bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genome‐wide linkage scans for type 2 diabetes mellitus in four ethnically diverse populations—significant evidence for linkage on chromosome 4q in African Americans: the Family Investigation of Nephropathy and Diabetes Research Group
Authors: Malhotra Alka , Igo Jr Robert P. , Thameem Farook , Kao W. H. Linda , Abboud Hanna E. , Adler Sharon G. , Arar Nedal H. , Bowden Donald W. , Duggirala Ravindranath , Freedman Barry I. , Goddard Katrina A. B. , Ipp Eli , Iyengar Sudha K. , Kimmel Paul L. , Knowler William C. , Kohn Orly , Leehey David , Meoni Lucy A. , Nelson Robert G. , Nicholas Susanne B. , Parekh Rulan S. , Rich Stephen S. , Chen Yii‐Der I. , Saad Mohammed F. , Scavini Marina , Schelling Jeffrey R. , Sedor John R. , Shah Vallabh O. , Taylor Kent D. , Thornley‐Brown Denyse , Zager Philip G. , Horvath Amanda , Hanson Robert L. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies have shown that in addition to environmental influences, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has a strong genetic component. The goal of the current study is to identify regions of linkage for T2DM in ethnically diverse populations.MethodsPhenotypic and genotypic data were obtained from African American (AA; total number of individuals [N] = 1004), American Indian (AI; N = 883), European American (EA; N = 537), and Mexican American (MA; N = 1634) individuals from the Family Investigation of Nephropathy and Diabetes. Non‐parametric linkage analysis, using an average of 4404 SNPs, was performed in relative pairs affected with T2DM in each ethnic group. In addition, family‐based tests were performed to detect association with T2DM.ResultsStatistically significant evidence for linkage was observed on chromosome 4q21.1 (LOD = 3.13; genome‐wide p = 0.04) in AA. In addition, a total of 11 regions showed suggestive evidence for linkage (estimated at LOD > 1.71), with the highest LOD scores on chromosomes 12q21.31 (LOD = 2.02) and 22q12.3 (LOD = 2.38) in AA, 2p11.1 (LOD = 2.23) in AI, 6p12.3 (LOD = 2.77) in EA, and 13q21.1 (LOD = . 2.24) in MA. While no region overlapped across all ethnic groups, at least five loci showing LOD > 1.71 have been identified in previously published studies.ConclusionsThe results from this study provide evidence for the presence of genes affecting T2DM on chromosomes 4q, 12q, and 22q in AA; 6p in EA; 2p in AI; and 13q in MA. The strong evidence for linkage on chromosome 4q in AA provides important information given the paucity of diabetes genetic studies in this population. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Xenopus Rnd1 and Rnd3 GTP‐binding proteins are expressed under the control of segmentation clock and required for somite formation
Authors: Goda Tadahiro , Takagi Chiyo , Ueno Naoto 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe process of segmentation in vertebrates is described by a clock and wavefront model consisting of a Notch signal and an fibroblast growth factor‐8 (FGF8) gradient, respectively. To further investigate the segmentation process, we screened gene expression profiles for downstream targets of the segmentation clock. The Rnd1 and Rnd3 GTP‐binding proteins comprise a subgroup of the Rho GTPase family that show a specific expression pattern similar to the Notch signal component ESR5, suggesting an association between Rnd1/3 and the segmentation clock. Rnd1/3 expression patterns are disrupted by overexpression of dominant‐negative or active forms of Notch signaling genes, and responds to the FGF inhibitor SU5402 by a posterior shift analogous to other segmentation‐related genes, suggesting that Rnd1/3 expressions are regulated by the segmentation clock machinery. We also show that antisense morpholino oligonucleotides to Rnd1/3 inhibit somite segmentation and differentiation in Xenopus embryos. These results suggest that Rnd1/3 are required for Xenopus somitogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 238:2867–2876, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic interaction between Lrp6 and Wnt5a during mouse development
Authors: Andersson Emma R. , Bryjova Lenka , Biris Kristin , Yamaguchi Terry P. , Arenas Ernest , Bryja Vítězslav 
Published: September 2009

