bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake on biodiversity and giant panda habitat in Wolong Nature Reserve, China
Authors: Zhang Jindong , Hull Vanessa , Xu Weihua , Liu Jianguo , Ouyang Zhiyun , Huang Jinyan , Wang Xuezhi , Li Rengui 
Published: February 2011

AbstractNatural disasters such as earthquakes have profound effects on the earth's biodiversity. However, studies on immediate earthquake impacts are rarely conducted at fine scales due to logistical constraints. We conducted the first post‐earthquake field survey in Wolong Nature Reserve, Wenchuan, China, less than 1 year after it was hit by a magnitude 8.0 earthquake in 2008. Since Wolong harbors approximately 10% of the endangered wild giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) population, the impact of the earthquake on the giant panda and its habitat is of particular concern. We established 15 transects in three focus areas within the Reserve where we classified occurrences of earthquake damage according to vegetation and geophysical characteristics. In the 11.2 km2 area sampled, we recorded 156 occurrences of earthquake damage consisting of landslides and mudflows, which comprised a total area of 0.88 km2. Of all earthquake damage occurrences sampled, only 36% of occurences (73% of surface area) corresponded to damaged areas previously detected through broad‐scale remote sensing. The remaining damaged areas mainly consisted of occurrences too small to be detected without field observation. Although there were significant losses to tree and shrub species diversity and richness in earthquake‐damaged areas, remnant vegetation was found in the majority (80%) of damaged areas, suggesting the potential for forest recovery. Most earthquake‐damaged areas were too steep to be classified as suitable giant panda habitat (79%). In addition, a sizable number of signs of giant panda (67) and other wildlife (148) were observed near the earthquake‐damaged areas, and there appeared to be avoidance of earthquake damage only at short‐range distances. This study has implications for understanding the impact of natural disasters on biodiversity and highlights the importance of fine scale on‐the‐ground assessments of disaster impacts on wildlife and their habitats.
Synthesis and Critical Micelle Concentration of a Series of Gemini Alkylphenol Polyoxyethylene Nonionic Surfactants
Authors: Yang Fang , Li Gang , Xu Nian , Liu Rong , Zhang Song‐Mei , Wu Zeng‐Jiang 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA series of gemini n‐alkylphenol polyoxyethylene surfactants (GAP) were successfully synthesized and their molecular structure were confirmed by NMR and FTIR spectrum. Using the same synthesis route, a gemini nonylphenol polyoxyethylene surfactant (GNP) was synthesized using an industrial nonylphenol product and paraformaldehyde, and its molecular structure was also characterized by 1H‐NMR and FTIR spectra. The optimal reaction conditions were established. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) values of GAP were determined by means of Wilhelmy plate method and steady‐state fluorescence probe method. The experimental results show how the lengths of the hydrophilic polyoxyethylene chain and the hydrophobic tail alter the CMC values. The CMC values of the GAP are found to be much lower than those of corresponding conventional single tail nonionic surfactants of the polyethoxylated alkylphenol type, which indicates that the gemini species exhibit a better surface activity.
Binary Phase Behavior of Diacid 1,3‐Diacylglycerols
Authors: Craven R. John , Lencki Robert W. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractFifteen phase diagrams were prepared using data from differential scanning calorimetry analysis of binary blends of representative diacid 1,3‐DAG. The behavior observed in binary phase diagrams is related to the difference in Tm (ΔTm) between system components—eutectic for ΔTm < 26 °C and monotectic for ΔTm > 30 °C. Binary blends were prepared using six diacid 1,3‐DAG: 1,3‐hexanoyl‐lauroyl‐rac‐glycerol, 1,3‐hexanoyl‐palmitoyl‐rac‐glycerol, 1,3‐hexanoyl‐oleoyl‐rac‐glycerol, 1,3‐lauroyl‐palmitoyl‐rac‐glycerol, 1,3‐lauroyl‐oleoyl‐rac‐glycerol and 1,3‐palmitoyl‐oleoyl‐rac‐glycerol. Diacid 1,3‐DAG were synthesized using representative FA: hexanoic (6:0)—short‐chain FA; lauric (12:0)—medium‐chain FA; palmitic (16:0)—long‐chain FA; and oleic (18:1)—mono‐unsaturated FA. In addition to the aforementioned phase diagrams, the physical chemistry of 1,3‐hexanoyl‐lauroyl‐rac‐glycerol, 1,3‐hexanoyl‐oleoyl‐rac‐glycerol and 1,3‐lauroyl‐oleoyl‐rac‐glycerol is reported.
