bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface of the filarial parasite Setaria digitata and the structural changes on treatment with Triton X-100
Authors: Madathiparambil M. , Kavitha Raj N. , Linda J. , Kaleysa Raj R. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Setaria digitata, a bovine filarial parasite is used as a laboratory model for filariasis. The studies showed that considerable amount of biochemically and immunologically active materials are present on the surface of the parasite. The effect of Triton X-100 on the surface of the parasite, when it is used to separate the surface associated materials, is not known. Treatment with Triton X-100 enhances the amount of ES protein released into the medium. The electron microscopic study of S. digitata wall showed that structure of the surface is similar to that of W. bancrofti. There are striations, annulations and button like bosses on the filarial surface. On treatment with Triton X-100 the electron dense cloudy layer on the surface was disappeared. The surface appeared to be suitable for hosting secreted molecules on the surface.
The tapeworm Paradilepis scolecina (Rudolphi, 1819) (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea) invasion in Great Cormorant [Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis (Blumenbach, 1798)] from the breeding colony in Lake Selment Wielki (northern Poland)
Authors: Dziekońska-Rynko J. , Dzika E. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The intensity and extensity of infestation of cormorants (Phalacocorax carbo sinensis) from a colony in Lake Selment Wielki with the tapeworm Paradilepis scolecina (Rudolphi, 1819) was examined. The cormorants were shot in April, August and October 2006 and in August and September 2007. The extensity of infection in all the cormorants under study was very high — even reaching 100 %. The highest intensity of infestation was found in the birds shot in August — 4697 tapeworms per bird in 2006 and 2562 in 2007. The intensity of infestation in the birds which were shot in autumn was less than one-tenth of that found in the birds shot in summer. The lowest intensity of infestation was found in the spring of 2006 — 61 tapeworms per bird.
Infection with Crenosoma vulpis lungworm in a dog in the Czech Republic
Authors: Husník R. , Sloboda M. , Kovaříková S. , Koudela B. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
A one-year-old female Shetland Sheepdog was presented with chronic cough. The patient exhibited tachypnea and moist cough, bronchoscopic examination revealed a hyperaemic trachea and mucopurulent exudate affecting the lower bronchi. Nematode parasites were observed during bronchoscopy and were collected by bronchoalveolar lavage. Microscopic examination of the collected fluid confirmed C. vulpis infection; L1 larvae were found in during coproscopy. Although other cases of canine C. vulpis infection have been previously recorded in Europe, the case reported herein is the first in a dog from Czech Republic.
Yamashita's Post-National Spaces: “It All Comes Together in Los Angeles”
Authors: Mermann-Jozwiak Elisabeth 
Published: March 2011

Abstract:This essay explores Karen Fei Yamashita's representation of Los Angeles, not as a hub of multiculturalism, but as a nodal point that connects Asia, Central and South America, and Africa. Tropic of Orange cleverly depicts the roots and routes of transnational exchanges of labour and trade, and, in the process, shows the transformations of the local environment through these global contacts. The novel further conducts a spatial archaeology to highlight spatial injustices, focusing on the various (im)migrant populations that occupy a single city neighbourhood over time, regulations that restrict their access, and the unequal distribution of resources and development of infrastructures.
American Studies in Review: Killer Apps
Authors: Hamilton Geoff 
Published: March 2011

