bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neodiplostomum (Conodiplostomum) ramachandranisp. n. from Mueller's rat,Rattus muelleriin Malaysia
Authors: Betterton Christine 
Published: June 2009

AbstractNeodiplostomum (Conodiplostomum) ramachandranisp. n. is described fromRattus muelleriin Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia. It is characterised by having symmetrical dumbell-shaped testes, and vitellaria as a single ventral band in the hindbody. The taxonomic relations ofNeodiplostomum,ConodiplostomumandFibricolaare discussed and possible significance of the fluke as an ecological indicator noted.
The distribution of Nematospiroides dubius within the small intestine of laboratory mice
Authors: Lewis J. W. , Bryant V. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAnalyses of primary infections of Nematospiroides dubius in male and female laboratory mice show that on days 4–6 post-infection worms occupy up to 50% of the small intestine but as the age of the infection increases worm populations are highly aggregated in relation to the anterior sections of the small intestine. Individual worms are also shown to be aggregated with respect to each other. Between days 42 and 60 postinfection, although the pattern of distribution of N. dubius along the small intestine does not significantly change, survival of worms is influenced by both age and sex of ASH/CSI S.P.F. mice, reasons for which are discussed in the light of previous work on primary infections of N. dubius in other strains of laboratory mice
The prevalence, relative abundance and site distribution of nematodes of the subfamily Cyathostominae in horses killed in Britain
Authors: Ogbourne Colin P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA total of 21 species of Cyathostominae was found in the lumen of the large intestine of 86 mature horses of various ages and breeds killed in south-west England during 1972–1974. Cylicostephanus longibursatus, C. goldi, C. calicatus, Cyathostomum catinatum, C. coronatum and Cylicocylus nassatus were found in over 80% of the horses, while 12 of the remaining species were detected in less than 30%. Quantitative studies on 55 horses showed the adult cyathostome burdens to rise to a sharp peak (average over 400,000/horse) in April-June and a lower one in November-December. Parallel fluctuations occurred in the lumen populations of 4thstage larvae. The most numerous cyathostomes were generally those species with the highest prevalence. The five most plentiful (C. nassatus, Cyathostomum catinatum, Cylicostephanus longibursatus, C. minutus and C. goldi) comprised over 90% of the total number of adult cyathostomes recovered. The three regions of the large intestine had adult cyathostome faunas of different composition. That of the dorsal colon was dominated by C. longibursatus and C. goldi, the ventral colon by Cylicocyxlus nassatus and Cyathostomum catinatum, while the sparsely inhabited caecum accommodated several equally numerous species. Each species showed a characteristic site distribution, 11 occurring predominantly in the ventral colon, eight in the dorsal colon and two in the caecum. Seasonal changes in the site distributions of C. catinatum and Cylicocyclus nassatus and in the size of the cyathostome burdens are discussed in relation to the epidemiology of cyathostome infections.
Immunisation of baboons againstSchistosoma mansoniusing irradiatedS. mansonicercariae and schistosomula and non-irradiatedS. rodhainicercariae
Authors: Taylor M. G. , James E. R. , Nelson G. S. , Bickle Q. , Andrews B. J. , Dobinson A. R. , Webbe G. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn an attempt to develop a non-pathogenic procedure for immunising baboons againstS. mansoni, groups of five baboons were exposed to three doses of 5000 6 Kr-irradiatedS. mansonicercariae or to similar numbers of normalS. rodhainicercariae and challenged at week 15 with 500 normalS. mansonicercariae. Faecal egg counts, worm and tissue egg counts, and histopathological examination, showed that neither of the immunising schedules had produced significant protection. In the second experiment baboons were injected by the intramuscular route with 31000 schistosomula ofS. mansoniin three doses and the irradiation dose was reduced to near the minimum required for worm sterilisation (2·1–2·4 Kr). Challenge with 3500 normal cercariae ofS. mansoni21 weeks after the first immunising dose again showed no significant protection, although reductions of 20–30% were found, in egg and worm counts resulting from the challenge. These results indicate that it may be difficult to develop an effective live vaccine forS. mansoniunless the antigenicity of the immunising larvae can be greatly increased.
