bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liraglutide: A Once-Daily Incretin Mimetic for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Neumiller Joshua J , Campbell R Keith 
Published: July 2009

Objective: To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analog for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Data Sources: A MEDLINE search (1966–May 2009) was conducted for English-language articles using the terms glucagon-like peptide 1, incretin mimetic, NN2211, and liraglutide. Abstracts presented at the American Diabetes Association and European Association for the Study of Diabetes annual meetings in 2006, 2007, and 2008 were also searched for relevant data. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Articles pertinent to the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of liraglutide were reviewed. Data Synthesis: Liraglutide is a GLP-1 analog with pharmacokinetic properties suitable for once-daily administration. Clinical trial data from large, controlled studies demonstrate the effectiveness of liraglutide in terms of hemoglobin A1c (A1C) reduction, reductions in body weight, and the drug's low risk for hypoglycemic events when used as monotherapy. Data also support benefits of liraglutide therapy on β-cell responsiveness to glucose, with animal and in vitro data indicating potential benefits in β-cell mass and neogenesis with liraglutide treatment. Liraglutide has been studied as monotherapy and in combination with metformin, glimepiride, and rosiglitazone for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Additionally, comparative data with insulin glargine and exenatide therapy are available from Phase 3 trials providing practitioners valuable clinical data on which to base clinical decision making. Overall, liraglutide is well tolerated with dose-dependent nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea being the most commonly reported adverse events in clinical trials. Conclusions: Once-daily administration may provide a therapeutic advantage for liraglutide over twice-daily exenatide, with similar improvements in A1C and body weight observed when liraglutide was compared with exenatide. The glucose-dependent mechanism of insulin release with GLP-1 agonist therapy holds potential clinical significance in the management of postprandial hyperglycemic excursions, with minimal risk of hypoglycemia.
Ein prädiktiver Ansatz zur Lösung nichtlinearer Pfadverfolgungsprobleme unter BeschränkungenA Predictive Solution to Nonlinear Path-Following Problems Subject to Constraints
Authors: Faulwasser Timm , Findeisen Rolf 
Published: July 2009

Zusammenfassung
Neben Trajektorienfolgeproblemen und der Stabilisierung von Arbeitspunkten gibt es viele Regelungsprobleme, bei denen die präzise Verfolgung einer vorgegebenen, geometrischen Bahn im Zustandsraum wichtiger ist als die Konvergenz gegen eine zeitabhängige Solltrajektorie. Beispiele hierfür sind Messaufgaben, die Regelung der Fräskopfbahn von Werkzeugmaschinen oder die Koordination von Satelliten für Vermessungsaufgaben. Diese Probleme der Verfolgung geometrischer Referenzkurven im Zustandsraum werden auch als Pfadverfolgungsprobleme bezeichnet. In diesem Beitrag wird ein optimierungsbasierter prädiktiver Ansatz zur Lösung des Pfadverfolgungsproblems für nichtlineare Systeme unter Beschränkungen der Stell- und Zustandsgrößen vorgestellt. Basierend auf der Erweiterung eines geeigneten Optimalsteuerungsproblems werden hinreichende Stabilitätsbedingungen für das vorgeschlagene Regelungskonzept gefunden. Daneben wird ein Ansatz zur Lösung des um zusätzliche örtliche Freiheitsgrade erweiterten Pfadverfolgungsproblems diskutiert. Die Anwendung der vorgestellten Methoden wird am Beispiel eines Fahrzeugs erläutert.
Zwei Zugänge zur Projektion auf 2d-Kurven für die Bahnregelung autonomer FahrzeugeTwo Approaches for the Projection onto 2d-Curves for the Path Control of Autonomous Cars
Authors: Irle Philip , Gröll Lutz , Werling Moritz 
Published: July 2009

Zusammenfassung
Bei der Bahnregelung autonomer Fahrzeuge wird der kürzeste Abstand zwischen Fahrzeugposition und Bahn als Regelfehler verwendet. Um diesen Abstand zu bestimmen, ist der Projektionspunkt auf der Bahn fortwährend zu berechnen. Hierzu sind schnelle Algorithmen notwendig, die sich bei Fahrzeuganwendungen durch hohe numerische Zuverlässigkeit auszeichnen. Für die Anwendung wurden zwei Zugänge zur Projektion entwickelt und im Gesamtreglerkonzept implementiert, die für unterschiedliche Bahnbeschreibungen geeignet sind. Der erste Zugang über Bi-Kurven hält den Aufwand durch Projektion auf Elementarkurven gering und ermöglicht durch Neuformulierung des Problems die erforderliche Zuverlässigkeit. Der zweite Zugang basiert auf einem Beobachteransatz, bezieht die Eigenbewegung des Fahrzeugs mit ein und ist für beliebig parametrisierte glatte Kurven einsetzbar.
Schätzung des inneren Drehmoments von Verbrennungsmotoren durch parameterbasierte KalmanfilterungInner Torque Estimation for Combustion Engines by Parametric Kalman Filtering
Authors: Jakubek Stefan , Fleck Andreas 
Published: July 2009

