bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PROTEIN DIFFUSION BARRIERS IN THE ANTERIOR UVEA OF THE RABBIT EYE
Authors: PEDERSEN OLAV ØYVIND , TØNJUM ASBJØRN M. 
Published: May 2009

The distribution in the anterior uvea of the protein tracer horseradish peroxidase, has been studied in eyes of albino rabbits. The tracer was injected intravenously 30 or 60 min before enucleation. Light microscopy of frozen sections and of semithin sections of Epon‐embedded material revealed: 1. The stroma of the iridial and ciliary processes, and the choroid contained considerable amounts of peroxidase reaction product. 2. In the iris and the ciliary body apart from the processes (the ciliary body base), the peroxidase reaction product was confined to the vessels. 3. A sharp demarcation of peroxidase activity was observed between the iridial processes and the iris stroma, and between the ciliary processes and the ciliary body base.By electron microscopy, peroxidase reaction product was found in the vessels and the stroma of the ciliary processes. In the ciliary body base, reaction product was found within the vessels, but not in the stroma. The endothelium of these vessels had no fenestrations, and there was no sign of passage of peroxidase across the endothelium either by the interendothelial clefts or by vesicular transport. The study indicates that there is a functional barrier against diffusion of proteins from the iridial and ciliary processes across the iris and the ciliary body base.
LATER COURSE AND PROGNOSIS OF OPTIC NEURITIS
Authors: NIKOSKELAINEN EEVA 
Published: May 2009

The study was a re‐examination of 176 patients with optic neuritis. The follow‐up period was for 38 patients, 6–12 months, for 52 patients, 1–5 years and for 86 patients, 6–24 years from the initial attack of optic neuritis. In 66% of the involved eyes visual acuity had again become good or excellent, but in 25% it was poor. The visual field was normal in only 38%, in 30% there was an absolute or relative central defect and in 31% a paracentral or peripheral defect.Recurrent attacks of optic neuritis occurred in one fourth of the patients and was a common finding in MS patients. Nineteen per cent of the eyes had suffered from more than one attack. Visual acuity was good or excellent in more than half, but the visual field was normal in only 29% of the eyes with more than one attack of optic neuritis.The frequency of bilateral involvement was high at the end of the follow‐up period, 44% of patients had both eyes involved by optic neuritis. In 47 patients the initial attack was bilateral optic neuritis and 34% of these patients had permanently poor vision in both eyes. The initial attack was unilateral in 30 patients but the other eye became involved later. In 26% of all patients with bilateral involvement, visual acuity was permanently poor in both eyes. Bilateral papillitis was a common manifestation in young patients and in this age group the disease had a tendency towards good recovery.
AN AUTOMATIC STATIC PERIMETER, DESIGN AND PILOT STUDY
Authors: HEIJL A. , KRAKAU C. E. T. 
Published: May 2009

An instrument for automatic static perimetry at 14 points across a meridian was constructed and used in a pilot study. The machine was controlled by a computer and the subjects responded to the light stimuli by pressing one of two push‐buttons. Most people investigated readily understood the rules at testing. “Blunders” made by the subject were, however, so common, that allowance had to be made in the test programme for a number of mistakes. The test stimuli should be exposed in random order.When the zone of uncertain seeing is wide — this occurs especially in untrained subjects — a simple test logic gives a fairly large variation. An improvement in reproducibility is then obtained by applying a more complicated logic, though at the cost of an increased duration of the test session.
OBJECTIVE RECOGNITION OF ABNORMAL ISOPTERS
Authors: FRISÉN LARS , FRISÉN MARIANNE 
Published: May 2009

We have examined the hypothesis that normal and only normal isopters of the central visual field are elliptical, except for random deviations.Statistical methods capable of recognizing small deviations from elliptical shape have been developed. These methods have been devised to meet the special demands of clinical testing of visual fields and require only simple calculations. The qualities of these methods were examined by theoretical analysis, by large‐scale simulations, and by experimental comparison with subjective evaluations. The new methods proved very useful in these examinations.A clinical study using a servo‐equipped Goldman perimeter demonstrated that normal central isopters are elliptical enough for the proposed test characteristic to be of practical value in clinical work. The method allows an objective recognition of abnormal isopters with a high degree of sensitivity.
CONJUNCTIVAL SENSITIVITY IN PATHOLOGICAL CASES
Authors: NORN M. S. 
Published: May 2009

