bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Invasive Aspergillosen: Ergebnisse einer 8‐Jahres‐Studie
Authors: Rimek Dagmar , Kappe R. 
Published: April 2011

Zusammenfassung. Wir analysierten retrospektiv 90 Fälle invasiver Aspergillosen, die von 1991 bis 1998 am Universitätsklinikum und der Thoraxklinik gGmbH in Heidelberg auftraten. 71 Fälle waren histologisch gesichert, 19 wahrscheinliche Erkrankungen. Es handelte sich um 49 männliche und 41 weibliche Patienten im Alter von 16 Tagen bis 80 Jahren (Median 51, 5 Jahre). Grundkrankheiten der Patienten waren: hämatologische Grunderkrankungen in 52% (n = 47; darunter 24 mit akuter Leukämie), Organtransplantation (n = 11; 9 Leber, 1 Herz, 1 Niere), solide maligne Tumoren (n = 10), andere Grunderkrankungen (n = 21), in einem Fall war keine Grunderkrankung nachweisbar. Nur 54 Fälle (60%) wurden zu Lebzeiten korrekt diagnostiziert. 59 Fälle (65%) betrafen ausschließlich die Lunge, bei 25 Patienten handelte es sich um disseminierte Aspergillosen, 6 Fälle waren nur extrapulmonal lokalisiert. 11 Patienten wurden lungenteilreseziert, 63 erhielten Antimykotika (44 Amphotericin B, 15 Fluconazol, 4 Itraconazol), 21 wurden nicht antimykotisch therapiert. 68 Patienten verstarben (71%), 30 davon an der invasiven Aspergillose bei beherrschter Grunderkrankung (36%). Für die einzelnen labordiagnostischen Methoden ergaben sich folgende Sensitivitäten: Mikroskopie (Calcofluorweiß‐Färbung) 17%, Kultur 69%, Aspergillus‐PCR aus Respirationstraktproben und Biopsien 95%, Galactomannan‐Antigen‐Nachweis mittels Latex‐Agglutination 28%, mittels Enzymimmunoassay 59%, Aspergillus‐Antikörper‐Nachweis 23%.Summary. We analysed retrospectively 90 cases of invasive aspergillosis (IA) which occurred at the University Hospital and the Thoraxklinik gGmbH Heidelberg between 1991 and 1998. 71 cases were histologically proven, 19 were probable diseases. There were 49 male and 41 female patients, with a mean age of 51.5 years (range 16 days to 80 years). Underlying diseases were: hematological malignancies in 52% (n = 47; 24 with acute leukemia), solid organ transplantation (n = 11; 9 liver, 1 kidney, 1 heart), solid cancer (n = 10), others (n = 21), and in one case no underlying disease was diagnosed. Only 54 cases (60%) were correctly diagnosed as IA during lifetime of the patients. In 59 cases (65%) only the lung was affected, 25 patients suffered from disseminated IA, in 6 patients only extrapulmonary lesions were present. 11 patients underwent lung surgery, 63 patients received antimycotic drugs (44 amphotericin B, 15 fluconazole, 4 itraconazole), 21 were not treated antimycotically. 68 patients (71%) died, from these 30 (36%) due to IA during remission of the underlying disease. The laboratory methods showed the following sensitivities, respectively: microscopy by calcofluor white staining 17%, culture 69%, Aspergillus‐PCR from respiratory tract samples and biopsies 95%, galactomannan antigen detection by latex agglutination 28%, by enzyme immunoassay 59%, Aspergillus antibody detection 23%.
Itraconazole — perspectives for the management of invasive aspergillosis
Authors: Groll A. H. 
