bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Association of Attainment and Sociometric Status with Reported Deviant Behaviour in a Progressive and a Traditional Junior School
Authors: GOOCH STAN , PRINGLE M. L. KELLMER 
Published: July 2011

The total intake in one year (N = 262) of two junior schools was intensively and extensively studied over a four‐year period by means of a large variety of psychological and educational tests. One school practised a markedly ‘traditional’ approach to education, the other an equally definite progressive approach.The present paper considers the incidence of deviant behaviour (subdivided into withdrawn and aggressive) in the two schools, as reported by teachers when the children (N = 231) were aged 11 years; and the relationship of such reported behaviour to measured intelligence at 9 and 11; progress in school subjects over a three‐year period; perseverance on a simple cognitive task at 8 and 11; sociometric ratings at 8 and 11; and assessments of behaviour given four years earlier by other teachers.The reported incidence of ‘maladjustment’ in the progressive school was significantly lower than in the traditional school. The number of deviant children reported by the progressive school was in fact too small to permit reliable comparisons with the traditional school. Detailed investigation was therefore made of the latter sample only.The main findings in respect of the children studied were as follows. Measured I.Q. had no association with reported deviance. Results on the perseverance test were equally negative. In terms of academic progress, significant differences were shown between the deviant and normal groups, and between the sexes. All deviant groups were shown in the sociometric rating to be significantly less popular than the normal groups. Finally, teacher ratings of the children at 7 and 11 years showed appreciable agreement, reaching statistical significance.
Verbal Conditioning as a Measure of Interpersonal Influence in Psychiatric Interviews
Authors: GELDER M. G. 
Published: July 2011

Verbal conditioning techniques make it possible to measure interpersonal influence in experimental clinical interviews. Taffel's verbal conditioning technique was first used to measure the influence of the same interviewer on thirty‐two neurotic patients, thirty‐two schizophrenic patients and thirty‐two general hospital patients (‘normals’). Each diagnostic group was divided into two subgroups: one received verbal reinforcement, the other acted as a non‐reinforced control group. The three groups were matched satisfactorily. There were no differences between the groups when reinforcement was omitted. Both neurotic and normal Ss conditioned in response to social reinforcement but schizophrenic patients did not. The effect in the neurotic group outlasted the reinforcement, but in normal Ss it extinguished rapidly. In both groups, conditioning was greater for responses containing ‘I’. Conditioning was unrelated to neuroticism or extraversion. Patients did not become aware of the purpose and procedure of the experiment.In the second enquiry twenty neurotic patients were divided at random into two well‐matched groups whose treatment differed in only one respect: half took part in a prior interview in which the interviewer attempted to form a ‘relationship’; the other half did not have this interview. The former group responded more in a subsequent conditioning experiment. However, this difference between groups was no longer present on the next day. The results could not be accounted for by the Ss' awareness of the purpose of the experiment and their conscious desire to please the interviewer. Provided conditions were very carefully standardized, results are reproducible.The results are discussed in relation to the problems of measuring interpersonal influence in psychotherapy and the factors which determine the influence of doctor on patient. It is concluded that verbal conditioning techniques provide a sensitive way of measuring differences in susceptibility to interpersonal influence, but that verbal conditioning effects probably play only a minor part in changes observed in psychotherapy.
Choice Reaction Time of Chronic and Acute Psychiatric Patients under Primary or Secondary Aversive Stimulation
Authors: KARRAS ATHAN 
Published: July 2011

Three problems were studied using a two‐choice visual jump reaction time (RT) task: (a) chronic v. acute psychiatric Ss, (b) RT reduction and its extinction as a function of aversive noise or social censure, (c) whether noise onset or offset causes RT reduction.For the main study each sex within each diagnosis had five independent treatments after a common practice session, four of which were analysed factorially: (a) Immediate Escape from noise (IE), (b) Delayed Escape (DE), (c) Social Motivation (SM), or (d) Social Control (SC). Each treatment had 65 per cent noise or censure trials and was followed by extinction trials like the practice session. It was found that (a) chronics were always slower than acutes, but improved as much, (b) noise reduced RT as much as social censure, (c) reduction depended on sound offset, (d) SM acutes extinguished more slowly than the other groups, and SM acute males more slowly than SM acute females, (e) SM chronics extinguished as rapidly as IE chronics. Extra control groups confirmed all but one of the findings, namely, that SM acute males extinguished more slowly than females.
A New Type of Personal Questionnaire Technique*
Authors: PHILLIPS J. P. N. 
Published: July 2011

