bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Authors: Orazi Attilio , Czader Magdalena B. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Session 4 of the 2007 Workshop of the Society for Hematopathology/European Association for Haematopathology was devoted to myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs). Submitted cases highlighted important issues and difficulties in relation to the diagnosis and classification of MDS. Much of the discussion focused on the correlation, or lack of it, between morphologic examination and other diagnostic techniques, cytogenetics in particular. The cases included examples of isolated del(5q) chromosomal abnormality, including the “classical” 5q– syndrome and other myeloid neoplasms. Other cytogenetic abnormalities in MDSs and the role of cytogenetics in diagnosing MDSs were addressed. Particularly challenging is the correct identification of fibrotic subtypes of MDSs and their separation from subsets of acute myeloid leukemia with myelofibrosis such as acute panmyelosis with myelofibrosis. The association and eventual relation of MDSs (hypoplastic in particular) with aplastic anemia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, and other nonneoplastic disorders were illustrated.
Novel cytogenetic and molecular genetic approaches are likely to revolutionize the classification of MDSs. However, it is unlikely that these new techniques will be capable, on their own, of adequately stratifying patients for treatment purposes. At least for the foreseeable future, the diagnosis of MDS requires integration of morphologic, immunophenotypic, and genetic features in the light of patient history and clinical manifestations.
Pharmacologic Options to Prevent Postoperative Ileus
Authors: Yeh Yu-Chen , Klinger Elissa V , Reddy Prabashni 
Published: July 2009

Objective: To summarize the evidence on pharmacologic options in preventing postoperative ileus (POI). Data Sources: The Cochrane Database of Reviews and OVID databases and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Web site were searched (1950–April 2009) using the term postoperative ileus. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials were included for review. The FDA Web site was searched for clinical reviews and label information for drugs indicated for the prevention of POI. Data Synthesis: Three meta-analyses, 2 on gum-chewing and 1 on alvimopan, and 18 clinical trials were identified. Only gum chewing and alvimopan were effective in preventing POI. Gum chewing reduced the time to first flatus and bowel movement (weighted mean difference 21h, p = 0.0006 and 33h; p = 0.0002, respectively). In one meta-analysis, gum chewing significantly reduced length of stay (LOS) by 2.4 days (p < 0.00001) but this was not replicated in the second meta-analysis. Alvimopan shortened the time to reach a composite endpoint of solid food intake, plus/minus flatus, and bowel movement (93 vs 105 h; p < 0.001). A higher incidence of myocardial infarction was observed in a 12-month study of alvimopan for the treatment of opioid-induced bowel dysfunction, but not in studies in patients undergoing bowel resection. Alvimopan decreased the time to written hospital discharge order (hazard ratio 1.35; p<0.01), while the significance of a reduction in LOS (0.2–1.3 days) was not reported. Conclusions: Gum chewing and alvimopan are effective in preventing POI, but given safety concerns and higher cost with alvimopan, gum chewing may be preferred.
Elaborating the List of Nanotech-related Ethical Issues
Authors: Kato Yutaka 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to elaborate and expand a list of ethical issues of (mainly medical) applications of nanotechnologies, focusing on the current situation in Japan. Nano-ethics needs to be designed to comprehensively cover ethical issues (irrespective of their uniqueness) arising in the field of nanotechnologies and provide a platform to facilitate cooperation and mutual access among researchers of related ethical issues. One of the prima-facie goals of nano-ethics is to enumerate and elaborate the ethical implications of nanotechnologies so that they can be discussed and addressed effectively as global issues. The definition of nanotechnologies should be inclusive in elaborating the list of nano-ethics. Recognizing the plurality of nanotechnological applications and the resulting composite/multiple nature of nano-ethics, the partiality in inquiry into the ethical issues of nanotechnologies in present-day Japan indicates the necessity for nano-ethics to function as a platform of ethics researches on related technologies.
