bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation in chlorotoluron photodegradation rates as a result of seasonal changes in the composition of natural waters
Authors: Oliver Robin G , Wallace Derek F , Earll Mark 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: It is important to understand the degradation of organic molecules in surface waters to ensure that risk assessments, intended to prevent adverse effects on human health and the environment, are robust. One important degradation mechanism in surface waters is photodegradation. This process is generally studied in laboratory test systems, and the significance of the results is then extrapolated to the field. The aim of this work was to assess how fluctuations in the composition of surface water influence the photodegradation rate of chlorotoluron.RESULTS: Photodegradation DT50 values in the lake (mean = 26.0 days) and pond (mean = 26.0 days) were significantly slower than in the river (mean = 6.8 days) and stream (mean = 7.3 days) samples. The DT50 values in the pond and lake samples were similar to the direct photolysis value (mean = 28.6 days). Photodegradation was significantly faster in the stream and river samples, suggesting that indirect photolysis was significant in those waters. Principal component analysis indicated a strong inverse correlation between nitrate concentration and degradation rate.CONCLUSIONS: Nitrate concentration had a strong influence on the rate of photodegradation, with increasing nitrate concentrations sharply reducing the DT50. However, this effect was restricted to a narrow concentration range and levelled off quite quickly, such that further increases in the nitrate concentration had no significant effect on the rate of degradation. Extrapolating photodegradation rates of chlorotoluron from the laboratory to the field should be relatively straightforward, provided the nitrate concentrations in the waters are known. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Molecular cloning and pharmacological characterisation of a tyramine receptor from the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker)
Authors: Wu Shun‐Fan , Huang Jia , Ye Gong‐Yin 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Tyramine (TA) and octopamine (OA) are considered to be the invertebrate counterparts of the vertebrate adrenergic transmitters. Because these two phenolamines are the only biogenic amines whose physiological significance is presumably restricted to invertebrates, the attention of pharmacologists has been focused on the corresponding receptors, which are believed to represent promising targets for novel insecticides. For example, the formamidine pesticides, such as chlordimeform and amitraz, have been shown to activate OA receptors.RESULTS: A full‐length cDNA (designated CsTyR1) from the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker), has been obtained through homology cloning in combination with rapid amplification of cDNA ends/polymerase chain reaction (RACE‐PCR). The mRNA of CsTyR1 is present in various tissues, including hemocytes, fat body, midgut, Malpighian tubules, nerve cord and epidermis, and it is found predominantly in the larval nerve cord with 16–80‐fold enrichment compared with other tissues. The authors generated a HEK 293 cell line stably expressing CsTyR1 in order to examine functional and pharmacological properties of this receptor. Both TA and OA at 0.01–100 µM can reduce forskolin‐stimulated intracellular cAMP levels in a dose‐dependent manner (TA, EC50 = 369 nM; OA, EC50 = 978 nM). In agonist assays, activation of CsTyR1 by clonidine and amitraz but not by naphazoline and chlordimeform can also significantly inhibit forskolin‐stimulated cAMP production. The inhibitory effect of TA at 10 µM is eliminated by coincubation with yohimbine, phentolamine or chlorpromazine (each 10 µM).CONCLUSION: This study represents a comprehensive molecular and pharmacological characterisation of a tyramine receptor in the rice stem borer. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Micropatterning of non‐crystalline methylsilsesquioxane–titania hybrid films based on their structural changes with UV irradiation
Authors: Ainuddin A. R. , Hakiri N. , Muto H. , Matsuda A. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractNon‐crystalline, transparent methylsilsesquioxane–titania hybrid films for application in micropatterning were prepared from methyltriethoxysilane and titanium tetrabutoxide by the sol–gel method. The hybrid films were heat‐treated at 100 °C for 1 h and then irradiated with UV light using an ultrahigh‐pressure mercury lamp. The refractive index of the film increased as the amount of incorporated TiO2 increased. No changes in hardness were observed for the films lacking TiO2 during UV irradiation, whereas adding a small amount of TiO2 caused the hardness to increase significantly following UV irradiation. These changes in the physical properties of the films with UV irradiation were caused by the cleavage of Si–C bonds in the films induced by the photocatalytic effect of TiO2. On the basis of the changes in surface profiles, and optical, chemical, and mechanical properties induced by UV irradiation, it is concluded that the methylsilsesquioxane–titania films are promising for micropatterning by photolithography.
