bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Exchangeable Calcium on the Retention of Phosphorus by Clay Fractions of Soils of the Memphis Catena
Authors: Calvert D. V. , Massey H. F. , Seay W. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of Ca saturation on P‐retaining properties of clay fractions of five Kentucky soils of the Memphis catena was studied. Changes in P retention and pH which occurred during storage of acid‐washed clays were investigated. Retained P was considered to be that portion of added P removed by the clay separate from a water solution.A definite change occurred in the P‐retaining properties of initially acid‐washed clay separates during storage as evidenced by the decrease in P and P32 remaining in solution and the increase in pH. This change was attributed to an increase in A1 saturation of the exchange complex.With freshly acid‐washed clay separates of all soils of the catena, P retention generally increased with increased Ca saturation, whereas P retention for clays aged after acid‐washing generally decreased as Ca saturation increased.It is suggested that in considering H, Ca and Al as exchangeable cations, P in solution decreases in the order given. Retention of added P by Memphis soil was about equal to the retention of added P by an aged Memphis clay separate.
Effect of Soil Type on Mobility of Zinc in the Soil and on Its Availability from Zinc Sulfate to Tung
Authors: Barrows Harold L. , Neff Marshall S. , Gammon Nathan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA field experiment was designed for study of the effects of soil type on movement of zinc in the soil and of soil type and levels and placements of zinc sulfate on growth of 1‐year‐old tung trees. The soils were Savannah and Red Bay fine sandy loams, Lakeland fine sand, and Arredondo loamy fine sand. The treatments consisted of the factorial combination of three levels of zinc sulfate with three placements and a check plot (no zinc sulfate).At the end of 1 year the rate of zinc movement through the four soils was in the order Lakeland > Red Bay > Savannah > Arredondo. Very little zinc was absorbed by the tung trees from surface applications on the Arredondo soil, but the trees obtained sufficient zinc when the zinc sulfate was mixed with the soil. In contrast, zinc mobility on the Lakeland soil was so great that 1 ounce applied on the surface proved toxic.Although there was little lateral movement of zinc in the soils, the movement was primarily toward the tree rather than away from it.
Influence of Temperature and Moisture on Soil Phosphorus I. Effect on Soil Phosphorus Fractions
Authors: Mack Alex R. , Barber Stanley A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil incubated at −20.5° C. for 9 months released more phosphorus when leached with water than soil incubated at 2.7° C. At a leaching temperature of 32° C. more phosphorus was released than at 16° C. The amount of phosphorus released was correlated with a decrease in acid‐soluble phosphorus and an increase in alkali‐soluble phosphorus (iron phosphate) in the soil after leaching. It is suggested that preconditioning temperature changes either the types of phosphorus compounds or the surface area of those present in the soil. Incubating under anaerobic conditions increased the alkali‐soluble phosphorus; however, this phosphorus did not contribute to the supply of phosphorus available to the plant.
Availability of Sulfur to Rice Plants in Submerged and Upland Soil
Authors: Nearpass D. C. , Clark Francis E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA deficiency disease of rice occurred on plants grown in Evesboro soil in pot culture, following submergence as customarily employed for lowland rice culture. This was apparently sulfur deficiency, since rice plants responded to various forms of sulfate sulfur in further pot tests.In comparison experiments, sulfur uptake by rice plants was reduced by submerging the soil. In one experiment testing 5 levels of available sulfur in Evesboro soil, parabolic and logarithmic equations were solved for the relationship between plant uptake of sulfur and available sulfur in the soil. When both types of equations were solved for the best fitting values of soil sulfur, the values obtained in submerged and upland soil were comparable, indicating that both soil and fertilizer sulfur were subject to the same changes upon flooding.In comparisons of submerged and upland conditions on five other soils, sulfur uptake was lowered by flooding the soil, regardless of the type of yield response, whether negative or positive, obtained from flooding. Sulfur percentage in the plants grown in flooded cultures was related to the yield response obtained from flooding. The soils which gave negative yield responses produced the lowest sulfur contents.In further experiments, organic matter, in the form of dried and ground rice plant tissue, when added to flooded cultures, depressed the growth of rice plants. Sulfate, added along with the organic matter, overcame to various degrees the depression in growth. Prior submergence also had an ameliorating effect on the growth depression which occurred with flooding and organic matter.
