bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Study of Male and Female Whispered and Phonated Versions of the Long Vowels of Swedish
Authors: Eklund Ingegerd , Traunmüller Hartmut 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Confusions in vowel quality and in speaker sex for whispered and phonated versions of the long vowels of Swedish have been analysed. The recognition rate was higher than that obtained in other studies, and this is attributed to the use of real words (letter names). The recognition of vowel quality was observed to interact with that of speaker sex in the whispered versions, but not in the phonated ones. The paper also reports on F₀ and the frequency positions of the first three formants, and their dynamics, as well as on the overall spectral shape of the vowels. Intrinsic pitch and the observed upward shift of the lower formants in whispering as well as the spectral level differences agree largely with those found in other languages. Discrepancies and similarities with previous descriptions of the Swedish vowels are discussed.
Effect of Voice Quality on Perceived Height of English Vowels
Authors: Lotto A.J. , Holt L.L. , Kluender K.R. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Across a variety of languages, phonation type and vocal-tract shape systematically covary in vowel production. Breathy phonation tends to accompany vowels produced with a raised tongue body and/or advanced tongue root. A potential explanation for this regularity, based on a hypothesized interaction between the acoustic effects of vocal-tract shape and phonation type, is evaluated. It is suggested that increased spectral tilt and first-harmonic amplitude resulting from breathy phonation interact with the lower-frequency first formant resulting from a raised tongue body to produce a perceptually ‘higher’ vowel. To test this hypothesis, breathy and modal versions of vowel series modelled after male and female productions of English vowel pairs /i/ and /i/, /u/ and /ω/, and /λ/ and /a/ were synthesized. Results indicate that for most cases, breathy voice quality led to more tokens being identified as the higher vowel (i.e. /i/, /u/, /ÊŒ/). In addition, the effect of voice quality is greater for vowels modelled after female productions. These results are consistent with a hypothesized perceptual explanation for the covariation of phonation type and tongue-root advancement in West African languages. The findings may also be relevant to gender differences in phonation type.
Phonetic Structures of Banawá, an Endangered Language
Authors: Ladefoged Peter , Ladefoged Jenny , Everett Daniel 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This paper describes the phonetic characteristics of Banawá, an endangered language spoken in Brazil. The qualities of the Banawá vowels are described in terms of their formant frequencies. The places of articulation of each consonant, the voice onset time and the manner of articulation are documented. The structure of syllables and words is delimited, and the location of stressed syllables is described and verified experimentally.
Global Circulation in an Axially Symmetric Shallow-Water Model, Forced by Off-Equatorial Differential Heating
Authors: Adam Ori , Paldor Nathan 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
An axially symmetric inviscid shallow-water model (SWM) on the rotating Earth forced by off-equatorial steady differential heating is employed to characterize the main features of the upper branch of an ideal Hadley circulation. The steady-state solutions are derived and analyzed and their relevance to asymptotic temporal evolution of the circulation is established by comparing them to numerically derived time-dependent solutions at long times. The main novel feature of the steady-state solutions of the present theory is the existence of a tropical region, associated with the rising branch of the Hadley circulation, which extends to about half the combined width of the Hadley cells in the two hemispheres and is dominated by strong vertical advection of momentum. The solutions in this tropical region are characterized by three conditions: (i) the meridional temperature gradient is very weak but drastically increases outside of the region, (ii) moderate easterlies exist only inside this region and they peak off the equator, and (iii) angular momentum is not conserved there. The momentum fluxes of the new solutions at the tropics differ qualitatively from those of existing nearly inviscid theories and the new flux estimates are in better agreement with both observations and axially symmetric simulations. As in previous nearly inviscid theories, the steady solutions of the new theory are determined by a thermal Rossby number and by the latitude of maximal heating.
