bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water transfer between aqueous systems by a partially miscible solvent. I.
Authors: Baniel A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe isothermal transfer of water between aqueous systems of different vapour pressures takes place slowly by vapour diffusion. It can be greatly accelerated by effecting it in a condensed phase by means of a solvent partially miscible with water. Some physico‐chemical aspects of solute‐water‐solvent systems are discussed and illustrative experimental data presented. It is concluded that the method has industrial potentialities in the utilization of salt and waste brines as fuel equivalents and in the concentration of heat‐sensitive or corrosive aqueous solutions.
The decomposition of stibine
Authors: Dixon B. E. , Kiff P. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe form of decomposition of stibine when mixed with large quantities of other gases differs rom that which it undergoes in the pure form as described by Stock and his co‐workers. In the presence of gases such as hydrogen, stibine slowly decomposes into hydrogen and minute particles of antimony metal which are suspended in the gases; ultimately a mirror or film of antimony is formed on the walls of the vessel. If sufficient oxygen is also present, particles of less than 5 μ in diameter are produced, which subsequently form a white deposit on the base of the vessel and consist mainly of antimony trioxide with some higher oxides. The amount of stibine in the gases evolved from lead storage batteries has been measured.
The microstructure of a plastic explosive containing RDX
Authors: Williamson W. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSpecial techniques are described for the microscopical investigation of plastic explosive (PE) which contained RDX grains bonded by oil. Prior to the heating of the PE during manufacture, this oil was accompanied by water globules. Rolling of the PE reduced the grain size of the RDX. The resulting fine fragments were well distributed among the coarser particles, but both coarse and fine grains were capable of developing dimensional parallelism in response to deformation.
Chemistry of coal tars. V. Cyclic hydrocarbons in a tar made by internal heating of the charge
Authors: Hunter K. J. , Vahrman M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA low‐temperature tar made by internal heating of the coal charge with hot gas was examined. The hydrocarbons in a light‐petroleum extract of this were subdivided by adsorption chromatography into broad fractions on the basis of chemical type. Further subdivision of the more important cyclic hydrocarbon fractions was achieved by chromatography and fractional distillation. From their carbon and hydrogen contents, and data for molecular weight, refractive index and density, the fractions were found to correspond best to n‐, iso‐ and cycloparaffins (9·7%); alkylated hexahydronaphthalenes (0·5%); alkylated tetrahydronaphthalenes (4·0%); alkylated dihydronaphthalenes (3·3%); and alkylated naphthalenes (2·8%). Alkylated naphthalenes with unsaturated side‐chains and alkylated, polycyclic hydrocarbons, higher than naphthalene, were probably also present (7·1%).
Physical variables affecting granulation of superphosphate in rotary granulators operated batchwise
Authors: Fogel R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn batch granulation of powdered superphosphate, the mean granule size is directly proportional to the amount of water present during granulation, an optimum water content being found for which the proportion of granules falling within a specified size range (e.g., 1–4 mm.) is at a maximum. This optimum proportion of water is lowered by increasing the temperature of granulation.A radioactive tracer technique has shown that the rate of granulation of the small particles in the powder is greater than that of the large particles.The rate of granulation in rotary granulators is directly proportional to the peripheral speed of the granulator. A pan granulator gives a more closely sized product than a drum.
Heats of solution and dilution of iron‐free paper‐makers' alum
Authors: Smith N. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAs there are no published data on the heats of solution of papermakers' alum [composition approximately Al2(SO4)3 14H2O] and only one value for the heat of solution of Al2(SO4)3, 18H2O in water, heats of solution at room temperature have been measured in the concentration range up to saturation, and all heat effects were found to be exothermic. The heat of solution per gram of alum is appreciably constant if more than 30 g. water is added. Heats of dilution were also exothermic. The resulting thermal data on solution and dilution were combined to give relative partial specific enthalpies of alum and water at all stable concentrations at 25–30°. A few measurements were made of heats of solution at 65–70°. Thermal effects were again exothermic but of smaller magnitude.By hydrating the alum fully a material almost identical with the normal sulphate, Al2(SO4)3, 16–17H2O, was obtained and its heat of solution at high dilution measured, from which the heat of hydration was calculated. About 50% of the heat of solution of alum is heat of hydration. These data enable all the heats of solution and dilution of alum to be recalculated in terms of Al2(SO4)3, 16–17H2O.
