bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Desorption of pyrethroids from suspended solids
Authors: Fojut Tessa L , Young Thomas M 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Pyrethroid insecticides have been widely detected in sediments at concentrations that can cause toxicity to aquatic organisms. Desorption rates play an important role in determining the bioavailability of hydrophobic organic compounds, such as pyrethroids, because these compounds are more likely to be sorbed to solids in the environment, and times to reach sorptive equilibrium can be long. In the present study, sequential Tenax desorption experiments were performed with three sorbents, three aging times, and four pyrethroids. A biphasic rate model was fit to the desorption data with r2 &gt; 0.99, and the rapid and slow compartment desorption rate constants and compartment fractions are reported. Suspended solids from irrigation runoff water collected from a field that had been sprayed with permethrin 1 d before were used in the experiments to compare desorption rates for field-applied pyrethroids with those for laboratory-spiked materials. Suspended solids were used in desorption experiments because suspended solids can be a key source of hydrophobic compounds in surface waters. The rapid desorption rate parameters of field-applied permethrin were not statistically different from those of laboratory spiked permethrin, indicating that desorption of the spiked pyrethroids is comparable to desorption of the pyrethroids added and aged in the field. Sorbent characteristics had the greatest effect on desorption rate parameters; as organic carbon content of the solids increased, the rapid desorption fractions and rapid desorption rate constants both decreased. The desorption rate constant of the slow compartment for sediment containing permethrin aged for 28 d was significantly different compared to aging for 1 d and 7 d, whereas desorption in the rapid and slow compartments did not differ between these treatments. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:1760–1766. © 2011 SETAC
NO emissions in oxy‐coal combustion with the addition of steam in an entrained flow reactor
Authors: Álvarez Lucia , Riaza Juan , Gil Maria V. , Pevida Covadonga , Pis José J. , Rubiera Fernando 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe NO emissions of a semi‐anthracite and a high‐volatile bituminous coal were studied under oxy‐fuel combustion conditions in an entrained flow reactor (EFR). The results obtained under oxy‐fuel atmospheres (21%O2–79%CO2, 30%O2–70%CO2 and 35%O2–65%CO2), were compared with those produced in air. The replacement of CO2 by 5, 10, and 20% of steam in the oxy‐fuel combustion atmospheres was also evaluated in order to study the wet recirculation of flue gas. The NO emissions during oxy‐fuel combustion were lower than those in air‐firing, and a slight increasing trend in NO emissions was observed as O2 concentrations in the oxy‐fuel atmospheres increased. Similarly, the NO concentration was reduced by the addition of steam, both under air and under oxy‐fuel atmospheres, but no relevant differences between the different steam concentrations were observed. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Aligned 3D human aortic smooth muscle tissue via layer by layer technique inside microchannels with novel combination of collagen and oxidized alginate hydrogel
Authors: Rayatpisheh Shahrzad , Poon Yin Fun , Cao Ye , Feng Jie , Chan Vincent , Chan‐Park Mary B. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractTissue engineering of the small diameter blood vessel medial layer has been challenging. Recreation of the circumferentially aligned multilayer smooth muscle tissue has been one of the major technical difficulties. Some research has utilized cyclic stress to align smooth muscle cells (SMCs) but due to the long time conditioning needed, it was not possible to use primary human cells because of expeditious senescence occured. We demonstrate rapid buildup of a homogeneous relatively thick (30–40 μm) aligned smooth muscle tissue via layer by layer (LBL) technique within microchannels and a soft cell‐adhesive hydrogel. Using a microchannelled scaffold with gapped microwalls, two layers of primary human SMCs separated by an interlayer hydrogel were cultured to confluence within the microchannels. The SMCs aligned along the microchannels because of the physically constraining microwalls. A novel double layered gel consisting of a mixture of pristine and oxidized alginate hydrogel coated with collagen was designed to place between each layer of cells, leading to a thicker tissue in a shorter time. The SMCs penetrated the soft thin interlayer hydrogel within 6 days of seeding of the 2nd cell layer so that the entire construct became more or less homogeneously populated by the SMCs. The unique LBL technique applied within the micropatterned scaffold using a soft cell‐adhesive gel interlayer allows rapid growth and confluence of SMCs on 2D surface but at the same time aligns the cells and builds up multiple layers into a 3D tissue. This pseudo‐3D buildup method avoids the typical steric resistance of hydrogel embedding. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A:, 2011.
