bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From down house Landlord to Brazilian high school students: What has happened to evolutionary knowledge on the way?
Authors: Bizzo Nelio Marco Vincenzo 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEvolution is considered an essential topic that brings to school a broader perspective of natural phenomena and of the nature of science. Most if not all research has shown that the result of the teaching of evolutionary theories is not positive in different parts of the world. Some have attributed the poor understanding shown by students to teaching style or to students' cognitive abilities. This article reports results of interviews and tests carried out with students after they had been taught the topic of evolution. By adopting a sociocultural perspective, before terming students' views “misconceptions,” attention was given to several different ways Charles Darwin's theories have been re‐interpreted by well‐known scholars and offered to the public. I have analyzed the approaches taken by Emanuel Radl (1873‐1942), John C. Greene, Robert Maxwell Young, and Ernst Mayr to assess the diverse ways Darwinism has been conceived. Attention was also given to the presentation of this controversial knowledge to the public in two major popular books written by respected scientists, Huxley and Kettlewell's Darwin and His World (1975) and Richard Dawkins' more recent The Blind Watchmaker (1989). These analyses revealed remarkable differences between what was written in Downe (Kent) a hundred years ago and what was heard at Sao Paulo (Brazil) nowadays. Students show very poor understanding of evolutionary theories. Their conceptions reveal evolution has been primarily related to the human species. Its meaning is understood as similar to progress, growth, multiplication, and improvement. Biological and cultural evolution are not clearly distinguished. Competition is misunderstood as pure violence, sometimes inevitable, and adaptation is considered an individual process that occurs during the organism's life span. Educational change may not depend just on teaching style and students' cognitive abilities. Modification of factual knowledge and epistemological gaps may be the result of a process of social reconceptualization of knowledge offered to students.
Counterpoint: Belief, understanding, and the teaching of evolution
Authors: Smith Mike U. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIf we are to be successful in teaching evolution, we must take into account our students' worldviews as well as their individual understandings and misconceptions. This article makes several recommendations for how this might be accomplished in a way that respects individual student backgrounds and beliefs but is also scientifically appropriate. It is important (a) to know our students—their cultures, personal histories, cognitive abilities, religious beliefs, scientific misconceptions, and so forth; (b) to take this opportunity to teach about the nature of science and its distinctions from nonscience; (c) to address directly the likely cultural/religious concerns with evolution and to do so early on so as to break down the barriers that keep many students from hearing what you say; and (d) to present evolution appropriately as conflicting with none but the most fundamentalist religious tenets that demand a literal translation of the Bible. I have also argued that the approach advocated by Cobern in the previous article that focuses on belief in evolution is ill‐advised on several grounds, principally because students may understand the term belief as synonymous with faith, opinion, or conviction and not as equivalent to the scientist's meaning of the term acceptance.
Establishment of an Intraoperative Staging System (iStage) by Improving UICC TNM Classification System for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Ito Yasuhiro , Ichihara Kiyoshi , Masuoka Hiroo , Fukushima Mitsuhiro , Inoue Hiroyuki , Kihara Minoru , Tomoda Chisato , Higashiyama Takuya , Takamura Yuuki , Kobayashi Kaoru , Miya Akihiro , Miyauchi Akira 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackgroundPapillary thyroid carcinoma generally has an indolent nature, but cases demonstrating certain features are progressive. UICC TNM classification is the most widely adopted system to evaluate the biological behavior of this carcinoma, but it is doubtful whether this system that evaluates only the preoperative findings can appropriately reflect patient prognosis. In this study, we established a new staging system (iStage) based on not only preoperative but also intraoperative findings.MethodsWe investigated the prognoses of 5,911 patients with papillary carcinoma without distant metastasis at diagnosis who underwent initial surgery between January 1987 and January 2005 and compared the utility of iStage with that of conventional classification systems, such as UICC Stage, MACIS score (>7 and ≤7), AMES, and CIH classification.ResultsDisease‐free survival (DFS) and cause‐specific survival (CSS) of patients with stage IVA were better than those of high‐risk patients on other systems, and CSS of stage III patients did not differ from stage IVA patients. We established iStage by improving the original UICC stage. We set cutoff age to 55 years, instead of 45. Patients showing significant, not minimal, extrathyroid extension on intraoperative findings underwent T upgrading: tumor size 2 cm or smaller to T3 and larger than 2 cm to T4a. N classification was revised based on the size of node metastasis and extranodal tumor extension: N0, no preoperatively detected regional node metastasis; N1, preoperatively detected regional node metastasis measuring 3 cm or less and without extranodal tumor extension on intraoperative findings; N2, regional node metastasis >3 cm or having extranodal tumor extension on intraoperative examination. Five‐year and 10‐year DFS and CSS of iStage IVA patients were worse than high‐risk patients on other classification systems, and iStage III patients showed a worse DFS, but not CSS, than iStage I or II patients.ConclusionsWe established a new classification system, iStage, based not only on preoperative but also on intraoperative findings, which has high utility. Appropriate intraoperative evaluation is mandatory to grade biological characteristics, including prognosis, of papillary carcinoma.
Integration of Genomics into Rice Breeding
Authors: Fukuoka Shuichi , Ebana Kaworu , Yamamoto Toshio , Yano Masahiro 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
One of the major challenges in genetics has been to identify the nucleotide polymorphisms responsible for phenotypic variation. Through intensive analysis, several major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for agronomic traits in rice have been identified and the underlying candidate genes have been delimited. Advanced mapping populations, including chromosome segment substitution lines, have enhanced the power of genetic analysis to detect QTL alleles, even those with minor effects. Recent examples of marker-assisted selection have proven the potential of this strategy for crop improvement. The genome-wide discovery of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), even among closely related cultivars, has enhanced the power of allele mining in a wide range of rice breeding materials. An array-based SNP genotyping system can be used to visualize pedigree haplotypes in breeding materials, including landraces and modern cultivars. All of these technologies are accelerating the genetic dissection of complex agronomic traits and further improvement of rice.
Bowel Preparation Suitable for Same-day Computed Tomography Colonography and Colonoscopy
Authors: Eddy Maggie , Stevenson Giles , Mathieson John , Behrens Carola , Eddy Richard 
Published: July 2010

