bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SalmonellaVaccine Vectors Displaying Delayed Antigen SynthesisInVivoTo Enhance Immunogenicity
Authors: Wang Shifeng , Li Yuhua , Scarpellini Giorgio , Kong Wei , Shi HuoYing , Baek Chang-Ho , Gunn Bronwyn , Wanda Soo-Young , Roland Kenneth L. , Zhang Xin , Senechal-Willis Patti , Curtiss Roy 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTWe have developed a regulated delayed antigen synthesis (RDAS) system for use in recombinant attenuatedSalmonellavaccine (RASV) strains to enhance immune responses by reducing the adverse effects of high-level antigen synthesis. This system includes a chromosomal repressor gene,lacI, expressed from the arabinose-regulatedaraCPBADpromoter. LacI serves to regulate expression from a plasmid promoter, Ptrc, that directs antigen synthesis. In the presence of arabinose LacI is produced, which binds to Ptrc, blocking antigen synthesis.In vivo, an arabinose-poor environment, the concentration of LacI decreases with each cell division, allowing increased antigen synthesis. To optimize the system and for comparison, we altered thelacIribosome-binding site, start codon, and/or codon content to construct RDAS strains χ9095, χ9959, and χ9241, synthesizing from low to high levels of LacI, respectively, and non-RDAS strain χ9555 as a control. We evaluated this system with two test antigens, the green fluorescent protein for initialin vitroassessment and theStreptococcus pneumoniaePspA protein for validation of our system in mice. All RASV strains expressing PspA generated high antilipopolysaccharide antibody titers, indicating that expression oflacIdid not interfere with the capacity to induce an immune response. Strain χ9241 induced significantly higher anti-PspA IgG and IgA antibody titers than strain χ9555, which expressed PspA constitutively. Anti-PspA antibody titers were inversely correlated to the level of LacI synthesis. Strain χ9241 also induced significantly greater protective efficacy against challenge with virulentS. pneumoniae. These results suggest that regulated delayed antigen synthesis is useful for improving immunogenicity of RASV strains.
Development and Validation of an
In Vivo Candida albicans
Biofilm Denture Model
Authors: Nett Jeniel E. , Marchillo Karen , Spiegel Carol A. , Andes David R. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

The most common form of oral candidiasis, denture-associated stomatitis, involves biofilm growth on an oral prosthetic surface. Cells in this unique environment are equipped to withstand host defenses and survive antifungal therapy. Studies of the biofilm process on dentures have primarily been limited to
in vitro
models. We developed a rodent acrylic denture model and characterized the
Candida albicans
and mixed oral bacterial flora biofilm formation, architecture, and drug resistance
in vivo
, using time course quantitative culture experiments, confocal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and antifungal susceptibility assays. We also examined the utility of the model for measurement of
C. albicans
gene expression and tested the impact of a specific gene product (Bcr1p) on biofilm formation. Finally, we assessed the mucosal host response to the denture biofilm and found the mucosal histopathology to be consistent with that of acute human denture stomatitis, demonstrating fungal invasion and neutrophil infiltration. This current oral denture model mimics human denture stomatitis and should be useful for testing the impact of gene disruption on biofilm formation, studying the impact of anti-infectives, examining the biology of mixed
Candida
-oral bacterial flora biofilm infections, and characterizing the host immunologic response to this disease process.
Wall-rock structure at the present contact surfaces between repeatedly deformed thrust sheets, Grenville Orogen of central Ontario, Canada
Authors: Schwerdtner Walfried M. , Lu Sheng J. , Yang Jack F. 
Published: July 2010

