bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The growth of vaccinia virus in the chorio-allantois of the developing chick embryo and the production of complement-fixing antigen and haemagglutinin
Authors: Maitland H. B. , Tobin Barbara M. 
Published: May 2009

1. Elementary body suspensions of vaccinia virus placed on the chorio-allantoic membrane of the developing chick embryo showed immediately an enhanced infectivity which may amount to a several-fold increase in titre.2. In studying the growth curve of vaccinia virus in the chorio-allantois the distribution of virus between the liquid and the membrane had to be taken into account.3. Some virus disappeared after inoculation, but this did not necessarily indicate a non-infective phase in a growth cycle.4. Virus began to increase in 4–5 hr. and proceeded without stepwise increments, reaching a maximum in about 36 hr.5. Haemagglutinin and complement-fixing ‘soluble’ antigen were formed during the growth of virus, and the titre of each was directly related to the amount of virus. They were detectable when the titre of virus reached respectively 106.5–10.70and 105.5–106.0pocks per ml.6. Haemagglutinin may have been acting as a complement-fixing antigen.7. Neither haemagglutination nor complement-fixation provided evidence for the occurrence of a non-infective phase of virus as part of a growth cycle.
Q fever in Great Britain. Epidemiological information from a serological survey of healthy adults in Kent and East Anglia
Authors: Marmion B. P. , Stoker M. G. P. , Walker C. B. V. , Carpenter R. G. 
Published: May 2009

1. Eleven thousand two hundred and twenty-eight sera from persons, mostly blood donors, living in Kent and seven counties in East Anglia, have been tested and 379 (3·4%) found to have complement-fixing antibody toRickettsia burnetiat a serum titre of 1/10 or greater.2. A group of 396 donors in Kent and East Anglia, composed of 190 donors with antibody, and 206 donors from those without antibody to serve as controls, were interviewed, and an epidemiological history was obtained on the possible ways in which they had been exposed toR. burnetiduring the period 1942–53.3. A comparison of the epidemiological histories of the positive and negative donors showed that donors in Kent who had constant occupational exposure to cattle and sheep including unprocessed materials from them, or who had had a raw milk supply to their homes for all or part of the period 1942–53, more frequently had antibody than those donors without such qualities. In East Anglia the positive serological state among donors was associated only with the use of raw milk and not with occupational exposure to animals. There were suggestive findings among Kentish donors that those who visited farms or other potentially infectious places, either during the course of their job or during their leisure, also experienced greater risk of infection.4. In general, these findings of infection from occupational exposure, from visits to infectious localities, or from the use of raw milk in the home, confirmed the tentative epidemiological conclusions drawn from a previous investigation of patients with Q fever. It was not found in this survey, however, that residence near dairy farms, receipt of objects from potentially infectious localities, or contact with persons from such localities was associated with a special risk of infection.5. No association was found between the donors' serological state and the keeping of dogs, cats, poultry, pigs, rabbits, psittacine birds in the vicinity of the home or its infestation by mice, rats or mosquitoes.
Further observations on the Protective action of glycine against the heat-inactivation of complement with particular reference to intensification by some carbohydrates
Authors: Gordon J. , Turner G. C. 
Published: May 2009

1. The protection afforded by glycine and other amino-acids to guinea-pig complement against heat-inactivation is increased in the presence of sugars, although the latter are not themselves protective.2. No significant increase in protective activity occurs in the presence of the alcohols derived from some of the sugars tested.3. A marked exception amongst the alcohols is inositol, which reinforces the protective power of glycine at least as much as do the sugars.4. The fourth component of complement is destroyed by heating at 63° C. for 30 min. It is, however, protected against heat-inactivation by glycine, and this protective effect is intensified in the presence of glucose and inositol.5. The protection afforded to serum by the presence of glycine or glycine dissolved in glucose is removed when the system is dialysed, indicating that if a complex is formed it is readily dissociable.
The ecology of Microsporum canis Bodin in New Zealand
Authors: Marples Mary J. 
Published: May 2009

