bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Automatic Car Heater System-Description and Performance Prediction
Authors: Plackett A. G. 
Published: June 2010

The objective of the system is to control the car heater temperature to ensure an optimum comfort level, without the need for periodic adjustment, despite variations in ambient temperature and vehicle usage. Reasons for choosing a particular type of system are explained. The operation is analysed, and expressed in terms of an equation. Difficulties in solution due to non-linear terms are overcome with the aid of a digital computer. Test data on the system components and vehicle characteristics are used in the computer program to obtain a prediction of the accuracy of temperature control over a wide range of operating conditions. Predicted performance is compared with actual road tests results for an installation. Design optimization is facilitated by using the computer to examine the effect of system parameter changes on the overall performance.
Computer-Aided Design Applied to a Model of a Chassis Type Structure Using Finite Element Techniques
Authors: Ali R. , Hedges J. L. , Mills B. 
Published: June 2010

The finite element technique has been used for the examination of a chassis-type structure. A computer program was developed to predict the static and dynamic behaviour of frames. The program is quite general but its use has been restricted to structures consisting of beam elements only. A scale model of a production car chassis was made in perspex. Nodal displacements of the model, in bending and torsion, natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes were predicted by the computer program and confirmed experimentally in the laboratory. Several coarser idealizations of the model were examined to study the effect on the accuracy of predictions and the computation time.
Paper 3: Hydraulic Requirements for Dowty Roofmaster Mining Supports
Authors: Marlow M. J. , Vincent K. V. 
Published: June 2010

The authors describe the Roofmaster system of powered roof supports for long wall coal faces. They deal with the application of automatic operation to these supports required by the increased speed of coal-winning machines. The desirability of fire-resistant fluids for mining operations is discussed and three types of water-containing fluids are described. Pump life is the chief factor to be taken into consideration when specifying a system for use with fire-resistant fluids and the authors discuss tests carried out with various fluids and pumps.
Paper 3: The Design History of Ford of England'S 1000 cm3 −1500 cm3 Engine Family
Authors: Worters R. A. S. 
Published: June 2010

This paper covers the design history of an engine family which originally spanned a capacity range of 1000–1390 cm3 but has lately been extended to 1500 cm3. The requirements which governed the basic engine design are dealt with from two angles—the vehicle requirements, which determined the cylinder capacity and arrangement and led to the adoption of a water-cooled four-stroke design; and the production requirements, which dictated the need for a ‘family’ concept to give the maximum range of engine capacity from a single tooling set up. Performance, package and durability targets were established and it was essential to meet these while maintaining minimum cost and weight. The layout of the basic engine provides for changes of capacity by variation of the stroke only; the advantage of this method over varying the bore or both bore and stroke is discussed from both product and manufacturing viewpoints. The engines are considerably ‘oversquare’ (large bores, short strokes) and the effect of this and the importance of connecting rod length to crank throw ratio is discussed. The detail design of the cylinder block was influenced by the short stroke and resulted in equally spaced cylinder centres and main bearings of ample capacity being incorporated. A unique treatment of the push rod ‘chamber’ was adopted to eliminate coring. The cylinder head has individual ports and fully machined combustion chambers with vertical valves and this layout made possible a single piece water jacket core. For the crankshaft, a hollow nodular iron casting was chosen and the very short strokes enabled balance weights to be omitted without bearing loads exceeding the limits of modem materials. In laying out the ancillary components an unusual arrangement for the oil pump and filter was chosen with advantages of easy assembly and servicing. After production of the engine family had commenced in 1000 cm3 and 1340 cm3 versions, the need for a 1500 cm3 version arose. This was achieved within the basic framework of the original design by a further increase of stroke, but required some increase of cylinder block height to maintain a reasonable connecting rod length. Production tooling was fortunately able to accommodate this change and because of the equal bore and bearing spacing in the original design, it was possible to incorporate five main bearings.
Paper 3: Paper 4: Renault Engines for Light Cars
Authors: Bachex R. 
Published: June 2010

