bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase from the mitochondria of Helicoverpa armigera, a pest resistant to insecticides
Authors: AKBAR S. Md. , JAYALAKSHMI S. K. , SHARMA H. C. , SREERAMULU K. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DHLDH) was isolated from the mitochondria of Helicoverpa armigera, a destructive pest which has developed resistance to commonly used insecticides. The flavoenzyme was purified 17.98‐fold to homogeneity with an overall yield of 10.53% by employing ammonium sulfate precipitation, hydroxylapatite chromatography and CM‐Sephadex chromatography. The purified enzyme exhibited the specific activity of 18.7 U/mg and was characterized as a dimer with a subunit mass of 66 kDa. The enzyme showed specificity for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide – hydrogen (NADH) and lipoamide, as substrates, with Michaelis‐Menten constants (Km) of 0.083 mmol/L and 0.4 mmol/L, respectively. The reduction reaction of lipoamide by the enzyme could be explained by ping‐pong mechanism. The spectra of DHLDH showed the maximum absorbance at 420 nm, 455 nm and 475 nm. The enzyme activity was strongly inhibited by mercurial and arsenical compounds. The N‐terminal sequence of Ha‐DHLDH showed homology with those of mammalian and arthropod DHLDH. Since H. armigera has developed high levels of resistance to commonly used insecticides, biochemical properties of the metabolic enzymes such as DHLDH, could be helpful to develop insecticidal molecules for the control of H. armigera, with a different mode of action.
Atmospheric Aqueous‐Phase Photoreactivity: Correlation Between the Hydroxyl Radical Photoformation and Pesticide Degradation Rate in Atmospherically Relevant Waters
Authors: Charbouillot Tiffany , Brigante Marcello , Deguillaume Laurent , Mailhot Gilles 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn the present study, we investigated the correlation between the hydroxyl radical formation rate (R˙OH) and the degradation of a pesticide (mesotrione) in synthetic cloud water solutions and in two real atmospheric cloud waters collected at the top of puy de Dôme station (France). Using terephthalic acid as the hydroxyl radical chemical probe, we established the linear correlation between the photogenerated hydroxyl radical under polychromatic wavelengths and the pesticide degradation rate: (m s−1) = (1.61 ± 0.15) × 10−1(m s−1). Moreover, the formation rate of hydroxyl radical in two natural cloud waters was estimated considering H2O2 and NO3− and the difference between the predicted values and those experimentally obtained could be attributed to the presence of other photochemical sources: iron‐complexes and total organic matter. The organic constituents could play a dual role of sources and scavengers of photoformed hydroxyl radicals in the aqueous phase.
Management pressure drives leafhopper communities in vineyards in Southern Switzerland
Authors: TRIVELLONE VALERIA , PALTRINIERI LUCIA POLLINI , JERMINI MAURO , MORETTI MARCO 
Published: October 2011

Abstract.  1. The effects of the current changes in traditional agricultural practices in the Alps on the biodiversity affecting ecosystem functions and services are little known. Vineyards are among the oldest anthropogenic environments of high cultural and natural value that shape the landscape of large areas in Central and Southern Europe. In several mountain regions of the Alps, vineyards are a valid alternative to the landscape homogenisation that has followed post‐cultural land abandonment and agriculture intensification. Key unanswered questions remain regarding the relative contribution of several factors that influence biodiversity, and the level in management pressure with regard to taxonomic and functional diversity enhancement.2. To answer these questions, we sampled leafhoppers (Auchenorrhyncha) as a model taxon using different standard techniques along 24 vine transects within 8 vineyard complexes in Southern Switzerland. Each transect included one vine row, vine canopy, its interrow and the adjacent slope; the latter two were permanently grass‐covered. Data were analysed using a four‐step approach.3. Environment (five variables) and Management (four variables) accounted for most of the variance in the leafhopper assemblage. Pesticide use (insecticide and herbicide) and slope mowing are the most important management predictors of leafhopper species composition.4. With increasing management pressure (i.e. pesticide and mowing), the number of indicator species and particularly the specialists (i.e. stenotopic and oligotopic species) decreases dramatically.5. To promote taxonomic and functional complexity of communities in vineyard systems, we suggest low management pressure with moderate use of pesticide and a low intensity regime of slope mowing.
Effects of grazing, vegetation structure and landscape complexity on grassland leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) and true bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) in Hungary
Authors: KŐRÖSI ÁDÁM , BATÁRY PÉTER , OROSZ ANDRÁS , RÉDEI DÁVID , BÁLDI ANDRÁS 
Published: October 2011

