bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
California Psychological Inventory
Authors: Groth‐Marnat Gary , Mullard Michael J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The California Psychological Inventory (CPI) is a self‐report, paper and pencil test comprised of 434 True‐False items. There is also a 260‐item short form. Questions relate to a person's typical behaviors, opinions, feelings, and attitudes regarding family, ethical, and social matters. It can be administered to individuals between the ages of 12 and 70 having a minimum of a fourth grade education. Results of the test are presented as a profile comprised of 20 scales, 3 vectors (or factors), and a variety of special purpose scales. It is typically used within normal populations to help understand vocational preferences, interpersonal behavior, intrapersonal function, and orientation toward normative values.
Cannabis‐Related Disorders
Authors: Roffman Roger 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In 2007, 3.9 million persons in the United States aged 12 or older (1.6% of the population) met DSM criteria for cannabis dependence or abuse. The numbers of those who had used marijuana ever, in the past year, and in the past month in 2007 were 100.5 million, 25.1 million, and 14.5 million, respectively (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration [CSAT], 2008). Approximately 4.3% of Americans have been dependent on cannabis.
Career Development
Authors: Herr Edwin L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

The term
career development
has several meanings. At one level it is the term used to describe the large body of theory and research that serves as the knowledge base for career counselors and psychologists. This knowledge base identifies the factors, both internal to the individual and external in the environment, that interact across the life span as individuals forge their personal career identity, acquire work‐related behaviors, anticipate and explore career options, adjust to the settings in which their work‐related behavior is implemented, and manage the interaction of career and family roles.
C
attell,
J
ames
Mc
Keen
(1860–1944)
Authors: Haynie N. A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
James McKeen Cattell attended Lafayette College for his undergraduate work. He traveled to Europe and studied at Gottingen and then in Leipzig under Wilhelm Wundt. He received a fellowship to return to Johns Hopkins in 1882 and study philosophy. While at Johns Hopkins, Cattell attended the lectures on psychology by G. Stanley Hall and began research on mental activities. He returned to work with Wundt in 1883 to study individual differences, which was characterized as a typically American project by Germans. Cattell received his PhD degree in 1886 in psychology. His dissertation was the first in psychology by an American.
Central Nervous System Disorders
Authors: Oscar‐Berman Marlene , Mosher Susan M. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is comprised of the brain and the spinal cord. The spinal cord controls movement and feeling of body regions located below the brain. Because the brain and the spinal cord are connected, the brain also plays a role in movement and feeling. However, the brain controls complex psychological processes such as attention, perception, motivation, emotion, language, cognition, and action. Central nervous system disorders may arise due to brain injury, or may occur as the result of congenital or degenerative neurological conditions.
Child Custody
Authors: Bow James N. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
History has witnessed a variety of trends in custody determination. Prior to the 1920s children were considered property of the father, who was almost always awarded custody. The Tender Years Doctrine, advanced in the 1920s, assumed that young children were better off in their mother's care. This resulted in a strong preference for awarding custody to the mother, a preference that continued until 1970 when the focus shifted to the best interests of the child.
Child Psychology
Authors: McKinney John Paul , McKinney Kathleen 
Published: January 2010

AbstractChild psychology deals with the personality and behavior of children, typically from conception to puberty. Child psychology has referred in the past to both normal and abnormal behavior, to both theory and research, and also to the psychotherapy or counseling of disturbed children. Current usage, however, limits the term to a branch of the science of developmental psychology, while specifying “child clinical” when referring to the professional practice of child psychology.
Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: Kuehnle Kathryn 
Published: January 2010

AbstractChild sexual abuse (CSA) is defined as the involvement of a child in sexual activity to provide sexual gratification or financial benefit to the perpetrator, including contacts for sexual purposes, prostitution, pornography, and other sexually exploitive activities. CSA allegations are addressed in a variety of psycholegal contexts, including, but not limited to, child custody evaluations in a family court, child protection proceedings in dependency court, personal injury cases in civil proceedings, and prosecution of legal charges in criminal and military courts. Few areas of psychological evaluation involve such a variety of complex evaluation issues and potentially serious consequences for faulty conclusions.
Chi‐Square Test
Authors: Rossi Joseph S. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

