bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Populism To Neoliberalism: Labor Unions and Market Reforms in Latin America
Authors: Murillo M. Victoria 
Published: June 2011

In the late 1980s, populist labor parties, which had advanced protectionism and state intervention in the postwar period, implemented market-oriented reforms in Argentina, Mexico, and Venezuela. In all three countries, market reforms hurt their union allies. The interaction between allied unions and governing labor parties, however, varied across countries and across sectors within the same country. While some unions endorsed neoliberal reforms, others rejected them despite their long-term alliance with governing parties. While some unions obtained concessions, others failed to do so.This article argues that the incentives created by partisan loyalties, partisan competition, and union competition explain these interactions. Partisan loyalty results from the long-term affiliation of unions with a political party. Partisan competition takes place among union leaders affiliated with different political parties for the control of unions. Union competition occurs in diverse national and sectoral contexts among labor organizations for the representation of the same workers. Loyalty derived from a long-term affiliation with the incumbent party facilitates collaboration between labor unions and the government. Yet, if partisan competition makes loyal union leaders afraid of being replaced by activists affiliated with the opposition parties, their incentives for militancy increase as a way of showing their responsiveness to the rank and file hurt by market reforms. Union competition for the representation of the same workers makes coordination more difficult, thereby weakening unions and making them less likely to obtain concessions from the government despite their partisan loyalty. The article presents empirical evidence from eighteen cases, including national confederations and individual unions in five economic sectors in Argentina, Mexico, and Venezuela to test this theory.
Against the Odds: Retrenchment in Agriculture in France and the United States
Authors: Coleman William D. , Atkinson Michael M. , Montpetit Éric 
Published: June 2011

This article extends recent work on a comparative theory of retrenchment in social policy by asking whether the politics of retrenchment travels well across policy areas, with policy feedback remaining a crucial variable for explaining government success or failure. The article analyzes policy change in agriculture in the United States and France, a natural choice for an extension of retrenchment theory because agricultural policy resembles social policy in some respects but also provides telling points of contrast. The article finds that the call for new theories focusing on retrenchment is justified: the politics of agricultural retrenchment differs from that of expansion, and success at retrenchment varies by program.The analysis shows, as well, that retrenchment has been significant both in the U.S. and in France and the European Union. Variations in policy feedback help explain why these policy changes occurred. Moreover, the France-U.S. comparison highlights how systemic institutional factors shape the politics of retrenchment. Finally, focusing on agriculture, a policy sector in which international developments have a greater direct importance than they do in social policy, the article identifies an additional systemic retrenchment strategy: constraining domestic programs through international agreements.
Winners Take All: The Politics of Partial Reform in Postcommunist Transitions
Authors: Hellman Joel S. 
Published: June 2011

Conventional models of the politics of economic reform tend to be based on an assumption about the costs and benefits of reform, known informally as the J-curve. Reforms are expected to make things worse before they get better. This presents a classic time inconsistency dilemma for reformist governments forced to demand severe sacrifices from the public in the short term for the mere promise of future gains. In response, political economy models of the reform process have tended to stress the importance of insulating governments from the pressures of the short-term losers until a sufficient constituency of winners has been created with a stake in supporting and enhancing the reforms.Based on evidence from the postcommunist transitions, this article suggests that the most serious political obstacles to the process of economic reform have come not from the short-term losers but from the shortterm winners. Groups that gain substantial rents from the early distortions of a partially reformed economy have a stake in maintaining a partial reform equilibrium that generates high private gains, but at a considerable social cost. In these countries, the main political challenge has been, not to marginalize the losers, but to restrain the winners. This explains the paradoxical outcome of the postcommunist transitions: that political systems which are more inclusive of the losers have been able to adopt and sustain more comprehensive economic reforms than states insulated from popular pressures.
