bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constraining peak P–T conditions in UHP eclogites: calculated phase equilibria in kyanite‐ and phengite‐bearing eclogite of the Tromsø Nappe, Norway
Authors: JANÁK M. , RAVNA E. J. K. , KULLERUD K. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractKyanite‐ and phengite‐bearing eclogites have better potential to constrain the peak metamorphic P–T conditions from phase equilibria between garnet + omphacite + kyanite + phengite + quartz/coesite than common, mostly bimineralic (garnet + omphacite) eclogites, as exemplified by this study. Textural relationships, conventional geothermobarometry and thermodynamic modelling have been used to constrain the metamorphic evolution of the Tromsdalstind eclogite from the Tromsø Nappe, one of the biggest exposures of eclogite in the Scandinavian Caledonides. The phase relationships demonstrate that the rock progressively dehydrated, resulting in breakdown of amphibole and zoisite at increasing pressure. The peak‐pressure mineral assemblage was garnet + omphacite + kyanite + phengite + coesite, inferred from polycrystalline quartz included in radially fractured omphacite. This omphacite, with up to 37 mol.% of jadeite and 3% of the Ca‐Eskola component, contains oriented rods of silica composition. Garnet shows higher grossular (XGrs = 0.25–0.29), but lower pyrope‐content (XPrp = 0. 37–0.39) in the core than the rim, while phengite contains up to 3.5 Si pfu. The compositional isopleths for garnet core, phengite and omphacite constrain the P–T conditions to 3.2–3.5 GPa and 720–800 °C, in good agreement with the results obtained from conventional geothermobarometry (3.2–3.5 GPa & 730–780 °C). Peak‐pressure assemblage is variably overprinted by symplectites of diopside + plagioclase after omphacite, biotite and plagioclase after phengite, and sapphirine + spinel + corundum + plagioclase after kyanite. Exhumation from ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) conditions to 1.3–1.5 GPa at 740–770 °C is constrained by the garnet rim (XCaGrt = 0.18–0.21) and symplectite clinopyroxene (XNaCpx = 0.13–0.21), and to 0.5–0.7 GPa at 700–800 °C by sapphirine (XMg = 0.86–0.87) and spinel (XMg = 0.60–0.62) compositional isopleths. UHP metamorphism in the Tromsø Nappe is more widespread than previously known. Available data suggest that UHP eclogites were uplifted to lower crustal levels rapidly, within a short time interval (452–449 Ma) prior to the Scandian collision between Laurentia and Baltica. The Tromsø Nappe as the highest tectonic unit of the North Norwegian Caledonides is considered to be of Laurentian origin and UHP metamorphism could have resulted from subduction along the Laurentian continental margin. An alternative is that the Tromsø Nappe belonged to a continental margin of Baltica, which had already been subducted before the terminal Scandian collision, and was emplaced as an out‐of‐sequence thrust during the Scandian lateral transport of nappes.
Decreased levels of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor in the remitted state of unipolar depressive disorder
Authors: Hasselbalch B. J. , Knorr U. , Bennike B. , Hasselbalch S. G. , Søndergaard M. H. Greisen , Vedel Kessing L. 
Published: January 2012

Hasselbalch BJ, Knorr U, Bennike B, Hasselbalch SG, Greisen Søndergaard MH, Vedel Kessing L. Decreased levels of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor in the remitted state of unipolar depressive disorder.Objective:  Decreased levels of peripheral brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have been associated with depression. It is uncertain whether abnormally low levels of BDNF in blood are present beyond the depressive state and whether levels of BDNF are associated with the course of clinical illness.Method:  Whole‐blood BDNF levels were measured in blood samples from patients with unipolar disorder in a sustained state of clinical remission and in a healthy control group. Participants were recruited via Danish registers, a method that benefits from the opportunity to obtain well‐matched community‐based samples as well as providing a high diagnostic validity of the patient sample.Results:  A total of 85 patients and 50 controls were included in the study. In multiple linear regression analyses, including the covariates age, gender, 17‐item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores, body‐mass index, education, smoking and physical exercise, patients with unipolar depressive disorder had decreased levels of BDNF compared to healthy control individuals [B = −7.4, 95% CI (−11.2, −3.7),  = 0.21 P < 0.001]. No association between course of clinical illness and BDNF levels was present.Conclusion:  Whole‐blood BDNF levels seem to be decreased in patients remitted from unipolar depressive disorder, suggesting that neurotrophic changes may exist beyond the depressive state.
