bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Connectivity and bandwidth‐aware real‐time exploration in mobile robot networks
Authors: Pei Yuanteng , Mutka Matt W. , Xi Ning 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTAlthough there has been substantial progress for multi‐robot exploration of an unknown area, little attention has been given to communication, especially bandwidth constraints in time‐sensitive and bandwidth‐consuming tasks such as search and surveillance. In such tasks, video/audio streams of a newly explored area should be sent back to the base station in a timely manner. To address this issue, we propose connectivity and bandwidth‐aware exploration (CBAX), which is an efficient iteration based real‐time exploration. CBAX divides the problem into frontier node placement, relay node placement with routing path selection, and matching of each robot with its target position. Moreover, we model bandwidth‐constrained relay node placement into a new variant of the Steiner minimum tree problem and present our solution. While reducing the exploration time, CBAX maintains the network's connectivity and ensures the aggregated data flows are under the link capacity in transmission. Simulation shows that CBAX outperforms two recent exploration schemes qualitatively by demonstrating major improvement in terms of non‐overflow transmission time and fully connected transmission time. With enhanced communication quality, CBAX still reduces the exploration time, on average, by 40% and 15%, respectively. In moderately dense scenarios, CBAX even decreases time by 50% and 25%. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multichannel medium access control for ad hoc wireless networks
Authors: Almotairi Khaled H. , Shen Xuemin (Sherman) 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we study the multichannel exposed terminal problem in multihop wireless networks. We propose a multichannel medium access control (MAC) protocol, called multichannel MAC protocol with hopping reservation (MMAC‐HR), to resolve the multichannel exposed terminal problem. MMAC‐HR uses two radio interfaces; one interface is fixed over the control channel, and the other interface switches dynamically between data channels. The fixed interface supports broadcast information and reserves a data channel for any data transmission. The switchable interface, on other hand, is for data exchanges and follows independent slow hopping without requiring clock synchronization. In addition, the proposed protocol is a distributed one. By using the ns‐2 simulator, extensive simulations are performed to demonstrate that MMAC‐HR can enhance the network throughput and delay compared with existing multichannel MAC protocol. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of the FLP/FRT system for conditional gene deletion in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Park Yang‐Nim , Masison Daniel , Eisenberg Evan , Greene Lois E. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has proved to be an excellent model organism to study the function of proteins. One of the many advantages of yeast is the many genetic tools available to manipulate gene expression, but there are still limitations. To complement the many methods used to control gene expression in yeast, we have established a conditional gene deletion system by using the FLP/FRT system on yeast vectors to conditionally delete specific yeast genes. Expression of Flp recombinase, which is under the control of the GAL1 promoter, was induced by galactose, which in turn excised FRT sites flanked genes. The efficacy of this system was examined using the FRT site‐flanked genes HSP104, URA3 and GFP. The pre‐excision frequency of this system, which might be caused by the basal activity of the GAL1 promoter or by spontaneous recombination between FRT sites, was detected ca. 2% under the non‐selecting condition. After inducing expression of Flp recombinase, the deletion efficiency achieved ca. 96% of cells in a population within 9 h. After conditional deletion of the specific gene, protein degradation and cell division then diluted out protein that was expressed from this gene prior to its excision. Most importantly, the specific protein to be deleted could be expressed under its own promoter, so that endogenous levels of protein expression were maintained prior to excision by the Flp recombinase. Therefore, this system provides a useful tool for the conditional deletion of genes in yeast. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical and pathological analysis of 27 patients with combined hepatocellular‐cholangiocarcinoma in an Asian center
