bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of drying methods on volatile compounds, fatty acids and antioxidant property of Thai kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix D.C.)
Authors: Raksakantong Pornpimol , Siriamornpun Sirithon , Meeso Naret 
Published: December 2011

SummaryThis study investigated the changes in colour, volatile compounds, fatty acids, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity of kaffir lime leaves (makrud in Thai) Citrus hystrix D.C. after three drying treatments, namely hot‐air (HA) drying, low relative humidity (LRH) air drying and far‐infrared radiation (FIR) drying. Overall, when compared with fresh leaves, a slight decrease in L* values of the three dried samples was observed. TPC, TFC and ferric‐reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) values were increased by LRH and FIR drying (LRH: 39%, 43% and 28%; FIR: 62%, 39% and 39%), while HA drying decreased TPC, TFC and FRAP values (28%, 21% and 1%), compared with fresh leaves. The main volatile compounds in fresh leaves were citronellal, followed by linalool and viridiflorol. Drying brought about an increase in the concentrations of volatile components, such as citronellal with HA, LRH and FIR drying (79%, 83% and 64%, respectively), compared with the results for fresh leaves (56%). LRH and HA drying increased essential fatty acid alpha‐linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n‐3), while linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n‐6) was increased by FIR drying. The present study has provided useful information for the industrial use of dried kaffir lime production.
Sorption isotherms and thermodynamic properties of freeze‐dried colostral whey powders with different additives
Authors: Yu Huaning , Li Yunfei 
Published: December 2011

SummaryMoisture adsorption isotherms of colostral whey (CW) powders with different additives (maltodextrin and sucrose) were determined using gravimetric static method at 15–35 °C in the water activity range of 0.067–0.76. The moisture adsorption isotherms obtained were typical sigmoid curves, and the modified‐Halsey and Guggenheim–Anderson–de Boer (GAB) equations gave the best fit to experimental data among five well‐known equations. Addition with maltodextrin into CW powders could effectively decrease equilibrium moisture content (EMC), whereas addition with sucrose increased EMC in the water activity of 0.43–0.76 at 15 and 25 °C and in the water activity of 0.21–0.76 at 35 °C, respectively. Thermodynamic properties including net isosteric heat of sorption and differential entropy were determined from adsorption data using Clausius–Clapeyron equation. The results showed that net isosteric heat of sorption of all the samples decreased exponentially with increasing EMC. Enthalpy–entropy compensation theory was applicable for adsorption process of all the samples, and the adsorption processes were enthalpy‐driven.
Radiation processing of minimally processed sprouts (dew gram and chick pea): effect on sensory, nutritional and microbiological quality
Authors: Nagar Vandan , Hajare Sachin N. , Saroj Sunil D. , Bandekar Jayant R. 
Published: December 2011

SummarySprouts have become an important part of the diet because of their nutritive value and low‐calorie content. The effect of radiation processing (1 and 2 kGy dose) on minimally processed dew gram and chick pea sprouts with respect to different quality parameters was studied over a storage period of 16 days at 8 °C. Radiation treatment and storage period did not have any significant effect on the sensory as well as nutritional qualities of irradiated dew gram and chick pea sprout. No significant change (P > 0.05) was observed in the colour and firmness of irradiated sprouts as compared to control samples. However, radiation processing resulted in significant reduction in aerobic plate counts (APC), coliform counts (CC), yeast and mould count (YMC) and staphylococci counts (SC). Radiation processing of dew gram and chick pea sprouts at 1 and 2 kGy extends the shelf life without affecting sensory and nutritional qualities.
The organic acid profile in wheat cultivar grains
Authors: Rodríguez Lía H. , Morales Desireé A. , Romero Carlos D. , Rodríguez Elena R. 
Published: December 2011

