bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transitions into newly created jobs
Authors: WEST MICHAEL A. , NICHOLSON NIGEL , REES ANNE 
Published: August 2011

The paper reports on a study of adjustment to change, a topic of fundamental importance in the development of individuals and organizations. The study, involving 2304 male and female British managers (extended longitudinally with 1100 of the original sample) reveals that between 34 and 50 per cent of job moves are into jobs for which there was no previous role incumbent. The character and outcomes of these job moves are related to Nicholson's (1984) theory of work role transitions and Van Maanen & Schein's (1979) theory of organizational socialization. The frequency, industrial contexts, main types, and role requirements of these moves are described. Satisfaction and personal change as outcome of moves into newly created jobs are related to role information sources, organizational culture, work characteristics, job characteristics, pre‐transition anxiety, self‐concept, work motivation and organizational commitment. These findings generally support Nicholson's predictions about how specific role requirements and personal characteristics will influence transition outcomes, but also suggest the need to refine some of the theory's constructs. The results further imply that proactive growth models of adjustment are more generally applicable to radical job change than reactive stress‐coping models. The paper concludes by considering the implications of the findings for organizational practice.New occasions teach new duties: Time makes ancient good uncouth …J. R. Lowell
The development of computer applications by non‐employed people in community settings*
Authors: Cassell Catherine , Fitter Mike , Fryer David , Smith Leigh 
Published: August 2011

As information technology becomes an increasingly central feature in society, computerized information and the skills to access and transform it become valued commodities. This paper reports on the evaluation of a project, using action research, which aims to provide non‐employed people with access to IT in local community centres, thus encouraging the development of computer applications which are relevant to their community. It thereby differs from other studies of unemployment in that the emphasis is shifted away from documenting psychologically harmful effects to evaluating the potential of an intervention strategy. The approach also focuses on an analysis of groups and organizations within the community, rather than concentrating exclusively on individuals. The evaluation and progress of the project over the first 18 months are described. This includes training in computing skills and the development of computer applications such as databases.‘Most of us here are unemployed, but we know from the very basics we've been taught that we can use the computer for our gains’.Unemployed person, South Yorkshire, mid‐1980s
Leadership decision making in a service organization: A field test of the Vroom‐Yetton model
Authors: Paul Robert J. , Ebadi Yar M. 
Published: August 2011

Current research findings concerning subordinate participation in organizational decision making suggest that the degree of participation should vary with the particular problem or situation facing the decision maker as well as with the issue involved. There is growing support for this hypothesis for manufacturing (goods‐producing) organizations but not much evidence for service organizations. This paper describes research designed to examine leader decision‐making styles, and their impact on employee job satisfaction and productivity, in a service organization.The units selected for study were 36 departments in a large retail department store. The departments were quite similar with regard to technology, tasks, hierarchical structure and working environment. Leader decision‐making styles were examined by use of the Vroom‐Yetton model, which gives specific instructions to the decision maker concerning how to categorize the problem and select an appropriate decision method. Performance was measured by work sampling and employee job satisfaction was measured by the Job Description Index.It was found that leaders who used decision‐making styles that agree with the Vroom‐Yetton model (agreement with the feasible set) had more productive subordinates. The subordinates were also more satisfied with some aspects of their jobs (work itself and their co‐workers). These findings are in agreement with the findings of other tests of the Vroom‐Yetton model.
A longitudinal study of the relationship between frequent job change and psychological well‐being
Authors: Isaksson Kerstin 
Published: August 2011

A longitudinal study of male clients on social security in Stockholm (N = 76) investigated changes in employment status and the relationship to well‐being after a one‐year follow‐up. Almost half of the men were frequent job changers which resulted in repeated periods of short‐term unemployment. They also had a very low mean value of general mental health and a high degree of drug abuse. The question investigated was whether changes in employment status had the same impact on psychological well‐being in this group as in other unemployed groups. The impact of general mental health and frequency of job change was tested in a hypothetical model of factors often found to be important for the relationship between employment status change and changes in well‐being.Results indicated that re‐employment was significantly related to increased sense of well‐being. The expected decline in psychological well‐being was found in only one of the unemployed groups but one of the other groups instead experienced significant increases in well‐being. This was interpreted as a possible sign of adaptation to repeated unemployment with delayed negative reactions during unemployment compared to other groups of unemployed. Another indication of adaptation could be the unexpected lack of association between employment commitment and well‐being.Testing of the model revealed no direct relationship between changes in psychological well‐being and changes in employment status. The relationship was indirect and mediated by general mental health. It was concluded that the results indicated adaptation to frequent job change but that a rival explanation of increased vulnerability caused by earlier psychological problems was more plausible.
Unemployment and psychological distress among graduates: A longitudinal study
Authors: Schaufeli Wilmar B. , VanYperen Nico W. 
Published: August 2011