Zusammenfassung
Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird ein Verfahren zur Schätzung des inneren Drehmoments von Verbrennungsmotoren vorgestellt. Dieses beruht auf dem Prinzip der Kalmanfilterung und schätzt das innere Drehmoment des Motors aufgrund der an einem Serienprüfstand vorhandenen Messungen. Die Schätzung selbst erfolgt nicht mehr signalbasiert, sondern parametrisch, d. h. durch eine Superposition von Ansatzfunktionen, deren Form speziell auf die Gestalt des Verbrennungsmoments abgestimmt ist. Wesentliche Anforderungen, die das vorgestellte Verfahren zu erfüllen hat, sind sehr gute Rauschunterdrückung, Freiheit von Phasenverzug sowie gute Robustheit in der Parametrierung. Simulationsergebnisse und Praxisresultate sowohl im Stationärbetrieb als auch während eines hochdynamischen Startvorgangs beleuchten die Leistungsfähigkeit des vorgestellten Verfahrens.
Automatisierung des Treibens mittels Diskreter Dynamischer ProgrammierungAutomation of the Driving Using the Dynamic Programming
Authors: Yang Zongru , Bürger Sebastian , Lohmann Boris 
Published: July 2009

Zusammenfassung
Das Treiben ist ein Metallbearbeitungsprozess durch Hämmern in kaltem Zustand, durch den bei Nutzung unterschiedlicher Werkzeuge fast jede beliebige Geometrie von 2D- und 3D-Blechen hergestellt werden kann. Die Ausführung der Schläge geschieht heute maschinell, wobei die Verformungswirkung eines einzelnen Schlages durch zahlreiche Parameter des Werkzeugs und des Bleches beeinflusst wird, was eine umfassende Automatisierung bisher verhindert hat. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird nun eine modellbasierte Regelung für das 2D-Treiben vorgeschlagen. Dafür wird zunächst der Vorgang des Streckens (bewirkt durch ein spezielles Werkzeug) für L-Bleche analytisch modelliert. Drei Phasen, nämlich hybride Deformationen, Materialfluss sowie Rückfederung und -biegung, beschreiben den Umformvorgang bei einem Schlag. Es wird ein zugehöriges nichtlineares (nicht-affines) zeitdiskretes Zustandsraummodell entwickelt, für das sodann eine modellprädiktive Regelung (engl. MPC) zur Ermittlung der optimalen Stellgröße in jedem Zeitschritt entworfen wird. Dabei wird ein Gütemaß, das die Kosten von einem Startwinkel bis zu einer Endbedingung beschreibt, mittels diskreter dynamischer Programmierung (DDP) minimiert.
Increased expression of PAD2 after repeated intracerebroventricular infusions of soluble Aβ25–35 in the Alzheimer’s disease model rat brain: Effect of memantine
Authors: Arif Mohammad , Kato Takeshi 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPeptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) convert the arginine residues in proteins into citrulline residues in a Ca2+-dependent manner. We previously showed that a bilateral injection of ibotenic acid into the rat nucleus basalis magnocellularis elevated the PAD2 activity in the hippocampus and striatum. In this study, we examined whether repeated intracerebroventricular infusions of soluble Aβ25–35 would affect the PAD2 expression in any regions of the rat brain. We also assessed the protective effect of memantine on Aβ-induced PAD2 alterations. The infusion of Aβ25–35 increased the activity and protein level of PAD2 in the hippocampus, and co-treatment with memantine suppressed these changes. An immunohistochemical analysis showed that an increased level of PAD2 was coincident with GFAP-positive astrocytes and CD11b-positive microglia. In addition, immunofluoresecence staining revealed that citrullinepostive immunoreactivity coincided with the occurrence of GFAP-positive astrocytes. Co-treatment with memantine reversed the activation of the astrocytes and microglia, thus attenuating the PAD2 increment. These biochemical and immunohistochemical results suggest that PAD2 might play an important role in the pathology of early Alzheimer’s disease, and may correlate with the changes in glial cells that are recovered by memantine treatment.
<i>Helicobacter pylori</i> Infection and Strain Types in Adult Dyspeptic Patients Undergoing Endoscopy in a Specialized Hospital of Dhaka City
Authors: Rahman Sufi HZ , Rahman M Anisur , Arfin MS , Alam M Mahbub , Bhuiyan TM , Ahmed Nasim , Nahar Shamsun , Hassan MS 
Published: July 2009

