bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The problem of deducing the climate from the governing equations
Authors: Lorenz Edward D. 
Published: January 2012

The climate of a system is identified with the set of long-term statistical properties. Methods of deducing the climate from the equations which govern the system are enumerated. These methods are illustrated by choosing a first-order quadratic difference equation in one variable as a governing equation. The equation contains a single parameter. Particular attention is given to the climatic mean of the single variable.
Analytic methods yield the climate in some cases where the system varies periodically, but generally fail when the system varies nonperiodically. Numerical integration yields a value of the climatic mean for any individual value of the parameter. Additional analytic reasoning is needed to determine the nature of the climatic mean as a function of the parameter.
The progression from steady-state to periodic to nonperiodic behavior, as the parameter increases, is compared to the progression from steady-state to periodic to irregular flow in the rotating-basin experiments, as the rate of rotation increases.
A Baroclinic Model of the Atmosphere Applicable to the Problem of Numerical Forecasting in Three Dimensions. I
Authors: Árnason G. 
Published: January 2012

A three-dimensional baroclinic model of the atmosphere is presented. This model is completely determined by 4 parameters, three of which specify the field of temperature. The main difference between this model and other models so far published is that it allows for a non-uniform temperature lapse-rate in the horizontal. Moreover, it takes into account the observed division of the atmosphere into a troposphere and a stratosphere.
A simplification is introduced by utilizing the synoptic experience that the horizontal temperature gradient is usually reversed when traversing the tropopause. This essentially reduces the number of parameters to three.
This simplified version of the model is used for integrating the vorticity equation along the vertical, and the coefficients of the resulting two-dimensional equation are discussed in some detail. Examination of the coefficients give some valuable information regarding the levels of mean wind and non-divergence.
The main results are that in middle latitudes the level of mean wind may vary from 2.5–6.5 km and that the level of of non-divergence is always higher than the former, the difference amounting to 0.5–3.0 km. On the average, the level of mean wind lies below and the level of non-divergence above the 500 mb surface. One is therefore lead to the conclusion that this surface might be used to approximate each of the two levels mentioned.
The consequence of this for the practical procedures for numerical forecasting is that the height changes at this particular level could alternatively be predicted in the two following ways:

By use of the barotropic vorticity equation, thereby assuming that the level of non-divergence can be replaced by the 500 mb surface.
By use of an integrated vorticity equation applicable to the level of mean wind. In this case one replaces the level of mean wind with the 500 mb surface.
On the Interpretation of the Diurnal Variation of Cosmic Rays
Authors: Brunberg E. Å. , Dattner A. 
Published: January 2012

The recorded data of diurnal variation of the cosmic ray intensity are analysed. By using the known deflection of the cosmic ray particles in the geomagnetic field (BRUNBERG and DATTNER 1953) and under an assumption of an anisotropy in the primary cosmic radiation, it is shown that the momentum of the primary radiation and the direction of the anisotropy can be determined.
The anisotropy is explained as an effect due to the distribution of cosmic ray particles rotating with the solar magnetic field as suggested by H. Alfvén.
The diurnal variation is ascribed to the earth’s rotation in the anisotropic distribution of cosmic ray particles. The theoretical amplitude of this variation is calculated.
On the Origin of Cosmic Radiation
Authors: Alfvén Hannes 
Published: January 2012

The “local” theory of the origin of Cosmic Radiation is developed. According to the theory the radiation (possibly with exception of the highest energies) is generated in interplanetary space around the sun and trapped in an interstellar magnetic field. The acceleration takes place in electromagnetic fields in the sun's environment which are produced by the solar activity and especially associated with magnetic storms.
A theory of the origin of Cosmic Radiation should at the same time be a theory of the extra-terrestrial variations in the radiation. The present theory incorporates the magnetic storm variation, the diurnal variation and the long time (solar cycle) variation. The acceleration process of the theory is efficient for protons and especially for for heavy nuclei but is inefficient for electrons. This explains the absence of electrons in the primary Cosmic Radiation. The latitude “knee” is accounted for as a direct effect of the acceleration process.
Electron Orbits in Hyperbolic Magnetic Fields
Authors: Åström Ernst 
Published: January 2012

