bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An evaluation of a screening and brief intervention pilot project for hazardous and harmful drinkers within the accident and emergency department of Manchester Royal Infirmary
Authors: O'BRIEN M. T. 
Published: January 2011

Accessible summary

This evaluation focused on a pilot project introduced into a busy, inner city centre hospital in the North West of England. Manchester has one of the highest rates of violent crime in England and among the highest rates of alcohol consumption, particularly binge drinking.
Between December 2006 and October 2007, patients were screened using the Paddington Alcohol Test. These patients presented at the A and E department with acute and chronic alcohol‐related health problems. Numerous patients also experienced mental health issues, homelessness and were involved in the criminal justice system.
The project's aim was to target hazardous and harmful drinkers, screen them, deliver brief advice and refer them to the alcohol liaison nurse for a brief intervention appointment (which was optional). At this appointment, patients’ motivation to change their alcohol use was assessed and referral to community alcohol services was undertaken, if considered appropriate.
The provision of reports on last drink location helped to assist more effective targeting for the police and the licensing unit. Potentially, this could contribute to the reduction of alcohol misuse in a high‐risk group through brief interventions, training of A and E staff and appropriate referrals to other agencies.
The project was also intended to link into the Tackling Violent Crime Programme and additional funding was sought from the Health Inequalities Partnership, which will contribute to the achievement of health improvement goals in disadvantaged populations. In addition, the project will also provide a model for the development of this type of initiative in other hospital A and E departments.

