bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geographic Literacy and Defoe's Complete Englishmen: Mere Bookcases v. Walking Maps
Authors: EDWARDS JESS 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWhether learning how to work the streets as a pickpocket or picking up the art of navigation, Daniel Defoe's characters find, in John Richetti's words, that ‘the exact apprehension of the world is a technique for survival’: a measure of their capacity for ‘pushing back against a potentially destructive world’. This article pursues this issue of apprehension beyond Defoe's novels and into his non‐fictional explorations of model lives, where geographic literacy or competence often figures as an index of the capacity to act effectively and responsibly in the world.
Conserving imperiled species: a comparison of the IUCN Red List and U.S. Endangered Species Act
Authors: Harris J. Berton C. , Reid J. Leighton , Scheffers Brett R. , Wanger Thomas C. , Sodhi Navjot S. , Fordham Damien A. , Brook Barry W. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe United States conserves imperiled species with the Endangered Species Act (ESA). No studies have evaluated the ESA's coverage of species on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, which is an accepted standard for imperiled species classification. We assessed the ESA's coverage of IUCN‐listed birds, mammals, amphibians, gastropods, crustaceans, and insects, and studied the listing histories of three bird species and Pacific salmonids in more detail. We found that 40.3% of IUCN‐listed U.S. birds are not listed by the ESA, and most other groups are underrecognized by >80%. Species with higher IUCN threat levels are more frequently recognized by the ESA. Our avian case studies highlight differences in the objectives, constraints, and listing protocols of the two institutions, and the salmonids example shows an alternative situation where agencies were effective in evaluating and listing multiple (related) species. Vague definitions ofendangeredandthreatened, an inadequate ESA budget, and the existence of thewarranted but precludedcategory likely contribute to the classification gap we observed.
Single-dose pharmacokinetics and safety of iptakalim hydrochloride in Chinese healthy volunteers
Authors: Cai Yun , Chai Dong , Pei Fei , Fang Yi , Wang Rui , Liang Bei-bei , Cui Wen-yu , Bao Cun-gang , Wang Hai 
Published: December 2011

Abstract

Objectives
To investigate the safety, pharmacokinetics and food effect of iptakalim in healthy adult Han Chinese volunteers.

Methods
Study 1 was a randomized open-label, Latin square designed, single-dose, three-period, self-control crossover study. Six men and six women received 5, 10 and 20 mg of iptakalim orally. Study 2 was a randomized, open-label, single-dose, two-period, self-control crossover study. Ten men were included and each subject received 5 mg iptakalim orally, fasting and nonfasting.

Key findings
No adverse effects were reported and no clinically meaningful changes in vital signs were found. Cmax, AUC0–t and AUC0–∞ were proportional over the dose levels of 5, 10 and 20 mg. Tmax, t½ and CL/F were similarly independent of dose level. In the 5 mg and 20 mg group, the Cmax, AUC0–t and AUC0–∞ in women were significantly higher than in men, although they showed no difference after correction by mg/kg doses in the 5 mg group. At the 5-mg dose level, no significant difference in pharmacokinetics was found in nonfasting and fasting subjects.

Conclusions
Single-dose pharmacokinetics of iptakalim showed dose proportionality over the dose levels of 5–20 mg. The pharmacokinetics showed gender differences in the 5 and 20 mg groups. Food had almost no impact on the pharmacokinetics at the 5 mg level.
Effect of low-protein diet on anthracycline pharmacokinetics and cardiotoxicity
Authors: El-Demerdash Ebtehal , Ali Azza A , El-Taher Dalia E M , Hamada Farid M A 
Published: December 2011

Abstract

Objectives
Anthracyclines are broad spectrum anticancer drugs with dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. Protein malnutrition commonly occurs in cancer patients and is considered a risk factor for development of cardiotoxicity. This study was designed to assess the modulatory effect of protein malnutrition on the pharmacokinetics and drug disposition properties of a single dose of doxorubicin and epirubicin and how these possible changes will affect the degree of cardiotoxicity of these drugs.

Methods
A single interperitoneal dose of 15 mg/kg of either doxorubicin or epirubicin was injected into rats fed with either normal protein diet or low-protein diet. The plasma concentration–time profiles of doxorubicin and epirubicin and their concentrations in different tissues were determined. Serum creatine kinase level was determined at different time intervals and histopathological examination of heart tissue was carried out.

