bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Next‐generation sequencing for comparative transcriptomics of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) during cold acclimation
Authors: Tamura Ken‐ichi , Yonemaru Jun‐ichi 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPerennial ryegrass (PR; Lolium perenne L.) and meadow fescue (MF; Festuca pratensis Huds.) are important grass species for forage production around the world. These species are genetically related but show different responses to biotic and abiotic stresses such as freezing: PR is severely damaged by cold stress, but MF is not. Recently, next‐generation sequencing technology (e.g. 454 sequencing) has been used to profile the genome‐wide transcriptomics of various plant species. To clarify the genetic differences behind the different cold responses of MF and PR, we developed an effective method for comparing transcriptome data during cold acclimation. The expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from cold‐acclimated MF and PR were obtained by means of minimum‐scale 454 sequencing runs. After trimming based on quality scores, these redundant ESTs were assembled into a total of 1527 contigs and singletons for MF and 1060 for PR. Subsequently, we clustered the contigs and singletons into 1082 (MF) and 661 (PR) clusters based on sequence similarity, and we used the EST numbers for the corresponding clusters to compare levels of gene expression. We observed four clusters (wheat germ agglutinin isolectin, γ‐thionin, jasmonate‐induced protein homolog and germin) with markedly different numbers of ESTs between MF and PR. The species‐specific expression of genes corresponding to these four clusters was confirmed by means of reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis.
A prospective study of systolic ejection murmurs and left ventricular outflow tract in boxers
Authors: Höglund K. , Häggström J. , Bussadori C. , Kvart C. 
Published: December 2010

Objectives: To investigate the prevalence and progression of murmurs and the development of the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) and flow velocities in the great arteries in boxer puppies through adolescence until three years of age.Methods: Nineteen boxer puppies with or without a low‐intensity murmur, but without evidence of congenital heart disease, were studied prospectively. Examinations were carried out at 7 weeks, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12 and 36 months of age by cardiac auscultation and Doppler echocardiography.Results: Presence and intensity of heart murmurs varied in the same dog and between dogs, but flow velocities did not change. Estimated effective orifice diameter (EOD) and indexed EOD was significantly narrower than measured subvalvular and valvular diameters.ClinicalSignificance: The variability in presence and intensity of low‐intensity ejection murmurs is high during growth in boxers.
Multiphoton Imaging of Actin Filament Formation and Mitochondrial Energetics of Human ACBT Gliomas
Authors: Hwang Yu‐Jer , Kolettis Nomiki , Yang Miso , Gillard Elizabeth R. , Sanchez Edgar , Sun Chung‐Ho , Tromberg Bruce J. , Krasieva Tatiana B. , Lyubovitsky Julia G. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWe studied the three‐dimensional (3D) distribution of actin filaments and mitochondria in relation to ACBT glioblastoma cells migration. We embedded the cells in the spheroid form within collagen hydrogels and imaged them by in situ multiphoton microscopy (MPM). The static 3D overlay of the distribution of actin filaments and mitochondria provided a greater understanding of cell‐to‐cell and cell‐to‐substrate interactions and morphology. While imaging mitochondria to obtain ratiometric redox index based on cellular fluorescence from reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and oxidized flavin adenine dinucleotide we observed differential sensitivity of the migrating ACBT glioblastoma cells to femtosecond laser irradiation employed in MPM. We imaged actin‐green fluorescent protein fluorescence in live ACBT glioma cells and for the first time observed dynamic modulation of the pools of actin during migration in 3D. The MPM imaging, which probes cells directly within the 3D cancer models, could potentially aid in working out a link between the functional performance of mitochondria, actin distribution and cancer invasiveness.
Brain Biochemical Effects of Methylphenidate Treatment Using Proton Magnetic Spectroscopy in Youth with Attention‐Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Controlled Pilot Study
Authors: Hammerness Paul , Biederman Joseph , Petty Carter , Henin Aude , Moore Constance M. 
Published: December 2010

