bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Skin disinfection with a single‐step 2% chlorhexidine swab is more effective than a two‐step povidone‐iodine method in preventing bacterial contamination of apheresis platelets
Authors: Benjamin Richard J. , Dy Beth , Warren Ryan , Lischka Michael , Eder Anne F. 
Published: September 2010

BACKGROUND: Skin commensal bacteria account for most septic reactions after apheresis platelet (PLT) transfusion. Consequently, we evaluated the effectiveness of two skin disinfection methods in preventing bacterial contamination of PLT collections.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Three regional blood centers evaluated a one‐step 2% chlorhexidine/70% isopropyl alcohol (2% CHX/IPA) skin disinfection method (trial group), while 32 blood centers (control group) continued to use a two‐step povidone‐iodine (P‐I) method. Aerobic quality control bacterial culture results and adverse donor events were compared between April 1, 2009, and December 31, 2009.RESULTS: The rate of initial positive bacterial cultures was significantly lower in the trial regions compared to control regions in 2009 (143 vs. 321 per million: odds ratio [OR] 0.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.23‐0.86]). Trial regions also tended to have lower rates of both true‐positive cultures (100 vs. 214 per million: OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.21‐1.03) and false‐positive (contamination) cultures (43 vs. 96 per million: OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.14‐1.49). No differences were seen in the corresponding periods in 2007 and 2008 when all centers used P‐I skin preparation. Allergic reactions were reported after 89 of 73,247 apheresis procedures (0.12%) in the trial regions representing a 16‐fold increase (OR 15.9, 95% CI 9.9‐25.6) compared to control regions.CONCLUSION: The 2% CHX/IPA single‐step skin swabs are more effective in preventing bacterial contamination of apheresis PLT components than a two‐step P‐I skin disinfection method and may reduce the risk of septic transfusion reactions. Skin irritation and allergic reactions were more likely among donors in trial regions, but reactions were generally mild and self‐limiting.
PREDICTION OF THE TEXTURE OF COOKED POULTRY PECTORALIS MAJOR MUSCLES BY NEAR‐INFRARED REFLECTANCE ANALYSIS OF RAW MEAT
Authors: MEULLENET JEAN‐FRANCOIS , JONVILLE ELISABETH , GREZES DAVID , OWENS CASEY M. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT Near‐infrared reflectance (NIR) spectra were collected on pectoralis major muscles from 90 broiler carcasses ( from 2 different processing sets) to assess the relationship between the NIR and a cutting‐shear instrumental texture test. For the instrumental razor blade test, two instrumental parameters (maximum shearing force and total shear energy) were calculated. Calibration (R2) and validation () coefficients of determination were obtained for predicting the instrumental measurements using the reflectance and its first and second derivatives. Models obtained with the second derivative were adequate when the two groups of samples were analyzed separately. The R2 values ranged from 0.90 to 0.95 and from 0.84 to 0.89 for both maximum shear force and total shear energy. The regressions performed on the two sample sets combined did not yield model statistics that were as satisfactory (R2 = 0.85–0.86 and  = 0.78–0.77), suggesting that a prediction model accurately predicting poultry breast meat tenderness will need a larger and more varied sample set. The results suggest that NIR could be used to predict poultry meat texture and to classify muscles according to tenderness levels.
The Impact of Presidential Speeches on the Bureaucracy*
Authors: Eshbaugh‐Soha Matthew 
Published: September 2010

