bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pathogenicity of Saprolegnia spp. to Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., eggs
Authors: Thoen E , Evensen Ø , Skaar I 
Published: July 2011

AbstractLive and dead Atlantic salmon eyed eggs were challenged with eight different Saprolegnia isolates, selected because of their varied origins, known morphological characteristics and growth/germination pattern. Some isolates were also tested for pathogenicity to Atlantic salmon parr. Challenge of eggs was performed by exposure to spores in suspension or by co‐incubation of live eggs with infected dead eggs. The phenotypic characteristics of the isolates were evaluated in relation to their observed pathogenicity from the challenge experiment, to identify possible virulence factors leading to egg‐infection by Saprolegnia. The results from the experiments confirm that live eggs are refractory to infection with Saprolegnia spores in suspension and that an infection of live eggs can only occur from an infection nucleus represented by dead eggs or debris. It was observed that strains pathogenic to salmon parr were not particularly infective towards eggs, and the isolates that gave the highest infection rates to eggs were species considered to be saprotrophs.
Development of real‐time PCR assays for detection of megalocytiviruses in imported ornamental fish
Authors: Gias E , Johnston C , Keeling S , Spence R P , McDonald W L 
Published: July 2011

AbstractMegalocytiviruses have been associated globally with severe systemic disease and economic loss in farmed food fish and ornamental fish. The viruses have been spread internationally by translocation of live fish. In New Zealand, megalocytiviruses are regarded as exotic. A potential pathway for introduction has been identified, namely imported ornamental fish. In the present study, real‐time PCR assays were developed for detection of megalocytiviruses using a conserved major capsid protein gene. A SYBR green assay was developed to target all known megalocytiviruses. A second real‐time PCR assay using a molecular beacon was developed to specifically target gourami, Trichogaster trichopterus, iridovirus, a species of iridovirus previously linked to ornamental fish imports in Australia. The analytical sensitivity for the SYBR green and molecular beacon assays were 10 and 100 fg, respectively. The analytical specificity of the real‐time PCR assays determined using genomic DNA templates from three target viruses, 12 non‐target viruses and 25 aquatic bacterial species were 100%. The intra‐run and inter‐run coefficients of variation of both assays were <5%. The real‐time PCR assays developed in this study provide rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of megalocytiviruses and gourami iridovirus.
The immune response of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), skin to high water temperature
Authors: Huang Z‐H , Ma A‐J , Wang X‐A 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe immune responses of mucus from the skin of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus, were studied in relation to changing water temperature. Groups of fish were exposed to a programmed increase of 3 °C per 48 h, until the experimental water temperatures of 16, 20, 23, 25, 27 or 28 °C were reached. After 48 h at the relevant temperature, the expressions of immune‐related factors were determined, including immunoglobulin M (IgM), IL‐1β, hepcidin, transferrin, lysozyme, acid/alkaline phosphatase and superoxide dismutase using RT–PCR and spectrophotometric methods. Significant changes in mucus immunity were observed, which paralleled with those previously reported for serum in other fish species. Hence, it is suggested that the serum and mucus immune system of turbot have a similar regulatory system. This information could be useful in better understanding the role of the mucus as a component of the innate immune system.
