bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Depletion study and estimation of the withdrawal period for oxytetracycline in tilapia cultured in Brazil
Authors: PASCHOAL J. A. R. , BICUDO Á. J. A. , CYRINO J. E. P. , REYES F. G. R. , RATH S. 
Published: April 2011

Paschoal, J. A. R., Bicudo, Á. J. A., Cyrino, J. E. P., Reyes, F. G. R., Rath, S. Depletion study and estimation of the withdrawal period for oxytetracycline in tilapia cultured in Brazil. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 35, 90–96.Defining pharmacokinetic parameters and depletion intervals for antimicrobials used in fish represents important guidelines for future regulation by Brazilian agencies of the use of these substances in fish farming. This article presents a depletion study for oxytetracycline (OTC) in tilapias (Orechromis niloticus) farmed under tropical conditions during the winter season. High performance liquid chromatography, with fluorescence detection for the quantitation of OTC in tilapia fillets and medicated feed, was developed and validated. The depletion study with fish was carried out under monitored environmental conditions. OTC was administered in the feed for five consecutive days at daily dosages of 80 mg/kg body weight. Groups of ten fish were slaughtered at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 15, 20, and 25 days after medication. After the 8th day posttreatment, OTC concentrations in the tilapia fillets were below the limit of quantitation (13 ng/g) of the method. Linear regression of the mathematical model of data analysis presented a coefficient of 0.9962. The elimination half‐life for OTC in tilapia fillet and the withdrawal period were 1.65 and 6 days, respectively, considering a percentile of 99% with 95% of confidence and a maximum residue limit of 100 ng/g. Even though the study was carried out in the winter under practical conditions where water temperature varied, the results obtained are similar to others from studies conducted under controlled temperature.
Analysis of binary outcomes from randomised trials including multiple births: when should clustering be taken into account?
Authors: Yelland Lisa N. , Salter Amy B. , Ryan Philip , Makrides Maria 
Published: April 2011

SummaryYelland LN, Salter AB, Ryan P, Makrides M. Analysis of binary outcomes from randomised trials including multiple births: when should clustering be taken into account?Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology2011;25: 283–297.Randomised trials involving infants from both single and multiple births present unique statistical challenges. A range of methods have been used to analyse such data, including standard methods which treat all infants as independent, and more complex methods which account for the dependence between outcomes of infants from the same pregnancy. Conflicting recommendations have been made regarding if and when this dependence, or clustering, should be taken into account in the analysis. We studied the performance of ordinary logistic regression, which ignores the clustering, compared with logistic generalised estimating equations (GEEs) and mixed effects models (MEMs), which account for the clustering, using real and simulated datasets.Ordinary logistic regression produced appropriate type I error and coverage rates, provided the dependence between outcomes of infants from the same pregnancy was small and the multiple birth rate was low, but performed poorly otherwise. The type I error rate increased and the coverage rate decreased as either the strength of the dependence or the multiple birth rate increased. In contrast, logistic GEEs maintained appropriate type I error and coverage rates across a wide range of settings. The performance of logistic MEMs varied depending on the setting and the estimation procedure used but was often similar to or better than ordinary logistic regression. We recommend using a method which takes the clustering into account when analysing datasets including infants from multiple births.
Rheumatic fever recurrence prevention: A nurse‐led programme of 28‐day penicillin in an area of high endemnicity
Authors: Spinetto Heather , Lennon Diana , Horsburgh Margaret 
Published: April 2011

Aims:  To evaluate safety and effectiveness of 28‐day long‐acting penicillin to prevent recurrences of acute rheumatic fever (ARF).Methods:  Historical cohort study using the regional RF register for Auckland, New Zealand, in a 5–14‐year‐old population with ARF rates of ∼40–80/100 000. Consented patients were referred to a population‐based delivery programme of free benzathine penicillin every 28 days by community nurses with discharge after the longer of 10 years of treatment or aged 21 years. First‐episode and recurrent ARF cases classified as definite (Jones criteria 1992) or probable (Jones criteria 1956) were the main outcome measures.Results:  Of the 360 cases meeting the case definitions, 20 recurrences occurred in 19 people (median age 21 years). The age at first episode was 2–52 years (mode 11 years), median age 21.3 (8–40). ARF recurred 0–21 years after penicillin was discontinued. Seventy‐two per cent of recurrent cases occurred within 5 years, and 12% between 5 years and 10 years. The 4‐weekly long‐acting penicillin failure rate (n= 1) was 0.07/100 patient years. The programme failure rate (Auckland residents) was 1.4/100 patient years (n= 20). Patient non‐adherence accounted for 55% of recurrences. Two recurrences after discharge from prophylaxis as per the New Zealand guidelines occurred 3 years and 13 years later.Conclusions:  In this environment, 28‐day long‐acting penicillin prophylaxis for at least 10 years delivered by community nurses is safe and effective for patients with no or mild cardiac disease by auscultation at discharge off penicillin. Penicillin delivery every 21 days (as suggested by a recent Cochrane review) would add to costs and complexity.
Infantile colic: A systematic review of medical and conventional therapies
Authors: Hall Belinda , Chesters Janice , Robinson Anske 
Published: April 2011

