bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood of dogs with demodicosis
Authors: SINGH S. K. , DIMRI U. , SHARMA M. C. , SHARMA B. , SAXENA M. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYThe aim of this study was to evaluate the CD4+/CD8+ ratio in peripheral blood of dogs with localized and generalized demodicosis. Sixteen dogs were examined, 8 with localized and 8 with generalized demodicosis, while 8 healthy dogs were used as controls. Peripheral blood was obtained and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were determined by flow cytometry. Significantly higher numbers of CD8+ T cells and lower numbers of CD4+ T cells were found in dogs with generalized demodicosis compared to dogs with localized demodicosis and healthy controls. Significantly higher numbers of CD8+ T cells and lower numbers of CD4+ T cells were also found in dogs with localized demodicosis compared to healthy controls. The CD4+/CD8+ ratio was also found to be significantly lower in dogs with generalized demodicosis in comparison with dogs with localized demodicosis and healthy controls. It is concluded that significant alteration in the CD4+/CD8+ ratio may be implicated in the pathogenesis of generalized canine demodicosis.
Gametocyte sex ratio in single-clone infections of the malaria parasite Plasmodium mexicanum
Authors: NEAL A.T. , SCHALL J.J. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYSex ratio theory predicts that malaria parasites should bias gametocyte production toward female cells in single-clone infections because they will experience complete inbreeding of parasite gametes within the vector. A higher proportion of male gametocytes is favoured under conditions that reduce success of male gametes at reaching females such as low gametocyte density or attack of the immune system later in the infection. Recent experimental studies reveal genetic variation for gametocyte sex ratio in single-clone infections. We examined these issues with a study of experimental single-clone infections for the lizard malaria parasite Plasmodium mexicanum in its natural host. Gametocyte sex ratios of replicate single-clone infections were determined over a period of 3–4 months. Sex ratios were generally female biased, but not as strongly as expected under simple sex ratio theory. Gametocyte density was not related to sex ratio, and male gametocytes did not become more common later in infections. The apparent surplus of male gametocytes could be explained if male fecundity is low in this parasite, or if rapid clotting of the lizard blood reduces male gamete mobility. There was also a significant clone effect on sex ratio, suggesting genetic variation for some life-history trait, possibly male fecundity.
Transubstantiation, essentialism, and substance
Authors: TONER PATRICK 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAccording to the Eucharistic doctrine of Transubstantiation, when the priest consecrates the bread and wine, the whole substance of the bread and wine are converted into the body and blood of Christ. The ‘accidents’ of the bread and wine, however, remain present on the altar. This doctrine leads to a clutch of metaphysical problems, some of which are particularly troubling for essentialists. In this paper, I discuss some of these problems, which have recently been pressed by Brian Ellis and Justin Broackes. I argue that defenders of Transubstantiation have satisfactory replies.
Remembering Alston's ‘evaluative particularism’
Authors: KOWALSKI DEAN A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWilliam Alston uniquely offers the divine-command theorist his ‘evaluative particularism’ – the idea that God Himself, the concrete individual, uniquely serves as the supreme standard of (moral) goodness. This allegedly retains God's sovereignty over the moral realm without subverting His goodness or entailing that there are moral principles, the truth of which does not depend on God. However, it is argued that Alston's view faces three initial challenges: justificatory analogies with the two most viable particularist programmes fail; disanalogies between scientific and scriptural data jeopardize the prospect of determining God's relevant essential properties a posteriori; and it harbours problematic entailments regarding (human) moral goodness even if the first two challenges are met.
The design studio “crit”: Teacher–student communication
Authors: Goldschmidt Gabriela , Hochman Hagay , Dafni Itay 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe design studio has been, and will probably continue to be, the cornerstone of design education. Its major feature is the one-on-one desk critique (crit), in which student and teacher discuss the student's work in progress on a regular and frequent basis. The studio is a learning by doing environment, and the crit is the setting in which students acquire design skills and knowledge, under the guidance of the teacher. Design teachers are usually practitioners who receive no pedagogical training, and the effectiveness of their teaching depends on experience, awareness, and talent. Here we offer a detailed qualitative and quantitative representation of the crit through analyses of three case studies, which were collected in second-year architectural studios. We use two types of protocol analysis methods: coding of verbalizations and linkography, which looks at links among verbalizations. We show the diversity in teachers' performance and point to common trends. We propose that analyses of this kind may serve as a major feedback instrument in the framework of a badly needed pedagogical basis for design education.