Published: April 2011

Summary. Itraconazole has become an important option in the management of invasive aspergillosis. The compound has potent and broad spectrum antifungal activity in vitro against Aspergillus spp. with a species‐and strain dependent fungicidal mode of action. In vivo, the antifungal efficacy of itraconazole has been demonstrated in several non‐immunocompromised and immunocompromised animal models of disseminated and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Itraconazole is available in oral and intravenous formulations, displays non‐linear plasma pharmacokinetics, and is usually well tolerated. Non‐comparative clinical data of itraconazole for therapy of suspected or proven invasive aspergillosis suggest response rates similar to those of conventional amphotericin B; however, the experience with itraconazole for induction therapy of invasive aspergillosis is limited, particularly in profoundly neutropenic patients. Itraconazole has an important role for consolidation and maintenance therapy of patients with invasive aspergillosis, and novel combination therapies involving itraconazole are currently under intensive preclinical investigation as to their usefulness for primary therapy.Zusammenfassung. Itraconazol ist zu einer wichtigen Option im Management invasiver Aspergillus‐Infektionen geworden. Die Substanz besitzt eine ausgeprägte und breite antimykotische Aktivität gegenüber Aspergillusarten in vitro mit einem spezies‐ und stammabhängigen fungiziden Wirkmodus. In vivo ist die antimykotische Wirksamkeit von Itraconazol in mehreren nicht‐immunkompromittierten und immunkompromittierten Tiermodellen der disseminierten und invasiven pulmonalen Aspergillose nachgewiesen. Itraconazol steht in oraler und intravenöser Zubereitungsform zur Verfügung, besitzt eine nicht‐lineare Plasma‐Pharmakokinetik und ist in der Regel gut verträglich. Nichtvergleichende klinische Daten von Itraconazol zur Behandlung vermuteter und gesicherter invasiver Aspergillus‐Infektionen unterstellen Ansprechraten, die mit denen von konventionellem Amphotericin B vergleichbar sind, wobei jedoch die Erfahrungen mit Itraconazol in der Induktionstherapie insbesondere bei Patienten mit ausgeprägter Neutropenic beschränkt sind. Itraconazol hat eine wichtige Rolle in der Konsolidierungs‐und Erhaltungstherapie von Patienten mit invasiven Aspergillus‐Infektionen, und neue Kombinationstherapien mit Itraconazol befinden sich derzeit unter intensiver präklinischer Evaluierung auf ihren Nutzen in der Primärtherapie.
Unter welchen Voraussetzungen sind Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans‐Stämme aus Vogelexkrementen als Ursache menschlicher Infektionen anzusehen?
Authors: Kielstein P. , Hotzel H. , Schmalreck A. 
Published: April 2011

Zusammenfassung. Der Nachweis von Antigenfaktoren der Kryptokokken mittels Faktorseren in der Objektträgeragglutination unterstützt die Art‐ und Varietätendiagnose von Cryptococcus neoformans (Cr. n.) und ist für die Infektionsquellenforschung wichtig. In Taubenzuchten Thüringens wurden ausschließlich Serotyp‐D‐Stämme nachgewiesen. Damit besteht ein wesentlicher Unterschied zum Serotypspektrum von Isolaten menschlicher Herkunft Deutschlands, aber auch zu Stämmen aus Ziervogelzuchtbeständen Thüringens, in denen Serotyp‐A‐Stämme wie bei humanen Erkrankungen vorherrschten.Bei Verwendung verschiedener Primer im PCR‐Fingerprinting können einerseits Cr.‐neoformans‐Isolate den Serovaren A und D bzw. C und B und damit den Varietäten Cr. neoformans neoformans bzw. Cr. neoformans gattii zugeordnet werden (Primer FM1), andererseits ist eine genetische Heterogenität der Cr.‐neoformans‐Stämme innerhalb der Serotypen A und D feststellbar (Primer 60–26). Diese genetische Heterogenität innerhalb der A‐ und D‐Serotypen ist ebenfalls mittels Fourier‐Transform‐Infrarot‐Spektroskopie festzustellen. Die Taubenstämme vom D‐Serotyp von C. neoformans konnten in 3, die Serotyp A‐Isolate von Ziervögeln in 2 verschiedene Fourier‐Transform‐Infrarot‐Clustergruppen eingeteilt werden. Für die Infektionskettenermittlung menschlicher Erkrankungen ist nicht nur der Serotyp, sondern auch die Heterogenität der Stämme innerhalb eines Serotypes unbedingt zu berücksichtigen.Summary. Detection of antigen factors of Cryptococcus with factor sera in slide agglutination confirms diagnosis of species and varieties of Cryptococcus neoformans (Cr. n). This method is important in investigations of sources of infections. Serotype D strains of Cr. neoformans were detected in pigeon breedings from Thuringia exclusively. Because of that an essential difference exists in comparison to human isolates in Germany and strains from breeding stocks of companion birds in Thuringia where serotype A strains are predominant in pet birds and in human infections.Using different primers in PCR fingerprinting Cr. neoformans isolates can be assigned to serotypes A, B, C and D and to varieties Cr. neoformans neoformans and Cr. neoformans gattii (primer FM 1). On the other hand, genetic heterogeneity of Cr. neoformans strains is detectable within the serotypes A and D (primer 60–26). This genetic heterogeneity can be demonstrated in investigations by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, too. Isolated Cr. neoformans strains from pigeons (serotype D) could be divided into 3 and from pet birds (serotype A) into 2 different clusters by FTIR spectroscopy. It is important to take into account heterogeneity of strains within serotypes for determination of infection chains of human disease.
