bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Appearance of the fetal posterior fossa at 11 + 3 to 13 + 6 gestational weeks on transabdominal ultrasound examination
Authors: Egle D. , Strobl I. , Weiskopf‐Schwendinger V. , Grubinger E. , Kraxner F. , Mutz‐Dehbalaie I. S. , Strasak A. , Scheier M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjectivesTo describe the sonographic appearance of the structures of the posterior cranial fossa in fetuses at 11 + 3 to 13 + 6 weeks of pregnancy and to determine whether abnormal findings of the brain and spine can be detected by sonography at this time.MethodsThis was a prospective study including 692 fetuses whose mothers attended Innsbruck Medical University Hospital for first‐trimester sonography. In 3% (n = 21) of cases, measurement was prevented by fetal position. Of the remaining 671 cases, in 604 there was either a normal anomaly scan at 20 weeks or delivery of a healthy child and in these cases the transcerebellar diameter (TCD) and the anteroposterior diameter of the cisterna magna (CM), measured at 11 + 3 to 13 + 6 weeks, were analyzed. In 502 fetuses, the anteroposterior diameter of the fourth ventricle (4V) was also measured. In 25 fetuses, intra‐ and interobserver repeatability was calculated.ResultsWe observed a linear correlation between crown–rump length (CRL) and CM (CM = 0.0536 × CRL − 1.4701; R2 = 0.688), TCD (TCD = 0.1482 × CRL − 1.2083; R2 = 0.701) and 4V (4V = 0.0181 × CRL + 0.9186; R2 = 0.118). In three patients with posterior fossa cysts, measurements significantly exceeded the reference values. One fetus with spina bifida had an obliterated CM and the posterior border of the 4V could not be visualized.ConclusionsTransabdominal sonographic assessment of the posterior fossa is feasible in the first trimester. Measurements of the 4V, the CM and the TCD performed at this time are reliable. The established reference values assist in detecting fetal anomalies. However, findings must be interpreted carefully, as some supposed malformations might be merely delayed development of brain structures. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Defining the Cancer Master Switch
Authors: Balentine Courtney J. , Berger David H. , Liu Shi‐He , Chen Changyi , Nemunaitis John , Brunicardi F. Charles 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackgroundRecent research has focused on signaling cascades and their interactions yielding considerable insight into which genetic pathways are targeted and how they tend to be altered in tumors. Therapeutic interventions now can be designed based on the knowledge of pathways vital to tumor growth and survival. These critical targets for intervention, master switches for cancer, are termed so because the tumor attempts to “flip the switch” in a way that promotes its survival, whereas molecular therapy aims to “switch off” signals important for tumor‐related processes.MethodsLiterature review.ConclusionsDefining useful targets for therapy depends on identifying pathways that are crucial for tumor growth, survival, and metastasis. Because not all signaling cascades are created equal, selecting master switches or targets for intervention needs to be done in a systematic fashion. This discussion proposes a set of criteria to define what it means to be a cancer master switch and provides examples to illustrate their application.
Sub‐pleural bullous changes in two adults with Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (Hurler‐Scheie)
Authors: Tchan Michel C. , Graf Nicole , Sillence David O. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractTwo unrelated adult patients with MPS I (Hurler‐Scheie) demonstrated sub‐pleural bullous emphysema. This complication of MPS I should be looked for due to the risk of spontaneous pneumothorax.
