bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AZO-COUPLING RATE OF ENTEROCHROMAFFIN WITH VARIOUS DIAZONIUM SALTS
Authors: LILLIE R. D. , GRECO-HENSON JACQUELINE P. , CASON JOSEPH C. 
Published: April 2011

The azo-coupling of enterochromaffin with some 30 diazomium salts has been explored, in regard to rate, concentration and pH. A technic of enterochromaffin cell counting in consecutive serial sections was employed and the counts related to those obtained in immediately adjacent serial sections reacted with the ferric ferri-cyanide reagent of Golodetz and Unna (6) as modified by Lillic and Burtner (8). This procedure enabled the equation of a considerable series of experiments with different diazotates on a succession of individual animals. Structure of the diazonium salt proved to have a considerable influence on the azo coupling rate. Of the nitroanilines, nitroanisidines and nitrotoluidines, those with the nitro group para to the diazonium radical coupled rapidly, those with ortho nitro groups slowly. Also p-anisidine was more rapid than the ortho isomer. In the specific cases of p-nitroaniline and of di- o-anisidinse fresh diazotates were found to be more rapid and effective couplers than commercial stabilized salts in similar concentrations. It is probable that other comparisons of the same sort would give similar results. While azo coupling increased in rapidity with higher diazo concentrations, increasing density of background reaction decreased the demonstrability of enterochromaffin, so that optimal concentrations were often 1-10 mM, but lower with "rapid" couplers or higher with slow. The second diazonium group of fast blue B is probably but little utilized in azo coupling with enterochromaffin under histochemical conditions, since di- o-anisidine treated with one molar equivalent of nitrous acid appeared almost if not quite as effective as when two molar equivalents were used. Fast blue B appears to fall into an intermediate group of diazotates, being neither as fast as the p-nitro derivatives nor as slow as fast blue RR, BB or VB, for example.
MODIFICATIONS OF HISTOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES FOR THE DEMONSTRATION OF CYTOCHROME OXIDASE
Authors: BURSTONE M. S. 
Published: April 2011

Four reagents were employed in conjunction with p-aminodiphenylamine as new histochemical substrates for cytochrome oxidase. The most useful [See figures in PDF file] substrates were 8-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinone (I) and 8-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (III). (I) forms blue dyes and is recommended for general use, as well as for tissues of low activity (human gingiva). With the latter, the reaction may be augmented by the addition of cytochrome c. The dye produced from (III) has a strong affinity (substantivity) for tissue elements and resists dehydration with solvents. The new-substrates were useful in visualizing cytochrome oxidase activity in the digestive tract including oral mucosa, central nervous system, muscle and bone.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF RIBONUCLEASE ACTIVITY IN RAT LIVER DURING AZO-DYE CARCINOGENESIS
Authors: AMANO HARUKO , DAOUST R. 
Published: April 2011

The distribution of ribonuclease activity in the liver of azo-dye fed animals was investigated histochemically using the substrate film method. The ribonuclease activity of liver parenchyma was lower than normal in cirrhotic and neoplastic rat livers while high activities were observed in the bile duct and connective tissue trabeculae. Intense reactions were also given by the necrotic regions. The decrease in ribonuclease activity of parenchymal cells was found to take place at early stages of 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene feeding, that is before hyperplastic cells are transformed into cancerous cells. No similar variation could be observed in the liver of animals fed the control basal diet nor in normal regenerating liver following partial hepatectomy.
STUDIES OF SIALIC ACID-CONTAINING MUCINS IN BOVINE SUBMAXILLARY AND RAT SUBLINGUAL GLANDS
Authors: QUINTARELLI G. , TSUIKI S. , HASHIMOTO Y. , PIGMAN W. , DELLOVO MARIE C. 
Published: April 2011