Transparent and flexible field emission display device based on single‐walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Ghosh Debasish , Ghosh Pradip , Yusop Mohd Zamri , Tanemura Masaki , Hayashi Yasuhiko , Tsuchiya Tetsuo , Nakajima Tomohiko 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA fully transparent and flexible field emission device (FED) has been demonstrated. Single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) coated on arylite substrate were used as electron emitters for the FED and a novel metavanadate phosphor coated on the SWCNTs/arylite film was used as transparent and flexible screen. The SWCNTs/arylite based emitters and the SWCNTs/arylite/metal‐vanadate‐based phosphor showed a transmittance value of 92.6% and 54%, respectively. The assembled device also showed satisfactory transparency and flexibility as well as producing significant current. Metavanadate phosphor is considered to be an excellent candidate due to its superior luminescence properties and easy fabrication onto transparent and flexible conductive substrate at room temperature while retaining reasonable transparency of the substrate. Thus, its transparency and flexibility will open the door to next‐generation FEDs. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Hydrocodone and morphine possess similar rewarding effects and reduce erk and creb phosphorylation in the nucleus accumbens
Authors: Tenayuca John M. , Nazarian Arbi 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe number of prescriptions for hydrocodone‐containing opioid analgesics has greatly increased over the past decade. This increase has led to an associated enhancement in the nonmedical use of hydrocodone products. There is a lack of evidence to determine the extent of the rewarding effects and signal transduction properties of hydrocodone. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the rewarding properties of hydrocodone (1 and 5 mg/kg) and morphine (1 and 5 mg/kg) using the conditioned place preference paradigm (CPP) in rats. Both hydrocodone and morphine produced a CPP at the 5 mg/kg dose, but not the lower 1 mg/kg dose, suggesting that both drugs possess similar rewarding properties in the CPP paradigm. Moreover, hydrocodone and morphine equally reduced phosphorylation levels of ERK and CREB proteins in the nucleus accumbens, suggesting that both drugs exert their effects through signal transduction pathways known to be involved in drug reward and reinforcement. These findings suggest that hydrocodone should be viewed as similarly capable of producing rewarding and euphoric properties as morphine. Synapse 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Full Report ‐ World of Work Report 2009: The global jobs crisis and beyond
Authors:   International Institute for Labour Studies
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe recent rebound in world output and stock markets should not mask the fact that the crisis which erupted in October 2008 is not over. Unless adequate measures are adopted, unemployment will continue to grow, many workers and small entrepreneurs will suffer a permanent cut in their incomes, and inequalities will widen further. And little has been done so far to address the root causes of the crisis.This Report warns against the risk of complacency. It calls for faster implementation of the Global Jobs Pact recently adopted by theILOso as to support recovery and make the world economy more sustainable and fairer.
Full Report ‐ World of Work Report 2011: Making markets work for jobs
Authors:   International Institute for Labour Studies
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis publication provides a comprehensive analysis of recent social unrest and trends in labour markets and assesses likely prospects. It highlights the risks of an employment double‐dip associated with ongoing strategies which put too much emphasis on the short‐term preoccupations of financial markets. And it shows that policies focusing on jobs and real investment would boost recovery prospects while at the same time addressing the root causes of the global financial crisis. Market forces, crucial as they are, should work for jobs and people's needs.This report shows that a sustainable, job‐rich recovery is possible – provided that the factors that led to the crisis are tackled.
Reduktive Dimerisierung von NO an Dirutheniumkomplexen und Bildung eines tridentaten 2, 2‐Bis(diphenylphosphanyl)ethanolato‐Liganden
Authors: Mayer Tobias , Böttcher Hans‐Christian 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe reaction of the trans‐hyponitrito complex [Ru2(CO)4(μ‐η2‐ONNO)(μ‐H)(μ‐PtBu2)(μ‐dppen)] (1, dppen = Ph2PC(=CH2)PPh2) with tetrafluorido boric acid afforded the new complex salt [Ru2(CO)4(μ‐η2‐ONNOH)(μ‐H)(μ‐PtBu2)(μ‐dppen)]BF4 (2) containing the monoprotonate hyponitrous acid as the ligand in the cationic complex. Complex 1 showed a nucleophilic reactivity towards the trimethyloxonium cation resulting in the monoester derivative of the hyponitrous acid [Ru2(CO)4(μ‐η2‐ONNOMe)(μ‐H)(μ‐PtBu2)(μ‐dppen)]BF4 (3). During heating of compound 2 in ethanol under reflux for a short time nitrous oxide was liberated affording unexpectedly a new tridentate 2, 2‐bis(diphenylphosphanyl)ethanolato ligand formed by an intramolecular attack of an intermediate hydroxido ligand towards the unsaturated carbon carbon double bond in the bridging dppen ligand. Thus the complex salt [Ru2(CO)4{μ‐η3‐OCH2CH(PPh2)2}(μ‐H)(μ‐PtBu2)]BF4 (4) was formed in good yields. The new compounds 2, 3, and 4 were characterized by spectroscopic means as well as their molecular structures were determined in the crystal.
