bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IJCM_132A: The impact of eating habits on BMI: a cross-sectional study among college students in Kerala
Authors: Anvar Rithima 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Major nutritional issues in today’s world are overweight and underweight which is greatly influenced by lifestyle choices and eating habits. Healthy eating and lifestyle habits are shaped during the adolescent period and become permanent, so adolescence is a crucial period for establishing long-term habits. This study aims to explore the correlation between college students’ eating habits and their Body Mass Index (BMI).

Objectives:
1. To evaluate the prevalence of overweight and obesity among college students in Kerala. 2. To determine the association between the effects of eating habits and lifestyle factors on BMI.

Methodology:
A cross-sectional study was conducted among college students belonging to different professional colleges in Kerala from February 2023 to August 2023. A random sampling technique was used to select colleges in Kerala. A total of 502 students participated in the study. Study variables included sociodemographic data, BMI and eating habits assessed through a structured questionnaire. Participants who didn’t give consent were excluded from the study. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS v22.

Results:
The total number of students who participated in the study was 502 including 157 males and 345 females. Most of the students were belonging to the age group of 20-23 years. Female students formed the majority of study subjects (68.72%). According to the Asia Pacific BMI classification, 20.3 were found to be obese. Among the students, obesity was found more commonly among male students (30.6%) compared to female students (15.7%). Obese students were found to eat more under stress (51%) compared to students with normal BMI (30.3%) and it was found to be statistically significant (p

Conclusion:
The study showed that changing lifestyle patterns such as eating fatty foods and fried foods and eating under stress were found to have a direct impact on BMI.
IJCM_133A: E- Health Literacy and Satisfaction regarding Medical Care among Patients attending a Tertiary Care Hospital in Mangalore
Authors: Aggarwal Apoorva , Bhasin Sanjana , Maheshwari Prerak , Sirivella Anjana Manogna Bhaskar , Kalra Disha , Kumar Nithin , Rekha T , Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran , Mithra Prasanna , Holla Ramesh 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Health literacy is crucial for understanding health information and making informed decisions. It encompasses the ability to obtain, process, and understand basic health information. Factors like education, income, and age influence health literacy, impacting health outcomes negatively when low. E Health literacy extends to navigating electronic health resources. Patient-doctor communication suffers when doctors overestimate patient literacy. Poor health literacy leads to misunderstandings, medication errors, and poorer health outcomes. In today’s healthcare landscape, patient satisfaction is key. Understanding the link between eHealth literacy, communication, compliance, and satisfaction is vital. The study aims to evaluate patients’ e-health literacy levels, evaluate the degree of patient satisfaction with healthcare services, to ascertain the relationship between patient satisfaction and eHealth literacy.

Methodology:
The study involved 234 patients who visited the hospitals affiliated to Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore. eHealth literacy was assessed using eHEALS, patient satisfaction was assessed using Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire Short Form (PSQ-18). The correlation between eHealth literacy scores and patient satisfaction scores was tested using Pearson correlation coefficient where P is less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant correlation.

Results:
Preliminary findings suggest that majority of the participants found the Internet to be useful in making decisions about health. The results of our study show that 65% of our participants have good eHealth literacy and 27.8% have moderate literacy. The comparison of patient satisfaction based on eHealth literacy showed that there was no significant difference in patient satisfaction between participants who had good literacy or poor literacy.

Conclusion:
Both eHealth Literacy and Patient Satisfaction among our study participants were good, however there was no correlation found between eHealth Literacy and Patient Satisfaction.
IJCM_134A: Community Engagement Strategies for Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases in Primary Healthcare Settings: A review of evidences from Low- and Middle-income countries
Authors: Banerjee Sitikantha , Kumar Dinesh , Kumar Nitesh , Choudhary Neha , Bandyopadhyay Kajari 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Community engagement is considered as one of the pillars in successful implementation program for prevention and control of Non- Communicable Diseases (NCDs).

Objective:
To gather evidence from the available literature concerning effective strategies for enhancing community engagement in primary healthcare for NCD prevention, which are appropriate for resource constraint settings in low- and middle-income countries.