Microfinance and sustained economic improvement: Women small‐scale entrepreneurs in Ethiopia
Authors: Belwal Rakesh , Tamiru Misrak , Singh Gurmeet 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWomen entrepreneurs account for a sizable majority of small‐scale entrepreneurs in Africa. A minor change in their capitalization could assure their participation in diverse productive activities and has a large impact on their lives and families, as well as on the economy. While their access to credit is impeded profoundly because of the regulatory constraints imposed by formal financial institutions, on one hand, the informal sector interest rates as high as 300 per cent are literally untenable, on the other. The paper investigates the contribution of microfinance to the economic improvement of women small‐scale entrepreneurs in Addis Ababa. The research assesses the impact of credit and saving services on the economic improvement of women small‐scale entrepreneurs by using secondary data and a quantitative analysis based on questionnaires and interviews. The study probes financial facets such as income, savings, credit, financial services, family obligations and access to education. It concludes that women entrepreneurs who obtain microfinance face a number of problems. The study exposes the overall environment constraining women entrepreneurs on financial fronts and suggests some measures of relief to ameliorate the situation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liquid chromatographic method for enantiopurity control of alaptide using polysaccharide stationary phases
Authors: Douša Michal , Lemr Karel 
Published: May 2011

AbstractSeparation of veterinary drug alaptide ((S)‐8‐methyl‐6,9‐diazaspiro(4,5)decane‐7,10‐dione) from a chiral impurity (R‐enantiomer) was developed. Five chiral columns (three amylose and two cellulose type) were evaluated in a reversed‐phase system. Three of them offered satisfactory enantiomeric resolution. Finally, three methods were validated and proved to be applicable for the determination of a chiral impurity content below 0.1% (method A: 3‐AmyCoat column, tris‐[3,5‐dimethylphenyl]carbamoyl amylose; mobile phase: water/methanol/propan‐2‐ol/butan‐2‐ol=75:20:3.5:1.5 v/v, flow rate: 0.40 mL/min; column temperature: 30°C; method B: Chiralpak AS‐3R, tris‐[1‐phenylethyl]carbamoyl amylose; water/acetonitrile=80:20 v/v, 0.40 mL/min; 40°C; method C: Chiralcel OZ‐3R, tris‐[3‐chloro‐4‐methylphenyl] carbamoyl cellulose; water/acetonitrile=80:20 v/v, 0.40 mL/min; 40°C). Some decrease in efficiency with repeated sample injections was observed for the 3‐AmyCoat column. The resistance to mass transfer in the stationary phase increased probably due to the change in chiral selector conformation. This effect was considerably suppressed by propan‐2‐ol or to a greater extent by butan‐2‐ol added to a mobile phase. Simple regeneration was also suggested to recover efficiency of the column.
PTSD Criterion A1 events: A literature‐based categorization
Authors: Luz Mariana Pires , Mendlowicz Mauro , Marques‐Portella Carla , Gleiser Sonia , Berger William , Neylan Thomas C. , Coutinho Evandro S. F. , Figueira Ivan 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThirty years after creation of the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis, its literature could still benefit from standardization of traumatic events. The authors report the type and frequency of traumatic events found in the mainstream PTSD literature using a bibliometric approach, and propose a categorization based on the terms used for their description. Articles containing [ptsd OR “stress disorder*”] in the title field found in the ISI/Thompson Reuters (Philadelphia, PA) 1991–2006 database were classified according to the event studied. The authors describe each event's absolute and proportional figures, and construct a categorization of the events. The bibliometric analysis of PTSD literature is helpful in planning research, and the proposed categorization may represent an advance toward the standardization of traumatic events.
A Risk Assessment Perspective of Current Practice in Characterizing Uncertainties in QSAR Regression Predictions
Authors: Sahlin Ullrika , Filipsson Monika , Öberg Tomas 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe European REACH legislation accepts the use of non‐testing methods, such as QSARs, to inform chemical risk assessment. In this paper, we aim to initiate a discussion on the characterization of predictive uncertainty from QSAR regressions. For the purpose of decision making, we discuss applications from the perspective of applying QSARs to support probabilistic risk assessment. Predictive uncertainty is characterized by a wide variety of methods, ranging from pure expert judgement based on variability in experimental data, through data‐driven statistical inference, to the use of probabilistic QSAR models. Model uncertainty is dealt with by assessing confidence in predictions and by building consensus models. The characterization of predictive uncertainty would benefit from a probabilistic formulation of QSAR models (e.g. generalized linear models, conditional density estimators or Bayesian models). This would allow predictive uncertainty to be quantified as probability distributions, such as Bayesian predictive posteriors, and likelihood‐based methods to address model uncertainty. QSAR regression models with point estimates as output may be turned into a probabilistic framework without any loss of validity from a chemical point of view. A QSAR model for use in probabilistic risk assessment needs to be validated for its ability to make reliable predictions and to quantify associated uncertainty.