Aim:  Infantile colic is a prevalent and distressing condition for which there is no proven standard therapy. The aim of this paper is to review medical and conventional treatments for infantile colic.Methods:  A systematic literature review was undertaken of studies on medical and conventional interventions for infantile colic from 1980 to March 2009. The results and methodological rigour of included studies were analysed using the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards Of Reporting Trials) 2001 statement checklist and Centre for Evidence Based Medicine critical appraisal tools.Results:  Nineteen studies and two literature reviews were included for review. Pharmacological studies on Simethicone gave conflicting results and with Dicyclomine hydrochloride and Cimetropium bromide results were favourable but side effects were noted along with issues in study methodology. Some nutritional studies reported favourable results for the use of hydrolysed formulas in bottle‐fed infants or low‐allergen maternal diets in breastfed infants but not for the use of additional fibre or lactase. There were several issues in regards to methodological rigour. Behavioural studies on the use of increased stimulation gave unfavourable results, whereas results from the use of decreased stimulation and contingent music were favourable. These studies demonstrated poor methodological rigour.Conclusion:  There is some scientific evidence to support the use of a casein hydrolysate formula in formula‐fed infants or a low‐allergen maternal diet in breastfed infants with infantile colic. However, there is little scientific evidence to support the use of Simethicone, Dicyclomine hydrochloride, Cimetropium bromide, lactase, additional fibre or behavioural interventions. Further research of good methodological quality on low‐allergenic formulas and maternal diets is indicated.
Humidified high flow nasal cannulae: Current practice in Australasian nurseries, a survey
Authors: Hough Judith L , Shearman Andrew D , Jardine Luke A , Davies Mark W 
Published: April 2011

Aim:  Humidified High Flow Nasal Cannula (HHFNC) has been increasingly adopted as a new means of respiratory support throughout the world. However, evidence to support its safety and efficacy is limited. The aim of the present survey was to determine current practices regarding the usage of HHFNC by neonatologists in Australia and New Zealand.Methods:  Surveys were sent to all 167 neonatologists identified by the list of centres in the Australia and New Zealand Neonatal Network.Results:  A total of 157 surveys were sent to valid email addresses: 111 (71%) responded of which 105 (67%) had completed the questionnaire. HHFNC is used in 17 (63%) of neonatal intensive care units in Australia and New Zealand. It is most commonly used to reduce nasal trauma (91%) and provide continuous positive airways pressure (62%). The main perceived benefits of HHFNC were the easier application and care of the infant (86%), and improved tolerance by the baby (84%). Rain out leading to fluid instillation into the upper airway (59%) was the most common problem.Conclusion:  This survey has provided a snapshot of the practice of HHFNC usage in Australia and New Zealand in 2010 and has revealed that HHFNC use is widespread and that clinical practices are diverse. The majority of neonatologists acknowledge that there is limited evidence to support its efficacy and safety, and would be happy to participate in clinical trials to address how best to deliver HHFNC.
Lack of association between the P2X7 receptor A1513C polymorphism and susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis: A meta‐analysis
Authors: WANG XIWEN , XIAO HUAPING , LAN HAIBING , MAO CHEN , CHEN QING 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTBackground and objective:  Genetic background may influence susceptibility pulmonary tuberculosis. The evidence for an association between the P2X7 receptor A1513C polymorphism and susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis remains inconclusive. In order to provide a more precise estimate of this association, a meta‐analysis was performed.Methods:  Databases, including PUBMED, OVID, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, EBSCO and EMBASE were searched for publications that met the inclusion criteria. A fixed effect model was used to estimate pooled OR with 95% CI for the association between susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis and the P2X7 receptor A1513C polymorphism. The chi‐squared‐based Q‐test was used to test the heterogeneity hypothesis. Begg's test and Egger's test were used to check publication bias.Results:  Six published case–control studies that investigated the association between the P2X7 receptor A1513C polymorphism and susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis in 2525 subjects were included in this meta‐analysis. The heterogeneity hypothesis test did not reveal any heterogeneity. Begg's test and Egger's test did not detect obvious publication bias among the included studies. This meta‐analysis indicated that there was no significant association between the P2X7 receptor A1513C polymorphism and susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis (AC vs AA model: OR 1.12, 95% CI: 0.93–1.35; CC vs AA model: OR 1.45, 95% CI: 0.92–2.28; AC + CC vs AA model: OR 1.15, 95% CI: 0.96–1.13; CC vs AC + AA model: OR 1.42, 95% CI: 0.90–2.23).Conclusions:  This meta‐analysis of six studies involving 2525 subjects suggested that the P2X7 receptor A1531C polymorphism is not associated with susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis.
Teaching a child with challenging behaviour to use the toilet: a clinical case study
Authors: Brown Freddy Jackson , Peace Natalie 
Published: April 2011

