bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of an Evidence‐Based Practice Initiative: Outcomes, Strengths and Limitations of a Retrospective, Conceptually‐Based Approach
Authors: Stetler Cheryl B. , Caramanica Laura 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT Background and Purpose: Making evidence‐based practice (EBP) a sustained reality is a difficult endeavor. This relates, among other factors, to lack of sufficient research upon which to base implementation efforts. Alternative sources of evidence therefore need to be considered, particularly where organizational level EBP is the goal. In this article a brief evaluation of a service‐based initiative with the aim of obtaining insights regarding multiple types and levels of EBP‐related outcomes is described. Methods: A structured, retrospective improvement evaluation was conducted. Semi‐structured interviews and available documents were chosen to obtain information regarding outcomes, perceived spread of reported individual changes, and factors related to the degree of progress. Underlying the method is an evaluation model that shows a progressive set of EBP outcomes at both individual and group levels. Findings: Evaluative results, although limited by several factors, provided credible and sufficient internal evidence for this organization's leadership team to build upon past efforts and refine their approach to integrating research utilization (RU) throughout the department of nursing. For example, the evaluation indicated a set of RU outcomes at the individual nurse level not previously considered and also indicated limitations and challenges to full achievement of initial project‐related goals. Discussion and Implications: The evaluation provided suggestive internal evidence regarding potential benefits of one component of a long‐term, valued EBP initiative. However, the evaluation also raised questions regarding structural aspects of this initiative; identified barriers to progress; provided information for dialogue and planning; and highlighted future needs for a proactive, systematic evaluation and a documented trail of data related to all EBP program goals. For those in settings with similar characteristics and aims that have not built in such a prospective evaluation for EBP initiatives, this evaluative project can be assessed for its applicability.
THE EFFECTS OF β‐METHYLGLUCOSE, 3‐0‐METHYLGLUCOSE and THIOGLUCOSE ON AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION BY ASPERGILLUS PARASTICUS
Authors: BUCHANAN ROBERT L. , WISEMAN DANA W. , OCKER LORI A. , STAHL HEIDI G. , KUNSCH CHARLES A. , PURCELL CLEMENT J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTEarlier work characterizing the effects of glucose analogs on growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus was expanded by assessing the effects of β‐methylglucose (βMG), 3‐0‐methylglucose (3MG) and thioglucose (TG). As sole carbon source of conidia‐initiated cultures, βMG and 3MG, but not TG, supported growth, but none supported toxin production. In glucose‐containing replacement cultures, MG appeared to stimulate toxin production, while TG was inhibitory and 3MG had no effect. Preliminary assessment of the effects of βMG, 3MG, TG, 2‐deoxyglucose and α‐methylglucose on glucose uptake and utilization by glucose‐containing replacement cultures indicated that under conditions that favor aflatoxin production, none of the analogs inhibited the uptake of 14C‐labelled glucose. It appears that the glucose transport system(s) of A. parasiticus may be unusual in that it is insensitive to a variety of glucose analogs.