Development of the terrestrial biotic ligand model for predicting nickel toxicity to barley (Hordeum Vulgare): Ion effects at low pH
Authors: Antunes Paula M.C. , Kreager Nancy J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The focus of the present study was to investigate the potential for Al3+,Mg2+, and H+ to influence Ni2+ toxicity for barley seedlings grown in acidic aqueous solutions and to assess the capacity of a two-site terrestrial biotic ligand model (tBLM) to accurately predict 50% effect activities (EA50s). To accomplish these objectives, 48-h EA50Ni2+ values were obtained for three sets of exposures in which the pH and activity of Al3+ and Mg2+ were varied. Exposures contained both Al alone and in combination with Mg so that compound ion effects could be investigated. A tBLM was then constructed to predict EA50Ni2+ values from the exposure solution chemistry. The results show a slight protective effect of H+ against Ni2+ toxicity and a strong protective effect of Mg2+, as indicated by a 4.6-and 8.0-fold increase in the measured EA50Ni2+ values corresponding to changes in pH from 6.0 to 4.5 and {Mg2+} from 0 to 1.40 mM, respectively. Increasing solution {Al3+} from 0 to 0.5 μM had no effect on Ni2+ toxicity, although Al itself negatively affected root elongation. Comparison of EA50 values calculated as both Ni2+ and measured concentration of total Ni in the root ([Root-Ni]T) showed [Root-Ni]T to be a more normalized measure of Ni bioavailability. The strong correlation between root growth inhibition and tBLM-predicted root-Ni accumulation suggests that toxicity was influenced by Ni2+ binding to low-affinity ligands within the cell wall, in addition to Ni2+ uptake through Mg2+ transporters. Predicted EA50Ni2+ values generated with the model were all within a factor of ± 1.5 from measured values-a result that emphasizes the advantage of using the tBLM for risk assessment.
Tellurite Resistance and Reduction by a Paenibacillus Sp. Isolated from Heavy Metal-Contaminated Sediment
Authors: Chien Chih-Ching , Han Chu-Ting 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A gram-positive bacterium (designated as strain TeW) that is highly resistant to tellurite was isolated from sediment. The bacterium can grow in the presence of up to 2,000 μmol/L of potassium tellurite (K2TeO3). Reduction of K2TeO3 to tellurium was indicated by the blackening of the growth medium. No lag in growth was observed when cells unexposed to tellurite were transferred to the growth medium containing K2TeO3, indicating that resistance to tellurite was not inducible. Up to 50 and 90% of the metalloid oxyanion tellurite (Te⅔−) was removed from the medium by strain TeW during growth in nonstatic (shaking) and static (without shaking) conditions, respectively. The bacterium was identified as a Paenibacillus sp. according to its morphology, physiology, and 16S rDNA sequence homology.
Multigenerational exposure of the estuarine sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) to 17β-estradiol. I. Organism-level effects over three generations
Authors: Cripe Geraldine M. , Hemmer Becky L. , Goodman Larry R. , Fournie John W. , Raimondo Sandy , Vennari Joann C. , Danner Rodney L. , Smith Kent , Manfredonia Blaze R. , Kulaw Dannielle H. , Hemmer Michael J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA 280-d study examined the effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) on reproduction and development of the sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) exposed from the parental (F0) through three subsequent (F1, F2, and F3) generations and evaluated the need for multigenerational assessments of the risks of endocrine-disrupting chemicals. This first three-generation study exposed adult F0 and F1 fish to measured concentrations of 0.01, 0.04, 0.08, 0.2, and 0.3 μg E2/L; the F2 and F3 generations were exposed to 0.2 μg E2/L or less. The cumulative 21-d production of normal embryos was significantly reduced in the F0 generation at 0.3 μg E2/L and in the F1 and F2 generations at 0.08 μg E2/L or more. The daily reproductive rate was significantly reduced in all three generations at 0.08 μg E2/L or more during spawning days 8 to 14 and 15 to 21. The proportion of infertile eggs from F1 fish was significantly increased above that of the solvent controls at 0.04 and 0.2 μg E2/L and from F2 fish at 0.04 μg E2/L or more. Changes in liver, kidney, and gonadal tissues were seen in the F0 and F1 generations exposed to 0.2 μg E2/L or more. The female gonadosomatic index was significantly decreased at 0.3 μg E2/L in the F0 and F1 generations. Estradiol affected the hepatosomatic index only in female F1 fish, but not in a dose-dependent manner. All F1 fish in 0.3 μg E2/L appeared to be phenotypically female. Our results indicate that life-cycle exposure to E2 significantly decreased embryo production by F1 and F2 fish at concentrations lower than those affecting the F0 generation, and they emphasize the importance of evaluating the impact of an estrogenic chemical on reproduction through a minimum of two (F0 and F1) generations.