SUMMARYIntroduction: This study conducted spectroscopic analyses using proton (1H) Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (at 4 Tesla) in a sample of adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), before and after treatment with extended release methylphenidate (OROS MPH), as compared to a sample of healthy comparators. Aims: The main aim of this study is to use 1H MRS to measure differences in brain biochemistry between adolescents with and without ADHD, and to assess changes in cerebral biochemistry, before and after stimulant treatment in ADHD youth. Results: Subjects with ADHD were medically healthy adolescents treated in an open label fashion with OROS MPH (mean dose: 54 mg/day; 0.90 mg/kg/day). Subjects with ADHD were scanned before and after OROS MPH treatment. Healthy comparators were scanned once. Magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy studies were performed on a 4.0 T Varian Unity/Inova MR scanner; proton spectra were acquired from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC). Data were analyzed using MANOVA and repeated measurement ANOVA. Higher metabolite ratios (Glutamate/myo‐inositol, Glutamine/myo‐inositol, Glutamate + Glutamine/myo‐inositol) were observed in the ACC in untreated ADHD subjects as compared to controls, and to treated ADHD youth; these group differences did not reach the a priori threshold for statistical significance. Conclusions: These preliminary findings suggest the presence of glutamatergic abnormalities in adolescents with ADHD, which may normalize with MPH treatment. Larger sample, controlled studies are needed to confirm these preliminary findings.
Determination of Fullerenes (C60/C70) from the Permian‐Triassic Boundary in the Meishan Section of South China
Authors: Yanfang LI , Handong LIANG , Hongfu YIN , Jing SUN , Hou'an CAI , Zhu RAO , Fanlin RAN 
Published: December 2010

Abstract Fullerenes (C60/C70), clays and rocks near the Permian‐Triassic (P/T) boundary in the Meishan section of South China are explored by means of comprehensive analytical techniques, including ultrasonic extraction with column purification, high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF MS). The study confirms the existence of fullerenes toward the P/T event boundary and their absence in clays and limestones beyond the boundary. In particular, the white clay, known as the event boundary, contains fullerenes of 0.33 ppb, while the red material, as the first lamina fill of goethite and gypsum on the base of the white clay, contains fullerenes of 1.23 ppb, and the last lamina of 2.50 ppb. Significantly, distinct enrichment of fullerenes is coincident with the disappearance of fossil records of marine species (94%) just at the base of the white clay, implying that geological fullerenes would be one of temporal remnants led by the P/T catastrophic event. This work strongly supports that fullerenes would be one of significant records of the P/T catastrophic event but their origin remains to be studied further.
Permo‐Carboniferous Radiolarians from the Wupata'erkan Group, Western South Tianshan, Xinjiang, China
Authors: Yuejun LI , Longde SUN , Haoruo WU , Guangya ZHANG , Guolin WANG , Zhibin HUANG 
Published: December 2010

Abstract The Wupata'erkan Group, also called Wupata'erkan Formation, distributed in the South Tianshan, Xinjiang, China, mainly consists of gray and dark gray fine‐grained clastic rocks, interlayered with volcanic rocks, carbonates and cherts. Some ultra‐basic rocks (blocks) punctuate the formation. The formation was variously assigned to Silurian‐Middle Devonian, Silurian‐Lower Devonian, and pre‐Devonian, mainly based on Atrypa bodini Mansuy, Hypothyridina parallelepipedia (Brour.) and Prismatophyllum hexagonum Yoh collected from the limestone interlayers, respectively. However, radiolarian fossils obtained from 24 chert specimens of the Wupata'erkan Group, mainly include Albaillella sp. cf. A. undulata Deflandre, Albaillella sp. cf. A. paradoxa Deflandre, Albaillella cf. A. deflandrei Gourmelon, Albaillella sp. cf. A. indensis Won, Albaillella sp. cf. A. excelsa Ishiga, Kito and Imoto, Albaillella sp. and Latentifistulidae gen. et. sp. indet., are earliest Carboniferous and Late Permian. The earliest Carboniferous assemblage is characterized by Albaillella sp. cf. A. undulata Deflandre, Albaillella sp. cf. A. paradoxa Deflandre, Albaillella cf. A. deflandrei Gourmelon and Albaillella sp. cf. A. indensis Won, and the Late Permian assemblage by Albaillella sp. cf. A. excelsa Ishiga, Kito and Imoto. This new stratigraphic evidence indicates that the Wupata'erkan Group is possibly composed of rocks with different ages from Silurian to Permian, and therefore, it is probably an ophiolite mélange. The discovery of Late Permian Albaillella sp. cf. A. excelsa provides more reliable evidence supporting the existence of a Permian relic ancient oceanic basin in the western part of Xinjiang South Tianshan.
Numerical Modeling of Basin‐Range Tectonics Related to Continent‐Continent Collision
Authors: Junwen CUI , Jinsong SHI , Pengwu LI , Xiaowei ZHANG , Xianpu GUO , Xiaozhong DING 
Published: December 2010

