bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drilling Hazard Mitigation Technology Enables Conventionally Undrillable Prospects To be Drilled With Reduced Nonproductive Time and Increased Operational Safety: Application of Solid Expandable Liners and Managed Pressure Drilling in Algeria Nezla Field
Authors: Hamoudi I. , Kartobi K. , Vieira P. , Saad M. A. , Torres F. , Qutob H. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The Nezla Field is a faulted anticline that makes conventional drilling challenging due to the presence of fractured and high pressure formations in the Triassic and Ordovician groups, representing trouble zones that jeopardize well objectives, adding costs and operational risks to the drilling process. This adverse condition was observed in the offset wells drilled with problems related to wellbore instability, lost-circulation zones and over-pressured formations leading to kick/loss well control scenarios that endangered the drilling operations and incurred significant Non-Productive Time (NPT). A Drilling Hazard Mitigation (DHM) approach was implemented to offset the risks of both deviating from the well objective and drilling plan.
The constraint to drill the planned 12-1/4?? section in the well was the unpredictability of the pore/fracture pressure in the transition zone between Tags and Sandy Tags formations, representing a high level operational risk. The most optimum and reliable solution to achieve the goal of drilling this zone without loss of hole size was to set 9-5/8?? casing shallower than planned and then isolate the lower section of Tags formation (abnormally pressurized) with an Open Hole Expandable Liner. Drilling the next hole section through the low pressure formations to set the 7?? casing shoe was to be resumed as per the original plan. This allowed the 6?? reservoir hole section to be drilled under the Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) mode.
The CBHP (MPD technique) was planned to drill the 6?? section through the tectonically fractured Sandstone Hamra Quartzite maintaining the ECD within the drilling window limits initially defined by the predicted formation pressure and the average mud hydrostatic with which fluid losses were experienced in the offset wells. While drilling, these limits were ascertained within the range of 1.26 SG EMW &#45; gas influx and 1.32 SG EMW &#45; fluid losses. The CBHP drilling mode enabled to manage the ECD in between influxes and losses only adjusting the well head pressure to obtain instantaneous changes in the Bottom Hole Pressure while circulation was in progress. During the pumps-off periods, back pressure was applied on the MPD choke by pumping mud across the top of the well to compensate the Annular Friction Loss pressure. Once these limits were reached, drilling progressed with managing simultaneously small gas influxes and tolerable losses; then TD was called since the risk of simultaneous total losses and gas Influxes in the underlying Hamra fault was increasing.
This paper describes in detail the DHM technology implemented in this well and presents the successful application of such technique to enhance Nezla field exploitation. Lessons learnt and challenges encountered will be also discussed.&lt;/p&gt;
The Application of Advanced Gas Extraction and Analysis System Complements Early Kick Detection and Control Capabilities of Managed Pressure Drilling System With Added HSE Value
Authors: Patel B. , Cooper T. D. , Hughes S. N. , Billings W. C. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) has gained industry-wide acceptance as a technology that enables drilling into the challenging zones. Narrow pore pressure – fracture pressure window, depleted reservoir zones, highly fractured reservoirs and deep-water wells are few examples of such challenges. Weatherford’s MPD system has proved its effective application in drilling challenging wells. Its unique early kick and loss detection capability helps to identify such event in very early stage, take corrective action and hence to minimize the nonproductive time. Early detection of a kick / loss event helps in minimizing the potential risk posed by the event and ensure safety during the operations.
Weatherford’s advanced gas extraction and analysis system uses an innovative membrane technology and high speed gas chromatograph to improve surface gas detection and analysis in real time. This capability was utilized in conjunction with accurate flow metering capability of MPD system. Various tests were carried out to validate the advanced gas detection system’s capability to detect and analyses gas in mud. During circulation of the influx, data from gas detection system helped to plan the strategy gas on the surface. The test data was validated by the data from real wells.
Feedback from the advanced gas detection system also helped to control the break out of the dissolved gas from oil based mud by varying surface back pressure through automated chokes. This is very critical to ensure that gases containing hydrocarbons are handled safely on the surface. It also provided quantitative analysis of the lighter and hence volatile hydrocarbon components. Circulation rates and surface back pressure can be used to mitigate potential hazards. Use of advanced gas extraction system in combination with MPD system added significant HSE value by making well control operations more efficient and safer.
Insulin Resistance, Cystatin C, and Mortality Among Older Adults
Authors: de Boer Ian H. , Katz Ronit , Chonchol Michel B. , Fried Linda F. , Ix Joachim H. , Kestenbaum Bryan , Mukamal Kenneth J. , Peralta Carmen A. , Siscovick David S. 
Published: March 2012

