bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Range‐wide genetic population structure of common pochard (Aythya ferina): a potentially important vector of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses
Authors: Liu Yang , Keller Irene , Heckel Gerald 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAn understanding of the distribution and spatial structure of the natural vectors of zoonothic pathogens is of interest for effective disease control and prevention. Here, we investigate the range‐wide population genetic structure of common pochard (Aythya ferina), a long‐distance migratory duck and potential vector of highly pathogenic avian influenza. We collected several hundred samples from breeding and wintering grounds across Eurasia including some H5N1‐positive individuals and generated partial sequences of the mitochondrial control region and multilocus microsatellite genotypes. Genetic differentiation among breeding populations was significant for both marker types but higher for maternally inherited mtDNA than for biparentally inherited nuclear markers. There was only weak genetic divergence between ducks sampled in Europe and East Asia, and genetic differentiation between populations was not generally associated with geographical distance. No evidence of genetic substructure was detected for ducks sampled on the European wintering grounds. Our results suggest limited breeding‐site fidelity, especially in females, but extensive population admixture on the wintering grounds. The specific role of pochards as natural vectors of zoonotic pathogens and in particular H5N1 remains to be clarified but our results point to wintering grounds as potential hotspots for disease transmission.
New Cd Thio‐ and Selenocyanato Coordination Compounds and Their Impact on the Structures and Reactivity of Their Paramagnetic Counterparts
Authors: Boeckmann Jan , Jeß Inke , Reinert Thorben , Näther Christian 
Published: November 2011

AbstractTreatment of cadmium(II) thio‐ and selenocyanate with pyridazine leads to the formation of new cadmium(II)thiocyanato and selenocyanato coordination compounds [Cd(NCS)2(pyridazine)4] (1A), [Cd(NCSe)2(pyridazine)3]n (2A), [Cd(NCS)2(pyridazine)2]n (1B), [Cd(NCSe)2(pyridazine)2]n (2B) and [Cd(NCS)2(pyridazine)]n (1C) which were characterised by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Investigations of the thermal degradation behaviour of 1A and 2A using simultaneous differential thermoanalysis and thermogravimetry as well as X‐ray powder diffraction, IR‐ and Raman spectroscopy prove that on heating, the pyridazine‐rich compounds 1A and 2A decompose in a stepwise manner leading in the first TG step to the formation of the pyridazine‐deficient compounds [Cd(NCS)2(pyridazine)2]n (1B) and [Cd(NCSe)2(pyridazine)2]n (2B) as intermediates. While the selenocyanato compound decomposes on further heating, for the thiocyanato compound an additional TG step is observed, in which a pyridazine‐deficient 1:1 compound of composition [Cd(NCS)2(pyridazine)]n (1C) is formed. The structures and thermal reactivity are discussed and compared with that of related transition metal thiocyanato and selenocyanato coordination compounds with pyridine and pyrazine as the coligand. More importantly, on the basis of these investigations, the hitherto unknown structures of the ligand‐deficient paramagnetic counterparts were determined.
Snapshots of a Reversible Metal–Ligand Two‐Electron Transfer Step Involving Compounds Related by Multiple Types of Isomerism
Authors: Tejel Cristina , Asensio Laura , Pilar del Río M. , de Bruin Bas , López José A. , Ciriano Miguel A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAn unusual and very fast equilibrium between two isomers, [(cod)Rh–I{(bpa – 2H)0}IrI(cod)][rlhar2][(cod)RhI{(bpa – 2H)2–}IrI(cod)], which simultaneously display multiple types of isomerism: ligand–metal redox (electromerism), linkage, bond‐stretch and ring‐slippage isomerism, has been studied by NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations. Both isomers have been isolated by making rational use of their thermodynamic parameters (ΔH° = +1.93 kcal mol–1; ΔS° = +7.8 cal mol–1 K–1), and have been characterized by X‐ray diffraction methods. The equilibrium that involves a two‐electron exchange between a redox noninnocent ligand, which transforms from a deprotonated amido form into an imine, and a metal that is reduced, could elucidate a thus far obscure step in the oxidative dehydrogenation of amines to imines.
