bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Melody and word accent relationships in ancient Greek musical documents: the Pitch Height Rule
Authors: Cosgrove Charles H. , Meyer Mary C. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIt has long been known from the extant ancient Greek musical documents that some composers correlated melodic contour with word accents. Up to now, the evidence of this compositional technique has been judged impressionistically. In this article a statistical method of interpretation through computer simulation is set forth and applied to the musical texts, focusing on the convention of correlating a word's accent with the highest pitch level in the melody for that word: the Pitch Height Rule. The results provide a sounder basis for judging evidence for the operation of this convention in specific pieces and a sharper delineation of its use in the history of ancient Greek music. The ‘rule’ was used by at least some composers from the late second century BC through the second century AD, but there is no certainty that it was used before or after this period. In some cases where previous scholars have discovered the rule's operation, statistical analysis casts doubt. Of special interest is the showing that one piece long judged as offering no evidence of the use of the rule probably displays an inversion or parody of the rule for rhetorical-musical effect.
Xenophon and the alternative to realist foreign policy:Cyropaedia3.1.14–31
Authors: Lendon J.E. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe dialogue Xenophon stages atCyropaedia3.1.14–31 constitutes a sophisticated theoretical treatment of Greek foreign-policy motivations and methods, and offers an implicit rebuttal to Thucydides' realist theses about foreign relations. Comparison of this passage to the historians and Attic orators suggests that Xenophon was attempting to systematize conventional Greek conceptions: the resulting theoretical system, in whichhybrisis regarded as the main obstacle to interstate quiet, and control of other states depends not only upon fear but upon superior excellence and the management of reciprocity, is likely to approach closer than Thucydides' theses to mainstream classical Greek thinking about foreign relations.
The use of videoconferencing to support multimodal interaction in an online language classroom
Authors: Hampel Regine , Stickler Ursula 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe introduction of virtual learning environments has made new tools available that have the potential to support learner communication and interaction, thus aiding second language acquisition both from a psycholinguistic and a sociocultural point of view. This article focuses on the use of videoconferencing in the context of a larger exploratory study to find out how interaction was influenced by the affordances of the environment. Taking a mainly qualitative approach, the authors analysed the written and spoken interaction in recorded videoconferencing sessions, alongside examining some quantitative data to reveal participation patterns. Exploring language learning interaction in a synchronous online medium allows us to show how this is a process mediated by interaction with experts and peers as well as by the artefacts used (e.g., technology) and how learners use and combine multiple modes to make meaning. Our findings illustrate how an online videoconferencing environment with its multiple modalities can be used in language teaching, how teachers and learners adapt to the multimodal online environment and how new patterns of communication emerge in the process.
Exploiting a corpus of business letters from a phraseological, functional perspective
Authors: Flowerdew Lynne 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis paper illustrates how a freely available online corpus has been exploited in a module on teaching business letters covering the following four speech acts (functions) commonly found in business letters: invitations, requests, complaints and refusals. It is proposed that different strategies are required for teaching potentially non-face-threatening (invitations, requests) and face-threatening (complaints, refusals) speech acts.The hands-on pedagogic activities follow the ‘guided inductive approach’ advocated by Johansson (2009) and draw on practices and strategies covered in the literature on using corpora in language learning and teaching,viz. the need for ‘pedagogic mediation’, and the ‘noticing’ hypothesis from second language acquisition studies.
Mobile Assisted Language Learning in university EFL courses in Japan: developing attitudes and skills for self-regulated learning
Authors: Kondo Mutsumi , Ishikawa Yasushige , Smith Craig , Sakamoto Kishio , Shimomura Hidenori , Wada Norihisa 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis paper reports a project in which researchers at universities in Japan explored the use of Mobile Assisted Language Learning (MALL) practices by developing a learning module intended to help improve students’ scores on the TOEIC Listening and Reading Tests. MALL practices are currently being developed at universities in Japan because almost all students have mobile phones, many of them have had informal learning experiences with mobile devices, and students are integrating the communication and information gathering capabilities of mobile technology into their own lifestyles. The private nature of mobile phone communication may create barriers when students are asked to use personal mobile phones for school-centered learning activities. In this study a Nintendo DS mobile was used because it was affordable and students were familiar with this device for game playing and learning activities. In addition, because this device does not have the same telephone, messaging, and Internet functions that have made mobile phones an integral part of students’ private lives, a device such as the Nintendo DS may be a neutral mobile platform for the development of MALL activities which could later be adapted and transferred for use on private mobile phones. The primary aim of this study was to discover whether certain MALL practices would foster an advanced form of self-study, self-regulated learning (SRL). In SRL students take responsibility for arousing and sustaining their own motivation in order to make, carry out, and evaluate strategic learning plans. It was concluded that the use of the MALL learning module encouraged study without teacher intervention, i.e., self study, in terms of time spent on learning tasks, levels of satisfaction derived from the tasks, and self-measured achievement. Furthermore, SRL was observed in terms of the specificity of the goals, the customized creation of learning tasks and their in-class applications.
Using a stance corpus to learn about effective authorial stance-taking: a textlinguistic approach
Authors: Chang Peichin 
Published: April 2012

