bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The United Nations and Antarctica, 1994: the restoration of consensus?
Authors: Beck Peter J. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe twelfth successive UN session on the ‘Question of Antarctica,’ held at the close of 1994, saw a major change of direction. One brief session of the First Committee, followed by the General Assembly's adoption of resolution A49/80 without a vote, signified the restoration of a consensus approach towards the ‘Question of Antarctica’ for the first time since 1985. Resolution A49/80 stressed the need for Antarctic Treaty Parties (ATPs) to meet commitments undertaken at the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, and particularly to continue providing the wider international community with information about Antarctic developments. The ‘Question of Antarctica’ will not be placed on the UN agenda again until 1996, thereby breaking the sequence of annual UN discussions started in 1983. On the surface, consensus was restored, but it is debatable how far the outcome represented merely a papering over of the cracks rather than the basis for an enduring solution to the problems dividing ATPs and their critics. The key point at issue remains the nature and extent of the UN's future role in Antarctic affairs, particularly as ATPs will only accept a limited UN role performed within the context of the Antarctic Treaty System.
Ostrova De-Longa: an analysis of palaeoenvironmental data
Authors: Makeyev Vyacheslav , Pitul'ko Vladimir , Kasparov Aleksey 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTData were obtained during an interdisciplinary project carried out on the Ostrova De-Longa (De Long Islands) in 1987–90. The archipelago—consisting ofthree islands discovered by an American expedition underGeorge Washington De Long in 1879—81 and two islands discovered by a Russian expedition led by Boris Vil'kitskiy in 1913— 14—have rarely been visited and even less investigated. Information relating to the glaciology, palaeogeography, flora, and palaeozoology from the end of the Pleistocene and the Early Holocene was studied. Traces of a Mesolithic culture from as far back as 8000 BP were discovered on Ostrov Zhokhova, and information about the adaptive capabilities and hunting practices of this aboriginal culture was obtained. Excavations indicate that the site explored on Ostrov Zhokhova is one of the oldest in the high Arctic.
The Work of the R.R.S. Discovery II andR.R.S. William Scoresby
Authors: Deacon G. E. R. 
Published: October 2009

The Discovery II left St Katharine Dock on October 7, 1937. She will be away for twenty months continuing her research on the distribution of whales, hydrology and plankton.The first seven months (the southern summer) are to provide data for comparison with those obtained on the winter circumpolax cruise of 1932 and with those of the survey of the southern part of the Pacific Ocean in 1934. The work was to have been done in 1935-36, but it was not completed as it was necessary to revise the programme after a voyage had been made to the Ross Barrier to pick up the American airman, Mr Lincoln Ellsworth.
Exercise Musk-ox, 1946
Authors: Wilson J. T. 
Published: October 2009

Exercise Musk-ox was no isolated adventure, but the culminating test of several years of wartime work. In it, vehicles, equipment, and techniques of training and of air-supply, secretly developed during the war, were given an open test to ascertain their usefulness in northern Canada. Because the public had not been aware of this secret work by the services, Exercise Musk-ox was hailed by them as a new idea, but it would not have been possible had not the equipment and methods all been ready and proven before tbe close of the war.So great had been these wartime improvements that none of those men best acquainted with the north country and with older methods of transportation believed that the ground party had any chance of driving 2600 miles without roads across the Arctic and sub-Arctic in less than 2½ months. Neither was it generally realised that the military purposes had already been served and that this was no tactical exercise but a demonstration of the soundness of military development and an experiment in applying it to peaceful pursuits in the Canadian Arctic.
Tom Crean: an Appreciation
Authors: Debenham F. 
Published: October 2009

