bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low Proportion of False-Negative Smears in the Finnish Program for Cervical Cancer Screening
Authors: Lönnberg Stefan , Anttila Ahti , Kotaniemi-Talonen Laura , Kujari Harry , Melkko Jukka , Granroth Gustav , Vornanen Martine , Pietiläinen Timo , Sankila Anna , Arola Johanna , Luostarinen Tapio , Nieminen Pekka 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Background: We assessed the performance and validity of cytology in the Finnish screening program by considering high-grade neoplasia and cervical cancer (CIN3+) rates as detected in the program and by reevaluating cases observed after a negative screening test.
Methods: This retrospective study included 915 screen-detected CIN3+ cases and 421 cases observed after a negative screen. Randomized and blinded reevaluation of potential false-negative screening tests covered 345 archival case smears from women without a referral to colposcopy, as well as 689 control smears for estimating performance and validity measures.
Results: The false-negative rate at the cutoff of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion or worse was 35% (95% confidence interval, 30-40%). In the subpopulation with original screening result of Pap I, the false-negative rate was 23% (18-28%). Sensitivity of screening laboratory rereading for detecting low-grade lesions or worse as atypical was 75% (67-82%) and specificity 93% (91-94%). Reproducibility of specific cytologic diagnoses was only fair. False negatives constituted 11% of all CIN3+ diagnoses in the screened population; those false negatives with an original Pap I screening result constituted 5%.
Conclusions: Although screen failures in the form of diagnostic false negatives occur within the Finnish screening program, their effect on cancer incidence is fairly small and cannot be readily decreased without sacrificing the high specificity of screening or without high incremental costs. Feedback for the screening laboratories is needed, however, to improve the reproducibility of cytologic diagnoses to optimize the burden of intensified follow-up and treatment of precancerous lesions. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(2); 381–7
Screen-Film Mammographic Density and Breast Cancer Risk: A Comparison of the Volumetric Standard Mammogram Form and the Interactive Threshold Measurement Methods
Authors: Aitken Zoe , McCormack Valerie A. , Highnam Ralph P. , Martin Lisa , Gunasekara Anoma , Melnichouk Olga , Mawdsley Gord , Peressotti Chris , Yaffe Martin , Boyd Norman F. , dos Santos Silva Isabel 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Background: Mammographic density is a strong risk factor for breast cancer, usually measured by an area-based threshold method that dichotomizes the breast area on a mammogram into dense and nondense regions. Volumetric methods of breast density measurement, such as the fully automated standard mammogram form (SMF) method that estimates the volume of dense and total breast tissue, may provide a more accurate density measurement and improve risk prediction.
Methods: In 2000-2003, a case-control study was conducted of 367 newly confirmed breast cancer cases and 661 age-matched breast cancer-free controls who underwent screen-film mammography at several centers in Toronto, Canada. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios of breast cancer associated with categories of mammographic density, measured with both the threshold and the SMF (version 2.2β) methods, adjusting for breast cancer risk factors.
Results: Median percent density was higher in cases than in controls for the threshold method (31% versus 27%) but not for the SMF method. Higher correlations were observed between SMF and threshold measurements for breast volume/area (Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.95) than for percent density (0.68) or for absolute density (0.36). After adjustment for breast cancer risk factors, odds ratios of breast cancer in the highest compared with the lowest quintile of percent density were 2.19 (95% confidence interval, 1.28-3.72; Pt &lt;0.01) for the threshold method and 1.27 (95% confidence interval, 0.79-2.04; Pt = 0.32) for the SMF method.
Conclusion: Threshold percent density is a stronger predictor of breast cancer risk than the SMF version 2.2β method in digitized images. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(2); 418–28
Association of Alcohol Intake with the Risk of Malignant Lymphoma and Plasma Cell Myeloma in Japanese: A Population-Based Cohort Study (Japan Public Health Center–based Prospective Study)
Authors: Kanda Junya , Matsuo Keitaro , Inoue Manami , Iwasaki Motoki , Sawada Norie , Shimazu Taichi , Yamaji Taiki , Sasazuki Shizuka , Tsugane Shoichiro ,   Japan Public Health Center–based Prospective Study Group
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Few studies have evaluated the association between alcohol intake and the risk of the lymphoid neoplasms malignant lymphoma (ML) and plasma cell myeloma (PCM) among Asian populations. We conducted a large-scale population-based cohort study of 95,520 Japanese subjects (45,453 men and 50,067 women; age 40-69 years at baseline) with an average 13 years of follow-up, during which a total of 257 cases of ML and 89 of PCM were identified. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using a Cox regression model adjusted for potential confounders. Alcohol intake of ≥300 g/week was associated with a significantly lower risk of lymphoid neoplasms (hazard ratio, 0.60; 95% confidence interval, 0.37-0.98) than occasional drinking at a frequency of &lt;1 day/month, and the trend for alcohol consumption was significant (P = 0.028). A similar trend was observed for the subcategories of ML, PCM, and non–Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), albeit that the results were significant only for alcohol consumption at ≥300 g/week in NHL patients, probably due to the small number of subjects in each category. In conclusion, we found that alcohol had an inverse association with the risk of lymphoid neoplasms, particularly the risk of NHL, among a Japanese population. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(2); 429–34
Norm-Observable Operator Models
Authors: Zhao Ming-Jie , Jaeger Herbert 
Published: February 2010

