bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can chemical cues act as landmarks in the orientation of the cave fishPhreatichthys andruzzii?
Authors: Ceccolini F. , Paglianti A. , Streitenberger C. , Berti R. 
Published: October 2010

In the constant darkness of cave environments fish locomotion has to be directed by nonvisual spatial information. Four series of tests were done to determine the ability of the hypogean cyprinid Phreatichthys andruzzii Vinciguerra, 1924 to memorize a synthetic chemical cue (morpholine, C4H9NO), to associate it with an area, to utilize such information for direct locomotory activity, and to determine how long that association is retained in fish memory. Although morpholine acts as neutral stimulus for P. andruzzii, after acclimation in morpholine-scented areas devoid of food resources specimens showed a clear tendency to avoid waters characterized by the odour of that chemical. We hypothesize that an association between odours and trophic characteristics of an area allows the fish to optimize their exploratory activity, as it allows them to recognize areas already experienced to be devoid of trophic resources and to avoid these as unprofitable places. The above association seems to be memorized for a short time; the behavioural response vanishing between 6 and 18 h after the end of the acclimation period. After a certain time has elapsed, it could be profitable to visit the same areas again to verify the incidental availability of new food sources.
Evaluation of the Relationship between Air and Land Surface Temperature under Clear- and Cloudy-Sky Conditions
Authors: Gallo Kevin , Hale Robert , Tarpley Dan , Yu Yunyue 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Clear and cloudy daytime comparisons of land surface temperature (LST) and air temperature (Tair) were made for 14 stations included in the U.S. Climate Reference Network (USCRN) of stations from observations made from 2003 through 2008. Generally, LST was greater than Tair for both the clear and cloudy conditions; however, the differences between LST and Tair were significantly less for the cloudy-sky conditions. In addition, the relationships between LST and Tair displayed less variability under the cloudy-sky conditions than under clear-sky conditions. Wind speed, time of the observation of Tair and LST, season, the occurrence of precipitation at the time of observation, and normalized difference vegetation index values were all considered in the evaluation of the relationship between Tair and LST. Mean differences between LST and Tair of less than 2°C were observed under cloudy conditions for the stations, as compared with a minimum difference of greater than 2°C (and as great as 7+°C) for the clear-sky conditions. Under cloudy conditions, Tair alone explained over 94%—and as great as 98%—of the variance observed in LST for the stations included in this analysis, as compared with a range of 81%–93% for clear-sky conditions. Because of the relatively homogeneous land surface characteristics encouraged in the immediate vicinity of USCRN stations, and potential regional differences in surface features that might influence the observed relationships, additional analyses of the relationships between LST and Tair for additional regions and land surface conditions are recommended.
Statistics and Possible Sources of Aviation Turbulence over South Korea
Authors: Kim Jung-Hoon , Chun Hye-Yeong 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The characteristics of aviation turbulence over South Korea during the recent five years (2003–08, excluding 2005) are investigated using pilot reports (PIREPs) accumulated by the Korea Aviation Meteorological Agency (KAMA). Among the total of 8449 PIREPs, 4607 (54.53%), 1646 (19.48%), 248 (2.94%), 7 (0.08%), and 1941 (22.97%) correspond to the turbulence categories of null, light, moderate, severe, and missing, respectively. In terms of temporal variations, the annual total number of turbulence events increased from 2003 to 2008, and the seasonal frequency is the highest in the spring. With regard to spatial distributions, reported turbulence encounters are dominant along the prevailing flight routes, but are locally higher over the west coast, Jeju Island, and the Sobaek and Taebaek mountains. The turbulence events in these regions vary by season. To examine the regional differences and possible sources of the observed turbulence, lightning flash data, Regional Data Assimilation and Prediction System (RDAPS) analysis data with a 30-km horizontal grid spacing provided by the Korean Meteorological Administration (KMA), and a digital elevation model (DEM) dataset with a 30-s resolution, are additionally used. Convectively induced turbulence (CIT) and clear-air turbulence (CAT) events comprised 11% and 89% of the total 255 moderate or greater (MOG)-level turbulence events, respectively. CAT events are classified as tropopause/jet stream–induced CAT (TJCAT) and mountain-wave-induced CAT (MWCAT) events. The MOG-level TJCAT and MWCAT events are responsible for 41.2% and 19.6% of the total MOG-level turbulence events, respectively. The CIT events in summer and the TRCAT and MWCAT events in spring occur most frequently over the previously mentioned regions of South Korea, associated with specific generation mechanisms.
