bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effectiveness of helmet wear in skiers and snowboarders: a systematic review
Authors: Cusimano Michael D , Kwok Judith 
Published: May 2010

ObjectiveTo summarise the best available evidence to determine the impact of helmet use on head injuries, neck injuries and cervical spine injuries in skiers and snowboarders.Data sourcesRelevant publications were identified through electronic searches of MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library databases (1966–2009) in addition to manual reference checks of all included articles.Review methods45 articles were identified through our systematic literature search. Of these, 10 studies met the inclusion criteria after two levels of screening. Two independent reviewers critically appraised the studies. Data were extracted on the primary outcomes of interest: head injury, neck injury and cervical spine injury. Studies were assessed for quality by the criteria of Downs and Black.ResultsStudies reviewed indicate that helmet wear reduces the risk of head injuries in skiing and snowboarding. Four case-control studies reported a reduction in the risk of head injury with helmet use ranging from 15% to 60%. Another cohort study found a significantly lower incidence of head injuries involving loss of consciousness in helmet users (p<0.05). The five remaining studies suggested a major protective effect of helmets by indicating that none or few of the head-injured and deceased participants wore a helmet.ConclusionsThere is strong evidence to support the protective value of helmets in reducing the risk of head injuries in skiing and snowboarding. There is no good evidence to support the claim that the use of helmets leads to an increase risk of cervical spine injuries or neck injuries.
Evaluating the effect of varying clutch frequency in nesting trend estimation of sea turtles
Authors: Matsinos Yiannis , Mazaris Antonios , Pantis John 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn sea turtle studies, population trend assessments are primarily based on monitoring of beach nesting. Annual nesting abundances are usually estimated by dividing the total number of nests laid during a season by the mean number of clutches deposited annually by nesting turtles, termed clutch frequency. The estimated numbers of annual nester are used for drawing population trends. In the present study, we evaluate the potential effect of individual variability in clutch frequency and successful nest construction, in estimating annual nesting abundance and nesting population trends. We estimate annual nesting abundance and trends by using constant values of clutch frequency. We further develop a stochastic model that simulates breeding performance as an individual based process to produce estimates of annual female abundances. As the next step, we draw population trends by using abundance estimates produced by the model. Our results indicate that nesting abundance estimations are highly affected by stochasticity in nesting behavior. Long term nesting population trends followed annual fluctuations in nester abundance, leading to a great variability in the produced patterns. Our results indicate that population trend estimations which are based on observed numbers of females nesting annually and mean values of clutch frequency are unreliable due to the exclusion of stochastic events that increment nesting performance, thus should be viewed with increased caution. We conclude that more data are needed to be collected in order to produce accurate estimates of sea turtle nesting population tends.
Tandem evolution of diet and chemosensory responses in snakes
Authors: Cooper William 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAdaptations to foraging requirements have molded sensory capacities of animals in intriguing and sometimes spectacular ways, including evolution of echolocation by bats and infrared detection by pitvipers, as well as of location of prey using lingually sampled chemical cues by actively foraging lizards. Among snakes, specialized diets and geographic differences in diets have evolved many times. Because snakes identify prey by vomerolfactory analysis of chemicals sampled by tongue-flicking, it may be predicted that responsiveness to lingually sampled chemical cues corresponds to diet: It should be much stronger to prey included in than excluded from specialized diets and should covary with geographic dietary differences in prey generalists. Breeding studies in Thamnophis elegans showed that greater responsiveness to local prey in populations having geographically variable diets has a heritable component. Whether strong chemosensory response evolves to match current diet has not been established for snakes using the comparative method. For all paired comparisons of dietary change now available, chemosensory behavior changed so that strongest responses were limited to cues from the current prey. Because diets were specialized and snakes were ingestively naive hatchlings in almost all comparisons, the basis for observed relationships is innate rather than experiential. Snake chemosensory responses have evolved to match current diets.
