bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Analytic and Sensoric Methods on Evaluation of the Performance according to Odor Reduction
Authors: Täffner Tim , Schlegelmilch Mirko , Kleeberg Kim , Schindler Sabrina , Genske Dieter , Krings Ulrich , Stegmann Rainer , Berger Ralf Günter , Niemeyer Bernd 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDie Geruchsstoffe in der Prozessabluft eines kaffeeverarbeitenden Betriebes wurden mit einem Festbettadsorber im Pilotmaßstab vermindert. Zur Beurteilung der Reinigungsleistung verschiedener Adsorbentien wurden Durchbruchskurven mit Hilfe eines Flammenionisationsdetektors, elektronischer Nasen sowie der Olfaktometrie und analytischer Verfahren ermittelt. Die chemisch‐analytische Bestimmung der Geruchs‐ bzw. Schadstoffe erfolgte durch Anreicherung auf Tenax TA und auf SPME‐Fasern. Die Hauptgeruchsstoffe konnten identifiziert und das Adsorptionsverhalten der Adsorbentien charakterisiert werden. Die elektronischen Nasen wurden erstmals nach dem Prinzip eines Olfaktometers betrieben.
Potential to Optimize Scrubbers for Biogas Cleaning. Part 1 – Physical Scrubbers
Authors: Götz Manuel , Köppel Wolfgang , Reimert Rainer , Graf Frank 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDie Anlagenanzahl zur Erzeugung und Aufbereitung von Biogas entsprechend den Anforderungen der DVGW‐Arbeitsblätter G 260 und G 262 nimmt zu. Die häufigsten zur Aufbereitung eingesetzten Technologien sind die Druckwechseladsorption und verschiedenartige Wäschen. Die Aufbereitungstechnologien werden bisher kaum an die standortspezifischen Parameter angepasst, sondern in ihrer Standardeinstellung betrieben. Am Beispiel der Druckwasser‐ und der Genosorb‐Wäsche werden die Einflüsse der Prozessparameter und Optimierungspotenziale aufgezeigt. Die Untersuchung erfolgte auf Basis von Messungen, unterstützt durch die Software Aspen Plus.
Enhanced Raman Scattering of Elliptical Laser beam in a Collisional Plasma
Authors: Singh A. , Walia K. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis paper presents the Enhanced Raman scattering of a elliptical laser beam in a collisional plasma. We have considered the mechanism of non‐uniform heating of carriers along the wave‐front, which is important in collisional plasma. The nonlinearity arising through non‐uniform heating leads to redistribution of carriers, which modifies the background plasma density profile in a direction transverse to pump beam axis. This modification in density effects the incident laser beam, plasma wave and back‐scattered beam. Non‐linear differential equations for the beam width parameters of pump laser beam, plasma wave and back‐scattered beam are set up and solved numerically. Numerical results predict the effect of self‐focusing of waves on the back‐scattered beam (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Erratum: Determination and Analysis of the Thermodynamic Regimes of Xenon Plasmas
Authors: Rodriguez R. , Gil J.M. , Florido R. , Rubiano J.G. , Mendoza M.A. , Martel P. , Minguez E. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis article has been published in the Early View section of www.cpp‐journal.org: 19 APR 2011 with the DOI number: 10.1002/ctpp.201000104 and is equal to the article: Determination and Analysis of the Thermodynamic Regimes of Xenon Plasmas (pages 863–876) R. Rodriguez, J.M. Gil, R. Florido, J.G. Rubiano, M.A. Mendoza, P. Martel, and E. Minguez published online: 29 SEP 2011 in Issue 9/2011 with the DOI 10.1002/ctpp.201000114 (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Analysis of statistical nature of electrical breakdown time delay in nitrogen at 6.6 mbar pressure in presence of positive ions and N(4S) atoms
Authors: Z̆ivanović E. N. , Pejović Momc̆ilo M. , Pejović Milić M. , N.T.  , Nes̆ić  
Published: April 2011

AbstractOn the basis of the mean value of electrical breakdown time delay $ \overline t_d $ and the standard deviation of electrical breakdown time delay σ dependence on the afterglow period τ, the mechanisms which dominantly influence to breakdown initiation in nitrogen were separated. It was shown that the positive ions formed in mutual collision of long‐lived metastable molecules have a dominant role in breakdown initiation for τ values up to 70 ms. The metastable molecules were derived from previous breakdown and discharge. In this case σ ≪ td and the total time delay td is approximately equal to formative time tf which decreases in value with the increase of overvoltage. When positive ions have a dominant role in the breakdown initiation the Gaussian distribution describes data of td ≈ tf very well. For τ > 1 s, N (4S) atoms formed in previous breakdown and discharge, have a dominant role in the breakdown initiation. Then, σ ≈$ \overline t_d $ and Laue's distribution, which is valid for statistical time delay ts, describes td data very well (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dust Self‐Organized Structures I. Role of Ion Drag and Ion Diffusion on Screened Grains
