bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonographic assessment of bone in normal Italian males and females
Authors: Cepollaro C , Agnusdei D , Gonnelli S , Martini G , Pondrelli C , Borracelli D , Palmieri R , Parisi G , Gennari C 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRecently ultrasound techniques have been proposed to evaluate skeletal status. Speed of sound and attenuation through the bone are the ultrasound properties currently used to assess bone strength and fragility. The speed of sound in ms−1 (SOS), broadband ultrasound attenuation in dB MHz−1 (BUA) and stiffness (S) in 134 healthy females (age range 10–90 years) and in 100 healthy males (age range 10–93 years) was measured using the Achilles scanner (Lunar Corp., Madison, WI, USA). A polynomial function was applied to the observed data to evaluate a pattern of age-related BUA, SOS and S changes. Peak values of SOS, BUA and S were reached in both sexes at the age of 30 years. Average decreases of 12.9% in BUA, 4.9% in SOS and 28.9% in S were found in men aged between 30 and 90 years. In women average decreases of 17.2% in BUA, 4.2% in SOS and 31.9% in S were discovered in those aged between 30 and 90 years. The analysis of SOS, BUA and S changes between pre- and post-menopausal women revealed a significant decrease of these parameters with years since menopause. These data indicate an age-related decrease of ultrasound signals in both sexes. Furthermore, this technique is able to detect, in females, menopause related changes due to oestrogen failure. In contrast, in males, the age-related loss of ultrasound signals appears to be more linear.
Proximal tibial stress lines—appearances on magnetic resonance imaging of the knee
Authors: Hacking J C , Mackenzie R , Dixon A K 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Trabecular lines through the proximal tibia in line with the direction of the anterior cruciate ligament are visible in around two-thirds of standard knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations. We describe their appearances and postulate that these lines may develop in response to stresses transmitted via the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL).
Magnetic resonance characteristics of intrapelvic haematomas
Authors: Yamashita Y , Hatanaka Y , Torashima M , Takahashi M 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Although haematomas in the female pelvis are not rare, their magnetic resonance (MR) appearance has not been well characterized. Accordingly, we analysed the MR appearances of various stages of haematomas in the female pelvis. A retrospective analysis of 35 haematomas in 28 patients sequentially imaged with a 1.5 TMR unit was performed. The time interval between the insult and MR imaging was determined and the appearances of the haematoma were evaluated. The results were compared with those in the central nervous system. The evolution of haematomas in the pelvis appeared similar to that of haematomas in the brain, and four stages (acute, early subacute, late subacute and chronic) were identified according to the signal intensity pattern on T 1 and T 2 weighted images. Pelvic haematomas differed from intracranial haematomas in the following features: (1) The speed of evolving pelvic haematomas was gradual. (2) In the centre of acute haematomas, slightly hyperintense areas were seen on both sequences, suggesting residual oxyhaemoglobin.(3) Haematomas evaluated in the early subacute stage had complex appearances. (4) In older haematomas, central intermediate signal intensity areas, presumably due to diamagnetic hemichromes, became predominanton T 1 weighted images. In conclusion, although the evolution of a pelvic haematoma is similar to that of a brain haematoma, its speed is gradual and MR appearances are somewhat different due to environmental differences.
In vivo induction of apoptosis in human lymphocytes by therapeutic fractionated total body irradiation
Authors: Delic J , Magdelénat H , Barbaroux C , Chaillet M-P , Dubray B , Gluckman E , Fourquet A , Girinsky T , Cosset J-M 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Ionizing radiations have been reported as an in vitro apoptosis initiating stimulus in human lymphocytes. As the cytotoxicity of ionizing radiations and chemotherapeutic agents appears to be dependent on the efficacy of cell death induction, the manipulation of apoptosis initiation might be used as a means to supress some pathological process. In the present study the in vivo induction of γ-ray mediated programmed cell death in humans is reported. The in vivo induction of apoptosis in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) by ionizing radiations was investigated in 33 patients after each of two sessions (2 Gy and 4 Gy) of fractionated total body irradiation (FTBI) as part of their conditioning regimen before bone marrow transplantation. PBL committed to apoptosis were scored before irradiation (SI), 4 h (S2) and 24 h after 2 Gy (S3, 14–17 h after the second 2 Gy fraction). Nuclear morphology and chromatin-DNA were analysed by fluorescence microscopy immediately after blood sample withdrawal (I) and after 24 h in cell culture medium (II). When scored immediately after withdrawal, no circulating PBL with the apoptotic nuclear morphology were observed in S1 and S2 blood samples whereas S3 disclosed 21.9±11.7% of circulating lymphocytes with an apoptotic nuclear morphology. After 24 h in culture, S1 samples (before irradiation) generally contained less than 20% of apoptotic lymphocytes. A higher percentage of apoptotic cells was noted in some cases in relation with recent chemotherapy and possibly with pathology. After 24 h in culture, S2 and S3 samples contained 51.7±17.9% and 60.4±16.4% of apoptotic lymphocytes, respectively. These results confirm that ionizing radiations induce apoptosis in vivo in human lymphocytes and that the commitment to apoptosis can be determined after low doses (2 Gy) of therapeutic whole body irradiation. The results suggest that susceptibility to apoptosis induction by ionizing radiations could be related to previous therapy by cytotoxic drugs and possibly to the type of haematological malignancy.
