bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of HIV replication by a CD4‐reactive Fab of an IgM clone isolated from a healthy HIV‐seronegative individual
Authors: Hamatake Makiko , Komano Jun , Urano Emiko , Maeda Fumiko , Nagatsuka Yasuko , Takekoshi Masataka 
Published: February 2010

AbstractHIV replication is restricted by some anti‐CD4 mouse mAb in vitro and in vivo. However, a human monoclonal anti‐CD4 Ab has not been isolated. We screened EBV‐transformed peripheral B cells from 12 adult donors for CD4‐reactive Ab production followed by functional reconstitution of Fab genes. Three independent IgM Fab clones reactive specifically to CD4 were isolated from a healthy HIV‐seronegative adult (∼0.0013% of the peripheral B cells). The germ line combinations for the VH and VL genes were VH3‐33/L6, VH3‐33/L12, and VH4‐4/L12, respectively, accompanied by somatic hypermutations. Genetic analysis revealed a preference for V‐gene usage to develop CD4‐reactive Ab. Notably, one of the CD4‐reactive clones, HO538‐213, with an 1×10−8 M dissociation constant (Kd) to recombinant human CD4, limited the replication of R5‐tropic and X4‐tropic HIV‐1 strains at 1–2.5 μg/mL in primary mononuclear cells. This is the first clonal genetic analysis of human monoclonal CD4‐reactive Ab. A mAb against CD4 isolated from a healthy individual could be useful in the intervention of HIV/AIDS.
A regulatory role for macrophage class A scavenger receptors in TLR4‐mediated LPS responses
Authors: Chen Yunying , Wermeling Fredrik , Sundqvist Johanna , Jonsson Ann‐Beth , Tryggvason Karl , Pikkarainen Timo , Karlsson Mikael C. I. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractRecognition of microbial components by TLR, key sensors of infection, leads to induction of inflammatory responses. We found that, in vivo, TLR4 engagement by LPS induces up‐regulation of the class A scavenger receptors (SR) macrophage receptor with a collagenous structure (MARCO) and SR‐A, which occurs, at least in the case of MARCO, via both MyD88‐dependent and ‐independent pathways. When challenging mice with a low dose of LPS followed by a high dose, class A SR‐deficient mice showed a higher survival rate than WT mice. This was paired with increased production of IL‐10 and anti‐LPS Ab, as well as increased activation status of marginal zone B cells. However, the receptors were not crucial for survival when challenging mice i.p. with Neisseria meningitidis or Listeria monocytogenes, but they were found to contribute to microbial capture and clearance. This indicates physiological significance for the up‐regulation of class A SR during early stages of bacterial infection. Thus, we believe that we have revealed a mechanism where SR regulate the activation status of the immune system and are involved in balancing a proper immune response to infection. This regulation could also be important in maintaining tolerance since these receptors have been shown to be involved in regulation of self‐reactivity.
H2‐M3‐restricted CD8+ T cells augment CD4+ T‐cell responses by promoting DC maturation
Authors: Chow Michael T. , Teh Hung‐Sia 
Published: February 2010

AbstractInfection with Listeria monocytogenes triggers the activation and expansion of nonconventional CD8+ T cells restricted by the MHC class Ib molecule, H2‐M3. H2‐M3‐restricted CD8+ T cells exhibit a memory phenotype, rapidly produce cytokines, and reach peak frequencies sooner than conventional MHC class Ia‐restricted CD8+ T cells. In this study, we found that simultaneous in vivo priming of H2‐M3‐restricted T cells and adoptively transferred OT‐II CD4+ T cells on the same DC enhances the survival of OT‐II cells. Stimulation of H2‐M3‐restricted T cells were found to induce DC maturation resulting in costimulatory molecule upregulation and production of TH1‐type cytokines, which was dependent on both cell‐to‐cell contact and soluble factors, particularly TNF‐α, produced by activated H2‐M3‐restricted T cells. Interestingly, H2‐M3‐restricted T cells were more efficient than activated NK cells in inducing DC maturation. Furthermore, we found that OVA323–339‐coated DC matured by coculturing with peptide‐stimulated H2‐M3‐restricted T cells were more efficient in stimulating the proliferation of Ag‐activated OT‐II cells. This study indicates that H2‐M3‐restricted T cells promote immune responses by CD4+ T cells by inducing DC maturation and suggests novel mechanisms for vaccine development.
