bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychiatric disorder in a rural and an urban population: 3. Social integration and the morphology of affective disorder
Authors: Prudo R. , Harris T. , Brown G. W. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThis paper focuses on the morphology of affective disorder. We set out to confirm on the island of Lewis a cross-over result originally found on the island of North Uist, whereby in those sections of the population where the rates of depression were lowest the rates of anxiety were highest. These sections of the population varied in the degree to which their members were integrated into the traditional way of life. ‘Integration’ was characterized in terms of churchgoing and crofting (the word for farming in the Hebrides). It is predicted here that the churchgoing rather than the crofting component of the integration measure would account for any cross-over result found concerning the morphology of symptoms. This hypothesis, derived from a theoretical concern with links between repression and anxiety, is not confirmed. Instead, crofting is found to be the component of the integration index which predicts anxiety/phobia without depression. In seeking to explain this unexpected finding further significant associations between crofting, pure anxiety/phobia and the style of personal relationships are revealed. It is also confirmed that types of severe events among women are also found to vary with the degree of integration into traditional society. A perspective is then developed which might explain how the interaction between style of personal attachments and types of provoking event could produce variations in the morphology of affective disorder.
Misfortune and resilience: a community study of women
Authors: Bebbington P. E. , Sturt E. , Tennant C. , Hurry J. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA community survey of psychiatric disorder carried out in South London enabled the authors to investigate the ‘vulnerability model’ proposed by Brown & Harris (1978). In the current study none of the ‘vulnerability factors’ proposed by Brown & Harris fulfilled the requirements of the model. It was, however, found that working class women with children seemed particularly prone to develop minor psychiatric disorder in response to adversity. A similar result is apparent in the analyses of the earlier authors. A number of studies now published give some support to the vulnerability model using what are broadly measures of social support, but there is little corroboration using the other variables proposed by Brown & Harris.
Psychological sequelae of female sterilization: short-term outcome in a prospective controlled study: A report from the UK Field Research Centre of a WHO Collaborative Project
Authors: Bledin K. D. , Cooper J. E. , Mackenzie S. , Brice B. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisHealthy multiparous women having elective interval (N= 69) or postpartum (N= 69) sterilization were interviewed pre-operatively and 6 weeks and 6 months post-operatively, using standardized instruments. They did not differ significantly from control samples of comparable non-sterilized women with respect to mental state (Present State Examination) or subjectively-assessed mental or physical health or abdominal pain. More sterilization subjects than control subjects reported subjectively experienced improvement in sexual satisfaction at the later follow-up. Reports of poor physical health and abdominal pain increased over time within both the sterilization and the control groups. Reports of adverse effects at follow-up were often associated with higher PSE scores initially. Regrets and wish for reversal were rare and were also associated with higher initial PSE scores. Since the adverse effects were more common among postpartum subjects, it is suggested that subjectively experienced sequelae of sterilization may sometimes be attributable to ‘normal’ postnatal events.
A modified video camera for measuring body image distortion: technical description and reliability
Authors: Freeman Richard J. , Thomas Cheryl D. , Solyom Leslie , Hunter Michael A. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisPreviously employed techniques for the measurement of body image are briefly described, with a short consideration of methodological or procedural limitations associated with each technique. A new procedure is described which employs a simple modification to a standard video camera to produce an image which appears from 20% thinner to 40% fatter than the actual person, without other distortion of the image. Reliability and preliminary validity data for the new procedure are presented.
Recall and recognition in mildly disturbed schizophrenics: the use of matched tasks
Authors: Calev Avraham 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisUnlike previous studies, this study shows that in controlled conditions non-chronic schizophrenics receiving neuroleptic medication show no disparity between recall and recognition. Patients receiving both neuroleptic and anticholinergic drugs show this disparity, performing less well on recall than on recognition. These patients also seem more severely disturbed. The importance of task matching, drugs and chronicity are discussed.
Estimating levels of disturbed behaviour among psychiatric in-patients using a general linear model
Authors: Bouras N. , Chilvers Clair , Watson J. P. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisDisturbed behaviour was studied in relation to two contrasting ward environments, one representing the ‘medical model’ of psychiatry and the other being a modified form of ‘therapeutic community’. A mathematical model was used in order to identify the characteristics of disturbed patients. The results suggested that behavioural disturbance of a patient in our sample was related to diagnosis, to the ward of admission and to the length of stay in hospital. Patients in all diagnostic categories tended to be more disturbed in the ‘therapeutic community’ than in the ‘medical model’ ward.
A comparative study of bed usage by younger and older patients with depression
Authors: Murphy Elaine , Grundy Emily 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisRecent follow-up studies of depression in old age have highlighted the high relapse rate in older patients compared with younger patients. The consequences for the provision of acute psychiatric beds for elderly patients has been investigated by comparing the usage of beds by younger and older patients with depression over a 4-year period. Overall, elderly depressed patients consumed one and a half times as many bed days as younger depressed patients and a quarter of all acute bed days available in the hospital were used by elderly depressed patients.
