bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phonological Milestones for African American English-Speaking Children Learning Mainstream American English as a Second Dialect
Authors: Pearson Barbara Z. , Velleman Shelley L. , Bryant Timothy J. , Charko Tiffany 
Published: June 2009

PurposeThis study provides milestones for phonological development in African American English (AAE) speakers who are learning Mainstream American English (MAE) as a second dialect.MethodThe Dialect Sensitive Language Test (DSLT; H. Seymour, T. Roeper, & J. G. de Villiers, 2000) was administered to a nationwide sample of typically developing children ages 4 through 12: 537 speakers of AAE as a first dialect and 317 speakers of MAE as a first dialect. DSLT items tested all consonant segments and many clusters of MAE in initial and final position. The age at which each dialect group reached 90% criterion for each segment in each position was compared.ResultsSeveral phonetic elements that are contrastive between the dialects (i.e., differentiate the dialects) in word-finalposition were found to be similar in the 2 groups in word-initialposition. Only /ð/ was contrastive in both positions. We confirm the later acquisition of certain phonological segments and structures by AAE speakers compared to MAE speakers and report their earlier mastery of other elements of MAE phonology.ConclusionBoth segmental and phonotactic development show different trajectories for AAE and MAE. Thus, initial diagnosis of impairment for AAE children should focus only on mastery of noncontrastive segments and structures that share a similar developmental profile for the 2 dialect groups.
Language, Mental State Vocabulary, and False Belief Understanding in Children With Cochlear Implants
Authors: Peters Kimberly , Remmel Ethan , Richards Debra 
Published: June 2009

PurposeThis study examined false belief understanding and its predictors in school-age children who are deaf with cochlear implants and who use spoken language.MethodFalse belief understanding was measured through an explanation-of-action task in 30 children between the ages of 3 and 12 years who used cochlear implants. Children told a wordless story from which expressive syntax and vocabulary scores were obtained. Scores on the false belief explanation task were then correlated with a variety of language and vocabulary variables, and regression analyses were completed to ascertain significant predictors of theory of mind (ToM) performance.ResultsChildren’s false belief explanation of anomalous action was best predicted by age; general language ability; and spontaneous use of mental state vocabulary, specifically, cognitive vocabulary. Even the youngest children demonstrated awareness of others' mental states and made reference to them in explaining mistaken actions, supporting the assertion by M. Marschark, V. Green, G. Hindmarsh, and S. Walker (2000) that children who are deaf are not lacking a ToM.Clinical ImplicationsResults of this study suggest that ToM maturation in deaf children might be facilitated by developing general spoken language skills as well as understanding and using cognitive and emotional language. These findings might also extend to children with normal hearing who are also at risk for ToM deficits (e.g., children on the autistic spectrum and children with pragmatic language delays).
General order multivariate Padé approximants for Pseudo-multivariate functions. II
Authors: Zhou Ping , Cuyt Annie , Tan Jieqing 
Published: June 2009

Explicit formulas for general order multivariate Padé approximants of pseudo-multivariate functions are constructed on specific index sets. Examples include the multivariate forms of the exponential function

E

(

x
_

)

=

∑

j

1

,

j

2

,
…
,

j

m

=
0

∞

x

1

j

1

x

2

j

2

⋯

x

m

j

m

(

j

1

+

j

2

+
⋯
+

j

m

)

!

,

\begin{equation*} E\left (\underline {x}\right ) =\sum _{j_{1},j_{2},\ldots ,j_{m}=0}^{\infty } \frac {x_{1}^{j_{1}}x_{2}^{j_{2}}\cdots x_{m}^{j_{m}}}{\left ( j_{1}+j_{2}+\cdots +j_{m}\right ) !}, \end{equation*}

the logarithm function

L
(

x
_

)
=

∑

j

1

+

j

2

+
⋯
+

j

m

≥
1

x

1

j

1

x

2

j

2

⋯

x

m

j

m

j

1

+

j

2

+
⋯
+

j

m

,

\begin{equation*} L(\underline {x})=\sum _{j_{1}+j_{2}+\cdots +j_{m}\geq 1}\frac { x_{1}^{j_{1}}x_{2}^{j_{2}}\cdots x_{m}^{j_{m}}}{j_{1}+j_{2}+\cdots +j_{m}}, \end{equation*}

the Lauricella function

F

D

(
m
)