Effects of photoperiod on the secretion of growth hormone in female goats
Authors: JIN Jin , YAEGASHI Tomoyoshi , SAWAI Ken , HASHIZUME Tsutomu 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTThe aim of the present study was to clarify the effect of photoperiod on the secretion of growth hormone (GH) in goats. Adult female goats were kept at 20°C with an 8‐h or 16‐h photoperiod, and secretory patterns of GH for 4 h (12.00 to 16.00 hours) were compared. In addition, the goats were kept under a 16‐h photoperiod and orally administered saline (controls) or melatonin, and the effects of melatonin on the secretion of GH were examined. GH was secreted in a pulsatile manner. There were no significant differences in pulse frequency between the 8‐ and 16‐h photoperiods; however, GH pulse amplitude tended to be greater in the group with the 16‐h photoperiod (P = 0.1), and mean GH concentrations were significantly greater in the 16‐h photoperiod (P < 0.05). The GH‐releasing response to GH‐releasing hormone (GHRH) was also significantly greater for the 16‐h photoperiod (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in GH pulse frequency between the saline‐ and melatonin‐treated groups. However, GH pulse amplitude and mean GH concentrations were significantly greater in the saline‐treated group (P < 0.05). The present results show that a long photoperiod enhances the secretion of GH, and melatonin modifies GH secretion in female goats.
Feeding Aspergillus awamori reduces skeletal muscle protein breakdown and stimulates growth in broilers
Authors: SALEH Ahmed A. , EID Yahya Z. , EBEID Tarek A. , OHTSUKA Akira , YAMAMOTO Masahiro , HAYASHI Kunioki 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTThis study was conducted to show that dietary supplementation of a fungus, Aspergillus awamori called Koji in Japan, reduces skeletal muscle protein breakdown and stimulates growth in broiler chickens. A total of 30 chicks at 15 days of age was divided into control and two treatment groups (10 birds per treatment). Control group was fed basal diet and treatment groups were fed the basal diets supplemented with A. awamori at levels of 0.05% and 0.2%. The birds were raised for 12 days from 15 to 27 days of age and then the effect on growth, organ weights and plasma 3‐methylhistidine concentration and digestibilities of protein and energy was evaluated. The messenger RNAs (mRNAs) of atrogin‐1, ubiquitin, proteasome, m‐calpain, µ‐calpain, β‐actin, myosin and pax‐7 in the breast muscle were also measured. Body weight gain and breast muscle weight were increased, although feed intake was decreased by the fungus and thus feed efficiency was increased. Protein and energy digestibilities were increased. Furthermore, plasma 3‐methylhistidine concentration was decreased by the fungus. The mRNAs of atrogin‐1, ubiquitin, proteasome, m‐calpain and µ‐calpain were all decreased. The mRNA of β‐actin but not myosin and pax‐7 was slightly increased by the fungus. In conclusion, feeding A. awamori improves growth performance because skeletal muscle proteolytic activity is reduced and digestibilities of energy and protein are increased.
Role of dietary patterns, sedentary behaviour and overweight on the longitudinal development of childhood constipation: the Generation R study
Authors: Kiefte‐de Jong Jessica C. , de Vries Jeanne H. , Escher Johanna C. , Jaddoe Vincent W.V. , Hofman Albert , Raat Hein , Moll Henriette A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe influence of childhood nutrition on the development of constipation beyond the period of weaning and breastfeeding is relatively understudied. In addition, eating patterns in childhood can be highly correlated with overweight and sedentary behaviour, which may also have an influence on constipation. The aim of this study was to assess whether common dietary patterns, sedentary behaviour and childhood overweight are associated with constipation in childhood. The study was embedded in a population‐based prospective birth cohort. Information on dietary intake was obtained by a food frequency questionnaire at the child's age of 14 months (n = 2420). The adherence scores on a ‘Health conscious’ and ‘Western‐like’ diet were extracted from principal component analysis. At the age of 24, 36 and 48 months, information on constipation and sedentary behaviour, and weight and height was obtained by parental‐derived questionnaires and from the child health centres, respectively. Adherence to a ‘Western‐like’ dietary pattern was associated with a higher prevalence of constipation up to 48 months [adjusted odds ratio (aOR); 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.39; 1.02–1.87], which was not mediated by overweight or sedentary behaviour. Adherence to a ‘Health Conscious’ dietary pattern was only associated at short term, with a lower prevalence of constipation at 24 months (aOR; 95%CI: 0.65; 0.44–0.96). No association was found between overweight, sedentary behaviour and constipation. Our results suggest that specific dietary patterns in early childhood could be associated with higher or lower risks for constipation, but these effects are time‐dependent. Overweight and sedentary behaviour seem to not have a major role on constipation in childhood.