Sialic acid present in some salivary mucins could be removed from tissue sections by mild acid hydrolysis. Bovine submaxillary glands, incubated in acid medium prior to staining, did not show any metachromasia or alcianophilia, whereas the periodic acid Schiff reaction was diminished but not eliminated. When influenza virus neuraminidase was utilized, the results were essentially the same as those obtained after mild hydrolysis. Chemical studies confirmed the histochemical results. It was found that when submaxillary mucin underwent acid hydrolysis, sialic acid was easily split off without further breaking of the mucin molecule. When proteolytic enzymes were employed, the acini could not be stained by any of these methods. These results with proteolytic enzymes are interpreted as due to a fragmentation and solubilization of the mucin molecule. Different results were obtained for rat sublingual glands. Acid hydrolysis removed the safranin O metachromasia as well as the alcianophilic material, but the time and temperatures needed were different from those for bovine submaxillary tissue. The periodic acid Schiff staining properties did not change. The same difference was noted when proteolysis was utilized, and the time required for complete digestion of the acinar content was three times greater than for bovine tissue. Furthermore, influenza virus neuraminidase had no effect on the rat gland sections. The present data suggest that the use of mild acid hydrolysis and of proteolysis applied to tissue sections containing high amounts of sialic acid can be a useful tool in practical histochemical techniques for studies on sialomucins.
THE LOCALIZATION OF N-ACETYL-β-GLUCOSAMINIDASE IN TISSUES
Authors: PUGH DOREEN , WALKER P. G. 
Published: April 2011

α-Naphthyl N-acetyl-β-glucosaminide has been prepared and used in a simultaneous azo-dye coupling method for the demonstration of N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase activity in formalin fixed frozen sections The effect of fixation on the activity of the enzyme has been invesitgated. In addition the effects of varying the substrate concentration, amount of diazonium salt and pH of the incubating medium are described N-Acetylglucosaminonolactone, a specific inhibitor of N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase has been used in experiments designed to test the specificity of the reaction. The relative activity of the enzyme in rat tissue homogenates has been measured and its distribution in rat tissues and human cartilage and synovial membrane is described A satisfactory localization of N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase is possible by the technique described. Factors affecting the histochemical localization are discussed in relation to the results obtained with other enzymes
HISTOLOGICAL LOCALIZATION IN RAT TISSUES OF INTRAVENOUSLY INJECTED THYROTROPHIN LABELED WITH A FLUORESCENT DYE
Authors: MANCINI R. E. , VILAR O. , DELLACHA J. M. , DAVIDSON O. W. , CASTRO A. 
Published: April 2011

Several Armour thyrotrophin preparations were labeled with different amounts of a fluorescent dye, acid rhodamine B (Lissamine-Rhodamine B 200, Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd.) following Chadwick's method with slight modifications. The native thyrotrophin lost from 12 to 34% of its biological activity after labeling, proved by Gilliland's method. A portion of the same labeled thyrotrophin was denaturated by heating in acetic acid medium. Different lots of rats were intravenously injected with native labeled thyrotrophin, denaturated labeled thyrotrophin and fluorescent dye solution respectively. It was observed: 1) Native labeled thyrotrophin declined rapidly in the circulation, though it remained longer than denaturated labeled thyrotrophin. 2) Fluorescence corresponding to native thyrotrophin was seen for a very short time in the thyroid gland and longer in the connective tissue of ocular structures, interstitium of skeletal muscles, perivisceral adipose tissue and mast cells. The Kupffer cells and other macrophages as well as the proximal tubule cells showed the longest accumulation. 3) Fluorescence corresponding to denatured labeled thyrotrophin was not observed in the thyroid gland; it was seen with low intensity in the connective and adipose tissues as well as in the mast cells. It was observed with higher intensity in the macrophages, convoluted tubule cells and it was seen to be eliminated through the epithelium of the small intestine. 4) Rats injected with acid rhodamine B solution eliminated the dye through the urinary and bile systems. In these animals fluorescence was seen only in the macrophages and proximal tubule cells, though in lesser amount compared with the animal injected with labeled hormone.
BIOCHEMICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION OF SIALIC ACID CONTAINING MUCINS OF RODENT VAGINA AND SALIVARY GLANDS
Authors: WARREN LEONARD , SPICER SAMUEL S. 
Published: April 2011