Abstract.  1. Agricultural intensification is a major cause of biodiversity loss in European farmlands. Grasslands are particularly important habitats for the conservation of rich insect assemblages of Central and Eastern Europe. Although regular grazing or mowing of these grasslands is required to maintain diversity, there is no information about how such management and other factors influence Hemiptera assemblages.2. We studied leafhopper and true bug assemblages in semi‐natural grasslands in three regions of the Great Hungarian Plain. We investigated how local vegetation factors and landscape complexity influence assemblages and whether they interact with management effects.3. Seven pairs of intensively (>1 cow/ha) versus extensively (∼0.5 cow/ha) grazed pastures were sampled in each region by sweep‐netting.4. Sward height was the most important explanatory factor for leafhoppers (84 species, 27264 individuals), as it increased both species number and abundance, and influenced assemblage composition. The extent of grassland surrounding the sample sites negatively affected leafhoppers, whereas extensive grazing decreased abundance and influenced composition. True bug assemblages (140 species, 6656 individuals) were positively affected only by mean sward height, whereas regional differences determined the community composition of both taxa.5. We conclude that vegetation structure is the primary factor shaping Hemiptera communities and that the various types of grasslands studied are all important habitats for the taxon. Therefore, cattle grazing in its current form is beneficial for the rich Hemiptera fauna in lowland pastures of Hungary. However, in some cases, local and landscape factors and great regional differences may confound the effects of grazing, and this must be considered in conservation planning in the future.
Can Cornell Moral Realism Adequately Account for Moral Knowledge?
Authors: TROPMAN ELIZABETH 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis article raises a problem for Cornell varieties of moral realism. According to Cornell moral realists, we can know about moral facts just as we do the empirical facts of the natural sciences. If this is so, it would remove any special mystery that is supposed to attach to our knowledge of objective moral facts. After clarifying the ways in which moral knowledge is to be similar to scientific knowledge, I claim that the analogy fails, but for little‐noticed reasons. A preliminary conclusion of the article will be that this positive comparison to scientific knowledge hurts, rather than helps, the realist position. Yet, rather than spell trouble for moral realism altogether, I suggest that the apparent failure of Cornell realist moral epistemology points to a better way forward for moral realism.
Chiropractic for the prevention and/or treatment of sports injuries: a systematic review of controlled clinical trials
Authors: Ernst Edzard , Posadzki Paul 
Published: October 2011

AbstractTo assess the effectiveness of chiropractic interventions for the treatment and/or prevention of sports injuries. Five electronic databases were searched through to March 2011. All controlled clinical trials investigating the effectiveness of chiropractic manipulation for the treatment and/or prevention of sports injuries in human subjects were considered. Study selection, data extraction, and validation were performed independently by two reviewers. Four RCTs and two CCTs met the inclusion criteria. The methodological quality of the included RCTs was poor, with Jadad scores ranging between zero and three. One RCT and two CCTs suggested that chiropractic was an effective treatment for sports injuries. Two RCTs indicated that there was no difference between chiropractic and control groups in the treatment of sports injuries. One RCT suggested that chiropractic was not effective for the prevention of sports injuries. Few rigorous trials have tested the effectiveness of chiropractic manipulation for the treatment and/or prevention of sports injuries. Thus, the therapeutic value of this approach for athletes remains uncertain.
Behavior of Viscoelastic Media Under Small Sinusoidal Oscillations
Superposed on Finite Strain
Authors: Goldberg W. , Lianis G. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In this paper, we examine the response of an incompressible elastomer when it is subjected to small, steady-state oscillations superposed on a large steady deformation. The material is assumed to be isotropic in its undeformed state, and its viscoelastic behavior is characterized by means of two different approximate theories: (a) Lianis’ approximation of the theory of finite linear viscoelasticity, and (b) Bernstein, Kearsley, Zapas’ elastic fluid theory, Signorini approximation. Theoretical expressions are developed for the uniaxial stress in a body subjected to steady-state sinusoidal oscillations superposed on a state of steady, finite, uniaxial extension, using both theories. A complex modulus is defined, which reduces to the complex modulus of infinitesimal viscoelasticity when the finite strain is zero. Experiments were performed on three different polymers and the observed response is compared with that predicted by both theories.
APENELOPE‐based system for the automated Monte Carlo simulation of clinacs and voxelized geometries—application to far‐from‐axis fields
Authors: Sempau Josep , Badal Andreu , Brualla Lorenzo 
Published: October 2011