The Properties of Binary Mixtures of Ethoxylated Octyl Phenols with Ethoxylated Fluorinated Alkanols at the Water/Air Interface
Authors: Szymczyk Katarzyna 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSurface tension measurements were carried out for systems containing binary mixtures of ethoxylated tert‐octylphenols (with an average of 10 or 16 ethylene oxide groups—HC8PEO10 and HC8PEO16, respectively) with perfluorinated n‐alcohol ethoxylates (fluoropentanol with an average of 10 ethylene oxide groups FC5EO10, and fluorohexanol with an average of 14 ethylene oxide groups FC6EO14). The obtained results and calculations indicate that fluorinated surfactants have the better efficiency and effectiveness in the reduction of surface tension of water that the hydrocarbonated alkyl phenol ethoxylates and that their mole fraction in the mixed monolayer at water–air interface for mixtures containing a 0.2 molar fraction of fluorinated surfactants in bulk phase is considerable higher than in the bulk phase. At concentrations of mixtures corresponding to saturated monolayer at water‐air interface there is a synergetic effect in the reduction of γLV for a mixture of HC8PEO16 + FC5EO10 at a 0.2 molar fraction of HC8PEO16; however, taking into account the lowest value of the molecular interaction parameter for mixed micelles calculated on the basis of Rosen approach, the result is that the best synergism takes place for mixture of HC8PEO16 + FC6EO14 at a 0.2 molar fraction of HC8PEO16. Moreover, the ability of the mixed monolayer formation relative to the mixed micelle formation varies with the concentration and composition of the studied mixtures.Graphical AbstractThe comparison between values of the free energy at water‐air interface () and the standard Gibbs energy of micellization, , for aqueous solutions of hydrocarbon (HC8PEO10, HC8PEO16) and fluorinated (FC6EO14, FC5EO10) surfactants and their two binary mixtures.
Branched Chain Fatty Acid Content of United States Retail Cow's Milk and Implications for Dietary Intake
Authors: Ran‐Ressler R. R. , Sim D. , O’Donnell‐Megaro A. M. , Bauman D. E. , Barbano D. M. , Brenna J. T. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBranched chain fatty acids (BCFA) have recently been shown to be a major component of the normal human newborn gastrointestinal tract and have long been known to be a component of human milk. Ruminant food products are major sources of fat in the American diet, but there are no studies of milkfat BCFA content in retail milk. We report here the profile and concentrations of BCFA in a representative sampling of retail milk in the 48 contiguous United States (US), and their estimated intake in the American diet. Conventionally produced whole fluid milk samples were obtained from 56 processing plants across the contiguous 48 states. Retail milk samples contain exclusively iso‐ and anteiso‐BCFA with 14–18 carbons. BCFA were 2.05 ± 0.14%, w/w of milkfat fatty acids (mean ± SD), and anteiso‐BCFA comprised more than half this total. Based on these data and USDA food availability data, the average per capita BCFA intake of Americans is estimated to be about 220 mg/d from dairy; if current dietary recommendations were followed, BCFA intake would be about 400 mg/d. Adding intake from beef consumption, these estimates rise to approximately 400 and 575 mg/d, respectively. These results indicate that BCFA intake is a substantial fraction of daily fat intake, in amounts exceeding those of many bioactive fatty acids.
INTRODUCTION: PRINT CULTURES, NATIONALISMS AND PUBLICS OF THE INDIAN OCEAN
Authors: Hofmeyr Isabel , Kaarsholm Preben , Frederiksen Bodil Folke 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTThe emergence of the Indian Ocean region as an important geo-political arena is being studied across a range of disciplines. Yet while the Indian Ocean has figured in Swahili studies and analyses of East and Southern African diasporic communities, it has remained outside the mainstream of African Studies. This introduction provides an overview of emerging trends in the rich field of Indian Ocean studies and draws out their implications for scholars of Africa. The focus of the articles is on one strand in the study of the Indian Ocean, namely the role of print and visual culture in constituting public spheres and nationalisms in, across and between the societies around the Ocean.The themes addressed unfold between Southern and East Africa and India as well as along the African coast from KwaZulu-Natal through Zanzibar and Tanzania to the Arab world. This introduction surveys debates on print culture, newspapers and nationalism in African Studies and demonstrates how the articles in the volume support and extend these areas of study. It draws out the broader implications of these debates for the historiographies of East African studies, Southern African studies, debates on Indian nationalism and Islam.
