bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calpeptin attenuated inflammation, cell death, and axonal damage in animal model of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Guyton M. Kelly , Das Arabinda , Samantaray Supriti , Wallace Gerald C. , Butler Jonathan T. , Ray Swapan K. , Banik Naren L. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractExperimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model for studying multiple sclerosis (MS). Calpain has been implicated in many inflammatory and neurodegenerative events that lead to disability in EAE and MS. Thus, treating EAE animals with calpain inhibitors may block these events and ameliorate disability. To test this hypothesis, acute EAE Lewis rats were treated dose dependently with the calpain inhibitor calpeptin (50–250 μg/kg). Calpain activity, gliosis, loss of myelin, and axonal damage were attenuated by calpeptin therapy, leading to improved clinical scores. Neuronal and oligodendrocyte death were also decreased, with down‐regulation of proapoptotic proteins, suggesting that decreases in cell death were due to decreases in the expression or activity of proapoptotic proteins. These results indicate that calpain inhibition may offer a novel therapeutic avenue for treating EAE and MS. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Drainage pathways beneath ice sheets and their implications for ice sheet form and flow: the example of the British Ice Sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Boulton Geoffrey 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe drainage system beneath ice sheets is poorly understood, even though it is a major determinant of their basal boundary condition, with implications for their form, flow and stability, and particularly of the ice streams that are crucial dynamic components. Understanding can be enhanced by evidence from the beds of former ice sheets. Glaciological principles are applied to geological evidence in the Vale of York that demonstrate occupancy by a major ice stream of the British ice sheet, with deduced gravitational shear stresses in the range 4–24 kPa, compared with a typical glacier shear stress of about 80–100 kPa, and horizontal velocities in the terminal zone in the range of 400–950 ma1. It is shown that the ice stream was in an almost buoyant state, with effective pressures in the range 50–100 kPa for a range of ice pressures between 2000 and 5000 kPa. Similar deductions are made for other ice streams on the southern flank of the British ice sheet. The esker system in the area of the ice stream represents locations of subglacial drainage tunnels that are suggested to be the key drainage elements in ice sheets where excess surface water penetrates to the bed. A theory of channel‐groundwater coupling which self‐organises in response to the rate of water recharge and the transmissivity of the subglacial bed is applied to the sub‐ice stream esker system. When matched to local geological evidence, the theory predicts the distribution of basal water pressures, the rate of recharge of surface water to the glacier bed, local shear stresses, the areal pattern of sedimentary processes including bed deformation, and their seasonal fluctuations. Predictions of the annual recharge rate of 950 mm are consistent with the modern values of modern mean annual rainfall in the Ouse (Vale of York) catchment of 906mm. The calculated mean annual discharge of the four major subglacial rivers in 55 m3s−1, compared with a mean flow of the modern Ouse of 49 m3s−1. A transient analysis shows the response time of water pressures in the underlying aquifer to changes in surface recharge to be of the order 10–100 days, suggesting the possibility of instabilities at the ice‐bed interface. It is not possible, however, to determine whether the Vale of York ice stream was characterized by stable or instable (surging) flow. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Culture and knowledge co‐creation in R&D collaboration between MNCs and Chinese universities
Authors: Hong Jianzhong , Heikkinen Johanna , Blomqvist Kirsimarja 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis paper examines the role of culture in university–industry R&D collaboration and knowledge interaction in the context of multinational corporations in China. Earlier university–industry studies focus primarily on one‐way technology and knowledge transfer; however, the present study argues that in the studied context more interactive types of knowledge interaction like knowledge co‐creation should be of key concern. The main challenge of the R&D collaboration lies in the understanding of culture in general and Chinese guanxi (interpersonal relationship) in particular in collaborative knowledge creation, in which the dominant type of knowledge involved is most often tacit, future oriented, complex and context‐specific. This is particularly important when dealing simultaneously with multi‐disciplinary applied research where cultural challenges appear prominent. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the temporal bone
