bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population structure increases the evolvability of genetic algorithms
Authors: Hol Felix J. H. , Wang Xin , Keymer Juan E. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractPopulations are shaped by the spatial structure of their environment: space organizes interactions between individuals locally, and gives rise to a global population structure. Both local and global population structures can have a profound influence on the evolutionary dynamics of a population. To characterize this influence, we use genetic algorithms with several distinct contact structures to evolve cellular automata, which perform a density classification task. We find that local contact structures (modeled as graphs with various topologies) that limit the number of breeding partners show greater evolvability than well‐mixed populations. Furthermore, we show that the evolvability of well‐mixed populations is enhanced in a metapopulation setting of coupled subpopulations. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2012
ON THE CHOICE OF HEALTH INEQUALITY MEASURE FOR THE LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS OF INCOME‐RELATED HEALTH INEQUALITIES
Authors: Allanson Paul , Petrie Dennis 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTChanges in rank‐dependent income‐related health inequality measures over time may usefully be decomposed into contributions due to changes in health outcomes and changes in individuals' positions in the income distribution. This paper establishes the normative implications of this type of decomposition by embedding it within a broader analysis of changes in the ‘health achievement’ index. We further show that the choice of health inequality measure implies a particular vertical equity judgement, which may be expressed on a common scale in terms of the concentration index of health changes that would be inequality preserving. We illustrate the empirical implications of this choice by reporting results from a longitudinal analysis of changes in income‐related health inequality in Great Britain using the concentration, the Erreygers and Wagstaff indices of health attainments and the concentration index of health shortfalls. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanoscale distinction of membrane patches – a TERS study of Halobacterium salinarum
Authors: Deckert‐Gaudig Tanja , Böhme René , Freier Erik , Sebesta Aleksandar , Merkendorf Tobias , Popp Jürgen , Gerwert Klaus , Deckert Volker 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe structural organization of cellular membranes has an essential influence on their functionality. The membrane surfaces currently are considered to consist of various distinct patches, which play an important role in many processes, however, not all parameters such as size and distribution are fully determined. In this study, purple membrane (PM) patches isolated from Halobacterium salinarum were investigated in a first step using TERS (tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy). The characteristic Raman modes of the resonantly enhanced component of the purple membrane lattice, the retinal moiety of bacteriorhodopsin, were found to be suitable as PM markers. In a subsequent experiment a single Halobacterium salinarum was investigated with TERS. By means of the PM marker bands it was feasible to identify and localize PM patches on the bacterial surface. The size of these areas was determined to be a few hundred nanometers. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Egg morphology of nine species of pollenia robineau‐desvoidy, 1830 (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Grzywacz Andrzej , Szpila Krzysztof , Pape Thomas 
Published: February 2012

AbstractEgg morphology of nine species of the cluster fly genus Pollenia Robineau‐Desvoidy was studied with scanning electron microscopy. Funnel‐shaped micropylar area, chorion covered with centrally depressed hexagons, well developed hatching pleats on the dorsal surface encompassing the median area were found in eggs of all species: P. amentaria (Scopoli), P. angustigena Wainwright, P. atramentaria (Meigen), P. labialis Robineau‐Desvoidy, P. mayeri Jacentkovsky, P. pediculata Macquart, P. rudis (Fabricius), P. similis (Jacentkovsky), and P. vagabunda (Meigen). Untypical for Calliphoridae, a dual morphological structure of plastron‐bearing area is described here for the first time. On the basis of our observations, all species studied share the presence of a plastron respiratory function on the entire surface between the hatching lines. Differences between species were found in the shape of the longitudinal hatching pleats and the proportion between ‘island pattern’ and ‘hexagonal pattern’ of their chorionic surface, and in the intensity of perforation of hexagons of the median area. Comparisons of Pollenia egg morphology with that of other representatives of Calliphoridae revealed its unique structure, allowing easy differentiation from other representatives of the family. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Meta‐analysis: Multidisciplinary fall prevention strategies in the acute care inpatient population
