bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Correlation of the several Subdivisions of the Inferior Oolite in the Middle and South of England
Authors: Holl Harvey B. 
Published: October 2009

Introduction
.—The Inferior Oolite in the South of England comprehends two well-defined subdivisions: namely, an upper member, consisting of light-coloured, coarse-grained, more or less thin-bedded or flaggy oolite, containing few fossils, and those chiefly in the form of casts; and a lower member of hard, brown, ferruginous lime-rock, often much speckled with ovoid grains of peroxide of iron, and abounding in fossil remains. The relationship which these two beds hold with respect to the other members of the Inferior Oolite has been differently viewed by geologists.

The late Mr. Strickland evidently regarded the lower brown fossiliferous limestone as the equivalent of the Cephalopoda-beds of Haresfield Hill*.
On the other hand, Dr. Lycett, referring to the same bed at Dundry, remarks that, “considering the position of the Mollusca-bed beneath the Freestones, and overlying the Cynocephala-stage, it may approximately be placed upon the parallel of the Cheltenham ferruginous pisolite.”*

More recently, Dr. Wright communicated to the Geological Society a paper in which these lower beds at Dundry form the type of his “zone of
Ammonites Humphriesianus
,” while the white-oolite beds above constitute his “zone of
Ammonites Parkinsoni
.” The former he has referred to the horizon of the Upper Freestone of the Northern Cotteswolds, and the latter to that of the Trigonia- and Gryphitegrits†.

The result of my own investigations is at variance with each of these views; and, having followed the beds stratigraphically along the line of their outcrop, I shall endeavour to show that their true position is higher in the series
On the Relations of the Ross-shire Sandstones containing Reptilian Footprints
Authors: Gordon George , Joass J. M. 
Published: October 2009

In the introduction Sir R. I. Murchison gave a sketch of the geology of the Tarbatness promontory, which is composed of variously coloured sandstones, having a conformable dip to the N.W. In these strata the authors had found footprints (of animals believed to be Reptiles) similar to those found in the sandstones on the coast of Elgin; and it was therefore desirable to prove whether these rocks really belonged to the Palæozoic series, or, as some geologists suppose with regard to the Elgin sandstones, to the Trias. In order to solve this problem, if possible, the Rev. Mr. Joass made a careful survey of the coast from Geanies to Tarbatness Lighthouse, and round along the north shore of the promontory to the inlet at Inver; and he found a conformable succession between the undoubted Old Red Sandstone of Geanies and the track-bearing sandstone of Tarbatness.
The Rev. Dr. Gordon gave a description of the various tracks: the smaller kind were referred by him to an unknown Crustacean; the larger and more definite impressions, however, he considered to be the footsteps of some kind of Reptile. He also stated, as confirmatory of the ‘Old Red’ age of the beds, that the Oolitic beds of Shandwick are unconformable to the Old Red Sandstone.
Notes on the Mineralogy and Geology of Borneo and the adjacent Islands
Authors: de Groot Mijnheer Corn. 
Published: October 2009

The steam-coal formation of Borneo underlies the Nummulitic Limestone, and, so far as I am at present able to judge, belongs to the “Étage Suessonien” of D'Orbigny. From the Nummulitic Limestone the following fossils have been obtained, namely,
Nummulina depressa, N. lenticularis, N, mamilla
, and
N. polygyrata
; also
Eupatangus ornatus
and
Phaculina Faujasii
. The last-named fossil is, I know, found in the Maestricht Beds; but, according to Bronn, it occurs also in the ‘Etage Suessonien.’

In a search for lodes of copper in the western part of Borneo, north of Pontianak, made on behalf of private adventurers by Mr. Everwijn, the strings of copper that were found, though very rich, were too small to pay for working. There are also some poor copper-lodes near the Singkarah Lake, in the mountains east of Padang, in the Island of Sumatra; but the veins, though large, are too poor to be worked.
A search for tin-veins was made in the Island of Blitong (Billiton), by Mr. Akkeringa, one of our mining-engineers, in 1860–61, with the following result:—at Brang no metalliferous veins were found; but on the Tadjouw Hill (goenoeng Tadjouw) a vein 4 to 5 feet wide, and containing much tin-ore, was discovered; its exploitation was commenced last year. Granite and elvan were found on the south, and eurite (elvan) on the north of Tadjouw Hill.
On the Recent Earthquake at St. Helena
Authors: Elliot C. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

