bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies in the Physiology of Commensalism. IV. the Polynoid Genera Polynoë, Lepidasthenia and Harmothoe
Authors: Davenport Demorest 
Published: May 2009

The host-response of the polynoid Polynoë scolopendrina Savigny, commensal with the terebellid Polymnia nebulosa (Montagu), is relatively specific within the family Terebellidae.Evidence is presented that an unstable or closely bound attractant is present on the outside of the host and perhaps in tube material, but apparently absent in the mucus secreted by the host. Efforts to demonstrate its presence in ground-up whole host resulted in failure.The polynoid Lepidasthenia argus Hodgson demonstrates a similar specificity of response to its host Amphitrite edwardsi Quatrefages.The polynoid Harmothoë spinifera Ehlers, commensal with Amphitrite gracilis Grube, responds to the alternate host Polycirrus caliendrum Claparede as strongly as to its own host, and more strongly than to other species of Amphitrite. Likewise, Polynoë scolopendrina, commensal with Polymnia, responds with greater intensity to the alternate host, the eunicid Lysidice ninetta Audouin and Milne-Edwards, than to any non-host terebellid. This behaviour may be i terpreted as evidence that the specificity of at least some single commensal species for hosts which are not closely related to each other may depend upon the production of similar attractants by these hosts.The responses of three commensal populations of Harmothoe lunulata (Delle Chiaje), commensal respectively with the ophiuroid Acrocnida brachiata (Montagu), the holothurian Leptosynapta inhaerens (O. F. Miiller), and the terebellid Amphitrite johnstoni Malmgren were tested against seven alternate hosts. Each gave maximum response to its own host. However, the population from Acrocnida responded as strongly to Leptosynapta as to its own host, while giving no responses at all to any of the other five.
Biometry of the Copepod Calanus Finmarchicus (Gunn.) in Stages V and VI
Authors: Barnes H. , Barnes Margaret 
Published: May 2009

One hundred each of stage VI male and female and stage V Calanus finmarchicus were picked at random, and, by means of a projection microscope, measurements made on a number of segments in both metasome and urosome.The stage VI female population was mixed containing 95% of a smallsized population and 5% of a larger size-group. The males constituted a single population.At this time of the season the stage VI male and female metasomes are the same length, but there are differences in the sizes of the individual segments, the most striking of which is that of the headThe stage V animals in many of the measurements could be quite clearly separated into two size-groups of about 50% each and it is suggested that these are potential male and female populations. This separation at 50/50 has been noticed in numerous other collections of stage V, but it shouldbe emphasized that the differences are population differences in regard to those measurements considered.Evidence is presented which shows that the state of the antennules after preservation in 5% neutral formalin is unlikely in stage V animals to be a reliable guide to their sex in the next stage.
Chlorocruoroporphyrin: a Simple Method of Preparation
Authors: Kennedy Gilbert Y. 
Published: May 2009

Munro Fox (1926, Addendum, p. 219) described a method of preparation of chlorocruoroporphyrin from the blood of the marine polychaete worm Spirographis. This was based upon the very troublesome method of Nencki & Zaleski (1900), which is time-consuming and wasteful. Furthermore, Spirographis is not easily obtainable in this country. Lemberg & Parker (1952) started with protoporphyrin, and by careful oxidation with potassium permanganate in acetone obtained a solution which gaVe mixed crystals of chlorocruoroporphyrin and diformyldeuteroporphyrin esters. Purification was by fractional chromatography. The procedure to be described here is simple and rapid, and could easily be carried out in one day by a biologist requiring a small sample of the porphyrin. The two methods mentioned above would not come into this category.This work was done at the Plymouth Laboratory, and I am very grateful to Mr T. R. Tozer of that laboratory for so kindly obtaining the animals for me and extracting the blood.The polychaete worms Myxicola infundibulum, Sabella pavonina and Branchiomma vesiculosum are all readily obtained from the muddy shores of the Salcombe estuary, especially on the Salstone. Blood was taken directly from the vessels of about 100 assorted worms by syringe, and squirted as it was removed from the worms into a mixture of peroxide-free ether (3 parts) and ‘Analar’ glacial acetic acid (1 part). After all the blood had been added, the mixture was well shaken and allowed to stand in the ice-chest for 30 min. The acetic acid was then washed out with distilled water, the first few washings containing a little sodium acetate to avoid washing out of the pigment, and the remaining solution of chlorocruorohaematin dried roughly by filtering through ether-soaked paper into a distilling flask and evaporated to dryness. 100 ml. of a 50% solution of hydrazine hydrate in glacial acetic acid were then added, and the mixture heated on a water-bath at 90° C. for 10 min.
Note on the Temperature Tolerances of some Intertidal animals in Relation to Environmental Temperatures and Geographical Distribution
Authors: Southward A. J. 
Published: May 2009

