bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Branchial ionocyte organization and ion-transport protein expression in juvenile alewives acclimated to freshwater or seawater
Authors: Christensen A. K. , Hiroi J. , Schultz E. T. , McCormick S. D. 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARY
The alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) is a clupeid that undergoes larval and juvenile development in freshwater preceding marine habitation. The purpose of this study was to investigate osmoregulatory mechanisms in alewives that permit homeostasis in different salinities. To this end, we measured physiological, branchial biochemical and cellular responses in juvenile alewives acclimated to freshwater (0.5 p.p.t.) or seawater (35.0 p.p.t.). Plasma chloride concentration was higher in seawater-acclimated than freshwater-acclimated individuals (141 mmol l–1vs 134 mmol l–1), but the hematocrit remained unchanged. In seawater-acclimated individuals, branchial Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) activity was higher by 75%. Western blot analysis indicated that the abundance of the NKA α-subunit and a Na+/K+/2Cl– cotransporter (NKCC1) were greater in seawater-acclimated individuals by 40% and 200%, respectively. NKA and NKCC1 were localized on the basolateral surface and tubular network of ionocytes in both acclimation groups. Immunohistochemical labeling for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) was restricted to the apical crypt of ionocytes in seawater-acclimated individuals, whereas sodium/hydrogen exchanger 3 (NHE3) labeling was present on the apical surface of ionocytes in both acclimation groups. Ionocytes were concentrated on the trailing edge of the gill filament, evenly distributed along the proximal 75% of the filamental axis and reduced distally. Ionocyte size and number on the gill filament were not affected by salinity; however, the number of lamellar ionocytes was significantly lower in seawater-acclimated fish. Confocal z-series reconstructions revealed that mature ionocytes in seawater-acclimated alewives occurred in multicellular complexes. These complexes might reduce paracellular Na+ resistance, hence facilitating Na+ extrusion in hypo-osmoregulating juvenile alewives after seaward migration.
Effect of particulate contamination on adhesive ability and repellence in two species of ant (Hymenoptera; Formicidae)
Authors: Anyon Matthew J. , Orchard Michael J. , Buzza David M. A. , Humphries Stuart , Kohonen Mika M. 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYTarsal adhesive pads are crucial for the ability of insects to traverse their natural environment. Previous studies have demonstrated that for both hairy and smooth adhesive pads, significant reduction in adhesion can occur because of contamination of these pads by wax crystals present on plant surfaces or synthetic microspheres. In this paper, we focus on the smooth adhesive pads of ants and study systematically how particulate contamination and the subsequent loss of adhesion depends on particle size, particle surface energy, humidity and species size. To this end, workers of ant species Polyrhachis dives and Myrmica scabrinodis (Hymenoptera; Formicidae) were presented with loose synthetic powder barriers with a range of powder diameters (1–500 μm) and surface energies (PTFE or glass), which they would have to cross in order to escape the experimental arena. The barrier experiments were conducted for a range of humidities (10–70%). Experimental results and scanning electron microscopy confirm that particulate powders adversely affect the adhesive ability of both species of ant on smooth substrates via contamination of the arolia. Specifically, the loss of adhesion was found to depend strongly on particle diameter, but only weakly on particle type, with the greatest loss occurring for particle diameters smaller than the claw dimensions of each species, and no effect of humidity was found. We also observed that ants were repelled by the powder barriers which led to a decrease of adhesion prior to their eventual crossing, suggesting that insect antennae may play a role in probing the mechanical fragility of substrates before crossing them.
Glass scales on the wing of the swordtail butterfly Graphium sarpedon act as thin film polarizing reflectors
Authors: Stavenga Doekele G. , Matsushita Atsuko , Arikawa Kentaro , Leertouwer Hein L. , Wilts Bodo D. 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARY
The wings of the swordtail butterfly Graphium sarpedon (the Common Bluebottle) have blue/green-colored patches that are covered on the underside by two types of scales: white and glass scales. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the white scales are classically structured: the upper lamina, with prominent ridges and large open windows, is well separated by trabeculae from a flat, continuous lower lamina. In the glass scales, the upper lamina, with inconspicuous ridges and windows, is almost flat and closely apposed to the equally flat lower lamina. The glass scales thus approximate ideal thin films, in agreement with the observation that they reflect light directionally and are iridescent. Reflectance and transmittance spectra measured from the glass scales with a microspectrophotometer agree with spectra calculated for an ideal non-absorbing thin film. Imaging scatterometry of single, isolated glass scales demonstrated that the reflected light can be strongly polarized, indicating that they function as polarizing reflectors.
The Joint Sales Impact of Frequency Reward and Customer Tier Components of Loyalty Programs
Authors: Kopalle Praveen K. , Sun Yacheng , Neslin Scott A. , Sun Baohong , Swaminathan Vanitha 
Published: January 2012

