bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nanostructuring of diamond films using self-assembled nanoparticles
Authors: Babchenko Oleg , Kromka Alexander , Hruska Karel , Michalka Miroslav , Potmesil Jiri , Vanecek Milan 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
We report the use of gold, nickel and diamond nanoparticles as a masking material for realization of diamond nano-structures by applying the dry plasma etching process. Applying low power plasma (100 W) in a gas mixture of CF4/O2 for 5 minutes results in a formation of three different types of diamond nanostructures, depending on the mask type material and particle size. Using of the Ni mask results in realization of diamond nano-rods, applying of the Au mask brings cauliflower-like structures, and using the diamond powder allows the production of irregular nano-structures. The main advance of the presented etching procedure is use of a self-assembly strategy where no lithographic steps are implemented.
Point-by-point inscription of 250-nm-period structure in bulk fused silica by tightly-focused femtosecond UV pulses: experiment and numerical modeling
Authors: Nikogosyan David , Dubov Mykhaylo , Schmitz Holger , Mezentsev Vladimir , Bennion Ian , Bolger Padraig , Zayats Anatoly 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
By conducting point-by-point inscription in a continuously moving slab of a pure fused silica at the optimal depth (170 μm depth below the surface), we have fabricated a 250-nm-period nanostructure with 30 nJ, 300 fs, 1 kHz pulses from frequency-tripled Ti:sapphire laser. This is the smallest value for the inscribed period yet reported, and has been achieved with radical improvement in the quality of the inscribed nanostructures in comparison with previous reports. The performed numerical modeling confirms the obtained experimental results.
Pragmatism, Experience, and the Given
Authors: Aikin Scott 
Published: March 2009

Pragmatism, Experience, and the Given
The doctrine of the Given is that subjects have direct non-inferential awareness of content of their experiences and apprehensions, and that some of a subject's beliefs are justified on the basis of that subject's awareness of her experiences and apprehensions. Pragmatist criticisms of the Given as a myth are shown here not only to be inadequate but to presuppose the Given. A model for a pragmatist account of the Given is then provided in terms of refinements of Dewey's theory of experience. The doctrine of the Given is implicated in the functions of inquiry insofar as one must take it that experience is a source of justification.
After Ontotheology: Reciprocal, Caring, Creative, and Right Relationships
Authors: Garrison Jim 
Published: March 2009

After Ontotheology: Reciprocal, Caring, Creative, and Right Relationships
With the end of ontotheology we may realize, as Dewey did, that what sustains us is our caring relationships with physical nature, biological life, and other persons. My paper argues that relationships are ontologically basic and caring relations are morally basic. Right relationship binds us to the world and holds us together. We live by the grace of others. I conclude that after ontotheology, we must seek to form reciprocal, caring, and creative relationships.
Moral Perfectionism: Ethical Theory from a Pragmatic Approach
Authors: Mougán Carlos 
Published: March 2009

Moral Perfectionism: Ethical Theory from a Pragmatic Approach
This article tries to rescue the perfectionist approach to moral theory from the pragmatic tradition and inspiration. Based on the philosophy of Dewey and taking into account authors like H. Putnam or S. Cavell, it tries to defend the idea that pragmatism allows us to understand moral perfectionism in a new way. In that way, perfectionism is bound to a certain interpretation of practical rationality, and a new understanding of moral objectivity and human subjectivity. Finally, moral perfectionism is not a theory that aims to solve all moral dilemmas but provides an understanding of how to face up to the problems of ordinary moral life.
Rorty on Politics, Culture, and Philosophy: A Defence of his Romanticism
Authors: Nyírő Miklós 
Published: March 2009

Rorty on Politics, Culture, and Philosophy: A Defence of his Romanticism
Rorty's historicist romanticism is a peculiar and oft criticized feature of his neopragmatism. I attempt to show that it should be regarded not so much as a more or less exceptionable philosophical approach, but rather, as a practice in ‘cultural politics’—which is his ultimate definition for philosophy—prompted by his acute political concerns and his views on the nature of moral progress.