The chi‐square (χ
2
) test was developed by Karl Pearson in 1900; this is often regarded as a seminal event in the history of statistics. The test and the statistical distribution on which it is based have wide application not only in psychology and the behavioral sciences but also in numerous related disciplines. Its two principal uses are to test the independence of two variables and to assess how well a theoretical model or set of a priori probabilities fits a set of data (goodness of fit). In both cases the test is typically thought of as a nonparametric procedure involving observed (
O
) and expected (
E
) frequencies. The expected frequencies may be determined either theoretically or empirically. The basic formula for calculating χ
2
is

urn:x-wiley:9780470479216:media:corpsy0174:xm1
Chronic Pain, Psychological Factors in
Authors: Turk Dennis C. , Wilson Hilary D. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPsychology has long been a topic addressed in the etiology of chronic pain; however, the hypothesized role these factors play has varied greatly. Psychological factors were traditionally considered to account for pain that could not be attributed to any physiological abnormalities. Pain was viewed as a dichotomy: it was either of physiological origin (somatogenic) or due to psychological issues (psychogenic). Thus, pain severity that was not linearly related to the amount of pathological abnormality was considered psychogenic, or “all in the patient's head.”
Civil Competence
Authors: Connell Mary 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Competence, in civil legal matters, refers to the capacity to make independent decisions and conduct legal and financial transactions on one's own behalf. Adults are generally presumed to be competent to handle their own affairs, but when there is compelling evidence to the contrary, an individual may be found, by law, to be incompetent. Either the state or a private party, usually a family member, may raise the issue. Legal determinations of competence are important to fair execution of justice. A just outcome in any matter requires that parties are fully able to understand and participate in the decision making that is required for the matter; if they are not, that accommodation is arranged so that they can participate by representation from someone who has their interests in mind. If the court declares a person to be incompetent, a guardian may be appointed and legally empowered to make decisions on behalf of the person. This may be a family member of other close relation, or it may be the court itself, in which case the person becomes a “ward of the court.” This reflects the notion of
parent patriae
, or the state's interest in assuring care for those who cannot care for themselves.
Clinical Psychology, Graduate Training in
Authors: Collins Frank L. , Callahan Jennifer L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Graduate training in clinical psychology is based on the science of psychology. To that end, all programs provide education in the broad and general foundational areas of psychology, which include the social, biological, cognitive, and affective aspects of behavior as well as human development. Specific training in the area of clinical psychology centers on diagnosing and defining problems through psychological assessment and measurement, implementing intervention strategies, providing consultation and supervision, and evaluating the efficacy of interventions.
Cluster Analysis
Authors: Hirtle Stephen C. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractCluster analysis refers to a family of related techniques that are used to create groups of objects that, in some sense, minimize the distance between the objects within a cluster (Arabie, Hubert, & DeSoete, 1996; Hartigan, 1975). It is generally viewed as a type of exploratory data analysis in which the clusters emerge from the analytical procedures. Cluster analysis has been used extensively since the 1970s by social scientists, market researchers, numerical taxonomists, and many others. Cluster analysis is also at the heart of many current approaches in machine learning, pattern recognition, and data mining.
Coaching
Authors: Weiner Karen Colby 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Before 1990, coaching as a profession was recognized only in connection with mentoring corporate executives (Williams & Menendez, 2007). Within the last 15 years, however, coaching has come to be considered one of the fastest growing trends in the areas of health and well‐being (Williams & Anderson, 2006). At present coaching encompasses a growing number of specialties as diverse as getting adolescents to do their homework and assisting those leaving the workplace to create meaningful retirements.
Coefficient Alpha
Authors: Steedle Jeffrey T. , Shavelson Richard J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Because test scores are known to contain errors, test developers and administrators must concern themselves with test score consistency (or reliability). Such concerns are commonly investigated using coefficient alpha, an internal consistency reliability coefficient that is computed as follows:

urn:x-wiley:9780470479216:media:corpsy0190:xm1

where
k
is the number of test items,

is the variance of scores on item
i
, and

is the variance of total test scores. Alpha is generally applicable for studying reliability on a single test at one point in time from multiple observations on individuals (e.g., scores on test items, task‐performance ratings from multiple judges).
Cohen's
d
Authors: Diener Marc J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Cohen's (1988)
d
is one of several statistics used to examine differences between means, as in the case of the difference in mean outcome between participants who received treatment X and participants who received treatment Y. This difference score, calculated in standard deviation units, falls under the broader category of effect sizes. Effect sizes provide an important complement to traditional null hypothesis statistical significance testing. The traditional
p
value indicates the likelihood of obtaining the observed results if the null hypothesis is true (Cohen, 1988). It does not, however, offer any information about the magnitude of the research findings (e.g., how much of a difference it makes if someone receives treatment X vs. treatment Y; Rosenthal & Rosnow, 2008). Cohen's
d
offers an effective way of obtaining this information from means and standard deviations calculated in primary research.
Collective Unconscious
Authors: Cambray Joseph 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn the early days of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud and Carl Gustav Jung collaborated and explored unconscious aspects of the mind as they observed and experienced it clinically and personally. Archaeological and geological metaphors proved useful in describing the apparent layering of psyche seen in their patients and in themselves. Both men recognized what they saw as two main strata to the unconscious, correspondingly composed of ontogenetic and phylogenetic factors. Although Freud focused more attention on the ontogenetic factor in the development of psychopathology (the infantile neuroses), he did retain a view throughout his life that these phylogenetic contributions were acquired traits and were inherited; in other words, he held to a Lamarckian hypothesis, despite protest from his followers (Hoffer, 1992).
Community Psychology
Authors: Jason Leonard A. , Porter Nicole 
Published: January 2010

