bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anti-Müllerian hormone confirms the novel classification of female functional androgenization including polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Wetzka B , Textor W , Ochsner A , Geisthövel F 
Published: May 2011

ObjectiveFunctional androgenization (FA) can be divided into five groups corresponding to the predominant organ pathology as recently shown by our group: functional cutaneous androgenization (FCA, skin) and FA syndrome (FAS) I (ovary, lean individual), II (adrenal gland), III (ovary, fat tissue, pancreas, and hyperinsulinemia), and IV (residual FA dysfunctions). Group-specific clusters are based on primary variables such as LH, testosterone, DHEAS, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), body mass index (BMI), glucose, insulin, and enlarged polyfollicular ovaries. Because anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) positively correlates with the antral follicle count, its relevance as an additional primary variable for classifying FA was investigated.DesignIn this study, 178 patients with FA were consecutively enrolled and classified into the five FA groups as described earlier and 30 women with regular menstrual cycles served as control.MethodsPrimary variables and serum AMH were analyzed in the early follicular phase.ResultsFA patients showed significantly elevated AMH levels (11.1±6.7 ng/ml) versus control (3.0±2.0 ng/ml; P<.0001). AMH was significantly increased in groups FAS I (15.6±5.8 ng/ml) and FAS III (11.6±6.6 ng/ml) compared with groups FCA (7.0±3.8 ng/ml), FAS II (5.05±3.0 ng/ml), and FAS IV (6.9±4.6 ng/ml) and correlated positively (P<.0001) with LH (r=0.538) and testosterone (r=0.368). In regression and multivariate analyses, AMH was not dependent on SHBG, DHEAS, BMI, glucose, or insulin. In receiver operating characteristic analysis, 9.21 ng/ml AMH showed 90% specificity with 71.2% sensitivity for the diagnosis of the two ovarian FA groups, FAS I and III.ConclusionAMH confirms the novel stratification system and constitutes a useful primary variable in the algorithm of FA classification.
Flexural capacity of one-way GFRP concrete slabs
Authors: Lotfy Ehab M. , Elzeiny Sherif M. , Rashad Alaa M. 
Published: May 2011

The objective of the reported study was to investigate and evaluate the behaviour of one-way concrete slabs reinforced with glass-fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) rebars under distributed and line loads. A fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite made with resin-impregnated continuous fibres is considered a promising alternative to traditional steel reinforcement. The experimental programme used eight GFRP concrete slabs to study the type of rebar (steel and GFRP), strength of concrete (25 and 45 MPa), reinforcement ratio and type of loading (distributed and line) loads. The results from a series of tests showed that strains of GFRP rebars are generally larger than those of steel rebars, increasing the ratios of the GFRP rebars led to an increase in ultimate flexural strength and increasing the concrete strength of the slabs led to an increase in slab rigidity, which improves flexural capacity. Furthermore, it was found that failure of slabs reinforced with GFRP rebars occurred by crushing and end slip of GFRP rebars must be prevented by using additional bars beyond the supports.
Metabolic Remodeling of Human Skeletal Myocytes by Cocultured Adipocytes Depends on the Lipolytic State of the System
Authors: Kovalik Jean-Paul , Slentz Dorothy , Stevens Robert D. , Kraus William E. , Houmard Joseph A. , Nicoll James B. , Lea-Currie Y. Renee , Everingham Karen , Kien C. Lawrence , Buehrer Benjamin M. , Muoio Deborah M. 
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE
Adipocyte infiltration of the musculoskeletal system is well recognized as a hallmark of aging, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Intermuscular adipocytes might serve as a benign storage site for surplus lipid or play a role in disrupting energy homeostasis as a result of dysregulated lipolysis or secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. This investigation sought to understand the net impact of local adipocytes on skeletal myocyte metabolism.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Interactions between these two tissues were modeled using a coculture system composed of primary human adipocytes and human skeletal myotubes derived from lean or obese donors. Metabolic analysis of myocytes was performed after coculture with lipolytically silent or activated adipocytes and included transcript and metabolite profiling along with assessment of substrate selection and insulin action.

