bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Consequences of Interface Mixing on Organic Photovoltaic Device Characteristics
Authors: Huang David M. , Mauger Scott A. , Friedrich Stephan , George Simon J. , Dumitriu‐LaGrange Daniela , Yoon Sook , Moulé Adam J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractOrganic bulk‐heterojunction solar cells are being developed as a low‐cost alternative to inorganic photovoltaics. A key step to producing high‐efficiency bulk‐heterojunction devices is film curing using either heat or a solvent atmosphere. All of the literature examining the curing process have assumed that improvement of the bulk‐heterojunction morphology is the reason for the increased filling factor, short‐circuit current density, and efficiency following heat or solvent treatment. We show in this article that heat treatment causes the donor polymer (P3HT) and polymer electrode (PEDOT:PSS) to mix physically to form an interface layer. This interface layer is composed of a mixture of P3HT and PSS in which the P3HT is oxidized to P3HT+. This mixed layer affects the open‐circuit voltage and compensation voltage by limiting the dark current. This result implies that a simplistic description of the P3HT/PEDOT:PSS contact as a sharp interface between bulk P3HT and bulk PEDOT:PSS cannot adequately capture its electrical characteristics.
Ultrathin TiN Membranes as a Technology Platform for CMOS‐Integrated MEMS and BioMEMS Devices
Authors: Birkholz M. , Ehwald K.‐E. , Kulse P. , Drews J. , Fröhlich M. , Haak U. , Kaynak M. , Matthus E. , Schulz K. , Wolansky D. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA standard complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS) process is successfully modified to encompass the preparation of suspended TiN membranes of only 50 nm thickness from one of the metal layer stacks of the back‐end flow. The layers’ elastomechanical constants are determined with high precision by laser Doppler vibrometry. Residual stress gradients are compensated and a state of moderate tensile strain is introduced into the membranes. Test systems of TiN beams and bridges operating in a capacitive coupling scheme are optimized for the low voltage range attainable with CMOS devices. TiN actuators are particularly suited for applications in biotechnology like sensing of pressure or viscosity in microfluidic devices due to their high corrosion resistance in liquid electrolyte surroundings. The established inclusion of the process in a CMOS pilot line enables the production of cheap and monolithically integrated microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and bio‐microelectromechanical systems (BioMEMS) devices.
Investigating Morphology and Stability of Fac‐tris (2‐phenylpyridyl)iridium(III) Films for OLEDs
Authors: Smith Arthur R. G. , Ruggles Jeremy L. , Cavaye Hamish , Shaw Paul E. , Darwish Tamim A. , James Michael , Gentle Ian R. , Burn Paul L. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractStable film morphology is critical for long‐term high performance organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). Neutron reflectometry (NR) is used to study the out‐of‐plane structure of blended thin films and multilayer structures comprising evaporated small molecules. It is found that as‐prepared blended films of fac‐tris(2‐phenylpyridyl)iridium(III) [Ir(ppy)3] in 4,4′‐bis(N‐carbazolyl)biphenyl (CBP) are uniformly mixed, but the occurrence of phase separation upon thermal annealing is dependent on the blend ratio. Films comprised of the ratio of 6 wt% of Ir(ppy)3 in CBP typically used in OLEDs are found to phase separate with moderate heating while a higher weight percent mixture (12 wt%) is found to be stable. Furthermore, it is found that thermal annealing of a multilayer film comprised of typical layers found in efficient devices ([tris(4‐carbazoyl‐9‐ylphenyl)amine (TCTA)/Ir(ppy)3:CBP/bathocuproine (BCP)]) causes the BCP layer to become mixed with the emissive blend layer, whereas the TCTA interface remains unchanged. This significant structural change causes no appreciable difference in the photo­luminescence of the stack although such a change would have a dramatic effect on the charge transport through the device, leading to changes in performance. These results demonstrate the effect of thermal stress on the delicate interplay between the chemical composition and morphology of OLED films.
Carbon Nanotube Alignment via Electrohydrodynamic Patterning of Nanocomposites
Authors: Goldberg‐Oppenheimer Pola , Eder Dominik , Steiner Ullrich 
Published: March 2011

