bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychiatric disorders in women prisoners who have engaged in near-lethal self-harm: case–control study
Authors: Marzano Lisa , Fazel Seena , Rivlin Adrienne , Hawton Keith 
Published: August 2010

BackgroundFemale prisoners are 20 times more likely to die by suicide than women of the same age in the general population. However, risk factors and indicators of vulnerability for suicide in this group are not well-known.AimsWe investigated prevalence of psychiatric disorders in women prisoners who had recently engaged in near-lethal self-harm (cases) and others who had never carried out near-lethal attempts in prison (controls).MethodWe interviewed 60 cases and 60 controls from all closed female prison establishments in England and Wales. In addition to gathering details of sociodemographic, criminological and clinical history, we assessed participants' current and lifetime disorders using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Associations between near-lethal self-harm and psychiatric disorders were adjusted for age, educational qualifications (any v. none) and remand status (sentenced v. unsentenced).ResultsAt the time of their near-lethal self-harm, 53 cases (88%) were on ACCT (Assessment, Care in Custody and Teamwork), the system for the care of prisoners at risk of suicide and self-harm in England and Wales. Cases had significantly greater levels of psychiatric morbidity than controls, and more comorbidity. The strongest associations with near-lethal self-harm were with current depression (age-adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 23.7, 95% CI 9.0–62.3), the presence of two or more diagnoses (age-adjusted OR = 18.3, 95% CI 5.9–56.9), a history of psychiatric in-patient treatment (OR = 25.4, 95% CI 5.7–113.5) and previous attempted suicide, especially in prison (OR = 129, 95% CI 27–611). The only tested diagnoses not associated with near-lethal self-harm were antisocial personality disorder, substance use and eating disorders. Adjusting for sociodemographic and criminological variables did not significantly alter any of these findings.ConclusionsThis research underlines the importance of psychiatric risk factors for suicide in custody and in particular comorbidity. The finding that a formal care plan was in place for most cases at the time of their near-lethal act is indicative of good risk detection, but also suggests high levels of unmet need. Given the potential complexity of their mental health needs, interventions incorporating pharmacological and psychological treatments should be considered for at-risk prisoners.
Neurodevelopmental marker for limbic maldevelopment in antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy
Authors: Raine Adrian , Lee Lydia , Yang Yaling , Colletti Patrick 
Published: August 2010

BackgroundAntisocial personality disorder and psychopathy have been hypothesised to have a neurodevelopmental basis, but this proposition has not been formally tested.AimsThis study tests the hypothesis that individuals with cavum septum pellucidum (CSP), a marker of limbic neural maldevelopment, will show higher levels of psychopathy and antisocial personality.MethodCavum septum pellucidum was assessed using anatomical magnetic resonance imaging in a community sample. Those with CSP (n = 19) were compared with those lacking CSP (n = 68) on antisocial personality, psychopathy and criminal offending.ResultsThose with CSP had significantly higher levels of antisocial personality, psychopathy, arrests and convictions compared with controls. The pervasiveness of this association was indicated by the fact that those lacking a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder, but who were charged or convicted for an offence, had a more extensive CSP than non-antisocial controls. Results could not be attributed to prior trauma exposure, head injury, demographic factors or comorbid psychiatric conditions.ConclusionsOur findings appear to be the first to provide evidence for a neurodevelopmental brain abnormality in those with antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy, and support the hypothesis that early maldevelopment of limbic and septal structures predisposes to the spectrum of antisocial behaviours.
Valuing knowledge of the cost and cost-effectiveness of medicines
Authors: Byford Sarah , Molosankwe Iris 
Published: August 2010

SummaryKnowledge of the cost of pharmaceuticals is an important step towards cost-effective prescribing, yet evidence presented by Singh and colleagues highlights a lack of awareness of the cost of psychotropic medication among doctors in one NHS foundation trust and failures in the dissemination of cost data. These findings support the existence of substantial barriers to the success of cost-effective prescribing strategies in the UK. The next, and more challenging step, is to explore knowledge of the relative cost-effectiveness of pharmaceuticals, since knowledge of cost alone is inadequate to ensure prescribing practices make a meaningful constribution to the efficient use of scarce health service resources.
Impact of Hospice Disenrollment on Health Care Use and Medicare Expenditures for Patients With Cancer
Authors: Carlson Melissa D.A. , Herrin Jeph , Du Qingling , Epstein Andrew J. , Barry Colleen L. , Morrison R. Sean , Back Anthony L. , Bradley Elizabeth H. 
Published: August 2010