AbstractPresenting a persuasive authorial stance is a major challenge for second language (L2) writers in writing academic research. Failure to present an effective authorial stance often results in poor evaluation, which compromises a writer's research potential. This study proposes a “textlinguistic” approach to advanced academic writing to complement a typical corpus approach that is oriented toward exploring lexico-grammatical patterns at the sentence level. A web-based stance corpus was developed which allowed the users to study both the linguistic realizations of stance at clause/sentence level and how stance meanings are made at the rhetorical move level. The assumptions the study tested included: (1) whether a textlinguistic approach assists L2 writers to polish their research argument particularly as a result of improved stance deployment, and (2) whether the web-based corpus tool affords a constructivist environment which prompts the learners to infer linguistic patterns to attain deeper understanding. Seven L2 doctoral students in the social sciences were recruited. The results indicate a positive relationship between writing performance and more accurate use of stance. However, the application of higher order cognitive skills (e.g., inferring and verifying) was infrequent in the corpus environment. Instead, the writers used more lower-level cognitive skills (e.g., making sense and exploring) to learn. The participants accessed the integrated “context examples” most frequently to guide their learning, followed by rhetorical “move examples” and clause-based “stance examples”. This suggests that the learning of stance is critically contingent on the surrounding contexts. Overall, the study reveals that effective authorial stance-taking plays a critical role in effective academic argument. To better assist L2 academic writers, incorporating more (con)textual examples in computer corpora tools is recommended.
Development and validation of a Meal Index of dietary Quality (Meal IQ) to assess the dietary quality of school lunches
Authors: Sabinsky Marianne S , Toft Ulla , Andersen Klaus K , Tetens Inge 
Published: April 2012

AbstractObjectiveSchool lunch programmes are one strategy to promote healthier dietary habits in children, but better evaluation tools for assessing the dietary quality of such programmes are needed. The aim of the present study was to develop and validate a simple index to assess the dietary quality of school lunches for children aged 7–13 years.DesignA Meal Index of dietary Quality (Meal IQ) was developed to consist of seven components (nutrients and food groups) based on dietary issues for children aged 7–13 years, which were identified in a national dietary survey. The Meal IQ was validated against calculated nutrient contents of school lunches both provided by the school and brought from home.SettingAt eight public schools from all over Denmark, data were collected on 191 individual lunches brought from home (which is most common in Denmark) and thirty-one lunches provided as part of a school food programme. In addition thirty-two lunches provided at eighteen other public schools were included.SubjectsA total of 254 school lunches.ResultsA higher Meal IQ score was associated with a higher overall dietary quality, including lower contents of fat, saturated fat and added sugars, higher contents of fibre, various vitamins and minerals, and more fruits, vegetables and fish.ConclusionsThe Meal IQ is a valid and useful evaluation tool for assessing the dietary quality of lunches provided by schools or brought to school from home.
Isocyanic acid in a global chemistry transport model: Tropospheric distribution, budget, and identification of regions with potential health impacts
Authors: Young Paul. J. , Emmons Louisa K. , Roberts James M. , Lamarque Jean‐François , Wiedinmyer Christine , Veres Patrick , VandenBoer Trevor C. 
Published: April 2012

This study uses a global chemical transport model to estimate the distribution of isocyanic acid (HNCO). HNCO is toxic, and concentrations exceeding 1 ppbv have been suggested to have negative health effects. Based on fire studies, HNCO emissions were scaled to those of hydrogen cyanide (30%), resulting in yearly total emissions of 1.5 Tg for 2008, from both anthropogenic and biomass burning sources. Loss processes included heterogeneous uptake (pH dependent), dry deposition (like formic acid), and reaction with the OH radical (k = 1 × 10−15 molecule−1 cm3 s−1). Annual mean surface HNCO concentrations were highest over parts of China (maximum of 470 pptv), but episodic fire emissions gave much higher levels, exceeding 4 ppbv in tropical Africa and the Amazon, and exceeding 10 ppbv in Southeast Asia and Siberia. This suggests that large biomass burning events could result in deleterious health effects for populations in these regions. For the tropospheric budget, using the model‐calculated pH the HNCO lifetime was 37 days, with the split between dry deposition and heterogeneous loss being 95%:5%. Fixing the heterogeneous loss rate at pH = 7 meant that this process dominated, accounting for ∼70% of the total loss, giving a lifetime of 6 days, and resulting in upper tropospheric concentrations that were essentially zero. However, changing the pH does not notably impact the high concentrations found in biomass burning regions. More observational data is needed to evaluate the model, as well as a better representation of the likely underestimated biofuel emissions, which could mean more populations exposed to elevated HNCO concentrations.
Tracking a complete voltage-sensor cycle with metal-ion bridges
Authors: Henrion Ulrike , Renhorn Jakob , Börjesson Sara I. , Nelson Erin M. , Schwaiger Christine S. , Bjelkmar Pär , Wallner Björn , Lindahl Erik , Elinder Fredrik 
Published: April 2012

