bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aetiology and pathogenesis of congenital torticollis and head scoliosis in the equine foetus
Authors: VANDEPLASSCHE M. , SIMOENS P. , BOUTERS R. , De VOS N. , VERSCHOOTEN F. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryIn 214 cases of severe dystocia in mares, of which 141 (66 per cent) were Draught horses, deviation of the head and neck, with or without torticollis, malformed head and limbs were found to be the cause of dystocia. No evidence of a genetic lethal factor was found and torticollis was often combined with scoliosis of the head and, frequently, with malformation of one or more limbs. This is considered evidence of a common aetiology and pathogenesis of the syndrome of malformation. The malformations were found to be associated with an increased incidence of caudal and, particularly, transverse presentations. These findings are presented as evidence to support the hypothesis that, during the second half of pregnancy, the narrow tip of the uterine horns provides only limited space for the developing cranial half of the foetus. The surprisingly rapid and complete anatomical and functional recovery of severe malformations of the bones of the neck, head and limbs of surviving foals, born by caesarian section, is taken as further evidence that these malformations have no genetic basis, but originate from unfavourable intrauterine conditions.
Determination of red blood cell potassium content in horses with diarrhoea: A practical approach for therapy
Authors: MUYLLE E. , NUYTTEN J. , VAN DEN HENDE C. , DEPREZ P. , VLAMINCK K. , OYAERT W. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe concentration of potassium in the red blood cells in 15 horses with severe diarrhoea was determined. The red blood cell potassium content (RBCK+) was low compared with levels obtained in normal horses. The decrease in the RBCK+ was used to evaluate the total body potassium deficit. This calculated amount was administered orally, following each RBCK+ determination. In those horses which recovered, RBCK+ content returned to normal levels.During treatment, refilling of the red blood cells with potassium occurred only gradually as long as the diarrhoea persisted. In each case, oral loading with the calculated dose resulted in an improvement of the general condition and no side effects were observed. The importance of using RBCK+ levels as a diagnostic and therapeutic parameter is discussed.
Relationship between potassium administration, hyperkalaemia and the electrocardiogram: An experimental study
Authors: EPSTEIN V. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryHyperkalaemia affected the equine myocardium. The minimum plasma potassium concentration required to induce electrocardiographic changes was 6.2 mmol/litre and severe cardiotoxic effects were observed at levels of 8.0 to 10.1 mmol/litre in this experimental situation.The most consistent sign of hyperkalaemia was broadening and flattening of the P wave, which was generally associated with a change in T waves in the chest lead from negative to positive. The more pronounced the hyperkalaemia, the less pronounced the P wave and the more peaked positive the T wave. Severe hyperkalaemia was associated with various arrhythmias invariably associated with the presence of broad flat or absent P waves and upright T waves in chest leads.Caution against extrapolation from the experimental to the clinical situation must be exercised because of many complex interacting factors. Hyperkalaemia is difficult to induce experimentally and, unless associated with disease, is unlikely to occur in the horse.
Distal splint bone fractures in the horse: An experimental and clinical study
Authors: VERSCHOOTEN F. , GASTHUYS F. , De MOOR A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryAn experimental and clinical study to investigate the aetiology of distal splint bone fractures is described. In vitro, extension of the fetlock did not appear to alter the position of the distal ends of the splint bones, although tension in the interosseous tendons increased. Flexion of the fetlock resulted in slight outward displacement of the distal ends of the splint bones. It is suggested that concurrent desmitis of the suspensory ligament can cause movement of the ends of the splint bones thus predisposing to a fatigue fracture.In a clinical study of 87 horses, 114 splint bone fractures were identified. In at least 70 per cent of horses, suspensory desmitis was present. Follow up information was available in 24 horses in which more than 80 per cent of the fractures healed spontaneously. Non‐union fractures were not painful and did not cause lameness.