Objective. Scholars have long held that presidents use various tools to control the federal bureaucracy. Yet, despite their importance to presidents in achieving their policy goals in Congress, few scholars have examined the impact of presidential speeches on bureaucratic activity. This article analyzes the impact of both positive and negative policy signals on civil rights policy in the bureaucracy.Method. I test this hypothesis using speeches coded from the Public Papers of the Presidents and their impact on criminal cases filed by the Civil Rights Division over time. Given heteroskedasticity in the dependent variable, log‐linear time‐series methods are appropriate.Results. The president's positive speeches increase the number of criminal civil rights cases filed in U.S. District Court. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 also has had a significant, positive impact on bureaucratic activity.Conclusions. In part because bureaucrats have discretion to resist presidential preferences that oppose an agency's core task, negative signals do not affect the implementation of civil rights policy. Yet, positive presidential speeches are available to presidents who may wish to influence the bureaucracy.
RELATIVE EFFICIENCIES OF NON‐LIFE REINSURANCE MARKETING METHODS
Authors: Barrese James , Nelson Jack M. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract: This paper extends the study of the relative cost efficiency of insurance delivery systems from the primary market to the market for non‐life reinsurance services. As in the primary market for insurance services there are two predominant methods of marketing reinsurance services: reinsurers who rely on employees, termed direct writers, and those who rely on brokers.An extensive literature relating to the primary market for non‐life insurance consistently indicates that independent agency insurers have a cost disadvantage relative to exclusive agency insurers. This literature also suggests that independent agency insurers may supply superior service but a continuing erosion of the market share of independent agency insurers suggests that the perceived service differential is not valued sufficiently to offset the perceived cost differential.The authors find evidence that, cet. par., broker supplied reinsurers operate with lower costs than direct reinsurers but we find less convincing evidence of a service differential favoring direct reinsurers. More significantly, we observe that the largest component of the traditional measure of the reinsurer's cost is the commission paid back to the primary insurer: the seemingly lower cost brokers provide a higher net cost product. Yet brokers thrive in the marketplace suggesting the existence of a product differentiated by service or quality. With the important caveat that measures of service are imperfect and data is limited, we find no evidence of a service differential.
How Public Opinion Constrains the Use of Force: The Case of Operation Restore Hope
Authors: Baum Matthew A. 
Published: September 2010

Most previous research on the influence of domestic politics on international conflict behavior treats public opinion as endogenous to political institutions, leaders’ preferences, or both. In contrast, I argue that public opinion is more accurately characterized as partially exogenous. I further argue that, partly as a consequence, public scrutiny can inhibit U.S. presidents from using force as a foreign policy tool, particularly when the strategic stakes in a dispute are relatively modest. The literature on domestic audience costs, in turn, holds that public scrutiny may enhance a democratic leader's credibility in the eyes of a potential adversary, thereby increasing his likelihood of victory in a dispute. Yet, it also raises the potential political price of a bad outcome. Democratic leaders are therefore cross‐pressured by the simultaneous advantages and disadvantages of public scrutiny. As a preliminary test of the theory, I conduct a plausibility probe of the influences of public opinion on the decision making of Presidents Bush and Clinton with respect to the 1992‐1994 U.S. intervention in Somalia. I find that only by considering the constraining effect of public scrutiny can we fully understand these two presidents’ policies regarding Somalia.
At some level, the political decisions preempt in these kinds of operations. . . . Everything that's done is political. —General Joseph Hoar, USMC (ret.)Former CINCCENT1
Sur l'application du droit du travail et de l'emploi au‐delà du contrat de travail
Authors: FREEDLAND Mark 
Published: September 2010

Résumé.Le champ d'application personnel du droit du travail fait aujourd'hui l'objet de débats. Jugeant l'analyse purement contractuelle insatisfaisante, l'auteur construit une typologie empirique des relations personnelles de travail en Europe, distinguant salariés types, agents de la fonction publique, professions libérales, entrepreneurs individuels, travailleurs en marge et arrivants sur le marché du travail. Il procède à une analyse dynamique de ces catégories et de leurs relations, en introduisant le concept de «connexions personnelles de travail» qui englobe toutes les connexions juridiques existant au‐delà du simple cadre contractuel. Enfin, il souligne l'intérêt de cette approche pour la réflexion sur le droit du travail entreprise par l'OIT et l'Union européenne.
Au‐delà des codes de conduite: l'organisation et les normes du travail chez les fournisseurs de Nike
Authors: LOCKE Richard , KOCHAN Thomas , ROMIS Monica , QIN Fei 
Published: September 2010

