bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of intracellular fluxes in cerebellar neurons after hypoglycemia: Importance of the pyruvate recycling pathway and glutamine oxidation
Authors: Amaral Ana I. , Teixeira Ana P. , Sonnewald Ursula , Alves Paula M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAlthough glucose is the primary cerebral fuel, the brain is able to metabolize other substrates in hypoglycemia. Nevertheless, the metabolic consequences of this pathology at the cellular level remain largely unknown. Taking advantage of the metabolic flux analysis (MFA) methodology, this work was aimed at investigating and quantifying the effects of hypoglycemia on cerebellar neurons. After 12 hr without glucose, primary cultures were incubated with medium containing [1,6‐13C]glucose and unlabeled glutamine, and metabolism was monitored for 30 hr. Metabolic rates of glucose, lactate, and amino acids were determined based on cell supernatant analysis and used to estimate metabolic fluxes with MFA. Percent 13C enrichment time profiles of different keto and amino acids were measured by mass spectrometry in cell extracts and compared with the MFA results. Hypoglycemia decreased the glucose uptake rate and glycolytic metabolism by 35% whereas glutamine uptake was increased fourfold. Flux estimations fit well with data from 13C labeling dynamics, indicating a significant activation of the pyruvate recycling (PR) pathway, accounting for 43% of the total pyruvate synthesized under control conditions and up to 71% after hypoglycemia. Increased PR appeared to be due mainly to increased glutamine oxidation given the higher label dilution observed in the hypoglycemia group. In summary, this work provides new evidence for PR as an important pathway for glutamine oxidation in cerebellar neurons, particularly after glucose deprivation. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preferential interneuron survival in the transition zone of 3‐NP‐induced striatal injury in rats
Authors: Mu Shuhua , OuYang Lisi , Liu Bingbing , Zhu Yaxi , Li Keyi , Zhan Mali , Liu Zongwei , Jia Yu , Lei Wanlong , Reiner A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractHistology, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting were used to characterize the changes in morphology, distribution pattern, and marker protein expression of striatal interneurons in the transition zone of striatal injury induced by 3‐NP. The 3‐NP treatment in rats yielded movement, motor coordination, and cognitive dysfunction. The 3‐NP‐induced lesion core was unvaryingly in the dorsolateral striatum, with a transition zone of lesser damage around the lesion core, in which medium‐sized neurons were significantly decreased in abundance, but larger neurons survived. In both the transition zone and the lesion core, many TUNEL‐positive cells negative for the interneuron markers were detected, indicating widespread projection neuron death. Immunohistochemical staining for the four interneuron types (parvalbuminergic, cholinergic, calretinergic, and neuropeptide Y–neuronal nitric oxide synthase cocontaining) showed that few immunolabeled interneurons were observed in the lesion core, but interneuron perikarya showed no evident loss in the transition zone. Consistently with this, Western blotting showed that the five interneuron protein markers were significantly decreased in the striatum after 3‐NP treatment. Transition‐zone calretinergic and neuropeptide Y–neuronal nitric oxide synthase‐cocontaining interneurons, however, possessed more processes and varicosities than normal. These results show that, although striatal interneurons survive in the transition zone after 3‐NP‐mediated striatal injury, they have enhanced marker protein levels in their processes. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Disruption of neurovascular unit prior to motor neuron degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Miyazaki Kazunori , Ohta Yasuyuki , Nagai Makiko , Morimoto Nobutoshi , Kurata Tomoko , Takehisa Yasushi , Ikeda Yoshio , Matsuura Tohru , Abe Koji 
Published: February 2011