In the Central Gneiss Belt of the Grenville Orogen (Ontario), ca. 1020 Ma, extensional shearing, disharmonic buckle folding, and seismic faulting at middle to upper crustal levels affected the geological structure of pre-1040 Ma, ductile-thrust sheets. Because much of the repeated in situ deformation was mechanically discontinuous, the present contacts between thrust sheets may not coincide at all localities with the original thrust surfaces. We focused special attention on the basal contact of the Parry Sound domain, whose synformal structure may have resulted from gravitational subsidence of its dense rocks immediately after ductile thrusting. East of Wahwashkesh Lake, a transverse gradient of total strain is absent on horizontal scales of 100–1000 m in lithologically uniform granite gneiss comprising the uppermost western footwall of the northern Parry Sound domain. This contrasts with the steep transverse-strain gradients documented by others, on the same scale, in the wall rocks of Phanerozoic ductile thrusts. We hypothesize that ductile or brittle extension faulting may have removed a 10–20 km long sole-thrust segment at the western flank of the northern Parry Sound domain, together with severely strained rocks of the original uppermost footwall, from the level of the current erosion surface. Within the Parry Sound domain, by contrast, most if not all of the original footwall of the 1160 Ma Mill Lake thrust seems to be preserved at the presently exposed contact surface between the allochthonous basal and interior Parry Sound assemblages.
Consistent patterns of maturity and density-dependent growth among populations of walleye (Sander vitreus): application of the growing degree-day metric
Authors: Venturelli Paul A. , Lester Nigel P. , Marshall Terry R. , Shuter Brian J. 
Published: July 2010

Growing degree-days (GDD, °C·days) are an index of ambient thermal energy that relates directly to an ectotherm’s cumulative metabolism but is rarely used to describe growth and development in fish. We applied GDD to length and maturity data from 416 populations of walleye ( Sander vitreus ) from Ontario and Quebec, Canada (mean annual GDD = 1200 to 2300 °C·days). On average, males matured after they had experienced 6900 °C·days and reached 350 mm total length (L) (n = 77 populations), and females matured after 10 000 °C·days and at 450 mm L (n = 70). Across 143 populations, GDD accounted for up to 96% of the variation in the length of immature walleye but also revealed a twofold difference in growth rate that was indicative of variation in food availability. When applied to data from eight populations in which walleye abundances have changed dramatically over time, GDD revealed a 1.3-fold increase in immature growth rate when abundance was low compared with when it was high. Our results both demonstrate the explanatory power of GDD with respect to fish growth and maturity and inform the development of regional management strategies for walleye.
Abundance and distribution of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) nearshore of Cape Shirreff, Livingston Island, Antarctica, during six austral summers between 2000 and 2007
Authors: Warren Joseph D. , Demer David A. 
Published: July 2010

Abundance and distribution of Antarctic krill ( Euphausia superba ) in the nearshore waters north of Livingston Island, Antarctica, were characterized from six small-boat surveys conducted in late January or early February from 2000 to 2007. The first three surveys (2000, 2002, 2004) were conducted using a 120 kHz split-beam echosounder to measure water column acoustic backscatter. The last three surveys (2005–2007) were conducted using 38 kHz and 200 kHz single-beam echosounders. A portion of the acoustic backscatter was attributed to Antarctic krill based on the results of net tows, underwater video observations, and a multiple-frequency acoustic classification algorithm. The annual mean krill biomass density in the survey area ranged from 11 to 84 g·m–2. Results are compared with the western Scotia Sea area of the US Antarctic Marine Living Resources (AMLR) program’s acoustic surveys of krill biomass density for the same years. Nearshore krill biomass densities were significantly larger (t test, p < 0.05), more stable, and the coefficients of variation were smaller than the much larger AMLR surveys. Increased competition between seals, penguins, and humans for the nearshore krill resource, especially during the austral summer months, could impact the recruitment success of these land-based krill predators. Implications of nearshore krill biomass on small-scale management units are discussed.
Contemporary and historical patterns of connectivity among populations of an inland river fish species inferred from genetics and otolith chemistry
Authors: Woods Ryan J. , Macdonald Jed I. , Crook David A. , Schmidt Daniel J. , Hughes Jane M. 
Published: July 2010

Patterns of dispersal in riverine populations of Australian smelt ( Retropinna semoni ) were examined using otolith chemistry (Mg:Ca, Mn:Ca, Sr:Ca, Ba:Ca) and genetic markers (allozymes, mtDNA, microsatellite DNA). During a period of prolonged low flows, young-of-year smelt were collected from 13 streams within three catchments of the southern Murray–Darling Basin, Australia. Spatial differences in otolith core and edge chemical signatures and high levels of genetic assignment to sampling locations were observed, suggesting that most recruits were retained in natal areas after spawning. Following a subsequent period of hydrological connection, the same cohort was sampled as 1-year-olds. Maximum likelihood estimation using otolith core chemistry data from these fish suggested that retention in natal areas was highly variable between years and a similar, though less pronounced, pattern was evident in genetic assignments. Partitioning of genetic variation among catchments was not significant (FCT < 0.004) and probably reflects disequilibrium between migration and genetic drift due to an historical population expansion (~270 000 years ago). Taken together, otolith chemistry and genetic analyses suggest that contemporary dispersal of smelt within these catchments is relatively restricted and may be mediated by changes in hydrological connectivity.
Long-term functional group recovery of lotic macroinvertebrates from logging disturbance
Authors: Ely Damon T. , Wallace J. Bruce 
Published: July 2010

