bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Passively and actively acquired antibodies forTrichomonas foetusin very young calves
Authors: Kerr W. R. , Robertson Muriel 
Published: May 2009

1. The normal agglutinin (n.a.) forTrichomonas foetusfound in all normal adult cattle has a titre of 1:48 to 1:96. N.a. appears to be specific forT. foetusand cannot be absorbed by other flagellates such asT. vaginalisor even completely by the heterologous serological variety ofT. foetusitself. The n.a. appears to be a native constituent of the serum and not to be induced by an exogenous antigen.2. The n.a. passes into the serum of the calf from the maternal colostrum during the first 24 hr. of life. The elimination of the passive n.a. and the development of the autogenous newly formed n.a. in the calf are traced. The passive n.a. disappeared from the 17th to the 55th day and the autogenous n.a. began to appear as a rule from the 35th to the 60th day and was fully established by the 63rd to the 113th day.3. The elimination of the maternal, induced antibody acquired passively from the colostrum took place logarithmically. The rate measured by the half-life ranged from 14 to 20 days, but in one animal which took a very large amount of colostrum it was 57 days.4. The intramuscular injection ofT. foetusantigen into very young calves up to 4 weeks old induced no antibody. When the doses were relatively small the animal produced antibody to antigen given at a later period. When a very large amount was injected in this early period the subsequent capacity to respond to the same antigen but not to other antigens was seriously impaired.The personal encouragement of Prof. H. G. Lamont and the support afforded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Northern Ireland, are gratefully acknowledged.
Scottish cancer mortality: a comparison of urban and rural rates for various tumour locations, 1931–7, and a survey of recent trends
Authors: Barclay R. S. , Kermack W. O. 
Published: May 2009

1. In order to obtain evidence as to what extent the urban excess in cancer mortality is real, an analysis has been made, in respect of both location of tumour and geographical region, of the cancer mortality statistics for Scotland, 1931–7 inclusive.2. Of the various locations, the greatest urban excess is shown by cancer of the respiratory tract; this is considered to be largely, though probably not entirely, due to better diagnosis and more accurate certification of deaths in the cities. Next come the buccal cavity and uterus; in both these locations certification is likely to be relatively accurate, so that a real excess would seem here to be present. The other accessible locations, the skin and the female breast, do not show significant urban excesses, but the numbers are small, and the existence of a real urban excess is not excluded. The results are in general agreement with those of the English experience 1911–20.3. Further analysis of the data presented by Russell for Scotland, 1923–8, reveals an excess in the industrial counties of deaths for cancer of the buccal cavity, and perhaps a smaller one for cancer of the female breast. These data are, therefore, not inconsistent with our findings.4. As compared with the period 1921–30, the figures for 1931–7 demonstrate, for ages 25–65, a marked improvement in cancer of the buccal cavity and uterus. A recorded fall in cancer of the digestive organs may, in part, be due to more accurate certification in respect of the primary location. The failure of mortality from breast cancer to fall may be due to the same cause. The large increase in lung cancer is almost certainly due, in part, to better diagnosis. For all sites together, the cancer mortality between ages 25 and 65 remained constant for men, and fell by 8% in the case of women. The standardized rate for all ages and both sexes combined increased by 1·3%, a rise which is 2·2 times its standard error.5. The urban excess cannot be entirely explained as due to incomplete certification in the rural areas. The implied effect of social and industrial environment in stimulating tumour growth is in harmony with the known facts regarding occupational and social cancer, and emphasizes the importance which the control of adverse environmental factors may have in the reduction of cancer incidence.
Schick and Dick reactions in different classes of the community
Authors: Thomson Scott , Glazebrook A. J. , Green C. A. 
Published: May 2009

1. Great differences in the number of young adult reactors to the Schick and Dick toxins were found in different social classes.2. In white races the immunity in young adults, in the absence of previous clinical disease, to diphtheria and scarlet fever, as evidenced by negative reactions to Schick and Dick tests, seems to be caused wholly by contact with the infective agents.
