bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On Organic Remains from the Upper Permian Strata of Kargalinsk, in Eastern Russia
Authors: Twelvetrees W. H. 
Published: October 2009

The cupriferous sandstones composing the Kargalinsk steppe, or steppe of Kargala, to the N. of Orenburg, lie out of the ordinary track of travellers, but offer an interesting field for research. The railway now takes us as far as the town of Orenburg, whence a drive of thirty or forty miles leads into the heart of the important mining district to which I now propose to invite your attention. The doubts thrown on the Permian age of these strata in the discussion upon my former paper induce me to submit a few remarks bearing upon the question.
The country is a grassy, treeless, undulating steppe, covered superficially with the well-known black earth, or tchernozem, considered by Murchison to be of marine origin. The balance of evidence, however, is in favour of it being a vegetable mould. Sluggish meandering streams intersect the steppe. The exposures of the subsoil on the banks of streams and ravines show nothing beyond red marl or sandstone devoid of fossils. The mine-borings and shafts cut down through red, yellow, and grey sandstones, and red and white marls, fossiliferous wherever the beds of copper ore exist.
The Newer Pliocene Period in England
Authors: Wood Searles V. 
Published: October 2009

In the previous part of this Memoir, after describing the conditions under which the beds of the Red and Fluvio-marine Crag accumulated, and their overspread during a depression by the Chillesford Clay, I traced the progress of events from this time to the recession of the ice of the Major Glaciation, in the following order, viz.:—
The elevation and denudation of much of this Crag and Clay over all but their north-western, or most estuarine, extremity, and the formation at Kessingland, in North-east Suffolk, of a freshwater bed on one of the islands which came into existence by such elevation and denudation.
On
Helicopora
, a new Spiral Genus (with Three Species) of North-American Fenestellids
Authors: Claypole E. W. 
Published: October 2009

The Silurian, Devonian, and Lower Carboniferous rocks of the Mississippi basin of the United States consist of thin limestones, and form altogether an insignificant mass when contrasted with the enormously thick deposits of the same age on the Atlantic border in Pennsylvania and the adjoining States, where the beds of corresponding age, composed for the most part of sandstones and shales, reach a thickness of from twenty to thirty thousand feet. Of these western limestones the Niagara group, the equivalent of the English Wenlock beds, has yielded a very rich harvest of fossil remains in almost all places where its beds are well exposed; but, being a typical dolomite, its fossils almost always occur as casts, the shells having been, except in very rare cases, removed by the percolation of acidulated water.
Among the fossils of the Niagara Limestone is a great abundance of fragments of various kinds of Polyzoa, especially of the family of Fenestellids, but in so broken and mutilated a condition that reference to species is impossible. Indeed there is room for believing that of the descriptions already published several may, in some cases, be founded on the same species.
During a residence of some years on the Niagara Limestone, at Yellow Springs, Green Co., Ohio, I obtained, among other Polyzoa, most of which were t~o imperfect for description, numerous specimens of a large and striking Fenestellid, quite distinct from every thing in the family already described, and yet showing features that fill an existing gap,and
On the Dorsal Region of the Vertebral Column of a new Dinosaur (indicating a new Genus,
Sphenospondylus
), from the Wealden of Brook in the Isle of Wight, preserved in the Woodwardian Museum of the University of Cambridge
Authors: Seeley H. G. 
Published: October 2009

This small series of six vertebral bones is remarkable for the great lateral compression of the centrum and the depressed form of the neural arch, and, as exhibiting the characters of the dorsal region in a new generic type, seems to me worthy of some notice.
The centrums of the vertebrae have an average length of 9 centim. each; the transverse width of the articular faces is about 7 centim., with a vertical depth of at least 8 centim.; but the lower part of the centrum is much compressed from side to side, so as to have a wedge form, and terminates inferiorly in a sharp longitudinal ridge. The articular margins of the centrums are moderately elevated. The transverse processes of the neural arch are at first directed backward, but soon become directed transversely outward, and retain their upward direction. The facet for the head of the rib is at first large, and at the base of the transverse process, and bounded posteriorly by the sharp ridge which runs below the transverse process to the hinder margin of the neural arch; but after a time the ribhead rises higher, so as to be chiefly above the zygapophysial facet; and then it becomes smaller, the ridge behind it more or less disappears or rounds away, and the transverse process, which was at first triangular in section, becomes vertically compresed and thin.
The interest of the series is in exhibiting the gradation of characters as the bones extend backward, though, as the
The Drift-beds of the North-West of England and North Wales.—Part II. Their Nature, Stratigraphy, and Distribution
Authors: Reade T. Mellard 
Published: October 2009

