bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The right to counsel in juvenile court
Authors: Feld Barry C. , Schaefer Shelly 
Published: July 2010

Research SummaryThe U.S. Supreme Court inIn re Gaultgranted delinquents the right to counsel in juvenile courts. Decades afterGault, efforts to provide adequate defense representation in juvenile courts have failed in most states. Moreover, juvenile justice administration varies with structural context and produces justice‐by‐geography. In 1995, Minnesota enacted juvenile law reforms, which include mandatory appointment of counsel. This pre‐ and post‐reform legal impact study compares how juvenile courts processed youths before and after the statutory changes. We assess how legal changes affected the delivery of defense services and how implementation varied with urban, suburban, and rural context.Policy ImplicationsWe report inconsistent judicial compliance with the mandate to appoint counsel. Despite unambiguous legislative intent, rates of representation improved for only one category of offenders. However, we find a positive reduction in justice by geography, especially in rural courts. Given judicial resistance to procedural reforms, states must find additional strategies to provide counsel in juvenile courts.
Concepts and software for a rational design of polynucleotide probes
Authors: Moraru Cristina , Moraru Gabriel , Fuchs Bernhard M. , Amann Rudolf 
Published: June 2010

SummaryFluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of genes and mRNA is most often based on polynucleotide probes. However, so far there was no published framework for the rational design of polynucleotide probes. The well‐established concepts for oligonucleotide probe design cannot be transferred to polynucleotides. Due to the high allele diversity of genes, a single probe is not sufficient to detect all alleles of a gene. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to develop a concept and software (PolyPro) for rational design of polynucleotide probe mixes to target particular genes. PolyPro consists of three modules: a GenBank Taxonomy Extractor (GTE), a Polynucleotide Probe Designer (PPD) and a Hybridization Parameters Calculator (HPC). The new concept proposes the construction of defined polynucleotide mixes to target the habitat specific sequence diversity of a particular gene. The concept and the software are intended as a first step towards a more frequent application of polynucleotides for in situ identification of mRNA and genes in environmental microbiology.
A non-abelian Stickelberger theorem
Authors: Burns David , Johnston Henri 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLetL/kbe a finite Galois extension of number fields with Galois groupG. For every odd primepsatisfying certain mild technical hypotheses, we use values of ArtinL-functions to construct an element in the centre of the group ring ℤ(p)[G] that annihilates thep-part of the class group ofL.
In Vitro
Activity of Tebipenem, a New Oral Carbapenem Antibiotic, against β-Lactamase-Nonproducing, Ampicillin-Resistant
Haemophilus influenzae
Authors: Kishii Kozue , Chiba Naoko , Morozumi Miyuki , Ono Akiko , Ida Takashi , Ubukata Kimiko 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT

In vitro
activity of tebipenem, a new oral carbapenem antibiotic, against clinical
Haemophilus influenzae
isolates was compared with those of 8 reference agents. Isolates were classified into 6 resistance classes after PCR identification of β-lactamase genes and
ftsI
gene mutations. For all isolates, the minimal concentration at which 90% of isolates were inhibited was lower for tebipenem than for the reference oral antibiotics, except for cefditoren. Tebipenem also showed excellent bactericidal activity against β-lactamase-nonproducing, ampicillin-resistant isolates.
Influence of Empiric Therapy with a β-Lactam Alone or Combined with an Aminoglycoside on Prognosis of Bacteremia Due to Gram-Negative Microorganisms
Authors: Martínez J. A. , Cobos-Trigueros N. , Soriano A. , Almela M. , Ortega M. , Marco F. , Pitart C. , Sterzik H. , Lopez J. , Mensa J. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT

Evidence supporting the combination of aminoglycosides with β-lactams for Gram-negative bacteremia is inconclusive. We have explored the influence on survival of empirical therapy with a β-lactam alone versus that with a β-lactam-aminoglycoside combination by retrospectively analyzing a series of bacteremic episodes due to aerobic or facultative Gram-negative microorganisms treated with single or combination therapy. The outcome variable was a 30-day mortality. Prognostic factors were selected by regression logistic analysis. A total of 4,863 episodes were assessed, of which 678 (14%) received combination therapy and 467 (10%) were fatal. Factors independently associated with mortality included age greater than 65 (odds ratio [OR], 2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6 to 2.6), hospital acquisition (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2 to 1.9), a rapidly or ultimately fatal underlying disease (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 2 to 3.2), cirrhosis (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.4 to 2.6), prior corticosteroids (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1 to 2), shock on presentation (OR, 8.8; 95% CI, 7 to 11), pneumonia (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.9 to 4), and inappropriate empirical therapy (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.3 to 2.5). Subgroup analysis revealed that combination therapy was an independent protective factor in episodes presenting shock (OR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.4 to 0.9) or neutropenia (OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3 to 0.9). Combination therapy improved the appropriateness of empirical therapy in episodes due to extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)- or AmpC-producing
Enterobacteriaceae
and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
. In patients with Gram-negative bacteremia, we could not find an overall association between empirical β-lactam-aminoglycoside combination therapy and prognosis. However, a survival advantage cannot be discarded for episodes presenting shock or neutropenia, hence in these situations the use of combination therapy may still be justified. Combination therapy also should be considered for patients at risk of being infected with resistant organisms, if only to increase the appropriateness of empirical therapy.
High-Level Azithromycin Resistance Occurs in
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
as a Result of a Single Point Mutation in the 23S rRNA Genes
Authors: Chisholm Stephanie A. , Dave Jayshree , Ison Catherine A. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT

High-level azithromycin resistance (AZM-HR), defined as a MIC of ≥256 mg/liter, emerged in
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
in the United Kingdom in 2004. To determine the mechanism of this novel phenotype, isolates from the United Kingdom that were AZM-HR (
n
, 19), moderately AZM resistant (MICs, 2 to 8 mg/liter) (
n
, 26), or sensitive (MICs, 0.12 to 0.25 mg/liter) (
n
, 4) were screened for methylase (
erm
) genes and for mutations in the
mtrR
promoter region, associated with efflux pump upregulation. All AZM-resistant isolates and 12 sensitive isolates were screened for mutations in domain V of each 23S rRNA allele. All AZM-HR isolates contained the A2059G mutation (
Escherichia coli
numbering) in three (3 isolates) or four (16 isolates) 23S rRNA alleles. Most (22/26) moderately AZM resistant isolates contained the C2611T mutation in at least 3/4 alleles. The remainder contained four wild-type alleles, as did 8/12 sensitive isolates, while one allele was mutated in the remaining four sensitive isolates. Serial passage of AZM-sensitive colonies on an erythromycin-containing medium selected AZM-HR if the parent strain already contained mutation A2059G in one 23S rRNA allele. The resultant AZM-HR strains contained four mutated alleles. Eight isolates (five moderately AZM resistant and three AZM-HR) contained mutations in the
mtrR
promoter. No methylase genes were detected. This is the first evidence that AZM-HR in gonococci may result from a single point mutation (A2059G) in the peptidyltransferase loop in domain V of the 23S rRNA gene. Mutation of a single allele is insufficient to confer AZM-HR, but AZM-HR can develop under selection pressure. The description of a novel resistance mechanism will aid in screening for the AZM-HR phenotype.
Immune Defenses againstBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a Fungus Linked to Global Amphibian Declines, in the South African Clawed Frog,Xenopus laevis
Authors: Ramsey Jeremy P. , Reinert Laura K. , Harper Laura K. , Woodhams Douglas C. , Rollins-Smith Louise A. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTBatrachochytrium dendrobatidisis a chytrid fungus that causes the lethal skin disease chytridiomycosis in amphibians. It is regarded as an emerging infectious disease affecting diverse amphibian populations in many parts of the world. Because there are few model amphibian species for immunological studies, little is known about immune defenses againstB. dendrobatidis. We show here that the South African clawed frog,Xenopus laevis, is a suitable model for investigating immunity to this pathogen. After an experimental exposure, a mild infection developed over 20 to 30 days and declined by 45 days postexposure. Either purified antimicrobial peptides or mixtures of peptides in the skin mucus inhibitedB. dendrobatidisgrowthin vitro. Skin peptide secretion was maximally induced by injection of norepinephrine, and this treatment resulted in sustained skin peptide depletion and increased susceptibility to infection. Sublethal X-irradiation of frogs decreased leukocyte numbers in the spleen and resulted in greater susceptibility to infection. Immunization againstB. dendrobatidisinduced elevated pathogen-specific IgM and IgY serum antibodies. Mucus secretions fromX. laevispreviously exposed toB. dendrobatidiscontained significant amounts of IgM, IgY, and IgX antibodies that bind toB. dendrobatidis. These data strongly suggest that both innate and adaptive immune defenses are involved in the resistance ofX. laevisto lethalB. dendrobatidisinfections.
High-Resolution Typing by Integration of Genome Sequencing Data in a Large Tuberculosis Cluster
Authors: Schürch Anita C. , Kremer Kristin , Daviena Olaf , Kiers Albert , Boeree Martin J. , Siezen Roland J. , van Soolingen Dick 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTTo investigate whether genome sequencing yields more useful markers than those currently used to study the epidemiology of tuberculosis, it was applied to threeMycobacterium tuberculosisisolates of the Harlingen outbreak. Our findings suggest that single nucleotide polymorphisms can be used to identify transmission chains in restriction fragment length polymorphism clusters.
Emergence of VIM-12 in
Enterobacter cloacae
Authors: Panopoulou Maria , Alepopoulou Eleonora , Ikonomidis Alexandros , Grapsa Anastasia , Paspalidou Eleni , Kartali-Ktenidou Sofia 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