We estimate the joint impact of the frequency reward and customer tier components of a loyalty program on customer behavior and resultant sales. We provide an integrated analysis of a loyalty program incorporating customers' purchase and cash-in decisions, points pressure and rewarded behavior effects, heterogeneity, and forward-looking behavior. We focus on four key research questions: (1) How important is it to combine both components in one model? (2) Does points pressure exist in the context of a two-component loyalty program? (3) How is the market segmented in its response to the combined program? (4) Do the programs complement each other in terms of the incremental sales they produce? Our most basic message is that the frequency reward and customer tier components of loyalty programs should be modeled jointly rather than in separate models. We find strong evidence for points pressure for both the customer tier and frequency reward components using both model-based and model-free evidence. We find a two-segment solution revealing a “service-oriented” segment that highly values cash-ins for room upgrades and staying in “luxury” hotels, and a “price-oriented” segment that is more price sensitive and highly values the frequency reward aspects of the loyalty program. Furthermore, we find that both components generate incremental sales. Also, there was slight synergy between the programs but not a huge amount. Overall, each component contributes to increased revenues and does not interfere with the other.
Reference Measurement Procedure for Total Glycerides by Isotope Dilution GC-MS
Authors: Edwards Selvin H , Stribling Shelton L , Pyatt Susan D , Kimberly Mary M 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe CDC's Lipid Standardization Program established the chromotropic acid (CA) reference measurement procedure (RMP) as the accuracy base for standardization and metrological traceability for triglyceride testing. The CA RMP has several disadvantages, including lack of ruggedness. It uses obsolete instrumentation and hazardous reagents. To overcome these problems the CDC developed an isotope dilution GC-MS (ID-GC-MS) RMP for total glycerides in serum.METHODSWe diluted serum samples with Tris-HCl buffer solution and spiked 200-μL aliquots with [13C3]-glycerol. These samples were incubated and hydrolyzed under basic conditions. The samples were dried, derivatized with acetic anhydride and pyridine, extracted with ethyl acetate, and analyzed by ID-GC-MS. Linearity, imprecision, and accuracy were evaluated by analyzing calibrator solutions, 10 serum pools, and a standard reference material (SRM 1951b).RESULTSThe calibration response was linear for the range of calibrator concentrations examined (0–1.24 mmol/L) with a slope and intercept of 0.717 (95% CI, 0.7123–0.7225) and 0.3122 (95% CI, 0.3096–0.3140), respectively. The limit of detection was 14.8 μmol/L. The mean %CV for the sample set (serum pools and SRM) was 1.2%. The mean %bias from NIST isotope dilution MS values for SRM 1951b was 0.7%.CONCLUSIONSThis ID-GC-MS RMP has the specificity and ruggedness to accurately quantify total glycerides in the serum pools used in the CDC's Lipid Standardization Program and demonstrates sufficiently acceptable agreement with the NIST primary RMP for total glyceride measurement.
Numerical Simulation of a Shadow Projection System by Interpolating Diffraction Images
Authors: Haskamp Klaus , Rahlves Maik , Kästner Markus , Reithmeier Eduard 
Published: January 2012

