bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prognostic parameters contributing to palatal implant failures: a long‐term survival analysis of 239 patients
Authors: Jung Britta A. , Kunkel Martin , Göllner Peter , Liechti Thomas , Wagner Wilfried , Wehrbein Heinrich 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the demographic, radiological and therapeutic parameters that influence the overall clinical performance of palatal implants subjected to orthodontic loading.Patients and methods: The data of all patients who had received an orthodontic palatal implant for skeletal anchorage between January 1998 and December 2007 were reviewed retrospectively. The primary endpoint was the implant loss. The following parameters were assessed by univariate (log‐rank test) and multivariate (Cox's regression) analysis: (a) age and gender, (b) vertical bone height along the prospective implant axis, (c) surgeon's experience and (d) implant type.Results: Two‐hundred and thirty‐nine palatal implants were inserted in patients aged between 10 and 65 years. In all, 11/239 (4.6%) implants were lost: nine during the healing phase and two under functional loading. On univariate analysis, “surgeon's experience” was associated with a better implant survival and vice versa (P=0.0005; log‐rank test). The significance of “surgeon's experience” was confirmed by Cox's regression analysis (P=0.001; Wald test). All other parameters had no impact on implant loss.Conclusions: The survival probability of palatal implants is not related to demographic and radiological parameters. Implant losses mainly occurred early in the healing phase of the palatal implant. According to our data, “surgeon's experience” is the cornerstone of palatal implant success.
Can we model the probability of presence of species without absence data?
Authors: Li Wenkai , Guo Qinghua , Elkan Charles 
Published: May 2011

In ecological studies, it is useful to estimate the probability that a species occurs at given locations. The probability of presence can be modeled by traditional statistical methods, if both presence and absence data are available. However, the challenge is that most species records contain only presence data, without reliable absence data. Previous presence‐only methods can estimate a relative index of habitat suitability, but cannot estimate the actual probability of presence.In this study, we develop a presence and background learning algorithm (PBL) that is successful in modeling the conditional probability of presence of a simulated species. The model is trained by two completely separate sets: observed presence and background data. Assuming that the probability of presence is one for ‘prototypical presence’ locations where the habitats are maximally suitable for a species, we can estimate a constant that can calibrate the trained model into the actual probability of presence. Experimental results show that the PBL method performs similarly to a presence‐absence method, and significantly better than the widely used maximum entropy method. The new algorithm enables us to model the probability that a species occurs conditional on environmental covariates without absence data. Hence, it has potential to improve modeling of the geographical distributions of species.
Towards a common carbon footprint assessment methodology for the water sector
Authors: Frijns Jos 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis paper describes the carbon footprint methodology used in assessing the global warming potential of the Dutch water sector. The assessment includes CO2 emissions from energy consumption and methane and nitrous oxide emissions from water treatment processes. There is, however, debate on the amounts and mechanism of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and a standardised approach is discussed. As a result of this approach, the contribution of GHG emissions to the total carbon footprint of the Dutch water sector appeared to be relatively high. Next to the lack of common emission factors for GHG and chemicals used, there is also no agreed‐upon approach related to the system boundaries and scope of carbon footprinting of the water cycle. For reasons of benchmarking and monitoring of climate change reduction targets, a common carbon footprint assessment methodology for the water sector will be required.
Antioxidant Capacity Changes of 3 Cultivar Chinese Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Juices and Corresponding Wines
Authors: Zhuang Huiting , Du Jinhua , Wang Yongmei 
Published: May 2011

Abstract:  This study investigated the antioxidant capacities that included Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 1, 1‐diphenyl‐2‐picryl hydrazine (DPPH), ·OH and O2·−‐scavenging abilities, total polyphenols (TP) and total anthocyanins (TA) in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) juice (PJ) and pomegranate wine (PW). The correlations among them were also analyzed. Both PJ and PW showed significantly high TP and antioxidant capacities, but some differences existed among these cultivars. There was 1596.67 mg/L TP found in sweet PJ, while sour PJ showed the highest titratable acidity of 35.90 g/L and lowest pH value at 2.56. Red PJ was found to have the highest TA (82.26 mg/L) in the 3 cultivars. Sweet PJ showed higher DPPH‐scavenging ability and higher FRAP than others. Both PJ and PW exhibited high and relatively stable ·OH‐scavenging abilities, in which sour PJ and sour PW had higher O2·− scavenging capacity than others. Significant positive correlations were observed among TP, DPPH, and FRAP in both PJ and PW. A high correlation between antioxidant capacities and TP indicated that phenolic compounds were major contributors to the high antioxidant activity of PJ and PW.Practical Application:  The information presented might be valuable for developing functional foods made of Chinese pomegranate.
