bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The composition of secretions obtained from the udders of heifers during pregnancy
Authors: Woodman Herbert Ernest , Hammond John 
Published: March 2009

The initial work on the composition of the fluid obtained from the udders of virgin heifers has been extended and the character of the secretions of the mammary gland during first pregnancy has been investigated.The results obtained point to the following conclusions:During the first four or five months of pregnancy, the character and composition of the mammary secretion undergo no essential alterations. During this time, the mechanism of the gland which elaborates the normal constituents of milk is displaying feeble activity.After about twenty weeks the secretion undergoes a progressive change in character and composition. The characteristic milk constituents begin to disappear, and ultimately the secretion, which is now honey-like in consistency, contains about 40 per cent, total solids, of which about 35 per cent, is globulin. During this phase, which apparently corresponds with a definite stage in the gland's development, the normal activity of the cells which results in the production of caseinogen, lactose, etc. seems to be in abeyance.Removal of the honey-like secretion from the udder leads to a stimulation of normal mammary gland activity, in the same way as thorough and frequent milking stimulates activity during normal lactation. The viscous secretion gives way to a milk-like fluid. This is produced in relatively large amount and contains appreciable percentages of the normal colostrum corstituents.If the honey-like secretion is not removed from the gland, the transition from this phase to the eclostral phase appears to be much more gradual and is probably taking place uniformly throughout the remainder of pregnancy.
Water displacement of soils and the soil solution
Authors: Burd John S. , Martin J. C. 
Published: March 2009

1. The use of a positive air pressure on closely packed soils decreases the time of recovery and increases the yield of solution obtained by water displacement.2. Equipment and technique for the recovery of displaced solutions is described.3. Data from three sandy loams and two silty clay loams are reported.4. Successive displaced solutions of equal electrical conductivity were obtained from each soil. The concentration thus measured was in each case the same as that of the liquid obtained without the use of displacing water.5. Concentrations of individual ions in successive portions of displaced solution are uniform in soils at optimum and this also appears to be true at half optimum.6. There is an inverse proportion between total moisture content of soil and concentration of displaced solution as indicated by measurements of specific resistance.7. When the solution displaced by water from a given mass of soil was used as displacing agent on another portion of the same soil, the newly displaced solution had the same concentration of electrolytes as the displacing solution. The opinion is expressed that this result indicates that the displaced solution has the same concentration as the solution with which it came in contact in the soil.8. Typical differences in behaviour of the various solutes in displaced solutions are discussed.9. The significance and limitations of water extractions of soils are discussed in the light of the results from displaced solutions.
Field experiments
Authors: Berry Reginald Arthur , O'Brien Daniel Grant 
Published: March 2009

Single plot trials owing to the magnitude of the experimental errors, are practically useless as a test for comparing the yields of grain of one variety of oat with that of another. At best the results are only applicable to the particular experiment in question. For the old Scotch varieties of oat the probable error on trials of this kind amounts to about 18 per cent, of the yield of grain and to about 20 per cent, for the new varieties. Adopting single plot trials an 18 per cent, error means that when determining the superiority in the yield of grain of one variety over that of another and when the difference is not likely to be more than about 5 per cent, it would be necessary to have 214 centres with no duplication of plots at any centre in order to endeavour to obtain a conclusive result from a single year's trials. When the difference is likely to be about 10 per cent, it would be necessary to have 53 centres.Data are supplied showing that the experimental error for different crops also for the grain and straw of the same crop is not the same. It is greatest for the grain and lowest for the hay crop.
On the use of Taka-Diastase in estimating starch
Authors: Horton Edwakd 
Published: March 2009

In an attempt to estimate starch in the grain of wheat grown under varying manurial conditions the writer has obtained results which it seems desirable to put on record for the information of others who may be using or propose fco use the Taka-diastase method.Before devoting attention to wheat, experiments were made with pure potato starch under the conditions advocated by Davis and Daish. At first, owing to the use of insufficient enzyme, the results were low but immediately 0·1 gm. was taken the results were satisfactory (Table I).
The composition and nutritive value of bracken
Authors: Moon F. E. , Pal A. K. 
Published: March 2009