Cognitive heuristics in design: Instructional strategies to increase creativity in idea generation
Authors: Yilmaz S. , Seifert C.M. , Gonzalez R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper explores the use of heuristics as cognitive strategies invoked during the process of design. Heuristics are reasoning processes that do not guarantee the best solution, but often lead to potential solutions by providing a simple cognitive “shortcut.” We propose that designers use specific design heuristics to explore the problem space of potential designs, leading to the generation of creative solutions. We test whether design heuristics can be taught to novices, and suggest their use will facilitate the design process at multiple levels of instruction. In the present empirical study, we evaluate a set of six instructional heuristics and validate their effectiveness with product concepts generated by novice designers. Six hundred seventy-three drawings were created by 120 first-year college students under four instructional conditions. Drawings were coded according to their content, use of heuristics, creativity, and practicality. The most creative concepts emerged from the experimental conditions where heuristics were introduced. Heuristics appeared to help the participants “jump” to a new problem space, resulting in more varied designs, and a greater frequency of designs judged as more creative. Our findings suggest that simple demonstration of design heuristics may, at times, be sufficient to stimulate divergent thinking, perhaps because these heuristics are readily grasped and contextual application is not required. Based on these findings, a conceptual model for design education emphasizing the importance of using a variety of heuristics is proposed. This model suggests that learning can be enhanced through exposure to a variety of design heuristics, and can supplement formal education and foster personal development in design learning.
Naturally acquired hepatitis A antibodies after haematopoetic stem cell transplantation
Authors: YALÇIN S. S. , KONDOLOT M. , GÖKER H. , KUŞKONMAZ B. , KARACAN Y. , ÇETİN M. , AKSU S. , TEZCAN İ. , UÇKAN D. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYHaematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients lose immune memory of exposure to infectious agents and vaccines accumulated throughout their lifetime and therefore need to be revaccinated. We aimed to evaluate the influence of different factors on hepatitis A virus (HAV) immunity in both child and adult HSCT recipients living in an intermediate endemic region, Turkey. Eighty patients (age range 2·5–57 years) who had HAV serology prior to HSCT were evaluated. The prevalence of HAV seropositivity was 85% (n=68) before HSCT. There was no history of HAV vaccination before HSCT in children and HAV vaccine was not available in Turkey 10 years ago, so it was assumed that all seropositive patients reflected natural immunity. After the exclusion of six patients with autologous HSCT, the remaining 62 seropositive and allogeneic patients were included in this retrospective study. The duration of HAV seropositivity was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method, log-rank analysis and Cox regression models. Estimated mean time to loss of HAV seropositivity was 48·6 months after transplantation. Patients who were older (⩾18 years) at transplantation and who had older (⩾18 years) donors became seronegative later (P<0·05). Cox backward-stepwise regression confirmed that older age of recipient at transplantation was the only significant parameter for HAV seropositivity (P<0·05). HAV-inactivated vaccine might be recommended later to older HSCT recipients in intermediate endemic regions.
Incidence of surgical-site infections in orthopaedic surgery: a northern Italian experience
Authors: CASTELLA A. , ARGENTERO P. A. , FARINA E. C. , CHARRIER L. , DEL PREVER E. M. BRACH , ZOTTI C. M. ,   the Piemonte Nosocomial Infection Study Group
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYA prospective cohort study with a 1-year telephone follow-up was performed to estimate the incidence of surgical-site infections (SSIs) in hip and knee prostheses. Twenty-five public hospitals equipped with orthopaedic units in two Italian regions were involved. An 8-month surveillance period was set to obtain significant data at a regional level and data were collected by the infection control nurses of each centre. One-year follow-up was completed in 75% of cases. SSIs were recorded in 45 cases (incidence rate 1·9/100 person-years, 95% CI 1·4–2·5). Thirty-six percent of SSIs were diagnosed during hospitalization and 95·3% within 90 days post-operation. This incidence is similar to that reported by European and USA surveillance systems. The proposed investigative method proved to be reliable and feasible. A prolonged surveillance for at least 3 months post-operation yields a good estimate of SSI in joint replacements.