Accessible summary
Using the toilet is important for people’s independence, health and dignity.
It can be difficult to teach people to use the toilet when they are aggressive or oppositional.
This study describes how standard toilet training methods can be adapted to help a 13‐year‐old child with challenging behaviour learn to use the toilet independently.
SummaryLearning to use the toilet is an important developmental step for a child’s independence, health and dignity. It can be particularly difficult to teach continence skills to disabled children with aggressive or challenging behaviour. This study showed how Azrin & Foxx's (1971) basic toilet training procedure could be modified to teach a 13‐year‐old child with learning disabilities with aggressive behaviour to use the toilet in school. Urinary continence was achieved within 2 weeks and maintained at 6‐week follow‐up. Long‐term data showed continence was maintained at 6‐, 12‐ and 24‐month follow‐up. The programme was subsequently successfully transferred into the home. There is a strong evidence base for effective continence programmes, and the challenge now is how to disseminate their findings and ensure they are systematically used.
Cost‐effectiveness analysis of palivizumab as respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis in preterm infants in Sweden
Authors: Neovius Kristian , Buesch Katharina , Sandström Kristina , Neovius Martin 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAim:  To investigate the cost‐effectiveness of palivizumab vs. no prophylaxis for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in preterm infants in Sweden.Methods:  A probabilistic Markov model was populated using a nationwide register linkage and data from the literature. Cost‐effectiveness was investigated from a societal perspective over a lifetime for infants born at <29 weeks of gestation. Palivizumab was modelled using assumptions for its direct effect on RSV hospitalization risk and an indirect effect (via decreased RSV hospitalization) on subsequent asthma and mortality during the epidemic. Costs and effects were discounted by 3%.Results:  In the base case, prophylaxis resulted in an additional 0.102 quality‐adjusted life‐year (QALY) at a cost of 20 000 SEK relative to no prophylaxis (incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio [ICER] 195 000 SEK/QALY). The probability of prophylaxis being cost–effective was 99% at a willingness‐to‐pay of 500 000 SEK/QALY. Assumptions about a causal association between RSV infection and subsequent asthma had a moderate impact, while exclusion of the indirect prophylaxis effect on mortality increased the ICER to 492 000 SEK/QALY. When excluding both of these, prophylaxis was not cost–effective.Conclusion:  Based on a willingness‐to‐pay of 500 000 SEK/QALY, palivizumab was found to be cost–effective compared with no prophylaxis for infants born at <29 weeks if severe RSV infection was assumed to increase subsequent asthma or mortality risk.
An approach to the assessment and management of the laparoscopic adjustable gastric band patient in the emergency department
Authors: Freeman Larissa , Brown Wendy A , Korin Anna , Pilgrim Charles HC , Smith Andrew , Nottle Peter 
Published: April 2011

AbstractObjective: As the number of obese people in Australia continues to increase, laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) surgery will become increasingly common. It is important for practitioners involved in the care of such patients to be able to accurately diagnose, and initially manage, pathology relating to the LAGB.Methods: A retrospective review of 56 presentations in 41 patients with LAGB, who presented to the ED of a major tertiary hospital, was performed. Note was made of presenting symptoms, investigations undertaken, subsequent diagnosis, and initial and definitive management.Results and Discussion: The commonest presenting symptoms included abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and dysphagia. The ultimate diagnosis was food bolus obstruction (18 presentations; 32.1%), port infection (11 presentations; 19.6%), band prolapse (9 presentations; 16.1%), band erosion (2 presentations; 3.6%) and subacute bowel obstruction (1 presentation; 1.8%). Food bolus obstruction was best diagnosed clinically. Plain abdominal X‐ray was useful to identify prolapse. Infection was best diagnosed with the combination of clinical picture and wound swab. CT scan was helpful when suspecting a deep source of infection. From these data, two algorithms were developed, which can be used as a clinical aide to help practitioners in diagnosing and treating such complications appropriately.Conclusion: It is important that health‐care professionals are aware of the common presentations of problems following LAGB and have a basic paradigm for initial care. The present study identifies the presenting picture of various complications that can arise postoperatively, and describes an approach to the assessment and management of the LAGB patient in the ED.
Sensory Innervation of the External Genital Tract of Female Guinea Pigs and Mice
Authors: Vilimas Patricia I. , Yuan Shi-Yong , Haberberger Rainer V. , Gibbins Ian L. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract

Introduction
The structural and neurochemical characterization of the sensory innervation of the external genitalia of females is poorly known.

