bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of overwinter cover on nitrate loss and drainage from a sandy soil: consequences for water management?
Authors: Shepherd M.A. , Webb J. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract. A lysimeter study from April 1993 to June 1997 assessed the effects of winter cover crops and unfertilized grass on both the volume of water draining over winter and the amounts of nitrate leached. There were three to five replicates of each treatment in a fully randomized design. The lysimeters were undisturbed monoliths of loamy medium sand, 1.2 m deep and 0.8 m diameter.There were six treatments: sown cover before spring‐sown crops (SC), natural regeneration (‘tumbledown’) before spring‐sown crops (T), unfertilized grass (UG), bare soil permanent fallow, (PF), winter barley (WB) and conventional overwinter fallow before spring‐sown crops (WF). Sugarbeet replaced cereals in 1996 as a disease break, and in consequence no cover was established in SC and T in autumn 1996. Of the four years of the study, two were above‐average rainfall, while two were of less than average rainfall. Results are only quoted if statistically significantly different from WB (P=0.10).Over the first winter, NO3―N losses were similar under UG (26 kg ha−1) and PF (29 kg ha−1), due to the slow establishment and growth of the grass. In the following three winters NO3―N losses under UG were small (c. 6 kg ha−1), giving an overall mean of c. 11 kg ha−1. Sown cover crops and T gave means of c. 16 and 22 kg ha−1 respectively, compared with c. 27–31 kg ha−1 under PF, WB and WF.Mean NO3―N concentrations were smallest under UG (4.4 mg l−1) and SC (10.6 mg l−1), although both T (13.7 mg l−1) and PF (12.4 mg l−1) were less than under WB and WF (15.8–18.7 mg l−1). Overwinter drainage was greatest from UG and PF, at 239 and 247 mm respectively. In the three winters that cover crops were grown, drainage was decreased by, on average, 30 mm year−1 compared with WF. However, there were large differences in effects between years, with significant decreases in only one year.We conclude that the widespread adoption of cover crops before spring‐sown crops will reduce overwinter drainage in UK Nitrate Vulnerable Zones by no more than c. 2%, compared with no cover before spring‐sown crops.
Residual tillage and bush‐fallow effects on soil properties and maize intercropped with legumes on a tropical Alfisol
Authors: Kirchhof G. , Salako F.K. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract. After six years of bush‐fallow, residual effects on soil productivity of tillage practices prior to the fallow were investigated on an Alfisol in south western Nigeria. In 1996 fallow was followed by maize intercropped with cover crops of Pueraria phaseoloides, Mucuna pruriens or cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and no intercrop. Parameters measured included soil properties, ground cover, crop growth and yield, rainfall erosivity, runoff and soil loss.In spite of six‐years of bush‐fallow and establishment of cover crops, soil erosion was significantly greater on plots that had been conventionally cultivated previously using disc ploughs, harrows and mechanical rotovators (1.78 t ha−1season−1) compared to previously no‐till plots (1.34 t ha−1season−1). Crop growth and yields were least and soil loss greatest (2.83 t ha−1season−1) on the previous bare plot.Maize grain yield was highest using Pueraria phaseoloides as an intercrop (2.15 t ha−1) followed by a cowpea intercrop (1.92 t ha−1), maize without intercrop (1.87 t ha−1) and Mucuna pruriens intercrop (1.71 t ha−1). The maize grain yields reflected levels of competition from the cover crops. Cowpea–maize intercrop may be most suitable for farmers because maize yields were satisfactory and cowpea grain serves as additional subsistence. Cowpea yields were 390 kg ha−1. Soil erosion was also moderate using cowpea as an intercrop (1.71 t ha−1season−1). However, Pueraria phaseoloides gave the best erosion control with a soil loss of 1.34 t ha−1season−1.