In Vivo Evaluation of Autologous Cartilage Fragment-Loaded Scaffolds Implanted into Equine Articular Defects and Compared with Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation
Authors: Frisbie David D. , Lu Y. , Kawcak Christopher E. , DiCarlo E. F. , Binette F. , McIlwraith C. Wayne 
Published: November 2009

Background Current autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) techniques require 2 surgical procedures: 1 for cell harvest and 1 for reimplantation of cultured cells. A 1-step procedure is more desirable. Purpose A 1-step surgical procedure using autologous cartilage fragments on a polydioxanone scaffold, or CAIS (cartilage autograft implantation system), in a clinically relevant defect (15-mm diameter) within equine femoral trochlea was compared with a 2-step ACI technique as well as with empty defects and defects with polydioxanone foam scaffolds alone. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Ten skeletally mature horses were used. Articular cartilage from the lateral trochlea of the femur was harvested arthro-scopically (n 5 5), and chondrocytes were cultured on small intestinal submucosa to produce ACI constructs. The CAIS procedure had cartilage harvested during defect creation to prepare minced cartilage on polydioxanone-reinforced foam. The ACI and CAIS constructs were placed in defects using polydioxanone/polyglycolic acid staples. Defects were examined arthroscopically at 4, 8, and 12 months and with gross, histological, and immunohistochemical examination at 12 months. Results Arthroscopic, histologic, and immunohistochemistry results show superiority of both implantation techniques (ACI and CAIS) compared with empty defects and defects with polydioxanone foam alone, with CAIS having the highest score. Conclusion This is the first demonstration of long-term healing with strenuous exercise using ACI and CAIS in a critically sized defect. Clinical Relevance Given these results with the CAIS procedure, testing in human patients is the next logical step (a phase 1 human clinical study has proceeded from this work).
Positive Effect of Alendronate on Subchondral Bone Healing and Subsequent Cartilage Repair in a Rabbit Osteochondral Defect Model
Authors: Nishitani Kohei , Shirai Takaaki , Kobayashi Masahiko , Kuroki Hiroshi , Azuma Yoshiaki , Nakagawa Yasuaki , Nakamura Takashi 
Published: November 2009

BackgroundCartilage and subchondral bone have recently been considered an osteochondral unit. The treatment of osteo-chondral lesions is still challenging, but better subchondral bone repair may result in higher quality repaired cartilage.HypothesesAlendronate accelerates bone formation in osteochondral defects and affects the quality of the repaired cartilage.Study DesignControlled laboratory study.MethodsOsteochondral defects were made on the left trochleas of 50 rabbits, which were assigned to 1 of 3 groups: control, ALN (weekly subcutaneous injection of 0.14 mg/mL alendronate), and ALN-S (alendronate injection in the first 8 weeks only). They were evaluated at 4, 8, 24, and 52 weeks. Bone repair was evaluated with microcomputed tomography and histologic evaluation. Cartilage repair was evaluated with ultrasound and histologic analyses.ResultsAt 4 weeks, the defects were filled, and cartilage-like repair tissue was observed in the ALN group, whereas the defects were incompletely filled in the control group. Alendronate treatment enhanced early bone formation and mineralization in the osteochondral defect for the first 8 weeks. The continuous injection of alendronate for 24 weeks resulted in delayed bone remodeling, but the rabbits in the ALN-S group showed good integrity of the subchondral bone plate, without delayed remodeling. At 52 weeks, the ALN-S group had a columnar arrangement of chondrocytes that had less fibrillation and looked superior to those in the ALN and control groups. Ultrasound analysis showed better quality of repaired cartilage of the ALN and ALN-S group than the control group.ConclusionAlendronate accelerated bone formation without inhibiting its mineralization but thereafter inhibited bone remodeling in an osteochondral defect. The withdrawal of alendronate at 8 weeks avoided the delayed remodeling and showed better sub-chondral bone repair. At 52 weeks, better subchondral bone repair resulted in better cartilage quality. Clinical Relevance: Alendronate administered in the early period accelerates bone formation and improves the quality of the repaired cartilage.
Treatment Selection in Articular Cartilage Lesions of the Knee
Authors: Bekkers Joris E. J. , Inklaar Melanie , Saris Daniël B. F. 
