bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Braverman and Labor and Monopoly Capital: A Retrospective
Authors: Smith Chris , Thompson Paul 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This paper appraises the work of Harry Braverman (1920–76), specifically his classic, Labor and Monopoly Capital, published in 1974 and remaining an influential reference for what has become the labour process approach to the study of work in capitalist societies. Labor and Monopoly Capital (LMC) reshaped what was then known as industrial sociology in the English-speaking world and was impactful across a range of disciplines, including history, organisation and management studies, comparative political economy, and labour geography. It is widely regarded as the foundational text of labour process theory (LPT). Fifty years after the initial publication of LMC, that theoretical approach is not only alive and well, but in the past decade, undergone something of a resurgence, influencing global communities of scholars. The paper takes a close look primarily at the text in its context, examining the genesis of the arguments, the distinctive biography of the author, and the structure of the book drawing out its major and minor themes, including a critical assessment of sources and evidence. We argue that the enormous impact of LMC can be explained by its successful challenge to existing orthodoxies about trajectories in work, technology, and management dominant in the social sciences and orthodox Marxism. This is followed up with a discussion of the reception, diffusion, and development of LMC comparatively and across different geographic domains and academic disciplines. As the debate on LMC eventually became a much broader programme of theory and research on the labour process, we consider some of the key points of differentiation from one of the foundational texts. Whilst acknowledging its enduring legacy, the final section argues that there is only a route forward from, rather than back to Braverman, given the profound changes to global capital and labour in the 50 years since LMC appeared.
Interaction between methanotrophy and gastrointestinal nematodes infection on the rumen microbiome of lambs
Authors: Corrêa Patricia Spoto , Fernandes Murilo Antonio , Jimenez Carolina Rodriguez , Mendes Lucas William , Lima Paulo de Mello Tavares , Abdalla Adibe Luiz , Louvandini Helder 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Complex cross-talk occurs between gastrointestinal nematodes and gut symbiotic microbiota, with consequences for animal metabolism. To investigate the connection between methane production and endoparasites, this study evaluated the effect of mixed infection with Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis on methanogenic and methanotrophic community in rumen microbiota of lambs using shotgun metagenomic and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). The rumen content was collected from six Santa Inês lambs, (7 months old) before and after 42 days infection by esophageal tube. The metagenomic analysis showed that the infection affected the microbial community structure leading to decreased abundance of methanotrophs bacteria, i.e. α-proteobacteria and β-proteobacteria, anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME), protozoa, sulfate-reducing bacteria, syntrophic bacteria with methanogens, geobacter, and genes related to pyruvate, fatty acid, nitrogen, and sulfur metabolisms, ribulose monophosphate cycle, and Entner–Doudoroff Pathway. Additionally, the abundance of methanogenic archaea and the mcrA gene did not change. The co-occurrence networks enabled us to identify the interactions between each taxon in microbial communities and to determine the reshaping of rumen microbiome associations by gastrointestinal nematode infection. Besides, the correlation between ANMEs was lower in the animal’s postinfection. Our findings suggest that gastrointestinal parasites potentially lead to decreased methanotrophic metabolism-related microorganisms and genes.
