bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of cloud‐resolving precipitation simulations to uncertainty of vertical structures of initial conditions
Authors: Li Xiaofan , Shen Xinyong 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSensitivity of precipitation simulations to the uncertainty of vertical structure of initial temperature or water vapour conditions is examined in this study by conducting a series of two‐dimensional cloud‐resolving model simulations. The perturbation experiments are perturbed by either initial temperature or initial water vapour in different vertical layers and are compared with the control experiment. The perturbations of initial temperature and water vapour are significantly smaller than observed temperature and water vapour errors. The results show that the precipitation simulations are much affected by these small perturbations of initial temperature and water vapour conditions when the spatial and temporal scales are less than 500 km and 4 hours respectively. The zonal scales of the precipitation simulations sensitive to uncertainty of initial temperature conditions are significantly smaller when the initial temperature is perturbed in the upper troposphere than when it is perturbed in the lower troposphere. The precipitation simulations are insensitive to the uncertainty of vertical profiles of initial water vapour conditions. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Thermodynamic analysis of snowball Earth hysteresis experiment: Efficiency, entropy production and irreversibility
Authors: Lucarini Valerio , Fraedrich Klaus , Lunkeit Frank 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe present an extensive thermodynamic analysis of a hysteresis experiment performed on a simplified yet Earth‐like climate model. We slowly vary the solar constant by 20% around the present value and detect that for a large range of values of the solar constant the realization of snowball or of regular climate conditions depends on the history of the system. Using recent results on the global climate thermodynamics, we show that the two regimes feature radically different properties. The efficiency of the climate machine monotonically increases with decreasing solar constant in present climate conditions, whereas the opposite takes place in snowball conditions. Instead, entropy production is monotonically increasing with the solar constant in both branches of climate conditions, and its value is about four times larger in the warm branch than in the corresponding cold state. Finally, the degree of irreversibility of the system, measured as the fraction of excess entropy production due to irreversible heat transport processes, is much higher in the warm climate conditions, with an explosive growth in the upper range of the considered values of solar constants. Whereas in the cold climate regime a dominating role is played by changes in the meridional albedo contrast, in the warm climate regime changes in the intensity of latent heat fluxes are crucial for determining the observed properties. This substantiates the importance of addressing correctly the variations of the hydrological cycle in a changing climate. An interpretation of the climate transitions at the tipping points based upon macro‐scale thermodynamic properties is also proposed. Our results support the adoption of a new generation of diagnostic tools based on the second law of thermodynamics for auditing climate models and outline a set of parametrizations to be used in conceptual and intermediate‐complexity models or for the reconstruction of the past climate conditions. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Numerical simulation of the 7 to 9 September 2006 AMMA mesoscale convective system: Evaluation of the dynamics and cloud microphysics using synthetic observations
Authors: Penide Guillaume , Giraud Vincent , Bouniol Dominique , Dubuisson Phillippe , Duroure Christophe , Protat Alain , Cautenet Sylvie 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis paper presents a numerical simulation of a Mesoscale Convective System (MCS) observed during the AMMA (African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis) experiment with the BRAMS model (Brazilian Regional Atmospheric Modelling System). The aim is to document the life cycle of the MCS and to identify key cloud microphysical processes and their signatures by making use of synthetic observations calculated from the simulated fields. These observations: ARM (Atmospheric Radiation Measurement) 95 GHz equivalent radar reflectivity factor and Doppler velocity and infrared brightness temperatures in three SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager) channels centred at 8.7, 10.6 and 12 µm are simulated using respectively Mie scattering theory and FASDOM (Fast Discrete Ordinate Method), a fast radiative transfer code. Synthetic observations and model variables are compared to various