bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigating the role of attentional disengagement bias in the tendency, ability and persistence of worry
Authors: Nelson D. , Lopian M. , Bratt N. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionIndividuals with Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) have an attentional bias towards threatening information. It is not known whether this results from facilitated engagement (faster orientation) or delayed disengagement (shifting attention away) from threat. Recent research has developed a new methodology designed to modify attentional disengagement from threat.ObjectivesUsing this paradigm, the present study assessed the causal role of attentional disengagement from threat and its impact on worry.MethodTwenty-four university students scoring below 56 on the Penn-State-Worry-Questionnaire were randomly assigned to either threat disengagement training, or non-threat disengagement training. Training was assessed using threat and non-threat test-trials. All participants then completed a novel worry task, assessing tendency, ability and persistency of worry. The hypothesis was that training to disengage from threat rather than non-threat stimuli would affect tendency, ability or persistence of worry.ResultsAccuracy and test-trial reaction-time data indicated disengagement training was successful; compared to the non-threat disengagement group, the threat disengagement group had faster reaction-times for non-threat valence test-trials, experienced marginally non-significantly more negative intrusions during active worry, and found it significantly more difficult to worry, when required to engage solely with worry without interruption in the worry task.ConclusionIt is possible to manipulate attentional bias to disengage from threat information, leading to fewer negative thought intrusions during active worry and increased difficulty in engaging solely with worry, thus suggesting that impaired disengagement has a causal role in the ability to worry.
A systematic literature review of parenting behaviours exhibited by anxious people
Authors: Pape S.E. , Collins M.P. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionResearch shows anxiety clustering within families: a greater proportion of children with anxious parents develop symptoms of anxiety than children with non-anxious parents. Anxious children often describe their parents as over-controlling and intrusive, lacking in affection and warmth, with reports of decreased parental support.Objectives(1)to identify if parenting behaviors differ between anxious and non-anxious parents,(2)to discuss if these differences in behaviors can contribute to transgenerational transmission of anxiety.AimsIdentifying whether behaviour modification could reduce familial transmission rates of anxiety.MethodA search of OvidSP Medline, Google Scholar, and PubMed was performed, covering 1999 to 2010. Search terms used were: parenting, parents, maternal, paternal, or parental; and anxiety, PTSD, OCD, panic disorder, or phobia. 14 Papers were identified.ResultsWhile most papers identified differences in parenting between anxious and control parents, the conclusions were variable. Two observed increased amounts of controlling behaviour, 5 a decrease in sensitivity, 1 witnessed exageration of behaviours, and 5 a decrease in granting of autonomy or increased protectiveness.ConclusionThe most supported differences in anxious parenting are less granting of autonomy, and lower levels of sensitivity. Whilst in isolation they cannot explain how anxiety is transmitted, and appear to be reciprocally related to child anxiety and temperament, they give grounds for further research. In particular this review identifies the need to study the above behavioral components in longitudinal studies, to observe causal effects between parent behavior and child anxiety.
Correlates of insomnia in patients with social phobia: Role of depression and anxiety
Authors: Raffray T. , Pelissolo A. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionMost of the literature examining sleep in anxiety disorders has focused on post-traumatic stress disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Few studies have examined sleep disturbances in social phobia. Yet, social phobia has a lifetime prevalence of 12%. Previous studies assessed sleep disturbances in small samples of individuals with social phobia. Most studies reported bivariate analysis, the only multivariate analysis being in non treatment-seeking individuals.ObjectivesTo assess insomnia severity in a population of treatment-seeking patients with social phobia and investigate correlations between insomnia, depression, general anxiety, and social anxiety.AimsTo demonstrate that positive associations exist between anxiety, depression, and insomnia in patients with social phobia, depression contributing the most to insomnia severity.MethodsOne hundred and seventy-nine treatment-seeking individuals with a DSM-IV diagnosis of social phobia completed the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD-A and HAD-D) and the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS).ResultsTwo-thirds of our sample had insomnia. Depression, anxiety, social anxiety, and insomnia were positively correlated. Sex, HAD-A and LSAS significantly contributed in explaining the ISI total score after accounting for age, medication use, and depression, whereas HAD-D was not a significant contributor. The model explained 33.5% of the overall variance.ConclusionAssessing sleep quality and quantity, and understanding the interactions between insomnia, anxiety and depression, is needed to improve treatment in patients with social phobia and could allow adapting cognitive and behavioral therapy for insomnia programs to social anxiety.