Swelling Hybrid Solids
Authors: Ferey Gérard 
Published: June 2012

AbstractInorganic solids are usually rigid. Professor Hoppe, all over the years, provided a tremendous number of beautiful examples of their structural organization in oxides and fluorides.1 His immense creativity enriched a lot this part of chemistry, and attracted many colleagues – including myself – toward solid state chemistry. A common idea, associated with the usual definition of solids, was to consider crystallized solids are rigid edifices, within which the only degrees of freedom were the thermal vibration of the atoms forming the compound and the movement of atoms during a displacive structural transition. This implied small displacements of the atoms (0.1 Å < d < 1 Å).In 2002, simultaneously with my friend Susumu Kitagawa from Kyoto university,2–5 we discovered a new behavior of the crystallized solid matter: the unusually large flexibility of crystalline solids (movements of > 5–10 Å), keeping the same topology in the absence of any amorphous intermediate. Knowing your continuous curiosity toward new events in solid state chemistry, I decided to dedicate this tribute to this strange phenomenon, primitively a laboratory curiosity but which became during these last ten years a specific topic attracting chemists, physicists, and computer scientists for the academic point of view, but also companies for the applications this behavior allows. This paper will focus exclusively on the flexibility of three‐dimensional solids.
Lead Fluoridooxidovanadates(V), Pb(V2O2F8), Pb(VOF5), and Mixed Valent Fluoridooxidovanadate(IV, V), Pb3F(V4O3F18)
Authors: Lozinšek Matic , Goreshnik Evgeny , Žemva Boris 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe lead fluoridooxidovanadates(V), Pb(V2O2F8) and Pb(VOF5), were synthesized from PbF2 and VOF3 in anhydrous HF. Their crystal structures were determined and Raman spectra recorded. Compound Pb3F(V4O3F18) with a novel mixed valent vanadium(IV, V) fluoridooxido anion, V4O3F185–, obtained as a by‐product, was also structurally characterized.
Palladium‐mediated Cleavage of S–C Bonds: Preparation and Characterization of Palladium(II) Complexes of 2, 6‐Diformyl‐4‐tert‐butylthiophenol Dioxime
Authors: Gruschinski Sina , Handke Marcel , Kersting Berthold 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe synthesis of air‐sensitive 2, 6‐diformyl‐4‐tert‐butylthiophenol dioxime H3L3 was achieved by a Pd‐mediated S–C cleavage of the corresponding S‐tert‐butyl protected thioether. The novel ligand forms a dinuclear, neutral PdII2 complex, which is stabilized by two N···HO hydrogen bonds to give a pseudo‐macrocyclic structure. The crystal structure of a PdII complex of an oxidized isothiazole derivative of H3L3 is also reported.
