bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Microscopical Study of some Huronian Clay-slates
Authors: Wichmann Arthur 
Published: October 2009

Greater attention has lately been paid to the microscopical study of clay-slates and slate-clays, giving rise to a number of researches the results of which may be found in the classical paper of Zirkel. The principal object of these investigations has been to discuss the origin and formation of the crystalline constituents contained in clay-slates, and they have chiefly extended from Silurian and Devonian to rocks of the recent period. Such clay-slates as belong to Archæan districts might also claim the privilege of a certain interest, especially as the presence of these crystalline constituents has been used to solve geological problems. The clay-slates which I have examined occur in the Huronian region of Lake Superior. The respective rocks are in the collection of Major T. B. Brooks, Marquette, Michigan, who placed them at my disposal, chiefly for the sake of microscopical examination.
Hermann Credner in his paper, “Die vorsilurischen Gebilde der ‘Oberen Halbinsel’ von Michigan, in Nord-Amerika,” gives us a partial description of the geological appearance of these rocks. Further information may be obtained from the Geological Survey of Michigan, to which we shall refer hereafter.
On the Upper Part of the Cambrian (Sedgwick) and Base of the Silurian in North Wales
Authors: Ruddy Thomas 
Published: October 2009

In the following paper it is proposed to describe in detail some sections in the neighbourhood of Corwen and Bala, pointing out the fossils which in that district characterize the different zones of the upper part of the Cambrian and the lower part of the Silurian.
The sections are not drawn to scale, being merely diagrammatic to show the sequence in each locality.

Section I. (fig. 1).—On the southern shore of Bala Lake, the rocks jutting out of the side of the hill consist of rubbly shale with a general dip to the south or south-east. Near the brow of the hill we find what is called an ash-bed of no great thickness, but well known in the neighbourhood, as it is quarried for building-purposes. In the shales immediately above this ash-bed, near Bala, we have the true zone of
Orthis alternata
(Section I., bed 3). When searching for this zone on the north of Bala at Fronderw, I was informed by the farmer that he had removed an outcrop of rock which interfered with his ploughing. The stones he used for building a wall, and on examination I found the face of the wall covered with
Orthis alternata
. Associated with it were
Orthis elegantula
, a few specimens of
Orthis flabellulum
and O.
vespertilio, Beyrichia complicata
and
Illænus Davisii
; this last species and a few others we find in every zone.
Notes on the Consolidated Beach at Pernambuco
Authors: Hawkshaw J. Clarke 
Published: October 2009

The narrow ridge of rock which forms the seaward protection of the harbour of Pernambuco, and which appears to be the remains of a consolidated beach laid bare by the slow upheaval of the coast, has become almost as well worn a subject of discussion as the parallel roads of Glen Roy. A drawing was given of it in a Dutch work as early as 1624, and many travellers have since described and figured it in their works. It has been called a coral reef, and has been described as consisting probably of cretaceous rocks, and it was not until after Mr. Darwin had visited it in 1836 that its true nature was pointed out by him in a short account printed in the ‘London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine’ for 1841.
The late Prof. Hartt, who has added so much to our knowledge of the coast of Brazil, confirms Mr. Darwin's view as to the nature of the reef, and describes several similar formations at various points along the coast. At Porto Seguro there is a consolidated beach very similar to that at Pernambuco; there is also one at Santa Cruz. The stone reef shown on the chart at the mouth of the Rio Grande do Norte appears to be a consolidated beach, and patches of beach rock occur at other places; I saw some undermined by the sea along the rocky coast north of Bahia.
Notes on the Physical Geography and Geology of North Gippsland, Victoria
Authors: Howitt Alfred William 
Published: October 2009

General Summary and Conclusion
In the preceding pages I have attempted to give, as shortly and as clearly as I could, an account of the physical geography and geology of North Gippsland, so far as my inquiries have made me acquainted with the subject. I may briefly sum up the conclusions which it seems to me may be arrived at, and which I believe to be warranted by the facts stated.
In glancing backwards through the dim geologic ages the earliest record of the past which we can discern is the great Silurian series. Whatever formations of prior date there may have been, on which the “35,000 feet” of Silurian t slates and sandstones reposed, no trace whatever, it would seem, now remains of them. The natural forces (dynamical, hydro-plutonic, whatever they may be termed) which compressed and folded the strata, which caused them to be metamorphosed, partially absorbed, or even invaded by the granites, no doubt also completely obliterated all those older rock masses on which the Silurian reposed, and from the wearing of which those Silurian strata were formed.
On the Tertiary Deposits on the Solimões and Javary Rivers, in Brazil
Authors: Brown C. Barrington 
Published: October 2009

