bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morbidity in 303 first‐episode bipolar I disorder patients
Authors: Baldessarini Ross J , Salvatore Paola , Khalsa Hari‐Mandir Kaur , Gebre‐Medhin Priscilla , Imaz Harkaitz , González‐Pinto Ana , Perez Jesus , Cruz Núria , Maggini Carlo , Tohen Mauricio 
Published: May 2010

Baldessarini RJ, Salvatore P, Khalsa H‐MK, Gebre‐Medhin P, Imaz H, González‐Pinto A, Perez J, Cruz N, Maggini C, Tohen M. Morbidity in 303 first‐episode bipolar I disorder patients. Bipolar Disord 2010: 12: 264–270. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Objectives:  To test the hypotheses that: (i) depressive‐dysthymic‐dysphoric (D‐type) morbidity is more prevalent than manic‐hypomanic‐psychotic (M‐type) morbidity even from first episodes of bipolar I disorder (BPD‐I) and despite treatment; (ii) initial presentations predict later morbidity; (iii) morbidity varies internationally; and (iv) early and later morbidity are similar.Methods:  We followed SCID‐based, DSM‐IV BPD‐I patients (n = 303) systematically and prospectively for two years to estimate the percent of weeks in specific morbid states from first lifetime major episodes.Results:  Total morbidity accounted for 44% of the first two years, and D‐type exceeded M‐type illnesses by 2.1‐fold (30%/14%) among morbidities ranking: mixed states (major + minor) ≥ dysthymia ≥ mania ≥ major depression > hypomania > psychosis. In 164 cases, morbidities at 0.5–2.5 and 2.5–4.5 years were very similar. Depressive or mixed initial episodes predicted a 3.6‐fold excess of D‐type morbidity, and initial M‐type episodes predicted a 7.1‐fold excess of M‐type morbidity over two years. Morbidity in European (EU) sites was nearly half that in the U.S., and 22% greater overall among men than women. In five comparable studies, illness accounted for 54% of follow‐up time, and the ratio of D/M morbidity averaged 3.0.Conclusions:  In accord with four midcourse studies, morbidity from BPD‐I onset, despite treatment by community standards, averaged 44%, was 68% D‐type morbidity, and was strongly predicted by first‐episode polarity. Lower morbidity in EU than U.S. sites may reflect differences in healthcare or social systems.
A reassessment of the role of simple seed traits in mortality following herbivore ingestion
Authors: D’hondt B. , Hoffmann M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractGrazing mammals are regarded as major vectors in seed dispersal of grassland plants, through seed ingestion and subsequent excretion (endozoochory). The (evolutionary) ecology underlying this dispersal mode is relatively poorly understood because there are limited data, among others, on how seed attributes perform in this process (and could thus be selected for). For seed mortality following ingestion, contrasting patterns described for the role of simple seed traits seem partly due to inadequate comparative analytical methods. We conducted a feeding experiment in which controlled seed quantities from 48 grassland herb and grass species were fed to cattle. Seed mass, length and shape measurements were related to seed mortality rate using phylogenetically independent contrasts, which account for taxonomic interdependence. The proportion of seeds surviving the digestive tract was generally low, but it reached 100%, with increased germination for some species. Neither seed size nor shape correlated significantly with mortality. Structural traits are likely to overrule these simple seed traits, as illustrated by high survival of species having water‐impermeable seeds. As this trait has interesting properties with respect to intraspecific variation and genetics, it could provide opportunities for inference on evolutionary consequences for this type of dispersal.
New phenotypes of the drought‐tolerant cbp20 Arabidopsis thaliana mutant have changed epidermal morphology
Authors: Jäger K. , Fábián A. , Tompa G. , Deák C. , Höhn M. , Olmedilla A. , Barnabás B. , Papp I. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis paper provides a detailed phenotypic analysis of the abscisic acid (ABA) hypersensitive Cap Binding Protein 20 (cbp20) mutant. Some hitherto undescribed changes were found in the tissue structure and epidermal morphology of this mutant. These include more and smaller cells in the epidermis, a thicker cuticle and more frequent occurrence of trichomes on leaf surfaces. Some of these traits may contribute to the physiological processes responsible for the water‐saving behaviour of the mutant. Abnormal spatial patterns between stomatal pore complexes were also found on various organs of the mutant. All these observations indicate profoundly disturbed development of epidermal tissue in the cbp20 mutant, which has not previously been reported for this class of mutants. A potential connection between the new phenotypes and disturbed miRNA metabolism and mRNA splicing of the mutant is discussed.