Multiscale Asymptotics Analysis for the Mesoscale Dynamics of Cloud-Topped Boundary Layers
Authors: Owinoh Antony Z. , Stevens Bjorn , Klein Rupert 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis paper presents the derivation of a model to explore the coupling between the dynamic and thermodynamic processes of a cloud-topped boundary layer on mesoscales using a formal multiscale asymptotic approach. The derived equations show how the anomalies in the heat, moisture, and mass budgets in the boundary layer affect boundary layer motions, and how these motions can organize and amplify (or damp) such anomalies.The thermodynamics equations are similar to those that have been suggested in mixed layer studies; that is, the evolution of the thermodynamics variables depends on the surface heat and moisture fluxes, cloud-top radiative cooling rate, temperature, and moisture jumps across the capping inversion. However, these equations are coupled to the dynamics equation through the entrainment rate at the top of the cloud deck. The entrainment rate is parameterized from results obtained in laboratory experiments and clearly shows the dependence on the velocity perturbation, which in turn strongly depends on the horizontal gradient of the thermodynamics variables. The derived entrainment rate is applicable when the thermal jump at cloud top is sufficiently weak and the velocity jump is on the order of the velocity perturbation.Aside from some initial analyses of the main balances in steady-state solutions, the mathematical properties and physical characteristics of the system of equations will be explored in future papers.
The Surface-Pressure Signature of Atmospheric Tides in Modern Climate Models
Authors: Covey Curt , Dai Aiguo , Marsh Dan , Lindzen Richard S. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Although atmospheric tides driven by solar heating are readily detectable at the earth’s surface as variations in air pressure, their simulations in current coupled global climate models have not been fully examined. This work examines near-surface-pressure tides in climate models that contributed to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); it compares them with tides both from observations and from the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM), which extends from the earth’s surface to the thermosphere. Surprising consistency is found among observations and all model simulations, despite variation of the altitudes of model upper boundaries from 32 to 76 km in the IPCC models and at 135 km for WACCM. These results are consistent with previous suggestions that placing a model’s upper boundary at low altitude leads to partly compensating errors—such as reducing the forcing of the tides by ozone heating, but also introducing spurious waves at the upper boundary, which propagate to the surface.
Diurnal Variations of Precipitation, Deep Convection, and Lightning over and East of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Xu Weixin , Zipser Edward J. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Diurnal cycles of total rainfall, precipitation features, mesoscale convective systems (MCSs), deep convection, precipitation vertical structure, and lightning over the eastern Tibetan Plateau (TP) and eastward through China are investigated using 11 yr of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) measurements. Diurnal cycles of rainfall and precipitation features present apparent phase propagation eastward from the eastern TP for about 1000 km. The phase propagation is most evident during the pre-mei-yu and mei-yu seasons. However, it weakens with the northward progress of the East Asian monsoon and ceases in midsummer. During the pre-mei-yu season, diurnal cycles of storm population, total rainfall, deep convection, and lightning over the central and eastern TP foothills are in phase, peaking during the early morning. Another striking feature of the pre-mei-yu season is that nocturnal rainfall and MCSs prevail over the southeastern TP foothills following the deep convection and lightning maxima. These nocturnal peaks of deep convection and lightning over the foothills shift to afternoon after the onset of the monsoon, but nocturnal precipitation still dominates. Over the less mountainous region of eastern China, deep convection usually has an afternoon peak during the mei-yu whereas the rainfall maximum is at night. In midsummer, most parts of eastern China have strong afternoon peaks of deep convection, precipitation, and lightning, except in northeastern China where deep convection has an afternoon peak followed by a nocturnal precipitation peak.
