bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Origin and Development of the Burmese Composite Word (Mô Kwan:)
Authors: Pe Hla 
Published: January 2010

[Abbreviations of titles of books and works in this article are the same as those employed in The New Burmese-English Dictionary, pt. I, compiled by Stewart and Dunn. The transliteration of words taken from the Inscriptions of Burma (Old Burmese) follows the system devised by C. O. Blagden and Chas. Duroiselle (see Epigraphia Birmanica, vol. i, pt. i, pp. 6–12): that of words from other Burmese works is similar, with the addition of the tone-mark () and the symbol (^) representing the Burmese + .]There are few such words in the Burmese language as the composite word A Mô Kwan:. It has excited the curiosity and attention of Burmese scholars, and will always conjure up interesting reminiscences in the mind of Burmese historians. The word is about 700 years old and has undergone remarkable changes of form and meaning. (Amu Kwan, Amū Kwan)It has been established by Professor G. H. Luce that the origin of Mô Kwan: is Amu Kwan, which occurs in a Burmese inscription of the 13th century. During the reign of Narathihapati (1254–87), the last king of the Pagan Dynasty, “Saka era 628 (A.D. 1266), in the Pisyak (Vaisakhā) year, on Thursday”, the daughter of minister Singasū dedicated lands to a monastery and “informed the great and noble king (of her act of merit). The king thereupon poured out pure water and had the record of the deed placed in the archives (Amu Kwan tan e).” Again, “Saka era 633 (A.D. 1271) in the Āsin (Asvin) year, on Friday, the 10th of the waxing moon of the month of Tan Khū (April), when the honourable Lady (Queen) Phwa Jaw went to the Ornamented Abode (Kwan Prok), she showed the list of her dedications to the great king; and the king had it placed in the archives (Amū Kwan tan e’).”
The Ju-Shêng Tone in Pekinǵese
Authors: Forrest E. A. D. 
Published: January 2010

In 1912 H. Maspero endeavoured to bring some order into the apparently capricious repartition of the old ju-shêng tones among the remaining four tones of Pekingese, and noted that words in plosive initials (including aspirated plosives), and in nasal or liquid initials, tend to be found in the departing tone (tone IV), and to a less extent in the upper even (tone I); while those with otḥer initials gravitate towards the old lower even (tone II).In 1915 Karlgren considered Maspero's treatment of the problem, and while in general agreeing with his conclusions, pointed out that his law covered the facts only very approximately in regard, e.g., to words in unaspirated plosive initials. Nevertheless he quotes with approval Maspero's explanation (applied also to the twofold development of the lower rising tone in the modern Northern Chinese dialects), viz., that the initials 1-, m-, n-, n-, and vocalic initials involved a pronunciation of the syllable somewhat different from that of words having affricate, occlusive, or fricative initials; and he proceeds to suggest that the difference lay in a somewhat higher pitch in the case of the former type of word. This explanation is, however, difficult to follow; if, e.g., ACh dz‘ua, became \tso (tone IV) rather than (tone III) because the fourth tone is more compatible with the deeper pitch proper to affricate initials, it is by no means clear why ACh dz‘ak, having the same initial, should become ‘tso (tone II) rather than enter tone IV with so many other words from the lower ju-shêng.
The Tzyjyh Tongjiann Kaoyih and the Sources for the History of the period 730–763
Authors: Pulleyblank E. G. 
Published: January 2010

Western scholars have, on the whole, neglected the Tzyjyh Tongjiann Kaoyih. Its existence and its importance as a land-mark in Chinese historiography have been briefly mentioned by several, but none, so far as I am aware, has seriously used it. Chinese scholars have, as one would expect, used it a good deal. Nevertheless, they have generally confined themselves to drawing on it for the elucidation of particular points. While this was undoubtedly the purpose for which it was originally intended, it can have for the modern student another very valuable function. By a careful analysis and comparison of the different entries, it is possible to get a great deal of other-wise unobtainable information about the sources of the Tongjiann and their interrelation.To undertake such an analysis for the whole of the Tongjiann or even for the whole of the Tarng dynasty would be a task far beyond the scope of the present article. I shall, in fact, confine myself largely to the period 730–763 though I may occasionally step beyond those limits. This period is chosen because it includes the careers of An Luhshan and Shyy Syming , which I am engaged in studying. This short period, however, comprises about one-seventh of the whole Kaoyih.Forty-eight works are quoted in this part of the Kaoyih, twenty-two of which appear to be still extant. They range in size and importance from the Jiow Tarngshu to a poem by Lii Bor . I shall first list some of the more important of these, giving in each case notes, whether derived from the Kaoyih or from some other source, on the origin and nature of the work.
Ida Caroline Ward
Authors: Tucker A. N. 
Published: January 2010