Surface Morphology of the Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) Tongue
Authors: Crole M. R. , Soley J. T. 
Published: May 2010

With 18 figuresSummaryDespite numerous morphological studies on the avian tongue, very little meaningful information is currently available on the surface features of this organ using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The only SEM description of a ratite tongue is that of the ostrich, although the descriptions are brief and superficial. This SEM study of the emu tongue confirms and compliments the comprehensive macroscopic and histological data available for this commercially important species. The tongues of five emus were fixed, cut into blocks representing the dorsum, ventrum and root and routinely processed for SEM. Three morphologically distinguishable surface types (desquamating, non‐desquamating and lymphoepithelium) related to peculiarities in surface cell shape and status (desquamating or non‐desquamating), cell surface modifications and distribution of gland openings, and which showed a regional distribution, could be identified. Three basic types of cell surface modifications (microplicae, microvilli and cilia) were observed, with microvilli and cilia being described for the first time in an avian tongue by SEM. The desquamating surface cells fulfil a mechanical protective function, whereas the microplicae, microvilli and cilia appear to be adaptations for the trapping and spreading of mucus which also fulfils a protective function.
Flatfish at seamount hydrothermal vents show strong genetic divergence between volcanic arcs
Authors: Tunnicliffe Verena , Koop Ben F. , Tyler Jennifer , So Stacy 
Published: May 2010

AbstractHydrothermal vents near the summits of seamounts in Western Pacific volcanic arcs foster dense populations of flatfishes, a group otherwise unknown at vents. We examined genetic divergence among populations of a symphurine tonguefish described as Symphurus thermophilus Munroe & Hashimoto from sites up to 6000 km apart in the Western Pacific to explore connectivity patterns among seamounts. Average genetic divergence between individuals from the Mariana Arc and the Tonga‐Kermadec Arcs was 14.2% (COI) and 9.0% (16S), whereas within‐arc divergences were <0.3%. We found that the Tonga‐Kermadec individuals represent a cryptic species, Symphurus sp. A, displaying similar phenotypic features and behaviour to the Mariana Arc S. thermophilus. We also sequenced another distinctive symphurine species; Symphurus sp. B. Collections and image records from three expeditions to the Tonga and Kermadec arcs revealed characteristics of the distribution, dispersion, behaviour and morphology of these flatfish species. These two new Symphurus species inhabit vents where native sulphur occurs in excess and depths are <600 m. Substratum range of Symphurus sp. A was wide, including mussel beds, rock surfaces and sediments in densities that may exceed 100 m−2. Reproductive females were present. The complex and diverse nature of volcanic settings of hydrothermalism introduces a wide variety of habitat conditions that likely augments diversity of faunas on seamounts in distinct biogeographic provinces.
Frontal fibrosing alopecia associated with generalized hair loss
Authors: Armenores Paul , Shirato Kyoko , Reid Catherine , Sidhu Shireen 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTWe present six cases of frontal fibrosing alopecia, in which generalized hair loss is a feature. Although this variant of lichen planopilaris has been reported clinically in a number of patients, there is very little histological evidence that the condition exists in peripheral sites. We believe this pattern of involvement may be more common than is reported, and have provided histological evidence of lichen planopilaris being present at sites beyond the scalp and eyebrows.