A linear modelling approach to automatic interpretation of quality control measurements in mammography
Authors: Kotre C J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
An approach to the automated interpretation of quality control data is described in which the relationship between small changes in system performance and the resulting small changes in the measured quality control test results are approximated as a set of linear equations in matrix form. The inverse of this forward matrix is then used to identify causal changes from the set of measured changes. This approach has been investigated for the case of mammographic screening quality assurance and shown to provide a potentially useful tool to assist in the interpretation task.
How reliable are ultrasound measurements of renal length in adults?
Authors: Ablett M J , Coulthard A , Lee R E J , Richardson D L , Bellas T , Owen J P , Keir M J , Butler T J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Ultrasound assessment of patients with renal impairment commonly includes measurement of bipolar renal length. Reduction in length is considered to indicate chronic renal disease and is a factor in deciding whether to proceed to renal biopsy. To date, no published data are available on interobserver and intraobserver variation in sonographic renal length measurement in adults. Bilateral renal lengths were measured in 20 adult subjects, with no history of renal disease, by three experienced operators, on two separate occasions. Limits of agreement for replicate measurements by each ultrasonographer and for replicate measurements by each pair of ultrasonographers were determined. Values of repeatability (a measure of intraobserver variation) and reproducibility (a measure of interobserver variation) were calculated for all renal length measurements, and for right and left renal lengths separately. Results indicate that replicate renal length measurements differ by less than 1.85 cm in 95% of cases, and the magnitude of variations is similar when measurements are made by either single or different ultrasonographers, and are similar for right and left renal length measurements. This suggests that sonographic bipolar renal length measurements in normal adult kidneys are reasonably reliable. In diseased kidneys, however, in which identification of renal poles is difficult, interobserver and intraobserver variation may be much greater.
An assessment of the intrauterine sound intensity level during obstetric echo-planar magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Glover P , Hykin J , Gowland P , Wright J , Johnson I , Mansfield P 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In order to assess the sound level experienced by the fetal ear during obstetric magnetic resonance imaging, a fluid filled stomach was used as an experimental model of the gravid uterus. A better than 30 dB attenuation in intensity was recorded across the frequency band of interest for all patient orientations. This was enough to reduce acoustic sound pressure from a level close to the instantaneous damage threshold (120dB), to an acceptable level (&lt;90dB). Direct mechanical coupling through the patient table was also shown to increase uterine sound pressure levels by as much as 10 dB. Much higher peak pressures could be obtained by tapping of abdomen with the fingers.
Dynamic analysis of the pharynx during swallowing using Turbo-FLASH magnetic resonance imaging combined with an oral positive contrast agent—a preliminary study
Authors: Suto Y , Kamba M , Kato T 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Serial images of the swallowing motions of 10 healthy volunteers were taken using the Turbo-fast low angle shot (FLASH) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging sequence, while the subject swallowed an oral contrast agent containing ferric ammonium citrate. In all cases, the flow of the contrast agent and the motion of the organs in the oral cavity and the pharynx during swallowing could be observed. High-speed MR imaging combined with an oral positive contrast agent has the potential to evaluate accurately swallowing motion.
Breast parenchymal patterns and their changes with age
Authors: van Gils C H , Otten J D M , Verbeek A L M , Hendriks J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In studies on mass screening, it has often been reported that tumours in breasts with dense parenchyma are difficult to detect and may have a more advanced stage at diagnosis. Shorter rescreening intervals have been suggested for these women but, before recommending such a strategy, it is important to investigate how often dense breast parenchyma (P2 and DY patterns according to Wolfe) is actually present in a screening population and to what extent these patterns change with age. The prevalence of dense breast parenchyma (P2 and DY) in our study population was 33% at first examination (n = 2581), which is fairly low compared with other screening populations. Its presence was strongly, inversely age-dependent. Breast patterns of 1177 women, aged 35–85 years, were followed for 12 years. In 39% (182/461) of the women with a P2 or DY pattern at their first examination, regression to a lucent pattern (N1 and P1) occurred over the years. The majority of these women were assumed to have reached menopause in the follow-up period. These findings support the hypothesis that the presence of dense breast parenchyma is related to the reproductive period and indicate that shortening the rescreening intervals would be most effective in pre-menopausal age groups.