Key findings
Protein malnutrition significantly altered the pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin and epirubicin, with a significant decrease in their elimination, and prolonged the exposure of the heart to these drugs. Histopathological examination and serum creatine kinase measurements supported the role of protein malnutrition in enhancement of anthracycline cardiotoxicity.

Conclusions
If similar alteration in anthracyclines' pharmacokinetics occurs in malnourished cancer patients, protein malnutrition will be a risk factor for development of anthracycline cardiotoxicity and dose adjustment will be required in nutritionally deprived patients.
Do urology journals enforce trial registration? A cross-sectional study of published trials
Authors: Kunath Frank , Grobe Henrik R , Keck Bastian , Rücker Gerta , Wullich Bernd , Antes Gerd , Meerpohl Joerg J 
Published: December 2011

Objectives(1) To assess endorsement of trial registration in author instructions of urology-related journals and (2) to assess whether randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in the field of urology were effectively registered.DesignCross-sectional study of author instructions and published trials.SettingJournals publishing in the field of urology.ParticipantsFirst, the authors analysed author instructions of 55 urology-related journals indexed in ‘Journal Citation Reports 2009’ (12/2010). The authors divided these journals in two groups: those requiring and those not mentioning trial registration as a precondition for publication. Second, the authors chose the five journals with the highest impact factor (IF) from each group.InterventionMEDLINE search to identify RCTs published in these 10 journals in 2009 (01/2011); search of the clinical trials meta-search interface of WHO (International Clinical Trials Registry Platform) for RCTs that lacked information about registration (01–03/2011). Two authors independently assessed the information.Outcome measuresProportion of journals providing advice about trial registration and proportion of trials registered.ResultsOf 55 journals analysed, 26 (47.3%) provided some editorial advice about trial registration. Journals with higher IFs were more likely to mention trial registration explicitly (p=0.015). Of 106 RCTs published in 2009, 63 were registered (59.4%) with a tendency to an increase after 2005 (83.3%, p=0.035). 71.4% (30/42) of the RCTs that were published in journals mentioning and requiring registration, and 51.6% (33/64) of the RCTs that were published in journals that did not mention trial registration explicitly were registered. This difference was statistically significant (p=0.04).ConclusionsThe existence of a statement about trial registration in author instructions resulted in a higher proportion of registered RCTs in those journals. Journals with higher IFs were more likely to mention trial registration.
Stream salmonids as opportunistic foragers: the importance of terrestrial invertebrates along a stream-size gradient
Authors: Syrjänen J. , Korsu K. , Louhi P. , Paavola R. , Muotka T. 
Published: December 2011

Terrestrial invertebrates have been reported to be positively selected by stream salmonids. We assessed the importance of terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates to salmonid diets in 25 streams in Finland, with the hypothesis that terrestrial prey would be important in only the smallest forest streams. Several measures of prey availability were used, including proportional abundance in benthic or drift samples, compared with a trait-based approach, to predict diet composition. Across all 25 streams in autumn, blackfly and caddis larvae were the most important prey items. Terrestrial invertebrates were of moderate importance in all streams, including the smallest. Pure availability predicted diet best and provided, in most cases, a significant fit with the observed diet. In a quantitative literature review, the mean proportion of terrestrial prey in salmonid diets was 17%, being highest for the largest fish (≥15 cm). Species of the genus Salmo consumed significantly less terrestrials than did other salmonid genera. The proportion of terrestrial prey was highest in streams flowing through deciduous forests, but it was only weakly correlated with channel width.
Response of trout populations in five Colorado streams two decades after habitat manipulation
Authors: White Shannon L. , Gowan Charles , Fausch Kurt D. , Harris Josh G. , Saunders W. Carl 
Published: December 2011

