bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lessons from dynamic cadaver and invasive bone pin studies: do we know how the foot really moves during gait?
Authors: Nester Christopher J 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBackgroundThis paper provides a summary of a Keynote lecture delivered at the 2009 Australasian Podiatry Conference. The aim of the paper is to review recent research that has adopted dynamic cadaver and invasive kinematics research approaches to better understand foot and ankle kinematics during gait. It is not intended to systematically cover all literature related to foot and ankle kinematics (such as research using surface mounted markers). Since the paper is based on a keynote presentation its focuses on the authors own experiences and work in the main, drawing on the work of others where appropriateMethodsTwo approaches to the problem of accessing and measuring the kinematics of individual anatomical structures in the foot have been taken, (i) static and dynamic cadaver models, and (ii) invasive in‐vivo research. Cadaver models offer the advantage that there is complete access to all the tissues of the foot, but the cadaver must be manipulated and loaded in a manner which replicates how the foot would have performed when in‐vivo. The key value of invasive in‐vivo foot kinematics research is the validity of the description of foot kinematics, but the key difficulty is how generalisable this data is to the wider population.ResultsThrough these techniques a great deal has been learnt. We better understand the valuable contribution mid and forefoot joints make to foot biomechanics, and how the ankle and subtalar joints can have almost comparable roles. Variation between people in foot kinematics is high and normal. This includes variation in how specific joints move and how combinations of joints move. The foot continues to demonstrate its flexibility in enabling us to get from A to B via a large number of different kinematic solutions.ConclusionRather than continue to apply a poorly founded model of foot type whose basis is to make all feet meet criteria for the mechanical ‘ideal’ or ‘normal’ foot, we should embrace variation between feet and identify it as an opportunity to develop patient‐specific clinical models of foot function.
Infra-red thermometry: the reliability of tympanic and temporal artery readings for predicting brain temperature after severe traumatic brain injury
Authors: Kirk Danielle , Rainey Timothy , Vail Andy , Childs Charmaine 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Introduction
Temperature measurement is important during routine neurocritical care especially as differences between brain and systemic temperatures have been observed. The purpose of the study was to determine if infra-red temporal artery thermometry provides a better estimate of brain temperature than tympanic membrane temperature for patients with severe traumatic brain injury.

Methods
Brain parenchyma, tympanic membrane and temporal artery temperatures were recorded every 15–30 min for five hours during the first seven days after admission.

Results
Twenty patients aged 17–76 years were recruited. Brain and tympanic membrane temperature differences ranged from -0.8 °C to 2.5 °C (mean 0.9 °C). Brain and temporal artery temperature differences ranged from -0.7 °C to 1.5 °C (mean 0.3 °C). Tympanic membrane temperature differed from brain temperature by an average of 0.58 °C more than temporal artery temperature measurements (95% CI 0.31 °C to 0.85 °C, P < 0.0001).

Conclusions
At temperatures within the normal to febrile range, temporal artery temperature is closer to brain temperature than is tympanic membrane temperature.
The histone deacetylase Rpd3p is required for transient changes in genomic expression in response to stress
Authors: Alejandro-Osorio Adriana L , Huebert Dana J , Porcaro Dominic T , Sonntag Megan E , Nillasithanukroh Songdet , Will Jessica L , Gasch Audrey P 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Background
Yeast responding to stress activate a large gene expression program called the Environmental Stress Response that consists of approximately 600 repressed genes and approximately 300 induced genes. Numerous factors are implicated in regulating subsets of Environmental Stress Response genes; however, a complete picture of Environmental Stress Response regulation remains unclear. We investigated the role of the histone deacetylase Rpd3p, previously linked to the upstream regions of many Environmental Stress Response genes, in producing Environmental Stress Response gene expression changes in response to stress.