Purpose This study was designed to evaluate whether a bowel preparation used for computed tomography (CT) colonography could also be suitable for same-day colonoscopy regardless of which test was done first. Method Six different endoscopists working at 3 separate hospitals evaluated 75 patients who underwent colonoscopy after receiving a bowel preparation that contained contrast material used to tag fecal and fluid material to facilitate CT colonography. This bowel preparation has been used in more than 1500 CT colonography studies. Evaluation included assessment of whether the colon was clean and dry, and whether the contrast material caused any impairment of visualization or clogging of the endoscopes. Some of the patients had first undergone CT colonography followed by same-day colonoscopy, whereas other patients had colonoscopy as their initial test. Results Although the contrast material was sometimes perceptible, the volumes were very small, and caused no impairment of mucosal visualization and no clogging of the endoscopes. The bowel preparation was well tolerated. Same-day CT colonography and colonoscopy with fecal tagging was technically possible. Conclusion A simple, fairly low cost 1-day bowel preparation with fluid and fecal tagging is suitable for CT colonography and colonoscopy done the same day in either order. However, the preferences of individual endoscopists and difficulties with making oral contrast agents readily available are challenges to widespread adoption of a common bowel preparation regimen.
Effects of accuracy motivation and need to evaluate on mode of attitude formation and attitude–behavior consistency
Authors: Cronley Maria L. , Mantel Susan Powell , Kardes Frank R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study investigates the effects of accuracy motivation and need to evaluate on online vs. memory‐based attitude formation and attitude–behavior consistency. Results show that online attitude formation is more likely when accuracy motivation or the need to evaluate is high. However, cognitive load disrupts online attitude formation even when accuracy motivation is high. Additionally, attitude relevance increases the likelihood of online attitude formation, but attitude accessibility does not. Furthermore, online (vs. memory‐based) attitudes are more predictive of subsequent non‐hypothetical choice.
Estimation of percentage body fat in 6- to 13-year-old children by skinfold thickness, body mass index and waist circumference
Authors: Kriemler Susi , Puder Jardena , Zahner Lukas , Roth Ralf , Meyer Ursina , Bedogni Giorgio 
Published: July 2010

