bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion: Beware of Science
Authors: Jardine Nicholas 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter begins with a defence of the basic premises and strategies used in evaluating claims of the sciences to have accumulated real questions and true answers. The enterprise of this book and its companion, The Fortunes of Inquiry, is subjected to a reflexive assessment, in which the accounts of truth and reality are exposed. The chapter goes on to defend the right of the philosopher to offer such advice. It urges scientists to beware of the complacency induced by the myths of the unity, rationality, and ‘world-guidedness’ of science. It argues that the scenes of the inquiry of the sciences will remain limited and distorted unless scientists become more reflective, taking serious account of the findings of sociologists and social historians about the diversity of the social practices of the sciences. The chapter concludes that reflexive assessment of accounts of truth and reality is indicative of a distinctive domain of historical evidence in which a person may seek evidence of the truth.
Original Significances and Historical Explanation
Authors: Jardine Nicholas 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter looks into the interactions of historical interpretation with historical explanation. It argues that causal explanation is a primary goal of history, inseparable from historical interpretation. It considers the specific ways in which the hermeneutics of original meanings can answer the specific demands of historical explanation. These demands are related to the interpretation and explanation of human acts, not just linguistic acts. The chapter also shows how much better the hermeneutics of original meanings meets the demands of historical explanation compared to the traditional hermeneutics of intended meanings. Lastly, the chapter argues that it not only meets those demands, but also suggests profitable new ways of explaining the formation of scientific disciplines.
Efficacy, Causing, and Relevance
Authors: Steward Helen 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn Chapter 5, it was argued that a proper appreciation of the important differences between singular and sentential explanations is essential if we are to understand properly the ontological and metaphysical implications of our causal talk. Towards the end of that chapter, a view called the Davidsonian view was outlined, which attempted to account for these differences by drawing on the distinction between two relations — the relation of causation and that of causal explanation. It was suggested that this answer seemed to leave unexplicated the connection between the relation of causal explanation — a relation whose holding, at least on one fairly plausible view, is dependent upon the tendency of human beings to find one fact, or set of facts, to be useful in achieving a certain kind of understanding of another — and ‘real metaphysical causality in the world’. This chapter, attempts to provide the outline of an account which might help us to understand this relation.
Token Identity Theories
Authors: Steward Helen 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter argues that the mistakes embodied in the view of causation called network model — the view according to which states are to be thought of as separate, causally efficacious particulars, each of which acts in concert with other events and states in a causal network — have lent illusory support to the token identity theory, and to other particularist theories of mind. It argues for the strong claim that the token identity theory is not only untrue of beliefs, desires, and the like, but that without the support provided by the imagery associated with the mistaken causal picture, it is probably unintelligible, conceived of as a theory which encompasses these states. The chapter makes out a case for the correlative thesis that certain conditions on the intelligibility of identity statements which are automatically satisfied where the terms of the identity are genuine particulars go unfulfilled in the case of the token state identities which are of interest to the philosopher of mind — identities between ‘token states’ like beliefs and desires and so-called ‘token states of the brain’ (or of its parts).
The Early Versions of the New Testament
Authors: Metzger Bruce M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This book deals with the origin and transmission of all the translations of the New Testament made before about AD 1000, setting them in the historical context of the expansion of Christianity. For each a list is given of the earliest surviving manuscripts and of noteworthy printed editions, and an account follows of the history of the scholarly investigation and textual analysis of that version. An important feature of the book is the series of discussions of the characteristics of the languages concerned and their bearing on attempts to recover from the versions the readings of the underlying Greek manuscripts.
The Ethiopic Version
Authors: METZGER BRUCE M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the introduction of Christianity into Ethiopia and the early manuscripts of the Ethiopic version of the New Testament. Many modern scholars date the origin of the Ethiopic version to a time during the 5th century and/or 6th century, in connection with the missionary activity of the Nine Saints. Of the several thousand Ethiopic manuscripts in European and American collections, about three hundred contain the text of one of more books of the New Testament. This chapter also discusses the Ethiopic textual analyses of the Gospels such as the Acts of the Apostles, Pauline Epistles, Catholic Epistles and the Book of Revelations, and the limitations of Ethiopic in representing the Greek New Testament.
The Old Church Slavonic Version
Authors: METZGER BRUCE M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the introduction of Christianity among the Slavs and the translation of the New Testament in that region. According to the Vita Constantini, Cyril devised the Glagolithic alphabet for the writing of Slavonic and began the translation of the Gospel. The earliest Old Church Slavonic manuscripts, preserving biblical, liturgical, and theological texts, are written in Glagolitic script. This chapter also provides a list of New Testament manuscripts in the Old Church Slavonic version and examines the limitations of Old Church Slavonic in representing Greek.
