bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flow behavior of polypropylenes with different molecular structures in a coat‐hanger die
Authors: Grieß Hans Jürgen , Münstedt Helmut 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAn experimental investigation of the flow behavior of three polypropylene melts with different molecular structures during extrusion through a coat‐hanger die is presented. Two linear and one long‐chain branched material, rheologically characterized in shear and elongation, were investigated. Using laser–Doppler velocimeter measurements of the velocity profiles across the gap height were performed at five various locations along the die. The uniformity of the velocity distribution along the die has been assessed using the maximum velocities v0 of the corresponding velocity profiles across the gap. The velocity distribution along the die changes with throughput and temperature. Regarding the rheological properties, it was found that the power‐law index of the viscosity as a function of shear rate has a decisive influence on the uniformity of flow but that the pronounced strain hardening in elongation typical of the long‐chain branched polypropylene is not reflected by the velocity distribution along the die. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Investigation of precipitated calcium carbonate as a processing aid and impact modifier in poly(vinyl chloride)
Authors: Fernando N.A.S. , Thomas N.L. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe effect of ultra‐fine precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), with a primary particle size of 50 nm, on the fusion behavior and mechanical properties of Ca/Zn stabilized poly(vinyl chloride) PVC has been investigated. The optimum concentration of PCC was determined and, in addition, experimental design was used to examine possible synergies between PCC and two important additives in an unplasticized PVC (PVC‐U) formulation: namely, the processing aid and impact modifier. Dry blends were extruded and tested by differential scanning calorimetry, tensile testing, and Charpy impact testing. The results confirm that ultra‐fine PCC can give rise to large improvements in single notch impact strengths. Control values of 8 kJ/m−2 were increased to 79 kJ/m−2 through the addition of ultra‐fine PCC. There was also found to be a significant increase in fusion levels but no effect on the tensile strength of the samples. It is concluded that PCC behaves as both a processing aid and impact modifier in PVC‐U formulations, and the reasons for this are discussed. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Synthesis of a core–shell polyacrylate elastomer containing ultraviolet stabilizer and its application in polyoxymethylene
Authors: You Bin , Wu Guibo , Zhang Shiling , Yang Fan , Ren Xiancheng 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA core–shell polyacrylate elastomer containing ultraviolet (UV) stabilizer was synthesized via semicontinuous seeded emulsion polymerization from butyl acrylate (BA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), and a polymerizable UV stabilizer 2‐hydroxy‐4‐(3‐methacryloxy‐2‐hydroxylproroxy)benzophenone (BPMA). The core–shell poly(MMA‐BA‐BPMA) was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography UV–visible (UV–vis) absorption spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscope. Furthermore, the obtained core–shell poly(MMA‐BA‐BPMA) elastomer was used as a modifier to enhance the UV resistance and impact resistance of polyoxymethylene (POM). As studied by scanning electron microscope, the core–shell poly(BA‐MMA‐BPMA) elastomer could be well dispersed in POM matrix, indicating that the elastomer had good compatibility with POM. In addition, the POM/poly(MMA‐BA‐BPMA) blend was examined by differential scanning calorimetry before and after UV irradiation. The results showed that the melting point decreased as the irradiation time increased; however, the crystallinity culminated at 500‐h UV irradiation slightly decreased and at last leveled off. The mechanical properties of POM/poly(BA‐MMA‐BPMA) before and after UV irradiation were also studied. It revealed that the photostabilizing fragments in the elastomer could provide long‐term UV resistance to POM. Besides, the impact strength was also improved when compared with pure POM. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Annihilation kinetics of color center in polycarbonate irradiated with gamma ray at elevated temperatures
Authors: Peng J.S. , Hsu C.M. , Yeh S.H. , Lee Sanboh 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAnnihilation kinetics of color center in polycarbonate (PC), irradiated with gamma ray at elevated temperatures, was investigated. The transmission loss in the PC was monitored in the ultraviolet and visible wavelength range. The transmittance decreased with increasing gamma‐ray dose. The loss was attributed to the presence of annealable and permanent color centers. The absorbance in situ data were detected at the wavelength of 450 nm and found in good agreement with the theoretical model in which the annealable color center followed a first‐order kinetic process. The rate constant satisfies the Arrhenius equation, with the activation energy of the color centers decreasing with increase of the gamma‐ray dose. The results were compared with the early findings reported in the literature. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Glucose interaction with Au, Ag, and Cu clusters: Theoretical investigation
Authors: Jamshidi Zahra , Farhangian Hossien , Tehrani Zahra Aliakbar 
Published: May 2012