AbstractHazardous and harmful drinkers make up a significant percentage of A and E attendees, and brief interventions have been shown to reduce harm among this particular group. This paper evaluates a pilot project which introduced a screening and brief intervention programme within the A and E department. This project aimed to screen and offer brief interventions to attendees and to refer on to local alcohol services if required.
GI‐type T4SS‐mediated horizontal transfer of the 89K pathogenicity island in epidemic Streptococcus suis serotype 2
Authors: Li Ming , Shen Xiaodong , Yan Jinghua , Han Huiming , Zheng Beiwen , Liu Di , Cheng Hao , Zhao Yan , Rao Xiancai , Wang Changjun , Tang Jiaqi , Hu Fuquan , Gao George F. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryPathogenicity islands (PAIs), a distinct type of genomic island (GI), play important roles in the rapid adaptation and increased virulence of pathogens. 89K is a newly identified PAI in epidemic Streptococcus suis isolates that are related to the two recent large‐scale outbreaks of human infection in China. However, its mechanism of evolution and contribution to the epidemic spread of S. suis 2 remain unknown. In this study, the potential for mobilization of 89K was evaluated, and its putative transfer mechanism was investigated. We report that 89K can spontaneously excise to form an extrachromosomal circular product. The precise excision is mediated by an 89K‐borne integrase through site‐specific recombination, with help from an excisionase. The 89K excision intermediate acts as a substrate for lateral transfer to non‐89K S. suis 2 recipients, where it reintegrates site‐specifically into the target site. The conjugal transfer of 89K occurred via a GI type IV secretion system (T4SS) encoded in 89K, at a frequency of 10−6 transconjugants per donor. This is the first demonstration of horizontal transfer of a Gram‐positive PAI mediated by a GI‐type T4SS. We propose that these genetic events are important in the emergence, pathogenesis and persistence of epidemic S. suis 2 strains.
Association of HLA‐B*1502 allele with carbamazepine‐induced toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens–Johnson syndrome in the multi‐ethnic Malaysian population
Authors: Chang Choong‐Chor , Too Chun‐Lai , Murad Shahnaz , Hussein Suraiya Hani 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackground  Carbamazepine (CBZ), a frequently used anticonvulsant drug, is one of the most common causes of life‐threatening cutaneous adverse drug reactions such as toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS). Recent studies have revealed a strong association between HLA‐B*1502 and CBZ‐induced TEN/SJS in the Taiwan Han Chinese population.Objectives  This study is aimed to investigate the association between human leucocyte antigens (HLA) and CBZ‐induced TEN/SJS in the multi‐ethnic Malaysian population.Methods  A sample of 21 unrelated patients with CBZ‐induced TEN/SJS and 300 race‐matched, healthy controls were genotyped for HLA‐A, ‐B and ‐DR using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Allele frequencies were compared.Results  HLA‐B*1502 was present in 75.0% (12/16) of Malay patients with CBZ‐induced TEN/SJS but in only 15.7% (47/300) of normal controls (odds ratio 16.15, 95% confidence interval 4.57–62.4; corrected P‐value = 7.87 × 10−6), which suggests a strong association between HLA and CBZ‐induced TEN/SJS. Additionally, HLA‐B*1502 was found in all three Chinese and two Indian patients. Existing data show that frequencies of the HLA‐B*1502 allele are generally much higher in Asian populations than in White European populations, which explains the higher incidences of SJS and TEN in Asian countries.Conclusions  HLA‐B*1502 is strongly associated with CBZ‐induced TEN/SJS in the Malay population in Malaysia, as has been seen in Han Chinese in Taiwan. This indicates that the genetic association apparent in the incidence of CBZ‐induced TEN/SJS is linked with the presence of HLA‐B*1502, irrespective of racial origin. Screening of patients for this genetic marker can help to prevent the occurrence of TEN/SJS.
The effect of supplementary bacterial phytase on dietary metabolisable energy, nutrient retention and endogenous losses in precision fed broiler chickens
Authors: Pirgozliev V. , Bedford M. R. , Oduguwa O. , Acamovic T. , Allymehr M. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryThirty‐two Ross 308 male broiler chickens were used in a precision feeding assay to investigate the effect of exogenous phytase (EC 3.1.3.26) on dietary apparent metabolisable energy (AME), dry matter digestibility (DMD) coefficient, nitrogen (NR), amino acid and mineral retentions. The excretion of endogenous losses measured as sialic acid (SA) was also determined. Four dietary treatments (control (C), C + 250 FTU (phytase units per kg feed), C + 500 FTU, and C + 2500 FTU) were studied with each treatment replicated eight times in randomised complete block design. Diets were formulated to be nutritionally adequate with the exception of available P content (2.3 g/kg non‐phytate P). Over the 48‐h collection period, the phytase fed birds retained 29.3 mg more Na and 2.3 mg more Zn (p < 0.05) than the control fed birds, with the relationship between phytase dose and Na and Zn retention being best described by a linear function (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, for Na and Zn, respectively). Phytase supplementation did not have an effect on dietary AME, DMD and NR. However, increasing the dose of phytase led to a linear increase in dietary amino acid retention (p < 0.05). Dietary phytase decreased total sialic acid excretion in a linear fashion (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that supplementary phytase increases the retention (reduces the excretion) of dietary Zn and Na in broiler chickens. The beneficial effects of the addition of exogenous phytases to poultry diets seems to be mediated through improved dietary nutrients absorption and reduced endogenous losses.
Optical imaging of propofol‐induced central respiratory depression in medulla–spinal cord preparations from newborn rats
Authors: Kashiwagi Masanori , Osaka Yoshimune , Onimaru Hiroshi , Takeda Junzo 
Published: January 2011

Summary1. Propofol (2,6‐diisopropylphenol) is an intravenous anaesthetic used for the induction and maintenance of general anaesthesia; it also potently and dose‐dependently depresses respiration. The aim of the present study was to analyse propofol‐induced changes in spatiotemporal patterns of inspiratory‐related neural activity and to investigate the involvement of the GABAA receptor by using an optical imaging technique.2. The brain stems and spinal cords of 0–1‐day‐old Wistar rats were isolated and stained using a fluorescent voltage‐sensitive dye. Neuronal activity in the preparation was detected using an optical recording apparatus containing a charge‐coupled device (CCD)‐based camera.3. Bath‐applied propofol (7.5 μmol/L) decreased the C4 burst rate to 45.9% of baseline. Although optical signals corresponding to membrane depolarization during the pre‐inspiratory phase in the parafacial region of the ventral medulla decreased to 28.7% of baseline following propofol application, those during the inspiratory phase in the caudal part of the rostral ventrolateral medulla did not.4. The inhibitory effect of bath‐applied propofol was reversed by 2 μmol/L bicuculline.5. Changes in optical signals corresponding to the population activity of pre‐inspiratory neurons were parallel to changes in the C4 burst rate.6. The results suggest that propofol decreases the inspiratory burst rate by reducing the activity of pre‐inspiratory neurons and that GABAA receptor activation plays a role in propofol‐induced central respiratory depression. These results are consistent with those of previous electrophysiological studies.
Decline in rotavirus hospitalisations following introduction of Australia's national rotavirus immunisation programme
Authors: Macartney Kristine K , Porwal Mamta , Dalton Dianne , Cripps Terri , Maldigri Trish , Isaacs David , Kesson Alison 
Published: January 2011