Broadening diagnostic criteria of generalized anxiety disorders from DSM-IV: The impact on patient level of disability
Authors: Alvarez E. , Carrasco J.L. , Olivares J.M. , Pérez M. , López-Gómez V. , Vilardaga I. , Rejas J. 
Published: May 2011

PurposeTo explore the consequences of broadening DSM-IV criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) on patient's disability.MethodsA multicentre and observational study was carried-out in outpatient psychiatric clinics in Spain between years 2007 and 2008. Naïve diagnosed patients with GAD according to DSM-IV criteria or with anxiety symptoms fulfilling broadened criteria were compared. At least 1-month of excessive or non-excessive worry along with only two of the associated symptoms listed on DSM-IV for GAD were considered as broadened GAD criteria. Socio-demographic data, medical history and functional outcome measures were recorded.ResultsA total of 3,549 patients were systematically recruited, 12.8% excluded because not found eligible for inclusion in analysis; 1,815 in the DSM-IV group (DG) and 1,264 in the broadening criteria group (BG). Both groups were similar on their sociodemographic characteristics. Total disability score in the WHO-DAS II scale was slightly, but statistically significant, higher in DG; 41.9 (17.1) versus 38.9 (16.0) points, p < 0.05. These weak differences were observed in all of the scale domains but mainly in domains “Getting around” [34.5 (23.6) versus 29.4 (22.8), p< 0.05] and “Life activities” [55.5 (27.1) versus 52.1 (26.2), p< 0.05], since differences in the other domains, even statistically significant, were negligible.ConclusionPatients with standard DSM-IV criteria for GAD appears to show slightly, but significant, worst level of disability than subjects with broadening diagnostic GAD criteria. Life-activities and participation in society domains seems to be the functional domains most impacted by symptoms of anxiety.
Effect of pregabalin on generalized anxiety disorder patients with severe symptoms of anxiety and depression refractory to duloxetin
Authors: Olivares J.M. , Carrasco J.L. , Alvarez E. , Pérez M. , López-Gómez V. , Vilardaga I. , Rejas J. 
Published: May 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this research was to analyse the effect of adding Pregabalin (PGB) on severe symptoms of anxiety and depression in patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder refractory to duloxetin in daily medical practice in Spain.MethodsThis is a post-hoc analysis of a 6-month multicentre, prospective and observational study carried out in outpatient psychiatric clinics in Spain. Men and women, above 18 years, with a diagnosis of GAD according with DSM-IV-TR criteria, pregabalin naïve and refractory to a previous course of duloxetin (3 months or more) and severe symptoms of anxiety (HAM-A ≥ 24) and depression (MADRS ≥ 35) were considered eligible for analysis.ResultsA total of twenty-five patients [76% women, mean age; 49.3 (11.8) years, 82% with a comorbid depressive disorder] fulfilled criteria for analysis, and were previously exposed to duloxetin [mean dose: 71.7 (26.7) mg/day] for an average of 6.7 (3.7) months. Adding pregabalin [mean dose: 172.8 (75.5) mg/day], during 5.2 (1.8) months, reduced both anxiety and depressive symptoms by a mean of, respectively in HAM-A and MADRS scales, 54.1% (from 36.5 ± 4.3 pts to 16.6 ± 9.1 pts; p < 0.001, effect size: 4.63) and 52.8% (from 40.4 ± 4.6 pts to 19.0 ± 11.0 pts; p < 0.001, effect size: 4.65). As a result, the percentages of patients without symptoms of either anxiety or depression were 30% and 24%, respectively.ConclusionDespite small sample, adding pregabalin had a meaningful and significant effect on severe symptoms of anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients with severe GAD and concomitant depressive disorder resistant to duloxetin.