Provision of weight management advice for obese women during pregnancy: a survey of current practice and midwives' views on future approaches
Authors: Macleod Maureen , Gregor Amy , Barnett Carol , Magee Elizabeth , Thompson Joyce , Anderson Annie S. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA semi‐structured, web‐based questionnaire was developed to survey midwives (n = 241) employed by NHS Tayside, UK, to identify current practice and views on weight management of obese women during pregnancy and the puerperium. A total of 78 (32%) midwives submitted responses following email invitation. Most respondents (79%) reported always calculating women's body mass index (BMI) at booking, with 73% routinely explaining the BMI category. In terms of future practice for obese women, although few respondents (15%) currently offer personalised advice regarding weight management based on a woman's diet and physical activity levels, 77% of respondents thought such advice would be appropriate and 69% thought it could possibly be feasible to offer such advice. The respondents viewed weight management to be of importance and felt that universal advice is appropriate, but confidence in discussing weight management and knowledge of the subject was low. Strategies to improve midwife confidence and weight management services should include training, ongoing support and definition of the midwife's role within the multidisciplinary team to support practice in the future.
Absence of nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain‐containing protein 2 variants in patients with leprosy and tuberculosis
Authors: Singh V. , Gaur R. , Mittal M. , Biswas S. K. , Das R. , Girdhar B. K. , Bajaj B. , Katoch V. M. , Kumar A. , Mohanty K. K. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryCrohn’s disease‐associated NOD 2 variants (Arg702Trp and 3020insC) were found to be monomorphic (wild), and 7 subjects were heterozygous for Gly908Arg SNP in 263 patients with tuberculosis, 260 patients with leprosy and 270 healthy controls residing in northern Indian states. This is the first report to suggest the minimal role of these variants in susceptibility/resistance to TB and leprosy in this population.
In vitro assessment of ruminal fermentation characteristics of tropical browse mixtures supplemented with yeast
Authors: Wambui Caroline C. , Ando Sada , Abdulrazak Shaukat A. , Osuga Isaac M. , Ichinohe Toshiyoshi 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAn in vitro ruminal gas production study was conducted to assess the effect of yeast supplementation on rumen fermentation of tanniniferous tropical browse mixtures prepared by mixing Berchemia discolor with Acacia brevispica, Acacia elatior, Acacia mellifera, Balanites aegyptiaca, Grewia bicolor or Zizyphus mucronata in a 1:1 dry weight ratio. The six browse mixtures were incubated with buffered rumen fluid alone or supplemented with dried Japanese Sake yeast (JSY) or polyethylene glycol (PEG). Ruminal gas production characteristics were evaluated using the Gompertz equation. The JSY addition increased gas production volume (P < 0.05) and numerically increased the maximum gas production rate constant. Time to reach the maximum gas production rate was shortened by PEG addition as compared to the JSY and control treatments. It is possible that JSY promoted the rumen microbial activity in addition to forming complexes with tannins thereby upgrading the in vitro ruminal digestion of tropical browse mixtures.
