bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphology‐Dependent Trap Formation in High Performance Polymer Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Beiley Zach M. , Hoke Eric T. , Noriega Rodrigo , Dacuña Javier , Burkhard George F. , Bartelt Jonathan A. , Salleo Alberto , Toney Michael F. , McGehee Michael D. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBulk heterojunction solar cells (BHJs) based on poly[N‐9″‐hepta‐decanyl‐2,7‐carbazole‐alt‐5,5‐(4′,7′‐di‐2‐thienyl‐2′,1′,3′‐benzothiadiazole)] (PCDTBT) can have internal quantum efficiencies approaching 100% but require active layers that are too thin to absorb more than ∼70% of the above band gap light. When the active layer thickness is increased so that the cell absorbs more light, the fill factor and open circuit voltage decrease rapidly, so that the overall power conversion efficiency decreases. We find that hole‐traps in the polymer, which we characterize using space‐charge limited current measurements, play an important role in the performance of PCDTBT‐based BHJs and may limit the active layer thickness. Recombination due to carrier trapping is not often considered in BHJs because it is not believed to be a dominant loss mechanism in the “fruit‐fly” P3HT system. Furthermore, we show that in contrast to P3HT, PCDTBT has only weak short‐range molecular order, and that annealing at temperatures above the glass transition decreases the order in the π–π stacking. The decrease in structural order is matched by the movement of hole‐traps deeper into the band gap, so that thermal annealing worsens hole transport in the polymer and reduces the efficiency of PCDTBT‐based BHJs. These findings suggest that P3HT is not prototypical of the new class of high efficiency polymers, and that further improvement of BHJ efficiencies will necessitate the study of high efficiency polymers with low structural order.
Reaction network flux analysis: Optimization‐based evaluation of reaction pathways for biorenewables processing
Authors: Voll A. , Marquardt W. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractEven though biomass is attracting increasing interest as a raw material in the chemical and the fuel industries, only few biobased production processes are yet established. At the same time a lot of new catalytic routes are proposed, but their potential in biorefinery applications is hard to predict. Reaction network flux analysis (RNFA) is introduced as a novel, rapid screening method which bridges the gap between chemo‐ or biocatalysis and process design by (1) systematically identifying and (2) subsequently analyzing and ranking the large number of alternative reaction pathways based on limited data. This optimization‐based method helps to detect promising production routes as well as bottlenecks in possible pathways. The potential and the application of the RNFA methodology will be demonstrated by means of a case study for the production of the potential biofuel 3‐methyl‐tetrahydrofuran (3‐MTHF) from the platform chemical itaconic acid (IA). © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 1788–1801, 2012
Gas permeation properties of silica membranes with uniform pore sizes derived from polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane
Authors: Kanezashi Masakoto , Shioda Takahiro , Gunji Takahiro , Tsuru Toshinori 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe sol‐gel method was applied in the fabrication of homogenous polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (HOMO‐POSS)‐derived silica membranes. Single gas permeation characteristics in a temperature range of 100–500°C were examined to discuss the effect of silica precursor on amorphous silica networks. HOMO‐POSS‐derived membranes showed a CO2 permeance of 1.1 × 10−7 mol m−2 s−1 Pa−1 with a CO2/CH4 permeance ratio of 131 at 100°C, which is a superior CO2/CH4 separation performance by comparison with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS)‐derived silica membranes. Normalized Knudsen‐based permeance (NKP) was applied for quantitative evaluation of pore size. HOMO‐POSS‐derived membranes had loose amorphous silica structures compared to TEOS‐derived membranes and pore size was successfully tuned by changing the calcination temperatures. The activation energy for a HOMO‐POSS‐derived membrane fired at 550°C with a uniform pore size of ∼ 0.42 nm increased linearly with the ratio of the kinetic diameter of the gas molecule to the pore diameter, λ (=dk/dp), and showed a trend similar to that of DDR‐type zeolite membranes. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 1733–1743, 2012
Cyclophosphamide and prednisone induction followed by cyclophosphamide mobilization effectively decreases the incidence of engraftment syndrome in patients with POEMS syndrome who undergo stem cell transplantation
