bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of the MycAssay Pneumocystis Kit for Detection of Pneumocystis jirovecii in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Specimens by Comparison to a Laboratory Standard of Direct Immunofluorescence Microscopy, Real-Time PCR, or Conventional PCR
Authors: McTaggart Lisa R. , Wengenack Nancy L. , Richardson Susan E. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACT

Pneumocystis jirovecii
pneumonia is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in AIDS patients as well as those with non-HIV immunosuppressive diseases. To aid diagnosis, the commercial MycAssay
Pneumocystis
real-time PCR assay (Myconostica, Ltd., Manchester, United Kingdom) targeting the mitochondrial ribosomal large subunit (mtLSU) has been developed to detect
P. jirovecii
in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens. Here, we validated this assay against a laboratory standard of direct immunofluorescence microscopy, a
cdc2
real-time PCR assay, or conventional PCR and sequencing of mtLSU. While more sensitive than any of these three assays analyzed individually, the MycAssay
Pneumocystis
assay demonstrated 100% sensitivity, 100% specificity, a 100% negative predictive value, and a 100% positive predictive value for detecting the presence of
P. jirovecii
in BAL specimens compared to the laboratory standard. Of note, two samples with positive cycle threshold (

C
T

) values according to the MycAssay
Pneumocystis
assay lacked exponential amplification curves and thus were deemed negative. Also negative according to the laboratory standard, these samples highlight the importance of examining the amplification curves, in addition to noting the

C
T

values, when interpreting positive results. Comparison of the MycAssay
Pneumocystis
assay to a laboratory standard establishes this assay to be a highly sensitive and specific method for the detection of
P. jirovecii
in bronchoalveolar lavage specimens. The approach may also be useful for the clinical laboratory validation of other sensitive real-time PCR assays.
Mechanisms of reducing postoperative pain, nausea and vomiting: a systematic review of current techniques
Authors: Rawlinson Alex , Kitchingham Nina , Hart Colin , McMahon Gregory , Ong Seok Ling , Khanna Achal 
Published: March 2012

BackgroundMultimodal recovery programmes decrease hospital stay. The objective of this systematic review was to assess how single-modality evidence-based care principles, regarding postoperative analgesia and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) prophylaxis, combine to achieve this.MethodsA systematic review of randomised controlled trials was performed. Relevant trials compared postoperative epidural analgesia/parenteral opioid analgesia/paracetamol/non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and postoperative antiemetics. The effect on recovery was evaluated in terms of length of hospital stay, pain intensity, duration of gastrointestinal dysfunction and incidence of PONV.ResultsTwenty-three trials were included. Epidural anaesthesia failed to reduce length of stay or the incidence of PONV when compared to controls. Pain intensity and time to first bowel movement were reduced (p<0.05). Paracetamol did not reduce the incidence of PONV. NSAIDs reduced postoperative opioid consumption and the incidence of PONV (p<0.05). Dexamethasone and 5-HT3 antagonists reduced the incidence of PONV compared to controls.ConclusionsEpidural anaesthesia appears to not reduce length of hospital stay or incidence of PONV despite reducing pain intensity and ileus. NSAIDs are more effective than paracetamol in reducing postoperative opioid consumption and PONV, while dexamethasone and 5-HT3 antagonists are both effective in reducing PONV.
Acetylation: A Novel Link between Double-Strand Break Repair and Autophagy
Authors: Shubassi Ghadeer , Robert Thomas , Vanoli Fabio , Minucci Saverio , Foiani Marco 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are clinically relevant because they are used as anticancer drugs. Recent evidence sheds light on an intriguing connection among the DNA damage response (DDR), protein acetylation, and autophagy. HDAC inhibitors have been shown to counteract key steps in the cellular response to double-strand break formation by affecting checkpoint activation, homologous recombination–mediated repair of DNA lesions, and stability of crucial enzymes involved in resection of DNA ends. The degradation of the resection factors depends on autophagy, which plays a detrimental role when cells are in a hyperacetylated state and experience treatment with radiomimetic anticancer drugs. Future work will be required to further investigate the mechanisms underlying the link between acetylation, autophagy, and the DDR, as well as the significance of mTORC1 inhibitors, which are potent inducers of autophagy that are now used in cancer treatment. Cancer Res; 72(6); 1332–5. ©2012 AACR.
Leveling the Playing Field: Bringing Development of Biomarkers and Molecular Diagnostics up to the Standards for Drug Development
Authors: Poste George , Carbone David P. , Parkinson David R. , Verweij Jaap , Hewitt Stephen M. , Jessup J. Milburn 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Molecular diagnostics are becoming increasingly important in clinical research to stratify or identify molecularly profiled patient cohorts for targeted therapies, to modify the dose of a therapeutic, and to assess early response to therapy or monitor patients. Molecular diagnostics can also be used to identify the pharmacogenetic risk of adverse drug reactions. The articles in this CCR Focus section on molecular diagnosis describe the development and use of markers to guide medical decisions regarding cancer patients. They define sources of preanalytic variability that need to be minimized, as well as the regulatory and financial challenges involved in developing diagnostics and integrating them into clinical practice. They also outline a National Cancer Institute program to assist diagnostic development. Molecular diagnostic clinical tests require rigor in their development and clinical validation, with sensitivity, specificity, and validity comparable to those required for the development of therapeutics. These diagnostics must be offered at a realistic cost that reflects both their clinical value and the costs associated with their development. When genome-sequencing technologies move into the clinic, they must be integrated with and traceable to current technology because they may identify more efficient and accurate approaches to drug development. In addition, regulators may define progressive drug approval for companion diagnostics that requires further evidence regarding efficacy and safety before full approval can be achieved. One way to accomplish this is to emphasize phase IV postmarketing, hypothesis-driven clinical trials with biological characterization that would permit an accurate definition of the association of low-prevalence gene alterations with toxicity or response in large cohorts. Clin Cancer Res; 18(6); 1515–23. ©2012 AACR.
Pirart, Éric, Les Nāsatya, Volume II. Traduction commentée des strophes consacrées aux Aśvin dans les mandala II–V de la Rgvedasamhitā. Bibliothèque de la Faculté de Philosophie et Lettres de l'Université de Liège. Fascicule CCLXXX
Authors: Jamison  
Published: March 2012

