bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The immune response to viruses in calves: I. Response to Murray Valley encephalitis virus
Authors: Sanderson C. J. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryFollowing inoculation of Murray Valley encephalitis virus into calves there was an early transient IgM response. The appearance of IgG was only slightly later than the first appearance of IgM in three calves, and in one calf IgG was detected before IgM. The secondary response was characterized by the more rapid appearance of IgG and the virtual absence of IgM. The IgG was of the electrophoretically fast type; there was an almost insignificant amount of antibody activity in electrophoretically slow fractions. IgM and slow IgG had no complement-fixing activity. IgM and IgG showed different cross-reactions to other group B arboviruses. The different cross-reactions, and the appearance of IgG before IgM in one animal suggests that the switch-over from IgM to IgG synthesis in the response is not the result of either a total or a random proportion of cells producing IgM, changing to IgG production. The fact that the IgG was almost exclusively of fast electrophoretic mobility suggested that the virus antigenic components were strongly basic, and as this is contrary to the chromatographic properties of arboviruses, it is suggested that the virus particles must be broken down before making contact with the factors determining the type of immunoglobulin formed.
Further studies on the antibiotic resistance of Shigella sonnei: II. The acquisition of transferable antibiotic resistance in vivo
Authors: Davies Joan R. , Farrant W. N. , Tomlinson A. J. H. 
Published: May 2009

A method is described for the testing of strains of Sh. sonnei for antibiotic resistance, colicine type and drug resistance transfer using a multiple inoculator.The examination of 731 strains of Sh. sonnei isolated from convalescent cases and their family contacts showed that about 5% of individuals were excreting organisms which differed from the infecting strain by a single transferable antibiotic resistance determinant. It is suggested that the acquisition of such resistance may occur in 13% of family incidents.
The outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in Worcestershire
Authors: Henderson R. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARY1. Foot-and-mouth disease broke out on three pig farms of the Spetchley area of Worcestershire after the virus had been carried to them in skimmed milk.2. A study of the natural features of the area and of the climatic conditions during the outbreak show that the wind could have carried the virus from one or other of these three to twenty-six others of the total thirty-two farms infected.3. Bringing the cattle from the fields and keeping them in their sheds offered no protection. Nine farmers did so but the only effect was that the onset of infection was delayed for a day or so.4. The direction in which cow-sheds faced likewise made no difference. Openings in the walls for ventilation obviously allowed virus to be carried inside.Mr J. S. Needham, M.R.C.V.S., first showed me that the wind could have been responsible for the spread of the disease in the Spetchley outbreak. I am glad to be able, after my study, to support his view. I am indebted to Mr V. Harris, Officer-in-charge, R.A.F. Meteorological Station, Pershore, Worcestershire, for the climatic details.
The development of feline cell lines for the growth of feline infectious enteritis (panleucopaenia) virus
Authors: O'Reilly K. J. , Whitaker A. M. 
Published: May 2009

Primary kitten kidney cultures are frequently contaminated with wild feline infectious enteritis (FIE) virus and this led the authors to develop feline embryo diploid cell lines. Monolayer cultures were prepared from the lungs or from eviscerated and decapitated carcases of embryos obtained by Caesarian section from healthy pregnant queens. At about the 30th passage, these cells lost their fibroblastic morphology to become polygonal. After a further thirty passages the monolayers exhibited foci of low cell density circumscribed by bands of cells stacked in disorganized arrangement. All the developed cell lines were susceptible to infection with FIE virus and produced intranuclear changes resembling those described by Johnson (1965) in primary kitten kidney monolayers.On four occasions the cell lines became contaminated withMycoplasmaand although there was evidence that the virus could infect the cells, there was no production of infective virus.A simple karyotype was devised in which the 38 chromosomes were arranged in three groups according to the arm-length ratio and the percentage mean index length. After the 50th passage many of the nuclei of lung-derived cultures exhibited abnormal chromosomes resulting from ring formation or translocation, whilst those of embryo culture demonstrated a new modal chromosome number of 37.We are grateful to Mrs L. Hitchcock and Mrs P. Waller, A.I.S.T., for technical assistance, to Mr E. A. Jones, A.I.I.P., for the photomicrographs and to Dr R. H. Johnson, University of Bristol, for supplying the leopard and mink enteritis viruses.
