bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gene trees: A powerful tool for exploring the evolutionary biology of species and speciation
Authors: Templeton Alan R. , Maskas Stephanie D. , Cruzan Mitchell B. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractEvolutionary trees can be constructed from the haplotypes observed with molecular surveys of sequence or restriction site variation. Such gene trees can be constructed regardless of whether or not all of the individual specimens came from one or many species. Hence, these gene trees can straddle the species/population interface, thereby providing a powerful tool for studying the meaning of species and the process of speciation. We illustrate how historical approaches using gene trees can be used to separate the effects of population structure from population history, in order to rigorously test the species status of a group, and to test hypotheses about the process of speciation. A worked example of species status in the Piriqueta caroliniana complex is presented. Species status is evaluated under the cohesion species concept that defines a species as an evolutionary lineage with boundaries arising from the forces that create reproductive communities. Such forces are collectively called cohesion mechanisms and consist of two main subtypes: (i) genetic exchangeability, and (ii) ecological interchangeability. To make this definition operational, populations that behave as separate evolutionary lineages are first identified. A method is reviewed for inferring lineages using explicit statistical criteria from geographic overlays upon gene trees. Once lineages have been identified, the next step is to use the cohesion mechanisms to identify candidate traits that should contribute to genetic exchangeability and/or ecological interchangeability. The cohesion species are then identified by performing overlays upon gene trees in order to identify significant transitions in the candidate traits. Cohesion species are recognized only when statistically significant reproductive/ecological transitions occur that are concordant with the lineages defined earlier. This data‐rich method of recognizing species automatically generates much information about the biogeography, population structure, historical events, and ecology and/or reproductive biology of the group under study. In turn, this information provides much insight into the process of speciation. It also makes the criteria, data, methods of analysis and degree of support for the species inference completely explicit, thereby avoiding confusion, inconsistency and artificial controversies that plague much of the literature on species concepts.
Genetics of hybrid inviability and sterility in Drosophila: The Drosophila melanogaster–Drosophila simulans case
Authors: Sawamura Kyoichi 
Published: September 2010

AbstractHow reproductive isolation is established between populations is a fundamental question in the study of speciation. To answer this question, mechanisms of prezygotic and postzygotic isolation have been analyzed in many species pairs from diverse taxa. Because of its genetic manipulability, the genus Drosophila is suitable for such analyses. Since hybrid inviability and sterility was noticed in crosses between Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans 90 years ago, this species pair has contributed much to our knowledge of genetic mechanisms of reproductive isolation. The history of genetic analyses of postzygotic isolation in this species pair is reviewed here.
Size–number trade‐off and allocation to flower production in animal‐pollinated flowers
Authors: Sakai Satoki 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe evolutionarily stable size of attractive structures of a flower was analyzed theoretically to examine the factors that select for the differences in the size of attractive structures of a flower depending on the sexuality and self‐fertilization rate. In the first analysis, it was assumed that the size–number trade‐off for flowers is non‐linear (the size of individual flowers increases less rapidly than in a linear trade‐off with a decrease in the number of flowers, as would occur during a linear trade‐off) and the frequency of pollinator visits per flower depends on the size of attractive structures of individual flowers, but is independent of the number of flowers on the plant. In this case the size of attractive structures is larger in male flowers than in female flowers in dioecious plants, and this size decreases with an increase in the self‐fertilization rate for hermaphroditic plants (where both are consistent with the general trends observed). In the second analysis, it was assumed that the size–number trade‐off for flowers is linear and the frequency of pollinator visits per flower depends not only on the size of attractive structures of individual flowers, but also on the number of flowers on the plant. However, the results were inconsistent with the general trends in this case; namely, that the size of the attractive structures is smaller in male flowers than in female flowers in dioecious plants, and this size increases with an increase in self‐fertilization rate for hermaphroditic plants. I therefore conclude that the non‐linearity in size–number trade‐offs for flowers is a more useful factor to use to explain the general trends in the size of attractive structures of a flower. This also suggests that the attractive function hypothesis, that is, the differences in fitness gains through allocation to attractive structures between males and females and among plants with different self‐fertilization rates, are important factors, but alone cannot explain the general trends.
