bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists on rat dural artery diameter in an intravital microscopy model
Authors: Chan KY , Gupta S , de Vries R , Danser AHJ , Villalón CM , Muñoz‐Islas E , MaassenVanDenBrink A 
Published: March 2010

Background and purpose:  During migraine, trigeminal nerves may release calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), inducing cranial vasodilatation and central nociception; hence, trigeminal inhibition or blockade of craniovascular CGRP receptors may prevent this vasodilatation and abort migraine headache. Several preclinical studies have shown that glutamate receptor antagonists affect the pathophysiology of migraine. This study investigated whether antagonists of NMDA (ketamine and MK801), AMPA (GYKI52466) and kainate (LY466195) glutamate receptors affected dural vasodilatation induced by α‐CGRP, capsaicin and periarterial electrical stimulation in rats, using intravital microscopy.Experimental approach:  Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were anaesthetized and the overlying bone was thinned to visualize the dural artery. Then, vasodilator responses to exogenous (i.v. α‐CGRP) and endogenous (released by i.v. capsaicin and periarterial electrical stimulation) CGRP were elicited in the absence or presence of the above antagonists.Key results:  α‐CGRP, capsaicin and periarterial electrical stimulation increased dural artery diameter. Ketamine and MK801 inhibited the vasodilator responses to capsaicin and electrical stimulation, while only ketamine attenuated those to α‐CGRP. In contrast, GYKI52466 only attenuated the vasodilatation to exogenous α‐CGRP, while LY466195 did not affect the vasodilator responses to endogenous or exogenous CGRP.Conclusions and implications:  Although GYKI52466 has not been tested clinically, our data suggest that it would not inhibit migraine via vascular mechanisms. Similarly, the antimigraine efficacy of LY466195 seems unrelated to vascular CGRP‐mediated pathways and/or receptors. In contrast, the cranial vascular effects of ketamine and MK801 may represent a therapeutic mechanism, although the same mechanism might contribute, peripherally, to cardiovascular side effects.
The endocannabinoid system as a target for the treatment of neurodegenerative disease
Authors: Scotter Emma L , Abood Mary E , Glass Michelle 
Published: March 2010

TheCannabis sativaplant has been exploited for medicinal, agricultural and spiritual purposes in diverse cultures over thousands of years. Cannabis has been used recreationally for its psychotropic properties, while effects such as stimulation of appetite, analgesia and anti‐emesis have lead to the medicinal application of cannabis. Indeed, reports of medicinal efficacy of cannabis can been traced back as far as 2700 BC, and even at that time reports also suggested a neuroprotective effect of the cultivar. The discovery of the psychoactive component of cannabis resin, Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9‐THC) occurred long before the serendipitous identification of a G‐protein coupled receptor at which Δ9‐THC is active in the brain. The subsequent finding of endogenous cannabinoid compounds, the synthesis of which is directed by neuronal excitability and which in turn served to regulate that excitability, further widened the range of potential drug targets through which the endocannabinoid system can be manipulated. As a result of this, alterations in the endocannabinoid system have been extensively investigated in a range of neurodegenerative disorders. In this review we examine the evidence implicating the endocannabinoid system in the cause, symptomatology or treatment of neurodegenerative disease. We examine data from human patients and compare and contrast this with evidence from animal models of these diseases. On the basis of this evidence we discuss the likely efficacy of endocannabinoid‐based therapies in each disease context.This article is part of a themed issue on Cannabinoids. To view the editorial for this themed issue visithttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2010.00831.x
Electrophysiological classification of P2X7 receptors in rat cultured neocortical astroglia
Authors: Nörenberg W , Schunk J , Fischer W , Sobottka H , Riedel T , Oliveira JF , Franke H , Illes P 
Published: March 2010