Potential of time‐lapse photography of snow for hydrological purposes at the small catchment scale
Authors: Parajka Juraj , Haas Peter , Kirnbauer Robert , Jansa Josef , Blöschl Günter 
Published: November 2011

AbstractTime‐lapse photography provides an attractive source of information about snow cover characteristics, especially at the small catchment scale. The objective of this study was to design and test a monitoring system, which allows multi‐resolution observations of snow cover characteristics. The main aim was to simultaneously investigate the spatio‐temporal patterns of snow cover, snow depth and snowfall interception in the area very close to the camera, and the spatio‐temporal patterns of snow cover in the far range. The multi‐resolution design was tested at three sites in the eastern part of the Austrian Alps (Hochschwab‐Rax region). Digital photographs were taken at hourly time steps between 6:00 and 18:00 in the period November, 2004 to December, 2006. The results showed that the time‐lapse photography allows effective mapping of the snow depths at high temporal resolution in the region close to the digital camera at many snow stake locations. It is possible to process a large number of photos by using an automatic procedure for accurate snow depth readings. The digital photographs can also be used to infer the settling characteristics of the snow pack and snow interception during the day. Although it is not possible to directly estimate the snow interception mass, the photos may indeed give very useful information on the snow processes on and beneath the forest canopy. The main advantage of using time‐lapse photography in the far range of the digital camera is to observe the spatio‐temporal patterns of snow cover over different landscape configurations. The results illustrate that digital photographs can be very useful for parameterising processes such as sloughing on steep slopes, snow deposition in gullies and snow erosion on mountain ridges in a distributed snow model. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solvent‐free synthesis of 2H‐pyrans: One‐pot reactions of dithiocarbamates, alkyl propiolates, and isocyanides
Authors: Hossaini Zinatossadat , Rostami‐Charatib Faramarz , Hajinasiria Rahimeh , Jafaryanc Hojatollah , Shahrakid Mehdi 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA novel, convenient, and an efficient approach to the synthesis of 2H‐pyrans has been reported based on the multicomponent reaction. Solvent‐free condition for the reaction of dithiocarbamates, alkyl propiolates and isocyanides lead to the formation of 2H‐pyrans in good yields. In these reactions, synthesis of 2H‐pyrans is possible based on the one‐pot reaction and without using any catalyst. The mild reaction conditions and high yields of the products exhibit the good synthetic advantage of these methods. J. Heterocyclic Chem., lpar;2011).
Vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus bacteremia: An evaluation of treatment with linezolid or daptomycin
Authors: Twilla Jennifer D. , Finch Chris K. , Usery Justin B. , Gelfand Michael S. , Hudson Joanna Q. , Broyles Joyce E. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Due to high rates of resistance and a limited number of efficacious antimicrobials for vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus (VRE), appropriate antibiotic selection is vital to treatment success. The purpose of this study was to assess clinical and microbiologic outcomes associated with the use of linezolid or daptomycin in the treatment of VRE bacteremia.METHODS:A retrospective analysis of adult patients with VRE bacteremia between January 2004 and July 2009 was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in the United States. Clinical and microbiologic outcomes for both therapies were evaluated using multiple criteria.RESULTS:Of the 361 patients with VRE bacteremia identified, 201 were included in the study (linezolid group, n = 138; daptomycin group, n = 63). More patients in the daptomycin group had hematologic malignancies (33% vs 14%) or received liver transplants (13% vs 4%). There was no difference in clinical or microbiologic cure between the linezolid and daptomycin groups (74% vs 75% and 94% vs 94%, respectively). Recurrence was documented in 3% of linezolid patients vs 12% of daptomycin patients (P = 0.0321). Reinfection was noted in 1% of patients in the linezolid group vs 6% of patients in the daptomycin group (P not significant). The average length of stay (LOS) was 37 days for the linezolid group vs 40 days for the daptomycin group (P not significant). Overall mortality was 20%, occurring in 25/138 linezolid patients vs 15/63 daptomycin patients (P not significant).CONCLUSIONS:No differences in clinical or microbiologic cure rates, LOS, or mortality were identified between the groups. Various factors may have contributed to the significantly higher recurrence of VRE bacteremia in daptomycin patients. This study suggests that linezolid and daptomycin appear equally efficacious in the treatment of VRE bacteremia. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2011;. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Annual change in Friedreich's ataxia evaluated by the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA) is independent of disease severity