1. The clinical findings and environmental factors of 138 families infected with Microsporum canis are recorded.2. Of the 171 children suffering from tinea capitis, 25% had lesions which remained localized, 51% had local spread of infection and 24% had a generalized spread, involving most of the scalp.3. The clinical pattern of the infection was not associated with the sex or age of the child, nor with the source of infection.4. In 30.5% of the families there was a definite cat source of infection, in 3.6% a definite dog source and in 13.9% a definite human source. A further 20.3% had a probable animal source, and 7.9% a probable human source, while in 23.9% no obvious source of infection could be found.5. The social status of 95 families was investigated. In 4.2% the breadwinner was a farmer, in 12.6% he belonged to the professional and managerial group, in 60% he was a skilled labourer and in 22.1% an unskilled labourer. The houses of 75 families were visited. House conditions were classed as good in 58%, fair in 33% and poor in 9%. It is suggested that ringworm due to M. canis in New Zealand is not associated with poverty or poor conditions and no stigma should be attached to the development of an infection.6. Evidence for the following types of transmission of infection was obtained: cat to child; dog to child; child to child; child to adult; cat to cat; child to cat; dog to cat; cat to dog.7. The findings of the investigation are discussed. It is suggested that human infections with M. canis are part of a complicated network resulting from the commensal relationship of the cat to man. Better care of cats so that kittens are not allowed to stray would assist in the control of human infections.
Partial immunological paralysis toTrichomonas foetusantigen in calves
Authors: Kerr W. R. , Robertson Muriel 
Published: May 2009

The intramuscular injection of large amounts, 2–3 g., ofTrichomonas foetuscrude antigen into five young calves during the first 3 weeks of life produced no antibody.When the animals were tested with the standard challenge at intervals of several months they responded feebly, showing a definitely impaired capacity to produce antibody, when compared with the response of normal animals.The ages of the animals still showing this partial paralysis ranged from 1 year and 5 months to 2 years and 2 months.
Laboratory Studies of Anopheles Atroparvus in Relation to Myxomatosis
Authors: Andrewes C. H. , Muirhead-Thomson R. C. , Stevenson J. P. 
Published: May 2009

Anopheles labranchiae atroparvus which have gorged on myxoma-infected rabbits may retain their infectivity for as long as 220 days in a period covering the winter months. Virus titres in infected mosquitoes may also remain stable for several weeks at summer temperatures; virus has been recovered after 36 days in summer.Virus in these Anopheles is, in most instances, to be found only in the head and mouthparts. Survival on mouthparts of killed mosquitoes, on the other hand, has been only for a few days.One strain of virus (Newhaven strain) isolated from wild A. atroparvus produces flat erythematous lesions on intradermal inoculation into rabbits, and deaths occur later than with typical strains.The possible role of over-wintering atroparvus as a reservoir of infection of myxomatosis is discussed.The possibility is considered that transmission of infection by Anopheles is not purely mechanical, but that limited multiplication occurs in the insects.
Hospital infections and hospital hygiene at Malmö General Hospital: 1. The incidence of staphylococcal infections during three years
Authors: Ericson Carl , Juhlin Ingmar 
Published: May 2009

The incidence of purulent staphylococcal infections at a large Swedish university hospital was followed during 3 years and has been described as an expression of the incidence of hospital infections.A marked decrease in the relative number of infections was found. The decrease was most evident among infections with ‘80/81’ strains and other antibiotic resistant hospital strains and was parallel in all the departments investigated. This is taken as an evidence for the assumption that the lowering of the amount of staphylococcal infections was brought about by a factor that was active throughout the hospital, probably some hygienic preventive measure.
Toxoplasma skin- and dye-test surveys of severely subnormal patients in Lincolnshire
Authors: Robertson J. S. 
Published: May 2009

