bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Training Characteristics of the Criterion Task Set Workload Assessment Battery
Authors: Schlegel Robert E. , Shingledecker Clark A. 
Published: January 2012

An evaluation of the Criterion Task Set was performed to determine the training requirements for the various tasks. Twenty subjects were divided into four groups. One group trained on all nine tasks in the battery. The other three groups trained on different three-task subsets. All subjects trained for two hours per day on five consecutive days. Response time, accuracy and subjective workload measures were obtained for each trial. The required number of trials for stable performance ranged from two to six with a mode of five. Slight improvements were observed on some tasks after eight to ten trials. Performance by the group trained on all nine tasks was equivalent on half of the tasks and worse on the other half. Subjective workload ratings were highly correlated with the actual performance scores.
A Demonstration of Tunnel Vision: Foveal Load and Instructional Set are Both Important
Authors: Williams Leonard J. 
Published: January 2012

The present study demonstrated that an Increase in foveal cognitive load can have a substantial detrimental effect on the processing of information from para- and perifoveal regions of the same display. Also, an instructional set which biased subjects to distribute most of their attentional resources to the foveal (primary) task resulted in much poorer performance on the parafoveal (secondary) task than an instructional set which biased subjects to allocate attentional resources over the entire display. Although reaction times on the secondary task became slower with increases in the eccentricity of the secondary task stimuli, the rate of reaction time increase was greatest for the condition that combined high foveal cognitive load with a foveal attentional bias. The results are interpreted in terms of a tunnel-vision model.
Training Technology in the 1990s: Development, Applications, and Research Issues
Authors: Salas Eduardo 
Published: January 2012

Due to the long lead times required for budgeting and acquisition, military training systems for 1990 and beyond are being designed today. Past practice has been to use actual equipment, sometimes modified for training, as the training equipment of choice. Cost factors, risk to equipment, risk to personnel, limited availability of this equipment, and limited training effectiveness have made this questionable as the primary training development approach of the future. The objective of this symposium is to provide an opportunity for discussion of current and future design applications and research issues relevant to military training systems. The application of human factors principles and scientific study to the incorporation of emerging technology (i.e., embedded training, expert systems, voice simulation, dynamic displays) into training systems will be stressed. Issues such as human performance limitations, performance measurement, human/computer interaction, skill requirements, and decision making will be considered as well as the more traditional human factors topics, such as operator station design, displays, controls, etc. Examples of current and future training systems and technologies as well as research programs addressing the aforementioned issues will be presented. Discussants will explore the implications of these development, applications, and research issues from their own perspective (academic or industry).
The Criterion Task Set: Validation and Application
Authors: Shingledecker Clark A 
Published: January 2012

The Criterion Task Set (CTS) is a battery of performance tasks which was developed at the Air Force Armstrong Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory. Based on an information processing stage/resource model of human performance, the CTS was designed to evaluate the relative sensitivity, diagnosticity and intrusiveness of available measures of operator workload. It has also been employed as a performance assessment instrument to evaluate the effects of stressors on hypothesized independent sources of performance capability. Since the completion of original developmental research and the implementation of the CTS in a standard hardware/software system, a number of researchers have employed the battery in applied human performance studies and in efforts which have contributed to its further refinement. The objectives of this symposium are to present accounts of six of these research projects and to provide a forum for individuals who are currently using the CTS or who are interested in potential applications of this performance assessment system. The papers presented in the symposium include a report of a large-scale validation project which has formed the basis for a CTS data base (Schlegel, Gilliland and Schlegel), as well as a study aimed at improvement of one of the tasks comprising the battery (Eggemeier and Amell). The remaining four papers describe applications of the CTS to the investigation of physiological (Wilson and McCloskey) and subjective (Acton, Reid and Perez) workload metrics, and to the study of individual differences (Gilliland, Schlegel and Dannels) and subjective arousal states (Kimball and Pond).
Visual Probability Monitoring: Effects of Display Load and Signal Discriminability
Authors: Eggemeier F. Thomas , Amell John R. 
Published: January 2012

