bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of in‐stent restenosis on hemodialysis access patency
Authors: CHAN Micah R. , YOUNG Henry N. , YEVZLIN Alexander S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractEndovascular stents have recently been shown to extend access patency in thrombosed and stenotic arteriovenous grafts (AVG). Concern remains over the frequency and severity of in‐stent restenosis, though this has not been rigorously defined to date. The study was a retrospective analysis of hemodialysis patients referred for access dysfunction during a 2‐year period. Using a prospectively collected, vascular access database, we identified 76 patients seen for follow‐up angiography due to access dysfunction after stent placement. We compared the effect of in‐stent restenosis vs. de novo lesions in patients with previously placed endovascular stents. Measured outcomes were primary assisted patency and frequency of in‐stent and de novo lesions. Thirty‐five (46.1%) patients had de novo lesions, while 41 (53.9%) had in‐stent restenosis. In‐stent restenosis was found to be the only factor associated with severity of luminal stenosis (β=0.35, 95% confidence interval 2.21–15.48, P=0.01). In‐stent restenosis was associated with increased primary patency among AVGs (hazards ratio 3.10; 95% confidence interval 1.35–7.10; P=0.008). Primary patency of in‐stent restenosis vs. de novo lesions for AVGs were respectively: 78% vs. 94% at 1 month, 56% vs. 42% at 3 months, 33% vs. 6% at 6 months. For arteriovenous fistulae, the difference in primary patency of in‐stent vs. de novo lesions was not statistically significant. In‐stent restenosis is associated with higher percent luminal diameter lesions, while de novo lesions rather than in‐stent restenosis are associated with higher risk of AVG access failure and reduced primary patency.
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression in periocular and extraocular sebaceous carcinoma
Authors: Ivan Doina , Prieto Victor G. , Esmaeli Bita , Wistuba Ignacio I. , Tang Ximing , Lazar Alexander J. F. 
Published: July 2009

Sebaceous carcinoma has a predominant periocular origin but can also be extraocular. These two groups have distinct clinical courses. Insight into the molecular determinants of tumorigenesis and metastasis is limited. There is no effective treatment for metastatic sebaceous carcinoma. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is implicated in tumorigenesis and can be a therapeutic target in certain settings.We evaluated EGFR levels by immunohistochemistry (IHC), comparing its expression between periocular and extraocular tumors and assessed EGFR mutation status. IHC was performed in 36 cases: 19 periocular and 17 extraocular (10 associated with Muir‐Torre syndrome—MTS). EGFR IHC was scored for percentage of positive cells (< 5%, 5–25%, 26–50%, > 50%) and intensity (+1 = low , +2 = moderate , +3 = high ). Extraocular carcinomas showed markedly increased levels of EGFR when compared to periocular carcinoma cases, both in terms of distribution (88% were > 25% of tumor cells vs. 16%) and intensity (77% were 2+ or 3+ vs. 21%) (p < 0.001). Among extraocular cases, there was significantly lower EGFR expression in MTS‐related cases (p < 0.05). No EGFR mutations were identified.Our results underscore the divergent mechanisms underlying the tumorigenesis of periocular and extraocular sebaceous carcinoma and suggest an association between aggressive behavior and increased EGFR expression in extraocular sebaceous carcinoma.Ivan D, Prieto VG, Esmaeli B, Wistuba II, Tang X, Lazar AJF. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression in periocular and extraocular sebaceous carcinomas.
Idiopathic Lymphoplasmacellular mucositis‐dermatitis
Authors: Brix William K. , Nassau Sarah R. , Patterson James W. , Cousar John B. , Wick Mark R. 
Published: July 2009

Background: In 1952, Zoon described a series of patients with dense plasma‐cell infiltrates in the glans penis. Since then, similar Zoon‐like lesions (ZLL) have been described on the external female genitalia and in the airways, for which over 20 designations currently exist. Methods: Twenty‐eight cases of ZLL, twenty‐two cases of lichen planus, eight cases of plasmacytoma and two cases of syphilis were evaluated from the surgical pathology archive at the University of Virginia. Twenty‐four histologic data points were tabulated in each case, including 12 epidermal and 12 dermal features. Results: Histopathologic findings were similar in the majority of cases of ZLL, regardless of their location. They demonstrated superficial cutaneous erosions, basal vacuolar alteration and many showed lozenge‐shaped keratinocytes in the epiderms. The dermis contained a dense inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of plasma cells, with scattered neutrophils and lymphocytes. Dense fibrosis was seen in the upper dermis. Conclusions: A uniform nomenclature for ZLL does not exist. Based on the results of this analysis, we suggest that the generic term idiopathic lymphoplasmacellular mucositis‐dermatitis be considered to encompass the lymphoplasmacellular infiltrates in the skin and mucosal surfaces considered herein. This designation is morphologically descriptive and can be applied regardless of anatomic location.Brix WK, Nassau SR, Patterson JW, Cousar JB, Wick MR. Idiopathic lymphoplasmacellular mucositis‐dermatitis.