Barodesy: a new hypoplastic approach
Authors: Kolymbas D. 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYIt is shown that the asymptotic mechanical behaviour (i.e. stresses asymptotically obtained with constant deformation rates) determines the entire mechanical behaviour of granular materials, such as soil. In this paper, a constitutive model, or rather a new theoretical framework, for sand is derived in terms of rational mechanics. The new theory, called ‘barodesy’, has an outstanding simplicity and comprises previously introduced concepts of Soil Mechanics: critical states and barotropy (i.e. power law dependence of stiffness on stress). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE MEANING OF DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE
Authors: Blunt Peter , Turner Mark , Hertz Jana 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYPrevailing paradigms of macro‐economic management and levels and distributions of poverty in some rich countries suggest that economic and strategic self‐interest rather than poverty reduction in poor countries are likely to be the primary objectives of much development assistance. The incommensurability of the paradigms of development discourse makes it unlikely that strongly held ideologically based positions on these matters will change quickly or easily. Moreover, non‐altruistic positions can be maintained more readily by virtue of the loose construction of international declarations such as the Paris Declaration. Based on different interpretations of the Paris Declaration, empirical evidence from Cambodia and Indonesia of donor opportunism that is designed to maximise aid control and aid distinctiveness for non‐altruistic purposes is presented. Recent sharp declines in donor legitimacy have made this more difficult to do, but even so, there have been no concomitant reductions in donor self‐assurance concerning their exclusive possession of the moral and technical high ground. Such behaviour is, however, increasingly resented particularly by government officials in lower middle‐income countries like Indonesia. Resulting relationships lack trust and are therefore unlikely to contribute optimally either to the realisation of non‐altruistic purposes or to poverty reduction. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Career burnout among pediatric oncologists
Authors: Roth Michael , Morrone Kerry , Moody Karen , Kim Mimi , Wang Dan , Moadel Alyson , Levy Adam 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackgroundBurnout is a work‐related syndrome consisting of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and diminished feelings of personal accomplishment. Physicians who care for patients with life‐threatening illnesses are at high risk for developing burnout. This survey evaluates the prevalence of burnout among pediatric oncologists, and assesses risk factors associated with the development of burnout.ProcedureA questionnaire was sent via email to 1,047 practicing pediatric oncologists. The survey included the 22 question Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), as well as questions regarding work‐related and lifestyle‐related factors associated with developing burnout.ResultsFour hundred ten pediatric oncologists (40%) responded to the survey. Thirty‐eight percent of pediatric oncologists had high levels of burnout on the MBI, while 72% had at least moderate levels of burnout. Women (47% vs. 32%, P < 0.004) and physicians practicing for <10 years (50% vs. 33%, P < 0.004) had significantly higher rates of burnout. Physicians who reported satisfaction with their lives outside of work were less likely to have burnout (odds ratio 0.238, 0.143–0.396, P < 0.001). The availability of a forum for debriefing, and services for physicians affected by burnout were both associated with lower rates of burnout (24% vs. 46%, P < 0.001 and 23% vs. 46%, P < 0.001). Thirty‐six percent of respondents reported their institution has a forum for debriefing and 40% of respondents reported their institution has services available for physicians experiencing symptoms of burnout.ConclusionsApproximately three quarters of pediatric oncologists experience burnout. Further research is needed on the effectiveness of interventions aimed at preventing and treating work‐related burnout. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57: 1168–1173. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sinonasal adenocarcinoma: A rare second malignancy in long term retinoblastoma survivors
Authors: Bhagia Pooja , Colanta Agnes Basas , Abramson David H. , Carlson Diane L. , Kleinerman Ruth A. , Kraus Dennis , Dunkel Ira J. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractRetinoblastoma is the most common primary cancer of the eye in children. The incidence of second tumors in survivors of bilateral retinoblastoma and in survivors of unilateral retinoblastoma who presumably carry a germline RB1 mutation is documented. This article describes the previously unrecognized association of sinonasal adenocarcinoma as a second malignancy in retinoblastoma survivors. We present three cases who received radiation therapy as a part of their treatment and developed sinonasal adenocarcinoma as a second malignancy. Sinonasal adenocarcinoma should be considered as a second malignancy in retinoblastoma survivors who present with vague sinus symptoms. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57: 693–695. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effect of organic modifier‐12‐aminolauric acid on morphology and thermal properties of polylactide nanocomposites