Methodology:
This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA- ScR) guidelines. Original articles and reports published from January 2000 to September 2023, in English language; with the following designs- Randomized controlled trials with single or multiple arms, quasi- experimental studies, public health practices and qualitative studies, available online were included in this review. Digital databases like PubMed and Google scholar were searched to find out articles, using a pre-designed peer- reviewed search strategy by combining established search terms and free text terms. Further, hand search was made by going through the references of the retrieved articles. All publications were independently evaluated by two reviewers. Information extracted from the published articles were recorded using a pre-designed data extraction sheet in Microsoft excel.

Results:
Key interventions emerged from the review included group-based peer support program; family level intervention; setting based approach (Health Promoting school /institution /market /hospital); advocacy, network and counselling among People Living with NCDs etc. Evidence also suggested use of appropriate technology such as CPHC-NCD Software, generation of Ayushman Bharat-Health Account IDs (ABHA IDs) through National NCD Portal, maintenance of NCD data record and register in digital formats on National NCD Portal and spreading community dialog using mass media, digital media and social media.

Conclusion:
The findings of this study will guide the development and implementation of evidence-based interventions for prevention of NCDs using primary healthcare platform suitable for resource limited settings.
IJCM_137A: A cross-sectional study to find out prevalence of alcohol, smoking and other substance abuse among adolescent in Raipur city, Chhattisgarh
Authors: Jaiswal Prashant Kumar , Verma Nirmal 
Published: April 2024

Background:
The use of various psychoactive substances such as alcohol, cannabis and opioids has been observed in India for centuries, the current dimension of the extent and pattern of psychoactive substance use and the problems associated with their use are not well-documented. Substance use estimates from 2004 indicate that tobacco, alcohol and illicit drugs account for 8.7%, 3.8% and 0.4% of all deaths respectively, and 3.7%, 4.5% and 0.9% of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) lost respectively. National-level prevalence has been calculated for many substances of abuse, but regional variations are quite evident. Rapid assessment surveys have facilitated the understanding of changing patterns of use. Substance use among women and children are increasing cause of concern.

Objective:
To find out the prevalence of substance use among adolescentsat Raipur City C.G.

Methodology:
Study design: Community-based cross-sectional observational study. Study centre: Department of Community Medicine, Pt. JNM Medical College, Raipur Study area: Raipur city Study technique: Interview method Sample size: 300

Results:
In the present study among 664 adolescents, 301 (45.3%) have a lifetime history of any type of substance abuse other than their medicinal use. The majority 53.5% and 26.8% belong to class II & III socioeconomic status as per the revised modified Prasad classification 2023. 39.5%, 17.6% and 5.7% of adolescents have a lifetime exposure to any form of Tobacco, alcohol & cannabis abuse respectively.

Conclusion:
In the present study, the prevalence of substance abuse is very high among adolescents and we found that 39.5% of adolescents are exposed to tobacco products while the Global Youth Tobacco Survey-4 (2019) estimates it was 18.1%.
IJCM_141A: Determinants of Awareness on Pictorial Health Warnings on Tobacco Products in the Eastern State of India
Authors: Rao Rajath , Naik Bijaya Nanda , Patil Shreyas , Yankannavar Basavaraj 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Pictorial health warnings (PHWs) are an effective strategy to deter or reduce tobacco use.

Objective:
This study was conducted to determine the level of awareness of PHWs on tobacco products and their correlates among adults attending the outpatient department (OPD) of a tertiary care facility in Eastern India

Methodology:
This cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of 3 months among 307 patients aged 18 to 65. A pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire was used for the collection of data, and inferential statistics were performed using JAMOVI version 2.3.21.

