bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The development of fibronectin-functionalised hydroxyapatite coatings to improve dermal fibroblast attachmentin vitro
Authors: Pendegrass C. J. , El-Husseiny M. , Blunn G. W. 
Published: March 2012

The success of long-term transcutaneous implants depends on dermal attachment to prevent downgrowth of the epithelium and infection. Hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings and fibronectin (Fn) have independently been shown to regulate fibroblast activity and improve attachment. In an attempt to enhance this phenomenon we adsorbed Fn onto HA-coated substrates. Our study was designed to test the hypothesis that adsorption of Fn onto HA produces a surface that will increase the attachment of dermal fibroblasts better than HA alone or titanium alloy controls.Iodinated Fn was used to investigate the durability of the protein coating and a bioassay using human dermal fibroblasts was performed to assess the effects of the coating on cell attachment. Cell attachment data were compared with those for HA alone and titanium alloy controls at one, four and 24 hours. Protein attachment peaked within one hour of incubation and the maximum binding efficiency was achieved with an initial droplet of 1000 ng. We showed that after 24 hours one-fifth of the initial Fn coating remained on the substrates, and this resulted in a significant, three-, four-, and sevenfold increase in dermal fibroblast attachment strength compared to uncoated controls at one, four and 24 hours, respectively.
The World Health Organization ‘5 Moments of Hand Hygiene’
Authors: Chou D. T. S. , Achan P. , Ramachandran M. 
Published: March 2012

The World Health Organization (WHO) launched the first Global Patient Safety Challenge in 2005 and introduced the ‘5 moments of hand hygiene’ in 2009 in an attempt to reduce the burden of health care associated infections. Many NHS trusts in England adopted this model of hand hygiene, which prompts health care workers to clean their hands at five distinct stages of caring for the patient. Our review analyses the scientific foundation for the five moments of hand hygiene and explores the evidence, as referenced by WHO, to support these recommendations. We found no strong scientific support for this regime of hand hygiene as a means of reducing health care associated infections. Consensus-based guidelines based on weak scientific foundations should be assessed carefully to prevent shifting the clinical focus from more important issues and to direct limited resources more effectively. We recommend caution in the universal adoption of the WHO ‘5 moments of hand hygiene’ by orthopaedic surgeons and other health care workers and emphasise the need for evidence-based principles when adopting hospital guidelines aimed at promoting excellence in clinical practice.
Zona conoidea of the elbow
Authors: Jeon I-H. , Chun J-M. , Lee C-S. , Yoon J-O. , Kim P-T. , An K-N. , Morrey B. F. , Shin H-D. 
Published: March 2012

The zona conoidea comprises the area of the lateral trochlear ridge of the humerus. The purpose of this study is to reintroduce this term ‘zona conoidea’ to the discussion of the human elbow and to investigate its significance in the development of osteoarthritis of the elbow. The upper extremities of 12 cadavers were prepared. With the forearm in neutral, pronation and supination, the distance between the bevel of the radial head and zona conoidea was inspected. A total of 12 healthy volunteers had a CT scan. The distance between the zona conoidea and the bevelled rim of the radial head was measured in these positions. In the anatomical specimens, early osteo-arthritic changes were identified in the posteromedial bevelled rim of the radial head, and the corresponding zona conoidea in supination. Measurement in the CT study showed that in full supination, the distance between the bevel of the radial head and the zona conoidea was at a minimum. This study suggests that the significant contact between the bevel of the radial head and the zona conoidea in supination is associated with the initiation of osteoarthritis of the elbow in this area.
Hip resurfacing with femoral osteotomy for painful subluxed or dislocated hips in patients with cerebral palsy
Authors: Prosser G. H. , Shears E. , O’Hara J. N. 
Published: March 2012

The painful subluxed or dislocated hip in adults with cerebral palsy presents a challenging problem. Prosthetic dislocation and heterotopic ossification are particular concerns. We present the first reported series of 19 such patients (20 hips) treated with hip resurfacing and proximal femoral osteotomy. The pre-operative Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) was level V in 13 (68%) patients, level IV in three (16%), level III in one (5%) and level II in two (11%). The mean age at operation was 37 years (13 to 57). The mean follow-up was 8.0 years (2.7 to 11.6), and 16 of the 18 (89%) contactable patients or their carers felt that the surgery had been worthwhile. Pain was relieved in 16 of the 18 surviving hips (89%) at the last follow-up, and the GMFCS level had improved in seven (37%) patients. There were two (10%) early dislocations; three hips (15%) required revision of femoral fixation, and two hips (10%) required revision, for late traumatic fracture of the femoral neck and extra-articular impingement, respectively. Hence there were significant surgical complications in a total of seven hips (35%). No hips required revision for instability, and there were no cases of heterotopic ossification. We recommend hip resurfacing with proximal femoral osteotomy for the treatment of the painful subluxed or dislocated hip in patients with cerebral palsy.
Nerve injuries sustained during warfare
Authors: Birch R. , Misra P. , Stewart M. P. M. , Eardley W. G. P. , Ramasamy A. , Brown K. , Shenoy R. , Anand P. , Clasper J. , Dunn R. , Etherington J. 
Published: March 2012

