bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diffusion‐weighted MRI of fatty liver
Authors: Poyraz Ahmet K. , Onur Mehmet R. , Kocakoç Ercan , Oğur Erkin 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose:To investigate the effect of fat infiltration on the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of liver, and assess the relationship between ADC and hepatic fat fraction (HFF).Materials and Methods:MRI scans of 120 consecutive patients were included in this retrospective study. Of these, 42 patients were included in the fatty liver group and 78 in the control group. ADC values were measured from a pair of diffusion‐weighted (DW) images (b = 0 mm2/s and 1000 mm2/s). HFFs were measured using T1W GRE dual‐echo images. The difference between the ADCs of the two groups was assessed with the t‐test. The relationship between HFF and ADC was determined using linear regression analysis and the Pearson correlation coefficient (r).Results:Mean HFFs were 0.85 ± 2.86 and 13.67 ± 8.62 in the control and fatty liver groups, respectively. The mean ADC of fatty liver group 1.20 ± 0.22 × 10−3 mm2/s was significantly lower than that of the control group 1.32 ± 0.23 × 10−3 mm2/s (P = 0.02). Linear regression analysis revealed an inverse relationship between ADC and HFF (r = −0.39, P < 0.0001).Conclusion:ADC significantly decreases in patients with >5% HFF, and ADC and HFF exhibit an inverse relationship. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:1109‐1111. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improving the performance of diffusion‐weighted inner field‐of‐view echo‐planar imaging based on 2D‐Selective radiofrequency excitations by tilting the excitation plane
Authors: Finsterbusch Jürgen 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose:To improve the performance and flexibility of diffusion‐weighted inner field‐of‐view (FOV) echo‐planar imaging (EPI) based on 2D‐selective radiofrequency (RF) excitations by 1) using higher gradient amplitudes for outer excitation lines, and 2) tilting the excitation plane such that the unwanted side excitations do not overlap with the current image slice or other slices to be acquired.Materials and Methods:Acquisitions with a conventional (untilted) and the improved setup were compared and inner FOV diffusion tensor measurements were performed in the human brain and spinal cord with voxel sizes of 1.0 × 1.0 × 5.0 mm3 and 0.6 × 0.6 × 5.0 mm3 on a 3 T whole‐body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system.Results:With the modified setup, the 2D‐selective RF excitations can be considerably shortened (e.g., from 26 msec to 6 msec) which 1) avoids profile distortions in the presence of magnetic field inhomogeneities, and 2) reduces the required echo time and increases the signal‐to‐noise ratio accordingly, e.g., by about 20% in the spinal cord.Conclusion:Tilting the excitation plane and applying variable gradient amplitudes improves the applicability of inner FOV EPI based on 2D‐selective RF excitations. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:984–992. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular characterization of wild‐type measles viruses in Tamil Nadu, India, during 2005–2006: Relationship of genotype D8 strains from Tamil Nadu to global strains
Authors: Duraisamy Raja , Rota Paul A , Palani Gunasekaran , Elango Varalakshmi , Sambasivam Mohana , Lowe Luis , Lopareva Elena , Ramamurty Nalini 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMolecular characterization of measles viruses is a valuable tool for measuring the effectiveness of measles control and elimination programmes. WHO recommends that virological surveillance be conducted during all phases of measles control to document circulation of indigenous strains and trace future importation. This report describes the genetic characterization of wild type measles viruses from Tamil Nadu, India isolated between January 2005 and January 2006. In the study, 304 suspected measles cases (292 from 56 outbreaks and 12 sporadic cases) were investigated. Blood samples were collected from suspected measles outbreaks and 11 suspected sporadic cases and tested for the presence of measles and rubella specific IgM. Based on serological results, 53 outbreaks were confirmed as measles, 2 as a combination of measles and rubella, and 1 negative for both. Eight sporadic cases were confirmed as measles and one as rubella. Throat swab and urine samples were collected for virus isolation and 28 isolates were obtained. Sequencing and analysis showed that 3 isolates belonged to genotype D4 and 25 to genotype D8. Comparison of the genotype D8 sequences from Tamil Nadu with previously reported genotype D8 sequences from India and abroad showed six distinct clusters with Tamil Nadu strains forming two clusters. This study has established baseline molecular data and is the first report that describes genetic diversity of circulating measles strains in Tamil Nadu, a state in India. D8 has multiple lineages and this has been linked with importation of measles into the USA and UK. J. Med. Virol. 84:348–357, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hepatitis C virus genotyping in Greece: Unexpected high prevalence of genotype 5a in a Greek island
