bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the annulus fibrosus–vertebral body interface: identification of new structural features
Authors: Nosikova Y. S. , Santerre J. P. , Grynpas M. , Gibson G. , Kandel R. A. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractCurrent surgical treatments for degenerative intervertebral disc disease do not restore full normal spinal movement. Tissue engineering a functional disc replacement may be one way to circumvent this limitation, but will require an integration of the different tissues making up the disc for this approach to be successful. Hence, an in‐depth characterization of the native tissue interfaces, including annulus insertion into bone is necessary, as knowledge of this interface is limited. The objective of this study was to characterize the annulus fibrosus–vertebral bone (AF–VB) interface in immature (6–9 months old) and mature (18–24 months old) bovine discs, as well as to define these structures for normal adult human (22 and 45 years old) discs. Histological assessment showed that collagen fibers in the inner annulus, which are predominantly type II collagen, all appear to insert into the mineralized endplate zone. In contrast, some of the collagen fibers of the outer annulus, predominantly type I collagen, insert into this endplate, while other fibers curve laterally, at an ∼ 90 ° angle, to the outer aspect of the bone, and merge with the periosteum. This is seen in both human and bovine discs. Where the AF inserts into the calcified zone of the AF–VB interface, it passes through a chondroid region, rich in type II collagen and proteoglycans. Annulus cells (elongated cells that are not surrounded by proteoglycans) are present at this interface. This cartilage zone is evident in both human and bovine discs. Type X collagen and alkaline phosphatase are localized to the interface region. Age‐associated differences in bovine spines are observed when examining the interface thickness and the matrix composition of the cartilaginous endplate, as well as the thickness of the mineralized endplate. These findings will assist with the design of the AF–VB interface in the tissue engineered disc.
The innervation of the axillary arch determined by surface stimulodetection electromyography
Authors: Snoeck Thyl , Balestra Costantino , Calberson Flore , Pouders Caroline , Provyn Steven 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe axillary arch (AA) is a muscular anatomical variation in the fossa axillaris that has been extensively studied in cadaveric specimens. Within these dissections, different innervations of the AA have been proposed, but this has never been explored in vivo. Knowledge of the innervation of the AA is required in order to better understand its function (e.g. predisposition for certain sports and/or activities, understanding shoulder injuries in overhead sports). Here, we report on the use of surface stimulodetection electromyography (SSEMG) to resolve the innervation of the AA in 20 subjects (12 women, eight men – mean age of 21.3 ± 2.7 years) with a uni‐ or bilateral AA. SSEMG of each muscle [M. latissimus dorsi (MLD) and M. pectoralis major] was performed with a four‐channel electrostimulation measuring system in order to determine the innervation of the AA. The results showed co‐contraction of the MLD in 85% of the subjects after AA stimulation. In the remaining subjects, no specific localized response was observed due to non‐specific nerve stimulation, inherent to the proximity of the brachial plexus in these individuals. Our findings demonstrate that SSEMG exploration offers a practical and reliable tool for investigating anatomical aspects of muscle innervation in vivo. Using this approach, we conclude that the AA receives the same innervation as the MLD (the N. thoracodorsalis), and may be considered a muscular extension of the latter.
Aggression, peer relationships, and depression in Chinese children: a multiwave longitudinal study
Authors: Chen Xinyin , Huang Xiaorui , Wang Li , Chang Lei 
Published: July 2012

Background:  Largely due to methodological problems in existing studies, issues concerning causal directions and confounding factors, such as the stability effect, remain to be clarified in the relations among aggression, peer relationships, and psychological adjustment. The purpose of this longitudinal study was to examine (a) reciprocal direct and indirect effects among aggression, peer relationships, and depression based on a full cross‐lagged model with the stability effect controlled, and (b) moderating effects of initial status on the growth of the variables.Method:  A sample of Chinese children (N = 1,162) participated in the study. Four waves of longitudinal panel data were collected from the participants in ages 9–12 years from multiple sources including peer assessments, teacher ratings, sociometric nominations, and self‐reports.Results:  Aggression negatively contributed, in both direct and indirect manners, to later peer relationships, and positively contributed to depression in late childhood. Peer relationships had negative direct and indirect effects on later aggression and depression. In addition, the initial level of aggression moderated the growth pattern of peer relationships.Conclusions:  Early social and behavioral problems have proximal as well as long‐term cross‐domain effects on individual development. Moreover, children’s early behavioral characteristics may serve to facilitate the development of social competence and exacerbate the development of social problems. The study provided valuable information about how the important aspects of socioemotional functioning were associated with each other in Chinese children from a developmental perspective.