Helicobacter pylori infection occurs worldwide with a high prevalence in developing countries. Virulence of H. pylori strains varies in different geographic regions. The aim of this study was to see H. pylori infection and its strain types in adult dyspeptic patients in Bangladesh and to analyze association of H. pylori strain types with clinical disease and severity of histological gastritis. Ninety consecutive adult dyspeptic patients undergoing diagnostic endoscopy were tested for H. pylori infection by culture, rapid urease test (RUT), histology and anti H. pylori IgG ELISA (Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay). H. pylori strain types were determined by Western Blot analysis. Association of strain types with clinical gastro-duodenal diseases and grades of histological gastritis were analyzed by χ2 test. Among the selected patients, 53 (58.9%) were culture positive, 48 (53.3%) were RUT positive, 31 (34.4%) were histology positive and 82 (91.1%) were anti-H. pylori IgG ELISA positive. By Western Blot analysis of the 90 sera samples, 48 (53.3%) showed antibodies to Type I strain of H. pylori, 21 (23.3%) Intermediate strain and 3 (3.3%) Type II strain. Endoscopically, 20 (22.2%) patients were found normal, 27 (30.0%) had gastritis, 9 (10.0%) had duodenitis, 28 (31.1%) had peptic ulcer disease, 4 (4.4%) had gastric carcinoma, and 2 (2.2%) had reflux esophagitis. Histologically, 34.4% had H. pylori, 44.4% had polymorhonuclear neutrophil (PMN), 100% had mononuclear cell (MNC) infiltration of different grades, 1.1% had atrophic gastritis and 2.2% had intestinal metaplasia of moderate grade. H. pylori strain types was not associated with clinical gastro-duodenal diseases or grades of PMN or MNC infiltration (p > 0.05) in these patients. Key words: Helicobacter pylori infection, H. pylori strain types, gastro-duodenal diseases, grades of gastritis doi: 10.3329/bjmm.v3i1.2963 Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2009; 03 (01): 4-9
Nosocomial Multi-Drug-Resistant Acinetobacter Infections - Clinical Findings, Risk Factors and Demographic Characteristics
Authors: Lone Rubina , Shah Azra , Kadri SM , Lone Shabana , Faisal Shah 
Published: July 2009

Recently, Acinetobacter emerged as an important pathogen and the rate of isolation has increased since the last two decades worldwide. Objectives of the present study were to see the incidence of Acinetobacter infection at a tertiary care hospital at Kashmir, India, demographic features of the infections, species identification and antibiotic sensitivity and resistance pattern of the isolates. The clinical samples submitted to Microbiology laboratory at SKIMS over a period of 2 years (June, 2001 to June, 2003) were investigated. Identification, speciation and antibiotyping were performed for the isolates of Acinetobacter recovered from clinical samples including urine, pus, sputum, blood, CSF and other body fluids. Clinical and demographic characteristics were studied retrospectively. Out of a total of 5352 infected samples, 258 (4.8%) were found to be due to Acinetobacter. The organism was responsible for 76 (39.64%) cases of urinary tract infection and 38 (29.45%) cases of wound infection and was most prevalent in the intensive care unit (29.84%). A. baumannii was the most predominant species. Prolong hospital stay, Mechanical ventilation and Intensive Care Units were found to be potential risk factors. High level of resistance was recorded for Ampicillin (86.3%), Cefazolin (93.2%) Gentamicin (61.5%), Cefotaxime (65.8%), Ceftriaxone (61.5%) and Ciprofloxacin (69.2%). Although no specific pattern during antibiotyping was observed, but most of them were multi-drug resistant. Nosocomial infections by multi-drug-resistant Acinetobacter have emerged as an increasing problem especially in the intensive care units of the hospital. The analysis of risk factors and susceptibility pattern will be useful in understanding epidemiology of this organism in a hospital setup. Key words: Acinetobacter, Nosocomial infection, Antibiotyping, Multi-drug resistant doi: 10.3329/bjmm.v3i1.2969 Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2009; 03 (01): 34-38
Laboratory Methods for Diagnosing Leptospirosis: A Review
Authors: Safiulah Sofia Andalib , Saleh Ahmed Abu , Munwar Shaila 
Published: July 2009

