bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A randomized controlled trial of isotonic versus hypotonic maintenance intravenous fluids in hospitalized children
Authors: Saba Thomas G , Fairbairn James , Houghton Fiona , Laforte Diane , Foster Bethany J 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackgroundIsotonic saline has been proposed as a safer alternative to traditional hypotonic solutions for intravenous (IV) maintenance fluids to prevent hyponatremia. However, the optimal tonicity of maintenance intravenous fluids in hospitalized children has not been determined. The objective of this study was to estimate and compare the rates of change in serum sodium ([Na]) for patients administered either hypotonic or isotonic IV fluids for maintenance needs.MethodsThis was a masked controlled trial. Randomization was stratified by admission type: medical patients and post-operative surgical patients, aged 3 months to 18 years, who required IV fluids for at least 8 hours. Patients were randomized to receive either 0.45% or 0.9% saline in 5.0% dextrose. Treating physicians used the study fluid for maintenance; infusion rate and the use of additional fluids were left to their discretion.ResultsSixteen children were randomized to 0.9% saline and 21 to 0.45% saline. Baseline characteristics, duration (average of 12 hours) and rate of study fluid infusion, and the volume of additional isotonic fluids given were similar for the two groups. [Na] increased significantly in the 0.9% group (+0.20 mmol/L/h [IQR +0.03, +0.4]; P = 0.02) and increased, but not significantly, in the 0.45% group (+0.08 mmol/L/h [IQR -0.15, +0.16]; P = 0.07). The rate of change and absolute change in serum [Na] did not differ significantly between groups.ConclusionsWhen administered at the appropriate maintenance rate and accompanied by adequate volume expansion with isotonic fluids, 0.45% saline did not result in a drop in serum sodium during the first 12 hours of fluid therapy in children without severe baseline hyponatremia. Confirmation in a larger study is strongly recommended.Clinical Trial Registration NumberNCT00457873(http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/)
Real-time feature extraction of P300 component using adaptive nonlinear principal component analysis
Authors: Turnip Arjon , Hong Keum-Shik , Jeong Myung-Yung 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

Background
The electroencephalography (EEG) signals are known to involve the firings of neurons in the brain. The P300 wave is a high potential caused by an event-related stimulus. The detection of P300s included in the measured EEG signals is widely investigated. The difficulties in detecting them are that they are mixed with other signals generated over a large brain area and their amplitudes are very small due to the distance and resistivity differences in their transmittance.

Methods
A novel real-time feature extraction method for detecting P300 waves by combining an adaptive nonlinear principal component analysis (ANPCA) and a multilayer neural network is proposed. The measured EEG signals are first filtered using a sixth-order band-pass filter with cut-off frequencies of 1 Hz and 12 Hz. The proposed ANPCA scheme consists of four steps: pre-separation, whitening, separation, and estimation. In the experiment, four different inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs) are utilized: 325 ms, 350 ms, 375 ms, and 400 ms.

Results
The developed multi-stage principal component analysis method applied at the pre-separation step has reduced the external noises and artifacts significantly. The introduced adaptive law in the whitening step has made the subsequent algorithm in the separation step to converge fast. The separation performance index has varied from -20 dB to -33 dB due to randomness of source signals. The robustness of the ANPCA against background noises has been evaluated by comparing the separation performance indices of the ANPCA with four algorithms (NPCA, NSS-JD, JADE, and SOBI), in which the ANPCA algorithm demonstrated the shortest iteration time with performance index about 0.03. Upon this, it is asserted that the ANPCA algorithm successfully separates mixed source signals.

Conclusions
The independent components produced from the observed data using the proposed method illustrated that the extracted signals were clearly the P300 components elicited by task-related stimuli. The experiment using 350 ms ISI showed the best performance. Since the proposed method does not use down-sampling and averaging, it can be used as a viable tool for real-time clinical applications.
Reduced cytotoxicity of insulin-immobilized CdS quantum dots using PEG as a spacer
Authors: Selim KM Kamruzzaman , Xing Zhi-Cai , Choi Moon-Jeong , Chang Yongmin , Guo Haiqing , Kang Inn-Kyu 
Published: September 2011

