bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Commonness and rarity of species: Does species' rank influence contribution to ecosystem function?
Authors: Jain Meha , Prager Case , Flynn Dan , Devan Caroline , Hart Georgia , Ahrestani Farshid , Bunker Dan , Palmer Matt , Smukler Sean , Sircely Jason , Naeem Shahid 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAcross the globe, biodiversity loss is occurring at an unprecedented rate. Rare species are especially susceptible to extinction, given that they typically have small population sizes and restricted geographic ranges, are less adaptable to disturbances, and are greater habitat specialists. However, while rare species may be prone to extinction, it remains unclear whether the loss of rare species is important to ecosystem function. In addition, it is important to consider the way in which rarity is defined, given that there are multiple definitions of rarity based on a species' geographic range, habitat specificity, and abundance in a community. Therefore, to better understand the contribution of rare species to community function, our study has two goals: 1)	to determine whether rare species contribute to community trait space, which serves as a proxy for ecosystem function, more than common species; 2) to determine if the effect of rare species differs based on the definition of rarity employed. Using grassland data from Cedar Creek Minnesota, we assessed the importance of rare species on community trait space. We found that rare species have an equal effect on trait space as common species, except in the case of rarity defined as mean abundance. This suggests that when defining rarity by geographic range and habitat specificity, rare species may play an important role in ecosystem functioning due to their unique contribution to trait space. When considering local abundance of species, however, rare species contribute less than common species to trait space, possibly due to habitat filtering. These results suggest that the importance of rare species to trait space, and possible ecosystem function, depend on the definition of rarity employed.
Wikis in the classroom: Properties and potential uses of this collaborative learning tool
Authors: DeVore Jayna , Cecala Kristen , Maerz John 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Background/Question/Methods
Student engagement is tied to course performance and information retention. Shifting the focus of the classroom from a lecture-based approach to a student-centered learning environment is one way to achieve this goal. One tool that can be used to allow student contribution to the content and direction of a course is a wiki. Wikis are highly flexible collaborative websites that can be structured to meet course needs and allow multiple users to contribute to site content. They provide a platform where real-time editing can be performed in a flexible 'topical' format. They are intended to promote group learning through collaboration rather than isolated reflection, and can provide another avenue through which instructors can connect with various types of learners through multimedia learning.

Results/Conclusions
We will present multiple ways in which wikis can be used in the classroom, such as collaborative projects, peer review, debates, competitions, and student comments and reflections on course material. Within these contexts faculty can promote the use of multimedia and creativity within student work and enable peer learning through public project viewing. They also track each student’s edits and additions to site content, allowing for instructor assessment of an individual’s contributions to group progress. We have found that the use of the wiki format promoted class participation, a sense of community within the course in question, and a feeling of project ownership and accomplishment.
Designing novel nano-immunoassays: antibody orientation versus sensitivity
Authors: Puertas S , Moros M , Fernández-Pacheco R , Ibarra M R , Grazú V , de la Fuente J M 
Published: November 2010

There is a growing interest in the use of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for their application in quantitative and highly sensitive biosensors. Their use as labels of biological recognition events and their detection by means of some magnetic method constitute a very promising strategy for quantitative high-sensitive lateral-flow assays.
In this paper, we report the importance of nanoparticle functionalization for the improvement of sensitivity for a lateral-flow immunoassay. More precisely, we have found that immobilization of IgG anti-hCG through its polysaccharide moieties on MNPs allows more successful recognition of the hCG hormone.
Although we have used the detection of hCG as a model in this work, the strategy of binding antibodies to MNPs through its sugar chains reported here is applicable to other antibodies. It has huge potential as it will be very useful for the development of quantitative and high-sensitive lateral-flow assays for its use on human and veterinary, medicine, food and beverage manufacturing, pharmaceutical, medical biologics and personal care product production, environmental remediation, etc.