Authors: Tsytovich V. , Morfill G. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractSelf‐organized dust structures are investigated using a Gurevich‐Parker model for non‐linear dust screening. The non‐linear dust drag coefficients and non‐linear diffusion coefficients are calculated numerically as functions of nonlinear parameter for screening, dust density and ion flux drift velocity. Nonlinear ion dust drag inside the structures creates an electric field with potential well for ions at the structure center. The equilibrium dust structures confine both the dust grains and the plasma particles, have a finite size and have inside an enhanced dust and ion densities. The necessary conditions for existence of equilibrium dust structures are found. The equilibrium dust structures are determined by two global parameters related to the external plasma flux and to the power of ionization. The equilibrium exist only in a restricted phase space of these two parameters and depends on the the drag coefficient at the structure center. The equilibrium requirements are found using non‐linear drag coefficient calculated numerically. It is shown that this phase space area can be broad but it is systematically decreasing with an increase of the ionization rate. It is found that equilibrium exists for dust structures with large dust and ion density concentration at the center and that for these structures the ion diffusion is strongly suppressed by ion scattering on non‐linearly screened grains. The results of the theory can be used to interpret the recently observed compact dust structures in micro‐gravity experiments and can provide some recommendations for future micro‐gravity experiments in spherical chambers (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Polymers for Green C–C Couplings
Authors: Albéniz Ana C. , Carrera Nora 
Published: April 2011

AbstractCleaner and environmentally more friendly cross‐coupling reactions can be carried out by the use of polymers as supports. A lot of work has been devoted to attach palladium catalysts on polymers, so they can be easily separated from the reaction mixture and reused. An overview of the methods used for this purpose is given; they include the encapsulation of palladium complexes or palladium nanoparticles by polymers and the synthesis of polymeric ligands that coordinate to palladium. Polymer‐supported reagents are also important in making cross‐coupling reactions easier to work up and more sustainable. The use of polymer‐supported stannanes in the Stille reaction has a special advantage, because organotin derivatives that are used as reagents are toxic. When polymeric tin reagents are used, the separation of the byproducts from the target product is good and the tin‐containing byproducts can be recycled, thus tin waste is avoided. Examples of this application will also be discussed.
Palladium‐Catalyzed [3+2] Cycloaddition Reaction of (Diarylmethylene)cyclopropa[b]naphthalenes with Arynes: An Efficient Synthesis of 11‐(Diarylmethylene)‐11H‐benzo[b]fluorenes
Authors: Lin Ying , Wu Luling , Huang Xian 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA Pd‐catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of (diarylmethylene)cyclopropa[b]naphthalenes with arynes provided an efficient approach for the synthesis of 11‐(diarylmethylene)‐11H‐benzo[b]fluorenes with good to excellent yields under mild conditions.
Cinchona Alkaloid Catalyzed Enantioselective Chlorination of 3‐Aryloxindoles
Authors: Zhao Mei‐Xin , Zhang Zhi‐Wang , Chen Ming‐Xiao , Tang Wen‐Hao , Shi Min 
Published: April 2011

AbstractO‐Benzoylquinidine is an effective organocatalyst for the asymmetric chlorination of 3‐aryloxindoles by using easily available N‐chlorosuccinimide (NCS) as chlorine source to give the corresponding 3‐aryl‐3‐chlorooxindoles in excellent yields and up to 93 % enantiomeric excess.