measurements from several platforms (W‐band and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) ground‐based Doppler radars, soundings, aircraft measurements, and Meteosat Second Generation) to evaluate the model at different scales and to identify the signatures of microphysical properties with a focus on the anvil part of the MCS. A method using both the ARM and the MIT radar data is used to identify the different regimes within the MCS. A relatively good agreement with direct comparisons is found, as well as discrepancies in the microphysical scheme parametrization that clearly need improvements (using in situ measurements). Microphysical signatures are also studied using joint radar reflectivity/Doppler‐height histograms. Their analysis shows that the model tends to overplay the role of the riming processes, even in the anvil part of the MCS. Comparisons of the Particle Size Distributions (simulated and measured in situ) show the model's ability to reproduce complex PSDs (e.g. a multimodal behaviour). Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Spatial autocorrelation among automated geocoding errors and its effects on testing for disease clustering
Authors: Zimmerman Dale L. , Li Jie , Fang Xiangming 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAutomated geocoding of patient addresses is an important data assimilation component of many spatial epidemiologic studies. Inevitably, the geocoding process results in positional errors. Positional errors incurred by automated geocoding tend to reduce the power of tests for disease clustering and otherwise affect spatial analytic methods. However, there are reasons to believe that the errors may often be positively spatially correlated and that this may mitigate their deleterious effects on spatial analyses. In this article, we demonstrate explicitly that the positional errors associated with automated geocoding of a data set of more than 6000 addresses in Carroll County, Iowa are spatially autocorrelated. Furthermore, through two simulation studies of disease processes, including one in which the disease process is overlain upon the Carroll County addresses, we show that spatial autocorrelation among geocoding errors maintains the power of two tests for disease clustering at a level higher than that which would occur if the errors were independent. Implications of these results for cluster detection, privacy protection, and measurement error modeling of geographic health data are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chondroitin Sulfates Are Required for Fibroblast Growth Factor-2-Dependent Proliferation and Maintenance in Neural Stem Cells and for Epidermal Growth Factor-Dependent Migration of Their Progeny
Authors: Sirko Swetlana , von Holst Alexander , Weber Anika , Wizenmann Andrea , Theocharidis Ursula , Götz Magdalena , Faissner Andreas 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The neural stem cell niche of the embryonic and adult forebrain is rich in chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans (CS-GAGs) that represent complex linear carbohydrate structures on the cell surface of neural stem/progenitor cells or in their intimate environment. We reported earlier that the removal of CS-GAGs with the bacterial enzyme chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) reduced neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation and self-renewal, whereas this treatment favored astroglia formation at the expense of neurogenesis. Here, we studied the consequences of CS-deglycanation further and revealed that CS-GAGs are selectively required for neurosphere formation, proliferation, and self-renewal of embryonic cortical neural stem/progenitor cells in response to fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2. Consistently, the FGF-2-dependent activation of the MAPKinase in neural stem/progenitor cells was diminished after ChABC treatment, but unaltered after epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation. Upon EGF treatment, fewer radial glia were brain lipid-binding protein (BLBP)-positive, whereas more were glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST)-positive after CS-GAG removal. Only in this latter situation, GLAST-positive radial glia cells extended processes that supported neuronal migration from differentiating neurospheres. CS-deglycanation also selectively increased astrocyte numbers and their migration in response to EGF. Thus, our approach revealed that CS-GAGs are essential for FGF-2-mediated proliferation and maintenance of neuron-generating neural stem/progenitor cells. Simultaneously, CS-GAGs act as a brake on the EGF-dependent maturation, migration, and gliogenesis of neural stem/progenitor cells. We conclude that neural stem/progenitor cell subpopulations reside in neurospheres that are distinguishable by their responsiveness to FGF-2 and EGF which is differentially regulated by CS-carbohydrate structures.