Adsorption and Release of Strontium from Clays and Soils With Equilibration, Isotopic Tracer and Plant Uptake Techniques
Authors: McLean E. O. , Arscott T. G. , Volk V. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe percentages of Sr90 adsorbed by bentonite and illite clays when saturated to various degrees with the complementary ions H, Ca, Ba, and K were determined. The percentages of Sr90 taken up in an 8‐hour period by soybean plants from the above systems as well as from solutions containing the same total concentrations of the cations as the clays were also computed. The amounts of Sr absorbed by a soil containing various levels of exchangeable Ca (established by prior rates of liming in the field) were measured by equilibration with SrCl2 solutions. Sr was generally adsorbed less and taken up by plants more from illite than from bentonite. Addition of Ca or Ba as compared to H decreased Sr adsorbed and increased Sr uptake by plants from the clays, thus having the effect of accelerating the decontamination of the clays by cropping. Sr appeared to be bonded by bentonite but not by illite with sufficient energy to restrict its uptake by soybeans. Increased level of exchangeable Ca in a soil did not appreciably affect the amounts of Sr adsorbed from SrCl2 solutions.
Sequential Products of Anaerobic Denitrification in Norfolk Soil Material
Authors: Cady F. B. , Bartholomew W. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil samples containing tagged nitrate were incubated in a compact, small volume, glass apparatus constructed to provide internal circulation of the gaseous phase. Periodically, samples of the circulating gas were taken and analyzed directly on the mass spectrometer.The initial gaseous denitrification product to appear was nitric oxide (NO). However, the amount of NO to appear in the gaseous phase never exceeded 5% of the tagged nitrate added to the soil. The presence of NO in the gaseous phase was closely associated with the presence of nitrite in the soil and is presumed to have arisen from the decomposition of nitrous acid.Subsequent to the appearance of nitric oxide, nitrous oxide (N2O) appeared in the gaseous phase. Coincident with the increase in N2O was a decrease and eventual disappearance of NO. Following the increase in N2O was the appearance of nitrogen gas (N2). This increased in amount sufficient to account for 83 to 95% of the added tagged nitrate coincident with the reduction in amount and eventual disappearance of N2O.
Influence of Temperature and Moisture on Soil Phosphorus: II. Effect Prior to and During Cropping on Soil Phosphorus Availability for Millet
Authors: Mack Alex R. , Barber Stanley A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMillet was grown with and without added phosphorus at one temperature and moisture level on samples of two soils which had been incubated for 74 days at 23°, 2.7°, and −20.5° C. and at moistures of 40, 60 to 70 and 100 percent of field capacity. The higher the soil temperature prior to cropping, the greater was the yield of dry matter and phosphorus uptake. Soil moisture contents prior to cropping did not affect yield and phosphorus uptake. Millet was also grown at three soil moisture levels and at two soil temperatures. The effect depended on the accompanying temperature. The soil moisture level did not affect the yield and phosphorus uptake at a soil temperature of 16° C. but did affect it at a soil temperature of 21° to 33° C. during the cropping period. Response to phosphate in field trials with wheat was related to both temperature and rainfall during the growing season.
Efficiency of Recovery of Applied Nitrate Nitrogen by Perennial Ryegrass from Different Soils
Authors: Grable Albert R. , Johnson Donal D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to determine efficiency of recovery of applied nitrate nitrogen on 7 pairs of soils fertilized at 4 rates of nitrogen and to relate these results to intrinsic soil properties. Soils were sampled so that texture and organic matter content were the main soil variables. Ryegrass was grown on the soils until added nitrogen was exhausted.Nitrogen fertilizer was generally more efficient at the higher rates of application, but not on all soils. Efficiency decreased with rate on a few soils and remained constant on others. Two of the soil pairs showed significantly lower nitrogen efficiency than the other five. Low efficiency on one soil appeared to be caused by relatively lower dry matter production for each unit of applied nitrogen. Efficiency was much higher in this experiment than on the same soils in situ.Regression analyses indicated that efficiency was not related to ability of the unfertilized soils to yield nitrogen; i.e., increases in yield of nitrogen due to nitrogen applications controlled efficiency rather than the absolute yield of nitrogen. Some 53 and 70% of the variation in average nitrogen efficiency for the 14 soils was associated with percent clay and surface area, respectively. Because efficiency was lower on finer‐textured soils, it was proposed that lower efficiency may have been caused by denitrification losses brought about by slower oxygen diffusion.
