bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Original Article: Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor and AMP‐activated protein kinase agonists protect against lethal influenza virus challenge in mice
Authors: Moseley Carson E. , Webster Robert G. , Aldridge Jerry R. 
Published: August 2010

Please cite this paper as: Moseley et al. (2010) Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor and AMP‐activated protein kinase agonists protect against lethal influenza virus challenge in mice. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 4(5), 307–311.Background  A novel influenza A (H1N1) virus was isolated from humans in North America and has developed into the first pandemic of the 21st century. Reports of a global shortage of antiviral drugs, the evolution of drug‐resistant influenza virus variants, and a 6‐month delay in vaccine availability underline the need to develop new therapeutics that may be widely distributed during future pandemics.Methods  In an effort to discover alternatives to the conventional therapeutic strategies available, we screened several classes of immunomodulatory agents possessing the potential to mitigate the effects of influenza virus‐induced immunopathology.Results  Here, we provide preliminary evidence that two classes of drugs, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ agonists and AMP‐activated protein kinase agonists, provide protection in mice infected with highly pathogenic and pandemic strains of influenza virus.Conclusions  The extensive production in the developed world, combined with the significant degree of protection described here, establishes these drugs as a potential therapeutic option that may be broadly implemented to combat serious disease caused by future influenza epidemics or pandemics.
Recent Developments of Statistical Approaches in Aspects of Accounting: a Review
Authors: Falta Michael , Wolff Rodney 
Published: August 2010

Summary We review and simultaneously introduce a convenient statistical concept for the mathematical representation of the Statistical Activity Cost Theory (SACT) introduced by Willett (1987, 1988). Further, we discuss, and present a critique of a variety of statistical models with respect to long debated accounting problems, such as the allocation of joint costs and depreciation. We finally propose that taking the effort to combine those models results in a novel statistical accounting system and this is discussed by means of the so‐called virtual firm. Our approach is methodological rather than empirical. We endeavour to demonstrate that the statistical models presented herein have a more natural interpretation and applicability than their deterministic analogues: hence, this review presents promising outcomes and useful perspectives for the accounting profession.
Friendly Africans, Deceptive White Men: Ghanaian Narratives of the Nation
Authors: Dull Laura J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAs a tutor at Peki Training College in Ghana, I noticed that particular stories about history and identity arose in discussion with students, teachers, and colleagues and in social studies textbooks. These ‘narratives of the nation’ were linked to globalization and Ghanaian visions for development. By teaching children to work hard, be honest, and study science and technology, educators hope to attract investors to Ghana. At the same time, they resist the moral decline they associate with developed countries by teaching about the importance of maintaining Ghana's similar yet diverse cultures. By ignoring or neutralizing struggles among ethnic groups and blaming ‘white men’ for past and present problems, they build a national identity around shared oppression. But educators also re‐direct negative images used against Africans toward people in villages, who they blame for holding back development and democracy.
Institutions, Identity and Unity: The Anomaly of Australian Nationalism*
Authors: Parent Joseph M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWhy has Australia not produced a viable separatist movement? This non‐event is all the more striking compared to the separatism experienced by the United Kingdom, United States, and Canada, among others. Individually or combined, the major paradigms cannot explain separatism or its absence. This paper advances an elite persuasion argument and contends that success of separatist movements depends on the conditions in which elites appeal for autonomy. Specifically, five conditions are necessary for a viable separatist movement: 1) cultural differences, 2) economic incentives, 3) security, 4) concentrated minority settlement patterns, and 5) favourable domestic institutions. The analysis focuses on a comparison between Australia and Canada, but has implications for other separatist and potentially separatist areas.
