bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vapour‐liquid equilibria in the system water‐propionic acid
Authors: Dakshinamurty P. , Rao G. Jayarama , Rao C. Venkata 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIsobaric vapour liquid equilibrium data of the binary system water‐propionic acid were determined at 760 mm. Hg total pressure with a modified Baker's still. The activity coefficient data for all the experimental points were correlated satisfactorily by Wohl's two‐suffix van Laar and three‐suffix Margules equations because the activity coefficient curves exhibit small dissymmetry. A minimum‐boiling azeotrope was observed at 99.2° and 95.45 mole‐% water. This is in close agreement with the reported data of Horsley.14
Formation of hydrogen peroxide in the gaseous oxidation of isopropyl alcohol
Authors: Burgess A. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe gaseous oxidation of isopropyl alcohol has been studied in a flow system at temperatures between 350° and 450° at atmospheric pressure. Chemical analyses of the products have been made and the effects of temperature, reactant composition and surface conditions are recorded, particularly with reference to the formation and recovery of hydrogen peroxide.During the initial stages of the reaction, hydrogen peroxide and acetone are formed slowly in a linear chain cycle. This cycle continues throughout the reaction, but a small proportion of the alcohol apparently reacts in a different way, leading to the formation of acetaldehyde and formaldehyde. The reaction subsequently becomes autocatalytic in nature, and a complexity of C1 and C2 products is formed.The optimum conditions for the formation and recovery of high yields of hydrogen peroxide are discussed. The use of an ‘aged’ Pyrex vessel of low surface to volume ratio appears to provide the most favourable circumstances for the formation and preservation of this compound.
An experimental survey of rust preventives in water II. The screening of organic inhibitors
Authors: Hersch P. , Hare J. B. , Robertson A. , Sutherland Sheila M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe methods described in Part I1 were applied to the screening of over 400 possible inhibitors, mainly organic, in non‐acid aqueous solutions containing dissolved air, and to supporting polarisation experiments.Inorganic anions tested included sodium azide which inhibits rusting although it forms a soluble complex with ferric ions and does not precipitate ferrous ions. Some heavy metal complexes, such as potassium ferrocyanide and a ferric EDTA complex, were inhibitors.The carboxylate anion favoured inhibition although this tendency is modified by the hydrocarbon residue and substituents. Thus in the series of sodium salts of fatty acids, the inhibitor effectiveness was maximum with a molecule containing 8—10 carbon atoms depending on the type of test.Results for amines indicate that inhibition is due to the neutral amine molecule; only with strong amines could inhibition be due partly or mainly to the hydroxyl ion. This conclusion is supported by the lack of inhibition ability of aliphatic amino‐acids of comparatively low molecular weight, since aqueous solutions of these exist mainly as zwitter ions. Sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, which is an amide‐type derivative of sarcosine with a large hydrocarbon part, has however good inhibiting properties except in presence of halide ions.Most non‐basic nitrogen compounds were ineffective, even including many derivatives of hydrazine which itself is used as an inhibitor and oxygen scavenger in boiler feed water. Maleic hydrazide and its derivatives were however exceptionally effective, although only moderately so in presence of halide. The nitro group favoured inhibition ability with water‐soluble compounds; the nitroso group favoured inhibition unless, as appeared usual, the molecule complexes iron; and the azo group appeared ineffective.Some but not all organic derivatives of phosphoric acid inhibited the rusting of steel, whilst two phosphinic oxides were ineffective.The sulphonate group resembles sulphate in that it opposes an inhibition tendency. Unlike halide ions, covalent halogen assists inhibition when present in the meta‐ or para‐, but not in the ortho‐position to the carboxylate group in benzoate.Polarisation curves showed most inhibitors to polarise anodic dissolution rather than cathodic oxygen reduction.