Purpose Patients with cancer represent the largest diagnostic group of hospice users, with 560,000 referred for hospice in 2008. Oncologists rely on hospice teams to provide care for patients who have completed disease-directed treatment and desire to remain at home. However, 11% to 15% of hospice users disenroll from hospice, and little is known about their health care use and Medicare expenditures. Patients and Methods We used Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results–Medicare data for hospice users who died as a result of cancer between 1998 and 2002 (N = 90,826) to compare rates of hospitalization, emergency department, and intensive care unit admission and hospital death for hospice disenrollees and those who remained with hospice until death. We also compared per-day and total Medicare expenditures across the two groups. Results Patients with cancer who disenrolled from hospice were more likely to be hospitalized (39.8% v 1.6%; P < .001), more likely to be admitted to the emergency department (33.9% v 3.1%; P < .001) or intensive care unit (5.7% v 0.1%; P < .001), and more likely to die in the hospital (9.6% v 0.2%; P < .001). Patients who disenrolled from hospice died a median of 24 days following disenrollment, suggesting that the reason for hospice disenrollment was not improved health. In multivariable analyses, hospice disenrollees incurred higher per-day Medicare expenditures than patients who remained with hospice until death (higher per-day expenditures of $124; P < .001). Conclusion Hospice disenrollment is a marker for higher health care use and expenditures for care. Strategies to manage a patient's care and support family caregivers following hospice disenrollment may be beneficial and should be explored.
External aortic root support for Marfan syndrome: early clinical results in the first 20 recipients with a bespoke implant
Authors: Pepper John , John Chan KM , Gavino Jemyrr , Golesworthy Tal , Mohiaddin Raad , Treasure Tom 
Published: August 2010

Summary Objectives Fatal aortic dissection occurs at young age in Marfan syndrome. Prevention relies on elective replacement of the aortic root. The placement of an external aortic root support, tailored to the anatomy of the individual patient has been proposed as a feasible alternative. Design, setting and main outcome measures External aortic root support was offered to patients with Marfan syndrome with aortic root diameter of 40–55 mm and without aortic regurgitation. By computer-aided design, a model of the individual patient's aorta was created from cardiac magnetic resonance images and a bespoke external aortic support was manufactured. Comparative measurements were made of the ascending aorta at the level of closure of the aortic valve cusps from magnetic resonance imaging studies taken preoperatively, at first follow-up, and at most recent follow-up. For patients having aortic root surgery at the same institution, in the same time frame as the first 10 patients, clinical data were retrieved on Marfan and other patients having aortic root replacement to serve as a reference data. Results Twenty patients were operated upon from May 2004 to October 2009, 13 men and 7 women, median age 33 years. All 20 patients are alive and well at the time of last follow-up. Preoperative aortic diameters were 40–54 mm. All postoperative images were satisfactory with an overall reduction in aortic root dimensions. The surgery took half the time of other aortic root surgery. Cardiopulmonary bypass was used only in the first patient, myocardial ischemia was not required in any patient, and no postoperative anticoagulation is mandated. Conclusions The primary objective of this surgery was fully achieved in 19 of the 20 patients, reinforcing the ascending aorta while leaving the native aortic valve intact and conserving the blood/endothelium interface.
Localization of Butyrylcholinesterase at the Neuromuscular Junction of Normal and Acetylcholinesterase Knockout Mice
Authors: Blondet Brigitte , Carpentier Gilles , Ferry Arnaud , Chatonnet Arnaud , José Courty 
Published: August 2010

At the mouse neuromuscular junction (NMJ), there are two distinct cholines-terases (ChE): acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Until now, it has been difficult to determine the precise localization of BChE at the NMJ. In this study, we use a modification of Koelle's method to stain AChE and BChE activity. This method does not interfere with fluorescent co-staining, which allows precise co-localization of ChE and other synaptic molecules at the NMJ. We demonstrate that AChE and BChE exhibit different localization patterns at the mouse NMJ. AChE activity is present both in the primary cleft and in the secondary folds, whereas BChE activity appears to be almost absent in the primary cleft and to be concentrated in subsynaptic folds. The same localization for BChE is observed in the AChE-knockout (KO) mouse NMJ. Collagenase treatment removed AChE from the primary cleft, but not from secondary folds in the wild-type mouse, whereas in the AChE-KO mouse, BChE remains in the secondary folds. After peripheral nerve injury and regeneration, BChE localization is not modified in either normal or KO mice. In conclusion, specific localization of BChE in the secondary folds of the NMJ suggests that this enzyme is not a strict surrogate of AChE and that the two enzymes have two different roles.(J Histochem Cytochem 58:1075–1082, 2010)
Genetic Mechanisms of Coffee Extract Protection in aCaenorhabditis elegansModel of β-Amyloid Peptide Toxicity
Authors: Dostal Vishantie , Roberts Christine M , Link Christopher D 
Published: August 2010

