bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uneven interhemispheric connections between left and right primary sensori‐motor areas
Authors: Terada Kiyohito , Umeoka Shuichi , Usui Naotaka , Baba Koichi , Usui Keiko , Fujitani Shigeru , Matsuda Kazumi , Tottori Takayasu , Nakamura Fumihiro , Inoue Yushi 
Published: February 2011

AbstractTo clarify the characteristics of interhemispheric connections, we investigated cortico‐cortical evoked potentials (CCEP) in human. Fourteen patients with temporal lobe epilepsy who underwent invasive EEG monitoring with bilaterally implanted subdural electrodes were studied. Electric pulse stimuli were given in a bipolar fashion at two adjacent electrodes on and around the motor area (MA) or sensory area (SA), and CCEP responses were recorded by averaging electrocorticograms from the contralateral hemisphere. Seventy‐two pairs of electrodes were stimulated, and 468 recordings were analyzed. Fifty‐one of 468 recordings demonstrated CCEP responses. Of 51 responses, 16 consisted of an initial positive triphasic wave (Type 1), 27 had an initial negative biphasic wave (Type 2), and 8 showed an initial positive biphasic wave (type 3). The mean latencies of the earliest peaks were 13.1, 28.9, and 29.4 ms in Types 1, 2, and 3 responses, respectively. The responses were more frequently evoked by stimulating facial MA (f‐MA) and nonfacial MA (nf‐MA) than by stimulating SA or noneloquent area. In both f‐MA and nf‐MA stimulation, the responses were more frequently recorded at the contralateral f‐MA than at the contralateral nf‐MA or other areas. SA stimulation never evoked CCEP responses at the contralateral MA or SA. The amplitudes were maximal when f‐MA was stimulated and responses recorded at the contralateral f‐MA. These findings suggest that the interhemispheric connections are uneven. Both f‐MA and nf‐MA send dense interhemispheric connections to the contralateral f‐MA. SA may have no or only rare direct connection with the contralateral MA or SA. Hum Brain Mapp, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MIL‐101 Supported Polyoxometalates: Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Applications in Selective Liquid‐Phase Oxidation
Authors: Maksimchuk Nataliya V. , Kholdeeva Oxana A. , Kovalenko Konstantin A. , Fedin Vladimir P. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn this short review paper, we survey our recent achievements in the preparation of heterogeneous catalysts via incorporation of polyoxometalates (POMs) within cages of the mesoporous coordination polymer MIL‐101, their physicochemical characterization, and application for liquid‐phase selective oxidation of organic compounds with green oxidants — O2 and aqueous H2O2. Special attention is paid to analyze a manifestation of confinement effects and to address the issues of catalytic activity and selectivity after immobilization and after recycling, catalyst resistance to POM leaching, and the nature of catalysis. The scope and limitations of POM/MIL‐101 catalysts are discussed.
Dynamic study of PLGA/CS nanoparticles delivery containing drug model into phantom tissue using CO2 laser for clinical applications
Authors: Mahmoodi Mahboobeh , Khosroshahi Mohammad E. , Atyabi Fatemeh 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn this study, cationic nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by coating chitosan (CS) on the surface of PLGA NPs. To our knowledge most of the work in the field of drug delivery systems using lasers has been performed using short pulses with micron and submicron durations. We carried out an experiment using superlong PLS‐R (10 ms) and CW CO2laser modes on simulated drug‐biogelatin model where drug was encapsulated by PLGA/CS NPs. Maximum depth of drug containing cavitation was achieved faster at higher powers and shorter irradiation time in CWC mode. We believe that the main mechanism at work with superlong pulses is both photothermal due to vaporization and photomechanical due to photophoresis and cavitation collapse. In the case of CW, however, it is purely photothermal. Thus, drug molecules can be transported into tissue bulk by thermal waves which can be described by the Fick's law in 3‐D model for a given cavity geometry and the mechanical waves, unlike only by pure photomechanical waves (i.e. photoacoustically) as with short pulses. Therefore, our studies could offer an alternative for currently existing method for drug delivery. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Suppression of PTH by the vitamin D analog eldecalcitol is modulated by its high affinity for the serum vitamin D‐binding protein and resistance to metabolism
