bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Involvement of thermophilic archaea in the biocorrosion of oil pipelines
Authors: Davidova Irene A. , Duncan Kathleen E. , Perez‐Ibarra B. Monica , Suflita Joseph M. 
Published: March 2012

SummaryTwo thermophilic archaea, strain PK and strain MG, were isolated from a culture enriched at 80°C from the inner surface material of a hot oil pipeline. Strain PK could ferment complex organic nitrogen sources (e.g. yeast extract, peptone, tryptone) and was able to reduce elemental sulfur (S°), Fe3+ and Mn4+. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the organism belonged to the order Thermococcales. Incubations of this strain with elemental iron (Fe°) resulted in the abiotic formation of ferrous iron and the accumulation of volatile fatty acids during yeast extract fermentation. The other isolate, strain MG, was a H2:CO2‐utilizing methanogen, phylogenetically affiliated with the genus Methanothermobacter family. Co‐cultures of the strains grew as aggregates that produced CH4 without exogenous H2 amendment. The co‐culture produced the same suite but greater concentrations of fatty acids from yeast extract than did strain PK alone. Thus, the physiological characteristics of organisms both alone and in combination could conceivably contribute to pipeline corrosion. The Thermococcus strain PK could reduce elemental sulfur to sulfide, produce fatty acids and reduce ferric iron. The hydrogenotrophic methanogen strain MG enhanced fatty acid production by fermentative organisms but could not couple the dissolution Fe° with the consumption of water‐derived H2 like other methanogens.
BETWEEN ‘MARX AND MARKETS’? THE STATE, THE ‘LEFT TURN’ AND NATURE IN ECUADOR
Authors: ARSEL MURAT 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTEcuador is a prominent example of a Latin American country that has elected a left‐wing president who aims to create a post‐neoliberal development strategy. Many of the policies pursued by President Rafael Correa have focused on changing the relationship between nature and society. The new constitution of 2008, which grants rights to nature, adapts a new development model based on indigenous cosmology and strengthens the power and regulatory remit of the state over the economy and society, is an important statement of intent in this regard. The Yasuní‐ITT (Ishpingo‐Tambococha‐Tiputini) initiative to leave oil underground in exchange for international financial contributions is the most significant manifestation of this intent in actual policy. Analysis of two emblematic changes reveals that the creation of a post‐neoliberal development strategy has so far produced partial and uneven results. While nature and natural resources have come under stricter control by the state, this has not significantly diminished their commercialisation.
UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT AND ACCUMULATION BY DISPOSSESSION IN NATURE CONSERVATION: COMPARING RECENT TRENDS IN THE AZORES AND TANZANIA
Authors: NEVES KATJA , IGOE JIM 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper applies Harvey's concepts of uneven development and accumulation by dispossession to nature conservation, comparatively, in the contexts of whale watching in the Azores and wildlife conservation in Tanzania. In both contexts, nature conservation revolves around processes of de‐regulation, re‐regulation, and territorialisation, facilitating new forms of capitalist expansion. Adapting Bourdieu's arguments and the inter‐changeability of different forms of capital, we provide ethnographic insight on how these processes unfold. Our analysis reveals two recent trends in nature‐society relations in late capitalism: (1) these processes are less determined by ownership than the ability to render different kinds of capital commensurable with one another; and (2) they depend on specific types of ‘performances’, which are encouraged and rewarded by neoliberal forms of environmental governance.
THE FINANCIAL CRISIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE ‘AFTER’ NEOLIBERALISM
Authors: MCCARTHY JAMES 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTThe relationships between neoliberalism and environmental governance have been the topic of much scholarly and policy debate. The recent, and ongoing, economic crisis brings new questions and urgency to these debates. This paper examines whether and how the economic crisis might be understood as a crisis of neoliberalism and what the implications might be for environmental quality and the dominance of ‘neoliberal’ approaches to environmental governance. The paper attempts to delineate some of the major potential relationships between neoliberalism and environmental governance through this crisis. It argues that although such relationships are contingent and subject to political action, in the US context at least the ongoing economic crisis has resulted in a weakening of support for environmental protections, in a manner that does not fit with current claims of the ‘post‐political’ condition. The paper concludes by outlining several positive contributions critical geographers and other analysts of nature‐society relations could make to challenging the current dominance of neoliberal policies in environmental management.
Political Legitimacy, the Egalitarian Challenge, and Democracy
Authors: MACHIN DEAN J. 
Published: March 2012

