bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Parkinsonism in Older Patients with Hip Fracture
Authors: Yiannopoulou Konstantina G. , Papageorgiou Sokratis G. , Anastasiou Ioannis P. , Ganetsos Theodore K. , Karydakis Kleanthis D. 
Published: June 2011

Parkinsonism in hip fracture (HF) patients is a potential source for complications during surgery, postoperative period and rehabilitation and a risk factor of second HF. We investigated whether parkinsonism was more prevalent in older subjects with HF than in other older patient groups undergoing surgery. We prospectively assessed patients who had suffered HF and controls. We assigned all patients aged 68 and older admitted in our hospital for HF surgery during last year and compared them with age-and gender matched patients attending other surgical departments. 80 HF patients and 80 controls were assessed for parkinsonism. Parkinsonism was common in both groups, presumably reflecting the mean ages of approximately 80 years, plus hospitalization-status. However, parkinsonism was much higher in the hip fracture group (76.25%) compared to the control hospitalised subjects (37.5%; p<0.001). The majority of HF patients with parkinsonism were undiagnosed for their parkinsonism symptoms prior to HF and the same was observed in the control group (91.8% and 86.7% respectively, p= 0.471). Among those with parkinsonism, pre-hospitalization drug therapy may have been contributory in 24.5% of HF patients and 30% of controls (p=0.589). Parkinsonism is very common in older patients admitted for surgery to a general hospital and extremely common in those with HF. It seems that parkinsonism, is heavily under recognised in the elderly. Our data seem to confirm that Parkinsonism is a major risk factor of HF in the elderly.
Tobacco use among firefighters in the central United States
Authors: Haddock C. Keith , Jitnarin Nattinee , Poston Walker S.C. , Tuley Brianne , Jahnke Sara A. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackgroundThis study provides a comprehensive, population‐based examination of tobacco use among both career and volunteer firefighters.MethodsData are from a population‐based cohort study of randomly selected career (N = 11) and volunteer (N = 13) departments comprised of 677 male firefighters.ResultsUnadjusted rates of smoking were 13.6% and 17.4% for career and volunteer firefighters, respectively. Smoking rates were less than a comparable occupational group (military personnel) and adult males in the states represented. Smokers were more likely to have been diagnosed with an anxiety disorder (OR = 5.8; P = 0.010), have an elevated CAGE alcohol problem score (OR = 2.9; P = 0.040), and more likely to report driving after drinking too much (OR = 4.5; P = 0.020) compared to never‐smokers. Large percentages of career (18.4%) and volunteer (16.8%) firefighters used smokeless tobacco.Conclusions Smoking among firefighters is associated with other significant health and safety risks. High rates of smokeless tobacco use suggest that the fire service is an important target for intervention. Thus, despite strong statements against smoking by the fire service, the need to maintain high levels of health and fitness and relatively low smoking rates, a significant proportion of firefighters continue to use tobacco products. Am. J. Ind. Med. 54:697–706, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association between polymorphisms in catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) and cocaine‐induced paranoia in European‐American and African‐American populations
Authors: Ittiwut Rungnapa , Listman Jennifer B. , Ittiwut Chupong , Cubells Joseph F. , Weiss Roger D. , Brady Kathleen , Oslin David , Farrer Lindsay A. , Kranzler Henry R. , Gelernter Joel 
Published: June 2011

AbstractCatechol‐O‐methyltransferase (genetic locus, COMT) is a major enzyme involved in catecholamine metabolism and has been associated with numerous psychiatric phenotypes. We studied COMT SNPs and haplotypes in cocaine‐induced paranoia (CIP) in African‐American (AA) and European‐American (EA) populations. We genotyped 17 SNPs across the COMT locus in 319 AA pedigrees (848 individuals) and 302 EA pedigrees (707 individuals). Family‐controlled association analyses were conducted using FBAT. We found SNP rs737865 to be nominally significantly associated in the AA family population (P = 0.05). In EAs, the best‐known marker, rs4680 (Val158Met), was nominally significant in additive models (P = 0.03). SNP rs174696 also showed nominal significance in additive models (P = 0.02). We considered the three SNPs (rs737866–rs4680–rs174696) together in haplotype analysis in both family populations, using HBAT. The A–A–T haplotype was significantly associated with CIP in EAs (Z = 2.845; P = 0.0044, global P = 0.020). We then studied COMT SNPs in an additional 738 AA and 404 EA unrelated cocaine dependent individuals with and without paranoia. The A–A–T haplotype was significantly associated to CIP in the AA unrelated population (P = 0.0015). Two haplotypes, A–G–C and A–A–C, were significant in the EA unrelated population (P = 0.001 and 0.0003). We also identified rs4680 and three other SNPs, rs933271, rs5993883, and rs740603, as potentially functional variants, as predicted by a signature of positive selection in unrelated EAs and AAs. Based on our robust family‐controlled and unrelated‐affected analyses, we conclude that COMT is associated with CIP, possibly as a result of its role in the metabolism of dopamine and norepinephrine. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Student attitudes toward cadaveric dissection at a UK medical school
Authors: Quince Thelma A. , Barclay Stephen I. G. , Spear Michelle , Parker Richard A. , Wood Diana F. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA more humanistic approach toward dissection has emerged. However, student attitudes toward this approach are unknown and the influences on such attitudes are little understood. One hundred and fifty‐six first‐year medical students participated in a study examining firstly, attitudes toward the process of dissection and the personhood of the cadaver and secondly, the extent to which gender, anxiety, exposure to dissection, bereavement and prior experience of a dead body influenced these attitudes. Attitudes toward dissection were assessed by of levels of agreement toward eleven statements and by selection of adjectives describing possible feelings toward dissection. Students were asked about recent bereavement, whether they had seen a dead body prior to starting their course and exposure to dissection when completing the questionnaire. Validated instruments were used to measure disposition toward generalized anxiety (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) and toward death anxiety (Collett‐Lester Death Anxiety Scale). Between 60% and 94% of students held positive attitudes toward the process of dissection and over 70% of students selected 2 or fewer negative adjectives. Students' attitudes toward the personhood of the cadaver were more disparate. Disposition toward anxiety (particularly death anxiety), and exposure to dissection, influenced attitudes. Female gender and recent bereavement exerted a negative influence. Students with higher levels of anxiety experienced more negative feelings and those recently bereaved were less enthusiastic about dissection. Anticipation of dissection may be worse than reality. Sensitive preparation of students prior to entering the dissecting room for the first time may be beneficial. Anat Sci Educ. © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.
Semaphorin 3A expression in the colon of Hirschsprung disease
Authors: Wang Li‐Li , Fan Yang , Zhou Feng‐hua , Li Hui , Zhang Yi , Miao Jia‐Ning , Gu Hui , Huang Tian‐Chu , Yuan Zheng‐Wei 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBACKGROUNDHirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a congenital disorder characterized by an absence of intrinsic ganglion cells in the nerve plexuses of the lower colon. The Semaphorin 3A (SEMA3A) gene is involved in the migration of enteric neural precursors (ENPs). To analyze the function of SEMA3A in HSCR, the SEMA3A expression in different colon segments in HSCR was examined.METHODSThe expression levels of SEMA3A in both ganglionic and aganglionic colon tissues of 32 patients with HSCR and in colon tissue of 5 newborn unaffected individuals were examined by real‐time RT‐PCR, Western‐blot, and immunohistology.RESULTSComparison of SEMA3A expression levels between ganglionic and aganglionic tissues in HSCR revealed upregulation of SEMA3A expression in 43.75% (14/32) of the aganglionic colons. SEMA3A was expressed in the ganglion cells of the myenteric plexus, submucosa, as well as in the longitudinal and circular muscle layer of the normal colon of both unaffected newborns and patients with HSCR. In the aganglionic segment of patients with HSCR, SEMA3A was highly expressed in the circular muscle layer and was also detected in the submucosa and in the longitudinal muscles layer. The fluorescence intensity of SEMA3A in the circular muscle layer in the aganglionic segment was much higher than that in ganglionic segment (p < .001).CONCLUSIONSEMA3A expression was upregulated in the aganglionic smooth muscle layer of the colon in some patients with HSCR and our data suggest that increased SEMA3A expression may be a risk factor for HSCR pathology in a subset of patients. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Encapsulated mesenchymal stromal cells for in vivo transplantation
