bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NASA seeking users of data from heat‐mapping satellite
Authors: Greathouse Lee 
Published: October 2011

A great deal of data, useful in a diverse assortment of geophysical applications, has been gathered by the National Aeronautic and Space Administration's (NASA) Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM), according to Mark Settle, program scientist for nonrenewable resources at NASA.Studies made with data from the satellite include: discrimination of different types of rocks and soils; monitoring of stress in different species of vegetation; monitoring areal and temporal variations in soil moisture; predicting water runoff from snow fields in response to seasonal changes in weather; monitoring thermal effluents, currents, and eddies in large bodies of water; and measuring the size and radiant thermal energy associated with urban heat islands (see cover photo).
Tundras trigger ice ages?
Authors: Greathouse Lee 
Published: October 2011

For half a century since Milankovich proposed the idea, climatologists have been intrigued by the possibility that cyclical convergences of variations in the earth's orbit and rotation have brought on ice ages. These variations include the planet's precession, the precession of the equinoxes, and the configuration of earth's orbit about the sun.But the most sophisticated mathematical models incorporating these changes have not yielded the conditions for ice ages, according to National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) investigator Tzvi Gal‐Chen. This, even though the models include a feedback mechanism that would reproduce cumulative effects. Milankovich suggested that cooler summers in the northern hemisphere would produce less melting of snow and ice in the summer. Because snow and ice reflect sunshine well, their accumulation would lead to more cooling, creating a snowball effect and setting off an ice age.
NASA may participate in foreign missions
Authors: Greathouse Lee 
Published: October 2011

The National Aeronautic and Space Administration's (NASA) sagging planetary exploration effort may get some relief through participation in other nation's space missions. The only planetary mission approved by Congress and underway at this time is the Galileo Jupiter orbiter and probe, and that has been affected by delays in the space shuttle.NASA planners have discussed, with European and Japanese investigators, three missions of importance to planetary researchers. The European Space Agency's (ESA) ‘Giotto’ mission would pick up the probe portion of NASA's ill‐fated Halley/Tempel II rendezvous and flyby. ESA was originally scheduled to prepare an instrumented probe that would be aimed at the nucleus of Halley's comet from a main spacecraft that would have flown past Halley's, then rendezvoused with Tempel II and flown along with it.
Opinions on nuclear waste sought
Authors: Greathouse Lee 
Published: October 2011

A National Research Council study committee is seeking the views of individuals, groups, and organizations on the social and economic problems arising from the selection of sites for nuclear dumps.The Committee on Radioactive Waste Management of the Commission on Natural Resources, in response to a request from the Department of Energy, is conducting a study of issues related to nuclear waste and, in particular, of means by which consideration of such issues can be made part of the process of selecting a site for disposal.
NASA delegation returns from China
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

An aeronautics delegation, headed by Alan Lovelace, NASA deputy administrator has returned to the U.S. after 2 week in China, where it visited Chinese aeronautical research and development facilities. Invited to make the trip by the Chinese aeronautical establishment, the group met with Chinese colleagues and lectured on NASA aeronautical research and development activities.NASA has invited the Chinese establishment to send a delegation to the United States for a similar visit in September 1980. The Chinese delegation is to visit NASA headquarters, NASA research center's specializing in aeronautics, and other aeronautical research and development facilities in the United States.
Statement on deep seabed mining act
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

Richard A. Frank, administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, has issued this statement in conjunction with President Carter's signing of the Deep Seabed Hard Mineral Resources Act:We welcome the new responsibilities assigned to NOAA by the Deep Seabed Hard Mineral Resources Act, which was signed into law by President Carter. NOAA intends vigorously to pursue the tasks given us, so that a comprehensive national program can become effective while we await successful conclusion of the Law of the Sea Treaty.
Western Pacific oceanographic projects
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Draft reports from two workshops on ocean science in the western Pacific are now available, and researchers are being sought to participate in recommended projects.The workshops were sponsored by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of Unesco. One session dealt with marine geology and geophysics of the northwest Pacific, the other with coastal transport of marine pollutants. Both were convened by the IOC Working Group for the Western Pacific (Westpac), March 27–31, in Tokyo.
NASA unveils first shuttle science payload
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

