bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Einstein and Relativity: What Price Fame?
Authors: Rowe David E. 
Published: April 2012

ArgumentEinstein's initial fame came in late 1919 with a dramatic breakthrough in his general theory of relativity. Through a remarkable confluence of events and circumstances, the mass media soon projected an image of the photogenic physicist as a bold new revolutionary thinker. With his theory of relativity Einstein had overthrown outworn ideas about space and time dating back to Newton's day, no small feat. While downplaying his reputation as a revolutionary, Einstein proved he was well cast for the role of mild-mannered scientific genius. Yet fame demanded its price. Surrounded by social and economic unrest in Berlin, he was caught between two worlds, one struggling to be born, another refusing to die. Far from withdrawing, he threw himself into the political fray to become a symbol for international reconciliation during the early Weimar Republic. A decade later, his public image acquired another layer when he re-emerged as a Stoic sage and selfless humanitarian, a quasi-religious figure who saw himself as a modern-day Spinoza. Focusing on events of this period and the role of the German media in portraying them, this essay highlights the scientific and political undercurrents that drew Einstein into the public eye at a critical juncture in European history. Its broader aim is to show the import of these themes within the context of the vast literature on Einstein as well as the larger historiography of science.
Exercise Training Reduces Inflammatory Mediators in the Intestinal Tract of Healthy Older Adult Mice
Authors: Packer Nicholas , Hoffman-Goetz Laurie 
Published: April 2012

RÉSUMÉLe vieillissement s’allie à une augmentation d’inflammation intestinale et le risque élevé de maladies chroniques, y compris les maladies inflammatoires de l’intestin et le cancer du côlon; nombreuses études épidémiologiques indiquent que l’exercice régulier réduit les risques. Cette étude a examiné les effets à long terme de l’exercice volontaire sur les médiateurs inflammatoires dans les intestins des souris âgées et en bonne santé C57BL/6 (âgées de 15–16 mois). On a désigné les animaux soit à quatre mois de roue d’exercice à souris (RES ;n– 20), soit à une groupe de contrôle « sédentaire » (NRL ;n= 20). Les lymphocytes intestinaux ont été récoltés et analysés pour la présence de (1) pro-inflammatoire (TNF-a, IL-1β) et de cytokines pléotropes (IL-6), et (2) de pro-(caspase-3/-7) et d’anti-(Bcl-2) protéines apoptotiques. L’efficacité d’exercise a été confirmée par l’activité des enzymes dans les muscles squelettiques ; l’évidence de stress a été confirmée par un plasma 8-iso-PGF2αet la corticostérone. Les RES souris ont réalisés une incidence inférieure de TNF-α, de la caspase-7, et de 8-isoprostanes (p< .05) par rapport aux contrôles sédentaires, ce qui suggère que l’exercice à long terme peut « protéger » l’intestin en réduisant la manifestation de cytokines inflammatoires et du protéine apoptotique.
Intransigent archaeology. An interview with Evžen Neustupný on his life in archaeology
Authors: Kuna Martin 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAn interview with Evžen Neustupný opens up a range of issues regarding the theory and history of archaeology and its development in Central Europe. His view of the discipline differs in many ways from that of current global trends. His ‘artefact archaeology’ inverts the concept of adaptation and highlights the role of artefacts in the creation of the human world. The interview also shows that post-war archaeology even to the east of the Iron Curtain followed the trajectory from culture-history paradigm to processualism and onwards. It also testifies to the situation in the social sciences under the Communist regime and the ambiguous role of Marxist philosophy.
Borehole temperatures and climate change: Ground temperature change in south India over the past two centuries
Authors: Roy Sukanta , Chapman David S. 
Published: April 2012

