bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ketogenic diet exhibits neuroprotective effects in hippocampus but fails to prevent epileptogenesis in the lithium‐pilocarpine model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy in adult rats
Authors: Linard Benjamin , Ferrandon Arielle , Koning Estelle , Nehlig Astrid , Raffo Emmanuel 
Published: July 2010

SummaryPurpose: Although the number of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) is increasing, none displays neuroprotective or antiepileptogenic properties that could prevent status epilepticus (SE)–induced drug‐resistant epilepsy. Ketogenic diet (KD) and calorie restriction (CR) are proposed as alternative treatments in epilepsy. Our goal was to assess the neuroprotective or antiepileptogenic effect of these diets in a well‐characterized model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy following initial SE induced by lithium‐pilocarpine in adult rats.Methods: Seventy‐five P50 male Wistar rats were fed a specific diet: normocalorie carbohydrate (NC), hypocalorie carbohydrate (HC), normocalorie ketogenic (NK), or hypocalorie ketogenic (HK). Rats were subjected to lithium‐pilocarpine SE, except six NC to constitute a control group for histology (C). Four rats per group were implanted with epidural electrodes to record electroencephalography (EEG) during SE and the next six following days. From the seventh day, the animals were video‐recorded 10 h daily to determine latency to epilepsy onset. Neuronal loss in hippocampus and parahippocampal cortices was analyzed 1 month after the first spontaneous seizure.Results: After lithium‐pilocarpine injection, neither KD nor CR modified SE features or latency to epilepsy. In hippocampal layers, KD or CR exhibited a neuroprotective potential without cooperative effect. Parahippocampal cortices were not protected by the diets.Conclusion: The antiepileptic effect of KD and/or CR is overwhelmed by lithium‐pilocarpine injection. The isolated protection of hippocampal layers induced by KD or CR or their association failed to modify the course of epileptogenesis.
Early cognitive development in children born to women with epilepsy: A prospective report
Authors: Bromley Rebecca L. , Mawer George , Love Jenna , Kelly James , Purdy Laura , McEwan Lauren , Briggs Maria , Smith Jill Clayton , Sin Xin , Baker Gus A 
Published: July 2010

SummaryPurpose:  In this prospective study the early cognitive development of children born to women with epilepsy (n = 198) was assessed and compared to a group of children representative of the general population (n = 230).Methods:  The children were assessed when younger than the age of 2 years using the Griffiths Mental Development Scales, either in their local participating hospital or in their home. The assessments were completed by an assessor who was blinded to whether the child’s mother had epilepsy and to antiepileptic drug type.Results:  Children exposed to sodium valproate had a statistically significant increased risk of delayed early development in comparison to the control children. Linear regression analysis showed a statistically significant effect of sodium valproate exposure on the child’s overall developmental level that was not accounted for by confounding variables. Delayed early development is also noted for children within an ad hoc group of less commonly utilized antiepileptic drugs, although conclusions cannot be drawn due to the size of this group (n = 13). Children exposed to either carbamazepine or lamotrigine in utero did not differ significantly in their overall developmental ability. Differences noted in specific developmental areas for these two groups were not statistically significant after the control for confounders such as socioeconomic status and maternal IQ.Discussion:  Women with epilepsy should be informed of the risks posed to their potential offspring prior to pregnancy to allow for informed decisions regarding treatment. Children exposed in utero to antiepileptic drugs should be monitored throughout childhood to allow for early intervention when necessary.
