bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reaction of Fertilizer and Liquid Manure Phosphorus with Soil Aggregates and Sediment Phosphorus Enrichment
Authors: Bhatnagar V. K. , Miller M. H. , Ketcheson J. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPhosphorus enrichment ratios (PER) were estimated for sediment from six runoff events from plots that had been under one of three management systems for at least 5 yr: no‐till (NT), no‐till manured (NTM), and fall plowed manured (FPM). Sodium bicarbonate‐extractable P enrichment ratios (Ext‐PER) in sediment were 2.15, 1.30, and 1.10 for NT, NTM, and FPM treatments, respectively. The higher Ext‐PER on the NT treatment could not be explained solely by a higher clay enrichment.A laboratory experiment was conducted to test three hypotheses developed to explain the difference in Ext‐PER values. Phosphorus in the form of either inorganic salt (KH2PO4) or liquid poultry manure (chicken, Gallus gallus domesticus) was added to soil at rates up to 400 mg P kg−1. Soils were passed through 7‐d wetting and drying cycles for 235 d and sampled periodically. Most of the added P from both the manure and inorganic P treatment was associated with the clay fraction. The proportion of P that was desorbable increased as the amount of P added increased. This may, in part, explain the lower Ext‐PER on the manured plots, which had a greater amount of P added. Manure increased water stability of soil aggregates. In addition, the Ext‐P concentration in water‐stable aggregates from the manure treatment increased with increasing aggregate size, whereas the inorganic P source had no effect. Manure did not alter the size distribution of dry‐sieved aggregates, but Ext‐P was increased to a greater extent in the larger aggregates, indicating that there was a preferential sorption of manure P by larger‐sized aggregates. This conclusion was supported by results from a small field trial. The preferential sorption of P from liquid manure by larger, more stable aggregates may result in a lower Ext‐PER in sediment from manured fields.
Effect of Some Coal Gasification and Tar Sand Process Waters on the Viability of Indicator Bacteria of Fecal Contamination
Authors: Adams J. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis research was undertaken to determine if a spill of either coal gasification or tar sand process waters could have detrimental effects on the numbers of indicator bacteria in receiving waters. The objectives were (i) to determine the effect of mixing process waters with “natural” waters on the numbers of fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci after storage of these mixtures at 4 and 20°C, (ii) to determine if the growth phase at the time of exposure was important to the survival of Escherichia coli, and (iii) to determine the importance of pH in the toxicity of a process water. Addition of 10% (vol/vol) of one coal gasification water to river water resulted in approximately 90% reduction in numbers of fecal coliforms within 5 h of storage at 4°C, whereas there was a 65% reduction during this time when storage was at 20°C. An additional coal gasification water and two tar sand process waters were not toxic to fecal coliforms. Survival of fecal streptococci was not adversely affected in any of the waters. Stationary phase cells of E. coli were killed within 5 h of exposure to a 10% concentration of Hanna IV B‐1 coal gasification water, whereas lag and exponential phase cells were unaffected during this exposure time. Further, after 24 h of exposure, 40% of the lag phase cells were viable, while live cells from the other two phases of growth were reduced by 99.9%. There was a 12% reduction in viable cells of E. coli after 120 h of exposure to a 10% concentration of Hanna IV B‐1 process water adjusted to pH 7.0. In contrast, during this same time period there was a 5 log reduction in viable cells that were exposed to the process water (pH 8.6), which had not been neutralized.
Sediment, Season, and Salinity Effects on Phosphorus Concentrations in an Estuary
Authors: Kunishi H. M. , Glotfelty D. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA 4‐yr study was made to better understand nonpoint‐source inputs of P into the Wye River—a shallow, well‐mixed estuary of the Chesapeake Bay. Water and sediment samples were taken periodically from along the length of the river and from the main freshwater tributary. Phosphorus forms and concentrations in solution were measured and P sorption isotherms were determined from sediment samples.Molybdate‐reactive P concentrations were highest during the summer in the uppermost reaches of the river under tidal influence and decreased with increasing salinity downstream. Molybdate‐reactive P concentrations in the river thus appeared to depend on the season and to indicate that increasing temperatures promote P release from sediment and P mineralization by benthic and other marine organisms. In addition, molybdate‐reactive P in the river was released from sediment when fresh water from a tributary diluted the divalent cation concentration of the brackish water. Best‐management farm practices to reduce the loss of P by runoff would not be expected to markedly lower the concentration of molybdate‐reactive P in the river.