Authors: Zhan Qian , Shen Bai‐Yong , Deng Xia‐Xing , Zhu Zhe‐Cheng , Chen Hao , Peng Chen‐Hong , Li Hong‐Wei 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBackgroundOur purpose was to assess the clinicopathological features and surgical outcomes of combined hepatocellular‐cholangiocarcinoma (HCC‐CC) in an Asian center.MethodsBetween 1998 and 2009, 27 patients were diagnosed with combined HCC‐CC at our hospital. Their medical records were reviewed and clinicopathological data retrospectively analyzed.ResultsThe 27 patients included 24 (88.9%) males and 3 (11.1%) females with a mean age of 58.26 ± 11.18 years. Cirrhosis was present in 10 patients (37.0%), and 12 patients had hepatitis C or hepatitis B virus infection. Serum alpha fetoprotein was >20 ng/ml in 7 of the 19 patients in whom it was measured (36.8%). Twenty‐five patients underwent hepatic resections and 2 received liver transplantations. Five (18.5%) patients had separate HCC and CC within the same liver (type I), 21 (77.8%) had tumors with mixed components (type II), and 1 patient had a type III tumor (3.7%). Of 22 patients with immunohistochemical data, 19 (86.4%) were cytokeratin (CK) 7‐positive, 20 (90.9%) were CK19‐positive, and 4 (18.2%) were CK20‐positive. Mean follow‐up was 25.8 months. The 1‐ and 2‐year survival rates were 72.5 and 49.4%, respectively. The 1‐ and 2‐year disease‐free survival rates were 54.2 and 41.3%, respectively. Symptoms at the time of diagnosis, and regional lymph node metastases, were associated with higher mortality and recurrence.ConclusionsLymph node metastasis and positive resection margins are important factors affecting HCC‐CC surgical outcomes.
Cardiac disease in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis: presentation, diagnosis and management
Authors: Braunlin Elizabeth A. , Harmatz Paul R. , Scarpa Maurizio , Furlanetto Beatriz , Kampmann Christoph , Loehr James P. , Ponder Katherine P. , Roberts William C. , Rosenfeld Howard M. , Giugliani Roberto 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are inherited lysosomal storage disorders caused by the absence of functional enzymes that contribute to the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The progressive systemic deposition of GAGs results in multi‐organ system dysfunction that varies with the particular GAG deposited and the specific enzyme mutation(s) present. Cardiac involvement has been reported in all MPS syndromes and is a common and early feature, particularly for those with MPS I, II, and VI. Cardiac valve thickening, dysfunction (more severe for left‐sided than for right‐sided valves), and hypertrophy are commonly present; conduction abnormalities, coronary artery and other vascular involvement may also occur. Cardiac disease emerges silently and contributes significantly to early mortality.The clinical examination of individuals with MPS is often difficult due to physical and, sometimes, intellectual patient limitations. The absence of precordial murmurs does not exclude the presence of cardiac disease. Echocardiography and electrocardiography are key diagnostic techniques for evaluation of valves, ventricular dimensions and function, which are recommended on a regular basis. The optimal technique for evaluation of coronary artery involvement remains unsettled.Standard medical and surgical techniques can be modified for MPS patients, and systemic therapies such as hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) may alter overall disease progression with regression of ventricular hypertrophy and maintenance of ventricular function. Cardiac valve disease is usually unresponsive or, at best, stabilized, although ERT within the first few months of life may prevent valve involvement, a fact that emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and treatment in MPS.
A quantitative assessment of alkaptonuria
Authors: Cox Trevor F. , Ranganath Lakshminarayan 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAlkaptonuria (AKU) is due to excessive homogentisic acid accumulation in body fluids due to lack of enzyme homogentisate dioxygenase leading in turn to varied clinical manifestations mainly by a process of conversion of HGA to a polymeric melanin‐like pigment known as ochronosis. A potential treatment, a drug called nitisinone, to decrease formation of HGA is available. However, successful demonstration of its efficacy in modifying the natural history of AKU requires an effective quantitative assessment tool. We have described two potential tools that could be used to quantitate disease burden in AKU. One tool describes scoring the clinical features that includes clinical assessments, investigations and questionnaires in 15 patients with AKU. The second tool describes a scoring system that only includes items obtained from questionnaires used in 44 people with AKU. Statistical analyses were carried out on the two patient datasets to assess the AKU tools; these included the calculation of Chronbach's alpha, multidimensional scaling and simple linear regression analysis. The conclusion was that there was good evidence that the tools could be adopted as AKU assessment tools, but perhaps with further refinement before being used in the practical setting of a clinical trial.