AbstractInteractions of α‐D‐glucose with gold, silver, and copper metal clusters are studied theoretically at the density functional theory (CAM‐B3LYP) and MP2 levels of theory, using trimer clusters as simple catalytic models for metal particles as well as investigating the effect of cluster charge by studying the interactions of cationic and anionic gold clusters with glucose. The bonding between α‐D‐glucose and metal clusters occurs by two major bonding factors; the anchoring of M atoms (M = Cu, Ag, and Au) to the O atoms, and the unconventional M…HO hydrogen bond. Depending on the charge of metal clusters, each of these bonds contributes significantly to the complexation. Binding energy calculations indicate that the silver cluster has the lowest and gold cluster has the highest affinity to interact with glucose. Natural bond orbital analysis is performed to calculate natural population analysis and charge transfers in the complexes. Quantum theory of atoms in molecules was also applied to interpret the nature of bonds. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The potential energy surface of CO2 from an algebraic approach
Authors: Sánchez‐Castellanos M. , Lemus R. , Carvajal M. , Pérez‐Bernal F. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe potential energy surface (PES) for the ground state of the 12C 16O2 molecule is estimated through an algebraic approach based on unitary groups. It is shown that a purely algebraic approach may lead to a unphysical surface even when the fit turns out to be of a remarkable high quality. The vibrational description is obtained in the framework of the U(2) × U(3) × U(2) model, where the U(2) algebras are associated with the CO bond stretching and the U(3) algebra with the OCO bending. The algebraic representation of the Hamiltonian is obtained through the connection between the coordinates and momenta and the generators of the dynamical algebra. It is shown that through this connection it is possible to choose the appropriate set of spectroscopic parameters leading to the right PES. The fit from which the PES is estimated involves 101 energy levels with an standard deviation of RMS = 0.53 cm−1. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CCSD study of anharmonic Raman cross sections of fundamental, overtone, and combination transitions
Authors: Vidal Luciano N. , Vazquez Pedro A. M. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA methodology is presented for the study of fundamental, combination, and overtone Raman transitions, including a treatment based on the contact transformation theory for the mechanical anharmonicity from the cubic potential energy terms. The results obtained for acetylene and its deutered isotopologues show that anharmonicity effects on the Raman intensities can be very strong, particularly in the second‐order transitions. On average, these effects vary from 6.4 to 11.6% for fundamental transitions, from 26.8 to 36.0% for combinations, and from 56.3 to 86.6% for the overtones. Quantitative agreement of the calculated fundamental Raman cross sections with experiment was achieved. For combinations, it was determined that only semiquantitative agreement was achieved, while the computed overtone cross sections overestimated the experimental values. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Physiological requirements for growth and competitiveness of Dekkera bruxellensis under oxygen‐limited or anaerobic conditions
Authors: Blomqvist Johanna , Nogué Violeta Sànchez , Gorwa‐Grauslund Marie , Passoth Volkmar 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe effect of glucose and oxygen limitation on the growth and fermentation performances of Dekkera bruxellensis was investigated in order to understand which factors favour its propagation in ethanol or wine plants. Although D. bruxellensis has been described as a facultative anaerobe, no growth was observed in mineral medium under complete anaerobiosis while growth was retarded under severe oxygen limitation. In a continuous culture with no gas inflow, glucose was not completely consumed, most probably due to oxygen limitation. When an air/nitrogen mixture (O2‐content ca. 5%) was sparged to the culture, growth became glucose‐limited. In co‐cultivations with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ethanol yields/g consumed sugar were not affected by the co‐cultures as compared to the pure cultures. However, different population responses were observed in both systems. In oxygen‐limited cultivation, glucose was depleted within 24 h after challenging with S. cerevisiae and both yeast populations were maintained at a stable level. In contrast, the S. cerevisiae population constantly decreased to about 1% of its initial cell number in the sparged glucose‐limited fermentation, whereas the D. bruxellensis population remained constant. To identify the requirements of D. bruxellensis for anaerobic growth, the yeast was cultivated in several nitrogen sources and with the addition of amino acids. Yeast extract and most of the supplied amino acids supported anaerobic growth, which points towards a higher nutrient demand for D. bruxellensis compared to S. cerevisiae in anaerobic conditions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of Conjugated Soybean Oil as Drying Oils and CLA Sources
