bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Economic Assessment of the Significance of Long‐Range Transported Air Pollutants for Agriculture in Eastern Canada
Authors: Forster Bruce A. 
Published: July 2010

This paper is based upon a report prepared by the author for Agriculture Canada and Environment Canada. The views expressed in the paper are those of the author. I am indebted to Thomas Crocker for discussions on the subject matter. Comments of the reviewers of this journal proved useful in drafting the present version.This paper surveys, collates and interprets information from the scientific literature pertaining to the agricultural impacts of long‐range transported air pollutants (acid deposition and ozone) in Eastern Canada in order to provide a preliminary assessment of their economic significance. While most crop scientists believe that Ozone is the major air pollutant causing damage to a number of crops in Eastern Canada, in terms of economic impacts, acid deposition may be considerably more important if the Lee and Neely (1980) corn yield‐loss estimate of 9 percent is correct. Agricultural soils receive a net economic benefit from acid deposition because of the sulphur input which is a fertilizing agent; however, this is small ($2.6 million) compared to the possible direct corn crop damage ($105 million) attributable to acid deposition.
The International Coffee Agreement: Economics of the Nonmember Market
Authors: Bohman Mary , Jarvis Lovell S. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThe provisions of the 1983 International Coffee Agreement (ICA) and proposed reforms to eliminate exports to nonmember importers at discounted prices are analyzed. The discounted sales were a key issue that led to the breakdown of negotiations for a new ICA and the end of export quotas under the current agreement. A model of the world coffee market incorporating the policy response of exporting countries is used to analyze the welfare implications of the different alternatives. The model shows that the price discounts result from the structure of the current agreement (the existence of nonmember importing countries) and allocation of export quotas for the member market, which does not reflect export capacity. Welfare calculations based on the model show that several small exporters derive substantial benefits from nonmember market sales. These exporters will not be willing to comply with an arrangement to allocate quotas for the nonmember market unless they receive a large share of this market. However, the large exporters appear determined to retain their market share. The results of the model predict that, unless importers no longer insist on eliminating the price discounts, a new agreement is unlikely.
Effects of Initial Payment Policy on the Welfare of Saskatchewan Wheat and Barley Producers
Authors: Clark J. Stephen , Siemens Jonaly K. , Fleming Catherine S. 
Published: July 2010

This paper calculates the historical ex ante producer surplus of initial payments acting as price floors to Saskatchewan wheat and barley producers. To do this, a Nerlovian‐type partial adjustment model and rational expectations are used. The Nerlovian model is somewhat unique in that it is argued that the Nerlovian partial adjustment model can be expanded to a multi‐product partial adjustment model, and this is strongly supported by the data. The calculation of the ex ante producer surplus to Saskatchewan producers indicates that initial payment policy is causing only minor market distortions.Dans le présent document, on établit la partie excédentaire des paiements par anticipation initiaux à la production qui servent de prix plancher aux producteurs de blé et d'orge de la Saskatchewan. Pour cela, on s'est basé sur un modéle à ajustement partiel de type Nerlovian et les attentes rationnelles. Le modèle Nerlovian est particulier en ce sens qu'on suppose que le modèle à ajustement partiel peut s'étendre à de nombreux produits, ce que confirment nettement les données. Le calcul de la part excédentaire du paiement original versé aux producteurs de la Saskatchewan révèle que la politique du paiement initial n'entraîne que de très légères perturbations sur le marché.
Decomposition Measures of Technical Efficiency for Ontario Dairy Farms
Authors: Weersink Alfons , Turvey Calum G. , Godah Abdulahi 
Published: July 2010

