bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment of IgA Nephropathy: An Update
Authors: Rosselli Jennifer L , Thacker Stacey M , Karpinski Julie P , Petkewicz Katherine A 
Published: September 2011

Objective: To review current literature regarding treatment options for immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN). Data Sources: A MEDLINE search was performed using the terms IgA nephropathy, Berger's disease, immunoglobulin A nephropathy, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, statins. hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase Inhibitors, immunosuppressive therapy, corticosteroids, mycophenolate mofetil, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, azathioprine, leflunomide, antiplatelets, anticoagulants, vitamin E, infliximab, calcitriol, and intravenous immunoglobulins. A date limit was not set; however, focus was on publications from 1999 to June 2011 to review recent literature and therapeutic recommendations. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All articles in English, including studies conducted in humans, meta-analyses, review articles, guidelines, statements, and reference citations, were identified and evaluated. Data Synthesis: IgAN is the most common primary glomerulonephritis worldwide, leading to end-stage renal disease in 20–30% of patients. Evidence guiding management of IgAN has been sparse and clinical trials have not conclusively demonstrated effective treatments, largely due to suboptimal methodologies. Treatment strategies have included management of blood pressure and lipids, improvement or stabilization of kidney function, and reduction of proteinuria. This review of IgAN provides an update regarding standard and nonconventional treatment options based on recently published literature. Conclusions: Supportive therapies, including angiotensin blockade, should be considered as first-line therapy for patients with urine protein >0.5 g/day and/or blood pressure > 140/90 mmHg, Corticosteroids could be considered as add-on or monotherapy for patients with urine protein >1 g/day with preserved renal function. Conclusive data are lacking for general treatment recommendations for the use of other therapies for IgAN.
A Method for Inferring the Rate of Occurrence and Fitness Effects of Advantageous Mutations
Authors: Schneider Adrian , Charlesworth Brian , Eyre-Walker Adam , Keightley Peter D 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The distribution of fitness effects (DFE) of new mutations is of fundamental importance in evolutionary genetics. Recently, methods have been developed for inferring the DFE that use information from the allele frequency distributions of putatively neutral and selected nucleotide polymorphic variants in a population sample. Here, we extend an existing maximum-likelihood method that estimates the DFE under the assumption that mutational effects are unconditionally deleterious, by including a fraction of positively selected mutations. We allow one or more classes of positive selection coefficients in the model and estimate both the fraction of mutations that are advantageous and the strength of selection acting on them. We show by simulations that the method is capable of recovering the parameters of the DFE under a range of conditions. We apply the method to two data sets on multiple protein-coding genes from African populations of Drosophila melanogaster. We use a probabilistic reconstruction of the ancestral states of the polymorphic sites to distinguish between derived and ancestral states at polymorphic nucleotide sites. In both data sets, we see a significant improvement in the fit when a category of positively selected amino acid mutations is included, but no further improvement if additional categories are added. We estimate that between 1% and 2% of new nonsynonymous mutations in D. melanogaster are positively selected, with a scaled selection coefficient representing the product of the effective population size, Ne, and the strength of selection on heterozygous carriers of ∼2.5.
Quantifying the Variation in the Effective Population Size Within a Genome
Authors: Gossmann Toni I , Woolfit Megan , Eyre-Walker Adam 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The effective population size (Ne) is one of the most fundamental parameters in population genetics. It is thought to vary across the genome as a consequence of differences in the rate of recombination and the density of selected sites due to the processes of genetic hitchhiking and background selection. Although it is known that there is intragenomic variation in the effective population size in some species, it is not known whether this is widespread or how much variation in the effective population size there is. Here, we test whether the effective population size varies across the genome, between protein-coding genes, in 10 eukaryotic species by considering whether there is significant variation in neutral diversity, taking into account differences in the mutation rate between loci by using the divergence between species. In most species we find significant evidence of variation. We investigate whether the variation in Ne is correlated to recombination rate and the density of selected sites in four species, for which these data are available. We find that Ne is positively correlated to recombination rate in one species, Drosophila melanogaster, and negatively correlated to a measure of the density of selected sites in two others, humans and Arabidopsis thaliana. However, much of the variation remains unexplained. We use a hierarchical Bayesian analysis to quantify the amount of variation in the effective population size and show that it is quite modest in all species—most genes have an Ne that is within a few fold of all other genes. Nonetheless we show that this modest variation in Ne is sufficient to cause significant differences in the efficiency of natural selection across the genome, by demonstrating that the ratio of the number of nonsynonymous to synonymous polymorphisms is significantly correlated to synonymous diversity and estimates of Ne, even taking into account the obvious nonindependence between these measures.
New Area Studies and Languages on the Move
Authors: Tsu Jing 
Published: September 2011

