bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Probabilistic Projections of Climate Change for the Mid-Atlantic Region of the United States: Validation of Precipitation Downscaling during the Historical Era*
Authors: Ning Liang , Mann Michael E. , Crane Robert , Wagener Thorsten 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
This study uses a statistical downscaling method based on self-organizing maps (SOMs) to produce high-resolution, downscaled precipitation estimates over the state of Pennsylvania in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. The SOMs approach derives a transfer function between large-scale mean atmospheric states and local meteorological variables (daily point precipitation values) of interest. First, the SOM was trained using seven coarsely resolved atmospheric variables from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis dataset to model observed daily precipitation data from 17 stations across Pennsylvania for the period 1979–2005. Employing the same coarsely resolved variables from nine general circulation model (GCM) simulations taken from the historical analysis of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, phase 3 (CMIP3), the trained SOM was subsequently applied to simulate daily precipitation at the same 17 sites for the period 1961–2000. The SOM analysis indicates that the nine model simulations exhibit similar synoptic-scale features to the (NCEP) observations over the 1979–2007 training interval. An analysis of the sea level pressure signatures and the precipitation distribution corresponding to the trained SOM shows that it is effective in differentiating characteristic synoptic circulation patterns and associated precipitation. The downscaling approach provides a faithful reproduction of the observed probability distributions and temporal characteristics of precipitation on both daily and monthly time scales. The downscaled precipitation field shows significant improvement over the raw GCM precipitation fields with regard to observed average monthly precipitation amounts, average monthly number of rainy days, and standard deviations of monthly precipitation amounts, although certain caveats are noted.
Changes in the Interaction between Tropical Convection, Radiation, and the Large-Scale Circulation in a Warming Environment
Authors: Posselt Derek J. , Heever Susan van den , Stephens Graeme , Igel Matthew R. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
This paper explores the response of the tropical hydrologic cycle to surface warming through the lens of large-domain cloud-system-resolving model experiments run in a radiative–convective equilibrium framework. Simulations are run for 55 days and are driven with fixed insolation and constant sea surface temparatures (SSTs) of 298 K, 300 K, and 302 K. In each experiment, convection organizes into coherent regions of large-scale ascent separated by areas with relatively clear air and troposphere-deep descent. Aspects of the simulations correspond to observed features of the tropical climate system, including the transition to large precipitation rates above a critical value of total column water vapor, and an increase in convective intensity with SST amidst weakening of the large-scale overturning circulation. However, the authors also find notable changes to the interaction between convection and the environment as the surface warms. In particular, organized convection in simulations with SSTs of 298 and 300 K is inhibited by the presence of a strong midtropospheric stable layer and dry upper troposphere. As a result, there is a decrease in the vigor of deep convection and an increase in stratiform precipitation fraction with an increase in SST from 298 to 300 K. With an increase in SST to 302 K, moistening of the middletroposphere and increase in lower-tropospheric buoyancy serve to overcome these limitations, leading to an overall increase in convective intensity and larger increase in upper-tropospheric relative humidity. The authors conclude that, while convective intensity increases with SST, the aggregate nature of deep convection is strongly affected by the details of the thermodynamic environment in which it develops. In particular, the positive feedback between increasing SST and a moistening upper troposphere found in the simulations, operates as a nonmonotonic function of SST and is modulated by a complex interaction between deep convection and the environmental relative humidity and static stability profile. The results suggest that projected changes in convection that assume a monotonic dependence on SST may constitute an oversimplification.
