bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A population study of a mutation allele associated with cone–rod dystrophy in the standard wire‐haired dachshund
Authors: Wiik A. C. , Thoresen S. I. , Wade C. , Lindblad‐Toh K. , Lingaas F. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryCone–rod dystrophy in the standard wire‐haired dachshund (SWHD) is inherited as a simple autosomal recessive trait and the recently discovered mutation is widespread within the SWHD population in Norway and other Scandinavian countries. The gene frequency was estimated to be 4.8%. On the basis of the assumption that the size of the ancestral haplotype around a mutation is inversely correlated with the number of generations since the mutation arose, we have found that the mutation is of a relatively recent origin. The conserved haplotype was found to be 8 Mb in size and therefore we estimate that the mutation arose roughly eight generations (approximately 37 years) ago. This indicates that the mutation arose after breed separation.
Haemodynamic characteristics of hypertension induced by prenatal cortisol exposure in sheep
Authors: Moritz Karen M , Dodic Miodrag , Jefferies Andrew J , Wintour E Marelyn , DeMatteo Robert , Singh Reetu R , Evans Roger G 
Published: March 2009

Summary1. Administration of glucocorticoids to ewes early in pregnancy results in offspring with hypertension in adulthood. The hypertension in female offspring exposed to dexamethasone is associated with increased cardiac output, but whether this is also true in cortisol‐exposed offspring is unknown.2. Systemic haemodynamic variables were measured under basal conditions in castrated male and female adult sheep exposed to cortisol (5 mg/h) or saline (0.19 mL/h) from 26 to 28 days of gestation. To examine the contribution of the autonomic nervous system to maintenance of basal arterial pressure in established hypertension in cortisol‐exposed sheep, responses to adrenoceptor blockade (intravenous infusion of 0.15 mg/kg per h phentolamine plus 0.4 mg/kg per h propranolol) and ganglionic blockade (intravenous infusion of 125 mg/h hexamethonium) were examined in castrated male offspring.3. Mean arterial pressure and calculated systemic vascular resistance were 9% and 17% greater, whereas cardiac output tended to be 8% less, in cortisol‐compared with saline‐exposed sheep. These effects were not sex dependent. The depressor response to ganglionic blockade and the initial phase of the depressor response to adrenoceptor blockade were greater in cortisol‐compared with saline‐exposed sheep.4. These results indicate that hypertension in offspring exposed prenatally to cortisol is associated with increased total peripheral resistance, mimicking observations in human patients with chronic hypertension. Furthermore, the increased vascular resistance appears to be dependent, at least in part, on an increased effect of sympathetic vasomotor drive. Taken together with previous findings, the present observations suggest that prenatal cortisol and dexamethasone programme altered adult cardiovascular function via distinct mechanistic pathways.
Bone tissue responses to glass fiber‐reinforced composite implants – a histomorphometric study
Authors: Ballo A. M. , Akca E. A. , Ozen T. , Lassila L. , Vallittu P. K. , Närhi T. O. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectives: The aims of this study were to evaluate bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC) and the osteoconductive capacity of bioactive fiber‐reinforced composite implant (FRC) in vivo.Material and methods: Threaded sand‐blasted FRC implants and threaded FRC implants with bioactive glass (BAG) were fabricated for the study. Titanium implants were used as a reference. Eighteen implants (diameter 4.1 mm, length 10 mm) were implanted in the tibia of six pigs using the press‐fit technique. The animals were sacrificed after 4 and 12 weeks. Histomorphometric and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analyses were performed to characterize BIC.Results: In general, the highest values of BIC were measured in FRC‐BAG implants, followed by FRC and Ti implants. At 4 weeks, the BIC was 33% for threaded FRC‐BAG, 27% for FRC and 19% for Ti. At 12 weeks, BIC was 47% for threaded FRC‐BAG, 40% for FRC and 42% for Ti. Four weeks after implantation, all the implants appeared biologically fixed by a newly formed woven bone arranged in the thin bone trabeculae filling the gap between the implant and the bone of the recipient site. Twelve weeks after implantation, the thickness of the woven bone trabeculae had increased, especially around the FRC‐BAG implants.Conclusion: Our results suggest that the FRC implant is biocompatible in bone. The biological behavior of FRC was comparable to that of Ti after 4 and 12 weeks of implantation. Furthermore, the addition of BAG to the FRC implant increased peri‐implant osteogenesis and bone maturation.
Characteristic features of trabecular bone in edentulous mandibles
Authors: Ulm C. , Tepper G. , Blahout R. , Rausch‐Fan X. , Hienz S. , Matejka M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackground: The density and architecture of the alveolar trabecular bone are crucial to the stability of an endosseous implant. A significantly higher implant failure rate can be expected when implants are placed in alveolar bone with reduced density and stability. Therefore, the present study aimed to describe the trabecular bone structure of edentulous mandibles.Method: Two hundred and seventy‐eight bone sections, including the lateral incisor, first premolar, and first molar regions, were obtained from 128 edentulous lower jaws (68 females and 60 males; mean age: 77.58 years). Ground sections were prepared for each region using the ‘sawing and grinding’ technique. The following standard structural histomorphometric parameters were determined using a semiautomatic image analysis: trabecular bone volume, trabecular thickness, trabecular number, trabecular separation, and the trabecular bone pattern factor, which describes the connectedness of cancellous bone structures. Also, the maximum height of the jaw section was determined, to detect any possible correlations between vertical height and histomorphometric parameters.Results: All the histomorphometric parameters examined showed an unexpectedly huge range of variation. The mean trabecular bone volume ranged between 20.9% and 36.9%. The mean trabecular thickness showed values between 165.9 and 224.7 μm. The mean trabecular number ranged between 1.22 and 1.77/ mm, and the mean trabecular separation ranged between 436.7 and 720.0 μm. The mean trabecular bone pattern factor showed values between −0.05 and −3.01/ mm. The maximum height of the jaw sections showed values between 16.05 and 23.42 mm. The trabecular bone volume, thickness, number and connectivity were significantly lower in the molar region than in the incisal and premolar regions. Significant sex‐specific differences were found in all the regions, female mandibles showing a smaller amount and lower connectivity of cancellous bone than male mandibles. No correlation could be found between the maximum height of the jaw and the histomorphometric parameters of the cancellous bone.Conclusion: A possible explanation for the difference in the density between the incisal and the molar region may be that molars are generally lost at an earlier age than anterior and premolar teeth. As a result, atrophy‐related resorptive and remodeling processes commence earlier and progress further in this region than in the anterior and premolar regions. Sex‐specific differences are probably due to an increased postmenopausal bone loss of the females.
Influence of varnish application on a tissue conditioner: analysis of biofilm adhesion
Authors: Boscato Noéli , Delavi Julian Delarozieri , Muller Leonardo , Pereira‐Cenci Tatiana , Imanishi Soraia Watanabe 
Published: March 2009

