bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Accelerated Intergranular Corrosion Tests and Pitting Corrosion Tests to Detect Sensitization and Susceptibility to Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking in High Temperature Water of Duplex 308 Stainless Steel
Authors: Devine T. M. , Drummond B. J. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The ability of various intergranular corrosion and pitting corrosion tests to detect sensitization and intergranular stress corrosion cracking susceptibility in high temperature water of duplex 308 stainless steel was evaluated. The duplex alloy contained 10 v/o ferrite and had a specific austenite-ferrite interfacial area of 930 cm2/cm3. The intergranular corrosion resistance of the alloy following 30 different aging treatments was determined in boiling acidified CU-CUSO4 solution (A262E), boiling 65% HNO3 (A262C), and by an electrolytic etch test in 10% oxalic acid (A262A). The pitting corrosion resistance was evaluated by potentiodynamic and galvanostatic tests in 0.1 N HCl at room temperature. The results of all five tests were compared to the results of slow extension rate stress corrosion cracking tests conducted at 550 F in high purity water containing 8 ppm dissolved oxygen. The microstructural features responsible for the corrosion in each test were determined. The A262E test was found to attack the chromium depleted zones in the material. The A262C test preferentially corroded the chromium depleted zones but also dissolved, albeit to a much less extent, the chromium rich phases such as M23C6. The A262A test primarily attacked chromium rich phases. Pitting corrosion was confined to the chromium depleted zones. The results of the A262E test and the galvanostatic pitting test agreed quite closely with the results of the stress corrosion cracking test. There was considerable scatter in the weight loss measurements obtained in the A262C test. The latter could detect the presence of a severely sensitized microstructure but was incapable of distinguishing between mildly sensitized and unsensitized materials. Although pitting was largely confined to the chromium depleted boundaries, unless the sample was severely sensitized, there was considerable scatter in the measured values of the pitting potential. This precluded the use of the latter as a parameter to characterize the degree of sensitization. The A262A test results exhibited the least correlation with the results of the stress corrosion cracking tests. Since the A262A test attacks chromium rich phases such as M23C6, samples which were aged long enough to intergranularly precipitate M23C6 but not long enough to produce chromium depleted zones of sufficient width or contiguity, nevertheless were severely corroded in the A262A test. And samples which were aged long enough to replenish the chromium depleted zones still failed the A262A test because of the continued presence of the chromium rich grain boundary carbides. These tests were also conducted on samples of sensitized and unsensitized austenitic 308 stainless steel. The results were consistent with the findings of the duplex alloy tests.
Adsorption of Organic Phosphonates on Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate Crystals
Authors: Gill Jasbir S. , Nancollas George H. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
14C labeled ethylenediaminetetra (methylene phosphonic acid) and triethylenediaminetetra (methylene phosphonic acid) have been used to study their adsorption on calcium sulfate dihydrate crystals radiometrically under different conditions. Kinetics of crystal growth of calcium sulfate dihydrate crystals was studied both in solution and on heated metal surface. The growth of gypsum has been shown to follow an equation second order in supersaturation. The heterogeneity of surface sites is responsible for crystal habit modification in the presence of impurities. Blocking of the active growth sites by the inhibitors results in inhibiting the scale formation.
A Controlled Composition Study of Calcium Carbonate Crystal Growth: The Influence of Scale Inhibitors
Authors: Nancollas George H. , Kazmierczak Thomas F. , Schuttringer Eric 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The precipitation of calcium carbonate is of considerable importance in a wide variety of scale forming situations since carbonate concentrations in the environment are usually quite appreciable. As a first-formed solid phase, calcium carbonate may induce the growth of other scale minerals on its surface. Since the solubility of calcium carbonate polymorphs decreases with increasing temperature, the problem is also aggravated by the relatively high ambient temperatures in many processes. This paper describes a new highly reproducible, seeded crystal growth method in which the activity of ion species is automatically maintained constant during the crystal growth reaction so that the kinetics can be studied over a wide range of supersaturation. The rate of calcite growth, over a 30X range of ionic strength, is proportional to the square of the relative supersaturation ([{Ca2+}{CO32−}]1/2−Kso1/2)2 expressed in terms of the activities of the ionic species. The rate is directly proportional to the seed concentration over a 3X range of the latter. The constant composition method has also been used to investigate the mineralization rate of a rotating disc of calcite (∼ 1 cm2 area) having very well defined hydrodynamic parameters. The rate of reaction (per m seed surface) is in striking agreement with that obtained using seed crystals (typically 500 cm2) despite the large difference in available growth sites. The evidence points to a surface controlled crystallization mechanism. Traces of orthophosphate and typical phosphonate scale inhibitors markedly inhibit the rate of calcium carbonate scale formation. Even with the sustained driving force provided by the constant composition method, a concentration of 9.1×10−8 M hydroxyethylidene-1, 1-diphosphonic acid completely inhibits the crystallization of calcite for more than 100 hours. The effectiveness of this scale inhibitor is clearly due to adsorption at active growth sites on the developing crystal surfaces.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Depleted Uranium Alloys in Moist Salt Ladened Air
Authors: Hasson D. F. , Joyce J. A. , Crowe C. R. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Stress corrosion cracking (SCO in selected depleted uranium alloys in salt ladened moist air environments has been studied by cantilever beam testing. Crack growth kinetics were monitored during the test using a computer data acquisition system. Continuous measurements of crack growth with time showed discontinuous crack growth with increasing KI. Threshold stress intensity values for stress corrosion cracking KISCC, were found to be 24.4 MPa - m½ and 15.6 MPa - m½ for U-3/4 Ti and DU-3/4 Quintalloys, respectively. Values for U-2 Mo in two heat treated conditions were slightly less than the U-3/4 Ti threshold. Data is presented in a “safe zone” plot of flaw size vs applied stress. Fractographic investigation by scanning electron microscopy revealed mixed fracture modes with both transgranular and intergranular fracture occurring.