Immunisation of sheep against Schistosoma mattheei using either irradiated cercariae or irradiated schistosomula
Authors: Taylor M. G. , James E. R. , Nelson G. S. , Bickle Q. , Dunne D. W. , Webbe G. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIrradiated cercariae, irradiated schistosomula, or hcterologous infections were used to vaccinate sheep against Schistosoma mattheei infection. In the first experiment four doses of I04 S. mattheei cercariae irradiated at 6Kr were administered to sheep by percutaneous infection at 4 week intervals. This induced a 74% reduction in a challenge infection compared to control sheep while only 13% protection was achieved in a third group of sheep immunised with normal cercariae of the heterologous parasite S. mansoni. No significant differences were seen in histopathology of the liver of any of the sheep but the pathological changes were more severe in the large and small intestines of sheep vaccinated with the heterologous parasite. In the second experiment with irradiated cercariae only one or two immunising exposures were used. The degree of protection in the adult worm load (9–11%) was not significant and no significant differences were noticed in the pathology of the vaccinated and control animals. In the third experiment four doses of irradiated organisms were used to vaccinate five groups of sheep: 3Kr or 6Kr cercariae were administered by percutaneous infection; 6Kr skin-transformed scbistosomula were administered by intramuscular injection; the same 6Kr skin-transformed schistosomula were given by intravenous injection and 6Kr syringe transformed schistosomula were administered by intramuscular injection. The degree of protection (determined as the reduction in worm burden) achieved by these different procedures was respectively 72%, 61%, 77%, 56% and 78%. These results indicate the possibility of making a live vaccine against ovine schistosomiasis and show that effective immunisation is not dependent on the presence of a mature worm infection or on cercarial penetration of the skin by the immunising infection.
Comparison of the Bell technique, a modified Kato thick smear technique, and a digestion method for the field diagnosis of schistosomiasis mansoni
Authors: Teesdale C. H. , Amin M. A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA modification of the Kato thick smear technique, the Bell filtration technique, and a digestion method were investigated to determine the relative merits of each for the detection of schistosome eggs in human faecal samples. The modified Kato technique was the method of choice because it was sensitive, simple to perform, and suitable for field use. The Bell filtration technique was equally sensitive in detecting light infections, but was more tedious and more complicated to perform than the thick smear technique.
Kinetics of classes and sub-classes of total immunoglobulins and specific antibodies toSchistosoma mansoniduring murine infection
Authors: Bout D. , Rousseaux R. , Carlier Y. , Capron A. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryDuring the course ofSchistosoma mansonimurine infection there is a dramatic increase of some immunoglobulins andS. mansoni-specinc antibodies. The most substantial response is initiated after 40 days of infection and results in a prolonged increase of total IgG1; IgM and IgA. The maximum increase is respectively 26, 14 and 3-fold the basic immunoglobulin level in control mice. Some anti-S. mansoniclasses and sub-classes were studied by an original radio-immunoadsorbent test. Anti-S. mansoniIgG1and IgM antibodies appear and increase at the same time as that of total IgG1and IgM. Anti-S. mansoniIgA antibodies appear later (80th day) and correspond to a second peak of total IgA.
Antigenic variation inTrypanosoma vivax: isolation of a serodeme
Authors: Barry J. D. , Gathuo H. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryStudies of antigenic variation inTrypanosoma vivaxhave been hindered by its low infectivity to laboratory hosts and difficulties in obtaining defined cloned populations. The recent isolation of mouse-infectiveT. vivaxhas partially overcome the first problem. We have developed a highly efficient cloning technique which has been applied to the isolation of a collection of 71 clones, representing 31 distinct variable antigen types, of mouse-infectiveT. vivaxfrom Nigeria. This serodeme showed no cross-reaction with severalT. brucei-group serodemes, but some cross-reaction with naturally occurring KenyanT. vivax.