An Evaluation of Tillage Practices for Winter Wheat in the Semiarid Region of Southwestern Kansas
Authors: Brady Homer A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThree methods of seedbed preparation for winter wheat (stubble‐mulch tillage, one‐way disking, and moldboard plowing) were evaluated for the semiarid region of southwestern Kansas. Although fallow is recommended for the area, both continuous cropping and wheat‐fallow sequences were used in the comparison. Measurements of grain yield, soil moisture, evaporation from soil, soil temperature, soil nitrate, and notes concerning runoff and erosion by wind and water were included.Subsurface tillage effectively controlled erosion by wind and water. Differences in the other factors tested were not statistically significant. On fallowed land slightly higher average yields were produced by one‐waying than subsurface tillage or plowing. Subsurface tillage gave the highest yields on continuous cropping. Visual observations indicated that runoff was less from subsurface tillage plots but higher evaporation under the residue mulch left moisture levels nearly equal. Soil temperature averaged slightly higher under a stubble mulch; the soil warmed more slowly in the spring and cooled more slowly in the fall. Nitrate levels were highest on plowed, somewhat lower on one‐wayed, and least on subtilled plots. Free nitrate levels were considered an indication of the rate of decomposition of organic matter.
Corn Growth on Gardena Surface and Subsoil as Affected by Applications of Fertilizer and Manure
Authors: Carlson C. W. , Grunes D. L. , Alessi J. , Reichman G. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study was conducted in the field to evaluate the fertility requirements of a Gardena fine sandy loam subsoil as compared to an undisturbed soil. Corn was grown on both areas the first and third years after land leveling.Where the topsoil had been removed, the most deficient element was N, followed by P and then Zn. Zn increased corn grain yields both the year it was applied, and 2 years later. Manure applied the first year after leveling increased corn yields that year, and supplied residual P and Zn 2 years later. However, the yields on manured plots were not as high as those obtained with applications of N, P and Zn.Applications of N and P increased yields slightly on the undisturbed area. It was necessary to apply N, P, Zn and manure to make yields on the subsoil equal those on the surface soil.
The Germination of Corn and Wheat as Affected by Various Fertilizer Salts at Different Soil Temperatures
Authors: Cummins D. G. , Parks W. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCorn and wheat were germinated at different concentrations of various fertilizers in growth chambers. Three temperature levels were maintained in the controlled tests. The fertilizers ranked in the following order with decreasing detrimental effects on the germination of corn: anhydrous ammonia, urea, nitrate of soda, muriate of potash, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, 6‐12‐12 fertilizer, sulfate of potash, 48% superphosphate, and 20% superphosphate. The fertilizers ranked in the following order with decreasing detrimental effects on the germination of wheat: anhydrous ammonia, urea, muriate of potash, nitrate of soda, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, sulfate of potash, 6‐12‐12 fertilizer, 48% superphosphate, and 20% superphosphate. Corn was tolerant to a higher salt concentration than was wheat. The nitrogen and potash fertilizers were more detrimental to germination than were the phosphate fertilizers. The temperatures studied had no significant effect on the tolerance of corn and wheat to salt concentration. Corn did not germinate at 50° F.
Yield Response in Experiments With Phosphorus Fertilizers in Relation to: II. Variability and Differences Among Sources on Soils of Northern and Western States
Authors: Terman G. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractYield results from 124 experiments in Colorado, Iowa, New York, and Washington comparing phosphorus rates and sources, each including a response curve with CSP, were summarized in regard to the nature of the response and experimental error. In less than 10% of the tests with corn, small grain, and vegetables showing response to P was it possible to measure differences among sources from one‐half to twice as effective as CSP. Although experimental error was important, low response to applied P was the chief factor limiting the measurement of differences among sources. Coefficient of variation (CV) decreased with increase in mean yield of corn experiments in Iowa. Numerical increases in yields resulting from applied P were about the same at all yield levels in these experiments.