AbstractElectrohydrodynamic (EHD) pattern formation in carbon nanotube‐polymer composite films yields well‐defined patterns on the micrometer scale along with the alignment of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) within these patterns. Conductive pathways in nanotube networks formed during EHD patterning of nanocomposite films results in a substantial increase in the composites’ conductivity at loadings exceeding the percolation threshold. The degree of nanotube alignment can be tuned by adjusting the EHD parameters and the degree of alignment is mirrored by the conductivity across the film. Using etching techniques or by embedding relatively long nanotubes, patterned surfaces decorated by CNT brushes were generated.
Experimental and theoretical study of methane adsorption on granular activated carbons
Authors: Wang Yuguo , Ercan Cemal , Khawajah Anwar , Othman Rashid 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe experimental and theoretical study of methane adsorption on granular activated carbons is presented. The adsorption data are modeled by various isotherm equations. Toth equation is found to have the best fit. The isosteric heat decreases with loading and increases weakly with temperature, which is an indication of heterogeneity of the methane and granular activated carbon system. Using optimized parameters from Toth equation, a novel procedure is developed to calculate the integral heat of adsorption, which is the total amount of isosteric heat of adsorption at a given temperature and pressure during the adsorption process. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Progressive peripheral arterial occlusive disease and other vascular events during nilotinib therapy in CML
Authors: Aichberger Karl J. , Herndlhofer Susanne , Schernthaner Gerit‐Holger , Schillinger Martin , Mitterbauer‐Hohendanner Gerlinde , Sillaber Christian , Valent Peter 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe second generation BCR/ABL kinase inhibitor nilotinib is increasingly used for the treatment of imatinib‐resistant chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). So far, nilotinib is considered a well‐tolerated drug with little if any side effects, although an increase in the fasting glucose level has been reported. We examined a series of 24 consecutive CML patients treated with nilotinib in our center for the development of non‐hematologic adverse events. Three of these 24 CML patients developed a rapidly progressive peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) during treatment with nilotinib. In all three cases, PAOD required repeated angioplasty and/or multiple surgeries within a few months. No PAOD was known before nilotinib‐therapy in these patients, although all three had received imatinib. In two patients, pre‐existing risk factors predisposing for PAOD were known, and one of them had developed diabetes mellitus during nilotinib. In the other 21 patients treated with nilotinib in our center, one less severe PAOD, one myocardial infarction, one spinal infarction, one subdural hematoma, and one sudden death of unknown etiology were recorded. In summary, treatment with nilotinib may be associated with an increased risk of vascular adverse events, including PAOD development. In a subgroup of patients, these events are severe or even life‐threatening. Although the exact mechanisms remain unknown, we recommend screening for pre‐existing PAOD and for vascular risk factors such as diabetes mellitus in all patients before starting nilotinib and in the follow up during nilotinib‐therapy. Am. J. Hematol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
J‐Aggregates: From Serendipitous Discovery to Supramolecular Engineering of Functional Dye Materials
Authors: Würthner Frank , Kaiser Theo E. , Saha‐Möller Chantu R. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractJ‐aggregates are of significant interest for organic materials conceived by supramolecular approaches. Their discovery in the 1930s represents one of the most important milestones in dye chemistry as well as the germination of supramolecular chemistry. The intriguing optical properties of J‐aggregates (in particular, very narrow red‐shifted absorption bands with respect to those of the monomer and their ability to delocalize and migrate excitons) as well as their prospect for applications have motivated scientists to become involved in this field, and numerous contributions have been published. This Review provides an overview on the J‐aggregates of a broad variety of dyes (including cyanines, porphyrins, phthalocyanines, and perylene bisimides) created by using supramolecular construction principles, and discusses their optical and photophysical properties as well as their potential applications. Thus, this Review is intended to be of interest to the supramolecular, photochemistry, and materials science communities.
Joint state and parameter estimation for a membrane bioreactor system
Authors: Madyastha Venkatesh K , Prasad Vijaysai 
Published: March 2011