Zusammenfassung
Virtual measurement systems can be used for the estimation of measurement uncertainties during the construction and provide knowledge concerning the working principle of the measurement system. Furthermore it is possible to integrate the virtual system into an assistance tool to calculate intelligent measurement strategies with different criteria. For example, the criterion is the minimization of the measurement uncertainty. A virtual analysis of the measuring process can be accomplished using Monte-Carlo methods. This requires a high number of virtual measurements and a large amount of computing time. To have a practicable simulation tool, the simulation time has to be minimized. In this paper the numerical efficient implementation of a virtual shadow projection system as part of a virtual multisensor assistance system is explained in detail. Besides the mathematical and physical model used, an experimental verification of the simulation will be given.
Effects of GH in women with abdominal adiposity: a 6-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Bredella Miriam A , Lin Eleanor , Brick Danielle J , Gerweck Anu V , Harrington Lindsey M , Torriani Martin , Thomas Bijoy J , Schoenfeld David A , Breggia Anne , Rosen Clifford J , Hemphill Linda C , Wu Zida , Rifai Nader , Utz Andrea L , Miller Karen K 
Published: January 2012

ObjectiveAbdominal adiposity is associated with increased cardiovascular risk and decreased GH secretion. The objective of our study was to determine the effects of GH on body composition and cardiovascular risk markers in abdominally obese women.Materials and methodsIn this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 79 obese premenopausal women received GH vs placebo for 6 months. Primary endpoints were i) total abdominal (total abdominal adipose tissue, TAT) fat by computed tomography (CT) (body composition) and ii) high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) (cardiovascular risk marker). Body composition was assessed by CT, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and proton MR spectroscopy. Serum cardiovascular risk markers, carotid intima-media thickness, and endothelial function were measured.ResultsMean 6-month GH dose was 1.7±0.1 mg/day, resulting in a mean IGF1 SDS increase from −1.7±0.08 to −0.1±0.3 in the GH group. GH administration decreased TAT and hsCRP compared with placebo. In addition, it increased thigh muscle mass and lean body mass and decreased subcutaneous abdominal and trunk fat, tissue plasminogen activator, apoB, and apoB/low-density lipoprotein compared with placebo. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) decreased and intramyocellular lipid increased within the GH group. Six-month change in IGF1 levels was negatively associated with 6-month decrease in TAT and VAT. One subject had a 2 h glucose >200 mg/ml at 3 months; four subjects, three of whom were randomized to GH, had 2 h glucose levels >200 mg/ml at the end of the study.ConclusionGH administration in abdominally obese premenopausal women exerts beneficial effects on body composition and cardiovascular risk markers but is associated with a decrease in glucose tolerance in a minority of women.
Development of Materials Informatics Tools and Infrastructure to Enable High Throughput Materials Design
Authors: Krein Michael P. , Natarajan Bharath , Schadler Linda S. , Brinson L. C. , Deng Hua , Gai Donghai , Li Yang , Breneman Curt M. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTPolymer nanocomposites (PNC) are complex material systems in which the dominant length scales converge. Our approach to understanding nanocomposite tradespace uses Materials Quantitative Structure-Property Relationships (MQSPRs) to relate molecular structures to the polar and dispersive components of corresponding surface tensions. If the polar and dispersive components of surface tensions in the nanofiller and polymer could be determined a priori, then the propensity to aggregate and the change in polymer mobility near the particle could be predicted. Derived energetic parameters such as work of adhesion, work of spreading and the equilibrium wetting angle may then used as input to continuum mechanics approaches that have been shown able to predict the thermomechanical response of nanocomposites and that have been validated by experiment. The informatics approach developed in this work thus enables future in silico nanocomposite design by enabling virtual experiments to be performed on proposed nanocomposite compositions prior to fabrication and testing.
The Evolution of Fraud Theory
Authors: Dorminey Jack , Fleming A. Scott , Kranacher Mary-Jo , Riley Richard A. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT
This paper revisits the Fraud Triangle, highlighting recent findings and contemporary thinking in the anti-fraud community to develop a meta-model of fraud for use in accounting instruction and research. The importance of the Fraud Triangle is particularly important as a model for assessing the risk of fraud, but it is only one component of an overall audit risk assessment plan. Explicit reference to the auditor's responsibility in identifying the risks of material misstatement arising from fraud is included in the guidance provided by both the AICPA and PCAOB (2010). Identifying fraud risk is a significant element of assurance services, and necessitates a model reflecting the current thinking surrounding the fraud event. To enhance our understanding of the fraudster's motivations and improve the anti-fraud community's ability to prevent, deter, detect, investigate, and remediate fraud, researchers and practitioners have offered insights beyond the Fraud Triangle. These insights are summarized in this manuscript and presented in a meta-model, providing a foundational resource for educators and researchers pursuing the study of fraud. Key aspects of the meta-model include instructional benefits in the classroom and an empirical approach from a research standpoint.
Lifestyle Counseling in Routine Care and Long-Term Glucose, Blood Pressure, and Cholesterol Control in Patients With Diabetes
Authors: Morrison Fritha , Shubina Maria , Turchin Alexander 
Published: January 2012

