bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Redefinitions of Teliapsocus Chapman, Zelandopsocus Tillyard and Cladioneura Enderlein (Psocoptera)
Authors: Smithers C. N. 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISThe type species of Teliapsocus, Zelandopsocus and Cladioneura are redescribed on the basis of new material from U.S.A., New Zealand and Australia, respectively. The type‐species of Teliapsocus is transferred to Matsumuraiella, and Teliapsocus is synonymised with that genus.
Some Simuliidae (Diptera) from West Cameroon
Authors: LEWIS D. J. , DISNEY R. H. L. 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISFull or partial descriptions are given of Simuliuni (Eusimulium) aureosimile, S. (Phoretomyia) lumbwanum and a new species of this subgenus, and of S. (Metomphalus) colasbelcouri, futaense and a new species of this subgenus.
A redescription of Exoristobia Ashmead 1904 and description of two new species (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)
Authors: RAO B. R. SUBBA 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISThe genus Exoristobio Ashmead, 1904, is redescribed. A new species from Uganda and one from Nigeria are described. A key i s given to the females of three species now included in the genus.
A new French mole cricket, differing in song and morphology from Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa L. (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae)
Authors: Bennet‐Clark H. C. 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISA new species of mole cricket is separated from Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa Linnaeus on the basis of differences in the song, the sound‐producing organs and dimensions of the wings and body. The singing burrow is described and related to the frequency of the song. A new key to males of the European Gryllotalpa is provided.
Records and descriptions of some Asiatic Spilogona Schnabl (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: Pont Adrian C. 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISRecords of seven species of Spilogona Schnabl, 191 1, from Central Asia are given. Two of them are described as new, one from males and females taken in Siberia and one from a unique male taken in the West Pamirs.
Changing authentic identities: evidence from Taiwan and China
Authors: Brown Melissa J. 
Published: August 2010

Despite ideological rhetoric to the contrary, identity changes and authenticity depend on social experience – the lived interactions of individuals as well as the broad range of political‐economic, historical, and personal factors that shape those interactions. Because governments influence social experience, they can shape identities of their populations. Plains Aborigines in colonial Taiwan became Han Taiwanese after Japanese authorities banned footbinding. Local Han became Tujia, and Prmi became both Pumi and Tibetan in China's nation‐wide ethnic identification project. However, deliberate attempts at manipulation do not always succeed. The social experience of daily discrimination countered colonial authorities' efforts to make Han Taiwanese into Japanese, contrary to the claims of more recent nostalgic narratives. Narratives of unfolding – partisan stories about the development of a people over time – push the notion, useful to contemporary political authorities, that ethnic identities are fixed because they are based on culture and ancestry and that their authenticity is an ontological absolute derived from origins in antiquity. Analytic distinction of ideological rhetoric from the social experience of individuals allows a better understanding of the socially constructed processes of identity formation and authentication.RésuméBien que la rhétorique idéologique soutienne le contraire, les changements d'identité et l'authenticité dépendent de l'expérience sociale, autrement dit des interactions vécues aussi bien que de nombreux facteurs politico‐économiques, sociaux et personnels qui donnent forme à ces relations. En influant sur cette expérience, les gouvernements peuvent modeler l'identité de leurs populations. Les aborigènes des plaines de Taiwan sont devenus des Han quand les autorités coloniales japonaises ont interdit le bandage des pieds. Les Han locaux sont devenus des Tujia, et les Prmi sont devenus aussi bien des Pumi que des Tibétains dans le projet d'identification ethnique national chinois. Les tentatives de manipulation ne sont cependant pas toujours couronnées de succès. L'expérience sociale d'une discrimination quotidienne a battu en brèche les efforts des autorités coloniales de transformer les Han de Taïwan en Japonais, quoi qu'en disent les récits nostalgiques postérieurs. Les récits de déploiement, narrations partisanes du développement d'un peuple dans le temps, avancent la notion (utile pour les autorités politiques contemporaines) que les identités ethniques sont fixées parce qu'elles se fondent sur la culture et les ancêtres et que leur authenticité est une vérité ontologique absolue, liée à leurs origines antiques. En distinguant par l'analyse la rhétorique idéologique et le vécu social des individus, on peut mieux comprendre les processus, socialement construits, de formation et d'authentification de l'identité.