In the death of Professor Ida Ward in the Guildford Hospital on 10th October 1949, just after her sixty-ninth birthday, African studies lost one of their greatest exponents, and Africa one of its best friends.Ida Caroline Ward was born in Bradford on the 4th October 1880, the eighth child of a Yorkshire wool merchant. Prom a school in Bradford she went to the Darlington Training College and later to Durham University, where she graduated B.Litt. with distinction. The North Country background of her early years remained with her always and gave a delightful “ common-sense ” colour to her character.After sixteen years of teaching in secondary schools, she joined the Phonetics Department under Professor Daniel Jones in University College, London, in 1919, and soon established herself as an authority in the phonetics of the main European languages and in the study of speech defects. Noteworthy works of this period are A Handbook of English Intonation (written in collaboration with the late Lilian E. Armstrong), The Phonetics of English, and Speech Defects, Their Nature and Cure. Her interest in her mother tongue persisted, and she was actually working on another edition of the book on English Intonation when she died.It was while lecturing at University College to missionaries that her interests turned towards West African languages—Kanuri, Igbo and Efik were her first fields of African research—and her first major work, The Phonetic and Tonal Structure of Efik (for which the University of London awarded her the D.Lit. in 1933), threw a new light on the study of these languages, and showed that intonation, that element hitherto so elusive, was one that could and should be studied if justice was to be done to African languages.
Caucasica III: The Alān Capital *Magas and the Mongol Campaigns
Authors: Minorsky V. 
Published: January 2010

The object of the present article is to re-state two obscure problems and to show that their likely solution can be found only in tṛeating them jointly. The two points are: the name of the ancient capital of the Ās (Alāns, now Ossets), as attested in the tenth century, and the identification of the town *MKS conquered by the Mongols in the course of the campaign of 636/1239.As the sources on the latter event are more numerous I shall deal with it first. On the Muslim side we have two accounts of Batu's campaign, that of Juvaynī who completed his work in 658/1260, and that of Rashīd al-dīn, who wrote about 710/1310.
Ibn al-Ṭiqṭaqā and the Ta'rīkh-i-Jakān-Gushāy of Juvaynī
Authors: Boyle J. A. 
Published: January 2010

Had Ihn al-Ṭiqṭaqā direct access to the Ta'rīkh-i-Jahān-Gushāy ? He twice quotes it by name and there are two other passages for which it must have been his source; but the question is whether he made use of Juvaynī's work at first hand. That he knew Persian is evident from his twice quoting Persian verses. Of these the following are also in Juvaynī:“O king, what will come of (drinking) strong wine ?And what will come of continual drunkenness ?The king drunk, the world in rums and enemies before and behind— It is plain to see what will come of this! ”These verses were, according to Ibn al-Ṭiqṭaqā, addressed to Jalāl al-Dīn Khwārazmshāh by his court poet, whereas all that Juvaynī says is that they were composed by some unspecified person à propos of Jalāl al-Dīn's conduct. But the discrepancy is not an important one, and it seems not unreasonable to suppose that Ibn al-Ṭiqṭaqā copied these verses from Juvaynī and that, in consequence, he examined the latter's work in the original.
Notes on the Nestobian Monument at Sianfu
Authors: Giles Lionel 
Published: January 2010

‘[Raban] consulted the omens in the sky and carried with him the true Scriptures; he observed the winds in their relation to the musical tubes, and quickly passed through difficulties and dangers.’ being defined in the dictionaiy as the plain sense of the passage is that Raban tried to forecast the weather by means of divination before starting on his journey; our translators, however, probably because they had an uneasy feeling that this was not quite the right thing for such an eminent Christian to do, have one and all fought shy of this obvious rendering. It is not necessary, of course, to assume that Raban actually did resort to such practices, for we have already seen that the author of the inscription suits his language to the taste of his audience; the second clause, indeed, alludes to a form of divination which is peculiarly Chinese.
Some Notes on the Authorship of the Lii Ling/Su Wuu Letters—I
Authors: Whitaker K. P. K. 
Published: January 2010