Authors: Chintareddy Venkat Reddy , Oshel Reed E. , Doll Kenneth M. , Yu Zhengkun , Wu Wei , Zhang Guangtao , Verkade John G. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBetter sources of drying oils for coatings and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) for potential health benefits are of continuing interest. Iodine under photochemical conditions in hexanesB at reflux temperatures was investigated as a catalyst for conjugating soybean oil (SBO) for use as drying oils and as a potential source of CLA. Variations in catalyst loading, SBO, light source, free radical catalyst, solvent and temperature strongly affected the efficiency of the process. Changes in fatty acid isomer distributions in conjugated SBO (CSBO) influenced drying properties of CSBO. Conjugated dienes formed were predominantly trans‐9,trans‐11, which contrasts distributions found with catalysts such as strong base and metal compounds. Drying times of some of the CSBOs were superior to that of raw linseed oil. Iodine was partially recovered.
The impact of physical activity on menopausal symptoms in middle‐aged women
Authors: Canário Ana C.G. , Cabral Patrícia U. , Spyrides Maria H. , Giraldo Paulo C. , Eleutério José , Gonçalves Ana Katherine 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the influence of physical activity on climacteric symptoms among middle‐aged women in Brazil.MethodsA population‐based sample of women aged 40–65 years was recruited from Natal, Brazil. Enrollment took place in basic health units in each health district of the city from June to September 2011. Data were collected while women waited for routine appointments at the health units. Climacteric symptoms were assessed using the Menopause Rating Scale and the Blatt–Kupperman Menopausal Index. The level of physical activity was assessed via the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. It was classified as low, moderate, or vigorous.ResultsThe mean age of the 370 participants was 49.8 ± 8.1 years. They were predominantly white (72.7%), married (61.6%), non‐smokers (93.5%), and had undergone high‐school education (70.5%). All domains of climacteric symptoms were significantly affected by physical activity: psychological (P < 0.001); somatovegetative (P < 0.001); and urogenital (P = 0.008). Significant differences were found between the IPAQ groups of physical activity and the Blatt–Kupperman Menopausal Index for the following symptoms: hot flashes (P < 0.001); paresthesia (P = 0.022); insomnia (P < 0.001); impatience (P < 0.001); depression (P < 0.001); vertigo (P < 0.001); fatigue (P < 0.001); arthralgia/myalgia (P < 0.001); and palpitation (P < 0.001).ConclusionPhysical activity improved climacteric symptoms among middle‐aged women in Brazil.
Consumer decisions in relationships
Authors: Simpson Jeffry A. , Griskevicius Vladas , Rothman Alexander J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMost research on consumer choice assumes that decisions are usually made by individuals, and that these decisions are based on an individual's personal attitudes, beliefs, and preferences. Yet, much consumer behavior—from joint decisions to individual choices—is directly or indirectly shaped by people with whom we have some relationship. In this target article, we examine how each member in a relationship can affect how consumer decisions are made. After reviewing foundational work in the area, we introduce a powerful and statistically sophisticated methodology to study decisions within relationships—a dyadic framework of decision‐making. We then discuss how the study of consumer decisions in relationships can be informed by different theories in the relationships field, including attachment, interdependence, social power, communal/exchange orientations, relationship norms, and evolutionary principles. By building on the seminal foundations of prior joint‐decision making research with theories and methods from contemporary relationship science, we hope to facilitate the integration of the consumer and relationships literature to better understand and generate novel hypotheses about consumer decisions in relationships.
Social Influence on consumer decisions: Motives, modes, and consequences
Authors: Wood Wendy , Hayes Timothy 
Published: May 2012