The mechanism of the synthesis of hydrocarbons from carbon monoxide, hydrogen and ethylene
Authors: Gibson E. J. , Clarke R. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe distribution of 14C between the various carbon atoms in the C6 and C7 chains of the product formed when a mixture of H2, C2H4 and 14CO is passed over a cobalt Fischer–Tropsch catalyst has been determined. Most of the radioactivity is concentrated in the carbon atoms in the centre of the chains. Some conclusions are drawn regarding the relative rǒles of adsorbed hydrocarbon and oxygen‐containing radicals in the formation of hydrocarbon chains.
Monolayer formation from hexadecanol crystals. II
Authors: Roylance A. , Jones T. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of film losses by evaporation on the spreading characteristics of hexadecanol crystals is examined. It is shown that steady‐state pressures lower than the equilibrium spreading pressure are exhibited and that these are dependent on the ratio of crystal perimeter to film area. The results have been used to evaluate the spreading constant over a range of pressures.
Variation in benzole composition during the carbonising cycle of a coke oven
Authors: Coupe N. B. , Girling W. , Scott R. P. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe composition of the benzole in the gas during the carbonising cycle of a coke oven has been investigated by gas‐liquid chromatography. The results show that paraffins and naphthenes are mainly produced early in the cycle, whereas the maximum benzene concentration occurs much later.
Some techniques for investigating the unsteady‐state molecular flow of gas through a microporous medium
Authors: Nelson E. T. , Walker P. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn experimental method has been developed which is capable of measuring the unsteady‐state molecular flow of small volumes of gas from a micro‐porous solid such as are encountered under thermal conditions unfavourable to adsorption. Two new computational procedures, which do not use the severe simplifying assumptions of existing methods, are described for evaluating diffusivities from unsteady‐state diffusion data. They are applied to some experimental results on the diffusion rates of several gases from synthetic zeolites.
Corrosion and electrochemical properties of zirconium, titanium and titanium‐zirconium alloys in solutions of hydrochloric acid and of hydrochloric acid with oxidising agents
Authors: Andreeva V. V. , Glukhova A. I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe corrosion resistance and electrochemical properties of titanium, zirconium and binary alloys of the whole zirconium‐titanium system in highly aggressive electrolyte have been extensively studied and a number of interesting relationships have been found. The dependence of the course of electrochemical processes on the compositions of the alloy and the electrolyte have been shown. The alloy compositions and the ranges of concentration and temperature of solutions have been established within which the alloys have high corrosion resistance and may be employed as constructional materials for chemical plant.
Self‐diffusion of calcium ions in the equilibrium system calcium silicate hydrate‐lime solution
Authors: Forrester J. A. , Lawrence C. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRadio‐isotope exchange at 25°, using 45Ca, between calcium silicate hydrate and its aqueous solution, has established that an initial rapid exchange involving between 12 and 20% of the calcium in the calcium silicate hydrate crystals, is followed by a slow, diffusion‐controlled exchange, tentative self‐diffusion coefficient for calcium increasing from 1.08 × 10−23 cm.2 sec.−1 to 60.7 × 10−23 cm.2 sec.−1 as the composition changes from 0.36CaO,SiO2,aq. to 1.39CaO,SiO2,aq. The low mobilities of the calcium ion indicated from these results account for the slowness with which calcium silicate hydrate comes to equilibrium with its aqueous solution and also help to explain the high durability of Portland cement products subjected to leaching by water.
Variations in the kinetics of setting of calcined gypsum. I. Effects of retarders and accelerators
Authors: Ridge M. J. , Surkevicius H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects were studied of some retarders and accelerators on the kinetics of hydration of samples of six calcined gypsums with different characteristics. The samples showed considerable individuality in their response, some being virtually unaffected by amounts of retarder or accelerator that markedly affected the hydration of others. The effects described are discussed in terms of theories already developed for the actions of retarders and accelerators.
