bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protein–DNA Complex Is the Exclusive Malaria Parasite Component That Activates Dendritic Cells and Triggers Innate Immune Responses
Authors: Wu Xianzhu , Gowda Nagaraj M. , Kumar Sanjeev , Gowda D. Channe 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in the development of protective immunity to malaria. However, it remains unclear how malaria parasites trigger immune responses in DCs. In this study, we purified merozoites, food vacuoles, and parasite membrane fragments released during the Plasmodium falciparum schizont burst to homogeneity and tested for the activation of bone marrow-derived DCs from wild-type and TLR2−/−, TLR4−/−, TLR9−/−, and MyD88−/− C57BL/6J mice. The results demonstrate that a protein–DNA complex is the exclusive parasite component that activates DCs by a TLR9-dependent pathway to produce inflammatory cytokines. Complex formation with proteins is essential for the entry of parasite DNA into DCs for TLR9 recognition and, thus, proteins convert inactive DNA into a potent immunostimulatory molecule. Exogenous cationic polymers, polylysine and chitosan, can impart stimulatory activity to parasite DNA, indicating that complex formation involves ionic interactions. Merozoites and DNA–protein complex could also induce inflammatory cytokine responses in human blood DCs. Hemozoin is neither a TLR9 ligand for DCs nor functions as a carrier of DNA into cells. Additionally, although TLR9 is critical for DCs to induce the production of IFN-γ by NK cells, this receptor is not required for NK cells to secret IFN-γ, and cell–cell contact among myeloid DCs, plasmacytoid DCs, and NK cells is required for IFN-γ production. Together, these results contribute substantially toward the understanding of malaria parasite-recognition mechanisms. More importantly, our finding that proteins and carbohydrate polymers are able to confer stimulatory activity to an otherwise inactive parasite DNA have important implications for the development of a vaccine against malaria.
Isolation of Platelet Granules
Authors: Nießen Juliane , Jedlitschky Gabriele , Greinacher Andreas , Kroemer Heyo K. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractFunctional analysis of platelet intracellular structures requires isolation and purification of these cellular compartments. With regard to the function of platelets, both, dense (delta) and alpha granules are relevant target structures. However, the availability of sufficient purification protocols for these structures is rather limited. This unit describes two protocols for isolation and purification of platelet granule structures. The Basic Protocol describes a new technique based on immunolabeling with target‐specific antibodies followed by magnetic sorting, whereas the Alternate Protocol describes the more traditional procedure based on differential centrifugation and density‐based sedimentation. For both methods, the degree of granule purification can be most easily determined by immunoblotting using various antibodies that recognize structure‐specific proteins. The immunomagnetic sorting method is especially good for studies requiring highly purified material (e.g., for the identification of specific transporters and receptors). Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 46:3.35.1‐3.35.14. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Biosensors for Characterizing the Dynamics of Rho Family GTPases in Living Cells
Authors: Hodgson Louis , Shen Feimo , Hahn Klaus 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe biosensors developed in the authors' laboratory have been based on different designs, each imparting specific strengths and weaknesses. Here we describe detailed protocols for the application of three biosensors exemplifying different designs—first, a design in which an environmentally sensitive dye is used to report the activation of endogenous Cdc42, followed by two biosensors based on FRET, one using intramolecular and the other intermolecular FRET. The design differences lead to the need for different approaches in imaging and image analysis. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 46:14.11.1‐14.11.26. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Documenting GLUT4 Exocytosis and Endocytosis in Muscle Cell Monolayers
Authors: Ishikura Shuhei , Antonescu Costin N. , Klip Amira 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe elevated blood glucose following a meal is cleared by insulin‐stimulated glucose entry into muscle and fat cells. The hormone increases the amount of the glucose transporter GLUT4 at the plasma membrane in these tissues at the expense of preformed intracellular pools. In addition, muscle contraction also increases glucose uptake via a gain in GLUT4 at the plasma membrane. Regulation of GLUT4 levels at the cell surface could arise from alterations in the rate of its exocytosis, endocytosis, or both. Hence, methods that can independently measure these traffic parameters for GLUT4 are essential to understanding the mechanism of regulation of membrane traffic of the transporter. Here, we describe cell population–based assays to measure the steady‐state levels of GLUT4 at the cell surface, as well as to separately measure the rates of GLUT4 endocytosis and endocytosis. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 46:15.15.1‐15.15.19. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Methods for Monitoring Dynamics of Pulmonary RSV Replication by Viral Culture and by Real‐Time Reverse Transcription–PCR In Vivo: Detection of Abortive Viral Replication