Trans–trans Conjugated Linoleic Acid Enriched Soybean Oil Reduces Fatty Liver and Lowers Serum Cholesterol in Obese Zucker Rats
Authors: Gilbert William , Gadang Vidya , Proctor Andrew , Jain Vishal , Devareddy Latha 
Published: July 2011

AbstractConjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a collection of octadecadienoic fatty acids that have been shown to possess numerous health benefits. The CLA used in our study was produced by the photoisomerization of soybean oil and consists of about 20% CLA; this CLA consists of 75% trans–trans (a mixture of t8,t10; t9,t11; t10,t12) isomers. This method could be readily used to increase the CLA content of all soybean oil used as a food ingredient. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of trans–trans CLA‐rich soy oil, fed as a dietary supplement, on body composition, dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis, and markers of glucose control and liver function of obese fa/fa Zucker rats. The trans–trans CLA‐rich soy oil lowered the serum cholesterol and low density lipoprotein–cholesterol levels by 41 and 50%, respectively, when compared to obese controls. Trans–trans CLA‐rich soy oil supplementation also lowered the liver lipid content significantly (P < 0.05) with a concomitant decrease in the liver weight in the obese rats. In addition, glycated hemoglobin values were improved in the group receiving CLA‐enriched soybean oil in comparison to the obese control. PPAR‐γ expression in white adipose tissue was unchanged. In conclusion, trans–trans CLA‐rich soy oil was effective in lowering total liver lipids and serum cholesterol.
Exposure and fetal growth-associated miRNA alterations in the human placenta
Authors: Maccani Matthew A. , Marsit Carmen J. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Researchers have begun to examine epigenetic alterations in the placenta, making key advances in understanding the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms of the placenta that define underlying processes of human development and disease. Examining changes in microRNA (miRNA) expression associated with environmental exposures and fetal growth is providing critical insights into the biology of development, response to in utero exposure, and future disease risk assessment. This review aims to highlight previous studies describing changes in miRNA expression in the human placenta associated with in utero exposure and fetal growth and seeks to assess the future directions in this exciting field of research.
Epigenetic abnormalities in myeloproliferative neoplasms: a target for novel therapeutic strategies
Authors: Mascarenhas John , Roper Nitin , Chaurasia Pratima , Hoffman Ronald 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a group of clonal hematological malignancies characterized by a hypercellular bone marrow and a tendency to develop thrombotic complications and to evolve to myelofibrosis and acute leukemia. Unlike chronic myelogenous leukemia, where a single disease-initiating genetic event has been identified, a more complicated series of genetic mutations appear to be responsible for the BCR-ABL1-negative MPNs which include polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and primary myelofibrosis. Recent studies have revealed a number of epigenetic alterations that also likely contribute to disease pathogenesis and determine clinical outcome. Increasing evidence indicates that alterations in DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA expression patterns can collectively influence gene expression and potentially contribute to MPN pathogenesis. Examples include mutations in genes encoding proteins that modify chromatin structure (EZH2, ASXL1, IDH1/2, JAK2V617F, and IKZF1) as well as epigenetic modification of genes critical for cell proliferation and survival (suppressors of cytokine signaling, polycythemia rubra vera-1, CXC chemokine receptor 4, and histone deacetylase (HDAC)). These epigenetic lesions serve as novel targets for experimental therapeutic interventions. Clinical trials are currently underway evaluating HDAC inhibitors and DNA methyltransferase inhibitors for the treatment of patients with MPNs.