PREDICTION OF GROWTH OF BACILLUS PUMILUS AS AFFECTED BY SPORE LOAD AND CHLORHEXIDINE ACETATE CONCENTRATION
Authors: SALIH FADHIL M. , AL‐DEEN IHSAN H. S. , HINDI LAMYA H. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe influence of the microbial contamination load (xl) and preservative concentration (x2), as predictor variables, on the percentage of vials with growth of B. pumilus spores (y) was studied. The effect of a wide range of spore loads (1‐500,000 spores of B. pumilus per sample) and preservative (chlorhexidine acetate) concentrations (0.03–40 μg/ml) on the percentage of contaminated samples was determined. Each contamination load was studied by adding the specified number of spores to vials containing various concentrations of chlorhexidine dissolved in 2 ml of nutrient broth. Every level of spore and chlorhexidine concentration was represented by 50 or 100 vials. Curves representing the number of contaminated vials against the concentration of chlorhexidine were sigmoidal in shape and the data showed an indirect relationship. Data were analyzed by the regression analysis which revealed a significant correlation (R=0.83) with the regression equation:
HEAT SENSITIZATION OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS SPORES BY SELECTED SPICES
Authors: BLANK GREG , AKOMAS GEORGE , HENDERSON MICHAEL , ZAWISTOWSKI JERZY 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTCommercially sterile garlic, sage, black pepper, cinnamon and clove were investigated as heat sensitizing agents towards Bacillus subtilis spores. Heat treatment at 80°C for 10 min of all spice‐spore mixtures (0.9 g spice/0.1 g spores) in distilled water (9 mL) reduced initial counts (106/mL) by approximately 0.5–1.0 logarithms, with the exception of garlic which showed no effect. The clove‐spore mixture exhibited the greatest reduction in survivor counts. Dry spice‐spore mixtures conditioned for 24‐96 h in relative humidities (RH) from 64 to 98% and at temperatures from 25 to 35°C, prior to heat treatment, exhibited additional reduction in survivors. The clove‐spore mixture exhibited the greatest decrease in heat‐treated survivors (approximately 4 logarithms) after conditioning at 96% RH and 35°C for 96 h. Relative humidity conditioning of cinnamon‐spore mixtures, regardless of treatment regime, did not reduce the number of heat‐treated survivors. Increasing the temperature and/or RH of conditioning for the remaining spice‐spore mixtures generally increased heat sensitization. Aw‐equilibrated spice‐spore mixtures which were not heat‐treated (controls) showed no reductions in viability. Moisture sorption by the spices during conditioning only partially influenced their heat sensitizing effects.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF LEMON (CITRUS LEMON L.), MANDARIN (CITRUS RETICULATA L.), GRAPEFRUIT (CITRUS PARADISI L.) AND ORANGE (CITRUS SINENSIS L.) ESSENTIAL OILS
Authors: VIUDA‐MARTOS M. , RUIZ‐NAVAJAS Y. , FERNÁNDEZ‐LÓPEZ J. , PEREZ‐ÁLVAREZ J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT Many complex processes are involved in food deterioration, and despite modern techniques of preservation, excessive amounts of foods are still lost, mainly through the action of microorganisms. The growing preference for natural foods has led to a tendency to diminish the use of chemical additives and for the food industry to search for alternative antimicrobial agents within natural systems. The aim of this work was to determine the effectiveness of the essential oils (EOs) of lemon (Citrus lemon L.), mandarin (C. reticulata L.), grapefruit (C. paradisi L.) and orange (C. sinensis L.) to inhibit the growth of some bacteria commonly used in the food industry, (Lactobacillus curvatus, L. sakei, Staphylococcus carnosus and S. xylosus) or related to food spoilage (Enterobacter gergoviae and E. amnigenus). The agar disc diffusion method was used to determine the antibacterial activities of the oils. All EO studied had some inhibitory effect on the six bacteria tested. Lemon EO showed the highest inhibition effect upon S. carnosus, E. gergoviae and E. amnigenus while grapefruit EO showed the highest inhibition effect upon S. xylosus, L. curvatus and L. sakei. Orange and mandarin EOs had the lowest inhibition effect upon the six bacteria tested.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe use of essential oils (EOs) from lemon (Citrus lemon L.), mandarin (C. reticulata L.), grapefruit (C. paradisi L.) and orange (C. sinensis L.) as antibacterial agents will be suitable for applications on the food industry. They can be used as growth inhibitors upon some bacteria commonly used in the food industry (Lactobacillus curvatus, L. sakei, Staphylococcus carnosus and S. xylosus) or related to food spoilage (Enterobacter gergoviae and E. amnigenus). Citrus EOs could be used as natural antimicrobials and represent a useful alternative for the food industry to reduce the quantity of synthetic additives used in their attempt to satisfy the demands of consumers, as long as the same consumers accept their effect on the organoleptic properties of the foods in question.
