bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resolution and sensitivity of the eyes of the Asian honeybees Apis florea, Apis cerana and Apis dorsata
Authors: Somanathan Hema , Warrant Eric J. , Borges Renee M. , Wallén Rita , Kelber Almut 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARY
Bees of the genus Apis are important foragers of nectar and pollen resources. Although the European honeybee, Apis mellifera, has been well studied with respect to its sensory abilities, learning behaviour and role as pollinators, much less is known about the other Apis species. We studied the anatomical spatial resolution and absolute sensitivity of the eyes of three sympatric species of Asian honeybees, Apis cerana, Apis florea and Apis dorsata and compared them with the eyes of A. mellifera. Of these four species, the giant honeybee A. dorsata (which forages during moonlit nights) has the lowest spatial resolution and the most sensitive eyes, followed by A. mellifera, A. cerana and the dwarf honeybee, A. florea (which has the smallest acceptance angles and the least sensitive eyes). Moreover, unlike the strictly diurnal A. cerana and A. florea, A. dorsata possess large ocelli, a feature that it shares with all dim-light bees. However, the eyes of the facultatively nocturnal A. dorsata are much less sensitive than those of known obligately nocturnal bees such as Megalopta genalis in Panama and Xylocopa tranquebarica in India. The differences in sensitivity between the eyes of A. dorsataand other strictly diurnal Apis species cannot alone explain why the former is able to fly, orient and forage at half-moon light levels. We assume that additional neuronal adaptations, as has been proposed for A. mellifera, M. genalis and X. tranquebarica, might exist in A. dorsata.
RNA Extraction from Archival Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue: A Comparison of Manual, Semiautomated, and Fully Automated Purification Methods
Authors: Bohmann Kerstin , Hennig Guido , Rogel Uwe , Poremba Christopher , Mueller Berit Maria , Fritz Peter , Stoerkel Stephan , Schaefer Karl-L 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Background: Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor material represents a valuable resource for the analysis of RNA-based biomarkers, both in research laboratories and in routine clinical testing. A robust and automated RNA-extraction method with a high sample throughput is required.
Methods: We evaluated extraction performance for 4 silica-based RNA-extraction protocols: (a) a fully automated, bead-based RNA-isolation procedure; (b) its manual counterpart; (c) a semiautomated bead-based extraction system; and (d) a manual column-based extraction kit. RNA from 360 sections (90 sections per extraction method) of 30 FFPE tumor blocks up to 20 years of age was purified and analyzed by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR for ESR1 (estrogen receptor 1), PGR (progesterone receptor), ERBB2 [v-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2, neuro/glioblastoma derived oncogene homolog (avian)], and RPL37A (ribosomal protein L37a).
Results: The semiautomated protocol gave the best yield. The 3 bead-based methods showed good across-method correlations in both yield and relative mRNA amounts (r = 0.86–0.95 and 0.98, respectively). In contrast, correlations between any of the bead-based methods and the manual column-based method were worse (r = 0.77–0.95 and 0.96, respectively). The fully automated method showed the lowest variation from section to section (root mean square error, 0.32–0.35 Cq, where Cq is the quantification cycle) and required the least hands-on time (1 h).
Conclusions: The fully automated RNA-purification method showed the best reproducibility in gene expression analyses of neighboring sections of tissue blocks between 3 and 20 years of age and required the least overall and hands-on times. This method appears well suited for high-throughput RNA analyses in both routine clinical testing and translational research studies with archived FFPE material.
Analysis of High Temperature Fluctuations on Asphalt Pavement of Cement Concrete Bridge
Authors: Shaopeng Wu , Wang Hong , Chen Mingyu 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In this study a 2-D finite element model of a multilayered pavement structure of a cement concrete bridge was developed to calculate the temperature fluctuations in summer due to thermal environmental conditions for 1 week. The different specific heat capacity and absorptivity factors of the asphalt layers were considered. The results indicate that the surface temperature’s fluctuation of the pavement is similar to the outside atmosphere temperature; the maximum temperature and temperature gradient of asphalt pavement decreased gradually from the top down; the larger the specific heat capacity is, the less the maximum surface temperature becomes; the larger the absorptivity factor of asphalt pavement is, the higher the maximum surface temperature becomes. It is concluded that 2-D finite element analysis proved to be an interesting tool to simulate the transient behavior of asphalt concrete pavements. The suggested simulation model can predict the pavement temperature at different levels of bituminous layers with good accuracy, which can provide engineers some guidance on the rutting resistance.