The Criterion Task Set (CTS) is a standardized battery of loading tasks developed for application to a variety of performance assessment problems, including evaluations of workload metrics and the effects of stressors on performance. One feature of the CTS that facilitates its application is a set of guidelines that specify standard loading levels for manipulation of difficulty on each task. This standardization is necessary for comparative evaluations of workload metrics and stressors, and therefore represents an essential feature of the CTS. The baseline version of the CTS includes nine primary loading tasks that represent a range of information processing functions. Perceptual input and stimulus identification functions are represented in the CTS by the Probability Monitoring (PM) task, which requires that subjects detect the occurrence of signals on a visual display. The PM display includes a variable number of dials, each consisting of a pointer that moves randomly with respect to a center reference mark. When a signal occurs, pointer movement becomes nonrandom or biased, such that a disproportionate number of moves occurs on one side of the reference mark. Difficulty of the task can be manipulated by varying the display load (number of dials) or the discriminability of the signals (Shingledecker, 1984). Signal discriminability is varied by changes in the percentage of movements that occur on the biased side of the center reference. Previous work has indicated that a 95% bias can be more readily detected than an 85% bias, and that the latter is more rapidly detected than a 75% bias. Current work with the CTS involves continued evaluation and refinement of tasks from the baseline version of the battery. The present work evaluated the effect of display load and signal discriminability in an updated version of the PM task. The new version incorporated a faster pointer movement rate (5 moves per second) than had been used in the previous task. This change was implemented to permit inclusion of more signals per experimental session than had been possible with the baseline version of the task. Since the new version differed substantially from its predecessor, the present study was conducted to evaluate the need to specify new standard loading levels for the task.
Scenario Analysis of Solid Waste Collector Injuries
Authors: Schmidt John K. , Kemler A. Vance 
Published: January 2012

Currently, government statistics inficate that sanitation workers suffer a high number of job related injuries/illnesses each year. Considering the inability to control hazard exposure in this job in terms of type, severity and duration, this is not too surprising. What is alarming is that the rates have remained stable, indicating that nothing has been done to curtai their numbers. One reason for the difficulty seems to stem from a lack of ergonomie information being yielded by many accident reporting/analysis systems. They ignore the time ordering and factors that led to an incident and focus only on demographic variables, thereby making it a static event. The present effort involved a scenario analysis (Drury & Brill, 1983) of approximately 300 solid waste collector First Reports of Illness of Injury complied over a five year period in Galveston, TX. The accident cases were coded for computer entry and subsequent analysis using the Texas Research & Analysis of Sanitation Hazards (TRASH) system, a devise similar to one developed by Laughery et al (1983) to discern common patterns of accidents. The analysis provided five unique accident scenarios, which account for approximately 80% of the cases. The scenarios were as follows: 1) Poor ergonomie arrangement of the truck crib area led to body strain during loading, mounting and dismounting. 2) Containers failed, exposing collectors to the hazards of their contents. 3) Excessive container weight or awkward load shape led to body strain and unintended contact. 4) Poor footing led to slips, trips, and falls. 5) Lack of personal protective devices led to unwarranted hazard exposure. Each scenario lent itself well to accident intervention strategy development in terms of equipment redesign and adaptation as well as managerial and public policy formation.
Early Consideration of Human Factors in Military System Design
Authors: Criswell Eleanor L. 
Published: January 2012

The goal of this symposium is to present the status and future directions of programs aimed at consideration of human factors early in military system design. Military initiatives of this nature are not new, but in the past they have not become integral parts of the military system acquisition process. Recent programs in each service, however, reflect more serious and in-depth attempts to use human factors data to influence and evaluate system design than has been the case in the past. The Army now requires MANPRINT analyses, Navy HARDMAN analyses are mandated, and the Air Force is now pilot testing its own program called MPTIS. This symposium consists of introductory remarks by Dr. Joseph Peters of Science Applications International Corporation, and papers from LTC William 0. Blackwood, HQ Department of the Army, CDR George S. Council, Jr., Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, and COL AI Grieshaber, HQ, U. S. Air Force. Dr. Peters' paper, “Human Factors Issues in Military System Design,” defines “human factors” as a combination of human factors engineering, biomedical engineering, manpower/personnel, and training elements. The paper presents three measures of success of human factors programs early in system acquisition: long-lasting policy, committed management, and availability of scientific technology for program Implementation and evaluation. LTC Blackwood's paper discusses the importance the Army places on its MANPRINT program. MANPRINT program history, status, and possible program evolution are addressed. CDR Council's paper addresses the potential for the addition of human factors to the Navy HARDMAN program which addresses manpower, personnel, and training. CDR Council suggests that human factors advocates present a human factors program which is clearly defined and limited in scope to render it easily appreciated by Navy management, and that advocates can benefit from lessons learned during the institutionalization of HARDMAN. COL Grieshaber's paper “MPT in the Air Force” describes a pilot MPT (manpower, personnel, training) program at Aeronautical Systems Division, Wright Patterson AFB. This program will analyze aircraft system designs for their MPT requirements, suggest design changes where requirements exceed Air Force availabilities, and assess design changes for their MPT impact.
The Human Side of Technology: A Panel
Authors: Price Harold E. Smoke 
Published: January 2012

