bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of Candidate Serum Biomarkers for Intervertebral Disk Degeneration in an Animal Model
Authors: Sowa Gwendolyn , Westrick Ed , Rajasekhar Arun G. , Woods Barrett , Leckie Steven , Coelho Paulo , Vo Nam , Studer Rebecca , Kang James 
Published: June 2009

ObjectiveTo examine serum markers of matrix turnover in an animal model of disk degeneration.DesignRandomized prospective in vivo study.SettingLaboratory for Orthopaedic and Spine Research and Department of Large Animal Research.ParticipantsTwenty‐one New Zealand White rabbits.InterventionRabbits were randomly grouped into control (n = 8), sham surgery (n = 5), or stab surgery (n = 8). The stab surgical group underwent annulotomy of L2‐3, L3‐4, and L4‐5 to induce intervertebral disk degeneration. The sham surgical group underwent surgical exposure without annulotomy, and the control group received no intervention.Outcome MeasurementsLumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and serum samples were obtained before intervention and at 0, 3, 6, and 12 weeks thereafter. MRIs were analyzed for evidence of intervertebral disk degeneration via measurement of MRI index. The serum was assayed at 0, 3, 6, and 12 weeks for the aggrecan biosynthesis marker CS846 and the C‐telopeptide of collagen II (CTX‐II).ResultsThe stabbed disks demonstrate degeneration apparent by MRI criteria. CTX‐II increased with time in the stabbed group compared to the control and sham surgery groups regardless of baseline levels. Aggrecan showed no statistically significant difference among groups.ConclusionsCTX‐II shows promise as a useful serum biomarker for intervertebral disk degeneration.
Objective Assessment of Functional Ambulation in Adults with Hemiplegia using Ankle Foot Orthotics after Stroke
Authors: Nolan Karen J. , Savalia Krupa K. , Lequerica Anthony H. , Elovic Elie P. 
Published: June 2009

ObjectiveTo objectively evaluate the effect of ankle foot orthotics (AFOs) on functional ambulation in individuals with hemiplegia secondary to stroke using quantifiable outcome measures.DesignWith‐without repeated measures design.SettingRehabilitation research center.ParticipantsEighteen adults with stroke‐related hemiplegia 6 months using a prescribed AFO.InterventionsNot applicable.Main Outcome MeasurementsThe distance (m) and velocity (m/s) during the 6‐Minute Walk Test (6MWT) and total time (s) and velocity (m/s) during the 25‐ft walk (25ftW). Secondary analysis evaluated the 6MWT and 25ftW grouped by the time component of the Ambulatory Index (AI).ResultsDistance walked during the 6MWT was significantly greater with AFO (228.54 ± 103.93) than without AFO (197.49 ± 104.13), P = .002. Time to complete the 25ftW was significantly greater without AFO (21.22 ± 20.57) than with AFO (15.49 ± 14.65), P = .010. There was a significant difference in average velocity between the 25ftW and 6MWT during the with AFO condition, P = .010. Secondary analysis grouped by the AI time showed that as level of function decreases, brace effect on functional ambulation increases (Group 3: 25ftW with AFO, P = .040).ConclusionsAFO usage in hemiplegic stroke patients improves functional ambulation, particularly in individuals with a slower gait velocity. The 25ftW, with and without AFO, may be useful to the patient and clinician when determining the importance of brace utilization. Speed modulation was improved when the AFO was added to the paretic limb, and AI grouping indicated that the AFO was more beneficial in people with a slower gait velocity (>20 seconds for the 25ftW). A more definitive study is needed to more completely address this issue. As an exploratory study, the feasibility of different walking assessments was determined so that future studies can validate which objective measures can be used and easily implemented in clinical settings.