Effects of Mentha longifolia L. essential oil on viability and cellular ultrastructure of Lactobacillus casei during ripening of probiotic Feta cheese
Authors: MAHMOUDI RAZZAGH , TAJIK HOSSEIN , EHSANI ALI , FARSHID AMIR A , ZARE PAYMAN , HADIAN MOJTABA 
Published: July 2012

The effects of Mentha longifolia L. essential oil during ripening and storage probiotic Feta cheese were studied, in relation to viability and cellular ultrastructure of Lactobacillus casei. The addition of the essential oil in the concentrations from 0.0 to 0.03% was trialled: the 0.03% treatment resulted in the highest viability of L. casei and the lowest pH value compared with other treatments (P < 0.05). Electron microscopy showed that essential oil caused no harm to L. casei. This study demonstrated the favourable effects of M. longifolia on optimal maintenance of L. casei at the end of cheese storage period.
The ties that bind: the role of migrants in the uneven geography of international telephone traffic
Authors: PERKINS RICHARD , NEUMAYER ERIC 
Published: July 2012

AbstractRecent work suggests that migrants have been a major driving force in the dramatic growth of international telephony over recent decades, accounting for large rises in telephone calls between countries with strong immigrant/emigrant connections. Yet, the existing literature has done a poor job of evaluating the substantive importance of migrants in explaining large disparities in levels of bilateral voice traffic observed between different countries. It has also failed to go very far in examining how domestic and relational factors moderate (namely amplify or attenuate) the influence of migrant stocks on international calling. Our contribution addresses these gaps in the literature. For a sample, which includes a far larger number of countries than previous studies, we show that, together with shorter‐term visitors, bilateral migrant stocks emerge as the relational variable with one of the substantively largest influences over cross‐national patterns of telephone calls. We also find that the effect of bilateral migrant stocks on inter‐country telephone traffic is greater where the country pairs are richer and more spatially distant from one another.
Transnational class formation and spatialities of power: the case of elite competition in Bolivia
Authors: KAUP BRENT Z. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn this article, I argue that the neoliberal and counter‐neoliberal transitions in Bolivia secured the power of transnational capital within the country. In the 1980s and 1990s, Bolivia's mining elite used neoliberal strategies to undermine the interests of the country's agricultural elite and pursued a marriage of convenience with transnational capital that allowed both to enter state‐monopolized spaces of investment in mutually beneficial ways. In Bolivia's counter‐neoliberal turn, leftist social movements and political parties removed the elite from power but were dependent on transnational firms to help them use the country's natural resource wealth to fund programmes of socioeconomic change. Engaging theories of the transnational class formation, I assert that scholars need to acknowledge how different capitalist class fractions have distinct spatialities of power. In particular, it is necessary to distinguish between global elites that participate in local circuits of accumulation and local elites that participate in global circuits of accumulation.
Ambiguities of global and transnational collective identities
Authors: PRIES LUDGER 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAs traditional categories of collective identity are in decline and brought into question, the process of defining shared perceptions of ‘us’ and ‘them’ by new markers and new mechanisms seems more important than ever. In the article, I summarize basic aspects of collective identity formation in the ongoing processes of globalization and transnationalization and discuss the basic challenges of collective identity in the twenty‐first century. I present different ideal types of border‐crossing collective identities in terms of the patterns of their spatial reach. Two of these types of collective identity –‘global humanism’ and ‘transnational collective identities’– are discussed in more detail, especially concerning their ambiguities of universal and/or particularistic character. I conclude that the global collective identity of ‘humanism’ is not as global as it appears at first glance, and that transnational collective identities usually refer to the authority of a stated global collective identity. Given these genuine interrelations between global humanism and transnational (and other spatial patterns of) collective identities, the future seems destined to be shaped by an intertwined ‘as‐well‐as’ relation rather than an ‘either–or’ relation between the different types of collective identities.