OBJECTIVE
In clinical trials, diet, exercise, and weight counseling led to short-term improvements in blood glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels in patients with diabetes. However, little is known about the long-term effects of lifestyle counseling on patients with diabetes in routine clinical settings.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This retrospective cohort study of 30,897 patients with diabetes aimed to determine whether lifestyle counseling is associated with time to A1C, blood pressure, and LDL cholesterol control in patients with diabetes. Patients were included if they had at least 2 years of follow-up with primary care practices affiliated with two teaching hospitals in eastern Massachusetts between 1 January 2000 and 1 January 2010.

RESULTS
Comparing patients with face-to-face counseling rates of once or more per month versus less than once per 6 months, median time to A1C &lt;7.0% was 3.5 versus 22.7 months, time to blood pressure &lt;130/85 mmHg was 3.7 weeks versus 5.6 months, and time to LDL cholesterol &lt;100 mg/dL was 3.5 versus 24.7 months, respectively (P &lt; 0.0001 for all). In multivariable analysis, one additional monthly face-to-face lifestyle counseling episode was associated with hazard ratios of 1.7 for A1C control (P &lt; 0.0001), 1.3 for blood pressure control (P &lt; 0.0001), and 1.4 for LDL cholesterol control (P = 0.0013).

CONCLUSIONS
Lifestyle counseling in the primary care setting is strongly associated with faster achievement of A1C, blood pressure, and LDL cholesterol control. These results confirm that the findings of controlled clinical trials are applicable to the routine care setting and provide evidence to support current treatment guidelines.
A method for evaluating theoretical and real operation of diesel engines in energy conversion formulation taking into account their operating indices
Authors: Girtler Jerzy 
Published: January 2012

A method for evaluating theoretical and real operation of diesel engines in energy conversion formulation taking into account their operating indices
The article proposes valuating the operation of an arbitrary diesel engine, based on the sample case of a ship's main engine in which energy conversion processes take place in a given time. The above operation is understood as the energy transfer to the screw propeller in the given time in which the energy conversion into work and/or heat and its further transmission take place. The here proposed method for evaluating the operation of the main engines installed in marine power plants consists in comparing the operation of these engines to a physical quantity the measuring unit of which is the joule-second (joule x second). A new term is introduced which bears the name of the theoretical engine operation and is the standard (ideal) operation which can be compared to the operation of real engines revealing different levels of wear. It was shown that the calculations of the theoretical operation defined in the above way cannot make direct use of commonly known theoretical Diesel and Sabathe cycles. Instead they should use the cycles modified by heat abstraction taking place in accordance with the isobaric, or isothermal process. Other new terms introduced in the article are: the degree of excellence of energy conversion to work, considered as the measure of excellence of engine operation, and the degree of engine operation dissipation, being the measure of its real operation. It is shown that if in time t of engine operation the case takes place that: Li = idem and Le = idem, then the engine operation dissipation is equal to its mechanical efficiency.
The Inclusion of Pupils with Special Educational Needs
Authors: Maher Anthony 
Published: January 2012

