bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Culture, job satisfaction and organizational commitment in India and the United States
Authors: Kwantes Catherine T. 
Published: November 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the roles of culture and job satisfaction as antecedents to organizational commitment in both a Western context (the US) and in India.Design/methodology/approachResponses come from a questionnaire distributed to engineers in India. Construct equivalence of measures is established, while hierarchical regression analysis is used to assess the extent to which each hypothesized antecedent is related to affective, continuance, and normative commitment. Responses from each national context are compared and contrasted.FindingsJob satisfaction is found to relate to affective commitment in both the Indian and American samples. Moderate support is found for the hypothesized effect of collectivism on normative commitment in both samples, while the hypothesized antecedents to continuance commitment are not found in any sample. Different patterns of relationships emerge in the US and India.Research limitations/implicationsThe results provide further cautionary evidence against uncritically applying organizational theories developed in a Western context to developing nations such as India. The sample in this research is restricted to engineers, future research should examine other occupations/professions as well as determining the applicability of these results to different levels in the organization.Originality/valueThis research examines theoretically suggested antecedents to organizational commitment, explicitly testing these relationships in two cultural contexts. The results presented in this paper suggest that context must be taken into account when developing organizational theories. Further, the results suggest specific activities that can be useful in the Indian context to increase both normative and affective commitment.
Myristoylated alanine‐rich C kinase substrate phosphorylation promotes cholangiocarcinoma cell migration and metastasis via the protein kinase C‐dependent pathway
Authors: Techasen Anchalee , Loilome Watcharin , Namwat Nisana , Takahashi Eri , Sugihara Eiji , Puapairoj Anucha , Miwa Masanao , Saya Hideyuki , Yongvanit Puangrat 
Published: November 2009

(Cancer Sci 2010; 101: 658–665)Myristoylated alanine‐rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS), a substrate of protein kinase C (PKC) has been suggested to be implicated in cell adhesion, secretion, and motility through the regulation of the actin cytoskeletal structure. The quantitative real‐time–polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that MARCKS is significantly overexpressed in Opisthorchis viverrini‐associated cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) (P = 0.001) in a hamster model, which correlated with the results of mRNA in situ hybridization. An immunohistochemical analysis of 60 CCA patients revealed a significant increase of MARCKS expression. Moreover, the log–rank analysis indicated that CCA patients with a high MARCKS expression have significantly shorter survival times than those with a low MARCKS expression (P = 0.02). This study investigated whether MARCKS overexpression is associated with CCA metastasis. Using a confocal microscopic analysis of CCA cell lines that had been stimulated with the PKC activator, 12‐0‐tetradecanoyl phorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA), MARCKS was found to be translocated from the plasma membrane to the perinuclear area. In addition, phosphorylated MARCKS (pMARCKS) became highly concentrated in the perinuclear area. Moreover, an adhesion assay demonstrated that the exogenous overexpression of MARCKS remarkably promoted cell attachment. Interestingly, after TPA stimulation, the CCA cell line‐depleted MARCKS showed a decrease in migration and invasion activity. It can be concluded that in non‐stimulation, MARCKS promotes cell attachment to the extracellular matrix. After TPA stimulation, PKC phosphorylates MARCKS leading to cell migration or invasion. Taken together, the results of this study reveal a prominent role for MARCKS as one of the key players in the migration of CCA cells and suggest that cycling between MARCKS and pMARCKS can regulate the metastasis of biliary cancer cells.
Phase I study of irinotecan and doxifluridine for metastatic colorectal cancer focusing on the UGT1A1*28 polymorphism
Authors: Hazama Shoichi , Nagashima Atsushi , Kondo Hiroshi , Yoshida Shin , Shimizu Ryoichi , Araki Atsuhiro , Yoshino Shigefumi , Okayama Naoko , Hinoda Yuji , Oka Masaaki 
Published: November 2009

