bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genotype-environment interactions in fodder kale (Brassica oleracea L.)
Authors: Bradshaw J. E. , Chapman I. M. , Young A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYTwo potential new kale cultivars were compared with five control cultivars in 12 trials involving five sites in the north of England and the south of Scotland, 2 years, and a range of sowing and harvest dates.The differences between cultivars were small for dry-matter and digestible organic-matter yield. Genotype-environment interactions were relatively large by comparison and hence only tentative estimates could be made of relative yield performance in a wider range of environments. However, the set of trials was satisfactory for determining the heights, dry-matter contents and digestible organic-matter contents of the cultivars despite the presence of statistically significant genotype-environment interactions.Joint regression analyses revealed that the two cultivars with the lowest mean freshweight yields were also the least responsive to environmental change and that environments resulting in low digestible organic-matter contents were best for discriminating between cultivars.
The digestion of untreated and formaldehyde-treated soya-bean meals and estimation of their rumen degradabilities by different methods
Authors: Rooke J. A. , Norton B. W. , Armstrong D. G. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe effect of treating soya-bean meal with formaldehyde was studied in cattle by supplementing a hay–barley diet with two levels of either untreated or formaldehydetreated soya-bean meal. The formaldehyde treatment had no significant effect upon apparent N digestibility in the whole tract; it increased the amounts of non-ammonia N and amino acid N entering the small intestine but this increase was not statistically significant. However, increasing the proportion of either soya-bean meal in the diet increased the flow of non-ammonia N to the small intestine and apparent N digestibility in the whole tract. The formaldehyde treatment reduced the apparent degradability of the soya-bean meal N, determinedin vivofrom 0·74 for the untreated meal to 0·38 for the formaldehyde-treated meal. Thein saccotechnique produced values for the apparent degradability of the two soya-bean meals which ranked them in a similar manner as did thein vivotechnique but gave lower values for degradability than thein vivotechnique.
Interactions between rate, spray interval and number of applications of the synthetic pyrethroid Decis in cow pea (Vigna unguiculata) pest control
Authors: Dina S. O. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe relationship between rate, spray interval and number of applications of Decis for pest control in cow pea was investigated. In 1978 and 1979, neither the rates nor the interaction effects were significant in grain yield when 12·5 and 25·0g a.i./ha of Decis were applied three times weekly or twice at intervals of 10 or 14 days.Further trials in 1980 showed that for the contro l of thrips (M. sjostedti), rate, interval and number of applications were significant for samples at 49 days after planting and beyond, suggesting that the residual life of Decis is about 10 days. Three applications were significantly better than two for lowering the population of C. tomentosicollis and the number × interval interaction was also significant. The number, rate and interval were significant without interaction effects for shrivelled pods caused by all hemipteran pests. In all the trials in 1980 and 1981, damage by the pod borer M. testulalis was low. Rate and number × interval interaction were generally significant but no differences were observed in grain yield. However, in 1980 the higher rate and three applications gave better quality crop, resulting from less hemipteran damage.An analysis of cost–benefit of the trial showed that 12·5 g a.i./ha gave higher returns than 25 g, as did two applications than three, but the trend in the spray interval was less consistent.
A multivariate study of pig carcass growth and composition: 1. production and Grading Characteristics
Authors: Evans D. G. , Kempster A. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYPigs from different companies (source populations) in years 3–5 of the Meat and Livestock Commission's Commercial Pig Evaluation were characterized in terms of eight production characteristics and grading measurements using canonical variates analysis in a multivariate general linear model. For pigs fed to a restricted scale, the first canonical variate was strongly associated with fat thickness measurements and the efficiency with which feed was converted into live-weight gain (FCR); the second canonical variate was associated with killing-out percentage. For pigs fedad libitum, a discriminant variate formed from the sum of the first two canonical variates was strongly associated with P2and loin fat thickness measurements and FCR, and a discriminant variate formed from the difference of the first two canonical variates was strongly associated with killing out, length and shoulder fat thickness. The first three canonical variates accounted for 88 and 90% of the variation between source populations for restricted andad-libitumfed pigs respectively. A graphical display of the source populations indicated that there were six to eight groupings depending on feeding regimen.In principal component analyses of residual variation, the first principal component on both feeding regimens was strongly associated with fat thickness measurements. The first three principal components accounted for 91 and 90% respectively of the variation for restricted andad-libitumfed pigs.
