bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liability for Immovable Objects
Authors: van Dam Cees 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines liability for damage caused on premises, grounds, and roads. It discusses damage caused by, for example, falling roof-tiles and collapsing buildings, unsafe swimming pools and stadiums, and accidents caused by badly maintained roads. Stricter liability rules in this category apply to collapsing buildings, and in France the general strict liability rule for things also applies to immovable objects. In other circumstances liability has to be based on rules of fault liability, for example on safety duties in Germany or on the Occupier's Liability Acts in England. The national rules on negligence and liability for immovable objects in Europe are discussed, paying specific attention to liability of the highway authorities for road accidents in England, France, and Germany.
Liability for Other Persons
Authors: van Dam Cees 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In addition to liability for damage caused by movable and immovable objects, someone can also be liable for damage caused by another person with whom he has a special relationship. The most obvious examples are the responsibility of parents for children and that of employers for employees. Liability of the employer for damage caused by the employee differs between the legal systems in Europe; England and France provide for strict liability while Germany provides for a liability for rebuttable negligence. The case law in Germany, however, has limited the employer's defences and has also provided ways around his liability which make the differences with English and French law negligible. Liability for children shows more differences, with France providing for the parents’ strict liability, Germany for a liability for rebuttable negligence, and England for a traditional fault liability regime. This chapter also considers liability for mentally disabled persons.
Pronouns
Authors: Bhat Darbhe Narayana Shankara 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
On the basis of a cross-linguistic study of about 350 languages, this book brings to light several fascinating characteristics of pronouns. It shows that the word ‘pronoun’ represents two kinds of words, called ‘personal pronouns’ and ‘proforms’, with distinct characteristics that derive from their having distinct functions. Personal pronouns denote speech roles (the speaker and the addressee) and have to function as shifters. Because of this, they need to be dissociated from their referents; they do not take any modifiers and complements whose function is to identify referents; their use involves ambiguity between different sets of speech roles, whose disambiguation needs special markers (logophors) for denoting non-coreference rather than coreference; and they take number markers for denoting conjunction rather than plurality, and gender markers for denoting social distinctions rather than the identity of referents. Proforms, on the other hand, have to function as general terms that belong to different categories like nouns, adjectives, adverbs or verbs, and therefore, they differ from personal pronouns on all these points. They also differ in having two constituent elements, namely a general term and a pronominal element. The book also points out that the notion of indefiniteness that is associated with proforms is quite different from the one that is associated with noun phrases. It shows how this differentiation is helpful in understanding the relation between indefinite and interrogative proforms.
Relation with the Referent
Authors: BHAT D.N.S. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses a conflict in the relationship between personal pronouns and their referents. In order to denote speech roles efficiently and to function as shifters, they need to be dissociated from their referents. However, the fact that they do have referents in any given use makes this dissociation less than perfect. The chapter points out how this conflict gives rise to different kinds of compromises in the association of personal pronouns with definiteness, gender, number, modifiers, and complements in different languages.
Constituent Elements of Proforms
Authors: BHAT D.N.S. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Languages differ in the kind of distinctions they show in either of the two elements that constitute proforms. In the case of the pronominal element that indicates their function, languages may show no distinction whatsoever, or may show several distinctions. In the case of the general term that denotes the scope of proforms also, there is variation among languages, which, however, is correlatable to a certain extent, with the part of speech distinctions that occur in them. There is also some overlap between pronominal elements and general terms in some languages.
The Cronus Complex Psychoanalytic Myths of the Future for Boys and Girls
Authors: Bowlby Rachel 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines how the Freudian theory of sexual differentiation is grounded in a reading of classical culture and myth. It is based, on the one hand, on a gendering of the linguistic constructions of the Latin and Greek languages, and on the other, on an attempt to use the metaphor of archaeology to understand the development of the self with reference to Greek myth and history. The classical past thus becomes for psychoanalysis a means of historicising and legitimating its clinical findings. This chapter looks at the ambiguities in Freud's theory of castration and the story of the god Cronus who ate his own children.
A Woman’s History of Warfare
Authors: O’Gorman Ellen 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The feminist project with history has often been glossed as ‘writing women back into history’, in which case women's role in warfare would seem to be long overdue for revisionist treatment. But the problem is that military history appears to stand forth as the quintessentially patriarchal discourse. Feminist historiography attempts to counteract the effects of this discourse by configuring the project of writing women back into history as a transformation not only of women but also of history. This chapter questions the failure of feminism to engage in the project of narrating a history of warfare. It argues that the figure of Helen of Troy in ancient accounts of war offers a potential model for the feminist historian to rethink history's accounts of causality and accountability. It also compares different versions of ‘the Helen myth’ to redirect attention to previously unrecognised thematics.