APPLICATION OF CANDIDA VALIDA AS A PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT
Authors: KUFORIJI O.O. , ABOABA O.O. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT An investigation was carried out on the carbon and nitrogen sources needed for the growth of a yeast, Candida valida (syn. Candida mycoderma), isolated from Ogi, a fermented edible corn product given to babies at weaning. The suitability of this organism as a protein supplement in foods was also determined. The yeast was grown in different carbon sources: glucose, fructose, lactose, maltose, starch, dextrin, mannitol and ethanol, and in different nitrogen sources like urea, amino acids, ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate and ammonium sulfate, as part of the synthetic basal medium for 7 days and the growth measured using the dry weight method. A significantly high increase in yield was observed when 1% fructose was used and maximum yield was obtained with 3.5 and 0.2% (w/v) of fructose and urea as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. Growing the fungus in 0.3% cane molasses, a natural substrate gave a significantly higher increase in yield than in a synthetic medium. As a food supplement, other nutrient contents of this organism such as ash, crude fiber, lipids and carbohydrates were also analyzed in addition to the protein, free amino acids and energy values.PRACTICAL APPLICATION
Candida tropicalis
is already in use for protein enrichment of major food materials like corn and cassava which have very low protein content (about 1–3%). In addition, the yeast is known to have high lysine and tryptophan levels, thus, further increasing the nutritional values of these African staple food. The organism Candida valida can be incorporated when producing snacks, giving a balanced diet for human consumption. Thus, C. valida also has high potential when used in these forms as it is indigenous to the already established edible food products “ogi” which has wide acceptance in the African continent.
CONSUMER EVALUATION OF MILK AUTHENTICITY EXPLAINED BOTH BY CONSUMER BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS AND BY PRODUCT SENSORY DESCRIPTORS
Authors: FRANDSEN L.W. , DIJKSTERHUIS G.B. , MARTENS H. , MARTENS M. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT Consumer authenticity tests were used to elicit consumer response to the influence of fodder and storage time on the flavor of cow milk. A panel of professional tasters was used to provide a descriptive profile of the sensory characteristics of the milk. Consumer background characteristics were collected through a questionnaire concerning demographic and consumption pattern variables as well as assessments using two attitude scales: a modified food neophobia questions and a set of milk xenophobia questions. A multivariate data analytical method (L‐shaped partial least squares regression) was used to model the variation in the authenticity evaluation simultaneously from two different sources: the storage/feed effects as described by the sensory panel and the consumer background variables. Results showed that milk samples with storage/feed characteristics were evaluated as “foreign” (not Danish) by some segments of the consumers. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSVery small differences in a food product, here milk, sometimes cannot be discerned by standard sensory methods. The test in this article – authenticity test – is able to assess such differences. In this article, it is studied whether there are influences of the consumer on the results of the authenticity test, to see if this test is broadly applicable.With respect to milk, a number of effects appear that have an effect on the acceptance of milk as a result of fodder and storage time. These factors can be of use for milk producers, and the differences in the acceptance of the products between the consumers may help milk producers to aim products to consumer segments.
WINNING IN HOUSE‐SENATE CONFERENCES: THE “REVISED THEORY” AND THE PROBLEM OF COUNTERTRENDING CONFERENCES
Authors: Carter John J. , Baker John R. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThis study employs data on chamber dominance of legislative conferences involving two House‐Senate committee pairs to study the phenomenon of first acting chamber victories. Previous research has concluded that the second acting chamber tends to win in conference, because the committee of the first acting chamber dominates the pre‐conference shaping of the legislation, leaving its conferees a powerful incentive to compromise differences with the conferees of the second acting chamber in order to ensure that a conference version of the legislation in question can be agreed on. However, previous research has also shown that the first acting chamber inexplicably wins 25 percent of all conferences for which a winner can be determined.This study finds that the critical common factor in these countertrending conferences was the successful attachment of non‐committee amendments on the floor of the second acting chamber. Such successful floor amendments seem to substantially mitigate the strategic advantage of the second acting chamber in conference.
