bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eye movement control in reading: Logographic Chinese versus alphabetic scripts
Authors: Tsang Yiu‐Kei , Chen Hsuan‐Chih 
Published: August 2012

AbstractEye tracking is widely used to study the reading process in different languages. Given the unique properties of written Chinese, it is important to identify the similarities and differences in eye‐movement controls between readers of Chinese and alphabetic scripts. In this article, we review the data available for comparison in four domains: (a) the perceptual span, (b) parafoveal processing, (c) the basic encoding unit, and (d) computer modeling. Our review indicates that, while some aspects of eye movement control in reading appear to be universal (e.g., the availability of orthographic information in the parafoveal preview), others are more script‐specific (e.g., the size of the perceptual span). It is concluded that the study of cross‐language differences is important for the development of reading models that are generalizable across readers of different scripts.
P‐doping of Si nanoparticles: The effect of oxidation
Authors: Carvalho Alexandra , Öberg Sven , Barroso Manuel , Rayson Mark J. , Briddon Patrick 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe radial dependence of the formation energy of substitutional phosphorus in silicon nanoparticles covered by an amorphous oxide shell is analysed using local density functional theory calculations. It is found that P+ is more stable at the silicon core. This explains the experimental observation of segregation of phosphorus to the Si‐rich regions in a material consisting of Si nanocrystals embedded in a SiO2 matrix [Perego et al., Nanotechnology 21, 025602 (2010)]. magnified imageFormation energy of positively charged substitutional phosphorus in a 1.5 nm diameter Si nanoparticle covered by a ∼2 nm‐thick amorphous SiO2 shell, as a function of its distance to the centre.
Optical nonlinearity in tandem Si‐C photodetectors
Authors: Louro P. , Vieira M. , Vieira M. A. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe behavior of tandem pin heterojunctions based on a‐SiC:H alloys is investigated under different optical and electrical bias conditions. The devices are optimized to act as optically selective wavelength filters. Depending on the device configuration (optical gaps, thickness, sequence of cells in the stack structure) and on the applied voltage (positive or negative) and optical bias (wavelength, intensity, frequency) it is possible to combine the wavelength discrimination function with the self amplification of the signal. This wavelength nonlinearity allows the amplification or the rejection of a weak signal‐impulse. The device works as an active tunable optical filter for wavelength selection and can be used as an add/drop multiplexer (ADM) which enables data to enter and leave an optical network bit stream without having to demultiplex the stream. Results show that, even under weak transient input signals, the background wavelength controls the output signal. This nonlinearity, due to the transient asymmetrical light penetration of the input channels across the device together with the modification on the electrical field profile due to the optical bias, allows tuning an input channel without demultiplexing the stream. This high optical nonlinearity makes the optimized devices attractive for the amplification of all optical signals. Transfer characteristics effects due to changes in steady state light, control d.c. voltage and applied light pulses are presented. Based on the experimental results and device configuration an optoelectronic model is developed. The transfer characteristics effects due to changes in steady state light, dc control voltage or applied light pulses are simulated and compared with the experimental data. A good agreement was achieved (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modelling climate impact on floods with ensemble climate projections
Authors: Cloke Hannah L. , Wetterhall Fredrik , He Yi , Freer Jim E. , Pappenberger Florian 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe evidence provided by modelled assessments of future climate impact on flooding is fundamental to water resources and flood risk decision making. Impact models usually rely on climate projections from global and regional climate models (GCM/RCMs). However, challenges in representing precipitation events at catchment‐scale resolution mean that decisions must be made on how to appropriately pre‐process the meteorological variables from GCM/RCMs. Here the impacts on projected high flows of differing ensemble approaches and application of Model Output Statistics to RCM precipitation are evaluated while assessing climate change impact on flood hazard in the Upper Severn catchment in the UK. Various ensemble projections are used together with the HBV hydrological model with direct forcing and also compared to a response surface technique. We consider an ensemble of single‐model RCM projections from the current UK Climate Projections (UKCP09); multi‐model ensemble RCM projections from the European Union's FP6 ‘ENSEMBLES’ project; and a joint probability distribution of precipitation and temperature from a GCM‐based perturbed physics ensemble.The ensemble distribution of results show that flood hazard in the Upper Severn is likely to increase compared to present conditions, but the study highlights the differences between the results from different ensemble methods and the strong assumptions made in using Model Output Statistics to produce the estimates of future river discharge. The results underline the challenges in using the current generation of RCMs for local climate impact studies on flooding. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
A theoretical study of the confinement of methane in water clusters
Authors: Bravo‐Pérez Graciela , Saint‐Martin Humberto 
Published: August 2012