We evaluated the accuracy of skinfold thicknesses, BMI and waist circumference for the prediction of percentage body fat (PBF) in a representative sample of 372 Swiss children aged 6–13 years. PBF was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. On the basis of a preliminary bootstrap selection of predictors, seven regression models were evaluated. All models included sex, age and pubertal stage plus one of the following predictors: (1) log-transformed triceps skinfold (logTSF); (2) logTSF and waist circumference; (3) log-transformed sum of triceps and subscapular skinfolds (logSF2); (4) log-transformed sum of triceps, biceps, subscapular and supra-iliac skinfolds (logSF4); (5) BMI; (6) waist circumference; (7) BMI and waist circumference. The adjusted determination coefficient (R _{adj}^{2} ) and the root mean squared error (RMSE; kg) were calculated for each model. LogSF4 (R _{adj}^{2} 0·85; RMSE 2·35) and logSF2 (R _{adj}^{2} 0·82; RMSE 2·54) were similarly accurate at predicting PBF and superior to logTSF (R _{adj}^{2} 0·75; RMSE 3·02), logTSF combined with waist circumference (R _{adj}^{2} 0·78; RMSE 2·85), BMI (R _{adj}^{2} 0·62; RMSE 3·73), waist circumference (R _{adj}^{2} 0·58; RMSE 3·89), and BMI combined with waist circumference (R _{adj}^{2} 0·63; RMSE 3·66) (P < 0·001 for all values of R _{adj}^{2} ). The finding that logSF4 was only modestly superior to logSF2 and that logTSF was better than BMI and waist circumference at predicting PBF has important implications for paediatric epidemiological studies aimed at disentangling the effect of body fat on health outcomes.
THE CHANGING SEX RATIOS AT BIRTH DURING THE CIVIL WAR IN TAJIKISTAN: 1992–1997
Authors: HOHMANN SOPHIE , ROCHE SOPHIE , GARENNE MICHEL 
Published: July 2010