Abstract Continent‐continent collision is the most important driving mechanism for the occurrence of various geological processes in the continental lithosphere. How to recognize and determine continent‐continent collision, especially its four‐dimensional temporal‐spatial evolution, is a subject that geological communities have long been concerned about and studied. Continent‐continent collision is mainly manifested by strong underthrusting (subduction) of the underlying block along an intracontinental subduction zone and continuous obduction (thrusting propagation) of the overlying block along the intracontinental subduction zone, the occurrence of a basin‐range tectonic framework in a direction perpendicular to the subduction zone and the flexure and disruption of the Moho. On the basis of numerical modeling, the authors discuss in detail the couplings between various amounts and rates of displacement caused by basin subsidence, mountain uplift and Moho updoming and downflexure during obduction (thrusting propagation) and subduction and the migration pattern of basin centers. They are probably indications or criteria for judgment or determination of continent‐continent collision.
Minerogenic Theory of the Superlarge Lop Nur Potash Deposit, Xinjiang, China
Authors: Mili WANG , Chenglin LIU , Pengcheng JIAO , Zhichen YANG 
Published: December 2010

Abstract Located in the eastern part of the Tarim basin, Xinjiang, the Lop Nur was an ultimate water catchment area of the Tarim basin during the Quaternary. Through nearly ten years of investigation and research, the authors have found a superlarge brine potash deposit in the Luobei subbasin—a secondary basin of the Lop Nur depression. The deposit has been mined now. On that basis, the authors propose new theories on the genesis of the potash rock deposit. In the tectonic and geomorphologic contexts, the Tarim basin lies in a “high mountain‐deep basin” environment. At the beginning of the Quaternary, influenced by the neotectonic movement, the Lop Nur evolved into a “deep basin” in the Tarim basin. At the end of the middle Pleistocene, neotectonic migration began to take place in the interior of the Lop Nur and a new secondary deep basin—the Luobei subbasin—formed gradually. Despite its small area, it is actually the deepest subbasin in the Lop Nur depression, where brines of the Lop Nur Salt Lake gather and evaporate, thus providing materials for the formation of a superlarge brine potash rock deposit. With respect to the phenomenon of brine concentration and change with deepening of the lake, the authors propose a model of “high mountain‐deep basin” tectonic migration for potash concentration. In the sedimentological context, the honeycomb‐shaped voids developed in glauberite rock in the subbasin are good space for potash‐rich brine accumulation. Study indicates that the deposition of glauberite requires recharge of calcium‐rich water. In the Tarim area the calcium‐rich water might come from deep formation water or oilfield water, and the river water recharging the Lop Nur Salt Lake was rich in sulfate radicals and other components; in addition, the climate in the area was very dry and the brine evaporated steadily, thus resulting in deposition of substantial amount of glauberite, potash accumulation in intercrystal brine and final formation of the potash deposit. Generally, potash formation in a salt lake undergoes a three‐stage process of “carbonates→sulfates (gypsum and glauberite)→chlorides (halite etc.)”, but in the study area there only occurred a two‐stage process of “carbonates→sulfates (gypsum and glauberite)”. The authors call this new geological phenomenon the “two‐stage potash formation” model. In conclusion, the superlarge Lop Nur potash deposit is the result of combined “high mountain‐deep basin” tectonism and “two‐stage potash formation”.
Timing of Magma Mixing in the Gangdisê Magmatic Belt during the India‐Asia Collision: Zircon SHRIMP U‐Pb Dating
Authors: Xuanxue MO , Guochen DONG , Zhidan ZHAO , Tieying GUO , Liangliang WANG , Tao CHEN 
Published: December 2010

