bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic Diversity of Turf‐Type Tall Fescue Using Diversity Arrays Technology
Authors: Baird James H. , Kopecký David , Lukaszewski Adam J. , Green Robert L. , Bartoš Jan , Doležel Jaroslav 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTTurf‐type tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) germplasm available both commercially and in cultivar trials is surprisingly similar in quality and performance. To test genetic diversity within this germplasm, Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) was used to detect DNA polymorphism among 93 entries from the 2006 National Turfgrass Evaluation Program tall fescue test in Riverside, CA. Based on the analysis of 190 polymorphic DArT markers, we found little variability in the turf‐type cultivars. These data are in agreement with field observations showing very few distinguishable differences in turf quality among the entries, with the exception of ‘Kentucky‐31’, a forage‐type standard entry. This cultivar ranked lowest for turf quality. The 93 entries were then compared with 14 forage‐type and four turf‐type accessions collected worldwide, further demonstrating narrow diversity among the entries and overall lower genetic diversity among turf‐types relative to forage‐types. Such low genetic polymorphism of turf‐type genotypes indicates a very close relationship regardless of the origin. It may have been caused by either a severe genetic bottleneck in the conversion of germplasm from forage to turfgrass use, or by extensive sharing of germplasm. This indicates an urgent need to rapidly broaden the genetic diversity in commercial germplasm of turf‐type tall fescue.
Worldwide Core Collection of Olive Cultivars Based on Simple Sequence Repeat and Morphological Markers
Authors: Díez Concepción M. , Imperato Annalisa , Rallo Luis , Barranco Diego , Trujillo Isabel 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTCore collections reflecting the diversity of large germplasm collections are valuable tools to conserve and evaluate the genetic resources more effectively. Three strategies using two different search algorithms were trained to develop the most representative nested core collection of the World Olive Germplasm Bank (WOGB) of Cordoba (Spain), the largest and best characterized collection of olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars worldwide. The original dataset was composed of 378 olive accessions from 21 different countries characterized by 14 microsatellite markers (simple sequence repeats [SSRs]). Each nested core collection included five subsets representing different percentages of the base collection (5, 10, 15, 20, and 30%). The strategy maximizing the allele coverage implemented in the software Core Hunter was chosen as the best. The five subsets developed by this method captured the maximum number of alleles showing fewer significant differences in their frequencies with respect to the whole collection. Additionally, a balanced geographical composition was observed in the nested subsets in spite of the strong overrepresentation of western Mediterranean accessions present in the WOGB. The results of this study are aimed at improving both the conservation and management of olive genetic resources and the study of differential genotype × environment interactions by testing a minimum number of accessions
Agronomic and Physiological Responses of Cool‐Season Turfgrass to Fall‐Applied Nitrogen
Authors: Bauer Sam , Lloyd Dan , Horgan Brian P. , Soldat Doug J. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTTurfgrass is an integral component of the urban and suburban landscape and plays a key role in water quality and nutrient cycling. Nitrogen (N) is the mineral nutrient most limiting for turfgrass growth and development and is often applied as fertilizer to maintain adequate soil levels. Rising energy and subsequent N costs and environmental concerns have pressured turfgrass managers to schedule N applications to maximize N use efficiency. Late‐fall N fertilization for cool‐season turfgrass is a widely accepted practice among turf managers, with application rates ranging from 49 to 98 kg N ha−1 and accounting for 25 to 50% of annual N applied. Reported benefits from late‐fall N fertilization include improved color in fall and spring without stimulation of shoot growth, improved rooting in late fall and early spring, carbohydrate accumulation in late fall, and the ability to delay or avoid fertilizing in the spring. However, research supporting these benefits in cool‐season turfgrass is limited and has yielded mixed results. Much of this work was conducted in relatively warm or temperate coastal climates and may not be applicable to cooler temperature regimes of more northern climates. More recent research has indicated a greater potential for nitrate leaching losses from late‐fall N due to cooler temperatures reducing plant uptake and microbial immobilization of N. This literature review finds that the often cited physiological and agronomic benefits of applying late‐fall N applications are poorly supported by peer‐reviewed research, with the exception of fall and spring color responses. More climate‐specific research on plant utilization and response to fall‐applied N is necessary to determine appropriate N rates and optimal timings for this highly specific application.
