bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive Examination of Frontal Regions in Boys and Girls with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Mahone E. Mark , Ranta Marin E. , Crocetti Deana , O'Brien Jessica , Kaufmann Walter E. , Denckla Martha B. , Mostofsky Stewart H. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe current study examined regional frontal lobe volumes based on functionally relevant subdivisions in contemporaneously recruited samples of boys and girls with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Forty-four boys (21 ADHD, 23 control) and 42 girls (21 ADHD, 21 control), ages 8–13 years, participated. Sulcal–gyral landmarks were used to manually delimit functionally relevant regions within the frontal lobe: primary motor cortex, anterior cingulate, deep white matter, premotor regions [supplementary motor complex (SMC), frontal eye field, lateral premotor cortex (LPM)], and prefrontal cortex (PFC) regions [medial PFC, dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC), inferior PFC, lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and medial OFC]. Compared to sex-matched controls, boys and girls with ADHD showed reduced volumes (gray and white matter) in the left SMC. Conversely, girls (but not boys) with ADHD showed reduced gray matter volume in left LPM; while boys (but not girls) with ADHD showed reduced white matter volume in left medial PFC. Reduced left SMC gray matter volumes predicted increased go/no–go commission rate in children with ADHD. Reduced left LPM gray matter volumes predicted increased go/no–go variability, but only among girls with ADHD. Results highlight different patterns of anomalous frontal lobe development among boys and girls with ADHD beyond that detected by measuring whole lobar volumes. (JINS, 2011, 17, 1047–1057)
Memory Complaints with and without Memory Impairment: The Impact of Leukoaraiosis on Cognition
Authors: Lamar Melissa , Dannhauser Thomas M. , Walker Zuzana , Rodda Joanne E. , Cutinha Darren J. , Shergill Sukhwinder S. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWhite matter alterations, leukoaraiosis (LA) on structural MRI, are associated with cognitive deficits and increased risk of dementia. LA may also impact on subjective memory complaints in otherwise healthy older adults. Little is known about the interplay between LA memory complaints and cognition. We investigated cognitive phenotypes associated with LA in 42 non-demented older adults categorized as having subjective cognitive complaints with no objective cognitive impairment—the subjective cognitive impairment group (SCI;n= 12), amnesic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI;n= 20), or healthy controls (HC;n= 11). We measured LA severity on MRI with a 40-point visual rating scale. Controlling for age and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, analyses revealed multiple between-group differences. Follow-up linear regression models investigating the underlying contributors to each clinic group's cognitive profile indicated that LA contributed to learning slope variance (after accounting for age and MMSE) but only for the SCI group. Although the SCI group showed a significantly steeper learning slope when compared to HC and aMCI, increasing LA severity negatively impacted this group's rate of learning. This, in conjunction with the significant contribution of age on SCI learning slope performance variance suggests that greater LA burden at a younger age may contribute to subtle changes in learning for individuals with subjective cognitive complaints. (JINS, 2011,17, 1104–1112)
Free will and the obesity epidemic
Authors: Levitsky David A , Pacanowski Carly R 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe increase in body weight in the USA over the past several decades is now commonly referred to as the ‘obesity epidemic’. An empirical analysis of the literature suggests that the increased weight can be accounted for by an increase in food intake. The solution to the obesity epidemic, therefore, must centre on a reduction in food consumption, a position well accepted by the American population who think that they, as individuals, are responsible for their adiposity by holding the belief that the decision as to what and how much to eat is determined by their own free will. The evidence demonstrates, however, that this is not true. Variables such as portion size, variety of foods offered, fat content of the diet, the number of people eating, the location where eating occurs and even watching food advertisements act as ‘food primes’ causing individuals to increase their energy intake. Despite the plethora of diets, weight-loss clubs, drugs and mechanical devices available to facilitate weight loss, once treatment is terminated and people return to the ‘free’ environment, their weight returns to pre-treatment levels. Only when individuals are protected from environmental variables by gastric surgery or limited to consume only portion-controlled meals can they successfully maintain a reduced weight. Combining the technique of daily weight monitoring with accepting that our eating behaviour is not determined totally by our free choice, we may be able to curb the obesity epidemic.
Resurrection, Return, Reform: Taᶜziyeh as Model for Early Babi Historiography
Authors: Mottahedeh Negar 
Published: September 2011

The kind of happiness that could arouse envy in us exists only in the air we have breathed, among the people we could have talked to, women who could have given themselves to us. In other words, our image of happiness is indissolubly bound up with the image of redemption. The same applies to our view of the past, which is the concern of history. The past carries with it a temporal index by which it is referred to redemption.—Walter Benjamin “Theses on the Philosophy of History”Although The Title of this Paper is Inspired by the Title to Abbas Amanat's now classic history of the 19th-century Babi movement, its concerns are in essence different. Its aims, rather than being a study of the history of the messianic movement itself, are to reflect on the theoretical conditions or the modes of witnessing that structured the engagement with that history by the movement's contemporaries and early inheritors. This paper emerges out of a larger cultural and literary study of the early texts that narrate Babi history.