Introduction: Understanding integrated policy strategies and their evolution
Authors: Rayner Jeremy , Howlett Michael 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMuch attention in recent years has been focused on the idea of replacing patchworks of public policies in specific issue areas with more coordinated or ‘integrated’ policy strategies (IS). Such strategies are expected to display a match of coherent policy goals and consistent policy means which can produce policy outcomes optimally matched to specific large-scale problem contexts. Work on such strategies in areas such as Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), National Forest Policies (NFPs), European transportation and energy planning, Mediterranean desertification and others, however, has shown a remarkable resilience of pre-existing policy elements, leading to policy failures and other sub-optimal outcomes. On the basis of a review of this literature, this article argues that the development of IS typically follows one or more of the processes Thelen et al. have characterized as ‘displacement, conversion, layering, drift and exhaustion’. Studies of IS must take this evolutionary perspective into account in developing a better understanding of issues surrounding appropriate IS design.
Integrated land management in Alberta: From economic to environmental integration
Authors: Brownsey Keith , Rayner Jeremy 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Alberta illustrates the obstacles to attempted policy transformation after years of deliberate policy drift. Despite being a pioneer of land use planning in western Canada, the province eventually relaxed its planning regime and failed to update plans that were perceived as an obstacle to resource-led development during a recession. When recession was succeeded by an oil-and-gas-driven boom, planning controls continued to be locally negotiated and relatively relaxed. The effect was to encourage damaging competition between resource industry and establish a pattern of clientilist politics, in which each industry looked to its departmental champion to resolve its land use problems. Whether the new provincial land use framework can change these deeply entrenched patterns or will merely layer new policies onto the old remains to be seen.
Saskatchewan: Change without direction
Authors: Rayner Jeremy , Needham Fraser 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSaskatchewan represents the “null case.” Geographically remote, with a relatively backward provincial economy, there is a political consensus spanning all major parties around the idea that resources should be used to promote economic development. As a result, the provincial land use planning framework has not had to grapple with the complexities introduced into the other provinces by competing resource industries or a strong environmental movement. Changes are observed but, unlike the changes introduced by the endogenous processes of layering, drift or conversion, they lack direction. Lacking these fundamental drivers, even the appearance of new ideas fails to precipitate change in the direction of greater integration. The result is a disorganized mix of planning instruments that, as of yet, are not perceived as an obstacle to the overriding goal of economic development.
Thermodynamic modeling of the REE distribution between fluorite and ore-forming fluid in postmagmatic deposits in western Transbaikalia
Authors: Morgunov K.G. , Bykova V.G. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The factors determining the REE distribution in natural hydrothermal systems are studied by a numerical experiment. The behavior of REE is examined based on the composition of ore-bearing hydrothermal solutions and the parameters of ore formation processes at different fluorite deposits. These data were obtained in studies of fluid inclusions. Some regularities of the REE behavior during the formation of fluorite deposits have been revealed. It is shown that the REE distribution in fluorites is related mainly to changes in the composition of mineral-producing fluid solution.
On nonlinearity of petroleum formation
Authors: Burshtein L.M. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
A nonlocal dynamic model of petroleum formation is used to explore possible causes and consequences of the nonlinear behavior of large petroleum systems. As a result of this nonlinearity, migration and accumulation of oil starts only after hydrocarbons in a reservoir reach a threshold amount. Significant differences in the amount of in-place resources in macroscopically similar petroleum systems may be associated with minor random changes in initial conditions.
Carbon and oxygen isotopes in the Frasnian–Famennian section of the Kuznetsk basin (southern West Siberia)
Authors: Izokh O.P. , Izokh N.G. , Ponomarchuk V.A. , Semenova D.V. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The first detailed isotope-geochemical study of carbonate deposits has been performed in the Lower Famennian stratotype section of the northwestern Kuznetsk Basin (Kosoy Utyos), which was localized in the middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere in the Late Devonian. The δ13Ccarb, δ13Corg, and δ18O variation curves were constructed for the section deposits. Geochemical and petrographic studies of carbonates allowed allocation of samples that underwent postsedimentation alteration and exclude them from further interpretation. Compared with coeval sections in the other world’s regions, the Kosoy Utyos section is characterized by higher δ13Ccarb values, up to 5.4‰, whereas the maximum value in subequatorial area sections is 4‰. The isotope shift amplitude of the studied section reaches 4.6‰, which is 1.5‰ higher than those in other regions. The δ18O values are 3‰ lower than the ones of the world’s coeval sections. The results obtained show that δ13C and δ18O variation trends differ from those of coeval subequatorial sections. The high shift amplitude and maximum δ13Ccarb values in the Kosoy Utyos section are due to the shallow-water carbonate sedimentation environments on the Siberian continental shelf and, probably, the lower temperatures of waters in the middle latitudes as compared with the subequatorial areas.
