bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genome-wide prioritization of disease genes and identification of disease-disease associations from an integrated human functional linkage network
Authors: Linghu Bolan , Snitkin Evan S , Hu Zhenjun , Xia Yu , DeLisi Charles 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe integrate 16 genomic features to construct an evidence-weighted functional-linkage network comprising 21,657 human genes. The functional-linkage network is used to prioritize candidate genes for 110 diseases, and to reliably disclose hidden associations between disease pairs having dissimilar phenotypes, such as hypercholesterolemia and Alzheimer's disease. Many of these disease-disease associations are supported by epidemiology, but with no previous genetic basis. Such associations can drive novel hypotheses on molecular mechanisms of diseases and therapies.
Plasma Uric Acid and Hypertension in a Chinese Community: Prospective Study and Metaanalysis
Authors: Zhang Weili , Sun Kai , Yang Ying , Zhang Hongye , Hu Frank B , Hui Rutai 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBackground: Hyperuricemia has been positively associated with hypertension, but whether this association is independent of adiposity and other cardiovascular risk factors remains a matter of debate.Methods: We conducted a community-based prospective cohort study comprising 7220 participants (mean age 37 years; 73.8% men) in the Qingdao Port Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in China, who were free from hypertension at study entry in 1999–2000. During 4-year follow-up, 1370 men (19.0%) and 208 women (11.0%) had developed hypertension.Results: After adjustment for age, body mass index, and other covariates, the relative risks (RRs) of developing hypertension comparing the highest and lowest uric acid quartiles were 1.55 (95% CI 1.10–2.19; P for trend &lt;0.001) for men and 1.91 (1.12–3.25; P for trend &lt;0.001) for women. After additional adjustment for abdominal obesity, the RRs comparing the participants in the highest and lowest quartiles of uric acid were 1.39 (1.16–1.68; P for trend 0.003) for men and 1.85 (1.06–3.24; P for trend 0.006) for women. In joint analysis, compared with those in the lowest uric acid quartile and without abdominal obesity, participants who were in the highest quartile and also had abdominal obesity had a 3.0- and 3.4-fold greater risk of incident hypertension (1.56–3.97 for men and 2.10–3.81 for women, respectively).Conclusions: These data suggest a positive association between plasma uric acid and incidence of hypertension during short-term follow-up in a Chinese population. The association between hyperuricemia and hypertension was partly mediated by abdominal obesity.
Determination of ΔKth by Compression Pre-Cracking in a Structural Steel
Authors: Carboni M. , Patriarca L. , Regazzi D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe traditional experimental procedures used to generate thresholds (known as “ΔK-decreasing” and “constant Kmax”) have been challenged because it seems they affect the experimental results, sometimes in a non conservative way. In order to fix this problem, different experimental procedures (“compression pre-cracking constant amplitude” and “compression pre-cracking load reduction” (CPLR)) based on a compression-compression pre-cracking of fracture mechanics specimens have been proposed. Up till now, such procedures are not yet wide-spread between fracture mechanics experimentalists. In particular, due to the recent introduction, CPLR has been applied only to few cases: Al alloys, Ti alloys, and high strength steels (ultimate tensile strength&gt;1300 MPa), all in the shape of M(T) or C(T) specimens subjected to positive stress ratios. The present paper deals with the application of these novel “compression pre-cracking” procedures, with particular attention to CPLR, to the unexplored and technically very important case of the structurally mild A1N steel grade (very commonly used to produce European railway axles) in the shape of SE(B) specimens subjected to stress ratios varying between −2 and 0.85.
An Energetic Approach for Large Ductile Crack Growth in Components
Authors: Chapuliot S , Marie S , Moulin D 
Published: September 2009

The practical prediction of ductile crack growth for the evaluation of component integrity is based on the characteristic value of J at crack initiation, J0.2 or JIC, and on the J-Δa curve that characterizes the crack propagation.
However, the J-Δa curve was shown to be scale dependent when crack propagation becomes important (more than few mm): for instance, it is not transposable from small specimens to structures.
In this context, a proposition applicable to large ductile crack propagation in components is made. It is founded on energetic parameters such as the J integral proposed by Rice or the modified JM proposed by Ernst. A fracture energy dissipation rate, related to the dissipated plastic strain energy and noted Gfr is proposed and is shown to be a material characteristic.
The paper shows with two examples how the material Gfr value is deduced from fracture tests and how it can be used for the prediction of the behavior of the structure, for more than 90 mm of crack propagation.
Residual Stress Effects on Fatigue and Fracture Testing and Incorporation of Results into Design
Authors: Bunch Jeffrey O. , Mitchell Michael R. 
Published: September 2009