Women in the Legislatures and Executives of the World: Knocking at the Highest Glass Ceiling
Authors: Reynolds Andrew 
Published: June 2011

This article reports the results of a survey of women in legislatures and executives around the world as they were constituted in 1998 (N = 180). The chief hypotheses regarding the factors hindering or facilitating women's access to political representation were tested by multivariate regression models. The regression models juxtaposed a cocktail of institutional, political, cultural, and socioeconomic variables with the following dependent variables: (1) the percentage of MPs who are women and (2) the percentage of cabinet ministers who are women.A number, although not all, of the cited hypotheses were statistically confirmed and more finely quantified. The socioeconomic development of women in society has an effect on the number of women in parliament but not in the cabinet. A country's length of experience with multipartyism and women's enfranchisement correlates with both the legislative and the executive percentage. Certain electoral systems are more women friendly than others. The ideological nature of the party system affects the number of women elected and chosen for cabinet posts. And last, the state's dominant religion, taken as a proxy for culture, also statistically relates to the number of women who will make it to high political office. However, other long-held hypotheses were not proved. The degree of democracy is not a good indicator of the percentage of women who will make it into the legislature or the cabinet, nor is the dichotomy between a presidential or parliamentary system.
Bowen’s formula for meromorphic functions
Authors: BARAŃSKI KRZYSZTOF , KARPIŃSKA BOGUSŁAWA , ZDUNIK ANNA 
Published: June 2011

AbstractLetfbe an arbitrary transcendental entire or meromorphic function in the class 𝒮 (i.e. with finitely many singularities). We show that the topological pressureP(f,t) fort>0 can be defined as the common value of the pressuresP(f,t,z) for allz∈ℂ up to a set of Hausdorff dimension zero. Moreover, we prove thatP(f,t) equals the supremum of the pressures off∣Xover all invariant hyperbolic subsetsXof the Julia set, and we prove Bowen’s formula forf, i.e. we show that the Hausdorff dimension of the radial Julia set offis equal to the infimum of the set oft, for whichP(f,t) is non-positive. Similar results hold for (non-exceptional) transcendental entire or meromorphic functionsfin the class ℬ (i.e. with a bounded set of singularities), for which the closure of the post-singular set does not contain the Julia set.
Markets in pre-industrial societies: storage in Hellenistic Babylonia in the medieval English mirror
Authors: van Leeuwen Bas , Földvári Peter , Pirngruber Reinhard 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAt least some ancient civilizations used various risk-management strategies to minimize price volatility. In this article, we examine one such strategy, grain storage, by means of a dataset recently made available that provides agricultural prices for Babylonia during the Late Achaemenid and Hellenistic periods (c.400–65 BCE). A comparative analysis of medieval England and Hellenistic Babylonia reveals a low level of inter-annual storage in both economies, and helps us to compare the costs and benefits in each society. Costs are largely equated with interest rates, and benefits with seasonal price changes. Unlike in England, Babylonia’s dual crop structure (barley and dates) reduced seasonality and thus the potential benefits of storage. There is no evidence, however, that storage costs – that is, interest rates – were likewise lower. This suggests that interest rates were primarily determined in the urban and commercial sectors, not the agricultural one. Consequently, measures of seasonal price changes in pre-modern economies may tell us relatively little about interest rates. While the McCloskey–Nash methodology may be helpful in analysing particular economies, it is perhaps of limited use for comparing them.
Transnational intellectual cooperation, the League of Nations, and the problem of order
Authors: Laqua Daniel 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis article examines the political and cultural contexts of the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation and the International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation. These two League of Nations bodies were charged with fostering international understanding through the promotion of educational, scientific, and cultural exchange. Whereas previous studies have revealed the institutional and diplomatic processes that shaped these bodies, the present article considers their intellectual genealogies and trajectories. Adopting a transnational perspective, it argues that the multi-layered quest for order is central to understanding intellectual cooperation in the interwar years. This concern was reflected in the role of cultural relations within the post-war order, and in the aim of strengthening intellectuals’ position in the social order (both through legal instruments and through new tools for ‘intellectual labour’).
