bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogeography of the introduced species Rattus rattus in the western Indian Ocean, with special emphasis on the colonization history of Madagascar
Authors: Tollenaere Charlotte , Brouat Carine , Duplantier Jean‐Marc , Rahalison Lila , Rahelinirina Soanandrasana , Pascal Michel , Moné Hélène , Mouahid Gabriel , Leirs Herwig , Cosson Jean‐François 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAim  To describe the phylogeographic patterns of the black rat, Rattus rattus, from islands in the western Indian Ocean where the species has been introduced (Madagascar and the neighbouring islands of Réunion, Mayotte and Grande Comore), in comparison with the postulated source area (India).Location  Western Indian Ocean: India, Arabian Peninsula, East Africa and the islands of Madagascar, Réunion, Grande Comore and Mayotte.Methods  Mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome b, tRNA and D‐loop, 1762 bp) was sequenced for 71 individuals from 11 countries in the western Indian Ocean. A partial D‐loop (419 bp) was also sequenced for eight populations from Madagascar (97 individuals), which were analysed in addition to six previously published populations from southern Madagascar.Results  Haplotypes from India and the Arabian Peninsula occupied a basal position in the phylogenetic tree, whereas those from islands were distributed in different monophyletic clusters: Madagascar grouped with Mayotte, while Réunion and Grand Comore were present in two other separate groups. The only exception was one individual from Madagascar (out of 190) carrying a haplotype that clustered with those from Réunion and South Africa. ‘Isolation with migration’ simulations favoured a model with no recurrent migration between Oman and Madagascar. Mismatch distribution analyses dated the expansion of Malagasy populations on a time‐scale compatible with human colonization history. Higher haplotype diversity and older expansion times were found on the east coast of Madagascar compared with the central highlands.Main conclusions  Phylogeographic patterns supported the hypothesis of human‐mediated colonization of R. rattus from source populations in either the native area (India) or anciently colonized regions (the Arabian Peninsula) to islands of the western Indian Ocean. Despite their proximity, each island has a distinct colonization history. Independent colonization events may have occurred simultaneously in Madagascar and Grande Comore, whereas Mayotte would have been colonized from Madagascar. Réunion was colonized independently, presumably from Europe. Malagasy populations may have originated from a single successful colonization event, followed by rapid expansion, first in coastal zones and then in the central highlands. The congruence of the observed phylogeographic pattern with human colonization events and pathways supports the potential relevance of the black rat in tracing human history.
Have we underestimated the importance of humans in the biogeography of free‐living terrestrial microorganisms?
Authors: Wilkinson David M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe role of humans in the global dispersal of free‐living terrestrial microorganisms has received surprisingly little attention in the literature, compared with the frequent discussions of human dispersal for aquatic microbes. Here I argue that this area needs more study, using examples from the ecology of testate amoebae to illustrate the nature of the problem. The techniques of molecular ecology now make these ideas open to investigation in a way that would have been difficult in the past, and, in the case of testate amoebae, palaeoecological approaches may also be valuable.
Lack of intermediate‐scale disturbance data prevents robust extrapolation of plot‐level tree mortality rates for old‐growth tropical forests
Authors: Chambers Jeffrey Q. , Negrón‐Juárez Robinson I. , Hurtt George C. , Marra Daniel M. , Higuchi Niro 
Published: November 2009

Ecology Letters (2009) 12: E22–E25Abstract Lloyd et al. (2009) question the methods, concepts and conclusions of Fisher et al. (2008). We address these assertions, and place our work into a broader context. We demonstrate the veracity of Fisher et al., and further show that lack of data for intermediate‐scale tree mortality disturbance events for old‐growth tropical forests might prevent robust extrapolation of forest plot biomass accumulation data, and accurate estimates of distribution parameters such as power‐law exponents (α).
