bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Composition and interfacial properties of casein micelle fractions
Authors: Britten Michel , Boulet Marcel , Paquin Paul 
Published: June 2009

SummaryCasein micelles in a reconstituted bovine skim milk were dissociated by dialysing them against various concentrations of EDTA. Gel chromatography showed a gradual but limited dissociation when micellar Ca was chelated and two main fractions were isolated. Monolayer technique and gel electrophoresis were used to characterize the interfacial properties and composition of the fractions. The first fraction contained highly cohesive complexes that did not unfold at the air-water interface. From π-Aisotherms the close-packing area (A0) was 0·08 m2mg-1and was related to an average particle diameter of 9·1 nm. κ-Casein was concentrated in this fraction in an equimolar ratio with β-caseins and a variable ratio with αs-casein (0·55–1·10). These particles are thought to represent submicelles. The complexes of the second fraction were easily disrupted and spread out at the interface like casein monomers, with a close-packing area of 1·05 m2mg-1. Two different complexes were identified in this last fraction. One of them contained an approximately equimolar ratio of αs- and β-caseins, and the other was composed exclusively of αs-casein. The results are discussed in relation to casein interactions leading to micelle formation.
Determination of gradient elution conditions for the separation of peptide mixtures by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography: bovine β-casein tryptic digest
Authors: Carles Christophe , Ribadeau-Dumas Bruno 
Published: June 2009

SummaryTaking as an example a tryptic hydrolysate of bovine β-casein, it was shown that the method used for the determination of optimal elution conditions for isocratic systems also applied to the separation of complex peptide mixtures by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with linear gradients. Using a C18 column and the same solvents, successive studies of the influence of flow rate, pH and temperature allowed a satisfactory separation of the sample in less than 30 min. Valuable information on the specificity of the action of trypsin on β-casein was deduced from the yield of the eluted peptides.
Influence of mastitis on growth of starter organisms used for the manufacture of fermented milks
Authors: Okello-Uma I. , Marshall Valerie M. E. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe effect of milk containing increased somatic cells on the starter organismsStreptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricusandL. acidophiluswas examined. Increased somatic cell count resulted in stimulation ofStr. thermophilusowing to increased proteolysis, but inhibition ofL. acidophilusas a consequence of increased phagocytic activity of the polymorphonuclear leucocytes
Deposit formation on heated surfaces: effect of interface energetics
Authors: Britten Michel , Green Margaret L. , Boulet Marcel , Paquin Paul 
Published: June 2009

SummaryDeposit formation was measured in a model laboratory plant in which whole milk was in contact with a heated surface at 100 °C for 1 h. The effect of the interfacial properties of various poly mer-coated surfaces on the amount and the adhesion strength of deposit was determined. The nature of the surface influenced the formation of deposit only slightly, but had a large effect on its adhesion strength. From correlation analysis, the polar contribution to surface energywas identified as the main factor influencing the deposit adhesion strength. These results suggest that the type of interactions at the surface govern the ease of removal of deposit.
Assessment of different selective agar media for enumeration and isolation ofListeriafrom dairy products
Authors: Dominguez Lucas , Fernández José Francisco , Briones Victor , Blanco José Luis , Suárez Guillermo 
Published: June 2009