Parathyroid hormone‐related peptide‐producing non‐familial pheochromocytoma in a child
Authors: Takeda Keisuke , Hara Noboru , Kawaguchi Makoto , Nishiyama Tsutomu , Takahashi Kota 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe experienced a case of parathyroid hormone‐related peptide (PTHrP)‐producing pheochromocytoma, which was found in a 12‐year‐old boy with hypercalcemia. The leading symptom was abdominal pain, and severe hypertension and tachycardia were noticed at the initial visit. His medical and familial histories were unremarkable. Laboratory examinations showed hypercalcemia (3.3 mmol/L of serum‐calcium). Computed tomography showed a heterogeneous mass measuring 5.0 cm in the right adrenal gland, which had abnormal uptake with 123‐I metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy. Serum/urine catecholamines were highly elevated, and serum PTHrP also increased (1.4 pmol/L). The patient underwent laparoscopic right adrenalectomy. The tumor was histologically diagnosed as typical pheochromocytoma and the expression of PTHrP was confirmed with immunohistochemistry. The serum PTHrP level was normalized after surgery. He was free of disease postoperatively for 12 months. There has been no described pediatric patient with PTHrP‐producing pheochromocytoma. We showed evidence that the present tumor is a complex neoplasm involving various neuroendocrine activities with the dual‐lineage differentiation.
Further survey of Australian ophthalmologist's diabetic retinopathy management: did practice adhere to National Health and Medical Research Council guidelines?
Authors: Yuen Joshua , Clark Antony , Ng Jonathon Q , Morlet Nigel , Keeffe Jill , Taylor Hugh R , Preen David B 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBackground:  To compare the self‐reported management of diabetic retinopathy by Australian ophthalmologists with the 1997 National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) guidelines.Methods:  Self‐reported cross‐sectional survey of patterns of practice. Questionnaires were sent to all Australian ophthalmologists, comprising questions regarding professional details, diabetic retinopathy screening attitudes/practices and specific hypothetical management scenarios. Data were analysed using Chi‐squared and adjusted logistic regression.Result:  480 of the 751 (64%) eligible Australian ophthalmologists participated. The majority (80%, n = 376) reported they consistently reviewed patient's glycaemic control, but only 55% and 41% regularly reviewed blood pressure and serum cholesterol control, respectively. Ophthalmologists generally adhered to NHMRC‐recommended screening intervals, although only 38% agreed with the guidelines relating to screening of pre‐pubertal diabetic patients. Fluorescein angiogram was used more than recommended, especially for mild non‐proliferative diabetic retinopathy where 45% of respondents used this investigation. Practice duration >15 years was associated with more regular fluorescein angiogram use (OR = 3.74; 95% CI: 2.53–5.53, P < 0.001). In the clinical scenarios where clinically significant macular oedema was concurrently present with cataract or proliferative diabetic retinopathy, >26% referred to retinal subspecialists for management; 85% of the remaining ophthalmologists performed macular laser first. Respondents with practice duration >15 years were 7.8 times (P = 0.001) more likely to perform cataract surgery first.Conclusion:  Diabetic retinopathy management guidelines were generally well followed by Australian ophthalmologists. However, areas of practice variation existed including frequent use of fluorescein angiogram. Significant proportion of practitioners referred diabetic patients to retinal subspecialists, who were more likely to adhere to guideline recommendations. Ophthalmologists with greater experience (>15 years) were more likely to employ practices differing from NHMRC recommendations.
Clinical characteristics and treatment delay of cerebral infarction in tuberculous meningitis
Authors: Sheu J.‐J. , Hsu C.‐Y. , Yuan R.‐Y. , Yang C.‐C. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBackground: Cerebral infarction (CI) complicating tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is a major risk factor of permanent disability. The prevention of this complication is an important issue in the quality care of TBM patients.Aim: Our aim was to evaluate the clinical characteristics of TBM patients with CI.Methods: Ninety‐one adult patients with TBM were studied between 1999 and 2007. Clinical, neuroradiological and cerebrospinal fluid data of patients with CI were compared with those without CI.Results: Thirty of the 91 patients had CI, including symptomatic CI occurring before admission in 10 patients, symptomatic CI occurring during hospitalisation in four and silent CI in 16 patients. When compared with non‐CI patients, patients with CI were younger and associated with focal weakness on presentation, and had basal meningeal enhancement and hydrocephalus on brain images. Prolonged doctor delays of antituberculosis and steroid therapies, neurosurgical intervention, focal weakness and dementia as sequelae, and poor outcomes were associated with patients with CI than non‐CI patients.Conclusion: Contrast‐enhanced brain imaging is helpful to explore the basal meningeal enhancement in CI patients, and contributes to early diagnosis and treatment of TBM. Early antituberculosis and steroid therapies may help prevent CI in TBM patients.