A longitudinal study which addresses the relationship between unemployment and psychological distress in Dutch technical college graduates is presented.Two samples were studied: sample 1 (N = 635) consisted of students leaving technical college and sample 2 (N = 487) consisted of technical college graduates who had been unemployed for more than one year.In contrast to the results of many recent published studies, unemployment was only found to be associated with psychological distress among those unemployed for more than two years. Males and females were not found to react differently to unemployment. Less psychologically distressed graduates were more likely to become employed than more distressed graduates, and the mean level of psychological distress decreased significantly over time for both employed and unemployed technical graduates. Individual vulnerability explained about twice as much variance in psychological distress of these respondents compared with changes in their employment status. Furthermore, this study indicates the importance of taking into account group‐specific aspects (i.e. level of education) as well as the (Dutch) structural and cultural context in understanding the consequences of unemployment.
The predictive validity of the EPI and 16PF for military flying training
Authors: Bartram D. 
Published: August 2011

The study was carried out to assess the validity of the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) and Cattell's 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) as predictors of flying training outcome. In addition, it examines differences in profile between self‐selected applicants for flying training and the general population; the effects of test‐taking conditions on scale scores; incidental selection effects related to personality differences and the reliability of the personality data. The EPI and 16PF inventories were administered to samples of men during selection testing at the RAF Officer and Aircrew Selection Centre, Biggin Hill. Further samples were tested at the Army Air Corps Centre at Middle Wallop prior to their Selection Board interviews. In addition, data were obtained for non‐enlisted applicants tested at Biggin Hill and amateur aviators tested at various flying clubs.The results confirmed previous findings that applicants for pilot training are highly ‘self‐selected’, being much more emotionally stable and more extraverted than the general population. Furthermore, the 16PF profile for the unselected sample was found to be very similar to that for US airline pilots. The pattern of differences between those who succeeded and those who failed in training was as expected. The magnitude of these correlations (in the region of r = .20) was also at the level expected. The results support the findings of previous work and indicate that there are small but potentially valuable increments in validity to be obtained by considering personality factors in selection for pilot training. The problems associated with the use of self‐report measures in selection are discussed.
Generalizable biodata? An application to the vocational interests of managers
Authors: Wilkinson Larry J. 
Published: August 2011

Despite having a good record as a predictor of job performance, biodata is seldom used for the selection of managers. Its infrequent use can be explained in part by noting that traditional biodata prediction models of job performance, developed in one context, do not readily transport into different ones. Organizations wishing to use biodata must first develop and validate such an instrument. As this is only feasible for large organizations, an alternative approach is to develop biodata instruments to predict specific attributes of a person. Such instruments will be more generalizable than those developed to predict a person's job performance.This approach was tested by developing biodata models to predict vocational interest (as measured bv Holland's Self Directed Search—SDS) of a group of likely applicants for managerial jobs. Following factor analysis of the biodata, regression models were developed to predict individuals' scores on the six SDS scales. The models developed predict the criteria well. The findings indicate that biodata is a good predictor of vocational interest of individuals irrespective of their job or organization.
Occupational stress and family life: A comparison of male and female doctors
Authors: Swanson V. , Power K. G. , Simpson R. J. 
Published: August 2011

Characteristics of medical work suggest that doctors are especially vulnerable to stress between work and home. The present study adopted a theoretical approach towards the study of the relationship between occupational stress and home life in doctors in Scotland, comparing male and female general practitioners (GPs) and specialist consultants. First, the relationship between role complexity and occupational stress, workload, job satisfaction and domestic stress and satisfaction was examined. Second, the theory of asymmetric permeability of occupational and domestic roles was used to compare the impact of work‐to‐home (WH) and home‐to‐work (HW) stress. Gender and medical speciality differences were considered as intervening variables.Increased role complexity was related to stress for both male and female doctors in the study, suggesting an increasing convergence in the occupational and domestic roles of male and female doctors. Higher levels of occupational stress were also recorded for WH variables than HW variables for both male and female doctors, confirming the asymmetric permeability of such roles, and failing to identify significant gender differences in this asymmetry. Role complexity was related to reduced occupational workload for females only, and to increased domestic workload for male and female doctors. Aspects of occupational and domestic stress were significantly related to increased role complexity, although role complexity was not significantly related to job satisfaction. When medical specialities were compared, GPs were found to record greater stress in the home/work interface than consultants.
Long‐term health effects of harness‐mounted radio transmitters in red kites (Milvus milvus) in England
Authors: Peniche G. , Vaughan‐Higgins R. , Carter Ian , Pocknell A. , Simpson D. , Sainsbury A. 
Published: August 2011