AbstractEpidemiological studies have reported that coffee and/or caffeine consumption may reduce Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. We found that coffee extracts can similarly protect against β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) toxicity in a transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans Alzheimer's disease model. The primary protective component(s) in this model is not caffeine, although caffeine by itself can show moderate protection. Coffee exposure did not decrease Aβ transgene expression and did not need to be present during Aβ induction to convey protection, suggesting that coffee exposure protection might act by activating a protective pathway. By screening the effects of coffee on a series of transgenic C. elegans stress reporter strains, we identified activation of the skn-1 (Nrf2 in mammals) transcription factor as a potential mechanism of coffee extract protection. Inactivation of skn-1 genetically or by RNAi strongly blocked the protective effects of coffee extract, indicating that activation of the skn-1 pathway was the primary mechanism of coffee protection. Coffee also protected against toxicity resulting from an aggregating form of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in a skn-1–dependent manner. These results suggest that the reported protective effects of coffee in multiple neurodegenerative diseases may result from a general activation of the Nrf2 phase II detoxification pathway.
Genetics of Extracellular Matrix Remodeling During Organ Growth Using the Caenorhabditis elegans Pharynx Model
Authors: Jafari Gholamali , Burghoorn Jan , Kawano Takehiro , Mathew Manoj , Mörck Catarina , Axäng Claes , Ailion Michael , Thomas James H , Culotti Joseph G , Swoboda Peter , Pilon Marc 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
The organs of animal embryos are typically covered with an extracellular matrix (ECM) that must be carefully remodeled as these organs enlarge during post-embryonic growth; otherwise, their shape and functions may be compromised. We previously described the twisting of the Caenorhabditis elegans pharynx (here called the Twp phenotype) as a quantitative mutant phenotype that worsens as that organ enlarges during growth. Mutations previously known to cause pharyngeal twist affect membrane proteins with large extracellular domains (DIG-1 and SAX-7), as well as a C. elegans septin (UNC-61). Here we show that two novel alleles of the C. elegans papilin gene, mig-6(et4) and mig-6(sa580), can also cause the Twp phenotype. We also show that overexpression of the ADAMTS protease gene mig-17 can suppress the pharyngeal twist in mig-6 mutants and identify several alleles of other ECM-related genes that can cause or influence the Twp phenotype, including alleles of fibulin (fbl-1), perlecan (unc-52), collagens (cle-1, dpy-7), laminins (lam-1, lam-3), one ADAM protease (sup-17), and one ADAMTS protease (adt-1). The Twp phenotype in C. elegans is easily monitored using light microscopy, is quantitative via measurements of the torsion angle, and reveals that ECM components, metalloproteinases, and ECM attachment molecules are important for this organ to retain its correct shape during post-embryonic growth. The Twp phenotype is therefore a promising experimental system to study ECM remodeling and diseases.
Different Aneuploidies Arise From the Same Bridge-Induced Chromosomal Translocation Event in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Rossi Beatrice , Noel Pawan , Bruschi Carlo V 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Chromosome translocations are gross chromosomal rearrangements that have often been associated with cancer development in mammalian cells. The feasibility of drastically reshaping the genome with a single translocation event also gives this molecular event a powerful capacity to drive evolution. Despite these implications and their role in genome instability, very little is known about the molecular mechanisms that promote and accompany these events. Here, at the molecular level, we describe 10 morphologically and physiologically different translocants ensuing from the induction of the same bridge-induced translocation (BIT) event in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have demonstrated that, despite their common origin from the integration of the same linear DNA construct, all 10 translocation mutant strains have different phenotypes and the ability to sporulate and regulate gene expression and morphology. We also provide insights into how heterogeneous phenotypic variations originate from the same initial genomic event. Here we show eight different ways in which yeast cells have dealt with a single initial event inducing translocation. Our results are in agreement with the formation of complex rearrangements and abnormal karyotypes described in many leukemia patients, thus confirming the modellistic value of the yeast BIT system for mammalian cells.
A National Study of Physician Recommendations to Initiate and Discontinue Growth Hormone for Short Stature
Authors: Silvers J. B. , Marinova Detelina , Mercer Mary Beth , Connors Alfred , Cuttler Leona 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES:
Overall growth hormone (GH) use depends on decisions to both initiate treatment and continue treatment. The determinants of both are unclear. We studied how physicians decided to begin GH in idiopathic short stature and how, after an initial course of treatment, they decided to continue, intensify (increase the dose), or terminate treatment.

METHODS:
We used a national census study of 727 pediatric endocrinologists involving a structured questionnaires with a factorial experimental design. Main outcome measures were GH recommendations for previously untreated children and those children who were treated with GH for 1 year.

