bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ion Temperature Measurements in the Tore Supra Scrape‐Off Layer Using a Retarding Field Analyzer
Authors: Kočan M. , Gunn J.P. , Pascal J.‐Y. , Gauthier E. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe retarding field analyzer (RFA) is one of the only widely accepted diagnostics for measuring the ion tem‐perature Ti in the tokamak scrape‐off layer. An overview of the outstanding RFA performance over ten years of operation in Tore Supra tokamak is given and the validation of Ti measurements is addressed. The RFA measurements in Tore Supra are found to be well reproducible. The ion‐to‐electron temperature ratio is higher than one at low‐to‐moderate ion‐electron collisionality regime and converges to unity at high collisionality regime (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mass‐Sensitive Ion Probe for Plasma Boundary Characterization on the Tokamak ISTTOK
Authors: Nedzelskiy I. S. , Silva C. , Duarte P. , Fernandes H. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe principle of the mass‐sensitive ion probe (MSIP) operation consists in a time‐of‐flight (TOF) analysis of the ions in the burst excited by a short (µ s‐range) voltage pulse applied to a small grid immersed into the plasma. The ions in the burst propagate along the magnetic field lines of the tokamak with velocities determined by the value of the applied voltage and by the ions mass/charge (mi /Zi) ratio. The ions of different species and charges separated along some distance (TOF path) from the grid are detected by a retarding field energy analyzer (RFEA). This paper presents description of the MSIP design and first operation on the tokamak ISTTOK. The preliminary results of the obtained mass‐spectra are presented and discussed (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Multi‐Channel Analyzer Investigations of Ion Flux at the Target Surface in Pilot‐PSI
Authors: Solomon M. L. , Anita V. , Costin C. , Mihaila I. , Popa G. , van der Meiden H. , Al R. , van de Pol M. , van Rooij G. , Rapp J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPilot‐PSI is a linear plasma device designed for investigations of plasma‐surface interaction. A cascaded‐arc plasma source operated in argon or/and hydrogen generates a high‐density plasma that is magnetically confined on the vessel's axis, resulting a plasma column of about 1‐2 cm in diameter which interacts with a solid target. A multi‐channel analyzer was constructed to study the radial distribution of the ion flux at the target surface. The analyzer was placed in the centre of Pilot‐PSI target and current‐voltage characteristics were drawn for five collectors disposed at different radial positions. The ion flux was estimated from the ion part of the current‐voltage characteristic for each collector. For densities lower than 1019 m‐3 (significantly below the maximum performance of Pilot‐PSI), fluxes of up to 1023 ions/m2s were measured. A difference of a factor four was measured between the maximum ion flux in the centre of the target and the flux at the edge, at a radial position of 1 cm (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Performance of a Floating Hairpin Probe in Strongly Magnetized Plasma
Authors: Karkari S. K. , Gogna G. S. , Boilson D. , Turner M. M. , Simonin A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis paper investigates the application of a floating hairpin probe for measuring the electron density in magnetized plasma. The magnetic field is systematically varied over a wide range (0.01 – 0.15 T) and its influence on the probes resonance frequency is studied. The resonance frequency in plasma displays a negative shift when the electron cyclotron frequency becomes comparable with the resonance frequency in vacuum. A general formula for calculating the electron number density in magnetized plasma is hence obtained and the formula is experimentally validated. Comparison of the electron density using the improved formula shows very good agreement with the positive ion density measured by a planar Langmuir probe in the Kamaboko‐III negative ion source (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Analytic‐Numerical Matching of the Sheath and Plasma Solutions for a Spherical Probe in a Low‐Density Plasma
