen , Dougherty Michael P. , Teh Yean‐Hoong 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTBoth wild (lowbush) blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) and soybeans (Glycine max L.) possess a variety of antioxidants, and both foods appear to have multiple health benefits. Our objectives were to identify whether wild blueberry juice concentrate was more acceptable than puree in frozen desserts with a soy milk‐tofu base; to determine whether fat‐free products were as acceptable as those with 10% added fat; and to compare several levels of blueberry juice concentrate. Four frozen dessert formulations were prepared in duplicate from soy milk, silken tofu, sucrose, stabilizer, BJC or puree, soybean oil or polydextrose, sweetened dried blueberries, salt, and lemon juice. Samples were assayed for total anthocyanins, antioxidant activity using the DPPH method, color, overrun, and solids. Fifty‐five persons evaluated the samples using a 9‐point hedonic scale for color, flavor, texture, and overall acceptability. Samples containing blueberry juice concentrate were darker and less blue. Anthocyanin levels were highest in the puree sample and the fat‐free product with 7.8% blueberry juice concentrate. However, antioxidant activity was highest (28 Trolox equivalents per gram) in the samples made with soybean oil and 7.4% blueberry juice concentrate. The puree formulation received higher hedonic scores than did the low‐fat blueberry juice concentrate formulations. The puree formulation received overall acceptability scores of like very much or like extremely by 45% of the consumers. These findings may aid processors in defining potential formulations that combine 2 healthful food ingredients.
Effect of Modified Atmosphere Packaging and Soluble Gas Stabilization on the Shelf Life of Skinless Chicken Breast Fillets
Authors: Rotabakk Bjørn T. , Birkeland Sveinung , Jeksrud Willy K. , Sivertsvik Morten 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe suitability of soluble gas stabilization (SGS) to dissolve CO2 into skinless chicken breast fillets before modified atmosphere (MA) packaging (MAP) was investigated. Head space gas composition (%), top web deflation (mm), muscle surface color (Minolta L*a*b*), pH, exudates in the packages (%), microbial characteristics, and off‐odor were assessed in the packaged fillets. Increased SGS treatment time (2 versus 12 h) before MA packaging increased the CO2 content in the packaged fillets and counteracted package collapse. High package filling degree (51.8%) (low gas to product volume ratio) gave significantly (P < 0.001) lower CO2 content in head space than normal filling degree (29.7%). Color, pH, and package exudates were not affected by SGS treatment. Aerobic plate count (APC), Enterbacteriaceae count (EC), and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) increased significantly (P < 0.001) at each sampling during storage (5, 11, 17, and 24 d). SGS treatment significantly (P < 0.015) decreased APC, EC, and Pseudomonas spp. counts (PC) compared with no SGS treatment. Filling degree did not have a significant effect on the investigated microbiological characteristics. Off‐odor scores correlated highest with EC (r2(adj)= 0.82). Fillets SGS treated in 12 h were the only one not rejected at off‐odor evaluation on day 24. The samples stored in air spoiled after 5 d. SGS treatment in combination with MAP can be used successfully on chicken breast fillets to improve the microbiological (APC, EC, and PC) and sensorial characteristics, and in addition reduce package collapse and possibly increase the filling degree.
Induction of Quinone Reductase, The Phase 2 Anticarcinogenic Marker Enzyme, in Hepa1c1c7 Cells by Radish Sprouts, Raphanus sativus L.
Authors: Lee Syng‐Ook , Lee In‐Seon 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe activity of a methanol extract of radish sprouts for the induction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) NAD(P)H/quinone reductase (QR), which plays critical roles in protection against chemical carcinogens and other toxic xenobiotics, was examined in murine Hepa1c1c7 cells. The methanol extract induced QR activity in a dose‐dependent manner in the concentration range of 0.2 to 1.6 mg/mL with a maximum of a 3.5‐fold increase in induction. The induction of QR by the extract was regulated at the transcriptional level. Using a Western blotting analysis and Ah‐receptor‐defective mutant of Hepa1c1c7 cells (BPrc1 cells), the extracts at a concentration of 0.8 mg/mL or lower was found to be a monofunctional inducer and caused no elevation in cytochrome P‐450 level that may activate carcinogens. The dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) fraction of the extract showed the highest induction potency while the other fractions were less potent. These results indicate that radish sprouts can be regarded as a safe and promising new dietary source for decreasing the risk of developing cancer.
