bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why and How Ideas Matter
Authors: Rueschemeyer Dietrich 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article describes why and how ideas matter in political analysis. It explains that though the importance of ideas in politics is beyond question, its importance compared to other factors shaping social processes has been a matter of debate throughout the history of social thought. It suggests that the importance of ideas in society and history can be found in fundamental reflections on human social action. The doubts on the importance of ideas may be attributed to the fact their effect seems mediated by the way they are embedded in organizations and institutions. This embedding serves as a selection mechanism and the very content of ideas is partially shaped by these forms of social grounding and support. This article also suggests that ideas may be cognitive in character, can have normative nature, and can influence people's preferences.
The Idea of Political Culture
Authors: Lichterman Paul , Cefaï Daniel 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article describes the idea and existence of a so-called political culture, focusing on the culture of political action in civil society. It explains that political cultures are the sets of symbols and meanings or styles of action that organize political claims-making and opinion-forming, by individuals or collectivities. It aims to provide a contextualist understanding of political culture through discussion of recent cultural sociology in the U.S. and pragmatic sociology in France. It also investigates why political culture needs to be autonomous.
Historical Context and Path Dependence
Authors: Mahoney James , Schensul Daniel 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article looks into the relevance of the so-called path dependence and historical context in contextual political analysis. It analyzes the different meanings and uses of the concept of path dependence in contemporary academic discourse and uses the array of distinct understandings of path dependence as a means of specifying a number of ways in which historical context matters. It also identifies the strengths and weaknesses of different conceptualizations of path dependence and the trade-offs involved in adopting particular definitions of the concept. It discusses the relevant concepts of reactive sequence, self-reproducing sequences, and historical lock-in.
Why and How Technology Matters
Authors: Bijker Wiebe E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article explains the importance of technology to politics. The first reason to pay attention to technology in political studies is that such a focus on the technological in society will reveal aspects of politics that remain unnoticed otherwise. The study of technologies also shape political concepts and discussions and a focus on technology helps to recognize the boundary work that fuels practical politics. This article concludes that technology should matter to political studies because it matters to politics and explains that there is no simple answer to the why and how questions about technology's influence on politics.
‘Gnosticism’
Authors: Marjanen Antti 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The state of research into what is traditionally called ‘Gnosticism’, a religious phenomenon of late antiquity, is opaque at the moment. In a recent collection of essays on the topic, two prominent scholars approach the topic in very different ways. Birger Pearson states that there was a gnostic religion, and that it still exists. Michael Williams, in turn, comments that related texts will be realized only when one ‘dims the switch’ on the category of Gnosticism. The two views presented above illustrate that, in the current scholarly discussion, no consensus prevails as to how the religious category or phenomenon of ‘Gnosticism’ is to be conceived or even employed. This article describes how the phenomenon has been perceived in the past. In the history of the study of ‘Gnosticism’, there have basically been three ways to approach it. The first represents an ancient view, contemporary with the assumed genesis of ‘Gnosticism’. The other two are later scholarly products.
Arius and Arians
Authors: Lyman Rebecca 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Although the teachings of Arius of Alexandria sparked a series of theological debates and church councils in the fourth century concerning the nature and redemptive activity of God, scholars share a slim consensus as to the origins and content of his teaching. In 325, for the first time, the adjudication of Christian controversy took the form of a council including the Roman emperor Constantine at the lake-side town of Nicaea. Arius, the theologian condemned at Nicaea, became the archetypal heretic; ‘Arianism’ thus became the archetypal heresy, which denied the saving divinity of Christ, and therefore essential Christian identity. The broadening of the study of ‘Arianism’ to examine questions of asceticism, spirituality, and liturgy reflects different historiographical concerns. This article reviews recent studies of Arius and non-Nicenes from the outbreak of the controversy to the conversions of the tribal peoples in the western empire.
Pelagius and Pelagians
Authors: Lamberigts Mathijs 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The Pelagian controversy is generally considered to have been the first western theological controversy. The debate between Pelagius and his followers on the one hand, and Augustine, Jerome, Paulus Orosius, and the bishops of Rome on the other, deeply influenced theological developments in the West. Due to intense research over the last 50 years or so, it has become clear that Pelagianism as a well-organized movement never existed. Pelagianism as a consistent doctrine is a construction of its opponents, and Pelagius himself probably did not always recognize his own views in this construction. Such a construction does not do justice to the theological pluralism that existed at the beginning of the fifth century. However, the way in which Julian of Aeclanum criticized Augustine made clear that the Augustinian positions had some problems with the creation of the soul, the human nature of Christ, and baptism because of original sin.