AbstractLrp6 is generally described as a receptor required for signal transduction in the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway. Wnt5a, however, is a Wnt ligand that usually does not activate Wnt/β‐catenin but rather activates noncanonical Wnt signaling. We have previously shown that Lrp6 can inhibit noncanonical Wnt5a/Wnt11 signaling and that Lrp5/6 loss‐of‐function produces noncanonical gain‐of function defects, which can be rescued by loss of Wnt5a. Here, we describe other phenotypes found in Wnt5a/Lrp6 compound mutant mice, including a worsening of individual Wnt5a or Lrp6 loss of function phenotypes. Lrp6 haploinsufficiency in a Wnt5a−/− background caused spina bifida and exacerbated posterior truncation. Wnt5a−/−Lrp6−/− embryos displayed presomitic mesoderm morphogenesis, somitogenesis, and neurogenesis defects, which are much more severe than in either of the single mutants. Interestingly these results reveal a further level of complexity in processes in which Wnt5a and LRP6 cooperate, or oppose each other, during mouse development. Developmental Dynamics 239:237–245, 2010. Published 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oligomerized TICAM‐1 (TRIF) in the cytoplasm recruits nuclear BS69 to enhance NF‐κB activation and type I IFN induction
Authors: Takaki Hiromi , Oshiumi Hiroyuki , Sasai Miwa , Kawanishi Takahiro , Matsumoto Misako , Seya Tsukasa 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAlthough adenovirus 5 E1A‐binding protein (BS69) is a nuclear protein acting as a transcriptional repressor, we found by an yeast two‐hybrid and human cell immunoprecipitation another cytoplasmic function for this protein. BS69 bound Toll‐interleukin 1 receptor domain (TIR)‐containing adaptor molecule‐1 (TICAM‐1) (also named TRIF), an adaptor protein that couples with TLR3 around the endosome. BS69 translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm when cells were stimulated with dsRNA or transfected with TICAM‐1. Confocal analysis of cells with over‐expressed TICAM‐1 or those stimulated with dsRNA revealed the characteristic “TICAM‐1 speckle”, which reflects signalosome formation necessary for the activation of NF‐κB and IFN‐regulatory factor (IRF)‐3. BS69 was involved in the TICAM‐1 complex, and the activation of NF‐κB/IRF‐3 followed by cytokine production was augmented in the presence of BS69 overexpression. Knockdown of endogenous BS69 resulted in a decrease of IFN‐β induction, suggesting that BS69 is a positive regulator for the TLR3‐TICAM‐1 pathway. These results, together with a recent report showing the negative regulatory properties of BS69 in NF‐κB activation by EBV‐derived latent membrane protein 1, suggest that BS69 harbors dual modes of cytoplasmic NF‐κB regulation, positively in the TICAM‐1 pathway and negatively in the latent membrane protein 1 pathway.
Both FcγRIV and FcγRIII are essential receptors mediating type II and type III autoimmune responses via FcRγ‐LAT‐dependent generation of C5a
Authors: Syed Shahzad N. , Konrad Stephanie , Wiege Kristina , Nieswandt Bernhard , Nimmerjahn Falk , Schmidt Reinhold E. , Gessner J. Engelbert 
Published: September 2009

AbstractFcγRIV is a relatively new IgG Fc receptor (FcγR) that is reported to contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, although its specific role in relation to FcγRIII, complement and IgG2 subclasses remains uncertain. Here we define FcγRIV on macrophages as a receptor for soluble IgG2a/b complexes but not for cellular bound IgG2a and show that simultaneous activation of FcγRIV and FcγRIII is critical to mediate certain type II/III autoimmune responses. FcγRIII‐deficient mice display compensatory enhanced FcγRIV expression, are protected from lung inflammation after deposition of IgG complexes, and show reduced sensitivity to IgG2a/b‐mediated hemolytic anemia, indicating that increased FcγRIV alone is not sufficient to trigger these diseases in the absence of FcγRIII. Importantly, however, blockade of FcγRIV is also effective in inhibiting phagocytosis and cytokine production in IgG2b‐induced anemia and acute lung injury, processes that display a further dependence on C5a anaphylatoxin receptor. Using gene deletion and functional inhibition studies, we found that FcγRIII and FcγRIV are each essential to trigger an FcRγ‐linker for activation of T‐cell‐dependent signal that drives C5a production in the Arthus reaction. Together, the results demonstrate a combined requirement for FcγRIII and FcγRIV in autoimmune injury, and identify the linker for activation of T cells adaptor as an integral component of linked FcγR and C5a anaphylatoxin receptor activation to generate inflammation.