Design and Implementation of a Gel Treatment to Shut Off Water in a High-Temperature, High-Pressure Fractured Reservoir
Authors: Cheung S. K. , Quilter R. M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
This paper reports a process to design a water shutoff job for a high-temperature, high-pressure fractured reservoir. We also report the results from a field case history.
For effective water shutoff in fractured systems, the selected gel needs to have long-term stability at the downhole temperature, adequate gel strength, and needs to adhere strongly enough to the surface of the formation fracture; otherwise, the water shutoff may not be effective because the produced water might push the gel out or bypass it.
We report an actual field treatment for a well offshore California. The well has a downhole temperature of 250°F with a potential differential pressure of 1000 psi. We pumped 480 Bbls of gel, or about 44 Bbls of gel per effective perforated foot. The treatment was economic, with a payoff period of two weeks. It shut off 50% of the water production and increased the oil production by 300%. However, the shutoff lasted only three months. This might be due to inadequate gel volume, or other factors. We suggested Best Practice Ideas and Lesson Learned.
Characterization of Contaminant Sites Using Sparse Well Data
Authors: Nikravesh Masoud , Cox Lea , Faybishenko Boris , Aminzadeh Fred 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In order to plan the remediation of contaminant sites, it is of great importance to estimate the mass and a three-dimensional extent of contaminants in soils and rocks. Estimation of the volume and mass of contaminants is usually based on sparse well data. However, data from containinant sites are often difficult to analyze due to their uncertainty. In addition, methods of obtaining data are laborious and expensive. Therefore, minimizing sampling plans to reduce the number of wells to be drilled and samples to be taken are of great economic benefit. In this paper, we present a robust model that is based on a neural network technique. The model has the ability to infer general rules and extract typical patterns from the data available, and recognize input-output mapping parameters from complex multi-dimensional field data. This approach gives our model the ability to interpolate between typical patterns of data, and then extrapolate to a region beyond the training domains. The model requires minimum input information to estimate the total mass and/or volume, shape, and distribution of a contaminant in 2-D and 3-D spaces. For all cases we studied (Alameda County sites, Yucca Mountain tuff core, and computer generated examples), predicted mass converged to the actual total mass. In addition, the technique developed was used to optimize the location and the orientation of each new well to be drilled based on data gathered from previous wells.
“Losers” and the Sub‐Prime Mortgage Crisis
Authors: Cline Andrew R 
Published: July 2009

AbstractUntil early 2009, “loser” was a sympathetic term identifying victims of the 2008‐2009 recession. That use shifted to a derogatory label for people who benefit from government largesse — sub‐prime mortgage borrowers — at the expense of “honest” and “hardworking” Americans. Labels “transform and magnify” behavior into a character failing. Gans (1995) sees a “war of words” in American culture that uses pejorative labels “that stereotype, stigmatize, and harass the poor by questioning their morality and their values.” This essay examines the case of CNBC reporter Rick Santelli's use of “loser” as a pejorative label and the influence of that use on media punditry about the mortgage crisis of 2008‐2009.
Comparison of the modified fluorescent method and conventional Ziehl–Neelsen method in the detection of acidfast bacilli in lymphnode aspirates
Authors: Annam Vamseedhar , Kulkarni Mohan H , Puranik Rekha B 
Published: July 2009

Objectives:
The objectives were to correlate the modified fluorescent method with the conventional Ziehl–Neelsen (ZN) method for the detection of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) and, also to study the efficacy and advantages of using the auramine–rhodamine stain on lymph node aspirates under fluorescent microscopy.