Of 918 severely subnormal patients in mental deficiency hospitals in Lincolnshire 917 were tested by the toxoplasmin skin tests, forty-nine out of 265 patients were dye tested because of a positive skin test or other indication. All patients in another group of 655 subnormals were dye tested, and comparison of these results with those of groups from the normal population showed that in children there was an excess of about 20% of dye-test positivity among the subnormals—a figure identical with that found by Thalhammer in Vienna.The excess of positives became progressively less with increasing age and by middle age the incidence was the same in subnormals as among blood donors in the county. It is suggested that this indicates that patients in hospital are exposed to a lower risk of acquiring infection and that the higher incidence among adult males than among adult female defectives is due to the fact that more of them go out to work, many of them on farms. This factor could also explain the lower incidence of positivity in adult mongols and epileptics who are less commonly employable.Possible explanations of the higher incidence among subnormal than among control children are discussed. Although it is tempting to assume that it indicates that some may be cases of congenital toxoplasmosis, the lack of gradient between child mongols, child epileptics and other subnormal children does not support this hypothesis. The numbers of mongol and epileptic children were too small to give statistically significant results. It is possible that the home environments of severely subnormal children exposed them to a higher risk of infection than did the homes of the control children and that the observed excess of dye and skin-test positivity may be due to increased incidence of acquired infection before their admission to hospital.It was found that there was reasonable concordance between the dye test at a titre of 1/8 and skin sensitivity reactions exceeding 7 mm. in diameter, but poor agreement if 10 mm. was taken as the criterion of positivity.Despite the lesser sensitivity of the skin test, the pattern of the results was the same as that observed in the dye-test survey, and the value of the skin-test for epidemiological surveys was confirmed.
Staphylococci in noses and streptococci in throats of isolated and semi-isolated Antarctic communities
Authors: Sladen W. J. L. 
Published: May 2009

The Antarctic provides unusually simplified conditions for the study of the persistence and exchange of micro-organisms of the upper respiratory tract. The work reported here was done while the author was in the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey and the United States Antarctic Research Program.Staph, aureus and Staph, albus persisted in the noses, and a-haemolytic streptococci in the throats of men throughout long periods of isolation and semi-isolation in Antarctica.On the whole, men kept their own strains (phage types) of Staph, aureus despite living in very close contact with each other.Persistent carriers of Staph, aureus (90% or more positive swabs per individual) continued to carry this organism for as long as 2 years in Antarctica. Data from men at Wilkes and Hallett IGY Stations indicated that there was a decrease in the intermittent and occasional carrier rates, resulting in a much lower total carrier rate after 12 months Antarctic isolation.Evidence is presented to suggest that β-haemolytic streptococci had disappeared from throats after 12 months of isolation. It is thought that the absence of upper respiratory infections in these communities is due to absence of the bacterial or viral agents.There is an urgent need for further work on the carriage of micro-organisms in the present unique epidemiological conditions of the Antarctic, and for better laboratory facilities there.
Evolutionary changes in myxoma virus in Britain: An examination of 222 in naturally occurring strains obtained from 80 counties during the period October–November 1962
Authors: Fenner Frank , Chapple Paul J. 
Published: May 2009

Samples of lesions containing viable myxoma virus were collected from 222 infected wild rabbits captured in 80 counties of Britain during October–November 1962. They were dispatched by air to Australia and passaged once in domestic rabbits before being tested for their virulence by the intradermal inoculation of groups of six laboratory rabbits with small doses of virus.The results showed that a wide range of viruses of differing properties now coexist in Britain. Their virulence ranges from very high (99 % lethal) to low (about 50 %), but the majority of strains fall into the grade III virulence group, with estimated case mortality rates varying between 70 and 95%. The viruses also produce disease of varying symptomatology, skin lesions being very prominent, raised or flat. There was no obvious association between lesion type and virulence.Tests made on the wild rabbits from which the samples were obtained, and on Inoculated domestic rabbits, showed that virulence could not be predicted by gel-diffusion tests.
Salmonellae in cattle and their feedingstuffs, and the relation to human infection
Authors:   Joint Working Party of the Veterinary Laboratory Services of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, and the Public Health Laboratory Service
Published: May 2009