Detection of the
bla
VIM-12
gene within the originally described Inh12 integron in a clinical isolate of
Enterobacter cloacae
is reported for the first time worldwide. Integron Inh12 was carried on a conjugative plasmid of approximately 85 kb which also conferred resistance to aztreonam, likely due to AmpC production.
Performance of the Aptima HIV-1 RNA Qualitative Assay with 16- and 32-Member Specimen Pools
Authors: Ethridge Steven F. , Hart Clyde , Hanson Debra L. , Parker Monica M. , Sullivan Timothy J. , Bennett Berry , Stephens Petrice , Hilliard Joslyn , Patel Pragna 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT
The Aptima HIV-1 RNA qualitative assay tested with a WHO-approved HIV type 1 RNA standard in 16- and 32-member pools detected 100% of the pools (1,070 and 2,130 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml/pool, respectively), thus exceeding the FDA-required lower limit of detection. The Aptima test can be used to screen for acute-phase HIV infection.
Rapid Detection and Identification of Mucormycetes from Culture and Tissue Samples by Use of High-Resolution Melt Analysis
Authors: Hrncirova Kristyna , Lengerova Martina , Kocmanova Iva , Racil Zdenek , Volfova Pavlina , Palousova Dita , Moulis Mojmir , Weinbergerova Barbora , Winterova Jana , Toskova Martina , Pospisilova Sarka , Mayer Jiri 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