Methods:
In 108 consecutive patients with a clinical suspicion of tuberculosis (TB) presenting with lymphadenopathy, fine needle aspirations were performed. Smears from the aspirates were processed for routine cytology, the conventional ZN method, and the modified fluorescent method. The significance of the modified fluorescent method over the conventional ZN method was analyzed using the chi-square test.

Results:
Out of 108 aspirates, 102 were studied and remaining 6 were excluded from the study due to diagnosis of malignancy in 4.04% (4/6) and inadequate aspiration in 2.02% (2/6). Among the 102 aspirates, 44.11% (45/102) were positive for AFB on the conventional ZN method, 58.9% (60/102) were indicative of TB on cytology, while the smear positive increased to 81.37% (83/102) on the modified fluorescent method.

Conclusions:
Fluorescent microscopy has the advantage of speed and ease of screening, and reduces observer fatigue. The modified fluorescent method was found to be more advantageous than routine cytology and conventional ZN method, particularly in paucibacillary cases. The bacillary positivity rates were higher in the modified fluorescent method than in the ZN method. Hence, the modified fluorescent method can be an adjuvant when used with routine cytology for the identification of AFB.
REST Oriented Architectures (ROA): Taking a resourceful approach to web data
Authors: Cagle Kurt 
Published: July 2009

Resource Oriented Architectures use the fundamental characteristics of the web itself in order to provide and update content on the web. While much of the philosophy concerning REST has been around since the early 1990s, the tools for turning these philosophies into working systems are only now becoming feasible. The fundamental tenets of ROA — that the web itself is primarily a giant database, that resources are abstractions that can be manifest in different representations, that a query-oriented resource architecture is more robust than a verb-oriented services architecture, and that a common publishing and syndication protocol is necessary to make such an architectural system work — are being adopted increasingly by people who realize that services oriented architecture are not effective at getting data from users or providing it to them in an easy to use way, but that ROA can do precisely that.
Such a shift in perception is necessary but will nonetheless take a while to happen. It's necessary because the amount of information on the web is piling up faster than it can be indexed, and because under the current architectures the cost of developing "editors" for that data is prohibitive compared to the value of that information. It's necessary because the data within organizations is getting more complex than can be readily handled with a name/value approach to application development, and is increasingly contained within non-traditional data sources — Excel spreadsheets or Microsoft Word documents, for instance, or external data streams.
Adoption will take time, however, because such an approach reduces the competitive barrier impedence that corporations can utilize to sell services, because it will take time to educate people in the underlying technologies and because there is a long-standing belief that ROA and SOA systems are incompatible. The rapidity at which companies lined up behind AtomPub, on the other hand, points to the fact that many IT organizations recognize the value to themselves that an AtomPub-type architecture opens up, while the educational curve is frankly true of most technologies — it will happen, slower than its proponents may hope but faster than its critics anticipate.
The Apache Qpid XML Exchange
Authors: Robie Jonathan 
Published: July 2009

XML is widely used for messaging applications. Message-oriented Middleware (MOM) is a natural fit for XML messaging, but it has been plagued by a lack of standards. Each vendor's system uses its own proprietary protocols, so clients from one system generally can not communicate with servers from another system. Developers who are drawn to XML because it is simple, open, interoperable, language independent, and platform independent often use REST for messaging because it shares the same virtues. When XML developers need high-performance, guaranteed delivery, transactions, security, management, asynchronous notification, or direct support for common messaging paradigms like point-to-point, broadcast, request/response, and publish/subscribe, they have been forced to sacrifice some of the virtues that drew them to XML in the first place. Java JMS is an API, defined only for Java, and it does not define a wire protocol that would allow applications running on different platforms or written in different languages to interoperate. SOAP and Web Services offer interoperability if the same underlying protocols are used and if the same WSI-protocol is used by all parties, but at the cost of more complexity than a MOM system. And as the basic components of enterprise messaging have been added piece by piece to the original specifications, Web Services have become complex, defined in a large number of overlapping specifications, without a coherent and simple architecture.