Four case studies in using expert opinion to inform priors
Authors: Kuhnert Petra M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPriors gained from expert opinion can be the key to effective decision‐making. Yet, there is continuing controversy with its use because of its subjective and potentially biased nature. I examine the use of expert opinion through four environmental case studies in which one or more experts participated in an elicitation exercise to provide inference on ecological problems. In each case study, I examine how expert opinion informed the model and the potential pitfalls that could result, especially in data‐limited situations.I discuss two opposing schools of thought: (1) experts provide a valuable source of information that can offer useful insights into a model and (2) expert priors are most times biased, leading to incorrect results and bad decisions. I show that expert opinion has a place in ecological analyses if carefully structured in a model. In situations in which data are limited or simply not available, steps can be taken to ensure its proper use and interpretation from models so decisions can be made urgently and updated when new data becomes available. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrologic‐response‐driven sediment transport at a regional scale, process‐based simulation
Authors: Ran Qihua , Loague Keith , VanderKwaak Joel E. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAssessing hydrologically driven erosion at regional scales from a process‐based perspective presents a significant challenge. Most regional‐scale erosion assessments are based upon a simple steady‐state hydrology foundation. For this study, the sediment transport version of the physics‐based Integrated Hydrology Model (InHM), excited by synthetically generated rainfall, was employed to assess long‐term hydrologically driven erosion for a regional‐scale island boundary‐value problem. The spatiotemporal dynamics of runoff generation, erosion, and deposition are illustrated through saturation, water depth, velocity, and sediment concentration results. The simulations demonstrate that process‐based assessment for concept development is both feasible and tractable at regional spatial and human time scales. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Connectivity and runoff dynamics in heterogeneous basins
Authors: Phillips R. W. , Spence C. , Pomeroy J. W. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA drainage basin's runoff response can be determined by the connectivity of generated runoff to the stream network and the connectivity of the downstream drainage network. The connectivity of a drainage basin modulates its ability to produce streamflow and respond to precipitation events and is a function of the complex and variable storage capacities throughout the drainage basin and along the drainage network. An improved means to measure and account for the dynamics of stream network connectivity at the catchment scale is needed to predict basin scale streamflow. At a 150 km2 subarctic Precambrian Shield catchment where the poorly drained heterogeneous mosaic of lakes, exposed bedrock, and soil filled areas creates variable contributing areas, hydrological connectivity was measured in 11 sub‐basins with a particular focus on three representative sub‐basins. The three sub‐basins, although of similar relative size, vary considerably in the dominant typology and topology of their constituent elements. At a 10‐m spatial resolution, saturated areas were mapped using both multispectral satellite imagery and onsite measurements of storage according to land cover. To measure basin‐scale hydrological connectivity, the drainage network was represented using graph theory where stream reaches are ‘edges’ connecting sub‐basin ‘nodes’. The overall hydrological connectivity of the stream network was described as the ratio of actively flowing relative to potentially flowing stream reaches. The hydrological connectivity of the stream network to the outlet was described as the ratio of actively flowing stream reaches that were connected to the outlet to the potentially flowing stream reaches. Hydrological connectivity was then related to daily average streamflow and basin runoff ratio. Improved understanding of causal factors for the variable streamflow response to runoff generation in this environment will serve as a first step towards improved streamflow prediction in formerly glaciated landscapes, especially in small ungauged basins. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Origin of salinity in a multilayered aquifer with high salinization vulnerability