In 1909 Wu Zhihui, a proponent of esperanto and well-known anarchist of Twentieth-Century China, predicted the future of global languages. Though the nationalization of the Chinese language was still pending, Wu expressed concern not for its imminent standardization but for its eventual global viability. The outlook was not rosy:Not only is the Chinese language not phoneticized, it is also not easy to typeset or index. This is a tremendous obstacle to the dissemination of civilized modernization and the governance of all things…. Looking up Chinese characters takes great effort indeed. Regardless of the index system and classification scheme, it is very difficult to memorize them. Moreover, there are too many characters…. Western writing has one great advantage, which became clear as the greatest disadvantage of the Chinese language only with the advancement of machine technology. A typewriter can be used with Western scripts but not with the Chinese language…. Sooner or later the Chinese script has to be abolished.(51, 36, 37, 52; my trans.)
Prospectively Determined Impact of Type 1 Diabetes on Brain Volume During Development
Authors: Perantie Dana C. , Koller Jonathan M. , Weaver Patrick M. , Lugar Heather M. , Black Kevin J. , White Neil H. , Hershey Tamara 
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE
The impact of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) on the developing central nervous system is not well understood. Cross-sectional, retrospective studies suggest that exposure to glycemic extremes during development is harmful to brain structure in youth with T1DM. However, these studies cannot identify brain regions that change differentially over time depending on the degree of exposure to glycemic extremes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We performed a longitudinal, prospective structural neuroimaging study of youth with T1DM (n = 75; mean age = 12.5 years) and their nondiabetic siblings (n = 25; mean age = 12.5 years). Each participant was scanned twice, separated by 2 years. Blood glucose control measurements (HbA1c, glucose meter results, and reports of severe hypoglycemia) were acquired during the 2-year follow-up. Sophisticated image registration algorithms were performed, followed by whole brain and voxel-wise statistical analyses of the change in gray and white matter volume, controlling for age, sex, and age of diabetes onset.

RESULTS
The T1DM and nondiabetic control (NDC) sibling groups did not differ in whole brain or voxel-wise change over the 2-year follow-up. However, within the T1DM group, participants with more hyperglycemia had a greater decrease in whole brain gray matter compared with those with less hyperglycemia (P &lt; 0.05). Participants who experienced severe hypoglycemia had greater decreases in occipital/parietal white matter volume compared with those with no severe hypoglycemia (P &lt; 0.05) and compared with the NDC sibling group (P &lt; 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
These results demonstrate that within diabetes, exposure to hyperglycemia and severe hypoglycemia may result in subtle deviation from normal developmental trajectories of the brain.
Depressive Symptoms, Antidepressant Medication Use, and Insulin Resistance
Authors: Pyykkönen Antti-Jussi , Räikkönen Katri , Tuomi Tiinamaija , Eriksson Johan G. , Groop Leif , Isomaa Bo 
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE
Although insulin resistance (IR) may underlie associations between depressive symptoms and diabetes, previous findings have been contradictory. We examined whether depressive symptoms associate with IR and insulin secretion, and, additionally, whether antidepressant medication use may modulate such associations.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 4,419 individuals underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Participants with previously or newly diagnosed diabetes are excluded from this sample. The homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR) and corrected insulin response (CIR) were calculated. Depressive symptoms and antidepressant medication use were self-reported.

RESULTS
After controlling for confounding factors, depressive symptoms were associated with higher fasting and 30-min insulin during the OGTT and higher HOMA-IR but not CIR. Antidepressant medication use failed to modify these associations.