Background and purpose: P2X7 receptors are ATP‐gated cation channels mediating important functions in microglial cells, such as the release of cytokines and phagocytosis. Electrophysiological evidence that these receptors also occur in CNS astroglia is rare and rather incomplete.Experimental approach: We used whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings to search for P2X7 receptors in astroglial–neuronal co‐cultures prepared from the cerebral cortex of rats.Key results: All the astroglial cells investigated responded to ATP with membrane currents, reversing around 0 mV. These currents could be also detected in isolated outside‐out patch vesicles. The results of the experiments with the P2X [α,β‐methylene ATP and 2′‐3′‐O‐(4‐benzoyl) ATP] and P2Y receptor agonists [adenosine 5′‐O‐(2‐thiodiphosphate), uridine 5′‐diphosphate, uridine 5′‐triphosphate (UTP) and UDP‐glucose] suggested the involvement of P2X receptors in this response. The potentiation of ATP responses in a low divalent cation or alkaline bath, but not by ivermectin, made it likely that a P2X7 receptor is operational. Blockade of the ATP effect by the P2X7 antagonists Brilliant Blue G, calmidazolium and oxidized ATP corroborated this assumption.Conclusions and implications: Rat cultured cortical astroglia possesses functional P2X7 receptors. It is suggested that astrocytic P2X7 receptors respond to high local ATP concentrations during neuronal injury.
Family Matters: The Early Modern Atlantic from the European Side
Authors: Hardwick Julie 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis article is part of aHistory Compasscluster on ‘Rethinking Gender, Family, and Sexuality in the Early Modern Atlantic World’.The cluster is made up of the following articles:‘On Currents and Comparisons: Gender and the Atlantic ‘Turn’ in Spanish America’, Bianca Premo,History Compass8.3 (2010): 223–237, doi:10.1111/j.1478‐0542.2009.00658.x‘Women and Families in Early (North) America and the Wider (Atlantic) World’, Karin Wulf,History Compass8.3 (2010): 238–247, doi:10.1111/j.1478‐0542.2009.00659.x‘Family Matters: The Early Modern Atlantic from the European Side’, Julie Hardwick,History Compass8.3 (2010): 248–257, doi:10.1111/j.1478‐0542.2009.00660.xThe following essay originated as one of these three contributions to a roundtable discussion held at the 14th Berkshire Conference on the History of Women, June 2008. The roundtable, ‘Rethinking Gender, Family, and Sexuality in the Early Modern Atlantic World’, was meant to be as much invitation as inventory and was astonishingly well attended at 08:00 in the morning, with standing room only for a thoughtful, lively audience whose comments, questions, and suggestions are reflected here (although in no way fully represented). As historians of gender and family in the North Atlantic, European, and Iberian worlds, we had hoped to encourage more central and systematic attention to gender within the Atlantic World paradigm by cataloging some recent works in their fields and pointing the way for future studies. Yet, a funny thing happened on the way to the conference. Independently, each of us began to engage with the challenges of simply inserting family and gender into ‘the Atlantic’ as both as conceptual place and a historical practice. The essays that emerged, therefore, departed from conventional historiographies that survey the state of the field. Rather, these are theoretical and methodological reflections on the implications of de‐centering national and colonial narratives about the history of gender. At a time when transnational historical scholarship on early modern women promises to explode, these essays aim to inspire debate about the conceptual utility of the Atlantic as a paradigm for understanding issues of gender, family, and sexuality, as well as its ramifications for feminist scholarship everywhere.
Political and Socioeconomic Transformation in the GCC: Image and Reality
Authors: Sage Mitchell Jocelyn 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAlthough the Middle East remains one of the least free regions of the world in 2009, it is possible to study political transformation in the region. This paper provides an overview of political transformation in the six Gulf states of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC): Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, over the past 20 years. After a brief overview of the formal political changes, which are often superficial and provide little real transformation of the political sphere, I turn to an analysis of the socioeconomic transformation in the GCC and how these developments affect the political realm. New developments in the areas of the media, education, and business hold particular promise for eventually leading to true political transformation of the GCC.
Britain and the Middle East: New Historical Perspectives on the Eastern Question
Authors: Tusan Michelle 
Published: March 2010