Whilst engaged on the Geological Commission of the Amazon Steam Navigation Company of London, in the year 1874, I had an opportunity of examining some beds on the banks of the Solimões, or Upper Amazon, and one of its tributaries, the Javary, which contained similar species of fresh- and brackish-water shells to those found in the Tertiary beds at Pebas, still further up the Amazon. These, I naturally concluded, were part of a southerly extension of the same deposit; and my conclusion is, I think, borne out by the facts.
Thinking that any additional records of this highly interesting Tertiary deposit might prove acceptable to geologists, I have embodied the scanty results of my investigations in the present paper. Amongst the fossils I collected were some hitherto undescribed genera and species, which have now been examined by Mr. Etheridge, who has described them in an Appendix which he has done me the honour to attach to this paper.
Appendix. Notes on the Mollusca collected by C. Barrington Brown, Esq., A.R.S.M., from the Tertiary Deposits of Solimões and Javary Rivers, Brazil
Authors: Etheridge R. 
Published: October 2009

The collection of Tertiary Mollusca made by C. B. Brown, Esq., to illustrate a portion of his investigation of the geological features of certain portions of the Tipper Amazon, although few in species, is nevertheless of value on account of its showing a considerable extension of these later Tertiaries on the Solimões or Upper Amazon and Javary rivers in Brazil, ranging over an area 300 miles in length by 50 miles in breadth; again, the great extension westwards of the Atlantic, probably, as Mr. Brown believes, some 1500 miles west of the present shore-line and covering the area now the valley of the Amazon, is of sufficient interest to demand some notice of the Mollusca once occupying the now elevated sea-, estuarine, and freshwater deposits.
Mr. T. A. Conrad and Dr. H. Woodward have both described certain species of Mollusca from these Tertiary deposits, many of them being the same as those collected by Mr. Brown, thus precluding other notice than reference to them in the volumes cited below. I am enabled to add and describe about fourteen new species or forms, or such as I cannot determine from the works of others.
On the Upper-Greensand Coral Fauna of Haldon, Devonshire
Authors: Duncan P. Martin 
Published: October 2009

MM. Milne-Edwards and Jules Haime, writing in 1850, in their celebrated ‘Monograph of the British Fossil Corals,‘ stated that “the class of Polypi had not, in all probability, numerous representatives in the beds where the Upper Greensand was deposited; for we have as yet seen only four British species belonging to that formation; and the English geologists do not appear to have met with many more. Most of the fossils belong to the family Astræidæ, and have been found at Haldon, at Blackdown, or at Warminster”.
During the twenty-eight years which have elapsed, so many specimens of fossil corals have been discovered in the English Upper-Greensand series that the coral fauna of that age has become an important one, and requires more careful examination by palæontologists.

MM. Milne-Edwards and Jules Haime described a few specimens which had been collected and studied, to a certain extent, by Mr. R. Godwin-Austen and Prof. John Morris. Thus
Peplosmilia Austeni
, Edw. & H., of Haldon, was described by the French naturalists from Mr. Austen's specimen, and two species, called by Mr. Godwin-Austen
Astræa elegans
and
Astræa escharoides
, were mentioned in the Monograph; but as the specimens were not available, the forms were not delineated.