Virginity testing as a local public health initiative: a ‘preventive ritual’ more than a ‘diagnostic measure’
Authors: Wickström Anette 
Published: August 2010

This article focuses on virginity testing in Nkolokotho in northeastern rural KwaZulu Natal. I argue that testing is a strategy that involves the deployment of collective pressure and symbolic means both to increase the individual's and the community's responsibility for sexual relations, and to strengthen girls' and women's positions at a time of chronic HIV/AIDS. In the absence of effective measures against AIDS, inhabitants try to find alternative ways to protect young people. An older tradition that emphasizes the status of virgin girls and the significance of the collective is used in a strategy that incorporates HIV blood tests. I show how virginity testing is a ‘preventive ritual’ more than a ‘diagnostic measure’, while emphasizing how both South African and Western projects aimed at improving the situation are grounded in perspectives that sometimes collide with how local people conceive of both relationships and sexuality.RésuméLe présent article est consacréà la vérification de la virginitéà Nkolokotho, dans le Nord‐est rural du KwaZulu Natal. L'auteur avance que ce test est une stratégie impliquant une pression collective et la mise en œuvre de moyens symboliques pour responsabiliser individus et collectivité en matière de relations sexuelles et renforcer la position des jeunes filles et des femmes en ces temps de VIH endémique. Faute de mesures efficaces pour lutter contre le SIDA, les habitants de la région recherchent d'autres moyens de protéger les jeunes. Une tradition ancienne, montant en épingle le statut des jeunes filles vierges et l'importance du collectif, est mise à contribution dans une stratégie qui inclut le dépistage sanguin du VIH. L'auteur montre en quoi la vérification de la virginité est un « rituel préventif » plus qu'une « mesure de diagnostic », tout en mettant en lumière la façon dont les projets initiés par l'Afrique du Sud et les pays occidentaux pour améliorer la situation s'inscrivent dans une perspective qui peut entrer en conflit avec la manière dont les populations locales envisagent les relations et la sexualité.
Ritual exchange and the fourth obligation: ancient Maya food offering and the flexible materiality of ritual
Authors: Morehart Christopher T , Butler Noah 
Published: August 2010

Employing Mauss's notion of the fourth obligation, giving to the gods, this article develops a formulation of ritual exchange to examine the interactive nature of ritual practice. As a modality of interaction, ritual exchange is contingent upon enduring normative beliefs, such as perceived obligations to spiritual entities, and the social positions of ritual practitioners. Consequently, ritual exchange evinces not only the material and immaterial nature of sacred beliefs but also the potential flexibility and fungibility of social interaction. By considering a relatively under‐utilized form of data to study past ritual, archaeobotanical remains, we employ this perspective to explore the ancient Maya practice of offering foods in several caves in western Belize. These data exhibit complex configurations of commonality and variability, suggesting the potential flexibility and latent fungibility of ritual exchange.RésuméEn recourant à la quatrième obligation selon Mauss (l'offrande aux dieux), l'auteur élabore une formulation des échanges rituels afin d'examiner la nature interactive de la pratique rituelle. En tant que modalité d'interaction, l'échange rituel dépend de la pérennité de croyances normatives, telles que les obligations perçues envers les entités du monde des esprits et le statut social des officiants. En conséquence, l'échange rituel évince non seulement la nature matérielle et immatérielle des croyances sacrées, mais aussi la flexibilité et la fonctionnalité potentielles des interactions sociales. En examinant les vestiges archéobotaniques, données relativement mal utilisées pour étudier les rituels passés, nous appliquons ce point de vue à l'étude des pratiques des anciens Mayas qui déposaient des offrandes de nourriture dans des grottes de l'Ouest du Belize. Ces données font apparaître des configurations complexes de points communs et de variabilité, qui suggèrent une flexibilité potentielle et une fonctionnalité latente des échanges rituels.