Selection of an aminoglycoside antibiotic for administration to horses
Authors: BAGGOT J. D. , LOVE DARIA N. , ROSE R. J. , RAUS R. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe serum concentrations of the aminoglycosides neomycin, kanamycin and streptomycin were determined after intravenous (iv) and intramuscular (im) administration. These values were then related to the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of a number of equine pathogenic bacteria to determine the duration of therapeutic serum concentrations of the aminoglycosides in the horse. Pharmacokinetic analysis of the data using neomycin as the example revealed a mean (± sd) peak serum concentration of 23.2 ± 10.2 μg/ml present at 30 mins, and at 8 h the serum concentration was 2.8 ± 0.8 μg/ml. From the pharmacological analysis of concentration‐time data it was shown that neomycin was very rapidly absorbed from the im injection site, with an absorption half‐time of 0.16 ± 0.05 and was well absorbed (systemic availability was 73.7 ± 26.9 per cent). A peak tissue level, which represented 40 per cent of the amount of drug in the body, was obtained at 32 mins after injection of the drug. At 8 h, the fractions of the dose in the central and peripheral compartments of the model were 1.5 per cent and 2.5 per cent respectively, and 96 per cent was the cumulative amount eliminated up to that time. Based on the MIC values of the majority of isolates of Corynebacterium equi, and only a few isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Streptococcus equi, one would expect a serum concentration of more than 2 μg neomycin/ml up to 8 h following im dosage (10 mg/kg) to be therapeutically effective.
Arthrodesis of the pastern joint in the horse
Authors: STEENHAUT M. , VERSCHOOTEN F. , DE MOOR A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryArthrodesis of the pastern joint was performed in six horses with a history of acute trauma and in 10 horses with a history of chronic lameness of one to six months duration. Five surgical techniques were employed: curettage of the joint, lag screw compression and immobilisation in a plaster cast curettage, compression using a T plate and immobilisation; drilling, lag screw compression and immobilisation; lag screw compression and immobilisation; and curettage and immobilisation. Pre‐ and postoperative clinical course are described together with significant radiographical findings. The best results were achieved by luxating the joint to curette the articular cartilage, followed by fixation and compression with either lag screws or a T plate and immobilisation in a plaster cast.
Sixteen fractures of the shoulder region in the horse
Authors: DYSON SUE 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe clinical and radiological features of fractures of the shoulder region in 16 horses are described. High quality radiographic views were essential for an accurate diagnosis. This sometimes necessitated general anaesthesia. The limitations of radiography are discussed. Nine horses had articular fractures of the supraglenoid tuberosity and eight of these were destroyed because of persistent lameness. The possibility of surgical removal of the fracture fragment(s) is discussed and the importance of early diagnosis emphasised. Seven other fractures of the shoulder region are described. The clinical outcome depended upon the location and nature of the fracture.
Larval cyathostomiasis (immature trichonema‐induced enteropathy): A report of 15 clinical cases
Authors: GILES C. J. , URQUHART K. A. , LONGSTAFFE J. A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryClinical and laboratory findings are recorded from a series of 15 cases (aged one to 16 years) of sudden‐onset chronic diarrhoea with weight loss, progressing in many cases to emaciation and death, associated with the emergence of fourth stage cyathostome (trichoneme) larvae in large numbers through the colonic and caecal mucosae. Apart from a single incident in mid‐October, disease only occurred in winter and spring (January to May). Characteristic features included hypoalbuminaemia, increased α and β plasma globulin levels and neutrophilia without left shift. Faecal egg counts were frequently negative and eosinophilia and anaemia were not features. Horses treated in the early stages responded well to larvicidal doses of fenbendazole (60 mg/kg bodyweight) but in cases where this therapy was delayed for weeks or months the prognosis was poor.