A. The Story of Su Wuu and Lii Ling As is well known, the authorship of the Lii Ling/Su Wuu letters is disputed. Before embarking on the re-examination of this question which is the main purpose of the present paper, I wish to recall the story of Su Wuu and Lii Ling as it can be gathered from the relevant material embedded in Ban Guh's Hann Shu, in order to provide appropriate data for comparison with what is stated or implied in the letters. I limit myself to the Hann Shu in preference to either the Shyyjih or the Chyan Hann Jih because the relevant material in the two latter histories is practically identical with the data given in the Hann Shu, whereas a great deal more of such material given in the Hann Shu has not been included in the other two histories. As regards other sources, it is obvious that for the present purpose I must ignore the body of legends which has grown up around the historical figures of Su Wuu, the fearless and faithful envoy of Hann Wuu-dih to the court of the Shiongnu , and the much lamented, hapless general Lii Ling, ever since their exploits in the ‘Far North’ became known to the empire. Su Wuu, the paragon of loyalty and perseverance, whose survival in the inhospitable clime was even attributed to supernatural interference and whose service was later rewarded with great honour and material wealth, formed a contrast to Lii Ling, who was unfortunate enough to be given an almost impossible task for ‘political’ reasons, and subsequently became a victim of professional jealousy and low treachery.
Strung Pearls: A Poem from the Swahili-Arabic Text
Authors: Harries Lyndon 
Published: January 2010

The Swahili poet, Sayyid 'Umar bin Amin bin 'Umar bin Amin bin Nadhir al-Ahdal, Kadhi of Siu, c.a.d. 1856, left a number of poems upon religious themes. These include the best acrostic poems in traditional Swahili literature, e.g. Waji-waji, written in takhmis verse-form.The title of the present work is given in the last verse: ya dura mandhuma, a Swahili form of the Arabic al-Durr al-Manẓum, or ‘Strung Pearls’. The manuscript copy, pasted on two pieces of cardboard, was written by Muhammad Abubakar bin 'Umar al-Bakariy, better known as Muhammad Kijuma, the well-known Swahili poet and scribe at Lamu, who produced most of his best work in the first two decades of the present century.
The Young Egypt Party
Authors: Landau J. M. 
Published: January 2010

The scarceness of published material renders difficult a true estimate of the development of political ideas in Egypt in the nineteenth century. Nor is it any less difficult to trace the origins of the first political parties.The Arabi Rebellion of 1881-1882 was preceded by a long period of unrest, which finally crystallized in a self-styled National Party. This faction, led by army officers and civilians, kept its secret character for a few years, coming into the open only at the beginning of the Arabi Rebellion. Its importance in the anti-foreign struggle, however, has drawn attention to its humble but interesting origins. Research has provided us with fairly adequate, if still incomplete, material on this point. But hardly anything has been published, on the other hand, about another secret organization of that time, called ‘Young Egypt’.
Observations on Normal Classes in Bantu Languages
Authors: Guthrie Malcolm 
Published: January 2010

Since Bleek first introduced the method of classifying nominals in Bantu languages by means of their concord prefixes, and of assigning a number to each class so constituted, this has been the accepted practice in Bantu linguistic studies.The numbering of the classes is, however, more precisely a means of labelling the different sets of concord prefixes that operate the grammatical agreement in any given language. Nevertheless, as it is in one type of word only, the independent nominal, that the class is an integral characteristic of the word, it is in respect to these nominals that the assorting into classes is important.
De Vovlton's Noticia
Authors: Lockhart Laurence 
Published: January 2010

The full title of this little work, which occupies 19 pages in 8vo, is as follows:—Verdadeira e exacta Noticia dos progressos de Thamas Kouli Khan Scach da Persia no Imperio do Gram Mogô, Escrita na lingua Persiana em Delhy em 21 de Abril de 1739, e mandada a Roma por Mons. Voulton.Acrecentada com outras chegadas por varias partes, com hum Mapa do Thesouro do Gram Mogôr levado a Hispahan pelo mesmo Schach. Dadas a luz na lingua Portugueza.
The Vulgar Pronunciation of Tamil
Authors: Matthews Gordon 
Published: January 2010