Authors: Gidley Paul W. , Roberts Dianna B. , Sturgis Erich M. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:To study the survival outcomes of patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the temporal bone. A secondary purpose was to evaluate the University of Pittsburgh staging system as a predictor of survival.Study Design:Retrospective review.Methods:We performed a single‐institution retrospective review of the medical charts of patients diagnosed with SCC of the temporal bone between 1945 and 2005. We identified the patients' demographic characteristics, presenting symptoms, physical examination findings, tumor histology, disease extent, treatment course, and clinical outcomes. We used the Pittsburgh staging system (2000) to determine the patients' tumor classification and disease state. We then compared the overall and disease‐free survival rates between patients with early‐stage versus late‐stage disease.Results:We identified 124 patients with SCC of the temporal bone. Of these, 71 had incident (untreated) SCC, 26 had recurrent SCC, and 27 had persistent SCC after treatment elsewhere. The 5‐year overall survival rate for patients with incident SCC was 38%, and the disease‐free survival rate was 60%. The overall survival rate for patients with incident SCC was similar to that for patients with persistent disease and was significantly better than that for patients with recurrent SCC (P = .008). Patients with early‐stage tumors (T1 or T2) had longer overall survival than those with late‐stage tumors (T3 or T4; P = .004, log‐rank). The 5‐year overall survival rate was 48% for patients with early‐stage disease and 28% for patients with late‐stage disease. Furthermore, patients with T1 tumors had significantly longer overall survival than patients with T2 tumors (P = .039) and patients with T3 and T4 tumors (P = .0008). Overall survival (OS) and disease‐free interval (DFI) were improved for T2 tumors when radiotherapy was combined with surgery (OS, P = .011; DFI, P = .02). T1 tumors did not benefit in a statistically significant way with combined therapy. T3 and T4 tumors had relatively poor outcomes in spite of combined therapy. Twenty‐two patients (31%) experienced a recurrence within 1 year of treatment, whereas only one patient developed recurrence after 1 year. Lymph node metastasis, facial paralysis, or involvement of the carotid artery, jugular foramen, or infratemporal fossa were not significantly associated with overall or disease‐free survival.Conclusions:Patients with recurrent SCC of the temporal bone had significantly shorter overall survival and disease‐free interval than patients with incident SCC. In addition, patients with early‐stage disease (T1 and T2) had significantly longer overall survival and disease‐free survival than patients with late‐stage tumors. Laryngoscope, 2010
Renewable surfactants in spray adjuvants
Authors: Baseeth Shireen S. , Sebree Bruce R. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAdjuvants are chemically and biologically active components that improve herbicide performance. Certain herbicides require the addition of an adjuvant to be effective. Adjuvants sometimes enhance the penetration of herbicide into plants by ensuring adequate spray coverage and maintaining the herbicide contact with plant tissues, or by increasing the rate of foliar and/or stomatal penetration. Although adjuvants are typically categorized as “inert” or “essentially non‐phytotoxic” (i. e. not toxic to plants) compounds, many can produce wide ranging effects on physiological and metabolic processes within plants, animals, and/or microorganisms. Surfactants affect the environment not only in their use and disposal, but also in their production and delivery. Agrochemical formulations and delivery systems that consist of surfactants are evolving to meet new standards including increased safety, convenience, and efficiency of application, as well as lower production costs. Regulatory bodies across the globe are insisting on the requirement of extensive testing to meet stringent safety criteria. Here we discuss the changing trend of renewable chemicals in the crop protection adjuvant.
Fabrication of Diverse Microcapsule Arrays of High Density and Good Stability
Authors: Yang Jie , Gao Changyou 
Published: April 2010

AbstractMicrocapsule arrays attract a lot of interest due to their potential applications in sensing technology. A strategy for fabricating diverse microcapsule arrays through covalent linking is reported here. The self‐assembly of microcapsules was directed by using a poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH)‐patterned template, which was created via microcontact printing. The microcapsules with PAH as the outermost layer were treated with glutaraldehyde and then covalently immobilized on the PAH regions, resulting in ordered microcapsule arrays. The arrays had a high density of capsules and the aggregate number in a pattern could be well controlled by adjusting the area of the PAH pattern. A single microcapsule array could be obtained if the diameter of the PAH region was smaller than that of the microcapsules. These covalently assembled arrays could survive through successive incubation in solutions of high ionic strength and extreme pHs. Such good stability ensures further treatments, such as chemical reactions and loading of functional substances.magnified image
Complexation of Terpyridine‐Containing Dextrans: Toward Water‐Soluble Supramolecular Structures
Authors: Wild Andreas , Hornig Stephanie , Schlütter Florian , Vitz Jürgen , Friebe Christian , Hager Martin D. , Winter Andreas , Schubert Ulrich S. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractDextran was functionalized with 6‐(2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridin‐4′‐yloxy)‐hexanoic acid using two different ratios of terpyridine to dextran, leading to terpyridine‐functionalized dextran esters possessing different degrees of substitution (DS = 0.23–0.41). The intra‐ and intermolecular complexation behavior of both functionalized biopolymers was studied using FeII metal ions as well as activated RuIII complexes. The complexation behavior in the first case was studied by UV–visible and viscosity titration experiments. In the latter case, a water soluble comb‐polymer could be obtained when using a PEG‐ functionalized terpyridine RuII moiety for complexation. Moreover, nanoprecipitation was applied to self‐assemble the functionalized dextrans into nanoparticles.magnified image
