bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimization of emergency crossovers and signals for emergency operations in rail rapid transit
Authors: Abramovici Marc 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis paper presents a methodology for designing rail transit systems to meet operating requirements when track maintenance or failure cause sections of tracks to be unavailable for service. The methodology can be also used to establish the requirements for the continuity of operations during construction.The main objective of the paper is to develop a tool which performs trade‐offs between system costs and level of services during emergencies/construction. Several alternatives, including various signal and control systems, number and types of crossovers and corresponding operating strategies, are developed and evaluated against capital investments.Operating measures and strategies for the selected alternative can be recommended before the design phase is completed, because the designer, by using this methodology, is aware of the capacities attained during emergencies and construction.
Optimal control of headway variation on transit routes
Authors: Abkowitz Mark , Eiger Amir , Engelstein Israel 
Published: January 2010

AbstractHeadway control strategies have been proposed as methods for correcting transit service irregularities and thereby reducing passenger wait times at stops. This paper addresses a particular strategy which can be implemented on high frequency routes (headways under 10–12 minutes), in which buses are held at a control stop to a threshold headway. An algorithm is developed which yields the optimal control stop location and optimal threshold headway with respect to a system wait function. The specification of the wait function is based on the development of several empirical models, including a headway variation model and an average delay time model at control stops.A conclusion is reached that the headway variation does not increase linearly along a route, a common assumption made in many previous studies. Furthermore, the location of the optimal control stop and threshold value are sensitive to the passenger boarding profile, as expected. The algorithm itself appears to have practical application to conventional transit operations.
Changing relationships in the financing of elderly and handicapped transportation services
Authors: Walther Erskine S. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis paper reports the results of a national survey of providers of specialized transportation services who are recipients of UMTA Section 5 or Section 9 funding and report owning demand responsive vehicles (Section 15 report). The study reports a variety of service measures, financial data, cost containment activities and related information for fiscal years 1980 and 1982. For a limited number of systems, financial data for fiscal year 1984 are also reported.Analysis of the data indicates a general but as yet uncertain trend towards declining UMTA participation in funding these systems, increased fares and increased usage of cost containment and cost reduction techniques by the responding systems. Should the reported trends continue, then the responding systems could be expected to have financial difficulty in complying with the currently proposed regulations for the enforcement of Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973.
Aggregation effects on the network design problem
Authors: Haghani Ali E. , Daskin Mark S. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis article examines the effects of various network extraction schemes on the network design problem. Given an original network, many criteria can be used to identify subnetworks on which the network design problem is solved. For the purposes of this article, these subnetworks are obtained using an extraction algorithm which preserves the magnitude of the user equilibrium flows on the links of these subnetworks. The results of the implementation of the network design problem on the original and the extracted subnetworks are presented and compared. We conclude that very good solutions to the network design problem can be obtained from the use of highly aggregate networks.
Aesthetic markets and a new automated people mover
Authors: Trent Roger B. , Kvashny Alon , Neumann Edward S. , Walukas Elizabeth , Halkias John 
Published: January 2010

AbstractResearch literature suggests that aesthetic response toward a transportation system may be colored by non‐aesthetic values. Photographic depictions of downtown street scenes with and without automated people mover guideways were shown to various community groups. Measures of external utilities—stakes in the local community and in public transportation—bore no relationship to aesthetic assessments of either guideway scenes or street scenes without a guideway. In contrast, aesthetic background and interests depressed evaluations of both guideway and non‐guideway scenes. Aesthetic background evidently influences aesthetic assessments of elevated guideways in urban streets far more than do non‐aesthetic utilities. This suggests that planners of new transportation systems need to address aesthetic impacts apart from other impacts and that aesthetic criteria will be applied more stringently by some community groups than by others.
The transaction cost approach to modeling the demand for automobiles
Authors: Hocherman Irit , Prashker Joseph N. , Ben‐Akiva Moshe 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe purchase of an automobile involves significant transaction costs in addition to the purchase price. Therefore, the assumptions implied by static car holding models are invalid. This paper describes a dynamic approach to the modeling of level‐of‐ownership and auto‐type choice, based on a transaction choice model which utilizes information on past car ownership. The cost or disutility of a transaction depends on the attributes of the household and the purchased car, as well as on past car‐ownership characteristics. A set of assumptions underlying the incorporation of transaction costs in the model is presented. The paper discusses the econometric implications of omitting the dynamic attributes (i.e., past ownership characteristics). A disaggregate model was estimated, using a choice‐based sample consisting of a random sample of households enriched with a sample of households which transacted in the car market during the study period.This sampling method combined with a random choice of a subset of the car alternatives provides for a cost‐effective method to estimate a transaction model.