Authors: Jimenez‐Zepeda Victor H. , Trudel Suzanne , Reece Donna E. , Chen Christine , Rabea Ahmed M. , Kukreti Vishal 
Published: June 2011

AbstractHigh‐dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) can achieve excellent clinical responses in patients with POEMS syndrome (Jimenez Zepeda et al., Blood 2010;116:2403; Gertz et al., Am J Hematol 2005;79:319–328; Gherardi et al., Ann Neurol 1994;35:501–505; Gattinoni et al., Nat Rev Immunol 2006;6:383–393; Salem et al., J Immunol 2009;182:2030–2040; Salem et al., Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010;59:341–353; Salem et al., Cell Immunol 2010;261:134–143). However, High‐dose melphalan with ASCT should be considered carefully due to its treatment‐related morbidity (Vuckovic et al., Blood 2003;101:2314–2317), especially in patients with poor performance status owing to polyneuropathy and multiorgan involvement, such as cardiac, respiratory, and renal failure. Significant increases in the concentration of circulating macrophage colony‐stimulating factor, erythropoietin, IL‐6, and TNF‐α, reach near maximal values at approximately day +12, predating neutrophil engraftment, and clinically manifest with fever, rash and edema (Dispenzieri et al., Eur J Haematol 2008;80:397–406). Depending on the definition used, ∼50% of patients satisfied criteria for engraftment syndrome (ES) (Vuckovic et al., Blood 2003;101:2314–2317). ES occurs in 27–47% of patients who undergo ASCT; mortality rate is reported from 8% to 18% (Gattinoni et al., Nat Rev Immunol 2006;6:383–393; Vuckovic et al., Blood 2003;101:2314–2317). We have therefore reviewed our experience with ASCT in patients with POEMS syndrome who were treated with cyclophosphamide and prednisone as induction therapy followed by cyclophosphamide mobilization with an emphasis on treatment‐related morbidity and frequency of ES. Our study confirms that ASCT is a feasible and efficacious treatment for patients with POEMS syndrome. In addition, the use of CP followed by cyclophosphamide mobilization decreases the incidence of PES leading to less morbidity and mortality rates. Am. J. Hematol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Marked limb bilateral asymmetry in an agricultural endogamous population of North India
Authors: Krishan Kewal 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjectives:The purpose of this study is to evaluate directional asymmetry in the most commonly measured dimensions of limbs in adult male Gujjars of North India.Methods:The sample for this study is based on 967 adult male Gujjars ranging in age from 18 to 30 years settled in subHimalayan region in the foothills of Siwaliks surrounding Chandigarh city in North India. The data comprise nineteen anthropometric measurements taken on left and right side of each subject. Gujjars are one of the major caste groups of India having agriculture as the main occupation. This group is also homogeneous in terms of ethnic composition, language, and religious affiliation. Using appropriate statistical methods, the bilateral asymmetry was evaluated in the human body.Results:The results indicate that significant bilateral asymmetry exists in some of the limb dimensions. Upper extremity dimensions are more asymmetric than that of lower extremity dimensions. Most of the arm dimensions are significantly larger on the right side except hand length and triceps skinfold in younger sample and triceps skinfold in older sample, which are significantly larger on the left side. Most of the upper extremity dimensions are larger on the right side, however; most of the lower extremity dimensions are larger on the left side.Conclusions:Marked directional asymmetry exists in 13 measurements out of a total 18 taken for the study. This significant right‐sided asymmetry may be attributed to the fact that individuals have normal tendency to favor the right side for power activities involving upper limbs, i.e., throwing for distance, sports activities, and in this investigation, working with agricultural tools likeKhurpa, Datti, Kassi(Indian agricultural tools) for long durations. More frequent use of the preferred side results in heavier or stronger muscles of that side and consequently heavier and stronger bones. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association between polymorphisms of DRD2 and DRD4 and opioid dependence: Evidence from the current studies
Authors: Chen Dingyan , Liu Fang , Shang Qinggang , Song Xiaoqin , Miao Xiaoping , Wang Zengzhen 
Published: June 2011