doi:10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2009.00290.x

Influence of varnish application on a tissue conditioner: analysis of biofilm adhesion Purpose:  The aim of this study was to evaluate if the use of a varnish on a tissue conditioner would affect biofilm adhesion.Background:  After the surgery has been performed, before the delivery of a complete denture, it is often necessary to use materials such as tissue conditioners on the surgical wound. However, these materials present deficient physico‐mechanical properties, which allow biofilm development.Methods:  Forty elderly volunteers wearing complete maxillary dentures were selected. They were randomly allocated into two groups (n = 20), G1 and G2. In both groups, a silicone‐based tissue conditioner was placed in a recess created at the base of the denture, according to the manufacturer’s guidelines. In group G1, a varnish was applied to the tissue conditioner, while in group G2, no treatment was applied. All volunteers performed daily hygiene of the prosthesis with a soft toothbrush, and toothpaste. Quantification of the mean score values of biofilm formed at different time points (baseline, 1 week and 3 weeks) was statistically analysed using anova (α = 0.05).Results:  Group G2 (1.6 ± 1.2) showed the lowest mean score values of biofilm formation and there was a statistical difference between the groups (p = 0.03). The highest mean score values were found after 3 weeks (2.7 ± 1.4) and were statistically different from the other time points studied (baseline and 1 week).Conclusion:  The use of a varnish had a detrimental effect on the tissue conditioner studied, allowing higher biofilm formation.
Characterization of 14 microsatellite DNA markers for the tropical forest tree Virola surinamensis (Rol.) Warb. (Myristicaceae)
Authors: DRAHEIM HOPE , CUI MELISSA , DICK CHRISTOPHER W. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFourteen microsatellite DNA markers were developed for studies of gene flow in the Neotropical rain forest tree Virola surinamensis. The loci were unlinked and polymorphic in a sample of 21 individuals, with two to 10 alleles per locus and observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.14 to 0.76. The overall exclusion probability (0.997) indicates high resolution for parentage‐based analyses of gene flow.
Comparison of the efficacy of the cervex brush and the extended-tip wooden spatula with conventional cytology: A longitudinal study
Authors: Whitaker Caroline J , Stamp Elaine C , Young William , Greenwood Lesley A 
Published: March 2009

