bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behavior of Oil Spills in Ice and Implications for Arctic Spill Response
Authors: Dickins David 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The paper reviews the history of research into the behavior spills in ice covered waters and documents our current state of knowledge, drawing on the findings from a number of milestone field experiments conducted over the past 40 years. In particular the paper focuses on the unique aspects of spill behavior in different ice regimes that can both hinder and benefit spill response, depending on the timing and type of release. With increasing interest in exploiting Arctic oil resources, the knowledge base summarized in this paper can be used to identify priority topics for future research and development.
There is an extensive background of research into all aspects of Arctic spill response and our level of understanding is extremely good in many areas, such as understanding how close pack ice contains the oil from spreading, how oil trapped in the ice through the winter is maintained in a fresh state, and how trapped oil is exposed on the ice surface in the spring. Key observations from large-scale field experiments are that the natural containment, reduced wave action and slower weathering in the presence of significant ice cover, can greatly extend the windows of opportunity and effectiveness for response operations such as burning and dispersant application. These benefits are not experienced with traditional response options relying on boom and skimmer systems where ice interference severely reduces the recovery effectiveness.
Future advances in our ability to respond to spills in ice will require a new approach to permitting experimental spills. The record shows that it is entirely possible to plan and execute experiments safely with no harm to the environment. Continued regulatory intransigence could jeopardize industry's ability to develop credible and effective contingency plans to permit future Arctic exploration and development activities.

Introduction and Background
The issue of oil spill clean-up in ice continues to grow in importance as exploration drilling outside of the traditional summer open water period becomes more and more technically feasible with advanced marine technology supported by active ice management and capable vessels. Exploiting this capability requires the operator to prepare a credible oil discharge contingency plan that covers the possibility (regardless of how remote) that a late-season blowout could lead to large volumes of oil trapped under moving ice and potentially drifting unrecovered through the winter. This is a fundamental issue that is now being considered through governmental hearings and commissions in the US and Canada prompted by the 2010 Deepwater Horizon incident. In order to understand the challenges of dealing with this scenario, it is important understand the different processes governing the likely behavior of oil in a variety of ice conditions and to assess our current state of knowledge in this area.
A Planning Model for Architecture and Operations
Authors: Bannova Olga , Bell Larry 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
This paper proposes a comprehensive reference model to support planning and design of architectures and operations in extreme environments with general applications to more traditional settings. The model presents a holistic systems approach that addresses such factors as risk assessment, system-operations integration, logistics and safety. Special emphasis is directed to human factors, transportation, environmental responsibility and technology readiness.
The paper draws upon previous SICSA research and design projects that involve remote deployments. These venues include Arctic and Antarctic research stations, ocean facilities and habitats in outer space. Common considerations include long-term confinement, psychological isolation and special health and safety issues.

Introduction
The Sasakawa International Center for Space Architecture (SICSA) within the University of Houston's Gerald D. Hines College of Architecture has a long history of experience associated with comprehensive research, planning and design for habitation in extreme environments. These activities have involved human accommodations in space, offshore ocean facilities, polar research stations and shelters for disaster victims. Important issues common to these different settings include concerns about operational safety, efficient transportation to remote sites and rapid, easy means of construction under hostile climate conditions with constraints upon available labor, equipment and tools. Many of these projects apply advanced construction methods and material technologies that draw upon space program lessons. These and other more traditional architectural and planning pursuits also emphasize the use of energy-efficient and sustainable approaches to reduce operational costs and logistical resupply requirements.

Priority Service Market
SICSA is building upon its previous experiences with expanded attention to three general service markets that present similar needs and challenges:fossil fuel exploration and production operations;natural disaster management response applications;remote military theaters.
Particular emphasis is directed to site infrastructure and habitat accommodations for relatively substantial personnel populations ranging from hundreds to thousands of people where permanent, pre-existing facilities are lacking, and small, conventional tents or modular units are impractical. This plan responds to observed trends where petrochemical resources are being developed at increasingly remote, hostile locations; where tsunamis, hurricanes and other destructive natural forces are impacting large areas of increasing population densities; and where military troops are being deployed in remote parts of the world to confront growing terrorism threats.
A New Modularized Approach for Arctic Production Islands
Authors: Braun K.W. , Gunderson W.F. , Berg M.T. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
This paper details the preliminary design of a patent-pending arctic production island. The system utilizes modularized sections assembled together as a stable, ice-resistant production platform. Details are incorporated into the system to provide ice resistance and minimize the effects of wave action. The platform will be supported by a combination of buoyancy and steel piles embedded into the seafloor below. Batter piles are incorporated into the foundation to provide increased lateral ice load capacity. The piles are also outfitted with specialized, fabricated SPIN FIN® pile tips to increase the vertical capacity and resilience of the pile.