Niche segregation and genetic structure of Campylobacter jejuni populations from wild and agricultural host species
Authors: SHEPPARD SAMUEL K. , COLLES FRANCES M. , McCARTHY NOEL D. , STRACHAN NORVAL J. C. , OGDEN IAIN D. , FORBES KEN J. , DALLAS JOHN F. , MAIDEN MARTIN C. J. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBacterial populations can display high levels of genetic structuring but the forces that influence this are incompletely understood. Here, by combining modelling approaches with multilocus sequence data for the zoonotic pathogen Campylobacter, we investigated how ecological factors such as niche (host) separation relate to population structure. We analysed seven housekeeping genes from published C. jejuni and C. coli isolate collections from a range of food and wild animal sources as well as abiotic environments. By reconstructing genetic structure and the patterns of ancestry, we quantified C. jejuni host association, inferred ancestral populations, investigated genetic admixture in different hosts and determined the host origin of recombinant C. jejuni alleles found in hybrid C. coli lineages. Phylogenetically distinct C. jejuni lineages were associated with phylogenetically distinct wild birds. However, in the farm environment, phylogenetically distant host animals shared several C. jejuni lineages that could not be segregated according to host origin using these analyses. Furthermore, of the introgressed C. jejuni alleles found in C. coli lineages, 73% were attributed to genotypes associated with food animals. Our results are consistent with an evolutionary scenario where distinct Campylobacter lineages are associated with different host species but the ecological factors that maintain this are different in domestic animals such that phylogenetically distant animals can harbour closely related strains.
Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of Ssd1 defines the destiny of its bound mRNAs
Authors: Kurischko Cornelia , Kuravi Venkata K. , Herbert Christopher J. , Luca Francis C. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryMechanisms that control mRNA metabolism are critical for cell function, development and stress response. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae mRNA‐binding protein Ssd1 has been implicated in mRNA processing, ageing, stress response and maintenance of cell integrity. Ssd1 is a substrate of the LATS/NDR tumour suppressor orthologue Cbk1 kinase. Previous data indicate that Ssd1 localizes to the cytoplasm; however, biochemical interactions suggest that Ssd1 at least transiently localizes to the nucleus. We therefore explored whether nuclear localization is important for Ssd1 cytoplasmic functions. We identified a functional NLS in the N‐terminal domain of Ssd1. An Ssd1‐derived NLS–GFP fusion protein and several C‐terminally truncated Ssd1 proteins, which presumably lack nuclear export sequences, accumulate in the nucleus. Alanine substitution of the Ssd1 NLS prevents Ssd1 nuclear entry, mRNA binding and disrupts Srl1 mRNA localization. Moreover, Ssd1–NLS mutations abolish Ssd1 toxicity in the absence of Cbk1 phosphorylation and cause Ssd1 to localize prominently to cytoplasmic puncta. These data indicate that nuclear shuttling is critical for Ssd1 mRNA binding and Ssd1–mRNA localization in the cytoplasm. Collectively these data support the model that Ssd1 functions analogously to hnRNPs, which bind mRNA co‐transcriptionally, are exported to the cytoplasm and target mRNAs to sites of localized translation and P‐bodies.
The genome and surface proteome of Capnocytophaga canimorsus reveal a key role of glycan foraging systems in host glycoproteins deglycosylation
Authors: Manfredi Pablo , Renzi Francesco , Mally Manuela , Sauteur Loïc , Schmaler Mathias , Moes Suzette , Jenö Paul , Cornelis Guy R. 
Published: July 2011

Summary Capnocytophaga canimorsus are commensal Gram‐negative bacteria from dog's mouth that cause rare but dramatic septicaemia in humans. C. canimorsus have the unusual property to feed on cultured mammalian cells, including phagocytes, by harvesting the glycan moiety of cellular glycoproteins. To understand the mechanism behind this unusual property, the genome of strain Cc5 was sequenced and analysed. In addition, Cc5 bacteria were cultivated onto HEK 293 cells and the surface proteome was determined. The genome was found to encode many lipoproteins encoded within 13 polysaccharide utilization loci (PULs) typical of the Flavobacteria–Bacteroides group. PULs encode surface exposed feeding complexes resembling the archetypal starch utilization system (Sus). The products of at least nine PULs were detected among the surface proteome and eight of them represented more than half of the total peptides detected from the surface proteome. Systematic deletions of the 13 PULs revealed that half of these Sus‐like complexes contributed to growth on animal cells. The complex encoded by PUL5, one of the most abundant ones, was involved in foraging glycans from glycoproteins. It was essential for growth on cells and contributed to survival in mice. It thus represents a fitness factor during infection.