The psychological effect of a screening programme and clinical trial for hypertension upon the participants
Authors: Mann A. H. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisTwo hundred and thirty-five entrants into the MRC trial for mild to moderate hypertension were matched with control subjects in order to assess the psychological effects of a screening programme and recruitment into a clinical trial. The prevalence and incidence of psychiatric morbidity among the trial participants were compared with those of the controls by means of responses to a self-administered questionnaire and diagnostic psychiatric interviews. No differences among the groups were shown between screening and entry into the trial, but after entry the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity among the trial participants fell. This was due to a greater improvement of those with psychiatric symptoms at entry in this group, the incidence of new morbidity being similar among the groups.
Dementia and depression among the elderly living in the Hobart community: the effect of the diagnostic criteria on the prevalence rates
Authors: Kay D. W. K. , Henderson A. S. , Scott R. , Wilson J. , Rickwood D. , Grayson D. A. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA survey was made of 274 non-institutionalized persons aged 70 and over living in Hobart. The prevalence of dementia and of depression was measured by interviewing subjects using a modified version of the Geriatric Mental State Schedule (GMS) (Copeland et al. 1976) and the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) (Folstein et al. 1975). Rates of morbidity were derived from different diagnostic procedures. These were: (1) diagnoses made by a psychiatrist (A.S.H.) directly from the interview schedules and audiotapes, and rated as mild, moderate or severe; (2) the criteria laid down in DSM-III, converted into algorithms describing 3 degrees of severity; and (3) the algorithms for pervasive dementia and depression proposed by Gurland et al. (1983), and from these authors' rational scales. In addition, the relation between scales for dementia and for depression and the diagnosed categories was examined. Some problems in applying these methods to aged persons in the community are discussed. It is concluded that more detailed specification of criteria is desirable if the comparative epidemiology of dementia and depression in old age is to advance.
Brief report on the clinical reappraisal of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule carried out at the Johns Hopkins site of the Epidemiological Catchment Area Program of the NIMH
Authors: Folstein Marshal F. , Romanoski Alan J. , Nestadt Gerald , Chahal Raman , Merchant Altaf , Shapiro Sam , Kramer Morton , Anthony James , Gruenberg Ernest M. , McHugh Paul R. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA psychiatric examination was conducted on 810 community dwelling subjects previously given a diagnosis derived from the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS). The agreement in allocating subjects to a particular disorder was never high enough to encourage the confident replacement of a psychiatric diagnosis with a DIS diagnosis.
Alcohol abuse in Huntington's disease
Authors: King Michael 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisForty-two patients attending a Huntington's Disease Research project at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, were screened for alcohol abuse and alcohol-related problems. Prevalence of current or past alcohol abuse was 24% for males, 5.9% for females or 16.7% overall. When alcohol abuse occurred in HD probands it was often concurrent with depressive symptoms, and may have been associated with the threat of the disease. There was no evidence that HD patients had an increased rate of alcohol abuse above that of the local Baltimore community.
Measuring life events in an adolescent population: methodological issues and related findings
Authors: Monck Elizabeth , Dobbs Rebecca 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisIssues surrounding the collection of accurate information about the life events of girls aged 15–20 were tested on 67 mother/daughter pairs in a community sample. The Bedford system of classifying and rating the events was modified to accommodate the perspective of an adolescent. Mothers recalled fewer events than their daughters, but the difference was most marked for the ‘severe’ events of girls aged over 17. There was a marked fall-off in the reporting of severe and non-severe events after the 30th week, and a significant difference between the rate of events in the furthest 6 months, compared with the proximal 6 months.
Myocardial infarction on various days of the week
Authors: Massing Walter , Angermeyer Matthias C. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe weekly distribution of deaths for myocardial infarction was studied, using mortality data for Lower Saxony for the years 1968–77. In accordance with hypotheses derived from Holmes & Rahe's stress model, an increase of deaths was found on Saturdays and Mondays only in men aged between 25 and 55 years.
Effects of withdrawal from long-term nicotine gum use
Authors: West R. J. , Russell M. A. H. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA small proportion of smokers who stop smoking with the aid of nicotine chewing gum continue to use the gum for more than a year. This study shows that when these people abstain from nicotine gum use they experience withdrawal symptoms similar to those found during cigarette withdrawal, including increased irritability, difficulty in concentrating and a drop in heart rate.
