bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apollo 11: Implications for the early history of the solar system
Authors: O'Keefe John A. 
Published: October 2011

In this paper, I shall attempt to show that the Apollo 11 data support the idea that the moon was formed by the breakup of the earth, and that they suggest that after the breakup, the moon went through a heating episode that boiled away most of its mass. I will go on to discuss the possibility that the planets of the solar system might have been formed in a similar way, that is by breakdown of Jupiter‐sized objects rather than by buildup from smaller ones.From the cosmological standpoint, the most interesting results from the Apollo 11 samples were the chemical measurements. To appreciate these, it is necessary to have some idea as to what the chemical measurements should have shown. In other words, if the moon had formed from the primeval materials of the system, what would a chemical analysis have been like? The answer to this question is called the cosmic abundance scheme. In this scheme, hydrogen forms 90% of the material, helium 10%, and the other elements, including the nonvolatile elements, constitute less than 1%. The element abundances have a fixed ratio to one another; that is, there is a definite answer to the question: What was the initial ratio of silicon to iron? A systematic listing of these ratios was first done by Henry Norris Russell in the 1930's. The most recent and useful table is by Cameron [1968].
Geodetic and dynamical properties of planets
Authors: Anderson J. D. 
Published: October 2011

The study of planetary dynamics and geodesy is a difficult subject. This is so, not simply because of the complexity of the interactions between several scientific disciplines, including geophysics, geology, geochemistry, seismology, celestial mechanics, radar astronomy, and meteoritics, but perhaps more fundamentally, because of a lack of data.Although it is true that the space age has brought about important new observational techniques, which are responsible in large part for the rapid developments in planetary science over the past decade, and although we should expect to see significant progress in the field over the next few years, it is still a sad fact that data will be severely limited for an indefinite period of time in the future. The basic problem is that we can observe and study, at present, only one planetary system in the universe. This system, our solar system, contains only four major planets, five terrestrial planets, where we are inclined to include the moon but exclude Pluto, and a fairly hmited collection of debris, presumably left over from some inadequately understood formation process. Thus it is impossible to base the study of planets on a significant statistical sample.
The great negative Bouguer gravity anomaly over Africa
Authors: Girdler Ronald W. 
Published: October 2011

This article draws attention to a most remarkable feature on a recently published Bouguer gravity anomaly map of Africa. The map is published by the U.S. Defense Mapping Agency in a technical paper that may not be widely seen, although it was presented at the Spring Annual Meeting of the AGU in 1973. The authors are R.L. Slettene, L.E. Wilcox, R.S. Blouse, and J.R. Sanders [Slettene et al., 1973].The map is on a Mercator projection at a scale of 1:20,000,000. The compilation procedure was completely automated, and only terrestrial data were used. A total of 3073 mean anomaly predictions 1°×1° were incorporated. About 40% of these were computed by various conventional and statistical methods; the remaining 60% were made by geophysical correlation methods. The computer‐generated contours are at 10 mgal intervals for anomalies smaller than −100 mgal and at 20 mgal intervals for anomalies larger than −100 mgal.
Quake hazard map prepared
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

A new report and map for the conterminous states appraising the potential ground shaking produced by earthquakes have been prepared by the US. Geological Survey. The map represents a first attempt to show on a national basis the levels of earthquake shaking hazards that can be expected.Levels of ground shaking for different regions of the United States are shown on the map by contour lines which express in percentages of the force of gravity the maximum amount of horizontal acceleration (shaking) likely to occur at least once in a 50‐year period. For example, a contour at 60% of gravity means that scientists are 90% certain that the region in the vicinity of the contour will not experience ground shaking more than 60% of the force of gravity.
Earthquake hazards
Authors: Bolt Bruce A. 
Published: October 2011

In this century, apart from Alaska, there has been only one great earthquake in the contiguous United States: the April 18, 1906, California earthquake caused 600 deaths and considerable damage in a number of towns and cities from shaking and subsequent conflagration of much of downtown San Francisco. Yet around the world, earthquakes continue as great killers and inflict heavy economic loss; on the average, about $7 billion a year (see Figure 1).In 1976, for example, people grew alarmed at the dreadful toll of life in earthquake catastrophes. As many as 700,000 people may have died. The Guatemala earthquake on February 4 killed 23,000; the Italian earthquake on May 6 in the Friuli region caused about 1000 deaths; near Tangshan, China, an earthquake on July 28 (local time) killed more than 600,000 people; in West Irian, Indonesia, on June 25, a magnitude 7.1 shock resulted in 6000 casualties; in the following August an earthquake and accompanying tsunami in the Philippines caused 2000 fatalities; and over 4000 persons died in Turkey in an earthquake on November 24. Most of the deaths were caused by the collapse of weak houses and buildings.
Natural resources reorganization
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The following staff working proposal for reorganization of natural resources within the Executive Branch of the U.S. Government has been widely circulated. Such a reorganization would affect agencies of government that are of intimate concern to members of AGU. The document is reproduced here for the information of geophysicists and to encourage enlightened and early comment to those who are formulating or will approve the plan.The present federal organization for managing our natural resources is scattered, cumbersome, and wasteful. It is no longer suited to the complex role of the Government in the wise development of our natural resources—development that insures conservation of the resources themselves and protection of their environmental values.
The Lomonosov ridge experiment: “Lorex 79”
Authors: Weber J. R. 
Published: October 2011