Heterogeneity in vaccination coverage explains the size and occurrence of measles epidemics in German surveillance data
Authors: HERZOG S. A. , PAUL M. , HELD L. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYThe objective of this study was to characterize empirically the association between vaccination coverage and the size and occurrence of measles epidemics in Germany. In order to achieve this we analysed data routinely collected by the Robert Koch Institute, which comprise the weekly number of reported measles cases at all ages as well as estimates of vaccination coverage at the average age of entry into the school system. Coverage levels within each federal state of Germany are incorporated into a multivariate time-series model for infectious disease counts, which captures occasional outbreaks by means of an autoregressive component. The observed incidence pattern of measles for all ages is best described by using the log proportion of unvaccinated school starters in the autoregressive component of the model.
Epidemiology of anthroponotic and zoonotic human cryptosporidiosis in England and Wales, 2004–2006
Authors: CHALMERS R. M. , SMITH R. , ELWIN K. , CLIFTON-HADLEY F. A. , GILES M. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYIn order to monitor epidemiological trends,Cryptosporidium-positive samples (n=4509) from diarrhoeic patients were typed. Compared to the previous 4 years, the proportion ofCryptosporidium hominiscases in 2004–2006 increased to 57·3%, while 38·5% wereC. parvum. The remaining 4·2% cases included mixedC. parvumandC. hominisinfections,C. meleagridis,C. felis,C. ubiquitumand a novel genotype. When the typing results were combined with enhanced surveillance data to monitor risk exposures,C. hominiswas linked to urban dwelling, previous diarrhoea in the household, any travel especially abroad, and using a swimming or paddling pool.C. parvumwas linked to having a private water supply, contact with surface water, visiting or living on a farm, and contact with farm animal faeces. The proportion of laboratory-confirmed indigenous cases acquired from direct contact with farm animals was estimated to be 25% forC. parvumand 10% of all reportedCryptosporidiumcases.
Changes in blood culture methodology have an impact on time trends of bacteraemia: a 26-year regional study
Authors: SØGAARD M. , ENGEBJERG M. C. , LUNDBYE-CHRISTENSEN S. , SCHØNHEYDER H. C. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYThe incidence of bacteraemia has increased considerably during the last decades. This may be related to population ageing, increased use of invasive procedures, and increased ascertainment of bacteraemia. Generalized additive and generalized linear models were used to analyse the impact of four successive improvements in blood culture methodology on the recovery of prevalent blood culture isolates while simultaneously controlling for underlying time trend and seasonal variation. Between 1981 and 2006, 20 091 bacteraemias comprising 22 800 blood culture isolates were diagnosed. The changes in methodology increased the recovery of some bacterial groups; the greatest impact was observed for Enterobacteriaceae, pneumococci andStaphylococcus aureuswhereas recovery of β-haemolytic streptococci,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, other Gram-negative aerobes, and fungi was not affected. Changes in blood culture methodology should be taken into account when assessing time trends of bacteraemia.
Thermochemolysis of the Murchison meteorite: identification of oxygen bound and occluded units in the organic macromolecule
Authors: Watson Jonathan S. , Sephton Mark A. , Gilmour Iain 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn organic macromolecular residue, prepared from the Murchison meteorite by treatment with hydrofluoric and hydrochloric acids, was subjected to online thermochemolysis with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH). The most abundant compound released by thermochemolysis was benzoic acid. Other abundant compounds include methyl and dimethyl benzoic acids as well as methoxy benzoic acids. Short chain dicarboxylic acids (C4–8) were also released from the organic macromolecule. Within the C1and C2benzoic acids all possible structural isomers are present reflecting the abiotic origin of these units. The most abundant isomers include 3,4-dimethylbenzoic acid (DMBA), 3,5-DMBA, 2,6-DMBA and phenylacetic acid. Thermochemolysis also liberates hydrocarbons that are not observed during thermal desorption; these compounds include naphthalene, methylnaphthalenes, biphenyl, methylbiphenyls, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene and pyrene. The lack of oxygen containing functional groups in these hydrocarbons indicates that they represent non-covalently bound, occluded molecules within the organic framework. This data provides a valuable insight into oxygen bound and physically occluded moieties in the Murchison organic macromolecule and implies a relative order of synthesis or agglomeration for the detected organic constituents.
Gelfand theory of pseudo differential operators and hypoelliptic operators
Authors: Taylor Michael E. 
Published: July 2010