AbstractCytotoxicity is a severe problem for cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (CSNPs) in biological systems. In this study, mercaptoacetic acid-coated CSNPs, typical semiconductor Q-dots, were synthesized in aqueous medium by the arrested precipitation method. Then, amino-terminated polyethylene glycol (PEG) was conjugated to the surface of CSNPs (PCSNPs) in order to introduce amino groups to the surface. Finally, insulin was immobilized on the surface of PCSNPs (ICSNPs) to reduce cytotoxicity as well as to enhance cell compatibility. The presence of insulin on the surface of ICSNPs was confirmed by observing infrared absorptions of amide I and II. The mean diameter of ICSNPs as determined by dynamic light scattering was about 38 nm. Human fibroblasts were cultured in the absence and presence of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles to evaluate cytotoxicity and cell compatibility. The results showed that the cytotoxicity of insulin-immobilized cadmium sulfide nanoparticles was significantly suppressed by usage of PEG as a spacer. In addition, cell proliferation was highly facilitated by the addition of ICSNPs. The ICSNPs used in this study will be potentials to be used in bio-imaging applications.
Shuttle-like supramolecular nanostructures formed by self-assembly of a porphyrin via an oil/water system
Authors: Guo Peipei , Chen Penglei , Liu Minghua 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
In this paper, in terms of the concentration of an aqueous solution of a surfactant, we investigate the self-assembly behavior of a porphyrin, 5, 10, 15, 20-tetra(4-pyridyl)-21H, 23H-porphine [H2TPyP], by using an oil/water system as the medium. We find that when a chloroform solution of H2TPyP is dropwise added into an aqueous solution of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide [CTAB] with a lower concentration, a large amount of irregular nanoarchitectures, together with a small amount of well-defined shuttle-like nanostructures, hollow nanospheres, and nanotubes, could be produced. While a moderate amount of shuttle-like nanostructures accompanied by a few irregular nanoarchitectures, solid nanospheres, and nanorods are produced when a CTAB aqueous solution in moderate concentration is employed, in contrast, a great quantity of shuttle-like nanostructures together with a negligible amount of solid nanospheres, nanofibers, and irregular nanostructures are manufactured when a high-concentration CTAB aqueous solution is involved. An explanation on the basis of the molecular geometry of H2TPyP and in terms of the intermolecular π-π interactions between H2TPyP units, and hydrophobic interactions between CTAB and H2TPyP has been proposed. The investigation gives deep insights into the self-assembly behavior of porphyrins in an oil/water system and provides important clues concerning the design of appropriate porphyrins when related subjects are addressed. Our investigation suggests that an oil/aqueous system might be an efficient medium for producing unique organic-based nanostructures.
KKM and KY fan theorems in modular function spaces
Authors: Khamsi Mohamed Amine , Latif Abdul , Al-Sulami Hamid 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn modular function spaces, we introduce Knaster-Kuratowski-Mazurkiewicz mappings (in short KKM-mappings) and prove an analogue to Ky Fan s fixed point theorem.2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary 46B20, 47H09; Secondary 47H10.
Activation of retinal microglia rather than microglial cell density correlates with retinal neovascularization in the mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy
Authors: Fischer Franziska , Martin Gottfried , Agostini Hansjürgen T 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

Background
Retinal neovascularization has been intensively investigated in the mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). Here, we studied the contribution of microglial cells to vascular regression during the hyperoxic phase and to retinal neovascularization during the hypoxic phase.

Methods
Mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the Cx3cr1 promoter labeling microglial cells were kept in 75% oxygen from postnatal day 7 (P7) to P12. Microglial cell density was quantified at different time points and at different retinal positions in retinal flat mounts. Microglial activation was determined by the switch from ramified to amoeboid cell morphology which correlated with the switch from lectin negative to lectin positive staining of GFP positive cells.

Results
Microglial cell density was constant in the peripheral region of the retina. In the deep vascular layer of the central region, however, it declined 14 fold from P12 to P14 and recovered afterwards. Activated microglial cells were found in the superficial layer of the central avascular zone from P8 to P12 and from P16 to P18. In addition, hyalocytes were found in the vitreal layer in the central region and their cell density decreased over time.