Growth and moulting in nematodes: moulting and development of the hatched larva of Rotylenchulus reniformis
Authors: Bird A. F. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe morphology of the post-hatch moulting and developmental sequence of an amphimictic population of Rotylenchulus reniformis has been examined in living and fixed material. Under suitable conditions of temperature and in a moist environment the 2nd-stage larva (L2) undergoes a series of 3 moults and developmental changes which result in the formation of males and immature females. After hatching and prior to the start of the first of these moults (the second moult), there is a pre-moult period, usually of 3–5 days duration. The morphology of the entire moulting and developmental sequences, from L2 to just after the final moult, has been followed in single living specimens of a parasitic nematode using differential interference contrast optics, and sections cut through different stages have been observed under the transmission electron microscope. These moulting sequences (at 24 °C) take place at similar times in developing males and females. The second moult takes place on the second day after commencement of moulting, the third on the third or fourth days and the fourth and final moult on the sixth or seventh days, followed by further development over several days to give rise to the adult male and the immature female. The ultrastructure associated with some of the more obvious of these developmental changes is described and includes the morphology of the head region and cuticles of L2, L4, adult males and immature females, the oesophageal glands of the immature female and the copulatory spicules and spermatozoa of the male.
The population dynamics of Gyrodactylus bullatarudis (Monogenea) within laboratory populations of the fish host Poecilia reticulata
Authors: Scott Marilyn E. , Anderson R. M. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryExperiments were undertaken to investigate the factors which influence the transmission dynamics of Gyrodactylus bullatarudis within populations of laboratory guppies. The parasites possess a number of biological attributes which are almost unique amongst helminth parasites of vertebrates. These include the ability to reproduce viviparously and directly on the surface of the host, the ability to survive death of the host (for a short period of time) and the ability to transfer between hosts (despite the absence of a specialized transmission stage in the parasite's life-cycle). Long-term laboratory experiments demonstrated the inability of the parasite to persist within populations of the host in the absence of the continual introduction of naive susceptible fish. With regular addition of susceptible fish, the parasite population exhibited recurrent epidemic behaviour. The magnitudes of the epidemics and the time interval between them, were dependent on the rate at which fish were added to the populations. The parasite was over-dispersed in its distribution within the experimental fish populations and was a significant cause of host mortality (in a manner related to parasite burden). The experimental results suggest that acquired resistance to infection is an important factor determining epidemic behaviour.
The practicality and sustainability of vaccination as an approach to parasite control
Authors: Bundy D. A. P. , Chan M. S. , Guyatt H. L. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe development of a successful vaccine depends not only on the production of the vaccine itself, but also on the design of the vaccination programme. This involves a better understanding of the epidemiology of the disease to be controlled, the delivery system to be used and the costs involved. This review focuses on current understanding of parasite population dynamics and epidemiology, and on the logistic experience gained from immunization programmes using existing viral and bacterial vaccines. The feasibility and sustainability of any new vaccine would greatly benefit from research into epidemiology and health systems which are conducted in parallel, rather than sequential to, vaccine development.
Amoeba chironomi, nov. sp., Parasitic in the Alimentary Tract of the Larva of a Chironomus
Authors: Porter Annie 
Published: June 2009

Amoeba chironomi, nov. sp., is distributed through practically the entire length of the digestive tract of the larva of Chironomus.The body of A. chironomi varies from 15μ, to 18μ in length and from 10μ. to 12μ in breadth. The single pseudopodium may reach 15μ in length; one pseudopodium only is usually present.Ectoplasm and endoplasm are well differentiated. A nucleus and a contractile vacuole are present. Food vacuoles are rare. The contractile vacuole resembles an iris diaphragm, consisting of a series of fine, curved, radiating canaliculi, opening into a central space. The excretory products are faintly reddish in colour. The presence of a contractile vacuole is uncommon in parasitic Amoebae.The nucleus is poor in chromatin. A nucleolus is present.A. chironomi is highly sensitive to the degree of concentration of the medium in which it lives. Very slight increase in density causes the organism to encyst.Encystment occurs in the rectum of the host, and the cysts are voided with the faeces. The cysts are from 12μ. to 20μ long and from 9μ broad. The process of encystment is rapid.The method of cross-infection of the host is probably a “casual” one, viz. by the mouth.
The Regional Distribution of Fleas on Rodents
Authors: McCoy George W. , Mitzmain Maurice B. 