The Inclusion of Pupils with Special Educational Needs
The paper examines the planned and unplanned outcomes associated with the inclusion of pupils with special educational needs (SEN) in the National Curriculum Physical Education (NCPE) in Britain. This involves the use of key concepts from figurational sociology, and documentary analysis, to examine the emergence of disability as a social issue in British society and in secondary school education. Norbert Elias' game models (Elias, 1978) are then used to analyse the NCPE 1992, 1995 and 2000 documents, and their associated consultation materials. This allows the researcher to identify all the major players involved in the formulation of the NCPEs, and the extent to which the objectives of each player, and their subsequent power struggles with each other, impacted upon the overall objectives and content of the NCPEs. The game models are then used to examine the extent to which the objectives of the players involved in the implementation of the NCPE generated outcomes which none of the players planned for, or could have foreseen.
Postural Stability in Aerobic Gymnastics Specific Positions
Authors: Kyselovičová Oľga , Zemková Erika 
Published: January 2012

Postural Stability in Aerobic Gymnastics Specific Positions
The study compares the effect of maximal jumps and sport-specific exercises on parameters of balance. Two balance elements (free support vertical split and frontal split) were analyzed in a group of 8 aerobic gymnasts (average age = 17,0 ± 1,3 years, average body height = 163,0 ± 6,9 cm, average body weight = 54,5 ± 6,12 kg, BMI 20,4 ± 1,46 kg.m-2). The FiTRO Sway Check stabilographic system, allowing the monitoring of horizontal movement of centre of gravity with the help of dynamometric board, was used for assessment. Stabilographic parameter of the velocity of the centre of pressure (mean and in antero-posterior and medio-lateral directions) was registered at 100 Hz. The results show significant differences in average sway length in medio-lateral and antero-posterior direction, in both analysed difficulty elements. This indicates that balance impairment after exercise and its readjustments to pre-exercise level depends not only on intensity of proprioceptive stimulation but also on type of exercise.
Kinaesthesia and Methods for its Assessment: Literature Review
Authors: Rosker Jernej , Sarabon Nejc 
Published: January 2012

Kinaesthesia and Methods for its Assessment: Literature ReviewIn this review measurement techniques used for kinaesthetic sense assessment are presented. Kinaesthesia is an important part of human movement control and provides us with better understanding of specific movement system adaptations to fatigue, training and injury. Additionally, decreased kinaesthesia can be an injury predisposing factor, which stresses the necessity for its assessment in sports injury prevention programs. First, terminology and functional concept of kinaesthesia is presented in relation to other related concepts like proprioception and sensory-motor function. For better understanding, basic underlying neurological backgrounds are discussed in chapter two, encompassing peripheral sensory fields as well as the basics of the central processing. Additionally, factors affecting kinaesthesia and its adaptations to training are presented. Functional aspects are discussed, supporting the role of assessment of kinaesthesia in sports and rehabilitation. In the third chapter, a proposal for measuring methods classification is given. In the final chapter, different measuring protocols and their modifications are presented. Due to their usefulness in sports and injury prevention, methods for measuring sense of joint position, movement onset and active tracking are discussed in more detail. Possibilities and examples of their application to sports and sports injury rehabilitation settings are presented. Some basic guidelines are given of how to use these methods in training or for screening kinaesthesia.