bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Caffeine content variation in single green Arabica coffee seeds
Authors: Mazzafera Paulo , Silvarolla Maria Bernadete 
Published: June 2010

AbstractCoffea arabicaL. is highly homozygotic and caffeine content in most cultivars is reported to be similar (approximately 1%). The caffeine content was analysed using individual seeds of cultivars Catuaí Vermelho, Mundo Novo and Bourbon Vermelho, and varieties Mokka and Laurina ofC. arabica. Seeds were cut transversely in half, a thin slice from each was extracted in a mixture of chloroform and methanol, and caffeine was measured by high performance liquid chromatography. The extraction procedure was validated by comparison with two conventional methods less suited for analysing large numbers of seeds. The results revealed an unexpectedly large variation [Catuaí Vermelho: 3.72–25.9 mg g− 1(seeds); Mundo Novo: 5.06–18.59 mg g− 1; Bourbon Vermelho: 6.76–16.59 mg g− 1] even in types naturally low in caffeine such as Laurina (1.17–9.97 mg g− 1) and Mokka (2.01–9.64 mg g− 1). The mean values for all cultivars were always in the range of the caffeine content found in the literature. Several studies showed thatC. arabicahas approximately 10% cross-pollination, but the variation observed in caffeine content in individual seeds was too large to be explained by cross-pollination.
The development of future time expressions in Late Modern English: redistribution of forms or change in discourse?
Authors: NESSELHAUF NADJA 
Published: June 2010

This article provides the first comprehensive analysis of the development of the future time expressionswill,’ll,shall,be going to, progressive with future time reference, andbe toin the course of the late modern period. The article focuses on possible reasons for the considerable changes that have taken place in the past few centuries. To what degree can the changes be described as certain forms having been (partially) replaced by others? To what degree have general or register-specific changes in discourse affected the use of future time expressions? These questions are investigated on the basis of the British part of ARCHER (A Representative Corpus of Historical English Registers).The analysis reveals that it is a complex interaction of both types of processes that is responsible for the recent evolution of future time expressions. Redistribution processes turn out to be highly complex in themselves, going far beyond the frequently described replacement ofshallbywilland probably proceeding in chains. With respect to discourse change, one result is an unexpected overall decrease in the tendency of writers (and speakers) to refer to their own plans, intentions, etc. Partly responsible for this development is a discourse change in science writing, where the author has increasingly disappeared from the text, so that text structure is much less frequently expressed in terms of the author's intention. A further register-specific discourse change that the investigation brings to light is a development in diaries from an earlier restriction to reporting past events to the expression of more personal views, including hopes and fears for the future.
A TIME-FUEL OPTIMAL CONTROL PROBLEM OF A CRUISE MISSILE BASED ON AN IMPROVED SLIDING MODE VARIABLE STRUCTURE MODEL
Authors: LI R. , SHI Y. J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe inadequacy of the traditional sliding mode variable structure (SMVS) control method for cruise missiles is addressed. An improved SMVS control method is developed, in which the reaching mode segment of the SMVS control is decomposed into an acceleration accessing segment, a speed keeping segment, and a deceleration buffer segment. A time-fuel optimal control problem is formulated as an optimal control problem involving a switched system with unknown switching times and subject to a continuous state inequality constraint. The new design method is developed based on a control parametrization, a time scaling transform and the constraint transcription method. A sequence of approximate optimal parameter selection problems is obtained with fixed switching time points and a canonical state inequality constraint. Each approximate optimal parameter selection problem can be solved effectively by using existing gradient-based optimization techniques. The convergence of these approximate optimal solutions to the true optimal solution is assured. Simulation results show that the proposed method is highly effective. The response speed of the missile under the control law obtained by the proposed method is improved significantly, while the elevator of the missile is constrained to operate within its permitted range.
HeinOnline Takes a Diversified Approach to Legal Research Training
Authors: Baranich Marcie M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractDeveloping legal research skills is something that takes time and practice and can be enhanced with proper training. Marcie M. Baranich explores the various resources that HeinOnline offers to help law librarians and legal researchers develop their research skills in HeinOnline, from training guides and video tutorials to live webinars and support, together with the platforms and social media applications used to disseminate training resources, including the Wiki, Blog, YouTube channel, Facebook page, and Twitter feed.
