bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiographic evaluation of osteotomized ulnar segments following arthroscopic treatment for canine medial coronoid disease
Authors: Lesser A. S. , Kranz S. T. 
Published: August 2011

SummaryObjective: To assess movement of ulnar segments radiographically, following proximal and midshaft ulnar osteotomy or ostectomy after arthroscopic treatment for dogs diagnosed with medial coronoid disease.Methods: Fragmentation and cartilage wear were treated arthroscopically and the presence of incongruity confirmed. Osteotomies were performed at the mid-point or proximal third of the length of the ulna. The distance of separation between the ulnar segments and the adjacent radius were measured and followed by serial radiographs postoperatively until healing had occurred.Results: Proximal oblique osteotomies located at one-third the length of the ulna were associated with the most movement of the ulnar segments, most notably of the proximal segment. Osteotomies or ostectomies performed in the middle demonstrated less segmental movement and on average, slightly longer time to heal. Movement of the ulnar segments in both groups occurred immediately, and then peaked at two to four weeks postoperatively, tending to plateau thereafter.Clinical significance: Radioulnar incongruity is considered a facet of the aetiopatho-genesis of canine medial coronoid disease. This creates abnormal loads and focal wear along the medial coronoid process. Performing an oblique osteotomy at a location measured at the proximal third of the length of the ulna allows increased movement of the proximal segment, which may result in unloading of the medial compartment. Performing an osteotomy or ostectomy distally dampens segmental movement due to constraint of the interosseous ligament. These findings suggest that a proximal oblique osteotomy at this location creates immediate favourable movement with low morbidity.
Partial scapulectomy for treatment of an articular fracture of the scapula in a cat
Authors: French S. , Nykamp S. , Ringwood P. B. , Plesman R. L. 
Published: August 2011

SummaryA seven-month-old cat was referred, after having been missing for one week, for evaluation and treatment of a right forelimb injury and facial fractures. On physical examination, a moderate partial weight-bearing lameness of the right forelimb was present, with palpable crepitus in the glenohumeral joint. Dental radiographs revealed a midline palatal fracture and rostral fractures of the left maxillary canine alveolar bone. Radiographs of the right shoulder revealed a Type III or intraarticular fracture of the scapula with moderate displacement of the fracture at the articular surface. Early fibrous healing of the fracture was observed and the caudal aspect of the medial glenohumeral ligament was ruptured. Due to the chronicity, reduction and stabilization was not attempted. Instead, the caudal aspect of the medial glenohumeral ligament was incised along its origin and approximately 30% of the glenoid was removed. The caudal glenohumeral ligament was attached to the subscapularis muscle. Three years after surgery, the owner reported that the cat continued to experience no visible lameness and led an active lifestyle. This case report demonstrates that a partial caudal scapulectomy can result in full return of function of the forelimbs in cats with scapular fractures, especially when joint involvement is severe and the articular cartilage is affected. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of a partial scapulectomy, utilized for fracture management, in the veterinary literature.
Massive osteolysis in a dog resembling Gorham’s disease in humans
Authors: Lindsay S. , Johnson V. , Child G. , Farrell M. 
Published: August 2011

SummaryAn eight-month-old mixed-breed dog was presented with a history of sudden onset pelvic limb lameness. Radiographic and computed tomographic examinations demonstrated an osteolytic process involving the lumbar spine and pelvis. A comprehensive work-up including serial radiographic skeletal survey, biopsy, routine laboratory investigation and evaluation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D levels failed to reveal any underlying cause for the osteolysis. Conservative treatment using the bisphosphonate drug alendronate and oral analgesic medications resulted in a return to nearly normal long-term function, despite massive lumbar and pelvic osteolysis. The clinical, radiological and histopathological features in this dog are reported, and similarities with the human condition known as Gorham’s disease are discussed.
Early Cuff Anchorage for Tunneled Central Venous Catheters using a Buried Absorbable Suture
Authors: Ramsey Christopher , McClure Hamish , Bhambra Bali , Dolling Sarah , Bodenham Andrew 
Published: August 2011