Shapiro has developed a method of constructing a questionnaire for an individual psychiatric patient, which gives a relatively coarse scaling of fluctuations in a fairly large number of his own symptoms, expressed in his own words, and calibrated by himself. It has been pointed out that this is only one member of a general class of such techniques: the present paper describes another, suitable for obtaining relatively precise (interval) scalings of a fairly small number of symptoms.For each symptom (i) statements are derived, in consultation with the patient, representing graded levels of its possible intensity and (ii) optionally, a preliminary scaling of this set of statements may be obtained by the patient's making paired comparison judgements of the differences between these levels. Then (iii) on each occasion when a scaling of the current level of the symptom is required, the patient makes paired comparison judgements of the difference between it and each of the statements in turn (an estimate of the level on each such occasion being given by the average of these judgements). After all the data have been collected the significance of changes in the level of the symptom is assessed by means of a final analysis of variance, which also checks the preliminary scaling of statements and tests for systematic inconsistencies in the patient's responses.ALGOL 60 programs to check, analyse and graph the results are reported, and a clinical example presented, together with supplementary statistical analyses to answer further questions of clinical relevance which typically arise.
Scales for a British Personality Differential
Authors: WARR PETER B. , HAYCOCK VALERIE 
Published: July 2011

A classification of judgement situations is outlined which highlights the need for different investigations to examine different sets of response dimensions. Work is needed in the most general case to develop appropriate scales which can be used in investigations into judgements of people. A study is described which employed orthodox procedures to elicit adjectival qualifiers from a sample of British subjects, and to produce a usable set of personality differential scales. The factor structure of these scales is examined in two separate analyses.In both cases a six‐factor solution appears most appropriate, such that two variants of Evaluation, Potency and Activity are present. The relevance of this finding for cross‐cultural studies of personal judgement is discussed: perhaps the same major components (Evaluation, Potency and Activity) will emerge in all cultures, whilst the secondary variants (as, for example, a smaller evaluative factor) will be dependent upon cultural differences.
A Further Type of Personal Questionnaire Technique*
Authors: PHILLIPS J. P. N. 
Published: July 2011

Shapiro has described a method of constructing a questionnaire for an individual psychiatric patient to scale changes in the severity of his symptoms. This is only one of a general class of such techniques: a second type has been dessribed elsewhere; the present paper describes a third.For each symptom (i) statements are devised representing graded levels of its severity, and (ii) an ordinal scaling of the statements is obtained from the patient, (iii) On each occasion when a scaling of the current level of the symptom is required, the questionnaire is administered by presenting each of the statements to the patient in turn, and asking him to say whether he feels better or worse than indicated by it. (iv) After every administration the responses, which may be either consistent or inconsistent, are scored. Consistent sets of responses constitute an ordinal scaling of the current severity of the symptom: inconsistent ones (the possibility of which affords a check on reliability) are scored by a method which is the same as that of Slater for dealing with pair comparison preference judgements. Certain further procedures for dealing with inconsistent responding are described, and a scheme for computer scoring briefly reported.The technique is illustrated by a case, and compared with Shapiro's original method.
Information Processing in Schizophrenia: The Effect of Varying the Rate of Presentation and Introducing Interference
Authors: HAWKS D. V. , ROBINSON K. N. 
Published: July 2011

Payne and McGhie offer explanations of schizophrenic thought disorder which emphasize a breakdown in the selectiveness of Broadbent's filter. Yates has observed that an explanation emphasizing the slowness of information processing in schizophrenia equally well follows from Broadbent' model and accords with the experimental literature.Eighteen male chronic schizophrenics and nine male psychiatric nurses matched for age and intelligence were asked under one experimental condition (the complete recall condition) to reproduce digits presented dichotically at three different rates of presentation, and under another condition (the interference condition) to reproduce only those digits received through a designated channel. There were four different length lists and four presentations of each list length. The chronic schizophrenics were divided into two groups of nine in accordance with their scores on the Venables‐O'Connor Paranoid Scale.An analysis of variance was performed in the complete recall condition using difference scores obtained by subtracting the number of digits correctly reproduced in order in the second half list from the number reproduced from the first half list. In the interference condition the scores employed were the total number of relevant digits correct, the number of relevant lists completely correct and the number of digits reproduced from the irrelevant channel. While group was a significant source of variance in the complete recall condition, contrary to prediction from Yates' theory, the interaction of group and rate was insignificant. This was the case even when the analysis was repeated using difference scores adjusted for variation in the reproduction of the first half list and only the normal and non‐paranoid schizophrenic groups compared. There was some evidence that the recall of the second half list improved for all groups at faster rates of presentation. Nor were the three groups differentially affected by variations in the rate of presentation under the interference condition. As predicted from Payne and McGhie, however, the schizophrenics were most affected by distraction from the irrelevant channel.It is suggested that at slower rates of presentation the digits presented first in the complete recall condition are rehearsed with the result that the reception of those presented later is confused. The need to consider the total length of time over which information is to be processed is discussed. The view is put that retardation in schizophrenia may constitute a secondary adjustment to a state of information overload and an empirical test of this hypothesis proposed.
Self‐Esteem and Sex as Factors Affecting Influenceability
Authors: LINDSKOLD SVENN , TEDESCHI JAMES T. 
Published: July 2011

