bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deletion of tau attenuates heat shock‐induced injury in cultured cortical neurons
Authors: Miao Yanying , Chen Jie , Zhang Qipeng , Sun Anyang 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe microtubule‐associated protein tau has been implicated in β‐amyloid‐ and glutamate‐induced neurotoxicity. However, the potential role of tau in response to other insults to neurons remains unclear. In this study, we examined whether deletion of tau would change cell injury induced by heat shock in primary cultures of cortical neurons. After 30 min of a 45°C heat shock, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release increased, reaching a peak at 6 hr in wild‐type (WT) neurons. A significantly lower LDH release, with a peak delayed by 24 hr, was detected in tau knockout (TKO) neurons. After heat shock treatment, MAP‐2 and tubulin staining of the processes of WT neurons revealed more dramatic abnormalities than in TKO neurons. Both WT and TKO neurons exhibited a similar elevation of HSP70 level but different time courses of Akt phosphorylation. In contrast to an early, brief response in WT neurons, TKO neurons displayed a late, but long‐lasting increase in phosphorylation of Akt and its downstream target, glycogen synthase kinase 3β. Additionally, inhibition of Akt activity aggravated the cell morbidity caused by heat shock exposure in both WT and TKO neurons, indicating a protective role of Akt against cell injury. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that deletion of tau attenuated heat shock‐induced neuronal injury. Enhanced Akt response in the absence of endogenous tau is suggested to represent a compensatory mechanism for regulating cell reactions to stress stimuli. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurodevelopmental consequences of Smn depletion in a mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy
Authors: Liu Hong , Shafey Dina , Moores Justin N. , Kothary Rashmi 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDeletions or mutations in survival of motor neuron 1 (SMN1) cause motor neuron loss and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a neuromuscular disorder, with the most severe type manifesting in utero. Whether SMA is a disease of defects in neurodevelopment and/or neuromaintenance remains unclear. We performed an analysis of Smn gene and protein expression during murine embryogenesis. Furthermore, we examined Smn−/−;SMN2 mice, a model of very severe SMA, for developmental, morphological, and molecular abnormalities. We demonstrate that Smn transcript levels are regulated in a tissue‐ and developmental stage‐specific manner and that the Smn protein expression pattern generally followed that of the Smn mRNA. Cell death and pathological foci were observed in E10.5 Smn‐depleted embryos, and this increased in the telencephalon at E14.5. Furthermore, we show an altered morphology of cranial nerves as well as truncated lumbar spinal nerves in a subset of E10.5 Smn−/−;SMN2 embryos. Finally, we compared the splicing of a subset of genes shown recently to be aberrantly spliced in phenotypic‐stage SMA mice. Changes in alternative splicing of the Slc38a5 and Uspl1 genes were detectable in prephenotypic‐stage embryos and neonates but became more pronounced with the severity of the phenotype. By comparison, Hif3a alternative splicing was affected only at the end stage of disease. This result suggests that alterations in mRNA splicing in SMA occur, in part, as a result of disease progression. Overall, we conclude that Smn depletion affects developmental processes, which ultimately may also contribute to SMA pathogenesis. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pivot‐shift test: Analysis and quantification of knee laxity parameters using a navigation system
Authors: Lopomo Nicola , Zaffagnini Stefano , Bignozzi Simone , Visani Andrea , Marcacci Maurilio 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLachman, drawer, and pivot‐shift (PS) tests are important in the assessment of ACL reconstruction. The goal of this work was to analyze the reliability of the PS test using a navigation system, identifying a set of new quantitative parameters and evaluating their clinical relevance. Eighteen patients that underwent anatomic double‐bundle ACL reconstruction were included. The new dynamic parameters were: anteroposterior translation of the medial and lateral compartments and the joint center and internal/external and varus/valgus rotations of the joint. For each parameter we measured the peaks and the areas obtained during the test. Intratester repeatability, comparisons of pre‐ and postoperative laxities, and correlations between the PS peaks and the corresponding peaks obtained with standard static tests were evaluated. Areas, peaks, and static laxity outcomes were compared, grouping patients according to the preoperative International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score. The PS test was reliable in identifying the surgical reconstruction. Correlation analysis showed good coefficients both for pre‐ and postoperative values. Patients with IKDC grade “D” had larger areas during the PS compared to patients with grade “C”. Our analysis is helpful for characterizing patient‐specific laxity and surgical performance, thus highlighting the clinical relevance of the PS test. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:164–169, 2010