Purpose Long-term tunneled cuffed central venous catheters (CVC) are widely used for the administration of chemotherapy, parenteral nutrition, and fluids. External migration and displacement of catheters have been reported to occur in 2.4% to 24% of cases, prompting the development of various anchoring strategies. We report an adaptation of previous techniques, where the cuff of a tunneled catheter is prevented from moving outwards by inserting a buried absorbable purse string suture around the catheter. Its effectiveness in catheter fixation has been assessed in a prospective audit. Methods The effectiveness of the anchoring suture was assessed in a cohort of 101 oncology chemotherapy patients using specific measurements of catheter movement (Dacron cuff to suture distance, Dacron cuff to exit site distance, and external catheter length), taken at catheter insertion and removal. Results Catheters were placed in situ for a median of 16 weeks. Displacement was found in 19% to 36% of lines (depending on the specific measurement taken), with a median cuff to exit site movement of 7.5 mm (range 5 to 40 mm) and a median length of external line movement of 10 mm (range 5 to 70 mm). The suture had good cosmetic results. Conclusions This is, to our knowledge, the first study to attempt to quantify CVC movement. Our data suggest that this suture technique provides an effective and safe additional strategy for cuffed tunneled CVC fixation.
Treatment and secondary prevention of venous thrombo -embolism in cancer patients
Authors: Pabinger I. , Ay C. 
Published: August 2011

SummaryCancer is a major and independent risk factor of venous thromboembolism (VTE). In clinical practice, a high number of VTE events occurs in patients with cancer, and treatment of cancer-associated VTE differs in several aspects from treatment of VTE in the general population. However, treatment in cancer patients remains a major challenge, as the risk of recurrence of VTE as well as the risk of major bleeding during anticoagulation is substantially higher in patients with cancer than in those without cancer. In several clinical trials, different anticoagulants and regimens have been investigated for treatment of acute VTE and secondary prophylaxis in cancer patients to prevent recurrence. Based on the results of these trials, anticoagulant therapy with low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH) has become the treatment of choice in cancer patients with acute VTE in the initial period and for extended and long-term anticoagulation for 3–6 months. New oral anti-coagulants directly inhibiting thrombin or factor Xa, have been developed in the past decade and studied in large phase III clinical trials. Results from currently completed trials are promising and indicate their potential use for treatment of VTE also in cancer patients. However, the role of the new oral thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors for VTE treatment in cancer patients still has to be clarified in further studies specifically focusing on cancer-associated VTE. This brief review will summarize the current strategies of initial and long-term VTE treatment in patients with cancer and discuss the potential use of the new oral anticoagulants.
Thermosetting resin compositions based on novolac and modified novolac
Authors: Mustata Fanica 
Published: August 2011

