bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selected mitochondrial genes as species markers of the ArcticContracaecum osculatumcomplex
Authors: Dzido J. , Kijewska A. , Rokicki J. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis study, aimed at testing the hypothesis that some mitochondrial genes can serve as species-specific markers, involved a comparison of the sequence variance of selected mitochondrial DNA genes of the ArcticContracaecum osculatumspecies (C. osculatumA,C. osculatumB andC. osculatumC). We compared differences between five complete (ND2, CYTB, ND3, ND4L and ND6) and three partial (CO1, CO3 and ND5) protein-coding genes. The total length of the sequence of each of the 13 specimens was 4830 bp. The sample consisted ofC. osculatumL3 larvae collected fromReinhardtius hippoglossoidesandGadus ogacfrom the Barents Sea and Davis Strait. The K2P distance values between the species ranged within 0.06–0.12, the intraspecific variability (0.01–0.03) proving 3–6 times lower. The lowest interspecific divergence was observed betweenC. osculatumA andC. osculatumB, whereas the highest intraspecific diversity was typical ofC. osculatumC. Among theC. osculatumspecies studied, the highest nucleotide diversity was recorded in the CYTB, CO3 and ND5 genes. These genes may be useful in species identification of the very closely relatedContracaecumsibling species.
Food habits of threadfin hakeling Laemonema longipes along the Pacific coast of northern Japan
Authors: Yamamura O. , Nobetsu T. 
Published: July 2011

Food habits of threadfin hakeling Laemonema longipes, the dominant demersal fish in the upper continental slope of the western sub-Arctic North Pacific, were described based upon >1400 specimens collected off north-eastern Honshu Island and south-eastern Hokkaido Island, Japan. Threadfin hakeling depended exclusively on pelagic organisms including copepods Neocalanus cristatus, Euphausia pacifica, shrimps Sergestes similis, firefly squid Watasenia scintillans and myctophids Diaphus theta. Threadfin hakeling showed a clear size-dependent dietary variation, with mesozooplankton and shrimps being important for small- and medium-sized fish (≤400 mm standard length (SL)), and myctophids being important for large-sized fish (>400 mm SL). Since all of these prey undertake diurnal vertical migration, it was concluded that threadfin hakeling take an important role in capturing energy and materials transported from the epipelagic zone to the bathypelagic layer over the upper continental slope. Dietary variation among different areas, seasons and depths were also examined. Of these, areal difference was rather obscure reflecting common prey field in the Tohoku and Doto areas under the prevalence of the North Pacific Intermediate Water, whereas clear seasonal difference was found in the Doto area; the 0-group of walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma was ingested only in the late summer and early autumn in this area.
Growth of cultured giant clams (Tridacnaspp.) in low pH, high-nutrient seawater: species-specific effects of substrate and supplemental feeding under acidification
Authors: Toonen Robert J. , Nakayama Tomoe , Ogawa Tom , Rossiter Andrew , Delbeek J. Charles 
Published: July 2011