Neopragmatism and the Question of Interdisciplinarity: The Case of Stanley Fish
Authors: Małecki Wojciech 
Published: March 2009

Neopragmatism and the Question of Interdisciplinarity: The Case of Stanley Fish
The aim of the paper is to criticize Stanley Fish's views on interdisciplinarity (particularly as far as his account of interdisciplinarity in literary studies is concerned). The first part of the article consists of: (a) a summary of his critique of the so-called religion of interdisciplinarity; (b) a description of Fish's theory of disciplinarity that underlies this critique. In the second part of the article, I provide a criticism of Fish's theory. I begin by presenting some counterexamples to it. Then I attempt to demonstrate that Fish's views are self-refuting. Finally, I argue that besides these theoretical reasons, there is also a practical reason why Fish's position needs to be questioned.
Structural Polymorphisms in the Mannose-Binding Lectin Gene Are Associated with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: GERGELY PÉTER , PAZÁR BORBÁLA , NAGY ZSOLT B. , GOMBOS TÍMEA , RAJCZY KATALIN , BALOGH ZSOLT , ORBÁN ILONA , SEVCIC KRISZTINA , POÓR GYULA 
Published: April 2009

Objective.To investigate the possible association between polymorphisms of the mannose-binding lectin gene (MBL2) and susceptibility to juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).Methods.We performed a case-control association study including 118 Hungarian patients with JIA and 118 sex-matched healthy controls. MBL genotyping for the 3 mutant structural alleles at codons 54 (B), 57 (C), and 52 (D) in exon 1 and the promoter polymorphisms at position −550 (HL) and −221 (YX) were carried out by real-time PCR allelic discrimination. Serum level of MBL was determined by ELISA.Results.Variant allele frequencies of both codon 52 and 57 polymorphisms in the MBL2 gene were significantly overrepresented in JIA (p = 0.001 and p = 0.004, respectively). The frequency of low MBL genotypes (XA/XA, YA/YO, XA/YO, and YO/YO) in JIA was higher than that in healthy controls (p = 0.001). Serum MBL concentrations were found to be significantly lower in JIA patients versus control subjects (p = 0.001). The 2 promoter polymorphisms and codon 54 SNP of the MBL2 gene were not associated with JIA.Conclusion.Our findings suggest that genetically determined low MBL levels may predispose children to JIA in a Hungarian population. These data warrant further research to investigate the role of the lectin-dependent complement system in the pathogenesis of JIA.
Calibration of rolling ball viscometer in the intermediate reynolds number region
Authors: Hasan Muhammad Asad 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe applicability of proposed correlations for the calibration of a rolling ball viscometer in the intermediate Reynolds number region (0.3 < Re 1000) has been studied. The constants for the equation correlating ball roll time with viscosity have been derived and compared with their experimental values. The dependency of these constants on temperature and on the dimensions of the viscometer has also been described which may help in the optimal design of a rolling ball viscometer.
Heat and mass transfer in non‐newtonian fluid flow with power function velocity profiles
Authors: Kawase Y. , Ulbrecht J. J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractHeat and mass transfer in laminar and turbulent non‐Newtonian fluids is investigated in this work using the power function velocity profiles. Analytical solutions are presented for cases of mass transfer in laminar non‐Newtonian fluid flows, namely for a flat velocity profile (plug flow), for the case of a constant velocity gradient at the solid boundary (Couette flow), and for the velocity distribution within a laminar boundary layer on a flat plate, and these are illustrated by rotating disks and cylinders in laminar Ostwald‐de Waele fluids. Further, turbulent mass transfer processes (tubular flow, rotating disk, and rotating cylinder) in non‐Newtonian fluids (Ostwald‐de Waele fluid and drag‐reducing fluid) at low and large Schmidt numbers are also discussed using the solutions of mass transfer in flows with power function velocity profiles. Reasonable agreement is found between the predictions of this work and the available experimental data and correlations.
Optimization of coal liquefaction reactors
Authors: Oǧuztöreli M. N. , Du Plessis M. P. , özüm B. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe method of Lagrangian multipliers of classical calculus is applied to obtain the optimum operating conditions of three continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) in series, to liquefy coal with minimum gas yield. In the formulation of the problem, the gas conversion was assumed to be the cost function. Results obtained were supported by the experimental findings in terms of liquefaction temperatures, reaction times, and conversion of coal into various liquefaction products.