AbstractNovel formaldehyde novolac resins at various molar ratios of monomers (4,4′‐methylenedianiline/p‐nonylphenol/p‐formaldehyde) were synthesized in the presence of an acid catalyst. The obtained resins were characterized by using elemental analysis, FT IR, and 1H NMR spectroscopic methods. Subsequently, these resins may further be modified by allylation and methacrylation and may be used as cross‐linking agents for epoxy resin/bismaleimide resin formulations. The curing of epoxy and bismaleimide resins with formaldehyde resins (FR) and modified FR and the thermal decomposition behavior of cross‐linked resins were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric (TGA) techniques. DSC scans for the curing of epoxy resins with FR show a single exothermic peak, which implied only the occurrence of cure reactions between epoxy ring and amine protons, whereas the DSC scans for the epoxy resins, bismaleimide resins, and modified FR systems have two exothermic peaks. The cured products possess a good thermal stability and low water absorption. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 30: 219–233, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.20218
Postural strategies employed by orangutans (Pongo abelii) during feeding in the terminal branch niche
Authors: Myatt J.P. , Thorpe S.K.S. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObtaining food in an arboreal habitat is complex due to the irregular and flexible nature of the supports available. As the largest predominantly arboreal primate, orangutans are expected to have developed particular postural strategies to enable them to feed successfully. In particular, they need to be able to cope within the terminal branch niche (TBN) as this is where the smallest, most compliant supports are, and also where the majority of the fruit and leaves are situated. We recorded feeding posture, along with a number of ecological and behavioral variables from different age‐sex classes to enable analysis of the interactions between these and the compliance of the supports (as estimated from stiffness score). Suspensory postures with a pronograde orientation were used on the most compliant supports for all age‐sex classes and appeared to play a particular role in facilitating safe use of the TBN by distributing body weight and using limbs for balance across multiple supports. This contradicts the idea that orthograde suspension evolved in response to the demands of feeding in the TBN. Adult males appear to use the same postures and feeding zones as the other age‐sex classes, but appear to use stiffer supports where possible due to their larger body mass. Feeding method differed between the age‐sex classes in relation to support stiffness, with larger adult males taking fewer risks due to their larger size, compared to infants and juveniles. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Removal of heavy metals from model wastewater by using carboxymehyl cellulose/2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl propane sulfonic acid hydrogels
Authors: El‐Hag Ali Amr 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA series of functional copolymer hydrogels composed of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) were synthesized using γ‐radiations‐induced copolymerization and crosslinking. Preparation conditions were optimized, and the swelling characteristics were investigated. The ability of the prepared hydrogels to recover some toxic metal ions from their aqueous solutions was studied. The prepared hydrogel showed a great capability to recover metal ions such as: Mn+2, Co+2, Cu+2, and Fe+3 from their solutions. The data revealed that the chelating ability of the prepared hydrogels is mainly dependent on their internal composition, in addition to the physical properties of the metal ion solution such as pH and metal ion concentration. The data show that the chelating ability of the prepared hydrogels increases by increasing the AMPS content in the hydrogel as well as the increment in the pH of the solution and the metal ion concentration. The prepared CMC/AMPS copolymer hydrogels are chemically stable enough to be reused for at least five times with the same efficiency. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Effect of epoxidized natural rubber on thermal properties, fatigue life, and natural weathering test of styrene butadiene rubber/recycled acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber (SBR/NBRr) blends
Authors: Noriman Nik Zulkepli , Ismail Hanafi 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe utilization of waste rubber powder in polymer matrices provides an attractive strategy for polymer waste disposal. Addition of recycled acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber (NBRr) in rubber compounds gives economic (lowering the cost of rubber compounds) as well as processing advantages. In this study, the properties of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)/NBRr blends with and without epoxidized natural rubber (ENR‐50) as a compatibilizer were determined. The results such as thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), fatigue life, and natural weathering test of SBR/NBRr blends with and without ENR‐50 were carried out. Results showed that TG thermograms of SBR/NBRr blends with ENR‐50 show lower thermal stability compared blends without ENR‐50. The incorporation of ENR‐50 into SBR/NBRr blends has reduced char residue compared SBR/NBRr blends without ENR‐50. The incorporation of ENR‐50 in SBR/NBRr blends has increased the rigidity of the blends thus lowering the fatigue life. The increment in tensile properties retention of SBR/NBRr blends with ENR‐50 indicated the enhancement on weathering resistant. The surfaces of SBR/NBRr blends with ENR‐50 after 6 months exposure showed a minimal severity of crack compared with SBR/NBRr blends without ENR‐50. It revealed that the scale of cracks has reduced indicating well‐retaining interfacial adhesion between SBR and NBRr with the presence of ENR‐50 as a compatibilizer. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
High‐Speed Carbon Nanotube Actuators Based on an Oxidation/Reduction Reaction
Authors: Mukai Ken , Asaka Kinji , Hata Kenji , Fernández Otero Toribio , Oike Hideaki 
Published: August 2011

