bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE STRATIGRAPHY OF THE KEUPER SERIES IN SOUTHERN NOTTINGHAMSHIRE
Authors: Elliott R. E. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Some seventy-one shallow boreholes have been drilled in southern Nottinghamshire by the National Coal Board in recent years. These, together with earlier borings and surface exposures, have provided new information on the Keuper succession, on faulting, and on the depth and distribution of the superficial solution zone, from which gypsum has been removed. Sedimentary and other characters have been used in the correlation of cores, and have enabled eight formations to be established in the local succession; some of the marker bands persist over fifteen square miles or more. A complex rhythmic pattern, with repetitions, especially from finer to coarser beds, on various scales, has been observed throughout the Keuper sequence. A broad comparison is made with the German divisions, and with modern analogous conditions.
REFOLDED FOLDS IN THE SILURIAN ROCKS OF EYEMOUTH, BERWICKSHIRE
Authors: Dearman W. R. , Shiells K. A. G. , Larwood G. P. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Refolded folds are described from Silurian rocks at Eyemouth, Berwickshire. Original north-east to south-west structures have been refolded about north-west to south-east axes producing two sets of folds at right angles which share common axial planes. They appear to represent a new element in the structure of the Southern Uplands.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE SOUTH-WESTERN PART OF THE SYKES ANTICLINE, BOWLAND, WEST YORKSHIRE
Authors: Moseley F. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

The Carboniferous succession exposed along the Sykes Anticline includes the upper part of the Viséan Series and the lower part of the Namurian Series. The Viséan succession consists of the upper 350 feet of the Worston Group and the Lower Bowland Shales. The Namurian strata of lower Pendleian (E
1
) age include the Upper Bowland Shales and the Pendle Grit. The sequence is conformable and very similar to that described by Parkinson (1936) in the adjacent Slaidburn district.

The anticline is a concentric fold with relatively competent upper and lower levels separated by an incompetent sandwich of shales. The upper level (Pendle Grit) has the general form of a boxfold with dips of about thirty-five degrees on the limbs, an axial zone about a mile wide and a trend of 045 degrees. The lower level (Worston Group) is tightly folded into en echelon periclines with vertical and overturned strata common, and a mean axial trend of 027 degrees. The difference in tectonic style between upper and lower structural levels is attributed partly to the normal process of concentric folding, with the crumpled limestones indicating a lower limit to this, and partly to the disharmony of the Bowland Shales. Dip, strike and oblique joints are found in several well-defined sets, each set related to the anticlinal structure and approximately normal to the bedding.
THE ORIGIN OF GRANITE TORS ON DARTMOOR, DEVONSHIRE
Authors: Palmer J. , Neilson R. A. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

The Dartmoor tors and associated clitters were formed by the action of frost and solifluction acting recurrently throughout Pleistocene times. Incoherent granite,
in situ
, is sometimes the product of frost shattering along crystal and cleavage boundaries, but usually it is granite that has been partially kaolinized by pneumatolytic processes. The intermittent occurrence of decayed granite often facilitated the formation of valleys, so that it is generally found in valley bottoms and is never found around the tors, which have formed in resistant, well-jointed granites. Where decayed granite occurs on ridges tors are absent, though rounded core-stones are occasionally exposed by erosion. Tors are not found on ridges underlain by the mechanically weak, close jointed “blue granites”. Post-glacial atmospheric weathering, predominantly chemical, has induced variable degrees of rounding in basically angular landforms, but some large partially rounded tor masses were formed by frost weathering on favourable structures.
THE DEGLACIATION OF EASTERN ESKDALE, YORKSHIRE
Authors: Gregory K. J. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The ice-marginal features of eastern Eskdale include glacial drainage channels, ice-marginal benches, twin parallel streams, gorges, moraines, kame terraces and lobe edge embankments. Four types of glacial drainage channel have been recognized: strictly marginal, submarginal, compound and subglacial. The compound examples were initiated by subglacial streams and further developed by subaerial meltwaters. Throughout the area there are two recognizable retreat stages; during each a considerable proportion of the glacial drainage was ice-marginal but subsequently, as the ice became more fragmented, englacial, superglacial and subglacial streams became dominant.