(
a
,
1
,
…
,
1
;
c
;

x

1

,
…
,

x

m

)

=

∑

j

1

,

j

2

,
…
,

j

m

=
0

∞

(
a
)

j

1

+
⋯
+

j

m

(
c
)

j

1

+
⋯
+

j

m

x

1

j

1

⋯

x

m

j

m

,

\begin{equation*} F_{D}^{\left ( m\right ) }\left ( a,1,\ldots ,1;c;x_{1},\ldots ,x_{m}\right ) =\sum _{j_{1},j_{2},\ldots ,j_{m}=0}^{\infty }\frac {\left ( a\right ) _{j_{1}+\cdots +j_{m}}}{\left ( c\right ) _{j_{1}+\cdots +j_{m}}} x_{1}^{j_{1}}\cdots x_{m}^{j_{m}}, \end{equation*}

and many more. We prove that the constructed approximants inherit the normality and consistency properties of their univariate relatives. These properties do not hold in general for multivariate Padé approximants. A truncation error upperbound is also given.
Discontinuous Galerkin method for an evolution equation with a memory term of positive type
Authors: Mustapha Kassem , McLean William 
Published: June 2009

We consider an initial value problem for a class of evolution equations incorporating a memory term with a weakly singular kernel bounded by

C
(
t
−
s

)

α
−
1

C(t-s)^{\alpha -1}

, where

0
>
α
>
1

0>\alpha >1

. For the time discretization we apply the discontinuous Galerkin method using piecewise polynomials of degree at most

q
−
1

q-1

, for

q
=
1

q=1

or

2
2

. For the space discretization we use continuous piecewise-linear finite elements. The discrete solution satisfies an error bound of order

k
q

+

h
2

ℓ
(
k
)

k^q+h^2\ell (k)

, where

k
k

and

h
h

are the mesh sizes in time and space, respectively, and

ℓ
(
k
)
=
max
(
1
,
log
⁡

k

−
1

)

\ell (k)=\max (1,\log k^{-1})

. In the case

q
=
2

q=2

, we prove a higher convergence rate of order

k
3

+

h
2

ℓ
(
k
)

k^3+h^2\ell (k)

at the nodes of the time mesh. Typically, the partial derivatives of the exact solution are singular at

t
=
0

t=0

, necessitating the use of non-uniform time steps. We compare our theoretical error bounds with the results of numerical computations.
Computational verification of the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture for individual elliptic curves
Authors: Grigorov Grigor , Jorza Andrei , Patrikis Stefan , Stein William , Tarniţǎ Corina 
Published: June 2009

We describe theorems and computational methods for verifying the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjectural formula for specific elliptic curves over

Q

\mathbb {Q}

of analytic ranks

0
0

and

1
1

. We apply our techniques to show that if

E
E

is a non-CM elliptic curve over

Q

\mathbb {Q}

of conductor

≤
1000

\leq 1000

and rank

0
0

or

1
1

, then the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjectural formula for the leading coefficient of the

L
L

-series is true for

E
E

, up to odd primes that divide either Tamagawa numbers of

E
E

or the degree of some rational cyclic isogeny with domain

E
E

. Since the rank part of the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture is a theorem for curves of analytic rank

