bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does Evolutionary Philosophy offer any Constructive Argument for the Reality of God?
Authors: Galloway Thomas W. 
Published: November 2011

The doctrine of the evolution or gradual development of organisms has had a most interesting history in recent years. In speculative philosophy, as is well known, the evolutionary conception is by no means new. The work of Darwin and his immediate predecessors and successors has given it a definiteness, however, and a backing of facts which have since kept it in the forefront of thought.Because it is a direct blow at arbitrary and supernaturalistic explanations and exalts orderliness as the supreme law of procedure, it has been deemed by many thinkers to be essentially atheistic and irreligious. Much of the early polemic literature raged about this point. Out of this debate gradually emerged the conclusion that the process of evolution and the theory of development do not contribute in any way, either favorably or unfavorably, to the solution of the question as to the possible existence of God, and to the validity of the higher spiritual aspirations of man. It has been realized that evolution can, in the nature of the case, have nothing to say as to ultimate origins, and it has therefore been concluded that it can neither be theistic nor atheistic, but must be merely agnostic. The view of the majority of thoughtful men on the subject today probably is, that the religious problems stand on the whole about where they did before the wide acceptance of the evolutionary doctrine; that religious views are, after all, purely a matter of philosophy, and as such take us back of the point where evolution must begin.It has come to be frankly allowed that a man may be an evolutionist and at the same time believe in a theistic solution of the universe. Only in relatively recent years, however, is it appearing that the evolutionary philosophy has something constructive to offer regarding the higher human qualities and the religious impulses.
George Fox as a Mystic
Authors: Royce Josiah 
Published: November 2011

This paper is but a fragmentary contribution to that study of the “Varieties of Religious Experience” which William James has so significantly brought to the attention of students of human nature. I propose to sketch some personal peculiarities of the founder of Quakerism, George Fox, and in the end to show what place was filled in his life by what may be called his experiences as a mystic. Every one knows that the typical Quakers have made prominent amongst their spiritual exercises what they call “silent worship” as conducted in their meetings, and that they have held that this “silent worship” often brings the worshipper under the direct influence of the movings of the Divine Spirit. I have here no concern with any question as to the truth or as to the ultimate merits of this or of any other tenet of George Fox or of his followers. I intend simply to show the place that the experiences of silent worship occupied in the mental life of Fox himself, and why he found this form of what is technically called mysticism a valuable feature of his religious consciousness. This study will bring us into somewhat closer contact with the mental complications of a remarkable personality—a personality in which the normal and the abnormal were in a very interesting way united. We shall see how certain tendencies that, in another context, would have proved highly dangerous to the sanity of their possessor were so combined in Fox that the ultimate result was prevailingly good, both for himself and for his environment. Religious history contains many instances where men whose mental life showed numerous abnormal traits still were so constituted that they retained their essential self-control and accomplished a great work. The study of Fox presents one more such instance, and may also possess genuine psychological interest.Since my discussion deals with Fox as a mystic, I shall first have to explain what one technically means by mysticism in religion. Then I shall have to show that Fox had many traits which were not those of the typical mystic. And, finally, I shall try to point out what part Fox's mystical tendencies played in determining certain aspects of his mind and of his career.
The Text of Luke 2, 22
Authors: Hatch W. H. P. 
Published: November 2011

This verse contains a textual problem which has perplexed editors of the New Testament since the days of Erasmus and the Complutensian edition. The question is, What pronoun should be read after καθαρισμοῦ? — αὐτῶν, or αὐτοῦ, or αὐτῆς?Αὐτῶν is attested by אABLWΓΔII etc., by nearly all the minuscules, by the Peshitta, the Harclean, and the Palestinian Syriac, and by three minor ancient versions (Ethiopic, Armenian, and Gothic). The Arabic Diatessaron also has the plural pronoun, agreeing with the Peshitta at this point. Origen found αὐτῶν in his text of the Gospel, and, so far as is known, he was acquainted with no other reading in this place. He quotes Luke 2, 22 in his Fourteenth Homily on Luke, which deals with the Circumcision and Purification, and he discusses the difficulty involved in the plural αὐτῶν without mentioning any variant reading. If he had known of such, he would certainly have made some reference to it. The Homiliae in Lucam were written at Caesarea, after Origen's withdrawal to that city from Alexandria in the year 231. We may therefore assume that αὐτῶν formed part of Luke 2, 22 in the text current at Caesarea and Alexandria in the early part of the third century, and that there were no rival claimants for the place. It was also the Antiochian, or ‘Syrian,’ reading, as its predominance in the minuscule manuscripts proves.
