bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Writing
Authors: Peters John Durham 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The introduction of writing in its diverse forms and practices has had enormous cultural consequences. Although it generally plays a secondary role in media histories, it should be looked upon as the mother of all media. Always material and worldly, writing has assumed many forms. This chapter distinguishes semasiography from logography, notes the distinction between logographic and alphabetic scripts, and argues that phonetic practices exist in logographic scripts, while logographic practices exist in alphabetic scripts. Writing is a power technology; a means of preserving meaning; much more than simply an ancillary device for representing voice or speech; a technique that is both historically material and difficult to master; enormously diverse in its history, practice, and expression; a synthesis of visual and auditory modes of perception and of iconic and symbolic modes of signification; dependent on a complex integration of physical skills, including those of the head and hand; and, as a database manipulating spatial and temporal axes, the primordial medium.
High mitochondrial mutation rates estimated from deep‐rooting costa rican pedigrees
Authors: Madrigal Lorena , (Posthumously) Loredana Castrì , Melendez‐Obando Mauricio , Villegas‐Palma Ramon , Barrantes Ramiro , Raventos Henrieta , Pereira Reynaldo , Luiselli Donata , Pettener Davide , Barbujani Guido 
Published: March 2012

AbstractEstimates of mutation rates for the noncoding hypervariable Region I (HVR‐I) of mitochondrial DNA vary widely, depending on whether they are inferred from phylogenies (assuming that molecular evolution is clock‐like) or directly from pedigrees. All pedigree‐based studies so far were conducted on populations of European origin. In this article, we analyzed 19 deep‐rooting pedigrees in a population of mixed origin in Costa Rica. We calculated two estimates of the HVR‐I mutation rate, one considering all apparent mutations, and one disregarding changes at sites known to be mutational hot spots and eliminating genealogy branches which might be suspected to include errors, or unrecognized adoptions along the female lines. At the end of this procedure, we still observed a mutation rate equal to 1.24 × 10−6, per site per year, i.e., at least threefold as high as estimates derived from phylogenies. Our results confirm that mutation rates observed in pedigrees are much higher than estimated assuming a neutral model of long‐term HVRI evolution. We argue that until the cause of these discrepancies will be fully understood, both lower estimates (i.e., those derived from phylogenetic comparisons) and higher, direct estimates such as those obtained in this study, should be considered when modeling evolutionary and demographic processes. Am J Phys Anthropol 148:327–333, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Brief communication: Short‐ and long‐term in vivo human buccal–dental microwear turnover
Authors: Romero Alejandro , Galbany Jordi , De Juan Joaquín , Pérez‐Pérez Alejandro 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBuccal–dental microwear depends on the abrasive content of chewed foodstuffs and can reveal long‐term dietary trends in human populations. However, in vivo experimental analyses of buccal microwear formation processes are scarce. Here, we report the effects of an abrasive diet on microwear rates in two adult volunteers at intervals of 8 days over a period of 1 month and document long‐term turnover over 5 consecutive years in the same subjects under an ad libitum Mediterranean diet. Buccal microwear was analyzed on mandibular first molars using high‐resolution replicas and scanning electron microscopy. Microwear turnover was assessed by recording the scratches lost and gained at each time point. Our results indicate that scratch formation on enamel surfaces increased with a highly abrasive diet compared to both pre‐test and post‐test ad libitum dietary controls. In the long‐term analysis, scratch turnover was higher than expected, but no significant long‐term trends in microwear density or length were observed, because microwear formation was compensated by scratch disappearance. Our results confirm that buccal microwear patterns on mandibular molars show a dynamic formation process directly related to the chewing of abrasive particles along with ingested food. In addition, the observed long‐term stability of buccal microwear patterns makes them a reliable indicator of overall dietary habits. Am J Phys Anthropol 148:467–472, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A study of surnames in china through isonymy
Authors: Liu Yan , Chen Liujun , Yuan Yida , Chen Jiawei 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe isonymy structure of 1.28 billion people registered in China's National Citizen Identity Information System was studied at the provincial, prefectural, and county administrative division levels. The isonymy was 0.026 for China as a whole. The average value of isonymy was 0.033 for the 30 provinces, 0.035 for the 334 prefectures, and 0.040 for the 2811 counties. The isonymy in China was much higher than in other countries. This finding may be partly explained by the low number of surnames in the Chinese language. Two regional features can be identified from the geographic distributions of isonymy. One feature is that the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River had the lowest values of isonymy at both the provincial and county levels. The second