In the spring of 1979 the Department of Energy, Mines and Resources (EMR) undertook a large‐scale, multidisciplinary project to study the nature and origin of the Lomonosov Ridge. The scientific program was planned and coordinated by the Earth Physics Branch, and the logistic support was provided by the Polar Continental Shelf Project/Scientists from other branches of EMR, from the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO), and from a number of universities in Canada and the U.S.A. took part in the project code named Lorex 79.The Lomonosov Ridge is an aseismic submarine mountain range that bisects the Arctic Ocean into the Amerasia and Eurasia Basins (Figure 1). It rises sharply to a height of some 3 km above the adjacent abyssal plains, the Makarov Basin to the west, and the Fram Basin to the east. It is close to 200 km wide where it approaches the North American and Eurasian continental shelves but narrows to 25 km at its midpoint near the North Pole. Its relatively flat top, the steepness of its flanks, and results from previous geophysical measurements indicate that it may be a sedimentary structure of continental origin rather than a structure of oceanic origin [Sweeney et al., 1978]. In this context it has been suggested on several occasions that it is a rafted fragment split off the Eurasian continental shelf at the time of the opening of the North Atlantic and the Eurasia Basin in Early Tertiary times. However, since the available geophysical, geological, and bathymetric data are relatively sparse and often of doubtful quality (because of the enormously difficult operating conditions), the continental nature of the Lomonosov Ridge has never been unambiguously demonstrated.
NOAA: Great Lakes on road to recovery
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Efforts to improve the quality of Great Lakes waters may show results sooner than expected, and Lake Ontario, at least, is already healthier than it was a few years ago, according to a scientist with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).Results from a computer model indicate that the largest lakes could show decreasing loads of pollutant phosphorous in several decades—a tenth of the time predicted in earlier calculations—and Lake Erie could show such improvement in less than a year. The calculations were made by Steven Chapra of NOAA's Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory in Ann Arbor, Mich., using a model that simulates the effects of pollutant phosphorous in the lakes and predicts the results of pollution abatement efforts.
High Energy Benthic Boundary Layer Experiment: HEBBLE
Authors: Nowell Arthur R. M. , Hollister Charles D. , Jumars Peter A. 
Published: October 2011

HEBBLE's precise aim is to develop and to test explicit predictions about the response of adhesive/cohesive marine sediments to imposed and controlled stresses [Hollister et al., 1980; Kerr, 1980]. Pursuit of this goal has necessitated a co‐ordinated, interdisciplinary effort, to date including physical oceanographers, sedimentologists, radiochemists and biochemists, and biological oceanographers.Current produced bed features reflect significant momentum exchange between the fluid boundary layer and the sediment surface. From photographs, and the few current meter records available, it appears that vast areas of the deep sea are presently being modified by energetic flows. The bed forms range in scale from kilometers to millimeters and are found where near bottom currents have been delineated by maxima in near bottom potential temperature. Moreover, on the Scotian Rise for example, many of these bedforms are being produced by present day currents because rapid destruction of the features by benthic organisms is evidenced in stereo‐photographs.
The Mineralogy, Chemistry, and Physics of Tropical Soils With Variable Charge Clays
Authors: Cassel D. K. , Nielsen D. R. 
Published: October 2011

This book is the culmination of an effort started in 1974 when the senior author started assembling information for a tropical soils course that he taught while on sabbatical leave at North Carolina State University. The literature cited throughout the book was current when the book went to press.Soil systems contain mineral and organic materials that have constant or permanent surface charges, such as montmorillonite, or constant surface potentials, usually referred to as variable charge materials. Most soil systems contain some of both kinds. In the tropics, most of the minerals with permanent charge have been severely weathered. Consequently, the surface charge of the remaining material results from adsorption of potential determining ions. This book treats the mineralogy, chemistry, and physics of the variable charge minerals and soil organic matter.
Welcome to the VGP news
Authors: Lipman Peter W. , Smith Joseph V. 
Published: October 2011