The island components can be constructed with the topsides facilities in a dry dock and shipped to the site for assembly to minimize in-field offshore construction. Offshore assembly would consist of connecting the barge modules to assemble the island platform and then installing the piles through the prefabricated pile ports in the hull of the barge modules to anchor the island. Larger structures would likely best be installed and attached to the island in the fabrication facility. Smaller structures could be installed in the fabrication facility or in the field after the island foundation has been installed.

Introduction
Advances in engineering are required in order to develop resources in the offshore arctic. The Arctic represents the new frontier, and methods to access and extract resources will play heavily in future endeavors. Various types of structures have been proposed and employed to access offshore petroleum reserves in arctic waters. Previous design and construction has included artificial islands, floating drillships, spray islands, caisson retained islands (CRIs), and gravity-based structures (GBSs). This paper presents the preliminary design of a new alternative: a modularized pile-supported production island. Modularized arctic production islands would provide a cost effective, yet durable means to develop hydrocarbon facilities in the offshore arctic. This patent-pending "Arctic Island" consists of barge modules connected together and anchored by steel piles. The barge components may be composed of steel, concrete, or a combination of both.
The Arctic Island offers advantages over previous designs utilized to extract offshore petroleum resources in the Arctic. For example, artificial islands and CRIs have required substantial construction and facility development on site. The modularized sections of the Arctic Island allow partial to full assembly of the topsides structures in a temperate, easily accessible fabrication facility. The Arctic Island also allows year-round resource development. Floating drillships have limited facilities and may be limited to operational timeframes. Spray islands are created by building an ice pad on landfast ice sheets; therefore, these islands are also temporary and only available in winter months.
Arctic Mine Sea Lift and Marine Terminal Solutions
Authors: Watters G.R. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
This paper describes logistic sea lift arrangements and receiving marine terminal solutions for Newmont's Hope Bay Gold Mine Project in the Canadian Arctic. Presented in this case study are innovative design features and logistical sea lift strategies to overcome significant obstacles for a major Arctic development project.
Supplying a major Arctic mine start up project in Western Nunavut in 2010 with thousands of tons of supplies and construction materials is a major challenge when there is adequate time to plan the logistics and construct a proper receiving marine terminal. Compounding this major challenge is an extremely aggressive schedule and an existing marine terminal originally designed for much smaller vessels. The project sea lift strategy included both the typical West Coast supply route and, for the first time, East Coast supply routes using both the Northwest Passage and Panama Canal.
This paper provides a discussion of the advantages of staging a major sea lift using the Northwest Passage that links both west and East Coast seaports of the United States and Canada to the Arctic. Details are included about temporary and permanent structural improvements to an existing marine terminal to support the sea lift and how an innovative sheet pile dock design technology and advanced winter construction techniques can accelerate the completion of a remote Arctic marine terminal by one year.

Introduction
The Newmont sea lift of 2010 executed from eastern Canada included a 3,000 nautical mile route for the first time up the icy straights of the Northwest Passage and set a record long 11,000 nautical mile tow through the Panama Canal (see Figure 1). The sea lift circumnavigated the North America Continent and accomplished a major logistical feat to kick off the Hope Bay Gold Mine project.
The Newmont sea lift of 2010 was organized, planned and executed under a very aggressive schedule, resulting in the timely arrival of over 10,000 tons of supplies and equipment and, 17 million liters of fuel. The sea lift required the support of 14 different vessels, over 350 logistics personnel and utilized nine different ports in US and Canada on both the East and West Coast. Final planning and design for the sea lift and the components that needed to be transported, did not begin in earnest until October 2009. This schedule meant only 10-months for the design, procurement and fabrication of the required project components to meet the shipping date to the Arctic. In addition to this, the existing marine facilities at the site were never designed for large capacity ocean going vessels such as the ones required for the sea lift. The time element did not allow for conventional structural upgrades and marine facilities expansion, but instead required quick turnaround band-aid type solutions that could be implemented before the sea lift arrived. Major marine structural upgrade and expansion work had to be deferred until the following year.