Pamela and Creative Cognition
Authors: JONES WENDY 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis article challenges the belief that the mind as a creative, generative entity belongs exclusively to a poetic rather than a novelistic tradition. Pamela offers a general model of creativity through Mr B.'s recreation of his character. This process accords with the findings of cognitive science that creativity has its source in emotion as well as cognition. This argument is embedded in a larger claim, that novels often give portrayals of human nature that are true to neuroscience's view of how the brain works, to suggest that a biocultural focus might enable literary studies to pursue important new directions.
Patterns of scintigraphic uptake in the fetlock joint of Thoroughbred racehorses and the effect of increased radiopharmaceutical uptake in the distal metacarpal/tarsal condyle on performance
Authors: TROPE G. D. , ANDERSON G. A. , WHITTON R. C. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryReasons for performing study:The effect of palmar osteochondral disease lesions on performance of Thoroughbred (TB) racehorses is unclear. There is a need to describe patterns of radiopharmaceutical uptake (IRU) in fetlock joints of TB racehorses and to evaluate post scintigraphy performance.Hypotheses:IRU in the metacarpal (MC) and metatarsal (MT) condyles is more common than IRU in the parasagittal grooves and is associated with poorer post diagnosis performance than controls.Methods:Location of IRU within the fetlock region was identified and graded subjectively in TB racehorses. Performance variables were determined from race records for horses with moderate/marked MC/MT condylar IRU (cases), other horses undergoing scintigraphy (scintigraphy controls) and age/sex matched controls from the last race in which a case participated (controls). Statistical analyses included quantile regression, Fisher's exact test, Kaplan‐Meier survival curves, log‐rank test and Cox regression.Results:Metacarpal/MT condylar IRU was identified in 103/220 horses with only 3/220 having parasagittal IRU. Moderate/marked IRU was identified in the MC and MT condylar regions in 62 and 39 horses, respectively, with palmaromedial and plantarolateral IRU most common. Fore‐ and hindlimb cases had fewer starts, reduced earnings (P<0.001) and reduced earnings/start than controls respectively. Cases were more likely to return to racing later than controls following a rest period. Cases were older than scintigraphy controls.Conclusions:In TB racehorses presenting for lameness MC/MT condylar IRU is the most common abnormality identified within the fetlock joint. Racehorses with moderate/marked condylar IRU have a shortened racing career, are less successful than age/sex matched controls and are older than other racehorses presented for scintigraphy.Potential relevance:Overload of the MC/MT condyles is a common and significant problem in TB racehorses that is readily identified with scintigraphy. Scintigraphy of horses that are lame or performing poorly is less useful for screening for potential condylar fractures.
Ultrasensitive Detection of Drug-Resistant Pandemic 2009 (H1N1) Influenza A Virus by Rare-Variant-Sensitive High-Resolution Melting-Curve Analysis
Authors: Chen Neng , Pinsky Benjamin A. , Lee Betty P. , Lin Min , Schrijver Iris 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu), an oral neuraminidase inhibitor, has been widely used to treat pandemic 2009 (H1N1) influenza A. Although a majority of 2009 (H1N1) influenza A virus remains oseltamivir susceptible, the threat of resistance due to the His275Tyr mutation is highlighted by the limitations of alternative therapies and the potential for rapid, global fixation of this mutation in the circulating influenza A virus population. In order to better understand the emergence of resistance, we developed a rare-variant-sensitive high-resolution melting-curve analysis method (RVS-HRM) that is able to detect the His275Tyr oseltamivir resistance mutation to 0.5% in a background of susceptible virus. We applied RVS-HRM to clinical specimens from patients who developed oseltamivir resistance and demonstrated the ultrasensitive detection of influenza A virus N1 neuraminidase quasispecies. Interestingly, we were unable to detect the oseltamivir resistance mutation in pretreatment samples, suggesting that resistant virus does not reach even this very low detection threshold until exposed to selective drug pressure. Thus, patients naive to oseltamivir are most likely to be susceptible when this drug is used as a first-line treatment modality.