Epidemiological approach to the control of horse strongyles
Authors: HERD R. P. , WILLARDSON K. L. , GABEL A. A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryAn investigation of the spring rise in strongyle egg output of grazing horses on two commercial horse farms in northern USA in 1981 and 1982 revealed two distinct spring and summer rises in faecal egg counts, with peaks in May and August/September. There was a marked rise in the concentration of infective larvae on pasture two to four weeks after the peaks in egg output, so that grazing horses were at serious risk from June onwards and pasture larval counts on one farm did not fall to low levels until June of the following year. The spring and summer rises in faecal egg counts appeared to be seasonal in nature, to be derived largely from worms developing from previously ingested larvae, rather than from newly ingested larvae, and to be unrelated to the date of foaling. An epidemiological approach to strongyle control based on prophylactic treatments in the spring successfully eliminated the spring rise in egg output but was inadequate to control the summer rise or subsequent escalation of pasture infectivity in September. It was, nevertheless, superior to a conventional treatment programme at eight week intervals, using the same drug, pyrantel pamoate. Prophylactic spring/summer treatments proved to be much more effective. Both pyrantel pamoate at four week intervals and ivermectin at eight week intervals kept faecal egg counts at low levels during spring and summer. As few as two ivermectin treatments (11 May, 6 July) resulted in a sixfold reduction in pasture larval counts on 9 November and 3 January for the treated group (8872, 8416 stage three larvae [L3]/kg) compared to the control group (52,824, 50,984 L3/kg). This strategy had far reaching prophylactic effects in preventing the late season rise in pasture infectivity and ensuring a low level of residual pasture infectivity at the start of the next grazing season.
Prevalence and epidemiology of the major gastrointestinal parasites of horses in Perth, Western Australia
Authors: DUNSMORE J. D. , SUE LINDSAY P. JUE 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA survey was conducted on the prevalence of the major gastrointestinal parasites in 140 horses necropsied in Perth, Western Australia, during 1979 to 1982. Adult Strongylus vulgaris were found in 22.5 per cent of horses and verminous arteritis in 62.9 per cent. The peak worm prevalence was in November to January (summer). S edentatus had a similar prevalence and seasonality but S equinus was not found in this survey. Draschia megastoma and Habronema muscae were found in 66.2 per cent and 35.3 per cent of horses respectively. Infection is probably acquired in summer when 8 per cent of the Musca domestica in the vicinity of the stables carried third stage spiruroid larvae. Gasterophilus intestinalis and G nasalis occurred in 36.4 per cent and 22.1 per cent of the horses respectively and 52.1 per cent of horses were infected with one or both species. The peak prevalence of G intestinalis larvae occurred in December with a trough in February‐April; the peak prevalence of G nasalis was in May with a trough in November‐December. Parascaris equorum was found in 9.9 per cent of the horses and in 21.3 per cent of those less than three years old. Anoplocephala perfoliata was found in 4.9 per cent of the horses and most of these were in older horses.
The ‘Turner’ circle absorber: An anaesthetic breathing system for the horse
Authors: BROWNLOW M. A. , TURNER D. M. , HUTCHINS D. R. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryAn inhalation anaesthetic apparatus for the horse is described and the physiological concepts pertaining to its design presented. The internal diameter of all breathing components is 6.2 cm with no change in cross sectional area throughout the circle system. The soda lime capacity is 25 litres (approximately 20 kg). In the horse, which is apparently predisposed to alveolar hypoventilation during inhalation anaesthesia, it is apparent that adequate anaesthetic apparatus design should be directed towards minimising resistance and dead space and providing maximal and efficient carbon dioxide elimination.
Genital injuries from mating in the mare
Authors: BLUE M. G. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryMinor accidents during natural mating are common occurrences during the breeding of horses. Mares may suffer from a variety of genital injuries including vulval separations, vaginal lacerations and, less commonly, vaginal rupture. Possible sequelae to, and management of, these injuries are described, with additional mention of false entry by the stallion and persistent hymen in maiden mares. Vaginal rupture during natural mating can lead to death of the mare. The implications for litigation involving veterinary surgeons and horse breeders are discussed.