Published: November 2009

Background Several treatment options are available to repair articular cartilage lesions of the knee; however, evidence-based parameters for treatment selection are lacking. Purpose To identify parameters for valid treatment selection in the repair of articular cartilage lesions of the knee. Study Design Systematic review. Methods A systematic search was conducted in the databases EMBASE, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane collaboration. The retrieved articles were screened for relevance on title and abstract followed by a full-text study quality appraisal of the remaining articles. Eventually, a total of 4 randomized controlled trials were included. Results Lesion size, activity level, and age were the influencing parameters for the outcome of articular cartilage repair surgery. Lesions greater than 2.5 cm2 should be treated with sophisticated techniques, such as autologous chondrocyte implantation or osteochondral autologous transplantation, while microfracture is a good first-line treatment option for smaller (<2.5 cm2) lesions. Patients who are active show better results after autologous chondrocyte implantation or osteochondral autologous transplantation when compared with microfracture. Younger patients (<30 years) seem to benefit more from any form of cartilage repair surgery compared with those over 30 years of age. Conclusion Lesion size, activity level, and patient age are factors that should be considered in selecting treatment of articular cartilage lesions of the knee. In addition, these factors are a step toward evidence-based, instead of surgeon-preferred, treatment of articular cartilage lesions of the knee.
A cost-effectiveness analysis of subject recruitment strategies in the HIPAA era: results from a colorectal cancer screening adherence trial
Authors: Schroy Paul C , Glick Julie T , Robinson Patricia , Lydotes Maria A , Heeren Timothy C , Prout Marianne , Davidson Peter , Wong John B 
Published: November 2009

Background Changes in regulatory standards that restrict use of identifiable health information can reduce patient recruitment to clinical trials and increase recruitment costs. Purpose To compare subject accrual rates and costs of three recruitment strategies that comply with new regulatory standards within the context of a clinical trial evaluating the impact of shared decision-making on colorectal cancer screening adherence. Methods Sequential cohorts of English-speaking, average-risk patients due for colorectal cancer screening were allocated to one of three recruitment strategies: (1) a provider-initiated electronic ‘opt-in’ referral (Click) method; (2) a provider-mediated ‘opt-in’ referral letter (Letter) method; and (3) an investigator-initiated direct contact ‘opt-out’ (Call) method. Results During distinct 6-month recruitment periods between March 2005 and April 2006, 100 potential subjects were identified using the Click method, 847 by the Letter method, and 758 by the Call method. After excluding ineligible prescreened patients, accrual rates were higher for the Call method (188 of 531 [35.4%]) than either the Click (12 of 72 [16.7%]; p = 0.002) or Letter (17 of 816 [2.1%]; p < 0.001) methods. The average cost per patient enrolled for the Call ($156) method was competitive with the Click ($129) and substantially lower than the Letter ($1967) methods; the Call method was least expensive if combined with automated patient identification ($99). Data extrapolation suggest it would take 2.4 years at an overall cost of $138,518 to recruit a target sample of 900 patients by the Call method, 40.5 years at $62,419 for the Click method and 27.9 years at $1,737,757 for the Letter method. Limitations The study was nonrandomized and findings may not be generalizable to other research settings. Conclusion The investigator-initiated direct contact ‘opt-out’ strategy is significantly more cost-effective and feasible than provider-initiated and provider-mediated ‘opt-in’ strategies for patient recruitment to clinical trials. Clinical Trials 2009; 6: 597—609. http://ctj.sagepub.com
Involving American Indians and medically underserved rural populations in cancer clinical trials
Authors: Guadagnolo B A , Petereit Daniel G , Helbig Petra , Koop David , Kussman Patricia , Fox Dunn Emily , Patnaik Asha 
Published: November 2009

Purpose To assess cancer clinical trial recruitment and reasons for nonaccrual among a rural, medically underserved population served by a community-based cancer care center. Methods We prospectively tracked clinical trial enrollment incidence among all new patients presenting at the Rapid City Regional Cancer Care Institute. Evaluating physicians completed questionnaires for each patient regarding clinical trial enrollment status and primary reasons for nonenrollment. Patients who identified as American Indian were referred to a program where patients were assisted in navigating the medical system by trained, culturally competent staff. Results Between September 2006 and January 2008, 891 new cancer patients were evaluated. Seventy-eight patients (9%; 95% confidence intervals, 7—11%) were