Microscopic inflammatory foci in burn scars: data from a porcine burn model
Authors: Wang Xue‐Qing , Phillips Gael E. , Wilkie Ian , Greer Ristan , Kimble Roy M. 
Published: July 2009

Background: Hypertrophic scars in burn victims usually occur after delayed wound healing and the active phase of scar formation can persist substantially even after wound closure. Currently, the pathophysiology of the hypertrophic scar is not completely understood. This study investigated the inflammatory response in scar tissue at week 6 post‐burn injury. Methods: A porcine deep dermal partial thickness burn model was used. At week 6 post‐burn, a total of 528 scar biopsies from 72 burn scars (7–8 biopsies from each scar) and 174 normal skin biopsies from 18 pigs were collected and examined histologically. Results: Microscopic inflammatory foci were identified in 17% (89/528) of scar biopsies. These microscopic inflammatory foci do not contain any irritant materials, are composed largely of polymorphonuclear cells with other inflammatory cells including multinucleate giant cells and show acute on chronic inflammatory response that has not been described previously in burn scars. Importantly, they are present in a significantly lower number in burns surgically debrided than in burns which have not been debrided. Conclusions: This study identifies microscopic inflammatory foci in the porcine scar tissue layer and recommends thorough cleaning/debriding of burned necrotic tissue in order to minimize the formation of these inflammatory foci in scar tissue.Wang X‐Q, Phillips GE, Wilkie I, Greer R, Kimble RM. Microscopic inflammatory foci in burn scars: data from a porcine burn model.
Is the OSCE more stressful? Examination anxiety and its consequences in different assessment methods in dental education
Authors: Brand H. S. , Schoonheim‐Klein M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjective: To measure the levels of anxiety, self‐perception of preparation and expectation for success induced by an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE), a written examination and a preclinical preparation test, and to examine the effects of the three predictive variables on the outcome of the assessments.Materials and methods: Test anxiety was measured with Spielberger’s state anxiety inventory. Preparation for the assessment and expectation to succeed were quantified with 4‐point Likert scales. The questionnaire was completed during an OSCE, a written examination, a preclinical crown and bridge preparation test and a non‐examination situation.Results: The OSCE was a most anxiety‐provoking assessment method and students prepared more for the OSCE than for the other examinations. The expectation to succeed was also higher for the OSCE. State anxiety during the OSCE was associated with the level of preparation but not with scores obtained. The state anxiety during a written examination showed a positive relation with the scores obtained, but not with preparation or expectation to succeed. During the preclinical test, state anxiety showed a positive association with the preparation and expectation to succeed, but not with the scores for this test.No significant gender effects were observed for the state anxiety, level of preparation or the expectation to pass the examination. In the written examination female students scored significantly higher than male students. Such a gender effect was not found for the scores of the OSCE or the preclinical test.Conclusion: State anxiety was elevated during all three assessment methods. However, anxiety was not predictive of performance outcome in the OSCE, written examination or preclinical preparation test.
The impact of undergraduate geriatric dental education on the attitudes of recently graduated dentists towards institutionalised elderly people
Authors: De Visschere L. , Van Der Putten G.‐J. , De Baat C. , Schols J. , Vanobbergen J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjective:  The aim of the study was to assess the impact of undergraduate geriatric dentistry education on knowledge of ageing and on attitudes towards institutionalised elderly people, as perceived by recently graduated dentists.Methods:  A validated questionnaire was sent by mail to all dentists of the study group (n = 357). The questionnaire collected socio‐demographic data, motives for pursuing a dental career, knowledge of ageing, attitude towards institutionalised elderly people using the Aging Semantic Differential (ASD), and aspects of geriatric dentistry education.Results:  Great variability between the six dental schools involved was observed in respect of the undergraduate education received in geriatric dentistry. Dentists’ knowledge of ageing was also low. The mean value of ASD‐total indicated that in this study there was a negative attitude towards the institutionalised elderly. The covariate ‘financial motive for pursuing a dental career’ was the only item that seemed to have any significant influence on the ASD. Age was the only significant variable for knowledge. All other covariates were found not to have any influence.Conclusions:  From this study it would appear that the attitude of recently graduated dentists in Belgium towards the institutionalised elderly is rather negative and their knowledge of ageing is poor. The actual level of geriatric dentistry education in the undergraduate curriculum did not appear to influence this attitude, but Belgian dental schools are challenged to reorientate their provision of geriatric dentistry education to include activities that help to develop positive perceptions towards the elderly, with an empathic positive and caring attitude.