Evaluating the effectiveness of instream structures for increasing trout populations is complicated by a paucity of long-term studies. We report on a study spanning 23 years to assess the effect of installing log weirs on stream habitat and trout abundance. Structures were installed in a randomly selected half of a 500 m study reach in six small Colorado, USA, mountain streams in 1988, and habitat and trout abundance and biomass were measured annually from 1987 to 1994. When five of the streams were resampled in 2009, none of the 53 logs had moved, and all but one were functioning properly. Pool volume remained more than three times higher in treatment sections than in adjacent controls, and mean depth was also greater. Adult trout abundance increased rapidly after structures were installed and remained 53% higher in treatment sections than in controls 21 years later. Effects on juvenile trout abundance were not detected, probably because fry recruitment is strongly influenced by effects of snowmelt runoff, which vary annually among basins. This evaluation shows that instream structures placed in small, stable channels can function for more than two decades when properly installed and can cause long-lasting increases in trout abundance when habitat is limiting.
Genetic Variants in Oxidative Stress–Related Genes Predict Chemoresistance in Primary Breast Cancer: A Prospective Observational Study and Validation
Authors: Yu Ke-Da , Huang A-Ji , Fan Lei , Li Wen-Feng , Shao Zhi-Ming 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Chemotherapy response in patients with primary breast cancer is difficult to predict and the role of host genetic factors has not been thoroughly investigated. We hypothesized that polymorphisms in oxidative stress (OS)-related genes, including estrogen–quinone metabolizing enzymes NQO2 and GSTM1-5, may influence disease progression and treatment response. In this prospective observational study, nineteen polymorphisms tagging known variations in candidate genes were genotyped and analyzed in 806 patients with primary breast cancer. Three functional polymorphisms, which were shown to affect gene expression levels in experiments in vitro and ex vivo, modified the effect of chemotherapy on disease-free survival. There were significant interactions between chemotherapy and individual polymorphisms or combined genotypes (designated as genetic score). Patients harboring high genetic score had a 75% reduction in the hazard of disease progression compared with patients with low genetic score when no chemotherapy was administered (HR = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.10–0.63, P = 0.005); however, they received much less survival benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy compared with patients with low genetic score when chemotherapy was administered (HR = 4.60 for interaction, 95% CI: 1.63–13.3, P = 0.004). These findings were validated in another population (n = 339). In conclusion, germline polymorphisms in OS-related genes affect chemotherapy sensitivity in breast cancer patients. Although reduced OS levels might prevent breast cancer progression, they probably compromise the effectiveness of adjuvant chemotherapy. Our findings also indicate that host-related factors must be considered for individualized chemotherapy. Cancer Res; 72(2); 408–19. ©2011 AACR.
Common Polymorphisms in the Adiponectin and Its Receptor Genes, Adiponectin Levels and the Risk of Prostate Cancer
Authors: Dhillon Preet K. , Penney Kathryn L. , Schumacher Fredrick , Rider Jennifer R. , Sesso Howard D. , Pollak Michael , Fiorentino Michelangelo , Finn Stephen , Loda Massimo , Rifai Nader , Mucci Lorelei A. , Giovannucci Edward , Stampfer Meir J. , Ma Jing 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Background: Adiponectin, an insulin-sensitizing adipokine, is inversely associated with adiposity and prostate cancer risk and progression. However, the role of genetic variation in the adiponectin (ADIPOQ) and receptor genes (ADIPOR1/R2) in prostate cancer is largely unknown.
Methods: In a nested case–control study of 1,286 cases and 1,267 controls within the Physicians' Health Study, we evaluated 29 common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in ADIPOQ (n = 13), ADIPOR1 (n = 5), and ADIPOR2 (n = 11) in relation to the risk of prostate cancer. In subgroups, we also evaluated the association of genotype and circulating adiponectin levels (n = 951) and prostate tumor expression of insulin receptor (IR) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-IR) receptor (n = 181).