Background:
Within the United Kingdom, the change from conventional to liquid based cytology (LBC) has brought with it the universal introduction of broom style samplers, as represented by the Cervex sampler. The aim of this study was to assess whether or not there were benefits associated with a change from wooden spatulae to broom style samplers for those countries where conversion to LBC might not be readily available or is not fully supported.

Methods:
A longitudinal study was designed to compare the performance of Cervex brushes and extended-tip wooden spatulae as sampling devices for conventionally prepared cervical smears. General Practices serving the population of Hull and East Yorkshire (UK) were provided with Cervex brushes for a period of nine months to routinely collect cervical smears. The results of 66,931 cervical smear tests were compared between those practices that were using extended-tip wooden spatulae before the trial and then returned to their use afterwards, and those who were previously using Cervex samplers and continued to use them throughout. Analyses comparing both specimen inadequacy, as recorded on the standard cervical screening request form (HMR101), and also the presence of identified transformation zone (TZ) elements in smears, both indicated significant advantages associated with the Cervex brush.

Results:
Inadequate smears decreased from 5.96% with extended-tip spatulae to 4.77% with Cervex brushes (p<0.001) and increased back to 7.34% when practices reverted to extended-tip spatulae after nine months. Under the same conditions, the proportion of smears containing identified TZ elements increased from 50.52% to 54.75% (p<0.001), before reverting to 45.47% (p<0.001). In contrast, for a control group of practices using the Cervex brush throughout, inadequate smears decreased in all phases of the study, with no significant variation in TZ sampling rates.