Combined Deletions of
pfhrp2
and
pfhrp3
Genes Result in Plasmodium falciparum Malaria False-Negative Rapid Diagnostic Test
Authors: Houzé Sandrine , Hubert Véronique , Le Pessec Gaëlle , Le Bras Jacques , Clain Jérôme 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT

We report a case of misdiagnosis of
Plasmodium falciparum
malaria from Brazil with negative PfHRP2-based rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), leading to inappropriate case management. Genetic tests showed the deletion of both
pfhrp2
and
pfhrp3
genes. The detection of two distinct
P. falciparum
target antigens is then advisable.
Quality Control Guidelines for Amphotericin B, Itraconazole, Posaconazole, and Voriconazole Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Tests with Nonsupplemented Mueller-Hinton Agar (CLSI M51-A Document) for Nondermatophyte Filamentous Fungi
Authors: Espinel-Ingroff A. , Canton E. , Fothergill A. , Ghannoum M. , Johnson E. , Jones R. N. , Ostrosky-Zeichner L. , Schell W. , Gibbs D. L. , Wang A. , Turnidge J. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT

Although Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) disk diffusion assay standard conditions are available for susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi (molds) to antifungal agents, quality control (QC) disk diffusion zone diameter ranges have not been established. This multicenter study documented the reproducibility of tests for one isolate each of five molds (
Paecilomyces variotii
ATCC MYA-3630,
Aspergillus fumigatus
ATCC MYA-3626,
A. flavus
ATCC MYA-3631,
A. terreus
ATCC MYA-3633, and
Fusarium verticillioides
[
moniliforme
] ATCC MYA-3629) and
Candida krusei
ATCC 6258 by the CLSI disk diffusion method (M51-A document). The zone diameter ranges for selected QC isolates were as follows:
P. variotii
ATCC MYA-3630, amphotericin B (15 to 24 mm), itraconazole (20 to 31 mm), and posaconazole (33 to 43 mm);
A. fumigatus
ATCC MYA-3626, amphotericin B (18 to 25 mm), itraconazole (11 to 21 mm), posaconazole (28 to 35 mm), and voriconazole (25 to 33 mm); and
C. krusei
, amphotericin B (18 to 27 mm), itraconazole (18 to 26 mm), posaconazole (28 to 38 mm), and voriconazole (29 to 39 mm). Due to low testing reproducibility, zone diameter ranges were not proposed for the other three molds.
Point-Counterpoint: Should All Stools Be Screened for Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli?
Authors: Marcon Mario J. , Kiska Deanna L. , Riddell Scott W. , Gilligan Peter 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT

In October 2009, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended that clinical laboratories test all stools submitted for the detection of enteric bacterial pathogens for the presence of Shiga toxin-producing
Escherichia coli
(STEC). In order to do this, it is recommended that all stools be cultured for
Escherichia coli
O157:H7 on selective medium as well as that testing for the presence of Shiga toxin be done by immunoassay to detect non-O157 STEC (3). There are a variety of products that are FDA approved for detection of Shiga toxin. Further, it is recommended that Shiga toxin detection be done by testing overnight enrichment broth cultures of stools rather than directly examining stools for this toxin. This recommendation was made approximately 18 months ago. We have asked Mario Marcon of Nationwide's Children Hospital in Columbus, OH, to explain the rationale for his decision to follow this recommendation, while we have asked Deanna Kiska and Scott Riddell of Upstate University Hospital in Syracuse, NY, why these guidelines have not been adopted by their laboratory.
