bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of chitosan‐polycaprolactone blended with organoclay for control release of doxycycline
Authors: Sahoo Sarmila , Sasmal Abhisek , Sahoo Debasish , Nayak Padmalochan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the present research program, chitosan has been mixed with polycaprolactone (PCL) (80 : 20) for using them for control delivery of doxycycline. Organoclay, Cloisite 30B of different concentrations 1, 2.5, and 5% has been blended with the composite. Chitosan is a natural biodegradable polymer where as polycaprolactone is a synthetic biopolymer. The blending of the two polymers has been carried out varying the proportion of nanoclay so that the composite can be a better drug carrier. The blends were characterized by Fourier Transmission Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X‐ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. From the FTIR spectra, the various groups present in chitosan and PCL blend were monitored. The homogeneity, morphology, and crystallinity of the blends were ascertained from SEM and XRD data, respectively. The swelling studies have been carried out at different drug loading. Swelling study is an important parameter to predict the diffusion of the drugs from the matrix. The kinetics of the drug delivery system has been systematically studied. Drug release kinetics was analyzed by plotting the cumulative release data versus time by fitting to an exponential equation which indicated the non‐Fickian type of kinetics. The drug release was investigated at different pH medium, and it was found that the drug release depends upon the pH medium as well as the nature of matrix. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Group‐based evaluations for pupil‐on‐teacher violence: The impact of teacher intervention strategy
Authors: Lawrence Claire , Rees Joanna , Ferguson Eamonn 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlthough extreme violence to teachers is rare, the fact remains that in the UK, 29% of teachers report having been physically assaulted by a pupil (ATL, 2008a). The ways in which responsibility for such assaults are attributed can have legal, educational and managerial implications. In the current study, teachers (N = 66), pupils (N = 68) and parents (N = 64) from a large secondary school in the UK read an incident report form outlining an incident depicting a pupil physically assaulting a teacher. The incident report was manipulated such that, prior to being assaulted, the teacher had either separated the assailant pupil from another pupil using a physical or non‐physical intervention. Results revealed that participating parents' and teachers' evaluations of the assailant's parents and the teacher differed from those of pupils in several ways. The results are discussed in terms of group‐based responsibility for deviant behaviour and implications for teacher behaviour in response to pupil on teacher violence. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘It's not really us discriminating against immigrants, it's more telling people how to fit in’: Constructing the nation in immigration talk in New Zealand
Authors: Lyons Antonia C. , Madden Helen , Chamberlain Kerry , Carr Stuart 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPrevious research has demonstrated that talk about immigration can function to produce, reproduce and stabilize racism (Capdevila & Callaghan, 2008). In New Zealand (NZ), changes in immigration policy have seen a rapid increase in diverse groups of migrants with varied cultural backgrounds entering the country in the past two decades. Given its unique colonial history and ‘settler nationality in a bicultural nation’ (Bell, 2009), we explored how young NZ adults talk about and produce meanings and understandings of immigration, immigrants and cultural diversity. Appealing to notions of NZ as ‘one society’, as English speaking, and as English looking participants constructed NZ, NZ national identity and the NZ economy in particular ways. This constituted a nationalist rhetoric that was taken up in common‐sense ways by participants to legitimize racist talk whilst simultaneously acting to locate participants themselves as reasonable and moral individuals. It is concluded that nationalist discourses function to reinforce patterns of social dominance and perpetuate the notion of New Zealanders as largely white, European‐looking and English‐speaking. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The derivation of hue‐difference terms from CIELAB coordinates
Authors: Mclaren K. , Taylor P. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA simple, yet reliable, method is described for deducing the appropriate term to describe a hue difference between two specimens whose CIELAB hue angles are known. It is based on the rotation of the chroma axis through the position of the specimen regarded as standard and the association of the four unitary hues with the four a* b* axes, two of which must be specified to eliminate ambiguities.
