bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of HOAPS-3 Ocean Surface Freshwater Flux Components
Authors: Andersson Axel , Klepp Christian , Fennig Karsten , Bakan Stephan , Grassl Hartmut , Schulz Jörg 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Today, latent heat flux and precipitation over the global ocean surface can be determined from microwave satellite data as a basis for estimating the related fields of the ocean surface freshwater flux. The Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes from Satellite Data (HOAPS) is the only generally available satellite-based dataset with consistently derived global fields of both evaporation and precipitation and hence of freshwater flux for the period 1987–2005. This paper presents a comparison of the evaporation E, precipitation P, and the resulting freshwater flux E − P in HOAPS with recently available reference datasets from reanalysis and other satellite observation projects as well as in situ ship measurements. In addition, the humidity and wind speed input parameters for the evaporation are examined to identify sources for differences between the datasets. Results show that the general climatological patterns are reproduced by all datasets. Global mean time series often agree within about 10% of the individual products, while locally larger deviations may be found for all parameters. HOAPS often agrees better with the other satellite-derived datasets than with the in situ or the reanalysis data. The agreement usually improves in regions of good in situ sampling statistics. The biggest deviations of the evaporation parameter result from differences in the near-surface humidity estimates. The precipitation datasets exhibit large differences in highly variable regimes with the largest absolute differences in the ITCZ and the largest relative biases in the extratropical storm-track regions. The resulting freshwater flux estimates exhibit distinct differences in terms of global averages as well as regional biases. In comparison with long-term mean global river runoff data, the ocean surface freshwater balance is not closed by any of the compared fields. The datasets exhibit a positive bias in E − P of 0.2–0.5 mm day−1, which is on the order of 10% of the evaporation and precipitation estimates.
Climate Change: Anticipated Effects on High-Energy Laser Weapon Systems in Maritime Environments
Authors: Fiorino Steven T. , Randall Robb M. , Bartell Richard J. , Downs Adam D. , Chu Peter C. , Fan C. W. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This study quantifies the potential impacts on ship-defense high-energy-laser (HEL) performance due to atmospheric effects in the marine boundary layer driven by recent observations and analysis of worldwide sea surface temperatures (SSTs). The atmospheric effects are defined using the worldwide probabilistic climatic database available in the High Energy Laser End-to-End Operational Simulation (HELEEOS) model, which includes an SST database for the period 1854–1997. A more recent worldwide sea surface temperature database was provided by the Naval Postgraduate School for the period 1990–2008. Mean differences and trends between the two SST databases are used to deduce possible climate change impacts on simulated maritime HEL engagements. The anticipated effects on HEL propagation performance are assessed at an operating wavelength of 1.0642 μm across the world’s oceans and mapped onto a 1° × 1° grid. The scenario evaluated is near surface and nearly horizontal over a range of 5000 m in which anticipated clear-air maritime aerosols occur. Summer and winter scenarios are considered. In addition to realistic vertical profiles of molecular and aerosol absorption and scattering, correlated optical turbulence profiles in probabilistic (percentile) format are used.
Mammatus Clouds as a Response to Cloud-Base Radiative Heating
Authors: Garrett Timothy J. , Schmidt Clinton T. , Kihlgren Stina , Cornet Céline 
Published: September 2010

AbstractMammatus clouds are the pouchlike lobes seen hanging from mid- to high-level clouds. They can look quite dramatic, but they are also interesting because they provide clues to what controls anvil cirrus dynamic evolution. Thus far, the most commonly accepted explanation for observed subsidence of mammatus lobes is that they are driven by evaporative cooling of precipitation, accelerated by mixing with dry subcloud air. Here, an alternative explanation is proposed: radiative temperature contrasts between cloud base and the lower troposphere destabilize cloudy air to create a rapidly deepening mixed layer, which creates positively buoyant intrusions of dry air into the cloud interior; mammatus lobes are just the descending branch of the resulting circulations. In this regard, mammatus cloud fields might be considered an upside-down analog to the radiatively driven formation of “cloud holes” seen at the tops of stratocumulus layers.
