bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A bacteriological evaluation of laminar-flow systems for orthopaedic surgery
Authors: Whyte W. , Shaw B. H. , Barnes R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAn evaluation has been undertaken of the efficiency of laminar-flow ventilation in operating-rooms in which conventional operating-room clothing was used. It has been demonstrated that velocities in the region of 0·3–0·4 m/sec. will give maximum returns for effort in both down-flow and cross-flow systems. At this velocity the laminar-flow system, in terms of airborne bacteria measured at the would site, was about 11 times more effients using horizontal air-flow and 35–90 times more efficient using vertical air-flow than a plenum-ventilated operating room.
Serum antibody response in acute brucellosis
Authors: Farrell I. D. , Robertson L. , Hinchliffe P. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe serum antibody titres in 62 cases of acute brucellosis are presented. The antibody persisting after infection and the appearance of non-agglutinating antihuman globulin titres were investigated. The criteria for the serological diagnosis of acute and chronic brucellosis are discussed.
Examination of slurry from cattle for pathogenic bacteria
Authors: Jones P. W. , Matthews P. R. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYOne hundred and eighty-seven samples of slurry from cattle were examined for the presence of salmonellas, pathogenic leptospires and brucellas. Small numbers of salmonellas, generally less than 1/g., were isolated from 20 samples (11%). These were S. dublin (12), S. typhimurium (4), S. indiana (1), S. bredeney (1), S. cerro (1) and S. unnamed 4,12: d:—(1).Leptospires were isolated from 56 samples (30%) but none was pathogenic for hamsters. No brucellas were isolated. The results of this survey are discussed in relation to the epidemiology of salmonellosis.
Laboratory evaluation of difenacoum as a rodenticide
Authors: Hadler M. R. , Redfern R. , Rowe F. P. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe efficacy of difenacoum as a new anticoagulant rodenticide was evaluated by blood coagulation studies and laboratory feeding tests using warfarin-resistant and non-resistant common rats (Rattus norvegicus), ship rats (R. rattus) and house mice (Mus musculus). Prothrombin assays indicated that the compound had as marked an activity with warfarin-resistant common rats as coumatetralyl had with non-resistant animals. Feeding tests confirmed that 0.005% would be a near-optimal concentration for field use, although there was some evidence of unpalatability.Results with ship rats and house mice were less favourable. Trials with enclosed colonies of warfarin-resistant mice confirmed the laboratory finding that although difenacoum was more effective than all other currently used anticoagulants, it was unlikely to give complete control.It is concluded that difenacoum is a valuable new rodenticide, especially for controlling warfarin-resistant common rats.
The faecal flora of children in the United Kingdom
Authors: Ellis-Pegler R. B. , Crabtree C. , Lambert H. P. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe faecal flora of 55 children (aged 8 days to 8 years) and 16 adults was determined. All the children were artificially fed from birth. The faecal flora of the youngest age group was generally less complex and less predictable than that of adults. Some bacterial groups commonly found in adult stools, for example bacilli, lactobacilli and yeasts, were rarely found in the youngest infants. Most of the changes towards the adult pattern took place between 4 and 12 months. The faecal flora of children aged 1–4 years generally resembled that of adults, although lactobacilli were still infrequently isolated.
The effect of feeding diets containing permitted antibiotics on the faecal excretion of Salmonella typhimurium by experimentally infected chickens
Authors: Smith H. Williams , Tucker J. F. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYGroups of 45 chickens were fed continuously on diets containing 10 or 100mg./kg. of different ‘growth-promoting’ antibiotics and infected orally with a nalidixic acid-resistant mutant of Salmonella typhimurium. The amount of S. typhimurium organisms excreted in their faeces was estimated by culturing them at weekly intervals and in a standard manner on plates of brilliant green agar containing sodium nalidixate, both direct and after enrichment in selenite broth.All of four groups fed diets containing 100 mg./kg. of nitrovin in three different experiments excreted much larger amounts of S. typhimurium than did groups fed antibiotic-free diets. In some, but not all, experiments, larger amounts were also excreted by groups fed diets containing 10 mg./kg. of nitrovin or 10 or 100 mg./kg. of flavomycin or tylosin. Feeding diets containing 10 or 100 mg./kg. of virginiamycin or bacitracin either did not influence or slightly ncreased the amount of S. typhimurium excreted.Two groups fed continuously on diets containing 100 or 500 mg./kg. of sulphaquinoxaline for 44 days excreted smaller amounts of the S. typhimurium organisms than did groups fed antibiotic-free diets; no sulphonamide-resistant organisms of the S. typhimurium strain were isolated from the faeces.