Qizilbash Afterwards: The Afshars in Urmiya from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Kondo Nobuaki 
Published: September 2011

The aim of this paper is to investigate historical change that occurred in a Turkic tribal group, the Afshars in Urmiya, western Azerbaijan, from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century. The Afshars were important in Iranian history as part of the Qizilbash tribal confederation that contributed to the rise of the Safavids, and as the founders of the Afsharid dynasty. Their branch in Urmiya also played notable roles in the civil wars of the eighteenth century.Numerous attempts have been made by scholars to show the political and military role of the Qizilbash in the early Safavid period. However, few studies have dealt with their later history. Recently, Kathryn Babayan argued that as a result of the centralization policy of Shah ᶜAbbas (r. 1587-1629), the Qizilbash lost their power and their political and spiritual cohesion, but after that we know little about their actual situation. More than twenty years ago, Ann Lambton pointed out that the collapse of the Safavids caused a resurgence of tribes like the Afshars and Qajars, in the eighteenth century, but the process of and reasons for this “resurgence” have never been examined.
In search of teacher assessment–its place in the National Curriculum assessment system of England and Wales
Authors: Daugherty Richard 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper looks at the idea of teacher assessment and its history in relation to the English and Welsh National Curriculum since 1987. The author argues that the way it has been understood and used is ‘almost infinitely flexible’. Furthermore, he suggests that government attempts to cement in place one accepted definition have simply caused confusion. In particular, he shows how some definitions conflate formative and summative purposes. As a result assessment which is central to teaching and learning has become a disputed area of classroom practice and teachers are therefore less positive about its usefulness.
Classroom assessment in Greek primary schools
Authors: Mavrommatis Yiannis 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper briefly presents some of the main findings concerning the implementation of assessment in Greek primary classrooms, from a study which explored the relation between teaching, learning and assessment in the primary classroom. It examines the assessment practices used; the purposes teachers attempted to fulfil when assessing; and the content of these assessments. The broader aim of the study was to present a general picture of assessment procedures in a typical Greek primary classroom. Classroom observations, a questionnaire and informal interviews with observed teachers and pupils provided rich data regarding teachers’ practices and their views of assessment.
Standards in examinations: a matter of trust?
Authors: Wiliam Dylan 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThe notion of a ‘standard’ in an assessment system is defined as the attachment of specific meanings to specific test or examination scores. When these meanings are in terms of the performance of a group of individuals, the standard can be described as norm‐referenced (when the individual is not a member of the reference group) or cohort‐referenced (when the individual is a member of the reference group), and when the meanings are in terms of explicit criteria, the standard is described as criterion‐referenced. It is then argued that none of these approaches adequately describes the way that standards are set in high‐stakes assessment systems, which are best described as construct‐referenced. Building on Cresswell's (1996) definition of examination comparability as being the extent to which the assessments are equivalently valued by users of test results, standard setting is regarded as neither objective nor subjective, but rather intersubjective, where maintenance of standards requires that those responsible for setting standards are full participants in a community of practice, and are trusted by users of assessment results.
History skills and the NSW 1986 Two Unit Modern History syllabus part 1: a focus upon objectives
Authors: Harvey P. I. , Maxwell T. W. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper explores problems and issues arising from the application of an objectives framework to the discipline of history in the secondary school context. Specifically the focus is upon a close analysis of the use of skills objectives in history. Analysis of interviews with syllabus writers and document analysis provided the basis from which it is concluded that the New South Wales (NSW) 1986 Two Unit Modern History syllabus is an ambitious curriculum document which created considerable difficulties for teachers intent on using its skills‐based objectives.
Science in the National Curriculum: an international perspective
Authors: Orpwood Graham , Barnett John 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe focus of this article is a comparative review of the science curriculum for England and Wales from the perspective of recent developments in the United States of America, Australia, New Zealand and the Canadian province of Ontario. In the comparison of science curriculum documents and the language deployed, questions are raised about differences as well as commonalities among and between documents from various jurisdictions. Issues discussed include: the varying emphases upon science topics and/or intended learning outcomes; integration with other curriculum areas; the content and organization of the science curriculum; and ways of assessing students’ performances and understandings. The article draws attention to the importance of comparative analysis which informs our understanding of the effects of curriculum change, its relation to students’ achievements in science, and the need to support the development of teachers.