Clergy and Laity
Authors: Torjesen Karen Jo 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The distinction between clergy and laity in its most elemental form is a way of creating and setting apart an elite. The question about the clergy and the laity becomes a fascinating historical question about how the unity of the Church – symbolic, organizational, and political – comes to rest on the constitution of these two classes and the relationship between them. The premise of much of the earlier scholarship held that development of the ecclesiastical hierarchy and the clergy/laity dyad was evolutionary, an organic unfolding of an embryonic distinction between clergy and laity into a fully elaborated polarity based on the priestly functions of the clergy and the sacrality of the liturgy. Scholarship on the institutionalization of Christianity that in an earlier era had been primarily ecclesiastical and theological is now increasingly cross-disciplinary, drawing on work in sociology, politics, economics, archaeology, gender, and religion.
Asceticism
Authors: Krawiec Rebecca 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article explores an abstract concept, ‘asceticism’. Two obstacles immediately present themselves to an overview of the role of asceticism in shaping early Christian studies: the lack of a clear definition of asceticism and the ubiquity of the topic in both ancient sources and modern scholarship, especially in the past 35 years. Letters, hagiographies, homilies, even acts of councils all participate in the construction of an asceticism that was a central concern of Christians in late antiquity. To chart the shifts in the study of asceticism is to follow as well the major changes in the field from ‘patristics’ to ‘early Christian studies’. Asceticism is the means by which historians of early Christianity confront central methodological issues in investigating discourses, power, social relations, the body, and all the attendant current concerns of the construction of the self and society.
Pilgrimage
Authors: Frank Georgia 
Published: September 2009

AbstractEarly Christian pilgrimage involved a journey to a place in order to gain access to sacred power, whether manifested in living persons, demarcated spaces, or specific objects. Movement towards the sacred site, as well as ritualized movements once at the destination, shaped pilgrimage. Places associated with the Bible drew large numbers of pilgrims from throughout the Empire. Yet, local martyrs' shrines and pilgrimage centres with international appeal drew visitors to Italy, Asia Minor, Syria, and Egypt. Travel to sacred centres was common in Mediterranean religions. The Jewish pilgrimage festivals of Passover, Pentecost, and Tabernacles drew large crowds to Jerusalem until the Temple's destruction in 70 CE. Early Christians maintained many of these practices. They gathered at the burial places of martyrs for prayers and held funerary banquets there.
Introduction: The Need for Meta-theoretical Reflection in Organization Theory
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos , Knudsen Christian 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This book provides a forum for leading scholars in organization theory (OT) to engage in meta-theoretical reflection on the historical development, present state, and future prospects of OT. It explores the status of OT as a social science discipline. It aims at reviewing and evaluating important epistemological developments in OT, especially issues related to the kinds of knowledge claims put forward in OT and the controversies surrounding the generation, validation, and utilization of such knowledge. This article provides a few words to clarify the term ‘organization theory’. Organization theory is seen as the academic field specializing in the study of organizational phenomena (both micro and macro) and for this reason OT is used here as a synonym for Organization Studies.
Organization Theory as an Interpretive Science
Authors: Hatch Mary Jo , Yanow Dvora 
Published: September 2009

AbstractInterpretive approaches to science are found in many social sciences, including organizational studies. They trace their antecedents, sometimes consciously, sometimes by implication, to a set of philosophical arguments that developed largely in the first part of the twentieth century in Europe (initially in Germany, at mid-century in France, with the occasional involvement of English philosophers). These arguments have even earlier roots — in the eighteenth-century work of Kant, in the ancient Greek philosophers, and in 1,500-year-old Jewish textual practices. To talk about ‘science’ is to ask certain kinds of questions, involving claims-making about the subject(s) of study. As interpretive philosophies developed in dialogue with other nineteenth- and twentieth-century philosophical arguments about various questions and claims, this article begins with a brief overview of the context out of which they grew, touches on their central ideas, and then turns to their manifestations in organizational studies.