Quantifying contributions for anxiety variability in adolescence: “Missing parts” of the phenotype definition
Authors: Salum G.A. , Manfro G.G. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionAlthough several risk factors for anxiety-related phenotypes have been identified, few studies have quantified the weight of each one of these factors.Objective/aimThe aim of this study is to quantify contributions for anxiety variance in adolescents.MethodsNinety-seven adolescents from a community cross-sectional study and their parents were assessed with a structured DSM-IV diagnostic interview, several psychiatric and environmental rating scales and with a nutritional evaluation. The whole evaluation protocol generates 31 constructs previously associated with anxiety-related phenotypes in the literature. These constructs were organized in a hierarchical block analysis as follows:(1)socio-demographic and early life environment;(2)family environment and maternal psychiatric symptomatology and temperament;(3)stressfull life-events and maltreatment;(4)physical health and nutrition. The Screen for Children and Adolescent Related Anxiety Disorders (SCARED) was used as outcome.ResultsThe results of our hierarchical model accounts for only 24% of the total SCARED score. Hierarchically, block one and two did not explain significantly the SCARED variability (r2 = 0.078; p = 0.011 and r2=0.106; p = 0.064/pincremental = 0.090). After the inclusion of block 3, the hierarchical model achieved statistical significance (r2 = 0.231; p = 0.001/pincremental = 0.001), with little additional explanation after the inclusion of block 4 (r2 = 0.243; p = 0.001/pincremental = 0.242).ConclusionEven after an extensive exploratory analysis we were able to explain only about one fourth of anxiety symptoms variability in adolescents. Our findings support the notion that we still have a distant comprehension of the factors that lead to anxiety in adolescents and that the major determinants of anxiety disorders in adolescence are still missing.
Domains of disgust sensitivity in a spanish nonclinical sample
Authors: Sandín B. , Olmedo M. , Chorot P. , Valiente R.M. , Santed M.A. , Campagne D. , Callejas B. 
Published: May 2011

Introduction and aimsDisgust has been characterized as a basic emotion, with unique physiological, behavioral and cognitive features. Although emotions have been a main subject of psychopathology over the last decades, disgust has recently been labelled as a “forgotten emotion” in psychiatry. In their original work, Haidt et al. (1994) outlined 8 domains of disgust elicitors: food, animals, body products, body envelope violation, death, sex, and hygiene, and a domain of sympathetic magic. While there is some variability in people's disgust sensitivity, this emotion has a fairly recognizable set of elicitors within a given culture. The aim of this work was to examine the kinds of domains in which Spanish experience disgust.MethodWe asked participants (students of psychology at the UNED) to describe:(a)the five most disgusting experiences of their lives,(b)the distress reactions experienced during these experiences,(c)and to list all things that provoke reactions of disgust to him/her or to other people.ResultsDescriptions of disgusting stimuli, objects and behaviors were conceptually classified in the following 11 domains: body products, animals, foods, envelope violations, hygiene/dirt, putrefaction, socio-moral, sex, death, disease, and marginalization/poverty. The largest of these domains were body products, animals and foods, which accounted for 64% of all descriptions. The more distressing reactions were related to body products, foods and hygiene.ConclusionsWe replicated the domains previously found by Haidt et al. (1994), except the area of sympathetic magic. Our data also provide support for new kinds of disgust elicitors, named socio-moral, death, and marginalization/poverty.