We present a method for rapid and simple detection of clinically relevant mucormycetes of the
Mucorales
order in cultures and clinical samples. This seminested real-time PCR uses mucormycete-specific primers and is followed by species identification using high-resolution melt (HRM) analysis. The method is highly suitable for routine clinical diagnostics.
Expression of MIP-1α (CCL3) by a Recombinant Rabies Virus Enhances Its Immunogenicity by Inducing Innate Immunity and Recruiting Dendritic Cells and B Cells
Authors: Zhao Ling , Toriumi Harufusa , Wang Hualei , Kuang Yi , Guo Xiaofeng , Morimoto Kinjiro , Fu Zhen F. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTPreviously, we showed that overexpression of MIP-1α in mouse brain further decreased rabies virus (RABV) pathogenicity (L. Zhao, H. Toriumi, Y. Kuang, H. Chen, and Z. F. Fu, J. Virol., 83:11808-11818, 2009). In the present study, the immunogenicity of recombinant RABV expressing MIP-1α (rHEP-MIP1α) was determined. It was found that intramuscular immunization of BALB/c mice with rHEP-MIP1α resulted in a higher level of expression of MIP-1α at the site of inoculation, increased recruitment of dendritic cells (DCs) and mature B cells into the draining lymph nodes and the peripheral blood, and higher virus-neutralizing antibody titers than immunization with the parent rHEP and recombinant RABVs expressing RANTES (CCL5) or IP-10 (CXCL10). Our data thus demonstrate that expression of MIP-1α not only reduces viral pathogenicity but also enhances immunogenicity by recruiting DCs and B cells to the site of immunization, the lymph nodes, and the blood.
Replication of Subgenomic Hepatitis C Virus Replicons in Mouse Fibroblasts Is Facilitated by Deletion of Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 and Expression of Liver-Specific MicroRNA 122
Authors: Lin Liang-Tzung , Noyce Ryan S. , Pham Tram N. Q. , Wilson Joyce A. , Sisson Gary R. , Michalak Thomas I. , Mossman Karen L. , Richardson Christopher D. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTHepatitis C virus (HCV) infection causes significant morbidity, and efficient mouse models would greatly facilitate virus studies and the development of effective vaccines and new therapeutic agents. Entry factors, innate immunity, and host factors needed for viral replication represent the initial barriers that restrict HCV infection of mouse cells. Experiments in this paper consider early postentry steps of viral infection and investigate the roles of interferon regulatory factors (IRF-3 and IRF-9) and microRNA (miR-122) in promoting HCV replication in mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) that contain viral subgenomic replicons. While wild-type murine fibroblasts are restricted for HCV RNA replication, deletion of IRF-3 alone can facilitate replicon activity in these cells. This effect is thought to be related to the inactivation of the type I interferon synthesis mediated by IRF-3. Additional deletion of IRF-9 to yield IRF-3−/−IRF-9−/−MEFs, which have blocked type I interferon signaling, did not increase HCV replication. Expression of liver-specific miR-122 in MEFs further stimulated the synthesis of HCV replicons in the rodent fibroblasts. The combined effects of miR-122 expression and deletion of IRF-3 produced a cooperative stimulation of HCV subgenome replication. miR-122 and IRF-3 are independent host factors that are capable of influencing HCV replication, and our findings could help to establish mouse models and other cell systems that support HCV growth and particle formation.
Memory CD4 T Cells Direct Protective Responses to Influenza Virus in the Lungs through Helper-Independent Mechanisms
Authors: Teijaro John R. , Verhoeven David , Page Carly A. , Turner Damian , Farber Donna L. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTMemory CD4 T cells specific for influenza virus are generated from natural infection and vaccination, persist long-term, and recognize determinants in seasonal and pandemic influenza virus strains. However, the protective potential of these long-lived influenza virus-specific memory CD4 T cells is not clear, including whether CD4 T-cell helper or effector functions are important in secondary antiviral responses. Here we demonstrate that memory CD4 T cells specific for H1N1 influenza virus directed protective responses to influenza virus challenge through intrinsic effector mechanisms, resulting in enhanced viral clearance, recovery from sublethal infection, and full protection from lethal challenge. Mice with influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA)-specific memory CD4 T cells or polyclonal influenza virus-specific memory CD4 T cells exhibited protection from influenza virus challenge that occurred in the presence of CD8-depleting antibodies in B-cell-deficient mice and when CD4 T cells were transferred into lymphocyte-deficient RAG2−/−mice. Moreover, the presence of memory CD4 T cells mobilized enhanced T-cell recruitment and immune responses in the lung. Neutralization of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) productionin vivoabrogated memory CD4 T-cell-mediated protection from influenza virus challenge by HA-specific memory T cells and heterosubtypic protection by polyclonal memory CD4 T cells. Our results indicate that memory CD4 T cells can direct enhanced protection from influenza virus infection through mobilization of immune effectors in the lung, independent of their helper functions. These findings have important implications for the generation of universal influenza vaccines by promoting long-lived protective CD4 T-cell responses.
Moderate Influence of Human APOBEC3F on HIV-1 Replication in Primary Lymphocytes
Authors: Mulder Lubbertus C. F. , Ooms Marcel , Majdak Susan , Smedresman Jordan , Linscheid Caitlin , Harari Ariana , Kunz Andrea , Simon Viviana 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT
Multiple APOBEC3 proteins are expressed in HIV-1 target cells, but their individual contributions to viral suppression when expressed at endogenous levels remain largely unknown. We used an HIV NL4-3 mutant that selectively counteracts APOBEC3G (A3G) but not APOBEC3F (A3F) to dissect the relative contribution of A3F to the inhibition of HIV-1 replication in primary human lymphocytes (peripheral blood mononuclear cells [PBMCs]). This HIV Vif mutant replicated similarly to wild-type virus in PBMCs, suggesting that the effect of A3F on HIV restriction in these cells is limited. The different A3F variants found in PMBC donors displayed either comparable activity or less activity than wild-type A3F. Lastly, the endogenous A3F mRNA and protein expression levels in PBMCs were considerably lower than those of A3G. Our results suggest that A3F neutralization is dispensable for HIV-1 replication in primary human T-lymphocytes.
The effect of three different levels of footwear stability on pain outcomes in women runners: a randomised control trial
Authors: Ryan Michael B , Valiant Gordon A , McDonald Kymberly , Taunton Jack E 
Published: June 2010