Inhibin‐α Immunohistochemical Expression in Mature and Immature Canine Sertoli and Leydig Cells
Authors: Grieco V , Banco B , Ferrari A , Rota A , Faustini M , Veronesi MC 
Published: April 2011

ContentsFormalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded sections from 32 canine pairs of testes were immunohistochemically examined for Inhibin‐α (INHα). Samples were subdivided into two groups (group 1, neonates; group 2, puppies and adults) and results statistically compared. Inhibin‐α was significantly expressed only in Sertoli cells of neonatal testes, while in Leydig cells it was expressed without significant difference between groups. These results suggest that, in dogs, INHα expression switches from Sertoli to Leydig cells during testicular maturation and that, in adult, Leydig cells represent the main source of INHα.
Inverted papilloma of the urinary tract
Authors: Brown Alexandra L. , Cohen Ronald J. 
Published: April 2011

OBJECTIVES• To compare the clinical and pathological details of inverted papilloma (IP) of the urinary tract diagnosed in Western Australia with those published.• To determine whether urinary tract IP requires post‐treatment cystoscopic follow‐up.PATIENTS AND METHODS• Clinical and pathological details were summarized for 41 cases of IP of the urinary tract diagnosed in Western Australia between 1998 and 2010.• Publications on IP of the urinary tract were reviewed and summarized.RESULTS• IP of the urinary tract is a rare benign tumour most commonly diagnosed in older men presenting with haematuria or symptoms of lower urinary tract obstruction.• IP is most frequently identified in the bladder neck or trigone as a polypoid growth with a smooth surface.• The major differential diagnosis is transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) with an inverted growth pattern, with differentiation based mainly on morphological criteria.• Treatment involves transurethral resection for lower urinary tract lesions whereas upper urinary tract IPs are resected by ureteroscopy, percutaneous endoscopy, partial ureterectomy or nephroureterectomy.• IP is weakly associated with a history of TCC and with increased risk of concomitant or subsequent TCC.CONCLUSIONS• Based on the association with TCC, post‐treatment follow‐up for IP of the urinary tract should include cystoscopic follow‐up.
Evolution of the USANZ tie
Authors: Webb David R. , Lawrentschuk Nathan 
Published: April 2011

• The Urological Society of Australia and New Zealand (USANZ) tie represents the dual nationality of the society, the ancient history of urology, and the continuing development of urology in Australia and New Zealand.• The earliest badge of the Urological Society of Australasia (USA) was a cartoon depiction of the cystoscopic view of a prostate from the urethra. The inception of the USANZ tie began with the borrowing of the crest of the newly granted USA coat of arms (lynx holding an exploratorium) as the logo for the USA Annual Scientific Meeting Tie in 1988. This tie was adopted de facto as the USA Society Tie; it became the template for subsequent scientific meeting ties, from which the formal USANZ tie design was adapted in 2006, to coincide with and mark the new society name, from the USA to the USANZ. This paper traces the evolution of the USANZ tie.
Participation and cognitive quality profiles in an online discussion forum
Authors: Naranjo Mila , Onrubia Javier , Segués Ma Teresa 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA case study was used to analyse the relationships between participation in an online discussion forum and the cognitive quality of the contributions made. Participation was calculated using two dimensions: presence (who accesses the environment, how often and for how long) and connectivity (who interacts with whom and the degree of intensity of the interaction). The discussion forum considered forms part of a course on Educational Psychology included in the curriculum of initial teacher training at the University of Barcelona and was accessed by 17 students over a period of 25 days. The analysis was carried out using a multi‐method approach, which combines quantitative indicators of presence and connectivity with a content analysis of the contributions made by each participant. The results suggest that a high level of participation (high level of presence/high level of connectivity) is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for maintaining high‐quality contributions throughout the discussion.
