bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prospective and Retrospective Memory Complaints in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Mild Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Eschen Anne , Martin Mike , Gasser Ursula Schreiter , Kliegel Matthias 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCurrent management attempts for Alzheimer's disease (AD) focus on the identification of individuals in the preclinical stage. This has led to the development of the diagnostic concept of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), which applies to individuals with declining cognitive abilities but largely preserved everyday functioning. Previous findings indicate that prospective memory deficits are a sensitive marker of preclinical AD and that awareness of prospective memory failures is particularly high, based on its dependence on executive functions. Thus, the goal of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of subjective prospective versus retrospective memory complaints for an initial screening for MCI and their respective associations with executive functions. 71 healthy older adults, 27 MCI patients, and 9 patients with mild AD completed the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) and three executive functions tests. The healthy and the MCI group could not be distinguished by their level of subjective prospective or retrospective memory complaints, but the mild AD patients differed from the other groups by complaining more about retrospective than prospective memory failures. For the healthy older adults, the prospective memory complaints were correlated to an inhibition test, whereas they did not correlate with any of the executive function tests in the MCI patients. In contrast, in both groups the retrospective memory complaints were related to a task switching test. The findings are discussed with respect to differences between the three groups in cognitive abilities, attention to failures of, use of mnemonic aids for, and everyday demands of prospective and retrospective memory.
Kein König im Palast. Heterodoxe Überlegungen zur politischen und sozialen Ordnung in der mykenischen ZeitNo King in the Palace. Heterodox Observations on the Political and Social Order in the Mycenaean Era
Authors: Schmitt Tassilo 
Published: April 2009

Zusammenfassung
Der Beitrag geht der Frage nach, wie gut die in der Forschung verbreitete Vorstellung begründet ist, daß die mykenischen Reiche unter der Herrschaft von Königen standen. Ausgangspunkt ist die vor einigen Jahren gemachte überraschende Beobachtung, daß eindeutige Zeichen einer monarchischen Repräsentation fehlen. Methodisch ergibt sich daraus nicht die Notwendigkeit, Erklärungen dafür zu suchen, warum ein Herrscher hier ohne Repräsentation auskommt, sondern zu überprüfen, ob es einen solchen Herrscher überhaupt gibt. Die Analyse archäologischer Befunde, die Interpretation einschlägiger Texte und Untersuchungen von Sprachentwicklungen und Sprachgebrauch führen zu dem Ergebnis, daß der meist als König angesprochene /wanax/ als ein Gott anzusehen ist. Der sogenannte Palast selbst erweist sich als Stätte kultischer und sozialer Interaktion, gerade nicht aber als politisches oder als Herrschaftszentrum. Insbesondere ist er in keiner Weise in die militärischen Angelegenheiten einbezogen, die für das politische Leben ebenso wie für das Selbstverständnis der mykenischen Eliten von wesentlicher Bedeutung waren.
Evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay for plasma-free metanephrines in the diagnosis of catecholamine-secreting tumors
Authors: Procopiou Michel , Finney Hazel , Akker Scott A , Chew Shern L , Drake William M , Burrin Jacky , Grossman Ashley B 
Published: April 2009

