bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contribution of Hydraulic Fluids to System Contamination
Authors: Kirnbauer E. A. 
Published: September 2009

In the continuing investigation of causes of contamination in hydraulic systems, two types of contaminants attributable to hydraulic oils have been observed. The first is the reaction of some hydraulic fluids with water and the forming of precipitates. The second is the inability of some hydraulic oils as delivered to the customers to be filterable. Since this phenomenon is not consistent with all the oils meeting general categories of specifications, more needs to be learned about why some oils generate this type of contamination while others do not.
The test used to differentiate between the (2) types of fluid contaminants is described, and typical data is presented for petroleum based fluids, including single grade and multigrade motor oils, automatic transmission fluids, and hydraulic fluids. Photographs of some of the unusually shaped contaminants are included. The author suggests a test method which will allow the oil manufacturer and oil users to screen oils to eliminate those which may have undesirable characteristics. The author concludes with a request that the oil manufacturers and oil users work together to learn more about the cause of this phenomenon and its elimination.
Introduction: Modernism at Night
Authors: Love Heather 
Published: September 2009

Is Queer modernism simply another name for modernism?As Douglas Mao and Rebecca L. Walkowitz note in their introduction to the 2006 collection Bad Modernisms, “[T]here were numerous ways of being outside in the early twentieth century” (7). Efforts over the past several decades to imagine modernism as an expanded field have been remarkably successful. Female modernism, African American modernism, queer modernism, sentimental modernism, low- and middlebrow modernism, and colonial, postcolonial, and anticolonial modernism have all been integrated into a renewed understanding of modernism (or modernisms, as it is often written). In addition, the rethinking of modernism as a set of aesthetic movements in relation to a larger context of global modernity and modernization has turned the inside out. Since few modernists, on closer inspection, appear to have stayed high or dry, bad modernism, outsider modernism, and marginal modernism begin to look more and more like modernism itself.
Academic Activism
Authors: Martin Randy 
Published: September 2009

Academic. Not leading to a decision; unpractical; theoretical, formal, or conventional.Active. Opposed tocontemplativeorspeculative:Given to outward action rather than inward contemplation or speculation; practical; esp. with “life.”—Oxford English DictionaryTendentious as these definitions are, they refer to the colliding conceptions from which academic activism issues. The often reductive contrast between theory and practice, thinking and doing, has been used to regulate what is admissible as campus politics as if it were apparent in advance which actions were insufficiently imbued with reflection and which worldly commitments compromised disciplinary or institutional loyalty. Suffice it to say that drawing the boundary between activity appropriately inside and outside the academy has always been anxiously freighted. The pursuit of practically engaged knowledge has been constituted in a taut exchange with the very powers it has been called on to serve—persistently but not exclusively those of the state, of industry, and of professional associations (Newfield,Ivy; Readings; Chomsky; Starr). In the lineage of the Western university, degrees of critical separation from these authorities were hard-won and were conceived of as autonomy or academic freedom (Kant). The emergent disciplinary formations of the late nineteenth century made activist claims for equality in a self-designated professional cohort under the rubric of peer review. This compact, advanced by the American Association of University Professors, ceded institutional control to administrators in exchange for noninterference with the pursuit of specialized knowledge (even if manifest as political speech), which was apportioned to those elevated to the peerage through conferral of tenure (O'Neil; Thelin).
Gender-Specific Modulation of the Response to Arterial Injury by Soluble Guanylate Cyclase α1
Authors: Vermeersch Pieter , Buys Emmanuel , Sips Patrick , Pokreisz Peter , Marsboom Glenn , Gillijns Hilde , Pellens Marijke , Dewerchin Mieke , Bloch Kenneth D , Brouckaert Peter , Janssens Stefan 
Published: September 2009

Objective:
Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), a heterodimer composed of α and β subunits, synthesizes cGMP in response to nitric oxide (NO). NO modulates vascular tone and structure but the relative contributions of cGMP-dependent versus cGMP-independent mechanisms remain uncertain. We studied the response to vascular injury in male (M) and female (F) mice with targeted deletion of exon 6 of the sGCα1 subunit (sGCα1-/-), resulting in a non-functional heterodimer.