Authors: Karatapanis Stylianos , Tsoplou Panagiota , Papastergiou Vasilios , Vasiageorgi Aggeliki , Stampori Maria , Saitis Ioannis , Tsitsopoulos Eustathios , Lisgos Phillipos , Skorda Lamprini , Ketikoglou Ioannis , Goulis Ioannis 
Published: December 2011

AbstractHepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 5 (G5) is a rare genotype reported mainly in South Africa. However, increasing data suggest the sporadic presence of this genotype in different European countries. To assess the epidemiology of HCV‐G5 in Greece, genotyping was performed in 973 consecutive patients infected with HCV, referred to 7 hepatology centers throughout Greece, from January 2005 to December 2009. Genotype 5a (19 patients, 1.9%) was the fifth most prevalent genotype after genotype 1 (408 patients, 41.9%), genotype 3 (318 patients, 32.7%), genotype 4 (158 patients, 16.2%), and genotype 2 (70 patients, 7.2%). The majority of patients infected with G5 (16/19,84.2%) were referred to the General Hospital of Rhodes, an island in south‐east Greece. The HCV genotype distribution in that particular island, indicates a particularly high G5 prevalence of 12.8%, after genotype 1 (40%), genotype 3 (28%), and genotype 4 (15%). Among the patients from Rhodes infected with G5 (n = 16), 13 (81.2%) were females. The mean age was 62.3 ± 6.5 years, significantly older than the patients infected with other HCV genotypes (mean age 40.6 ± 7.2, P < 0.0001). Nine out of the 16 cases (56.2%) presented features of high pre‐treatment viral loads. Advanced liver fibrosis (Metavir F3–F4) was found in four out of five performed liver biopsies. Ten patients received treatment with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin and a sustained viral response were achieved in six cases. The source of infection is unknown but parenteral iatrogenic routes of transmission seem to have contributed significantly to the spread of genotype 5a in this region. J. Med. Virol. 84:223–228, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Human bocavirus infection diagnosed serologically among children admitted to hospital with community‐acquired pneumonia in a tropical region
Authors: Nascimento‐Carvalho Cristiana M. , Cardoso Maria‐Regina A. , Meriluoto Mira , Kemppainen Kaisa , Kantola Kalle , Ruuskanen Olli , Hedman Klaus , Söderlund‐Venermo Maria 
Published: December 2011

AbstractHuman bocavirus (HBoV) is a human virus associated with respiratory disease in children. Limited information is available on acute infection with HBoV among children admitted to hospital with community‐acquired pneumonia in tropical regions and the current diagnosis is inadequate. The aims were to diagnose and describe acute HBoV infections among children hospitalized for community‐acquired pneumonia. In Salvador, Brazil, 277 children with community‐acquired pneumonia were prospectively enrolled. Paired serum samples were tested by IgG, IgM, and IgG‐avidity enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) using recombinant HBoV VP2. HBoV DNA was detected in nasopharyngeal aspirates and serum by a quantitative polymerase‐chain reaction (PCR). HBoV DNA was detected in nasopharyngeal aspirates of 62/268 (23%) children and 156/273 (57%) were seropositive. Acute primary HBoV infection was reliably diagnosed (bearing at least two acute markers: Positive IgM, a fourfold increase/conversion of IgG, low IgG avidity or viremia) in 21 (8%) of 273 patients, 90% of 20 had HBoV DNA in nasopharyngeal aspirates, 83% with a high DNA load. The median age of infection with HBoV was 16 months, range 5–36. Community‐acquired pneumonia was confirmed radiographically in 85% of 20 patients with acute HBoV infection diagnosed serologically. HBoV DNA was found in nasopharyngeal aspirates of 42/246(17%) children without an acute primary HBoV infection and available nasopharyngeal aspirate. Four children with HBoV secondary immune responses were detected, lacking both IgM and viremia. HBoV infection was diagnosed accurately in children aged 5–36 months with community‐acquired pneumonia confirmed radiographically. PCR of nasopharyngeal aspirates is not a reliable marker of acute HBoV infection. J. Med. Virol. 84:253–258, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Seroepidemiology of WU polyomavirus among children exposed perinatally to HIV‐1
