bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dealing in Black and White: The Diefenbaker Government and the Cold War in South Asia 1957–1963
Authors: Touhey Ryan M. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract: This article examines how religious and cultural stereotypes of India and Pakistan affected the perceptions and attitudes of Canadian policy-makers and the Diefenbaker government from 1957 to 1963. Canadian policy-makers initially believed that India's elites shared numerous commonalities with the West that were rooted in a shared language and a similar judicial and democratic parliamentary system. Through these ‘commonalities’ officials believed that India would align with the West as the Cold War intensified. Such assumptions proved to be ill-considered. The Indian government practised a doctrine of non-alignment in the 1950s, and senior Canadian officials regarded this as hypocritical and even anti-Western. By contrast, Pakistan aligned with the West and raised its anti-communist rhetoric. A growing pool of Canadian officials looked to Islam, Hinduism, and cultural stereotypes to explain why Pakistan differed from India and perceived the threat of communism in the same way as the West. These officials also re-evaluated the importance Ottawa placed on ties with New Delhi. The election of Prime Minister John Diefenbaker in June 1957 hastened this trend. Diefenbaker viewed communism in binary terms and concluded that, unlike India, Pakistan was on the ‘right side’ in the Cold War. The Diefenbaker era saw Ottawa relegate India to the periphery of its foreign policy interests and bilateral relations with Pakistan at their apogee.
Management of large vestibular schwannoma. Part I. Planned subtotal resection followed by Gamma Knife surgery: radiological and clinical aspects
Authors: van de Langenberg Rick , Hanssens Patrick E. J. , van Overbeeke Jacobus J. , Verheul Jeroen B. , Nelemans Patty J. , de Bondt Bert-Jan , Stokroos Robert J. 
Published: August 2011

Object
In large vestibular schwannoma (VS), microsurgery is the main treatment option, and complete resection is considered the primary goal. However, previous studies have documented suboptimal facial nerve outcomes in patients who undergo complete resection of large VSs. Subtotal resection is likely to reduce the risk of facial nerve injury but increases the risk of lesion regrowth. Gamma Knife surgery (GKS) can be performed to achieve long-term growth control of residual VS after incomplete resection. In this study the authors report on the results in patients treated using planned subtotal resection followed by GKS with special attention to volumetric growth, control rate, and symptoms.

Methods
Fifty consecutive patients who underwent the combined treatment strategy of subtotal microsurgical removal and GKS for large VSs between 2002 and 2009 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients with neurofibromatosis Type 2 were excluded. Patient charts were reviewed for clinical symptoms. Audiograms were evaluated to classify hearing pre- and postoperatively. Preoperative and follow-up contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MR images were analyzed using volume-measuring software.

Results
Surgery was performed via a translabyrinthine (25 patients) or retrosigmoid (25 patients) approach. The median follow-up was 33.8 months. Clinical control was achieved in 92% of the cases and radiological control in 90%. One year after radiosurgery, facial nerve function was good (House-Brackmann Grade I or II) in 94% of the patients. One of the two patients who underwent surgery to preserve hearing maintained serviceable hearing after resection followed by GKS.

Conclusions
Considering the good tumor growth control and facial nerve function preservation as well as the possibility of preserving serviceable hearing and the low number of complications, subtotal resection followed by GKS can be the treatment option of choice for large VSs.
Management of large vestibular schwannoma. Part II. Primary Gamma Knife surgery: radiological and clinical aspects
Authors: van de Langenberg Rick , Hanssens Patrick E. J. , Verheul Jeroen B. , van Overbeeke Jacobus J. , Nelemans Patty J. , Dohmen Amy J. C. , de Bondt Bert J. , Stokroos Robert J. 
Published: August 2011

Object
In large vestibular schwannomas (VSs), microsurgery is the main treatment option. A wait-and-scan policy or radiosurgery are generally not recommended given concerns of further lesion growth or increased mass effect due to transient swelling. Note, however, that some patients do not present with symptomatic mass effect or may still have serviceable hearing. Moreover, others may be old, suffer from severe comorbidity, or refuse any surgery. In this study the authors report the results in patients with large, growing VSs primarily treated with Gamma Knife surgery (GKS), with special attention to volumetric growth, control rate, and symptoms.