Beginning with this issue of Eos, the Volcanology, Geochemistry, and Petrology Section of AGU will publish brief and timely scientific reports, highlights of conferences, statements of opinion, section news, and other topical information approximately every 3 months in a new section of Eos called “The VGP News.”Material for The VGP News will be handled by Eos Editor Bruce R. Doe. VGP Section President J. V. Smith has appointed the following editorial group to work with Doe: Peter W. Lipman, VGP Secretary, U.S. Geological Survey, MS 913, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225 (telephone: 303‐234‐2901)
International geoscience: Past and future
Authors: Drake Charles L. 
Published: October 2011

The International Geophysical Year (IGY) differed from the preceding international polar years in that it had a significant component of solid earth research. The success of this venture led to succeeding programs, still under way, that have maintained and improved upon the communication mechanisms established during IGY. These programs differed from IGY in that they have a longer time span, usually a decade, and in that they have focused more on the exchange of ideas and data rather than shorter‐term, specially funded research programs aimed at particular goals.To borrow an analogy from oceanography, one might liken IGY to the Challenger expedition of a century ago; a one‐shot venture that collected vast amounts of data during a single cruise; data that occupied the energies of a number of scientists over a period of years. The succeeding programs followed more the pattern of modern oceanography in which cruises take place continuously, steadily building the data base a n d generating new ideas. There is no question but that IGY was a major shot in the arm for solid earth research and it is fair to ask whether it is not time for another such venture. Our support mechanisms have tended to become more narrowly focused on disciplines and subdisciplines through time, reflecting the increasing complexity o f science. Perhaps it is time to choose some broad goals: to identify some experiments that require inputs from a number of disciplines and international collaboration in research and that promise us new and better insights into the nature and properties, the history and development of the earth.
R. Giovanelli 1915”1984
Authors: Piddington J. H. 
Published: October 2011

Ronald Gordon Giovanelli, D.Sc. F.A.A., an eminent Australian scientist in the fields of physics and astronomy, died after a long illness on January 27, 1984, at the age of 69.After graduating from the University of Sydney, he spent 2 years (1937–1938) as a Research Fellow at the Commonwealth Solar Observatory (Mount Stromlo). It was here that he developed his life‐long interest in solar optical astronomy and the theory of solar active regions.
Advanced Soil Mechanics
Authors: Sterrett Robert J. 
Published: October 2011

The fields of soil mechanics and foundation engineering already have many significant textbooks on these subjects; thus it seems that it would be difficult to produce a new textbook in this area. Braja Das, however, has strived and succeeded in producing a work with a refreshing approach to the subject.The text is intended as an introductory graduate text. The book, as described by the author, has as its basis class notes that he prepared for teaching; thus the text is organized as a logical progression in the development of engineering thought in soil mechanics.
TRIP illumines lightning
Authors: Hill R. D. 
Published: October 2011

It is 8 yr since important measurements of lightning in single‐cell thunderstorms were made during the Thunderstorm Research International Project (TRIP), yet no theoretical interpretation of the lightning generation mechanism from the data has been made. This tardiness in interpreting the data is undoubtedly related to the existing confusion in lightning generation theories.According to Chalmers [1967], there are two classes of thunderstorm charge separation theories: those that rely on gravitation and those that do not involve gravitation. In the gravitational class, Chalmers again distinguished two types of processes: those in which ions are naturally generated (e.g., by cosmic rays, etc.) and are then attached to particles in the cloud and those in which some process (e.g., collision, coagulation, etc.) generates positive and negatively charged particles from neutrals in the cloud. Some of these two process types, cited in Chalmers' work, are given in Table 1, together with some of the scientists who originally proposed these processes.
Vigil network data now online
Authors: Orr Tade , Osterkamp W. R. 
Published: October 2011

A project is under way to publish Vigil Network data on the World Wide Web, paving the way for the data to become a widely known, convenient resource for scientists interested in studying the effects of global climatic change. The network, a system of small sites and drainage basins where geomorphic, hydrologic, and biological data are periodically collected, was established in the early 1960s to address the need for long‐term, broad‐spectrum data collection and study [Leopold, 1962].Network data are currently archived on microfiche held at various repositories, and the situation makes it difficult for many scientists. Researchers must either visit a repository in person to view and print the data and reports or request hard copies of site records. Repositories are at libraries of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in Reston,Virginiasemi; Denver, Coloradosemi; and Menlo Park, California. Data are also archived at the Department of Physical Geography, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden, and at the Jewish National and Hebrew University Library, Jerusalem, Israel.
New wireline seafloor drill augers well
Authors: Allerton S. , Wallis D. , Derrick J. , Smith D. , MacLeod C. J. 
Published: October 2011