Large-Scale Dynamical Response to Subgrid-Scale Organization Provided by Cellular Automata
Authors: Bengtsson Lisa , Körnich Heiner , Källén Erland , Svensson Gunilla 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Because of the limited resolution of numerical weather prediction (NWP) models, subgrid-scale physical processes are parameterized and represented by gridbox means. However, some physical processes are better represented by a mean and its variance; a typical example is deep convection, with scales varying from individual updrafts to organized mesoscale systems. This study investigates, in an idealized setting, whether a cellular automaton (CA) can be used to enhance subgrid-scale organization by forming clusters representative of the convective scales and thus yield a stochastic representation of subgrid-scale variability. The authors study the transfer of energy from the convective to the larger atmospheric scales through nonlinear wave interactions. This is done using a shallow water (SW) model initialized with equatorial wave modes. By letting a CA act on a finer resolution than that of the SW model, it can be expected to mimic the effect of, for instance, gravity wave propagation on convective organization. Employing the CA scheme permits the reproduction of the observed behavior of slowing down equatorial Kelvin modes in convectively active regions, while random perturbations fail to feed back on the large-scale flow. The analysis of kinetic energy spectra demonstrates that the CA subgrid scheme introduces energy backscatter from the smallest model scales to medium scales. However, the amount of energy backscattered depends almost solely on the memory time scale introduced to the subgrid scheme, whereas any variation in spatial scales generated does not influence the energy spectra markedly.
A hybrid model for multiscale simulations of nanoindentation
Authors: Zhu P-Z , Hu Y-Z , Wang H 
Published: August 2011

A numerical model for multiscale simulations of nanoindentation has been established by coupling molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with finite element analysis. The multiscale simulations are performed for two-dimensional nanoindentation of a cylindrical indenter against a copper (1 1 1) substrate. Results show that the load–depth curves obtained from both multiscale and full MD simulations match each other reasonably well and no visible discontinuity of deformation is observed in the handshake region. In the beginning, the normal load increases gradually, corresponding to elastic substrate deformation, followed by sudden drops in load–depth curves, which are related to the nucleation and movement of dislocations. The simulations also reveal that indenter radius and indentation velocity significantly affect the nanoindentation process. By the use of multiscale method, the system size to be explored can be greatly expanded without increasing computational cost.
Preparation and Rietveld refinement of Ag-exchanged clinoptilolite
Authors: Dimova L. , Petrov O. , Kadiyski M. , Lihareva N. , Stoyanova-Ivanova A. , Mikli V. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractFully exchanged Ag-clinoptilolite prepared at 100°C using 1 M solution of AgNO3 was studied. The initial sample (Beli Plast deposit, Bulgaria) was enriched in clinoptilolite by a sequence of treatments – crushing, sieving, sedimentation, and separation with heavy liquids to obtain a content of about 93 wt.% of clinoptilolite intergrown with opal-C. Opal-C was subsequently removed by chemical treatment. Maximum cation exchange was reached on the seventh day (4.86(4) Ag atoms per formula unit). Rietveld structural refinement was then carried out on the Ag-exchanged clinoptilolite, and three independent Ag sites were localated in the channels of the clinoptilolite structure. Seven water sites, coordinating the Ag sites, were located. Ag-clinoptilolite is, potentially, a promising low-cost antibacterial material.
Physical and mechanical characteristics of cement mortars and concretes with addition of clinoptilolite from Beli Plast deposit (Bulgaria), silica fume and fly ash
Authors: Lilkov V. , Rostovsky I. , Petrov O. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractCement mortars and concretes incorporating clinoptilolite, silica fume and fly ash were investigated for changes in their physical and mechanical properties. It was found that additions of 10% clinoptilolite and 10% Pozzolite (1:1 mixture of silica fume and fly ash) were optimal for improvement of the quality of the hardened products, giving 8% and 13% increases in flexural and compressive strength respectively. The specific pore volume of the mortars incorporating zeolite decreased between the 28th and 180th day to levels below the values for the control composition due to the fact that clinoptilolite exhibits its pozzolanic activity later in the hydration. In these later stages, pores with radii below 500 nm increased at the expense of larger pores. The change in the pore-size distribution between the first and sixth months of hydration occurs mostly in the mortars with added zeolite.