Harvesting orange-headed thrush Zoothera citrina chicks in Bali, Indonesia: magnitude, practices and sustainability
Authors: Kristianto Ign , Jepson Paul 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMarket demand for the orange-headed thrush Zoothera citrina, a prestigious songbird competition species in Indonesia, is supplied by chicks harvested from Bali Island. Using ethnographic and interview surveys conducted during the 2008–2009 breeding season we established the structure and scale of this trade and investigated means to improve its sustainability in two districts of Bali. We found that well-organized agent networks supplied an estimated 116,000 chicks worth EUR 3.175 million from Bali during the 6-month harvest season. Chicks are harvested when 4–16 days old and exported from Bali when 16–18 days old. Of 50 nests followed 60% were harvested and just 6% fledged young. Farmers deploy techniques to improve thrush food supply but lack practices to ensure continued recruitment to the thrush population. The practice of thrush harvesting started in the mid 1990s and is not yet regulated by the traditional institutions (Subak) that govern collective farming practices. Three networks determine the sustainability of the practice: (1) the fraternity of Indonesian songbird keepers, (2) agricultural agent networks, and (3) traditional village institutions. We identify the potential for coordinated forms of self-regulation and thrush population management by Subak and key groups involved in songbird contests. Furthermore, we argue that this would more likely enhance sustainability than interventions by government conservation agencies.
Habitat loss and human–elephant conflict in Assam, India: does a critical threshold exist?
Authors: Chartier Laura , Zimmermann Alexandra , Ladle Richard J. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractHuman–elephant conflict in India, driven by habitat loss and an expanding human population, is a complex challenge for biodiversity conservation. Determining if, how and why this conflict has changed over time will be an important step towards managing landscapes where people and elephants Elephas maximus coexist. This study combines social surveys and remote sensing data to analyse patterns in human–elephant conflict and land-use change over time. The reported experience of conflict increased dramatically in the early 1980s, with 85% of those surveyed indicating that conflict began after 1980. The expansion of conflict showed a significant southward trend and was associated with forest cover dropping below 30–40%. Based on our results we propose that a critical habitat threshold for human–elephant conflict may exist at 30–40% forest cover. Below this level, conflict expanded across the landscape. The existence of such a deforestation threshold may have important implications for landscape management in elephant range states that seek to avoid or mitigate further conflict. Maintenance of remaining forest areas, reforestation, and the creation of habitat corridors are strategies that could help prevent further expansion of conflict.
Hubbard forests
Authors: POIRIER ALFREDO 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe theory of Hubbard trees provides an effective classification of nonlinear postcritically finite polynomial maps in ℂ. This note extends the classification to maps from a finite union of copies of ℂ to itself. Holomorphic proper maps on a finite union of copies of ℂ which are postcritically finite and nowhere linear can be characterized by a ‘forest’ made up of one tree for each copy of the set of complex numbers.
A Model for the Division of Semiotic Labor in Scientific Argument: The Interaction of Words and Images
Authors: Gross Alan G. 
Published: November 2011

ArgumentA growing cross-disciplinary literature has acknowledged the importance of verbal-visual interaction in the creation and communication of scientific texts. I contend that the proper understanding of these texts must flow from a hermeneutic model that takes verbal-visual interaction seriously, one that is firmly grounded in cognitive constraints and affordances. The model I propose has two modules, one for perception, derived from Gestalt psychology, the other for cognition, derived from Peirce's semiotics. I apply this model to an important but largely neglected text in the history of nineteenth-century science, Charles Lyell'sThe Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man, and to two accounts by well-respected historians of science, both of the same key discovery in quantum physics. In doing so, I hope to demonstrate the advisability of incorporating the exegetical practices my model entails into the everyday practices of historians of science.