Dielectric loss in ore-forming chromium spinel at temperatures from 20 to 800 °C
Authors: Bakhterev V.V. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Physical, physicochemical, and mineralogical-petrographic methods have been applied to samples of ophiolite-hosted chromite ore from different deposits and occurrences in the Urals. Temperature dependences of dielectric loss obtained for nine chromite ore samples consisting of 95–98% Cr spinel show prominent peaks indicating a relaxation origin of the loss. The analyzed samples have the loss peaks at different temperatures depending mainly on H = (FeO/Fe2O3)* : (FeO/Fe2O3)**, where (FeO/Fe2O3)* and (FeO/Fe2O3)** are, respectively, the ferrous/ferric oxide ratios in the samples before and after heating to 800 °C, and H is thus the heating-induced relative change in the FeO/Fe2O3 ratio. These peak temperatures vary from 550 °C (sample 1, high-Cr chromium spinel with more than 52% Cr2O3) to 750 °C (sample 2, aluminous and magnesian spinel with less than 30% Cr2O3), and H ranges correspondingly from 1.61 to 5.49. The temperature of the loss peaks is related with H as H = 34.30 − 11.52N + 1.20N2, with an error of σ = 0.19 (N = T · 10−2, T is temperature in °C).
Specific genesis of gold and silver sulfides at the Yunoe deposit (Magadan Region, Russia)
Authors: Pal’yanova G.A. , Savva N.E. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Hypogene uytenbogaardtite, acanthite, and native gold parageneses have been revealed at the epithermal Yunoe gold-silver deposit, Magadan Region, Russia. Thermodynamic calculations in the system Si–Al–Mg–Ca–Na–K–Fe–Pb–Zn–Cu–Ag–Au–S–C–Cl–H2O were carried out at 25–400 °C and 1–1000 bars to elucidate the role of hydrothermal solutions in the formation of gold and silver sulfides. Several most probable scenarios for ore-forming processes in the deposit are considered: (1) interaction between cold and heated meteoric waters percolating along cracks from surface to depth and reacting with the host rock—rhyolite; (2) evolution of ascending postmagmatic fluid resulting in chloride–carbonic acid solution, which interacts with rhyolite at 100–400 °C; (3) stepwise cooling of hydrothermal ore-bearing solutions; (4) rapid cooling of ore-bearing hydrotherms on their mixing with cold surface waters. Rhyolite with Pb, Zn, Cu, Cl, S, Ag, and Au clarke contents was taken as an initial host rock. Calculations by model 3 showed the possible formation of uytenbogaardtite and petrovskaite at low-temperature stages. Gold and silver sulfides can be deposited during the mixing of ore-bearing acid chloride–carbonic acid hydrothermal solutions with surface alkaline waters.
Meal patterns and cooking practices in Southern France and Central England
Authors: Pettinger Clare , Holdsworth Michelle , Gerber Mariette 
Published: June 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate whether meal patterns and cooking practices in Central England and Mediterranean France conform to popular stereotypes, eating together as a household, preparation of meals, food purchasing patterns, cooking practices and eating out were investigated.DesignCross-sectional studies conducted simultaneously in April 2001 using self-administered postal questionnaires.SettingEngland (Nottingham, East Midlands) and France (Montpellier, Languedoc-Roussillon).SubjectsA stratified random sample of 1000 males and 1000 females aged 18–65 years was generated from the electoral roll in each country. The final sample comprised 826 subjects in England (58% males, 42% females; mean age 44 years) and 766 subjects in France (42% males, 58% females; mean age 42 years). Analyses were conducted on samples standardised for sociodemographic differences.ResultsThe French cooked from raw ingredients most often (P < 0.001), ate together as a household more regularly (P < 0.001) and were most likely to follow a regular meal pattern of three meals a day. On the other hand, the English relied more on ready-prepared (P < 0.001) and take-away (P < 0.001) meals, as well as on energy-dense snack foods such as crisps (P < 0.001). Females in both countries reported having most responsibility for preparing meals.ConclusionsSome of the study's findings confirm popular stereotypes of French and English food cultures, as the importance of the convivial aspects of eating, as well as more traditional practices such as cooking meals from basic ingredients, structured mealtimes and less between-meal snacking, remain more prominent within the French population. This may contribute to the differences in prevalence of obesity seen between the two countries.
