bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chapter 19 External Capabilities
Authors: Foster James E. , Handy Christopher 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The capability approach of Amartya Sen evaluates well-being in terms of an individual's achievements and abilities to function. The traditional view of capabilities is that they are discernable as part of an individual's own set of characteristics, or as part of a package of socially provided services. This chapter argues that individuals also have access to a broad array of capabilities through their family, friends, and other persons with whom they have relationships. It introduces the concept of ‘external capabilities’, which are defined as those abilities to function that are conferred by direct connection or relationship with another person. Several examples are provided, and the chapter distinguishes between this new concept presented here and other existing notions of capabilities originating in groups. The perspective of external capabilities can be especially valuable in formulating development policies or understanding how existing policies work. As an illustration of this, the chapter shows how information and communications technologies (ICT) can enhance development by augmenting external capabilities.
Chapter 20 On the Welfarist Rationale for Relative Poverty Lines
Authors: Ravallion Martin 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter reviews the theory and evidence supporting a relativist approach to poverty measurement. It identifies various sources of welfare interdependence, including the idea of ‘relative deprivation’ as well as other (positive and negative) welfare effects for poor people of belonging to a better-off group. An economic model combines informal risk-sharing with the idea of a ‘positional good’, and conditions are derived in which the relative deprivation effect dominates, implying a relative poverty measure. The chapter then reviews the problems encountered in testing for relative deprivation effects and presents some micro evidence from Malawi. While the results are consistent with the emphasis given to absolute level of living in development policy discussions, relative deprivation is evident in this poor but unequal country, and it is likely to become more important as the country develops.
Chapter 21 Justice as Fairness and the Capability Approach
Authors: Robeyns Ingrid 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter reconsiders the differences between Amartya Sen's capability approach and John Rawls's justice as fairness approach. Sen's most important critique on Rawlsian justice concerns the inflexibility of social primary goods as the metric of justice. Rawls has argued that this critique implies that the capability approach endorses a comprehensive moral doctrine. In addition, Rawls has criticized the capability approach for failing to provide a workable and public conception of political justice. It is argued that the different kinds of theory that Rawls and Sen are pursuing explain much of their disagreement. Moreover, for a full comparison each theory needs to be further developed: the capability approach requires further theoretical elaboration as a theory of justice, while justice as fairness has to be developed for non-ideal circumstances. This reinterpretation of the Rawls–Sen debate allows for an understanding of the capability approach and justice as fairness as complementary and potentially converging theories.
Chapter 24 Concepts and Measures of Agency
Authors: Alkire Sabina 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Agency is inescapably plural in both concept and measurement. In Sen's account of agency, (i) agency is exercised with respect to goals the person values; (ii) agency includes effective power as well as direct control; (iii) agency may advance wellbeing or may address other-regarding goals; (iv) to identify agency also entails an assessment of the value of the agent's goals; and (v) the agent's responsibility for a state of affairs should be incorporated into his or her evaluation of it. This chapter refracts the literature on agency measurement through the first four of these characteristics, showing how particular survey-based measures of individual agency elucidate or obscure each distinction. It also observes that existing measures used in development tend to focus on control but not effective freedom, on goals the agent has reason to value rather than goals she values, and on own rather than other-regarding agency. The literature on measurement also raises a number of very relevant issues for the conceptual approach.
The Empire of the Air
Authors: Deer Patrick 
Published: May 2009

AbstractChapter 2 traces the literary response to the seductive futurist appeal and colonialist genealogy of air power in two World Wars. After the Great War, the “empire of the air” was celebrated as a last resort of martial heroism and the colonies provided laboratories for experiment. The interwar period saw the consolidating imperial gaze of air power and mechanized war turned on the civilian home front as both apocalyptic nightmare and escapist fantasy. This chapter explores T.E. Lawrence's haunting fantasies of air power as he dedicated mind and body to the RAF's role in policing the empire in the 1920s and 30s. It argues that for those who waged the war of space and movement, the mythology of armored masculinity and panoramic vision all too often resulted in blackout and bodily disintegration. It explores these conflicts of “airmindedness” in the work of Virginia Woolf, Rex Warner, George Orwell, Richard Hillary, and Sir Arthur “Bomber” Harris.
