bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pests, pesticide use and alternative options in European maize production: current status and future prospects
Authors: Meissle M. , Mouron P. , Musa T. , Bigler F. , Pons X. , Vasileiadis V. P. , Otto S. , Antichi D. , Kiss J. , Pálinkás Z. , Dorner Z. , Van Der Weide R. , Groten J. , Czembor E. , Adamczyk J. , Thibord J.‐B. , Melander B. , Nielsen G. Cordsen , Poulsen R. T. , Zimmermann O. , Verschwele A. , Oldenburg E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPolitical efforts are made in the European Union (EU) to reduce pesticide use and to increase the implementation of integrated pest management (IPM). Within the EU project ENDURE, research priorities on pesticide reduction are defined. Using maize, one of the most important crops in Europe, as a case study, we identified the most serious weeds, arthropod pests, and fungal diseases as well as classes and amounts of pesticides applied. Data for 11 European maize growing regions were collected from databases, publications and expert estimates. Silage maize dominates in northern Europe and grain production in central and southern Europe. Crop rotations range from continuous growing of maize over several years to well‐planned rotation systems. Weeds, arthropod pests and fungal diseases cause economic losses in most regions, even though differences exist between northern countries and central and southern Europe. Several weed and arthropod species cause increasing problems, illustrating that the goal of reducing chemical pesticide applications is challenging. Pesticides could potentially be reduced by the choice of varieties including genetically modified hybrids, cultural control including crop rotation, biological control, optimized application techniques for chemicals, and the development of more specific treatments. However, restrictions in the availability of alternative pest control measures, farm organization, and the training and knowledge of farmers need to be overcome before the adoption of environmentally friendly pest control strategies can reduce chemical pesticides in an economically competitive way. The complex of several problems that need to be tackled simultaneously and the link between different control measures demonstrates the need for IPM approaches, where pest control is seen in the context of the cropping system and on a regional scale. Multicriteria assessments and decision support systems combined with pest monitoring programs may help to develop region‐specific and sustainable strategies that are harmonized within a EU framework.
From National Service to Global Player: Transforming the Organizational Logic of a Public Broadcaster
Authors: Spicer André , Sewell Graham 
Published: December 2009

abstractWe present organizational logics as a meso‐level construct that lies between institutional theory's field‐level logics and the sense‐making activities of individual agents in organizations. We argue that an institutional logic can be operationalized empirically using the concept of a discourse – that is, a coherent symbolic system articulating what constitutes legitimate, reasonable, and effective conduct in, around, and by organizations. An organization may, moreover, be simultaneously exposed to several institutional logics that make up its broader ideational environment. Taking these three observations together enables us to consider an organizational logic as a spatially and temporally localized configuration of diverse discourses. We go on to show how organizational logics were transformed in the Australian Broadcasting Corporation between 1953 and 1999 by examining the changing discourses that appeared in the Corporation's annual reports. We argue that these discourses were modified through three main forms of discursive agency: (1) undertaking acts of ironic accommodation between competing discourses; (2) building chains of equivalence between the potentially contradictory discourses; and (3) reconciling new and old discourses through pragmatic acts of ‘bricolage’. We found that, using these forms of discursive agency, a powerful coalition of actors was able to transform the dominant organizational logic of the ABC from one where the Corporation's initial mission was to serve national interests through public service to one that was ultimately focused on participating in a globalized media market. Finally, we note that discursive resources could be used as the basis for resistance by less powerful agents, although further research is necessary to determine exactly how more powerful and less powerful agents interact around the establishment of an organizational logic.
Salmonella Serovars and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles in Beef Cattle, Slaughterhouse Personnel and Slaughterhouse Environment in Ethiopia
Authors: Sibhat B. , Molla Zewde B. , Zerihun A. , Muckle A. , Cole L. , Boerlin P. , Wilkie E. , Perets A. , Mistry K. , Gebreyes W. A. 
Published: December 2009