On the Determination of Age of Air Trends from Atmospheric Trace Species
Authors: Garcia Rolando R. , Randel William J. , Kinnison Douglas E. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Trace chemical species have been used in numerical models to calculate the age of air (AOA), which is a measure of the strength of the mean meridional circulation. The trend in the AOA has also been computed and found to be negative in simulations where greenhouse gases increase with time, which is consistent with the acceleration of the mean meridional circulation calculated under these conditions. This modeling result has been tested recently using observations of SF6, a very long lived species whose atmospheric concentration has increased rapidly over the last half century, and of CO2, which is also very long lived and increasing with time. Surprisingly, the AOA estimated from these gases exhibits no significant trend over the period 1975–2005. Here the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) is used to derive estimates of the AOA from SF6 and CO2 over the period 1965–2006. The calculated AOA yields trends that are smaller than the trend derived from a synthetic, linearly growing tracer, even after accounting for the nonlinear growth rates of SF6 and CO2. A simplified global transport model and analytical arguments are used to show that this follows from the variable growth rate of these species. It is also shown that, when AOA is sampled sparsely as in the observations, the resulting trends have very large error bars and are statistically undistinguishable from zero. These results suggest that trends in the AOA are difficult to estimate unambiguously except for well-sampled tracers that increase linearly and uniformly. While such tracers can be defined in numerical models, there are no naturally occurring species that exhibit such idealized behavior.
Changes in the Subduction of Southern Ocean Water Masses at the End of the Twenty-First Century in Eight IPCC Models
Authors: Downes Stephanie M. , Bindoff Nathaniel L. , Rintoul Stephen R. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
A multimodel comparison method is used to assess the sensitivity of Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) and Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) formation to climate change. For the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change A2 emissions scenario (where atmospheric CO2 is 860 ppm at 2100), the models show cooling and freshening on density surfaces less than about 27.4 kg m−3, a pattern that has been observed in the late twentieth century. SAMW (defined by the low potential vorticity layer) and AAIW (defined by the salinity minimum layer) warm and freshen as they shift to lighter density classes. Heat and freshwater fluxes at the ocean surface dominate the projected buoyancy gain at outcrop regions of SAMW and AAIW, whereas the net increase in the Ekman flux of heat and freshwater contributes to a lesser extent. This buoyancy gain, combined with shoaling of the winter mixed layer, reduces the volume of SAMW subducted into the ocean interior by a mean of 8 Sv (12%), and the subduction of AAIW decreases by a mean of 14 Sv (23%; 1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1). Decreases in the projected subduction of the key Southern Ocean upper-water masses imply a slow down in the Southern Ocean circulation in the future, driven by surface warming and freshening. A reduction in the subduction of intermediate waters implies a likely future decrease in the capacity of the Southern Ocean to sequester CO2.
Subseasonal Characteristics of Diurnal Variation in Summer Monsoon Rainfall over Central Eastern China
Authors: Yuan Weihua , Yu Rucong , Chen Haoming , Li Jian , Zhang Minghua 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Subseasonal characteristics of the diurnal variation of the summer monsoon rainfall over central eastern China (25°–40°N, 110°–120°E) are analyzed using hourly station rain gauge data. Results show that the rainfall in the monsoon rain belt is dominated by the long-duration rainfall events (≥7 h) with early-morning peaks. The long-duration rainfall events and early-morning diurnal peaks experience subseasonal movement that is similar to that of the monsoon rain belt. When the monsoon rainfall is separated into the active and break periods, the long-duration early-morning precipitation dominates the active period, which is in sharp contrast to the short-duration (≤6 h) rainfall with leading late-afternoon diurnal peaks during the break period. The combination of different diurnal features of monsoon rainfall in the active and break monsoon periods also explains the less coherent diurnal phases of summer mean rainfall over central eastern China. The cause of the early-morning peak of rainfall during the active monsoon period is discussed.