ObjectiveTo define the test characteristics of an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for plasma-free metanephrines (metanephrine and normetanephrine) in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma.DesignProspective observational design from a single University Hospital. Twenty-four hour urine for catecholamines and plasma for free metanephrines were collected from patients with a clinical suspicion of pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma. Patient records were reviewed for clinical data, follow-up, imaging and laboratory results to establish or exclude the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma.Patients and methodsOut of 178 consecutive patients, 10 had a paraganglioma and 12 had a pheochromocytoma: 156 were finally judged not to harbour active tumors and were therefore considered as controls. The main outcome measure was the diagnosis or exclusion of paraganglioma or pheochromocytoma and test characteristics of plasma-free metanephrines measured by EIA.ResultsUrinary epinephrine had a sensitivity of 45.5% and norepinephrine a sensitivity of 75% (98.8% specificity) for the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. Plasma-free metanephrine and normetanephrine both had a sensitivity of 66.7% and a specificity of 100%, but when combined (either positive) they demonstrated a 91.7% sensitivity with a preserved specificity of 100%. For the diagnosis of paraganglioma, urinary norepinephrine gave slightly better results than plasma-free metanephrines, but combined testing was of no additional value.ConclusionsPlasma-free metanephrines measured by EIA have better diagnostic test characteristics than urinary catecholamines in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. The EIA offers a simple and effective measurement of plasma-free metanephrines.
Environmental and Pro-Social Norms: Evidence on Littering
Authors: Torgler Benno , Frey Bruno S. , Wilson Clevo 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The paper investigates the relationship between pro-social norms and its implications for improved environmental outcomes. This is an area, which has been neglected in the environmental economics literature. We provide empirical evidence to demonstrate a small but significant positive impact between perceived environmental cooperation (reduced public littering) and increased voluntary environmental morale. For this purpose we use European Values Survey (EVS) data for 30 European countries. We also demonstrate that Western European countries are more sensitive to perceived environmental cooperation than the public in Eastern Europe. Interestingly, the results also demonstrate that environmental morale is strongly correlated with several socio-economic and environmental variables. Several robustness tests are conducted to check the validity of the results.
The Socioeconomic Gap in University Dropouts
Authors: Vignoles Anna F , Powdthavee Nattavudh 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
In many countries, including the U.S. and the U.K., there is ongoing concern about the extent to which young people from lower-income backgrounds can acquire a university degree. Recent evidence from the U.K. suggests that for a given level of prior achievement in secondary school a disadvantaged student has as much chance of enrolling in a university as a more advantaged student. However, simply participating in higher education is not sufficientgraduation is important. Therefore, this paper investigates whether students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds have a higher rate of university dropout when compared to their wealthier counterparts, allowing for their differential prior achievement. Using a combination of school and university administrative data sets, we show that there is indeed a sizeable and statistically significant gap in the rate of withdrawal after the first year of university between advantaged and disadvantaged English students. This socioeconomic gap in university dropouts remains even after allowing for their personal characteristics, prior achievement in secondary school and university characteristics. In the English context, at least, this implies that retention in university of disadvantaged students is arguably a more important policy issue than barriers to entry for these students.
Hypothalamic Reactive Oxygen Species Are Required for Insulin-Induced Food Intake Inhibition
Authors: Jaillard Tristan , Roger Michael , Galinier Anne , Guillou Pascale , Benani Alexandre , Leloup Corinne , Casteilla Louis , Pénicaud Luc , Lorsignol Anne 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE
Insulin plays an important role in the hypothalamic control of energy balance, especially by reducing food intake. Emerging data point to a pivotal role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in energy homeostasis regulation, but their involvement in the anorexigenic effect of insulin is unknown. Furthermore, ROS signal derived from NADPH oxidase activation is required for physiological insulin effects in peripheral cells. In this study, we investigated the involvement of hypothalamic ROS and NADPH oxidase in the feeding behavior regulation by insulin.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We first measured hypothalamic ROS levels and food intake after acute intracerebroventricular injection of insulin. Second, effect of pretreatment with a ROS scavenger or an NADPH oxidase inhibitor was evaluated. Third, we examined the consequences of two nutritional conditions of central insulin unresponsiveness (fasting or short-term high-fat diet) on the ability of insulin to modify ROS level and food intake.

RESULTS
In normal chow-fed mice, insulin inhibited food intake. At the same dose, insulin rapidly and transiently increased hypothalamic ROS levels by 36%. The pharmacological suppression of this insulin-stimulated ROS elevation, either by antioxidant or by an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, abolished the anorexigenic effect of insulin. Finally, in fasted and short-term high-fat diet–fed mice, insulin did not promote elevation of ROS level and food intake inhibition, likely because of an increase in hypothalamic diet-induced antioxidant defense systems.

