bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding the gender disparity in HIV infection across countries in sub‐Saharan Africa: evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys
Authors: Magadi Monica Akinyi 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWomen in sub‐Saharan Africa bear a disproportionate burden of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections, which is exacerbated by their role in society and biological vulnerability. The specific objectives of this article are to (i) determine the extent of gender disparity in HIV infection; (ii) examine the role of HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) awareness and sexual behaviour factors on the gender disparity and (iii) establish how the gender disparity varies between individuals of different characteristics and across countries. The analysis involves multilevel logistic regression analysis applied to pooled Demographic and Health Surveys data from 20 countries in sub‐Saharan Africa conducted during 2003–2008. The findings suggest that women in sub‐Saharan Africa have on average a 60% higher risk of HIV infection than their male counterparts. The risk for women is 70% higher than their male counterparts of similar sexual behaviour, suggesting that the observed gender disparity cannot be attributed to sexual behaviour. The results suggest that the risk of HIV infection among women (compared to men) across countries in sub‐Saharan Africa is further aggravated among those who are younger, in female‐headed households, not in stable unions or marital partnerships or had an earlier sexual debut.
An interactional approach to conceptualising small talk in medical interactions
Authors: Hudak Pamela L. , Maynard Douglas W. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn medical interactions, it may seem straightforward to identify ‘small talk’ as casual or social talk superfluous to the institutional work of dealing with patients’ medical concerns. Such a broad characterisation is, however, extremely difficult to apply to actual talk, and more specificity is necessary to pursue analyses of how small talk is produced and what it achieves for participants in medical interactions. We offer an approach to delineating a subgenre of small talk called topicalised small talk (TST), derived on the basis of conversation analytically‐informed analyses of routine consultations involving orthopaedic surgeons and older patients. TST is a line of talk that is referentially independent from their institutional identities as patients or surgeons, oriented instead to an aspect of the personal biography of one (or both), or to some neutral topic available to interactants in any setting (e.g. weather). Importantly, TST is an achievement of both patient and surgeon in that generation and pursuit of topic is mutually accomplished. In an exploratory but systematic analysis, when this approach was applied to a purposive sample of surgeon‐patient interactions, TST was much more prevalent in visits with White than African American patients. Accounts for possible ethnic differences in TST are suggested.
Of substances, palaces, and museums: the visible and the invisible in the constitution of Cameroon
Authors: ROWLANDS MICHAEL 
Published: May 2011

This paper addresses how the materialization of visible worlds is directed towards the control and mastery of relevant invisible worlds. Drawing from various contexts to see how social spaces may be materialized in the imaginary world of control and mastery, we argue not only that this helps explain tendencies towards exaggeration and extremes, but also that it is through creation and manipulation of exhibition and display that the powerful can intervene in invisible worlds and make these work for them.RésuméLe présent article décrit la façon dont la matérialisation des mondes visibles est axée sur le contrôle et la maîtrise des mondes invisibles correspondants. En partant de différents contextes pour voir comment les espaces sociaux peuvent être matérialisés dans le monde imaginaire du contrôle et de la maîtrise, l’auteur affirme que l’on peut, par ce moyen, expliquer les tendances à l’exagération et aux extrêmes, mais aussi que c’est par la création et la manipulation de l’exposition et de l’affichage que les puissants peuvent intervenir dans les mondes invisibles et les faire travailler pour leur compte.
‘Never again’: aesthetics of ‘genocidal’ cosmopolitanism and the Bangladesh Liberation War Museum
Authors: MOOKHERJEE NAYANIKA 
Published: May 2011