The effect of various vapours on the strength of compacted silica
Authors: Dollimore D. , Heal G. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method of compacting silica gel powder is described together with details of the surface changes that accompany such a process. The strength of discs of this material in vacuum and in the presence of different pressures of various gases and vapours are given. Carbon tetrachloride at room temperature has no effect. Nitrogen at liquid nitrogen temperature (−195.8°) causes a small decrease in strength. Water‐vapour at room temperature even in small quantities causes a sharp fall in strength.
Silica powders of respirable size. IV. The long‐term dissolution of silica powders in dilute hydrofluoric acid: An anisotropic mechanism of dissolution for the coarser quartz powders
Authors: Bergman I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe study of the rates of dissolution of powders of silica (quartz, tridymite and vitreous silica) of respirable size in 0–1 M‐hydrofluoric acid has been extended to more concentrated acid, to coarser powders and over longer periods. The results have not indicated any major change with dissolution in the overall particle shapes of the powders. For quartz powders of particle diameter greater than 2 μ, however, the results suggest an anisotropic dissolution mechanism, resulting in an unusual increase in the rate of dissolution with time.
A datum point for estimating the adsorbed water in hydrated portland cement
Authors: Feldman R. F. , Sereda P. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn order that it may be possible to differentiate between adsorbed water and water chemically bound in hydrated Portland cement, a study was conducted of the dimensional‐change sorption characteristics at low relative vapour pressures.By use of compacts of bottle‐hydrated cement fabricated at loads between 5000 and 65, 000 lb., equilibrium as well as dynamic values were obtained for dimensional change and moisture change relationships below 20% R.H. The apparatus enabled experiments to be performed in high vacuum.For the first rewetting and second drying it was found that for equilibrium points from 7.2 to 17‐6 and 17‐7 to 7‐9% R.H. the plots of ( Δl/l) vs (ΔW/W) were both linear. After degassing the specimens beyond 7.9% R.H., the dynamic points continued along the straight line traced out by the equilibrium points in the plot mentioned and a sharp transition point was obtained. The vapour pressure in the region of this transition point, referred to as datum point, was less than 10 μ. Further degassing produced another linear region.It was concluded with supporting evidence from work on other porous materials that the datum point where the transition between the linear portions of the curve occurs, will yield a good estimate of the true value for adsorbed water and will thus approximate to the point for zero adsorbed water; it will also separate the processes of desorption and dehydration. This establishes therefore a method for determining the adsorbed water in hydrated cement.The results obtained from the compacts of bottle‐hydrated cement indicate that by this method the surface area, as calculated from the B.E.T. theory, will be considerably lower than that obtained from the high value for the evaporable water (determined by the method of Copeland & Hayes).
The assessment of sealing of anodic oxide films on aluminium by colorimetric analysis
Authors: Wood G. C. , Stokoe J. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA colorimetric method of estimating the degree of sealing of anodic oxide films on aluminium has been developed. Sealing in dichromate or chromate solutions may be followed directly by dissolving the anodic film in sodium hydroxide solution, acidifying with sulphuric acid and determining the chromium in the resulting solution with diphenylcarbazide. For other sealing electrolytes, the partially sealed film is treated for a standard time in potassium dichromate solution (‘post‐sealing’) before dissolution and estimation.In dichromate sealing, chromium uptake continues for long periods at all temperatures and any simultaneous hydration does not rapidly produce pore plugging. The post‐sealing estimation technique is shown to be sensitive to anodising and sealing variables for water sealing. The results support a mechanism of sealing involving some pore closure from the sides with more extensive plugging near the outer surface. The test also appears suitable for assessing films sealed in salt solutions such as nickel acetate and is apparently sensitive to the effects of ageing of the oxide film. It is concluded that it is the most appropriate of the absorptiometric and colorimetric tests because it may be developed on a quantitative basis.