CONCLUSIONS
A hypothalamic ROS increase through NADPH oxidase is required for the anorexigenic effect of insulin.
Linkage Disequilibrium Mapping of the Replicated Type 2 Diabetes Linkage Signal on Chromosome 1q
Authors: Prokopenko Inga , Zeggini Eleftheria , Hanson Robert L. , Mitchell Braxton D. , Rayner N. William , Akan Pelin , Baier Leslie , Das Swapan K. , Elliott Katherine S. , Fu Mao , Frayling Timothy M. , Groves Christopher J. , Gwilliam Rhian , Scott Laura J. , Voight Benjamin F. , Hattersley Andrew T. , Hu Cheng , Morris Andrew D. , Ng Maggie , Palmer Colin N.A. , Tello-Ruiz Marcela , Vaxillaire Martine , Wang Cong-rong , Stein Lincoln , Chan Juliana , Jia Weiping , Froguel Philippe , Elbein Steven C. , Deloukas Panos , Bogardus Clifton , Shuldiner Alan R. , McCarthy Mark I. ,   for the International Type 2 Diabetes 1q Consortium
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE
Linkage of the chromosome 1q21–25 region to type 2 diabetes has been demonstrated in multiple ethnic groups. We performed common variant fine-mapping across a 23-Mb interval in a multiethnic sample to search for variants responsible for this linkage signal.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In all, 5,290 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were successfully genotyped in 3,179 type 2 diabetes case and control subjects from eight populations with evidence of 1q linkage. Samples were ascertained using strategies designed to enhance power to detect variants causal for 1q linkage. After imputation, we estimate ∼80% coverage of common variation across the region (r 2 &gt; 0.8, Europeans). Association signals of interest were evaluated through in silico replication and de novo genotyping in ∼8,500 case subjects and 12,400 control subjects.

RESULTS
Association mapping of the 23-Mb region identified two strong signals, both of which were restricted to the subset of European-descent samples. The first mapped to the NOS1AP (CAPON) gene region (lead SNP: rs7538490, odds ratio 1.38 [95% CI 1.21–1.57], P = 1.4 × 10−6, in 999 case subjects and 1,190 control subjects); the second mapped within an extensive region of linkage disequilibrium that includes the ASH1L and PKLR genes (lead SNP: rs11264371, odds ratio 1.48 [1.18–1.76], P = 1.0 × 10−5, under a dominant model). However, there was no evidence for association at either signal on replication, and, across all data (&gt;24,000 subjects), there was no indication that these variants were causally related to type 2 diabetes status.

CONCLUSIONS
Detailed fine-mapping of the 23-Mb region of replicated linkage has failed to identify common variant signals contributing to the observed signal. Future studies should focus on identification of causal alleles of lower frequency and higher penetrance.
Longitudinal Analysis of Depressive Symptoms and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Aikens James E. , Perkins Denise White , Lipton Bonnie , Piette John D. 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVETo compare whether depressive symptoms are more strongly related to subsequent or prior glycemic control in type 2 diabetes and to test whether patient characteristics modify these longitudinal associations.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSOn two occasions separated by 6 months, depressive symptoms and glycemic control were assessed in 253 adults with type 2 diabetes. Regression analyses examined depressive symptoms as both a predictor and outcome of glycemic control and tested whether medication regimen (e.g., insulin versus oral drugs) was an effect modifier before and after adjusting for baseline levels of the outcome being predicted.RESULTSDepressive symptom severity predicted poor glycemic control 6 months later (P = 0.018) but not after baseline glycemic control was taken into account (P = 0.361). Although baseline glycemic control did not generally predict depressive symptoms 6 months later (P = 0.558), it significantly interacted with regimen (P = 0.008). Specifically, glycemic control predicted depressive symptoms among patients prescribed insulin (β = 0.31, P = 0.002) but not among those prescribed oral medication alone (β = −0.10, P = 0.210). Classifying depression dichotomously produced similar but weaker findings.CONCLUSIONSDepressive symptoms do not necessarily lead to worsened glycemic control. In contrast, insulin-treated patients in poor glycemic control are at moderate risk for worsening of depressive symptoms. These patients should be carefully monitored to determine whether depression treatment should be initiated or intensified.
Abdominal Visceral Adiposity in the First Trimester Predicts Glucose Intolerance in Later Pregnancy
Authors: Martin Aisling Mary , Berger Howard , Nisenbaum Rosane , Lausman Andrea Y. , MacGarvie Sharon , Crerar Carrie , Ray Joel G. 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE
To assess whether abdominal adiposity in early pregnancy is associated with a higher risk of glucose intolerance at a later gestational stage.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Subcutaneous and visceral fat was measured with ultrasonography at ∼12 weeks' gestation. A 50-g glucose challenge test (GCT) was performed between 24 and 28 weeks' gestation. The risk of having a positive GCT (≥7.8 mmol/l) was determined in association with subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue depths above their respective upper-quartile values relative to their bottom three quartile values.

