bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased Expression and Activity of 12-Lipoxygenase in Oxygen-Induced Ischemic Retinopathy and Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Al-Shabrawey Mohamed , Mussell Rene , Kahook Khalid , Tawfik Amany , Eladl Mohamed , Sarthy Vijay , Nussbaum Julian , El-Marakby Ahmed , Park Sun Young , Gurel Zafer , Sheibani Nader , Maddipati Krishna Rao 
Published: January 2011

OBJECTIVE
Arachidonic acid is metabolized by 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX) to 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) and has an important role in the regulation of angiogenesis and endothelial cell proliferation and migration. The goal of this study was to investigate whether 12-LOX plays a role in retinal neovascularization (NV).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Experiments were performed using retinas from a murine model of oxygen-induced ischemic retinopathy (OIR) that was treated with and without the LOX pathway inhibitor, baicalein, or lacking 12-LOX. We also analyzed vitreous samples from patients with and without proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Western blotting and RT-PCR were used to assess the expression of 12-LOX, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and pigment epithelium–derived factor (PEDF). Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to assess the amounts of HETEs in the murine retina and human vitreous samples. The effects of 12-HETE on VEGF and PEDF expression were evaluated in Müller cells (rMCs), primary mouse retinal pigment epithelial cells, and astrocytes.

RESULTS
Retinal NV during OIR was associated with increased 12-LOX expression and 12-, 15-, and 5-HETE production. The amounts of HETEs also were significantly higher in the vitreous of diabetic patients with PDR. Retinal NV was markedly abrogated in mice treated with baicalein or mice lacking 12-LOX. This was associated with decreased VEGF expression and restoration of PEDF levels. PEDF expression was reduced in 12-HETE–treated rMCs, astrocytes, and the retinal pigment epithelium. Only rMCs and astrocytes showed increased VEGF expression by 12-HETE.

CONCLUSIONS
12-LOX and its product HETE are important regulators of retinal NV through modulation of VEGF and PEDF expression and could provide a new therapeutic target to prevent and treat ischemic retinopathy.
Normal Postprandial Nonesterified Fatty Acid Uptake in Muscles Despite Increased Circulating Fatty Acids in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Labbé Sébastien M. , Croteau Etienne , Grenier-Larouche Thomas , Frisch Frédérique , Ouellet René , Langlois Réjean , Guérin Brigitte , Turcotte Eric E. , Carpentier André C. 
Published: January 2011

OBJECTIVE
Postprandial plasma nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) appearance is increased in type 2 diabetes. Our objective was to determine whether skeletal muscle uptake of plasma NEFA is abnormal during the postprandial state in type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Thigh muscle blood flow and oxidative metabolism indexes and NEFA uptake were determined using positron emission tomography coupled with computed tomography (PET/CT) with [11C]acetate and 14(R,S)-[18F]fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoic acid (18FTHA) in seven healthy control subjects (CON) and seven subjects with type 2 diabetes during continuous oral intake of a liquid meal to achieve steady postprandial NEFA levels with insulin infusion to maintain similar plasma glucose levels in both groups.

RESULTS
In the postprandial state, plasma NEFA level was higher in type 2 diabetic subjects versus CON (P &lt; 0.01), whereas plasma glucose was at the same level in both groups. Muscle NEFA fractional extraction and blood flow index levels were 56% (P &lt; 0.05) and 24% (P = 0.27) lower in type 2 diabetes, respectively. However, muscle NEFA uptake was similar to that of CON (quadriceps femoris [QF] 1.47 ± 0.23 vs. 1.37 ± 0.24 nmol ⋅ g−1 ⋅ min−1, P = 0.77; biceps femoris [BF] 1.54 ± 0.26 vs. 1.46 ± 0.28 nmol ⋅ g−1 ⋅ min−1, P = 0.85). Muscle oxidative metabolism was similar in both groups. Muscle NEFA fractional extraction and blood flow index were strongly and positively correlated (r = 0.79, P &lt; 0.005).