OBJECTIVE
Insulin resistance is a risk factor for cardiovascular and noncardiovascular diseases. Impaired kidney function is linked with insulin resistance and may affect relationships of insulin resistance with health outcomes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We performed a cohort study of 3,138 Cardiovascular Health Study participants (age ≥65 years) without diabetes. Insulin sensitivity index (ISI) was calculated from fasting and 2-h postload insulin and glucose concentrations. Associations of ISI and fasting insulin concentration with all-cause mortality were tested using Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for demographic variables, prevalent cardiovascular disease, lifestyle variables, waist circumference, and LDL cholesterol. Subsequent models were additionally adjusted for or stratified by glomerular filtration rate estimated using serum cystatin C (eGFR).

RESULTS
A total of 1,810 participants died during the 14.7-year median follow-up. Compared with the highest quartile of ISI, the lowest quartile (most insulin resistant) was associated with 21% (95% CI 6–41) and 11% (−3 to 29) higher risks of death without and with adjustment for eGFR, respectively. Compared with the lowest quartile of fasting insulin concentration, the highest quartile was associated with 22% (4–43) and 4% (−12 to 22) higher risks of death without and with adjustment for eGFR, respectively. Similar attenuation by eGFR was observed when blood pressure, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and C-reactive protein were included in models.

CONCLUSIONS
Insulin resistance measured as ISI or fasting insulin concentration is associated with increased risk of death among older adults, adjusting for conventional confounding characteristics. Impaired kidney function may mediate or confound this relationship.
The “revival” of civil society in Central Eastern Europe: New environmental and political movements
Authors: Torsello Davide 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The idea of civil society is one of the oldest and most contested in Western political and sociological thought. Among the social sciences, anthropology has been the discipline that has prompted the boldest critiques of the concept. This paper argues that the “revival” of civil society in Central and Eastern Europe in one particular field—that of environmental activism—has been contingent with the outcomes of EU enlargement policies. I introduce the case study of one of the most complex and contested transport development projects in Central Eastern Europe: the Budapest Ring Road. I maintain that within the EU enlargement project alternative forms of political power have been built from below and that they eventually come to compete with the state (and local governments) to influence decision-making processes. These forms, to be individuated in the emergence of environmental activism, take shape at local, state and transnational levels and aim, although often contradictorily, at restituting political agency under the condition of lowering public participation in decision-making processes.
A Conceptual Framework for Formalization of National Innovation Systems
Authors: Nasierowski Wojciech 
Published: March 2012

