bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparative study of different queuing techniques in VOIP, video conferencing and file transfer
Authors: Rashed Mohammad Mirza Golam , Kabir Mamun 
Published: February 2010

Today's Internet only provides Best Effort Service. Traffic is processed as quickly as possible, but there is no guarantee of timelines or actual delivery. With the rapid transformation of the Internet into a commercial infrastructure, demands for service quality have rapidly developed. People of the modern world are very much dependent on various network services like VOIP, Videoconferencing and File Transfer. Different types of Traffic Management systems are used in those services. Queuing is one of the very vital mechanisms in traffic management system. Each router in the network must implement some queuing discipline that governs how packets are buffered while waiting to be transmitted. This paper gives a comparative analysis of three queuing systems FIFO, PQ and WFQ. The study has been carried out on some issues like: Traffic dropped Traffic Received and packet end to end delay and the simulation results shows that WFQ technique has a superior quality than the other techniques. Keywords: IP QoS, FIFO, PQ, FQ, WFQ DOI: 10.3329/diujst.v5i1.4380 Daffodil International University Journal of Science and Technology Vol.5(1) 2010 pp.37-47
Outcome and Risk Factors for Mortality in Pediatric Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Tsai Hsin-Lin , Yang Ling-Yu , Chin Tai-Wai , Wang Hsin-Hui , Liu Chin-Su , Wei Chou-Fu , Chang Jei-Wen 
Published: February 2010

Background The mortality rate among children requiring renal replacement therapy is higher than in children without end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Some factors, such as hypoalbuminemia, high peritoneal transport rate, age, malnutrition, cardiovascular disease, and recurrent peritonitis, appear to be associated with lower survival in adult peritoneal dialysis patients. Data regarding risk factors of mortality in children with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) are limited. The aims of this study were to analyze the clinical characteristics of patients and investigate if routinely used laboratory and clinical variables are independent risk factors for mortality in children on CAPD. Methods We performed a retrospective chart analysis of pediatric ESRD patients on CAPD between January 1997 and September 2008. 29 patients undergoing CAPD for more than 3 months were enrolled. An analysis was performed on clinical and biochemical variables for survivors and nonsurvivors to identify potential risk factors for mortality. Results Mean age was 12.18 ± 4.57 years. During the follow-up period, 8 patients transferred to hemodialysis and 13 patients received deceased donor renal transplantation. By the end of the study, 5 patients had died. Actuarial survival rate at 2 and 5 years was 96.55% and 91.19% respectively. The major complication during therapy was peritonitis (1 episode/57.79 patient-months). In the univariate analysis, younger age at initiation of dialysis, presence of comorbid disease, higher peritoneal transport rate, increased protein losses through peritoneal dialysis, high total daily protein loss, hypoalbuminemia, and hypophosphatemia were variables associated with mortality in pediatric CAPD patients. However, in the multivariate analysis, only low serum albumin ( b = –2.089, p = 0.006; hazard ratio 8.06, 95% confidence interval 0.028 – 0.546) was independently associated with mortality. Conclusion Mortality was low in our pediatric patients receiving CAPD. Hypoalbuminemia showed a significant association with death in CAPD patients.
Effect of Peritoneal Dialysis on Abdominal Circumference
Authors: Nurmi Jouni , Korkeila Maarit , Honkanen Eero , Lindgren Leena , Castrén Maaret 
Published: February 2010

Background Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is probably underused because of fears concerning the body image of patients. For the purposes of providing exact information for patients when choosing between PD and hemodialysis, we studied the extent of increase in waist circumference by infusing dialysate. Methods The abdominal circumference of 44 PD patients was measured before and after infusion of dialysate. The change in circumference was compared to body mass index (BMI) and length of the abdominal cavity, defined by the distance between the processus xiphoideus and the os pubis. Results Mean abdominal circumferences at the umbilicus and the iliac crest increased from 92.6 ± 10.1 to 95.5 ± 10.0 cm and from 95.2 ± 8.5 to 96.2 ± 6.3 cm, respectively, when dialysate was infused ( p value for both < 0.01). A dialysate volume of 2000 mL increased the circumference only slightly more than the increase seen with 1500 mL. The change in circumference was not correlated with the circumference before the infusion, BMI, height of the patient, or length of the abdominal cavity. Conclusions This study shows that normal PD fill volumes increase the waist circumference only a little. This finding should ease the patient's presumption of PD changing the body image.
Croup: Common Syndromes and Therapy
Authors: Wald Eric L. 
Published: February 2010