abstractThis article argues against the claim that democracy is a necessary condition of political legitimacy. Instead, I propose a weaker set of conditions. First, I explain the case for the necessity of democracy. This is that only democracy can address the ‘egalitarian challenge’, i.e. ‘if we are all equal, why should only some of us wield political power?’. I show that if democracy really is a necessary condition of political legitimacy, then (what I label) the problems of domestic justice and of international legitimacy become intractable. I then argue that the egalitarian challenge is addressed where the requirements of (1) horizontal equality, (2) acceptable vertical inequality, and (3) publicity, are met and where (4) citizens have some institutionalized opportunity for a voice in decisions. I show that these conditions can be realized in non‐democratic form and conclude by explaining how the four conditions can be employed to make the problems of domestic justice and of international legitimacy more tractable. Overall, my ambitions are limited. I do not offer an all‐things‐considered case against democracy but I do show that (some) forms of non‐democratic government are permissible.
Ecological and genetic factors linked to contrasting genome dynamics in seed plants
Authors: Leitch A. R. , Leitch I. J. 
Published: March 2012

SummaryThe large‐scale replacement of gymnosperms by angiosperms in many ecological niches over time and the huge disparity in species numbers have led scientists to explore factors (e.g. polyploidy, developmental systems, floral evolution) that may have contributed to the astonishing rise of angiosperm diversity. Here, we explore genomic and ecological factors influencing seed plant genomes. This is timely given the recent surge in genomic data. We compare and contrast the genomic structure and evolution of angiosperms and gymnosperms and find that angiosperm genomes are more dynamic and diverse, particularly amongst the herbaceous species. Gymnosperms typically have reduced frequencies of a number of processes (e.g. polyploidy) that have shaped the genomes of other vascular plants and have alternative mechanisms to suppress genome dynamism (e.g. epigenetics and activity of transposable elements). Furthermore, the presence of several characters in angiosperms (e.g. herbaceous habit, short minimum generation time) has enabled them to exploit new niches and to be viable with small population sizes, where the power of genetic drift can outweigh that of selection. Together these processes have led to increased rates of genetic divergence and faster fixation times of variation in many angiosperms compared with gymnosperms.

Contents

Summary
629

I.
Introduction – overview
629

II.
Genome structures
631

III.
Factors that have shaped the genomes of angiosperms and gymnosperms
640

IV.
The future of genomic studies in seed plants
643

Acknowledgements
643

References
643
Examining changes in substance use and conduct problems among treatment‐seeking adolescents
Authors: Lewis Sarah F. 
Published: March 2012

