bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adsorstion of Selected Biochemicals onto coated and Uncoated Charcoal
Authors: Skalsky Michael , Farrell Peter C. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTCreatinine, glutethimide and pentobarbital isotherms and preliminary kinetic data have been obtained in vitro on coated and uncoated charcoal from two commercially available hemoperfusion devices (B‐D Hemodetoxifier and Gambro‐Adsorba 300C). The uptake characteristics of these devices were examined in both buffer and plasma environments at physiological conditions (pH:7.4; temperature:37oC), using radiolabelled solutes.Equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed by both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm equations and isotherm constants determined. For both drugs, buffer and plasma data were well correlated by a Langmuir isotherm (r>0.99) while creatinine data were fitted better by the Freundlich equation (r>0.99). For all solutes, the amount adsorbed was lower in plasma (after correction for protein‐binding) due to reversible competitive inhibition. However, charcoal capacity remained high enough for both coated and uncoated charcoals to enable satisfactory clinical hemoperfusion to be performed.Kinetic data were reduced assuming a homogeneous model of intraparticle diffusion. Calculated charcoal diffusivities were 0.3–3.8×10‐‐8 cm2/sec, with plasma values four to six times lower than corresponding values for buffer. Charcoal diffusivities were about two orders of magnitude lower than corresponding effective diffusivities through Cuprophan, indicating that the mass transfer resistance of the charcoal coating is inconsequential under conditions of intraparticle diffusion control. It was also deduced that the commonly observed decrease in clearance as a function of time during clinical charcoal hemoperfusion is mainly a consequence of diffusive rather than site‐availability limitations.
Problems with Activated Charcoal and Alumina as Sorbents for Medical Use
Authors: Maeda Kenji , Saito Akira , Kawaguchi Shunsuke , Sezaki Rhozo , Niwa Toshimitsu , Naotsuka Masaaki , Kobayashi Kaizo , Asada Hiroaki , Yamamoto Yukio , Ohta Kazuhiro 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTAlthough activated charcoal and alumina have been used extensively as sorbents in uremic patients, the following problems remain to be solved: 1) elution of SO,4‐ from activated charcoal which does not adsorb it; 2) production of methylguanidine from creatinine on the surface of activated charcoal; 3) production of lipoperoxide from fatty acids by chemical reaction of activated charcoal; 4) adsorption of Ca++ and Mg++ when alumina adsorbs inorganic phosphate. These problems are studied in vitro and clinically.
Long‐Term Results of Dialysis Therapy with a Highly Permeable Membrane
Authors: Chanard J. , Brunois J. P. , Melin J. P. , Lavaud S. , Toupance O. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTA five‐year study of short‐term dialysis using highly permeable polyacrylonitrile membrane AN 69 was started in March 1973 to compare the effects of AN 69 and Cuprophan membrane (CM). The time of dialysis was calculated for each patient on the basis of vitamin B12 clearance of the dialyzer and the residual glomerular filtration rate. For the study, 101 patients (38,555 dialysis sessions) who had been dialyzed for more than six months were selected. They were divided into three groups: Group I (n = 31) patients treated with AN 69 only; Group II (n = 31) patients treated with CM; Group III (n = 39) patients treated first with the CM and then with AN 69. Patients treated with AN 69 had higher levels of plasma urea but no particular metabolic disturbances were observed. The dialysis sessions were significantly better tolerated with AN 69 than with CM, however, the main advantage of using AN 69 is the shortening of dialysis time. The duration of dialysis was 9.5 ± 0.2 hours per week with AN 69 and 16.4 ± 0.2 hours per week with CM. Shortening of dialysis time permits better social rehabilitation of the patients. The shorter dialysis was not associated with any recognizable side effects that could be demonstrated by routine clinical and biological analysis.