Proinflammatory stimuli activates human‐derived enteroglial cells and induces autocrine nitric oxide production
Authors: Cirillo C. , Sarnelli G. , Turco F. , Mango A. , Grosso M. , Aprea G. , Masone S. , Cuomo R. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBackground  Enteric glial cells (EGCs) have been recently indicated as key regulators of intestinal inflammation in animals. Whether or not this is true and how these cells participate to inflammatory responses in humans is unknown.Methods  We isolated primary EGCs from human small bowel and then, we purified and characterized those using specific glial markers, such as S100B and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). To mimic an inflammatory scenario, we exposed EGCs to exogenous stimuli, such as lipopolysaccharide and interferon‐gamma (LPS and IFN‐γ), alone or in combination, to evaluate glial activation [measuring GFAP, S100B level together with c‐fos, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) proteins expression and nitric oxide (NO) production] and proliferation, respectively.Key Results  We showed that, when challenged with a combination of LPS and IFN‐γ, EGCs are significantly activated, as indicated by their positivity to c‐fos and MHC class II. Similarly, pro‐inflammatory stimuli significantly increase the cell proliferation rate, the expression of both S100B and GFAP, and the NO production consequent to the induction of EGCs‐derived iNOS protein, with the last being dependent on S100B‐RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation endproducts) interaction.Conclusions & Inferences  Our data provide the first evidence that human EGCs directly respond to pro‐inflammatory stimuli by changing their expression profile and by proliferating. The finding that stimulated EGCs are able to produce NO points to a role of this cell population in the scenario of intestinal inflammation.
Tempestite facies models for the epicontinental Triassic carbonates of the Betic Cordillera (southern Spain)
Authors: PÉREZ‐LÓPEZ ALBERTO , PÉREZ‐VALERA FERNANDO 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis study focuses on storm deposits in the Muschelkalk facies of the Betic Cordillera (southern Spain) and interprets their deposition mechanisms. Three types of storm deposit are distinguished: (i) pot/gutter casts; (ii) tempestite beds; and (iii) storm‐winnowed deposits. Each deposit provides information about the carbonate platform environment in which it was deposited. The tempestite models proposed are: (i) the bypass‐zone tempestite model, occurring in a muddy ramp at the epicontinental basin margin. This model is characterized by potholes and gutters that form in a shoreline bypass‐zone during storms; (ii) the gradient‐current tempestite model in which frequent tempestite beds are related to storm gradient currents. Thickness and grain size decrease towards the deep distal ramp; and (iii) the winnowed deposit tempestite model whereby storm deposits are winnowed and deposited in the same environment with only short lateral transport having occurred. This model evokes more restricted and shallower conditions, lagoons or inland seas. The distribution of all these deposits in the stratigraphic sections studied corroborate the eustatic third‐order cycle identified, although the different features of the storm deposits and their positions in each section indicate a subsidence varying in time and space. In the transgressive stage, the margins of the epicontinental basin were a well‐developed ramp with potholes and gutters. In contrast, during the high sea‐level stage, storm deposits generated tempestite beds or storm‐winnowed deposits in the different areas. The epicontinental carbonate platform with ramp edges evolved into a complex depositional system of coastal and shallow‐marine environments with lagoons and restricted inland seas. Thus, the epicontinental platform underwent substantial change from the Late Anisian to the Late Ladinian and this is reflected in its storm deposits.
Research capacity for institutional collaboration in implementation research on diseases of poverty
Authors: González‐Block M. A. , Vargas‐Riaño E. M. , Sonela N. , Idrovo A. J. , Ouwe‐Missi‐Oukem‐Boyer O. , Monot J. J. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryObjective  To assess the capacity for research collaboration and implementation research in strengthening networks and institutions in developing countries.Methods  Bibliometric analysis of implementation research on diseases of poverty in developing countries from 2005 to 2010 through systematically searching bibliographic databases. Methods identified publication trends, participating institutions and countries and the cohesion and centrality of networks across diverse thematic clusters.Results  Implementation research in this field showed a steadily growing trend of networking, although networks are loose and a few institutions show a high degree of centrality. The thematic clusters with greatest cohesion were for tuberculosis and malaria.Conclusions  The capacity to produce implementation research on diseases of poverty is still low, with the prominence of institutions from developed countries. Wide ranges of collaboration and capacity strengthening strategies have been identified which should be put into effect through increased investments.
