bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Benefits and risks of red blood cell transfusion in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery
Authors: Guzzetta Nina A. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryAs the number of neonates and young infants undergoing cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) increases, red blood cell (RBC) transfusion will continue to be an integral part of the practice of pediatric cardiac anesthesiology. The decision of when to transfuse RBCs to these patients is complex and influenced by multiple factors such as size, presence of cyanotic heart disease, complexity of the surgical procedure, and the hemostatic alterations induced by CPB. The known benefits of RBC transfusion include an increase in the oxygen‐carrying capacity of blood, improved tissue oxygenation, and improved hemostasis. Unfortunately, there is no minimum hemoglobin level that serves as a transfusion trigger for all pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Physiologic signs such as tachycardia, hypotension, low mixed venous oxygen saturation and increased oxygen extraction ratios can provide objective evidence of the need to augment a given hemoglobin level. Nevertheless, the benefits of RBC transfusion must be balanced against its risks and, in recent years, RBC transfusion has been subjected to intense scrutiny. The adverse consequences of RBC transfusion include the transmission of infectious diseases and immune‐mediated and nonimmune‐mediated complications. Advances in donor selection, infectious disease testing of donated blood, use of leukocyte reduction and irradiation of blood in defined situations have improved the safety of the blood supply in terms of infection transmission. However, a growing number of prospective randomized clinical trials are finding an association between RBC transfusion and an increased risk of morbidity and mortality even with the use of leuko‐reduced blood. Thus, it is becoming increasingly important that the decision to transfuse RBCs be made with a thorough understanding of the benefit‐to‐risk ratio. This review addresses the benefits and risks of RBC transfusion, pertinent data acquired in the setting of congenital cardiac surgery and techniques designed to minimize the need for RBC transfusion.
The Labour Market Effects of Vocational Education and Training in Australia
Authors: Lee Wang‐Sheng , Coelli Michael B. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract We provide estimates of the effects of completing a Vocational Education and Training (VET) qualification on individual labour market outcomes, particularly on the probability of employment and on earnings. Estimates are provided for 1997, 2001 and 2005. The estimation methodology is based on matched comparisons of persons at each level of VET qualification among Year 12 completers and non‐completers. We find that among Year 12 completers, there is little benefit from obtaining certificate level qualifications, but there are positive employment and earnings outcomes associated with obtaining diploma level qualifications. Among persons who did not complete Year 12, however, there are benefits from obtaining any kind of VET qualification, including the lower level Certificate I and II qualifications.
Principles and Practice of Resource Rent Taxation
Authors: Garnaut Ross 
Published: November 2010

Abstract The Henry Review placed the taxation of rents from mines back on the national policy agenda. Mineral rent is potentially a source of neutral taxation. However, the various means of taxing resource rents in practice either fall short of the ideal of neutrality or collect for the revenue only a small proportion of the mineral rent. This article discusses the six principle instruments for taxing resource projects. It evaluates these forms of taxation in relation to stability, neutrality and government revenue maximisation. It suggests a combination of instruments that is likely to establish a good balance among objectives.
Preventing Global Warming: The United States, China, and Intellectual Property
Authors: AJEMIAN CHRIS K. , REID DAVID MCHARDY 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTConcerns of intellectual property infringement in China slow the dissemination of clean technology (Cleantech) innovation that could help bring the pace of global warming under control. We use the U.S. post‐World War 2 policy decisions with respect to Japan and Europe (the Marshall Plan) to show how this problem can be addressed. To help Japan become a western style democracy and stem the tide of communism, the U.S. transferred much of its extant intellectual property to Japan with a promise to open US markets to Japanese goods. The United States did not require Japan to open its markets to U.S. goods. As a result, Japan became a staunch U.S. political ally in Asia, but also a serious economic competitor to the United States. While the Marshall Plan deployed different resources, the political outcomes were similar to Japan: Western Europe was a bulwark against communism. As global warming has become a major strategic issue, we argue that a comparable IPR initiative is required for China. This is not just a matter of doing the right thing as members of global commons, but is also matter of national security. We propose that by facilitating and managing the flow and sharing of U.S., EU, and Japanese Cleantech intellectual property with China—through a Cleantech Marshall Plan—a positive strategic relationship may be built while helping to bring global warming under control.