Seventy‐five borehole temperature‐depth profiles in south India, located between 8° and 15°N, are analyzed to infer past changes in surface ground temperature. Solutions for a linear surface temperature change indicate average warming of about 0.9 ± 0.3°C over the past 127 ± 25 years at the 95% level of confidence for the entire data set, albeit with considerable geographic variability. Some sites in a restricted region exhibit surface ground temperature cooling during the last 50 to 100 years while a number of other borehole sites show large surface warming amplitudes in the range 1–3°C with onset times during the last few decades to less than a Century. Such rapid changes may represent effects of local land use changes superimposed on the long‐term climate change. Results of borehole analysis do not support a latitude effect in climate change. A set of 28 meteorological surface air temperature (SAT) records, distributed in the three major climatic provinces (Interior Peninsula, West Coast and East Coast) in south India yield an average warming trend of 0.6 ± 0.2°C/100 years over the period 1901–2006 for which records exist. Combined analysis of borehole temperatures and SAT data yields a long‐term, pre‐observational mean temperature (baseline) 0.6 ± 0.1°C lower than the 1961–1990 mean SAT. With an additional 0.35°C of warming beyond the 1961–1990 mean, the total warming from the ∼1800 baseline is 0.95°C. Given multiple uncertainties, we consider the 0.9°C of warming from borehole temperature inversion and 0.95°C of warming from the hybrid borehole temperature‐SAT analysis to be consistent if significant warming occurred in the 19th Century, prior to the onset of SAT records. The present data set together with the set of 70 temperature profiles in India analyzed earlier constitute an extensive documentation of climatic warming for the low latitude region 0°–20° N that was previously under‐sampled in global geothermal climate change studies.
Expression of the polyalanine expansion mutant of nuclear poly(A)‐binding protein induces apoptosis via the p53 pathway
Authors: Bhattacharjee Rumpa Biswas , Zannat Thangima , Bag Jnanankur 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe PABPN1 [nuclear poly(A)‐binding protein 1] is ubiquitous, binds to the nascent mRNA transcript and controls the poly(A) tract elongation process in multicellular organisms. Expansion of GCG repeats that encode first 6 of the 10 alanine residues of a polyalanine tract at the N‐terminus of wild‐type PABPN1 to 12–17 alanine residues causes aggregation of the protein and cell death. Patients with the adult onset autosomal dominant OPMD (oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy) carry the GCG expansion mutation in their PABPN1 gene. The symptoms of OPMD include drooping eye lids and difficulty swallowing. The severity of symptoms increases with the length of the expansion. We have investigated the mechanism of cell death in HeLa and HEK‐293 (human embryonic kidney) cultured cells expressing the mutant PABPN1 with a polyalanine tract containing 17 alanine residues (PABPN1‐A17). In cells expressing PABPN1‐A17, the abundance of pro‐apoptotic proteins, p53, PUMA (p53 up‐regulated modulator of apoptosis) and Noxa, are up‐regulated. This was associated with the redistribution of p53 to the nucleus and mitochondria. Concomitantly Bax was translocated to the mitochondria, followed by the release of cytochrome c and the cleavage of caspase 3. Furthermore, blocking p53‐mediated transcription using pifithrin significantly reduced apoptosis. Our findings suggest a key role of p53‐mediated apoptosis in death of cells expressing the polyalanine expansion mutant of PABPN1.
Update on new aspects of the renin–angiotensin system in liver disease: clinical implications and new therapeutic options
Authors: Grace Josephine A. , Herath Chandana B. , Mak Kai Yan , Burrell Louise M. , Angus Peter W. 
Published: April 2012

