bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
VII.—Assemblages of Small Spores from the Lower Oil-shale Group of Scotland
Authors: Love L. G. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisAssemblages of small spores are described from the Pumpherston Shell Bed, the Pumpherston Oil Shales, the Burdiehouse Limestone and a thin coal found within the latter rock in one locality, all from the Lower Oil-shale Group (Viséan) of the Lower Carboniferous of Scotland.The assemblages from the Oil-shales and the Limestone, rocks generally regarded as being of non-marine origin, are found to be very much alike; and although they show some differences from that of the Pumpherston Shell Bed (a marine shale), all three assemblages have a general similarity of composition. A suggested relation is put forward between this uniformity and the conditions prevailing in the area of the Midland Valley of Scotland during deposition of the beds. Correlation with other areas is discussed. Five new species and ten new types are described.
VIII.—Density Measurements of Rocks in South-west Scotland
Authors: McLean Adam C. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisA large number of density measurements of the more important rock-types exposed at the surface in Ayrshire and certain neighbouring areas provide information for the interpretation of gravity measurements. The three methods employed of determining density are (1) laboratory measurements of rock samples, (2) gravimeter measurements in mineshafts, and (3) gravimeter measurements over topographic features.The first method, the most widely used, is the only one applicable to many of the geological formations. A total of 600 specimens measured cover all the common rock types of the Lower and Upper Palaeozoic systems and their associated igneous rocks. Use of the second method is restricted to Carboniferous rocks, in which records from four mine-shafts—Littlemill 5, Mauchline I, Auchincruive I, and Houldsworth—cover much of the Carboniferous succession in south Ayrshire. The third method was seldom applied as there are few suitable topographic features, independent of geological structure, in Ayrshire.The results of the measurements are summarized, and their reliability discussed. Two contrasts of rock density of regional importance occur in the sedimentary succession of south Ayrshire—the first at the plane of unconformity between Upper and Lower Old Red Sandstone, and the second between Lower Old Red Sandstone and the Lower Palaeozoic greywackes. A marked contrast of local importance occurs between the Permian sandstones of the Mauchline Basin and the underlying lavas and Carboniferous rocks. In north Ayrshire the most important density contrast lies between the Upper Palaeozoic sediments and the associated dense igneous rocks—the Clyde Plateau Lavas, the Millstone Grit lavas, and the thick dolerite intrusions.
X.—On The Accessory Respiratory Organs of Heteropneustes fossilis Bloch
Authors: Munshi J. S. Datta 
Published: June 2012

Heteropneustes (Saccobranchus) fossilis Bloch. is a common airbreathing fish found in India. It possesses a respiratory sac on each side of the body embedded in the lateral myotomes. The structure of this organ, its respiratory function and the phenomenon of “drowning” when the fish is denied direct access to the air have engaged the attention of several workers in the past among whom Day (1868), Dobson (1874), Burne (1896), Das (1927), Hora (1935) and Marlier (1938) deserve mention. The only detailed account of the structure of the accessory organ of this fish is available to us from the work of Das (1927) who also paid some attention to its development. Dobson (1874) and Hora (1935) mainly concerned themselves with some experiments bearing on the “drowning” of the fish when compelled to live under water. Little information is obtainable from the existing literature on the following points which have an important bearing on evolution of its accessory respiratory organs:(i) the gross and minute structure of the respiratory sac, especially its vascularization;(ii) the origin and derivation of the accessory respiratory organs (=the “Fans” and the respiratory sac); and(iii) the muscles concerned with its breathing movements.