Four species of giant clams,Tridacna maxima, T. squamosa, T. derasaandT. crocea, were cultured in outdoor raceways for 364 days at the Waikīkī Aquarium and the Oceanic Institute on the island of O‘ahu, Hawai‘i, USA. Growth of each species was compared among individuals grown with and without supplemental phytoplankton feeding, and directly on the substrate or mounted on concrete plugs in low pH, high nutrient seawater. Among clams cultured with and without supplemental phytoplankton (Chaetocerosspp.), feeding resulted in significantly lower mortality in all species butT. deresa, whereas growth was significantly higher among fed clams for all species exceptT. squamosa. Tridacna derasashowed roughly a three-fold increase in growth when fed (88.5 g ± 4.4 SD) than when unfed (26.0 g ± 2.1 SD), whereasT. maximagrowth was substantially lower, but nearly 10-fold greater in response to feeding (9.0 g ± 1.9 SD). The overall mortality rate of juvenile clams was significantly lower in the fed (44.4 ± 10.0%) than the unfed (71.8 ± 9.6%) trials, with the greatest effect observed in mortality ofT. maxima(fed 15% versus unfed 80%) andT. squamosa(fed 65% versus unfed 95%). None of theT. squamosaremained on concrete plugs for the duration of the experiment. Among the remaining three species, there was no difference in either wet weight or shell length forT. maximaand for wet weight only inT. derasaon (186.5 g ± 16.1 SD) and off (147.0 g ± 6.0 SD) the concrete plugs. In contrast,T. croceahad significantly greater shell growth off the plugs (14.3 mm ± 1.0 SD versus 8.5 mm ± 1.7 SD) but significantly greater gain in wet weight on the concrete plugs (26.3 g ± 1.5 SD versus 58.5 g ± 2.5 SD). The seawater wells used for this study are well characterized with elevated levels of inorganic nutrients and higher pCO2relative to tropical ocean waters, roughly approximating predictions for future oceanic conditions under IPCC IS92a emission scenarios. In comparison to previous studies in natural seawater,T. derasahad a significantly higher shell growth rate in the high-nutrient, low-pH well water. In contrast,T. maximaandT. squamosahad significantly lower growth rates in low pH, whereas growth ofT. croceawas not significantly different between low pH and ambient seawater. These experiments demonstrate species-specific differences with each treatment, which cautions against making broad generalizations regarding the effects of substrate type, feeding effects, nutrient enrichment, and ocean acidification on tridacnid culture and survival.
Karyotype Analysis of Buckwheat Using Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Neethirajan Suresh , Hirose Tamaki , Wakayama Junichi , Tsukamoto Kazumi , Kanahara Hiroko , Sugiyama Shigeru 
Published: July 2011

AbstractKaryotype analysis and classification of buckwheat chromosomes were performed without chemical banding or staining using atomic force microscopy (AFM).Fagopyrum esculentum(common buckwheat) andFagopyrum tartaricum(Tartarian buckwheat) chromosomes were isolated from root tissues using an enzymatic maceration technique and spread over a glass substrate. Air-dried chromosomes had a surface with ridges, and the height of common and tartary buckwheat were approximately 350 and 150 nm. Volumes of metaphase sets of buckwheat chromosomes were calculated using three-dimensional AFM measurements. Chromosomes were morphologically characterized by the size, volume, arm lengths, and ratios. The calculated volumes of theF. esculentumandF. tartaricumchromosomes were in the ranges of 1.08–2.09 μm3and 0.49–0.78 μm3, respectively. The parameters such as the relative arm length, centromere position, and the chromosome volumes measured using AFM provide accurate karyomorphological classification by avoiding the subjective inconsistencies in banding patterns of conventional methods. The karyotype evolutionary trend indicates thatF. esculentumis an ancient species compared toF. tartaricum. This is the first report of a cytological karyotype of buckwheat using AFM.
Celebrating the Nation: Kurt Weill, Paul Green, and the Federal Theatre Project (1937)
Authors: CARTER TIM 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn summer 1937, the Federal Theatre Project (FTP) commissioned from playwright Paul Green and composer Kurt Weill a work to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the adoption of the U.S. Constitution. Green had provided the text for Weill's first American musical play,Johnny Johnson(1936), which the FTP took up with some enthusiasm, and he had scored some success with his outdoor historical dramaThe Lost Colony(1937). He was also interested in music on the stage following his encounters with Russian director Alexei Granowski in Berlin in 1928–29. Weill, in turn, was involved in various spectacle-driven projects in 1937, not least with fellow émigré Max Reinhardt. Green's first scenario for the new drama focused on the constitutional implications of recent labor disputes in the U.S. South. However, the controversy of summer 1937 surrounding the overt agit-prop of Marc Blitzstein'sThe Cradle Will Rock—sponsored but then dropped by the FTP—put an end to such political aspirations. Green rewrote his outline in favor of a more conventional treatment of the American Revolutionary War, to be calledThe Common Glory. Although he produced a rough script, and Weill started composing the score, the project collapsed, in part because of their incompatible visions for the play and its music. Nevertheless, newly uncovered sources reveal them attempting to grapple with the potentials of nationalistic subject matter in the theater, and with the search for U.S. cultural identities in changing times.
Unconventional Fuel Sources
Authors: Speight James G. 
Published: July 2011