It is a common experience for the foreigner learning Tamil to discover to his dismay that after months of study with grammar and reader and munshi he is able to understand scarcely anything of the language spoken around him. In the villages and the fields, in the bazaars and on the highroads he hears a language spoken which he finds it hard to believe is the language of his study. The fact is that the language as it is spoken by the great majority of the Tamil people differs considerably from the language as spoken by the educated. And even the educated tend to reserve correctness for the written word and the speech of formal occasions, and lapse readily under more familiar circumstances into the dialect of the masses. The deviations of the dialect from standard pronunciation may be discussed under the two headings of omissions and substitutions—the dropping of a consonant or a syllable, and the substitution of one vowel or consonant for another.One of the most noticeable features of common speech is the dropping of the final consonant. The consonants chiefly affected are m, n, ḷ, r, and l. When m and n disappear, the vowel is nasalized. Thus nām sahhiliyar becomes sakkiliyar; nān kāvaṛlcaran becomes kāvakkarã.
Rāmākathā —a Study
Authors: Pisharoti K. R. 
Published: January 2010

The latest work published in the Balamanoramā Series is Vāsudeva's Rāma-kathā.The editor has rightly pointed out that the author cannot be the famous Nārāyana Bhaṭṭatiri, the famous poet-grammarian-devotee of Kerala, as was suggested by the late lamented Mm. T. Gaṇapati Sāstri. One may not subscribe to all that he has said about Kulaśekhara, but it must be conceded that he has laid proper emphasis on the fact that our author cannot be identified with the famous Yamakapoet who wrote the Yudhiṣṭhira-vijaya. It may also be admitted with the editor that he cannot be the same as the author of Śāurikathodaya and Tripura-dahana, for their parentage differs, and the styles of the two are different. Similarly, it may well be accepted that our author is identical with the writer of Saṃkṣepa-rāmāyanṇa and Sº-bhārata. So far I agree with him; but I am not so sure that the authors of Rāma-kathā and of Vāsudeva-vijaya, the grammatical treatise to which Nārāyana wrote his supplement, cannot be identical. I cannot also agree in assigning this Vāsudeva to the seventeenth century, a view that has been induced by an incorrect reading and a wrong interpretation.
Gleanings from Early Urdu Poets.— II
Authors: Bailey T. Grahame 
Published: January 2010

Qutb MushtarĪ is a MS. poem in the India Office Library. The Catalogue of Hindustani MSS. states (p. 64, No. 122) that the name and author are unknown; but Mohyeddin Qadri in his recently published Urdū Shahpāre gives the name of the poem, points out that twice in the course of it Vajhī is mentioned as the author, and adduces convincing reasons for concluding that this Vajhī and the author of the prose work Sab Ras, which was twenty-five years later, are the same person. The date of Qutb Mushtarī is A.H. 1018 ═ A.D. 1609.Urdū Shahādre is a work of great value. It discusses Urdu authors from the earliest times down to the death of Valī and to illustrate their writings gives well-chosen extracts, many of which are taken from MSS.
Notes on a Grammar of the Language of Ongtong Java
Authors: Hogbin H. Ian 
Published: January 2010

To the north-east of the Solomon Islands lies a ring of coral islands surrounding a lagoon about 100 miles in circumference. The nearest land is the northern tip of the island of Ysabel, which is some 200 miles to the south-west. This group of islands has been variously called Ongtong Java, Lord Howe's Group, Leueneuwa, Leua Niua, and Lua Niua. The three latter are more or less unsatisfactory attempts at writing the native name of the largest island, Luaniua. There is no native name for the whole atoll and it is not only misleading but also wrong to use Luaniua for the purpose. Lord Howe has already given his name to three other Pacific Islands, so that it seems best to take the name which Tasman gave and call the atoll Ongtong Java.These islands are populated by natives with undoubted Polynesian affinities. In physical type they show a resemblance to the Samoans and their language is a Polynesian dialect, but in other respects the culture shows some marked differences from those of the central Pacific. The social organization is closely parallelled by that of Sikiana, in the south, and by that of the Tasman Islands, the Mortlocks and Fead Island (Nuguria) to the north. This organization is not characterized by rank, which is so important in Polynesia.
La théorie des Guna.
Authors: Przyluski J. 
Published: January 2010

