bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Early or Middle Weichselian sequence of proglacial, shallow marine sediments on western Svalbard
Authors: LONNE IDA , MANGERUD JAN 
Published: July 2010

A 20 m thick shallow marine sequence, capped by a Late Weichselian lodgement till, is exposed for 200111 along the river in Linnedalen on the west coast of Svalbard. Five formations are recognized: Formation A, the oldest, consists of a shallow marine, proglacial fan, of channelized sandy turbidites, possibly fed from an ice‐contact deposit. Formation B, a sequence of proglacial channels and ice‐rafted debris, was formed during a small oscillation of the glacier. Formation C, a prograding, storm‐dominated shoreline sequence, was formed during a sea level fall, assumed to be a result of glacio‐isostatic uplift.Formation D, a lodgement till formed during the last glacier advance in Linnedalen and formation E, a coarsening upwards sequence, were formed during the post‐glacial sea level fall. The subtill sequence (fm. A, B and C) is dated to between 40,000BP (radiocarbon dates) and 120,000BP (thermoluminescence and amino acid D/L ratios). The glacier front was 10 km downvalley during deposition of formations A and B, relative to the present glacier terminus, and more than 12km during the late Weichselian maximum.
Holocene changes on a peatland in northwestern Ontario interpreted from testate amoebae (Protozoa) analysis
Authors: WARNER BARRY G. , CHARMAN DANIEL J. 
Published: July 2010