Development advisors in a time of cold war and decolonization: the United Nations Technical Assistance Administration, 1950–59
Authors: Webster David 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe United Nations Technical Assistance Administration (TAA) was the world organization’s main body for development advice throughout the 1950s. In technical assistance, the UN found a global mission at a time when its peace and security functions seemed ineffective. Technical assistance experts preached the need for less developed countries to plan and modernize. This process has been studied with regard to American modernization theory, but the important role of the UN as an autonomous diplomatic actor has been less visible. The UN was a relatively acceptable source of technical assistance for many governments. Among them was Indonesia, which welcomed UN help for its State Planning Bureau. TAA aid to the Planning Bureau advanced the interests of both organizations but both failed to institutionalize themselves enough to survive the decade. Both, however, left important legacies: the TAA for UN development thinking, and the Planning Bureau for the Indonesian developmentalist state.
Elephants of south‐east Angola in war and peace: their decline, re‐colonization and recent status
Authors: Chase Michael J. , Griffin Curtice R. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAngola’s intermittent 27‐year civil war displaced over four million people and decimated wildlife populations. During the 1980s, African elephants (Loxodonta africana Blumenbach) in Angola drew international alarm with reports of 100,000 elephants killed. Luiana Partial Reserve (PR), a conservation area in south‐east Angola, was the military operations centre for UNITA (National Union for the Total Independence of Angola), which used elephant ivory to pay for arms and meat. However, the full impact of the civil war on elephants is uncertain because there are no reliable estimates of Angolan elephant populations. Following the end of the civil war in 2002, our three aerial surveys of Luiana PR indicated that elephant numbers are increasing rapidly, from 366 in January 2004 to 1827 in November 2005, and expanding their range in the Reserve. Concurrently, elephants tagged with satellite collars in northern Botswana and the Caprivi Strip, Namibia, moved into Luiana PR. To facilitate re‐colonization and conservation of elephants and other wildlife in Luiana PR, we recommend: (i) realignment of the veterinary fence on the Botswana–Namibia border; (ii) development of effective land use management and anti‐poaching programmes; (iii) clearing of landmines; (iv) designation of the Reserve a national park; and (v) development of ecotourism and community conservation programmes.
The role of mycophenolate mofetil in the management of autoimmune hepatitis and overlap syndromes
Authors: Baven‐Pronk A. M. C. , Coenraad M. J. , van Buuren H. R. , de Man R. A. , van Erpecum K. J. , Lamers M. M. H. , Drenth J. P. H. , van den Berg A. P. , Beuers U. H. , den Ouden J. , Koek G. H. , van Nieuwkerk C. M. J. , Bouma G. , Brouwer J. T. , van Hoek B. 
Published: June 2011

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34: 335–343SummaryBackground  Treatment failure occurs in 20% of autoimmune hepatitis patients on prednisolone and azathioprine (AZA). There is no established second line treatment.Aim  To assess the efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil as second line treatment after AZA‐intolerance or AZA‐nonresponse in autoimmune hepatitis and overlap syndromes.Methods  Consecutive patients from the Dutch Autoimmune Hepatitis Group cohort, consisting of 661 patients, with autoimmune hepatitis or overlap syndromes, AZA‐intolerance or AZA‐nonresponse and past or present use of mycophenolate mofetil were included. Primary endpoint of mycophenolate mofetil treatment was biochemical remission. Secondary endpoints were biochemical response (without remission), treatment failure and prevention of disease progression.Results  Forty‐five patients treated with mycophenolate mofetil were included. In autoimmune hepatitis remission or response was achieved in 13% and 27% in the AZA‐nonresponse group compared to 67% and 0% in the AZA‐intolerance group (P = 0.008). In overlap‐syndromes remission or response was reached in 57% and 14% in the AZA‐nonresponse group and 63% and 25% of the AZA‐intolerance group (N.S.); 33% had side effects and 13% discontinued mycophenolate mofetil. Overall 38% had treatment failure; this was 60% in the autoimmune hepatitis AZA‐nonresponse group. Decompensated liver cirrhosis, liver transplantations and death were only seen in the autoimmune hepatitis AZA‐nonresponse group (P < 0.001).Conclusions  Mycophenolate mofetil induced response or remission in a majority of patients with autoimmune hepatitis and azathioprine‐intolerance and with overlap syndromes, irrespective of intolerance or nonresponse for azathioprine. In autoimmune hepatitis with azathioprine nonresponse mycophenolate mofetil is less often effective.