The Blackdown Greensand contained Morris's
Turbinolia compressa
, which became
Trochosmilia tuberosa
, Edw. & H.; and
Parastræa
, now
Favia striata
, Edw. & H., came from the same locality. The Warminster Greensand yielded
Micrabacia coronula
, Goldfuss, sp., to the researches of the distinguished zoophytologists.
On Annelid Jaws from the Cambro-Silurian, Silurian, and Devonian Formations in Canada and from the Lower Carboniferous in Scotland
Authors: Hinde George Jennings 
Published: October 2009

Summary

In the preceding pages I have described 55 different forms of jaws, of which there are 33 from the Cincinnati group, 13 from the Niagara and Clinton group, 7 from the Hamilton group, of the Canadian rocks, and 2 from the Lower Carboniferous in Scotland. The respective numbers included under the different genera are as follows:—
Eunicites
14 forms,
Œnonites
10,
Arabellites
19,
Staurocephalites
1,
Lumbinconereites
4,
Nereidavus
1,
Glycerites
3, whilst 3 forms are not referred to any genus. Of many of the forms there are numerous examples, whilst others are represented only as single specimens. Whilst there is thus shown a predominance of forms belonging to the genera
Eunicites, Œnonites
, and
Arabellites
(on account of the number and variety of the different jaws in the individuals of these genera, which renders the work of classification to a certain extent doubtful), no definite conclusions can be drawn as to the relative abundance of the different genera. It is quite possible that the number of
species
represented may be less than half the number of forms to which I have given names and descriptions, and they will therefore have to be accepted more for palæontological reference than as indicating so many separate species of these Annelids. It is possible that future discovery will bring to light some of these fossil Annelids with their jaw-plates in their respective positions, which will enable many of the forms described to be placed under a single species; in the mean time I have thought that it would be of interest to geologists to show, what had previously been inferred from the trails and markings, that Errant Annelids were very abundant in the Palæozoic rocks, and that, judging from their jaws, many of them were closely related to existing forms.
On the Southerly Extension of the Hessle Boulder-clay in Lincolnshire
Authors: Jukes-Browne A. J. 
Published: October 2009

The group of beds to which in 1867 Messrs. Wood and Rome gave the name of Hessle Sand and Clay have recently been invested with much greater interest and importance than was originally attached to them by these geologists when they first separated them from the other glacial deposits and described their mode of occurrence in the typical district of Holderness.
In a communication to the ‘Geological Magazine’ for 1872, Mr. Searles Wood, jun., states that he and Mr. Rome, subsequently to the publication of their joint paper, “traced an Upper Boulder-clay and underlying sand through the. Vale of York into that of the Tees, which seemed to be a continuation of the Hessle Clay and Sand.” They noticed that the thickness of the clay was greater in the north than along the Holderness coast, and stated that they had reason for thinking the same beds extended into Cumberland and even into Scotland.
On the Silurian District of Rhymney and Pen-y-lan, Cardiff
Authors: Sollas W. J. 
Published: October 2009

The occurrence of rocks containing typical Silurian fossils at several places near Cardiff, and over an area mapped as Old Red Sandstone by the Geological Survey, was first brought to my notice by my friends Captain J. Carne Ross, F.G.S., and Mr. W. H. Harris, of Cardiff. This was in the autumn of 1875; and as I was then commencing a stay of six months at Cardiff, I was able to accompany my friends to the sections they had discovered, and to confirm their observations.
Mr. Ross and myself then devoted ourselves to a careful study of the neighbourhood, with the intention of writing a joint paper on the subject; but when we had made a considerable advance in our work, Mr. Ross removed to a distant part of the country, and I was left (much to my regret) to complete the paper without his aid. My friends Messrs. R. Jones and T. Jones, F.G.S., both of Newport, and Messrs. W. H. Harris and J. Storrie, of Cardiff, came, however, to my assistance; and to them I am indebted for many valuable suggestions and for the clearing-up of many doubtful and difficult points.

History
.

The whole of the district I am about to describe is coloured as Old Red Sandstone on the maps of the Geological Survey; but that Silurian rocks exist at Pen-y-lan hill and in its neighbourhood was made known so long ago as 1861 by Norman Glass*, who collected a number of fossils from the Pen-y-lan quarry,
On some Three-toed Footprints from the Triassic Conglomerate of South Wales
Authors: Sollas W. J. 
Published: October 2009

I
n
the summer of 1878 an artist friend, Mr. T. H. Thomas, was passing through Newton Nottage, a village near Forth-Cawl, Glamorganshire, when his attention was arrested by some three-toed footprints, deeply impressed in the surface of a slab of rock and rendered particularly visible by the slanting rays of the setting sun. Understanding the full value of his discovery, he at once communicated it to Mr. R. W. Jones of Newport, Monmouthshire, who, with his brother, Mr. T. Jones, Jun., F.G.S., takes a deep interest in every thing connected with the progress of geology. Mr. T. Jones at once commissioned Mr. J. Storrie, the valued Curator of the Cardiff Museum, to obtain casts of the footprints in plaster of Paris; and Mr. R. W. Jones suggested that casts should also be taken of the footprints of some living birds for comparison.