1. The incidence of salmonellosis in cattle in England and Wales has been investigated.2. S. dublin and S. typhi-murium were much the commonest serotypes encountered.3. The frequency of both serotypes was highest in the last quarter of the year, which is the period of maximum calvings. The high incidence of calf infection in this quarter is probably related to calf sales and movement.4. In the previous investigations (Reports, 1959a, 1961), these serotypes were isolated only infrequently from the raw materials of animal feedingstuffs and from complete animal foods.5. The distribution of phage-types of S. typhi-murium in cattle was compared with that in man and in animal feedingstuffs. Six phage-types were common both in cattle and in man. These types were: 1a (2), 1 var. 5 (U9), 1a var. 1 (3an), 1 (1), 1a (U57) and 2 (12). Three of the types found in feedingstuffs were common in both human and bovine infections. These types were: 1a (2), 1a (U57)and 2 (12).6. In a study of ten incidents of salmonellosis in cattle, it was shown that the same phage-type or serotype was commonly found in man in other farm animals and occasionally in feedingstuffs.7. It is clear that salmonellosis is spread into different regions of the country by calf movement.8. The importance is endorsed of conditions of travel and lairage, and of the holding time at abattoirs, in the promotion of cross-infection with salmonellae.9. Measures are outlined for the reduction of salmonellosis in cattle and of its transfer to man.
Studies on the pathogenesis of rinderpest in experimental cattle: III. Proliferation of an attenuated strain in various tissues following subcutaneous inoculation
Authors: Taylor W. P. , Plowright W. 
Published: May 2009

Twenty-five grade cattle were infected subcutaneously with 1040to 104·6TCD 50 of a highly-attenuated strain of rinderpest virus which is used as a vaccine. No clinical reaction was observed but the proliferation of virus was studied in twenty-two tissues harvested at daily intervals from the first to the 10th days after inoculation. Serum samples collected at the same times were examined for rinderpest-neutralizing antibody.There was an ‘eclipse’ phase of 3 days during which no infectivity could be demonstrated in any tissue. On the 4th day virus had generalized, as shown by its detection in lymphoid tissues which were not associated with the site of inoculation; occasional animals showed evidence of viral proliferation in the local muscle and subcutaneous tissue. A considerable growth of virus, with peak titres between 104·0and 105·0TDC50/g., was demonstrated in the prescapular, pharyngeal and mesenteric lymph nodes, also in the palatal tonsils and Peyer's patches of the ileum. Highest titres (105·4TCD50/g.) were recorded in the prescapular haemo-lymph nodes, but less virus (up to 103·4TCD50/g.) appeared in the spleen.A low-level viraemia was detected in eight of the thirteen cattle killed on the 5th to 8th days inclusive. Minimal quantities of virus were found on two occasions each in the bone marrow and lung. No virus was recovered from the mucosae of the base of the tongue, abomasum, ileum, caecum and colon; liver, heart, kidney and brain tissue also failed to support its multiplication.Neutralizing antibody was present in all cattle by the 10th day after inoculation, its appearance being associated with the abrupt decline in virus titres, which was usually demonstrable on the 8th day.The behaviour of the attenuated virus was compared with that of virulent strains, and it was concluded that its lack of pathogenicity was due primarily to its failure to proliferate in the mucosae of the gastro-intestinal and respiratory tracts. Vaccine virus was, in fact, exclusively ‘lymphotropic’, a characteristic which may account for the solid, lasting immunity it confers and for the considerable antibody response it provokes in inoculated cattle. Inability to spread by contact amongst susceptible cattle may be a result of the absence of virus in mucosae or parenchymatous organs and hence in excretions.
Isolation of variants during passage of a strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus in partly immunized cattle
Authors: Hyslop N. St G. , Fagg R. H. 
Published: May 2009