AbstractRecent reports suggest that functional or structural defect of vascular components are implicated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pathology. In the present study, we examined a possible change of the neurovascular unit consisting of endothelium (PCAM‐1), tight junction (occludin), and basement membrane (collagen IV) in relation to a possible activation of MMP‐9 in ALS patients and ALS model mice. We found that the damage in the neurovascular unit was more prominent in the outer side and preferentially in the anterior horn of ALS model mice. This damage occurred prior to motor neuron degeneration and was accompanied by MMP‐9 up‐regulation. We also found the dissociation between the PCAM‐1‐positive endothelium and GFAP‐positive astrocyte foot processes in both humans and the animal model of ALS. The present results indicate that perivascular damage precedes the sequential changes of the disease, which are held in common between humans and the animal model of ALS, suggesting that the neurovascular unit is a potential target for therapeutic intervention in ALS. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Omega‐3 PUFA in aging
Authors: Plourde Mélanie 
Published: February 2011

AbstractCanada's population is expected to age more rapidly in the coming years and a major concern about old age is a decline in health, especially if this means a loss of self‐sufficiency and independence. Omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake is associated with a lower risk of cardiac infarct and cognitive decline. However, we have outlined from our studies that omega‐3 PUFA stays transiently longer in the blood of the elderly compared to young adults. We think that the alterations in the metabolism of omega‐3 PUFA occurring during aging could contribute significantly to alter physiological functions, especially in more vulnerable population to dietary deficiencies such as the elderly. In turn, we speculate that these alterations could contribute to higher risk for diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and cognitive decline.
Copolymerization of 2‐Acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic Acid and 1‐Vinylimidazole in Ethanol
Authors: Schäffner Friederike , Drache Marco , Schmidt‐Naake Gudrun 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPolymerization rate and copolymerization parameters of the free‐radical copolymerization of AMPS with 1‐VIm was studied as a function of the monomer feed and the pH value in ethanol. It was found that neutral and basic monomer mixtures containing the sodium salt of AMPS polymerized faster and led to polymers with a higher proportion of NaAMPS incorporated than those monomer mixtures containing the free acid. Additionally, based on the experimental data, copolymerization parameters of rAMPS = 0.3 and r1‐VIm = 0.13 were calculated for polymerization in acidic solution and rAMPS = 4.1 and r1‐VIm = 0.1 for polymerization in basic and neutral solutions. Finally, the thermal stability, rheological behavior, and intrinsic viscosity were determined for the polymers.
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Optical Resolution Membranes from Polysulfones Bearing Alanine Derivatives as Chiral Selectors
Authors: Mizushima Hiroaki , Yoshikawa Masakazu , Robertson Gilles P. , Guiver Michael D. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPolysulfones bearing a derivative of alanyl residue employed as chiral selectors were prepared by polymer modification. The specific rotation ([α]D) of the polysulfone with a derivative of D‐alanyl residue (PSf‐Ac‐D‐Ala) was determined to be 2.87 deg · cm2 · g−1 (c = 1.00 g · dL−1 in DMF) and that with L‐alanyl residue (PSf‐Ac‐L‐Ala) to be ‐2.36 deg · cm2 · g−1 (c = 1.00 g · dL−1 in DMF). The membrane from PSf‐Ac‐D‐Ala preferentially adsorbed the D‐isomer of Glu from racemic mixture of Glu and vice versa. Chiral separation ability was studied by applying a potential difference as a driving force for membrane transport. The permselectivity of PSf‐Ac‐D‐Ala toward D‐Glu (αD/L) was determined to be 1.40, and that of PSf‐Ac‐L‐Ala toward the L‐isomer (αL/D) to be 1.48 at 18.0 V, reflecting their adsorption selectivity.
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Fabrication, Structure and Properties of Epoxy/Metal Nanocomposites
Authors: Ma Jun , La Ly Truc Bao , Zaman Izzuddin , Meng Qingshi , Luong Lee , Ogilvie Denise , Kuan Hsu‐Chiang 
Published: February 2011

AbstractGd2O3 nanoparticles surface‐modified with IPDI were compounded with epoxy. IPDI provided an anchor into the porous Gd2O3 surface and a bridge into the matrix, thus creating strong bonds between matrix and Gd2O3. 1.7 vol.‐% Gd2O3 increased the Young's modulus of epoxy by 16–19%; the surface‐modified Gd2O3 nanoparticles improved the critical strain energy release rate by 64.3% as compared to 26.4% produced by the unmodified nanoparticles. The X‐ray shielding efficiency of neat epoxy was enhanced by 300–360%, independent of the interface modification. Interface debonding consumes energy and leads to crack pinning and matrix shear banding; most fracture energy is consumed by matrix shear banding as shown by the large number of ridges on the fracture surface.