An anaerobic organism associated with “Bone-taint” in beef
Authors: Haines R. B. , Scott W. J. 
Published: May 2009

1. AClostridium,non-pathogenic to laboratory animals and not producing toxin, but in some ways resemblingCl. oedematiens,was isolated from the hip joint in a case of “bone-taint” in beef.2. It was demonstrated in the synovial fluid, the periosteum, the Haversian canals, the bone marrow of the femur, and in associated muscular and connective tissue and blood vessels.3. Examination of forty hip joints from normal carcases indicated that thirty-eight were sterile, one heavily infected with aStreptococcus,possibly of thefaecalistype, and one with a rod, probably a member of theProteusgroup.
The treatment of certain experimental anaerobic infections with sulphapyridine and with immune sera and the problem of synergic action
Authors: Henderson D. W. , Gorer P. A. 
Published: May 2009

1. Sulphapyridine is an efficient prophylactic or therapeutic agent against intradermal infection with the strain ofVibrion septiqueselected for test, whereas, in intramuscular infection the drug is unreliable and saves only a relatively small proportion of animals.2. The strain ofCl. welchii(type A) selected for test is not insusceptible to the action of sulphapyridine. A significant degree of protection against intradermal infection may be obtained however, only when a prophylactic dose of the drug is given. The drug is apparently without action against intramuscular infection with this strain.3. Under the particular experimental conditions sulphanilamide is much less effective than sulphapyridine against infection with eitherV. septiqueorCl. welchii.4. There is no evidence that sulphapyridine givenper osneutralizes the toxins ofV. septiqueorCl. welchiiinjected intravenously.5. It is possible to control infection withV. septiqueby antitoxin or antibacterial serum given at a time when sulphapyridine is of little use.Cl. welchiiantitoxin has a marked therapeutic effect in infection with this strain of the organism but sulphapyridine given only after infection is apparently without action on the course of the disease.6. In intradermal infection withV. septiquethe combined action of sulpha-pyridine and antitoxin or of sulphapyridine and antibacterial serum effects a saving in life much greater than would be expected if a mere summation effect was in question. A similar effect was observed in intramuscular infection provided the administration of the drug was sufficiently prolonged. No such synergic effect is produced by the combined action of antitoxic and antibacterial serum.7. InCl. welchiiinfection the combined action of antitoxin and sulpha-pyridine produces a noticeable synergic effect but the evidence on this point is less clearly defined.8. The pathogenesis of infection with spore-bearing anaerobes is discussed in relation to prophylaxis or therapy with chemotherapeutic agents, antitoxin, antibacterial serum and combinations of such.9. The statistical aspect of summation effects is briefly considered pending a forthcoming mathematical analysis, by Dr K. Mather, of the figures obtained in experiments on synergic action.
The diet of a group of Durham miners free from nystagmus
Authors: Kellett C. E. 
Published: May 2009

This limited investigation shows that the diet of some miners differs substantially from that of the general population, in that the vitamin A intake is high.This high intake, which in view of the nature of their work is of considerable theoretical importance, appears to be to some extent conditioned by their manner of working, and therefore less susceptible than might have been anticipated to changes in income.The largest single source of vitamin A is the butter eaten by the men, which varies from ½ to 1 lb., the higher figure being the more frequent and probably the more representative. The large consumption of butter is associated with a large consumption of bread and, except in certain individuals, probably does not vary greatly from person to person, or from season to season.The next most important source of vitamin A is liver, but great differences occurred in its intake. Its great value as a food, which could be readily admitted into his dietary, has as yet barely been appreciated by the average miner.The addition of further quantities of vitamin A to the diet, in the shape of Prepalin, occasioned no discomfort, but produced no material improvement in the miners' power of dark adaptation.The excellent health of the group of miners investigated and freedom from nystagmus or other defects of vision appears to be good reasons for endeavouring to maintain in the miner a relatively high daily intake of 6000–7000 units of vitamin A.