Effects of Low‐dose Electron Beam Irradiation on Respiration, Microbiology, Texture, Color, and Sensory Characteristics of Fresh‐cut Cantaloupe Stored in Modified‐atmosphere Packages
Authors: Boynton Bryan B. , Welt Bruce A. , Sims Charles A. , Balaban Murat O. , Brecht Jeffery K. , Marshall Maurice R. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTFresh‐cut cantaloupe was placed in modified‐atmosphere packages (4% oxygen, 10% carbon dioxide) and irradiated at 0 (control), 0.5, and 1.0 kGy. Irradiated samples had a lower and more stable rate of respiration than non‐irradiated samples over about 20 d. Total plate counts were higher (P < 0.05) in non‐irradiated control samples through day 11 (Trial 1) and for all dates tested (Trial 2). Color and texture remained stable for the duration of each study as measured by instruments and trained sensory panels. Sensory evaluation rated the 1.0‐kGy sample highest in “sweetness” and “cantaloupe flavor intensity” and lowest in “off‐flavor” after 17 (±3) d of storage. Low‐dose electron beam irradiation of fresh‐cut cantaloupe with modified‐atmosphere packaging offers promise as a method of extending shelf life.
Chronic Hypoosmolality Induces a Selective Decrease in Magnocellular Neurone Soma and Nuclear Size in the Rat Hypothalamic Supraoptic Nucleus
Authors: Zhang B. , Glasgow E. , Murase T. , Verbalis J. G. , Gainer H. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe magnocellular neurones of the hypothalamo‐neurohypophysial system (HNS) play a vital role in the maintenance of body homeostasis by regulating oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) secretion from the posterior pituitary. During hyperosmolality, OT and VP mRNA levels are known to increase by approximately two‐fold, whereas during chronic hypoosmolality, OT and VP mRNA levels decrease to approximately 10–20% of basal levels. In these studies, we evaluated changes in cell size associated with these physiological conditions. Cell and nuclear sizes of neurones in the supraoptic nucleus (SON), the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) and the medial habenular nucleus (MHB) were measured from neurones identified by in situ hybridization histochemistry for βIII‐tubulin mRNA, and measurements were made from OT and AVP magnocellular neurones in the SON after phenotypic identification by immunohistochemistry. Under hypoosmolar conditions, the cell and nuclear sizes of OT and VP magnocellular neurones decreased to approximately 60% of basal values, whereas cell and nuclear sizes of OT and VP neurones in hyperosmolar rats increased to approximately 170% of basal values. In contrast, neither hyperosmolality, nor hypoosmolality significantly affected cell and nuclear sizes in the LOT and MHB. These results confirm previous studies that showed that magnocellular neurones increase cell size in response to hyperosmolar conditions and, for the first time, demonstrate a marked decrease in cell size in the SON in response to chronic hypoosmolar conditions. These dramatic changes in cell and nuclear size directly parallel changes in OT and VP gene expression in the magnocellular neurones of the SON and, consequently, are consistent with the pronounced bidirectional changes in gene expression and cellular activity found during these osmotic perturbations. Our results therefore support the concept of global alterations in the synthetic activity of magnocellular OT and AVP neurones in response to extracellular osmolality.