SummaryOrganic acids, pH and total acidity were determined in the grains of nineteen wheat cultivars. Six organic acids, such as glutamic, oxalic, malic, tartaric, shikimic and fumaric acids, were separated and identified in all wheat samples applying HPLC coupled to diode array detector. Glutamic acid was the major organic acid followed by tartaric and malic acids. A low oxalic acid/calcium ratio was observed in the wheat samples analysed. The wheat samples belonging to Triticum turgidum had a higher (P < 0.05) mean tartaric acid and pH values than the wheat samples from the Triticum aestivum. Some correlations between the analysed parameters were observed, emphasising the correlation between the malic and fumaric acids. Stepwise discriminant analysis was applied on the parameters analysed, allowing to differentiate the wheat samples according to the species.
Characterisation of gold kiwifruit pectin isolated by enzymatic treatment
Authors: Yuliarti Oni , Matia‐Merino Lara , Goh Kelvin T. , Mawson John , Brennan Charles 
Published: December 2011

SummaryPectin was extracted from gold kiwifruit by four commercial enzyme preparations (Celluclast 1.5 L, Cytolase CL, Cellulyve TR 400 and NS33048). The chosen enzymes were used either in single or in combination, with and without protease addition. The recovered pectin was characterised and compared for the yield, total nonstarch polysaccharide and neutral sugar composition, protein and ash, pectin, molecular weight distribution and the viscosity. Results indicated that enzyme‐extracted gold kiwifruit pectin was rich in galacturonic acid. Purified pectin yield, and their physicochemical composition and rheological property (viscosity), was significantly affected by the type of enzyme used. The pectin extracted by Celluclast 1.5 L demonstrated to be the most viscous and recorded the highest in molecular weight (Mw) (1.65 × 106 g mol–1) compared with the other extracts. The extract Mw and their distribution were discussed and related to their viscosity behaviour.
A study of the power absorption and temperature distribution during microwave reheating of instant rice
Authors: Fan Daming , Li Chunxiang , Ma Wenrui , Zhao Jianxin , Zhang Hao , Chen Wei 
Published: December 2011

SummaryMicrowave heating is a rapid and convenient food‐reheating method. However, uneven heating often occurs. To study the ‘cold spot’ problem of chilled instant rice during microwave reheating, online monitor was used to determine the temperature distribution during reheating. A cylindrical model was used to simulate the microwave reheating process of instant rice, and Lambert’s law was applied to analyse the microwave power absorption of rice and to predict the reheating temperature. The results showed that the internal temperature was highest at the geometric centre during microwave reheating. The predicted data using Lambert’s law matched the experimental results with relatively good agreement, and the correlation coefficient R2 is between 0.990 and 0.999.
Clathrin‐independent endocytosis contributes to uptake of glucose into BY‐2 protoplasts
Authors: Bandmann Vera , Homann Ulrike 
Published: December 2011

SummaryIn eukaryotic cells, several pathways exist for the internalization of plasma membrane proteins and extracellular cargo molecules. These endocytic pathways can be divided into clathrin‐dependent and clathrin‐independent pathways. While clathrin‐dependent pathways are known to be involved in a variety of cellular processes in plants, clathrin‐independent pathways have so far only been identified in animal and yeast cells. Here we show that internalization of fluorescent glucose into BY‐2 cells leads to accumulation of the sugar in compartments of the endocytic pathway. This endocytic uptake of glucose was not blocked by ikarugamycin, an inhibitor of clathrin‐dependent endocytosis, suggesting a role for clathrin‐independent endocytosis in glucose uptake. Investigations of fusion and fission of single vesicles by membrane capacitance measurements revealed stimulation of endocytic activity by extracellular glucose. Glucose‐stimulated fission of vesicles was not affected by addition of ikarugamycin or blocking of clathrin coat formation by transient over‐expression of HUB1 (the C‐terminal part of the clathrin heavy chain). These data demonstrate that clathrin‐independent endocytosis does occur in plant cells. This pathway may represent a common mechanism for the uptake of external nutrients.
Genetic dissection of methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase indicates a complex role for mitochondrial leucine catabolism during seed development and germination
Authors: Ding Geng , Che Ping , Ilarslan Hilal , Wurtele Eve S. , Nikolau Basil J. 
Published: December 2011