Results: Among the 12 tagging polymorphisms in ADIPOQ, four (rs266729, rs182052, rs822391, and rs2082940) were significantly associated (P &lt; 0.05) with overall prostate cancer risk, with no significant difference by tumor grade or clinical stage. Two of the risk SNPs (rs266729 and rs182052) plus four other SNPs (rs16861209, rs17366568, rs3774261, and rs7639352) were also associated with plasma adiponectin levels, and three of these (rs1686109, rs17366568, and rs3774261) were also significantly associated with IR expression in prostate tumor tissue. One additional SNP was associated with IGFI-R tumor tissue expression (rs16861205). None of the 16 variants in ADIPOR1/R2 were related to cancer risk or circulating adiponectin levels.
Conclusions: Common variants in the adiponectin gene were associated with prostate cancer risk, plasma adiponectin levels, and IR or IGF-IR expression in the prostate tumor.
Impact: These genotype–phenotype associations support the biological relevance of adiponectin for prostate carcinogenesis, particularly in earlier stages of development. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(12); 2618–27. ©2011 AACR.
Prenatal Smoke Exposure and Genomic DNA Methylation in a Multiethnic Birth Cohort
Authors: Flom Julie D. , Ferris Jennifer S. , Liao Yuyan , Tehranifar Parisa , Richards Clara Belessiotis , Cho Yoon Hee , Gonzalez Karina , Santella Regina M. , Terry Mary Beth 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Background: Exposure to prenatal tobacco smoke (PTS) has been associated with a number of health outcomes in the offspring, including some childhood cancers. Lower levels of genomic DNA methylation have also been associated with several types of cancers. We investigated whether PTS was associated with global DNA methylation levels in the offspring.
Methods: Our sample was drawn from a birth cohort of women born between 1959 and 1963 in New York City (n = 90). We measured methylation of repetitive elements (Sat2, Alu, LINE-1) from peripheral blood granulocytes. We combined prospectively collected data on PTS with adult epidemiologic data and blood samples collected in 2001 to 2007 (mean age, 43 years). We used linear regression to assess the association between PTS and repetitive element methylation.
Results: Thirty-six percent of mothers smoked during pregnancy. We observed an inverse association between PTS and Sat2 methylation. This inverse association remained even after adjustment for potential mediators including child environmental tobacco smoke exposure, birth size, postnatal weight and height changes, and adult smoking status and alcohol intake (β = −0.22, 95% confidence interval = −0.40 to −0.03 for ever exposed to PTS vs. never exposed using models of log-transformed methylation levels). PTS exposure was not statistically significantly associated with LINE-1 or Alu methylation.
Conclusions: PTS exposure, measured at the time of pregnancy and not retrospectively reported, was associated with a decrease in Sat2 methylation but not LINE-1 or Alu methylation.
Impact: If replicated in larger studies, this study supports a persistent effect of PTS on DNA methylation levels, as measured by Sat2, in adulthood. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(12); 2518–23. ©2011 AACR.
Serum Human Epididymis Protein 4 and Risk for Ovarian Malignancy Algorithm as New Diagnostic and Prognostic Tools for Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Management
Authors: Bandiera Elisabetta , Romani Chiara , Specchia Claudia , Zanotti Laura , Galli Claudio , Ruggeri Giuseppina , Tognon Germana , Bignotti Eliana , Tassi Renata A. , Odicino Franco , Caimi Luigi , Sartori Enrico , Santin Alessandro D. , Pecorelli Sergio , Ravaggi Antonella 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Background: The aim of this work was to analyze the diagnostic and prognostic value of serum human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) and Risk for Ovarian Malignancy Algorithm (ROMA) in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC).
Methods: Preoperative serum samples of 419 women (140 healthy controls, 131 ovarian benign cysts, 34 endometriosis, and 114 EOC) were tested for CA125 and HE4 using fully automated methods (Abbott ARCHITECT) and validated cutoff values.
Results: For the discrimination of benign masses from EOC, in premenopausal women, the sensitivity and specificity were 92.3% and 59.4% for CA125, 84.6% and 94.2% for HE4, and 84.6% and 81.2% for ROMA, whereas in postmenopausal women, the sensitivity and specificity were 94.3% and 82.3% for CA125, 78.2% and 99.0% for HE4, and 93.1% and 84.4% for ROMA. In patients with EOC, elevated CA125, HE4, and ROMA levels were associated with advanced Federation of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians (FIGO) stage, suboptimally debulking, ascites, positive cytology, lymph node involvement, and advanced age (all P ≤ 0.05). Elevated HE4 and ROMA (both P ≤ 0.01), but not CA125 (P = 0.0579), were associated with undifferentiated tumors. In multivariable analysis, elevated HE4 and ROMA (all P ≤ 0.05) were independent prognostic factors for shorter overall, disease-free, and progression-free survival.