Methods:
We measured aortic cGMP levels and mRNA transcripts encoding sGC α1, α2, and β1 subunits in wild type (WT) and sGCa1-/- mice. To study the response to vascular injury, BrdU-incorporation and neointima formation (maximum intima to media (I/M) ratio) were determined 5 and 28 days after carotid artery ligation, respectively.

Results:
Aortic cGMP levels were 4-fold higher in F than in M mice in both genotypes, and, within each gender, 4-fold higher in WT than in sGCa1-/-. In contrast, sGCα1, sGCα2, and sGCβ1 mRNA expression did not differ between groups. 3H-thymidine incorporation in cultured sGCa1-/- smooth muscle cells (SMC) was 27%±12% lower than in WT SMC and BrdU-incorporation in carotid arteries 5 days after ligation was significantly less in sGCa1-/- M than in WT M. Neointima area and I/M 28 days after ligation were 65% and 62% lower in sGCa1-/- M than in WT M mice (p<0,05 for both) but were not different in F mice.

Conclusion:
Functional deletion of sGCa1 resulted in reduced cGMP levels in male sGCa1-/- mice and a gender-specific effect on the adaptive response to vascular injury.
Riverbed-material texture and composition of Bishnumati River, Kathmandu, Nepal; implications in provenance analysis
Authors: Tamrakar Naresh Kazi 
Published: September 2009

The Bishnumati River, a major tributary of the Bagmati River in the Kathmandu Basin, is a low-gradient, low-sinuosity river with a short high-gradient head. The tributaries contributing the Bishnumati River supply sediments from granite-gneiss sources located towards the north of the river area, and from sedimentary rocks of the Phulchoki Group from the northwest and the west of the Bishnumati watershed. Four representative segments each from third, fourth, fifth and sixth order stretches were sampled and analysed for riverbed-material size, and gravel shape and composition, to characterise riverbed materials, to understand downstream distribution of shape, size and composition of sediments, and to understand provenance of riverbed materials. The D50 of the segments 1, 2, 3 and 4 are 25.11 mm, 0.871 mm, 3.75 mm and 27.86 mm, respectively. The riverbed materials are classified as Gravel, muddy sandy Gravel and muddy Gravel, which are very poorly sorted indicating textural immaturity. Gravels are compact bladed in form. Oblate prolate index (OPI) shows more oblate nature of gravels from downstream segments (sixth order stream). Gravels have high settling sphericity (0.6-0.8) and slightly higher flatness index (0.51-0.54). They are subrounded to rounded although there exist some angular to well rounded gravels. Downstream changes in shape parameters are not remarkable perhaps because of short distance of transport, insufficient abrasion, or durability of gneissic and granitic clasts, or quick transport of gravels during floods. Shape also seems to be influenced more by inherited properties of parent rocks. The gravels from sedimentary rocks increase from the upstream to downstream sites of the river at the expense of reduction of gneissic and granitic gravels. Existence of siltstone and sandstone gravels in the fifth (Segment 2) and forth order (Segment 3) mainstreams is remarkable as there is no primary parent source upstream of these segments. Existence of sedimentary gravels shows local provenance (fluvio-deltaic terrace deposits) and perhaps suggests existence of paleodrainage system different from the present doi: 10.3126/bdg.v12i0.2250 Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Vol. 12, 2009, pp. 55-62
Safe bearing capacity evaluation of the bridge site along Syafrubesi-Rasuwagadhi road, Central Nepal
Authors: Manandhar Suman , Shrestha Uttam Bol , Yasufuku Noriyuki , Omine Kiyoshi , Kobayashi Taizo 
Published: September 2009