Two Self‐Catenated Nickel(II) Hybrid Vanadates with Honeycomb‐Like 3D Inorganic Frameworks Stabilized by Crossed Organic Bpe Pillars: Thermal, Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Fernández de Luis Roberto , Mesa Jose L. , Karmele Urtiaga M. , Rojo Teófilo , Arriortua María Isabel 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe three‐dimensional hybrid compounds [{Ni6(H2O)10(Bpy)6}V18O51]·1.5H2O (1, Bpy = 4,4′‐bipyridine) and [{Ni(H2O)2(Bpe)}V4O11]·0.5H2O (2, Bpe = 1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethene) have been synthesized under mild hydrothermal conditions. The 3D crystal structures of both compounds are closely related, with an inorganic honeycomb‐like framework stabilized by the organic ligands. The latter are oriented in a crossed way into the channel of the inorganic backbone, and directly attached to the nickel(II) metal centers. Increasing of the ligand length causes widening of the inorganic skeleton with retention of the main structural organization. Both compounds possess self‐catenated nets, a 24‐nodes net (3‐c)2(4‐c)3(5‐c)7 for 1 and a binodal net (4‐c)(7‐c) for 2. These rigid architectures exhibit very interesting thermal properties. The co‐crystallized water molecules can be removed without changes in the crystal structures. The initial phases show a low thermal expansion of the cell volume, with a negative thermal expansion of the b parameter for compound 1. Moreover, at high temperatures structural irreversible transformations are observed in both compounds, due to the removal of coordinated water molecules. These transformations have been followed by thermodiffractometry and IR spectra. The UV/Vis spectra show the characteristic bands of the NiII d8‐high spin cation in slightly distorted octahedral environment. The magnetic behaviour is strongly dependent of the connectivity of the metal centres through the VO5 polyhedra. Compound 1 exhibits a typical Zero Field Splitting for six nickel(II) cations, while the shortest distances between the nickel(II) ions in 2 allow a weak antiferromagnetic 1D coupling. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Synthesis and Characterization of Linear Tetranuclear Silver(I) Complexes Bridged by Tetraphosphane Ligands
Authors: Takemura Yukie , Nakajima Takayuki , Tanase Tomoaki 
Published: September 2009

AbstractReactions of AgOTf with meso‐bis[(diphenylphosphanylmethyl)phenylphosphanyl]methane (dpmppm) afforded[Ag4(OTf)2(μ‐OTf)(μ‐dpmppm)2{(CH3)2CO}](OTf) (1) and [Ag4(OTf)2(μ‐OTf)(μ‐dpmppm)2(RNC)2](OTf) {R = Xyl (2a), Mes (2b), tBu (2c)}. When AgOTf was treated with dpmppm in air in the presence of tBuNC, cleavage of the C–Cl and P–C bonds occurred to give [Ag4(μ‐Cl)(μ‐dpmppm)2(tBuNC)4](OTf)3 (3) and [Ag4(μ‐Ph2PO2)(μ‐dpmppm)2(tBuNC)3](OTf)3 (4). Reaction of AgOCOCF3 with dpmppm resulted in [Ag4(OCOCF3)2(μ‐OCOCF3)(μ‐dpmppm)2](CF3COO) (5). By treatment of AgPF6 with dpmppm, [Ag4(μ‐dpmppm)2(tBuNC)4](PF6)4 (6) and [Ag4(PO2F2)2(μ‐dpmppm)2(tBuNC)2] (PF6)2 (7) were obtained. Wheareas complexes 1–3 possess a {Ag4(μ‐dpmppm)2}4+ core in which the Ag4 strings are rather bent with two dpmppm ligands arranged in a syn fashion, complexes 4–7 have linear Ag4 strings supported by two dpmppm ligands arranged in an anti fashion. These results suggest that the dpmppm‐supported tetrasilver(I) strings are quite flexible and labile and thus are potentially important in promoting organic reactions as a result of the multimetallic centers.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Determination of cypermethrin in palm oil matrices
Authors: Zainudin Badrul Hisyam , Bakar Nor Kartini Abu , Muhamad Halimah 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn this study, a new method was developed for the determination of cypermethrin residue in both crude palm oil (CPO) and crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) using GC with electron capture detector. In this method, the oil was extracted with acetonitrile. Aliquots were cleaned‐up using combined solid phase extraction (SPE), and a primary‐secondary amine in combination with graphitized carbon black. The SPE cartridges were first conditioned and then eluted with acetonitrile. Cypermethrin recoveries from the fortified CPO samples were 87–98% with relative standard deviation (RSD) values of 4–8%, while those for the fortified CPKO samples were 83–100% with RSD values of 3–10%. Since good recoveries were obtained with RSD values below 10% in most cases, the proposed methodology will be useful for the analyses of palm oil samples. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of cypermethrin in real palm oil samples from various parts of Malaysia. No cypermethrin residue was found among 30 samples analyzed.