Methods
The authors retrospectively analyzed 33 consecutive patients who underwent GKS for large, growing VSs, which were defined as > 6 cm3 and at least indenting the brainstem. Patients with neurofibromatosis Type 2 were excluded from analysis, as were patients who had undergone previous treatment. Volume measurements were performed on contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MR images at the time of GKS and during follow-up. Medical charts were analyzed for clinical symptoms.

Results
Radiological growth control was achieved in 88% of cases, clinical control (that is, no need for further treatment) in 79% of cases. The median follow-up was 30 months, and the mean VS volume was 8.8 cm3 (range 6.1–17.7 cm3). No major complications occurred, although ventriculoperitoneal shunts were placed in 2 patients. The preservation of serviceable hearing and facial and trigeminal nerve function was achieved in 58%, 91%, and 86% of patients, respectively, with any facial and trigeminal neuropathy being transient. In 92% of the patients presenting with trigeminal hypesthesia before GKS, the condition resolved during follow-up. No patient- or VS-related feature was correlated with growth.

Conclusions
Primary GKS for large VSs leads to acceptable radiological growth rates and clinical control rates, with the chance of hearing preservation. Although a higher incidence of clinical control failure and postradiosurgical morbidity is noted, as compared with that for smaller VSs, primary radiosurgery is suitable for a selected group of patients. The absence of symptomatology due to mass effect on the brainstem or cerebellum is essential, as are close clinical and radiological follow-ups, because there is little reserve for growth or swelling.
Site of deep brain stimulation and jaw velocity in Parkinson disease
Authors: Robertson Lee T. , St George Rebecca J. , Carlson-Kuhta Patricia , Hogarth Penelope , Burchiel Kim J. , Horak Fay B. 
Published: August 2011

Object
While deep brain stimulation (DBS) has proven to be an effective treatment for many symptoms of Parkinson disease (PD), a deterioration of axial symptoms frequently occurs, particularly for speech and swallowing. These unfavorable effects of DBS may depend on the site of stimulation. The authors made quantitative measures of jaw velocity to compare the relative effectiveness of DBS in the globus pallidus internus (GPi) or the subthalamic nucleus (STN). This was a randomized, double-blind, and longitudinal study, with matched healthy controls.

Methods
The peak velocities of self-scaled and externally scaled jaw movements were studied in 27 patients with PD before and after 6 months of bilateral DBS in the GPi or the STN. A mixed-effects model was used to identify differences in jaw velocity before DBS surgery (baseline) while off and on levodopa therapy, and after 6 months of DBS (postoperative) during 4 treatment conditions (off- and on-levodopa states with and without DBS).

Results
Self-scaled jaw velocity was impaired by the DBS procedure in the STN; velocity was significantly decreased across all postoperative conditions compared with either the off- or on-levodopa baseline conditions. In contrast, the postoperative velocity in the GPi group was generally faster than the baseline off-levodopa state. Turning the DBS off and on had no effect on jaw velocity in either group. Unlike baseline, levodopa therapy postoperatively no longer increased jaw velocity in either group, and this lack of effect was not related to postoperative changes in dose. The externally scaled jaw velocity was little affected by PD, but DBS still slightly affected performance, with the STN group significantly slower than the GPi group for most conditions.