The RAS (renin–angiotensin system) is now recognized as an important regulator of liver fibrosis and portal pressure. Liver injury stimulates the hepatic expression of components of the RAS, such as ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) and the AT1 receptor [AngII (angiotensin II) type 1 receptor], which play an active role in promoting inflammation and deposition of extracellular matrix. In addition, the more recently recognized structural homologue of ACE, ACE2, is also up-regulated. ACE2 catalyses the conversion of AngII into Ang-(1–7) [angiotensin-(1–7)], and there is accumulating evidence that this ‘alternative axis’ of the RAS has anti-fibrotic, vasodilatory and anti-proliferative effects, thus counterbalancing the effects of AngII in the liver. The RAS is also emerging as an important contributor to the pathophysiology of portal hypertension in cirrhosis. Although the intrahepatic circulation in cirrhosis is hypercontractile in response to AngII, resulting in increased hepatic resistance, the splanchnic vasculature is hyporesponsive, promoting the development of the hyperdynamic circulation that characterizes portal hypertension. Both liver fibrosis and portal hypertension represent important therapeutic challenges for the clinician, and there is accumulating evidence that RAS blockade may be beneficial in these circumstances. The present review outlines new aspects of the RAS and explores its role in the pathogenesis and treatment of liver fibrosis and portal hypertension.
Nanoscale size effect on surface spin canting in iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized by the microemulsion method
Authors: Darbandi Masih , Stromberg Frank , Landers Joachim , Reckers Nathalie , Sanyal Biplab , Keune Werner , Wende Heiko 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Uniformly sized and crystalline iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) with spinel structure and mean diameters of about 3, 6 and 9 nm were synthesized in high yield using the microemulsion route at room temperature. The nanoparticles (NPs) were stabilized in situ by organic surfactant molecules which acted both as a stabilizer of the microemulsion system and as a capping layer of the NP surface. NP size control was attained by careful adjustment of the preparation conditions. The structure, morphology and NP size distribution were investigated by x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. A particular effort was devoted in this work to study the effect of size and capping of these NPs on their magnetic structure by in-field Mössbauer spectroscopy at 4.2 K. The mean canting angle (relative to the applied field direction) of the Fe spins was observed to increase with decreasing NP size due to the enhanced surface-to-volume ratio. Comparing bare and capped NPs of the same diameter, we verified that the spin canting was not affected by the organic capping. This implied almost identical magnetic orientations of bare and capped NPs. Simultaneously, the capping material was capable of preventing agglomeration effects which can occur in case of direct particle contact. Using a core/shell model, we showed that spin canting originated from the surface shell of the NPs. Furthermore, the Mössbauer spectral parameters provided evidence for the existence of a high fraction of Fe3O4 (magnetite) in the IONP.
Giant magnetoresistance effects on electromigration characteristics in spin valve read sensors during retrieving operation
Authors: Zeng D G , Lee K-I , Chung K-W , Bae S 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Electromigration (EM) in giant magnetoresistance (GMR) spin valve read sensors under pulsed magnetic field of 50–200 Oe with different duty factors was experimentally studied to explore the physical mechanisms of EM failures during sensor retrieving operation. It was found that the GMR effect, which causes the temperature rise and fall due to the change in resistance, is dominantly responsible for the acceleration of EM failures at a small retrieving field (50 Oe). A theoretical model incorporating the GMR and Hall effects was proposed to interpret the EM failure characteristics. The physical validity of this proposed model is confirmed by the comparisons with experimental results.
Electrical and optical properties of point defects in ZnO thin films
Authors: Can Musa M , Ismat Shah S , Doty Matthew F , Haughn Chelsea R , Fırat Tezer 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
We show that the deposition of ZnO films under varying oxygen partial pressure and annealing conditions allows for the controllable formation of specific defects. Using x-ray diffraction and photoluminescence, we characterize the defects formed and show that these defects are responsible for changes in film carrier density, carrier type, sheet resistivity and mobility.
High-resolution gamma ray spectroscopy measurements of the fast ion energy distribution in JET 4He plasmas
Authors: Nocente M. , Tardocchi M. , Kiptily V.G. , Blanchard P. , Chugunov I. , Conroy S. , Edlington T. , Fernandes A.M. , Ericsson G. , Johnson M. Gatu , Gin D. , Grosso G. , Hellesen C. , Kneupner K. , Lerche E. , Murari A. , Neto A. , Pereira R.C. , Cippo E. Perelli , Sharapov S. , Shevelev A. , Sousa J. , Syme D.B. , Eester D. Van , Gorini G. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
High-resolution γ-ray measurements were carried out on the Joint European Torus (JET) in an experiment aimed at accelerating 4He ions in the MeV range by coupling third harmonic radio frequency heating to an injected 4He beam. For the first time, Doppler broadening of γ-ray peaks from the 12C(d, pγ)13C and 9Be(α, nγ)12C reactions was observed and interpreted with dedicated Monte Carlo codes based on the detailed nuclear physics of the processes. Information on the confined 4He and deuteron energy distribution was inferred, and confined 4He ions with energies as high as 6 MeV were assessed. A signature of MHD activity in γ-ray traces was also detected. The reported results have a bearing on diagnostics for fast ions in the MeV range in next step fusion devices.
Multiple-tracer TESPEL injection for studying impurity behaviour in a magnetically confined plasma
Authors: Sudo Shigeru , Tamura Naoki , Suzuki Chihiro , Muto Sadatsugu , Funaba Hisamichi 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A new diagnostic method with tracer-encapsulated solid pellet (TESPEL) injection with multiple tracers is developed to study impurity behaviour in a magnetically confined plasma. If a pellet contains multiple tracers, it becomes possible to compare the behaviour of different impurities simultaneously under the same plasma conditions. We injected a TESPEL into the Large Helical Device mainly with triple tracers: vanadium (V), manganese (Mn) and cobalt (Co). The Li-like lines in the vacuum ultraviolet range and the Kα lines in the soft x-ray range from these tracers are simultaneously observed with a time resolution of 50 ms. As the charges of the nuclei of intrinsic impurities, chromium (Cr) and iron (Fe), are in between those of the tracers, the behaviour of Cr and Fe can be studied quantitatively by knowing the number of tracer particles and also by comparing the emission intensity change due to the electron temperature change. It is observed that the tracer impurities remain in the plasma core region when the plasma density is higher than 5 × 1019 m−3. It is also observed that the intrinsic impurities cannot enter the core region when the plasma density is higher than the same level, although the two phenomena appear to be independent.
Two Etomidate Sites in α1β2γ2 γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptors Contribute Equally and Noncooperatively to Modulation of Channel Gating
Authors: Guitchounts Grigori , Stewart Deirdre S. , Forman Stuart A. 
Published: April 2012