Authors: Marelli Cecilia , Figoni Julie , Charles Perrine , Anheim Mathieu , Tchikviladze Maya , Vincitorio Carlo‐Maria , du Montcel Sophie Tezenas , Brice Alexis , Golmard Jean Louis , Dürr Alexandra 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackground:The objective of the study was to evaluate the sensitivity to change of the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (score, 0–40) in Friedreich's ataxia.Methods:This was a follow‐up study in adult patients with genetically confirmed Friedreich's ataxia evaluated at least twice (minimum interval, 6 months). Participants were outpatients at the Center for Neurogenetics of the Pitie‐Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris.Results:We included 84 patients; 60% had 3 or more evaluations. The mean score on first assessment was 22.7 ± 9, and the mean follow‐up was 1.84 ± 1.10 years. The mean increase was 1.36 ± 2.3 points/year; this variation was not significantly linked to factors known to influence disease severity such as age at onset, disease duration, GAA expansion length, and wheelchair use.Conclusions:In adult Friedreich's ataxia patients the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia can detect annual changes independently of disease severity. In future therapeutic trials no patient stratification is globally required. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Prefrontal alterations in Parkinson's disease with levodopa‐induced dyskinesia during fMRI motor task
Authors: Cerasa Antonio , Pugliese Pierfrancesco , Messina Demetrio , Morelli Maurizio , Cecilia Gioia Maria , Salsone Maria , Novellino Fabiana , Nicoletti Giuseppe , Arabia Gennarina , Quattrone Aldo 
Published: November 2011

AbstractLevodopa‐induced dyskinesia represents disabling complication of long‐term therapy with dopaminergic drugs in treating Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently, our group demonstrated that PD patients with levodopa‐induced dyskinesia were characterized by abnormal volumetric changes in the inferior prefrontal gyrus. In this study, the functional relevance of this structural abnormality was explored using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Ten dyskinetic PD patients and 10 nondyskinetic PD patients were studied in the OFF phase with functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing externally and internally triggered visuomotor tasks. Although neither group demonstrated behavioral differences during execution of motor tasks, magnetic resonance imaging analysis detected significant changes in target cortical regions. In particular, PD patients with levodopa‐induced dyskinesia showed significant overactivity in the supplementary motor area and underactivity in the right inferior prefrontal gyrus during execution of both tasks when compared with PD patients without levodopa‐induced dyskinesia. Moreover, these prefrontal functional alterations were significantly correlated with Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale scores. This functional magnetic resonance imaging study together with our previous volumetric findings highlights the role of the prefrontal cortex in the neuronal mechanisms of dyskinesia. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Avian Remains from Khonkho Wankane, an Urban and Ceremonial Center in the Southern Lake Titicaca Altiplano
Authors: Pokines J. T. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThe urban and ceremonial center Khonkho Wankane flourished in the southern Lake Titicaca Altiplano region during the Late Formative prior to the rise of Tiwanaku as a dominant urban center. This site yielded an avifaunal number of identified specimens (NISP) = 631, with a minimum of 26 taxa represented among 539 skeletal elements or fragments. A total of 92 egg shell fragments also were recovered. The avifauna inhabited two major ecological zones: Lake Titicaca, its margins/wetlands and other water margins; and the dry Altiplano grassland (or puna). Lake/wetland taxa include Phoenicopterus chilensis (Chilean flamingo), Nycticorax nycticorax (night heron) and multiple taxa in the Order Anseriformes (ducks, geese, etc.) including Chloephaga melanoptera (Andean goose), Anas georgica (yellow‐billed pintail), A. flavirostris (speckled teal) and Oxyura jamaicensis (Andean ruddyduck). Also present are Fulica ardesiaca (Andean coot), Gallinago andina (puna snipe), Himantopus mexicanus (black‐necked stilt) and Charadrius alticola (puna plover). Puna taxa include Nothoprocta cf. ornata (ornate tinamou), Nothura cf. darwinii (Darwin's nothura), Metropelia sp. (ground doves), Athene cunicularia (burrowing owl), and multiple Passeriformes (songbirds, etc.). Taxa with a cosmopolitan distribution include Falco cf. femoralis (aplomado falcon) and Tyto alba (barn owl). Taphonomic analysis indicates that the avifauna were used in ceremonial contexts, including multiple Falco cf. femoralis burials, and for dietary and possibly tool‐making purposes. Other sources of introduction into the site deposits likely include natural mortality of taxa directly inhabiting the site area.These findings are compared to the avifauna recovered from the Formative site of Chiripa along the Lake Titicaca margin, which included a much higher proportion of lake bird fauna. At Khonkho Wankane, the importance of wetland avifauna may have been enhanced by the alteration of the local environment to include qochas, or artificial reservoirs/ponds, and continued despite reliance upon multiple domesticated plant and mammal species. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
WORSE THAN EXPECTED? A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DONOR PROLIFERATION AND AID FRAGMENTATION
Authors: Schulpen Lau , Loman Bart , Kinsbergen Sara 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYThe aid system itself is regarded by many as a major problem of present‐day development cooperation causing substantial transaction costs for recipients. Particularly, the expansion of bilateral and multilateral donors and the way they spread their aid money over many recipients, projects and sectors is seen as being at the base of these supply‐side problems. This article contributes to the discussion by bringing for the first time the non‐governmental organisation channel into the equation based on a data set of 73 Dutch non‐governmental organisations. Besides, it calls attention to the ‘philanthropist’ channel and shows that fragmentation and proliferation are not restricted to official aid agencies but constitute an aid channel–wide problem. This also means that solutions to this problem can no longer be restricted to only part of the aid architecture. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Caveolin‐1 overexpression is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma tumourigenesis and metastasis
Authors: Ting Tse Edith Yuk , Fat Ko Frankie Chi , Kwan Tung Edmund Kwok , Chan Lo Kong , Wah Lee Terence Kin , Wai Ngan Elly Sau , Man Kwan , Tsai Wong Alice Sze , Ng Irene Oi‐Lin , Ping Yam Judy Wai 
Published: November 2011

AbstractCaveolin‐1 (Cav1) has been implicated in diverse human cancers, yet its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumourigenesis and metastasis remains elusive. In the current study, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding regarding the functional role of Cav1 in HCC tumourigenesis and metastasis. Cav1 expression was examined in a panel of human HCC cell lines using western blotting analysis and quantitative RT‐PCR and human tissues by immunohistochemistry. Cav1 was not detected in normal liver cell line and all non‐tumourous liver tissues but exclusively expressed in HCC cell lines and tissues. Dramatic expression of Cav1 was found in metastatic HCC cell lines and tumours, indicating a progressive increase of Cav1 expression along disease progression. Cav1 overexpression was significantly correlated with venous invasion (p = 0.036). To investigate the functions of Cav1 in HCC, Cav1 overexpressing and knockdown stable clones were established in HCC cells and their tumourigenicity and metastatic potential were examined. Overexpression of Cav1 promoted HCC cell growth, motility, and invasiveness, as well as tumourigenicity in vivo. Conversely, knockdown of Cav1 in metastatic HCC cells inhibited the motility and invasiveness and markedly suppressed the tumour growth and metastatic potential in vivo. Collectively, our findings have shown the exclusive expression of Cav1 in HCC cell lines and clinical samples and revealed an up‐regulation of Cav1 along HCC progression. The definitive role of Cav1 in promoting HCC tumourigenesis was demonstrated, and we have shown for the first time in a mouse model that Cav1 promotes HCC metastasis. Copyright © 2012 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TGFβ1–Endo180‐dependent collagen deposition is dysregulated at the tumour–stromal interface in bone metastasis
Authors: Caley Matthew P , Kogianni Giolanta , Adamarek Adam , Gronau Julian H , Rodriguez‐Teja Mercedes , Fonseca Ana‐Violeta , Mauri Francesco , Sandison Ann , Rhim Johng S , Palmieri Carlo , Cobb Justin P , Waxman Jonathan , Sturge Justin 
Published: November 2011