‘Simplify Me When I'm Dead’
Authors: Deer Patrick 
Published: May 2009

AbstractChapter 5 explores the struggle for modern memory in Second World War writing and reconstructs wartime debates about national identity, social reconstruction, decolonization, and popular culture. The wartime culture boom, it contends, produced a cosmopolitan, hybrid aesthetic that challenged conventional constructions of gender and Englishness. The example of the Great War promised major literary creation after a period of delayed recollection, yet as World War Two writers suggested, total warfare threatened both memory and the survival of a common culture. The chapter explores debates about propaganda, pacifism, and the autonomy of high culture in the work of Keith Douglas, Virginia Woolf, Cyril Connolly, Alex Comfort, George Orwell, or Evelyn Waugh. In Alexander Baron's postwar novel, From the City, From the Plough (1949), it traces how the mythic solidarities of the People's War are confront the violence of mechanized warfare, colonialism, and the relentless abstraction of the strategists' view of battle.
The Embedding of Causation in Legal Liability Doctrines
Authors: Moore Michael S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the actus reus requirements in tort and criminal law. The essential thesis of the chapter is that our liability scheme in both areas of law is causation-drenched, and that this is so irrespective of whether those liability doctrines use the word ‘cause’ explicitly or whether those doctrines use causative verbs of action like ‘hit’, ‘kill’, and ‘disfigure’. The chapter also argues that there are no so called ‘conduct-crimes’, crimes whose actus reus lack a causal element.
Causation and Moral Blameworthiness
Authors: Moore Michael S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter leaves the law for the morality underlying it. The question is whether tort and criminal law should be as focused on causation as they are. This issue is usually framed as being an issue of ‘moral luck’, or more specifically, ‘result luck’. The common argument is that one has no control over the results of one's conduct, unlike the control one has over one's choices, so that if responsibility is assigned for the results of one's conduct, then there must be a kind of moral luck involved in determining the degree of our blameworthiness. Nonetheless, the thesis of the chapter is that there is such moral luck, that moral blame does depend on whether one caused the harm one intended, foresaw, or risked, and that therefore legal doctrines depending on such degrees of moral blameworthiness rightly take causation into account in framing their liability rules.
Causation and the Permissibility of Consequentialist Justification within Agent-Relative Morality and the Law
Authors: Moore Michael S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter combines a legal with a moral thesis. Morality is inseparable from law here because the open-ended legal provisions on necessity and balance of evils simply reference whatever morality holds to be the correct balance. The issue is when good consequences can (legally and morally) justify the violation of seemingly categorical norms, such as those norms prohibiting killing and torture. The thesis of the chapter is that causation plays a large role in drawing the line of permissible consequentialist justifications in morality and thus, in law. Causation plays this role largely through various iterations of the doctrine of doing and allowing, although intention also plays such a role via the doctrine of double effect.
The Law's Own Characterizations of its Causal Requirements
Authors: Moore Michael S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins with an examination of the law's own explicit theory about the presuppositions about the nature of causation made by legal doctrines and moral norms. The aim of the chapter is largely taxonomical, aiming to arrive at a workable taxonomy of legal tests of causation. That taxonomy is built on the distinction between ‘cause-in-fact’ and ‘proximate’ or ‘legal’ causation. The dominant test of cause in fact is the but-for test, also known as the sine qua non test, whereas the dominant proximate cause tests are the foreseeability, harm-within-the-risk, and direct cause tests. By charting the heavy qualifications, the law itself adds to these dominant legal tests about causation. The chapter also intends to cast doubt on whether the law is committed to the concept of causation these tests say it is committed to.
‘Negligence in the Air Will not Do’
Authors: Moore Michael S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter lays out the history and essential tenets of the risk theory. This is done in some detail because the theory has been the standard educated view on proximate causation within the American legal academy for most of the last one hundred years. The chapter is largely an historical introduction, tracing the test from its origin with ‘the best and the brightest’ of tort theory in America in the 1920s, through its use by the leading criminal law theorists of the 1950s, and to its return as the dominant approach of those tort theorists in America responsible for the third iteration of the Restatement of Torts.
Normative Problems in Applying the Harm-within-the-Risk Test to Crimes/Torts of Negligence
Authors: Moore Michael S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter argues that as applied to crimes and torts of negligence, the harm within the risk test is morally undesirable. This is because negligence is the least culpable mental state on which tort or criminal liability is predicated, and because negligent wrongdoers who cause harms ‘outside the risk’ deserve punishment (and deserve to pay compensation) in line with the harms they caused, not the harms they risked.
The Descriptive Inaccuracy of the Harm-within-the-Risk Analysis as Measuring Proximate Causation
Authors: Moore Michael S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter argues that as applied to any crimes or torts, not just those of negligence, the harm within the risk test does not address the issues that tests of proximate causation do and should address. These issues are three in number: first, issues of remoteness; second, issues of intervening causation; and third, issues of pre-existing abnormalities.