Development of improved advice for farmers and advisers
Authors: Dampney P.M.R. , Lord E.I. , Chambers B.J. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract. The MAFF Nitrate Programme has provided policy makers and the agricultural industry with a much improved understanding of soil nitrogen cycling, and the cost‐effectiveness of a range of nitrate reduction strategies. This understanding has been disseminated as improved economically‐based advice on fertilizer N inputs to arable and grass crops, and information on the N value of livestock manures as affected by timing and method of application. In addition, strategies for reducing nitrate losses have been developed, including the use of over‐winter cover crops, the management of cultivations and crop residues, and the conversion of arable land to low‐input grassland.A wide variety of information dissemination methods have been used, including face‐to‐face discussions, demonstrations, articles in the farming press, booklets aimed at farmers, technical information for advisers and consultants, recommendation reference books and computer‐based fertilizer recommendation systems.
Soil information for agricultural decision making: a New Zealand perspective
Authors: Manderson A. , Palmer A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractUnderstanding of the soil resource is pivotal to our ability to use, manage and modify soils effectively and responsibly. Yet those who make the most decisions concerning soil use and management – farmers and landholders – rarely have access to reliable soil information at scales suitable for farm decision making. By default, many rely on limited local soil knowledge when making decisions that determine farm performance and environmental impact. Providing detailed nationwide soil information that is appropriate for farm decision making is feasible, as demonstrated by the achievements of several European countries and the USA. For New Zealand, a stratified programme at scales of 1:10 000 for versatile land; 1:25 000 for other agricultural land; and 1:50 000 for non‐domesticated land, would cost NZD $280 million, or NZD $11.2 million per year if spread over the useful life of the information. This investment is small relative to the economic value of agriculture, and necessary if New Zealand is to make meaningful advances in reducing current agri‐environmental trends.
Cigarette smoke exposure up‐regulates endothelin receptor B in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells: molecular and functional consequences
Authors: Milara J , Ortiz JL , Juan G , Guijarro R , Almudever P , Martorell M , Morcillo EJ , Cortijo J 
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pulmonary arteries from smokers and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients show abnormal endothelium‐dependent vascular reactivity. We studied the effect of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on endothelin receptor B (ETB) expression in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAECs) and its role in endothelial dysfunction.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH ETB receptor expression was measured by real time RT‐PCR, Western blot and immunofluorescence. Cell contraction, intracellular Ca2+, F/G‐actin, RhoA activity, myosin light chain phosphorylation, ET, NO, thromboxane (Tx)A2 and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by traction microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, phalloidin fluorescence, colorimetric assay, Western blot, elisa and DCFDA fluorescence respectively.KEY RESULTS Cigarette smoke extract dose‐dependently increased ETB receptor expression in HPAECs after 24 h incubation. CSE‐induced ETB expression was attenuated by bosentan, the ETB receptor antagonist BQ788, the Rho kinase antagonist Y27632 and the antioxidant N‐acetylcysteine. A monoclonal antibody to ET‐1 prevented CSE‐induced ETB receptor overexpression. Twenty‐four hour exposure to ET‐1 dose‐dependently increased ETB receptor expression, mimicking the effect of CSE. CSE‐induced ETB receptor overexpression caused greater cell contraction; increased intracellular Ca2+; increased F/G‐actin and RhoA activity; increased myosin light chain phosphorylation; augmented TxA2 and ROS production; and decreased NO after acute ET‐1 (10 nM). These effects were attenuated by bosentan, BQ788, Y27632 and N‐acetylcysteine.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATION Cigarette smoke extract induced ETB receptor overexpression by a feed forward mechanism mediated partly by ET release, promoting HPAEC dysfunction and attenuated by ETB receptor blockade, Rho kinase and ROS inhibition. These results provide support for the use of bosentan in CS‐related endothelial dysfunction.