Hidden Markov models (HMMs) are one of the most popular and successful statistical models for time series. Observable operator models (OOMs) are generalizations of HMMs that exhibit several attractive advantages. In particular, a variety of highly efficient, constructive, and asymptotically correct learning algorithms are available for OOMs. However, the OOM theory suffers from the negative probability problem (NPP): a given, learned OOM may sometimes predict negative probabilities for certain events. It was recently shown that it is undecidable whether a given OOM will eventually produce such negative values.We propose a novel variant of OOMs, called norm-observable operator models (NOOMs), which avoid the NPP by design. Like OOMs, NOOMs use a set of linear operators to update system states. But differing from OOMs, they represent probabilities by the square of the norm of system states, thus precluding negative probability values. While being free of the NPP, NOOMs retain most advantages of OOMs. For example, NOOMs also capture (some) processes that cannot be modeled by HMMs. More importantly, in principle, NOOMs can be learned from data in a constructive way, and the learned models are asymptotically correct. We also prove that NOOMs capture all Markov chain (MC) describable processes.This letter presents the mathematical foundations of NOOMs, discusses the expressiveness of the model class, and explains how a NOOM can be estimated from data constructively.
Droplet Growth in Warm Water Clouds Observed by the A-Train. Part II: A Multisensor View
Authors: Nakajima Takashi Y. , Suzuki Kentaroh , Stephens Graeme L. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Hydrometeor droplet growth processes are inferred from a combination of Aqua/Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) cloud particle size observations and CloudSat/Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) observations of warm water clouds. This study supports the inferences of a related paper (Part I) (i) that MODIS-retrieved cloud droplet radii (CDR) from the 3.7-μm channel (R37) are influenced by the existence of small droplets at cloud top and (ii) that the CDR obtained from 1.6- (R16) and 2.1-μm (R21) channels contain information about drizzle droplets deeper into the cloud as well as cloud droplets. This interpretation is shown to be consistent with radar reflectivities when matched to CDR that were retrieved from MODIS data. This study demonstrates that the droplet growth process from cloud to rain via drizzle proceeds monotonically with the evolution of R16 or R21 from small cloud drops (on the order of 10–12 μm) to drizzle (CDR greater than 14 μm) to rain (CDR greater than 20 μm). Thus, R16 or R21 is an indicator of hydrometeor droplet growth processes whereas R37 does not contain information about coalescence. A new composite analysis, the contoured frequency diagram, is introduced to combine CloudSat/CPR reflectivity profiles and reveals a distinct trimodal population of reflectivities corresponding to cloud, drizzle, and rain modes.
The density of macrophages in the invasive front is inversely correlated to liver metastasis in colon cancer
Authors: Zhou Qiang , Peng Rui-Qing , Wu Xiao-Jun , Xia Qing , Hou Jing-Hui , Ding Ya , Zhou Qi-Ming , Zhang Xing , Pang Zhi-Zhong , Wan De-Sen , Zeng Yi-Xin , Zhang Xiao-Shi 
Published: February 2010

Abstract

Background
Although an abundance of evidence has indicated that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are associated with a favorable prognosis in patients with colon cancer, it is still unknown how TAMs exert a protective effect. This study examined whether TAMs are involved in hepatic metastasis of colon cancer.