Tracking of energy and nutrient intakes from adolescence to young adulthood: the experiences of the Young Hearts Project, Northern Ireland
Authors: Gallagher AM , Robson PJ , Livingstone MBE , Cran GW , Strain JJ , Murray L J , Savage JM , Boreham CAG 
Published: June 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo assess tracking of energy and nutrient intakes between adolescence and young adulthood.DesignLongitudinal study of a random sample of adolescents (aged 15 years at baseline). The extent of tracking of dietary intakes (assessed by diet history) was investigated using weighted kappa statistics (κ).SettingNorthern Ireland population survey.SubjectsAdolescents who participated in the Young Hearts Project, Northern Ireland at age 15 years, and subsequently at young adulthood aged between 20 and 25 years (n = 245 males,n = 231 females).ResultsDespite overall increases in height and weight (bothP < 0.001), increases in body mass index in males (P < 0.001) and body fatness in females (P < 0.001), median reported intakes of energy (kJ kg− 1 day− 1), carbohydrate (g day− 1) and fat (g day− 1) decreased (allP < 0.001) over time. Expressed as nutrient densities (per MJ), diets at young adulthood were overall richer in thiamin, vitamin B6, total folate (allP < 0.001), vitamin C (P < 0.01) and vitamin D (P < 0.05). Whereas the nutrient density of the males' diets decreased over time for calcium (P < 0.05) and vitamin A (P < 0.001), iron and riboflavin densities increased in the females' diet (P < 0.001). Tracking of energy (MJ day− 1) and nutrient intakes (expressed per MJ day− 1) at the individual level was only poor to fair (all κ < 0.25), indicating substantial drift of subjects between the low, medium and high classes of intake with increasing age.ConclusionsThese data suggest that individual dietary patterns exhibited at 15 years of age are unlikely to be predictive of dietary intakes at young adulthood.
Low-frequency electrostatic wave in a metallic electron-hole-ion plasma with nanoparticles
Authors: SHUKLA P. K. , MORFILL G. E. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe investigate the dispersion property of a low-frequency electrostatic wave in a dense metallic electron-hole-ion plasma with nanoparticles. The latter are charged due to the field emission, and hence the metallic nanoparticles/nanotubes can be regarded as charged dust rods surrounded by degenerate electrons and holes, and non-degenerate ions. By using a quantum hydrodynamic model for the electrons and holes, we obtain the electron and hole number density perturbations, while the ion and dust rod number density perturbations follow the classical expressions. A dispersion relation for the low-frequency electrostatic wave in our multi-species dense metallic plasma is derived and analyzed. The possibility of exciting non-thermal electrostatic waves is also discussed.
Carers and Services: Factors Mediating Service Provision
Authors: Twigg Julia , Atkin Karl 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe article explores factors mediating the relationship between carers and service provision, exploring the judgements and expectations that lie behind the complex and sometimes seemingly inconsistent pattern of provision for carers. The article which is based on an empirical study teases out a series of factors that structure responses in this area covering: the attitude adopted by the carer to his or her caring role; the views of the cared-for person and other kin; the impact of different relationships, of what we term ‘moral status’, and of the existence or otherwise of a separate future for the cared-for person, as well as more social structural factors such as gender, age, class and race. The significance of these is explored through their impact on the assumptions of both service providers and carers.