Selective oxalate precipitation of thorium from sulphate leach solutions derived from monazite sands
Authors: Carter G. , Everest D. A. , Wells R. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe addition of oxalic acid, under controlled conditions, to a sulphate leach solution derived from monazite sand produces a thorium oxalate phosphate complex which shows a selective thorium enrichment relative to the concentrations of thorium, phosphate and rare earths in the leach solution. This crude thorium oxalato phosphate is further purified by digestion with a sulphuric acid‐oxalic acid mixture to give a final product with the weight ratios, R2O3/ThO2 = <0·3, and PO43‐/ThO2 = <0·01.
Oxidation of monoethenoid fatty acids and esters : Catalytic oxidation of ethylene glycol dielaidate
Authors: Andrews K. E. , Skellon J. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe preparation and properties of highly purified ethylene glycol dielaidate is described and a study of its union with gaseous oxygen at 55°, 85° and 120° has been made. The reactivity of the ester towards oxygen is compared with that of the normal methyl and propyl esters, and with the behaviour of the corresponding cis‐ester.The main products of gaseous oxidation of ethylene glycol dielaidate have been examined and include 9, 10‐dihydroxystearic acid, oily and resinous ketonic polymers and monobasic and dibasic scission products.A mechanism of autoxidation is advanced offering an explanation for the mode of formation of the several products.
A peak interference method for the analysis of close‐boiling isomers by gas‐liquid chromatography
Authors: Grant D. W. , Vaughan G. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe phenomenon of almost coincident chromatographic peaks has been examined from a theoretical viewpoint, and a method for their analysis on columns of comparatively low efficiency has been evolved. The technique is illustrated with reference to m‐ and p‐xylene and the practical conditions for such an analysis are given.The theory gives rise also to a method for the identification of isomers which, in certain instances, is considered to be an improvement over the use of conventional retention ratios.
Atmospheric salinity and metal corrosion at various places in great britain
Authors: Ambler H. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn account is given of the distribution of chloride, sulphate and ammonia in airborne particles at many sites in Great Britain. The distribution of chloride, subject to many local anomalies, has the same general relation to distance from the sea as was found in West Africa.1 The atmospheric corrosion of steel and zinc varies comparatively little between sites and bears no relation to salinity. Movement of exposed surfaces increases salt deposition and the corrosion of metals.
An accelerated test for the seven‐ and twenty‐eight‐day compressive strengths of concrete
Authors: King J. W. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAs it is usually impossible to remove work made of concrete not up to standard at an age of 28 days (because there is much more recent work on top of it), in place of the present‐day standard test for concrete, viz., the crushing strength of sample cubes 28 days after casting, a test has been evolved to predict the 7‐ and 28‐day strengths in as little as 7 hours. The sample cubes are subjected to a specified heating procedure, after which their immediate crushing strength can be used to predict the value at 7 or 28 days, by means of curves established experimentally. These have been checked with a wide range of concrete mixes, and with a wide range of cements, and in general, predict with a standard deviation of less than 200 lb./sq. in. at 7 days and 225 lb./sq. in. at 28 days. This is in general more consistent than the results at 28 days on site samples of what is reputedly the same concrete.
Errors in infra‐red absorption analysis due to solute‐solvent interactions. II
Authors: Ward W. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe E1cm.1% values of infra‐red absorptions of picolines in cyclohexane solution vary with the concentration of the solutes. Variation of the E values due to slit width effects is not the only factor contributing to the failure of Beer's Law; a second factor is interaction between the solute molecules. Serious errors in infra‐red absorption analysis of picoline mixtures are demonstrated when such interactions are not taken into account.
