bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of adding front-of-package sodium content labels to grocery products: an experimental study
Authors: Goodman Samantha , Hammond David , Hanning Rhona , Sheeshka Judy 
Published: August 2012

AbstractObjectiveCanadians consume approximately twice the daily Adequate Intake of sodium. The present study examined the efficacy of four types of front-of-package (FOP) sodium labels at influencing consumers’ selection of products lowv. high in sodium.DesignParticipants were randomly assigned to one of five experimental conditions: (i) control condition with no FOP label; (ii) basic numeric FOP label; (iii) numeric FOP label with ‘high’ and ‘low’ sodium content descriptors; (iv) detailed Traffic Light (TL) label with colour coding, content descriptors and numeric information; and (v) simple TL label with no numeric information. Participants were shown pairs of grocery products that varied in sodium content and told they could choose a free sample. Selection of the low-sodiumv. the high-sodium product was the primary behavioural outcome, in addition to ratings of effectiveness, understanding, liking and believability.SettingWaterloo, Ontario, Canada.SubjectsAdults (n430) aged ≥18 years, recruited from community settings.ResultsParticipants in the three FOP conditions with ‘high/low’ sodium content descriptors were significantly more likely to choose the lower-sodium product compared with the control group. The detailed TL label was ranked most effective at helping participants select low-sodium products, and was rated significantly higher than other formats in liking, understanding and believability. Product selection did not differ significantly across sociodemographic groups.ConclusionsFOP labels that include content descriptors may be more effective in helping consumers to select lower-sodium products. TL labels, which incorporate content descriptors and colour coding, should be considered for future FOP labelling initiatives.
Two-Photon Imaging of Microbial Immunity in Living Tissues
Authors: Herz Jasmin , Zinselmeyer Bernd H. , McGavern Dorian B. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe immune system is highly evolved and can respond to infection throughout the body. Pathogen-specific immune cells are usually generated in secondary lymphoid tissues (e.g., spleen, lymph nodes) and then migrate to sites of infection where their functionality is shaped by the local milieu. Because immune cells are so heavily influenced by the infected tissue in which they reside, it is important that their interactions and dynamics be studied in vivo. Two-photon microscopy is a powerful approach to study host-immune interactions in living tissues, and recent technical advances in the field have enabled researchers to capture movies of immune cells and infectious agents operating in real time. These studies have shed light on pathogen entry and spread through intact tissues as well as the mechanisms by which innate and adaptive immune cells participate in thwarting infections. This review focuses on how two-photon microscopy can be used to study tissue-specific immune responses in vivo, and how this approach has advanced our understanding of host-immune interactions following infection.
Deconvolution of Calcium Fluorescent Indicator Signal from AFM Cantilever Reflection
Authors: Lopez-Ayon G. Monserratt , Oliver David J. , Grutter Peter H. , Komarova Svetlana V. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAtomic force microscopy (AFM) can be combined with fluorescence microscopy to measure the changes in intracellular calcium levels (indicated by fluorescence of Ca2+ sensitive dye fluo-4) in response to mechanical stimulation performed by AFM. Mechanical stimulation using AFM is associated with cantilever movement, which may interfere with the fluorescence signal. The motion of the AFM cantilever with respect to the sample resulted in changes of the reflection of light back to the sample and a subsequent variation in the fluorescence intensity, which was not related to changes in intracellular Ca2+ levels. When global Ca2+ responses to a single stimulation were assessed, the interference of reflected light with the fluorescent signal was minimal. However, in experiments where local repetitive stimulations were performed, reflection artifacts, correlated with cantilever motion, represented a significant component of the fluorescent signal. We developed a protocol to correct the fluorescence traces for reflection artifacts, as well as photobleaching. An added benefit of our method is that the cantilever reflection in the fluorescence recordings can be used for precise temporal correlation of the AFM and fluorescence measurements.
Combined Major and Trace Element LA-ICP-MS Analysis of Compositional Variations in Simple Solid Solutions through Cross Correlation with an EPMA-Characterized Working Standard
Authors: Zellmer Georg F. , Dulski Peter , Iizuka Yoshiyuki 
Published: July 2012