Samples of bracken were taken at regular intervals between June and October from a hill grazing where losses of cattle from ‘bracken poisoning’ had occurred in previous years. These were separated into leaf and stem for analysis. Dry, mature bracken cut in October was examined for digestibility and nutritive value, and in the following season the digestibility of fresh, green bracken was determined for both cattle and sheep.Chemical composition. Analyses of the fresh bracken fed in the digestibility trials were in line with those of the samples collected in the previous year. Crudeprotein content was high in June and July, but fell markedly in August and September, whilst the crude fibre varied in the opposite direction, increasing markedly in August. An increase in the tannin content was observed in September but this was not comparable with the increases reported by Shearer. An attempt to elucidate the significance of tannin in the in vitro digestion of bracken-leaf protein was unsuccessful. The potassium content was found to be rather lower than in good pasture grass, confirming the findings of Ferguson & Armitage. The potassium was highly soluble in water but the soluble part was not entirely in the form of chloride.
A comparative study of winter wheat varieties with especial reference to winter-killing
Authors: Newton Robert 
Published: March 2009

1. A number of varieties of winter wheat, known to vary considerably in degree of winter hardiness, were compared in the hardened condition with reference to the physical constants of the cell sap, and the content of dry matter, nitrogen, sugars and starch.2. No constant relation was found between depression of the freezing point, specific conductivity, or hydrogen-ion concentration of the cell sap and relative frost hardiness.3. Sugars accounted for 34 to 38 per cent, of the total osmotic pressure of the sap.
On the susceptibility of clover and some other legumes to stem-disease caused by the eelworm, Tylenchus dipsaci, syn. devastatrix, Kühn
Authors: Goodey T. 
Published: March 2009

It has been known for a number of years that red clover and certain other cultivated leguminous plants, besides many other non-leguminous ones, are subject to attack from the eelworm, Tylenchus dipsaci.Kühn (1881) gave an account of the disease produced in clover and lucerne. Later on Ritzema-Bos (1892) showed that the worm attacking clover was morphologically indistinguishable from that attacking rye, oats, hyacinth, carnation and several other cultivated plants and certain weeds. In England Miss Ormerod (1886–1900) dealt with the subject in many of her annual reports and gave a good account of the symptoms produced by Tylenchus dipsaci, pointing out in 1899 the differences between these symptoms and those produced by the fungus Sclerotinia trifoliorum.
Observations on the mineral metabolism of pullets: VIII. The influence of gonadal hormones on retention of calcium and phosphorus
Authors: Common R. H. , Rutledge W. A. , Hale R. W. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARY1. Sexually immature White Wyandotte pullets have been treated with gonadal hormones with the object of simulating those changes in calcium and phosphorus metabolism which normally take place during the fortnight or so before laying begins.2. It is shown that certain treatments of the sexually immature pullet with oestradiol dipropionate evoked hypertrophy of the oviduct and changes in blood calcium and phosphorus similar to those encountered in the normal laying pullet, but did not produce any significant increase in the rate of calcium or phosphorus retention.
Comparative studies of meat. II. The changes in the carcass during growth and fattening, and their relation to the chemical composition of the fatty and muscular tissues
Authors: Callow E. H. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARY1. The weights of muscular tissue, fatty tissue, bone, and tendons, etc. in the carcasses of twenty-nine cattle, fifty-five sheep and forty pigs are given. The weights of fat, dry fat-free residue, and water in the muscular and fatty tissues from the carcasses of twenty-nine cattle, twenty-nine sheep and two pigs (one wild and one domesticated) are also given. The cattle represent eight breeds, the sheep nine breeds and the pigs two breeds. Ages range from newly born to over 12 years and there are fifty females, seventy castrated males and four newly born males. The animals thus represent a very wide cross-section of the meat industry.
The dispersion of soil in water under various conditions
Authors: Puri Amar Nath , Keen Bernard A. 
Published: March 2009