Authors: Din A. , Kuhn S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractFinding the optimum matching between the numerically realizable part of the (space‐charge dominated) sheath solution (i.e., potential distribution) and the (quasineutral) presheath plasma solution is quite a challenging problem in general. Here, an analytic‐numerical matching procedure is proposed for the sheath‐plasma transition related to a spherical probe in a low‐density plasma. First, a fairly general spherical‐probe scenario based on trajectory integration of the Vlasov equation is formulated and specialized to the particular situation considered in [I. B. Bernstein and I. N. Rabinowitz, Physics of Fluids 2, 112 (1959)] (B&R), in which the incident ions are monoenergetic and isotropic. Then, this newly developed formalism is used for finding the potential profile in the entire “plasma‐probe transition (PPT)” region. The complete “sheath” solution, which by definition satisfies Poisson's equation, consists of the “inward” sheath solution (r < r0, region without reflected ions) and the “outward” one (r ≥ r0, region with reflected ions), but only the inward sheath solution can be realized numerically. The outward sheath solution, on the other hand, is approximated for r0 ≤ r ≤ rmtch (where rmtch is the “matching” radius) by the (second‐order) “expanded” sheath solution, and for r > rmtch by the “plasma” solution, which by definition satisfies the quasineutrality conditon. The “optimum” values of rmtch and r0 are simultaneously determined by requiring that at r = rmtch both the values and the first derivatives of the (second‐order) expanded sheath and plasma solutions are equal, respectively. While the inward sheath solution was also given by B&R, the expanded outward sheath and plasma solutions, the quasineutral solution and the related matching procedure represent genuinely new results (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparative analysis of maternal care in the high‐yawning (HY) and low‐yawning (LY) sublines from sprague–dawley rats
Authors: Ugarte Araceli , Eguibar Jose R. , Cortés Ma. del Carmen , León‐Chávez Bertha A. , Melo Angel I. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractHigh‐ and low‐yawning rats (HY and LY) were selectively bred as a function of their spontaneous yawning frequency with the LY subline about 2 yawns/hr and the HY 20 yawns/hr. The HY rats have more grooming bouts and travel longer distances in an open field. HY dams spent less time in the nest, retrieved their pups faster, and show a longer latency to licking and mouthing the pups than the LY or outbred Sprague–Dawley (SD) animals. The percentage of HY dams that had atypical retrieving was higher, with a lower nest quality, and produced offspring whose weights were lower than those from the LY subline. We also showed that the pregnant HY dams have fewer pups and the percentage that had lost at least three pups during lactation was higher than the SD and LY dams. In conclusion, HY dams are motivated to take care of their pups, but the “fine tuning” of maternal care is disturbed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53:105–117, 2011
EphA4 and ephrin‐B2 expression patterns during inferior colliculus projection shaping prior to experience
Authors: Gabriele Mark L. , Brubaker Donald Q. , Chamberlain Kelly A. , Kross Katherine M. , Simpson Nicholas S. , Kavianpour Sarah M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractCentral processing of complex auditory tasks requires elaborate circuitry. The auditory midbrain, or inferior colliculus (IC), epitomizes such precise organization, where converging inputs form discrete, tonotopically‐arranged axonal layers. Previously in rat, we established that shaping of multiple afferent patterns in the IC central nucleus (CNIC) occurs prior to experience. This study implicates an Eph receptor tyrosine kinase and a corresponding ephrin ligand in signaling this early topographic registry. We report that EphA4 and ephrin‐B2 expression patterns in the neonatal rat and mouse IC correlate temporally and spatially with that of developing axonal layers. DiI‐labeling confirms projections arising from the lateral superior olive (LSO) form frequency‐specific layers within the ipsilateral and contralateral mouse CNIC, as has been described in other species. Immunohistochemistry (EphA4 and ephrin‐B2) and ephrin‐B2 lacZ histochemistry reveal clear gradients in expression across the tonotopic axis, with most concentrated labeling observed in high‐frequency, ventromedial aspects of the CNIC. Discrete patches of labeling were also discernible in the external cortex of the IC (ECIC; EphA4 patches in rat, ephrin‐B2 patches in mouse). Observed gradients in the CNIC and compartmentalized ECIC expression persisted through the first postnatal week, before becoming less intense and more homogeneously distributed by the functional onset of hearing. EphA4 and ephrin‐B2‐positive neurons were evident in several auditory brainstem nuclei known to send patterened inputs to the IC. These findings suggest the involvement of cell–cell EphA4 and ephrin‐B2 signaling in establishing order in the developing IC. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71: 182‐199, 2011