The enamel–dentine junction in the postcanine dentition of Australopithecus africanus: intra‐individual metameric and antimeric variation
Authors: Braga J. , Thackeray J. F. , Subsol G. , Kahn J. L. , Maret D. , Treil J. , Beck A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe used micro‐computed tomography and virtual tools to study metric and morphological features at the enamel–dentine junction and on the outer enamel surface in the postcanine dentition of an exceptionally well‐preserved maxilla and mandible of an early hominin. The fossil, Sts 52 from Sterkfontein, South Africa, is attributed to Australopithecus africanus and is about 2.5 million years old. For comparative purposes in this exploratory study, we also used micro‐computed tomography to analyse the dentition of a common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), a pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus) and three extant humans. Metameric variation of the 3D enamel–dentine junction in the two chimpanzee mandibles was much smaller than in extant humans. Variation in metameric shape was high and complex. Notably, the mandibular metameric variation in extant humans can be greater within individuals, as compared with variation between individuals, with differences in shape appearing greater for M2 compared with M1. We recommend the use of a new approach in which individual metameric variation is systematically assessed before making inferences about differences between fossil hominin species. The fossil hominin examined in this study showed a metameric pattern of mandibular variation in shape that was comparable to the pattern seen in two chimpanzees. This degree of metameric variation appeared relatively small compared with the much larger patterns of variation observed within and between extant humans.
Collagen fibril organization in the pregnant endometrium of decorin‐deficient mice
Authors: Sanches Juliane C. T. , Jones Carolyn J. P. , Aplin John D. , Iozzo Renato V. , Zorn Telma M. T. , Oliveira Sergio F. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn the pregnant mouse endometrium, collagen fibrillogenesis is characterized by the presence of very thick collagen fibrils which are topographically located exclusively within the decidualized stroma. This dynamic biological process is in part regulated by the small leucine‐rich proteoglycans decorin and biglycan. In the present study we utilized wild‐type (Dcn+/+) and decorin‐deficient (Dcn−/−) time‐pregnant mice to investigate the evolution of non‐decidualized and decidualized collagen matrix in the uterine wall of these animals. Ultrastructural and morphometric analyses revealed that the organization of collagen fibrils in the pregnant endometrium of both non‐decidualized and decidualized stroma showed a great variability of shape and size, regardless of the genotype. However, the decidualized endometrium from Dcn−/− mice contained fibrils with larger diameter and more irregular contours as compared to the wild‐type littermates. In the Dcn−/− animals, the proportion of thin (10–50 nm) fibrils was also higher as compared to Dcn+/+ animals. On day 7 of pregnancy, biglycan was similarly localized in the decidualized endometrium in both genotypes. Lumican immunostaining was intense both in decidualized and non‐decidualized stroma from Dcn−/− animals. The present results support previous findings suggesting that decorin participates in uterine collagen fibrillogenesis. In addition, we suggest that the absence of decorin disturbs the process of lateral assembly of thin fibrils, resulting in very thick collagen fibrils with irregular profiles. Our data further suggest that decorin, biglycan and lumican might play an interactive role in collagen fibrillogenesis in the mouse endometrium, a process modulated according to the stage of pregnancy.
IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY: Streamlining ABO antibody titrations for monitoring ABO‐incompatible kidney transplants
Authors: Shirey R. Sue , Cai Wei , Montgomery Robert A. , Chhibber Vishesh , Ness Paul M. , King Karen E. 