The Historical and Epistemological Foundations of Organization Theory: Fusing Sociological Theory with Engineering Discourse
Authors: Shenhav Yehouda 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article provides an alternative historiography of the field of organization theory (OT). It follows two discourses — the engineering and the sociological — and their merger, in order to historicize the epistemological assumptions of contemporary OT directly back into the professional project of social engineering around the beginning of the twentieth century. It also presents the roots of the engineering–managerial discourse about organizations that dominated industrial America prior to the translation of Weber to English. This discourse was later incorporated into the work of early sociologists and management scholars. Furthermore, this article presents Weber's project on rationality, and analyzes the manner in which his work was interpreted by American sociologists. Then, it discusses the epistemological ramifications resulting from the nexus between the two discourses, focusing on two of the key concepts in OT: rationality and uncertainty. These were central concepts in the construction of organizations as rational actors.
Collaborative Service Provision in the Public Sector
Authors: Sandfort Jodi , Milward H. Brinton 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The topic of public service partnerships has clear substantive importance. Governments all over the world are increasing their dependence upon collaborative partnerships to delivery public services. This article reviews literature written in the crevice between the espoused benefits of collaborative service partnerships and the reality that they are difficult to create, sustain, and use to mobilize resources in ways that create positive results. According to this article, the literature exploring the collaborative public service delivery is diverse. This reflects the variation found in the field, as practitioners use an increasingly wide array of tools to work on complex, public problems. What has resulted is a disparate literature with two distinct streams of inquiry — one focusing on collaboration itself, the other on the consequences these new service arrangements have on organizations and citizens. This article reveals some fundamental issues unresolved in the ongoing scholarly inquiry.
Voluntary and Community Sector Partnerships
Authors: Mandell Myrna P. , Keast Robyn 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The community and voluntary sector sits alongside the state sector and the private sector. As such, it is sometimes referred to as the ‘third sector’. Organizations within this sector play a number of important and active roles in society. Some of these roles are either relatively new or have changed over the years. Many of them involve different types of inter-organizational relations. For instance, as an advocate for change on behalf of their constituents, voluntary and community organizations (VCOs) have often formed coalitions involving a number of VCOs working together. This article highlights the changing role of VCOs, with an emphasis on their role as a partner with government and others. It draws on extant literature including a suite of case studies undertaken across a number of sectors and from a range of disciplines including public administration, community and urban development, and integrated service delivery.
Critical Perspectives on Collaboration
Authors: Lotia Nuzhat , Hardy Cynthia 
Published: September 2009

AbstractInter-organizational relations (IORs) encompass a wide range of collaborative arrangements that are designed to achieve a variety of social and commercial purposes. This article focuses on one particular category of IOR collaboration, namely, cooperative IORs which rely on neither market nor hierarchical mechanisms of control to ensure cooperation and coordination and, instead, are negotiated in ongoing, communicative processes. This article discusses critical perspectives on collaboration which have moved from an interest in how individual partners might use power for their own interests to understanding the complex webs of power in which all collaborating actors are positioned. To do so, the article first briefly reviews some of the other approaches to collaboration. It then shows how critical perspectives differ from these approaches in some of their basic assumptions, and goes on to present some of the ways in which critical approaches have been applied to collaboration and to provide possible directions for future research.
Managing Collaborative Inter‐organizational Relations
Authors: Hibbert Paul , Huxham Chris , Ring Peter Smith 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses the jungle of theories and approaches that abound today in works applied to the management of relations between organizations. It discusses the actions of ‘individuals’ who may be thought of as managers of an inter-organizational entity (IOE). It also explores research that describes organizational capabilities — in the sense of building them — as a product of, and an enactment through, managerial action. It address the various ways in which this kind of research has been conducted, including a discussion of the various methodologies and underlying theories that provide foundations for discussions of the management challenges inherent in dealing with collaboration and areas of substantive focus. Finally, this article closes with a discussion of significant gaps in the literature that require future research.
Trust in Inter‐organizational Relations
Authors: Bachmann Reinhard , Zaheer Akbar 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article takes issue with the notion that calculativeness and not trust dominates inter-organizational relationships (IORs), and lays out a series of arguments in support of trust. While it principally addresses the role of trust in inter-organizational business relationships, much of what is covered here applies as well to relationships between organizations more generally, including those in the public and non-profit sectors. This article shows that trust is different from calculativeness in nature and that the concept of social embeddedness provides a more realistic perspective for analysing relationships between organizations. It is believed that a detailed examination of the role of trust in IORs from both the economic and sociological perspectives paves the way to a deeper understanding of the issues in this context. In turn, such understandings should help identify appropriate research questions to investigate better empirically the precise role of trust in IORs.