Immunologically Untreated Fresh Xenograft Implantation in a Pig‐to‐Goat Model
Authors: Sung Kiick , Kim Won Gon , Seo Jung Wook 
Published: July 2010

AbstractImmunologically untreated frozen‐stored xenografts show controlled rejection and repair due to reduced cellularity in our previous study. To clarify the issue, we compared results obtained using fresh and frozen‐stored xenografts. Porcine pulmonary valved conduits were prepared without immunologic treatment and implanted in the right ventricular outflow tract of goats under cardiopulmonary bypass immediately after harvest without frozen storage (the fresh group) or after frozen storage (−70°C for 3∼7 days) (the frozen group). Four goats were assigned to be raised for 3 (N = 1) or 6 (N = 3) months postoperatively in each group. One goat in the frozen group assigned for the 6‐month observation expired at 2 months postoperatively because of thrombotic occlusion of the pulmonary valve. The other goats survived until the scheduled sacrifice. According to echocardiographic findings, one animal sacrificed at 3 months in the frozen group showed more than a moderate degree of pulmonary regurgitation, but all animals in the fresh group showed less than a mild degree. On gross examination, leaflets were slightly better preserved in the fresh group and aneurysmal dilatation of the pulmonary artery was observed at 3 months only in the frozen group. Microscopically, pulmonary arteries showed less severe degenerative changes in the fresh group. Moreover, in the fresh group, viable donor valve cells were still present until 3 months postoperatively (though it disappeared at 6 months postoperatively) and a linear endothelial lining of viable host cells was prominent on all leaflets, whereas this was not the case in the frozen group. In conclusion, fresh xenografts preserved cellular viability and showed fewer degenerative changes than frozen‐stored xenografts. Thus, immunologically untreated fresh xenografts could provide a potential valve substitute with distinctive advantages in terms of self‐healing potential as compared with frozen‐stored xenografts.
Pharmacodynamic aspects of aclarubicin with special reference to daunorubicin and doxorubicin
Authors: Skovsgaard Torben 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYA review of the pharmacodynamic properties of aclarubicin compared with other anthracyclines: Metabolism, cellular uptake and distribution, intracellular binding, cell kinetics, cytotoxicity, resistance and influence on cell differentiation.
Aclarubicin: Preclinical and clinical data suggesting less chronic cardiotoxicity compared with conventional anthracyclines
Authors: Mortensen S.A. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYA survey of the adverse cardiovascular reactions elicited by treatment with the new anthracycline derivative aclarubicin is presented based on the results from selected animal experiments and available clinical data. With doxorubicin as a reference experimental studies have shown that cardiotoxicity from aclarubicin is more than ten‐fold lower, regarding both acute and chronic damage. It is premature to draw definite conclusions regarding the entire cardiotoxic profile in humans. ECG‐manifestations in the early treatment period with prolongation of the QTc‐interval may signal risk of severe ventricular arrhythmias in rare cases.The trend when reviewing the phase I‐II trials with aclarubicin in acute leukaemia seems to be low incidence of chronic cardiotoxicity in spite of prior daunorubicin therapy — even in considerable doses. Thus, published clinical data stimulate the pursuance of randomized phase III trials comparing aclarubicin to conventional anthracyclines to substantiate the supposed improved therapeutic index of this new derivative.
Phase I‐II study of aclarubicin for treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Machover David , Gastiaburu Julio , Delgado Michel , Goldschmidt Emma , Benavides Manuel , Misset Jean‐Louis , de Vassal Francoise , Tapiero Haim , Ribaud Patricia , Schwarzenberg Léon , Mathe Georges , Hulhoven Reginal , Lotz Jean‐Pierre 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYAclarubicin (ACM) was administered as induction treatment to 38 evaluable patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) who were either refractory to initial chemotherapy or in relapse. Thirteen patients received daily doses of ACM while the remaining 25 were given 10‐day courses with 10‐day intervals between courses. The overall CR rate was 34% and the incidence and severity of the toxic effects were related to the dose of ACM administered per course of therapy. Our results indicate that ACM is a major new drug for the treatment of AML.