Contributions of ENSO and East Indian Ocean SSTA to the Interannual Variability of Northwest Pacific Tropical Cyclone Frequency*
Authors: Zhan Ruifen , Wang Yuqing , Lei Xiaotu 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
This study attempts to understand contributions of ENSO and the boreal summer sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) in the East Indian Ocean (EIO) to the interannual variability of tropical cyclone (TC) frequency over the western North Pacific (WNP) and the involved physical mechanisms. The results show that both ENSO and EIO SSTA have a large control on the WNP TC genesis frequency, but their effects are significantly different. ENSO remarkably affects the east–west shift of the mean genesis location and accordingly contributes to the intense TC activity. The EIO SSTA affects the TC genesis in the entire genesis region over the WNP and largely determines the numbers of both the total and weak TCs. ENSO modulates the large-scale atmospheric circulation and barotropic energy conversion over the WNP, contributing to changes in both the TC genesis location and the frequency of intense TCs. The EIO SSTA significantly affects both the western Pacific summer monsoon and the equatorial Kelvin wave activity over the western Pacific, two major large-scale dynamical controls of TC genesis over the WNP. In general the warm (cold) EIO SSTA suppresses (promotes) the TC genesis over the WNP. Therefore, a better understanding of the combined contributions of ENSO and EIO SSTA could help improve the seasonal prediction of the WNP TC activity.
Interactions between Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillations and Synoptic-Scale Disturbances over the Western North Pacific. Part I: Energetics Diagnosis*
Authors: Hsu Pang-chi , Li Tim , Tsou Chih-Hua 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The role of scale interactions in the maintenance of eddy kinetic energy (EKE) during the extreme phases of the intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) is examined through the construction of a new eddy energetics diagnostic tool that separates the effects of ISO and a low-frequency background state (LFBS; with periods longer than 90 days). The LFBS always contributes positively toward the EKE in the boreal summer, regardless of the ISO phases. The synoptic eddies extract energy from the ISO during the ISO active phase. This positive barotropic energy conversion occurs when the synoptic eddies interact with low-level cyclonic and convergent–confluent ISO flows. This contrasts with the ISO suppressed phase during which the synoptic eddies lose kinetic energy to the ISO flow. The anticyclonic and divergent–diffluent ISO flows during the suppressed phase are responsible for the negative barotropic energy conversion.
A positive (negative) EKE tendency occurs during the ISO suppressed-to-active (active-to-suppressed) transitional phase. The cause of this asymmetric EKE tendency is attributed to the spatial phase relation among the ISO vorticity, eddy structure, and EKE. The southwest–northeast-tilted synoptic disturbances interacting with cyclonic (anticyclonic) vorticity of ISO lead to a positive (negative) EKE tendency in the northwest region of the maximum EKE center.
The genesis number and location and intensification rate of tropical cyclones in the western North Pacific are closely related to the barotropic energy conversion. The enhanced barotropic energy conversion favors the generation and development of synoptic seed disturbances, some of which eventually grow into tropical cyclones.
Generation of Low-Frequency Spiciness Variability in the Thermocline*
Authors: Kilpatrick Thomas , Schneider Niklas , Di Lorenzo Emanuele 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The generation of variance by anomalous advection of a passive tracer in the thermocline is investigated using the example of density-compensated temperature and salinity anomalies, or spiciness. A coupled Markov model is developed in which wind stress curl forces the large-scale baroclinic ocean pressure that in turn controls the anomalous geostrophic advection of spiciness. The “double integration” of white noise atmospheric forcing by this Markov model results in a frequency (ω) spectrum of large-scale spiciness proportional to ω−4, so that spiciness variability is concentrated at low frequencies.