AbstractGrowing environmental concerns and shrinking water resources require methods beyond conventional wastewater treatment. Membrane bioreactor (MBR) is a technology that has become a ubiquitous choice for high quality treatment and reuse of wastewater. One of the key challenges in wastewater treatment is the high energy cost associated with aeration. MBR systems use feedback control to regulate the measured dissolved oxygen level at a predetermined set point by manipulating the blower throughputs. However, for high dynamic loads, feedback control may not result in the best performance and energy efficiency. Any attempt to optimize performance and power consumption beyond a simple controls strategy requires a proper trade‐off analysis between investments on additional sensors and the long‐term benefits. This article proposes a joint state and parameter estimation methodology, which measures and controls the MBR system using available measurements. Thus, limitations of feedback strategies can be overcome by predicting the impact of time varying disturbances on the outputs. The novelty in this approach is the ability to reconstruct the unknown states and parameters with available measurements. The unknown parameters are adaptively estimated online. Lyapunov's direct method is employed to show boundedness of state and parameter estimation errors. Simulation results illustrate the efficacy of the approach. Copyright © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Peptoids at the 7th Summit: Toward macromolecular systems engineering
Authors: Drexler K. Eric 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMethods for facile synthesis of extraordinarily diverse peptide‐like oligomers have placed peptoids at the center of a broad and vibrant area of foldamer science and technology. The 7th Peptoid Summit offered a perspective on the current state of peptoid science and technology and on prospects for engineering supramolecular assemblies that rival the complexity of biomolecular systems. Methods for engineering biomolecular systems based on DNA and protein are advancing rapidly, building a technology platform for engineering increasingly large and complex self‐assembled nanosystems. A comparative review of the physical basis for DNA, protein, and peptoid engineering indicates that the characteristics of peptoids suit them for a strong role in developing self‐assembled nanosystems. Physical parallels between peptoids and proteins indicate that peptoid engineering, like protein engineering, will require specialized software to support design. Access to novel side‐chain functionality will enable peptoid designers to exploit novel binding interactions, including many that have been discovered and exploited in crystal engineering, a field that has extensively explored the self‐assembly of small organic molecules to form well‐ordered structures. Developments in DNA, protein, and inorganic nanotechnologies are converging to provide a technology platform for the design and fabrication of complex, functional, atomically precise nanosystems. Peptoid‐based foldamer technologies can contribute to this convergence, expanding the scope of the emerging field of atomically precise macromolecular nanosystems. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 96: 537–544, 2011.
Minireview: Structural insights into early folding events using continuous‐flow time‐resolved small‐angle X‐ray scattering
Authors: Kathuria Sagar V. , Guo Liang , Graceffa Rita , Barrea Raul , Nobrega R. Paul , Matthews C. Robert , Irving Thomas C. , Bilsel Osman 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSmall‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) is a powerful method for obtaining quantitative structural information on the size and shape of proteins, and it is increasingly used in kinetic studies of folding and association reactions. In this minireview, we discuss recent developments in using SAXS to obtain structural information on the unfolded ensemble and early folding intermediates of proteins using continuous‐flow mixing devices. Interfacing of these micromachined devices to SAXS beamlines has allowed access to the microsecond time regime. The experimental constraints in implementation of turbulence and laminar flow‐based mixers with SAXS detection and a comparison of the two approaches are presented. Current improvements and future prospects of microsecond time‐resolved SAXS and the synergy with ab initio structure prediction and molecular dynamics simulations are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 95: 550–558, 2011.
Multicentre trial of a perioperative protocol to reduce mortality in patients with peptic ulcer perforation
Authors: Møller M H , Adamsen S , Thomsen R W , Møller A M 
Published: March 2011

Abstract

Background
Morbidity and mortality rates in patients with perforated peptic ulcer (PPU) remain substantial. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a multimodal and multidisciplinary perioperative care protocol on mortality in patients with PPU.

Methods
This was an externally controlled multicentre trial set in seven gastrointestinal departments in Denmark. Consecutive patients who underwent surgery for gastric or duodenal PPU between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2009 were treated according to a multimodal and multidisciplinary evidence-based perioperative care protocol. The 30-day mortality rate in this group was compared with rates in historical and concurrent national controls.