EMPIRE, RACE AND THE INDIANS IN COLONIAL KENYA'S CONTESTED PUBLIC POLITICAL SPHERE, 1919–1923
Authors: Aiyar Sana 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTThis article explores the connection between three political movements that broke out amongst Africans and Indians within the public political realm across the Indian Ocean – the Khilafat/non-cooperation movement initiated by Gandhi in India between 1919 and 1922, the ‘quest for equality’ with European settlers amongst Indians in Kenya from 1910 to 1923, and the anti-settler movement launched by Harry Thuku in protest against unfair labour ordinances between 1921 and 1922. Moving away from the racial and territorial boundaries of South Asian and Kenyan historiographies, it uses the Indian Ocean realm – a space of economic, social and political interaction – as its paradigm of analysis. A variety of primary sources from archives in Kenya, India and Britain have been studied to uncover a connected, interregional history of politics, race and empire. In an attempt to highlight the importance of the Indian Ocean realm in understanding the interracial and interregional concerns that shaped the political imaginary of Indians and Africans in Kenya, the article reveals the emergence of a shared public political space across the Indian Ocean that was deeply contested.
Breast-feeding and growth in children until the age of 3 years: the Generation R Study
Authors: Durmuş Büşra , van Rossem Lenie , Duijts Liesbeth , Arends Lidia R. , Raat Hein , Moll Henriëtte A. , Hofman Albert , Steegers Eric A. P. , Jaddoe Vincent W. V. 
Published: January 2011

Breast-feeding has been suggested to be associated with lower risks of obesity in older children and adults. We assessed whether the duration and exclusiveness of breast-feeding are associated with early postnatal growth rates and the risks of overweight and obesity in preschool children. The present study was embedded in a population-based prospective cohort study from early fetal life onwards, among 5047 children and their mothers in The Netherlands. Compared with children who were breast-fed, those who were never breast-fed had a lower weight at birth (difference 134 (95 % CI − 190, − 77) g). No associations between breast-feeding duration and exclusivity with growth rates before the age of 3 months were observed. Shorter breast-feeding duration was associated with an increased gain in age- and sex-adjusted standard deviation scores for length, weight and BMI (P for trend < 0·05) between 3 and 6 months of age. Similar tendencies were observed for the associations of breast-feeding exclusivity with change in length, weight and BMI. Breast-feeding duration and exclusivity were not consistently associated with the risks of overweight and obesity at the ages of 1, 2 and 3 years. In conclusion, shorter breast-feeding duration and exclusivity during the first 6 months tended to be associated with increased growth rates for length, weight and BMI between the age of 3 and 6 months but not with the risks of overweight and obesity until the age of 3 years.
Dairy calcium intake modifies responsiveness of fat metabolism and blood lipids to a high-fat diet
Authors: Lorenzen Janne K. , Astrup Arne 
Published: January 2011

Intervention studies have demonstrated that saturated fat increases total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations, and it is therefore recommended that the intake of high-fat dairy products be limited. However, observational studies have found an inverse relationship between the intake of dairy products and incidence of CVD. We aimed to study whether the Ca content of dairy products influences the effect of dairy fat on the lipid profile. The study had a randomised cross-over design. Subjects (n9) were randomised to one of the sequence of four isoenergetic 10 d diets: low Ca and low fat (LC/LF: approximately 700 mg Ca/d, 25 % of energy (fat); high Ca and LF (HC/LF: approximately 2800 mg Ca/d, 25 % of energy fat); LC and high fat (LC/HF: approximately 700 mg Ca/d, 49 E% fat); or HC and HF (approximately 2800 mg Ca/d, 49 E% fat). Blood variables were measured before and after each diet period, and faeces and urine were collected at the end of each diet period. A two-way ANOVA was used to examine the effect of Ca and fat intake. Independent of Ca intake, the HF diet increased the concentrations of total (9 %;P < 0·0001), LDL (14 %;P < 0·0001)- and HDL (13 %;P = 0·0002)-cholesterol compared with the LF diet. However, independent of fat intake, the HC diet decreased the concentrations of total (4 %;P = 0·0051) and LDL-cholesterol (10 %;P < 0·0001) but not HDL-cholesterol compared with the LC diet. In addition, total:HDL-cholesterol was decreased (5 %;P = 0·0299), and HDL:LDL was increased (12 %;P = 0·0097) by the HC diet compared with the LC diet. Faecal fat excretion was increased by both the HC (P < 0·0001) and HF (P = 0·0052) diets. In conclusion, we observed that dairy Ca seems to partly counteract the raising effect of dairy fat on total and LDL-cholesterol, without reducing HDL-cholesterol.