The Legal Doctrines of Intervening Causation
Authors: Moore Michael S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter lays out the doctrinal intricacies of the test. These mostly concern the crucial idea of an intervening cause. An intervening cause is described as any event (and not a state or an omission) that is causally significant in the production of some harm, that temporally intervenes between defendant's act and that harm, that is causally independent of the defendant's act, and that is either a free, informed, deliberate human action or that abnormal conjunction of natural events we call a coincidence.
The Superfluity of Accomplice Liability
Authors: Moore Michael S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter raises the question of what should become of the criminal law doctrines of accomplice liability once the supposition on which those doctrines are based — that of intervening causation — is discarded. The answer, unsurprisingly, is that the various doctrines of accomplice liability also should go, which is the bottom line conclusion of the chapter. These doctrines, as they presently exist, base accomplice liability variously on: causation of harm, failure to prevent or allowing of such harm, risking such harm (an inchoate basis), or intending and attempting to bring about such harm (another inchoate basis). So called accomplice liability is thus a confused mish-mash of four more basic desert bases.
The Role of Counterfactual Dependence as an Independent, Non-causal Desert-determiner
Authors: Moore Michael S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter defends counterfactual dependency as a desert determiner, independent of causation. Lawyers have not been wrong in looking for such dependency as the touchstone for liability for omissions, preventions, double preventions, and cases of de minimus causal contribution. They have only been mistaken in lumping such dependencies in as a kind of causation. The thesis of the chapter is that in such cases counterfactual dependency determines moral responsibility and legal liability quite independently of causation.
Democratic Challenges, Democratic Choices
Authors: Dalton Russell J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractDeclining trust in government and rising support for democratic ideals can reshape the democratic process. But the new shape of politics depends on the choices that citizens and governments make. The dissatisfaction of contemporary publics can be a stimulus for democratic reform, and already substantial institutional change has followed from the public's demands for reform. But dissatisfaction can also erode the foundations of the democratic process if governments do not respond or attempt to exploit this dissatisfaction for short-term political gain. This chapter discusses the democratic choices we now face in this context of an increasing dissatisfied public.
Democracy and Expertise
Authors: Fischer Frank 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis book examines the role of policy expertise in a democratic society. From the perspectives of both political theory and policy studies, the chapters explore the implications of deliberative democratic governance for professional expertise and extend them to specific policy practices. The discussion focuses in particular on the ways professional practices might be reoriented to assist citizens in understanding and discussing the complex policy issues of an advanced technological society. In doing so, it also explores how public deliberation can be improved through more cooperative forms of policy inquiry. Adopting a deliberative-analytic approach, policy inquiry is grounded in a postempiricist, constructivist understanding of inquiry and knowledge and the participatory practices that support it. Toward this end, the chapters draw on thriving theoretical and practical work dedicated to revitalizing the citizen's role in both civil society and newer practices of democratic governance, in particular deliberative democracy in political theory, practical work with deliberative experiments, the theory and practices of democratic governance, and participatory research. Deliberative practices are promoted here as a new component part of policy-related disciplines required for participatory governance. Calling for a specialization of ‘policy epistemics’ to advance such practices, the second half of the book takes up issues related to deliberative empowerment, including the relation of technical and social knowledge, the interpretive dimensions of social meaning and multiple realities, the role of narrative knowledge and storylines policy inquiry, social learning, tacit knowledge, the design of discursive spaces, and the place of emotional expression in public deliberation.
5 Technical Knowledge in Public Deliberation: Toward a Constructivist Theory of Contributory Expertise
Authors: Fischer Frank 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter turns to the difficult question of who should have the authority and legitimacy to speak about the technical dimensions of policy issues. Toward this end, the analysis engages the seminal effort of Harry Collins and Robert Evans to develop a contributory theory of technical expertise. Developing their theory to assist public policy deliberation in matters related to science and technology, they fail to understand a crucial dimension of their project — namely, that there is no direct bridge from the technical sphere to the public realm across which such knowledge can travel. While technical knowledge is important for deliberation in the public decision-making, it is not processed in the public realm by the same epistemological rules employed in the techno-scientific realm. The discussion thus examines the way in which both the development of technical knowledge and its application is situated in particular social contexts governed by the logic of practical reason. The chapter concludes with a call for the study of the epistemics of public deliberation and policy decision-making.