Introduction
In Part I. of this paper, devoted to the “Shells of the Lancashire and Cheshire Low-level Boulder-clay and Sands ”, read before this Society in 1873, I discussed in outline some of the physical problems involved in a correct interpretation of the phenomena of the Drift as it is exhibited in Lancashire and Cheshire.
It is now my intention, by the aid of numerous sections I have been more or less continuously recording before and since that time, together with observations in other parts of England and in Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, to redraw my picture with a firmer hand. This delineation of the Glacial period in the north-west of England will rest almost entirely upon my personal observations ; but, at the same time, I shall not neglect those important additions to our knowledge contained in the Geological Survey memoir by Mr. C. E. De Rance, F.G.S.§ or the valuable papers by that untiring observer Mr. Mackintosh, F.G.S., by Mr. Shone,,F.G.S.w the late Mr. Binney, F.R.S., and others by Messrs Tiddeman, Goodchild, and the late Rev. Clifton Ward, published at various times in the Quarterly Journal of this Society. Neither will the more general papers by Mr. Searles Wood, jun., F.G.S., nor the work of Dr. James Geikie, F.R.S. be neglected where they bear upon the subject in hand and lend any help towards unravelling this most complicated and difficult problem.
River-Basins.
To describe in a manner that can be realized the distribution of the Drift-deposits,it will
On the Elasticity and Strength-constants of Japanese Rocks
Authors: Gray Thomas , Milne John 
Published: October 2009

This paper contains a description of experiments made for the purpose of determining the different moduli of elasticity, and the strength against rupture and crushing of some of the more common Japanese rocks. One main object of the experiments was to obtain data for the calculation of the theoretical velocity of propagation of earthquake-waves, and by comparison of this velocity with the results of observation, to gain some idea of the degree of continuity in the strata.
The experiments on the moduli and the rupturing strength were performed on round columns of the rock about 4 centimetres in diameter and 60 centimetres long; those on strength against crushing were for the most part made on round columns 4 centimetres in diameter and 12 centimetres long.
The Young's modulus of elasticity was calculated from the results of experiments on cross bending, the columns being supported at both ends.
The modulus of rigidity was calculated from the results of experiments on the torsion produced by the application of measured twisting motives.
The bulk-modulus was calculated from the known relation between it and the Young's and rigidity-moduli.
The modulus of rupture was found by observing the load required to rupture the column by cross bending.
The experiments on crushing were performed by means of a Bramah's press, the pressure being estimated by means of a Bourdon's gauge.
The following Table (p. 140) gives the results of the experiments; the headings of the different columns sufficiently explain their contents.
On the Metamorphic and overlying Rocks in parts of Ross and Inverness Shires
Authors: Hicks Henry 
Published: October 2009

I.
Introduction

Since I communicated my paper to the Geological Society in 1878, on the rocks in the neighbourhood of Loch Maree, Ross-shire, I have revisited the north-west Highlands on two occasions, viz. in the spring of 1880, and in the spring of last year. During these visits I devoted my time to the examination, in various areas, of sections which seemed likely to furnish evidence confirmatory or otherwise of the views which I had ventured to lay before the Society. In this paper I propose to give the general results obtained from these examinations, and to treat more fully those sections which appearm to offer any conclusive evidence. In each of the areas examined I made large collections of rock-specimens ; and numerous thin sections for examination with the microscope have been made from these rocks, and submitted for special examination to Prof. T. G. Bonney, and Mr. T. Davies. The former has kindly furnished the notes on these sections which are appended to this paper; and to both, on this as on so many former occasions, I am indebted for most valuable assistance in the petrological work. The notes by Mr. Davies in the paper I published in the Geological Magazine in 1880, on the Gairloch and Ben Fyn districts, have also so important a bearing on the questions discussed in this paper that I shall find it necessary to refer frequently to them.
The notes in that paper on the Gairloch specimens are particularly important, as they
On the Fossil Madreporaria of the Great Oolite of the Counties of Gloucester and Oxford
Authors: Tomes Robert F. 
Published: October 2009

Introduction.—I have already in two communications brought before the notice of this Society some new or imperfectly understood Madreporaria from the Lias and Inferior Oolite, and have at the same time made additions to our knowledge of their stratigraphical distribution as well as to the localities where they have been met with.
In the present communication I propose to continue the series of papers on the same subject, in ascending order, and furnish some particulars not before noted respecting the Madreporaria of the Great Oolite of the counties of Gloucester and Oxford.

The following genera now appear as new to tho Oolite of this country.
Bathycœnia
is a new genus, and contains two species, which appertain to the family Astrædæ and tho subfamily Eusmilinæ.
Favia, Astrocœnia, Enallohelia,
and
Tricycloseris
are genera already established, the appearance of which in the Oolite of this country is now for tho first time recorded. Two other genera already made known by me as occurring in the Inferior Oolite are here added to the list of genera of the Great Oolite. They are
Confusastræa
, which is represented by two species, and
Oroseris
, which contains only one.