Conclusion
Density of microglial cells does not correlate with vascular obliteration or revascularization. But the time course of the activation of microglia indicates that they may be involved in retinal neovascularization during the hypoxic phase.
Folk medicine in the northern coast of Colombia: an overview
Authors: Gómez-Estrada Harold , Díaz-Castillo Fredyc , Franco-Ospina Luís , Mercado-Camargo Jairo , Guzmán-Ledezma Jaime , Medina José Domingo , Gaitán-Ibarra Ricardo 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Background
Traditional remedies are an integral part of Colombian culture. Here we present the results of a three-year study of ethnopharmacology and folk-medicine use among the population of the Atlantic Coast of Colombia, specifically in department of Bolívar. We collected information related to different herbal medicinal uses of the local flora in the treatment of the most common human diseases and health disorders in the area, and determined the relative importance of the species surveyed.

Methods
Data on the use of medicinal plants were collected using structured interviews and through observations and conversations with local communities. A total of 1225 participants were interviewed.

Results
Approximately 30 uses were reported for plants in traditional medicine. The plant species with the highest fidelity level (Fl) were Crescentia cujete L. (flu), Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (flu and cough), Euphorbia tithymaloides L. (inflammation), Gliricidia_sepium_(Jacq.) Kunth (pruritic ailments), Heliotropium indicum L. (intestinal parasites) Malachra alceifolia Jacq. (inflammation), Matricaria chamomilla L. (colic) Mentha sativa L. (nervousness), Momordica charantia L. (intestinal parasites), Origanum vulgare L. (earache), Plantago major L. (inflammation) and Terminalia catappa L. (inflammation). The most frequent ailments reported were skin affections, inflammation of the respiratory tract, and gastro-intestinal disorders. The majority of the remedies were prepared from freshly collected plant material from the wild and from a single species only. The preparation of remedies included boiling infusions, extraction of fresh or dry whole plants, leaves, flowers, roots, fruits, and seeds. The parts of the plants most frequently used were the leaves. In this study were identified 39 plant species, which belong to 26 families. There was a high degree of consensus from informants on the medical indications of the different species.

Conclusions
This study presents new research efforts and perspectives on the search for new drugs based on local uses of medicinal plants. It also sheds light on the dependence of rural communities in Colombia on medicinal plants.
The dual origin of the peripheral olfactory system: placode and neural crest
Authors: Katoh Hiroyuki , Shibata Shinsuke , Fukuda Kimiko , Sato Momoka , Satoh Etsuko , Nagoshi Narihito , Minematsu Takeo , Matsuzaki Yumi , Akazawa Chihiro , Toyama Yoshiaki , Nakamura Masaya , Okano Hideyuki 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

Background
The olfactory epithelium (OE) has a unique capacity for continuous neurogenesis, extending axons to the olfactory bulb with the assistance of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs). The OE and OECs have been believed to develop solely from the olfactory placode, while the neural crest (NC) cells have been believed to contribute only the underlying structural elements of the olfactory system. In order to further elucidate the role of NC cells in olfactory development, we examined the olfactory system in the transgenic mice Wnt1-Cre/Floxed-EGFP and P0-Cre/Floxed-EGFP, in which migrating NC cells and its descendents permanently express GFP, and conducted transposon-mediated cell lineage tracing studies in chick embryos.

Results
Examination of these transgenic mice revealed GFP-positive cells in the OE, demonstrating that NC-derived cells give rise to OE cells with morphologic and antigenic properties identical to placode-derived cells. OECs were also positive for GFP, confirming their NC origin. Cell lineage tracing studies performed in chick embryos confirmed the migration of NC cells into the OE. Furthermore, spheres cultured from the dissociated cells of the olfactory mucosa demonstrated self-renewal and trilineage differentiation capacities (neurons, glial cells, and myofibroblasts), demonstrating the presence of NC progenitors in the olfactory mucosa.