The mucins elaborated in the mucification reaction of the vagina of the rat and mouse, like salivary mucins, show the histochemical properties of a nonsulfated acid mucopolysaccharide. In the mouse these have been identified as sialomucins on tile basis of the elimination of basophilia from tissue sections by specific digestion with purified sialidase. However, the removal of sialic acid effected by sialidase is not accompanied by an alteration in periodic acid Schiff staining and hence extensive degradation of the polymer does not take place. Sialidase alters the staining of mouse sialomucins quickly in the sublingual gland, relatively slowly in the vagina and even more slowly in the submaxillary gland. Digestion with the enzyme fails to alter staining reactions in the siahic acid-rich, histochemically similar mucin in the salivary gland and vagina of the pregnant rat, and fails to release sialic acid either from histologic sections or homogenates of these rat organs. Changes in the sialic acid level in the vagina during the oestrous cycle parallel the cyclic variations of the amount of mucin observed histochemically. Both are consistently elevated in pregnancy. The sialic acid concentration is low and mucin is absent in oestradiol treated pre-ovulatory mice, but these increase with subsequent progesterone treatment. Identification of the sialic acid by means of paper chromatography reveals that the rat and mouse vagina and sublingual and submaxillary glands all contain N-acetylneuraminie acid and that mouse vagina and rat submaxillary gland also contain N-glycolylneuraminic acid. An un-identified form of neuraminic acid with rapid mobility in two solvents is present in the rat submaxillary gland.
THE USE OF SODIUM CHLORIDE-CONTAINING FIXATIVES IN MINIMIZING CELLULAR DISTORTION IN HISTOLOGICAL AND CYTOCHEMICAL PREPARATIONS
Authors: BIRGE WESLEY J. , TIBBITTS F. DONALD 
Published: April 2011

The principal objective of this study was to determine the relative effect of the concentration of small, mobile ions in fixing solutions on cellular shrinkage and distortion occurring during fixation or in the subsequent processing of tissues by the paraffin method. Samples of rat liver tissue were fixed in neutral 20% formalin, neutral 20% formalin/0.7% sodium chloride, Bouin's fluid, and Bouin's fluid/0.7% sodium chloride. By a comparison of nuclear and cytoplasmic volumes, it was noted that in the case of formalin fixation, the addition of 0.7% sodium chloride reduced nuclear and cytoplasmic shrinkage by 18-26%. In Bouin fixation the addition of 0.7% sodium chloride reduced nuclear shrinkage by 7-10% and cytoplasmic shrinkage by approximately 21%. It was also shown that when the sodium chloride is omitted, neutral 20% formalin is significantly less effective than Boumin's fluid in stabilizing the cytoplasm of liver parenchymal cells against shrinkage. In those instances in which tissue shrinkage was minimized by the addition of sodium chloride to the fixing medium, the final preparations revealed less tissue distortion and a more adequate preservation of fine detail. Some mention is also made of differences incurred in staining reactions of liver tissue following the use of sodium chloride containing fixatives.
THE EFFECT OF HORMONE TREATMENT ON THE PHOSPHORYLASE ACTIVITY OF THE RABBIT UTERUS
Authors: BO WALTER J. 
Published: April 2011

Glycogen and phosphorylase activity were identified in the uterus of hormone treated rabbits. Glycogen granules were very abundant in both layers of the myometrium following estrogen stimulation. In the ovariectomized, progesterone or estrogen-progesterone treated animals only a small number of glycogen granules was detected in the myometrium. In the uteri of the rabbits treated with estrogen, phosphorylase activity was very intense in both layers of the myometrium. Only a trace of the enzyme was observed in the muscle layers of the animals treated with progesterone or with estrogen and progesterone. In the ovariectomized rabbits phosphorylase was observed in very small amounts in the outer part of the longitudinal layer.
ON THE MECHANISM OF RESORCIN-FUCHSIN STAINING
Authors: PUCHTLER HOLDE , SWEAT FAYE , BATES R. , BROWN J. H. 
Published: April 2011

Acetylation, sulfation and phosphorylation induce binding of resorcin-fuchsin by glycogen, basement membranes, reticulum fibers, collagen, and other tissue structures containing polysaccharides as demonstrated by the periodic acid Schiff reaction. These structures do not stain with resorcin-fuchsin in control section without pretreatment. It is concluded that the binding of resorcin-fuchsin is due to the introduction of ester groups. Extraction procedures, designed to remove dyes held by salt-like or ionic linkage, indicate binding of resorcin-fuchsin by non-ionic bonds. According to data on the dyeing of the polysaccharide ester cellulose acetate in textile dyeing, cellulose acetate dyes are adsorbed by hydrogen-bonding between the carbonyl oxygen of the ester group and phenolic hydroxyl groups of the dye. It seems possible that in resorcin-fuchsin a phenolic hydroxyl group of the resorcinol moiety of the dye is free to react. The intense staining of agar, esterified glycogen, collagen and reticulum fibers with resorcin-fuchsin implies that binding of this dye does not convey any information concerning the protein moiety of tissue structures. Thus, resorcin-fuchsin can not be considered specific for elastic fibers in the chemical sense of the term.
THE ACTION OF HISTOLOGICAL FIXATIVES ON TISSUE LIPIDS. COMPARISON OF THE ACTION OF SEVERAL FIXATIVES USING PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: HESLINGA F. J. M. , DEIERKAUF F. A. 
Published: April 2011