Discovery of the Michael Reaction
Authors: Tokoroyama Takashi 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis essay deals with the details of the discovery of the Michael addition reaction, focusing on Arthur Michael, an American chemist, after whom it is named. Michael envisaged the possibility of an addition reaction of sodiomalonate ester or sodioacetoacetate ester to α,β‐unsaturated acid esters and confirmed this by experimentation. Some instances of the Michael addition were observed prior to Michael's crucial finding, and the validity of his credit as the discoverer is discussed. At the same time, a general consideration is made on chemical creativity with reference to the individuality in the career and the personality of A. Michael.
Efficient Synthesis of New C‐Functionalized Macrocyclic Polyamines
Authors: Rousselin Yoann , Sok Nicolas , Boschetti Frédéric , Guilard Roger , Denat Franck 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA powerful synthetic route for the preparation of new polyazamacrocycles, valuable precursors of bifunctional chelating agents with applications in nuclear medicine, is reported. The desired functional group was introduced onto the macrocycle backbone during the cyclization step, thus avoiding the tedious preparation of a C‐functionalized synthon. The regioselective reaction of macrocycles bearing an aminomethyl pendant arm with aldehydes is also described.
Microstructure of microemulsion in MEEKC
Authors: Cao Yuhua , Sheng Jianwei 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe influences of the composition of microemulsion on the microstructure including dimensions and ζ potentials of microdroplets were measured in details. The average dynamic dimension of microdroplets was measured by dynamic laser light scattering, and ζ potential was determined to characterize average surface charge density of microdroplets. The experiment results showed that increase of the amount of surfactant resulted in decrease of microdroplet size but almost invariant ζ potential, which would enlarge migration time of the microdroplet in MEEKC. With increment of cosurfactant concentration, the microdroplet size had an increasing trend, whereas the ζ potential decreased. Thus, observed migration velocity of microdroplets increased, which made the separation window in MEEKC shortened. Neither dimension nor ζ potential of microdroplets changed by varying both the type and the amount of the oil phase. Adding organic solvent as modifier to microemulsion did not change the microdroplet size, but lowered ζ potential. The migration time of microdroplet still became larger, since EOF slowed down owing to organic solvent in capillary. So, besides increment of surfactant concentration, organic additive could also enlarge the separation window. Increase of cosurfactant concentration was beneficial for separation efficiency thanks to the looser structure of swollen microdroplet, and the peak sharpening might compensate for the resolution and peak capacity owing to a narrow separation window. Except the oil phase, tuning the composition of microemulsion would change the microstructure, eventually could be exploited to optimize the resolution and save analysis time in MEEKC.
