bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photosystem II Photoinactivation, Repair, and Protection in Marine Centric Diatoms
Authors: Wu Hongyan , Roy Suzanne , Alami Meriem , Green Beverley R. , Campbell Douglas A. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Revised Version
Diatoms are important contributors to aquatic primary production, and can dominate phytoplankton communities under variable light regimes. We grew two marine diatoms, the small Thalassiosira pseudonana and the large Coscinodiscus radiatus, across a range of temperatures and treated them with a light challenge to understand their exploitation of variable light environments. In the smaller T. pseudonana, photosystem II (PSII) photoinactivation outran the clearance of PSII protein subunits, particularly in cells grown at sub- or supraoptimal temperatures. In turn the absorption cross section serving PSII photochemistry was down-regulated in T. pseudonana through induction of a sustained phase of nonphotochemical quenching that relaxed only slowly over 30 min of subsequent low-light incubation. In contrast, in the larger diatom C. radiatus, PSII subunit turnover was sufficient to counteract a lower intrinsic susceptibility to photoinactivation, and C. radiatus thus did not need to induce sustained nonphotochemical quenching under the high-light treatment. T. pseudonana thus incurs an opportunity cost of sustained photosynthetic down-regulation after the end of an upward light shift, whereas the larger C. radiatus can maintain a balanced PSII repair cycle under comparable conditions.
Processed food consumption and risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A case‐control study in a high risk area
Authors: Song Qingkun , Wang Xiaorong , Yu Ignatius Tak‐sun , Huang Chengyu , Zhou Xiaoqiao , Li Jun , Wang Dong 
Published: July 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the association between consumption of processed foods and esophageal cancer risk. A population‐based case‐control study was designed. For the present study, 254 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with pathological diagnoses were selected from Yanting during 2008 and 2010 and 254 community‐based controls were selected from the same area, individually matched with cases by age and sex. Data on demographic, lifestyle and dietary factors were collected using food frequency questionnaires. A conditional logistic regression model was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) with adjustments for potential confounders. Compared to the frequency of <1 time/week, the intake frequency of >3 times/week of preserved vegetables had a significant association with esophageal cancer (OR = 5.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.07, 12.17). In stratified analyses, the OR of increasing intake of preserved vegetables for esophageal cancer were 2.02 in men (95% CI 1.18, 3.48), 3.15 in women (95% CI 1.28, 7.75), 2.41 (95% CI 1.45 4.01) in the persons <65 years old and 1.28 (95% CI 0.35, 4.65) in persons ≥65 years old. Consumption of pickled vegetables was not associated significantly with esophageal cancer risk. Intake of salted meat with a frequency of ≥1 time/week meant that the OR increased to 2.57 (95%CI 1.02, 6.43), but no significant trend or association in subgroup analysis was observed. Preserved vegetable consumption was associated with increased risk of esophageal cancer, while no association was found with pickled vegetables.
Systematic review: faecal microbiota transplantation in the management of inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Anderson J. L. , Edney R. J. , Whelan K. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryBackgroundThe intestinal microbiota is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been used for the management of IBD as well as infectious diarrhoea.AimTo undertake a systematic review of FMT in patients with IBD.MethodsThe systematic review followed Cochrane and PRISMA recommendations. Nine electronic databases were searched in addition to hand searching and contacting experts. Inclusion criteria were reports (RCT, nonrandomised trials, case series and case reports) of FMT in patients with IBD.ResultsOf the 5320 articles identified, 17 fulfilled the inclusion criteria, none of which were controlled trials. There were nine case series/case reports of patients receiving FMT for management of their IBD, and eight where FMT was for the treatment of infectious diarrhoea in IBD. These 17 articles reported on 41 patients with IBD (27 UC, 12 Crohn's, 2 unclassified) with a follow‐up period of between 2 weeks and 13 years. Where reported, FMT was administered via colonoscopy/enema (26/33) or via enteral tube (7/33). In patients treated for their IBD, the majority experienced a reduction of symptoms (19/25), cessation of IBD medications (13/17) and disease remission (15/24). There was resolution of C. difficile infection in all those treated for such (15/15).ConclusionsWhilst the available evidence is limited and weak, it suggests that faecal microbiota transplantation has the potential to be an effective and safe treatment for IBD, at least when standard treatments have failed. Well‐designed randomised controlled trials are required to investigate these findings.