AbstractDetermining correlated major and trace element zoning profiles is an important goal in modern microanalysis and is critical to some geospeedometric applications. We show that a precise determination of relative variations in major element compositions of simple solid solutions is possible by LA-ICPMS, and that low accuracy (analytical bias) can be corrected for through cross correlation with electron problem microanalyzer (EPMA)-characterized working standards. Further, the relative uncertainties on binary or quasibinary solid solution endmember proportions are always lower than the relative uncertainties on the ratio of the principle substituting elements by at least a factor of 2. In calcic plagioclase, for example, the relative uncertainty on XAn is a factor of (1 − XAn) smaller than the relative uncertainty on Ca/Na. Using a well-characterized, concentrically zoned bytownite crystal as an example, we compare reproducibilities of FE-EPMA and W-EPMA analyses with 2 μm beam diameter and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) with 16 μm beam diameter. While the accuracy of LA-ICP-MS analyses is low (analytical bias), the precision of LA-ICP-MS analyses is slightly higher than that of FE-EPMA data and comparable to that of the W-EPMA data. EPMA-corrected LA-ICP-MS data can thus be used to characterize major oxide compositional variations and potential covariations with trace elements within individual crystals.
Evaluation of Ethiopian chickpea (Cicer arietinumL.) germplasm accessions for symbio-agronomic performance
Authors: Keneni Gemechu , Bekele Endashaw , Assefa Fassil , Imtiaz Muhammad , Debele Tolessa , Dagne Kifle , Getu Emana 
Published: July 2012

AbstractChickpea (Cicer arietinumL.) is an economically and ecologically important food legume crop. Ethiopia has a large collection of chickpea germplasm accessions; but, it has not been extensively characterized for desirable sources of agronomic and symbiotic significance for use in breeding programs. A study was conducted at two locations (Ambo and Ginchi) in 2009/2010 to characterize and evaluate Ethiopian chickpea germplasm accessions for symbiotic and agronomic performance. One hundred and thirty-nine germplasm accessions were evaluated with 16 other genotypes including non-nodulating reference checks. Differences among genotypes, locations and genotype by location interaction effects were significant for a number of characters. A number of accessions better performing over the improved genotypes were identified for both symbiotic and agronomic characters. The amount of fixed nitrogen ranged from 13 to 49% in foliage, 30 to 44% in grain and 28 to 40% in total above-ground biomass. Grain yield performance varied from 31 to 70 g per 5 plants and seed size ranged from 82 to 288 g per 1000 seeds. For both symbiotic and agronomic characters, landraces were found to be overwhelmingly superior to introduced genotypes, except for seed size, where the best genotypes were all from exotic sources. The result indicated that Ethiopian chickpea landraces have better genetic potential for improving a number of symbiotic and agronomic characters over the varieties currently in use. Selection of best individuals within and among the accessions would be expected to be effective.
Jesus Q. Politician: Religious Rhetoric in the United States, Australia, and Canada
Authors: Gin Willie 
Published: July 2012

AbstractSociologist Peter Berger once said that if India is the most religious country and Sweden the least, then the United States is a nation of Indians ruled by Swedes. In terms of use of religious rhetoric by politicians, however, the United States actually comes closer to being a nation of Indians ruled by Indians, while Australia a nation of Swedes ruled by “Swindians,” and Canada a nation of “Swindians” ruled by Swedes. This article provides evidence for these claims and assesses theories as to what causes greater use of religious rhetoric by politicians. Size of the religious population and the rights revolution are not decisive in determining whether politicians heavily use religious rhetoric. The article argues that the politicization of religion is related to coalition-building incentives with Catholics.
The Culture of Obedience and the Politics of Stealth: Mormon Mobilization Against ERA and Same-Sex Marriage
Authors: Gordon Elizabeth Ellen , Gillespie William L. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPolitical mobilization by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints against ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was more widespread and important than most studies of the episode have acknowledged. Several decades later, the Church is again organized and active in opposing legal recognition of same-sex marriage. In this article, we explore why and how the Latter-Day Saints mobilized on these two issues. We argue that their mobilization can be understood through classic social movement theory, even though the Church is not an economic-based interest group. Furthermore, the Mormons' approach in fighting the ERA — drawing on centralized authority, tapping into established volunteer and communications networks, effectively channeling money and personnel to where they are most needed, and engaging in stealth politics (obscuring the centralized nature of apparently spontaneous action) — is echoed in the fight against same-sex marriage, even though the times and technology have somewhat changed the mobilization dynamic.
Frequency–wavenumber velocity spectra, Taylor's hypothesis, and length scales in a natural gravel bed river
Authors: MacMahan Jamie , Reniers Ad , Ashley Will , Thornton Ed 
Published: August 2012