Summary3‐methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase (MCCase) is a nuclear‐encoded, mitochondrial‐localized biotin‐containing enzyme. The reaction catalyzed by this enzyme is required for leucine (Leu) catabolism, and it may also play a role in the catabolism of isoprenoids and the mevalonate shunt. In Arabidopsis, two MCCase subunits (the biotinylated MCCA subunit and the non‐biotinylated MCCB subunit) are each encoded by single genes (At1g03090 and At4g34030, respectively). A reverse genetic approach was used to assess the physiological role of MCCase in plants. We recovered and characterized T‐DNA and transposon‐tagged knockout alleles of the MCCA and MCCB genes. Metabolite profiling studies indicate that mutations in either MCCA or MCCB block mitochondrial Leu catabolism, as inferred from the increased accumulation of Leu. Under light deprivation conditions, the hyper‐accumulation of Leu, 3‐methylcrotonyl CoA and isovaleryl CoA indicates that mitochondrial and peroxisomal Leu catabolism pathways are independently regulated. This biochemical block in mitochondrial Leu catabolism is associated with an impaired reproductive growth phenotype, which includes aberrant flower and silique development and decreased seed germination. The decreased seed germination phenotype is only observed for homozygous mutant seeds collected from a parent plant that is itself homozygous, but not from a parent plant that is heterozygous. These characterizations may shed light on the role of catabolic processes in growth and development, an area of plant biology that is poorly understood.
Evaluating auxin distribution in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) through an analysis of the PIN and AUX/LAX gene families
Authors: Pattison Richard J. , Catalá Carmen 
Published: December 2011

SummaryThe temporal and spatial control of auxin distribution has a key role in the regulation of plant growth and development, and much has been learnt about the mechanisms that influence auxin pools and gradients in vegetative tissues, particularly in Arabidopsis. For example polar auxin transport, mediated by PIN and AUX/LAX proteins, is central to the control of auxin distribution. In contrast, very little information is known about the dynamics of auxin distribution and the molecular basis of its transport within and between fruit tissues, despite the fact that auxin regulates many aspects of fruit development, which include fruit formation, expansion, ripening and abscission. In addition, functional information regarding the key regulators of auxin fluxes during both vegetative and reproductive development in species other than Arabidopsis is scarce. To address these issues, we have investigated the spatiotemporal distribution of auxin during tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit development and the function of the PIN and AUX/LAX gene families. Differential concentrations of auxin become apparent during early fruit growth, with auxin levels being higher in internal tissues than in the fruit pericarp and the pattern of auxin accumulation depended on polar transport. Ten tomato PIN (SlPIN1 to 10) and five AUX/LAX (SlLAX1 to 5) genes were identified and found to display heterogeneous expression patterns, with tissue and developmental‐stage specificity. RNAi‐mediated co‐silencing of SlPIN4 and SlPIN3 did not affect fruit development, which suggested functional redundancy of PIN proteins, but did lead to a vegetative phenotype, and revealed a role for these genes in the regulation of tomato shoot architecture.
Prevalence and mental health outcomes of homicide survivors in a representative US sample of adolescents: data from the 2005 National Survey of Adolescents
Authors: Rheingold Alyssa A. , Zinzow Heidi , Hawkins Alesia , Saunders Benjamin E. , Kilpatrick Dean G. 
Published: December 2011