Efficiency of the public and private bus transport sectors in Sri Lanka
Authors: Perera Manisha H. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe public and private bus sectors are in direct competition in most bus routes in Sri Lanka. Consequently, Sri Lanka is an ideal location to study their relative efficiencies. Five dimensions of transit performance are analyzed for comparing the relative efficiencies of the two sectors: cost efficiency, labour efficiency, input efficiency, revenue generation and safety. Productivity ratios are utilized for measuring the dimensions of transit performance. The productivity ratios for cost efficiency, labour efficiency in terms of total staff, input efficiency, revenue generation and safety in terms of accidents per bus showed the private bus transport sector to be more efficient than the public bus transport sector.
Bridge sampling for evaluating structural impact of trucks
Authors: Ayyub Bilal M. , Schelling David R. , Fu Chung C. , Hassan Maguid H. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn this paper, a method for designing a statistically valid sample of bridges is proposed. The need for such a sampling procedure arises from the impracticality of a detailed analysis of the structural effects of new candidate truck configurations on the whole bridge inventory. In this study, a set of bridges from the national inventory was determined for the purpose of selecting a bridge sample. This set of bridges is referred to as the population. The selection of bridges for inclusion in the population was based on the status of the bridge, type of service, structural material, structural system type and functional class. The stratified sampling method was used in the determination of the required sample sizes. According to this method, the population was first divided into sub‐populations, or strata. These sub‐populations were non‐overlapping. In turn, each strata was divided into sub‐strata. The characteristics of each sub‐stratum were estimated and combined to determine the characterics of the strata. Then the characteristics of the strata were combined to determine the characteristics of the bridge population. A comparison of the results based on the sample and bridge population was conducted in order to verify the validity of the proposed sampling procedure.
An aggregate demand model for domestic airlines
Authors: Ghobrial Atef 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAn econometric model is estimated for the aggregate demand of an airline. The demand is expressed in terms of airline network structure, operating characteristics and firm‐specific variables. A number of model formulations with different combinations of explanatory variables are estimated using the two‐stage least‐square procedure. The results suggest that the airline aggregate demand is elastic with respect to yield, and inelastic with respect to both network size and hub dominance. Some implications regarding airline network expansion and hubbing are discussed.
Air traffic management: Optimization models and algorithms
Authors: Bianco Lucio , Bielli Maurizio 
Published: January 2010

AbstractCurrent air traffic control systems are mainly conceived to ensure the safety of flights by means of tactical interventions, because of the difficulty of accurately foreseeing the traffic evolution. In fact, in real traffic conditions, planes are often penalized since sometimes safety standards are redundant.Today, this management philosophy is no longer valid because of congestion phenomena which often occur in the most important terminal areas. Therefore, as to future control systems it is necessary to introduce not only more automated procedures to keep adequate safety levels, but also planning functions in order to increase the system capacity and to improve system efficiency.In recent years several studies have been carried out, new control concepts have been introduced and some optimization models and algorithms developed to improve air traffic management.In this paper a survey of our early works in this field is reported and a multilevel model of air traffic management is proposed and discussed. The functions corresponding to the on‐line control, that is flow control, strategic control of flights and aircraft sequencing in a terminal area, are examined and the optimization models and solution algorithms are illustrated. Finally, relevant problems coped by recent research are mentioned and new trends are indicated.
ICE‐design and operational aspects
Authors: Henn Wolfgang 
Published: January 2010

AbstractOn 2nd June 1991 the high speed rail era in Germany began with the introduction of the ICE (Inter‐city express) on the Hamburg‐Hannover‐Kassel‐Frankfurt‐Munich line, the second ICE line followed one year later. The ICE concept and the technology of the ICE‐train set marks the threshold of the 21st Century and demonstrates the as yet untapped development potential of the wheel‐on‐rail‐system. With the development of the ICE a trainset is available which can be adapted to all European High Speed Rail lines.
