bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of different forms of exercise on post inhibitory rebound and unwanted behaviour in stabled horses
Authors: FREIRE R. , BUCKLEY P. , COOPER J. J. 
Published: April 2009

Summary Reasons for performing study: It is unknown if different locomotor activities are equally effective at meeting the stabled horse's need for exercise and if they attenuate unwanted behaviour. Hypothesis: Alternative forms of exercise influence the intensity of locomotor activities during a period of turn‐out (the so‐called rebound effect) and the occurrence of unwanted or undesirable activities during standard handling situations. Method: Twenty‐four horses kept in stables were randomly assigned to one of 4 exercise regimes (walker, treadmill, turn‐out and riding) for 4 consecutive days. Because these forms of exercise provide additional environmental stimulation, beyond that provided by exercise, each horse served as its own control in 4 corresponding (no exercise) control treatments presented in a balanced order. Unwanted behaviour was tested by taking horses to weighing scales and loading and unloading them onto a 4‐horse float by an experienced handler and the rebound effect was tested by releasing them into a large arena for a period of 15 min at the end of the exercise and control treatments. Results: Locomotor activities made up a large part of behaviour in the large arena following control treatments and all exercise regimes were sufficient to reduce the intensity of walking (P<0.05), trotting (P<0.01) and cantering (P<0.001) on release into a large arena. Exercise regime reduced the number of bucks (P<0.01) and rolling (P<0.05) during rebound tests suggesting that turn‐out was having a stronger effect than the other 3 exercise regimes. Exercise regimes significantly reduced the amount of unwanted behaviour and the number of commands given by the handler during weighing (P<0.05) but had no effect on these behaviours during loading onto a float. Conclusion: Providing stabled horses with one hour/day of exercise on a walker, treadmill, turn‐out or by being ridden are all effective at allowing expression of locomotor activities in stabled horses. Potential relevance: Providing stabled horses with regular exercise is likely to provide positive effects on horse welfare, training ability and handler safety.
Resection cystoplasty of a squamous cell carcinoma in a mare
Authors: Serena A. , Naranjo C. , Koch C. , Darien B. J. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryA 22‐year‐old Arabian mare was examined for evaluation of haematuria of 2 months' duration. Complete blood cell count and chemistry revealed anaemia of chronic disease (i.e. normocytic, normochromic) and hypoproteinaemia. Cystoscopy revealed a haemorrhagic mass protruding into the lumen of the urinary bladder in the apical region. The mass was surgically removed by partial cystectomy performed through a caudal ventral midline laparotomy. Histological examination of the mass confirmed the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma. Tumours of the equine urinary bladder are rare, and when a partial cystectomy is indicated, a caudal ventral midline laparotomy may provide adequate surgical exposure even in adult horses.
Standing laparoscopic repair of a ruptured urinary bladder in a mature draught horse
Authors: Tuohy J. L. , Hendrickson D. A. , Hendrix S. M. , Bohanon T. C. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryRupture of the urinary bladder, although relatively common in foals, is an infrequent occurrence in adult stallions. Standing laparoscopic repair of a ruptured urinary bladder offers significant advantages over other treatment options, and to date, there are no reports describing this technique in treating adult stallions. This case study details the treatment of a mature draught horse for uroperitoneum secondary to a ruptured urinary bladder. Standing laparoscopic repair of the ruptured bladder was performed. No major post operative complications developed, and the horse has not had any recurrence of problems with the urinary bladder. Successful standing laparoscopic repair in this horse demonstrated the method's viability, which offers superior intraoperative visualisation and access to the bladder, while eliminating the risks of general anaesthesia.
Posterior lens luxation with associated glaucoma in a pony
Authors: McCluskie L. K. , Woodford N. S. , Carter W. J. 
Published: April 2009

SummarySecondary lens luxation is an infrequent consequence of equine recurrent uveitis (ERU). This Case Report describes a pony with posterior lens luxation with associated glaucoma, thought to be secondary to ERU.
Current Trends in German Foreign Policy Analysis: A Farewell to Old Ideals?