Effect of Sewage Sludge on Microbial Activity in an Old, Abandoned Minesoil
Authors: Stroo H. F. , Jencks E. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of lime, fertilizer, and sewage sludge (50 and 100 kg ha−1) upon microbial activity and growth of sparsely distributed tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae Schreb.) on an old, acidic, infertile sandy loam (Typic Udispolents; loamy‐skeletal, mixed, acid, mesic) minesoil was evaluated. Respiration rate and activities of amylase, urease, and phosphatase were used as indices of microbial activity. When compared with the control, lime significantly increased respiration rate, had no affect upon amylase and urease activities, and significantly reduced phosphatase activity. Fertilizer significantly increased respiration rate and amylase activity, but significantly decreased urease activity. Phosphatase activity was not affected by fertilizer applications. Lime plus fertilizer significantly increased respiration rate and amylase activity, had no affect upon phosphatase activity, while it drastically reduced urease activity. Sludge at both rates of application in conjunction with lime and fertilizer (S1LF, S2LF) are only compared with the lime‐fertilizer treatment. Both S1LF and S2LF significantly increased respiration rate and urease activity; S2LF was significantly more effective than S1LF. Amylase activity was significantly increased by both S1LF and S2LF, although there was no difference between the two treatments. The S1LF had no affect upon phosphatase activity, whereas S2LF caused a significant activity increase. All treatments produced significant increases in tall fescue yield. Fertilizer was significantly more effective than lime. The fertilizer and the lime‐fertilizer treatments were about equally effective. Both S1LF and S2LF produced yields that were significantly greater than the lime‐fertilizer treatment. The S2LF had a significantly greater effect upon yield than did S1LF.
Lead Distribution and Fluxes in a High‐Elevation Forest in Northern Vermont
Authors: Friedland A. J. , Johnson A. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHigh‐elevation forests receive large amounts of atmospheric lead (Pb) and accumulate it in the forest floor. In order to determine Pb partitioning in a montane, coniferous forest, we analyzed forest floor and mineral soil (Haplorthods and Fragiorthods), and vegetation parts (leaves, twigs, bark, wood) for their Pb content. Soil and stream water were sampled to estimate Pb flux. Mean Pb concentration in trees, in mg kg−1, was root bark (33.0), twigs (28.3), bark (23.0) > root wood (10.4) > foliage (3). wood (3). Total Pb in above‐ground biomass (trees + shrubs + herbs) was 0.89 kg ha−1. Lead in the organic horizon (forest floor) was 20 kg ha−1 while Pb in the mineral horizon (E + B) was 63 kg ha−1.Monitoring of soil water for one year yielded volume‐weighted mean Pb concentrations of 3.7, 1.8, 1.1, and 1.0 µg L−1 at 3‐, 12‐, 25‐, and 40‐cm depth, respectively. Stream Pb concentration averaged 0.6 µg L−1. We estimated annual Pb input of > 700 g ha−1 yr−1. Estimated output from the forest in stream water was < 12 g ha−1 yr−1. Annual accumulation in the forest floor is approximately 3% of the current forest floor Pb amount. At current accumulation rates, forest floor Pb amount will double in 30 to 40 yr. At current leaching rates, mean residence time of Pb in the forest floor is approximately 500 yr. The ratio of Pb input to output for the forest is 60:1.
Potentials of Cassava Peels as a Soil Amendment: II. Field Evaluation
Authors: Agbim N. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) peels (CP), applied in different proportions with poultry droppings (PD) (chicken, Gallus gallus domesticus), on the growth of a root crop variously named cocoyam, taro, dasheen, and eddo [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott] was evaluated in the field over a 4‐yr period, which included 1 yr of fallow. The treatments 100% CP‐0% PD; 75% CP‐25% PD; 50% CP‐50% PD; 25% CP‐75% PD; and 0% CP‐100% PD were each applied at the rates of 0, 10, 25, and 50 Mg ha−1. At 10 Mg ha−1 the CP‐PD mixtures increased yield by 559, 328, and 311%, respectively, for the 1979, 1980, and 1982 croppings, thus emphasizing the value of the amendment. Significant increases in yield (P < 0.01) were obtained each year for each increment in rate. The mean yields (Mg ha−1) of 2.20, 5.09, and 2.40, respectively, for 1979, 1980, and 1982 demonstrate the residual benefit from these wastes after their incorporation into the soil. After 2 yr, treatment had no sustained effect on residual soil N. Residual (extractable) soil P increased from 11 mg kg−1 with 100% CP to 89 mg kg−1 with 75% CP‐25% PD, thus showing the relatively low and high potentials, respectively, of CP and PD for increasing soil P. Since the availability of PD is considerably less than CP, a 75% CP‐25% PD mixture at 25 Mg ha−1 was deemed appropriate for most efficient utilization of the wastes. At 10 Mg ha−1 of CP, total yield over 3 yr was also increased by 139%. With treatments containing PD, the corresponding yield increases were in the range 275 to 568%. Thus, while CP was a good soil amendment, there was need to incorporate PD with it to maximize yield.