Reproductive biology of a North American subalpine plant: Corydalis caseana A. Gray ssp. brandegei (S. Watson) G. B. Ownbey
Authors: Maloof Joan E. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract Corydalis caseana ssp. brandegei (Fumariaceae) is a perennial plant that grows in moist, subalpine regions of south central Colorado, USA. Prior to this study, nothing was known of its reproductive biology. The most numerous visitors (59%), and the only known pollinators, were long‐tongued bumblebees (Bombus appositus). Twenty‐nine percent of visits were from short‐tongued nectar‐robbing bumblebees (Bombus occidentalis). Hummingbirds also visited the flowers but they did not pollinate them. Corydalis caseana flowers remained open and in good condition for approximately 4 days. During that time, in the absence of visitors, nectar containing 35% sugar accumulated at a rate of approximately 1 μL per day. Corydalis caseana has a mixed‐mating system. It is self‐fertile, but the self‐fertilized flowers produce fewer seeds per fruit than the outcrossed flowers (a mean of 2.9 compared with a mean of 4.7). Results suggest a possibility of inbreeding depression.
Genetic diversification among cytotypes of Ranunculus silerifolius Lév. (Ranunculaceae)
Authors: MAIDELIZA TESRI , OKADA HIROSHI 
Published: September 2010

AbstractGenetic variations of the facultatively autogamous species Ranunculus silerifolius, which show intraspecific chromosomal polymorphisms (Karatsu‐cytotype, Matsuyama‐cytotype, Mugi‐cytotype and Otaru‐cytotype), were investigated in 95 populations using allozymic analysis. Sixteen loci of nine enzyme systems were resolved. Three loci were monomorphic for all populations. On average, 26% of the loci were polymorphic; the 16 loci resolved gave a total of 49 alleles with a mean number of 1.29 alleles per locus. We could not detect any genetic differentiation estimated from allozymic polymorphisms among cytotypes distinguished by chromosome structures in this species. The average genetic distance between populations was large (D = 0.129), indicating a high level of genetic differentiation and a low level of gene flow (Nm = 0.171) among the populations, whereas that between cytotypes was very small (D = 0.008), possibly a result of the relatively short period of time after the occurrence of cytotypes. The overall levels of genetic variation were low as with other facultatively autogamous species. The gene differentiation coefficient among populations, GST, was high (0.579), which probably reflected the inbreeding in this species. The absence of a correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance may also have resulted from inbreeding.
Molecular phylogeny of the genus Asparagus (Asparagaceae) inferred from plastid petB intron and petD–rpoA intergenic spacer sequences
Authors: FUKUDA TATSUYA , ASHIZAWA HIROKI , SUZUKI RYOKO , OCHIAI TOSHINORI , NAKAMURA TORU , KANNO AKIRA , KAMEYA TOSHIAKI , YOKOYAMA JUN 
Published: September 2010

Abstract Asparagus (Asparagaceae) is a large genus that is widely distributed in arid and subarid regions of the Old World. To investigate the phylogenetic relationships within this genus, the intron of petB and the intergenic region between petD and rpoA of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) were sequenced. A strict consensus tree resulting from the phylogenetic analysis indicates that southern African species comprise a potentially paraphyletic assemblage and that Eurasian species are monophyletic. This result suggests that the genus Asparagus originated in southern Africa, and that Eurasian species originated from a southern African progenitor. Moreover, extensive survey of the intergenic region between trnL and trnF and the intron of trnL of cpDNA in species of the genus Asparagus displayed no sequence differences despite the non‐coding regions frequently used to reconstruct intrageneric phylogenies. Therefore, we hypothesized that rapid radiation of this genus might have been influenced by the gaining of unique characteristics, such as phylloclades, in order to adapt to the dry environment.