A study has been made of the intensity of the forces binding soil particles together, when the soil has been previously subjected to treatments simulating various field conditions, and certain laboratory processes connected with physical, chemical and biological investigations.The technique adopted consisted in shaking soil with water under reproducible conditions, allowing the mixture to stand for 24 hours, and then determining the concentration of soil in the top 8·5 cm. of the suspension. This concentration was expressed as a percentage of the original concentration of the soil, and the value thus obtained was called the dispersion factor of the soil under the given conditions of treatment.
Studies of growth and development in the young pig Part I. The carcass composition at 56 days of age of pigs reared along different growth curves
Authors: Elsley F. W. H. 
Published: March 2009

1. A comparison was made of the carcass composition at 56 days of age of early-weaned pigs grown along predetermined growth curves to 30, 40 and 50 lb. live weight and of suckled pigs grown to 50 lb. live weight at 56 days of age.Eight blocks of four pigs were slaughtered when 56 days old and comprehensive carcass dissections undertaken.2. There were no differences in the proportionate weight of the joints or of individual bones between the suckled and early-weaned pigs weighing 50 lb. at 56 days of age.The difference in the proportionate weights of the joints between the three groups of early-weaned pigs reflected the change in development which took place with increasing live weight. There was, however, no clear gradient of development along the bones of the limbs with increasing weight at 56 days of age.3. The dissected joints (hams, shoulders, neck, pelvis and loin) from the early-weaned pigs which weighed 50 lb. live weight contained 0·5% less bone, 1·5% less muscle and 1·7% more fat than the carcasses of suckled pigs reared to 50 lb. at 56 days of age.The dissected joints of the early-weaned pigs reared to 30 lb. at 56 days of age contained 1·4% more bone, 2·7% more muscle and 5·3% less fat than the joints of the early-weaned pigs reared to 40 lb. and 2·6% more bone, 5·2% more muscle and 8·8% less fat than the joints of early-weaned pigs reared to 50 lb.
A study of wool growth: Part II. Mean fibre thickness, density of fibre population, the area of skin covered by fibre, and the mean fibre length
Authors: Galpin N. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYBy measurement of single fibres from tattooed squares the variation in hip region mean cross-sectional area, mean fibre length and area of skin covered by fibre substance in a small flock of Romney sheep has been studied for a few years—see Part I.We find that under good growing conditions the area of skin covered by fibre is a constant percentage of the skin area for all sheep in all years. The number of fibres per unit area varies from sheep to sheep, and the mean cross-sectional area is inversely proportional to the number of fibres per unit area. The mean length/day is a constant for all sheep. When conditions are unfavourable the percentage of the skin area covered by fibre on a particular sheep falls below the good growing conditions percentage by an amount that is smaller the bigger the skin expansion ratio, but is greater the worse the season.
Fructose content and fructolysis in semen. Practical application in the evaluation of semen quality
Authors: Mann T. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARY1. A method is described whereby fructose content and fructolysis can be assayed accurately in small samples of semen. The advantages of this method lie in its simplicity, accuracy and practical convenience as a tool for the assessment of semen quality, applicable also under field conditions.2. The content of fructose in fresh semen depends upon the secretory function of accessory glands which is influenced directly by the activity of the male sex hormone. A low level of seminal fructose may coincide with other symptoms of hormonal malfunction and poor quality of spermatozoa. A high level of seminal fructose indicates satisfactory functional ability of the accessory glands, but it does not necessarily coincide with high quality of spermatozoa as expressed in terms of density and motility.3. The normal level of fructose in fresh semen undergoes frequent fluctuations which can be observed if semen collections are made from the same individual at different times. Considerable variations in the sperm/fructose ratio may also occur in the semen of the same individual as illustrated by the results of an ‘exhaustion test’.4. Fructose disappears from semen incubatedin vitro. The rate of fructose disappearance forms a convenient measure of sperm fructolysis. The normal rate of fructolysis in bull semen is 1·4–2 mg. fructose per 109sperm cells in 1 hr. at 37° C. At this high level it can be maintained until almost the whole reserve of fructose has been exhausted. Azoospermic and necrospennic semen, as well as that from vasectomized animals, are unable to utilize fructose. A reduced rate of fructolysis is found in low quality semen of subfertile and infertile animals.5. The conditions of sperm survival in semen incubated in narrow tubes as used for the fructolysis test as well as for storage of semen in the practice of artificial insemination, are almost purely anaerobic. Under such conditions the survival of spermatozoa must largely depend upon fructolysis and not upon respiration.
The effect of supermaintenance and submaintenance diets on mature Border Leicester-Cheviot ewes
Authors: Robinson P. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYTen fully grown Border Leicester-Cheviot ewes were divided into two groups of five; the heavier ones being about 150 lb. live weight, and the lighter ones about 70 lb. The former were placed on a low plane of nutrition, and the latter on a high plane. As the weights changed by successive amounts of 20 lb. animals were killed and dissected, and their organs and tissues weighed.
Nutrition of the bacon pig: XIII. The minimum level of protein intake consistent with the maximum rate of growth (Part V)
Authors: Woodman H. E. , Evans R. E. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe metabolism trials described in the present communication were undertaken with the object of testing the conclusions arrived at in farm-scale feeding trials, designed in accordance with the requirements of the modern statistical lay-out, respecting the minimum protein supply needed to support the maximum rate of growth in bacon pigs.
The subdivision of the clay fraction in mechanical analysis
Authors: Russell E. W. 
Published: March 2009