Who will pass the dental OSCE? Comparison of the Angoff and the borderline regression standard setting methods
Authors: Schoonheim‐Klein M. , Muijtjens A. , Habets L. , Manogue M. , Van Der Vleuten C. , Van Der Velden U. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAim:  Aim of this study is to elucidate which standard setting method is optimal to prevent incompetent students to pass and competent students to fail a dental Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE).Material and methods:  An OSCE with 14 test stations was used to assess the performance of 119 third year dental students in a training group practice. To establish the pass/fail standard per station, three standard setting methods were applied: the Angoff I method, the modified Angoff II with reality check and the Borderline Regression (BR) method. For the final decision about passing or failing the complete OSCE, three methods were compared: total compensatory (TC), a partial compensatory (PC) within clusters of competence and a non‐compensatory (NC) model. The reliability of the pass/fail standard of the three methods was indicated by the root mean square error (RMSE). As a criterion measure, a sample of the students (n = 89) was rated in the clinic by their instructors and accordingly these students were divided into two groups: competent and incompetent students. The students’ clinical rating (considered for this study as ‘true qualification’) was compared with the pass‐fail classification resulting from the OSCE. Undeserved passing of an incompetent student was considered as more damaging than failing a competent student.Results:  The BR method showed more acceptable results than the two Angoff methods. In terms of pass rate the BR method showed the highest pass rates: for the TC model the Angoff method I and II and the BR showed pass rates of 86.6%, 86.6% and 97.5% respectively. For the PC model the pass rates were 30.3%, 34.5% and 61.3%, and for the NC model the pass rates were 0.8%, 1.7% and 7.6%. The BR method showed lower RMSEs (higher reliability): for the TC model the RMSEs were 1.3%, 1.0% and 0.3% for the Angoff I, Angoff II and BR method respectively, and for the PC model the RMSE of the clusters of competence range was 2.0—3.7% for Angoffs I; 1.8—2.2% for Angoff II and 0.6—0.7% for the BR method. In terms of incorrect decisions, the BR method had a higher loss due to incorrect decisions for the TC model than for the PC model which is in accordance with the results of other studies in medical education.Conclusions:  Therefore we conclude that the BR method in a PC model provides defensible pass/fail standards and seems to be the optimal choice for OSCEs in health education.
In Vitro Protective Effect of Hypericum androsaemum Extract Against Oxygen and Nitrogen Reactive Species
Authors: Almeida Isabel F. , Fernandes Eduarda , Lima José L.F.C. , Costa Paulo Cardoso , Bahia Maria Fernanda 
Published: July 2009

Abstract:  Hypericum androsaemum L. (Gutiferae) is a medicinal plant growing in Western Europe that has been used in traditional medicine in the prevention or treatment of liver diseases. Oxidative stress and nitrosative stress are common pathogenetic mechanisms contributing to initiation and progression of hepatic damage in several liver disorders. In the present study, an ethanol:water (4:6) extract from H. androsaemum branches and leaves were evaluated for its putative in vitro scavenging effects on 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazil radical, on reactive oxygen species, namely HO•, O2•−, ROO•, 1O2 and H2O2 and on reactive nitrogen species, namely •NO and ONOO−. The hypericum extract presented a remarkable capacity to scavenge all the tested reactive species, all the IC50 values being found at the μg/ml level. IC50 values for 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazil, and for the reactive oxygen species O2•−, H2O2, HO• and 1O2 were 11.3 ± 0.7, 32.7 ± 3.4, 944 ± 47, 595 ± 82, 28.3 ± 1.2 μg/ml respectively. The oxygen radical absorbance capacity value obtained for ROO• was 1.5 ± 0.1 μmol Trolox equivalents/mg extract. The IC50 values for •NO and ONOO− were 2.2 ± 0.2 and 1.2 ± 0.1 μg/ml respectively. The content of total phenolics was 281 ± 2 mg of gallic acid equivalents/g of lyophilized extract. The observed antioxidant activity provides scientific support for the reported therapeutic use of H. androsaemum, though further in vitro and in vivo studies are required to ascertain the risk/benefit score at therapeutic concentrations.
Beyond the “Model Minority” Stereotype: Trends in Health Risk Behaviors Among Asian/Pacific Islander High School Students
Authors: Lee Sung‐Jae , Rotheram‐Borus Mary Jane 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND: Asian/Pacific Islander (API) students have been stereotyped as the “model minority.” The objective of this study was to examine the trends in health risk behaviors among API students who participated in the San Diego City Schools Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) between 1993 and 2005.METHODS: High school students from the San Diego City School District completed the self‐administered YRBS between 1993 and 2005. Among sexually active students, logistic regression for survey data was used to examine trends in health risk behaviors.RESULTS: From 1993 to 2005, condom use at last sexual intercourse was consistently lower among API students than their cross‐ethnic peers. We observed a significant increasing trend in lifetime smoking, drinking, and marijuana use. Parental communications regarding human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were significantly less frequent and decreased over time.CONCLUSIONS: Our findings challenge the notion of API youth being the “model minority.” API students face unique challenges, including barriers to good communication about sex and lower rates of condom use. School‐based prevention programs are needed for API students, including a focus on HIV communication with parents.