Technical efficiency measures for Ontario dairy farms are computed and decomposed into purely technical, congestion and scale efficiency measures using a non‐parametric programming approach. Approximately 42% of the farms in the sample are technically efficient, while the major sources of inefficiency for the remaining farms are due to pure technical allocation and to non‐optimal scale of production. A censored regression indicate that herd size, milk yield and butterfat content of milk has a positive influence on efficiency, while negative effects are found from the proportion. of total feed purchased and overcapitalization. The variation in optimal scale between herd sizes implies a range of farm sizes will continue to exist, provided the appropriate technology for the scale of operation is chosen.Des mesures d'efficacité technique pour des fermes laitières en Ontario sont calculées et ensuite décomposées en mesures de rendement techniques d'échelle et de congestion à l'aide d'une approche de programmation non‐paramétrique. Environ 42% des fermes dans l'échantillon sont techniquement efficaces. Les principales sources d'inefficacité des autres fermes sont reliées à des problèmes d'allocation technique et d'échelle de production. Une régression censurée indique que la grosseur de troupeau, la production de lait par vache de même que le pourcentage de gras dans le lait ont une influence positive sur le rendement tandis que la proportion de fourrage acheté et la sous‐capitalisation ont une influence négative. La variation dans l'échelle optimale de production par grosseur de troupeau laisse sous‐entendre qu'on continuera de voir un certain écart dans la taille des fermes laitiéres si les technologies appropriées pour les differences échelles de production sont selectionnées.
Market Advisory Service Recommendations and Wheat Producers' Selling Decisions
Authors: Klumpp Joni M. , Brorsen B. Wade , Anderson Kim B. 
Published: July 2010

This study uses actual producer transaction data to determine how Oklahoma wheat producers' selling decisions compare to recommendations from market advisory services and market incentives as reflected in futures spreads. Results show that producers responded to expected returns to storage as measured by futures spreads. Also, Oklahoma producers make marketing decisions that are either unrelated or the opposite of recommendations from market advisory services. La présente étude a utilisé des données de transactions réelles pour comparer les décisions de vente des producteurs de blé de l'Oklahoma avec les recommandations faites par des services consultatifs et les stimulants du marché tels que reflétés dans les écarts. Les résultats ont montré que les producteurs ont réagi aux rendements attendus de l'entreposage tels que mesurés par les écarts. De plus, les décisions commerciales des producteurs de l'Oklahoma sont soit indépendantes des recommandations des services conseils, soit totalement contraires à ces recommandations.
Predicting the Effect of Land‐Use Policies on Wildlife Habitat Abundance
Authors: Langpap Christian , Wu JunJie 
Published: July 2010

Land‐use change is arguably the most pervasive socioeconomic force driving the change and degradation of ecological systems and wildlife habitat. This paper integrates an econometric model of land use with a species‐habitat association matrix to assess the effects of land use policies on land use changes and the resulting impacts on habitat abundance for 763 terrestrial vertebrates in four western states of the United States (California, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho). Results suggest that if the goal is to protect biodiversity through habitat conservation, directly acquiring land and setting it aside for habitat preservation (e.g., by purchasing development rights) is more effective than policies that attempt to change the relative returns from different land uses.On peut dire que le changement d'affectation des terres constitue la force socioéconomique la plus répandue entraînant la modification et la dégradation des écosystèmes et des habitats fauniques. Dans le présent article, nous avons intégré un modèle économétrique d'affectation des terres et une matrice espèces‐habitats pour évaluer l'impact des politiques d'affectation des terres sur les changements d'affectation des terres et leurs répercussions sur l'abondance des habitats pour 763 vertébrés terrestres dans quatre États de l'Ouest des États‐Unis (Californie, Oregon, Washington et Idaho). Si l'objectif visé est la protection de la biodiversité par la conservation des habitats, les résultats semblent indiquer que l'acquisition directe de terres en vue de les réserver pour la préservation des habitats (en faisant l'acquisition de droits d'aménagement par exemple) est plus efficace que les politiques qui tentent de modifier les rendements relatifs tirés des diverses affectations des terres.
Matthew's Gladstone
Authors: SHANNON RICHARD 
Published: July 2010