White-seeded beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) resistant to halo blight (Pseudomonas phaseolicola), to bean common mosaic virus, and to anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum)
Authors: Conway Janet , Hardwick R. C. , Innes N. L. , Taylor J. D. , Walkey D. G. A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYHalo blight resistance was transferred in a backcrossing programme from PI 150414 to a Michigan-type bean. The resistant selections obtained gave yields that were up to 10% higher than that of cv. Seafarer and had seed of good quality that was suitable for baking in tomato sauce. These selections were also resistant to the common strains of bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and to the lambda race of anthracnose.In addition, selections with white seed of similar size to Seafarer were obtained from crosses between Seafarer and cold-tolerant lines with large, coloured seeds. In trials over 4 years these selections gave 20% higher yields than Seafarer and were less sensitive to environmental changes. Like Seafarer, they were homozygous for theIgene for resistance to BCMV but were susceptible to halo blight and anthracnose. Although not as suitable for canning in tomato sauce as other material in the National Vegetable Research Station programme, they offer useful parental material for further cycles of breeding.
The effect ofRhizobiuminoculation on white clover in improved hill soils in the United Kingdom
Authors: Newbould P. , Holding A. J. , Davies G. J. , Rangeley Anne , Copeman G. J. F. , Davies A. , Frame J. , Haystead A. , Herriott J. B. D. , Holmes J. C. , Lowe J. F. , Parker J. W. G. , Waterson H. A. , Wildig J. , Wray J. P. , Younie D. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe benefits to establishment and growth of white clover cvs Aberystwyth S.184 and Grasslands Huia of inoculation with three strains ofRhizobium trifolii, using the peat or liquid inoculum techniques, were investigated during 1975–8 on improved hill soils ranging from brown earth through dry and wet peaty podzol to deep peat.Inoculation induced positive response in either number of seedlings, plant cover or dry-matter production in 18 out of 139 comparisons, had no effect in 118 and produced a negative response in three. Most of the positive responses to inoculation were at sites with wet peaty podzol or deep peat soils but of the five sites where increase in clover D.M. production was found in the first harvest year one was a brown earth. The positive agronomic responses occurred only when the proportion of plants with nodules was high and where a substantial proportion ( > 50%) of the latter contained introducedRhizobiumstrains at least in the year of sowing. The three negative responses were in numbers of seedlings on one brown earth and two dry peaty podzol soils and with the Huia cultivar only. Despite lack of statistical significance at individual sites the dominant overall trend was for inoculation to enhance seedling establishment and the early growtli of white clover in all soil types.On one brown earth and one dry peaty podzol soil there was some evidence that spraying theRhizobiumon to emerging white clover seedlings was more beneficial, atleast in microbiological terms, than the customary peat inoculum procedure.The incorporation of even a small amount of nitrogen (30 kg/ha) into the seed bed at the time of sowing adversely affected germination, establishment and growth of white clover in some soils. Sometimes the effects of this nitrogen persisted into the first harvest year.
