bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
500 ml of blood loss does not decrease non-invasive tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) as measured by near infrared spectroscopy - A hypothesis generating pilot study in healthy adult women
Authors: Jeger Victor , Jakob Stephan M , Fontana Stefano , Wolf Martin , Zimmermann Heinz , Exadaktylos Aristomenis K 
Published: May 2010

Abstract

Background
The goal when resuscitating trauma patients is to achieve adequate tissue perfusion. One parameter of tissue perfusion is tissue oxygen saturation (StO2), as measured by near infrared spectroscopy. Using a commercially available device, we investigated whether clinically relevant blood loss of 500 ml in healthy volunteers can be detected by changes in StO2 after a standardized ischemic event.

Methods
We performed occlusion of the brachial artery for 3 minutes in 20 healthy female blood donors before and after blood donation. StO2 and total oxygenated tissue hemoglobin (O2Hb) were measured continuously at the thenar eminence. 10 healthy volunteers were assessed in the same way, to examine whether repeated vascular occlusion without blood donation exhibits time dependent effects.

Results
Blood donation caused a substantial decrease in systolic blood pressure, but did not affect resting StO2 and O2Hb values. No changes were measured in the blood donor group in the reaction to the vascular occlusion test, but in the control group there was an increase in the O2Hb rate of recovery during the reperfusion phase.

Conclusion
StO2 measured at the thenar eminence seems to be insensitive to blood loss of 500 ml in this setting. Probably blood loss greater than this might lead to detectable changes guiding the treating physician. The exact cut off for detectable changes and the time effect on repeated vascular occlusion tests should be explored further. Until now no such data exist.
Molecular analysis of endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) subtypes reveals two distinct cell populations with different identities
Authors: Medina Reinhold J , O'Neill Christina L , Sweeney Mark , Guduric-Fuchs Jasenka , Gardiner Tom A , Simpson David A , Stitt Alan W 
Published: May 2010

Abstract

Background
The term endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) is currently used to refer to cell populations which are quite dissimilar in terms of biological properties. This study provides a detailed molecular fingerprint for two EPC subtypes: early EPCs (eEPCs) and outgrowth endothelial cells (OECs).

Methods
Human blood-derived eEPCs and OECs were characterised by using genome-wide transcriptional profiling, 2D protein electrophoresis, and electron microscopy. Comparative analysis at the transcript and protein level included monocytes and mature endothelial cells as reference cell types.

Results
Our data show that eEPCs and OECs have strikingly different gene expression signatures. Many highly expressed transcripts in eEPCs are haematopoietic specific (RUNX1, WAS, LYN) with links to immunity and inflammation (TLRs, CD14, HLAs), whereas many transcripts involved in vascular development and angiogenesis-related signalling pathways (Tie2, eNOS, Ephrins) are highly expressed in OECs. Comparative analysis with monocytes and mature endothelial cells clusters eEPCs with monocytes, while OECs segment with endothelial cells. Similarly, proteomic analysis revealed that 90% of spots identified by 2-D gel analysis are common between OECs and endothelial cells while eEPCs share 77% with monocytes. In line with the expression pattern of caveolins and cadherins identified by microarray analysis, ultrastructural evaluation highlighted the presence of caveolae and adherens junctions only in OECs.