AbstractRecent work on Britain and the Middle East promises to reinvigorate the field by introducing a new set of questions and archival sources. This essay reviews current scholarship by looking back at the historiography of the Eastern Question. First defined as a field in the wake of WWI, the study of British foreign and domestic policy in the Ottoman Empire inspired generations of historical work on the region. This early wave of historiography provokingly demonstrated that the contest for the Middle East largely happened at home and helped shape the priorities of modern liberal democratic political culture. Contemporary events, including the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, coupled with the emergence of new methodologies have contributed to a shift in historical writing from the ‘Eastern Question’ to more regionally focused studies of the ‘Middle East.’ This shift has recast the field as an important new frontier of the New Imperial History.
Teaching Method and Theory to History Undergraduates. Intellectual Challenges and Professional Responsibilities
Authors: Gow Andrew 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis article seeks to demonstrate why university instructors should make greater efforts to teach our undergraduates about historical methods and the challenges to traditional ways of doing history posed by important recent theoretical approaches and critiques. The stakes are high because liberal progressivist narratives of historical progress are inadequate for the professional study of history, though very powerful for legitimating the political status quo. It is also my goal to show why our experience (and what common sense can make of it) cannot lead us to intellectually responsible methods for the study of history. Unfortunately, 'common sense' can, on the other hand, lead us to ways of doing history that shore up existing power structures. Every refusal to engage with theoretical and methodological issues implies taking a political position about power and the ways in which traditional history‐writing helps to construct and legitimate power. A historian who employs only traditional empiricist methods (common sense, arguments from human nature, etc.) is not really refusing to articulate and apply a theory, but holds and applies a theoretical approach while at the same time denying its existence, its effects and its power to organize and shape historical issues. Hiding behind commonsensical and other unexamined methods reduces history as a practice and as a profession to either antiquarianism or partisanship, both in the service of the (neo‐) liberal establishment. Any such engagement (for or against an establishment) must be clear and declared, not camouflaged as objectivity, neutrality or freedom from theory. We owe it to our students to declare our positions and to encourage them to think systematically and in an informed fashion about theirs as well.
Medication Overuse Headache: Withdrawal and Prophylactic Therapeutic Regimen
Authors: Trucco Marco , Meineri Piero , Ruiz Luigi , Gionco Maurizio 
Published: March 2010

(Headache 2010;50:989‐997)Background.— Medication overuse headache (MOH) is a secondary headache, whose diagnostic criteria were settled by the Second Edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders and its subsequent revisions. Its diagnosis and treatment represent a growing problem worldwide and a challenge for headache specialists.Objective.— The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a therapeutic regimen for withdrawal of the overused drug and prophylaxis of headache in a population of patients suffering from MOH in 8 hospitals of Piemonte – Liguria – Valle d'Aosta.Patients and Methods.— Seventy patients, 58 females (82.9%) and 12 males (17.1%), mean age at observation 51.04 ± 12.59 years, affected by MOH following International Headache Society diagnostic revised criteria were treated as inpatients (n = 40) or in Day Hospital (n = 30). Headache Index (HI) and Daily Drug Intake (DDI) were used for evaluating the severity of headache and medication overuse. The patients were treated by abrupt discontinuation of the overused drug and by a therapeutic protocol including i.v. hydration, dexhamethasone, metoclopramide, and benzodiazepines for 7‐15 days. Prophylactic medication was started at the beginning of therapeutic protocol. Patients underwent follow‐up controls 1, 3, and 6 months after discharge. The initial diagnosis was MOH in all patients included in the study. The overused medications were simple analgesics in 18 cases (25.7%), combination analgesics in 26 cases (37.1%), triptans alone in 9 cases (12.9%), or in combination with analgesics in 13 cases (18.6%), and ergot derivatives (in combination) in 4 cases (5.7%). We collected data from 59 patients at first follow‐up (1 month), 56 after 3 months, and 42 after 6 months.Results.— Mean HI was 0.92 at admission, 0.19 at discharge, 0.35 after 30 days, 0.39 after 3 months, and 0.42 after 6 months. Mean DDI was 2.72 at admission, 0.22 at discharge, 0.31 after 1 month, 0.38 after 3 months, and 0.47 after 6 months. These results proved to be highly statistically significant.Conclusions.— The protocol was generally effective, safe, and well‐tolerated. The results tend to remain stable with time, and seem to be encouraging about long‐term use of this therapeutic protocol on a larger number of patients suffering from MOH.
Clonazepam for Refractory Headache: Three Cases Illustrative of Benefit and Risk
Authors: Maizels Morris 
Published: March 2010