New electrode for cathode ray polarography
Authors: Penketh G. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new mercury electrode, the surface of which is automatically renewed between potential sweeps, is described. At the end of each potential sweep, a timing circuit opens a solenoid valve for a short pre‐set time and allows mercury from a constant‐head supply to replenish the electrode. The polarograms are similar to those obtained with the dropping electrode and are equally reproducible. The sensitivity is proportional to the electrode area, and by using an electrode of 12‐mm. diameter an increase in sensitivity of some thirtyfold over that of the usual dropping electrode has been achieved.
Cryoscopic determination of the purity of lindane
Authors: Handley R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method is described which uses a simple freezing point apparatus and a mercury‐in‐glass thermometer for the determination of the γ‐benzene hexachloride content of samples of lindane.Collaborative results from four co‐operative laboratories showed that the method gives reliable and reproducible results, in good agreement with those found by a differential refractrometric method.A pure reference sample of γ‐benzene hexachloride was prepared by zone‐refining and values for its freezing point and cryoscopic constant measured by a platinum resistance thermometer were in good accord with the data of Toops & Riddick.8
Organic constituents of gelatins and glues. I.‐Heat‐coagulable mucoprotein components from gelatins
Authors: Leach A. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractComponents isolated from acid and lime processed gelatins by a heat denaturation and coagulation technique are shown to be mucoproteins contaminated with smaller amounts of gelatin and lipid, and probably having their origin in the alkali‐soluble mucoproteins of the connective tissues used for the manufacture of the gelatins. Differences in amino‐acid composition of the isolated materials are noted. From comparisons of these with materials isolated by other techniques it is concluded that at least two types of mucoproteins are found in gelatins; one of these originates from the alkali‐soluble mucoproteins of the connective tissues and the other from materials similar to the acetic‐acid‐soluble fraction from connective tissue not precipitated by NaCl.
Surface area determination of magnesium powder with chromium‐51 tracer solutions
Authors: Dibbs H. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study has been made of the adsorption of 51Cr, from aqueous solutions of labelled potassium dichromate, on to coarse magnesium powder at room temperature. The measurement of the rate of uptake of 51Cr on the powder and comparison with a magnesium standard of known area has led to a simple method for the determination of the surface area of the powder.
The removal of fulvic acids by water‐treatment plant
Authors: Wilson A. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn investigation has been made of the removal of fulvic acids from water by different types of water‐treatment. The plants studied are in different parts of England and Wales; the results indicate that the removals from different raw‐waters are similar in similar plant. Weakly basic resins remove about 75·10% of the fulvic acids, and lime‐soda softening, at the one plant studied, removes about 40–50%. The results for alum coagulation and filtration fall into two groups with removals of about 50·10% and 80–85%.
Inhibitors of the corrosion of iron. I. Effect of the cation
Authors: Beckmann P. , Mayne J. E. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn examination has been made of the inhibitive properties of the hydroxides of sodium, calcium, barium, zinc and lead and a range of salts of benzoic, cinnamic, α‐naphthoic, acetic, butyric and chloric acids.The lowest concentration (× 10−4 N) at which corrosion was inhibited at pH 6·5–7·0 was for the chlorates, 50; hydroxides, benzoates and acetates, 10–20; cinnamates, ‐α‐náphthoates and butyrates 5–10. Inhibition was almost unaffected by the nature of the cation.At pH 4·5–4·9 the lead salts only were inhibitive. Consequently the earlier conclusion regarding the efficiency of the lead salts of long chain fatty acids has been extended to a number of other compounds.
The specific heat of thermosetting polymers
Authors: Warfield R. W. , Petree M. C. , Donovan P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe specific heat, Cp, of a number of amorphous thermosetting polymers has been determined over the temperature range 30–160° by means of an adiabatic calorimeter. Epoxide, polyester, polyamide‐epoxide and diallyl phthalate polymers in many cases exhibit abrupt increases in the observed specific heat due to a glass transition within the polymer. In general, thermosetting polymers have higher transition temperatures than have linear polymers. The results are discussed in terms of the overall structure of the polymers.