Published: June 2009

It would appear from the data presented that the favourite location for the common rat fleas of this vicinity, Ceratophyllus fasciatus, Bosc., and Loemopsylla cheopis, Roth., is about the hind quarters of the rat, while Ctenopsyllus musculi (Dugès), Wagner, prefers the region of the head and neck.The same regional distribution of rat fleas was found in the case of the guinea-pigs.Squirrel fleas are most numerous on the hind quarters.These observations, while they are not to be insisted upon as throwing any special light upon the regional distribution of buboes in naturally infected plague rats, are of particular interest in showing the very constant preference of Ct. musculi for the region of the head and neck.In regard to the other species of fleas it should be borne in mind that the skin areas are not of equal dimensions; that of the head and neck being smallest; that of the hind quarters being the largest; and the skin area of the fore quarters being between these in size.
The Division and Post-fission Movements of Bacilli when Grown on Solid Media
Authors: Graham-Smith G. S. 
Published: June 2009

1. All the bacilli hitherto investigated, when growing on the surface or in the depth of agar, exhibit “post-fission” movements after division.2. Four types of post-fission movement have been noticed, which may be termed “loop-forming,” “folding,” “snapping” and “slipping.”3. These types of post-fission movement seem to depend on the strength, adherence and mode of rupture of the capsule. In the “loop-forming” group the capsule is very strong and adherent and is very seldom ruptured. In the “folding” group the portion of the capsule uniting the adjacent bacilli in the chain is long and flexible. In the “snapping-group” the capsule seems to undergo partial rupture at the time of division, and in the “slipping” group it is completely ruptured.4. “Loop-forming” post-fission movements are shown by B. anthracis, “folding” by B. pestis and certain organisms morphologically resembling B. anthracis, “snapping” by all diphtheroid organisms and “slipping” by organisms belonging to the typhoid-enteritidis-colon group, vibrios, the butter bacillus (Rabinowitch), B. pyocyaneus, B. fiuorescens, B. subtilis and allied organisms and many non-pathogenic species.5. The characters of the colonies formed by organisms exhibiting loop-forming, folding and snapping post-fission movements are not markedly altered by the condition of medium under ordinary conditions of cultivation. When thickly sown on moist agar continuous growths are formed by all of them, but the edges of these growths resemble the edges of the separate colonies. All organisms exhibiting slipping post-fission movements form films on moist agar. Under unsuitable conditions for film formation the larger and stronger members produce either colonies with radiating processes on moderately moist agar, or rounded colonies on dry agar. The smaller, weaker, and slower growing members produce colonies which to the naked eye appear more or less rounded.
On the adaptation of ticks to the habits of their hosts
Authors: Nuttall George H. F. 
Published: June 2009

A consideration of the facts presented in the foregoing pages appears to warrant certain conclusions which must, however, be regarded in part as provisional and subject to revision when our knowledge of the various species of ticks has become more extended. The views here expressed may prove of practical use in the study of the Ixodidae.The Argasidae represent the relatively primitive type of ticks because they are less constantly parasitic than are the Ixodidae. Their nymphs and adults are rapid feeders and chiefly infest the habitat of their hosts. In certain Argasidae (O. moubata and O. savignyi) the disadvantage of their possessing an “active” larval stage has resulted in the development of an “inactive” larva, i.e. the young nymph being the first to suck blood. In O. megnini we have a considerable adaptation brought about by the difficulty there must be in the tick entering the small aperture of the ear more than once. Owing to the Argasidae infesting the habitats of their hosts, their resistance to prolonged starvation and their rapid feeding habits, they do not need to bring forth a large progeny, because there is less loss of life in the various stages, as compared to Ixodidae, prior to their attaining maturity.The Ixodidae are more highly specialized parasites than the preceding. The majority are parasitic on hosts having no fixed habitat and consequently all stages, as a rule, occur upon the host. In the genus Ixodes we find an adaptation of certain species according to the habits of the hosts upon which they are parasitic. In the species which usually occur upon wandering hosts both sexes are found upon the host, whereas in other species which occur on hosts possessing more or less fixed habitats the males are rarely or never found upon the host. The males of species of Ixodes, both sexes of which occur upon the host, are characterized, as a rule, by the possession of hypostomes with prominent teeth, the reverse being the case in forms wherein the males do not occur upon the host. Where species occur upon a wandering host it is essential, for their propagation in nature, that both sexes should be carried about upon the host.