Electron motion in the field from cylindrical pole pieces with the section in the shape of a rectangular hyperbola and its conjugate is treated. The accessible region is discussed. For the motion in the asymptote planes to the hyperbola the orbits are characterized by two parameters, e.g. one (k), characterizing the shape, and the other the amplitude. The solution is given in elliptic functions. The orbits may be divided into two groups, one composed of orbits resembling trochoids and the other orbits of a meander type. There exists a periodic orbit similar to the diget 8. The drift is in opposite directions on different sides of this orbit, as characterized by k.
The trochoidal motion is stable if the orbit is not stretched too much. For the meander orbits the criterion used gives a main stability region. This region is bounded by the periodic orbit and the orbit the branches of which just touch each other. For both groups of orbits there exists an infinite number of stable regions.
Moving Forward With a Clear Definition of Continuing Competence
Authors: Case Di Leonardi Bette , Biel Melissa 
Published: January 2012

How to Obtain Contact Hours by Reading This Issue

Instructions: 2.3
contact hours will be awarded for this activity. A contact hour is 60 minutes of instruction. This is a Learner-paced Program. Vindico Medical Education does not require submission of the quiz answers. A contact hour certificate will be awarded 4–6 weeks following receipt of your completed Registration Form, including the Evaluation portion. To obtain contact hours:

1.
Read the article: “Moving Forward With a Clear Definition of Continuing Competence,” on pages 346–351, carefully noting the tables and other illustrative materials that are provided to enhance your knowledge and understanding of the content.

2.
Read each question and record your answers. After completing all questions, compare your answers to those provided within this issue.

3.
Type or print your full name and address and your Social Security number in the spaces provided on the Registration Form. Indicate the total time spent on the activity (reading article and completing quiz). Forms and quizzes cannot be processed if this section is incomplete. All participants are required by the accreditation agency to attest to the time spent completing the activity.

4.

Forward the completed Registration Form with your check or money order for $20 made payable to
JCEN-CNE
. Payment must be in U.S. dollars drawn on a U.S. bank. This activity is valid from August 1, 2012, to July 31, 2014.

Vindico Medical Education, LLC is accredited as a provider of continuing nursing education by the American Nurses Credentialing Center’s Commission on Accreditation.

This activity is co-provided by Vindico Medical Education and T
he
J
ournal of
C
ontinuing
E
ducation in
N
ursing
.

Objectives:
After studying the article, “Moving Forward With a Clear Definition of Continuing Competence,” in this issue, the participant will:

1.
Describe the developments that have crystallized the need for a definition of continuing competence.

2.
Define continuing competence.

3.
Distinguish between competence and competency.

Author Disclosure Statement
The authors disclose that they have no significant financial interests in any product or class of products discussed directly or indirectly in this activity, including research support.

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All author(s) and planners have agreed that this activity will be free of bias.
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Comparison of the Visual and Intraocular Optical Performance of a Refractive Multifocal IOL With Rotational Asymmetry and an Apodized Diffractive Multifocal IOL
Authors: Alió Jorge L. , Plaza-Puche Ana B. , Javaloy Jaime , Ayala María José 
Published: January 2012

PURPOSE:
To compare the visual outcomes and intraocular optical quality observed postoperatively in patients implanted with a rotationally asymmetric multifocal intraocular lens (IOL) and an apodized diffractive multifocal IOL.