Solitary pulmonary nodule: A diagnostic algorithm in the light of current imaging technique
Authors: Khan Ali Nawaz , Al-Jahdali Hamdan H , Irion Klaus L , Arabi Mohammad , Koteyar Shyam Sunder 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN) is frequently seen on chest radiographs and computed tomography (CT). The finding of a SPN usually provokes a flurry of clinical and imaging activity as an SPN in at-risk population is an alert signal of possible lung cancer. The frequency of malignant nodules in a given population is variable and depends on the endemicity of granulomatous disease. The percentage of malignant nodules also rises when dealing with at-risk population. The problem is compounded by the fact that with the present generation of CT scanners, 1-2 mm nodules are discovered in approximately half of the smokers aged 50 years or older scanned. A variety of management approaches are applied in the work-up of SPN often requiring evaluation over a long period of time to establish a benign or malignant diagnosis. Comparison with previous imaging studies and morphologic evaluation of the size, margins, and internal characteristics are usually the first step in the evaluation of these nodules. It is often necessary to use additional imaging techniques and occasionally invasive procedures such a percutaneous needle lung or a surgical biopsy. Until recently, the guidelines for follow-up of indeterminate noncalcified nodules detected on nonscreening CT was a minimum of 2 years. However, during the past few years due to further refinements in CT technology and better understanding of tumor behavior, it has prompted a revision of the guidelines of the follow-up of small indeterminate nodules. These guidelines have been endorsed by the Fleischner Society.
Erlotinib eradicates brain metastases from epidermal growth factor receptor mutant non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Jabbari Siavash , Pins Michael , Kruczek Kimberly , Nabhan Chadi 
Published: December 2011

AbstractErlotinib is active in patients with lung cancer; especially those who demonstrate a mutation in exons 18-21 in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene. Patients with lung cancer and brain metastases have poor prognosis as systemic chemotherapy is ineffective in treating the central nervous system (CNS) metastases due to its inability to cross the blood brain barrier. Herein, we report a case of a 61 year old female who presented with stage IV adenocarcinoma of the lung with bilateral cerebral and cerebellar CNS involvement. The patient′s tumor harbored a mutation in exon 19 in the EGFR gene. Treatment with erlotinib was started as soon as the molecular studies were available with remarkable and complete radiographic response in the CNS disease, and complete resolution of the previously detected metastases. The patient did not receive any other CNS intervention and radiation was not given due to the lack of CNS symptoms.
Polymer Optical Fibers
Authors: Koike Yasuhiro , Koike Kotaro 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Polymer optical fibers (POFs) are highly promising transmission media for future intrabuilding networking. In comparison to glass optical fibers (GOFs), which are commonly used in core and metropolitan networks, POFs offer many advantages such as great flexibility and easy handling. This article begins with the basic concepts of optical fibers and moves on to the early history of loss reduction in POFs. What drastically changed the status of POFs in the communications field was a graded‐index technology that improved the bandwidth to more than 1 Gbps. However, even after the loss and bandwidth were enhanced to their limits, the performances of POFs were still insufficient for some specific applications when using conventional optical polymer materials such as poly(methyl methacrylate). Recently, this problem has been solved by several lines of material research using fluorinated polymers. As a result, high‐speed optical short‐range networking by POFs has become more realistic.
The Mechanism of Charge Generation in Charge‐Generation Units Composed of p‐Doped Hole‐Transporting Layer/HATCN/n‐Doped Electron‐Transporting Layers
Authors: Lee Sunghun , Lee Jeong‐Hwan , Lee Jae‐Hyun , Kim Jang‐Joo 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe rate‐limiting step of charge generation in charge‐generation units (CGUs) composed of a p‐doped hole‐transporting layer (p‐HTL), 1,4,5,8,9,11‐hexaazatriphenylene hexacarbonitrile (HATCN) and n‐doped electron‐transporting layer (n‐ETL), where 1,1‐bis‐(4‐bis(4‐methyl‐phenyl)‐amino‐phenyl)‐cyclohexane (TAPC) was used as the HTL is reported. Energy level alignment determined by the capacitance–voltage (C–V) measurements and the current density–voltage characteristics of the structure clearly show that the electron injection at the HATCN/n‐ETL junction limits the charge generation in the CGUs rather than charge generation itself at the p‐HTL/HATCN junction. Consequently, the CGUs with 30 mol% Rb2CO3‐doped 4,7‐diphenyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline (BPhen) formed with the HATCN layer generates charges very efficiently and the excess voltage required to generate the current density of ±10 mA cm−2 is around 0.17 V, which is extremely small compared with the literature values reported to date.