Aclarubicin in the treatment of relapsed or resistant acute myelogenous leukaemia: a phase II trial
Authors: Evensen S. A. , Wisøff F. , Müller E. , Talstad I. , Waage A. , Johansen L. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYNineteen patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia refractory to regimens including daunorubicin (relapsed or resistant to the induction treatment) received aclarubicin as single‐agent chemotherapy in a dose of 40 mg/m2 daily for 5–7 days. Among 17 evaluable patients one achieved complete remission, and two obtained partial remission. Side effects were acceptable. The chosen dose of aclarubicin appeared to be suboptimal. However, several arguments suggest that aclarubicin in combination with other cytotoxic agents should be evaluated as first‐line chemotherapy of acute myelogenous leukaemia.
Daunorubicin versus aclarubicin in combination with cytarabine and thioguanine in elderly patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, a preliminary report
Authors: Björkholm Magnus , Killander Andreas ,   Leukemia Group of Middle Sweden (LGMS)
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYTwenty‐three elderly patients with untreated acute nonlymphocytic leukaemia (ANLL) ranging in age from 61 to 84 yr were randomly allocated to treatment with either aclarubicin, cytarabine and thioguanine (TAA) or daunorubicin, cytarabine and thioguanine (TAD). Complete remission was achieved in 6/13 and 4/10 patients, respectively. There was no difference in the number of courses to complete remission between the two therapy protocols. There were 7 deaths during induction treatment in the TAA group and 3 in the TAD group, probably due to chemotherapy induced granulocytopenia with septicaemia. The haematological toxicity was comparable in complete responders of the two treatment arms. These data indicate that aclarubicin is an effective drug in ANLL and that older patients respond to intensive chemotherapy in a similar manner as younger patients with this disease. However, treatment related deaths are common and the need for equipotent but less toxic regimens is paramount. This is especially true for patients with signs of heart, lung, kidney and liver disease.
Aclarubicin in the treatment of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia refractory to treatment with daunorubicin and cytarabine: a phase II trial
Authors: Pedersen‐Bjergaard J. , Nissen N.I. , Brincker H. , Ellegaard J. , Drivsholm A. , Freund L. , Jensen K.B. , Jensen M. Krogh 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYThe results of this trial have been published elsewhere (1).
Aclarubicin in single agent and combined chemotherapy of acute myeloid leukaemias
Authors: Mitrou P.S. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYAclarubicin (ACM), 25 mg/m2 daily for seven days, was administered as induction therapy to 40 patients with relapsing or refractory acute leukaemias. Eight complete (CR) and 1 partial (PR) remission were achieved in 29 evaluable AML patients (31%). A high CR rate was induced in patients treated at first relapse (6 out of 12 patients). A small proportion of AML resistant to daunorubicin or doxorubicin responded to ACM (3 out of 17 patients). Median remission duration was 5.5 months.In a pilot study ACM was combined with cytarabine for remission induction in 18 previously untreated patients or patients at first relapse with AML. Both drugs were administered on 7 consecutive days. CR was induced in 13 patients (72%). From these results it appears that the present scheduling of ACM in single agent and combined chemotherapy is effective in remission induction in previously untreated or relapsing AML.
Phase II study of aclarubicin in patients with breast cancer previously untreated with adriamycin
Authors: Kerpel‐Fronius S. , Gyergyay F. , Hindy I. , Decker A. , Eckhardt S. , Sawinsky I. , Mechl Z. , Nekulova M. , Kolaric K. , Tomek R. , Röthig J. ,   A South‐East European Tumour Chemotherapy Group Study
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYTwenty‐five breast cancer patients previously not exposed to adriamycin, were treated with 30 mg/m2/day aclarubicin for four consecutive days. Out of the 19 evaluable cases 1 CR and 2 PR were observed giving an overall remission rate of 16%. No cardiotoxicity was observed. Myelotoxicity and hair loss were mild (WHO grades 1 and 2). Grade 2 and 3 nausea and vomiting occurred frequently.