Dimensions of progression in a curriculum
Authors: Adey Philip 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe focus of this article is upon progression in the curriculum, its relation to a particular psychological model, and implications for policy and practice. The illustrative case is the National Curriculum for England and Wales. Focusing primarily upon the history and the science curricula, the author offers and justifies the idea of a three‐dimensional model for the curriculum to account separately for profiles in acquiring knowledge in a variety of contexts, and for progress in the ability of students to handle increasingly complex concepts. Without a theoretically justified notion of progression, the author concludes that the implementation of the National Curriculum, including its assessment procedures, will continue to be problematic.
The Scottish school history curriculum and issues of national identity
Authors: Wood Sydney , Payne Fran 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThe Scottish curriculum operates through broad guidelines that allow a good deal of freedom to shape the curriculum. This article reports the findings of an investigation into the attitudes towards, and knowledge of Scottish history of 16‐year‐old pupils in Scottish schools. The pupils’ responses to questions about aspects of Scotland's past revealed a very large degree of ignorance about important people, events, circumstances and dates as well as a number of misconceptions about major historical aspects. The content of the school history curriculum has an important part to play in the development of a sense of national identity. The findings are discussed at a time when there is a resurgent sense of national identity, with the people in Scotland recently voting in a referendum for the setting up of a Scottish parliament. The minimal place history occupies in the curriculum may partly explain the lack of pupils’ knowledge. There is a lack of detailed evidence on this issue, both within Scotland and from other nations. A major debate about what matters in Scotland's past is needed, for Scotland has avoided establishing a prescribed history curriculum: a well‐informed teaching profession has to make critical decisions about what to include.
Do Case Vignettes Accurately Reflect Antibiotic Prescription?
Authors: Lucet Jean-Christophe , Nicolas-Chanoine Marie-Hélène , Lefort Agnes , Roy Carine , Diamantis Sylvain , Papy Emmanuelle , Riveros-Palacios Oscar , Grand Jennifer Le , Rioux Christophe , Fantin Bruno , Ravaud Philippe 
Published: September 2011

Background.Antibiotic prescription is frequently inappropriate in hospitals. Our objective was to evaluate whether the quality of antibiotic prescription could be measured using case vignettes to assess physicians' knowledge.Methods.The study was conducted in 2 public teaching hospitals, where 33/41 units and 206/412 physicians regularly prescribing antibiotics to inpatients agreed to participate. A cross-sectional survey of knowledge was performed using 4 randomly assigned case vignette sets. Curative antibiotic prescriptions were then evaluated using standard criteria for appropriateness at initiation (day 0), after 2–3 days of treatment (days 2–3), and at treatment completion. We compared knowledge of the physicians with their observed prescriptions in the subset of 106 physicians who completed the case vignettes and prescribed antibiotics at least once.Results.The median global case vignette score was 11.4/20 (interquartile range, 8.92-314.3). Of the 483 antibiotic prescriptions, 314 (65%) were deemed appropriate at day 0, 324 (72%) on days 2–3, and 227 (69%) at treatment completion. Prescriptions were appropriate at all 3 time points in only 43% of patients. Appropriate prescription was positively and independently associated with emergency prescription on day 0, documented infection on days 2–3, and 1 of the 2 hospitals at treatment completion. In addition, appropriateness at the 3 evaluation times was positively associated with prescription in anesthesiology or the intensive care unit. Case vignette scores above the median were significantly and independently associated with appropriate antibiotic prescription on days 2–3 and at treatment completion.Conclusions.Case vignettes are effective for identifying physicians or hospitals whose knowledge and practice regarding antibiotic prescription require improvement.
Importance of Employee Vaccination against Influenza in Preventing Cases in Long-Term Care Facilities
Authors: Wendelboe Aaron M. , Avery Catherine , Andrade Bernardo , Baumbach Joan , Landen Michael G. 
Published: September 2011

Objective.Employees of long-term care facilities (LTCFs) who have contact with residents should be vaccinated against influenza annually to reduce influenza incidence among residents. This investigation estimated the magnitude of the benefit of this recommendation.Methods.The New Mexico Department of Health implemented active surveillance in all of its 75 LTCFs during influenza seasons 2006-2007 and 2007-2008. Information about the number of laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza and the proportion vaccinated of both residents and direct-care employees in each facility was collected monthly. LTCFs reporting at least 1 case of influenza (defined alternately by laboratory confirmation or symptoms of influenza-like illness [ILI]) among residents were compared with LTCFs reporting no cases of influenza. Regression modeling was used to obtain adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between employee vaccination coverage and the occurrence of influenza outbreaks. Covariates included vaccination coverage among residents, the staff-to-resident ratio, and the proportion of filled beds.Results.Seventeen influenza outbreaks were reported during this 2-year period of surveillance. Eleven of these were laboratory confirmed (n = 21 residents) and 6 were defined by ILI (n = 40 residents). Mean influenza vaccination coverage among direct-care employees was 51% in facilities reporting outbreaks and 60% in facilities not reporting outbreaks (P = .12). Increased vaccination coverage among direct-care employees was associated with fewer reported outbreaks of laboratory-confirmed influenza (aOR, 0.97 [95% CI, 0.95-0.99]) and ILI (aOR, 0.98 [95% CI, 0.96-1.00]).Conclusions.High vaccination coverage among direct-care employees helps to prevent influenza in LTCFs.