(Cancer Sci 2010; 101: 722–727)Although individuals carrying the UGT1A1 allele *28 have an increased risk of severe toxicities associated with irinotecan, no phase I study has been conducted based on the polymorphism. This report presents the recommended doses of irinotecan for patients with the respective genotypes. Twenty‐seven patients with advanced colorectal cancer were enrolled in this study, and the UGT1A1*28 polymorphism was genotyped before chemotherapy. One course of chemotherapy consisted of irinotecan infused once every 2 weeks at 70, 100, 120, and 150 mg/m2 at dose levels 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively, and doxifluridine was administered orally. This treatment continued for at least 12 weeks. The dose‐limiting toxicity was determined as grade 3 hematological and non‐hematological toxicities for the TA6/TA6 (6/6) and TA6/TA7 (6/7) genotypes. The pharmacokinetics of irinotecan, SN‐38, and SN‐38 glucuronide, was assessed at dose level 2. Eighteen and nine patients had the 6/6 and 6/7 genotypes, respectively. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was not observed up to dose level 4 in patients with the 6/6 genotype. In contrast, MTD was observed at dose level 2 (100 mg/m2) in patients with the 6/7 genotype. Patients with the 6/7 genotype had a significantly higher area under the plasma time–concentration curve 0‐∞ SN‐38 (P = 0.022) and biliary index (P = 0.030) than those with 6/6. The recommended starting doses of biweekly irinotecan for phase II/III were 150 mg/m2 for patients with the UGT1A1 6/6 genotype and 70 mg/m2 for those with the 6/7 genotype, respectively. The gene polymorphism should be considered when determining the precise recommended doses to be administered in phase I studies.
Up‐regulation of the type 3 ryanodine receptor is neuroprotective in the TgCRND8 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Supnet Charlene , Noonan Charmaine , Richard Kelly , Bradley John , Mayne Michael 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe cellular pathology of Alzheimer’s disease is progressive and protracted leading eventually to considerable neuronal death. The underlying mechanisms of the pathology are complex but changes in the control of intracellular Ca2+ are believed to contribute to the demise of neurons. In this study, we investigated the functional consequences of an increase in the expression of the type 3 isoform of the ryanodine receptor (RyR3). We found that although cortical neurons from TgCRND8 mice secreted significantly more amyloid beta protein and showed significantly increased RyR3 expression, they were no more sensitive to cell stress than non‐transgenic neurons. Furthermore, despite increased intracellular Ca2+ release in response to ryanodine, we found that basal Ca2+, K+‐evoked Ca2+ responses, and capacitative Ca2+ entry were no different in TgCRND8 neurons compared with non‐transgenic neurons. Therefore, as RyR3 up‐regulation did not affect neuronal health or global Ca2+ homeostasis, we investigated the effect of reducing RyR3 expression using small interfering RNA. Surprisingly, a reduction of RyR3 expression in TgCRND8, but not in non‐transgenic, neurons increased neuronal death. These data reveal a new role for RyR3 and indicate a novel potential therapeutic target to delay or prevent the progression of Alzheimer’s disease.
A Material History of Australia
Authors: Wood Richard , Lenzen Manfred , Foran Barney 
Published: November 2009

SummaryThis article presents an analysis of the material history of Australia in the period 1975–2005. The values of economy‐wide indicators of material flow roughly trebled since 1975, and we identify the drivers of this change through structural decomposition analysis. The purpose of this work is to delve beneath the top‐level trends in material flow growth to investigate the structural changes in the economy that have been driving this growth. The major positive drivers of this change were the level of exports, export mix, industrial structure, affluence, and population. Only improvements in material intensity offered retardation of growth in material flow. Other structural components had only small effects at the aggregate level. At a more detailed level, however, the importance of the mineral sectors became apparent. Improvements in mining techniques have reduced material requirements, but increased consumption within the economy and increased exports have offset these reductions. The full roll out of material flow accounting through Australian society and business and a systematic response to its implications will require change in the national growth focus of the last two generations, with serious consideration needed to reverse the current volume‐focused growth of the economy and also to recast neoliberal and globalized trade policies that have dominated the globe for the past decades.
Influence of Sublethal Concentrations of Common Disinfectants on Expression of Virulence Genes in
Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Kastbjerg Vicky G. , Larsen Marianne Halberg , Gram Lone , Ingmer Hanne 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