METHODS:
Seventy-four consecutive eyes of 40 cataract patients (age range: 36 to 79 years) were divided into two groups: zonal refractive group, 39 eyes implanted with a rotationally asymmetric multifocal IOL (Lentis Mplus LS-312 IOL, Oculentis GmbH); and diffractive group, 35 eyes implanted with an apodized diffractive multifocal IOL (ReSTOR SN6AD3, Alcon Laboratories Inc). Distance and near visual acuity outcomes, contrast sensitivity, intraocular optical quality, and defocus curves were evaluated during 3-month follow-up. Calculation of the intraocular aberrations was performed by subtracting corneal aberrations from total ocular aberrations.

RESULTS:

Uncorrected near visual acuity and distance-corrected near visual acuity were better in the diffractive group than in the zonal refractive group (
P
=.01), whereas intermediate visual acuity (defocus +1.00 and +1.50 diopters) was better in the zonal refractive group. Photopic contrast sensitivity was significantly better in the zonal refractive group (
P
=.04). Wavefront aberrations (total, higher order, tilt, primary coma) were significantly higher in the zonal refractive group than in the diffractive group (
P
=.02).

CONCLUSIONS:
Both multifocal IOLs are able to successfully restore visual function after cataract surgery. The zonal refractive multifocal IOL provides better results in contrast sensitivity and intermediate vision, whereas the diffractive multifocal IOL provides better near vision at a closer distance.
Transfer of Skills in the Context of Non‐Suggestive Investigative Interviews: Impact of Structured Interview Protocol and Feedback
Authors: Cyr Mireille , Dion Jacinthe , McDuff Pierre , Trotier‐Sylvain Karine 
Published: January 2012

SummaryTwo groups of police investigators were trained in the use of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) interview protocol. After the training, one group (n = 8) received written feedback on each interview they conducted, whereas the other group (n = 11) did not. The objective of the study was, first, to evaluate the effect of NICHD protocol implementation on the types of questions and details provided by children and, second, to evaluate the impact of post‐training feedback. Interviewees were alleged sexual abuse victims between the ages of 3 and 14 years. Application of the NICHD protocol allowed interviewers to use more open‐ended questions and to obtain more details. The results show that providing feedback significantly increased the quality of the interviews. It is recommended that the NICHD protocol be used to interview child victims and witnesses and that feedback sessions be held with interviewers. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enantioselective α‐Arylation of Cyclic Ketones Catalyzed by a Combination of an Unmodified Cinchona Alkaloid and a Palladium Complex
Authors: Richter Christian , Ranganath Kalluri V. S. , Glorius Frank 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA palladium/Cinchona alkaloid‐catalyzed α‐arylation between cyclic ketones and aryl halides under phosphine‐free conditions is presented. The use of a simple, unmodified Cinchona alkaloid results in high levels of activity and selectivity with up to 93% ee. These enantioinduction levels are comparable or even higher than the ones reported using palladium/BINAP complexes. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first use of unmodified Cinchona alkaloids as ligands/catalysts in asymmetric transition metal complex‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions.
Natural rubber latex LbL films: Characterization and growth of fibroblasts
Authors: Davi Christiane P. , Galdino Luiz F. M. D. , Borelli Primavera , Oliveira Osvaldo N. , Ferreira Mariselma 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe recent biomedical applications of natural rubber (NR) latex, mostly in dry membranes, have motivated research into novel, more noble uses of this low‐cost biomaterial. In this article, we provide the first report on the fabrication of layer‐by‐layer (LbL) films of NR alternated with the polyelectrolytes polyethylenimine (PEI) and polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH). Stable (PAH/NR)n and (PEI/NR)n LbL films displayed similar physicochemical properties, but differed in terms of film morphology according to atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) data. Most significantly, (PEI/NR)5 LbL films were made of smaller and flattened particles, which were not efficient for the growth and proliferation of normal human fibroblasts (NHF). In contrast, efficient NHF proliferation could be obtained with (PAH/NR)n LbL films, with the fibroblasts exhibiting the expected elongated morphology. Furthermore, cell growth did not occur for cast films of NR, thus demonstrating the suitability of the LbL method for this biologically related application. The differences between the two polyelectrolytes illustrate the importance of the film architecture and morphology, which open the way for exploiting the molecular control inherent in the LbL technique for further applications of NR‐containing films. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Correlations of in vitro and in vivo degradation tests on electrospun poly‐DL‐lactide‐poly(ethylene glycol) fibers
Authors: He Shuhui , Li Xiaohong , Yang Ye , Jia Guoqing , Zou Jie 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAlthough electrospun fibrous scaffolds have shown promise in biomedical applications, the degradation behaviors after in vitro and in vivo incubations and their correlations have not been clarified till now. The present study aims to comprehensively investigate the effects that in vitro cell inoculation and in vivo implantation have on the degradation, when compared with commonly processed degradation in buffer solutions. During the investigational time period, there was no significant difference in the degradation behaviors after incubation of fibrous mats into phosphate buffer saline, simulated body fluid and cell culture media. After cell inoculation into the degradation system, significantly higher mass loss, lower molecular weight reduction, and less significant increase in the molecular weight polydispersity were detected. The tight attachment of cells on fibers further enhanced the degradation process after cell seeding on the fibrous mats. When compared with in vitro cell‐free degradation, the subcutaneous implantation of fibrous mats led to a significantly higher degradation rate at the initial stage, but slower degradation at the later stage. It was indicated that the degradation behaviors after in vivo implantation were close to those after cell culture on fibrous mats, thus providing an effective in vitro tool to predict in vivo degradation profiles of electrospun fibers. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Downregulation of ER60 Protease Inhibits Cellular Proliferation by Inducing G1/S Arrest in Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro
Authors: Lwin Zin‐Mar , Yip George Wai‐Cheong , Chew Fook‐Tim , Bay Boon‐Huat 
Published: January 2012