CONCLUSIONS
Postprandial muscle NEFA uptake is normal despite elevated systemic NEFA levels and acute normalization of plasma glucose in type 2 diabetes. Lower postprandial muscle blood flow with resulting reduction in muscle NEFA fractional extraction may explain this phenomenon.
Effects of Metformin on Body Weight and Body Composition in Obese Insulin-Resistant Children
Authors: Yanovski Jack A. , Krakoff Jonathan , Salaita Christine G. , McDuffie Jennifer R. , Kozlosky Merel , Sebring Nancy G. , Reynolds James C. , Brady Sheila M. , Calis Karim A. 
Published: January 2011

OBJECTIVE
Metformin can decrease adiposity and ameliorate obesity-related comorbid conditions, including abnormalities in glucose homeostasis in adolescents, but there are few data evaluating the efficacy of metformin among younger children. Our objective was to determine whether metformin treatment causes weight loss and improves obesity-related comorbidities in obese children, who are insulin-resistant.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This study was a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial consisting of 100 severely obese (mean BMI 34.6 ± 6.6 kg/m2) insulin-resistant children aged 6–12 years, randomized to 1,000 mg metformin (n = 53) or placebo (n = 47) twice daily for 6 months, followed by open-label metformin treatment for 6 months. All children and their parents participated in a monthly dietitian-administered weight-reduction program.

RESULTS
Eighty-five percent completed the 6-month randomized phase. Children prescribed metformin had significantly greater decreases in BMI (difference −1.09 kg/m2, CI −1.87 to −0.31, P = 0.006), body weight (difference −3.38 kg, CI −5.2 to −1.57, P &lt; 0.001), BMI Z score (difference between metformin and placebo groups −0.07, CI −0.12 to −0.01, P = 0.02), and fat mass (difference −1.40 kg, CI −2.74 to −0.06, P = 0.04). Fasting plasma glucose (P = 0.007) and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) insulin resistance index (P = 0.006) also improved more in metformin-treated children than in placebo-treated children. Gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly more prevalent in metformin-treated children, which limited maximal tolerated dosage in 17%. During the 6-month open-label phase, children treated previously with placebo decreased their BMI Z score; those treated continuously with metformin did not significantly change BMI Z score further.

CONCLUSIONS
Metformin had modest but favorable effects on body weight, body composition, and glucose homeostasis in obese insulin-resistant children participating in a low-intensity weight-reduction program.
La crise du roman en Espagne, 1915-1936. Le cas d'un romancier : Alberto Insúa
Authors: Barrere Bernard 
Published: January 2011

Entre 1915 et 1936, le roman espagnol subit une crise d'autant plus inattendue qu'à la fin du XIXe siècle avait surgi une pléiade de grands romanciers et qu'à compter de 1915 l'industrie du livre et les systèmes d'édition et de distribution atteignent un haut degré d'efficacité, dépassant même les possibilités d'un marché péninsulaire trop restreint.
La réalité de la crise s'inscrit dans les irrécusables statistiques bibliométri- ques comme dans la mémoire collective : le roman souffre d'une concurrence avec les quotidiens qui publient presque exclusivement les feuilletons étrangers, avec les romanciers des pays voisins, avec les frères ennemis, les romanciers latino-américains, puis enfin avec les transcriptions à l'écran, sur les ondes, des grands textes romanesques. Toutefois il semble moins s'agir d'une décadence que d'une incapacítela donner aux porte-voix de l'imaginaire et de la liberté créatrice les moyens de vivre.
Lengua y habla en las novelas de Miguel Delibes
Authors: Alvar Manuel 
Published: January 2011

El novelista no pretende destruir el lenguaje sino que lo engrandece. Lejos de ser cárcel, la lengua es libertad : la de usarla personalmente, como cualquier instrumento.
Delibes elige escribir como se habla, y sus personajes hablan como saben : así lo demuestran ejemplos sacados de varias novelas. El novelista hace neta distinción entre el lenguaje rural y el popular, de carácter urbano barrioba- jero, entre los que sitúa el coloquial de las ciudades.
El mundo rural de intereses limitados, tiene un lenguaje en extremo matizado y preciso, mientras que en la ciudad, donde se funden multitud de intereses y metasistemas, la semántica se hace más deslizante (El Príncipe destronado). Dentro del habla urbana, los diferentes grados de cultura definen lo que se puede llamar lingüística social o dialectología vertical (El disputado voto del señor Cayo). Los libros compuestos en torno a la caza son un filón inagotable para el diccionario : Delibes se convierte en etnólogo, folklorista, dialectólogo y etimologista. Las preocupaciones lingüísticas de Delibes le llevan al mundo de la teoría (Parábola del náufrago) : excepto en lenguajes técnicos de alta especialización, la palabra no es nunca entidad unívoca. El libro plantea los problemas de las lenguas artificiales, del « babelismo » o de los lenguajes de grupos (el contracto) y desemboca en una desilusión total.
Conjuros, oraciones, ensalmos... : formas marginales de poesía oral en los Siglos de Oro
Authors: Díez Borque José María 
Published: January 2011