Flotation with insoluble reagents. II. Effects of surface‐active reagents on the spreading of oil at coal‐water interfaces
Authors: Burkin A. R. , Bramley J. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractConditions of agitation strongly affect the recovery of medium rank coal by flotation with oil as collector. As long as collision between coal particles and oil droplets is not prevented by repulsion of the electrical double layers, the effect of agitation is to spread the oil at the coal‐water interface. To remove ambiguities due to the properties of the frothing agent present, experiments on the effects of surface‐active materials on the ease of spreading of the oil were carried out in a special cell with no froth present. The surface‐active reagents improve the distribution of the oil because they lower the oil‐water interfacial tension. Some aromatic materials such as cresylic acid cause similar lowering without making it possible for the oil to spread as readily as when aliphatic reagents are used.
Effect of dehydrogenation on the pyrolysis of two coals
Authors: Dicker P. H. , Gaines A. F. , Stanley L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe series of dehydrogenated coals previously prepared1 by treating a 902 rank and a 401 rank coal with sulphur have been pyrolysed in a Gray‐King furnace to 600°. The variations in the yields of products have been compared as functions of the changes in the structure of the coals produced by the previous chemical dehydrogenation. The results obtained confirm the ‘hydroaromaticities’ previously deduced for the two coals and support the interpretation of the manner in which the coals reacted with sulphur. Furthermore, it is shown that when the two original coals were pyrolysed:

All the acetylatable hydroxyl groups in the coals formed water,
Both the ethane and the ethylene evolved derived from the ‘hydroaromatic’ parts of the coals,
Tar was evolved by the disruption of the ‘hydroaromatic’ material which linked the aromatic nuclei in the coals,
On the other hand, much of the ‘hydroaromatic’ material dehydrogenated to give an extended aromatic network which remained in the char,
The hydrogen liberated by the dehydrogenation of the ‘hydroaromatic’ material was essential to many of those reactions which formed gas.
Oxidation of wheat starch
Authors: Thewlis B. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA series of samples of oxidised wheat starch was prepared by treating the starch with varying amounts of aqueous sodium hypochlorite, extent of oxidation being followed by estimation of carboxyl and of carbonyl content of each sample; viscosity changes on heating with water were followed by means of the Brabender Amylograph, and paste viscosities at 40° were also determined. The results were compared with those obtained from a commercial sample of oxidised maize starch.
Studies in high light‐fastness of dyes. The fading of anionic dyes in anionic alumina films
Authors: Giles C. H. , Datye K. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFacbrs influencing the light‐fastness of anionic dyes on (sulphuric acid) anodic oxide films on aluminium have been studied, using three acid wool dyes of widely different light‐fastness rating on textile fibres. The general conclusions are that there are four principal factors influencing the light‐fastness: (i) the normal fastness of the dye on a textile fibre: the higher the fastness on the fibre, trhe higher is it likely to be on the film, because similar chemical and physical effects in both cases are responsible for fastness; (ii) the thickness of the film: fastness rises with thickness (above a minimum) probably because dye deep in a film is better protected; (iii) the amount and valency of other anions in the dyebath: anions, especially those of high valency, tend to reduce fastness, probably by a competition effoct whereby adsorption of micellcs of dye, which have the highest fastness, is prevented; and (iv) the severity of the sealing treatment: the more severe the sealing, the higher is the fastness. It is suggested that sealing blockr off a proportion (not all) of the adsorbed dye and prcvents access to it of atmospheric oxygen and water vapour, so that it cannot fade. Appropriate recommendations are made for achieving the highest light‐fastness in dyed anodic films for architectural use.
Turbine impellers as gas‐liquid contacting devices
Authors: Hamer G. , Blakebrough N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe performance of turbine impellers has been investigated by conventional sulphite oxidation technique in a 5‐litre vessel in sparged gas‐liquid and gas‐liquid‐solid systems. Performance may be limited by flooding of the impeller and slipping and by a third effect for which the term ‘overloading’ is proposed. This is associated with the attainment of a minimum bubble‐size for an impeller operating in a given environment. For a given diameter and speed of impeller this effect will only be observed if the blade height and width exceed certain critical values. Blade areas larger than that required to give the critical blade height and width result in an increase in power uptake without a corresponding increase in gas solution rate. For a given gas flow‐rate and impeller speed, oxygen uptake rates can be correlated in terms of power consumed by the impeller, irrespective of blade shape. The performance of a given impeller is dependent on its speed of rotation, gas flow‐rate and concentration of solids in suspension.