The effect of anaesthesia and aortic clamping on cardiac output measurement using arterial pulse power analysis during aortic aneurysm repair*
Authors: Beattie C. , Moores C. , Thomson A. J. , Nimmo A. F. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThe LiDCOTMplus monitor (LiDCO Ltd, Cambridge, UK) uses pulse contour analysis of the arterial pressure waveform to indicate changes in stroke volume and cardiac output. Calibration against a lithium indicator dilution method is required to permit display of absolute values in addition to trends. The effect of haemodynamic changes during anaesthesia and surgery on this calibration factor has not previously been studied. Therefore, we investigated whether it remained constant during elective abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery in 15 patients. Comparison between the calibration factor values at different time points was made by repeated recalibration throughout the peri‐operative period. Calibration factor increased by a mean of 53% after anaesthesia (epidural plus general) (p = 0.03) and decreased by a mean of 40% after aortic clamping (p = 0.0001). Recalibration should be undertaken after induction of anaesthesia and after aortic clamping if absolute values of cardiac output and stroke volume are required.
Long‐term impact of changes in sheep Ovis aries densities on the breeding output of the hen harrier Circus cyaneus
Authors: Amar Arjun , Davies Jacob , Meek Eric , Williams Jim , Knight Andy , Redpath Steve 
Published: November 2010

Summary1. Livestock grazing is an important form of land use across the globe and changes in grazing pressure can have profound effects on vertebrate populations.2. In Scotland, over the last decade sheep numbers in many areas have declined from historically high levels, providing an opportunity to explore the implications of these declines for biodiversity.3. The hen harrier Circus cyaneus is a bird of high conservation importance in the UK, and a species that may be heavily influenced by the indirect effects of sheep on habitat and prey. The hen harrier population on the Orkney Islands in Scotland has been monitored since 1975 and represents an ideal case study for considering the impact of sheep de‐stocking on a key predator.4. Declines in the harrier population were associated with a doubling in sheep numbers between the early 1980s and the late 1990s. Subsequently, as sheep numbers have fallen the harrier population has recovered. These changes indicate an association but no clear mechanism, so we tested whether reductions in sheep numbers have led to increases in harrier prey or preferred foraging habitat. We then tested whether breeding output over the last 33 years correlates with sheep stocking levels or variation in weather conditions (rainfall and temperature).5. Orkney sheep numbers declined by about 20% between 1998 and 2008. Surveys in 1999/2000 and repeated in 2008 showed increases in rough grassland, the preferred harrier foraging habitat, and increases in a key prey species, the Orkney vole Microtus arvalis orcadensis.6. Overall, hen harrier breeding output over the last 33 years was significantly negatively correlated to both sheep abundance and spring rainfall.7. Synthesis and application. This study provides strong evidence for the consequences of changes in sheep numbers on a top predator. Our results indicate that reductions in sheep numbers are likely to prove beneficial for some upland species, particularly small mammals and their predators.
Genetic basis of infectivity evolution in a bacteriophage
Authors: SCANLAN PAULINE D. , HALL ALEX R. , LOPEZ‐PASCUA LAURA D. C. , BUCKLING ANGUS 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAntagonistic coevolution between hosts and parasites is probably ubiquitous. However, very little is known of the genetic changes associated with parasite infectivity evolution during adaptation to a coevolving host. We followed the phenotypic and genetic changes in a lytic virus population (bacteriophage; phage Φ2) that coevolved with its bacterial host, Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25. First, we show the rapid evolution of numerous unique phage infectivity phenotypes, and that both phage host range and bacterial resistance to individual phage increased over coevolutionary time. Second, each of the distinct phage phenotypes in our study had a unique genotype, and molecular evolution did not act uniformly across the phage genome during coevolution. In particular, we detected numerous substitutions on the tail fibre gene, which is involved in the first step of the host–parasite interaction: host adsorption. None of the observed mutations could be directly linked with infection against a particular host, suggesting that the phenotypic effects of infectivity mutations are probably epistatic. However, phage genotypes with the broadest host ranges had the largest number of nonsynonymous amino acid changes on genes implicated in infectivity evolution. An understanding of the molecular genetics of phage infectivity has helped to explain the complex phenotypic coevolutionary dynamics in this system.