A mutation in CLOCK leads to altered dopamine receptor function
Authors: Spencer Sade , Torres‐Altoro Melissa I. , Falcon Edgardo , Arey Rachel , Marvin Marian , Goldberg Matthew , Bibb James A. , McClung Colleen A. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractMice with a mutation in the Clock gene (ClockΔ19) have a number of behavioral phenotypes that suggest alterations in dopaminergic transmission. These include hyperactivity, increased exploratory behavior, and increased reward value for drugs of abuse. However, the complex changes in dopaminergic transmission that underlie the behavioral abnormalities in these mice remain unclear. Here we find that a loss of CLOCK function increases dopamine release and turnover in striatum as indicated by increased levels of metabolites HVA and DOPAC, and enhances sensitivity to dopamine receptor antagonists. Interestingly, this enlarged dopaminergic tone results in downstream changes in dopamine receptor (DR) levels with a surprising augmentation of both D1‐ and D2‐type DR protein, but a significant shift in the ratio of D1 : D2 receptors in favor of D2 receptor signaling. These effects have functional consequences for both behavior and intracellular signaling, with alterations in locomotor responses to both D1‐type and D2‐type specific agonists and a blunted response to cAMP activation in the ClockΔ19 mutants. Taken together, these studies further elucidate the abnormalities in dopaminergic transmission that underlie mood, activity, and addictive behaviors.
The effect of spatial resolution on projected responses to climate warming
Authors: Gillingham P. K. , Huntley B. , Kunin W. E. , Thomas C. D. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAimTo determine how changing the resolution of modelled climate surfaces can affect estimates of the amount of thermally suitable habitat available to species under different levels of warming.Location
Lake Vyrnwy RSPB Reserve, which covers around 9700 hectares of a topographically diverse landscape in Wales.MethodsA recently published microclimate model was used to predict maximum, minimum and mean temperatures at 5 × 5 m resolution for the study site, under current and possible future conditions. These temperature surfaces were then averaged to produce coarser resolution surfaces, up to a maximum of 1 × 1 km resolution. Ground beetles were collected using pitfall traps between May and August 2008. Generalized linear models (GLMs) were fitted to the temperature surfaces to predict the amount of landscape suitable for a northerly‐distributed ground beetle,
Carabus glabratus, and the most southerly‐distributed ground beetle found at the site,
Poecilus versicolor, under current and possible future conditions.ResultsA wider range of temperatures are expected within our site when temperature is modelled at finer resolutions. Fitting GLMs at different resolutions resulted in the inclusion of different temperature variables in the best models. Coarser resolution models tended to have higher prediction error, and different resolution models predicted that different amounts of the landscape would remain or become suitable in future. There was less agreement between models for
C. glabratus than for
P. versicolor.Main conclusionsIn our example system, different resolution analyses result in different predictions about the ability of populations to survive climatic warming. Higher resolution analyses are not only likely to provide more accurate estimates of expected patterns of change, but also to highlight potential microclimatic refugia for the conservation of species that otherwise might appear to be threatened with regional or global extinction.
Truly enigmatic declines in terrestrial salamander populations in Great Smoky Mountains National Park
Authors: Caruso Nicholas M. , Lips Karen R. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAimWoodland salamanders (genus:
Plethodon) declined synchronously across many protected areas in Eastern North America by the mid‐1980s, but no cause was attributed to these declines. We hypothesized that the rapid, synchronous loss of several populations of many species was consistent with the invasive pathogen
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (
Bd), and we resurveyed historic sites to search for Bd in current populations.Location
Great Smoky Mountains National Park.MethodsWe surveyed 35 sites 2–4 times between March and November 2009, quantified community composition and abundance of 72 populations of six species and three hybrids of
Plethodon salamanders, and collected 665 skin swabs to detect
Bd.ResultsAt 22 of the 35 sites, we were unable to find one or more species that were historically present.
