bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dramatic Monologue, Detective Fiction, and the Search for Meaning
Authors: Martens Britta 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
This essay compares the genres of the dramatic monologue and detective fiction in terms of their contemporaneous development and respective reading processes. Drawing on narratological categories, it examines the emphasis in both genres on the withholding of information and the stimulation of the reader's desire to establish meaning and exert judgment. Despite these similarities in the reading process, the genres’ epistemologies seem opposed: the relativist dramatic monologue clearly challenges the belief in absolute meaning, while the classic detective formula depicts the problematic process of arriving at an apparently unambiguous truth. On a subtler analysis, however, detective fiction echoes and diversifies the dramatic monologue's questioning of stable meaning. Both genres explore questions of relativism, both invite their readers to engage in modes of investigative reasoning and a problematized process of “solving,” and both can be read as critiquing the literature of subjectivity and reflecting the transgression of norms in a society where key values are shifting. Considering the origins of both genres, the essay asks whether a further relationship might derive from the debt that their founding figures, Edgar Allan Poe and Robert Browning, owe to the Gothic and from their shared interest in the individual psyche.
Hermeneutic Delusion in Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner's The Gilded Age
Authors: Morris Christopher D. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The notorious difficulty of assigning authorship to specific parts of Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner's The Gilded Age (1873) is a formal correlative of its allegory: all characters are deluded whenever they make the ordinary reading assumption that language must have natural origins and referents. “Gilded” names a condition of illusory authenticity. The danger of arbitrary signs is demonstrated diegetically when characters pursue mirages induced by writing and cultural artifacts; these end in madness or new illusions. The theme is reinforced by paratextual elements—title, preface, epigraphs, parabases, and the expensive, tipped-in diagram of Sellers's speculative dream. Twain had earlier evoked such a labile world, foreshadowing the Derridean “postal,” in travel writings and tall tales narrating the delusions of author- and reader-surrogates. Twain's later writings will describe the “gilded” world as one without any viable alternative to Tom Sawyer or as wholly unreal, as in The Mysterious Stranger.
Financial Impact to Providers Using Pediatric Combination Vaccines
Authors: Shen Angela K. , Sobczyk Elizabeth , Simonsen Lone , Khan Farid , Esber Allahna , Andreae Margie C. 
Published: November 2011

OBJECTIVE:
To understand the financial impact to providers for using a combination vaccine (Pediarix [GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, King of Prussia, PA]) versus its equivalent component vaccines for children aged 1 year or younger.

METHODS:
Using a subscription remittance billing service offered to private-practice office-based physicians, we analyzed charge and payment information submitted by providers to insurance payers from June 2007 through July 2009. We analyzed provider and payer characteristics, payer comments, and the ratio of vaccine product to immunization administration (IA) codes and computed total charges and payments to providers for both arms of the study.

RESULTS:
Most providers in our data set were pediatricians (74%), and most payers were commercial (75%), primarily managed care. The ratio of the number of vaccine products to the number of IAs was 1:1 in the majority of the claims. Twenty percent of claims were paid with no adjustment by the payer, whereas 76% of the claims were adjusted for charges that exceeded the contract arrangement or the fee schedule. Providers received $23 less from commercial payers and $13 less from Medicaid for the use of Pediarix compared with the equivalent component vaccines. The mean commercial payment was greater for age-specific Current Procedural Terminology IA codes 90465 and 90466 than for non–age-specific codes 90471 and 90472, whereas the reverse was true for Medicaid.