Catalytic vapour‐phase oxidation of xylenes in fluidised bed
Authors: Bhattacharyya S. K. , Krishnamurthy R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA systematic investigation of the vapour‐phase oxidation of o‐, m‐ and p‐xylenes has been carried out in a fluidised catalytic reactor. Various vanadium pentoxide catalysts, both fused and unfused, and the influence of support and promoter on the catalytic activity have been studied.For the oxidation of o‐xylene to phthalic anhydride, fused vanadium pentoxide proved the best catalyst. Under the optimum conditions (temperature 490°, air/xylene ratio 95.1, space velocity 10, 030 1./h./1., catalyst volume 17.3 c.c.), maximum conversion to phthalic anhydride of 67.8% was obtained.For m‐ and p‐xylenes, isophthalic and terephthalic acids were absent from the oxidation products, but maleic anhydride was an important product.
Autoxidation of the lead soaps of the linseed oil fatty acids
Authors: Mayne J. E. O. , Ramshaw E. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLead palmitate and stearate did not autoxidise in the presence of water and their saturated solutions did not render water non‐corrosive.Lead oleate, linoleate and linolenate autoxidised to give water‐soluble inhibitive materials; lead linoleate and linolenate yielded in addition short‐chain acids, the lead salts of which were corrosive at the pH of the extracts (4.6).The unsaturated lead salts also yielded water‐soluble peroxides, which enabled a given lead salt to inhibit corrosion at a lower concentration.
Molybdenum species in acid solution
Authors: Jenkins I. L. , Wain A. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSolutions of sodium and ammonium molybdate in nitric and in perchloric acids have been examined. The existence of polymeric molybdenum species at acidities greater than 0.1 M‐HNO3 has been established by diffusion experiments. Measurements of the absorption spectra and of the distribution of molybdenum between monododecyl phosphoric acid and aqueous nitric acid indicate the existence of a monomeric species at molybdenum concentrations below 0.001 M, and of polymerisation at higher concentrations. The monomer is probably a hydrated ion of the type (MoO2,xH2O)2+, and the polymer is probably a dimer.
The crystallisation of naphthalene oils
Authors: Briggs D. K. H. , Drake W. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe factors affecting the purity of crystal naphthalene recovered by the refrigeration of drained naphthalene oils have been studied by a statistically designed series of experiments on oils made up from pure compounds.The contaminants are shown to be of two types—intra‐crystalline and surface mother liquor. The former are principally those which form solid solutions with naphthalene. The quantity of mother liquor on the surface is related to crystal size, and the paraffinicity of the oil as indicated by its density.
The flow properties of polyethylene whole polymers and fractions
Authors: Ferguson J. , Wright B. , Haward R. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA high‐pressure, nitrogen‐driven capillary viscometer has been used to study the extrusion flow properties of polyethylene samples which differed in molecular weight, molecular weight distribution and density.Results obtained indicate that the effects of narrowing the molecular weight distribution of polyethylene whilst retaining the same intrinsic viscosity are to decrease its flow rate under conditions of high shear stress, and to decrease its flow parameter ‘n’. Such changes do not, however, have any effect on the flow rate which occurs under conditions of low shear stress, on the maximum shear stress which can be applied consistent with steady smooth flow, or on the activation energy of viscous flow at constant shear stress. High‐pressure polyethylenes, by comparison with linear polyethylenes of similar melt index, show flow irregularities at relatively low shear stresses and they have appreciably higher activation energies of viscous flow.