Authors: DiBardino David , Cohen Elaine R. , Didwania Aashish 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND:Inpatient falls are common adverse events that lead to inpatient injury, increased length of stay, healthcare costs, litigation, and are a focus of patient safety and healthcare quality. Fall prevention methods are currently evolving to address the problem.PURPOSE:To examine the available data evaluating multidisciplinary fall prevention strategies in the acute inpatient setting.DATA SOURCES:A complete literature search of MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library through December 2011 was used. The bibliographies of all systematic reviews and meta‐analyses were hand searched.STUDY SELECTION:Only primary research studies relating to acute care inpatient hospital multidisciplinary fall prevention were included. Selected papers were assessed for quality by 2 authors using a 20‐point scale previously used in the fall literature.DATA EXTRACTION:Each selected study was carefully hand searched by 2 authors for the purposes of data extraction. Study results, in fall rate per 1000‐patient days, and the characteristics of the interventions used were extracted for analysis.DATA SYNTHESIS:Effect sizes (odds ratios) and 95% confidence intervals were derived for individual studies and then combined across research reports using a random‐effects meta‐analysis.CONCLUSIONS:Fall prevention strategies have a significant but small effect on fall rates despite the use of complex, multidisciplinary interventions. Additional randomized trials are needed to examine the possible benefits of multidisciplinary fall prevention strategies in the acute inpatient setting. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012; © 2012 Society of Hospital Medicine
Following the Crystallization Process of Polyethylene Single Chain by Molecular Dynamics: The Role of Lateral Chain Defects
Authors: Sanmartín Sara , Ramos Javier , Martínez‐Salazar Javier 
Published: February 2012

AbstractSummary: Langevin molecular dynamics (LMD) simulations have been performed in order to understand the role of the short chain branches (SCB) on the formation of ordered domains by cooling ethylene/α‐olefins single chain models. Different long single‐chain models (C2000) with 0, 5 and 10 branches each 1000 carbons were selected. The branches were randomly distributed along the backbone chain. Furthermore, C1 (methyl) and C4 (butyl) branches were taken into account. These models mimic the molecular architecture of ethylene/1‐butene and ethylene/1‐hexene random copolymers. The simulations are performed according to the following protocol: 20 random chain conformations for each model were equilibrated at high temperature (T* = 13.3) and then they were cooled in steps of 0.45 until the final temperature (T* = 6.2) by running a total of 35 × 106 LMD steps. The distribution peaks of crystallization for each model were calculated by differentiating the global order parameter with respect to the temperature. The Tc* (crystallization temperature) decrease as the number of branches increases as it is experimentally observed. The formation of order in the copolymers is affected by the type and amount of the SCB in the backbone of the polymer chain. The stem lenght and crystallization fraction (α) were defined using the local‐bond order parameter. Both parameters decrease as the number of branches increase. In all cases here shown, the C4 branches are excluded from the ordered domains. However, we have observed that the methyl branch can be incorporated into the ordered regions. These facts satisfactorily agree with experimental data available in the literature.
Meta‐analysis of self‐reported substance use compared with laboratory substance assay in general adult mental health settings
Authors: Large Matthew M. , Smith Glen , Sara Grant , Paton Michael B. , Kedzior Karina Karolina , Nielssen Olav B. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAn accurate assessment of substance use is necessary to make a correct psychiatric diagnosis and to provide appropriate treatment. This study uses meta‐analysis to establish the strength of the association between self‐reported substance use and the results of laboratory substance assay including the testing for specific substances and screening for any substance use in psychiatric hospitals and in community mental health settings.A systematic search for published studies was supplemented by additional data required for meta‐analysis provided by several researchers in this field. Using random‐effects meta‐analysis, we calculated the pooled estimate of the odds ratio of a positive substance assay in patients reporting use or non‐use of substances and estimated the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value.Twenty‐six studies met the inclusion criteria. Very strong associations were found between self‐reported use and positive tests for cannabis [N = 11 studies, odds ratio (OR) = 22.3; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 10.1–49.1], amphetamines (N = 8, OR = 26.6; 95% CI = 7.9–88.9), cocaine (N = 8, OR = 39.7; 95% CI = 16.2–97.2) and opiates (N = 7, OR = 83.5; 95% CI = 26.7–260.7). Strong associations were found between self‐reported use of any substance and positive substance screening (N = 15, OR = 7.2, 95% CI = 3.6–14.1) and tests for alcohol use (N = 5, OR = 8.5; 95% CI = 2.5–28.4). Screening for any substance use had a sensitivity of 61% and a specificity of 66%. Testing for individual substances was specific but lacked sensitivity.Screening has the potential to detect clinically relevant substances that would not be reported by the patient, whereas testing for a specific substance has little advantage over self‐report. The sensitivity of the substance assay might be improved by obtaining a sample at the earliest opportunity. Consideration should be given to the increased use of substance screening in general adult mental health settings because it could improve the accuracy of psychiatric diagnosis and increase the likelihood of patients receiving treatment for substance use disorders. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Urinary metabonomic study using a CUMS rat model of depression