Manipulating the In Vivo mRNA Expression Profile of FSHβ to Resemble that of LHβ Does Not Promote a Concomitant Increase in Intracellular Storage of Follicle‐Stimulating Hormone
Authors: Brown P. , McNeilly J. R. , Evans J. G. , Crawford G. M. , Walker M. , Christian H. C. , McNeilly A. S. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe β‐subunits of luteinizing hormone (LHβ) and follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSHβ) are differentially expressed, and this may contribute to the unique expression and storage patterns of LH and FSH. Therefore, to determine if the in vivo expression profile of FSHβ could be altered to that of LHβ, a truncated ovine FSHβ (oFSHβ) gene, which would encode a mRNA lacking the putative destabilizing 3′ untranslated region, was fused downstream of the ovine LHβ (oLHβ) promoter and expressed in transgenic mice. In two independent lines, line 16 and 17, we measured oFSHβ, mouse LHβ (mLHβ) and mouse FSHβ (mFSHβ) mRNA levels: (i) after castration in males; (ii) after administering inhibin to ovariectomized mice; and (iii) during the oestrous cycle. In each experiment, the expression profile of oFSHβ mRNA mimicked mLHβ and not mFSHβ mRNA. In addition, after actinomycin D treatment of pituitary cultures, while mFSHβ mRNA did decay, there was no measurable decay of the oFSHβ mRNA transcript. These differences increased total FSHβ steady‐state mRNA expression levels in male transgenics. However, there was no detectable increase in pituitary FSH by either radioimmunoassay or western blotting analysis of pituitary extracts. Subsequent analysis revealed that pituitary FSHβ in line 16 was heavily glycosylated; in contrast, pituitary FSHβ in line 17 was largely unmodified. These differences in post‐translational modification of the β‐subunit, and the lack of intracellular storage, contributed to increased plasma FSH levels and ovulation rate in line 16, but not line 17. In conclusion, the expression profile of oFSHβ mRNA was manipulated to mimic mLHβ mRNA and this increased FSHβ mRNA expression levels, but did not increase storage of FSH. This suggests that, regardless of the levels of synthesis, post‐translational sorting preferentially promotes FSH secretion from the pituitary.
Oestrogen‐Induced Changes in the Synaptology of the Monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) Arcuate Nucleus During Gonadotropin Feedback
Authors: Zsarnovszky A. , Horvath T. L. , Garcia‐Segura L. M. , Horvath B. , Naftolin F. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTo assess their role in the regulation of gonadotropin secretion in primates, we determined the number of synaptic connections on gondotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)‐ and non‐GnRH neurones of the arcuate nucleus of ovariectomized (OVX) and OVX plus oestradiol benzoate‐treated African green monkeys. After 24 h (day 1), 48 h (day 2) and 8 days (day 8), we performed immunostaining for GnRH. Using electron microscopy, synapses on GnRH‐ and randomly selected non‐GnRH neurones were counted and characterized according to the classification of Gray (symmetric/inhibitory or asymmetric/excitatory). Serum concentrations of oestradiol (OVX) needed to 232 pg/ml on day 1, 63 pg/ml on day 2 and 45 pg/ml on day 8. Concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) fell after ovariectomy to 9 µg/ml on day 1, surged to 93 µg/ml on day 2 and declined again by day 8. (a) Ten days after ovariectomy, there were no synapses on GnRH neurones, whereas non‐GnRH cells received substantial inhibitory innervation and moderate excitatory input. (b) On day 1, GnRH neurones had highest numbers of inhibitory synapses, while inhibitory synapses on non‐GnRH neurones decreased, whereas numbers of excitatory synapses remained relatively unchanged compared to OVX monkeys. (c) By day 2, synapses on GnRH neurones decreased, while synapses increased on non‐GnRH cells compared to day 1. (d) On day 8, the most pronounced alteration on GnRH cells was an elevated inhibitory input while non‐GnRH neurones received the fewest synapses compared to day 2. We conclude that during an oestrogen‐induced LH surge, synapses on GnRH‐ and mixed non‐GnRH neurones are differentially regulated. These findings suggest that oestrogen modulation of arcuate nucleus synapses may be important in the regulation of gonadotropin secretion in monkeys.