Clinical diagnostic criteria of IgG4‐related sclerosing cholangitis 2012
Authors: Ohara Hirotaka , Okazaki Kazuichi , Tsubouchi Hirohito , Inui Kazuo , Kawa Shigeyuki , Kamisawa Terumi , Tazuma Susumu , Uchida Kazushige , Hirano Kenji , Yoshida Hitoshi , Nishino Takayoshi , Ko Shigeru B.H. , Mizuno Nobumasa , Hamano Hideaki , Kanno Atsushi , Notohara Kenji , Hasebe Osamu , Nakazawa Takahiro , Nakanuma Yasuni , Takikawa Hajime 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBackgroundIgG4‐sclerosing cholangitis (IgG4‐SC) patients have an increased level of serum IgG4, dense infiltration of IgG4‐positive plasma cells with extensive fibrosis in the bile duct wall, and a good response to steroid therapy. However, it is not easy to distinguish IgG4‐SC from primary sclerosing cholangitis, pancreatic cancer, and cholangiocarcinoma on the basis of cholangiographic findings alone because various cholangiographic features of IgG4‐SC are similar to those of the above progressive or malignant diseases.MethodsThe Research Committee of IgG4‐related Diseases and the Research Committee of Intractable Diseases of Liver and Biliary Tract in association with the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, Japan and the Japan Biliary Association have set up a working group consisting of researchers specializing in IgG4‐SC, and established the new clinical diagnostic criteria of IgG4‐SC 2012.ResultsThe diagnosis of IgG4‐SC is based on the combination of the following 4 criteria: (1) characteristic biliary imaging findings, (2) elevation of serum IgG4 concentrations, (3) the coexistence of IgG4‐related diseases except those of the biliary tract, and (4) characteristic histopathological features. Furthermore, the effectiveness of steroid therapy is an optional extra diagnostic criterion to confirm accurate diagnosis of IgG4‐SC.ConclusionThese diagnostic criteria for IgG4‐SC are useful in practice for general physicians and other nonspecialists.
Skeletal manifestations in pediatric and adult patients with Niemann Pick disease type B
Authors: Wasserstein Melissa , Godbold James , McGovern Margaret M. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIntroductionNiemann‐Pick disease (NPD) due to acid sphingomyelinase deficiency is a lipid storage disease resulting from the accumulation of sphingomyelin, predominantly within cells of the monocyte‐macrophage system. In contrast to other lysosomal storage disorders, skeletal involvement in NPD has not been systematically studied.MethodsPediatric and adult NPD‐B patients underwent medical histories and physical examinations, DEXA scans to measure bone mineral content (BMC), and bone mineral density (BMD) and computed tomography scan or MRI of the abdomen for spleen volume. Z and/or T scores were calculated for the DEXA results. For the pediatric patients adjusted mean BMC (g) and BMD (g/cm2) of the lumbar spine, hip, and femoral neck was compared to control subjects. For determination of the relationship between spleen volume and lumbar spine BMD Z score, linear correlation analyses were performed.ResultsLumbar spine Z scores for pediatric patients ranged from 0.061 to ‐4.879. Statistically significant decreases were observed for the adjusted mean BMC and BMD at the lumbar spine, hip, and femoral neck between the pediatric NPD‐B cohort and control subjects. Most NPD‐B adults were osteopenic or osteoporotic at one or more sites according the WHO classification of BMD. In NPD‐B patients, the degree of splenomegaly was inversely correlated with lumbar spine BMD Z scores.ConclusionSkeletal involvement is a common and previously unrecognized manifestation of NPD‐B. The association between splenomegaly and BMD lends further support to spleen size as an indicator of disease severity.
Lipid biomarkers of oxidative stress in a genetic mouse model of Smith‐Lemli‐Opitz syndrome
Authors: Korade Zeljka , Xu Libin , Mirnics Karoly , Porter Ned A. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract7‐Dehydrocholesterol (7‐DHC) accumulates in tissues and fluids of patients with Smith‐Lemli‐Opitz syndrome (SLOS), which is caused by mutations in the gene encoding 3β‐hydroxysterol‐Δ7‐reductase (DHCR7). We recently reported that 7‐DHC is the most reactive lipid molecule toward free radical oxidation (lipid peroxidation) and 14 oxysterols have been identified as products of oxidation of 7‐DHC in solution. As the high oxidizability of 7‐DHC may lead to systemic oxidative stress in SLOS patients, we report here lipid biomarkers of oxidative stress in a Dhcr7‐KO mouse model of SLOS, including oxysterols, isoprostanes (IsoPs), and neuroprostanes (NeuroPs) that are formed from the oxidation of 7‐DHC, arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, respectively. In addition to a previously described oxysterol, 3β,5α‐dihydroxycholest‐7‐en‐6‐one (DHCEO), we provide evidence for the chemical structures of three new oxysterols in the brain and/or liver tissue of Dhcr7‐KO mice, two of which were quantified. We find that levels of IsoPs and NeuroPs are also elevated in brain and/or liver tissues of Dhcr7‐KO mice relative to matching WT mice. While IsoPs and NeuroPs have been established as a reliable measurement of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in vivo, we show that in this genetic SLOS mouse model, 7‐DHC‐derived oxysterols are present at much higher levels than IsoPs and NeuroPs and thus are better markers of lipid oxidation and related oxidative stress.