The problem posed was the design of an engine having a taxable horsepower of 5 for a private car with rear wheel drive and weighing 700 kg when empty. It was also required that there be two main variants derived from this: an engine for a sports car and one with a larger cubic capacity for a utility vehicle. The paper describes how this problem was approached. After a re-examination of why the four-stroke carburation engine is very popular, the number and arrangement of the cylinders in relation to the cooling is considered. Apart from certain arrangements imposed by the fitting of the engine in the car, the simplest form of construction is that of the water-cooled engine with the cylinders in line. The cooling circuit is sealed. The arguments enabling the stroke and bore to be decided upon, first within the limits of a given cubic capacity and then by removing this restriction, are then expounded. The conclusion is that the bore should be as small as possible compatible with the performance called for. The following technological details of the engine, which has been designed with two possible cubic capacities—956 and 1100 cm3 by varying the bore, are then considered: design of the cylinder block with wet liners; piston, connecting rod, crankshaft assembly; arrangement of valves, camshaft, carburettor and manifold; engine sealing and filtration.
Paper 5: The Hillman 875 cm3 Engine
Authors: Kuzmicki L. , Miller A. C. , Ware P. G. 
Published: June 2010

The paper covers the constructional considerations, design and development of the engine to be installed in a rear-engined vehicle. The need for minimum weight and size coupled with adequate power output resulted in the decision to use light alloy diecastings wherever possible. The various methods of diecasting are considered and the methods used for the various components are discussed with the reasons for their use. Problems with cast-in cylinder liners, machining considerations and the implications of laying the engine at an angle in the car are covered. With regard to performance, several factors are discussed: the reasons for adopting the four-stroke cycle, four cylinders, water cooling; determination of capacity from power required data; the use of a single overhead camshaft; combustion chamber shape and compression ratio; port shapes and determination from air flow research. Then follow the various stages of development work and endurance testing.
Paper 6: The Engines of the Smaller Fiat Cars
Authors: Giacosa Dante 
Published: June 2010

The paper deals with the story of the engines intended for the smaller Fiat cars, starting with the ‘500’ model produced in 1936: all engines with displacements in the neighbourhood of 500 cm3. With small cars, especially of the utility class, the adaptability of the piston engine to a variety of design and space requirements is used to best advantage. The size, weight and displacement must blend with the design of the car as a whole; in turn, the design must feature the highest degree of simplicity compatible with the qualities required. It is, therefore, important for the engine of utility cars to be designed as a function of the general architecture of the vehicle. At Fiat, after a period in which economical cars of conventional design were produced, work was started along this line with the ‘500’ (Topolino) model in 1933–1934. The paper illustrates the design of this model and describes the reasons behind some of its engineering details, as well as the subsequent developments which led to the final solution. Also outlined are the more important designs of experimental engines studied as substitutes for the ‘500’ model: a transversal four-cylinder engine, with overhead camshaft, built in 1945, for a front-wheel drive prototype; an air-cooled, two-cylinder in-line engine, mounted transversally, for a rear-wheel drive prototype; an opposed two-cylinder engine, with longitudinal axis, in replacement of the previous unit; a two-cylinder in-line engine with longitudinal axis, finally chosen for the ‘New 500’ model introduced in May 1957. Also described are the further developments of the latter engine for the version with horizontally arranged cylinders suitable for underfloor application. The paper highlights the more interesting aspects regarding both the design and the experiments made and explains the principal reasons leading to the choice of given solutions and to the modifications which followed.
Paper 6: An Appreciation of the Practical Problems: A Survey of the Problems and their Importance
Authors: Koffman J. L. , Bartlett D. L. 
Published: June 2010

The parameters of both the track and the vehicle involved in the interaction problem arc discussed in general terms, and examples of the effects of variations of some of these are given. Among the parameters discussed are the effect of track shape, contact profiles and track resilience upon such features as safety, tractive resistance, riding qualities, and wear. The effect of running gear, vehicle configuration, and suspension design are considered briefly and particularly in relation to adhesion, interaction forces, and the results of these. The paper concludes with an outline of current design procedures and highlights areas where more information seems necessary.
Paper 3: Measurement of Total Head Pressures in an Unsteady Flow of a Compressible Fluid in a Duct
Authors: Voas P. , Woods W A. 
Published: June 2010

The paper is introduced with a discussion on how a knowledge of total pressures in exhaust systems would help in the development of internal combustion engines. The concept of a total pressure in a steady flow is straightforward and well known but it is shown that under unsteady flow conditions the concept needs further qualification. A full discussion on the matter is given in the paper. A brief review of previous work on similar types of probes is presented before the ‘Fecheimer’ type of probe is described. In order to test the probes a special ‘simple wave’ technique was used. A discussion of the technique together with the theory on which it is based is included. The tests on the Fecheimer type of probe are described and results presented. The second type of probe, which was an impact-tube type, is also described. The tests on the second type of probe revealed interesting results which were explained by a theoretical calculation. Details of the test results and the theoretical analysis which explain the results are discussed. It is shown that the theory could explain some of the results obtained with the Fecheimer type of probe. Finally, conclusions are given on the concept of a total pressure and the results of the tests carried out on the probes are discussed.
Paper 6: Electronic Instrumentation Techniques in the Development of Pistons and Rings
Authors: Westbrook M. H. , Munro R. 
Published: June 2010