Corrosion Product Formation in Simulated Energy Systems
Authors: Fabis P. , Brown C. , Rockett T. , Heidersbach R. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Two commercial iron-chromium alloys (AISI 446 and AISI 502) were exposed to elevated temperature hydrogen sulfide and chloride environments. Scale formation was studied using infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy as the principle analysis methods. The scales formed are discussed in terms of temperature of formation, duration of exposure, and alloy composition. Comparisons are made to scales formed on pure iron and chromium in the same environments.
Corrosion Phenomena for Iron Covered with a Cellulose Nitrate Coating
Authors: Ritter J. J. , Rodriguez M. J. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The corrosion of metals protected by organic coatings is an incompletely understood phenomenon. Recent investigations by an in situ ellipsometric-electrochemical technique combined with microanalytical studies have provided new insights into the destructive processes. Events such as the roughening of the metal surface, chloride ion accumulation, and the thickening of the surface oxide have been detected under the coating and are interpreted in terms of the chemistry which develops between the microenvironment and the substrate.
Slow Strain Rate Stress Corrosion Cracking under Multiaxial Deformation Conditions: Technique and Application to Admiralty Brass
Authors: Blanchard W. K. , Koss D. A. , Heldt L. A. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
A set of straightforward experimental techniques are described for the examination of slow strain rate stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of sheet deforming under nearly all multiaxial deformation conditions which result in sheet thinning. Based on the local fracture strain as a failure criterion, the results contrast the stress corrosion susceptibility in uniaxial tension with those in both plane strain and balanced biaxial tension. As an application of the technique, preliminary results are presented describing the slow strain rate SCC of admiralty brass in an aqueous 0.1 M CuSO4 solution at open circuit potential. These results indicate that the loss of ductility associated with the SCC of the brass increases as the stress state changes from uniaxial toward balanced biaxial tension.
Athletes Are Different: Factors That Differentiate Biofeedback/Neurofeedback for Sport Versus Clinical Practice
Authors: Wilson Vietta , Peper Erik 
Published: June 2011

Biofeedback and neurofeedback training procedures are often different for athletes than for clinical patients. Athletes come to improve performance whereas patients come to reduce symptoms. This article outlines factors that distinguish work with athletes from work with clinical patients. The differences in training include the purpose of training, the nature of the participant in training, session design, and covert factors underlying the training. Unlike clients, athletes often do intensive transfer of learning training, between 2 and 6 hours of daily sport practice across days, weeks, and months. Although biofeedback and neurofeedback are important factors for enhancing peak performance, there are many covert and overt factors producing performance success such as motivation, intensity of training, “A-ha” experiences, experimental expectancy, behavioral consequences, and mastery learning. The training process with athletes is illustrated through a case example of a young tennis player who mastered control of his anger.
Biofeedback Reaction-Time Training: Toward Olympic Gold
Authors: Harvey Richard H , Beauchamp Marla K , Saab Marc , Beauchamp Pierre 
Published: June 2011

As part of a larger training program, applying a new biofeedback protocol for improving reaction time (RT) performance among elite speed skaters at the Canadian Speedskating National Training Center in Montreal, Canada, provided an advantage at the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Games, allowing athletes to assert themselves and claim the best starting position during the event. Each athlete participated in a twice-weekly biofeedback RT training for 5 weeks, for a total of 600 RT practice trials, simulating speed-skating activities such as reacting to commands of “go to the start,” “ready,” and the sound of a signal from a gun to start. There was an overall improvement in RT performance from the beginning to the end of the 5-week period, with the largest improvement occurring between Weeks 4 and 5 of the training, F(1, 9)  =  679.2, p  =  .001. The results suggest that biofeedback protocols will become an essential part of a winning strategy for future interventions in speed skater training.