Salmonella serotypes, Salmonella typhi phage types, and anti-microbial resistance at the University Hospital of the West Indies, Jamaica
Authors: French G. L. , King S. D. , St Louis P. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYBacteriologically proved cases of salmonellosis presenting at the University Hospital have increased nearly threefold since 1957. The most striking change has been a considerable increase in the incidence of Salmonella heidelberg and Salmonella derby in the last 5 years, probably resulting from hospital acquired infection.About 80 cases of typhoid fever are reported each year in Jamaica. There has been little change in the prevalence of different phage types of Salmonella typhi since 1961. Paratyphoid fever is rare.Standardized antimicrobial disk-sensitivity testing was performed on selected surviving salmonella strains since 1964. S. typhi has remained fully sensitive to all the agents tested except streptomycin. Other salmonellas, however have shown a significant increase in antimicrobial resistance since 1970. Most of this increase was due to multiple resistance in S. heidelberg and S. derby, and the survival and dissemination of these strains in the hospital environment may be related to antibiotic usage.
The immunization of mice and calves with gal E mutants ofSalmonella typhimurium
Authors: Wray C. , Sojka W. J. , Morris J. A. , Morgan W. J. Brinley 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA galactose epimeraseless (gal E) mutant ofSalmonella typhimuriumwas investigated in mice and calves for its suitability as a live vaccine. In mice, a very highly significant difference in the mortality rates was observed when vaccinated and non-vaccinated animals were challenged with virulent strains ofS. typhimuriumandS. dublin.In calves, doses of 106and above of gal E mutant injected subcutaneously provided highly significant protection both in terms of mortality and prevalence of symptoms when calves were challenged orally withS. typhimurium.However, there appeared to be a relation between the vaccine and the presence of renal lesions and before gal E mutants can be recommended, further work is necessary to determine the pathogenesis of these lesions.
Water beds – a potential source ofPseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Elhag K. M. , Baird Rosamund M. , Shaw Elizabeth J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYWater beds in use in this hospital were found to be contaminated withPseudomonas aeruginosa.The addition of sodium hypochlorite, giving a final concentration of 200 parts/106available chlorine, was found to be effective in preventing microbial contamination over a 6-month study period.
The use of single-radial-haemolysis for rubella antibody studies
Authors: Clarke Mairin , Boustred Janet , Seagroatt Valerie , Schild G. C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe use of a single-radial-haemolysis technique for the detection of antibody to rubella virus is described. The single-radial-haemolysis test was compared with the standard HI methods for the detection of antibody to rubella virus. A close correlation between the two methods was observed in a survey of over two thousand serum samples and the study indicated that single-radial-haemolysis was highly satisfactory as an assay method for IgG antibodies to rubella virus. It was found that the immuno-globulins active in SRH tests sedimented in the 7S range in sucrose rate gradients and were presumably immunoglobulins of the IgG class, but 19S iinmunoglobulins did not produce haemolysis.
Field trials of WBA 8119 (PP 581, brodifacoum) against warfarin-resistant infestations of Rattus norvegicus
Authors: Rennison B. D. , Dubock A. C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYBaiting with medium oatmeal or soaked wheat containing 0.002, 0.001 or 0.0005% brodifacoum completely controlled infestations of warfarin-resistant rats on farms when the poisoned baits were maintained until rats ceased to feed on them. The concentration of brodifacoum did not affect the duration of these treatments which lasted from 11 to 25 days.Poison baiting with 0.002% brodifacoum for only 1, 4 and 7 days achieved, respectively, only about 41, 51 and 68% control of similar farm infestations, and so emphasized the need to continue baiting for longer periods.