Ecological competition favours cooperation in termite societies
Authors: Korb Judith , Foster Kevin R. 
Published: May 2010

Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 754–760AbstractConflict and competition lie at the heart of the theories of both ecology and sociobiology. Despite this, the interaction between societal conflicts on one hand and ecological competition on the other remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate this interaction in two ecologically similar sympatric termite species, Cryptotermes secundus Hill and Cryptotermes domesticus Haviland. We manipulated the incidence of king and queen loss (within‐species conflict) and the incidence of cohabitation of the two species (between‐species competition) in a series of 2 year experiments. Manipulation alone had no detectable effect and most colonies survived the 2‐year period. In contrast, promoting both within‐ and between‐species conflict caused the great majority of colonies to die. Moreover, the resulting colony loss was much more rapid in the conflict‐ridden C. domesticus than in C. secundus. Our data suggest that ecological competition among species can greatly exacerbate the impact of internal conflicts, thereby promoting the evolution of within‐species cooperation.
Host–parasitoid population density prediction using artificial neural networks: diamondback moth and its natural enemies
Authors: Tonnang Henri E. Z. , Nedorezov Lev V. , Owino John O. , Ochanda Horace , Löhr Bernhard 
Published: May 2010

An integrated pest management (IPM) system incorporating the introduction and field release of Diadegma semiclausum (Hellén), a parasitoid of diamondback moth (DBM) Plutella xylostella (L.), comprising the worst insect pest of the cabbage family, has been developed in Kenya to replace the pesticides‐only approach.
Mathematical modelling using differential equations has been used in theoretical studies of host–parasitoid systems. Although, this method helps in gaining an understanding of the system's dynamics, it is generally less accurate when used for prediction. The artificial neural network (ANN) approach was therefore chosen to aid prediction.
The ANN methodology was applied to predict the population density of the DBM and D. semiclausum, its larval parasitoid. Two data sets, each from different release areas in the Kenya highlands, and both collected during a 3‐year period after the release of the parasitoid, were used in the present study. Two ANN models were developed using these data.
The ANN approach gave satisfactory results for DBM and for D. semiclausum. Sensitivity analysis suggested that pest populations may be naturally controlled by rainfall.
The ANN provides a powerful tool for predicting host–parasitoid population densities and made few assumptions on the field data. The approach allowed the use of data collected at any appropriate scale of the system, bypassing the assumptions and uncertainties that could have occurred when parameters are imported from other systems. The methodology can be explored with respect to the development of tools for monitoring and forecasting the population densities of a pest and its natural enemies. In addition, the model can be used to evaluate the relative effectiveness of the natural enemies and to investigate augmentative biological control strategies.
The effects of insect pathogenic soil fungi and ectomycorrhizal inoculation of birch seedlings on the survival of Otiorhynchus larvae
Authors: Oddsdottir Edda S. , Eilenberg Jørgen , Sen Robin , Halldorsson Gudmundur 
Published: May 2010

Weevil larvae of the genus Otiorhynchus are a serious problem in agriculture and forestry, causing damage to a wide range of plant species, primarily by larval feeding on roots. Otiorhynchus larvae are a serious pest in forest plantations in Iceland, causing 10–20% mortality of newly‐planted seedlings.
We studied the effects of soil fungi on the survival of Otiorhynchus sulcatus larvae. The larvae were introduced into pots with birch seedlings grown in: (i) nursery peat; (ii) nursery peat inoculated with three different species of ectomycorrhizal fungi; (iii) nursery peat inoculated with insect pathogenic fungi; (iv) nursery peat inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi and insect pathogenic fungi; and (v) nursery peat inoculated with natural forest soil from Icelandic birch woodland.
Larval survival was negatively affected by inoculation of: (i) the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria laccata; (ii) the ectomycorrhizal fungus Cenococcum geophylum; (iii) the insect pathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae; and (iv) forest soil. Inoculation with the ectomycorrhizal fungus Phialophora finlandia did not have any significant effect on larval survival. No significant synergistic effect was found between insect pathogenic and ectomycorrhizal fungi.