Authors: Miller Michael A. , Weibel Carla , Kahn Jeffrey S. , Andiman Warren A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWU polyomavirus (WUPyV), a new member of the genus wukipolyomavirus in the family Polyomaviridae, has been detected in serum and tissues of individuals infected with HIV. However, the epidemiology of WUPyV among children exposed perinatally to HIV‐1 is unknown. To investigate the epidemiology of WUPyV in children exposed to and infected perinatally with HIV, serum samples from 150 children exposed to HIV and 114 children infected with HIV were screened for IgG antibodies to WUPyV. A subset was screened for IgM antibodies to WUPyV. Both antibody detection assays were performed using a recombinant WUPyV VP1‐based ELISA. The overall seroprevalence of WUPyV IgG was 76.3% in children infected with HIV and 62% in children exposed perinatally to HIV. In the group of children infected with HIV, the prevalence of WUPyV IgG antibody reached its peak in 2–3 year olds (90.9%). In children 0–5 months of age, IgG seroprevalence was lower in those children exposed to HIV compared to children infected with HIV (43.1% vs.75%, P = 0.047). However, the seroprevalence of WUPyV IgM antibody was higher in children exposed to HIV compared to infants infected with HIV (27.4% vs. 8.3%, P = 0.044). WUPyV infection is acquired in early childhood in the majority of children born to mothers infected with HIV. The implication of this infection and the specific clinical syndrome that it produces, if any, remain to be defined. J. Med. Virol. 84:188–193, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Increased replication of respiratory syncytial virus in the presence of cytokeratin 8 and 18
Authors: Shirato Kazuya , Ujike Makoto , Kawase Miyuki , Matsuyama Shutoku 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPreviously, it was reported that productive viral infection, viral protein synthesis, and viral RNA replication of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) operated efficiently in two human epithelial cell lines (HEp‐2 and A549), but not in a human mast‐cell line, HMC‐1. Based on these observations, it was hypothesized that HMC‐1 cells lack the machinery required for RSV replication. To identify the host factors required for RSV replication, cDNA subtraction using A549, HEp‐2, and HMC‐1 cells was performed, and cytokeratin 18 (C18) was identified as a candidate host factor. Because C18 is generally expressed in simple epithelia with cytokeratin 8 (C8), HMC‐1 cells that constitutively express C18 and C8 (HMC‐1‐C8/18) were established to evaluate the role of C8/18 in RSV replication. In HMC‐1‐C8/18 cells, RSV RNA replication was increased, and the amount of infective virus produced was also increased in the cellular fraction after RSV spinoculation, whereas RSV production was decreased in A549 cells in which C18 expression was knocked down. These data suggest that the replication of RSV increases in the presence of C8/18. J. Med. Virol. 84:365–370, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi‐induced alteration to tree‐root architecture and longevity
Authors: Hooker John E , Atkinson David 
Published: December 2011

AbstractArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form mutualistic associations with most terrestrial plants, including trees. They can confer many benefits and are known to induce widespread changes in host plant physiology. For many years it was considered that colonisation by AMF did not alter root architecture but significant alteration has now been demonstrated unequivocally for several plants, including trees with AMF colonised plants usually possessing a more highly branched root system. More recently, alteration to root system longevity has also been measured with AMF colonised root systems being shorter lived. Mechanisms by which these changes occur are not understood but effects are not entirely due to altered phosphorus nutrition and are likely to involve AMF interaction with plant cell cycles. Future research should concentrate on defining the extent of AMF alteration to root system development and the importance of AMF interactions with plant cell cycles in determining these changes.
Phosphorus fractions in soils from an area with high density of livestock population
Authors: Leinweber Peter 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe concentrations of total phosphorus and its distribution in fractions of different solubility have been investigated in 6 different organic manures and in 69 soil samples from two counties with high concentrations of livestock population (Cloppenburg and Vechta, Lower Saxony). In the manures, large proportions of total P (means: 24% and 44%) were extracted by H2O and anion exchange resin so that increases in labile soil P fractions can be expected if these manures are applied. The high total P‐concentrations of the soils up to 8173 mg kg−1 were related to pedogenesis and soil use. Data such as soil P test (H2O‐P, DL‐P) values above the P‐fertilizer recommendations and considerably larger proportions of soluble and labile P‐fractions (7%‐47% of total soil P) than in other regions strongly suggested that significant P‐losses from the soils are likely. Therefore, reductions of P inputs to soils and measures to reduce the P‐solubility and mobility are necessary for water conservation in this region.