Growth and Heavy Metal Accumulation in Pine Seedlings Grown with Sewage Sludge
Authors: Berry C. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLoblolly pine seedlings were grown in microplots amended with 34 or 68 Mg ha−1 of one of five sewage sludges; (i) old sludge from Athens, GA, (ii) fresh sludge from Athens, GA, and sludges of undetermined age (ii) from Aikens, SC, (iv) from Newberry, FL, and (v) from Chicago, IL. Newberry sludge and fresh Athens sludge supported growth comparable to the inorganic fertilizer control. Seedlings grown with Chicago sludge grew well at the 68 Mg ha−1 rate (23.6 cm in height, 4.2 cm in root collar diameter and weighing 8.3 g) but were not as large as those grown with fertilizer (22.8 cm in height, 5.3 cm in root collar diameter and weighing 12.2 g). Seedlings grown with old Athens or Aiken sludge did not grow well and most of them were not of plantable size (i.e. 15 cm in height and 3.5 mm in root collar diameter). Pisolithus tinctorius did not form ectomycorrhizae on seedlings grown with the sludges as well as on seedlings grown with fertilizer (in most cases < 23% of short roots compared to 63% for controls). Thelephora terrestris formed ectomycorrhizae as readily on seedlings grown with the sludges as those grown with fertilizer when inoculation with the fungus was artificial; natural ectomycorrhizae, however, did not form as readily with some sludges as with fertilizer. When grown with Chicago sludge, roots, stems, and needles of seedlings had significantly more cadmium (two‐ to fourfold) than seedlings grown with other sludges. Poor growth of seedlings grown in old Athens sludge is assumed to be due to deficiencies of macronutrients, since fresh Athens sludge supported good growth. With Aiken sludge and to a lesser degree, Chicago sludge, toxicity of heavy metals is considered to be a possible factor contributing to poor seedling growth.
Using CREAMS and Economic Modeling to Evaluate Conservation Practices: An Application
Authors: Crowder Bradley M. , Pionke Harry B. , Epp Donald J. , Young C. Edwin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEconomic modeling of the impacts of soil loss from agricultural activities traditionally has been based on the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). Most studies have not considered the effects of agricultural production on N, P, and pesticides in runoff. This study, involving a representative Pennsylvania dairy farm, uses the CREAMS model (Chemicals, Runoff, and Erosion from Agricultural Management Systems) to estimate surface runoff losses of soil, plant nutrients, and pesticides. The CREAMS is a continuous simulation model that allows the user to compare the effectiveness of management practices for reducing these losses in a consistent and comprehensive tices for reducing these losses in a consistent and comprehensive manner. The usefulness of the CREAMS simulation model is demonstrated for analysis of agricultural cropping activities and their impacts on losses of chemicals and soil in runoff. Linear programming was used to simulate the impacts of farm‐level water pollution restrictions on farm income. The findings suggest that nonpoint source pollution can be reduced without necessarily reducing farm income. Farm income levels could be maintained by adopting conservation tillage practices or by changing crop rotation. Conservation tillage was found to be the most effective method for maintaining income when water pollution restrictions were imposed. Two years of corn (Zea mays) followed by 3 yr of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) was a profitable and effective rotation for controlling runoff losses. Continuous corn, at the other extreme, caused substantial losses of income when restrictions were imposed.