Regionalizing ecological moisture levels and groundwater levels in grassland areas using thermal remote sensing
Authors: Kaiser Thomas , Wehrhan Marc , Werner Armin , Sommer Michael 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSite‐specific soil moisture and groundwater levels are key input parameters for ecological modeling. Obtaining such information in a comprehensive manner is difficult for large regions. We studied a floodplain region in the Federal State of Brandenburg, Germany, to examine the degree to which the average depth of groundwater tables can be derived from surface temperatures obtained by the ASTER radiospectrometer (spatial resolution of 90 m per pixel). A floristic ecological indicator representing the site‐specific moisture level was applied to develop a proxy between the thermal satellite data and groundwater table depth. The use of spring scenes (late April to early May) from 2 years proved to be well suited for minimizing the effects of weather and land use. Vegetation surveys along transects that were 2 m wide across the pixel diagonals allowed for the calculation of average ‘ecological moisture values’ of pixel‐sites by applying ‘Ellenberg‐numbers’. These values were used to calibrate the satellite data locally. There was a close relationship between surface temperature and the average ecological moisture value (R2 = 0.73). Average ecological moisture values were highly indicative of the average groundwater levels during a 7‐year measurement series (R2 = 0.93). Satellite‐supported thermal data from spring were suitable for estimating the average groundwater levels of low‐lying grasslands on a larger scale. Ecological moisture values from the transect surveys effectively allowed the incorporation of relief heterogeneity within the thermal grid and the establishment of the correlation between thermal data and average groundwater table depth. Regression functions were used to produce a map of groundwater levels at the study site.
Evaluating the genotype × nitrogen fertilization interaction on the nutritive value of the first crop in timothy (Phleum pratense L.) clones
Authors: Ashikaga Kazunori , Tanaka Tsuneki , Fujii Hiroki , Deguchi Kenzaburo , Iida Kenji 
Published: January 2012

AbstractImprovement of the nutritive value of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) through breeding should result in enhanced livestock productivity. This study evaluated the effect of genotype (G) × nitrogen (N) fertilization interaction (G × N) on the nutritive value of the first crop of timothy in northern Japan. Five traits, the contents of low‐digestible fiber (Ob), water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC), mono‐ and disaccharides and fructan and the ratio of Ob to organic cell wall (OCW), were investigated as quality traits for 16 clones under three N rates (3, 7 and 11 g N m–2 as low, standard and high levels, respectively). The G × N effects were non‐significant in all the traits despite the significant main effects of G and N in all or most of the traits. Coinciding with this, there were significant correlations among the three N rates for Ob, WSC, fructan contents and Ob/OCW ratio. Correlations between the low and high N rates showed weaker trends than those between the standard and low N rates or between the standard and high N rates in three of the five traits. Fructan content showed small standard deviations and ranges, indicating the difficulty of using it as a selection index for evaluating the genetic variation. The results suggest that, for the Ob and WSC contents and the Ob/OCW ratio as the desirable traits, the relative ranking of genotypes is almost consistent across different N application levels and selections for the traits at the standard N level are of potential use for effective improvement of the nutritive value of timothy.
A review of actinic keratosis for the nurse practitioner: Diagnosis, treatment, and clinical pearls
Authors: Englert Christopher , Hughes Brittney 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPurpose: To describe key points in the diagnosis and treatment of and patient education for actinic keratosis.Data sources: Selected review of scientific literature.Conclusions: Actinic keratosis is a common skin lesion seen in primary care that results from exposure to ultraviolet light. Accurate and timely diagnosis is essential to prevent progression to squamous cell carcinoma.Implications for practice: Nurse practitioners can make a positive impact on patients' health by promoting treatment adherence and follow‐up in primary care.
Evaluation of vertical traction radiography for predicting the outcome of moderate to severe rigid scoliosis correction
Authors: Zhao Yu , Qiu Gui‐xing , Wang Yi‐peng , Shen Jian‐xiong , Zhao Hong , Li Ye , Jiang Yu , Li Xiang , Chang Xiao 
Published: January 2012

Objective:  To determine the efficacy of imaging patients in a state of traction (“traction imaging”) for selection of upper and lower vertebrae to undergo instrumentation (UIV and LIV, respectively) to correct moderate to severe, rigid scoliosis.Methods:  Twenty‐seven patients aged 11–21 years (average, 15.5 years) who had been treated at our institution for scoliosis of the thoracic spine between 2004 and 2008 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were treated with the third multiple hook‐screw and rod instrumentation system. Standardized radiographic measurements (anteroposterior, sagittal, bending, fulcrum, traction) were taken and Cobb's angles, apical vertebra translation (AVT), and traction‐stable vertebrae determined.Results:  All patients were followed for 6–36 months (average, 14.7 months). The Cobb's angles under preoperative vertical traction correlated positively with those measured postoperatively in standing anteroposterior film (P < 0.01). Preoperative AVT under vertical traction was significantly different from that measured postoperatively in standing anteroposterior film (P < 0.01). The traction radiography‐determined UIV slant angles were significantly different from those preoperatively without traction and the postoperative values, whereas traction radiography‐determined LIV values were not significantly different from those found preoperatively without traction (P > 0.05).Conclusions:  Traction radiographic imaging is an effective, feasible preoperative assessment for determining which vertebrae are stable, designing the surgical strategy and choosing the UIV and LIV for correcting moderate to severe, rigid scoliosis.