Neutralization tests with varicella-zoster virus
Authors: Caunt Anne E. , Shaw D. G. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA technique for neutralization tests using varicella-zoster virus propagated in primary human thyroid cells is described. The level of neutralizing antibody following chickenpox does not usually exceed a titre of 1/40 and in adults many years after infection it may be very low. After zoster a much higher and more persistent antibody response occurs. Contact with chickenpox also produced a rise in neutralizing antibody in one out of the five patients tested. One case who had had chickenpox but not zoster had a high level of neutralizing antibody and the possible reasons for this are discussed. No cross-neutralization withHerpes simplexvirus was demonstrated but the rise in titre of complement-fixing antibody to HS occurring in herpetic subjects with chickenpox (Rosset al.1965) was confirmed. Two samples of human gamma-globulin were shown to have high levels of neutralizing antibody to V-Z virus and one was known to have been found effective clinically.We are indebted to Dr R. E. Hope-Simpson for the paired contact sera and also for many valuable discussions in the course of this work. We would also like to thank Dr D. Taylor-Robinson who collected the paired zoster sera, Dr R. M. Rawcliffe and Dr F. Whitwell who arranged the supply of thyroid tissue, and Dr G. C. Turner and Dr J. Eller for the samples of human gamma-globulin. We are grateful to Mrs M. Stewart for valuable technical assistance.
Brucellosis in Northern Ireland. A serological survey
Authors: McDevitt D. G. , McCaughey W. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA serological survey for brucella antibodies has been carried out in Northern Ireland in an attempt to assess the effects of the brucellosis eradication programme in cattle which has been in progress since 1959. One thousand eight hundred and ninety four sera from blood donors, from farmer's lung tests, and from various groups occupationally exposed to cattle were examined by the serum agglutination test, the anti-human globulin (A.H.G.) (Coombs) test and the complement-fixation test.The incidence of brucellosis in Northern Ireland is now less than it was 20 years ago, but is similar to that reported in a recent survey in England. It now appears that the principal method of transmission of brucellosis in the province is by occupational exposure rather than by drinking infected milk. Though it may be too early to make a serological assessment of the effects on human infections of brucellosis eradication in cattle, this survey provides a basis for future evaluation.We thank Prof. O. L. Wade, Prof. P. C. Elmes and Dr W. R. Kerr for their encouragement and helpful advice; the Medical Officers of Health in Antrim, Armagh, Down and Fermanagh, Londonderry, and Tyrone, and in Belfast and Londonderry County Borough for help in obtaining blood samples; Dr M. C. Huth of the Northern Ireland Blood Transfusion Service, for sera; Dr D. W. R. Mackenzie and Miss H. E. Cairns for sera from the Mycology Diagnostic Laboratory; Dr J. H. Connolly for sera from the Virus Reference Laboratory, and for helpful advice; the farm workers and veterinary surgeons for volunteering blood samples; the technical staff of the Veterinary Research Laboratories for carrying out the tests.
Streptococcal infection in young pigs III. The immunity of adult pigs investigated by the bactericidal test
Authors: Agarwal K. K. , Elliott S. D. , Lachmann P. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYPhagocytosis prevents the multiplication of Streptococcus suis in blood samples from conventionally reared adult pigs. It is mediated by antibody, probably IgM, present in the serum of adults and specifically directed against the capsular polysaccharide of S. suis. The blood of young pigs reared in a ‘pathogen-free’ environment allows multiplication of encapsulated S. suis. Of 160 piglets conventionally reared, the blood of 92(58%) did not permit multiplication of S. suis. Blood from the remaining 68(42%) allowed multiplication but became bacteriostatic when the animals reached the age of 6 to 8 weeks. Serum from adult pigs confers bacterio static activity on blood from susceptible piglets in vitro and passively protects such piglets against experimental S. suis infection in vivo.We thank Dr T. J. L. Alexander, formerly of Ontario Veterinary College, and Mr P. C. Trexler of the Royal Veterinary College, London, for providing us with serum from gnotobiotic pigs.The work described in this report was carried out by one of us (K. K. A.) during the tenure of a Commonwealth Scholarship and was incorporated in a dissertation submitted for the Ph.D. degree of the University of Cambridge.