Stabiliser degradation in picrite propellants
Authors: Gagnon Paul E. , MaCdonald R. , Haggart C. , Myers J. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPicrite propellants (N, NQ, SPCG) were artificially aged at 65° and the rate and manner of decomposition were followed by separation and analyses of the products derived from the stabiliser due to its combination with nitrogen oxides. An SC formulation which does not contain picrite was treated in a similar manner.The total amount of degradation, as evidenced by the formation of nitrosated and nitrated derivatives of centralite, was less in the picrite propellants. In the latter, a higher proportion of nitrated products to nitrosated products was recovered while in the SC composition nitrosation was the major reaction. Direct nitration of the stabiliser as well as rearrangement of nitrosamines to nitro compounds is shown to be more active in the picrite propellants during ageing.
Measurement of thickness and porosity of oxide films on iron and aluminium
Authors: Lorking K. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCapacity measurements obtained with an a.c. bridge have been used to determine the thickness of non‐porous oxide films on iron and aluminium surfaces, and for showing the effect of both the solvent action of aqueous solutions and electrochemical processes on the thickness of these films.These measurements could not be used, however, to detect the increase of permeability of the oxide film on aluminium placed in solutions containing chloride; electrode potential measurements were used in this case.Measurements of capacity and of potential vs. time were used to show formation of pores through oxide films.
A comparison of the corrosiveness of indoor atmospheres
Authors: Stanners J. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe exposure of sets of small test specimens in 45 different atmospheres, principally indoors in factories, has provided a measure of the relative corrosiveness of the atmospheres in such places. The test specimens were of bare low‐alloy and mild steels and mild steel sprayed with aluminium or with zinc.The most corrosive indoor atmospheres investigated were those where large quantities of acids were used, and those of a bleach‐house, a plating shop and a glue extraction plant. Several were more corrosive than the atmosphere outdoors at Sheffield, particularly towards the metal coatings. Although aluminium protected the steel better than did zinc when freely exposed outdoors in industrial atmospheres, a zinc coating was much superior to an aluminium one in many of the indoor atmospheres. High humidity was associated with rapid corrosion rates but corrosion was slow in relatively clean but humid atmospheres, such as were found in a laundry, domestic kitchens and bathrooms.
Organic constituents of gelatins and animal glues. II. Analytical study on the turbidity factor from a bone glue
Authors: Leach A. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe turbidity factor from a bone glue has been isolated and shown to be a lipid‐gelatin‐mucoprotein complex. Evidence is provided showing that the mucoprotein is ‘osseomucoid’, a mucopolysaccharide‐protein complex from bone, and the lipid arises from depot fat. Some properties of the complex indicate that the gelatin is probably ionically bound.
Reactivity of lime and related oxides. V. crystal changes in hydrated lime at different temperatures
Authors: Glasson D. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCalcium oxide samples have been hydrated at a series of temperatures between 20° and 95°. The crystallite size of the hydroxide produced is determined more by the rate of hydration than by the rate of ageing; the latter factor becomes more important where there is localised heating of the oxide particles during the hydration. Precipitation of calcium hydroxide from solution by double decomposition also gives initially samples of smaller crystallite size at the higher temperatures. In parallel with the hydration of the oxide, the increased rate of production of primary hydroxide crystallites is more important than their increased rate of ageing at the higher temperatures.These results are applied to study in more detail the expansion of slower hydrating limes which causes unsoundness in cements and ‘lime‐blowing’ in bricks.
Formation of lead telluride films by vapour plating
Authors: Cornish E. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe interaction of tetraethyl‐lead vapour and gaseous hydrogen telluride has been investigated and the conditions found under which lead telluride mirrors can be formed. A reaction mechanism is postulated to account for the by‐products obtained. A range of conditions has been found over which lead and tellurium mirrors may be formed individually from the vapours on a mica substrate. The preparation of hydrogen telluride by a lithium aluminium hydride reaction was not very satisfactory owing to the unstable nature of the gas.