This paper seeks to explore the affective aesthetics that are generated through the perceptions of ‘genocidal’ horrors in relation to accounts of sexual violence during wars, and to engagements with war memorials and museums commemorating such atrocities. In particular it focuses on the trope ‘never again’, which aptly captures the search for juridical and moral justice linked to events of conflict and violence in the twentieth and twenty‐first centuries. The cosmopolitan moral and aesthetic orientations by means of which such tropes come to represent the horrors of the Bangladesh War of 1971 are analysed via an examination of the Bangladesh Liberation War Museum. Through a study of exhibits and visitors to this ‘memorial museum’, the paper considers how ‘genocidal’ cosmopolitanism, involving connections and identification with global ‘genocidal’ tropes, alters the processes of ownership and appropriation of emotions towards, the sense of belonging to, and claims on the nation.RésuméL’auteure explore ici l’esthétique affective générée par les perceptions des horreurs « génocidaires » en relation avec les récits de violences sexuelles en temps de guerre et avec les engagements vis‐à‐vis des mémoriaux et musées commémorant ces atrocités. Elle se concentre en particulier sur le leitmotiv « plus jamais », qui résume judicieusement la recherche de morale et de justice en lien avec les événements conflictuels et violents des XXe et XXIe siècles. Les orientations morales et esthétiques cosmopolites suivant lesquelles ces leitmotive en viennent à représenter les horreurs de la guerre du Bangladesh de 1971 sont analysées par le biais d’un examen du Bangladesh Liberation War Museum. Par une étude des pièces exposées et des visiteurs de ce « musée de la mémoire », l’auteure examine la façon dont le cosmopolitisme « génocidaire », avec ses liens et son identification aux leitmotive « génocidaires » mondiaux, influe sur les processus d’appropriation et de possession des émotions envers la nation, sur le sens d’appartenance à celle‐ci et sur les attentes vis‐à‐vis d’elle.
The nation as a scarce resource: reading a contested site of sacrifice in post‐apartheid South Africa
Authors: TODD LINDI R. 
Published: May 2011

Stories of the nation unite and divide: those who are perceived as or who perceive themselves as authorized to speak from those who are not; those who belong ‘within’ from those who are consigned to the outside. By examining affective responses to a planned artistic appropriation of a historically significant site for Afrikaner separatists in post‐apartheid South Africa, this paper explores the process of relating the ‘nation’ to stories of the past and resulting contestations to this process. Significantly, it considers the implications of dis‐owned histories on its possessors and their relationship to ‘nation’.RésuméLes histoires de la nation unissent et divisent à la fois : elles séparent ceux qui sont perçus ou se perçoivent comme autorisés à parler de ceux qui ne le sont pas, et ceux qui « font partie » de ceux qui sont relégués à l’extérieur. En examinant les réponses affectives à un projet d’appropriation artistique d’un site historiquement important pour les séparatistes afrikaners dans l’Afrique du Sud post‐apartheid, l’auteure explore le processus de liaison de la « nation » aux histoires du passé et les contestations qui enrésultent. Elle examine notamment les implications des histoires dont ils sont dépossédés et leur relation avec la « nation ».
On the possibility of cultural property: the Musée Guimet controversy and case study of events in Bangladesh
Authors: SELIM LALA RUKH 
Published: May 2011

Bangladesh's multicultural and syncretic past is reflected in its artefacts. The Musée Guimet of France planned an exhibition of about 200 masterpieces from the five major museums of Bangladesh in 2007. Against a background of a wider public disinterest in the concept of ‘cultural property’, a plethora of demonstrations and lawsuits sought to block the export of objects as the process was perceived to disregard Bangladeshi and international laws. A polarization of positions emerged among the Bangladeshi left‐liberal networks. Through an exploration of the events of the Guimet débâcle this paper brings into focus the debates relating to the national and universal in the context of the status of artefacts as the identity and patrimony of the Bangladeshi nation. The Guimet affair exemplifies how artefacts can play a powerful role in the contestation of the politics of Bengali Muslim identity in a postcolonial nation.RésuméLes artefacts du Bangladesh reflètent le passé multiculturel et syncrétique du pays. Le Musée Guimet français avait prévu d’organiser en 2007 une exposition d’environ 200 pièces maîtresses de cinq grands musées bangladeshis. Sur fond de désintérêt du public pour le concept de « propriété culturelle », manifestations et procès se sont multipliés pour tenter d’empêcher l’exportation des objets car la procédure était perçue comme contraire aux lois du Bangladesh et au droit international. Une polarisation des positions est apparue parmi les réseaux de la gauche libérale bangladeshie. En étudiant les événements qui aboutirent à la débâcle du projet, l’auteur met en lumière ici les débats liés au national et à l’universel dans le statut des artefacts en tant qu’identité et patrimoine de la nation bangladeshie. L’affaire du Musée Guimet est un exemple de la façon dont les artefacts peuvent jouer un rôle puissant dans la contestation de la politique d’identité bengalie musulmane dans la nation postcoloniale.
Modelling Member Behaviour in on-Line User-Generated Content Sites: A Semiparametric Bayesian Approach
Authors: Park Young-Hoon , Park Chang Hee , Ghosh Pulak 
Published: May 2011