Both general and particular aspects of the application of electronic instrumentation in internal combustion engine development are discussed, and the work which has been carried out in the authors' establishment on instrumentation for dynamic measurements on the piston assembly is described, in particular, measurements of engine noise and vibration, and of displacement and temperature during operation, using telemetry systems, and making use of both radio and mechanical linkage techniques. The development of a new type of sub-miniature inductive transducer for non-contact displacement measurement under the extreme conditions inside a working piston is described, and the reasons making its development necessary discussed. Results obtained from a working engine showing piston movements as measured by several inductive transducers and transmitted over the linkage system are shown and compared to block vibration recordings made simultaneously; an initial interpretation of the very recent results is made. Finally, electronic methods developed for the static measurement of piston and ring properties are described and the results obtained discussed.
Paper 10: The Rapid Estimation of Transient Response of a Cascade of Instrument Elements
Authors: Bushell K. W. 
Published: June 2010

This paper presents some observations on the dynamic behaviour of a chain of typical instrument elements, for example, a pressure measuring system consisting of a transducer-amplifier-galvanometer (or oscilloscope) chain. The approach adopted is by way of two approximate formulae which have been found to describe the dynamic characteristics of pulse amplifiers. These formulae are then applied to a linear second-order system which is shown to represent many transducer and galvanometer systems. The bounds within which the formulae apply to such systems are easily found from the transient response of the second-order system model which is readily available in analytical form. The dynamic input function used is not a true step function but an ‘imperfect step function’ having a finite, but small, input rise time. This input is likened to the output of a preceding instrument element, in response to a true step input, and thus the overall rise time of the two elements is obtained. Apart from its use in the verification of the two formulae, the imperfect step function response of transducers and galvanometers is important in its own right, and thus is discussed in some detail in relation to some recently published papers. As this work proceeded, information was required on such instrument characteristics as rise time, bandwidth, and damping factor. Published data on such topics, especially for the majority of pressure transducers, was found to be sparse and thus the topics are discussed at some length and new information is presented on transducer damping factors.
Paper 20: The Thermodynamics of Charging and Discharging Processes
Authors: Horlock J. H. , Woods W. A. 
Published: June 2010

A comprehensive analysis of charging and discharging processes is presented. The work is of particular relevance to gas exchange processes which occur in internal combustion engines. A rigorous treatment is given of discharge from and charge to a container. In the discharge process irreversibility in the container and the outlet passage are considered separately. A unique pressure-temperature relation is derived for a special case of the charging process and an equation giving the entropy change in the container is derived. It is shown that the mass trapped in the container is a linear function of the pressure in the container. The case of discharge from one container to another is considered, as is the problem of consecutive charging and discharging of one container. For simultaneous charging and discharging no entirely rigorous analysis can be derived. Two analyses—those of ‘filling and emptying’ and ‘perfect displacement’—are presented.
Paper 15: Vibration of Flexible Cylinders with Supported Ends, Induced by Axial Flow
Authors: Paidoussis M. P. 
Published: June 2010

A flexible cylinder with pinned ends in axial flow of sufficiently high flow velocity is subject to buckling and oscillatory hydroelastic instabilities. These instabilities are discussed briefly and it is shown that they occur at such high flow velocities that they are not likely to be encountered in practice, unless the cylinder is made of very flexible material such as rubber. The cylinder is subjected to small amplitude vibration, however, even at flow velocities very much smaller than the critical velocities for hydroelastic instabilities. The mechanism of energy transfer from the fluid to the cylinder is examined and it is postulated that this vibration is excited by cross-flow components of flow and other departures from steady, uniform and perfectly axial flow. Experimental evidence supporting this postulate is presented. An empirical expression is given for the amplitude of vibration based on reported experimental observations covering a variety of geometries, fluids and cylinder materials.
Paper R1: Review of Recent Research on Friction, Lubrication and Wear in the Netherlands
Authors: Salomon G. 
Published: June 2010