Materials and methods
One hundred and sixty cases of pathologically-confirmed specimens were obtained from colon carcinoma patients with TNM stage IIIB and IV between January 1997 and July 2004 at the Cancer Center of Sun Yat-Sen University. The density of macrophages in the invasive front (CD68TFHotspot) was scored with an immunohistochemical assay. The relationship between the CD68TFHotspot and the clinicopathologic parameters, the potential of hepatic metastasis, and the 5-year survival rate were analyzed.

Results
TAMs were associated with the incidence of hepatic metastasis and the 5-year survival rate in patients with colon cancers. Both univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that the CD68TFHotspot was independently prognostic of survival. A higher 5-year survival rate among patients with stage IIIB after radical resection occurred in patients with a higher macrophage infiltration in the invasive front (81.0%) than in those with a lower macrophage infiltration (48.6%). Most importantly, the CD68TFHotspot was associated with both the potential of hepatic metastasis and the interval between colon resection and the occurrence of hepatic metastasis.

Conclusion
This study showed evidence that TAMs infiltrated in the invasive front are associated with improvement in both hepatic metastasis and overall survival in colon cancer, implying that TAMs have protective potential in colon cancers and might serve as a novel therapeutic target.
Role of Cancer Treatment in Long-Term Overall and Cardiovascular Mortality After Childhood Cancer
Authors: Tukenova Markhaba , Guibout Catherine , Oberlin Odile , Doyon Françoise , Mousannif Abdeddahir , Haddy Nadia , Guérin Sylvie , Pacquement Hélène , Aouba Albertine , Hawkins Mike , Winter Dave , Bourhis Jean , Lefkopoulos Dimitri , Diallo Ibrahima , de Vathaire Florent 
Published: February 2010

Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the role of treatment in long-term overall and cardiovascular mortality after childhood cancer. Patients and Methods We studied 4,122 5-year survivors of a childhood cancer diagnosed before 1986 in France and the United Kingdom. Information on chemotherapy was collected, and the radiation dose delivered to the heart was estimated for 2,870 patients who had received radiotherapy. Results After 86,453 person-years of follow-up (average, 27 years), 603 deaths had occurred. The overall standardized mortality ratio (SMR) was 8.3-fold higher (95% CI, 7.6-fold to 9.0-fold higher) in relation to the general populations in France and the United Kingdom. Thirty-two patients had died as a result of cardiovascular diseases (ie, 5.0-fold [95% CI, 3.3-fold to 6.7-fold] more than expected). The risk of dying as a result of cardiac diseases (n = 21) was significantly higher in individuals who had received a cumulative anthracycline dose greater than 360 mg/m2 (relative risk [RR], 4.4; 95% CI, 1.3 to 15.3) and in individuals who received an average radiation dose that exceeded 5 Gy (RR, 12.5 and 25.1 for 5 to 14.9 Gy and > 15 Gy, respectively) to the heart. A linear relationship was found between the average dose of radiation to the heart and the risk of cardiac mortality (estimated excess RR at 1 Gy, 60%). Conclusion This study is the first, to our knowledge, to establish a relationship between the radiation dose received by the heart during radiotherapy for a childhood cancer and long-term cardiac mortality. This study also confirms a significant excess risk of cardiac mortality associated with a high cumulative dose of anthracyclines.
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Accurately Stages the Regional Lymph Nodes for T1-T2 Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas: Results of a Prospective Multi-Institutional Trial
Authors: Civantos Francisco J. , Zitsch Robert P. , Schuller David E. , Agrawal Amit , Smith Russell B. , Nason Richard , Petruzelli Guy , Gourin Christine G. , Wong Richard J. , Ferris Robert L. , El Naggar Adel , Ridge John A. , Paniello Randal C. , Owzar Kouros , McCall Linda , Chepeha Douglas B. , Yarbrough Wendell G. , Myers Jeffrey N. 
Published: February 2010