Development of Simple Sequence Repeat Markers and the Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Ploidy Level in a Centipedegrass Collection
Authors: Harris‐Shultz Karen R. , Milla‐Lewis Susana R. , Zuleta M. Carolina , Schwartz Brian M. , Hanna Wayne W. , Brady Jeff A. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTLittle is known about the genetic variability of centipedegrass [Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack.] and few genetic tools have been available for this species. In this study, 69 unique Eremochloa sequences were generated by using a compound simple sequence repeat (SSR)‐based cloning method. Twenty‐nine of these clones contained an internal SSR and 30 specific primer pairs were developed that produced suitable amplification. The level of genetic diversity was assessed using 55 centipedegrass accessions and one Eremochloa zeylanica Hack. accession using primer pairs developed from the compound SSR‐based cloning technique. Twenty‐four polymorphic fragments could be scored and unweighted pair‐group method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA) cluster analysis showed that the Eremochloa accessions clustered into two groups: a large cluster of E. ophiuroides accessions and a group containing the single E. zeylanica accession. Principle coordinate analysis further divided the centipedegrass accessions into three groups. Ploidy analysis revealed all centipedegrass accessions were diploid while the single E. zeylanica accession was found to be a putative tetraploid. Furthermore, many of these markers can be used for other species belonging to the subfamily Panicoideae. The division of the centipedegrass accessions into groups and analysis of ploidy level provides information that will aid in the effective use of this germplasm in breeding programs.
Mediterranean and Continental Tall Fescue: II. Effects of Cold, Nonfreezing Temperatures on Leaf Extension, Proline, Fructan, and Abscisic Acid
Authors: Dierking R. M. , Kallenbach R. L. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTContinental tall fescue [Festuca arundinacea Schreb. syn. Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.] is the predominant forage used by cattle producers throughout much of the Midwest. However, Mediterranean tall fescue is gaining popularity in warmer, drier climates. One major difference of Mediterranean tall fescue is that it enters a semidormant period during hot dry summers but resurges during the fall and winter months. During the autumn resurgence it has exceptional growth but does not survive prolonged freezing conditions typically found in the Midwest. To determine how both Continental and Mediterranean tall fescues respond to low temperatures that are typically encountered during the fall, the leaf extension rate (LER) was measured along with proline, simple sugars, fructan, and abscisic acid (ABA). Three Mediterranean and four Continental accessions were tested, including Kentucky‐31 and Flecha as “typical” Continental and Mediterranean accessions, respectively. The greatest difference observed between these types of tall fescue occurred at 4.5°C. The Mediterranean genotypes had greater LER and fructan concentrations while the Continental genotypes possessed greater proline, ABA, and simple sugar concentrations. Kentucky‐31 was typically found in the middle between the Mediterranean and the remaining Continental accessions. These data indicate that Mediterranean germplasm possesses superior cold growth, but the high proline levels produced by the Continental types may be critical for survival under cold conditions.