RESULTS
Cocultured adipocytes increased myotube mRNA expression of genes involved in oxidative metabolism, regardless of the donor and degree of lipolytic activity. Adipocytes in the basal state sequestered free fatty acids, thereby forcing neighboring myotubes to rely more heavily on glucose fuel. Under this condition, insulin action was enhanced in myotubes from lean but not obese donors. In contrast, when exposed to lipolytically active adipocytes, cocultured myotubes shifted substrate use in favor of fatty acids, which was accompanied by intracellular accumulation of triacylglycerol and even-chain acylcarnitines, decreased glucose oxidation, and modest attenuation of insulin signaling.

CONCLUSIONS
The effects of cocultured adipocytes on myocyte substrate selection and insulin action depended on the metabolic state of the system. These findings are relevant to understanding the metabolic consequences of intermuscular adipogenesis.
Comparison of Dorsocervical With Abdominal Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in Patients With and Without Antiretroviral Therapy–Associated Lipodystrophy
Authors: Sevastianova Ksenia , Sutinen Jussi , Greco Dario , Sievers Meline , Salmenkivi Kaisa , Perttilä Julia , Olkkonen Vesa M. , Wågsäter Dick , Lidell Martin E. , Enerbäck Sven , Eriksson Per , Walker Ulrich A. , Auvinen Petri , Ristola Matti , Yki-Järvinen Hannele 
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVECombination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is associated with lipodystrophy, i.e., loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue in the abdomen, limbs, and face and its accumulation intra-abdominally. No fat is lost dorsocervically and it can even accumulate in this region (buffalo hump). It is unknown how preserved dorsocervical fat differs from abdominal subcutaneous fat in HIV-1–infected cART-treated patients with (cART+LD+) and without (cART+LD−) lipodystrophy.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSWe used histology, microarray, PCR, and magnetic resonance imaging to compare dorsocervical and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue in cART+LD+ (n = 21) and cART+LD− (n = 11).RESULTSAlbeit dorsocervical adipose tissue in cART+LD+ seems spared from lipoatrophy, its mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA; copies/cell) content was significantly lower (by 62%) than that of the corresponding tissue in cART+LD−. Expression of CD68 mRNA, a marker of macrophages, and numerous inflammatory genes in microarray were significantly lower in dorsocervical versus abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue. Genes with the greatest difference in expression between the two depots were those involved in regulation of transcription and regionalization (homeobox genes), irrespective of lipodystrophy status. There was negligible mRNA expression of uncoupling protein 1, a gene characteristic of brown adipose tissue, in either depot.CONCLUSIONSBecause mtDNA is depleted even in the nonatrophic dorsocervical adipose tissue, it is unlikely that the cause of lipoatrophy is loss of mtDNA. Dorsocervical adipose tissue is less inflamed than lipoatrophic adipose tissue. It does not resemble brown adipose tissue. The greatest difference in gene expression between dorsocervical and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue is in expression of homeobox genes.
Metformin and Exercise in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Boulé Normand G. , Robert Cheri , Bell Gordon J. , Johnson Steven T. , Bell Rhonda C. , Lewanczuk Richard Z. , Gabr Raniah Q. , Brocks Dion R. 
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE
To determine the effect of metformin on the acute metabolic response to submaximal exercise, the effect of exercise on plasma metformin concentrations, and the interaction between metformin and exercise on the subsequent response to a standardized meal.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Ten participants with type 2 diabetes were recruited for this randomized crossover study. Metformin or placebo was given for 28 days, followed by the alternate condition for 28 days. On the last 2 days of each condition, participants were assessed during a nonexercise and a subsequent exercise day. Exercise took place in the morning and involved a total of 35 min performed at three different submaximal intensities.

RESULTS
Metformin increased heart rate and plasma lactate during exercise (both P ≤ 0.01) but lowered respiratory exchange ratio (P = 0.03) without affecting total energy expenditure, which suggests increased fat oxidation. Metformin plasma concentrations were greater at several, but not all, time points on the exercise day compared with the nonexercise day. The glycemic response to a standardized meal was reduced by metformin, but the reduction was attenuated when exercise was added (metformin × exercise interaction, P = 0.05). Glucagon levels were highest in the combined exercise and metformin condition.