The activating rat Ly49s5 receptor responds to increased levels of MHC class Ib molecules on Listeria monocytogenes‐infected enteric epithelial cells
Authors: Shegarfi Hamid , Dai Ke‐Zheng , Inngjerdingen Marit , Ryan James C. , Vaage John T. , Rolstad Bent , Naper Christian 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe have investigated whether rat Ly49 receptors can monitor Listeria‐infected intestinal epithelial cells through altered expression of MHC class I molecules. The rat colon carcinoma epithelial cell line CC531 infected with Listeria expressed higher levels of both classical and nonclassical MHC‐I molecules. Reporter cells expressing the activating Ly49s5 receptor displayed increased stimulatory responses when incubated with Listeria‐infected CC531 cells in vitro, which could be blocked with mAb 8G10 specific for nonclassical MHC‐I molecules of the RT1u haplotype, but not with mAb OX18 reacting with classical MHC‐I molecules in this haplotype. Similar responses were observed against IFN‐γ‐treated cells that also upregulated their expression of MHC‐I molecules. Thus, the Ly49s5 receptor can respond to increased levels of nonclassical MHC‐I molecules induced on target cells by either bacterial infection or cytokine stimulation. We furthermore found that splenic NK and NKT cells produced IFN‐γ in response to Listeria‐infected CC531 cells, and that this was not limited to Ly49‐expressing cells, since similar levels of IFN‐γ production were observed in Ly49+ and Ly49− NK cell subsets. Therefore, NK cells may recognize Listeria‐infected cells through both MHC‐I‐dependent and ‐independent innate immune receptor systems.
A Nitrite Biosensor Based on Coimmobilization of Nitrite Reductase and Viologen‐Modified Polysiloxane on Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: Quan De , Nagarale R. K. , Shin Woonsup 
Published: September 2010

AbstractCopper containing nitrite reductase (Cu‐NiR) and viologen‐modified sulfonated polyaminopropylsiloxane (PAPS‐SO3H‐V) were co‐immobilized on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by hydrophilic polyurethane (HPU) drop‐coating, and the electrode was tested as a reagentless electrochemical biosensor for nitrite detection. The newly synthesized PAPS‐SO3H‐V as an electron transfer (ET) mediator between electrode and NiR was effective, and could be effectively immobilized in HPU membrane. The NiR and PAPS‐SO3H‐V co‐immobilized GCE used as a nitrite biosensor showed the following performance factors: sensitivity=12.0 nA μM−1, limit of detection (LOD)=60 nM (S/N=3), linear response range=0–18 μM (r2=0.996) and response time (t90%)=60 s, respectively. Lineweaver–Burk plot shows that apparent Michaelis–Menten constant (K$\rm{{_{M}^{app}})}$ is 101 μM. Storage stability of the sensor is 51 days (80% of initial activity) in condition of storing in ambient air at room temperature. The sensor showed a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 3.2% (n=5) even in condition of injection of 1 μM nitrite. Interference study showed that common anions in water sample such as chlorate, chloride, sulfate and sulfite do not interfere with the nitrite detection. However, nitrate interfered with a relative sensitivity of 80% due to inherent character of the enzyme used.
A Signal‐Amplified Electrochemical Immunosensor Based on Prussian Blue and Pt Hollow Nanospheres as Matrix
Authors: Liu Hong , Yu Rongjie , Peng Kanfu , Zhao Hongwen , Li Lian , Wu Xiongfei 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThrough electrodepositing Prussian blue (PB) and chitosan (CS), then casting Pt hollow nanospheres (HN‐Pt) and assembling CA19‐9 antibody on the electrode surface, an immunosensor was achieved. A new signal amplification strategy based on PB and HN‐Pt toward the electrocatalytic reduction of H2O2 was employed when performing the determination. The resulting immunosensor showed a high sensitivity, broad linear response to carbohydrate antigen 19‐9 (CA19‐9) in two ranges from 0.5 to 30 and 30 to 240 U mL−1 with a low detection limit of 0.13 U mL−1 (S/N=3). Moreover, it displayed good reproducibility and stability, and would be potentially attractive for clinical immunoassay of CA19‐9.