XII.—The Reproduction and Fecundity of the Powan, Coregonus clupeoides Lacépède, in Loch Lomond, Scotland
Authors: Maitland Peter S. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisAdult powan, Coregonus clupeoides Lacépède, in Loch Lomond show regular diurnal and seasonal migrations, connected normally with either feeding or reproduction. As the breeding season approaches, most of the adult population gather in deep water (usually in the vicinity of the areas of wave-washed gravel and small stones in shallow water, which form the main spawning grounds). The male fish start to move on to these grounds nightly towards the end of December each year; at the end of this month, but mainly during January, the females ripen and join them for spawning. This is completed by the beginning of February and the population then gradually disperses over the rest of the loch. The present fecundity estimates, carried out for female powan during two seasons, are in general agreement with those found for Coregonus elsewhere in the Palearctic region. They give an average of 5750 eggs per adult fish, the mean fork length of which was just over 27 cm. Though there is a positive correlation between the numbers of eggs produced and the size of the females, it is not a strong one. After being laid, the eggs immediately undergo a heavy mortality and are eaten in considerable numbers by trout, Salmo trutta L., powan, roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.) Phryganea larvae, and various other animals. The adult powan too are preyed upon extensively at this time in certain parts of Loch Lomond by pike, Esox luciusL. The reproductive ecology of the powan shows several basic similarities to that of other Salmonidae in the British Isles, the main features fitting well with what has been postulated about the origin and distribution of the family in this country.
Large-scale Production of Anti-lymphocytic Antibody
Authors: Long D. A. , Edwards D. C. , Phillips A. W. , Woiwod A. J. 
Published: June 2012

The Wellcome Foundation is part of the M.R.C. Working Party on A.L.S. and the main role of the Foundation, as agreed with the Working Party as a whole, is to produce A.L.S. on a large scale for use in man.In Great Britain, the use of any new therapeutic agent is controlled by authority, in this case the Dunlop Committee. Before this committee could be approached for a licence to market such a product, it would be necessary for the pharmaceutical company concerned to have established conditions for large-scale production.
XVIII.—The Spermatozoon of the Spider BeetlePtinus tectusBoieldieu as seen by Light and Electron Microscopy
Authors: Dlugosz Jozef , Harrold John W. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThe mature Ptinid sperm examined under the light microscope is found to be specialised in that the chromatin is not contained within a sperm head but is distributed along a central axis. The migration of chromatin resembles that found in Coccids by Hughes-Schrader (1948). Surrounding the axis is a more flexible helical membrane extending the whole length of the sperm.Under the electron microscope the membrane appears to consist of eighteen or twenty thin fibres and two thick fibres with striated sheaths. Near the posterior end of the membrane the fibres are surrounded by a ring. The structure is simpler than that of mammalian and avian sperms examined by other workers with similar techniques. Under the electron microscope, stages in the migration of chromatin in the immature sperm show a number of discrete opaque bodies which may be chromosomes. The approximate dimensions of the various structures are given.
XXII.—A Preliminary Report on the Echiuridæ and Sipunculidæ of Zanzibar*
Authors: Stephen A. C. , Robertson J. D. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThis paper is a first report on the Echiurids and Sipunculids of Zanzibar, and deals with the material collected by Dr J. D. Robertson during the years 1948–1950 on the shores of Zanzibar, supplemented with a few dredgings. These collections contained two species of Echiurids and eighteen species and varieties of Sipunculids. Of these, one Echiurid (Ochetostoma zanzibarense) and two Sipunculids (Dendrostoma robertsoniandPhascolion robertsoni) are described as new species. Six others are recorded from the area for the first time. The list of species now described from the Zanzibar area contains eight species of Echiurids and twenty-four species and varieties of Sipunculids. Rich as the area is in species, it is even more remarkable for the numbers of individuals, some species being dominant forms in the population.
I.—On Isoetes australis S. Williams, a New Species from Western Australia. Part I. General Morphology
Authors: Williams Samuel 
Published: June 2012

Material of a very small and distinctive species of Isoetes was sent by Miss Alison Baird in 1934 to Professor J. Walton, who kindly handed it over to me for examination. This species, hitherto undescribed, is here named Isoetes australis. The material, which consisted of plants of all ages from two-leaved sporelings up to adult plants, had been collected in 1930 from rock pools in granite outcrops at Bruce Rock, 150 miles inland from Perth, Western Australia.The following description is mainly based on Miss Baird's material, but I later received air-dried plants of the same species which had been grown by Professor T. G. B. Osborn in the Laboratory at Sydney. These plants had originally been collected by E. T. Bailey from the Bruce Rock locality in 1934. They proved to be viable and commenced growth within a few days when placed in water, and I was able to keep one of them alive for a period of two years, though only in a depauperate condition. Professor Osborn also sent me herbarium specimens, collected in the same locality by Bailey, and some of these plants, which had been completely dry for six months or longer, proved viable, though I was unable to grow them on for more than a few months.
