bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abstract A93: The convergence of lung cancer rates between blacks and whites under age 40, United States
Authors: Jemal Ahmedin , Center Melissa , Ward Elizabeth 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Lung cancer rates in the U.S. have been consistently higher in blacks than whites at all ages in men and at younger ages in women. However, since 1970s, smoking initiation decreased more rapidly among blacks than whites. We examined trends in lung cancer rates for white and black young adults (age 20–39) from 1992–2006 using joinpoint models and black-to-white rate ratios by sex. Lung cancer death rates in 20–39 year olds significantly decreased in all groups but much steeper for blacks than for whites. From 1992–94 to 2004–06, the black-to-white mortality rate ratio (95% CI) decreased from 2.16 (1.90–2.44) to 1.28 (1.05–1.55) for men and from 1.47 (1.25–1.71) to 0.97 (0.78–1.19) for women. Similar convergence was observed in the lung cancer incidence rates. These findings suggest that if current smoking trends in the young continue, racial differences in overall lung cancer rates in men will be eliminated in the next 40–50 years.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):A93.
Abstract A96: Correlates of prostate cancer testing among African American men
Authors: Williams-Brown Shanita D. , Ross Louie E. , Hinton Lisa 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Introduction: The major risk factors for developing prostate cancer are age, African American (AA) race, and family history. AA men have greater burden of incidence and mortality from this disease. The purpose of the study was to examine factors associated with recent prostate cancer screening using DRE and PSA among a sample of AA men.
Methods: Data were collected on AA men, age 40 or older, living in the Southeastern U.S. (n=448). The study used a convenience sample. Men were asked questions about their knowledge, awareness, and attitudes regarding prostate cancer and prostate cancer screening using DRE and PSA. Data were self-reported survey responses and analyzed using SAS.
Results: Most study participants were married (52%) and had some college or technical training (78%). The percentage of AA men who had undergone PSA testing or a DRE in the past two years (recent) was 41% and 39% respectively. Factors associated with a recent screening test with PSA and DRE were doctor recommendation, older age, and having some type of health insurance. An additional factors associated with a recent screening with DRE was self-reporting excellent health.
Conclusions: The percentage of AA men who reported either PSA or DRE appears to be lower than found in other studies. However, doctor recommendation and health insurance were the most important modifiable correlates for screening compliance. Getting men to go to the doctor and having meaningful discussions about prostate cancer may help men as they make decisions about prostate cancer screening. Further studies are needed to further explore how health insurance status may modify the relationship between doctor recommendation and prostate cancer screening.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):A96.
Abstract A99: Early colorectal cancer in an inner city hospital: Is the current guideline detecting preneoplastic lesions early enough?
Authors: Ong Kian Koc Jean Bernadette U. , Chua Eduardo A. , Katz Philip O. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Background: Early colorectal cancer refers to cancer diagnosed prior to the screening age of 50 years old or before the age of 55. Each patient's risk for the development of colorectal cancer is influenced by age and race. Previous studies showed evidence that there is a higher burden of colorectal adenoma and possibly colorectal cancer in young African Americans more than 45 years old which may indicate that onset of this cancer maybe younger in this population group. The Committee of Minority Affairs and Cultural Diversity of the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) recommends screening of African Americans at the age of 45, however, current clinical practice makes no distinction as to race. The objective of the study is to determine if race has an effect on the age and location of colorectal cancer on diagnosis. This study aims to provide supporting data in customizing screening practices in the African American population.
Methods: The study is a retrospective review of records of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer before 55 years old at the Cancer Institute Tumor Registry from 2000–2008 at Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia. The populations being compared were age and risk matched. Patients with risk factors for colorectal cancer or with metastatic cancer to the colon will be excluded from the study. Descriptive statistics and frequency distribution were used to categorize the characteristics of the subjects. Chi-square test was used for bivariate analysis. Logistic regression will be used for multivariate analysis.
Results: A total of 196 colorectal cancer patients were diagnosed before the age of 55 years old from 2000–2008. 116 (59.2%) were Caucasian, 54 (27.6%) were African American, 7 (3.6%) were Asian and 17 (8.7%) were from other racial groups. 106 (54.1%) were males while 90 (45.9%) were females. The mean age of diagnosis for African Americans was 48.07, SD 6.475 and Caucasians was 47.58, SD 6.740. Majority of the cancers were in the distal part of the colon (73.3% - African Americans; 61.1% - Caucasians). For both groups, majority of the cases were diagnosed at an advanced stage (41.4% stage 3 and 35% stage 4). Using chi square analysis, there is no significant difference between the age of diagnosis (p=0.188) and location (p=0.640) of colorectal cancer among African Americans and Caucasians.
