bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Labour Market and Economic Impacts of International Working Holiday Temporary Migrants to Australia
Authors: Tan Yan , Lester Laurence H. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper contributes to the scant literature on the labour market and on the economic consequences of temporary migrants to Australia under the Working Holiday Maker (WHM) programme. Data from two large surveys in 2008, one of WHMs and one of firms that employed WHMs, were used to evaluate the labour market and the economic impacts of WHMs by the application of descriptive analysis and econometric modelling. The analysis demonstrates that the net impact of WHMs is positive for the Australian economy and for employment by increasing the demand for Australian workers because WHMs spend more than they earn while in Australia. We estimate that every 100 WHM arrivals created about five net full‐time equivalent jobs in Australia. Moreover, the supply of WHM labour is of particular importance to employers in regional areas, especially agricultural enterprises who employ them to supply farm labour. More than half of WHM jobs in Australia were in two industries: ‘accommodation’ and ‘agriculture’. Nonetheless, the majority of jobs in which WHMs worked are low skilled, low paid, and in urban areas. In these jobs, WHMs compete with the local low‐skilled labour force and with local youth who seek similar types of jobs. To manage effectively Australia's migration and labour trends and to place the WHM programme in context, it is necessary to understand the increasing demand for short‐term casual labour and the associated lack of supply, especially in regional primary and urban hospitality industry. This paper adds to current understanding by examining these issues in detail. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The microscopic response method: Theory of transport for systems with both topological and thermal disorder
Authors: Zhang MingLiang , Drabold D. A. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn this paper, we review and substantially develop the recently proposed “Microscopic Response Method,” which has been devised to compute transport coefficients and especially associated temperature dependence in complex materials. The conductivity and Hall mobility of amorphous semiconductors (ASs) and semiconducting polymers are systematically derived, and shown to be more practical than the Kubo formalism. The effect of a quantized lattice (phonons) on transport coefficients is fully included and then integrated out, providing the primary temperature dependence for the transport coefficients. For higher‐order processes, using a diagrammatic expansion, one can consistently include all important contributions to a given order and directly write out the expressions of transport coefficients for various processes.
Structural and electronic properties of Fe3O4/graphene/Ni(111) junctions
Authors: Dedkov Yu. S. , Generalov A. , Voloshina E. N. , Fonin M. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe Fe3O4(111)/graphene/Ni(111) trilayer is proposed to be used as an ideal spin‐filtering sandwich where the half‐metallic properties of magnetite are used. Thin magnetite layers on graphene/Ni(111) were prepared via successive oxidation of a thin iron layer predeposited on graphene/Ni(111) and the formed system was investigated by means of low‐energy electron diffraction and photoelectron spectroscopy. The electronic structure and structural quality of the graphene film sandwiched between two ferromagnetic layers remain unchanged upon magnetite formation as confirmed by experimental data.magnified imagePreparation of the HMF/graphene/FM junction.(© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Physico‐chemical and functional properties of starch isolated from ginger spent
Authors: Madeneni Madhava Naidu , Faiza Sheema , Ramaswamy Ravi , Guha Manisha , Pullabhatla Srinivas 
Published: May 2011

AbstractStudies were carried out on starch isolated from ginger spent, obtained after the extraction of oleoresin, to explore the possibility of its use as a food ingredient. AM content was found to be 25.5%. SEM showed the granules were disc‐shaped as well as ovoid with a smooth surface. The average granule size was 22.5 ± 3.5 µ in length and 16.9 ± 4.8 µ in width with thickness of ∼3 µ. Ginger spent starch exhibited a high gelatinization temperature (88°C), peak viscosity (678 Brabender units (BU)) and cold paste viscosity (777 BU). It also possessed low paste clarity and higher freeze–thaw stability. Dynamic rheological properties of ginger spent flour, measured using parallel plate geometry showed that the storage modulus (G′) increased and loss modulus (G″) decreased as a function of frequency. Starch from ginger spent flour with high gelatinization temperature and low in vitro starch digestibility (45%) is suitable to use for development of speciality food formulations.