‘Beyond glorious Ocean’: Feminism, Myth, and America
Authors: Staley Gregory 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter explores the role of myth in the construction of the nation and looks in particular at the experience of America. It argues that, for the founding fathers, the New World was no place for myth. However, Hélène Cixous's influential essay, ‘Laugh of the Medusa’, takes as its dominant metaphor a notion particularly relevant to America: that of woman as unknown land waiting to be discovered and explored. This trope of discovering new worlds is central to Cixous's account of woman's quest because America offered a model for how those on antiquity's margins could critique the centre, a model already followed by Sir Thomas More in his Utopia. Here, More associated the very idea of utopia with the new world. Cixous catalogues her mythic readings in a section of The Newly Born Woman titled ‘Sorties’, in which her mythic antiland has an ideology that sounds much like that of America.
Reclaiming the Muse
Authors: Murray Penny 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The image of the Muse as loved object who inspires the male artist, whilst she herself remains silent, is deeply engrained in contemporary culture, despite the best efforts of feminist critics to expose the implications of such imagery: man creates, woman inspires; man is the maker, woman the vehicle of male fantasy, an object created by the male imagination, incapable of any kind of agency herself. In short, this image of the Muse denies woman's active participation in artistic creation and silences female creativity. This chapter examines the significance of the Muses' gender and the various ways their femininity has contributed to their reception, focusing on 18th-century London society when the Muse was a favourite theme in art. In Richard Samuel's 18th-century painting The Nine Living Muses of Great Britain, a model for reclaiming the image of the Muse as an emblem of female capability is identified. Contemporary women's poetry continues to rework classical myth.
Choral Prayer in Greek Tragedy: Euphemia or Aischrologia?
Authors: Stehle Eva 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter examines the relationship of the chorus in tragedy to ritual choreia. It argues that ritual modes of approaching the gods can be divided into two types: euphemic and aischrologic. The former, addressed to the gods in prayer or praise, is highly constrained, avoiding reference to anything which might offend the deity and infect the purity of the address; the latter is characterised by license and release from normal restraint, as in the case of comedy. The tragic chorus evokes euphemic ritual, but modifies, and sometimes even violates its conventions (for example, by staging a failed or perverted prayer), thus creating a distance between the two. But tragedy's portrayal of failed or perverted ritual as symptomatic of human disorder can also be seen as part of its license to speak the normally unspeakable, which connects it with aischrologia.
Catharsis: The Power of Music in Aristotle’sPolitics
Authors: Ford Andrew 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter focuses on book 8 of Aristotle's Politics and its discussion of mousike in education or paideia. It argues that in this context we should understand the term in the strict sense of music without words. Aristotle is concerned not so much with poetry and its place in society, but with the natural powers of music — of tunes, harmoniai, and rhythms — and how they affect ordinary people. According to this argument music is a leisure activity providing relaxation from labour and freedom from care, not a means of communicating deeper truths and values. Similarly, catharsis should be understood as a harmless release of the emotions (however that worked) rather than as an intellectual refinement which educated audiences in the proper use of the emotions.
Law as Last Resort
Authors: Hawkins Keith 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This is a book about the life of the legal system. Its object is to illustrate a way of thinking about decision-making using the example of prosecution cases in a regulatory agency. The study focuses on the processes of the law, rather than occupational health and safety regulation per se, for the way in which prosecution is used in the enforcement of regulation reflects processes generally observable in the legal system. The book addresses the creation and shaping of legal cases and their attrition, and the processes involved in prosecuting. It develops and applies a theory of decision-making, connecting broad features in the environment of a legal bureaucracy with the details of decisions made in individual cases. What are the conditions under which legal officials elect the public and consequential course of prosecution? Using a naturalistic approach, a detailed, multilevel analysis is made of the ways in which regulatory officials respond to a range of events arising from activities in the workplace that have resulted in death or injury, and the ways in which these officials handle occupational risks. Such matters are not often the stuff of criminal trial. The book shows that the moral status of violations is central to the decision to prosecute, set in the context of the moral and political ambivalence within which regulatory agencies work. It argues that this ambivalence leads to a particular level of prosecution and determines the kinds of case that are selected for prosecution. The book is therefore a study in the use of discretion by legal actors.