Authors: Ritter Cynthia S. , Brown Alex J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractEldecalcitol [1α,25‐dihydroxy‐2β‐(3‐hydroxypropyloxy)vitamin D3], a vitamin D analog with enhanced efficacy for treatment of osteoporosis, has been found to be less potent than 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) in suppressing PTH in vivo. To define the mechanism for the latter observation, we compared the effects of eldecalcitol and calcitriol on PTH secretion by bovine parathyroid cells. While the two compounds showed similar potency when the cells were cultured in medium containing 15% newborn calf serum, eldecalcitol was 100 times more potent than calcitriol in the absence of serum. Eldecalcitol has a higher affinity for the serum vitamin D‐binding protein (DBP), and therefore binding to DBP, and possibly other serum components, appears to limit the uptake and activity of eldecalcitol in parathyroid cells, providing an explanation for the lower PTH suppressing activity in vivo (100% serum). However, the 100‐fold higher activity of eldecalcitol in the absence of serum was unexpected since the VDR affinity for eldecalcitol is eightfold lower than for calcitriol. The enhanced activity was not due to preferential uptake, but to a resistance to metabolism. While 1 nM [3H]calcitriol was completely degraded within 24 h, [3H]eldecalcitol was not metabolized, despite the induction of the vitamin D catabolic enzyme, 24‐hydroxylase (CYP24A). The resistance to metabolism is the likely explanation for the higher potency of eldecalcitol in suppressing PTH in cell culture lacking serum. Thus, the unique properties of eldecalcitol in vivo can be attributed, at least in part, to its high‐DBP affinity which increases the half‐life, but limits the uptake of eldecalcitol, and to its reduced metabolism, which prolongs the activity of this analog in target tissues. J. Cell. Biochem. 112: 1348–1352, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vicarious nucleophilic substitution: a dramatically shortened synthesis of 2‐amino‐6‐nitrobenzoic acid labelled with carbon‐14
Authors: Kelly Terence P. , Filer Crist N. , Wright Christopher 
Published: February 2011

AbstractLiterature preparations of 2‐amino‐6‐nitrobenzoic acid are usually based on phthalic anhydride. In order to make [benzene‐14C(U)]‐2‐amino‐6‐nitrobenzoic acid, [benzene‐14C(U)]‐phthalic anhydride has to be prepared in multiple steps from [14C(U)]‐benzene, resulting in an unacceptably lengthy 14‐step synthesis. We have been able to develop a completely different method of synthesis, producing [benzene‐14C(U)]‐2‐amino‐6‐nitrobenzoic acid from [14C(U)]‐benzene in just four steps with an overall radiochemical yield of 32%. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphological adaptations to marine life in snakes
Authors: Brischoux François , Shine Richard 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWe investigated morphological adaptations to aquatic life within animals that exhibit a structurally simple, elongate body form, i.e., snakes. This linear body plan should impose different biomechanical constraints than the classical streamlined body shape associated with propulsion by fins, feet, or wings. Our measurements of general body shape of terrestrial, amphibious, and marine snakes (all from the same phylogenetic lineage, the Elapidae) show that seasnakes display specialized morphological attributes for life in water. Most notably, the cross‐sectional body shape is circular in terrestrial snakes but dorso‐ventrally elongated in seasnakes (due to a prominent ventral keel); amphibious species (sea kraits) exhibit an intermediate shape. The tail of amphibious and marine species (a major propulsive structure during swimming) is higher and thinner than in terrestrial snakes (i.e., paddle‐shaped) but shorter relative to body length. The evolution of a laterally compressed shape has been achieved by an increase in body height rather than a decrease in body width, possibly reflecting selection for more effective propulsive thrust, and for an ability to maintain hydrodynamic efficiency despite the minor bodily distension inevitably caused by prey items and developing offspring. J. Morphol., 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc
Hypothermia prevents nitric oxide system changes in retina induced by severe perinatal asphyxia
Authors: Rey‐Funes Manuel , Ibarra Mariano Esteban , Dorfman Verónica Berta , Serrano Julia , Fernández Ana Patricia , Martínez‐Murillo Ricardo , Martínez Alfredo , Coirini Héctor , Rodrigo José , Loidl César Fabián 
Published: February 2011

AbstractOne‐third of asphyctic neonates develop long‐term neurological injuries, including several degrees of ischemic proliferative retinopathy (IPR) such as retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Given that the retina is altered by perinatal asphyxia, our aim was to study the effects of nitric oxide (NO) in the retina in order to analyze its impact on the retinal injury. Application of hypothermia was evaluated as preventive treatment. Sprague‐Dawley rats were subjected to perinatal asphyxia [either at 37°C (PA group) or at 15°C (HYP group)]. Full‐term rats were used as controls (CTL). A significantly increased activity of both constitutive NO synthase (nNOS, Ca2+‐dependent) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS, Ca2+‐independent) was