THE PERMIAN LOWER EVAPORITES OF FORDON IN YORKSHIRE
Authors: Stewart F. H. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
In the Fordon No. 1 borehole, sunk by the D’Arcy Exploration Company to a depth of 7559 feet near Scarborough, the Permian succession contains 1387 feet of evaporites. This paper describes and discusses the Lower Evaporites in detail. These are 1069 feet in thickness, and the petrography of each of the main ten subzones they contain is described. The major constituents are dolomite, anhydrite, polyhalite, kieserite and halite. Minor constituents include magnesite, glauberite, celestine, aphthitalite, pyrite, sulphoborite, sulphur and talc. Glauberite and sulphoborite are new to Britain.
The origin of the rocks is discussed in relation to experimental work on salt systems. The ten subzones can be placed in three cycles of sedimentation, each ended by a relatively sudden increase in rate of subsidence, the middle cycle consisting of two sub-cycles. The upper and lower cycles are relatively simple, consisting mainly of halite and anhydrite, but the middle cycle is more complex, and contains rocks unlike any so far recorded from this country. On textural evidence it is concluded that, whereas gypsum was a primary mineral of the upper and lower cycles, the calcium sulphate of the middle cycle was deposited as anhydrite. The latter has been replaced by polyhalite on a large scale, and it is believed that this change was penecontemporaneous, and released enough calcium for the formation of a large amount of primary polyhalite. The later succession has therefore been considerably modified, and some of the polyhalite and kieserite-bearing subzones may represent the potash-free magnesium sulphate and kainite zones of the experimental succession.
There is evidence of a considerable number of replacements. Most of the major ones are probably penecontemporaneous. Others are post-consolidation effects, probably due to rise of temperature and pressure during burial. Some, like those involving glauberite, have probably been effected by solutions rising from a lower cycle; others have been effected by downward or sideways moving solutions from the same or a higher cycle. Some replacements are later than movement and recrystallization of halite under pressure.
A count of rhythmic layers in the middle cycle gives information on rates of deposition and suggests that this cycle may have been deposited in about 25000 years.
The Fordon Lower Evaporite succession is compared with that in other parts of Yorkshire. The Fordon evidence favours Lotze’s correlation of the Lower Evaporites of Yorkshire with the Middle Zechstein of Germany.
CONICAL FOLDING AND OBLIQUE STRUCTURES IN CHARNWOOD FOREST, LEICESTERSHIRE
Authors: Evans A. M. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Conical, not cylindrical, folding is dominant in the Charnian rocks. Passing south-eastwards across the Forest the axial trend of the major anticline changes from south-east to east. The folding is concentric. The minor folds and cleavage are oblique to the axis of the major fold; a possible stress system which might account for this is briefly discussed. The cleavage fans into the cores of some of the minor folds (but not of the major anticline) and into the vertex of one of them; it follows a sinuous course across the Forest and has an average strike of 280 degrees. It is concluded that the Charnoid trend may not be everywhere north-west to south-east.
THE ACHANARRAS LIMESTONE OF THE MIDDLE OLD RED SANDSTONE, CAITHNESS, SCOTLAND
Authors: Rayner Dorothy H. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Achanarras quarry, in central Caithness, exposes about twenty-five feet of the Caithness Flagstone Series, here consisting of calcareous flags and siltstones; the quarry has long been famous for its rich vertebrate fauna. The sequence has been measured, the approximate ranges of the genera noted, and lithological varieties of the flagstone facies examined. These varieties show laminae varying in thickness from 0.5 to 2.0 millimetres, comprising layers rich in detrital quartz, carbonate and organic matter. Analogies are sought in past and present sediments, especially in Eocene and modern lake deposits; the most striking of the latter exhibit annual laminations, and a similar regime is deduced for the Achanarras flagstones. The environment so pictured reinforces previous views on the Orcadian basin. The eleven feet of flagstone facies of the quarry are tentatively considered to represent about 4,000 years. The abnormally rich fauna probably reflects exceptionally good conditions of preservation.
A GRAVITY SURVEY OF THE STRANRAER SEDIMENTARY BASIN
Authors: Mansfield J. , Kennett P. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
A detailed gravity survey of the Stranraer district of south-west Scotland shows that a negative gravity anomaly of seventeen milligals is associated with the Carboniferous and New Red Sandstone basin at Stranraer. Two-dimensional computer methods of interpretation show that the basin has a depth of greater than three thousand feet and probably four thousand five hundred feet or more below O.D. The basin is asymmetrical with a steeper slope for the floor on the eastern side. It is suggested that the basin was formed by contemporaneous downwarping and sedimentation, accompanied by normal faulting along the eastern boundary.