Purpose:Two new codes,PENEASYandPENEASYLINAC, which automate the Monte Carlo simulation of Varian Clinacs of the 600, 1800, 2100, and 2300 series, together with their electron applicators and multileaf collimators, are introduced. The challenging case of a relatively small and far‐from‐axis field has been studied with these tools.Methods:PENEASYis a modular, general‐purpose main program for thePENELOPEMonte Carlo system that includes various source models, tallies and variance‐reduction techniques (VRT). The code includes a new geometry model that allows the superposition of voxels and objects limited by quadric surfaces. A variant of the VRT known as particle splitting, called fan splitting, is also introduced.PENEASYLINAC, in turn, automatically generates detailed geometry and configuration files to simulate linacs withPENEASY. These tools are applied to the generation of phase‐space files, and of the corresponding absorbed dose distributions in water, for two 6 MV photon beams from a Varian Clinac 2100 C/D: a 40 × 40 cm2centered field; and a 3 × 5 cm2field centered at (4.5, −11.5) cm from the beam central axis. This latter configuration implies the largest possible over‐traveling values of two of the jaws. Simulation results for the depth dose and lateral profiles at various depths are compared, by using the gamma index, with experimental values obtained with a PTW 31002 ionization chamber. The contribution of several VRTs to the computing speed of the more demanding off‐axis case is analyzed.Results:For the 40 × 40 cm2field, the percentages γ1and γ1.2of voxels with gamma indices (using 0.2 cm and 2% criteria) larger than unity and larger than 1.2 are 0.2% and 0%, respectively. For the 3 × 5 cm2field, γ1 = 0%. These figures indicate an excellent agreement between simulation and experiment. The dose distribution for the off‐axis case with voxels of 2.5 × 2.5 × 2.5 mm3and an average standard statistical uncertainty of 2% (1σ) is computed in 3.1 h on a single core of a 2.8 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo processor. This result is obtained with the optimal combination of the tested VRTs. In particular, fan splitting for the off‐axis case accelerates execution by a factor of 240 with respect to standard particle splitting.Conclusions:PENEASYandPENEASYLINACcan simulate the considered Varian Clinacs both in an accurate and efficient manner. Fan splitting is crucial to achieve simulation results for the off‐axis field in an affordable amount of CPU time. Work to include Elekta linacs and to develop a graphical interface that will facilitate user input is underway.
Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli as a Cause of Pediatric Infections: Report of a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Outbreak Due to a CTX-M-14-Producing Strain
Authors: Oteo Jesús , Cercenado Emilia , Fernández-Romero Sara , Saéz David , Padilla Belén , Zamora Elena , Cuevas Oscar , Bautista Verónica , Campos José 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT

Little information is available about pediatric infections caused by extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing
Escherichia coli
. We characterized an outbreak caused by a CTX-M-14-producing
E. coli
isolate in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and studied other infections caused by ESBL-producing
E. coli
in non-NICU pediatric units. All children ≤4 years old who were infected or colonized by ESBL-producing
E. coli
isolates between January 2009 and September 2010 were included. Molecular epidemiology was studied by phylogroup analysis, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and multilocus sequence typing. Antibiotic resistance genes were analyzed by PCR and sequencing. Plasmids were studied by PFGE with S1 nuclease digestion and by incompatibility group analysis using a PCR-based replicon-typing scheme. Of the ESBL-producing
E. coli
isolates colonizing or infecting the 30 newborns, identical PFGE results were observed for 21 (70%) isolates, which were classified as CTX-M-14-producing
E. coli
of ST23 phylogroup A.
bla
CTX-M-14a
was linked to IS
Ecp1
and was carried on an ∼80-bp IncK plasmid. A smaller ongoing outbreak due to SHV-12-producing ST131
E. coli
was also identified in the same NICU. Fifteen additional infections with ESBL-producing
E. coli
were identified in non-NICU pediatric units, but none was caused by the CTX-M-14-producing
E. coli
epidemic clone. Overall, CTX-M-14 (71.1%), CTX-M-15 (13.3%), and SHV-12 (13.3%) were the most important ESBLs causing pediatric infections in this study. Infections of newborns with CTX-M-14-producing
E. coli
were caused by both clonal and nonclonal isolates.
Loss of Function of the GdpP Protein Leads to Joint β-Lactam/Glycopeptide Tolerance in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Griffiths J. M. , O'Neill A. J. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT

The genetic basis of tolerance to inhibitors of peptidoglycan biosynthesis in
Staphylococcus aureus
was investigated by generating tolerant mutants
in vitro
and characterizing them by comparative genome sequencing. Two independently selected tolerant mutants harbored nonsynonymous mutations in
gdpP
, a gene encoding a putative membrane-located signaling protein. Insertional inactivation of
gdpP
also conferred tolerance. Our findings further implicate altered signal transduction as a route to antibiotic tolerance in
S. aureus
.
ICE
Sp2905
, the
erm
(TR)-
tet
(O) Element of Streptococcus pyogenes, Is Formed by Two Independent Integrative and Conjugative Elements
Authors: Giovanetti Eleonora , Brenciani Andrea , Tiberi Erika , Bacciaglia Alessandro , Varaldo Pietro Emanuele 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT

In ICE
Sp2905
, a widespread
erm
(TR)- and
tet
(O)-carrying genetic element of
Streptococcus pyogenes
, the two resistance determinants are contained in separate fragments inserted into a scaffold of clostridial origin. ICE
Sp2905
(∼65.6 kb) was transferable not only in its regular form but also in a defective form lacking the
erm
(TR) fragment (ICE
Sp2906
, ∼53.0 kb). The
erm
(TR) fragment was also an independent integrative and conjugative element (ICE) (ICE
Sp2907
, ∼12.6 kb). ICE
Sp2905
thus results from one ICE (ICE
Sp2907
) being integrated into another (ICE
Sp2906
).
Estimating the biomass of woodland caribou forage lichens
Authors: McMullin Richard Troy , Thompson Ian D. , Lacey Brian W. , Newmaster Steven G. 
Published: October 2011