Authors: Liu Xiao‐Jie , Li Zhen‐Yu , Li Zhong‐Feng , Gao Xiao‐Xia , Zhou Yu‐Zhi , Sun Hai‐Feng , Zhang Li‐Zeng , Guo Xiao‐Qing , Du Guan‐Hua , Qin Xue‐Mei 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTChronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) is a well‐validated model of depression. In this study, a urinary metabonomics method based on the NMR spectrometry was used to study the metabolic perturbation in CUMS‐induced rat depression model. With pattern recognition analysis, a clear separation of CUMS rats and healthy controls was achieved, and nine endogenous metabolites contributing to the separation were identified. CUMS‐treated rats were characterized by the increase of glycine, pyruvate, glutamine, and asparagines, as well as the decrease of 2‐oxoglutarate, dimethylglycine, citrate, succinate, and acetate. The urinary biochemical changes related to the metabolic disturbance in CUMS induced depression, and the possible correlations with live qi stagnation in traditional Chinese medicine are discussed. The work shows that CUMS is a reliable model for studying depression, and the noninvasive urinary metabolomic method is a valuable tool to investigate the biochemical pertubations in depression as an early diagnostic means. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental observation of two‐layer TiO2 nanotube arrays prepared by stepping‐voltage anodization
Authors: Ding Jietao , Xiao Zhanwen , Fan Hongsong 
Published: February 2012

AbstractTwo‐layer TiO2 nanotube arrays were produced by stepping down the anodic voltage during which three nanotube interface structures between the top layer and the second layer were observed by SEM. We detected a polygonal ring structure on the top surface of the second layer and offer direct evidence of the growth of this second tube layer both at the cell boundary and right beneath the bottom of the first tube layer. For these processes, a possible growth mechanism is presented. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electromagnetic navigation platform for endovascular surgery: how to develop sensorized catheters and guidewires
Authors: Condino S. , Ferrari V. , Freschi C. , Alberti A. , Berchiolli R. , Mosca F. , Ferrari M. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBackgroundEndovascular procedures are nowadays limited by difficulties arising from the use of 2D images and are associated with dangerous X‐ray exposure and the injection of nephrotoxic contrast medium.MethodsAn electromagnetic navigator is proposed to guide endovascular procedures with reduced radiation dose and contrast medium injection. Five DOF electromagnetic sensors are calibrated and used to track in real time the positions and orientation of endovascular catheters and guidewires, while intraoperative 3D rotational angiography is used to acquire 3D models of patient anatomy. A preliminary prototype is developed to prove the feasibility of the system using an anthropomorphic phantom.ResultsThe spatial accuracy of the system was evaluated during 70 targeting trials obtaining an overall accuracy of 1.2 ± 0.3 mm; system usability was positively evaluated by three surgeons.ConclusionsThe strategy proposed to sensorize endovascular instruments paves the way for the development of surgical strategies with reduced radiation dose and contrast medium injection. Further in vitro, animal and clinical experiments are necessary for complete surgical validation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MACROINVERTEBRATE–PRESSURE RELATIONSHIPS IN BOATABLE NEW ZEALAND RIVERS: INFLUENCE OF UNDERLYING ENVIRONMENT AND SAMPLING SUBSTRATE
Authors: Collier Kevin J. , Clapcott Joanne E. , David Bruno O. , Death Russell G. , Kelly David , Leathwick John R. , Young Roger G. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTResponses of macroinvertebrate communities to human pressure are poorly known in large rivers compared with wadeable streams, in part because of variable substrate composition and the need to disentangle pressure responses from underlying natural environmental variation. To investigate the interaction between these factors, we sampled macroinvertebrates from the following: (i) submerged wood; (ii) littoral substrates < 0.8 m deep; and (iii) inorganic substrates in deep water (> 1.5 m) benthic habitats in eleven 6th‐ or 7th‐order New Zealand rivers spanning a catchment vegetation land cover gradient. Cluster analysis identified primary site groupings reflecting regional environmental characteristics and secondary groupings for moderate gradient rivers reflecting the extent of catchment native vegetation cover. Low pressure sites with high levels of native vegetation had higher habitat quality and higher percentages of several Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera taxa than sites in developed catchments, whereas developed sites were more typically dominated by Diptera, Mollusca and other Trichoptera. Partial regression analysis indicated that the combination of underlying environment and human pressure accounted for 77–89% of the variation in Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera and Plecoptera taxa richness, %Diptera and %Mollusca, with human pressure explaining more variance than underlying environment for %Mollusca. Analysis of replicate deepwater and littoral samples from moderate gradient sites at the upper and lower ends of the pressure gradient indicated that total Trichoptera and Diptera richness and %Diptera responded to land use differences in these boatable river catchments. Responses to human pressure were substrate specific with the combination of littoral and deepwater substrates providing the most consistent response and yielding the highest number of taxa. These results indicate that multiple substrate sampling is required to document the biodiversity and condition of boatable river macroinvertebrate communities and that spatial variation in the underlying natural environment needs to be accounted for when interpreting pressure–response relationships. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
I'm a Poet? International Doctoral Students at a U.S. University Participate in a Creative Writing Workshop
Authors: Ostrow Jill , Ning Chang Lynn Chih 