Many patients with migraine are poorly responsive to conventional preventive therapies. Comorbid anxiety and depression may contribute to headache refractoriness, but studies of headache preventives have not typically addressed the patient with psychiatric comorbidity. The author has used clonazepam empirically to treat a subgroup of headache patients with associated anxiety, who were poorly responsive to conventional preventives. The use of a benzodiazepine as a headache preventive raises concerns regarding tolerance and addiction. The author presents 3 cases that illustrate different outcomes associated with this therapy, and suggests guidelines for its use.(Headache 2010;50:650‐656)
Altered Regional Brain Morphology in Patients With Chronic Facial Pain
Authors: Schmidt‐Wilcke Tobias , Hierlmeier Stefanie , Leinisch Elke 
Published: March 2010

Background.— Persistent idiopathic facial pain (PIFP) is defined as a persistent, unilateral facial pain, not associated with sensory loss or other physical signs and with no obvious structural abnormalities that would sufficiently explain pain experience.Objective.— We were interested whether there is evidence of altered brain morphology in patients with PIFP as it has been described in other chronic pain conditions.Methods.— Using voxel‐based morphometry we investigated regional gray matter volume in 11 PIFP patients and 11 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls. Furthermore we calculated lateralization indices (LI) to investigate differences in interhemispheric gray matter asymmetries.Results.— We report a decrease in gray matter volume in the left anterior cingulate gyrus and left temporo‐insular region, as well as in the left and right sensory‐motor area, projecting to the representational area of the face. Analyses of LI values demonstrated an increased rightward asymmetry in the middle‐anterior insular cortex in patients in comparison with healthy controls.Conclusion.— Our data support previous findings showing that chronic pain states are display‐altered brain morphology in brain regions know to be part of the pain system.(Headache 2010;50:1278‐1285)
A Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Trial of Acetaminophen for Treatment of Migraine Headache
Authors: Prior Mary Jane , Codispoti Joseph R. , Fu Min 
Published: March 2010

(Headache 2010;50:819‐833)Objective.— To evaluate the efficacy and safety of acetaminophen 1000 mg for the treatment of episodic migraine headache.Background.— While acetaminophen is commonly used to treat migraine, there have been limited published clinical trial efficacy results.Design/Methods.— Ten investigators at 13 private, ambulatory, primary care sites in the United States enrolled and treated 346 outpatient adults 18‐72 years of age with migraine headache of moderate to severe intensity into a randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind clinical trial of 6 hours duration. Each patient was randomly assigned to a single dose of study medication of acetaminophen 1000 mg (n = 177) or placebo (n = 169). The percentage of patients with a reduction in baseline headache pain intensity from severe or moderate to mild or none 2 hours after treatment and the headache pain intensity difference from baseline at 2 hours were the primary efficacy measures. Other measures of pain relief, severity differences from baseline for migraine‐associated symptoms of nausea, photophobia, phonophobia, and functional disability, and percentage of patients with migraine‐associated symptoms reduced to none were also assessed.Results.— Significantly (P = .001) more patients treated with acetaminophen 1000 mg reported mild to no pain after 2 hours (52.0%) compared with those treated with placebo (32.0%). The mean pain intensity difference from baseline measured at 2 hours was significantly (P < .001) greater for patients treated with acetaminophen 1000 mg (0.82) compared with those treated with placebo (0.46). A significant difference in favor of acetaminophen 1000 mg over placebo was also observed at 1 hour after treatment for the percentage of patients with mild to no pain and for mean pain intensity difference from baseline. Acetaminophen 1000 mg was significantly more effective than placebo for all but 1 (pain reduced to none at 2 hours) clinically important secondary pain relief outcomes. Mean severity changes from baseline in migraine‐associated symptoms of nausea, photophobia, phonophobia, and functional disability at 2 and 6 hours were significantly (P < .001) in favor of acetaminophen over placebo; the percentage of patients with no symptoms at 2 and 6 hours statistically significantly favored acetaminophen in 6 of 8 comparisons. Adverse events, overall, and specifically for nausea, were reported more frequently in the placebo group.Conclusions.— Acetaminophen 1000 mg, a nonprescription drug, is an effective and well‐tolerated treatment for episodic and moderate migraine headache. In addition, acetaminophen generally provided a beneficial effect on associated symptoms of migraine including nausea, photophobia, phonophobia, and functional disability.
Prognostic Value of Exercise Myocardial Scintigraphy in Patients with Coronary Chronic Total Occlusions
Authors: GALASSI ALFREDO R. , WERNER GERALD S. , TOMASELLO SALVATORE D. , AZZARELLI SALVATORE , CAPODANNO DAVIDE , BARRANO GIOMBATTISTA , MARZA' FRANCESCO , COSTANZO LUCA , CAMPISANO MARIABARBARA , TAMBURINO CORRADO 
Published: March 2010