Lichens are an important winter food source for woodland caribou ( Rangifer tarandus caribou ), but quantifying their abundance is difficult. Here, we present an efficient method for assessing lichen biomass at the stand level in boreal forests. We measured lichens occurring in high enough abundance to serve as a winter food source for woodland caribou in 51 boreal forest stands. Samples of each species or genus were collected from each stand and a mean abundance (cover) to biomass ratio was established. The method does not require samples to be collected or weighed, due to this predetermined relationship, and it also accounts for the variation in biomass among lichen species that are equally abundant. The variation in lichen growth between stands was assessed by means of five lichen abundance classes. The proposed method was tested in 34 stands with a wide range of ages and stem densities. The average time to complete a lichen biomass assessment was approximately 2 h. This method is an efficient and accurate tool that can assist forest managers and researchers with ecological studies on lichens or with monitoring changes in lichen biomass over time and with habitat assessments for organisms for which lichens are important, such as woodland caribou.
Gene Expression Profiling in Multiple Myeloma—Reporting of Entities, Risk, and Targets in Clinical Routine
Authors: Meißner Tobias , Seckinger Anja , Rème Thierry , Hielscher Thomas , Möhler Thomas , Neben Kai , Goldschmidt Hartmut , Klein Bernard , Hose Dirk 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Purpose: Multiple myeloma is an incurable malignant plasma cell disease characterized by survival ranging from several months to more than 15 years. Assessment of risk and underlying molecular heterogeneity can be excellently done by gene expression profiling (GEP), but its way into clinical routine is hampered by the lack of an appropriate reporting tool and the integration with other prognostic factors into a single “meta” risk stratification.
Experimental Design: The GEP-report (GEP-R) was built as an open-source software developed in R for gene expression reporting in clinical practice using Affymetrix microarrays. GEP-R processes new samples by applying a documentation-by-value strategy to the raw data to be able to assign thresholds and grouping algorithms defined on a reference cohort of 262 patients with multiple myeloma. Furthermore, we integrated expression-based and conventional prognostic factors within one risk stratification (HM-metascore).
Results: The GEP-R comprises (i) quality control, (ii) sample identity control, (iii) biologic classification, (iv) risk stratification, and (v) assessment of target genes. The resulting HM-metascore is defined as the sum over the weighted factors gene expression–based risk-assessment (UAMS-, IFM-score), proliferation, International Staging System (ISS) stage, t(4;14), and expression of prognostic target genes (AURKA, IGF1R) for which clinical grade inhibitors exist. The HM-score delineates three significantly different groups of 13.1%, 72.1%, and 14.7% of patients with a 6-year survival rate of 89.3%, 60.6%, and 18.6%, respectively.
Conclusion: GEP reporting allows prospective assessment of risk and target gene expression and integration of current prognostic factors in clinical routine, being customizable about novel parameters or other cancer entities. Clin Cancer Res; 17(23); 7240–7. ©2011 AACR.
Isolated Low Levels of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Are Associated With an Increased Risk of Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Huxley Rachel R. , Barzi Federica , Lam Tai Hing , Czernichow Sebastien , Fang Xianghua , Welborn Tim , Shaw Jonathan , Ueshima Hirotsugu , Zimmet Paul , Jee Sun Ha , Patel Jeetesh V. , Caterson Ian , Perkovic Vlado , Woodward Mark ,   for the Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration and the Obesity in Asia Collaboration
Published: October 2011

Background—
Previous studies have suggested that there is a novel dyslipidemic profile consisting of isolated low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level that is associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease, and that this trait may be especially prevalent in Asian populations.

Methods and Results—

Individual participant data from 220 060 participants (87% Asian) in 37 studies from the Asia-Pacific region were included. Low HDL-C (HDL <1.03 mmol/L in men and <1.30 mmol/L in women) was seen among 33.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 32.9–33.3) of Asians versus 27.0% (95% CI, 26.5–27.5) of non-Asians (
P
<0.001). The prevalence of low HDL-C in the absence of other lipid abnormalities (isolated low HDL-C) was higher in Asians compared with non-Asians: 22.4% (95% CI, 22.2–22.5) versus 14.5% (95% CI, 14.1–14.9), respectively (
P
<0.001). During 6.8 years of follow-up, there were 574 coronary heart disease and 739 stroke events. There was an inverse relationship between low HDL-C with coronary heart disease in all individuals (hazard ratio, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.31–1.87). In Asians, isolated low levels of HDL-C were as strongly associated with coronary heart disease risk as low levels of HDL-C combined with other lipid abnormalities (hazard ratio, 1.67 [95% CI, 1.27–2.19] versus 1.63 [95% CI, 1.24–2.15], respectively). There was no association between low HDL-C and stroke risk in this population (hazard ratio, 0.95 [95% CI, 0.78 to 1.17] with nonisolated low HDL-C and 0.81 [95% CI, 0.67–1.00] with isolated low HDL-C).

Conclusion—
Isolated low HDL-C is a novel lipid phenotype that appears to be more prevalent among Asian populations, in whom it is associated with increased coronary risk. Further investigation into this type of dyslipidemia is warranted.