A Conceptual Framework for Formalization of National Innovation SystemsThe concept of National Innovation System (NIS) is explored from the perspective of its propensity for formalization. It is observed that there are problems with formalization (measurement) of NIS and consequently, deficiency in assessment of efficiency of pro-innovative ventures. Based on an overview of the literature, subsystems of NIS are identified and the leading topics within these subsystems are presented. Results of this study are believed to create the platform for formalization of NIS.
Growth characteristic of Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L.) grown from seeds and transplants
Authors: Tendaj Maria , Mysiak Barbara 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The characteristic growth features of four Welsh onion cultivars (‘Parade’, ‘Performer’, ‘Siedmiolatka Zielona’, and ‘Siedmiolatka Czerwona’) dependant on growing method (seeds sown directly in the field and from transplants) were evaluated during the three-year study (2007-2009). The following traits were determined: plant height, number of leaves on a single plant, tendency to produce laterals, plant weight, as well as length and diameter of the pseudostem. Plants of the ‘Parade’ cultivar were the highest (76.0 cm, on average), while those of ‘Siedmiolatka Czerwona’ were the shortest (mean 68.6 cm). Pseudostem length was found to be the main factor determining the height of the Welsh onion. The longest pseudostems were observed for the ‘Parade’ and ‘Performer’ cultivars, while the ‘Siedmiolatka Czerwona’ had the shortest.
In each of the tested cultivars, those grown from a transplant resulted in larger pseudostems and a larger number of leaves. Amongst the studied cultivars, ‘Siedmiolatka Czerwona’ had the most numerous leaves and laterals (45.2 leaves and 14.3 laterals, on average), while ‘Performer’ and ‘Parade’ had the least (mean 11.7 and 14.8 leaves and 2.4 and 2.6 laterals, respectively). The weight of a single plant with laterals significantly differed depending on the cultivar and growing method. At the end of the vegetation period (mid-October), the ‘Parade’ and ‘Performer’ cultivars grown from transplants were characterised by the highest weights (mean 518.2 g and 631.7 g), while ‘Siedmiolatka Czerwona’ and ‘Siedmiolatka Zielona’ grown from seeds had the lowest (222 g, on average).
Effect of differentiated nitrogen fertilisation on the yield and quality of leaf lettuce
Authors: Chohura Piotr , Kołota Eugeniusz 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Two field experiments with leaf lettuce were conducted in 2006-2008. The first factor tested was the diversified contents of mineral nitrogen in the soil, amounting to 50, 100 and 150 mg N dm-3 before lettuce cultivation. The second factor tested four nitrogen fertilisers differing in chemical composition and in nitrogen form introduced into the soil: ammonium nitrate 34% N - (NH4NO3), calcium nitrate 15.5% N - (Ca(NO3)2 × H2O + NH4NO3), ammonium sulfate 20.0% N - ((NH4)2SO4), and ENTEC 26% N - (NH4NO3 + (NH4)2SO4 + 0.8% DNPP). Two cultivars of leaf lettuce were used: green leaf ‘Casabella’ (Lollo Bionda type) and red leaf ‘Klausia’ (Lollo Rosa type). The best source of nitrogen for ‘Casabella’ cultivar lettuce was ENTEC 26 fertiliser and calcium nitrate, which resulted in significantly higher yields as compared to ammonium sulfate, yet did not differ from the yields comprising plants fertilised with ammonium nitrate. In the case of the ‘Klausia’ cultivar, ENTEC 26 fertiliser and ammonium nitrate generated the best production results. Regardless the type of nitrogen fertiliser used, the increase in concentration of this element in soil from 50 mg N dm-3 to 150 mg N dm-3 resulted in a considerable increase in marketable yield of both cultivars with simultaneously higher