The new Advanced Message Queueing Protocol (AMQP) is an open, language independent, platform independent standard for enterprise messaging. It provides precisely the coherent and simple architecture that has been missing for sophisticated messaging applications. Red Hat Enterprise MRG includes a multi-language, multi-platform, open source implementation of AMQP. We develop the messaging component as part of the upstream Apache Qpid project. In order to meet the needs of XML messaging systems, we contributed the Apache Qpid XML Exchange, which provides XQuery-based routing for XML content and message properties. Together, AMQP, Apache Qpid, and the Qpid XML Exchange provide a solid foundation for mission critical XML messaging applications.
Parser Possibilities: Why Write A Markup Parser
Authors: Smith Norman Earl 
Published: July 2009

In the early days of XML, there seemed to be a new XML parser just about every week. This was in stark contrast to SGML where there might be half a dozen working parsers ever written. As XML matured and SAX became the first defacto XML parser API, the new parser stream pretty much slowed to a trickle. Once robust XML parsers, such as Expat, became widely available, there seemed little reason left to write you own parser. Expat is robust, fast, and still provides the XML under pinnings for many programming languages.
I believe there remain many valid reasons for writing your own markup language parser. This paper identifies reasons you might want to write a custom parser and examines the choices I made writing mlParser.
A Substrate‐Selective Nanoreactor Made of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Containing Catalytic Silver Nanoparticles
Authors: Li Song jun , Gong Shaoqin 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn original, substrate‐selective nanoreactor is designed and characterized. The nanoreactor made of a 4‐nitrophonel (NP)‐imprinted polymer and Ag nanoparticles, can specifically recognize NP compared with its analogues 4‐nitrophenyl acetate (NPA) and 2,6‐dimethyl‐4‐nitrophenol (DNP). Under comparable conditions, this nanoreactor significantly accelerated the reduction of NP; however, much less acceleration is shown for its analogues. Unlike traditional Ag nanoreactors, which lack molecular recognition abilities, this unique nanoreactor is composed of molecularly imprinted networks, making substrate‐selective catalysis feasible.
Validation of self‐reported occupational exposures in meatpacking workers
Authors: Lander Lina , Sorock Gary , Stentz Terry L. , Eisen Ellen A. , Mittleman Murray , Hauser Russ , Perry Melissa J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjectiveThe ability of workers to accurately recall exposures that occur on the day of their injury is considered a potential limitation of case‐crossover studies. This study assessed validity of occupational exposures reported by uninjured workers at a Midwestern meatpacking plant.MethodsOne hundred thirty‐six workers were observed for 60 min while working and then interviewed within 8 days (median 3 days) about exposures during the observation period. The level of agreement between self‐reports and direct observations was assessed using kappas and intraclass correlation coefficients.ResultsExcellent agreement was found between observed and reported work location (κ = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.92–1.0), task (κ = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.76–0.91) and tools used (κ = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.81–0.95). Personal protective equipment varied by work type and location, and agreement between observed and reported usage varied from excellent to poor for various items. Excellent agreement was found for tool sharpening (κ = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.82–0.97); good agreement for occurrence of break during the observation period (κ = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.45–0.74); and poor agreement for equipment malfunction, line stoppages, being tired, unusual task, unusual work method, being distracted, rushing, slipping, or falling.ConclusionsAgreement between observed and reported occupational exposures varied widely. Self‐reported exposures are utilized in many occupational studies, and future exposure validity assessment studies should continue to improve retrospective study methods. Valid exposures will allow researchers to better understand injury etiology and ultimately prevent injuries from occurring. Am. J. Ind. Med. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:707–715, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Familial congenital unilateral cerebral ventriculomegaly: Delineation of a distinct genetic disorder