Demographic genetics of Siebold's beech (Fagaceae, Fagus crenata Blume) populations in the Tanzawa Mountains, central Honshu, Japan. II. Spatial differentiation and estimation of immigration rates using a stepping‐stone structure
Authors: KITAMURA KEIKO , TACHIDA HIDENORI , TAKENAKA KOHEI , FURUBAYASHI KENGO , KAWANO SHOICHI 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe spatial genetic substructuring of five local populations of Siebold's beech (Fagus crenata Blume) in the western Tanzawa Mountains were analyzed using allozyme polymorphisms for 13 loci (11 enzyme systems). The beech forests in Tanzawa have been rapidly deteriorating in recent years. The two main causes for this are heavy damage or death of mature trees caused by air pollution, and feeding pressure on seedlings and juveniles by sika deer. The distributions of genotypes showed localization of particular genetic diversities. Spatial autocorrelation analyses revealed slightly positive significant values within small distance classes and negative values in further distance classes, but those values more or less fluctuated in the distrograms. In addition, an analysis was conducted using a stepping‐stone model to estimate the migration rate and to quantify the gene flow among neighboring patch populations to detect the population differentiation. Twelve patch populations were discriminated as localized assemblages of Siebold's beech individuals in one of the local populations according to the assemblage of individuals along the topography of an established site. The migration rate for each generation was estimated to be m = 0.09 between neighboring patch populations. The population migration rate (Nm = 2.7) was revealed to be larger than one migrant for every other generation, which indicates that the population differentiation is not significant in the present state. Although the model analysis demonstrated sufficient gene flow between neighboring patch populations, severe damage to local beech populations in Tanzawa may cause the extinction of one or more of the patch populations. Further fragmentation and isolation of local populations were also discussed in terms of loss and retreat of genetic diversity.
Evidence for syntrophic acetate oxidation coupled to hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis in the high‐temperature petroleum reservoir of Yabase oil field (Japan)
Authors: Mayumi Daisuke , Mochimaru Hanako , Yoshioka Hideyoshi , Sakata Susumu , Maeda Haruo , Miyagawa Yoshihiro , Ikarashi Masayuki , Takeuchi Mio , Kamagata Yoichi 
Published: September 2010

SummaryThe methanogenic communities and pathways in a high‐temperature petroleum reservoir were investigated through incubations of the production water and crude oil, combined with radiotracer experiments and molecular biological analyses. The incubations were conducted without any substrate amendment and under high‐temperature and pressurized conditions that mimicked the in situ environment (55°C, 5 MPa). Changes in methane and acetate concentrations during the incubations indicated stoichiometric production of methane from acetate. Rates of hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis measured using [14C]‐bicarbonate were 42–68 times those of acetoclastic methanogenesis measured using [2‐14C]‐acetate, implying the dominance of methane production by syntrophic acetate oxidation coupled to hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis in the environment. 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses of the incubated production water showed bacterial communities dominated by the genus Thermacetogenium, known as a thermophilic syntrophic acetate‐oxidizing bacterium, and archaeal communities dominated by thermophilic hydrogenotrophic methanogens belonging to the genus Methanothermobacter. Furthermore, group‐specific real‐time PCR assays revealed that 16S rRNA gene copy numbers of the hydrogenotrophic methanogens affiliated with the order Methanobacteriales were almost identical to those of archaeal 16S rRNA genes. This study demonstrates that syntrophic acetate oxidation is the main methanogenic pathway in a high‐temperature petroleum reservoir.