AbstractER60 protease, a 58‐kDa molecular chaperone in the endoplasmic reticulum, is involved in glycoprotein synthesis. ER60 protease has been reported to be differentially expressed in various cancers including breast carcinoma. This study explored the relationship of ER60 protease with cell proliferation in breast cancer in vitro. ER60 protease expression was first determined in a panel of breast cell lines by real‐time RT‐PCR and Western blot analysis and found to be most abundantly expressed in T47D breast cancer cells. The ER60 protease gene was then successfully knocked down in T47D breast cancer cells using two different sequences of small‐interfering RNA. The silencing efficiencies of siER‐1 and siER‐2 at 48‐hr post‐transfection were found to be >80% at the mRNA level with concomitant downregulation of the ER60 protease protein by >60% when compared with control T47D breast cancer cells. Downregulation of ER60 protease was also associated with inhibition of cell proliferation when assessed by the AlamarBlue assay. Cell cycle analysis performed on the siER‐1‐ and siER‐2‐transfected cells, revealed an increase in G1 phase population and a decrease in the S and G2/M phase populations compared with control cells, implicating G1/S cell cycle arrest. It would appear that ER60 protease is involved in breast tumorigenesis and could therefore be a prospective target for cancer therapeutics. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphological and Morphometric Study of the Pecten Oculi in the Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus)
Authors: Micali Antonio , Pisani Antonina , Ventrici Claudia , Puzzolo Domenico , Roszkowska Anna Maria , Spinella Rosaria , Aragona Pasquale 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe pecten oculi is a highly vascular and pigmented organ placed in the vitreous body of the avian eye. As no data are currently available on the morphological organization of the pecten in the Psittaciformes, the pecten oculi of the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) was studied. The eyes from adult male budgerigars were examined by light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy and a morphometric study on both light and transmission electron microscopy specimens was also performed in the different parts of the organ. In the budgerigar, the type of the pecten oculi was pleated. Its basal part had a cranio‐caudal and postero‐anterior course; its body consisted of 10–12‐folds joined apically by a densely pigmented bridge. The pecten showed many capillaries, whose wall was thick and formed by pericytes and endothelial cells. These latter had a large number of microfolds, rectilinear on their luminal surface and tortuous on their abluminal surface. Interstitial pigment cells were placed among the capillaries, filled with melanin granules and showed many cytoplasmic processes. The morphometric analysis demonstrated significant differences among the three parts of the organ relative to the length of the endothelial processes and to the number and size of the pigment granules. The morphological and morphometric analysis showed that the bridge of the budgerigar, different from the other birds, had a large number of capillaries, so that this part of the organ could also play a trophic role for the retina in addition to the choriocapillaris. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis, Structure and Biological Evaluation of Novel Bicyclic Nitroimidazole Derivatives
Authors: Zaprutko Lucjusz , Żwawiak Justyna , Augustynowicz‐Kopeć Ewa , Zwolska Zofia , Bartoszak‐Adamska Elżbieta , Nowicki Waldemar 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA new series of 3‐hydroxy‐8‐nitroimidazo[5,1‐b]‐1,4,5,6‐tetrahydropyrimidine systems, being potential tuberculostatic agents, were synthesized. These products are close structural analogs of the basic structure of the known antitubercular bicyclic nitroimidazooxazine PA‐824. The structures of the products obtained were confirmed by X‐ray methods on the example of 3‐hydroxy‐8‐nitro‐1‐phenylaminoimidazo[5,1‐b]‐1,4,5,6‐tetrahydropyrimidine. Evaluation of these products for their anti‐tuberculosis effects revealed interesting structure–activity relationships.
Nitrogen‐Rich Energetic Monoanionic Salts of 3,4‐Bis(1 H‐5‐tetrazolyl)furoxan
Authors: Huang Haifeng , Zhou Zhiming , Liang Lixuan , Song Jinhong , Wang Kai , Cao Dan , Sun Wenwen , Bian Chengming , Xue Min 
Published: January 2012