Intellectual abilities and white matter microstructure in development: A diffusion tensor imaging study
Authors: Tamnes Christian K. , Østby Ylva , Walhovd Kristine B. , Westlye Lars T. , Due‐Tønnessen Paulina , Fjell Anders M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractHigher‐order cognitive functions are supported by distributed networks of multiple interconnected cortical and subcortical regions. Efficient cognitive processing depends on fast communication between these regions, so the integrity of the connections between them is of great importance. It is known that white matter (WM) development is a slow process, continuing into adulthood. While the significance of cortical maturation for intellectual development is described, less is known about the relationships between cognitive functions and maturation of WM connectivity. In this cross‐sectional study, we investigated the associations between intellectual abilities and development of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) derived measures of WM microstructure in 168 right‐handed participants aged 8–30 years. Independently of age and sex, both verbal and performance abilities were positively related to fractional anisotropy (FA) and negatively related to mean diffusivity (MD) and radial diffusivity (RD), predominantly in the left hemisphere. Further, verbal, but not performance abilities, were associated with developmental differences in DTI indices in widespread regions in both hemispheres. Regional analyses showed relations with both FA and RD bilaterally in the anterior thalamic radiation and the cortico‐spinal tract and in the right superior longitudinal fasciculus. In these regions, our results suggest that participants with high verbal abilities may show accelerated WM development in late childhood and a subsequent earlier developmental plateau, in contrast to a steadier and prolonged development in participants with average verbal abilities. Longitudinal data are needed to validate these interpretations. The results provide insight into the neurobiological underpinnings of intellectual development. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interest in politics modulates neural activity in the amygdala and ventral striatum
Authors: Gozzi Marta , Zamboni Giovanna , Krueger Frank , Grafman Jordan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractStudies on political participation have found that a person's interest in politics contributes to the likelihood that he or she will be involved in the political process. Here, we looked at whether or not interest in politics affects patterns of brain activity when individuals think about political matters. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we scanned individuals (either interested or uninterested in politics based on a self‐report questionnaire) while they were expressing their agreement or disagreement with political opinions. After scanning, participants were asked to rate each political opinion presented in the scanner for emotional valence and emotional intensity. Behavioral results showed that those political opinions participants agreed with were perceived as more emotionally intense and more positive by individuals interested in politics relative to individuals uninterested in politics. In addition, individuals interested in politics showed greater activation in the amygdala and the ventral striatum (ventral putamen) relative to individuals uninterested in politics when reading political opinions in accordance with their own views. This study shows that having an interest in politics elicits activations in emotion‐ and reward‐related brain areas even when simply agreeing with written political opinions. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parkinson's disease and healthy aging: Independent and interacting effects on action selection
Authors: Hughes Laura E. , Barker Roger A. , Owen Adrian M. , Rowe James B. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractFunctional reorganization of the motor system occurs in response to both aging and Parkinson's disease (PD). Since PD typically develops in older adults, disease progression and the effects of treatment may interact with normal aging. Using event‐related functional magnetic resonance imaging, we studied patients “on” and “off” their normal dopaminergic medication, age‐matched controls and younger adults on tasks of action and action selection. For manual movements, aging increased activity in bilateral motor, premotor and cingulate cortex. Activation in the premotor regions of “on” patients was higher relative to age‐matched controls. However, in contrast to controls and “off” patients, the activations for patients when “on” decreased with age. Voluntary selection of actions was associated with activation in a bilateral network of fronto‐parietal cortex. Within this network, advancing severity of PD was associated with decreased activity particularly in premotor and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. Together, these results reveal very different patterns of age‐related changes in health and PD. Younger patients are able to exert greater compensatory activity in premotor cortex than older patients, even after correction for disease severity. This effect is dopamine dependant, and may in part explain the clinical observation of reduced dopamine responsiveness in older patients with PD. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cancer incidence in a rural population of South Africa, 1998–2002
Authors: Somdyala Nontuthuzelo IM , Bradshaw Debbie , Gelderblom Wentzel CA , Parkin Donald M 
Published: February 2010

AbstractCancer incidence rates and patterns are reported for a rural population, living in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa for the period 1998–2002. The population‐based cancer registry has operated for 20 years, using both active and passive methods for case finding, through collaborations with 19 health facilities: 11 district hospitals, 7 referral hospitals and 1 regional laboratory. The age standardized incidence rates for all cancers were 73.1 per 100,000 in males and 64.1 per 100,000 in females. The leading top 5 cancers for males were oesophagus (32.7 per 100,000), lung (5.8 per 100,000), prostate (4.4 per 100,000), liver (4.4 per 100,000) and larynx (2.5 per 100,000) whereas for females they were cervix (21.7 per 100,000), oesophagus (20.2 per 100,000), breast (7.5 per 100,000), ovary (0.9 per 100,000) and liver (0.9 per 100,000). The incidence of Kaposi sarcoma was low, and higher for males (1.6 per 100,000) than females (0.3 per 100,000). Lung cancer in both males and females was relatively low compared to the high incidence of oesophagus cancer.