feature is that most counties with the highest values of isonymy were distributed in the provinces with high proportions of ethnic minorities. According to the dendrogram of surname distances, several clusters could be identified. Most provinces in a cluster were conterminous with one another. The one exception could be explained by demic migration called “braving the journey to the northeast of China.” Isolation by distance could be detected because the correlation coefficients between Nei's distance and the geographic distances at the provincial, prefectural, and county levels were 0.64, 0.43, and 0.37, respectively. Human behaviors in Chinese history that may have caused these results have been discussed, including cultural origin, migration, residential patterns, and ethnic distribution. Am J Phys Anthropol 148:341–350, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Technical note: Bone DNA extraction and purification using silica‐coated paramagnetic beads
Authors: Dukes Mary J. , Williams Audra L. , Massey Corina M. , Wojtkiewicz Patrick W. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe goal of this study was to develop a simple method to improve DNA recovery from challenging bone samples. To this end, an optimized procedure was developed that combined the demineralization and DNA extraction into a single step, followed by DNA purification using an automated silica‐coated paramagnetic bead procedure. This method replaced a previous silica‐membrane‐based procedure, which was able to recover sufficient DNA to obtain full autosomal and Y chromosome STR profiles from greater than 90% of the samples, including samples greater than 20 years old. The development process began with the evaluation of buffer and demineralization systems to determine the best reagent combination. During the developmental process, we observed that the addition of EDTA and DTT affected silica‐based DNA purification methods by raising the pH of the digest buffer. The protocols with buffer ATL, PK, EDTA, and DTT followed by lowering the pH with sodium acetate just before purification resulted in the best yields. The method reduced the extraction volume from 10 to 1.5 ml and used commercially available reagents already being utilized in forensic DNA casework. Because of the simplicity and small volume needed for the procedure, many steps where contamination could be introduced have been eliminated or minimized. This study demonstrated a new method of recovering DNA from bone samples capable of extracting trace quantities of DNA, removing potential inhibitors, and minimizing the potential for exogenous DNA contamination. Am J Phys Anthropol 148:473–482, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effect of age, sex, and physical activity on entheseal morphology in a contemporary Italian skeletal collection
Authors: Milella Marco , Giovanna Belcastro Maria , Zollikofer Christoph P.E. , Mariotti Valentina 
Published: March 2012

AbstractEntheseal changes are traditionally included in a large array of skeletal features commonly referred to as “skeletal markers of activity.” However, medical studies and recent anthropological analyses of identified skeletal series suggest a complex combination of physiological and biomechanical factors underlying the variability of such “markers.” The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between age, sex, physical activity, and entheseal variability. To this end, 23 postcranial entheses are examined in a large (N= 484) Italian contemporary skeletal series using standardized scoring methods. The sample comprises subjects of known age, sex and, mostly, occupation. Results show a strong relationship between age and entheseal changes. Differences between sexes are also highlighted, while the effects of physical activity appear moderate. Altogether, our study indicates that entheseal morphology primarily reflects the age of an individual, while correlation with lifetime activity remains ambiguous. Am J Phys Anthropol 148:379–388, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Scurvy in the Great Irish Famine: Evidence of vitamin C deficiency from a mid‐19th century skeletal population
Authors: Geber Jonny , Murphy Eileen 
Published: March 2012

AbstractScurvy has increasingly been recognized in archaeological populations since the 1980s but this study represents the first examination of the paleopathological findings of scurvy in a known famine population. The Great Famine (1845–1852) was a watershed in Irish history and resulted in the death of one million people and the mass emigration of just as many. It was initiated by a blight which completely wiped out the potato—virtually the only source of food for the poor of Ireland. This led to mass starvation and a widespread occurrence of infectious and metabolic diseases. A recent discovery of 970 human skeletons from mass burials dating to the height of the famine in Kilkenny City (1847–1851) provided an opportunity to study the skeletal manifestations of scurvy—a disease that became widespread at this time due to the sudden lack of Vitamin C which had previously almost exclusively been provided by the potato. A three‐scale diagnostic reliance approach has been employed as a statistical aid for diagnosing the disease in the population. A biocultural approach was adopted to enable the findings to be contextualized and the etiology and impact of the disease explored. The results indicate that scurvy indirectly influenced famine‐induced mortality. A sex and stature bias is evident among adults in which males and taller individuals displayed statistically significantly higher levels of scorbutic lesions. The findings have also suggested that new bone formation at the foramen rotundum is a diagnostic criterion for the paleopathological identification of scurvy, particularly among juveniles. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chitosan/rice straw nanofibers nanocomposites: Preparation, mechanical, and dynamic thermomechanical properties