Abstract: This review examines David Schmid's Natural Born Celebrities: Serial Killers in American Culture and Mark Seltzer's True Crime: Observations on Modernity and suggests that they are both significant contributions to recent scholarship on the importance of violent criminality to contemporary cultural life. While Schmid's focus is the strange celebrity of the serial killer and the ways this figure has forwarded diverse ideological and commercial interests, Seltzer posits crime narratives as revealing models for contemporary modes of sociality and belief.
“The Revolution Will Not Be Televised”: Community Activism and the Black Panther Party, 1966–1971
Authors: Kirkby Ryan J. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract: This article examines the Black Panther Party's community activism from 1966 to 1971, with two aims in mind. First, it provides an overview of the numerous “survival programs” organized by the party in human sustenance, health care, education, and criminal justice, detailing their revolutionary intentions. Second, and more importantly, it challenges scholars to start considering ways in which community activism and revolutionary violence operated in tandem as part of the same strategy for Black liberation. In this way, it emphasizes the necessity to move beyond stagnant characterizations of the party as either humanitarian do-gooders or violent street toughs to construct a more complex interpretation of the BPP's legacy.
The Little Black School House: Revealing the Histories of Canada's Segregated Schools— A Conversation with Sylvia Hamilton
Authors: Howard Brianne , Smith Sarah E.K. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract: Segregated schools are a widely documented component of American history. Conversely, in Canada, provincially legislated segregation of Black Canadians has not been fully acknowledged. This historical amnesia raises numerous questions about the construction of Black experiences in both states. This interview examines Sylvia Hamilton's documentary The Little Black School House (2007), which explores the past as a means to contribute to the ongoing vitality of Black communities. Our discussion places this film within the historical context of legislated segregation in Canada and the United States, drawing attention to histories that have been largely absent within the dominant Canadian historical narrative.
He “coulda been a contender” for Miss America: Feminizing Brando in On the Waterfront
Authors: Schuyler Michael T. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract: This alternative reading of On the Waterfront discusses how the film presents a feminized version of Marlon Brando's character, Terry Malloy. Then, it puts this portrayal into context, suggesting that director Elia Kazan wants to portray Terry as American only once this character sheds his womanly trappings and undergoes a rebirth as an “acceptable” bastion of masculinity. After all, in Waterfront's narrative, which allegorizes Kazan's decision to testify in front of the House Un-American Activities Committee, Terry serves as a surrogate for the director; therefore, Kazan wants to equate Terry's eventual return to masculinity with his own choice to name names. And, in the view of Kazan, “manly men” best represent America.
Le rôle « instrument » en question
Authors: Van de Velde Danièle 
Published: March 2011

Résumé Le propos de ce travail est d’abord de rappeler certains travaux précédents selon lesquels un nom d’instrument en position de sujet peut souvent simplement être interprété comme agent, à condition que l’instrument se trouve, pour une raison ou pour une autre, doté d’une force. La partie originale du travail comporte deux volets : l’un concerne les cas où l’interprétation agentive n’est pas possible. Il est montré qu’alors le nom d’instrument sujet se présente comme « possesseur » d’une propriété – cas d’ailleurs non isolé puisqu’on le retrouve avec les verbes de mouvement. Ainsi, parallèlement à ces ciseaux coupent le papier = sont tels qu’ils permettent de couper le papier , on a cette route va au village = est telle qu’elle permet d’aller au village . L’autre volet consiste à montrer que les compléments en avec , où la préposition donne le rôle d’instrument au nom, ne sont pas, en tant que groupes, des arguments du verbe, mais des réalisations du constituant « manière » : non pas de la manière de l’action elle-même, comme les adverbes de manière, qui modifient le verbe, mais de la manière de faire pour que l’action soit accomplie – ils seraient donc plutôt des modifieurs de “v” ( comment as-tu fait pour ouvrir cette porte ? Je l’ai ouverte avec ma clé ). On arrive donc à la conclusion que le verbe agentif d’une phrase ne donne jamais lui-même le rôle d’instrument à un groupe nominal de son contexte.
Régularité des opérations linguistiques dans la construction du sens. L'exemple d'un polysème : canard
Authors: Péroz Pierre 
Published: March 2011