enrolled on a clinical treatment trial. For 73% (95% confidence intervals, 69—75%) of patients (646 of 891) lack of relevant protocol availability or protocol inclusion criteria restrictiveness was the reason for nonenrollment. Only 45 (5%; 95% confidence intervals, 4—7%) patients refused enrollment on a trial. Of the 78 enrolled on a trial, 6 (8%; 95% confidence intervals, 3—16%) were American Indian. Three additional American Indian patients were enrolled under a nontreatment cancer control trial, bringing the total percentage enrolled of the 94 American Indians who presented to the clinic to 10% (95% confidence intervals, 5—17%). Limitations Eligibility rates were unable to be calculated and cross validation of the number in the cohort via registries or ICD-9 codes was not performed. Conclusion Clinical trial participation in this medically underserved population was low overall, but approximately 3-fold higher than reported national accrual rates. Lack of availability of protocols for common cancer sites as well as stringent protocol inclusion criteria were the primary obstacles to clinical trial enrollment. Targeted interventions using a Patient Navigation program were used to engage AI patients and may have resulted in higher clinical trial enrollment among this racial/ethnic group. Clinical Trials 2009; 6: 610—617. http://ctj.sagepub.com
Satisfactory cross-cultural validity of the ACTG symptom distress module in HIV-1-infected antiretroviral-naive patients
Authors: Regnault Antoine , Marfatia Shalaka , Louie Michael , Mear Isabelle , Meunier Juliette , Viala-Danten Muriel 
Published: November 2009

Background Multinational clinical trials commonly include different language versions of patient-reported outcomes (PRO) instruments without considering the question of their cross-cultural validity. The inclusion of a PRO instrument, the Adult AIDS Clinical Trial Group Symptom Distress Module (SDM), in an multinational clinical trial in HIV-1 antiretroviral-naive patients offered an opportunity to explore the methods to assess cross-cultural validity of PRO instruments in the context of clinical trials. Purpose To assess the cross-cultural validity of the SDM across seven cultural groups in the setting of a multinational HIV clinical trial. Methods Twenty-five language versions of the SDM were included in a Phase IIb/III trial comparing maraviroc with efavirenz (each in combination with zidovudine/ lamivudine) conducted in 12 countries to assess symptoms perceived by HIV-1-infected antiretroviral-naive patients. Differential item functioning (DIF) detection and the STATIS method were combined in a pragmatic approach to assess the cross-cultural validity of the SDM using pre-antiretroviral treatment data from 759 patients. Results Statistically significant DIF between cultural groups was observed for four items: fatigue; fevers; anxiety; and headache. However, examination of these items by linguists did not lead to meaningful explanations for the statistical differences. With the STATIS approach, the Bantu and European Germanic groups were the furthest from the Occidental English group. Limitations The assessment of cross-cultural validity had to be performed on some very small samples and on data aggregated by cultural groups, which suggests the need for a cautious interpretation of the results. Conclusions Given the heterogeneity of cultures considered, the absence of meaningful explanations for statistically significant differences between cultural groups supports the cross-cultural validity of the SDM versions included in this trial. Thus, this study demonstrated that it is feasible to conduct assessment of crosscultural validity of PRO instruments using data collected in the setting of multinational clinical trials. Clinical Trials 2009; 6: 574—584. http://ctj.sagepub.com
Iterative pruning PCA improves resolution of highly structured populations
Authors: Intarapanich Apichart , Shaw Philip J , Assawamakin Anunchai , Wangkumhang Pongsakorn , Ngamphiw Chumpol , Chaichoompu Kridsadakorn , Piriyapongsa Jittima , Tongsima Sissades 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Background
Non-random patterns of genetic variation exist among individuals in a population owing to a variety of evolutionary factors. Therefore, populations are structured into genetically distinct subpopulations. As genotypic datasets become ever larger, it is increasingly difficult to correctly estimate the number of subpopulations and assign individuals to them. The computationally efficient non-parametric, chiefly Principal Components Analysis (PCA)-based methods are thus becoming increasingly relied upon for population structure analysis. Current PCA-based methods can accurately detect structure; however, the accuracy in resolving subpopulations and assigning individuals to them is wanting. When subpopulations are closely related to one another, they overlap in PCA space and appear as a conglomerate. This problem is exacerbated when some subpopulations in the dataset are genetically far removed from others. We propose a novel PCA-based framework which addresses this shortcoming.