0
0

or

1
1

, this completely verifies the full conjecture for these curves up to the primes excluded above.
Differential response of Vibrio cholerae planktonic and biofilm cells to autoinducer 2 deficiency
Authors: Ali Syed A. , Benitez Jorge A. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe formation of biofilm communities enhances the persistence of Vibrio cholerae in aquatic environments. Biofilm production is repressed by the quorum‐sensing regulator HapR in response to the accumulation of CAI‐1 and AI‐2. CAI‐1 is the strongest input signal activating HapR, whereas the role of AI‐2 remains ill‐defined. In the present study, we show that a V. cholerae luxS (AI‐2‐defective) mutant made increased biofilm. Interestingly, cells in the biofilm were more responsive to AI‐2 deficiency than cells from the planktonic population.
Transcription activator‐like type III effector AvrXa27 depends on OsTFIIAγ5 for the activation of Xa27 transcription in rice that triggers disease resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
Authors: GU KEYU , TIAN DONGSHENG , QIU CHENGXIANG , YIN ZHONGCHAO 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYThe transcription activator‐like (TAL) type III effector AvrXa27 from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) strain PXO99A activates the transcription of the host resistance gene Xa27, which results in disease resistance to bacterial blight (BB) in rice. In this study, we show that AvrXa27‐activated Xa27 transcription requires host general transcription factor OsTFIIAγ5. The V39E substitution in OsTFIIAγ5, encoded by the recessive resistance gene xa5 in rice, greatly attenuates this activation in xa5 and Xa27 double homozygotes on inoculation with Xa27‐incompatible strains. The xa5 gene also causes attenuation in the induction of Xa27 by AvrXa27 expressed in rice. The xa5‐mediated attenuation of Xa27‐mediated resistance to PXO99A is recessive. Intriguingly, xa5‐mediated resistance to xa5‐incompatible strains is also down‐regulated in the xa5 and Xa27 double homozygotes. In addition, AvrXa27 expressed in planta shows weak virulence activity in the xa5 genetic background and causes enhanced susceptibility of the plants to BB inoculation. The results suggest that TAL effectors target host general transcription factors to directly manipulate the host transcriptional machinery for virulence and/or avirulence. The identification of xa5‐mediated attenuation of Xa27‐mediated resistance to Xoo provides a guideline for breeding resistance to BB when pyramiding xa5 with other resistance genes.
Bet‐hedging and the orientation of juvenile passerines in fall migration
Authors: Reilly James R. , Reilly Robert J. 
Published: June 2009

Summary1. Bet‐hedging of innate migratory orientation of juvenile passerines may be a fitness‐enhancing strategy for fall migration. Experimental studies support the view that juvenile passerines on their first migration to unknown winter grounds orient on a predetermined vector programme and make little or no adjustment for wind displacement. This trait, coupled with the unpredictable profile of wind speed and direction that the juvenile will encounter during migration, suggests that the fitness of a parent’s juvenile offspring will be highly variable from year to year. Under these circumstances, within‐clutch phenotypic variation in migratory orientation may be evolutionarily favoured.2. To explore this hypothesis, a migration model is developed for a small passerine with breeding grounds in New England and winter grounds in the Caribbean. Parameterization is based on life history data of the neotropical migrantDendroica caerulescens, the black‐throated blue warbler. The model is simulated for the offspring of 20 000 adult females under each of a wide range of potential orientation programmes, incorporating stochastic wind profiles along potential migratory routes, based on 7 years of wind data for eastern North America.3. Under these simulations, bet‐hedging in the form of within‐clutch variation of migratory orientation strongly dominates within‐clutch homogeneity, yielding higher geometric mean fitness in all vector programmes considered.4. The simulation results provide a potential explanation for the variation observed in the tracks of juvenile passerines. Bet‐hedging also explains the extensively‐documented ‘coastal effect’ in which fall banding stations along the Atlantic coast of the United States consistently capture a much higher percentage of juvenile birds than do more inland stations.5. Bet‐hedging is consistent with the published finding that slower flying birds exhibit greater variation in their migratory orientation than faster flying birds.6. The bet‐hedging model of migratory orientation presented in this paper provides a theoretical structure capable of organizing a diverse collection of field and laboratory observations as predictable consequences of an evolutionarily favoured strategy. This theory may constitute a major advance in our understanding of bird migration and thus justifies the design and execution of new laboratory and field experiments to assess its power and predictive reach.
Effects of temperature on disease progression and swimming stamina in Ichthyophonus‐infected rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)
Authors: Kocan R , Hershberger P , Sanders G , Winton J 
Published: June 2009

AbstractRainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, were infected with Ichthyophonus sp. and held at 10 °C, 15 °C and 20 °C for 28 days to monitor mortality and disease progression. Infected fish demonstrated more rapid onset of disease, higher parasite load, more severe host tissue reaction and reduced mean‐day‐to‐death at higher temperature. In a second experiment, Ichthyophonus‐infected fish were reared at 15 °C for 16 weeks then subjected to forced swimming at 10 °C, 15 °C and 20 °C. Stamina improved significantly with increased temperature in uninfected fish; however, this was not observed for infected fish. The difference in performance between infected and uninfected fish became significant at 15 °C (P = 0.02) and highly significant at 20 °C (P = 0.005). These results have implications for changes in the ecology of fish diseases in the face of global warming and demonstrate the effects of higher temperature on the progression and severity of ichthyophoniasis as well as on swimming stamina, a critical fitness trait of salmonids. This study helps explain field observations showing the recent emergence of clinical ichthyophoniasis in Yukon River Chinook salmon later in their spawning migration when water temperatures were high, as well as the apparent failure of a substantial percentage of infected fish to successfully reach their natal spawning areas.
An audit of the use of breakaway techniques in a large psychiatric hospital: a replication study
Authors: DICKENS G. , ROGERS G. , ROONEY C. , Mc GUINNESS A. , DOYLE D. 
Published: June 2009

Accessible summary

Breakaway techniques are a set of physical skills which are intended to help someone ‘break away’ from an aggressor. They are taught to most people who work in mental health services in the UK because assault against staff is quite common. Considerable time and money is spent teaching breakaway techniques, and it is important people should be able to remember the skills. However, breakaway training can be quite complex and we do not know whether people are able to recall the techniques if they get assaulted.
We asked people who work in a large psychiatric hospital who had received breakaway training to take part in this study and 147 people agreed to do so. One of us simulated an assault on each participant and asked them to use the techniques that they had been taught to break away from the assault. Two breakaway experts watched the simulation and judged whether the participant used the correct techniques to separate from the aggressor.
Only a small minority (14%) of people used the correct procedures taught to them in order to break away from an assault. However, most people (80%) did manage to break away from the assault even if they did not use the techniques taught to them.
This study provides further evidence that breakaway training may be too complex for people to recall in real‐life situations. More research is needed to find out what types of training are best recalled. Techniques that most closely resemble instinctual responses may be better remembered.

AbstractThis paper describes an audit study of the effectiveness of breakaway training conducted in a specialist inpatient mental health hospital. Breakaway techniques comprise a set of physical skills to help separate or break away from an aggressor in a safe manner, but do not involve the use of restraint. Staff (n= 147) were assessed on their ability to break away from simulations of potentially life‐threatening scenarios in a timely manner, and using the techniques taught in annual breakaway or refresher training. We found that only 14% (21/147) of participants correctly used the taught techniques to break away within 10 s. However, 80% of people were able to break away from the scenarios within 10 s but did not use the techniques taught to them. This audit reinforces questions about breakaway training raised in a previous study. It further demonstrates the need for a national curriculum for physical intervention training and development of the evidence base for the content of such training as a priority.
Preventive child‐focused family work: development of instrument in adult psychiatry
Authors: KORHONEN T. , VEHVILÄINEN‐JULKUNEN K. , PIETILÄ A.‐M. , KATTAINEN E. 
Published: June 2009

Accessible summary

This paper provides a tool to measure support for parenting, children and family relationships for families affected by parental mental disorder in adult psychiatric clinical practice.
This study describes the elements of child‐focused family work in order to promote development and mental health of clients' children in adult psychiatric care.

AbstractIt is well‐known that a parent's mental disorder has a significant psychosocial influence on the development of her or his children. This study reports the development process and psychometric testing of the preventive child‐focused family work (PCF‐FW) questionnaire in adult psychiatric settings. The PCF‐FW instrument was developed to measure support for parenting, dependent children and family relationships in order to promote child development and mental health in adult psychiatry. A 133‐item PCF‐FW questionnaire was developed; the content validity, construct validity and reliability of the instrument were ensured by expert review, pilot test and internal consistency. The final instrument was distributed to all nurses (n= 608), including registered nurses (n= 373) and practical mental health nurses (n= 235), working in 45 adult psychiatric units in five university hospitals in Finland. Some 51% of all nurses responded. Correlation variables in each subscale varied between 0.1 and 0.8. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were 0.55–0.95 in each subscale, demonstrating the moderate to excellent internal consistency of the instrument. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the entire instrument was 0.94. In spite of some caveats, such as possible response biases, the present study suggests that the PCF‐FW instrument is a valid and reliable tool for studying preventive child‐focused family working in adult psychiatry.
Observation intervention: time for an overview
Authors: KETTLES A. M. , ADDO M. A. 
Published: June 2009