CME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

1.
Delineate the differential diagnosis of croup in children.

2.
Review the clinical evidence supporting the use of nebulized epinephrine for croup in the emergency department, as well as the criteria for discharge home after treatment.

3.
Discuss the clinical evidence supporting the use of systemic or nebulized steroids in the treatment of viral laryngotracheobronchitis.
Update: Acute Otitis Media
Authors: Shaikh Nader , Hoberman Alejandro 
Published: February 2010

CME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

1.
Review the recent changes in the microbiology of acute otitis media.

2.
Differentiate the physical exam findings characteristic of acute otitis media (AOM) from those of otitis media with effusion (OME).

3.
Discuss the evidence to support antimicrobial management of AOM in children.
Displacement Chromatography of Proteins
Authors: McAtee C. Patrick 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis unit discusses the important parameters in designing and optimizing a separation by ion‐exchange displacement chromatography, including preparing the sample and choosing a matrix, column, and buffer. Protocols are provided for testing a column, determining binding and elution conditions, displacing the sample, and cleaning, regenerating, and storing of displacement columns. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 59:8.9.1‐8.9.14. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Rapid Detergent Removal from Peptide Samples with Ethyl Acetate for Mass Spectrometry Analysis
Authors: Yeung Yee‐Guide , Stanley E. Richard 
Published: February 2010

AbstractDetergents are required for the extraction of hydrophobic proteins and for the maintenance of their solubility in solution. However, the presence of detergents in the peptide samples severely suppresses ionization in mass spectrometry (MS) analysis and decreases chromatographic resolution in LC‐MS. Thus, detergents must be removed for sensitive detection of peptides by MS. This unit describes a rapid protocol in which ethyl acetate extraction is used to remove octylglucoside from protease digests without loss of peptides. This procedure can also be used to reduce interference by sodium dodecyl sulfate, Nonidet P‐40, or Triton X‐100 in peptide samples for MS analysis. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 59:16.12.1‐16.12.5. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Prevention and Protection: Threats and Challenges From A Homeland Defense Perspective
Authors: McManus Jeffrey D. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract

President Bush signed and released the
National Strategy for Homeland Security
in July 2002. This strategy highlighted the new threat environment, discussed our national vulnerabilities, and outlined critical mission areas necessary to meet the new security challenge. While the strategy outlined threats, that is incidents intentionally instigated by an adversary to cause loss or damage, it did not adequately address nonhostile hazards. Events such as accidents or natural disasters can also result in catastrophic damage and must be considered for comprehensive risk management. The strategy also did not differentiate between true mission areas (i.e.
what
we need to do), the domain environment (i.e.
where
we need to do them), and the preparedness continuum (i.e.
when
we need to do them). To be fair, the strategy does discuss protection and response activities. However, it does not fully articulate the steady‐state prevention functions that can be implemented preincident to minimize general risks. This paper will outline the categories of threats and hazards that should be considered, and highlight the preparedness continuum, focusing on the proactive activities, and challenges faced in the pre‐event functions of prevention and protection.
Transportation Security Roles and Responsibilities
Authors: Western Jeffrey L. , Contestabile John , Englot Joseph M. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract

In the event of a man‐made incident or natural disaster it is apparent the interconnectivity and the ripple economic impacts of a transportation system require coordinated solutions and jurisdictional coordination beyond the current silo level in protecting our nation's
critical infrastructure and key resources
(CIKR). This paper will provide guidance on the roles and responsibilities of ensuring the nation's transportation security, not only at the public sector level but also at the private sector and the general population levels.
Data Sources for Biosurveillance
Authors: Walters Ronald A. , Harlan Pete A. , Nelson Noele P. , Hartley David M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBiosurveillance requires a synthesis of analytic approaches derived from the natural disaster, public health, medical, meteorological, and social science communities, among others, and it is the cornerstone of early disease detection. Biosurveillance includes the analyses of timely data, often fusing time series of many different types of data, to infer the status of public health rather than solely exploiting data having diagnostic specificity. This paper summarizes major systems dedicated to such an endeavor with emphasis on those that use formal reporting sources and those that use open source collection. Although, individual systems have different missions and approaches, there are many complementarities among them that if creatively exploited could be the basis of an effective global biosuveillance enterprise.
Critical Infrastructures at Risk: A European Perspective
Authors: Gheorghe Adrian V. , Masera Marcelo 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Infrastructures such as energy, water supply, and telecommunication, are so vital, critical and ubiquitous that their incapacity or destruction would affect the security and the social welfare of any nation. Modern infrastructures cope with new types of emerging risks, due to a variety of threats/hazards such as natural disasters, malicious attacks, technical failures etc. Factors that have transformed the way how infrastructures are designed, developed, operated and de‐commissioned relate to liberalization of markets. the interdependency among infrastructures, the increase of cross‐border interconnections, changes in ICT, the manifestation of systemic risks.
The present paper addresses an European view of critical infrastructures development by adopting risks and vulnerabilities performance within an all hazard approach practical construct. The presentation and the risk assessment landscape are fully articulated within the current legislative framework established by the European Commission and other appropriate legislative bodies.
New entities such as European Critical Infrastructures (ECI) are described and documented in view of their protection. A number of principles are highlighted such as subsidiarity, complementary, confidentiality, stakeholder cooperation, proportionality, the advent of the concept of system of systems.
A detailed investigation in view of the evolution of risk is made for Critical Electricity Infrastructures. A number of current trends such as the liberalization of the European electricity sector, the internationalization of the electricity system (e.g. interconnection among national grids), evolutionary unsuitability (i.e. current transmission networks are used in ways for which they were not initially designed), and the ubiquity of ICS are highlighted and investigated. The authors argue that i) the amalgamation of electric power systems and ICT produces a new construct, “Electricity plus Information” (E+I), ii) there is a need for risk governance, science and technology in order to cope with new complex situations imposed upon us by the advent of SoS architectures, the involvement of a large variety of stakeholders.
CARVER
+Shock: Food Defense Software Tool
Authors: Pohl Phillip , Lindgren Eric , Williams Cecelia , Danneels Jeffrey , Browitt Robert , Eubanks Lee , Link Madison , Hunter Regina , Kautter Don , Woody Jon , Bryant Cory 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The acronym CARVER represents the steps in a threat analysis exercise: Criticality, Accessibility, Recognizability, Vulnerability, Effect, and Recuperability. The CARVER+Shock software was developed as an easy‐to‐use tool for defending food production against malevolent attacks. Shock is added to incorporate the intangible focus of a terrorist in frightening a targeted group. The software uses the CARVER targeting methodology to identify components in a production process that are best suited for security improvements and recommends mitigative steps to improve defense. The food defense software is described and demonstrated on hypothetical yogurt and apple product food‐production processes. Two of the algorithms used to generate scores in the analysis are presented and the assumptions listed. The calculated scores are compared and discussed. Version 1.0 of the software is available free from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) website. Software upgrades for agriculture and for retail or restaurants analyses are being developed for release in 2009 along with Version 2.0.
Strategies for Protecting the Telecommunications Sector
Authors: Sullivant John 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis article offers insight into the Telecommunications Sector's infrastructure and services and the importance of its survivability, to the economy and national security. It describes the interconnection between the Information Technology and Telecommunications infrastructures. It demonstrates the criticality of interdependency among other critical infrastructures and how their interconnection with the Information Technology and Telecommunications infrastructures is critical to their survivability. Specific vulnerabilities and challenges facing security planners as well as potential solutions for strengthening security weaknesses and advancing the continuity of telecommunications operations are discussed.
Economic Impact of a Livestock Attack