Results
We found that the Rpd3-Large complex is required for proper expression of both induced and repressed Environmental Stress Response genes under multiple stress conditions. Cells lacking RPD3 or the Rpd3-Large subunit PHO23 had a major defect in Environmental Stress Response initiation, particularly during the transient phase of expression immediately after stress exposure. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation showed a direct role for Rpd3-Large at representative genes; however, there were different effects on nucleosome occupancy and histone deacetylation at different promoters. Computational analysis implicated regulators that may act with Rpd3p at Environmental Stress Response genes. We provide genetic and biochemical evidence that Rpd3p is required for binding and action of the stress-activated transcription factor Msn2p, although the contribution of these factors differs for different genes.

Conclusions
Our results implicate Rpd3p as an important co-factor in the Environmental Stress Response regulatory network, and suggest the importance of histone modification in producing transient changes in gene expression triggered by stress.
Dose-Modified Oral Chemotherapy in the Treatment of AIDS-Related Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma in East Africa
Authors: Mwanda Walter O. , Orem Jackson , Fu Pingfu , Banura Cecilia , Kakembo Joweria , Onyango Caren Auma , Ness Anne , Reynolds Sherrie , Johnson John L. , Subbiah Vivek , Bako Jacob , Wabinga Henry , Abdallah Fatuma K. , Meyerson Howard J. , Whalen Christopher C. , Lederman Michael M. , Black Jodi , Ayers Leona W. , Katongole-Mbidde Edward , Remick Scot C. 
Published: May 2009

PurposeAfrica is burdened by the AIDS epidemic and attendant increase in HIV/AIDS-related malignancies. Pragmatic approaches to therapeutic intervention could be of great value. Dose-modified oral chemotherapy for AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is one such approach.Patients and MethodsThe oral regimen consisted of lomustine 50 mg/m2on day 1 (cycle 1 only), etoposide 100 mg/m2on days 1 to 3, and cyclophosphamide/procarbazine 50 mg/m2each on days 22 to 26 at 6-week intervals (one cycle) for two total cycles in HIV-infected patients with biopsy-proven non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.ResultsForty-nine patients (21 in Uganda and 28 in Kenya) were treated. The majority of patients were female (59%) and had a poor performance status (63%); 69% of patients had advanced-stage disease; and 18 patients (37%) had access to antiretroviral therapy. In total, 79.5 cycles of therapy were administered. The regimen was well tolerated, had modest effects (decline) on CD4+lymphocyte counts (P = .077), and had negligible effects on HIV-1 viral replication. Four febrile neutropenia episodes and three treatment-related deaths (6% mortality rate) occurred. The overall objective response rate was 78% (95% CI, 62% to 88%); median follow-up time was 8.2 months (range, 0.1 to 71 months); median event-free and overall survival times were 7.9 months (95% CI, 3.3 to 13.0 months) and 12.3 months (95% CI, 4.9 to 32.4 months), respectively; and 33% of patients survived 5 years.ConclusionDose-modified oral chemotherapy is efficacious, has comparable outcome to that in the United States in the pre–highly active antiretroviral therapy setting, has an acceptable safety profile, and is pragmatic in sub-Saharan Africa. The international collaboration has been highly successful, and subsequent projects should focus on strategies to optimize combination antiretroviral therapy and chemotherapy and follow-up tissue correlative studies.
Japanese-US Common-Arm Analysis of Paclitaxel Plus Carboplatin in Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Model for Assessing Population-Related Pharmacogenomics
Authors: Gandara David R. , Kawaguchi Tomoya , Crowley John , Moon James , Furuse Kiyoyuki , Kawahara Masaaki , Teramukai Satoshi , Ohe Yuichiro , Kubota Kaoru , Williamson Stephen K. , Gautschi Oliver , Lenz Heinz Josef , McLeod Howard L. , Lara Primo N. , Coltman Charles Arthur , Fukuoka Masahiro , Saijo Nagahiro , Fukushima Masanori , Mack Philip C. 
Published: May 2009