Fuzzy evaluation of potential suburban railway station locations
Authors: Smith P. N. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA multicriterion evaluation methodology is presented and its applicability demonstrated in the context of identifying the most suitable railway station locations within a set of potential station locations on one of three possible railway line extensions to Brisbane's suburban network. These possible extensions involve the reopening of the Bethania ‐ Beaudesert line for passenger services; the adaptation of the standard gauge Sydney line for extension of passenger services to Greenbank and beyond; and, the development of a spur‐line to Inala and immediate surrounds. The Sydney line is the focus of this paper. The methodology is particularly relevant in the context of options characterized by “soft” data where only linguistic descriptions of the performance of options with respect to criteria are possible. Linguistic variables such as “performance” assuming linguistic values such as “high”, “medium” and “low” are characterized in terms of fuzzy variables, in particular, triangular fuzzy numbers in this study.
Application of time series techniques for forecasting truck traffic attracted by the Bombay metropolitan region
Authors: Dhingra S. L. , Mujumdar P. P. , Gajjar Rajesh H. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractKnowledge of future traffic flow is an essential input in the planning, implementation and development of a transportation system. It also helps in its operation, management and control. Time series analysis techniques have been extensively adopted for this purpose in the fields of economics, social sciences and in other fields of technology. An attempt has been made in this study to apply the techniques of time series analysis to goods traffic, particularly truck traffic.Four predominant corridors, N.H.3, N.H.4, N.H.8 and Lal Bahadur Shastri Road (L.B. S. Rd.), accounting for majority of truck movement in the Bombay Metropolitan Region (BMR), have been considered for modeling. Raw data was processed initially, to obtain an insight into the structure of time series. Ten candidate models of the Auto‐Regressive Moving Average (ARMA) and Auto‐Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) family are investigated to represent each of the four corridors. Models finally proposed, to represent each of the four corridors have been selected based on Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) and Maximum Likelihood Rule (MLR) criteria. Models ARIMA (2, 1, 0), ARMA (1.0), ARMA (1, 1) and ARIMA (1, 1, 0) are proposed for N.H.3, N.H.4, N.H.8 and L.B.S. Rd. respectively, based on significant weekly periodicity.
Comparison of results of two models of transportation demand in Hong Kong: CDAM and a version of microTRIPS
Authors: Lam William H. K. , Hai‐Jun Huang 
Published: January 2010

AbstractCDAM is a new computer program for solving the combined trip distribution and assignment model for multiple user classes, which enables transport planners to estimate consistent Origin‐Destination (O‐D) matrices and equilibrium traffic flows simultaneously if the trip production and attraction of each user class at zone centroids are available. This paper reports an application of CDAM to the central Kowloon study area in Hong Kong. The coefficients of the model related to the components of generalized costs are calibrated on 1986 travel data. A comparison of results of CDAM and a version of MicroTRIPS models of transportation demand in Hong Kong are presented. Finally, some conclusions are drawn and the advantage of the CDAM are discussed.
Planning for pedestrian networks in North American downtowns
Authors: Zacharias John 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWhile North American urban regions are served by mechanical modes of transportation, downtowns are largely pedestrian environments. The growth and consolidation of office districts over the last twenty years have revived interest in developing coherent and efficient pedestrian networks, which can be coordinated with other transportation needs within the downtown. Ambitious plans for expansion of the downtown for offices, the retail and service industries as well as for housing and entertainment have been adopted in many North American cities during the 1980s. The successful integration of these large central areas depends to a considerable extent on the implementation of expanded pedestrian networks. This paper discusses certain spatial characteristics of North American cities which call for specific network designs and research into the walking environments of central areas. More knowledge is needed of the relative contributions to pedestrian regeneration of land use combinations, the design of networks and of walking paths.