Capabilities that enhance outcomes of an episodic supply chain collaboration
Authors: Zacharia Zach G. , Nix Nancy W. , Lusch Robert F. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractFirms are increasingly dependent on the knowledge and expertise in external organizations to innovate, problem‐solve, and improve supply chain performance. This research examines two capabilities that enable firms to collaborate successfully as a means to combine knowledge and expertise in an episodic collaboration initiative. Building from two theoretical foundations, the knowledge‐based and relational views of the firm, we examine the effects of absorptive capacity and collaborative process competence on the outcomes of an episodic collaboration initiative. Using structural equation modeling, we empirically validate the positive effect of absorptive capacity, collaborative process competence and level of engagement on the operational and relational success of a collaboration effort. Results show that collaborative process competence mediates the relationship between absorptive capacity and collaborative engagement, and positively influences both operational and relational outcomes. Finally, we offer suggestions for managers to improve the effectiveness of inter‐firm collaboration initiatives and discuss future research opportunities.
The Bulka peridotite–gabbro intrusion (West Sayan), a syncollisional type of layered intrusions
Authors: Borodina E.V. , Izokh A.E. , Mongush A.A. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The Bulka intrusion, a standard intrusion of the Bulka complex, is localized in northeastern West Sayan. The layered series is composed of dunites, melanotroctolites, troctolites, olivine gabbro, gabbro, hornblende gabbro, olivine leucogabbro, olivine leucogabbronorites, leucogabbro, hornblende leucogabbro, leucotroctolites, anorthosites, and plagioclase-bearing hornblendites. The Mg-number (Mg#) varies from 76 in peridotites (38 wt.% MgO) to 34 in anorthosites (2 wt.% MgO). From bottom to top of the section, the following crystallization sequence of liquidus minerals is observed: Ol ⇒ Pl ⇒ Cpx ⇒ Opx ⇒ Amph + Mag. The petrochemical features of the intrusion rocks are consistent with the fractional crystallization of picritic parental magma (24 wt.% MgO, 11 wt.% FeO, Mg# = 80). The compositions of model cumulates determined by fractional crystallization modeling using the COMAGMAT 3.5 computer program at 1–2 kbar, QFM buffer, and 0.5 wt.% H2O in the melt are similar to those of the Bulka intrusion rocks. The REE and trace-element patterns for these rocks show a nonfractionated composition trend with LILE and HFSE depletion. The LILE patterns are similar to those in N-MORB, which evidences that the parental magma was produced through the partial melting of the oceanic lithospheric mantle probably similar to the adjacent ophiolites of the Kurtushiba belt. The HFSE depletion of the intrusion rocks might be due to the island-arc processes during the belt formation. The Bulka intrusion formed at the accretion-collision stage of magmatism as a result of the differentiation of picritic melt generated from the oceanic lithospheric mantle with superposed island-arc processes.
Augustine and the Trinity
Authors: Ayres Lewis 
Published: February 2011

Augustine of Hippo (354–430) strongly influenced western theology, but he has often been accused of over-emphasizing the unity of God to the detriment of the Trinity. In Augustine and the Trinity, Lewis Ayres offers a new treatment of this important figure, demonstrating how Augustine's writings offer one of the most sophisticated early theologies of the Trinity developed after the Council of Nicaea (325). Building on recent research, Ayres argues that Augustine was influenced by a wide variety of earlier Latin Christian traditions which stressed the irreducibility of Father, Son and Spirit. Augustine combines these traditions with material from non-Christian Neoplatonists in a very personal synthesis. Ayres also argues that Augustine shaped a powerful account of Christian ascent toward understanding of, as well as participation in the divine life, one that begins in faith and models itself on Christ's humility.
The Life of the Irish Soldier in India: Representations and Self-Representations, 1857–1922
Authors: BUBB ALEXANDER 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe Irish in India present an interesting case. Arguably a colonized people, the colonies of the British Empire ironically afforded them employment and profit on a large scale. Although studies have been made of Irish administrators, it was Irish soldiers that were most numerous and it is the ‘stereotyped’ Irish soldier who represents his nation in depictions of the colonial military. This paper first summarizes the Irish military involvement in India. The reasons why men joined the army in large numbers and, in particular, why they sought service in India, are explored. The regimental culture into which they were absorbed is also examined. The representation of Irish soldiers in officers’ writings, both in fiction and popular media, is then discussed. The various aspects of the stereotype surrounding them are delineated, and the purposes of the colonial state served by their stereotypical representation are explained. Lastly, the reactions of Irish soldiers to their stereotype label are discussed. There were advantages to be gained from acting up to it, but it is argued also that soldiers found ways of rejecting bad or rebellious aspects of the stereotype and, by drawing on the ‘good’ or loyal aspects, helping to establish their own identity. Hence they manage to sustain and reconcile multiple national affiliations. Ultimately, however, the politics of Irish independence precipitates a crisis of identity which makes their position impossible. The paper concludes by considering the lives and memories of veterans of Indian service, and hence the afterlife of the Irish military identity beyond Irish independence.