The first scientific and applications payload for NASA's new Space Transportation System was unveiled Tuesday, July 22, at Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland.Details of the seven principal experiments were provided and briefings were held in GudUaid's Clean Ruum. where instruments were installed in the payload that is currently set to fly on Orbital Test Flight 4, scheduled for April 1982.
Changes in solar energy output detected
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Using a new type of measuring device flown in space for the first time, a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) satellite has detected small changes—over periods of days to months—in the brightness of the sun.Detection of even the slightest change in the amount of light and heat energy emitted by the sun is important because if a trend were to continue for several years, it could produce major alterations in the earth's climate. Measurement of such trends might enable scientists to predict future climate changes.
Exploration objectives for comets, asteroids, and meteorites
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The use of spacecraft to take the first close look at comets and to begin to explore their characteristics is a high‐priority goal for space science and should be attempted in this decade, according to a report by a blue ribbon National Research Council committee. Similar investigation of asteroids should be made during the next decade and a half, said the committee.The report also suggests that collection of interplanetary dust and intensive study of meteoroids are vital parts of solar system research.
Bell improves phone line video technology
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Bell Laboratories has announced an improved ‘bandwidth compression’ technique that may make it possible for digital‐carrier telephone lines to carry video signals. Because the technique cannot capture motion well, the quality of the picture would not be adequate for commercial television; it should be acceptable, however, for transmitting pictures of conferences, says Bell.Only coaxial cable or microwave systems carry conventional television signals today because the analog form of transmission requires a bandwidth of about 6 MHz, a width beyond the capacity of telephone lines. However, when the signal is digitized, the 64 million bits per second (monochrome) or 100 million bits per second (color) of information overload the digital transmission system.
NOAA, university announce joint research
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the University of Wisconsin‐Madison (UW) have created the first research institute ever designed to utilize satellite data in probing the weather.The institute will be called the Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS). It is the sixth cooperative institute established by NOAA. The others cover environmental science, atmospheric studies, and oceanography.
Air pollution study in northeast
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Two federal agencies, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), are studying the effects of Northeastern‐produced ozone, or photochemical smog, upon regional air quality.‘Ozone’ is defined as a by‐product of the chemical reaction that occurs when sunlight strikes the hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides emitted by automobiles, industrial smokestacks, and other sources.
Lageos data to aid Earth scientists
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Scientists at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center hope that the Laser Geodynamics Satellite (Lageos) will aid tectonophysicists and seismologists in the determination of crustal movements. The first 4 years of analysis of laserranging data from Lageos indicate that the distance between points on the earth's surface can be measured to a precision of about 5 cm. Motions of the major tectonic plates can thereby be recorded. First results of 26 Lageos investigations are expected as early as July 1982.Lageos resembles a large golf ball, explained David E. Smith, Lageos project scientist at Goddard. The satellite is an aluminum sphere that is 60 cm in diameter and weighs 411 kg. Its brass cylindrical core weighs 175 kg and is 28 cm long and 32 cm in diameter. Laser retroreflectors pock the aluminum sphere's surface. As the satellite orbits the earth, a laser beam, shot from one of a dozen worldwide tracking stations, hits the satellite and is reflected directly back to the originating tracking station. Scientists measure the time the laser beam takes to travel to the satellite and return to the tracking station. With the results from other tracking stations, the relative distance between the stations is calculated. Repeated measurements over time of the relative locations of the stations can be expected to show any tectonic motion, Smith explained. ‘The long‐term accuracy of the better tracking stations is about 2 cm,’ he said.
Hyacinths treat wastewater
Authors: Shore Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

A subsidiary of the Westinghouse Electric Corporation treats 180,000 gallons of wastewater effluent a day with water hyacinths at almost 50 times less the cost of conventional chemical and mechanical methods. Project Hyacinth may have significance for a closed ecosystem aboard a space station.Coral Ridge Properties, founder and prime developer of the city of Coral Springs, Florida, based their wastewater treatment on research by B. C. Wofverton at NASA's National Space Technology Center in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi. The facility has treated all of its raw sewage and toxic chemical waste with hyacinths for over 6 years, Wolverton says. Current experiments investigate conversion of harvested hyacinth plants to natural gas.
Fluid loss during weightlessness
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

Eight men between 35 and 50 will participate in a study of weightlessness this month to help NASA find out why space flight causes humans to dehydrate.The study is being conducted by Joan Vernikes‐Danellis, a pharmacologist with the Biomedical Research Division at NASA's Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California.
NASA to design supercomputer
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