Gender, Cash and Informal Care: European Perspectives and Dilemmas
Authors: Ungerson Clare 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTRecent feminist literature on care has suggested that, conceptually, it is better to dissolve the boundaries between ‘formal’ and ‘informal’ care when analysing care. This article suggests that there are policy developments taking place, both in Britain and in some of the countries of Europe, which are dissolving the boundaries between formal and informal care, particularly as far as payment for care is concerned. It is argued that, in this case, far from benefit systems being a form of ‘decommodification’ they are actually a form of ‘commodification’ of the caring relationship. The article then explores these empirical developments, considers their gendered nature and genderedimpact, and their possible consequences for the relationship between care-giver and care-recipient.
Quiet Care: Welfare Work and Religious Congregations
Authors: Harris Margaret 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe potential of non-governmental agencies as providers of welfare services is increasingly recognised but little attention has been given to the welfare-providing role of religious congregations. This article draws on four case studies to describe and analyse the range of congregational welfare activities. Six types of welfare work are distinguished: welfare projects, indirect welfare work, informal care, informal care in an organised framework, mutual aid and social integration. Distinctive features of congregational welfare work are identified. The article concludes by discussing the implications of the findings and considering whether there is scope for expanding the contribution of congregations to the mixed economy of welfare.
The Community Care Changes: Unresolved Tensions in Policy and Issues in Implementation
Authors: Lewis Jane , Bernstock Penny , Bovell Virginia 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTMany of the difficulties of implementing the new community care policy arise from the fact that local authorities are being asked to make substantial changes on a large number of fronts. However, studies to date have tended to concentrate on only single areas of change. This article aims to provide a wide-ranging discussion of the new policy and its implementation, drawing on empirical research for illustration.The article suggests first that it is important to situate the difficulties local authorities are experiencing in implementing the changes in the context of the unresolved tensions contained within the objectives of the reforms. The problems these issues raise for implementation are then examined in relation to two main areas: care management and assessment, and enabling, drawing on a two-year monitoring project (from mid-1992 to mid-1994) in one shire county, one inner London borough and three outer London boroughs. The article concludes by speculating on what the changes will mean for the future of social service provision.
The Strategy of Equality Revisited
Authors: Powell Martin 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTIn 1982 Julian Le Grand in his text,The Strategy of Equalitydelivered the message that ‘almost all public expenditure on the social services in Britain benefits the better off to a greater extent than the poor’. This has been developed into the conventional wisdom, that the welfare state has failed to achieve equality. However, this pessimistic verdict may be challenged on a number of grounds. First, it is debatable to what extent the welfare state was intended to achieve the types of equality defined by Le Grand. Second, it is possible to arrive at a less pessimistic conclusion both by re-examining Le Grand's original evidence and by examining subsequent evidence on the extent of equality achieved by the welfare state. This article examines the pessimistic thesis on both conceptual and empirical grounds, with a specific focus on the National Health Service. It is concluded that reports of the failure of the welfare state may be premature.
Water Poverty and Social Policy: A review of issues for research
Authors: Huby Meg 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTAbundant evidence exists to suggest that increasing numbers of people in England and Wales are facing difficulties in paying for water services. The reasons for these difficulties and their consequences are not easy to disentangle yet it is essential to understand them if policies for their alleviation are to be developed in the context of increasing costs of water service provision. This article suggests how social policy research can address the main issues at three levels: first by looking at economic, environmental and political considerations underlying increasing costs, the need for water conservation and changes in charging systems; second, by understanding how ability to pay depends not only on the resulting size of water bills, but also on income levels and access to organisational arrangements to help with payments; and third, by examining the impacts of inability to pay – debt and disconnection – on living standards, health and well-being.
Are New Right Policies Sustainable? ‘Back to Basics’ and Public Choice
Authors: Jordan Bill 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe British government's social policy reforms of the late 1980s have been quickly followed by political embarrassment over a series of social issues (crime, single parenthood, benefit fraud, truancy, drugs). Its response, ‘back to basics’, is a rather clumsy attempt to provide a readymix morality as the cement of society and increased reliance on enforcement. This article uses one of the new right's most effective weapons – public choice theory – to analyse the outcomes of strategic interactions within these new institutional structures, showing that they are collectively sub-optimal. New policies, announced in 1993, merely worsen the situation by driving up costs. Furthermore, the rising prices of the ‘positional goods’ enjoyed by better-off households suggest that the majority coalition in favour of the new systems may not be sustainable.