Sleep behaviour in children with developmental co‐ordination disorder
Authors: Barnett A. L. , Wiggs L. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackground  Children with developmental co‐ordination disorder (DCD) experience significant difficulty in the performance of everyday movement skills in the absence of obvious neurological, sensory or intellectual impairment. They often underachieve academically and have higher rates of anxiety than their typically developing peers. Such factors are known to be associated with sleep problems in other clinical populations but the sleep patterns of children with DCD have not been examined. Information about the frequency and nature of sleep problems in DCD will aid our understanding of this developmental disorder. It may also be clinically helpful, alerting clinicians to potential difficulties so that these can be identified early and appropriate support offered.Objective  To examine sleep behaviour of children with DCD compared with typically developing control children.Methods  Two groups of 16 boys aged 8 to 12 years (M = 10.28, SD = 1.28) participated: (1) the DCD group had Movement ABC‐2 Checklist scores below the 5th percentile; (2) an age‐matched control group of typically developing children had Movement ABC‐2 Checklist scores above the 15th percentile. Parents of children from both groups completed the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire.Results & discussion  The total sleep disturbance score was significantly higher for children with DCD compared with the control group (U= 24, P < 0.001). Subscale scores indicated particular problems with bedtime resistance (U= 77.5, P < 0.05), parasomnias (U= 28.5, P < 0.001) and daytime sleepiness (U= 58.00, P < 0.01). There were no differences between the groups for sleep onset delay, sleep duration, night wakings and sleep‐disordered breathing. These preliminary results suggest that sleep patterns of children with DCD may be of clinical relevance and are worthy of further investigation.
Effect of drying and proline addition on aroma volatile compounds of acid‐hydrolysed rice bran protein concentrate
Authors: Kaewka Kunwadee , Therakulkait Chockchai , Cadwallader Keith R. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryRice bran protein concentrate (RBPc) was hydrolysed by 0.5 N aqueous HCl at 95 °C for 12 h. The liquid hydrolysate obtained was prepared as hydrolysate powder by spray drying. Aroma volatile compounds in liquid hydrolysate and its hydrolysate powder were tentatively identified by GC‐MS. Furfural and vanillin were found in both hydrolysates with high concentration, and vanillin showed the highest odour activity value. Hexanal was present in only liquid hydrolysate. Concentrations of carboxylic acids and heterocyclic compounds, especially 2‐methoxy‐6‐methylpyrazine, increased after drying. Amino acid composition of the hydrolysate powder showed high aspartic acid and glutamic acid. Aroma volatile compounds of hydrolysate powder prepared by the addition of proline at pH 6.0 (Pro6.0‐H) and pH 7.5 (Pro7.5‐H) before drying were investigated. Furaneol was found only in Pro6.0‐H, but it was not detected in Pro7.5‐H and hydrolysate powder without proline addition. Pro7.5‐H had higher furfural and vanillin concentrations than Pro6.0‐H.
Family carer personal concerns in Huntington disease
Authors: Williams Janet K. , Skirton Heather , Barnette James Jackson , Paulsen Jane S. 