NASA has selected two corporations to do system design studies for its Numerical Aerodynamic Simulator, a specialized supercomputer that will assist in developing and testing new aircraft designs and other flight vehicles and do general research in such fluid flow areas as meteorology, gas dynamics, and computational chemistry. The studies are expected to result in a new data processor which may be 40 times faster than existing supercomputers, with a high‐speed memory 60 times the current generation of supercomputers.The new computer uses fluid flow equations to continuously calculate three‐dimensional air flows at thousands of points simultaneously. The computer can therefore simulate wind tunnel testing conditions more cheaply than conventional model tests can. Computer simulation will complement wind tunnel tests by reducing the testing required for a new aircraft or flight vehicle design and by producing better designs.
AEG statement on nuclear waste
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Isolation and disposal of high‐level radioactive nuclear wastes can be safely accomplished with deep underground burial in secure geological environments, according to a position statement issued by the Association of Engineering Geologists (AEG). The statement was issued in recognition of the seriousness with which nuclear waste disposal is viewed by the public, says Norman R. Tilford, chairman of AEG's Nuclear Energy Committee.AEG recommends deep burial in specially excavated spaces in structurally adequate bedrock where groundwater is absent or will not return to the biosphere. The association says that safe burial demands selection of a site where erosion will not expose the waste during its radioactive lifetime and where future societies ‘will most probably never expose the waste inadvertently.’
NSF fellowships
Authors: Shore Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

The National Science Foundation i s now accepting applications for postdoctoral graduate fellowships in the mathematical, physical, biological, engineering, and social sciences, and in the history and philosophy of science. Some of these fellowships are specifically earmarked for minority students.More than 50 postdoctoral fellowships for full‐time or parttime studies will be awarded in late February 1981. Applicants must be United States citizens who earned their doctoral degree after November 3, 1975, or have research training and experience equivalent to a doctoral degree. The basic stipend for full‐time fellowships is $1150 per month; $575 per month for half‐time. Applications are due November 3, 1980.
New OCS data
Authors: Shore Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

Four onshore processing and refining facilities, which are now being planned or a re under construction, will be required to handle new production from outer continental shelf (OCS) oil and natural gas drilling off southern California. The need for new facilities is cited in recent U.S. Geological Survey summary reports on OCS supply and production estimates off the eastern and western coasts.Two of the four California facilities that will handle new production await permit approval. If approved, a gas treatment plant at Las Flores Canyon in Santa Barbara County will have a 30 million cubic foot per day capacity. Completion is scheduled for early 1982. An oil and gas separation and treatment plant proposed for Mandalay Beach in Ventura County is scheduled to be completed in early 1981. It would process 36,000 barrels of oil and 2 million cubic feet of gas per day.
Geophysical events
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Mount St. Helens Volcano, Cascade Range, southern Washington, U.S.A. (46.20°N, 122.18°W). All times are local (GMT − 7 h). After the devastating May 18 eruption, smaller but significant explosions occurred on May 25, June 12, July 22, and August 7. The lava dome that grew in the bottom of the crater for a few days after the June 12 eruption was destroyed by explosions on July 22, but a second dome was emplaced, following the August 7 explosions.U.S. Geological Survey personnel measured temperatures of 647° in the August 7 pyroclastic flow deposits near the crater and 639° near their distal margin the day after emplacement. By August 8 a lava dome had filled the inner crater that was formed during the July 22 explosions to about half its former depth of almost 100 m. More than 20 m of additional dome growth had taken place by the morning of August 9. Occasional bursts of vapor and ash rose to 3–6‐km altitude on August 8, accompanied by small seismic events. Sulfur dioxide emission increased from about 900 tons/day on August 8 to at least 2000 tons/day on the 9th, but explosive bursts had ended and the level of seismic activity was very low.
‘Oceanography from Space’: A COSPAR/SCOR/IUCRM Symposium
Authors: Gower J. F. R. 
Published: October 2011

This meeting was held May 26–30, 1980, in Venice, Italy. Attendance (about 250) was extremely good and included most of the leading workers in the field of satellite remote sensing of the oceans as well as observers from scientific organizations and space agencies. They symposium occurred at a good time with respect to the U.S. Seasat and Nimbus 7 missions, the First Garp (Global Atmospheric Research Program) Global Experiment observing period, and immediate plans in Europe, the USSR, and Japan for ocean‐observing systems.Satellite observations were discussed in oral presentations, usually in the mornings; poster sessions (which were well received by both authors and viewers) in the afternoon; and discussion periods in the late afternoons and at the end of the meeting.
Satellite data save fuel
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

A 5% savings of aviation fuel on transoceanic routes may be an unexpected fringe benefit of basic research on the earth's ozone layer.A Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (Toms) on the Nimbus 7 satellite, placed in polar orbit by NASA in 1978, measures ozone in the atmosphere with an efficiency that allows the mapping of ozone distribution patterns around the globe. Distinctive ozone patterns mark the location and intensity of the jet stream, where aircraft fuel saving may occur.
Water resources assessed
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Acid mine drainage remains one of the most common and troublesome water quality problems, according to the first report in a series of assessments of existing water resources conditions for present and proposed coal mines.Published by the U.S. Geological Survey, the reports are designed to aid the coal industry in its preparation of permit applications and to aid federal and state regulatory authorities in their review of mining permits. During the next year, 19 more reports will be published on selected basins in the eastern and interior coal provinces; 97% of United States mines are located in these regions.
What is Eos?
Authors: Spilhaus A. F. 
Published: October 2011