Radiocarbon‐dating and analyses of fossil testate amoebae (Protozoa) have established changes in soil moisture conditions on the developing surface of a Sphagnum ‐dominated peatland near Emo in northwestern Ontario.The distribution and composition of modern testate amoebae communities were studied from peatlands in the region of Ontario and Minnesota as a guide to interpreting fossil assemblages. Although the core spans all of the Holocene, fossil testate amoebae were recovered only from the part post‐dating 6500 BP. Earliest testate amoebae assemblages associated with bryophytic and cyperaceous‐rich fen peat are dominated by species in the genera Cyclopyxis and Centropyxis. By 5000 BP, Amphitrema Jraaum, Assulina muscorum, Heleopera sphugni and Hyalosphenia subjaoa become important species as Sphagnum‐rich peat accumulated at the site. Present‐day microtopographic differentiation probably developed during historic time when the site became progressively drier, as indicated by a change of Nebela griseola, N. militaris and Trigonopyxis arcula. Although it is possible to derive quantitative estimates of changing soil moisture conditions from testate amoebae, care should be taken in interpreting results, particularly from non‐Sphagnum‐rich peats, until more is learned about the distribution and ecology of modern faunas.
Hemoperfusion versus Hemodialysis in the Management of Patients Severely Poisoned by Organophosphorus Insecticides and Bipyridyl Herbicides
Authors: Okonek Stefan , Tönnis Hans Joachim , Baldamus Conrad August , Hofmannt Andreas 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTOrganophosphorus insecticides (parathion, demeton‐S‐methyl sulfoxide, dimethoate) inhibit cholinesterase activity. Besides the well‐known resulting biochemical changes, there is evidence of direct toxic effects due to an excess of organophosphorus in blood and tissue. The therapeutic measure described here aims at eliminating organophosphorus.Hemodialysis (HD) has no effect in parathion poisoning, but hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal (HP‐CHAR) results in a clearance of 59.20% of the blood flow (ml/min) while the HP clearance with Amberlite XAD‐4 (HP‐XAD) is 81.33%. HD may be used in poisoning by demeton‐S‐methyl sulfoxide (clearance: 52.98%), and dimethoate (clearance: 59.07%), but HP‐CHAR clearance is much higher (83.70% and 87.84%, respectively). HP‐XAD clearance even reaches 100% of the blood flow.Demeton‐S‐methyl sulfoxide and dimethoate are distributed almost equally in blood and tissue, and the effect of HP is indicated by a rapid decline in blood organophosphorus level as well as by an improvement in the signs and symptoms of the patient. Parathion accumulation is six to eight times higher in the tissue. This means there is protracted decline in blood level because of redistribution and less clinical evidence of improvement. However, animal trials demonstrate that HP‐CHAR results in a significantly faster decrease in parathion concentration in muscle and brain as compared with the control group. Hence, HP is an effective method for removing toxicologically relevant amounts of organophosphorus from the body.Oral poisoning with bipyridyl herbicides such as paraquat (Gramoxone®) and diquat (Reglone®) is extremely serious. Fatal consequences occur after even one to three mouthfuls of the commercial liquid preparations. The literature reports that patients whose plasma levels within the first 48 hours exceed 0.1‐0.2 μg/ml have died, regardless of therapy. Recently, two patients with severe suicidal poisonings were treated by almost continuous HP (and HD) using 12 and 21 columns, respectively, for a period of two to three weeks. Paraquat plasma levels were 1.12 μg/ml and 1.44 μg/ml, respectively, within the first 48 hours after ingestion. Both patients survived without lung damage.HP‐CHAR clearance (72.7 ml/min, blood flow 100 ml/min) clearly exceeds that of HD (11.5 ml/min, blood flow 100 ml/min) at these blood levels. Probably the affinity of coated activated charcoal for paraquat is superior to that of lung tissue. Hence, continuous HP‐CHAR is recommended in severe paraquat poisoning.
Economic Evaluation of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery With and Without Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Cost‐Effectiveness and Quality‐Adjusted Life Years in a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Al‐Ruzzeh Sharif , Epstein David , George Shane , Bustami Mahmoud , Wray Jo , Ilsley Charles , Sculpher Mark , Amrani Mohamed 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe objective of this study is to evaluate the costs and health benefits of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery with and without cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Randomized controlled clinical trial is used as the design. The setting is in a single tertiary cardiothoracic center in Middlesex, UK. Participants were 168 patients (27 females) requiring primary isolated CABG surgery. Patients were randomized to have the procedure performed by a single surgeon either with CPB (n = 84) or by an off‐pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) surgery (n = 84). Health‐related quality of life was assessed at baseline, 6 weeks, and 6 months using the World Health Organization Quality‐of‐Life (WHOQOL‐100) questionnaire. Mean total costs of patient management by either technique were calculated using different available key sources. A utility measure, derived from WHOQOL‐100, was used to calculate quality‐adjusted life year (QALY) gained in each group, on basis of which a cost‐effectiveness analysis was performed. The mean total costs of an OPCAB patient was £5859, whereas for a CPB patient it was £7431 with a mean difference of £1572 (standard error [SE]£674; P =  0.02). Three patients died in the CPB group and two in the OPCAB group during the 6‐month follow‐up period. Mean QALYs over 6 months was 0.379 in the OPCAB group and 0.362 in the CPB group, but the difference was not significant (mean difference 0.017; SE 0.016; P = 0.305). OPCAB surgery offered patients in this randomized trial similar health benefits to CPB over a 6‐month period, but at a significantly less cost.
An evidence‐based approach to the first seizure
Authors: Wiebe Samuel , Téllez‐Zenteno José F. , Shapiro Michelle 
Published: July 2010

Summary Evidence‐based care (EBC) is an explicit approach to applying the best evidence to the care of individual patients. We outline the basic principles of EBC and apply them to various clinical questions pertaining to a patient presenting with a first seizure, providing a summary of the best available evidence for each question. Depending on the question at hand, the evidence derives from retrospective, prospective, and randomized controlled studies in children and adults. There is solid evidence that early seizure recurrence is reduced by early initiation of AEDs. A meta‐analysis of six randomized trials revealed an average absolute risk reduction of 34% (95% CI 15–52) with AED therapy. However, the prognosis for the development of epilepsy is not altered by early intervention. EEG epileptiform abnormalities, family history of epilepsy, imaging lesions, and remote symptomatic seizures increase the risk of recurrence, and impact the risk–benefit ratio of treatment after a single event. In the end, clinicians must evaluate patients with a first unprovoked seizure on a case‐by‐case basis to determine the appropriateness of treatment with a given AED.
Temporal arteritis with scalp ulceration and blindness
Authors: Gkalpakiotis Spyridon , Arenberger Petr , Sach Josef , Arenbergerova Monika 
Published: July 2010