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that has been recognized as an important global health problem because of its increasing incidence in many countries and occurrence of several large outbreaks in recent years. Due to variability of clinical features and limited availability of laboratory facilities in endemic countries, the disease remains largely under-reported. Early and specific diagnosis is important to ensure a favourable outcome. Isolation of Leptospirosis is labourious and time-consuming. Direct demonstration of Leptospira from clinical specimens by dark-field microscopy (DFM), direct immunofluorescence, and immuno-peroxidase staining all lack specificity. Until now serological testing has been most frequently used to confirm diagnosis. Microscopic agglutination test (MAT) is the current gold standard but the technique is not simple and is only done in a few reference laboratories. To overcome these difficulties several test methods have been developed to detect IgM antibodies that are detectable after about 5th day of illness. In this paper, the microbiology, epidemiology and laboratory diagnosis of Leptospirosis have been discussed, and critically reviewed the advantages and disadvantages of various laboratory tests for the diagnosis of the disease. doi: 10.3329/bjmm.v3i1.2970 Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2009; 03 (01): 39-43
Block Copolymer Nanolithography: Translation of Molecular Level Control to Nanoscale Patterns
Authors: Bang Joona , Jeong Unyong , Ryu Du Yeol , Russell Thomas P. , Hawker Craig J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe self‐asembly of block copolymers is a promising platform for the “bottom‐up” fabrication of nanostructured materials and devices. This review covers some of the advances made in this field from the laboratory setting to applications where block copolymers are in use.
Functional capacity in children and young adults with sickle cell disease undergoing evaluation for cardiopulmonary disease
Authors: Liem Robert I. , Nevin Mary A. , Prestridge Adrienne , Young Luciana T. , Thompson Alexis A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAlthough cardiopulmonary disease is associated with decreased functional capacity among adults with sickle cell disease (SCD), its impact on functional capacity in children with SCD is unknown. We evaluated 6‐min walk (6MW) distance in 77 children and young adults with SCD undergoing screening for cardiopulmonary disease. Of 30 subjects who also underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing, we found evidence for decreased exercise capacity in a significant proportion. Exercise capacity was related to baseline degree of anemia and was significantly lower in subjects with a history of recurrent acute chest syndrome. We found that 6MW distance adjusted for weight and body surface area was shorter in subjects with restrictive lung disease but that only 6MW adjusted for weight remained significantly shorter when we controlled for baseline hemoglobin. Exercise capacity was not significantly different in subjects with and without cardiopulmonary disease. We conclude that restrictive lung disease is associated with shorter 6MW distances in children and young adults with SCD, but that variables associated with decreased exercise capacity, other than anemia, remain unclear. Our study underscores the importance of further delineating the direct pathophysiologic processes that contribute to decreased exercise capacity observed among individuals with SCD and cardiopulmonary disease. Am. J. Hematol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An open‐label, phase 2 trial of denosumab in the treatment of relapsed or plateau‐phase multiple myeloma
Authors: Vij Ravi , Horvath Noemi , Spencer Andrew , Taylor Kerry , Vadhan‐Raj Saroj , Vescio Robert , Smith Judy , Qian Yi , Yeh Howard , Jun Susie 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRANKL is a key mediator of osteoclast differentiation, activation, and survival. Preclinical data suggest that aberrant production and activation of osteoclasts may influence proliferation of multiple myeloma (MM) cells in the bone marrow. Reports have also shown that inhibiting RANKL may have a direct effect on RANK‐expressing myeloma cells and a therapeutic role in treating the disease. In mouse myeloma models, inhibition of RANKL led to reduced serum paraprotein levels and tumor burden. Based on this hypothesis, this proof‐of‐concept, single‐arm study investigated whether RANKL inhibition with denosumab could reduce serum M‐protein levels in relapsed or plateau‐phase myeloma subjects. All subjects received denosumab monthly, with loading doses on days 8 and 15 of month one, until disease progression or subject discontinuation. Results of this ongoing study demonstrated that no subjects in either cohort met the protocol‐defined objective response criteria of complete response (CR) or partial response (PR), but that denosumab effectively inhibited the RANKL pathway regardless of previous exposure to bisphosphonates, as evidenced by suppressed levels of the bone turnover marker, serum C‐terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (sCTx). Eleven (21%) subjects who relapsed within 3 months before study entry maintained stable disease for up to 16.5 months. Nineteen (46%) subjects with plateau‐phase myeloma maintained stable disease for up to 18.3 months. The adverse event (AE) profile for denosumab and its dosing schedule in these populations was consistent with that for advanced cancer patients receiving systemic therapy. Additional controlled clinical studies of denosumab in subjects with both relapsed and plateau‐phase MM are warranted. Am. J. Hematol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Repeated courses of rituximab in chronic ITP: Three different regimens
Authors: Hasan Aisha , Michel Marc , Patel Vivek , Stasi Roberto , Cunningham‐Rundles Susanna , Leonard John P. , Bussel James 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis study investigated responses to retreatment with rituximab in chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) patients. Treatment with rituximab in chronic ITP patients induces long‐lasting responses in ∼30% of patients but even these patients may relapse. Twenty patients who had achieved a response to rituximab and relapsed were retreated with rituximab (375 mg/m2× 4); this data was analyzed retrospectively. Subsequently, 16 patients were prospectively randomized to receive rituximab with cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone (R‐CVP) or double dose rituximab (DDR). Retreatment with standard dose rituximab demonstrated responses similar to initial rituximab treatment in 15 of 20 patients. Neither of the two more intensive regimens (R‐CVP, DDR) induced responses in any patient who had previously failed to respond to rituximab nor induced substantially longer‐lasting responses among previous responders. No additional toxicity was noted with the DDR regimen, whereas R‐CVP was not well tolerated. These results suggest that retreatment with standard dose rituximab induces similar responses in 75% of previously responding patients and is well tolerated. Neither combining rituximab with CVP nor doubling the dose of rituximab increased the response rate. Am. J. Hematol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Qualitätsentwicklung in der Lehrerfortbildung
Authors: Ansorge‐Grein Kerstin , Patzke Barbara , Bader Hans Joachim 
Published: July 2009

