bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Racial Differences in the Association Between Self-Rated Health Status and Objective Clinical Measures Among Participants in the BARI 2D Trial
Authors: Thomas Stephen B. , Sansing Veronica V. , Davis Andrew , Magee Michelle , Massaro Elaine , Srinivas V. S. , Helmy Tarek , Desvigne-Nickens Patrice , Brooks Maria Mori ,   the BARI 2D Study Group
Published: March 2010

Objectives. We explored whether and how race shapes perceived health status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease. Methods. We analyzed self-rated health (fair or poor versus good, very good, or excellent) and associated clinical risk factors among 866 White and 333 Black participants in the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation 2 Diabetes trial. Results. Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument scores, regular exercise, and employment were associated with higher self-rated health (P < .05). Blacks were more likely than were Whites to rate their health as fair or poor (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.88; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.38, 2.57; P < .001). Among Whites but not Blacks, a clinical history of myocardial infarction (OR = 1.61; 95% CI = 1.12, 2.31; P < .001) and insulin use (OR = 1.62; 95% CI = 1.10, 2.38; P = .01) was associated with a fair or poor rating. A post–high school education was related to poorer self-rated health among Blacks (OR = 1.86; 95% CI = 1.07, 3.24; P < .001). Conclusions. Symptomatic clinical factors played a proportionally larger role in self-assessment of health among Whites with diabetes and coronary artery disease than among Blacks with the same conditions.
Disparities in Data on Healthy People 2010 Physical Activity Objectives Collected by Accelerometry and Self-Report
Authors: Ham Sandra A. , Ainsworth Barbara E. 
Published: March 2010

Objectives. We compared findings on physical activity from national accelerometry data and Healthy People 2010 self-report data to identify differences in disparities by sociodemographic characteristics, gender, age, race/ethnicity, education level, and disability status. Methods. Data were from the 2003 to 2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey's accelerometry and the Healthy People 2010 Midcourse Review. We computed prevalence of inactivity and regular moderate- and vigorous-intensity movement according to Healthy People 2010 operational definitions. Results. Mexican American adults were more active than non-Hispanic Blacks and Whites, and groups defined by race/ethnicity and educational attainment were more similar in physical activity in accelerometer than in self-report data. Disparities by gender and disability status were consistent with Healthy People 2010. Conclusions. Disparities in physical activity differ from previous findings. Increased understanding of these disparities should be used to design better and more cost-effective physical activity interventions. Physical activity surveillance methods should be revised to make use of data collection methods that are more valid than self-report.
The Ohio Cross-Cultural Tobacco Control Alliance: Understanding and Eliminating Tobacco-Related Disparities Through the Integration of Science, Practice, and Policy
Authors: Deason Lucinda M. , Adhikari Surendra B. , Clopton Tracy M. , Oches Barry , Jensen Conrado 
Published: March 2010