Frequent Detection of Respiratory Viruses without Symptoms: Toward Defining Clinically Relevant Cutoff Values
Authors: Jansen Rogier R. , Wieringa Joanne , Koekkoek Sylvie M. , Visser Caroline E. , Pajkrt Dasja , Molenkamp Richard , de Jong Menno D. , Schinkel Janke 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT
Highly sensitive techniques, such as PCR, have greatly improved the detection of respiratory viruses. However, the sensitivity of PCR tests also complicates clinical interpretation, as the presence of small amounts of viral targets may not necessarily have clinical relevance. We performed a prospective case-control study in asymptomatic and symptomatic young children. PCR detection of 14 respiratory viruses was performed in nasal washes, and results were quantified in copies per milliliter. A total of 141 cases and 157 controls were included. In 72% of the cases and 28% of the controls, at least one virus was identified. When stratified for age, at least one virus was identified in 47% of the controls younger than 1 year old. Rhinovirus (RV) was frequently detected in both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Receiver operating characteristic analysis for quantitative rhinovirus detection showed that cutoff values for clinical relevance are feasible for RV. In contrast to rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was rarely detected in controls, suggesting that a positive RSV test result is almost always of clinical relevance, independent of viral quantity. In conclusion, our study shows that asymptomatic carriage of a respiratory virus occurs frequently in young children. However, significant differences in the amount of virus present were observed between cases and controls. This suggests that defining cutoff levels should be feasible and represents the next necessary step for diagnosing viral respiratory infections using molecular tests.
Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Infection of Endothelial Cells Inhibits Neutrophil Recruitment through an Interleukin-6-Dependent Mechanism: a New Paradigm for Viral Immune Evasion
Authors: Butler L. M. , Jeffery H. C. , Wheat R. L. , Rae P. C. , Townsend K. , Alkharsah K. R. , Schulz T. F. , Nash G. B. , Blackbourn D. J. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTKaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), an endothelial cell (EC) neoplasm characterized by dysregulated angiogenesis and inflammation. KSHV infection of EC causes production of proinflammatory mediators, regarded as possible initiators of the substantial mononuclear leukocyte recruitment seen in KS. Conversely, KSHV immune evasion strategies exist, such as degradation of EC leukocyte adhesion receptors by viral proteins. Here, we report the effects of KSHV infection of primary EC on recruitment of flowing leukocytes. Infection did not initiate adhesion of any leukocyte subsetper se. However, on cytokine-stimulated EC, KSHV specifically inhibited neutrophil, but not PBL or monocyte, transmigration, an observation consistent with the inflammatory cell profile found in KS lesionsin vivo. This inhibition could be recapitulated on uninfected EC using supernatant from infected cultures. These supernatants contained elevated levels of human interleukin 6 (hIL-6), and both the KSHV- and the supernatant-induced inhibitions of neutrophil transmigration were abrogated in the presence of a hIL-6 neutralizing antibody. Furthermore, preconditioning of EC with hIL-6 mimicked the effect of KSHV. Using RNA interference (RNAi), we show that upregulation of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) was necessary for this effect of hIL-6. These studies reveal a novel paracrine mode of KSHV immune evasion, resulting in reduced recruitment of neutrophils, a cell type whose antiviral and antitumor roles are becoming increasingly appreciated. Moreover, the findings have implications for our understanding of the contribution of hIL-6 to the pathogenesis of other inflammatory disorders and tumors in which this cytokine is abundant.
An HIV-1 gp120 Envelope Human Monoclonal Antibody That Recognizes a C1 Conformational Epitope Mediates Potent Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) Activity and Defines a Common ADCC Epitope in Human HIV-1 Serum
Authors: Ferrari Guido , Pollara Justin , Kozink Daniel , Harms Tiara , Drinker Mark , Freel Stephanie , Moody M. Anthony , Alam S. Munir , Tomaras Georgia D. , Ochsenbauer Christina , Kappes John C. , Shaw George M. , Hoxie James A. , Robinson James E. , Haynes Barton F. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTAmong nonneutralizing HIV-1 envelope antibodies (Abs), those capable of mediating antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity have been postulated to be important for control of HIV-1 infection. ADCC-mediating Ab must recognize HIV-1 antigens expressed on the membrane of infected cells and bind the Fcγ receptor (FcR) of the effector cell population. However, the precise targets of serum ADCC antibody are poorly characterized. The human monoclonal antibody (MAb) A32 is a nonneutralizing antibody isolated from an HIV-1 chronically infected person. We investigated the ability of MAb A32 to recognize HIV-1 envelope expressed on the surface of CD4+T cells infected with primary and laboratory-adapted strains of HIV-1, as well as its ability to mediate ADCC activity. The MAb A32 epitope was expressed on the surface of HIV-1-infected CD4+T cells earlier than the CD4-inducible (CD4i) epitope bound by MAb 17b and the gp120 carbohydrate epitope bound by MAb 2G12. Importantly, MAb A32 was a potent mediator of ADCC activity. Finally, an A32 Fab fragment blocked the majority of ADCC-mediating Ab activity in plasma of subjects chronically infected with HIV-1. These data demonstrate that the epitope defined by MAb A32 is a major target on gp120 for plasma ADCC activity.