A total of 209 pathological eyes each had 17 localities tested for sensitivity (cornea, caruncle, upper and lower lid margins (centrally, medially and laterally), and corresponding localities on the palpebral conjunctiva, and upper and lower halves of the bulbar conjunctiva).Reduced conjunctival sensitivity is seen in pemphigoid (excluding the lid margin) in contact lens wearers, at sites of nerves transected during operation and in rare cases of infectious conjunctivitis.Isolated corneal hypaesthesia is seen in bacterial or fungal keratitis. In herpes, the hypaesthesia extends over the bulbar conjunctiva, in zoster, over wider areas (including the lid margin).The sensitivity is normal in keratoconjunctivitis sicca and chronic conjunctivitis.In neurological diseases the hyposensitivity could include the cornea, conjunctiva and lid margin.The conclusion is drawn that a study of the conjunctivo‐corneal sensitivity can give differential diagnostic information, provided the normal sensitivity range is known. This has been set out in a Table in 10‐year age groups.
BACTERIAL FLORA IN RELATION TO CATARACT EXTRACTION
Authors: FAHMY J. A. , MØLLER S. , BENTZON M. WEIS 
Published: May 2009

The conjunctival flora of 499 patients was studied the day before cataract extraction, no antibiotics or chemotherapeutical agents had been used before admission. Staphylococcus albus was by far the most common micro‐organism (95.4%), followed by corynebacteria (44%), Staphylococcus aureus (14.9%), gram‐negative bacilli (7.8%) and pneumo‐streptococci (4.4%). Corynebacteria was isolated more frequently in the presence of S. albus, while S. aureus and gram‐negative bacilli were found more frequently in the absence of S. albus. No relationship could be demonstrated between the occurrence of pneumo‐streptococci and S. albus.The flora of the nose and skin of the face were studied and compared with the conjunctival flora, and a similarity could be observed. Furthermore, strains of S. aureus isolated at the same time from the two or three regions, in most cases, showed the same bacterio‐phage type complex.The conjunctival flora was further correlated with sex, age, season, and number of polymorphonuclear neutrophils recovered from the conjunctival fluid. The incidence of corynebacteria and gram‐negative bacilli was found to be higher in males, while corynebacteria was the only organism to show seasonal variation, i.e. was isolated more frequently in the second and third quarters of the year. No correlation could be found between age or number of neutrophils.
RETINAL DYSTROPHY COMBINED WITH ALOPECIA
Authors: BJÖRK AKE , JAHNBERG PEDER 
Published: May 2009

Retinitis pigmentosa or pigmentary retinal dystrophy is the most important group among the tapeto‐retinal dystrophies. The degenerative process found in the retina has, in many cases, a corresponding counterpart in other parts of the body, most commonly in the CNS. Combinations of retinal dystrophy, and for instance, deafness or mental retardation are well known. Also combinations of retinal dystrophy and metabolic dyscrasia have been reported.Only few reports on the combination of retinal dystrophy and dermatological affections have been found. We have found two cases of almost total alopecia combined with retinal dystrophy. Since we have succeeded in finding a few similar cases in the literature we consider this apparently rare combination worth a somewhat closer analysis as it might constitute a specific entity.
CATARACTA OSSEA AND OTHER INTRAOCULAR OSSIFICATIONS
Authors: FLEDELIUS HANS 
Published: May 2009

Cataracta ossea is described in a 5‐year‐old Danish boy, representing a sequal to a unilateral measles‐endophthalmitis 3 years earlier. Ossification was not demonstrated elsewhere in the eye.Further, cases of intraocular ossification over a 30‐year period were reviewed, based on the files of the Eye Pathology Institute. The total of 155 made up about 3% of enucleated eyes from Danish material received for examination. Regarding age at the initial eye lesion, more than half appeared within the first decade of life. The most frequent underlying lesions were trauma (32%) and uveitis (25%). Among the less frequent causes, emphasis is given to three cases of malignant uveal melanoma.Ossification of the lens was not encountered in the series ‐ except for the case which motivated the review.
BLOOD‐AQUEOUS BARRIER IN NEWBORN AND YOUNG RABBITS
Authors: UUSITALO RISTO , STJERNSCHANTZ JOHAN , PALKAMA ARTO 
Published: May 2009