Endothelial‐like cells derived directly from human tumor xenografts
Authors: Sajithlal Gangadharan B. , McGuire Terence F. , Lu Jie , Beer‐Stolz Donna , Prochownik Edward V. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractTumor‐associated endothelial cells (TAECs) harboring various genomic abnormalities have been described in human cancers although their origins remain obscure. We generated 4 human cancer cell lines tagged with multiple markers, grew them as xenografts, and characterized their TAECs. Depending on their tumor of origin, 5–40% of TAECs reproducibly expressed all tags. Tagged TAECs (tTAECS) were morphologically, immunologically and functionally similar, although not identical, to normal endothelial cells (ECs) and contained only human chromosomes. tTAECs underwent a senescent‐like proliferative arrest after several in vitro passages, but could be immortalized by telomerase, thus allowing us to show that the retention of the EC phenotype was of long‐term duration. In contrast, nonimmortalized tTAECs could be propagated in vivo where they incorporated into the tumor neo‐vasculature. Although consistent with previous reports that some tumor cells may undergo “vasculogenic mimicry” (VM), the tumor‐derived endothelial‐like cells described here appear distinctly different. Moreover, their properties and behaviors are more durable than expected for cells undergoing VM, are not the result of fusions between ECs and tumor cells, and are cell autonomous. These findings could have significant implications for therapies that target tumor angiogenesis.
Colon cancer in Iceland—A nationwide comparative study on various pathology parameters with respect to right and left tumor location and patients age
Authors: Snaebjornsson Petur , Jonasson Larus , Jonsson Thorvaldur , Möller Pall Helgi , Theodors Asgeir , Jonasson Jon G. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIncreasing evidence suggests genetic, biological and demographical difference between right and left colon cancer. Studies have also indicated age differences in the pathology of colon cancer. There is a scarcity of large‐scale studies that closely examine the pathological differences regarding age and tumor location. The aim of our study was to do an extensive comparison of right‐ and left‐ sided colon cancers as well as comparing patients <50 years with older patients. A retrospective, population‐based study was carried out on all patients with colon cancer in Iceland between 1955 and 2004. A total of 2293 cases were analyzed (1148 men, 1145 women). All histopathology material was re‐evaluated. Differences in tumor characteristics between right and left location and younger (<50) and older (≥50) patients was evaluated in particular. Higher TNM‐stage, larger tumors, vessel invasion, mucinous type, high grade and expanding tumor border occurred more frequently in right‐ versus left‐sided lesions while annular and polypoid tumors were more common in left‐sided tumors (p < 0.05). Young patients had more frequent lymph node metastases, vessel invasion, nonpolypoid lesions and infiltrating tumor border (p < 0.05). Right‐sided lesions show more aggressive features, reflected in morphology and stage. Younger patients present more frequently with adverse features than do older patients. Frequency of right‐ and left‐sided colon cancer differs by age with pronounced age‐location differences in females. This supports the assumption of differences in etiology and carcinogenesis of right‐ and left‐sided colon cancer, and between young and old patients.