AbstractActuators with a high‐speed response under a high‐frequency (more than 100 Hz) applied square‐wave voltage of ±2 V have been developed with an electrode composed of millimeter‐long single‐walled carbon nanotubes synthesized by the “supergrowth method” (SG‐SWNTs) and ionic liquids (ILs). Detailed studies concerning induced electric current and transferred charge in the electrode as well as cyclic voltammetric studies of the electrode revealed that the high‐speed response originates from the electric current generated by an oxidation/reduction (redox) reaction in addition to electric double‐layer charging. The contribution of the redox reactions of SG‐SWNTs to the actuation is sensitive to the presence of supporting polymers, the thickness of the electrolyte, and the amplitude of the applied voltage.
Microwave‐Assisted Partial Hydrogenation of Citral by using Ionic Liquid‐Coated Porous Glass Catalysts
Authors: Gallert Thomas , Hahn Martin , Sellin Martin , Schmöger Christine , Stolle Achim , Ondruschka Bernd , Keller Thomas F. , Jandt Klaus D. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe microwave‐assisted hydrogenation of citral (3,7‐dimethylocta‐2,6‐dienal) to citronellal with molecular hydrogen as the reducing agent was investigated. Several polar and non‐polar solvents were screened and imidazolium‐based ionic liquids were applied as modifiers for the palladium‐containing porous glass catalysts (Pd/TP). The best results were obtained with N‐ethyl‐N’‐methylimidazolium dicyanamide, N‐ethyl‐N’‐methylimidazolium acetate, or N‐ethyl‐N’‐methylimidazolium trifluoroacetate, which were used to prepare supported catalysts with an ionic liquid layer (SCILL) on Pd/TP by wet‐impregnation. The influence of pressure and temperature when using these ionic liquid‐containing catalysts, as well as their long‐term stabilities, were examined. Working with microwave‐assisted heating, high yields of citronellal were achieved under mild conditions within short reaction times. Catalyst characterization was carried out by means of BET measurements, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermo‐gravimetric analyses. The influences of the ionic liquid layer were derived from experiments carried out before and after the reactions.
Dielectrophoretic particle–particle interaction under AC electrohydrodynamic flow conditions
Authors: Lee Doh‐Hyoung , Yu Chengjie , Papazoglou Elisabeth , Farouk Bakhtier , Noh Hongseok M. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe used the Maxwell stress tensor method to understand dielectrophoretic particle–particle interactions and applied the results to the interpretation of particle behaviors under alternating current (AC) electrohydrodynamic conditions such as AC electroosmosis (ACEO) and electrothermal flow (ETF). Distinct particle behaviors were observed under ACEO and ETF. Diverse particle–particle interactions observed in experiments such as particle clustering, particles keeping a certain distance from each other, chain and disc formation and their rotation, are explained based on the numerical simulation data. The improved understanding of particle behaviors in AC electrohydrodynamic flows presented here will enable researchers to design better particle manipulation strategies for lab‐on‐a‐chip applications.
Experimental and numerical analysis of a sphere falling into a viscous fluid
Authors: Cruchaga Marcela , Löhner Rainald , Celentano Diego 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYThe experimental and numerical analysis of spheres falling into viscous flows is considered. The physical model is built using a set of silicone and glass spheres falling into oil and water. The rigid‐body trajectory of the sphere and the free surface evolution are obtained from videos. The numerical results are obtained using two different finite element codes. The first code uses a fractional step approach with adaptive meshes and time‐step sizes whereas the second code uses a monolithic fully coupled fixed‐mesh technique. The results exhibit a good comparison between both numerical techniques and with the experiments. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
3,5,3′triiodo‐L‐thyronine induces SREBP‐1 expression by non‐genomic actions in human HEP G2 cells
Authors: Gnoni Gabriele V. , Rochira Alessio , Leone Antonella , Damiano Fabrizio , Marsigliante Santo , Siculella Luisa 
Published: August 2011