Irrigation Based on Soil Suction Measurements
Authors: Richards S. J. , Marsh A. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil suction (soil moisture tension) from zero to 0.8 bar is explicitly indicated by tensiometers. Higher values can be measured by suitably calibrated soil moisture resistance units. An irrigation program, both as to timing and duration of applications, can be carried out based on day‐to‐day records of soil suction at two or more depths in the root zone of the crop involved.Available moisture depletion is a commonly used basis for recommending irrigation practices. Curves are presented which show that, when irrigation timing is based on a given value of available moisture depletion, irrigations may be applied at widely differing values of soil suction if soil texture varies. A layered soil experiment shows the usefulness of soil suction measurements for evaluating relative moisture conditions in soils of varying texture.Examples are given of irrigation practices by avocado growers which are based on tensiometer readings. When related to soil suction measurements, an irrigation program is adapted to soil, climate, and plant variables.
Competition between Bacterial Strains Effecting Nodulation in Soybeans
Authors: Means Ura Mae , Johnson Herbert W. , Erdman Lewis W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCompetition between genotypes of Rhizobium japonicum was studied by using chlorosis‐inducing strains 76 and 94 to facilitate identification of strains recovered from the nodules of soybean plants. Chlorosis‐inducing strains were individually mixed in varying proportions with each of nine normal strains and the mixtures were used as inoculants on the Hawkeye and Lee varieties. The plants were cultured in the greenhouse under conditions previously described.Technique studies indicated that with rare exceptions a single nodule contained only one bacterial strain and that chlorosis of sorghum seedlings produced by a water extract of a nodule was a reliable indication that the nodule contained a chlorosis‐inducing strain.Strain 76 had a pronounced competitive advantage over all normal strains regardless of the proportions of the strain in the mixtures. As little as 1.1% of strain 76 in the mixture with strain 38 caused 85% of the nodules. Strains 31 and 71 were more competitive against strain 76 than were the other normal strains. Chlorosis‐inducing strain 94 was much less competitive against 8 of the 9 normal strains than was strain 76.The extent of chlorosis of the soybean plants gave a rough estimate of the competitive relationships between strains. The varieties Hawkeye and Lee were essentially identical in response to the various mixtures.
Sr90 Uptake by Plants as Influenced by Soil Types and Liming
Authors: Haghiri F. , Sayre J. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA greenhouse study was conducted to determine the influence of various soil types and liming on the uptake of Sr90 by plants. There were highly significant differences in the total uptake and concentration of Sr90 by corn, soybeans, buckwheat, Sudangrass, and alfalfa from different soil types and liming. In general, the total uptake of Sr90 from acid Ashtabula, Miami, and Canfield soils was considerably higher than the total uptake from slightly acid Brookston soil. Liming depressed the total uptake of Sr90 by the plants grown on the acid Ashtabula, Miami, and Canfield soils; but had no effect on the total Sr90 uptake by the plants from Brookston soil. These differences appear to be associated partly with the differences in exchangeable calcium and pH of the soils. The accumulation of radiostrontium by the various plant species after 5 weeks of growth was in the order: Buckwheat > soybeans > alfalfa > Sudangrass = corn.
Lysimetric Measurements of Evapotranspiration Rates in the Eastern United States
Authors: van Bavel C. H. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA review is presented of various methods to determine the evapotranspiration rate under field conditions. It is shown that, at the present time, the data which have been collected by a suitable lysimetric method are the only ones that exist in quantity and that, at the same time, can be considered as reliable.The conditions which must be met by a lysimeter installation for the accurate and representative measurement of the evapotranspiration rate are reviewed. It is shown that both the exposure as well as the moisture conditions in the soil of the lysimeter must be representative of those in the surrounding area if realistic values are to be obtained.Selected data from four locations in the Eastern United States are presented and compared. It is shown that data for grass cover under a variety of geographic and climatological conditions do not vary greatly from one another. Such dependable comparisons as are available between different crops show that the differences between corn, wheat, and meadow crops are small though not insignificant. The need for additional and adequate lysimetric measurements of evapotranspiration rates in the eastern half of the United States is discussed as well as the necessity for making pertinent meteorological measurements to aid in the generalization of the data.