Delicious Food in a Beautiful Country: Nationhood and Nationalism in Discourses on Food in Contemporary Japan
Authors: Hiroko Takeda 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe article discusses the recent development of banal forms of nationalism in contemporary Japan by examining a multitude of discourses on food produced by the national government as well as civil organisations working for food safety. Despite the intrinsically hybrid nature marked by the historical trajectory of Japanese food culture, these discourses tend to emphasise and propagate the Japanese element and, in so doing, firmly locate Japanese food as the core of ‘Japaneseness’. In this sense, contemporary food discourse in Japan functions as a powerful biopolitical device by propagating the notion of ‘delicious food in a beautiful country’ on which Japanese people are expected to organise their everyday lives.
The Dual National Identity of the Korean Minority in China: The Politics of Nation and Race and the Imagination of Ethnicity
Authors: Kang Jin Woong 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis article explores the historical changes in the national identity of the Korean minority in China from the period of Japanese colonial invasion through to the present. Existing studies have taken an ethno‐cultural approach to the Korean minority's dual identity, but they have ignored the importance of political identity‐formation which creates, re‐creates, and transforms national identity. The Korean minority's national identity has been determined by political and economic factors rather than ethnic and cultural backgrounds. In this regard, the Korean minority's double‐minded self‐understanding of its own nationhood has shifted from an ethnicity‐centred dual identity to a nationality‐centred dual identity. This article notes that the Korean minority's national identity has been created and re‐created by political identity‐formation, and its imagination of ethnicity has been transformed through this political process.
Informed opportunism for conservation planning in the Solomon Islands
Authors: Game Edward T. , Lipsett‐Moore Geoffrey , Hamilton Richard , Peterson Nate , Kereseka Jimmy , Atu William , Watts Matthew , Possingham Hugh 
Published: August 2010

AbstractHuman factors more than ecology dictate conservation opportunity and the subsequent success of implementation. This is particularly true in places such as the Solomon Islands where most terrestrial and coastal marine areas remain in community ownership. However, factors such as community support are not reliably predictable, nor easy to map, and therefore challenging to incorporate into systematic conservation plans. Here, we describe how the Lauru Land Conference of Tribal Communities and The Nature Conservancy have worked with the communities of Choiseul Province, Solomon Islands, to develop a conservation planning process that reconciles community‐driven conservation opportunities, with a systematic and representation‐based approach to prioritization. We suggest how sophisticated prioritization software can be used collaboratively in a community setting, to dynamically assess and guide conservation opportunities as they arise; a process ofinformed opportunism.
ZUR DIFFERENTIALDIAGNOSE DER REZIDIVIERENDEN HYPOPYON‐IRITIS
Authors: Lemke L. 
Published: August 2010

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGEs wird über 15 Patienten mit rezidivierender Hypopyon‐Iritis berichtet, die trotz teilweise fehlender mucocutaner Veränderungen auf Grund der charakteristischen Verlaufsform am Auge und typischer Begleitleiden dem Formenkreis des Morbus Behcet zugerechnet werden müssen. An 2 Patienten mit Morbus Reiter wird der enge Zusammenhang beider Symptomenkomplexe demonstriert.
DIE KLINISCHE BEDEUTUNG DER PSEUDOPAPILLITIS
Authors: Weinstein Paul 
Published: August 2010

ZUSAMAIENFASSUNGEin Teil der an Pseudopapillitis leidenden Kranken weist ein hypotonischem, hypoplasischem Gefäss‐System auf. Bei anderen Kranken findet sich eine Hypertonie mit an das Cushing'sches Syndroin erinnernden Symptomen: Adi‐positas, gesteigerte Ketosteroid‐Entleerung, Hyperostosis frontalis interna. In einem Teil der Fälle zeigt sich Familiarität.
Prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis in the eastern Black Sea region of Turkey
Authors: ÇAPKIN Erhan , CAKIRBAY Haşim , KARKUCAK Murat , TOPBAS Murat , SERDAROĞLU Münevver , GULER Mustafa , TOSUN Mehmet 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAim:  The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in the eastern Black Sea region of Turkey.Method:  The study was carried out between March 2003 and March 2005 by the Karadeniz Technical University Medical Faculty Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in the urban area in the eastern Black Sea region of Turkey, which has a population of 459 021 (according to the 2000 national census). A total of 6103 subjects, 20 years old or over, were selected by the sampling method; 3023 (49.5%) women and 3080 (50.5%) men were included in the study. The diagnosis of RA was performed based on fulfilling the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria.Results:  Fifty‐nine patients were diagnosed with RA according to the ACR criteria, of which 11 were male and 48 female. The prevalence of RA was 1% (95% CI: 0.75–1.25) in the general population, 1.6% (95% CI: 1.15–2.05) in women and 0.35% (95% CI: 0.14–0.56) in men. The female/male ratio was 4.3 : 1.0, showing that RA prevalence was statistically significantly higher in women (P < 0.005).Conclusion:  Our study demonstrates that RA is a common disease in Turkish society.
Low‐dose and high‐dose methotrexate are two different drugs in practical terms
Authors: MALAVIYA Anand N. , SHARMA Amit , AGARWAL Divya , KAPOOR Sanjiv , GARG Shriram , SAWHNEY Sujata 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMethotrexate (MTX) was originally synthesised as an anti‐cancer drug. Soon it was also used in immunoinflammatory diseases, mainly in the field of rheumatology. However, the dose used in oncology is several‐fold higher as compared to the dose used in systemic immunoinflammatory rheumatological diseases. This led to the use of terms ‘low‐dose MTX’ (LD‐MTX) and ‘high‐dose MTX’ (HD‐MTX) respectively for its use in immunoinflammatory rheumatological diseases as against its use in oncology. Extensive studies have demonstrated that therapeutic action, clinical indications, adverse effects and mechanisms of action of LD‐MTX and HD‐MTX are quite different. It is somewhat akin to low‐dose aspirin versus high‐dose aspirin with entirely different spectra of therapeutic action and adverse effects. It is important to understand this difference. This would help in allaying unfounded fear of adverse effects of LD‐MTX that is often mistakenly considered the same as that of HD‐MTX used in oncology.
Discovering Binary Codes for Documents by Learning Deep Generative Models
Authors: Hinton Geoffrey , Salakhutdinov Ruslan 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWe describe a deep generative model in which the lowest layer represents the word‐count vector of a document and the top layer represents a learned binary code for that document. The top two layers of the generative model form an undirected associative memory and the remaining layers form a belief net with directed, top‐down connections. We present efficient learning and inference procedures for this type of generative model and show that it allows more accurate and much faster retrieval than latent semantic analysis. By using our method as a filter for a much slower method called TF‐IDF we achieve higher accuracy than TF‐IDF alone and save several orders of magnitude in retrieval time. By using short binary codes as addresses, we can perform retrieval on very large document sets in a time that is independent of the size of the document set using only one word of memory to describe each document.
Quantitative Risk Assessment for Zoonotic Transmission ofCryptosporidium parvumInfection Attributable to Recreational Use of Farmland
Authors: Hill A. , Nally P. , Chalmers R. M. , Pritchard G. C. , Giles M. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryCryptosporidiosis caused byCryptosporidium parvuminfection is a major cause of enteric illness in man and there is a significant reservoir in animals, particularly young ruminant species. To preliminary assess the magnitude of the risk posed by contact with faeces produced by infected livestock, two microbiological risk assessments have been developed: one for the risk of human infection withC. parvumwhile camping on contaminated land recently grazed by infected suckler cattle and a comparable risk assessment for camping on land recently spread with contaminated cattle slurry. Using a worst‐case scenario approach, the upper level of risk was estimated to be one infection in every 6211 person‐visits for a camping event on land recently grazed by infected cattle. Translated into camping events of 100 persons, this risk estimate would most likely lead to zero (98% likelihood) or one infection (1% likelihood). The results for cattle slurry model are similar despite different pathways. Sensitivity analysis was conducted for the grazing cattle model only. This suggested that the time between grazing and camping was the most important control strategy, but increasing hand‐washing frequency and the removal of cattle faeces before camping would also be beneficial. If the upper level of risk were to be judged unacceptable then further data would be required to more accurately estimate the risk of infection through these scenarios. Further research would also be required to assess the fraction of cases attributable to camping and/or environmental contact withCryptosporidiumoocysts.