Hydrodynamics of asymmetrical film thinning
Authors: Jeelani Shaik A. K. , Hartland Stanley 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe thinning of the film beneath a liquid drop is often faster than predicted by radial drainage. This could be explained by asymmetrical drainage, but mathematical difficulties are then encountered. However, analytical solutions may be obtained for the two‐dimensional case and expressions are derived here for the asymmetric viscous drainage of films trapped between convex and concave wedges.Solutions for the symmetrical drainage beneath wedges and parabolae are also presented which are analogous to the three‐dimensional drainage beneath cones and paraboloids previously derived.
Differential thermal analysis of reaction kinetics in pseudo‐isothermal state Part 2. Complex reaction
Authors: Matsuda Hitoki , Goto Shigeo 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe complex reaction between urea and formaldehyde is studied by the simultaneous method of DTA in pseudoisothermal state and conventional titration, and the kinetic parameters and the heat of reaction are evaluated. This reaction is technically important in the production of urea‐formaldehyde resins. The conversions were determined from both the experimental DTA data and the concentration change of formaldehyde with time. By using the available values of the heat of reaction, the rate constants then could be obtained. The experimentally determined activation energies were in good agreement with those reported in the literature.
Heat transfer in co‐current vertical two‐phase flow
Authors: Oshinowo Toks , Betts R. C. , Charles M. E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractHeat transfer in co‐current two‐phase upflow and downflow of air–water has been investigated in a 25.8 mm electrically heated vertical pipe at 172.3 kPa for water mass velocities of 54 to 172 kg/m2s and gas flow rates of 0 to 1.322 × 10−2 m3/s. It was found that although the injection of air in the liquid flow increased the two‐phase heat transfer coefficients significantly for both systems, upflow coefficients were generally higher than those for downflow for the same liquid flow rate. This could have important implications in the design of some chemical reactors and heat engineering processes. Changes in heat transfer rates were found to occur at the flow pattern transition boundaries. Two‐phase heat transfer coefficients were well correlated by an expression based on dimensional analysis for both upflow and downflow.
Transfert de quantité de mouvement dans un ejecteur liquide—gaz vertical
Authors: Chung H. S. , Prevost M. , Bugarel R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMomentum transfer between various liquids and gases has been studied in a vertical liquid‐jet ejector. A correlation based on dimensional analysis has been developed to predict entrained gas quantity as a function of various physical and transport properties of the system.
Mixed nickel‐aluminium oxides catalysts for the nitroxidation of toluene by no into benzonitrile
Authors: Abouarnadasse S. , Pajonk G. M. , Teichner S. J. , Germain J. E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis paper describes the catalytic properties (activities, selectivities and stabilities with time on stream) of nickel oxide‐alumina aerogels and xerogels, towards the transformation of toluene by NO into benzonitrile at 440°C in a differential flow reactor.The stability of the catalysts depends upon the NiO content. When the ratio Ni/Al increases to unity, the catalysts (aerogel as well as xerogel) are very stable with time on stream and are active and selective like pure nickel oxide. The latter is indeed initially active and selective, but very unstable with time on stream.A redox model is proposed to explain the reaction mechanism.
Effect of oxidation on the viscosity of athabasca bitumen
Authors: Babu D. Ram , Cormack Donald E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe effect of low temperature oxidation on the viscosity of Athabasca bitumen was investigated over the temperature range 320 to 370K, and to extents of oxidation as high as 41.7 × 10−3 kg‐O2/kg‐bitumen. Even at this relatively low extent of oxidation, the viscosity was observed to be more than two orders of magnitude higher than that of unoxidized bitumen. It was found that the Andrade viscosity model could adequately characterize the temperature dependence of the viscosity at all extents of oxidation. However, the pre‐exponential constant in the model was observed to be a strong function of extent of oxidation.
Solubility of SO2 in 1‐Methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone and tri‐n‐butyl phosphate
Authors: Sanza Gregory J. , Klinzing George E. , Walker Richard J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe ability of two organic solvents (1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone and tri‐n‐butyl phosphate) to remove SO2 from utility and industrial waste gases to an environmentally acceptable level was studied. Infinite dilution activity coefficients of SO2 for the systems were obtained by gas‐liquid chromatography. From these coefficients, the solubility data of SO2 were derived via a single‐parameter form of the Wilson equation in conjunction with regular solution theory. The results were quite comparable to data obtained from a classical bubble‐sparger apparatus.