Follow-up of spongiosa plugs with contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Kramer J , Schiller C , Lang S , Frodl J , Hornberger C , Andrea K , Steiner E , Imhof H 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the extent and duration of the revascularization process in spongiosa plugs when a fibrin sealant was used. 20 patients with tumour-like lesions, benign tumours and tumours with a potential for malignant transformation were studied. After intralesional tumour removal, the defect was filled with homologous spongiosa either combined with or without a fibrin sealant, according to a prospective randomization. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) follow-up examinations were performed within 1 week, and 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 36 months after surgery. Those patients without a fibrin sealant showed an increased revascularization zone up to the sixth week. Patients treated with fibrin, however, showed increased revascularization up to 3 months. In the 25% percentile the extent as well as the rate of revascularization is higher in those with a fibrin sealant. It is of clinical relevance that no revascularization should be expected at 3 months after surgery, which is easily demonstrated by MR follow-up.
Identification of a hypoperfused segment in bull's-eye myocardial perfusion images using a feed forward neural network
Authors: Hamilton D , Riley P J , Miola U J , Amro A A 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Artificial neural networks are computer systems which can be trained to recognize similarities in patterns and which learn by example; one of the more straightforward types being the feed forward neural network (FFNN). We previously reported the use of FFNNs for classification of hypoperfusion patterns in bull's-eye representation of 201T1 single photon emission tomography myocardial perfusion studies and showed that, when such an image was divided into 24 segments, FFNNs could detect perfusion defects without direct comparison to a normal data base. This has been extended in this investigation to assess the ability of an FFNN, trained on data in which only a single segment was hypoperfused, to detect this abnormal segment when the hypoperfusion pattern of the other segments in the image varied. The results indicated that the network could reliably determine whether a segment was normally or under perfused, with accuracies of 99% and 100%, respectively, if all other segments were normally perfused. It could also reliably detect a normally perfused segment, even if other segments were hypoperfused, with accuracies of 95% and 98%. The network was less reliable, however, in detecting a hypoperfused segment when other segments were also hypoperfused, showing accuracies of only 74% and 88%.
Patient dose values in interventional radiology
Authors: Vañó E , González L , Fernández J M , Guibelalde E 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Large exposures incurred in interventional radiology procedures make it advisable to establish reference dose values. These dose values should be quoted in quantities representative of the radiological risk to the patient. In Spain, measurement methods were developed to comply with the European Directive on Patient Protection. Dose-area product and, when feasible, surface dose using thermoluminescent dosimetry chips were measured. Both approaches are discussed, as well as their potential use in patient protection programmes. Initial results are presented for a sample of 680 patients in 10 hospital centres in Spain. Mean, median and range are reported for some specific procedures. Mean values of 8750, 6651, 6663, 9292 and 6816 cGy cm2 are reported for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, coronary angiography, low extremity, renal and cerebral arteriographies, respectively.
Oroantral fistula: improved imaging with a dental computed tomography software program
Authors: Bodner L , Gatot A , Bar-Ziv J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Oroantral fistula (OAF) is an uncommon complication in oral surgery. About 5% of all extractions of maxillary premolars or molars may result in communication to the antrum. Small fistulae, 1–5 mm in diameter may close spontaneously, but larger fistulae usually require surgical closure. Pre-operative determination of the size of the fistula is often unreliable leading to difficulties in planning subsequent clinical management. We report a method for the precise determination of the size of the OAF using a dental computed tomography (CT) software program.
An audit of film reject and repeat rates in a department of dental radiology
Authors: Nixon P P , Thorogood J , Holloway J , Smith N J D 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A study of film reject and repeat rates was undertaken in the Department of Dental Radiology of King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry over a 6 month period. The aim of the study was to assess the effects of changes implemented after a previous audit, and to carry out a more detailed analysis of the factors influencing the reject and repeat rates using a larger volume of data. The information recorded included the equipment and projection used, and the age of the patient if under 16 years. The overall reject rate was 3.06%, 1.84% less than recorded in the earlier study, and the repeat rate was 0.93%. Positioning errors were the most frequent cause for rejection. Significant differences in reject rates were noted between different projections, and also between qualified staff and those in training. The rejection rate for patients under 16 years was not significantly higher than for patients over 16 years, the most frequent cause of rejection was still positioning faults, but patient movement accounted for a larger proportion of the rejects than was the case in adult patients. The results demonstrate the role of audit in isolating factors leading to additional exposures. The effectiveness of changes implemented following a reject film analysis is also shown.