AbstractEine systematische Qualitätsentwicklung etabliert sich in den letzten Jahren auch im Bildungsbereich: Gütesiegelgemeinschaften, Zertifikate und Standards findet man bei Einrichtungen vom Kindergarten bis zur Weiterbildungsfirma. In diesem Zusammenhang konzentrieren sich die Hochschulen zwar auf die Evaluierung von Forschung und Lehre, beziehen aber zunehmend auch Tätigkeitsfelder wie Fort‐ und Weiterbildung mit ein. Die Rahmenbedingungen hierfür, die Probleme und Chancen am Beispiel der Chemielehrerfortbildung waren Inhalt eines Forschungsprojektes, dessen erste Ergebnisse hier dargestellt werden.
Chemie des Bieres
Authors: Grasser Andreas , Woest Volker 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDer Deutsche Brauer‐Bund definiert Bier als ein aus Gerstenmalz, Wasser und Hopfen durch Maischen und Kochen hergestelltes, mit Hefe vergorenes Getränk [1, S. 135]. In dieser Form wird Bier schon seit Jahrhunderten genossen. Bier hat in Deutschland eine kulturhistorische Verankerung, die mit keinem anderen Land verglichen werden kann. Die Braukunst begründet sich auf Verfahren, die bereits im frühen Mittelalter von Klosterbrauereinen genutzt wurden und noch immer hält man sich hierzulande an eine über 450 Jahre alte Lebensmittelverordnung. Mit seinen über 2000 nachgewiesenen Inhaltsstoffen bietet Bier sehr gute Voraussetzungen, verschiedene chemische Stoffgruppen auch im Chemieunterricht zu behandeln. Analytische Untersuchungen können dabei an selbst gebrautem Bier parallel zum Brauprozess durchgeführt werden, so dass dieses Thema auch im Rahmen eines Projektes eingesetzt werden kann.
Lösungsgleichgewicht schwerlöslicher Salze
Authors: Hardam Werner 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWird im Unterricht das Gleichgewicht behandelt, das sich zwischen gesättigter Lösung und Bodensatz eines schwerlöslichen Salzes einstellt, trifft man bei Schülern der Sek. II häufig auf Verständnisschwierigkeiten. So lässt sich im Becherglas nie beobachten, ob ein bestimmter Anteil des schwerlöslichen Salzes tatsächlich in Lösung geht. Die Schüler sind oft geneigt, schwerlösliche Salze deshalb unter ‚unlöslich’︁ einzuordnen. Der Lösungsvorgang muss sich, wenn überhaupt, in Größenordnungen abspielen, die nicht mehr beobachtbar sind. Der vorliegende Beitrag versucht diese ‚Verständnislücke’︁ mithilfe von Modellbetrachtungen zu schließen.