Facing the realities of non‐motorized transportation in developing countries
Authors: Khisty C. Jotin 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to assess issues concerning non‐motorized transportation in developing countries. This assessment is done through an examination of three topics: a brief overview of the transportation picture in developing countries; a study of city size and city form vis‐a‐vis pedestrian movement; and, a look at the characteristics of non‐motorized modes, including their capacities. An analysis and discussion attempt to sort out the crucial issues connected with pedestrian planning in particular, and non‐motorized transport in general. It is concluded (1) that special attention be paid to space/time capacity/cost issues connected with non‐motorized modes (2)that some of the low‐cost intermediate technology modes be examined for possible inclusion in traffic streams (3)that land‐use patterns need to be rearranged keeping in mind the limitations of non‐motorized modes, and (4)that the extent to which physical trip‐making can be substituted by telecommunication needs to be examined very critically. An agenda for action reflects these concerns.
The role of the physical environment in child pedestrian accidents
Authors: David Naomi Kupferberg‐Ben 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe injury of a child pedestrian by a motor vehicle is the result of a complex combination of circumstances involving elements of child behavior, the behavior of the driver of the vehicle and a host of environmental factors. This paper reports on a study of the significance of physical environmental factors on children's' pedestrian accidents, using data drawn from 786 police reports on child pedestrian accidents occurring on the Island of Montreal between October, 1980 and March, 1982. A series of statistical tests are conducted to examine the effect of temporal variables (month, day, time of day), pedestrian characteristics (age, sex), accident location descriptors (intersection, mid‐block, etc.) and environmental characteristics (adjacent land‐use, road type, etc.). Remedial measures that are expected to be most effective in reducing the incidence of child pedestrian accidents in large urban areas are proposed.
Cost‐based approach for sizing of pedestrian facilities
Authors: Seneviratne Prianka N. , Javid Massoud 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPedestrian facility size is currently determined in direct relationship to the design level of service. However, the design level of service is chosen arbitrarily from the six levels of service, which are assumed to represent the freedom available for movement at different levels of pedestrian flow. This direct and simple approach to facility sizing is shown to have two fundamental deficiencies that contribute to wasteful over capacity. In this article, a cost‐based approach is introduced to overcome the deficiencies. Two analytical models, one for determining optimal design density and another for determining optimal design flow, are presented. The optimum design parameters minimize the total cost of the facility defined as the sum of construction cost and user cost. The sensitivity of the optimum parameters to the cost and pedestrian flow parameters is demonstrated using a numerical example.
Impact of information technology on public transport fares data
Authors: Clark J. M. , Richards M. J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe work described was undertaken as part of the CASSIOPE project in the EC DRIVE programme. A range of fare collection procedures in public transport is described, and the importance of these for data collection by operators is stressed. It is suggested that such data management could be standardized and to this end four case studies were carried out in different European cities. Data models were built for each city, and these models are merged into a preliminary version of a generalized model. The need and uses for such a fare collection data model is explained.
Interactions between driver information, route choice, and optimal signal timing on a simple network
Authors: Nihan Nancy , Hamed Mohammad , Davis Gary 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe interaction between driver information, route choice, and optimal traffic signal settings was investigated using a simple two‐route system with a single “T” intersection and a fixed O‐D demand. The logit model and the method of successive averages (MSA) were used to calculate the route choice probabilities and the stochastic equilibrium assignment. Given an assignment, signal settings which minimized average intersection delay were calculated; flow reassignment and new optimal signal settings were then obtained and this iterative process continued until convergence. The calculations were performed either directly in a combined assignment/signal optimization model or in stages using the output flows of an assignment model as inputs to TRANSYT‐7F and iterating between the two models. Results show that a unique joint signal timing/assignment equilibrium is reached in all cases provided that a certain precision in drivers' perceptions is not reached. If driver information increases to this precision (bifurcation point) and beyond, results show clearly that the unique joint signal timing/assignment equilibrium no longer exists. In fact, three joint equilibria points exist after the bifurcation point. Two of these points are stable and one is not.It was found that the system yields the lowest total intersection delay when the joint equilibrium is such that all traffic and hence the major part of green time is assigned to only one of the two routes. Although this may not be feasible to implement in practice, the results indicate clearly for this simple example that there is a trade‐off between a system with minimum total delay but no unique joint signal‐settings/assignment equilibrium (achieved when drivers have nearly perfect information about the system) and a system with a unique joint equilibrium but with higher total delay (achieved when drivers have reasonably good but somewhat limited information). In most cases the second system seems appropriate for a number of practical reasons.