Results:
About 84% (95% CI, 78.9 - 87.2) of the participants were aware of PHW on tobacco products [82.4% (95% CI, 77.8 - 86.3)] for smoked forms, 51.8% (95% CI, 46.2 - 57.3) for smokeless forms. More than half of the participants felt that the current PHW was ineffective. Male [AOR, 3.13; 95% CI, 1.33 - 7.37], being educated [AOR, 3.37; 95% CI, 1.29 - 8.76], employment [AOR, 5.65; 95% CI, 1.21 - 26.30] and ever-tobacco use [AOR, 3.23; 95% CI, 1.43 - 7.2] were found to be independent correlates of PHW awareness for smoked tobacco products, whereas as being male [AOR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.02 - 3.95] and being young (18-30 years) [AOR, 2.51; 95% CI, 1.08 - 5.84] were found to be the independent predictors of PHW awareness for smokeless tobacco products (SLT).

Conclusion:
Four out of every five individuals were aware of pictorial health warnings (PHW) on tobacco products; however, it was much less for SLT compared to smoked tobacco products. Male, being educated, employment and ever-tobacco use were independent correlates of awareness for the smoked form of tobacco products, whereas being young (18-30 years) was an independent predictor of awareness for SLT.
IJCM_143A: Dietary changes during pregnancy: exploring the influencing factors as perceived by antenatal women and health care providers - a mixed methods study from a rural area in Dakshina Kannada district.
Authors: Vineetha S , Naik Poonam R , Navya N 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Maternal nutrition impacts maternal-child health. Antenatal diet affects well-being and anaemia-related maternal mortality.

Objectives:
The objectives are to assess the dietary changes made by antenatal women, its association with socio demographic and clinical variables and to explore the factors influencing the dietary changes as perceived by the antenatal women and health care providers (Medical officer, ANMs and ASHA)

Methodology:
A mixed method study was conducted. The study involved interviewing antenatal women registered between October2020 to October 2021 in Kurnad PHC area and those who have completed their second trimester and in-depth interview of antenatal women and the health care providers (Medical officer, ANMs and ASHA) of Kurnad PHC in 2021 and two quarters of 2022.

Results:
Most participants were aged 26-30 (43.1%), mean age 27.41±4.838 years. 47.3% had high school education, 75.5% were unemployed, and 17.8% were self-employed. 77% were below the poverty line, 55.4% belonged to joint families, and 39.3% to nuclear families. 42% lived with husband’s family, 22% with maternal family. Co-morbidities were in 36%, anaemia in 87%, gestational diabetes in 51.85%, pregnancy-induced hypertension in 42.95%. Reasons were health improvement, healthy child, co-morbidities, and gastritis. Statistical significance existed between pregnancy dietary changes and socio- demographics, clinical variables. Factors influencing changes were health promotion, advice from family and providers, co-morbidity management, cravings, affordability, community-based services.

Conclusion:
Dietary changes were seen in more than half of the antenatal women. Behaviour change communication strategies and adequate support for decision making and availing nutritious food will facilitate appropriate dietary changes during pregnancy.
IJCM_145A: A Clinico-Epidemiological Profile of Patients with Thyroid Disorders Admitted to Tertiary Care Hospitals in Mangalore
Authors: Manasa S , Sharma Shivam , Aishwarya Mallika , Soni Rishika , Sreedevi Swastika Aggarwal S R , Holla Ramesh , Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran , Rekha T , Mithra Prasanna , Kumar Nithin , Motappa Rohith , Rao Mithun 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Thyroid ailments are frequently encountered endocrine disorders next to diabetes. They arise either due to functional aberrations of the thyroid gland resulting in over or under secretion of thyroid hormone or due to structural anomalies. People have varied constitutional, non-specific manifestations that cause abnormal metabolic functioning of the thyroid gland.

Objectives:
1. To describe the socio-demographic characteristics of patients with thyroid disorders. 2. To analyze the clinical features, laboratory findings, and clinical outcomes of these patients.

Methodology:
This hospital-based descriptive study was conducted at the Government Wenlock Hospital in Mangalore. The study included patients admitted with thyroid disorders in the last 2 years. Data extraction sheet was developed from patient medical records. The sheet comprised three sections: socio-demographic information, clinical features at admission, and investigations and outcomes.