Supporting social awareness in collaborative e‐learning
Authors: Lambropoulos Niki , Faulkner Xristine , Culwin Fintan 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn the last decade, we have seen the emergence of virtual learning environments. Initially, these environments were a little more than document repositories that tutor used unicast to the students. Informed in part by social constructivist theories of education, later environments included capabilities for tutor–student and student–student, synchronous and asynchronous communication. The initial research of this paper reports the typical low usage of these capabilities. The main research attempted to ameliorate this problem by the provision of tools to promote a sense of social awareness as self‐presence and copresence, and evaluation techniques to analyse e‐learners' interactions. Data was obtained from prepost questionnaires, log files and social network analysis which augmented the data provided by the tools embedded in Moodle. The results indicate the importance of social awareness in effective e‐learning; the quality of active participation can be increased by the use of associated tools. The e‐tutor's role is still pivotal to facilitate and to support such engagement towards collaborative learning. Implications for future research suggest that social awareness tools and evaluation techniques can create awareness cues in an interface with a potential impact on learning.
Uneven Access to Local Power: Entrepreneurial Domination in the Design of Local Development in Chihuahua, Mexico
Authors: TOPAL AYLİN 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDecentralization is generally accepted as one of the defining or distinguishing features of the third wave of democratic transition in Latin America. Decentralization, in fact, is commonly understood as an index and an agent of democratization. This article tests this optimistic perspective inherent in the literature and examines the effects of decentralization policies on the design of local development programs in a northern state of Mexico, Chihuahua. The case of Chihuahua shows that, although decentralization policies have expanded local participation in policy design and making, they have failed to bring equal access to local state power by various local social groups. After the decentralization of development programs, internationalized local capitalists have gained privileged access to political power. Thus, decentralization can easily be a vehicle of class domination and may not be a panacea for unequal power relationships in local politics.RésuméIl est généralement admis que la décentralisation fait partie des traits déterminants ou distinctifs de la troisième vague de transition démocratique en Amérique latine. En fait, elle est couramment appréhendée comme indice et agent d'une démocratisation. Cet article met à l'épreuve cette perspective optimiste propre à la littérature, et étudie les incidences des politiques de décentralisation sur la conception des programmes de développement local dans un État du nord du Mexique, Chihuahua. Ce cas montre que, même si les politiques de décentralisation ont étendu la participation locale au sein des processus de conception et de décision des politiques publiques, elles n'ont pas réussi à ce que divers groupes sociaux locaux accèdent égalitairement au pouvoir à l'échelon de l'État local. Après la décentralisation des programmes de développement, les capitalistes locaux de stature internationale ont acquis un accès privilégié au pouvoir politique. La décentralisation peut donc facilement être un instrument de domination de classe, et ne pas se révéler la panacée en cas de relations de pouvoir inégales en matière de politiques locales.
Optimizing the treatment of atopic dermatitis in children: a review of the benefit/risk ratio of methylprednisolone aceponate
Authors: Blume‐Peytavi U , Wahn U 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAtopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, recurring, pruritic, inflammatory skin condition which has its onset in early childhood in most cases. A stepped approach to therapy, starting with emollients and adding first mild and then more potent topical medications is recommended. For more than 50 years, topical corticosteroids (TCs) have been the gold standard in AD therapy. Increasingly potent TCs have tended to come with increasing risk of adverse events, however. Calculating the benefit/risk ratio [or therapeutic index (TIX)] for TCs when treating children and infants is more challenging in this population. Not only does their increased surface area to volume ratio as a result of their small size mean that they are likely to absorb a greater proportion of any active agent applied to their skin, but drug metabolism is slower than in adults and the systemic effects of corticosteroids are more pronounced (in particular reduction of serum cortisol levels through suppression of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis). Unlike traditional TCs, topical calcineurin inhibitors are not associated with the systemic effects and have shown good efficacy in treating AD in children. Parental/Carer concerns about their long‐term use can limit their acceptance for treatment in the paediatric population, however. Modifications to the structure of fourth generation corticosteroids mean that increased potency is not accompanied by increased risk of adverse events and hence they have an improved TIX. Methylprednisolone aceponate is a potent fourth generation corticosteroid which has demonstrated efficacy and safety in acute and maintenance programmes in infants and children. It is licenced for once‐daily use, and is available in four formulations – ointment, fatty ointment, cream and milk, which combine with its improved TIX to meet the needs of young patients and their carers.