SummaryTemporal arteritis or giant cell arteritis is a systemic granulomatous vasculitis of medium and large‐sized arteries, most frequently involving the temporal artery. It presents with headache, fever, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and anemia. If untreated, complications like ischemic optic neuritis may even lead to blindness. Although very rare, scalp necrosis and ulcerations are the most common dermatologic findings. An 85‐year‐old woman presented with a two‐month history of bilateral scalp ulcerations, followed by permanent loss of vision in the left eye due to the delay in diagnosing temporal arteritis.
Determination of true absorption and fecal endogenous loss of zinc in goats
Authors: HATTORI Ryota , TORII Shin‐ichiro , FUNABA Masayuki , MATSUI Tohru 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTWe determined the true absorption and endogenous fecal loss of zinc (Zn) in goats using its stable isotope. Three goats were fed with the diet containing 50 mg/kg Zn twice a day for 17 days. In the morning of day 11, the goats were given a meal labeled by 67Zn as the tracer with dysprosium as the unabsorbed marker. Then the goats were given unlabeled diet as the rest of the morning feed. We measured dietary and fecal Zn concentration, 67Zn abundance and dysprosium concentration in feces. The excretion pattern of the tracer Zn into feces differed from that of dysprosium. Therefore, we directly calculated the true absorption of Zn from Zn concentration and 67Zn abundance in fecal samples collected after the labeled diet was given. The apparent absorption of Zn was –0.009 ± 0.016 mg/kg bodyweight (fractional absorption, −1.07 ± 1.85%). The true absorption of Zn was 0.162 ± 0.018 mg/kg bodyweight (fractional absorption, 18.25 ± 2.01%). The endogenous fecal loss of Zn was 0.172 ± 0.004 mg/kg bodyweight and the intestinal secretion of Zn was 0.210 ± 0.009 mg/kg bodyweight. The present experiment indicates that stable isotopic Zn is a powerful tool for examining Zn metabolism in ruminants.
Heat as a Ground Water Tracer
Authors: Anderson Mary P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHeat carried by ground water serves as a tracer to identify surface water infiltration, flow through fractures, and flow patterns in ground water basins. Temperature measurements can be analyzed for recharge and discharge rates, the effects of surface warming, interchange with surface water, hydraulic conductivity of streambed sediments, and basin‐scale permeability. Temperature data are also used in formal solutions of the inverse problem to estimate ground water flow and hydraulic conductivity. The fundamentals of using heat as a ground water tracer were published in the 1960s, but recent work has significantly expanded the application to a variety of hydrogeological settings. In recent work, temperature is used to delineate flows in the hyporheic zone, estimate submarine ground water discharge and depth to the salt‐water interface, and in parameter estimation with coupled ground water and heat‐flow models. While short reviews of selected work on heat as a ground water tracer can be found in a number of research papers, there is no critical synthesis of the larger body of work found in the hydrogeological literature. The purpose of this review paper is to fill that void and to show that ground water temperature data and associated analytical tools are currently underused and have not yet realized their full potential.
Economic Considerations in Forming Consumer Cooperatives and Establishing Pricing and Financing Policies
Authors: SEXTON RICHARD J. 
Published: July 2010

This study identifies structural features of markets which provide inducements for consumers to form cooperatives, and derives conditions under which consumer welfare is enhanced through cooperation. Market‐failure conditions are discussed which may provide consumers with an economic incentive to form cooperatives.Also addressed, through application of a simple game theory model, are issues concerning optimal pricing, financing arrangements and cooperative stability. In this regard, it is shown that prevailing cooperative pricing and financial methods often tend to needlessly restrict output and membership and, consequently, cause unit costs to be higher than necessary in an increasing‐returns‐to‐scale environment, which it is argued, is the typical environment for most consumer cooperatives. Instability, in turn, tends to occur when cooperatives attempt to operate at outputs beyond those associated with minimum average cost because some members may reduce their patronage costs through formation of a new, smaller cooperative.
Equal Credit Opportunity Legislation and Indicators of Credit Worthiness: An Economic Study of Women Applicants for Credit in California
Authors: ZICK CATHLEEN D. 
Published: July 2010