SummaryThe present study was undertaken to determine the occurrence, distribution and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella serovars in slaughter beef cattle, slaughterhouse environment and personnel engaged in flaying and evisceration during slaughtering process. A total of 800 samples (each sample type, n = 100) consisting of swabs from hides, slaughterhouse personnel hands at flaying and evisceration, rumen and caecal contents, mesenteric lymph nodes, carcasses and holding pens were collected. Of the total 100 beef cattle examined, 14% were Salmonella positive in caecal content and/or mesenteric lymph nodes. Of the various samples analysed, Salmonella was detected in 31% of hides, 19% of rumen contents, 8% of mesenteric lymph nodes, 6% of caecal contents, 2% of carcass swabs, 9% of palm swabs taken from the hands of personnel in the slaughterhouse during flaying (7%) and evisceration (2%), and in 12% of holding pen swabs. The Salmonella isolates (n = 87) belonged to eight different serovars of which S. Anatum (n = 54) and S. Newport (19) were the major serovars and both serovars were detected in all sample sources except in carcass swabs. Eighteen of the 87 (20.7%) Salmonella serovars consisting of Newport (n = 14), Anatum (n = 3) and Eastbourne (n = 1) were resistant to one or more antimicrobials. Among the antimicrobial resistant Salmonella serovars, S. Newport was multidrug resistant (15.6%) and exhibited resistance to streptomycin, sulphisoxazole and tetracycline.
Zoonotic Infections of Buffalopox in India
Authors: Bhanuprakash V. , Venkatesan G. , Balamurugan V. , Hosamani M. , Yogisharadhya R. , Gandhale P. , Reddy K. V. , Damle A. S. , Kher H. N. , Chandel B. S. , Chauhan H. C. , Singh R. K. 
Published: December 2009

SummaryFour outbreaks of buffalopox in domestic buffaloes, with considerable mortality with high case fatality rates in young buffalo calves and high morbidity with significant productivity loss in terms of reduction in milk yield in adult animals along with severe zoonotic infection in milk attendants were recorded at various places in India, during 2006–2008. In buffaloes, the pox lesions were confined to udder and teats of the majority of the affected animals, and in few animals the lesions were appeared on the hindquarters, indicating generalized infection. The overall disease morbidity, mortality and case fatality rate were 6.8%, 0.7% and 11.4% respectively. Milkers developed pox‐like lesions on the hands, forearms and forehead accompanied by fever, axillary lymphadenopathy and general malaise. The causative agent of the outbreaks, buffalopox virus (BPXV), was confirmed upon virus isolation in cell culture, electron microscopy, A‐type inclusion (ATI) and ankyrin repeat protein (C18L) gene‐specific polymerase chain reactions (PCR). Further, sequence analysis of the BPXV isolates from human and buffalo showed more identity of ATI and C18L genes sequences with that of other orthopoxviruses at nucleotide and amino acid levels and confirmed a close relationship of BPXV with Vaccinia virus (VACV) or VACV‐like viruses. Considering the zoonotic impact and productivity losses of buffalopox infection, the control measures are imperative in curtailing economic and public health impact of the disease.
Real-Time PCR with Serum Samples Is Indispensable for Early Diagnosis of Acute Q Fever
Authors: Schneeberger Peter M. , Hermans Mirjam H. A. , van Hannen Erik J. , Schellekens Jeroen J. A. , Leenders Alexander C. A. P. , Wever Peter C. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT

The world's largest Q fever outbreak is ongoing in The Netherlands with around 3,000 confirmed cases since the first half of 2007. Increased awareness has resulted in early referral of patients for diagnostics. An important drawback to serological diagnosis of acute Q fever is the lag phase in antibody response. Therefore, we evaluated the performance of a real-time PCR for detection of
Coxiella burnetii
DNA using serum samples from patients with acute Q fever. PCR, targeting IS
1111
, was retrospectively performed on acute-phase and follow-up convalescent-phase serum samples from 65 patients with acute Q fever as diagnosed by immunofluorescence assay. The results obtained by PCR were related to disease stage as defined by subsequent appearance of phase II IgM, phase II IgG, phase I IgM, and phase I IgG (IgM-II, IgG-II, IgM-I, and IgG-I, respectively) antibodies and time since onset of disease. In addition, we analyzed seronegative acute-phase serum samples from patients with inconclusive Q fever serology, because no convalescent-phase serum samples were available. PCR was scored positive in 49/50 (98%) seronegative sera, 9/10 (90%) sera with isolated IgM-II antibodies, 3/13 (23%) sera with IgM-II/IgG-II antibodies, 2/41 (5%) sera with IgM-II/IgG-II/IgM-I antibodies, 0/15 (0%) sera with IgM-II/IgG-II/IgM-I/IgG-I antibodies, and 0/1 (0%) serum sample with IgM-II/IgG-II/IgG-I antibodies. The latest time point after onset of disease in which
C. burnetii
DNA could be detected was at day 17. In patients with inconclusive Q fever serology, PCR was positive in 5/50 (10%) cases. We conclude that real-time PCR with serum samples is indispensable for early diagnosis of acute Q fever.
C. burnetii
DNA becomes undetectable in serum as the serological response develops.
Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis due to
Actinomyces neuii
Successfully Treated with Antibiotic Therapy
Authors: Grundmann Sebastian , Huebner Johannes , Stuplich Judith , Koch Andrea , Wu Kezhong , Geibel-Zehender Anette , Bode Christoph , Brunner Michael 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT

Endocarditis due to
Actinomyces neuii
is a rare disease, with only 14 reported cases. Recently,
A. neuii
was added to the list of species implicated in endocarditis of native valves. We now report the first case of prosthetic valve endocarditis and the first successful control of endocarditis caused by this organism without surgical intervention.
Human Leukocyte Antigen Class I Supertypes and HIV-1 Control in African Americans
Authors: Lazaryan Aleksandr , Song Wei , Lobashevsky Elena , Tang Jianming , Shrestha Sadeep , Zhang Kui , Gardner Lytt I. , McNicholl Janet M. , Wilson Craig M. , Klein Robert S. , Rompalo Anne , Mayer Kenneth , Sobel Jack , Kaslow Richard A. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTThe role of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I supertypes in controlling human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in African Americans has not been established. We examined the effects of theHLA-AandHLA-Balleles and supertypes on the outcomes of HIV-1 clade B infection among 338 African American women and adolescents. HLA-B58 and -B62 supertypes (B58s and B62s) were associated with favorable HIV-1 disease control (proportional odds ratio [POR] of 0.33 and 95% confidence interval [95% CI] of 0.21 to 0.52 for the former and POR of 0.26 and 95% CI of 0.09 to 0.73 for the latter); B7s and B44s were associated with unfavorable disease control (POR of 2.39 and 95% CI of 1.54 to 3.73 for the former and POR of 1.63 and 95% CI of 1.08 to 2.47 for the latter). In general, individual alleles within specific B supertypes exerted relatively homogeneous effects. A notable exception was B27s, whose protective influence (POR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.35 to 0.94) was masked by the opposing effect of its member allele B*1510. The associations of most B supertypes (e.g., B58s and B7s) were largely explained either by well-known effects of constituent B alleles or by effects of previously unimplicated B alleles aggregated into a particular supertype (e.g., B44s and B62s). A higher frequency ofHLA-Bgenotypic supertypes correlated with a higher mean viral load (VL) and lower mean CD4 count (Pearson'sr= 0.63 and 0.62, respectively;P= 0.03). Among the genotypic supertypes, B58s and its member allele B*57 contributed disproportionately to the explainable VL variation. The study demonstrated the dominant role ofHLA-Bsupertypes in HIV-1 clade B-infected African Americans and further dissected the contributions of individual class I alleles and their population frequencies to the supertype effects.
Multi-Low-Dose Mucosal Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmac239 Challenge of Cynomolgus Macaques Immunized with “Hyperattenuated” SIV Constructs
Authors: Willer David O. , Guan Yongjun , Luscher Mark A. , Li Bing , Pilon Rick , Fournier Jocelyn , Parenteau Monique , Wainberg Mark A. , Sandstrom Paul , MacDonald Kelly S. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT

Hyperattenuated simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac239-derived constructs Δ5-CMV and Δ6-CCI are an effort to render SIV incapable of, in practical terms, both reversion and recombination while maintaining the immune features of SIV as a retrovirus. Primary inoculation of cynomolgus macaques with 10
8
50% tissue culture infective doses (TCID
50
) of Δ5-CMV or Δ6-CCI induced low-level humoral and cellular responses detectable in the absence of measureable
in vivo
replication. The first of three DNA boosts resulted in elevated gamma interferon (IFN-γ) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) responses to Gag, Pol, and Env in the Δ5-CMV vaccine group compared to the Δ6-CCI vaccine group (
P
= 0.001). Weekly intrarectal challenge with a low dose of SIVmac239 followed by a dose escalation was conducted until all animals became infected. The mean peak viral load of the Δ5-CMV-vaccinated animals (3.7 × 10
5
copies/ml) was ∼1 log unit lower than that of the control animals. More dramatically, the viral load set point of these animals was decreased by 3 log units compared to that of the controls (<50 versus 1.64 × 10
4
copies/ml;
P
< 0.0001). Seventy-five percent (6/8) of vaccine recipients controlled virus below 1,000 copies/ml for at least 6 months, with a subset controlling virus and maintaining substantial CD4 T-cell counts for close to 2 years of follow-up. The correlates of protection from SIV disease progression may lie in the rapidity and protective value of immune responses that occur early in primary SIV infection. Prior immunization with hyperattenuated SIVmac239, even if sterilizing immunity is not achieved, may allow a more advantageous host response.
,,Wenn ich nur sein Kleid möchte anrühren“ Die Frau mit dem Blutfluss in der frühmittelalterlichen Ikonographie (Mark 5:24b-34parr)
Authors: Baert Barbara 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSince early-Christian time an iconography has developed around the Haemorrhoïssa which is related to the conventions of Christ's miracles of healing. In the transition from word into image, an intense energy is released with regards to touching, the gaze and space. These iconographical characteristics become sensors of a far broader range of topics, for in the Middle Ages the Haemorrhoïssa was also the bearer of patterns of sensitivity for uterine taboos which were connected to magic, textile and types of stones.
Arthrofibrosis after Surgical Fixation of Tibial Eminence Fractures in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Vander Have Kelly L. , Ganley Theodore J. , Kocher Mininder S. , Price Charles T. , Herrera-Soto Jose A. 
Published: December 2009

Background Tibial eminence fractures are rare injuries in children and adolescents. Displaced fractures require reduction and fixation. Operative stabilization can be accomplished with either open or arthroscopic reduction and fixation. Whereas loss of extension has been reported, there are no reports in the literature that quantify loss of motion or provide guidance for treatment. Purpose To report a series of patients who developed knee stiffness after operative treatment for displaced tibial eminence fractures. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Review of medical records and imaging studies of pediatric patients with displaced tibial eminence fractures who developed arthrofibrosis after surgical intervention. Results Thirty-two patients were identified. Twenty-four required reoperation for loss of flexion (n = 9), loss of extension (n = 4), or both (n = 11). Manipulation under anesthesia resulted in distal femoral fractures and subsequent growth arrest in 3 patients. Twenty-nine patients were able to achieve near full knee motion at final follow-up. Conclusions Children with tibial spine fractures are at risk for arthrofibrosis. Stabilization of the fracture is important to allow early postoperative rehabilitation. Should stiffness occur, manipulation of the knee should be performed only in conjunction with lysis of adhesions.
Use of a medication control officer to reduce bias in a clinical trial: lessons learned from the scleroderma lung study
Authors: Hsu Vivien M , Khanna Dinesh , Smith Edwin , Filemon Tan , Whelton Sean , Lopata Mel , Davis John C , Polito Albert , Heck Louis , Molitor Jerry , Abeles Micha , Granda Jose , Korn Joseph , Clements Philip ,   Scleroderma Lung Study Group
Published: December 2009