AbstractLiver is an important target for thyroid hormone actions. T3 exerts its effects by two mechanisms: (i) Genomic actions consisting of T3 link to nuclear receptors that bind responsive elements in the promoter of target genes, (ii) non‐genomic actions including integrin αvb3 receptor‐mediated MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR‐C1 activation. SREBP‐1a, SREBP‐1c, and SREBP‐2 are transcription factors involved in the regulation of lipogenic genes. We show in Hep G2 cells that T3 determined a dose‐ and time‐dependent increase in the level of the precursor form of SREBP‐1 without affecting SREBP‐1 mRNA abundance. T3 also induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, Akt and of mTOR‐C1 target S6K‐P70, and the cytosol‐to‐membrane translocation of PKC‐α. Modulation of SREBP‐1 protein level by T3 was dependent on MAPK/ERK, PI3K/Akt/mTOR‐C1 pathway activation since the MEK inhibitor PD98059 or the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 abolished the stimulatory effect of T3. Conversely, the effect of T3 on SREBP‐1 level was enhanced by using rapamycin, mTOR‐C1 inhibitor. These data suggest a negative control of mTOR‐C1 target S6K‐P70 on PI3K/Akt pathway. The effect of T3 on SREBP‐1 content increased also by using PKC inhibitors. These inhibitors increased the action of T3 on Akt phosphorylation suggesting that conventional PKCs may work as negative regulators of the T3‐dependent SREBP‐1 increase. T3 effects were partially abrogated by tetrac, an inhibitor of the T3‐αvβ3 receptor interaction and partially evoked by T3 analog T3–agarose. These findings support a model in which T3 activates intracellular signaling pathways which may be involved in the increment of SREBP‐1 level through an IRES‐mediated translation mechanism. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 2388–2397, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of environmental perturbations during postnatal development on the phenotypic integration of the skull
Authors: Gonzalez Paula Natalia , Oyhenart Evelia Edith , Hallgrímsson Benedikt 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIntegration and modularity are fundamental determinants of how natural selection effects evolutionary change in complex multivariate traits. Interest in the study of the specific developmental basis of integration through experimental approaches is fairly recent and it has mainly focused on its genetic determinants. In this study, we present evidence that postnatal environmental perturbations can modify the covariance structure by influencing the variance of some developmental processes relative to the variances of other processes that contribute to such structure. We analyzed the effects of the reduction of nutrient supply in different ontogenetic stages (i.e. before and after weaning, and from birth to adulthood) in Rattus norvegicus. Our results show that this environmental perturbation alters the phenotypic variation/covariation structure of the principal modules of the skull (base, vault, and face). The covariance matrices of different treatment groups exhibit low correlations and are significantly different, indicating that the treatments influence covariance structure. Postnatal nutrient restriction also increases the variance of somatic growth. This increased variance drives an increase in overall integration of cranial morphology through the correlated allometric effects of size variation. The extent of this increase in integration depends on the time and duration of the nutritional restriction. These results support the conclusion that environmental perturbations can influence integration and thus covariance structure via developmental plasticity. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 316:547–561, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regulation of P‐glycoprotein by human immunodeficiency virus‐1 in primary cultures of human fetal astrocytes
Authors: Ashraf Tamima , Ronaldson Patrick T. , Persidsky Yuri , Bendayan Reina 
Published: August 2011

AbstractP‐glycoprotein (P‐gp), a drug efflux pump, is known to alter the bioavailability of antiretroviral drugs at several sites, including the brain. We have previously shown that human immunodeficiency virus‐1 (HIV‐1) glycoprotein 120 (gp120) induces proinflammatory cytokine secretion and decreases P‐gp functional expression in rat astrocytes, a cellular reservoir of HIV‐1. However, whether P‐gp is regulated in a similar way in human astrocytes is unknown. This study investigates the regulation of P‐gp in an in vitro model of gp120‐triggered human fetal astrocytes (HFAs). In this system, elevated levels of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), IL‐1β, and tumor necrosis factor‐α were detected in culture supernatants. Pretreatment with CCR5 neutralizing antibody attenuated cytokine secretion, suggesting that gp120‐CCR5 interaction mediated cytokine production. Treatment with gp120 (R5‐tropic) resulted in reduced P‐gp expression (64%) and function as determined by increased (1.6‐fold) cellular accumulation of [3H]digoxin, a P‐gp substrate. Exposure to R5 or R5/X4‐tropic viral isolates led to a downregulation in P‐gp expression (75% or 90%, respectively), and treatment with IL‐6 also showed lower P‐gp expression (50%). Moreover, IL‐6 neutralizing antibody blocked gp120‐mediated P‐gp downregulation, suggesting that IL‐6 is a key modulator of P‐gp. Gp120‐ or IL‐6‐mediated downregulation of P‐gp was attenuated by SN50 (a nuclear factor‐κB [NF‐κB] inhibitor), suggesting involvement of NF‐κB signaling in P‐gp regulation. Our results suggest that, similarly to the case with rodent astrocytes, pathophysiological stressors associated with brain HIV‐1 infection have a downregulatory effect on P‐gp functional expression in human astrocytes, which may ultimately result in altered antiretroviral drug accumulation within brain parenchyma. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.