Endosymbioses Have Shaped the Evolution of Biological Diversity and Complexity Time and Time Again
Authors: Bennett Gordon M , Kwak Younghwan , Maynard Reo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Life on Earth comprises prokaryotes and a broad assemblage of endosymbioses. The pages of Molecular Biology and Evolution and Genome Biology and Evolution have provided an essential window into how these endosymbiotic interactions have evolved and shaped biological diversity. Here, we provide a current perspective on this knowledge by drawing on decades of revelatory research published in Molecular Biology and Evolution and Genome Biology and Evolution, and insights from the field at large. The accumulated work illustrates how endosymbioses provide hosts with novel phenotypes that allow them to transition between adaptive landscapes to access environmental resources. Such endosymbiotic relationships have shaped and reshaped life on Earth. The early serial establishment of mitochondria and chloroplasts through endosymbioses permitted massive upscaling of cellular energetics, multicellularity, and terrestrial planetary greening. These endosymbioses are also the foundation upon which all later ones are built, including everything from land–plant endosymbioses with fungi and bacteria to nutritional endosymbioses found in invertebrate animals. Common evolutionary mechanisms have shaped this broad range of interactions. Endosymbionts generally experience adaptive and stochastic genome streamlining, the extent of which depends on several key factors (e.g. mode of transmission). Hosts, in contrast, adapt complex mechanisms of resource exchange, cellular integration and regulation, and genetic support mechanisms to prop up degraded symbionts. However, there are significant differences between endosymbiotic interactions not only in how partners have evolved with each other but also in the scope of their influence on biological diversity. These differences are important considerations for predicting how endosymbioses will persist and adapt to a changing planet.
The Pouch Corner: A Review of Functional Pouch Disorders
Authors: Kayal Maia , Barnes Edward L , Schwartzberg David M 
Published: May 2024

Lay Summary
Functional pouch disorders such as dyssynergic defecation, fecal incontinence, and irritable pouch syndrome are common and manifest with symptoms that overlap with those of pouchitis. The appropriate recognition of these disorders is imperative to guide necessary management and reduce unnecessary antibiotic exposure.
Beyond the buzz: the fatal consequences of caffeine overconsumption
Authors: Brower Justin O , Swatek Jennifer L 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Caffeine is a naturally occurring stimulant present in dozens of plant species including Coffea arabica and Camellia sinensis, from which we obtain coffee and tea, respectively. It is one of the world’s most widely consumed psychoactive substances frequently used to increase alertness, elevate mood, and ward off fatigue. In traditional preparations, caffeine is generally well-tolerated by the consumer. However, complications can arise with the addition of caffeine to products like energy drinks, medications, and supplements. Furthermore, with pure caffeine accessible online, a consumer may unknowingly or inadvertently consume caffeine in dangerous amounts. Symptoms of caffeine toxicity include classic central nervous system stimulation side effects, such as agitation, insomnia, gastrointestinal distress, tachycardia, seizures, and death in extreme cases. To evaluate concentrations of toxicological significance, caffeine cases were assessed at a large reference laboratory (NMS Labs). From 2019 to 2023, 406 blood cases underwent confirmation testing via LC–MS-MS; the mean and median caffeine concentrations were 35 and 4.8 µg/mL, respectively. While most caffeine-containing cases indicate traditional use in the general population with concentrations &lt;25 µg/mL (62%, N = 254), 10% (N = 42) of the cases were &gt;100 µg/mL, indicating levels which may contribute to a fatal outcome. To gain insight into the significance of caffeine in determining the cause and manner of death, cases with various manners of death are presented. Despite being one of the most common toxicological findings in medicolegal death investigations, caffeine is often overlooked. Screening results should undergo scrutiny, and confirmation testing should be considered in cases where caffeine intoxication is prominently featured in the case history or scene investigation.
The Need for Historical Fluency in Pandemic Law and Policy
Authors: Goldberg Daniel S 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The primary claim of this essay is that historical fluency is required for effective work in crafting legal and policy interventions as a part of public health emergency preparedness and response (PHEPR). At a broad level, public health law is explicitly recognized as a key systems-level component of PHEPR practice.1 This essay therefore focuses on the extent to which historical fluency is necessary or at least useful to all aspects of PHEPR that draw on or deploy legal and policy mechanisms (e.g., design, planning, implementation, dissemination, monitoring and evaluation, etc.). The essay collectively refers to these legal and policy mechanisms as epidemic law and policy response (ELAPR). Part I explains the concept of historical fluency. Part II explores the foundations of public health law both as a way of highlighting key structural features of ELAPR and in supporting the claim that historical fluency is critical for ELAPR. Part III applies the previous arguments to a specific case study to highlight the promise and power of historical fluency – the outbreak of bubonic plague in San Francisco in 1900. Tracking this essay’s pragmatic focus, part IV offers several recommendations for how specifically historical fluency in public health law and ethics can be operationalized in PHEPR practice and policy. Part V summarizes and concludes.