Disease in the dark: molecular characterization of Polychromophilus murinus in temperate zone bats revealed a worldwide distribution of this malaria‐like disease
Authors: MEGALI A. , YANNIC G. , CHRISTE P. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractFor a better understanding of the complex coevolutionary processes between hosts and parasites, accurate identification of the actors involved in the interaction is of fundamental importance. Blood parasites of the Order Haemosporidia, responsible for malaria, have become the focus of a broad range of studies in evolutionary biology. Interestingly, molecular‐based studies on avian malaria have revealed much higher species diversity than previously inferred with morphology. Meanwhile, studies on bat haemosporidian have been largely neglected. In Europe, only one genus (Polychromophilus) and two species have been morphologically described. To evaluate the presence of potential cryptic species and parasite prevalence, we undertook a molecular characterization of Polychromophilus in temperate zone bats. We used a nested‐PCR approach on the cytochrome b mitochondrial gene to detect the presence of parasites in 237 bats belonging to four different species and in the dipteran bat fly Nycteribia kolenatii, previously described as being the vector of Polychromophilus. Polychromophilus murinus was found in the four bat species and in the insect vector with prevalence ranging from 4% for Myotis myotis to 51% for M. daubentoni. By sequencing 682 bp, we then investigated the phylogenetic relationships of Polychromophilus to other published malarial lineages. Seven haplotypes were found, all very closely related, suggesting the presence of a single species in our samples. These haplotypes formed a well‐defined clade together with Haemosporidia of tropical bats, revealing a worldwide distribution of this parasite mostly neglected by malarial studies since the 1980s.
Immunological therapy in urological malignancy: Novel combination strategies
Authors: Finley David S , Pouliot Frederic , Chin Arnold I , Shuch Brian , Pantuck Alan J , Belldegrun Arie S , Dekernion Jean B 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAt present, immunotherapy in urological malignancy is experiencing a renaissance, particularly with the emergence of a host of innovative cancer vaccines. Herein, we will review promising immunotherapeutic approaches and evaluate the data supporting their inclusion in novel combination strategies.
The effects of dairy cow weight on selected soil physical properties indicative of compaction
Authors: Herbin T. , Hennessy D. , Richards K. G. , Piwowarczyk A. , Murphy J. J. , Holden N. M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe effect of treading by dairy cows of three different weights on soil physical properties was investigated under different soil moisture deficit (SMD) treatments in the south of Ireland. SMD was used as a readily predicable surrogate for volumetric water content. Animal treading in grassland ecosystems is known to affect soil and vegetation properties, which can influence agricultural system productivity. Treading action can result in reduced soil water infiltration and increased runoff. In Ireland short winter housing and early spring turnout are key elements of low cost grass based production. However, there is potential for soil damage as a consequence of animal treading during early spring and late autumn. This study shows that SMD is the main factor affecting changes in bulk density (BD), soil shear strength, penetration resistance (PR) and total porosity. At high SMD (dry), soil was less sensitive to trampling damage than at low SMD (wet). At SMD 0 mm, BD increased by 6.1% post trampling, whereas it only increased by 3.1, 4.0 and 0.5% at SMD 11, 14, and 29 mm, respectively. Average soil BD was 2.3% greater immediately post trampling, and 4.6% greater in the hoof marks. PR was significantly greater following trampling by the heavy weight cow compared with the light or medium weight cow. There was no significant effect of cow weight on soil water content or soil BD. The results indicate that forecasted SMD can be used as a management input for rotational grazing systems to protect soil quality.