Macroscale turbulent coherent flow structures in a natural fast‐flowing river were examined with a combination of a novel 2 MHz Acoustic Doppler Beam (ADB) and a Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE) to characterize the streamwise horizontal length scales and persistence of coherent flow structures by measuring the frequency (f)‐streamwise‐wavenumber (ks) energy density velocity spectrum, E(f, ks), for the first time in natural rivers. The ADB was deployed under a range of Froude numbers (0.1–0.6) at high Reynolds numbers (∼106) based on depth and velocity conditions within a gravel bed reach of the Kootenai River, Idaho. The MLE employed on the ADB data increased our ability to describe river motions with relatively long (>10 m) length scales in ∼1 m water depths. The E(f, ks) spectra fell along a ridge described by V = f/ks, where Vis the mean velocity over depth, consistent with Taylor’s hypothesis. New, consistent length scale measures are defined based on averaged wavelengths of the low‐frequencyE(f, ks) and coherence spectra. Energetic (∼50% of the total spectral energy), low‐frequency (f < 0.05 Hz) streamwise motions were found. Mean length scales,Lm, compared with the depth, h, are significantly larger than previously suggested for macroturbulence with Lm/h∼ 28–118. Although the energy appears as low‐pass white noise, it is streamwise coherent along the length of the array. In fast flows with velocities > 1 m/s,Lmwere found to be significantly longer than their corresponding coherence lengths, suggesting that the turbulent structures evolve rapidly under these conditions. This is attributed to the stretching and concomitant deformation of preexisting macroturbulent motions by the ubiquitous bathymetry‐induced spatial flow accelerations present in a natural gravel bed river.
Task complexity and interaction
Authors: Michel Marije C. , Kuiken Folkert , Vedder Ineke 
Published: July 2012

This paper presents the overarching conclusions of three consecutive investigations into task-based L2 performance. It aims at giving a better understanding of how changes in the number of elements referred to in a task affect L2 production, and how this relates to cognitive task complexity. Furthermore, it evaluates differences between monologic and dialogic tasks, and searches for combined effects of the factors ‘± elements’ and ‘± monologic’. Analyses examined the oral task performances of 152 participants by using global measures of linguistic complexity, accuracy, and fluency as well as a task specific measure. Results revealed hardly any effects of the manipulation of the number of elements. Dialogic tasks, however, consistently guided L2 performers towards greater accuracy, lexical complexity, and fluency. The discussion compares these findings to native speaker baseline data, reviews the results in light of Robinson’s (2005) Cognition Hypothesis, and highlights the cognitive impact of the factor ‘± monologic’.
Resonant tunnelling diodes based on graphene/h-BN heterostructure
Authors: Nguyen V Hung , Mazzamuto F , Bournel A , Dollfus P 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn this work, we propose a resonant tunnelling diode (RTD) based on a double-barrier graphene/boron nitride (BN) heterostructure as a device suitable to take advantage of the elaboration of atomic sheets containing different domains of BN and C phases within a hexagonal lattice. The device operation and performance are investigated by means of a self-consistent solution within the non-equilibrium Green's function formalism on a tight-binding Hamiltonian. This RTD exhibits a negative differential conductance effect, which involves the resonant tunnelling through both the electron and hole bound states in the graphene quantum well. It is shown that the peak-to-valley ratio reaches a value of ∼4 at room temperature even for zero bandgap and can be higher than 10 when a finite gap opens in the graphene channel.
Effect of nanoparticles on an rf discharge afterglow
Authors: Schweigert I V , Alexandrov A L 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The influence of nanoparticles on a discharge plasma afterglow in argon is studied using particle-in-cell Monte Carlo collision simulations. The anomalous electron density increase observed in the experiment (Berndt et al 2006 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol.
15 18) is analysed on the basis of the electron and ion distribution functions. It is shown that the departure of fast electrons to the electrodes in the early afterglow is responsible for the rapid increase in the electron density. When the fast electrons escape from the discharge volume, the balance of the electron and ion currents on the dust surface is disturbed, and the magnitude of the dust floating potential drops. The electrons released from the dust surface contribute to the anomalous growth of the electron density. The additional production of electrons due to metastable–metastable ionization enhances the effect of electron density increase provided by dust discharging.
Twisted geometric Satake equivalence via gerbes on the factorizable grassmannian
Authors: Reich Ryan 
Published: August 2012