Conclusion
Our data demonstrates that the NC plays a larger role in the development of the olfactory system than previously believed, and suggests that NC-derived cells may in part be responsible for the remarkable capacity of the OE for neurogenesis and regeneration.
The association of near-infrared spectroscopy-derived tissue oxygenation measurements with sepsis syndromes, organ dysfunction and mortality in emergency department patients with sepsis
Authors: Shapiro Nathan I , Arnold Ryan , Sherwin Robert , O'Connor Jennifer , Najarro Gabriel , Singh Sam , Lundy David , Nelson Teresa , Trzeciak Stephen W , Jones Alan E ,   the Emergency Medicine Shock Research Network (EMShockNet)
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Introduction
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) noninvasively measures peripheral tissue oxygen saturation (StO2). NIRS may be utilized along with a vascular occlusion test, in which limb blood flow is temporarily occluded and released, to quantify a tissue bed's rate of oxygen exchange during ischemia and recovery. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that NIRS-derived StO2 measures (StO2 initial, StO2 occlusion and StO2 recovery) identify patients who are in shock and at increased risk of organ dysfunction (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score ≥ 2 at 24 hours) and dying in the hospital.

Methods
This prospective, observational study comprised a convenience sample of three cohorts of adult patients (age > 17 years) at three urban university emergency departments: (1) a septic shock cohort (systolic blood pressure < 90 after fluid challenge; the "SHOCK" cohort, n = 58), (2) a sepsis without shock cohort (the "SEPSIS" cohort, n = 60) and emergency department patients without infection (n = 50). We measured the StO2 initial, StO2 occlusion and StO2 recovery slopes for all patients. Outcomes were sepsis syndrome severity, organ dysfunction (SOFA score at 24 hours) and in-hospital mortality.

Results
Among the 168 patients enrolled, mean initial StO2 was lower in the SHOCK cohort than in the SEPSIS cohort (76% vs 81%), with an impaired occlusion slope (-10.2 and 5.2%/minute vs -13.1 and 4.4%/minute) and an impaired recovery slope (2.4 and 1.6%/second vs 3.9 and 1.7%/second) (P < 0.001 for all). The recovery slope was well-correlated with SOFA score at 24 hours (-0.35; P < 0.001), with a promising area under the curve (AUC) for mortality of 0.81. The occlusion slope correlation with SOFA score at 24 hours was 0.21 (P < 0.02), with a fair mortality AUC of 0.70. The initial StO2 was significantly but less strongly correlated with SOFA score at 24 hours (-0.18; P < 0.04), with a poor mortality AUC of 0.56.

Conclusions
NIRS measurements for the StO2 initial, StO2 occlusion and StO2 recovery slope were abnormal in patients with septic shock compared to sepsis patients. The recovery slope was most strongly associated with organ dysfunction and mortality. Further validation is warranted.

Trial registration
NCT01062685
Restrictive strategy of intraoperative fluid maintenance during optimization of oxygen delivery decreases major complications after high-risk surgery
Authors: Lobo Suzana M , Ronchi Luis S , Oliveira Neymar E , Brandão Paulo G , Froes Adriano , Cunrath Geni S , Nishiyama Kátia G , Netinho João G , Lobo Francisco R 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Introduction
Optimal fluid management is crucial for patients who undergo major and prolonged surgery. Persistent hypovolemia is associated with complications, but fluid overload is also harmful. We evaluated the effects of a restrictive versus conventional strategy of crystalloid administration during goal-directed therapy in high-risk surgical patients.

Methods
We conducted a prospective, randomized, controlled study of high-risk patients undergoing major surgery. For fluid maintenance during surgery, the restrictive group received 4 ml/kg/hour and the conventional group received 12 ml/kg/hour of Ringer's lactate solution. A minimally invasive technique (the LiDCO monitoring system) was used to continuously monitor stroke volume and oxygen delivery index (DO2I) in both groups. Dobutamine was administered as necessary, and fluid challenges were used to test fluid responsiveness to achieve the best possible DO2I during surgery and for 8 hours postoperatively.

Results
Eighty-eight patients were included. The patients' median age was 69 years. The conventional treatment group received a significantly greater amount of lactated Ringer's solution (mean ± standard deviation (SD): 4, 335 ± 1, 546 ml) than the restrictive group (mean ± SD: 2, 301 ± 1, 064 ml) (P < 0.001). Temporal patterns of DO2I were similar between the two groups. The restrictive group had a 52% lower rate of major postoperative complications than the conventional group (20.0% vs 41.9%, relative risk = 0.48, 95% confidence interval = 0.24 to 0.94; P = 0.046).