Published: November 2009

BACKGROUND: We have monitored ABO antibody titers in 53 ABO‐incompatible kidney transplants (INKTs) using a time‐consuming, conventional test tube (CTT) method that included a 30‐minute room temperature (RT) phase, followed by incubation for 30 minutes at 37°C and conversion to the anti‐human globulin (AHG) phase. Our studies have indicated that AHG ABO antibody titers are critical for clinical management, but RT titers do not supplement clinical decision making. Therefore, we assessed AHG titers by two methods: 1) a revised test tube (TT) method without RT and 2) an anti‐immunoglobulin G (IgG) gel microcolumn (IgG gel) method with a goal of streamlining ABO antibody titrations.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Fifty frozen samples from our INKT collection with anti‐A and/or anti‐B AHG titers of 2 to 512 were titrated by revised TT method with 30 minutes at 37°C and conversion to AHG and by IgG gel method with 15 minutes at 37°C and centrifugation.RESULTS: The titers using the revised TT and IgG gel methods had 64 and 52% concordance, respectively, with CTT AHG titers. Neither the revised TT AHG titers nor the IgG gel titers varied by more than one standard dilution from the CTT AHG titers, which is within acceptable limits for titration techniques.CONCLUSIONS: The revised TT and IgG gel titers are comparable to the CTT AHG titers. The IgG gel method offers the best titer turnaround time, eliminating 45 minutes of incubation time alone. Implementation of this technique would benefit ABO INKT patients by providing titer results in a more timely manner.
IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY: Storage of murine red blood cells enhances alloantibody responses to an erythroid‐specific model antigen
Authors: Hendrickson Jeanne E. , Hod Eldad A. , Spitalnik Steven L. , Hillyer Christopher D. , Zimring James C. 
Published: November 2009

BACKGROUND: Red blood cell (RBC) alloimmunization can be a serious complication of blood transfusion, but factors influencing the development of alloantibodies are only partially understood. Within FDA‐approved time limits, RBCs are generally transfused without regard to length of storage. However, recent studies have raised concerns that RBCs stored for more than 14 days have altered biologic properties that may affect medical outcomes. To test the hypothesis that storage time alters RBC immunogenicity, we utilized a murine model of RBC storage and alloimmunization.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Blood from transgenic HOD donor mice, which express a model antigen (hen egg lysozyme [HEL]) specifically on RBCs, was filter leukoreduced and stored for 14 days under conditions similar to those used for human RBCs. Fresh or 14‐day‐stored RBCs were transfused into wild‐type recipients. The stability of the HOD antigen and posttransfusion RBC survival were analyzed by flow cytometry. RBC alloimmunization was monitored by measuring circulating anti‐HEL immunoglobulin levels.RESULTS: Transfusion of 14‐day‐stored, leukoreduced HOD RBCs resulted in 10‐ to 100‐fold higher levels of anti‐HEL alloantibodies as detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay than transfusion of freshly collected, leukoreduced RBCs. RBC expression of the HOD antigen was stable during storage.CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that HOD murine RBCs become more immunogenic with storage and generate the rationale for clinical trials to test if the same phenomenon is observed in humans. Length of storage of RBCs may represent a previously unappreciated variable in whether or not a transfusion recipient becomes alloimmunized.
Hypoxia‐inducible factors in stem cells and cancer
Authors: Mazumdar Jolly , Dondeti Vijay , Simon M. Celeste 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Introduction
From metabolic adaptation to stem cell signalling
HIF‐1α regulates Notch effects on cellular differentiation
Stem cell pluripotency requires HIF target gene function
O2 regulation of Wnt signalling is differentiation‐stage specific
HIFs, stem cell pathways and disease
HIF and cMyc
HIF and p53

Cellular properties are influenced by complex factors inherent to their microenvironments. While oxygen deprivation (hypoxia) occurs in tumours because of rapid cell proliferation and aberrant blood vessel formation, embryonic cells develop in a naturally occurring hypoxic environment. Cells respond to hypoxia by stabilizing hypoxia‐inducible factors (HIFs), which are traditionally viewed to function by altering cellular metabolism and blood vessel architecture. Recently, HIFs have been shown to modulate specific stem cell effectors, such as Notch, Wnt and Oct4 that control stem cell proliferation, differentiation and pluripotency. Direct molecular links have also been established between HIFs and critical cell signalling pathways such as cMyc and p53. These novel links suggest a new role for HIFs in stem cell and tumour regulation.