Listeria monocytogenes
is a food-borne human pathogen that causes listeriosis, a relatively rare infection with a high fatality rate. The regulation of virulence gene expression is influenced by several environmental factors, and the aim of the present study was to determine how disinfectants used routinely in the food industry affect the expression of different virulence genes in
L. monocytogenes
when added at sublethal concentrations. An agar-based assay was developed to screen the effect of disinfectants on virulence gene promoter expression and was validated at the transcriptional level by Northern blot analysis. Eleven disinfectants representing four different groups of active components were evaluated in this study. Disinfectants with the same active ingredients had a similar effect on gene expression. Peroxy and chlorine compounds reduced the expression of the virulence genes, and quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) induced the expression of the virulence genes. In general, a disinfectant had similar effects on the expression of all four virulence genes examined. Northern blot analyses confirmed the downregulation of
prfA
and
inlA
expression by Incimaxx DES (a peroxy compound) and their upregulation by Triquart Super (a QAC) in
L. monocytogenes
EGD. Hence, sublethal concentrations of disinfectants routinely used in the food industry affect virulence gene expression in the human pathogen
L. monocytogenes
, and the effect depends on the active components of the disinfectant. From a practical perspective, the study underlines that disinfectants should be used at the lethal concentrations recommended by the manufacturers. Further studies are needed to elucidate whether the changes in virulence gene expression induced by the disinfectants have impact on virulence or other biological properties, such as antibiotic resistance.
Galleria mellonella
as a Model System for Studying
Listeria
Pathogenesis
Authors: Mukherjee Krishnendu , Altincicek Boran , Hain Torsten , Domann Eugen , Vilcinskas Andreas , Chakraborty Trinad 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

Essential aspects of the innate immune response to microbial infection are conserved between insects and mammals. This has generated interest in using insects as model organisms to study host-microbe interactions. We used the greater wax moth
Galleria mellonella
, which can be reared at 37°C, as a model host for examining the virulence potential of
Listeria
spp. Here we report that
Galleria
is an excellent surrogate model of listerial septic infection, capable of clearly distinguishing between pathogenic and nonpathogenic
Listeria
strains and even between virulent and attenuated
Listeria monocytogenes
strains. Virulence required listerial genes hitherto implicated in the mouse infection model and was linked to strong antimicrobial activities in both hemolymph and hemocytes of infected larvae. Following
Listeria
infection, the expression of immune defense genes such as those for lysozyme, galiomycin, gallerimycin, and insect metalloproteinase inhibitor (IMPI) was sequentially induced. Preinduction of antimicrobial activity by treatment of larvae with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) significantly improved survival against subsequent
L. monocytogenes
challenge and strong antilisterial activity was detected in the hemolymph of LPS pretreated larvae. We conclude that the severity of septic infection with
L. monocytogenes
is modulated primarily by innate immune responses, and we suggest the use of
Galleria
as a relatively simple, nonmammalian model system that can be used to assess the virulence of strains of
Listeria
spp. isolated from a wide variety of settings from both the clinic and the environment.
Isolation of Prasinoviruses of the Green Unicellular Algae
Ostreococcus
spp. on a Worldwide Geographical Scale
Authors: Bellec Laure , Grimsley Nigel , Desdevises Yves 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

Ostreococcus
spp. are extremely small unicellular eukaryotic green algae found worldwide in marine environments, and they are susceptible to attacks by a diverse group of large DNA viruses. Several biologically distinct species of
Ostreococcus
are known and differ in the ecological niches that they occupy: while
O. tauri
(representing clade C strains) is found in marine lagoons and coastal seas, strains belonging to clade A, exemplified by
O. lucimarinus
, are present in different oceans. We used laboratory cultures of clonal isolates of these two species to assay for the presence of viruses in seawater samples from diverse locations. In keeping with the distributions of their host strains, we found a decline in the abundance of
O. tauri
viruses from a lagoon in southwest France relative to the Mediterranean Sea, whereas in the ocean, no
O. tauri
viruses were detected. In contrast, viruses infecting
O. lucimarinus
were detected from distantly separated oceans. DNA sequencing, phylogenetic analyses using a conserved viral marker gene, and a Mantel test revealed no relationship between geographic and phylogenetic distances in viruses infecting
O. lucimarinus
.
Unique Ecophysiology among U(VI)-Reducing Bacteria as Revealed by Evaluation of Oxygen Metabolism in
Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans
Strain 2CP-C
Authors: Thomas Sara H. , Sanford Robert A. , Amos Benjamin K. , Leigh Mary Beth , Cardenas Erick , Löffler Frank E. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