Résumé.Quel rôle les codes de conduite des entreprises peuvent‐ils jouer dans le contrôle du respect des normes internationales du travail et l'amélioration des conditions de travail dans les chaînes mondiales de production? Les auteurs résument d'abord leur analyse des audits d'usine de 800 fournisseurs de Nike dans 51 pays et de deux études de cas. Ils examinent ensuite la façon dont les codes s'insèrent dans un ensemble d'institutions, de politiques et de pratiques, et suggèrent une approche fondée sur la complémentarité et évolutive pour réglementer les conditions de travail dans ces chaînes. Ils signalent quels types de recherches et d'innovations institutionnelles permettraient de valider ces suggestions.
Le droit au travail: coupler droits de l'homme et politique de l'emploi
Authors: MUNDLAK Guy 
Published: September 2010

Résumé.L'auteur expose plusieurs raisons de distinguer le droit au travail des autres droits de l'homme et souligne le dilemme possible entre ce droit et la réglementation du marché du travail. Il compare deux approches de ces préoccupations, l'une dans la sphère des droits de l'homme — l'Observation générale sur le droit au travail du Comité des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels —, l'autre dans la sphère de la politique de l'emploi — la stratégie européenne pour l'emploi —, qui peuvent se com‐pléter dans la construction d'un système institutionnel dont le droit au travail serait la norme supérieure.
L'intermittence du travail des enfants: quelles conséquences sur les estimations?
Authors: LEVISON Deborah , HOEK Jasper , LAM David , DURYEA Suzanne 
Published: September 2010

Résumé.Partant de données longitudinales sur les grandes agglomérations brésiliennes, les auteurs suivent les situations d'emploi de milliers d'enfants de 10 à 16 ans, sur quatre mois consécutifs. La proportion d'enfants qui ont travaillé au cours d'au moins l'un des quatre mois est nettement supérieure à celle qu'indiquent les observations menées sur un seul mois dans l'année. Les auteurs calculent donc un multiplicateur à appliquer aux estimations fondées sur un seul mois pour tenir compte de l'écart constaté. Ils concluent que l'intermittence est une caractéristique essentielle du travail des enfants, qui doit être prise en compte pour évaluer convenablement son ampleur et identifier les enfants qui y sont soumis.
Subcontratación y medición de la productividad en la industria estadounidense
Authors: HOUSEMAN Susan 
Published: September 2010

Resumen.El aumento de la productividad en un sector o una economía es la base económica de los aumentos salariales. El auge de la subcontratación nacional e internacional que acaece en los países desarrollados siembra de obstáculos la medición e interpretación de este indicador económico esencial. Es probable que ello esté dando unas estadísticas engañosas que exageran la productividad de la industria estadounidense. La autora expone varios indicios de que la subcontratación está distorsionando de manera significativa las mediciones de la productividad. Este factor tal vez sea una de las causas de que el índice de productividad arroje subidas muy pronunciadas que no se han traducido en aumentos salariales equivalentes para la mayoría de los trabajadores de los Estados Unidos.
Construction and validation of the quality of life measure for dentine hypersensitivity (DHEQ)
Authors: Boiko Olga V. , Baker Sarah R. , Gibson Barry J. , Locker David , Sufi Farzana , Barlow Ashley P.S. , Robinson Peter G. 
Published: September 2010