Learning and Innovation in Inter‐organizational Relationships
Authors: Nooteboom Bart 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to survey this complex field of alliances and networks designed to help produce innovation, without claiming to be exhaustive. Here, the emphasis is placed on a coherent causal analysis that integrates at least some of the many factors that have been found to play a role in innovation and learning in inter-organizational relationships. In particular, this article looks at two issues: competence, which is clearly central in innovation and learning (which is all about developing competence), and governance, i.e. the management of relational risks. This article employs multiple perspectives, from economics, sociology, and cognitive science. Economics aids in dealing with considerations of efficiency; sociology for interaction, and cognitive science because learning is, after all, the central issue.
Evaluating Inter‐organizational Relationships
Authors: Provan Keith G. , Sydow Jörg 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Despite the prevalence of inter-organizational relationships (IORs) in organizational life and despite the vast amount of research that has been conducted on the topic, there is considerable confusion over exactly what outcomes are actually achieved. One major reason for this confusion is simply that evaluation is complex. It is difficult to determine with any precision what specific outcomes result from an IOR and what outcomes might have occurred in the absence of an IOR. This article presents a general discussion of the rationale for evaluation, and then discusses and categorizes the various ways in which IORs have been evaluated over the years so that researchers, and also practitioners, will be able to address the important issue of evaluation in a more systematic way. Finally, it concludes with a discussion of the evaluation process, and how it might best be managed in light of current trends towards a collaborative approach to evaluation and the obvious path dependencies of evaluative practices.
Measurement Versus Calibration: A Set‐Theoretic Approach
Authors: Ragin Charles C. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article distinguishes between ‘measurement’ and ‘calibration’. It is organized around the distinction between measurement and calibration. The main message of this article is that fuzzy sets, unlike conventional variables, must be calibrated. It also argues that fuzzy sets provide a middle path between quantitative and qualitative measurement. It explores the common measurement practices in quantitative and qualitative social research. It then further demonstrates that fuzzy sets resonate with both the measurement concerns of qualitative researchers, where the goal often is to recognize between relevant and irrelevant variation, and the measurement concerns of quantitative researchers, where the goal is the precise placement of cases relative to each other. Current practices in quantitative social science undercut serious attention to calibration. Set-theoretic analysis without careful calibration of set membership is an exercise in futility.
Time‐Series Analysis
Authors: Pevehouse Jon C. W. , Brozek Jason D. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses time-series methods such as simple time-series regressions, ARIMA models, vector autoregression (VAR) models, and unit root and error correction models (ECM). It specifically presents a brief history of time-series analysis before moving to a review of the basic time-series model. It then describes the stationary models in univariate and multivariate analyses. The nonstationary models of each type are addressed. In addition, various issues regarding the analysis of time series including data aggregation and temporal stability are considered. Before concluding, the article briefly reports the time-series techniques in the context of panel data. In general, time-series analysis can help improve the understanding of the political world.
Interviewing and Qualitative Field Methods: Pragmatism and Practicalities
Authors: Rathbun Brian C. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article recommends the use of intensive, in-depth interviews which can help to establish motivations and preferences, even though they must deal with the perils of ‘strategic reconstruction’. The first section of this article makes the pragmatic case for interviewing. The second portion is devoted to assembling in one place the consensus in the literature on the basics of how to undertake interviews, including issues of how to build arguments using interview data, how to structure questionnaires, the proper role to adopt vis-à-vis respondents, and how to gain access to conversation partners. Doubts about the status of interview data and the reliability of respondents must be taken into account but can be addressed. These disadvantages rarely outweigh the unique advantages of interviewing.
Comparative-Historical Analysis in Contemporary Political Science
Authors: Mahoney James , Terrie Larkin 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article indicates that comparative historical analysis is complementary to statistical analysis because it deals with ‘causes of effects’ rather than ‘effects of causes’. It also presents some ideas about how one can tackle the problems posed by engaging in comparative historical inquiry. In addition, the article argues that comparative-historical analysis and statistical analysis pursue different research goals, and that while they both face methodological challenges, they both play an essential role in generating knowledge in political science. Comparative-historical studies that use regression analysis in the course of process tracing are not necessarily more powerful than comparative-historical studies that do not use any statistical testing. There is nothing inherently wrong with conducting comparative-historical work that does not include a statistical component (and vice versa).