SummaryDifferent selective agar media were compared for the recovery and isolation of five species ofListeriafrom raw milk and cheese. The selective media examined were Beerens medium, MacBride medium and that described by Dominguezet al.(1984) with 6 mg/1 acriflavine, listeria selective agar medium (LSAM), and LSAM with 12 mg/1 acriflavine (LSAM × 2A); a non-selective yeast glucose Lemco agar was included for comparison. When the difference between listeria and the natural microflora of raw milk and cheese was 102cfu/ml, listeria could be isolated by direct plating on all media tested. When it was lower than 103–104cfu/ml, listeria were isolated by direct plating only on LSAM and LSAM × 2A. When the difference was greater than 104cfu/ml, a previous enrichment was necessary to isolate them. LSAM and LSAM × 2A media performed better than the other media tested for isolating listeria by direct plating and improved their isolation from dairy products. This superior performance was evaluated by the ability of these media to support colony formation of different species ofListeriatested, the easy recognition of these colonies from those formed by other microorganisms and by their capacity to inhibit the natural microflora of these foods.
Patterns of intramammary infection and clinical mastitis over a 5 year period in a closely monitored herd applying mastitis control measures
Authors: Hillerton J. Eric , Bramley A. John , Staker R. Tim , McKinnon Charles H. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe udder health of a research herd of between 160 and 220 Friesian cows run on a commercial basis has been monitored closely, including detailed bacteriological study, over 5 years. The five point mastitis control plan had been in use for several years prior to this study and was continued with minor alterations to the management of the plan, more detailed bacteriological monitoring and increased encouragement to apply it. It has proved possible to make a substantial improvement in the udder health of the herd. The percentage of infected cows fell from 21·9 to 12·0 and the percentage of infected quarters from 7·3 to 3·3. The main benefit has been a drastic reduction in the rate of clinical and subclinical mastitis caused by coagulase-positive staphylococci. However the total incidence of clinical mastitis did not change substantially, averaging around 30 cases/100 cows per year. This was largely because environmental mastitis organisms were responsible for 65 % of all clinical cases. The results showed marked differences in the patterns of infection due to the environmental mastitis pathogens, Gram-negative bacteria and aesculin-hydrolysing streptococci, suggesting different mechanisms of invasion of the gland.
Inhibition of the proteinase activity in mastitic milk
Authors: Fang Weihuan , Sandholm Markus 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe antiproteolytic activity of selected proteinase inhibitors was studied in mastitic bovine milk and urokinase-activated normal milk using a caseolytic agar diffusion assay. The inhibition profiles of mastitic milk and urokinase-activated milk were compared with those of purified proteinases. The proteinase inhibition profile of mastitic milk did not resemble that of any of the pure proteinases, indicating a mixed type of proteinase system in mastitic milk. The trypanocidals diminazene (equivalent to Berenil®) and pentamidine (equivalent to Lomidine®), together with aprotinin (Trasylol®), showed most promise when considering possible applications in mastitis to break up the proteolytic cascade within the inflamed udder.
Discrete phosphorylation generates the electrophoretic heterogeneity of ovine β-casein
Authors: Chianese Lina , Garro Giuseppina , Ferranti Pasquale , Malorni Antonio , Addeo Francesco , Rabasco Araceli , Pons Pilar Molina 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYThe heterogeneity of ovine β-casein, apparent after discontinuous gel electrophoresis at alkaline pH and gel isoelectric focusing either by staining with Coomassie blue or immunoblotting, was investigated in detail. Electrospray mass spectrometry was used to characterize ovine casein by direct examination of whole casein samples. β-Casein in individual milks consisted of several components which were characterized through the accurate determination of their molecular masses. It was demonstrated that protein species occurring simultaneously in individual ovine milks differed mainly in the number of phosphate groups.
Testing the Elasticity of Corporate Yield Spreads
Authors: Jacoby Gady , Liao Rose C. , Batten Jonathan A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWhat drives the compensation demanded by investors in risky bonds? Longstaff and Schwartz (1995) predict that one key factor is the time-varying negative correlation between interest rates and the yield spreads on corporate bonds. However, the effects of callability and taxes also need to be considered in empirical analyses. Canadian bonds have no tax effects, yet, after controlling for callability, the correlation between riskless interest rates and corporate bond spreads remains negligible. Our results provide support for reduced-form models that explicitly define a default hazard process and untie the relation between the firm’s asset value and default probability.
Relationships of Some Species of Digenea with the Marine Prosobranch Littorina littorea (L.) III. The Effect of Larval Digenea on the Glycogen content of the Digestive Gland and Foot of L. littorea
Authors: Robson E. M. , Williams I. C. 
Published: June 2009