Conclusions
The authors' results suggest that either the electrode implant in STN or the subsequent period of continuous STN stimulation negatively affected voluntary jaw velocity, including the loss of the preoperative levodopa-induced improvement. While the GPi group showed some improvement in voluntary jaw velocity postoperatively, their performance during the combination of DBS and levodopa was not different from their best medical management presurgery. The results have implications for DBS target selection, particularly for those patients with oromotor dysfunctions.
Prevalence of infectious bronchitis and Newcastle disease virus among domestic and wild birds in H5N1 outbreaks areas
Authors: Tarnagda Zekiba , Yougbare Issaka , Kam Adele , Tahita Marc Christian , Ouedraogo Jean Bosco 
Published: August 2011

Introduction: The first H5N1 outbreak in Burkina Faso was reported to the World Organization for Animal Health on 3 April 2006. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of avian influenza virus, infectious bronchitis virus, and Newcastle disease virus among domestic and wild birds in highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreaks areas. Methodology: We collected paired tracheal and cloacal swabs from 283 birds including 278 domestic and five wild birds (three vultures, one sparrowhawk and one Western Grey Plantain-eater) in the Central Region (Ouagadougou) and the Western Region (Bobo-Dioulasso and Sokoroni) of Burkina Faso. Total RNA extracted from samples were subjected to reverse transcription and resulting cDNA amplified by PCR using specific primers for detection of Avian Influenza Virus (AIV mainly highly pathogenic H5N1), Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV), and Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) for the first time in Burkina Faso. Results and conclusions: Our results show that 13.8% (39/283) samples were reactive for NDV, and the prevalence of IBV was 3.9% (11/283). None of the 283 birds were co-infected by AIV, IBV and/or NDV in our study areas. The prevalence of influenza A virus was 3.2% (95% CI: 0-6.6) with a 1.7% (95% CI: 0-3.2) prevalence of H5N1 being detected. Positive cases of H5N1 virus were found in two out of three vultures in Ouagadougou, and in three out of 203 local chickens in the Western Region. These results confirm the presence of influenza A H5N1 virus, IBV and NDV in domestic and wild birds in Burkina Faso.
Acute and chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and inflammatory markers in coronary artery disease patients
Authors: Haider Mehvash , Rizvi Meher , Malik Abida , Azam Mohammad , Rabbani Mohammad Urooj 
Published: August 2011

Introduction: We evaluated the role of inflammation and acute or persistent Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in coronary artery disease (CAD). Methodology: The study involved 63 cardiovascular disease patients diagnosed with angina and myocardial infarction (MI) and 40 healthy controls. ELISA was performed for detection of C. pneumoniae IgA antibodies and for quantitative analysis of IFN-γ. PCR was performed for detection of the C. pneumoniae 16 SrRNA gene in blood. Results: C. pneumoniae IgA antibodies were detected in 66.66% cases and 41.37% controls. Of IgA seropositive cases 71.43% were MI patients, 61.90% were stable angina patients, and 64.29% unstable angina patients. Of 40 patients whose PCR was done 32.5% were positive of which 76.92% were IgA seropositive. Traditional risk factors were not significantly associated with CAD. The mean value of IFN-γ in cases was 32.12pg/ml and 11.32pg/ml in controls. Elevated IFN-γ was observed in 76.92% of C. pneumoniae IgA seropositives with a mean value of IFN-γ in angina patients of 3.39pg/ml, in unstable angina of 12.91 pg/ml and in MI patients of 23.89 pg/ml. IFN-γ levels in cases who were positive for C. pneumoniae infection by serology and PCR was 55.21 pg/ml. Conclusion: C. pneumoniae infection was significantly associated with CAD risk. The role of acute or persistent infection in progression of CAD to adverse clinical outcome was evident by a high percentage of seropositives among PCR positives. Although IFN-γ alone had a role to play in development of CAD, its values were further enhanced due to recurrent C. pneumoniae infection.
Inferior Oblique Transposition Onto the Equator: The Role of the Equator in Development of Contralateral Inferior Oblique Overaction
Authors: Kim Seung-Hyun , Na Jae-Hoon , Cho Yoonae A. 
Published: August 2011

Purpose:
To investigate the role of the location of the equator and orientation of newly attached inferior oblique (IO) muscle in the development of contralateral inferior oblique overaction (IOOA).