Mapping poverty in rural China: how much does the environment matter?
Authors: OLIVIA SUSAN , GIBSON JOHN , ROZELLE SCOTT , HUANG JIKUN , DENG XIANGZHENG 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTA recently developed small area estimation technique is used to geographically derive detailed estimates of consumption-based poverty and inequality in rural Shaanxi, China. These estimates may be helpful for targeting since there is wide variability in poverty rates within Shaanxi but low levels of inequality within most counties and townships. We also investigate whether including environmental variables in the equation used to predict consumption and poverty improves upon typical approaches that only use household survey and census data. Ignoring environmental variables appears likely to produce targeting errors.
Institutions and development: the primacy of microanalysis
Authors: KIMENYI MWANGI S. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:In recent years, there have been major advances in the empirical analysis of the link between institutions and development. However, a number of methodological problems – both theoretical and empirical – remain unresolved and have been well articulated by Ha-Joon Chang in his article ‘Institutions and Economic Development: Theory, Policy and History’. These problems raise valid concerns about the policy relevance of the evidence arising from the studies. A more reliable approach to study the link between institutions and development and overcome the inherent problems of cross-country empirical analysis is to direct focus to microeconomic analysis of institutions. Such an approach avoids ideologically driven normative judgments about the superiority of particular institutional arrangements and also offers a more credible and tractable avenue to investigate institutional change.
Role of mitochondrial phosphate carrier in metabolism–secretion coupling in rat insulinoma cell line INS-1
Authors: Nishi Yuichi , Fujimoto Shimpei , Sasaki Mayumi , Mukai Eri , Sato Hiroki , Sato Yuichi , Tahara Yumiko , Nakamura Yasuhiko , Inagaki Nobuya 
Published: February 2011

In pancreatic β-cells, glucose-induced mitochondrial ATP production plays an important role in insulin secretion. The mitochondrial phosphate carrier PiC is a member of the SLC25 (solute carrier family 25) family and transports Pi from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix. Since intramitochondrial Pi is an essential substrate for mitochondrial ATP production by complex V (ATP synthase) and affects the activity of the respiratory chain, Pi transport via PiC may be a rate-limiting step for ATP production. We evaluated the role of PiC in metabolism–secretion coupling in pancreatic β-cells using INS-1 cells manipulated to reduce PiC expression by siRNA (small interfering RNA). Consequent reduction of the PiC protein level decreased glucose (10 mM)-stimulated insulin secretion, the ATP:ADP ratio in the presence of 10 mM glucose and elevation of intracellular calcium concentration in response to 10 mM glucose without affecting the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) in INS-1 cells. In experiments using the mitochondrial fraction of INS-1 cells in the presence of 1 mM succinate, PiC down-regulation decreased ATP production at various Pi concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 10 mM, but did not affect Δψm at 3 mM Pi. In conclusion, the Pi supply to mitochondria via PiC plays a critical role in ATP production and metabolism–secretion coupling in INS-1 cells.
Diet-induced epigenetic regulation in vivo of the intestinal fructose transporter Glut5 during development of rat small intestine
Authors: Suzuki Takuji , Douard Veronique , Mochizuki Kazuki , Goda Toshinao , Ferraris Ronaldo P. 