Authors: Liu Mei‐Tang , Pu Min‐Feng , Ma Hong‐Wen , Hu Yu‐Fei , Liu Xiao‐Juan , Pang Xue 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA novel organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) based on a bifunctional organic modifier‐12‐aminolauric acid (ALA) was synthesized. Polylactide (PLA) nanocomposites with this new and traditional OMMT were prepared by solution casting method. The effects of the organic modifiers on structure, morphology and thermal properties of PLA nanocomposites have been investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results indicate that ALA has distinct effects on the dispersion of MMT platelets into the PLA matrix, where partial exfoliated as well as intercalated structures have been obtained, when compared with ordinary modifier, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). TGA data verifies that PLA nanocomposites with ALA‐MMT organoclay display enhanced thermal stability. The optimal clay loading of ALA‐MMT occurs at 3%wt, leading to the best compromise between clay dispersion and thermal properties. POLYM. COMPOS., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
An exposure study to assess the potential impact of fipronil in treated sunflower seeds on honey bee colony losses in Spain
Authors: Bernal José , Martin‐Hernandez Raquel , Diego Juan C , Nozal María J , Gozalez‐Porto Amelia V , Bernal José L , Higes Mariano 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: There is great concern about the high losses and strong depopulation of honey bee colonies in some areas of Spain. Some beekeepers have suggested that sunflower seeds treated with the insecticide fipronil could be an important factor in causing those losses. Therefore, an in‐depth field study has been carried out in two regions of Spain where sunflower production is intense (Cuenca and Andalucía) and where, for some crops and varieties, fipronil has been used as seed insecticide.RESULTS: Samples of adult bees and pollen were analysed for bee pathogens and pesticide residues respectively. Neither fipronil residues nor its metabolites were detected in any of the samples analysed, indicating that short‐term or chronic exposure of bees to fipronil and/or its metabolites can be ruled out in the apiaries surveyed. Varroa destructor and Nosema ceranae were found to be very prevalent.CONCLUSION: The combination of the two pathogens could augment the risk of colony death in infected colonies, without fipronil residues exerting a significant effect in the given field conditions. Indeed, in this study the losses observed in apiaries located close to sunflower crops were similar to those in apiaries situated in forested areas with wild vegetation. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Development and characterization of EIS structures based on SiO2 micropillars and pores before and after their functionalization with phosphonate films
Authors: Hofmann Martina , Cattani‐Scholz Anna , Mallorqui Anna Dalmau , Sharp Ian D. , Fontcuberta i Morral Anna , Moreno i Codinachs Lia 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn this work electrolyte–insulator–semiconductor (EIS) structures based on lithographically fabricated Si–SiO2 micropillars and pores are studied. The samples are characterized by means of impedance spectroscopy (IS) and they are compared to samples with a planar SiO2 layer on a Si substrate in order to determine whether the increase in active surface is directly related to an increase in sensitivity of the device. Our initial results confirm this question in the case of the pillar samples but not for the pore ones, most likely due to some fabrication issues that must be improved. Afterwards the SiO2 surface is functionalized with posphonates and the influence of the modification is studied using IS. Also, the stability and limits of applicability of the functionalized devices is studied. Analysis with X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is used to show that the deposition of phosphonates was successful.
Miniaturised eight‐channel impedance spectroscopy unit as sensor platform for biosensor applications
Authors: Broeders Jeroen , Duchateau Stijn , Van Grinsven Bart , Vanaken Wouter , Peeters Marloes , Cleij Thomas , Thoelen Ronald , Wagner Patrick , De Ceuninck Ward 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA miniaturised, low cost impedance analyser is developed to ease the use of impedance spectroscopy in biological setups. This could form the first step towards fully standalone, hand‐held biosensor applications. The system is capable of performing quasi‐simultaneous time resolved impedance measurements on eight different channels in a frequency range of 10 Hz–100 kHz. The unit is accurate in a broad impedance range and is able to perform stable measurements over intervals of several days. The system is characterised by passive components, a temperature controlled wet cell based impedance setup and a biomimetic molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based histamine sensor. The test results all indicate accurate and stable functioning of the unit, making it suitable for bioanalytical applications.
Agile product line engineering—a systematic literature review
Authors: Díaz Jessica , Pérez Jennifer , Alarcón Pedro P. , Garbajosa Juan 
Published: May 2011

AbstractSoftware Product Line Engineering (SPLE) demands upfront long‐term investment in (i) designing a common set of core‐assets and (ii) managing variability across the products from the same family. When anticipated changes in these core‐assets have been predicted with certain accuracy, SPLE has proved significant improvements. However, when large/complex software product line projects have to deal with changing market conditions, alternatives to supplement SPLE are required. Agile Software Development (ASD) may be an alternative, as agile processes harness change for the customer's competitive advantage. However, when the aim is to scale Agile projects up to effectively manage reusability and variability across the products from the same family, alternatives to supplement agility are also required. As a result, a new approach called Agile Product Line Engineering (APLE) advocates integrating SPLE and ASD with the aim of addressing these gaps. APLE is an emerging approach, which implies that organizations have to face several barriers to achieve its adoption. This paper presents a systematic literature review of experiences and practices on APLE, in which the key findings uncover important challenges about how to integrate the SPLE model with an agile iterative approach to fully put APLE into practice. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.