AbstractCommunity psychology is the study of the interaction between individuals and all of the levels of their environment (Dalton, Elias, & Wandersman, 2007). Community psychologists are interested in examining and improving the quality of life of individuals, communities, and society through collaborative research and action (Jason & Glenwick, 2002). Duffy and Wong (2000) characterized this field as emphasizing prevention over treatment; underscoring strengths and competencies over weaknesses; adopting an ecological perspective that examines the relationships among people and their environment; valuing and respecting diversity and differences; stressing empowerment, which involves enhancing the processes by which people gain control over their lives; emphasizing action research and social change, which provide more alternatives; stressing collaboration with other disciplines; examining how social support can act as a buffer against stress; and focusing on interventions that build a sense of community.
Comparative Neuropsychology
Authors: Oscar‐Berman Marlene 
Published: January 2010

AbstractResults of nonhuman animal research can provide new information that human experimentation does not permit, usually for ethical considerations, or because of limited control over complex environmental influences. The new knowledge can then be used to help understand human disorders. One approach to understanding interspecies brain functions, comparative neuropsychology, involves the direct evaluation of human clinical populations by employing experimental paradigms originally developed for nonhuman animals (Oscar‐Berman & Bardenhagen, 1998). Of particular applicability has been the study of nonhuman primates, our closest genetic relatives.
Comparative Psychology
Authors: Norris Jacob N. , Papini Mauricio R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Comparative psychology involves the study of the evolution and development of behavior. Comparative psychology is a branch of science that lies in the intersection between psychology and biology. Thus, it is not surprising that comparative psychologists recognize as part of their foundational tradition the works and ideas of a diverse group of scientists, including Charles Darwin (founder of modern evolutionary theory), Ivan P. Pavlov (discoverer of conditioning), John B. Watson (founder of behaviorism and a pioneer of field experiments), and Edward L. Thorndike (proponent of one of the first theories of behavior based on experimental research), among many others (Boakes, 1984). Comparative psychologists are interested in providing answers to questions such as:

What is the evolutionary origin of behavioral patterns observed in animals?

Does behavior contribute to individual reproductive success?

What external and internal factors determine animal behavior?