The Gladstone Diaries. Vol. XII. 1887–1891. Edited by H.C.G. Matthew. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1994. Ixxxvii, 535 pp. ℒ65.00. ISBN 0198204639. The Gladstone Diaries. Vol. XIII. 1892–1896. Edited by H.C.G. Matthew. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1994. ix, 486 pp. ℒ65.00. ISBN 0198204647. The Gladstone Diaries. Vol. XIV. Index. Edited by H.C.G. Matthew. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1994. xv, 862, pp. ℒ65.00. ISBN 0198204655. Gladstone, 1875–1898. By H.C.G. Matthew. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1995. xi, 421 pp. ℒ25.00. ISBN 0198204051.
Functional Recovery after Brain Infarction: Plasticity and Neural Transplantation
Authors: Johansson Barbro B. , Grabowski Martin 
Published: July 2010

In the past, little attention has been given to the role of brain plasticity for the long term functional outcome in experimental stroke although there is substantial evidence for plasticity in other experimental models of neurological disorders. Under clinical conditions, functional improvement occurs in most stroke survivors during the initial months after the ischemic incidence. Recent PET studies in stroke patients, investigated two months or later after stroke, indicate a considerable potential for functional plasticity in the adult human cerebral cortex. Research aimed at the identification of the mechanisms underlying functional recovery should be given high priority, particularly with regard to environmental factors and pharmacological interventions.Pilot experiments of environmental enrichment significantly improved the functional outcome of laboratory animals after brain infarction. Fetal neocortical tissue grafted into the infarcted area in adult rats received afferent fibres from the intact brain and responded to contralateral sensory stimulation with increased metabolic activity, indicating functional integration between neocortical grafts and host afferent systems. However, reciprocal connections from the graft to the host tissue were rare, and it remains to be shown whether grafting will be able to restore the complex cortical organization of the infarcted tissue.
Oxidative Metabolism, Apoptosis and Perinatal Brain Injury
Authors: Taylor Deanna L. , Edwards A. David , Mehmet Huseyin 
Published: July 2010

Perinatal hypoxic‐ischaemic injury (HII) is a significant cause of neurodevelopmental impairment and disability. Studies employing 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure phosphorus metabolites in situ in the brains of newborn infants and animals have demonstrated that transient hypoxia‐ischaemia leads to a delayed disruption in cerebral energy metabolism, the magnitude of which correlates with the subsequent neurodevelopmental impairment.Prominent among the biochemical features of HII is the loss of cellular ATP, resulting in increased intracellular Na+ and Ca2+, and decreased intracellular K+.These ionic imbalances, together with a breakdown in cellular defence systems following HII, can contribute to oxidative stress with a net increase in reactive oxygen species. Subsequent damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA and inactivation of key cellular enzymes leads ultimately to cell death.Although the precise mechanisms of neuronal loss are unclear, it is now clear both apoptosis and necrosis are the significant components of cell death following HII. A number of different factors influence whether a cell will undergo apoptosis or necrosis, including the stage of development, cell type, severity of mitochondrial injury and the availability of ATP for apoptotic execution.This review will focus on some pathological mechanisms of cell death in which there is a disruption to oxidative metabolism. The first sections will discuss the process of damage to oxidative metabolism, covering the data collected both from human infants and from animal models. Following sections will deal with the molecular mechanisms that may underlie cerebral energy failure and cell death in this form of brain injury, with a particular emphasis on the role of apoptosis and mitochondria.
Paraproteinaemic Neuropathies
Authors: Steck Andreas J. , Erne Beat , Gabriel Jean‐Marc , Schaeren‐Wiemers Nicole 
Published: July 2010

In this article, we review the main clinical and pathological features of paraproteinaemic neuropathies and discuss recent experimental findings. Further knowledge of the disease process at the molecular level has allowed a better characterization of clinical syndromes and has given new insights into their pathogenesis. The most convincing evidence for a causal relationship can be drawn from IgM monoclonal gammopathies with specificities directed against carbohydrate determinants of the myelin associated glycoprotein (MAG). There remain however, many unresolved questions, such as how monoclonal anti‐MAG IgM antibodies cross the blood‐nerve barrier and trigger a chronic demyelinating polyneuropathy while the central nervous system is essentially spared. IgM paraproteins with specificity for other molecules, such as neurofilaments, sulphatide, gangliosides, chondroitin sulphate and tubulin, have also been identified, but their pathogenetic importance remains to be elucidated.Other paraproteinaemic neuropathies such as IgG and IgA neuropathies have to be considered separately. The paraneoplastic endocrine and cytokine manifestations of rare osteosclerotic myelomas provide valuable insights into the interaction between the immune and the nervous system. The antigen‐specificity of IgG and IgA monoclonal antibodies are only poorly characterized but some have been found to be directed against endoneurial determinants and a few against axonal proteins such as neurofilaments.
Diabetic Neuropathies: Features and Mechanisms
Authors: Zochodne Douglas W. 
Published: July 2010