An eddy-permitting regional model hindcast of the northeast Pacific (1950–2007) confirms that time series of large-scale spiciness variability are exceptionally smooth, with frequency spectra ∝ ω−4 for frequencies greater than 0.2 cpy. At shorter spatial scales (wavelengths less than ∼500 km), the spiciness frequency spectrum is whitened by mesoscale eddies, but this eddy-forced variability can be filtered out by spatially averaging. Large-scale and long-term measurements are needed to observe the variance of spiciness or any other passive tracer subject to anomalous advection in the thermocline.
Impact of Stochastic Convection on Ensemble Forecasts of Tropical Cyclone Development
Authors: Snyder Andrew , Pu Zhaoxia , Reynolds Carolyn A. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Two versions of the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) global ensemble, with and without a stochastic convection scheme, are compared regarding their performance in predicting the development and evolution of tropical cyclones. Forecasts of four typhoons, one tropical storm, and two selected nondeveloping tropical systems from The Observing System Research and Predictability Experiment (THORPEX) Pacific Asian Regional Campaign and Tropical Cyclone Structure 2008 (T-PARC/TCS-08) field program during August and September 2008 are evaluated. It is found that stochastic convection substantially increases the spread in ensemble storm tracks and in the vorticity and height fields in the vicinity of the storm. Stochastic convection also has an impact on the number of ensemble members predicting genesis. One day prior to the system being declared a tropical depression, on average, 31% of the ensemble members predict storm development when the ensemble includes initial perturbations only. When stochastic convection is included, this percentage increases to 50%, but the number of “false alarms” for two nondeveloping systems also increases. However, the increase in false alarms is smaller than the increase in correct development predictions, indicating that stochastic convection may have the potential for improving tropical cyclone forecasting.
February 6, 1934: The Veterans' Riot
Authors: Millington Chris 
Published: October 2010

On February 6, 1934, nationalist leagues and Great War veterans rioted in Paris. The next day the elected radical government resigned, despite having won three votes of confidence. A conservative government took its place. Street violence had restored the right to power. Histories of the riot have generally contrasted the violence of the paramilitary leagues with the peaceful march of the Union Nationale des Combattants (UNC). Veterans' associations are largely understood to have been republican and an obstacle to the development of fascism in France. This article challenges this historiography. In examining the violence of veterans and their interpretation of the riot, the article shows that a straightforward understanding of the veterans as republican is untenable. Veterans throughout the UNC were gladdened to see the government fall and hoped that a more authoritarian regime would soon be installed.
Le six février 1934, des ligues nationalistes et des anciens combattants de la Grande Guerre se livraient à l'émeute dans Paris. Le lendemain, malgré le rejet de trois motions de censure, le gouvernement radical dut démissionner. Un gouvernement conservateur le remplaçait. La violence de la rue avait remis la droite au pouvoir. En général, les histoires de l'émeute distinguent la violence des ligues paramilitaires et la calme manifestation de l'Union nationale des combattants (UNC). En somme, on considère les associations d'anciens combattants comme républicaines voire comme un obstacle au développement d'un fascisme français. Cet article conteste une telle historiographie. Un clair examen de la violence des anciens combattants et de leur interprétation de l'émeute démontre qu'on ne saurait nommer républicains les anciens combattants qui y participèrent. Nombre d'entre eux étaient satisfaits de la chute du gouvernement et souhaitaient qu'un régime autoritaire soit bientôt installé.
Giono's Popular Front: La Joie Au Grand Air, Idéologie Réactionnaire?
Authors: Emery Meaghan 
Published: October 2010

A pacifist and an emblematic figure in the history of France's youth hostel, or ajiste, movement, Jean Giono is identified by French historian Pascal Ory as one of the most representative writers of the Popular Front era (1936–38). With regard to Giono's Occupation-period essays, fiction, and documentary film, critics generally link the author to the “gauche collaboratrice” because of his “integral pacifism” or to the ideological reactionaryism of the Vichy regime due to his vocal commitment to rural regeneration. By contrast, Ory views Giono as an “involuntary contributor” who was “rediscovered” by Vichy propagandists. Determining where to position Giono ideologically between resistance and collaboration is only part of the following analysis. At the crux of the discussion is the cost of his outward apoliticism in the revolutionary hope of offering Europe a breath of fresh air.