Occurrence of certain cuticular structures confirms functionality of dorsal abdominal scent glands in Acanthosomatidae (Heteroptera: Pentatomoidea)
Authors: Vilímová J. , Kutalová K. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractElasmucha ferrugata(Fabricius, 1787) (Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae) provides maternal care of eggs and larvae. Adults of both sexes have functional anterior dorsal abdominal scent glands (DAGs). Study of all internal and external cuticular structures of DAGs revealed that no DAGs are fully functional in the 1st larval instar, and very probably they are only slightly functional in the 2nd instar. Median and posterior DAGs are undoubtedly not functional in adults. There exists sexual dimorphism in the number of multicellular glandular units in anterior glands in adults. The occurrence of cuticular ductules of these units proves these to be functional glands. This is best considered in combination with the findings of a well-developed evaporatorium. Developed cuticular intima of the gland reservoir and/or the nearly closed ostiole or ostiolar scar bears no information about the functionality of the gland.
A karyological study of the genus Pnigalio Schrank (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): Assessing the taxonomic utility of chromosomes at the species level
Authors: Gebiola M. , Giorgini M. , Navone P. , Bernardo U. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractWe provide a karyological study of 12 species of the genus Pnigalio in an attempt to evaluate the taxonomic utility of karyotypes at the species level. For all species of Pnigalio examined the number of chromosome was 2n=12. Karyotype formulae presented mainly metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes, although a pair of acrocentrics or subtelocentrics, shorter than biarmed chromosomes, was present in some species. The analysis of karyotypes of Pnigalio showed frequent but not general interspecific variability of the chromosome traits. Although most of the studied species revealed concordance between morphological and karyological characters (centromeric index and relative length), two other categories have been identified: morphologically distinct species without reciprocal differences in karyotype structure, and morphologically similar species that strongly differ in chromosomal characters.
Significance of angular unconformities between Cretaceous and Tertiary strata in the northwestern segment of the Zagros fold–thrust belt, Kurdistan Region, NE Iraq
Authors: KARIM KAMAL H. , KOYI HEMIN , BAZIANY MUSHIR M. , HESSAMI KHALED 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn this study, two angular unconformities are found and analysed for the first time in the Mesozoic–Cenozoic succession in the northwestern segment of the Zagros fold–thrust belt (ZFTB) in the Kurdistan Region. The first unconformity exists between Lower Cretaceous and Paleocene–Eocene rocks and the second between the Campanian Shiranish Formation and the Maastrichtian Tanjero Formation. Each of these unconformities is found in two different localities in the Zagros Imbricate Zone (i.e. the highly deformed zone immediately SW of the Zagros Suture) of the ZFTB of the Kurdistan Region near the border with Iran. The study uses recent geological mapping, structural and stratigraphic analyses in addition to using previous biozonation of the stratigraphic units that bound the two unconformities. The first unconformity was initiated with obduction of the ophiolite and Lower Cretaceous radiolarite onto the passive margin of the Arabian plate. This unconformity formed during an early phase of the Zagros orogeny, which is associated with the developing of a foreland basin, and resulted in the folding of the radiolarites and their uplift to form high-relief land. The erosion of this high-relief land resulted in the formation of the Paleocene–Eocene Red Bed Series and their deposition on the folded radiolarite. The timing of the deformation that caused this unconformity is hard to determine; however, its stratigraphic position may suggest that it possibly is related to post-Cenomanian movements. The second unconformity is between the tilted Campanian Shiranish Formation (hemipelagite) and Tanjero Formation (500 m of conglomerate in the more proximal area). These unconformities indicate that deformation and uplift of the sedimentary units was variable during ophiolite obduction in this part of the ZFTB. We argue that deformation, ophiolite obduction and collision are likely to have varied in space and time along thec. 2000 km long ZFTB.
‘Polar anaemia’: cardiac failure during the heroic age of Antarctic exploration.