Foot-and-mouth disease virus of Type SAT 1 (strain Turkey 323/62) was passaged serially 34 times in cattle previously vaccinated with increasing doses of formol-treated vaccine of the homologous strain. Primary vesicles developed in all the partly immunized animals and secondary lesions occurred in the majority. Virus from the 34th passage was capable of reinfecting a steer only 76 days after primary infection early in the passage series. Virus isolated from the second infection of this animal differed from that isolated from the primary infection in complement-fixing properties and in sensitivity to antiserum, and these differences were of a degree indicative of subtype variation.The variant strain was transmissible by contact, and virus titres in tongue and foot lesions of partly immunized animals were of the same order as those encountered in susceptible cattle.These observations suggest one way in which variant strains may arise in the field.
An outbreak ofPseudomonas aeruginosa(pyocyanea) infection in a Premature Baby Unit, with observations on the intestinal carriage ofPseudomonas aeruginosain the newborn
Authors: Jellard C. H. , Churcher Gillian M. 
Published: May 2009

An outbreak of infection in a Premature Baby Unit due to a single strain ofPseudomonas aeruginosais described. The outbreak lasted for 16 months, during which this organism was isolated from the faeces of 99/418 premature babies, many of them being symptomless carriers. There were seven deaths due to the infection. The source of the epidemic was not found. The main reservoir of infection was the babies' faeces. Though many full-term babies were symptomless carriers of the epidemic strain ofPs. aeruginosa, they were not ill.Measures for control of the outbreak, and the aetiology of neonatal intestinal infection withPs. aeruginosaare discussed.
The effect of the addition of Bordetella parapertussis suspensions on the protective power of the pertussis component of diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis vaccines
Authors: Köhler-Kubelka N. 
Published: May 2009

The addition of a parapertussis component to diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis vaccine reduces the agglutinogenic potency of the pertussis component in mice. The loss is evident when the amount of the parapertussis component added is 25% of that of the pertussis component, while the influence of relatively lower amounts of parapertussis organisms is less striking.The parapertussis component in these vaccines, amounting to 2–25% of the pertussis component, does not affect the protective power of the pertussis component in mice.
Aerobic bacteria occurring in the hind-gut of the cockroach,Blatta orientalis
Authors: Burgess N. R. H. , McDermott S. N. , Whiting J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYMethods are described for the isolation and identification of aerobic bacteria occurring naturally in the hind-gut of the cockroachBlatta orientaliscaptured from a number of wild sources, to establish whether or not human pathogens occurred naturally within the gut. During the investigation an organism was frequently found which could not be classified in any described species, and for which we propose the nameEscherichia blattae.
Salmonella dublin abortion in cattle: II. Observations on the whey agglutination test and the milk ring test
Authors: Hinton M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe serum and whey agglutination test were compared on paired samples from thirty-five cases of bovine abortion associated with Salmonella dublin infection. The whey test proved nearly as useful as the serum test for confirming an active infection though it was only practicable to examine the whey for flagellar antibodies. S. dublin was isolated from nearly half of the milk samples obtained within the first week of abortion but none of those collected after the fourth week. The whey test proved of no value in retrospective identification of abortion cases. The trial using the milk ring test was disappointing.
Effect of stay in hospital and oral chemotherapy on the antibiotic sensitivity of bowel coliforms
Authors: Shaw Elizabeth J. , Datta Naomi , Jones Glynne , Marr Frances M. , Froud Wendy J. B. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe effects of oral chemotherapy and stay in hospital on the antibiotic resistance patterns of faecal coliform flora were studied. The coliform flora of 64% of 25 patients who were not receiving antibiotics was sensitive to all drugs tested. Hospitalization alone did not affect this proportion. The administration of tetra-cycline or ampicillin to patients, whether at home or in hospital, significantly increased the percentage of resistant bowel coliforms. Tetracycline showed a significantly greater effect than ampicillin. There was no significant increase in the percentage of patients with resistant flora after treatment with amoxycillin.