In my paper on the Madreporaria of the Inferior Oolite of the neighbourhood of Cheltenham, read before the Society in :May last year, I found it necessary to make some reforms in the nomenclature of certain species. This resulted from a more extended investigation into their mode of growth and increase; and it was seen that the two
On Gray and Milne's Seismographic Apparatus
Authors: Gray Thomas 
Published: October 2009

The apparatus a description of which forms the chief subject of the present paper, is intended to give a complete record of the nature, magnitude, direction, and frequency of the motions of a point of the earth's surface during an earthquake, and at the same time to record the time of occurrence and the duration of the earthquake. The apparatus has been made by Mr. James White, Glasgow, and is to be used by Prof. Milne in his investigations as one of the committee appointed by the British Association for the investigation of the earthquake phenomena of Japan.
The instrument is suited for recording motions of the earth which are under one centimetre on either side of its normal position, while the period of oscillation is less than one second. The instrument may be adjusted to register motions having a longer period; but it is not expected to be called upon to do so. The actual motion of the earth is to be derived from a record of three separate components of the motion—two horizontal and at right angles to each other, and the other vertical. The horizontal components are recorded by a pair of conical pendulum-seismographs (see Phil. Mag. Sept. 1881), one of which is shown at P, figs. 1 & 2. These instruments are considerably simpler in form, and can be more readily adjusted, than the instruments described in the paper above referred to. They consist of cylinders of lead, P, supported from their centre of gravlty by
Additional Note on Boulders of Hornblende Picrite near the Western Coast of Anglesey
Authors: Bonney T. G. 
Published: October 2009

In a short communication printed in this Journal (vol. xxxvii. p. 137) I described a large boulder of hornblende picrite which I found near Pen-y-Carnisiog in the autumn of 1880. Last summer I had an opportunity of spending an afternoon upon the western coast of Anglesey, and made use of it to examine the interesting section to the south of Porth Nobla. I did not, however, neglect to look out for boulders, as I thought it not impossible that I might meet with some more picrite. In this I succeeded beyond my expectations, and now lay the results before the Society, together with some remarks on the microscopic structure of the specimens collected.
After quitting the railway at Ty Croes Station, I walked a short
distance along the road to the south-west, and then turned up a
field-way leading past a small farm called Bryn Gwyn. A short quarter
of a mile from it a boulder (No. I.), perhaps roughly trimmed, has
been utilized as the capstone of a gate-post. It measures 2 3/4
× 2 × 1 1/4 feet.
A small fragment projected, which I was able to detach for examination without injury to the stone.
The next (No. II.) was a well-rounded boulder lying on the sandy shore at Perth Nobla. This had a rather greener matrix than those which I had previously seen: and the porphyritic hornblende or augite crystals were not quite so large. It measured about 2 feet each way, and rose about 1 foot above the
On the Supposed Pre-Cambrian Rocks of St. David's
Authors: Geikie Archibald 
Published: October 2009

Introduction
Some explanation is required of the grounds on which another contribution is added to the already voluminous literature connected with the rocks of St. David's. The circumstances under which I have reluctantly found myself compelled to make this contribution are briefly these.
A new edition of the Rock Catalogue of the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street, being required, it became necessary to ascertain how far the stratigraphical order followed in previous editions required to be modified by the results of more recent research. In particular, the question of the existence of Pre-Cambrian rocks in Wales, which has emerged since the last issue of the Catalogue, appeared to demand full recognition in any republication of the work. I felt it to be due to those authors who have written so largely on this subject that ample acknowledgment of the results of their labours should be given. On the other hand, I was equally desirous that in admitting corrections of the views expressed upon the maps and sections of the Geological Survey I should do so from an actual inspection of the ground, which would enable me to judge how far and in what manner the required alterations should be made.
It was obvious that in maps of districts surveyed forty years ago some important structures might have escaped notice, positive errors might have been committed, and petrographical details could not be expected to have been treated in a more satisfactory manner than in other English geological works of the same
On the Skull of
Megalosaurus
.
Authors: Owen Richard 
Published: October 2009

Since the description of the fossils on which the genus and species (
Megalosaurus Bucklandi
) was founded, the additional specimens have been, mainly, parts of the trunk and limbs. To the mandibular and dental fossils have been added two portions of the upper jaw, now in the Oxford Museum, on which Professor Phillips has founded the restoration of the skull given in Diagram lvii. of his ‘Geology of Oxford’.