The Cobweb Campaign
Authors: Redston Anne 
Published: June 2010

AbstractTax, national insurance, tax credits and the minimum wage are often difficult to understand. Those with questions frequently turn to HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC) for answers, but the HMRC website is often out-of-date and confusing. Last year, Anne Redston launched the Cobweb Campaign to sweep out the dusty corners of this huge information database.
Approximate groups. I The torsion-free nilpotent case
Authors: Breuillard Emmanuel , Green Ben 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe describe the structure of ‘K-approximate subgroups’ of torsion-free nilpotent groups, paying particular attention to Lie groups.Three other works, by Fisher et al., by Sanders and by Tao, have appeared that independently address related issues. We comment briefly on some of the connections between these papers.
What You Might Not Find in a Typical Transition Plan! Some Important Lessons From Adults Who Rely on Augmentative and Alternative Communication
Authors: Bryen Diane Nelson , Chung Yoosun , Lever Sarah 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Increasingly, parents of students with complex communication needs have high expectations for life after school. To respond to these high expectations, professionals must ensure that, among other skills, these students have three key supports: (a) access to needed socially-valued adult vocabulary, (b) rich social networks, and (c) strategies to increase personal safety and to reduce the risk of becoming a victim of a crime. This paper provides both first-person accounts, as well as descriptions of the results of innovative strategies for the acquisition of skills needed for living full, active, and socially valued adult lives.
Corticobasal Ganglionic Degeneration and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy: Clinical and Speech-Language Characteristics
Authors: Strand Edythe A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractPurpose: The purpose of this article is to present a brief description of the neuroanatomical correlates, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation of corticobasal ganglionic degeneration, (often referred to as corticobasal degeneration, or CBD) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP).Methods: Descriptions of the clinical characteristics of the two degenerative syndromes are presented, including a discussion of the similarities and differences. The speech and language disorders associated with each are described, including progressive aphasia, progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA), progressive apraxia of speech (AOS), and dysarthria.Results and Conclusions: CBD and PSP have a number of commonalities in clinical characteristics and in pathology. Both progressive aphasia and apraxia of speech have been associated with CBD and PSP. Clinicians who evaluate patients exhibiting a progressive neurologic disease and who identify either progressive aphasia, PNFA and/or progressive AOS should consider CBD or PSP as a possible medical diagnosis.
Perspectives on Preparing Graduate Students To Provide Services to Diverse Populations in Schools
Authors: Lazewnik Rochel , Creaghead Nancy , Combs Sandra , Raisor-Becker Lesley 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
In today's school settings, speech-language pathologists are likely to engage in assessment, intervention, and consultation for students from culturally and linguistically diverse populations. Therefore, speech-language pathology graduate programs must make changes that will prepare monolingual and bilingual graduate students to meet the needs of these children. Graduate students can learn information about cultural and linguistic diversity through independent courses and when these topics are incorporated into all courses. Practicum placements and experiences with children from culturally and linguistically diverse populations in the community can provide the necessary skills. When practicum experiences with diverse children are not available, faculty may consider simulated experiences, as well as experiences with typical speakers from other linguistic and cultural backgrounds.
A 21st Century Communication Sciences and Disorders Program
Authors: Montgomery Judy K. , Dodd Janet L. , Giess SallyAnn , Barnes Kamica 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The focus of graduate programs in communication sciences and disorders has changed greatly in the last decade to reflect changes in society in general. Newly formed graduate programs must account for these societal changes as they prepare students for practice in the 21st century. This article will discuss what is expected of new graduates, how teaching philosophies influence course content, and how a new graduate program in communication sciences and disorders came to be.
Coupled
182
W-
142
Nd constraint for early Earth differentiation
Authors: Moynier Frederic , Yin Qing-Zhu , Irisawa Keita , Boyet Maud , Jacobsen Benjamin , Rosing Minik T. 