Oxidation of Protopine at a Pyrolytic Graphite Electrode Using Cyclic and Square‐Wave Voltammetry
Authors: Vrublová Eva , Ulrichová Jitka , Šimánek Vilím , Fojta Miroslav , Vacek Jan 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis paper describes oxidation of the isoquinoline alkaloid, protopine (PR) at a pyrolytic graphite electrode (PGE) using cyclic and square‐wave voltammetry. In the alkaline range (pH 7.5–10.5) of a Britton–Robinson (B–R) buffer, a PR oxidation can be observed as a well‐developed voltammetric peak around +0.9 V (vs. Ag|AgCl|3 M KCl). With increasing pH of the B–R buffer, the PR peak is shifted to less positive potentials. The acquired voltammetric data suggest that PR strongly adsorbs onto the surface of the pyrolytic graphite where it is subjected to irreversible electrochemical oxidation in its uncharged free (tricyclic) base form. The results are discussed in connection with the electrochemical oxidation of other isoquinoline alkaloids and the potential applications of these data.
Effects of Ionic Strength and Probe DNA Length on the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopic Response of Biosensors
Authors: Revenga‐Parra Mónica , García Tania , Pariente Félix , Lorenzo Encarnación , Alonso Concepción 
Published: September 2010

AbstractImpedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been proposed as the transduction principle for detecting the hybridization of DNA complementary strands. The resistance offered to the electrochemical reaction acts as the working signal, allowing an unlabelled gene assay. In our experiments, atypically large DNA oligonucleotides (110 base pairs) were used to determine the influence of ionic strength on the response of the DNA biosensor. In addition, the EIS response that was obtained by the hybridization process in the presence or absence of 6‐mercapto‐1‐hexanol (MCH) was also evaluated. Finally, we extended these studies to probes and duplexes of various lengths observing a linear relationship between duplex length and the response (expressed as the RCT value).
An experimental study on the rocking response of bridge piers with spread footing foundations
Authors: Hung Hsiao‐Hui , Liu Kuang‐Yen , Ho Tzu‐Hui , Chang Kuo‐Chun 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSome spread footing foundations from real retrofitting practices in Taiwan were extended to be uneconomically large due to the restriction of foundation uplift regulated in the design code. Although rocking mode of spread footings induced from foundation uplift is not favorable in current design code, recent studies have shown that the rocking of a spread footing may have a beneficial effect on the dynamic performance of piers by reducing the earthquake forces that can be transmitted to the pier base. This implies that the plastic deformation that occurs at the pier's plastic zone can be decreased and as a result the ductility demand of piers can possibly be reduced. In order to gain a better understanding of the structural behavior related to rocking and to clarify that if the widening and strengthening of the foundations to limit the rocking mechanism of spread footing is necessary for the retrofitting work, a series of preliminary rocking experiments were performed. A total of three circular reinforced concrete columns with spread footing foundations were tested. Using pseudo‐dynamic tests and a cyclic loading test, these columns were subjected to different levels of earthquake accelerations, including a near field ground motion. The results of the tests and the rocking behavior of the footings are discussed in this paper. From the benchmark test, the difference between the response behavior of a rocking base and a fixed base foundation was highlighted. By comparing the experimental responses of the retrofitted column with the responses of the original one, the effect of the rocking mechanism on the ductility demand and strength demand of the columns was also identified. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The neural correlates of intertemporal decision‐making: Contributions of subjective value, stimulus type, and trait impulsivity
Authors: Sripada Chandra Sekhar , Gonzalez Richard , Luan Phan K. , Liberzon Israel 
Published: September 2010