Distribution of intravenously injected horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the ciliary body of newborn and young (2 weeks old) rabbits was studied with the electron microscope.The reaction product was localized in all animals in the lumen of the blood vessels, in the perivascular area, in the surrounding connective tissue stroma and also in the epithelial cell layers. The peroxidase penetrated through the intercellular junctions of the pigmented cells to the intercellular space between the apical membranes of the two epithelial cell layers. In young rabbits peroxidase penetrated between the apical intercellular clefts of the non‐pigmented cells in small quantities only, whereas in the newborn animals the clefts were filled with peroxidase. This reflects differences in the blood‐aqueous barrier mechanism between the two studied groups and is evidently due to developmental stages of the eyes.
SYMPATHETIC NERVES TO THE RAT CORNEA
Authors: TERVO TIMO , PALKAMA ARTO 
Published: May 2009

The adrenergic innervation of the rat cornea was investigated by using the formaldehyde induced fluorescence (FIF) technique. The fluorescent nerves were observed mainly in the corneal stroma. Either cervical sympathectomy or pre‐treatment with reserpine completely abolished the fluorescence of the adrenergic nerves of the cornea. After a stereotactic coagulation of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, no adrenergic fibres were visible in the cornea and the number of the fluorescent iridic nerves was also reduced to a marked extent. On the other hand, ciliary ganglionectomy seemed to have no effect on the adrenergic fibres of the cornea.When the rats had been pre‐treated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, nialamide, and noradrenaline, not only was there an increase in the intensity of the specific fluorescence, but also in the number of adrenergic nerves in the cornea.The epithelium was also shown to contain adrenergic nerves by administering high doses of nialamide combined with noradrenaline, both intravenously as well as topically on the cornea, under the protection of propranolol.It may be concluded that the rat cornea receives its adrenergic innervation along the posterior ciliary nerves. The short ciliary nerves do not appear to carry sympathetic nerves to the cornea.
DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF THE WATER‐DRINKING TEST IN EARLY DETECTION OF SIMPLE GLAUCOMA
Authors: RASMUSSEN KNUD ERIK , JØRGENSEN HANS ALRØ 
Published: May 2009

A series of 64 patients (119 eyes) subjected 10 years previously to water provocative tests on a suspicion of simple glaucoma were followed up. At that time the intraocular tension exceeded 20 mmHg, but there were no optic disc changes and no visual field defects. The follow‐up examination comprised ophthalmoscopy, visual acuity, gonioscopy, intraocular tension, and perimetry. Setting a rise of 8 mmHg as the lower limit, the water provocative test ten years previously had been positive in 31 eyes. Nine of these developed glaucomatous visual field defects despite treatment (29 per cent). The test had been negative in 88 eyes. Of these, 21 (24 per cent) developed glaucomatous visual field defects.The water‐drinking test was negative in 70 per cent of the eyes which subsequently developed visual field defects and negative in 75 per cent of those in which no defects developed. Thus the test was neither of diagnostic nor of prognostic value.All the eyes with a positive test which later developed visual field defects had been treated, whereas 57 per cent of the eyes with a negative test which subsequently developed visual field defects had received no treatment. This indicated that a negative water‐drinking test gave a false security. It is shown that an alteration of the lower limit of a tension rise does not render the water provocative test any more useful.
OCCURRENCE OF LYMPHOCYTOTOXIC LYMPHOCYTES AND ANTIBODIES AFTER CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION
Authors: GRUNNET NIELS , KRISTENSEN TOM , KISSMEYER‐NIELSEN FLEMMING , EHLERS NIELS 
Published: May 2009

Twentyfive recipients of penetrating corneal grafts were investigated for the presence in the peripheral blood of cytotoxic lymphocytes by the Direct Cell Mediated Lympholysis (Direct CML) test as well as for lymphocytotoxic antibodies.Eight patients presented a positive Direct CML. Six of these patients have shown clinical signs of graft rejection, while two patients had a clinically uncomplicated course.Only one of the 25 patients had lymphocytotoxic antibodies. This patient showed a negative Direct CML, and a clinically uncomplicated course. The findings seem to imply that recipients of corneal grafts can be immunized by their grafts and that cytotoxic lymphocytes in peripheral blood appear frequently in those patients showing graft rejection.
STATIC PERIMETRY: ACCURACY AND FLUCTUATIONS
Authors: BEBIE HANS , FANKHAUSER FRANZ , SPAHR JÜRG 
Published: May 2009