Reproduction in farmed red deer:3. Hind growth and mortality
Authors: Blaxter K. L. , Boyne A. W. , Hamilton W. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe growth and mortality of red deer hinds from 3 months of age were analysed using data from a farmed stock. Calf mortality from 3 to 15 months of age was 11 % and was highest in the 2 months immediately after weaning. Mortality in the 8 years subsequent to the hinds reaching 15 months was low and based on 924 yearly records of survival was 1·8% per annum.The rate of growth of the calves during their first winter was markedly affected by the amount of feed given and slightly (though highly significantly) greater for the larger calves. In the subsequent summer there was no effect of weaning weight on gain. This varied considerably from year to year.The subsequent growth of the hinds showed that an equilibrium weight of about 82 kg was achieved, and that body weight at the beginning of the year, age, and whether or not the hind produced a calf, all affected the increase in body weight during a particular year.The results are combined to estimate the effects of culling the hind stock at different ages on the number of surplus female calves and the effects on lifetime reproductive performance of the body weight of hinds when 15 months of age. The latter can be predicted from weaning weight and winter feed intake provided gain from 10 to 15 months at pasture can be estimated. The partial effects of giving additional concentrated feed in the first winter were estimated and found to be appreciable.Comparisons of the results are made with mortality rates and body weights estimated by others for wild populations.
Effects of feed restriction during the laying period on the performance of two strains of mature caged commercial layers in the humid tropics
Authors: Benyi K. , Akinokun O. , Lebbie S. H. B. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYTwo strains of commercial layers, 42 weeks old, were fedad libitum, 85 and 70% ofad libitumfor five 28-day periods to study the effects of feed restriction on body weight, carcass characteristics, laying performance and mortality. There were highly significant strain effects on all traits (P< 0·01) except dressing percentage. Period differences were also observed for egg production, egg weight and feed efficiency. In addition, in all cases the relationship between period and these traits was non-linear and was affected by strain or treatment.Feed restriction had significant effects (P< 0·01) on all traits except dressing percentage and mortality. Feed restriction to 70% ofad libitumreduced egg production, egg weight, body weight and feed consumption and improved feed efficiency. However, in most cases there was no difference betweenad libitumfeeding and 15% feed restriction.Strain × treatment interaction had significant effects on egg production and feed efficiency.
The role of protein supplements in nutrition of young grazing cattle and their subsequent productivity
Authors: Hennessy D. W. , Williamson P. J. , Lowe R. F. , Baigent D. R. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe effects of supplements of protein meal or sorghum grain given to young cattle for 140 days during their first winter and spring post-weaning, were recorded over 560 days for cattle grazing on low quality pastures in subtropical Australia. The supplements were offered to steers in four treatment groups, replicated three times, at the following rates per head to late spring: (a) mineral mix (M) + cotton-seed hulls, 90g/day (control), (b) M + protein meal, 600 g/day (protein daily), (c) as for (b) but at 2·1 kg/3·5 days (protein twice-weekly), or (d) M + sorghum grain, 560 g/day (sorghum). For the next 130 days, to late summer, only supplement (c) was continued while the remaining three groups were not supplemented. None of the supplements was offered for the final 290 days of the experiment when the steers grazed an improved pasture.At the end of the first spring, the live weight of the steers supplemented daily and twice-weekly with protein was respectively 229 and 216 kg. These were significantly (p < 0·01) heavier than the sorghum-supplemented (174 kg) or control steers (160 kg). At the end of the first summer, the steers given supplements of protein meal twiceweekly, or daily, remained significantly heavier (265, 250 kg respectively) than sorghum-supplemented or control steers (209, 198 kg). By the second summer, the steers previously given protein supplements were still heavier than the steers from the control group (357v. 317 kg, respectively).In steers which were offered the protein supplement during winter and spring, samples of blood taken at the end of spring had lower (P< 0·01) plasma ratios of glycine to branched-chain amino acids (valine, leucine and isoleucine) and a lower ratio of methionine: valine, than in the steers which were not offered the supplement. These ratios were significantly (P< 0·05) correlated with live-weight change over the preceding 140 days. On this basis it was considered that the improved growth of the steers offered the protein supplements was associated with an increased availability of specific essential amino acids, which may have initiated in the steers an increased appetite for pasture D.M.