Conclusion: There was no disparity in the diagnosis of early colorectal cancer among African Americans and Caucasians in terms of age of diagnosis, stage and location. These patients usually present with cancer at an advanced stage and are commonly found in the distal parts of the colon. The data suggests that early cancers may be less influenced by race as previously described and that screening at age 45 for the entire population is reasonable.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):A99.
Abstract B101: Phytoestrogen intake in relation to prostate cancer incidence and survival
Authors: Kasperzyk Julie L. , Håkansson Niclas , Fall Katja , Andersson Swen-Olof , Johansson Jan-Erik , Stampfer Meir J. , Wolk Alicja , Andrén Ove 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Background: Phytoestrogens are plant-based compounds derived mainly from soy, oilseeds, legumes, and grains. Several studies support an inverse association between soy intake and prostate cancer risk, though few have investigated phytoestrogens from dietary sources that are more common to Western diet patterns.
Purpose: The objective was to assess whether dietary intake of phytoestrogens was associated with prostate cancer risk and survival in a large, prospective cohort study in Sweden.
Design: The Cohort of Swedish Men is a prospective study of 45,906 men from central Sweden, born 1918–1948. During enrollment in 1997, 44,974 (98%) participants completed a self-administered food frequency questionnaire, and we calculated energy-adjusted dietary intakes of lignans (secoisolariciresinol, matairesinol, lariciresinol, pinoresinol, syringaresinol, and medioresinol) and isoflavonoids (genistein and diadzein). Incident prostate cancer was histologically confirmed in 2721 participants from 1997–2008, and 215 prostate cancer-specific deaths were identified using the Swedish Death Registry. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to calculate multivariable hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).
Results: Mean intake was 2295 µg/day for total lignans and 10.2 µg/day for total isoflavonoids. Neither total lignan nor total isoflavonoid intake was associated with risk of prostate cancer. The HRs for increasing quintiles of total lignans were all 1.0, p-trend=0.72; for total isoflavonoids, the HRs were 1.0 (referent), 1.1, 1.1, 1.0 and 1.0, p-trend=0.75, adjusting for age at entry and total energy intake. Results were similarly null for the individual phytoestrogen subtypes and prostate cancer incidence. However, we found a weak positive association between the newly-identified lignan, medioresinol, and prostate cancer-specific death, with HRs of 1.0 (referent), 1.5, 1.5, 1.7, and 1.7 for increasing quintiles of intake (p-trend=0.03). The estimates were similar (p-trend=0.04) after further adjustment for alcohol intake and clinical measures. Dietary intakes of the remaining phytoestrogen subtypes were not associated with prostate cancer survival.
Conclusions: In this large, prospective study, our findings do not support a major role for dietary phytoestrogens in the incidence or progression of prostate cancer. As phytoestrogen intake is relatively low in the Swedish population, we do not exclude the possibility of significant associations at higher levels of intake.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):B101.
Abstract B102: Plasma vitamin B6 and the risk of colorectal cancer in three large prospective cohorts
Authors: Wei Esther K. , Lee Jung Eun , Giovannucci Edward , Fuchs Charles , Selhub Jacob , Hankinson Susan E. , Stampfer Meir , Willett Walter , Ma Jing 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Recent prospective evidence suggests that vitamin B6, which is involved in DNA synthesis and methylation, may influence the risk of colorectal neoplasia. We examined the association between plasma vitamin B6 (pyridoxal 5′-phosphate, PLP) and colorectal cancer risk in a female cohort, the Nurses' Health Study (NHS), and two male cohorts, the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS), and the Physicians' Health Study (PHS). A total of 570 cases were identified up through 2000 (2004 for HPFS) and individually matched to two controls. Multivariable adjusted relative risks and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using conditional logistic regression. Men had higher plasma PLP levels compared to the women (geometric mean in controls (pmol/ml): HPFS: 98; PHS: 70; NHS: 53). In the HPFS, we observed a non-linear reduction in risk; relative risks (RR) and 95% CIs for increasing levels of plasma PLP from quartile 1 to 4 were: 1.00 (ref), 0.81 (0.47–1.40), 0.57 (0.32–1.02), and 1.04 (0.60–1.79; median 203 pmol/ml). The association in women tended to be more linear; women in quartile 4 (median 131 pmol/ml) versus quartile 1 had a RR of 0.56 (0.31–1.01; previously published). The strongest inverse association was observed in the PHS with an apparent threshold effect starting at the median level; the RR for Q4 vs Q1 was 0.52 (0.29–0.93; previously published). We pooled the results from the three cohorts using meta-analytic techniques and the relative risks were 0.84 (0.62–1.14), 0.60 (0.41–0.88), and 0.68 (0.44–1.06) across the quartiles. Our results strongly suggest that low vitamin B6 levels are associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. However, there may be a threshold level above which additional plasma levels of PLP has marginal, if any, benefit.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):B102.
