bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Latent Class Model for Bivariate Binary Responses from Twins
Authors: Ekholm Anders , Jokinen Jukka , McDonald John W. , Smith Peter W. F. 
Published: March 2012

SummaryWe propose a latent class model for bivariate binary responses from monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs. We study the comorbidity of two diseases, where each disease and their association are presumed to be genetically related via latent predispositions. Each twin belongs to one of four latent classes, conceptualized as a 2×2 table and parameterized by the probabilities for the two genetic predispositions and the dependence ratio between them. Both members of a monozygotic pair belong to the same latent class, but a dizygotic pair falls in one of the 4×4 cells from the cross-classification of the four individual classes. The association structure in the 4×4 table is also parameterized by dependence ratios. All parameters of the model are probabilities or ratios of probabilities having clear-cut interpretations, e.g. prevalence and penetrance. We propose a measure of heritability of the complex consisting of the four latent classes which contrasts the concordance of monozygotic and dizygotic twins. We reanalyse two data sets and compare our model with previously used models which are based on other measures of association.
THE TRUTH NORM OF BELIEF
Authors: MCHUGH CONOR 
Published: March 2012

AbstractI argue that, if belief is subject to a norm of truth, then that norm is evaluative rather than prescriptive in character. No prescriptive norm of truth is both plausible as a norm that we are subject to, and also capable of explaining what the truth norm of belief is supposed to explain. Candidate prescriptive norms also have implausible consequences for the normative status of withholding belief. An evaluative norm fares better in all of these respects. I propose an evaluative account according to which the goodness of true belief is, in Geach's sense, attributive rather than predicative.
DISPOSITIONS, PRIMITIVE ACTIVITIES, AND ESSENTIALLY ACTIVE OBJECTS
Authors: DUMSDAY TRAVIS 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe question of whether there could be a physical object that is necessarily constantly active has a long history, and it has recently arisen again in the literature on dispositions. I examine and critique two proposals for affirming the possibility of such an object. I then advocate a third option, one which is workable if paired with natural‐kind essentialism. Finally I briefly outline three possible implications of this view for wider debates concerning the ontology of dispositions and natural kinds.
HOW DO YOU KNOW THAT ‘HOW DO YOU KNOW?’ CHALLENGES A SPEAKER'S KNOWLEDGE?
Authors: MCKINNON RACHEL 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIt is often argued that the general propriety of challenging an assertion with ‘How do you know?’ counts as evidence for the Knowledge Norm of Assertion (KNA). Part of the argument is that this challenge seems to directly challenge whether a speaker knows what she asserts. In this article I argue for a re‐interpretation of the data, the upshot of which is that we need not interpret ‘How do you know?’ as directly challenging a speaker's knowledge; instead, it's better understood as challenging a speaker's reasons. Consequently, I argue that reasons‐based norms can equally well explain this data.
Mutations in LPAR6/P2RY5 and LIPH are associated with woolly hair and/or hypotrichosis
Authors: Kurban M. , Wajid M. , Shimomura Y. , Christiano A.M. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackground  Woolly hair (WH) belongs to a family of disorders characterized by hair shaft anomalies that clinically presents with tightly curled hair, which can be divided into syndromic and non‐syndromic forms of WH. We have recently identified mutations in both LPAR6/P2RY5 and LIPH that are associated with autosomal recessive woolly hair (ARWH).Objective  To study the underlying genetic causes of autosomal woolly hair in Pakistani population.Methods  We studied 10 Pakistani families with ARWH for mutations in LPAR6/P2RY5 and LIPH and then performed haplotype analysis to confirm their segregation in the families.Results  We identified five mutations in LPAR6/P2RY5, among which three were recurrent and two were novel in eight Pakistani families. We then showed that two of the mutations in LPAR6/P2RY5 are founder mutations in Pakistani families. Moreover, we identified two recurrent mutations in the LIPH gene in two Pakistani families.Conclusion  Our study extends the spectrum of mutations in LPAR6/P2RY5 gene and underscores those mutations in LPAR6/P2RY5 and LIPH result in similar phenotypes.
Psoriasis and physical activity: a review
Authors: Wilson P.B. , Bohjanen K.A. , Ingraham S.J. , Leon A.S. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPsoriasis is a common, chronic inflammatory skin disease that can cause significant discomfort and impairment to quality of life. Recent research indicates that individuals with moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis are likely at greater risk for chronic cardiometabolic co‐morbidities such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome. Physical activity can be an effective primary and adjunctive treatment for these maladies in other populations. Unfortunately, only a limited number of studies have examined physical activity in psoriasis, which are limited by poor design and lack of validated physical activity assessment methodologies. A variety of data suggest shared physiologic pathways between physical activity, psoriasis, and psoriasis cardiometabolic co‐morbidities. Increased adiposity, inflammation, oxidative stress, adhesion molecules and lipids are physiologically linked to psoriasis, the risk of psoriasis cardiometabolic co‐morbidities, and low levels of physical activity. In addition, epigenetic pathways are involved in psoriasis and could be influenced by physical activity. The physical and psychosocial impairments common in psoriasis may make it difficult to participate in regular physical activity, and future studies should aim to determine if physical activity interventions improve functioning and reduce co‐morbidities in psoriasis.
RANTES‐mediated control of excitatory amino acid release in mouse spinal cord
Authors: Di Prisco Silvia , Summa Maria , Chellakudam Vineetha , Rossi Pia Irene Anna , Pittaluga Anna 
Published: March 2012