PurposeTo explore whether population-related pharmacogenomics contribute to differences in patient outcomes between clinical trials performed in Japan and the United States, given similar study designs, eligibility criteria, staging, and treatment regimens.MethodsWe prospectively designed and conducted three phase III trials (Four-Arm Cooperative Study, LC00-03, and S0003) in advanced-stage, non–small-cell lung cancer, each with a common arm of paclitaxel plus carboplatin. Genomic DNA was collected from patients in LC00-03 and S0003 who received paclitaxel (225 mg/m2) and carboplatin (area under the concentration-time curve, 6). Genotypic variants of CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP2C8, NR1I2-206, ABCB1, ERCC1, and ERCC2 were analyzed by pyrosequencing or by PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism. Results were assessed by Cox model for survival and by logistic regression for response and toxicity.ResultsClinical results were similar in the two Japanese trials, and were significantly different from the US trial, for survival, neutropenia, febrile neutropenia, and anemia. There was a significant difference between Japanese and US patients in genotypic distribution for CYP3A4*1B (P = .01), CYP3A5*3C (P = .03), ERCC1 118 (P < .0001), ERCC2 K751Q (P < .001), and CYP2C8 R139K (P = .01). Genotypic associations were observed between CYP3A4*1B for progression-free survival (hazard ratio [HR], 0.36; 95% CI, 0.14 to 0.94; P = .04) and ERCC2 K751Q for response (HR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.13 to 0.83; P = .02). For grade 4 neutropenia, the HR for ABCB1 3425C→T was 1.84 (95% CI, 0.77 to 4.48; P = .19).ConclusionDifferences in allelic distribution for genes involved in paclitaxel disposition or DNA repair were observed between Japanese and US patients. In an exploratory analysis, genotype-related associations with patient outcomes were observed for CYP3A4*1B and ERCC2 K751Q. This common-arm approach facilitates the prospective study of population-related pharmacogenomics in which ethnic differences in antineoplastic drug disposition are anticipated.
Prevailing Ethical Dilemmas in Terminal Care for Patients With Cancer in Taiwan
Authors: Chiu Tai-Yuan , Hu Wen-Yu , Huang Hsien-Liang , Yao Chien-An , Chen Ching-Yu 
Published: May 2009

