bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gas‐phase formation of protonated benzene during collision‐induced dissociation of certain protonated mono‐substituted aromatic molecules produced in electrospray ionization
Authors: Li Min , Lin Mingxiang , Rustum Abu M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractProtonated benzene, C6H, has been studied extensively to understand the structure and energy of a protonated organic molecule in the gas phase. The formation of C6H is either through direct protonation of benzene, i.e., chemical ionization, or through fragmentation of certain radical cations produced from electron ionization or photon ionization. We report a novel observation of C6H as a product ion formed in the collision‐induced dissociation (CID) of protonated benzamide and related molecules produced via electrospray ionization (ESI). The formation of C6H from these even‐electron precursor ions during the CID process, which has not been previously reported, is proposed to occur from the protonated molecules via a proton migration in a five‐membered ring intermediate followed by the cleavage of the mono‐substituent CC bond and concurrent formation of an ion‐molecule complex. This unique mechanism has been scrutinized by examining some deuterated molecules and a series of structurally related model compounds. This finding provides a convenient mean to generate C6H, a reactive intermediate of considerable interest, for further physical or chemical investigation. Further studies indicate that the occurrence of C6H in liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MS/MS) appears to be a rather common phenomenon for many compounds that contain ‘benzoyl‐type’ moieties. Hence, the observation of the C6H ion in LC/ESI‐MS/MS can be used as an informative fragmentation pathway which should facilitate the identification of a great number of compounds containing the ‘benzoyl‐type’ and similar structural features. These compounds are frequently present in food and pharmaceutical products as leachable impurities that require strict control and rapid elucidation of their identities. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Visual teach and repeat for long‐range rover autonomy
Authors: Furgale Paul , Barfoot Timothy D. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis paper describes a system built to enable long‐range rover autonomy using a stereo camera as the only sensor. During a learning phase, the system builds a manifold map of overlapping submaps as it is piloted along a route. The map is then used for localization as the rover repeats the route autonomously. The use of local submaps allows the rover to faithfully repeat long routes without the need for an accurate global reconstruction. Path following over nonplanar terrain is handled by performing localization in three dimensions and then projecting this down to a local ground plane associated with the current submap to perform path tracking. We have tested this system in an urban area and in a planetary analog setting in the Canadian High Arctic. More than 32 km was covered—99.6% autonomously—with autonomous runs ranging from 45 m to 3.2 km, all without the use of the global positioning system (GPS). Because it enables long‐range autonomous behavior in a single command cycle, visual teach and repeat is well suited to planetary applications, such as Mars sample return, in which no GPS is available. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Achieving a near‐optimum erasure correction performance with low‐complexity LDPC codes
Authors: Liva Gianluigi , Matuz Balazs , Paolini Enrico , Chiani Marco 
Published: May 2010

AbstractLow‐density parity‐check (LDPC) codes are shown to tightly approach the performance of idealized maximum distance separable (MDS) codes over memoryless erasure channels, under maximum likelihood (ML) decoding. This is possible down to low error rates and even for small and moderate block sizes. The decoding complexity of ML decoding is kept low thanks to a class of decoding algorithms, which exploit the sparseness of the parity‐check matrix to reduce the complexity of Gaussian elimination. ML decoding of LDPC codes is reviewed at first. A performance comparison among various classes of LDPC codes is then carried out, including a comparison with fixed‐rate Raptor codes for the same parameters. The results confirm that a judicious LDPC code design allows achieving a near‐optimum performance over the erasure channel, with very low error floors. Furthermore, it is shown that LDPC and Raptor codes, under ML decoding, provide almost identical performance in terms of decoding failure probability vs. overhead. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transport challenges facing a next‐generation hybrid satellite Internet