Authors: Hassan Mohammad L. , Fadel Shaimaa M. , El‐Wakil Nahla A. , Oksman Kristiina 
Published: March 2012

AbstractNanofibers were isolated from rice straw pulp using ultrahigh friction grinding and high‐pressure homogenization. Chitosan nanocomposites were prepared using the isolated nanofibers at fiber loading from 2.5 to 20% by solution casting and evaporation technique. The effect of nanofiber loading on dry and wet tensile strength, dynamic mechanical thermal properties, and cyrstallinity of chitosan were studied using tensile testing, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, and X‐ray diffraction. Addition of rice straw nanofibers (RSNF) to chitosan resulted in significant improvement in wet and dry tensile strength, and shift of glass transition temperature (Tg) of chitosan matrix to higher values. Chitosan nanocomposites prepared using RSNF (CRSNF) had remarkable wet and dry tensile strength, which could be attributed to presence of both nanofibers and nanosilica particles originally present in rice straw fibers. Addition of RSNF to chitosan did not affect its onset thermal degradation temperature. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Conformation and aggregation behavior of poly(ethylene glycol)‐b‐poly(lactic acid) amphiphilic copolymer chains in dilute/semidilute THF solutions
Authors: Yao Bingjian , Zhu Qingzeng , Liu Hui , Qiao Liang , Hao Jingcheng , Qi Feng 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe behavior of amphiphilic copolymer chains in a solvent is not the same as that of homopolymers. As an important synthetic biomaterial, poly(ethylene glycol)‐b‐poly(lactic acid) copolymers are often dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF) for study. Few studies have focused on the potential aggregation behavior and compact conformation of the amphiphilic macromolecules in a THF solution. In this study, a series of poly(ethylene glycol)‐b‐poly(lactic acid) diblock copolymers were synthesized and characterized using fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, thermogravimetric analysis, and gel permeation chromatography methods. The aggregation behavior of amphiphilic molecular chains in a THF solution was studied using dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the aggregation size in solutions at a concentration of 2.0 mg/mL is within the range of 50–250 nm. It was further demonstrated that molecular chains exhibit a compact conformation in a dilute THF solution, which leads to a comparatively larger deviation in the characterization of molecular weights using GPC method. Here, a model is proposed to elucidate the dynamic evolution between compact amphiphilic single chains and aggregates. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Preparation of amino‐reserved magnetic chitosan microsphere and its application in adsorbing endotoxin
Authors: Yi Yu , Lai Canlin , Jiang Yuqi , Mei Jianfeng , Wang Hong , Ying Guoqing 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn this article, we present a novel amino‐reserved magnetic chitosan microsphere (ARMCM) prepared from chitosan and Fe3O4 through inverse suspension crosslinking by formaldehyde and epichlorohydrin. The density of ARMCM was 1.47 g/mL, and the amino content was 2.44 mmol/g. The measurements data indicated that the saturation magnetization (σs) of ARMCM was 23.2 emu/g. The adsorption results showed that these magnetic chitosan microspheres had good adsorption capacity on endotoxin: the maximum absorption capacity was about 1792.1EU/g in 40 min; the endotoxin adsorption efficiency in the protein solution was close to 80% and what is more, protein adsorption efficiency was only 23.2 and 2.0%, respectively, for acidic and basic proteins. It is expected that this ARMCM will have a feasible and useful application in adsorbing endotoxin from biological products. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Complex habitat generated by marine bryozoans: a review of its distribution, structure, diversity, threats and conservation
Authors: Wood A. C. L , Probert P. K. , Rowden A. A. , Smith A. M. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTHabitat‐forming bryozoans are here defined as extant, heavily‐calcified species which regularly attain sizes over 50 mm in three‐dimensions and which contribute significantly to benthic habitat structure as living colonies.Records of habitat‐forming bryozoans were collated and mapped, together with information about the location, environment, habitat‐forming species, the nature and size of the habitat formed, any associated fauna, and relevant threats and/or conservation measures.Records collated here indicated that habitat‐forming bryozoans occurred from ~59°N to 77°S, but that they did not occur frequently in the tropics, being found most commonly in temperate continental shelf environments, on stable substrata in places where water movement was relatively fast and consistent.Habitat‐forming bryozoans are particularly abundant and diverse in New Zealand, where 27 species, a quarter of which are cyclostomes, provide habitat over hundreds of square kilometres of sea floor. Other areas where they are particularly rich and/or abundant include Antarctica (Weddell, Lazarev and Ross Seas), the North Pacific around Japan, the northern Mediterranean and Adriatic, and along the southern edge of the North Sea, through the English Channel and around the United Kingdom.Large bryozoans provide habitat for diverse associated assemblages, particularly for other bryozoans, molluscs, annelids, arthropods, cnidarians, sponges, echinoderms and macroalgae.Protected areas which include habitat‐forming bryozoans occur throughout the distribution of this frequently unrecognized habitat type, but despite this they are prone to damage by anthropogenic impacts including pollution and bottom fishing. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cortical Connections of Auditory Cortex in Marmoset Monkeys: Lateral Belt and Parabelt Regions
