bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Information tracking and encoding in early L1: linguistic competence vs. cognitive limitations
Authors: DE CAT CÉCILE 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTThis study provides experimental evidence for preschool children's competence in basic information structure, with particular attention to the notions of topic and focus. It investigates their mastery of structural and definiteness distinctions to encode the information status of discourse referents, and seeks to distinguish linguistic competence from cognitive development as the source for children's ‘errors’. Evidence comes from a story-telling experiment performed on 45 children acquiring French (between the ages of 2 ; 6·22 and 5 ; 6·15). The article demonstrates continuity between the child and adult systems of basic discourse representation. It further argues that children's definiteness errors are not due to a lack of knowledge of the adult rules of information encoding. Rather, such errors stem from cognitive limitations and from assuming a wider common ground than adults would.
Influence of referral bias on the clinical characteristics of patients with Gram-negative bloodstream infection
Authors: AL-HASAN M. N. , ECKEL-PASSOW J. E. , BADDOUR L. M. 
Published: February 2011

SUMMARYReferral bias can influence the results of studies performed at tertiary-care centres. In this study, we evaluated demographic and microbiological factors that influenced referral of patients with Gram-negative bloodstream infection (BSI). We identified 2919 and 846 unique patients with Gram-negative BSI in a referral cohort of patients treated at Mayo Clinic Hospitals and a population-based cohort of Olmsted County, Minnesota, residents between 1 January 1998 and 31 December 2007, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with referral. Elderly patients aged ⩾80 years with Gram-negative BSI were less likely to be referred than younger patients [odds ratio (OR) 0·43, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0·30–0·62] as were females (OR 0·63, 95% CI 0·53–0·74). After adjusting for age and gender, bloodstream isolates of Escherichia coli (OR 0·50, 95% CI 0·43–0·58) and Proteus mirabilis (OR 0·49, 95% CI 0·30–0·82) were underrepresented in the referral cohort; and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (OR 2·26, 95% CI 1·70–3·06), Enterobacter cloacae (OR 2·31, 95% CI 1·53–3·66), Serratia marcescens (OR 2·34, 95% CI 1·33–4·52) and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (OR 17·94, 95% CI 3·98–314·43) were overrepresented in the referral cohort. We demonstrated that demographic and microbiological characteristics of patients with Gram-negative BSI had an influence on referral patterns. These factors should be considered when interpreting results of investigations performed at tertiary-care centres.
Assessing user simulation for dialog systems using human judges and automatic evaluation measures
Authors: AI HUA , LITMAN DIANE 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWhile different user simulations are built to assist dialog system development, there is an increasing need to quickly assess the quality of the user simulations reliably. Previous studies have proposed several automatic evaluation measures for this purpose. However, the validity of these evaluation measures has not been fully proven. We present an assessment study in which human judgments are collected on user simulation qualities as the gold standard to validate automatic evaluation measures. We show that a ranking model can be built using the automatic measures to predict the rankings of the simulations in the same order as the human judgments. We further show that the ranking model can be improved by using a simple feature that utilizes time-series analysis.
Braid monodromies on proper curves and pro-ℓ Galois representations
Authors: Takao Naotake 
Published: February 2011

AbstractLetCbe a proper smooth geometrically connected hyperbolic curve over a field of characteristic 0 and ℓ a prime number. We prove the injectivity of the homomorphism from the pro-ℓ mapping class group attached to the two dimensional configuration space ofCto the one attached toC, induced by the natural projection. We also prove a certain graded Lie algebra version of this injectivity. Consequently, we show that the kernel of the outer Galois representation on the pro-ℓ pure braid group onCwithnstrings does not depend onn, even ifn= 1. This extends a previous result by Ihara–Kaneko. By applying these results to the universal family over the moduli space of curves, we solve completely Oda's problem on the independency of certain towers of (infinite) algebraic number fields, which has been studied by Ihara, Matsumoto, Nakamura, Ueno and the author. Sequentially we obtain certain information of the image of this Galois representation and get obstructions to the surjectivity of the Johnson–Morita homomorphism at each sufficiently large even degree (as Oda predicts), for the first time for a proper curve.
First Report of the β-Tubulin E198A Mutation Conferring Resistance to Methyl Benzimidazole Carbamates in European Isolates of Monilinia fructicola
Authors: Weger J. , Schanze M. , Hilber-Bodmer M. , Smits T. H. M. , Patocchi A. 
Published: February 2011