One of the most durable topics of discussion in the Human Factors Society is the question of technology and its impact on the field of human factors. There seems to be consensus on three points. First, the fundamental technologies that will affect human-machine system design for the rest of this century are pretty well known. While there may be continued improvements in such areas as microprocessors, flat panel displays, and interactive devices (including voice), there are no dramatic breakthroughs anticipated or needed. Second, we must learn to use the technology we now have and improve the integration of humans into systems. In other words, we must understand how to use what we have in a way which will result in human-machine symbiosis. And third, we must ensure that designs are driven by user needs and not by technological possibility. Left unconstrained, technology will force its way into every human-machine interface that affects the larger system, and we may end up being the victims rather than the beneficiaries of technology. This panel will explore the early lessons that have been learned about the use (or misuse) of technology in the eighties and the impact on the human factor in system design. The panel members provide insight and lessons learned to support the notion that there is a Human Side of Technology.
Assessment and Development of HF Related Safety Designs for Industrial Robots and Robotic Systems
Authors: Marton Theodore , Pulaski Joan L. 
Published: January 2012

Robots and Robotic Systems, regardless of their level of automation, require formal human intervention during normal, degraded or recovery from failure processes. Robotic applications in industry are so recent and expanding so quickly that the unique robotics related human factors safety developments and standards have not yet had a chance to be incorporated into professional educational programs or distributed to human factors engineers who are just being introduced to the field. This paper is offered to alleviate this professional growth deficiency by describing an approach and providing a format for an HF related robotic system safety assessment and development guide based on the newly released ANSI Robot and Robotic System safety standards.
Quantifying the Precision of Biomechanical Calculations using Experimental Data
Authors: Tracy M. , Corlett E.N. 
Published: January 2012

Biomechanical calculations are a useful tool to evaluate the severity of manual materials handling tasks. The exactness of the calculated forces depends on a number of factors. On one level is the precision of the inputs such as postural data and the force exerted by the operator. At another level is the exactitude of the biomechanical model itself. The effect of the imprecision of each factor upon the final result can be calculated so that on one hand, the range of values within which the final result is likely to fall is known, and on the other hand, the importance of each factor can be assessed, by comparing the standard deviation of one or more factors with the standard deviation of the result. Calculations of forces on the low back have been carried out in the laboratory using an optical scanner (CODA-3) to record posture on-line to a computer, as well as a handle equipped with strain gauges to record the force exerted. The program automatically carries out biomechanical calculations from these inputs. It takes into account the uncertainties on muscle lever arms and intra-abdominal pressure, using mean values for these and estimating the confidence limits within which the calculated low-back forces will lie, given the variance of one or more of the inputs.
STALL: A Simple Model for Workload Analysis in Early System Development
Authors: Chubb Gerald P. , Stodolsky Noreen , Fleming Warren D. , Hassoun John A. 
Published: January 2012

The Saturation of Tactical Aviator Load Limits (STALL) is defined as the intersection of asymptotically high and low load limits. In a closed queuing system consisting of M homogeneous demand generators, it has been shown that response time becomes asymptotically linear as M increases. This provides a quantitative basis for specifying the saturation point if one knows both arrival rate and service rate (the inverse of task duration). Early in system development, one can typically estimate arrival rates based on mission analyses. But task durations cannot be estimated until procedures have been defined, based on system design. At this stage, it is useful to determine the design requirements. Given the imposed load, how fast must servicing be to keep up with demand? Logically, service rates must exceed arrival rates, but the question is: by how much? Two related criteria can apply: the number of backlogged demands, or the system response time. STALL computes statistics for both. Preliminary model validation has been accomplished, using simulation runs to study model robustness to systematic violations of assumptions. Predictive validity depends on being able to demonstrate that the assumptions are valid in a particular application. The simulations demonstrate what can happen when that match is not successfully achieved. These studies demonstrated that the predictions will typically be most robust for an over-saturated system. The model is least sensitive to violations of the servicing assumptions. Furthermore, it is easy to relax the assumption of homogeneous demand generators by developing planned model extensions.
Information Transfer in Pilots' Use of a Collision Avoidance System
Authors: Chappell Sheryl L. , Scott Barry C. , Billings Charles E. 
Published: January 2012