observed in PA retinas from 21 days old up to 60 days old with respect to age‐matched CTL, with a significant increase along the time course in the PA. nNOS was immunolocalized at amacrine, horizontal, and ganglion cells of the PA group, with a significant increase in relative optical density (R.O.D.), cellular area, and number of cells. iNOS immunoreactivity was observed in the inner nuclear layer and in the internal Müller cell processes of PA, with a significant increase in R.O.D. and colocalizing with GFAP in the 60‐day‐old PA group. Six nitrated protein species were increased in retinas from PA rats. Nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity showed a localization similar to that of iNOS, with increased R.O.D. in the PA group and colocalization with GFAP in 60‐day‐old animals. HYP prevented all the changes observed in PA rats. Although the NO system displays changes induced by hypoxia‐ischemia, hypothermia application shows a strong protective effect. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retrieval of conditioned fear activates the basolateral and intercalated nucleus of amygdala
Authors: Izumi Takeshi , Boku Shuken , Shinmin Weng , Inoue Takeshi , Konno Kotaro , Yamaguchi Taku , Yoshida Takayuki , Matsumoto Machiko , Watanabe Masahiko , Koyama Tsukasa , Yoshioka Mitsuhiro 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe amygdala is one of the crucial brain structures for conditioned fear, in which conditioned stimuli are received by the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA), inducing a fear reaction via the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA). Whereas BLA sends glutamatergic projections into CeA, the intercalated nucleus of the amygdala (ITC) sends GABAergic projections into CeA, which is doubly regulated by BLA and ITC. In the present study, we investigated the characteristics of the neural cells activated by retrieval of conditioned fear in BLA and ITC using immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and Western blot analysis of transcription factors and neural cell markers. Because most conditioned fear‐induced c‐Fos‐positive cells in BLA were glutaminase positive and 67‐kDa isomer of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67) negative, these cells are speculated to be glutamatergic. Seventy‐eight percent of the phosphorylated CREB (pCREB)‐positive cells were glutaminase double positive and 13% of the pCREB‐positive cells were GAD67 double positive, indicating that many of the conditioned fear‐induced pCREB‐positive cells in BLA were glutamatergic, but at least some of the pCREB‐positive cells were GABAergic. These results suggested that CREB phosphorylation was increased both in glutamatergic and in GABAergic neurons, but c‐Fos expression was increased mainly in glutamatergic neurons in BLA. CREB phosphorylation but not c‐Fos expression in ITC was specifically increased by retrieval of conditioned fear. It is therefore speculated that ITC GABAergic neurons were activated by retrieval of conditioned fear and that transcription factors other than c‐Fos were relevant to the activation. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
TNF dose reduction and shortening of duration of isolated limb perfusion for locally advanced soft tissue sarcoma of the extremities is safe and effective in terms of long‐term patient outcome
Authors: Hoven‐Gondrie Miriam L. , Bastiaannet Esther , van Ginkel Robert J. , Suurmeijer Albert J.H. , Hoekstra Harald J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesDose reduction and shortening of duration of perfusion in isolated limb perfusion with TNF‐α and Melphalan (TM‐ILP) are associated with less systemic toxicity and seem to be safe and effective on short‐term. However, data on long‐term patient outcome are scarce.MethodsFrom 1991 to 2008, 102 TM‐ILPs were performed in 98 patients for a locally advanced soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity. Perfusions were categorized in three groups: (A) high dose and long duration (n = 59), (B) high dose and short duration (n = 16), and (C) low dose and short duration (n = 27). Long‐term local control rates and (limb)‐survival were evaluated.ResultsLimb salvage rates were in group A 76.3%, B 62.5%, and C 85.2% (P = 0.2). With a median follow up of 76 (range 4–203) months, 50 patients were still alive (51%). Disease‐specific 5‐year survival was not different between the three groups: A 55.4%, B 52.5%, and C 57.3% (P = 0.9). There was no difference in local recurrence‐free 5‐year survival (adjusted P = 0.1) and distant metastases‐free survival (P = 0.9).ConclusionsDose reduction and shorter duration of TM‐ILP seem to be safe and effective regarding long‐term patient outcome, as 5‐year local control rates and (limb)‐survival are not compromised. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011;103:648–655. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinicopathologic factors associated with lymph node retrieval in resectable colon cancer: A veterans' affairs central cancer registry (VACCR) database analysis