Semiempirical, Hartree-Fock, density functional, and second order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory methods do not accurately predict ionization energies and electron affinities of short- through long-chain [n]acenes
Authors: Rayne Sierra , Forest Kaya 
Published: November 2011

AbstractVertical, well-to-well, and adiabatic ionization energies (IEs) and electron affinities (EAs) were calculated for the n=1-10 [n]acenes using a wide range of semiempirical, Hartree-Fock, density functional, and second order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory model chemistries. None of the model chemistries examined were able to accurately predict the IEs or EAs for both short- through mid-length [n]acenes, as well as for extrapolations to the polymeric limit, when compared to available experimental and benchmark theoretical data. Provided a minimal basis set size is employed, basis set effects on predicted IEs and EAs are not significant relative to the choice of model chemistry. The poor IE/EA prediction performance for the parent [n]acenes likely extends to their substituted derivatives and heteroatom substituted analogs. Consequently, caution should be exercised in the application of non-high level calculations for estimating the IE/EA of these important classes of materials.
Whole‐genome analysis for backfat thickness in a tropically adapted, composite cattle breed from Brazil
Authors: Veneroni‐Gouveia G. , Meirelles S. L. , Grossi D. A. , Santiago A. C. , Sonstegard T. S. , Yamagishi M. E. B. , Matukumalli L. K. , Coutinho L. L. , Alencar M. M. , Oliveira H. N. , Regitano L. C. A. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryBackfat thickness affects the preservation of the beef carcass after slaughter and confers organoleptic characteristics assessed by the consumer. One of the breeding goals for Canchim, a tropically adapted breed, is to comprehensively increase fat thickness. Our goals were to identify genomic regions associated with backfat in Canchim populations and validate the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) overlapping previously identified QTL regions known to affect fat deposition. Fifteen animals with lower and 15 animals with higher residues for backfat, according to a linear model using the SAS GLM procedure, were selected from a population of 1171 animals and genotyped using the BovineSNP50 BeadChip. Initial analysis revealed more than 100 SNPs that discriminated the tails of phenotypic distribution. One extended region of association included the centromeric region of chromosome (Chr) 14. Because this region overlapped with QTL from previous reports, we developed SNP assays to interrogate two linkage disequilibrium blocks, one in the centromeric region and another in the middle region of Chr 14 to confirm the association. The analysis validated the presence of specific haplotypes affecting fat thickness.
Extremes of an aromatase index predict increased 25‐year risk of cardiovascular mortality in older women
Authors: Laughlin Gail A. , Ix Joachim H. , Cummins Kevin , Allison Matthew A. , Daniels Lori B. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryBackground  Peripheral conversion of androgens to oestrogens via aromatase is the primary source of oestrogen in postmenopausal women and may play a role in cardiovascular health.Design  Prospective.Participants, Measurements  The association of an index of aromatase activity (AROM), the serum oestrone‐to‐androstenedione ratio, with 25‐year cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality was examined in 819 postmenopausal non‐oestrogen using women (mean age at baseline = 72).Results  Overall, 247 deaths were attributed to CVD. The median AROM value was 60 (95% range 17–129). AROM was positively correlated with age (r = 0·28) and body mass index (BMI) (r = 0·22) (P < 0·001). The age‐adjusted risk for CVD mortality was significantly elevated for women in the lowest (HR = 2·01, 95% CI 1·31–3·12) and highest (HR = 1·51, 95%CI 1·02–2·22) quintiles of AROM, compared with the middle quintile. This U‐shaped association persisted after additional adjustment for BMI, waist‐to‐hip ratio, exercise, smoking, alcohol use and traditional CVD risk factor covariates. There was a significant interaction of AROM and BMI (P = 0·001), such that high AROM was associated with a 63% reduction in risk of CVD death for women with low BMI (<22 kg/m2), but with 2·1‐ to 2·5‐fold increased risk in women with mid‐range (22–<25 kg/m2) and high (≥25 kg/m2) BMI. Oestradiol did not influence AROM associations and was not independently related to CVD death.Conclusions  These results suggest that aromatase is a novel endocrine factor predictive of CVD mortality among postmenopausal women. If confirmed, additional studies are needed to determine whether extremes of aromatase reflect genetic influences or underlying disease processes.