Authors: Zaki Maha S. , Afifi Hanan H. , Barkovich AJ. , Gleeson Joseph G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe identified two female siblings, derived from healthy first cousin parents, with congenital unilateral cerebral ventriculomegaly detected prenatally. Patient 1 underwent ventriculoperitoneal shunt operation at 1 week old, while Patient 2 was followed without surgical intervention. Both patients presented with mild developmental delay and hemiparesis contralateral to the involved hemisphere. Focal seizures were observed in Patient 1, whose neuroimaging revealed posterior insular polymicrogyria in the normal sized ventricle hemisphere and retrocerebellar cyst. Both siblings displayed near absence of white matter with marked thinning of the overlying cortex in the affected hemisphere and very thin corpus callosum. Investigations revealed no other system involvement and karyotyping was normal. Normal TORCH screening in subsequent pregnancies, normal parental coagulation profile and undetectable maternal autoantibodies suggested against the possible role of extrinsic factors as an etiological factor for unilateral ventriculomegaly. Parents had normal brain imaging findings. We suggest delineation of a distinct developmental brain defect, most likely of autosomal recessive inheritance. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Suggestive evidence for linkage of ADHD features in bipolar disorder to chromosome 10p14
Authors: Joo Eun‐Jeong , Greenwood Tiffany A. , Schork Nicholas , McKinney Rebecca A. , Sadovnick A. Dessa , Remick Ronald A. , Keck Paul E. , McElroy Susan L. , Kelsoe John R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractHigher rates of bipolar disorder amongst the first‐degree relatives of probands with ADHD, and increased rates of ADHD in the relatives of bipolar probands have been reported in many studies. This suggests some commonality in the genetic basis for bipolar disorder and ADHD. We hypothesized that ADHD symptoms in bipolar disorder may access a quantitative subphenotype that is genetically less complex and therefore advantageous for mapping studies. The Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) was used to quantify ADHD features in 57 bipolar families collected for linkage studies. The factor structure of the WURS was first examined, and heritability was estimated. Linkage analysis was then conducted using the WURS total score and factor scores as quantitative traits. Three factors were identified: impulsivity and defiant behavior, mood instability and anxiety, and inattention. The total WURS and factor scores were each significantly heritable ($0.34 < {\rm h}_{\rm r}^2 < 0.49$) in bipolar families. The inattention factor obtained maximum evidence of linkage on chromosome 10p14 (LOD = 3.35, 25 cM). A LOD score of 2.06 for the total WURS score was found on chromosome 12q24 region. Childhood ADHD features in patients with bipolar disorder are heritable and may represent a genetically distinct dimension of illness. 10p14, in particular may contain a locus for inattention in bipolar disorder. Quantitative dimensional phenotypes such as this may be useful for both mapping of genes and understanding the role of genes in bipolar disorder. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chimpanzee seed dispersal quantity in a tropical montane forest of Rwanda
Authors: Gross‐Camp Nicole D. , Masozera Michel , Kaplin Beth A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe describe chimpanzee seed dispersal in the tropical montane forest of Nyungwe National Park (NNP), Rwanda, for a total of three years from January 1998 through May 2000 and May 2006 through March 2007. Relatively few studies have examined chimpanzee seed dispersal in montane communities where there are generally fewer fruiting tree species than in lowland forests. Such studies may reveal new insights into chimpanzee seed dispersal behaviors and the role that they play in forest regeneration processes. Chimpanzees are large‐bodied, highly frugivorous, and tend to deposit the seeds of both large‐ and small‐seeded fruits they consume in a viable state. We found that chimpanzees dispersed a total of 37 fruiting species (20 families) in their feces, 35% of which were large‐seeded trees (≥0.5 cm). A single large‐seeded tree, Syzygium guineense, was the only species to be dispersed in both wadges and feces. Based on phenological patterns of the top five large‐seeded tree species found in chimpanzee feces, our results indicate that chimpanzees do not choose fruits based on their availability. There was, however, a positive relationship between the presence of Ekebergia capensis seeds in chimpanzee feces and S. guineense seeds in chimpanzee wadges and their respective fruit availabilities. Our data reveal that proportionately fewer chimpanzee fecal samples at NNP contained seeds than that reported in two other communities in the Albertine Rift including one at mid‐elevation and one in montane forest. As in other chimpanzee communities, seeds of Ficus spp. were the most common genus in NNP chimpanzee feces. Our data do not support previous studies that describe Ficus spp. as a fallback food for chimpanzees and highlights an intriguing relationship between chimpanzees and the large‐seeded tree species, S. guineense. Am. J. Primatol. 71:901–911, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.