J. Neurochem. (2012) 121, 428–437.AbstractThe impact of Regulated upon Activation Normal T cells Expressed and Secreted (RANTES) on the release of pre‐loaded [3H]d‐aspartate ([3H]d‐ASP) from mouse spinal cord synaptosomes was investigated. RANTES (0.01–1 nM) failed to affect the spontaneous release, but facilitated the 15 mM K+‐evoked overflow of [3H]d‐ASP. Incubation of synaptosomes with antibodies raised against the chemokine receptor (CCR)1 and CCR5 proteins prevented RANTES‐induced facilitation of glutamate exocytosis, whereas anti‐CCR3 antibody was inefficacious. Accordingly, BX513 and d‐Ala‐peptide T‐amide (DAPTA) CCR1 and CCR5 antagonists, respectively, prevented RANTES‐induced effect, whereas the CCR3 antagonist SB 328437 was inactive. To compare these findings to previous results, we quantified the effects of CCR antagonists on the RANTES‐induced modifications of the spontaneous and the K+‐evoked [3H]d‐ASP release in the mouse cortex. Here, CCR1 and CCR5, but not CCR3, antagonists prevented the RANTES‐mediated [3H]d‐ASP release, whereas RANTES‐induced inhibition of the 12 mM K+‐evoked [3H]d‐ASP exocytosis was also antagonized by SB 328437. Facilitation of glutamate exocytosis in spinal cord relied on PLC‐dependent mobilization of Ca2+ from IP3‐sensitive stores; adenylyl cyclase was not involved. CCR1, CCR3 and CCR5 receptor proteins were present in spinal cord synaptosomal and gliosomal lysates, although RANTES‐induced changes to glutamate release could not be observed in gliosomes. Our results confirm the role of RANTES as modulator of glutamate transmission.
Safety of antihistamines in children: need for approval of new second‐generation antihistamines for young children in Japan
Authors: Shimojo Naoki 
Published: March 2012

SummaryIn Japan, loratadine, fexofenadine, cetirizine and epinastine are currently approved for paediatric use. However, none of these drugs is officially approved for use in children aged under 2 years, and therefore older second‐generation antihistamines such as ketotifen and oxatomide are sometimes prescribed for these patients. Because ketotifen and oxatomide have relatively strong sedative effects, one should be cautious when using these antihistamines in young children. In fact, there are reports describing the development of West syndrome, an intractable epilepsy, in 4‐month‐old infants taking these drugs. Recent clinical trials in Japanese children with allergic rhinitis have shown no serious adverse effects associated with several new second‐generation antihistamines, supporting previous overseas reports. New second‐generation antihistamines should be approved in the near future for young children in Japan.
A synthetic amino acid substitution of Tyr10 in Aβ peptide sequence yields a dominant negative variant in amyloidogenesis
Authors: Mazargui Honoree , Lévêque Christian , Bartnik Dirk , Fantini Jacques , Gouget Tiphany , Melone Mariarosa A. B. , Funke Susanne A. , Willbold Dieter , Perrone Lorena 
Published: March 2012

SummaryAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in elderly people, and age is the major nongenetic risk factor for sporadic AD. A hallmark of AD is the accumulation of amyloid in the brain, which is composed mainly of the amyloid beta‐peptide (Aβ) in the form of oligomers and fibrils. However, how aging induces Aβ aggregation is not yet fully determined. Some residues in the Aβ sequence seem to promote Aβ‐induced toxicity in association with age‐dependent risk factors for AD, such as (i) increased GM1 brain membrane content, (ii) altered lipid domain in brain membrane, (iii) oxidative stress. However, the role of Aβ sequence in promoting aggregation following interaction with the plasma membrane is not yet demonstrated. As Tyr10 is implicated in the induction of oxidative stress and stabilization of Aβ aggregation, we substituted Tyr 10 with a synthetic amino acid that abolishes Aβ‐induced oxidative stress and shows an accelerated interaction with GM1. This variant peptide shows impaired aggregation properties and increased affinity for GM1. It has a dominant negative effect on amyloidogenesis in vitro, in cellulo, and in isolated synaptosomes. The present study shed new light in the understanding of Aβ‐membrane interactions in Aβ‐induced neurotoxicity. It demonstrates the relevance of Aβ sequence in (i) Aβ‐membrane interaction, underlining the role of age‐dependent enhanced GM1 content in promoting Aβ aggregation, (ii) Aβ aggregation, and (iii) Aβ‐induced oxidative stress. Our results open the way for the design of peptides aimed to inhibit Aβ aggregation and neurotoxicity.
THE EFFECTS OF INSIDER TRADING RESTRICTIONS: EVIDENCE FROM HISTORICAL DIVIDEND INITIATIONS AND OMISSIONS
Authors: Tanimura Joseph K. , Wehrly Eric W. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe investigate whether insider trading restrictions had their intended effects during the 1960s and 1970s. We examine insider trading and stock market behavior before dividend initiations and omissions announced between 1935 and 1974. Contrary to existing research and commentary, we show that restrictions had meaningful effects. During the 1960s and 1970s, insiders sold less frequently before dividend omissions, and the average profitability of insider trades declined. In addition, the positive (negative) stock price runup before dividend initiations (omissions) decreased after 1961. The results provide some vindication for the Securities and Exchange Commission's adjudicative approach toward insider trading regulation.
DISPOSITION EFFECT AND PUBLIC SECONDARY EQUITY OFFERINGS
Authors: Marciukaityte Dalia , Szewczyk Samuel H. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractShareholders selling shares in public pure‐secondary equity offerings are affected by the disposition effect and tend to sell past winners. Selling shares in these offerings is associated with significant indirect offer costs. On average, shares are offered at a 5.5% discount from the market price. Moreover, shares of offering firms are about 8% underpriced. Offer discounts and underpricing are positively related to the proxy for the disposition effect. Our findings are consistent with the proposition that the disposition effect increases the supply of winning stocks and depresses their prices.
Electrical Conductivity of 10 mol% Sc2O3–1 mol% M2O3–ZrO2 Ceramics
Authors: Omar Shobit , Bin Najib Waqas , Chen Weiwu , Bonanos Nikolaos 
Published: March 2012

The oxide‐ion conductivity behavior of 10 mol% Sc2O3–ZrO2 co‐doped with 1 mol% trivalent metal oxide has been determined from 350°C to 700°C in air. All the powders were synthesized using conventional solid‐oxide route. XRD patterns collected at room temperature show the presence of β‐phase in the predominant cubic phase in 1Sc10ScSZ, 1Yb10ScSZ, and 1Y10ScSZ, although 1In10ScSZ consist entirely of β‐phase at ambient temperature. As evident from the cubic symmetry of 1Gd10ScSZ and 1Sm10ScSZ, the β‐phase can be suppressed by the slight addition of co‐dopant elements of larger ionic radius. The total conductivity of 1M10ScSZ initially increases with increasing size of the co‐dopant, reaches a maximum at ~0.95 Å and thereafter decreases. At 600°C, 1Yb10ScSZ exhibits the highest total conductivity, namely 14 mS/cm. The grain interior and the grain boundary follow similar conductivity trends with the maximum at 1In10ScSZ and 1Y10ScSZ, respectively. Around 475°C, 1In10ScSZ but not other compositions exhibits an abrupt drop in the conductivity on cooling, due to the cubic to β‐phase transformation. At 600°C, the activation energy for the oxide‐ion conductivity in 1M10ScSZ compositions ranges from 1.06 to 1.15 eV, with 1Yb10ScSZ exhibiting the smallest value. Long‐term stability studies of the conductivity were performed on the sintered pellet of 1Yb10ScSZ in both oxidizing and reducing conditions at 600°C. After 2000 h of exposure to air and reducing conditions, the 1Yb10ScSZ composition shows 9.1% and 12.0% loss in the total conductivity, respectively. After the first 1000 h, 1Yb10ScSZ exhibited a degradation rate of ~1.1%/1000 h in both the conditions. From impedance studies, it was shown that, during annealing, the grain interior resistivity remains almost stable, while only grain boundary contributes toward the rise in total resistivity in both the conditions.
Podoplanin expression in oral leukoplakia: prognostic value and clinicopathological implications
Authors: Kreppel M , Kreppel B , Drebber U , Wedemayer I , Rothamel D , Zöller JE , Scheer M 
Published: March 2012