Objectives. We examined the development of a process designed to eliminate tobacco-related disparities in the state of Ohio and described how a cross-cultural work group used a multicomponent community planning process to develop capacity to address such disparities. Methods. The community development model was used as a guide in the planning process. We employed a case study, focus groups, and telephone interviews to assess the process and collect data on tobacco use and awareness. We also employed the appreciative inquiry framework to create the organizational design for the Ohio Cross-Cultural Tobacco Control Alliance (CCTCA), which was formed from the cross-cultural work group and charged with addressing tobacco-related disparities in the state. Results. Data on tobacco use and awareness were collected from 13 underserved populations. At the end of the planning process, the CCTCA was initiated along with structural capacity to serve as a new program incubator highlighting tobacco use and awareness levels in these populations. Conclusions. The CCTCA appeared to be an effective way to begin mobilizing agencies serving underserved populations by providing an operational structure to address tobacco-related disparities. The alliance also successfully implemented culturally competent community-based programs and policies to help eliminate disparities.
Air Drilling To Date
Authors: Gilbert Teddy J. , Tucker B.D. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The use of air to provide an aid by which holes could be drilled has been an interesting and sometimes complex series of events. The bulk of what has happenedpertaining to oil well drilling has been accomplished from approximately 1950 to date. Characteristically, this work has been a series of "Ups and downs". The most significant step has been in the development of foam to extend the application of the air techniques in locales where water influx and hole enlargement, would otherwise preclude the. use or air. It has taken application of the sciences, time, sweat, and more than a little faith to reach our present plateau.
Introduction
The interest in drilling using air has probably had as many "ups and downs" as the stock markets. The lows are associated with seemingly insurmountable problems; the highs associated with apparent solutions to these problems. Sometimes the very solutionsto a major problem have resulted in a new problems to solve. The fact that the problems have been and are being solved accounts for the continuing interest in drilling with air after a, decade and a half of experience in drilling with this technique.
Air drilling as a practical technique in the oilfield came of age in the early 1950's. The obvious attraction lay in the Potentially high drilling rates. The establishmentof air compressor rental companies in the mid 1950's, in West Texas and the Rocky Mountains was an indication that the use of air and gas had become an economic reality. The increasing cost per foot of hole for the operators gave impetus to the development of techniques which would increase penetration rates, thereby reducing the total cost of drilling a hole. In the absence of water invasion air drilling usually produced significant increases in penetration rates over that obtained with a liquid.
PROBLEMS APPROACHES RESULTS
Initially, air drilling was accomplished with small construction-type compressors which could only delivered in volumes of approximately 600 CPM at pressures to 150 psi. It was soon recognized that larger volumes and pressures were required and larger compressors which facilitated proper use of technology and engineering toward the drilling of oil wells with air and gas were introduced.
Through practical experience, a general rule of thumb was developed that an annular velocity of 3000 fpm (feet per minute) was necessary to properly clean the cuttings from the hole. Numerous companies and engineers made studies of air capacities requiredfor drilling operations. Of all the studies, one that gained considerable acceptance and popularity in general was published in 1957 by R. R. Angel as a guide to volume requirements for air or gas drilling.
Problems associated with the influx of formation water into the air or gas-drilled holes suppressed potentially high drilling rates and in some instances made continueddrilling with air impossible. A number of materials and techniques to shut off waterwere attempted with limited success.
Interim Progress Report On Husky's Pikes Peak Steam Pilot
Authors: Miller Karl A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Husky's Pikes Peak Steam Pilot was initiated in 1981 to evaluate cyclic steam recovery in a Lloydminster area Waseca channel sand reservoir, and has since been expanded to include a total of fifty-four thermal wells. Development has been based on three hectare seven-spot patterns to facilitate eventual conversion to steam drive, and directional drilling has been in use the last two years.
The overall performance of the pilot has been very good, although data are limited as only three fully contained wells have completed two or more cycles.
Studies are underway at the pilot to evaluate the following: use of a post-cyclic steam drive process, production from wells with bottom water, production following the establishment of interwell communication, and methods of improving steam. A data management system is being developed, and both semi empirical and numerical modeling studies are underway.

Introduction
Husky's Pikes Peak Steam Pilot is located in Township 50, Range 23 and 24 West of the 3rd Meridian approximately 40 kilometers east of the town of Lloydminster (Figure 1). The discovery well, Husky A9-L-50-24, was drilled in 1970 and completed in the General Petroleum Sand. Attempts at primary production from the Waseca formation in 1977 to 1980 were not successful, likely due to the high viscosity of the crude and to high sand cuts.
An application seeking approval to initiate a steam pilot was submitted to and accepted by The Saskatchewan Energy and Mines in 1981, and by the end of L981 seven producers and two observation wells were drilled. Additional wells have been drilled each year, and the pilot presently has 54 thermal wells. Directional drilling was initiated in 1983 to reduce the effects on surface land, and there are now 30 directional thermal wells.
The Pikes Peak Waseca reservoir sand is well sorted and is primarily quartz. The pilot is located in one of the few areas in a north=south aligned channel which has thick oil bearing sands that are not underlain by bottom water. Net pay in the developed pilot area ranges from 7 m to 28 m, and averages 15 m.
Pilot wells are normally completed openhole with wire-wrapped screens, but based through completions are used if bottom water is indicated on the logs or if the potentially gassy underlying Sparky zone is penetrated.
The overall pilot performance has been very good, with a cumulative pilot SOR of 1.5 and an average calendar day oil rate of 15.5 m3/d/producer. Data for totally confined wells are limited, however. Interwe11 communication became common in mid-1983, and the performance of neighboring wells is now also considered when determining if a well should be re-steamed. A continuous injection test is underway in one pattern to help evaluate use of steam drive when cyclic stimulation is no longer economic. Studies are also underway to improve oil recovery from wells with bottom water.