Binary cation exchange in clinoptilolite involving K+, Na+ , Ba2+ and Ca2+ at 30 and 95°C: a calorimetric study
Authors: Petrova N. , Filizova L. , Kirov G. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA binary ion exchange of cationic pairs involving K, Na, Ba and Ca in clinoptilolite was investigated calorimetrically. The selected cations included two pairs equal in charge and two pairs similar in size. The heats of ion exchange and the degrees of exchange were determined at 30 and 95°C. The data obtained are discussed with respect to cationic interactions in the clinoptilolite structure and hydration characteristics (heats of hydration and hydration numbers) of competing cations in the solution. No correlation was found between the heat effects and the degree of exchange. The heat of exchange depends mainly on the difference between the hydration heats of the cations in the solution, whereas the degree of exchange depends on their positioning over the extraframework sites in the clinoptilolite structure. The heats of ion exchange are lower at 95°C than those measured at 30°C, which is due to a decrease of the hydration number with increasing temperature. In all cases the degree of exchange increases with increasing temperature.
Zeolitized tuffs in pedotechniques to improve soil resilience against the impact of treatment by municipal sewage: balance of nutrient and noxious cations
Authors: Capra G. F. , Buondonno A. , Coppola E. , Duras M. G. , Vacca S. , Colella C. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractTwo zeolitized tuffs (ZTs),viz.a Neapolitan yellow tuff (NYT) and a clinoptilolite-bearing tuff (ZCL), were tested as pedotechnical materials to improve soil resilience against the impact of treatment by a ‘dirty’ municipal sewage system (DSW). Soils (surface horizon) were a sandy, alkaline Entisol (Typic Xeropsamment), and a sandy-loam, sub-acidic Alfisol (Ultic Palexeralf). Results showed that the presence of ZTs resulted in several favourable effects. Electrical conductivity (EC) decreased and pH was buffered. Ammonium was selectively taken up from the DSW, making the zeolitized tuffs almost saturated by NH4+, by exchanging both beneficial cations, such as K+and Ca2+, thus improving their potential availability to plants, and undesirable cations such as Na+, thereby hindering the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) increase and concurrent soil salinization-alkalinization. At the same time, NH4+was stored as a potentially slow-release nitrogen fertilizer. The mobility of Pb, Cu and Zn dropped off to a large extent. NYT produced the best effects, and the Entisol gained the greatest benefit from treatments.
Alteration processes and products of acid pyroclastic rocks in Bulgaria and Slovakia
Authors: Kirov G. , Šamajova E. , Nedialkov R. , Stanimirova TS. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe genesis of the products of the alteration of acid pyroclastic material is discussed and interpreted on the basis of the distribution, sedimentation conditions, post-sedimentation activity, mineral and chemical compositions of pyroclastic deposits in Bulgaria and Slovakia.It is found that the disordered nonequilibrium nature of the volcanic glass induces a diagenetic devitrification of the tuffs and formation of clinoptilolitic, adularia-cristobalite and bentonite rocks. With increasing temperature, the volcanic glass tends forward a stable state through a series of zeolite mineral associations: clinoptilolite-mordenite-analcime-feldspar. The change in mineral composition of this series of rocks occurs without a change in the chemical composition of the rocks, which could be explained by the closed nature of zeolite systems. The formation of bentonites is associated with the removal of alkaline ions under diagenetic conditions, while the formation of halloysite rocks is caused by hydrothermal activity.
Modelling pedogenization of zeolitized tuff: effects of water and phenolic substances on weathering rates of the Campanian Ignimbrite (yellow facies)
Authors: Grilli E. , Colella A. , Coppola E. , Langella A. , Buondonno A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAn experimental pedology research project, based on a “process-system” pedogenetic model, was initiated to investigate the weathering of Phlegraean Yellow Tuff (PYT) – the yellow facies of the Campanian Ignimbrite with phillipsite > chabazite – as representative of the parent rock material as the soil-forming factor. PYT was weathered by water (W) and tannic acid solutions (TA) at concentrations ranging from 3 × 101to 3 × 104μmol l–1. The most concentrated TA solution (3 × 104μmol l–1) showed the greatest extracting efficiency. Na and K were continually solubilized by W; Al, Ca and Mg contributed to the ionic composition of all the TA supernatants. A significant dissolution of the amorphous component and an associated decrease of the zeolite content, especially phillipsite, were noted. The features of PYT weathered outcomes fitted the “process-system” model very well. PYT showed a pedogenic potential, in being prone to weathering, as well as in releasing elements of importance for plant settlement and development, such as K, Ca, Mg and Fe.