Manganese oxide supported cobalt‐nickel catalysts for carbon monoxide hydrogenation
Authors: Varma R. L. , Dan‐Chu Liu , Mathews J. F. , Bakhshi N. N. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPerformances of manganese oxide‐supported cobalt, nickel, and their combinations of varying compositions have been investigated for CO hydrogenation to lower hydrocarbons using a fixed bed microreactor at atmospheric pressure and temperatures ranging from 525 to 575 K. While Co/MnO was found to exhibit high selectivity to olefins in the C2–C4 range, the total yield of hydrocarbons was low. Addition of nickel to cobalt gave a stable catalyst having improved hydrocarbon yields while still retaining good olefin selectivity. The effect of operating conditions on product distribution was studied. Lower space times and higher temperatures favored olefin selectivity. A comparison of Ni and Co catalysts on various support materials was made. MnO‐supported Co catalyst gave significantly higher olefin/paraffin ratio than that obtained using conventional supports such as SiO2 or Al2O3. It was found that Co/MnO exhibited high water‐gas shift activity, and suppressed hydrogen uptake due to strong metal‐support interaction which favored olefin formation. This can be explained on the basis of competitive adsorption of water and hydrogen on the same surface sites resulting in low hydrogenation activity but improved olefin selectivity.
Breakup of relatively low‐concentrated O/W emulsion jets
Authors: Kitamura Yoshiro , Kizu Kyoko , Takahashi Teruo 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe breakup of emulsion jets ejected downward into air from a nozzle has been investigated experimentally, and the breakup length of jets and the drop size for kerosene‐water emulsions have been measured. The concentration of the dispersed phase was less than 50 wt%, so all experimental emulsions exhibited Newtonian flow. Photographic observation indicated that the emulsion jet resembled the jet of normal homogeneous liquids. The breakup length of the jet and the drop size from the jet are in good agreement with predictions from stability analysis for normal liquids.
Prediction of surface tension of athabasca bitumen
Authors: Mehrotra Anil K. , Yee Chi‐Tak , Svrcek William Y. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAthabasca bitumen was characterized by dividing it into sixteen pseudo components. Using mean boiling point, molecular weight and specific gravity data, the critical properties of the pseudo components were estimated from available correlations.Two approaches for the prediction of bitumen surface tension were investigated. It was found that the surface tensions predicted by the principle of corresponding states and the Rice‐Teja correlations were in general agreement with the published experimental data. In addition, these models successfully predicted the effect of temperature on surface tension at temperatures greater than about 60°C.
On jet flow in porous media as related to the spouted bed
Authors: Chen J. J. J. , Lam Y. W. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPotential flow equations for the combined rectilinear flow and a source are used to model the discharge of a jet into a porous media such as the condition in a fixed bed before spouting occurs. The equations derived are compared with data obtained using a measurement technique developed for determining the superficial velocity profile in a packed bed. This technique does not disturb the packing nor the actual flow field at the point where the data is required. The analytical results are also compared with the results of jet flow studies in the literature. In addition, by assuming ideal situations, an equation was derived for minimum spouting which closely resembles equations for predicting minimum spouting that are available in the literature.
Crystal growth rate dispersion
Authors: Tavare N. S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractRecent developments in the phenomenon of growth rate dispersion are surveyed with a particular emphasis on its characterisation. Most of the characterisation work concerning growth rate dispersion has been carried out under negligible nucleation conditions in batch configurations. Analytical solutions to the population balance equation for an MSMPR crystallizer under transient and steady state conditions are presented and their use in model discrimination and/or characterisation is discussed.