Abstract Abundant mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) extensively distribute in granitoids in the Gangdisê giant magmatic belt, within which the Qüxü batholith is the most typical MME‐bearing pluton. Systematic sampling for granodioritic host rock, mafic microgranular enclaves and gabbro nearby at two locations in the Qüxü batholith, and subsequent zircon SHRIMP II U‐Pb dating have been conducted. Two sets of isotopic ages for granodioritic host rock, mafic microgranular enclaves and gabbro are 50.4±1.3 Ma, 51.2±1.1 Ma, 47.0±1 Ma and 49.3±1.7 Ma, 48.9±1.1 Ma, 49.9±1.7 Ma, respectively. It thus rules out the possibilities of mafic microgranular enclaves being refractory residues after partial melting of magma source region, or being xenoliths of country rocks or later intrusions. Therefore, it is believed that the three types of rocks mentioned above likely formed in the same magmatic event, i.e., they formed by magma mixing in the Eocene (c. 50 Ma). Compositionally, granitoid host rocks incline towards acidic end member involved in magma mixing, gabbros are akin to basic end member and mafic microgranular enclaves are the incompletely mixed basic magma clots trapped in acidic magma. The isotopic dating also suggested that huge‐scale magma mixing in the Gangdisê belt took place 15–20 million years after the initiation of the India‐Asia continental collision, genetically related to the underplating of subduction‐collision‐induced basic magma at the base of the continental crust. Underplating and magma mixing were likely the main process of mass‐energy exchange between the mantle and the crust during the continental collision, and greatly contributed to the accretion of the continental crust, the evolution of the lithosphere and related mineralization beneath the portion of the Tibetan Plateau to the north of the collision zone.
Organic Geochemistry of Sedimentary Rock‐hosted Disseminated Gold Deposits in Southwestern Guizhou Province, China
Authors: Zhiwei BAO , Zhenhua ZHAO , GUHA Jayanta 
Published: December 2010

Abstract Sedimentary rock‐hosted disseminated gold (SRHDG) deposits in the Youjiang‐Nanpanjiang Basin, southwestern Guizhou Province are commonly hosted by the same fold crests that commonly contain a remarkable amount of organic material. The total organic carbon (TOC) contents of the ores and host rocks are usually less than 1%. The reflectance of vitrinite and pyrobitumen in the ores and the host rocks ranges from 1.5% to 4.5%, often in the range of 2% to 3%. In the Lannigou deposit, the reflectance of vitrinite and pyrobitumen in the ores is usually somewhat higher than those within the host rocks, indicating a hydrothermal impact on the organic matter in the altered host rocks. On the contrary, the estimated maximum paleotemperatures of the Getang and Zimudang deposits are higher than the homogenization temperatures of the fluid inclusions in the ores, signifying that the organic matter maturation predated Au mineralization. No correlation between the organic matter contents and Au concentrations were recognized in the ores. However, the most striking observation is that there is a positive correlation between the S2 (a parameter of Rock‐Eval analysis), Au and As contents of the ores in the Lannigou deposit. Organic matter maturation and migration is apparent from the TOC vs. HCI diagram. Furthermore, group analysis of the dichloromethane extractable organic component of the ores and host rocks shows that the maturation degree of the organic matter in the ores is slightly higher than that of the host rocks in the Lannigou gold deposit. However, the compositions of their alkanes, steranes and terpenes, which serve as biomarkers, are quite similar; this suggests that the organic matter found in the ores and host rocks has a common marine source. Organic matter probably contributed to the preconcentration of Au in the host rocks. Hydrocarbons in the system, on the other hand, clearly contributed to the emplacement of the gold mineralization through thermal sulfate reduction. Organic matter in the solution might have increased the potential of the hydrothermal solution to transport Au.
Deformation Characteristics of Loess Landslide along the Contact between Loess and Neocene Red Mudstone
Authors: Baoping WEN , Sijing WANG , Enzhi WANG , Jianmin ZHANG , Yugeng WU , Xinglin WANG 
Published: December 2010