The causal agent of brown rot on stone and pome fruits, Monilinia fructicola (G. Wint.), is a quarantine pathogen in Europe. It has been detected in Austria (later eradicated), Spain, the Czech Republic, Italy, Germany, and Switzerland (1). In the United States and other countries, M. fructicola isolates were reported to show resistance to different classes of fungicides, including methyl benzimidazole carbamates (MBC) (2). Lichou et al. (2) reported the presence of isolates resistant to the MBC carbendazim in France, but the mechanisms inducing MBC resistance in these isolates were not studied. Ma et al. (3) in California, and more recently, Zhu et al. (4) in South Carolina, demonstrated that the molecular mechanisms accounting for low and high levels of resistance to MBC fungicides in M. fructicola isolates were the mutations H6Y and E198A, respectively, in the β-tubulin gene. Four M. fructicola isolates each from Italy, France, Spain, and Switzerland (16 isolates total), all having an unknown level of MBC resistance, were selected. In each isolate, the section of the β-tubulin gene containing the two potentially mutant codons was PCR-amplified with the primers TubA and TubR1 (3) and the amplicons were sequenced directly. Sequence analysis revealed the amino acid histidine (H) at codon 6 in all the isolates, which would not predict MBC resistance, while alanine (A) at codon 198 (the mutation predictive of a high level of MBC resistance) was found in all isolates from Spain and Switzerland and in three isolates each from France and Italy. A representative sequence of the four identical partial β-tubulin gene sequences from the Swiss isolates was submitted to GenBank under the Accession No. HQ709265. All isolates were tested in a potato dextrose agar (PDA) petri dish assay for resistance to the MBC fungicide thiophanate-methyl (Nippon Soda Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) at the discriminatory dose of 50 μg/ml (4). All isolates with the E198A mutation were able to grow on the media, while the two isolates without the E198A mutation were not able to grow. The result indicated that most isolates had a high level of resistance to the MBC fungicide. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of the E198A mutation conferring resistance to MBC fungicides in European isolates of M. fructicola. As the mutation appears to be widely distributed, we anticipate that MBC fungicides may be ineffective at controlling brown rot in countries with occurrence of M. fructicola. References: (1) M. Hilber-Bodmer et al. Plant Dis. 94:643, 2010. (2) J. Lichou et al. Phytoma 547:22, 2002. (3) Z. H. Ma et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:7145, 2003. (4) F. X. Zhu et al. Plant Dis. 94:1511, 2010.
Estimation of DNA Concentration in Forensic Samples Prior to Multiplex PCR Amplification
Authors: Butler John M. 
Published: February 2011

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes the use of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for quantitation of DNA in forensic samples prior to PCR amplification. It is adapted from the Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory (Rockville, MD) Standard Operating Procedure.
In Situ Lymph Node Imaging: FIGURE 1.
Authors: Matheu Melanie P. , Cahalan Michael D. , Parker Ian 
Published: February 2011

INTRODUCTIONImaging the single-cell dynamics of the immune system within an intact environment requires the ability to look deep inside tissues and organisms with spatial and temporal resolutions adequate to track cell morphology, motility, and signaling processes, all while minimizing perturbation of the system under study. Fluorescence techniques are highly suited for this purpose, permitting both labeling of specific cells, organelles, or proteins and functional readout of physiological events, and two-photon microscopy allows these processes to be visualized within native tissue environments. Immunoimaging preparations using explanted tissues and organs maintained by superfusion with warmed oxygenated medium are more physiological than in vitro cell systems and are easy to work with. They can be cleaned of surrounding tissue, oriented as desired with respect to the microscope objective, are readily accessible for administration of pharmaceutical agents, provide a robust and relatively drift-free preparation for long-term imaging, and minimize animal welfare issues. Explant imaging can yield results indistinguishable from intravital imaging, although intravital preparations are essential if intact blood and lymphatic flow are essential for the experimental question. This protocol describes in situ imaging of lymph nodes (LNs).
Labeling Pinocytotic Vesicles and Cytoplasm with Fluorescently Labeled Ficoll or Dextran
Authors: Chazotte Brad 
Published: February 2011