The research work was carried out at the proposed bridge site along Syafrubesi-Rasuwagadhi Road, Central Nepal. The study was based on field SPT/DCPT and laboratory tests. N values were determined from SPT/DCPT test. The index and mechanical properties of granular soils were computed in laboratory. Then, ultimate and allowable bearing capacities with safety factor 3 for maximum tolerable limit of 40 mm settlement was estimated by empirical equations provided by Teng (1988) and Terzaghi and Peck (1978). It is recommended that safe bearing capacity for 6 m size open square foundation at left and right abutments are suitable within 4.5 to 6 m depth. doi: 10.3126/bdg.v12i0.2254 Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Vol. 12, 2009, pp. 95-100
True posterior communicating artery aneurysms: are they more prone to rupture? A biomorphometric analysis
Authors: He Wenzhuan , Hauptman Jason , Pasupuleti Latha , Setton Avi , Farrow Maria G. , Kasper Lydia , Karimi Reza , Gandhi Chirag D. , Catrambone Jeffrey E. , Prestigiacomo Charles J. 
Published: September 2009

Object
Posterior communicating artery (PCoA) aneurysms can occur at the junction with the internal carotid artery, posterior cerebral artery (PCA), or the proximal PCoA itself. Hemodynamic stressors contribute to aneurysm formation and may be associated with parent vessel size and aneurysm location. This study evaluates the correlation of various biomorphometric characteristics in 2 of the aforementioned types of PCoA aneurysms.

Methods
Patients with PCoA aneurysms were analyzed using CT angiography. Source images and reconstructions were used to determine which aneurysms originated purely from the PCoA and those that originated from the internal carotid artery/PCoA junction. Morphometric analysis was performed on the aneurysm, the precommunicating segment of the PCA (P1), the ambient segment of the PCA (P2), and both PCoA arteries and were correlated to clinical presentation. Parametric and nonparametric analyses were performed to test for significance.

Results
A total of 77 PCoA aneurysms were analyzed, and 10 were found to be true PCoA aneurysms (13.0%). The ipsilateral PCoA/P1 ratio (1.77 ± 0.44 vs 0.82 ± 0.46, p = 0.0001) and ipsilateral P2/P1 ratio (1.73 ± 0.40 vs 1.22 ± 0.41, p = 0.0003) were significantly larger in true PCoA aneurysms. Interestingly, aneurysm size was statistically larger in the junctional aneurysms (0.14 ± 0.1 vs 0.072 ± 0.04 cm3, p = 0.03). The prevalence of ruptured aneurysms was similar in both groups (~ 80%, p value not significant).

Conclusions
These data suggest that true PCoA aneurysms have a larger PCoA relative to the ipsilateral P1 segment. To the authors' knowledge, this represents the first such biomorphometric comparison of these different types of PCoA aneurysms. Although statistically smaller in size, true PCoA aneurysms also have a similar prevalence of presenting as a ruptured aneurysm, suggesting that they might be more prone to rupture than a junctional aneurysms of similar size. Further analysis will be required to determine the biophysical factors affecting rupture rates.
The apolipoprotein E ε4 allele and outcome in severe traumatic brain injury treated by an intracranial pressure–targeted therapy
Authors: Olivecrona Magnus , Wildemyr Zandra , Koskinen Lars-Owe D. 
Published: September 2009

Object
In this paper, the authors' goal was to study the influence of the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele on the clinical outcome in patients treated for severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) with an intracranial pressure (ICP)–targeted therapy based on the Lund concept.

Methods
The authors conducted a prospective double-blinded randomized trial in which they examined patients with severe TBI. Inclusion criteria consisted of a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score ≤ 8 at the time of intubation and sedation, patient age between 15 and 70 years, an initial cerebral perfusion pressure > 10 mm Hg, and arrival to the hospital < 24 hours after trauma. Blood samples for the analysis of apolipoprotein E allele types were collected. Independent staff members evaluated outcomes by obtaining Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) scores at 3, 12, and 24 months.

Results
The occurrence of the ε4 allele was analyzed in 46 patients (mean age 35 ± 2.2 years with a median GCS score of 6 [range 3–8]). The ε4 allele was present in 39.1% of the patients. The ICP, cerebral perfusion pressure, and injury severity score were not statistically significantly different between the groups. The median GOS score at 3 months was 3.5, and at 12 and 24 months was 4 (range 1–5). Except for the GOS score at 3 months, which was dichotomized as favorable (GOS Score 4 or 5) and unfavorable (GOS Scores 1–3), no statistically significant differences in outcome, irrespective of GOS dichotomization used, were found between the patients with the ε4 allele and those without. The presence of the ε4 allele did not predict for clinical outcome, but GCS and ICP did.