Diabetic neuropathies include both focal neuropathies and diffuse poly neuropathy. Polyneuropathy, the most common of the diabetic neuropathies excluding focal entrapment, has not yet been explained by a single disease mechanism despite intensive investigation. A number of abnormalities appear to cascade into a ‘vicious cycle’ of progressive microvascular disease associated with motor, sensory and autonomie fiber loss. These abnormalities include excessive polyol (sugar alcohol) flux through the aldose reductase pathway, functional and structural alterations of nerve microvessels, nerve and ganglia hypoxia, oxidative stress, nonspecific glycosylation of axon and microvessel proteins, and impairment in the elaboration of trophic factors critical for peripheral nerves and their ganglia. While an initiating role for nerve ischemia in the development of poly neuropathy has been proposed, the evidence for it can be questioned. The role of sensory and autonomie ganglia in the development of poly neuropathy has had relatively less attention despite the possibility that they may be vulnerable to a variety of insults, particularly neurotrophin deficiency. Superimposed on the deficits of polyneuropathy is the failure of diabetic nerves to regenerate as effectively as nondiabetics. Polyneuropathy has not yet yielded to specific forms of treatment but a variety of new trials addressing plausible hypotheses have been initiated.This review will summarize some of the clinical, pathological and experimental work applied toward understanding human diabetic neuropathy and will emphasize ideas on pathogenesis.
Neuronal Apoptosis in the Dentate Gyrus in Humans with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Cerebral Hypoxia
Authors: MD Roland Nau , Haase Sabine , Bunkowski Stephanie , MD Wolfgang Brück 
Published: July 2010

Apoptosis of dentate granule cells is a typical feature of several animal models of disease. In 20 autopsy cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and global cerebral hypoxia caused by protracted shock or respiratory failure, we evaluated by light microscopy and in situ tailing whether this pattern of neuronal damage also occurs in humans. In subarachnoid hemorrhage, 4.0/mm2 (0–13.0/mm2) a poptotic neurons were observed in the dentate gyrus, in cerebral hypoxia 3.6/mm2 (0–19.9/mm2) (p>0.05), and in 10 aged‐matched control cases dying rapidly from non‐neurological diseases 0/mm2 (0–0/mm2) (median [range]) (p<0.001 versus SAH and hypoxia). Neuronal apoptosis in the dentate gyrus was most frequent, when death occurred later than 24 hours and less than 11 days after disease onset. Neuronal damage in the hippocampus was always necrotic. It was more severe in hypoxia than in SAH (median neuronal damage score 3 [range: 0–3] versus 0 [0–3], p<0.001).Apoptosis appears to be the predominant mechanism of death in dentate granule cells irrespective of the underlying disease, whereas neuronal death in the hippocampus generally is of necrotic morphology.
FEBRUARY 2004: A 44‐YEAR‐OLD MAN WITH A 2‐YEAR HISTORY OF EPISTAXIS
Authors: Di Patre Pier Luigi , Szalay Ildiko , Delavelle Jacqueline 
Published: July 2010

