bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cytolysomes in the erythrocytes of lizards infected withPlasmodiumspp.
Authors: Scorza J. V. , Monteiro Cecilia Clara , de Scorza Cecilia 
Published: June 2009

Erythrocytes ofTropidurus torquatus(Sauria, Iguanidae) infected withPlasmodium (Sauramoeba) tropidurishow acid phosphatase activity in Golgi vesicles, multivesicular bodies, secondary lysosomes and autophagic vacuoles. The functional relations between these structures and exocytotic activity is discussed.The authors express their gratitude to: Professor A. G. E. Pearse for his helpful criticism of the work and during the preparation of the revised manuscript; to Professor P. C. C. Garnham for his advice and for his provision of facilities. We are also indebted to Mr Ian McLure for his help in translating the original Spanish into English.
Speciation and development in the genus Lagochilascaris
Authors: Sprent J. F. A. 
Published: June 2009

The habitat of patients with L. minor infection in Trinidad, Tobago and Surinam is described. Three species of Lagochilascaris are redescribed and compared. A new species from Felis concolor is described and a synopsis, with a key to the genus is provided.The development of L. minor is described from eggs and larval stages obtained from neck lesions of patients. The developmental pattern through third- and fourth-stage larvae was found to conform closely to that of other ascaridoid species, but the tail of the second-stage larva showed a unique conformation.The earliest stage of development found in human lesions was the third stage, the smallest larva being 1·8 mm in length. The third moult was observed at about 5 mm and the fourth moult at 8 mm. Adult worms were observed with a minimum length of 5 mm in the male and 6 mm in the female. Eggs were present in some females of 8 mm length.The observations are discussed in relation to previous concepts concerning the affinities, host specificity and evolution of this group of nematodes.The writer takes pleasure in acknowledging the considerable help he received in this work from several colleagues and friends: Professor J. J. C. Buckley for sending specimens of L. minor and L. buckleyi from the Department of Helminthology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; Drs A. G. Chabaud and Marie-Claude Durette from the Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris for sending specimens of L. major; Dr P. Araujo from the Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Farm´cia e Bioquímica for sending specimens of L. minor; Dr J. F. Teixeira de Freitas of the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro for sending specimens of L. turgida; Drs M. D. Little and P. C. Beaver from the Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University New Orleans, for sending specimens of L. minor and notes on their observations relating to L. minor. Grateful acknowledgement is also due to Dr O. H. Siung of the Ministry of Health, Port of Spain, Trinidad, and Dr Cox, Chief Medical Officer, Tobago, Dr A. H. Jonkers and his colleagues at the Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory, and to His Excellency Dr B. F. J. Oostburg, Minister of Health of Surinam, for their considerable help and co-operation which enabled the writer to observe patients and examine specimens in Trinidad and Surinam. The able technical assistance of Miss Mary Cremin, Mrs A. McKeown and Mrs A. Green is gratefully acknowledged. Financial assistance for this study was provided under grants from the Australian Research Grants Committee, the U.S. Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare no. A. 107023–02, and the University of Queensland Research Grant.
A minimal medium for the growth ofPlasmodium knowlesiin dilution cultures
Authors: Trigg P. I. , Gutteridge W. E. 
Published: June 2009

A dilution medium for the cultivationin vitroof the erythrocytic stages ofP. knowlesihas been simplified to contain the following: a balanced salt solution, glucose, isoleucine, methionine, adenosine,p-aminobenzoic acid, biotin and calcium pantothenate. The medium, in the presence of plasma gave better results than the Harvard medium for the growth ofP. knowlesiduring one asexual cycle and also allowed the subculture of the parasites through three asexual cycles before a reduction in the number of parasites was observed.We should like to thank Dr F. Hawking and Dr K. N. Brown for their advice and Mr T. J. Scott-Finnigan for technical assistance. One of us (P.I.T.) received financial assistance from the World Health Organization.
Some aspects of nutrition in Philophthalmus burrili (Trematoda: Digenea)
Authors: Howell M. J. 
Published: June 2009