A total of 60 fifth‐graders (30 males, 30 females) were drawn from high and low scorers on the Coopersmith self‐esteem (S‐E) scale. In a modified Prisoner's Dilemma Game played for M & M candies, subjects were made the targets of either promises of extra reward for cooperating or threats of punishment for not cooperating which were sent by a simulated other player.High S‐E subjects rationally complied more to both threats and promises than did low S‐E subjects, giving support to Cohen's (1959) hypothesis that high S‐E is associated with avoidance or denial defences, while low S‐E is associated with expressive or destructive defences. Subjects receiving promises were more open and truthful in indicating their compliance intentions than were threat‐condition subjects; subjects in both message conditions were more cooperative overall than were no‐message control subjects. A series of interactions of S‐E with sex suggested a confounding effect of adopted sex‐role as a possible explanation for the frequent failure to find with female subjects the direct relationship of low S‐E to persuasibility or compliance that is typically found with males.
Rate of Information Processing in a Schizophrenic and a Control Group: The Effect of Increasing Task Complexity
Authors: SLADE P. D. 
Published: July 2011

In recent years two cognitive models of schizophrenic dysfunction have been elaborated which involve the basic proposition that schizophrenic patients process information at a slower rate than non‐schizophrenic controls (McGhie, 1965; Yates, 1966). Both models predict (1) that schizophrenic patients will make decisions at a slower rate than controls at all levels of task complexity, and (2) that their relative slowness will increase as a function of increasing task complexity. The available evidence is consistent with the first prediction but ambiguous with respect to the second.All previous studies relating to the above issues have utilized discrete reaction time measures. It was hypothesized that a more sensitive test of the predictions would be provided by a continuous performance task involving responding over a longer time period. A study is reported in which a group of chronic schizophrenic patients was compared with a group of non‐schizophrenic control patients on a series of four card‐sorting tasks in which the ‘information to be processed’ was systematically varied. In general, the findings were consistent with expectations.
Social Support and Conformity: The Effect of Response Order and Differentiation from the Group
Authors: ALLEN VERNON L. , LEVINE JOHN M. 
Published: July 2011

Several recent investigations (Allen & Levine, 1968, 1969, 1971) have supported Asch's (1951) conclusion that the presence of one person who answers prior to a naive subject, and correctly dissents from an erroneous group consensus, significantly reduces conformity relative to a unanimous group. The present study investigated two unexplored variables of potential theoretical importance in explaining the effectiveness of such social support from a partner: (1) response position of the partner, and (2) nature of the social relationship between the subject and the partner relative to other group members.In previous studies the social supporter has typically answered fourth and the subject fifth (last) in a five‐person group (Allen & Levine, 1968, 1969, 1971). Whether it is crucial to conformity reduction that the social supporter respond immediately prior to the subject—and hence after the other group members have established a norm—is open to question. One line of argument would predict that a partner answering fourth will be more effective in reducing conformity than a partner answering first. A social supporter responding fourth appears to have bravely taken a stand against a unanimously opposing group. Such attribution of courage may create a positive impression of the social supporter, thereby increasing the subject's willingness to agree with the supporter in opposition to the group.
Test‐Retest Results on the Conservatism Scale Completed under Conditions of Anonymity and Identification
Authors: NIAS D. K. B. , WILSON G. D. , WOODBRIDGE JOAN M. 
Published: July 2011

The C scale has been reported to have a very high (0.94) split‐half internal consistency (Wilson & Patterson, 1968), in spite of the wide range of social attitudes covered by the 50 items. Data on the factor structure of the scale and evidence for its validity are summarized by Wilson & Patterson (1970). The present study was carried out to provide information, firstly on test‐retest reliability, and secondly on the effects of the scale being completed anonymously or by name.Four groups of female students from a college of education were tested twice, with an interval of 12 weeks. Group 1 were asked on the first occasion of testing to give their names, and on the second occasion to remain anonymous. (The two sets of answer sheets were later linked by employing a code system.) For group 2 the procedure was reversed; group 3 were asked to give their names on both occasions and group 4 to remain anonymous. Table 1 shows the mean C scores for each group on the two occasions of testing. Reliabilities were computed using product‐moment correlations.
Accelerative Trends in Intellectual Development
Authors: KOPPEN‐THULESIUS LIV KAREN , TEICHMANN HELFRIED 
Published: July 2011