CONCLUSIONS
This study reveals several ways by which metformin and exercise therapies can affect each other. By increasing heart rate, metformin could lead to the prescription of lower exercise workloads. Furthermore, under the tested conditions, exercise interfered with the glucose-lowering effect of metformin.
Glucose Absorption in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus During an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
Authors: Anderwald Christian , Tura Andrea , Winhofer Yvonne , Krebs Michael , Winzer Christine , Bischof Martin G. , Luger Anton , Pacini Giovanni , Kautzky-Willer Alexandra 
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE
Women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) show reduced insulin sensitivity and markedly elevated glucose excursions. After delivery, GDM mostly reverts to normal glucose tolerance (NGT), although leaving an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Because gastrointestinal function changes during pregnancy causing vomiting, constipation, or reduced motility, we thought that gut glucose absorption in GDM or pregnancy might be altered to affect circulating glucose excursions.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
By undergoing 180-min oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs), pregnant women with GDM (GDMpreg; n = 15, BMI = 32 ± 2 kg/m2, aged 33 ± 1 years) were compared with NGT women (NGTpreg; n = 7, BMI = 28 ± 1 kg/m2, aged 34 ± 2 years), matching for major anthropometric characteristics (each P &gt; 0.2). After delivery (6–7 months later), both groups were studied the same way. We computed and mathematically modeled gut glucose absorption from insulin-mediated glucose disappearance and endogenous glucose production (EGP). Whole-body insulin sensitivity was calculated using the Clamp-like Index.

RESULTS
GDMpreg showed 16–25% higher plasma glucose concentrations (P &lt; 0.04) during the final 2 h of OGTT, similar EGP, but lower (P &lt; 0.01) insulin sensitivity (2.7 ± 0.2 mg · kg−1 · min−1 vs. NGTpreg: 4.5 ± 0.8 mg · kg−1 · min−1). In GDMpreg, gut glucose absorption rates were ≤52% lower from 30 to 120 min (P &lt; 0.03 vs. conditions after delivery or NGTpreg). In contrast, glucose absorption rates in NGTpreg were comparable during and after pregnancy. None of the studied women developed diabetes after delivery.

CONCLUSIONS
In GDMpreg, OGTT gut glucose absorption is markedly lower during hyperglycemia, whereas both glycemia and glucose absorption in NGTpreg are comparable between pregnant and postpartum states. Thus, hyperglycemia in GDM does not seem to result from too rapid or increased glucose absorption.
Type 2 Diabetes and the Risk of Renal Cell Cancer in Women
Authors: Joh Hee-Kyung , Willett Walter C. , Cho Eunyoung 
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE
Type 2 diabetes is associated with increased risks of several types of cancer; however, its relationship to renal cell cancer remains unclear.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 118,177 women aged 30 to 55 years at baseline (1976) were followed up through 2008 in the Nurses’ Health Study. Self-reports of physician-diagnosed diabetes were collected at baseline and updated biennially. Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models with adjustment for age, BMI, hypertension, smoking, and parity.

RESULTS
During 32 years of follow-up (3,531,170 person-years), 16,819 cases of type 2 diabetes and 330 cases of pathology-confirmed incident renal cell cancer were documented. After multivariate adjustment, type 2 diabetes was significantly associated with an increased risk of renal cell cancer (HR 1.60 [95% CI 1.19–2.17]). These associations were consistent across different strata of BMI, smoking, and hypertension (Pinteraction ≥ 0.32). The risk of renal cell cancer increased with an increasing number of comorbidities, including obesity, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes (Ptrend &lt; 0.001). When compared with women without any comorbidity, women who had all three conditions had a HR of 4.13 (2.76–6.18) for renal cell cancer.

CONCLUSIONS
Type 2 diabetes is independently associated with an increased risk of renal cell cancer in women. In addition, comorbidity of obesity, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes substantially elevates the risk of renal cell cancer.
Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: What Can Be Unified and What Needs to Be Individualized?
Authors: Eckel Robert H. , Kahn Steven E. , Ferrannini Ele , Goldfine Allison B. , Nathan David M. , Schwartz Michael W. , Smith Robert J. , Smith Steven R. 
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE
This report examines what is known about the relationship between obesity and type 2 diabetes and how future research in these areas might be directed to benefit prevention, interventions, and overall patient care.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
An international working group of 32 experts in the pathophysiology, genetics, clinical trials, and clinical care of obesity and/or type 2 diabetes participated in a conference held on 6–7 January 2011 and cosponsored by The Endocrine Society, the American Diabetes Association, and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. A writing group comprising eight participants subsequently prepared this summary and recommendations. Participants reviewed and discussed published literature and their own unpublished data.