Astrology in the Middle Ages
Authors: Carey Hilary M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe article reviews the history of astrology in the middle ages including its classical inheritance, ascendancy under Byzantium and Islam, and development in the Latin west. Mediaeval astrology was a part of learned, scientific culture. However, the translation movement in the high middle ages brought challenges of integration to the Latin west, reflected in condemnations and anxieties about the orthodoxy and morality of astrological judgements. It was not until relatively late that astrology was practised on a large scale in mediaeval courts and it never achieved the same level of prominence as it did under Islam. The final section considers new work on the history of astrology, including astrology and medicine and astrology and the court. The article considers major figures, including Claudius Ptolemaeus (Ptolemy), Isidore of Seville (c. 600ad), Māshā’allāh (Messahallah) (c. 735–815), Abū Ma’shar (Albumasar), Ahmad ibn Yūsuf (870–904), John of Seville (fl. 1135–1153), Alfonso X (El Sabio) of Castile (1221–1284), Albertus Magnus (1206–1280), and the fifteenth‐century astrologer historian, Simon de Phares. It is argued that astrology was an integral part of the mediaeval world view and it is impossible to understand mediaeval culture without taking it into account.
Revisiting the American Revolution
Authors: Cogliano Francis D. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPerhaps the most important development in the historiography of the American Revolution over the past generation has been the emergence of Atlantic history. Atlantic historians – often specialists in geographic areas outside of North America – have approached the American Revolution from a broad perspective, transforming our understanding of the broader causes and consequences of the Revolution while placing these in the context of the development of the British Empire during the 18th century. In so doing, they have helped to reintegrate the historiographies of the American Revolution and the British Empire. While Atlantic history has done much to invigorate the study of the American Revolution, it may be reaching the limits of its usefulness for historians of the Revolution. Many leading practitioners of oceanic history are moving beyond the Atlantic and argue that it is necessary to take a global approach to the study of the past. Such an approach is well suited to the study of transnational enterprises and activities like empires and trade, but less well suited for appreciating revolutionary upheaval and the emergence of nation states. This article reviews these historiographical developments. It argues that best way to retain the benefits of Atlantic history while avoiding its pitfalls is for historians of the American Revolution to adopt a comparative hemispheric perspective.
Re‐Forging the ‘Age of Iron’ Part I: The Tenth Century as the End of the Ancient World?
Authors: Howe John 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe tenth century, once dimissed as an unpleasant ‘Age of Iron’, now receives increased attention as an important age of transition. Historians are attempting to understand how it fits into the broader narrative of Western Civilization. Some have identified it as the last act of the post‐Roman world. They identify its economy and social structures as Late Antique – at least until a ‘feudal revolution’ around the year 1000 suddenly swept them away. More professional soldiers based in new forts are said to mark the sudden advent of a new, more chaotic order. Church and state, rebuilding together after the invasions and civil wars of the late ninth century, self‐consciously attempted, with varying degrees of success, to model themselves on Roman precedents. This movement culminated in the reign of Emperor Otto III (983–1002), who relocated the capital to Rome and dedicated himself ‘to renew the ancient customs of the Romans’. The points of tangency cited between the Later Roman world and the tenth century are impressive, but a definitive judgement also requires that the century’s novel aspects be considered.
The Making of ‘African Sexuality’: Early Sources, Current Debates
Authors: Epprecht Marc 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe notion that Africans share a common sexual culture distinct from people elsewhere in the world has for many years been a staple of popular culture, health, academic, and political discourse in the West as well as in Africa. Sometimes overtly racist (Black Peril) but sometimes intended to combat patronizing or colonialist stereotypes, the idea of a singular African sexuality remains an obstacle to the development of sexual rights and effective sexual health interventions. Where did the idea come from, and how has it become so embedded in our imaginations right across the political spectrum? This article traces the idea back in time to its earliest articulations by explorers, ethnographers, and psychiatrists, as well as to contestations of the idea in scholarship, fiction, and film influenced by Africa’s emerging gay rights movement. It asks, what can we learn about the making of ‘African sexuality’ as an idea in the past that may suggest ways to challenge its enduring, harmful impacts in the present?
Material Histories in Australia and New Zealand: Interweaving Distinct Material and Social Domains
Authors: Labrum Bronwyn 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMany scholars have observed that we have recently witnessed a ‘material turn’, a term which acknowledges the broad interest over a range of social science and humanities disciplines in material culture, objects or stuff, however it is named. This article asks whether there has been a comparable material turn in Australia and New Zealand historical studies. It chart the contours of that scholarship, drawing on the author’s own work and selected studies by Australasian historians. Noting that there is a bifurcation between object‐focussed and object‐driven researches, the article concludes with suggestions for future directions in research, drawing on the wider interdisciplinary work in this area.