8 Transformative Learning Through Deliberation: Social Assumptions and the Tacit Dimension
Authors: Fischer Frank 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter takes up an essential contention of deliberative democracy, namely the idea that citizens can improve their communicative competencies in ways that lead to self-transformative learning. It explores this argument by examining the nature of critical social learning, in particular the way it turns on underlying assumptions and tacit understandings. Toward this end, the text employs theoretical contributions from the field of adult education, especially work on ‘transformational learning’ pioneered by theorists such as Freire and Mezirow. In the process, it speaks to the role of differences in deliberative theory — especially those related to culture, gender, class, or race — and their crucial function in the dialectical processes of argumentation. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the implications of tacit knowledge for expert practices and the facilitation of democratic dialogue.
Afterword
Authors: Fischer Frank 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe book closes with a brief Afterword on the implications of the theoretical and practical arguments contained in the preceding chapters. Given that they are designed for a world that does not yet fully exist, this closing discussion re-emphasizes the fact that the interrelated discussions are presented as part of an effort to help stimulate professional change and renewal, to promote a better understanding of expertise in deliberative democracy, to advance more expert practices conducive to real-world deliberative fora, and to think about how these practices might be brought into the professional policy curriculum.
Between War and Politics
Authors: Owens Patricia 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis book studies war in the thought of one of the 20th-century's most important and original political thinkers, Hannah Arendt. Hannah Arendt's writing was fundamentally rooted in her understanding of war and its political significance. But this element of her work has surprisingly been neglected in international and political theory. This book assesses the full range of Arendt's historical and conceptual writing on war and introduces to international theory the distinct language she used to talk about war and the political world. It builds on her re-thinking of old concepts such as power, violence, greatness, world, imperialism, evil, hypocrisy, and humanity and introduces some that are new to international thought like plurality, action, agonism, natality, and political immortality. Chapters engage Arendt's writing in dialogue with various schools of political and international theory, including realism, liberalism, constructivism, post-structuralism, post-colonial thought, neoconservatism, and Habermas-inspired critical theory. Re-reading Arendt's writing — forged through firsthand experience of occupation and struggles for liberation, political founding, and resistance in time of war — reveals a more serious engagement with war than her earlier readers have recognised. Arendt's political theory makes more sense when it is understood in the context of her thinking about war and we can think about the history and theory of warfare, and international politics in new ways by thinking with Arendt.
2 Violence and Power, Politics and War
Authors: Owens Patricia 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter sets out and analyses Arendt's understandings of the basic meanings of politics and war, violence, and power. Her definition of power — a collective capacity that emerges between people as they act together — is supported through a number of historical examples. Her position on partisan warfare and the uses and limitations of revolutionary violence are contrasted with the important writing on these subjects by Schmitt and Fanon. Arendt shared with Clausewitz a view of war as an act of force whose essence is violent combat. However, political action, though sometimes occurring during wartime, is fundamentally different. Politics is full of conflict. But it is also limited by plurality, the very condition for speech and political action among equals. In contrast to post-structuralist accounts, Arendt maintained that a distinction between politics and war was indeed possible and necessary for there to be politics at all.
3 Who Is Revealed in War? History, War, and Storytelling
Authors: Owens Patricia 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter addresses Arendt's method of thinking about politics and war. It was a fundamental conviction that the most significant changes in social and political life could not be understood through the projection of continuous historical laws. It was the nature of both politics and war to bring about the unexpected. Inspired, in part, by the tradition of historiography that emerged out of the realist writing of Homer and Thucydides, Arendt argued that it was essential to divorce the meaning of events from our ethical judgement of them. We should and do make ethical judgements. The difference is that we must also pay attention to the distinctly political criteria for judging action, which Arendt believed to be greatness. This understanding of the history of war and forms of agency in wartime is illustrated with the case of suicide bombing. ‘Who’, if anyone, is revealed in such acts?
5 ‘How Dangerous It Can Be To Be Innocent’: War and the Law
Authors: Owens Patricia 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter explores the implications of Arendt's historical and conceptual account of the relationship between Greek and Roman war, law, and territorial expansion for the laws of war in the contemporary period. Arendt understood the importance of law and territorial boundaries as the principle limitations on the otherwise unpredictability and boundlessness of political action. Unfortunately, the centrality of power and the constitutive relationship between law, war, and expansion has been neglected in much international thought. This tradition has been less good at asking questions about the productive or constitutive character of the law. This is illustrated through a discussion of the dominant liberal assumptions that have shaped most international legal thought and their role in making ‘accidental’ civilian casualties normal. Rather than frame questions about law and war in the language of compliance we can ask how civilian deaths are legitimated and under what guises does this occur.