Environmentally Sustainable Nitrogen Fertilizer Management for ‘Tifton 85’ Hay Production in Sandy Soils
Authors: Agyin‐Birikorang S. , Newman Y. C. , Kasozi G. N. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTNitrogen is a critical element for sustainable forage production but N surpluses in sandy soils could result in nitrate leaching and water contamination. Our objective was to identify a N application rate that optimizes yield and quality of ‘Tifton 85’ bermudagrass (Cynodon Rich. spp.) with minimal N leaching losses in a typical Florida sandy soil. Four N application rates (30, 50, 70, and 90 kg N ha−1 per harvest) and an unfertilized (0 N) control in a Tifton 85 bermudagrass hay field were evaluated. Suction lysimeters were installed in each plot at 30 and 100 cm below the soil surface to measure soil water nitrate concentration. Nitrogen application at the recommended rate of 90 kg N ha−1 per harvest produced the greatest total dry matter yield (DMY) (∼22 Mg ha−1 yr−1), but a modeled optimum DMY of ∼18 Mg ha−1 yr−1 occurred at 57 kg N ha−1 per harvest. Nitrogen application increased herbage nutritive value, but the difference was not significant above 30 kg N ha−1 per harvest. Treatments with N rates ≤ 50 kg N ha−1 per harvest had leachate nitrate concentration below the maximum contaminant limit (MCL) of 10 mg L−1. However, N rates ≥ 70 kg N ha−1 per harvest had leachate nitrate concentration that exceeded the MCL, suggesting a risk of impacting groundwater quality. The results demonstrate that although Tifton 85 bermudagrass is an efficient N remover, there is potential for N leaching in sandy soils. Therefore, site‐specific evaluation of appropriate N management is critical.
High Degree of Genetic Variation of Winter Hardiness in a Panel of Beta vulgaris L.
Authors: Kirchhoff Martin , Svirshchevskaya Anna , Hoffmann Christa , Schechert Axel , Jung Christian , Kopisch Obuch Friedrich J. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTGrowing sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris [sugar beet cultivar group]) as a winter crop requires the development of a winter sugar beet with controlled bolting and sufficient winter hardiness. To evaluate the genetic variation for winter hardiness in B. vulgaris L., we determined the survival rate (SR) in a panel of 396 accessions tested in eight overwintering field trials in Germany and Belarus. The panel included the cultivar groups sugar beet, fodder beet, garden beet, and leaf beet, as well as the wild beet B. vulgaris subsp. maritima (L.) Arcang. (BVM). Across all environments the effects of accession, environment, and accession × environment interaction were highly significant. Despite the complexity of the trait, the heritability for SR was estimated as h2 = 0.81, reflecting a large genetic variation in the panel. Environmental SRs ranged from 0.7 to 86.3% with a grand mean of 28.4%. In all environments at least one accession completely died while the maximum SR ranged from 39.9 to 100%. On average, sugar beet accessions performed best while accessions with the highest SR were among BVMs and leaf beets. The largest variation for SR was found in BVMs, followed by the leaf beets, whereas sugar beets showed the smallest variation. Our results suggest that winter hardiness in sugar beet is sufficient to survive mild winters but needs to be improved for continental climates with colder winters. Whether the limited variation in sugar beet is sufficient for this has to be further investigated.
Genetic Analysis of Green Leaf Duration in Spring Wheat
Authors: Naruoka Y. , Sherman J. D. , Lanning S. P. , Blake N. K. , Martin J. M. , Talbert L. E. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTGenetic approaches to lengthening green leaf duration are becoming more important in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) as increasing temperatures hasten leaf senescence. Green leaf duration after heading (GLDAH) has been reported to provide drought and heat tolerance in several crops. This study was conducted in Montana under a range of temperature and moisture conditions to evaluate the relationship of GLDAH to agronomic traits and to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for GLDAH using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from Reeder (longer GLDAH) and Conan (intermediate GLDAH). Correlation analysis showed a positive relationship between GLDAH and test weight, seed weight, and seed diameter under late‐season heat and drought stress conditions but not under cool, well‐watered conditions. Green leaf duration after heading was negatively correlated with grain yield under cool, well‐watered conditions. Earlier heading was consistently associated with longer GLDAH in a wide range of environments. The QTL QGfd.mst‐4A had an effect on GLDAH under stress conditions in the Conan/Reeder population and an RIL population derived from McNeal/Reeder. The Reeder allele of QGfd.mst‐4A resulted in longer GLDAH and also increased the amount of xylem exudate from de‐topped plants, indicating higher root mass and/or activity. Our results suggest that the impact of alleles at QGfd.mst‐4A may vary depending on the degree of heat and drought stress.
