bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fault‐tolerant timestamp‐based two‐phase commit protocol for RESTful services
Authors: Maciel Luiz Alexandre Hiane da Silva , Hirata Celso Massaki 
Published: August 2012

SUMMARYService‐oriented architecture provides interoperability and weak coupling features for software development. Representational state transfer (REST) is an architectural style that has attracted attention in the SOA domain as it allows the development of Web services based on original principles of the World Wide Web. Unlike Web service specifications, which are based on Simple Object Access Protocol and Web Services Description Language, REST does not provide ‘official’ standards to address non‐functional requirements of services, such as security, reliability, and transaction control. The timestamp‐based two‐phase commit protocol for RESTful service (TS2PC4RS) algorithm specifies concurrency control of RESTful services during a transaction. An extension of the TS2PC4RS specifies the concurrency control of the Web services considering the update operation to meet some business rules. However, neither algorithm addresses transaction control when failures occur. In long‐term transactions, failures can occur and compromise the success of Web service applications. Two common failures traditionally considered in the analysis of protocols are host and connection failures. The aim of this paper is to address fault tolerance for TS2PC4RS and its extension. A fault‐tolerant protocol based on timeout and log records is proposed. The fault‐tolerant protocol provides support for the host and connection failures that may occur during a transaction execution. The fault‐tolerant mechanisms are used to meet the application domain business rules that guide the behavior of RESTful services. We describe the protocol using scenarios when failures occur. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automatic review identification on the web using pattern recognition
Authors: van der Meer Jeroen , Frasincar Flavius 
Published: August 2012

SUMMARYIn this paper we propose the Automatic Review Recognition and annOtation of Webpages method, which is capable of identifying and annotating user submitted reviews on a Web page. The method consists of six steps: data preparation, page‐level pattern identification, subjectivity analysis, container structure analysis, review properties identification, and review annotation. For the evaluation, we have implemented the method and tested it on various review websites. On the basis of the performed evaluation, we conclude that our method is capable of identifying and annotating the majority of reviews. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zur Reaktion von Triphenylphosphan mit Thionylchlorid
Authors: Klein Hans‐Friedrich , Kuhn Annette , Kuhn Norbert , Laufer Stefan , Ströbele Markus 
Published: August 2012