Epilepsy surgery in tuberous sclerosis complex: Emphasis on surgical candidate and neuropsychology
Authors: Liang Shuli , Li Anmin , Zhao Ming , Jiang Hong , Yu Suming , Meng Xiaolun , Sun Yajing 
Published: July 2010

SummaryPurpose:  To discuss neuropsychological outcome and candidate of epilepsy surgery for tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC).Methods:  To retrospectively analyze clinical data of 25 patients with TSC and epilepsy who underwent epilepsy surgery between 2001 and 2007. Seizure reduction was analyzed at 1‐year (1FU), 2‐year (2FU), and 5‐year (5FU) follow‐up visits after surgery, and outcomes of intelligence quotient (IQ) and quality of life (QOL) were evaluated at 2FU.Results:  Resective procedures included 14 tuber resections, 9 lobectomies, and 2 tuber resections and lobectomies. Corpus callosotomies (CCTs) were performed as the adjunctive approach in eight cases with low IQ and behavioral problems. The percentages of seizure‐free cases were 72% at 1FU, 60% at 2FU, and 54.5% at 5FU, and the factors predicting seizure freedom included the course of seizures and ages of patients. Significant improvement was found in performance IQ in patients with preoperative low IQ or CCT. Significant improvement in mean QOL score was observed in all patients, especially patients with preoperative low IQ and CCT but postoperative seizure freedom.Conclusion:  To be surgical candidates, patients with TSC and epilepsy should have identified epileptogenic tubers, and candidates should include patients with low IQ and multiple epileptogenic tubers. Satisfactory seizure control was often achieved with early operation, whereas improved QOL was observed frequently in postoperative seizure‐free patients. CCT could be performed as an adjunctive approach to resective operation for TSC patients with epilepsy and low IQ and render improvement of performance IQ and QOL.
Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of rapid initiation of topiramate versus phenytoin in patients with new‐onset epilepsy: A randomized double‐blind clinical trial
Authors: Ramsay Eugene , Faught Edward , Krumholz Allan , Naritoku Dean , Privitera Michael , Schwarzman Lesley , Mao Lian , Wiegand Frank , Hulihan Joseph ,   for the CAPSS‐272 Study Group
Published: July 2010

SummaryPurpose:  To evaluate topiramate (TPM) and phenytoin (PHT) monotherapy following rapid oral initiation in new‐onset epilepsy.Methods:  Randomized, double‐blind, 28‐day trial of TPM (100 mg/day beginning on day 1) versus PHT (1,000 mg on day 1 followed by 300 mg/day maintenance dosing) in 261 patients with new‐onset epilepsy. The primary end point was time to seizure, and the primary objective was to establish noninferiority of TPM to PHT in the risk of seizure.Results:  At day 28, the estimated seizure‐free rate was 81.1% for TPM treatment in comparison with 90.3% for PHT treatment. Noninferiority of TPM to PHT (primary objective) could not be established [hazard ratio (HR) 2.0, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.98 to 4.12, p = 0.366), and PHT could not be shown to be superior to TPM. A higher percentage discontinued with PHT compared to TPM for all reasons (21.1 vs. 12.8%) and due to adverse events (13.4 vs. 6.8%). The most common treatment‐related adverse events in both groups were dizziness, paresthesia, and somnolence. A post hoc analysis showed that TPM was superior to PHT in time to discontinuation (retention rate) for all causes (89.4% vs. 80.3%, p = 0.047).Conclusion:  This study was inconclusive in establishing noninferiority of TPM 100 mg/day compared to a standard regimen of oral PHT in seizure risk in this population of patients with new‐onset epilepsy. Given the superiority of TPM in overall retention and favorable tolerability without titration, it may nonetheless be an appropriate option in some patients with new‐onset epilepsy requiring rapid treatment initiation.