Boiko OV, Baker SR, Gibson BJ, Locker D, Sufi F, Barlow, APS, Robinson PG. Construction and validation of the quality of life measure for dentine hypersensitivity (DHEQ). J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37: 973–980. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐051X.2010.01618.x.AbstractAim: To develop and validate a condition specific measure of oral health‐related quality of life for dentine hypersensitivity (Dentine Hypersensitivity Experience Questionnaire, DHEQ).Materials and Methods: Questionnaire construction used a multi‐staged impact approach and an explicit theoretical model. Qualitative and quantitative development and validation included in‐depth interviews, focus groups and cross‐sectional questionnaire studies in a general population (n=160) and a clinical sample (n=108).Results: An optimized DHEQ questionnaire containing 48 items has been developed to describe the pain, a scale to capture subjective impacts of dentine hypersensitivity, a global oral health rating and a scale to record effects on life overall. The impact scale had high values for internal reliability (nearly all item‐total correlations >0.4 and Cronbach's α=0.86). Intra‐class correlation coefficient for test–retest reliability was 0.92. The impact scale was strongly correlated to global oral health ratings and effects on life overall. These results were similar when DHEQ was validated in a clinical sample.Conclusions: DHEQ shows good psychometric properties in both a general population and clinical sample. Its use can further our understanding of the subjective impacts of dentine sensitivity.
Characterization of spontaneous mammary gland carcinomas in female baboons
Authors: Luth Jennifer A. , Hubbard Gene B. , Dick Edward J. , Frazier Shellaine R. , Barrier Breton F. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSpontaneous mammary gland carcinomas occurred in five baboons during a 13‐year period at Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research. The affected baboons ranged in age from 21 to 33 years. Menopause in the baboon occurs at approximately 26 years of age. All five animals had typical invasive ductal carcinoma. Morphologically, the tumors were characterized by neoplastic cells arranged from pseudopapillary and cribiform to more poorly differentiated solid cellular growth patterns. Additional features included lack of tubule formation (4/5), marked nuclear pleomorphism (5/5), a high mitotic rate (4/5) and tumor necrosis (4/5). Applying a grading system used for breast cancer in women, four tumors were graded as poorly differentiated carcinomas and one was graded as moderately differentiated. Co‐existant ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) was observed in three of the mammary tumors. Metastases to the regional lymph nodes were confirmed in two animals, both with histological evidence of lymphovascular invasion in the primary tumor. Distant metastases were observed in only one animal. Immunohistochemical staining for human therapeutic markers revealed 2/5 tumors strongly positive for estrogen receptor, 1/5 strongly positive for progesterone receptor and 4/4 negative for HER2 expression. Although the incidence appears to be low, these five cases of mammary carcinoma in female baboons suggest that when present baboon mammary carcinoma is usually of ductal origin and behaves similar to a human breast carcinoma.
Scale‐dependent responses to forest cover displayed by frugivore bats
Authors: Pinto Naiara , Keitt Timothy H. 
Published: September 2010

Despite vast evidence of species turnover displayed by Neotropical bat communities in response to forest fragmentation, the exact shape of the relationship between fragment area and abundance for individual bat species is still unclear. Bats’ ample variation in diet, morphology, and movement behaviour can potentially influence species’ perception of the landscape. Thus, studies describing fragment area at a single spatial scale may fail to capture the amount of forest available from the perspective of individual bat species. In the present paper, we study the influence of forest cover on bats inhabiting a fragmented forest in Mexico, focusing on some of the most common frugivore species: Artibeus jamaicensis, Carollia spp. (C. brevicauda/C. perspicillata) and Sturnira spp. (S. lilium/S. ludovici).We quantified forest cover at scales ranging from 50 to 2000 m, and measured the influence of forest cover on bat capture success, a surrogate for abundance. The three species displayed positive and significant scale‐dependent associations with forest cover. Abundance of A. jamaicensis increased with forest cover measured at scales ranging between 500 and 2000 m, while Carollia spp. responded more strongly to variation in forest cover measured at scales 100–500 m. For Sturnira spp., abundance was a function of presence of creeks near mist‐netting sites, and amount of secondary forest present at a 200 m scale. The observed variation in responses to forest cover can be explained in light of interspecific differences in diet, home range, and body size. Our results illustrate a method for measuring the effect of forest fragmentation on mobile species and suggest that changes in abundance in fragmented landscapes emerge from the interaction between species’ traits and landscape structure.
IL6 −174 Genotype Associated with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in Indians
Authors: Nibali L , Madden I , Franch Chillida F , Heitz‐Mayfield LJA , Brett PM , Donos N 
Published: September 2010