In 1989, the Nature Conservancy Council and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds commenced reintroduction of the red kite (Milvus milvus) according to International Union for Conservation of Nature criteria. Following 22 years of intensive effort, the red kite reintroduction programme has been a success with an estimated 1000 pairs now breeding in England. Post‐release health surveillance is ongoing and has been achieved through radio‐tracking, monitoring breeding at nest sites and pathological examinations of any red kites found dead. Tail‐mounted radio transmitters were fitted from 1989 with harness‐mounted radio transmitters being preferentially used since 2000. Since 2000, 180 individuals have been recovered for postmortem examination. Eighteen of these birds had previously had a harness‐mounted radio transmitter fitted and four of these (22 per cent) had moderate to severe lesions associated with the presence of the harness and radio transmitter including chronic necrogranulomatous inflammation, deep muscular exposure and distorted muscular conformation. Failure to breed was also reported in two of these individuals over the preceding year(s), although it is not known whether the presence of the harness contributed to this failure. Duration of deployment may have been a significant factor in the formation of these lesions as those with lesions (n=4) had a statistically significant (P=0.009) longer duration of deployment compared to those without lesions (n=14). No lesions were reported in those red kites fitted with tail‐transmitters.
Prognostic and Predictive Impact of Intra- and Peritumoral Immune Infiltrates
Authors: Fridman Wolf Herman , Galon Jérôme , Pagès Franck , Tartour Eric , Sautès-Fridman Catheriné , Kroemer Guido 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Leukocyte infiltrates into or around tumor cell nests are found in the context of protumorigenic inflammation and anticancer immunosurveillance. Hence, the detailed composition, density, architecture, and function of leukocyte infiltrates must be analyzed to understand their prognostic impact. The ectopic presence within tumors of high endothelial venule cells, which are normally characteristic for secondary lymphoid organs, correlates with a more pronounced infiltration by T lymphocytes and has a positive predictive impact on local advanced breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Recent progress in the field indicates that immune infiltrates of the primary tumors, as well as of metastases, are not only independent prognostic biomarkers but can also constitute predictive factors, suggesting that the pretherapeutic immune response can determine the efficacy of conventional chemotherapies. Moreover, accumulating evidence indicates that chemotherapy can stimulate anticancer immune responses coupled with an increased intratumoral lymphoid infiltration, which correlates with tumor mass reduction and patient survival. Improved methods for the automation of immunohistochemistry and digitalized image analyses will pave the way to an improved understanding of the complex interplay between cancer parenchyma, stroma, and immune effectors, as well as to the routine evaluation of immune-related parameters to the clinical management of cancer patients. Cancer Res; 71(17); 5601–5. ©2011 AACR.
Upper secondary school students’ perceptions of teacher socialization practices and reports of school adjustment
Authors: Studsrød Ingunn , Bru Edvin 
Published: August 2011

Lack of adjustment or school failure is of concern to educators, child welfare workers, educational, and school psychologists as well as parents, but there are few studies on this aspect of education, especially among late adolescents. Furthermore, there is a lack of research on teachers as socialization agents as an independent variable in adolescents’ school adjustment. The present study was conducted to explore how upper secondary school students’ perceptions of teacher socialization practices were related to motivation for continued education, school alienation, intention to quit school, truancy, and class absence. The sample consisted of Norwegian adolescents aged 15- to 18-years-old ( n = 564) in vocational and general educational courses from one upper secondary school. Perceptions of teacher socialization practices accounted for unique variances in school adjustment. Of the teacher socialization variables, academic support best explained variances in school adjustment. The findings suggest that the associations between teachers as socializing agents and motivation for continued education were relatively strong, but the other associations were relatively modest. The limitations and implications of this study are discussed.
Influence of Intranasal Epinephrine and Lidocaine Spray on Olfactory Function Tests in Healthy Human Subjects
Authors: Jung Yong Gi , Ha Seung Yong , Eun Young‐Gyu , Kim Myung‐Gu 
Published: August 2011