Authors: Gonsalves Wilson I , Kanuri Swapna , Tashi Tsewang , Aldoss Ibrahim , Sama Ashwin , Al‐Howaidi Islam , Ganta Ashwin , Kalaiah Mudappa , Thota Ramya , Krishnamurthy Jairam , Fang Xiang , Townley Peter , Ganti Apar K. , Subbiah Shanmuga , Silberstein Peter T. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBackgroundA long‐term determinant of survival in resectable colon cancer is the involvement of regional lymph nodes. We evaluated the clinicopathologic factors associated with lymph node retrieval.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with resected stage I–III colon cancer in the Veteran's Affairs Central Cancer Registry between 1995 and 2008. One‐way ANOVA compared the differences between various groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the factors associated with the harvest of 12 or more lymph nodes for pathologic examination.ResultsThere were 19,240 patients with resectable colon cancer included in our analysis. Mean number of lymph nodes retrieved increased with later year of diagnosis, higher overall stage, higher T descriptor, age <65 years, poorer differentiation and right‐sided tumors (P < 0.01 for all covariates). These aforementioned factors are also associated with an increased probability of retrieving 12 or more lymph nodes after surgical resection (P < 0.01 for all covariates).ConclusionsLater year of diagnosis, younger patients, right‐sided tumors, poorer differentiation, higher T descriptor and overall stage are associated with increased number of lymph nodes retrieved. These may indicate the presence of an immunological response of tumor versus host affecting lymph node retrieval. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 104:667–671. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determination of flavanones in Citrus juices by means of one‐ and two‐dimensional liquid chromatography
Authors: Russo Marina , Cacciola Francesco , Bonaccorsi Ivana , Dugo Paola , Mondello Luigi 
Published: February 2011

Abstract1‐D and 2‐D comprehensive (LC×LC) liquid chromatography methods have been developed and compared for the separation and quantification of flavanones in various Citrus juices. 1‐D analyses were carried out on a superficially porous C18 column, whereas the 2‐D LC approach was composed of a polyethylene glycol silica narrow‐bore column packed with totally porous particles in the first dimension (D1) and a superficially porous C18 column in the second dimension (D2). Low‐selectivity correlations were ensured by the complementary separation mechanisms offered by the D1 and D2 columns. Quantification was carried out both manually and by means of a software capable of detecting and quantifying each peak from the 2‐D plot. Limit of detection (LOD) values as low as 0.023 μg/mL were obtained for hesperidin used as reference material for 1‐D LC analyses, whereas values as high as 0.432 μg/mL were obtained by comprehensive LC. This discrepancy can be traced back to the minor sensitivity experienced in comprehensive LC due to both sample dilution in D1 and the high flow rates employed in D2. On the other hand, the separation capabilities of the LC×LC approach allowed to reduce the interferences coming from the matrix and to achieve the separation of some critical pairs, e.g. hesperidin/naringin difficult to accomplish in 1‐D LC.
A specific LC/ESI‐MS/MS method for determination of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 in neonatal dried blood spots containing a potential interfering metabolite, 3‐epi‐25‐hydroxyvitamin D3
Authors: Higashi Tatsuya , Suzuki Masahiro , Hanai Junji , Inagaki Shinsuke , Min Jun Zhe , Shimada Kazutake , Toyo'oka Toshimasa 
Published: February 2011

AbstractVitamin D deficiency in an infant is associated with a wide range of adverse health outcomes in later life. A method for the quantification of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3, the best‐established indicator of vitamin D status] in neonatal dried blood spots (DBSs) using LC/ESI‐MS/MS has been developed and validated. The method employed two steps of derivatization, a Diels–Alder reaction with 4‐phenyl‐1,2,4‐triazoline‐3,5‐dione followed by acetylation, to enhance the detectability of 25(OH)D3 in ESI‐MS/MS and to separate 25(OH)D3 from 3‐epi‐25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 [3‐epi‐25(OH)D3], a potent interfering metabolite. 25(OH)D3 was extracted from two DBS punches (3 mm in diameter, equivalent to 5.3 μL of whole blood), purified using an Oasis HLB® cartridge, and subjected to derivatization prior to analysis with LC/ESI‐MS/MS. 25‐Hydroxyvitamin D4 was used as the internal standard. This method was reproducible (intra‐ and inter‐assay RSDs, <6.9%) and accurate (analytical recovery, 95.2–102.7%), and the LOQ was 3.0 ng/mL. The developed method enabled specific quantification of 25(OH)D3 in neonatal DBSs and detection of vitamin D deficiency without interference from 3‐epi‐25(OH)D3.