Functional alterations of myeloid cell subsets in hyperlipidaemia: relevance for atherosclerosis
Authors: Soehnlein Oliver , Drechsler Maik , Hristov Mihail , Weber Christian 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Introduction
Development of atherosclerotic plaques
Dyslipidaemia is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis
Myeloid cells in atherosclerosis and effects of hyperlipidaemia
Conclusions

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease wherein the infiltration of myeloid cells of the vessel wall is a hallmark event. Lymphocytes, platelets and endothelial cells stand out as prominent suspects being involved in atherosclerosis. However, recent advances suggest a crucial role for myeloid leucocytes, specifically monocyte subsets, neutrophils, dendritic cells and endothelial progenitor cells. These cell types are not just rapidly recruited or already reside in the vascular wall, but also initiate and perpetuate core mechanisms in plaque formation and destabilization. Hyperlipidaemia is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. Herein, hyperlipidaemia skews myeloid cell haemostasis, phenotype and transcriptional regulation of pro‐inflammatory factors ultimately promoting myeloid cell extravasation and atherosclerosis. We here review the role of myeloid cells in atherosclerosis as well as the effects of hyperlipidaemia on these cells.
Biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics in small bone defects: potential influence of carrier substances and bone marrow on bone regeneration
Authors: Castellani C. , Zanoni G. , Tangl S. , Van Griensven M. , Redl H. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractObjectives: Synthetic calcium phosphate bone substitutes such as hydroxyapatite (HA), β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) or mixtures are alternatives to autogenous bone grafts. TricOs T® and Collagraft® are resorbable bone substitutes consisting of biphasic calcium phosphate and a bioactive matrix. Both products have a similar HA to β‐TCP ratio, but differ by their matrix. It was the aim of this study to determine the influence of matrix and autologous bone marrow on bone regeneration in a rabbit femoral condyle model.Material and methods: A critical‐sized bicortical channel with a diameter of 4.5 mm was drilled through the femoral condyles in male New Zealand rabbits. Collagraft® with bone marrow harvested from the posterior iliac crest or TricOs T® with and without bone marrow was introduced into the defect. Rabbits were euthanized 8 weeks later. The percentage of newly formed bone was determined by micro‐computed tomography.Results: There was no significant difference between bone ingrowth at 8 weeks. Thus, TricOs T® without bone marrow showed similar bone ingrowth as Collagraft® with bone marrow. Furthermore, no increase of bone ingrowth could be achieved by adding bone marrow to TricOs T® in the present setting.Conclusion: Both bone substitutes showed similar bone ingrowth in this investigation. Using TricOs T® without bone marrow could avoid donor site morbidity due to harvesting of bone marrow. Further prospective clinical trials will be needed to investigate this approach.
Generation of microdamage around endosseous implants
Authors: Warreth Abdulhadi , Polyzois Ioannis , Lee Clive T. , Claffey Noel 
Published: November 2009

AbstractObjectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of microdamage as a result of osteotomy preparation and/or insertion of endosseous screw‐shaped titanium implants into the dog mandible.Materials and methods: The mandibular premolar regions of four young adult male Beagle dogs were used for the study. Four implant sites were prepared in the edentulous area of each mandible on each side and the sites were divided into four experimental groups. Group I included sites that contained an osteotomy preparation only. Group II included sites that contained an osteotomy preparation and were tapped but did not receive any implant. Group III included sites that contained an osteotomy preparation and were not tapped but received an implant. Group IV included sites that contained an osteotomy preparation and were tapped before implant placement. Control sites (Group V) were randomly selected from different mandibular sites. Ground sections were prepared from biopsies taken at 2 days and were examined using epifluorescence microscopy. Total number and length of microcracks for each side were compared (left vs. right) using descriptive statistical methods.Results: The control group (V) had fewer microcracks compared with the modalities I–IV. There were no differences in microcrack lengths between the jaw sides, treatment modalities, jaw regions and between the treatment modalities and controls.Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that most of the microcracks were generated by the osteotomy preparation and the other modalities did not appear to have any major additional effects.