TECTONICS OF THE COLDINGHAM BAY AREA OF BERWICKSHIRE, IN THE SOUTHERN UPLANDS OF SCOTLAND
Authors: Shiells K. A. G. , Dearman W. R. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Structures are described from two sequences of Lower Palaeozoic rocks exposed in the Coldingham Bay area. In the north of the region the Coldingham Beds consist of alternating greywackes, shales and distinctive calcareous siltstones; thin greywackes and shales of the Linkim Beds occupy the shore to the south. The minor folds in the Coldingham Beds are much more complex than those found in the Linkim Beds. In the Coldingham Beds early folds were refolded to form a series of cross-folds; these, subsequently compressed into isoclines, were in turn refolded into a series of open concentric structures. In contrast, the minor folds within the Linkim Beds consist only of the late open structures. The major structure of the area is considered to be a southward-facing recumbent anticline involving both the Coldingham Beds and the Linkim Beds. The Lower Old Red Sandstone rocks which succeed the Linkim Beds to the south are folded into two asymmetrical anticlines, the southern having broadly arched the brow of the underlying recumbent structure. It is postulated that one phase of deformation affected the Coldingham Beds before the Linkim Beds were deposited and that, if so, the Coldingham Beds may be early Ordovician or older, rather than Silurian as previously thought.
The major recumbent fold, the superimposed open folds and the refolded isoclines represent fold styles and structures which have not been recognized before in the Southern Uplands.
THE MICROBIOLOGY, MINERALOGY AND GENESIS OF A TONSTEIN
Authors: Moore L. R. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

An account of the Erda tonstein is presented with the conclusion that its formation was the result of soil-forming processes; this is based, in part, on the evidence obtained from the application of micropalaeontological techniques. Aerobic microbiological degradation of organic matter was carried out by organisms believed to show affinity with bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes, and remains of these organisms are included within a colloidal groundmass. The formation of kaolinite macro-crystals
in situ
from the colloidal medium, and the inclusion of microbiological remains within these crystals, suggest their biochemical mode of origin. The crystal formation occurred at an early stage in the diagenetic history. Comparison of the chemical composition of the Erda tonstein with soil colloids, and with the ash of the durain coal maceral, emphasizes the close association of this tonstein with the coal-forming peats; independent lines of evidence indicate a change in the vegetation. The position of the water table, in conjunction with particular biological and chemical environments is considered to be the controlling factor in the formation of this tonstein. Observations are made on the variable characteristics and chemical compositions of other rocks referred to “tonstein” and suggestions are presented as to their possible modes of formation.
AGE OF THE PRINCIPAL INTRUSIONS OF THE LAKE DISTRICT
Authors: Brown P. E. , Soper N. J. , Miller J. A. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Mean values of available radiometric age determinations on micas from the Skiddaw, Shap and Eskdale granites are 399, 393 and 383 million years respectively. The possible significance of these ages is discussed with respect to the geological setting of the intrusions. Whole rock potassium-argon age determinations on the Ennerdale Granophyre and the Carrock Fell gabbro-granophyre complex show that there has been loss of argon but are indicative of a Caledonian age.
THE BORROWDALE VOLCANIC SERIES BETWEEN BUTTERMERE AND WASDALE, CUMBERLAND
Authors: Clark L. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The lowest 3300 feet of the Borrowdale Volcanic Series are exposed adjacent to the eastern edge of the Ennerdale Granophyre between Wastwater and Buttermere. The succession comprises a lower Andesite Group of at least 3000 feet and an upper Dacite Group of more than 300 feet which in one area are contiguous with groups of andesites and rhyolites respectively, the main outcrops of which are west of the granophyre.
The area has been subjected to earth movements of pre-Bala and Devonian age. The regional dip of the volcanic rock is between east and south-east. A thrust fault of the same age as the Devonian folds now separates the Skiddaw Slates and the Borrowdale Volcanic Series. Several high-angled faults of later, but probably still Devonian, age cross the area and trend between north-west and NNE.