Clear-cut logging rapidly affects stream macroinvertebrates through substantial alteration of terrestrial–aquatic resource linkages; however, lesser known are the long-term influences of forest succession on benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages, which play key roles in stream ecosystem function. We compared secondary production and standing crops of detritus in two mountain headwater streams within Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, North Carolina, USA, as part of a long-term, paired-watershed investigation of macroinvertebrate recovery from whole-catchment logging. Mean annual habitat-weighted abundance and biomass in the disturbed stream (catchment entirely logged 26 years prior) did not differ from that of the reference stream, and secondary production was only 0.8 g ash-free dry mass (AFDM)·m–2·year–1 greater in the disturbed stream (disturbed, 10.1; reference, 9.3). Taxonomic composition, shredder–scraper ratios, and North Carolina biotic index scores were more similar between streams than in previous years. However, mean annual standing crops of benthic organic matter (BOM) were much lower in the disturbed stream (167 g AFDM·m–2) than in the reference stream (339 g AFDM·m–2), and the disturbed stream supported greater macroinvertebrate biomass per unit BOM. We suggest that despite similarities in macroinvertebrate structure and function, past logging activity continues to influence consumer–resource relationships in the disturbed stream through enhanced resource quality.
Effects of temperature and elemental concentration on the chemical composition of juvenile yellow perch (Perca flavescens) otoliths
Authors: Collingsworth Paris D. , Van Tassell Jason J. , Olesik John W. , Marschall Elizabeth A. 
Published: July 2010

Otolith microchemistry studies assume that a relationship exists between the concentration of trace elements in the environment and otolith chemical composition. Although this assumption has been tested using marine and estuarine fish in controlled laboratory experiments, the relationships among temperature, ambient elemental concentration, and otolith chemical composition for freshwater species is not well documented. Here, juvenile yellow perch ( Perca flavescens ) were reared under different concentrations of four elements (Ba, Mg, Mn, and Sr) crossed with three temperatures (10 °C, 15 °C, and 20 °C) to determine the interactive influence of ambient elemental concentrations and temperature on otolith chemical composition. Sr:Ca and Ba:Ca were significantly related to ambient elemental concentrations, but Mg:Ca and Mn:Ca were not. Although the relative influence of temperature was less than that of ambient elemental concentrations, Sr:Ca, Ba:Ca, and Mn:Ca were all influenced by either water temperature or the interaction between temperature and elemental concentration, but the direction of the temperature effect differed for each element. Patterns in our partition coefficients are consistent with the idea that uptake of strontium facilitates uptake of barium. Overall, yellow perch otolith element composition was influenced primarily by ambient Sr and Ba concentrations, but temperature could potentially confound the results of otolith microchemistry studies.
Wintertime ocean conditions synchronize rockfish growth and seabird reproduction in the central California Current ecosystem
Authors: Black Bryan A. , Schroeder Isaac D. , Sydeman William J. , Bograd Steven J. , Lawson Peter W. 
Published: July 2010

Chronologies developed from annual growth-increment widths of splitnose rockfish ( Sebastes pinniger ) and yelloweye rockfish ( Sebastes ruberrimus ) otoliths were compared with time series of lay date and fledgling success for the common murre ( Uria aalge ) and Cassin’s auklet ( Ptychoramphus aleuticus ) in the north-central California Current. All time series were exactly dated and spanned 1972 through 1994. In a principal components analysis, the leading principal component (PC1bio) accounted for 64% of the variance in the data set. By entering the upwelling index, the Northern Oscillation index, sea surface temperatures, and the multivariate ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) index into principal components analysis, a time series of environmental variability PC1env was developed for each month of the year. Over the interval 1972 through 1994, PC1bio most strongly correlated with PC1env for February and, to a lesser extent, January and March. Moreover, when each of the six biological time series was related to the 12 PC1env through stepwise multiple regression, February was always the most significant (p < 0.01). The same was true if upwelling index was substituted for PC1env. As upper-trophic predators, rockfish and seabirds independently corroborate that wintertime ocean conditions are critical for productivity in the California Current ecosystem.
On the “elastic” stiffness in a high-cycle accumulation model for sand: a comparison of drained and undrained cyclic triaxial tests
Authors: Wichtmann Torsten , Niemunis Andrzej , Triantafyllidis Theodor 
Published: July 2010