The effects of P. burrili adults on the chicken host are outlined. There was no evidence that infections of up to 20 flukes caused marked pathological changes in the nictitating membrane to which flukes attach in an intimate 'placental' manner by the ventral sucker.The food material of adult flukes is largely lacrimal secretion; it appears that blood can be excluded from the diet since the caecal contents are colourless and haemoglobin was not detected histochemically. Little material was detected in the caeca by the histochemical techniques used. The presence of a mucus coat around flukes was noted and it is suspected that materials of nutritional significance may be conserved in this coat for long periods. Glucose was demonstrated in the parenchyma surrounding the uterus. It is suggested that this might indicate either (a) polysaccharide degradation in this region; (b) polysaccharide synthesis; or (c) a site of accumulation of glucose which enters through the tegument and caeca. The presence of greatest activity in the uterine region may be indicative of nutritional dependence of the developing miracidium on the parent fluke.The gastrodermis of the caeca is regular, consisting of flattened cells with a very prominent PAS positive, striated border of microvilli. The cytoplasm of the cells contains appreciable amounts of RNA. Protease, acid phosphatase and possibly esterase have been demonstrated in the gastrodermis.Possible esterase activity occurs in the ventral sucker, alkaline phosphatase is present in the lining of the excretory ducts, and acid phosphatase has also been demonstrated in the pharynx, both suckers, and subcuticular region.Ferritin was ingested by flukes in vivo and this enabled the digestion cycle to be followed. Flukes ingested little or no ferritin in vitro. Digestion was completed within 13 h and appeared to take place in close association with the striated border rather than in the lumen. The possibilities are that (a) material is digested intracellularly within the microvilli; (b) membrane (contact) digestion takes place; (c) extracellular digestion, in close association with the striated border, takes place. These processes are not necessarily mutually exclusive.I should like to thank Professor J. D. Smyth for his helpful advice. This study was carried out during the tenure of an Australian National University Research Scholarship.
The nature of the immune response of the mouse to the bile duct cestode,Hymenolepis microstoma
Authors: Moss G. D. 
Published: June 2009

The immune reaction of the mouse to the cestode,Hymenolepis microstoma, has been investigated. The mouse can carry a worm burden of up to 500 mg wet wt and there is no evidence either of rejection of the parasite by the mouse or a slowing down of growth rate of the mouse as a result of the parasite.The nature of the antibody response has been investigated with regard to the type of antibody, onset of production, and titre.The nature of the antibody is discussed together with the fact that there is no rejection of the parasite. The possibility that a cellular immune response might be necessary for rejection is also discussed.I should like to express my thanks to Dr T. S. C. Orr of Fisons Research Laboratories, Loughborough, for many helpful comments and suggestions during the course of this work.My thanks are due also to Professor C. A. Hopkins who put the facilities of the Wellcome Laboratory at my disposal at all times. My thanks, too, to Miss Gillian Moore whose technical assistance was invaluable.The work was in part supported by a Grant from Fisons Ltd.
Short-term culture ofPlasmodium knowlesi
Authors: Butcher G. A. , Cohen S. 
Published: June 2009

The culture method developed by Geiman and co-workers has been modified to give average multiplication rates forPlasmodium knowlesiof at least six-fold in 24 h.Individual modifications have been assessed on the basis of parasite multiplication and [3H]leucine incorporation into parasite protein. The second cycle ofin vitrodevelopment which is particularly influenced by the conditions of culture was improved by: (i) culture of washed parasitized red cells in a medium containing dialysed homologous serum screened for its ability to support parasite growth; (ii) addition of ATP, Co-enzyme A (or pantothenate) and glutamine.We thank Mr E. D. Dennis and Miss Susan Wanstall for technical assistance. This work was supported by grants from the Medical Research Council and the World Health Organization.
The effect of immunity upon some enzymes of the parasitic nematode,Nippostrongylus brasiliensis
Authors: Edwards A. J. , Burt J. S. , Ogilvie Bridget M. 
Published: June 2009

Isoenzyme patterns of normal adultNippostrongylus brasiliensiswere compared with those of damaged worms permanently affected by immunity and adapted worms which show increased resistance to immunity.Isoenzymes of acetylcholinesterase, found in glands of the head end of the worms, showed changes in damaged and adapted worms which can be related to the effects of immunity.Aminopeptidases and non-specific esterases from the same glands were unchanged in worms affected by immunity.Isoenzymes of acid phosphatase found in the gut of the worms were altered in damaged and adapted worms; these changes are probably secondary to the changes in acetylcholinesterases.Of the enzymes studied, acetylcholinesterase is the enzyme most likely to be the antigen which stimulates host immunity, but final proof of this is required.We are most grateful to Dr Valerie E. Jones for many helpful suggestions.
The feeding processes of the cattle-tickBoophilus microplus(Canestrini): A study in host-parasite relations
Authors: Moorhouse D. E. , Tatchell R. J. 
Published: June 2009