Conclusions
This study provides evidence that eEPCs are haematopoietic cells with a molecular phenotype linked to monocytes; whereas OECs exhibit commitment to the endothelial lineage. These findings indicate that OECs might be an attractive cell candidate for inducing therapeutic angiogenesis, while eEPC should be used with caution because of their monocytic nature.
Patient positioning in the proton radiotherapy era
Authors: Devicienti Salvatore , Strigari Lidia , D'Andrea Marco , Benassi Marcello , Dimiccoli Vincenzo , Portaluri Maurizio 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The main hindrance to the diffusion of proton therapy facilities is the high cost for gantry installations. An alternative technical option is provided by fixed-beam treatment rooms, where the patient is rotated and translated in space with a robotic arm solution to enable beam incidence from various angles. The technological efforts based on robotic applications made up to now for patient positioning in proton beam facilities are described here, highlighting their limitations and perspectives.
Current insights in to the pathophysiology of Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Karantanos Theodoros , Markoutsaki Theofano , Gazouli Maria , Anagnou Nicholas P , Karamanolis Dimitrios G 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIrritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) represents a functional disorder of gastrointestinal tract without the presence of an anatomic defect, in which abdominal pain is relieved with defecation and is associated with altered bowel habits.IBS includes a wide range of symptoms while its pathophysiology is very complicated. Recent studies indicate that the most important mechanisms include visceral sensitivity, abnormal gut motility and autonomous nervous system dysfunction. The interactions between these three mechanisms make bowel's function susceptible to many exogenous and endogenous factors like gastrointestinal flora, feeding and psychosocial factors. Recent data indicate that according to the above mechanisms, the influence of genetic factors and polymorphisms of human DNA in the development of IBS is equally important.
Special Education Funding Reform: A Review of Impact Studies
Authors: Sigafoos Jeff , Moore Dennis , Brown Don , Green Vanessa A. , O'Reilly Mark F. , Lancioni Giulio E. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractVarious models for funding special education services have been described in the literature. This paper aims at moving the debate concerning special education funding reform beyond the descriptive level by reviewing studies that investigated the impact of various models for funding special education. Systematic searches were conducted of ERIC and PsycINFO to identify studies that investigated the impact, implications, or outcome of one or more special education funding models. Ten studies were identified covering five major funding models. The results showed that the funding reforms investigated in these studies each had associated benefits, but also potential detriments. However, these studies mainly involved indirect outcome measures, often failed to fully assess impact on academic achievement or cost-effectiveness. Results highlight the need for additional research on the impact of special education funding reform.
Teaching Children With Developmental Spelling Difficulties in a One-on-One Context
Authors: Kohnen Saskia , Nickels Lyndsey 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe aim of this article is to provide clinical and practical guidance for the provision of one-on-one intervention for children with spelling difficulties. We briefly discuss the requirements of theoretically guided assessment and suggest some norm-based assessment tools in this light. The main focus of this article is on teaching children with spelling difficulties in a one-on-one context. Previous research has shown that children present with spelling difficulties of different types and that intervention is most effective when targeted at the specific difficulty. Hence, we outline different interventions for different subtypes of developmental spelling difficulties.
Adaptation of an Interview-Based Protocol to Examine Close Relationships Between Children With Developmental Disabilities and Peers
Authors: Webster Amanda A. , Carter Mark 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine whether an interview protocol, based on the Friendship Quality Questionnaire, could be adapted to examine the close relationships of children with developmental disabilities in an inclusive school setting. Twenty-five children with developmental disabilities aged between approximately 5 and 12 years participated and their relationships with 74 peers were examined. Several adaptations to the procedures and interview instrument were evaluated, including gathering interview data from multiple sources and the development of a short form of the interview questionnaire. Overall, the adaptations to procedures used in the current study appeared successful in catering for the wide range of abilities and ages among respondents. This was reflected in the reliability of children's responses, high response rates on the short interview form, and good correspondence between the short and full interview forms. The described adaptations were successful in eliciting information on aspects of children's relationships that might not have been obtained using a traditional interview instrument. This opens the way for further detailed quantitative evaluation of relationships between children with developmental disabilities and peers in inclusive settings.
Muscle strength in elderly adults with GH deficiency after 10 years of GH replacement
Authors: Götherström Galina , Elbornsson Mariam , Stibrant-Sunnerhagen Katharina , Bengtsson Bengt-Åke , Johannsson Gudmundur , Svensson Johan 
Published: May 2010