Results
The 30-day mortality rate following PPU was 17·1 per cent in the intervention group, compared with 27·0 per cent in the three control groups (P = 0·005). This corresponded to a relative risk of 0·63 (95 per cent confidence interval 0·41 to 0·97), a relative risk reduction of 37 (5 to 58) per cent and a number needed to treat of 10 (6 to 38).

Conclusion
The 30-day mortality rate in patients with PPU was reduced by more than one-third after the implementation of a multimodal and multidisciplinary perioperative care protocol, compared with conventional treatment. Registration number: NCT00624169 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).
Simple and sensitive HPLC method for the fluorometric determination of methotrexate and its major metabolites in human plasma by post‐column photochemical reaction
Authors: Uchiyama Masanobu , Matsumoto Takanori , Matsumoto Taichi , Jimi Shiro , Takamatsu Yasushi , Tamura Kazuo , Hara Shuuji 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTA simple and sensitive HPLC method has been developed for the determination of methotrexate (MTX) and its major metabolites, 7‐hydroxymethotrexate (7‐OH‐MTX) and 2,4‐diamino‐N10‐methylpteroic acid (DAMPA), in human plasma. After deproteinization of the plasma with 5% aqueous acetonitrile solution containing 5% trichloroacetic acid, MTX, 7‐OH‐MTX, DAMPA and 2,4‐diaminopteroic acid (DAPA) as an internal standard were separated on a reversed‐phase column, and the eluent was subsequently irradiated with UV light (245 nm), producing fluorescent photolytic degradation products. The analytes were then detected spectrofluorometrically at 452 nm with excitation at 368 nm. The extraction efficiencies of MTX, 7‐OH‐MTX and DAMPA from plasma at 100 pmol/mL were 81.5 ± 5.4, 82.5 ± 5.3 and 56.2 ± 7.0%, respectively. The limits of quantification for MTX, 7‐OH‐MTX and DAMPA in plasma were 5 pmol (2.3 ng), 0.8 pmol (0.38 ng) and 10 pmol (3.4 ng)/mL, respectively. The within‐ and between‐day variations for MTX, 7‐OH‐MTX and DAMPA were reliable (each was lower than 6.3%). This method was also used to monitor the concentrations of MTX and its metabolites in a patient on MTX therapy. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of cytology in oral lesions: A review of recent improvements
Authors: Mehrotra Ravi 
Published: March 2011

AbstractHistorically, sensitivity and specificity of oral cytology is poor. Using conventional oral cytology for the diagnosis of cancer and its precursors has not had the success that cytologists had hoped for; however, with improved methodology, oral cytology has enjoyed a resurgence of interest. This renewed interest is partly due to the introduction of a specialized brush that collects a full‐thickness epithelial sample and not just superficially sloughed cells, as well as analysis of that sample with computer assistance; in addition, a variety of adjunctive techniques have been introduced to potentially enhance the diagnosis of the cytologic specimens including DNA analysis, immunocytochemistry, molecular analysis, and liquid‐based preparations. An increase in sensitivity (>96%) and specificity (>90%) of the oral brush biopsy with computer‐assisted diagnosis has been reported for identification of malignant and premalignant lesions. Brush cytology is valuable to prevent misdiagnosing doubtful oral lesions, i.e., those lesions without a definitive etiology, diagnosing large lesions where excision of the entire tissue is not possible or practicable, evaluating patients with recurrent malignancies, and monitoring premalignant lesions. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012; © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Human papillomavirus genotyping as a predictor of high‐grade cervical dysplasia in women with mildly cytologic abnormalities: A two‐year follow‐up report
Authors: Huang Lee‐Wen , Lin Yu‐Hung , Pan Hun‐Shan , Seow Kok‐Min , Lin Ching‐Yu 
Published: March 2011