Habitat features affecting the small-scale distribution and longitudinal migration patterns of Calotriton asper in a Pre-Pyrenean population
Authors: Montori Albert , Llorente Gustavo , Richter-Boix Àlex 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe longitudinal movements and abiotic factors that determine the distribution of Pyrenean mountain newts (males, females, amplexus and metamorphic newts) were examined in a 1500 meters segment of a Pre-Pyrenean stream. Migration of adult newts was studied by means of capture-recapture techniques in the course of one year. Our results indicate that the mean distance the newts migrated per year was less than 50 meters and the population could be considered sedentary. No significant differences in longitudinal movement patterns between the sexes were observed, and movement patterns were more or less constant over time. Habitat variables determining newt abundance was estimated by means of a GLM. Our results indicate that the number of refugia (wood debris, stones and fissures) determines the distribution of newts. Larval abundance was correlated with stream-bed structure.
Tupinambine teiids from the middle Miocene of north-western Patagonia (Argentina)
Authors: Brizuela Santiago , Albino Adriana María 
Published: May 2010

AbstractRemains of teiids assignable to the Tupinambinae (Tupinambis sp. or Crocodilurus sp.) are here described from the middle Miocene Collón Curá Formation at Cañadón del Tordillo, in Neuquén province, Argentina. No tupinambine species presently inhabits the region of the fossil locality. The fossils represent the westernmost distribution of fossil tupinambine teiids in Patagonia, enlarging the known geographical distribution of the teiids through the Miocene in a longitudinal range. Also, they constitute the first record of lizards from the Colloncuran SALMA, partially filling the record of tupinambine teiids for the South American Miocene.
Modelling the distribution of the Boid snakes, Epicrates cenchria alvarezi and Boa constrictor occidentalis in the Gran Chaco (South America)
Authors: Di Cola Valeria , Cardozo Gabriela , Lanfri Mario , Scavuzzo Carlos Marcelo , Chiaraviglio Margarita 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe viviparous snake species Epicrates cenchria alvarezi and Boa constrictor occidentalis inhabit the Gran Chaco region of South America. Ecological factors determining their distribution are poorly known. GIS-based modelling of a species' environmental requirements using occurrence records provides essential information of the species' distribution. We modelled the geographical distribution of E. c. alvarezi and B. c. occidentalis in the Gran Chaco and analyzed the degree to which their distribution is associated with different environmental variables (precipitation, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), land surface temperature and altitude) using Logistic Regression Analysis. We found that E. c. alvarezi and B. c. occidentalis would be more frequent in areas with high levels of NDVI (positive relationship with NDVI1), with low levels of precipitation (negative relationship with PRE1) and with lower altitude (negative relationship with ALT). However, the analysis also revealed specific differences in the environmental requirements of the snakes, showing that B. c. occidentalis is more frequent than E. c. alvarezi at sites with higher levels of NDVI. Additionally, E. c. alvarezi is more frequent at sites with lower temperatures in the dry season. The maps obtained show that both are highly likely to be present in the Dry subregion of the Gran Chaco. The results of the present study can be an important contribution to a better understanding of the ecological requirements of the species and of the impact of global environmental change on its distribution.
Habitat use by chameleons in a deciduous forest in western Madagascar
Authors: Soazandry Mathilde , Razafimahatratra Bertrand , Randrianantoandro Christian , Jenkins Richard , Ratsimbazafy Jonah 
Published: May 2010

AbstractInformation on the distribution and abundance of chameleons in Madagascar is required to develop conservation plans that integrate protected area management and sustainable use. We surveyed chameleons in eight sites in deciduous forest in Menabe, western Madagascar. Brookesia brygooi was the most frequently detected species, with a population density of 35 ha–1. Furcifer species were less common, with calculated densities of 7.2 ha–1 (F. labordi), 3.0 ha–1 (Furcifer sp.) and 1.3 ha–1 (F. oustaleti). Chameleon abundance varied according to altitude (B. brygooi) and no clear effect from logging was detected (all species). A lack of information on chameleon diurnal habitat requirements impedes a fuller assessment of the extent to which these species are tolerant to forest degradation. There were interspecific differences in the height of nocturnal perches and additional studies are needed to determine whether these are related to diurnal resource partitioning. Furcifer labordi and Furcifer sp. are of conservation concern because they are restricted to native forests in western Madagascar.