Description
Eleven peer-reviewed papers, written by experts in their field, provide an understanding of residual stresses, fatigue crack growth, fatigue lifetime predictions, and their effect on structural integrity. Residual stresses can be present due to processing and manufacturing of materials and structures, so it is imperative to understand how and why they can influence the test data that we used in structural design methodologies. Residual stresses may also be intentionally engineered into structures in attempts to improve fatigue life, and it is equally important that designers understand how to account for these potential effects on fatigue life.
A Modified Recording Flame Photometer
Authors: King WH , Priestley W 
Published: September 2009

A Beckman flame photometer has been modified for use as a recording instrument and has been in service for over a year in this laboratory. The use of a recording technique has proved to be advantageous in flame photometer work since zero drift, sensitivity drift, and aspirator change difficulties are compensated by a recording technique. The flame spectrum of a sample may be scanned in a few minutes, thereby presenting a rapid qualitative analysis. Unexpected elements have shown up in recorded flame spectra which otherwise might have been overlooked.
The instrument described here uses a photomultiplier detector which permits operation at extremely low light intensity levels. Through this sensitive detector system, the minimum detectable amounts of many elements has been lowered.
Simplified Metallographic Techniques for Nuclear Reactor Materials
Authors: Cain F M 
Published: September 2009

Simple and versatile methods of preparing some of the more common nuclear reactor materials for metallographic examination are described.Chemical polishing develops the microscopic structural characteristics of a metal in a few minutes without the use of mechanical or electrolytic polishing. Attack polishing, a method which incorporates the simultaneous application of polishing abrasive and dilute acid solution to the polishing lap, is very useful in preparing materials that have a tendency to smear and flow during mechanical polishing. Cathodic vacuum etching reveals microscopic structures due to the selective removal of atoms by positive ion bombardment from a cathodic specimen in a glow discharge. Electrolytic polishing and the use of diamond abrasive are also playing important roles in metallographic preparation of reactor materials.
Experience with Vibratory Polishers and Design for Hot-Cell Application
Authors: Long E L , Meador J T , Gray R J 
Published: September 2009

Vibratory polishers have been in use in the Metallography Department of the Metallurgy Division of Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) for approximately four years. During this period, vibratory polishing changed from a complementary tool for standard metallographic techniques to the prime method of specimen preparation. An estimated 90 per cent of all specimens are now prepared through vibratory polishing in this department.
With the advent of the new hot-cell facility to be constructed at ORNL, this department was requested to plan to equip the metallography cells. Plans were made for adaptation to remote operation, based on past experience with the vibratory polishers in the “cold” laboratory and several features unique to the polishers. Several necessary design changes were made which in turn had to be compensated for in the vibratory system to maintain proper polishing action. To complement the remoted polishers a new specimen holder was designed which allows easy insertion and removal of the specimens using Master Slave type manipulators.
Summation
Authors: Wyman L L 
Published: September 2009

The basic mechanism of mechanical specimen preparation has remained unchanged for decades, but certain refinements have enhanced the art—the most noticeable being in the greater effort to minimize surface distortion and artifacts. This is manifest in the general tendency toward the use of “hard” cloths, accurately graded and sharply cutting abrasives, and slower wheel speeds. The widespread use of diamond powders particularly emphasizes this tendency. Appreciable attention is also given to the pH of polishing media to prevent undesirable etching effects.
Recent approaches are represented by improved equipment for automatic polishing and for electrolytic polishing. There is an increase in the use of polishetch techniques, and now chemical polishing has been added to the nonmechanical methods of preparation.
Introduction to Resinography
Authors: Rochow T. G. 
Published: September 2009

Resinography is the graphic description of resins used to explain variations in properties or behavior with changes in composition or treatment. A characteristic graph plots changes in composition with properties and illustrates critical points with macrographs, micrographs, drawings, diffraction patterns, interference phenomena, or absorption spectra.
While resinography is 17 years old, this is the first symposium of its kind on the subject. It presents a brief review of techniques borrowed from metallography, mineralography, petrography, and biology, but the symposium features methods peculiar to the investigation of resins, polymers, and related plastic materials.
A Design Methodology to Take Credit for Residual Stresses in Fatigue Limited Designs
Authors: Prevéy P. , Jayaraman N. 
Published: September 2009