Availability of magnesium in soils
Authors: Alston A. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYTwenty-five soils, including some subsoils, with widely differing properties were cropped with perennial ryegrass in the glasshouse, and measures of Mg availability in the soils were related to the Mg concentration in the plants.No single measure satisfactorily characterized Mg availability. The ion activity ratio, √aMg/√aca+Mg when the soil neither gained nor lost Mg on equilibration with 0–02 N-CaC12, was more highly correlated (r = 0·;75***) with Mg concentration in the ryegrass than was the best of the capacity measures tested (CaCl2-extractable Mg, r = 0·68***), particularly if the potential buffering capacity (PBCMg) of the soils was also taken into account, in which case r = 0·83***.Exchangeable Mg (r = 0·67***) was a poorer index of Mg availability than percentage Mg saturation (r = 0·73***) or exchangeable Mg expressed as a percentage of the total exchangeable bases (K, Na, Ca and Mg) in the soil (r = 0·81***). This latter quantity was better than the activity ratio as a predictor of Mg availability (r = 0·81*** compared with r = 0·75***).A significant proportion of the variation in Mg concentration in the ryegrass could be attributed to the K content of the soils, and closer correlations were obtained when K was included in the composite activity ratio, √aMg/(√aca+Mg + B. aK) (r = 0·88***) or when a term for exchangeable K was included in regression analysis with √aMg/√aca+Mg and PBCMg (r = 0·93***).The concentration of Mg in equilibrium soil solutions was generally a less satisfactory indicator of Mg availability than were the activity ratios. Soils derived from basaltic parent material had much higher contents of readily exchangeable Mg than the remainder: parent materials other than basalt had little influence on the availability of Mg in the soils. Exchangeable Mg and per cent Mg saturation were higher in gleyed soils than in freely drained soils derived from similar parent material.
A relationship between thyroid activity, acetate infusion and food intake in rams
Authors: Borhami B. E. A. , El-Shazly K. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYSix mature rams were used in a 6 × 6 latin square experiment. They were put on a high concentrate ad lib. diet. Voluntary food intake was measured on the rams which received the following treatments: control, thiouracil, sodium acetate, thyroxine, sodium acetate plus thiouracil and sodium acetate plus thyroxine. Acetate was infused intraruminally at the level of 6·2 g/kg W0·75 per day for 4 successive days. Thyroxine was injected subcutaneously at the level of 0·3, 0·6, 0·9 and 0·9 mg/kg W0·75/day successively. Thiouracil was given orally as the propionyl derivative at a level of 0·03, 0·06, 0·06 and 0·06 g/kg W0·75/day successively.Respiration rate, pulse rate and rectal temperature were measured before and 1 h after dosing. A period of at least 25 days was allowed between the trials. All the results were calculated as feed intake (g dry matter)/kg W0·75.Injection of thyroxine, sodium acetate and both together inhibited food intake significantly. Thiouracil showed no significant effect on feed intake but it relieved part of the depression caused by acetate. Pulse rate showed significant differences between treatments but rectal temperature and respiration rate did not change significantly. The results are discussed in the text.
Estimates of the frequency of fertilization in field beans (Vicia faba L.)
Authors: Rowland G. G. , Bond D. A. , Parker Mary L. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYFertilization of four field bean cultivars was examined in irrigated and non-irrigated plots. The overall fertilization of the ovules examined was 33%; in irrigated plots it was 25% and in non-irrigated plots, 41%. Only 48% of fully formed flowers had at least one fertilized ovule. Fertilized ovules occurred most frequently at the first ovule position in the ovary (nearest the stigma), and this frequency declined at successive ovule positions. There was in general a higher fertilization percentage at the upper flowering nodes while fertilization percentage dropped from the first flower position in a raceme to the last. At all the flowering nodes and raceme-flower positions, the cultivars Erfordia and Outlook generally had a higher fertilization frequency than Maris Bead or TI. The significance of these results is discussed.
The contribution of clay and organic matter to the cation exchange capacity of the soil
Authors: Hallsworth E. G. , Wilkinson G. K. 