Single Number Shade Passing in Yarn Package Dyeing
Authors: Park J. , Thompson T. M. 
Published: August 2010

In a modern yarn package dyeing operation, where blind—dyeing techniques are extensively used, an effective, but critical, system of quality control is necessary so that dyelots are examined before they are unloaded from the dyeing frames for subsequent processing. This quality control system depends on sampling a number of packages throughout the dyelot and comparing these against the standard for shade and levelness. With the installation of a colour physics package, the examination of these swatches can be carried out instrumentalfy rather than by visual means.The work described was carried out on an I. C. S. Colour Physics package using theJPC 1979 formula [2] as the pass/ fail program. The outstanding feature of this program is that it does not require tolerances to be set out for individual colour centres. Instrumental and visual assessments on a large number of shades for various end—uses have been compared and good agreement between the two methods has been obtained. It has been possible to set up a pass/fail colour tolerance for a number of end—uses based on a single number, i. e. ΔE.It is likely that instrumental methods will eventually replace completely the current visual shade passing of package—dyed yarn. The use of non‐physical standards is also being investigated.
Interneuron subtype specific activation of mGluR1/5 during epileptiform activity in hippocampus
Authors: Sanon Nathalie T , Pelletier Joe Guillaume , Carmant Lionel , Lacaille Jean‐Claude 
Published: August 2010

SummaryPurpose:  Specific inhibitory interneurons in area CA1 of the hippocampus, notably those located in stratum oriens–alveus (O/A‐INs), are selectively vulnerable in patients and animal models of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The excitotoxic mechanisms underlying the selective vulnerability of interneurons have not been identified but could involve group I metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes (mGluR1/5), which have generally proconvulsive actions and activate prominent cationic currents and calcium responses specifically in O/A‐INs.Methods:  In this study, we examine the role of mGluR1/5 in interneurons during epileptiform activity using whole‐cell recordings from CA1 O/A‐INs and selective antagonists of mGluR1α (LY367385) and mGluR5 (MPEP) in a disinhibited rat hippocampal slice model of epileptiform activity.Results:  Our data indicate more prominent epileptiform burst discharges and paroxysmal depolarizations (PDs) in O/A‐INs than in interneurons located at the border of strata radiatum and lacunosum/moleculare (R/LM‐INs). In addition, mGluR1 and mGluR5 significantly contributed to epileptiform responses in O/A‐INs but not in R/LM‐INs. Epileptiform burst discharges in O/A‐INs were partly dependent on mGluR5. PDs and associated postsynaptic currents were dependent on both mGluR1α and mGluR5. These receptors contributed differently to postsynaptic currents underlying PDs, with mGluR5 contributing to the fast and slow components and mGluR1α to the slow component.Discussion:  These findings support interneuron subtype‐specific activation and differential contributions of mGluR1α and mGluR5 to epileptiform activity in O/A‐INs, which could be important for their selective vulnerability in TLE.
Books Received
Authors: Schorr Julian B. 
Published: August 2010

Hematology: Physiopathologic Basis for Clinical Practice. Paul R. ReichHematology for Practitioners. Marshall A. Licht‐man, Ed.Overview of Blood—1978. C. Bishop, Ed.The Physiology of Adequate Perfusion. Edward C. Berger. St. Louis, C. V. Mosby
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA screening of blood donations in minipools with the COBAS AmpliScreen HBV test
Authors: Kleinman S.H. , Strong D.M. , Tegtmeier G.G.E. , Holland P.V. , Gorlin J.B. , Cousins C. , Chiacchierini R.P , Pietrelli L.A. 