Authors: Barminko Jeffrey , Kim Jae Hwan , Otsuka Seiji , Gray Andrea , Schloss Rene , Grumet Martin , Yarmush Martin L. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractImmunomodulatory human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSC) have been incorporated into therapeutic protocols to treat secondary inflammatory responses post‐spinal cord injury (SCI) in animal models. However, limitations with direct hMSC implantation approaches may prevent effective translation for therapeutic development of hMSC infusion into post‐SCI treatment protocols. To circumvent these limitations, we investigated the efficacy of alginate microencapsulation in developing an implantable vehicle for hMSC delivery. Viability and secretory function were maintained within the encapsulated hMSC population, and hMSC secreted anti‐inflammatory cytokines upon induction with the pro‐inflammatory factors, TNF‐α and IFN‐γ. Furthermore, encapsulated hMSC modulated inflammatory macrophage function both in vitro and in vivo, even in the absence of direct hMSC‐macrophage cell contact and promoted the alternative M2 macrophage phenotype. In vitro, this was evident by a reduction in macrophage iNOS expression with a concomitant increase in CD206, a marker for M2 macrophages. Finally, Sprague‐Dawley rat spinal cords were injured at vertebra T10 via a weight drop model (NYU model) and encapsulated hMSC were administered via lumbar puncture 24 h post‐injury. Encapsulated hMSC localized primarily in the cauda equina of the spinal cord. Histological assessment of spinal cord tissue 7 days post‐SCI indicated that as few as 5 × 104 encapsulated hMSC yielded increased numbers of CD206‐expressing macrophages, consistent with our in vitro studies. The combined findings support the inclusion of immobilized hMSC in post‐CNS trauma tissue protective therapy, and suggest that conversion of macrophages to the M2 subset is responsible, at least in part, for tissue protection. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011;108: 2747–2758. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neural bases of gaze and emotion processing in children with autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Davies Mari S. , Dapretto Mirella , Sigman Marian , Sepeta Leigh , Bookheimer Susan Y. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAbnormal eye contact is a core symptom of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), though little is understood of the neural bases of gaze processing in ASD. Competing hypotheses suggest that individuals with ASD avoid eye contact due to the anxiety‐provoking nature of direct eye gaze or that eye‐gaze cues hold less interest or significance to children with ASD. The current study examined the effects of gaze direction on neural processing of emotional faces in typically developing (TD) children and those with ASD. While undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 16 high‐functioning children and adolescents with ASD and 16 TD controls viewed a series of faces depicting emotional expressions with either direct or averted gaze. Children in both groups showed significant activity in visual‐processing regions for both direct and averted gaze trials. However, there was a significant group by gaze interaction such that only TD children showed reliably greater activity in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex for direct versus averted gaze. The ASD group showed no difference between direct and averted gaze in response to faces conveying negative emotions. These results highlight the key role of eye gaze in signaling communicative intent and suggest altered processing of the emotional significance of direct gaze in children with ASD.
Epidemic of illicit drug use, mechanisms of action/addiction and stroke as a health hazard
Authors: Esse Katherine , Fossati‐Bellani Marco , Traylor Angela , Martin‐Schild Sheryl 
Published: June 2011

AbstractDrug abuse robs individuals of their jobs, their families, and their free will as they succumb to addiction; but may cost even more: a life of disability or even life lost due to stroke. Many illicit drugs have been linked to major cardiovascular events and other comorbidities, including cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy, heroin, phencyclidine, lysergic acid diethylamide, and marijuana. This review focuses on available epidemiological data, mechanisms of action, particularly those leading to cerebrovascular events, and it is based on papers published in English in PubMed during 1950 through February 2011. Each drug's unique interactions with the brain and vasculature predispose even young, healthy people to ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. Cocaine and amphetamines have the strongest association with stroke. However, the level of evidence firmly linking other drugs to stroke pathogenesis is weak. Large epidemiological studies and systematic evaluation of each drug's action on the brain and cardiovascular system are needed to reveal the full impact of drug use on the population.