Soil Moisture: Technique of Control and Relation to Tomato Growth for Different Soils
Authors: Cannell Glen A. , Bingham F. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method is given for soil moisture control in greenhouse pot studies using tomato plants. Tensiometers and cylindrical electrode type gypsum blocks were used for timing of irrigation. Through use of calibration curves which related volume of water loss to suction under plant growth the quantity of water to be added at each irrigation was also determined from instrument readings.Dry weight yields (plants grown to fruiting stage) increased with decreasing soil suction and with increasing fertilizer levels.By use of ratios of unit dry matter produced to unit water used, it was shown statistically that plant growth was affected by soil suction. The ratios were increased with increasing soil suction and with increasing fertilizer levels.
Soil Phosphorus Fractionation Studies
Authors: Patel J. M. , Mehta B. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTotal soil phosphorus in 21 soils was fractionated into 5 components viz. (a) calcium phosphate, (b) adsorbed phosphate, (c) iron and aluminum phosphate, (d) organic phosphorus and (e) phosphorus which is insoluble in the reagents which dissolve (a), (b), (c) and (d) fractions. It is found that none of these forms of soil phosphorus is a definite fraction of total phosphorus. The amount of adsorbed phosphate gives the highest correlation (r = + 0.8341 significant at 1% level) with the uptake of phosphorous by sorghum plants. Also the amount of adsorbed phosphate gives a highly significant correlation (+0.9330 significant at 1% level) with available phosphate determined by 0.5M NaHCO3. There is also a correlation between the uptake of phosphate by sorghum plants and the amount of calcium phosphate, but the level of significance is much lower. There is no significant correlation between the plant uptake of phosphate and the amount of phosphorus in any one of the three remaining fractions, namely iron and aluminum phosphates, insoluble phosphate and organic phosphorus.
The Effects of Fumigants on Nitrate Production in Soil
Authors: Koike H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLaboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effects of eight fumigants on the nitrification of (NH4)2SO4 and NH4OH (aqua ammonia) in 200‐g. samples of sugar cane field soils. All samples were incubated unamended and amended with 500 parts nitrogen as (NH4)2‐SO4 or NH4OH per million parts soil. Unamended and nitrogen‐amended soils were treated with the different fumigants. The soil samples were maintained at 50% moisture‐holding capacity and, at intervals, extracted for ammonium and nitrate nitrogen with 2 parts of a 0.3 N solution of K2SO4 to 1 part of soil. Ammonium nitrogen was determined by nesslerization and nitrate nitrogen by the phenoldisulphonic acid method; in both cases the Klett Summerson photoelectric colorimeter was used for comparisons.Results indicate that, under the conditions of the experiments, DD at 40 gallons per acre, Telone at 40 gallons per acre, Dowfume W‐85 at 8 gallons EDB per acre, S‐1283 at 8 gallons per acre, and Vapam at 50 gallons per acre markedly inhibited nitrification for 4 to 8 weeks. The rate of nitrification increased appreciably shortly thereafter and decreased again as the supply of added ammoniacal nitrogen was depleted.Allyl alcohol at 20 gallons per acre, Nemagon or DBCP at 3 gallons per acre, and PRD G‐10 at 40 pounds active per acre were less toxic to the nitrifying bacteria.An aromatic oil used as a diluent for some of the fumigants did not cause a significant reduction in the rate of nitrification in soil.Lysimeter studies with DD substantiated results obtained with the fumigant in other experiments. For a period of 8 weeks, very little nitrate nitrogen was leached through soils supplemented with NH4OH and fumigated with DD at the rate of 40 gallons per acre. In the soils which were not fumigated with DD, after the very slow initial rate during the first 2 weeks, nitrification proceeded uninhibited.