Results:
Most of the patients (52.8%) belonged to the 20-40 age group, followed by 30.5% in the 40-60 age group. Females comprised 81.5% of the study population, males -18.5%. 74.8% had swelling, 3.2% had facial puffiness. 1.8% had weight gain, only 1.2% had weight loss .16.3% had other comorbid conditions. 31.5% had low TSH levels 49.3% had normal TSH levels, 64.5 % - normal T3 levels, 63.2% - normal T4 levels. Anaemia was reported in 15.2% o, while 7.2% developed oedema. 34.2% had multinodular goitre, 20.2% - hypothyroidism 9.5 % - hyperthyroidism and 11.1% - malignancy. Out of the total 97% recovered 1% died 1% had discharge against medical advice and 1 % got discharged on request.

Conclusion:
Majority were females in the 20-40 age group. Majority of them had swelling followed by facial puffiness. Most of them had normal TSH, T3 and T4 levels, anaemia and oedema was also reported in few. Majority had multinodular goitre followed by hypothyroidism, malignancy, and hyperthyroidism. Majority had recovered.
IJCM_147A: Awareness and Practices related to the use of e-books among medical college students in Mangalore
Authors: Kamath Krithika , Mithra Prasanna , Rekha T , Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran , Holla Ramesh , Puthumana Rebecca , Shetty Shauri Vishwanath , Rai Uddyeshy Kumar 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Reading is a vital aspect of the learning process for students and should be encouraged. Any effort or innovation that improves the motivation of students to read is worth sustaining. The materials often used are textbooks and reference materials. This study aimed to assess the readership and preference for e-books and print books across contexts. In addition, this study aims to identify factors that contribute to e-book usage.

Methodology:
This cross-sectional study was conducted among MBBS students of KMC Mangalore. A Semi-structured questionnaire which contained demographics, knowledge, practices and awareness of the use of e-books was used for data collection. The collected data was analysed using SPSS version 25.0. Results were expressed as proportions and for comparison across groups, the Chi-square test was used. A ‘p’ value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:
Out of the total 422 participants, 53.7%(n=226) were females the main source of awareness for 243 participants (57.7%) was internet, followed by friends for 119 participants (28.2%). Overall, 44.7% (n=188) wanted e-books to be implemented in their curriculum. A higher proportion,62.6% (n=263) prefer to study from printed textbooks during the exam time. Also, the main challenges while using e-books were eye soreness/redness (60.6%) followed by difficulty reading from the device (56.6%).

Conclusion:
Overall, there was a high level of awareness among the study subjects about e-books. There was no significant difference across the genders for usage patterns and awareness. Mostly the use of ebooks was for textbooks and reference articles.
IJCM_149A: Profile of injuries among children admitted to a tertiary care hospital of Mangalore city, South India.
Authors: Rathaur Siddharth , Polisetty Harika Lakshmi , Ghosh Roopkatha , Hafiz Faiza , Modi Nidhi , Kumar Nithin , Rekha T , Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran , Mithra Prasanna , Holla Ramesh 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Childhood injuries represent a significant public health concern worldwide, with a considerable impact on morbidity and mortality rates among children. Understanding the epidemiology and patterns of childhood injuries is crucial for developing effective prevention strategies. This retrospective study aimed to analyse the demographic and clinical patterns of childhood injuries among children admitted to Government Wenlock Hospital in Mangalore, Karnataka, India.

Methodology:
A hospital-based retrospective study design was employed, utilizing records of children aged 12 and below who were admitted with injuries during the study period. Data were collected using a structured proforma and analysed using SPSS version 11.5. Demographic and clinical variables were assessed, including age, gender, location of injury occurrence, type of injury, cause of injury, and outcomes.

Results:
A total of 359 cases of childhood injuries were analysed, with children aged 1-5 years being the most vulnerable age group. Male children experienced a higher number of injuries compared to females. The most common types of injuries were burns and poisoning, with road traffic accidents being the leading cause of injury. Home was identified as the primary location where injuries occurred. Most children were discharged without disability, although a significant number were discharged against medical advice.