High cycle fatigue (HCF) performance of turbine engine components has been known for decades to benefit from compressive surface residual stresses produced by shot peening. Recently laser shocking and low plasticity burnishing (LPB) have been shown to provide spectacular fatigue and damage tolerance improvement by introducing deep or through-thickness compression in fatigue critical areas. However, the lack of a comprehensive design method that defines the depth and magnitude of compression required to achieve a design fatigue life has prevented surface enhancement from being used for more than a safeguard against HCF damage initiation. The present paper describes a design methodology and testing protocol to allow credit to be taken for the beneficial compression introduced by surface enhancement in component design to achieve a required or optimal fatigue performance.
A detailed design method has been developed that relates the required fatigue life, the mean and alternating applied stresses, and the damage in terms of Kf to the residual stress at the fatigue initiation site required for the targeted HCF performance. The method is applied to feature specimens designed to simulate the fatigue conditions in the trailing edge of a first stage low pressure Ti-6-4 compressor vane to provide the optimal trailing edge damage tolerance. A novel adaptation of the traditional Haigh diagram to estimate the compressive residual stress magnitude for optimal fatigue performance is introduced. Fatigue results on blade-edge feature samples are compared with analytical predictions provided by the design methodology.
Immediate Implant Placement After Removal of a Failed Implant: A Clinical and Histological Case Report
Authors: Covani Ugo , Marconcini Simone , Crespi Roberto , Barone Antonio 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical success of an implant placed immediately after the explantation of a fractured blade implant. A healthy 58-year-old male nonsmoker presented with a fractured blade implant that had been subjected to biomechanical overload. A new blade implant was placed immediately after the removal of the fractured one. The new implant was placed with a composite graft of collagen gel and corticocancellous porcine bone and covered with a bioabsorbable membrane. Radiographic evaluation at 6 months postoperation showed complete bone healing. No residual bone defect was observed or probed during the uncovering phase; moreover, no mobility, pain, suppuration, or presence of peri-implant radiolucency were observed at the second-stage surgery.
Calcium Hydroxide Paste as a Surface Detoxifying Agent for Infected Dental Implants: Two Case Reports
Authors: Flanagan Dennis 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Dental implant treatment is successful; however, an implant can become infected during or after osseointegration. The two case reports presented here demonstrate, anecdotally, the effectiveness of endodontic calcium hydroxide paste for the surface treatment of infected, healing, or osseointegrated dental implants. Calcium hydroxide may be an appropriate surface detoxifying agent for local dental implant infections. A sequence of calcium hydroxide and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate surface treatment may provide a broad range of antimicrobial action for detoxifying recalcitrant infections. Calcium hydroxide should not be left in the surgical site.
Perspectives and Attitudes on the Use of Adjuvant Chemotherapy and Trastuzumab in Older Adults with HER-2+ Breast Cancer: A Survey of Oncologists
Authors: Hurria Arti , Wong F. Lennie , Pal Sumanta , Chung Cathie T. , Bhatia Smita , Mortimer Joanne , Somlo George , Hurvitz Sara , Villaluna Doojduen , Naeim Arash 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBackground.Substantial evidence supports the use of adjuvant trastuzumab with chemotherapy for patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-2+ breast cancer; however, a lesser amount of data is available to guide use of this therapy in older patients and in those with significant medical comorbidities. The goal of the current study was to understand how patient age and health status impact oncologists’ decisions to recommend adjuvant therapy in older women with HER-2+ breast cancer.Methods.Medical oncologists (n = 151) participated in an online survey regarding treatment recommendations for a hypothetical patient of varying age and health status with tumor stage 2, nodal stage 2, estrogen receptor–negative, HER-2+ breast cancer. Survey respondents recommended either chemotherapy plus trastuzumab, chemotherapy alone, trastuzumab alone, or no therapy. The effect of age and health status on therapeutic recommendations was assessed.Findings.As the hypothetical patient’s age increased or health status deteriorated, oncologists were less likely to recommend a combination of chemotherapy plus trastuzumab. In contrast, oncologists were more likely to recommend either trastuzumab alone or no therapy for patients with advanced age and deteriorating health status. Chemotherapy alone was recommended by only 7.5% of respondents, on average.Interpretation.With limited evidence-based data for the treatment of older women with early-stage HER-2+ breast cancer, medical oncologists recommend a diverse array of therapeutic approaches. With increasing age and declining health status they were less likely to recommend chemotherapy plus trastuzumab and more likely to recommend single-agent trastuzumab or no therapy.
A Geologically Based Markov Chain Model for Simulating Tritium Transport With Uncertain Conditions in a Nuclear-Stimulated Natural Gas Reservoir
Authors: Ye M. , Cooper C. A. , Chapman J. B. , Gillespie D. , Zhang Y. 
Published: September 2009