High-cycle accumulation (HCA) models may be used for the prediction of settlements or stress relaxation in soils due to a large number of cycles (N > 103) with a relatively small-strain amplitude (εampl < 10−3). This paper presents a discussion of the elastic stiffness, [Formula: see text], used in the basic constitutive equation of an HCA model, [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the trend of effective stress, [Formula: see text] is the trend of strain, [Formula: see text] is the rate of strain accumulation, and [Formula: see text] is the plastic strain rate. [Formula: see text] interrelates the “trends” of stress and strain evolution. For the experimental assessment of the bulk modulus, [Formula: see text], the rate of pore-water pressure accumulation, [Formula: see text], in undrained cyclic triaxial tests and the rate of volumetric strain accumulation, [Formula: see text], in drained cyclic tests have been compared. The pressure-dependent bulk modulus, K, was quantified from 15 pairs of drained and undrained tests with different consolidation pressures and stress amplitudes. It is demonstrated that both the curves [Formula: see text] in the drained tests and u(N) in the undrained tests are well predicted by the authors’ HCA model if the elastic stiffness is determined using the method described in the present paper. A simplified determination of K from the unloading and reloading curve in an oedometric compression test is discussed.
Novel lariat calix[4]-1,3-aza-crowns with two branched chains — The excellent phase transfer catalysts for nucleophilic substitution reaction
Authors: Yang Fafu , Wang Yanhua , Guo Hongyu , Xie Jianwei , Liu Zhiqiang 
Published: July 2010

By reacting calix[4]-1,3-diethoxylaminoethyl derivative (2) with phenyl isothiocyanate, novel dendritic calix[4]arene derivative (3) with two different branched chains was synthesized in a yield of 78%. By reacting compound 2 with 1,6-diisocyanatohexane or N,N′-bis(2-chloracetamide)ethylene in a “1 + 1” intermolecular addition mode, novel lariat calix[4]-1,3-aza-crowns (4 and 5, respectively) with two branched ethoxyl chains were prepared in reasonable yields. The composition, structures, and conformations of all new compounds were confirmed by elemental analyses, IR, ESI-MS, 1H NMR, and so forth. The liquid–liquid extraction experiments showed that all new hosts possessed good extraction abilities towards soft and hard metal cations. The liquid membrane transport experiments suggested that they had good transport abilities for K+ and Ag+. The experiments of phase transfer catalysis indicated that they possessed excellent catalytic properties of aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction and benzyl nucleophilic substitution. The optimum yields of products in catalytic reaction were as high as approximately 100%.
TESTING FOR REMAINING AUTOCORRELATION OF THE RESIDUALS IN THE FRAMEWORK OF FUZZY RULE-BASED TIME SERIES MODELLING
Authors: AZNARTE JOSÉ LUIS , MEDEIROS MARCELO C. , BENÍTEZ JOSÉ M. 
Published: July 2010

In time series analysis remaining autocorrelation in the errors of a model implies that it is failing to properly capture the structure of time-dependence of the series under study. This can be used as a diagnostic checking tool and as an indicator of the adequacy of the model.Through the study of the errors of the model in the Lagrange Multiplier testing framework, in this paper we derive (and validate using simulated and real world examples) a hypothesis test which allows us to determine if there is some left autocorrelation in the error series. This represents a new diagnostic checking tool for fuzzy rule-based modelling of time series and is an important step towards statistically sound modelling strategy for fuzzy rule-based models.
CATEGORY OF M-ALGEBRAS AND INTERNAL HOMOMORPHISMS
Authors: Ebrahimi M. M. , Mahmoudi M. 
Published: July 2010