Long‐Term Outcome in 215 Children and Adolescents with Papillary Thyroid Cancer Treated During 1940 Through 2008
Authors: Hay Ian D. , Gonzalez‐Losada Tomas , Reinalda Megan S. , Honetschlager Jennifer A. , Richards Melanie L. , Thompson Geoffrey B. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBackgroundControversy exists regarding the aggressiveness of initial therapy in childhood papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Few studies with long‐term outcome exist and second primary malignancies have rarely been analyzed.MethodsWe studied 215 PTC patients younger than 21 years old managed during 1940 through 2008. The patients were aged 3–20 year old (median age = 16 years); the median follow‐up was 29 years. Recurrence and mortality details were taken from a computerized database.ResultsMedian primary tumor size was 2.2 cm. Six percent had distant metastases at presentation, 5% had incomplete tumor resection, 86% had nodes removed at initial surgery, and 78% had nodal metastases. After complete surgical resection, PTC recurred in 32% by 40 years. At 20 years, the recurrence rates at local, regional, and distant sites were 7, 21, and 5%, respectively. During 1940–1969, local and regional recurrence rates after unilateral lobectomy (UL) were significantly (P < 0.001) higher than after bilateral lobar resection (BLR). During 1950–2008 radioiodine remnant ablation (RRA) was administered within 18 months to 32%; it did not diminish the 25‐year regional recurrence rate of 16% seen after BLR alone (P = 0.86). Only two fatal events from PTC occurred at 28 and 30 years, for a cause‐specific mortality at 40 years of only 2%. All‐causes mortality rates did not exceed expectation through 20 years, but from 30 through 50 years, the number of deaths was significantly (P < 0.001) higher than predicted. Fifteen of 22 deaths (68%) resulted from nonthyroid malignancy.ConclusionSurvival from childhood PTC should be expected, but later death from nonthyroid malignancy is disconcerting. Seventy‐three percent of those who died from nonthyroid malignancy had received postoperative therapeutic irradiation.
Emergency and Essential Surgical Services in Afghanistan: Still a Missing Challenge
Authors: Contini Sandro , Taqdeer Asadullah , Cherian Meena , Shokohmand Ahmad Shah , Gosselin Richard , Graaff Peter , Noel Luc 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBackgroundIn Afghanistan, the number of surgically amenable injuries related to civil unrest and ongoing conflict or consequent to road traffic accidents, trauma, or pregnancy‐related complications is rising and becoming a major cause of death and disability. This study was designed to evaluate availability of basic lifesaving and disability‐preventive emergency surgical and anesthesia interventions representing most of the country.MethodsEvaluation was performed outside Kabul to represent a cross‐section of the country. Data were collected from Afghanistan health facilities, using the WHO Tool for Situation Analysis to Assess Emergency and Essential Surgical Care, covering case volume, travel distances, infrastructures, human resources, supplies, equipment, and interventions characterizing basic trauma, surgery, and anesthesia capacities.ResultsIn 30% of the 17 facilities examined, oxygen supply is limited and irregular; uninterrupted running water is not accessible in 40%; electrical power is not available continuously in 66%. Shortage of equipment and personnel is evident in peripheral health facilities: certified surgeons are present in 63.6% and certified anesthesiologists in 27.2%. Continuous 24 h surgical service is available in 29.4%. Lifesaving procedures are performed in 17–42% of peripheral hospitals; 23.5% are without emergency obstetric service.ConclusionsLimited access to surgery is highly remarkable in Afghanistan, with a severe shortage of emergency surgical capacities in provincial and district hospitals, where availability of basic and emergency surgical care is far from satisfactory. A comprehensive approach for strengthening basic surgical capacities at the primary health care level should be introduced.
Men's Gendered Constructions of Intimate Partner Violence as Predictors of Court‐Mandated Batterer Treatment Drop Out
Authors: Catlett Beth S. , Toews Michelle L. , Walilko Vanessa 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to explore the meaning men make of their violence toward intimate partners and to examine if and how these meanings and constructions of violence predicted who drops out of batterer treatment prior to program completion. We used both qualitative and quantitative data collected from 154 men court‐mandated to participate in a batterer intervention program. The qualitative findings indicated that the men in this sample minimized and denied responsibility for the violence they used towards their intimate partners while simultaneously rationalizing and justifying their violent behavior. Such findings provide insight into how denial and minimization and, more broadly, men's constructions of masculinity might predict their tendency to drop out of batterer treatment. Furthermore, building upon our qualitative findings, logistic regression analysis revealed that men who were lower income, no longer intimately involved with the women they abused, and who reported lower levels of physical violence and higher levels of hostility were more likely to drop out of the batterer treatment program.