AbstractNo Abstract
Piotr Balcerowicz, Jaina Epistemology in Historical and Comparative Perspective. Critical Edition and English Translation of Logical-Epistemological Treatises: Nya¯yâvata¯ra, Nya¯yâvata¯ra-vivrti and Nya¯yâvata¯ra-tippana with Introduction and Notes
Authors: Mette  
Published: March 2012

AbstractNo Abstract
Avestan Ainita- “Unharmed”
Authors: Kuiper F. B. J. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBartholomae explains Av. ainita- “nicht vergewaltigt, - gekränkt” (Yt. 13.34; 51; 63) and ainiti- “milde Behandlung, Milde” from an-inita-, resp. *an-initi- (owing to haplology, see Altiran. Wörterb. 125 f.). This theory is the inevitable consequence of his positing an Avestan word [initi-] “Vergewaltigung, Kränkung”, supposed to be attested in the Instr. Sg. inti- Vend. 18.61 and in nitī. Y. 30.11b. If however [initio] had really been in use both in Gāthic and in Later Avestan, it would be hard to conceive how its opposite *an-initi- could have become [aniti-], since the Avestan speaker, in that case, must always have been aware of its origin as a mere negation of [initi-]. Besides, a participle *inita- would be anomalous in several respects. In the first place the present inaoiti [inauti], corresponding to Ved. inóti, must be referred to a root i-, as there is no indication to show that from the stem i-nau- a secondary root in- had been created in Indo-Iranian. The participle -inita-, only twice attested in a comparatively late Vedic text (úpenita- Šat. Br. III) is certainly an occasional new formation of Sanskrit. The Indo-Ir. noun Ved. énas-, Av. aēnah- “act of violence, crime, sin” contains the IE. suffix *-nes- and is derived direct from the root (cf. Ved. rékllas-,Av. raēxinah- from the root *raik-). As for Ved. iná- “strong, mighty, fierce”, there is no reason why it should rather be analysed as in-á- (e.g. Lindner, Altindische Nominalbildung, p. 33) than as i-ná-:. the nominal stem derived from the present stem is, indeed, -invá- (Wackernagel, Altind. Gramm., II, 1, p. 181). Secondly Bartholomae disregarded the fact that, while in Sanskrit participles in -ta- with an analogical “connecting -i-” are quite common, they are completely unknown in Old Iranian. This is apparently due to the circumstance that the IE. formation in *-H-tó- contained a consonantal laryngeal, which vanished in Iranian while being secondarily vocalized in the Indian branch. Thus to Ved. gbhītá- (with a specific Indian lengthening of i<H after a labial sonant) corresponds grpta- in Avestan. The mutilated Old Persian form agrbi ( … ) in Dar. Beh. 2.73, for which Bartholomae, Tolman, and Kent read āgarbīta “seized” (p. p., with a long i!), is more likely to stand for āgrbi<ya> (: Ved. aghyata). Accordingly Fravrtiš agrbi<ya> anayatā abiy mām means “F. was seized (and) led to me” (cf. 2.88). As far as the noun [initio] is concerned, the fact should be stressed that even in Sanskrit the “connecting -i-” is confined to the participles but does not, as a rule, occur in the verbal nouns in -ti-.
Studies in Yama and MāRa
Authors: Wayman Alex 
Published: March 2012