Purpose The validity of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) for T1 or T2, clinically N0, oral cancer was tested by correlation of sentinel node pathologic status with that of nodes within the completion neck dissection. Methods This prospective, cooperative group trial involved 25 institutions over a 3-year period. One hundred forty patients with invasive oral cancers, stage T1 and T2, N0 including 95 cancers of the tongue, 26 of the floor of mouth, and 19 other oral cancers were studied. The study excluded lesions with diameter smaller than 6 mm or minimal invasion. Imaging was used to exclude nonpalpable gross nodal disease. Patients underwent injection of the lesion with 99mTc-sulfur colloid, nuclear imaging, narrow-exposure SLNB, and completion selective neck dissection. The major end point was the negative-predictive value (NPV) of SLNB. Results In the 106 SLNBs, which were found to be pathologically and clinically node-negative by routine hematoxylin and eosin stain, 100 patients were found to have no other pathologically positive nodes, corresponding to a NPV of 94%. With additional sectioning and immunohistochemistry, NPV was improved to 96%. In the forty patients with proven cervical metastases, the true-positive rate was 90.2% and was superior for tongue tumors relative to floor of mouth. For T1 lesions, metastases were correctly identified in 100%. Conclusion For T1 or T2 N0 oral squamous cell carcinoma, SLNB with step sectioning and immunohistochemistry, performed by surgeons of mixed experience levels, correctly predicted a pathologically negative neck in 96% of patients (NPV, 96%).
Complementary interplay between matrix metalloproteinase-9, vascular endothelial growth factor and osteoclast function drives endochondral bone formation
Authors: Ortega Nathalie , Wang Ke , Ferrara Napoleone , Werb Zena , Vu Thiennu H. 
Published: February 2010

SUMMARYLong bone development depends on endochondral bone formation, a complex process requiring exquisite balance between hypertrophic cartilage (HC) formation and its ossification. Dysregulation of this process may result in skeletal dysplasias and heterotopic ossification. Endochondral ossification requires the precise orchestration of HC vascularization, extracellular matrix remodeling, and the recruitment of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and osteoclasts have all been shown to regulate endochondral ossification, but how their function interrelates is not known. We have investigated the functional relationship among these regulators of endochondral ossification, demonstrating that they have complementary but non-overlapping functions. MMP-9, VEGF and osteoclast deficiency all cause impaired growth plate ossification resulting in the accumulation of HC. VEGF mRNA and protein expression are increased at the MMP-9−/− growth plate, and VEGF activity contributes to endochondral ossification since sequestration of VEGF by soluble receptors results in further inhibition of growth plate vascularization and ossification. However, VEGF bioavailability is still limited in MMP-9 deficiency, as exogenous VEGF is able to rescue the MMP-9−/− phenotype, demonstrating that MMP-9 may partially, but not fully, regulate VEGF bioavailability. The organization of the HC extracellular matrix at the MMP-9−/− growth plate is altered, supporting a role for MMP-9 in HC remodeling. Inhibition of VEGF impairs osteoclast recruitment, whereas MMP-9 deficiency leads to an accumulation of osteoclasts at the chondro-osseous junction. Growth plate ossification in osteoclast-deficient mice is impaired in the presence of normal MMP-9 expression, indicating that other osteoclastic functions are also necessary. Our data delineate the complementary interplay between MMP-9, VEGF and osteoclast function that is necessary for normal endochondral bone formation and provide a molecular framework for investigating the molecular defects contributing to disorders of endochondral bone formation.
Lkb1inactivation is sufficient to drive endometrial cancers that are aggressive yet highly responsive to mTOR inhibitor monotherapy
Authors: Contreras Cristina M. , Akbay Esra A. , Gallardo Teresa D. , Haynie J. Marshall , Sharma Sreenath , Tagao Osamu , Bardeesy Nabeel , Takahashi Masaya , Settleman Jeff , Wong Kwok-Kin , Castrillon Diego H. 
Published: February 2010