Effect of storage temperature on starch retrogradation of bread staling
Authors: Aguirre Juan Francisco , Osella Carlos Alberto , Carrara Carlos Roberto , Sánchez Hugo Diego , Buera María del Pilar 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe objective of the present work was to study the effect of bread storage temperature on starch retrogradation, using water activity measurement and X‐ray diffractometry technique to analyse the changes produced in the crumb firmness such as recrystallization. When storing bread with crust, the crust tends to trap moisture from the crumb, resulting in a dehydration of the crumb with faster staling. For storage temperatures of 25 and 4°C, water activity decreases as a function of storage time whereas at −18°C it is maintained at an almost constant level for 23 days. During storage, the starch molecules are reassociated and generate a new crystalline order which has a typical XRD pattern: the B‐type structure. The peak at 17.4° is indicative of this structure and is related to bread aging. As observed with the recrystallization kinetics, at −18°C only crystal growth may occur, whereas at 25 and 4°C there would be not only growth but also formation of new crystals. At 4°C the rate of starch retrogradation is the highest for the studied conditions.
Interpolation techniques for building a continuous map from discrete wireless sensor network data
Authors: Hammoudeh Mohammad , Newman Robert , Dennett Christopher , Mount Sarah 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTWireless sensor networks (WSNs) typically gather data at a discrete number of locations. However, it is desirable to be able to design applications and reason about the data in more abstract forms than in points of data. By bestowing the ability to predict inter‐node values upon the network, it is proposed that it will become possible to build applications that are unaware of the concrete reality of sparse data. This interpolation capability is realised as a service of the network. In this paper, the ‘map’ style of presentation has been identified as a suitable sense data visualisation format. Although map generation is essentially a problem of interpolation between points, a new WSN service, called the map generation service, which is based on a Shepard interpolation method, is presented. A modified Shepard method that aims to deal with the special characteristics of WSNs is proposed. It requires small storage, can be localised and integrates the information about the application domain to further reduce the map generation cost and improve the mapping accuracy. Empirical analysis has shown that the map generation service is an accurate, a flexible and an efficient method. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EFFORT: energy‐efficient opportunistic routing technology in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Hung Michael Chien‐Chun , Lin Kate Ching‐Ju , Chou Cheng‐Fu , Hsu Chih‐Cheng 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTThe utilization of limited energy in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is the critical concern, whereas the effectiveness of routing mechanisms substantially influence energy usage. We notice that two common issues in existing specific routing schemes for WSNs are that (i) a path may traverse through a specific set of sensors, draining out their energy quickly and (ii) packet retransmissions over unreliable links may consume energy significantly.In this paper, we develop an energy‐efficient routing scheme (called EFFORT) to maximize the amount of data gathered in WSNs before the end of network lifetime. By exploiting two natural advantages of opportunistic routing, that is, the path diversity and the improvement of transmission reliability, we propose a new metric that enables each sensor to determine a suitable set of forwarders as well as their relay priorities. We then present EFFORT, a routing protocol that utilizes energy efficiently and prolongs network lifetime based on the proposed routing metric. Simulation results show that EFFORT significantly outperforms other routing protocols. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 121Sb and 151Eu Mössbauer Spectroscopic Investigation of EuCd2X2 (X = P, As, Sb) and YbCd2Sb2
Authors: Schellenberg Inga , Pfannenschmidt Ulrike , Eul Matthias , Schwickert Christian , Pöttgen Rainer 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe pnictides EuCd2X2 (X = P, As, Sb) and YbCd2Sb2 were synthesized from the elements or a EuCd2 precursor in tantalum tubes. The samples were characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction. The structure of EuCd2As2 was refined on the basis of single‐crystal X‐ray diffractometer data: CaAl2Si2 type, P$\bar{3}$m1, a = 444.99(9), c = 735.0(1) pm, wR2 = 0.0372, 200 F2 values and 10 variables. The two‐dimensional [Cd2X2] networks consist of edge‐sharing CdX4/4 tetrahedra. The networks are separated and charge‐balanced by the europium and ytterbium atoms. Redetermination of the magnetic properties revealed divalent europium and ytterbium. YbCd2Sb2 is diamagnetic. For the europium compounds only one magnetic phase transition is evident, i.e. TC = 11.6 K for EuCd2P2, TN = 9.5 K for EuCd2As2, and TN = 7.4 K for EuCd2Sb2. 151Eu Mössbauer spectra show full magnetic hyperfine field splitting at 4.2 K. A transferred hyperfine field of 7.1 T is evident in the 4.2 K 121Sb spectrum of EuCd2Sb2.