With the passing of Tom Crean, who died in August 1938, there goes another of a fast dwindling band of stalwarts, the naval Petty Officers of the Scott expeditions to the Antarctic.When Captain Scott was selected to take command of the Discovery on the National Antarctic Expedition of 1901–4, he followed the example of the 1875 expedition under Nares and took with him an almost entirely naval personnel. Amongst these was a tall Irish A.B., Thomas Crean, who even then was celebrated amongst his fellows for a merry tongue and a facility for getting into tight places. He accompanied Lieut. Barne on his journey over the Barrier and fell into more crevasses than any other member of the party. He also went through some rotten ice just before the relief of the Discovery, and would certainly have been drowned had he not kept his head and stayed calmly in the mess of brash-ice until help and a rope were brought.
Establishment of the South African meteorological station on Marion Island, 1947–48
Authors: Crawford A. B. 
Published: October 2009

Between 1939 and 1945, plans were afoot in the Union of South Africa for the establishment of meteorological stations on Gough Island in the South Atlantic, and on one of the Prince Edward Islands in the southern Indian Ocean. Shortage of shipping and staff caused these plans to be shelved in 1945. In 1947, Field-Marshal Smuts, who was then Prime Minister of the Union, decided to annex the Prince Edward Islands without delay. These islands, which consist of Marion Island and the smaller Prince Edward Island, are situated in approximately lat. 47° S., long. 38° E., half-way between South Africa and Antarctica, and have always been regarded as British, although no records of any sort of annexation ceremony can be traced.In December 1947, therefore, the frigate H.M.S.A.S. Transvaal recalled her crew from Christmas leave and sailed south. Bad weather delayed a landing for several days, but eventually, on 29 December 1947, the commanding officer of the Transvaal landed on a rocky beach on the eastern side of Marion Island and hoisted the South African flag.
Frozen Words
Authors: Wilson Edward M. , Rickard P. 
Published: October 2009

Can words freeze as soon as uttered, and thus become inaudible? Polar research does not confirm it, and even the layman may well suspect that there are serious scientific objections to such a notion, and to its corollary, which is that congealed words should become audible on thawing. Yet this idea, through the ages, has given rise to a series of literary anecdotes and allusions, all of them humorous or satirical in intention. It is interesting to speculate how the idea arose in the first place. Hyperbole, including deliberately facetious hyperbole, is always present in the popular imagination, which tends to seek vivid, graphic, and sometimes wildly improbable comparisons in order to make its point. The heat of hell, and the coldness of charity, are equally undemonstrable from the strictly scientific point of view, while the goodness of gold must be regarded as ethically unverifiable, however effective as alliteration. We must imagine that some early wit once said: “It's so cold in X that when you try to say something, your words freeze and fall to the ground.” As a matter of fact, something very similar was attributed by Plutarch to one Antiphanes. In a chapter of the Moralia entitled “How a man may become aware of his progress in virtue” we find this anecdote:Antiphanes said humorously that in a certain city words congealed with the cold the moment they were spoken, and later, as they thawed out, people heard in the summer what they had said to one another in the winter; it was the same way, he asserted, with what was said by Plato to men still in their youth; not until long afterwards, if ever, did most of them come to perceive the meaning, when they had become old men.
Wildlife and oil: a survey of critical issues in Alaska
Authors: Weeden Robert B. , Klein David R. 
Published: October 2009

The world's oil magnates have recently turned their eyes to Siberia, Alaska, Arctic Canada, and the Chukchi and North seas and have invested huge sums in exploration for petroleum in lands scarcely touched by modern technology a decade ago.Throughout the Arctic, serious questions have arisen regarding environmental and cultural by-products of petroleum exploration and development. Perhaps nowhere has there been greater public concern than in Alaska, which has experienced commercial oil production since 1958 near Cook Inlet and which is now working out plans for development of the Prudhoe Bay pool.
Canada's northern policy: retrospect and prospect
Authors: Judd David 
Published: October 2009