The method of attachment of the cattle tickBoophilus microplus(Canestrini) has been investigated on cattle of different breeds and susceptibility to infestation.Despite their differing sizes, the larval, nymphal and adult mouthparts penetrate to a similar depth towards the base of the Malpighian layer. Penetration may occur within 5 min of the arrival of the tick on the host.Attachment is accomplished by the secretion of a cement substance in which the mouthparts are embedded and which adheres firmly to the hosts skin.The cement consists of two main components: a cortex of carbohydrate-containing protein, stabilized by quinone tanning and disulphide linkages, and an internum which is lipoprotein in nature.The start of the secretion of cement and the initial cutting of the host tissues by the chelicerae occur simultaneously. Final rapid engorgement of each stage is preceded by a secondary secretion of cement into a fluid-filled cavity which forms directly beneath the mouthparts and provides additional support.It is concluded that attachment is an entirely mechanical process by an inert cement which does not provoke the development of host-parasite factors inimical to the tick.It is with much pleasure that we acknowledge generous financial support by the Australian Cattle and Beef Research Committee which has made possible this project.
The route of migration of Eimeria stiedae (Lindemann, 1865) sporozoites between the duodenum and bile ducts of the rabbit
Authors: Horton R. J. 
Published: June 2009

Young rabbits were infected by mouth with sporulated Eimeria stiedae oocysts and killed at 1, 3, 5, 8, 12, 16, 24, 30, 48, 54, 72, 84, and 96 h after infection. Sporozoites were found in the lamina propria of the duodenum between 5 and 8 h after infection. Sporozoites were present in the mesenteric lymph nodes, both free and within lymphatic monocytes at between 12 and 84 h after infection. No sporozoites were observed in duodenal portal blood. These observations provide morphological evidence compatible with a lymphatic route of migration between duodenum and mesenteric lymph nodes, probably within lymphatic monocytes. The route to the bile duct epithelium is discussed and a subsequent migration in the portal blood suggested.I wish to express my gratitude to Dr D. F. Kelly of the School of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge, for his guidance and constructive criticism, and to Dr Elaine Rose of the Houghton Poultry Research Station, St Ives, for her invaluable advice on technical problems and for donating the oocysts for the study. I should also like to thank Dr E. A. Pierce of the Department of Animal Physiology, Babraham, and Mr P. Long of Houghton for their advice.This study was carried out as a Research Project during the Natural Sciences Tripos, Part II Pathology course 1965, in the Department of Pathology, Cambridge.
Eimeria duodenalis sp.nov. from English covert pheasants (Phasianus sp.)
Authors: Norton C. C. 
Published: June 2009

A new species of coccidium E. duodenalis sp.nov., has been described, from the pheasant. It is characterized by the subspherical shape of the oocyst, the lack of polar granules and the presence of large sporocystic residual bodies. Endogenous stages are found in the epithelial cells lining the villi, and occur chiefly in the duodenum and upper intestine. Second-generation merozoites form gametocytes and/or third-generation schizonts. The prepatent period is 5 days.E. duodenalis is moderately pathogenic, doses of 50 000 oocysts causing a 30% mortality and a significant weight loss in the survivors. Treatment with a range of sulphonamides in the drinking water was successful as was preventive treatment with Sulphaquinoxaline mixed with the food.Acknowledgements are due to Mr S. F. M. Davies for initiating this programme and carrying out a number of the animal inoculations, to Dr Helen Hein for help and advice in the design of the experiments and to Dr L. P. Joyner for advice in the preparation of the manuscript. The author also wishes to thank Miss C. N. Hebert for the statistical analysis of weight gains and Mr M. A. Peirce, Mr G. L. Choon, Miss J. Saddington and Miss M. Blore for technical assistance.
New coccidia from Australian lizards. II. Eimeria
Authors: Cannon L. R. G. 
Published: June 2009