Published: February 2011

Metabolic complications arising from excessive fructose consumption are increasing dramatically even in young children, but little is known about ontogenetic mechanisms regulating Glut5 [glucose transporter 5; encoded by the Slc2a5 (solute carrier family 2 member 5) gene]. Glut5 expression is low postnatally and does not increase, unless luminal fructose and systemic glucocorticoids are present, until ≥14 days of age, suggesting substrate-inducible age- and hormone-sensitive regulation. In the present study, we perfused intestines of 10- and 20-day-old rats with either fructose or glucose then analysed the binding of Pol II (RNA polymerase II) and GR (glucocorticoid receptor), as well as acetylation of histones H3 and H4 by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Abundance of Glut5 mRNA increased only with fructose perfusion and age, a pattern that matched that of Pol II binding and histone H3 acetylation to the Glut5 promoter. Although many regions of the Glut5 promoter respond to developmental signals, fewer regions perceive dietary signals. Age- but not fructose-dependent expression of Sglt1 [sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter 1 encoded by the Slc5a1(solute carrier family 5 member 1) gene] also correlated with Pol II binding and histone H3 acetylation. In contrast, G6Pase (glucose-6-phosphatase; encoded by the G6pc gene) expression, which decreases with age and increases with fructose, is associated only with age-dependent changes in histone H4 acetylation. Induction of Glut5 during ontogenetic development appears to be specifically mediated by GR translocation to the nucleus and subsequent binding to the Glut5 promoter, whereas the glucocorticoid-independent regulation of Sglt1 by age was not associated with any GR binding to the Sglt1 promoter.
Immunoregulatory and anti-HIV-1 enzyme activities of antioxidant components from lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) rhizome
Authors: Jiang Yun , Ng Tzi Bun , Liu Zhaokun , Wang Changrong , Li Ning , Qiao Wentao , Liua Fang 
Published: February 2011

In the present study, two antioxidant micromolecular components (L2f-2 and L2f-3) and an antioxidant macromolecular component LB2 were extracted from lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) rhizomes. MS, FTIR (Fourier-transform IR) spectroscopy and NMR were used to identify these compounds. L2f-2 was (+/−)-gallocatechin, L2f-3 was (−)-catechin and LB2 was a polysaccharide–protein complex with a molecular mass of 18.8 kDa. LB2 was identified as a polysaccharide sulfate containing α/β-pyranose and α-furanose according to its FTIR spectrogram. It was composed of mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose and xylose with a molar ratio 2:8:7:8:1. The antioxidant components L2f-2, L2f-3 and LB2 strongly inhibited HIV-1 RT (reverse transcriptase) and IN (integrase). LB2 inhibited RT with an IC50 value of 33.7 μM. It also exhibited the highest HIV-1 3′-processing inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 5.28 μM. Both L2f-2 and L2f-3 up-regulated the expression of IL-2 (interleukin-2) and down-regulated IL-10, while LB2 exhibited positive regulation on IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10. Moreover, L2f-3 and LB2 might inhibit HIV-1 directly by down-regulating TNFα (tumour necrosis factor α). These natural antioxidant components with antiviral and immunoregulatory activities could be potentially important for anti HIV-1 drug development and application to HIV-1 therapy.
Blood levels of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase are more strongly associated with good outcome in acute ischaemic stroke than glutamate pyruvate transaminase levels
Authors: Campos Francisco , Rodríguez-Yáñez Manuel , Castellanos Mar , Arias Susana , Pérez-Mato María , Sobrino Tomás , Blanco Miguel , Serena Joaquín , Castillo José 
Published: February 2011

Ischaemic stroke is associated with an excessive release of glutamate in brain. GOT (glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase) and GPT (glutamate-pyruvate transaminase) are two enzymes that are able to metabolize blood glutamate facilitating the lowering of extracellular levels of brain glutamate. Our aim was to study the association between blood levels of both enzymes and stroke outcome in patients with acute ischaemic stroke. We prospectively studied 365 patients with first ischaemic stroke&lt;12 h. Glutamate, GOT and GPT levels were determined in blood samples obtained at admission. We considered functional outcome at 3 months [good outcome: mRS (modified Rankin Scale)≤2; poor outcome mRS &gt;2], END (early neurological deterioration) in the first 72 h [increment ≥4 points in NIHSS (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale)] and infarct volume [CT (computed tomography) at 36–72 h] as end points. We have found an inverse correlation between GOT and GPT levels and blood glutamate levels. Patients with poor outcome showed lower levels of GOT (11.9±8.2 compared with 22.7±10.2 m-units/ml, P&lt;0.0001) and GPT (19.5±14.3 compared with 24.7±20.3 m-units/ml; P=0.004). A negative correlation has been found between GOT (Pearson coefficient=−0.477, P&lt;0.0001) and GPT (Pearson coefficient=−0.116; P=0.027) levels and infarct volume. Patients with END showed higher levels of blood glutamate (381.7±97.9 compared with 237.6±114.0 μmol/l, P&lt;0.0001) and lower levels of GOT (10.8±6.7 compared with 18.1±10.8 m-units/ml; P&lt;0.0001). This clinical study shows an association between high blood GOT and GPT levels and good outcome in ischaemic stroke patients, this association being stronger for GOT than GPT levels.