The Ennerdale Granophyre and associated felsite dykes have been intruded into the Borrowdale Volcanic Series. The emplacement of these intrusions, and the Eskdale Granite to the south, has been controlled by the structure of the Borrowdale Series.
A NEW RECORD OF HYSTRICHOSPHERES, FROM THE MANSFIELD MARINE BAND, WESTPHALIAN
Authors: Spode F. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

An assemblage of hystrichospheres, which includes one new species of
Micrhystridium
, is described from two borehole cores through the Mansfield (Agir) Marine Band in the Yorkshire–Derbyshire–Nottinghamshire coalfield of England, The assemblage includes species of
Baltisphaeridium, Cymatiosphaera, Micrhystridium
and
Veryhachium.
A REVIEW OF THE LAST GLACIATION IN GREAT BRITAIN
Authors: Penny L. F. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The limits of the maximum of the Würm Glaciation in Great Britain and its subsequent readvance stages are described in the light of present stratigraphical, geochronological and palynological knowledge. These are compared with the succession of Würm moraines on the continent of Europe and a correlation is discussed. It is suggested that, in view of the proved synchronism of the main events of the Würm Glaciation in Europe and North America, it is possible that the “Newer Drift Maximum” in Britain belongs to the Main Würm and not to the Early Würm as has been suggested, and that the older view that the “Newer Drift Maximum” was post-Aurignacian may be correct.
A PRELIMINARY ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AUTHIGENIC SILICA IN THE PENRITH SANDSTONE
Authors: Waugh B. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The technique for preparing sand grain surfaces for electron microscope study is described. Three stages in the development of secondary silica overgrowths are recognized: first, formation of rhombohedral projections; second, overlapping of rhombohedra to give planar faces; and third, formation of euhedral crystals. Electron micrographs of Penrith Sandstone grain surfaces lacking overgrowths show the presence of irregularly shaped abrasion blocks and conchoidal fractures comparable with those described from modern aeolian sands. The source of the secondary silica is attributed to the solution of the silica dust produced during grain fracture and surface abrasion.
REVISION OF THE STRATIGRAPHY OF THE PERMIAN EVAPORITES AND ASSOCIATED STRATA IN NORTH-WESTERN ENGLAND
Authors: Meyer H. O. A. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Four evaporite beds of Permian age occur in the Vale of Eden. A correlation between the youngest, or D bed, and the Magnesian Limestone of Hilton Beck is suggested, and the stratigraphical position for the junction of the Hilton Plant Beds and the St. Bees Shales is reconsidered. The occurrence of two distinct evaporite beds in west Cumberland is verified. It is thought that the Magnesian Limestone of west Cumberland is of Upper Magnesian Limestone age and is older than that in Hilton Beck.
VARIATION IN TWO SPECIES OF THE CARBONIFEROUS BRACHIOPOD
PLEUROPUGNOIDES
Authors: Ferguson J. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

The Carboniferous rhynchonellid
Terebratula pleurodon
Phillips is proposed as the type species of a new genus
Pleuropugnoides,
characterized by its similarity to
Pugnoides
Weller (1910) but differing in being wholly costate.
Terebratula pleurodon
is also redescribed and figured, and the variation between individuals is analysed statistically and compared with that of
Pleuropugnoides greenleightonensis
sp. nov. from the Lower Namurian rocks of Northumberland. It is suggested that some previously described Carboniferous rhynchonellids may belong to this genus.
A WESTPHALIAN TONSTEIN FROM SOUTH STAFFORDSHIRE
Authors: Spears D. A. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
This study is based on a thin band of kaolinite mudstone, a tonstein, of Westphalian age from Hilton Main Colliery in the South Staffordshire Coalfield. Normal petrographic and geochemical methods have been used to study both the rock and fractions separated from it by heavy liquids. In addition to the major elements the following trace elements have been analysed: U, Th, Ga, Pb, Ag, Sn, Zn, Sr, Ba, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Be. It is postulated that the tonstein originated as a soil which was subjected to a high degree of chemical weathering in an oxygenated environment on the land before it was eroded and deposited in water where conditions became reducing some time after deposition. Finally the nature and position of the land mass from which the soil was eroded is discussed.