Seasonal dynamics of soil CO2 efflux in a conventional tilled wheat field of the Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Zhang Hongxing , Zhou Xiaoping , Lu Fei , Pang Junzhu , Feng Zongwei , Liu Wenzhao , Ouyang Zhiyun , Wang Xiaoke 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAn automated chamber system was employed to measure the soil CO2 efflux (SCE) in situ for 2 years in a conventional wheat field of the Loess Plateau, China under semi‐arid conditions. The annual mean SCE values were 2.44 ± 2.52 μmol m−2 s−1 in 2006 and 2.37 ± 2.33 μmol m−2 s−1 in 2007. Distinct seasonality in the SCE was observed, with significant differences occurring among four periods divided by harvesting, tillage and sowing. In the period from tillage to sowing, the mean SCE values were 2.82 and 2.69 times the annual mean values in 2006 and 2007, respectively, and SCE accounted for 39% and 48% of the annual total within 14% and 18% of the days of the years. Although there were significant exponential correlations between the SCE and soil temperature, and significant linear correlations between the SCE and soil moisture for measurements conducted in the periods before tillage and after sowing each year, the SCE from tillage to sowing was significantly beyond the correlation curves. These findings indicated that seasonal variation in the SCE in a conventional field was controlled not only by soil temperature and moisture, but also by tillage practice. The confounding effects of climate and practice on SCE should be considered when developing ways to mitigate soil carbon loss in conventional cropland in semi‐arid regions.
Concentration of Stearidonic Acid in Free Fatty Acid and Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester Forms from Modified Soybean Oil by Winterization
Authors: Vázquez Luis , Akoh Casimir C. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe concentration of stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4 ω‐3) in free fatty acid (FFA) and fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) forms by low temperature crystallization (winterization) was studied. For this purpose, modified soybean oil (initial SDA content, ~23%) was transformed into its corresponding FFA and FAEE by chemical hydrolysis and ethanolysis, respectively. In the first study, the FFA and FAEE were used as starting material for winterization and variables such as winterization time, type of solvent, and the oil:solvent ratio were evaluated until optimization of the process was achieved. In the second study, changes in the winterization procedure were introduced to obtain a remarkable improvement on the SDA purity of the final products. Since winterization of FAEE was not efficient due to its low melting points, the second study focused on FFA. The best relationship between SDA purity (59.8%) and SDA yield (82.3%) was attained by performing winterization of FFA with hexane at 10% oil:solvent ratio for 24 h. Scaled‐up processes were also performed to obtain 59 g of FFA (purity 59.6%; yield 82.6%) enriched in SDA. The products obtained can be used as starting materials for the production of functional lipids and for clinical trials.
Heritage and Innovation in the Grammatical Analysis of Latin
Authors: Visser Louise J. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryTheArs Ambrosianais an early medieval Latin grammatical commentary on Donatus’Ars maior, written in Northern Italy in the 6th or 7th century A.D. In comparison with preceding grammatical commentaries, theArs Ambrosianadisplays a much more profound Christian-exegetical way of thinking. This study opens with an overview of the historicalcultural context of the grammatical commentary and of the general way of thinking of its anonymous author. The remainder of the article consists in an analysis of the, to some extent highly original, framework which the author uses for describing the Latin language, illustrated by a brief study of the termsagnitio(“recognition”) andnuntiatio(“[linguistic] form”), and their combinations with the adjectivesspecialis(“special”) andtota(“entire/ whole”).