Synergy of isoflurane preconditioning and propofol postconditioning reduces myocardial reperfusion injury in patients
Authors: Huang Zhiyong , Zhong Xingwu , Irwin Michael G. , Ji Shangyi , Wong Gordon T. , Liu Yanan , Xia Zhong-yuan , Finegan Barry A. , Xia Zhengyuan 
Published: February 2011

Either isoflurane preconditioning or high-dose propofol treatment has been shown to attenuate myocardial IRI (ischaemia/reperfusion injury) in patients undergoing CABG (coronary artery bypass graft) surgery. It is unknown whether isoflurane and propofol may synergistically attenuate myocardial injury in patients. The present study investigated the efficacy of IsoPC (isoflurane preconditioning), propofol treatment (postconditioning) and their synergy in attenuating postischaemic myocardial injury in patients undergoing CABG surgery using CPB (cardiopulmonary bypass). Patients (n=120) selected for CABG surgery were randomly assigned to one of four groups (n=30 each). After induction, anaesthesia was maintained either with fentanyl and midazolam (control; group C); with propofol at 100 μg·kg−1 of body weight·min−1 before and during CPB followed by propofol at 60 μg·kg−1 of body weight·min−1 for 15 min after aortic declamping (group P); with isoflurane 1–1.5% end tidal throughout the surgery (group I) or with isoflurane 1–1.5% end tidal before CPB and switching to propofol at 100 μg·kg−1 of body weight·min−1 during CPB followed by propofol at 60 μg·kg−1 of body weight·min−1 for 15 min after aortic declamping (group IP, i.e. IsoPC plus propofol postconditioning). A joint isoflurane and propofol anaesthesia regimen synergistically reduced plasma levels of cTnI (cardiac troponin I) and CK-MB (creatine kinase MB) and f-FABP (heart-type fatty acid-binding protein) (all P&lt;0.05 compared with control, group P or group I) and facilitated postoperative myocardial functional recovery. During reperfusion, myocardial tissue eNOS (endothelial NO synthase) protein expression in group IP was significantly higher, whereas nitrotyrosine protein expression was lower than those in the control group. In conclusion, a joint isoflurane preconditioning and propofol anaesthesia regimen synergistically attenuated myocardial reperfusion injury in patients.
Eszopiclone increases the respiratory arousal threshold and lowers the apnoea/hypopnoea index in obstructive sleep apnoea patients with a low arousal threshold
Authors: Eckert Danny J. , Owens Robert L. , Kehlmann Geoffrey B. , Wellman Andrew , Rahangdale Shilpa , Yim-Yeh Susie , White David P. , Malhotra Atul 
Published: February 2011

Recent insights into sleep apnoea pathogenesis reveal that a low respiratory arousal threshold (awaken easily) is important for many patients. As most patients experience stable breathing periods mediated by upper-airway dilator muscle activation via accumulation of respiratory stimuli, premature awakening may prevent respiratory stimuli build up as well as the resulting stabilization of sleep and breathing. The aim of the present physiological study was to determine the effects of a non-benzodiazepine sedative, eszopiclone, on the arousal threshold and the AHI (apnoea/hypopnoea index) in obstructive sleep apnoea patients. We hypothesized that eszopiclone would increase the arousal threshold and lower the AHI in patients with a low arousal threshold (0 to −15 cmH2O). Following a baseline overnight polysomnogram with an epiglottic pressure catheter to quantify the arousal threshold, 17 obstructive sleep apnoea patients, without major hypoxaemia [nadir SaO2 (arterial blood oxygen saturation) &gt;70%], returned on two additional nights and received 3 mg of eszopiclone or placebo immediately prior to each study. Compared with placebo, eszopiclone significantly increased the arousal threshold [−14.0 (−19.9 to −10.9) compared with −18.0 (−22.2 to −15.1) cmH2O; P&lt;0.01], and sleep duration, improved sleep quality and lowered the AHI without respiratory event prolongation or worsening hypoxaemia. Among the eight patients identified as having a low arousal threshold, reductions in the AHI occurred invariably and were most pronounced (25±6 compared with 14±4 events/h of sleep; P&lt;0.01). In conclusion, eszopiclone increases the arousal threshold and lowers the AHI in obstructive sleep apnoea patients that do not have marked overnight hypoxaemia. The greatest reductions in the AHI occurred in those with a low arousal threshold. The results of this single night physiological study suggest that certain sedatives may be of therapeutic benefit for a definable subgroup of patients. However, additional treatment strategies are probably required to achieve elimination of apnoea.