The geometric Satake equivalence of Ginzburg and Mirković- Vilonen, for a complex reductive group

G
G

, is a realization of the tensor category of representations of its Langlands dual group

L

G

{}^L G

as a category of “spherical” perverse sheaves on the affine grassmannian

Gr
G

=
G
(

C

(

(
t
)

)

/

G
(

C

[

[
t
]

]
)

\operatorname {Gr}_G = G(\mathbb {C}(\mspace {-3.5mu}(t)\mspace {-3.5mu})/G(\mathbb {C}[\mspace {-2mu}[t]\mspace {-2mu}])

. Since its original statement it has been generalized in two directions: first, by Gaitsgory, to the Beilinson–Drinfeld or factorizable grassmannian, which for a smooth complex curve

X
X

is a collection of spaces over the powers

X
n

X^n

whose general fiber is isomorphic to

Gr
G
n

\operatorname {Gr}_G^n

but with the factors “fusing” as they approach points with equal coordinates, allowing a more natural description of the structures and properties even of the Mirković–Vilonen equivalence. The second generalization, due recently to Finkelberg–Lysenko, considers perverse sheaves twisted in a suitable sense by a root of unity, and obtains the category of representations of a group other than the Langlands dual. This latter result can be considered as part of “Langlands duality for quantum groups”.

In this work we obtain a result simultaneously generalizing all of the above. We consider the general notion of twisting by a gerbe and define the natural class of “factorizable” gerbes by which one can twist in the context of the Satake equivalence. These gerbes are almost entirely described by the quadratic forms on the weight lattice of

G
G

. We show that a suitable formalism exists such that the methods of Mirković–Vilonen can be applied directly in this general context virtually without change and obtain a Satake equivalence for twisted perverse sheaves. In addition, we present new proofs of the properties of their structure as an abelian tensor category.
Design of a Novel Antimicrobial Peptide Activated by Virulent Proteases
Authors: Aoki Wataru , Kitahara Nao , Miura Natsuko , Morisaka Hironobu , Kuroda Kouichi , Ueda Mitsuyoshi 
Published: August 2012