D'un ensemble de plus de deux cents conjurations, oraisons, incantations, etc., on a extrait cinquante textes, échantillon suffisant pour étudier ces témoignages authentiques de la culture populaire des Siècles d'or quant à leur litté- rarité comme formes marginales de la poésie orale, liées en leur poétique à la chanson traditionnelle, au romance, etc. dans l'ample cadre de la culture orale. On veut ainsi non seulement accroître le trésor poétique des Siècles d'or, mais encore apporter de nouveaux éléments pour la valorisation d'une culture populaire riche et polymorphe.
Pour reconstruire la poétique du genre on analyse et on souligne ici les éléments récurrents fondamentaux : fragmentismo, liens avec le travail, variantes, figures rhétoriques (répétition, interrogation, parallélisme, structures bimembres, allitérations, structure moi/ toi, etc.). On veut démontrer ainsi qu'il convient de considérer conjurations, oraisons, incantations à l'intérieur des frontières de la poésie orale, dans sa poétique caractéristique de la répétition. Par leurs thèmes, leur sens, leur fonction, leur macrostructure — qui seront abordés dans une prochaine étude (on se borne ici à une brève allusion à la valeur signifiante des quatre éléments) — , les genres que l'on analyse enrichissent les champs complexes et pluriels de la marginalité. C'est pourquoi nous appelons ¡ci « formes marginales de la poésie orale » des textes que l'on exclut d'ordinaire du champ de la littérature.
Apuntes para una teoría del cultismo
Authors: Molho Maurice 
Published: January 2011

Una exacta teoría del cultismo será la que se haga cargo de las dos vertientes de la palabra : la física y la mental. Tal modelo analítico corresponde a la definición que da Saussure del significante, formado de un signo físico y un significado mental. Siendo la función del significante referir a referentes, por medio de alguna de sus propiedades, el cultismo procede de una regulación compensatoria en la economía del referente conceptual, por medio de una bipartición que recurre al fundamento genético del significante originario, o sea al étimo.
A modo de ilustración, tres versos de la Soledad primera de Góngora (62-64) permiten apreciar la ingeniosa improporción compuesta por la asociación de dos cultismos : trémulos (hijos) y términos (luminosos).
Managing BTSs to Solve Handover Problem in Mobile Network
Authors: Etaiwi Wael , Almhairat Haitham , Jarad Mujahed , Batarseh Laith 
Published: January 2011