RESULTS
The writing group unanimously supported the summary and recommendations as representing the working group's majority or unanimous opinions.

CONCLUSIONS
The major questions linking obesity to type 2 diabetes that need to be addressed by combined basic, clinical, and population-based scientific approaches include the following: 1) Why do not all patients with obesity develop type 2 diabetes? 2) Through what mechanisms do obesity and insulin resistance contribute to β-cell decompensation, and if/when obesity prevention ensues, how much reduction in type 2 diabetes incidence will follow? 3) How does the duration of type 2 diabetes relate to the benefits of weight reduction by lifestyle, weight-loss drugs, and/or bariatric surgery on β-cell function and glycemia? 4) What is necessary for regulatory approval of medications and possibly surgical approaches for preventing type 2 diabetes in patients with obesity? Improved understanding of how obesity relates to type 2 diabetes may help advance effective and cost-effective interventions for both conditions, including more tailored therapy. To expedite this process, we recommend further investigation into the pathogenesis of these coexistent conditions and innovative approaches to their pharmacological and surgical management.
Physical Activity, High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein, and Total and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Vepsäläinen Teemu , Soinio Minna , Marniemi Jukka , Lehto Seppo , Juutilainen Auni , Laakso Markku , Rönnemaa Tapani 
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE
Physical activity reduces high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and total mortality in type 2 diabetic patients. However, it is not known whether the effects of physical activity on mortality depend on the levels of hs-CRP in patients with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We prospectively followed-up on 569 type 2 diabetic patients, aged 45–64 years, who were free of CVD at baseline. Participants were stratified according to the level of hs-CRP (&lt;1.0, 1.0–3.0, or &gt;3.0 mg/L) and the degree of physical activity (0–4 metabolic equivalent tasks [METs] or &gt;4 METs). The Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the joint association between physical activity and hs-CRP levels and the risk of mortality.

RESULTS
During an 18-year follow-up, 356 patients died, 217 of whom died of CVD. Those who were physically more active had significantly reduced total, CVD and coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality among patients with elevated hs-CRP levels (&gt;3 mg/L). These findings persisted in multivariable analyses. However, in patients with an hs-CRP level &lt;1 mg/L or between 1 and 3 mg/L, there was no statistically significant relationship between physical activity and CVD or CHD mortality.

CONCLUSIONS
Physical activity reduces total, CVD, and CHD mortality in type 2 diabetic patients with elevated hs-CRP levels. This suggests that the anti-inflammatory effect of physical activity may counteract increased CVD and CHD morbidity and mortality associated with high CRP levels.
Large dimensional sets not containing a given angle
Authors: Harangi Viktor 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
We say that a set in a Euclidean space does not contain an angle α if the angle determined by any three points of the set is not equal to α. The goal of this paper is to construct compact sets of large Hausdorff dimension that do not contain a given angle α ∈ (0,π). We will construct such sets in ℝn of Hausdorff dimension c(α)n with a positive c(α) depending only on α provided that α is different from π/3, π/2 and 2π/3. This improves on an earlier construction (due to several authors) that has dimension c(α) log n.
The main result of the paper concerns the case of the angles π/3 and 2π/3. We present self-similar sets in ℝn of Hausdorff dimension $c{{\sqrt[3]{n}} \mathord{\left/
{\vphantom {{\sqrt[3]{n}} {\log n}}} \right.
\kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\log n}}$ with the property that they do not contain the angles π/3 and 2π/3.
The constructed sets avoid not only the given angle α but also a small neighbourhood of α.
Type-II InAs/GaSb photodiodes and focal plane arrays aimed at high operating temperatures
Authors: Razeghi M. , Abdollahi Pour S. , Huang E. , Chen G. , Haddadi A. , Nguyen B. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractRecent efforts to improve the performance of type II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes and focal plane arrays (FPA) have been reviewed. The theoretical bandstructure models have been discussed first. A review of recent developments in growth and characterization techniques is given. The efforts to improve the performance of MWIR photodiodes and focal plane arrays (FPAs) have been reviewed and the latest results have been reported. It is shown that these improvements has resulted in background limited performance (BLIP) of single element photodiodes up to 180 K. FPA shows a constant noise equivalent temperature difference (NEDT) of 11 mK up to 120 K and it shows human body imaging up to 170 K.
Nanostructuring of thin Au films by means of short UV laser pulses
Authors: Grochowska K. , Nedyalkov N. , Atanasov P. , Śliwiński G. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe particle size distribution, morphology and optical properties of the Au nanoparticle (NP) structures for surface enhanced Raman signal (SERS) application are investigated in dependence on their preparation conditions. The structures are produced from relatively thin Au films (10–20 nm) sputtered on fused silica glass substrate and irradiated with several pulses (6 ns) of laser radiation at 266 nm and at fluencies in the range of 160–412 mJ/cm2. The SEM inspection reveals nearly homogeneously distributed, spherical gold particles. Their initial size distribution of the range of 20–60 nm broadens towards larger particle diameters with prolonged irradiation. This is accompanied by an increase in the uncovered surface of the glass substrate and no particle removal is observed. In the absorption profiles of the nanostructures, the broad peak centred at 546 nm is ascribed to resonant absorption of surface plasmons (SPR). The peak position, halfwidth and intensity depend on the shape, size and size distribution of the nanostructured particles in agreement with literature. From peak intensities of the Raman spectra recorded for Rhodamine 6G in the range of 300–1800 cm−1, the relative signal enhancement by factor between 20 and 603 for individual peaks is estimated. The results confirm that the obtained structures can be applied for SERS measurements and sensing.
Des Antiquaires aux Sciences de l’Antiquité : l’histoire ancienne sur le métier.
Authors: Baratin Charlotte 
Published: May 2011