The Symbolic Frame: The Social Construction of Blame
Authors: Hawkins Keith 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The desire to blame is central both to the ultimate decision to prosecute and to the original decision to create a potential prosecution case. Prosecution is generally reserved for ‘bad’ cases; what makes a case ‘bad’ and what conditions can mitigate or even eliminate blame are analysed in this chapter. Blameworthiness is established by law enforcers by reference to a number of familiar conditions: deliberation, evil motive, negligence, guilty knowledge, responsibility and denial, persistence in rule breaking, the character of the offender, and the character and vulnerability of the victim. Also discussed are dilemmas in enforcement in choosing between the undesired outcome, the risk of such an outcome, or the degree to which the law has been breached. Finally, a powerful justification for the decision to prosecute is the accident, which seems more culpable by virtue of what might have been: the ‘speculative tragedy’. Blame is a powerful sentiment in legal decision-making.
The Legal Frame: Can a Case be Made?
Authors: Hawkins Keith 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Legal rules, and formalities of the legal process, assume particular significance when regulatory inspectors consider a case's legal strengths and weaknesses. Legal framing transforms a matter into something legally recognizable, where a matter defined in organizational terms is redefined as a legal case. The legal frame embodies its own distinctive and overpowering conception of reality. This chapter analyses how the legal frame is applied, how rules are chosen, and the implications of the form of legal rules. Inspectors search for cases that are easier to prosecute, can be prepared quickly, and are unlikely to be defended. Safety cases are prosecuted more frequently than cases involving threats to health, although many more deaths arise from occupational ill-health than accidents. Concern with the demands of proof, rather than policy, mean that a ‘good case’ in regulatory terms is by no means a ‘good case’ in legal terms.
Introduction
Authors: ADAMS J. N. , SWAIN SIMON 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Language contact intruded into virtually every aspect of life in ancient societies, including high literature, law, medicine, magic, religion, provincial administration, army, and trade. This book focuses on sociolinguistic issues, such as the nature and motivation of code-switching. The languages which come up in this volume are numerous. Apart from Greek and Latin, there are Lycian, Phrygian, Gothic, Hebrew, Turkish, Old Persian, Middle Persian, Parthian, Arabic, Gaulish, Etrusean, Venetic, Middle English. Sumerian Eme-sal, Demotic and Coptic in Egypt, and Aramaic and its dialects, including Palmyrene and Syriac. This book examines the particular problems posed by the assessment of written texts as specimens of bilingual performance. Another important theme recurring in this volume is the relationship between language and cultural/political systems.
Approaching Bilingualism in Corpus Languages
Authors: LANGSLOW D. R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines a few of the more important themes, issues, and parameters in recent and current research on bilingualism. The focus is on corpus languages rather than ancient or classical languages because examples are drawn from, and apply to, medieval, early modern, and prehistoric as well as ancient languages, oriental as well as western, and substandard as well as standard — classical — varieties. The term ‘corpus language’ is preferred over ‘dead language’ because the latter need not arise through language death, and language death often yields not a dead language but no language at all. This chapter looks at bilingualism and diglossia, as well as bilingualism and biculturalism, language choice, interference, and bilingualism and language change.
Bilingualism at Delos
Authors: ADAMS J. N. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In the second century BC, a substantial number of Italian and Greek traders of comparable status came together on the island of Delos, setting up a potential competition between the two public languages on a roughly equal footing. This chapter deals with questions of linguistic identity, that is, the perception which the negotiatores had of themselves and the part played by bilingualism and language choice in the establishment of identities. Other issues, more technical or linguistic, are also considered, such as the distinction between interference, code-switching, and accommodation. Code-switching is a speaker’s switch from time to time into another’s language as an act of solidarity or politeness. There are inscriptions in which the adoption by a Greek of the Latin pattern of filiation may be seen as a form of accommodation.
The Last Phase of Direct Cultivation
Authors: Stone David 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Although two major innovations were introduced at Wisbech Barton in the 1410s, namely an increase in the acreage under wheat and the expansion of dairy farming, the bishop of Ely's desire to cultivate this demesne directly had waned by the 1420s. This chapter analyses in detail for the first time the build up to the process of leasing and explores the explanations for it. While the decision was partly a simple matter of economics, for the profitability of agriculture was reduced at this time, underlying it was a subtle but nonetheless significant deterioration in the managerial efficiency of reeves that widened the gap between actual and potential financial returns. In particular, cropping strategies became less sophisticated, labour resources were misallocated, and livestock managed insensitively. It is argued that the poor performance of farm officials at this time played a significant part in bringing direct cultivation at Wisbech to an end.