Handover is a key solution that improves the telecommunication services using GSM by assure the continual service delivery between two mobiles regardless of location's changes of the sender or receiver, and now GSM technology becomes applicable all over the world and the customers become more satisfied to the dealer's services delivery, But Handover suffers from a major problem refers to the limitation of hardware capacity of the BTS (Base Transfer Station).
This approach consists of three schemes, the first one based on reserve an extra ports for handover purposes by implementing a software solution that control BTS ports. The second alternative scheme based on channel exchange between adjacent BTSs by shifting a chosen allocated signal to another adjacent free BTS and then allocating the new signal to the new free port. The third schema depends on carrying the Handover problem to another BTS to solve it if it didn't solved in the second schema.
Somatic Diversity in CDR3 Loops Allows Single V-Genes To Encode Innate Immunological Memories for Multiple Pathogens
Authors: Thomson Christy A. , Little Ken Q. , Reason Donald C. , Schrader John W. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The human Ab response to many common pathogens is oligoclonal, with restricted usage of Ig V-genes. Intriguingly, the IGVK3-11 and IGVH3-30 V-genes are repeatedly paired in protective Abs against the 23F polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae, as well as against the gB envelope protein of human CMV, where germline-encoded amino acids make key contacts with the gB protein. We constructed IgGs encoded by the germline IGVK3-11 and IGVH3-30 V-genes together with DNA encoding the respective CDR3 regions of the L chain and H chain found in a hypermutated anti-23F Ab. These IgGs encoded by germline V-genes bound specifically to 23F pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides with no reactivity to other serotypes of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides or arrayed glycans and recognized l-rhamnose, a component of the 23F repeating subunit. IgGs encoded by this pair of germline V-genes mediated complement-dependent phagocytosis of encapsulated 23F S. pneumoniae by human neutrophils. Mutations in CDRL3 and CDRH3 had significant effects on binding. Thus, IGKV3-11 and IGHV3-30, depending on with which distinct DNA sequences encoding CDR3 they are recombined, can encode binding sites for protective Abs against chemically distinct Ags and thus, may encode innate immunological memory against human CMV and S. pneumoniae.
Bronchial Epithelial Cell-Derived Prostaglandin E2 Dampens the Reactivity of Dendritic Cells
Authors: Schmidt Lotte M. , Belvisi Maria G. , Bode Konrad A. , Bauer Judith , Schmidt Claudia , Suchy Maria-Theresia , Tsikas Dimitrios , Scheuerer Jutta , Lasitschka Felix , Gröne Herman-Josef , Dalpke Alexander H. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Airway epithelial cells regulate immune reactivity of local dendritic cells (DCs), thus contributing to microenvironment homeostasis. In this study, we set out to identify factors that mediate this regulatory interaction. We show that tracheal epithelial cells secrete soluble factors that downregulate TNF-α and IL-12p40 secretion by bone marrow-derived DCs but upregulate IL-10 and arginase-1. Size exclusion chromatography identified small secreted molecules having high modulatory activity on DCs. We observed that airway tracheal epithelial cells constitutively release the lipid mediator PGE2. Blocking the synthesis of PGs within airway epithelial cells relieved DCs from inhibition. Cyclooxygenase-2 was found to be expressed in primary tracheal epithelial cell cultures in vitro and in vivo as shown by microdissection of epithelial cells followed by real-time PCR. Paralleling these findings we observed that DCs treated with an antagonist for E-prostanoid 4 receptor as well as DCs lacking E-prostanoid 4 receptor showed reduced inhibition by airway epithelial cells with respect to secretion of proinflammatory cytokines measured by ELISA. Furthermore, PGE2 mimicked the effects of epithelial cells on DCs. The results indicate that airway epithelial cell-derived PGE2 contributes to the modulation of DCs under homeostatic conditions.
Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Endonuclease 2 Is Necessary for Normal B Cell Development and Recovery of Lymphoid Progenitors after Chemotherapeutic Challenge
Authors: Guikema Jeroen E. J. , Gerstein Rachel M. , Linehan Erin K. , Cloherty Erin K. , Evan-Browning Eric , Tsuchimoto Daisuke , Nakabeppu Yusaku , Schrader Carol E. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
B cell development involves rapid cellular proliferation, gene rearrangements, selection, and differentiation, and it provides a powerful model to study DNA repair processes in vivo. Analysis of the contribution of the base excision repair pathway in lymphocyte development has been lacking primarily owing to the essential nature of this repair pathway. However, mice deficient for the base excision repair enzyme, apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 2 (APE2) protein develop relatively normally, but they display defects in lymphopoiesis. In this study, we present an extensive analysis of bone marrow hematopoiesis in mice nullizygous for APE2 and find an inhibition of the pro-B to pre-B cell transition. We find that APE2 is not required for V(D)J recombination and that the turnover rate of APE2-deficient progenitor B cells is nearly normal. However, the production rate of pro- and pre-B cells is reduced due to a p53-dependent DNA damage response. FACS-purified progenitors from APE2-deficient mice differentiate normally in response to IL-7 in in vitro stromal cell cocultures, but pro-B cells show defective expansion. Interestingly, APE2-deficient mice show a delay in recovery of B lymphocyte progenitors following bone marrow depletion by 5-fluorouracil, with the pro-B and pre-B cell pools still markedly decreased 2 wk after a single treatment. Our data demonstrate that APE2 has an important role in providing protection from DNA damage during lymphoid development, which is independent from its ubiquitous and essential homolog APE1.