GEOLOGY AND RESERVOIR DESCRIPTION
The Pikes Peak Steam Pilot is located on an exist-west structural high within a north-south trending channel complex.
Simulation Of Horizontal Well Performance In Heterogeneous Reservoirs
Authors: Collins D. , Nglem L. , Sharma R. , Jha K.N. , Mouritis F.M. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
This paper examines the effect of horizontal wellbore hydraulics and flow direction in the recovery from idealized heterogeneous reservoirs subject to bottom-water drive. It is shown that wellbore hydraulics significantly influence the inflow along the wellbore. However, the total rate of the well is not affected by wellbore hydraulics. It is also shown that the heterogeneities give rise to different wellbore pressure drops for different flow directions.
A novel multi-level technique where the coarse-grid. fine-grid and wellbore equations are solved separately was developed. Preliminary test runs with this technique show substantial reductions in CPU time when compared to the standard technique.

Introduction
The inclusion of wellbore hydraulics in reservoir simulation with horizontal wells has received much interest recently [1,2]. It was shown in [I] that wellbore hydraulics can have a significant effect on the inflow (flow into the well) along the wellbore. Although the prediction of the production from a horizontal well may be very similar with or without wellbore hydraulics. the inclusion of wellbore hydraulics yields a substantially different drainage pattern along the wellbore. To increase the resolution of the flow around the wellbore a hybrid grid system which consists of local elliptical refinement of the coarse Canesian grid was used. The studies in [I] were restricted to homogeneous reservoirs.
This paper examines the effect of wellbore hydraulics and wellbore flow directions in the prediction of recovery from heterogeneous reservoirs. The reservoirs under study contain zones with permeability contrasts and shale streaks.
This paper also describes a novel solution technique for converging the systems of coarse-grid equations, fine-grid equations and wellbore flow equations. In [I], all these equations were converged simultaneously using Newton's method. In this paper, a multi-level technique is described which allows the separate solution of the different systems of equations. Thus, the coarse grid equations, the fine grid equations and the wellbore equations were solved separately. Attempts have been made to solve separately the coarse and fine grid equations [3,4], but have not been very successful. The method described here is more comprehensive than those in [2] and [3] because the wellbore is also included in the calculations. The key to the success of this multi-level technique is the transfer of information between the different systems through judicious specifications of boundary conditions. The advantages of this technique are highlighted.
An Alternative Approach To The Selection Of Pseudocomponents For Modelling In-Situ Combustion
Authors: Hutchence K. , Freitag N. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
An important step in the numerical simulation of in-situ combustion for enhanced oil recovery is the selection of the pseudocomponents used to represent the oil. Frequently the oil is separated according 10 distillation cuts. In addition, a hydrocarbon pseudocomponent called "coke" is used to present the heavy residue that results from the reactions immediately ahead of a combustion zone. While this approach provides for some of the general changes that occur during in-situ combustion. it provides a poor basis for representing the overall set of chemical reactions.
Chemical principles and the results of several publications from diverse sources suggest that a modified SARA analytical approach presents a sound basis for representing in-situ combustion chemistry. The potential for such all approach is discussed and a set of pseudocomponents is proposed that could plausibly represent all the major physical and chemical changes that oil experiences in the in-situ combustion process. Finally. the steps that are foreseen to successfully implement such all approach are outlined.

Introduction
In-situ combustion may be a good option for enhanced oil recovery of many reservoirs. Unfortunately, its use is diminished by the lack of reliable methods for predicting performance. Usefully accurate prediction of performance almost certainly requires numerical simulation. The complicated interactions that control firefloods vary with oil and reservoir types and cannot normally be represented in simpler forms. Many of these interactions depend on the chemical reactions that dominate in-situ combustion. Consequently, the selection of a suitable set of pseudocomponents and reactions is vital to the establishment of an accurate numerical model for firefloods.
In the search for a suitable basis to express the chemical reactions of fireflooding, a thought-provoking publication by Ciajolo and Barbella1was found. Their thermal gravimetric analysis data suggested that SARA (saturates, aromatics, resins and asphaltenes) analysis offered this sought-after basis for pseudocomponent selection. Various data in another publication by Bad2 provided a separate indication that the oxidation and cracking behaviour of a wide variety of oils corresponded to their SARA analysis.
In this paper, the SARA-based approach is used to build a plausible and comprehensive reaction scheme that describes the chemistry of in-situ combustion.
Effect Of Heterogeneity On Miscible Flooding In Porous Media
Authors: Bouhroum A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The present study consists of an experimental investigation of dispersion in inhomogeneous layered, isotropic porous media.
Thanks to an in situ method of measuring electrical conductivity, we have studied two layered models. We examine four different layouts. The first sample has three layers of different permeabilities. The second has only two layers. Furthermore. two models with layers oriented perpendicular to the flow are considered.
Besides normal "gaussian" dispersion, clear cut anomalies were observed. The experimental breakthrough curves are skewed as a consequence of tracer tailing.
Tailed breakthrough curves are known from displacement in cores with local heterogeneity. Good agreement has been obtained between the experimental results and the semiphenomenological model of Coats Smith. Thus~ the mechanism involved in this anomalous dispersion is not trapping in the so-called dead end pores, but rather is due to different residence times because of permeability difference.