J. C. Le Blon, discoverer and developer of the red‐yellow‐blue principle of color printing and color mixture
Authors: Birren Faber 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the early part of the 18th century, J. C. Le Blon set forth the primary nature of red, yellow, and blue, and created full‐color prints that anticipated modern methods of “process” color reproduction by nearly two centuries.
Beyond drug wars: Transforming factional conflict in Mexico
Authors: Carpenter Ami C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBlurring the lines between criminal and civil war, factional conflict in Mexico has escalated since 2006 and claimed more than eleven thousand lives. This article assesses the viability of Mexico's military offensive against the nation's drug cartels by analyzing the effects of this strategy on destructive conflict escalation. It is argued that the enforcement strategy of arresting key druglords has become a proximate factor in escalating Mexico's violence by promoting intercartel competition and intensifying leadership struggles. A set of viable third‐party alternatives to the “war on drugs” is explored.
Three Novel Copper–Radical Complexes: Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Chen Xiao‐dan , Rong Rong , Wang Yun , Zhu Li‐li , Zhao Qi‐hua , Ang Siau Gek , Sun Bai‐wang 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThree novel copper–radical complexes [Cu(PhCOO)2(NITpPy)2(H2O)2] (1), [Cu2(Me3CCOO)4(NITpPy)2] (2), and [{Cu2(Me3CCOO)4(NITpPy)}n] (3) [NITpPy = 4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐2‐(4‐pyridyl)‐2‐imidazoline‐1‐oxyl 3‐oxide] were synthesized and characterized structurally as well as magnetically. It is noteworthy that the syntheses of complexes 2 and 3 are similar except for the temperature of the reaction between Cu(Me3CCOO)2·2H2O and the NITpPy radical ligand. Our magnetic study of complexes 1 and 2 reveals that the antiferromagnetic interactions occur with a J value around –10 cm–1 between copper(II) and radicals when radicals use the pyridine nitrogen atom connected to the copper(II) ion. Yet the best‐fit parameters of complex 3 reveal that significant ferromagnetic interactions (J2 = 20.5 cm–1) take place in the copper radical when radicals coordinate the copper(II) ion with nitroxide directly.
Terminal node self‐protection scheme by using unidirectional splitter‐based ring
Authors: Jia Wu , Yu Song , Zhang Yongjun , Zhang Hua , Gu Wanyi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn special networks, such as military or finance networks, terminal nodes deserve more attentions because of higher demands on reliability and survivability than switching nodes. A three nodes non‐break‐self‐protection unidirectional splitter‐based ring is introduced and designed to protect the terminal nodes. The performances are compared with the traditional (existing) 1+2 protection scheme in terms of the cost, connection availability, recovery time and optical power budget. Calculation results show this proposed scheme can keep data integrity and has very high survivability and connection availability, while the cost, recovery time and power budget are acceptable. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Associations between holotranscobalamin, vitamin B12, homocysteine and depressive symptoms in community‐dwelling elders
Authors: Robinson DJ , O'Luanaigh C , Tehee E , O'Connell H , Hamilton F , Chin AV , Coen R , Molloy AM , Scott J , Cunningham CJ , Lawlor BA 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackgroundVitamin B12 and homocysteine have been shown to be associated with depression or depressive symptoms, but the relationship has not been universal. Both vitamin B12 and homocysteine may exert an effect via vascular mechanisms; it is possible that other mechanisms apply. Holotranscobalamin is a novel, more accurate measure of tissue vitamin B12.ObjectivesTo examine associations between vitamin B12, serum folate, holotranscobalamin, homocysteine and depressive symptoms in a sample of healthy elderly.MethodsCross‐sectional, observational community based study.ResultsLower levels of holotranscobalamin and vitamin B12 were associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms when controlled for Mini‐mental state examination scores and psychosocial and cardiovascular risk factors. Homocysteine was not associated with depressive symptoms when biological and psychosocial covariates were included.ConclusionsIt is possible that low levels of vitamin B12 or holotranscobalamin are associated with depressive symptoms via mechanisms other than vascular pathology.Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regional inequality in China's health care expenditures