Pauline Theology
Authors: Reumann John 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Pauline theology opens up the question of the historical approach as against canonical criticism. On the one hand, ‘Pauline theology’ can mean the theology of the whole Pauline corpus, from all thirteen letters in the canon that claim to be by Paul. On the other hand, the phrase can mean, historically, the theology of Paul himself. Within the Pauline corpus, the pastoral epistles have a clear profile and, because of their differences from the acknowledged letters, even though some would find Paul's hand or at least fragments from his genuine letters in their production. Colossians and Ephesians form a subclass of Pauline thought, either later in his career (if the letters are genuinely his) or the work of the Pauline school, probably in the decades after Paul's martyrdom. Furthermore, this chapter also provides a list of key phrases in the order of frequency of occurrence in Paul's letters.
The Wisdom of James: Practical Remarks on Faith, Life, and Other Topics
Authors: Reumann John 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In the last century of critical study, the Book of James has been left hovering between two opinions. Some have said, as was held traditionally from the 3rd century or so, that James the brother of Jesus himself wrote it, at a quite early date, emphasizing the words of Jesus, in a Jewish setting. Fair-minded consideration of James's letter has often been complicated by disputes, particularly during and since the Reformation, over the relation of James, asserting that a person ‘is justified by works and not by faith alone’, to the teachings of Paul. This epistle is a little over a third the length of Hebrews. It has stirred up even more controversy than the larger book. This ‘doctrinal’ problem—one of the few theological aspects to James—is best left for treatment later in connection with ‘faith’ and ‘righteousness’.
Modifying the Biblical Text
Authors: Lim Timothy H. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter reinvestigates the issue of exegetical modifications in the pesharim. The approach adopted here, that is to confine the search for exegetical variants to internal evidence found in the pesharim, has been careful to impute to the pesherists exegetical modifications simply because their biblical texts differed from the Masoretic Text (MT). Each possible case of exegetical modification has been assessed on its own merits, without any undue influence of MT readings. As a result, there are fewer examples that can pass the stricter criteria in view here and some of these are different from the ones often mentioned in the scholarly literature. These results are modest, but more defensible within the context of a greater awareness of the pluriformity of the biblical texts. They are also significant enough to show that the Qumranians were not mere commentators, but also in some sense, authors of the biblical texts.
Nature of Pesherite Interpretation
Authors: Lim Timothy H. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses broadly the hermeneutical principles underlying Qumran exegesis. In both ideological orientation and exegetical tradition, the pesherists did not consider the words of their biblical texts to be fixed and immutable. As members of a community that lived by the precepts of the law, they saw themselves as participants in the unfolding revelation of God, even when the end-time had been delayed. They adapted biblical laws and supplemented them where there were perceived gaps, and found correspondences between contemporary events and figures of biblical prophecies. The pesherists behaved primarily as expositors of the biblical texts, but sometimes one cannot but feel that they were also acting as biblical authors. There is a formal distinction in their commentaries between what they quote as lemma and interpretation, and yet at certain points, they blur this dividing line by changing the very words of scripture.
Paul and his Old Testament Quotations
Authors: Lim Timothy H. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Paul lived at a time when the biblical text remained fluid. Textual variety and pluriformity characterized the scriptural scrolls that he consulted. He could quote from them or from one of the biblical excerpts that he presumably had before him. Sometimes, as in Galatians 3: 15, he insisted on a literal reading of the biblical passage, while on other occasions he could freely adapt his source. Still other times, it is thought that he produced a biblical proof-text from memory, the misremembering of which could account for variants and discrepancies. This latter suggestion, though plausible, is difficult to prove or even analyse, since the incorrect attribution of the biblical source can otherwise be explained by the existence of anthologies. ln any case, the postulate of pre-Pauline biblical excerpts does help in explaining some of the procedures which he was likely to have used.
Ecclesiology
Authors: Flegg Columba Graham 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the ecclesiology of the Catholic Apostolic Church. It describes the nature of the church, fourfold order and character of the ministry, the church's sources of funding for the maintenance of the ministry, and its various affiliate sects and societies. This chapter concludes that the ecclesiology of the Catholic Apostolic Church was based on certain premises that included its apostolic constitution and ministry being divinely given, and that its structure was revealed in the Scripture.
Liturgy
Authors: Flegg Columba Graham 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the liturgy of the Catholic Apostolic Church. It describes the nature of the church's liturgical worship, the symbols used in liturgical worship, its offices of morning and evening prayer, and its Doctrine of the Real Presence. This chapter concludes that the Catholic Apostolics developed comparatively early on a high sacramental and an advanced ritual. Their sacramental theology and practices were designed in anticipation of the corresponding developments which were to take place in certain sections of the Church of England as a result of the Tractarian Movement.