Fulminant respiratory failure due to severe pneumothorax after re-do coronary artery bypass grafting treated with veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Authors: Inoue Akito , Ushioda Ryohei , Miyatani Kazuki , Shirakura Kentaro , Mochizuki Nobuhiro , Isa Hideki , Setogawa Yuki , Narita Masahiko , Suzuki Fumitaka , Hirofuji Aina , Okubo Ryo , Kunioka Shingo , Tsutsui Masahiro , Hiroyuki Kamiya 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This case report details the management of a 79-year-old man who developed massive postoperative pneumothorax following redo coronary artery bypass grafting due to severe lung adhesions. We successfully treated the patient using veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation without femoral cannulation, allowing for early rehabilitation initiation. Veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is a reasonable option for cases of severe respiratory failure due to pneumothorax with lung destruction caused by re-sternotomy during re-do cardiac surgery.
Pulmonary tuberculoma-induced cyst formation leading to repeated pneumothorax: a case report
Authors: Suwa Takaaki , Kawamoto Nobutaka , Morita Shunsuke , Hasegawa Hiroshi , Zaitsu Junichi , Misumi Keizo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Most cases of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis are caused by rupturing of the visceral pleura caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The check-valve airway mechanism in the lungs is generally involved in the formation of pulmonary cysts, which often cause spontaneous pneumothorax. Herein, we describe a rare case of repeated spontaneous pneumothorax suspected to have been caused by pulmonary cyst formation as a result of a tuberculoma. The patient was a man with a family history of pulmonary tuberculosis. Pulmonary cysts were gradually enlarged on the peripheral side of a lung mass in the upper lobe of the patient’s right lung, who experienced two spontaneous pneumothoraxes in the area. Exploratory surgery was performed to diagnose the lung mass and treat the pneumothorax, resulting in a final diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculoma. A check-valve mechanism caused by the pulmonary tuberculoma was suspected based on the patient’s clinical course.
Topographical Anatomy as Landmarks
Authors: Shirey Derek , Matusic Bryan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Successful completion of procedures in the anesthesia setting requires thorough understanding of topographical anatomic landmarks. Although not an exact science, such knowledge serves as a structural framework supporting interventional pain procedures, neuraxial techniques, regional nerve blocks, central venous access, and evaluation of a potential difficult intubation. The ability to conceptualize the underlying anatomy with the aid of palpable surface anatomy, as well as augmenting landmarks by utilizing ultrasound imaging technologies, enhances the ability of the anesthesiologist to perform procedures and deliver anesthetic care in a safe and effective manner.
Abdominal Wall Anatomy
Authors: Pan Wenyu , Elmofty Dalia 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
It is important for the anesthesiologist to be familiar with the abdominal wall anatomy for both surgical and anesthetic considerations. This chapter reviews the anatomy of the abdominal wall, including its muscles, fascia, vasculature, and nerve supply. It also discusses the use of ultrasonography to image the abdominal wall and utility in assisting with placing peripheral nerve blocks. The indications, techniques, and complications associated with abdominal wall nerve blocks, including the transversus abdominis plane block, ilio-inguinal and ilio-hypogastric blocks, and the rectus sheath block are discussed. Anesthetic considerations of nerve blocks on the abdominal wall in the pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative phases are briefly reviewed.
Vapor Pressure and Calculation of Anesthetic Concentrations
Authors: Aquino Ben , Heidari Afshin 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at the concept of vapor pressure and how it figures into the delivery of anesthetic gases to the breathing circuit and patient. It also looks at other parameters affecting the delivery of anesthetic gases, including partition coefficients, latent heat of vaporization, and boiling point. The chapter describes the effects that environmental parameters such as high altitude can have on the delivery of anesthetic gases.