Movements of Alpine newts (Mesotriton alpestris) between small aquatic habitats (ruts) during the breeding season
Authors: Kopecký Oldřich , Denoël Mathieu , Vojar Jiří 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMany species with complex life cycles, such as caudate amphibians, migrate from terrestrial to aquatic habitats for reproduction. However, movements between reproductive ponds within a breeding season have rarely been studied and are usually considered to be limited. Our aim was to determine whether this pattern occurs frequently in Alpine newts (Mesotriton alpestris) inhabiting complexes of small ruts on muddy forest tracks. We analysed capture-recapture data for individually marked newts as a function of locality, sex, body condition and hydroperiod throughout the breeding season. More than one third of the newts changed their ruts. Movements occurred more often towards ruts that did not dry during the breeding season. The body condition of males that changed ponds (but not that of females) was higher compared to that of resident newts in one of the studied populations. The relatively high frequency of movements between ruts can be seen as an adaptive strategy in unpredictable habitats which have a high probability of drying. The promiscuous pattern of newts also favours low site tenacity, because few sexual partners are available in each rut. Because of the broad occurrence of this kind of habitat, future studies should take into account these movements to better understand newt population dynamics and how to apply adequate conservation measures.
Discordance between ventral colour and mtDNA haplotype in the water frog Rana (ridibunda) caralitana, 1988 Arıkan
Authors: Akın Çiğdem , Bilgin C. Can , Bilgin Metin 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe water frog form caralitana was first described as a subspecies of Rana ridibunda by Arıkan (1988) from southwestern Turkey. Its orange ventral colour has been used as a diagnostic character since its description. After testing for a correlation between body size and ventral colour, we compared mtDNA and venter colour of adult specimens from 27 localities to assess the validity of this character for systematics of Anatolian water frogs. We mapped the distribution of each category and tested whether there is concordance between mtDNA haplotype and ventral colour of sampled individuals at the watershed level. Furthermore, we analyzed relationships between ventral colour and altitude. Size and ventral colouration were found to be significantly correlated. The distribution of orange ventral colour exhibited a complex clinal variation especially west of the Lake District where different coloured individuals are seen syntopically. In other regions, there were abrupt changes, presumably because of geographic barriers such as mountains. Our results indicate that although there is significant concordance between caralitana-specific mtDNA and orange venter colour, there are certain watersheds where the majority of sampled individuals exhibits discordance in mtDNA and ventral colouration. In all periphery regions, some degree of genetic introgression is indicated. These patterns clearly indicate gene flow between the caralitana lineage and non-caralitana lineages and is supported by lack of evidence for habitat-specific selection, the assignment of individuals from the same population into distinct clades, and the occurrence of an intermediate character between different forms in transition zones.
Distribution and morphological variation of Vipera berus nikolskii Vedmederja, Grubant et Rudaeva, 1986 in Western Ukraine, The Republic of Moldova and Romania
Authors: Ţurcanu Vladimir , Zinenko Oleksandr , Strugariu Alexandru 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMorphological variation of vipers of the Vipera berus complex in Eastern Romania, the Republic of Moldova and Western and Central Ukraine was studied using multivariate statistics. Discriminant analysis, based on ten meristic characters in 89.7% of cases (males) and in 92.0% cases (females), was able to separate reference samples of subspecies Vipera berus berus and Vipera berus nikolskii and was conducted to classify snakes from the studied territory. According to these results, V. b. nikolskii inhabits the broad-leaved forests in the forest-steppe zone in the Republic of Moldova, the hilly part of Eastern Romania and Central Ukraine. Specimens from a contact zone between V. b. berus and V. b. nikolskii have intermediate morphology and, thus, could represent the result of introgression. Populations of the Nikolsky's viper from the western part of its range combine high level of morphological differentiation from V. b. berus with the presence of non-black specimens and even include populations without melanistic specimens, previously thought not to occur in this taxon. A morphological description of the largest samples is given and determination of V. b. nikolskii is discussed.