T
his
earthquake, which is stated to be the fourth that has occurred during the two centuries that we have been in the occupation of the Island, occurred at about 4h. 10m.
a.m.
on July 15th, and in this paper Sir C. Elliot described the nature of the shock and the circumstances attending it.
On the Discovery of Flint Implements in the Drift at Milford Hill, Salisbury
Authors: Blackmore H. P. 
Published: October 2009

S
ince
the discovery of flint implements in the higher-level gravel at Fisherton, on the west of this city, an interesting account of which was given by my friend John Evans, Esq., in a valuable paper published in the August Number of the Society's Journal, a second discovery of a large number of very excellent weapons has been made in the drift-gravel of Milford Hill, a deposit of the same age as the Fisherton Beds, but situated on the opposite side of the Avon, immediately to the east of Salisbury. In the Ordnance Map the name of Milford Hill has been erroneously applied to what is known on the spot as Cricket Down, Milford Hill proper being a continuation of Mizmaze Hill.

The gravel in which these implements are found is composed of the ordinary subangular chalk-flints, a few well-rolled Tertiary pebbles, some small blocks of saccharoid sandstone, also of Tertiary origin, and a much larger percentage of fragments of Greensand chert than occurs in the gravel at Fisherton. All these materials are blended with. a variable proportion of sand and stiff clay, and are stained pretty uniformly of a dark-ferruginous colour. Many of the chalk-flints are of large size, with sharp, well-defined angles, and present scarcely any marks of violent rolline or water-wearing.
When we look at any of the sections of chalk in this neighbourhood, and remark the comparatively few and widely scattered bands of nodules, we feel that one can barely form an adequate notion of the immense
On the Fossil Contents of the Genista Cave, Gibraltar
Authors: Busk G. , Falconer Hugh 
Published: October 2009

T
he
circumstances which led to our visit to Gibraltar, and the objects we have had in view, are so well known to Your Excellency that it is unnecessary on our part to do more than refer to one or two incidents in the early history of the cave.

When the interesting objects contained in the upper chambers of the “Genista” cave on Windmill Hill were brought to light by Capt. Brome, Your Excellency addressed a letter to the Secretary-at-War, giving a preliminary report on the results; that communication was forwarded from the War Office to the President of the Geological Society of London, with a request for an opinion as to the importance in the interest of science of following up the exploration, and for suggestions as to the manner in which it could be best conducted. The reply led to the sanction of the Secretary-at-War for the further exploration of the cavern by means of the labour of the military prisoners, under the able superintendence of Capt. Brome; and, to pass over minor incidents well known to Your Excellency, the objects discovered were forwarded to us in London for identification and scientific examination.
Having devoted several months to the study of the cave-collections successively transmitted to us, which were so carefully classified, by means of distinctive marks, by Capt. Brome, the Governor of the Military Prison, as to place the main facts clearly before us, we were so strongly impressed with their importance that we determined, on Your Excellency's
Notes on the Caves of Gibraltar
Authors: Warren Charles 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The principal caves in Gibraltar are St. Michael's, Martin's, Glen Rocky, Genista, Asylum Tank, Poca Roca, and three on the eastern face of the rock underneath the signal-station.
The cave at Poca Roca is, in the authors opinion, a portion of the cleft in the rock which extends from the town to the village of Catalan Bay.
The strata of rock on the eastern side are usually covered over by a very recent formation, which gives a deceptive appearance to casual observers; this Lieut. Warren found to be the case while scarping at Middle Hill.
St. Michael's cave is a portion of a transverse cleft through the rock; and it is probable that at no very (historically) remote period it was open to view, as it is described by a Latin writer (Pomponius Mela) as opening up the side of the rock into an enormous cavern.
There appears to have been an idea that this cave has not been thoroughly explored since Lieut. Rich, R.A., went down it in 1840-46. Capt. Weber Smith went halfway down in 1840, the lengthy report of his exploit being now recorded in the R.E. office, with a plan which was completed by Lieut. Goodall, R.E., in 1858, who explored the whole cave. Since then the author has been down to the bottom more than twenty times, and has broken into new caves with crow-bars and jumpers, and he is confident that without the use of crow-bars no further passage can be discovered.
There
On the Growth of Flos Ferri, or Coralloidal Arragonite
Authors: Wallace W. 
Published: October 2009

I
n
giving a sketch of the physical features of the Meldon district in Westmoreland, Mr. Wallace stated that the water-shed of the Meldon range of mountains corresponds with an anticlinal axis which probably ranges at nearly equal distances from the River Tees and one of its tributaries—the Maizebeck.