Man
Authors: HARRISON CAROL 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter looks at man in the image of God. The doctrine of man in the image of God, of man bearing the form (forma) or beauty of God, might be said to colour every aspect of Augustine's theology. Detailed examination of it presents a very different picture of man's fall and redemption and the place of aesthetics in this scheme relative to that portrayed by OʼConnell in his exposition of the doctrine of man as a pre-existent fallen soul. The second section of the chapter considers God in man, describing man in the context of time and history; his fall and the consequent deformation of the image. The third section looks at his gradual reformation towards God.
Stars and the Resurrection Body
Authors: SCOTT ALAN 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines Origen's understanding of the resurrected human soul. It is one of the most appropriate of speculations on the life of the heavens. He attempted to steer a middle course between the views of Christians that the resurrected body was no different from the physical body and the beliefs of a number of groups accused of heresy who had a purely spiritual or figurative interpretation of this doctrine. Instead, he suggested that what would be raised on the resurrection at the Last Day would not be the physical body, but its form or principle. This principle is the content of the soul, and it is this and not the body which is both made in the image of God and granted eternal life.
Conclusion
Authors: SCOTT ALAN 
Published: October 2011

AbstractExamination of the starry heavens is usually regarded as an impractical use of the intellect. But the study of the impractical has far-reaching implications and the astronomical advances of a few Ionians had a profound philosophical and religious impact in their day. Plato recognized that their astronomical discoveries had been a source of intellectual and social chaos. The impact of this approach on subsequent Greek philosophy and religion was enormous, and lasted down to Origen's day. Origen's assessment of the stars' proper place in the world was complicated by his interest in traditions outside of the traditional Hellenistic schools. While agreeing with pagan thought that the stars had a significant impact on terrestrial life, he limited his influence to the regulation of the natural order. The modern age no longer believes that the stars have souls, but astronomical progress has not robbed them of their power.
Theism, Atheism, and Big Bang Cosmology
Authors: Craig William Lane , Smith Quentin 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Contemporary science presents us with the remarkable theory that the universe began to exist about fifteen billion years ago with a cataclysmic explosion called ‘the Big Bang’. The question of whether Big Bang cosmology supports theism or atheism has long been a matter of discussion among the general public and in popular science books, but has received scant attention from philosophers. This book sets out to fill this gap by means of a sustained debate between two philosophers, William Lane Craig and Quentin Smith, who defend opposing positions. Craig argues that the Big Bang that began the universe was created by God, while Smith argues that the Big Bang has no cause. The book consists of alternating chapters by Craig and Smith, with each chapter being either a criticism of a preceding chapter or being criticized by a subsequent chapter. Part One consists of Craig's arguments that the past is necessarily finite and that God created the Big Bang, and Smith's criticisms of these arguments. Part Two presents Smith's arguments that Big Bang cosmology is inconsistent with theism and Craig's criticisms of Smith's argument. The authors' arguments are based on Einstein's theory of relativity, and there is also a discussion of Stephen Hawking's new quantum cosmology.
Theism and Big Bang Cosmology
Authors: Craig William Lane 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter provides counter-arguments against Quentin Smith's atheistic interpretation of the Big Bang cosmology. It suggests that Smith's position is untenable because it lacks consistency, does not have a positive argument to commend it, and fails to escape the charge of metaphysical absurdity against it. It also explains that the Big Bang cosmological model does appear to constitute a powerful argument for the existence of a Creator of the universe.
The Prelapsarian Covenant as Proposed by Zacharias Ursinus
Authors: Weir David A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The idea of a prelapsarian covenant is not an absolute novelty in the history of Christian doctrine, but it was not utilised extensively in Reformed theology until the second half of the 16th century. There is no evidence of its use during the early Reformation. Zacharias Ursinus is the theologian who first utilized the idea of a prelapsarian covenant to any great extent in the 16th century. This chapter explores Ursinus's doctrine of the covenant, particularly the prelapsarian covenant, and examines it within the context of his doctrine of predestination. Ursinus's Opera theologica were published in 1612. The editor, Quirinus Reuter, arranged the works in three volumes. The chapter examines the treatises that are significant in Ursinus's discussion of the covenant.