Aims
To immunohistochemically map the sensory innervation of external genitalia and surrounding structures of female guinea pigs and mice.

Methods
Large-diameter sensory fibers, presumably mechanoreceptors, were identified by their immunoreactivity to neuron-specific enolase (NSE) or vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGluT1). Peptidergic sensory fibers, presumably unmyelinated nociceptors, were identified by their immunoreactivity to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P, or both. Multiple-labelled tissues were examined with high-resolution confocal microscopy.

Main Outcome Measures
Microscopic identification of sensory endings, including potential nociceptors, characteristic of the external genitalia.

Results
Large complex nerve endings immunoreactive for NSE and VGluT1 were abundant in dermal papillae of the clitoris. Each large ending was accompanied by one or two fine fibers immunoreactive for CGRP but neither substance P nor VGluT1. More simple NSE-immunoreactive endings occurred within dermal papillae in non-hairy skin of the labia and anal canal but were rare in pudendal or perineal hairy skin. Fine intra-epithelial fibers immunoreactive for NSE but not CGRP were abundant in hairy skin but rare in non-hairy genital skin and the clitoris. Only fine varicose fibers immunoreactive for both CGRP and substance P occurred in connective tissue underlying the mucosal epithelium of cervix and endometrium.

Conclusion
Compared with surrounding tissues, the sensory innervation of the clitoris is highly specialized. The coactivation of nociceptors containing CGRP but not substance P within each mechanoreceptor complex could be the explanation of pain disorders of the external genitalia.
New Zealand geography: Sharpening the focus, raising the profile
Authors: Binns Tony 
Published: April 2011

AbstractGeography seems to be in good hands in New Zealand's schools and universities, but we cannot afford to be complacent. What are the key priorities for further strengthening geography in New Zealand in the years ahead? The New Zealand Geographical Society has to play a crucial role by helping to bring together geographers in the different sectors, as well as in promoting New Zealand geography internationally, and raising its profile in the media. Most of all, we need to demonstrate the vibrancy, significance and relevance of geography to the wider community.
On time, place and happiness
Authors: Simandan Dragos 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis paper crosses the borders of human geography to bring back two related bodies of work from experimental psychology that investigate, in an unusual and refreshingly precise way, long‐standing human geographical concerns with temporality, place and subject formations, meaning‐making and well‐being. It is argued that the traffic of ideas and empirical findings between human geography and experimental psychology can be mutually profitable if, and only to the extent that, it encompasses a sustained epistemological, methodological and political critique of the disciplinary practices that have yielded those ideas and findings.
Standardization of Domestic Frying Processes by an Engineering Approach
Authors: Franke K. , Strijowski U. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  An approach was developed to enable a better standardization of domestic frying of potato products. For this purpose, 5 domestic fryers differing in heating power and oil capacity were used. A very defined frying process using a highly standardized model product and a broad range of frying conditions was carried out in these fryers and the development of browning representing an important quality parameter was measured. Product‐to‐oil ratio, oil temperature, and frying time were varied. Quite different color changes were measured in the different fryers although the same frying process parameters were applied. The specific energy consumption for water evaporation (spECWE) during frying related to product amount was determined for all frying processes to define an engineering parameter for characterizing the frying process. A quasi‐linear regression approach was applied to calculate this parameter from frying process settings and fryer properties. The high significance of the regression coefficients and a coefficient of determination close to unity confirmed the suitability of this approach. Based on this regression equation, curves for standard frying conditions (SFC curves) were calculated which describe the frying conditions required to obtain the same level of spECWE in the different domestic fryers. Comparison of browning results from the different fryers operated at conditions near the SFC curves confirmed the applicability of the approach.Practical Application:  A better standardization of domestic frying processes may contribute to a more convenient home frying with an improved quality management. The approach developed in the SFC can be extended to more quality parameters, for example, fat uptake or acrylamide content. Additionally, it can be expected that such a procedure has a significant potential for the improvement of domestic fryer control.
Cognitive Control: Componential and Yet Emergent
Authors: Juvina Ion 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn this commentary, I will argue that the componential and emergent views of cognitive control as defined by Cooper (2010) do not necessarily oppose each other, and I will try to make a case for their interdependence. First, I will use the construct of cognitive inhibition—one of the main componential control functions mentioned in the target articles—to illustrate my line of reasoning. Then, I will comment on how some of the target articles, each from a different perspective, bring arguments in favor of this integrative view.