IGFBP7, a novel immunohistochemical marker in differentiating dermatofibroma from dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans
Authors: Li J. , Yu Y. , Yang Y. , Wang L. , Cao J. , Liang X. , Xiao X. , Tu Y. , Chen H. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBackground  Loss of insulin‐like growth factor‐binding protein 7 (IGFBP7) has been found to be a critical step in the development of melanoma and colon cancer. To our knowledge, immunostaining of IGFBP7 in various dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) and dermatofibroma (DF) has not been studied before.Objectives  To assess the immunostaining of IGFBP7 in DFSPs and DFs and to ascertain whether IGFBP7 is superior to antibodies traditionally used in differentiating DFs from DFSPs.Methods  Immunohistochemical staining was performed on 28 cases of DFSP and 30 cases of DF, using antibodies to IGFBP7, CD34, factor XIIIa (FXIIIa), CD10 and stromelysin‐3 (ST‐3).Results  Six of 28 (21.4%) DFSP samples were positive for IGFBP7, whereas 28 of 30 (93.3%) DF samples were positive. CD34 was positive in 26 of 28 (92.9%) cases of DFSP and 4 of 30 (13.3%) cases of DF. FXIIIa staining was positive in 4 of 28 (14.3%) cases of DFSP and 28 of 30 (93.3%) cases of DF. CD10 staining was positive in 12 of 28 (42.9%) cases of DFSP and ST‐3 staining was positive in 7 of 28 (25.0%) cases of DFSP. The preferential IGFP7 staining of DFSPs in comparison with DFs was statistically significant (P < 0.01).Conclusions  We confirmed that IGFBP7 is a negative immunohistochemical marker for DFSPs and the combination with CD34, FXIIIa and ST‐3 immunostaining could make the distinction more reliable.
Emily Greene Balch, Political Economist
Authors: DIMAND ROBERT W. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe first female economist to win a Nobel Prize was Emily Greene Balch, who shared the Nobel Peace Prize in 1946 for the same anti‐war activism for which she lost her Wellesley professorship of economics and sociology in 1918. Balch, an outspoken pacifist, social reformer, and defender of ethnically‐diverse immigration, has largely been forgotten in the history of economic thought and of sociology. Her contributions and her remarkable career warrant attention.
Infusion of P‐Capt prion‐filtered red blood cell products demonstrate acceptable in vivo viability and no evidence of neoantigen formation
Authors: Cancelas Jose A. , Rugg Neeta , Pratt P. Gayle , Worsham D. Nicole , Pehta Joan C. , Banks Kate , Davenport Robertson D. , Judd W. John 
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND: Transmission of variant Creutzfeldt‐Jacob disease (vCJD) is a major concern in blood transfusion. The P‐Capt filter has been shown to remove around 4 log ID50 prion infectivity from prion‐spiked human red blood cells (RBCs).STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Two independent, single‐center, randomized, open‐label studies were designed to analyze the safety of P‐Capt–filtered RBCs. RBCs prepared from leukoreduced whole blood from 43 eligible subjects were randomly assigned to P‐Capt filtration and/or storage in plasma or SAGM and stored for 28 or 42 days. Stored RBCs were analyzed for in vivo 24‐hour recovery, hemolysis, metabolic variables, blood group antigen expression, neoantigen formation, and safety after autologous infusion.RESULTS: Mean P‐Capt filtration times for leukoreduced RBCs were 41 (SAGM) to 51 (plasma) minutes. Thirteen of 14 subjects receiving P‐Capt–filtered RBCs had 24‐hour RBC recoveries of 75% or more after 42‐day storage, with a mean hemolysis of less than 0.6%. No loss of RBC antigen expression or formation of neoantigens was observed. In both studies, RBCs had white blood cell counts of less than 1 × 106/unit after leukofiltration. P‐Capt prion filtration provided an additional greater than 0.8 log leukoreduction. No serious or unexpected adverse events were observed after infusion of P‐Capt–filtered full‐volume RBC units.CONCLUSIONS: P‐Capt–filtered, stored RBCs demonstrated acceptable viability and no detectable neoantigen expression, immunogenic responses. or safety issues after infusion of a complete unit. The additional filtration time and modest reduction in RBC content are within acceptable levels for implementation in countries with transfusion transmission of vCJD.