The denudation of the country to the east of the Great Penine fault has evidently been regulated by the unequal elevation of the strata. The highest mountains are chiselled out of an immense mass of stratified rocks, and left standing on the ridges, or axes of highest elevation, of the beds. The denuding forces have produced the greatest effect where they have formed the valleys; or, in other words, in a general view, the greatest amount of denudation has been effected where the rocks have been the least elevated from their original horizontal position.
On each side of the Meldon hills lead-veins are found; and the formation of these veins is evidently connected with the anticlinal axis, the direction of which corresponds with that of these hills. On the north side, the principal vein of the Silver Band and Dunfell Mines dislocates the strata some 16 or 20 fathoms, the side next the axis being elevated. The veins on the contrary side probably dislocate the strata less; the amount of their throw has not, however, been exactly ascertained.
All the veins of the Silver Band Mine and the flats of the Dufton Fell Mine contain much sulphate of barytes. In some parts
Additional Observations on the Raised Beach of Sangatte with reference to the Date of the English Channel, and the Presence of Loess in the Cliff Section
Authors: Prestwich J. 
Published: October 2009

I
n
my paper on the Loess and Quaternary beds of the north of France and south-east of England, I expressed an opinion that the break in the land between France and England was not the result of the last geological change†, but that the Channel existed at the period of the formation of the low-level gravels of the Somme and Thames valleys, and probably at the period of the high-level gravels. The argument was based upon the position of analogous beds at places on both sides of the Channel, upon the contour and slope of the land, and the direction of the Sangatte and Brighton raised beaches. I was not then able to give more positive evidence. I am, however, now in possession of facts which enable me to do so, and these I will briefly lay before the Society.

On my return last Easter from an excursion in Belgium with several Fellows of this Society, I took the opportunity of revisiting the Sangatte section in company with Mr. Godwin-Austen. The winter storms had cleared the beach and bared the cliff, and we found a long and very interesting section exposed. Our visit was short. It enabled me, however, to recognize some beds very loess-like in character, and to detect traces of shells in some of them. We also again noted in the underlying old sea-bed layers of a green sand, which might have been derived either from some Lower Tertiary beds or from the Greensands.
We thence proceeded round
On the Carboniferous Rocks of the Valley of Kashmere
Authors: Godwin-Austen H. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

T
his
paper was a continuation of one read before the Society last year, in which the Carboniferous, Jurassic, and Post-tertiary deposits and fossils were described by Capt. Godwin-Austen, Mr. Davidson, and Mr. Etheridge. In this communication Capt. Godwin-Austen confined himself to the Carboniferous formation, which was shown by him to have, in the Valley of Kashmere, a thickness of more than 1500 feet. The upper portion of this mass contained but few fossils, except in one particular bed near the entrance of the ravine above the village of Khoonmoo; but the lowest portion, or Zèwan bed, is made up chiefly of the remains of Brachiopoda and Bryozoa; and a higher stage, though still near the base of the formation, contains abundant remains of
Producta
. The position of a limestone containing
Goniatites
is not very clearly determined, but it is probably a member of the Zèwan series.

