bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experience‐dependent plasticity in hypocretin/orexin neurones: re‐setting arousal threshold
Authors: Gao X.‐B. , Wang A. H. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe neuropeptide hypocretin is synthesized exclusively in the lateral hypothalamus and participates in many brain functions critical for animal survival, particularly in the promotion and maintenance of arousal in animals – a core process in animal behaviours. Consistent with its arousal‐promoting role in animals, the neurones synthesizing hypocretin receive extensive innervations encoding physiological, psychological and environmental cues and send final outputs to key arousal‐promoting brain areas. The activity in hypocretin neurones fluctuates and correlates with the behavioural state of animals and intensive activity has been detected in hypocretin neurones during wakefulness, foraging for food and craving for addictive drugs. Therefore, it is likely that hypocretin neurones undergo experience‐dependent changes resulting from intensive activations by stimuli encoding changes in the internal and external environments. This review summarizes the most recent evidence supporting experience‐dependent plasticity in hypocretin neurones. Current data suggest that nutritional and behavioural factors lead to synaptic plasticity and re‐organization of synaptic architecture in hypocretin neurones. This may be the substrate of enhanced levels of arousal resulting from behavioural changes in animals and may help to explain the mechanisms underlying the changes in arousal levels induced by physiological, psychological and environmental factors.
Ablation vs Medical Therapy in the Setting of Symptomatic Atrial Fibrillation and Left Ventricular Dysfunction
Authors: Choi Andrew D. , Hematpour Khashayar , Kukin Marrick , Mittal Suneet , Steinberg Jonathan S. 
Published: September 2009

Congest Heart Fail. 2010;16:10–14. ©2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Small, single‐center studies suggest that catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) can improve ventricular function and reduce symptoms in patients with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. However, ablation has not been compared with a pharmacologic strategy for AF. The authors evaluated patients with AF and symptomatic LV dysfunction (ejection fraction ≤45%) referred for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). They compared these patients with a matched cohort treated medically for AF and LV dysfunction via a retrospective case‐control method. Fifteen patients (14 men, 56±11 years, 10 [67%] paroxysmal AF) with AF for 4±3 years underwent PVI. Baseline ejection fraction was 37%±6% and New York Heart Association (NYHA) class was 2.0±1.0. Fifteen controls (13 men, 63±14 years, 11 [73%] paroxysmal AF) with AF for 5±4 years were treated medically for AF. Baseline ejection fraction was 34%±11% and NYHA class was 2.0±0.7. The groups were similar in all respects. During a follow‐up of 16±13 months after complete PVI, ejection fraction improved (P=.001) to 50%±13% and normalized in 8 patients (53%). NYHA class improved to 1.3±0.5 (P=.01). In the medically treated group, after follow‐up of 16±12 months, no improvement in ejection fraction (36%±12%) or NYHA class (1.8±0.7) was seen. Compared with pharmacologic therapy, PVI significantly improved LV function and NYHA class in patients with AF and symptomatic LV dysfunction. These provocative findings provide potent rationale for a randomized clinical trial comparing ablation with pharmacologic therapy.
Hydrology and management of turloughs (temporary lakes) affect marsh fly (Sciomyzidae: Diptera) communities
Authors: WILLIAMS CHRISTOPHER D. , SHEAHAN JEROME , GORMALLY MIKE J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract.  1. Hydrology and management affect dipteran communities in wetlands and they, themselves, have the potential to influence prey communities.2. Turloughs are temporary lakes unique to Ireland. Their vegetation is ecotonal on a dry‐wet continuum and, due to differing summer management practises, shows a diversity of vegetation lengths. Marsh flies (Sciomyzidae), a taxon that has potential as wetland bio‐indicators, were chosen to investigate management, hydrological and prey effects on turloughs.3. Summer collections of Sciomyzidae were made on 24 homogeneous zones across ten turloughs. At each position that flies were collected, vegetation surveys were conducted to utilise Ellenberg indices as surrogate environmental variables. Winter collections of Molluscs were made on 21 zones.4. Sciomyzidae showed maximum total abundance and species richness at sites intermediate on the dry‐wet gradient, supporting the intermediate disturbance hypothesis.5. Indicator species analysis gave site‐specific preferences: most species favoured the site with the longest vegetation, but the smallest species showed a significant preference for the site with the shortest vegetation. Across the full hydrological gradient, known terrestrial snail‐killers were indicators of drier poor‐grasslands and known hygrophilous species were indicators of the wettest zones.6. Generalised linear models for abundance of the dominant species consistently showed negative relationships with total prey abundance. However, sciomyzid communities showed no significant co‐structure with prey communities, but did with sampling conditions, and management/hydrological variables.7. Sciomyzid communities change qualitatively and quantitatively with vegetation structure and hydrology and correlative evidence for predation pressure by the dominant species highlights the potential of Sciomyzidae to control the intermediate host of fascioliasis.
La restitution du patrimoine culturel Groenlandais
Authors: Thorleifsen Daniel 
Published: September 2009