BackgroundOutdoor behavioral healthcare (OBH) treatment offers an alternative to parents of youth who are treatment‐resistant or avoidant.MethodThe current study evaluated OBH therapeutic outcomes. The sample was 190 adolescents (Mage = 15.69) presenting for treatment between 2006 and 2008. To be eligible, participants had to be between the ages of 13 and 17 years and be admitted to one of the three OBH programs for mental health intervention. Primary study hypotheses were that OBH treatment would be associated with a reduction in psychiatric symptomatology from baseline to post‐treatment and second, that the OBH intervention would be associated with the maintenance of the hypothesized treatment gains.Results and ConclusionsFindings were consistent with hypotheses, suggesting that youth demonstrated significant symptomatic reductions and maintained these improvements over a 12‐month follow‐up period.
Oxidative stress rather than triglyceride accumulation is a determinant of mitochondrial dysfunction in in vitro models of hepatic cellular steatosis
Authors: Lockman Khalida A. , Baren James P. , Pemberton Christopher J. , Baghdadi Hussam , Burgess Karl E. , Plevris‐Papaioannou Nikolas , Lee Patricia , Howie Forbes , Beckett Geoff , Pryde Anne , Jaap Alan J. , Hayes Peter C. , Filippi Celine , Plevris John N. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackground/AimsThere is still debate about the relationship between fat accumulation and mitochondrial function in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. It is a critical question as only a small proportion of individuals with steatosis progress to steatohepatitis. In this study, we focused on defining (i) the effects of triglyceride accumulation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) on mitochondrial function (ii) the contributions of triglyceride, ROS and subsequent mitochondrial impairment on the metabolism of energy substrates.MethodsHuman hepatoblastoma C3A cells, were treated with various combinations of oleate, octanoate, lactate (L), pyruvate (P) and ammonia (N) acutely or for 72 h, before measurements of triglyceride concentration, cell respiration, ROS production, mitochondrial membrane potential, ketogenesis and gluconeogenesis, TCA cycle metabolite analysis and electron microscopy.ResultsAcutely, LPON treatment enhanced mitochondrial respiration and ROS formation. After 72 h, despite the similarities in triglyceride accumulation, LPON treatment, but not oleate, dramatically affected mitochondrial function as evidenced by decreased respiration, increased mitochondrial membrane potential and ROS formation with concomitant enhanced ketogenesis. By comparison, respiration and ROS formation remained unperturbed with oleate. Importantly, this was accompanied by an increased gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis. The addition of the antioxidant N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine prevented mitochondrial dysfunction and reversed metabolic changes seen with LPON, strongly suggesting ROS involvement in mediating mitochondrial impairment.ConclusionsOur data indicate that ROS formation, rather than cellular steatosis per se, impairs mitochondrial function. Thus, reduction in cellular steatosis may not always be the desired outcome without concomitant improvement in mitochondrial function and/or reducing of ROS formation.
Fragmented CagA Protein is Highly Immunoreactive in Japanese Patients
Authors: Yamada Kazuki , Sugiyama Toshiro , Mihara Hiroshi , Kajiura Shinya , Saito Seiko , Itaya Yuko , Yamawaki Hidemoto , Ando Takayuki , Kudo Takahiko , Hosokawa Ayumu , Okuda Masumi , Fukunaga Kenichi , Akada Junko K , Nakazawa Teruko 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackground:  High‐molecular‐weight cell‐associated proteins (HM‐CAP) assay is the most popular serological immunoassay worldwide and has been developed from US isolates as the antigens. The accuracy is reduced when the sera are from adults and children in East Asia including Japan. To overcome the reduced accuracy, an enzyme immunoassay using Japanese strain–derived HM‐CAP (JHM‐CAP) was developed, in which the antigens were prepared by exactly the same procedure as HM‐CAP. The performance of JHM‐CAP was better than that of HM‐CAP in Japanese adults as well as in children. The higher sensitivity was because of the presence of 100‐kDa protein that was absent in the preparation of HM‐CAP antigen.Materials and Methods:  Immunoblot analysis and peptide mass fingerprinting methods were used to identify the distinctive 100‐kDa protein present in JHM‐CAP antigens. The peptide sequence and identification were analyzed by Mascot Search on the database of Helicobacter pylori. The identified protein was confirmed by immunoblot with a specific antibody and inhibition assay by the sera.Results:  The distinctive 100‐kDa protein was a fragment of CagA derived from Japanese clinical isolates, and the sera of Japanese patients had strongly reacted to the protein, probably to the exposed epitope on the fragmented CagA. The fragmentation of CagA had occurred in the process of antigen preparation in Japanese isolates, not in US isolates even under the same preparation.Conclusion:  The distinctive 100‐kDa protein was a fragment of CagA protein of H. pylori derived from Japanese clinical isolates, and Japanese patients including children are likely to react strongly to the exposed epitopes on fragmented CagA.