Background:  Each homicide leaves behind several friends and family members, or homicide survivors. However, limited information is available on the impact of homicide on adolescent survivors. The purpose of the current study was to identify the prevalence of homicide survivorship and to determine mental health outcomes within a sample of US adolescent survivors.Methods:  A nationally representative sample of American adolescents (N = 3,614) between the ages of 12 and 17 completed structured telephone interviews assessing homicide survivorship and mental health consequences including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, drug use, and alcohol abuse.Results:  Reported prevalence within this sample of losing a loved one to criminal homicide was 9%, losing a loved one to vehicular homicide was 7%, and losing a loved one to both types of homicide was 2%. Logistic regression analyses found that adolescents who reported being homicide survivors were significantly more likely to report depression, drug use, and alcohol abuse after controlling for demographic factors and other violence exposure.Conclusions:  If the results from this study are generalizable to the US population, roughly 1 in 5 American adolescents may be impacted by homicide. Further, adolescents exposed to such a loss are at increased risk for mental health sequelae. Results suggest that greater attention needs to be paid to address the needs of these often underserved victims.
Annual Research Review: Phenotypic and causal structure of conduct disorder in the broader context of prevalent forms of psychopathology
Authors: Lahey Benjamin B. , Waldman Irwin D. 
Published: December 2011

Background:  A better understanding of the nature and etiology of conduct disorder (CD) can inform nosology and vice versa. We posit that any prevalent form of psychopathology, including CD, can be best understood if it is studied in the context of other correlated forms of child and adolescent psychopathology using formal models to guide inquiry.Methods:  Review of both cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies of the place of CD in the phenotypic and causal structure of prevalent psychopathology, with an emphasis on similarities and differences between CD and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Papers were located using Web of Science by topic searches with no restriction on year of publication.Results:  Although some important nosologic questions remain unanswered, the dimensional phenotype of CD is well defined. CD differs from other disorders in its correlates, associated impairment, and course. Nonetheless, it is robustly correlated with many other prevalent dimensions of psychopathology both concurrently and predictively, including both other ‘externalizing’ disorders and some ‘internalizing’ disorders. Based on emerging evidence, we hypothesize that these concurrent and predictive correlations result primarily from widespread genetic pleiotropy, with some genetic factors nonspecifically influencing risk for multiple correlated dimensions of psychopathology. In contrast, environmental influences mostly act to differentiate dimensions of psychopathology from one another both concurrently and over time. CD and ODD share half of their genetic influences, but their genetic etiologies are distinct in other ways. Unlike most other dimensions of psychopathology, half of the genetic influences on CD appear to be unique to CD. In contrast, ODD broadly shares nearly all of its genetic influences with other disorders and has little unique genetic variance.Conclusions:  Conduct disorder is a relatively distinct syndrome at both phenotypic and etiologic levels, but much is revealed by studying CD in the context of its causal and phenotypic associations with other disorders over time. Advancing and refining formal causal models that specify the common and unique causes and biological mechanisms underlying each correlated dimension of psychopathology should facilitate research on the fundamental nature and nosology of CD.
The timing of maternal depressive symptoms and child cognitive development: a longitudinal study
Authors: Evans Jonathan , Melotti Roberto , Heron Jon , Ramchandani Paul , Wiles Nicola , Murray Lynne , Stein Alan 
Published: December 2011