CONCLUSIONS:
Providers who administer vaccines to children face a reduction in payment when choosing to provide combination vaccines. The new IA codes should be monitored for correction of financial barriers to the use of combination vaccines.
Study on Dipole Layer Formation between Two Oxides : Experimental Evidences and Possible Models
Authors: Kita Koji , Toriumi Akira 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTHetero-interface between two oxides sometimes forms a dipole layer which is experimentally observable macroscopically, as an electric potential barrier at the interface. Investigation of the flatband voltage shift of the metal-insulator-semiconductor capacitors with bilayer oxides as the insulator is suitable to characterize the dipole formation at the interface of two oxides. A model to explain the driving force to form the dipole is discussed by taking account of the areal density difference of oxygen atoms at the interface, which should be a guideline to predict both the direction and magnitude of the interface dipoles. Based on this model the requirement for the oxides to form the dipoles is also discussed.
Real Time Analysis of Magnetron-Sputtered Thin-Film CdTe by Multichannel Spectroscopic Ellipsometry
Authors: Li Jian , Chen Jie , Zapien J. A. , Podraza N. J. , Chen Chi , Drayton J. , Vasko A. , Gupta A. , Wang S. L. , Collins R. W. , Compaan A. D. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractReal time spectroscopic ellipsometry (RTSE) based on rotating-compensator modulation and multichannel detection has been implemented to characterize polycrystalline thin film CdTe deposition for photovoltaic applications. RTSE is capable of providing routine deposition information on substrate temperature T and deposition rate. It is also capable of providing detailed information on the thickness evolution of microstructure and optical properties. In this study, we highlight the differences in nucleation that occur under different CdTe deposition conditions on smooth crystalline Si wafer substrates. Differing behavior in the initial stages of deposition has been observed, ranging from layer-by-layer growth to nucleation and coalescence of 45 Å thick clusters. We also consider the thickness and substrate dependence of the microstructure, comparing depositions on smooth Si wafer and rough thin film Mo substrates.
Effect of Cu Deficiency on CuIn1-xGaxSe2 and High-efficiency Photovoltaic Solar Cells
Authors: Han Sung-Ho , Hasoon Falah S. , Pankow Joel W. , Hermann Allen M. , Levi Dean H. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe report the results of our studies on the optical and electronic structure of a wide range of polycrystalline thin-film CuIn1-xGaxSe2 (CIGS) alloys. The composition range includes CIS and nearly stoichiometric (slightly Cu-poor) (24.3±0.3 at.% Cu) CIGS with x values located around the value that has the best efficiency (x ∼ 0.28). Relative to nearly stoichiometric CIS and CIGS, we find a reduction in the absorption strength in the spectral range 1-3 eV. This reduction can be explained in terms of the predominance of Cu 3d and Se 4p states at the valence band maximum (VBM). In addition, Cu-poor CIS and CIGS materials show an increase in bandgap because the p-d repulsive interaction in Cu-poor CIGS is less than that in nearly stoichiometric CIGS. High efficiency is discussed in terms of optical properties.
Spatial and Temporal Variations in Electronic Transport Through a CdTe-Based Schottky Barrier
Authors: Shvydka Diana , Parikh V. , Karpov V.G. , Compaan A.D. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe study the electric current through metal-semiconductor junctions of a type used in thin-film PV for back contacts. To concentrate on one type of junction we used the symmetric structures of rf-sputtered CdTe layer sandwiched between two Cr contacts. Along with the conventional measurements, the current-sensing contact mode AFM was employed to measure the current-voltage characteristics and current variations with time under fixed voltage. We found that (i) the electric current flow is laterally strongly nonuniform; (ii) it chaotically varies over time; (iii) this behavior did not correlate with surface topography. We interpret our observations in terms of defect assisted tunneling through time-dependent defect pathways.
Influence of Traps on Carrier Concentration Profiles Measured by Capacitance-Voltage and Drive Level Profiling in CIGSe-based Heterojunctions
Authors: Zabierowskia P. , Ćwila M. , Edoffb M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractDetailed analysis of drive level capacitance, capacitance voltage characteristics and capacitance transient was carried out to elucidate the influence of N1 defects on carrier concentration profiles. The type of hysteresis observed in CV curves proves that N1 traps originate from close-to-interface minority carrier traps. We show that in the presence of these states one must be careful while interpreting DLCP data. It was found that due to the incomplete charging of N1 defects, low frequency drive level profiles may give erroneous defects densities.
Performance of CuGaSe2 Solar Cells Grown By Co-Evaporation Process
Authors: Yun Jae Ho , Chalapathy R.B.V. , Kim Seok Ki , Lee Jeong Chul , Song Jinsoo , Yoon Kyung Hoon 
Published: November 2011