Meta‐analysis: sequential therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication in children
Authors: Horvath A. , Dziechciarz P. , Szajewska H. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryBackgroundProblems with the standard triple treatment recommended for
Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy include unsatisfactory (less than 80%) eradication rates among children.AimTo assess the evidence for sequential therapy compared with triple therapy on
H. pylori eradication rates in children.MethodsThe Cochrane Library, MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched in May 2012, with no language restrictions, as were abstracts from major gastroenterology conferences, for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing sequential therapy with standard triple therapy for
H. pylori eradication. Additional references were obtained from reviewed articles. Authors were contacted for extra information. Dichotomous data were pooled to obtain the relative risk (RR) of the eradication rate, with a 95% CI.ResultsTen RCTs involving a total of 857 children aged 3–18 years met the inclusion criteria. Of the 409 patients in the sequential therapy group, 318 (78%, 95% CI 73–82) experienced eradication compared with 314 of the 444 patients (71%, 95% CI 66–75) in the standard triple therapy group (RR 1.14, 95% CI 1.06–1.23, number needed to treat 15; fixed‐effects model). Sequential therapy was superior to 7‐day standard triple therapy, but was not significantly better than 10‐day or 14‐day triple therapy. There were no significant differences between groups in the risk of adverse effects.ConclusionsThe pooled evidence suggests that 10‐day sequential therapy compared with standard triple therapy may be considered as an option for increasing the eradication rates in children; however, it is still less than desired.
Phylogeography of the cold‐water barnacle Chthamalus challengeri in the north‐western Pacific: effect of past population expansion and contemporary gene flow
Authors: Cheang Chi Chiu , Tsang Ling Ming , Ng Wai Chuen , Williams Gray A. , Chu Ka Hou , Chan Benny K. K. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAim  Phylogeographical patterns of marine organisms in the north‐western Pacific are shaped by the interaction of past sea‐level fluctuations during glacial maxima and present‐day gene flow. This study examines whether observed population differentiation in the barnacle Chthamalus challengeri, which is endemic to the north‐western Pacific, can be explained by the interactions between historical glacial events and patterns of contemporary gene flow.Location  Eleven locations in the north‐western Pacific.Methods  Partial sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), 12S, 16S and nuclear internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) were obtained from 312 individuals. Parsimony haplotype networks and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) were used to determine whether the observed genetic structure corresponds to marine provinces (Kuroshio Current and China Sea Coastal Provinces), zoogeographical zones (oriental and Japan warm‐temperate zones) and/or potential refugial areas (Sea of Japan and East China Sea) in the north‐western Pacific. Neutrality tests, mismatch distribution analysis and Bayesian skyline plots were used to infer the demographic history of C. challengeri.Results  In total, 312, 117, 182 and 250 sequences were obtained for COI, 12S, 16S and ITS1, respectively. A panmictic population was revealed, which did not conform to the ‘isolation by distance’ model. None of the a priori population groupings based on marine provinces, zoogeographical zones or potential refugial areas was associated with observed genetic patterns. Significant negative values from neutrality tests and the unimodal mismatch distribution and expansion patterns in Bayesian skyline plots for the COI and 16S data sets indicate a population expansion in the mid‐Pleistocene (c. 200 ka). Information from the fossil record suggests that there has been a northward range shift of this species from the East China Sea or the Palaeo‐Pacific coast of Japan to the Sea of Japan since the mid‐Pleistocene.Main conclusions  Chthamalus challengeri has experienced a population expansion and range shift since the mid‐Pleistocene. The observed lack of population differentiation can be explained by this past population expansion and present‐day wide‐scale larval dispersal (owing to the long planktonic larval duration) across marine provinces, which have led to the successful establishment of the species in different zoogeographical zones and habitats.
Perceptions of healthy eating and physical activity in an ethnically diverse sample of young children and their parents: the DEAL prevention of obesity study
Authors: Rawlins E. , Baker G. , Maynard M. , Harding S. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBackgroundEthnicity is a consistent correlate of obesity; however, little is known about the perceptions and beliefs that may influence engagement with obesity prevention programmes among ethnic minority children. Barriers to (and facilitators of) healthy lifestyles were examined in the qualitative arm of the London (UK) DiEt and Active Living (DEAL) study.MethodsChildren aged 8–13 years and their parents, from diverse ethnic groups, were recruited through schools and through places of worship. Thirteen focus group sessions were held with 70 children (n = 39 girls) and eight focus groups and five interviews with 43 parents (n = 34 mothers).ResultsAcross ethnic groups, dislike of school meals, lack of knowledge of physical activity guidelines for children and negativity towards physical education at school among girls, potentially hindered healthy living. Issues relating to families' wider neighbourhoods (e.g. fast food outlets; lack of safety) illustrated child and parental concerns that environments could thwart intentions for healthy eating and activity. By contrast, there was general awareness of key dietary messages and an emphasis on dietary variety and balance. For ethnic minorities, places of worship were key focal points for social support. Discourse around the retention of traditional practices, family roles and responsibilities, and religion highlighted both potential facilitators (e.g. the importance of family meals) and barriers (reliance on convenience stores for traditional foods). Socio‐economic circumstances intersected with key themes, within and between ethnic groups.ConclusionsSeveral barriers to (and facilitators of) healthy lifestyles were common across ethnic groups. Diversity of cultural frameworks not only were more nuanced, but also shaped lifestyles for minority children.