Stereodivergent Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Transfer Semihydrogenation of Diaryl Alkynes
Authors: Li Jie , Hua Ruimao 
Published: June 2011

Abstract[Ru3(CO)12]‐catalyzed transfer semihydrogenation of various functionalized diaryl alkynes with N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) and water as hydrogen source affords cis‐ and trans‐stilbenes. The stereodivergent approach can be switched by the use of acetic (HOAc) or trifluoroacetic (TFA) acid as additives. The catalytic processes can be applied to the synthesis of analogues of natural products such as cis‐combretastatin A‐4 and trans‐resveratrol.
Intracellular Protein Labeling with Prodrug‐Like Probes Using a Mutant β‐Lactamase Tag
Authors: Watanabe Shuji , Mizukami Shin , Akimoto Yuri , Hori Yuichiro , Kikuchi Kazuya 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIntracellular protein labeling with small molecular probes that do not require a washing step for the removal of excess probe is greatly desired for real‐time investigation of protein dynamics in living cells. Successful labeling of proteins on the cell membrane has been performed using mutant β‐lactamase tag (BL‐tag) technology. In the present study, intracellular protein labeling with novel cell membrane permeable probes based on β‐lactam prodrugs is described. The prodrug‐based probes quickly permeated the plasma membranes of living mammalian cells, and efficiently labeled intracellular proteins at low probe concentrations. Because these cell‐permeable probes were activated only inside cells, simultaneous discriminative labeling of intracellular and cell surface BL‐tag fusion proteins was attained by using cell‐permeable and impermeable probes. Thus, this technology enables adequate discrimination of the location of proteins labeled with the same protein tag, in conjunction with different color probes, by dual‐color fluorescence. Moreover, the combination of BL‐tag technology and the prodrug‐based probes enabled the labeling of target proteins without requiring a washing step, owing to the efficient entry of probes into cells and the fast covalent labeling achieved with BL‐tag technology after bioactivation. This prodrug‐based probe design strategy for BL‐tags provides a simple experimental procedure with application to cellular studies with the additional advantage of reduced stress to living cells.
Identification of a Higher‐Order Organozincate Intermediate Involved in Negishi Cross‐Coupling Reactions by Mass Spectrometry and NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Hunter Howard N. , Hadei Niloufar , Blagojevic Voislav , Patschinski Pascal , Achonduh George T. , Avola Stephanie , Bohme Diethard K. , Organ Michael G. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractNegishi cross‐coupling reactions were analyzed in solution by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy to identify both the effect of LiBr as an additive as well as the purpose of 3‐dimethyl‐2‐imidazolidinone (DMI) as a co‐solvent. The results suggest that the main role of DMI is to facilitate a higher order bromozincate formation during the addition of LiBr.