Environmental Legislation and Harms to Remote Resource‐Based Communities: The Case of Atikokan, Ontario
Authors: CARSON A. SCOTT 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTEnvironmental ethics research pays much attention to the rights of individuals, future generations, and nonhuman stakeholders to have a clean environment. Moral condemnation is directed at polluters for violation of stakeholder rights. However, little consideration is given in the research literature to those who are harmed by well‐intended progressive environmental legislation. This article addresses the moral entitlements of small, remote resource‐based communities not to be harmed by environmental legislation that results in the elimination of the major employer that economically sustains them. It is argued that these communities are morally entitled to the best attempt by a government to mitigate the harm or compensate for it. The article shows how a government can go beyond compensation to form collaborative public–private partnerships to promote strategically viable future directions for communities.
Economically Sustainable Safe Drinking Water Systems for the Developing World
Authors: THOMPSON PHILLIP L. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTAn estimated 1.5 million people (mostly children) died in 2007 from waterborne illness. While this number is unacceptably high, it represents a 16 percent improvement over the previous three years. This paper discusses the challenges and solutions to delivering clean water in the developing world. It then discusses safe water projects for a children's dormitory in Mae Nam Khun, Thailand, and for a community in Chirundu, Zambia. Both projects were designed and implemented by the Seattle University student chapter of Engineers Without Borders (SU‐EWB). These projects had technical challenges that are relatively easy to resolve in the developed world, but were particularly challenging in their contexts. This paper examines how these challenges were met through collaboration with several organizations, including the Centers for Disease Control in the United States and small businesses within the host countries.
Method for Solving the Multidimensional n‐Wave Resonant Equations and Geometry of Generalized Darboux‐Manakov‐Zakharov Systems
Authors: Vassiliou Peter J. 
Published: November 2010

The intrinsic geometric properties of generalized Darboux‐Manakov‐Zakharov systems of semilinear partial differential equations

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for a real‐valued function u(x1, …, xn) are studied with particular reference to the linear systems in this equation class.System (1) is overdetermined and will not generally be involutive in the sense of Cartan: its coefficients will be constrained by complicated nonlinear integrability conditions. We derive tools for explicitly constructing involutive systems of the form (1), essentially solving the integrability conditions. Specializing to the linear case provides us with a novel way of viewing and solving the multidimensional n‐wave resonant interaction system and its modified version. For each integer n≥ 3 and nonnegative integer k, our procedure constructs solutions of the n‐wave resonant interaction system depending on at least k arbitrary functions each of one variable. The construction of these solutions relies only on differentiation, linear algebra, and the solution of ordinary differential equations.
EUROMIND: A Monthly Indicator of the Euro Area Economic Conditions
Authors: Frale Cecilia , Marcellino Massimiliano , Mazzi Gian Luigi , Proietti Tommaso 
Published: November 2010

SummaryContinuous monitoring of the evolution of the economy is fundamental for the decisions of public and private decision makers. The paper proposes EUROMIND, which is a new monthly indicator of the euro area economic conditions, based on tracking real gross domestic product monthly, relying on information provided in the Eurostat Euro-IND database. EUROMIND has several original economic and statistical features. First, it considers both the output and the expenditure sides of the economy, as it provides a monthly estimate of the value added of the six branches of economic activity and of the main gross domestic product components by type of expenditure (final consumption, gross capital formation and net exports), and combines the estimates with optimal weights reflecting their relative precision. Second, the indicator is based on information at both the monthly and the quarterly level, modelled with a dynamic factor specification cast in state space form. Third, since estimation of the multivariate dynamic factor model with mixed frequency data can be numerically complex, computational efficiency is achieved by implementing univariate filtering and smoothing procedures. Finally, special attention is paid to chain linking and its implications, via a multistep procedure that exploits the additivity of the volume measures expressed at the prices of the previous year.
MACROECONOMIC LINKAGES IN MEXICO
Authors: López Julio , Sanchez Armando , Spanos Aris 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTThe authors study the effects of selected macro variables on output in Mexico, following a Kaleckian framework, and using a probabilistic approach to econometrics. They find a strong positive effect of US GDP, of protection of the domestic market and of government expenditure, on Mexico's GDP, and a negative influence of higher exchange rate and credit rationing. Their results support the overall outlook proposed by the post Keynesian and the Latin American Structuralist schools of economic thought, and reject the Washington Consensus type of policies Mexico has been following during the last decades.
BACK TO THE ORDINALIST REVOLUTION: BEHAVIORAL ECONOMIC CONCERNS IN EARLY MODERN CONSUMER CHOICE THEORY
Authors: Hands D. Wade 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTThe paper argues that theoretical work on consumer choice theory during the early 20th century addressed some of the same issues discussed in recent behavioral economics. This is not generally recognized because the discussion was tied up with the integrability question, the theoretical framework did not involve risky choice or expected utility theory, and the relevant evidence was introspective rather than experimental. The paper makes the case for the similarity and discusses why it is important.