Dimensionality Reduction and Visualization of the Environmental Impacts of Domestic Appliances
Authors: Gutiérrez Ester , Lozano Sebastián , Adenso‐Díaz Belarmino 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThere is an increasing worldwide concern about the problem of dealing with the waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), given the high volume of appliances that are disposed of every day. In this article, an environmental evaluation of WEEE is performed that combines life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology and multivariate statistical techniques. Because LCA handles a large number of data in its different phases, when one is trying to uncover the structure of large multidimensional data sets, multivariate statistical techniques can provide useful information. In particular, principal‐component analysis and multidimensional scaling are two important dimension‐reducing tools that have been shown to be of help in understanding this type of complex multivariate data set. In this article, we use a variable selection method that reduces the number of categories for which the environmental impacts have to be computed; this step is especially useful when the number of impact categories or the number of products or processes to benchmark increases. We provide a detailed illustration showing how we have used the proposed approach to analyze and interpret the environmental impacts of different domestic appliances.
Sampling Hymenoptera along a precipitation gradient in tropical forests: the effectiveness of different coloured pan traps
Authors: Abrahamczyk Stefan , Steudel Bastian , Kessler Michael 
Published: November 2010

AbstractMeasuring species richness of tropical insects is an important but considerable challenge. Several techniques have been developed to quantitatively sample the non‐formicid Hymenoptera (bees and wasps). One of the most common is the use of colored pan traps. Although it is known that Hymenoptera are attracted differently by different colors, it is not yet known if these preferences shift in different habitats and hence affect comparisons of Hymenoptera diversity. We studied the effectiveness of differently‐colored pan traps along a latitudinal, climatic, and forest structure gradient from tropical to subtropical forests. Overall, we found a strong increase in individual numbers from north to south. Yellow traps sampled significantly more individuals than blue ones, mainly due to the responses of the families Ichneumonidae, Nyssonidae, Pompilidae, and Crabronidae, but trap catch was also related to canopy cover. Notably, traps located at forest edges had yellow/blue ratios similar to those of forests with comparable canopy cover. This suggests that, in contrast to the overall number of individuals caught, the relative effectiveness of yellow vs. blue traps was driven by canopy cover and hence light conditions or visibility of the traps. Thus comparisons of pan trap results between forests having different structures should only be made with great care.
The Subaru Lyα blob survey: a sample of 100-kpc Lyα blobs at z = 3
Authors: Matsuda Y. , Yamada T. , Hayashino T. , Yamauchi R. , Nakamura Y. , Morimoto N. , Ouchi M. , Ono Y. , Kousai K. , Nakamura E. , Horie M. , Fujii T. , Umemura M. , Mori M. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
We present results of a survey for giant Lyα blobs (LABs) at z = 3 with Subaru/Suprime-Cam. We obtained Lyα imaging at z = 3.09 ± 0.03 around the SSA22 protocluster and in several blank fields. The total survey area is 2.1 deg2, corresponding to a comoving volume of 1.6 × 106 Mpc3. Using a uniform detection threshold of 1.4 × 10−18 erg s−1 cm−2 arcsec−2 for the Lyα images, we construct a sample of 14 LAB candidates with major-axis diameters larger than 100 kpc, including five previously known blobs and two known quasars. This survey triples the number of known LABs over 100 kpc. The giant LAB sample shows a possible ‘morphology—density relation’: filamentary LABs reside in average density environments as derived from compact Lyα emitters, while circular LABs reside in both average density and overdense environments. Although it is hard to examine the formation mechanisms of LABs only from the Lyα morphologies, more filamentary LABs may relate to cold gas accretion from the surrounding intergalactic medium (IGM) and more circular LABs may relate to large-scale gas outflows, which are driven by intense starbursts and/or by active galactic nucleus activities. Our survey highlights the potential usefulness of giant LABs to investigate the interactions between galaxies and the surrounding IGM from the field to overdense environments at high redshift.