Development and Characterization of Low‐Phytate Pea
Authors: Warkentin T. D. , Delgerjav O. , Arganosa G. , Rehman A. U. , Bett K. E. , Anbessa Y. , Rossnagel B. , Raboy V. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTThe majority of the total phosphorus in seeds is stored in the form of phytate, a mixed‐cation salt of phytic acid. Phytate is not well digested by humans and monogastric animals. Phosphorus excretion is one of the major pollutants of surface waters in many locations in the world. Important micronutrients such as iron and zinc bound to phytate are also excreted, potentially leading to micronutrient deficiencies. Low‐phytate mutants have been developed in several crop species as one strategy to deal with the phytate problem. The objective of this research was the development of low‐phytate pea (Pisum sativum L.) using chemical mutagenesis of cultivar CDC Bronco, and the agronomic characterization of two resulting lines. In these lines, phytate phosphorus concentration was reduced by approximately 60%, with a compensating increase in inorganic phosphorus. The low‐phytate lines were similar in agronomic performance to CDC Bronco, except for somewhat slower time to flowering and maturity, slightly lower seed weight, and slightly lower grain yield. Low‐phytate field pea should have potential to improve phosphorus and micronutrient bioavailability in human and animal diets.
Probability of Yield Response and Breaking Even for Soybean Seed Treatments
Authors: Esker Paul D. , Conley Shawn P. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTEarlier soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] planting coupled with increasing seed cost and commodity prices has led to an increase in the number of hectares treated with seed treatments. Ultimately, growers would like to know if applying such treatment is cost effective. Therefore, the objectives of this experiment were to quantify the effects of seed treatment on early season plant population and seed yield and investigate the probability that yield response covered the cost of the seed treatment. Trials were conducted in Wisconsin from 2008 to 2010 at nine locations each year to compare no seed treatment, mefenoxam + fludioxonil (ApronMaxx), and mefenoxam + fludioxonil + thiamethoxam (CruiserMaxx). Results indicated differences in early‐season plant population due to cultivar and seed treatment and that seed yield was affected by a cultivar × seed treatment interaction. At a low seed treatment price, the percentage of environments where the probability of breaking even was >50% and ranged from 56 to 67%, while it ranged from 22 to 56% at a higher price. Both ApronMaxx and CruiserMaxx had positive response ratios of 1.5 (p = 0.030) and 2.9% (p < 0.0001), respectively, but responses were cultivar dependent. Given annual environmental variability, a general lack of field information regarding field history of pathogens or insects, and the high turnover rate of soybean cultivars, soybean seed treatments can be a cost‐effective component to integrate into soybean production systems.
Maize Water Use in Living Mulch Systems with Stover Removal
Authors: Wiggans Dustin R. , Singer Jeremy W. , Moore Kenneth J. , Lamkey Kendall R. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTConstraints to maize (Zea mays L.) stover biomass harvest may be mitigated by using a living mulch (LM) to offset C exports and control soil erosion. Living mulches can compete with the main crop for resources, particularly water. The objectives of this research were to quantify soil water dynamics and maize water use in continuous maize with stover removal. Continuous soil water content (SWC) and reproductive whole‐plant water use were measured in no‐till maize growing in LMs of creeping red fescue (CF) (Festuca rubra L.), Kentucky bluegrass (KB) (Poa pratensis L.), and a no‐LM control between 2008 and 2010 near Ames, IA. In 2 yr with excessive rainfall (2008 and 2010), LMs increased SWC compared to the control at 15 cm. No‐till LM treatments lowered grain yield in 2008 and 2010 compared to the control, although a KB fall strip‐till treatment, which was part of the larger research study, produced yields that were not different than the control all 3 yr. Reproductive water use efficiency for no‐till KB in 2008 and 2009 (51 and 42 g grain per cm water) was 21 and 14% greater than the control (42 and 37) but 24% lower in 2010 (41 vs. 51). Maize water use in the control exhibited a bimodal response averaged across the 3 yr with peak water use occurring at the R1 through R2 period (0.58 cm d−1) and declining to 0.26 cm d−1 during R5 through R6. In contrast, no‐till KB exhibited a simple negative linear relationship with water use rates declining from a high of 0.47 cm d−1 during the R1 through R2 period to 0.22 cm d−1 during R5 through R6. These results indicate LMs may increase SWC and utilize water more effectively, particularly when combining strip‐till and herbicide management.