Selective Up‐Regulation of JunD Transcript and Protein Expression in Vasopressinergic Supraoptic Nucleus Neurones in Water‐Deprived Rats
Authors: Yao S. T. , Gouraud S. S. , Qiu J. , Cunningham J. T. , Paton J. F. R. , Murphy D. 
Published: July 2012

The magnocellular neurones (MCN) of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) undergo reversible changes during dehydration. We hypothesise that alterations in steady‐state transcript levels might be partially responsible for this plasticity. In turn, regulation of transcript abundance might be mediated by transcription factors. We have previously used microarrays to identify changes in the expression of mRNAs encoding transcription factors in response to water deprivation. We observed down‐regulation of 11 and up‐regulation of 31 transcription factor transcripts, including members of the activator protein‐1 gene family, namely c‐fos, c‐jun, fosl1 and junD. Because JunD expression and regulation within the SON has not been previously described, we have used in situ hybridisation and the quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction to confirm the array results, demonstrating a significant increase in JunD mRNA levels following 24 and 72 h of water deprivation. Western blot and immunohistochemistry revealed a significant increase in JunD protein expression following dehydration. Double‐staining fluorescence immunohistochemistry with a neurone‐specific marker (NeuN) demonstrated that JunD staining is predominantly neuronal. Additionally, JunD immunoreactivity is observed primarily in vasopressin‐containing neurones with markedly less staining seen in oxytocin‐containing MCNs. Furthermore, JunD is highly co‐expressed with c‐Fos in MCNs of the SON following dehydration. These results suggest that JunD plays a role in the regulation of gene expression within MCNs of the SON in association with other Fos and Jun family members.
Vagal Afferents Mediate Early Satiation and Prevent Flavour Avoidance Learning in Response to Intraperitoneally Infused Exendin‐4
Authors: Labouesse M. A. , Stadlbauer U. , Weber E. , Arnold M. , Langhans W. , Pacheco‐López G. 
Published: July 2012

Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor (GLP‐1R) agonists such as exendin‐4 (Ex‐4) affect eating and metabolism and are potential candidates for treating obesity and type II diabetes. In the present study, we tested whether vagal afferents mediate the eating‐inhibitory and avoidance‐inducing effects of Ex‐4. Subdiaphragmatic vagal deafferentation (SDA) blunted the short‐term (< 1 h) but not long‐term eating‐inhibitory effect of i.p.‐infused Ex‐4 (0.1 μg/kg) in rats. A dose of 1 μg/kg Ex‐4 reduced 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 h cumulative food intake in SDA and sham‐operated rats to a similar extent. Paradoxically, SDA but not sham rats developed a conditioned flavour avoidance (CFA) after i.p. Ex‐4 (0.1 μg/kg). SDA completely blunted the induction of c‐Fos expression by Ex‐4 in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Ex‐4, however, increased the number of c‐Fos expressing cells, independent of intact vagal afferents, in the nucleus accumbens and in the central nucleus of the amygdala, the lateral external parabrachial nucleus, the caudal ventrolateral medulla and the dorsal vagal complex. These data suggest that intact vagal afferents are only necessary for the full expression of the early satiating effect of Ex‐4 but not for later eating‐inhibitory actions, when circulating Ex‐4 might reach the brain via the circulation. Our data also dissociate the satiating and avoidance‐inducing effects of the low Ex‐4 dose tested under our conditions and suggest that vagal afferent signalling may protect against the development of CFA. Taken together, these findings reveal a complex role of vagal afferents in mediating the effects of GLP‐1R activation on ingestive behaviour.
Phlebotominae of epidemiological importance in cutaneous leishmaniasis in northwestern Argentina: risk maps and ecological niche models
Authors: QUINTANA M. , SALOMÓN O. , GUERRA R. , LIZARRALDE DE GROSSO M. , FUENZALIDA A. 
Published: July 2012

In Argentina, 58.2% out of the 8126 Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) incident cases accumulated from 1954 to 2006 were reported in the provinces of Salta and Jujuy. The aim of this study was to develop an exploratory risk map and a potential distribution map of the vector, in order to offer recommendations for CL prevention. A total of 12 079 Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) belonging to the species Lutzomyia neivai (Pinto), Lu. migonei (França), Lu. cortelezzii (Brèthes), Lu. shannoni (Dyar), Lu. quinquefer (Dyar) and Brumptomyia spp. (França & Parrot) were captured.Potential distribution models were created for two species, Lu. neivai (incriminated vector of Leishmania braziliensis) and Lu. migonei, associated with domestic animals in Argentina and that in turn could be involved as a link between zoonotic transmission cycles and anthropozoonotic.The Maximum Entropy Modeling System (MaxEnt) was used. The Jackknife test was performed, and the ‘rainfall of the driest month’ was the variable that best generalized the models. Accuracy was evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC) and validated by the Cohen's kappa index.This approximation provides a new analytical resource of high potential for the prevention of the disease, in order to allocate resources properly and to develop the most suitable strategies for action.