AbstractA search for stable local minima CH4 ‐ (H2O)n closed methane clathrates was done at the ωB97X‐D/aug‐cc‐pVDZ level of the theory, for n up to 20, starting from various different configurations for each size. The reliability of the method was validated by comparison to the complete basis set limit (CBSL) values of the methane–water interactions, of the water–water interactions and of the binding energies of (H2O)20 clusters. A potential model fitted to reproduce the CBSL interaction energy of the optimal CH4 ‐ (H2O)n pair was also used in Monte Carlo optimizations. Confinement was found to occur already at n = 14. Optimizations with two empirical models for numerical simulations resulted in the same configurations. The addition of more water molecules, though, favored an increase of the size of the cage, instead of making an external hydrogen bond with the other water molecules in the cluster. An analysis was made at the ωB97X‐D/aug‐cc‐pVDZ level of the interactions of methane with the confining clusters. In all cases, the interaction energy was negative, and for the dodecahedral cavity, the confinement of methane resulted in a significant stabilization relative to the unperturbed empty (H2O)20 cluster and an external methane molecule. Another analysis was made of the energetic cost of rotating the methane within the dodecahedral cavity. The corresponding barrier was lower than KBT at ambient temperature. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Formation control for multi‐agent systems through an iterative learning design approach
Authors: Meng Deyuan , Jia Yingmin 
Published: August 2012

SUMMARYThis paper deals with formation control problems for multi‐agent systems by using iterative learning control (ILC) design approaches. Distributed formation ILC algorithms are presented to enable all agents in directed graphs to achieve the desired relative formations perfectly over a finite‐time interval. It is shown that not only asymptotic stability but also monotonic convergence of multi‐agent formation ILC can be accomplished, and the convergence conditions in terms of linear matrix inequalities can be simultaneously established. The derived results are also applicable to multi‐agent systems that are subject to stochastic disturbances and model uncertainties. Furthermore, the feasibility of convergence conditions and the effect of communication delays are discussed for the proposed multi‐agent formation ILC algorithms. Simulation results are given for uncertain multi‐agent systems to verify the theoretical study. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel user authentication scheme with anonymity for wireless communications
Authors: Niu Jianwei , Li Xiong 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTUser authentication and privacy protection are important issues for wireless and mobile communication systems such as GSM, 3G, and 4G wireless networks. Recently, Yoon et al. proposed a user‐friendly authentication scheme with anonymity for wireless communications. However, in this paper, we show that user anonymity of their scheme is not achieved under the eavesdropping attack and their scheme is not fair in the key agreement. In order to ensure security authentication and protect user anonymity for wireless communications, we propose a novel user authentication scheme with anonymity based on elliptic curve cryptosystem, which can resist various known types of attacks and is more practical for wireless and mobile communications. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simple and robust anonymous two‐factor authenticated key exchange protocol
Authors: Li Xiaowei , Zhang Yuqing 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTRecently two‐factor authenticated key exchange (AKE) protocols have been widely used in various networks to ensure communication security. In 2009, Sun et al. proposed an improved password authenticated key agreement scheme based on smart cards. It is efficient in two‐factor authentication key exchange protocols. However, we found that the scheme of Sun et al. was vulnerable to a password‐guessing attack and a key compromise impersonation (KCI) attack. We made an improvement on the scheme of Sun et al. by using an elegant but simple trick to eliminate the security vulnerabilities. The improved scheme possesses untraceability, which is absent in the scheme of Sun et al. but important in anonymous communication. Moreover, the new scheme can also resist KCI attack, which is a strong secure property in AKE protocol. We proved the security of our protocol in the random oracle model provided that the Elliptic Curve Gap Diffie–Hellman assumption holds. The trick used in this paper can provide a new way for designing authenticated key agreement in two‐factor authentication mechanism. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel probabilistic signature based on bilinear square Diffie–Hellman problem and its extension
Authors: Wu Tzong‐Sun , Lin Han‐Yu 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTDigital signatures are just like hand‐written ones, which guarantee integrity, authenticity, and nonrepudiation. On the basis of an intractable mathematical assumption, that is, bilinear square Diffie–Hellman problem, we give a concrete construction of the first provably secure probabilistic signature scheme and its extension to a universal designated verifier signature scheme. A universal designated verifier signature scheme allows any signature holder to designate a publicly verifiable signature to a specific verifier such that only the designated verifier can validate the signature for protecting the privacy of signature holder. In addition, the designated verifier is unable to convince any third party of the fact. Such schemes can be applied to privacy‐preserving electronic applications such as the certificate for medical records and income summary. Our scheme is especially suitable for computation constrained devices because the signature generation and designation are pairing free. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Questionnaire Versus Telephone Follow‐up to Detect Postdischarge Complications in Surgical Patients: Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Visser Annelies , Ubbink Dirk T. , Gouma Dirk J. , Goslings J. Carel 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundPostdischarge complications in surgical patients are usually recorded only when readmission is required, a method that likely underestimates the overall complication rate. Our aim was to determine which method—telephone interview or questionnaire by mail—collects the most postdischarge complications.MethodsWe performed a randomized clinical equivalence trial. From December 2008 until August 2009, all adult surgical patients admitted to a university hospital were randomized to be approached by mail or by phone 30 days after discharge to collect information about postdischarge complications. Primary outcome was the total number of reported complications after discharge. Secondary outcome was the severity of the complications.ResultsIn all, 1595 patients were reached: 890 by means of a telephone interview and 705 through a questionnaire. Response rate was higher in the telephone group than in the questionnaire group (63.8 % vs. 51.3 %). The percentage of patients reporting one or more complications did not differ significantly between the groups: 43.3 % in the telephone group versus 39.6 % in the questionnaire group. Length of stay, American Society of Anesthesiologist class, and type of surgery—but not the survey techniques compared here—significantly influenced the number of complications reported. The percentage of patient‐reported complications requiring treatment did not differ significantly between the groups.ConclusionsThe two survey methods did not differ in their ability to appreciate postdischarge complications as reported by the patients. The decision to use either method may be determined by the institution, costs involved, and labor requirement.
Accelerated establishment of mature signaling patterns following stimulation of developing neuronal networks: “learning” versus “plasticity”
Authors: Zemianek Jill M. , Lee Sangmook , Guaraldi Mary , Shea Thomas B. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractNeuronal networks established on micro‐electrode arrays provide useful models for synaptic plasticity. Whether or not this represents a facet of learning is debated since ex vivo networks are deprived of organismal interaction with the environment. We compared developmental signaling of such networks with and without stimulation with a prerecorded synaptic signal from another mature culture as a model of sensory input. Unstimulated networks displayed a developmental increase in individual signals that eventually declined, yielding a pattern containing organized bursts of signaling. Minimal stimulation, to model the onset of sensory input hastened the onset of developmental signaling. However, the overall developmental pattern of stimulated networks, including the total number and type of signals as well as the length of this developmental period, was identical to that of unstimulated networks. One interpretation of these findings is that ongoing plasticity may be essential to establish an appropriate platform for learning once sensory input ensues.
Effects of PTEN inhibition on regulation of tau phosphorylation in an okadaic acid‐induced neurodegeneration model
Authors: Chen Zhou , Chen Bin , Xu Wen‐Fang , Liu Rong‐Fang , Yang Jian , Yu Chang‐Xi 
Published: August 2012

AbstractOne of pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) consisting of abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau. The molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of tau hyperphosphorylation remain largely unclear. The phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway has been implicated in the pathogenesis of AD, however, potential functions and role of tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) in AD pathogenesis have not been fully explored. Here, we report that okadaic acid (OA)‐induced tau phosphorylation is accompanied by PTEN induction, knockdown of PTEN reduces the tau hyperphosphorylation by OA in SH‐SY5Y cells and increases cell proliferation and survival. The effect of PTEN suppression on tau dephosphorylation appeared to be mediated by inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3 while enhancing the Akt activity. Reduction of tau phosphorylation was also observed in the OA‐induced parental SH‐SY5Y cells co‐treated with bisperoxovanadate (bpv), a potent PTEN inhibitor. Our studies provide evidence for an effect of PTEN on the phosphorylation of tau in AD pathogenesis and give some insight into the mechanisms through which suppression of PTEN expression may contribute towards the amelioration of tauopathy, implying that pharmacological intervention of PTEN may be a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of AD.
Russian brain drain: Myths v. reality
Authors: Korobkov Andrei V. , Zaionchkovskaia Zhanna A. 
Published: August 2012

The paper analyzes the scale and dynamics of the Russian brain drain, one of the most politicized and hotly debated aspects of the post-Soviet migration. The major issues under consideration include the durability of the intellectual migration flow, its structural characteristics, and territorial orientation.
Relying on the Russian State Committee on Statistics data, the research indicates that the real scale of intellectual migration is significantly smaller than is usually expected, even though in some regions and particular fields of Basic Sciences, including Mathematics, Physics, Biology, and Chemistry, and a limited number of research centers, brain drain has indeed acquired a magnitude threatening the existence of the established academic schools. At the same time, huge disparities in terms of the ability of specialists from different branches of science to find adequate jobs abroad are evident. Many academic subfields, including Humanities and Social Sciences, and most of the Russian regions show extremely low levels of intellectual migration and engagement in the international academic exchanges. The result is the practical exclusion of many branches of science and the majority of the Russian regions from the international academic system.