Strontium-, carbon- and oxygen-isotope compositions of marbles from the Cycladic blueschist belt, Greece
Authors: GÄRTNER CLAUDIA , BRÖCKER MICHAEL , STRAUSS HARALD , FARBER KATJA 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe Cycladic blueschist belt, Greece, is mostly submerged below sea level and regional correlations are difficult to establish. Marbles are widespread within the belt and locally used as marker horizons to subdivide monotonous schist sequences. However, owing to the lack of distinctive petrographic characteristics, the marbles have not been used for island-to-island correlations. This study aims to investigate the potential of Sr-, C- and O-isotope compositions of marbles as a tool for unravelling the litho- and/or tectonostratigraphic relationships across the Cycladic islands, and as a proxy for the time of sediment formation. For this purpose, we have studied metamorphic carbonate rocks from the islands of Tinos, Andros, Syros, Sifnos and Naxos. Identical87Sr/86Sr values for certain marble horizons occurring on Tinos, Andros and Sifnos are interpreted to document coeval regional carbonate precipitation. The87Sr/86Sr values of the apparently least altered samples intersect the seawater curve multiple times within the most likely time interval of original carbonate precipitation (< 240 Ma; as indicated by previously published ion probe U–Pb zircon data) and thus an unequivocal age assignment is not possible. Very broad temporal correlations are possible, but more subtle distinctions are not feasible. On Andros, the overlapping Sr-isotope values of marbles representing the lowest and highest parts of the metamorphic succession are in accordance with a model suggesting isoclinal folding or thrusting of a single horizon, or very fast sedimentation. In contrast, distinct87Sr/86Sr values for samples from Tinos, representing different levels of the metamorphic succession, suggest that these rocks represent a temporal succession and not the tectonic repetition of a single horizon. Based on Sr-, O- and C-isotope characteristics alone the time equivalence of marbles occurring on different islands could not be documented unambiguously. However, by using various combinations of these parameters, some occurrences can be discriminated from the overall sample population. The new data further accentuate the general potential of coupled Sr-, C- and O-isotope characteristics for identification of archaeological provenance and complement existing datasets for Aegean marbles.
CULTURAL CHANGE IN PROVINCIAL SCOTTISH TOWNS, c. 1700–1820
Authors: HARRIS BOB 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTIn the decades which immediately followed the union of 1707, most Scottish towns saw limited economic and cultural change. The middle of the eighteenth century, however, marked the beginnings of a new provincial urban dynamism in Scotland, which, from the 1780s or so onwards, was accompanied by far-reaching and rapid cultural change. This article seeks first to establish the scope, nature, and geography of this cultural transformation before discussing its wider historical significance, not only for our view of modern Scottish urbanization but in terms of patterns of urban change within the British Isles in the long eighteenth century. It is a story in part of convergence on Anglo-British cultural norms, but more saliently of the emergence of an increasingly British cultural synthesis, albeit one with distinctively Scottish elements. Another underlying purpose of the article is to re-direct views of Scottish urbanization away from Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Aberdeen and on to a group of towns which hitherto have barely featured in discussions of British urbanization in this period.
KINGSHIP AND COUNSEL IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND
Authors: ROSE JACQUELINE 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTCounsel was central to negotiating the politics of Reformation monarchy in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England. In a personal monarchy, particularly one wherein the monarch was supreme governor of the church, shaping the character of the ruler was vital for the smooth functioning of the political system. This article provides a conspectus of a broader project on early modern kingship and counsel which will discuss advice-giving provided by privy councillors, parliaments, preachers, and courtiers between 1509 and 1689. It shows how ecclesiastical counsel was central to defenders of the established church and in absolutist theorizing, and how men between 1558 and 1688 drew on patristic examples of its practice. Comparing ecclesiastical counsel to other genres of advice-giving also shows their common and distinctive features.