Imaging of P‐glycoprotein–mediated pharmacoresistance in the hippocampus: Proof‐of‐concept in a chronic rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Bartmann Hero , Fuest Christina , La Fougere Christian , Xiong Guoming , Just Theresa , Schlichtiger Juli , Winter Petra , Böning Guido , Wängler Björn , Pekcec Anton , Soerensen Jonna , Bartenstein Peter , Cumming Paul , Potschka Heidrun 
Published: July 2010

SummaryPurpose:  Based on experimental findings, overexpression of P‐glycoprotein at the blood–brain barrier has been suggested to be a contributor to pharmacoresistance of the epileptic brain. We test a technique for evaluation of interindividual differences of elevated transporter function, through microPET analysis of the impact of the P‐glycoprotein modulator tariquidar. The preclinical study is intended for eventual translation to clinical research of patients with pharmacoresistant seizure disorders.Methods:  We made a microPET evaluation of the effects of tariquidar on the brain kinetics of the P‐glycoprotein substrate [18F]MPPF in a rat model with spontaneous recurrent seizures, in which it has previously been demonstrated that phenobarbital nonresponders exhibit higher P‐glycoprotein expression than do phenobarbital responders.Results:  Mean baseline parametric maps of the [18F]MPPF unidirectional blood–brain clearance (K1; ml/g per min) and the efflux rate constant (k2; per min) did not differ between the nonresponder and responder group. Tariquidar pretreatment increased the magnitude of [18F]MPPF K1 in hippocampus by a mean of 142% in the nonresponders, which significantly exceeded the 92% increase observed in the responder group. The same treatment decreased the mean magnitude of [18F]MPPF k2 in hippocampus by 27% in nonresponders, without comparable effects in the responder group.Discussion:  These results constitute a proof‐of‐concept for a novel imaging approach to evaluate blood–brain barrier P‐glycoprotein function in animals. By extension, [18F]MPPF positron emission tomography (PET) with tariquidar pretreatment may be amenable for clinical applications exploring further the relevance of P‐glycoprotein overexpression, and for enabling the rational design of pharmacotherapy according to individual differences in P‐glycoprotein expression.
Loneliness and Emergency and Planned Hospitalizations in a Community Sample of Older Adults
Authors: Molloy Gerard J. , McGee Hannah M. , O'Neill Desmond , Conroy Ronan M. 
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVES: To examine whether loneliness is independently associated with emergency hospitalization and planned hospital inpatient admissions in a population sample of older adults.DESIGN: Nationally representative cross‐sectional interviews in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.SETTING: Private homes in the community.PARTICIPANTS: Randomly selected older people in the community (aged ≥65, N=2,033).MEASUREMENTS: Emergency hospitalization and planned hospital admissions.RESULTS: Eleven percent of the sample had an emergency hospitalization, and 15% had a planned hospital admission. Forty‐two percent reported being bothered by loneliness. A higher frequency of loneliness was associated with emergency hospitalization only (odds ratio=1.29, 95% confidence interval=1.08–1.55), and this association was independent of a range of potential confounders in multivariate analysis.CONCLUSION: In this community‐based sample of older adults, greater loneliness was independently associated with emergency hospitalization but not planned inpatient admissions.
Development of a Frailty Index for Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Freiheit Elizabeth A. , Hogan David B. , Eliasziw Misha , Meekes Miranda F. , Ghali William A. , Partlo Lisa A. , Maxwell Colleen J. 
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVES: To construct a brief frailty index for older patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing coronary angiography that includes physical, cognitive, and psychosocial criteria and accurately predicts future disability and decline in health‐related quality of life (HRQL).DESIGN: Prospective cohort.SETTING: An urban tertiary care hospital in Alberta, Canada.PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred seventy‐four patients aged 60 and older (73% male) undergoing cardiac catheterization for CAD between October 2003 and May 2007.MEASUREMENTS: Potential frailty criteria examined at baseline (before the procedure) included measures of balance, gait speed, cognition, self‐reported health, body mass index (BMI), depressive symptoms, and living alone. The outcomes assessed over 1 year were dependency in activities of daily living (ADLs) and HRQL.RESULTS: The five best‐fitting criteria from regression analyses for ADL decline were poor balance (risk ratio (RR)=2.4, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.4–4.0), abnormal BMI (RR=1.8, 95% CI=1.1–3.0), impaired Trail‐Making Test Part B performance (RR=2.3, 95% CI=1.3–4.2), depressive symptoms (RR=1.8, 95% CI=1.1–3.1), and living alone (RR=2.2, 95% CI=1.3–3.8). Using the five criteria as separate variables or as a summary frailty index yielded identical areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (0.76, 95% CI=0.66–0.84). Patients with three or more criteria (vs none) were at statistically significant greater risk for increased disability (RR=10.4, 95% CI=4.4–24.2) and decreased HRQL (RR=4.2, 95% CI=2.3–7.4) after 1 year.CONCLUSION: This brief frailty index including physical, cognitive, and psychosocial criteria was predictive of increased disability and decreased HRQL at 1 year in older patients with CAD undergoing angiography. This index may have applications for clinicians and researchers but requires further validation.