Epstein-Barr Virus Zta-Induced Immunomodulators from Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells Upregulate Interleukin-10 Production from Monocytes
Authors: Lee Chien-Hsun , Yeh Tzu-Hao , Lai Hsiao-Ching , Wu Shih-Yi , Su Ih-Jen , Takada Kenzo , Chang Yao 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTDuring lytic infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), several viral lytic proteins function to evade immune recognition or to actively suppress immune cells. An EBV lytic transactivator, Zta, induces an immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10) in B cells, but whether it regulates IL-10 in the context of epithelial cells is unclear. In this study, we tested nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell lines and found that Zta did not induce IL-10 in these epithelial cells. Interestingly, the conditioned medium of Zta-expressing NPC cells enhanced IL-10 production from monocytes. We further revealed that the IL-10-inducing effect involved at least two immunomodulators that were upregulated by Zta and secreted from NPC cells: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and prostaglandin E2(PGE2). Zta was recruited to and activated the GM-CSF promoter, thus upregulating GM-CSF expression. Zta also activated the promoter of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and Zta-induced COX-2 increased downstream PGE2production. Cotreatment with GM-CSF and PGE2synergistically induced IL-10 production from monocytes. The IL-10-inducing effect of the Zta-conditioned medium was reduced when GM-CSF or the COX-2/PGE2pathway was blocked. The conditioned medium of NPC cells with EBV lytic infection showed a similar increase of GM-CSF and PGE2levels as well as the IL-10-inducing effect on monocytes, and knockdown of Zta abolished all the effects. Therefore, through Zta-induced immunomodulators, EBV lytic infection in NPC cells can direct bystander monocytes to produce IL-10, which may be a novel way of EBV to promote local immunosuppression.
HIV-1 Nef Disrupts Intracellular Trafficking of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I, CD4, CD8, and CD28 by Distinct Pathways That Share Common Elements
Authors: Leonard Jolie A. , Filzen Tracy , Carter Christoph C. , Schaefer Malinda , Collins Kathleen L. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTThe Nef protein is an important HIV virulence factor that promotes the degradation of host proteins to augment virus production and facilitate immune evasion. The best-characterized targets of Nef are major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and CD4, but Nef also has been reported to target several other proteins, including CD8β, CD28, CD80, CD86, and CD1d. To compare and contrast the effects of Nef on each protein, we constructed a panel of chimeric proteins in which the extracellular and transmembrane regions of the MHC-I allele HLA-A2 were fused to the cytoplasmic tails of CD4, CD28, CD8β, CD80, CD86, and CD1d. We found that Nef coprecipitated with and disrupted the expression of molecules with cytoplasmic tails from MHC-I HLA-A2, CD4, CD8β, and CD28, but Nef did not bind to or alter the expression of molecules with cytoplasmic tails from CD80, CD86, and CD1d. In addition, we used short interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown and coprecipitation experiments to implicate AP-1 as a cellular cofactor for Nef in the downmodulation of both CD28 and CD8β. The interaction with AP-1 required for CD28 and CD8β differed from the AP-1 interaction required for MHC-I downmodulation in that it was mediated through the dileucine motif within Nef (LL164,165AA) and did not require the tyrosine binding pocket of the AP-1 μ subunit. In addition, we demonstrate a requirement for β-COP as a cellular cofactor for Nef that was necessary for the degradation of targeted molecules HLA-A2, CD4, and CD8. These studies provide important new information on the similarities and differences with which Nef affects intracellular trafficking and help focus future research on the best potential pharmaceutical targets.