ContextOnly few studies have investigated the effects of GH replacement on muscle strength in elderly patients with GH deficiency (GHD).Objective, design, and patientsIn this prospective open-labeled study, the effects of 10 years of GH replacement on muscle strength and neuromuscular function were followed in 24 elderly GHD adults (mean age of 65.2 years; range 61–74 years). Muscle strength was compared with reference values obtained from the background population.ResultsThe mean initial GH dose of 0.72 mg/day was lowered to 0.37 mg/day. The mean IGF1 SDS increased from −1.10 at baseline to 1.17 at study end. GH replacement induced a sustained increase in lean body mass and a transient increase in isometric knee flexor strength. Isometric knee extensor strength was reduced after 10 years. However, after correction for age and gender, using observed/predicted value ratios, there was sustained and even progressive increase in most variables reflecting muscle strength. Measurements of neuromuscular function showed unchanged voluntary motor unit activation after 10 years.ConclusionsTen years of GH replacement therapy in elderly GHD adults resulted in a transient increase in isometric knee flexor strength, and provided protection from most of the normal age-related decline in muscle performance and neuromuscular function.
Influence of Variable Interannual Summer Water Temperatures on Brook Trout Growth, Consumption, Reproduction, and Mortality in an Unstratified Adirondack Lake
Authors: Robinson Jason M. , Josephson Daniel C. , Weidel Brian C. , Kraft Clifford E. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractStressful water temperatures negatively affect physiological processes in fishes, yet evidence for how elevated temperatures influence population‐level characteristics is rare. An 8‐year field study of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis in an unstratified Adirondack lake revealed that an aggregate measure of chronically stressful summer water temperatures strongly influenced brook trout population‐level characteristics. We quantified chronic thermal stress using the cumulative degree‐days over which bottom temperatures exceeded a range of thresholds (18–22°C) and found that the strongest relationships were with cumulative degree‐days over 20°C (DD>20). Across years with similar brook trout densities, warmer summer water temperatures resulted in decreased brook trout growth, but growth was not reduced in a year with high water temperatures and low density. Maximum stomach fullness was negatively related to water temperature. Reproductive activity was negatively correlated with stressful summer thermal conditions and was less dependent on female brook trout density. Periods of chronically stressful summer water temperatures resulted in the apparent mortality of age‐2 and older fish during a moderately stressful summer (156 DD>20) and apparent mortality of age‐1 and older fish during the most stressful summer (210 DD>20). In contrast, extensive mortality was not evident in any year‐classes when DD>20 was less than 115. Anthropogenic impacts on the thermal conditions of aquatic ecosystems occur at small (hydrology) and large (climate change) spatial extents, and in situ studies at the margin of an organism's thermal range can provide important insights into changes that will occur if temperatures increase.
Modeling the Influence of Environmental Factors on Spawning Migration Mortality for Sockeye Salmon Fisheries Management in the Fraser River, British Columbia
Authors: Macdonald J. Stevenson , Patterson David A. , Hague Merran J. , Guthrie Ian C. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe impact of freshwater environmental factors on spawning migration mortality was modeled to provide a predictive tool for fisheries management of four run timing groups of Fraser River sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka: early Stuart (Stuart Lake), early summer, summer, and late. We tested the significance of different measures of water temperature, discharge, fish abundance, and entry timing for forecasting discrepancies between lower‐river and upriver escapement estimates using multiple regressions of principal component scores. Descriptive discrepancy models (i.e., “management adjustment” models) identified using Akaike's information criterion were consistent with the known biology of each group. For example, temperature and discharge thresholds were selected for early Stuart run discrepancy models, reflecting the extremes in both variables experienced by these early migrants. Predictive discrepancy models were also generated for each run timing group by using the limited number of environmental variables that are available in‐season to fisheries managers. Even predictive discrepancy models using simple environmental metrics of average river temperature, flow, and river entry timing provide a valuable tool for forecasting relative indices of spawning migration mortality. This study provides an example of how environmentally based predictive tools can be used to inform fisheries management decisions and improve the probability of achieving spawning escapement targets.
Ontogenetic Diet Shifts of Juvenile Chinook Salmon in Nearshore and Offshore Habitats of Puget Sound
Authors: Duffy Elisabeth J. , Beauchamp David A. , Sweeting Ruston M. , Beamish Richard J. , Brennan James S. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMarine growth and survival of juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha depend in part on the quality and quantity of prey consumed during this potentially critical life stage; however, little is known about the early marine diet of these fish or factors that affect the diet's variability. We examined the recent (2001–2007) dietary habits of Puget Sound, Washington, Chinook salmon (listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act) during their first marine growing season (April–September). Juvenile Chinook salmon initially fed in nearshore marine habitats and then shifted to feed primarily offshore during July–September. Diet composition varied significantly among sampling regions (northern, central, and southern), habitats (nearshore, offshore), years, months, and fish size‐classes. At nearshore sites, insects (all months) and gammarid amphipods (July) were dominant prey sources, whereas in offshore diets decapods (primarily crab larvae; July) and fish (September) were most important. Chinook salmon became increasingly piscivorous as they grew and ate fish with fork lengths up to 51% (nearshore) and 52% (offshore) of predator fork length. At nearshore sites, Chinook salmon fed mainly on larval and juvenile Pacific sand lances Ammodytes hexapterus; offshore, they primarily ate juvenile and older Pacific herring Clupea pallasii. Overall, Chinook salmon had more diverse diets and ate higher‐quality prey (insects) in northern nearshore and central offshore waters, whereas Chinook salmon caught in the southern nearshore and northern offshore waters had a lower proportion of empty stomachs but ate lower‐quality prey (crustaceans). Annual variation in the composition of offshore prey appeared to be determined early in the growing season, suggesting that environmental factors (e.g., climate) affecting marine productivity might produce strong interannual trends in marine survival of Puget Sound Chinook salmon. In addition, the importance of insects as high‐quality prey highlighted the terrestrial link to the marine feeding of Chinook salmon and suggests that shoreline development and land use changes will affect feeding opportunities for these fish in Puget Sound.