ObjectiveAlthough topical decongestants and anesthetics are widely used in preparation for nasal endoscopy, no controlled trials have evaluated the effects of these agents on olfaction.Study DesignRandomized double‐blinded controlled trial.SettingTertiary referral hospital.Materials and MethodsThe authors recruited 72 healthy subjects and randomly assigned them to 1 of 4 groups (control, phenylephrine group, lidocaine group, and both agents). After baseline tests with the Korean version of Sniffin’ Stick Test II (KVSS II), topical agents were applied to each nostril. Fifteen minutes later, repeat tests were carried out. Pre‐ and postspray results of the olfactory tests were compared, and the differences among groups were analyzed.ResultsThe mean ± SD prespray KVSS II score of the study group was 30.2 ± 3.8, and there were no statistically significant differences among the study groups (P =. 353). Mean ± SD pre‐ and postspray KVSS II scores were 29.0 ± 3.5 and 30.7 ± 3.7 (P =. 128) in the control group, 30.6 ± 3.6 and 31.7 ± 3.3 (P =. 262) in the phenylephrine group, and 31.4 ± 3.6 and 32.1 ± 3.1 (P =. 557) in the lidocaine group, respectively. In the phenylephrine and epinephrine spray group, the mean ± SD pre‐ and postspray scores were 29.9 ± 4.4 and 31.3 ± 3.7 (P =. 071), respectively.ConclusionsNeither topical intranasal phenylephrine nor lidocaine use affected the results of the olfactory test, even when the agents were used in combination.
Oxymetazoline Ototoxicity in a Chinchilla Animal Model
Authors: Daniel Sam J. , Akinpelu Olubunmi V. , Sahmkow Sofia , Funnell W. Robert J. , Akache Fadi 
Published: August 2011

ObjectiveTo investigate possible ototoxic effects of a one‐time application of oxymetazoline drops in a chinchilla animal model with tympanostomy tubes.Study DesignA prospective, controlled animal study.SettingThe Research Institute of the Montreal’s Children Hospital, McGill University Health Centre.Subjects and MethodsVentilation tubes were inserted in both ears of 12 animals. One ear was randomly assigned to receive oxymetazoline drops (0.5 mL). The contralateral ear did not receive any drops, serving as a control ear.Outcome MeasuresDistortion product otoacoustic emissions were measured bilaterally for a wide range of frequencies (between 1 and 16 kHz) before and 1 day after the application of oxymetazoline in the experimental ears. Two months later, the animals were sacrificed and all cochleae were dissected out and processed for scanning electron microscopy.ResultsIn this established chinchilla animal model, the measured distortion product otoacoustic emission amplitudes and the morphological appearance on scanning electron microscopy were similar for both control and experimental ears.ConclusionOxymetazoline did not cause ototoxicity in a chinchilla animal model 2 months after a single application via a tympanostomy tube.
Growth Factor and Catabolic Cytokine Concentrations Are Influenced by the Cellular Composition of Platelet-Rich Plasma
Authors: Sundman Emily A. , Cole Brian J. , Fortier Lisa A. 
Published: August 2011

Background: Previous studies of bioactive molecules in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) have documented growth factor concentrations that promote tissue healing. However, the effects of leukocytes and inflammatory molecules in PRP have not been defined. Hypothesis: The hypothesis for this study was that the concentration of growth factors and catabolic cytokines would be dependent on the cellular composition of PRP. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Platelet-rich plasma was made from 11 human volunteers using 2 commercial systems: Arthrex ACP (Autologous Conditioned Plasma) Double Syringe System (PRP-1), which concentrates platelets and minimizes leukocytes, and Biomet GPS III Mini Platelet Concentrate System (PRP-2), which concentrates both platelets and leukocytes. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), platelet-derived growth factor–AB (PDGF-AB), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The PRP-1 system consisted of concentrated platelets (1.99×) and diminished leukocytes (0.13×) compared with blood, while PRP-2 contained concentrated platelets (4.69×) and leukocytes (4.26×) compared with blood. Growth factors were significantly increased in PRP-2 compared with PRP-1 (TGF-β1: PRP-2 = 89 ng/mL, PRP-1 = 20 ng/mL, P < .05; PDGF-AB: PRP-2 = 22 ng/mL, PRP-1 = 6.4 ng/mL, P < .05). The PRP-1 system did not have a higher concentration of PDGF-AB compared with whole blood. Catabolic cytokines were significantly increased in PRP-2 compared with PRP-1 (MMP-9: PRP-2 = 222 ng/mL, PRP-1 = 40 ng/mL, P < .05; IL-1β: PRP-2 = 3.67 pg/mL, PRP-1 = 0.31 pg/mL, P < .05). Significant, positive correlations were found between TGF-β1 and platelets ( r2 = .75, P < .001), PDGF-AB and platelets ( r2 = .60, P < .001), MMP-9 and neutrophils ( r2 = .37, P < .001), IL-1β and neutrophils ( r2 = .73, P < .001), and IL-1β and monocytes ( r2 = .75, P < .001). Conclusion: Growth factor and catabolic cytokine concentrations were influenced by the cellular composition of PRP. Platelets increased anabolic signaling and, in contrast, leukocytes increased catabolic signaling molecules. Platelet-rich plasma products should be analyzed for content of platelets and leukocytes as both can influence the biologic effects of PRP. Clinical Relevance: Depending on the clinical application, preparations of PRP should be considered based on their ability to concentrate platelets and leukocytes with sensitivity to pathologic conditions that will benefit most from increased platelet or reduced leukocyte concentration.