In experiments on four species of barnacles and four species of top-shells, the barnacles were found to be more resistant to high or low temperatures than the top-shells. Among each group of animals the degree of tolerance was related to the geographical distribution of the species and their zonation on the shore. Thus most tolerance of high temperature was shown by species of southern distribution, especially by those occurring at the upper limit of the midlittoral zone, and most tolerance of low temperature by species of northern distribution. Least tolerance of high and low temperatures was shown by species found only in the infralittoral fringe or below low water.Field measurements of the body temperatures of barnacles and limpets while exposed to the air were made with thermocouples. Under many weather conditions the body temperatures were higher than would be expected from local meteorological values of air temperature. This difference was due to retention of sea temperature by the animals and the rocks and to the heating effects of sunlight.The results of the laboratory experiments and of the field measurements are discussed together in relation to weather and geographical distribution. It is clear that the temperatures experienced on the shore are well within the tolerance limits of most of the animals, and even exceptional extremes of temperature may have little direct influence on the distribution of adult intertidal animals. Evidence for a causal relation between temperature and distribution must be sought in non-lethal terms such as debilitating effects, or indirectly through competition between species, or in combination with other factors.
The Distribution of Intertidal Organisms Along the Coasts of the English Channel
Authors: Crisp D. J. , Southward A. J. 
Published: May 2009

The English Channel may conveniently be divided into a western basin and an eastern basin separated by a line drawn approximately between the Cherbourg peninsula and the Isle of Wight. In these basins, the environmental factors are very different. Thus the water of the western basin is on average warmer and slightly more saline than that of the eastern basin and its temperature variation is less extreme. The French side of the Channel is warmer than the English coast only in the western basin. The tidal oscillations in the two basins are out of phase with each other and the strongest tidal currents occur where the two basins join. The main residual flow is up-Channel with minor coastal eddies.The shores at the western end of the Channel are generally rocky, they are close to deep water, and so are exposed to frequent heavy swells. The shores of the eastern basin are generally erodible, and accumulations of sand and shingle tend to reduce the force of the waves. The water of the eastern basin generally contains more suspended matter and the shores are usually scoured by sand and shingle.The distribution of the following animals is given in some detail and compared with earlier records:Ammonia sulcata, Actinia equina, Chthamalus stellatus, Balanus balanoides, B. perforatus, B. crenatus, B. improvisus, Elminius modestus, Verruca stroemia, Hemioniscus balani, Patella vulgata, P. depressa, P. aspera, Monodonta lineata, Gibbula umbilicalis, G. pennanti, G. cineraria, Littorina saxatilis, L. littoralis, L. littorea, L. neritoides, Paracentrotus lividus. The distribution of certain other species is also discussed:Balanus balanus, Haliotis tuberculata, Gibbula magusandCalliostoma zizyphinum.
An Experimental Analysis of the Behaviour ofLittorina Littorea(L.) Under Natural Conditions and in the Laboratory
Authors: Newell G. E. 
Published: May 2009

Winkles dwelling on horizontal surfaces orientate by means of a lightcompass reaction. As the tide recedes, most of the tracks in the sand are towards the sun but after a time each animal reverses its direction of crawling, so tracing out a roughly U-shaped path which leads it back, approximately, to its starting-point.When kept in an aquarium winkles tend to settle on the sides above the waterline and to become inactive. When stimulated, as by immersion, they crawl downwards, then horizontally and then upwards before settling above the waterline.Winkles collected from horizontal surfaces at first show no tendency to climb vertical surfaces in an aquarium. After a period which varies from a few hours up to 10 days they do climb the sides of the tank. Animals collected from vertical surfaces climb the sides of the aquarium at their first opportunity and then settle. It can be concluded that winkles have an inherent tendency to climb and settle in the head-up position on vertical or steeply sloping surfaces but that if this opportunity is denied them they become habituated to horizontal surfaces.The minimum angle to which winkles can react by gravitational responses is of the order of 10–20 degrees.In an aquarium starved winkles prolong their excursions below water when presented with suitable food but fully fed animals respond less strongly to the stimulus of immersion.Dark-adapted winkles from horizontal surfaces are at first positively phototactic, but after a time varying from 15 to 20 min, they become negatively phototactic. Tested with the ‘two-light’ experiment most animals disregard the second light (telotaxis).
Orientation and Migration in the Sea
Authors: Williamson R. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONOrientation is crucial for almost all organisms, from bacteria to mammals, for selecting habitat or feeding grounds, deciding up from down, or just keeping track of your position, or your neighbour's. The marine environment is an especially rich source of material, particularly for the study of migration, where many animals cover enormous distances, and appear do this with reference to very few sensory cues. The mechanisms underlying these processes, and the benefits they bring to the organism, are only now beginning to be understood.
The Propulsion Jet ofEuphausia Superba(Antarctic Krill) as a Potential Communication Signal among Conspecifics
Authors: Wiese K. , Ebina Y. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONIndividuals of the Antarctic krillEuphausia superbaDana assemble in spring into dense formations (estimated 20,000 m3) which swim for long distances and at considerable speed (estimated 20 cm s−1) to search for patches of phytoplankton (Hamner, 1984). Recruitment to schools and maintenance of a defined position in a travelling formation, a remarkable social behaviour, requires some kind of communication system between individuals.Vision, as a sophisticated image-processing system, habituating strongly with time, appears inappropriate for the task of continuously monitoring position in the formation. This is not in contradiction of the fact that the prominent eyes ofEuphausiaorient the shrimp with respect to the axis of light coming from above, and direct the photophores 180° away from light (Land, 1980). The function of the photophores is only partially explained (e.g. predator avoidance by counter-shading, Grinnell et al., 1988), their role in formation swimming being doubtful because they are reportedly active only during dawn and dusk. Of course the eyes helpEuphausiato assemble in schools and to evade predators (Strand & Hamner, 1990) as well as fishing nets (Everson & Bone, 1986a,b), but a simple mechanical reflex seems more suitable to control individual position in the formation.
Podoceru Chelonophilus (Amphipoda: Podoceridae) Associated with Epidermal Lesions of the Loggerhead Turtle, Caretta Caretta (Chelonia)
Authors: Moore P.G. 
Published: May 2009