Authors: de la Mothe Lisa A. , Blumell Suzanne , Kajikawa Yoshinao , Hackett Troy A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe current working model of primate auditory cortex is constructed from a number of studies of both new and old world monkeys. It includes three levels of processing. A primary level, the core region, is surrounded both medially and laterally by a secondary belt region. A third level of processing, the parabelt region, is located lateral to the belt. The marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus jacchus) has become an important model system to study auditory processing, but its anatomical organization has not been fully established. In previous studies, we focused on the architecture and connections of the core and medial belt areas (de la Mothe et al., 2006a, J Comp Neurol 496:27–71; de la Mothe et al., 2006b, J Comp Neurol 496:72–96). In this study, the corticocortical connections of the lateral belt and parabelt were examined in the marmoset. Tracers were injected into both rostral and caudal portions of the lateral belt and parabelt. Both regions revealed topographic connections along the rostrocaudal axis, where caudal areas of injection had stronger connections with caudal areas, and rostral areas of injection with rostral areas. The lateral belt had strong connections with the core, belt, and parabelt, whereas the parabelt had strong connections with the belt but not the core. Label in the core from injections in the parabelt was significantly reduced or absent, consistent with the idea that the parabelt relies mainly on the belt for its cortical input. In addition, the present and previous studies indicate hierarchical principles of anatomical organization in the marmoset that are consistent with those observed in other primates. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exact stationary axisymmetric solutions of the Euler equations on β–γ planes
Authors: Staniforth Andrew 
Published: March 2012

AbstractA new set of equations on a β–γ plane has recently been proposed. It is shown herein that further useful equation sets can be easily incorporated within this framework via the introduction of binary switches. The appropriate functional form for g, the acceleration due to gravity, for these equation sets is determined. A methodology is given for deriving exact closed‐form axisymmetric solutions to the β–γ plane equations and various subsets of them. As an illustrative example, a non‐separable exact solution is developed that is suitable for numerical model validation. © 2012 British Crown copyright, the Met Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Improving the Sustainable Development of Firms: The Role of Employees
Authors: Wolf Julia 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTStakeholders have been found to be an important driver of organizations' sustainable development. In particular, customers, governments and non‐governmental organizations push firms towards sustainability. But to what extent is sustainability really and deeply embedded within an organization's structures and processes? And what is the role of an important, but frequently neglected, stakeholder group for successful sustainability implementation: employees? The objective of this research is to better understand the impact that organizational change for sustainability has on firm performance. Also, this study seeks to understand how the consideration of employees into the process of organizational change for sustainability moderates the organizational change and performance relationship. Using data from 92 German companies from the manufacturing and services sector, the study finds that the structural implementation of sustainability is positively related to firm performance and that employee integration moderates this relationship to some extent. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Using subtle reminders of love to foster healthy snack choices
Authors: Raska David , Nichols Bridget S. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTEmploying three experiments with US college students, we examined how subtle reminders of companionate and sexual love affect consumers' healthy snack choices. Two different symbols of companionate and sexual love were used as manipulations. Results from the studies suggest that exposure to subtle reminders of companionate love lead to a greater likelihood of making healthy eating choices than subtle reminders of sexual love. These choices are likely driven by the activation of distal and proximal temporal construals. Interestingly, subtle reminders of sexual love appear to mimic a choice setting with no manipulation. This research should enlighten marketers who are interested in fostering healthy consumption. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.