Genetic characterization of loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) individuals stranded and caught as bycatch from the North-Central Adriatic Sea
Authors: Tinti Fausto , Caputo Vincenzo , Franzellitti Silvia , Cerioni Paola Nisi , Vallini Carola , Giovannotti Massimo , Fabbri Elena , Guccione Sergio 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe North Adriatic Sea is considered a critical feeding and developmental area for Mediterranean loggerhead turtles. In this study, a comparative analysis of mitochondrial DNA control region sequences was carried out on sixty-five loggerhead individuals stranded and caught as bycatch in the Adriatic Sea from 1999 to 2002. We demonstrated the existence of genetic relationships between the North-Central Adriatic (NCA) aggregate and the Central-Eastern Mediterranean rookeries. Short-range and long-range migrations towards the Adriatic Sea were hypothesized by the finding of individuals bearing haplotypes endemic to the nesting populations of Greece and Turkey. The occurrence of individuals belonging to dimensional classes from juveniles to mature adults strongly support both the feeding and developmental role of the NCA.
Modelling suitable areas for Hyla meridionalis under current and future hypothetical expansion scenarios
Authors: Sillero Neftalí 
Published: May 2010

AbstractNew records of the frog Hyla meridionalis have been reported on the Iberian Central mountain range, although it is not clear if those records correspond to an expansion process or to a lack of sampling. The species' global distribution was modelled to identify possible areas of expansion in the current environment and in a near future environment. To verify the effects of modelling a dynamic situation, the hypothetical expansion process from south to north was simulated in the current scenario. The species records were partitioned in four different datasets and modelled iteratively over a study area enclosing all records: records only from North Africa, from North Africa and South Iberian Peninsula, from North Africa and all the Iberian Peninsula, and from the entire distribution. The complete dataset was also used to extrapolate the model to a current and future global environmental scenarios. The models were compared by subtraction per pairs and by Cohen's Kappa. No spatio-temporal trends were detected in species records; therefore, the hypothesis of a recent expansion is nor supported. The species spread only to the Mediterranean part of the Iberian Peninsula when modelling only with African records, and to Europe when modelling also with Iberian records. The extrapolation models were moderately similar: large suitable areas were predicted in all the continents. Temperature variables contributed more to models. The species can expand to new suitable areas, although it is not possible to know if it would expand outside the biogeographical regions where the species is present.
Intraoperative Intracranial Angiography
Authors: Smith Randall W. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Forty-one intraoperative angiograms were performed on 39 patients undergoing surgical therapy for aneurysms or excision of deep arteriovenous malformations. Good quality radiographs were produced in each case using commonly available equipment. One nonfatal stroke syndrome was the only serious complication possibly attributable to these angiograms. The techniques of opacifying the anterior and posterior intracranial circulations are described and the value of angiography in the intraoperative situation is discussed.
The Microsurgical Anatomy of the Basilar Artery Bifurcation
Authors: Grand Walter , Hopkins L.N. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The vascular microsurgical anatomy in the area of the basilar artery bifurcation is described in 30 autopsy dissections. Particular emphasis is placed on variations of the posterior thalamoperforators and their relation to the proximal posterior cerebral artery and basilar bifurcation.