Hydrogen production by the catalytic steam reforming of methanol: Part 2: Kinetics of methanol decomposition using girdler G66B catalyst
Authors: Amphlett J. C. , Evans M. J. , Mann R. F. , Weir R. D. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe rate of catalytic decomposition of methanol in the presence of steam has been studied using a commercial Girdler G66B CuO‐ZnO low temperature shift catalyst from 150 to 250°C at atmospheric pressure. The mole ratio of steam to methanol was varied from 0 to 1.5, and the feed rates covered the range from 300 to 1400 kg s/mol. The data were successfully correlated using a simple reaction network involving CH3OH, H2O, CO and H2. A conventional reversible reaction rate equation was used which included a resistance term for site blockage by a CO surface complex. The methanol decomposition rate constants showed satisfactory Arrhenius behaviour with an activation energy of about 96 kJ/mole.
Catalytic activity of faujasite‐type zeolites towards the claus reaction
Authors: George Zacheria Mathew , Tower Robert Wayne 
Published: March 2009

AbstractCommercial NaY and NaX zeolites showed significant catalytic activity towards the Claus reaction. Bronsted acidity retarded the catalytic activity to a much greater extent than Lewis acidity. Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spectroscopic studies indicated the formation of SO2− anion radicals on the catalyst surface upon SO2 adsorption. The reactivity of SO2− towards H2S depended upon many factors. When the electron donating property of NaX was increased by impregnation with a small amount of NaOH, the Claus activity was enhanced and the activity of NaX containing 2.0 wt% NaOH was similar to that of a commercial Claus alumina catalyst. Infrared (IR) spectroscopic studies indicated physical and dissociative adsorption of H2S; SO2 was found to chemisorb on the zeolites.
Turbulent combustion of hydrogen in large volumes
Authors: Kumar R. K. , Tamm H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe effect of fan‐induced turbulence on the combustion of hydrogen‐air mixtures has been studied in a 2.3‐m diameter sphere over a hydrogen concentration range of 4 to 42% (by volume). Two fans were used to produce the turbulence, which was measured at various locations by hot‐wire anemometry.For low hydrogen concentrations (≤7%), turbulence increases the rate and extent of combustion; for large turbulence intensities the extent of combustion approaches 100%, and combustion times are reduced by factors of 8 to 10 from those observed under quiescent conditions. At high hydrogen concentrations, the effect of turbulence on combustion time is less pronounced than at low hydrogen concentrations. Inclusion of flame‐generated turbulence in the theoretical calculations sets an upper bound for the pressure rise, for the purpose of safety assessment.
Effect of the liquid entrainment on the predicted pressure drop in vertical flow‐boiling
Authors: Adeniji‐Fashola A. A. , Abdelmessih A. H. , Nejat Z. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFlow boiling in a vertical uniformly heated tube has been modelled employing the drift flux and two‐fluid formulations. The governing equations are solved numerically and the results presented in the form of pressure drop versus mass flux curves are compared to previously obtained experimental results.The effect of the entrained liquid fraction at the transition from churn‐turbulent to annular flow when a switch from the drift flux model to the two‐fluid formulation is made is shown to affect the results and could improve the pressure drop predictions.
Size of bubbles and liquid circulation in a bubble column with a draught tube and sieve plate
Authors: Miyahara Toshiro , Hamaguchi Masahiko , Sukeda Yoshiaki , Takahashl Teruo 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe size distribution of bubbles and the liquid circulation in a bubble column with a draught tube and sieve plate were studied experimentally. The size of bubbles is well correlated with the previous result of the authors; the size distribution data are fitted reasonably well by a logarithmic normal probability distribution. Gas holdup in the draught tube and annulus and pressure drop were measured and correlations for these parameters are obtained.An energy balance is used to predict liquid circulating velocity using gas holdup and pressure drop correlations. Reasonable agreement is found between the calculated and measured circulating velocity.
Gas absorption with instantaneous chemical reaction in a laminar falling film
Authors: Basu Rahul , Ray P. , Dutta B. K. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractGas absorption in a laminar falling film with instantaneous chemical reaction with a reactant in solution has been theoretically analysed using a boundary immobilization technique. The profile of the reaction front, concentration distributions, the dimensionless quantity of gas absorbed and the enhancement factor have been computed for different values of the diffusivity ratio D and the concentration ratio β. Although the concentration distribution of the dissolved reactant is dependent on D and β, that for the dissolved gas is nearly independent of these parameters for small depth of penetration. The enhancement factor shows a convex profile for small D, an explanation for which has been provided.