SUMMARYEndometrial cancer – the most common malignancy of the female reproductive tract – arises from the specialized epithelial cells that line the inner surface of the uterus. Although significant advances have been made in our understanding of this disease in recent years, one significant limitation has been the lack of a diverse genetic toolkit for the generation of mouse models. We identified a novel endometrial-specific gene, Sprr2f, and developed a Sprr2f-Cre transgene for conditional gene targeting within endometrial epithelium. We then used this tool to generate a completely penetrant Lkb1 (also known as Stk11)-based mouse model of invasive endometrial cancer. Strikingly, female mice with homozygous endometrial Lkb1 inactivation did not harbor discrete endometrial neoplasms, but instead underwent diffuse malignant transformation of their entire endometrium with rapid extrauterine spread and death, suggesting that Lkb1 inactivation was sufficient to promote the development of invasive endometrial cancer. Mice with heterozygous endometrial Lkb1 inactivation only rarely developed tumors, which were focal and arose with much longer latency, arguing against the idea – suggested by some prior studies – that Lkb1 is a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor. Lastly, the finding that endometrial cancer cell lines were especially sensitive to the mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) inhibitor rapamycin prompted us to test its efficacy against Lkb1-driven endometrial cancers. Rapamycin monotherapy not only greatly slowed disease progression, but also led to striking regression of pre-existing tumors. These studies demonstrate that Lkb1 is a uniquely potent endometrial tumor suppressor, but also suggest that the clinical responses of some types of invasive cancers to mTOR inhibitors may be linked to Lkb1 status.
Photoinduced Deformation of Polymer Fibers with Anthracene Side Groups
Authors: Kondo Mizuho , Matsuda Takehiro , Fukae Ryohei , Kawatsuki Nobuhiro 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
We prepared photomobile polymer fibers with anthracene side groups and explored their photomechanical properties. Upon irradiation with UV light, the fiber bent toward an actinic light source. The degree of bending and photoreaction were strongly affected by temperature. The fiber can dose the deformation without macroscopic change at room temperature and release them on heating.
Photocontrolled Size Changes of Doubly-threaded Dimer Based on an α-Cyclodextrin Derivative with Two Recognition Sites
Authors: Li Shujing , Taura Daisuke , Hashidzume Akihito , Takashima Yoshinori , Yamaguchi Hiroyasu , Harada Akira 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The hydrodynamic size of a doubly-threaded dimer of an α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) derivative bearing two recognition sites, azobenzene (Azo) and heptamethylene moieties (C7), linked with an oligo(ethylene glycol) chain was controlled by photoisomerization of the Azo moiety.
Transition-metal-catalyzed Electrophilic Activation of 1,1-Difluoro-1-alkenes: Oxindole Synthesis via Intramolecular Amination
Authors: Tanabe Hiroyuki , Ichikawa Junji 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
In the presence of a catalytic amount of palladium(II) chloride, β,β-difluorostyrenes bearing a sulfonamido group at the ortho position were treated with trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate to afford oxindoles in high yield. The reactions proceeded via 5-endo-trig cyclization, hydrolysis, and desulfonylation. This sequence allowed the transformation of difluorostyrenes into free oxindoles in a one-pot operation.
What is Abstinence? Definitions and Examples of Abstinence, to Prevent the Sexual Transmission of the HIV Virus, According to Spanish University Students
Authors: Planes Montserrat , Gómez Ana B. , Gras Eugenia , Sullman Mark J. , Font-Mayolas Sílvia , Cunill Mónica , Aymerich Maria 
Published: February 2010

AbstractResearch carried out in several Anglo-Saxon countries shows that many undergraduates identify oral sex and anal sex as examples of abstinent behaviour, while many others consider kissing and masturbation as examples of having sex. The objective of this research was to investigate whether a sample of Spanish students gave similar replies. Seven hundred and fifty undergraduates (92% aged under 26, 67.6% women) produced examples or definitions of the term ‘abstinence’. Spanish students made similar errors to those observed in the Anglo-Saxon samples, in that behaviours that were abstinent from a preventive point of view (masturbating and sex without penetration) were not considered as such, while a number of students reported oral sex as abstinent behaviour. The results suggest that the information on risky and preventive sexual behaviour should cease to use ambiguous or euphemistic expressions and use vocabulary that is clear and comprehensible to everyone.
Male Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence: Support for Health Care Interventions Targeted at Level of Risk
Authors: Rhodes Karin V. , Iwashyna Theodore J. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe mental health correlates of male aggression or violence against an intimate partner (IPV) are examined using exploratory cluster analysis for 81 men who self-reported risk factors for IPV perpetration on a computer-based health risk assessment. Men disclosing IPV perpetration could be meaningfully subdivided into two different clusters: a high pathology/high violence cluster, and lower pathology/low violence cluster. These groups appear to perpetrate intimate partner violence in differing psychoemotional contexts and could be robustly identified using multiple distinct analytic methods. If men who self-disclose IPV in a health care setting can be meaningfully subdivided based on mental health symptoms and level of violence, it lends support for potential new targeted approaches to preventing partner violence perpetration by both women and men.