Authors: Boukhvalova Marina S. , Yim Kevin C. , Prince Gregory A. , Blanco Jorge C.G. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractViral infection is normally detected either by viral culture or by PCR methods. Rarely is a combination of the two techniques used in the same study. Yet, when applied simultaneously, viral culture and PCR may reveal important features of viral biology, such as an abortive replication, as in the case of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. In this unit, we describe methods for detecting abortive RSV replication in a cotton rat model by using the plaque‐forming unit assay and the real‐time reverse‐transcription PCR (qRT‐PCR) assay. All steps of the process of monitoring viral replication in vivo are described, starting from the design of animal infection protocols. We continue on to the methods for extracting and processing lung samples for viral culture and RNA extraction, and finish with the actual methods of viral titration by the qRT‐PCR and the plaque‐forming unit assays. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 46:26.6.1‐26.6.19. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Tilt vibratory exercise and the dynamic balance in fibromyalgia: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Gusi Narcis , Parraca Jose A. , Olivares Pedro R. , Leal Alejo , Adsuar Jose C. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of tilt whole‐body vibration (WBV) for improving dynamic balance in women with fibromyalgia (FM).MethodsForty‐one women (ages 41–65 years) were randomly assigned to either a vibration (n = 21) or control (n = 20) group. The vibration intervention consisted of a 30‐minute session of instruction plus 3 sessions of WBV per week over a period of 12 weeks. Each vibration session consisted of 6 repetitions of a 45–60‐second 12.5‐Hz vibration. The posture of the patient was lateral. Dynamic balance was assessed with a balance platform, and the level of stability could be controlled. We performed intent‐to‐treat (ITT) analysis and efficacy analysis in participants who completed the study (vibration, n = 18; control, n = 18).ResultsBased on ITT analysis, the dynamic balance of the vibration group improved by 36% as compared with baseline, whereas that of the control group was unchanged. Differences in the dynamic balance index were predicted (61%; P < 0.001) by the following linear model: (0.027 × body weight) − (0.800 × dynamic balance at baseline) − (0.632 × group).ConclusionThe vibration program was useful and feasible for improving dynamic balance in women with FM. These novel results support further research aimed at the development of physical therapy programs that utilize controlled vibration.
Exercise adherence improving long‐term patient outcome in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip and/or knee
Authors: Pisters Martijn F. , Veenhof Cindy , Schellevis François G. , Twisk Jos W. R. , Dekker Joost , De Bakker Dinny H. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the effect of patient exercise adherence within the prescribed physical therapy treatment period and after physical therapy discharge on patient outcomes of pain, physical function, and patient self‐perceived effect in individuals with osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip and/or knee.MethodsWe performed a prospective observational followup study in which 150 patients with OA of the hip and/or knee receiving exercise therapy were followed for 60 months. Data were obtained from a randomized controlled trial, with assessments at baseline and 3, 15, and 60 months of followup. The association between exercise adherence and patient outcomes of pain, physical function, and self‐perceived effect was examined using generalized estimating equations analyses.ResultsAdherence to recommended home exercises and being more physically active were significantly associated with better treatment outcomes of pain, self‐reported physical function, physical performance, and self‐perceived effect. The association between adherence and outcome was consistent over time. Adherence to home activities was only associated with better self‐perceived effect.ConclusionBetter adherence to recommended home exercises as well as being more physically active improves the long‐term effectiveness of exercise therapy in patients with OA of the hip and/or knee. Both within and after the treatment period, better adherence is associated with better patient outcomes of pain, physical function, and self‐perceived effect. Since exercise adherence declines over time, future research should focus on how exercise behavior can be stimulated and maintained in the long term.