Conclusions
The presence of ε4 is not associated with long-term clinical outcome in patients with severe TBI treated with an ICP targeted therapy, based on the Lund concept.
Research on Advanced Materials for Li‐ion Batteries
Authors: Li Hong , Wang Zhaoxiang , Chen Liquan , Huang Xuejie 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn order to address power and energy demands of mobile electronics and electric cars, Li‐ion technology is urgently being optimized by using alternative materials. This article presents a review of our recent progress dedicated to the anode and cathode materials that have the potential to fulfil the crucial factors of cost, safety, lifetime, durability, power density, and energy density. Nanostructured inorganic compounds have been extensively investigated. Size effects revealed in the storage of lithium through micropores (hard carbon spheres), alloys (Si, SnSb), and conversion reactions (Cr2O3, MnO) are studied. The formation of nano/micro core–shell, dispersed composite, and surface pinning structures can improve their cycling performance. Surface coating on LiCoO2 and LiMn2O4 was found to be an effective way to enhance their thermal and chemical stability and the mechanisms are discussed. Theoretical simulations and experiments on LiFePO4 reveal that alkali metal ions and nitrogen doping into the LiFePO4 lattice are possible approaches to increase its electronic conductivity and does not block transport of lithium ion along the 1D channel.
Investigation of nonuniformity in a liquid–solid fluidized bed with identical parallel channels
Authors: Fan Long , Grace John R. , Epstein Norman 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPrevious work has demonstrated that multiphase flow through identical parallel channels and multiple cyclones can give rise to significant nonuniformity among the flow paths. This article presents results from a study where the distribution of voidage and flux through parallel channels in liquid–solid fluidized beds is investigated. Experiments and computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed with 1.2 mm glass beads fluidized by water where a cross baffle divided a 191 mm diameter column into four identical parallel channels. Voidages were measured by optical fiber probes. Simulations from a three‐dimensional unsteady‐state Eulerian–Eulerian model based on FLUENT software showed good agreement with the experimental results. Despite the symmetrical geometry of the system, the average voidage and particle velocities in one channel differed somewhat from those in the others. Increasing the superficial liquid velocity could increase voidage greatly and affect the degree of nonuniformity in the four channels. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Depressive symptoms and atypical jobs in France, from the 2003 Decennial health survey
Authors: Santin Gaëlle , Cohidon Christine , Goldberg Marcel , Imbernon Ellen 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe objective is to study the relations between depressive symptoms and atypical jobs in the working population in France and to determine if these associations might be linked with psychosocial and organizational constraints.MethodsThe data come from the 2003 Decennial health survey and concern 11,895 workers. Depressive symptoms were measured by the CES‐D scale. Atypical jobs were defined by employment status (fixed‐term or temporary job contract, permanent job contract, self‐employed) and by part‐time work during working life (involuntary or chosen). Working conditions related to atypical hours and psychosocial factors were also studied.ResultsFor both sexes, involuntary part‐time work was associated with a higher frequency of depressive symptoms, but part‐time work by choice was not. Fixed‐term contracts were associated with depressive symptoms only in women. All of these associations persisted after adjustment for psychosocial and organizational factors.ConclusionThe associations between atypical jobs and depressive symptoms differ for job status according to sex and do not seem to be associated with the worst psychosocial working conditions. The interpretation of these results is nonetheless limited in part by the cross‐sectional nature of the survey. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:799–810, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Risk factors for work‐related musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review of recent longitudinal studies