Conclusions and Impact: This study underlines the high specificity of HE4 in discriminating endometriosis and ovarian benign cysts from EOC and the high sensitivity of CA125 in detecting EOC. We showed HE4 and ROMA as independent prognostic factors. Multicenter studies are needed to draw firm conclusions about the applicability of HE4 and ROMA in clinical practice. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(12); 2496–506. ©2011 AACR.
Genetic Variants of Toll-Like Receptor 2 and 5, Helicobacter Pylori Infection, and Risk of Gastric Cancer and Its Precursors in a Chinese Population
Authors: Zeng Hong-Mei , Pan Kai-Feng , Zhang Yang , Zhang Lian , Ma Jun-Ling , Zhou Tong , Su Hui-Juan , Li Wen-Qing , Li Ji-You , Gerhard Markus , Classen Meinhard , You Wei-Cheng 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Background: Genetic polymorphisms of Toll-like receptors (TLR) may influence the outcome of Helicobacter pylori infection and play important roles in gastric carcinogenesis. To screen the genetic variants of TLR2 and TLR5, and evaluate their associations with gastric cancer (GC) and its precursors, a population-based study was conducted in Linqu County, Shandong Province, China.
Methods: Genetic variants were identified by PCR-based denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis in 248 GC cases, 846 subjects with advanced gastric lesions including 350 dysplasia and 496 intestinal metaplasia, and 496 superficial gastritis/mild chronic atrophic gastritis controls.
Results: Nine allelic variants each were detected within the promoter and exons of TLR2 and TLR5. Among those, TLR2 c. −196 to −174 del carriers (ins/del+del/del) showed a significantly decreased risk of GC (adjusted OR, 0.66; 95% CI: 0.48–0.90), whereas TLR5 rs5744174 C carriers (TC+CC) had an increased risk of GC (OR, 1.43; 95% CI: 1.03–1.97). Further analysis indicated an elevated risk of GC in subjects with the TLR5 rs5744174 TC+CC genotype and H. pylori infection (OR, 3.35; 95% CI: 2.13–5.26), and a significant interaction between rs5744174 and H. pylori infection was observed (OR, 2.15; 95% CI: 1.12–4.16).
Conclusion: These findings suggest that TLR2 c. −196 to −174 ins &gt; del, TLR5 rs5744174 and interaction between rs5744174 and H. pylori infection were associated with the development of GC.
Impact: TLR2 and TLR5 polymorphisms may play important roles in the process of H. pylori-related gastric carcinogenesis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(12); 2594–602. ©2011 AACR.
Prospective Seroepidemiologic Study of Human Papillomavirus and Other Risk Factors in Cervical Cancer
Authors: Arnheim Dahlström Lisen , Andersson Kristin , Luostarinen Tapio , Thoresen Steinar , Ögmundsdottír Helga , Tryggvadottír Laufey , Wiklund Fredrik , Skare Gry B. , Eklund Carina , Sjölin Kia , Jellum Egil , Koskela Pentti , Wadell Göran , Lehtinen Matti , Dillner Joakim 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Background: Several sexually transmitted infections (STI) have been reported to interact with human papillomavirus (HPV) in the etiology of cervical cancer. A large cohort study is required to obtain a both unbiased and stable estimate of their effects.
Methods: Four major biobanks in the Nordic Countries containing samples from about 1,000,000 subjects were linked with nation-wide cancer registries. Serum samples from 604 women with invasive cervical cancer (ICC) diagnosed on average 10 years after sampling and 2,980 matched control women were retrieved and analyzed with serology for key STI.
Results: Exposure to HPV16 was the strongest risk factor for cervical cancer [OR = 2.4; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.0–3.0], particularly for squamous cell carcinoma (OR = 2.9; 95% CI, 2.2–3.7). HPV18 was strongly associated with increased risk for adenocarcinoma (OR = 2.3; 95% CI, 1.3–4.1). Baseline seropositivity for HPV16 did not confer any increased risk for HPV18 DNA-positive cancer and conversely HPV18 seropositivity had no association with HPV16 DNA-positive cancers. HPV6 had no effect on its own (OR = 1.1; 95% CI, 0.9–1.3), but had an antagonistic effect on the risk conferred by HPV16 (P &lt; 0.01). Herpes simplex virus 2 had little or no association (OR = 1.1; 95% CI, 0.8–1.4). Previous exposure to Chlamydia trachomatis, as indicated by serum antibodies, had a strongly increased risk for cervical cancer (OR = 1.9; 95% CI, 1.5–2.3).
Conclusions: A large prospective study has assessed the role of different STIs in cervical cancer.
Impact: Prospective evidence supports cofactor role of some STI in cervical cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(12); 2541–50. ©2011 AACR.