Geometrical Characterization of Precipitation Patterns
Authors: AghaKouchak Amir , Nasrollahi Nasrin , Li Jingjing , Imam Bisher , Sorooshian Soroosh 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSatellite estimates and weather forecast models have made it possible to observe and predict precipitation over large spatial scales. Despite substantial progress in observing patterns of precipitation, characterization of spatial patterns is still a challenge. Quantitative assessment methods for spatial patterns are essential for future developments in prediction of the spatial extent and patterns of precipitation. In this study, precipitation patterns are characterized using three geometrical indices: (i) a connectivity index, (ii) a shape index, and (iii) a dispersiveness index. Using multiple examples, the application of the proposed indices is explored in pattern analysis of satellite precipitation images and validation of numerical atmospheric models with respect to geometrical properties. The results indicate that the presented indices can be reasonably employed for a relative comparison of different patterns (e.g., multiple fields against spatial observations) with respect to their connectivity, organization, and shape.
A Spar Buoy for High-Frequency Wave Measurements and Detection of Wave Breaking in the Open Ocean
Authors: Pascal Robin W. , Yelland Margaret J. , Srokosz Meric A. , Moat Bengamin I. , Waugh Edward M. , Comben Daniel H. , Cansdale Alex G. , Hartman Mark C. , Coles David G. H. , Chang Hsueh Ping , Leighton Timothy G. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Waves and wave breaking play a significant role in the air–sea exchanges of momentum, sea spray aerosols, and trace gases such as CO2, but few direct measurements of wave breaking have been obtained in the open ocean (far from the coast). This paper describes the development and initial deployments on two research cruises of an autonomous spar buoy that was designed to obtain such open-ocean measurements. The buoy was equipped with capacitance wave wires and accelerometers to measure surface elevation and wave breaking, downward-looking still and video digital cameras to obtain images of the sea surface, and subsurface acoustic and optical sensors to detect bubble clouds from breaking waves. The buoy was free drifting and was designed to collect data autonomously for days at a time before being recovered. Therefore, on the two cruises during which the buoy was deployed, this allowed a variety of sea states to be sampled in mean wind speeds, which ranged from 5 to 18 m s−1.
A Technique for Dynamically Downscaling Daily-Averaged GCM Datasets Using the Conformal Cubic Atmospheric Model
Authors: Thatcher Marcus , McGregor John L. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
In this paper the authors dynamically downscale daily-averaged general circulation model (GCM) datasets over Australia using the Conformal Cubic Atmospheric Model (CCAM). The technique can take advantage of the wider range of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3) daily-averaged GCM datasets than is available using 3-hourly datasets. The daily-averaged host GCM atmospheric data are fitted to a time interpolation formula and then differentiated in time to produce a first-order estimate of the atmosphere at 0000 UTC on each simulation day. The processed GCM data are forced into CCAM using a scale-selective filter with an 18° radius. Since this procedure is unable to account for the diurnal cycle, the forcing data are only applied to winds and air temperatures once per day between 800 and 100 hPa. Lateral boundary conditions are not required since CCAM employs a variable-resolution global grid. The technique is evaluated by downscaling daily-averaged 2.5° NCEP reanalyses over Australia at 60-km resolution from 1971 to 2000 and comparing the results to downscaling the 6-hourly reanalyses and to simulating with sea surface temperature (SST)-only forcing. The results show that the daily-averaged downscaling technique can simulate average seasonal maximum and minimum screen temperatures and rainfall similar to those obtained downscaling 6-hourly reanalyses. Some implications for regional climate projections are considered by downscaling four daily-averaged GCM datasets from the twentieth-century climate in coupled models (20C3M) experiment over Australia.
The Secret beyond White Patriarchal Power: Race, Gender, and Freedom in the Last Days of Colonial Saint-Domingue
Authors: Liu Tessie P. 
Published: September 2010

This essay locates Leonora Sansay's novel Secret History; or, The Horrors of St. Domingo in the circum-Atlantic discussions on race and colonial insurgency during the Napoleonic period. Sansay critiques white Creole society and French colonial domination through the violence suffered by Clara, a seductive American woman, whose liaison with a metropolitan French general unleashed the rage of her rich planter husband. In a society in which the power relations of slavery dominate, Clara's “vilely bartered” marriage suggests parallels between the enslavement of blacks and women's bondage in matrimony. But Sansay denies this analogy. Instead, and especially after the black victory, she represents the freedom of white women as conditional on their obligation to refuse the “horrors” of miscegenation. In this way the novel contributes to the growing negrophobia of the era by introducing fears of black patriarchal power as a path to rejecting black sovereign political power.