AB‐Block Copolymer with Moving B Blocks as a Model for Interpolymer Complexes
Authors: Pevnaya Olga S. , Kramarenko Elena Yu. , Khokhlov Alexei R. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe conformational behavior of a single AB block copolymer is studied by Monte Carlo simulation. The A‐A and A‐B interactions have the character of excluded volume interactions while the B units attract each other; the attractive B blocks can move along the chain. The collapse transition of the chain with increasing attraction between the B units is analyzed. Intrachain separation of the A and B units takes place in the course of the chain collapse with the formation of “globule with a tail” conformations. The globule is formed by the attractive moving B blocks while the tail consists of the swollen A segments. The model of AB block copolymer with moving B blocks can describe the behavior of interpolymer complexes between a long macromolecule and shorter polymer chains.magnified image
On the Ordering of Statistical Multiblock Copolymers
Authors: Litmanovich Arkadiy D. , Podbelskiy Vadim V. , Kudryavtsev Yaroslav V. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAn algorithm was developed to generate an ensemble of statistical multiblock AB copolymer chains via a polymer‐analogous reaction with acceleration. Ordering in the cylindrical ensemble of such chains is simulated via successive rotation of chains until an arrangement with the maximum energy of attraction between each two nearest chains is attained. The master relation of the ordering and the relations between AA, BB and AB contact fractions were found. Those relations permit to estimate the adequacy of modeling polymers of finite length. Influence of a chain structure, length, and interchain interactions on the ordering efficiency was studied.
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Inhibition of human breast cancer xenograft growth by cruciferous vegetable constituent benzyl isothiocyanate
Authors: Warin Renaud , Xiao Dong , Arlotti Julie A. , Bommareddy Ajay , Singh Shivendra V. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBenzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), a constituent of cruciferous vegetables such as garden cress, inhibits growth of human breast cancer cell lines in culture. The present study was undertaken to determine in vivo efficacy of BITC against MDA‐MB‐231 human breast cancer xenografts. The BITC administration retarded growth of MDA‐MB‐231 cells subcutaneously implanted in female nude mice without causing weight loss or any other side effects. The BITC‐mediated suppression of MDA‐MB‐231 xenograft growth correlated with reduced cell proliferation as revealed by immunohistochemical analysis for Ki‐67 expression. Analysis of the vasculature in the tumors from BITC‐treated mice indicated smaller vessel area compared with control tumors based on immunohistochemistry for angiogenesis marker CD31. The BITC‐mediated inhibition of angiogenesis in vivo correlated with downregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 2 protein levels in the tumor. Consistent with these results, BITC treatment suppressed VEGF secretion and VEGF receptor 2 protein levels in cultured MDA‐MB‐231 cells. Moreover, the BITC‐treated MDA‐MB‐231 cells exhibited reduced capacity for migration compared with vehicle‐treated control cells. In contrast to cellular data, BITC administration failed to elicit apoptotic response as judged by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick‐end labeling assay. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates in vivo anti‐cancer efficacy of BITC against MDA‐MB‐231 xenografts in association with reduced cell proliferation and suppression of neovascularization. These preclinical observations merit clinical investigation to determine efficacy of BITC against human breast cancers. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Typologies of cannabis users and associated characteristics relevant for public health: a latent class analysis of data from a nationally representative Canadian adult survey
Authors: Fischer Benedikt , Rehm Jürgen , Irving Hyacinth , Ialomiteanu Anca , Fallu Jean‐Sebastien , Patra Jayadeep 
Published: April 2010

AbstractCannabis is the most prevalently used illicit drug in Canada. Current policy consists primarily of universal use prohibition rather than interventions targeting specific risks and harms relevant for public health. This study aimed to identify distinct groups of cannabis users based on defined use characteristics in the Canadian population, and examine the emerging groups' associations with differential risk and harm outcomes. One thousand three hundred and three current (i.e. use in the past three months) cannabis users, based on data from the representative cross‐sectional 2004 Canadian Addiction Survey (N = 13,909), were statistically assessed by a ‘latent class analysis’ (LCA). Emerging classes were examined for differential associations with socio‐demographic, health and behavioral indicators on the basis of chi‐square and analysis of variance techniques. Four distinct classes based on use patterns were identified. The class featuring earliest onset and highest frequency of use [22% of cannabis user sample or 2.2% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.8–2.7%) of the Canadian adult population] was disproportionately linked to key harms, including other illicit drug use, health problems, cannabis use and driving, and cannabis use problems. A public health framework for cannabis use is needed in Canada, meaningfully targeting effective interventions towards the minority of users experiencing elevated levels of risks and harms. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studying the relation between temporal reward discounting tasks used in populations with ADHD: A factor analysis