Allotetraploid Mimulus sookensis are highly interfertile despite independent origins
Authors: MODLISZEWSKI JENNIFER L. , WILLIS JOHN H. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPolyploidy (whole‐genome duplication) has contributed significantly to angiosperm evolution and diversification. To date, it has been found that most polyploids are the result of multiple formation events, which may contribute to genetic diversity and affect interfertility among polyploid lineages of independent origin. A recently discovered allotetraploid derivative of Mimulus guttatus and M. nasutus, Mimulus sookensis, is found throughout the valleys of western Oregon and Vancouver Island. Here, we analyse the patterns of nucleotide diversity at three chloroplast and six nuclear loci in M. guttatus, M. nasutus and M. sookensis, to gain insight into the formation of M. sookensis. By analysing the patterns of genetic variation seen in the diploid progenitors in comparison with the variation seen in M. sookensis, we are able to show that M. sookensis has recurrently formed. We also observed that most M. sookensis individuals are fixed heterozygotes at all of the nuclear loci examined, suggesting that duplicate gene loss is not extensive in M. sookensis. To assess the possibility that hybridization among M. sookensis has contributed to genetic diversity, we conducted crossing experiments within M. sookensis. We found that M. sookensis of independent origin are highly interfertile, suggesting that crossing barriers do not exist within M. sookensis, and that hybridization among M. sookensis may result in new recombinant genotypes. Together, the data suggest that although recurrent origins may be common, they can contribute to genetic diversity without contributing to reproductive isolation among independently arisen polyploid lineages.
You're so vein: bundle sheath physiology, phylogeny and evolution in C3 and C4 plants
Authors: GRIFFITHS HOWARD , WELLER GEORGE , TOY LYDIA F. M. , DENNIS ROSS J. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTBundle sheath (BS) anatomy is found in most C4 lineages, associated with low inter‐veinal distances (IVD) and high BS:mesophyll ratio (BS:MC). The origins, function and selective advantages of the BS in C3 lineages are relevant for understanding the environmental, molecular and phylogenetic determinants of C4 evolution. Suggested functions for BS have included structural support, hydraulic isolation, storage for water, ions, and carbohydrates, and photorespiratory carbon metabolism; we propose a central role for cavitation repair, consistent with the BS as a control centre on regulating stem and leaf hydraulic continuity. An analysis of BS traits in the phylogenetic lineages giving rise to C4 grasses (the ‘PACMAD’ clade) shows an initial enhancement in BS:MC ratio in C3 lineages, although IVD is similar to the Pooideae sister group. Using a global database, a well‐developed BS in the C3 PACMAD lineages was associated with higher precipitation and temperatures in the habitat of origin on an annual basis, with the C3 to C4 progression defined by the aridity index (AI). Maintaining leaf hydraulic conductance and cavitation repair are consistent with increased evaporative demand and more seasonal precipitation as drivers, first for the C3 BS, and then C4 diversification, under declining CO2concentrations in the Palaeogene and Neogene.
Oxidative phosphorylation gene transcription in whitefish species pairs reveals patterns of parallel and nonparallel physiological divergence
Authors: Evans M. L. , Bernatchez L. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAcross multiple lakes in North America, lake whitefish (
Coregonus clupeaformis) have independently evolved ‘dwarf’ and ‘normal’ sympatric species pairs that exhibit pronounced phenotypic and genetic divergence. In particular, traits associated with metabolism have been shown to be highly differentiated between whitefish species. Here, we examine the transcription of genes associated with the five mitochondrial and nuclear genome‐encoded oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes, the primary physiological mechanism responsible for the production of ATP, in whitefish species pairs from Cliff Lake and Webster Lake in Maine, USA. We observed OXPHOS gene transcription divergence between dwarf and normal whitefish in each of the two lakes, with the former exhibiting transcription upregulation for genes associated with each of the OXPHOS complexes. We also observed a significant influence of lake on transcription levels for some of the genes, indicating that inter‐lake ecological or genetic differences are contributing to variation in OXPHOS gene transcription levels. Together, our results support the hypothesis that metabolic divergence is a critical adaptation involved in whitefish speciation and implicate OXPHOS gene upregulation as a factor involved in meeting the enhanced energetic demands of dwarf whitefish. Further studies are now needed to evaluate the contribution of genetically vs. plasticity driven variation in transcription associated with this critical physiological pathway.