X.—Frictional Fusion Along a Himalayan Thrust
Authors: Scott J. S. , Drever H. I. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisAt a height of 4400 metres in the Nepal Himalaya, a vitreous and vesicular rock was discovered by J. S. Scott in 1949. It is located along a line of intense brecciation in a region of high-grade granitic gneisses.This paper is based on a laboratory examination of a specimen of this rock and a few other specimens from the same locality. As some of these specimens have no exact counterpart hitherto described, a new but self-explanatory nomenclature has been employed in their description. The new rock-types—breccia with a cryptomylonite matrix, cryptomylonite and hyalomylonite—seem to represent, in this order, progressive stages in the degree of vitrifaction.Biotite, alkali feldspars and quartz participated in the vitrifaction, which was due to high temperatures and heat developed by friction between these minerals in a triturated rock medium of low thermal conductivity.An important function is attributed to the biotite which, in the more vitreous parts of the rocks, tends to disappear entirely. It is suggested that selective melting of this biotite has yielded to the liquid ferrous iron, and fluxing by this component is believed to be a critical factor although water must also be considered. Chemical analysis revealed no significant quantity of water in the glass-rich rock, but the development of vesicles and bubbles implies that there was more water in solution prior to its ebullition as a vapour phase.There appears to have been a remarkable variation in temperatures within extremely short distances, and there is some evidence that the specific melting points of the alkali feldspars may, in a few exceptional instances, have been attained.
XXII.—Silurian Greywackes in Peeblesshire
Authors: Walton Ewart Kendall 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisSedimentary structures in the greywackes of Peeblesshire, including graded bedding, cross-lamination and load-cast structures, are described and their origin discussed.Petrographically the greywackes are poorly sorted sediments composed of a variety of minerals and rock fragments. The minerals include quartz, felspar, augite and horn-blende, mica and chlorite, while the dominant rock fragments are andesites, spilites, quartz-keratophyres and granites.Three groups of greywackes are recognized according to their mineralogy. The first, the Pyroxenous group, contains augite and hornblende. Rocks of the second group, the Intermediate group, are without these minerals, while the third group consists of rocks rich in garnet—the Garnetiferous group. These mineralogical differences are reflected in differences in the chemical analyses of the three groups. From consideration of the chemical and modal analyses it is suggested that differences in source rocks have influenced the composition of the greywackes more than variations in the intensity of alteration due to weathering and transport.It is concluded that the greywackes have been formed from the rapid erosion of a land mass largely covered by Ordovician volcanic rocks, but also with developments of lowgrade regionally metamorphosed rocks and others resembling Torridonian arkoses. Sedimentation features are due to accumulation controlled largely by the action of turbidity currents.
IV.—The Morphology and Relationships of a Complete Therocephalian Skeleton from the Cistecephalus Zone of South Africa
Authors: Attridge John 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisA description is given of a new genus of mammal-like reptile,Mirotenthes, of which a remarkably complete and well-preserved skeleton was collected in 1936 by Professor Camp of the University of California, from the late Permian deposits of the South African Karroo.Unlike the majority of Permian mammal-like reptiles,Mirotentheswas an agile form of small dimensions. Many of the skeletal characters exhibit a significant approach towards the mammalian threshold. The limb structure is very advanced and the digital formula is mammalian. The differentiation of ribs to form a definite rib-cage of mammalian type is particularly noteworthy and may indicate the presence in this genus of a mammalian respiratory mechanism.The systematic study of this complete skeleton does much to bridge the gap between the primitive basal groups of mammal-like reptiles and the advanced Triassic groups from which the mammals derive. It has been known for many years that small, fast-moving carnivorous forms were present in the late Permian fauna, but the evidence has been fragmentary. The complete skeleton described in this paper throws new light on these hitherto poorly known genera.