Aim:  To determine the impact of rotavirus immunisation on rotavirus hospitalisations in young children.Methods:  Annual hospitalisations for rotavirus gastroenteritis to The Children's Hospital at Westmead, a tertiary care paediatric hospital in Sydney, were recorded from 2001 for 6 years prior to and 2.5 years following the introduction of rotavirus vaccines to the National Immunisation Program. Data on hospital‐acquired rotavirus gastroenteritis were collected prospectively.Results:  Hospitalisations for rotavirus gastroenteritis declined in the two full rotavirus seasons (2008 and 2009) after vaccine introduction by 75% compared with mean annual hospitalisations from 2001 to 2006. The greatest decline was seen in those <12 months of age (93%), but the reduction occurred consistently across all age groups, even in children not eligible for immunisation, suggesting an effect on herd immunity. A substantial decline in nosocomial rotavirus gastroenteritis was seen from 2007 to 2009, suggesting a reduction in virus transmission in the hospital setting.Conclusion:  This study demonstrates a substantial reduction in hospitalisations in children of all ages to a large paediatric hospital and reduced nosocomial infections since the introduction of a nationally funded rotavirus immunisation programme in Australia.
Recent advances in breast feeding
Authors: WOOLRIDGE MICHAEL W. , PHIL D. , BAUM J. DAVID 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIncreasingly, epidemiological studies are showing the benefits of exclusive breast‐feeding to infants in industrialized countries, as they have previously for those in developing countries. In this review we have focused on several recent developments, in particular on the interplay between infant behaviour and maternal physiology in regulating breast milk supply. This will illustrate that many past and current clinical problems concerning breast‐feeding are likely to be of iatrogenic origin, the products of imposing arbitrary rules for breast‐feeding management. In order for the protective benefits to be fully realized it is necessary to ensure that breast‐feeding is free from prescriptive practices. We will illustrate the key role played by the infants' control of appetite in the hope of encouraging clinicians to empower infants to exercise more control over the feeding process.
Steroid‐free interval with anti‐D in chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: CAGLAYAN SUAT , AKSIT SADIK , YAPRAK ISIN , AYDINLIOGLU HALIL , ÖZDOGRU ECE , OZERKAN EBRU 
Published: January 2011

AbstractChronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the antibody‐mediated destruction of platelets. To maintain the platelets above the symptomatic level we administered 100 μg of anti‐D for 5 consecutive days to 19 children with ITP. Four patients did not respond to the treatment. Fifteen responded with an increase in the average platelet number to 76 000/μL 7 days postinjection. However, the platelet count dropped within 45 days to 27 000/μL. Three months after this study, two patients from the study group were then administered monthly anti‐D after reinjecting anti‐D daily for 5 consecutive days, as previously performed. Platelet levels in these two patients were maintained above 30 000/μL for 5 and 6 months respectively.We concluded that anti‐D administration for 5 consecutive days can induce an increase in platelets followed by a decrease below 30 000/μL after 30–45 days. However, monthly administration of anti‐D after daily injections for 5 consecutive days can keep platelets above the symptomatic level and may provide a corticosteroid‐free safe interval for nearly 5 months.
Treatment of an infant with congenital sodium diarrhea by oral rehydration
Authors: Kidowaki Takuro , FUNAKI HIDENORI , MIZUTA RYUZO , NISHIKI TETSUO , TAKADA HIROSHI 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWe have been following a male case of congenital sodium diarrhea (CNaD), who had a distended abdomen, passed watery stools with high sodium concentration, and showed metabolic acidosis in the first week of life. He also showed hyponatremia, low urine sodium, high serum aldosterone and high renin activity. Other possible causes of secretory diarrhea were ruled out. The initial effective treatment was oral supplements of water and electrolytes lost in the fecal fluid: with this he gained weight, and hyponatremia and metabolic acidosis were corrected. Loperamide hydrochloride was administered to increase intestinal absorption of sodium, as the serum prostaglandin was high. Watery diarrhea then improved, but as he passed acholic stools, we stopped and postponed the treatment for a while; the stools then became watery again. Although diarrhea has persisted, he has not shown any abnormalities in growth or psychomotor development for the first two years of life.
Serum thyroid hormones and pituitary response to thyrotropin‐releasing hormone in epileptic children receiving anti‐epileptic medication
Authors: Yüksel Adnan , KARTAL AYŞIN , CENANI ASIM , YALÇIN ERDINÇ 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThyroid hormones and pituitary function were assessed in 49 children with epilepsy who were receiving either a single medication of carbamazepine, phenobarbital and valproate or a combination of carbamazepine with phenobarbital or valproate. All therapeutic regimens except valproate monotherapy were associated with low levels of circulating thyroxine, free tri‐iodothyronine and free thyroxine. Carbamazepine with valproate was associated with the lowest serum concentration of thyroid hormones. It seems probable that accelerated hormone metabolism is responsible for these hormonal changes. However, all drug regimens also had effects on the function of the hypothalamic pituitary axis. Because of these findings, thyroid hormones should be checked frequently during anti‐epileptic drug treatment, although clinical hypothyroidism was not seen in our patients.
Serum anti‐streptococcal IgA, IgG and IgM antibodies in IgA‐associated diseases
Authors: NAKATSUKA KENJI 
Published: January 2011

AbstractSerum anti‐streptolysin‐O antibody (ASO) and anti‐streptococcal polysaccharide antibody (ASP) of IgA, IgG and IgM classes were measured using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay in 41 children with IgA nephropathy (Group A), 15 children with uncomplicated anaphylactoid purpura (Group B) and 13 children with purpura nephritis (Group C). The serum concentrations of the IgA, IgG and IgM classes were measured by single radial immunodiffusion. When compared with sex‐ and age‐matched controls, the concentrations of serum IgA (but not of IgG or IgM) were significantly increased in the three groups studied. The titers of ASO of the IgA and IgM classes, and those of ASP of the IgA and IgG classes, were significantly increased in Group A. In Group B, only the ASP titers of the IgA class were significantly increased. No significant difference was noted in the titers of either ASO or ASP of any class in Group C. Thus, increased antibody response in IgA nephropathy is not restricted to IgA. Anaphylactoid purpura with or without renal disease appears to be different in its humoral anti‐streptococcal response from IgA nephropathy.
Hypofibrinogenemia in a girl with Langerhans cell histiocytosis during etoposide and prednisolone therapy
Authors: MIURA TAKUMA , NAKAMURA MITSURU , TSUNEMATSU YUKIKO , FUJIMOTO JUNICHIRO , MEGURO TAKASHI , YAMADA KANEO 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA case of a girl with Langerhans cell histiocytosis who had hypofibrinogenemia during etoposide (VP‐16) and prednisolone therapy is described. A patient on a three times per week schedule of 100 mg/m2 etoposide in combination with 40 mg/m2 of prednisolone every day had hypofibrinogenemia of 90 mg/dL after 12 doses of etoposide. Hypofibrinogenemia improved after discontinuing the course of etoposide. The clinical course suggested that the combination of etoposide with prednisolone caused this side‐effect. Although the exact mechanism of toxicity of etoposide with prednisolone remains unknown, it is possible that the side‐effect might be due to reduced production of fibrinogen in the liver. Careful monitoring of fibrinogen is mandatory in patients receiving etoposide and prednisolone.
Definition and classification of childhood injuries
Authors: CHRISTOFFEL KATHERINE KAUFER 
Published: January 2011