Rapid seed oil analysis using UPLC for quality control and authentication
Authors: Lee Peter J. , Di Gioia Alice J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWithout derivatization and halogenated solvent, various seed oil samples were rapidly characterized using a UPLC (Ultra Performance LC) equipped with UV photodiode array and mass spectrometer detectors. The method acquires multiple types of data in a single injection to authenticate seed oil, analyze triacylglycerol composition, and evaluate seed oil oxidation. It can, for example, identify olive oil samples adulterated with <1% of other seed oils. Compared with conventional high‐performance liquid chromatography methods, the UPLC solution shortens analysis time, reduces solvent usage, and provides more information, resulting in cost benefit. The reduction in analysis time and solvent usage align with the principles of green chemistry.
Getting to grips with “inconsistent processes”
Authors: Dijkstra Albert J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractEffective product quality control is only possible when it is known what effect changing a process parameter setting has on one or more product properties in quantitative terms. “Adding so much more bleaching earth reduces the colour by so much.” Accordingly, such quantitative relationships have to be determined experimentally in the plant. However, the raw materials used in the plant and the plant performance may be inconsistent, vary gradually over time. Diacylglycerols for instance, affect the rate of crystallisation and their concentration varies from one lot of raw material to another. Consequently, an investigation method is required that is not affected by these inconsistencies or eliminates their influence on the correlations being sought. Such an investigation method is described in the present paper. It makes use of changes that either occur inadvertently or that have been introduced deliberately and measures the effect these changes have on dependent parameters. “What effect has a change in hydrogenation catalyst level on hydrogenation time or trans content?” Since these changes are sudden, they are superimposed on the gradual changes and can thus be separated. By introducing changes on a systematic basis, the effect of these changes can be quantified to the degree of accuracy required for product quality control. Moreover, the effect can be used to optimise the process by a kind evolutionary operation.
The regulation of energy balance
Authors: Stanley John C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractStorage of excess energy as body fat happens when the human body loses its ability to match rates of energy intake to rates of energy expenditure. Studies of genetically obese mice and their human counterparts have revealed the importance of leptin: a hormone secreted by body fat which acts on the hypothalamus to inhibit energy intake and stimulate energy expenditure. Defects in the ability of leptin to inhibit energy intake are responsible for all the human congenital obesity syndromes so far identified. Leptin also shifts energy production away from carbohydrate oxidation and towards fat oxidation. A wide range of hormones secreted by the gastrointestinal system also regulate energy intake including ghrelin which stimulates it and cholecystokinin which inhibits it. The fact that energy intake can be genetically determined means that the drive to eat is not necessarily a voluntary act and this has implications for the success of strategies aimed at managing obesity.
Rethinking dietary saturated fats
Authors: Westman Eric C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA re‐evaluation of the diet/heart disease hypothesis is occurring, and the link between dietary fat and heart disease is not as conclusive as once was thought. A re‐evaluation of assessment of cardiometabolic risk is also occurring – from serum low density lipoprotein to serum triacylglycerol and high density lipoprotein. As the focus of cardiometabolic risk changes, the emphasis will change from dietary fat restriction (which lowers low density lipoprotein) to dietary carbohydrate restriction (which lowers triacylglycerol and raises high density lipoprotein). If these re‐evaluations continue to de‐emphasize dietary fat restriction, then products to support low‐carbohydrate, high‐fat lifestyles could rise in importance.