Results
A novel population structure analysis algorithm called iterative pruning PCA (ipPCA) was developed which assigns individuals to subpopulations and infers the total number of subpopulations present. Genotypic data from simulated and real population datasets with different degrees of structure were analyzed. For datasets with simple structures, the subpopulation assignments of individuals made by ipPCA were largely consistent with the STRUCTURE, BAPS and AWclust algorithms. On the other hand, highly structured populations containing many closely related subpopulations could be accurately resolved only by ipPCA, and not by other methods.

Conclusion
The algorithm is computationally efficient and not constrained by the dataset complexity. This systematic subpopulation assignment approach removes the need for prior population labels, which could be advantageous when cryptic stratification is encountered in datasets containing individuals otherwise assumed to belong to a homogenous population.
The effects of corn silk on glycaemic metabolism
Authors: Guo Jianyou , Liu Tongjun , Han Linna , Liu Yongmei 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBackgroundCorn silk contains proteins, vitamins, carbohydrates, Ca, K, Mg and Na salts, fixed and volatile oils, steroids such as sitosterol and stigmasterol, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and flavonoids. Base on folk remedies, corn silk has been used as an oral antidiabetic agent in China for decades. However, the hypoglycemic activity of it has not yet been understood in terms of modern pharmacological concepts. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of corn silk on glycaemic metabolism.MethodsAlloxan and adrenalin induced hyperglycemic mice were used in the study. The effects of corn silk on blood glucose, glycohemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin secretion, damaged pancreatic β-cells, hepatic glycogen and gluconeogenesis in hyperglycemic mice were studied respectively.ResultsAfter the mice were orally administered with corn silk extract, the blood glucose and the HbA1c were significantly decreased in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, respectively), while the level of insulin secretionn was markedly elevated in alloxa-induced hyperglycemic mice (p < 0.05). The alloxan-damaged pancreatic β-cells of the mice were partly recovered gradually after the mice were administered with corn silk extract 15 days later. Also, the body weight of the alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice was increased gradually. However, ascension of blood glucose induced by adrenalin and gluconeogenesis induced by L-alanine were not inhibited by corn silk extract treatment (p > 0.05). Although corn silk extract increased the level of hepatic glycogen in the alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice, there was no significant difference between them and that of the control group(p > 0.05).ConclusionCorn silk extract markedly reduced hyperglycemia in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The action of corn silk extract on glycaemic metabolism is not via increasing glycogen and inhibiting gluconeogenesis but through increasing insulin level as well as recovering the injured β-cells. The results suggest that corn silk extract may be used as a hypoglycemic food or medicine for hyperglycemic people in terms of this modern pharmacological study.
Foreskin trapped by zipper: a case report
Authors: Arrabal-Polo Miguel Angel , Arias-Santiago Salvador A , Giron-Prieto Maria Sierra , Arrabal-Martin Miguel 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
We present an 84 year-old-male patient with foreskin trapped by his zipper. After several failed attempts with scissors, screwdriver and others we practise an elliptic incision to resolve the problem. Foreskin injuries are frequent in children but are rare in adult men. There are some techniques described for solving the problem using scissors, screwdriver, traction and surgery.