The POU transcription factor UNC‐86 controls the timing and ventral guidance of Caenorhabditis elegans axon growth
Authors: Olsson‐Carter Katherine , Slack Frank J. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe in vivo mechanisms that coordinate the timing of axon growth and guidance are not well understood. In the Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodite specific neurons (HSNs), the lin‐4 microRNA controls the stage of axon initiation independent of the UNC‐40 and SAX‐3 ventral guidance receptors. lin‐4 loss‐of‐function mutants exhibit marked delays in axon outgrowth, while lin‐4 overexpression leads to precocious growth in the L3 larval stage. Here, we show that loss of the POU transcription factor UNC‐86 not only results in penetrant ventral axon growth defects in in the HSNs, but also causes processes to extend in the L1, three stages earlier than wild‐type. This temporal shift is not dependent on UNC‐40 or SAX‐3, and does not require the presence of lin‐4. We propose that unc‐86(lf) HSN axons are misguided due to the temporal decoupling of axon initiation and ventral guidance responses. Developmental Dynamics 240:1815–1825, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Land cover effects on groundwater recharge in the tropics: ecohydrologic mechanisms
Authors: Brauman Kate A. , Freyberg David L. , Daily Gretchen C. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTManaging groundwater recharge to ensure sufficient water supply is a growing concern for many communities. We explore land cover effects on recharge processes and rate in Hawai'i, where precipitation on the mountain slopes of leeward Hawai'i Island recharges the aquifer that is the sole source of water for coastal communities. Applying a water balance, we quantify the influences of native forest and cattle pasture on recharge using measurements of precipitation and the drivers of evapotranspiration taken over 18 months. Surface runoff is negligible in these highly permeable basalt watersheds, simplifying fluxes into and out of the recharge area. On the basis of our analysis of measured fluxes, groundwater recharge is 96% of rainfall in pasture, 87% of above‐canopy rainfall in open forest, and 106% of above‐canopy rainfall in dense forest. Differences in recharge among vegetation types result largely from direct interception of cloud water by native Hawaiian forest. The majority of rainfall occurs in infrequent, large storms, so water moves quickly beyond plant rooting depth, limiting its availability for evapotranspiration. Potential evapotranspiration is low, as its drivers are modest and constant throughout the year. Existing estimates of submarine groundwater discharge support our conclusion that the rainfall‐to‐recharge ratio is close to one for all sites. Identifying primary influences on the recharge‐to‐rainfall ratio is key to predicting the types of changes that will have substantial effects on recharge. In any tropical setting with young, porous substrates, precipitation is likely to play a dominant role in the magnitude and variability of groundwater recharge; here, land‐use changes that affect local precipitation, such as an increase in fog interception, will play a larger role than vegetation shifts that affect evapotranspiration. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphine‐induced mu opioid receptor trafficking enhances reward yet prevents compulsive drug use
Authors: Berger Amy Chang , Whistler Jennifer L. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractMorphine, heroin and other commonly abused opioids induce little mu opioid receptor (MOR) trafficking compared to endogenous opioids. We utilized knock‐in mice expressing a mutant recycling MOR (RMOR) that desensitizes and is internalized in response to morphine to show that facilitating MOR trafficking not only enhances morphine reward but, despite this, reduces the development of addiction‐like behaviours. To demonstrate this, we developed a novel model of the transition from controlled to compulsive drug use that recapitulates many features of human addiction, including persistent drug seeking despite adverse consequences and a decreased preference for alternative rewards. These behaviours emerged spontaneously in wild‐type but not RMOR mice, and their intensity predicted the reinstatement of morphine seeking after extended abstinence, while prior morphine intake did not. These results confirm previous findings in the rat that addiction can be dissociated from both reward and consumption. Most importantly, these results demonstrate that one can simultaneously reduce the ‘addictiveness’ of morphine and enhance its desirable effects by promoting agonist‐induced MOR trafficking.
Post‐protection effect of heat‐resistant insulations on timber‐frame members exposed to fire
Authors: Just Alar , Schmid Joachim , König Jürgen 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYIn lightweight walls and floors, the load‐bearing timber members are protected by cladding on the sides to form a divider between two fire compartments or to provide appropriate fire protection to the load‐bearing members. The spaces between the timber members can be void or filled with insulation materials. Although a huge number of different insulation materials exist, the most commonly used material is mineral wool insulation.The existing design model for glass wool‐insulated timber‐frame constructions, given in European standard 1995‐1‐2, assumes collapse of the glass wool after failure of the cladding. However, a new form of glass wool insulation, suitable for use at high maximum service temperatures, is now available in the market. The charring phase after the cladding's failure is known as the post‐protection phase. The behaviour of the new heat‐resistant glass wool in the post‐protection phase is similar to that of stone wool and considerably better than that of traditional glass wool. The protective properties of stone wool have changed over the last decades.Charring is one of the main parameters needed to calculate the resistance of a structure to fire. Based on experimental investigations, this paper describes the analysis of the effect of the insulation with regard to its ability to protect timber members against charring during the post‐protection phase. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.