Anaeromyxobacter
spp. respire soluble hexavalent uranium, U(VI), leading to the formation of insoluble U(IV), and are present at the uranium-contaminated Oak Ridge Integrated Field Research Challenge (IFC) site. Pilot-scale
in situ
bioreduction of U(VI) has been accomplished in area 3 of the Oak Ridge IFC site following biostimulation, but the susceptibility of the reduced material to oxidants (i.e., oxygen) compromises long-term U immobilization. Following oxygen intrusion, attached
Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans
cells increased approximately 5-fold from 2.2 × 10
7
± 8.6 × 10
6
to 1.0 × 10
8
± 2.2 × 10
7
cells per g of sediment collected from well FW101-2. In the same samples, the numbers of cells of
Geobacter lovleyi
, a population native to area 3 and also capable of U(VI) reduction, decreased or did not change.
A. dehalogenans
cells captured via groundwater sampling (i.e., not attached to sediment) were present in much lower numbers (<1.3 × 10
4
± 1.1 × 10
4
cells per liter) than sediment-associated cells, suggesting that
A. dehalogenans
cells occur predominantly in association with soil particles. Laboratory studies confirmed aerobic growth of
A. dehalogenans
strain 2CP-C at initial oxygen partial pressures (pO
2
) at and below 0.18 atm. A negative linear correlation [μ = (−0.09 × pO
2
) + 0.051;
R
2
= 0.923] was observed between the instantaneous specific growth rate μ and pO
2
, indicating that this organism should be classified as a microaerophile. Quantification of cells during aerobic growth revealed that the fraction of electrons released in electron donor oxidation and used for biomass production (

f
s

) decreased from 0.52 at a pO
2
of 0.02 atm to 0.19 at a pO
2
of 0.18 atm. Hence, the apparent fraction of electrons utilized for energy generation (i.e., oxygen reduction) (

f
e

) increased from 0.48 to 0.81 with increasing pO
2
, suggesting that oxygen is consumed in a nonrespiratory process at a high pO
2
. The ability to tolerate high oxygen concentrations, perform microaerophilic oxygen respiration, and preferentially associate with soil particles represents an ecophysiology that distinguishes
A. dehalogenans
from other known U(VI)-reducing bacteria in area 3, and these features may play roles for stabilizing immobilized radionuclides
in situ
.
Morphological Response of the Halophilic Fungal Genus
Wallemia
to High Salinity
Authors: Kralj Kunčič Marjetka , Kogej Tina , Drobne Damjana , Gunde-Cimerman Nina 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

The basidiomycetous genus
Wallemia
is an active inhabitant of hypersaline environments, and it has recently been described as comprising three halophilic and xerophilic species:
Wallemia ichthyophaga
,
Wallemia muriae
, and
Wallemia sebi
. Considering the important protective role the fungal cell wall has under fluctuating physicochemical environments, this study was focused on cell morphology changes, with particular emphasis on the structure of the cell wall, when these fungi were grown in media with low and high salinities. We compared the influence of salinity on the morphological characteristics of
Wallemia
spp. by light, transmission, and focused-ion-beam/scanning electron microscopy.
W. ichthyophaga
was the only species of this genus that was metabolically active at saturated NaCl concentrations.
W. ichthyophaga
grew in multicellular clumps and adapted to the high salinity with a significant increase in cell wall thickness. The other two species,
W. muriae
and
W. sebi
, also demonstrated adaptive responses to the high NaCl concentration, showing in particular an increased size of mycelial pellets at the high salinities, with an increase in cell wall thickness that was less pronounced. The comparison of all three of the
Wallemia
spp. supports previous findings relating to the extremely halophilic character of the phylogenetically distant
W. ichthyophaga
and demonstrates that, through morphological adaptations, the eukaryotic
Wallemia
spp. are representative of eukaryotic organisms that have successfully adapted to life in extremely saline environments.
A Chemical Genetic Screen for Modulators of Exocytic Transport Identifies Inhibitors of a Transport Mechanism Linked to
GTR2
Function
Authors: Zhang Lisha , Huang Min , Harsay Edina 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