In this study we present data from comparative investigations showing that human developmental processes have changed during the course of several generations.The fact that secular physical development shows accelerative trends is relatively well known. In addition to evidence for the physical accelerative development, we also present data in support of the existence of an accelerative secular development of psychological characteristics.In the field of intellectual development we have shown that the average scores on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Raven's Progressive Matrices and the Army Alpha Intelligence Test show an increasing tendency compared with standardizations from different generations. We thus find the accelerative tendency in verbal as well as in non‐verbal intelligence tests.Comparisons between the rate of mental‐motor development in infants and pre‐school children from different generations likewise show accelerative trends. Improvements have been found in, for instance, language development and perceptual development.In the field of ‘Belastungs’ tests we present results of an investigation comparing old and relatively new standardizations of the Pauli Test with a new one (1968). Our sample consisted of 343 school children from Rostock, GDR. The older averages were taken from samples of German school children with equivalent educational level. According to our comparisons, the average performance in general shows a slight increase, although some of the Rostock averages show a decrease compared with new West German averages. In general, however, the averages of the Rostock samples show a marked improvement on the older averages.These results are interpreted in a discussion of the influence of the different educational systems in the two German states, and of other factors in accelerative secular development. The importance is stressed of working towards a complete picture of accelerative secular development, its extension, causes and consequences in all fields of human development.
A Psychophysical Investigation of the Influence of Attitude on the Judgement of Social Stimuli
Authors: FRASER R. S. , STACEY B. G. 
Published: July 2011

The often reported finding that a person's attitude on an issue can be a potent influence on judgements relating to that issue is discussed with reference to three theories of social judgement—assimilation contrast, adaptation‐level, and variable perspective. It is pointed out that the study of social judgement has been dominated by the measurement technique of equal‐appearing intervals, and that this domination has led to a potentially biased and restricted view of judgemental processes. In an attempt to remove such restriction an investigation is reported which extends the study of social judgement by utilizing some of the newer techniques of psychophysical scaling.A sample of students judged 18 statements with respect to statement favourability toward the church. Four scales—partition (equal‐appearing intervals), confusion (based on the method of successive categories), magnitude estimation and ratio estimation—were derived from the judgemental data. When the subjects were divided into five groups on the basis of their own religious attitudes it was found that the more favourable the attitude of subjects towards the church (1) the higher are their ratings of statements expressing favourable opinions about the church and (2) the lower their ratings of statements expressing neutral or unfavourable opinions about the church. Although some differences between the partition, confusion, magnitude estimation and ratio estimation scales were found concerning the extent of these two effects, the general pattern for all four scales was similar. It is concluded that the adaptation‐level and variable perspective theories are inadequate to account for the results. The third, assimilation contrast theory, is seen to fit the pattern of results reasonably well.
The Paired‐Associate Learning Subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale: Six New Parallel Forms
Authors: NOTT PETER N. 
Published: July 2011

A list of easy pairs was constructed using word frequency (Thorndike & Lorge, 1944) and association value (Miller, 1970). Similarly, a list of hard pairs was constructed with words of known frequency and zero association values. These were then used to construct six tests which appeared prima faciae to be of similar difficulty to the Wechsler lists. The order in which Wechsler interspersed easy and hard pairs was copied in each case.The two Wechsler tests and the six new tests were then all given to each of a series of eight subjects. The subjects throughout were current psychiatric patients excluding only those who had an acute psychotic disorder or those who for other reasons were unable or did not wish to complete the tests. An 8 times 8 randomized Latin square design was used. The Latin square was selected randomly from Fisher and Yates, both the order of tests and subjects being randomized in the design. The tests were given and scored according to Wechsler's original instructions. A correct easy pair scores 1, a correct hard pair scores 2, the total is divided by 2 to give the final score. The maximum score for combined easy and hard pairs on three recalls is 21.
A New Personal Disturbance Scale (DSSI/sAD)
Authors: BEDFORD A. , FOULDS G. A. , SHEFFIELD B. F. 
Published: July 2011

A brief self‐report measure of personal disturbance is presented. Being derived from the Delusions‐Symptoms‐States Inventory, it focuses exclusively on recent symptomatology, uncontaminated by personality attributes. Data are presented which show significant agreement (a) for the allocation of the items to syndromes by experienced raters, and (b) between patients' self‐report and their psychiatrists' ratings.At the anxiety, depression, and total sAD scale levels a high discrimination is found between the normal and patient groups. Comment is made on the change in sAD scores over time, and their abnormal distributions, both of which are in contrast to personality measures. The scales appear relevant to treatment evaluation and for detecting the personally disturbed in general populations.