Höhe der Erhaltungsdüngung und Ausnutzung von Düngerphosphat vor dem Hintergrund der P‐Alterung im Boden
Authors: Jungk Albrecht , Wendt Joachim , Claassen Norbert 
Published: December 2011

AbstractDüngerphosphat, auch wasserlösliches, wird von Ackerpflanzen im Jahr der Anwendung meist zu weniger als 20% ausgenutzt. Seine Löslichkeit nimmt mit zunehmender Verweilzeit im Boden kontinuierlich ab, ein Prozeß, der als Alterung bezeichnet wird. Diese P‐Bindung hat zu der verbreiteten Ansicht geführt, ein Teil des Düngerphosphats gehe in eine pflanzenunverfügbare Form über und werde daher nicht vollständig ausgenutzt. Wenn dies zuträfe, dann müßte die P‐Düngung ständig größer als die P‐Abfuhr sein, um die P‐Versorung auf dem gleichen Niveau zu halten. In langfristigen Feld‐ und Gefäßversuchen mit verschiedenen Böden wurde der Frage nachgegangen, ob dies zutrifft. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die P‐Gehalte des Bodens, gemessen mit der DL‐, der CAL‐ und der P‐H2O‐Methode, über längere Zeit nahezu unverändert blieben, wenn die P‐Düngung der P‐Abfuhr entsprach. Eine Tendenz zur Abnahme des leichtlöslichen Phosphats war nur zu beobachten, wenn der P‐Gehalt des Bodens den P‐Bedarf der Pflanzen weit überstieg. Eine Düngungshöhe unter bzw. über der Abfuhr führte dagegen zur Abnahme bzw. Zunahme der P‐Gehalte des Bodens bei Messung mit den oben genannten Methoden. An einem langfristigen Feldversuch ergab sich, daß bei P‐Düngung in Höhe der P‐Abfuhr auch der in einer Woche desorbierbare P‐Anteil des Bodens konstant blieb. Im Überschuß über den Entzug gedüngtes P ging dagegen in eine Form über, aus der es kurzfristig nicht vollständig desorbiert wird. Das nach den Labormethoden als festgelegt erscheinende Phosphat steht jedoch den Pflanzen längerfristig zur Verfügung. Aus den Versuchsergebnissen wird der Schluß gezogen, daß die “P‐Alterung” im Boden keinen Verlust für die Pflanze darstellt. Düngerphosphat ist demnach vollständig nutzbar, so daß eine P‐Gabe in Höhe der P‐Abfuhr vom Feld als Erhaltungsdüngung ausreichend ist.
Basic strategies of molecular biological research in plant nutrition ‐ a review
Authors: Arnholdt‐Schmitt Birgit 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA review is given on basic methodical strategies of molecular biological research in plant nutrition. Membrane transport protein identification and analysis by the use of cDNA libraries and functional expression in yeast mutants and Xenopus oocytes is demonstrated. The various methods of gene isolation and analysis, including molecular data of model plants, are pointed out. The significance of research on transgenic plants permitting overexpression of introduced genes, antisense technique and analysis of promoter/reporter gene constructs is emphasized. The numerous examples of recent research simultanously indicate contemporary and future topics for molecular biological research in plant nutrition.
Solubility of soil phosphorus as influenced by urea
Authors: Hartikainen Helinä , Yli‐Halla Markku 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate possible ways of mobilizing residual fertilizer P as a result of local pH elevation caused by urea hydrolysis. The response of water‐soluble P (Pw) and dissolved organic C (DOC) to urea hydrolysis was monitored in three cultivated soils and at two P levels for up to 127–135 d and compared with corresponding changes in soils limed with Ca(OH)2. Hydrolysis of urea was complete in 8–15d during which soil pH increased by 1–1.5 units at the maximum. Subsequently, the pH decreased to or below the original level owing to nitrification. Mobilization of soil P was enhanced substantially in parallel with the increase in pH, the peak Pw occurring simultaneously with the highest pH value. In all urea‐treated soils, Pw remained at an elevated level for at least 60d. As compared to urea, elevation of soil pH with Ca(OH)2 had only a minor and inconsistent influence on Pw. In mobilization of soil P, the urea‐induced increase in pH and a simultaneous production of NH4+ ions proved to be superior to liming with Ca(OH)2. It was hypothesized that when an acid soil is amended with urea, phosphate is first displaced by OH− ions, resulting in elevated solution P concentrations. A simultaneous dissolution of organic matter contributes to the persistence of high P concentration by competition for sorption sites on Fe and Al oxides, and thus retards the resorption of P.