Authors: Crueger Hans-Christian 
Published: April 2009

Siegmar Schmidt, Gunther Hellmann and Reinhard Wolf, eds., Handbuch zur deutschen Außenpolitik (Wiesbaden: VS Verlag, 2007)Thomas Jäger, Alexander Höse and Kai Oppermann, eds., Deutsche Außenpolitik. Sicherheit, Wohlfahrt, Institutionen und Normen (Wiesbaden: VS Verlag, 2007)Gunther Hellmann, Deutsche Außenpolitik. Eine Einführung (Wiesbaden: VS Verlag, 2006)Wilfried von Bredow, Die Außenpolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Eine Einführung (Wiesbaden: VS Verlag, 2006)
Overview of the Physical State of Proteins Within Cells
Authors: Petty Howard R. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractProteins, the end product of gene expression, play a pivotal role in cellular structure and function. To understand how proteins work it is necessary to understand their physical state within the cell. This unit reviews the classification of proteins, how that is related to the hydropathicity of the protein, other factors that affect the heterogeneity of proteins, protein assemblies, methods for altering the solubility of proteins, and limitations of in vitro manipulations of proteins.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Metalated Cyclobutyl Derivatives
Authors: Tsoglin Einav , Chechik Helena , Karseboom Guy , Chinkov Nicka , Stanger Amnon , Marek Ilan 
Published: April 2009

Abstractmagnified imageTreatment of Z‐vinyl carbamates with dicyclopentadienyl(diethyl)zirconium [Et2ZrCp2] leads to cyclobutyl‐zirconocene derivatives in good yields and as a unique diastereoisomer. The reaction proceeds through a carbometalative ring‐expansion followed by an intramolecular migratory insertion.
Supply chain risk identification using a HAZOP‐based approach
Authors: Adhitya Arief , Srinivasan Rajagopalan , Karimi Iftekhar A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractRisk management has become imperative for today's complex supply chains. Most approaches reported in the literature have been ad‐hoc and specific to certain risks; a general and comprehensive approach is lacking. To address this, we present a structured methodology for risk identification. Supply chain networks are in many ways similar to chemical plants, therefore well‐established methods and concepts from chemical process risk management can be adapted to supply chains. Drawing from this analogy, we propose to represent supply chain structure and operations using flow and work‐flow diagrams, equivalent to process flow diagrams (PFDs) and operating procedures. Following the HAZard and OPerability (HAZOP) analysis method common in process safety, risk identification can be performed by systematically generating deviations in different supply chain parameters and identifying their possible causes, consequences, safeguards, and mitigating actions. The application and benefits of the proposed approach are demonstrated using a refinery supply chain case study. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
The grandmaternal niche: Critical caretaking among Martu Aborigines
Authors: Scelza Brooke A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis paper expands upon the existing literature on the evolutionary importance of grandmothers by examining how direct care by grandmothers differs from care provided by other helpers within a population of Martu Aborigines. Behavioral observations were collected on ten babies who ranged from 3 months to 3 years of age. The results show that Martu grandmothers were in contact with their grandchildren more than any person other than the mother, and they were also more likely than any other category of caregiver to perform high‐demand tasks, such as bathing or feeding. These results suggest that Martu grandmothers are specializing in the type of care they provide and posits that high‐quality allocare is an important pathway to increased health and survival of grandchildren. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Platinum(II)‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Cyclization of o‐Substituted Aryl Alkynes through sp3 CH Activation
Authors: Yang Shangdong , Li Zigang , Jian Xing , He Chuan 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn‐den Ring: PtCl2 katalysiert die Cyclisierung von o‐Isopropyl‐ und o‐Benzylarylalkinen zu Indenderivaten, die in guten Ausbeuten und mit hohen Selektivitäten entstehen. Der Reaktionsmechanismus scheint eine sp3‐C‐H‐Aktivierung und eine 1,4‐Wasserstoffwanderung einzuschließen (siehe Schema).magnified image
Highly Selective Catalytic Conversion of Phenolic Bio‐Oil to Alkanes