INTRODUCTIONDextran, a high molecular weight poly-D-glucose, and ficoll, a synthetic polymer of epichlorhydrin and sucrose, are electroneutral hydrophilic polysaccharides whose size can be varied. This variability in size coupled with their membrane impermeability can make them useful for studying fluid phase pinocytosis, the size of membrane pores such as nuclear membrane pores, or the environmental conditions and the size of a cell compartment. In this protocol, two fluorophores based on fluorescein and rhodamine are used to label either dextran or ficoll. The resulting probes can then be used to label cells.
Assay for Courtship Suppression in Drosophila
Authors: Ejima Aki , Griffith Leslie C. 
Published: February 2011

INTRODUCTIONUnsuccessful courtship reduces subsequent courtship behavior of male Drosophila. This experience-dependent behavior modification is called courtship conditioning and has been one of the major paradigms used to study learning and memory in Drosophila. This article describes a basic behavioral assay for quantifying short-term memory of courtship suppression induced by training with a mated female.
Immunoimaging: Studying Immune System Dynamics Using Two-Photon Microscopy
Authors: Matheu Melanie P. , Cahalan Michael D. , Parker Ian 
Published: February 2011

INTRODUCTIONCells of the immune system explore a wider territory than any other cells in the body. Responses to a pathogen typically require long-range migration of cells, short-range communication by local chemical signaling, and direct cell-cell contact. Two-photon microscopy allows these processes to be visualized within native tissue environments. Immunoimaging is rapidly developing from a merely descriptive technique into a set of methods and analytical tools that can be used to quantify and to characterize an immune response at the cellular level. This article outlines the hardware required for immunoimaging and discusses methods for quantitative analysis of multidimensional image stacks.
The PeaGIGASGene Is aFLOWERING LOCUS THomolog Necessary for Graft-Transmissible Specification of Flowering but Not for Responsiveness to Photoperiod
Authors: Hecht Valérie , Laurie Rebecca E. , Vander Schoor Jacqueline K. , Ridge Stephen , Knowles Claire L. , Liew Lim Chee , Sussmilch Frances C. , Murfet Ian C. , Macknight Richard C. , Weller James L. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractGarden pea (Pisum sativum) was prominent in early studies investigating the genetic control of flowering and the role of mobile flowering signals. In view of recent evidence that genes in the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) family play an important role in generating mobile flowering signals, we isolated the FT gene family in pea and examined the regulation and function of its members. Comparison with Medicago truncatula and soybean (Glycine max) provides evidence of three ancient subclades (FTa, FTb, and FTc) likely to be common to most crop and model legumes. Pea FT genes show distinctly different expression patterns with respect to developmental timing, tissue specificity, and response to photoperiod and differ in their activity in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana, suggesting they may have different functions. We show that the pea FTa1 gene corresponds to the GIGAS locus, which is essential for flowering under long-day conditions and promotes flowering under short-day conditions but is not required for photoperiod responsiveness. Grafting, expression, and double mutant analyses show that GIGAS/FTa1 regulates a mobile flowering stimulus but also provide clear evidence for a second mobile flowering stimulus that is correlated with expression of FTb2 in leaf tissue. These results suggest that induction of flowering by photoperiod in pea results from interactions among several members of a diversified FT family.
Chilling of Dormant Buds HyperinducesFLOWERING LOCUS Tand Recruits GA-Inducible 1,3-β-Glucanases to Reopen Signal Conduits and Release Dormancy inPopulus
Authors: Rinne Päivi L.H. , Welling Annikki , Vahala Jorma , Ripel Linda , Ruonala Raili , Kangasjärvi Jaakko , van der Schoot Christiaan 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn trees, production of intercellular signals and accessibility of signal conduits jointly govern dormancy cycling at the shoot apex. We identified 10 putative cell wall 1,3-β-glucanase genes (glucan hydrolase family 17 [GH17]) in Populus that could turn over 1,3-β-glucan (callose) at pores and plasmodesmata (PD) and investigated their regulation in relation to FT and CENL1 expression. The 10 genes encode orthologs of Arabidopsis thaliana BG_ppap, a PD-associated glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) lipid-anchored protein, the Arabidopsis PD callose binding protein PDCB, and a birch (Betula pendula) putative lipid body (LB) protein. We found that these genes were differentially regulated by photoperiod, by chilling (5°C), and by feeding of gibberellins GA3 and GA4. GA3 feeding upregulated all LB-associated GH17s, whereas GA4 upregulated most GH17s with a GPI anchor and/or callose binding motif, but only GA4 induced true bud burst. Chilling upregulated a number of GA biosynthesis and signaling genes as well as FT, but not CENL1, while the reverse was true for both GA3 and GA4. Collectively, the results suggest a model for dormancy release in which chilling induces FT and both GPI lipid-anchored and GA3-inducible GH17s to reopen signaling conduits in the embryonic shoot. When temperatures rise, the reopened conduits enable movement of FT and CENL1 to their targets, where they drive bud burst, shoot elongation, and morphogenesis.
Garlic virus X11‐kDa protein granules move within the cytoplasm and traffic a host protein normally found in the nucleolus
Authors: LU YUWEN , YAN FEI , GUO WEI , ZHENG HONGYING , LIN LIN , PENG JIEJUN , ADAMS MICHAEL J. , CHEN JIANPING 
Published: February 2011