Properties of mechanically activated natural clinoptilolite and chabazite
Authors: Nikashina V. A. , Streletsky A. N. , Kolbanev I. V. , Meshkova I. N. , Grinev V. G. , Serova I. B. , Yusupov T. S. , Shumskaya L. G. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe effect of mechanical activation on the ion-exchange selectivity of natural zeolites from Russia, namely clinoptilolite-bearing tuffs and chabazites, was studied. The structural modifications and thermal properties were investigated, and the specific surface area and porosity of mechanically activated zeolites were determined. At activation doses of up to 1.0 kJ g–1 the main processes are the breakdown of the zeolite particles and pore structure changes. At greater activation doses amorphization takes place. It was shown that during the initial stage of activation in most cases the clinoptilolite selectivity for Sr2+ increased slightly and then decreased; the selectivity for Cu2+ increased 100 times; and the selectivity of chabazite-1 for Sr2+ increased 300 times.
The effects of dose of flupentixol decanoate on relapse rates in schizophrenia
Authors: Reed Paul , Fanshawe Tom 
Published: August 2011

Aims and methodTo systematically review the published literature with respect to formulating a dose-response curve for flupentixol decanoate. A systematic literature search using the Cochrane Database was performed for studies that published both dosage information and data on relapse rates.ResultsThe data showed modest effects of dose on survival rates. Increasing dose may be associated with increased survival rates up to around 50–60 mg of flupentixol decanoate every 4 weeks. There was no evidence of increased survival rates at higher doses and higher doses may be associated with lower rates of survival. There is considerable uncertainty as to the true effects of dose of flupentixol decanoate on relapse rates.Clinical implicationsThere is no evidence that survival rates improve for doses above 50–60 mg every 4 weeks. These doses are much lower than doses commonly prescribed. Clinicians may wish to consider these data when prescribing flupentixol decanoate.
Beyond the ‘Goldwater rule’
Authors: Baum Matthew , Hope Tony 
Published: August 2011

SummaryMitchell discusses the moral responsibilities of psychiatrists who, when outside professional settings, suspect that a person might benefit from psychiatric help. Is making an unsolicited psychiatric diagnosis ever the right thing to do? The American Psychiatric Association's guidance is that it is not, unless the psychiatrist has been granted authorisation. Although sensitive to harms from ‘unsolicited diagnoses', Mitchell argues that this guidance is too blunt: the benefits may outweigh the harms. We foresee, however, the possibility that psychiatrists may become pressured to make unsolicited diagnoses to protect or improve society rather than serve the best interests of the individual.
Nuclear Magnetic Shielding and Aromaticity of [18]Annulene and Its Quasi-Möbius-Type Analogues
Authors: Tanimura Hirotaka , Honda Yasushi , Sugiura Ken-ichi , Hada Masahiko 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
We presented a series of quantum-chemical calculations of [18]annulene (C18H18) and its analogues which are helically distorted open-chain molecules and which we call “quasi-Möbius-type” molecules in this paper. We discussed the proton magnetic shielding constants, the chemical shifts, and the nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) of these molecules. The calculated nuclear magnetic shielding constants were decomposed into the diamagnetic and paramagnetic terms using a conventional manner. As we expected, a shielding–deshielding reversal occurs in C18H18 and quasi-Möbius-type C18H20. Moreover, we showed a predictive demonstration that the magnetic shielding constants can be controlled by inserting a small molecule such as CH3− or H2C=CH2 into the terminal π-orbitals of quasi-Möbius-type C18H20 or C16H18. Aromaticity and antiaromaticity are discussed with magnetic features of molecules.