Uptake and Distribution of Inhalation Agents
Authors: Levin Lora B. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of volatile anesthetics are unique and very different from intravenous drugs. Induction of anesthesia involves the movement of volatile anesthetic gas into the central nervous system (CNS), its primary site of action. Anesthetic gases move along a series of concentration/pressure gradients from the vaporizer to the anesthesia circuit into the alveoli then into the arterial blood until finally reaching the CNS. General anesthesia results when the goal partial pressure of an anesthetic gas is achieved in the CNS. This process involves three main steps: delivery of the anesthetic gas to the patient’s alveoli; uptake of the anesthetic gas from the alveoli into the blood; and distribution of the anesthetic into the brain tissue.
Second Gas Effect
Authors: Parniani Ahmad Reza , White Peggy 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Delivering an inhaled anesthetic into a patient’s blood is similar to the delivery of an intravenous medication, with some major distinctions in the mechanism. One major difference is that delivery of gas into the body is through transalveolar exchange of the gas inside the lungs into the bloodstream. Clearance of inhaled anesthetics is also through the same mechanism. In other words, delivery of inhaled anesthetics depends on pulmonary ventilation, whereas uptake and clearance of inhaled anesthetics mostly depends on pulmonary perfusion. Uptake and distribution of inhaled anesthetics are through a series of transfer steps that eventually ends in the bloodstream. The process starts from the vaporizer in the anesthesia machine that mixes with the fresh gas which is passed into the airway. The second step involves ventilation which transfers gases into the alveolar space inside the lungs. Next, transcapillary diffusion results in the movement of gases into the pulmonary venous blood. The anesthetic gas will eventually reach the target organ (brain).
Principles
Authors: Levin Lora B. , Pogrebetskaya Mariya 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers various physical principles and how they pertain to the delivery of anesthetic gases along with a non-hypoxic oxygen mixture to the patient via the anesthesia machine and breathing circuit. The first section of the chapter briefly discusses the principles of resistance and flow as they pertain to the delivery of a gas mixture. The second section covers a variety of topics that need to be taken into consideration when delivering an anesthetic gas mixture to the patient. Such topics include the following: mechanical dead space, rebreathing of exhaled gases, dilution of gases, circuit leaks, as well as heat and humidification of the gas mixture being delivered. Some common complications and how to detect and correct these issues are also addressed.
Circle System
Authors: Jun Charles , Nasr Ned F. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The circle system is the most common design for anesthesia machines. Its components include the one-way valves on the expiratory and inspiratory limbs, corrugated breathing tubes, Y piece, APL valve, Reservoir Bag, CO2 cannister. The circle system can be utilized as either a closed or semi-closed system depending on the mode of ventilation and the setting on the APL valve. Thus, rebreathing is either minimal or non-existent. This circuit can be used in people of nearly all ages, but certain considerations must be taken into for neonates and infants due to their inherent physiological differences from adults. The circle system is deemed cost effective from the standpoint of volatile anesthetic utilization and can conserve heat within the breathing circuit. However, the circle system increases resistance and thus increases the work of breathing. With the complex design of the typical circle system machines troubleshooting becomes more cumbersome.
Waste Gas Evacuation Systems
Authors: Swanson David E. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Operating room (OR) safety includes minimizing volatile anesthetic gas that OR personnel breathe in. The waste anesthetic gas disposal (WAGD) system is a very important part of modern anesthesia machines and hospital infrastructure. Active scavenging is required by the Joint Commission and is integrated into anesthesia machines. An active scavenging system uses suction to transport unusable anesthetic gases out of the hospital, while a passive scavenging system does not use suction, but allows a conduit for gases to exit the room or empty into the OR ventilation exhaust. Traces of anesthetic gases may cause headaches and increase spontaneous abortions in OR staff.