Pressure pain sensitivity topographical maps reveal bilateral hyperalgesia of the hands in patients with unilateral carpal tunnel syndrome
Authors: Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas César , Madeleine Pascal , Martínez‐Perez Almudena , Arendt‐Nielsen Lars , Jiménez‐García Rodrigo , Pareja Juan A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo assess topographical pressure pain sensitivity maps of the hand in patients with unilateral carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) as compared with healthy subjects.MethodsA total of 20 women with CTS (ages 32–52 years) and 20 healthy matched women (ages 32–51 years) were recruited. Pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) were measured bilaterally over 30 locations of the palm of each hand by an assessor blinded to the subjects' conditions.ResultsPatients showed lower PPTs in both hands in all of the measurement points as compared with controls (P < 0.001 for all). PPTs were lower in those points over the proximal phalanx of the fingers and the thenar eminency as compared with those points located over the distal phalanx of the fingers (P < 0.001). CTS patients showed lower PPT levels in dermatomes C6, C7, and C8 when compared with healthy controls (P < 0.001 for all), but without differences between dermatomes (P = 0.4). PPT was negatively correlated with both hand pain intensity and duration of symptoms (P < 0.001 for all).ConclusionOur findings revealed bilateral generalized pressure pain hyperalgesia in unilateral CTS because lower PPT levels were found in all of the points. The pressure pain hyperalgesia was not uniformly distributed since PPTs were lower in points over the proximal phalanx of the fingers and the thenar eminency as compared with those points located over the distal phalanx of the fingers. The decrease in PPT levels was associated with the intensity and the duration of the pain symptoms, supporting a role of both peripheral and central sensitization mechanisms in this pain condition.
Subtle cognitive deficits in adults with a previous history of Sydenham's chorea during childhood
Authors: Cavalcanti André , Hilário Maria Odete E. , dos Santos Flávia Heloísa , Bolognani Sílvia Adriana Prado , Bueno Orlando Francisco Amodeo , Len Claudio Arnaldo 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the neuropsychological profile and health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) of adults who had rheumatic fever (RF) during childhood with and without Sydenham's chorea (SC).MethodsThree groups of patients were assessed: adults who had RF with SC during childhood (SC group), adults who had RF without SC during childhood (RF group), and controls (CT group). A range of neuropsychological tests looked at several cognitive domains. HRQOL was measured through a Brazilian version of the Short Form 36 (SF‐36) health survey.ResultsTwenty patients were included in the SC group, 23 patients in the RF group, and 19 patients in the CT group. The 3 groups were homogeneous regarding sex (P = 0.078), age (P = 0.799), schooling (P = 0.600), socioeconomic status (P = 0.138), intelligence quotient (P = 0.329), and scores for anxiety (P = 0.156) and depression (P = 0.076). The SC group demonstrated inferior performance in tests that assessed attention (Digit Span Forward [P = 0.005], Corsi Block Forward [P = 0.014]), speeded information processing (Trail Making A [P = 0.009], Symbol Search [P = 0.042]), and executive functions and working memory (Corsi Block Backward [P = 0.028]), and higher scores for attention deficit scale (P = 0.030) when compared with the RF and CT groups. They also showed a tendency toward lower scores in the physical aspects, vitality, emotional aspects, and mental health domains of the SF‐36. The RF group had a lower score for the general health domain than the CT group (P = 0.030).ConclusionPatients who had SC during childhood can exhibit inferior performance in tasks that evaluate attention, speeded information processing, executive functions, and working memory in adult life. Therefore, there is indirect evidence of the persistence of dysfunction in cerebral circuits involved with the basal ganglia. They also presented a worse self‐evaluation in HRQOL that was not related to cognitive impairments.