We describe 261 peripheral nerve injuries sustained in war by 100 consecutive service men and women injured in Iraq and Afghanistan. Their mean age was 26.5 years (18.1 to 42.6), the median interval between injury and first review was 4.2 months (mean 8.4 months (0.36 to 48.49)) and median follow-up was 28.4 months (mean 20.5 months (1.3 to 64.2)). The nerve lesions were predominantly focal prolonged conduction block/neurapraxia in 116 (45%), axonotmesis in 92 (35%) and neurotmesis in 53 (20%) and were evenly distributed between the upper and the lower limbs. Explosions accounted for 164 (63%): 213 (82%) nerve injuries were associated with open wounds. Two or more main nerves were injured in 70 patients. The ulnar, common peroneal and tibial nerves were most commonly injured. In 69 patients there was a vascular injury, fracture, or both at the level of the nerve lesion. Major tissue loss was present in 50 patients: amputation of at least one limb was needed in 18. A total of 36 patients continued in severe neuropathic pain. This paper outlines the methods used in the assessment of these injuries and provides information about the depth and distribution of the nerve lesions, their associated injuries and neuropathic pain syndromes.
A fluorescence correlation spectroscopy-based enzyme assay for human Dicer
Authors: Werner Arne , Skakun Victor V. , Ziegelmüller Patrick , Hahn Ulrich 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Here, we present an in vitro assay based on fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), which allows investigation of the kinetic behaviour of human Dicer. The assay is based on the different mobilities of substrate and product. The change of substrate mobility was independent of the choice of the fluorescence label, allowing exclusion of non-specific photophysical artefacts. Dicer and RNase III cleavage led to different product diffusion times. Single-stranded RNA did not change its mobility after cleavage by both double-strand-specific RNases. In agreement with the literature, the RNase activity of Dicer could be inhibited by substituting Ca2+ for Mg2+. In a defined system of two diffusion species of similar label and mobility differences, such as substrate and product, the linearity of the assay could be proven. An FCS-based enzyme assay is proposed, which allows monitoring of Dicer activity with high specificity in vitro.
Diskrepanzbasierte Regelung der kontinuierlichen Kristallisation
Authors: Palis Stefan , Kienle Achim 
Published: March 2012