Authors: Hagerman Amy D. , McCarl Bruce A. , Mu Jianhong 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis article describes the importance and challenges of modeling the economics of attacks to livestock agriculture through the introduction of an animal or zoonotic disease. The value of including economic evaluation is presented. The various types of economic impact categories needed to do a disease assessment are discussed, as well as what determines the severity of impacts in a particular situation. The article concludes with a short discussion of how to determine which economic loss categories to focus on, and the need for additional focus on key loss areas.
Disease severity and domain‐specific arthritis self‐efficacy: Relationships to pain and functioning in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Somers Tamara J. , Shelby Rebecca A. , Keefe Francis J. , Godiwala Neha , Lumley Mark A. , Mosley‐Williams Angelia , Rice John R. , Caldwell David 
Published: February 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the degree to which disease severity and domains of self‐efficacy (pain, function, and other symptoms) explain pain and functioning in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients.MethodsPatients (n = 263) completed the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales 2 to assess pain and functioning (physical, affective, and social), the Arthritis Self‐Efficacy Scale to assess 3 self‐efficacy domains (pain, physical function, and other). Disease severity was assessed with C‐reactive protein level, physician's rating, and abnormal joint count. Structural equation modeling was used to examine 3 hypotheses: does disease severity have a direct relationship with pain and each area of functioning, does disease severity have a direct relationship with each arthritis self‐efficacy domain, and do the self‐efficacy domains mediate the relationship between disease severity and RA pain and each area of functioning.ResultsDisease severity was related to pain, physical functioning, and each self‐efficacy domain (β = 0.28–0.56, P < 0.001). Each self‐efficacy domain was related to its respective domain of functioning (e.g., self‐efficacy for pain was related to pain; β = 0.36–0.54, P < 0.001). Self‐efficacy mediated the relationship between disease severity and pain and functioning (β = 0.12–0.19, P < 0.001). Self‐efficacy for pain control and to perform functional tasks accounted for 32–42% of disease severity's total effect on their respective outcomes (e.g., self‐efficacy for pain control accounted for 32% of disease severity's total effect on pain). Variance accounted for by the total model was 52% for pain, 53% for physical functioning, and 44% for affective and social functioning.ConclusionDisease severity and self‐efficacy both impact RA functioning, and intervening in these areas may lead to better outcomes.
Rates and predictors of hydroxychloroquine retinal toxicity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Wolfe Frederick , Marmor Michael F. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractObjectiveHydroxychloroquine (HCQ) retinopathy is of concern because of the potential seriousness of visual loss and the medicolegal consequences of failure to detect toxicity. However, there have been limited demographic data on which to base recommendations for screening. We have studied the largest unselected series of patients to date to evaluate the risk of toxicity and the relevance of purported risk factors.MethodsWe studied 3,995 patients with rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus who had used HCQ, including 1,538 current users. We screened for self‐reported toxicity, and followed up on positive cases with detailed interviews and specialist confirmation. We categorized cases as “definite or probable” if there was bull's eye maculopathy or visual field loss.ResultsOf the lifetime users of HCQ, 6.5% discontinued therapy because of an eye problem, including 1.8% who reported HCQ retinal problems. However, definite or probable toxicity was documented in only 0.65% (95% confidence interval 0.31–0.93). The risk of toxicity was low in the initial 7 years of exposure, and was approximately 5 times greater after 7 years of usage (or 1,000 gm total exposure). Toxicity was unrelated to age, weight, or daily dosage. Eye examinations were obtained annually by 50.5% and every 6 months by 40.4% of patients.ConclusionHCQ toxicity remains uncommon, but increases markedly with the duration of therapy and exceeds 1% after 5–7 years. Toxicity was unassociated with age, daily dosage, or weight. These findings will aid the reformulation of screening guidelines.
Applying SEM‐Based X‐ray Microtomography to Observe Self‐Healing in Solvent Encapsulated Thermoplastic Materials
Authors: Mookhoek Steven D. , Mayo Sheridan C. , Hughes Anthony E. , Furman Scott A. , Fischer Hartmut R. , van der Zwaag Sybrand 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn this work X‐ray microtomography was used to observe fracture and healing processes in a liquid‐based self‐healing thermoplastic material. The method was able to produce data of sufficient resolution (<10 μm) to observe ∼60 μm microcapsules containing solvent within a polymeric material and in particular their behavior around a crack zone after fracture and healing. The reconstructed data showed the distribution of filled and several empty microcapsules within the matrix material. Additional color segmentation and 3D rendering of the data unambiguously demonstrated a large concentration of ruptured microcapsules near the fracture surfaces, covering ∼75 μm span on both sides of the crack. A close investigation of the crack area confirmed the presence of healed and non‐healed regions. Further analysis of the segmented data allowed a quantitative determination of the release of the encapsulated solvent.
Photoperiod at conception predicts C677T‐MTHFR genotype: A novel gene‐environment interaction
Authors: Lucock Mark , Glanville Tracey , Ovadia Liz , Yates Zoë , Walker James , Simpson Nigel 
Published: February 2010