The Powerlessness of Necessity
Authors: Schrenk Markus 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis paper concerns anti‐Humean intuitions about connections in nature. It argues for the existence of a de re link that is not necessity.Some anti‐Humeans tacitly assume that metaphysical necessity can be used for all sorts of anti‐Humean desires. Metaphysical necessity is thought to stick together whatever would be loose and separate in a Hume world, as if it were a kind of universal superglue.I argue that this is not feasible. Metaphysical necessity might connect synchronically co‐existent properties—kinds and their essential features, for example—but it is difficult to see how it could also serve as the binding force for successions of events. That is, metaphysical necessity seems not to be fit for diachronic, causal affairs in which causal laws, causation, or dispositions are involved. A different anti‐Humean connection in nature has to do that job.My arguments focus mainly on a debate which has been the battleground for Humean vs. anti‐Humean intuitions for many decades—namely, the analysis of dispositional predicates—yet I believe (but do not argue here) that the arguments generalise to causation and causal laws straightforwardly.
Ontic Vagueness: A Guide for the Perplexed1
Authors: Barnes Elizabeth 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn this paper I develop a framework for understanding ontic vagueness. The project of the paper is two‐fold. I first outline a definitional account of ontic vagueness – one that I think is an improvement on previous attempts because it remains neutral on other, independent metaphysical issues. I then develop one potential manifestation of that basic definitional structure. This is a more robust (and much less neutral) account which gives a fully classical explication of ontic vagueness via modal concepts. The overarching aim is to systematically investigate the puzzling question of what exactly it could be for the world itself to be vague.
Diet and fuelling of the globally threatened aquatic warbler at autumn migration stopover as compared with two congeners
Authors: Kerbiriou C. , Bargain B. , Le Viol I. , Pavoine S. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe effective conservation of aquatic warblerAcrocephalus paludicola, one of the most threatened western Palaearctic migratory passerines, requires good knowledge of its ecological needs at stopover sites. In particular, identifying its diet, which controls the accumulation of fat reserves during migration, facilitates the selection and management of adequately protected areas. Further key information includes the relationship between prey species abundance and habitats of aquatic warbler on stopover. We performed standardized mist netting in the Audierne marshes (western France) during 12 years, which resulted in the capture of 1200 aquatic warblers, and provided measurements for mass gain and the collection of faeces to infer the birds' diet. Invertebrate sampling was carried out in the three main Audierne marsh habitats (reed bed, fen mire and meadow). In order to go beyond prey digestibility bias, we also studied two closely relatedAcrocephalusspecies, present at migration stopover sites during the same period. We found that the diet composition of aquatic warbler observed at migration stopover sites is based on large‐sized prey (Odonata, Orthoptera, Lepidoptera). Like sedge warblers, aquatic warblers put on weight during migration stopovers (daily mass gain=0.38 g). This increase in weight suggests that the aquatic warblers might have adopted a strategy for long‐distance migration with few stopovers only. Owing to great differences in diet, conservation management for the threatened aquatic warbler at stopover sites should not rely on existing knowledge about sedge and reed warblers. Similarities in the diet of aquatic warbler between nesting areas and migration stopover areas and the relationship between habitat and prey abundance suggest that fen mires play an important role in the quality of the foraging habitat at stopover sites.
Sodium transport in plants: a critical review
Authors: Kronzucker Herbert J. , Britto Dev T. 
Published: November 2010

SummarySodium (Na) toxicity is one of the most formidable challenges for crop production world‐wide. Nevertheless, despite decades of intensive research, the pathways of Na+entry into the roots of plants under high salinity are still not definitively known. Here, we review critically the current paradigms in this field. In particular, we explore the evidence supporting the role of nonselective cation channels, potassium transporters, and transporters from the HKT family in primary sodium influx into plant roots, and their possible roles elsewhere. We furthermore discuss the evidence for the roles of transporters from the NHX and SOS families in intracellular Na+partitioning and removal from the cytosol of root cells. We also review the literature on the physiology of Na+fluxes and cytosolic Na+concentrations in roots and invite critical interpretation of seminal published data in these areas. The main focus of the review is Na+transport in glycophytes, but reference is made to literature on halophytes where it is essential to the analysis.ContentsSummary54I.Introduction55II.The role of nonselective cation channels in primary sodium influx – a solid consensus. How solid is the evidence?55III.Low‐affinity cation transporter 1 – a forgotten link?61IV.Are potassium transporters implicated in sodium influx?62V.HKT: a saga of twists and turns – where do we stand?64VI.SOS: an ambiguous tale67VII.Vacuolar storage via NHX: some lingering questions68VIII.Other pathways – the apoplast and possibilities of symport with chloride69IX.‘Toxic’ Na+fluxes, Na+‘homeostasis’, and the question of cytosolic Na+71X.Concluding remarks72Acknowledgements73References73
Intrathecal Implantation of Microencapsulated PC12 Cells Reduces Cold Allodynia in a Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Wu Shaoling , Ma Chao , Li Guoqi , Mai Mingquan , Wu Yuanyuan 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe transplantation of cells into the central nervous system provides a constant and replenishable source of analgesic substances for the alleviation of chronic pain. In the present study, PC12 cells were microencapsulated in a semipermeable membrane that protected the cells from the host's immune system. A chronic neuropathic pain model was induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve in rats. Thirty Sprague‐Dawley rats with CCI were divided randomly into two groups: the cell‐loaded group received microencapsulated PC12 cells (n = 15) and the control group received empty capsules (n = 15). The microcapsules were implanted into the lumbar subarachnoid space. After implantation, a significant reduction of cold allodynia was observed in the rats of the cell‐loaded group at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days compared to the control group with the empty capsules (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the levels of catecholamines and met‐enkephalin in the cerebrospinal fluid of rats in the cell‐loaded group were higher than the levels in the controls (P < 0.05). These results suggest that intrathecal microencapsulated PC12 cells could be a useful method for chronic neuropathic pain management.