Pacifiste et figure symbolique de l'histoire de l'ajisme en France, Jean Giono est cité par l'historien Pascal Ory parmi les écrivains représentatifs de l'ère du Front populaire (1936–38). A l'égard de ses essais, romans et de son film documentaire produits sous l'Occupation, les critiques ont tendance à associer Giono à la « gauche collaboratrice » à cause de son « pacifisme intégral » ou à l'idéologie réactionnaire du régime de Vichy dû à sa position en faveur de la renaissance rurale. Par contraste, Ory voit Giono comme un « contributeur involontaire » qui a été « redécouvert » par les propagandistes de Vichy. L'analyse qui suit n'évoque qu'en partie le placement idéologique de Giono entre la résistance et la collaboration. Le coût de son attitude apolitique dans l'espoir révolutionnaire d'offrir à l'Europe une bouffée d'air frais est au cœur de la discussion.
The Influence of Elastic Follow-Up on the Integrity of Structures
Authors: Hadidi-Moud S. , Smith D. J. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Based on the traditional definitions associated with creep strain accumulation in defect free components, a generalised definition for “elastic follow-up” factor, Z, is proposed that characterises the influence of a “nonlinear” event experienced locally within a structure, i.e., creep, plasticity, cracking, growth of an existing crack, or any combination of such events, on the response of the structure to the applied loading. A “crack affected zone” approach is then outlined for evaluation of this parameter in a defective component. The significance of quantifying elastic follow-up in relation to integrity assessment procedures and the challenges facing its practical implication to the codes is discussed. The approach is finally examined through its application to two example problems; a standard test geometry, centre cracked plate and an external circumferential cracked thick cylinder, i.e., a conventional structural component.
Effects of Surface Conditions on Baseball Playing Surface Pace
Authors: Brosnan James T. , McNitt Andrew S. , Serensits Thomas J. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The speed at which a baseball travels after impact with a playing surface has been referred to as playing surface pace. Little information is available regarding the effects of varying construction and maintenance practices on the pace of baseball playing surfaces. Research was conducted to evaluate the effects of construction and maintenance practices on a non-turfed basepath, Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) turf, and six synthetic turf surfaces. Factors evaluated on the non-turfed basepath included soil compaction at installation, surface scarification, and topdressing with a soil conditioner (calcined clay). The effects of cutting height and thatch thickness were evaluated on Kentucky bluegrass, while the effects of simulated traffic and grooming were evaluated on synthetic turf. On the non-turfed basepath, increasing soil compaction yielded increases in surface pace. Calcined clay topdressing and increasing scarification depth did not affect surface pace. On Kentucky bluegrass, varying cutting height and thatch thickness levels had no effect on surface pace. On synthetic turf, increases in simulated traffic resulted in slight increases in pace. Surface pace measurements on synthetic turf were less variable than those made on natural turfgrass. The results indicate that the pace of commonly used baseball playing surfaces is not easily altered with minimally invasive maintenance procedures and should be addressed at construction or during aggressive renovations.
Generalizations of small profinite structures
Authors: Krupiński Krzysztof 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe generalize the model theory of small profinite structures developed by Newelski to the case of compact metric spaces considered together with compact groups of homeomorphisms and satisfying the existence of m-independent extensions (we call them compact e-structures). We analyze the relationships between smallness and different versions of the assumption of the existence of m-independent extensions and we obtain some topological consequences of these assumptions. Using them, we adopt Newelski's proofs of various results about small profinite structures to compact e-structures. In particular, we notice that a variant of the group configuration theorem holds in this context.A general construction of compact structures is described. Using it, a class of examples of compact e-structures which are not small is constructed.It is also noticed that in an m-stable compact e-structure every orbit is equidominant with a product of m-regular orbits.