Abstract B103: Quantity and variety of vegetable and fruit consumption and the risk of bladder cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)
Authors: Büchner Frederike L. , Bueno-de-Mesquita H. Bas , Ros Martine M. , Kampman Ellen , Kiemeney Bart 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Recent research does not show an association between fruit and vegetable consumption and bladder cancer risk. None of these studies looked at the variety in fruit and vegetable consumption, which may capture different aspects of fruit and vegetable consumption. We investigated whether the quantity and the variety in vegetable and fruit consumption are associated with bladder cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study.
Data on usual food consumption and complete follow-up for cancer occurrence was available for 478,533 participants, who were recruited in 10 European countries. A calibration study was conducted in an 8% representative subsample. After a mean follow-up of 8.7 years, 1015 participants were diagnosed with bladder cancer. Diet Diversity Scores (DDSs) were used to quantify the variety in fruit and/or vegetable consumption by counting the number of different fruit and vegetable products eaten at least every two weeks. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the effect of fruit and vegetable consumption and DDSs on the risk of bladder cancer.
Increments of 100 gram/day in fruit and vegetable consumption did not affect bladder cancer risk (calibrated hazard ratio (HR) 0.98; 95%CI: 0.95–1.01). A slightly stronger, although statistically non-significant, inverse association was observed among never smokers (calibrated HR=0.92; 95%CI: 0.79–1.06 with increments of 100 g/day). Unexpectedly, more variety in fruit and vegetable products consumed increased bladder cancer risk (HR=1.30 95%CI=1.00–1.69 comparing the highest with the lowest tertile; p-trend=0.05), which was strongest among never smokers (HR=1.72; 95%CI: 1.00–2.97). Continuous risk estimates did not reach statistical significance (HR for whole cohort 1.02 (95%CI 0.99–1.06 per 2 products increment); HR in never smokers 1.04 (95%CI 0.98–1.11 per 2 products increment)). The quantity and variety of fruit or vegetable consumption separately were not associated with bladder cancer risk.
We conclude that in EPIC quantity and variety of vegetable and fruit consumption is not associated with bladder cancer risk. Increased categorical risks for variety in vegetables and fruits without statistical significant findings in the continuous analyses may be due to chance. Our results provide further evidence that fruit and vegetable consumption does not strongly alter bladder cancer risk.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):B103.
Abstract B105: Intake of heterocyclic aromatic amines and the risk of prostate cancer in the EPIC-Heidelberg cohort
Authors: Rohrmann Sabine , Sander Anja , Linseisen Jakob 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Background: Heterocyclic amines are mutagens formed in meat prepared at high temperatures. These compounds are associated with prostate cancer risk in animal models. Because of mostly inconsistent results of the published studies it was the aim of this study to examine the association between intake of heterocyclic amines and the risk of prostate cancer in the EPIC-Heidelberg cohort study.
Methods: Within the EPIC-Heidelberg cohort, detailed information on diet, anthropometry, and lifestyle was assessed between 1994 and 1998. Dietary HCA intake was assessed using information on amount of meat consumption, cooking methods, and degree of browing. After excluding men with prevalent cancer or with missing information on food preparation methods and preferred degree of browning our study population comprises a total of 9578 men (80.2% of the total cohort). Until July 31, 2009, 337 incident cases of prostate cancer have been identified. One-hundred twenty-three advanced prostate cancer cases, defined as Gleason sum score equal or higher than 7, TNM staging score of T3/T4, N1–N3, or M1 or prostate cancer as the underlying cause of death, were identified. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine the association between intake of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), and 2-amino-3,4,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (DiMeIQx) and prostate cancer risk taking into account age, smoking status, participation in prostate cancer screening, family history of prostate cancer, and intake of milk and milk products.
Results: Men in the highest quartiles of PhIP, MeIQx, and DiMeIQx intake, respectively, did not have an increased risk of prostate cancer compared with men in the lowest quartiles (HR=0.89, 95% CI 0.66–1.22 [PhIP]; 1.06, 0.77–1.45 [MeIQx]; 0.98, 0.72–1.34 [DiMeIQx]). There were also no indications of positive associations between HCA intake and risk of advanced prostate cancer (HR=0.89, 95% CI 0.51–1.56 [PhIP]; 0.91, 0.53–1.57 [MeIQx];1.05, 0.61–1.82 [DiMeIQx]). Further adjustment for other potential confounders did not materially modify these associations. In addition to HCAs, we also observed no association between high consumption of strongly browned meat and prostate cancer.