Antimicrobial peptides are promising antibiotics as they possess strong antimicrobial activity and very broad spectra of activity. However, administration of an antibiotic with a very broad spectrum of activity disrupts normal microflora and increases the risks of other fatal infections. To solve the problem, we designed a novel antimicrobial peptide that is activated by virulent proteases of pathogenic organisms. We constructed a peptide composed of three domains, namely an antimicrobial peptide (lactoferricin) as the active center, a protective peptide (magainin intervening sequence) that suppresses antimicrobial activity, and a specific linker that joins these two components and is efficiently cleaved by virulent proteases. We utilized Candida albicans as a model organism that produces secreted aspartic proteases as a virulence attribute. We screened for a peptide sequence efficiently cleaved by secreted aspartic proteases isozymes and identified a GFIKAFPK peptide as the most favorable substrate. Subsequently, we chemically synthesized a peptide containing the GFIKAFPK sequence. The designed peptide possessed no antimicrobial activity until it was activated by secreted aspartic proteases isozymes. Furthermore, it demonstrated selective antimicrobial activity against C. albicans, but not against Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A designed peptide like the one described in this study may protect normal microflora, resulting in enhanced safety as a therapeutic.
Individual cow's milk allergens as prognostic markers for tolerance development?
Authors: Ahrens B. , Lopes de Oliveira L. C. , Grabenhenrich L. , Schulz G. , Niggemann B. , Wahn U. , Beyer K. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryBackgroundCow's milk allergy (CMA) is one of the most common causes of food allergy in the first years of life. Fortunately, the majority of children with CMA develop clinical tolerance with time. However, no good individual markers exist to predict whether this will occur. Therefore, a prognosis to identify children with persistent CMA at diagnosis would be helpful.ObjectiveIn this study, we sought to assess whether measurement of IgE to individual allergens of cow's milk (CM) would separate patients with persistent CMA from those who became clinically tolerant to CM over time.MethodsA total of 52 patients ranging from 3 months to 114 months of age with proven CMA by DBPCFC were followed over time. From these 52 patients, 32 (61.5%) patients became tolerant in the analysed time period. All patients were rechallenged at least once, some were rechallenged two or three times. Serum was analysed prior to each challenge for specific IgE, IgG and IgG4 binding to crude CM protein as well as to individual allergens of CM.ResultsThe individual likelihood of outgrowing CMA significantly correlates with a low level of CM‐specific IgE as well as a low level of specific IgE to α‐lactalbumin, β‐lactoglobulin (Bos d5.0102), κ‐casein and αs1‐casein. No significant correlation was found for IgE levels to total casein, lactoferrin, β‐casein and β‐lactoglobulin (Bos d5.0101) as well as IgG and IgG4 levels to α‐lactalbumin, β‐lactoglobulin and total casein.ConclusionsCM‐specific IgE is a good prognostic marker for persistence of CMA. In addition, component‐resolved diagnostic showed similar results. However, in our view, the rising laboratory costs do not justify a measurement on a daily basis. Additional determination of specific IgG or IgG4 levels was not useful in predicting tolerance development in our study population.
Ligand activation of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor delta suppresses cathepsin B expression in human endothelial cells in a posttranslational manner
Authors: Reichenbach Gabi , Starzinski‐Powitz Anna , Doll Monika , Hrgovic Igor , Maria Valesky Eva , Kippenberger Stefan , Bernd August , Kaufmann Roland , Meissner Markus 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPeroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR) delta agonists are known to have distinct anti‐inflammatory and antitumor effects; though, the knowledge regarding their mode of action has thus far been limited. Different cathepsins have been shown to be upregulated in a broad range of pathological events, such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, atherosclerosis and diverse tumor entities, for example melanoma. Recent work demonstrated that cathepsin B in particular is an important pro‐angiogenic protease in various pathological conditions. We therefore analysed whether cathepsins are a valid target for PPARδ agonists. This study reveals an inhibitory effect of two commonly used PPARδ agonists, GW501516 and L‐165,041, on the protein expression and enzyme activity of cathepsin B in human endothelial cells. In contrast, no inhibitory effects were observed on cathepsin L and cathepsin D protein expression after treatment with PPARδ agonists. Furthermore, the results substantiate that PPARδ activators mediate their inhibitory action in a PPARδ‐dependent manner and that the underlying regulatory mechanism is not based on a transcriptional but rather on a posttranslational mode of action, via the reduction in the cathepsin B protein half‐life. Mechanisms conveying the suppressive effect by 5′‐alternative splicing, a 3′‐UTR‐dependent way or by miRNA could be excluded. The data of this study explore cathepsin B as a new valid target for PPARδ agonists in endothelial cells. The results bolster other studies demonstrating PPARδ agonists as anti‐inflammatory and anticarcinogenic agents and thus might have the potential to help to develop new pharmaceutical drugs.