The inheritance of resistance, demonstrated by the development of a strain of mice resistant to experimental inoculation with a bacterial endotoxin
Authors: Hill A. Bradford , Hatswell J. M. , Topley W. W. C. 
Published: May 2009

Ten generations of mice (with one exception) were inoculated with a partially purified toxic fraction isolated from Bact. typhi-murium, the next generation being bred each time from the survivors to the test. By this selective process a stock was produced with a substantially increased power of resistance to the toxin. For instance, in the fourth and fifth generations (combined), at which point of time the dose inoculated was stabilized at 4 mg., 36% of the mice with resistant ancestors survived inoculation compared with 12% of normal mice derived from the same original stock; in the ninth and tenth generations (combined) 64% of the resistant stock survived and only 14% of the controls. Also, those mice which failed to survive inoculation took slightly longer to die, on the average, in the resistant stock than in the normal stock.The mice of each generation were not inoculated until about the age of 12 weeks, but to test the possibility of the transference of a passive immunity from mother to young the seventh generation was bred from without previous inoculation. The eighth generation was composed therefore of descendants of animals selected for resistance by inoculation but its own parents had not been tested. Its survival rate, 59%, was substantially greater than that of the normal stock, 17%, proving that the differences observed in previous generations were not the results of a transference of passive immunity.Some mice of the ninth and tenth generations were inoculated with the living organism Bact. typhi-murium in place of the toxic fraction derived from it. Although these generations were relatively highly resistant to inoculation with the toxin itself they were less resistant than normal mice to the living organism.
Bacteriology of fresh water: I. Distribution of bacteria in English lakes
Authors: Taylor C. B. 
Published: May 2009

1. The vertical distribution of bacteria has been determined in Windermere (north and south basins), Thirlmere, and Esthwaite Water; these lakes are oligotrophic bodies of water in the English Lake District. Studies on the horizontal distribution of bacteria have been confined to the north basin of Windermere.2. Bacterial counts at the mouth of the main river flowing into Windermere were about 200 times as great as counts in samples of water from the lake at a distance of 200 m. offshore from the point of entry of the river. In general there was a gradual decrease in numbers of bacteria with increasing distance from this 200 m. point but such decreases were relatively insignificant.3. During the winter period of circulation of water in the lakes numbers of bacteria were approximately the same at all depths on any one occasion. When the water in the lakes was stratified, however, the numbers of bacteria decreased with increasing depth in the epilimnion, but below the thermocline the numbers were approximately the same at all depths, except in the layer of water immediately above the mud where the bacterial population was somewhat greater.4. Progressive depletion of dissolved oxygen with depth in the hypolimnion during the summer months did not stimulate the growth of anaerobic bacteria, nor was the degree of depletion related to numbers of bacteria.5. Periodic fluctuations in numbers of bacteria which took place at all depths were found to be directly correlated with the amount of rain which had fallen in the drainage area during the week before the samples were taken. The correlation is most significant during the winter months, possibly on account of the high rainfall during those months. During the summer the relation was most marked in the upper layers of Windermere north basin, but in the lower layers to which rain had no access there was no correlation. In the south basin of Windermere, where the bacterial population has become more stable, numbers were not affected by the relatively small summer rainfall. There are indications that short early summer fluctuations in numbers of bacteria unrelated to rainfall may be related to maxima in algal growth.6. Changes in the temperature and concentration of inorganic substances in the lake waters have not shown any relation to fluctuations in the bacterial population, nor has any noticeable bacteriostatic effect of sunlight been apparent.