RésuméDurant sa période coloniale (1721–1953), le Groenland compta dans sa population un nombre assez important de citoyens danois et norvégiens. Dans le même temps, des scientifiques étrangers acquirent des quantités significatives de matériel ethnographique et d’autres objets qui furent acheminés vers des collections royales et des musées au Danemark et dans toute l’Europe, y compris le Musée national du Danemark. En 1979, le Groenland obtint un régime d’autonomie interne dit le Home Rule. Puis, le 1er janvier 1981, il devint seul responsable de toutes les questions relatives aux musées et à la protection des anciens monuments, ce qui eut notamment pour conséquence la création du Musée national du Groenland. Ce dernier entama ensuite des discussions avec le Musée national danois afin de faire rapatrier une partie de ses collections. La restitution de tels objets répond à un désir partagé des Groenlandais, qui ont perdu des aspects fondamentaux de leur patrimoine culturel durant l’époque coloniale. Elle est inextricablement liée à la restauration de la fierté et de l’identité culturelles du pays. Les instruments juridiques qui définissent la relation entre le Groenland et le Danemark n’englobent cependant pas le restitution, si bien que les Groenlandais invoquent à la place des considérations éthiques et postcoloniales.
Impact et signification de la statue d’Ur‐Ningirsu
Authors: Aruz Joan 
Published: September 2009

RésuméLa statue d’Ur‐Ningirsu, le fils du célèbre prince Gudea de Lagash, a été acquise par le Louvre en 1924 et a retrouvé sa tête cinquante ans plus tard. Le présent article s’intéresse à l’impact des circonstances de sa découverte il y a plus d’un siècle sur l’étude et l’appréciation de l’art antique du Proche‐Orient.
La déclaration de l’ICOM sur la revendication de biens culturels
Authors: Gößwald Udo 
Published: September 2009

RésuméLes musées ont longtemps connu diverses pressions sur leurs collections, particulièrement de la part de communautés sources (beaucoup appartenant aujourd’hui à des états‐nations modernes) qui ont subi une déperdition extrême de leur patrimoine sous le colonialisme. On peut affirmer qu’une grande partie de l’archéologie et de l’anthropologie mondiales des dix‐neuvième et vingtième siècles – même exercées de la manière la plus honorable – a progressé dans des conditions scandaleusement inéquitables vis‐à‐vis de la capacité des peuples et des cultures du monde à pérenniser et à protéger leur propre patrimoine. Au pire, il y eut des violences brutales contre les hommes et des pillages incontrôlés. La destruction culturelle et la dislocation sociale ont prévalu dans nombre des transferts historiques d’objets de leurs communautés d’origine à des collections privées et des musées. Le bilan est particulièrement lourd à travers le continent africain, en Chine avec un million d’objets manquants, et dans toutes les régions du monde liées à des peuples autochtones.1 S’éloignant de s’inquiéter de la « Déclaration universelle des musées », événement politiquement mal venu qui a fait plus de mal que de bien, l’ICOM est intéressé par une approche allant au‐delà de l’attaque ou de la répression sévère du discours de l’universalisme. Une réponse plus réfléchie est requise –à savoir, mettre ce discours‐même au défi de se dégager des dix‐huitième et dix‐neuvième siècles (où il reste confiné) et de développer sa légitimité et son potentiel constants d’autotransformation dans l’environnement du vingt‐et‐unième siècle.
Retour et restitution des biens culturels à la suite de la convention de 1970
Authors: Bouchenaki Mounir 
Published: September 2009