Examination of a small sample of Podocerus chelonophilus found clustered around mucus-exuding epidermal lesions of juvenile loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) collected off Madeira revealed the presence of fibrous material in the gut contents. The absence of planktonic remains suggested that these amphipods had been exploiting turtle material directly.With the exception of the Cyamidae (whale lice), rather few amphipod taxa consistently live in association with marine vertebrates. Sea turtles, however, have been recorded carrying gammaridean and caprellidean epibionts by Caine (1986), who reported eight gammaridean species (including two domicolous fouling species) from nesting loggerhead turtles in Florida.
The bottom fauna of china clay waste deposits in Mevagissey Bay
Authors: Probert P. K. 
Published: May 2009

The mining of china clay in Cornwall is an industry dating from the middle of the eighteenth century, and one which has grown to major prominence in the south-western peninsula, as illustrated by the historical accounts of Barton (1966) and Hudson (1969).Present-day mining processes give rise to two main types of particulate waste. The coarser waste, or tip-sand, is deposited on land to form the massive white tips which characterize the scenery of the Cornish china clay mining areas, although small amounts may be used locally as a building aggregate. The finer-grained waste, known as micaceous residue, is produced in lesser quantities and is disposed of in a different manner.
Vitamin A compounds in the ovaries of the cod, Gadus morhua L., from the Arctic
Authors: Plack P. A. , Woodhead A. D. , Woodhead P. M. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYCod (Gadus morhua L.) from the Arcto-Norwegian stock that spawns off northern Norway were caught at various times during their gonadal maturation cycle over a period of 16 months. The ovaries were removed and either fixed for histological work or deep-frozen for the determination of vitamin A compounds.The ovaries were inactive from June to September. Maturation began in late September-October and fully ripe eggs were present in February-March, the range of sizes being 500-650 /x. After spawning there was a period of resorption and regeneration, until May, followed by the quiescent summer period.dry matter rose from about 16 to 29%; the total amount of vitamin A aldehyde, vitamin A esters and alcohol, carotenoids and lipids in the ovaries also increased, though the concentrations of the carotenoids and vitamin A esters + alcohol on a dry-matter basis fell. Vitamin A aldehyde was only found in maturing ovaries and in February, just before spawning, the weight ratio of aldehyde to esters + alcohol was about 10 to 1. The other substances were present in resting ovaries. The appearance of aldehyde in the ovaries occurred when there was histological evidence for the onset of vitellogenesis.
Differences revealed by paper partition chromatography between the gastropod Nassarius reticulatus (L.) and specimens believed to be N. nitida (Jeffreys)
Authors: Collyer Dorothy M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe ninhydrin-positive patterns produced by chromatography of foot tissue of Nassariics reticulatus from Plymouth and North Wales and of specimens of Nassarius from Essex were established. The similarities and differences between the two are described and the consistent differences found are considered to be indicative of genetic differences between the specimens from Essex and those from the other two areas. The only factor found to affect the otherwise remarkably reproducible pattern given by individuals from the same area was the degree of starvation; the effect was reversible. The pattern given by another marine gastropod, Littorina littorea (L.), is also described. Reference is made to the potentialities of the technique.
The British species of Thracia (Eulamellibranchia)
Authors: Allen J. A. 
Published: May 2009