Book reviews
Authors: Alister Ian , Matthews Boris 
Published: September 2010

Astor, JamesMichael Fordham; Innovations in Analytical PsychologyKast, Verena. Joy, Inspiration, and HopeKugler, Paul (ed.). Jungian Perspectives on Clinical SupervisionRobertson, Robin. Jungian Archetypes: Jung, Gödel, and the History of ArchetypesRoss, Lena B, & Roy, Manisha (eds). Cast the First Stone: Ethics in Analytic PracticeHacking, Ian. Rewriting the Soul: Multiple Personalities and the Sciences of Memory
On the Treatment of Income Tax Rates in Empirical Analysis of Tax Evasion
Authors: CRANE STEVEN E. , NOURZAD FARROKH 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYIn this paper, it is argued that average tax rates exert an influence on income tax evasion separate from, and opposite to that of marginal tax rates. Failure to account for this effect in empirical evasion models biases the parameter estimate of the marginal rate in a predictable manner. Evidence from an aggregate empirical model of evasion in the US indicates that the marginal tax rate is positively related to evasion, whereas the average tax rate is negatively related. Further, exclusion of the average rate from the model does in fact bias the parameter estimate of the marginal tax rate.
Lieber begehrt und im Überfluss als überflüssig und in Not: Ein Beispiel
Authors: FALKINGER JOSEF 
Published: September 2010

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGSättigung bedeutet, dass der Grenznutzen des Einkommens abnimmt und die Arbeitsmotivation sinkt. Die beobachtbare Konsequenz von Sättigung müsste also eine Verkürzung der Arbeitszeit bei den vergleichsweise Reicheren sein. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt, dass diese Schlussfolgerung falsch ist. Im Gegenteil und scheinbar paradox gilt: Sättigung wird sich eher in Form von höheren Einkommensforderungen, also gewissermassen als Gier äussern. Umgekehrt kann es jenen, die mit der Zufriedenstellung ihrer Mindestansprüche kämpfen, passieren, dass sie bei niedrigeren Lohnsätzen enden, wenn sie ihre Ansprüche reduzieren, um weniger arbeiten zu müssen.
Why the Latin American Countries will Never Form a Debtors' Cartel
Authors: HOJMAN DAVID E. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYIt is shown that there is a positive non‐linear relationship between a Latin American borrower country's trade surplus and its service and capital accounts, and therefore the balance of payments. Pooled regressions are used to test quadratic and semi‐logarithmic specifications. Most large or medium‐size countries either are able to choose between a range of sensible, non‐confrontational policy options, or especial characteristics apply to them; thus the scope for a debtors' cartel is very poor. The default rule that recommends debt repudiation if new loans are lower than payments on old ones is found to be misleading.
Cycles and Substitutions in Terrorist Activities: A Spectral Approach
Authors: IM ERIC IKSOON , CAULEY JON , SANDLER TODD 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYWe use spectral analysis to provide evidence that cycles have characterized the following time series: all terrorist events, skyjackings, kidnappings, barricade and hostage‐taking, and all events not involving hostages. The series for all events had a periodicity of 28 months, while skyjackings had two significant periodicities ‐ 4.1 months and 28 months. Only a single significant periodicity was associated with barricade and hostage events and kidnappings ‐72 months and 48 months, respectively. We also found that nonlinear trends best represented four of the five series. Cross‐spectral analysis was then applied to the six possible pairs of series; each pair displays from three to nine statistically significant coherencies. Moreover, we discovered evidence of orthogonality for five of the six pairs studied. This evidence suggests that terrorists substitute between related events; this substitution primarily showed up in the short run.
The Impact of Trade Liberalisation on Economic Growth: Evidence from a Quantile Regression Analysis
Authors: Foster Neil 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYIndividual country experience with trade liberalisation has been mixed. This paper examines the relationship between liberalisation and growth for a sample of 75 liberalising countries. To consider the importance of heterogeneity in the growth response to liberalisation this paper employs quantile regression methods which allow the coefficient on liberalisation to vary across the conditional growth distribution. The results suggest that countries experiencing the lowest rates of growth benefit most from liberalisation. The results also suggest that while such countries benefit most in the long‐run they are the most likely to suffer from short‐run negative effects of liberalisation.
Has the Later Wittgenstein Accounted for Necessity?