Purpose The study aimed to investigate prevailing ethical dilemmas in terminal care for patients with cancer nationwide and identify related factors after the enactment of the Natural Death Act in Taiwan. Methods This multicenter study surveyed 800 physicians and nursing staff of oncology wards and hospices through a set questionnaire. A total of 505 respondents (63.1%) who had taken care of patients with terminal cancer were analyzed. Results The most frequently encountered ethical dilemmas were truth-telling (mean ± SD = 1.30 ± 0.63; range [never, occasional, often], 0 to 2) and place of care (1.19 ± 0.69), both of which were related to communication issues. Dilemmas related to clinical management were artificial nutrition and hydration (1.04 ± 0.66) and use of antimicrobial agents (0.94 ± 0.70). Logistic regression analyses revealed that positive attitudes about the Natural Death Act was negatively related to the extent of ethical dilemmas (odds ratio, 0.426; 95% CI, 0.256 to 0.710]. Conclusion The enactment of the Natural Death Act in Taiwan would contribute to improving the quality of end-of-life care, which suggests that this kind of law should be adopted in other countries. Educating cancer care professionals in building positive beliefs toward the act is strongly encouraged.
Rapamycin suppresses seizures and neuronal hypertrophy in a mouse model of cortical dysplasia
Authors: Ljungberg M. Cecilia , Sunnen C. Nicole , Lugo Joaquin N. , Anderson Anne E. , D’Arcangelo Gabriella 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARY
Malformations of the cerebral cortex known as cortical dysplasia account for the majority of cases of intractable childhood epilepsy. With the exception of the tuberous sclerosis complex, the molecular basis of most types of cortical dysplasia is completely unknown. Currently, there are no good animal models available that recapitulate key features of the disease, such as structural cortical abnormalities and seizures, hindering progress in understanding and treating cortical dysplasia. At the neuroanatomical level, cortical abnormalities may include dyslamination and the presence of abnormal cell types, such as enlarged and misoriented neurons and neuroglial cells. Recent studies in resected human brain tissue suggested that a misregulation of the PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)-Akt-mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling pathway might be responsible for the excessive growth of dysplastic cells in this disease. Here, we characterize neuronal subset (NS)-Pten mutant mice as an animal model of cortical dysplasia. In these mice, the Pten gene, which encodes a suppressor of the PI3K pathway, was selectively disrupted in a subset of neurons by using Cre-loxP technology. Our data indicate that these mutant mice, like cortical dysplasia patients, exhibit enlarged cortical neurons with increased mTOR activity, and abnormal electroencephalographic activity with spontaneous seizures. We also demonstrate that a short-term treatment with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin strongly suppresses the severity and the duration of the seizure activity. These findings support the possibility that this drug may be developed as a novel antiepileptic treatment for patients with cortical dysplasia and similar disorders.
An ENU-induced mutation in mouse glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GARS) causes peripheral sensory and motor phenotypes creating a model of Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2D peripheral neuropathy
Authors: Achilli Francesca , Bros-Facer Virginie , Williams Hazel P. , Banks Gareth T. , AlQatari Mona , Chia Ruth , Tucci Valter , Groves Michael , Nickols Carole D. , Seburn Kevin L. , Kendall Rachel , Cader Muhammed Z. , Talbot Kevin , van Minnen Jan , Burgess Robert W. , Brandner Sebastian , Martin Joanne E. , Koltzenburg Martin , Greensmith Linda , Nolan Patrick M. , Fisher Elizabeth M. C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARY
Mutations in the enzyme glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GARS) cause motor and sensory axon loss in the peripheral nervous system in humans, described clinically as Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2D or distal spinal muscular atrophy type V. Here, we characterise a new mouse mutant, GarsC201R, with a point mutation that leads to a non-conservative substitution within GARS. Heterozygous mice with a C3H genetic background have loss of grip strength, decreased motor flexibility and disruption of fine motor control; this relatively mild phenotype is more severe on a C57BL/6 background. Homozygous mutants have a highly deleterious set of features, including movement difficulties and death before weaning. Heterozygous animals have a reduction in axon diameter in peripheral nerves, slowing of nerve conduction and an alteration in the recovery cycle of myelinated axons, as well as innervation defects. An assessment of GARS levels showed increased protein in 15-day-old mice compared with controls; however, this increase was not observed in 3-month-old animals, indicating that GARS function may be more crucial in younger animals. We found that enzyme activity was not reduced detectably in heterozygotes at any age, but was diminished greatly in homozygous mice compared with controls; thus, homozygous animals may suffer from a partial loss of function. The GarsC201R mutation described here is a contribution to our understanding of the mechanism by which mutations in tRNA synthetases, which are fundamentally important, ubiquitously expressed enzymes, cause axonopathy in specific sets of neurons.
Linear Regression Models for Predicting Liquefaction during Cyclic Triaxial Testing
Authors: Polito Carmine 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Cyclic triaxial tests are commonly used in research and engineering practice to evaluate soil liquefaction potential and the factors that influence it. During testing it is necessary to estimate the level of loading to be applied to the specimen. This can be a difficult task unless the engineer has previously acquired a reasonable amount of experience with this type of testing. In order to provide guidance in selecting an appropriate level of loading, a series of four linear regression models have been developed to predict liquefaction in sands and soils with nonplastic silts. The models were separated by the soil type and the method of specimen preparation. These models were developed using the data from over 750 tests collected from the author’s files and the literature. The validity of each model was assessed by examining the statistical parameters of the model, an analysis of residuals, and predictions made using additional data obtained from the literature.
Fluidic Oscillation Technique in Conjunction with Acid Stimulation Improves Gas Wells Productivity
Authors: Hegazy Ahmed , Conrad Bruce , Waheed Arshad , Sanad Osama 
Published: May 2009