AbstractSeveral studies have assessed the association between genetic polymorphisms of DRD2 and DRD4 genes and opioid dependence risk, while the results were inconsistent. We performed a meta‐analysis, including 6,846 opioid dependence cases and 4,187 controls from 22 individual studies, to evaluate the roles of four variants (DRD2 −141ins/delC, rs1799732; DRD2 311 Ser > Cys, rs1801028; DRD2‐related TaqI A, rs1800497 and DRD4 exon III VNTR) in opioid dependence for the first time. We found that the −141delC polymorphism was significantly associated with increased risk of opioid dependence (homozygote comparison: odds ratios [OR], 2.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.74–4.22; dominant comparison: OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.09–1.48). Similarly, the TaqI A1 polymorphism was also significantly increased opioid dependence risk (homozygote comparison: OR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.25–3.42; dominant comparison: OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.08–1.67). Moreover, long allele (≥5‐repeat) and 7‐repeat allele of DRD4 exon III VNTR were found to be associated with significantly increased opioid dependence risk (OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.24–1.80 and OR, 1.57; 95%, 1.18–2.09, respectively). However, no association was detected between the DRD2 311 Ser > Cys polymorphism and opioid dependence. In conclusion, our results suggested that DRD2 −141ins/delC, DRD2‐related TaqI A and DRD4 exon III VNTR polymorphisms might play important roles in the development of opioid dependence. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sleep quality and diurnal preference in a sample of young adults: Associations with 5HTTLPR, PER3, and CLOCK 3111
Authors: Barclay Nicola L. , Eley Thalia C. , Mill Jonathan , Wong Chloe C. Y. , Zavos Helena M. S. , Archer Simon N. , Gregory Alice M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractResearch investigating associations between specific genes and individual differences with regards to the quality and timing of sleep has primarily focussed on serotonin‐related and clock genes. However, there are only a few studies of this type and most of those to date have not considered the possibility of gene–environment interaction. Here, we describe associations between sleep quality and diurnal preference and three functional polymorphisms: 5HTTLPR, PERIOD3, and CLOCK 3111. Furthermore, we assessed whether associations between genotypes and sleep phenotypes were moderated by negative life events—a test of gene–environment interaction. DNA from buccal swabs was collected from 947 individuals [mean age = 20.3 years (SD = 1.77), age range = 18–27 years; 61.8% female] and genotyped for the three polymorphisms. Participants completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Morningness‐Eveningness Questionnaire. There was a significant main effect of 5HTTLPR on sleep quality, indicating that “long–long” homozygotes experienced significantly poorer sleep quality (mean = 6.35, SD = 3.36) than carriers of at least one “short” allele (mean = 5.67, SD = 2.96; β = −0.34, P = 0.005). There were no main effects of 5HTTLPR on diurnal preference; no main effects of PERIOD3 or CLOCK on sleep quality or diurnal preference; and no significant interactions with negative life events. The main effect of the “long” 5HTTLPR allele contradicts previous research, suggesting that perhaps the effects of this gene are heterogeneous in different populations. Failure to replicate previous research in relation to PERIOD3 and CLOCK concurs with previous research suggesting that the effects of these genes are small and may be related to population composition. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential immune system DNA methylation and cytokine regulation in post‐traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Smith Alicia K. , Conneely Karen N. , Kilaru Varun , Mercer Kristina B. , Weiss Tamara E. , Bradley Bekh , Tang Yilang , Gillespie Charles F. , Cubells Joseph F. , Ressler Kerry J. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractDNA methylation may mediate persistent changes in gene function following chronic stress. To examine this hypothesis, we evaluated African American subjects matched by age and sex, and stratified into four groups by post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis and history of child abuse. Total Life Stress (TLS) was also assessed in all subjects. We evaluated DNA extracted from peripheral blood using the HumanMethylation27 BeadChip and analyzed both global and site‐specific methylation. Methylation levels were examined for association with PTSD, child abuse history, and TLS using a linear mixed model adjusted for age, sex, and chip effects. Global methylation was increased in subjects with PTSD. CpG sites in five genes (TPR, CLEC9A, APC5, ANXA2, and TLR8) were differentially methylated in subjects with PTSD. Additionally, a CpG site in NPFFR2 was associated with TLS after adjustment for multiple testing. Notably, many of these genes have been previously associated with inflammation. Given these results and reports of immune dysregulation associated with trauma history, we compared plasma cytokine levels in these subjects and found IL4, IL2, and TNFα levels associated with PTSD, child abuse, and TLS. Together, these results suggest that psychosocial stress may alter global and gene‐specific DNA methylation patterns potentially associated with peripheral immune dysregulation. Our results suggest the need for further research on the role of DNA methylation in stress‐related illnesses. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ATP13A2 variability in Taiwanese Parkinson's disease