AbstractTriphenylphosphine reacts with thionyl chloride to give [Ph3PCl]Cl, Ph3PO and Ph3PS the formation of the anions S(O)Cl and SCl being discussed; the crystal structure of [Ph3PCl]Cl·S(O)Cl2 is reported.
Do canopy herbivores mechanically facilitate subsequent litter decomposition in soil? A pilot study from a Neotropical cloud forest
Authors: Cárdenas Rafael E. , Dangles Olivier 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThere is increasing evidence that the above‐ and belowground components of ecosystems influence one another, thereby controlling key processes such as organic matter decomposition. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that leaf herbivory in forest canopies could facilitate subsequent leaf litter decomposition in soils, through changes in leaf quality (i.e., litter palatability) or geometric form (i.e., increased availability of leaf edges made by herbivore damages). In a 9‐month field experiment in an Ecuadorian tropical cloud forest, we compared the decomposition rates of entire leaves (EL) and 15 %‐damaged leaves (DL) of Ficuscuatrecasana showing similar initial leaf chemistry. We found that DL decomposed significantly faster than EL in early stages of decomposition (i.e., between 0 and 38 days). A parallel experiment using cellulose discs on which we simulated different degrees of damages revealed, however, that geometry per se (i.e., increased edge availability) did not influence decomposition rates. We discuss these contrasting results and propose that higher edge availability in damaged leaves may promote the access of microbes and/or macro‐detritivores to leaf tissues thereby enhancing the initial stages of leaf decomposition.
Differential effects of developmental hypo‐ and hyperthyroidism on acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity in the spinal cord of developing postnatal rat pups
Authors: Koohestani Faezeh , Brown Chester M. , Meisami Esmail 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe plasticity and vulnerability of the rat spinal cord (SC) during postnatal development has been less investigated compared to other CNS structures. In this study, we determined the effects of thyroid hormonal (TH) deficiency and excess on postnatal growth and neurochemical development of the rat SC. The growth as well as the specific and total activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) enzymes of the SC were determined in hypo‐ and hyperthyroid rat pups at postnatal (P) days P1, P5, P10 and P21 (weaning), and were compared to age‐matched untreated normal controls. AChE is a cholinergic synaptic enzyme while BuChE is a metabolic enzyme mainly found in glial cells and neurovascular cells. The SC is rich in somatic motor, autonomic cholinergic neurons and associated interneurons. Daily subcutaneous injection of pups with thyroxine (T4) and administration of antithyroid goitrogen propylthiouracil (PTU) in the litter's drinking water were used to induce hyper‐ and hypothyroidism, respectively. Enzyme assays were carried out spectrophotometrically at the above‐mentioned ages, using SC homogenates with acetylthiocholine‐chloride as the substrate, together with specific cholinesterase inhibitors, which specifically target AChE and BuChE. SC weights were significantly lower at P10 and P21 in hypothyroid pups but unchanged in the hyperthyroid ones. Hypothyroidism significantly reduced both specific and total AChE activity in SC of P10 and P21 rat pups, while having no effects on the BuChE activity, although total BuChE activity was decreased due to reduced total tissue weight. In contrast both specific and total AChE activities were markedly and significantly increased (>100%) in the P10 and P21 hyperthyroid pups. However, BuChE specific activity was unaffected by this treatment. The results indicate that hypothyroid condition significantly reduces, while hyperthyroidism increases, the postnatal development of cholinergic synapses, thereby influencing the functional development of this major sensory and motor structure. However, the neurochemical development of glia and other non‐neuronal cells, where BuChE is mainly localized, is comparatively unaffected in these abnormal developmental conditions.
On the inverse kinematics of an a priori unknown general 6R-Robot
Authors: Groh Friedemann , Groh Konrad , Verl Alexander 
Published: August 2012

SUMMARYThis paper looks at the inverse kinematics problem of an a priori unknown 6R-Robot from the representation point of view. It describes a new representation of the Euclidean motion group. With this representation, the inverse kinematics problem can be treated entirely numerical. No symbolical methods are required.
Manin's conjecture for a cubic surface with 2A2 + A1 singularity type
Authors: LE BOUDEC PIERRE 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWe establish Manin's conjecture for a cubic surface split over ℚ and whose singularity type is 2A2 + A1. For this, we make use of a deep result about the equidistribution of the values of a certain restricted divisor function in three variables in arithmetic progressions. This result is due to Friedlander and Iwaniec (and was later improved by Heath–Brown) and draws on the work of Deligne.
The ranks of central factor and commutator groups
Authors: KURDACHENKO LEONID A. , SHUMYATSKY PAVEL 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe Schur Theorem says that if G is a group whose center Z(G) has finite index n, then the order of the derived group G′ is finite and bounded by a number depending only on n. In this paper we show that if G is a finite group such that G/Z(G) has rank r, then the rank of G′ is r-bounded. We also show that a similar result holds for a large class of infinite groups.
Which patient requires neuroendocrine assessment following traumatic brain injury, when and how?
Authors: Glynn Nigel , Agha Amar 
Published: August 2012

SummaryTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important public health problem, particularly among young adults in industrialized countries. Hypopituitarism is a common occurrence among survivors of TBI and may contribute to the associated morbidity seen in the acute and chronic phases following injury. The available data suggest that survivors of moderate to severe TBI should undergo screening for hypopituitarism particularly in the first year after injury. This requires a close liaison between endocrinologists, neurosurgeons, neuropsychologists, intensive care and rehabilitation physicians. Patients who suffer milder forms of TBI should also be considered for endocrine evaluation if they exhibit any clinical features of pituitary hormone deficiencies.
The Effect of Simulated African Wild Dog Presence on Anti‐predator Behaviour of Kudu and Impala
Authors: van der Meer Esther , Pays Olivier , Fritz Hervé 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIn this study, we examined the behavioural, temporal and spatial effects of simulated African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) presence on its two main prey species: kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) and impala (Aepyceros melampus). We spread African wild dog faeces around waterholes and played African wild dog sounds at different intervals to mimic immediate and non‐immediate predation pressure. We looked at anti‐predator behaviour at both a herd and individual level and distinguished between high‐quality (detracts from all other activities), high‐cost vigilance and low‐quality (used to monitor the surrounding in spare time), low‐cost vigilance to determine costs involved. We found that simulated African wild dog presence had little effect on anti‐predator behaviour of their free‐ranging prey. Only when immediate predation risk was mimicked did kudu invest in (additional) high‐quality vigilance, whereas impala showed no response. Regardless of direct cues of African wild dog presence, behavioural adjustments to reduce predation risk were primarily based on environmental factors such as time of the day and broad‐scale habitat structure. Predators have been shown to utilize waterholes to hunt, and prey species are therefore likely to maximize anti‐predator behaviour in this high‐risk environment based on environmental variables affecting predation risk, the main predator within the system, and water requirements, leaving little flexibility to respond to (simulated) African wild dog presence.
Compression properties of the fruit body of king oyster mushroom Pleurotus eryngii
Authors: Ogawa Yukiharu , Miyazawa Akiko , Yamamoto Nami , Suzuki Akira 
Published: August 2012

SummaryTo investigate the textural properties of edible fungi, raw and boiled cubic samples cut from stipe of the king oyster mushroom Pleurotus eryngii were compressed from various directions by different type utensils, and their deformed tissue structures were examined. Differences in the loads between compress directions were observed by the homogenous compression. A significant difference between the loads of the boiled upper (~10 N) and lower (~12 N) portions of stipe by intrusive compression from parallel to the growth direction was found. In the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, the arrangement of fibrous spawn in the lower‐portion tissue was characterised by curl‐like formations. The fibre also appeared tangled in irregular arrangements. The results of this study indicate that the firmness of mushroom tissue was produced by the complex attributes, which were the mechanical strength and physicochemical bindings of the fibre, and that the fibre arrangement and/or formation of the tissue.
A novel indirect defence in Brassicaceae: Structure and function of extrafloral nectaries in Brassica juncea
Authors: MATHUR VARTIKA , WAGENAAR ROEL , CAISSARD JEAN‐CLAUDE , REDDY A. SANKARA , VET LOUISE E. M. , CORTESERO ANNE‐MARIE , VAN DAM NICOLE M. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTWhile nectaries are commonly found in flowers, some plants also form extrafloral nectaries on stems or leaves. For the first time in the family Brassicaceae, here we report extrafloral nectaries in Brassica juncea. The extrafloral nectar (EFN) was secreted from previously amorphic sites on stems, flowering stalks and leaf axils from the onset of flowering until silique formation. Transverse sections at the point of nectar secretion revealed a pocket‐like structure whose opening was surrounded by modified stomatal guard cells. The EFN droplets were viscous and up to 50% of the total weight was sugars, 97% of which was sucrose in the five varieties of B. juncea examined. Threonine, glutamine, arginine and glutamate were the most abundant amino acids. EFN droplets also contained glucosinolates, mainly gluconapin and sinigrin. Nectar secretion was increased when the plants were damaged by chewing above‐ and belowground herbivores and sap‐sucking aphids. Parasitoids of each herbivore species were tested for their preference, of which three parasitoids preferred EFN and sucrose solutions over water. Moreover, the survival and fecundity of parasitoids were positively affected by feeding on EFN. We conclude that EFN production in B. juncea may contribute to the indirect defence of this plant species.
Sexual violence in post‐conflict Liberia: survivors and their care
Authors: Tayler‐Smith K. , Zachariah R. , Hinderaker S. G. , Manzi M. , De Plecker E. , Van Wolvelaer P. , Gil T. , Goetghebuer S. , Ritter H. , Bawo L. , Davis‐Worzi C. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractUsing routine data from three clinics offering care to survivors of sexual violence (SV) in Monrovia, Liberia, we describe the characteristics of SV survivors and the pattern of SV and discuss how the current approach could be better adapted to meet survivors’ needs. There were 1500 survivors seeking SV care between January 2008 and December 2009. Most survivors were women (98%) and median age was 13 years (Interquartile range: 9–17 years). Sexual aggression occurred during day‐to‐day activities in 822 (55%) cases and in the survivor’s home in 552 (37%) cases. The perpetrator was a known civilian in 1037 (69%) SV events. Only 619 (41%) survivors sought care within 72 h. The current approach could be improved by: effectively addressing the psychosocial needs of child survivors, reaching male survivors, targeting the perpetrators in awareness and advocacy campaigns and reducing delays in seeking care.
Emergence and early growth of Galium aparine and Galium spurium
Authors: ROYO‐ESNAL A , TORRA J , CONESA J A , RECASENS J 
Published: August 2012