‘This age is the age of associations’: committees, petitions, and the roots of interwar Middle Eastern internationalism
Authors: Arsan Andrew 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis article examines three diasporic campaigns orchestrated by Middle Eastern political entrepreneurs in Paris, New York, and Cairo, in the years bookending the First World War. Mobilizing across borders, their organizers were exemplary denizens of the transnational public sphere created by Ottoman migrants from the 1880s onwards. Exponents of globalism, they regarded the body politic as a diasporic construct unconstrained by territory. Furthermore, they saw the associations that they founded both as instruments of civility capable of reforming society and as practical political vehicles, mouthpieces for the claims that they communicated to the ‘community of nations’ through petitions and telegrams. Such strategies of appeal suggest that many of the features of ‘interwar’ Middle Eastern internationalism emerged not in response to the post-war settlement but in the last decades of Ottoman rule. This article therefore contributes to our understanding of the histories of globalism, the practices and perceptions of public life, and the engagement of non-Western people with international society.
Product Information, Hedonic Evaluation, and Purchase Decision: an Experimental Study of Orange Juice
Authors: Combris Pierre , Lange Christine , Issanchou Sylvie 
Published: June 2012

AbstractTwo randomly sampled groups of subjects were endowed with real budgets and placed in 5 different budget/price situations. In each situation they had to evaluate 6 orange juices and complete a demand table. At the end of the experiment, one demand table was randomly selected and participants had to buy the corresponding products. In one group, participants choose after looking at the packaging in the other they could also taste the products. Results show that participants who chose without tasting, made quicker decisions, selected a larger number of variants and were more influenced by prices than those who could taste the products. Although choices appeared very heterogeneous, most participants exhibit coherent behaviors. (JEL classification: C91, D12)
Protection Against Wine Price Risks: A Real Option Approach
Authors: Viviani Jean-Laurent 
Published: June 2012

AbstractSince the beginning of 2006, the federation of wine producers (Inter-Rhône) offers its members (wine producers of the Rhône Valley) protection against wine price risks giving them the option to sell a portion of their production at €80 per hl, regardless of the prevailing market price. This risk management tool has the general features of an American put option with a strike price of 80 €/hl. Two mechanisms are used to reduce the hedging cost: the introduction of a barrier “up and out”, and the option to force producers to implement a non-optimal exercise strategy. We present two pricing models of this option (with and without barrier) followed by an application using the Inter-Rhône wine price data base. The cost of the first protection mechanism (without barrier) is about €10 per hi (i.e., 13.3 % of the current price) but only about €8 for the second (with barrier) representing 10.7 % of the current price. Beyond its traditional role of protection against price fluctuation, the option may also have a positive impact on price levels by stopping panic movements and strengthening the negotiating power of producers. (JEL Classification: Q14, G32)
Assessing the Reliability of Blind Wine Tasting: Differentiating Levels of Clinical and Statistical Meaningfulness
Authors: Cicchetti Domenic V. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe author distinguishes between the clinical and statistical meaning of varying levels of intertaster reliability for the 11 judges who evaluated 10 Chardonnays (6 American and 4 French) in the heralded 1976 Paris wine competition. Four wines showed levels of weighted kappa values (<0.40), that are considered poor by established biostatistical criteria. These ranged between 0.10, for the French Beaune Clos des Mouches 1973 Chardonnay to 0.33 for the U.S. Veedercrest 1972 Chardonnay. However, when levels of statistical significance of the weighted kappa (Kw) values were obtained, only the Clos des Mouches failed to reach statistical significance at the .05 level. The other three wines-the U.S. Chateau Montelena, 1973, with a Kwof 0.20; the U.S. 1973 David Bruce regular, with a weighted kappa value of .27 and the U.S. Veedercrest, with one of .33-reached statistical significance at p values of <.05, <.001, and <.0001, respectively. These findings are not weighted kappa specific, and reveal that when sample sizes are large enough, even the most trivial of results will be statistically significant, while often devoid of practical or clinical meaning-fulness. A level of Kwthat is clinically meaningful will most likely be statistically significant. But high levels of statistical significance are no guarantee of clinical significance. Methods for resolving this “big N phenomenon” are presented and discussed. (JEL Classification: C12, C49)