AbstractCuGaSe2 absorber layers were prepared by evaporating elemental Cu, Ga and Se in three stage on Molybdenum coated soda lime glass. The composition of the resultant film was studied by monitoring the substrate temperature, which decreased when a Cu-Se secondary phase was formed. As the Ga supplement increased during the third stage the void that formed in the beginning of the third stage was removed, while a small grain Ga-rich layer was formed on the surface, resulting in a Cu deficient surface. Therefore, the Voc was improved because of the enhanced surface morphology and the Jsc was reduced, due to the Ga rich layer on of the surface. Under optimal conditions, we achieved a cell performance of Voc = 780 mV, Jsc = 12.9 mA/cm2, ff = 62.5 and ν = 7.3 %.
Band gap and interface engineering of wide gap Cu-containing chalcopyrite absorbers by dry (In,Ga)-S surface treatments
Authors: Marrón David Fuertes , Lehmann Sebastian , Schedel-Niedrig Thomas , Klaer Joachim , Klenk Reiner , Lux-Steiner Martha Ch. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractDevice-grade CuGaSe2 (CGSe) and CuInS2 (CIS) thin films for photovoltaic applications have been subjected to dry surface treatments based on In-S and Ga-S by means of chemical vapor deposition (CVD), carried out in an open-tube system. Film properties have been monitored from time and temperature processing series. Improved PV performance has been demonstrated from devices based on treated CGSe compared to those based on reference samples. Numerical simulations have been performed, pointing out the conditions such surface treatments should fulfil in order to improve the performance of devices based on wide gap absorbers.
Band alignment at CdS/wide-band-gap Cu(In,Ga)Se2 hetero-junction by using PES/IPES
Authors: Kong S.H. , kashiwabara H. , Ohki K. , Itoh K. , Okuda T. , Niki S. , Sakurai K. , Yamadaa A. , Ishizuka S. , Terada N. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractDirect characterization of band alignment at chemical bath deposition (CBD)-CdS/Cu0.93 (In1-xGax)Se2 has been carried out by photoemission spectroscopy (PES) and inverse photoemission spectroscopy (IPES). Ar ion beam etching at the condition of the low ion kinetic energy of 350 eV yields a removal of surface contamination as well as successful measurement of the intrinsic properties of each layer and the interfaces. Especially interior regions of the wide gap CIGS layers with a band gap of 1.4 ∼ 1.6 eV were successfully exposed. IPES spectra revealed that the conduction band offset (CBO) at the interface region of the wide gap CIGS with x = 0.60 and 0.75 was negative, where the conduction band minimum of CdS was lower than that of CIGS. It was also observed that the energy spacing between conduction band minimum (CBM) of CdS layer and valence band maximum (VBM) of Cu0.93(In0.25Ga0.75)Se2 layer at interface region was no wider than that of the interface over the Cu0.93(In0.60Ga0.40)Se2 layer.
Built-in Potential and Open Circuit Voltage of Heterojunction CuIn1-xGaxSe2 Solar Cells
Authors: Yamada Akimasa , Matsubara Koji , Sakurai Keiichiro , Ishizuka Shogo , Hajime Hitoshi Tampo , Tomoyuki Baba Shibata , Kimura Yasuyuki , Nakamura Satoshi , Nakanishi Hisayuki , Niki Shigeru 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe reasons why the open circuit voltage (Voc) of high-x CuIn1-xGaxSe2 (CIGS)/ZnO solar cells remain low are discussed. Here it is shown that the Voc ceiling can be interpreted simply on the basis of a model that the valence-band energy (Ev) of CIGS is almost immovable irrespective of x. When the conduction-band energy (Ec) of ZnO is lower than that of high-x CIGS (DEc<0), the built-in potential (Vbi) of a CIGS/ZnO junction is equivalent to the flat-band potential (Vbi) that arises from the separation between the Fermi energies of the two materials. If the Ev (and therefore the Fermi energy) of p-type CIGS is constant with increasing x, the Vbi and Voc that follows the Vbi remain unchanged since the Fermi energy of ZnO is constant. This unchangeable Voc reduces the conversion efficiency of high-x CIGS cells in cooperation with reduced photocurrents due to a larger bandgap. A positive offset, ΔEc>o gives rise to a photoelectrons barrier in the conduction-band that partially cancels Voc, thus the Voc of a low-x CIGS cell is governed by the Ec of CIGS. Based upon this concept, a material selection guideline is given for the windows and transparent electrodes appropriate for high-x CIGS absorbers-based solar cells.
Photoluminescence from Ion Implanted CdTe Crystals
Authors: Liu Xiangxin , Compaan A. D. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe have studied the photoluminescence of CdTe crystals doped with two elements, Cu and Cl, that are frequently used in CdTe-based solar cells. Ions were implanted into high-quality single crystals of CdTe at the Toledo Heavy Ion Accelerator Lab in our Department. We used a standard Monte Carlo simulation program to plan an implant dosage at three different energies. The lattice damage was removed by thermal annealing in an inert atmosphere using a proximity cap to avoid surface deterioration. The PL spectra at 40K were obtained at 488 nm or 752nm to match the absorption depth with the implant profile. Using implant densities typically of 1016, 1017, and 1018 /cm3, and laser excitation power densities ranging over several orders of magnitude, we have identified band-to-band transitions, free-to-bound transitions, bound-exciton lines, and donor-acceptor pair transitions related to these species.
An Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study on the Native Oxidation of CuGaSe2
Authors: Würz R. , Meeder A. , Fuertes Marrón D. , Schedel-Niedrig Th. , Lips K. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe complementary techniques of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) have been used to study the native oxidation of CuGaSe2 crystals and polycrystalline thin films. After storage of specimen under ambient conditions for few months, an EPR signal occurred which is assigned to Cu2+ and is found independently from the sample morphology. This signal is due to the formation of a copper hydroxide surface phase, Cu(OH)2, observed only after long term oxidation. Chemical etching in KCN removes and thermal reduction by annealing in vacuum at 200°C reduces this Cu(OH)2 surface phase as proved by EPR and PES. Implications for solar cell device performance will be discussed.
A Study of the Diffusion and pn-Junction Formation in CIGS Solar Cells using EBIC and EDX Measurements
Authors: Ishizuka Shogo , Sakurai Keiichiro , Matsubara Koji , Yamada Akimasa , Yonemura Minoru , Kuwamori Shimpei , Nakamura Satoshi , Kimura Yasuyuki , Nakanishi Hisayuki , Niki Shigeru 
Published: November 2011