Authors: Zhao Chen , Kou Yuan , Lemonidou Angeliki A. , Li Xuebing , Lercher Johannes A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractÖl und Wasser: Eine neue energieeffiziente und atomökonomische katalytische Produktion von Alkanen und Methanol durch Veredelung der phenolischen Fraktion von Bioöl wird vorgestellt. Der in wässriger Phase durchgeführte Eintopf‐Hydrodesoxygenierungsprozess nutzt zwei Katalysatoren, was die Teilreaktionen Hydrierung, Hydrolyse und Dehydratisierung erleichtert.magnified image
Structural Tracking of a Bimolecular Reaction in Solution by Time‐Resolved X‐Ray Scattering
Authors: Haldrup Kristoffer , Christensen Morten , Cammarata Marco , Kong Qingyu , Wulff Michael , Mariager Simon O. , Bechgaard Klaus , Feidenhans'l Robert , Harrit Niels , Nielsen Martin M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMolekülfilm: Zeitauflösende Röntgenbeugungsstudien lieferten direkte Informationen über die Struktur eines elektronisch angeregten Komplexes während seiner Bildung in der bimolekularen Reaktion zwischen angeregten Octawasserstoff[tetrakis‐μ‐diphosphito‐1κP:2κP′‐diplatinat](4‐)‐Ionen (PtPOP*) und Thalliumionen. Im Exciplex sind ein Thallium(I)‐ und zwei Platin(II)‐Ionen kollinear.magnified image
Innentitelbild: Challenging the Metallocene Dominance in Actinide Chemistry with a Soft PNP Pincer Ligand: New Uranium Structures and Reactivity Patterns (Angew. Chem. 20/2009)
Authors: Cantat Thibault , Graves Christopher R. , Scott Brian L. , Kiplinger Jaqueline L. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractEin stehender Eisberg versinnbildlicht, wie der weiche PNP‐Pinzettenligand, den J. L. Kiplinger et al. in der Zuschrift auf S. 3735 ff. beschreiben, die Vorherrschaft der Metallocene (als Schiff) in der Actinoidenchemie herausfordert. Der Ersatz von C5Me5 durch den PNP‐Liganden ist eine exzellente Strategie, um neue Reaktionsweisen und neue Actinoidstrukturen zu erzeugen. Die besonderen elektronischen und sterischen Eigenschaften des PNP‐Liganden schaffen Zugang zu Strukturen, die mit dem C5Me5‐Ligandensatz nicht erhältlich sind und die für Urankomplexe bisher nie beschrieben wurden. (Wir danken Anthony Mancinco für die Graphikgestaltung.)magnified image
Solution‐Based Evolution and Enhanced Methanol Oxidation Activity of Monodisperse Platinum–Copper Nanocubes
Authors: Xu Dan , Liu Zhaoping , Yang Hongzhou , Liu Qingsheng , Zhang Jun , Fang Jiye , Zou Shouzhong , Sun Kai 
Published: April 2009

AbstractShape‐controlled catalysis: High‐quality Pt–Cu nanocubes with an average size of about 8 nm (see picture, scale bar=20 nm) were synthesized from a high‐temperature organic solution system in the presence of various capping ligands. These cubic Pt–Cu nanocrystals terminated with {100} facets demonstrated a superior catalytic activity towards methanol oxidation compared to similar sized Pt–Cu and Pt nanospheres.magnified image
Toroidal Micelles of Uniform Size from Diblock Copolymers
Authors: Huang Haiying , Chung Bonghoon , Jung Jueun , Park Hae‐Woong , Chang Taihyun 
Published: April 2009

AbstractUniform nanodonuts: Stable toroidal micelles that have a highly uniform size and shape spontaneously self‐assemble from a selective THF/ethanol solvent mixture (see 3D AFM image). The donut‐shaped micelles can be used as a template to grow gold nanoparticles, which form along the ring surface.magnified image
Synthesis of β,γ‐Unsaturated Acids from Allenes and Carbon Dioxide
Authors: North Michael 
Published: April 2009

AbstractHidden talent: Often perceived to be too thermodynamically and kinetically inert to be a useful chemical feedstock, carbon dioxide adds to allenes under exceptionally mild reductive conditions in the presence of a palladium pincer complex to give β,γ‐unsaturated carboxylic acids (see scheme). This transformation is discussed in the context of the requirements for CO2 fixation. DMF=N,N‐dimethylformamide, Tf=trifluoromethanesulfonyl.magnified image
A Hydride‐Rich Magnesium Cluster
Authors: Arrowsmith Merle , Hill Michael S. , MacDougall Dugald J. , Mahon Mary F. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractHigh‐de‐hydride! A straightforward reaction between a magnesium silylamido/N‐heterocyclic carbene adduct and phenylsilane provides a {Mg4H6} cluster molecule that may be regarded as a combination of two magnesium dihydride and two magnesium monohydride moieties.magnified image
Cover Picture: Nanoscale Chemical Imaging of the Reduction Behavior of a Single Catalyst Particle (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 20/2009)
Authors: de Smit Emiel , Swart Ingmar , Creemer J. Fredrik , Karunakaran Chithra , Bertwistle Drew , Zandbergen Henny W. , de Groot Frank M. F. , Weckhuysen Bert M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIron‐based catalysts for the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis bring about the conversion of synthesis gas (CO/H2) derived from coal or biomass into liquid transportation fuels. In their Communication on page 3632 ff., B. M. Weckhuysen, F. M. F. de Groot, and co‐workers provide insights into the difference in behavior of the catalyst precursors during pretreatment in H2 on both the nanoscopic and the bulk scale. These findings enable further understanding of how the activated catalyst works.magnified image