Project finance as a driver of economic growth in low‐income countries
Authors: Kleimeier Stefanie , Versteeg Roald 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis study investigates the role of project finance as a driver of economic growth. We hypothesize that project finance is beneficial to the least developed economies as it is able to compensate for a lack of domestic financial development. The contractual structure unique to project finance leads to better investment management and governance. Investigating 90 countries from 1991 to 2005, we find support for our hypothesis. Results show that project finance fosters economic growth and that its effect is strongest in low‐income countries, where financial development and governance is weakest.
Dietary fat and early-onset prostate cancer risk
Authors: Lophatananon Artitaya , Archer Jane , Easton Douglas , Pocock Richard , Dearnaley David , Guy Michelle , Kote-Jarai Zsofia , O'Brien Lynne , Wilkinson Rosemary A. , Hall Amanda L. , Sawyer Emma , Page Elizabeth , Liu Jo-Fen , Barratt Sandra , Rahman Aneela A. ,   The UK Genetic Prostate Cancer Study Collaborators,   British Association of Urological Surgeons' Section of Oncology, Eeles Rosalind , Muir Kenneth 
Published: January 2010

The UK incidence of prostate cancer has been increasing in men aged < 60 years. Migrant studies and global and secular variation in incidence suggest that modifiable factors, including a high-fat diet, may contribute to prostate cancer risk. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of dietary fat intake and its derivatives on early-onset prostate cancer risk. During 1999–2004, a population-based case–control study with 512 cases and 838 controls was conducted. Cases were diagnosed with prostate cancer when ≤ 60 years. Controls were sourced from UK GP practice registers. A self-administered FFQ collected data on typical past diet. A nutritional database was used to calculate daily fat intake. A positive, statistically significant risk estimate for the highest v. lowest quintile of intake of total fat, SFA, MUFA and PUFA was observed when adjusted for confounding variables: OR 2·53 (95 % CI 1·72, 3·74), OR 2·49 (95 % CI 1·69, 3·66), OR 2·69 (95 % CI 1·82, 3·96) and OR 2·34 (95 % CI 1·59, 3·46), respectively, with all P for trend < 0·001. In conclusion, there was a positive statistically significant association between prostate cancer risk and energy-adjusted intake of total fat and fat subtypes. These results potentially identify a modifiable risk factor for early-onset prostate cancer.
Hearing outcomes of vestibular schwannoma patients managed with ‘wait and scan’: predictive value of hearing level at diagnosis
Authors: Stangerup S-E , Tos M , Thomsen J , Caye-Thomasen P 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAims:This study aimed to evaluate the predictive value of both hearing level (at various frequencies) and speech discrimination for forecasting hearing outcome after a period of observation, in patients with vestibular schwannoma.Subjects:Over a 33-year period, 1144 patients with vestibular schwannoma were allocated to ‘wait and scan’ management, with annual magnetic resonance imaging and audiological examination. Two complete pure tone and speech discrimination audiograms were available for 932 patients.Results:The predictive value of initial hearing level better than 10 dB for forecasting hearing outcome after observation increased from 59 per cent at 250 Hz to 94 percent at 4000 Hz. At diagnosis, hearing level of 10 dB or better at 4000 Hz was found in only 18 of the 932 VS ears, while good speech discrimination was found in 159 patients (17 per cent). Of the latter patients, 138 maintained good hearing after observation.Conclusion:In vestibular schwannoma patients, good high frequency hearing and good speech discrimination at diagnosis are useful tools in predicting good hearing after observation.
Management of spontaneous tonsillar bleeding: review
Authors: Salem A , Healy S , Pau H 
Published: January 2010

AbstractObjective:To formulate a management plan for spontaneous tonsillar bleeding.Method:A Medline search was performed and all literature reviewed.Results:Seventeen publications were identified worldwide, describing 55 cases of spontaneous tonsillar bleeding.Conclusion:Although spontaneous tonsillar bleeding is a rare presentation, it is documented in the literature. Reported cases indicate an increased incidence in young patients, associated with a higher mortality rate. We propose a management plan for this potentially fatal condition.