Background
Etomidate is a potent hypnotic agent that acts via γ-aminobutyric acid receptor type A (GABA(A)) receptors. Evidence supports the presence of two etomidate sites per GABA(A) receptor, and current models assume that each site contributes equally and noncooperatively to drug effects. These assumptions remain untested.

Methods
We used concatenated dimer (β2-α1) and trimer (γ2-β2-α1) GABA(A) subunit assemblies that form functional α1β2γ2 channels, and inserted α1M236W etomidate site mutations into both dimers (β2-α1M236W) and trimers (γ2-β2-α1M236W). Wild-type or mutant dimers (D(wt) or D(αM236W)) and trimers (T(wt) or T(αM236W)) were coexpressed in Xenopus oocytes to produce four types of channels: D(wt)T(wt), D(αM236W)T(wt), D(wt)T(αM236W), and D(αM236W)T(αM236W). For each channel type, two-electrode voltage clamp was performed to quantitatively assess GABA EC(50), etomidate modulation (left shift), etomidate direct activation, and other functional parameters affected by αM236W mutations.

Results
Concatenated wild-type D(wt)T(wt) channels displayed etomidate modulation and direct activation similar to α1β2γ2 receptors formed with free subunits. D(αM236W)T(αM236W) receptors also displayed altered GABA sensitivity and etomidate modulation similar to mutated channels formed with free subunits. Both single-site mutant receptors (D(αM236W)T(wt) and D(wt)T(αM236W)) displayed indistinguishable functional properties and equal gating energy changes for GABA activation (-4.9 ± 0.48 vs. -4.7 ± 0.48 kJ/mol, respectively) and etomidate modulation (-3.4 ± 0.49 vs. -3.7 ± 0.38 kJ/mol, respectively), which together accounted for the differences between D(wt)T(wt) and D(αM236W)T(αM236W) channels.

Conclusions
These results support the hypothesis that the two etomidate sites on α1β2γ2 GABA(A) receptors contribute equally and noncooperatively to drug interactions and gating effects.
Purification of human and avian influenza viruses using cellulose sulfate ester (Cellufine Sulfate) in the process of vaccine production
Authors: Sakoda Yoshihiro , Okamatsu Masatoshi , Isoda Norikazu , Yamamoto Naoki , Ozaki Koichi , Umeda Yasuto , Aoyama Shigeyuki , Kida Hiroshi 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTAffinity chromatography using sulfated, spherical cellulose beads (Cellufine Sulfate) was assessed for purification of influenza A and influenza B viruses. Recovery rates of viruses eluted from the beads were high for all tested virus strains. This method was also useful for removing chicken egg‐derived impurities from allantoic fluids containing influenza viruses; the hemagglutination activity per amount of protein in the eluted sample was significantly higher than that in the applied sample. These results suggest that use of Cellufine Sulfate is a practical method for primary purification of influenza viruses in the process of influenza vaccine production.
Characterization of different 5′‐untranslated exons of the ASIP gene in black‐and‐tan Doberman Pinscher and brindle Boxer dogs
Authors: Ciampolini Roberta , Cecchi Francesca , Spaterna Andrea , Bramante Assunta , Bardet Sylvia M. , Oulmouden Ahmad 
Published: April 2012