Relationship between social support and social support in favorable interactions with the general depression,feel anxiety and lack of arousal
Authors: Shabani S. , Ahmadi Gatab T. , Delavar A. , Saleh Ahangar K. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionThe theory of social support can influence the overall broad range of social networks on people to create positive experiences that people bring, the experience can feel the predictability and stability in situations of life and enhance self-worth is effective.ObjectivesThis study reviews the relationship between social support and social support optimal interactions with general depression, lack of arousal and anxiety felt among the students was fun.MethodsThe study sample of 293 students are Tabatabai University.ResultsThe status of students in the social protection component interactions in daily emotional support, emotional support and protect significant issue oriented issue is above average and good social support in daily emotional support component, useful daily support and protection issue higher orbit are average. Pearson correlation results show that social support and favorable interactions with the general depression, anxiety and lack of arousal feel in 0 / 05 and 0 / 01 is significant and negative relationship with one another are significant. Regression analysis showed that the spatial step feel and lack of arousal component of anxiety in social support interactions to predict depression and components of general social support will predict the optimum.ConclusionsThe results of this study also shows that the highest correlation between social support and lack of interaction feel is the highest correlation between social support and depression in general is good.
The relationship between social support in interactions, favorable social support and general depression, anxiety arousal and lack of feeling of pleasure
Authors: Shabani S. , Ahmadi Gatab T. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionThe theory of social support can affect the extensive networks of social communications on people generally and causes the positive experiences for people, these experiences can be effective on feeling of predictability and stability in situations of life and enhancement of self-worth.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is the investigation of relationship between social support in interactions, favorable social support and general depression, anxiety arousal and lack of feeling of pleasure among students.MethodThe statistical sample of study includes 293 students of Allame Tabatabaee University.ResultsThe status of students is above the average in social support in interactions in components of daily emotional support, problem-centered emotional support and problem -centered support and it is above the average in favorable social support in components of daily emotional support,useful daily supports and problem-centered support.the results of Pearson correlation show that: social support in favorable interactions with general depression, anxiety arousal and lack of feeling of pleasure is significant in level of 0 / 05 and 0 / 01 and have negative significant relationship together. Regression analysis indicated that the components of lack of feeling of pleasure and anxiety arousal predict social support in interactions and component of general depression predicts the favorable social support.DiscussionAlso, the results of present study show that: there is the highest correlation between social support in interactions and lack of feeling of pleasure and there is the highest correlation between favorable social support and general depression.
Dysfunction of Ca2+/ CaM kinase IIA cascades in basolateral amygdala of posttraumatic stress disorder rats
Authors: Shi Y. , Han F. 
Published: May 2011

ObjectiveTo explore changes of Ca2+-CaM-CaMKIIα in basolateral amygdala of PTSD rats may reveal part of the pathogensis.MethodsThe SPS-method was used to set up the rat PTSD models. A total of 90 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into1d, 4d, 7d, 14d groups of SPS and normal control groups. The intracellular free calcium level in basolateral amygdala was examined by fluorescence spectrophotometer. CaM and CaMKIIα expression in basolateral amygdala were examined by immunohistochemistry, western blotting and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).ResultsThe intracellular free calcium level reached the peak 1 day after SPS stimulation, then gradually decreased to normal level. The expression of CaM 1day after SPS is also the most and then decreased to normal level. In contrast, CaMKIIα expression showed a significant down-regulation 1day after SPS throughout and then gradually increased to normal level. This findings suggest dysfunction of Ca2+-CaM-CaMKIIα in basolateral amygdala of PTSD rats.ConclusionThus, the trauma-induced enhanced anxiety appear to be associated with, and possibly caused by, changes of Ca2+-CaM-CaMKIIα in basolateral amygdala.