Authors: Fairhurst Gorry , Sathiaseelan Arjuna , Cruickshank Haitham , Baudoin Cedric 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis paper considers the transport layer implications by assuming a position where satellite networks form one integrated component of a hybrid Internet architecture. It reviews the key role of transport protocols in providing a reliable and robust end‐to‐end Internet service. A history of TCP protocol evolution from a satellite perspective is followed by focussing on the role of protocol‐enhancing proxies in satellite systems and how these have impacted the introduction of new Internet transport techniques. Current transport research issues are identified and related to two new architectural approaches to highlight the expected performance benefits and derive the implications on the design of geostationary satellite Internet systems as the network evolves toward a next‐generation Internet. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sustainability, self‐identity and the sociology of consumption
Authors: Soron Dennis 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn order to develop a more nuanced model of consumer behaviour and the dynamics of behavioural change, this paper argues, the discourse of sustainable consumption needs to draw more fully upon the sociological literature addressing consumption, its varied drivers, and the complex roles it plays within contemporary life. Since its revival in the 1980s, the sociology of consumption has largely focused on the ways in which everyday consumption choices in affluent societies facilitate the process of creating and sustaining a ‘self‐identity’. While the literature in this field is not without its own flaws, framing sustainable consumption in relation to the problem of self‐identity enables us to confront not only the psycho‐cultural factors that maintain demand for material goods, but also the difficulties faced by ordinary people as they try to understand and respond ethically to large‐scale social and ecological problems within an everyday environment that is highly commodified and individualized. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of MgH2 thin films grown by reactive sputtering
Authors: Jensen I. J. T. , Diplas S. , Løvvik O. M. , Watts J. , Hinder S. , Schreuders H. , Dam B. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn this work the indepth compositional variations of MgH2 thin films grown directly by reactive sputtering in H2 gas were studied over time. XPS was performed using a Thermo Scientific Theta Probe with monochromatic Al Kα radiation (hν = 1486.6 eV). Measurements at different sample depths were obtained by Ar+ ion sputtering, and high‐resolution Mg 2p and O 1s spectra were used to quantify the data. Indications of differential charging effects were observed in the O 1s spectra. At the unsputtered surface a layer of Mg(OH)2 was found to grow with air exposure time. Underneath this layer, both MgH2 and MgO were present in near equal amounts, and deeper in the film there was an increasing amount of metallic Mg. Apart from the growth of Mg(OH)2 the film appeared to be stable in air over the time period of the experiment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A method for monitoring a process from an out of control to an in control state: Application to the learning curve
Authors: Biau David J. , Porcher Raphaël 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe cumulative summation (CUSUM) test is increasingly being used in medicine to monitor a wide variety of processes such as cardiac surgery or disease outbreaks. The CUSUM sequentially tests the null hypothesis that the process is in control, i.e. its mean is equal to a given target. Thus, it detects when the process changes to an out of control state. Conversely, monitoring the learning curve requires detecting the time when the process reaches an in control state. In this work we develop an alternative to the CUSUM, the learning curve CUSUM (LC‐CUSUM), that serves to detect when a process deviates from an out of control state to an in control state. The test is based on a two one‐sided tests procedure where the null hypothesis is that the process is out of control. This can be written as H0: |µ−µ0|⩾δ tested against H1: |µ−µ0|< δ. The null hypothesis is thus the union of two one‐sided hypotheses and is rejected when both are rejected. A CUSUM test statistic is then constructed for each hypothesis in a traditional way. The properties of the test are investigated through numerical simulations, and are illustrated on the learning curve of an endoscopist performing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographies for biliary tract disorders. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A binning method for analyzing mixed longitudinal data measured at distinct time points
Authors: Xiong Xiaoqin , Dubin Joel A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFor longitudinal data where the response and time‐dependent predictors within each individual are measured at distinct time points, traditional longitudinal models such as generalized linear mixed effects models or marginal models cannot be directly applied. Instead, some preprocessing such as smoothing is required to temporally align the response and predictors. We propose a binning method, which results in equally spaced bins of time. After incorporating binning, traditional models can be applied. The proposed binning approach was applied on a longitudinal hemodialysis study to look for possible contemporaneous and lagged effects between occurrences of a health event (i.e. infection) and levels of a protein marker of inflammation (i.e. C‐reactive protein). Both Poisson mixed effects models and zero‐inflated Poisson (ZIP) mixed effects models were applied to the subsequent data, and some important biological findings about contemporaneous and lagged associations were uncovered. In addition, a simulation study was conducted to investigate various properties of the binning approach. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two‐stage testing using selection schemes