The role of normal skin in the spread of streptococcal pyoderma
Authors: Dudding B. A. , Burnett J. W. , Chapman S. S. , Wannamaker L. W. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe primary body site of acquisition of group A streptococci was examined prospectively in a population with endemic streptococcal pyoderma. Weekly cultures were obtained during the skin infection season from apparently normal upper respiratory and cutaneous sites (and from skin lesions when present) in 44 children and adults living on the Red Lake Indian Reservation.During the 9-week period of the study 705 of a total of 2305 cultures were positive for group A streptococci. The percentage of positive cultures from the various sites were: throat (20%); nose (24%); wrist (32%); ankle (35%); back (22%); and skin lesions (81%). Group A streptococci were also isolated from fingernail dirt, clothing and bedding as well as from a few household pets and insects.Analysis of serial cultures obtained from the same individuals at weekly intervals suggested that the strains isolated from skin lesions first appeared on normal skin in the 2 weeks preceding the lesion. Spread to the nose and throat followed skin acquisition and/or skin lesions.The high prevalence of group A streptococci on normal skin in the absence as well as the presence of pyoderma, and their appearance on normal skin before recovery from either skin lesions or the upper respiratory tract are consistent with the view that skin acquisition was a primary predisposing factor to pyoderma. Since the literature indicates that group A streptococci are rarely part of the normal skin flora, these findings raise the possibility of unique biological properties of these and perhaps other pyoderma strains, as distinct from other group A streptococci.
The production of neutralizing activity in serum and nasal secretion following immunization with influenza B virus
Authors: Downie Jean C. , Stuart-Harris C. H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYTrials were made in volunteers in 1967 and 1968 of various virus vaccines against influenza virus B. Sera and serially collected nasal washings before and after immunization were tested respectively for haemagglutination-inhibiting and tissue culture virus-neutralizing antibodies to the same strain of influenza B/Eng/65 virus as that used in the vaccines. Infection, as determined by recovery of virus and serological changes following intranasal instillation of attenuated live virus, was accompanied by the subsequent appearance of neutralizing antibodies in nasal secretion. Inactivated vaccine subcutaneously did not evoke nasal antibody formation in 1967 but did so in 1968.In 1968 intranasal challenge of the volunteers with the attenuated virus 1 month after immunization demonstrated a correlation of susceptibility or resistance to infection with nasal and serum antibodies. Resistance appeared to depend either on a high level of serum antibodies or nasal antibodies, or both.
Drug resistance amongEscherichia coilstrains isolated from cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: Gross R. J. , Ward Linda R. , Threlfall E. J. , Cheasty T. , Rowe B. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYOne hundred and thirty-one strains ofEscherichia coliisolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of patients in the United Kingdom were tested for resistance to 13 antimicrobial drugs. Sixty-four strains (49%) were resistant to one or more drugs and 44 (34%) were resistant to three or more drugs. Resistance to ampicillin, sulphonamides, streptomycin and tetracycline occurred most frequently.
Salmonella montevideo infection in sheep and cattle in Scotland, 1970–81
Authors: Sharp J. C. M. , Reilly W. J. , Linklater K. A. , Inglis D. M. , Johnston W. S. , Miller J. K. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYOutbreaks of abortion associated with infection by Salmonella montevideo have affected sheep in the east, especially the south-east, of Scotland each year since 1972. Disease in the north and north-east was usually less severe.Between 1 January 1970 and 31 December 1981, a total of 67 incidents affecting sheep were reported by veterinary laboratories to the Communicable Diseases (Scotland) Unit, 87 % of which presented during the main lambing months of February, March and April. Twenty-one episodes of bovine infection were also recorded over the same period, 17 of which involved single animals only, usually an aborted cow or a scouring calf.Despite intensive investigations, neither the origin nor the mode of spread of S. montevideo infection among sheep and cattle in Scotland has been established with any certainty, although there has been considerable evidence indicating the role of scavenging wild birds, particularly seagulls, as vectors transmitting infection to other farms in the same district. Also largely unexplained are the differences in the epidemiology and clinical pattern of disease in the south-east compared to the north and north-east, while sheep in the west of Scotland have remained virtually unaffected throughout.