Although much equal credit opportunity legislation has been passed in recent years, little has been done to ascertain whether the new laws have actually altered lending practices or whether the practices were sex‐biased initially. This research makes use of a sample of 241 women from five counties in California to show what factors affect the probability of credit extension to women in that state, and whether these variables are different from those that were associated with lending practices before the law's passage.The results indicate that prior to the passage of the law, several market indices, including home ownership and spousal support, were associated with an applicant's ability to obtain credit. After passage of the law these indices were no longer significant predictors of loan approval. Within the limits of the data and the design used here, the empirical evidence supported the hypothesis that California credit institutions changed their lending criteria after the passage of equal credit opportunity legislation.
Price Dispersion and the Gains From Search in Local Food Markets
Authors: HALL BRUCE F. 
Published: July 2010

The wide range of prices found in local food markets allows consumers to reduce the cost of food purchases through comparison shopping in two or more stores. Little is known, however, about how much can be saved by comparing prices for a whole market basket of food items.This paper presents evidence relating to the savings which can be realized through comparison shopping, and shows how savings can vary in markets of different sizes. Analysis of data on the prices of a market basket of food items in 15 local markets indicates that there are substantial differences in the dispersion of prices between small, medium and large food markets. The effect of these differences is to make the potential saving from comparison shopping much greater in large market areas, as compared with small ones. It is found that the dollar benefits of comparison shopping to consumers are likely to be greater than the costs of search in large shopping areas, but may not justify the costs in small and medium size areas.
Confidence Swindles of Older Consumers
Authors: FRIEDMAN MONROE 
Published: July 2010

This article reports the principal findings of a 1990 national mail survey focusing on confidence swindles and their effects on older consumers (age 65 and over). The respondents were bunco investigators representing 331 local police departments in 39 states.The survey findings provide information concerning the characteristics of confidence swindlers and their elder victims, as well as the characteristics of elders that are believed likely to attract swindlers. Also identified are the tactical approaches employed by swindlers, the financial losses most commonly realized by victims, the disposition of criminal cases involving confidence swindles of elders, the changes in number and type of cases most commonly experienced in the recent past, and the patterns likely to prevail in the future. Limitations of the study are noted and implications of the findings are drawn for policy‐makers and practitioners.
Ontologically speaking, things are …
Authors: ALLAIRE EDWIN B. 
Published: July 2010

In the first place … it will be necessary to explain what an individual substance is. It is indeed true that when several predicates are attributes of a single subject and this subject is not an attribute of another, we speak of it as an individual substance, but this is not enough, and such an explanation is merely nominal. We must therefore inquire what it is to be an attribute in reality of a certain subject.‘What is a Thing (substance)?’ expresses two quite different problems. One belongs to ontology, the other to categorial analysis.
Relation and object in Plato's approach to knowledge
Authors: BALABAN ODED 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTHE aim of this paper is to explain a paradox in Plato's philosophy. On the one hand, Plato reduces virtue to knowledge; on the other, he rejects the possibility of knowledge or at least has serious doubts that it exists. I shall propose in this paper that the definition of virtue as knowledge is a logical outcome of Plato's denial of the particular aspect of knowledge as cognitive relation. This paper may also be considered as an attempt to resolve the Hintikka‐Santas polemic about whether there is a difference in Plato's philosophy between the function of knowledge and its object. ([3], [6] pp. 1–71).The first part of this paper consists in a critical exposition of Plato's rejection of cognitive relation as a function of knowledge. The second part is devoted to an account of Plato's assumptions in this regard. In the third section of the paper I shall show how, on the basis of these assumptions, Plato reduces virtue to knowledge. And finally, in the last section of the essay, I shall compare my interpretation of this issue with other modern interpretations, especially those of Gerasimos Santas and Jaakko Hintikka.
Review
Authors: Crisp Roger , Halldén Sören , Tännsjö Torbjörn 
Published: July 2010