Threshold fluctuations are divided into short‐term and long‐term effects applying statistical methods. Sixteen normal and pathological visual fields were analysed in order to obtain the numerical values for the short‐term, long‐term and total fluctuation. Special attention is paid to fortuitous variations between the results obtained at successive examinations. Finally the concept of spatial correlations is introduced.ZusammenfassungSchwellenfluktuationen werden mithilfe statistischer Methoden in Kurzzeit‐ und Langzeiteffekte zerlegt. Die numerischen Werte der Kurzzeit‐, Langzeit‐ und Totalstreuung werden angegeben, so wie sie sich aus der ausgedehnten Analyse von sechszehn gesunden und pathologischen Gesichtsfeldern ergeben haben. Spezielle Beachtung verdienen die zufälligen Aenderungen der Schwellenresultate gegenüber denjenigen einer früheren Gesichtsfelduntersuchung. Schliesslich führen wir den Begriff der räumlichen Korrelationen in die statistische Analyse von Gesichtsfeldern ein.
THE CYCLOPENTOLATE PROVOCATIVE TEST IN SUSPECTED OR UNTREATED OPEN‐ANGLE GLAUCOMA
Authors: VALLE OLAVI 
Published: May 2009

The mydriasis provocative test with 1 %> cyclopentolate (CPT) was performed on 218 patients with suspected or untreated open‐angle glaucoma, on 431 eyes in all. Significant IOP elevations (≥ 8 mmHg) were demonstrated in 21 eyes of 18 patients. The present paper analyses the responder group and presents some other investigation results and clinical findings to throw additional light on the mechanism of IOP elevation in responders.The responders did not differ from the other patients of the material in age or sex. Patients with capsular glaucoma constituted the biggest group among the responders. 48 %> of the significant IOP elevations during CPT were encountered in eyes with pseudoexfoliation (PE) and open‐angle glaucoma. A positive response during CPT was statistically significantly more common in PE eyes than in eyes without PE. Capsular glaucoma was diagnosed immediately or later in all PE eyes which displayed a ≥ 5 mmHg IOP elevation during the CPT. In addition to the importance of pigment in PE eyes, PE material may play a certain role in the elevation of IOP. The mechanism of this role is not knownNo correlation was established between the results of the water drinking test and the CPT. The mechanism that causes the elevation of IOP must be quite different in these two tests. Nor was a statistically significant difference observed in the incidence of cataract, the maximal variation of IOP in the 48‐h tension curve, the occurrence of cupping of the optic disc or visual field defects between the responder and non‐responder eyes in the glaucomatous group
IN VITRO INVESTIGATIONS ON THE EFFECT OF PILOCARPINE ON THE METABOLISM IN PIG LENSES ILLUSTRATED WITH SOME INTERMEDIATE METABOLITES
Authors: KLAUBER ANNE 
Published: May 2009

22 pairs of pig lenses were incubated in TCM 199 5 g, with pilocarpine 5 times 10‐4 M and 10‐2 m. 5 times 10‐4 M is the probable concentration in the aqueous during ordinary pilocarpine medication.The concentration of 1‐lactate, pyruvate, RTP, RDP and AMP was determined in the lenses and the assimilation of glucose and the production of 1‐lactate and pyruvate were measured.As far as pilocarpine 5 times 10‐4 M was concerned no significant differences were found, but pilocarpine 10‐2 M gave a significantly higher 1‐lactate concentration in the lenses (118 %) and increased the assimilation of glucose to 120 % and also augmented the production of 1‐lactate to 168 % and the pyruvate to 184%, tending to show that pilocarpine 10‐2 m increased the glycolytic activity in the lenses. The concentrations of RTP, RDP and AMP were unchanged.
THE EFFECT OF EXPERIMENTAL UVEITIS ON THE UPTAKE OF PROSTAGLANDIN E1 IN THE RABBIT IRIS‐CILIARY BODY
Authors: BENGTSSON ELISABETH , EHINGER BERNDT 
Published: May 2009

Disruption of the blood‐aqueous barrier in rabbits was elicited by infrared irradiation of the iris or by α‐melanocyte stimulating hormone (α‐MSH) given subcutaneously. One group of animals was pretreated with topical imidazole before the injection of α‐MSH. The aqueous flare response was followed and the rabbits were killed at the expected height of the uveitis. The uptake of 3H‐prostaglandin E1 in the iris with the ciliary body was then determined and found to be significantly decreased in the rabbits in which α‐MSH had caused a severe damage of the blood‐aqueous barrier. When α‐MSH caused a more moderate aqueous flare response the prostaglandin uptake was on the contrary significantly increased.Pretreatment of the animals with topical imidazole enhanced parallelly the prostaglandin uptake and the aqueous flare response to α‐MSH. Topical imidazole per se was found to increase the accumulation of prostaglandin.The prostaglandin uptake values were, however, unchanged in eyes in which infrared irradiation of the iris induced a moderate flare response.
SOME ESSENTIAL OPTICAL FEATURES OF THE ZEISS FUNDUS CAMERA
Authors: BENGTSSON BO , KRAKAU C. E. T. 
Published: May 2009