The hygienic quality of vegetables grown in or imported into the Netherlands: a tentative survey
Authors: Tamminga S. K. , Beumer R. R. , Kampelmacher E. H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSamples of 61 home grown and 199 imported vegetables of different varieties were examined forEscherichia coli, faecal streptococci and, whenE. coliwas present, for salmonellas. Eleven per cent of samples contained > 104E. coliper 100 g, and 14% > 106faecal streptococci per 100 g. Salmonellas were isolated from 23 out of 103 samples examined.Salmonellas were isolated from 8% of 76 samples withE. coli<104/100 g, but from 63% of 27 samples withE. coliexceeding 104/100 g; from 6% of 65 samples containing < 106faecal streptococci/100 g but from 51% of 37 samples containing more than 106/100 g.S. typhiwas isolated from one sample of vegetables imported from the tropics. To our knowledge this is the first isolation ofS. typhifrom food in the Netherlands. Products from tropical countries were found to present the highest level of contamination. The hygienic quality of Dutch products is sometimes inferior to that of similar imported products, although the different seasons of sampling may have influenced the result. For the prevention of risk to the consumer of vegetables, good kitchen hygiene would appear to be the most important factor.
Antibody responses to vaccination with WRL 105 strain live influenza vaccine in previously vaccinated and unvaccinated volunteers
Authors: Evans A. E. J. , Simmons R. L. L. , Ferris R. D. , Hasell S. K. , Letley E. , Freestone D. S. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYIntranasal vaccination with a single 0·5 ml dose of 107.0EID 50 WRL 105 strain live influenza vaccine elicited four-fold or greater increases in circulating homotypic haemagglutinating inhibiting (HAT) antibody in 60 (64·5 %) of 93 volunteers, or in 58 (74·4%) of 78 volunteers with HAI antibody titres before vaccination of ≤ 1/20. In comparison, in a group of volunteers vaccinated 9 months previously re-vaccination elicited antibody responses in only 4 (6·9 %) of 58 volunteers, or in 3 (14·3%) of 21 volunteers with antibody titres before vaccination of ≤ 1/20.Titres of vaccine-induced antibody and antibody resulting from earlier natural infection appeared to fall slowly and at equivalent rates over a 9 month period.
The virulence of trimethoprim-resistant thymine-requiring strains ofSalmonella
Authors: Smith H. Williams , Tucker J. F. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA thymine-requiring (thy−), trimethoprim-resistant (tmpr) mutant isolated from the faeces of chickens experimentally infected withSalmonella typhimuriumand treated with a mixture of trimethoprim and sulphadiazine was less virulent for chickens than the parent strain and athy+tmpsrevertant preparedin vitrofrom the mutant. The difference in chicken-virulence was more noticeable when the strains were administered orally than when they were administered subcutaneously. Alltmprmutants preparedin vitrofrom four other salmonella strains were alsothy−; those tested were less virulent for chickens and mice than their parent strains. After oral infection,thy−salmonella organisms were found much less commonly in the alimentary tract of chickens then werethy+organisms. This was especially so in the caeca, the principal site of colonization of both thethy+andthy−organisms. Relatively high concentrations of thymine or related compounds were found in the contents of all regions of the alimentary tract of chickens except the caeca; the caeca usually contained low or undetectable concentrations.Thethy−salmonella strains would not grow on one brand of brilliant green agar because of its deficiency in thymine; their colonial appearance on other kinds of media used for isolating salmonellae from clinical material was often ‘un-salmonella-like’.
A major gene controlling warfarin-resistance in the house mouse
Authors: Wallace Margaret E. , MacSwiney Felicity J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe spread of a 'cream' mutant in a wild population of house mice is reported. The hypothesis that the gene responsible for the colour, extreme chinchilla, ce, has spread because of linkage with a major gene for warfarin-resistance, is tested by a linkage backcross.The results prove that a major gene does exist, that it is very closely linked with frizzy, fr, in chromosome 7, which in turn is linked with ce, that it is fully dominant in females at 4 months of age, and that its partial dominance in males is under the control of modifiers.The symbol War is proposed for the gene. Its position in chromosome 7 is analagous with the position of the resistant gene, Rw2, in the rat in the analagous chromosome.The adaptive significance of this finding is discussed, as also are reports of certain other mutants in wild populations of mice.