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If J doesn't evolve, it won't J‐resolve: J‐PRESS with bandwidth‐limited refocusing pulses
Authors: Edden Richard A. E. , Barker Peter B. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThere is increasing interest in the J‐PRESS technique, an in vivo implementation of two‐dimensional J‐spectroscopy combined with PRESS localization, for high‐field spectroscopy studies of the human brain. The experiment is designed to resolve scalar couplings in the second, indirectly detected dimension, but will only do so if the slice‐selective refocusing pulses in the PRESS sequence affect all coupled spins equally. At high magnet field strengths, due to limited RF pulse bandwidth, PRESS‐based localization results in spatially dependent evolution of coupling. In some regions of the localized volume, coupling evolves during the PRESS echo time, while in other regions it may be partially or fully refocused. This study investigates the impact of this effect on the appearance of the J‐PRESS spectrum for coupled spins, focusing on two commonly observed metabolites, lactate and N‐acetyl aspartate, showing that such behavior results in additional peaks in the J‐resolved spectrum (termed J‐refocused peaks). It is also demonstrated that increasing the bandwidth of refocusing pulses significantly reduces the size of such signals. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combining two‐dimensional spatially selective RF excitation, parallel imaging, and UNFOLD for accelerated MR thermometry imaging
Authors: Mei Chang‐Sheng , Panych Lawrence P. , Yuan Jing , McDannold Nathan J. , Treat Lisa H. , Jing Yun , Madore Bruno 
Published: February 2011

AbstractMR thermometry can be a very challenging application, as good resolution may be needed along spatial, temporal, and temperature axes. Given that the heated foci produced during thermal therapies are typically much smaller than the anatomy being imaged, much of the imaged field‐of‐view is not actually being heated and may not require temperature monitoring. In this work, many‐fold improvements were obtained in terms of temporal resolution and/or 3D spatial coverage by sacrificing some of the in‐plane spatial coverage. To do so, three fast‐imaging approaches were jointly implemented with a spoiled gradient echo sequence: (1) two‐dimensional spatially selective RF excitation, (2) unaliasing by Fourier encoding the overlaps using the temporal dimension (UNFOLD), and (3) parallel imaging. The sequence was tested during experiments with focused ultrasound heating in ex vivo tissue and a tissue‐mimicking phantom. Temperature maps were estimated from phase‐difference images based on the water proton resonance frequency shift. Results were compared to those obtained from a spoiled gradient echo sequence sequence, using a t‐test. Temporal resolution was increased by 24‐fold, with temperature uncertainty less than 1°C, while maintaining accurate temperature measurements (mean difference between measurements, as observed in gel = 0.1°C ± 0.6; R = 0.98; P > 0.05). Magn Reson Med 66:112–122, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Using psychographics for major donor cultivation
Authors: Nichols Judith E. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractNot‐for‐profit organisations can use psycho‐graphics — defined as values, attitudes and lifestyle particulars — to help determine the general type of programme or project the potential donor is likely to find of interest and the best time in its lifecycle to involve the donor. Donors and prospects provide visible ‘clues’ that fundraisers can use to predict their most likely areas of funding interest and willingness to take risks. This can be the key to quicker decision making on the part of the major gift prospect.
On campaigning as an effective tool to encourage wider support for a cause
Authors: Brannen Paul 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe paper points out the perception in the public mind that charities equate to fundraising. This should not be the sole function of charities and the advantages that campaigning bring to a cause are enumerated. Characteristics of donors are discussed, with suggestions for the optimum use of their skills and time, not only demands for their money. Political issues are addressed and campaign materials are suggested, with a view to maximum understanding by supporters.