AbstractEhni points out that in the Vedas there is a word y´ma (accent on initial) meaning “tamer, guider (especially of the carriage horse)”, and another word yam´ (accent on final) meaning “twin”. This latter word is the name of the deity Yama. The Taittirīya Samhitā gives this explanation: “The gods and Yama were at strife over this world; Yama appropriated (ayuvata) the power and strength of the gods; therefore Yama has his name.” The Brhaddevatā has this: “He giving (prayachan) offspring here, and gathering (them) goes forth (to the other world): therefore the seer Yama calls him, the son of Vivasvat, Yama.” In the epic, “He is called Yama, it being he who keeps mankind in check.”
Über den ursprung der voneinander abweichenden Strukturen der Munda- und Khmer-Nikobar-Sprachen
Authors: Pinnow Heinz-Jürgen 
Published: March 2012

AbstractDa die Bezeichnung ,,Mon-Khmer“ zweideutig ist – sie umfasst nämlich einmal nur die Mon-Khmer-Sprachen im engeren Sinne, also Mon, Khmer, Bahnar, Mnong usw., zum anderen aber diese Sprachen und die verwandten Gruppen Khasi, Nikobar, Palaung-Wa, Semang, Sakai und Jakud – sei hier vorgeschlagen, den Terminus ,,Mon-Khmer“ nur noch im engeren Sinne zu verwenden und ihn im weiteren Sinne gegen die Bezeichnung ,,Khmer-Nikobar“ einzutauschen, da dadurch Irrtümer vermieden und ausserdem die zu bezeichnenden Sprachgruppen besser charakterisiert werden als durch die zu einer Gruppe gehörenden Sprachen Mon und Khmer. Die gesamte Ostobergruppe der austroasiatischen Sprachen wird durch die beiden charakteristischen und wichtigen Sprachen, die alte Literatursprache Khmer und die besonders altertümliche Nikobar-Gruppe, wohl am besten repräsentiert. Die Bezeichnung Mon-Annam-Sprachen ist wegen des Übergangscharakters des Vietnamesischen abzulehnen. Die Khmer-Nikobar-Sprachen stehen also den Mundasprachen in Vorderindien gegenüber.
Der strībhedavarana-khaa in der Padumāvatī des Malik Muammad Jāyasī
Authors: Kapp Dieter B. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe present article is concerned with “the chapter of the description of the [four] categories of women”, the strībhedavarana-khaa, which comprises the stanzas 463–467 of the great romantic poem Padumāvatī. It was composed ca. 1540 A.D. by the Muslim poet Malik Muammad Jāyasī, the most significant representative of the ūfī poets of Oudh, in Old Avadhi, the language of his native country.This study opens with a general introduction about the author and his chef-d'œuvre, which also gives the contents of the epic. The subject dealt with here is introduced by a short synopsis on the tradition of the description of the four categories of women, i.e. padminī, citriī, śakhinī, and hastinī, in Sanskrit erotic literature. Text and translation of the strībhedavarana-khaa, together with exhaustive notes, form the greater part of this article. The notes which appear after the translation of each verse, aim mainly at comparing Jāyasī's conception of the four categories of women with those held by authors of Sanskrit texts on this subject. For purpose of comparison, more than ten Sanskrit texts, beginning with Kokkoka's Ratirahasya, which was composed before 1200 A.D., have been cited. Besides, various quotations both from Sanskrit literature and from Arabic narrative literature have been given as illustrative examples, particularly in those cases, where no parallels for specific details in Jāyasī's description could be found in the Sanskrit texts referred to.The comparison of Jāyasī's conception of the four categories of women with those held by Kokkoka and his epigones, points to the conclusion that probably Jāyasī has not used any definite literary source for writing this particular chapter, but rather has relied upon possibly wide-spread popular traditions of this system of classification of women.Two conspicuous peculiarities in Jāyasī's very detailed description which are worthy of special note, have been discussed at the conclusion of the introductory remarks. The first is the “confusion” of the termini sakhinī and sighinī, that has been imputed to the poet by several editors of his œuvre; from my point of view, however, this “confusion” was fully intended by the author. The second peculiarity is Jāyasī's apparently individual interpretation of the so-called “sixteen śgāras”, i.e. “methods of decoration of the body”, which combined with the “twelve ābharaas”, i.e. “ornaments”, are generally known as the complete ornamentation of woman. According to Jāyasī, the “sixteen śgāras” are the “sixteen physical refinements”, divided into four groups: (1) four parts of the body (in the widest sense of the word) having “longness”, i.e. hair, fingers, eyes, neck, (2) four having “shortness”, i.e. teeth, breasts, forehead, navel, (3) four having “broadness”, i.e. cheeks, buttocks, arms, calves, and (4) four having “slenderness”, i.e. nose, waist, belly, lips.