Ebullition-Facilitated Transport of Manufactured Gas Plant Tar from Contaminated Sediment
Authors: McLinn Eugene L. , Stolzenburg Thomas R. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Manufactured gas plant (MGP) tar and wastewater solids historically were discharged into the Penobscot River, Maine, USA, via a sewer at the Bangor Landing site. The tar and wastewater solids accumulated in riverbed sediment over a 5-hectare area downstream from the sewer outfall. Much of the tarry sediment is a hardened mass at the bottom of the river, but in part of the tar deposit (the active zone), the tar remains unhardened. In the active zone, anaerobic biodegradation of organic matter generates methane and carbon dioxide; as gas accumulates and migrates upward, it entrains tar, eventually dragging the tar from the sediment to surface water. Understanding the migration mechanisms in different portions of the tar deposit is critical for modeling the risk posed by the tar at the Bangor Landing site, because during gas-facilitated tar migration, the tar is brought to the water surface, instead of remaining in the sediment. Tar migration from sediment poses a potential human health risk because of the high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the tar. Migration from sediment to the water surface greatly increases the potential exposure of human and ecological receptors to tar that reaches the water surface. In order for tar to migrate from sediment to surface water, three conditions are necessary: the sediment must contain liquid tar, the sediment must produce gas bubbles, and the gas must come into contact with the tarry sediment. Failure to consider facilitated transport of MGP tar from sediment can cause underestimation of site risk and can lead to failure of remedial measures.
High arctic ponds receiving biotransported nutrients from a nearby seabird colony are also subject to potentially toxic loadings of arsenic, cadmium, and zinc
Authors: Brimble Samantha K. , Foster Karen L. , Mallory Mark L. , Macdonald Robie W. , Smol John P. , Blais Jules M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The role of northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) was investigated for the transport of nutrients and trace elements to a series of 10 ponds located along a gradient of seabird influence below a fulmar colony in the high Arctic (Cape Vera, Devon Island, Canada). Phosphorus, Cd, K, Zn, and As were identified as seabird-derived elements, having both a high concentration in fulmar guano and a low concentration in background pond sediments (i.e., a high biogenic enrichment factor). Fluxes of these elements were highest in the pond closest to the colony and declined exponentially with distance. Sediments in several of the ponds exceeded Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life set for As (5.9 mg/kg) and Cd (0.6 mg/kg), and in the pond closest to the colony, which receives the most seabird subsidies, sediments contained 343 mg/kg Zn, exceeding the threshold for probable adverse biological effects. Although nutrient subsidies from fulmars create an Arctic oasis at Cape Vera, which supports a variety of flora and fauna, the same biological transport pathway puts at risk some of these species by creating sedimentary As, Cd, and Zn concentrations at this remote site similar to those usually observed only near industrialized locations.
Applied Ultrasonic Technology in Wellbore-Leak Detection and Case Histories in Alaska North Slope Wells
Authors: Johns J. E. , Blount C. G. , Dethlefs J. C. , Loveland M. J. , McConnell M. L. , Schwartz G. L. , Julian J. Y. 
Published: July 2009

Summary
When operators are faced with well-integrity problems, a variety of methods may be used to detect the source of annular communication. Methods for detecting downhole leak points include spinners, temperature logs, downhole cameras, thermal-decay logs, and noise logs. However, many of these methods are ineffective when dealing with very small leaks and can result in collected data that require a significant amount of logging finesse to interpret.
Ultrasonic listening devices have been used for a number of years to detect leak sources effectively in surface production equipment. Ultrasonic energy has some properties that, when compared to audible-frequency energy, make it ideal for accurate leak detection (Beranek 1972; Povey 1997; Evans and Bass 1972). Like audible-frequency energy, ultrasonic energy can pass through steel. However, ultrasonic energy propagates relatively short distances through fluids when compared to equal-energy audible-frequency sound. Thus, when an ultrasonic signal of this nature is detected, the detection tool will be in close proximity to the energy source.
On this premise, an ultrasonic leak-detection tool was developed for downhole applications to take advantage of the unique properties of ultrasonic-energy propagation through various media. Data-acquisition equipment and filtering algorithms were developed to allow continuous logging conveyed on standard electric line at common logging speeds. Continuous logging has proved to be significantly more efficient in locating anomalies than static logging techniques commonly used in noise-logging operations.
During development, the tool was shown to be effective in locating leaks as small as 0.026 gal/min with an accuracy of 3 ft in production tubing, casing, and other pressure-containing completion equipment. Leaks also have been detected through multiple strings of tubing and casing. The tool has proved to be effective in locating leaks that other diagnostic methods were unable to locate.