Five new species of Eimeria are described, viz. E. ablephari from Ablepharus boutonii (Scincidae), E. egerniae from Egernia whitii (Scincidae), E. gehyrae from Gehyra variegata (Gekkonidae), E. lampropholidus from Lampropholis guichenoti and E. leiolopismatis from Leiolopisma challengeri. The characters of these species and the other coccidia from lizards are tabulated and a host check-list is given. Gall bladder parasitism is discussed as is the significance of complete sporogony occurring within the host's body. Some ideas concerning the possible events occurring in the evolution of the Haemosporina are presented.I wish to thank Miss J. Arnold of the Zoology Department, University of Western Australia, for her identification of many of the lizards and Miss S. Curtis for her drawings. Finally I wish to thank Dr H. M. D. Hoyte, Department of Parasitology, University of Queensland, for his interest and helpful criticism of the manuscript.
Parasite vaccines versus anti-parasite drugs: rivals or running mates?
Authors: Gutteridge W. E. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryPrevious articles in this volume have considered the whole question of parasite vaccines from the immunological point of view. A backcloth of general concepts (Roitt, 1989) and strategies in the viral area (Schild, 1989) precedes consideration of problems specific to parasite vaccines (Mitchell, G. F. 1989). This leads on to reviews of progress to date in the development of vaccines for leishmaniasis (Modabber, 1989), malaria (Mitchell, G. H. 1989) and schistosomiasis (Sher, 1989) and in the development and use of veterinary vaccines (Morrison, 1989). I have been asked in this final chapter to take one step back from all of this and provide the alternative, chemotherapeutic, perspective. The reasons for the request are particularly pertinent, though rarely stated: antiparasite drugs already exist; if parasite vaccines are in fact developed, the way these drugs are used and the whole question of whether or not new ones are required, will have to be reconsidered. It is also a timely one: it is clear that the whole concept of a series of vaccines for the control of parasitic diseases has been so well sold, some would say oversold, that it is impacting on the resolve within the pharmaceutical industry to undertake new chemotherapeutic developments, at a time when this is already under severe strain because of financial considerations (Gutteridge, 1987 a). Hence my title: Parasite vaccines versus anti-parasite drugs: rivals or running mates?. I will try to answer it by, in turn, addressing three key questions. Why are we attempting to develop parasite vaccines? Will we be successful? If we are, will there still be a need for chemotherapy?
Biology of snail-killing flies from Africa and southern Spain (Sciomyzidae: Sepedon)
Authors: Knutson L. V. , Neff S. E. , Berg C. O. 
Published: June 2009

Sepedon h. hispanica was collected in freshwater marshes in southern Spain and reared through its entire life-cycle in the laboratory.Larvae of this species differ from those of the twenty-one other reared species of Sepedon in not normally invading water, feeding as parasitoids throughout the first half of larval life (that is, permitting their food snails to live for several days), and in restricting their diet to the genus Succinea during that time.Each newly hatched larva of S. h. hispanica crawls between the mantle and foot of a living Succinea elegans, S. pfeifferi or S. putris and remains there while developing into or completely through the second larval instar.After the death of the first food snail the larva becomes predatory and loses its host specificity. Then it attacks a wide range of pulmonate snails, kills each victim quickly, and destroys a series of individuals belonging to species of Succinea, Lymnaea and Physa.Adults of S. ruficeps and S. scapularis were reared from larvae and pupae collected in Ethiopia.The larvae of both African species are aquatic predators which kill and consume various pulmonate snails unselectively. They are equivalent ecologically to all other larvae of Sepedon previously described.The egg, three larval instars, and puparium of S. h. hispanica, and the mature larvae and puparia of S. ruficeps and S. scapularis, are described and figured.A key is presented to immature stages of the Palaearctic species of Sepedon.We wish to thank Dr W. C. Frohne, Alaska Methodist University, Anchorage, Alaska for collecting and rearing Sepedon ruficeps and S. scapularis. Dr E. Morales Agacino, Instituto Espanol de Entomologia, Madrid; Dr M. Mendizabol, Dr J. Verdejo and D. J. Paris Lopez, Instituto de Acclimatacion, Almeria; and Professor Dr I. Docavo Alberti and Dr B. Llopis Minguez, University of Valencia, aided during the senior author's field-work in Spain. We thank Dr J. Verbeke, Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, for determinations and distributional data; Mr L. W. Stratton, Harpenden, England, and Dr H. J. Walter, Dayton, Ohio, Museum of Natural History, for determinations of Gastropoda; and Mrs L. Lyneborg, Zoological Museum, Copenhagen, for Fig. 25.
Three new species of Myxosoma (Protozoa: Myxosporidia) from East African freshwater fish
Authors: Baker J. R. 
Published: June 2009