CERTAIN HEMATOLOGIC AND BLOOD CHEMICAL VALUES IN BEAGLE DOGS
Authors: Vondruska James F. , Greco Ronald A. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryCertain hematologic and blood biochemical parameters were determined on over 200 purebred Beagle dogs. Mean values, standard deviations, and minimal–maximal values were determined for various age categories and for each sex. The following parameters were measured and compared to cited values where they were available: hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, total erythrocyte, total and differential leukocyte counts, platelet and reticulocyte counts, cellular indices, prothrombin time, coagulation time, serum concentrations of glucose, urea nitrogen, creatinine, bilirubin, uric acid, cholesterol, sodium, potassium and chloride, and serum enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase.
The Korean Sunshine Policy: Its Light and Shade
Authors: Lee Dong Hyung 
Published: August 2010

This article examines the aspects and achievements of Kim Dae Jung administration's Sunshine policy by researching government documents and then suggests appropriate directions for South Korea new administration's policy toward North Korea.Despite many fruitful achievements as a result of an active implementation of the Sunshine policy by the Kim Dae Jung government, inter‐Korean relations have not resulted in full national consensus and political support domestically, nor have they defused the distrust and tense confrontation with its counterpart. Externally, the Kim government has experienced difficulty in pushing its policy toward the North, lacking cooperation from the U.S.Based on a review of the Sunshine policy of the Kim government, this paper makes to the following policy recommendations for the new South Korean government. First, it should seek out nation‐wide understanding and consent, and establish a policy toward North Korea based on a firm national security posture and cooperation with the U.S.; second, it should continue economic cooperation with the North, but avoid hasty and international economic cooperation. In order to maintain stability while encouraging economic cooperation, it should pursue both the completion of legal and institutional measures, and multilateral economic cooperation; third, it should demand the implementation of North‐South agreements by North Korea while maintaining flexible reciprocity; fourth, by closely monitoring the distribution of aid funds, it should clear up any suspicion of inappropriate distribution, and seek cooperation from international organizations and NGOs for efficient monitoring; finally, the new government should not involve its policy toward North Korea with domestic politics, and avoid manipulating it for the administration's benefit.
Role and mechanism of pancreatic β‐cell death in diabetes: The emerging role of autophagy
Authors: Kim Kyoung‐Ah , Lee Myung‐Shik 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPancreatic β‐cell failure resulting from decreased β‐cell mass or dysfunction is the ultimate step towards most types of diabetes. Even if insulin resistance exists, diabetes does not develop unless pancreatic β‐cell function or its adaptation is compromised. Classically, two types of cell death (apoptosis and necrosis) have been studied in the diabetes field. Recently, a third type of cell death (autophagy, sometimes called type 2 programmed cell death in comparison with apoptosis, type 1 programmed cell death) and its pathophysiological role have been recognized and are being investigated. In the present review, we will discuss the role of various types of cell death in the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Specifically, we will briefly cover recent progress regarding the role of autophagy in diabetes, which is becoming a hot topic in diabetes and metabolism. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2010.0054.x, 2010)
Palm cooling does not reduce heat strain during exercise in a hot, dry environment
Authors: Amorim Fabiano T. , Yamada Paulette M. , Robergs Robert A. , Schneider Suzanne M. 