Authors: Guly H.R. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTOn theBelgicaexpedition (1897–1899), Dr F.A. Cook described a disease that he called ‘polar anaemia’ and on this expedition it affected most of the expedition members and caused one death. The symptoms were shortness of breath, abnormalities of the pulse and oedema (swelling of the legs) and the disease was clearly cardiac failure. During the heroic age of Antarctic exploration a similar disease affected at least eight other expeditions causing five other deaths. This disease was very similar (and probably identical) to a disease affecting (mostly) Scandinavian seamen and called ‘ship beri-beri’. Both diseases were almost certainly what is now called wet beri-beri due to thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency though most sufferers were probably also vitamin C deficient and some may have had both beri-beri and scurvy. It may have been exacerbated by invalid diets. This paper describes the disease and how it was considered and treated at the time.
A New Target for International Social Reform: The International Labour Organization and Working and Living Conditions in Agriculture in the Inter-War Years
Authors: FORCLAZ AMALIA RIBI 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe economic, political and social imperative of reforming working conditions in agriculture, improving rural living standards and promoting rural development emerged as an international issue in the inter-war years. Despite a growing interest in the history of international organisations, historical research has hitherto made little reference to co-operative efforts and standard-setting in agriculture before the Second World War. This article seeks to fill the gap by examining the process whereby the International Labour Organization (ILO) learned about the specificities of the agricultural sector. It illustrates the ILO's early interest in rural workers and agricultural issues, which it addressed through special committees. Hampered by the challenging diversity of agricultural work and the perceived lack of national organisations and legislation, it was not until the late 1930s that the ILO carried out proper surveys on social issues in agriculture. Set up in the late 1930s, the history of the ILO's Permanent Agricultural Committees illustrates the results of a learning process which eventually positioned the ILO as a focal point of technical expertise, and enabled it to embrace an ever widening and interdisciplinary vision of agricultural labour and labour relations.
‘The world after all was one’: The International Environmental Network of UNESCO and IUPN, 1945–1950
Authors: WÖBSE ANNA-KATHARINA 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe pursuit of nature conservation was central to the scientific section of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) from the outset. In order to build a network of expertise and practice, UNESCO supported the establishment of a non-governmental organisation, the fledgling International Union for the Protection of Nature (IUPN). This small core of non-governmental actors found itself thrown into the arena of global politics and was forced out of its conservation niche. In August 1949, UNESCO and IUPN jointly convened a global conference on ecology and education. The genesis and progress of this conference highlighted the growing prominence of environmental issues and the increasing reciprocity between these issues and questions of nutrition, development and health in the immediate post-war era.
Is Microanalysis Possible in the Helium Ion Microscope?
Authors: Joy David C. , Griffin Brendan J. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBecause the ability to perform some form of chemical microanalysis has become an essential feature for any microscope, it is necessary to investigate what options are available in the new “ORION” helium ion microscope (HIM). The HIM has the ability to visualize local variations in specimen chemistry in both the ion induced secondary electron and the Rutherford backscattered imaging modes, but this provides only limited and qualitative information. Quantitative, elementally specific, microanalysis could be performed in the HIM using secondary electron spectroscopy, Rutherford backscattered ion spectroscopy, or secondary ion mass spectroscopy, but while each of these options has promise, none of them can presently guarantee either reliable element identification or quantitative analysis across the periodic table.
PRESENTATIONS OF INVERSE SEMIGROUPS, THEIR KERNELS AND EXTENSIONS
Authors: CARVALHO CATARINA , GRAY ROBERT D. , RUSKUC NIK 
Published: July 2011

AbstractLetSbe an inverse semigroup and letπ:S→Tbe a surjective homomorphism with kernelK. We show how to obtain a presentation forKfrom a presentation forS, andvice versa. We then investigate the relationship between the properties ofS,KandT, focusing mainly on finiteness conditions. In particular we consider finite presentability, solubility of the word problem, residual finiteness, and the homological finiteness property FPn. Our results extend several classical results from combinatorial group theory concerning group extensions to inverse semigroups. Examples are also provided that highlight the differences with the special case of groups.