While petroleum and natural gas are conventional fuel sources, alternative fuel sources are any materials or substances, other than conventional fuels, which can be used as fuels,. Examples of non-conventional fuels include coal, tar sand bitumen, oil shale, and biomass. Biomass can also be used directly for heating or power but it can also acts as a source of non-conventional fuels such as alcohols and biodiesel.
This chapter presents an overview of the production of fuels from coal, tar sand bitumen, and oil shale for the reader to place the production of fuels from biomass in the proper perspective.
A Biorefinery
Authors: Speight James G. 
Published: July 2011

Reducing dependence of any country on imported crude oil is of critical importance for long-term security and continued economic growth. Supplementing petroleum consumption with renewable biomass resources is a first step towards this goal. The realignment of the chemical industry from one of petrochemical refining to a bio-refinery concept is, given time, feasible has become a national goal of many oil-importing countries. However, clearly defined goals are necessary for construction of a biorefinery and the increasing the use of biomass-derived feedstocks in industrial chemical production and it is important to keep the goal in perspective. In this context, the increased use of biofuels should be viewed as one of a range of possible measures for achieving self sufficiency in energy, rather than a panacea (Crocker and Crofcheck, 2006).
A biorefinery is the means by which biomass can be converted to other products - in the current context the other products are biofuels which have the potential to replace certain petroleum-derived fuels.
One aspect of designing a refinery for any feedstocks is the composition of the feedstocks. For example a heavy oil refinery would differ somewhat from a conventional refinery and a refinery for tar sand bitumen would be significantly different to both. Similarly, and because the chemical and physical composition of biomass is variable, there is no obvious simple design panacea for a biorefinery. The variation in the properties of biomass feedstocks dictates that different process options will be necessary in the near-term for converting biomass to biofuels.
This chapter presents the different biomass feedstocks that might be used in a biorefinery and offers descriptions of the various conversion options.
Production of Fuels from Crops
Authors: Demirbaş Ayhan 
Published: July 2011

Renewable energy can be derived from agricultural crops grown for nonfood uses because they can be used and replaced without irreversibly depleting reserves; this property also makes them a valuable resource in combating climate change. For this reason, renewable materials will continue to grow in importance as replacements for fossil materials used as fuels and as feedstocks for a range of products. Some renewable materials also have particular unique and beneficial properties that can be exploited in a range of products including pharmaceuticals and lubricants.
The concept is centered around a long-term vision “that a significant proportion of the demand for energy and raw materials should be met through the commercial exploitation of science from crops, in a way that stimulates biodiversity and reduces greenhouse-gas emissions and waste – particularly biodegradable waste going to land fill and slows depletion of finite natural resources.”
This chapter presents an overview of the production of fuels from crops in order for the reader to understand the chemical and physical parameters that are involved in the production of such fuels.
Water training in postmenopausal women: Effect on muscular strength
Authors: Carrasco MarÍa , Vaquero Manuel 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a swimming programme and a calisthenics and resistance water training programme, which included aerobic and resistance components, on muscle strength and body weight in postmenopausal women. Both were carried out over a period of 12 months. Ninety‐three subjects were randomly assigned to swimming group (SG; n=29), calisthenics and resistance group (CRG; n=34) and control group (CG; n=30). Mean upper‐extremities biokinetic force (MF), power (MP) and work (MW) were measured by a biokinetic swim bench (Biometer Swim Bench, Sport Fahnemann). Maximal isometric forces of the trunk flexors (ITF) and knee extensors (IKE) were measured by an isometric strain‐gauge dynamometer (T.K.K. 5402, Takei Scientific Instruments Co. Ltd.). Countermovement jump height (CMJ) was evaluated using the Ergojump Bosco System. Energy consumption was measured using a self‐administrated food frequency questionnaire (Sanocare Human Systems L.S., Madrid. Spain). Body mass index (BMI) was also measured. CRG improved significantly (p≤0.05) MF increased by 7.92%, MP by 9.08% and MW by 9.3%. SG and CRG demonstrated a significant decrease in BMI (−2.08 and −2.75% respectively). SG, CRG and CG showed a significant decrease in ITF (−5.07, −11.34 and −24.73% respectively) and IKE (−7.99, −12.77 and −29.75% respectively). This decrease was significantly greater in CG compared with SG and CRG. There were no significant changes in CMJ in any group. These results indicate that water exercise has significant implications, improving some health‐related components of fitness in postmenopausal women.
Long‐term intermittent hyperoxic exposures do not enhance erythropoiesis
Authors: Keramidas Michail E. , Norman Barbara , Gustafsson Thomas , Eiken Ola , Mekjavic Igor B. 
Published: July 2011

Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42 (3): 260–265AbstractBackground  Based on a report of a marked increase in the erythropoietin concentration ([EPO]) a few hours after the cessation of a single 2‐h session of O2 breathing, short periods of O2 administration have been advocated as a therapy for anaemia. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate this theory by investigating the effect of 10 daily short‐term exposures to normobaric O2 over a 2‐week period on the plasma [EPO] in healthy individuals.Material and methods  Twenty men were assigned to either an experimental (NBO2) or to a control (AIR) group. The NBO2 group breathed 100% normobaric O2 for 2 h every weekday over a 2‐week period. The AIR group breathed air within the same time protocol. Blood samples were collected at the pre‐, mid‐ and post‐intervention periods to determine [EPO].Results  [EPO] of the NBO2 group was significantly lower than that of the AIR group during the mid‐ and post‐periods (P < 0·001). [EPO] of the NBO2 group showed a slight, albeit statistically nonsignificant, decrease during the mid (∼ 11%)‐ and post (∼ 16%)‐periods.Conclusions  Daily short‐term exposures to normobaric hyperoxia do not increase the [EPO] in healthy individuals. The increased O2 tension suppresses [EPO]. Hence, administration of pure O2 to enhance erythropoiesis is not warranted.
Rethinking shiftwork: mid‐life nurses making it work!
Authors: West Sandra , Mapedzahama Virginia , Ahern Maureen , Rudge Trudy 
Published: July 2011

WEST S, MAPEDZAHAMA V, AHERN M and RUDGE T. Nursing Inquiry 2012; 19: 177–187 [Epub ahead of print]Rethinking shiftwork: mid‐life nurses making it work!Many current analyses of shiftwork neglect nurses’ own voices when describing the dis/advantages of a shiftworking lifestyle. This paper reports the findings of a critical re‐analysis of two studies conducted with female mid‐life Australian nurses to explore the contention that the ‘problem‐centred’ focus of current shiftwork research does not effectively address the ‘real’ issue for mid‐life nurses, that is, how to develop and maintain shiftwork tolerance. Participants used shiftwork to: (i) manage, navigate and negotiate various aspects of their nursing work and the workplace itself; (ii) facilitate more manageable work/life negotiations; and (iii) self‐identify opportunities to engage in their own self‐care (body work and mind work). The findings thus went beyond simply exposing what nursing bodies do in time and space by bringing to the fore discussions of ‘time‐body’ relationships, the embodiment of time and nurses re/configuration of that time demonstrating that the frequently unacknowledged positive aspects of shiftwork, when centred in discussions, give voice to other ways to think about shiftwork and a shiftworking lifestyle. Thus, our contention is that the ‘problem‐centred’ focus of current shiftwork debates does little to address the ‘real’ issue for shiftworking mid‐life female nurses – the development and maintenance of shiftwork tolerance.
Reframing caring as discursive practice: a critical review of conceptual analyses of caring in nursing
Authors: Sargent Andrew 
Published: July 2011