Published: February 2012

What happens when international doctoral students participate in a creative writing workshop? Very often, students at our large midwestern U.S. university enter classes having learned English in their native countries with a heavy emphasis on only skills and grammar. They have not had the chance to play with language, to express themselves through poetry, narrative, or expressive voice. One of the authors created the course Writing Workshop for International Graduate Students so doctoral students from different countries would be able to come together not only as a community of writers learning English, but as a community of international writers. The students were asked to turn off their academic writing voices and to explore their creative ones. Slowly, through the writing process of choice, drafting, sharing, editing, revision, and drafting in other genres, the students began to feel more confident as writers. Several discovered that they were poets. Others were willing to take the risk to try different genres. All of the students felt that their academic writing had improved. The authors’ findings suggest that it is crucial to allow opportunities for international students to write creatively in both their native and nonnative languages in order to help them succeed in all of their university courses.Practice always embodies theory and theory strives for understanding of practice. Critical approaches to education, understood as both theory and practice, aim to identify and challenge inequitable social structures and policies. (Cummins, 2009, pp. 261‐271)
Fatty Acid Contents in Fractions of Neutral Lipids and Phospholipids of Fillets of Tilapia Treated with Flaxseed Oil
Authors: Tonial Ivane Benedetti , Matsushita Makoto , Furuya Wilson Massamitu , de Souza Nilson Evelázio , Visentainer Jesuí Vergílio 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe fatty acid composition in fractions of neutral lipids (NL) and phospholipids (PL) of the lipid content of muscle tissue of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed diets enriched with 7% of flaxseed oil was evaluated. Lipid profiles were evaluated every 15 days over 90 days. NL were predominant, with saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids being the major ones, and the PL fraction showed a great amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The PUFA/SFA ratio values were lower in the NL fraction, ranging from 0.3 to 0.6, when compared to the PL fraction, which ranged from 1.0 to 1.1. The n‐3 PUFA concentrations increased from the beginning of the treatment up to 90 days of treatment, while the n‐6 PUFA concentrations decreased in the same period, thus improving the n‐6/n‐3 ratio of lipid content. The n‐6/n‐3 ratios in the NL class varied from 11.1 to 1.1 and in the PL class from 4.6 to 1.0, which contributed to an increase in the nutritional value of the fish meat. The PUFA/SFA ratio values increased during the treatment, whereas the n‐6/n‐3 ratios decreased. Thus, the addition of flaxseed oil to the tilapia diet led to an improvement in the quality of the fish meat in terms of physiological and nutritional properties.
Security in Niamey: an anthropological perspective on policing and an act of terrorism in Niger
Authors: Göpfert Mirco 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTThe abduction of two Frenchmen in January 2011 in Niamey's supposedly most secure neighbourhood has led many to question the functioning of the city's security apparatus. This paper analyses Niamey's security landscape, initially from an historical and then from a spatial perspective. It argues that for a comprehensive analysis of security, we must first decentre our perspective on security construction, and thus take informal non-organised modes of policing just as seriously as policing by state and vigilante organisations; and second, take into account the inseparability of sociality and security, a fragile balance of trust and acceptable risk. In conclusion I argue that this focus may be one way of comprehending the kidnapping: how was it possible and what were its implications for Niamey's security landscape?
Experimental evaluation of protons emission from a plasma focus device
Authors: BHUYAN M. , MOHANTY S. R. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractSolid state nuclear track detectors have been used for measuring axially emitted protons from a 2.2-kJ energy plasma focus device. The flux of the protons emerging out from the pinched plasma column of the plasma focus device has been found to saturate the CR-39 detectors. Aluminum filters have been used to avoid the saturation effect. By varying the aluminum filter thickness as well as the etching time of CR-39 detectors, proton tracks have been analyzed. Proton energy above 200 keV to about 1 MeV has been measured by using different thicknesses of aluminum filters. On increasing the etching hours, the most probable track diameter is found to be shifted from lower to higher values. The track number density decreases on increase of the filter thickness, whereas the track diameters increase linearly with respect to the etching time.
DE L'USAGE DES CONIQUES CHEZ IBRĀHĪM IBN SINĀN
Authors: Bellosta Hélène 
Published: February 2012

AbstractOnce Apollonius'Conicshad been translated from Greek into Arabic, they became a main reference and the principal tool in studying solid problems, algebraic equations of 3rdand 4thdegrees, infinitesimal mathematics, etc. Mathematicians of the 9th–10thcenturies also studied the conic sections' constructions, as well as their continuous drawing and their drawing by points. Ibrāhīm ibn Sinān (909–946), as his grandfather Thābit ibn Qurra (826–901), was one of the most active and inventive mathematicians in these fields. Late Hélène Bellosta examined in this article Ibn Sinān's contribution.