Seroepidemiological study of HBV infections in Athens, Greece
Authors: Papaevangelou G. , Kyriakidou A. , Vissoulis C. , Trichopoulos D. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA seroepidemiological survey of a sample – roughly representative by age and sex – of 2744 persons of the Greater Athens area revealed that hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections are highly endemic in Greece. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was detected in 72 (2·6 %) of them. The subtype was identified in 70 of the 72 carriers, and 69 were ay; the other was ad. Determinant w was present in all 61 that were capable of being typed further, and a23y(w) was twice as common as a11y(w). Antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) was found in 514 (18·7%) persons. The prevalence of the HBsAg rose rapidly with age, reaching peak values (5·3%) at 20–29 years, while anti-HBs reached its highest value (42·1%) in older age groups (50–59 years). The frequency of HBsAg was significantly higher in males (3·4%) than in females (1·5%). The percentage of infected persons who become chronic HBsAg carriers (12·3%) was found higher than in other developed populations. It was also found higher in children (25%) than in adults (5·5%) and in males (14·6%) than in females (8·1%). These data indicate that HBV infection in early life is a major risk factor in the development of HBsAg carriers and support the hypothesis that males are more likely to become HBsAg carriers than females.
The laboratory evaluation of iodophor disinfectants with yeast suspensions
Authors: Charley Claire M. , Hayter Susanne E. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe report investigates the variation in results noticed when testing iodophor disinfectants in the presence of a 5% (w/v) yeast suspension.It was found that these variations were not related to individual iodophor formulations but bore a direct relationship with the storage time of the prepared yeast suspension.
A source isolator for infected patients
Authors: Babb J. R. , Bridges Kim , Lowbury E. J. L. , Hodgson Elizabeth M. , Trexler P. C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA plastic, mechanically ventilated source isolator with filters in the air effluent was designed to enable infected patients to be nursed and treated in a general ward or to be transported without risk to staff or other contacts.Two models of isolator were developed. Their potential value was tested by the challenge of heavy dispersal, inside the isolator, of bacteria (a) from patients with burns, during the change of dressings, (b) from contaminated bedding during simulated bed-making, and (c) from the dispersal of a suspension of Bacillus subtilis var. globigii.Sampling of air by slit samplers outside the isolator and, in comparable control patients, from the air of the room in which dressings were changed, showed consistently lower counts of bacteria and of Staph. aureus during dressings when the isolator was used; on removal of the isolator canopy there was, in some experiments, a considerable increase in airborne bacteria, due to residual bacteria in the isolator or to the re-dispersal of bacteria which settled on the patient and his bedding during the dressing.Simultaneous sampling with slit samplers inside and outside the isolator during and after bed-making or dispersal of B. subtilis var. globigii showed an almost complete protection of the air outside the isolator against contamination by bacteria released inside the isolator.
A simulation spatial model of the spread of foot-and-mouth disease through the primary movement of milk
Authors: Hugh-Jones M. E. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA computer model was constructed to mimic the 1967–8 foot-and-mouth epizootic in Shropshire and Cheshire, but the daily spatial distribution of outbreaks was randomized. This pattern of outbreaks was then examined to determine what percentage of outbreaks would fulfil an arbitrary set of criteria for milk-lorry-borne disease, or the primary movement of milk. Some 21% of herds visited subsequent to a ‘source farm’ were affected, as were 4% of herds visited after any infected herd. The relevance of these results to the true risk of disease through the primary movement of milk off affected farms is discussed.
Some observations on the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in Canada
Authors: Tizard Ian R. , Fish Norman A. , Quinn Joseph P. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYBetween 1961 and 1974, 11934 samples of serum were tested by the Sabin- Feldman Dye test for the presence of antibodies toToxoplasma gondii.Analysis of high-titred sera suggested that a 6-year cycle of high disease prevalence occurred across Canada. In addition, a decline in the percentage of positive reactions occurred each year in the Fall. The suggestion that this decline was due to dry conditions during the summer months was supported by the observation that differences in the prevalence of toxoplasma infection in ten Canadian cities were related to their average summer rainfall. The significance of these observations in relation to the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in this country is discussed. The influence of patient age on the prevalence of infection was also investigated; the results obtained suggested that at least 75% of infants with high antibody titres againstT. gondiihad obtained these antibodies by placental transfer from their mothers.