John Bulwer and the Quest for a Universal Language, 1641–1644
Authors: Wollock Jeffrey 
Published: May 2011

SummaryA pioneer of the language sciences, John Bulwer (1606–1656) published on universal language at the beginning of the English ‘scientific revolution’. The Comenians, centered in Bulwer’s own city of London and known for open communication, were interested in this subject area; yet Bulwer’s contact with them, if any, is unclear. This article argues that Bulwer’s Baconian research program on expression and gesture was the response of a non-puritan physician to the convergence of three factors: publication of John Wilkins’sMercury(1641); ongoing discussions about universal language during Comenius’s stay in England (September 1641–June 1642); and the religious-political crisis of the time.
On the Origins of the TermPhoneme
Authors: Mugdan Joachim 
Published: May 2011

SummaryHitherto unknown works by Antoni Dufriche-Desgenettes (1804–1878) show that he used the termphonèmeearlier than assumed until now: the word is attested in manuscripts of March 1865 but the publication of the first article in which it occurs was apparently delayed until 1868. Possibly, Dufriche did not “invent” the expression himself but borrowed it, at least indirectly, from the Bulgarian philosopher Petăr Beron (c. 1799–1871), who had used it several years previously for the sound aspect of a word. This usage may also be the reason why some later authors applied the termphonèmeto sound sequences.
Roman Jakobson’s Kindersprache, Aphasie und allgemeine Lautgesetze (1941) and Alf Sommerfelt
Authors: Jahr Ernst Håkon 
Published: May 2011

Summary
This article suggests a link between Roman Jakobson’s Kindersprache, Aphasie und allgemeine Lautgesetze (1941) and a short book review of C. & W. Stern’s Die Kindersprache (4th ed., 1928) by Alf Sommerfelt in Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap (1929). The fundamental idea of Kindersprache is that children’s phonological systems develop from initial broad contrasts to subsequent finer contrasts, so that unmarked phonological oppositions which are found in most languages develop first, with any language-specific contrasts developing later. In aphasia, according to Jakobson, the opposite development occurs: finer contrasts disappear first, broader contrasts later. It is shown in this article that Jakobson, in working out this theory, was probably inspired by an idea put forward in the 1929 book review by Sommerfelt. This may help to explain why Jakobson, on the first page of Kindersprache, dedicated his book ‘Til min venn Alf ’ (“To my friend Alf ”). Jakobson worked on and completed Kindersprache during his stay in Scandinavia 1939–1941, and details connected with his stay and work in this period are also commented on.
Optimization of environmental factors using RSM for Spirulina platensis cultivation
Authors: Prabuthas P. , Srivastav P.P. , Mishra H.N. 
Published: May 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to optimize the environmental growth factors for maximum yield of biomass and protein content of Spirulina platensis var lonor.Design/methodology/approachCentral composite design with four independent variables (namely, Temperature (°C), Light intensity (μmol m−2 s−1), incubation period (days) and inoculum concentration (per cent)) and two dependent variables (namely, Biomass yield (g/L) and Protein content (per cent)) were used for designing the experiment. The quadratic model was selected for analysis of data using analysis of variance and optimization was performed using response surface methodology (RSM). Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI) medium was used for growing the organisms.FindingsThe predicted values of optimization showed that the maximum yield of dried biomass (1.13 g/L) and protein (57.45 per cent) were obtained at temperature of 33.6°C, light intensity of 67.50 μmol m−2 s−1, incubation period of 16 days and inoculum concentration of 20 per cent. The actual values of biomass (1.23 g/L) and protein (58.46 per cent) yield were almost similar to the predicted responses.Practical implicationsThe data obtained with this optimization method help Spirulina researchers/producers to cultivate the S. platensis var lonor strain with maximum biomass and protein content using the CFTRI medium.Originality/valueEarlier works on optimization of growth conditions for Spirulina biomass, revealed that maximum of two factors were employed at a time using factorial design. But unlike other studies here in this study, optimization of multi factors using at a time using RSM on better biomass and protein yield was employed.