AbstractResearch on consumer decision making has long recognized the influence of others. In this comment on Simpson, Griskevicius, and Rothman (this issue), we agree with them that consumer decisions are best understood in the social contexts in which these decisions are made. We explain how research on consumer social influence incorporates social motives, and we trace the effects of these motives on consumers’ information processing and their purchase and consumption decisions.
Experiential knowledge in action: Consulting practitioners for policy change
Authors: Smith-Merry Jennifer 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe success of practitioner involvement in a policy consultation process is usually taken to be evident in the extent to which the resulting policy document is shaped by their views. Taking as its case study a public consultation for a new Scottish mental health policy, and drawing on theories of knowledge, this paper finds that for practitioner involvement in this consultation it is not possible to measure impact in this way. This is because the experiential and verbal knowledge of practitioners is not easily transferable through the different stages of the consultation process and into the final policy document. Instead, another significant effect resulting from practitioner involvement in the consultation is identified. Practitioner participation in the consultation is found to be a productive process of learning or education which produces a policy community more aware of its role in relation to the new policy.
Magnetostratigraphy of deep drilling core SG-1 in the western Qaidam Basin (NE Tibetan Plateau) and its tectonic implications
Authors: Zhang Weilin , Appel Erwin , Fang Xiaomin , Song Chunhui , Cirpka Olaf 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe Qaidam Basin is the largest intermontane basin of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau and contains a continuous Cenozoic sequence of lacustrine sediments. A ~ 1000-m-deep drilling (SG-1) with an average core recovery of ~ 95% was carried out in the depocenter of the Chahansilatu playa (sub-depression) in the western Qaidam Basin, aimed to obtain a high-resolution record of the paleoenvironmental evolution and the erosion history. Stepwise alternating field and thermal demagnetization, together with rock magnetic results, revealed a stable remanent magnetization for most samples, carried by magnetite. The polarity sequence consisted of 16 normal and 15 reverse zones which can be correlated with chrons 1n to 2An of the global geomagnetic polarity time scale. Magnetostratigraphic results date the entire core SG-1 at ~ 2.77 Ma to ~ 0.1 Ma and yielded sediment accumulation rate (SAR) ranging from 26.1 cm/ka to 51.5 cm/ka. Maximum SARs occurred within the intervals of ~ 2.6–2.2 Ma and after ~ 0.8 Ma, indicating two episodes of erosion, which we relate to pulse tectonic uplift of the NE Tibetan Plateau with subsequent global cooling.
Relationships Between Vocabulary Size, Working Memory, and Phonological Awareness in Spanish-Speaking English Language Learners
Authors: Gorman Brenda K. 
Published: May 2012