SummaryDifferential expression of the ASIP gene and its interaction with MC1R have provided basic insight into pigment‐type switching in mammals. Here, we report the characterization of a specific red‐haired skin transcript and a specific black‐haired skin transcript in the ASIP gene in the black‐and‐tan Doberman Pinscher. It is also shown that the brindle‐haired skin of the Boxer exhibits a deregulated expression resulting in various 5′‐untranslated exons. Comparative sequence analysis revealed a short interspersed element and a poly(A) stretch inserted within the promoter region of the ASIP in the Boxer. Genotyping studies have shown that both insertions are also present in brindle and fawn animals of the Boxer and Great Dane breeds. Furthermore, we genotyped MC1R and K loci for their known variants that affect coat color in dogs. As expected, all animals were homozygotes (EM/EM) for the mask mutation, and fawn animals were ky/ky. Unexpectedly, we found that all brindle animals were heterozygotes kB/ky. Our results suggest that differential expression of ASIP determine pigment‐type switching in a MC1R and K allele‐dependent manner in dogs.
The association between vitamin D status and type 2 diabetes in a Thai population, a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Chailurkit La‐or , Aekplakorn Wichai , Ongphiphadhanakul Boonsong 
Published: April 2012

SummaryObjectiveTo explore vitamin D status in relation to diabetes, based on data from a national health examination survey in Thailand.Design and MethodsA total of 2641 adults, aged 15–98 years, were randomly selected according to geographical region from the Thai 4th National Health Examination Survey sample. Logistic regressions were used to examine the cross‐sectional association between diabetes status and level of 25(OH)D separately by age groups and areas of residence.ResultsFifty per cent of the subjects were men and 5·8% had diabetes. The mean level of 25(OH)D was 79·3 ± 0·8 nm. Based on cut‐off values of 50 and 75 nm, six per cent and 45% had vitamin D insufficiency, respectively. In a regression model, it was found that 25(OH)D3 and total 25(OH)D were positively associated with diabetes. In addition, logistic regression analysis showed that low circulating 25(OH)D3, but not 25(OH)D2, levels was significantly associated with an increased odds of diabetes in older persons (aged ≥70 years) in urban areas. However, for subjects residing in rural areas, no association between serum 25(OH)D3 or total 25(OH)D and diabetes was found. Furthermore, vitamin D insufficiency was associated with a higher risk of diabetes (OR, 1·56; 95% CI, 1·10–1·12) only in the urban elderly.ConclusionLow vitamin D status is modestly associated with a small increase in the risk of diabetes in the urban Thai elderly. The observation that higher vitamin D status is associated with increased diabetic risk in young adults needs to be further explored and confirmed.
Infectivity study of Streptococcus phocae to seven fish and mammalian cell lines by confocal microscopy
Authors: Cortez‐San Martin M , González‐Contreras A , Avendaño‐Herrera R 
Published: April 2012

AbstractStreptococcus phocae is a beta‐haemolytic bacterium that causes systemic infections in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., cultured in southern Chile and also in seals. In this study, the host–pathogen interaction between S. phocae and seven types of cell lines (fish and mammalian) was examined using an indirect fluorescent antibody and confocal microscopy (CM). Chinook salmon embryo (CHSE‐214), epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC), salmon head kidney (SHK‐1) and Atlantic salmon kidney were used as the fish cell lines, while human cervix epithelial adenocarcinoma (HeLa), African green monkey kidney fibroblast (Cos‐7) and mouse leukaemic monocyte macrophage (Raw 264.7) were included as mammalian cell lines. Streptococcus phocae type strain ATCC 51973T and isolates LM‐08‐Sp and P23 were selected as representatives from the salmon and seal host, respectively. For the CM examination, monolayers seeded on round coverslips were studied at 2‐ and 20‐h post‐inoculation (pi). The results showed that there is no common infectivity pattern between the three S. phocae strains at 2‐h pi and the cell lines tested, regardless of the source of isolation (seal or salmon). All S. phocae strains could internalize and were found inside the fish and mammalian cell cytoplasm after 20‐h pi. Regardless of the cells studied (fish or mammal) and incubation (2 and 20 h), S. phocae was never observed inside the nuclei. Seal and salmon isolates showed the highest number of bacteria entering into the primate cell lines (HeLa and Cos‐7) from 2‐h pi, while ATCC 51973T was not found outside or inside the HeLa and Cos‐7 cells.