AbstractGenerally, the most common reason for low productivity of gas wells in the offshore Mediterranean Sea operations of Egypt is near-wellbore formation damage. Near-wellbore formation damage, referred to as "skin" in petroleum engineering parlance, causes a huge reduction in native formation permeability, thus adversely affecting productivity. Skin damage can occur from one or more of the following reasons: mud and cement damage, mechanical damage from drilling, damage from perforating guns, scale deposition, paraffin and asphaltene depositions, water blocks, gas blocks, acid sludges, emulsions, etc. Dependent upon the type of damage, the stimulation technique will vary; however, the prevalent techniques available to stimulate damaged formations are hydraulic fracturing and matrix acid stimulation.A new technique called "fluidic oscillation" was proposed to overcome many of the limitations of the previous two techniques. This technique would be especially applicable when there are uncertainties regarding rock mineralogy. In these instances the possibility of further damage exists if incompatible treatment fluids are pumped/"squeezed" into the formations. "Fluidic Oscillation" is primarily a mechanical, nonfluid invasive stimulation technique; (i.e., it is not essential to inject the treatment fluid into the reservoir to break down damage though it does not preclude its use in that manner). The damaged formations are stimulated by subjecting them to alternating bursts of pressure waves generated by pumping fluids through a fluidic oscillator. The treatment fluid can be plain water, diesel, or any other solvent that is desired to pass through the affected zones and be circulated out of the hole. The continuous cycling of these pressure waves causes the skin damage to reach its fatigue failure point. After this, a small amount of acid/solvent blend can be pumped to wash the damaging materials out of the well bore. The fluidic oscillator can be positioned against the zones of interest by using coiled tubing.The fluidic oscillation technique was used in Egypt on two gas wells (until the writing of this paper) for this operator. In the first well, it is believed that there was heavy formation damage caused while drilling the well. After the stimulation treatment the gas production of the well was increased by 325%. In the second well, the post-stimulation gas production rate was increased by 40%. From IPR curves of the two wells, before and after stimulation, it was found that the absolute open flow (AOF) potential of each well was highly increased after stimulation. Compared to the results obtained from previous treatments, it was found that this technique was successful in stimulating gas wells in Egypt. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate this technique through actual case studies.
Objectively Measured Sedentary Time May Predict Insulin Resistance Independent of Moderate- and Vigorous-Intensity Physical Activity
Authors: Helmerhorst Hendrik J.F. , Wijndaele Katrien , Brage Søren , Wareham Nicholas J. , Ekelund Ulf 
Published: May 2009

OBJECTIVE
To examine the prospective association between objectively measured time spent sedentary and insulin resistance and whether this association is independent of moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) and other relevant confounders.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This was a population-based study (Medical Research Council Ely study) in 376 middle-aged adults (166 men; 210 women) over 5.6 years of follow-up. Physical activity and sedentary time were measured objectively by individually calibrated minute-by-minute heart rate monitoring at both baseline and follow-up. Sedentary time was calculated as the heart rate observations (in minutes) below an individually predetermined threshold (flex heart rate) and expressed as a percentage of total monitored time during waking hours over 4 days. The percentage of time spent above 1.75 × resting heart rate represented MVPA. Fasting plasma insulin was used as a surrogate measure of insulin resistance.

RESULTS
Time spent sedentary at baseline was significantly and positively associated with log fasting insulin at follow-up (β = 0.003, 95% CI 0.0006–0.006, P = 0.015) independent of baseline age, sex, fat mass, fasting insulin, smoking status, and follow-up time. After further adjustment for MVPA, this association was somewhat strengthened (β = 0.004, 95% CI 0.0009–0.006, P = 0.009).

CONCLUSIONS
Time spent sedentary predicts higher levels of fasting insulin independent of the amount of time spent at moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity levels. This highlights the importance of reducing sedentary time in order to improve metabolic health, possibly in addition to the benefits associated with a physically active lifestyle.