Virtual Reality–Assisted Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback as a Strategy to Improve Golf Performance: A Case Study
Authors: Lagos Leah , Vaschillo Evgeny , Vaschillo Bronya , Lehrer Paul , Bates Marsha , Pandina Robert 
Published: June 2011

Growing evidence suggests that Heart Rate Variability (HRV) biofeedback (BFB) may improve sport performance by helping athletes cope with the stress of competition. This study sought to identify whether HRV BFB procedure impacted psychological, physiological, and sport performance of a collegiate golfer. This individual volunteered to participate in 10 weeks of HRV BFB training according to the protocol developed by Leher, Vaschillo, and Vaschillo (2000). During the first, fourth, seventh, and tenth weeks of the study, the golfer and lead author met at a virtual reality golf center to practice skills for breathing at resonance frequency during golf performance. Golf performance and HR were recorded during nine holes of virtual reality golf before and after 10 weeks of HRV BFB training. Self-report questionnaires were administered also before and after HRV BFB training to measure symptoms of anxiety, stress, and sensation seeking. Physiological measures, including HRV and respiration rate, were recorded in the lab during the first, fourth, seventh, and tenth weeks of the study. Reduction in symptoms of anxiety, stress, and sensation seeking and increases in total HRV, low-frequency HRV, and amplitude of oscillation at .1 Hz and improved sport performance were observed. This effect became stronger across 10 weeks of HRV BFB training. A larger-scale study was conducted and is in the process of analysis to confirm these findings.
Factor VII activating protease
Authors: Etscheid M. , Kanse S. M. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryFactor VII activating protease (FSAP) is a circulating serine protease with high homology to fibrinolytic enzymes. A role in the regulation of coagulation and fibrinolysis is suspected based on in vitro studies demonstrating activation of FVII or pro-urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA). However, considering the paucity of any studies in animal models or any correlative studies in humans the role of FSAP in haemostasis remains unclear. In relation to vascular remodeling processes or inflammation it has been convincingly shown that FSAP interacts with growth factors as well as protease activated receptors (PAR). Against this sparse background there are a plethora of studies which have investigated the linkage of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the FSAP gene (HABP2) to various diseases. The G534E SNP of FSAP is associated with a low proteolytic activity due to an amino acid exchange in the protease domain. This and other SNPs have been linked to carotid stenosis, stroke as well as thrombosis in the elderly and plaque calcification. These SNP analyses indicate an important role for FSAP in the regulation of the haemostasis system as well as fibroproliferative inflammatory processes.
Computational study of heat transfer in a bubbling fluidized bed with a horizontal tube
Authors: Hou Q. F. , Zhou Z. Y. , Yu A. B. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA combined approach of discrete particle simulation and computational fluid dynamics is used to study the heat transfer in a fluidized bed with a horizontal tube. The approach is first validated through the good agreement between the predicted distribution and magnitude of local heat transfer coefficient with those measured. Then, the effects of inlet fluid superficial velocity, tube temperature and main particle properties such as particle thermal conductivity and Young's modulus are investigated and explained mechanistically. The relative importance of various heat transfer mechanisms is analyzed. The convection is found to be an important heat transfer mode for all the studied conditions. A large convective heat flux corresponds to a large local porosity around the tube, and a large conductive heat flux corresponds to a large number of particle contacts with the tube. The heat transfer is enhanced by the increase of particle thermal conductivity while it is little affected by Young's modulus. Radiative heat transfer becomes increasingly important as the tube temperature is increased. The results are useful for temperature control and structural design of fluidized beds. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Methotrexate and misoprostol teratogenicity: Further expansion of the clinical manifestations
Authors: Kozma Chahira , Ramasethu Jayashree 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe describe a boy who was exposed to misoprostol and methotrexate in the first trimester of gestation as a result of a failed medical abortion. He presented with severe growth retardation, skull defects, proptotic eyes, cleft palate, and severe micrognathia. There were bilateral defects of the upper and lower extremities, missing and hypoplastic ribs, and undescended testicles. He had clinical features of pulmonary hypoplasia with severe persistent pulmonary hypertension and remained ventilator‐dependent until he expired. An autopsy revealed brain anomalies consistent with arrhinencephaly. Methotrexate is frequently used in conjunction with misoprostol to induce medical abortion, an off‐label use as abortifacient. Both of these medications are well‐established teratogens and have an X classification during pregnancy. Data from eight patients who were exposed to both medications in the first trimester indicate a significant teratogenic risk to the developing fetus. Reported anomalies include growth retardation, absence or hypoplasia of the frontal bones, craniosynostosis, large fontanelle, ocular hypertelorism, short palpebral fissures, wide nasal bridge, malformed and low‐set ears, and micrognathia. Skeletal anomalies are frequent consisting of syndactyly, mesomelic shortening of the forearms, missing ribs, dislocated hips, and talipes equinovarus. The findings in our case are consistent with the pattern of abnormalities that have been reported in the literature. In addition, our patient had severe pulmonary hypoplasia and arrhinencephaly, anomalies that have not been described previously. This case adds to the documentation of the teratogenic effects of methotrexate and misoprostol on the developing fetus. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genomic characterization of prenatally detected chromosomal structural abnormalities using oligonucleotide array comparative genomic hybridization