Diaphragm Pacing as an Adjunct in Respiratory Insufficiency
Authors: Young Ronald F. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Most neurosurgical patients with permanent partial or complete respiratory insufficiency are managed with a mechanical ventilator and tracheostomy. This method presents many medical, technical, emotional, and social problems. A case report is presented that illustrates the potential usefulness of electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerve (“diaphragm pacing”) as an alternate method of therapy for respiratory insufficiency. This paper outlines the indications for, methods of, and problems with such a system and is intended to make its availability more widely appreciated among neurosurgeons.
Surgical Management of Unilateral and Bilateral Coronal Craniosynostosis
Authors: Mohr Gerard , Hoffman Harold J. , Munro Ian R. , Hendrick E. Bruce , Humphreys Robin P. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
From 1955 to 1975, 116 patients with unilateral and bilateral coronal synostosis, including 39 with craniofacial dysmorphism, were treated surgically. Five techniques were used: multiple linear craniectomies, linear craniectomies with supraorbital grafting, morcellation craniotomies, lateral canthal advancement of the supraorbital margin, and radical cranio-orbitofacial reconstruction. Analysis of clinical and radiological indices of the synostotic process, coupled with evaluation of the surgical results, indicates that the anterior skull base is the site of origin of the bony dysplasia. Therefore, early creation of artificial sutures in the skull base is recommended to provide adequate expansion of the frontal bones and consequently of the entire facial skeleton.
Fluorometric Monitoring of NADH Levels in Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Van Buren J.M. , Lewis D.V. , Schuette W.H. , Whitehouse W.C. , Marsan C. Ajmone 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
In 14 patients operated upon for focal cerebral seizures under local anesthesia, cortical electrical activity was compared with the levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) observed fluorometrically. NADH levels fell 3 to 15% in response to 5-second intervals of cortical stimulation in 42 of 70 observations. Although a rough correlation was seen between the quantity of current delivered (milliamperes × seconds) and the NADH decrease, this varied from case to case. The presence of cortical afterdischarge often, but not invariably, corresponded to a greater percentage of change in the NADH levels. Averaging the NADH response to sporadic interictal epileptiform discharges failed to demonstrate concomitant NADH reductions. A similar lack of change was seen in four patients in whom low frequency spike foci were induced by topically applied penicillin in cortex destined for excision. Preliminary studies of the topography of spread of NADH change after cortical stimulation indicate that this is usually asymmetrical in human epileptogenic cortex. Under experimental conditions in cats, it seemed possible to differentiate primary from projected epileptiform activity, in that the projected activity had little or no concomitant fall in the NADH level after the electrographic spike. Pathological examination of the excised sites of NADH recording showed, with one exception, fibrous astrocytic transformation of the central cortex layers.
Cerebral Revascularization
Authors: Story Jim L. , Brown Willis E. , Eidelberg Eduardo , Arom Kit V. , Stewart James R. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
A right common carotid to distal middle cerebral artery bypass utilizing a saphenous vein graft was performed in a patient with episodic cerebral ischemia and reversible ischemic neurological deficit. The patient was relieved of his symptoms, and there was improved motor function in the left hand. Postoperative angiography revealed flow through the graft with excellent filling of the middle cerebral circulation, both retrograde and antegrade. This bypass procedure provided an immediate source of high volume blood flow and thereby provided immediate protection to the hemisphere.
Intracranial Vascular Complications of Choriocarcinoma
Authors: Weir Bryce , MacDonald Neil , Mielke Bruce 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Choriocarcinoma is the most malignant of the tumors of chorionic tissue that (most commonly) arise from fetal tissues and invade the maternal vasculature. Two cases of choriocarcinoma are presented. One patient had a suprasellar mass in conjunction with a neoplastic carotid-cavernous fistula. The mass and the fistula disappeared after apparently successful radiation therapy and chemotherapy. The second patient had a ruptured arterial aneurysm associated with an intracerebral hematoma treated by evacuation of the hematoma and resection of the aneurysm. The vascular complications of this tumor are reviewed, and a management plan is suggested.