Cette étude analyse le roman, Secret History; or, The Horrors of St. Domingo, par rapport aux discussions sur l'esclavage et l'insurrection coloniale pendant la période napoléonienne. L'auteur, Leonora Sansay, construit sa critique de la société coloniale autour d'une histoire d'amour violente et malheureuse entre Clara, une femme américaine séduisante, son époux, un riche planteur, et son amant, un général français métropolitain. Dans une société où les relations de pouvoir d'esclavage dominent toutes relations sociales, le mariage « vilement troqué » de Clara suggère des analogies entre l'asservissement des noirs et le servage nuptial des femmes. Mais Sansay nie cette comparaison. Au lieu de cela, et surtout après la victoire noire, Sansay dispute l'idée que la liberté des femmes blanches dépend de leur droit obligatoire de rejeter les « horreurs » du métissage. Ainsi, le roman contribue au racisme croissant de l'époque en introduisant la crainte du pouvoir patriarcal noir en tant que manière de refuser le pouvoir politique souverain des noirs.
Novel Bis-fused π-Electron Donor Composed of Tetrathiafulvalene and Tetraselenafulvalene
Authors: Ashizawa Minoru , Ishidzu Ken-ichi , Watanabe Masaki , Tanahashi Tetsuhiko , Shirahata Takashi , Kawamoto Tadashi , Mori Takehiko , Misaki Yohji 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
A new donor (ST-STP), in which tetrathiafulvalene and tetraselenafulvalene are fused, has been synthesized. This donor shows unexpectedly large on-site Coulomb repulsion compared with other bis-fused TTF systems. In (ST-STP)ReO4, intramolecular charge disproportionation is suggested by the crystal structure and transport properties.
Spontaneous Nanoaggregate Formation of Amphiphilic Poly(amide acid)s in Water
Authors: Hamada Takashi , Takayama Toshio , Kudo Kazuaki 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Alicyclic poly(amide acid) triethylammonium salts having alkyl ester side chains spontaneously self-assembled to form nanoaggregates in water. The nanoaggregates of poly(amide acid)s encapsulated a hydrophobic guest molecule, Nile red, within their apolar microenvironment. The size of the aggregates and the critical aggregation concentration (CAC) were considerably affected by both side chain length and Mw, of the polymers.
Measurement of Gas Permeability in Geosynthetic Clay Liners in Transient Flow Mode
Authors: Pitanga Heraldo Nunes , Pierson Patrick , Vilar Orencio Monje 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) are often selected as a part of the barrier layer for cover systems in solid waste landfills to prevent infiltration of rainfall and migration of biogas into the atmosphere. To address the ability of GCLs to mitigate gas flow through cover layers, this paper presents an apparatus and testing method to measure the gas permeability of non-saturated and strained GCLs in the laboratory. The test is performed following a transient gas flow regime, and the test results are interpreted using a simple analytical solution. A series of gas permeability tests was performed on a needle-punched GCL with a degree of saturation between 32 % and 47 %. The specimens were tested under a 20 kPa load and 1.3 % strain in the radial direction, whereas the gas flow was induced by a gas differential pressure of less than 4 kPa. The results show that both the apparatus and the testing method can provide a reliable, fast, and simple method to measure the gas permeability of GCLs.
Hemodynamics and Fluid-Structure-Interaction in a Virtual Heart
Authors: Schenkel Torsten , Krittian Sebastian , Mühlhausen Mark-Patrick , Oertel Herbert 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Modeling the function of the human heart is of growing importance in a time when surgical treatment becomes the predominant therapy option. The hemodynamics of ventricular and vascular flow is closely linked to other disciplines like structural mechanics of myocardial and vascular tissue, electro-dynamical excitation, etc. A multi-disciplinary approach is therefore needed to describe it. While a monolithic solution of the underlying differential equations in one set is thinkable, a partitioned approach can take into account the specifics of the single disciplines and profit from specialized models and algorithms. We show how by coupling specialized solvers for fluid and solid mechanics a coupled model of ventricular flow can be created that gives insight into the hemodynamics in a way that is more than the sum of its parts.