That sentence referred, in fact, to the impending transfer of the Arctic islands to Canada in 1879, but it could have applied, just as aptly, to the whole of northern Canada. The first part of it was largely correct; the second part is still a matter for conjecture, debate and experiment.Most of the Canadian Government's sporadic forays into the north from 1880 onwards were motivated by the reaction of politicians and officials aliens in the Arctic. There was nothing else in the north for a government to be concerned about. The fur trade was important to the Hudson's Bay Company, and it was to become important to many of the Eskimos, but had lost its pre-eminence in a nation where trans-continental railways and millions of immigrants were the priorities of the day. The great age of Arctic exploration was ending: a North West Passage was irrelevant in a world that was planning a Panama Canal. The whalers too would depart from northern waters, and the missionaries and the Hudson Bay factors would left to themselves.
The use of light aircraft in support of field activities in high Arctic latitudes
Authors: Moore Terris 
Published: October 2009

During the summer of 1956 W. W. Phipps flew a Piper Super-Cub aircraft solo from Pelley Lake to Eureka, and there carried out a series of local flights in Ellesmere Island on behalf of the National Film Board of Canada. The aircraft was equipped with standard tandem wheel undercarriage. Carrying one passenger, Phipps landed at Fort Conger, Alert and Cape Columbia. The round trip from Pelley Lake took 11 days covering a distance of 4500 miles in fifty flying hours.On 25 July 1958 the writer left Ottawa with a float-equipped Piper Super-Cub to fly to Eureka. Overnight stops were made at Moose Factory, Severn, Churchill (two nights on account of low cloud), an unnamed lake 50 miles short of Baker Lake, Baker Lake itself (because of strong N.W. winds), an unnamed pond 10 miles south-west of Bellot Strait, and at Resolute.
Australian Antarctic Ice Thickness Measurements and Sastrugi Observations, Mac-Robertson Land, 1957–58
Authors: Mather K. B. , Goodspeed M. J. 
Published: October 2009