Voltage-gated ion channels open and close in response to changes in membrane potential, thereby enabling electrical signaling in excitable cells. The voltage sensitivity is conferred through four voltage-sensor domains (VSDs) where positively charged residues in the fourth transmembrane segment (S4) sense the potential. While an open state is known from the Kv1.2/2.1 X-ray structure, the conformational changes underlying voltage sensing have not been resolved. We present 20 additional interactions in one open and four different closed conformations based on metal-ion bridges between all four segments of the VSD in the voltage-gated Shaker K channel. A subset of the experimental constraints was used to generate Rosetta models of the conformations that were subjected to molecular simulation and tested against the remaining constraints. This achieves a detailed model of intermediate conformations during VSD gating. The results provide molecular insight into the transition, suggesting that S4 slides at least 12 Å along its axis to open the channel with a 3
10
helix region present that moves in sequence in S4 in order to occupy the same position in space opposite F290 from open through the three first closed states.
Taxonomy, pod types and genetic resources.
Authors: Bosland P. W. , Votava E. J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract

This chapter focuses on the taxonomy and morphology of various Capsicum species. Some wild and domesticated species and their pod types are discussed and germplasm collections of the US Department of Agriculture, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Centre in Tainan, Taiwan, Centro Agronomico Tropical de Investigations y Ensenanza in Turrialba, Costa Rica, Centre for Genetic Resources in Wageningen, Netherlands, and Central Institute for Genetics and Germplasm in Gatersleben, Germany are presented. The importance of the recognition of the special nature and distinctive features of agricultural biodiversity, so that the exchange and flow of germplasm are not constrained, and intellectual proprty rights are also highlighted.
Genetics, plant breeding and biotechnology.
Authors: Bosland P. W. , Votava E. J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract

This paper focuses on the importance of the understanding of the pepper genetics and reproductive behaviour in the genetic improvement of Capsicum spp. The various methods used in pepper breeding for pest and disease resistance and the benefits of the use of some biotechnological methods, such as genetic engineering and tissue culture, are also highlighted.
Disorders, diseases and pests.
Authors: Bosland P. W. , Votava E. J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract

This chapter focuses on the types and symptoms of abiotic disorders, bacterial diseases, fungal diseases, viral diseases and pests affecting peppers. The type and amount of losses in pepper caused by these plant diseases and pests and various methods used in their control are discussed and the importance of the use of resistant cultivars in pepper production are highlighted.
Intensification of animal production from grassland and ecosystem services: a trade-off.
Authors: Lemaire G. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Grasslands have to be considered not only as a means for human food production but also as a means for providing ecosystem services. Coupling of C and N cycles through soil-vegetation interactions gives grassland ecosystems a high capacity for reduction of environmental impacts. Moreover, the high biodiversity within grasslands gives them a high-adaptive capacity to changes and perturbations. Nevertheless, the C-N decoupling by grazing animals annihilates partly these ecosystem services as the intensification and hence the production increase. Research is necessary for optimizing this trade-off through spatial and temporal interactions with other land use systems at farm and landscape level.
Studies of reflectivity degradation of retroreflectors in LHD and mitigation of impurity deposition using shaped diagnostic ducts and protective windows
Authors: Akiyama T. , Yoshida N. , Kawahata K. , Tokitani M. , Iwakiri H. , Okajima S. , Nakayama K. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Maintaining the reflectivity of first mirrors is indispensable in future fusion devices. While a retroreflector (corner cube mirror) is useful for laser diagnostics, impurities tend to accumulate and form a thick deposition layer in the central region, which causes degradation of reflectivity, due to the hollow shape of the retroreflector. Two mirror structures are tested to retain the reflectivity in the Large Helical Device (LHD). One is a bending mirror structure with a protective cylinder with fins and it could maintain the reflectivity over a three-month experimental campaign. The other is a cover window just in front of the reflector. Candidates of the window materials were exposed to the LHD plasmas and the degradation of the transmissivity of ZnSe and silicon, which are used for infrared and far infrared laser light, respectively, were small.
Scaling radiative divertor solutions to high power in DIII-D
Authors: Leonard A.W. , Mahdavi M.A. , Lasnier C.J. , Petrie T.W. , Stangeby P.C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Detached radiative divertor plasmas are examined in DIII-D as a function of power. The 2D profile of plasma electron density and temperature is reconstructed from divertor Thomson data while energy transport is deduced from power balance measurements. The combination of plasma and energy diagnostics reveals that parallel energy transport transitions to convective flow at a constant 5–10 eV as a function of power. Simple considerations would imply divertor density proportional to power density for Mach 1 flow. However, the divertor, upstream separatrix and core plasma densities increase significantly less than linear with power density. During detached divertor operation H-mode core confinement is maintained though the edge pedestal can experience moderate degradation.
Costs of elaborate weapons in a rhinoceros beetle: how difficult is it to fly with a big horn?
Authors: McCullough Erin L. , Weingarden Paul R. , Emlen Douglas J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The giant horns of rhinoceros beetles exemplify the extreme morphologies that can result from sexual selection. Ornaments and weapons help males obtain mates but may also impose fitness costs. Intuitively, exaggerated sexually selected traits should impair locomotion, yet compensatory morphologies often make it difficult to detect locomotor costs. Here, we tested whether horns of the rhinoceros beetle Trypoxylus dichotomus impair flight and whether males compensate by developing larger wings or flight muscles. Contrary to our expectation that horns are costly for flight, males flew as fast as females, and among males, horn length was not correlated with flight speed or distance flown. We found some evidence for compensations in the male flight apparatus; males had relatively larger wings and flight muscles than females, and males with long horns for their body size had larger wings than males with relatively short horns. Flight muscle mass, however, was unaffected by horn length. We conclude that T. dichotomus horns may have been costly in the past and led to morphological compensations in wing and flight muscle size, but they do not currently impose significant flight costs. Fitness costs are a central tenet of sexual selection theory, and the large horns of rhinoceros beetles are expected to impose particularly strong costs on locomotion. Given our finding that T. dichotomus horns are surprisingly easy to carry, future work will be needed to identify the potential costs that have been important in shaping the evolution of elaborate horn morphologies.
e-Drug3D: 3D structure collections dedicated to drug repurposing and fragment-based drug design
Authors: Pihan Emilie , Colliandre Lionel , Guichou Jean-François , Douguet Dominique 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Motivation: In the drug discovery field, new uses for old drugs, selective optimization of side activities and fragment-based drug design (FBDD) have proved to be successful alternatives to high-throughput screening. e-Drug3D is a database of 3D chemical structures of drugs that provides several collections of ready-to-screen SD files of drugs and commercial drug fragments. They are natural inputs in studies dedicated to drug repurposing and FBDD.
Availability: e-Drug3D collections are freely available at http://chemoinfo.ipmc.cnrs.fr/e-drug3d.html either for download or for direct in silico web-based screenings.
Contact: douguet@ipmc.cnrs.fr
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
RNA-SeQC: RNA-seq metrics for quality control and process optimization
Authors: DeLuca David S. , Levin Joshua Z. , Sivachenko Andrey , Fennell Timothy , Nazaire Marc-Danie , Williams Chris , Reich Michael , Winckler Wendy , Getz Gad 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Summary: RNA-seq, the application of next-generation sequencing to RNA, provides transcriptome-wide characterization of cellular activity. Assessment of sequencing performance and library quality is critical to the interpretation of RNA-seq data, yet few tools exist to address this issue. We introduce RNA-SeQC, a program which provides key measures of data quality. These metrics include yield, alignment and duplication rates; GC bias, rRNA content, regions of alignment (exon, intron and intragenic), continuity of coverage, 3′/5′ bias and count of detectable transcripts, among others. The software provides multi-sample evaluation of library construction protocols, input materials and other experimental parameters. The modularity of the software enables pipeline integration and the routine monitoring of key measures of data quality such as the number of alignable reads, duplication rates and rRNA contamination. RNA-SeQC allows investigators to make informed decisions about sample inclusion in downstream analysis. In summary, RNA-SeQC provides quality control measures critical to experiment design, process optimization and downstream computational analysis.
Availability and implementation: See www.genepattern.org to run online, or www.broadinstitute.org/rna-seqc/ for a command line tool.
Contact: ddeluca@broadinstitute.org
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.