Salmonellaexcretion by pet terrapins
Authors: Jephcott A. E. , Martin D. Randall , Stalker R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe infection of a child withSalmonella paratyphiB phage type Battersea caught from his pet terrapins is recorded. In a small subsequent survey a relatively large proportion of these animals was found to be excreting salmonellas. The danger of these seemingly harmless pets is emphasized.It is a pleasure to acknowledge the help and encouragement given by Dr E. H. Gillespie at all stages in the production of this manuscript. We also thank Dr Joan Taylor and Dr J. Wallace for final identification of some of the organisms isolated and Dr E. S. Anderson for phage typing theSalmonella paratyphi Bstrains.
The isolation of parainfluenza 4 subtypes A and B in England and serological studies of their prevalence
Authors: Gardner Sylvia D. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe identification of 18 strains of haemadsorbing viruses as parainfluenza type 4 viruses subtypes A and B is reported, as is a serological survey to show the distribution of antibody to these viruses in various age groups. The results suggest that although isolation of the virus is infrequent, infection in early childhood is common and the viruses may be important respiratory pathogens.I wish to thank Dr G. B. Bruce White for kindly providing sera and also Dr B. E. Andrews, Dr Suzanne K. R. Clarke, Dr F. O. MacCallum, Dr E. M. Mackay Scollay, Dr Hélène J. Mair and Dr J. O'H. Tobin for sending the strains.
Investigations into the contamination of Ceylon desiccated coconut
Authors: Meedeniya Kamini 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYInvestigations were carried out at the desiccated coconut manufacturing ‘Mills’ in Ceylon to attempt to trace the source and sequence of salmonella contamination of desiccated coconut. It was found that one of the sources of contamination was animal excreta found on the mill premises—the yard where the nuts were stacked. Contamination was passed through the successive stages of preparation for manufacture and into the cutter which became the focal point of contamination within the dry section of the mill. The coconut appeared, in the majority of cases, to have been contaminated before drying. Some of the organisms survived the drying process. Two strains ofS. senftenbergwere found to be the most frequent contaminants of desiccated coconut.These investigations were carried out with the assistance of the laboratory and field staff of the Ceylon Coconut Board, for whose co-operation many thanks are due; thanks are also due to Dr T. Velaudapillai formerly of the Medical Research Institute, Colombo for many helpful suggestions; to Dr Joan Taylor, Salmonella Reference Laboratory, Colindale, for identification of the salmonella serotypes; and to Dr Betty C. Hobbs, Food Hygiene Laboratory, Colinadale, for reading the manuscript.
Experimental encephalitis following peripheral inoculation of West Nile virus in mice of different ages
Authors: Weiner Leslie P. , Cole Gerald A. , Nathanson Neal 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYExperimental arbovirus infections of mice provide a convenient model to study factors which determine the occurrence or severity of encephalitis following ex-traneural infection with certain neurotropic viruses. Varying doses of West Nile or Powassan viruses were inoculated by intraperitoneal or intramuscular routes into mice of varing ages; individual variables were manipulated to influence the outcome of infection. Three patterns of pathogenesis were delineated: (1) Fatal encephalitis, preceded by early viraemia, and invasion of the central nervous system. (2) In-apparent infection, with no detectable viraemia and no evidence of central nervous system invasion. (3) Subclinical encephalitis, usually preceded by trace viraemia, with minimal transient levels of virus in the brain. In this latter type of subclinical infection with a potentially lethal virus, the immune response probably plays an important role in recovery.