The principal field activity of the A.N.A.R.E. party at Mawson during the 1957–58 summer was the determination of ice thickness along a section of the Antarctic plateau. In previous years the summer expeditions inland had concentrated on the survey and geology of the Prince Charles Mountains, south-east of Mawson. While this programme was continued in 1957–58 as opportunity presented, and in fact air photography of the ranges almost completed, the main I.G.Y. field effort was directed towards seismic ice-depth determinations. These were the responsibility of the Bureau of Mineral Resources, and a seismologist was seconded to the Antarctic Division, together with equipment for the purpose.The traverse made lay southwards from Mawson, following approximately the meridian 62° 08′ E. It was known from prior air reconnaissance that a south-westerly spur of the Prince Charles Mountains system cut across the route in the vicinity of lat. 73° to 74° S., but the exact location was unknown. The intention was to map this spur, then skirt it to the west and resume the seismic traverse southwards.
Orographic clouds in north Victoria Land from AVHRR images
Authors: Zibordi Giuseppe , Frezzotti Massimo 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTOrographic clouds over north Victoria Land, East Antarctica, have been observed in Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite imagery. These occasional clouds are discussed through analysis of their spectral features in AVHRR data. Temporal occurrence, spatial extension, and direction of the clouds are also discussed in relation to meteorological data for two periods characterised by katabatic winds, in December 1992 and January 1993.
Identifying national interests in Antarctica: the case of Canada
Authors: Beck Peter J. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTDuring the past decade, most publications on Antarctic politics and law have concentrated upon broader developments at the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) level. Less attention has been devoted to the nature of national interests in Antarctica and ways of balancing different policy objectives through time. Canada, though failing to accede to the Antarctic Treaty until 1988, offers a useful case study illuminating the broad range of interests influencing the policy of individual governments toward Antarctica, and particularly the reasons why states lacking clear national interests therein participate in the ATS. For Canada, Antarctica has always been viewed principally from an Arctic perspective. The resulting low priority of Antarctica explains Canada's initial non-involvement in the ATS. However, by the late 1980s, accession to the Antarctic Treaty was deemed desirable on policy grounds, even if Canada assumed only alow key role in the ATS, at least until 1994–1995, when the appointment of an Ambassador for Circumpolar Affairs was apparently followed by a more active bi-polar strategy.
Pingo growth ages in the delta area, Adventdalen, Spitsbergen
Authors: Yoshikawa Kenji , Nakamura Toshio 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe open-system pingos of Spitsbergen are formed outside terminal moraines, fault zones, and delta areas. Pingos in this study area were located near the shore in active geologic uplift areas. Three open-system pingos in the Adventdalen delta area of Spitsbergen were examined. Pingos closer to shore are younger in age and those farther away are older. Growth of these pingos occurs rapidly after initial submarine uplift and a minimum thickness of permafrost is established. Hut pingo, which is farthest from the sea, was formed after 6980±70 a BP (NUTA-3856). Driftwood associated with Longyear pingo, in the middle part of the delta, was dated at 2800±90 a BP. The radiocarbon age of peat near the shore pingo, Lagoon pingo, was 140±20 a BP. The growth of the pingos is related to transgression and development of permafrost.
Linguistic science and nationalist revolution: Expert knowledge and the making of sameness in pre-independence Ireland
Authors: FRENCH BRIGITTINE M. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThis article examines the linguistic ideological work entailed in the analyses of Irish by the “revolutionary scholar” and cofounder of the Gaelic League, Eoin MacNeill. It does so to discern one central way in which the essentialized link between the Irish language and a unified Irish people became an efficacious political construction during the armed struggle for independence in the early 20th century. It shows how MacNeill used authoritative linguistic science to engender nationalist sentiment around Irish through semiotic processes even as he challenged a dominant conception of language prevalent in European nationalist movements and social thought. The essay argues that MacNeill wrote against the unilateral valorization of codified linguistic homogeneity and embraced the heterogeneous variation of spoken discourse even as he sought to consolidate Irish national identity through sameness claims. This critical examination suggests that scholars of nationalism reconsider the taken-for-granted homogenizing efforts of nationalist endeavors that are ubiquitously presumed to negatively sanction linguistic variation. (Nationalism, linguistic ideology, Ireland, semiotics, heterogeneity, Eoin MacNeill, Gaelic League, Europe, scientific knowledge)
Risk Factors and Clinical Impact of Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase-Producing K. pneumoniae
Authors: Gasink Leanne B. , Edelstein Paul H. , Lautenbach Ebbing , Synnestvedt Marie , Fishman Neil O. 
Published: October 2009