Gas masks: material culture, memory, and the senses
Authors: Moshenska Gabriel 
Published: August 2010

Gas masks are distinctive, iconic, and evocative objects. As a technology, a uniform, a symbol, and a mask, the gas mask defies simple categorization. In this article I use memory narratives to examine the active social lives of children's gas masks in Second World War Britain; their uses, misuses, and disposal. By focusing on the unique sensory aspect of the gas mask, I consider a range of interconnected themes, including the effects of poison gas, the aesthetics of childhood learning, and the connections between memory and the senses. This study builds on recent criticisms of social constructivism and ‘asymmetry’ in the study of people and material culture; the child's gas mask thus emerges not only as a social and physical mediator between children and the world at war they inhabited, but as an actor shaping the aesthetic experience and memories of that world.RésuméLe masque à gaz est un objet distinctif, iconique, évocateur. Équipement technologique autant qu'uniforme, symbole et masque, il défie les catégorisations simples. L'auteur utilise ici des récits de souvenirs pour étudier la vie sociale active des masques à gaz pour enfants dans la Grande‐Bretagne de la seconde Guerre mondiale, leur utilisation, leurs abus, leur mise au rebut. En se concentrant sur l'aspect sensoriel unique des masques à gaz, l'auteur aborde plusieurs thèmes interconnectés : effets des gaz toxiques, esthétique de l'apprentissage dans l'enfance, liens entre mémoire et sens. Cette étude se fonde sur la critique récente du constructivisme social et de « l'asymétrie » dans l'étude des peuples et des cultures matérielles. Le masque à gaz pour enfant apparaît ainsi non seulement comme un médiateur social et physique entre l'enfant et le monde en guerre dans lequel il vivait, mais comme un acteur donnant forme à une expérience esthétique et aux souvenirs de ce monde.
Discovering the False Discovery Rate
Authors: Benjamini Yoav 
Published: August 2010

SummaryI describe the background for the paper ‘Controlling the false discovery rate: a new and powerful approach to multiple comparisons’ by Benjamini and Hochberg that was published in the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, in 1995. I review the progress since made on the false discovery rate, as well as the major conceptual developments that followed.
Bayesian Pseudo-Empirical-Likelihood Intervals for Complex Surveys
Authors: Rao J. N. K. , Wu Changbao 
Published: August 2010

SummaryBayesian methods for inference on finite population means and other parameters by using sample survey data face hurdles in all three phases of the inferential procedure: the formulation of a likelihood function, the choice of a prior distribution and the validity of posterior inferences under the design-based frequentist framework. In the case of independent and identically distributed observations, the profile empirical likelihood function of the mean and a non-informative prior on the mean can be used as the basis for inference on the mean and the resulting Bayesian empirical likelihood intervals are also asymptotically valid under the frequentist set-up. For complex survey data, we show that a pseudo-empirical-likelihood approach can be used to construct Bayesian pseudo-empirical-likelihood intervals that are asymptotically valid under the design-based set-up. The approach proposed compares favourably with a full Bayesian analysis under simple random sampling without replacement. It is also valid under general single-stage unequal probability sampling designs, unlike a full Bayesian analysis. Moreover, the approach is very flexible in using auxiliary population information and can accommodate two scenarios which are practically important: incorporation of known auxiliary population information for the construction of intervals by using the basic design weights; calculation of intervals by using calibration weights based on known auxiliary population means or totals.
Penal Reform in the Netherlands: Part II—Criteria for Deciding on Alternatives to Imprisonment
Authors: Hulsman L. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractNew sanctions as an alternative to imprisonment should not be introduced before their capacity for reducing custodial sentences is compared with other methods of bringing about such a reduction.Any consideration of the possible introduction of an alternative sanction should always take into account its potential influence on the community's absorption of events which could lead to criminalisation. Changes in civil law can contribute to an increase in the possibilities of “civilisation” of conflicts on a community level and thus to a reduction of the number of events processed by the criminal justice system. Other important matters to take into account in assessing alternatives to imprisonment are their possible influence on: (i) the “policy‐assessing” role of the criminal law judge; (ii) the influence on the (un) controllability of the penal system; and (iii) the effects on public perception of events which can lead to criminalisation.