The Second Stage in the Development of the Federal Theology
Authors: Weir David A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Zacharias Ursinus's colleagues continued to develop the covenant theme in Reformed theology after his death. One of the most important was Caspar Olevianus, who by 1584 was teaching at the Herborn Academy. In 1585 he published his De substantia. A careful examination of the De substantia shows that the idea of a prelapsarian covenant is mentioned six times, but that all the references are scattered; the theme is not developed in any specific way or place. The result is that the prelapsarian covenant idea does not have a specific place in Olevianus's theological system; for Olevianus it is still a locus communis — a commonplace of theology to be developed and worked into a theological system. Thus, it is important to understand Protestant theological methodology of the late 16th century.
Origen: Goodness and Freedom
Authors: LYMAN J. REBECCA 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Origen's Christian commitment was unquestionable, but his theological conclusions stimulated passionate apologetic or repudiation; he was too right to be wrong, or too attractively wrong to be ignored. It begins by presenting Origen as a teacher. His connection to the Christian community lay in the independence of a didaskalos rather than in the ordered ecclesiastical hierarchy. His passionate search for conceptual clarity and spiritual advance was grounded in his devotion to study as a means of communication and relation to the Logos. As a teacher and a theologian, Origen wished, for intellectual and religious satisfaction, to describe the saving God revealed in Jesus and in Scripture. In addition, his description of divine will and nature reflects the tension for a Christian in philosophical and theological concerns. In general, Origen's cosmology reflects the varied experience of his community and his own personal engagement with the spiritual development of Christians, by emphasizing the slow transformation through discipline and instruction of various souls on their particular journey toward God.
Sufism and Islamic Reform in Egypt
Authors: Johansen Julian 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
One of the most important sects in the Islamic world, Sufism has had a long and active history. Yet it has been no stranger to controversy. This has been particularly pronounced in modern times, as radical Islamic groups and modernist reformers have sought to identify Sufism as a source of either unwelcome innovation or reactionary superstition. This book focuses on the efforts of the Sūfīs of Egypt, expressed in the writings of one of the order's sheikhs, to meet the critical challenge. The sheikh offers a vigorous defence of Sufism in the context of controversial issues such as festivals, processions, congregational invocation, and the principle of guidance by the sheikh. He also touches on broader issues such as the metaphysical status of the Prophet and the question of miracles, considering these in a characteristically Sūfī light. However, he also downplays or reworks certain key elements of Sūfī belief and practice in an attempt to forestall hostile criticism. This book discusses these ideas and places them in a broader context, basing his analysis on material recorded at Sūfī gatherings in Cairo between 1988 and 1990, as well as published and unpublished texts.
Sufism and Reform
Authors: Johansen Julian 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter briefly outlines the history of reformist thought in Egypt. It provides the necessary intellectual background against which to examine present-day concerns in a more specific context. Whatever the verdict on al-Afghānī's orthodoxy and the sincerity of his motives, it is certain that his efforts brought Western Europeans and Muslims each into closer contact with the intellectual heritage of the other. 'Abduh seems to have been the first to formulate an intellectual combination of traditional and modern approaches to Islam without incurring the wrath of traditional authorities. Al-Bakrī's eclectic approach to writing and his uncompromisingly traditionalist attitude to Sufism provoked hostile criticism from another contemporary. It is seen that the British had an interest in reform as a means to control religious institutions, whilst Egyptian reformers were anxious to eradicate those practices which they felt rendered Egypt and Islam vulnerable to foreign criticism.
Ideal and Image of Orthodoxy
Authors: Johansen Julian 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the extent of the connection between intellectual formulations and the etiquette (adab) of public religious life in Islam. The Ṣa'īdī was evidently shocked at the criticism, and took it as an accusation of shirk. Next, it describes some of the more controversial considerations connected to ziyāra and the kind of motives and attitudes which are held to be most appropriate in the visitor. It then relates these to prevalent opinion in the Muṭammadiyya Shādhiliyya in order to explore the extent of continuity between them. The ‘exchanges’ between Dr 'Umar and Dr Abū Farṭa go some way towards indicating the complexity of the issues of ziyāra and mawlids. Furthermore, it shows some of this complexity with a contemporary case-study in order to situate and amplify some of the opinions expressed in the two interviews examined.
The Alphabet of Sufism
Authors: Johansen Julian 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter focuses once more on the works of Sheikh Muṭammad Zakī Ibrāhīm. The work under consideration is presented to the reader as the ‘last word’ on the subject of Sufism, as is clear from its title, ‘The Alphabet of Islamic Sufism’. The presentation of the more controversial aspects of the religious discourse highlights the role of Sheikh Muṭammad as the defender of Ṣūfī tradition, and suggests the vindication of sanctity and learning in debate. The preface, introduction, questions and answers of Abjadiyya are shown. A discussion on Khiṭāb Ṣūfī jāmi' is provided. Sheikh Muṭammad's definitive statement on the enemies of Sufism is also considered.