Published: June 2010

Recent high precision
142
Nd isotope measurements showed that global silicate differentiation may have occurred as early as 30–75 Myr after the Solar System formation [Bennett V, et al. (2007)
Science
318:1907–1910]. This time scale is almost contemporaneous with Earth’s core formation at ∼30 Myr [Yin Q, et al. (2002)
Nature
418:949–952]. The
182
Hf-
182
W system provides a powerful complement to the
142
Nd results for early silicate differentiation, because both core formation and silicate differentiation fractionate Hf from W. Here we show that eleven terrestrial samples from diverse tectonic settings, including five early Archean samples from Isua, Greenland, of which three have been previously shown with
142
Nd anomalies, all have a homogeneous W isotopic composition, which is ∼2
ε
-unit more radiogenic than the chondritic value. By using a 3-stage model calculation that describes the isotopic evolution in chondritic reservoir and core segregation, as well as silicate differentiation, we show that the W isotopic composition of terrestrial samples provides the most stringent time constraint for early core formation (27.5–38 Myr) followed by early terrestrial silicate differentiation (38–75 Myr) that is consistent with the terrestrial
142
Nd anomalies.
Variation in the Type and Frequency of Postoperative Invasive Staphylococcus aureus Infections According to Type of Surgical Procedure
Authors: Anderson Deverick J. , Arduino Jean Marie , Reed Shelby D. , Sexton Daniel J. , Kaye Keith S. , Grussemeyer Chelsea A. , Peter Senaka A. , Hardy Chantelle , Choi Yong II , Friedman Joelle Y. , Fowler Vance G. 
Published: June 2010

Objective.To determine the epidemiological characteristics of postoperative invasive Staphylococcus aureus infection following 4 types of major surgical procedures.Design.Retrospective cohort study.Setting.Eleven hospitals (9 community hospitals and 2 tertiary care hospitals) in North Carolina and Virginia.Patients.Adults undergoing orthopedic, neurosurgical, cardiothoracic, and plastic surgical procedures.Methods.We used previously validated, prospectively collected surgical surveillance data for surgical site infection and microbiological data for bloodstream infection. The study period was 2003 through 2006. We defined invasive S. aureus infection as either nonsuperficial incisional surgical site infection or bloodstream infection. Nonparametric bootstrapping was used to generate 95% confidence intervals (CIs). P values were generated using the Pearson x2 test, Student t test, or Wilcoxon rank-sum test, as appropriate.Results.In total, 81,267 patients underwent 96,455 procedures during the study period. The overall incidence of invasive S. aureus infection was 0.47 infections per 100 procedures (95% CI, 0.43–0.52); 227 (51%) of 446 infections were due to methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Invasive S. aureus infection was more common after cardiothoracic procedures (incidence, 0.79 infections per 100 procedures [95% CI, 0.62–0.97]) than after orthopedic procedures (0.37 infections per 100 procedures [95% CI, 0.32–0.42]), neurosurgical procedures (0.62 infections per 100 procedures [95% CI, 0.53–0.72]), or plastic surgical procedures (0.32 infections per 100 procedures [95% CI, 0.17¬0.47]) (P < .001). Similarly, S. aureus bloodstream infection was most common after cardiothoracic procedures (incidence, 0.57 infections per 100 procedures [95% CI, 0.43–0.72]; P < .001, compared with other procedure types), comprising almost three-quarters of the invasive S. aureus infections after these procedures. The highest rate of surgical site infection was observed after neurosurgical procedures (incidence, 0.50 infections per 100 procedures [95% CI, 0.42–0.59]; P < .001, compared with other procedure types), comprising 80% of invasive S. aureus infections after these procedures.Conclusion.The frequency and type of postoperative invasive S. aureus infection varied significantly across procedure types. The highest risk procedures, such as cardiothoracic procedures, should be targeted for ongoing preventative interventions.