Antibody capture radioimmunoassay (MACRIA) for coxsackievirus B4 and B5-specific IgM
Authors: Morgan-Capner P. , McSorley C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAn antibody capture radioimmunoassay was established for the detection of coxsackievirus B4 and B5-specific IgM. A significant feature of the assay was the use of an unrefined coxsackievirus B (CBV) antigen. The antigen was prepared by freeze thawing, ultrasonication and low speed centrifugation of infected Vero cells with no purification or concentration of the antigen being performed. Results of sera tested were expressed as a serum ratio (SR) by comparison with a low positive control serum. To establish an SR indicating positivity in the assays, 100 antenatal sera collected in late February were tested. The mean SR was calculated and the mean plus three standard deviations was taken as the minimum SR indicating positivity. Although resulting in a relatively insensitive assay, such a value was required to exclude sera giving a low level of reactivity which may be due to residual enterovirus-specific IgM resulting from a remote infection.The homologous CBV-IgM assay was positive in four cases of CBV4 infection and six cases of CBV5 infection. For the CBV4 IgM assay, ten of 20 (50%) sera from infections with CBV other than CBV4 were positive and nine of the 13(69%) sera from infections with echoviruses or coxsackieviruses A were positive. Five of 18 (27%) sera with an elevated CBV neutralization titre were positive in the CBV4-IgM assay. For the CB5-IgM assay seven of 18(39%) sera from infections with CBV other than CBV5 were positive and nine of 13 (69%) sera from infections with echoviruses or coxsackieviruses A were positive. The nine sera that were positive from this group in the CBV5-IgM assay were the same nine as were positive in the CBV4-IgM assay. Two of the 18(11%) sera with an elevated CBV neutralization titre were positive in the CBV5-IgM assay. These two sera were also positive in the CBV4-IgM assay and had an elevated monotypic CBV4 neutralization titre. None of the sera giving positive results gave significant reactivity when tested with control antigen. Twelve rheumatoid factor containing sera and 46 sera from other infections were negative in both assays. Of 24 sera from confirmed CBV infection, seven gave a positive monotypic CBV4 or 5-IgM response, ten were positive in both assays and seven were negative in both assays. The positive results seen with sera from cases of heterologous enterovirus infection may result from an anamnestic IgM response or, more likely, IgM directed against enterovirus cross-reacting antigens. The absence of homologous neutralizing antibody at a dilution of 1:20 in nine of 20 sera that gave a positive CBV-IgM result and the presence of positive results for CBV4 and 5-IgM in a 14 month old infant who had echovirus 7 infection indicates that the IgM need not be directed against neutralizing antigens.Thus the CBV4 and 5-IgM assays developed appeared to be specific for an enterovirus infection but because of the cross-reactivity were not type-specific or group-specific.
A comparison of live and inactivated influenza A (H1N1) virus vaccines: Short-term immunity
Authors: Clark A. , Potter C. W. , Jennings R. , Nicholl J. P. , Langrick A. F. , Schild G. C. , Wood J. M. , Tyrrell D. A. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYGroups of volunteers were immunized subcutaneously with one of three inacti vated influenza virus A/USSR/77 (HlNl) vaccine preparations; a whole virus vaccine, a surface-antigen subunit adsorbed vaccine, or an aqueous surface-antigen subunit vaccine. The reactions to immunization were recorded, and the antibody response was measured 1 month later. A fourth group of volunteers were inoculated intranasally with live attentuated A/USSR/77 (H1N1) influenza virus; the reactions and antibody response of these volunteers were also measured. One month after immunization, the incidence of infection by challenge with homologous live attentuated virus was determined for all groups of volunteers. The results showed that all four vaccines used were relatively non-reactogenic, and that inactivated vaccines induced higher titres of serum antibody than the live attenuated vaccine. All the vaccines induced significant protection against challenge virus infection which was directly related to the level of serum HI antibody response.