Authors: Chen Chiung‐Mei , Lin Chih‐Hsin , Juan Hsueh‐Fen , Hu Fen‐Ju , Hsiao Ya‐Chin , Chang Hsin‐Yi , Chao Chih‐Ying , Chen I‐Cheng , Lee Li‐Ching , Wang Tsu‐Wei , Chen Ya‐Tang , Chen Yi‐Tsun , Lee‐Chen Guey‐Jen , Wu Yih‐Ru 
Published: June 2011

AbstractMutations in ATP13A2 have been reported to associate with Parkinson's disease (PD). This study investigates the contribution of genetic variants in ATP13A2 to Taiwanese PD. ATP13A2 cDNA fragments from 65 early onset PD (onset <50 years) were sequenced. The identified variants were validated in a cohort of PD (n = 493) and ethnically matched controls (n = 585). A novel heterozygous G1014S, located at the conserved seventh transmembrane domain of ATP13A2 protein, was identified in an early onset PD patient, which was absent in 585 normal controls. Additionally, a reported heterozygous A746T was found in two PD patients and four controls. The clinical features and 99mTc‐TRODAT‐1 single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) image of the patients carrying G1014S and A746T were similar to that of idiopathic PD. One normal control with A746T showed an asymmetric reduction of 99mT TRODAT‐1 uptake in the right striatum. Under oxidative stress or apoptotic stimulus, lymphoblastoid cells carrying either A764T or G1014S showed increased caspase 3 activity compared with the controls. The rates of decay for G1014S and A746T proteins were more or less reduced in cycloheximide chase experiment. In silico modeling of G1014S exhibited a more stable feature than wild‐type, and G1014S is mislocalized mainly in the intralysosomal space, which is coherent with the prediction of prohibiting N‐myristoylation and membrane association. We therefore hypothesize that rare variants of ATP13A2 may contribute to PD susceptibility in Taiwan. The role played by ATP13A2 variants in PD remains to be clarified. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of space, activity patterns, and foraging behavior of red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) in an Andean forest fragment in Colombia
Authors: Palma Ana Cristina , Vélez Adriana , Gómez‐Posada Carolina , López Harrison , Zárate Diego A. , Stevenson Pablo R. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractHowler monkeys are among the most studied primates in the Neotropics, however, behavioral studies including estimation of food availability in Andean forests are scarce. During 12 months we studied habitat use, behavior, and feeding ecology of two groups of red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) in an isolated fragment in the Colombian Andes. We used a combination of focal animal and instantaneous sampling. We estimated fruit production (FP) using phenology transects, and calculated young leaf abundance by observing marked trees. The home range area used by each group was 10.5 and 16.7 ha and daily distances traveled were 431 ± 228 and 458 ± 259 m, respectively. We found that both groups spent most of their time resting (62–64%). Resting time did not increase with leaf consumption as expected using a strategy of energy minimization. We did not find a relationship between daily distances traveled and leaf consumption. However, howlers consumed fruits according to their availability, and the production of young leaves did not predict feeding time on this resource. Overall, our results are similar to those found on other forest types. We found that despite limited FP in Andean forests, this did not lead to a higher intake of leaves, longer resting periods, or shorter traveling distances for red howlers. Am. J. Primatol. 73:1062–1071, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Folivory, frugivory, and postcanine size in the cercopithecoidea revisited