Authors: Sudbury Aidan 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn this paper, we consider pooling schemes in which samples are to be tested in two‐stages. We show that when batch size is limited as well as pool size, selection schemes tend to be more efficient and flexible. Formulae for the efficiencies of square arrays in all dimensions and for all selection schemes are given in the Appendix. A Fortran program has been written to find whether the most efficient scheme under constraints of batch and pool size be ‘square’ or ‘selection’. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gating of Single‐Layer Graphene with Single‐Stranded Deoxyribonucleic Acids
Authors: Lin Jian , Teweldebrhan Desalegne , Ashraf Khalid , Liu Guanxiong , Jing Xiaoye , Yan Zhong , Li Rong , Ozkan Mihri , Lake Roger K. , Balandin Alexander A. , Ozkan Cengiz S. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractPatterning of biomolecules on graphene layers could provide new avenues to modulate their electrical properties for novel electronic devices. Single‐stranded deoxyribonucleic acids (ssDNAs) are found to act as negative‐potential gating agents that increase the hole density in single‐layer graphene. Current–voltage measurements of the hybrid ssDNA/graphene system indicate a shift in the Dirac point and “intrinsic” conductance after ssDNA is patterned. The effect of ssDNA is to increase the hole density in the graphene layer, which is calculated to be on the order of 1.8 × 1012 cm−2. This increased density is consistent with the Raman frequency shifts in the G‐peak and 2D band positions and the corresponding changes in the G‐peak full width at half maximum. Ab initio calculations using density functional theory rule out significant charge transfer or modification of the graphene band structure in the presence of ssDNA fragments.
A noodle, hockey stick, and spaghetti plate: a perspective on high‐resolution paleoclimatology
Authors: Frank David , Esper Jan , Zorita Eduardo , Wilson Rob 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe high‐resolution reconstruction of hemispheric‐scale temperature variation over the past‐millennium benchmarks recent warming against more naturally driven climate episodes, such as the Little Ice Age and the Medieval Warm Period, thereby allowing assessment of the relative efficacies of natural and anthropogenic forcing factors. Icons of past temperature variability, as featured in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports over nearly two decades, have changed from a schematic sketch in 1990, to a seemingly well‐solved story in 2001, to more explicit recognition of significant uncertainties in 2007. In this article, we detail the beginning of the movement to reconstruct large‐scale temperatures, highlight major steps forward, and present our views on what remains to be accomplished. Despite significant efforts and progress, the spatial representation of reconstructions is limited, and the interannual and centennial variation are poorly quantified. Research priorities to reduce reconstruction uncertainties and improve future projections, include (1) increasing the role of expert assessment in selecting and incorporating the highest quality proxy data in reconstructions (2) employing reconstruction ensemble methodology, and (3) further improvements of forcing series. We suggest that much of the sensitivity in the reconstructions, a topic that has dominated scientific debates, can be traced back to the input data. It is perhaps advisable to use fewer, but expert‐assessed proxy records to reduce errors in future reconstruction efforts. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Paleoclimate
Decision neuroscience: neuroeconomics
Authors: Smith David V. , Huettel Scott A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFew aspects of human cognition are more personal than the choices we make. Our decisions—from the mundane to the impossibly complex—continually shape the courses of our lives. In recent years, researchers have applied the tools of neuroscience to understand the mechanisms that underlie decision making, as part of the new discipline of decision neuroscience. A primary goal of this emerging field has been to identify the processes that underlie specific decision variables, including the value of rewards, the uncertainty associated with particular outcomes, and the consequences of social interactions. Recent work suggests potential neural substrates that integrate these variables, potentially reflecting a common neural currency for value, to facilitate value comparisons. Despite the successes of decision neuroscience research for elucidating brain mechanisms, significant challenges remain. These include building new conceptual frameworks for decision making, integrating research findings across disparate techniques and species, and extending results from neuroscience to shape economic theory. To overcome these challenges, future research will likely focus on interpersonal variability in decision making, with the eventual goal of creating biologically plausible models for individual choice. WIREs Cogn Sci 2010 1 854–871This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Reasoning and Decision Making