This paper investigates an algebra

A

\mathfrak {A}

of pseudo differential operators generated by functions

a
(
x
)
∈

C
∞

(

R
n

)
∩

L
∞

(

R
n

)

a(x) \in {C^\infty }({R^n}) \cap {L^\infty }({R^n})

such that

D
α

a
(
x
)
→
0

{D^\alpha }a(x) \to 0

as

|

x

|

→
∞

|x| \to \infty

, if

|

α

|

≧
1

|\alpha | \geqq 1

, and by operators

q
(
D
)

Q

−
1

/

2

q(D){Q^{ - 1/2}}

where

q
(
D
)
>
P
(
D
)
,
Q
=
I
+
P

(
D

)
∗

P
(
D
)

q(D) > P(D),Q = I + P{(D)^ \ast }P(D)

, and

P
(
D
)

P(D)

is hypoelliptic. It is proved that such an algebra has compact commutants, and the maximal ideal space of the commutative

C
∗

{C^ \ast }

algebra

A

/

J

\mathfrak {A}/J

is investigated, where

J
J

consists of the elements of

A

\mathfrak {A}

which are compact. This gives a necessary and sufficient condition for a differential operator

q
(
x
,
D
)
:

B

2

,

P
~

→

L
2

q(x,D):{\mathfrak {B}_2}_{,\tilde P} \to {L^2}

to be Fredholm. (Here and in the rest of this paragraph we assume that the coefficients of all operators under consideration satisfy the conditions given on

a
(
x
)

a(x)

in the first sentence.) It is also proved that if

p
(
x
,
D
)

p(x,D)

is a formally selfadjoint operator on

R
n

{R^n}

which has the same strength as

P
(
D
)

P(D)

uniformly on

R
n

{R^n}

, then

p
(
x
,
D
)

p(x,D)

is selfadjoint, with domain

B

2
,

P
~

(

R
n

)

{\mathfrak {B}_{2,\tilde P}}({R^n})

, and semibounded, if

n
≧
2

n \geqq 2

. From this a Gårding type inequality for uniformly strongly formally hypoelliptic operators and a global regularity theorem for uniformly formally hypoelliptic operators are derived. The familiar local regularity theorem is also rederived. It is also proved that a hypoelliptic operator

p
(
x
,
D
)

p(x,D)

of constant strength is formally hypoelliptic, in the sense that for any

x
0

{x_0}

, the constant coefficients operator

p
(

x
0

,
D
)

p({x_0},D)

is hypoelliptic.
Two Hilbert spaces in which polynomials are not dense
Authors: Newman D. J. , Wohlgelernter D. K. 
Published: July 2010

Let

S
S

be the Hilbert space of entire functions

f
(
z
)

f(z)

such that

|

|

f
(
z
)

|

|

2

=
∬

|

f
(
z
)

|

2

d
m
(
z
)

||f(z)|{|^2} = \iint {|f(z){|^2}}dm(z)

, where

m
m

is a positive measure defined on the Borel sets of the complex plane. Two Hilbert spaces are constructed in which polynomials are not dense. In the second example, our space is one which contains all exponentials and yet in which the exponentials are not complete. This is a somewhat surprising result since the exponentials are always complete on the real line.
Absolute Tauberian constants for Cesàro means
Authors: Sherif Soraya 
Published: July 2010

This paper is concerned with introducing two inequalities of the form

∑

n
=
0

∞

|

τ
n

−

a
n

|

≦
K
A

\sum \nolimits _{n = 0}^\infty {|{\tau _n}} - {a_n}| \leqq KA

and

∑

n
=
0

∞

|

τ
n

−

a
n

|

≦

K
′

B

\sum \nolimits _{n = 0}^\infty {|{\tau _n}} - {a_n}| \leqq K’B

, where

τ
n

=

C
n

(
k
)

−

C

n
−
1

(
k
)

,

C
n

(
k
)

{\tau _n} = C_n^{(k)} - C_{n - 1}^{(k)},C_n^{(k)}

denote the Cesàro transform of order

k
,
K

k,K

and

K
′

K’

are absolute Tauberian constants,

A
=

∑

n
=
0

∞

|

Δ
(
n

a
n

)

|

>
∞
,
B
=

∑

n
=
0

∞

|

Δ
(
(
1

/

n
)

∑

v
=
1

n
−
1

v

a
v

)

|

>
∞

A = \sum \nolimits _{n = 0}^\infty {|\Delta (n{a_n}} )| > \infty ,B = \sum \nolimits _{n = 0}^\infty {|\Delta ((1/n)\sum \nolimits _{v = 1}^{n - 1} {v{a_v}} } )| > \infty

and

Δ

u
k

=

u
k

−

u

k
+
1

\Delta {u_k} = {u_k} - {u_{k + 1}}

. The constants

K
,

K
′

K,K’

will be determined.
Zeros of partial sums and remainders of power series
Authors: Buckholtz J. D. , Shaw J. K. 
Published: July 2010