The Value of Contingent Commissions in the Property–Casualty Insurance Industry: Evidence From Stock Market Returns
Authors: Ghosh Chinmoy , Hilliard James I. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractInsurance producer compensation has incorporated contingent commissions for decades. In 2004, the New York State Attorney General sued insurers and brokers, alleging compensation abuses and calling for elimination of some forms of contingent commissions. Daily stock price return data reveal negative announcement‐period portfolio returns for property–casualty carriers, suggesting expected negative cash flow effects. Firm‐level losses were related to intensity of contingent commission use, suggesting that the effects of such regulatory changes would be felt most by firms that relied on contingent commissions. Investors believed contingent commissions were valuable not only for producers but also for carriers.
miR‐20a and miR‐290, multi‐faceted players with a role in tumourigenesis and senescence
Authors: Rizzo Milena , Mariani Laura , Pitto Letizia , Rainaldi Giuseppe , Simili Marcella 
Published: November 2010

AbstractExpression of microRNAs changes markedly in tumours and evidence indicates that they are causatively related to tumourigenesis, behaving as tumour suppressor microRNAs or onco microRNAs; in some cases they can behave as both depending on the type of cancer. Some tumour suppressor microRNAs appear to be an integral part of the p53 and Retinoblastoma (RB) network, the main regulatory pathways controlling senescence, a major tumour suppressor mechanism. The INK4a/ARF locus which codifies for two proteins, p19ARF and p16INK4a, plays a central role in senescence by controlling both p53 and RB. Recent evidence shows that the proto‐oncogene leukaemia/lymphoma related factor, a p19ARF specific repressor, is controlled by miRNAs and that miRNAs, in particular miR‐20a and miR‐290, are causatively involved in mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF) senescence in culture. Intriguingly, both miR‐20a, member of the oncogenic miR‐17–92 cluster, and miR‐290, belonging to the miR‐290–295 cluster, are highly expressed in embryonic stem (ES) cells. The pro‐senescence role of miR‐20a and miR‐290 in MEF is apparently in contrast with their proliferative role in tumour and ES cells. We propose that miRNAs may exert opposing functions depending on the miRNAs repertoire as well as target/s level/s present in different cellular contexts, suggesting the importance of evaluating miRNAs activity in diverse genetic settings before their therapeutic use as tumour suppressors.
Modified anchored B‐Lynch uterine compression suture for post partum bleeding with uterine atony
Authors: MARASINGHE JEEVAN P. , CONDOUS GEORGE , SENEVIRATNE HARSHALAL R. , MARASINGHE UPALI 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA prospective observational study was performed to evaluate the performance of a modified uterine compression suturing technique for the management of refractory post partum hemorrhage (PPH) at two leading tertiary referral centers in Colombo, Sri Lanka. An modified anchored B‐Lynch suture was done in 17 women with PPH due to uterine atony. In 13 of the women (76%), bleeding was arrested and the uterus conserved. Four women (24%) did not respond to the anchored compression sutures, necessitating emergency post partum hysterectomy. Mean age was 31.2 years. Nine of the women (53%) were primiparous and eight (47%) parous. Mean estimated blood loss was 1994 ml (range 1200–3300 ml). This newly modified anchor B‐Lynch compression suture appeared effective in controlling about 75% of PPH due to uterine atony, which allowed uterine conservation. This simple modification can provide a first line surgical step to control PPH.