Effect of Temperature Control on the Composting Process
Authors: Sikora L. J. , Sowers M. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAeration is a method for controlling temperature in composting of organic materials so that microbial activity can be optimized. To determine the conditions for optimum composting, two studies were conducted using a self‐heating laboratory composter in which aeration at two constant rates was evaluated and aeration at constant rate vs. aeration in response to temperature was evaluated. A mixture of raw, limed sewage sludge and woodchips (v/v, 1:1.8) was composted and CO2‐C and wet and dry weight losses were recorded. Numbers of thermophilic bacteria, fungi, and actinomycete were determined in the mixture before and after composting. Comparison of composting at rapid constant aeration rates of 900 and 1800 m3 h−1 Mg−1 indicated no difference in losses of CO2‐C, NH3‐N and moisture in composting runs of 12 and 14 d. Single peak temperatures between 60 and 68°C were recorded. In comparing constant aeration with that of temperature response, twice as much moisture was lost and 2.5 times as much CO2‐C evolved from the latter where temperatures were not allowed to exceed 55°C. Because both dry weight and N losses were increased similarly in the temperature response system, the final total N content of the compost was near that of the compost resulting from the constant aeration system. The total number of thermophilic microorganisms was greater in the final compost from the temperature response study, but more significantly, the population of fungi was substantially larger than in the compost from the constant aeration study. Control of composting by adjusting aeration in response to temperature as opposed to composting by constant aeration resulted in a drier, more stabilized compost for agricultural or horticultural use.
Toxaphene, Methyl Parathion, and Fenvalerate Disappearance from Cotton Foliage in the Mid‐South
Authors: Willis G. H. , Mc Dowell L. L. , Southwick L. M. , Smith S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInsecticide foliar‐persistence data are needed for the development and refinement of predictive models concerning pesticide loss from agricultural ecosystems. Toxaphene (chlorinated camphene), methyl parathion [O,O‐dimethyl O‐(p‐nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate], and fenvalerate [(RS)‐α‐cyano‐3‐phenoxybenzyl (RS)‐2‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐methylbutyrate] were field‐applied by ground equipment to mature cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in northern Mississippi at rates of 2.30, 1.15, and 0.11 kg ha−1, respectively. Pesticide loads on the plants were measured periodically for 146 h following application. Air temperature, windspeed, and relative humidity were also measured during the study. About 92, 76, and 66% of the applied toxaphene, methyl parathion, and fenvalerate, respectively, were intercepted by the cotton plants. The calculated 50% disappearance times for toxaphene, methyl parathion, and fenvalerate were 17.6, 2.4, and 79.4 h, respectively.
Fate of Di‐2‐(ethylhexyl)phthalate in Three Sludge‐amended New Mexico Soils
Authors: Fairbanks B. C. , O'Connor G. A. , Smith S. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDi‐3‐(ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is toxic organic of concern limiting the reuse of sewage sludge on agricultural lands. The degradation, volatilization, and adsorption of DEHP‐14C were monitored in three calcareous soils from New Mexico amended or unamended with sewage sludge. Evolution of 14CO2 was the only mechanism of loss of DEPH from these soils. No volatilization of parent compound or organic metabolites was detected. The effects of sewage sludge on DEHP degradation varied with soil, DEHP concentration, and sludge incubation time. As a result, 50% disappearance time varied from 8 to 72 d, depending on treatment interactions. After 146 d, 76 to 93% of the DEHP‐14C was evolved as CO2. In general, DEHP persistence was reduced by previous exposure of the soil to sludge, but was increased or unaffected by fresh additions of sludge. Increasing DEHP concentration from 2 to 20 mg kg−1 soil increased DEHP persistence. Degradation of DEHP was greater in two sandy loams (Typic Haplargids and Petrocalcic Paleustolls) than in a clay soil (Typic Torrifluvents). Preliminary data suggest extensive adsorption of DEHP by all soils with no effect of sewage sludge additions.