Atmospheric CO2 and O3 alter competition for soil nitrogen in developing forests
Authors: Zak Donald R. , Kubiske Mark E. , Pregitzer Kurt S. , Burton Andrew J. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPlant growth responses to rising atmospheric CO2 and O3 vary among genotypes and between species, which could plausibly influence the strength of competitive interactions for soil N. Ascribable to the size‐symmetric nature of belowground competition, we reasoned that differential growth responses to CO2 and O3 should shift as juvenile individuals mature, thereby altering competitive hierarchies and forest composition. In a 12‐year‐long forest FACE experiment, we used tracer 15N and whole‐plant N content to assess belowground competitive interactions among five Populus tremuloides genotypes, between a single P. tremuloides genotype and Betula papryrifera, as well as between the same single P. tremuloides genotype and Acer saccharum. Under elevated CO2, the amount of soil N and 15N obtained by the P. tremuloides genotype common to each community was contingent on the nature of belowground competition. When this genotype competed with its congeners, it obtained equivalent amounts of soil N and tracer 15N under ambient and elevated CO2; however, its acquisition of soil N under elevated CO2 increased by a significant margin when grown in competition with B. papyrifera (+30%) and A. saccharum (+60%). In contrast, elevated O3 had no effect on soil N and 15N acquisition by the P. tremuloides genotype common in each community, regardless of competitive interactions. Under elevated CO2, the rank order of N acquisition among P. tremuloides genotypes shifted over time, indicating that growth responses to CO2 change during ontogeny; this was not the case under elevated O3. In the aspen‐birch community, the competitive advantage elevated CO2 initially conveyed on birch diminished over time, whereas maple was a poor competitor for soil N in all regards. The extent to which elevated CO2 and O3 will shape the genetic structure and composition of future forests is, in part, contingent on the time‐dependent effects of belowground competition on plant growth response.
The two‐component histidine kinases DrkA and SlnA are required for in vivo growth in the human pathogen Penicillium marneffei
Authors: Boyce Kylie J. , Schreider Lena , Kirszenblat Leonie , Andrianopoulos Alex 
Published: November 2011

SummaryIn order to cause disease fungal pathogens must be capable of evading or tolerating the host immune defence system. One commonly utilized evasion mechanism is the ability to continually reside within macrophages of the innate immune system and survive subsequent phagocytic destruction. For intracellular growth to occur, fungal pathogens which typically grow in a filamentous hyphal form in the environment must be able to switch growth to a unicellular yeast growth form in a process known as dimorphic switching. The cue to undergo dimorphic switching relies on the recognition of, and response to, the intracellular host environment. Two‐component signalling systems are utilized by eukaryotes to sense and respond to changes in the external environment. This study has investigated the role of the hybrid histidine kinase components encoded by drkA and slnA, in the dimorphic pathogen Penicillium marneffei. Both SlnA and DrkA are required for stress adaptation but are uniquely required for different aspects of asexual development, hyphal morphogenesis and cell wall integrity. Importantly, slnA and drkA are both essential for the generation of yeast cells in vivo, with slnA required for the germination of conidia and drkA required for dimorphic switching during macrophage infection.