Background.Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing K. pneumoniae is an emerging pathogen with serious clinical and infection control implications. To our knowledge, no study has specifically examined risk factors for KPC-producing K. pneumoniae or its impact on mortality.Methods.To identify risk factors for infection or colonization with KPC-producing K. pneumoniae, a case-control study was performed. Case patients with KPC-producing K. pneumoniae were compared with control subjects with carbapenem-susceptible K. pneumoniae. A cohort study evaluated the association between KPC-producing K. pneumoniae and in-hospital mortality.Results.Fifty-six case patients and 863 control subjects were identified. In multivariable analysis, independent risk factors for KPC-producing K. pneumoniae were (1) severe illness (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 4.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.25–8.25), (2) prior fluoroquinolone use (AOR, 3.39; 95% CI, 1.50, 7.66), and (3) prior extended-spectrum cephalosporin use (AOR, 2.55; 95% CI, 1.18, 5.52). Compared with samples from other anatomic locations, K. pneumoniae isolates from blood samples were less likely to harbor KPC (AOR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.12, 0.86). KPC-producing K. pneumoniae was independently associated with in-hospital mortality (AOR, 3.60; 95% CI, 1.87–6.91).Conclusions.KPC-producing K. pneumoniae is an emerging pathogen associated with significant mortality. Our findings highlight the urgent need to develop strategies for prevention and infection control. Limiting use of certain antimicrobials, specifically fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins, use may be effective strategies.
Minimal residual disease is a significant predictor of treatment failure in non T‐lineage adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: final results of the international trial UKALL XII/ECOG2993
Authors: Patel Bella , Rai Lena , Buck Georgina , Richards Sue M. , Mortuza Yeasmin , Mitchell Wayne , Gerrard Gareth , Moorman Anthony V. , Duke Veronique , Hoffbrand A. Victor , Fielding Adele K. , Goldstone Anthony H. , Foroni Letizia 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThe predictive value of molecular minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring using polymerase chain reaction amplification of clone‐specific immunoglobulin or T‐cell Receptor rearrangements was analysed in 161 patients with non T‐lineage Philadelphia‐negative acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) participating in the UK arm of the international ALL trial UKALL XII/Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) 2993. MRD positivity (≥10−4) in patients treated with chemotherapy alone was associated with significantly shorter relapse‐free survival (RFS) at several time‐points during the first year of therapy. MRD status best discriminated outcome after phase 2 induction, when the relative risk of relapse was 8·95 (2·85–28·09)‐fold higher in MRD‐positive (≥10−4) patients and the 5‐year RFS 15% [95% confidence interval (CI) 0–40%] compared to 71% (56–85%) in MRD‐negative (<10−4) patients (P = 0·0002) When MRD was detected prior to autologous stem cell transplantation (SCT), a significantly higher rate of treatment failure was observed [5‐year RFS 25% (CI 0–55%) vs. 77% (95% CI 54–100%) in MRD‐negative/<10−4, P = 0·01] whereas in recipients of allogeneic‐SCT in first complete remission, MRD positivity pre‐transplant did not adversely affect outcome. These data provide a rationale for introducing MRD‐based risk stratification in future studies for the delineation of those at significant risk of treatment failure in whom intensification of therapy should be evaluated.
A taxonomy of political processes in systems development
Authors: Sabherwal Rajiv , Grover Varun 
Published: October 2009

AbstractSignificant resources invested in information system development (ISD) are wasted due to political manoeuvres. Prior research on ISD politics has contributed mainly through theoretical development and case studies. This has enhanced understanding of relevant concepts, political tactics and conditions facilitating politics. However, there is limited understanding of the different processes through which politics unfold. This paper uses 89 ISD projects to develop a taxonomy of political processes in ISD. The taxonomy includes three distinct processes: Tug of War, wherein multiple parties strive to gain project control; Obstacle Race, which involves efforts to resist and pursue the project; and Empire Building, wherein the project is used as an instrument to enhance political or resource bases. The taxonomy is explained using the non‐proponents' view of the project and the balance of power between system's proponents and non‐proponents. We also discuss the emergent taxonomy's implications for how politics can be managed and studied.
Urbanization and the more‐individuals hypothesis
Authors: Chiari Claudia , Dinetti Marco , Licciardello Cinzia , Licitra Gaetano , Pautasso Marco 
Published: October 2009

Summary 1. Urbanization is a landscape process affecting biodiversity world‐wide. Despite many urban–rural studies of bird assemblages, it is still unclear whether more species‐rich communities have more individuals, regardless of the level of urbanization. The more‐individuals hypothesis assumes that species‐rich communities have larger populations, thus reducing the chance of local extinctions. 2. Using newly collated avian distribution data for 1 km2 grid cells across Florence, Italy, we show a significantly positive relationship between species richness and assemblage abundance for the whole urban area. This richness–abundance relationship persists for the 1 km2 grid cells with less than 50% of urbanized territory, as well as for the remaining grid cells, with no significant difference in the slope of the relationship. These results support the more‐individuals hypothesis as an explanation of patterns in species richness, also in human modified and fragmented habitats. 3. However, the intercept of the species richness–abundance relationship is significantly lower for highly urbanized grid cells. Our study confirms that urban communities have lower species richness but counters the common notion that assemblages in densely urbanized ecosystems have more individuals. In Florence, highly inhabited areas show fewer species and lower assemblage abundance. 4. Urbanized ecosystems are an ongoing large‐scale natural experiment which can be used to test ecological theories empirically.