THE PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA OF THE SEWERBY–HESSLE BURIED CLIFF, EAST YORKSHIRE
Authors: Boylan Patrick J. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

The Pleistocene mammal material from the deposits of the buried cliff of Holderness has been re-examined. Revised faunal lists are given, and the identification of material previously described as
Rhinoceros leptorhinus
Cuvier and
Arvicola praeceptor
Hinton is discussed. The former is now identified as
Didermocerus hemitoechus
(Falconer) and the latter as
Arvicola terrestris
(Linnaeus). The Sewerby material, from the raised beach and associated deposits, is believed to be Ipswichian in age, whilst that of Hessle, from a chalk rubble solifluxion deposit, is of Weichselian age.
NOTES ON SOME NON-MARINE LAMELLIBRANCH FAUNAS FROM CENTRAL LEEDS
Authors: Eagar R. M. C. , Turner J. Selwyn 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Non-marine lamellibranch faunas are recorded from recent excavations for the Inner Ring Road and new University buildings in Leeds, collected from three horizons in the Lower Coal Measures. A new analysis of the Black Bed Ironstones is given.
ANALYSES OF TWO COALS FROM THE GREAT SCAR LIMESTONE NEAR INGLETON, YORKSHIRE
Authors: Shelley A. E. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The analyses of two coals from the Great Scar Limestone of the Ingleton district are here compared with two typical Yorkshire coals and high rank coals of South Wales and Durham. They are shown to be high rank, non-caking coals, quite unlike the normal Yorkshire seams, but with analyses which are similar to those of high rank coals from other parts of Britain.
CARBONIFEROUS JOINTS IN THE NORTH OF ENGLAND AND THEIR RELATION TO EARLIER AND LATER STRUCTURES
Authors: Moseley F. , Ahmed S. M. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The orientation of joints in the Carboniferous rocks of extensive areas in the north of England is compared with that in Lower Palaeozoic and Permo-Triassic rocks. The Carboniferous joints have remarkably constant trends, comprising NW., NE. to ENE. and N. sets; they are usually near vertical and at right angles to the bedding. The joints also trend parallel to the faults, but differ from them in inclination; the latter are nearly all normal faults and are believed to have developed later than the joints. The steeper folds and various rock-types are associated with local variations in joint trend, but do not seriously affect the regional pattern.
Comparison with adjacent Lower Palaeozoic structures shows that the Carboniferous joint sets are parallel to Caledonian NW. and N. wrench faults and joints, and to the ENE. cleavage; they are thus thought to be inherited from these structures. The Carboniferous structures are considered to have developed in an east-west stress field, with NW. and ENE. joints as sinistral and dextral structures. The Permo-Triassic joint pattern probably originated in the Alpine earth movements, but it is similar to that of the Carboniferous (Variscan) and is considered to have been inherited from the latter, just as the latter was inherited from the Caledonian.
GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE NORTHERN PENNINE BASEMENT ROCKS
Authors: Bott M. H. P. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Gravity and magnetic surveys show the presence of the following major basement features beneath the Lower Carboniferous rocks of the northern Pennines: (1) the Devonian Weardale Granite underlies the Alston Block and has been reached by the Rookhope borehole; (2) a belt of east-south-easterly trending magnetic basement rocks underlies the southern half of the Askrigg Block at shallow depth and extends laterally beyond the block at greater depth; (3) the postulated Wensleydale Granite underlies the Askrigg Block centrally and pierces the northern flank of the magnetic basement rocks; (4) gravitationally and magnetically featureless basement rocks (possibly Lower Palaeozoic overlain by thick Carboniferous) occur between the blocks; and (5) the basement is relatively shallow beneath the Alston and Askrigg blocks but deepens rapidly with associated thickening of the Lower Carboniferous rocks across the following hinge-lines—Ninety-Fathom-Stublick fault line, Lunedale—Butter-knowle fault line, Stockdale monocline, and (from geological evidence) Craven fault belt.
Since the basement is overlain by a particularly well studied cover of Carboniferous rocks, the northern Pennines provide a unique demonstration of the influence of granites on the structural history long after consolidation. The basement features, which both include granites, have exerted close control of major and minor faulting, doming and uplift, basin formation and distribution of mineralization. This is attributed to (1) the relatively greater “strength” of the granites and magnetic basement rocks, (2) the supplementary stress systems set up by the low density granites and by the topographic irregularities, and (3) incipient jointing in the Weardale Granite providing an easy upward passage for mineralizing solutions.