Summary1. Individual chemical estimations of the glycogen concentration of the digestive gland and the foot were made on 272 uninfected L. littorea and 395 L. littorea infected with larval Digenea from Scalby Rocks, North Yorkshire, during the period from September 1966 to November 1967.2. The glycogen concentrations of the digestive gland and the foot of both infected and uninfected L. littorea showed pronounced seasonal changes, being highest during the autumn and lowest in the spring. Infected L. littorea had less glycogen in the digestive gland and foot than had uninfected L. littorea, and the amount of reduction was characteristic for each of the three species studied, namely Cryptocotyle lingua, Renicola roscovita and H. leptosoma. Infection with C. lingua caused greater decrease in the glycogen concentration of the digestive gland, while infection with R. roscovita had a more marked effect on the foot. The effect of infection with H. leptosoma and with concurrent infections with two species are described and considered.3. The seasonal changes in the amount of glycogen in the digestive gland and the foot of uninfected and infected L. liitorea are considered in relation to seasonal reproductive changes and the ecology of the host at Scalby Rocks.
Gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematode infections decrease goat productivity in Moroccan semi-arid conditions
Authors: Berrag B. , Cabaret J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA herd of goats naturally infected with lungworm and gastrointestinal nematodes was divided into three groups and treated with either morantel tartrate or fenbendazole at strategic periods, i.e. in June (at pre-mating), in November (at pre-kidding) and in January (at early lactation) or left untreated. Morantel tartrate treatment (8mg kg−1) was efficient in reducing the gastrointestinal nematode egg output and fenbendazole treatment (15 mg kg−1) was efficient in reducing the gastrointestinal nematode egg and small lungworm larvae faecal output. Reductions in mortality of adult goats and their progeny and improvement of rearing percentages were recorded in both treated groups, with fenbendazole showing a greater response than morantel tartrate. A relative risk analysis showed that mortality in goats and kids was significantly reduced in treated kids and goats. Reduction of 6.6% in kidding rates, 0.21 in prolificacy, and an increase of 1.3 in abortion rates, 8.3% in kid and 2.2% in goat mortalities, could be attributable to the small lungworm infection. Small lungworm infections seem therefore to be one of the main causes of indirect kid mortality and inadequate breeding performance of goats in the semi-arid Middle Atlas region of Morocco.
Maintenance of Helisoma trivolvis naturally infected with Echinostoma trivolvis in spring water at 4°C for 300 days
Authors: Schmidt K.A. , Fried B. , Reddy A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractHelisoma trivolvis (Pennsylvania strain) snails naturally infected with Echinostoma trivolvis larvae were maintained for 10 months (300 days) at 4°C in artificial spring water to determine the effects of storage on parasite survival. Three of 20 snails were alive at 10 months and when isolated in spring water at 22−24°C released active cercariae. The mean number of cercariae released in 2 h from each stored snail was significantly less than that from freshly collected snails. Infectivity of cercariae from stored hosts to experimentally infected, laboratory-raised Helisoma trivolvis (Colorado strain) snails was significantly less than that of cercariae from fresh hosts based on cyst recoveries in the Colorado strain of H. trivolvis within 24 h p.i. There was no significant difference in the redial number or the number of cercariae per redia in stored versus fresh snails. In conclusion, some reduction in cercarial emergence and decrease in cercarial infectivity to a second intermediate snail host occurred following storage of H. trivolvis naturally infected with E. trivolvis in ASW at 4°C for 10 months.
Detection of antibodies toAnisakis simplexlarvae by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoelectrophoresis using crude or purified antigens
Authors: Ramos R. Gutiérrez , Tsuji M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) were used for the serodiagnosis of larvalAnisakis simplexinfections in man and immunized rabbits. Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration was used for separating crude antigen. Four fractions were obtained. Sera from patients with other helminth infections sometimes cross reacted withAnisakislarval antigens. With IEP, crude antigen is more sensitive than purified antigens. With ELISA, the third fraction is the most sensitive for detecting antibodies toAnisakislarvae in the sera of humans and immunized rabbits.
Studies on the Epizootiology of Neoascaris vitulorum in Nigeria
Authors: Enyenihi Ulo K. 
Published: June 2009