Research in this field is performed by T.N.O., by the three technical universities and by a few industrial laboratories. Discussions, refresher courses and education of technicians have been organized by several technical societies to reach all members of the engineering community. Hydrodynamic lubrication, grooved bearings and seals are the principal topics of engineering research. Vehicle research has led to new approaches in measuring tyre-road interactions. The influence of traces of oxygen on the friction of metals and on lubrication by solids is studied. Special equipment has been designed to solve fretting problems in atomic energy engineering. Two items of great importance to marine diesel engineering have been developed in Holland, viz. chromium-plating of cylinder liners and emulsion oils. Organization of maintenance work in collieries, steel mills and the transport industries is briefly outlined. Selecting wear-resistant materials for a specific application demands an operational approach. Government-sponsored education and research in ‘tribology’ meet the requirements of Dutch industry.
Paper 15: A Consideration of Factors Affecting the Wear Resistance of Materials Used in Aircraft Gas-Turbine Engines
Authors: Jesper A. C. 
Published: June 2010

Despite the increasing need for engineering materials to be wear-resistant, wear has usually been considered only after all other design factors, and frequently not at all. This is undesirable and all locating surfaces should be regarded with suspicion at the design stage, particularly with a view to lessening and facilitating repairs. Some effects on wear, of load and movement, vibration, temperature, and material are discussed and the undesirability of rattling loads emphasized. The influence of surface oxides is discussed and the results of some other investigators related to practical experience of flight engine components. A rubbing test and a hammer test are described and from their results and the observations of two other authors, it is suggested that all the more wear resistant materials rely upon the formation of a Buckley and Johnson surface ‘glaze’ whose characteristics are dependent upon the base material composition. It is further suggested that such materials will exhibit an impact limit beyond which the glaze will have a limited ability to survive, suggesting that the most promising line of approach to wear resistance is in the field of complex oxides.
Paper 10: The Investigation of Unusual Bearing Failures
Authors: Barwell F. T. , Scott D. 
Published: June 2010

The diagnosis of bearing failures as preliminary to their elimination by design improvement is discussed against the background of ‘profiles’ which are intended to display the functional aspects of a bearing situation. The importance of accurately determining the applied conditions is illustrated by the case of a rolling mill bearing which was intended to carry a load of 350 tons but was actually subjected to loading of more than 1700 tons. Unusual failures require to be investigated by all available laboratory techniques as specific fine-scale information from each technique enables a comprehensive elucidation of the mechanism of failure to be achieved. Simulated laboratory tests and a considerable research effort on an inter-disciplinary basis are usually initiated to confirm postulations regarding the causes of failure and to determine the controlling factors. The investigation of failures brought to the attention of the National Engineering Laboratory enables research to be directed to problems causing major difficulties in practice and thus provides industry with the information it requires to solve its own specific problems.
Paper 2: Hydraulics in Flight-Deck Machinery
Authors: Garstin D. J. I. 
Published: June 2010

This paper is concerned with the machinery for the launching of aircraft from and the recovery of aircraft on to the flight decks of aircraft carriers. The machinery to do this is hydraulic—except for the working fluid of slotted cylinder catapults, which is steam—and is required to control the application of large amounts of energy, in a short period, precisely in accordance with a set programme, with complete consistency and absolute reliability. Hydraulic machinery has successfully met all these requirements for fifty years, being developed and revised to keep pace with the increases in the performance of carrier-borne aircraft. The major developments—catapults for launching and arresting gear for recovery—are described, together with some items of ancillary equipment that demonstrate the versatility of hydraulic machinery. Simple principles have always been used, but the designs have always made use of the most advanced techniques of hydraulic engineering.
Summary 1: The Influence of Viscosity Variation with Temperature on Journal Bearing Performance
Authors: Smalley A. J. , McCallion H. 
Published: June 2010

A computer program which solves the Reynolds equation for a journal bearing in conjunction with an energy balance equation has been developed. In this program, distributions of pressure and temperature are obtained iteratively, to satisfy finite difference forms of both equations simultaneously. The pressure distribution is integrated numerically to yield non-dimensional parameters of load, friction torque, oil flow, and peak pressure. The average outlet temperature and corresponding viscosity are evaluated, and the difference between relating the load parameters to the inlet or to the outlet viscosities is illustrated. An examination of the influence of the numerical parameters on the values of the above performance para-meters, and on the overall heat balance, is used to justify the numerical accuracy of the method. A simple method of determining the effect of mixing the circulating heated oil with the cool inlet oil is de-scribed. This mixing improves the comparison of computed and experimental results. A range of values of journal speed, inlet viscosity, and index of viscosity variation are examined, and the influence of these on the performance parameters of the bearing is shown.