An International Perspective on the Privatisation of Corrections
Authors: LILLY J. ROBERT , KNEPPER PAUL 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:The recent debate about corrections' privatisation neglects the extensive overlap of business, political and private interests which shapes public corrections policy. Based on current developments in England/Wales, Canada and the US, it is possible to identify an international corrections—commercial complex. As George Orwell reflected in 1934:Of course we keep the peace in our own interest, but what does all this law and order business boil down to? More banks and more prisons ‐ that's all it means. we should chuck it quickly enough if it didn't pay. (Orwell 1934)
MHC haplotypic association in Chinese Han patients with vitiligo
Authors: Xia Q , Zhou WM , Liang YH , Ge HS , Liu HS , Wang JY , Gao M , Yang S , Zhang XJ 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBackground  Serological typing of the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) has shown discrepancies in HLA associations with vitiligo in different ethnic populations.Objective  To evaluate the distributions of HLA at class I and II loci that may contribute to the genetic susceptibility of vitiligo patients in Chinese Hans population.Methods  We analysed the allelic frequencies of HLA class I and II by using the polymerase chain reaction sequence‐specific primer (PCR‐SSP) method in 187 patients with vitiligo and 273 controls in Chinese Hans. The linkage disequilibrium was calculated from a 2 × 2 table.Results  Two‐locus haplotypes including HLA‐A25‐B13, HLA‐A25‐B27, HLA‐A25‐Cw*0602, HLA‐A25‐DQA1*0302, HLA‐A25‐DQA1*0601, HLA‐A25‐DQB1*0303, HLA‐B13‐Cw*0602, HLA‐B13‐DQA1*0302, HLA‐B13‐DQA1*0601, HLA‐B27‐Cw*0602, HLA‐B27‐DQA1*0302, HLA‐B27‐DQA1*0601, HLA‐B27‐DQB1*0303, HLA‐B27‐DQB1*0503, HLA‐Cw*0602‐DQA1*0302, HLA‐Cw*0602‐DQA1*0601, HLA‐Cw*0602‐DQB1*0303, HLA‐Cw*0602‐DQB1*0503 and HLA‐DQA1*0302‐DQB1*0503 were associated with all types of vitiligo in Chinese Hans. The extended haplotypes HLA‐A25‐B13‐Cw*0602, HLA‐A25‐B27‐Cw*0602, HLA‐DQA1*0302‐DQB1*0303‐Cw*0602 and HLA‐B13‐DQB1*0303‐Cw*0602 were found to be associated with all types of vitiligo in Chinese Hans, whereas the frequency of HLA‐A25‐Cw*0602‐DQA1*0302 was significantly increased in generalized vitiligo but not in localized vitiligo. The frequencies of HLA‐A25‐DQA1*0302‐DQB1*0503 and HLA‐A30‐DQA1*0302‐DQB1*0303 were higher in childhood vitiligo than in adult vitiligo, and the frequency of HLA‐A25‐B13‐DQB1*0303‐Cw*0602 was shown to be associated with adult vitiligo but not childhood vitiligo.Conclusion  This study demonstrates not only the differential association between HLA markers and types of vitiligo according to distribution or age at onset but also newly found high‐risk haplotypes in Chinese vitiligo patients.