Conclusion:
This study provides valuable insights into the epidemiology and patterns of childhood injuries in Mangalore, Karnataka. The findings underscore the importance of implementing targeted prevention strategies, such as increased parental supervision, traffic safety education, and proper storage of hazardous substances, to reduce the burden of childhood injuries. Additionally, efforts should focus on raising awareness among parents about the importance of seeking medical care promptly to mitigate the risk of adverse outcomes.
IJCM_15A: Health-seeking behaviour among Fishermen community mothers of under-five children on childcare– A cross-sectional study
Authors: Divakar Sathya , Umamaheswari  , Baranidharan  , Damodaran V 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Globally in 2020 an estimated 5 million children under5 years died mostly from preventable and treatable causes. India ranks second worldwide in under5 mortality (WHO2020). Health of the children is strongly dependent on parental healthcare behaviour Fishermen-community possesses unique characteristics of a folk-society, Major portion of the life of fishermen is spent at sea, mothers assume a vital place with regard to the upbringing of the children.

Objective:
To study the health-seeking behaviour among Fishermen- community mothers of under-five children during acute illness and factors associated with it

Methodology:
A cross sectional study was conducted among 100 Mothers of Under five children in a Fishermen community, Kovalam, Chengalpattu district of Tamil Nadu over a period of 3months (October 2023–November 2023). Data collection was done using interviewer administered semi-structured questionnaire, statistical analysis was done using SPSS v21.0

Results:
In total, 100 mothers with mean age of 27± 3.3 years participated in the study, all of them reported of some health morbidity. The proportion of health seeking behaviour in terms of appropriate and prompt care among the study population was 42%. The reason for delayed health care seeking among the participants were due to over-the-counter drugs(33%), self-medication(17%) and home remedies(8%). Among them 84% sought health care from private health facility. Appropriate and prompt care has found to be significantly associated with the age of the child less than 2 years (OR-3.485,95%CI-1.449-8.382), educational status of the mother (above high-school) (OR-3,95%CI-1.328-6.977), extended family type (OR- 2.679,95%CI-1.151-6.233) and perception about severity of illness during an episode of acute illness.

Conclusion:
Appropriate Health-seeking behaviour and seeking prompt care among parents of children was inadequate. Utilization of public health facility was less. Hence, steps can be taken to sensitize the mothers about the services available in the public health care facility.
IJCM_152A: Assessment of Supportive Care Needs of Breast Cancer Patients and their Caregivers - A Cross Sectional Study at a Tertiary Care Centre, Vadodara
Authors: Kuthari Radhika , Damor Raman , Shringarpure Kalpita 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Cancer diagnosis can be difficult for the patients as well as their families; who bear a disproportionate amount of caring burden. Research indicates that as patients’ needs rise, so do those of their caregivers. For holistic health care delivery, it is important for service providers to be cognizant of the difficulties faced by both.

Objective:
1. To assess the needs of breast cancer patients and their caregivers. 2. To explore the factors associated with needs of the patients and their caregivers 3. To assess the relation between the needs of the patients and their caregivers

Methodology:
One hundred and fifty dyads of patients and their caregivers were purposely sampled and administered Supportive-Care-Needs-Surveys (SCNS) Short-form34 (SF-34), and SCNS-Partners and Caregivers respectively, by the interviewer in local language. Cronbach a was used to check reliability and median (IQR) scores were calculated for domains in each survey. Univariate analysis was done to identify factors affecting needs, followed by calculation of correlation coefficient between the needs of patients and of their caregivers.

Results:
All domains in the two scales were acceptable (Cronbacha>0.6) except Patient Care and Support (0.51) and Sexuality (0.19) domains in SCNS-SF34. Highest needs were reported by patients in Physical and Daily Living domain 40.62(31.5-56.5) and by caregivers in Work and Social Security 30.4(25-35.7), and Emotional and Psychological Needs 30.4(21.4- 35.7) domains. Patients’ and caregivers’ needs were significantly associated with patient’s disease status (p< 0.05), and a moderately positive correlation (r (148) = 0.41, p<0.001) was found between their needs.

Conclusion:
Patients and caregivers both reported unmet needs which were influenced by the patient’s disease status, and caretakers’ needs increased in tandem with patients’ needs. Studies to validate existing scales or create new ones and larger-scale comparable research including the private sector could aid in generalizability.