ESCITALOPRAM VS BUPROPION AS ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT FOR ACUTE BIPOLAR I DEPRESSION: A MULTI-CENTER OPEN LABEL TRIAL
Authors: Raju *Chithra Pream , Qian Hong , Arumugham Shyam Sundar , Kesavan Muralidharan , Wong Hubert , Yc Janardhan Reddy , Yatham Lakshmi N 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Background
Modern anti-depressants such as escitalopram and bupropion are widely used in clinical practice settings for the treatment of acute bipolar I depression. However, the data on the efficacy of these anti-depressants is limited and conflicting. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of escitalopram and bupropion as adjunctive antidepressants in the treatment of acute bipolar I depression.

Methods
Adults (&gt;/= 18 years) with acute bipolar I depression (MADRS score&gt;/=20) &gt;/= 2 weeks but &lt;/= 52 weeks who were taking lithium or divalproex at therapeutic doses or a second-generation antipsychotic (risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, aripiprazole, or ziprasidone) alone or in combination were recruited in Canada, Korea, and India from 2009-2020. We selected bupropion XL 100-450mg/day and escitalopram 10–30 mg/day as the study's antidepressants since they are the most often used antidepressants for treating bipolar depression. The choice of antidepressant was left to the discretion of treating clinician. Patients were commenced on adjunctive therapy with one of these antidepressants and the trial lasted for up to 16 weeks. The dose of the medications was titrated based on response and tolerability. Patients were assessed every 2 weeks or more frequently depending on clinical need until 16 weeks. Institutional ethical approval was obtained at individual sites. The primary outcome was comparison of remission rates (MADRS scores &lt;/= 8) and the secondary outcomes included comparison of response rates (&gt;50% reduction in MADRS) and switch to mania/hypomania between escitalopram and bupropion.

Results
The baseline variables like age, sex, race, education, and employment were not significantly different (p &gt;0.05) between the two groups receiving escitalopram (n =122) and bupropion (n =74). Intent-to-treat analysis was used to analyse the efficacy and patients with at least one post-baseline visit was included in the analysis. The remission rates (76.2% - escitalopram vs 83.8% - Bupropion; p = 0.21) were compared using odd’ s ratio (1.68, C.I - 0.76, 3.71, p = 0.20) adjusting for age, sex, duration of current depressive episode, number of previous mood episodes, baseline MADRS score and concomitant treatment (atypical antipsychotics, mood stabilisers or a combination of both) from a logistic regression model and they were not significantly different between the two groups. The time to remission calculated using Kaplan-Meier Survival analysis was not significantly different (log rank test p = 0.6).
The response rates (83.6% - escitalopram vs 90.5% - bupropion; p = 0.17) and the switch rates (6.6% - escitalopram vs 2.7% - Bupropion; p = 0.32) did not differ significantly between escitalopram and bupropion.

Discussion & Conclusion
Both escitalopram and bupropion had higher remission and response rates. Though the switch rates were slightly higher with escitalopram compared to bupropion, it was not statistically different. The limitations of this study were absence of placebo and blinding. This study concludes that adjunctive treatment of bipolar I depression with anti-depressants escitalopram and bupropion are comparable in terms of efficacy and switch rates.