Abstract3,4‐Bis(1H‐5‐tetrazolyl)furoxan (H2BTF, 2) and its monoanionic salts that contain nitrogen‐rich cations were readily synthesized and fully characterized by multinuclear NMR (1H, 13C) and IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and elemental analyses. Hydrazinium (3) and 4‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazolium (7) salts crystallized in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/n and have calculated densities of 1.820 and 1.764 g cm−3, respectively. The densities of the energetic salts range between 1.63 and 1.79 g cm−3, as measured by a gas pycnometer. Detonation pressures and detonation velocities were calculated to be 23.1–32.5 GPa and 7740–8790 m s−1, respectively.
Chemical Biology Approaches Reveal Conserved Features of a C‐Terminal Processing PDZ Protease
Authors: Weski Juliane , Meltzer Michael , Spaan Lina , Mönig Timon , Oeljeklaus Julian , Hauske Patrick , Vouilleme Lars , Volkmer Rudolf , Boisguerin Prisca , Boyd Dana , Huber Robert , Kaiser Markus , Ehrmann Michael 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSeveral proteases like the high temperature requirement A (HtrA) protein family containing internal or C‐terminal PDZ domains play key roles in protein quality control in the cell envelope of Gram‐negative bacteria. While several HtrA proteases have been extensively characterized, many features of C‐terminal processing proteases such as tail‐specific protease (Tsp) are still unknown. To fully understand these cellular control systems, individual domains need to be targeted by specific peptides acting as activators or inhibitors. Here, we describe the identification and design of potent inhibitors and activators of Tsp. Suitable synthetic substrates of Tsp were identified and served as a basis for the generation of boronic acid‐based peptide inhibitors. In addition, a proteomic screen of E. coli cell envelope proteins using a synthetic peptide library was performed to identify peptides capable of amplifying Tsp's proteolytic activity. The implications of these findings for the regulation of PDZ proteases and for future mechanistic studies are discussed.