Commentary: What degree of hyperphenylalaninaemia requires treatment?
Authors: Pollitt R. J. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractDespite some 50 years’ experience in the treatment of phenylketonuria and numerous scientific publications on the subject there is no clear consensus as to what degree of hyperphenylalaninaemia will result in intellectual impairment. Studies of three main types, on untreated cases of moderate hyperphenylalaninaemia, on treated cases of phenylketonuria, and on the effects of current blood phenylalanine concentration on executive function, have lead to different conclusions. Overall, there appears to be a fairly strong case for limiting dietary treatment to individuals whose blood phenylalanine levels would otherwise exceed 600 μmol/L. This is now policy in some European countries but a formal large‐scale study of long‐term outcomes to validate the approach is urgently required.
Changes in contraceptive choice after emergency contraception
Authors: Lo Sue S.T. , Ho Pak‐Chung 
Published: June 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether women use emergency contraception (EC) repeatedly instead of regular contraception methods if they have access to EC.MethodsData from the records of 9201 women who underwent EC 11 014 times in the years 2006 through 2008 at Hong Kong clinics were retrospectively analyzed. The χ2 test was used to look for associations between demographic characteristics and repeated EC use and the Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare the significance of changes in contraceptive use over time.ResultsA total of 10 845 courses of EC pills and 168 intrauterine devices were provided to the 9201 women, 89.4% of whom used EC once and 8.5% twice within a year. Using EC more than twice was only associated with unstable relationships. The percentages of women using no contraceptives during intercourse decreased from 20.6% at baseline to 4.7% four to 6 weeks after EC, 4.0% at 6 months, and 3.4% at 12 months. The percentages of women using highly effective methods of contraception increased from 3.5% to 20.8%, 27.3%, and 27.7% at the same time points.ConclusionThe low rate of repeated EC use and the positive changes in contraceptive choice after EC are reassuring.
Seasonal variation in kangaroo tooth enamel oxygen and carbon isotopes in southern Australia
Authors: Brookman Tom H. , Ambrose Stanley H. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractSerial sampling of tooth enamel growth increments for carbon and oxygen isotopic analyses ofMacropus(kangaroo) teeth was performed to assess the potential for reconstructing paleoseasonality. The carbon isotope composition of tooth enamel apatite carbonate reflects the proportional intake of C3and C4vegetation. The oxygen isotopic composition of enamel reflects that of ingested and metabolic water. Tooth enamel forms sequentially from the tip of the crown to the base, so dietary and environmental changes during the tooth's formation can be detected. δ13C and δ18O values were determined for a series of enamel samples drilled from the 3rd and 4th molars of kangaroos that were collected along a 900 km north–south transect in southern Australia. The serial sampling method did not yield pronounced seasonal isotopic variation patterns inMacropusenamel. The full extent of dietary isotopic variation may be obscured by attenuation of the isotopic signal during enamel mineralisation. Brachydont (low-crowned)Macropusteeth may be less sensitive to seasonal variation in isotopic composition due to time-averaging during mineralisation. However, geographic variations observed suggest that there may be potential for tracking latitudinal shifts in vegetation zones and seasonal environmental patterns in response to climate change.
The potential for a great earthquake along the southernmost Ryukyu subduction zone
Authors: Hsu Ya‐Ju , Ando Masataka , Yu Shui‐Beih , Simons Mark 
Published: June 2012

Interseismic GPS data along the Hualien‐Suao coast (NE Taiwan) shows a pattern of strain accumulation that is consistent with a potential future large shallow earthquake along the southernmost Ryukyu subduction zone. The measured shortening rate parallel to the Ryukyu Trench is 80 mm/yr, about twice of the shortening rate perpendicular to the Ryukyu Trench. We invert for slip‐deficit rates and the geometric configuration of the plate interface. Our preferred fault model dips 10° northward and extends about 70 km from the Ryukyu Trench to a depth of 13 km. The slip‐deficit rate exhibits a left‐lateral motion of 78 mm/yr and a normal motion of 36 mm/yr on a 290°‐trending fault. The slip rate budget of the southernmost Ryukyu subduction zone is close to the plate convergence rate, suggesting the plate interface is fully locked. Assessments of seismic hazard in this region need to consider the potential threat from Mw7.5∼8.7 tsunami earthquakes generated by shallow ruptures.