Introduction
The mixing of a tracer during flow through a porous medium involves the interplay between the two basic phenomena of dispersion, namely, molecular diffusion and mechanical (geometrical) dispersion. If two miscible fluids are in mutual contact. initially with a shaped interface, they will diffuse into one another because of random molecular motion according to the diffusion law of Fick1:: Equation (1) (Available in full paper)
To account for the tortuous path of a porous medium, equation (I) was modified by Klinkenberg2, who used the analogy with electrical conductivity, thus: Equation (2) (Available in full paper)
Do thereby corresponds to the bulk molecular diffusion coefficient for the fluid multiplied by the geometric factor (F Ø). The formation factor is F= σ o / σ, were σ denotes the electrical conductivity of a rock saturated with a fluid of conductivity σOØ. is the porosity of the rock.
Molecular Diffusion is the dominant factor at extremely low or zero flow rate. At a higher flow rates, fluid flow plays a key role: there is a competition between the dispersive effect of the velocity gradients in the flow, and the various processes that homogenize the tracer (diffusion and transverse dispersion) across the porous media. The dimensionless Peelet number, which is the ratio of convective velocity U to the average velocity of molecular diffusion over a distance I characterizes this competition. Thus: Equation (3) (Available in full paper)
Packed Bed Slime Reactor: New Technology For Petroleum Wastewater Purification
Authors: Hill G.A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The use of a high density concentration of Bacteria immobilized in a packed column (the Packed Bed Slime Reactor) is described for the biodegradation of organic petroleum wastewater effluents. The column has been characterized in lams of liquid holdup, mass transfer to a flowing countercurrent air phase and liquid dispersion. Equations are presented representing an accurate mechanistic model of the biodegradation behaviour of the column for phenol, cresol and actual refinery wastewater.
The column established a 200 micron thick slime layer of bacteria. Biodegradation of the phenolic pollutants was 100% efficient at a rate of 1.6*10−3 kg/m3 /s, significantly faster than any previously reported rates. Negligible air-stripping losses occurred during 100% biodegradation runs and the column responded swiftly to step changes m inlet concentrations reaching new steady states within three hours after a disturbance.

Introduction
Petroleum operations involve the handling of a great deal of water along with crude oil and/or petroleum products. Frequently this water phase undergoes intimate contact with the oil phase whether it be due to coproduction directly from the reservoir or due lo condensates from steam stripping columns within an oil refinery. Depending on the current value of crude oil, it may be economical to pump recovery wells with many times more water than oil while most oil refineries require a vast quantity of fresh water to process that same crude oil into useful products. A typical oil refinery will consume 18 barrels. of water for every barrel of crude oil it brings across its borders.
Although much of this water may either be unspoiled or used as a secondary recovery fluid at production sites, frequently petroleum operations generate considerable quantities of polluted waters which must be safely discharged. The primary ingredients of discharge water and typical effluent concentration guidelines are listed in Table 1 (from Beychok1). Of particular concern for petroleum operations are the organic phenols which contribute a major portion of the dissolved hydrocarbons in the wastewater. This is because the aromatic ring proves to be simultaneously a very stable and toxic molecule making phenols recalcitrant to natural degradation and poisonous to most forms of life.
This paper will focus on a novel design for secondary treatment of petroleum wastewaters. The packed bed slime reactor (PBSR) will be shown to be much more efficient than the aerated lagoon for biodegradation of phenols. The enhanced efficiency combined with the traditional but simple design will result in less money for construction and operation. The phenol biodegradation characteristics of an actual refinery wastewater effluent will be shown to be identical La that of artificial mixtures used in research studies.