Effects of a submaximal treadmill training programme on histochemical properties, enzyme activities and glycogen utilisation of skeletal muscle in the horse
Authors: HODGSON D. R. , ROSE R. J. , DiMAURO J. , ALLEN J. R. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe effects of training on skeletal muscle composition were studied in four Standardbred geldings given a seven week submaximal treadmill training programme. Before the start of training, muscle biopsies were collected from the left middle gluteal muscle for the determination of muscle fibre types, oxidative capacity and capillary numbers using histochemical techniques. The concentrations of citrate synthase, 3‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (HAD), lactate dehydrogenase and total muscle glycogen were measured using fluorometric methods. Muscle biopsy samples were repeated after one, three, five and seven weeks of training and the same measurements performed.No significant changes were found in muscle fibre types or capillary numbers as a result of training, although there was an increase in the oxidative capacity of the Type IIB fibres after seven weeks training. After seven weeks of training there were also increases in the concentrations of citrate synthase and HAD and a decrease in lactate dehydrogenase. Before commencement of training the horses underwent a standardised submaximal exercise test and muscle glycogen concentrations were measured before and immediately after the exercise. This procedure was repeated after one, three, five and seven weeks of training. A progressive decrease in the rate of glycogen utilisation occurred throughout the period of training, which by seven weeks was 36 per cent lower than that before training.
Activities of key enzymes of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in middle gluteal muscle from trained and untrained horses
Authors: CUTMORE C. M. M. , SNOW D. H. , NEWSHOLME E. A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe effect of physical training on the in vitro activities of key enzymes that provide quantitative information on the maximum capacities of anaerobic and aerobic metabolism has been investigated in the gluteal muscle of the horse. Training had no effect on the activities of 6‐phosphofructokinase or creatine kinase, suggesting that there was no effect on the capacity of anaerobic metabolism in this muscle. However, the activities of hexokinase and citrate synthase were increased, indicating that training increased the capacity of aerobic metabolism. For comparative purposes, muscle fibre composition and enzyme activities were also determined in a group of foals and a group of broodmares.
Comparison of echocardiographic and autopsy measurements of cardiac dimensions in the horse
Authors: O'CALLAGHAN M. W. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThis study was initiated to determine the accuracy of M‐mode echocardiography in measuring left ventricular dimensions and estimating heart weights in horses. Left ventricular free wall and interventricular septal thickness and left ventricular external and internal diameters were measured and heart weights estimated from the echocardiograms of 47 horses. Autopsy measurements of the same parameters were then recorded. Statistical comparison of the data demonstrated: (1) Systolic measurements of wall thickness more closely resembled the heart in death than the diastolic measurements; (2) good correlations existed between parameters measured echocardiographically and at autopsy, especially wall thicknesses and left ventricular external diameter (maximum r = 0.82); (3) heart weight was readily predicted from echocardiographic wall thickness regressions (maximum R‐squared = 68 per cent). M‐mode echocardiography demonstrated the potential for direct and accurate measurements of cardiac mass and some ventricular dimensions in the horse. The data suggested that intense rigor and exsanguination may render the autopsied heart unsatisfactory for comparative measurements when assessing techniques such as echocardiography.
Incorporation of L‐75Se‐cystine in tissue fragments from the matrix of the hoof and the claw — A tool for studying the pathogenesis of laminitis?
Authors: EKFALCK A. , FUNKQUIST B. , JONES B. , OBEL N. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryAn in vitro method has been designed and used to study the incorporation of 75Se‐cystine into matrix fragments from hooves and claws of healthy horses and cattle. Tissue fragments from the zone of keratinisation were incubated with L‐75Se‐cystine in a tissue culture medium for 4 to 6 h, during which time there was continuous incorporation of the labelled selenocystine. The incorporation was greatly decreased by adding L‐cystine to the incubation mixture. It is concluded that the incorporation of 75Se‐cystine depends on the presence of a specific receptor for cystine in the tissue fragments studied. The possible application of the method to studies of the pathogenesis of laminitis is discussed.