Decline of the Shortjaw Cisco in Lake Superior: The Role of Overfishing and Risk of Extinction
Authors: Bronte Charles R. , Hoff Michael H. , Gorman Owen T. , Thogmartin Wayne E. , Schneeberger Philip J. , Todd Thomas N. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractRecent reviews have further documented the decline of the shortjaw cisco Coregonus zenithicus in Lake Superior. This fish was the most abundant deepwater cisco species in Lake Superior in the early 1920s but presently makes up less than 1% of all deepwater ciscoes (i.e., including shortjaw cisco, bloater C. hoyi, and kiyi C. kiyi) captured in biological surveys. Directed overfishing of deepwater cisco species during the 1930s and again during the mid‐1960s and 1970s has been suggested as the cause of the shortjaw cisco's demise. In this paper, we re‐examined the overfishing hypothesis by using historical and recent survey data to estimate the proportion of the historical commercial fishery landings that comprised shortjaw ciscoes. We developed time series of estimated harvest and relative abundance for all statistical districts in Michigan waters of Lake Superior during 1929–1996, for which aggregate catch and effort data were available but not previously examined. The spatial distribution of the fishery and the relationships of catch to fishing effort were examined for evidence of overfishing. Our analysis suggested that directed overfishing was probably not the cause of shortjaw cisco demise, as this species appeared to be declining in all statistical districts regardless of the intensity of the fishery. A count‐based population viability analysis indicated that quasi‐extinction of the shortjaw cisco is highly probable in the near future. We propose an alternative hypothesis based on the decline of Lake Superior's keystone predator, the lake trout Salvelinus namaycush, which resulted in an expansion of the population of its principal prey, the cisco C. artedi, due to release from predation pressure. Competitive or predation interactions between the cisco and shortjaw cisco may be more likely explanations for the demise of the latter species.
Close Encounters with a Fish Screen III: Behavior, Performance, Physiological Stress Responses, and Recovery of Adult Delta Smelt Exposed to Two‐Vector Flows near a Fish Screen
Authors: Young Paciencia S. , Swanson Christina , Cech Joseph J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe threatened delta smelt Hypomesus transpacificus is vulnerable to more than 2,000 water diversions distributed throughout the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta system of California. Although fish screen installation should decrease direct losses, the physiological stress associated with exposure to two‐vector flows near a fish screen may increase delta smelt mortality. We measured the swimming performance, screen contact rate, and stress responses of adult delta smelt to handling and simulated screen exposure at 12°C. Results from handling stress and flow stress experiments showed that fish collection, crowding, and transport elicited significant stress responses in delta smelt, as did exposure to the two‐vector flows and a fish screen. However, delta smelt recovered from the cumulative handling stress within 2 h. Combinations of high approach velocity (10 or 15 cm/s) and high sweeping velocity (31 or 62 cm/s) increased the primary stress response (plasma cortisol concentrations) and the number of moribund fish. Fish screens designed to protect the delta smelt population could minimize physiological stress by decreasing approach velocities in areas with high sweeping velocities.
Response of Native and Naturalized Fish to Salmonid Cage Culture Farms in Northern Lake Huron, Canada
Authors: Johnston T. A. , Keir M. , Power M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractCage culture of salmonids has expanded into the northern Great Lakes in recent decades, but the effects of this industry on native and naturalized freshwater fish communities have yet to be fully explored. We compared the relative abundance, community composition, and stable isotope composition of wild fish and selected macroinvertebrates between cage and reference sites in the Manitoulin Island region of northern Lake Huron to test the proposition that cage culture operations have altered their distributions and trophic ecologies. Catch per unit effort was higher at cage sites than at reference sites for both small‐ and large‐bodied fishes, but not for crayfish. Species composition varied significantly between cage and reference sites for the small‐fish assemblage but not for the large‐fish assemblage. The stable isotope ratios (δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S) of dreissenid mussels, crayfish (family Cambaridae), and four species of small‐bodied fish did not differ greatly between the cage and reference sites, suggesting that the direct consumption of farm waste is limited. However, the overlap in isotopic signatures between farm waste and wild biota was considerable. Salmonid cage farms in northern Lake Huron are an attractant to many species of wild fish, but it is not clear how the waste from these farms enters the local food web.
Mitochondrial Variation and Biogeographic History of Chinook Salmon
Authors: Martin Kyle E. , Steele Craig A. , Brunelli Joseph P. , Thorgaard Gary H. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe genetic variation of many species in the Northern Hemisphere has been influenced by climatic changes during the Pleistocene Epoch. Phylogeographic studies can help determine intraspecific relationships and postglacial recolonization routes for many of these species, potentially leading to a more complete understanding of how flora and fauna respond to dramatic climate change. We analyzed the variation in the mitochondrial DNA sequences of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from California to the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia, to gain insight into the role of Pleistocene glaciation in the genetic structuring of this species. The geographic distribution of haplotypes revealed high levels of genetic diversity in the Columbia River drainage. Nested clade analysis suggests northward expansion from this area during the late Pleistocene, a hypothesis that is further supported by evidence of demographic growth and population expansion in the northern portion of the species' range. Estimates of the divergence time between two phylogenetic clades are correlated with interglacial periods of the Pleistocene. The data suggest the absence of Chinook salmon from the current northern part of its distribution until the late Pleistocene, when northward expansion from a southern refugium occurred (during an interglacial period), followed by the recent genetic divergence of these northern populations.