AbstractInjuries have emerged as the leading cause of child and adolescent morbidity and mortality in developed countries. Efforts to control injuries require injury surveillance and research, creating the need for standard variable definitions and categorizations. Advantages of such standardization include increased comparability of data sets, avoidance of spurious conclusions based on idiosyncratic definitions and categories and the potential to combine data sets (e.g. on injuries and population counts) to yield new information. Pertinent standards will differ depending on the purposes for which the data are collected. More limited (core) data are appropriate to surveillance and more extensive data to research. Existing standards that are likely to be most useful to pediatric injury investigators are the International Classification of Diseases External Cause (E) codes (which provide mechanism‐of‐injury diagnoses and are the international gold standard for injury data reporting) and the Standard Definitions for Childhood Injury Research recently released by the United States National Institute for Child Health and Human Development, which include both core and complete variable listings. Some key core definitions from the latter report are presented.
Childhood injuries in Japan
Authors: TANAKA TETSURO 
Published: January 2011

AbstractApproximately 2000 children aged between 0 and 14 years die annually of accidents and their sequelae in Japan. Moreover, accidents and their sequelae are the leading cause of death in the 1–4 year, 5–9 year and 10–14 year age groups. Accidental drowning and traffic accidents account for 2/3 of all such deaths. Measures for preventing injury in these age groups are clearly necessary, since the mortality rate due to accidents and their sequelae in children 0 to 4 years old is higher in Japan than in European countries.It is considered that the lives of 824 infants aged between 0 and 4 years might be saved annually in Japan if the mortality rate could be reduced to a level comparable to that in Sweden by accident prevention and control. Therefore, a systematic approach for prevention of childhood injury is a high priority in Japan.
The effect of nifedipine on monocrotaline‐induced pulmonary hypertension in rats
Authors: INOUE MAKOTO , HARADA YURIKA , WATANABE KOJI , MORI CHUZO , TANAKA OSAMU 
Published: January 2011

AbstractEffective drug therapy for pulmonary hypertension has not yet been developed. This study was designed to estimate the long‐term hemodynamic and histopathological effects of nifedipine on severe pulmonary hypertension using animal models.Injection of one dose of monocrotaline produced subacute pulmonary hypertension in 7 week old Sprague‐Dawley rats. Nifedipine (10 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally every day. For 5 weeks, bodyweight and hemodynamic parameters were measured, and right ventricle (RV) and left ventricle with septum (LV + S) were weighed separately. Medial thickness of the small pulmonary arterial wall was calculated by Suwa's method.Compared with the control group, the increase in right ventricular systolic pressure, total pulmonary resistance index, weight ratio of RV/(LV + S) and medial hypertrophy in the nifedipine‐treated rats were significantly limited without causing systemic hypotension.These results suggest that treatment with nifedipine may also be effective in attenuation of pulmonary hypertension when applied to humans.
Cardiac atrial natriuretic peptide in monocrotaline‐induced pulmonary hypertensive rats
Authors: OHIE TAKAHARU , KIKUCHI KIYOSHI , WATANABE KOJI , MORI CHUZO 
Published: January 2011

AbstractTo determine the time course and potential triggers for synthesis of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in right ventricle during the development of right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), we measured mean right atrial pressure, right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), immunoreactive ANP (iANP) concentrations in plasma, and cardiac iANP concentrations and contents of monocrotaline (MCT)‐induced pulmonary hypertensive rats treated with a subcutaneous injection of MCT (40 mg/kg). Following the development of RVH and pulmonary hypertension, iANP concentrations in plasma and iANP concentrations and contents in ventricular tissues increased with time. At the third week after treatment, iANP concentrations in MCT rats increased 6‐fold in plasma, 57‐fold in the right ventricular free wall, 20‐fold in the ventricular septum and 10‐fold in the left ventricular free wall compared with those in controls. At the third week, iANP contents of total ventricular tissues in MCT and control rats were 29% and 0.8%, respectively, of the corresponding atrial contents. The iANP concentrations and contents of right ventricular free walls in MCT rats were greater than those of any other parts of ventricular tissues. The iANP concentrations in right ventricular free walls were very closely related to RVSP (r = 0.93, P < 0.001). In MCT rats, iANP concentrations in right atrial tissues decreased with time. This study shows that ventricular ANP contributes to the amount of ANP stored within the heart in MCT rats and that pressure overload may be one of the triggers for ANP synthesis in the right ventricle.