Monitoring Methods
Authors: Luis Santiago , Raut Snehal 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Anesthesia and surgery can cause rapid changes in vital functions; hence it is important that anesthesia providers monitor patient physiologic variables to allow intervention before the patient suffers harm and to detect equipment malfunction. The term “standard ASA monitors” is often used to refer to the basic physiologic monitors recommended by the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA). Standard ASA monitors applied to the patient include a pulse oximeter, electrocardiography, noninvasive blood pressure device, and a temperature monitor. Continual end-tidal carbon dioxide analysis should be performed when endotracheal tube/laryngeal mask is being used. Neuromuscular monitoring is important when neuromuscular blocking agents are used in anesthesia practice to facilitate intubation and/or to optimize surgical conditions.
Mechanism of Pulmonary Ventilation
Authors: Girma Brook , Kaye Alan D. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Pulmonary ventilation or breathing is a complicated process that involves the exchange of gases from the environment and lungs. There are two forms of ventilation, described as spontaneous and mechanical. In this regard, most ventilators achieve the process of breathing primarily by applying intermittent or continuous positive airway pressure. Mechanical ventilators have improved significantly since becoming widely used in the 1950s. The different ventilator modes and settings are discussed in detail.
Gas Concentrations
Authors: Saklayen Samiya L. , Cody Joseph 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The accurate measurement of gas concentrations in clinical anesthesia is important for patient safety. Anesthesia monitoring standards require measurements of inspired oxygen concentration as well as quantitative analysis of end-tidal carbon dioxide. The most common method of measuring oxygen concentration in the operating room is using a paramagnetic oxygen analyzer, which is both fast and accurate. Electrochemical analysis with either an electrogalvanic fuel cell or polarographic fuel cell may also be used for oxygen analysis. Capnometry and the measurement of inhaled gases is most commonly achieved with the use of infrared absorption spectroscopy. Raman scattering and mass spectrometry are no longer commonly used in clinical anesthesia, though they may continue to be used for research purposes.
Electrical, Fire, and Explosion Hazards
Authors: Frantz Amanda , Giordano Chris 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Electricity plays a prominent role in everyday life and is required for most modern-day operating room (OR) equipment. It is imperative for every anesthesiologist to be familiar with basic electrical and fire safety in the OR, as they encounter these tools daily. The fire triad is present in almost every surgical case; separating these modifiable risks is important to prevent these disasters and save the lives of patients and personnel. Advances in modern medicine have led to enhanced safety and sophistication of various electrical devices in the OR, but all staff and patients remain susceptible to hazards such as electrical burns, electrical shocks, and fire hazards. By taking the time to understand the basic principles of electronics and fire prevention, the anesthesiologist can create a safer working environment.
Pharmacokinetics of Neuraxial Anesthesia
Authors: Patel Nimesh , Fayed Mohamed 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Spinal and epidural anesthesia has become an important aspect of perioperative patient care. In order to provide effective neuraxial anesthesia, an understanding of drug pharmacokinetics is required. The nerve fiber size, surface area, and myelination influence the onset of the neuraxial blockade. Baricity, patient positioning, and dose affect drug distribution. The type of local anesthetic used influences the intensity of sensory and motor blockade, duration of action, and toxicity. In addition, adjuvant agents are commonly utilized, which help to optimize anesthesia and analgesia while reducing adverse effects. Vasopressors, opioids, a2-agonists, and sodium bicarbonate are commonly used spinal additives.
Alternative and Herbal Medicines
Authors: Zubair Muhammad Haseeb , De Ranieri Aladino 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The use of alternative and herbal medications is prevalent in the United States and across the world. All medications have a therapeutic window or dose range which can treat disease and avoid drug toxicity. These medications are not subjected to same rigorous testing and standards; consequently their therapeutic window and side effect profile are not as well defined. Physicians should be cognizant of different types of supplements available in the market and their different biological active forms. Their use history should be part of every anesthesia preoperative history. Lack of substantial evidence against their risks and benefits not only make their effects unpredictable, but also poses a significant challenge for physicians. Careful evaluation and nature of the surgery and the interaction of these agents with anesthetics should govern their perioperative use.