Methods:
Fourteen patients (14 eyes) with 5 to 12 prism diopters (PD) of hyperdeviation in primary position with unilateral, congenital, superior oblique palsy were included. Seven patients underwent modified IO transposition onto the equator (equator group) and seven patients underwent modified IO 14-mm recession (14-mm group). IOOA in the contralateral eye and the angle of strabismus were assessed at 3 months postoperatively.

Results:

Mean angles of hyperdeviation in primary gaze and sursoadduction were 0.7 and 2.1 PD in the equator group and 0.6 and 2.4 PD in the 14-mm group, respectively. Six patients (86%) developed anti-elevation syndrome and four patients (57%) showed definite 2+ or higher IOOA in the contralateral eye in the equator group. Three patients (43%) in the 14-mm group also developed contralateral IOOA, although it was 1+ or less. The postoperative difference in contra-lateral IOOA between groups was statistically significant (
P
= .04).

Conclusion:
This finding suggests that vertical orientation of the IO muscle is another important contributor in the development of contralateral IOOA in addition to the location of the newly attached IO muscle.
Restorative Justice in Transitional Sierra Leone
Authors: Nkansah Lydia Apori 
Published: August 2011

Intense debate surrounds truth commissions as to their mission, perceived roles and outcomes. This paper seeks to contribute to the understanding of truth commissions in post-conflict settings. It examines the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) for Sierra Leone, the first truth commission to be engaged concurrently with a retributive mechanism, the Special Court for Sierra Leone for transitional justice. The study finds that the TRC provided an opening for conversation in Sierra Leonean communities to search for the meanings of truth about the conflict. In this way the communities simultaneously created an understanding of the situation and set reconciliation directions and commitment from the process of creative conversation. This notwithstanding, the TRC did not have the needed public cooperation because the people were not sure the war was over and feared that their assailants could harm them if they disclosed the truth to the TRC. The presence of the Special Court also created tensions and fears rendering the transitional environment unfriendly to the reconciliation and truth telling endeavors of the TRC. The study has implications for future truth commissions in that the timing for post-conflict reconciliation endeavors should take into consideration the state of the peace equilibrium of the societies involved. It should also be packaged for harmonious existence in a given transitional contexts, particularly where it will coexist with a retributive mechanism.
Factors Responsible for Low Inclination towards Entrepreneurship in the Public Sector Institutions of Pakistan
Authors: Sumra Sana Haider , Safarish Hina , Suhail Sana , Ahmad Syed Tauqeer 
Published: August 2011

Entrepreneurship is of great deal of importance and interest all over the world. For developed countries, this new venture formation results in revitalizing the economy, catalyst of technological innovation and change, means of employment and incubator of market and product innovation. For developing countries, it can be taken as means of job creation, engine for economic progress wealth creation and reducing the social differences. Hence, small business enterprises and entrepreneurship is widely encouraged by the governments who make such policies so as to ensure economic growth and entrepreneurship encouragement. This article presents research on factors which influence the inclination of taking entrepreneurship as a career choice among the business graduates in Pakistan. Entrepreneurship can be taken as means to overcome unemployment and improving social status. This study is conducted from business graduates in the three cities of Pakistan; Islamabad, Lahore and Bahawalpur from HEC recognized institutes which were taken as a sample. The information to be collected on variables ranges from determining simply the presence or absence of a variable to ranking the variables on a given scale depending upon the nature of the variable. Our study is Descriptive and Exploratory nature and Z-test Analysis was carried out in order to unearth the relationship between hypothesized Factors i.e., lack of innovation and creativity, lack of risk tolerance, lack of resources, unsupportive social environment, lack of support from self – employed people, the lack of promotion of self – employment from teachers, lack of entrepreneurship education, low number of self – employed parents, lack of required human skills, long working hours and will discuss how these variables affect to the low inclination towards entrepreneurship in business students of Pakistan. The present youth of Pakistan is showing a very low inclination towards entrepreneurship and hence, the trend is declining rather than to augment. There is only a small proportion of current business students which are interested in doing their own business. A vast majority is still planning their career to become employees in organizations.
Double Jeopardy: Race/Ethnicity and Sexual Harassment in the U.S. Military
Authors: Hackett Justin David , Harris Richard , Firestone Juanita 
Published: August 2011