Plethodon glutinosus and
P. teyahalee and their hybrids were less abundant than historically found,
P. jordani x metcalfi and
P. ventralis were more abundant and the remaining three species fluctuated but showed no net change. Yet, only one of the 665 salamanders was positive for
Bd.Main conclusionsDeclines were not associated with particular localities, but occurred in particular species. We conclude that over collecting, logging, and acid rain are unlikely to have caused these population declines, but we were unable to rule out disease or climate change as contributing factors. Population declines of
Plethodon salamanders in the Park are substantial and have persisted for 30 years. Determining the cause and the extent of these declines is important for managing this area of global salamander biodiversity.
Severe burn injury, burn shock, and smoke inhalation injury in small animals. Part 2: diagnosis, therapy, complications, and prognosis
Authors: Vaughn Lindsay , Beckel Nicole , Walters Patricia 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo review the evaluation and treatment of patients suffering from severe burn injury (SBI), burn shock, and smoke inhalation injury. Potential complications and prognosis associated withSBIare also discussed.DiagnosisDiagnosis of burn injury and burn shock is based on patient history and clinical presentation. Superficial burn wounds may not be readily apparent for the first 48 h whereas more severe wounds will be evident at presentation. Patients are diagnosed with local orSBIby estimating total body surface area involved using the ‘Rule of Nines’ or the Lund‐Browder chart adapted from the human literature.TherapyPatients suffering fromSBIrequire immediate and aggressive fluid therapy. Burn wounds require prompt cooling to prevent progressive tissue damage. Due to significant pain associated with burn wounds and therapeutic procedures, multimodal analgesia is recommended. Daily wound management including hydrotherapy, topical medications, and early wound excision and grafting is necessary withSBI.ComplicationsThere are numerous complications associated withSBI. The most common complications include infections, hypothermia, intra‐abdominal hypertension, and abdominal compartment syndrome.PrognosisThe prognosis ofSBIin domestic animals is unknown. Based on information derived from human literature, patients withSBIand concomitant smoke inhalation likely have a worse prognosis than those withSBIor smoke inhalation alone.
A role for endogenous peptide YY in tachykinin NK2 receptor‐triggered 5‐HT release from guinea pig isolated colonic mucosa
Authors: Kojima Shu‐ichi , Tohei Atsushi , Anzai Naohiko 
Published: July 2012

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The colon‐derived peptide hormone, peptide YY (PYY), regulates colonic motility, secretion and postprandial satiety; but little is known about the influence of endogenous PYY on 5‐HT release from colonic mucosa. Tachykinin NK2 receptor‐selective agonist, βAla‐NKA‐(4‐10) induces 5‐HT release from guinea pig colonic mucosa via NK2 receptors on the mucosal layer. The present study was designed to determine the influence of endogenous PYY on 5‐HT release from guinea pig colonic mucosa, evoked by the NK2 receptor agonist, βAla‐NKA‐(4‐10).EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Muscle layer‐free mucosal preparations of guinea pig colon were incubated in vitro and the outflow of PYY or 5‐HT and its metabolite, 5‐HIAA, from these preparations were determined by enzyme immunoassays or HPLC with electrochemical detection respectively.KEY RESULTS βAla‐NKA‐(4‐10) produced a tetrodotoxin‐resistant sustained increase in the outflow of PYY and 5‐HT from the mucosal preparations. The βAla‐NKA‐(4‐10)‐evoked 5‐HT outflow was partially inhibited by Y1 receptor antagonist, BIBO3304, and Y2 receptor antagonist, BIIE0246, but with less potency. Exogenously‐applied PYY also produced a sustained increase in the outflow of 5‐HT that was inhibited by Y1 blockade but not Y2 blockade.CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings support the view that the NK2 receptor‐selective agonist, βAla‐NKA‐(4‐10) produces a long‐lasting PYY release from guinea pig colonic mucosa via NK2 receptors on L cells and βAla‐NKA‐(4‐10)‐evoked 5‐HT release is in part mediated by endogenously released PYY, acting mainly on Y1 receptors on EC cells. The PYY‐containing L cells appear to play a role in controlling the release of 5‐HT from colonic EC cells.