POLICY TYPOLOGIES AND U.S. ASYLUM POLICY: JOINING STATIST AND GROUP THEORIES
Authors: McFarl Andrew S. , Yarnold Barbara M. 
Published: August 2010

The discipline tends to devise competing theories as opposed to integrated ones. The inquiry is whether there are issue areas in which interest groups and state structures interact with each other to affect the policy making process, and with external political phenomena, such as social movements.This analysis reviews pluralist and statist literature, and examines U.S. asylum policy in terms of interest group activity and state interests. It suggests asylum policy is a “citizenship policy,” or a special category of policies in which four different sets of actors wield their influence: a lead state agency, the appeals agency of the state, citizen groups, and a social movement.The interaction of these factors presents a useful model for understanding policy processes in issue areas concerned with citizenship issues. Citizenship includes the norms that set the relationships between individuals and the state: their rights and duties toward each other. Citizenship issues include immigration and asylum policy. Other citizenship issues are also identified.
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS OF LIGAMENTO‐MUSCULAR PROTECTIVE REFLEXES: III. A study in man using the medial collateral ligament of the knee joint
Authors: PETERSÉN INGEMAR , STENER BERTIL 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTPetersen, I. and B. Stener. Experimental evaluation of the hypothesis of ligamento‐muscular protective reflexes. III. A study in man using the medial collateral ligament of the knee joint.The tension in the ligament was increased in a natural way by forcibly trying to abduct the tibia on the femur. During such stimulation the motor activity in sartorius, semimembranosus and vastus medialis (i. e. in muscles capable of opposing an increase in tension in the ligament) was studied by electro‐myography. In 35 subjects (using 43 normal knee joints) it was never possible to detect any reflex motor effects ascribable to stimulation of receptors in the ligament. This is in close agreement with the results obtained by Andersson and Stener (1959) in cat. and is not in accordance with the hypothesis, put forward in the literature, that tension receptors in ligaments elicit a protective muscular reflex.
Language in Schizophrenia Part 1: An Introduction
Authors: Kuperberg Gina R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis is the first of two articles that discuss higher‐order language and semantic processing in schizophrenia. This article reviews clinical characterizations of language output and the phenomenon of positive thought disorder, as well as more principled characterizations of language output in schizophrenia. It also gives an overview of evidence for the predominant theory of language dysfunction in schizophrenia: that it arises from abnormalities in (i) semantic memory and/or (ii) working memory and executive function. The companion article (Part 2) focuses on the study of language in schizophrenia using online psycholinguistic methods and considers how the study of schizophrenia may inform our understanding of normal language processing.
Varieties of Indefinites in Spanish
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Rexach Javier 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe study of Spanish plural indefinites has been shown to be of great interest to the general theory of indefiniteness and the semantics of Spanish quantification. This article first presents an overview of the relevant empirical data and potential accounts of the semantic properties at stake. Finally, the differential behavior of these indefinites with respect to implicature generation is discussed in the framework of recent debates on this issue.
The Picture of the Linguistic Brain: How Sharp Can It Be? Reply to Fedorenko & Kanwisher
Authors: Grodzinsky Yosef 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWhat is the best way to learn how the brain analyzes linguistic input? Two popular methods have attempted to segregate and localize linguistic processes: analyses of language deficits subsequent to (mostly focal) brain disease and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in health. A recent Compass article by Fedorenko and Kanwisher (FK, 2009) observes that these methods group together data from many individuals through methods that rely on variable anatomical landmarks and that results in a murky picture of how language is represented in the brain. To get around the variability problem, FK propose to import into neurolinguistics a method that has been successfully used in vision research – one that locates functional Regions Of Interest (fROIs) in each individual brain. In this note, I propose an alternative perspective. I first take issue with FK’s reading of the literature. I point out that, when the neurolinguistic landscape is examined with the right linguistic spectacles, the emerging picture – while intriguingly complex – is not murky, but rather, stable and clear, parsing the linguistic brain into functionally and anatomically coherent pieces. I then examine the potential value of the method that FK propose, in light of important micro‐anatomical differences between language and high‐level vision areas and conclude that as things stand the method they propose is not very likely to bear much fruit in neurolinguistic research.