The first trials of a new wireline seafloor drill (Figure 1) have been a resounding success, and the new technology is expected to open up the ocean basins for in‐depth studies in microtectonics and paleomagnetism. Structural and paleomagnetic work has been extremely important for tectonics on the continents, and extending such studies into the ocean basins, through development of wireline drilling, puts us on the brink of a new phase in research.Funded through the British Mid‐Ocean Ridge Initiative (BRIDGE), the drill is known as the BRIDGE drill. On its very first deployment from a ship, it recovered over half a meter of oriented gabbro core from the Atlantis Bank on the South West Indian Ridge (Figure 2). In the course of the research cruise, the drill took short oriented hardrock cores from 11 different seafloor sites [MacLeod et al., 1998].
Expedition gives fresh view of central Arctic geology
Authors: Jokat Wilfried ,   Shipboard Scientific Party, Stein Ruediger , Rachor Eike , Schewe Ingo 
Published: October 2011

Important new information has been collected on the structure and evolution of the main geological features of the central Arctic Ocean. An expedition in July 1998 to the Alpha and Lomonosov Ridges produced the first multichannel seismic (MCS) profiles ever along Alpha. Biological probes, ice and aerosol sampling, and the collection of sediment cores also took place.One intriguing finding was that, while Lomonosov is biologically rich, Alpha is a benthic desert. Alpha proved to be one of the poorest benthic environments ever investigated in the Arctic Ocean.
Sediment record linked to surface processes in the Cariaco Basin
Authors: Muller‐Karger Frank , Varela Ramon , Thunell Robert , Scranton Mary , Bohrer Richard , Taylor Gordon , Capelo Juan , Asto Yrene , Tappa Eric , Ho Tung‐Yuan , Iabichella Maria , Walsh John J. , Diaz Jose Rafael 
Published: October 2011

The Cariaco Basin, off the northeast coast of Venezuela, has long been the center of attention of scientists trying to explain paleoclimate. This peculiar anoxic basin records climate change over several dozen millennia within layers of sediment [Black eta., 1999].A joint U.S.‐Venezuelan research effort launched in 1995—the Carbon Retention in a Colored Ocean (CARIACO) Program— provides a link between the sediment record and processes near the surface of the ocean for this basin. Sediment traps maintained by the program show that over 5% of the organic carbon contained in particles formed near the surface through primary production (photosynthesis) by phytoplankton reaches 275 m depth, and nearly 2% reaches 1,400 m.This flux is significant, because it represents a sink for carbon dioxide, which is a greenhouse gas, and because it helps explain the record of ancient climate stored at the bottom of the Cariaco Basin.
Storing CO2 underground shows promising results
Authors: Zweigel Peter , Gale John 
Published: October 2011

Long‐term underground storage of CO2 is an important element in concepts to reduce atmospheric CO2 emissions as the use of fossil fuels continues. The first results of a multinational research project evaluating the injection of CO2 into a saline aquifer in the North Sea are validating this method of CO2 reduction, and are serving to further define the research needed to develop the technology for large‐scale applicability.Reducing the emission of substances that have potentially harmful effects on global climate— for example, CO2—has become a central issue of environmental policy at least since the 1997 Kyoto conference on climate change.
Bovine rickettsial genomes: prospects for new control measures.
Authors: Rodríguez S. D. , García M. Á. , Preciado J. F. , Vega C. A. , Rojas E. E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract

Rickettsial diseases of cattle are a major constraint in developing countries, leading to severe economic losses. Bovine anaplasmosis and heartwater are the two most important pathogens across a wide area of the world. Available vaccines are based on live virulent or attenuated vaccines, but have a number of drawbacks. Vaccination with individual antigens may induce adequate protection against homologous challenge but poor protection against heterologous challenge. The complete genome sequences of
Anaplasma marginale
,
Ehrlichia ruminantium
and other Rickettsiales are now available and new tools are being developed for the study of DNA sequences and comparison between different species, but more importantly between members of the same species. In the present review, a brief comparison of the genomes of
A. marginale
and
E. ruminantium
is presented, with special attention to the use of this information in detailing new antigens, finding differences between virulent and non-virulent organisms and understanding the interactions between the pathogens and their vectors, with the aim of finding new ways of controlling these diseases.