Diffusive cosmic-ray acceleration at the Galactic Centre
Authors: Melia F. , Fatuzzo M. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
The diffuse TeV emission detected from the inner ∼2° of the Galaxy appears to be strongly correlated with the distribution of molecular gas along the Galactic ridge. Although it is not yet entirely clear whether the origin of the TeV photons is due to hadronic or leptonic interactions, the tight correlation of the intensity distribution with the molecular gas strongly points to a pionic-decay process involving relativistic protons. However, the spectrum of the TeV radiation – a power law with index α ≈ −2.3 — cannot be accommodated easily with the much steeper distribution of cosmic rays seen at the Earth. In earlier work, we examined the possible sources of these relativistic protons and concluded that neither the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A*[identified with the High-Energy Stereoscopic System (HESS) source J1745−290] nor several pulsar wind nebulae dispersed along the Galactic plane could produce a TeV emission profile morphologically similar to that seen by the HESS. We concluded from this earlier study that only relativistic protons accelerated throughout the intercloud medium could account for the observed diffuse TeV emission from this region. In this Letter, we develop a model for diffusive proton acceleration driven by a turbulent Alfvénic magnetic field present throughout the gaseous medium. Though circumstantial, this appears to be the first evidence that at least some cosmic rays are accelerated diffusively within the inner ∼300 pc of the Galaxy.
Purinergic signalling in epithelial ion transport: regulation of secretion and absorption
Authors: Novak I. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIntracellular ATP, the energy source for many reactions, is crucial for the activity of plasma membrane pumps and, thus, for the maintenance of transmembrane ion gradients. Nevertheless, ATP and other nucleotides/nucleosides are also extracellular molecules that regulate diverse cellular functions, including ion transport. In this review, I will first introduce the main components of the extracellular ATP signalling, which have become known as the purinergic signalling system. With more than 50 components or processes, just at cell membranes, it ranks as one of the most versatile signalling systems. This multitude of system components may enable differentiated regulation of diverse epithelial functions. As epithelia probably face the widest variety of potential ATP‐releasing stimuli, a special attention will be given to stimuli and mechanisms of ATP release with a focus on exocytosis. Subsequently, I will consider membrane transport of major ions (Cl−, HCO3−, K+and Na+) and integrate possible regulatory functions of P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, P2Y11, P2X4, P2X7 and adenosine receptors in some selected epithelia at the cellular level. Some purinergic receptors have noteworthy roles. For example, many studies to date indicate that the P2Y2 receptor is one common denominator in regulating ion channels on both the luminal and basolateral membranes of both secretory and absorptive epithelia. In exocrine glands though, P2X4 and P2X7 receptors act as cation channels and, possibly, as co‐regulators of secretion. On an organ level, both receptor types can exert physiological functions and together with other partners in the purinergic signalling, integrated models for epithelial secretion and absorption are emerging.
Targeted Oxidation of Torpedo californica Acetylcholinesterase by Singlet Oxygen
Authors: Weiner Lev , Roth Esther , Silman Israel 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe photosensitizer, methylene blue (MB), is a strong reversible inhibitor of Torpedo californica acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the dark. Under illumination it causes irreversible inactivation. Loss of fluorescence of the singlet oxygen (1O2) trap, 9,10‐dimethylanthracene, was retarded in the presence of AChE, and the rate of photo‐inactivation was increased in the presence of D2O, indicating that inactivation was due to 1O2 generated by the photosensitizer. CD revealed slightly reduced far‐UV ellipticity, and slightly enhanced binding of an amphiphilic probe, indicating limited unfolding of the photo‐oxidized AChE. However, both near‐UV ellipticity and intrinsic fluorescence were markedly reduced, suggesting photo‐oxidative damage to tryptophans, (Trp) supported by appearance of novel emission peaks ascribed to N′‐formylkynurenine and/or kynurenine. Like other partially unfolded forms, the photo‐oxidized AChE was sensitive to proteolysis. Photosensitized inactivation produced exclusively chemically cross‐linked dimers, whereas irradiation of a partially unfolded state generated higher‐order oligomers. The active‐site gorge of AChE contains Trp in inhibitor‐binding sites that might be targets for photo‐oxidation. Indeed, reversible inhibitors retard photo‐inactivation, and photo‐inactivation destroys their binding sites. An excess of AChE protects paraoxonase from photo‐inactivation by sequestering the photosensitizer. Affinity photo‐oxidation of AChE by MB thus provides a valuable model for studying site‐specific photo‐inactivation of enzymes in both fundamental and clinical contexts.