AbstractUsing EBIC and EDX measurements, CIGS solar cells prepared under several different conditions were observed and characterized. The results of EBIC and EDX measurements suggest that Cd plays an important role in the forming of a buried pn-junction in the CIGS layer via diffusion, and de-emphasize the possibility of the formation of the hetero pn-junction at the CdS/CIGS heterointerface. The correlation of the extent of the space charge region and the observed shift in the pn-junction location with the diffusion of the constituent elements in CIGS was investigated.
Underground Coal Gasification in Thar Colliers: Encountering the Problems and Solutions for Producing Syngas
Authors: Khurshid Ilyas , Baig Mirza Abdul , Choe Jonggeun 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The demand of energy in Pakistan is increasing continuously. Fossil fuel mainly coal reserves more than 175 billion tons in the Thar can play a vital role to fulfill energy needs for decades. The Thar Coal field was discovered in 1992 but up till 2010 no serious efforts were made to utilize this huge energy resource. In 2010 Underground coal gasification project was established to develop and exploit the thar coal deposits with underground coal gasification (UCG) technique to convert the in-situ coal to syngas for power generation and for other industrial uses.
During construction phase of the underground coal gasification different problems were encountered mainly the hole linkage, water incursion, aquifer characterization and ignition of coal. This study provides the research work made in the field to solve above mentioned problems and presents detail analysis and procedures that how these problems were meet and solved. Finally this study presents characterization of the aquifer and shows from which well ignition should start to produce syngas from Thar coal.
Innovative calculation methods of the magnetic field from single and double-circuit twisted three-phase cables widely used in MV and LV installations
Authors: Mazzanti Giovanni , Landini Marco , Kandia Effrosyni , Biserni Cesare , Marzinotto Massimo 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
This paper proposes a simple innovative formula for the calculation of the magnetic field generated by a single and a double circuit twisted three-phase power cable line. The formula results a good approximation of the rigorous analytical one and at the same time is much more accurate than the approximated formula found in literature, as demonstrated by some cases of a twisted three-phase power cable used for power distribution at the medium voltage level. The effectiveness of this simple innovative formula is also examined in the case of a double-circuit twisted three-phase power cable line following the’ worst case’ approach and concluding at proposing an approximate expression for the total magnetic field generated by both twisted three-phase power cables.
Technology-induced Errors
Authors: Kushniruk A. W. , Bellwood P. , Brender J. , Borycki E. M. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryObjective: The objective of this paper is to examine the extent, range and scope to which frameworks, models and theories dealing with technology-induced error have arisen in the biomedical and life sciences literature as indexed by Medline®.Methods: To better understand the state of work in the area of technology-induced error involving frameworks, models and theories, the authors conducted a search of Medline® using selected key words identified from seminal articles in this research area. Articles were reviewed and those pertaining to frameworks, models or theories dealing with technology-induced error were further reviewed by two researchers.Results: All articles from Medline® from its inception to April of 2011 were searched using the above outlined strategy. 239 citations were returned. Each of the abstracts for the 239 citations were reviewed by two researchers. Eleven articles met the criteria based on abstract review. These 11 articles were downloaded for further in-depth review. The majority of the articles obtained describe frameworks and models with reference to theories developed in other literatures outside of healthcare. The papers were grouped into several areas. It was found that articles drew mainly from three literatures: 1) the human factors literature (including human-computer interaction and cognition), 2) the organizational behavior/socio-technical literature, and 3) the software engineering literature.Conclusions: A variety of frameworks and models were found in the biomedical and life sciences literatures. These frameworks and models drew upon and extended frameworks, models and theoretical perspectives that have emerged in other literatures. These frameworks and models are informing an emerging line of research in health and biomedical informatics involving technology-induced errors in healthcare.
Research Activities and Perceptions of Barriers to Research Utilization Among Turkish Nurses
Authors: Sari Dilek , Turgay Ayse San , Genc Rabia Ekti , Bozkurt Ozlem Demirel 
Published: November 2011