Jeffrey Reiman, Justice and Modern Moral Philosophy, New Haven and LondonEvan Fales, Causation and Universals. London and New York: RoutledgeDavid Lamb, Organ Transplants and Ethics. London and New York: Routledge, 1990.
Some Logico‐Semantical Themes in Karl Olivecrona's Philosophy of Law: A Non‐Exegetical Approach
Authors: ÅQVIST LENNART 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:The paper deals with certain issues with which Olivecrona was mainly concerned in his Philosophy of Law, notably (i) his views about the logical or syntactical form of imperatives as used in the law, and (ii) his views on the semantics of imperatives in the law and on the question whether and to what extent the notions of truth and falsity are applicable to those imperatives at all. In the light of an important critical notice of Olivecrona's work by Marc‐Wogau (1940), we examine some textual evidence for attributing to Olivecrona a so‐called Atheoretical Thesis to the effect that imperatives in the law are neither true nor false or lack truth‐value altogether. We close the paper by commenting on the celebrated distinction due to Hedenius (1941) and further elaborated by Wedberg (1951) between genuine (“rule‐stating”) normative sentences in the law and spurious ones (stating merely that a given rule is (or is not) in force in a given society at a given time). Two interesting difficulties bound up with that distinction will be dealt with. By means of various quotations we try to capture something of the flavour characterizing the legal philosophical discussion in Sweden in the mid‐twentieth century during la belle époque of Scandinavian Legal Realism of which Olivecrona was a typical representative.
On the Copernican Turn in Semantics
Authors: COZZO CESARE 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:Alberto Coffa used the phrase “the Copernican turn in semantics” to denote a revolutionary transformation of philosophical views about the connection between the meanings of words and the acceptability of sentences and arguments containing those words. According to the new conception resulting from the Copernican turn, here called “the Copernican view”, rules of use are constitutive of the meanings of words. This view has been linked with two doctrines: (A) the instances of meaning‐constitutive rules are analytically and a priori true or valid; (B) to grasp a meaning is to accept its rules. The pros and cons of different versions of the Copernican view, ascribable to Wittgenstein, Carnap, Gentzen, Dummett, Prawitz, Boghossian and other authors, will be weighed. A new version will be proposed, which implies neither (A) nor (B).
Canada and Her Great Neighbour*
Authors: Clark S. D. 
Published: July 2010

L'auteur de cette communication y examine la raison pour laquelle le peuple canadien s'efforce de conserver une identity nationale distincte. La nation canadienne fut d'abord le produit d'intérêts exigeant l'isolement du Canada par rapport au plus vaste ensemble communautaire nord‐américain. La propagation chez eux d'un sentiment national a requis de la plupart des Canadiens qu'ils rejettent la possibilityé de participer au grand marchê libre, résultant de l'union des Treize Colonies et de la création des Etats‐Unis, comme d'en tirer leur profit.Les perturbations politiques et sociales que le Canada a connues sont nées des tentatives de ses citoyens pour mettre fin à une politique qui limitait leur liberté de mouvement et leur refusait la promotion sociale offerte par l'expansion de l'ensemble de l'Amérique du Nord. Ceci s'applique aux tourmentes du Canada français aussi bien qu'ailleurs au pays.
Some Dimensions of Adult Status
Authors: Lucas Rex A. 
Published: July 2010

Quand la femme changea radicalement tout à coup de statut en revenant aux Etudes a plein temps entre les âges de trente et de cinquante ans, cette innovation rendit explieites un certain nombre de postulats au sujet des rôles de l'adulte dans notre société quant à la définition du rôle, la compétence qu'il requiert, le pragmatisme de notre vie sociale et la variété des tâches que l'adulte y détient. Elle mit à jour aussi le caractére des relations interpersonnelles implicite dans le statut de l'adulte.Le dilemme des étudiants adultes c'est que, si le contenu de leurs rôles est défini, leurs expectatives au sujet de rapports réciproques n'étaient pas satisfaites.