RésuméAu cours des dernières décennies, le trafic illicite des biens culturels est, malheureusement, devenu un problème aux dimensions épidémiques, comparable au trafic international de la drogue avec lequel il partage certaines caractéristiques. Le fait que nous parvenions ou non à mieux protéger les biens culturels à l’avenir dépend de changements d’attitude de grande ampleur. Une manifestation tangible de ce changement d’attitude graduel mais certain est l’adoption de codes professionnels de déontologie par de nombreux musées et marchands d’arts, qui reflète une conscience accrue des implications et des problèmes liés à ce trafic illicite. Le trafic illicite de biens culturels est un problème international et seule la coopération internationale, en particulier par l’adoption et le respect des conventions internationales, permettra un meilleur niveau de contrôle dans ce domaine. Pour endiguer le trafic illicite des biens culturels, davantage de pays doivent ratifier la Convention de l’UNESCO de 1970 sur les mesures à prendre pour interdire et empêcher l’importation, l’exportation et le transfert de propriété illicites des biens culturels, ainsi que la Convention de 1995 d’UNIDROIT et les autres accords multilatéraux et bilatéraux en rapport. Pourtant, à moins que ces conventions ne soient soutenues par une législation nationale adéquate et par un programme complet de protection et de préservation du patrimoine culturel, les conventions internationales ne peuvent avoir qu’un effet limité. Après la période de décolonisation des années 1970, les États membres de l’UNESCO ont reconnu que l’absence d’application rétroactive des instruments internationaux existants aboutissait à ce que de nombreux États « victimes » n’aient aucun recours légal pour réclamer le retour ou la restitution des biens culturels acquis de manière illicite.
Objets culturels dans les contextes culturels : la contribution des institutions universitaires
Authors: Chaniotis Angelos 
Published: September 2009

RésuméLes cursus universitaires en histoire de l’art et en humanités ont tendance à considérer les objets culturels comme les produits d’un contexte culturel particulier, et à ignorer leur signification ultérieure pour leurs pays d’origine. De ce fait, ils négligent les problèmes de déontologie, de droit et de politique culturelle. Une approche holistique est par conséquent nécessaire – une approche couvrant une gamme de problèmes, de la création des objets culturels à leur signification dans des environnements culturels changeants, en incluant les questions de provenance et le commerce illicite d’antiquités. La coopération en vue du retour des objets culturels à leurs pays d’origine devrait être fondée sur la réciprocité et le respect. Il existe toute une gamme de possibilités par lesquelles les objets culturels peuvent être exposés dans leur pays d’origine sans porter atteinte à la mission des musées internationaux (donations, prêts renouvelables, prêts permanents, échanges et expositions périodiques).
Substantial 13C/12C and D/H fractionation during anaerobic oxidation of methane by marine consortia enriched in vitro
Authors: Holler Thomas , Wegener Gunter , Knittel Katrin , Boetius Antje , Brunner Benjamin , Kuypers Marcel M. M. , Widdel Friedrich 
Published: September 2009

SummaryThe anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) by methanotrophic archaea and sulfate‐reducing bacteria is the major sink of methane formed in marine sediments. The study of AOM as well as of methanogenesis in different habitats is essentially connected with the in situ analysis of stable isotope (13C/12C, D/H) signatures (δ‐values). For their kinetic interpretation, experimental (cultivation‐based) isotope fractionation factors (α‐values) are richly available in the case of methanogenesis, but are scarce in the case of AOM. Here we used batch enrichment cultures with high AOM activity and without background methanogenesis from detrital remnants to determine 13C/12C and D/H fractionation factors. The enrichment cultures which originated from three marine habitats (Hydrate Ridge, NE Pacific; Amon Mud Volcano, Mediterranean Sea; NW shelf, Black Sea) were dominated by archaeal phylotypes of anaerobic methanotrophs (ANME‐2 clade). Isotope fractionation factors calculated from the isotope signatures as a function of the residual proportion of methane were 1.012–1.039 for 13CH4/12CH4 and 1.109–1.315 for CDH3/CH4. The present values from in vitro experiments were significantly higher than values previously estimated from isotope signature distributions in marine sediment porewater, in agreement with the overlap of other processes with AOM in the natural habitat.
Grazing affects methanotroph activity and diversity in an alpine meadow soil
Authors: Abell Guy C. J. , Stralis‐Pavese Nancy , Sessitsch Angela , Bodrossy Levente 
Published: September 2009