Accordingly Mr. Storrie set about his work, which he most successfully accomplished; and Mr. Thomas and myself obtained casts, in mud and in modelling-clay, of the footprints of an Emu living in the Gardens of the Clifton Zoological Society, and of a Rhea and a Cassowary which are preserved in a stuffed state in the Bristol Museum. Finally all the accumulated facts and material were placed in my hands for description.
The Slab of Stone.—This is now lying in the N.E. corner of the green in front of the church at Newton Nottage*. At one time it lay in front of the steps of the village inn, and
Notes on the Structure of the Palæozoic Districts of West Somerset
Authors: Champernowne A. , Ussher W. A. E. 
Published: October 2009

I
n
the following account of traverses made during the past antumn across some of the classical ground of West Somerset and its confines, we do not aim at any extensive alteration in principle of the work wrought by the master hand of De la Beche, and given to the scientific world forty years ago.

Notwithstanding the encyclopædic paper of Mr. Etheridge†, wherein both the physical and palæontological relations of the North-Devon rocks are so ably worked out, instances of unbelief will occur where ocular evidence is wanting, prompted perhaps by a hankering after the apparently simple version of the structure of North Devon put forward by the late lamented Prof. Jukes‡. Although the ground has been carefully gone over in Mr. Etheridge's paper, such a confirmation of his views as the infilling of minor stratigraphical details affords may not be altogether unworthy of attention.
The classification which De la Boche‚s unequalled description of the North-Devon rocks suggests was put into form by the la'te Prof. Phillips, who, however, included the unfossiliferous grits and slates of Piekwell Down with the slates of Mortehoe as one division §. Although these divisions were similarly treated by Mr. Hall in 1865 and 1867 ∥, a more detailed description mitigated an error of classification which that gentleman has since abandoned.:Mr. Hall informed us that the term Pickwell-Down Sandstone was applied to that division by Prof. Jukes, acting on his suggestion. To Mr. Hall belongs the credit of inaugurating the present more complete classification, which rightly
Note on some Rocks from South America
Authors: Bonney T. G. 
Published: October 2009

1.

(Near Potosi, p. 586.) This rock has been much altered. The following constituents are present :—(
a
) crystalline grains composed of earthy-looking granules and minute, rather fibrous microliths, showing light colour with the two Nicols, being one of the decomposition pseudomorphs after felspar, often called saussurite ; (
b
) augite and diallage, more or less converted into hornblende and a chloritic mineral; (
c
)iron peroxide, probably ilmenite; (
d
) a little apatite. The general aspect of the saussuritic grains suggests that the felspar has been plagioclastic. Of the pyroxenic mineral the greater part is altered, being converted into hornblende with strong dichroism and very characteristic cleavage, associated with which are smaller more fibrous forms, some of which are probably varieties of hornblende, others rather more resemble chlorite. Portions of the diallage and augite remain unchanged in many of the grains; both minerals appear to be present. One or two serpentinous-looking aggregates may possibly replace olivine. We may venture to say that the rock has once been a gabbro, in which the pyroxenic constituent has been almost wholly converted into hornblende, as has not seldom happened*.