Membrane and protein traffic to the cell surface is mediated by partially redundant pathways that are difficult to perturb in ways that yield a strong phenotype. Such robustness is expected in a fine-tuned process, regulated by environmental cues, that is required for controlled cell surface growth and cell proliferation. Synthetic genetic interaction screens are especially valuable for investigating complex processes involving partially redundant pathways or mechanisms. In a previous study, we used a triple-synthetic-lethal yeast mutant screen to identify a novel component of the late exocytic transport machinery, Avl9. In a chemical-genetic version of the successful mutant screen, we have now identified small molecules that cause a rapid (within 15 min) accumulation of secretory cargo and abnormal Golgi compartment-like membranes at low concentration (<2 μM), indicating that the compounds likely target the exocytic transport machinery at the Golgi. We screened for genes that, when overexpressed, suppress the drug effects, and found that the Ras-like small GTPase, Gtr2, but not its homolog and binding partner, Gtr1, efficiently suppresses the toxic effects of the compounds. Furthermore, assays for suppression of the secretory defect caused by the compounds suggest that Gtr proteins can regulate a pathway that is perturbed by the compounds. Because
avl9Δ
and
gtr
mutants share some phenotypes, our results indicate that the small molecules identified by our chemical-genetic strategy are promising tools for understanding Avl9 function and the mechanisms that control late exocytic transport.
Multisite Phosphorylation of the
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Filamentous Growth Regulator Tec1 Is Required for its Recognition by the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Adaptor Cdc4 and Its Subsequent Destruction In Vivo
Authors: Bao Marie Z. , Shock Teresa R. , Madhani Hiten D. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

In
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
, the pheromone-induced ubiquitylation and degradation of the filamentation pathway-specific activator, Tec1, suppresses cross talk between the mating and filamentous growth mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. The mating pathway MAPK, Fus3, phosphorylates Tec1, resulting in its recognition by the SCF (for Skp1, Cullin, F-box containing) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, leading to its proteolysis. Previously, it was found that Tec1 destruction requires phosphorylation on threonine 273 (T273). T273 is embedded in the sequence LLpTP, which is identical to the canonical binding site for Cdc4, a conserved F-box substrate adaptor for the SCF complex. However, recent work on both Cdc4 and the human Cdc4 ortholog Fbw7 has shown that a second substrate phosphorylation can be required for optimal Cdc4 binding in vitro. We report here that high-affinity binding of recombinant Cdc4 to Tec1 phosphopeptides requires phosphorylation of not only T273 but also a second site, T276. Significantly, both phospho-sites on Tec1 and a conserved basic pocket on Cdc4 are critical for Tec1 proteolysis in response to pheromone treatment of cells, establishing a role for two-phosphate recognition by yeast Cdc4 in substrate targeting in vivo.
The Glycosylation Pathway of
Eimeria tenella
Is Upregulated during Gametocyte Development and May Play a Role in Oocyst Wall Formation
Authors: Walker Robert A. , Slapetova Iveta , Slapeta Jan , Miller Catherine M. , Smith Nicholas C. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

Sexual-stage glycoproteins of
Eimeria
are important components of the oocyst wall, a structure that ensures the efficient transmission of these and related parasites. In this study, the primary enzyme in the glycosylation pathway of
Eimeria tenella
, glucosamine:fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (EtGFAT), has been characterized as a macrogamete-specific protein. Although the transcription of Et
GFAT
was observed early in macrogamete development, protein expression was restricted to mature macrogametes, prior to their conversion into unsporulated oocysts. Genes coding for three other enzymes required for
N
-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) synthesis were also transcribed during
E. tenella
macrogamete development. Gene transcription of the enzyme responsible for the O-linked transfer of GalNAc to proteins, EtGalNAc-T, was upregulated primarily in unsporulated oocyst stages, and accordingly, a significant increase in GalNAc levels was observed in
E. tenella
gametocytes and oocysts. Gam56 and Gam82, two well-characterized glycoproteins of
Eimeria
macrogametes and the oocyst wall, contain high levels of GalNAc and represent probable targets of GalNAc O linkage. It appears that the glycosylation pathway, specifically relating to the formation of GalNAc O links, is dramatically upregulated in
E. tenella
sexual stages and may play a role in directing a number of macrogamete proteins to the developing oocyst wall.