RESULTS
Sixty-two women underwent GCTs. A visceral adipose tissue depth above the upper quartile value was significantly associated with a positive GCT in later pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio 16.9 [95% CI 1.5–194.6]). No associations were seen for subcutaneous adipose tissue.

CONCLUSIONS
Measurement of visceral adipose tissue depth in early pregnancy may be associated with glucose intolerance later in pregnancy.
Synthesis of Co3O4 nanoparticles by oxidation-reduction method and its magnetic characterization
Authors: Ozkaya T. , Baykal A. , Koseoğlu Y. , Kavas H. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Without any surfactant, antiferromagnetic Co3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized successfully for the first time by means of an oxidation-reduction method with cobalt sulfate as starting material, which was oxidized to cobalt salt by NaNO3 after alkalinizing with NaOH. Morphological, structural, spectroscopic and magnetic characterization of the product were done by SEM, TEM, XRD, and VSM, respectively. The average crystallite size (on the base of line profile fitting method), D and σ, is estimated as 30 ± 6 nm. Some anomalous magnetic properties and their enhanced effect have been observed in Co3O4 antiferromagnetic nanocrystallites, including a bias field, coercivity, permanent magnetic moments and an open loop. These phenomena are attributed to the unidirectional anisotropy which is caused by the exchange coupling between AFM and FM layers, the existence of the spin glass like surface spins of Co3O4 nanoparticles due to size effects and surface-area effect.
Endogenous stages of Choleoeimeria baltrocki (Daszak et Ball, 1991) n. comb. infecting the gall bladder of gold skink, Eumeces schneiderii Daudin, 1802 from Egypt
Authors: Abdel-Baki Abdel-Azeem , El-Fayomi Huda , Sakran Thabet , Abdel-Haleem Heba 
Published: April 2009

AbstractExamination of 98 gold skink, Eumeces schneiderii Daudin, 1802 from Alexandria and Marsa-matroh Governorates, Egypt revealed oocysts of Choleoeimeria baltrocki (Daszak et Ball, 1991) n. comb. in the gall bladder and faeces. The prevalence of the infection was 40.8%. Sporulated oocysts were found in the faeces and the gall bladder contents. Sporulated oocysts were tetrasporocystic, cylindrical, reaching a mean of 38.7 (36–42) × 19.9 (17–25) μm with bilayered smooth and colourless wall. The dizoic sporocysts were subspherical and measuring 10.8 (9.5–13) × 9.3 (8–10.5) μm with a large globular sporocyst residuum. Sporocyst wall was bilayered joined by meridional suture. Sporozoites were crescent-shaped, blunt at one end and slightly tapered at the other. Endogenous stages (meronts, gamonts, gametes and young oocysts) were confined to the gall bladder epithelium and the infected cells were hypertrophied. Based on the morphological features of the exogenous stages and endogenous development of the present parasite, its generic affiliation was revised and placed into the genus Choleoeimeria.
Isolation and biological characterisation of a new isolate of Neospora caninum from an asymptomatic calf in Brazil
Authors: García-Melo Debora , Regidor-Cerrillo Javier , Ortega-Mora Luis , Collantes-Fernández Esther , Oliveira Vanessa , Oliveira Milton , Silva Andrea 
Published: April 2009