Patient-Specific Planning for Radio-Frequency Ablation of Tumors in the Presence of Uncertainty
Authors: Preusser Tobias , Peitgen Heinz-Otto 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The radio frequency (RF) ablation is a promising minimally invasive form of treatment for hepatic metastases and primary tumors. Thereby a needle like applicator, which is interstitially placed into the lesion, induces an electric current that causes heating and consequent destruction of the tissue due to its Ohmic resistance. In order to be a true alternative to the standard surgical resection, RF ablation must lead to a result similar to R0 resections. Here, patient specific mathematical modeling and numerical simulation of the bio-physical processes lead to a valuable support of the therapy planning, because they allow for an a priori estimation of the success as well as an optimization of the therapy parameters. In this article we discuss a mathematical model of partial differential equations (PDEs) for the patient specific numerical simulation of RF ablation. A particular focus lies on the consideration of uncertainties in the material properties, the underlying image data as well as the computational results. We discuss a stochastic PDE model, which allows for a sensitivity analysis of the computational results with respect to perturbations in the material properties. Furthermore a method for the fast estimation of the thermal necrosis is shown, which bases on the separation of non patient specific pre-calculations and patient specific computations, leading to an interactive real-time simulation tool.
Simulation and “Virtual Patient” in Radiotherapy
Authors: Sakas Georgios , Baltas Dimos , Zamboglou Nikolaos 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
CT simulators are software systems used in the radiotherapy clinics for simulating the radiation beams of a radiotherapy treatment plan. They use acquired Computed Tomography (CT) data set of the patient, including the external patient´s skin landmarks, instead of the physical patient. The implemented high-end visualization techniques allow the users to simulate every function of the treatment machine including the mechanical component movements, radiation beam projection and fluoroscopy. The virtual simulation concept provides the physicians with ergonomic volume definition and anatomy navigation tools.
Towards Insurable Network Architectures
Authors: Böhme Rainer 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The author summarizes his interdisciplinary research to employ actuarial risk models for the evaluation of system architectures with regard to their insurability. Insurability is argued to be a precondition for improving the resilience of distributed systems against catastrophic failures and malicious attacks. This essay introduces three obstacles that hinder the development of a market for cyber-insurance in practice, and refers to a novel modeling framework in which the obstacles can be analyzed jointly. Open research questions and possible ways to overcome these obstacles are discussed.
Effective Measures for CO2 Reduction Harnessing the Potential Water Energy Present in the Water Service Industry
Authors: Yoshihiro Ohbuchi , Takanori Sasaki , Hiroaki Sumitomo , Susumu Saito , Yoshiaki Tanaka 
Published: September 2010

Sapporo Waterworks Bureau's (SWB's) measures for CO2 reduction started in 1982 with a hydropower project at the Moiwa Water Purification Plant (MWPP) (cap. 155,000 m3/day). Operation of the generator was temporarily discontinued in 2001 for full-scale reconstruction of the water purification plant (WPP); after the completion of the reconstruction, the power generation equipment was renewed, and the operation resumed as a joint project with a private company in 2007.
Power generation is on-site since the hydropower generator within the MWPP area provides energy consumed at the MWPP and the adjoining Waterworks Museum. This power generation is expected to create an energy saving effect equivalent to 1,500 tons of CO2 and over 10 million yen of annual net benefit. In order to increase the usage rate of low-cost, clean energy like hydropower at the WPP, SWB has made a series of adjustments to the operating methods of the plant. Then, as a result, the generation covers 97% of the energy used on-site at present.
Furthermore, SWB is considering introducing other hydropower facilities of this kind that harness water transmission energy from the Shiraikawa WPP (cap. 650,000 m3/day) to the major distribution reservoirs.