Liquid‐liquid equilibrium in inorganic nitrate‐water‐organic solvent systems
Authors: McManamey W. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLiquid‐liquid equilibrium data at 25° are presented for the ternary systems formed by cupric, cobalt and zinc nitrates, water and the solvents n‐butanol and pentanol and also for the systems nickel nitrate‐water‐n‐butanol and cobalt nitrate‐nickel nitrate‐water‐n‐butanol. Correlations are developed for relating the compositions and solute concentrations in the phases in equilibrium for ternary nitrate systems by empirical equations based on the thermodynamic equilibrium relationship. Equilibrium data in the system cobalt nitrate‐nickel nitrate‐water‐n‐butanol can be predicted from relationships based on the ternary correlations.
The dissolution of metals in dioxan‐water solutions of hydrochloric acid (I) Aluminium
Authors: Allbutt M. , Tolley G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe dissolution rates of aluminium in aqueous and dioxan solutions of hydrochloric acid have been determined by hydrogen evolution measurements. In aqueous HCl solutions the rate increases to a maximum, then decreases, paralleling progressive solution of the oxide film and emergence of a less reactive cubic etch relief. In water‐rich solutions the rate is proportional to the partial vapour pressure of HCl, indicating a reaction dependent on the square of the mean ionic activity of HCl, i.e., aH+ × ac1−. In 100% dioxan, the reaction appears to proceed by a free‐radical mechanism, inhibited by water.At critical solution compositions, determined by two particular values of the mole fraction ratio of water to HCl, there is an abrupt decrease in reaction rate. This apparent influence of water is explained by the necessity for the Al3+ ion to be fully hydrated before it can enter solution.
Identification of vapour phase and liquid phase gums found in gas plant and appliances
Authors: Owens P. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA qualitative method by paper chromatography is described for distinguishing between vapour phase and liquid phase gums found in gas plant and appliances. Details are also given of attempts to determine vapour and liquid phase gums qualitatively, in admixtures with various types of tar by paper chromatography.
Characterisation of crude tars
Authors: McNeil D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSixty‐one crude tars representing the normal primary distillation feedstocks of almost all tar‐distilling firms in the United Kingdom have been subjected to a method of assay and a number of the properties of (a) the tar after dehydration and (b) the pitch and oils obtained from the tar by a standard distillation have been determined. The results have been examined statistically to find the degree of correlation between the various properties. A characterisation index based on the level of three of the most readily determined properties, viz. the specific gravity of the dry tar, the phenol content of the oils distilling to 250° and the benzene‐insoluble content of the dry tar, is proposed.
Electrochemical principles of the corrosion and protection of metals
Authors: Hoar T. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe types of anode and cathode reactions commonly found in corrosion by aqueous media are described, and the combination of these reactions in corroding and in passivated systems is discussed.The principal ways in which corrosion rates are increased or decreased are classified and discussed, as follows: anodic attack and cathodic protection; anodic passivation or protection and cathodic activation; anodic inhibition and stimulation; cathodic inhibition and stimulation; resistance inhibition.The importance of the use of electrochemical and other theoretical principles in thepracticeof corrosion and protection is emphasised.
Chemical modification of wood. II. Use of trifluoroacetic acid as catalyst for the acetylation of wood
Authors: Arni P. G. , Gray J. D. , Scougall R. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSapwood lengths of Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) have been acetylated, without loss of strength or discoloration, at temperatures of 25–45° to 16–30% acetyl with acetic anhydride, using trifluoroacetic acid and magnesium perchlorate as combined synergistic catalysts. When matched samples were acetylated to similar weight gains and acetyl contents by low‐ and high‐temperature methods, the former method resulted in permanent shrinkage of the wood blocks and a small reduction (∼20%) in swelling property, whilst the latter method, in corroboration of published data, caused permanent bulking and a 75% reduction in swelling property.