Résumé Dans son article, P. Péroz défend l’approche constructiviste en sémantique lexicale. Pour cela, il choisit l’exemple du mot canard qui, comme il le montre dans la première partie, relèverait plutôt d’une approche référentialiste. Relevant ce qui lui paraît être un défi, l’auteur établit dans la seconde partie de son étude que les différents emplois du mot peuvent se ramener à un microsystème régulier qui mobilise deux paramètres. Le premier qu’il nomme « instanciation » est de nature contextuelle. Il renvoie au problème de la distance du support X aux propriétés de la notion N (de canard ) dont il se trouve être une occurrence. Le second qu’il nomme « configuration » est de nature sémantique. Il impose à cette occurrence un « fonctionnement » régulier spécifique au mot canard comme introduisant systématiquement pour une propriété p attendue, la propriété complémentaire autre-que-p. L’articulation de ces deux paramètres constitue la « forme schématique » du mot, c’est-à-dire dans la terminologie culiolienne dont l’auteur se réclame, la formulation abstraite des interactions que le mot construit de manière régulière avec son contexte et qui le définit donc comme unique dans le lexique.
Embryonic Stem Cells, Derived Either after In Vitro Fertilization or Nuclear Transfer, Prolong Survival of Semiallogeneic Heart Transplants
Authors: Imberti Barbara , Casiraghi Federica , Cugini Daniela , Azzollini Nadia , Cassis Paola , Todeschini Marta , Solini Samantha , Sebastiano Vittorio , Zuccotti Maurizio , Garagna Silvia , Redi Carlo Alberto , Noris Marina , Morigi Marina , Remuzzi Giuseppe 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Tolerance induction toward allogeneic organ grafts represents one of the major aims of transplantation medicine. Stem cells are promising candidates for promoting donor-specific tolerance. In this study, we investigated the immunomodulatory properties of murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs), obtained either by in vitro fertilization (IVF-ESCs) or by nuclear transfer (NT-ESCs), in heart transplant mouse models. IVF-ESCs did not prolong the survival of fully allogeneic cardiac transplants but significantly prolonged the survival of semiallogeneic hearts from the same ESC donor strain for &gt;100 d in 44% of the animals. However, 28% of transplanted animals infused with IVF-ESCs experienced development of a teratoma. NT-ESCs similarly prolonged semiallogeneic heart graft survival (&gt;100 d in 40% of the animals) but were less teratogenic. By in vitro studies, IVF-ESC and NT-ESC immunoregulation was mediated both by cell contact-dependent mechanisms and by the release of soluble factors. By adding specific inhibitors, we identified PGE2 as a soluble mediator of ESC immunoregulation. Expansion of regulatory T cells was found in lymphoid organs and in the grafts of IVF-ESC– and NT-ESC–tolerized mice. Our study demonstrates that both IVF-ESCs and NT-ESCs modulate recipient immune response toward tolerance to solid organ transplantation, and that NT-ESCs exhibit a lower tendency for teratoma formation. Because NT-ESCs are obtained by NT of a somatic cell from living individuals into an enucleated oocyte, they could represent a source of donor-derived stem cells to induce tolerance to solid organ allograft.
Cardiolipin Binds to CD1d and Stimulates CD1d-Restricted γδ T Cells in the Normal Murine Repertoire
Authors: Dieudé Mélanie , Striegl Harald , Tyznik Aaron J. , Wang Jing , Behar Samuel M. , Piccirillo Ciriaco A. , Levine Jerrold S. , Zajonc Dirk M. , Rauch Joyce 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL), a major phospholipid in bacterial cell walls, is sequestered from the immune system in mammalian mitochondria and is, therefore, a potential danger signal. Based on growing evidence that phospholipids constitute natural ligands for CD1 and that CD1d-restricted T cells recognize phospholipids, we hypothesized that CD1d binds and presents CL and that T cells in the normal immune repertoire respond to CL in a CD1d-restricted manner. We determined the murine CD1d-CL crystal structure at 2.3 Å resolution and established through additional lipid loading experiments that CL, a tetra-acylated phospholipid, binds to murine CD1d with two alkyl chains buried inside the CD1d binding groove and the remaining two exposed into the solvent. We furthermore demonstrate the functional stimulatory activity of CL, showing that splenic and hepatic γδ T cells from healthy mice proliferate in vitro in response to mammalian or bacterial CL in a dose-dependent and CD1d-restricted manner, rapidly secreting the cytokines IFN-γ and RANTES. Finally, we show that hepatic γδ T cells are activated in vivo by CD1d-bearing dendritic cells that have been pulsed with CL, but not phosphatidylcholine. Together, these findings demonstrate that CD1d is able to bind and present CL to a subset of CL-responsive γδ T cells that exist in the spleen and liver of healthy mice and suggest that these cells could play a role in host responses to bacterial lipids and, potentially, self-CL. We propose that CL-responsive γδ T cells play a role in immune surveillance during infection and tissue injury.
The TLR7 Ligand 9-Benzyl-2-Butoxy-8-Hydroxy Adenine Inhibits IL-17 Response by Eliciting IL-10 and IL-10–Inducing Cytokines
Authors: Vultaggio Alessandra , Nencini Francesca , Pratesi Sara , Maggi Laura , Guarna Antonio , Annunziato Francesco , Romagnani Sergio , Parronchi Paola , Maggi Enrico 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