Zur metrik in einem tantratext
Authors: Vetter Tilmann 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn editing (anonymous) texts like the asāhasra Sahitā there are few possibilities to reach a correct/authentic text. One of them is to pay close attention to the rules of Śloka metre in general, as well as to the various deviations from the standard form actually occuring in a text. By observing conscientiously the manuscript variants of the metrically (mostly) correct (and older) MS A of the a.Sah., 28 emendations can be proposed with regard to the text edition of J. Schoterman. Also, another 5 passages can, following this method, be indicated which are metrically incorrect and should be studied again by re-checking the MSS available.
Fourteenth Annual Margaret Mann Phillips Lecture: Of Mice and Men: Aelurus Colocci's Invectives Against Erasmus
Authors: Rowland Ingrid 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAn unusual view of Erasmus comes from sixteenth-century Rome, in a series of poems that portray the sage of Rotterdam through the eyes of Aelurus, the beloved cat of Angelo Colocci (1474–1548), humanist, socialite, book collector, antiquarian, and undisputed expert on the length of the ancient Roman foot.
Erasmus' Plea for Bible Reading in the Vernacular. The Legacy of the Devotio Moderna?
Authors: François Wim 
Published: March 2012

AbstractErasmus has written several pleas for Bible reading in the vernacular, perhaps the most visible being his introduction to the Paraphrases on the Gospel of Matthew. Comparable apologies were already to be found in the milieu of the Dutch Devotio Moderna in the works of, among others, Zerbolt van Zutphen (1367–1398), especially his De libris teutonicalibus and Circa Modum. Erasmus' defences of vernacular Bible translation do not contain verbatim similarities with Zerbolt's works, but the parallels both at the level of the argumentation and the biblical-patristic authorities invoked are striking. There are good reasons to assume that Erasmus was indebted to arguments in favour of the lay Bibles that were already circulating in the milieu in which he was educated in the Low Countries, a milieu that was deeply influenced by the Devotio Moderna. Particular attention is given to a Middle Dutch collation book from the years 1417–1443 (Berchmanianum ms 12 B I), now preserved in the Maurits Sabbe Library of the Leuven Faculty of Theology. The third collation takes Zerbolt's Circa Modum as its basis but provides some supplementary argumentation for the reading of the Bible and other devout books in the vernacular. The argumentation employed exhibits an interesting degree of resemblance with Erasmus' later pleas for a lay Bible. Perhaps Erasmus heard or read the piece when he was a student in Deventer. It should also be observed that Erasmus kept his distance from the inheritance of Devotio Moderna by radicalizing the arguments of Zerbolt. He did not want to reserve individual Bible reading to laici spirituales (those living in semi-religious communities) but wanted to open it to all lay people living in the world. Moreover, he did not only want to place the Gospels, Acts and Psalms at the disposal of the common people but desired to grant the reading public access to all the books of the Bible. The most obvious conclusion is that the Devotio Moderna provided an initial exposure to the ideas that Erasmus apparently reinforced and elaborated as he grew more involved in biblical and patristic studies.
Literature, Imperialism and Imagined Geographies: Reassessing Henri Fauconnier's Malaisie and Andre Malraux's La Voie Royale
Authors: Ravi Srilata 
Published: March 2012