CONCLUSIONS
Depressive symptoms are associated with IR but not with changes in insulin response when corrected for IR in individuals without previously or newly diagnosed diabetes.
Baroreflex Sensitivity and Its Response to Deep Breathing Predict Increase in Blood Pressure in Type 1 Diabetes in a 5-Year Follow-Up
Authors: Rosengård-Bärlund Milla , Bernardi Luciano , Sandelin Anna , Forsblom Carol , Groop Per-Henrik ,   on behalf of the FinnDiane Study Group
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE
We have recently demonstrated that early autonomic dysfunction, defined as low baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), could be functional and reversible. However, potential temporal changes in BRS have not yet been addressed by longitudinal studies in type 1 diabetes. Moreover, it is not known whether low BRS predisposes to hypertension or other nonfatal diabetes complications.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We conducted a 5-year prospective study including 80 patients with type 1 diabetes. We measured ambulatory blood pressure and autonomic function tests. BRS was assessed by six different methods during spontaneous, controlled, and slow deep breathing at baseline and follow-up.

RESULTS
Spontaneous BRS declined over time (BRSaverage 16.2 ± 0.8 vs. 13.2 ± 0.8 ms/mmHg; P &lt; 0.01), but the change was not significant when adjusted for time of follow-up. Low BRS at baseline did not progress to cardiac autonomic neuropathy but predicted an increase in the nighttime systolic blood pressure (BRSaverage r = −0.37; P &lt; 0.05). Additionally, BRS response to deep breathing at baseline predicted an increase in 24-h ambulatory blood pressure (BRS-αLF r = 0.323–0.346; P &lt; 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
The decline in spontaneous BRS over time in patients with type 1 diabetes seems to be due to normal aging, which supports a functional etiology behind early autonomic derangements. Decreased resting BRS and the magnitude of improvement by deep breathing may be due to sympathovagal imbalance, a well-known mechanism in the development of hypertension. Early interventions aiming to reduce sympathetic overactivity in patients with low BRS might delay the development of hypertension.
Low Glycated Hemoglobin and Liver Disease in the U.S. Population
Authors: Christman Andrea L. , Lazo Mariana , Clark Jeanne M. , Selvin Elizabeth 
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE
To characterize the association of low HbA1c values (&lt;4.0%) with liver enzymes and steatosis.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Cross-sectional study of 12,533 participants without diabetes aged &lt;20 years in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988–1994). Logistic regression models were adjusted for demographic, lifestyle, and health status variables.

RESULTS
HbA1c values ranged from 3.2 to 15.7%, and 84 participants had HbA1c &lt;4.0% in the population (mean age 44, 52% female, 15% black or Hispanic). We observed J-shaped associations between HbA1c and liver enzymes and hepatic steatosis. In adjusted models, HbA1c &lt;4.0% was strongly associated with elevated alanine aminotransferase (OR 3.62 [95% CI 1.09–12.02]) and aspartate aminotransferase (6.80 [2.99–15.43]).

CONCLUSIONS
Low HbA1c values were associated with liver enzymes and steatosis in the U.S. population. Liver disease may partially explain the association of HbA1c with mortality and other long-term outcomes.
Inhibitor-2 induced M-phase arrest in Xenopus cycling egg extracts is dependent on MAPK activation
Authors: Khandani Arian , Mohtashami Mahmood , Camirand Anne 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe evolutionarily-conserved protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) plays a central role in dephosphorylation of phosphoproteins during the M phase of the cell cycle. We demonstrate here that the PP1 inhibitor inhibitor-2 protein (Inh-2) induces an M-phase arrest in Xenopus cycling egg extracts. Interestingly, the characteristics of this M-phase arrest are similar to those of mitogen-activated protein kinase (p42MAPK)-induced M-phase arrest. This prompted us to investigate whether Inh-2-induced M-phase arrest was dependent on activation of the p42MAPK pathway. We demonstrate here that MAPK activity is required for Inh-2-induced M-phase arrest, as inhibition of MAPK by PD98059 allowed cycling extracts to exit M phase, despite the presence of Inh-2. We next investigated whether Inh-2 phosphorylation by the MAPK pathway was required to induce an M-phase arrest. We discovered that while p90Rsk (a MAPK protein required for M-phase arrest) is able to phosphorylate Inh-2, this phosphorylation is not required for Inh-2 function. Overall, our results suggest a novel mechanism linking p42MAPK and PP1 pathways during M phase of the cell cycle.
Treatment Intensification with Raltegravir in Subjects with Sustained HIV-1 Viraemia Suppression: A Randomized 48-Week Study
Authors: Llibre Josep M , Buzón Maria J , Massanella Marta , Esteve Anna , Dahl Viktor , Puertas Maria C , Domingo Pere , Gatell Josep M , Larrouse Maria , Gutierrez Mar , Palmer Sarah , Stevenson Mario , Blanco Julià , Martinez-Picado Javier , Clotet Bonaventura 
Published: September 2011