The sections in which the relative positions of the different beds were exhibited were described in detail, and plans and a map were given showing their geographical relation.
Mr. Davidson described the Brachiopoda forwarded with the paper, stating that they abound particularly at Barus and Khoonmoo, but are rarely in a very good state of preservation. Among them are several common and wide-spread European and American species, with a few that have not hitherto been noticed. They appear to be of Lower Carboniferous age.
In the introduction Mr. Godwin-Austen gave a synopsis of the more remarkable facts brought forward in the paper, and in a Résumé be gave lists of the fossils which had as yet been determined. These were forty-six in number, forty-two of which had specific names, and twenty-two of which are well-known forms; eight are common to the Punjaub and Kashmere, seven of them being also European species. Of the Kashmere list, full half the species are found in British Carboniferous beds; and Mr. Godwin-Austen remarked on the support given to the notion of the approximate contemporaneity of distant formations containing the same fossils by the occurrence of these European Lower Carboniferous species near the base of the Carboniferous formation of Kashmere.
On the Madreporaria of the Infralias of South Wales
Authors: Duncan P. Martin 
Published: October 2009

1.
Introduction
—Towards the end of 1865, Mr. Tawney sent me a collection of fossils from the Sutton stone in South Wales, and requested me to describe the species of Madreporaria contained in it. This description appeared as an appendix to the elaborate communication “On the western limits of the Rhætic beds in South Wales, and on the position of the Sutton stone,” by E. B. Tawney, Esq., F.G.S.*

The species were but few in number, they were unlike any others from British Secondary rocks, and they presented rather a St. Cassian facies.
Little could be determined, from their study, concerning the age of the Sutton stone†; and Mr. Tawney could only give a qualified opinion upon this subject after the examination of the Mollusca. Shortly after these communications were read, Mr. Charles Moore sent me a large collection of fossils from the Sutton stone and from some other Liassic beds which, rest upon Carboniferous Limestone. During this autumn, the same indefatigable geologist went over the district described by Mr. Tawney, and on his return he forwarded me a magnificent collection of specimens from Sutton, Southerndown, Brocastle, Ewenny, Langan, Laleston, Cowbridge, and Shepton Mallet. He moreover gave me all the information he could obtain on the stratigraphical relations of the highly fossiliferous beds of those localities. It soon became evident that there was a very considerable number of new species of Madreporaria among the specimes*.
The objects of this communication are, to introduce to Palæontologists a new British coral-fauna from deposits
Geological Description of the First Cataract, Upper Egypt
Authors: Hawkshaw J. C. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

A
t
the First Cataract the Nile flows over crystalline rocks consisting principally of quartz, felspar, and hornblende, combined in various, proportions, and then appearing under the forms of syenite, greenstone, hornblende, and mica-schists, or else occurring in separate masses. In the bed of the river the surface of the harder portions of these rocks is beautifully polished. The whole district is traversed by dykes of greenstone, of which the prevailing direction is E. and W.

The crystalline rocks forming the bed of the river are overlain by a sandstone, sometimes coarse and gritty, and at other times fine-grained and compact. The prevailing colour is light yellow; but in places it is dark-purple and even black, owing to the presence of iron. As yet no organic remains have been discovered in it. This sandstone rests on the uneven surface of the syenite, in slightly inclined strata dipping N.N.E. It is nowhere altered at its junction with the syenite, nor is it anywhere penetrated by dykes.
To the eastward of the First Cataract is a wide valley, commencing opposite the Island of Philæ, and joining the Nile valley again about three miles below Assouan. Through this valley the Nile may have formerly flowed, as freshwater shells and deposits of Nile-mud are found at a considerable height above the present level of the river.
To the westward of the First Cataract the crystalline rocks disappear below the sandstone, and the country is almost entirely covered with sand of a rich yellow colour, composed of fine rounded grains of quartz.
On a Section at Litcham affording Evidence of Land-Glaciation during the earlier part of the Glacial Period in England
Authors: Wood S. V. 
Published: October 2009

T
he
structure of the Lower Drift, and the limited area to which it is confined, conspire to show that this country first encountered, and for a long period sustained, the glacial conditions while principally in the state of land; for not only do the limited superficial extent of the formation and its rapid attenuation in all directions, from its great development on the Cromer coast, necessitate an inference that only a small part of England was under water at the time of the deposition of the Lower Drift, but the great masses of chalk and chalky débris that were carried into the marine sediment require us to admit the presence, near at hand, of some terrestrial chalk-area from which these masses were detached; and I imagine that it does not require any illustration here to satisfy geologists of the fact, so obvious from the appearance of the Cromer Cliffs, that much of the chalk of Norfolk was, at the time these masses were imbedded, occupied by a great glacier, from whose seaward termination they were carried and dropped into the marine sediment.