AbstractMaking choices between payoffs available at different points in time reliably engages a decision‐making brain circuit that includes medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and ventral striatum (VS). Previous neuroimaging studies produced differing accounts of the functions of these regions, including that these regions: (1) are sensitive to the value of rewards discounted by a function of delay ('subjective value'); (2) are differentially sensitive to the availability of an immediate reward; and (3) are implicated in impulsive decision‐making. In this event‐related fMRI study of 20 volunteers, these hypotheses were investigated simultaneously using a delay discounting task in which magnitude of rewards and stimulus type, i.e., the presence or absence of an immediate option, were independently varied, and in which participants' trait impulsivity was assessed with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Results showed that mPFC, PCC, and VS are sensitive to the subjective value of rewards, whereas mPFC and PCC, but not VS, are sensitive to the presence of an immediate reward in the choice option. Moderation by individual differences in trait impulsivity was specific to the mPFC. Conjunction analysis showed significant overlap in mPFC and PCC for the main effects of subjective value and stimulus type, indicating these regions may serve multiple distinct roles during intertemporal decision‐making. These findings significantly advance our understanding of the specificity and overlap of functions subserved by different regions involved in intertemporal decision‐making, and help to reconcile conflicting accounts in the literature. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Face recognition under ambiguous visual stimulation: fMRI correlates of “encoding styles”
Authors: Frühholz Sascha , Godde Ben , Lewicki Paul , Herzmann Charlotte , Herrmann Manfred 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObject categorization during ambiguous sensory stimulation generally depends on the activity of extrastriate sensory areas as well as top‐down information. Both reflect internal representations of prototypical object knowledge against which incoming sensory information is compared. However, besides these general mechanisms, individuals might differ in their readiness to impose internal representations onto incoming ambiguous information. These individual differences might be based on what was referred to as “Schema Instantiation Threshold” (SIT; Lewicki et al. [1992]: Am Pshycol 47:796–801), defining a continuum from very rapid (low threshold) to a rather controlled application of internal representations (high threshold). We collected fMRI scans while subjects with low SIT (“internal encoders”) and subjects with high SIT (“external encoders”) made gender categorizations of ambiguous facial images. Internal encoders made faster gender decisions during high sensory ambiguity, showed higher fusiform activity, and had faster BOLD responses in the fusiform (FFA) and occipital face area (OFA) indicating a faster and stronger application of face‐gender representations due to a low SIT threshold. External encoders made slower gender decisions and showed increased medial frontal activity, indicating a more controlled strategy during gender categorizations and increased decisional uncertainties. Internal encoders showed higher functional connectivity of the orbito‐frontal cortex (OFC) to seed activity in the FFA which might indicate both more readily generated predictive classificatory guesses and the subjective impressions of accurate classifications. Taken together, an “internal encoding style” is characterized by the fast, unsupervised and unverified application of primary object representations, whereas the opposite seems evident for subjects with an “external encoding style”. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human glioblastoma‐initiating cells invade specifically the subventricular zones and olfactory bulbs of mice after striatal injection
Authors: Kroonen Jérôme , Nassen Jessica , Boulanger Yves‐Gautier , Provenzano Fabian , Capraro Valérie , Bours Vincent , Martin Didier , Deprez Manuel , Robe Pierre , Rogister Bernard 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn patients with glioblastoma multiforme, recurrence is the rule despite continuous advances in surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Within these malignant gliomas, glioblastoma stem cells or initiating cells have been recently described, and they were shown to be specifically involved in experimental tumorigenesis. In this study, we show that some human glioblastoma cells injected into the striatum of immunodeficient nude mice exhibit a tropism for the subventricular zones. There and similarily to neurogenic stem cells, these subventricular glioblastoma cells were then able to migrate toward the olfactory bulbs. Finally, the glioblastoma cells isolated from the adult mouse subventricular zones and olfactory bulbs display high tumorigenicity when secondary injected in a new mouse brain. Together, these data suggest that neurogenic zones could be a reservoir for particular cancer‐initiating cells.