Published: June 2011

williams j.k., skirton h., barnette j.j. & paulsen j.s. (2012) Family carer personal concerns in Huntington disease. Journal of Advanced Nursing68(1), 137–146.AbstractAim.  To examine and compare the personal concerns of family members providing care for people with Huntington disease in the United Kingdom and the United States.Background.  Family carers of people with Huntington disease may feel burdened by caregiving responsibilities and concerned about illness risk for relatives.Method.  A mailed personal concerns survey was completed by 108 United Kingdom and 119 United States adult family carers of people with Huntington disease in 2006 and 2007. Survey responses included frequency and intensity of concerns, and narrative comments. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics of the products of frequency and intensity of reaction scores to identify a personal concerns index for items with the twelve highest combined scores. Factor analysis identified three factors, which were compared between respondents by factor and items within factors using t tests mean frequency by intensity scores. Narrative comments were thematically analysed.Results.  Three main factors were labelled impact of role change, sense of isolation and concerns for children. Within the role change factor, United States family caregivers had significantly higher concerns about family finances and United Kingdom carers expressed significantly greater personal sadness. Both groups expressed concern about isolation from family. Although family carers in both countries expressed concern about their children, those of United States caregivers were significantly higher.Conclusion.  Further studies are required to identify benefits of support services that are specific to carer concerns and consistent with national healthcare systems.
Molecular biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in trace metal‐polluted soils
Authors: HASSAN SAAD EL DIN , BOON EVA , ST‐ARNAUD MARC , HIJRI MOHAMED 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe assessed the indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) community structure from the roots and associated soil of Plantago major (plantain) plants growing on sites polluted with trace metals (TM) and on unpolluted sites. Uncontaminated and TM‐contaminated sites containing As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sn and Zn were selected based on a survey of the TM concentration in soils of community gardens in the City of Montréal. Total genomic DNA was extracted directly from these samples. PCR followed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR‐DGGE), augmented by cloning and sequencing, as well as direct sequencing techniques, was all used to investigate AMF community structure. We found a decreased diversity of native AMF (assessed by the number of AMF ribotypes) in soils and plant roots harvested from TM‐polluted soils compared with unpolluted soils. We also found that community structure was modified by TM contamination. Various species of Glomus, Scutellospora aurigloba and S. calospora were the most abundant ribotypes detected in unpolluted soil; ribotypes of G. etunicatum, G. irregulare/G. intraradices and G. viscosum were found in both polluted and unpolluted soils, while ribotypes of G. mosseae and Glomus spp. (B9 and B13) were dominant in TM‐polluted soils. The predominance of G. mosseae in metal‐polluted sites suggests the tolerance of this species to TM stress, as well as its potential use for phytoremediation. These data are relevant for our understanding of how AMF microbial communities respond to natural environments that contain a broad variety of toxic inorganic compounds and will substantially expand our knowledge of AMF ecology and biodiversity.
First dengue virus detection inAedes albopictusfrom Delhi, India: Its breeding ecology and role in dengue transmission
Authors: Kumari Roop , Kumar Kaushal , Chauhan Lakhbir Singh 
Published: June 2011

SummaryObjective To report dengue virus and its disease transmission inAedes albopictusin the National Capital Territory of Delhi, India.Methods MonthlyAedessurveys were carried out in 126 urban localities of Delhi in 2008 and 2009. Pools of all three species ofAedesmosquitoes were tested for Dengue virus (DENV) using an antigen‐capture enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.Results Aedes aegyptiwas the most prevalent species, breeding throughout the year.Aedes albopictuswas found in 9.52% of surveyed localities including the central urban part of Delhi, in March and from August to October.Aedes albopictusandAedes vittatusare adapting to breed in manmade containers in the urban areas of Delhi in addition to their natural habitats of bamboo bushes and rock pits. Of the 229 pools ofAe. aegyptiand 34 pools ofAe. albopictustested, 10.5% and 11.76% were positive for dengue virus, respectively. No dengue virus infection was recorded inAe. vittatus.Conclusion This is the first report of dengue virus inAe. albopictusfrom north India. Because DENV was detected inAe. albopictus, which adapted to manmade containers, both its spread and transmission dynamics should be checked.