AFRICAN LOYALISM AND ITS DISCONTENTS: THE ROYAL TOUR OF SOUTH AFRICA, 1947
Authors: SAPIRE HILARY 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTThis article explores the late flowering of ‘black loyalism’ during the visit of the British royal family to Southern Africa in the summer of 1947. Whereas most accounts of post-war African politics emphasize the radicalization of political organizations, the growth of nationalism, and grassroots insurgency, this account of African engagement with the royal tour indicates that professed faith in the British monarchy as the embodiment and guardian of the rights and liberties of all peoples living under the crown was more widespread and longer lived than is generally assumed. However evanescent the phenomenon, extensive participation in the ceremonial rituals associated with the tour and the outpouring of expressions of black loyalism underlines the fluidity and unpredictability of black politics in this decade. At such a highly charged moment internationally, with India on the cusp of independence, and political turmoil at home, there was reason to hope that the loyalty of Africans during the Second World War might just be rewarded by the extension of political rights. This article traces the complex legacies and contested expressions of ‘black loyalism’ in what was effectively its swansong.
NEHEMIAS (SCOTUS) AMERICANUS: ENLIGHTENMENT AND RELIGION BETWEEN SCOTLAND AND AMERICA
Authors: MAILER GIDEON 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTThis review assesses scholarly attempts to synthesize various forms of Scottish philosophy in the context of eighteenth-century America. It suggests potential new directions for the study of Scottish Enlightenment ethical theories on the western side of the Atlantic, and then examines scholarship on a separate and neglected Scottish influence in American thought: an evangelical notion of religious authority that was not opposed to wider incorporation in multi-denominational political unions. The ideological basis for American independence owed much to a tense counterpoise between Scottish moral sense reasoning and Presbyterian evangelicalism, rather than to their singular and starkly binary contributions to colonial American ideology.
Novel method of intralesional cidofovir injection into laryngotracheal papillomata
Authors: Sahota R S , Uddin F J , AL-Shukri J , Moir A A 
Published: January 2011

AbstractLaryngeal papillomatosis is characterised by multiple papillomata affecting the upper respiratory tract. This condition is difficult to treat due to its recurrent nature. Treatment often involves surgical debulking. A number of non-surgical treatments have been reported. Intralesional cidofovir, a cytosine nucleoside analogue with antiviral activity, has been used in an attempt to manage the condition. We present a novel technique of administering cidofovir in a case of recurrent laryngotracheal papillomata.
It takes a thief to catch a thief
Authors: Humphrey Nicholas 
Published: February 2011

AbstractVon Hippel & Trivers (VH&T) dismiss in a couple of pages the possible costs of self-deception. But there is a downside to self-deception that they do not consider. This is the loss of psychological insight into deceit by others that blindness to deceit by oneself is likely to entail.
Get thee to a laboratory
Authors: Dunning David 
Published: February 2011

Abstractvon Hippel & Trivers's central assertion that people self-deceive to better deceive others carries so many implications that it must be taken to the laboratory to be tested, rather than promoted by more indirect argument. Although plausible, many psychological findings oppose it. There is also an evolutionary alternative: People better deceive not through self-deception, but rather by not caring about the truth.
Protesting too much: Self-deception and self-signaling
Authors: McKay Ryan , Mijović-Prelec Danica , Prelec Dražen 
Published: February 2011

AbstractVon Hippel & Trivers (VH&T) propose that self-deception has evolved to facilitate the deception of others. However, they ignore the subjective moral costs of deception and the crucial issue of credibility in self-deceptive speech. A self-signaling interpretation can account for the ritualistic quality of some self-deceptive affirmations and for the often-noted gap between what self-deceivers say and what they truly believe.
Deception through self-deception: Take a look at somatoform disorders
Authors: Troisi Alfonso 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPatients with physical symptoms for which no organic cause can be found are distributed along a continuum of disease simulation that ranges from a sincere belief of having a serious disease to intentional presentation of false symptoms. The evolutionary hypothesis that self-deception improves the deception of others can explain such a combination of unconscious and intentional production of physical symptoms.
Aiming at self-deception: Deflationism, intentionalism, and biological purpose
Authors: Smith David Livingstone 
Published: February 2011

AbstractDeflationists about self-deception understand self-deception as the outcome of biased information processing, but in doing so, they lose the normative distinction between self-deception and wishful thinking. Von Hippel & Trivers (VH&T) advocate a deflationist approach, but they also want preserve the purposive character of self-deception. A biologically realistic analysis of deception can eliminate the contradiction implicit in their position.