Acceptable, therefore, were the additional cranial and dental evidences obtained by Edward Cleminshaw, Esq., M.A., F.G.S., of Greenhill, Sherborne, Dorset, from the freestone of the ‘Inferior Oolite,’ near Sherborne J. Blocks of this stone were in course of preparation for a building, when, indications of imbedded fossils being detected by Mr. Cleminshaw on fractured surfaces of the quarry-stones, he withdrew all such from the building-yard and transmitted them to the British Museum for identification.
Further requisite development of these remains having been there carried out, the following descriptions and drawings are now submitted to the Geological Society.
In the section devoted to the genus Megalosaurus in vol. i. pp. 329-354 of the undercited work w the materials for a reconstruction of the skull were limited to portions of the mandible and divers teeth therein implantcd or detached. The most instructive of these was a portion of the lower jaw, in the collection of His Grace the Duke of Marlborough, from the same formation (Oolitic Slate, Oxford) as that which had afforded Buckland the materials for the species which
On a Section recently exposed in Baron Hill Park, near Beaumaris
Authors: Bonney T. G. 
Published: October 2009

In the autumn of 1880 I observed by the roadside leading up the hill from the gates of the Beaumaris Cemetery towards Llandegfan some peculiar grits which reminded me much of certain beds exposed in the district near Perfeddgoed House and other places in the neighbourhood of Bangor. The rock, which crops out here and there by the roadside (perhaps about one third of a mile from the road to Menai Bridge) varies from a green “bastard” slate to a grit containing small grains of reddish felsite. These beds are succeeded, after a very short interval, by the normal greenish micaceous or chloritic schists of the region. Although convinced that this indicated an extension of the group of beds which in the Bangor area underlie the conglomerate now generally taken as the base of the Cambrian, such specimens as I could obtain might not have convinced others, and I waited for a more favourable opportunity of examining the district. Last summer, while on a visit to some friends in the neighbourhood, I was informed by them that a new drive was in process of construction through the woods on the face of the hill mentioned above; and I applied, as the grounds of the Baron Hill estate are strictly private, to the owner, Sir R. Williams Bulkeley, for permission to examine the sections. This was at once accorded to me most courteously, and the results proved even more interesting than I had anticipated.
The new drive is carried along the face of
Notes on a Collection of Fossils and of Rock-specimens from West Australia, north of the Gascoyne River
Authors: Hudleston W. H. 
Published: October 2009

This collection was made by Mr. Forrest, the colonial surveyor, and forwarded by him together with the accompanying map to Sir Charles Nicholson, by whom the specimens were placed in the hands of Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys for determination. Dr. Jeffreys brought the parcel over to the apartments of the Geological Society, and it was suggested that I should undertake to examine and report upon them. Being quite unaware that the whole of the fossils were palæozoic, including several species of Polyzoa and Actinozoa, I somewhat rashly undertook a task which, as regards the palæontology, it would have been impossible for me to have fulfilled, but for the kind assistance of Professor Morris and Mr. Robert Etheridge, junior, to both of whom my acknowledgments and best thanks are due.
It will scarcely be necessary to refer in detail to the literature of Australian geology on the present occasion. A full list of all the works bearing on the subject is be found in the catalogue by Messrs. Etheridge and Jack, whilst the former gentleman's catalogue of Australian fossils, published at the Cambridge University Press in 1878, is indispensable to any one who takes up this question. There are two works, however, that may be specially mentioned, viz., Strzelecki'.s ‘New South Wales’ &c., with notes on the fauna by Lonsdale and Morris, published in 1845, and De Koninck's ‘Rccherehes sur les fossiles paléozoiques de la Nouvelle GaUcs du Sud,’ published in 1876–7. The Quarterly Journal of the Society contains a most
Notes on the Geology of the Troad. A brief Summary of the Results derived from the Observations made in connexion with the Assos (U.S.) Expedition
Authors: Diller J. S. 
Published: October 2009

The terranes of the Troadic peninsula comprise a variety of stratified and massive or eruptive rocks. The former, excepting the most recent deposits, which are not considered in this connexion, may he divided into three groups according to their mineralogical conditions and geological age.
The most ancient group is highly crystalline and, in all probability, belongs to the so-called mica-schist zone of the “Grundgebirge” or Archæan formation.
The youngest group, embracing the Miocene and Pliocene Tertiary deposits, is, at least in part, well characterized by its fossils.
The middle group is defined by the widely separated limits of the other two groups. It embraces rocks which may be Palæozoic or Prepalæozoic, as well as others which are probably of Cretaceous and Eocene age.

Crystalline Schists
.—The crystalline schists have their greatest development in Mount Ida, of which they form almost the entire mass. They are of many varieties, all conformably interstratified, as if belonging to the same great terrane.

True gneisses are not abundant, and occur chiefly upon the north side of Mount Ida, under such conditions that they appear to overlie the schistose rocks. In Hadji-eulduren-dagh the mica is in large part replaced by hornblende, so that the gneiss has a dioritic aspect.
In the schistose rocks (chiefly amphibolites) hornblende is one of the most widely distributed and abundant minerals. It generally appears as actinolite, and not unfrequently constitutes almost the whole of the rock in which it occurs. With amphibole are associated, besides felspar, at times more or less