SummaryThe role of methane‐oxidizing bacteria (MOB) in alpine environments is poorly understood, but is of importance given the abundance of alpine environments and the role of MOB in the global carbon cycle. Using a combination of approaches we examined both seasonal and land usage effects on the ecology of microbial methane oxidation in an alpine meadow soil. Analysis of the abundance and diversity of MOB demonstrated that the abundance and diversity of the dominant type II MOB, predominantly Metylocystis and relatives, was only influenced by season. Conversely type Ia MOB abundance was significantly affected by season and land usage, while diversity changes were effected predominantly by land use. Assessment of methane oxidation potential and soil physical properties demonstrated a strong link between type Ia MOB abundance and methane oxidation potential as well as a complex series of relationships between soil moisture, pH and MOB abundance, changing with season. The results of this study suggest that, while type II MOB, unaffected by land use, represent the dominant MOB, Methylobacter‐related type Ia MOB appear to be responsible for the majority of methane oxidation and are strongly affected by the grazing of cattle.
The Mechanotransduction Machinery of Hair CellsA presentation from the 48th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Cell Biology (ASCB), San Francisco, 13 to 17 December 2008.
Authors: Grillet Nicolas , Kazmierczak Piotr , Xiong Wei , Schwander Martin , Reynolds Anna , Sakaguchi Hirofumi , Tokita Joshua , Kachar Bechara , Müller Ulrich 
Published: September 2009

Studying genes linked to deafness identifies components of the ear's mechanotransduction apparatus.
Glycoprotein 96-Mediated Presentation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-Specific Human Leukocyte Antigen Class I-Restricted Peptide and Humoral Immune Responses to HIV-1 p24
Authors: Gong XiaoYan , Gai WeiWei , Xu JunQiang , Zhou Wei , Tien Po 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTViral antigens complexed to heat shock proteins (HSPs) can enhance antiviral immunity. The present study evaluated the immunogenicity of a novel human immunodeficiency virus type 1B′ (HIV-1B′)-specific, human leukocyte antigen A2 (HLA-A2)-restricted peptide (FLQSRPEPTA, Gag448-457) and the cellular immune adjuvant effect of HSP gp96 using the HLA-A2 transgenic mouse model. It was found that gp96 could augment cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte responses specific for the 10-mer peptide of HIV-1B′. This study also evaluated the humoral immune adjuvant effect of HSP gp96 and its N-terminal fragment (N336) and found that immunization of BALB/c mice with a mixture of gp96 or its N-terminal fragment and HIV-1 p24 antigen or with an p24-N336 fusion protein resulted in a significant increase in anti-HIV p24 antibody titer. These results demonstrate the possibility of using gp96 and its N fragment as adjuvants to augment cellular and humoral immune responses against HIV-1 infection.
New Approach for Diagnosis of Candidemia Based on Detection of a 65-Kilodalton Antigen
Authors: Berzaghi Rodrigo , Colombo Arnaldo Lopes , de Oliveira Machado Antonia Maria , de Camargo Zoilo Pires 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT

Nosocomial candidiasis is a major concern in tertiary care hospitals worldwide. This infection generally occurs in patients with degenerative and neoplastic diseases and is considered the fourth most frequent cause of bloodstream infections. Diagnosis of candidemia or hematogenous candidiasis has been problematic because clinical signs and symptoms are nonspecific, leading to delays in diagnosis and, consequently, delays in appropriate antifungal therapy. We developed an inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of a 65-kDa antigen in an experimental model of candidemia and for diagnosis of patients in intensive care units (ICUs) with suspected candidemia. An anti-65-kDa monoclonal antibody was tested for detection of the 65-kDa antigen produced by
Candida albicans
,
Candida tropicalis
, and
Candida parapsilosis
in murine candidemia models. The 65-kDa antigen was detected in sera at concentrations ranging from 0.012 to 3.25 μg/ml. A total of 20 human patients with candidemia were then evaluated with the inhibition ELISA using sequential sera. Sixteen (80%) patients had the 65-kDa antigen in concentrations ranging from 0.07 to 5.0 μg/ml. Sequential sera from patients with candidemia presented three different patterns of antigenemia of the 65-kDa molecule: (i) total clearance of antigenemia, (ii) initial clearance and relapse of antigenemia, and (iii) partial clearance of antigenemia. Our results indicate detection of the 65-kDa protein may be a valuable tool for the diagnosis of candidemia by
C. albicans
,
C. tropicalis
, and
C. parapsilosis
.
Influence of the Tissue Microenvironment on Toll-Like Receptor Expression by CD11c+Antigen-Presenting Cells Isolated from Mucosal Tissues
Authors: Takenaka Shunsuke , McCormick Sarah , Safroneeva Ekaterina , Xing Zhou , Gauldie Jack 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTIt is recognized that functional activities of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in mucosal tissue sites differ from those of systemic APCs; however, it is unknown whether there are further differences between APC populations residing in different mucosal sites. In this study, we directly compared murine CD11c+APCs isolated from colon, lung, and spleen and found that APCs isolated from these tissues differ considerably in Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression and responses to in vitro TLR ligand stimulation. We also provide evidence that tissue microenvironments dictate distinct patterns of TLR expression by CD11c+APCs in different mucosal tissues. Moreover, CD11c+cells isolated from different tissues have varied capacities to induce the development of T helper 1 (Th1), Th2, or regulatory CD4+T cells. Thus, unique tissue microenvironments have a significant influence on determining TLR expression by CD11c+cells that migrate to and reside in each mucosal tissue and are likely to modulate their functional activities.
BBK07, a Dominant In Vivo Antigen ofBorrelia burgdorferi, Is a Potential Marker for Serodiagnosis of Lyme Disease
Authors: Coleman Adam S. , Pal Utpal 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTOne of the recently identifiedBorrelia burgdorferiimmunogens, BBK07, is characterized for its expression in the spirochete infection cycle and evaluated for its potential use as a serodiagnostic marker for Lyme disease. We show that the BBK07 gene is expressed at extremely low levels in vitro and in ticks but is dramatically induced by spirochetes once introduced into the host and is highly expressed throughout mammalian infection. In contrast, the expression of BBK12, a paralog of BBK07 with 87% amino acid identity, although expressed in vitro, remained undetectable in vivo throughout murine infection and in ticks. BBK07 is localized in the outer membrane, and the amino-terminal domain of the antigen is exposed on the microbial surface. A truncated BBK07 protein representing the amino-terminal domain is able to effectively detect antibodies toB. burgdorferi, both in experimentally infected mice and in humans. Further characterization of the immunodominant antigens ofB. burgdorferi, such as BBK07, could contribute to the development of novel serodiagnostic markers for detection of Lyme disease.
Incidence of Cytomegalovirus Infection in Shanghai, China
Authors: Fang Feng-Qin , Fan Qi-Shi , Yang Zhi-Jun , Peng Yi-Bing , Zhang Li , Mao Ke-Zi , Zhang Yue , Ji Yu-Hua 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT
A city-wide cytomegalovirus serosurvey was conducted in Shanghai, China, and associated parameters were calculated by employing the catalytic model. The lowest seroprevalence was 60.37%, found in the >1- to 3-year age group. The value increased rapidly with age until 25 years, when a value of 97.03% was found, caused by the high force of infection (12.69) and by the reproductive rate (8.89).
Reemergence of Enterovirus 71 in 2008 in Taiwan: Dynamics of Genetic and Antigenic Evolution from 1998 to 2008
Authors: Huang Sheng-Wen , Hsu Yun-Wei , Smith Derek J. , Kiang David , Tsai Huey-Pin , Lin Kuei-Hsiang , Wang Shih-Min , Liu Ching-Chung , Su Ih-Jen , Wang Jen-Ren 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT
In recent years, enterovirus 71 (EV71) has been a cause of numerous outbreaks of hand-foot-and-mouth disease, with severe neurological complications in the Asia-Pacific region. The reemergence in Taiwan of EV71 genotype B5 in 2008 resulted in the largest outbreak of EV71 in Taiwan in the past 11 years. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that dominant genotype changes from B to C or C to B occurred at least three times between 1986 and 2008. Furthermore, antigenic cartography of EV71 by using neutralization tests revealed that the reemerging EV71 genotype B5 strains formed a separate cluster which was antigenically distinct from the B4 and C genotypes. Moreover, analyses of full-length genomic sequences of EV71 circulating in Taiwan during this period showed the occurrence of intra- and interserotypic recombination. Therefore, continuous surveillance of EV71 including the monitoring of genetic evolution and antigenic changes is recommended and may contribute to the development of a vaccine for EV71.