1. The effect of relative humidity on the survival and development of Neoascaris vitulorum eggs to the infective stage is described.2. Tables showing the percentages of eggs at different stages of development and dead eggs at weekly interval for two different sizes of faecal masses are constructed and the results discussed.3. Detailed weather graphs showing daily rainfall, average daily relative humidity and evapotranspiration for Ibadan and Obudu during the rainy season of 1964 are constructed and the effect of the weather on survival of Neoascans vitulorum eggs in pasture at these places is discussed.4. The minimum relative humidity for the survival and development of Neoascaris vitulorum eggs to the infective stage is found to be 80%. The period of survival of eggs in a dry atmosphere depends on the size of the faecal mass containing the eggs. The critical relative humidity for Neoascaris vitulorum eggs is compared with values for other ascarids of domestic animals.
A Technique for Obtaining Axenic Cultures of Rhabditid Nematodes
Authors: Nicholas W. L. , McEntegart M. G. 
Published: June 2009

Two methods of setting up axenic cultures of several species of Rhabditinae are described. Both methods depend on the killing and superficial sterilisation of gravid females with a chemcal steriliising agent, and their transferance to an innocuous medium containing antibiotics. The young worms which hatch from the eggs contained in the dead female worms are then collected aseptically. In one method merthiolate is used as a sterilising agent and in the other hydrogen peroxide.The effectiveness of both methods in freeing the young worms from contaminating micro-organisms has been evaluated by inoculating standard bacteriological culture media with the worms.Starting with such young worms, bacteria-free cultures have been set up using media previously described by Dougherty and his coworkers for the cultivation of free-living nematodes.
Two Kidney-Flukes from Sudanese Birds, with a Description of a New Species
Authors: Wright C. A. 
Published: June 2009

1. Ignavia venusta de Freitas is recorded from the kidneys of two Fish-eagles (Cuncuma vocifer) and a Goliath heron (Ardea goliath) from the Southern Sudan.2. Ignavia is regarded as a valid genus and to it is transferred Allechinostomum renale Yeh, 1954.3. Ignavia inops de Freitas (= Echinostomum sp.inq. Dietz, 1910) probably does not belong to the genus Ignavia or even to the subfamily Echinochasminae.4. A new species of Renicola is described from the kidney of the Goliath heron and is named R. goliath.5. The affinities of R. goliath are discussed and R. brantae McIntosh and Farr, 1952 is figured.6. The significance of the occurrence of these two flukes in the Southern Sudan is discussed.
On Brachylaemus (Trematoda) from Marsupials
Authors: Sandars Dorothea F. 
Published: June 2009