Inspection of fauna lists suggests that many authors have found difficulty in identifying the British species of Thracia, most being content to list them as Thracia spp. Examination of museum collections and even keys to identification (Ziegelmeier, 1957) shows many errors of identification. The problem was brought to notice when some specimens dredged off the Northumberland coast appeared to differ from the five species recognized as occurring in British waters. It was decided that a study of the specific differences similar to that of Holme (1951, 1959) for Ensis and Lutraria, and Allen (1954) for Nucula, would be useful.Specimens, particularly undamaged ones, of the British species of Thracia are difficult to obtain because they are both fragile and rare, and I am greatly indebted to the many people who were so kind as to give material and information for this study. These included Mr J. H. Barrett, Dale Fort Field Centre; Dr C. Burdon-Jones, Marine Biology Station, Menai Bridge; Mr I. C. J. Galbraith, British Museum (Nat. Hist.); Prof. R. A. R. Gresson, Queen's University, Belfast; Prof. L. A. Harvey, The University, Exeter; Mr N. A. Holme, Marine Biological Association, Plymouth; Dr N. S. Jones, Marine Biological Station, Port Erin; Mr A. D. Mclntyre, Scottish Home Department, Aberdeen; Mr R. McLaughlin, The University, Aberdeen; Dr R. H. Millar and Dr R. B. Pike, Scottish Marine Biological Association, Millport; Mr A. M. Tynan, Hancock Museum, Newcastle upon Tyne. I also wish to thank Dr D. A. Edwards, King's College, Newcastle upon Tyne, for assistance in matters mathematical.
Age, growth, and reproduction of the rock goby,Gobius paganellusL., in the Isle of Man
Authors: Miller P. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAge, growth and reproduction of the intertidal teleost, Gobius paganellus, has been investigated in the Isle of Man from March 1959 to September 1960. Samples were obtained by poisoning shore pools with a rotenone emulsion.Age was determined by examination of otoliths where a translucent annual ring is laid down in spring. Although the potential life span is at least 10 years, immature fishes of the first two age-groups constitute most of the population. An onshore breeding migration is postulated. An empirical survival curve indicates a high mortality rate during the first two years of life. Instances of predation on G. paganellus are given.Growth in length is logarithmic, with marked decrease in growth rate from about the age of sexual maturity. During the year, growth occurred from June to October. Maximum standard lengths recorded were 92*5 mm (feThe overall sex ratio of females to males was 1:1-326; this predominance of males persisted through the age-groups. The reproductive organs are briefly described, and a classification of gonad maturation is proposed. The breeding season lasted from mid-April to mid-June. Sexual maturity was reached at the end of the second or third year of life. Smallest ripening individuals found were 48-5 mm (female) and 505 (male). Fecundity increased with body size. Eggs were deposited on stones in shore pools and guarded by the male. Post-larvae occurred in pools from the beginning of July, and the first demersal individuals from August. Size-frequency distribution of oocytes in the ovary indicates that at least two broods may be produced in a single breeding season.In maximum size, longevity, and age at maturity, G. paganellus differs from other European gobies so far studied. It is suggested that a similar life history is exhibited by other British species of Gobius. The short breeding season of G. paganellus in the Isle of Man is held to be a result of proximity to the northern limit of distribution of this species. Examples of this phenomenon in other teleosts are provided. The significance of pre-ovulatory corpora lutea in the ovary of G. paganellus is briefly discussed.
The spawning ofArenicola marina(L.) III. Maturation and shedding of the Ova
Authors: Howie D. I. D. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYExperiments are described in which attempts were made to fertilize eggs of the lugworm taken from the coelom. These were unsuccessful except when the eggs were taken from spent or partially spent worms or from worms kept in the laboratory until they were about to spawn. It was concluded from this that maturation of the eggs precedes spawning but only by a matter of hours. That maturation begins in the body cavity was confirmed by histological examination of eggs from partially spent worms and criteria are given for the recognition of immature and mature eggs. Lack of success in previous attempts to fertilize coelomic eggs from non-spawning worms may be because females which are just about to spawn are not obtained by the normal methods of collection. It is suggested that this is due to a change in the behaviour of the worms associated with retention of eggs in the burrow after oviposition. With regard to the stimulation of spawning in female worms, it has been shown that maturation immediately precedes the onset of shedding. This, together with the fact that if eggs undergoing maturation are injected into a nonspawning worm they are shed automatically suggests that the primary stimulus for the onset of shedding is, simply, one which will induce maturation of the eggs.Observations made during the above experiment together with the fact that worms can be induced to shed a few unripe eggs by injection of tissue extracts suggest, however, that spawning is not entirely passive and dependent on maturation. The lipid fraction of tissue extracts stimulates the active uptake of eggs from the coelom but it fails to induce maturation of the eggs and hence the free spawning produced in male worms. While the release of lipid into the body cavity may have some effect on the spawning of female worms (under natural conditions) similar to that previously suggested for males, it cannot provide the primary internal stimulus for spawning.