Published: August 2010

To compare the effectiveness of the rapid thermal exchange device (RTX) in slowing the development of hyperthermia and associated symptoms among hand immersed in water bath (WB), water-perfused vest (WPV), and no cooling condition (NC). Ten subjects performed 4 heat stress trials. The protocol consisted of 2 bouts of treadmill walking, separated by a cooling–rehydration period. The times to reach the predetermined rectal temperature in the first (38.5 °C) and second bouts (39 °C) were not different among RTX, NC, and WB, but was longer for the WPV in both bouts (p < 0.05). Heat storage was significantly lower for WPV only in the first bout vs. the other conditions (p < 0.05). Heart rate (HR) was not different at 10, 20, and 30 min during the first bout among RTX, NC, and WB, but was lower for WPV (p < 0.05). HR was not different among conditions during the second bout. The RTX was not effective in slowing the development of hyperthermia.
Influence of high- and low-carbohydrate diet following glycogen-depleting exercise on heart rate variability and plasma catecholamines
Authors: Lima-Silva Adriano Eduardo , Bertuzzi Rômulo , Dalquano Elen , Nogueira Marie , Casarini Dulce , Kiss Maria Augusta , Ugrinowitsch Carlos , Pires Flávio de Oliveira 
Published: August 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a short-term low- or high-carbohydrate (CHO) diet consumed after exercise on sympathetic nervous system activity. Twelve healthy males underwent a progressive incremental test; a control measurement of plasma catecholamines and heart rate variability (HRV); an exercise protocol to reduce endogenous CHO stores; a low- or high-CHO diet (counterbalanced order) consumed for 2 days, beginning immediately after the exercise protocol; and a second resting plasma catecholamine and HRV measurement. The exercise and diet protocols and the second round of measurements were performed again after a 1-week washout period. The mean (±SD) values of the standard deviation of R–R intervals were similar between conditions (control, 899.0 ± 146.1 ms; low-CHO diet, 876.8 ± 115.8 ms; and high-CHO diet, 878.7 ± 127.7 ms). The absolute high- and low-frequency (HF and LF, respectively) densities of the HRV power spectrum were also not different between conditions. However, normalized HF and LF (i.e., relative to the total power spectrum) were lower and higher, respectively, in the low-CHO diet than in the control diet (mean ± SD, 17 ± 9 normalized units (NU) and 83 ± 9 NU vs. 27 ± 11 NU and 73 ± 17 NU, respectively; p < 0.05). The LF/HF ratio was higher with the low-CHO diet than with the control diet (mean ± SD, 7.2 ± 6.2 and 4.2 ± 3.2, respectively; p < 0.05). The mean values of plasma catecholamines were not different between diets. These results suggest that the autonomic control of the heart rate was modified after a short-term low-CHO diet, but plasma catecholamine levels were not altered.
Effect of intermittent hypoxia on muscle and cerebral oxygenation during a 20-km time trial in elite athletes: a preliminary report
Authors: Hamlin Michael J. , Marshall Helen C. , Hellemans John , Ainslie Philip N. 
Published: August 2010

The effects of intermittent hypoxic exposure (IHE) on cerebral and muscle oxygenation, arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), and respiratory gas exchange during a 20-km cycle time trial (20TT) were examined (n = 9) in a placebo-controlled randomized design. IHE (7:3 min hypoxia to normoxia) involved 90-min sessions for 10 days, with SaO2clamped at ∼80%. Prior to, and 2 days after the intervention, a 20TT was performed. During the final minute of the 20TT, in the IHE group only, muscle oxyhemoglobin (oxy-Hb) was elevated (mean ± 95% confidence interval 1.3 ± 1.2 ΔµM, p = 0.04), whereas cerebral oxy-Hb was reduced (–1.9% ± 1.0%, p < 0.01) post intervention compared with baseline. The 20TT performance was unchanged between groups (p = 0.7). In the IHE group, SaO2was higher (1.0 ± 0.7Δ%, p = 0.006) and end-tidal PCO2was lower (–1.2 ± 0.1 mm Hg, p = 0.01) during the final stage of the 20TT post intervention compared with baseline. In summary, reductions in muscle oxy-Hb and systemic SaO2occurring at exercise intensities close to maximal at the end of a 20TT were offset by IHE, although this was not translated into improved performance.