Abstract The loess landslide along the contact between loess and Neogene red mudstone (NRM) is one of those that have occurred extensively and frequently in loess areas of China. To better understand the mechanism of this type of landslides, a distressed loess slope being subjected to deformation along the loess‐NRM contact was comprehensively investigated through approaches of field monitoring and laboratory physical modeling. Field observation and physical modeling shows that the slope deformation will experience two distinct processes: 1) laterally retrogressive and vertically progressive propagation, which was initiated by falling of the slope head; and 2) retrogressively separate mass sliding along the weak basal zone of the loess‐NRM contact with minor sliding along the paleosols within the loess. Shear failure of the loess‐NRM contact may initiate in the middle section, followed by a progressive propagation towards the slope toe and inner slope. Analysis reveals that the deformation characteristics of the distressed slope are largely constrained by slope topography, the unique structure, physical and mechanical properties of loess and paleosols, and occurrence and nature of the loess‐NRM contact. Rainfall has significantly influence on the deformation characteristics of the slope through its interaction with the loess and soil of the loess‐NRM contact. Additionally, improper style and intensity of cutting on the slope greatly enhance and accelerate the deformation course of the slope.
Kaili Biota: A Taphonomic Window on Diversification of Metazoans from the Basal Middle Cambrian: Guizhou, China
Authors: Yuanlong ZHAO , Maoyan ZHU , BABCOCK Loren E. , Jinliang YUAN , PARSLEY Ronald L. , Jin PENG , Xinglian YANG , Yue WANG 
Published: December 2010

Abstract A Burgess Shale‐type biota is, in part, characterized by a wide diversity of taxa and soft‐part preservation. Each provides unique historical insights into early metazoan evolution. Among the more than 40 globally distributed biotas, the early Cambrian Chengjiang and Middle Cambrian Burgess‐type biotas are the largest. The Kaili Biota, from the earliest Middle Cambrian of Guizhou, China, contains representatives of 110 metazoan genera belonging to 10 phyla. It contains many well‐persevered soft‐bodied specimens. This Chinese biota has become the third most taxonomically diverse Burgess Shale‐type fauna. Because the Kaili Biota formed in an outer‐shelf environment, its main faunal character is large numbers of eocrinoids and planktoic trilobites. The Kaili is younger than the Chengjiang Biota but older than the Canadian Burgess Shale Biota it shares 30 genera with the Chengjiang and 38 genera with the Burgess Biota. The Kaili Biota displays a taphonomic window to the diversification and evolution of marine offshore organisms covering 5.13 million years between the Early and Middle Cambrian.
An Early Aged Ophiolite in the Western Kunlun Mts., NW Tibetan Plateau and Its Tectonic Implications
Authors: Xuchang XIAO , Jun WANG , Li SU , Wenhua JI , Shuguang SONG 
Published: December 2010

Abstract The early aged ophiolites have attracted attention of many geologists in recent decades, because the early aged ophiolites can provide the information about the ancient oceanic processes relevant to the evolution of plate tectonics in the early period of the earth, and also concern such problems as whether there existed a “Proto‐Tethys” and the break‐up and convergence of the Rodinian Supercontinent. This paper reveals a definite complete ophiolite of Neoproterozoic‐Early Paleozoic, named Kuda ophiolite in the western Kunlun Mts., NW Tibetan Plateau, and reports the recent reasonable SHRIMP zircon U‐Pb ages of 510±4 Ma, and 502±13 Ma for the cumulates of the Kuda ophiolite, using the most powerful dating tool, the SHRIMP‐II. The geochemical and geochronology data integrating with the geological setting suggest that the Kuda ophiolite might have formed in an archipelago oceanic basin, not in a vast ocean, the so‐called “Proto‐Tethys”, and was tectonically emplaced during the Early Paleozoic.