Broadband dielectric spectroscopy on the molecular dynamics in different generations of hyperbranched polyester
Authors: Turky Gamal , Shaaban Shereen S. , Schöenhals Andreas 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDielectric spectroscopy (10−2 Hz to 106 Hz) was employed to investigate the molecular dynamics of hyperbranched polyesters where the number of the generation is systematically varied from 2 to 5. As a first result, the dielectric properties depends strongly on the generation of the hyperbranched polymers. For higher generations (3 to 5) at temperatures below Tg two relaxation processes are observed, a γ‐process at lower temperatures and a β‐process at higher ones. The apparent activation energies are around 100 kJ/mol which seems to be too high for truly localized processes. For the Generation 2, only the γ‐process is observed. For all investigated polymers the dielectric α‐relaxation could not be observed because of strong conductivity effects. Therefore, the conductivity is systematically analyzed which obeys the peculiarities found to be characteristic for semiconducting disordered materials. Especially, the Barton/Nakajima/Namikawa relationship is found to be valid. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Selective particle distribution and mechanical properties of nano‐CaCO3/ethylene‐propylene‐diene terpolymer/polypropylene composites with high content of nano‐CaCO3
Authors: Wang Xu , Xu Ke‐Jie , Xu Xiang‐Bin , Park Soo‐Jin , Kim Seok 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTernary composite of nano‐CaCO3/ethylene‐propylene‐diene terpolymer (EPDM)/polypropylene (PP) with high content of nano‐CaCO3 was prepared by two step compounding route, in which EPDM and nano‐CaCO3 were mixed first, and then melt compounding with PP matrix. The influence of mixing time during the second compounding on distribution of nano‐CaCO3 particles and the impact strength of the ternary composite have been investigated. It was found that the Izod impact strength of composite decreased with increasing mixing time. The observation of transmission electron microscopy obviously showed that nano‐CaCO3 particles transported from EPDM to PP matrix firstly and then from PP to the vicinity of EPDM dispersed phase with the increase of mixing time. This phenomenon can be well explained by the minimization of the dissipative energy and the Young's equation. The scanning electron microscope images show that lots of nano fibrils exist at the interface between nano‐CaCO3 agglomerates and matrix, which can dissipate lots of energy. The toughening mechanism has been interpreted in terms of three‐stage‐mechanism: stress concentration, void and shear band formation, and induced shear yielding. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Investigation of the postcure reaction and surface energy of epoxy resins using time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and contact‐angle measurements
Authors: Awaja Firas , Gilbert Michael , Fox Bronwyn , Kelly Georgina , Pigram Paul J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTime‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) was used to investigate correlations between the molecular changes and postcuring reaction on the surface of a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol F based epoxy resin cured with two different amine‐based hardeners. The aim of this work was to present a proof of concept that ToF‐SIMS has the ability to provide information regarding the reaction steps, path, and mechanism for organic reactions in general and for epoxy resin curing and postcuring reactions in particular. Contact‐angle measurements were taken for the cured and postcured epoxy resins to correlate changes in the surface energy with the molecular structure of the surface. Principal components analysis (PCA) of the ToF‐SIMS positive spectra explained the variance in the molecular information, which was related to the resin curing and postcuring reactions with different hardeners and to the surface energy values. The first principal component captured information related to the chemical phenomena of the curing reaction path, branching, and network density based on changes in the relative ion density of the aliphatic hydrocarbon and the C7H7O+ positive ions. The second principal component captured information related to the difference in the surface energy, which was correlated to the difference in the relative intensity of the CxHyNz+ ions of the samples. PCA of the negative spectra provided insight into the extent of consumption of the hardener molecules in the curing and postcuring reactions of both systems based on the relative ion intensity of the nitrogen‐containing negative ions and showed molecular correlations with the sample surface energy. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Influence of the molecular weight of chitosan on the spinnability of chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) blend nanofibers