Authors: Chou Win Lin , Wang Zijun 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper has two parts. The first part examines the regional health expenditure inequality in China by testing two hypotheses on health expenditure convergence. Cross‐section regressions and cluster analysis are used to study the health expenditure convergence and to identify convergence clusters. We find no single nationwide convergence, only convergence by cluster. In the second part of the paper, we investigate the long‐run relationship between health expenditure inequality, income inequality, and provincial government budget deficits (BD) by using new panel cointegration tests with health expenditure data in China's urban and rural areas. We find that the income inequality and real provincial government BD are useful in explaining the disparity in health expenditure prevailing between urban and rural areas. In order to reduce health‐spending inequality, one long‐run policy suggestion from our findings is for the government to implement more rapid economic development and stronger financing schemes in poorer rural areas. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
China's health system and its reform: a review of recent studies
Authors: Wagstaff Adam , Yip Winnie , Lindelow Magnus , Hsiao William C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper provides a survey of the recent empirical research on China's ‘old’ health system (i.e. prior to the spate of reforms beginning in 2003). It argues that this research has enhanced our understanding of the system prior to 2003, in some cases reinforcing conclusions (e.g. the demand‐inducement associated with perverse incentives) while in other cases suggesting a slightly less clear storyline (e.g. the link between insurance and out‐of‐pocket spending). It also concludes that the research to date points to the importance of careful evaluation of the current reforms, and its potential to modify policies as the rollout proceeds. Finally, it argues that the research on the pre‐2003 system suggests that while the recently announced further reforms are a step in the right direction, the hoped‐for improvements in China's health system will far more likely occur if the reforms become less timid in certain key areas, namely provider payments and intergovernmental fiscal relations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does per‐diem reimbursement necessarily increase length of stay? The case of a public psychiatric hospital
Authors: Jian Weiyan , Guo Yan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPayment methods can affect providers' behaviour and in turn influence the outcome of medical services. The per‐diem reimbursement method is predicted to increase length of stay (LOS) and reduce daily expenditure. Using a Difference in Differences design, this study empirically examines the impact of changing from fee‐for‐service to per‐diem reimbursement in a large psychiatric hospital in Beijing. Results show that the LOS did not increase but daily expenditure in fact increased. We provide several potential explanations for these puzzling findings, including the internal contracts between the hospitals and their physician staff among public hospitals in China. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow cytometric analysis of DNA ploidy in lymphomas of the thyroid
Authors: Zirker Thomas A. , Baybick Jeffrey H. , Vincent Jack L. , Smith Gary J. , Siegal Gene P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFour cases of primary non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) of the thyroid were studied using flow cytometric (FCM) DNA analysis of propidium iodide‐stained nuclei retrieved from formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue. Two of the four cases were aneuploid and two were euploid. In the two euploid cases, both patients are alive and without evidence of recurrent disease after an average of 4 years follow‐up. Of the two aneuploid cases, one patient is alive and free of recurrent disease after 1 year. In the other aneuploid case, the patient died of disseminated disease 8 months after presentation despite having a low‐grade (follicular, predominantly small cleaved cell type) and low‐stage (tumor confined to thyroid at presentation) lymphoma. These data suggest that the DNA ploidy of primary NHL of the thyroid can be determined using fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue. Our results also suggest that a large study to assess the prognostic value of this technique is warranted.