AbstractNeospora caninum is a tissue-cyst forming parasite that has been recognized worldwide as a cause of abortion in cattle. Despite the ubiquitous distribution of this parasite and its broad range of hosts, the number of N. caninum isolates obtained to date is limited. In addition, the majority of isolates have been obtained from clinically affected hosts, therefore potentially biasing this population towards more virulent isolates. This report describes the isolation and biological characterisation of a new N. caninum isolate, Nc-Goiás 1, obtained from an asymptomatic, naturally infected calf from Brazil. This new isolate was identified as a member of the N. caninum species by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers based on the N. caninum internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) sequence, and was genetically identified at multiple loci using microsatellite analysis. Finally, a pathogenicity study was conducted in a BALB/c mice model. All Nc-Goiás 1-infected mice survived without exhibiting any clinical signs. Further pathogenic characterisation of this isolate suggested that Nc-Goiás 1 is less virulent than other N. caninum isolates (Nc-Liv and Nc-1) studied in this mouse model. This is the first report of the isolation and biological characterisation of N. caninum from an infected but clinically healthy calf in South America.
Dendromonocotyle urogymni sp. nov. (Monogenea, Monocotylidae) from Urogymnus asperrimus (Elasmobranchii, Dasyatidae) off eastern Australia
Authors: Chisholm Leslie , Whittington Ian 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDendromonocotyle urogymni sp. nov. is described from the dorsal surface of the porcupine ray, Urogymnus asperrimus, kept at Cairns Marine Aquarium Fish in Cairns, Queensland, Australia. Dendromonocotyle urogymni can be distinguished most readily from the other 15 species in the genus by the male copulatory organ which has a distinct spherical inflation mid-way along its length. This is the first monocotylid to be described from U. asperrimus.
Records of cysticercoids of Fimbriarioides tadornae Maksimova, 1976 and Branchiopodataenia gvozdevi (Maksimova, 1988) (Cyclophyllidea, Hymenolepididae) from brine shrimps at the Mediterranean coasts of Spain and France, with a key to cestodes from Artemia spp. from the Western Mediterranean
Authors: Vasileva Gergana , Redón Stella , Amat Francisco , Nikolov Pavel , Sánchez Marta , Lenormand Thomas , Georgiev Boyko 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCysticercoids of two cestode species isolated from brine shrimps from the Mediterranean coasts of Spain and France are described. Fimbriarioides tadornae Maksimova, 1976 (adults known as parasites of Tadorna tadorna) was recorded from Artemia parthenogenetica and A. franciscana from Spain (Bras del Port and River Ebro Delta, respectively), and from A. franciscana from Aigues-Mortes, France (new geographical record). Branchiopodataenia gvozdevi (Maksimova, 1988) (adults known as parasites of Larus genei) was recorded from A. parthenogenetica (Bras del Port, Spain), A. salina (San Pedro del Pinatar, Spain) and A. franciscana (River Ebro Delta, Spain); this is the first record of the species in Europe. An illustrated key to cysticercoids of 12 cestode species from Artemia spp. from the Western Mediterranean is proposed.
Nematode assemblages from Mountain Pine (Pinus mugo Turra) communities in Pirin Mountain, Bulgaria
Authors: Mincheva Y. , Lazarova S. , Peneva V. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The structural and functional diversity of nematode communities from Pinus mugo sites in Pirin Mountain was assessed. The sampling plots represent different levels of disturbance — next to and outside ski runs. Nematode assemblages from this habitat can be characterised with high diversity (in total, 104 taxa and richness ranging from 41 to 65 genera per site). In general, the trophic structure was dominated by omnivorous and bacterial feeders coupled with low proportion of plant feeding nematodes. The high values of Maturity indices and the results from faunal analysis indicate relatively stable environment and undisturbed conditions for all sites. No clear correlation between the nematode assemblages’ characteristics and the level of disturbance (position of the site in relation to ski runs) was revealed.