Using Quarterly Earnings to Assess Racing Performance in 70 Thoroughbreds after Modified Laryngoplasty for Treatment of Recurrent Laryngeal Neuropathy
Authors: Aceto Helen , Parente Eric J. 
Published: July 2012

ObjectiveTo validate and then use quarterly earnings to assess racing performance ofThoroughbreds after modified laryngoplasty for treatment of recurrent laryngeal neuropathyStudy DesignRetrospective cohort study.AnimalsThoroughbred racehorses after modified laryngoplasty (N = 70), and untreated cohorts (N = 210).MethodsMedical (2005–2008) and race records of 70Thoroughbred racehorses treated by modified laryngoplasty were reviewed. Postsurgery data were collated as the number of starts and the dollar race winnings for each quarter after the date of surgery. Comparisons were made to an untreated cohort population. Initial comparisons were made between subgroups of the untreated cohort to ensure that one randomly selected group of untreated horses would not differ significantly from another untreated group.ResultsIn the last race before surgery, treated horses performed significantly (P< .001) worse than untreated horses. When data were examined by quarter, with the exception of the first quarter after surgery, there were no significant differences in race starts or dollars earned between treated horses and untreated cohorts. All treated horses had at least 1 race after surgery and there was no difference in cumulative survival up to 40 races after surgery between treated and untreated groupsConclusionsQuarterly earnings can be used to provide a more detailed longitudinal assessment of a racehorse's performance. Horses treated by modified laryngoplasty for recurrent laryngeal neuropathy return to similar level of performance as their untreated cohorts by the second quarter after surgery, and continue to compete as long as their cohorts.
Tarsometatarsal Arthrodesis Using Tarsometatarsal Intramedullary Pin Stabilization
Authors: Chow Eric P. , Balfour Raviv J. 
Published: July 2012

ObjectiveTo report the use of tarsometatarsal intramedullary pin stabilization for arthrodesis of the tarsometatarsal joint.Study designCase series.AnimalsDogs (n = 12) and cats (n = 2) with tarsometatarsal instability.MethodsMedical records (January 2004–February 2011) were reviewed for dogs and cats with tarsometatarsal instability repaired with intramedullary pin stabilization. After a dorsal approach to the tarsometatarsal joint, the articular surface was removed, and intramedullary pins were inserted through the metatarsal bones into the distal tarsal bones. Stabilization was supplemented with external coaptation until healing occurred. The intramedullary pins were removed after radiographic evidence of arthrodesis.ResultsRadiographic evidence of bony fusion across the tarsometatarsal joint occurred in all animals. One major complication occurred, with skin necrosis at a single pin site requiring surgical debridement at the pin site. Follow‐up (mean, 107 weeks) was available for 13 cases; 12 were reported to be completely sound, and 1 dog was ambulating normally at a walk but favored the leg when running.ConclusionTarsometatarsal intramedullary pin stabilization can be used for the treatment of tarsometatarsal instability with a low risk of major complications.
Partisanship, Christianity, and Women in the Legislature: Determinants of Parental Leave Policy in U.S. States
Authors: Williamson Sarah , Carnes Matthew 
Published: July 2012

ObjectiveAlthough the United States 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act is considered meager by international standards, significant variation in family leave policies exists across U.S. states. This article develops a political theory—driven by mobilized interest groups—to explain variation in the duration and pay level of state parental leave policies.MethodsEmploying four different measures of family leave policy, we use ordinary least squares and logit models to test the effects of partisanship, women in the legislature, and evangelical populations on parental leave outcomes.ResultsWe find that states with a pattern of Democratic Party controlled legislatures and high percentages of legislative seats occupied by women see more generous parental leave protections, while states with large populations of evangelical Christians see less generous policies.ConclusionFamily leave policies are the product of a battle between competing visions of the family and the state, shaped by partisanship, gender, and religion.