Neuroscience > Cognition
Stimulus‐driven capture and contingent capture
Authors: Theeuwes Jan , Olivers Christian N. L. , Belopolsky Artem 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWhether or not certain physical events can capture attention has been one of the most debated issues in the study of attention. This discussion is concerned with how goal‐directed and stimulus‐driven processes interact in perception and cognition. On one extreme of the spectrum is the idea that attention capture is primarily stimulus driven and automatic. On the other end is the notion that attention capture is always contingent on the goals of the observer, and thus under top‐down control. This review discusses the empirical evidence for each of these viewpoints and the theoretical consequences. In addition, there is a discussion of the issues that remain controversial within the debate between the two viewpoints. It is concluded that visual selection depends on the interaction between bottom‐up and top‐down processes with a special role for spatial attention as the top‐down gatekeeper for attention capture. WIREs Cogn Sci 2010 1 872–881This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Attention
Parameterization of a synchronous generator to represent a doubly fed induction generator with chopper protection for fault studies
Authors: Martínez Jorge , Kjær Philip C. , Rodriguez Pedro , Teodorescu Remus 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis paper addresses the representation of the wound rotor asynchronous generators by an equivalent synchronous generator, valid for short circuit current calculations.Modern wind power plants are required and designed to ride through faults in the network, subjected to fault clearing. Accurate knowledge of the wind turbine short circuit current contribution is needed for component sizing and protection relay settings during faults within the wind power plant collector system or in the external networks.When studying fault currents and protection settings for wind power installations, the industry standard is to employ software packages where generators are represented by their equivalent synchronous generator operational impedances. Hence, it is of importance to represent non‐synchronous wind generators by an equivalent synchronous generator. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of calibration results from cup and propeller anemometers. Influence on wind turbine Annual Energy Production (AEP) calculations
Authors: Pindado Santiago , Vega Enrique , Martínez Alejandro , Meseguer Encarnación , Franchini Sebastián , Sarasola Imanol Pérez 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe calibration coefficients of several models of cup and propeller anemometers were analysed. The analysis was based on a series of laboratory calibrations between January 2003 and August 2007. Mean and standard deviation values of calibration coefficients from the anemometers studied were included. Two calibration procedures were used and compared. In the first, recommended by the Measuring Network of Wind Energy Institutes (MEASNET), 13 measurement points were taken over a wind speed range of 4 to 16  m  s−1. In the second procedure, 9 measurement points were taken over a wider speed range of 4 to 23  m  s−1. Results indicated no significant differences between the two calibration procedures applied to the same anemometer in terms of measured wind speed and wind turbines' Annual Energy Production (AEP). The influence of the cup anemometers' design on the calibration coefficients was also analysed. The results revealed that the slope of the calibration curve, if based on the rotation frequency and not the anemometer's output frequency, seemed to depend on the cup center rotation radius. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Structure of a Macrocyclic Dinickel Complex Incorporating a Hypercoordinated Sulfenium(II) Cation
Authors: Gressenbuch Mathias , Kersting Berthold 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe synthesis and structure of a macrocyclic dinickel complex incorporating a hypercoordinated sulfenium(II) cation are reported. The novel complex [Ni2L3(Cl)]2+ was obtained from a reaction of the per‐hydroxyethylated N6S2 macrocycle H2L2 with NiCl2(H2O)6 in the presence of air, and isolated as its ClO4 or BPh4 salt. The structure reveals a three‐coordinate sulfenium cation that is stabilized by two intramolecularly coordinating amino groups. The N–S bonds are 2.087(7) Å and 2.105(6) Å and the N–S–N bond angle is 168.2(2)°. The bonding is best described by a N,N‐chelated sulfur(II) atom (3c–4e bond) bearing two lone pairs and a formal charge of +1.