Royo‐Esnal A, Torra J, Conesa JA & Recasens J (2012). Emergence and early growth of Galium aparine and Galium spurium. Weed Research. 52, 458–466.SummaryWith the aim of improving the control of Galium aparine and G. spurium, field experiments were conducted in a Mediterranean winter cereal field. Emergence and early growth (in number of whorls) of six populations of these weeds were examined. Populations were sown in November 2005 and 2006 with four randomised complete blocks in north‐eastern Spain. Emergence was determined by counting and marking newly emerged seedlings weekly for 3 months and vegetative growth was evaluated for each marked seedling group using the expanded BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt Bundessortenamt and Chemical industry) scale. Linear regressions were successfully fitted to the growth, using degree days and hydrothermal time as factors. Growth pattern differed between both years, but not between both Galium species, when fitted to growing day degrees (GDD), but these differences disappeared when fitted to hydrothermal time (HTT). Despite disparity in the emergence pattern among populations, new whorl production followed similar patterns for each Galium species, which allowed development of a common model. Maternal factors may have affected emergence, but populations did not show differences in whorl development. This growth model is a new tool that may be used to improve the timing of weed control strategies for Galium species in winter cereal fields under a Mediterranean climate.
Oral food desensitization in children with IgE‐mediated hen’s egg allergy: a new protocol with raw hen’s egg
Authors: Meglio Paolo , Giampietro Paolo G. , Carello Rossella , Gabriele Ida , Avitabile Simona , Galli Elena 
Published: August 2012

To cite this article: Meglio P, Giampietro PG, Carello R, Gabriele I, Avitabile S, Galli E. Oral food desensitization in children with IgE‐mediated hen’s egg allergy: a new protocol with raw hen’s egg. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2012: 00.AbstractBackground:  Hen’s egg allergy affects young children and can cause severe allergic reactions. Avoidance results in dietary limitations and can affect the quality of life, especially in cases where potentially life‐threatening reactions exist. Our objective was to desensitize children with moderate‐severe IgE‐mediated hen’s egg allergy over a 6‐month period, by introducing increasing and very gradual daily doses of raw hen’s egg in order to enable the children to assume 25ml of this food, or to induce tolerance to the highest possible dose. The protocol foresaw the egg reintroduction in the home setting.Methods:  In this randomized, controlled open study, 20 hen’s egg allergic children (10 in the active group) were admitted. A convincing history or a positive double‐blind placebo‐controlled food challenge confirmed the diagnosis. Oral desensitization was performed with increasing doses starting from 0.27 mg of hen’s egg proteins (1 drop of raw hen’s egg diluted 1:100). We adopted an original, mathematically calculated protocol in order to ensure a constant, daily increment of doses.Results:  8/10 children (80%) in the active group achieved the daily intake of 25ml over a 6‐month period. One child (10%) could tolerate up to 2ml/day while another child (10%) failed the desensitization. Six months after enrolment only 2 children in the control group (20%) could tolerate hen’s egg.Conclusions:  We successfully desensitized 8/10 children with IgE‐mediated hen’s egg allergy in a 6‐month period. The partial outcome in the child who could tolerate 2ml/day reduced the risk of severe reactions after unnoticed introduction of egg. A regular protocol that ensures a daily constant increase of doses helps to reduce possible adverse events, thus improving safety and effectiveness.
Effects of salinity, light intensity and sediment on growth, pigments, agar production and reproduction in Gracilaria tenuistipitata from Songkhla Lagoon in Thailand
Authors: Bunsom Chaloemphon , Prathep Anchana 
Published: August 2012