Syntheses and Electrochemical Properties of TEMPO Radical Substituted Silicones: Active Material for Organic Radical Batteries
Authors: Suguro Masahiro , Mori Atsunori , Iwasa Shigeyuki , Nakahara Kentaro , Nakano Kaichiro 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA silicone‐based radical polymer 2 was synthesized by hydrosilylation of PMHS with 4‐allyl‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxyl ether 1 in the presence of a platinum‐ or rhodium‐catalyst. A reversible redox peak of 2 at 3.56 V (vs. Li/Li+) was observed by CV measurements. A coin‐shaped cell of 2 shows a discharge capacity of 46 mAh · g−1, which is 47% of the theoretical capacity of 2 (98 mAh · g−1). A directly TEMPO‐substituted silicone, poly[methyl(2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxyl‐4‐oxyl)siloxane] 3 was also obtained by rhodium‐catalyzed dehydrogenative alcoholysis of PMHS with TEMPO‐OH. The coin‐shaped cell of 3 shows a discharge capacity of 80 mAh · g−1, which is 69% of the theoretical capacity of 3 (116 mAh · g−1).magnified image
Dopamine receptor D3 (DRD3) genotype and allelic variants and risk for essential tremor
Authors: García‐Martín Elena , Martínez Carmen , Alonso‐Navarro Hortensia , Benito‐León Julián , Puertas Inmaculada , Rubio Lluisa , López‐Alburquerque Tomás , Agúndez José A. G. , Jiménez‐Jiménez Félix Javier 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTo investigate the possible association between dopamine receptor D3 genotype (DRD3) and allelic variants and the risk for developing essential tremor (ET). Leukocytary DNA from 201 patients with ET and 282 healthy controls was studied for the genotype DRD3 and the occurrence of DRD3 allelic variants by using allele‐specific PCR amplification and MslI‐RFLP's analyses. A meta‐analysis of previous studies was performed. The frequencies of the DRD3Ser/Gly genotype and of the allelic variant DRDGly were significantly higher in patients with ET than in controls (P < 0.017 and <0.005, respectively), These findings were especially relevant in women (OR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.15–2.59, P = 0.008), and in patients with earlier onset of the disease with (P = 0.014). The frequencies of the DRD3Ser/Gly and DRD3Gly/Gly genotypes and of the allelic variant DRD3Gly in patients were significantly higher in patients with voice tremor, but not with head, tongue, or chin tremor, than in controls. The meta‐analysis indicated association of variant genotypes with ET risk (OR = 1.18, 95% CI 1.01–1.38). These results suggest that DRD3 genotype and the variant DRD3Gly allelic variant is associated with the risk for and age at onset of ET, and with the risk for voice tremor, in Caucasian Spanish people. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
Least energy quaternionic regular Lagrange interpolation
Authors: Perotti Alessandro 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe revisit the concept of a totally regular variable of functions in one quaternionic variable and its application to Lagrange interpolation. We consider left‐regular functions in the kernel of a modified Cauchy–Fueter operator. For every imaginary unit p, let ℂp be the complex plane generated by 1 and p and let Jp be the corresponding complex structure on ℍ. We identify totally regular variables with real‐affine holomorphic functions from (ℍ, Jp) to (ℂp, Lp), where Lp is the complex structure defined by left multiplication by p. We show that every Jp‐biholomorphic map gives rise to a family of Lagrange interpolation formulas for any set of N distinct points in ℍ. In the case of quaternionic regular polynomials of degree at most N, there exists a unique regular interpolating polynomial that minimizes the Dirichlet energy on a domain containing the points. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Introducing INSPIRE, a scholarly component in Undergraduate Medical education
Authors: Zier Karen , Coplit Lisa D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIndividualized learning is a fundamental tenet of the Carnegie Foundation's new recommendations for physician training. A primary goal of Mount Sinai School of Medicine's new curriculum is to train self‐directed physicians who have mastered lifelong learning skills. The Individual Scholarly Project and Independent Research Experience (INSPIRE) was created to enable fourth‐year students to conduct mentored, independent scholarly projects to develop critical thinking skills and intellectual independence. Four students were accepted into the 2008 12‐week pilot. Two did clinical research, 1 conducted medical education research, and 1 continued a basic science project. INSPIRE featured weekly sessions in which students shared their progress, heard about the careers of physician‐scientists, and participated in presentation skills workshops. Mentors gave feedback using a form based on the program