An examination has been made of the possibility of extending the routine mechanical analysis of soils down to finer particles than the conventional clay. The main conclusions reached are:(1) Sampling depths of only 2 cm., using standard mechanical analysis apparatus, appear to introduce no new sources of error.(2) If a constant temperature room is available, sampling times of 7 days seem to be allowable.(3) Using special pipettes and settling vessels, sampling depths of only 2½ mm. seem to be allowable.
The nutrition of the bacon pig; IX. The lehmann method of pig feeding, with particular reference to the balance of the basal meal and the use of cooked potatoes and molassed beet pulp as the supplemental foods
Authors: Woodman H. E. , Evans R. E. 
Published: March 2009

The main findings of the present trials may be. summarized as follows:(1) When ‘mineralized’, cooked potatoes are fed as the bulky supplemental food in the Lehmann system of pig-feeding, and the basal meal allowance is restricted to 3 lb. per head per day, bacon pigs are able to make as good progress, in respect both of rate of live-weight increase and economy of food conversion, and at every stage from 60 to 200 lb. live weight, as they would if kept on a diet composed wholly of balanced meal. In the present trials, pigs of about 200 lb. live weight were able to consume 15–17 lb. of cooked potatoes per day in addition to the daily allowance of 3 lb. of meal. It required, on an average, about 1030 lb. of cooked potatoes and 311 lb. of balanced meal per pig to fatten the animals from 60 to 200 lb. live weight. The cooked potatoes, when assessed on the air-dry standard of 13 % moisture, were able to replace the balanced meal on a lb. for lb. basis without detriment to the progress of the pigs, and the average saving of meal thus made possible amounted to about 225 lb. per pig, or 38·2 % of the total meal consumed per pig on the control, all-meal diet.(2) Cooked potatoes should be introduced into the ration gradually and the allowance should be scaled according to live weight in the manner adopted in the present trials. When the amount to be fed is large, it is best to feed ‘mineralized’, cooked potatoes only during the morning and to place the basal meal in the trough towards the end of the afternoon.
The effect of sodium nitrate on the growth and nitrogen content of a lucerne and grass mixture
Authors: Thornton H. G. , Nicol Hugh 
Published: March 2009

IX. Summary and Abstract1. Inoculated lucerne was grown alone and in association with Italian rye grass, in pots of sand watered with food solution and given three different doses of sodium nitrate.2. The dose of nitrate did not affect the dry weight or nitrogen content of lucerne when grown alone, save that the highest dose checked the root growth somewhat.3. When lucerne and Italian rye grass were grown in association, the growth of the grass varied directly with the dose of nitrate applied, and the growth of the lucerne varied inversely to it. Checking of the lucerne growth was probably due to root competition with the grass.
Studies on the sex-ratio and related phenomena. (7) The foetal sex-ratio in the pig
Authors: Parkes A. S. 
Published: March 2009