Authors: da Costa Bruno R. , Vieira Edgar Ramos 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjectiveThis systematic review was designed and conducted in an effort to evaluate the evidence currently available for the many suggested risk factors for work‐related musculoskeletal disorders.MethodsTo identify pertinent literature we searched four electronic databases (Cinahl, Embase, Medline, and The Cochrane Library). The search strategies combined terms for musculoskeletal disorders, work, and risk factors. Only case–control or cohort studies were included.ResultsA total of 1,761 non‐duplicated articles were identified and screened, and 63 studies were reviewed and integrated in this article. The risk factors identified for the development of work‐related musculoskeletal disorders were divided and organized according to the affected body part, type of risk factor (biomechanical, psychosocial, or individual) and level of evidence (strong, reasonable, or insufficient evidence).ConclusionsRisk factors with at least reasonable evidence of a causal relationship for the development of work‐related musculoskeletal disorders include: heavy physical work, smoking, high body mass index, high psychosocial work demands, and the presence of co‐morbidities. The most commonly reported biomechanical risk factors with at least reasonable evidence for causing WMSD include excessive repetition, awkward postures, and heavy lifting. Additional high methodological quality studies are needed to further understand and provide stronger evidence of the causal relationship between risk factors and work‐related musculoskeletal disorders. The information provided in this article may be useful to healthcare providers, researchers, and ergonomists interested on risk identification and design of interventions to reduce the rates of work‐related musculoskeletal disorders. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:285–323, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microemboli may link spreading depression, migraine aura, and patent foramen ovale
Authors: Nozari Ala , Dilekoz Ergin , Sukhotinsky Inna , Stein Thor , Eikermann‐Haerter Katharina , Liu Christina , Wang Yumei , Frosch Matthew P. , Waeber Christian , Ayata Cenk , Moskowitz Michael A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjectivePatent foramen ovale and pulmonary arteriovenous shunts are associated with serious complications such as cerebral emboli, stroke, and migraine with aura. The pathophysiological mechanisms that link these conditions are unknown. We aimed to establish a mechanism linking microembolization to migraine aura in an experimental animal model.MethodsWe introduced particulate or air microemboli into the carotid circulation in mice to determine whether transient microvascular occlusion, insufficient to cause infarcts, triggered cortical spreading depression (CSD), a propagating slow depolarization that underlies migraine aura.ResultsAir microemboli reliably triggered CSD without causing infarction. Polystyrene microspheres (10μm) or cholesterol crystals (<70μm) triggered CSD in 16 of 28 mice, with 60% of the mice (40% of those with CSD) showing no infarcts or inflammation on detailed histological analysis of serial brain sections. No evidence of injury was detected on magnetic resonance imaging examination (9.4T; T2 weighted) in 14 of 15 selected animals. The occurrence of CSD appeared to be related to the magnitude and duration of flow reduction, with a triggering mechanism that depended on decreased brain perfusion but not sustained tissue damage.InterpretationIn a mouse model, microemboli triggered CSD, often without causing microinfarction. Paradoxical embolization then may link cardiac and extracardiac right‐to‐left shunts to migraine aura. If translatable to humans, a subset of migraine auras may belong to a spectrum of hypoperfusion disorders along with transient ischemic attacks and silent infarcts. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:221–229
New PTCR thermistors, switching current, and electromagnetic shielding effectiveness from nanosized vanadium sesquioxides ceramic reinforced epoxy resin nanocomposites
Authors: El‐Tantawy Farid , Al‐Ghamdi Ahmed A. , Aal Nadia Abdel 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA new polymer nanocomposites of an epoxy resin matrix with randomly dispersed nano‐vanadium sesquioxides (V2O3) in various amounts were prepared. The structure of the nanocomposites were characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), X‐ray diffraction, hardness, packing factor, extent of filler reinforcement, glass transition temperature, and sound velocity. The percolation threshold in the conductivity of the composites is lesser than 8 wt % and the dielectric constant can reach as high as 103. The resistivity—temperature curve of the composites shows a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) effect. The thermal stability of the composites was examined in terms of thermal gravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (TG and DTA) and isothermal resistivity–time check. Because of the interfacial interaction among filler particles and the epoxy matrix, the nanocomposites exhibit higher thermal stability. The current–voltage–temperature curves behave as switching current. The temperature increases linearly with the applied voltage which makes this PTC nanocomposites very useful for temperature probe. Finally, electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (SE) values have been calculated and measured for the nanocomposites in the frequency range 1–12 GHz. It is found that the SE properties of the nanocomposite improve with increase in wt % of V2O3. A maximum SE of 42 dB for V20 sample at 12 GHz has been achieved. These nanocomposites are potentially useful in suppression of electromagnetic interference and reduction of radar signature. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010