Group Rights
Authors: GRIFFIN JAMES 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Political theorists sometimes speak of different generations of rights. One such generation, the rights of our time, of the last twenty years or so, are ‘solidarity’ rights, including most prominently group rights. A people, a nation, a race, an ethnic or cultural or linguistic or religious group are now often said to have rights. Group rights are supposed not to be reducible to the individual rights of their members. They are supposed to be rights that groups have as groups. The appearance of group rights is part of a widespread modern movement to make the discourse of rights do most of the important work in ethics, which it was neither designed to do nor should now be made to do. This chapter also discusses the concept of group goods, human rights, Joseph Raz's views on group rights, the case for group rights based on considerations of justice, and exclusion and reduction of group rights.
Communal Groups and Cultural Conflict
Authors: PETERS BENHARD 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In certain ways, Joseph Raz's distinct version of a liberal moral and political theory seems to be particularly congenial to political conceptions of multiculturalism, understood as political support for a variety of cultural communities. For Raz, notions like personal well-being, freedom or autonomy, leading a successful life are the central elements of normative political theory. Freedom and the chances of leading a successful life are crucially dependent on certain cultural and social conditions. Freedom requires the availability of meaningful options, and such options are provided by group membership, the participation in group cultures or in collective ways of life, and the immersion in ‘social forms’. Another important condition is the fact of pluralism, and more specifically of value pluralism. This chapter discusses the goals or claims of communal groups and cultural conflicts, conflicts arising from cultural differences, special support for cultural groups, and identity politics.
The Philosophy of Hierocles
Authors: Schibli Hermann S. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In the Proem to the Commentary on the Golden Verses of the Pythagoreans, Hierocles defines philosophy as ‘a purification and perfection of human life: a purification from our irrational, material nature and the mortal form of the body, a perfection by the recovery of our proper happiness, leading to a likeness with the divine’. For our purification and perfection we require both virtue and truth. These basic ideas are then incorporated in Hierocles’ division of philosophy, along Aristotelian lines, into the practical and the contemplative. Later in the Commentary he subdivides practical philosophy into the more specific categories of the civic and the telestic. The civic branch of practical philosophy calls upon the exercise of the moral virtues, whereas the telestic category has to with the rituals of purification applied to the luminous body of the soul.
Religion, Society, and Culture in Colombia
Authors: Londoño-Vega Patricia 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book provides the first detailed scholarly study of culture and sociability in Colombia during the period c.1850 and 1930. It gives a vivid picture of some of the factors that reduced social distances in the province of Antioquia during this period of relative harmony and prosperity. It examines hundreds of groups and voluntary associations that flourished at this time and that brought a growing number of Antioqueños of different social backgrounds together around religious practices and societies, the exercising of charity, a concern for education, and the pursuit of cultural progress. It describes the crucial role played by religion and the Catholic Church, which underwent considerable growth after the turbulent period of mid-19th century liberal reforms until the end of the conservative era in 1930, and traces the progress of parishes, devotional associations, religious communities, private and public religiosity, and numerous philanthropic societies, all of which brought about the bonds between the classes. The book examines achievements in education and the emergence of a thriving gamut of literary groups, public libraries, social clubs, and other associations created to promote public instruction, pedagogy, manners, temperance, ‘cultivated’ music, and moral improvement. The description of social and cultural dynamism, set against the background of growing religiosity, challenges the seldom-discussed assumption that religion slowed down social and cultural modernisation. Primary evidence, drawn from extensive research in proceedings and reports by groups, associations, periodical publications, statistics, diaries and memoirs, travellers’ accounts, books of etiquette, genre literature and other contemporary publications, as well as visual images, particularly photographs, document important topics that have in the past attracted little attention from scholars.
Introduction
Authors: Londoño-Vega Patricia 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This introductory chapter illustrates for Antioquia to what extent men and women of varying social groups intermingled in their daily routines, as well as the ties, frictions, prejudices, hierarchies, and distinctions that stood between them. It evaluates the factors that narrowed or widened social distances, and the customs, ideas, values, beliefs, and attitudes that mediated between the rich and the poor. In order to explore these topics, the book draws a picture of the entities, groups, and voluntary associations that flourished in those years, congregating a growing number of Antioqueños of all conditions for devotional, philanthropic, educational, and cultural purposes. It also investigates the activities developed by voluntary associations and religious communities using a great variety of sources.