Herbicide Residues from Winter Wheat Plots: Effect of Tillage and Crop Management
Authors: Brown David F. , Mc Cool Donald K. , Papendick Robert I. , Mc Donough Leslie M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractData on the magnitude and persistence of residues of metribuzin (4‐amino‐6‐t‐butyl‐3‐(methylthio‐1,2,4‐triazine‐5‐(4H)‐one and bromoxynil octanoate (2,6‐dibromo‐4‐cyanophenyl octanoate) in soils and runoff water from winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) fields were collected on plots managed with different tillage and crop rotation systems during three seasons from 1978 to 1982. On steeply‐sloped runoff plots, the greatest runoff, erosion, and losses of herbicides occurred on plots that were planted in winter wheat after summer fallow and were tilled conventionally. The lowest erosion and herbicide losses were observed on plots directly seeded in winter wheat stubble without tillage, whereas the relative effectiveness of the other systems depended on the year, the volume of runoff, and the type of runoff events. Wheat residue from the previous crop was more effective than pea (Pisum sativum L.) residue in reducing erosion and herbicide losses, mainly because of the greater quantities of wheat residues produced. Compared to runoff of herbicides under summer conditions in the southeastern USA, runoff of herbicides under winter conditions in Eastern Washington was greatly extended, and there was very little movement or degradation of the herbicides while the ground was frozen. The half‐life of metribuzin in soil was 102 to 112 d (k = 0.0069 × 0.0062 d−1), but insufficient data were obtained to calculate the half‐life of bromoxynil octanoate. The disappearance of bromoxynil octanoate and bromoxynil (2,6‐dibromo‐4‐cyanophenol) from soil plots was rapid; only traces of bromoxynil octanoate or bromoxynil were present after 72 d under winter conditions. Small amounts of metribuzin and desaminodiketo metribuzin (DADK) moved down as far as 21 cm in the soil. Less than 0.060 µmol kg−1 of metribuzin and less than 0.015 µmol kg−1 DADK remained in the top 7 cm of soil 192 d after application of 0.43 to 0.56 kg ha−1 of metribuzin.
Self‐Sealing of Earthen Liquid Manure Storage Ponds: I. A Case Study
Authors: Miller M. H. , Robinson J. B. , Gillham R. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA monitoring system was established on an unlined, earthen storage pond near Kitchener, ON prior to the addition of liquid manure from a 4500‐head beef (Bos taurus) feeding operation. The bottom of the pond, which had a surface area when full of 2 ha, was a coarse textured sand. This material, with some gravel layers, extended below the water table, which was initially at 13.7 m below the ground surface. A platform, at which soil moisture measurement and groundwater sampling tubes were installed, was constructed within the pond. Additional groundwater sampling tubes were installed at several points surrounding the pond. Moisture content of the soil immediately below the pond reached saturation when liquid manure was first added but began to decrease within 2 weeks and reached a steady state at a water potential of about −0.03 MPa within 90 d. The infiltration rate at this time was estimated to be less than 10−8 m s−1, a value considered to indicate that the bottom was effectively sealed. There was a rapid increase in Cl content of the groundwater within 2 weeks of manure addition but the concentration declined to initial values within 12 weeks. There was no evidence of elevated Cl concentrations in groundwater outside the boundaries of the pond. The NO3‐N content of groundwater below the pond decreased to non‐detectable values very shortly after addition of manure but returned to background values within 12 weeks except in the upper portions of the groundwater. A similar depression of NO3‐N was observed at one sampling position within a few meters of the pond but not at more distant points. It was concluded that the NO3‐N depression was due primarily to denitrification in the groundwater as it passed below the pond. It is concluded that, with some limitations, unlined earthen manure ponds are environmentally acceptable, even in sandy material.
Self‐Sealing of Earthen Liquid Manure Storage Ponds: II. Rate and Mechanism of Sealing
Authors: Rowsell J. G. , Miller M. H. , Groenevelt P. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA laboratory study was conducted to determine the degree and rate of sealing of the soil surface where liquid beef (Bos taurus) manure with solids content of 50 g kg−1 was infiltrated into cores of a sandy loam, a loam, and a clay soil under hydraulic heads of 1 and 5 m. A second experiment explored the mechanism of sealing. The infiltration rate was expressed in the logarithmic form of the Kostiakov equation: log q = A + b log t where q = infiltration rate (m s−1) and t = time (s). In this relation A represents the log of the initial infiltration rate (at 1.0 s) and b is the rate of change in rate with time on a logarithmic scale. The infiltration rate decreased rapidly with time and reached a value of 10−8 m s−1 or less within 30 d on all soils at 1‐m hydraulic head. This rate is considered to indicate an essentially impermeable system. At a 5‐m head the infiltration rate reached 10−8 m s−1 within 10 d on the clay soil but required periods > 30 d on the other two soils. A physical blocking of pores was the major mechanism of sealing. The rate of reduction of infiltration into the loam soil was similar for sterilized manure indicating that in this study biological activity was not a factor. Infiltration of a salt solution having similar cationic constituents as the manure remained constant over time indicating that dispersion of soil particles was not a factor.