Bimanual, intra-operative, fluoroscopy-guided removal of nasopharyngeal migratory fish bone from carotid space
Authors: Al-Abduwani J A , Bhargava D , Sawhney S , Al-Abri R 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAim:We report a rare and unusual case of a patient with an ingested fishbone which migrated from the oropharynx to the anterior compartment of the retropharyngeal space and then to the deep neck space in the nasopharynx (i.e. the carotid space). This report aims to describe a successful, minimally invasive method of foreign body removal which avoided both major skull base surgery and any potential life-threatening complications. A secondary aim is to highlight the role of intra-operative fluoroscopy, an under-used tool.Case report:We present a 67-year-old man with a history of fish bone impaction but no fish bone visible on plain X-ray or flexible endoscopy. The diagnosis of fish bone lodged in the retropharyngeal space was confirmed by computed tomography. Surgical exploration of the anterior retropharyngeal space failed to locate the fish bone, as it had migrated to a new, unknown location. Intra-operative fluoroscopy was vital for the removal of the fish bone, as it was impossible to see with the naked eye and had migrated from its previously imaged position. The fish bone was finally retrieved bimanually using external pressure on the submandibular region, which displaced the fish bone, and fluoroscopic guidance, which assisted its removal from the nasopharyngeal lumen.Conclusion:To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of bimanual, intra-operative, fluoroscopy-guided, intra-luminal removal of a migratory fish bone from the deep neck space in this region of the nasopharynx.
Models of education in Plutarch
Authors: Duff Timothy E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract:This paper examines Plutarch's treatment of education in theParallel Lives. Beginning with a close reading ofThem. 2, it identifies two distinct ways in which Plutarch exploits the education of his subjects: in the first, a subject's attitude to education is used to illustrate a character presented as basically static (a ‘static/illustrative’ model); in the second, a subject's education is looked at in order to explain his adult character, and education is assumed to affect character (a ‘developmental’ model). These two models are often associated with two different forms of discourse: anecdotal for the static/illustrative model and analytical for the developmental. The developmental model, furthermore, is closer to Plutarch's thinking in theoretical discussions of character in theMoralia; the static/illustrative model to Plutarch's treatment of character in theLivesmore generally, where anecdotal treatments predominate. The coexistence of these two models is probably to be seen as the result of a tension between Plutarch's philosophical thinking and his biographical practice: those few passages in theLiveswhich assume a developmental model occur in contexts where either Platonic texts or the activity of philosophers are being discussed.
Memory and material objects in theIliadand theOdyssey
Authors: Grethlein Jonas 
Published: January 2010

Abstract:Recently, archaeologists have been focusing on material relics as evidence of a historical consciousness. This article examines theIliadand theOdysseyfrom the point of view of this ‘archaeology of the past’. Various material objects, ranging from tombs to everyday objects, evoke the past in the epic poems, thereby enriching the narrative and providing reflections on the act of memory. In turn, Homeric evidence sheds new light on the hermeneutics of relics in archaic oral society.
νóσoζ and óσίη: etymological and sociocultural observations on the concepts of disease and divine (dis)favour in ancient Greece
Authors: Willi Andreas 
Published: January 2010

Abstract:After a brief discussion of earlier etymological theories, this article proposes a new analysis of the Greek noun Vóσoζ ‘disease’ as a possessive compound*n-osw-os‘not having *(h1)osu’, the second constituent of which is cognate with Hitt.ässu‘well-being’; just like the latter, Greek Vóσoι are characteristically sent or removed by divinities. Moreover, the reconstruction of an abstract noun *(h1)osu‘well-being (resulting from divine favour)’ can serve as the etymological basis for the somewhat obscure Greek notion of óσιη, which refers to the state of something that is endowed with such *(h1)osu;in fact, phraseological parallelisms between texts from various parts of the Greek world as well as ancient Anatolia point to a common conceptual framework behind all these words.