Influence of Funding Cuts on Texas School Tobacco Programs*
Authors: Gingiss Phyllis M. , Boerm Melynda 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND: Following the Master Settlement Agreement, state tobacco prevention spending peaked in 2002, but has subsequently been diminishing annually. This study compared the influence of 2004 Texas tobacco program budget cuts on school practices a year after funding loss.METHODS: Three school groups were compared: continuously funded for a 2‐year minimum (n = 109), funded but discontinued (n = 123), and never funded (n = 70). Among the 123 schools with discontinued funding, differences were examined based on funding cut decision level (state or local). Written responses to surveys based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) School Health Education Profile Tobacco Module were received from 49% of health coordinators and 58% of principals.RESULTS: Principals and health coordinators from continuously funded schools reported more 1) tobacco instrunctional activities; 2) teacher training; 3) student cessation support; 4) program leadership; 5) a district advocate; 6) interest in tobacco use prevention education; 7) use of evidence‐based programs and CDC‐recommended teaching methods; 8) involvement of school staff; 9) student tobacco cessation programs at school and community; 10) family involvement; and 11) staff development funding. Previously funded schools approached profiles of those never funded. Few differences were noted among schools with funding loss due to state or local decisions.CONCLUSION: The continuously funded schools consistently were better positioned to positively reach their students with effective tobacco programs. Funding reductions were associated with rapid reductions in programming. Results emphasize the need for early programmatic initiation of capacity building skill development to ensure implementation and retention of health programs during fiscally challenging circumstances.
Mountain Dew®or Mountain Don't?: A Pilot Investigation of Caffeine Use Parameters and Relations to Depression and Anxiety Symptoms in 5th‐ and 10th‐Grade Students
Authors: Luebbe Aaron M. , Bell Debora J. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND:Caffeine, the only licit psychoactive drug available to minors, may have a harmful impact on students' health and adjustment, yet little is known about its use or effects on students, especially from a developmental perspective. Caffeine use in 5th‐ and 10th‐grade students was examined in a cross‐sectional design, and relations and potential mediators of caffeine use to depression and anxiety symptoms were investigated.METHODS:Children (n= 135) and adolescents (n= 79) completed a measure of naturalistic use of caffeinated and noncaffeinated beverages. Furthermore, daily availability, perceived benefits, and stimulating, psychological, and withdrawal effects of caffeinated and noncaffeinated beverages were assessed. Measures of depression and anxiety were also administered.RESULTS:Fifth and 10th graders used caffeine frequently. Depression was positively related to caffeine use for both cohorts, though mediated by caffeine withdrawal effects. Surprisingly, anxiety was unrelated to use. Fifth graders reported less daily access to caffeine, but more psychological and stimulating effects of caffeine than 10th graders.CONCLUSIONS:Although both children and adolescents experience negative caffeine‐related outcomes, intake is seemingly not greatly limited in either cohort. In particular, youth appear vulnerable to increased depressive symptoms with increasing caffeine consumption. Implications for school policy regarding students' caffeine use are discussed.
How Prosody Influences Sentence Comprehension
Authors: Carlson Katy 
Published: July 2009

AbstractProsody, or the tune and rhythm of speech, affects the interpretation and comprehension of sentences. This article first summarizes the prosodic system of English and then reviews research on how prosodic boundaries and pitch accents affect sentence processing. In general, prosodic boundaries usually influence attachment decisions, as they are seen to reflect syntactic structure, while pitch accents relate to the focus and information structure of a sentence. However, neither mapping is simple, because multiple prosodic contours are possible for any particular sentence. Prosody tends to be influential rather than decisive in resolving syntactic ambiguity.
Long‐term Hydrological Forecasting in Cold Regions: Retrospect, Current Status and Prospect
Authors: Gelfan Alexander N. , Motovilov Yury G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe influence of long‐term snow accumulation on the runoff conditions several months afterwards is a distinct hydrological characteristic of cold regions, which creates opportunities for long‐term (seasonal and subseasonal) hydrological forecasting in these regions. We consider evolution of the long‐term forecasting approaches from the deterministic data‐based index methods to the hydrological model‐based ensemble approaches. Of key interest in this review are the methods developed and used in operational practice in Russia and in the USA, with the emphasis being placed on the methods used in Russia, which may be less familiar to international hydrological society. Following a description of the historical context, we review recent developments that place emphasis on problems relating to the uncertainty of the weather conditions for the lead time of the forecast. We conclude with a personal view of the prospects for the future development of long‐term hydrological forecasting techniques.