Combination chemotherapy with aclarubicin in metastatic breast cancer
Authors: Simader H. , Hausmaninger H. , Fereberger W. , Samonigg H. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYTwenty‐eight women with advanced breast cancer were treated with aclarubicin, vincristine and cyclophosphamide. Aclarubicin was given to 16 patients in a two days regimen (40 mg/m2 i.v. day 1 + 2). Five of these patients experienced severe gastrointestinal toxicity and refused further therapy. Therefore aclarubicin was administered in a four days regimen (20 mg/m2 i.v. day 1–4) to another 12 patients. The overall response rate was 31% with 9% of the patients having a complete remission. This objective response is higher than that achieved when aclarubicin is given alone. Our study confirms experimental data suggesting synergism of aclarubicin, vincristine and cyclophosphamide.
Hodgkin's disease: Recent concepts in classification and treatment
Authors: Specht Lena , Pedersen‐Bjergaard Jens 
Published: July 2010

During the last few decades prognostic classification of Hodgkin's disease has been primarily according to the Ann Arbor classification. However, this does not include prognostic subgrouping of the various stages. Consequently, many studies have investigated the prognostic significance of other clinical and laboratory characteristics. Many prognostic factors have been identified, but recent studies have shown that the total tumour burden is by far the most important prognostic factor in Hodgkin's disease, and that most of the other known prognostic factors are related to tumour burden, without independent prognostic significance.Radiotherapy has been the standard treatment in the management of early stage disease. Adjuvant combination chemotherapy improves disease‐free but survival but until now no improvement in overall survival has been documented. Combination chemotherapy alone has been tested in too few trials to allow a final conclusion.Advanced disease is treated with combination chemotherapy. The MOPP regimen and its modifications seem equally effective. For MOPP failures ABVD and other supposedly non‐cross‐resistant combinations seem equally effective and able to produce prolonged disease‐free survival in only about 20% of these patients. In some studies alternating regimens such as MOPP/ABVD for previously untreated patients have produced better results than MOPP alone and are currently being evaluated in larger series of patients.For patients with disease resistant to standard chemotherapy the outlook is still poor. High dose chemotherapy and total body irradiation followed by bone marrow transplantation have shown some promise. Hopefully, in the future new biological techniques will make new types of treatment available or allow a more intensive therapy with the drug combinations currently used.
B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: Recent concepts in classification and treatment
Authors: Geisler Christian , Hansen Mogens Mark 
Published: July 2010

The very varying length of survival in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B‐CLL), has stimulated the development of a number of clinical staging systems based on clinical and haematological parameters. Especially the staging systems of Rai et al and of Binet et al have won acceptance, and a combination of these systems has been proposed by the International Workshop on CLL. This system, the International Workshop System, should be used as a reference in all CLL studies with prognostic aspects.The immunophenotype of the B cell in B‐CLL is characterized by expression of faint surface membrane immunoglobulin and a number of B cell differentiation antigens, of which CD5 and the mouse erythrocyte receptor are the most important. Normal counterparts have been identified as candidates for the leukaemic target cell. No definite prognostic value of surface membrane immunoglobulin class has yet been established in B‐CLL.Chromosome abnormalities have been found in 30 to 50% of B‐CLL cases, trisomy 12 being the most frequent finding, followed by 14q+. The prognostic role of trisomy 12 is debated, whereas a concensus is emerging of a poor prognosis associated with multiple cytogenetic abnormalities.In advanced B‐CLL, it has been shown that response to treatment is a prerequisite for prolonged survival. The effect of intensive therapy is currently being investigated in several studies by comparison with the effect of chlorambucil and prednisone, till now the primary standard therapy. In a Danish multicentre study, however, prolonged survival following initial treatment with CHOP has not yet been recorded, in spite of a much higher remission rate than with chlorambucil and prednisone.