Hence the goal of the Russian policy should be not limiting the intellectualmigration, but rather capitalizing on such of its positive aspects as the establishment of long term international academic contacts and the formation of the Russian elite diasporas abroad, actively engaged in cooperationwith the RF academic institutions. Of special interest for the authors are the recent attempts by the RF leadership to encourage the return of the Russian academics. The authors conclude that a more effective policy could be based on the use of diverse forms of cooperationwith the Russian academics abroad, both with or without their permanent relocation to the country, providing for the inclusion of the Russian science into the international academic networks.
Assessing EMS Scope of Practice for Utility and Risk: the New Mexico EMS Interventions Assessment Project, Phase One Results
Authors: Munk Marc-David , Fullerton Lynne , Banks Laura , Morley Sarah , McDaniels Robert , Castle Stuart , Thornton Kyle , Richards Michael E. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIntroductionFew emergency medical services (EMS) interventions in New Mexico have been assessed for efficacy, potential harm, or potential benefit. There is concern that many interventions added over the years may be outdated, harmful, or ineffective in the EMS setting. A formal process for reviewing the state EMS scope of practice using literature review and expert consensus is discussed. In Phase One of the project, interventions in the New Mexico EMS scope of practice were prioritized for further review by surveying a national cadre of EMS experts to evaluate EMS interventions using a utilitarian harm/benefit metric.MethodsAn electronic survey based on the 2010 New Mexico EMS Scope of Practice statute was administered from March through June, 2011. A national cadre of 104 respondents was identified. Respondents were either State EMS medical directors or EMS fellowship directors. Respondents were asked to rate the potential harm and the potential benefit of specific EMS interventions on a 5-point ordinal scale. Median harm and benefit scores were calculated.ResultsA total of 88 completed surveys were received following 208 emailed invitations to 104 respondents (43% response rate). Twenty-two (22) highest-priority interventions (those with a harm/benefit median score ratio of >1) were identified. Seven additional second-priority interventions were also identified. These interventions will be advanced for formal literature review and expert consensus.ConclusionsThe New Mexico EMS Interventions Project offers a novel model for assessing a prehospital scope of practice.MunkMD,FullertonL,BanksL,MorleyS,McDanielsR,CastleS,ThorntonK,RichardsME.Assessing EMS scope of practice for utility and risk: the New Mexico EMS Interventions Assessment Project, Phase One results.Prehosp Disaster Med.2012;27(5):1-6.
An indirect comparison of the efficacy and safety of desvenlafaxine and venlafaxine using placebo as the common comparator
Authors: Coleman Kristina A. , Xavier Vanessa Y. , Palmer Trish L. , Meaney James V. , Radalj Libby M. , Canny Louise M. 
Published: August 2012

BackgroundThis meta-analysis compared the efficacy and safety of desvenlafaxine and venlafaxine at the Australian approved doses.MethodsA systematic literature search was conducted to identify all placebo-controlled studies of desvenlafaxine and venlafaxine in the treatment of major depression. The pivotal outcome measure used to assess comparative efficacy was the mean change in Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression-17 score from baseline. Tolerability and safety were compared by an evaluation of reported adverse events. Standard and Bayesian methods were used to conduct the indirect comparisons.FindingsUsing a mixed model repeated measures analysis, the pooled weighted mean difference for the mean change in Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression-17 score from baseline was −2.81 (−3.72, −1.91; p < 0.001) for desvenlafaxine and −2.61 (−3.17, −2.05; p < 0.001) for venlafaxine. An indirect Bayesian analysis adjusted for baseline Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression-17 score showed no significant difference between the two treatments (weighted mean difference −0.27; −1.17, 0.65). A standard indirect comparison of any adverse events showed no significant difference between desvenlafaxine and venlafaxine (relative risk 1.01; 0.96, 1.06; p = 0.70 and risk difference −0.01; −0.05, 0.03; p = 0.59). Standard indirect comparisons of both nausea and drop-outs identified potential differences between treatments, with the risk difference analyses suggesting a trend in favor of desvenlafaxine (nausea: relative risk 0.97; 0.77, 1.22; p = 0.80/RD −0.07; −0.12, −0.01; p = 0.02; and drop-outs due to adverse events: RR 0.86; 0.58, 1.29; p = 0.48/RD −0.04; −0.08, 0.00; p = 0.06).ConclusionsBased on the results of this meta-analysis, desvenlafaxine was shown to be non-inferior to venlafaxine in terms of efficacy, and has an advantage in terms of less nausea.