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND: The risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission by blood transfusion (estimated at 1 in 63,000‐1 in 205,000 units in the United States) exceeds that of hepatitis C virus (HCV) or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Reduction of window‐period HBV transmissions through detection of HBV DNA–positive units by minipool nucleic acid testing (MP  NAT) would be expected to decrease this risk.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A large multicenter study of the COBAS AmpliScreen HBV test (Roche Molecular Systems) was conducted on minipools of 24 blood donation specimens. The yield of HBV DNA–positive, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)‐negative window‐period donations was determined relative to current and newly licensed HBsAg assays. Donors with selected HBV DNA, HBsAg, and anti‐hepatitis B core antigen (HBc) results were further evaluated.RESULTS: The detection rate of window‐period units was 1 in 352,451 (95% confidence interval, 1 in 2,941,176‐1 in 97,561). Assay specificity was high (99.9964%). HBV DNA was detected in 84 percent of HBsAg‐positive, anti‐HBc–positive donations by MP NAT and in 94 percent when individual‐donation (ID) NAT was added. HBV DNA was detected in 0.03 percent of HBsAg‐negative, anti‐HBc–positive donations by MP NAT and in 0.41 percent when ID NAT was added.CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of HBV MP NAT will provide an increment in safety relative to HBV serologic screening, similar to that for HCV and in excess of that for HIV. Our data indicate that the implementation of HBV MP NAT would likely interdict 39 HBV window‐period units and prevent 56 cases of transfusion‐transmitted HBV infection annually. The current data indicate that HBV MP NAT should not lead to discontinuation of anti‐HBc testing but that discontinuation of HBsAg testing with retention of anti‐HBc testing may be possible.
Nondeletional ABO*O alleles frequently cause blood donor typing problems
Authors: Wagner Franz F. , Blasczyk Rainer , Seltsam Axel 
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND: Difficulties in the demonstration of expected isoagglutinins is a common problem in ABO reverse typing. Some nondeletional ABO*O alleles have been shown to encode for the expression of minimal amounts of A antigen, resulting in very weak anti‐A activity in some cases. It is unknown whether minor problems with ABO reverse typing are related to specific ABO*O alleles.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Among 2196 blood group O red cell (RBC) donations, the ABO alleles of those donations in which the isoagglutinins were incorrectly identified were analyzed with an autoanalyzer. The presence of nondeletional ABO alleles was determined by sequence‐specific priming and sequencing.RESULTS: Fifty (2.3%) of the group O RBC donations tested had to be typed manually because of isoagglutinin detection problems in automated typing: reduced anti‐A activity was observed in 45 cases, reduced anti‐B activity in 4 cases, and variably reduced isoagglutinin activity in 1 case. The nondeletional ABO*O alleles ABO*O03 and ABO*Aw08 were implicated in 38 of these 50 cases (1.7% of all blood group O donors). The remaining samples, including those with reduced anti‐B activities, were homozygous for deletional ABO*O alleles.CONCLUSION: Nondeletional ABO*O alleles are the most frequent cause of isoagglutinin detection problems in blood group O donors.
Hemolysis during percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy can mimic a hemolytic transfusion reaction
Authors: Mair D.C. , Eastlund T. , Rosen G. , Covin R. , Harmon J.V. , Menser M. , Carr R. , Shrwany S. 
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND: Interventional radiologists have developed percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy (PMT) devices to remove intravascular thrombi. Hemolysis, secondary to thrombus destruction from these devices, has been described in radiology journals, but similar reports appear to be lacking in the transfusion medicine literature. Two cases of hemolysis after PMT are described that involved the transfusion service, one of which was reported as a hemolytic transfusion reaction.CASE REPORTS: The first patient received 4 units of red cells (RBCs) during a thrombectomy and subsequent placement of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. The patient developed hemoglobinuria, and it was reported to the blood bank as a possible hemolytic transfusion reaction. After RBC mismatch and bacterial contamination were excluded, the hemolysis was attributed to thrombectomy‐related mechanical hemolysis. In the second case, a hemolyzed sample was sent to the blood bank for a type and cross‐match. Upon requesting that the sample be redrawn, it was learned that the sample was obtained after PMT.CONCLUSION: Patients who have undergone PMT can have clinical and laboratory findings suggestive of hemolytic transfusion reactions. Although interventional radiologists are familiar with these side effects, the blood bank profession needs to be aware that these procedures cause nonimmune hemolysis and must consider this possibility when evaluating transfusion reactions in these patients.