Frequently, callers to AGU headquarters ask ‘What is E‐O‐S?’ or ‘What is the name of that newspaper? What does it stand for? Where did it come from?’In January of 1969, the 50th anniversary year for AGU, we added ‘Eos’ to the title of the oldest publication Transactions and increased the frequency of publication from quarterly to monthly.
Ocean margin drilling program
Authors: Davies Thomas A. , Hay William W. 
Published: October 2011

The Ocean Margin Drilling Program (OMDP) is a project that will use a drilling system with full well control and greater environmental tolerances to investigate strata that are beyond the capabilities of open hole drilling with the Glomar Challenger. The program's main thrust is toward examination of passive and active continental margins, as the name implies, but it includes drilling to determine the nature of the oceanic layer (Layer 3) in both fast‐ and slow‐spreading areas and investigating the paleoenvironmental development of the Weddell Sea.OMDP will be a cooperative effort involving scientists from the academic community, industry, and government. The National Science Foundation contracted with Joint Oceanographic Institutions Incorporated (JOI Inc.) to plan and carry out the program's scientific activities. JOI is a consortium of ten academic oceanographic institutions that has been formed to bring the collective capabilities of individual institutions to bear on large oceanographic research projects.
Data analysis phase of IMS
Authors: Cole Keith 
Published: October 2011

The bureau of the Scientific Committee for Solar‐Terrestrial Physics (Scostep) has created a working group to coordinate the data analysis phase of the International Magnetospheric Study (IMS). It has appointed Gordon Rostoker (Canada) as the convenor of this group and has invited him to propose several other members.The data analysis phase of the IMS is obviously a most important, if not crucial, phase of the study. The massive amounts of data collected in the period 1976–1979 have to be fully exploited, and this can be greatly assisted by Scostep's initiatives and mechanisms. Global studies must be coordinated to be effective. It is not enough to study a single aspect of a phenomenon in isolation from all else in the magnetosphere. Magnetospheric studies have progressed to the point where it is necessary to understand many phenomena simultaneously because of their interactions with each other; for example, the auroral electrojet circuit involves the solar wind, the magnetopause, three‐dimensional electric field and current systems, energetic particle distributions, cold plasma distributions, and wave particle interactions. A comprehensive understanding of magnetospheric dynamics can be evolved only on many fronts simultaneously.
Government report criticized
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

A federal government report underestimates a growing crisis in engineering education that endangers United States reindustrialization, charges the American Association of Engineering Societies, an organization of 40 engineering groups with nearly one million members.The National Science Foundation report, ‘Science and Engineering Education for the 1980s and Beyond: A Report to the President,’ fails to set a time frame for confronting the immediate problems of an engineering teacher shortage and obsolete laboratory equipment, says Donald E. Marlowe of AAES.
Biogeomagnetism
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

Can birds and fish detect the local geomagnetic field? For 10 years, scientists have suspected that magnetotactic organisms—those that respond in some way to the magnetic field—use the field as a guide or navigation system. More recent work performed by A. J. Kalmijn of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution examined geomagnetic effects in microorganisms and sharks, skates, and rays (Figure 1) (see P. R. Ryan, Oceanus, 23, 55–60,1980).In 1975 Richard Blakemore, then of Woods Hole, described a controlled study of marine bacteria that ‘swim’ along directions of a local magnetic field (Science, 190, 377–379,1975). He observed that certain species of (Spirochaeta plicatiiis), separated from marsh mud, consistently migrated toward magnetic north or toward the north pole of a small hand magnet held next to them in a laboratory container. Electron microscopy studies of the organisms showed the existence of linear chains of iron‐rich particles. Kalmijn showed that the bacteria may have migrated, propelled by their flagallae, in response to light or other phenomena, such as thermal agitation, but were pulled toward the direction of the magnetic field. This is much like an orientation ‘guidance system.’ Figure 2 shows the vectorial relationship that was observed between the deviation of the bacterial displacement and the displacement in field direction. These bacteria follow the direction of the earth's inclined magnetic field, and thus they migrate to bottom sediment layers, but not because of gravity. The individual bacteria possess dipole moments that overcome various effects of random and Brownian motion caused by thermal agitation, but, evidently, larger populations of magnetotactic bacteria are not found concentrated along the northern boundaries of large swamps.