Postnatal decline of maternally acquired rubella antibodies
Authors: Cloonan M. J. , Hawkes R. A. , Stevens L. H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe postnatal decline of maternally acquired rubella antibody was studied in a large group of infants. A high degree of variability was found in the rate of antibody decline (half-life). Ninety-two babies had rubella antibody half-lives lying between 14 and 70 days and three had values considerably higher. There was no significant difference between the rubella antibody half-lives of the sexes. The antibody titre at birth was weakly correlated with both birth weight and gestational age. There was a highly significant positive correlation between the baby's antibody titre at birth and that of its mother. There was a positive relationship between the half-life and the persistence of rubella antibody. Some babies had no detectable antibody by 2 months whereas others still possessed antibody at 9 months. It was found that the relationship between the half-life and the rubella antibody titre at or near birth could be described by a rectangular hyperbola.
Sampling rabbit pox aerosols of natural origin
Authors: Thomas G. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYNatural aerosols of rabbit pox virus produced by groups of infected rabbits were sampled with a slit and Andersen sampler using an adhesive surface sampling technique (Thomas, 1970). The higher rate of successful recoveries of airborne virus compared with a previous report is believed to be due to the much larger volume of air sampled by this technique and to the processing of the whole of the sample collected by the direct addition of a cell suspension to demonstrate the presence of viable virus.
Sewer and drain swabbing as a means of investigating salmonellosis
Authors: Harvey R. W. S. , Price T. H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe use of gauze swabs in drains or sewers to clarify the path followed by a salmonella from source to human host has been reviewed in the light of experience gained in Cardiff over 15 years. This period has seen a marked change in attitudes to salmonella epidemiology in that infected food is now regarded as of greater importance than infected food handlers. In these 15 years, butchers, abattoirs and knackers' yards, markets and bakehouses have been monitored. In the bakehouse survey the existence of staff infection was demonstrated by sewage examination. Sewage investigation has also been used to show frequent entry of salmonellas into households in a residential estate. The estate was carefully chosen to exclude salmonellas from industrial sources and shops. The frequent finding of infection in this sewage implies that a commonly consumed heavily infected food item is involved. The wide range of serotypes isolated suggests an animal usually fed on infected animal feed. Poultry and pigs are put forward as animals liable to spread salmonellosis to man.It is hoped that clarification of the salmonella pathway may eventually lead to measures likely to prevent the transmission of infection to man. It is also suggested that swabs placed in abattoir drains serve as an economical method of obtaining warning of a persistent build-up of contamination. The persistence of a serotype in an abattoir is not infrequently followed by human infection.
The Resistance of Four Mouse Lines to Bacterial Infection
Authors: Schütze H. , Gorer P. A. , Finlayson M. H. 
Published: May 2009

A comparison of Webster's selected, genetically heterogeneous resistant and non-resistant mice (here called mice A and B) has been made with two pure lines of mice (here called D and E) which were discovered to be similarly resistant and non-resistant to certain bacterial infections. In both cases, resistance and non-resistance were very marked characteristics when the infection in question was intraperitoneal inoculation with an organism of theSalmonellagroup; when the infective test dose consisted of intraperitoneal inoculations with aPasteurellaorPneumococcusor of intracranial inoculation with the virus of louping-ill, these characteristics were no longer maintained, there being no certain difference in the mortality rates of the four mice lines.In an attempt to discover some factor which might help to explain the very notable differences in resistance toSalmonellainfection which exist between these mouse lines, the normal antibody content of their sera was investigated.In experiments modelled on the bactericidal test, but possibly assessing rather the power of the sera to inhibit growth, it has been shown that both resistant races A and D possess this power to a much greater extent than do the two non-resistant races B and E.A further examination was the estimation of the antibody response after inoculation with killedSalmonellavaccine. So far as mouse numbers permit of judgment it was seen that the resistant race A produced a higher mean titre of H agglutinin than the non-resistant races B and E.
Note On The Toxicity To Animals Of Some Oxidation Products of 1:4 Dioxan
Authors: Fairley A. , Linton E. C. , Ford-Moore A. H. 