Therapy‐related malignancies: A review
Authors: Pedersen‐Bjergaard Jens , Philip Preben 
Published: July 2010

Although many cytostatic drugs have been shown to be both mutagenic and carcinogenic in experimental systems, only the alkylating agents have been demonstrated with certainty to induce malignancy in man. Thus, therapy with almost all alkylating agents in clinical use today results in a highly increased risk of acute nonlymphocytic leukaemia (ANLL). Other types of leukaemia are not observed in excess following cancer chemotherapy, and only one type of solid tumour has been convincingly related to treatment with cytostatic drugs: carcinoma of the urinary bladder following cyclophosphamide and the now abandoned alkylating agent chlornaphazine.Low dose total‐body irradiation, as in the atomic bomb explosions of World War II, is known to induce ANLL, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and chronic myelogenous leukaemia, as well as various solid tumours and multiple myeloma in man. High voltage radiotherapy, by comparison, has been found to be followed by a moderately increased risk of ANLL in only a few studies. This phenomenon has been related to cell kill rather than to malignant transformation of haematopoietic stem cells within the fields of irradiation. A moderately increased risk of various solid tumours and of non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas has been observed with a long follow up, particularly in series of patients treated for Hodgkin's disease. This excess possibly represents both radiotherapy‐induced solid tumours and a general predisposition to development of solid tumours and non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas as part of the natural history of the primary malignancy.The risk of therapy‐related acute nonlymphocytic leukaemia (t‐ANLL) is dose‐dependent and possibly directly proportional to the total cumulative dose af alkylating agents. It increases with patient age, like the risk of de‐novo ANLL, and it levels out 7–8 years after cessation of therapy with alkylating agents. Most cases of t‐ANLL present in a preleukaemic phase with refractory cytopenia. Already at this early stage the characteristic chromosome abnormalities can be observed in the bone marrow, most often loss of the whole, or parts of the long arms, of chromosomes no 5 and/or no 7. The cytogenet‐ic abnormalities are of diagnostic, prognostic and perhaps also of pathogenetic significance for t‐ANLL.
The epipodophyllotoxin derivatives VM26 and VP16: Experimental and clinical aspects
Authors: Dombernowsky Per , Hansen Heine Høi 
Published: July 2010

VM26, teniposide, and VP16, etoposide, are semisynthetic derivatives of podophyllotox‐in, a derivative of podophyllin. Podophyllin is the crude extract from the roots of two related plants, the American mandrake or may apple (podophyllum peltatum) and podophyllum emodi from India, which have been used in folk medicine throughout the ages in both American and Asian cultures.VM26 and VP16 were introduced almost simultaneously clinically in the early 1970's but the subsequent development has differed greatly (1,2,3,4,5). VP16 has been widely studied alone and in combination in the majority of common tumour types and is highly effective in several, notably testicular and small cell lung cancers, lymphomas and acute leukaemias. Early indications of this activity focused investigator interest almost exclusively on VP16, with the result that clinical research on VM26 has lagged far behind. VM26 has tended to be used in paediatric oncology, especially for neuroblastoma, but is also active in acute leukaemias, lymphomas and in small cell carcinoma.
Treatment of painful bone lesions and hypercalcemia
Authors: Ascari Edoardo , Attardo‐Parrinello Giuseppe , Merlini Giampaolo 
Published: July 2010

The control of myeloma bone disease has been an important therapeutic problem. Bisphosphonates are potentially active for the control of myeloma bone resorption. Athough several studies proved the efficacy of short‐term bisphosphonate treatment in inhibiting myeloma bone destruction, data on the long‐term efficacy are scanty. We present the results of a prospective pilot study for the evaluation of long‐term parenteral administration of dichloromethylene bisphosphonate (Clodronate) in 30 patients with active myeloma bone disease. Patients were treated with a mean of 4 courses (range 2–8) of Clodronate: 300 mg/d i.v. for 7 days followed by 100 mg/d i.m. for 10 d, administered at a mean interval of 4 months.The median follow‐up was 24 months (range 8–36). Clodronate reduced bone pain rapidly and significantly, and reduced the mean values of the biochemical indices of bone resorption to within normal limits. The occurrence of skeletal morbidity in patients treated with Clodronate was compared with that observed in the control group of myeloma patients treated with chemotherapy only: Clodronate provided a significant (p < 0.001) reduction in severe bone pain as well as in the incidence of new osteolytic lesions and pathological fractures. The results of this prospective pilot trial indicate that supportive long‐term treatment with parenteral Clodronate can contribute significantly to controlling the progression of myeloma bone disease.