Summer Percent Green Cover among Kentucky Bluegrass Cultivars, Accessions, and Other Poa Species Managed under Deficit Irrigation
Authors: Bushman B. Shaun , Waldron Blair L. , Robins Joseph G. , Bhattarai Kishor , Johnson Paul G. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTKentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) is a widely used, high‐quality, sod‐producing turfgrass. To maintain an acceptable level of quality and function requires irrigation in the semiarid regions of the western United States. Landscape water use, however, is coming under increased scrutiny, and reducing water inputs is a goal of many municipalities. To identify Poa germplasm that maintains green color under deficit irrigation over summer seasons, this study was designed to evaluate the percent of green cover of 24 Kentucky bluegrass cultivars, accessions (including core collections), and other Poa species. Cultivars generally had a higher percent green cover in spring and fall, while several accessions and old U.S. cultivars showed higher green cover during summer months. Other Poa species did not have percent green cover values above any cultivars and as a group consistently performed the lowest. Core collections of Kentucky bluegrass, aimed at representing overall variability of the species with fewer accessions, had variance estimates equal to or higher than the overall group of accessions. Seven cultivars and accessions consistently had higher percent green cover than the Midnight cultivar check during the August data collection dates, highlighting the potential to improve Kentucky bluegrass green cover over summer seasons under deficit irrigation.
Study on effect of anti-diarrheal medicinal plants on enteropathogenic Escherichia coli induced interleukin-8 secretion by intestinal epithelial cells
Authors: Brijesh S. , Tetali Pundarikakshudu , Birdi Tannaz J. 
Published: December 2011

Diarrhea is a major health concern in developing countries with enteropathogenic <em>Escherichia coli</em> (EPEC) being a leading cause of infantile diarrhea. Much of the pathology of EPEC infection is due to the inflammatory responses of infected intestinal epithelium through secretion of pro-inflammatory cytoki - nes such as interleukin (IL)-8. With medicinal plants gaining popularity as prospective antidiarrheal agents, we aimed to evaluate the effect of anti-diarrheal medicinal plants on secretion of IL-8 by epithelial cells in response to EPEC infection. The effect of the decoctions of four anti-diarrheal medicinal plants viz. <em>Aegle marmelos</em>, <em>Cyperus rotundus</em>, <em>Psidium guajava</em> and <em>Zingiber officinale</em> was studied on secretion of IL-8 by a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line, HT-29 infected with <em>E. coli </em>E2348/69. Two protocols were used viz. pre-incubation and post-incubation. The data obtained demonstrated that out of the four plants used, only <em>P. guajava</em> decreased secretion of IL-8 in the post-incubation protocol although in the pre-incubation protocol an increase was observed. A similar increase was seen with <em>C. rotundus</em> in the preincubation protocol. No effect on IL-8 secretion was observed with <em>A. marmelos</em> and <em>Z. officinale</em> in both protocols and with <em>C. rotundus </em>in the post-incubation protocol. The post-incubation protocol, in terms of clinical relevance, indicates the effect of the plant decoctions when used as treatment. Hence <em>P. guajava</em> may be effective in controlling the acute inflammatory response of the intestinal epithelial cells in response to EPEC infection.<p> </p>