Background:  Maternal depression is known to be associated with impairments in child cognitive development, although the effect of timing of exposure to maternal depression is unclear.Methods:  Data collected for the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, a longitudinal study beginning in pregnancy, included self‐report measures of maternal depression the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, completed on 6 occasions up to 3 years of age, and IQ of the index child (WISC) measured at aged 8 years. We used these data to assign women to 8 groups according to whether depression occurred in the antenatal, postnatal, preschool period, any combination of these times, or not at all. We compared a model comprising all patterns of depression (saturated model) with models nested within this to test whether there is a relationship between depression and child cognitive development and, if so, whether there is a sensitive period. We then investigated the relationship with child IQ for each model, following adjustment for confounders.Results:  Six thousand seven hundred and thirty‐five of 13,615 children from singleton births (49.5%, of eligible core sample) attended a research clinic at 8 years and completed a WISC with a score ≥ 70. A total of 5,029 mothers of these children had completed mood assessments over the 3 time periods. In unadjusted analyses, all three sensitive period models were as good as the saturated model, as was an accumulation model. Of the sensitive period models, only that for antenatal exposure was a consistently better fit than the accumulation model. After multiple imputation for missing data (to n = 6,735), there was no effect of postnatal depression on child IQ independent of depression at other times [−0.19 IQ points, 95% confidence interval (CI) −1.5 to 1.1 points]. There was an effect of antenatal depression (−3.19 IQ points, 95% CI: −4.33 to −2.06) which attenuated following adjustment (−0.64 IQ points, 95% CI: −1.68 to 0.40).Conclusions:  The postnatal period is not a sensitive one for the effect of maternal depression on child cognitive development.
Questions and Answers: Some Questions Discussed at One of the Round Tables Held at Chicago Institute with Public Health Nurses
Authors: Crandall Ella Phillips 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThere were a number of issues confronting public health nurses in 1919, including the differentiation of practice between visiting nurses and public health nurses, use of community partnerships when developing a new nursing service in a community, and standards of nursing work. Other issues included the focus of nursing work at the community/population versus individual level, how to balance the work load where there was only one nurse in a community, and educating the public about the value of public health nursing to the community. In this excerpt from the original publication, Ella Phillips Crandall responded to questions raised at a round table session held in Chicago in 1919 as a part of a Public Health Nursing Forum, and then published in the October 1919 issue of The Public Health Nurse. While the social context in which PHNs worked in 1919 were significantly different from those nurses face today, these insights are prescient to the issues faced by PHNs today as the profession continues to address issues related to standards of practice, role development, and educational preparation for both entry level and advanced practice.
Lessons Learned from Toulouse and Buncefield Disasters: From Risk Analysis Failures to the Identification of Atypical Scenarios Through a Better Knowledge Management
Authors: Paltrinieri Nicola , Dechy Nicolas , Salzano Ernesto , Wardman Mike , Cozzani Valerio 
Published: December 2011

The recent occurrence of severe major accidents has brought to light flaws and limitations of hazard identification (HAZID) processes performed for safety reports, as in the accidents at Toulouse (France) and Buncefield (UK), where the accident scenarios that occurred were not captured by HAZID techniques. This study focuses on this type of atypical accident scenario deviating from normal expectations. The main purpose is to analyze the examples of atypical accidents mentioned and to attempt to identify them through the application of a well‐known methodology such as the bow‐tie analysis.To these aims, the concept of atypical event is accurately defined. Early warnings, causes, consequences, and occurrence mechanisms of the specific events are widely studied and general failures of risk assessment, management, and governance isolated.These activities contribute to outline a set of targeted recommendations, addressing transversal common deficiencies and also demonstrating how a better management of knowledge from the study of past events can support future risk assessment processes in the identification of atypical accident scenarios. Thus, a new methodology is not suggested; rather, a specific approach coordinating a more effective use of experience and available information is described, to suggest that lessons to be learned from past accidents can be effectively translated into actions of prevention.
Study of the Gelling Process in the La‐Co‐Citric Acid System
Authors: Predoana Luminita , Jitianu Andrei , Malic Barbara , Zaharescu Maria 
Published: December 2011

The gelling process in the aqueous lanthanum‐cobalt‐citric acid system was studied using UV‐VIS and IR spectroscopic methods, as well as viscosity measurements, to establish the gelling mechanism of transition metal ions (La3+ and Co2+) in the presence of chelating agent.Lanthanum and cobalt nitrates and lanthanum and cobalt acetates, respectively, were used as starting reagents, and the citric acid was used as chelating agent. The gelation process was investigated at room temperature and at 80°C. At elevated temperature, the gels were obtained after 30 h, whereas at room temperature, these were obtained in 1 month.Complex gels were formed for the both studied systems. The Co2+ ions mainly present an octahedral symmetry during the whole gelation process, whereas the citric acid acts as monodentate or bridging ligand depending on the metal precursors used. The mechanism of formation of the La‐Co‐CA based gels with the coordinative structures was proposed.