Do More Expensive Wines Taste Better? Evidence from a Large Sample of Blind Tastings
Authors: Goldstein Robin , Almenberg Johan , Dreber Anna , Emerson John W. , Herschkowitsch Alexis , Katz Jacob 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIndividuals who are unaware of the price do not derive more enjoyment from more expensive wine. In a sample of more than 6,000 blind tastings, we find that the correlation between price and overall rating is small and negative, suggesting that individuals on average enjoy more expensive wines slightly less. For individuals with wine training, however, we find indications of a non-negative relationship between price and enjoyment. Our results are robust to the inclusion of individual fixed effects, and are not driven by outliers: when omitting the top and bottom deciles of the price distribution, our qualitative results are strengthened, and the statistical significance is improved further. These findings suggest that non-expert wine consumers should not anticipate greater enjoyment of the intrinsic qualities of a wine simply because it is expensive or is appreciated by experts. (JEL Classification: L15, L66, M30, Q13)
Willingness to Pay for Sensory Properties in Washington State Red Wines
Authors: Yang Nan , McCluskey Jill J. , Ross Carolyn 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn this article, we evaluate how sensory qualities of wine, such as astringency, bitterness, aroma, and flavor, affect consumers' willingness to pay for wine. In order to accomplish this objective, we utilize data collected from untrained consumers, a trained panel, and laboratory measurements of tannin intensity. From this data, a consumer-preference model, a consumer-intensity model, a trained-panel model, and an instrumental-measurement model are estimated and compared. Overall, the consumer-preference model is the most accurate in predicting consumers' willingness to pay. As expected, the closer a wine is to a consumer's ideal, the more they are willing to pay. Astringency has a mostly positive effect, and bitterness has a negative effect. Comparing the accuracy of the other models, the instrumental-measurement model is the next best, followed by trained-panel model, and the consumer-intensity model. This suggests that the instrumental measurements can be used as an effective alternative to trained panels. This is important because trained panels may be less practical to use on an ongoing basis. (JEL Classification: Q13, M31)
Estimating the Supply Elasticity of California Wine Grapes Using Regional Systems of Equations
Authors: Volpe Richard , Green Richard , Heien Dale , Howitt Richard 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis article is the first of its kind to estimate econometrically the supply elasticity of California wine grapes. Wine grapes constitute the single largest crop in the state of California in terms of total receipts. Allowing for the dynamic adjustments of quasi-fixed inputs, we estimate simultaneous systems of equations for California's four major wine grape growing regions and eight of the most widely grown varieties. We find that California wine grape production is, on the whole, inelastic with respect to prices received. The variety showing the most price responsiveness is Chardonnay. There appears to be no significant difference in price responsiveness between the coastal and inland growing regions, or between red and white grape varieties. (JEL Classification: Qll, Q13, R14)
The Value of Terroir: Hedonic Estimation of Vineyard Sale Prices
Authors: Cross Robin , Plantinga Andrew J. , Stavins Robert N. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractWe examine the value of terroir, which refers to the special characteristics of a place that impart unique qualities to the wine produced. We do this by conducting a hedonic analysis of vineyard sales in the Willamette Valley of Oregon to ascertain whether site attributes, such as slope, aspect, elevation, and soil types, or designated appellations are more important determinants of price. We find that prices are strongly determined by sub-AVA appellation designations, but not by specific site attributes. These results indicate that the concept of terroir matters economically, although the reality of terroir – as proxied for by locational attributes – is not significant. (JEL Classification: C2, Q11)