SummaryWe develop a model to understand and describe the inherent behaviours and interactions of members over time through the medium of user-generated content (UGC) in an on-line community. Because the behavioural event counts of generating and accessing UGC by on-line users serve as the two most important metrics to judge the success of on-line communities, we propose a bivariate zero-inflated Poisson model to model simultaneously the daily counts of the two main UGC-related activities. In particular, we consider interdependences of the repeatedly measured behavioural events within members, model the dependence of the current event counts on the past event counts and explore the probable non-linear effects of time at the individual level. Furthermore, we incorporate interactions between members by constructing a set of individual-specific time varying measures in an integrated modelling framework. In our empirical applications, we examine key behavioural determinants influencing member behaviours in the UGC site. As part of our substantive contribution, we highlight the model’s ability to make accurate predictions about the evolution of the on-line community.
The Effect of Survey Design on Household Reporting of Financial Difficulty
Authors: Breunig Robert , McKibbin Rebecca 
Published: May 2011

SummaryWe compare two Australian studies which ask households to report on the incidence of specific events of financial difficulty such as failure to pay the utility bill on time or seeking help from welfare agencies. Although collected within the same year, the two studies use markedly different survey methodologies. One study uses a written self-completion questionnaire completed after a face-to-face interview, asks about individual experience of financial difficulty and interviews each member of the household over the age of 15 years. The other study uses a computer-assisted face-to-face interview and asks one randomly selected member of the household about household level experience of financial difficulty. We find substantial differences in response rates, even after controlling for individual and household characteristics. The self-completion questionnaire elicits 33% more reports of financial difficulty for singles and 36% more for couple-headed households.
MENTAL IMAGERY AND THE VARIETIES OF AMODAL PERCEPTION
Authors: BRISCOE ROBERT EAMON 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe problem of amodal perception is the problem of how we represent features of perceived objects that are occluded or otherwise hidden from us. Bence Nanay (2010) has recently proposed that we amodally perceive an object's occluded features by imaginatively projecting them into the relevant regions of visual egocentric space. In this paper, I argue that amodal perception is not a single, unitary capacity. Drawing appropriate distinctions reveals amodal perception to be characterized not only by mental imagery, as Nanay suggests, but also by genuinely visual representations as well as beliefs. I conclude with some brief remarks on the role of object‐directed bodily action in conferring a sense of unseen presence on an object's occluded features.
Population dynamics in changing environments: the case of an eruptive forest pest species
Authors: Kausrud Kyrre , Økland Bjørn , Skarpaas Olav , Grégoire Jean‐Claude , Erbilgin Nadir , Stenseth Nils Chr. 
Published: May 2011