Efficacy of photodynamic therapy with topical 5‐aminolevulinic acid using intense pulsed light for Bowen’s disease
Authors: HASEGAWA Toshio , SUGA Yasushi , MIZUNO Yuki , HARUNA Kunitaka , OGAWA Hideoki , IKEDA Shigaku 
Published: June 2010

AbstractPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) with topical 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is reported to be an effective and safe treatment for superficial non‐melanoma skin cancers. We have developed an photodynamic therapy with topical δ‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA‐PDT) protocol using intense pulsed light (IPL) for treating Bowen’s disease (BD). Three patients diagnosed with BD by skin biopsy were recruited in this study. They received IPL treatment after 3 h of occlusive dressing with application of ALA. This protocol was repeated every 2 weeks for a total of five sessions. The treated areas did not show any signs of BD for more than 1 year; therefore, it appeared that the affected areas showed improvement in all the patients. No patients withdrew from the study because of side‐effects. ALA‐PDT with IPL as a light source is well tolerated by patients and is beneficial for treating BD.
Effect of chemical peeling on photocarcinogenesis
Authors: ABDEL‐DAIM Mohamed , FUNASAKA Yoko , KAMO Tsuneyoshi , OOE Masahiko , MATSUNAKA Hiroshi , YANAGITA Emmy , ITOH Tomoo , NISHIGORI Chikako 
Published: June 2010

AbstractChemical peeling is one of the dermatological treatments available for certain cutaneous diseases and conditions or improvement of cosmetic appearance of photo‐aged skin. We assessed the photo‐chemopreventive effect of several clinically used chemical peeling agents on the ultraviolet‐irradiated skin of hairless mice. Chemical peeling was done using 35% glycolic acid dissolved in distilled water, 30% salicylic acid in ethanol, and 10% or 35% trichloroacetic acid in distilled water at the right back of ultraviolet‐irradiated hairless mice every 2 weeks for glycolic acid, salicylic acid and 10% trichloroacetic acid, and every 4 weeks for 35% trichloroacetic acid for a total of 18 weeks after the establishment of photo‐aged mice by irradiation with ultraviolet B range light three times a week for 14 weeks at a total dose of 6.66 J/cm2. Tumor formation was assessed every week. Skin specimens were taken from treated and non‐treated area for evaluation under microscopy, evaluation of p53 expression and mRNA expression of cyclooxygenase‐2. Serum level of prostaglandin E2 was also evaluated. All types of chemical peeling reduced tumor formation in treated mice, mostly in the treated area but also in the non‐treated area. Peeling suppressed retention of p53‐positive abnormal cells and reduced mRNA expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 in treated skin. Further, serum prostaglandin E2 level was decreased in chemical peeling treated mice. These results indicate that chemical peeling with glycolic acid, salicylic acid and trichloroacetic acid could serve tumor prevention by removing photo‐damaged cells.
The development and validation of a Nocturnal Gastro‐oesophageal Reflux Disease Symptom Severity and Impact Questionnaire for adults
Authors: Spiegel B. M. , Roberts L. , Mody R. , Harding G. , Kothari‐Talwar S. , Kahrilas P. J. , Camilleri M. L. , Dabbous O. , Revicki D. A. 
Published: June 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther2010;32:591–602SummaryBackground Current questionnaires for assessing gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms are limited in their ability to capture nocturnal symptoms.Aim To develop and validate an instrument, the Nocturnal Gastro‐oesophageal Reflux Disease Symptom Severity and Impact Questionnaire (N‐GSSIQ), to assess severity and impact of nocturnal GERD symptoms.Methods Two focus groups and 16 cognitive debriefing interviews were conducted among GERD patients to identify key issues about nocturnal symptoms. A draft instrument was tested in 196 patients at 11 clinics in the US to evaluate psychometric properties. Exploratory factor and item response theory analyses were conducted to finalize items and subscales. Internal consistency reliability, reproducibility and construct validity were examined.Results Mean age was 45 (s.d. = 13.8) years; 76% were female and 68% were Caucasian. Patient‐rated severity was mild–moderate for 69% of participants; 48% reported symptoms on two to three nights the past week. The final questionnaire includes 20 items and three subscales: Nocturnal GERD Symptoms, Morning Impact of Nocturnal GERD and Concern about Nocturnal GERD. The subscales demonstrated internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s alpha 0.84–0.94) and were significantly correlated with similar measures and disease severity (0.41–0.81;P < 0.0001).Conclusion The results support the reliability and validity of the N‐GSSIQ as a measure of severity, morning impact and concern about nocturnal GERD.