Individual differences in rhesus monkeys' demand for drugs of abuse
Authors: Koffarnus Mikhail N. , Hall Amy , Winger Gail 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTA relatively small percentage of humans who are exposed to drugs of abuse eventually become addicted to or dependent on those drugs. These individual differences in likelihood of developing drug addiction may reflect behavioral, neurobiological or genetic correlates of drug addiction and are therefore important to model. Behavioral economic measures of demand establish functions whose overall elasticity (rate of decrease in consumption as price increases) reflects the reinforcing effectiveness of various stimuli, including drugs. Using these demand functions, we determined the reinforcing effectiveness of five drugs of abuse (cocaine, remifentanil, ketamine, methohexital and ethanol) in 10 rhesus monkeys with histories of intravenous drug‐taking. There was a continuum of reinforcing effectiveness across the five drugs, with cocaine and remifentanil showing the most reinforcing effectiveness. There was also a continuum of sensitivity of the monkeys; two of the 10 animals, in particular, showed greater demand for the drugs than did the remaining eight monkeys. In addition, monkeys that demonstrated greater demand for one drug tended to show greater demand for all drugs but did not show a similar relatively greater demand for sucrose pellets. These findings suggest that the tendency to find drugs to be reinforcing is a general one, not restricted to particular drugs and also, that a minority of animals show a substantially enhanced sensitivity to the reinforcing effects of drugs. The possibility that differences in responsiveness to the reinforcing effects of drugs may form the basis of individual differences in drug‐taking in humans should be considered.
Genetic variability in the NMDA‐dependent AMPA trafficking cascade is associated with alcohol dependence
Authors: Karpyak Victor M. , Geske Jennifer R. , Colby Colin L. , Mrazek David A. , Biernacka Joanna M. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTModel studies in mice indicate that the severity of alcohol withdrawal is associated with polymorphic variation and expression of the MPDZ gene. Current knowledge about variation in the human MPDZ gene is limited; however, our data indicate its potential association with alcohol dependence. The multi‐PDZ protein is an important part of the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA)‐dependent α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptor trafficking cascade that controls glutamate‐related excitatory neurotransmission. To investigate association of variation in the NMDA‐dependent AMPA trafficking cascade with alcohol dependence, we performed a gene‐set (pathway) analysis using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data from the Study of Addiction: Genetic and Environment. Rather than testing for association with each SNP individually, which typically has low power to detect small effects of multiple SNPs, gene‐set analysis applies a single statistical test to evaluate whether variation in a set of genes is associated with the phenotype of interest. Gene‐set analysis of 988 SNPs in 13 genes in the pathway demonstrated a significant association with alcohol dependence, with P < 0.01 for the global effect of variation in this pathway. The statistically significant association of alcohol dependence with genetic variation in the NMDA‐dependent AMPA receptor trafficking cascade indicates a need for further investigation of the role of this pathway in alcohol dependence.