An Evaluation of Real-Time Deformation Monitoring Using Motion Capture Instrumentation and Its Application in Monitoring Railway Foundations
Authors: Hendry Michael T. , Barbour S. Lee , Martin C. Derek 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
ABSTRACT:The purpose of this study is to evaluate the use of motion capture instrumentation to monitor the response of a railway embankment and the underlying soft peat mire foundation soils to freight train loading. Initial data sets were obtained from the motion capture system, called the ShapeAccelArray (SAA, Measurand Inc.), installed in a railway embankment. Review of the data sets from the site installation raised questions as to the ability of the SAA to provide accurate displacement measurements. Testing of the SAA in the laboratory confirmed that the output from the SAA system (inclusive of software) would not provide a true measurement of horizontal deformations during large cyclic motions. This inaccuracy was due to the magnitude of acceleration associated with the cyclical motion on the microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) accelerometers and the effect of this on the ability of the system to determine its shape. A method for determining the magnitude of cyclic displacement from the output of the MEMS accelerometers was developed from the laboratory testing data. This involved the double integration of the change in acceleration measured by the accelerometers to obtain a change in displacement. This method was applied to the data sets obtained from the field installation to obtain a profile of cyclic displacement with depth.
Evaluation of oscillometric and vascular access port arterial blood pressure measurement techniques versus implanted telemetry in anesthetized cats
Authors: Zwijnenberg Raphael J. , del Rio Carlos L. , Cobb Rami M. , Ueyama Yukie , Muir William W. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Objective—To compare the use of a semi-invasive vascular access port (VAP) device or noninvasive oscillometry versus invasive telemetry for blood pressure measurements in cats.
Animals—6 healthy cats.
Procedures—30 days before the study, all cats received an implanted telemeter and a VAP device. During normotension and experimentally induced hypertension, blood pressure was measured with the implanted devices and with noninvasive oscillometry at 4 time points.
Results—Compared with invasive telemetry, VAP had a correlation coefficient from 0.8487 to 0.9972, and noninvasive oscillometry had a correlation coefficient from 0.7478 to 0.9689.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Use of the VAP device and noninvasive oscillometry had a high degree of correlation with invasive telemetry as the gold standard for blood pressure measurement. Use of a VAP device resulted in a slightly higher degree of correlation, compared with noninvasive oscillometry.
Evaluation of plasma activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease
Authors: Ljungvall Ingrid , Rajamäki Minna M. , Crosara Serena , Olsen Lisbeth H. , Kvart Clarence , Borgarelli Michele , Höglund Katja , Häggström Jens 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Objective—To investigate whether plasma activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 was associated with severity of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in dogs and to assess potential associations between MMP activity and dog characteristics, echocardiographic variables, systolic arterial blood pressure (SAP), heart rate, cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentration, and C-reactive protein concentration.
Animals—75 client-owned dogs.
Procedures—Severity of MMVD was assessed by use of echocardiography. Plasma activity of latent (pro-MMP) and active MMP-2 and -9 was analyzed via zymography. Plasma concentration of cTnI was analyzed with a high-sensitivity cTnI assay, and C-reactive protein concentration was analyzed with a canine-specific ELISA.
Results—Pro-MMP-9, active MMP-9, and pro-MMP-2 were detected, but active MMP-2 was not. No significant differences were found in MMP concentrations among the 4 MMVD severity groups. Activity of pro-MMP-9 decreased with decreases in SAP and was higher in male dogs than in female dogs. Activity of MMP-9 decreased with increases in left ventricular end-systolic dimension and with decreases in SAP and cTnI concentration. Left ventricular end-systolic dimension was the variable most strongly associated with MMP-9 activity. No associations were found between the activity of pro-MMP-2 and investigated variables.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Plasma MMP-9 activity decreased with increases in the end-systolic left ventricular internal dimension and decreases in SAP. Hence, evaluation of MMP-9 activity has the potential to provide unique information about the myocardial remodeling process in dogs with MMVD.