The pattern of function-related regional cerebral blood flow investigated by single photon emission tomography with99mTc-HMPAO in patients with presenile Alzheimer's disease and Korsakoff's psychosis
Authors: Hunter R. , McLuskie R. , Wyper D. , Patterson J. , Christie J. E. , Brooks D. N. , McCulloch J. , Fink G. , Goodwin G. M. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISSingle photon emission tomography (SPET) with the lipophilic blood flow marker99mTc-hexamethyl propyleneamine oxime (99mTc-HMPAO) has been used to determine regional uptake of radiolabel into brain regions of patients with presenile Alzheimer's disease and Korsakoff's psychosis, and age-matched controls. Using occipital cortical uptake as reference area, the pattern of relative regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was determined in other cortical areas and basal ganglia. In Alzheimer's disease, reduction in rCBF occurred most strikingly in posterior temporal and parietal areas. By contrast, in Korsakoff's psychosis, posterior temporal rCBF was maintained, although there was a trend to reduced tracer uptake in other cortical areas. These impairments of flow were correlated with impairments of neuropsychological function. In Alzheimer's disease, left posterior temporal and left parietal regions in particular showed rCBF to be strongly correlated with most aspects of cognitive function. In Korsakoff's psychosis, however, impaired flow in frontal regions was correlated with impaired performance on tests of memory and orientation. The findings in Alzheimer's disease show quantitative parallels with those from studies using Positron Emission Tomography (PET), and extend our understanding of the relationship between cognition and regional brain function in dementia. The findings in Korsakoff's psychosis offer the first direct evidence linking frontal lobe dysfunction with the cognitive impairment seen in the disorder.
Psychiatric morbidity in multiple sclerosis: a clinical and MRI study
Authors: Ron M. A. , Logsdail S. J. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThis study reports the psychiatric morbidity in 116 patients with definite multiple sclerosis (MS). The presence of brain pathology was investigated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A group of 48 physically disabled controls suffering from rheumatic or neurological conditions not involving the brain was used for comparison. Normative MRI data were obtained from a group of 40 healthy volunteers.Psychiatric morbidity was significantly higher in the MS group with nearly half of the patients scoring as cases at interview. There was no evidence to suggest that psychiatric symptoms in isolation were the first manifestation of MS in the present material. The presence of psychiatric illness at interview was significantly related to the degree of social stress as perceived by the patient. The severity of MRI abnormalities was greater in those with longer histories and greater physical disability, but did not show a significant relationship with global measures of psychiatric disability. Of the various psychiatric symptoms elation was significantly correlated with the presence of widespread MRI abnormalities, while flattening of affect, delusions and thought disorder correlated with the degree of pathology in the temporo-parietal region.
Cognitive impairment, clinical course and treatment history in out-patients with bipolar affective disorder: relationship to tardive dyskinesia
Authors: Waddington John L. , Brown Katherine , O'Neill Jane , McKeon Patrick , Kinsella Anthony 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISClinical, neuropsychological and psychopharmacological characteristics were investigated for their ability to distinguish individuals with and without involuntary movements (tardive dyskinesia), among a population of 40 out-patients with bipolar affective disorder and a history of exposure to neuroleptics and lithium. Impaired performance on a test of cognitive flexibility bore the primary association with both the presence and the severity of involuntary movements. The additional relationships identified emphasized further that individual vulnerability to involuntary movements appeared to be associated not with greater duration or dosage of treatment, but with features of the bipolar illness, including number and type of affective episodes, for which that treatment was prescribed.
The prevalence of psychiatric disorder among female new referrals to a migraine clinic
Authors: Morrison D. P. , Price W. H. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISIn a consecutive series of 46 female new referrals to a migraine clinic, 17 patients (37%)complained of increased irritability and/or depression in association with more than 50% of their migraine attacks. This was not related to the attack frequency or duration. Sixteen patients (33 %) met DSM-III criteria for a current diagnosis of an affective syndrome and when present this was significantly associated with these complaints.
Characteristic psychiatric symptomatology of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in veterans: a three year follow-up
Authors: Solomon Zahava 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThis study assessed the clinical picture of two groups of Israeli veterans of the Lebanon war: (a) veterans who sustained a combat stress reaction (CSR) (N = 213), and (b) matched controls not so diagnosed (N = 116). Subjects were screened at three points – one, two, and three years after their participation in the war. The results indicated that Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) was correlated with a wider range of general psychiatric symptomatology, as measured by the SCL-90. Moreover, among PTSD veterans, those who suffered from an antecedent CSR reported wider and more severe symptomatology. This trend was observed at all three time points. The most salient symptoms were obsessive-compulsive tendencies and anxiety, followed by depression and hostility.