Purpose
The goals of this study were to evaluate the impact of short-term phonological awareness (PA) instruction presented in children’s first language (L1; Spanish) on gains in their L1 and second language (L2; English) and to determine whether relationships exist between vocabulary size, verbal working memory, and PA in Spanish-speaking English language learners (ELLs).

Method
Participants included 25 kindergartners who received PA instruction and 10 controls. A 2-way within-subjects repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted to evaluate gains. Relationships between PA gains, Spanish and English vocabulary, and memory, as measured using nonword repetition and experimental working memory tasks, were analyzed using correlation and regression analyses.

Results
Results indicated significant and equivalent gains in both languages of children in the experimental group and no gains in the control group. Spanish vocabulary size was significantly related to PA gains in both languages and was more strongly related to English gains than was English vocabulary size. The memory tasks predicted gains in each language in distinct ways.

Conclusion
Results support the conclusion that PA instruction and strong vocabulary skills in an individual’s L1 benefit PA development in both the L1 and L2. Results also indicate that dynamic relationships exist between vocabulary size, storage and processing components of working memory, and PA development in both languages of ELLs.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.6170195
Miranda Rights Comprehension in Young Adults With Specific Language Impairment
Authors: Rost Gwyneth C. , McGregor Karla K. 
Published: May 2012

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to determine whether citizens with language impairment understand legal rights as conveyed in Miranda warnings.

Method

Grisso’s Instruments for Assessing Understanding and Appreciation of Miranda Rights (1998) was administered to 34 young adults, half of whom met the diagnostic criteria for specific language impairment (SLI). A correlational analysis of the relationship between language scores and Miranda rights comprehension was conducted, as were tests of differences between individuals with SLI (
n
= 17) and individuals without SLI.

Results
Language ability was positively correlated with overall performance on the Miranda measure. As a group, individuals with SLI were significantly poorer than their peers with normal language at defining Miranda vocabulary and applying Miranda rights in hypothetical situations. The group with SLI was also marginally less able to paraphrase Miranda sentences.

Conclusion
Language impairment limits comprehension of Miranda warnings. As a result, citizens with language impairment are at risk of being denied their constitutional rights.
The Role of Experience in the Perception of Phonetic Detail in Children’s Speech: A Comparison Between Speech-Language Pathologists and Clinically Untrained Listeners
Authors: Munson Benjamin , Johnson Julie M. , Edwards Jan 
Published: May 2012

Purpose
This study examined whether experienced speech-language pathologists (SLPs) differ from inexperienced people in their perception of phonetic detail in children’s speech.

Method
Twenty-one experienced SLPs and 21 inexperienced listeners participated in a series of tasks in which they used a visual–analog scale (VAS) to rate children’s natural productions of target /s/–/θ/, /t/–/k/, and /d/–/ɡ/ in word-initial position. Listeners rated the perceived distance between individual productions and ideal productions.

Results
The experienced listeners' ratings differed from the inexperienced listeners' ratings in four ways: They had higher intrarater reliability, showed less bias toward a more frequent sound, and were more closely related to the acoustic characteristics of the children’s speech. In addition, the experienced listeners' responses were related to a different set of predictor variables.

Conclusion
Results suggest that experience working as an SLP leads to better perception of phonetic detail in children’s speech. Limitations and future research are discussed.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.6170198
Model Choice and Sample Size in Item Response Theory Analysis of Aphasia Tests
Authors: Hula William D. , Fergadiotis Gerasimos , Martin Nadine 
Published: May 2012

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to identify the most appropriate item response theory (IRT) measurement model for aphasia tests requiring 2-choice responses and to determine whether small samples are adequate for estimating such models.

Method
Pyramids and Palm Trees (Howard & Patterson, 1992) test data that had been collected from individuals with aphasia were analyzed, and the resulting item and person estimates were used to develop simulated test data for 3 sample size conditions. The simulated data were analyzed using a standard 1-parameter logistic (1-PL) model and 3 models that accounted for the influence of guessing: augmented 1-PL and 2-PL models and a 3-PL model. The model estimates obtained from the simulated data were compared to their known true values.

Results
With small and medium sample sizes, an augmented 1-PL model was the most accurate at recovering the known item and person parameters; however, no model performed well at any sample size. Follow-up simulations confirmed that the large influence of guessing and the extreme easiness of the items contributed substantially to the poor estimation of item difficulty and person ability.

Conclusion
Incorporating the assumption of guessing into IRT models improves parameter estimation accuracy, even for small samples. However, caution should be exercised in interpreting scores obtained from easy 2-choice tests, regardless of whether IRT modeling or percentage correct scoring is used.