SummarySex ratios at birth are known to change during wars or shortly after. This study investigated changes in sex ratios during the civil war that occurred in Tajikistan after the dismantling of the Soviet Union. This civil war was particularly bloody and long lasting, and had many demographic consequences. According to vital registration data, some 27,000 persons died in excess of previous trends during the civil war period (1992–1997), and total mortality was sometimes estimated to be three times higher by independent observers. Birth rates dropped markedly during the war, and sex ratios at birth increased significantly from 104.6 before the war to 106.9 during the war, to return to baseline values afterwards. The change in sex ratio is investigated according to demographic evidence (migration, delayed marriage, spouse separation), substantiated with qualitative evidence (difficulties with food supply), and compared with patterns found in Europe during World War II, as well as with recent wars in the Middle East.
Use of flow cytometry to separateLeucocytozoon caulleryigametocytes from avian blood
Authors: OMORI SUMIE , SATO YUKITA , TODA HIDEAKI , SASAKI KAZUE , ISOBE TAKASHI , NAKANISHI TERUYUKI , MURATA KOICHI , YUKAWA MASAYOSHI 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYThe highly pathogenic avian protozoanLeucocytozoon caulleryiinfects host chicken cells, and interference by the host genome results in difficulty in obtaining protozoal DNA for genetic analysis. We used flow cytometry analysis to separate expelledL. caulleryigametocytes from infected chicken blood and to analyse cell populations and sorting by FACS efficiency. Infected blood cells stained with SYTO-24 showed a specific area on 2-dimensional scattergrams compared to uninfected blood. The specific area was sorted, and approximately 85% of the sorted cells were identified asL. caulleryigametocytes by microscopic observation. DNA was also extracted from the sorted fraction, and a clear increase in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of protozoal DNA was observed compared to infected blood without sorting. Host-derived DNA was also detected by PCR; however, its amplification was decreased compared to that in unsorted infected blood. This is the first report of the separation ofL. caulleryigametocytes from infected host blood using flow cytometry. This method may be applied to further genetic analyses such as studies of the dynamics of stage-specificL. caulleryigene expression.
Scrutinizing design educators' perceptions of the design process
Authors: Strickfaden Megan , Heylighen Ann 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhen developing a better understanding of the design process there are several possible approaches to choose from. Many studies are based on novice designers (e.g., students) or designers of relatively modest talents. By contrast, some studies have queried designers who are considered to have outstanding and exceptional ability in order to gain an understanding of design at the highest level that it is practiced. The study reported here adopts yet another approach by exploring how design processes are perceived by design educators. The approach is motivated by the observation that teaching design requires consciously distilling the essence of the design process for the students, observing students during their design process and guiding them through the process. As a result, design teachers tend to develop a more articulate view of design processes than most other designers. Nineteen design teachers are interviewed using general topics as discussion points. Such an approach is invaluable when exploring more abstract research questions such as the notion of design processes. This approach differs from more controlled approaches (e.g., protocol analysis) in that it accepts that the data obtained are partially driven by negotiation between the researchers and the participants, and that the discussions are largely stories or narratives about design and designing. The resulting data illustrate that design processes are interpreted, articulated, and understood in a variety of ways by different teachers. These data and subsequent results tell us in rich detail about designing and design teaching, and as a result extend our understanding of the design process.
Matching pedagogical intent with engineering design process models for precollege education
Authors: Tate Derrick , Chandler John , Fontenot A. Dean , Talkmitt Susan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPublic perception of engineering recognizes its importance to national and international competitiveness, economy, quality of life, security, and other fundamental areas of impact; but uncertainty about engineering among the general public remains. Federal funding trends for education underscore many of the concerns regarding teaching and learning in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics subjects in primary through grade 12 (P-12) education. Conflicting perspectives on the essential attributes that comprise the engineering design process results in a lack of coherent criteria against which teachers and administrators can measure the validity of a resource, or assess its strengths and weaknesses, or grasp incongruities among competing process models. The literature suggests two basic approaches for representing engineering design: a phase-based, life cycle-oriented approach; and an activity-based, cognitive approach. Although these approaches serve various teaching and functional goals in undergraduate and graduate engineering education, as well as in practice, they tend to exacerbate the gaps in P-12 engineering efforts, where appropriate learning objectives that connect meaningfully to engineering are poorly articulated or understood. In this article, we examine some fundamental problems that must be resolved if preengineering is to enter the P-12 curriculum with meaningful standards and is to be connected through learning outcomes, shared understanding of engineering design, and other vestiges to vertically link P-12 engineering with higher education and the practice of engineering. We also examine historical aspects, various pedagogies, and current issues pertaining to undergraduate and graduate engineering programs. As a case study, we hope to shed light on various kinds of interventions and outreach efforts to inform these efforts or at least provide some insight into major factors that shape and define the environment and cultures of the two institutions (including epistemic perspectives, institutional objectives, and political constraints) that are very different and can compromise collaborative efforts between the institutions of P-12 and higher education.
The Clinical Features of Tourette's Disorder: An Australian Study Using a Structured Interview Schedule
Authors: Chee Kit-Yun , Sachdev Perminder 
Published: July 2010

The clinical features of an Australian series of patients fulfilling DSM-III-R criteria for Tourette's Syndrome (TS) were examined. Fifty patients, recruited from a hospital-based outpatient clinic and a self-help group, were interviewed using a structured schedule. TS is a complex disorder with wide ranging manifestations. Forty male and ten female TS patients with a mean age of 20.8 years (SD11.2) were assessed. The mean age of onset of tics was 8.3 years (SD 3.3). Simple motor tics occurring in the rostral body regions were more common (eye 86%, face and head 80%) when compared both to simple tics occurring caudally (leg 52%) and complex motor tics (58%). Simple vocal tics were more common (94%) than complex ones (44%). There was a rostrocaudal pattern in the age of onset and severity of simple motor tics. Rates of comorbidity were 32%, 18% and 30% for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Major Depression and Generalised Anxiety Disorder respectively and this was reflected in the considerable proportion (32%) of the sample who first presented for reasons other than their tics. There were substantial delays between the age of first presentation and diagnosis of TS owing to the insidious onset of the disorder, misdiagnosis and delays in presentation for help. A comparison of the features of the present patients with those of other published studies revealed similarities with some differences. Better clinical recognition of the symptoms and modes of presentation of TS may improve existing delays in diagnosis and treatment.
The Reactivation of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Later Life
Authors: Macleod A. D. 
Published: July 2010