Chemical evaluation of some paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) seed oils
Authors: Matthäus Bertrand , Özcan Mehmet Musa 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe oil contents of seeds from paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) collected from different locations in Turkey and Italy varied in a relatively wide range from 8.5 g/100 g to 32.6 g/100 g. The fatty acid, tocopherol and sterol contents of the oils from different paprika seeds were investigated. The main fatty acids in paprika seed oils were linoleic acid (69.5–74.7 g/100 g), oleic acid (8.9–12.5 g/100 g) and palmitic acid (10.7–14.2 g/100 g). The oils contained an appreciable amount of γ‐tocopherol (306.6–602.6 mg/kg), followed by α‐tocopherol (7.3–148.7 mg/kg). The major sterols were β‐sitosterol (1571.4–4061.7 mg/kg), campesterol (490.8–1182.7 mg/kg), and Δ5‐avenasterol (374.5–899.6 mg/kg). The total concentration of sterols ranged from 3134.0 mg/kg to 7233.7 mg/kg. Remarkable amounts of cholesterol were found in the different samples (164.6–491.0 mg/kg). The present study showed that paprika seeds are a potential source of valuable oil that could be used for edible and industrial applications.
Triacylglycerols from viper bugloss (Echium vulgare L.) seed bio‐oil
Authors: Czaplicki Sylwester , Zadernowski Ryszard , Ogrodowska Dorota 
Published: September 2009

AbstractTriacylglycerols (TAG) in viper bugloss oil were isolated from raw pressed oil by silicic acid column chromatography. The obtained blend of TAG was separated by silver ion thin‐layer chromatography (TLC Ag+) into nine fractions, varying in terms of unsaturation level and molecular polarity. The composition of TAG in viper bugloss oil was determined by HPLC coupled with a diode‐array detector and an evaporative light‐scattering detector. The results showed that the first three fractions were combinations of TAG containing palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids. Fractions 4 and 6 contained TAG of a similar acid composition as above, but with the addition of γ‐linolenic acid. The remaining fractions (7–9) were the most varied in acid composition. They were found to contain 26–39% palmitic acid, 12–15% oleic acid, 13–41% linoleic acid 8–24% γ‐linolenic acid, 1.5–5.5% α‐linolenic acid and 1–5% stearidonic acid. The analysis of fatty acid allocation in TAG of viper bugloss lipids revealed that linoleic acid (ranging from 2 to 100%) was the only acid found in all isolated fractions. In the investigated oil, the predominant TAG included: LnLnG (11.38%), LnLnSt (11.17%), LnGSt (7.71%), LnStSt (6.19%) and LnLnLn (5.44%). Almost 86% of the TAG contained α‐linolenic acid, while γ‐linolenic and stearidonic acids amounted to 49 and 38%, respectively.
Preparation of 2‐Ethoxy‐3‐hydroxy‐4‐(perfluoroalkyl)tetrahydropyran Derivatives from Substituted 4‐Ethoxybut‐3‐en‐1‐ols
Authors: Valdersnes Stig , Sydnes Leiv K. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA number of 1‐substituted and 1,1‐disubstituted (E)‐4,5,5‐triethoxypent‐3‐en‐1‐ols (1) have been converted to perfluoroalkylated tetrahydrofurans and tetrahydropyrans in a selective fashion by 1‐iodoperfluoroalkane addition under radical conditions using sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4) as radical initiator. Direct perfluoroalkylation of 1 gave the former products only, and the yields were moderate (50–75 %), but when 1 was converted to corresponding 6‐substituted and 6,6‐disubstituted 2,3‐diethoxy‐5,6‐dihydro‐2H‐pyrans before perfluoroalkylation was carried out, the transformation turned out to be significantly more successful and afforded, as the only product, 6‐substituted and 6,6‐disubstituted 2‐ethoxy‐4‐(perfluoroalkyl)tetrahydropyran‐3‐ones in 77–100 % yield as stereoisomeric mixtures. Subsequent reduction of the keto group with sodium borohydride in ethanol was uneventful and completed the syntheses of a range of 4‐perfluorobutylated tetrahydropyran derivatives; the yields in this step were in the 81–94 % range. The best result was obtained with (E)‐2‐methyl‐5,6,6‐triethoxyhex‐4‐en‐2‐ol which was converted to a diastereoisomeric mixture of 2‐ethoxy‐6,6‐dimethyl‐4‐(perfluorobutyl)tetrahydropyran‐3‐ol in 85 % yield in three steps. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
A Tris‐Macrocycle with Proton Sponge Characteristics as Efficient Receptor for Inorganic Phosphate and Nucleotide Anions
Authors: Bencini Andrea , Biagini Silvia , Giorgi Claudia , Handel Henri , Le Baccon Michel , Mariani Palma , Paoletti Piero , Paoli Paola , Rossi Patrizia , Tripier Raphaël , Valtancoli Barbara 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSynthesis, characterisation and proton‐sponge behaviour of a new linear constrained tris‐macrocycle (L), containing three cyclen (cyclen = 1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane) reinforced macrocycles connected by two 2,6‐pyridinediylbis(methylene) linkers, is reported. Protonated forms of L are efficient receptors for inorganic phosphate and nucleotide anions (ATP and ADP). The binding properties of L toward these substrates have been investigated in aqueous solution by means of potentiometric titrations, determining the stability constants of the adducts. The interaction mode was clarified by using 1H and 31P NMR measurements in aqueous solution and by means of molecular modelling calculations carried out on differently protonated species of L as well as on several nucleotide‐receptor adducts. The stability of the adducts is mainly due to charge‐charge and hydrogen bonding interactions between the polyphosphate chain of nucleotides and the ammonium groups of L.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Performance analysis of optical code switching router