On the life-cycle of Spirochaetagallinarum
Authors: Hindle E. 
Published: June 2009

The life-cycle of S. gallinarum may be briefly summarised as follows:Commencing with the ordinary parasite in the blood of the fowl, the spirochaete grows until it reaches a certain length (16 μ–19 μ) and then divides by the peculiar mode of transverse division described above. This process is repeated and is probably the only method of multiplication of the parasite within the blood. When the spirochaetes disappear from the circulation some of them break up into coccoid bodies which, however, do not usually redevelop in the fowl. When the spirochaetes are ingested by Argas persicus, some of them pass through the gut wall into the coelomic fluid. From this medium they bore their way into the cells of the various organs of the tick and there break up into a number of coccoid bodies. These intracellular forms multiply by ordinary fission in the cells of the Malpighian tubules and gonads. Some of the coccoid bodies are formed in the lumen of the gut and Malpighian tubules. The result is that some of the coccoid bodies may be present in the Malpighian secretion and excrement of an infected tick and when mixed with the coxal fluid may gain entry into another fowl by the open wound caused by the tick's bite. They then elongate and redevelop into ordinary spirochaetes in the blood of the fowl, and the cycle may be repeated.
On Crepidostomum farionis O. F. Müll. (= Stephanophiala laureata Zeder), a Distome Parasite of the Trout and Grayling. I. The Life History
Authors: Brown F. J. 
Published: June 2009

1. Crepidostomum farionis inhabits the gall bladder, as well as the intestine and pyloric caeca, of the trout and grayling.2. The life history of Crepidostomum farionis has been worked out and is based on the similarity of organisation of the cercaria, encysted larval trematode and the adult.3. The first intermediate hosts in the life history of this trematode are Pisidium amnicum (Müll.) and Sphaerium corneum (L.) though the latter is unusual.4. The second intermediate host is the larva of the mayfly, Ephemera danica (Müll.).5. There are two generations of rediae, the first gives rise to daughter rediae, which in turn produce cercariae.6. The rediae are characterised by the absence of ambulatory processes and a functional intestine.7. The cercaria (n.sp.) possesses “eye spots,” stylet and gland cells (salivary?), and the excretory vesicle is tube-shaped.8. The excretory system of the redia and the cercaria has been worked out in detail.9. The relation of the parasites to their respective hosts is discussed. On account of the need for further observations definite conclusions are held over for a later paper.
On the Morphology and Life history of a Myxosporidian, Leptotheca ohlmacheri, parasitic in Rana clamitans and R. pipiens
Authors: Kudo R. 
Published: June 2009

1. Rana clamitans of New York and R. pipiens from the middle part of the United States, were found to be infected by a Myxosporidian, apparently identical with Leptotheca ohlmacheri (Gurley) Labbé, found by Ohlmacher in the kidney of Bufo lentiginosus.2. The Myxosporidian was found only in the space between Bowman's capsule and the glomerulus of the Malpighian body and in the uriniferous tubules of the kidneys of the host, no other organ being infected.3. The mature spore contains two independent uninucleate sporoplasms which fuse into one prior to the germination in the posterior region of the stomach or duodenum of a new host.4. The germination of the spore was observed in hanging drop preparations with the digestive fluid.5. The youngest stage found in the lumen of the tubule of the kidney, was the uninucleate form.6. The trophozoites multiply actively by a process of gemmation and probably also by a schizogony of the uninucleate forms.7. The trophozoites are, as a rule, disporous and the spores develop independently of each other.8. The vegetative nucleus persists throughout the entire trophic life of the individual.9. The Myxosporidian does not exercise any fatal effect upon the host.10. Infection takes place through the mouth. The liberated binucleate amoebulae probably penetrate through the wall of the small intestine, reach the coelom and are carried to the uriniferous tubules through the nephrostomes or blood vessels.