The effect of GHRH antagonists on human glioblastomas and their mechanism of action
Authors: Pozsgai Eva , Schally Andrew V. , Zarandi Marta , Varga Jozsef L. , Vidaurre Irving , Bellyei Szabolcs 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe effects of new growth hormone‐releasing hormone (GHRH) antagonists JMR‐132 and MIA‐602 and their mechanism of action were investigated on 2 human glioblastoma cell lines, DBTRG‐05 and U‐87MG, in vitro and in vivo. GHRH receptors and their main splice variant, SV1 were found on both cell lines. After treatment with JMR‐132 or MIA‐602, the cell viability decreased significantly. A major decrease in the levels of phospho‐Akt, phospho‐GSK3β and phosho‐ERK 1/2 was detected at 5 and 10 min following treatment with the GHRH antagonists, whereas elevated levels of phospho‐p38 were observed at 24 hr. The expression of caspase‐3 and poly(ADP‐ribose) (PARP), as the downstream executioners of apoptosis were found to be significantly elevated after treatment. Following treatment of the glioblastoma cells with GHRH antagonists, nuclear translocation of apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) and Endonuclease G (Endo G) and the mitochondrial release of cytochrome c (cyt c) were detected, indicating that the cells were undergoing apoptosis. In cells treated with GHRH antagonists, the collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential was shown with fluorescence microscopy and JC‐1 membrane potential sensitive dye. There were no significant differences between results obtained in DBTRG‐05 or U‐87MG cell lines. After treatment with MIA‐602 and JMR‐132, the reduction rate in the growth of DBTRG‐05 glioblastoma, xenografted into nude mice, was significant and tumor doubling time was also significantly extended when compared with controls. Our study demonstrates that GHRH antagonists induce apoptosis through key proapoptotic pathways and shows the efficacy of MIA‐602 for experimental treatment of glioblastoma.
Site‐specific opening of the blood‐brain barrier
Authors: Madsen Steen J. , Hirschberg Henry 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe blood‐brain barrier (BBB) poses a significant impediment for the delivery of therapeutic drugs into the brain. This is particularly problematic for the treatment of malignant gliomas which are characterized by diffuse infiltration of tumor cells into normal brain where they are protected by a patent BBB. Selective disruption of the BBB, followed by administration of anti‐cancer agents, represents a promising approach for the elimination of infiltrating glioma cells. A summary of the techniques (focused ultrasound, photodynamic therapy and photochemical internalization) for site‐specific opening of the BBB will be discussed in this review. Each approach is capable of causing localized and transient opening of the BBB with minimal damage to surrounding normal brain as evidenced from magnetic resonance images and histology. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Differential expression and cellular distribution of γ‐tubulin and βIII‐tubulin in medulloblastomas and human medulloblastoma cell lines
Authors: Caracciolo Valentina , D'agostino Luca , Dráberová Eduarda , Sládková Vladimíra , Crozier‐Fitzgerald Catena , Agamanolis Dimitri P. , de Chadarévian Jean‐Pierre , Legido Agustin , Giordano Antonio , Dráber Pavel , Katsetos Christos D. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn previous studies, we have shown overexpression and ectopic subcellular distribution of γ‐tubulin and βIII‐tubulin in human glioblastomas and glioblastoma cell lines (Katsetos et al., 2006, J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 65:455–467; Katsetos et al., 2007, Neurochem Res 32:1387–1398). Here we determined the expression of γ‐tubulin in surgically excised medulloblastomas (n = 20) and in the human medulloblastoma cell lines D283 Med and DAOY. In clinical tissue samples, the immunohistochemical distribution of γ‐tubulin labeling was pervasive and inversely related to neuritogenesis. Overexpression of γ‐tubulin was widespread in poorly differentiated, proliferating tumor cells but was significantly diminished in quiescent differentiating tumor cells undergoing neuritogenesis, highlighted by βIII‐tubulin immunolabeling. By quantitative real‐time PCR, γ‐tubulin transcripts for TUBG1, TUBG2, and TUBB3 genes were detected in both cell lines but expression was less prominent when compared with the human glioblastoma cell lines. Immunoblotting revealed comparable amounts of γ‐tubulin and βIII‐tubulin in different phases of cell cycle; however, a larger amount of γ‐tubulin was detected in D283 Med when compared with DAOY cells. Interphase D283 Med cells exhibited predominantly diffuse cytoplasmic γ‐tubulin localization, in addition to the expected centrosome‐associated distribution. Robust βIII‐tubulin immunoreactivity was detected in mitotic spindles of DAOY cells. Our data indicate that overexpression of γ‐tubulin may be linked to phenotypic dedifferentiation (anaplasia) and tumor progression in medulloblastomas and may potentially serve as a promising tumor marker. J. Cell. Physiol. 223: 519–529, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.