Novel macromolecular epoxy resin curing agent containing biphenyl and maleimide moieties: Preparation, curing kinetics, and thermal properties of its cured polymer
Authors: Guo Fei , Xia Xin‐Nian , Xiong Yuan‐Qin , Liu Jia , Xu Wei‐Jian 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA new curing agent containing maleimide and biphenyl moieties (MIBP) was synthesized by the condensation polymerization of 4,4′‐bismethoxymethylbiphenyl and N‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)maleimide (HPM). The chemical structure was characterized with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and the molecular weight of the new curing agent was determined by gel permeation chromatography. Curing reactions of O‐cresol formaldehyde epoxy (CNE) resin with MIBP were investigated under nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry, and the exotherm exhibited two overlapping exothermic peaks during the curing process; this was demonstrated by FTIR traces. The Flynn–Wall–Ozawa and Friedman methods were used to examine the kinetic parameters and the kinetic models of the curing processes of the CNE/MIBP mixtures. Both reactions turned out to be nth‐order curing mechanisms. Values of the reaction order (n) = 1.42 and activation energy (Ea) = 91.2 kJ/mol were obtained for the first reaction of the curing of the CNE/MIBP system, and values of n = 1.11 and Ea = 78.7 kJ/mol were obtained for the second reaction. The thermal properties of the cured resin were measured with thermogravimetric analysis, and the results show a high glass‐transition temperature (Tg = 155°C), good thermal stability (temperature at 10% weight loss, under nitrogen and in air, ≈ 400 and 408°C, respectively), and high char yield (temperature = 800°C, char residue = 44.5% under nitrogen). These excellent thermal properties were due to the introduction of the maleimide and biphenyl groups of MIBP into the polymer structure. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Prevalence of reported knee pain over twelve years in a community‐based cohort
Authors: Soni A. , Kiran A. , Hart D. J. , Leyland K. M. , Goulston L. , Cooper C. , Javaid M. K. , Spector T. D. , Arden N. K. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the temporal patterns of knee pain in a community‐based cohort over 12 years.MethodsData on self‐reported knee pain at 4 time points over 12 years were analyzed in participants from the Chingford Women's Study of osteoarthritis (OA) and osteoporosis. Pain status was defined as any pain in the preceding month and pain on most days in the preceding month. This status was used to classify participants according to pain patterns of asymptomatic, persistent, incident, or intermittent pain. Multinomial logistic regression was used to identify baseline predictors for each pain pattern.ResultsAmong the 489 women with complete followup data, the median age at baseline was 52 years (interquartile range [IQR] 48–58 years), the median body mass index (BMI) was 24.39 kg/m2 (IQR 22.46–27.20), and 11.7% of the women had a Kellgren/Lawrence radiographic OA severity grade of ≥2 in at least one knee. Among subjects reporting any pain in the preceding month versus those reporting pain on most days in the preceding month, 9% versus 2% had persistent pain, 24% versus 16% had incident pain, and 29% versus 18% had intermittent pain. A higher BMI was predictive of persistent pain (odds ratio [OR] 1.14, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.04–1.25) and incident pain (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.02–1.18). The presence of radiographic knee OA was predictive of persistent pain (OR 3.70, 95% CI 1.34–10.28; P = 0.012), and reported knee injury was predictive of both persistent pain (OR 4.13, 95% CI 1.34–12.66; P = 0.013) and intermittent pain (OR 4.25, 95% CI 1.81–9.98; P = 0.001).ConclusionSignificant variability in the temporal fluctuation of self‐reported knee pain was seen in this community‐based prospective study over a period of 12 years, with few women consistently reporting knee pain at each time point. Distinct baseline predictors for each pain pattern were identified and may explain the observed heterogeneity of self‐reported knee pain when pain status is measured at only one time point.
Random mutagenesis of global transcription factor cAMP receptor protein for improved osmotolerance
Authors: Zhang Hongfang , Chong Huiqing , Ching Chi Bun , Jiang Rongrong 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe naturally existing microbial hosts can rarely satisfy industrial requirements, thus there has always been an intense effort in strain engineering to meet the needs of these bioprocesses. Here, in this work, we want to prove the concept that engineering global transcription factor cAMP receptor protein (CRP) of Escherichia coli can improve cell phenotypes. CRP is one of the global regulatory proteins that can regulate the transcription of over 400 genes in E. coli. The target phenotype in this study is strain osmotolerance. Amino acid mutations were introduced to CRP by either error‐prone PCR or DNA shuffling, and the random mutagenesis libraries were subjected to enrichment selection under NaCl stress. Five CRP mutants (MT1–MT5) were selected from the error‐prone PCR libraries with enhanced osmotolerance. DNA shuffling technique was employed to generate mutant MT6 with MT1–MT5 as templates. All of these variants showed much better growth in the presence of NaCl compared to the wild type, and MT6 presented the best tolerance towards NaCl. In the presence of 0.9 M NaCl, the growth rate of MT6 is 0.113 h−1, while that of WT is 0.077 h−1. MT6 also exhibited resistance to other osmotic stressors, such as KCl, glucose, and sucrose. DNA microarray analysis showed that genes involved in colanic acid biosynthesis are up‐regulated in the absence of salt stress, whereas carbohydrate metabolic genes are differentially expressed under NaCl stress when comparing MT6 to WT. Scanning electron microscopy images confirmed the elongation of both WT and MT6 when exposed to NaCl but the cell surface of MT6 was relatively smooth. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:1165–1172. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.