Oral Diseases(2012)18, 692–699Objectives: Current clinicopathological parameters cannot predict the risk of malignant transformation in oral leukoplakia sufficiently. Recent studies have shown that podoplanin is expressed in oral cancer and precancerous lesions. The aim of our study was to assess whether podoplanin expression in pretreatment biopsies could serve as a biomarker to predict the risk of malignant transformation in patients with oral leukoplakia.Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, podoplanin expression was analysed in 60 patients with previously untreated oral leukoplakia by immunohistochemistry. We investigated the associations between podoplanin expression and various clinicopathological variables including oral cancer‐free survival (OCFS) and the SIN‐classification.Results: The chi‐square‐test revealed that high expression of podoplanin in pretreatment biopsies was associated with malignant transformation (P = 0.003) and increasing SIN‐classification (P = 0.009). In univariate analysis, podoplanin expression in oral leukoplakia had a significant impact on OCFS (P = 0.009). The 5‐year OCFS rate decreased from 100% for patients with no podoplanin expression to 41.7% for patients with the highest level of podoplanin expression.Conclusion: Although podoplanin expression and the SIN‐classification served as factors to predict malignant transformation in patients with oral leukoplakia in univariate analysis, no significant impact was found for both factors in multivariate analysis.
Plasma Separation by Centrifugation and Subsequent Plasma Filtration: Impact on Survival in a Pig Model of Sepsis
Authors: Sauer Martin , Altrichter Jens , Mencke Thomas , Klöhr Sven , Thomsen Maren , Kreutzer Hans J. , Nöldge‐Schomburg Gabriele , Mitzner Steffen R. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe impact on survival of a combination of plasma separation by centrifugation and subsequent plasma filtration was tested in a bacterial sepsis model in pigs. In this animal study 19 pigs were included. Groups II and III received an intravenous lethal dose of live Staphylococcus aureus over 1 h; group I received saline (non‐septic control—NC). Groups I and II were treated by an extracorporeal circuit consisting of online centrifugation and subsequent plasma filtration (group II: treated group—TG) for 4 h; group III had no specific treatment (septic control, SC). The observation time was 7 days. All animals of group I (NC) and group II (TG) survived, while all animals of group III (SC) died during the observation time. Extracorporeal therapy with online centrifugation and plasma filtration significantly improved survival in a pig model of sepsis. Further studies with this approach are encouraged.
Ubiquitous equatorial accretion disc winds in black hole soft states
Authors: Ponti G. , Fender R. P. , Begelman M. C. , Dunn R. J. H. , Neilsen J. , Coriat M. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
High-resolution spectra of Galactic black holes (GBHs) reveal the presence of highly ionized absorbers. In one GBH, accreting close to the Eddington limit for more than a decade, a powerful accretion disc wind is observed to be present in softer X-ray states and it has been suggested that it can carry away enough mass and energy to quench the radio jet. Here we report that these winds, which may have mass outflow rates of the order of the inner accretion rate or higher, are a ubiquitous component of the jet-free soft states of all GBHs. We furthermore demonstrate that these winds have an equatorial geometry with opening angles of few tens of degrees, and so are only observed in sources in which the disc is inclined at a large angle to the line of sight. The decrease in Fe xxv/Fe xxvi line ratio with Compton temperature, observed in the soft state, suggests a link between higher wind ionization and harder spectral shapes. Although the physical interaction between the wind, accretion flow and jet is still not fully understood, the mass flux and power of these winds and their presence ubiquitously during the soft X-ray states suggest they are fundamental components of the accretion phenomenon.
Return to Play Guidelines Cannot Solve the Football‐Related Concussion Problem
Authors: Johnson L. Syd M. 
Published: March 2012