nitrate accumulation and decreased dry matter in the ‘Klausia’ cultivar. Lettuce fertilised with ammonium sulfate as well as with ENTEC 26 presented significantly lower average nitrate content in leaves before harvesting than after application of ammonium and calcium nitrate as a source of nitrogen for the plants. Introduction of ammonium nitrate and calcium nitrate in the dose of 150 mg N dm-3 contributed to nitrate accumulation in the amounts exceeding permissible by legal regulations regarding the content of this element in lettuce, while application of ENTEC 26 allowed us to obtain a high yield size of both lettuce cultivars without risk of exceeding permissible nitrate content.
Growth retardants in the cultivation of Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitam. ‘Leticia Time Yellow’
Authors: Zakrzewski Piotr , Schroeter-Zakrzewska Anita 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The objective of the presented experiment was the showing of the possibility of replacing daminozide, contained in the preparation B-Nine 85 SP, by metconazole, contained in Caramba 60 SL preparation, in pot cultivation of pot chrysanthemum ‘Leticia Time Yellow’. Experiment was carried out in three cycles: in the spring, beginning 10 April; in the summer, beginning 11 June; and in the autumn, beginning 13 August, 2007. The metconazole contained in the Caramba 60 SL preparation was able to impede the growth of ‘Leticia Time Yellow’ chrysanthemum as effectively as the daminozide contained in the B-Nine 85 SP preparation. However, the effectiveness of metconazole depended on its concentration and on the dose of the preparation, on the number of treatments and on the growing term in the plastic tunnel. In the summer term of cultivation, the effect of metconazole applied only once in a concentration of 300 mg dm-3 was comparable with the effectiveness of daminozide applied twice in a concentration of 2,550 mg dm-3, and in the autumn cultivation, the effectiveness was even higher. In addition, no retardation of flowering was recorded, either in relation to the plants sprayed with daminozide or in relation to the control plants not sprayed with any retardant.
Effect of synthetic mulches on melon (Cucumis melo L.) yielding
Authors: Kosterna Edyta , Zaniewicz-Bajkowska Anna , Franczuk Jolanta , Rosa Robert , Chromińska Krystyna , Borysiak-Marciniak Izolda , Panasz Marzena 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
A field experiment was carried out in 2006-2008. The study examined the effect of soil mulching with synthetic materials (black polyethylene film, black polypropylene nonwoven 50 g m-2, and black polypropylene fabric 94 g m-2) on the fruit yield and quality of two melon cultivars (‘Seledyn’ and ‘Yupi’) grown in the field under the climatic conditions of central-eastern Poland. Specimens grown without mulching served as the control. The climatic conditions during the study years had a significant influence on the level of total, marketable and early yield of melon. The highest melon yield was obtained in 2007, which was characterised by the most favourable weather conditions for melon cultivation. The comparison of the cultivars showed that ‘Seledyn’ was better adapted to the climatic conditions of Poland. From cultivation, this cultivar achieved significantly higher early and total fruit yield compared with ‘Yupi’. ‘Seledyn’ was also characterised by a higher share of early yield of the total yield, a higher number of fruit in the early yield and a higher mean fruit weight. In turn, ‘Yupi’ produced a significantly higher share of marketable yield of the total yield and a higher number of marketable fruit.
An Anatomically Based Approach to Intralesional Corticosteroid Injection for Eyelid Capillary Hemangiomas
Authors: Samimi David B. , Alabiad Chrisfouad R. , Tse David T. 
Published: March 2012