A case of severe ARDS caused by novel swine‐origin influenza (A/H1N1pdm) virus: A successful treatment with direct hemoperfusion with polymyxin B‐immobilized fiber
Authors: Yokoyama Toshiki , Tateishi Kazunari , Tsushima Kenji , Agatsuma Toshihiko , Yamamoto Hiroshi , Koizumi Tomonobu , Kubo Keishi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn 2009, a 35‐year‐old female with Down syndrome was admitted to our hospital because of severe pneumonia caused by an infection with the novel swine‐origin influenza (A/H1N1pdm) virus (S‐OIV). A chest X‐ray on admission revealed bilateral infiltration shadows. Although mechanical ventilation was administered because of the development of ARDS, the hypoxemia continued to progressed. We observed evidence of alveolar hemorrhage on evaluation of the patient using bronchofiberscopy. The bacterial examination was negative. Despite intensive care, including respiratory management with high‐frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV), the patient's hypoxemia and hypotension progressed. We concluded that a cytokine storm due to the influenza infection with SIRS caused shock status, resulting in septic shock. We subsequently treated the patient with direct hemoperfusion with polymyxin B‐immobilized fiber (PMX‐DHP). The hypoxemia improved immediately. She was free from mechanical ventilation and discharged from the hospital by the 17th day of her hospitalization. PMX‐DHP seems to improve hypoxemia in patients with severe ARDS who cannot maintain sufficient respiratory control under mechanical ventilation. This case is the first report about severe and life‐threatening ARDS due to the novel influenza, in which PMX‐DHP showed beneficial effects. J. Clin. Apheresis 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stem cell mechanobiology
Authors: Lee David A. , Knight Martin M. , Campbell Jonathan J. , Bader Dan L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStem cells are undifferentiated cells that are capable of proliferation, self‐maintenance and differentiation towards specific cell phenotypes. These processes are controlled by a variety of cues including physicochemical factors associated with the specific mechanical environment in which the cells reside. The control of stem cell biology through mechanical factors remains poorly understood and is the focus of the developing field of mechanobiology. This review provides an insight into the current knowledge of the role of mechanical forces in the induction of differentiation of stem cells. While the details associated with individual studies are complex and typically associated with the stem cell type studied and model system adopted, certain key themes emerge. First, the differentiation process affects the mechanical properties of the cells and of specific subcellular components. Secondly, that stem cells are able to detect and respond to alterations in the stiffness of their surrounding microenvironment via induction of lineage‐specific differentiation. Finally, the application of external mechanical forces to stem cells, transduced through a variety of mechanisms, can initiate and drive differentiation processes. The coalescence of these three key concepts permit the introduction of a new theory for the maintenance of stem cells and alternatively their differentiation via the concept of a stem cell ‘mechano‐niche’, defined as a specific combination of cell mechanical properties, extracellular matrix stiffness and external mechanical cues conducive to the maintenance of the stem cell population. J. Cell. Biochem. 112: 1–9, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cell‐specific differences in the processing of the R14W CAIV mutant associated with retinitis pigmentosa 17
Authors: Pandor Aisha , Ramesar Rajkumar , Prince Sharon 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRetinitis pigmentosa is a highly heterogeneous form of inherited blindness which affects more than 1.3 million individuals worldwide. The RP17 form of the disease is caused by an arginine to tryptophan (R14W) mutation in the signal sequence of carbonic anhydrase IV (CAIV). While CAIV is expressed in the choriocapillaries of the eye and renal epithelium, the R14W mutation results in an exclusively ocular phenotype in affected individuals. In order to investigate the mechanism of disease in RP17 and the lack of kidney phenotype, we compared the subcellular localization and post‐translational processing of wild‐type (WT)‐ and mutant‐CAIV in three cell types. We show using immunocytochemistry that unlike WT CAIV which is transported to the plasma membrane of transfected COS‐7 and HT‐1080 cells, the R14W mutant CAIV is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. Western blot analyses further reveal that whereas the WT CAIV is processed to its mature form in both these cell lines, significant levels of the R14W mutant protein remain in its immature form. Importantly, flow cytometry experiments demonstrate that compared to WT CAIV protein, expression of specifically the R14W CAIV results in an S and G2/M cell‐cycle block, followed by apoptosis. Interestingly, when the above experiments were repeated in the human embryonic kidney cell line, HEK‐293, strikingly different results were obtained. These cells were unaffected by the expression of the R14W mutant CAIV and were able to process the mutant and WT protein equally effectively. This study has important implications for our understanding of the RP17 phenotype. J. Cell. Biochem. 111: 735–741, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of a serum‐free system to expand dental‐derived stem cells: PDLSCs and SHEDs