Curvature Scaling in the Medial Tibial Condyle of Large Bodied Hominoids
Authors: Sylvester Adam D. , Organ Jason M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe shape of joint articular surfaces can provide important information about the locomotor habits of animals. Understanding sources of shape variation in these surfaces is critical to correctly inferring the link between form and function. This study tests the hypothesis that increases in body size within a species result in flatter joint contours of the joint articular surface. Joint flattening is expected to regulate the magnitude and direction of transarticular stresses passing through the joint. Three‐dimensional laser scans of polyvinylsiloxane molds of the medial tibial condyle of gorillas (n = 40), common chimpanzees (n = 40), and modern humans (n = 40) were evaluated for differences in articular surface topography, with all measures of joint curvature examined in relation to femoral head superoinferior diameter (as a surrogate for body size). Analyses did not detect an allometric shape change in the curvature of the medial tibial condyle with increasing body size within any of the three taxa examined here. Medial tibial condyle curvature appears to be largely independent of body size as estimated by femoral head diameter. These results do not provide direct support for the hypothesis that joints become flatter in response to increased transarticular loading. Anat Rec, 293:671–679, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Allometry of Masticatory Loading Parameters in Mammals
Authors: Ravosa Matthew J. , Ross Callum F. , Williams Susan H. , Costley Destiny B. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractConsiderable research on the scaling of loading patterns in mammalian locomotor systems has not been accompanied by a similarly comprehensive analysis of the interspecific scaling of loading regimes in the mammalian masticatory complex. To address this deficiency, we analyzed mandibular corpus bone strain in 11 mammalian taxa varying in body size by over 2.5 orders of magnitude, including goats, horses, alpacas, pigs, and seven primate taxa. During alert chewing and biting of hard/tough foods, bone‐strain data were collected with rosette gauges placed along the lateral aspect of the mandibular corpus below the molars or premolars. Bone‐strain data were used to characterize relevant masticatory loading parameters: peak loading magnitudes, chewing cycle duration, chewing frequency, occlusal duty factor, loading rate, and loading time. Interspecific analyses indicate that much as observed in limb elements, corpus peak‐strain magnitudes are similar across mammals of disparate body sizes. Chewing frequency is inversely correlated with body size, much as with locomotor stride frequency. Some of this allometric variation in chewing frequency appears to be due to a negative correlation with loading time, which increases with body size. Similar to the locomotor apparatus, occlusal duty factor, or the duration of the chewing cycle during which the corpus is loaded, does not vary with body size. Peak principal‐strain magnitudes are most strongly positively correlated with loading rate and only secondarily with loading, with this complex relationship best described by a multiple regression equation with an interaction term between loading rate and loading time. In addition to informing interpretations of craniomandibular growth, form, function, and allometry, these comparisons provide a skeleton‐wide perspective on the patterning of osteogenic stimuli across body sizes. Anat Rec, 293:557–571, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Studying Primate Carpal Kinematics in Three Dimensions Using a Computed‐Tomography‐Based Markerless Registration Method
Authors: Orr Caley M. , Leventhal Evan L. , Chivers Spencer F. , Marzke Mary W. , Wolfe Scott W. , Crisco Joseph J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe functional morphology of the wrist pertains to a number of important questions in primate evolutionary biology, including that of hominins. Reconstructing locomotor and manipulative capabilities of the wrist in extinct species requires a detailed understanding of wrist biomechanics in extant primates and the relationship between carpal form and function. The kinematics of carpal movement, and the role individual joints play in providing mobility and stability of the wrist, is central to such efforts. However, there have been few detailed biomechanical studies of the nonhuman primate wrist. This is largely because of the complexity of wrist morphology and the considerable technical challenges involved in tracking the movements of the many small bones that compose the carpus. The purpose of this article is to introduce and outline a