This paper describes a study of pilots' use of the Traffic-alert and Collision Avoidance System. Three levels of information on the location of other air traffic were presented to different groups of airline pilots. (These levels represent the approaches taken by several airlines who have installed the collision avoidance system for an in-service evaluation.) Current airline flight crews flew a Boeing 727 simulator for eight flights with a set of encounters with other aircraft. To ensure safe separation from the approaching aircraft, the collision avoidance system commands a climb, a descent, or a reduction in rate of climb or descent. Aircraft separation was effective when the system was in use; no aircraft came within 200 feet vertically and 1000 feet horizontally. No measure of response time showed performance effects across display conditions. Response accuracy, as measured by the overshoot in rate of climb or descent, was significant: the mean for condition 1 (no traffic information) was 2246 feet/minute, condition 2 1220 feet/minute, and condition 3 1304 feet/minute (F=4.57, df=2,64, p<.05). However there were no resultant differences in the amount of altitude change. No learning effects were observed. Differences in flight experience did not contribute to the performance difference found. The results of this research represent pilot behavior when introduced to the Traffic-alert and Collision Avoidance System. The findings of this program also have more fundamental importance in addressing how much and in what manner information should be presented to flight crews.
Evaluation of Audio Response Time Delay Requirements for Digitized Audio
Authors: Van Balen Paula M. , Eisler Leslie R. 
Published: January 2012

As digital voice data is increasingly replacing analog in system applications, user interface requirements supporting this technology must be established. This experiment was conducted to determine whether system response time affected a user's ability to control movement of recorded speech while keying in a verbatim report of the speech content. Experienced subjects performed a transcription task under four different response times. Upon completion of the task, the subject ordered the response times from shortest to longest and rank-ordered their preferences for response delay times. Performance data was collected to discover if response time differences affected performance. Subjects were unable to identify the response time delays correctly; and, based on the preference rankings, the subjects were most satisfied with a response time delay range between 100 ms and 150 ms and least satisfied with a response time delay of 250 ms. Subjects stated that with the longest and shortest response time delays they had trouble positioning in the audio. Response time delays did not affect subject performance, although other significant results were found.
Manipulating Display Feedback Parameters for Enhanced Data Entry Performance
Authors: Rudd James , Geller E. Scott 
Published: January 2012

Despite its widespread use, little is known regarding the manner in which to implement performance monitoring systems to enhance CRT-based task design and employee productivity. For example, no empirical studies to date have investigated the effects of varied levels of CRT-based performance goals and feedback on data entry performance. Theories of learned helplessness, as well as empirical data, suggest that in cases of very difficult goals and very frequent feedback, performance will be negatively affected. A 3 (Goal Difficulty) × 3 (Feedback Frequency) completely randomized experiment, with 90 clerical workers serving as test participants, did not support this hypothesis. Instead, the performance of test participants who received the most difficult goals and most frequent feedback showed 25% higher performance scores than the average of the other groups and 12% higher than the next highest performing group. However, the performance of these test participants in the medium-difficulty goal/frequent feedback group was significantly lower than the average of the rest of the groups. Questionnaire data indicated that these test participants perceived the frequent feedback to be significantly more disruptive of their performance. These results are discussed in terms of their implication for the design of CRT-based performance tasks.
Development of New Licensing Standards for Commercial Vehicle Drivers
Authors: Mackie Robert R. , Wylie C. Dennis 
Published: January 2012

The extensive involvement of heavy truck and bus drivers in highway accidents each year has prompted a call by Congress for the states to adopt new standards for commercial driver licensure. The project described here was aimed at defining those standards and developing a testing program that will ensure the standards are met. The testing program includes seven knowledge and three skills tests which are administered in various combinations depending on the type of vehicle the operator proposes to drive and, in some cases, on the type of cargo to be hauled. The new testing program recently underwent a successful operational evaluation involving 942 heavy vehicle drivers in eight locations across the U.S. The results showed that the development tests meet all of the necessary criteria for test validity and reliability. The drivers showed large individual differences in essential knowledge and skills, as measured by the several tests. It is expected that the newly developed program will be adopted by a majority of states as a means of meeting the more stringent Federal requirements for licensure that are soon to be implemented.