Conclusions: Previous epidemiological studies on the association between HCA intake and prostate cancer risk have led to inconclusive results. Our data do not support the hypothesis that HCA intake as consumed in a regular diet is a risk factor for prostate cancer.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):B105.
Abstract B108: Dietary intake of calcium and distal colorectal adenomatous polyps in Korean adults
Authors: Lee Cheolmin , Tae Kwon Hyuk 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer is fourth in prevalence of carcinoma and fourth most cause of death from malignant neoplasm, which has been increasing in Korea. In this study, we tried to investigate the association of dietary intake of calcium and distal colorectal adenomatous polyps known as precursors of colorectal cancer.
Methods: A total of 2,456 subjects who visited a health promotion center in one university hospital in Seoul, Korea, from June 2003 to June 2006 underwent sigmoidoscopy and completed a 24-hour dietary recall.
Results: Among the selected 2,408 subjects, the prevalence of distal colorectal adenoma found in sigmoidoscopy was 12.54%. After adjusting for age and total serum cholesterol by multiple logistic regression, the odds ratio of the male subjects who had the highest quintile of dietary intake of calcium was 0.512 (95% CI: 0.305–0.859; P = 0.011) compared with the lowest. Conclusion: In male subjects with the highest quintile of dietary calcium density was associated with a low risk of distal colorectal adenomatous polyps.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):B108.
Abstract B109: Tea and coffee consumption, DNA repair, and lung cancer risk
Authors: Forman Michele R. , Fujiwara Atsuko , Wei Qingyi , Dong Yong Q. , Mahabir Somdat , Roberts Robert E. , Barrera Stephanie L. , Spitz Margaret R. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Tea, the major source of flavonol in the U.S. diet, has demonstrated chemopreventive capacity in animal and in vitro research. We examined the associations between tea/coffee and lung cancer risk by specific type of and preparation method of the beverage, stage and histology as well as the joint effect of DNA repair capacity (DRC) and beverage on cancer risk. In a case-control study conducted by the Department of Epidemiology of the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1,088 lung cancer patients were recruited along with 1,127 controls who were frequency matched to cases by age (± 5 y), gender, ethnicity and smoking status (never, former, current). Using logistic regression analysis to adjust for recognized covariates including smoking status and pack-years smoked, the odds ratios (OR) for lung cancer among individuals who drank more than a cup/week of the following were: OR =0.44; 95% CI = 0.31–0.64 for green tea; OR = 0.64; 95% CI = 0.45–0.90 for decaffeinated black tea, when compared with non-drinkers and those who drank less than a cup a week of other beverages. In contrast, those who drank more than 3 cups/day of regular coffee had a 30% higher odds of lung cancer (OR = 1.30; 95% CI = 1.01–1.09). No association was found for regular black tea and decaffeinated coffee consumption. Similar findings appeared by stage and among adenocarcinomas and squamous cell cancers of the lung. When drinkers of other tea/coffee beverages were excluded from each model, all findings remained significant except for regular coffee. Compared to green tea drinkers who were proficient in DRC or not proficient, green tea drinkers had an almost threefold higher OR of lung cancer. In conclusion, we report the potential chemopreventive effects of drinking more than a cup a week of green tea and decaffeinated black tea on lung cancer. Our findings need replication in a prospective analysis
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):B109.
Abstract B11: Racial differences in prostate cancer caregivers' social support and coping
Authors: Vines Anissa I. , Demissie Zewditu 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Objective: Over 40 million Americans provide informal caregiving to adults, which can negatively impact their personal life and their physical and mental health. The purpose of this study was to describe social support and coping strategies among prostate cancer family caregivers and to assess for racial/ethnic differences.
Methods: Secondary data analysis of baseline data from the Managing Uncertainty in Stage B Prostate Cancer Study was conducted. This longitudinal randomized experimental intervention study enrolled Caucasian and African-American men with localized prostate cancer and their primary family caregivers residing in North Carolina from 1993–1998. 120 Caucasian and 49 African-American female family caregivers of prostate cancer patients were included in the analysis. We compared means of social support amount and satisfaction and utilization of coping strategies by race/ethnicity group.
Results: Racial/ethnic differences exist in the amount of social support received and some coping methods. However, there was no variation in satisfaction with social support by race or ethnicity.
Conclusions: Results suggest that though Caucasian and African-American female family caregivers differ in the amount of social support received, the level of satisfaction with the support tends to be consistent across race/ethnic groups. Racial/ethnic differences in coping methods need to be elucidated since the way of coping may reflect important sociocultural factors.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):B11.