Prognostic impact of cell type under the seventh TNM staging system in resected non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Okamoto Tatsuro , Wada Hironobu , Mizobuchi Teruaki , Hoshino Hidehisa , Moriya Yasumitsu , Yoshida Shigetoshi , Yoshino Ichiro 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectives:  We retrospectively investigated whether histological cell type could affect patient prognosis for each stage according to the seventh edition of the TNM classification.Patients and methods:  Clinical records of 1623 consecutive non‐small cell lung cancer patients who underwent surgery between 1990 and 2007 were retrospectively reviewed. Over 92% of these patients had either adenocarcinoma (Ad; n = 1043, 64.3%) or squamous cell carcinoma (Sq; n = 452, 27.9%).Results:  The overall 5‐year survival rates for patients of all stages with Ad, Sq, large cell carcinoma (La), and adenosquamous cell carcinoma (As) were 67%, 56%, 58%, and 41%, respectively. Ad patients experienced better survival than Sq, As, or La patients (HR: 0.66, P < 0.0001; HR: 0.38, P = 0.011; HR: 0.69, P = 0.057, respectively). Stage IA Ad patients experienced better survival than stage IA Sq patients (5‐year survival; Ad/Sq = 91%/78%, log‐rank test, P = 0.001). Such a difference was also observed among seventh‐edition TNM stage IB patients (5‐year survival; Ad/Sq = 78%/64%, log‐rank test, P = 0.048), but not for sixth‐edition stage IB patients. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that histological cell type is a significant prognostic factor among stage I ≥ T1b Ad and Sq patients.Conclusions:  Survival after complete resection of new stage I ≥ T1b Sq patients is significantly worse than that of Ad patients, which could be partially attributed to stage migration effect in stage IB disease between the sixth and seventh editions of the TNM staging system.
Likelihood analysis of species occurrence probability from presence‐only data for modelling species distributions
Authors: Royle J. Andrew , Chandler Richard B. , Yackulic Charles , Nichols James D. 
Published: January 2012

Summary1. Understanding the factors affecting species occurrence is a pre‐eminent focus of applied ecological research. However, direct information about species occurrence is lacking for many species. Instead, researchers sometimes have to rely on so‐called presence‐only data (i.e. when no direct information about absences is available), which often results from opportunistic, unstructured sampling. maxent is a widely used software program designed to model and map species distribution using presence‐only data.2. We provide a critical review of maxent as applied to species distribution modelling and discuss how it can lead to inferential errors. A chief concern is that maxent produces a number of poorly defined indices that are not directly related to the actual parameter of interest – the probability of occurrence (ψ). This focus on an index was motivated by the belief that it is not possible to estimate ψ from presence‐only data; however, we demonstrate that ψ is identifiable using conventional likelihood methods under the assumptions of random sampling and constant probability of species detection.3. The model is implemented in a convenient r package which we use to apply the model to simulated data and data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey. We demonstrate that maxent produces extreme under‐predictions when compared to estimates produced by logistic regression which uses the full (presence/absence) data set. We note that maxent predictions are extremely sensitive to specification of the background prevalence, which is not objectively estimated using the maxent method.4. As with maxent, formal model‐based inference requires a random sample of presence locations. Many presence‐only data sets, such as those based on museum records and herbarium collections, may not satisfy this assumption. However, when sampling is random, we believe that inference should be based on formal methods that facilitate inference about interpretable ecological quantities instead of vaguely defined indices.