1. Of 583 pig foetuses of all ages, 331 were found to be males and 252 females, giving a male percentage of 56·8, which is much higher than the approximate equality between the sexes that seems to exist at birth. This result confirms Jewell, who found a male percentage of 55 among 1000 cow foetuses.2. These 583 pig foetuses when classified by weight (0–100 gm., 101–300 gm., 301+gm.) gave the following percentages of males for the respective groups, 59·1, 57·0, 53·2. In other words, the percentage of males decreases as gestation proceeds, a result which can only be brought about by a differential mortality of males and females. It would appear that the percentage at conception must be very near 60 per cent. or 150 males per 100 females.3. The sex-ratios of foetuses from the left and right cornua show no significant difference, 55·0 for the right and 54·7 for the left.4. The males were found to average about 7 per cent. heavier than the females.5. There seems to be an inverse correlation between the number of foetuses in a horn and their average weight. Foetuses from the left cornu have a slightly greater weight than those from the right, and this may be connected with the slightly inferior fertility of this horn.6. The excess of males at conception is discussed in the light of the implications of the chromosome mechanism of sex determination, and reference is made to the greater mortality of the males.
A Method of Estimating the Yield of a Missing Plot in Field Experimental Work
Authors: Allan F. E. , Wishart J. 
Published: March 2009

In cases of field experiments when one plot is missing, a method has been developed for furnishing an estimate of the yield of the missing plot, based on all the other values. The calculation is given for (a) a Randomised Block experiment, and (b) a Latin Square arrangement. In both cases the actual arithmetic is very simple.The steps in the procedure are:(1) Determine the desired value by an application of the equation (A) or (B) according as the experiment was arranged in Randomised Blocks or in a Latin Square.(2) Proceed as usual with the analysis of variance, using the estimated figure for the missing yield, and remembering to deduct one from the number of degrees of freedom ascribable to error.
Studies on the Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles in the Soil. III. The Formation of Natural Humic Matter
Authors: Toit M. M. S. Du , Page H. J. 
Published: March 2009

Experiments are described in which the decomposition of various plant materials and of purified preparations of plant constituents, during rotting under neutral aerobic conditions in the presence of soil organisms, has been studied in relation to the formation of humic matter.The formation of humic matter was more closely related to the change in the lignin content than to the change in content of the other groups of plant constituents estimated.
The relation between rates of growth and rickets in sheep on diets deficient in vitamin D.
Authors: Duckworth John , Godden William , Thomson William 
Published: March 2009

The blood picture for Ca, inorganic P and phosphatase during the development of rickets caused by uncomplicated vitamin D deficiency in sheep has been established. The earliest and most distinctive change was found to be in the serum Ca level.Lambs were shown to have sufficient reserves of vitamin D to protect them against avitaminosis D for a period of about 6 weeks as judged by serum Ca levels. Rickets did not develop unless there was a moderate degree of growth and, in such cases, the serum Ca level was below 7 mg./100 ml.The practical application of the results was discussed.The authors desire to acknowledge the co-operation of Dr A. H. H. Fraser in the earlier planning of this work.
Further evidence upon the nitrogen uptake of grass grown with lucerne
Authors: Thornton H. G. , Nicol Hugh 
Published: March 2009

Summary and abstract1. Italian rye-grass grown in the presence of lucerne in sand with no added nitrogen contained, after 18 weeks’ growth, some 2¼ times as much nitrogen as did grass of the same age similarly grown but in the absence of lucerne.2. In another experiment, where lucerne and grass were grown together in sand:(a) Where 0·33 gm. of sodium nitrate was added per pot, the grass after only 13½ weeks’ growth contained 2½ times, and after 18 weeks’ 5½ times, as much nitrogen as was supplied as nitrate.(b) Where 1·0 gm. of nitrate was added, the grass after 13½ weeks contained slightly more nitrogen than was added as nitrate, and after 18 weeks it contained 2¼ times as much.