Cardiopulmonary Fitness Is Associated with Cognitive Performance in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Swardfager Walter , Herrmann Nathan , Marzolini Susan , Saleem Mahwesh , Kiss Alexander , Shammi Prathiba , Oh Paul I. , Lanctôt Krista L. 
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between cardiopulmonary fitness and cognitive performance in subjects with coronary artery disease (CAD).DESIGN: Cross‐sectional observational study.SETTING: Outpatient cardiac rehabilitation.PARTICIPANTS: Eighty‐one subjects with CAD.MEASUREMENTS: Cardiopulmonary fitness was assessed by measuring peak oxygen uptake (VO2Peak) in a standardized exercise stress test. The fraction of the predicted age and sex norm for VO2Peak was computed for each patient. A battery of neuropsychological tests including the Stroop, Trail‐Making Test Part B, Digit Symbol Coding, Revised Brief Visuospatial Memory Test, California Verbal Learning Test 2nd Edition, and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) was administered, from which composite Z‐scores were computed for tasks involving executive function and memory.RESULTS: Executive function, memory, and MMSE scores were correlated with VO2Peak, but only performance in the executive domain was independently associated with VO2Peak in multiple linear regression. In a multiple linear regression model controlling for potential clinical confounders, VO2Peak (β=.666, P<.001) and covariates accounted for 36% of the variance in executive function scores.CONCLUSION: Poorer VO2Peak is associated with poorer cognition, particularly executive function, in subjects with CAD independent of other cardiac risk factors. Cardiopulmonary fitness may be a protective factor for cognition in patients with CAD.
The Growth of Hospice Care in U.S. Nursing Homes
Authors: Miller Susan C. , Lima Julie , Gozalo Pedro L. , Mor Vincent 
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVES: To inform efforts aimed at reducing Medicare hospice expenditures by describing the longitudinal use of hospice care in nursing homes (NHs) and examining how hospice provider growth is associated with use.DESIGN: Longitudinal study using NH resident assessment (Minimum Data Set) and Medicare denominator and claims data for 1999 through 2006.SETTING: NHs in the 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia.PARTICIPANTS: Persons dying in U.S. NHs.MEASUREMENTS: Medicare beneficiaries dying in NHs, receipt of NH hospice, and lengths of hospice stay were identified. The number of hospices providing care in NHs was also identified, and a panel data fixed‐effect (within) regression analysis was used to examine how growth in providers affected hospice use.RESULTS: Between 1999 and 2006, the number of hospices providing care in NHs rose from 1,850 to 2,768, and rates of NH hospice use more than doubled (from 14% to 33%). With this growth came a doubling of mean lengths of stay (from 46 to 93 days) and a 14% increase in the proportion of NH hospice decedents with noncancer diagnoses (69% in 1999 to 83% in 2006). Controlling for time trends, for every 10 new hospice providers within a state, there was an average state increase of 0.58% (95% confidence interval=0.383–0.782) in NH hospice use. Much state variation in NH hospice use and growth was observed.CONCLUSION: Policy efforts to curb Medicare hospice expenditures (driven in part by provider growth) must consider the potentially negative effect of changes on access for dying (mostly noncancer) NH residents.