Authors: Kalhat Javier 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn this paper, I argue against the later Wittgenstein's conventionalist account of necessity. I first show that necessary propositions and grammatical rules differ in ways that make an explanation of the former in terms of the latter inadequate. I then argue that even if Wittgenstein's account were adequate, the explanation of necessity it offers would still fail to be genuinely reductive of the modal notion.
Hertz, Wittgenstein and Philosophical Method1
Authors: Preston John 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThere have recently appeared claims that the influence Heinrich Hertz exerted over Wittgenstein's later work was far more abiding than previously recognised. I critically evaluate such claims by Gordon Baker and Allan Janik. I first show that Hertz was indeed concerned with the same feature, clarity, which often exercised Wittgenstein. But I then argue that Wittgenstein should not be seen as having adopted the conception of philosophical method, which Hertz deployed in The Principles of Mechanics. I show that Hertz ‘clarifies’ the concept of force only in the sense that he alters that concept, and that he is not using the sort of ‘contrastive’ methods characteristic of Wittgenstein's later works.
Surprise Endings: Cephalus and the Indispensable Teacher of Republic X1
Authors: McKee Patrick 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPlato imputes an important form of understanding to Cephalus in Book I of the Republic and revisits it at the end of Book X. Plato's astute observations of mental life in old age tie Cephalus’ conversation to the concept of “life review” in contemporary geriatric psychology. This provides the basis for an argument that Cephalus exemplifies the indispensable teacher described in Book X, and this raises interesting new epistemological and ethical issues. Finally, I ask why commentaries on the Republic have overlooked this theme, and argue that an ageist bias against Cephalus has distorted commentators’ reading of the text.
Legal Positivism and Legal Disagreements
Authors: MORESO JOSÉ JUAN 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis paper deals with the possibility of faultless disagreement in law. It does this by looking to other spheres in which faultless disagreement appears to be possible, mainly in matters of taste and ethics. Three possible accounts are explored: the realist account, the relativist account, and the expressivist account. The paper tries to show that in the case of legal disagreements, there is a place for an approach that can take into account our intuitions in the sense that legal disagreements are genuine and at times faultless.
Injustice in Robes: Iniquity and Judicial Accountability*
Authors: WACKS RAYMOND 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe paper addresses the question of judges' moral responsibility in an unjust society. How is the “moral” judge to reconcile his perception of justice with a malevolent law? Upon what grounds might judges, and perhaps other public officials, be held morally responsible for their acts or omissions? Does a positivist approach yield a more satisfactory resolution than a natural law or Dworkinian analysis? Could inclusive positivism offer any clues as to how this quandary might be judiciously resolved?
School Attainment, Completion, and Economic Development: A Cross‐Country Analysis
Authors: Chaudhuri Kausik , Maitra Pushkar 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe primary aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between school attainment, school completion, and economic development. In doing so it also examines the effect of other macroeconomic variables on school attainment and completion. Estimation is conducted using a panel dataset of 138 countries. Our results show that income levels, government expenditure on education, and political instability all have significant effects on school completion and attainment. In addition these variables have different effects on male and female schooling. Our results have important policy implications and in particular allow policymakers to identify different instruments to target the problem of non‐completion of schooling.
How to Increase R&D in Transition Economies? Evidence from Slovenia
Authors: Domadenik Polona , Prasnikar Janez , Svejnar Jan 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe recent initiative of the European Union Lisbon Agenda to increase levels of R&D investment is addressed by studying the determinants of R&D investment in one of the recent EU entrants, Slovenia. Previous empirical literature—mainly cross‐sectional in nature—has tested the demand–pull hypothesis and found that overall R&D expenses may be driven by output demand. We use a panel of more than 150 of the largest Slovene firms over the period 1996–2000, modeling firms' R&D behavior within an error‐correction framework and estimating it in a system GMM specification. While we find that sales have a significant role in inducing R&D expenditures, we also show that the availability of internal funds and wage bargaining represent important factors determining R&D expenses. Moreover, firms owned by insiders (workers and/or managers) and/or firms with dispersed ownership (small shareholders) display higher R&D investments than firms owned by privatization investment funds or by other firms.