SUMMARYThe subcellular localization of the 11‐kDa protein (p11) encoded by ORF3 ofGarlic virus X(GarVX; genusAllexivirus, familyAlphaflexiviridae) was examined by confocal microscopy. Granules with intense fluorescence were visible on the endoplasmic reticulum when p11 fused with green or red fluorescent protein (GFP or RFP) was expressed in epidermal cells ofNicotiana benthamiana. Moreover, the p11‐RFP granules moved in the cytoplasm, along the cell periphery and through the cell membranes to adjacent cells. A 17‐kDa protein (p17) of garlic interacting with p11 was identified by yeast two‐hybridization and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay. When p17 fused to GFP was expressed in epidermal cells ofN. benthamiana, it localized to the nucleolus. However, in the presence of GarVX p11, the distribution of p17 changed to that of p11, but did not appear to affect the pattern of movement of p11.
Effects of harvesting seasons and maturity stages on internal characteristics of the mangosteen having different surface properties
Authors: Chaisrichonlathan Preedawan , Noomhorm Athapol 
Published: February 2011

SummaryTranslucent flesh disorder is a major internal physical disorder of mangosteen. The internal characteristics of smooth‐ and coarse‐surface fruits in relation to their respective specific gravity values and sensory characteristics were evaluated for suitable grading process. Study on percentage of the internal characteristics was performed in different external characteristics, different harvesting seasons and different maturity stages of mangosteen. Results showed that internal physical disorders of smooth‐surface fruits were higher than coarse‐surface ones at the level of 63% and 19%, respectively. Average specific gravity of normal‐flesh fruits, mild translucent‐flesh fruits and moderate‐to‐severe translucent‐flesh fruits were observed as 0.97, 1.00 and 1.01, respectively. The sensory characteristics: sweetness, flavour and overall acceptability were significantly (P < 0.05) higher for coarse‐surface fruits compared with smooth‐surface fruits. Both results were inconsistent with market price in which smooth fruit was 50% higher than coarse‐surface fruit.
Optimisation of conditions for glucose syrup production from banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) pulp using response surface methodology
Authors: Rendón‐Villalobos J. Rodolfo , Solorza‐Feria Javier , Aguilar‐Sandoval Alondra 
Published: February 2011