Recall that for (universal) algebras A and B in a category [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] is usually an external object, in the sense that it is just a set and is neither an algebra nor an (internal) object of the base category [Formula: see text]. Ebrahimi introduced an object [A, B] inside [Formula: see text] to be the best counterpart of Hom(A, B), for universal algebras A, B in a Grothendieck topos [Formula: see text]. In this paper, taking a monoid M and an equational category of algebras [Formula: see text], we introduce the category [Formula: see text] of universal algebras in the category [Formula: see text], of sets with an action of a monoid M, together with members of [A, B], called internal homomorphisms, as the M-set of homomorphisms from A to B. We study some algebraic and categoric ingredients, monomorphisms, epimorphisms, limits and colimits, of the category [Formula: see text]. Among other things, we show that in this category equalizers do not exist in general while all colimits exist.
The Efficacy of the Novel Dual PI3-Kinase/mTOR Inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 Compared with Rapamycin in Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Cho Daniel C. , Cohen Matthew B. , Panka David J. , Collins Michael , Ghebremichael Musie , Atkins Michael B. , Signoretti Sabina , Mier James W. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Purpose: Inhibitors of TORC1 have been shown to be active in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). As the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway activates numerous other kinases, transcription factors, and proteins associated with cell growth and survival besides mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), disruption of this pathway upstream of mTOR may be more effective than inhibition of TORC1 alone.
Experimental Design: To investigate this possibility, the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 was compared with rapamycin in RCC cell lines and xenografts generated from 786-O and A498 cells.
Results: Treatment of RCC cell lines with NVP-BEZ235 in vitro resulted in the nuclear translocation of p27, greater reduction in tumor cell proliferation, and more complete suppression of Akt, Mnk-1, eIF4E, and 4EBP-1 phosphorylation and cyclin D1 and hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF2α) expression than that achieved with rapamycin. The reduction of HIF2α levels correlated with reduced HIF activity as determined by luciferase assay. NVP-BEZ235 induced growth arrest in both the 786-O and A498 xenografts that was associated with inhibition of Akt and S6 phosphorylation as well as the induction of apoptosis and reduction in markers of tumor cell proliferation. In contrast, rapamycin induced only minimal growth retardation.
Conclusion: Dual inhibition of PI3K/mTOR with NVP-BEZ235 induced growth arrest in RCC cell lines both in vitro and in vivo more effectively than inhibition of TORC1 alone. These results provide the rationale for the clinical assessment of agents such as NVP-BEZ235 in patients with advanced RCC. Clin Cancer Res; 16(14); 3628–38. ©2010 AACR.
Effective Therapeutic Targeting of the Overexpressed HER-2 Receptor in a Highly Metastatic Orthotopic Model of Esophageal Carcinoma
Authors: Gros Stephanie J. , Kurschat Nina , Dohrmann Thorsten , Reichelt Uta , Dancau Ana-Maria , Peldschus Kersten , Adam Gerhard , Hoffman Robert M. , Izbicki Jakob R. , Kaifi Jussuf T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study aimed to determine the targeted efficacy of trastuzumab (Herceptin) on human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2)-overexpressing metastatic esophageal cancer in an orthotopic mouse model. HER-2 overexpression and amplification of human esophageal primary and metastatic tumors were shown with HER-2–fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis and HER-2 immunostaining. Following orthotopic implantation with the HER-2–overexpressing OE19 human esophageal cancer cell line, mice were treated with trastuzumab. Sequential magnetic resonance imaging was used to monitor primary tumor and metastasis during treatment. After six weeks, a significant inhibition of primary tumor development was imaged in trastuzumab-treated animals in comparison with the control group. Trastuzumab treatment also led to a reduction of lymphatic metastasis. Thus, HER-2 targeted therapy with trastuzumab resulted in a significant primary tumor growth reduction as well as a decrease of lymph node metastases in the orthotopic model of metastatic esophageal carcinoma. The results of the present study suggest the clinical use of trastuzumab for HER-2–overexpressing esophageal cancer, which is a significant fraction of the patient population. Treatment of this highly treatment-resistant disease with trastuzumab in the adjuvant setting to prevent lymph node metastasis after primary tumor resection is suggested by the data in this report. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(7); 2037–45. ©2010 AACR.