Modified Vi tests in the screening of typhoid carriers
Authors: Chau P. Y. , Chan A. C. H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYTwo tests for the estimation of Vi antibody in sera were studied and their validity in the screening of typhoid carriers was assessed. One was a modified Vi haemagglutination test in which Vi-coated glutaraldehyde-fixed erythrocytes were used as the antigen and Vi antibody resistant to treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol was titrated. The other was a fluorescent Vi antibody test in which acetone-fixed bacterial Vi cells were used as the antigen and the total Vi antibody was titrated. In both tests, the antigens used were stable so that standardization of the tests would not be difficult. The modified Vi haemagglutination test was found equally sensitive but more specific in giving less false positives than the conventional Vi haemagglutination test. The fluorescent Vi antibody test was however found superior to both tests not only in giving less false positives but also in detecting more typhoid carriers.
Morphological manifestations of freezing and thawing injury in bacteriophage T4Bo
Authors: Steele P. R. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYElectron microscopic observation of negatively stained preparations of frozen and thawed suspensions of T4Bo phage clearly separated the morphological changes produced by low-temperature salt denaturation from those produced by eutectic phase changes. Salt denaturation caused contraction of tail sheaths. Eutectic phase changes appeared to cause two separate lesions. Firstly the tail sheath was disjointed 18–22 nm. below the collar and the tail core was disjointed at 40–60 nm. below the collar, giving rise to separated heads with a small tail remnant, and separated tails in which the sheath remarkably remained in its extended form. Secondly, tears were seen in the head membranes of particles with collapsed empty heads. In all the experiments the percentage of normal phage particles counted electron-microscopically was close to the percentage of viable phage as determined by plaque assay.
Cold water, ultra-high pressure cleaning of abattoirs
Authors: Dempster J. F. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYCold water (10° C) at ultra-high pressure (38·5–49 kg/cm2) was compared with (a) hot water (65·6–82·2° C) at low pressure (4·2–5·6 kg/cm2) and (b) hot water containing a detergent (2% (w/v) sodium silicate). Seven sites were examined in a beef abattoir and six in a bacon factory.Three surfaces in the beef abattoir had lower residual colony counts (higher reductions) after hot water/low pressure than after cold water/high pressure. However, the differences were not significant (P> 0·05). The range of the mean log10count/cm2before cleaning was 4·02–5·15, and after cleaning 1·73–2·32 (hot water) and 1·9–2·85 (cold water).On three of the remaining sites, the three methods were compared. The total differences between treatments were not significant (P> 0.05), although there was an effect of surface and an interaction between surface and treatment. The cold water produced lower residual counts on three sites in the bacon factory than the hot water (45–54°C). However, the differences were not significant on the remaining surfaces.
Hospital Salmonella Johannesburg infection and its possible role in the community spread of the infection in Hong Kong
Authors: Teoh-Chan C. H. , Chau P. Y. , Tse Doris , Sin W. K. , IP H. M. H. , Lan R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSalmonella johannesburg (1, 40: b: e, n, x), a previously rare salmonella serotype, has established itself rapidly as an important and highly prevalent cause of gastroenteritis among children. The clinical features of the infection are usually mild but chronic. It has been suggested that S. johannesburg was introduced into Hong Kong through imported foods but no common vehicle could be traced as the source of infection. A thorough investigation of one paediatric ward in a general hospital revealed that non-infected patients admitted to the ward usually acquired S. johannesburg infection within 3–7 days, with or without symptoms. Thus hospital cross-infection could be a significant factor in contributing to its rapid spread in the community. Furthermore, the rapidity with which S. johannesburg spread was facilitated by (a) its tendency to produce a chronic infection, (b) its multiple resistance to antibiotics, and (c) the higher infectivity of S. johannesburg over other salmonellas endemic in this locality. These factors combined with the overcrowded conditions in many of the hospitals in Hong Kong facilitated the occurrence of hospital infection, which in its turn contributed to the spread of the infection in the local community.