The Cross‐Sectional Relationship Between Body Mass Index, Waist–Hip Ratio, and Cognitive Performance in Postmenopausal Women Enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative
Authors: Kerwin Diana R. , Zhang Yinghua , Kotchen Jane Morley , Espeland Mark A. , Van Horn Linda , McTigue Kathleen M. , Robinson Jennifer G. , Powell Lynda , Kooperberg Charles , Coker Laura H. , Hoffmann Raymond 
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether body mass index (BMI) is independently associated with cognitive function in postmenopausal women and the relationship between body fat distribution as estimated by waist‐hip ratio (WHR).DESIGN: Cross‐sectional data analysis.SETTING: Baseline data from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) hormone trials.PARTICIPANTS: Eight thousand seven hundred forty‐five postmenopausal women aged 65 to 79 free of clinical evidence of dementia who completed the baseline evaluation in the WHI hormone trials.MEASUREMENTS: Participants completed a Modified Mini‐Mental State Examination (3MSE), health and lifestyle questionnaires, and standardized measurements of height, weight, body circumference, and blood pressure. Statistical analysis was performed of associations between 3MSE score, BMI, and WHR after controlling for known confounders.RESULTS: With the exception of smoking and exercise, vascular disease risk factors, including hypertension, waist measurement, heart disease, and diabetes mellitus, were significantly associated with 3MSE score and were included as covariables in subsequent analyses. BMI was inversely related to 3MSE score; for every 1‐unit increase in BMI, 3MSE score decreased 0.988 points (P<.001) after adjusting for age, education, and vascular disease risk factors. BMI had the most pronounced association with poorer cognitive functioning scores in women with smaller waist measurements. In women with the highest WHR, cognitive scores increased with BMI.CONCLUSION: Higher BMI was associated with poorer cognitive function in women with smaller WHR. Higher WHR, estimating central fat mass, was associated with higher cognitive function in this cross‐sectional study. Further research is needed to clarify the mechanism for this association.
Timepass: Youth, class, and time among unemployed young men in India
Authors: JEFFREY CRAIG 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTUnemployment among educated young men has become a central feature of globalization. In this article, I examine the experiences and strategies of unemployed young men in the north Indian city of Meerut. Many of these men complain that they are “just passing time” (doing “timepass”) in run‐down government universities. But they also use this idea of themselves in limbo to fashion novel cultures of masculinity that partially bridge caste divides. I use a discussion of these young men's predicament to argue for an ethnographically sensitive political‐economy approach to the study of youth, culture, and neoliberal transformation, one attuned to both the durability of social inequalities and counterintuitive cultural practice.
The making and muting of an indigenous media activist: Imagination and ideology in Charles Round Low Cloud's “Indian News”
Authors: ARNDT GRANT 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTIn this article, I examine an example of American Indian activism through the once‐dominant mass medium of the newspaper. I focus on Ho‐Chunk author Charles Round Low Cloud and his development of an “Indian News” column into a vehicle for activism against everyday forms of racial oppression in the 1930s and on the ways others involved in publishing his column used the medium to subvert his message. The analysis shows how nonindigenous actors can mute activist messages through practices designed to celebrate indigenous voices. I argue that both indigenous media activism and reactions against such activism rely on the “mediated imagination”: the mediation of the use and reception of media messages by cultural ideologies and by individual creativity. Recognition of the mediated imagination, therefore, complements efforts to understand how language and other semiotic ideologies shape interpretations of social reality. It also facilitates analysis of the potentials and limitations of indigenous activism that uses existing media technologies.
Building sustainable societies: A Swedish case study on the limits of reflexive modernization
Authors: ISENHOUR CINDY 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTEnvironmental problems have inspired a wide range of responses from citizens and states alike. My research focuses on Swedish individuals’ attempts to minimize perceived environmental risks via consumption practice. The growth of “sustainable consumerism” is often explained by generalized theories of reflexive modernization, but the Swedish case illustrates that many citizen‐consumers acting in the interest of sustainability are misunderstood by these popular explanations. Their perspectives and actions support the need for a more historically and locally grounded approach to sustainable consumerism in Sweden and elsewhere, one that not only recognizes individual choice but also takes into account considerations of power and history.
Swinging within the iron cage: Modernity, creativity, and embodied practice in American postsecondary jazz education
Authors: WILF EITAN 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTIn this article, I seek to contribute to the anthropology of embodied practice by asking, what would embodied practical mastery that mandates constant differentiation look like, and what would be its cultural and social determinants? In doing so, I draw on ethnographic fieldwork I conducted in a postsecondary jazz school in the United States. Through an exploration of how jazz educators cope with the paradoxical task of training the body and liberating it, I inquire into the challenge of negotiating the tension between the two key modernist ideas of rationalized schooling and Romantic creativity in contemporary institutional contexts.