BACKGROUND: High school football players are the single largest cohort of athletes playing tackle football, and account for the majority of sport‐related concussions. Return to play guidelines (RTPs) have emerged as the preferred approach for addressing the problem of sport‐related concussion in youth athletes.METHODS: This article reviews evidence of the risks and effects of football‐related concussion and subconcussive brain trauma, as well as the effectiveness of RTPs as a preventative measure. Literature review utilized PubMed and Google Scholar, using combinations of the search terms “football,”“sports,”“concussion,”“Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy,”“athlete,”“youth,” and “pediatric.” Literature review emphasized medical journals and primary neuroscientific research on sport‐related concussion and concussion recovery, particularly in youth athletes.RESULTS: Sport‐related concussion is a significant problem among student athletes. Student athletes are more vulnerable to concussion, and at risk of neurocognitive deficits lasting a year or more, with serious effects on academic and athletic performance. RTPs do little to address the problem of sport‐related concussion or the chronic damage caused by subconcussive brain trauma.CONCLUSIONS: Emphasizing RTPs as the solution to the concussion problem in tackle football risks neglecting genuine reforms that would prevent concussions. More effective concussion prevention is needed. Eliminating tackling from school football for youth under 16 is recommended to reduce concussions. Additional modifications to football are recommended to enhance safety and reduce brain trauma at all levels of play.
Dietary hyperthyroidism in dogs
Authors: Köhler B. , Stengel C. , Neiger R. 
Published: March 2012

Objectives:Evaluation of dogs with elevated plasma thyroxine concentration fed raw food before and after changing the diet.Method:Between 2006 and 2011 all dogs presented with an elevated plasma thyroxine concentration and a dietary history of feeding raw food were included. Thyroxine (reference interval: 19·3 to 51·5 nmol/L) and in many cases also thyroid‐stimulating hormone concentrations (reference interval: <0·30 ng/mL) were measured initially and after changing the diet.Results:Twelve dogs were presented with a median age of five years. The median plasma thyroxine concentration was 156·1 (range of 79·7 to 391·9) nmol/L; in six dogs, thyroid‐stimulating hormone concentration was measured and was <0·03 ng/mL in five dogs and 0·05 ng/mL in one dog. Six dogs showed clinical signs such as weight loss, aggressiveness, tachycardia, panting and restlessness while six dogs had no clinical signs. After changing the diet eight dogs were examined: thyroxine concentration normalised in all dogs and clinical signs resolved.ClinicalSignificance:Dietary hyperthyroidism can be seen in dogs on a raw meat diet or fed fresh or dried gullets. Increased plasma thyroxine concentration in a dog, either with or without signs of hyperthyroidism, should prompt the veterinarian to obtain a thorough dietary history.
Determination of Absolute Threshold and Just Noticeable Difference in the Sensory Perception of Pungency
Authors: Orellana‐Escobedo L. , Ornelas‐Paz J.J. , Olivas G.I. , Guerrero‐Beltran J.A. , Jimenez‐Castro J. , Sepulveda D.R. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract:  Absolute threshold and just noticeable difference (JND) were determined for the perception of pungency using chili pepper in aqueous solutions. Absolute threshold and JND were determined using 2 alternative forced‐choice sensory tests tests. High‐performance liquid chromatography technique was used to determine capsaicinoids concentration in samples used for sensory analysis. Sensory absolute threshold was 0.050  mg capsaicinoids/kg sample. Five JND values were determined using 5 reference solutions with different capsaicinoids concentration. JND values changed proportionally as capsaicinoids concentration of the reference sample solutions changed. Weber fraction remained stable for the first 4 reference capsaicinoid solutions (0.05, 0.11, 0.13, and 0.17 mg/kg) but changed when the most concentrated reference capsaicinoids solution was used (0.23 mg/kg). Quantification limit for instrumental analysis was 1.512 mg/kg capsaicinoids. Sensory methods employed in this study proved to be more sensitive than instrumental methods.Practical Application:  A better understanding of the process involved in the sensory perception of pungency is currently required because “hot” foods are becoming more popular in western cuisine. Absolute thresholds and differential thresholds are useful tools in the formulation and development of new food products. These parameters may help in defining how much chili pepper is required in a formulated product to ensure a perceptible level of pungency, as well as in deciding how much more chili pepper is required in a product to produce a perceptible increase in its pungency.