Oral Diseases (2011) 17, 232–237Aim:  Genetic factors have recently been associated with presence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans subgingivally in populations living in industrialized countries. The aim of this study was to analyse associations between Interleukin‐6 (IL6) single nucleotide polymorphisms and presence and levels of A. actinomycetemcomitans and other subgingival microbes in a rural Indian population.Subjects and Methods:  A total of 251 individuals from a rural village in India with a periodontal phenotype ranging from healthy to severe periodontitis were included. Checkerboard DNA‐DNA analysis was performed to detect 40 periodontal taxa in subgingival plaque samples. Genomic DNA was extracted to genotype five polymorphisms in the IL6 promoter region.Results:  The IL6 −174 GG genotype was associated with high (above median) counts of A. actinomycetemcomitans (both in all subjects and in periodontally healthy only) and with presence and counts of Capnocytophaga sputigena. Differences in detection of several other bacteria were noted between periodontitis and healthy subjects.Conclusions:  These findings support the influence of genetic factors on the subgingival microbiota.
Impact of chronic oral mucosal disease on daily life: preliminary observations from a qualitative study
Authors: Riordain R Ni , Meaney S , McCreary C 
Published: September 2010

Oral Diseases (2011) 17, 265–269Objective:  To explore the experience of daily life of persons with chronic oral mucosal conditions.Methods:  Purposive sampling was used to recruit patients from the Oral Medicine Unit of Cork University Dental School and Hospital. An experienced independent facilitator convened the focus groups and conducted individual interviews in a non clinical setting. Focus groups were mixed with regard to gender, age, chronic oral mucosal condition, time since diagnosis and severity. A total of 24 patients took part, including patients with oral lichen planus, mucous membrane pemphigoid, pemphigus vulgaris, recurrent aphthous stomatitis and orofacial granulomatosis.Results:  Analysis of the interviews revealed that patient views could be divided into the following themes – biopsychosocial issues, treatment limitations and side effects, unpredictability of the conditions and the potential for malignant transformation and issues for the healthcare professionals.Conclusion:  Chronic oral mucosal conditions impact upon the experience of daily life of patients in a variety of areas from physical health and functioning, to concerns about their future. The role of the oral medicine practitioner in treating patients with chronic oral mucosal diseases extends beyond active management and symptomatic relief to the management of all aspects of these conditions that impact upon their daily lives.
At the edge of translation – materials to program cells for directed differentiation
Authors: Arany PR , Mooney DJ 
Published: September 2010

Oral Diseases (2011) 17, 241–251The rapid advancement in basic biology knowledge, especially in the stem cell field, has created new opportunities to develop biomaterials capable of orchestrating the behavior of transplanted and host cells. Based on our current understanding of cellular differentiation, a conceptual framework for the use of materials to program cells in situ is presented, namely a domino vs a switchboard model, to highlight the use of single vs multiple cues in a controlled manner to modulate biological processes. Further, specific design principles of material systems to present soluble and insoluble cues that are capable of recruiting, programming and deploying host cells for various applications are presented. The evolution of biomaterials from simple inert substances used to fill defects, to the recent development of sophisticated material systems capable of programming cells in situ is providing a platform to translate our understanding of basic biological mechanisms to clinical care.
A prospective, randomized study on the efficacy of tongue protector in patients with burning mouth syndrome
Authors: López‐Jornet P , Camacho‐Alonso F , Andujar‐Mateos P 
Published: September 2010

Oral Diseases (2011) 17, 277–282Objective:  To apply a tongue protector with habit‐modifying therapy through self‐control, in the patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS).Methods:  A prospective, randomized study was made of 65 consecutive patients with BMS. Fifty subjects were randomized to two groups: group A (informed) and group B (informed and the application of a tongue protector). The symptoms were evaluated by VAS, whereas the psychological profile was assessed using the HAD, with application of the quality of life questionnaires SF‐36 and OHIP‐49. The duration of treatment was 2 months.Results:  Fifty patients (46 females and 4 males) completed the study. The VAS scores in group B were 8.2 at baseline and 4.5 after 2 months. The respective scores in group A were 7.1 and 5.6 – the differences between the two groups being significant (P < 0.001). In group B the OHIP‐49 yielded lower scores for most of the scales, with significant differences vs group A. In group B the SF 36 yielded significant differences vs group A in physical role, bodily pain, general health and emotional role.Conclusions:  Parafunctional traumatism of the tongue should be taken into account in the pathogenesis of BMS with a view to exploring new therapeutic options.