En posant quelques jalons de la constitution de l’histoire ancienne comme discipline, on s’interroge ici sur les reconfigurations récentes qu’elle a connues. Celles-ci remettent en question la position dominante de l’historien par rapport aux sciences dites « auxiliaires de l’histoire ». Un nouveau modèle de recherche est alors mis en avant, de type interdisciplinaire, fondé sur l’intégration réciproque des différents points de vue sur un même objet par les spécialistes des sources primaires et l’accumulation progressive des données. Les « Sciences de l’Antiquité », en devenant « disciplines », ont-elles congédié et la synthèse et l’historien ? Interviennent dans la réflexion, d’une part les modalités d’élaboration et de validation de reconstitutions historiques fondées sur des corpus documentaires lacunaires et hétérogènes, d’autre part le rôle que joue la contrainte documentaire dans la définition et la configuration du champ de l’histoire ancienne.
Histoire d’un non-objet historiographique : le cas Louis xvi
Authors: Chery Aurore 
Published: May 2011

Bien que la Révolution française ait suscité l’intérêt des chercheurs du monde entier, Louis xvi fait figure de parent pauvre des études universitaires. Même si c’est à son corps défendant, il en est tout de même l’un des principaux protagonistes et la Révolution s’est aussi construite en interrogeant le rôle et la place du roi. Cette situation a eu pour conséquence de conserver vivace la légende dorée que le roi s’est construite en exerçant un contrôle sur son image dès le début de son règne. Elle l’assimile à un nouvel Henri iv, profondément concerné par les maux de ses sujets. Malgré les attaques de la Révolution, cette image continue à exercer une influence considérable sur les biographes de Louis xvi et les historiens de la Révolution.Si la Restauration en a fait un usage sans surprise, elle a, de manière plus étonnante, séduit jusqu’à Jaurès avant de souffrir du discrédit dans lequel sombre le royalisme en choisissant l’antisémitisme au xxe siècle. Néanmoins, c’est aujourd’hui par le détour de l’historiographie anglo-saxonne qu’elle fait sa réapparition et commence seulement à être questionnée.
La section d´Ethnographie de l´Institut Historique et Géográphique Brésilien (1840-1860) ou la « Place » De l´Indien dans l´histoire du brésil
Authors: Kodama Kaori 
Published: May 2011

Cet article examine l´émergence de la section d´ethnographie au sein de l´Institut historique et géographique brésilien à la fin des années 1840 et évalue les différentes significations d’une section qui, jumelée à l’archéologie, devait nourrir le projet fondateur de l’Institut, à savoir l’écriture d’une histoire nationale du Brésil. Comment écrire l’histoire d’une nation du Nouveau Monde ? Avec quels instruments ? La naissance des études « ethnographiques » représente un pas significatif dans l´élaboration du projet scientifique de l’Institut et dans le développement de la « culture historique » du Brésil au xixe siècle.