Randomized Comparison of Two Non‐Bismuth‐Containing Second‐line Rescue Therapies for Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Chuah Seng‐Kee , Hsu Ping‐I , Chang Kuo‐Chin , Chiu Yi‐Chun , Wu Keng‐Liang , Chou Yeh‐Pin , Hu Ming‐Luen , Tai Wei‐Chen , Chiu King‐Wah , Chiou Shue‐Shian , Wu Deng‐Chyang , Hu Tsung‐Hui 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackground:  Classical second‐line anti‐Helicobacter pylori includes proton‐pump inhibitor, tetracycline, metronidazole, and bismuth salts, but alternative therapies are required owing to the restricted availability of the latter. Levofloxacin‐containing triple therapy is recommended but is expensive. Besides, quinolone resistance in an endemic tuberculosis infection area like Taiwan is concerned. The low in vitro antibiotic resistance to amoxicillin and tetracycline in Taiwanese H. pylori strains implies that in vivo esomeprazole/amoxicillin/tetracycline (EAT) second‐line rescue therapy may be effective. This study compared the efficacy of esomeprazole/amoxicillin/levofloxacin (EAL) and EAT second‐line eradication therapies and determines the clinical factors influencing the efficacy of salvage regimens.Materials and methods:  One hundred and twenty‐eight patients who failed H. pylori eradication using the standard triple therapy for 7 days are randomly assigned to either EAL group (esomeprazole 40 mg twice daily, amoxicillin 1 g twice daily, and levofloxacin 500 mg once daily) for 7 days or EAT group (esomeprazole 40 mg twice daily, amoxicillin 1 g twice daily, tetracycline 500 mg four times daily) for 14 days. Follow‐up endoscopy or urea breath test was performed 8 weeks later to assess treatment response.Results:  The eradication rates of EAL and EAT groups were 78.1 versus 75.0%, p = .676 (in intention‐to‐treat analysis) and 80.3 versus 80%, p = .0964 (per‐protocol analysis). Both groups exhibited similar drug compliance (95.3 vs 96.9%, p = .952) but more adverse events in the EAT group (6.3 vs 12.5%, p = .225).Conclusions:  Despite low in vitro drug resistances to amoxicillin and tetracycline, the efficacy of 14‐day EAT regimens attained an unacceptable report card of 75% eradication rates in intention‐to‐treat analysis and was not even superior to the 7‐day EAL regimen. Drug–drug interaction between combined antibiotics should be considered other than in vivo drug resistances.
Beyond Dialysis: Current and Emerging Blood Purification Techniques
Authors: Stegmayr Bernd , Ramlow Wolfgang , Balogun Rasheed A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractExtracorporeal blood purification using various techniques and hardware is a major part of the modern day practice of clinical nephrology. Although the various modalities of hemodialysis and hemofiltration are the most commonly used extracorporeal therapies in clinical nephrology, blood purification using other techniques have become necessary to remove pathogenic, toxic, or waste substances not easily cleared by hemodialysis or hemofiltration due to factors such as molecular size, protein binding, and lipid solubility. The following review is an up to date summary of extracorporeal therapies, beyond hemodialysis and hemofiltration, in current clinical use as practiced by nephrologists and others in the United States and beyond. This comprises therapeutic apheresis (plasma exchange and cytapheresis), plasma adsorption, hemoperfusion, and the bio‐artificial devices.
Mediation of Late Adolescent Health‐Risk Behaviors and Gender Influences
Authors: Christopherson Toni Michelle , Conner Bradley T. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjectiveThis study explored how multiple bioecological constructs operate to explain health‐risk behaviors in late adolescence and to test for moderator effects of gender.Design and SampleThis was a descriptive, cross‐sectional study with a convenience sample of 437 predominately Caucasian late adolescents with an average age of 19 years who lived in Northern California.MeasuresParental Attachment, Shyness, Loneliness, Law Abidance, and Youth Risk Behaviors were measured with self‐report tools and analyzed using structural equation modeling.ResultsConfirmatory factor analysis indicated that the data fit the model well. Analysis of group differences revealed that gender moderated the relationships among the measured variables; thus, data were analyzed in independent gender‐based models. Structural modeling demonstrated good model fit for each gender. Shyness and parental attachment each were associated with loneliness. Loneliness was associated with smoking. Loneliness linked the relationship between shyness, parental attachment, and smoking. Parental attachment was associated with law abidance. Law abidance was associated with sexual behaviors for female adolescents only.ConclusionsThis study provides valuable insights for public health nurses as it pertains to late adolescent health‐risk behaviors. Nurses should use screening tools and techniques to ensure appropriate referrals and interventions to meet the needs of at‐risk adolescents.