1. Three new species of Myxosoma (Sporozoa, Cnidosporidia, Myxosporidia) are described from freshwater fish of the genus Tilapia in East Africa.2. Two of these, M. heterospora and M. brachyspora spp.nov., inhabit the abdominal viscera: the former was found in 41 of 43 fish examined, while the latter was less common. The third species, M. homeospora sp.nov., produces small oval or circular ‘cysts’ in the subdermal muscle and was found in two very young fish only. Spores resembling those of the first two species were also found in one Haplochromis sp.3. The spores of M. heterospora are roughly ellipsoidal but are very variable in shape, and range from 8·5–17·0 μ in length and 6·3–11·0 μ in breadth; the two anterior polar capsules measure from 2·0–9·5 by 1·5–3·5 μ. Those of M. brachyspora are flattened antero-posteriorly, measuring from 7·0–7·5 μ long and 12·0–13·5 μ broad; their polar capsules are from 2·5–3·8 by 2·3–2·5 μ in size. M. homeospora has ovoid spores with the anterior end narrowed, measuring from 13·5–17·0 by 8·5–11·0 μ; the polar capsules measure 4·0–6·0 by 2·0–4·0 μ.4. It is suggested that M. heterospora, at least, is pathogenic and may play a considerable part in reducing the availability of fish as food in this part of Africa.5. A check-list is given of all species of the genus Myxosoma.I thank Mr R. S. A. Beauchamp (then Director of E.A.F.R.O.) and his staff, also Mr G. Bowser (Manager of TUFMAC), for facilities and assistance in the examination of fish; also Dr G. D. Fryer and Dr D. J. Garrod for sending material to me in London, and Dr P. H. Greenwood for supplying the Haplochromis and checking the names of fish; also Messrs G. D. Lomax and P. E. Nesbitt for the preparation of sections. This work was commenced while I was employed at the East African Trypanosomiasis Research Organization.
Evolutionary aspects of transmitter molecules, their receptors and channels
Authors: Walker R. J. , Holden-Dye L. 
Published: June 2009

Classical transmitters are present in all phyla that have been studied; however, our detailed understanding of the process of neurotransmission in these phyla is patchy and has centred on those neurotransmitter receptor mechanisms which are amenable to study with the tools available at the time, for example, high-affinity ligands, tissues with high density of receptor protein, suitable electrophysio-logical recording systems. Studies also clearly show that many neurones exhibit co-localization of classical transmitters and neuropeptides. However, the physiological implications of this co-localization have yet to be elucidated in the vast majority of examples.The application of molecular biological techniques to the study of neurotransmitter receptors (to date mainly in vertebrates) is contributing to our understanding of the evolution of these proteins. Striking similarities in the structure of ligand-gated receptors have been revealed. Thus, although ligand-gated receptors differ markedly in terms of the endogenous ligands they recognize and the ion channels that they gate, the structural similarities suggest a strong evolutionary relationship. Pharmacological differences also exist between receptors that recognize the same neurotransmitter but in different phyla, and this may also be exploited to further the understanding of structure-function relationships for receptors. Thus, for instance, some invertebrate GABA receptors are similar to mammalian GABAareceptors but lack a modulatory site operated by benzodiazepines. Knowledge of the structure and subunit composition of these receptors and comparison with those that have already been elucidated for the mammalian nervous system might indicate the functional importance of certain amino acid residues or receptor subunits. These differences could also be exploited in the development of new agents to control agrochemical pests and parasites of medical importance.The study of the pharmacology of receptor proteins for neurotransmitters in invertebrates, together with the application of biochemical and molecular biological techniques to elucidate the structure of these molecules, is now gathering momentum. For certain receptors, e.g. the nicotinic receptor, we can expect to have fundamental information on the function of this receptor at the molecular level in both invertebrates and vertebrates in the near future.