Authors: Homayoni Homa , Ravandi Seyed Abdolkarim Hosseini , Valizadeh Masoumeh 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe electrospinning of the biopolymer chitosan (CS) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was investigated with 90% acetic acid as the solvent and with different CS/PVA ratios. The long chains of high‐molecular‐weight CS prevented it from forming nanofibers in a high‐voltage field. The treatment of CS under high‐temperature alkali conditions reduced its molecular weight exponentially with the treatment time and caused a reduction of the viscosity consequently. PVA, acting as a plasticizer and accompanied by the alkali‐treated CS of lower viscosity, made the electrospinning of CS/PVA blends possible. The effects of the duration of the alkali treatment on the molecular weight of CS and its viscosity were investigated and optimized. The diameter of the bicomponent nanofiber decreased proportionally with the increase in the CS portion, whereas the surface porosity increased inversely. Fourier transform infrared studies illustrated that the alkali treatment or blending of CS with PVA had no effect on its chemical nature. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Potentiometric studies on the interaction between superoxide dismutase and hyaluronic acid
Authors: Fan Yaofeng , Wang Yinong , Fan Yunge , Ma Jianbiao 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe formation process of soluble complexes and insoluble aggregates between superoxide dismutase (SOD) and hyaluronic acid (HA) was studied using quasielastic light scattering and turbidimetric titration. The electrostatic binding between them was investigated in detail through potentiometric titration and turbidimetric titration carried out from high to low pH. Turbidimetric titration was used to determine the specific pH values at which soluble complex formation was initiated (pHc) and phase separation occurred (pHϕ). An increase of the ionic strength causes a decrease of pHc and pHϕ. With the increase of HA concentrations, pHϕ increases but pHc does not vary. The formed “salt bridges” between
$-{\rm NH_3^+}$
(SOD) and COO− (HA) result in the formation of stable SOD‐HA complexes and even aggregates. The necessary condition of electrostatic binding was also given for protein‐acidic polyelectrolyte systems. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Using isoconversional kinetic analysis of liquid melamine–formaldehyde resin curing to predict laminate surface properties
Authors: Kandelbauer A. , Wuzella G. , Mahendran A. , Taudes I. , Widsten P. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe curing kinetics of a liquid melamine–formaldehyde impregnation resin were analyzed with differential scanning calorimetry, and the conversion‐dependent activation energy for melamine–formaldehyde curing was estimated with the isoconversional model‐free kinetic approach developed by Vyazovkin. The conversion‐dependent activation energy was used to extend the predictive power of a response surface model describing the influence of some processing factors (press time and resin composition) in the manufacturing of particleboards coated with melamine–formaldehyde‐impregnated papers. By substituting the factor “press time” in an RSM established for a press temperature of 170 °C by the factor “conversion” which is accessible from thermo‐chemical analysis, additional information on temperature was incorporated into the model. Model applicability for additional temperatures was evaluated with 12 validation experiments. Although chemical resistance was difficult to model, cleanability was sufficiently well described by only one factor (conversion). Surface gloss depended on both the conversion and catalyst amount and was predicted by a two‐factor interaction model (R2 = 0.95). This study demonstrates that parameters derived from the isoconversional kinetic analysis of liquid resins not only are theoretical descriptors but also have direct practical relevance in the modeling of product properties derived from these liquid resins when used to supplement technological databases. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009