Zusammenfassung
Der Beitrag beschreibt einen neuen Regelungsansatz zur Stabilisierung von Kristallisatoren. Es ist bekannt, dass diese in Verbindung mit einer Feinkornauflösung zu Instabilitäten und dem Auftreten von unerwünschten Oszillationen neigen. Modelle für Kristallisatoren bestehen meist aus einer nichtlinearen partiellen Integrodifferentialgleichung, der Populationsbilanz für die Kristallgrößenverteilung, gekoppelt mit einer gewöhnlichen Differentialgleichung zur Beschreibung der flüssigen Phase, was einen rigorosen Reglerentwurf vor erhebliche Probleme stellt. Deshalb wird im Rahmen dieser Arbeit auf ein Stabilitätskonzept zurückgegriffen, welches Aussagen über die Stabilität eines Prozesses bezüglich zweier verallgemeinerter Abstandmaße, den sogenannten Diskrepanzen, erlaubt.
Reverse Code Engineering — State of the Art and Countermeasures
Authors: Willems Carsten , Freiling Felix C. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Reverse Code Engineering (RCE) is, loosely speaking, the process of analyzing a piece of code in order to understand it. RCE is often used to analyze proprietary, binary programs, and in the last few years this research area has evolved a lot. In this article, we survey and structure the area of reverse code engineering. We focus on different techniques to recover both the control and data flow of a given binary program, for which no source code is available. Furthermore, we also discuss analysis techniques for malicious software (short: malware), which is commonly protected to resist analysis. We present the current state of the art of such protection techniques, while dividing them into active and passive measures. Our survey focusses on reverse engineering of binary native code for the Intel/AMD x86 architecture, and we thus disregard analysis of byte-code like Java or .NET. Nevertheless, most of the techniques presented in this article can be transferred to other architectures and operating system as well.
Platform-Independent Recognition of Procedures in Binaries Based on Simple Characteristics
Authors: Eschweiler Sebastian , Gerhards-Padilla Elmar 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Malware analysts are more and more overstrained by today´s flood of malware. Hence, the need for automated tools to assist malware analysis becomes apparent. A common approach of malware analysis is reverse engineering its components, namely (sub-)procedures. We present and evaluate simple procedure characteristics such as the number of instructions for their robustness with respect to different compilers, compilation options and even across operating systems. We identify robust characteristics and apply standard machine learning algorithms based on these characteristics to automatically identify already known procedures in new malware. This prevents analysts from repeatedly reversing known procedures.
Modeling and Describing Misuse Scenarios Using Signature-Nets and Event Description Language
Authors: Flegel Ulrich , Meier Michael 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
In the area of intrusion detection the misuse detection approach assumes that relevant activity violating security policies is known a priori and it provides for fast intrusion detection with low false alarm rate, thereby complementing the anomaly detection approach. Hence, misuse detection is an indispensable ingredient to a suitable strategy for intrusion detection. Misuse detection calls for a comprehensive framework for modeling and analysing attack activity. This contribution presents the highly expressive and modular Signature-net framework. Signature-nets allow for visual modeling and simulation of attack detection signatures, as well as for formal analysis. The framework lends itself to highly optimized implementation and may be flexibly deployed, e. g., for network-based and host-based intrusion detection or alarm correlation.
Experiments with P2P Botnet Detection
Authors: Rivière Lionel , Dietrich Sven 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Botnets, which are used to perform various malicious activities, have become a major threat in recent years. Spamming, phishing, stealing sensitive information, conducting distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, scanning to find more hosts to compromise using malware are the goals of many botnets, sometimes of low-profile botnets such as the Nugache botnet [1] which used a peer-to-peer (P2P) structure. Some botnets hide their network activities for many months (and maybe years) before being noticed. Networks might contain more deceptive or dormant bots which haven´t been exposed yet. Here we apply an a posteriori detection approach based on mutual contacts peers exchange in a network, called the dye-pumping algorithm [2]. After briefly recalling typical botnet operations, we will talk further about the dye-pumping algorithm (DPA) mechanism and implementation, its input data structures, and then give a short analysis of the results of our experiment.
Role of Copy Number Variants in Structural Birth Defects
Authors: Southard Abigail E. , Edelmann Lisa J. , Gelb Bruce D. 
Published: March 2012

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
Human genomes include copy number variants (CNVs), defined as regions with DNA gains or losses. Pathologic CNVs, which are larger and often occur de novo, are increasingly associated with disease. Given advances in genetic testing, namely microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization and single nucleotide polymorphism arrays, previously unidentified genotypic aberrations can now be correlated with phenotypic anomalies. The objective of this study was to conduct a nonsystematic literature review to document the role of CNVs as they relate to isolated structural anomalies of the craniofacial, respiratory, renal, and cardiac systems.

METHODS:
All full-length articles in the PubMed database through May 2011 that discussed CNVs and isolated structural defects of the craniofacial, respiratory, renal, and cardiac systems were considered. Search terms queried include CNV, copy number variation, array comparative genomic hybridization, birth defects, craniofacial defects, respiratory defects, renal defects, and congenital heart disease. Reports published in languages other than English and articles regarding CNVs and neurocognitive deficits were not considered.

RESULTS:
Evidence supports that putatively pathogenic CNVs occur at an increased frequency in patients with isolated structural birth defects and implicate specific regions of the genome. Through CNV detection, advances have been made in identifying genes and specific loci that underlie isolated birth defects.

CONCLUSIONS:
Although limited studies have been published, the promising evidence reviewed here warrants the continued investigation of CNVs in children with isolated structural birth defects. Patient care and genetic counseling stand to improve through a better understanding of CNVs and their effect on disease phenotype.
Triage Nurse Initiation of Corticosteroids in Pediatric Asthma Is Associated With Improved Emergency Department Efficiency
Authors: Zemek Roger , Plint Amy , Osmond Martin H. , Kovesi Tom , Correll Rhonda , Perri Nicholas , Barrowman Nick 
Published: March 2012