In recent decades we have seen rapid and co‐occurring changes in landscape structure, species distributions and even climate as consequences of human activity. Such changes affect the dynamics of the interaction between major forest pest species, such as bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), and their host trees. Normally breeding mostly in broken or severely stressed spruce; at high population densities some bark beetle species can colonise and kill healthy trees on scales ranging from single trees in a stand to multi‐annual landscape‐wide outbreaks. In Eurasia, the largest outbreaks are caused by the spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus (Linnaeus), which is common and shares a wide distribution with its main host, Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.). A large literature is now available, from which this review aims to synthesize research relevant for the population dynamics of I. typographus and co‐occurring species under changing conditions.We find that spruce bark beetle population dynamics tend to be metastable, but that mixed‐species and age‐heterogeneous forests with good site‐matching tend to be less susceptible to large‐scale outbreaks. While large accumulations of logs should be removed and/or debarked before the next swarming period, intensive removal of all coarse dead wood may be counterproductive, as it reduces the diversity of predators that in some areas may play a role in keeping I. typographus populations below the outbreak threshold, and sanitary logging frequently causes edge effects and root damage, reducing the resistance of remaining trees. It is very hard to predict the outcome of interspecific interactions due to invading beetle species or I. typographus establishing outside its current range, as they can be of varying sign and strength and may fluctuate depending on environmental factors and population phase. Most research indicates that beetle outbreaks will increase in frequency and magnitude as temperature, wind speed and precipitation variability increases, and that mitigating forestry practices should be adopted as soon as possible considering the time lags involved.
A psycho‐political profile of party activists and left‐wing and right‐wing extremists
Authors: VAN HIEL ALAIN 
Published: May 2011

AbstractPrevious studies comparing ideological groups have been restricted to tests of between‐group differences in the means of relevant political psychological variables, thereby neglecting group differences in the variances, meanings and nomological networks of the tested variables. A first exploratory study used data from the European Social Survey (N = 7,314) comparing groups of political party members on the basis of their scores on a self‐placement left–right scale. The second study (N = 69) constituted an in‐depth test for the presence of differences between samples of political activists of moderate parties, communists, anarchists and right‐wing extremists. The results revealed that there is a fair amount of heterogeneity within left‐wing and right‐wing extremists, indicating a substantial amount of within‐group variance of social attitudes, values and prejudice. Moreover, the extremist ideologies are best approached as distinct ideologies that cannot be reduced to extreme versions of moderate ideology, and differences in the meanings and nomological networks of the various extremist ideologies were also obtained. It is erroneous to consider members of extremist groups as being ‘all alike’. The findings obtained from samples of political moderates are not a particularly solid basis for theories about extremism.
On either side of a moat? Elite and mass attitudes towards right and wrong
Authors: ALLEN NICHOLAS , BIRCH SARAH 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis article develops a cognitive institutionalist account of mass and elite evaluations of political ethics, which is tested on a new dataset from the United Kingdom. The analysis explores the extent of contemporary disagreement among British political elites and those they represent by comparing responses to questions asked in a representative survey of the public with similar questions asked of incumbent MPs and parliamentary candidates. There are systematic differences between members of the public, candidates and MPs at both aggregate and individual levels – differences which can be accounted for with reference to the framing effects of Parliament as an institution. Candidates for parliamentary office display significantly more tolerance of ethically dubious behaviour than other members of the public. Within the elite category, elected MPs exhibit more permissive ethical standards than those candidates who are unsuccessful.
Analgesic usage and reasons for emergency department attendance in ambulatory care patients with minor injury
Authors: Martin Domini K 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjective: The aim of the present study was to determine the reasons for which patients with minor injury attend the ED, comparing those who have and have not self‐administered analgesia. Secondary outcomes were to quantify the proportion of patients who present without having taken analgesia, to describe the reasons why analgesia was not taken, and to compare pain scores between the two groups.Methods: Prospective observational study of adult patients with minor injury presenting to the Emergency Department of Palmerston North Hospital, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Participants answered a questionnaire about their analgesic usage and reasons for ED attendance.Results: Four hundred and seventy‐three patients were enrolled, of which 63.9% had not self‐administered analgesia. The most common primary reasons for ED attendance were for diagnosis (49.6%), and for treatment (31.3%). Patients who had not self‐administered analgesia were significantly less likely to be seeking analgesia than those who had (22.8% vs 39.2% [P < 0.001]). They were also less likely to want an X‐ray (31.8% vs 46.8% [P= 0.001]) and had a significantly lower pain score than those who had taken analgesia (47.2 vs 59.8, [P < 0.001]). They were significantly more likely to have come primarily for treatment (35.8% vs 23.1% [P= 0.017]). The most commonly cited reasons for not taking analgesia were ‘didn't have any handy’ (31.0%), or ‘didn't have time’ (27.4%).Conclusion: The majority of patients who attend ED with minor injury have not taken analgesia. They come primarily for diagnosis and treatment, and often believe that their condition is too urgent to stay at home and take analgesia. Pain is usually not their main concern.
Body Mass Index Regulates Hypogonadism-Associated CV Risk: Results from a Cohort of Subjects with Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Corona Giovanni , Rastrelli Giulia , Monami Matteo , Melani Cecilia , Balzi Daniela , Sforza Alessandra , Forti Gianni , Mannucci Edoardo , Maggi Mario 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIntroductionObesity is an independent cardiovascular (CV) risk factor. Testosterone (T) is inversely related to body mass index (BMI) in males. There is substantial evidence suggesting that low T could play a role as a moderator of CV mortality in men.AimThis study is designed to assess the possible interaction between T and obesity in predicting major CV events (MACE) in a sample of subjects with erectile dysfunction.MethodsA consecutive series of 1,687 patients were studied. Different clinical, biochemical, and instrumental parameters were evaluated. According to BMI, subjects were divided into normal weight (BMI = 18.5–24.9 kg/m2), overweight (BMI = 25.0–29.9 kg/m2), and obese (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2). Hypogonadism was defined as total T below 10.4 nmol/L. Information on MACE was obtained through the City of Florence Registry Office.Main Outcome MeasuresInformation on MACE was obtained through the City of Florence Registry Office.ResultsAmong the patients studied, 39.8% had normal weight, whereas 44.1% and 16.1% were overweight and obese, respectively. Unadjusted analysis in the whole sample showed that while hypogonadism and obesity were significantly associated with an increased risk of MACE, their interaction term was associated with a protective effect. In a Cox regression model, adjusting for confounders, hypogonadism showed a significant increased risk of MACE in normal weight subjects, whereas it was associated with a reduced risk in obese patients.ConclusionsHypogonadism-associated CV risk depends on the characteristics of subjects, being more evident in normal weight than in obese patients. Further studies are advisable to clarify if low T in obese patients is a (positive) consequence of a comorbid condition (i.e., to save energy) or if it represents a pathogenetic issue of the same illness. Hence, possible misuse/abuse of T treatment in obese subjects must be avoided.
Epidemiology of Stroke in Italy
Authors: Sacco Simona , Stracci Fabrizio , Cerone Davide , Ricci Stefano , Carolei Antonio 
Published: May 2011