CASE OF THE MONTH: ABSTRACTFEBRUARY 2004 COM. A 44‐year old man presented with a 2‐year history of epistaxis and a nodular lesion in the nasopharyngeal mucosa. Neuroimaging revealed a midline nasopharyngeal tumor extending through the skull base to the clivus. Following surgical resection, histological studies showed a paraganglioma, a tumor with a typical nesting pattern, abundant capillary network, and strong immunoreactivity for neuroendocrine markers. Paragangliomas of the head and neck are rare tumors, which may come to the neuropathologist's attention because of their propensity for intracranial spread. In particular, paragangliomas located in the nasopharynx may generate diagnostic difficulties, as they appear to have no connection with major paraganglia in the region. Morphologic criteria do not allow distinguishing between benign and malignant forms.
Chronic Ethanol Treatment Enhances Inflammatory Mediators and Cell Death in the Brain and in Astrocytes
Authors: Vallés Soraya L. , Blanco Ana M. , Pascual María , Guerri Consuelo 
Published: July 2010

Inflammatory processes and cytokine expression have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders. Chronic ethanol intake induces brain damage, although the mechanisms involved in this effect are not well understood.We tested the hypothesis that activation of glial cells by ethanol would induce stimulation of signaling pathways and inflammatory mediators in brain, and would cause neurotoxicity. We used cerebral cortex from control and chronic ethanol‐fed rats, which received ethanol‐liquid diet for 5 months and cultured of astrocytes exposed to 75 mM ethanol for 7 days. Our results demonstrate that chronic ethanol treatment up‐regulates iNOS, COX‐2 and IL‐1β in rat cerebral cortex and in cultured astrocytes.Under both experimental conditions, up‐regulation of these inflammatory mediators and IL‐1 RI concomitantly occurs with the stimulation of IRAK and MAP kinases, including ERK1/2, p‐38 and JNK, which trigger the downstream activation of oxidant‐sensitive transcription factors NF‐kB and AP‐1. These effects were associated with an increased in both caspase‐3 and apoptosis in ethanol‐fed rats and in astrocytes exposed to ethanol. In conclusion, chronic ethanol treatment stimulates glial cells, upregulating the production and the expression of inflammatory mediators in the brain, and activating signalling pathways and transcription factors involved in inflammatory damage and cell death.
Inflicted Traumatic Brain Injury in Infants and Young Children
Authors: Case Mary E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis article will discuss the subject of inflicted or abusive head injury in infants and young children. Inflicted neurotrauma is a very common injury and a frequent problem in attempting to distinguish between inflicted and accidental injury. Inflicted head injury occurs usually in the home in the presence of the individual who has inflicted the injury outside the view of unbiased witnesses. Distinguishing between inflicted and accidental injury may be dependent upon the pathological findings and consideration of the circumstances surrounding the injury.The most common finding in an inflicted head injury is the presence of subdural hemorrhage. Subdural hemorrhage may occur in a variety of distributions and appearances. The natural history of subdural bleeding and the anatomy of the “subdural” will be considered. The anatomy of the dura and its attachment to the skull and to the arachnoid determines how subdural bleeding evolves into the cleaved dural border cell layer and as well as how bridging veins are torn and anatomically where bleeding will occur. Different biomechanical mechanisms result in different distributions of subdural blood and these differences will be discussed.
Vitamin D deficiency: the time to ignore it has passed
Authors: HAROON Muhammad , REGAN Michael J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt is true to say that it is just over the past decade and even more so in this new decade that it has become appreciated how vitally important vitamin D is for optimum health. This ‘sunshine’ vitamin could justifiably be called ‘the nutrient of this decade’. Until recently, vitamin D was known primarily for its role in bone health. However, as a result of advances in research this perspective has changed. While it is true to say that the classic function of vitamin D is to control calcium and vitamin D metabolism, we now know that the importance of vitamin D spreads far wider than just bone health. There is much ongoing research with regard to its emerging role in immunopathology, as a potent inhibitor of cellular growth, stimulator of insulin secretion, modulator of immune function and inhibitor of renin production. This review discusses the current evidence with regard to the clinical consequences of vitamin D deficiency and underscores the fact that physicians should be vigilant in searching for and treating this preventable and treatable condition. Furthermore, this review highlights the fact that the time is opportune for rheumatologists to agree upon clinical guidelines to advise practitioners as to when and in which patients to check for, what target vitamin D level to aim for and how best to treat vitamin D deficiency.