AbstractData is presented, which suggest that the day length a woman experiences during the periconceptional period predicts the C677T‐MTHFR genotype of her child. Logistic regression analysis involving 375 neonates born in the same geographical location within a three year period demonstrated that photoperiod (minutes) at conception predicts both genotype (P = 0.0139) and mutant allele carriage (P = 0.0161); the trend clearly showing that the 677T‐MTHFR allele frequency increases as photoperiod increases. We propose a number of explanations, including a hypothesis in which a long photoperiod around conception decreases maternal systemic folate because of UVA induced dermal oxidative degradation of 5‐methyl‐H4folate, leading to a lower cellular 5,10‐methylene‐H4folate status. In this scenario, 5,10‐methylene‐H4folate would be more efficiently used for dTMP and DNA synthesis by 677T‐MTHFR embryos than wildtype embryos giving the 677T‐MTHFR embryos increased viability, and hence increasing mutant T‐allele frequency. Alternate hypotheses include: increased seasonal availability of folate rich foods that genetically buffer any negative effect of 677T‐MTHFR in embryos; seasonal oxidative stress lowering embryo‐toxic homocysteine; an undefined hormonal effect of photoperiod on the neuroendocrine axis, which mediates genotype/embryo selection. The effect of photoperiod on genotype seems clear, but the speculative molecular mechanism underpinning the effect needs careful examination. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Offspring from endogamic vs. exogamic matings: Absence of anthropometric differences among Sardinian children (Italy)
Authors: Sanna E. , De Micco A. , Palmas L. , Soro M.R. , Vallascas E. , Danubio M.E. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis study evaluates possible differences in body dimensions among children from matings of different exogamy levels. The cross‐sectional sample consisted of 867 children, 435 males, and 432 females, 6–10 years old, attending elementary schools in the metropolitan area of Cagliari, the capital of Sardinia (Italy). The children were divided into two groups according to the level of exogamy. The first group consisted of children of parents born in the same Sardinian municipality and was considered endogamous sensu stricto. The second group included children of parents born in municipalities from different Sardinian linguistic domains and was considered exogamous. The Mann–Whitney test did not reveal significant differences between the two groups of children in the mean rank values of the 36 anthropometric variables considered, with the exception of cephalic circumference in males and chest depth in females. In particular, there were no significant differences for anthropometric variables considered to be indirect indicators of nutritional status: sum of skinfolds, waist/hip ratio, body mass index, total upper arm area, upper arm muscle area, and upper arm fat area. The results indicate that Sardinian children from marriages of different exogamy levels do not differ in body dimensions if they grow up with similar nutritional and socioeconomic conditions. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.