For a power series

f
(
z
)
=

Σ

k
=
0

∞

a
k

z
k

f(z) = \Sigma _{k = 0}^\infty {a_k}{z^k}

let

s
n

(
f
)

{s_n}(f)

denote the maximum modulus of the zeros of the nth partial sum of f and let

r
n

(
f
)

{r_n}(f)

denote the smallest modulus of a zero of the nth normalized remainder

Σ

k
=
n

∞

a
k

z

k
−
n

\Sigma _{k = n}^\infty {a_k}{z^{k - n}}

. The present paper investigates the relationships between the growth of the analytic function f and the behavior of the sequences

{

s
n

(
f
)
}

\{ {s_n}(f)\}

and

{

r
n

(
f
)
}

\{ {r_n}(f)\}

. The principal growth measure used is that of R-type: if

R
=
{

R
n

}

R = \{ {R_n}\}

is a nondecreasing sequence of positive numbers such that

lim
(

R

n
+
1

/

R
n

)
=
1

\lim ({R_{n + 1}}/{R_n}) = 1

, then the R-type of f is

τ
R

(
f
)
=
lim
sup

|

a
n

R
1

R
2

⋯

R
n

|

1

/

n

{\tau _R}(f) = \lim \sup |{a_n}{R_1}{R_2} \cdots {R_n}{|^{1/n}}

. We prove that there is a constant P such that
\[

τ
R

(
f
)
lim
inf
(

s
n

(
f
)

/

R
n

)
≦
P

and

τ
R

(
f
)
lim
sup
(

r
n

(
f
)

/

R
n

)
≧
(
1

/

P
)

{\tau _R}(f)\lim \inf ({s_n}(f)/{R_n}) \leqq P\quad {\text {and}}\quad {\tau _R}(f)\lim \sup ({r_n}(f)/{R_n}) \geqq (1/P)

\]
for functions f of positive finite R-type. The constant P cannot be replaced by a smaller number in either inequality; P is called the power series constant.
Parametrizations of analytic varieties
Authors: Becker Joseph 
Published: July 2010

Let V be an analytic subvariety of an open subset

Ω
\Omega

of

C

n

{{\text {C}}^n}

of pure dimension r; for any

p
∈
V

p \in V

, there exists an

n
−
r

n - r

dim plane T such that

π
T

:
V
→

C

r

{\pi _T}:V \to {{\text {C}}^r}

, the projection along T to

C

r

{{\text {C}}^r}

, is a branched covering of finite sheeting order

μ
(
V
,
p
,
T
)

\mu (V,p,T)

in some neighborhood of V about p.

π
T

{\pi _T}

is called a global parametrization of V if

π
T

{\pi _T}

has all discrete fibers, e.g.

dim
p

V
∩
(
T
+
p
)
=
0

{\dim _p}V \cap (T + p) = 0

for all

p
∈
V

p \in V

. Theorem.

B
=
{
(
p
,
T
)
∈
V
×
G
(
n
−
r
,
n
)

|

dim
p

V
∩
(
T
+
p
)
>
0
}

B = \{ (p,T) \in V \times G(n - r,n)|{\dim _p}V \cap (T + p) > 0\}

is an analytic set. If

π
2

:
V
×
G
→
G

{\pi _2}:V \times G \to G

is the natural projection, then

π
2

(
B
)

{\pi _2}(B)

is a negligible set in G. Theorem.

{
(
p
,
T
)
∈
V
×
G

|

μ
(
V
,
p
,
T
)
≥
k
}

\{ (p,T) \in V \times G|\mu (V,p,T) \geq k\}

is an analytic set. For each

p
∈
V

p \in V

, there is a least

μ
(
V
,
p
)

\mu (V,p)

and greatest

m
(
V
,
p
)

m(V,p)

sheeting multiplicity over all

T
∈
G

T \in G

. If

Ω
\Omega

is Stein, V is the locus of finitely many holomorphic functions but its ideal in

O

(
Ω
)

\mathcal {O}(\Omega )

is not necessarily finitely generated. Theorem. If

μ
(
V
,
p
)

\mu (V,p)

is bounded on V, then its ideal is finitely generated.