Accessible summary

There is still a lack of research evidence about observation intervention practice and the evidence that does exist is low‐quality.
This article explores the observation literature but not in the traditional literature review sense; rather, it takes the approach of clinical and local practice and the application of the literature to practice.
The time has come to take the evidence base for observation intervention to the level of evaluation research.
Much material on the subject of observation is not published and few people at local level have an overview of how the intervention has changed over time or how the policies have been implemented.

AbstractThis paper aims to illustrate the nature and extent of research and development work related to observation practice over the last 28 years. It aims to show both local Scottish work and the National picture, how there is still a lack of research evidence despite all the work that has taken place and what needs to be performed to explore observation practice for the future. It is not intended to be a literature review in the traditional sense. Observation has not been studied enough to know the continuing ever‐changing picture of what goes on in the reality of practice. There are now studies examining observation but none of these are ‘gold standard’ randomized controlled trials; some are quantitative and some are qualitative audit or guidelines all based at a lower level in research evidence terms. The time has come to take the evidence base to the next level through evaluative research.
Ongoing ecological divergence in an emerging genomic model
Authors: ARNEGARD MATTHEW E. 
Published: June 2009

Much of Earth’s biodiversity has arisen through adaptive radiation. Important avenues of phenotypic divergence during this process include the evolution of body size and life history (Schluter 2000). Extensive adaptive radiations of cichlid fishes have occurred in the Great Lakes of Africa, giving rise to behaviours that are remarkably sophisticated and diverse across species. In Tanganyikan shell‐brooding cichlids of the tribe Lamprologini, tremendous intraspecific variation in body size accompanies complex breeding systems and use of empty snail shells to hide from predators and rear offspring. A study byTakahashiet al.(2009)in this issue ofMolecular Ecologyreveals the first case of genetic divergence between dwarf and normal‐sized morphs of the same nominal lamprologine species,Telmatochromis temporalis. Patterns of population structure suggest that the dwarf, shell‐dwelling morph ofT. temporalismight have arisen from the normal, rock‐dwelling morph independently in more than one region of the lake, and that pairs of morphs at different sites may represent different stages early in the process of ecological speciation. The findings of Takahashiet al.are important first steps towards understanding the evolution of these intriguing morphs, yet many questions remain unanswered about the mating system, gene flow, plasticity and selection. Despite these limitations, descriptive work like theirs takes on much significance in African cichlids due to forthcoming resources for comparative genomics.
The essential histone‐like protein HU plays a major role in Deinococcus radiodurans nucleoid compaction
Authors: Nguyen Hong Ha , De La Tour Claire Bouthier , Toueille Magali , Vannier Françoise , Sommer Suzanne , Servant Pascale 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe nucleoid of radioresistant bacteria, including D. radiodurans, adopts a highly condensed structure that remains unaltered after exposure to high doses of irradiation. This structure may contribute to radioresistance by preventing the dispersion of DNA fragments generated by irradiation. In this report, we focused our study on the role of HU protein, a nucleoid‐associated protein referred to as a histone‐like protein, in the nucleoid compaction of D. radiodurans. We demonstrate, using a new system allowing conditional gene expression, that HU is essential for viability in D. radiodurans. Using a tagged HU protein and immunofluorescence microscopy, we show that HU protein localizes all over the nucleoid and that when HU is expressed from a thermosensitive plasmid, its progressive depletion at the non‐permissive temperature generates decondensation of DNA before fractionation of the nucleoid into several entities and subsequent cell lysis. We also tested the effect of the absence of Dps, a protein also involved in nucleoid structure. In contrast to the drastic effect of HU depletion, no change in nucleoid morphology and cell viability was observed in dps mutants compared with the wild‐type, reinforcing the major role of HU in nucleoid organization and DNA compaction in D. radiodurans.