In such a state of things we should naturally look for some evidences inland of the terrestrial glaciation which this structure involves.
The beds in section on the Cromer Coast, forming the Lower Drift, although of so great a thickness there, alter, as I have elsewhere shown, both in their appearance and thickness inland.
South-eastwards, in the direction of Norwich and the Yare Valley, the Lower Drift, or
On some Secondary Fossils from South Africa
Authors: Tate Ralph 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction

As a large number of fossils from the Secondary rocks of South Africa remain undescribed in the Society's Museum, it seems desirable that an account of them should be submitted to the Society, as a sequel to the Monographs on Secondary Fossils from South Africa which have appeared in the Society's Transactions and Quarterly Journal.
This paper contains descriptions of the Plants of the Karoo beds, the Reptilian and Molluscan life of which has been made known by the labours of Professors Owen and Huxley, and the late Mr. Daniel Sharpe—of the vegetable remains from the phytiferous beds of Geelhoutboom, and of the fossils from the Jurassic strata of the Zwartkop and Sunday's River (the last part being a Supplement to Mr. Daniel Sharpe's “Descriptions of Fossils from the Secondary Rocks of South Africa”). The study of the organic remains of the beds enumerated has enabled me to offer, in addition, some generalizations on the affinities of each of the above-mentioned groups of Secondary strata developed in this region.

II. K
aroo
B
eds

a.
Fossil Flora of the Karoo Beds
.

1. G
lossopteris
B
rowniana
, Pl. VI. figs. 5
a
, 5
b
, 7
a
, 7
b
.

The Society is in possession of several impressions of a
Glossopteris
, in a friable sandstone, obtained by Dr. W.G. Atherstone, F.G.S., from Heald Town, near Fort Beaufort, Eastern Province, South Africa,—and many others of the same form, in a dark shale, from Bloemkop*, collected by Mr. C. J. Powell, of Graaf Reinet, and presented by Dr. R. N. Rubidge,
Further Remarks upon the Relation of the Chillesford Beds to the Fluviomarine Crag
Authors: Fisher O. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

T
he
author dissents from the interpretation of two pit-sections, one on Aldringham Common, the other near Henham Park Farm, given by Mr. Searles Wood in his paper “On the Structure of the Red Crag.” Mr. Fisher admits that the former is at a higher level than the Thorpe Crag-pit, and the latter than the Wangford Crag; but he denies that the loam on Aldringham Common is Chillesford clay, and is doubtful whether even that at Henham Park Farm belongs to that deposit. Granting, however, that the loam in the latter case is really Chillesford clay, the author states that it is probably carried under the Wangford Crag by a northern dip. Thus he considers that neither of these sections contains indisputable evidence of the superposition of the Chillesford clay to the Fluviomarine Crag. He also expresses a doubt of the crag at Bulchamp being a continuation of the Wangford bed, and states that it much more resembles the Mya-bed as seen at Yarn Hill.

P.S. A subsequent examination of the neighbourhood of Norwich in April 1867, led the author to admit the identity of the
Mya
-bed with the Upper Crag of Mr. Taylor, as seen at Toft Monks and Bramerton; and consequently to abandon such of his published opinions as are inconsistent with that conclusion.
On the Geology of the Upper Part of the Valley of the Teign, Devonshire
Authors: Ormerod G. Wareing 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

T
he
district noticed in this paper lies to the north of Bovey Tracey. The author describes the courses of the Teign and its feeders, and the strata traversed by those streams, namely, Granite and Carboniferous Limestone. Gravels are occasionally found, which the author regards as having been deposited before the reexcavation of the valley; and he shows that these had been transported by a current from north-west to south-east. From the absence of these gravels in the gorge of the Carboniferous rocks between Hunts Tor, near Chagford, and Clifford Bridge, he considers that that valley has been opened since the time when the boulders and gravels were deposited; and he then shows that the stream from the valley of the Teign, prior to the opening of that valley, passed by Moreton Hampstead to Bovey Tracey. The paper contains notices of the minerals found in the district, and of the Granite veins in the Carboniferous rocks.