SYNTHESIS OF PEPTIDE ANALOGS OF THE N‐TERMINAL EICOSAPEPTIDE SEQUENCE OF RIBONUCLEASE A.
Authors: Borin G. , Toniolo C. , Moroder L. , Marchiori F. , Rocchi R. , Scoffone E. 
Published: August 2010

Synthesis of the S‐peptide analog in which the arginyl residue in position 10 and the histidyl residue in position 12 are simultaneously replaced by two ornithines is described. The stereochemical homogeneity of the [Orn 10, Orn 12]‐S‐peptide has been assessed by digestion with aminopeptidase M. The ability of the synthetic S‐peptide analog to bind and to activate S‐protein was tested, before and after guanidination, by exploring its capacity to compete with S‐peptide for S‐protein and to generate ribonuclease activity when recombined with S‐protein.The binding capacity of the synthetic material has been also evaluated by differential spectroscopy. Both the examined products failed to activate S‐protein at a molar ratio as high as 500:1 with RNA, cytidine 2′, 3′‐cyclic phosphate, and cytidylyl (3′‐5′) cytidine as substrate. Moreover, inhibition studies and spectrophotometric measurements showed that the synthetic S‐peptide analog as well as its guanidinated derivative are also unable to bind to S‐protein. It seems that the histidyl residue in position 12 in the S‐peptide sequence, in addition to the critical role played in the catalytic function, should be also important in the association process between S‐peptide and S‐protein.
URINARY PROTEINS OF THE NORMAL RAT
Authors: Perassi Ruth , Martin Alejandro 
Published: August 2010

The protein composition of normal male rat urine and the possible origin of its components were studied immunologically.At least sixteen antigenic components were identified, eight of which showed immunological identity to serum proteins. These are: albumin, three alpha1 (alpha1B,alphas1C,and alphas1D), two alpha2, beta2c, and gamma globulin. These components seem to arise from the blood by glomerular filtration.The other eight components did not show immunologic identity with serum proteins. Two components migrated in the rho zone, five or six in the alpha2 zone, and one in the beta zone.The antigenic relationship between tissue‐like proteins in the urine, and proteins extracted from the kidney, urinary tract or related organ tissues, was also studied. Antiserum to whole rat urine absorbed with rat serum gave two precipitin lines with kidney extract, one with the ureter, one with the bladder, three with the prostate, three with the bulbo urethral glands, two with the mixture of testis, epididymis, and ductus deferens, and two with the mixture of seminal vesicle and coagulating glands. With this same antiserum some of the tissue extracts gave reactions of identity among themselves.
PREPARATION OF SOME 2‐PHENYLISOPROPYLOXYCARBONYL AMINO ACIDS. EVALUATION OF THEIR PROPERTIES WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO APPLICATION IN SOLID PHASE PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS
Authors: Sandberg Bengt E. B. , Ragnarsson Ulf 
Published: August 2010

For temporary protection of the α‐amino function in amino acids to be used in peptide synthesis in general and solid‐phase peptide synthesis in particular, some new 2‐phenylisopropyloxycarbonyl amino acids have been prepared from the corresponding phenyl carbonate in dimethylsulphoxide using tetramethylguanidine as the base. Experiments so far indicate that these derivatives might be attractive as a substitute for the structurally related, very acid‐labile Bpoc‐amino acids, whose main advantages they seem to share. In our opinion, however, 2‐phenylisopropyloxycarbonyl amino acids have several advantages over Bpoc‐derivatives. They are much more economically prepared, generally more easily characterized, and show improved stability on storage. Their preparation on any laboratory scale is nearly as simple as in the case of Boc‐ and Z‐amino acids.Rate profiles for removal of the protecting group under solid‐phase peptide synthesis conditions are presented. Finally, the new derivatives have been applied to the synthesis of bradykinin using Merrifield's technique.