Background Scleroderma Lung Study (SLS) was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral cyclophosphamide (CYC) versus placebo taken for 1 year for scleroderma-associated interstitial lung disease. An independent medication control officer (MCO), usually a physician, at each center was assigned to monitor laboratory and clinical toxicity of study medication and regulate its dosing based on these results. By having an MCO who watched and managed toxicity, the study investigators were free to care for study patients and to assess study outcomes without the potential bias of knowing toxicity data (toxicity from cyclophosphamide is distinctive — cytopenias and hematuria in particular). Purpose To assess the usefulness of an MCO, whose chief role was to maintain safety while retaining the blinding in the clinical trial. Methods Patients had safety laboratory testing every 2—4 weeks and results were sent directly to the MCO within 2 days of the test. Other clinical adverse events (AEs) were reported by the patient to a nurse coordinator who reported them to the MCO who then managed the AEs to preserve the blinding of investigators caring for the patients. The MCO was provided pre-determined algorithms for dose adjustments of test medication based on the presence and severity of laboratory abnormalities. Results Safety monitoring by the MCO was effective in the early detection of drug toxicity with provision of appropriate medical intervention on a timely basis. At the same time, investigator blinding appeared to be maintained. Limitations The testing of MCO effectiveness in maintaining blinding and consistency was not defined as an a priori hypothesis and thus complete data relating to the efficacy of the MCO were not collected in a prospective fashion. Conclusion An MCO and pre-specified monitoring and dosing guidelines, coupled with uniform pre-specified responses to AEs, may be used effectively to preserve investigator blinding and provide consistency in response to AEs in a clinical trial setting, even when AEs of the test medication are distinctive. Clinical Trials 2010; 7: 85—89. http://ctj.sagepub.com
Identification of novel susceptibility genes in ozone-induced inflammation in mice
Authors: Bauer A.K. , Travis E.L. , Malhotra S.S. , Rondini E.A. , Walker C. , Cho H−Y. , Trivedi S. , Gladwell W. , Reddy S. , Kleeberger S.R. 
Published: December 2009

Ozone (O3) remains a prevalent air pollutant and public health concern.Inf2is a significant quantitative trait locus on murine chromosome 17 that contributes to susceptibility to O3-induced infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) into the lung, but the mechanisms of susceptibility remain unclear. The study objectives were to confirm and restrictInf2, and to identify and test novel candidate susceptibility gene(s).Congenic strains of mice that contained overlapping regions ofInf2and their controls, and mice deficient in either major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genes or theTnfcluster, were exposed to air or O3. Lung inflammation and gene expression were assessed.Inf2was restricted from 16.42 Mbp to 0.96 Mbp, and bioinformatic analysis identified MHC class II, theTnfcluster and other genes in this region that contain potentially informative single nucleotide polymorphisms between the susceptible and resistant mice. Furthermore, O3-induced inflammation was significantly reduced in mice deficient in MHC class II genes or theTnfcluster genes, compared with wild-type controls. Gene expression differences were also observed in MHC class II andTnfcluster genes.This integrative genetic analysis ofInf2led to identification of novel O3susceptibility genes that may provide important, new therapeutic targets in susceptible individuals.
Are smokers with acute cough in primary care prescribed antibiotics more often, and to what benefit? An observational study in 13 European countries
Authors: Stanton N. , Hood K. , Kelly M. J. , Nuttall J. , Gillespie D. , Verheij T. , Little P. , Godycki-Cwirko M. , Goossens H. , Butler C. C. 
Published: December 2009

Little is known about actual clinical practice regarding management of smokers compared with ex-smokers and nonsmokers presenting with acute cough in primary care, and whether a lower threshold for prescribing antibiotics benefits smokers.This was a multicentre 13-country European prospective observational study of primary care clinician management of acute cough in consecutive immunocompetent adults presenting with an acute cough of ≤28 days duration.There was complete smoking status data for 2,549 out of 3,402 participants. 28% were smokers, 24% ex-smokers and 48% nonsmokers. Smokers and ex-smokers had more chronic respiratory conditions (18.5% and 20.5%versus12.5%). Median symptom severity scores were similar. Smokers were prescribed antibiotics more frequently (60%) than ex-smokers (51%) and nonsmokers (53%). After adjusting for clinical presentation and patient characteristics, the odds ratio of being prescribed antibiotics for smokers compared with nonsmokers was 1.44 (95% CI 1.12–1.86; p = 0.005). Patient recovery was not significantly different for smokers and nonsmokers, after adjusting for clinical presentation and patient characteristics.Smoking status was used as an independent factor to determine whether or not to prescribe an antibiotic. Being prescribed an antibiotic was not associated with recovery in smokers.