Authors: Gassama Nathalie , Dia Aline , Violette Sophie 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe Kaluvelly watershed is a coastal area (Tamil Nadu, India) where water abstraction has resulted in a dramatic fall in the level of the water table and a piezometric depression in the most exploited aquifer, the Vanur aquifer. In addition, intensification/mechanization of agriculture may have affected the quality of recharge water. An initial hydrodynamic study showed that the Vanur aquifer is highly vulnerable to salinization due to potential seawater intrusion, and our aim was to determine the source of salinity recorded in the groundwater of this multilayered aquifer. Our approach involved the use of existing boreholes and of a moderate number of samples, with the aim of developing appropriate water resource management techniques. Major element, 18O/16O, 2H/1H and 87Sr/86Sr, ratios were measured in rainwater, surface water and groundwater collected during five sampling campaigns over a 2‐year period. Geochemical data indicate that the Vanur aquifer is recharged and that small mixings between aquifers fluctuate according to monsoon intensity. There was no evidence of seawater intrusion. The range of recorded salinity originated mainly from water–rock interaction but a disconnection of some deeper parts of the aquifer was apparent. Strontium isotopic ratios in the recharge area suggest an anthropogenic influence, possibly related to fertilizer use. A high SO4/Cl ratio was observed in the aquifer; in the deeper parts, the influence of a formation containing lignite is hypothesized, whereas near the surface, sulphate may partly originate from fertilizer use and fossil fuel combustion. Water isotopic data suggest that the origin of precipitation in this region has been unchanged for several hundreds or thousands of years. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A preliminary assessment of the spatial sources of contemporary suspended sediment in the Ohio River basin, United States, using water quality data from the NASQAN programme in a source tracing procedure
Authors: Zhang Y. S. , Collins A. L. , Horowitz A. J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractReliable information on catchment scale suspended sediment sources is required to inform the design of management strategies for helping abate the numerous environmental issues associated with enhanced sediment mobilization and off‐site loadings. Since sediment fingerprinting techniques avoid many of the logistical constraints associated with using more traditional indirect measurement methods at catchment scale, such approaches have been increasingly reported in the international literature and typically use data sets collected specifically for sediment source apportionment purposes. There remains scope for investigating the potential for using geochemical data sets assembled by routine monitoring programmes to fingerprint sediment provenance. In the United States, routine water quality samples are collected as part of the US Geological Survey's revised National Stream Quality Accounting Network programme. Accordingly, the geochemistry data generated from these samples over a 10‐year period (1996–2006) were used as the basis for a fingerprinting exercise to assess the key tributary sub‐catchment spatial sources of contemporary suspended sediment transported by the Ohio River. Uncertainty associated with the spatial source estimates was quantified using a Monte Carlo approach in conjunction with mass balance modelling. Relative frequency weighted means were used as an alternative way of summarizing the spatial source contributions, thereby avoiding the need to use confidence limits. The results should be interpreted in the context of the routine, but infrequent nature, of the suspended sediment samples used to assemble geochemistry as a basis for the sourcing exercise. Nonetheless, the study demonstrates how routine monitoring samples can be used to provide some preliminary information on sediment provenance in large drainage basins. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of plasma exchange in patients with heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia: A report of two cases and a review of the literature
Authors: Jaben Elizabeth A. , Torloni A. Sergio , Pruthi Rajiv K. , Winters Jeffrey L. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractHeparin‐induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), which is characterized by thrombocytopenia and potentially serious thromboses, may develop in patients exposed to heparin anticoagulation. HIT is caused by antibodies to the heparin/platelet factor 4 (PF4) complex. Management of HIT involves discontinuation of heparin and anticoagulation with a nonheparin alternative such as a direct thrombin inhibitor (DTI). This poses a challenge in the management of patients who need to undergo cardiopulmonary bypass surgery (CPB), because CPB requires anticoagulation with heparin and standardized protocols for use of DTIs are not widely available. We report two patients with HIT who underwent successful CPB with heparin anticoagulation following plasma exchange (PE) to reduce heparin/PF4 antibody titers. Case 1 is a 46‐year‐old male with cardiac amyloidosis who needed urgent placement of a left ventricular assist device. Case 2 is a 34‐year‐old woman with acute myocarditis who needed placement of a biventricular assist device. Both patients had positive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay assays for heparin/PF4 antibodies and clinical evidence of HIT before PE. Following PE and subsequent CPB, neither patient had clinical or laboratory evidence of HIT. The literature regarding the use of PE for the treatment of complications of HIT and as prophylaxis before CPB is reviewed. J. Clin. Apheresis, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The ocular skeleton through the eye of evo‐devo