Published: March 2009

Partial regression analyses have been used to calculate mean values for the cation exchange capacities of the clay and organic matter from five groups of soils.It has been found that figures obtained for exchange capacities of the clays were in accord with what was known of their mineralogical composition. The corresponding figures for humus differed widely, the differences approaching significance, and were related to the mean pH of the soil group concerned.The data on which this paper is based were obtained when the authors were at the Agricultural Chemistry laboratories of the University of Sydney, to the Research Grants Committee of which they are greatly indebted for generous financial assistance. They are particularly indebted to Dr G. Wilkinson, C.S.I.R.O., Division of Statistics, Adelaide, for helpful discussions, to Miss H. V. Rayner and Miss J. Walker for certain of the analyses.
Effects of planting date on growth and yield of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan(L.) Millsp.)
Authors: Hammerton J. L. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryTwo dwarf pigeon pea cultivars, each at two spacings, were planted at 4-weekly intervals over a year. Differences in height and number of branches between cultivars and spacings were generally small but planting date had much greater effects. Heights at reaping were > 2 m in plantings made in March or April, but decreased with later planting toca. 1 m in November–February plantings. Time from planting to reaping varied fromca. 120 days in September-February plantings to > 225 days in March or April plantings. Four of the 13 plantings showed loss of mainstem dominance. Defoliation by rust disease showed no seasonal pattern, nor any association with yield. March plantings showed a ‘preliminary’ flowering in which only some wide-spaced and perimeter plants flowered in late July. Yields varied from 0–5 to 10 t/ha as green pods, but one cultivar at a spacing of 0·45 × 0·45 m (49385/ha) gave a mean yield ofca.5 ±0·57 t/ha. Late-May planting appeared the most efficient, giving a large number of pods per day, per flowering branch and per metre of height, but plants exceeded 2 m in height and took 200 days from planting to reaping. December or January planting gave smaller plants, takingca. 125 days from planting to reaping. Day-length was a dominant factor influencing growth and yield, but part of this may have been a response to radiation rather than to photoperiod.
Comparison of the production rate of bacteria in the rumen of buffalo calves estimated by using labelledStreptococcus bovisand mixed ruminal bacterial cells
Authors: Verma D. N. , Singh U. B. , Srivastava S. K. , Srivastava R. V. N. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe rate of production of bacteria in the rumen of buffalo calves kept on two rations was measured using14C labelledStreptococcus bovisand35S whole ruminal bacterial cells. The animals received daily either 15–20 kg green maize or 25–30 kg green cow pea in 12 equal amounts at 2-h intervals. The bacterial cells from the rumen of animals maintained on the same diet were tagged with35S byin vitroincubation in the presence of35S-sodium sulphate. SimilarlyStreptococcus bovisof rumen origin was grown in the presence of U-14C dl-leucine. The cells were injected into the rumen in a single dose. The dilution of the specific radioactivity of bacterial cells in the rumen with time was taken for calculation of the turnover time and rate of production of bacteria.The average production rates of bacteria were 88·3 ± 3·88 and 92·3 ± 1·82 g/kg digestible organic matter and 101·8 ± 1·55 and 103·3 ± 1·49 g/kg digestible organic matter in animals fed green maize and cow pea, when estimated by using mixed rumen whole bacterial cells andStreptococcus bovisrespectively. There was no significant difference in the rate of bacteria production when estimated by either method.
A theoretical examination of Burns' (1975) equation for predicting the leaching of nitrate fertilizer applied to a soil surface
Authors: Towner G. D. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe modelling of the redistribution of soluble salts in soils, in which it is assumed that the amount of water transferred from layer to layer is related to the excess over field capacity of the water content of a layer, is critically examined.The equation obtained from the dispersion equation by neglecting the diffusive term is solved for the leaching of surface-applied nitrates. It is shown that, by comparing the finite-difference form of this equation to the algebraic formulation of Burns' (1975) model, the two approaches are essentially the same, but that Burns makes approximations that are too inaccurate. In particular, it is incorrect to relate the transfer of water to the excess over the field capacity of the water content of the layer. Burns' model, when applied correctly, requiresmany calculations to be performed, which is costly of computer time. However, it is unnecessary in this problem as the analytic solution is simple and quick to apply.