Objectives: To evaluate the prognostic value of exercise myocardial scintigraphy in patients undergoing incomplete revascularization by means of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with at least a residual chronic total occlusion (CTO) left untreated.
Methods: Of 569 consecutive patients with multivessel disease undergoing myocardial scintigraphy after incomplete revascularization by PCI between March 1997 and December 2004, 126 (79% male, 64±10 years) with ≥ 1 residual CTO fulfilled the eligibility criteria and entered in the study. Hard events defined as cardiac death and myocardial infarction, soft events defined as incidence of unstable angina and PCI procedures, and their composite were assessed at a median follow‐up period of 44 months.
Results: Hard events were observed in six patients (4.8%). All of them had severely abnormal perfusion defects detected by myocardial scintigraphy. Soft events occurred in 0 (0%), 10 (7.9%), and 15 (11.9%) patients with normal, mildly abnormal, and severely abnormal perfusion, respectively. In the Kaplan–Meier analysis, the log‐rank test was statistically significant across patients stratified by summed stress score either in terms of hard, soft and hard, or soft events. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional‐hazards showed an incremental significant information when the scintigraphic variables were added to clinical, angiographic, left ventricular ejection fraction, and Duke treadmill score, for prediction of the composite of hard and soft cardiac events (P < 0.006).
Conclusions: Among patients with a residual CTO left untreated after PCI, myocardial perfusion imaging provides significant independent information concerning the subsequent risk of cardiac events. (J Interven Cardiol 2010;23:139‐148)
The enigma of the welfare state: excellent child health prerequisites – poor subjective health
Authors: Lindgren C , Lindblad F 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe rate of subjective health complaints among Swedish children is increasing by age and over time, and more so than among children in other Scandinavian countries. In contrast, the somatic health and prerequisites for wellbeing are excellent. This paradoxical situation, The Enigma of the Welfare State, is the focus of this viewpoint. We argue that one important background factor may be late adverse effects of the welfare society itself and some of its inherent values. We have identified several possible pathways. We have given them names of diseases – on the society level – like health obsession, stress panic, welfare apathy and hyper‐individualism. Together with other factors such as a dysfunctional school and an unsatisfactory labour market for youth, these diseases are involved in an interplay that is constantly inducing anxiety and low self‐esteem.Conclusion:  The gradually deteriorating self‐reported health among Swedish youth may, to some degree, be explained as a late adverse effect of the welfare society itself and its inherent values.
Intrauterine exposure to caffeine and inattention/overactivity in children
Authors: Bekkhus M , Skjøthaug T , Nordhagen R , Borge AIH 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAim:  To determine the association between intrauterine exposure to timing and sources of caffeine and inattention/overactivity, suggesting ADHD in the child.Method:  This study used prospectively collected data from the large population‐based study, The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). Participants were 25 343 mothers and their 18‐month‐old children. Mothers reported on consumption of a number of caffeine sources at the 17th week and 30th week of gestation, as well as child inattention/overactivity at 18 months. Data were analysed using univariate analyses of covariance (ancova).Results:  Once we controlled for confounders, there was a small effect of caffeine intake at 17th week of gestation on inattention/overactivity combined, and both 17th and 30th week of gestation on overactivity, when investigated separately from inattention. Surprisingly, the caffeine effect was only found for soft drinks, not tea or coffee.Conclusion:  Intrauterine exposure to soft drinks rather than coffee, the traditional focus, is associated with maternal reports of overactive behaviour in children aged 18 months.