Seasonal and spatial variation of extractable trace metal fractions in topsoils under mixed forest
Authors: Wenzel Walter W. , Alge Guntram , Blum Winfried E. H. , Brandstetter Anton , Pollak Michael A. , Riedler Christian , Schulte Andreas 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMetal extractability from soils may be affected by analytical errors, sample preparation, inaccurate sampling as well as by natural variation in space and time. During one year, we sampled the Ah horizons of a forested Luvi‐Calcaric Cambisol from 43 subplots in a visually homogeneous area of 0.5 ha six times to determine the spatial and seasonal variation of pH, OC, and Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn extractable by 0.1 M BaCl2 and 0.05 M Na2ETDA. As indicated by a two‐way ANOVA, the spatial and seasonal variations of all parameters were significant at p < 0.01. The metal‐specific ranges of seasonal variation varied between 21% and 90% of the minima for Na2EDTA, and 15% and 71% for 0.1 M BaCl2. The error due to within‐subplot variability and inaccurate sampling, tested by sampling twice in April 1992, was small compared to the natural seasonal and spatial variation. The relative differences between the means of the two samplings tended to increase with the coefficients of spatial variation, suggesting an increasing contribution of within‐subplot variability to the sampling error. The study shows that both spatial and seasonal variation of extractable metal fractions may bias the analysis of mobile metal fractions in a rarely predictable way.
Die Bedeutung amorpher AI‐Verbindungen für Al‐Freisetzungsraten in carbonatfreien, sandigen Böden
Authors: van de Sand Martina , Fischer Walter R. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn einer vorangegangenen Arbeit war mit Hilfe von pH‐stat‐Versuchen die Kinetik der Protonenpufferung und der Elementfreisetzung in carbonatfreien, sandigen Waldbodenhorizonten untersucht worden. Die freigesetzten Elemente Al und DOC sollten nunmehr als äquivalente Verluste in der Bodenfestphase nachgewiesen werden, und durch unterschiedliche Extraktionsverfahren (Lichterfelder: Corg; Pyrophosphat‐Extraktion: Alp, Corg‐p; Oxalat‐Extraktion: Alo) sollten die Hauptpools der Stoffmobilisierung bei Säurebelastung bestimmt werden. In acht der zehn untersuchten Horizonte bedingte die Al‐Freisetzung eine entsprechende Abnahme an organisch gebundenem Al (Alp), in vier davon ließen sich gleichzeitig Verringerungen der Corg‐p−Gehalte in Höhe des gelösten DOC nachweisen. Für die beiden anderen Horizonte konnte die Al‐Mobilisierung etwa je zur Hälfte auf die Auflösung organischer und anorganischer amorpher Al‐Verbindungen zurückgeführt werden. Wie bereits die Freisetzung an Al und DOC ließen sich auch die Verluste an Alp, Alp, und anorganischem Al (Alo−Alp) als Reaktionen 1. Ordnung darstellen, die Auflösungsgeschwindigkeiten [h−1] an Alp (0.027), Alo (0.023) und Corg‐p (0.026) entsprachen der Freisetzung an Al (0.027) bzw. DOC (0.024). Für die Auflösung anorganischer Al‐Verbindungen wurden mit 0.066 bzw. 0.052 etwa doppelt so hohe Geschwindigkeitskonstanten errechnet.
Organic phosphorus species in humic acids of mountain soils along a toposequence in the Northern Caucasus
Authors: Makarov Mikhail I. , Guggenberger Georg , Zech Wolfgang , Alt Helmut G. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractOrganic P was investigated in humic acids extracted from mountain soils developed in the subalpine, upper subalpine and alpine zones of the Northern Caucasus. P contents of humic acids varied between 3.4 and 14.2 g P kg−1, depending on P contents of the parent vegetation and on site conditions. Organic P was accumulated at sites where microbial activity is restrained due to soil acidity, low soil temperature and hydromorphy.31 P NMR spectroscopy revealed that orthophosphate monoesters were the dominent P species (72–85% of extract‐ able P), orthophosphate diesters amounted to 12–21%, and phospho‐ nates ranged between 0 and 9%. Humic acids of soils under cold and wet climatic conditions showed highest concentrations in phospho‐ nates and orthophosphate diesters. Hence, the accumulation of organo‐P in the Caucasian mountain soils was partly due to increasing proportions of potentially available organic P species.