Cutaneous presentation of post‐renal transplant lymphoproliferative disorder: a series of four cases
Authors: Salama Samih , Todd Stanley , Cina Davide Pietro , Margetts Peter 
Published: November 2009

We report detailed histological and molecular characteristics of four post transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) presenting in the skin of renal transplant patients, and their clinical outcome.Three had B‐cell lymphomas (cases 1–3), and one had a T‐cell lymphoma (case 4). All B‐cell lymphomas showed Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) or in situ hybridization (ISH). Cases 1 and 2 were large cell lymphomas, and case 3 a plasmacytoma. Case 1 showed light chain restriction and heavy chain gene rearrangement by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The patient was then diagnosed with an abdominal lymphoma and died of sepsis. Case 2 had no recoverable DNA. Case 3 had a plasmacytoma that showed monoclonal light chain restriction on IHC and an oligoclonal heavy chain rearrangement by PCR. In cases 2 and 3, the lesions regressed following reduction of immunosuppression, and died 1.5 and 8 years later from unrelated medical causes. Case 4 was a CD 30+ anaplastic large T‐cell lymphoma with no EBV detected by IHC, ISH and PCR, and died of heart failure 2 years later.Cutaneous manifestations of PTLD are rare, show wide array of clinical and pathological features, and generally have a favorable prognosis. EBV appears to be associated only with B‐cell cutaneous lymphomasSalama S, Todd S, Cina DP and Margetts P. Cutaneous presentation of post‐renal transplant lymphoproliferative disorder: a series of four cases.
Amelioration of pneumonia with Streptococcus pneumoniae infection by inoculation with a vaccine against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in a non‐human primate mixed infection model
Authors: Miyake Taichiro , Soda Kosuke , Itoh Yasushi , Sakoda Yoshihiro , Ishigaki Hirohito , Nagata Tomoya , Ishida Hideaki , Nakayama Misako , Ozaki Hiroichi , Tsuchiya Hideaki , Torii Ryuzo , Kida Hiroshi , Ogasawara Kazumasa 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBackground  Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) infection has a high mortality rate in humans. Secondary bacterial pneumonia with HPAIV infection has not been reported in human patients, whereas seasonal influenza viruses sometimes enhance bacterial pneumonia, resulting in substantial morbidity and mortality. Therefore, if HPAIV infection were accompanied by bacterial infection, an increase in mortality would be expected. We examined whether a vaccine against HPAIV prevents severe morbidity caused by mixed infection with HPAIV and bacteria.Methods  H7N7 subtype of HPAIV and Streptococcus pneumoniae were inoculated into cynomolgus macaques with or without vaccination of inactivated whole virus particles.Results  Vaccination against H7N7 HPAIV decreased morbidity caused by HPAIV and pneumonia caused by S. pneumoniae. Bacterial replication in lungs was decreased by vaccination against HPAIV, although the reduction in bacterial colonies was not significant.Conclusions  Vaccination against HPAIV reduces pneumonia caused by bacterial superinfection and may improve prognosis of HPAIV‐infected patients.
Dehydration Kinetics of Embryonic Axes from Desiccation‐sensitive Seeds: An Assessment of Descriptive Models
Authors: Ntuli Tobias M. , Pammenter Norman W. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract The response of desiccation‐sensitive plant tissues to dehydration is significantly affected by dehydration conditions, particularly the rate of drying. Consequently it is important to be able to quantify drying rate. The aim of the study was to assess two models that have been proposed to describe drying kinetics, and thus to provide a quantification of non‐linear drying rates, of embryonic axes excised from recalcitrant seeds. These models are an exponential drying time course, and a modified inverse relationship, respectively. For the six species investigated here the inverse function was generally found to fit drying data better than the exponential function under both rapid and slow drying conditions, and so is recommended. The rate of drying, under the conditions used here, was determined by axis size and possibly the nature of the axis outer coverings, rather than the water activity difference between the tissue and surrounding air.