method adapted from human clinical studies of three‐dimensional (3D) carpal kinematics for use in a comparative context. The method employs computed tomography of primate cadaver forelimbs in increments throughout the wrist's range of motion, coupled with markerless registration of 3D polygon models based on inertial properties of each bone. The 3D kinematic principles involved in extracting motion axis parameters that describe bone movement are reviewed. In addition, a set of anatomically based coordinate systems embedded in the radius, capitate, hamate, lunate, and scaphoid is presented for the benefit of other primate functional morphologists interested in studying carpal kinematics. Finally, a brief demonstration of how the application of these methods can elucidate the mechanics of the wrist in primates illustrates the closer‐packing of carpals in chimpanzees than in orangutans, which may help to stabilize the midcarpus and produce a more rigid wrist beneficial for efficient hand posturing during knuckle‐walking locomotion. Anat Rec, 293:692–709, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trabecular Bone Structure in the Humeral and Femoral Heads of Anthropoid Primates
Authors: Ryan Timothy M. , Walker Alan 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe functional significance of three‐dimensional trabecular bone architecture in the primate postcranial skeleton has received significant interest over the last decade. Some previous work has produced promising results, finding significant relationships between femoral head trabecular bone structure and hypothesized locomotor loading in leaping and nonleaping strepsirrhines. Conversely, most studies of anthropoid femoral head bone structure have found broad similarity across taxonomic and locomotor groups. The goal of this study is to expand on past analyses of anthropoid trabecular bone structure by assessing the effects of differential limb usage on the trabecular bone architecture of the forelimb and hindlimb across taxa characterized by diverse locomotor behaviors, including brachiation, quadrupedalism, and climbing. High‐resolution x‐ray computed tomography scans were collected from the proximal humerus and proximal femur of 55 individuals from five anthropoid primate species, including Symphalangus syndactylus, Papio sp., Presbytis rubicunda, Alouatta caraya, and Pan troglodytes. Trabecular bone structural features including bone volume fraction, anisotropy, trabecular thickness, and trabecular number were quantified in large volumes positioned in the center of the humeral or femoral head. Femoral head trabecular bone volume is consistently and significantly higher than trabecular bone volume in the humerus in all taxa independent of locomotor behavior. Humeral trabecular bone is more isotropic than femoral trabecular bone in all species sampled, possibly reflecting the emphasis on a mobile shoulder joint and manipulative forelimb. The results indicate broad similarity in trabecular bone structure in these bones across anthropoids. Anat Rec, 293:719–729, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adenanthera pavonina trypsin inhibitor retard growth of Anagasta kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Macedo Maria Lígia Rodrigues , Durigan Roberta Aparecida , da Silva Desiree Soares , Marangoni Sérgio , Freire Maria das Graças Machado , Parra José Roberto Postali 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAnagasta kuehniella is a polyphagous pest that feeds on a wide variety of stored products. The possible roles suggested for seed proteinase inhibitors include the function as a part of the plant defensive system against pest via inhibition of their proteolytic enzymes. In this study, a trypsin inhibitor (ApTI) was purified from Adenanthera pavonina seed and was tested for insect growth regulatory effect. The chronic ingestion of ApTI did result in a significant reduction in larval survival and weight. Larval and pupal developmental time of larvae fed on ApTI diet at 1% was significantly longer; the larval period was extended by 5 days and pupal period was 10 days longer, therefore delaying by up to 20 days and resulting in a prolonged period of development from larva to adult. As a result, the ApTI diet emergence rate was only 28% while the emergence rate of control larvae was 80%. The percentage of surviving adults (%S) decreased to 62%. The fourth instar larvae reared on a diet containing 1% ApTI showed a decrease in tryptic activity of gut and that no novel proteolytic form resistant to ApTI was induced. In addition, the tryptic activity in ApTI ‐fed larvae was sensitive to ApTI. These results suggest that ApTI have a potential antimetabolic effect when ingested by A. kuehniella. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.