The natural history of chronic PTSD was observed by reviewing the veteran's medical records, which had been commenced at enlistment, prior to active service. The masking of intrusive symptoms in mid-life was usual. A terminal phase of symptomatic reactivation in older age may occur. The indelibility of the memory of fear is demonstrated by these veterans. The reticence to retell the trauma story remains a major obstacle in the study of the mental health sequelae of warfare. War-related psychiatric disorder in the elderly male is easily missed. Direct questioning regarding military service is advisable. The ineffectiveness of the management strategies offered to World War II PTSD sufferers is clearly apparent. Forty-five World War II veterans reporting recent reactivation of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were clinically assessed in order to determine war pension disability. In the course of these examinations, factors implicated in the exacerbation of their re-experiencing and arousal symptoms were recorded. The most prominent of these factors was that of physical ill health. Retirement, loneliness, comorbid psychiatric illness, anniversaries, service reunions, and alcohol and psychotropic medication usage were other factors.
Rearrangements
Authors: Minc Henryk 
Published: July 2010

It is shown that if

a

(
t
)

=
(

a
1

(
t
)

,

a
2

(
t
)

,
…
,

a
n

(
t
)

)
,
t
=
1
,
…
,
m

{a^{(t)}} = (a_1^{(t)},a_2^{(t)}, \ldots ,a_n^{(t)}),t = 1, \ldots ,m

, are nonnegative

n
n

-tuples, then the maxima of

∑

i
=
1

n

a
i

(
1
)

a
i

(
2
)

⋯

a
i

(
m
)

\sum \nolimits _{i = 1}^n {a_i^{(1)}a_i^{(2)} \cdots a_i^{(m)}}

of

∏

i
=
1

n

min

t

(

a
i

(
t
)

)

\prod \nolimits _{i = 1}^n {{{\min }_t}(a_i^{(t)})}

and of

Σ

i
=
1

n

\Sigma _{i = 1}^n

min

(

a
i

(
t
)

)

(a_i^{(t)})

, and the minima of

∏

i
=
1

n

(

a
i

(
1
)

+

a
i

(
2
)

+

⋯
+

a
i

(
m
)

)

\prod \nolimits _{i = 1}^n {(a_i^{(1)} + a_i^{(2)} + } \cdots + a_i^{(m)})

, of

∏

i
=
1

n

max

t

(

a
i

(
t
)

)

\prod \nolimits _{i = 1}^n {{{\max }_t}(a_i^{(t)})}

and of

∑

i
=
1

n

max

t

(

a
i

(
t
)

)

\sum \nolimits _{i = 1}^n {{{\max }_t}(a_i^{(t)})}

are attained when the

n
n

-tuples

a

(
1
)

,

a

(
2
)

,
…
,

a

(
m
)

{a^{(1)}},{a^{(2)}}, \ldots ,{a^{(m)}}

are similarly ordered. Necessary and sufficient conditions for equality are obtained in each case. An application to bounds for permanents of

(
0
,
1
)

(0,1)

-matrices is given.
Two point boundary value problems for nonlinear functional differential equations
Authors: Waltman Paul , Wong James S. W. 
Published: July 2010

This paper is concerned with the existence of solutions of two point boundary value problems for functional differential equations. Specifically, we consider
\[

y
′

(
t
)
=
L
(
t
,

y
t

)
+
f
(
t
,

y
t

)
,

M

y
a

+
N

y
b

=
ψ
,

y’(t) = L(t,{y_t}) + f(t,{y_t}),\quad M{y_a} + N{y_b} = \psi ,

\]
where M and N are linear operators on

C
[
0
,
h
]

C[0,h]

. Growth conditions are imposed on f to obtain the existence of solutions. This result is then specialized to the case where

L
(
t
,

y
t

)
=
A
(
t
)
y
(
t
)

L(t,{y_t}) = A(t)y(t)

, that is, when the reduced linear equation is an ordinary rather than a functional differential equation. Several examples are discussed to illustrate the results.