SUMMARYThe effects of salinity, light intensity and sediment on Gracilaria tenuistipitata C.F. Chang & B.M. Xia on growth, pigments, agar production, and net photosynthesis rate were examined in the laboratory under varying conditions of salinity (0, 25 and 33 psu), light intensity (150, 400, 700 and 1000 µmol photons m−2 s−1) and sediment (0, 0.67 and 2.28 mg L−1). These conditions simulated field conditions, to gain some understanding of the best conditions for cultivation of G. tenuistipitata. The highest growth rate was at 25 psu, 700 µmol photons m−2 s−1 with no sediments, that provided a 6.7% increase in weight gain. The highest agar production (24.8 ± 3.0 %DW) was at 25 psu, 150–400 µmol photons m−2 s−1 and no sediment. The highest pigment contents were phycoerythrin (0.8 ± 0.5 mg g−1FW) and phycocyanin (0.34 ± 0.05 mg g−1 FW) produced in low light conditions, at 150 µmol photons m−2 s−1. The highest photosynthesis rate was 161.3 ± 32.7 mg O2  g−1 DW h−1 in 25 psu, 400 µmol photons m−2 s−1 without sediment in the short period of cultivation, (3 days) and 60.3 ± 6.7 mg O2 g−1 DW h−1 in 25 psu, 700 µmol photons m−2 s−1 without sediment in the long period of cultivation (20 days). The results indicated that salinity was the most crucial factor affecting G. tenuistipitata growth and production. This would help to promote the cultivation of Gracilaria cultivation back into the lagoon using these now determined baseline conditions. Extrapolation of the results from the laboratory study to field conditions indicated that it was possible to obtain two crops of Gracilaria a year in the lagoon, with good yields of agar, from mid‐January to the end of April (dry season), and from mid‐July to the end of September (first rainy season) when provided sediment was restricted.
Reconsideration of the Gomphonema (Bacillariophyceae) species from Kolhapur, Northern Western Ghats, India: Taxonomy, typification and biogeography of the species reported by H.P. Gandhi
Authors: Karthick B. , Kociolek J. Patrick 
Published: August 2012

SUMMARYUnique environmental conditions in the Indian subcontinent create a diverse biogeographic region harboring with exceptional endemic biodiversity. Diatom studies in this region started in the early nineteenth century, with descriptions of many new species. H. P. Gandhi described nearly 300 new taxa beginning in 1952. The focus of this paper is to reconsider, typify and provide biogeographic notes on the Gomphonema species described by Gandhi from Kolhapur region of Northern Western Ghats. While Gandhi identified 11 taxa including two endemic taxa, we observed eight Gomphonema species from the same material, comprising six endemic and two cosmopolitan species. The morphology of these taxa is examined using both light and scanning electron microscopy and all taxa are compared with similar species. One of the eight species we observed is a new species, Gomphonema tamilensis sp. nov., and a new combination is established, Gomphonema lacusrankaloides comb. nov. Gomphonema tamilensis is similar to G. gandhii described from South India and Gomphocymbella species described from East Africa. Ultrastructural details of Gomphonema species from peninsular India shows morphologically similarities to members of this genus from Himalayan, Madagascar and African species, which could be reflective of sister taxon relationships, and merit further investigation.