SummaryA central composite design was applied to assess some basic factors that affect profoundly the production of dextrose equivalent from banana pulp. Optimal conditions for the conversion of starch banana pulp to glucose were found to be a banana pulp concentration of 8.5%, reaction time of 90 min, and α‐amylase concentration of 0.04% for liquefaction and reaction time of 24 h with a glucoamylase concentration of 0.05% for saccharification. Only 16 and 12 experiments, respectively, were needed to assess these conditions. The adequacy of model was highly satisfactory, because the coefficients of determination (R2) were 0.93 and 0.91, respectively. The glucose syrup (GS) obtained was slightly yellowish with a hint of brown and slightly sweet. The syrup had a protein of 0.63% and an ash content of 0.60%, with a pH of 4.8. The characteristics of the GS produced met all the recommended standards, except for that of colour.
How and why do student teachers use ICT?
Authors: Hammond M. , Reynolds L. , Ingram J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper examines how and why student teachers made use of information and communication technology (ICT) during a 1‐year initial teacher education programme from 2008 to 2009. This is a mixed methods study involving a survey (N = 340) of the entire cohort and a series of semi‐structured interviews with a sample of student teachers within the cohort (N = 21). The study explored several themes, including the nature of student teachers' use of ICT; variation in the use of ICT; support for, and constraints on, using ICT; attitudes to ICT and to teaching and learning more generally. It was found that nearly all teachers were receptive to using ICT – more so than their in‐service counterparts – and made frequent use of it during their placement (internship) experience. The Interactive Whiteboard (IWB) was central to nearly all student teachers' use of ICT, in good part, because it was already used by their mentors and was widely accessible. Student teachers' use of ICT was categorized in three levels. Routine users focused mostly on the use of the IWB for whole class teaching; extended users gave greater opportunities for pupils to use ICT for themselves; innovative student teachers used ICT in a greater range of contexts and made more effort to overcome barriers such as access. ICT use was seen as emerging from a mix of factors: chiefly student teachers' access to ICT; their feeling of ‘self‐efficacy’ when using ICT; and their belief that ICT had a positive impact on learning – in particular, the impact on pupils' behavioural and affective engagement. Factors which influenced ICT use included mentoring, training and support. Limitations on student teachers' use of ICT are explored and it is suggested that new teachers need to be supported in developing a more discerning use as they begin their teaching careers.
A shared mechanism of SoxR activation by redox‐cycling compounds
Authors: Dietrich Lars E. P. , Kiley Patricia J. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryIn this issue of Molecular Microbiology, Gu and Imlay show that a class of compounds known as redox‐cycling agents directly activate the transcription factor SoxR of Escherichia coli and cause cellular toxicity independent of the production of the reactive oxygen species superoxide. Despite the fact that redox‐cycling agents increase formation of superoxide in E. coli, the results described in this new publication revise the long‐held assumption that superoxide is responsible for the activation of SoxR and for all of the major toxic effects of redox‐cycling drugs. This study also suggests that the critical function of the SoxRS regulon in E. coli is in protection against redox‐cycling agents and not exclusively the defence against superoxide.
NFKBIL1 Confers Resistance to Experimental Autoimmune Arthritis Through the Regulation of Dendritic Cell Functions
Authors: Chiba T. , Matsuzaka Y. , Warita T. , Sugoh T. , Miyashita K. , Tajima A. , Nakamura M. , Inoko H. , Sato T. , Kimura M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWe and others have reported that human NF‐κB inhibitor‐like‐1 (NFKBIL1) was a putative susceptible gene for autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, its precise role in the pathogenesis of RA is still largely unknown. In this study, we generated transgenic mice expressing human NFKBIL1 (NFKBIL1‐Tg) and examined whether NFKBIL1 plays some role(s) in the development of autoimmune arthritis. In both a collagen‐induced arthritis model and a collagen antibody‐induced arthritis model, NFKBIL1‐Tg mice showed resistance to arthritis compared to control mice, indicating that the gene product of NFKBIL1 was involved in the control of thusly induced arthritis. Total spleen cells of NFKBIL1‐Tg mouse showed decreased proliferation to mitogenic stimuli, consistent with its resistance to arthritis. Unexpectedly, purified T cells of NFKBIL1‐Tg mouse showed increased proliferation and cytokine production. This apparent discrepancy was accounted for by the impaired functions of antigen‐presenting cells of NFKBIL1‐Tg mouse; both T/B cell‐depleted spleen cells and bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells of the Tg mouse induced less prominent proliferation and IL‐2 production of T cells. Furthermore, dendritic cells (DCs) derived from NFKBIL1‐Tg mouse showed lower expression of co‐stimulatory molecules and decreased production of inflammatory cytokines when they were activated by lipopolysaccharide. Taken together, these results indicated that NFKBIL1 affected the pathogenesis of RA at least in part through the regulation of DC functions.