Brachylaemus dasyuri (Johnston, 1912) is recorded from Thylacis obesulus (Shaw & Nodder, 1797) from Queensland. It is redescribed and Brachylaemus simile (Johnston, 1912) is confirmed to be a synonym.A review is made of the species of Brachylaemus recorded from American and Australian marsupials. It seems probable that they have arisen from a common ancestral type parasite in an ancestral marsupial.
Studies on the mechanism of long term survival ofTaenia taeniaeformisin rats
Authors: Kwa B. H. , Liew F. Y. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTAn attempt was made to determine if blocking antibody is involved in protecting cysticerci ofTaenia taeniaeformisagainst a host immune response. Immunoflourescence microscopy confirmed that host antibody is present on the parasite surface within the capsule. To test if the larvae can still survive after such a coat of blocking antibody is removed, the larvae were trypsinised and then implanted into recipients. The results indicate that blocking antibody could be involved in the survival of 1 year old established larvae. Untrypsinised larvae were normal 14 days after implantation into control or immunised rats. Trypsinised larvae implanted in control rats were alive but showed on intense cell adherence on their surface. On the other hand, trypsinised larvae implanted into immunised rats were dead and completely encapsulated. However, experiments with 1 month old larvae were inconclusive.
The influence of physical factors on the behaviour and infectivity of miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium. III. Effect of contact time and dispersion in static and flowing waters
Authors: James C. , Prah S. K. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe scanning and infective capacity of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium miracidia were tested under limited exposure times in small volumes of water, and under increasing mutual dispersion in vessels of different sizes also over increasing horizontal distances, and under different flow rates of water. It was found that the miracidia of both species retained their infective capacity for up to 1 hour in the presence of susceptible snails. The infection rates decreased with decreasing miracidial densities but was still over 50% at 0.4–0.8 miracidia per litre. Both species of miracidia produced high (36–44%) infection rates in host snails situated at a distance of 5 m and equally high infection rates (39–40%) in snails placed in water flowing at a rate of 12–15 cm/sec.The application of any of these physical factors in the control of schistosomiasis is discussed.
Revision of the genus Paracooperia Travassos, 1935 (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae)
Authors: Gibbons Lynda M. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTOnly five of the eight species assigned to the genus Paracooperia are considered valid and are redescribed. P. petrowi Memmedov, 1961 and P. indiana Ali and Deshpande, 1970 are considered synonyms of P. nodulosa (Schwartz, 1928) Travassos, 1937 and the synonymy of P. matoffi Le Roux, 1950 with P. nodulosa is confirmed. A key to the species of the genus is given and their hosts and geographical localities are listed.
Ascaridoid nematodes of amphibians and reptiles: Gedoelstascaris n.g. and Ortleppascaris n.g.
Authors: Sprent J. F. A. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTTwo new genera, Gedoelstascarisand Ortleppascaris, are proposed for species of ascaridoid nematodes occurring in crocodilians and previously included in Dujardinascaris. Species included in Gedoelstascaris are vandenbrandeni Baylis, 1929 as type species and australiensis Baylis, 1931 (= salomonis Kreis, 1940). These species occur in Crocodylus spp. in Africa and Australia respectively and are characterised by lips with a rostral plate, without interlocking processes or dentigerous ridges, with well-developed interlabia, lobulated ventriculus, and excretory pore in front of the nerve ring. Species included in Ortleppascaris are: nigra Gedoelst, 1916 (= tasmani Ortlepp, 1932) as type species; alata Baylis, 1947; antipini Mozgovoy, 1950. These species occur in Crocodylus, Caiman and Alligator and are characterized by flat lips with alate margins, without anterior rostral plate, interlocking processes or dentigerous ridges, with weakly developed interlabia, by an irregular-shaped ventriculus, excretory pore behind or between the subventral lips, and by the presence of lateral alae or cuticular thickenings in the oesophageal region. The significance of this proposal is discussed in relation to the radiation and dispersal of ascaridoids of crocodilians.
Morphological variations within the species Onchocerca armillata and O. gutturosa in buffaloes and cattle in India, with special reference to the male tail and cuticular ornamentation
Authors: Chauhan P. P. S. , Pande B. P. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTMorphological variations in Onchocerca armillata and O. gutturosa, from buffalo and cattle, with special reference to male tail and cuticular ornamentation, have been studied from a large collection of worms available from the infected aortae and ligamentum nuchae, procured from slaughter houses at 3 different localities in Uttar Pradesh, India. Seven variations in the disposition of caudal papillae in males in O. armillata and 14 in O. gutturosa are described. The prevalence of these two Onchocerca species in bubaline and bovine populations appears to be widespread.
Ascaridoid nematodes of amphibians and reptiles: Polydelphis, Travassosascaris n.g. and Hexametra
Authors: Sprent J. F. A. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe ascaridoid nematodes with more than two uterine branches, which occur in snakes and lizards, are grouped into three genera: (1) Polydelphis (without interlabia, with four uterine branches) containing the type species, P. anoura, occuring in Old World Pythons, with P. brachycheilos as a species dubium. (2) Travassosascaris, a new genus with interlabia and with four uterine branches, with type species T. araujoi (new name for P. quadrangularis (Schneider) of Araujo, 1969) occuring in New World rattlesnakes. (3) Hexametra, (without interlabia, with six uterine branches) containing species in lizards and snakes. In lizards, H. hexametra (type species), H. applanata, H.angusticaecoides and H. rotundicaudata are tentatively differentiated. In snakes, two Hexametra species are tentatively differentiated: (1) H. boddaertii (with three synonyms) in New World pit vipers and colubrids; (2) H. quadricornis (with twenty-two synonyms) in Old World viperids, elapids and colubrids. The morphology, host range, geographical distribution, development and harmful effects of these species are discussed.