Epibionts on the krill (Euphausia pacifica) from the E coast of Japan
Authors: Fernandez‐Leborans Gregorio 
Published: November 2011

AbstractFernandez‐Leborans, G. 2011. Epibionts on the krill (Euphausia pacifica) from the E coast of Japan. —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 00: 1–10.Specimens of Euphausia pacifica collected from shallow waters of the E coast of Japan showed ciliate epibionts belonging to two suctorian species: Ephelota plana and Gymnodinioides sp. The epibionts were present in a total of 27 anatomical units of E. pacifica, in numbers fluctuating between 8 and 80 individuals per basibiont. Gymnodinioides showed the highest mean number of epibionts. The presence–absence of epibionts indicated some specificity of the species by different locations on the basibiont body, which is corroborated by the analysis of the colonization throughout the longitudinal axis of the basibiont. Ephelota plana was recorded by the first time on E. pacifica, while Gymnodinioides sp. extended its geographical area with respect to previous studies. Morphological, taxonomical features of the species and the statistical analysis of their spatial distribution on E. pacifica are included.
Global food supply: a challenge for sustainable agriculture
Authors: Leaver J. D. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryA major challenge for the future is to satisfy the nutritional needs of a much increased global population and to produce the additional food using less land, water and energy. Much of this increased food production will be from emerging developing countries. Sustainable intensive food production systems employing new genetic and precision technologies will be essential for this purpose. Food prices are likely to remain at a higher level and be more volatile than in the past and this will impact most on vulnerable poor people in the developing world. This is a major concern and should be a priority for action both nationally and internationally. So, while it is feasible to deliver the forecast of 70% increase in food supplies required by 2050, this will only be sustainable if the significant challenges of resource limitation and climate change are met, and the environmental and social impacts minimised.
Circadian rhythms of locomotor activity in captive eastern rock sengi
Authors: van der Merwe I. , Oosthuizen M. K. , Bennett N. C. , Chimimba C. T. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe investigated locomotor activity rhythms in the little‐studied wild‐caught eastern rock sengi (Elephantulus myurus) from Goro Game Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa. To assess whether locomotor activity is endogenously entrained by the light–dark cycle, animals (n = 13) were subjected to three different light‐cycle regimes: a 12 h light/12 h darkness (LD) cycle, a total darkness (DD) cycle and an inverse of the LD cycle (DL). Ten animals exhibited strong light entrainment under LD1 with the total percentage of activity during the light phase (56.5% ± 11.9%) significantly higher than during the dark phase (43.5% ± 11.9%). Eleven animals expressed distinct endogenous free‐running rhythms under DD (mean τ = 23.6 h ± 0.6 h; range: 22.9 h–24.5 h), with significant inter‐individual variation. Under DL, the total percentage of activity was approximately equal during the light (50.4% ± 7.8%) and dark phase (49.6% ± 7.8%). E. myurus was on average active 25% of the 24‐h day with a nocturnal–diurnal ratio of 0.8 under LD1 and exhibited locomotor activity under controlled conditions similar to that of closely related species in the wild. In 62% of the animals, activity was highest around dawn, lowest during the afternoon and intermittently expressed throughout the night. Little quantitative data are available on the daily locomotor activity rhythms of sengis particularly in response to the light–dark cycle. This study provides valuable quantitative data on locomotor activity rhythms in E. myurus.
Osteoporosis Update
Authors: Schuiling Kerri Durnell , Robinia Kristi , Nye Rachel 
Published: November 2011

Introduction: Osteoporosis is a chronic disease that is estimated to affect more than 75 million people worldwide. The US Department of Health and Human Services projects that the disease will impact more than 10 million women by 2020 if efforts to prevent it are ineffective. This article provides an overview of the pathophysiology of osteoporosis, prevention measures, and an update of the US Food and Drug Administration–approved medications that are used in the treatment of this widespread disease.Methods: The current literature on the pathology, risks, and treatment of osteoporosis was reviewed. Studies providing the evidence for best practices are included in the following sections: prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of osteoporosis. Current national standards for diagnosis and treatment are highlighted.Results: Bisphosphonates continue to be the most popular and widely used pharmacologic treatment for osteoporosis. However, when bisphosphonates are contraindicated or cause side effects so serious that it is not possible for some women to use them, alternative pharmacologic treatments and forms of dosing are available.Discussion: When lifestyle and dietary modifications are insufficient to offset a diagnosis of osteoporosis, there are a variety of pharmaceutical options available that will provide safe and effective protection against fracture due to osteoporosis.