Summary
Nuclear-stimulation technology, which used subsurface nuclear detonation to increase permeability of tight natural gas reservoirs, was evaluated in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The Rulison site, located in the Piceance basin, Colorado, is one of three sites in the US where the technology was tested. An increase in exploration and production for natural gas in the basin has led to a need to quantify the extent of radionuclide (mainly tritium) migration after the detonation and potential migration under likely production scenarios. To meet this need, a numerical model was developed to simulate gas flow and tritium transport toward a hypothetical production well. A crucial problem in the model development is that limited on-site data are too sparse to quantify uncertainty of subsurface properties. This problem is partly resolved by using indirect data and information, such as parameter measurements from a nearby site and geological information regarding lithofacies geometry. In particular, a geologically based Markov chain model was developed to simulate spatial distribution of the sandstone lithofacies.
This paper presents an application of the numerical model for simulating tritium transport from the nuclear chimney toward the production well at a likely location producing at a rate typical for the basin. The results show that under the circumstances considered in this paper, tritium will not reach the production well with a confidence level of 95%. The results also show that the lithofacies structure is more critical in controlling tritium transport than parameters of the sandstone and hydraulically fractured sandstone. The parameters become important only when the connectivity of sandstone lenses exists to support tritium transport from the chimney to the production well. The developed modeling framework can be updated as additional subsurface data are collected. The framework can be used to support establishment of drilling restrictions that protect public health and the environment for different production well scenarios.
Under-Rig-Floor Openhole Logging in the Gulf of Thailand—Engineering Design of the Oil Industry's First Simultaneous Openhole Wireline Logging and Drilling Operation
Authors: Upchurch Eric R. , Graves Kyle S. 
Published: September 2009

Summary
Chevron Thailand, on average, drills 12,000-ft measured depth/ 8,200-ft total vertical depth wells in about 4.5 days. The factor that most contributes to this level of performance is the "offlin- ing" of as many drilling rig activities as possible. In our drilling operation, almost all pipe handling and cementing operations are performed offline (i.e., off the critical operations path and therefore simultaneous to other activities on the rig). We have now taken the next logical step in performing offline operations. In May 2007, Chevron Thailand introduced the world's first simultaneous openhole wireline logging and drilling operation on Seadrill RT-7 (a tender-assist drilling rig) and presently, is deploying the same system on additional tender-assist and jackup rigs.
This paper describes the concept of offline openhole wireline logging and the engineering design of the components that make this new concept an operational reality. The paper also discusses the engineering required to integrate the unique offline openhole logging components with existing rig systems (for both tender-assist and jackup rigs). This complex integration of newly designed components with existing rig systems is the path by which Chevron Thailand is setting a new performance standard in offshore drilling. The benefits of this new system have proven to be significant in improving Chevron Thailand's already world-class drilling performance.
History of Foot Ulcer Increases Mortality Among Individuals With Diabetes
Authors: Iversen Marjolein M. , Tell Grethe S. , Riise Trond , Hanestad Berit R. , Østbye Truls , Graue Marit , Midthjell Kristian 
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE
To compare mortality rates for individuals with diabetes with and without a history of foot ulcer (HFU) and with that for the nondiabetic population.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This population-based study included 155 diabetic individuals with an HFU, 1,339 diabetic individuals without an HFU, and 63,632 nondiabetic individuals who were all followed for 10 years with mortality as the end point.

RESULTS
During the follow-up period, a total of 49.0% of diabetic individuals with an HFU died, compared with 35.2% of diabetic individuals without an HFU and 10.5% of those without diabetes. In Cox regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, education, current smoking, and waist circumference, having an HFU was associated with more than a twofold (2.29 [95% CI 1.82–2.88]) hazard risk for mortality compared with that of the nondiabetic group. In corresponding analyses comparing diabetic individuals with and without an HFU, an HFU was associated with 47% increased mortality (1.47 [1.14–1.89]). Significant covariates were older age, male sex, and current smoking. After inclusion of A1C, insulin use, microalbuminuria, cardiovascular disease, and depression scores in the model, each was significantly related to life expectancy.

CONCLUSIONS
AN HFU increased mortality risk among community-dwelling adults and elderly individuals with diabetes. The excess risk persisted after adjustment for comorbidity and depression scores, indicating that close clinical monitoring might be warranted among individuals with an HFU, who may be particularly vulnerable to adverse outcomes.
CHR Forum
Authors: Cook Terry 
Published: September 2009

Abstract: Historians and archivists approach the documentary past differently, as they consider, respectively, the ‘archive’ (singular) and ‘archives’ (plural). The former focuses on issues of power, memory, and identity centred upon the initial inscription of a document (or series of documents). The latter concentrates on the subsequent history of documents over time, including the many interventions by archivists (and others) that transform (and change) that original archive into archives. Despite making good common cause in lobbying over public policy, and initially sharing values based on objective, scientific history, the two professions have drifted apart in recent decades. This essay explores the reasons for this divergence by analyzing the history of the two professions and highlighting resulting misconceptions that blind both to deeper nuances of the multiple contexts surrounding records that may enhance their understanding and use. It concludes that archives are not unproblematic storehouses of records awaiting the historian, but active sites of agency and power. Until recently, it has been in the interests of both professions to deny (or at least not interrogate) the subjectivity of archives. Both professions could benefit significantly, therefore, from a renewed partnership centred upon the history of the record to produce better history.