A simple procedure to obtain information on the influence of fixatives on tissue lipids is described. The action of several histological fixatives on tissue lipids was investigated by extraction of the lipids from fixed tissues followed by analysis of the extracts by paper chromatography. Primary fixatives as well as fixative mixtures were investigated. Formaldehyde reacts very fast with phosphatidylethanolamine; other lipids are attacked gradually. The greater part of the lipids become insoluble under influence of dichromate and chromic acid. The still extractable part consists mainly of oxidation products. Osmium tetroxide immobilises most lipids in fresh and in formaldehyde fixed tissues. Mercuric chloride is shown to react with several lipid components, possibly by formation of addition complexes with highly unsaturated fatty acid chains. The fixative mixtures additively display the actions of the individual components; the chemically reactive components tend to dominate the results.
Regulatory effects of TLR2 on megakaryocytic cell function
Authors: Beaulieu Lea M. , Lin Elaine , Morin Kristine M. , Tanriverdi Kahraman , Freedman Jane E. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractTLR2, a functional, inflammatory-related receptor, is known to be expressed on megakaryocytes and platelets and to lead to infection and immune-mediated activation of platelets; however, the role of this receptor in megakaryocytes is not understood. Using Meg-01 cells and mouse megakaryocytes, we found that NFκB, ERK-MAPK, and PI3K/Akt pathways, known downstream pathways of TLRs, are activated by Pam3CSK4, a TLR2-specific ligand. In addition, transcription factors associated with megakaryocyte maturation, GATA-1, NF-E2, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), are all increased in the presence of Pam3CSK4. The effect of Pam3CSK4 on megakaryocyte maturation was verified by the increase in DNA content and adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins by TLR2-dependent stimulation. In addition, TLR2 stimulation resulted in an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Gene expression and protein levels of GP1b, CD41, MCP-1, COX2, NFκB1, and TLR2 were up-regulated in megakaryocytes after TLR2 stimulation through NFκB, PI3K/Akt, and ERK-MAPK pathways. Treatment of wild-type mice with Pam3CSK4 resulted in a return to normal platelet levels and an increase in megakaryocyte maturation, which did not occur in the TLR2−/− mice. Therefore, inflammation, through TLR2, can increase maturation and modulate the phenotype of megakaryocytes, contributing to the interrelationship between inflammation and hemostasis.
Modification of PCV-2 virulence by substitution of the genogroup motif of the capsid protein
Authors: Allemandou Aude , Grasland Béatrice , Hernandez-Nignol Anne-Cécile , Kéranflec'h André , Cariolet Roland , Jestin André 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPorcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) is the causal agent of the post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). PCV-2 are small single-stranded circular DNA viruses clustered into two main genogroups: PCV-2a and PCV-2b. Each genogroup present a specific highly-conserved motif of six amino acids (between amino acids 86 and 91) in the PCV-2 capsid protein. The aim of this study was to verify whether the motif located in the capsid protein and specific to each PCV-2 genogroup contributes to virulence. Two parental DNA clones, PCV-2a and PCV-2b, were constructed as well as two mutants DNA clones, PCV-2a/motif 2b and PCV-2b/motif 2a by exchanging the capsid motif of each genogroup. The four DNA clones were characterized in vitro as well as in vivo. Cells transfected by the four DNA clones produced infectious viruses. In specific-pathogen-free piglets transfected by the four infectious DNA clones, PCV-2b/motif 2a virulence was not attenuated while the PCV-2a/motif 2b virulence was drastically reduced compared to their parent virulence. These results suggest that the amino acids between positions 86 and 91 of the capsid protein are determinant for the virulence of isolates. However, the environment of this motif seems also involved.
Glycoproteomic characterization of carriers of the CD15/Lewisx epitope on Hodgkin's Reed-Sternberg cells
Authors: Powlesland Alex S , Barrio Maria Marcela , Mordoh José , Hitchen Paul G , Dell Anne , Drickamer Kurt , Taylor Maureen E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract

Background
The Lewisx trisaccharide, also referred to as the CD15 antigen, is a diagnostic marker used to distinguish Hodgkin's lymphoma from other lymphocytic cancers. However, the role of such fucosylated structures remains poorly understood, in part because carriers of Lewisx structures on Hodgkin's Reed-Sternberg cells have not been identified.

Methods
GalMBP, an engineered carbohydrate-recognition protein that binds selectively to oligosaccharides with paired terminal galactose and fucose residues, has been used in conjunction with proteomic and glycomic analysis to identify glycoprotein carriers of Lewisx and related glycan structures in multiple Hodgkin's Reed-Sternberg cell lines.

Results
Multiple glycoproteins that bind to GalMBP and carry CD15/Lewisx have been identified in a panel of six Reed-Sternberg cell lines. The most commonly identified Lewisx-bearing glycoproteins are CD98hc, which was found in all six cell lines tested, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and DEC-205, which were detected in five and four of the lines, respectively. Thus, several of the most prominent cell adhesion molecules on the lymphomas carry this characteristic glycan epitope. In addition, the Hodgkin's Reed-Sternberg cell lines can be grouped into subsets based on the presence or absence of less common Lewisx-bearing glycoproteins.

Conclusions
CD98 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 are major carriers of CD15/Lewisx on Reed-Sternberg cells. Binding of DC-SIGN and other glycan-specific receptors to the Lewisx epitopes on CD98 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 may facilitate interaction of the lymphoma cells with lymphocytes and myeloid cells in lymph nodes.
Evolution of Parallel Spindles Like genes in plants and highlight of unique domain architecture#
Authors: Cigliano Riccardo Aiese , Sanseverino Walter , Cremona Gaetana , Consiglio Federica M , Conicella Clara 
Published: April 2011

Abstract

Background
Polyploidy has long been recognized as playing an important role in plant evolution. In flowering plants, the major route of polyploidization is suggested to be sexual through gametes with somatic chromosome number (2n). Parallel Spindle1 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana (AtPS1) was recently demonstrated to control spindle orientation in the 2nd division of meiosis and, when mutated, to induce 2n pollen. Interestingly, AtPS1 encodes a protein with a FHA domain and PINc domain putatively involved in RNA decay (i.e. Nonsense Mediated mRNA Decay). In potato, 2n pollen depending on parallel spindles was described long time ago but the responsible gene has never been isolated. The knowledge derived from AtPS1 as well as the availability of genome sequences makes it possible to isolate potato PSLike (PSL) and to highlight the evolution of PSL family in plants.

Results
Our work leading to the first characterization of PSLs in potato showed a greater PSL complexity in this species respect to Arabidopsis thaliana. Indeed, a genomic PSL locus and seven cDNAs affected by alternative splicing have been cloned. In addition, the occurrence of at least two other PSL loci in potato was suggested by the sequence comparison of alternatively spliced transcripts.
Phylogenetic analysis on 20 Viridaeplantae showed the wide distribution of PSLs throughout the species and the occurrence of multiple copies only in potato and soybean.
The analysis of PSLFHA and PSLPINc domains evidenced that, in terms of secondary structure, a major degree of variability occurred in PINc domain respect to FHA. In terms of specific active sites, both domains showed diversification among plant species that could be related to a functional diversification among PSL genes. In addition, some specific active sites were strongly conserved among plants as supported by sequence alignment and by evidence of negative selection evaluated as difference between non-synonymous and synonymous mutations.

Conclusions
In this study, we highlight the existence of PSLs throughout Viridaeplantae, from mosses to higher plants. We provide evidence that PSLs occur mostly as singleton in the analyzed genomes except in soybean and potato both characterized by a recent whole genome duplication event. In potato, we suggest the candidate PSL gene having a role in 2n pollen that should be deeply investigated.
We provide useful insight into evolutionary conservation of FHA and PINc domains throughout plant PSLs which suggest a fundamental role of these domains for PSL function.