Published: May 2009

1. It has been shown that, in vitro, the final oxidation product of 1:4 dioxan is oxalic acid, with diglycollic acid either as an intermediate stage or as a by-product.2. Renal changes have been produced in rabbits by the intravenous administration of sodium oxalate, and renal and hepatic changes in rabbits and guinea-pigs have followed the application of ethyl oxalate to the skin. These lesions were similar in type to those produced by 1:4 dioxan.3. The rabbits, in which ethyl oxalate was applied to the skin, showed a well-marked rise in the blood-urea content.4. Renal changes of a similar type have occurred in rabbits after the intravenous administration of sodium diglycollate. These changes were less constantly observed, and were less in degree than those following intravenous sodium oxalate. Weight for weight sodium diglycollate appeared to be less toxic than sodium oxalate, when given intravenously to rabbits.5. A possible method by which 1:4 dioxan may produce its effects is suggested, namely that 1: 4 dioxan is oxidised in the tissues to diglycollic and oxalic acids, which are neutralized to diglycollates and oxalates as soon as formed by the alkaline tissue fluids. It is possible that the relative amounts in which these oxidation products occur in the tissues, after the administration of 1:4 dioxan, may vary, and that the severity of the resulting lesions may depend upon this variation.
The Resistance Developed Against Bacteriophage
Authors: Scholtens R. Th. 
Published: May 2009

Summary and conclusions1. Two groups of typhi-phages, one lysing typhoid bacilli only, the other Gaertner bacilli also, have been studied. Each phage stimulated, in Salmonella typhi, resistance to all phages of its own group but none to those of the opposing group.2. It is probable from the range of their activity, that typhi-phages of the second group attack the receptor IX (of the Kauffmann-White system of Salmonella antigens).3. There are strong grounds for believing that the phages of the first group, the specific typhi-plages, attack the Vi-antigen of Felix, for(a) typhoid cultures which are readily agglutinated by Uaertner antiserum are relatively or entirely insensitive to these specific typhi-phages,(b) the specific typhi-phages transform O-inagglutinable cultures into O-agglutinable forms, and(c) the Vi-antigen is the only known element of the typhoid bacillus which is peculiar to that organism and so corresponds in specificity with the phage.4. The fact that resistance acquired against a particular bacteriophage does not prevail against all other bacteriophages is not to be ascribed to the quantitatively differing potency of phages as suggested by d'Hérelle but to their qualitatively different activities. Each type of phage has its particular “point of attack” in the bacterium and the distinct “points of attack” of different phages develop their resistance independently. It seems that, as Marcuse has urged, the “points of attack” are located in the bacterial receptors.
The Influence Of Tuberculosis Upon The Development Of Brucella Abortus Infection
Authors: Pullinger E. J. 
Published: May 2009

Summary and conclusion1. The difficulty of isolating Br. abortus from samples of “dirty” milk by means of guinea-pig inoculation is noted. This has been shown to be due in certain instances to the presence of tubercle bacilli in the inoculum, though this is probably not the full explanation.2. Following the simultaneous inoculation of virulent tubercle bacilli and Br. abortus into guinea-pigs, the latter infection generally failed to become established, whereas control animals inoculated under the same conditions with Brucella, but without tubercle bacilli, became infected.Results of the inoculation of the two organisms into opposite sides of guinea-pigs indicate a generalized as well as a local increase of resistance to Br. abortus.3. It is suggested that the mononuclear cell reaction stimulated by the tubercle bacilli destroyed Br. abortus.I am indebted to the Directors of the United Dairies, Limited, for their interest and financial support. My thanks are due to Dr W. S. Gordon, Moredun, for sending a virulent strain of Br. abortus.
The Carriage of Plague
Authors: Roberts J. Isgaer 
Published: May 2009

Summary1. Nairobi township and other areas about the Mount Kenya endemic centre have frequently been penetrated by persons suffering from plague, but, at least during the last few years, plague has failed to become established in this way.2. A survey of rats and fleas, conducted at Mombasa upon 66 truckloads of maize in transit, resulted in no rats being seen or captured, whilst only seven fleas (2 ♂ and 2 ♀ X. cheopis, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ D. lypusus and 1 ♀ Ct. cabirus) were collected from clean white rats after they had been allowed to run about in the maize.3. Although maize continues to be repeatedly unloaded and handled at Mombasa, this town has remained free from plague.4. We have failed to obtain any evidence that the transport of maize from endemic centres by railway is a factor in the dissemination, of plague.