Management of congenital angiodysplasia of the lower limb: magnetic resonance imaging and angiography versus conventional angiography
Authors: Huch R A , Brunner U , Bollinger A , Debatin J F , Hauser M , Krestin G P 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The purpose of the study was to compare magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) with conventional angiography in distinguishing congenital angiodysplasia amenable to radical cure from that in which only palliation is feasible and to design a rational pre-operative work-up in those patients undergoing an interventional procedure. Axial 71,T2 weighted spin-echo and contrast-enhanced 3D SPGR sequences were performed in 13 patients with angiodysplasia, followed by time-of-flight MRA. The results were compared with conventional arteriography and venography. Dysplasia was arteriovenous with microshunts in nine cases and purely venous in the remaining four. MRI was the best method for assessing the extent of malformation and involvement of anatomical structures. MR arteriography and MR venography were inferior to conventional techniques. It is concluded that MRI is valuable in distinguishing patients amenable to radical cure from those in whom only palliation is feasible. Pre-operatively, conventional arteriography and venography remain mandatory.
Image quality and dose in lumbar spine examinations: results of a 5 year quality control programme following the European quality criteria trial
Authors: Vañó E , Oliete S , González L , Guibelalde E , Velasco A , Fernández J M 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The large dose values found for lumbar spine examinations in a centre participating in the European quality criteria trial have been investigated within a 5 year quality control programme. Actions focused mainly on optimizing the focus-to-film distance, tube potential (kV), film optical density and X-ray beam filtration. These actions lead to overall dose reductions of up to 75% in lumbo-sacral joint examinations and prove the need for a regular survey of patient skin doses.
Evaluation of the European image quality criteria for chest examinations
Authors: Vañó E , Guibelalde E , Morillo A , Alvarez-Pedrosa C S , Fernández J M 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The European Commission has published guidelines for image quality, radiographic technique and patient dose. These could be easily checked by staff either during the examination or when reporting the resulting radiographs. The objective was to achieve comparable image quality throughout Europe using optimum techniques. This paper presents an application of the image criteria for chest examinations. The application of criteria to a large number of films helps to correlate scoring films using this method with other alternatives such as the evaluation of physical parameters using phantoms or test objects. The advantages and limitations of the image quality list of criteria are discussed. As a result of its application, some modifications of image quality criteria, based upon simple essential indicators (minimizing the number of criteria) are formulated and presented.
The value of the second view in screening mammography
Authors: Warren R M L , Duffy S W , Bashir S 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A prospective study of 33 734 women was undertaken during the prevalent round of the UK National Breast Screening Programme. The cancer detection rates and recall rates were compared between a one view and a two view technique. In one fifth of the women, only the single oblique view examination was read. To lose the bias that would have been introduced by the prior knowledge that a second view would be available, the radiologists reading the oblique view did not know whether or not a craniocaudal view would subsequently be available. Readings were available from two radiologists in each case. The cancer detection rate increased from 7.6 per thousand to 8.2 per thousand women screened, with 14 more cancers detected with the two view technique. This represents 6.5% of all screen detected cancers (95% CI 3.2–9.8). The recall rate was reduced from 8.8% to 6.6% by the second view (p&lt;0.001). There was a significantly higher biopsy rate in the two view group (10.6/1000 versus 8.6/1000) (p=0.004). This higher biopsy rate is part of the price paid for the higher detection rate. The additional tumours included small invasive cancers. The National Health Service (NHS) cost of each additional cancer diagnosed was £4129 and the NHS plus private cost was £2742. These findings have practical applications for the National Breast Screening Programme. There would be resource implications on routinely applying two view screening to the prevalent round, but even greater costs if applied to the incident screening round.
Accuracy of maximum velocity estimates made using Doppler ultrasound systems
Authors: Hoskins P R 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
This study was performed in order to provide quantitative data on the estimation of maximum velocity made using modern Doppler ultrasound systems. This is important since the degree of stenosis within arteries is commonly assessed from the maximum velocity. A string phantom was used as the source of Doppler signals. This enables direct comparison between the Doppler estimated maximum velocity and the true filament velocity. Six modern commercial Doppler systems were used. Measurements were made under standard conditions for each probe. In addition a number of factors were varied in turn (beam–filament angle, filament depth, filament velocity and Doppler aperture position). Under standard conditions the maximum velocity was overestimated in all cases (0–29% error). For all measurements maximum velocity errors ranged from –4% to 47% There was a large intraprobe variation in maximum velocity estimation (mean variation of 25%), and a large interprobe variation (mean variation of 18%). These results indicate that, at present, errors in maximum velocity estimation may be directly translated into significant errors in the estimate of the degree of arterial stenosis made from velocity measurements. As a consequence, some patients may be incorrectly categorized. Consideration should be given to applying angle dependent correction factors to maximum velocity measurements, and to the use of conversion from Doppler frequency shift to velocity using the angle derived from the edge of the Doppler aperture.