Authors: Franz‐Odendaal Tamara Anne 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAn evolutionary developmental (evo‐devo) approach to understanding the evolution, homology, and development of structures has proved important for unraveling complex integrated skeletal systems through the use of modules, or modularity. An ocular skeleton, which consists of cartilage and sometimes bone, is present in many vertebrates; however, the origin of these two components remains elusive. Using both paleontological and developmental data, I propose that the vertebrate ocular skeleton is neural crest derived and that a single cranial neural crest module divided early in vertebrate evolution, possibly during the Ordovician, to give rise to an endoskeletal component and an exoskeletal component within the eye. These two components subsequently became uncoupled with respect to timing, placement within the sclera and inductive epithelia, enabling them to evolve independently and to diversify. In some extant groups, these two modules have become reassociated with one another. Furthermore, the data suggest that the endoskeletal component of the ocular skeleton was likely established and therefore evolved before the exoskeletal component. This study provides important insights into the evolution of the ocular skeleton, a region with a long evolutionary history among vertebrates. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 316:393–401, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of the beta‐sheet‐breaker peptide LPFFD on oriented network of amyloid β25‐35 fibrils
Authors: Murvai Ünige , Soós Katalin , Penke Botond , Kellermayer Miklós S. Z. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAmyloid fibrils are self‐associating filamentous structures deposited in extracellular tissue in various neurodegenerative and protein misfolding disorders. It has been shown that beta‐sheet‐breaker (BSB) peptides may interfere with amyloid fibril assembly. Although BSB peptides are prospective therapeutic agents in amyloidosis, there is ambiguity about the mechanisms and generality of their action. In the present work we analyzed the effect of the BSB peptide LPFFD on the growth kinetics, morphologic, and mechanical properties of amyloid β25‐35 (Aβ25‐35) fibrils assembled in an oriented array on mica surface. Aβ25‐35 is thought to represent the biologically active, toxic fragment of the full‐length Aβ peptide. Growth kinetics and morphologic features were analyzed using in situ atomic force microscopy in the presence of various concentrations of LPFFD. We found that the addition of LPFFD only slightly altered the assembly kinetics of Aβ25‐35 fibrils. Already formed fibrils did not disassemble in the presence of high concentrations of LPFFD. The mechanical stability of the fibrils was explored with force spectroscopy methods. The nanomechanical behavior of Aβ25‐35 fibrils is characterized by the appearance of force staircases which correspond to the force‐driven unzipping and dissociation of several protofilaments. In the presence of LPFFD single‐plateau force traces dominated. The effects of LPFFD on Aβ25‐35 fibril assembly and stability suggest that inter‐protofilament interactions were slightly weakened. Complete disassembly of fibrils, however, was not observed. Thus, under the conditions explored here, LPFFD may not be considered as a BSB peptide with generalized beta‐sheet breaking properties. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tobacco mosaic virus as an AFM tip calibrator
Authors: Trinh Minh‐Hieu , Odorico Michael , Bellanger Laurent , Jacquemond Mireille , Parot Pierre , Pellequer Jean‐Luc 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe study of high‐resolution topographic surfaces of isolated single molecules is one of the applications of atomic force microscopy (AFM). Since tip‐induced distortions are significant in topographic images the exact AFM tip shape must be known in order to correct dilated AFM height images using mathematical morphology operators. In this work, we present a protocol to estimate the AFM tip apex radius using tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) particles. Among the many advantages of TMV, are its non‐abrasivity, thermal stability, bio‐compatibility with other isolated single molecules and stability when deposited on divalent ion pretreated mica. Compared to previous calibration systems, the advantage of using TMV resides in our detailed knowledge of the atomic structure of the entire rod‐shaped particle. This property makes it possible to interpret AFM height images in term of the three‐dimensional structure of TMV. Results obtained in this study show that when a low imaging force is used, the tip is sensing viral protein loops whereas at higher imaging force the tip is sensing the TMV particle core. The known size of the TMV particle allowed us to develop a tip‐size estimation protocol which permits the successful erosion of tip‐convoluted AFM height images. Our data shows that the TMV particle is a well‐adapted calibrator for AFM tips for imaging single isolated biomolecules. The procedure developed in this study is easily applicable to any other spherical viral particles. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.