Our research examines a sample of respondents from a Department of Defense (DoD) survey in an attempt to determine the incidence of sexual harassment in the military by race/ethnic category and to determine whether or not women's experiences differ based on race and ethnic membership. Logistic regression is used to test whether racial and ethnic minorities face double risks of victimization with respect to sexual Results do not support an adverse interaction of race and gender with respect to sexual harassment in the military for Black women; however, findings varied depending on type of harassment for Hispanic and Other Race women. The biggest surprise is that the males report a higher incidence of harassment in 2002. Replicating an earlier finding, when no environmental harassment is reported individual harassment is very rare. Overall, this finding supports the importance of organizational context in producing different levels of harassment. Keywords: Sexual harassment, Race, Ethnicity, Sex, Military
Volunteering, Governance and Leadership: Reflections on England
Authors: L. Powell Jason 
Published: August 2011

One of the key issues in recent times in England is how voluntary organisation sustain themselves. It is very tempting to view voluntary agencies rather like very fragile “black boxes” adrift on a turbulent sea and at the mercy of powerful social, economic and political pressures. The direction of their journey and their very survival is determined by critical success factors. Although the spate of studies have undoubtedly advanced the state of knowledge about voluntary organisations, we still know very little about the internal composition and operation of the black boxes and even less about the way in which internal factors interact within the external world. The point of this research article is to assess the factors that impinge upon opening and understanding the ‘black box’ such as governance and quality, leadership, workforce, performance, partnerships and finance and funding. These different critical success factors are part of the inter-locking infrastructure tools of voluntary organisations to perpetuate what works; and what the implications are if some do not work. This requires engagement with research literature on these significant tools of thinking and practice. Arguably the voluntary sectors infrastructure has come under unprecedented scrutiny in the last three to five years, following the British coalition government’s express intention of creating a step change in the support provided to the sector. Lots of searching questions are being asked of infrastructure, not least by the sector itself.
The Politics of Reorganizing Connecticut State Government: Altering Administrative Structures in the Land of Steady Habits
Authors: DeNardis Lesley 
Published: August 2011

Despite numerous attempts to reorganize state government aimed at streamlining, reducing, and creating greater efficiencies, the size and scope of Connecticut’s administrative apparatus has grown considerably over a fifty year period. This study will trace the political history of previous reorganization efforts with a particular emphasis on more recent attempts such as the Gengras (1970), Filer (1976), Thomas (1991), and Hull and Harper Commissions (1992). Observed trends follow national patterns: 1) reorganization commissions are cyclical in nature more likely to be undertaken in the wake of similar efforts at the federal level and 2) they are more likely to be undertaken during periods of state fiscal retrenchment. A movement away from comprehensive reform efforts to incremental approaches is another cross-national pattern that has been detected in recent reform efforts. A review of Connecticut’s experience with state reorganization demonstrates that despite the concerted effort by both the executive and legislative branches to alter administrative structures, reorganization recommendations are seldom implemented due to the opposition of the state legislature and interest groups.
Training and Development Strategy and Its Role in Organizational Performance
Authors: Niazi Brig(Retd) Abdus Sattar 
Published: August 2011

In the FMCG industry at global level, the business environment has changed with intense pressure on organizations, to become ‘Learning Organizations’ and stay ahead of their competitions by bringing innovation/reinvention in training and development strategy while emphasizing on planning, designing, implementing and evaluating the training programs. Carry out an analysis that the objective of training and development is to create learning organizations which ensure that employees through value addition can effectively perform their jobs, gain competitive advantage and seek self growth: this measurable performance resulting from good training and development, shall enhance organizational performance.