Circadian alteration in neurobiology during protracted opiate withdrawal in rats
Authors: Li Su‐xia , Liu Li‐jing , Jiang Wen‐gao , Sun Li‐li , Zhou Shuang‐jiang , Le Foll Bernard , Zhang Xiang Yang , Kosten Thomas R. , Lu Lin 
Published: August 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 353–362.AbstractProtracted opiate withdrawal can extend for months of disrupted hormonal circadian rhythms. We examined rodent behaviors and these circadian disturbances in hormone and peptide levels as well as brain clock gene expression during 60 days of protracted withdrawal. Our behavioral tests included open field, elevated plus maze, and sucrose preference tests at 36 h, 10, 30, and 60 days after stopping chronic morphine. At these four assessment points, we collected samples every 4 h for 24 h to examine circadian rhythms in blood hormone and peptide levels and brain expression of rPER1, rPER2, and rPER3 clock genes. Decreased locomotor activity and elevated adrenocorticotropic hormone and melatonin levels persisted for 2 months after morphine withdrawal, but corticosterone was elevated only at 36 h and 10 days after withdrawal. Orexin levels were high at 36 h after withdrawal, but then reversed during protracted withdrawal to abnormally low levels. Beta‐endorphin (β‐EP) levels showed no differences from normal. However, circadian rhythms were blunted for all of these hormones. Corticosterone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and orexin blunting persisted at least for 60 days. The blunted circadian rhythm of β‐EP and melatonin recovered by day 60, but the peak phase of β‐EP was delayed about 8 h. Blunted circadian rhythms and reduced expression of rPER1, rPER2, and rPER3 persisted at least for 60 days in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens core, central nucleus of the amygdala, Hippocampus, and ventral tegmental area. Circadian rhythms of rPER1 in the nucleus accumbens shell and basolateral nucleus of the amygdala and of rPER2 in the central nucleus of the amygdala were reversed. Disrupted circadian rhythms of rPER1, rPER 2, and rPER3 expression in reward‐related brain circuits and blunted circadian rhythms in peripheral hormones and peptides may play a role in protracted opiate withdrawal and contribute to relapse.
Genome‐wide screen identifies Escherichia coli TCA‐cycle‐related mutants with extended chronological lifespan dependent on acetate metabolism and the hypoxia‐inducible transcription factor ArcA
Authors: Gonidakis Stavros , Finkel Steven E. , Longo Valter D. 
Published: August 2010

SummarySingle‐gene mutants with extended lifespan have been described in several model organisms. We performed a genome‐wide screen for long‐lived mutants in Escherichia coli, which revealed strains lacking tricarboxylic acid (TCA)‐cycle‐related genes that exhibit longer stationary‐phase survival and increased resistance to heat stress compared to wild‐type. Extended lifespan in the sdhA mutant, lacking subunit A of succinate dehydrogenase, is associated with the reduced production of superoxide and increased stress resistance. On the other hand, the longer lifespan of the lipoic acid synthase mutant (lipA) is associated with reduced oxygen consumption and requires the acetate‐producing enzyme pyruvate oxidase, as well as acetyl‐CoA synthetase, the enzyme that converts extracellular acetate to acetyl‐CoA. The hypoxia‐inducible transcription factor ArcA, acting independently of acetate metabolism, is also required for maximum lifespan extension in the lipA and lpdA mutants, indicating that these mutations promote entry into a mode normally associated with a low‐oxygen environment. Because analogous changes from respiration to fermentation have been observed in long‐lived Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Caenorhabditis elegans strains, such metabolic alterations may represent an evolutionarily conserved strategy to extend lifespan.
Leaching and balances of phosphorus and other nutrients in lysimeters after application of organic manures or fertilizers
Authors: Ulén B. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract. A long‐term lysimeter experiment with undisturbed monoliths studied leaching behaviour and balances of phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and nitrogen (N) during a seven year crop rotation on four types of soil receiving inorganic fertilizers, manure and grass compost respectively. It was shown that application of manure did not lead to any direct change in nutrient leaching, unlike the application of fertilizers to soils of normal fertility. However, soil type considerably affected the nutrient concentrations in the drainage water.Manure applied in amounts equal to the maximum animal density allowed by Swedish legislation slightly oversupplied P and N (0.5–3.5 and 18–38 kg ha−1 y−1 respectively) compared to the crop requirement and leaching losses for most of the soils. The relationship between lactate‐soluble P in the topsoil and the concentrations of dissolved P in the drainage water was very strong. However the strength of this relationship was dependent on just one or two soils. P losses from a fertile sandy soil were large (1–11 kg ha−1 y−1) throughout the crop rotation and average crop removal (13 kg ha−1 y−1) plus the leaching losses were not balanced (average deficit 3–6 kg ha−1 y−1) by the addition of fertilizer, manure or grass compost. No decreasing trend was found in the P losses during seven years. However, the K deficit (average 26 kg ha−1 y−1) led to a significant reduction in the leaching trend from this soil. The other soils that had a smaller K deficit showed no significant reduction in the leaching of K.