AbstractCellular niches in adult tissue can harbour dysregulated microenvironments that become the driving force behind disease progression. The major environmental change when metastatic cells arrive in the bone is the destruction of mineralized type I collagen matrix. Once metastatic niches establish in bone, the invading tumour cells initiate a vicious cycle of osteolytic lesion formation via the dysregulation of paracrine signals and uncoupling of normal bone resorption and production. Here we report that the collagen receptor Endo180 (CD280, MRC2, uPARAP) participates in collagen deposition by primary human osteoblasts during de novo osteoid formation. This newly recognized function of Endo180 was suppressed in osteoblasts following heterotypic direct cell–cell contact in co‐culture with prostate tumour cells. Reciprocal Endo180 up‐regulation in osteolytic prostate tumour cells (PC3 and DU145) followed their direct contact with osteoblasts and promoted de novo collagen internalization, which is a previously characterized function of the constitutively recycling Endo180 receptor. The osteoblastic suppression and tumour cell‐associated enhancement of Endo180 expression were equally sustained in these direct co‐cultures. These findings are the first to demonstrate that increased tumour cell participation in collagen degradation and decreased collagen formation by osteoblasts in the osteolytic microenvironment are linked to the divergent regulation of a collagen‐binding receptor. Immunohistochemical analysis of core biopsies from bone metastasis revealed higher levels of Endo180 expression in tumour cell foci than cells in the surrounding stroma. Additional experiments in prostate cell–osteoblast co‐cultures indicate that divergent regulation of Endo180 is the result of dysregulated TGFβ1 signalling. The findings of this study provide a rationale for targeting collagen remodelling by Endo180 in bone metastases and other collagen matrix pathologies. Copyright © 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of a single‐column model in weak temperature gradient mode to its parent AGCM
Authors: Zhu Hongyan , Sobel Adam H. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA single‐column model (SCM) version of the HadGEM1 is run in weak temperature gradient (WTG) mode, assuming a free‐tropospheric temperature profile obtained from the same single‐column model in radiative–convective equilibrium (RCE) over a sea‐surface temperature (SST) of 301 K. The resulting quasi‐steady solutions are compared with climate statistics from time‐dependent solutions of the full three‐dimensional (3D) Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM) sharing the same physics, with the aim of evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of the WTG parametrization of large‐scale dynamics.Making some allowance for unavoidable differences between quasi‐steady 1D solutions and more fully transient 3D solutions, the two models produce grossly similar sensitivities of precipitation and relative humidity to local SST. The greatest differences arise from the relatively sharp transition in the SCM between very dry and rainy states as SST is varied, while the GCM statistics vary more smoothly with SST. When a relaxation on the moisture field towards a target profile—a crude parametrization of horizontal moisture advection—is included in the SCM, this difference is reduced. The SCM is then able to produce some convection at low SST, and the increases in humidity and precipitation with SST become more gradual, as in the GCM.The RCE temperature profile used to obtain these results is colder in the upper troposphere and thus more unstable to deep convection than is the climatological tropical profile from the GCM. When the latter is used in the SCM, the precipitation as a function of SST does not change greatly, but the convection becomes considerably shallower than that in either the GCM, or the SCM with the RCE temperature profile. We speculate that some of these differences may be due to the much greater transience in the GCM solutions compared to the SCM's quasi‐steady states. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
SIZING LOOSE ROCK RIPRAP TO PROTECT STREAM BANKS
Authors: Froehlich D. C. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTStability of loose rock riprap used to protect stream banks from erosive forces because of flowing water is evaluated based on the ratio of static moments resisting overturning and those promoting overturning of a single rock particle. The ratio of moments defines a safety factor that describes the potential for riprap failure. The buoyant force acting on a particle is treated separately from the gravitational force and is further split into components that resist and promote overturning. This approach provides consistency in reasoning throughout the formulation, which results in a particle safety factor that tends to unity as rock‐specific gravity approaches one. The safety factor formulation is tested using 38 onsite measurements of riprap‐lined stream channels that have experienced floods approaching or exceeding the flow rates used to design the protective covers. Comparison to two other commonly used riprap‐sizing methods by means of the Hanssen–Kuipers skill score and the equitable threat score shows that the particle stability procedure provides significantly better damage predictions and, for this reason, is shown to be more accurate. Based on the onsite measurements, safety factors that provide increasing levels of security against failure are suggested for use in calculating the size of loose rock riprap needed to protect stream banks against erosion by currents. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.