What factors regulate the development of behavior?
Competency to Stand Trial
Authors: Roesch Ronald , McLachlan Kaitlyn 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Defendants can be found incompetent to stand trial, under provisions in criminal law, if they are unable to understand their legal circumstances and participate adequately in their defense. If they are found incompetent, further judicial proceedings are suspended until their competency has been restored. The purposes behind this procedure are to ensure that defendants receive a fair trial and to preserve the dignity of the adversarial process (Melton, Petrila, Poythress, & Slogobin, 2007). The competency standard that is currently recognized by the courts was established in
Dusky v. United States
(362 U.S. 402, 1960), which holds that defendants must be able to consult with an attorney and have a rational and factual understanding of the proceedings.
Computer‐Assisted Psychotherapy
Authors: Wright Jesse H. , Katz Marina , Tamas Rebecca L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Computer‐assisted psychotherapy (CAT) can be defined as psychotherapy that utilizes a computer program to deliver a significant part of the treatment or uses computer tools to assist the work of the therapist. Clinician involvement usually includes screening, supervision, and support of program uses, and it may, in some applications, involve an integrated human‐computer “team” method of delivery. The amount of therapist time spent in CAT has varied in different studies, but is typically reduced considerably from the amounts used in standard psychotherapy.
Computerized Behavioral Assessment
Authors: Richard David C. S. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBehavioral assessment is a methodology characterized by direct or indirect observation of low‐level (i.e., minimally inferential) phenomena by either a participant or observer. It is distinguished from other forms of assessment in that behavior is considered a function of proximal and distal antecedents and consequences, the modification of which should lead to changes in the frequency, duration, or magnitude of a selected behavior. As such, behavioral assessment is a critical component of behavior therapy as both an assessment and monitoring tool to gauge the effects of an intervention on behavior and the variables hypothesized to control behavior (Haynes & O'Brien, 2000).
Conflict Resolution
Authors: Cohen Taya R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Conflict occurs in situations in which two or more interdependent parties (either individuals or groups) have interests, outcomes, and/or goals that are incompatible in some way (Deutsch, 1973; Deutsch & Coleman, 2000; Kelley et al., 2003; Schelling, 1980). If the parties are completely independent, or if their interests, outcomes, and goals are completely compatible, then no conflict can exist, because, to put it colloquially, there is nothing to fight about. Conflict can occur in both cooperative and competitive contexts (Deutsch, 1973), as well as in “mixed‐motive” contexts that are marked by a combination of competitive and cooperative features. When the parties' interests are generally compatible or positively correlated, then resolving the conflict requires coordination (Kelley et al., 2003; Schelling, 1980).
Constancy
Authors: Hochberg Julian 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAn object's physical attributes (its size, shape, reflectance, location, and so on) are distal stimuli; our sense organs are activated by patterns of proximal stimulus energies, which change with distance, illumination, and so on. Things do not generally seem to expand when approached or to become darker (less reflective) when moved from light to shade. Such stabilities are termed size constancy, lightness constancy, shape constancy, position constancy, and the like.
Constructivist Psychotherapy
Authors: Leitner Larry M. , Lonoff Julie R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Constructivism refers to a group of theories (originally stemming from Kelly's personal construct theory [1955]) holding the philosophical position that so‐called reality is, in some ways, created by persons. Rather than imposing some objective truth on persons seeking help, constructivist therapists attempt experientially to grasp the lived reality of each client. This relationship is more egalitarian and client‐empowering than approaches in which the more powerful therapist imposes diagnostic and treatment “realities” on the less powerful client. Constructivist psychotherapy can be seen as a part of the broader group of humanistic, existential, and postmodern therapies.
Counseling
Authors: Murdock Nancy L. , Krycak Romana C. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In an early attempt to define counseling, the Society of Counseling Psychology, which is Division 17 of the American Psychological Association, described counseling as a process of “helping individuals toward overcoming obstacles to personal growth, wherever these may be encountered, and toward achieving optimum development of personal resources” (Committee on Definition, Division of Counseling Psychology, 1956, p. 283). A more recent definition, offered by the American Counseling Association (ACA), is more specific: “…a process in which clients learn how to make decisions and formulate new ways of behaving, feeling, and thinking…[and] involves both choice and change, evolving through distinct stages such as exploration, goal setting, and action” (American Counseling Association, 2007). The ACA further elaborates that counseling is “the application of mental health, psychological, or human development principles, through cognitive, affective, behavioral or systemic intervention strategies, that address wellness, personal growth, or career development, as well as pathology” (ACA, 2008).
Couples Therapy
Authors: Lebow Jay , Black Danielle 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Couples therapy is a form of psychotherapy targeting problems within a couple (e.g., two individuals in a committed romantic relationship). Whereas individual psychotherapy focuses on one person and that person's problem areas, couples therapy targets the problems of the couple, whether married or unmarried, heterosexual or homosexual. Couples therapy has emerged as a crucial intervention in mental health due to the growing need for treating couple problems.
Creativity
Authors: Krippner Stanley 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Most Asian, African, Native American, and other indigenous traditions used creative imagination to enrich and enhance everyday life; original contributions were typically seen as gifts from deities or spirits who used humans as their “channels.” These insights would often come in nighttime dreams or daytime visions and were thought to re‐create divine truth. In some of these societies, individuals who produced something unprecedented (such as a mask or weapon) would be hailed as heroes, but in others they would be censured for breaking with tradition. Women's creativity was undervalued for centuries, and they were given few educational opportunities or life circumstances on which creative productivity depends; this situation still characterizes many contemporary countries where innovations are suspect, especially if women are the innovators (Kaufman & Sternberg, 2006; Richards, 2007).
Cultural Sensitivity
Authors: Fowers Blaine J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Over the last four decades, psychologists have become gradually, and with some controversy, more focused on the importance of cultural sensitivity in applied psychology, in theory, and in research. The examination of culture as an important aspect of human experience and behavior began with a few scattered commentators decrying the incompleteness and potentially damaging character of a monocultural psychology. This early work on cultural sensitivity has expanded to encompass the accreditation standards, publication standards, practice standards, and governance of the major professional associations in psychology. Although there is far from complete consensus on what constitutes cultural sensitivity, it is now widely accepted that attending to the cultural sources of human experience and behavior is important.