How well do fundraisers communicate with their donors?
Authors: Burnett Ken , Fowler Jackie 
Published: February 2011

AbstractFundraising charities invest substantial resources in producing and distributing an ever‐growing range of publications. As part of a major research study into how donors view the results of these endeavours the authors set out to evaluate how the major charities respond to general enquiries from the public, and to see how charities plan the publications they produce.
Developing a brand from within: Involving employees and volunteers when developing a new brand position
Authors: Grounds John , Harkness James 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn February 1996 Barnardo's invited six of the UK's leading advertising agencies to pitch for the provision of full and above the line communications and marketing services. Banner McBride was included as part of a joint WPP communications and marketing team (including Ogilvy & Mather) selected to support Barnardo's efforts to reposition and communicate the Barnardo's brand.As the WPP team said at the beginning, Barnardo's were ‘a well‐known brand that was not known well’. The challenge was to increase the organisation's saliency, but at the same time build on years of heritage and ensure that employees and volunteers were included from the beginning.This paper describes how the brand building exercise was tackled and how internal communications were developed by the provision of different media.
The power of positioning: A case history from the children's society
Authors: Kennedy Shuna 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe Children's Society (formerly the Church of England Children's Society) historically has had a loyal supporter base from the Anglican Church. With the advent of the National Lottery and competition from the thousands of new charities that are registered each year the Society decided to appoint a marketing director to reposition its ‘brand’.This paper reviews the findings of the research undertaken, the decision to change the logo and the way in which this was implemented. The new identity was only introduced in the spring of 1998 so it is too early to evaluate the response, but all the initial signs are encouraging.
Bringing legacy marketing to life
Authors: Radcliffe Richard 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper aims to confront the long‐held view that legacy fundraising is a depressing and death‐related subject, which must be carried out apart from other fundraising activities. In the past, legacy fundraising has been focused on the mechanism and tax benefits, and the marketing focus has been on professional advisers. This paper challenges the past by discussing recent developments which show that legacy marketing is fulfilled more effectively by integrating it into all other fundraising structures and activities. In addition, successful legacy marketing is given a better opportunity to succeed if a rigorous strategic approach is taken and the resultant message is a positive one, which is spread by face‐to‐face meetings of peers—especially volunteers, trustees and even users of the not‐for‐profit service.
Relationship marketing: Two case studies
Authors: Summerfield Paul J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractRelationship fundraising is an important ethos for many charities. But what does it mean in practice, how does it work and is it effective? The author details two case studies: the Business Group and the British Social Services Media Awards.Jewish Care was formed in 1990, following the merger of the Jewish Blind Society and The Jewish Welfare Board. It is the largest social services organisation in the Jewish community, helping elderly, mentally ill, physically disabled, blind and unemployed people.Jewish Care helps more than 5,000 people every day, employs over 1,000 staff, works in partnership with over 2,500 volunteers and runs on a turnover of £32m.
Brochure fundraising
Authors: Rosenberg Harris 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA fundraising brochure is regarded by many charities as a major source of income. This is associated usually with the charity's major fundraising event in its annual calendar. What many charities do not do is plan their brochure campaign to eliminate wasted effort and costs while maximising revenue received. This paper examines brochure fundraising techniques, drawing on personal and anecdotal experiences of fundraisers working in the nonprofit and voluntary sector.
Donor lifetime value: An empirical analysis
Authors: Sargeant Adrian 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe successful quantification in monetary terms of the value of a donor to a voluntary organisation is absolutely essential to the subsequent development of fundraising strategy. The question most voluntary organisations have failed to address, however, is how best to calculate this value. Many fundraisers continue to examine value historically, looking at the total amounts given to date. Such an approach fundamentally ignores the future or lifetime potential of a given charity donor and can lead to the development of contact strategies that are wholly inappropriate given the worth of that individual. It is the purpose of this paper to calculate the lifetime value (LTV) of various categories of donor and to explain how charities might use such information to inform the development of their fundraising strategy.