Drilling and Completing High-Angle Wells in High-Density, Cesium Formate Brine—The Kvitebjørn Experience, 2004-2006
Authors: Berg Per Cato , Pedersen Erik Sandtorv , Lauritsen Åshild , Behjat Nader , Hagerup-Jenssen Siri , Howard Siv , Olsvik Gunnar , Downs John D. , Turner Jim , Harris Mike 
Published: July 2009

SummaryDrilling and completion fluids based on cesium formate brines were selected by Statoil for use in the development of the high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) Kvitebjørn field. CsFo brine was selected primarily to minimize well-control problems and maximize well productivity. These important benefits had been recognized by Statoil in previous HP/HT drilling and completion operations over the past 5 years. The use of the same fluid system for both drilling and completion gives the additional benefits of simplified operations, reduced waste, and elimination of fluid-incompatibility problems.The challenge on the Kvitebjørn field was to drill long, deviated well paths through significant sequences of shales into reservoirs with pressures as great as 81 MPa (11,700 psi) and temperatures up to 155°C (311°F). So far, the CsFo brine has enabled the successful drilling and completion of seven high-angle, HP/HT production wells on Kvitebjørn, two completed with a cemented/perforated liner and five with sand screens.Additionally, an extended-reach exploration well was drilled from the Kvitebjørn platform to the Valemon structure. The 705-m (2,313-ft) -long reservoir section of this 7380-m (24,213-ft) -long well with an inclination of 69° was drilled successfully with the same CsFo fluid system.In all these wells, the CsFo-brine system once again demonstrated clear performance benefits such as very low equivalent circulating densities (ECDs), moderate-to-high rates of penetration (ROPs), good hole cleaning, and excellent wellbore stability while logging. Quick, trouble-free, safe, and robust completion operations were also accomplished, and the wells that have been put on production show high production rates with low skin.Full openhole formation evaluation of the Kvitebjørn reservoir has been carried out successfully with logging-while-drilling (LWD) tools. The evaluation has been aided by the development of a novel logging-interpretation solution for a LWD density tool, in which the extremely high photoelectric effect of cesium-rich filtrate plays a vital role.CsFo brine has helped Statoil to achieve a record of zero well-control incidents in all 15 HP/HT-drilling operations and 20 HP/ HT-completion operations in the Kvitebjørn, Kristin, and Huldra fields over a period of 5 years.
A Breakthrough Technology for Maximizing Water Injectivity and Asset Integrity
Authors: Horsup David I. 
Published: July 2009

Summary
The importance of maintaining oil production has never been more critical than it is today. For many fields using water injection to maintain reservoir pressure, the injection rate can decline over time because of the blocking of pore throats in the near wellbore region. Remediation can be expensive, incur lost production, and expose operations personnel to hazardous chemicals. Additionally, the material that blocks the pore throats also deposits within the injection infrastructure, resulting in significant asset-integrity challenges. This paper describes a new technology that has been developed that can increase significantly water injectivity, potentially prevent well interventions, maximize production, and preserve the integrity of the injection infrastructure.
Through extensive research, a new, patented, multifunctional product has been developed that, when injected into the water injection system, cleans away deposits, prevents new deposits from forming, and provides corrosion inhibition to the injection infrastructure. This paper discusses the research that was performed to develop this new technology and the results of several field applications.
Horizontal Wells in Tight Gas Sands— A Method for Risk Management To Maximize Success
Authors: Baihly Jason , Grant Dee , Fan Li , Bodwadkar Suhas 
Published: July 2009

Summary
In general, successful applications of horizontal wells have been limited to high-permeability reservoirs and unconventional formations such as coal, chalk, and shale. Conversely, few tight-gas-sandstone reservoirs that require stimulation have realized sustained success with horizontal completions. One example of such success is the Cleveland Sand of north Texas and the Oklahoma Panhandle. Very recently, some success with horizontals has been observed in the Bossier and Cotton Valley Sands of East Texas and north Louisiana. Horizontal wells are commonly two to four times more expensive to drill and complete than offset vertical wells, yet they are theoretically capable of up to three to five times the production. Higher gas prices have lead to potentially better economics for horizontal wells (Mulder et al. 1992). However, research shows that in practice, many of these wells typically produce only 10 to 30% more than offset vertical wells. With costs more than double those of vertical wells, the economics is obviously unfavorable.
This paper discusses ways to identify and manage risks when planning, drilling, and completing horizontal wells in tight-sandstone formations to improve success.
Evidence has shown that shortcuts and blanket approaches do not work usually in these completion environments. A multitude of lithological and depletion possibilities exist as risks that need to be identified and managed through appropriate application of integrated drilling and completion technologies. Each risk may require different drilling and completion considerations in order to succeed. There is simply no recipe for repeat success.
A detailed method is presented to identify, understand, and manage risk associated with horizontal wells drilled in tight-gas-sandstone reservoirs. The method will address all of the complex subjects that need to be considered for the successful placement and completion of a horizontal well, including reservoir description (both static and dynamic), well design, drilling, stimulation, and production. It will also illustrate consequences of what may happen if these issues are not considered properly. Through this method, horizontal-well feasibility and economic results can be determined. If a horizontal well has been determined to be viable economically, this method can consistently provide a solution as to what the best completion type (vertical or horizontal) is to recover reserves and enhance recovery efficiency in tight-gas-sandstone reservoirs.