Authors: Tarle S.A. , Shi S. , Kaigler D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRecently, extracted teeth have been identified as a viable source of stem cells for tissue regenerative approaches. Current expansion of these cells requires incorporation of animal sera; yet, a fundamental issue underlying cell cultivation methods for cell therapy regards concerns in using animal sera. In this study, we investigated the development of a chemically defined, serum‐free media (K‐M) for the expansion of human periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) and human stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs). Proliferation assays were performed comparing cells in serum‐containing media (FBS‐M) with cells cultured in four different serum‐free medium and these demonstrated that in these medium, the cell proliferation of both cell types was significantly less than the proliferation of cells in FBS‐M. Additional proliferation assays were performed using pre‐coated fibronectin (FN) tissue culture plates and of the four serum‐free medium, only K‐M enabled PDLSCs and SHEDs to proliferate at higher rates than cells cultured in FBS‐M. Next, alkaline phosphatase activity showed that PDLSCs and SHEDs exhibited similar osteogenic potential whether cultured in K‐M or FBS‐M, and, additionally, cells retained their multipotency in K‐M as seen by expression of chondrogenic and adipogenic genes, and positive Von Kossa, Alcian blue, and Oil Red O staining. Finally, differential expression of 84 stem cell associated genes revealed that for most genes, PDLSCs and SHEDs did not differ in their expression regardless of whether cultured in K‐M or FBS‐M. Taken together, the data suggest that K‐M can support the expansion of PDLSCs and SHEDs and maintenance of their multipotency. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 66–73, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comprehensive gene expression profiling and functional analysis of matrix metalloproteinases and TIMPs, and identification of ADAM‐10 gene expression, in a corneal model of epithelial resurfacing
Authors: Gordon Gabriel M. , Austin Jeffery S. , Sklar Alfredo L. , Feuer William J. , LaGier Adriana J. , Fini M. Elizabeth 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study provides a comprehensive expression analysis for the entire matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) gene family during the process of epithelial resurfacing following corneal abrasion injury in the mouse. The mRNA levels for all known MMP genes expressed in mouse, the related enzyme ADAM‐10, and the known tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) were determined semi‐quantitatively by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) in the uninjured epithelium, and in the epithelial tissue resurfacing the abraded area or residing in its periphery at two time points: during the epithelial migration phase and immediately following wound closure. The mRNA levels for MMP‐1a, ‐1b, ‐9, ‐10, ‐12, and ‐13 as well as TIMP‐1 were significantly up‐regulated in the migrating corneal epithelium. After wound resurfacing, the mRNA levels for all of these MMPs were down‐regulated, although MMP‐1a, ‐1b, and ‐13 remained significantly elevated in comparison to the uninjured epithelium. The only gene found to be down‐regulated was TIMP‐3, which occurred throughout the wound‐healing process. During resurfacing, MMP‐9 was localized to the front of the migrating epithelium, MMP‐10 and ‐13 were localized throughout the migrating epithelium, and MMP‐13 could also be found in the periphery. Following epithelial closure, immunoreactive MMPs‐9 and ‐10 became undetectable, but MMP‐13 continued to be found throughout the epithelium. Functional analysis of MMP‐10 revealed no effects on epithelial migration or cell proliferation. In conclusion, distinct MMP temporal–spatial profiles define the uninjured corneal epithelium and the corneal epithelium at different stages of regeneration. An extensive review of the literature is also provided in the discussion. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 1461–1470, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.