Authors: Li Peining , Pomianowski Pawel , DiMaio Miriam S. , Florio Joanne R. , Rossi Michael R. , Xiang Bixia , Xu Fang , Yang Hui , Geng Qian , Xie Jiansheng , Mahoney Maurice J. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractDetection of chromosomal structural abnormalities using conventional cytogenetic methods poses a challenge for prenatal genetic counseling due to unpredictable clinical outcomes and risk of recurrence. Of the 1,726 prenatal cases in a 3‐year period, we performed oligonucleotide array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis on 11 cases detected with various structural chromosomal abnormalities. In nine cases, genomic aberrations and gene contents involving a 3p distal deletion, a marker chromosome from chromosome 4, a derivative chromosome 5 from a 5p/7q translocation, a de novo distal 6q deletion, a recombinant chromosome 8 comprised of an 8p duplication and an 8q deletion, an extra derivative chromosome 9 from an 8p/9q translocation, mosaicism for chromosome 12q with added material of initially unknown origin, an unbalanced 13q/15q rearrangement, and a distal 18q duplication and deletion were delineated. An absence of pathogenic copy number changes was noted in one case with a de novo 11q/14q translocation and in another with a familial insertion of 21q into a 19q. Genomic characterization of the structural abnormalities aided in the prediction of clinical outcomes. These results demonstrated the value of aCGH analysis in prenatal cases with subtle or complex chromosomal rearrangements. Furthermore, a retrospective analysis of clinical indications of our prenatal cases showed that approximately 20% of them had abnormal ultrasound findings and should be considered as high risk pregnancies for a combined chromosome and aCGH analysis. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum: Progress in diagnostics and research towards treatment
Authors: Uitto Jouni , Bercovitch Lionel , Terry Sharon F. , Terry Patrick F. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractPseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), a prototypic heritable disorder with ectopic mineralization, manifests with characteristic skin findings, ocular involvement, and cardiovascular problems. The classic forms of PXE are due to loss‐of‐function mutations in the ABCC6 gene, which encodes ABCC6, a putative transmembrane efflux transporter expressed primarily in the liver. While considerable progress has recently been made in understanding the molecular genetics and pathomechanisms of PXE, no effective or specific treatment is currently available for this disorder. PXE International, the premiere patient advocacy organization, organized a workshop in November 2010 to assess the current state of diagnostics and research to develop an agenda towards treatment of PXE. This overview summarizes the progress in PXE research, with emphasis on molecular therapies for this, currently intractable, disorder. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adults with congenital heart disease: Patients' knowledge and concerns about inheritance
Authors: van Engelen Klaartje , Baars Marieke JH , van Rongen Lotte T , van der Velde Enno T , Mulder Barbara JM , Smets Ellen MA 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWith recent advances in medical and surgical management, most patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) survive to reproductive age. Current guidelines recommend counseling about inheritance and transmission of CHD to offspring. We evaluated whether adult CHD patients recalled having received information about the inheritance of their CHD, patients' knowledge about inheritance and their concerns in this regard. A questionnaire was sent to 486 non‐syndromic CHD patients aged 20–45 years. We received 332 useful questionnaires (response rate 68%). One‐third (33%) of patients recalled receiving information about inheritance of CHD from their cardiologist, and 13% had consulted a clinical geneticist. Eight percent of patients who were considering having children estimated the recurrence risk for their own offspring to be 1% or lower, whereas one‐fourth (25%) estimated it to be higher than 10%. According to our classification, 44% estimated the recurrence risk in a correct range of magnitude. Additional information about inheritance of CHD was desired by 41% of patients. Forty‐two percent of patients considering having children reported concerns about transmitting CHD to offspring. We conclude that a substantial proportion of adult CHD patients lacks knowledge and desires more information about inheritance, indicating a need for better patient education. Current guidelines and/or their implementation do not seem to meet the needs of these patients. A dedicated program of counseling for adults with CHD has to be developed to optimize knowledge and satisfaction with information provision and to reduce or manage concerns regarding inheritance of CHD. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.