Quicker, Easier, and Cheaper? The Promise of Automated Hand Hygiene Monitoring
Authors: Stewardson Andrew , Pittet Didier 
Published: September 2011

There are several reasons why surveillance of hand hygiene performance is a crucial part of successful promotion strategies. These can be conceptualized according to the end-user of the data: infection control professionals; healthcare workers (HCWs); researchers; and external stakeholders, such as governmental and nongovernmental accreditation and benchmarking bodies and the general public. Each of these groups comes to hand hygiene performance data with different expectations and preconceptions and will use it for different purposes. Thus, one of the challenges of collecting such data is to do it in such a way that it satisfies the specifications of all interested parties as much as possible.Boyce provides a thorough and balanced overview of the current state of hand hygiene monitoring. At a time when the field of hand hygiene promotion is maturing rapidly and infection control professionals are facing a vast range of options for monitoring performance in their hospital, this review comes as a timely and welcome summary and answers many common questions in addition to demystifying some newer technologies.
PIRUS2: individual article usage statistics — developing a practical, global standard
Authors: SHEPHERD Peter T. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThe most granular level at which COUNTER currently requires reporting of usage is for the individual journal. A number of developments have, however, meant that it is now practical to investigate the development of a COUNTER standard for the recording, reporting, and consolidation of usage statistics at the individual article level. The aim of PIRUS2 (Publisher and Institutional Repository Usage Statistics 2) was to take forward the outcomes of the original PIRUS project and build on its recommendations, by developing a prototype service (including technical, organizational, and economic models) that will enable publishers, repositories, and other organizations to generate and share authoritative, trustworthy usage statistics for the individual articles and other items that they host. The PIRUS2 project was completed in June 2011. This article covers the aims, objectives, outputs and recommendations of the project.
Partisans, Watchdogs, and Entertainers
Authors: Brown Katherine Ann , Gitlin Todd 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
This chapter investigates the evolution of the American media from the colonial period to modern times. It argues that the standard tribute to the democratic uses of journalism is a misrepresentation of the actual news media and their role in daily life. The chapter then moves on to study the changing form of the newspaper in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, as well as the role newspaper partisanship and sensationalism played during the political and social development of America. It also discusses media independence and its role as a watchdog during the twentieth century.
The News Industry
Authors: Graber Doris A. , Holyk Gregory G. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
This chapter takes a look at the news industry. The first section outlines the main political functions and structure of news industries, one of which is the Federal Communications Commission. It then examines the adaptations and challenges for the news industry in the twenty-first century, and considers the consequences for the news industry and for American politics. The next section emphasizes the important changes made in the news industry climate, which include the transfer towards soft interpretive news. The chapter ends with a discussion of the future challenges for the news industry.
What's News
Authors: Just Marion R. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
This chapter looks at the emerging collaboration between the audience and established media institutions in order to produce news from inaccessible or war-torn locations, and shows that citizens are not only contributing to the news content and comments, but are also taking on the roles of editorial and distribution. It outlines the transformation of news values over time, studying the impact of new media on the press's democratic function, and stresses that the future research in media and public opinion would need news credibility. The chapter also considers the Internet as a way to change the status of the news industry.
Exposure Measures and Content Analysis in Media Effects Studies
Authors: Jerit Jennifer , Barabas Jason 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis chapter looks at how media exposure has been studied. It focuses on the criticisms of media use measures as well as the primary alternative to this approach, which is the inclusion of media content into the empirical analyses of public opinion data. The chapter also discusses several practical considerations about content analysis and the analytical challenges that are connected to the estimation of causal effects of media messages on public opinion.
Public–Elite Interactions
Authors: Chong Dennis , Druckman James N. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis chapter pinpoints the most pressing problems in research on the effect of elite rhetoric on public opinion. It discusses the empirical and theoretical issues in four particular realms, namely the elite strategies of communications, the implications of political communications research on democratic theory, the conceptualization of communication effects, and the conditions that guide elite influence. The chapter offers a personal perspective on each of these realms, as well as examples and key questions that deserve further study.