This study evaluates the ability of a novel TLR7 ligand (9-benzyl-2-butoxy-8-hydroxy adenine, called SA-2) to affect IL-17 response. The SA-2 activity on the expression of IL-17A and IL-17–related molecules was evaluated in acute and chronic models of asthma as well as in in vivo and in vitro α-galactosyl ceramide (α-GalCer)-driven systems. SA-2 prepriming reduced neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and decreased methacoline-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in murine asthma models. These results were associated with the reduction of IL-17A (and type 2 cytokines) as well as of molecules favoring Th17 (and Th2) development in lung tissue. The IL-17A production in response to α-GalCer by spleen mononuclear cells was inhibited in vitro by the presence of SA-2. Reduced IL-17A (as well as IFN-γ and IL-13) serum levels in mice treated with α-GalCer plus SA-2 were also observed. The in vitro results indicated that IL-10 produced by B cells and IL-10–promoting molecules such as IFN-α and IL-27 by dendritic cells are the major player for SA-2–driven IL-17A (and also IFN-γ and IL-13) inhibition. The in vivo experiments with anti-cytokine receptor Abs provided evidence of an early IL-17A inhibition essentially due to IL-10 produced by resident peritoneal cells and of a delayed IL-17A inhibition sustained by IFN-α and IL-27, which in turn drive effector T cells to IL-10 production. These findings suggest that such TLR7 agonist downregulating Th17 (as well as Th2) response has to be considered a valid candidate for novel vaccine formulations in allergy.
Conventional Dendritic Cells Are Required for the Activation of Helper-Dependent CD8 T Cell Responses to a Model Antigen After Cutaneous Vaccination with Lentiviral Vectors
Authors: Goold Hugh D. , Escors David , Conlan Thomas J. , Chakraverty Ronjon , Bennett Clare L. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Cutaneous vaccination with lentiviral vectors generates systemic CD8 T cell responses that have the potential to eradicate tumors for cancer immunotherapy. However, although s.c. immunization with &lt;1 million lentiviral particles clearly primes cytotoxic T cells, vaccination with much higher doses has routinely been used to define the mechanisms of T cell activation by lentiviral vectors. In particular, experiments to test presentation of lentiviral Ags by dendritic cells (DC) require injection of high viral titers, which may result in aberrant transduction of different DC populations. We exploited inducible murine models of DC depletion to investigate which DC prime the lentiviral response after s.c. immunization with low doses of lentiviral particles. In this article, we demonstrate that conventional DC are required to present Ag to CD8 T cells in draining lymph nodes. Langerhans cells are not required to activate the effector response, and neither Langerhans cells nor plasmacytoid DC are sufficient to prime Ag-specific T cells. Immunization drives the generation of endogenous long-lived memory T cells that can be reactivated to kill Ag-specific targets in the absence of inflammatory challenge. Furthermore, lentiviral vaccination activates expansion of endogenous CD4 Th cells, which are required for the generation of effector CD8 T cells that produce IFN-γ and kill Ag-specific targets. Collectively, we demonstrate that after cutaneous immunization with lentiviral particles, CD4-licensed lymph node conventional DC present Ag to CD8 T cells, resulting in the generation of protective endogenous antitumor immunity that may be effective for cancer immunotherapy.
IL-2 Contributes to Maintaining a Balance between CD4+Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells and Effector CD4+ T Cells Required for Immune Control of Blood-Stage Malaria Infection
Authors: Berretta Floriana , St-Pierre Jessica , Piccirillo Ciriaco A. , Stevenson Mary M. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
To investigate the role of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells in blood-stage malaria, we compared Plasmodium chabaudi AS infection in wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 and transgenic mice overexpressing the transcription factor Foxp3 (Foxp3Tg) and observed that Foxp3Tg mice experienced lethal infection and deficient malaria-specific immune responses. Adoptive transfer of total CD4+ T cells from Foxp3Tg mice or CD4+CD25+ T cells from WT mice to naive WT recipients confirmed that high numbers of Treg cells compromised immune control of malaria. Transfer of GFP+CD4+CD25+ T cells to naive WT recipients together with immunohistochemical staining of spleens from infected WT mice demonstrated that Foxp3+ Treg cells localized in the T cell area of the spleen. Determination of CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cell responses in the spleen of infected WT mice revealed a significant but transient increase in CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells early in infection. This was followed by a significant and sustained decrease due to reduced proliferation and apoptosis of CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells. Importantly, the kinetics of IL-2 secretion by effector CD4+Foxp3− T cells coincided with changes in CD4+Foxp3+ cells and the differentiation of CD4+T-bet+IFN-γ+ cells required for immune control of infection. Administration of the IL-2/anti–IL-2 mAb (clone JES6-1) complex to infected WT mice increased the severity of P. chabaudi AS infection and promoted expansion of Foxp3+ Treg cells. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the ability to control and eliminate P. chabaudi AS infection is due to a tight balance between natural Treg cells and effector CD4+ Th1 cells, a balance regulated in part by IL-2.
Scapular-Muscle Performance: Two Training Programs in Adolescent Swimmers
Authors: Van de Velde Annemie , De Mey Kristof , Maenhout Annelies , Calders Patrick , Cools Ann M. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract

Context:
Swimming requires well-balanced scapular-muscle performance. An additional strength-training program for the shoulders is pursued by swimmers, but whether these muscle-training programs need to be generic or specific for endurance or strength is unknown.

Objective:
To evaluate isokinetic scapular-muscle performance in a population of adolescent swimmers and to compare the results of training programs designed for strength or muscle endurance.

Design:
Controlled laboratory study.

Setting:
University human research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:
Eighteen adolescent swimmers.

Intervention(s):
Each participant pursued a 12-week scapular-training program designed to improve either muscle strength or muscle endurance.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Bilateral peak force, fatigue index, and protraction/retraction strength ratios before and after the scapular-training program.

Results:
Scapular protraction/retraction ratios were slightly higher than 1 (dominant side  =  1.08, nondominant side  =  1.25, P  =  .006). Side-to-side differences in retraction strength were apparent both before and after the training program (P  =  .03 and P  = .05, respectively). After the training program, maximal protraction (P &lt; .05) and retraction (P &lt; .01) strength improved on the nondominant side. Peak force and fatigue index were not different between the training groups. The fatigue indexes for protraction on both sides (P &lt; .05) and retraction on the nondominant side (P  =  .009) were higher after the training program.

Conclusions:
We describe the scapular-muscle characteristics of a group of adolescent swimmers. Both muscle-strength and muscle-endurance programs improved absolute muscle strength. Neither of the strength programs had a positive effect on scapular-muscle endurance. Our results may be valuable for coaches and physiotherapists when they are designing exercise programs for swimmers.
Assessing Strategies to Manage Work and Life Balance of Athletic Trainers Working in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Setting
Authors: Mazerolle Stephanie M. , Pitney William A. , Casa Douglas J. , Pagnotta Kelly D. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract

Context:
Certified athletic trainers (ATs) working at the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I level experience challenges balancing their professional and personal lives. However, an understanding of the strategies ATs use to promote a balance between their professional and personal lives is lacking.

Objective:
To identify the strategies ATs employed in the Division I setting use to establish a balance between their professional and personal lives.

Design:
Qualitative investigation using inductive content analysis.

Setting:
Athletic trainers employed at Division I schools from 5 National Athletic Trainers' Association districts.

Patients or Other Participants:
A total of 28 (15 women, 13 men) ATs aged 35 ± 9 years volunteered for the study.

Data Collection and Analysis:
Asynchronous electronic interviews with follow-up phone interviews. Data were analyzed using inductive content analysis. Peer review, member checking, and data-source triangulation were conducted to establish trustworthiness.

Results:
Three higher-order themes emerged from the analysis. The initial theme, antecedents of work–family conflict, focused on the demands of the profession, flexibility of work schedules, and staffing patterns as contributing to work–life conflict for this group of ATs. The other 2 emergent higher-order themes, professional factors and personal factors, describe the components of a balanced lifestyle. The second-order theme of constructing the professional factors included both organizational policies and individual strategies, whereas the second-order theme of personal factors was separation of work and life and a supportive personal network.

Conclusions:
Long work hours, lack of control over work schedules, and unbalanced athlete-to-AT ratios can facilitate conflicts. However, as demonstrated by our results, several organizational and personal strategies can be helpful in creating a balanced lifestyle.