SARGENT A. Nursing Inquiry 2012; 19: 134–143 [Epub ahead of print]Reframing caring as discursive practice: a critical review of conceptual analyses of caring in nursingThis study critically examines the way in which the concept of caring is presented in the nursing literature through conceptual analytic approaches. A critical reflection on the potential consequences of representing a concept of caring as vague and ambiguous, yet central to ontology and epistemology in professional nursing is presented drawing on comparisons between the conceptual analyses of caring, and of structuralist perspectives of language, and how this potentially limits scholarship in this area. A search of the literature revealed nine conceptual papers. These papers highlight the self‐referential characteristics of the concept of caring, and of analytical methods in general. It is proposed that this is the result of a systematic adherence to a rigid, structuralist view of language, whereby stable relationships between words and their meanings are assumed. An alternative perspective is offered by viewing caring as a discursive practice rather than a fixed conceptual entity, calling into question the role that the concept plays in nursing practice. A poststructuralist perspective requires caring to be perceived as a discourse of nursing that is fluid and contingent, rather than a central and guiding concept, opening up a new orientation for nursing scholarship in caring research.
Digoxin Immune Fab Protects Endothelial Cells from Ouabain‐Induced Barrier Injury
Authors: Wang Yuping , Fan Ruping , Gu Yang , Adair C. David 
Published: July 2011

Citation Wang Y, Fan R, Gu Y, Adair CD. Digoxin immune Fab protects endothelial cells from ouabain‐induced barrier injury. Am J Reprod Immunol 2012; 67: 66–72Problem  Endogenous digitalis‐like factors (EDLF) inhibit sodium pump Na+/K+ATPase activity, and maternal EDLF levels are elevated in preeclampsia (PE). This study determined whether digoxin immune Fab (DIF) could protect endothelial cells (ECs) from EDLF‐induced endothelial barrier dysfunction.Method of study  ECs were treated with escalating doses of ouabain (a known EDLF) in the presence or absence of DIF. EC barrier integrity was examined by junction protein VE‐cadherin and occludin expressions. EC permeability was determined by horseradish‐peroxidase (HRP) leakage and transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER).Results  EC junction protein VE‐cadherin distribution was disrupted in cells treated with ouabain. DIF, but not control IgG Fab fragment, blocked ouabain‐induced decreases in VE‐cadherin and occludin expressions and prevented ouabain‐induced HRP leakage and TEER changes.Conclusion  DIF protects ECs from ouabain‐induced barrier injury, providing evidence of beneficial effects of DIF on EC function and supporting that Na+/K+ATPase might be a therapeutic target to ameliorate endothelial dysfunction.
O-010 Comparison of hospitalization costs and medicare payments for carotid endarterectomy and carotid stenting in asymptomatic patients
Authors: McDonald R , Kallmes D , Cloft H 
Published: July 2011

BackgroundHospitals struggle to provide care for elderly patients based on Medicare payments. Amidst concerns of inadequate reimbursement, we sought to evaluate the hospitalization costs for recipients of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and carotid artery stenting (CAS), identify variables associated with increased costs, and compare these costs to Medicare reimbursements.MethodsAll CEA and CAS procedures were extracted from the 2001–2008 National Inpatient Sample. Average CMS reimbursement rates for CEA and CAS were obtained fromCMS.gov. Annual trends in hospital costs were analyzed by Sen's slope analysis. Associations between length of stay and hospital costs with respect to gender, age, discharge status, complication type, and co-morbidity were analyzed using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Least-squares regression models were used to predict which variables had the greatest impact on LOS and hospital costs.ResultsThe 2001–2008 National Inpatient Sample contained 181 200 CEA and 12 485 CAS procedures. Age and gender were not predictive of costs for either procedure. Among favorable outcomes, CAS was associated with significantly higher costs compared to CEA (p<0.0001). Average Medicare payments were US$1318 less than costs for CEA and US$3241 less than costs for CAS among favorable outcomes. Greater payment-to-cost disparities were noted for both CEA and CAS in patients who had unfavorable outcomes.ConclusionsThe 2008 Medicare hospitalization payments were substantially less than median hospital costs for both CAS and CEA. Efforts to decrease hospitalization costs and/or increase payments will be necessary to make these carotid revascularization procedures economically viable for hospitals in the long-term.