2.
(Quacipati, p. 585.) The ground-mass of the rock consists chiefly of minute grains of quartz, looking as if fused together. In this are scattered many small grains of epidote and scales of mica. Of the latter there appear to be two kinds—one having its darkest tint an olive-green, rather strongly dichroic ; the other nearly colourless, and showing brilliant tints with the two Nieols,
On the Geological Age of the Rocks forming the Southern Highlands of Ireland, generally known as “The Dingler Beds” and “Glengariff Grits and Slates” (Jukes)
Authors: Hull Edward 
Published: October 2009

I.
Introduction
.

T
he
geological age of the formations which rise into the highest elevation in the South of Ireland, and form the central masses of the promontories which jut out far into the Atlantic in the counties of Kerry and Cork, has been long a subject of controversy. They have been referred by successive authors to the Silurian, Devonian, and Old Red Sandstone periods. While I would refrain from speaking dogmatically on a question which may be incapable of absolute demonstration, I wish to place before the Society the reasons which have induced me to agree with those who have referred these beds to the Upper Silurian age. Before proceeding to the discussion of those points which seem to me to bear directly upon the question at issue, I will briefly notice the views expressed by previous authors on the subject.

Views of Previous Authors
.*

1838. In this year Mr. Charles W. Hamilton, in a paper entitled “An Outline of the Geology of part of the County of Kerry ”† described the coast sections of the Dingle promontory, noticing the beds with Silurian fossils and the overlying slates and grits, and identified them with the rocks which form the Reeks and Glengariff ranges.
1838. Mr. Thomas Weaver, in a memoir “On the Geological Relations of the South of Ireland”*, described the rocks forming the mountains of Cork and Kerry under the old name of “Greywaeke and slate of the Transition series.”
1839. Sir Richard Grifllth, in presenting his Geological map
On the South-Scarle Section
Authors: Wilson E. 
Published: October 2009

A
t
South Scarle, a point about halfway between Newark and Lincoln, au unsuccessful boring for coal some short time ago disclosed a most interesting, but, so far as its lower portion was concerned, somewhat puzzling geological section. The object of this communication is to identify, ff possible, the lower rocks passed through in these borings.

The following generalized section is quoted from a paper “On a deep Boring for Coal at Scarle, Lincolnshire,” by Prof. E. Hull, F.R.S., F.G.S. (see Prec. Inst. Civil Engineers, eel. xlix. part iii.) :—
Down to 26 feet in the Lower Magnesian Limestone the above classification of the Scarle cores appears to be approximately correct. Below that depth, however (1827 feet), there came up from 50 to 60 feet of a very hard dark grey to black rock, generally oolitic, though apparently untbssiliferous, the analysis of which showed it to be an argillaceous dolomite. This was succeeded by 16 feet of sandy (?) sediment too loose for cores ; then came 118 feet of grey earthy limestones or calcareous shales, with a foot or so of greenish grit or breccia at the base. Last of all (at 2020 feet), compact red or purplish-red clays with nodules of hæmatite were penetrated to a depth of 10 feet. On seeing the first specimens of the “grey earthy limestones,” Professors Ramsay and Hull both came to the conclusion, founded on lithological grounds, that these rocks were to be referred to the Lower Yoredale series. The succession below, however,
The Geology of the Central Andes in Part of the Province of Junin, Peru
Authors: Harrison John Vernon 
Published: October 2009

Summary
An area of 2500 square miles in the Department of Junin was geologically and topographically surveyed. Sediments and lavas up to a thickness of 26,000 feet were laid down upon folded Devonian or older beds in a trough which was flooded by stages. Volcanic and intrusive rocks are interspersed at many horizons. Spilites are interbedded with the lowest group, which is cut by peridotite. Rhyolitic flows and breccias mark the Carboniferous. Teschenite sills pierce many horizons of the Mesozoic and small plugs of granite and quartz-porphyry were intruded during the early Mesozoic stages. Cretaceous and later sediments in the western Cordillera were altered by intrusive bodies, but the granites of the eastern Cordillera are probably older than Cretaceous. Strong folding preceded the deposition of the Carboniferous and'a second major movement took place after the Bed Bed Series had been laid down. Warping affected beds of Carboniferous, Trias, Lias and Cenomanian ages. The Trias and Lower Lias are overlapped by the Middle Lias. A gap probably exists between this and the Lower Cretaceous, and the rapid thickening of the Red Bed Series suggests the existence of a gap also between it and the Cenomanian, with some disturbance, though of lesser magnitude than the main folding which affects the Red Bed Series and its suite of lavas. Topographical evidence is interpreted to mean that an uplift of some 10,000 feet took place during Pleistocene time.
I . Introduction
This paper has been written mainly as a commentary and explanation of the