Fingerprinting of fatty acid composition for the verification of the identity of organic eggs
Authors: Tres Alba , O'Neill Rory , van Ruth Saskia M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractOrganic products (such as organic eggs) usually have a higher price than the corresponding conventional products. This makes organic products susceptible to fraud. Administrative controls are conducted to detect this type of frauds. However, an analytical verification of the organic identity of food products would be very useful in this respect. It is unlikely that there is a single compound, or a few compounds, that differ sufficiently between organic and conventional eggs to be used as a marker of organic identity. Instead, fingerprinting of the organic products (that is to say, analyzing a wide range of compounds instead of only a few) might be used as a tool for their verification. Here, we have used the fatty acid composition of egg yolks as a fingerprint to verify the organic identity of eggs. From the fingerprints, chemometric models were built which predict the identity of eggs (organic or conventional) with high success rates.
Enzymatic degumming
Authors: Dijkstra Albert J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe oldest enzymatic degumming process (the Lurgi EnzyMax® process) was launched in 1992. It used porcine phospholipase A2, which has the disadvantages of limited availability and not being kosher/halal. To overcome these disadvantages, various microbial enzymes have been developed; they have different specificities and therefore offer different advantages. Phospholipase C for instance has the advantage that it leads to the formation of diacylglycerols that remain in the oil being degummed. This constitutes a significant yield improvement which also results from the formation of lysophospholipids that retain less oil than their precursors. In the laboratory, a fine dispersion of the aqueous enzyme solution in the oil can be maintained so that the phospholipase enzymes can be made to interact with non‐hydratable phosphatides (NHP) in the oil phase and catalyse their hydrolysis. On an industrial scale, dispersions coalesce before the enzymatic NHP hydrolysis is complete. Accordingly, enzymatic degumming processes that claim NHP‐removal and a low residual phosphorus content in the enzymatically degummed oil are invariably preceded by an acid treatment in which a degumming acid (citric acid) is finely dispersed into the oil to be degummed and made to react with the NHP present in the oil before the enzyme is added. This enzyme then only interacts with the phospholipids present in the water phase. This raises the question whether the yield increase resulting from the use of enzymes should be realised by treating the oil to be degummed or the gums that have already been isolated from the oil during a degumming treatment. Lack of experimental evidence prevents a firm answer to this question but the arguments in favour of treating the gums look more impressive than what can be said in favour of treating the oil. In short: Enzymes do not degum the oil but can be used to de‐oil the gums.
Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST): What is in a name and what isn't?
Authors: van Zijl Peter C. M. , Yadav Nirbhay N. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractChemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging is a relatively new magnetic resonance imaging contrast approach in which exogenous or endogenous compounds containing either exchangeable protons or exchangeable molecules are selectively saturated and after transfer of this saturation, detected indirectly through the water signal with enhanced sensitivity. The focus of this review is on basic magnetic resonance principles underlying CEST and similarities to and differences with conventional magnetization transfer contrast. In CEST magnetic resonance imaging, transfer of magnetization is studied in mobile compounds instead of semisolids. Similar to magnetization transfer contrast, CEST has contributions of both chemical exchange and dipolar cross‐relaxation, but the latter can often be neglected if exchange is fast. Contrary to magnetization transfer contrast, CEST imaging requires sufficiently slow exchange on the magnetic resonance time scale to allow selective irradiation of the protons of interest. As a consequence, magnetic labeling is not limited to radio‐frequency saturation but can be expanded with slower frequency‐selective approaches such as inversion, gradient dephasing and frequency labeling. The basic theory, design criteria, and experimental issues for exchange transfer imaging are discussed. A new classification for CEST agents based on exchange type is proposed. The potential of this young field is discussed, especially with respect to in vivo application and translation to humans. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.