Piezoresistive behavior of graphite nanoplatelets based rubber nanocomposites
Authors: Al‐solamy Falleh R. , Al‐Ghamdi A. A. , Mahmoud Waleed E. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractElectrically conductive acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) compounds filled with different concentrations of graphite nanoplatelets (10 nm thickness) were experimentally investigated. The percolation concentration of the investigated nanocomposites was found to be 0.5 phr. Of all the composites examined, the sample, in the region of the percolation transition, was found most sensitive to compressive strain. The electrical conductivity of this sample was changed by more than five orders upon a 60% compression and more than two orders for 6 MPa pressure. A model description of the microstructure providing extremely strong piezoresistive effects is proposed on the basis of the conductive surface network of the nanocomposite. The experimental data for compressive strain are in good agreement with theoretical equations derived from a model based on the change of particle separation under applied stress. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thiazolidinedione use in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes: with and without heart failure
Authors: Seong Jong‐Mi , Choi Nam‐Kyong , Jung Sun‐Young , Chang Yoosoo , Kim Ye‐Jee , Lee Joongyub , Park Byung‐Joo 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPurposeTo compare the prescribing patterns of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes with and without heart failure (HF).MethodsThe national health insurance claims database from the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service (HIRA), Korea was used. Elderly patients with type 2 diabetes taking at least one hypoglycemic agent were studied between July 1, 2005 and June 30, 2006. Patients were grouped according to the presence of HF. The proportion of patients receiving TZDs were compared between the two groups, and stratified by their diabetes medication regimen (monotherapy and combination therapy). The difference in the patterns of TZD prescribed was studied across all health care levels including: primary, secondary, and tertiary care facilities.ResultsAmong 357 855 elderly patients with type 2 diabetes, 24 746 patients had HF. TZDs were prescribed to 10.4% of the patients with HF and 8.8% of the patients without HF (p < 0.01). In the combination therapy group, the proportion of patients receiving TZDs was 17.9% and 14.4% in patients with and without HF, respectively (p < 0.01). In the primary care setting, the proportion of TZD prescriptions in patients with HF was 5.6% and it was 4.6% in patients without HF (p < 0.01).ConclusionsTZDs were frequently prescribed to patients with HF, even though the TZDs were contraindicated in patients with HF. Health care professionals should consider alternative therapies for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition, they should carefully monitor the impact of TZD use in patients with HF. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Safety of non‐therapeutic levetiracetam ingestions—a poison center based study
Authors: Bodmer Michael , Monte Andrew. A. , Kokko Jamie , Yin Shan 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBackgroundVery limited data is available regarding the safety of levetiracetam in cases of unintentional or intentional ingestions.MethodsAll cases of single agent ingestions of levetiracetam, excluding adverse drug reactions (ADRs), reported to 61 American poison control centers during 2000–2009 were identified. Demographics, dose, symptoms, and medical outcome were abstracted from each case record.ResultsA total of 222 cases of single agent levetiracetam ingestions were reported during the study period. Median age was 14.0 years (IQR: 2.0 years, 39.0 years) and 51.8% were female. In 207 of 222 cases (93.2%) medical outcome was known. No deaths were reported and only 1 (0.5%) case resulted in a major outcome and 3 (1.4%) cases resulted in moderate outcomes. Minor, minimal, or no effects were reported in 198 (89.2%) cases. In 27 (12.2%) cases, ingestion was intentional and in 192 (86.5%) unintentional. There were no major outcomes and only one case (1.4%) of moderate outcome in 74 children aged 6 years or less. All ingestions in these children were unintentional.ConclusionsIn this study with a limited number of cases, intentional and unintentional ingestions of levetiracetam were safe in the majority of cases. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.