RESULTS:
The response rate was 90%. In previously untreated children, recommendations to initiate GH were consistent with guidelines and also influenced by family preferences and physician attitudes (P &lt; .001). In children treated with GH, recommendations on whether to continue GH were influenced by the growth response to therapy (P &lt; .01) but were divided regarding course of action. With identical growth responses to treatment, physician decisions diverged (intensify versus discontinue GH) and were driven by independent, nonphysiologic, and contextual factors (eg, physician attitudes, family preferences, and GH-initiation recommendation; each P &lt; .001). Together, attitudinal and contextual factors exerted more influence on continuation decisions than did the growth response to therapy.

CONCLUSIONS:
Physician decisions to initiate GH are largely consistent with evidence-based medicine. However, decisions about continuing GH vary and are strongly influenced by factors other than response to treatment. With a potential market of 500 000 US children and costs exceeding $10 billion per year, changes in GH use may depend on potentially modifiable physician attitudes and family preferences as much as physiologic evidence.
Sexuality, Contraception, and the Media
Authors: Strasburger Victor C. ,   The Council on Communications and Media
Published: August 2010

This Policy Statement was retired July 2017.
From a health viewpoint, early sexual activity among US adolescents is a potential problem because of the risk of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. New evidence points to the media adolescents use frequently (television, music, movies, magazines, and the Internet) as important factors in the initiation of sexual intercourse. There is a major disconnect between what mainstream media portray—casual sex and sexuality with no consequences—and what children and teenagers need—straightforward information about human sexuality and the need for contraception when having sex. Television, film, music, and the Internet are all becoming increasingly sexually explicit, yet information on abstinence, sexual responsibility, and birth control remains rare. It is unwise to promote “abstinence-only” sex education when it has been shown to be ineffective and when the media have become such an important source of information about “nonabstinence.” Recommendations are presented to help pediatricians address this important issue.
Psychometric Properties of the Reminiscence Functions Scale for the Portuguese Population: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Gonçalves Daniela C. , Guedes Joana Martins , Fonseca António M. , Martín Inácio 
Published: August 2010

The aim of the present study was to assess the psychometric properties of a version in Portuguese of the Reminiscence Functions Scale. Total sample was composed of 628 participants aged between 18 and 92 years, divided into three groups according to their age (18–24 years, n = 249; 26–54 years, n = 174; 55 and older, n = 205). Results indicated a five-factor solution for the Portuguese version of the Reminiscence Functions Scale, which accounted for 54% of the variance with good internal consistency (mean α = 0.86). Age and gender differences emerged regarding reminiscence functions. These results demonstrate that, while significant cultural differences exist, the psychometric properties of the Reminiscence Functions Scale are adequate for the Portuguese population.
Adiponectin Prevents Diabetic Premature Senescence of Endothelial Progenitor Cells and Promotes Endothelial Repair by Suppressing the p38 MAP Kinase/p16INK4A Signaling Pathway
Authors: Chang Junlei , Li Yiming , Huang Yu , Lam Karen S.L. , Hoo Ruby L.C. , Wong Wing Tak , Cheng Kenneth K.Y. , Wang Yiqun , Vanhoutte Paul M. , Xu Aimin 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE
A reduced number of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are casually associated with the cardiovascular complication of diabetes. Adiponectin exerts multiple protective effects against cardiovascular disease, independent of its insulin-sensitizing activity. The objective of this study was to investigate whether adiponectin plays a role in modulating the bioavailability of circulating EPCs and endothelial repair.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Adiponectin knockout mice were crossed with db+/− mice to produce db/db diabetic mice without adiponectin. Circulating number of EPCs were analyzed by flow cytometry. Reendothelialization was evaluated by staining with Evans blue after wire-induced carotid injury.

RESULTS
In adiponectin knockout mice, the number of circulating EPCs decreased in an age-dependent manner compared with the wild-type controls, and this difference was reversed by the chronic infusion of recombinant adiponectin. In db/db diabetic mice, the lack of adiponectin aggravated the hyperglycemia-induced decrease in circulating EPCs and also diminished the stimulatory effects of the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone on EPC production and reendothelialization. In EPCs isolated from both human peripheral blood and mouse bone marrow, treatment with adiponectin prevented high glucose–induced premature senescence. At the molecular level, adiponectin decreased high glucose–induced accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species and consequently suppressed activation of p38 MAP kinase (MAPK) and expression of the senescence marker p16INK4A.

CONCLUSIONS
Adiponectin prevents EPC senescence by inhibiting the ROS/p38 MAPK/p16INK4A signaling cascade. The protective effects of adiponectin against diabetes vascular complications are attributed in part to its ability to counteract hyperglycemia-mediated decrease in the number of circulating EPCs.