Hyposexuality and epilepsy: a community survey of hormonal and behavioural changes in male epileptics
Authors: Toone B. K. , Edeh J. , Nanjee M. N. , Wheeler M. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISA survey of five group practices in South London identified 60 male patients currently undergoing treatment for epilepsy. Fifty-four agreed to participate in a detailed enquiry into aspects of their sexual activity and behaviour. Anterior pituitary and sex-hormone levels were measured. The epileptic patients were characterized by low levels of sexual activity and interest. Temporal-lobe and non-temporal-lobe epileptics were indistinguishable in these respects, but when the latter group was further subdivided into primary generalized epilepsy and focal non-temporal lobe epilepsy, the focal groups (both temporal lobe and non-temporal lobe) were more impaired. Hormonal analysis confirmed earlier hospital-clinic-based reports. In the epilepsy group, plasma free testosterone and percentage free testosterone values were decreased, sex hormone binding globulin, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were increased compared to values in a normal healthy population. As association between the behavioural and hormonal indices of hyposexuality was shown, particularly for LH, but this was less apparent than in previous work.
Mana, Tapu, Noa: Maori cultural constructs with medical and psycho-social relevance
Authors: Sachdev Perminder S. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThis paper discusses three concepts, mana, tapu and noa, that lie at the heart of Maori culture. These concepts are inter-related and concern power and influence, with political (or secular) authority implicit in mana and ritual (or religious) authority determined by tapu and noa. The paper explores their importance for the understanding of the ethnic views on aetiology and management of illness, the mechanisms of social organization and control, and the behaviour of individuals. Although the belief in these concepts exists in only an attenuated form in modern Maori society, their importance becomes obvious to any psychiatrist or physician working with Maori patients.
Severity of withdrawal symptoms as a predictor of outcome of an attempt to quit smoking
Authors: West R. J. , Hajek P. , Belcher M. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISIn 227 smokers' clinic clients who managed at least one week of abstinence, ratings of withdrawal symptoms were used to predict subsequent return to smoking. Depression, time spent with urges to smoke, and difficulty not smoking during the first week of abstinence were significantly associated with lapse back to smoking during the second week. Depression and difficulty not smoking during the second week significantly predicted smoking status during the third week. No withdrawal symptoms during the third week were associated with a return to smoking during the fourth week. The predictive power of withdrawal symptoms was over and above that of smoke intake and dependence. The findings provide some support for the view that reduction of withdrawal symptoms may be a worthwhile target in programmes for helping smokers to quit.
Does dopamine play a role in schizophrenia?
Authors: Carlsson Arvid 
Published: July 2009

synopsisInhibition of central dopamine functions appears to be a common basic property of antipsychotic drugs. The mesolimbic and nigrostriatal portions of the dopaminergic system are probably the main targets of these drugs for the mental and the extrapyramidal actions respectively.Dopaminergic hyperfunction, induced by amphetamines or dopa, may lead to a disturbance mimicking paranoid schizophrenia, lending further support for a key role of dopamine in mental functions.While a primary disturbance in dopamine function in schizophrenia cannot be ruled out, the intimate relationship between dopaminergic and other neuronal systems must be emphasized. The possible involvement of other amine, aminoacid or peptide transmitters in schizophrenia cannot be disregarded.
Lithium therapy and alkaline earth metal metabolism: a biochemical screening study
Authors: Birch N. J. , Greenfield A. A. , Hullin R. P. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA study is described of 90 patients receiving lithium prophylactically for recurrent affective disorder. A total of 90 biochemical variables was analysed by correlation matrices. No abnormality in calcium or magnesium metabolism was detected though this may merely be a reflection of the insensitivity of the screening technique used.
Psychiatric morbidity and hostility in hypertension
Authors: Mann A. H. 
Published: July 2009

synopsisIn a large survey of subjects aged between 35 and 64, no difference was detected in the amount of psychiatric morbidity, determined by response to the General Health Questionnaire, between those with hypertension and those with normal pressure. This finding also obtained if only those subjects ignorant of their own blood pressure level were considered for the same comparison.As a result of administration of a standardized psychiatric interview and a hostility questionnaire to 108 hypertensive and normotensive subjects of a special study, differences in the expression of hostility were demonstrated between the 2 groups. Subjects with hypertension appear to demonstrate more hostility and be less self-critical than a normotensive group. This finding could reflect the effect of recent diagnosis and treatment of hypertension or be associated with the hypertensive state itself.
The effect of maternal narcotic addiction on the newborn infant
Authors: Ghodse A. Hamid , Reed J. L. , Mack J. W. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThis paper presents a review of the literature on the effects of maternal narcotic addictions upon the foetus and newborn infant. Six children born to ‘registered’ narcotic addicts were studied, and particular attention was paid to any signs of narcotic withdrawal that might occur after birth. Although all the mothers took heroin or methadone regularly up to the time of delivery, minor physical signs which might have been considered part of the withdrawal syndrome occurred in only one baby. The absence of major withdrawal signs found in this study contrasts with previous findings. The reasons for these differences are discussed, and the implications of these observations for the management of the pregnant narcotic addict and her newborn infant are considered.