Background Residual viraemia is a major obstacle to HIV-1 eradication in subjects receiving HAART. The intensification with raltegravir could impact latent reservoirs and might lead to a reduction of plasma HIV-1 viraemia (viral load [VL]), complementary DNA intermediates and immune activation. Methods This was a prospective, open-label, randomized study comprising 69 individuals on suppressive HAART randomly assigned 2:1 to add raltegravir during 48 weeks. Results Total and integrated HIV-1 DNA, and ultrasensitive VL remained stable despite intensification. There was a significant increase in episomal HIV DNA at weeks 2–4 in the raltegravir group returning to baseline levels at week 48. Median CD4+ T-cell counts increased 124 and 80 cells/μl in the intensified and control groups after 48 weeks ( P=0.005 and P=0.027, respectively), without significant differences between groups. No major changes were observed in activation of CD4+ T-cells. Conversely, raltegravir intensification significantly reduced activation of CD8+ T-cells at week 48 (HLA-DR+CD38+, P=0.005), especially in the memory compartment (CD38+ of CD8+CD45RO+, P<0.0001). Linear mix models also depicted a larger decrease in CD8+ T-cell activation in the intensification group ( P=0.036 and P=0.010, respectively). Raltegravir intensification was not associated to any particular adverse event. Conclusions Intensification of HAART with raltegravir during 48 weeks was safe and associated with a significant decrease in CD8+ T-cell activation, and a transient increase of episomal HIV-1 DNA. However, raltegravir did not significantly contribute to changes in CD4+ T-cell counts, ultrasensitive VL, and total and integrated HIV-1 DNA. These findings suggest that raltegravir impacts residual HIV-1 replication and support new strategies to impair HIV-1 persistence. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00554398.
Les Bourses du travail : entre éducation politique et formation professionnelle
Authors: Hamelin David 
Published: September 2011

Résumé Les Bourses du travail au tournant des XIX e et XX e siècles, malgré leur importance dans l’histoire sociale, restent mal connues, notamment en ce qui concerne leurs fonctions éducatives. Fondé sur l’analyse des congrès syndicaux, de la presse syndicale et des réalisations concrètes dans certaines Bourses du Centre-Ouest, cet article montre en quoi les pratiques au quotidien des militants des Bourses amènent progressivement l’ensemble de la CGT à modifier ses approches en matière d’éducation ouvrière. Si les conceptions idéologiques des principaux leaders de la CGT restent prégnantes, le pragmatisme, mais aussi les réelles difficultés éprouvées mettent à mal les discours d’autonomie ouvrière ou de défiance à l’égard des Universités populaires. L’émergence de la figure de l’enseignant au sein de la CGT dans les années 1910 achève cette mutation en familiarisant les ouvriers aux potentialités de l’école républicaine, qu’il est possible de transformer de l’intérieur et en imaginant un enseignement universitaire pour les ouvriers.
Du « perfectionnement » professionnel à la « performance » de l'action syndicale. Formations et expertise à la Confédération Française de l'Encadrement-Confédération Générale des Cadres (CFE-CGC)
Authors: Delmas Corinne 
Published: September 2011

Résumé En 1959, la Confédération générale des cadres (CGC) crée une formation syndicale. Valorisant la « qualité » et l’expertise, cette formation a une double dimension, pratique et professionnelle. Mais elle ne vise pas en premier lieu à activer l’engagement militant. Le brouillage entre formation syndicale et formation professionnelle des cadres est constant dans cette organisation syndicale, où plusieurs registres différents se succèdent cependant : celui du cadre « responsable » et « humaniste », celui du cadre « expert » de l’entreprise, celui du manager.
La formation des responsables à la CFTC-CFDT : de la « promotion collective » à la sécurisation des parcours militants (1950-2010)
Authors: Guillaume Cécile 
Published: September 2011