Authors: Scott Jeremiah E. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAt a given body mass, folivorous colobines have smaller postcanine teeth than frugivorous cercopithecines. This distinction is a notable exception to the general tendency for folivorous primates to have relatively larger postcanine tooth rows than closely related frugivores. The reason for this anomalous pattern is unclear, but one potential explanation is that the difference in facial size between these two subfamilies confounds the comparison—i.e., it may be that the large postcanine teeth of cercopithecines are a consequence of their large faces. The goal of this study was to test this hypothesis. Phylogenetic comparative methods were used to examine the relationships among postcanine area, facial size, and body mass in 29 anthropoid primates, including eight colobines and eight cercopithecines. Results indicate that there is a strong and highly significant partial correlation between postcanine area and facial size when body mass is held constant, which supports the hypothesis that facial size has an important influence on postcanine size. Moreover, colobines have larger postcanine teeth relative to facial size than cercopithecines. Surprisingly, when facial size is held constant, the partial correlation between postcanine area and body mass is weak and nonsignificant. These results suggest that facial size may be more appropriate than body mass for size‐adjusting postcanine measurements in some contexts. A phylogenetic comparative test of the association between diet and relative postcanine size (scaled using facial size) confirms that folivorous anthropoids are characterized by relatively large postcanine teeth in comparison to closely related nonfolivores. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rensch's rule, Bergmann's effect and adult sexual dimorphism in wild monogamous owl monkeys (Aotus azarai) of Argentina
Authors: Fernandez‐Duque Eduardo 
Published: June 2011

AbstractSome monogamous primates are characterized by biparental care, territoriality, and a reduced level of physical dimorphism. In others, the relationship between those behavioral patterns and dimorphism is less clear. I tested Bergmann's and Rensch's rules usingAotus spp.body mass data and I characterized the extent of sexual dimorphism in body mass, dental and physical measurements in a socially monogamous owl monkey population (n= 91 adults) from the Argentinean Gran Chaco.A. azarai azaraifrom the Argentinean Chaco is larger than the more tropical owl monkey species (r= 0.7,N= 6 species), but there is no apparent increase in sexual dimorphism with increased body mass. The body masses of adult male and femaleA. a. azaraiwere remarkably similar (Mean = 1.26 kg); there were no marked sex differences in most skeletal measurements, but males had higher and wider upper and lower canines than did females. Body mass and neck circumference were positively and strongly related (r= 0.533,n= 52), and the body mass of adults was not a reliable indicator of their age (r= 0.03,n= 10). The data illustrate the complexities inherent in examining and summarizing within population variation in skeletal and nonskeletal measurements and contribute to a better understanding of the relationships between monogamous behavioral patterns and sexual dimorphism. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neonatal and delivery outcomes in women with multiple sclerosis
Authors: van der Kop Mia L. , Pearce Mark S. , Dahlgren Leanne , Synnes Anne , Sadovnick Dessa , Sayao Ana‐Luiza , Tremlett Helen 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjective:To determine (1) whether the risk of adverse neonatal and delivery outcomes differs between mothers with and without multiple sclerosis (MS) and (2) whether risk is differentially associated with clinical factors of MS.Methods:This retrospective cohort study analyzed data from the British Columbia (BC) MS Clinics' database and the BC Perinatal Database Registry. Comparisons were made between births to women with MS (n = 432) and to a frequency‐matched sample of women without MS (n = 2,975) from 1998 to 2009. Outcomes included gestational age, birth weight, assisted vaginal delivery, and Caesarean section. Clinical factors examined included age at MS onset, disease duration, and disability. Multivariate regression models adjusting for confounding factors were built for each outcome.Results:Babies born to MS mothers did not have a significantly different mean gestational age or birth weight compared to babies born to mothers without MS. MS was not significantly associated with assisted vaginal delivery (odds ratio [OR], 0.78; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.50–1.16; p = 0.20) or Caesarean section (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.69–1.28; p = 0.69). There was a slightly elevated risk of adverse delivery outcomes among MS mothers with greater levels of disability, although findings were not statistically significant. Disease duration and age at MS onset were not significantly associated with adverse outcomes.Interpretation:This study provides reassurance to MS patients that maternal MS is generally not associated with adverse neonatal and delivery outcomes. However, the suggestion of an increased risk with greater disability warrants further investigation; these women may require closer monitoring during pregnancy. ANN NEUROL 2011;