Influences of different proton pump inhibitors on the anti‐platelet function of clopidogrel in relation to CYP2C19 genotypes
Authors: Furuta Takahisa , Iwaki Takayuki , Umemura Kazuo 
Published: June 2010

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Active metabolism of clopidogrel is mainly mediated by CYP2C19. There are genetic differences in the activity of CYP2C19. Therefore, active metabolism of clopidogrel is affected by CYP2C19 genotypes.• The main metabolizing enzyme of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) is CYP2C19. Therefore, the anti‐platelet function of clopidogrel is attenuated by concomitant use of PPIs.• There are differences in the metabolic disposition among different PPIs. Affinity to CYP2C19 differs among different PPIs. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • Whether a PPI attenuates the efficacy of clopidogrel depends on CYP2C19. Individuals who are decreased metabolizers, i.e. carriers the allele of CYP2C19*2 and/or *3, are more likely to convert from ‘responder’ to ‘non‐responder’ to clopidogrel when placed on a concomitant PPI.• We found that rabeprazole, whose affinity to CYP2C19 has been considered lower, attenuated the efficacy of clopidogrel.• We tested whether the separate dosing of a PPI and clopidogrel decreased the risk of attenuation of clopidogrel efficacy. We unfortunately found that separate dosing did not avoid the problematic interaction between clopidogrel and a PPI in subject's with CYP2C19*2 and/or CYP2C19*3.AIMSThe efficacy of clopidogrel is influenced by CYP2C19 genotypes and substrates of CYP2C19, such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). We assessed the influence of three different PPIs on the anti‐platelet function of clopidogrel in relation to CYP2C19 genotype status.METHODSThirty‐nine healthy volunteers with different CYP2C19 genotypes took clopidogrel 75 mg with or without omeprazole 20 mg, lansoprazole 30 mg or rabeprazole 20 mg in the morning for 7 days. The influence of the three PPIs on the anti‐platelet function of clopidogrel was determined. A less than 30% inhibition of platelet aggregation (IPA) during clopidogrel dosing was defined as a ‘low responder’. We also examined whether evening dosing of omeprazole could prevent the interaction with clopidogrel dosed in the morning.RESULTSIn rapid metabolizers (RMs, *1/*1, n= 15) of CYP2C19, omeprazole and rabeprazole significantly attenuated the anti‐platelet function of clopidogrel. In decreased metabolizers (DMs, carriers of *2 and/or *3, n= 24), there was a large variation in IPA and there was a trend but no significant decrease in IPA when placed on a concomitant PPI. Some DMs became ‘low‐responders’ when placed on a concomitant PPI. Evening omeprazole dose in RMs did not seem to cause a significant decrease in IPA in contrast to morning dosing, but did so in DMs.CONCLUSIONSThe three PPIs affected the efficacy of clopidogrel to different degrees. Both omeprazole and rabeprazole significantly decreased IPA in RMs but not DMs, although there was a trend towards lower IPA in DMs. Morning and evening dosing of omeprazole were both associated with lower IPA in DMs.
Disproportional risk for habitat loss of high‐altitude endemic species under climate change
Authors: DIRNBÖCK THOMAS , ESSL FRANZ , RABITSCH WOLFGANG 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe expected upward shift of trees due to climate warming is supposed to be a major threat to range‐restricted high‐altitude species by shrinking the area of their suitable habitats. Our projections show that areas of endemism of five taxonomic groups (vascular plants, snails, spiders, butterflies, and beetles) in the Austrian Alps will, on average, experience a 77% habitat loss even under the weakest climate change scenario (+1.8 °C by 2100). The amount of habitat loss is positively related with the pooled endemic species richness (species from all five taxonomic groups) and with the richness of endemic vascular plants, snails, and beetles. Owing to limited postglacial migration, hotspots of high‐altitude endemics are situated in rather low peripheral mountain chains of the Alps, which have not been glaciated during the Pleistocene. There, tree line expansion disproportionally reduces habitats of high‐altitude species. Such legacies of climate history, which may aggravate extinction risks under future climate change have to be expected for many temperate mountain ranges.