Strategies for Genotyping
Authors: Crawford Dana C. , Dilks Holli Hutcheson 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe identification of genomic loci linked to or associated with human disease has been greatly facilitated by the evolution of genotyping strategies and techniques. The success of these strategies continues to be based upon clear clinical assessment, accurate sample handling, and careful data management, but also increasingly upon experimental design. Technological advances in the field of genotyping have permitted increasingly complex and large population studies to be performed. An understanding of publicly available genetic variation databases, including an awareness of the limitations of these data, and an appreciation of the strategic approaches that should be used to exploit this information will provide tremendous insight for researchers are aiming to utilize this accessible technology. As genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) and Next Generation (NextGen) sequencing become the mainstays of genetic analyses, it is important that their technical strengths and limitations, as well as their impact on study design, be understood before use in a linkage or genetic association study. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 68:1.3.1‐1.3.22 © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pulmonary Effects of Inhaled Mineral Dusts
Authors: Fishwick David 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWorkers are still dying from the respiratory diseases caused by exposures to mineral dusts such as asbestos, coal dust, and silica. This chapter provides background information regarding the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system, its defense mechanisms, assessment and response of the lungs to injury and specifics of the lung diseases caused by exposures to some of the mineral dusts.
Administrative Controls
Authors: Barnes Lisa Simkins 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The present study addresses about the occupational health and safety risks in the jobs that require the use of hazardous materials or processes. Various methods of control of risk have been listed. The study finds that administrative controls can be effectively used to reduce the risk of injury or illness if they are properly implemented and often used in conjunction with other control methods to further reduce health and safety risks. Effective use of administrative controls requires a concerted team effort between employees, managers, engineers and occupational health and safety professionals.
Nonionizing Radiation: Lasers
Authors: Sliney David H. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractLasers have been used in industry, science and medicine. Lasers emit radiant energy which is accessible, and may pose potential hazards to the eye and skin. The laser classification system groups them into hazard classes according to their output power or energy and their ability to cause harm. This chapter discusses the special properties of lasers, hazard evaluation measurements, their control and delivery systems, and the special protective measures and the current safety standards and guidelines required for their safe use.
Product Stewardship: A Viable Practice for the Industrial Hygienist
Authors: Agopsowicz Daniel E. , Grumbles Thomas G. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The article summarizes the principles and practice of Product Stewardship to give the reader a working understanding of this growing professional niche. Product Stewardship is a significant regulatory and health protection activity required for all commercial entities, which create, market, transport, import or dispose of hazardous materials. Many of the major chemical manufacturing, processing, and distribution companies are committed to performance programs through their trade associations All of these programs define elements and expectations for Product Stewardship. The number and complexity of PS regulations continues to grow globally with the implementation of REACH, GHS, expanded EPA Inventory requirements and a growing list of participating countries. The typical qualifications and capabilities of a professional industrial hygienist compare well with the competency requirements for the practice of PS. Also, the involvement of government agencies and private advocacy groups and institutions in Product Stewardship activities have been addressed.
Work Site Health Promotion
Authors: Olmstead, Gary 
Published: January 2011

AbstractHealth promotion at the worksite has become increasingly more popular and these programs are sometime also called “workplace health programs” or “worksite wellness programs” or “workplace wellness programs”. These workplace health promotion initiatives can help to improve the health of employees and, correspondingly, healthy employees are thought to be more productive and have less absenteeism. It is believed that this program facilitate to create a culture of health. Historically, worksite health promotion has focused on promoting worker health through reduction of risk‐related behaviors and lack of exercise. This may be coordinated with Employee Assistance Programs (EAP), clinical prevention services, or disease management programs, etc.Today, health promotion in the workplace is being led by multinational companies and the insurance industry. Several organizations have been presented for practicing wellness program for their employees, such as the voluntary PSP program by WalMart. An integrated holistic approach combines health promotion with medical benefits and disease management.