Two New Hybrid Architectures Based on Polyoxometaloborates and Imidazole Fragments
Authors: An Haiyan , Zheng Hui , Xu Tieqi , He Cheng , Wang Jian , Wu Pengyan , Duan Chunying 
Published: May 2010

AbstractTwo new hybrid compounds based on polyoxometaloborates, (HIm)12[MnBW11O39H]2·13H2O (1) and (HIm)(Im)[(Im)4Zn]2[BW12O40]·2H2O (2) (Im = imidazole), have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, UV, TG, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Compound 1 is made up of [MnBW11O39H]6– polyoxoanions, which are coordinatively linked together by terminal oxygen atoms to yield an unprecedented one‐dimensional chain that represents the first example of one‐dimensional assemblies based on polyoxotungstoborates and transition metal cations. Adjacent inorganic chains are further in close contact by imidazole molecules to form a three‐dimensional supramolecular channel framework by strong hydrogen‐bonding interactions. Compound 2 exhibits a three‐dimensional supramolecular architecture constructed from Keggin‐type polyoxoanions [BW12O40]5– and zinc‐imidazole coordination units by strong hydrogen‐bonding interactions. Furthermore, both compounds exhibit interesting photoluminescence properties at room temperature.
Lanthanide Containing Ionic Liquid Crystals: EuBr2, SmBr3, TbBr3 and DyBr3 in C12mimBr
Authors: Getsis Anna , Mudring Anja‐Verena 
Published: May 2010

AbstractDoping the ionic liquid crystal C12mimBr with various lanthanide halides yields interesting novel liquid crystalline and luminescent materials. The thermal phase behavior of all compounds was investigated by hot‐stage polarizing optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry and the photophysical properties were determined by luminescence spectroscopy. C12mimBr itself is an ionic liquid crystal that shows bluish‐white emission upon excitation with UV light due to transitions in the imidazolium π‐system. Doping lanthanide bromides into C12mimBr with concentrations of about 1 mol‐% does not affect the liquid crystalline behavior of the host materials to a great extent and room temperature liquid crystals are obtained. All materials show an appreciable luminescence. EuBr2 in C12mimBr yields a material, which shows a blue emission originating from 4f–5d‐transitions. SmBr3‐doped samples show a red and TbBr3 samples a green luminescence. Upon doping C12mimBr with DyBr3 an orange luminescent liquid crystalline material is obtained. Most interestingly the emission color for the TbBr3 and DyBr3 containing materials can be tuned from bluish‐white (mainly C12mimBr emission) to green (for TbBr3) and orange‐yellow (for DyBr3) depending on the wavelength of the excitation light used.
[Pb2I3(18‐crown‐6)2][SnI5] and CdI2(18‐crown‐6)·2I2: Two Layered Iodine Networks with Crown‐ether Coordinated Pb2+ and Cd2+
Authors: Wolff Michael , Feldmann Claus 
Published: May 2010

Abstract[Pb2I3(18‐crown‐6)2][SnI5] (1) and CdI2(18‐crown‐6)·2I2 (2) were prepared by reaction of PbI2, SnI4 and 18‐crown‐6 as well as CdI2, I2 and 18‐crown‐6. All reactions were performed in the ionic liquid [NMe(nBu)3][N(Tf)2], which serves as polar but aprotic liquid‐phase providing a fast diffusion of the reactants at moderate temperatures ( ≤ 100 °C). 1 exhibits V‐shaped [Pb2I3(18‐crown‐6)2]+ cations and trigonal‐bipyramidal [SnI5]– anions. In CdI2(18‐crown‐6)·2I2 (2), the building unit CdI2(18‐crown‐6) formally contains linear CdI2 molecules that are interlinked by molecular iodine via long‐ranging I–I contacts.