Authors: Scheres Anouk , Sumiya Motofumi , Thoeny Allison Lee 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackground: This study aimed at investigating the relationship between tasks that have been used in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to measure choices between smaller immediate and larger delayed rewards: real and hypothetical temporal discounting tasks, and single‐choice paradigms.Methods: Participants were 55 undergraduate psychology students. Tasks included a real and hypothetical version of a temporal discounting (TD) task with choices between a large reward (10 cents) after delays up to 60 seconds, and smaller immediate rewards (2–8 cents); two versions of a hypothetical temporal discounting task with choices between a large reward ($100) after delays up to 120 months, and smaller immediate rewards ($1–$95); a Choice Delay Task with choices between one point now and two points after 30 seconds (one point is worth five cents).Results: Correlation analyses showed that the real and the hypothetical TD tasks with 10 cents were very strongly associated. However, the hypothetical TD tasks with $100 did not correlate with either the real or the hypothetical TD task with 10 cents. Principal component analysis extracted two components: one for small amounts and short delays, and a second one for large rewards and long delays.Conclusions: Temporal reward discounting is not a uniform construct. Functional brain imaging research could shed more light on unique brain activation patterns associated with different forms of temporal reward discounting. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Structural Evolution of Composite Latex Particles During Starve‐Fed Emulsion Polymerization: Modeling and Experiments for Kinetically Frozen Morphologies
Authors: Stubbs Jeffrey , Tsavalas John , Carrier Robert , Sundberg Donald 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe evolution of morphology in composite latex particles is modeled under the assumption that no phase separation is allowed, resulting in fully mixed polymers in the latex particles. Such kinetically frozen, non‐equilibrium structures are easily produced when the second stage polymer is glassy at reaction temperature. For a poly[styrene‐co‐(butyl acrylate)] seed latex and a methyl methacrylate second‐stage monomer, we show the evolution of the particle structure during the polymerization process as evidenced by TEM, DSC, and surfactant titration data. Comparing these data to the model provides a mechanistic understanding of the time evolution of the particle morphology, even when a thin shell of second stage polymer is formed around a mixed core late in the reaction.magnified image
A new formulation of the resource‐unconstrained project scheduling problem with generalized precedence relations to minimize the completion time
Authors: Bianco Lucio , Caramia Massimiliano 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIt is known that the resource‐unconstrained project scheduling problem with generalized precedence constraints (RUPSP) and minimum completion time objective function can be solved in time O(n·m), where n is the number of activities and m is the number of precedence relations. In this article, we propose a new network formulation for RUPSP based on a transformation that maps the original problem into a standardized acyclic network where precedence relationships between each pair of activities are only of the finish‐to‐start type with zero time lags. With this network, we then associate a mathematical program that can be solved in O(m) time by means of dynamic programing. Exploiting the dual formulation of this mathematical program we further prove that the minimum completion time can also be computed, with the same computational complexity O(m), by finding an augmenting path of longest length in the proposed acyclic network by installing unit capacities on arcs. Computational results on benchmarks are presented. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2010
Trends in the consumption of antidepressants in Castilla y León (Spain). Association between suicide rates and antidepressant drug consumption
Authors: Martín Arias Luis H. , Lobato Carlos Treceño , Ortega Sara , Velasco Alfonso , Carvajal Alfonso , del Pozo Javier García 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo learn the evolution of antidepressant and lithium use in Castilla y León (Central Spain) and its relationship with suicide rates.MethodsA search in the ECOM (Especialidades Consumo de Medicamentos) database of the Spanish Ministry of Health for antidepressants and lithium was carried out for the period 1992–2005. Defined daily doses (DDD) per 1000 inhabitants per day were obtained as consumption data. Population and suicide rates data come from the Spanish National Statistics Institute.ResultsAntidepressant consumption increased 7‐fold, from 6.9 DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day in 1992 to 47.3 in 2005; the corresponding increase in cost was more than 10‐fold. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) comprised 77% of the total consumption. Venlafaxine consumption multiplied by 2.2. The consumption of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) decreased after venlafaxine and mirtazapine were marketed. Lithium consumption increased by 76% during the period studied, but it plateaued in 2000.ConclusionsThe consumption of antidepressants in Castilla y León has increased remarkably and the pattern has changed; there is an increase in the consumption of the new and more expensive antidepressants such as venlafaxine and escitalopram. No association was observed between suicide rates and antidepressant consumption. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.