Orbitofrontal hyperactivity in social anxiety disorder patients: An fmri study
Authors: Sladky R. , Kraus C. , Tröstl J. , Kasper S. , Lanzenberger R. , Moser E. , Windischberger C. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionSocial anxiety disorder (SAD) refers to persistent fear of social situations in which the person is exposed to possible scrutiny by others. Anxiety disorders are associated with dysbalanced inhibition within the limbic system towards threatening stimuli (Phillips 2003). It has been shown SAD patients are particularly sensitive towards faces displaying harsh emotions (Phan 2006).ObjectivesIn this study we used fMRI to investigate activation differences between 14 SAD patients and 15 matched healthy controls. The subjects performed a facial emotion discrimination paradigm including a control condition using shape discrimination (modified version of Hariri 2002).AimsThe aim of this study was to investigate emotion task-specific differences in brain activation of patients and healthy controls.MethodsAfter clinical assessment, 225 whole-brain volumes (TR = 1.8s) were acquired on a Siemens TRIO 3T MR scanner and analyzed using SPM8.ResultsThe paradigm activated the amygdalae, the fusiform gyri, the posterior cingulate cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) (A). There was a hyperactivation of the OFC in patients compared to healthy controls (B). We found no significant difference in the amygdalae or fusiforme gyrus.ConclusionAlthough not in a social threat situation, SAD patients showed more activity in the orbitofrontal cortex. In contrast to other studies we found no differences in other brain areas indicating an optimized control condition. According to the functional coupling between prefrontal areas and the amygdalae, these data are consistent with an increased effort in down-regulating amygdalar activation by the orbitofrontal cortex.
From secondary gain to permanent disability
Authors: Softic R. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionSecondary gain was defined in terms of interpersonal, and social advantage achieved by patient as outcome of the illness. It helps the Ego to incorporate the symptom(s). Secundary gain is unconcious mechanism. It shouldn’t be mixed up with malingering or factitious disorder.Case report45 years old male patient was hospitalized at a Clinic of Psychiatry in Tuzla complaining the memory inpairment, confusion, and weakness of right arm and leg. The patient had been hospitalized at the Clinic of Neurology few months prior to actual hospitalisation. Diagnostic procedures, including MRI of the brain were done. Despite of negative tests results the diagnosis of ischemic stroke was made. During clicical observation the diagnosis of Dissociative motor disorder was postulated.ConclusionThe dissociative disorders is common in clinical practice. Existence of strong secondary gain may lead to chronicity and working and social dysfunction.
Long-term treatment with agomelatine: prevention of relapse in patients with generalised anxiety disorder over 6 months
Authors: Stein D. , Ahokas A. , Allgulander C. , Soegaard J. , Bitter I. , Lehtmets A. , Wahlstedt K. , Van Amerigen M. 
Published: May 2011

AimThis study assessed the efficacy of agomelatine (1,2,3), in the prevention of relapse in non-depressed out-patients with DSM-IV-TR defined Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and the tolerability.MethodsGAD patients received open label agomelatine (25–50 mg/day). At week 4 the dose was increased for patients with insufficient improvement (blinded criteria). At week 16, responders were randomised to maintenance treatment with either agomelatine, or placebo for a 26 week period. Then, agomelatine treated-patients were re-randomised to an agomelatine arm or to a placebo arm, to confirm the lack of discontinuation symptoms (on the DESS check-list).The primary outcome was the time to relapse (days) during the 26 week double-blind treatment period, as estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Relapse was defined as HAMA total score > = 15 or withdrawal for lack of efficacy (in the investigator's opinion, based on both HAM-A and CGI scores).Results477 patients entered the open-label phase and 329 completed this period. 228 patients were randomly assigned to receive agomelatine (114 patients) or placebo (114 patients).The incidence over time of relapse was significantly lower with agomelatine compared to placebo (19.7% versus 31.7% log rank test p = 0.046) during the double-blind treatment period.During the double-blind treatment period 12.4% patients with agomelatine and 9.6% with placebo reported at least one emergent adverse event related to the study treatment. There was no discontinuation syndrome in agomelatine treated patients.ConclusionAgomelatine was efficacious in preventing relapse in GAD, with maintenance of efficacy over 6 months, and good tolerability.