Situating Spatial Language and the Role of Ontology: Issues and Outlook
Authors: Bateman John 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAlthough the analysis and formalisation of the meaning of spatial expressions represents an extremely active area of research at this time, there remain significant problems in relating spatial expressions to their intended interpretations in context. In this article we motivate a spatial semantics architecture that draws a formal separation of linguistic semantics and non‐linguistic spatial descriptions. Methods drawn from ontological engineering are suggested to be relevant both for the representations of these areas and for specifying the interrelationships between them. In addition, a characterisation of current ontologies involving space is given, clarifying why spatial language is particularly difficult to interpret. The article concludes with our own proposal for a general architecture for natural language spatial semantics capable of being used across diverse applications. Extensive bibliographical references to the state of the art in spatial language and spatial ontologies are provided.
What‐is‐Said From Different Points of View
Authors: Terkourafi Marina 
Published: August 2010

Abstract‘What‐is‐said’ was introduced as a technical term by Paul Grice in his William James lectures of 1967 as a way of drawing the line between what we know upon hearing an utterance based on our knowledge of the language, and ‘what is implicated’, i.e. what we can infer from the fact that an utterance has been made in context. Sometimes identified with the truth‐conditional or propositional content of an utterance, ‘what‐is‐said’ is nowadays hotly contested between literalist and contextualist approaches to meaning and has been variously reformulated or even downright rejected. This article summarizes the relevant debates in post‐Gricean pragmatics and presents some empirical evidence in favor of a literalist conception of ‘what‐is‐said’ as the content of the speaker’s locutionary act, which is prior to pragmatic enrichment and not cancellable.
Historical thoughts on influenza viral ecosystems, or behold a pale horse, dead dogs, failing fowl, and sick swine
Authors: Morens David M. , Taubenberger Jeffery K. 
Published: August 2010

Please cite this paper as: Morens and Taubenberger. (2010) Historical thoughts on influenza viral ecosystems, or behold a pale horse, dead dogs, failing fowl, and sick swine. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 4(6), 327–337.Objectives  To understand human influenza in a historical context of viral circulation in avian species, mammals, and in the environment.Design  Historical review.Setting  Global events in a variety of circumstances over more than 3,000 years time.Sample  Comprehensive review of the historical literature including all major publications on pandemic and panzootic influenza.Main Outcome Measures  Influenza pandemics, panzootics, major epidemics and epizootics, and instances of interspecies transmission of influenza A.Results  Extensive documentation of human and animal influenza over many centuries suggests that influenza A viruses have adapted to a variety of species and environmental milieu and are capable of switching between many different hosts under widely varying circumstances.Conclusions  The genetic elements of influenza A viruses circulate globally in an extensive ecosystem comprised of many avian and mammalian species and a spectrum of environments. Unstable gene constellations found in avian species become stable viruses only upon switching to secondary hosts, but may then adapt and circulate independently. It may be desirable to think of influenza A viruses as existing and evolving in a large ecosystem involving multiple hosts and environments. Implications for understanding human influenza are discusssed.
DIET AND CANCER*
Authors: Hankin Jean H. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryEpidemiologic studies and experimental research strongly suggest that dietary factors are causally related to several major types of cancer. Carcinogens may function as initiators or promoters of tumors, and the evidence suggests that various dietary hypotheses should be tested. This review includes selected data from the literature and current epidemiologic studies of the Cancer Research Center, University of Hawaii, which illustrate the variations of diet and cancer incidence among diverse ethnic populations.