Authors: Durand F. R. , Barbosa F. R. , Moschim E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn this work we study and evaluate the performance of an optical code switching router (OCSR), intended to be utilised in hybrid wavelength‐division multiplexing/optical code‐division multiplexing (WDM/OCDM) networks. This OCSR can transport and route efficiently user data over optical code paths without departing from the optical domain. Limitations of the proposed OCSR are investigated and its superior performance demonstrated based on non‐coherent prime codes. Our results indicate that our solution is useful in showing the effects of the optimum threshold level on the OCSR performance. We propose a continuous adjustment of the optimum threshold level based on the measurement of the mean optical power before the decoder. The influence of various parameters of the optical codes on the OCSR performance are also considered and evaluated. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulations of inviscid and viscous free‐surface flows with application to nonlinear water waves
Authors: Lo D. C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe purpose of the present study is to establish a numerical model appropriate for solving inviscid/viscous free‐surface flows related to nonlinear water wave propagation. The viscous model presented herein is based on the Navier–Stokes equations, and the free‐surface is calculated through an arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian streamfunction‐vorticity formulation. The streamfunction field is governed by the Poisson equation, and the vorticity is obtained on the basis of the vorticity transport equation. For computing the inviscid flow the Laplace streamfunction equation is used. These equations together with the respective (appropriate) fully nonlinear free‐surface boundary conditions are solved using a finite difference method. To demonstrate the model feasibility, in the present study we first simulate collision processes of two solitary waves of different amplitudes, and compute the phenomenon of overtaking of such solitary waves. The developed model is subsequently applied to calculate (both inviscid and the viscous) flow field, as induced by passing of a solitary wave over submerged rectangular structures and rigid ripple beds. Our study provides a reasonably good understanding of the behavior of (inviscid/viscous) free‐surface flows, within the framework of streamfunction‐vorticity formulation. The successful simulation of the above‐mentioned test cases seems to suggest that the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian/streamfunction‐vorticity formulation is a potentially powerful approach, capable of effectively solving the fully nonlinear inviscid/viscous free‐surface flow interactions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thinking strategically about integrating repatriated managers in MNCs
Authors: Jassawalla Avan R. , Sashittal Hemant C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAlthough multinational corporations (MNCs) invest considerable resources in sending managers on foreign assignments, too many managers report dissatisfaction with their postrepatriation careers, and a significant percentage leave the firm within a year. This failure to harness learning and develop a cadre of globally trained managers raises questions about the current objectives and strategies that drive the investment in expatriation. A study of managers who had recently completed their expatriate assignment points to underorganized home office operations, poorly defined mentor roles, and large gaps between managers' expectations and reality as key contributors to the problem. This paper calls for a strategic orientation toward managing the expatriate function and proposes a comprehensive configuration of processes, systems, and structures necessary for implementing new strategies for developing the next generation of globally trained managers. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sexual harassment training: Recommendations to address gaps between the practitioner and research literatures
Authors: Perry Elissa L. , Kulik Carol T. , Field Marina P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSexual harassment training is a common human resource activity, and the practitioner literature is replete with advice about how to implement it. Little research, however, has specifically explored what makes sexual harassment training effective. This paper uses what we know from general training research and theory and sexual harassment research to assess the extent to which the practitioner literature is making relevant and reasonable recommendations for sexual harassment training. We identify practitioner‐research gaps in the literature, including areas that academic research and theory suggest are important for training effectiveness but where the practitioner literature falls short. The practitioner literature may be silent, offer incomplete advice, make recommendations that do not directly link to research findings, or present recommendations that are inconsistent with research findings. We recommend that these gaps be bridged and we provide specific suggestions for how human resource managers can improve the quality of the sexual harassment training they provide. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.