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
To describe a corticosteroid injection technique for eyelid capillary hemangiomas that minimizes the risk of a central retinal artery occlusion and is based on anatomic, physiologic, and pharmacologic rationales.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
In this retrospective, non-comparative, interventional case series, the medical records of 50 eyes of 50 patients over a 10-year period were reviewed for retinal complications associated with the described injection technique.

RESULTS:
Ophthalmoscopy showed no retinal complications in the 50 eyes treated with this injection technique.

CONCLUSION:
The risk of central retinal artery occlusion from retrograde embolization can be minimized by using an anatomically based injection technique that prevents canalization of an artery and avoids injection pressures exceeding the mean systemic arterial pressure.
La problématique action research/recherche-action et le travail coopératif
Authors: Narcy-Combes Jean-Paul 
Published: March 2012

L'insertion institutionnelle d'actions innovantes confronte les chercheurs et les praticiens à un équilibre délicat entre la réflexion théorique dans un cadre méthodologique rigoureux et les aléas de la pratique. La recherche-action est une réponse à cet équilibre. Cette réponse sera d'autant plus efficace si l'on perçoit que toute recherche-action se situe sur un continuum entre deux extrémités, l'une plus française dans ses principes, l'autre plus anglo-saxonne. À une époque où la notion de réseau nous confronte à la gestion d'un travail en équipe « virtuelle », la recherche-action nous permet de résoudre en souplesse, mais avec rigueur, nombre de problèmes, en prenant en compte les paramètres socio-affectifs des phénomènes que l'on veut gérer.
Expansion of Cortical and Medullary Sinuses Restrains Lymph Node Hypertrophy during Prolonged Inflammation
Authors: Tan Kar Wai , Yeo Kim Pin , Wong Fiona H. S. , Lim Hwee Ying , Khoo Kai Ling , Abastado Jean-Pierre , Angeli Véronique 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
During inflammation, accumulation of immune cells in activated lymph nodes (LNs), coupled with a transient shutdown in lymphocyte exit, results in dramatic cellular expansion. Counter-regulatory measures to restrain LN expansion must exist and may include re-establishment of lymphocyte egress to steady-state levels. Indeed, we show in a murine model that egress of lymphocytes from LNs was returned to steady-state levels during prolonged inflammation following initial retention. This restoration in lymphocyte egress was supported by a preferential expansion of cortical and medullary sinuses during late inflammation. Cortical and medullary sinus remodeling during late inflammation was dependent on temporal and spatial changes in vascular endothelial growth factor-A distribution. Specifically, its expression was restricted to the subcapsular space of the LN during early inflammation, whereas its expression was concentrated in the paracortical and medullary regions of the LN at later stages. We next showed that this process was mostly driven by the synergistic cross-talk between fibroblastic reticular cells and interstitial flow. Our data shed new light on the biological significance of LN lymphangiogenesis during prolonged inflammation and further underscore the collaborative roles of stromal cells, immune cells, and interstitial flow in modulating LN plasticity and function.
C5aR Expression in a Novel GFP Reporter Gene Knockin Mouse: Implications for the Mechanism of Action of C5aR Signaling in T Cell Immunity
Authors: Dunkelberger Jason , Zhou Lin , Miwa Takashi , Song Wen-Chao 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
C5aR is a G protein-coupled receptor for the anaphylatoxin C5a and mediates many proinflammatory reactions. C5aR signaling also has been shown to regulate T cell immunity, but its sites and mechanism of action in this process remain uncertain. In this study, we created a GFP knockin mouse and used GFP as a surrogate marker to examine C5aR expression. GFP was knocked into the 3′-untranslated region of C5ar1 by gene targeting. We show that GFP is expressed highly on Gr-1+CD11b+ cells in the blood, spleen, and bone marrow and moderately on CD11b+F4/80+ circulating leukocytes and elicited peritoneal macrophages. No GFP is detected on resting or activated T lymphocytes or on splenic myeloid or plasmacytoid dendritic cells. In contrast, 5–25% cultured bone marrow-derived dendritic cells expressed GFP. Interestingly, GFP knockin prevented cell surface but not intracellular C5aR expression. We conclude that C5aR is unlikely to play an intrinsic role on murine T cells and primary dendritic cells. Instead, its effect on T cell immunity in vivo may involve CD11b+F4/80+ or other C5aR-expressing leukocytes. Further, our data reveal a surprising role for the 3′-untranslated region of C5aR mRNA in regulating C5aR protein targeting to the plasma membrane.
Territorial jurisprudence,
ikhtilaf al-darayn: Political boundaries & legal jurisdiction
Authors: Ayoub Samy 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Background:

Ikhtilaf al-darayn (territoriality) is a unique Hanafi legal concept that signifies the Hanafi recognition of the constraints of enforcing a legal system when it comes to geopolitical realities. This paper argues that the Hanafi legal application of the theory of territoriality in their primary legal literature allowed them to go beyond defining individuals based on their religious identities to mainly focus on the legal status of individuals within or outside Muslim jurisdiction. Unlike the majority of Islamic legal schools, Hanafis consistently upheld the theory of territoriality and stressed that the universal features of the law do not have any legal imperative outside the political framework of Muslim jurisdiction. Hence, they acknowledged the constraints of the legal and political powers of the
Imam outside the Muslim jurisdiction.
Methodology:
The primary Hanafi legal texts were relied upon to explore the theoretical foundation of the concept of territoriality (ikhtilaf al-darayn). In my analysis, I have traced usage and application of this concept across different legal topics and in different historical moments. The aim was to show the consistent usage of this doctrine in the Hanafi school. I have benefited from the Hanafi debates with other legal schools regarding the realm and applicability of the concept of territoriality. Finally, the case studies that I have explored demonstrated that Hanafis differentiate between the legal status of a dhimmi and a musta’man residing in dar al-Islam, despite the fact that these individuals are non-Muslims and adopt the same religion.
Results:
The significant results of this concept can be summarized in two points. First, it reveals a diverse tradition of legal theories that have framed the extra territorial relations of
dar al-Islam. Second, for Hanafis, religion was never a factor in their legal determinations in deciding the inviolability (‘isma) of individuals’ life or property within
dar al-Islam.
Conclusion:

Ikhtilaf al-darayn is a legal doctrine particular to the Hanafi school. Hanafis place a significant weight on the role of the Muslim ruler in executing the law. Therefore, they acknowledge the constraints of the legal and political powers of the Muslim ruler outside the Muslim jurisdiction. Consequently, the legal imperative of these legal concepts have been exclusively framed within the political jurisdiction of
dar al-Islam. Thus, Hanafis conceded to the fact that the addressees of the ethical or moral values of Islamic legal system are exclusively Muslims and those who reside permanently in
dar al-Islam, namely
dhimmis. Hanafis maintained that the universalist features of the law do not have any legal imperative outside the political structure of the Muslim jurisdiction.