An experimental study of the healing process of equine chondral and osteochondral defects
Authors: KOLD S. E. , HICKMAN J. , MELSEN F. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryFour full thickness cartilage defects, two linear and two elliptical, and four subchondral cavity defects were created at the point of weightbearing of the medial femoral condyle in four experimental ponies. This study showed that subchondral bone cysts can develop following full thickness (cartilage only) linear cartilage defects at a weightbearing location. Subchondral bone cysts did not develop following the removal of an elliptical piece of cartilage, exposing the subchondral bone. Primary subchondral defects created in communication with the joint cavity did not heal by replacement with bone over a six‐month period. Fibrous and cartilaginous repair occurred which appeared to be unrelated to the size or depth of the subchondral defect. Irrespective of the size of the defects, the surrounding bone showed marked woven bone formation with remodelling of existing and newly formed bone. The resulting osteosclerosis indicated a positive balance and a natural limitation of cavity expansion. The positive balance affected only the surrounding bone and did not lead to re‐establishment of the bone within the cavity during the period studied.
Diagnostic techniques in the investigation of shoulder lameness
Authors: Dyson Sue 
Published: April 2010

SummaryMethods of investigating horses with suspected shoulder lameness are described and discussed. The gait of shoulder lameness is characterised and compared with that of lower forelimb lameness. If lameness is slight, differentiation may be difficult, but if moderate, upper forelimb lameness usually results in shortening of the cranial phase of the stride and a low limb flight. Clinically, it may not be possible to differentiate between shoulder and elbow lameness without intra‐articular anaesthesia. Practical aspects of intra‐articular anaesthesia of the shoulder joint are reviewed. Synovial fluid must be retrieved to ensure that the needle is intra‐articular. Up to 60 mins may elapse after injection of local anaesthetic before significant improvement occurs. Lameness is often improved rather than eliminated. A technique for standing radiography of the shoulder is described and the limitations of assessing a joint only by lateral projections are highlighted. There may be difficulties in positioning weanling foals and yearlings, resulting in superimposition of the shoulder joint, cervical and thoracic vertebra and ribs. It is concluded that a combination of a thorough clinical examination, faradism, local anaesthesia, synovial fluid analysis and radiography usually enables an accurate diagnosis to be reached.
Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in racehorses
Authors: HOLMES J. R. , HENIGAN M. , WILLIAMS R. B. , WITHERINGTON D. H. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe paper describes five cases of atrial fibrillation detected after racing. In four of them, the arrhythmia disappeared spontaneously within 24 h and they were regarded as paroxysmal in type. In the fifth case, which won its race, the arrhythmia persisted for at least 45 h after racing. It was therefore regarded as an example of persistent atrial fibrillation. It was then treated with quinidine sulphate which restored sinus rhythm. It would seem that paroxysmal atrial fibrillation may be a cause of sudden decrease in racing performance.
Surgical arthrodesis for the treatment of osteoarthrosis of the proximal intertarsal, distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints in 30 horses: A comparison of four different techniques
Authors: WYN‐JONES G. , MAY S. A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryOver a period of seven years, 30 horses were treated by surgical arthrodesis for lameness resulting from osteoarthrosis of the proximal intertarsal, distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints (bone and occult spavin). Twenty‐five horses were affected in one hock only and five were affected bilaterally. Four different techniques for achieving arthrodesis were used. Fourteen out of 18 horses (78 per cent) with involvement of the distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints only and six out of 11 horses (55 per cent) in which the proximal intertarsal joint was also involved became sound following surgery. The status of one other horse, with involvement of the proximal intertarsal joint, is not known.
Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in ponies and Standardbred horses
Authors: JEFFCOTT L. B. , FIELD J. R. , McLEAN J. G. , O'DEA KERIN 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe existence of an innate insulin insensitivity in ponies was investigated and compared with the situation in larger breeds of horse. Ponies that were fat or had previously suffered laminitis were found to be far more intolerant to oral glucose loading (1 g/kg bodyweight [bwt]) than normal ponies or Standardbreds. These ponies also exhibited a far greater response in plasma insulin levels after glucose loading. Insulin response tests (0.4 iu/kg bwt insulin intravenously) showed only a minimal and very protracted response in both the fat and laminitic groups. The relevance of these findings in regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and their role in the pathogenesis of hyperlipaemia, are discussed.