The imaging system of the Zeiss fundus camera comprises a front lens and a mirror with a central opening in the anterior focus of a camera objective. Focusing is achieved by changing the distance between the film and the camera objective. The principal point of the examined eye is imaged in the central opening of the mirror when the camera is correctly positioned. By applying reasoning current in elementary geometrical optics it was found

that both the absolute and the relative magnification depend on the “reduzierte Axenlängenkonvergenz” only
that it is possible to correct the influence of refraction on magnification and
that the relation between the camera extension needed to provide sharp pictures and the principal point refraction of the examined eye is linear. The validity and practical importance of those findings as well as transcleral illumination and theoretical resolving power are briefly discussed.
ON THE MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE VITREOUS IN THE APHAKIC EYE
Authors: ÖSTERLIN SVEN 
Published: May 2009

The vitreous of aphakic and phakic eyes was assayed for hyaluronic acid. Intracapsular cataract extraction was regularly followed by decreased hyaluronic acid concentration and studies on the distribution of hyaluronic acid within the vitreous cavity showed that removal of the lens facilitates diffusion of hyaluronic acid into the anterior chamber. Based on these studies certain postoperative features of the aphakic eye are discussed.The instability of the vitreous gel, as reflected by rupture of the anterior vitreous face and an increased incidence of vitreous detachment supports the hypothesis of hyaluronic acid as a stabilizer of the gel. The decreased adhesion of the neural retina in the aphakic eye might be caused by the loss of hyaluronic acid. Normally the high concentration of hyaluronic acid adjacent to the retina contributes to the resistance of bulk flow of fluid into the subretinal space making it possible for the active transport system of the pigment epithelium to maintain a pressure drop across the neural retina.It is anticipated that saccades create currents in the fluid vitreous close to the eye wall after vitreous detachment. Model experiments showed that these currents were greatly enhanced, when the concentration of hyaluronic acid was lowered.
THE DISTENDED DISC IN EARLY STAGES OF CONGENITAL GLAUCOMA
Authors: KESSING SV. V. , GREGERSEN E. 
Published: May 2009

In 12 out of 18 eyes operated upon for congenital glaucoma without associated diseases the preoperative glaucomatous cupping had disappeared at follow‐up 2 weeks to 3 months after the operation (trabeculotomy ab externo on 9 eyes and trabeculectomy on 3 eyes). Of the 12 eyes, 10 had had the operation performed before the age of 6 months, in contrast to the group in which glaucomatous cupping of the disc was irreversible where operation had been performed in the age range 6 months — 12 years (mean 6 years).The mean postoperative tension value in the 18 eyes was 12 mm (range 8–20 mm) without medication, mean observation time 3 years.It seems likely that during the first phases of congenital glaucoma the disc is distended, i. e. of increased diameter and depth. This form of glaucomatous cupping and the increased diameter of the disc may be due to pressure‐conditioned enlargement of the scleral canal and omnidirectional distention of the lamina cribrosa. This distention manifests itself mainly in the central areas of the lamina cribrosa and the disc, and usually disappears when the tension is normalized by surgery during the first phases of the disease.
COMPUTER TEST LOGICS FOR AUTOMATIC PERIMETRY
Authors: HEIJL ANDERS 
Published: May 2009

Using an automatic computerized perimeter developed by Heijl & Krakau (1975b) three different perimetric test logics, one simple (I) and two more complicated and time‐consuming (II & III) were investigated in practical experiments on healthy normal test subjects and patients and in computer simulated tests. The patients either had a verified diagnosis of glaucoma or glaucoma was suspected.The best consistency in measured thresholds was obtained with test logic II, in which an averaging procedure is used. The variation of the results was larger in pathological than in normal visual fields.All test logics investigated readily detected the pathological field defects, but blind spots could easier pass unrecognized with the simplest logic than with the other two logics.The conclusion is drawn that a simple test logic can be used for perimetry in glaucoma suspects if no visual field defect has previously been documented. For the follow‐up of pathological fields a fairly complicated test logic, e. g. using averaging, is preferable.