Estimation of genetic parameters for hip dysplasia in Czech Labrador Retrievers
Authors: Vostrý L. , Čapková Z. , Šebková N. , Přibyl J. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryThe objective of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters, genetic trends and breeding values using linear model (LM) and threshold model (TM) for the development of hip dysplasia (HD) in Labrador Retrievers in the Czech Republic (n = 3151). The right and left hip joints were evaluated separately using the Fédération Cynologique Internationale scoring system. Four linear and four TMs were tested for the correct estimation of genetic parameters. All the tested models utilized fixed effects of sex, assessor, year of birth, regression of age at evaluation, random direct genetic effects and the effect of the animals’ permanent environments. The models differed in the inclusion of the following effects: fixed effects of regression of inbreeding coefficient, random maternal effect and random effect of the maternal permanent environment. Compared to the TM, the LM provided lower coefficients of direct (0.25–0.29 versus 0.26–0.35) and maternal heritability (0.01–0.02 versus 0.03–0.05), repeatability (0.76–0.77 versus 0.78–0.83) and of the correlation between direct and maternal effects (−0.55 to −0.21 versus −0.80 to −0.27). In the tested models, no statistical significance was found for fixed regression of inbreeding coefficients or for the random effect of the permanent maternal environment. In spite of the similarity of the LM and TM results, the TM is recommended as the more suitable model for estimating genetic parameters and subsequent breeding values for HD in Labrador Retrievers in the Czech Republic.
Quantifying differences in total tract nutrient digestibilities between goats and sheep
Authors: Sales J. , Jančík F. , Homolka P. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryConclusions from narrative qualitative reviews on differences in total tract digestibilities between goats and sheep did not account for variability among studies. Therefore meta‐analytic techniques were used to describe the magnitude of these differences with numerical values. A unitless effect size (Hedges’ g) was applied within studies to measure differences in digestibilities of dry matter (DM; 104 comparisons), organic matter (OM; 93 comparisons), crude protein (CP; 85 comparisons), neutral detergent fibre (NDF; 74 comparisons), acid detergent fibre (ADF; 59 comparisons), cellulose (24 comparisons), hemicellulose (18 comparisons) and gross energy (GE; 29 comparisons). The absence and inability to describe independent factors which contributed to variation among studies necessitated the use of frequentist random effects and hierarchical Bayesian models in the calculation of summary statistics across studies. Digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF and hemicellulose were higher (p < 0.05) in goats than sheep when all‐forage diets were fed. When concentrates were included in the diets, there were no such differences. Differences between goats and sheep in DM intake were found to be non‐significant. Differences in nutrient digestibilities of forages as sole feed implies that species‐specific values have to be used in feed formulation and feeding strategies. However, caution is needed when extrapolating results from stall‐feeding, which is how digestibility data are usually measured, to grazing conditions.
Inflammation and wound healing in cats with chronic gingivitis/stomatitis after extraction of all premolars and molars were not affected by feeding of two diets with different omega‐6/omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios
Authors: Corbee R. J. , Booij‐Vrieling H. E. , van de Lest C. H. A. , Penning L. C. , Tryfonidou M. A. , Riemers F. M. , Hazewinkel H. A. W. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryFeline chronic gingivitis/stomatitis (FCGS) is a painful inflammatory disease in cats. Extraction of teeth, including all premolars and molars, has been shown to be the therapy of choice in cats not responding sufficiently to home care (e.g. tooth brushing) and/or medical treatment (corticosteroids and/or antibiotics). In this study, we hypothesize that a cat food with an omega‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω6 PUFA) to ω3 PUFA ratio of 10:1 reduces inflammation of the FCGS and accelerates soft tissue wound healing of the gingiva after dental extractions, compared to a cat food with a ω6:ω3 PUFA ratio of 40:1. The cats were fed diets with chicken fat and fish oil as sources of fatty acids. In one diet, part of the fish oil was replaced by safflower oil, resulting in two diets with ω6:ω3 PUFA ratios of 10:1 and 40:1. This double‐blinded study in two groups of seven cats revealed that dietary fatty acids influence the composition of plasma cholesteryl esters and plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines. The diet with the 10:1 ratio lowered PGD2, PGE2and LTB4plasma levels significantly, compared to the diet with the 40:1 ratio (p = 0.05, p = 0.04, and p = 0.02 respectively). However, feeding diets with dietary ω6:ω3 PUFA ratios of 10:1 and 40:1, given to cats with FCGS for 4 weeks after extraction of all premolars and molars, did not alter the degree of inflammation or wound healing.