International harmonization of training and qualification in the manufacturing industry
Authors: Quintino L. , Fernandes I. , Miranda R.M. 
Published: May 2011

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to propose a model for international harmonization of the training and qualification of human resources for industrial professions. The outcome is a system based on training guidelines and a quality assurance methodology that is now in use in 42 countries around the world.Design/methodology/approachThe paper describes the motivations that led to the development of the International System for the Training and Qualification of Welding Personnel. The structure of this system and the documents on which it is based are outlined.FindingsThe approach used has gained wide international acceptance. The progress achieved is analysed in the final part of the paper. More than 150,000 qualifications have so far been awarded around the world.Practical implicationsThe need for a harmonized International System for the Training and Qualification of Welding Personnel has been recognized by industry and the authorities. The reference to this system in international standards and the general recognition of its reliability by stake holders is leading to its widespread use in more countries and by more professionals.Originality/valueThe harmonized international system for the qualification of human resources in welding technology is unique in Europe. The methodology used has proved to be successful and can be benchmarked for application in human resources development for other professions.
Re‐thinking positions in academic libraries
Authors: Jackson Mildred L. 
Published: May 2011

PurposeLibrarians in the twenty‐first century require different skills from their predecessors. The purpose of this paper is to examine what those skills are and how they correlate with new position descriptions.Design/methodology/approachThe paper looks at ways to analyze vacant positions so that libraries can hire the faculty and staff with the necessary skills.FindingsThe paper finds that creative ways of thinking about vacant positions are necessary in the current environment and that different skills are needed in the twenty‐first century from those that might have been sought previously.Originality/valueThe paper provides a way to evaluate and assess vacant positions.
Enhancing narrative coherence in simulated interviews about child abuse
Authors: Powell Martine B. , Feltis Brooke B. , Hughes‐Scholes Carolyn H. 
Published: May 2011

PurposeSimulated child interviews, where adults play the role of a child witness for trainee investigative interviewers, are an essential tool used to train investigators to adhere to non‐leading, open‐ended questions. The aim of this study is to examine whether the use of a training procedure that guides persons playing the role of a child in simulated interviews results in interviewees producing more coherent narratives (measured by the number of story grammar details).Design/methodology/approachA total of 80 police officers individually engaged in ten‐minute interviews, whereby an untrained (colleague), or trained respondent, played the role of the child interviewee. For each child respondent condition, the interviews varied according to child age (five or eight years).FindingsAs predicted, trained respondents reported a higher proportion of story grammar elements and a lower proportion of contextual information than the untrained respondents, as well as more story grammar elements in response to open‐ended questions. However, there were limitations in how well both groups tailored their story grammar to the age of the child they were representing.Originality/valueThese findings demonstrate that our training procedure promotes a more coherent interviewee account, and facilitates a response style that is more reinforcing of open‐ended questions.
The emergent development of public portals moulding the state‐individual relationship
Authors: Ranerup Agneta 
Published: May 2011

PurposeThe relationship between the state and the individual is, more than ever before, being mediated by public portals. The requirement specifications for public portals can be said to define the level of expectation among influential actors concerning the roles of the individual in this relationship at a certain point in time. At the same time, they are part of an emergent‐development process. The purpose of this paper is to test this perspective in the empirical context of healthcare.Design/methodology/approachThis research proposes a framework for analysing the requirement specifications for public portals, making various roles possible, such as being a patient, a citizen, a consumer, and a customer. The framework is tested in a case study of a Swedish national healthcare portal.FindingsIt can be concluded that prominent actors in this particular context of design defined the requirement specification so that the patient and citizen roles were well supported, whereas the roles of the consumer and customer were supported in a less well‐developed manner. The case study also indicated the importance of reusing already existing functionality to attain quick and tangible results. Consequently, the individual is both enhanced and limited by the “travel of ideas” in the form of the reuse of existing functionality.Originality/valueThis paper puts forward the view that the requirement specifications for public portals are part of the emergent formation of an e‐governance relationship.