Résumé La CFDT a toujours eu un discours sur la dimension stratégique de la formation, tant du point de vue des enjeux de cohérence identitaire et organisationnelle que du renforcement de l’efficacité de l’action syndicale. Cet usage de la formation dans la perspective du renforcement d’une « culture d’organisation » ne s’est pas démenti et connaît périodiquement une actualité renouvelée avec l’arrivée régulière de nouvelles générations de militants. Parallèlement, dans un contexte d’élévation des niveaux de diplôme des responsables et de fort renouvellement générationnel, les contenus de formation se sont progressivement centrés sur un objectif de professionnalisation des pratiques, s’éloignant de la philosophie de l’éducation populaire et minorant la fonction d’élaboration politique collective. Aujourd’hui, la tentation est grande de mettre en œuvre une démarche de compétence, au service d’une « gestion des parcours militants » et d’une éventuelle validation des acquis de l’expérience syndicale qui consacre une vision apolitique, individuelle et institutionnalisée de l’engagement syndical susceptible d’être reconverti dans d’autres sphères professionnelles.
À l'école de la dissidence ?
Authors: Béroud Sophie 
Published: September 2011

Résumé De la fin des années 1970 à 2003, une opposition interne s’est exprimée au sein de la CFDT, d’abord sous la forme d’un réseau peu structuré puis de façon officielle, avec la constitution en 1996 de l’association Tous ensemble et du journal du même nom. Rassemblant des secteurs critiques face à la ligne confédérale, cette opposition s’est avant tout positionnée sur un plan programmatique, menant une bataille d’idées pour dire l’héritage de la CFDT, son histoire et la légitimité des orientations choisies. Dans ce contexte, la formation syndicale a représenté un domaine important pour cette opposition interne, mais sans qu’elle le considère pour autant comme une priorité stratégique. De fait, tout en ayant conscience des usages politiques que la confédération pouvait faire de la refonte du système de formation, les principales structures oppositionnelles ont abordé ce domaine de façon assez différenciée, en s’y investissant avec des moyens hétérogènes et en bénéficiant d’une autonomie plus ou moins forte. Par-delà cette inégalité de ressources et de situations, se dégage cependant une conception commune de la formation et de ses apports : doter les militants d’une grille de lecture globale sur les enjeux socio-économiques et avoir une approche « politique » du syndicalisme.
Le moment Front populaire en Oranie : mobilisations et reconfigurations du milieu militant de gauche
Authors: Marynower Claire 
Published: September 2011

Résumé Cet article traite des dynamiques politiques à l’œuvre au milieu des années trente dans les milieux militants de gauche de l’Oranie colonisée. Communistes, syndicalistes mais aussi socialistes et radicaux prirent part à une tentative de rapprochement avec les représentants des mouvements politiques « indigènes » algériens : Fédération des élus, Association des oulémas, Congrès musulman. Les interactions, bien que limitées, furent réelles et importantes. Les divisions entre le mouvement national algérien d’un côté et la gauche française de l’autre n’étaient pas fixées ni stables à cette époque. Un projet de réforme de la société coloniale fut pensé en commun et promu dans des structures communes, permettant des transferts réciproques.
Les lieux de sociabilité islahistes et leurs usages : la ville d'Alger (1931-1940)
Authors: Zekkour Afaf 
Published: September 2011

Résumé La création de l’Association des Oulam? musulmans algériens (AUMA), le 5 mai 1931 à Alger, résulta d’une longue phase de tâtonnements. Cette association tire son origine d’une patiente confrontation d’idées entre divers lettrés algériens arabophones. L’AUMA utilisa les mosquées, les cercles et les associations de bienfaisance comme lieux de mobilisation, tandis que la rue jouait un rôle marginal. Ces lieux et leur implantation n’ont jamais été figés. Globalement, au cours des années 1930, s’opéra un triple glissement : géographique, de la Casbah vers Belcourt ; social, des grandes familles de notables vers de nouvelles couches ; politique, du réformisme concentré sur une dimension culturelle et religieuse vers le nationalisme réclamant l’indépendance.