It is concluded that ectomycorrhizal and insect pathogenic fungi have a significant potential in biological control of Otiorhynchus larvae in afforestation areas in Iceland. Further studies are needed to establish the effect of these fungi in the field and to analyse how mycorrhizal fungi affect root‐feeding larvae.
Spatio‐temporal analysis of plant pests in a greenhouse using a Bayesian approach
Authors: Poncet Christine , Lemesle Valérie , Mailleret Ludovic , Bout Alexandre , Boll Roger , Vaglio Joelle 
Published: May 2010

The present study aimed to propose a method that can improve our understanding of pest outbreaks and spatio‐temporal development in greenhouse crops.
The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse rose crop grown under integrated pest management (IPM) for 21 months. The main pests observed were powdery mildew, two‐spotted spider mites and western flower thrips. A quick visual sampling method was established to provide continuous monitoring of overall crop health.
A Bayesian inferential approach was then used to analyse temporal and spatial heterogeneity in the occurrence of pests. Interactions between pest dynamics and properties of spatial evolutions were exhibited revealing the influence of biotic and abiotic factors on crop health.
In the context of IPM, this information could be used to improve monitoring strategies by identifying periods or locations at risk. It could also facilitate the implementation of the whole IPM procedure through the identification of key factors that have a negative impact on overall crop health.
Seed‐based expression systems for plant molecular farming
Authors: Boothe Joseph , Nykiforuk Cory , Shen Yin , Zaplachinski Steven , Szarka Steven , Kuhlman Philip , Murray Elizabeth , Morck Douglas , Moloney Maurice M. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe evolution of the seed system provides enormous adaptability to the gymnosperms and angiosperms, because of the properties of dormancy, nutrient storage and seedling vigour. Many of the unique properties of seeds can be exploited in molecular farming applications, particularly where it is desirable to produce large quantities of a recombinant protein. Seeds of transgenic plants have been widely used to generate a raw material for the extraction and isolation of proteins and polypeptides, which can be processed into valuable biopharmaceuticals. The factors that control high‐level accumulation of recombinant proteins in seed are reviewed in the following paragraphs. These include promoters and enhancers, which regulate transcript abundance. However, it is shown that subcellular trafficking and targeting of the desired polypeptides or proteins play a crucial role in their accumulation at economically useful levels. Seeds have proven to be versatile hosts for recombinant proteins of all types, including peptides or short and long polypeptides as well as complex, noncontiguous proteins like antibodies and other immunoglobulins. The extraction and recovery of recombinant proteins from seeds is greatly assisted by their dormancy properties, because this allows for long‐term stability of stored products including recombinant proteins and a decoupling of processing from the growth and harvest cycles. Furthermore, the low water content and relatively low bioload of seeds help greatly in designing cost‐effective manufacturing processes for the desired active pharmaceutical ingredient. The development of cGMP processes based on seed‐derived materials has only been attempted by a few groups to date, but we provide a review of the key issues and criteria based on interactions with Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency. This article uses ‘case studies’ to highlight the utility of seeds as vehicles for pharmaceutical production including: insulin, human growth hormone, lysozyme and lactoferrin. These examples serve to illustrate the preclinical and, in one case, clinical information required to move these plant‐derived molecules through the research phase and into the regulatory pathway en route to eventual approval.
Transgenic expression of trehalulose synthase results in high concentrations of the sucrose isomer trehalulose in mature stems of field‐grown sugarcane
Authors: Hamerli Dénes , Birch Robert G. 
Published: May 2010

SummarySugarcane plants were developed that produce the sucrose isomers trehalulose and isomaltulose through expression of a vacuole‐targeted trehalulose synthase modified from the gene in ‘Pseudomonas mesoacidophila MX‐45’ and controlled by the maize ubiquitin (Ubi‐1) promoter. Trehalulose concentration in juice increased with internode maturity, reaching about 600 mm, with near‐complete conversion of sucrose in the most mature internodes. Plants remained vigorous, and trehalulose production in selected lines was retained over multiple vegetative generations under glasshouse and field conditions.