Background:
This study assessed the barriers to the use of research in nursing practice among Turkish registered nurses.

Methods:
A descriptive cross-sectional study of 718 nurses in three hospitals was conducted. The data collection instrument used for the study consisted of the Barriers to Research Utilization Scale and a self-administered questionnaire that included demographic data, educational background, and nurses’ involvement in research activities.

Results:
Almost half of the participants (48.5%) responded that they had attended academic conferences in the past 2 years. Most of the participants had not published a research article (90.5%), and 23.4% reported that they had never read research articles. Seven items within the top 10 barriers were found on the setting subscale.

Conclusion:
The results describe the research activities and perceptions of the barriers to the use of research among nurses in Turkey. Creating an organizational climate that values research use and supports nurses in participating in research activities is crucial.
The Relationships among Constructs in the Health Belief Model and the Transtheoretical Model among African-American College Women for Physical Activity
Authors: Juniper Kelly C. , Oman Roy F. , Hamm Robert M. , Kerby Dave S. 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. Health Belief Model (HBM) and Transtheoretical Model concepts were used to investigate possible differences in perceptions of physical activity among African-American college women categorized by their stage of physical activity behavior. Methods. A survey was administered to 233 participants to assess their stage of physical activity behavior and HBM perceptions. Analysis of variance was used to investigate possible differences among HBM constructs for each behavior stage. Results. Perceived barriers were significantly higher (p < .05), and perceived severity, cues to action, and self-efficacy were significantly lower in the inactive group than in the active group. For example, perceived barriers were significantly higher in the inactive (mean = 2.3) stage than in the preparation (mean = 2.1), action (mean = 1.9), and maintenance (mean = 1.7) stages of physical activity behavior. Discussion. The results suggest that many perceptions of physical activity differ significantly among stages of behavior in this sample of African-American college women. A limitation was that some scales were modified specifically for this population and were not validated.