Conclusions:
Using the Cervex brush with conventional cytology significantly decreases inadequate smears and increases TZ sampling when compared to the extended-tip spatula and can offer improved cervical screening in countries unable or unwilling to convert to LBC.
Bioremediation
Authors: Philp Jim C , Atlas Ronald M , Cunningham Colin J 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Bioremediation refers to the clean‐up of pollution from soil, groundwater, surface water and air using biological, usually microbiological, processes. It has left the laboratory and is established in some parts of the world, especially the USA, as a full‐scale, biotechnology‐based industry.
Mikrostrukturierte Festbettreaktoren für stark exotherme Gasphasenreaktionen: Eine Machbarkeitsstudie
Authors: Güttel R. , Turek T. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMikrostrukturierte Festbettreaktoren für partielle Oxidationsreaktionen wurden durch mathematische Modellierung und Simulation untersucht und mit konventionellen Rohrbündelfestbettreaktoren verglichen. Als Beispielreaktion diente die partielle Oxidation von Butan zu Maleinsäureanhydrid. Die Simulationsergebnisse zeigen, dass eine Steigerung der auf das Reaktorvolumen bezogenen Produktivität um einen Faktor von bis zu 5 in mikrostukturierten Festbettreaktoren zu erzielen ist. Dies lässt sich im Wesentlichen auf den erhöhten Reaktorwirkungsgrad durch geringere Wärme‐ und Stofftransportwiderstände zurückführen. Durch geeignete Wahl der Katalysator‐Partikelgröße und der Länge des Festbetts kann der Druckverlust begrenzt werden. Der Beitrag unterstreicht, dass mikrostrukturierte Festbettreaktoren ein großes Potenzial zur Intensivierung großtechnisch durchgeführter stark exothermer Reaktionen aufweisen.
Modellrechnung für die heterogen katalysierte Epoxidierung von 1,3‐Butadien zu 3,4‐Epoxy‐1‐buten im Labor‐Rohrreaktor
Authors: Otto T. N. , Mas C. , Ederer H. , Powietzka B. , Dinjus E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAuf Basis von elementaren Reaktionen wird ein mathematisches Modell erstellt, das den Einblick in das chemische Geschehen der heterogen katalysierten Epoxidierung von 1,3‐Butadien am Ag‐Katalysator im Labor‐Rohrreaktor ermöglicht. Dazu wird der Reaktionsmechanismus auf ein System von 29 gekoppelten Differentialgleichungen transformiert. Insgesamt ergibt sich ein Reaktionssystem aus 56 Reaktionen, die alle über eine komplexe Verbindung mit dem aktiven Zentrum (Z) des Katalysators verfügen. Jede Reaktion des Systems besteht aus zwei Arrhenius‐Parametern (präexponentieller Faktor und Aktivierungsenergie), sodass sich insgesamt 112 Parameter ergeben. Der erforderliche Datensatz wird aus Experimenten extrahiert, die im Labor‐Rohrreaktor durchgeführt werden. Für die Epoxidierung wird ein Ag‐Katalysator eingesetzt, der durch simultane Nassimprägnierung (Incipient wetness method) eines α‐Al2O3‐Trägers mit wässriger Aktivkomponentenlösung (AgNO3, CsNO3, Ba(NO3)2) hergestellt wird. Die Versuche finden anhand ausgewählter Temperaturpunkte unter isothermen Bedingungen für die Raumgeschwindigkeiten 2950 und 5900 h–1 bei Umgebungsdruck statt. Für die signifikantesten Produkte 3,4‐Epoxy‐1‐buten, CO2 und CO stimmen die modellierten mit den experimentellen Werten gut überein. Aus dem Modell ergibt sich für die Entstehung des molekularen Zielproduktes 3,4‐Epoxy‐1‐buten aus dem komplexen Oberflächenzentrum (Z) eine Aktivierungsenergie von 26,02 kJ/mol.
Modeling of slurry flow: The effect of particle size
Authors: Roco M. C. , Shook C. A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA system of differential equations to obtain concentration and velocity distributions for quasi‐uniform particle slurry flows is presented. Numerical solutions for various flow conditions have been obtained using an explicit algorithm. A “supported load” concept is proposed to explain the type of interaction through contact between solid particles in neighboring layers or between particles and the pipe wall. In the analysis, the relative contributions of terms describing turbulent shear stresses, particle interactions, and mixing effects vary with the dimensions of solid particles.The approach is tested for four kinds of sand of narrow size distributions (d = .65 mm, .48 mm, .52 mm and 13 mm), flowing with water in pipelines of various diameters (between 50 and 500 mm), at concentrations below 40% by volume. The coefficients used to estimate local parametes of the two‐phase model are related to particle diameter. A comparison of numerical predictions and measurements of concentrations, velocities and headlosses shows the applicability of the model and the possibility of extrapolating available experimental results.
Isothermes d'adsorption de l'ion chromique sur l'hydroxyde de titane fraîchement précipité
Authors: Lortie Robert , Klvana Danilo , Paris Jean 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA laboratory experiment has been made on the adsorption of the Cr3+ ion on freshly‐precipitated titanium dioxide, in order to determine the effect of the concentrations of the Cr3+ and H+ ions in solution on the amount of the adsorbed chromium. The adsorption isotherms have been determined at 5 pH's (3.25 to 4.25). The adsorption at each pH is well shown by the Langmuir isotherm; it could be generalized by expressing the two parameters of the equation in function of the H+ proton activity: the maximum adsorption capacity may be represented by a second‐degree polynomial (1/verbar;Hverbar;) and the adsorption constant by a power law.The general model proposed is the following:

where X and C represent the adsorbed chromium concentration and the chromium concentration in solution, respectively.The aforesaid study has permitted to explain the coprecipitation of chromium (III) and titanium (IV) during the continuous neutralization of an industrial effluent containing both metals.
An accelerated successive substitution algorithm
Authors: Mehra R. K. , Heidemann R. A. , Aziz K. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThree related proposals are made for accelerating the familiar successive substitution procedure for phase equilibrium flash calculations. Basic to the development of the acceleration procedures is the observation that successive substitution can be regarded as a method of steep descent for free energy minimization. Acceleration is obtained by choosing an optimal step length. Results show a significant decrease in the number of iterations required for convergence, even in difficult problems near the mixture critical point.
Saturation and metastable properties of the van der waals fluid
Authors: Shamsundar N. , Lienhard John H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractModern applications require accurate thermodynamic equations of state that portray stable and metastable states of fluids. Earlier work has shown that the famous van der Waals equation, contrary to widely held views, finds its natural niche in the rank of real substances ordered according to their values of the acentric factor. In this note, the saturated and metastable state properties of a van der Waals fluid are presented in the form of a temperature table and a pressure table. A comparison of these results with the available data for mercury is made and it is established that mercury is approximated rather well as a van der Waals fluid.
Effects of temperature and time on interfacial tension behavior between heavy oils and alkaline solutions
Authors: Babu Dasari Ram , Hornof Vladimir , Neale Graham 
Published: March 2009

AbstractHeavy oils contain significantly more acidic components than conventional crude oils. Upon contact with aqueous alkaline solutions, water‐soluble surfactants are formed in‐situ at the interface. These surfactants have the ability to reduce the oil/water interfacial tension to ultra‐low values. This work studies the significant effects of time and temperature on the interfacial tension between alkaline solutions and two Canadian heavy oils (Lloydminster and Cold Lake). The results obtained indicate that the time period during which interfacial tension remains ultra‐low is just as important as the magnitude of the minimum attainable interfacial tension in determining the potential success of an alkaline flooding process in the field.
Experimental design techniques applied to the domtar dryformer
Authors: Grandmaison E. W. , Kerr R. B. , Robillard M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe variables affecting the peformance of the Domtar pilot plant dryformer have been examined using experimental design techniques. A total of fifteen variables were incorporated in a 215−11 fractional factorial design with a reverse sign design to obtain the main effects of variables free of aliasing with other main effects and two‐factor interactions. An estimate of experimental error was obtained from repeated runs of the primary 215−11 design conditions.The experiments were performed with bleached softwood kraft pulp and the dependent variables included the production rate at good formation, the production rate with adequate nit removal, the machine direction basis weight variation and the average formation characteristics of the dryformed web product. Of the fifteen variables examined, all but three have some effect on at least one of the dependent variables and there were strong indications that two‐factor interactions played an important role in describing the operation of this dryformer.
Holdup and flooding in reciprocating plate extraction columns
Authors: Baird M. H. I. , Shen Z. J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMeasurements of dispersed phase holdup and flooding conditions have been carried out in a 5 cm diameter reciprocating plate extraction column. A simplified predictive model for holdup and flooding has been developed assuming uniform hydrodynamic conditions throughout the column. The model has been confirmed for several systems but may be limited in application by the following factors: (a) mass transfer, particularly from dispersed to continuous phase (coalescence effect), (b) wettability of plates by dispersed phase, (c) axial non‐uniformity of holdup (noticed particularly for high interfacial tension systems), (d) the use of exceptionally high frequencies or low amplitudes of agitation.
Continuous fermentation — And new horizons
Authors: Dawson P. S. S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractContinuous processes for cultivating microbes have not been very successful in application because the variable nature of microbial activities do not conform to the rigid stoichiometrics of chemical reactions and fixed physical constants. Such difficulties require enlightened approaches and new perspectives with emphasis on inter‐ and multi‐disciplinary interactions. The new area of continuous synchronized growth, which enables cellular activity to be focussed, used and exploited on the basis of the cell, and life processes to be considered on an absolute basis, is discussed.