Dans la plus ancienne cosmologie védique, l'univers est partagé en deux zones: le monde d'en haut lumineux, ou monde des dieux (devaloka); le monde d'en bas sombre, ou monde des mânes (pitloka).1 Cette conception dualistique, qui remonte sans doute a la période indo-iranienne, s'est developpee dans l'lran et y a pris un aspect théologique et moral: Ohrmazd, qui personnifie la lumière et le bien, s'oppose à Ahriman qui symbolise les tèébres et le mal.Dans l'lnde, l'ancienne cosmologie a bientôt ètè remplacèe par une division de l'univers en trois mondes: ciel, atmosphère, terre; et, comme l'a nettement ètabli Emile Senart, la thèorie des guna est en relation avec cette sèrie de trois mondes. Le problème que je me propose d'examiner est le suivant: quelles croyances, quelles conceptions ont dèterminè une nouvelle segmentation de l'univers et prèsidè à, l'èlaboration de la thèorie des guna ?
Notes on Don Juan of Persia's Account of Georgia
Authors: Allen W. E. D. 
Published: January 2010

In one of the recently published volumes of the Broadway Travellers Series (Don Juan of Persia; a Shi'ah Catholic, 1560—1604, translated and edited with an introduction by G. Le Strange) is an interesting account of Georgia and of some of the events of the Turko- Persian War which endured between the years 1578 and 1587. The Persian account throws much light on the state of Georgia at the end of the sixteenth century, and it serves as a valuable supplement to von Hammer Purgstall's history of the war, based mainly on Turkish sources, and published as books 38 and 40 of his Histoire de l'Empire Ottoman (in Vol. viii of the French edition).Neither the historian of Turkey nor the editor of Don Juan appear to have made use of the material from Georgian sources which is available for this period, namely the provincial histories of Kartli, Samtzkhé, Kakheti and Imereti collated by Prince Wakhusht of Kartli during the eighteenth century, and published by Brosset in his Histoire de la Géorgie, 2ième partie, 1iere livraison, Spb. 1856.
The Name Lahndi
Authors: Bailey T. Grahame 
Published: January 2010

In the last number of the Bulletin Sir George Grierson has written a useful article on the regular, method of forming linguistic names in Indian languages. I agree with most, but not all, of it: thus the sentence “it is he who writes Lahndī for Lahndā, the latter having been undisputed for over forty years”, contains, it seems to me, five mis-statements of fact. They do not however affect the position.It is always interesting to reflect on what one would expect words to be and to compare that with what they actually are. English, Urdu, Panjabi, and Hindi swarm with words which have rejected the line of regular development and adopted another. People's attitude to such words varies with their temperament. Some describe them as “ atrocious examples of hybridism ” or “ false analogies ’ or more briefly as ‘ impossible ’. Similarly many writers call changed words ‘ corruptions ’. Others on the other hand find that in linguistic atters what is is much more interesting than what was, and still more so than what should be.
Sur le gènitif Sanskrit “ máma ”.
Authors: Meillet A. 
Published: January 2010

Le gènitif du pronom personnel Sanskrit de première personne m෡ma est isolè en indo-europèen; aucune autre langue n'en ofEre le correspondant. Au contraire, la forme iranienne mana a un correspondant exact dans mene du vieux slave, dont l'antiquitè est confirmèe par les formes des langues baltiques. Il est naturel de conclure de là que máma est une forme altèrèe, et mana la forme ancienne de l'indo-iranien. Hypothèses compliquées; mais les développements linguistiques ne sont pas toujours simples.Dans le volume III de la belle Altindische Grammatik qu'il vient de publier en collaboration avec M. Debrunner, M. Wackernagel, § 228a, p. 461, maintient cependant une opinion contraire: skr. mama continuerait l'ancienne forme indo-iranienne; iran. mana et si. mene en seraient des formes alterees par dissimilation; l'indo-iranien mama representerait un ancien ama reposant sur erne que supposeraient les formes grecques et armeniennes; et m- y serait retabli d'apres d'autres formes du pronom. Il en faut examiner le detail pour faire la critique de 1'explication: le problème est menu en apparence; mais il touche à des questions capitales pour l'étude des langues indo-europèennes.