Conclusions
A restrictive strategy of fluid maintenance during optimization of oxygen delivery reduces major complications in older patients with coexistent pathologies who undergo major surgery.

Trial registration
ISRCTN: ISRCTN94984995
Regenerated Luminal Epithelial Cells Are Derived from Preexisting Luminal Epithelial Cells in Adult Mouse Prostate
Authors: Liu June , Pascal Laura E. , Isharwal Sudhir , Metzger Daniel , Ramos Garcia Raquel , Pilch Jan , Kasper Susan , Williams Karin , Basse Per H. , Nelson Joel B. , Chambon Pierre , Wang Zhou 
Published: September 2011

AbstractDetermining the source of regenerated luminal epithelial cells in the adult prostate during androgen deprivation and replacement will provide insights into the origin of prostate cancer cells and their fate during androgen deprivation therapy. Prostate stem cells in the epithelial layer have been suggested to give rise to luminal epithelium. However, the extent of stem cell participation to prostate regrowth is not clear. In this report, using prostate-specific antigen-CreERT2-based genetic lineage marking/tracing in mice, preexisting luminal epithelial cells were shown to be a source of regenerated luminal epithelial cells in the adult prostate. Prostatic luminal epithelial cells could survive androgen deprivation and were capable of proliferating upon androgen replacement. Prostate cancer cells, typically exhibiting a luminal epithelial phenotype, may retain this intrinsic capability to survive and regenerate in response to changes in androgen signaling, providing part of the mechanism for the ultimate failure of androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer.
Direct Synthesis of Highly Substituted Furans from Acyloins and Active Methylene Compounds Catalyzed by Bismuth Triflate
Authors: Komeyama Kimihiro , Ohama Yuuki , Takaki Ken 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Bi(OTf)3 was found to be an effective catalyst for a tandem condensation/cyclization of acyloins and β-diketones or β-keto esters to afford highly substituted furans in good yields.
Melting and Crystallization Behaviors of Alkali Metal (Fluorosulfonyl)(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amides
Authors: Kubota Keigo , Matsumoto Hajime 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Asymmetric perfluoroamides with Li+ and Rb+ exhibited unusual phase transition behaviors such as very slow crystallization and a large shift in melting point of the melt-crystallized salts, which have not been reported in alkali metal salts so far. Considering that corresponding symmetric amides do not exhibit such unique phenomena, the structural asymmetry in anions serves an important role in these phase-transition behaviors.
Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes from Polypropylene in the Presence of Ni/Mo/MgO Catalysts via Combustion
Authors: Song Rongjun , Ji Qing 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
We demonstrated an efficient improvement of activity of Ni catalysts by combining with Mo and Mg elements, by which massive growth of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) with straight and double helical structures have been achieved from polypropylene (PP) by means of a one-step combustion method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) are applied to characterize the morphology and the purity of products.
Nickel-catalyzed Cycloaddition of Aromatic (O-Benzyl)ketoximes with Alkynes to Produce Isoquinoline and Isoquinoline N-Oxide Derivatives
Authors: Yoshida Yuji , Kurahashi Takuya , Matsubara Seijiro 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
A nickel-catalyzed cycloaddition of aromatic (O-benzyl)ketoximes with alkynes to afford 3,4-disubstituted isoquinoline derivatives has been developed. The reaction involves oxidative addition of N–O bond of O-benzylketoxime to Ni(0) and subsequent intermolecular C–H bond activation via elimination of benzyl alcohol. It was also found that ketoximes participate in the nickel-catalyzed reaction with alkynes to furnish isoquinoline N-oxide derivatives.
Cyclo(l-aspartyl-l-phenylalanyl)-containing Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based Thixotropic Organogels
Authors: Hoshizawa Hiroko , Suzuki Masahiro , Hanabusa Kenji 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Cyclo(l-aspartyl-l-phenylalanyl)-containing poly(dimethylsiloxane) was synthesized through a simple procedure. This compound had a good organogelation or thickener ability in many organic solvents. X-ray diffraction showed that the gelator forms amorphous structure due to the presence of poly(dimethylsiloxane). Furthermore, some organogels were thixotropic in that reversible gel-to-sol transition was induced by mechanical stress.