This study reviews available data on stroke epidemiology in Italy. Data were identified through Medline/PubMed, Embase, and from reference lists, related articles, and citation lists of each of the retrieved papers. Nineteen papers were considered, referring to selected stroke-registers performed in seven different geographical areas: Acquaviva-Casamassima county, Aeolian Islands, Aosta district, Belluno district, L'Aquila district, Trasimeno area, and Vibo Valentia district. Registers covered a total population of 2 262 940 people, with a hospitalization rate from 82% to 98%. The mean age at stroke onset was 74·6 ± 1·1 years, 72·3 years in men and 76·6 years in women. Among all strokes: 67·3–82·6% were classified ischemic 9·9–19·6% as primary intracerebral hemorrhage 1·6–4·0% as sub-arachnoid hemorrhage, and 1·2–17·7% as undetermined. Annual incidence rates standardized to the Italian population ranged from 175/1 00 000 to 360/1 00 000 in men and from 130/1 00 000 to 273/1 00 000 in women. Thirty-day case-fatality rates for all strokes ranged from 18·1% to 33·0% while one-year case-fatality rates ranged from 37·9% to 40·2%. Data from selected Italian registers on stroke incidence and case-fatality indicate the great burden of the disease on our national healthcare system. The continuous implementation of preventive strategies, either population-based or addressed to the single patient at a high risk of stroke, is important to reduce the burden of the disease.