AbstractHigh‐risk human papillomavirus (HR‐HPV) DNA testing has emerged as another testing modality for women with mildly cytologic abnormalities. We conducted a two‐year follow‐up study of 108 women with mildly abnormal cervical cytology for detection of CIN 2/3. A cervical swab sample was obtained for HPV genotyping by a HPV blot and histologic follow‐up results were correlated with HR‐HPV types. Of the 108 cases, 93 (86.1%) were positive for HR‐HPV DNA. HPV‐16 was detected in 45.1% of patients. CIN grade 2 or 3 was confirmed in 25 (23.1%) of the 108 women during the two‐year follow‐up period. The two‐year cumulative incidence rates of CIN 2/3 were 38.6% (17/44) among HPV‐16‐ positive women, but only 5.6% among HR‐HPV‐positive women without HPV‐16 or HPV‐18. The sensitivity of a positive HPV‐16 test for CIN 2/3 was 68.0%, the specificity was 67.5%. Our results demonstrated that the type‐specific HPV‐16 test increased sensitivity of detecting high‐grade cervical dysplasia for women who have mildly cytologic abnormalities. The implication of the present findings is that HPV genotyping may identify women with the greatest risk of high‐grade CIN. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Annual runoff and evapotranspiration of forestlands and non‐forestlands in selected basins of the Loess Plateau of China
Authors: Wang Yanhui , Yu Pengtao , Feger Karl‐Heinz , Wei Xiaohua , Sun Ge , Bonell Mike , Xiong Wei , Zhang Shulan , Xu Lihong 
Published: March 2011

AbstractLarge‐scale forestation has been undertaken over decades principally to control the serious soil erosion in the Loess Plateau of China. A quantitative assessment of the hydrological effects of forestation, especially on basin water yield, is critical for the sustainable forestry development within this dry region. In this study, we constructed the multi‐annual water balances to estimate the respective grand average of annual evapotranspiration (ET) and runoff for forestlands and non‐forestlands of 57 basins. The overall annual runoff and corresponding runoff/precipitation ratio were low, with a mean of 33 mm (7%) ranging from 10 (2%) to 56 mm (15%). Taking the grand average of annual precipitation of 463 mm for all basins, the corresponding grand averages of annual ET and runoff were 447 and 16 mm for forestlands, 424 and 39 mm for non‐forestlands, respectively. Thus, the corresponding ratios of annual ET and runoff to precipitation were 91·7 and 8·3% for non‐forestlands, 96·6 and 3·4% for forestlands, respectively. Although the absolute difference in grand average of annual runoff was only 23 mm, it represents a large difference in relative terms, as it equates up to 58% of annual runoff from non‐forestlands. We argue that the large‐scale forestation may have serious consequences for water management and sustainable development in the dry region of NW China because of a runoff reduction. This study highlights the importance of quantifying the ET of forests and other land uses and to examine how land cover change may affect the water balances in an arid environment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interannual variation in transpiration onset and its predictive indicator for a tropical deciduous forest in northern Thailand based on 8‐year sap‐flow records
Authors: Yoshifuji Natsuko , Komatsu Hikaru , Kumagai Tomo'omi , Tanaka Nobuaki , Tantasirin Chatchai , Suzuki Masakazu 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn deciduous forests, leaf‐out and leaf‐fall determine the durations of canopy transpiration and photosynthesis and affect interannual variations in energy, water, and carbon exchanges. Despite numerous studies on the interannual variation in vegetation phenology and its modelling for boreal and temperate deciduous forests, few studies have examined these topics for tropical deciduous forests. We quantified the extent of interannual variation in the transpiration onset dates in a teak plantation in northern Thailand, one of the major deciduous forests in Thailand, on the basis of 8 years of sap‐flow measurements and developed an empirical model to predict their interannual variation through correlation analysis with environmental variables. Interannual variation in the transpiration onset date at this site spanned 41 days over the 8‐year observation period. The transpiration onset date corresponded to the date when the leaf area index reached 0·2–0·4. Interannual variation in the transpiration onset date was reproduced by the date when relative extractable water in the soil layer of 0–0·6 m depth became greater than 0·2 with a root mean square error of 10 days. The interannual variation in the transpiration onset dates for the studied tropical deciduous forest site was greater than that of deciduous forests in temperate and boreal regions, implying the considerable potential effect on annual energy, water, and carbon exchanges between vegetation and the atmosphere. Our results also suggest that the use of soil moisture would allow predictions of interannual variations in the transpiration onset and the leaf‐out for deciduous forests in tropical regions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.