OBJECTIVE:To assess the effectiveness of nurse-initiated administration of oral corticosteroids before physician assessment in moderate to severe acute asthma exacerbations in the pediatric ED.METHODS:A time-series controlled trial evaluated nurse initiation of treatment with steroids before physician assessment in children with Pediatric Respiratory Assessment Measure score ≥4. One-to-one periods (physician-initiated and nurse-initiated) were analyzed from September 2009 through May 2010. In both phases, triage nurses initiated bronchodilator therapy before physician assessment, per Pediatric Respiratory Assessment Measure score. We reviewed charts of 644 consecutive children aged 2 to 17 years for the following outcomes: admission rate; times to clinical improvement, steroid receipt, mild status, and discharge; and rate of return ED visit and subsequent admission.RESULTS:Nurse-initiated phase children improved earlier compared to physician-initiated phase (median difference: 24 minutes; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1–50; P = .04). Admission was less likely if children received steroids at triage (odds ratio = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.36–0.87). Efficiency gains were made in time to steroid receipt (median difference: 44 minutes; 95% CI: 39–50; P &lt; .001), time to mild status (median difference: 51 minutes; 95% CI: 17–84; P = .04), and time to discharge (median difference: 44 minutes; 95% CI: 17–68; P = .02). No differences were found in return visit rate or subsequent admission.CONCLUSIONS:Triage nurse initiation of oral corticosteroid before physician assessment was associated with reduced times to clinical improvement and discharge, and reduced admission rates in children presenting with moderate to severe acute asthma exacerbations.
Tight Glycemic Control With Insulin in Hyperglycemic Preterm Babies: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Alsweiler Jane M. , Harding Jane E. , Bloomfield Frank H. 
Published: March 2012

OBJECTIVE:
The optimal treatment of neonatal hyperglycemia is unclear. The aim of this trial was to determine whether tight glycemic control with insulin improves growth in hyperglycemic preterm infants, without increasing the incidence of hypoglycemia.

METHODS:
Randomized, controlled, nonblinded trial of 88 infants born at &lt;30 weeks’ gestation or &lt;1500 g who developed hyperglycemia (2 consecutive blood glucose concentrations (BGC) &gt;8.5 mmol/L, 4 hours apart) and were randomly assigned to tight glycemic control with insulin (target BGC 4–6 mmol/L, “tight” group) or standard practice (restrictive guidelines for starting insulin, target BGC 8–10 mmol/L, “control” group). The primary outcome was linear growth rate to 36 weeks’ postmenstrual age.

RESULTS:
Eighty-eight infants were randomly assigned (tight group n = 43; control group n = 45). Infants in the tight group had a lesser lower leg growth rate (P &lt; .05), but greater head circumference growth (P &lt; .0005) and greater weight gain (P &lt; .001) to 36 weeks’ postmenstrual age than control infants. Tight group infants had lower daily BGC (median [interquartile range] 5.7 [4.8–6.7] vs 6.5 [5.1–8.2] mmol/L, P &lt; .001) and greater incidence of hypoglycemia (BGC &lt;2.6 mmol/L) (25/43 vs 12/45, P &lt; .01) than controls. There were no significant differences in nutritional intake, or in the incidences of mortality or morbidity.

CONCLUSIONS:
Tight glycemic control with insulin in hyperglycemic preterm infants increases weight gain and head growth, but at the expense of reduced linear growth and increased risk of hypoglycemia. The balance of risks and benefits of insulin treatment in hyperglycemic preterm neonates remains uncertain.
Cu2ZnSnS4 thin-film solar cell absorbers illuminated by soft x-rays
Authors: Bär M. , Schubert B.-A. , Marsen B. , Wilks R.G. , Blum M. , Krause S. , Pookpanratana S. , Zhang Y. , Unold T. , Yang W. , Weinhardt L. , Heske C. , Schock H.-W. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
An Advanced Multi-Lateral Horizontal Well Coupled Coalbed Methane (CBM) Simulation Model and its Application in Qinshui Basin of China
Authors: Zheng Shiyi , Xue Lili 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Production enhancement and ultimate recovery improvement have given multi-branch horizontal wells the advantage over the vertical wells in many CBM marginal reservoirs. However, it is relatively very expensive to drill a muti-branch horizontal well than the vertical one, which makes difficulties for the engineers to determine an economical feasibility of drilling the multi-branch horizontal well as well as to estimate the productivity.
Through a widely literature review, an advanced non-analytical coupled CBM model has been developed in this study for predicting the flux and pressure in the CBM reservoir and multi-branch wellbore simultaneously. The gridding partition is achieved through adjusting the length of the grid to make the branch with an angle of horizontal direction just across the grid intersect point.
The coupled multi-branch CBM model is differeciated using modified IMPES method, LDU decomposition method is used for solving the formed seven point diagonal sparse matrix. Thereafter, the sensitivity analyses were performed to identify the dominant governing parameters such as gas slippage factor, threshold pressure gradient of formation model, branch angle, and branch number of muti-branch horizontal wellbore on the measurements of well deliverability.
The observation shows that gas slippage effect can enlarge gas production rate, while the threshold pressure gradient has the opposite effect. The gas production rate increases with the branch number ranging from 2-6, while decreases when the branch number reached to 8, so it is obviously not the case that the more the branch the better the flux enhancement. The gas flux reached to maximum when the branch angle is 45 degree, while minimum with 30 degree angle. Comparison of the fluid flux between vertical well, horizontal well and multibranch horizontal well was also made. Subsequently the proposed coupled model and developed program is validated by its application to Qinshui basin in Shanxi of China.