BackgroundThe present study examines the injury status in women runners who are randomised to receive a neutral, stability or motion control running shoe.Methods81 female runners were categorised into three different foot posture types (39 neutral, 30 pronated, 12 highly pronated) and randomly assigned a neutral, stability or motion control running shoe. Runners underwent baseline testing to record training history, as well as leg alignment, before commencing a 13-week half marathon training programme. Outcome measures included number of missed training days due to pain and three visual analogue scale (VAS) items for pain during rest, activities of daily living and with running.Results194 missed training days were reported by 32% of the running population with the stability shoe reporting the fewest missed days (51) and the motion control shoe (79) the most. There was a significant main effect (p<0.001) for footwear condition in both the neutral and pronated foot types: the motion control shoe reporting greater levels of pain in all three VAS items. In neutral feet, the neutral shoe reported greater values of pain while running than the stability shoe; in pronated feet, the stability shoe reported greater values of pain while running than the neutral shoe. No significant effects were reported for the highly pronated foot, although this was limited by an inadequate sample size.ConclusionThe findings of this study suggest that our current approach of prescribing in-shoe pronation control systems on the basis of foot type is overly simplistic and potentially injurious.
Non-fatal injuries among Chinese aged 65 years and older: findings from the Fourth National Health Services Survey
Authors: Hu Guoqing , Rao Keqin , Baker Susan P 
Published: July 2010

ObjectiveTo understand the epidemiology of non-fatal injuries among adults aged 65 years and older in China.DesignCross-sectional survey (the Fourth National Health Services Survey of China).ParticipantsUrban and rural residents aged 65 years and older from 56 400 households in China.Main Outcome MeasuresThe incidence rate was calculated as the number of persons injured in the previous 12 months divided by the population×1000.ResultsThe incidence rate of non-fatal injuries among elderly individuals in the previous 12 months was 37.5 per 1000 population. Home, street, working environment, and public buildings were the most common places of occurrence, accounting for more than 90% of injuries. Falls were the leading cause of non-fatal injuries. After adjusting for other factors, Han people were 39% more likely to be injured than non-Han people, and the divorced and the widowed were found to have, respectively, 4.6 and 2.2 times the risk of injury compared with single persons, p<0.05. Education, per capita household income and urbanisation did not significantly affect the injury risk when confounding factors were controlled for.ConclusionAlmost 4% of adults aged 65 years and over sustain injuries each year in China. Falls should be a priority of injury prevention for elderly people, efficient home injury prevention programmes need to be developed, and the divorced and widowed should be targeted as groups at high risk of injury.
BlueJ Visual Debugger for Learning the Execution of Object-Oriented Programs?
Authors: Bennedsen Jens , Schulte Carsten 
Published: June 2010

This article reports on an experiment undertaken in order to evaluate the effect of a program visualization tool for helping students to better understand the dynamics of object-oriented programs. The concrete tool used was BlueJ’s debugger and object inspector. The study was done as a control-group experiment in an introductory programming course.
The results of the experiment show that the students who used BlueJ’s debugger did not perform statistically significantly better than the students not using it; both groups profited about the same amount from the exercises given in the experiment.
We discuss possible reasons for and implications of this result.