AbstractCultural perceptions of exotic nations do not depend solely on transparence of representation or immediacy of experience, they are also based on complex processes that involve interpretation and re-invention. The (con)fusion of the real and the imaginary that informs any form of writing about the Other stems not only from the existential experience of the one who perceives but also from the socio-historical factors that define his presence in the Other space. This article will be looking at how this complex relation that exists between literature, imperialism and imagined space is reflected in André Malraux's La Voie royale (1930) and Henri Fauconnier's Malaisie (1930).
The Beautiful Outsider Replaces the Queen: A “Compound Topos” in Esther 1-2 and Books 5 and 6 of Chariton’s Chaereas and Callirhoe
Authors: Moyer Clinton J. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis article identifies an extended, highly complex literary device, here termed a “compound topos”, evident in both Esther and the Greek novel Chaereas and Callirhoe, in which a surpassingly beautiful female outsider arrives at the Persian court and comes to prominence as the romantic rival of the Persian queen. From a theoretical standpoint, the device itself consists of a series of thematic components (topoi) whose meticuIous collocation and arrangement in each text produces a combined effect that surpasses the mere sum of the constituent parts (hence “compound topos”). Seen in this way, the device exhibits both the operational principles of the type-scene and the scope and complexity of a compositional artifice, thus bridging the oral and the written realms.Here, the specific compound topos in question is examined by way of an articulation of the various major elements of which it is constituted, and of the literary force achieved by each text’s distinctive combination of these elements. Rounding out this study is a discussion of the socio-historical significance of the compound topos’s attestation in these two particular works, with special attention devoted to the import of this device as a discrete indicator of the relationship between Esther and the Hellenistic literary sphere.
The Levites in Exile: A Response to L. S. Tiemeyer
Authors: Leuchter Mark 
Published: March 2012

AbstractSome scholars have contested the presence of Levites among the communities that endured exile to Mesopotamia during the 6th century BCE. The present study examines a number of post-exilic texts that presuppose the existence of Levites in the Eastern Diaspora, attesting to the likelihood that during the Neo-Babylonian period, many Levites were indeed taken captive along with other Judahites, even as other Levite groups remained in the homeland. This led to a diversity of sacral and social purviews within/between the different Jewish communities of the Persian period and their respective religious representatives.
Prophecy Continued: Reflections on Innerbiblical Exegesis in the Book of Ezekiel
Authors: Klein Anja 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe argument starts from the observation that the Book of Ezekiel is characterised by a remarkable knowledge of prophetic tradition. This phenomenon has long been explained by the prophet’s personal acquaintance with the words of his predecessors. However, the main aim of the following article is to show that the various allusions and thematic linkages have to be understood as examples of innerbiblical exegesis.For the purpose of discussion, three examples from different literary layers of the book are chosen that serve in illustrating the underlying basic principle, namely Ezek 37:1-14, Ezek 34 and Ezek 36:23bβ-38. In the course of the textual observations, it shall further be demonstrated that form and technique of innerbiblical exegesis undergo a development within the literary growth of the book. While the oldest texts draw on existing motifs and metaphors, the literary references increase over the following literary layers. Finally, in the youngest texts, literary references to different texts within and beyond the book are assembled and systematised. This development bears witness to changes in the understanding of scripture that was increasingly perceived as authoritative.
The Great Wall of Tell en-Nasbeh (Mizpah), The First Fortifications in Judah, and 1 Kings 15:16-22
Authors: Finkelstein Israel 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The article proposes that the Great Wall at Tell en-Nasbeh was built by King Jehoash in the second half of the 9th century BCE. It then sets this city-wall on the broader background of the construction—at the same time—of the first system of fortifications in Judah, a system that also includes Lachish and Beth-shemesh in the west and Beer-sheba and Arad in the south. Finally, the article suggests a scenario that attempts to clarify the tradition in 1 Kings 15:16-22.