Interactive Job Shop Scheduling: An Experiment
Authors: Schartner Andreas , Pruett James M. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTAn experiment is discussed in which three computer‐aided, interactive job shop scheduling approaches are compared using an interactive job shop scheduling simulator (JOB) developed for the project. All three approaches use a combination of computer and human capabilities to develop job shop schedules, but differ in terms of the timing and degree of human involvement required.The three scheduling approaches are (1) the successive approach, (2) the interactive approach, and (3) the semi‐interactive approach. The successive approach is characterized by the computer scheduling all work orders without any human intervention. The interactive approach is distinguished by the human scheduling one work order at a time until all work orders are scheduled. The schedule is developed interactively by the person who must simultaneously consider work‐order scheduling needs and machine group load capacities. The semi‐interactive approach may be viewed as a combination of the successive and interactive approaches. Work orders are automatically scheduled one at a time using the successive approach criteria, but with prespecified machine‐group load thresholds. As long as the load threshold is not exceeded, the successive approach is used to schedule work orders. When a threshold is exceeded, the algorithm (successive approach) pauses and human rescheduling (interactive approach) is required to rectify the overload situation. A second (reallocation) phase, identical for all three approaches, is used to overcome any scheduling problems generated in phase one.Experimental results based on nine different performance criteria (including scheduling time, makespan, machine group utilization, and work‐in‐process inventory) and 45 experimental runs indicate that there are differences between the results produced by the three scheduling approaches. The interactive approach yields the best overall scheduling results, but the other two approaches are clearly better than the interactive approach in some situations. The success of the interactive approach indicates that it is usually best for the human scheduler to become involved early in the computer‐based job shop scheduling process.
Refining Two‐Group Multivariable Classification Models Using Univariate Optimal Discriminant Analysis*
Authors: Yarnold Paul R. , Soltysik Robert C. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTFisher's discriminant analysis (FDA) is often used to obtain a prediction model for dichotomous classifications on the basis of two or more independent variables. FDA provides an equation whereby values on independent variables are combined into a single predicted value (Y*) that is compared against a cutpoint and direction in order to make classifications. Theoretically, univariate optimal discriminant analysis employed on these Y* will maximize training classification accuracy. This methodology is illustrated using three examples.
Test‐Retest Reliability of User Information Satisfaction: A Comment on Galletta and Lederer's Paper
Authors: Hawk Stephen R. , Raju Nambury S. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTGalletta and Lederer [10] concluded that the short‐form measure of user information satisfaction (UIS) lacks sufficient test‐retest reliability. We question the validity of this conclusion since the method used by the authors for assessing test‐retest reliability is not grounded in classical reliability theory. Analysis of their data suggests that the UIS instrument has adequate test‐retest reliability.
The non‐human primate model of tuberculosis
Authors: Kaushal D. , Mehra S. , Didier P.J. , Lackner A.A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractNon‐human primates (NHPs) are used to model human disease owing to their remarkably similar genomes, physiology, and immune systems. Recently, there has been an increased interest in modeling tuberculosis (TB) in NHPs. Macaques are susceptible to infection with different strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), producing the full spectrum of disease conditions, including latent infection, chronic progressive infection, and acute TB, depending on the route and dose of infection. Clearly, NHPs are an excellent model of human TB. While the initial aim of the NHP model was to allow preclinical testing of candidate vaccines and drugs, it is now also being used to study pathogenesis and immune correlates of protection. Recent advances in this field are discussed in this review. Key questions such as the effect of hypoxia on the biology of Mtb and the basis of reactivation of latent TB can now be investigated through the use of this model.