goals. Anonymous evaluations showed that all participants believed their goals were successfully fulfilled, that the likelihood of including research in their careers increased, and that they felt more skilled at writing abstracts and presenting their work orally. Students agreed that INSPIRE was a valuable opportunity for acquiring in‐depth knowledge on a topic and building research and presentation skills. Helping students shape an individualized scholarly experience may help to produce doctors who are self‐directed, are personally fulfilled, are able to serve society with diverse expertise, and have the tools to become leaders in their fields. Mt Sinai J Med 76:387–391, 2009. © 2008 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Direct Observation in Medical Education: A Review of the Literature and Evidence for Validity
Authors: Fromme H. Barrett , Karani Reena , Downing Steven M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn 2000, the Accreditation Council for Medical Education introduced a new initiative that substantively changed the method by which residency programs are evaluated. In this new competency‐based approach to residency education, assessment of performance became a main area of interest, and direct observation was offered as a tool to assess knowledge and skills. Despite being an inherent part of medical education as faculty and learners work together in clinical experiences, direct observation has traditionally been an informal and underused assessment method across all specialties. Residents and students report rarely being observed during their educational process, even though they value the experience. Reasons for this include a lack of faculty time, a lack of faculty skills, a potential stressful effect on the learner, and a perceived lack of validation of the assessment. This article examines the literature regarding the use of direct observation in medical education with a focus on validity evidence. We performed a PubMed search of articles pertaining to direct observation, using key words such as direct observation, performance observation, clinical observation, students, and residents. A subsequent search was conducted in known articles, focusing on variations of the term observation in the titles of articles and introducing the concept of clinical competence. In conclusion, direct observation is a unique and useful tool in the assessment of medical students and residents. Assessing learners in natural settings offers the opportunity to see beyond what they know and into what they actually do, which is fundamentally essential to training qualified physicians. Although the literature identifies several threats to its validity as an assessment, it also demonstrates methods to minimize those threats. Based on the current recommendations and need for performance assessment in education and with attention paid to the development and design, direct observation can and should be included in medical education curricula. Mt Sinai J Med 76:365–371, 2009. © 2008 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
The Risk of Upper Aero Digestive Tract Cancer associated with Smoking, with and without Concurrent Alcohol Consumption
Authors: Ansary‐Moghaddam Alireza , Huxley Rachel R. , Lam Tai Hing , Woodward Mark 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackground Smoking and alcohol are major causal factors for upper aerodigestive tract cancer, but reliable quantification of the combined impact of smoking and alcohol on this cancer and its major subtypes has not been performed.Methods A meta‐analysis of studies that had published quantitative estimates of smoking and upper aerodigestive tract cancer by January 2007 was performed. Pooled estimates of relative risks were obtained. Publication bias was investigated through funnel plots and corrected if found to be present.Results Overall, 85 studies with information on 53,940 individuals with upper aerodigestive tract cancer were included. The pooled estimate for the association between smoking and the risk of this cancer was 3.47 (95% confidence interval, 3.06–3.92). The risk remained elevated for a decade after smoking cessation but declined thereafter. Individuals who both smoked and consumed alcohol had double the risk of upper aerodigestive tract cancer in comparison with those who only smoked: the relative risk was 6.93 (95% confidence interval, 4.99–9.62) for the former and 2.56 (95% confidence interval, 2.20–2.97) for the latter (P < 0.001).Conclusions Public health interventions that simultaneously discourage smoking and heavy drinking would have greater benefits than would be expected from those that target only one of these risk factors. Mt Sinai J Med 76:392–403, 2009. © 2008 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Evaluating the Impact of the Humanities in Medical Education
Authors: Schwartz Andrea Wershof , Abramson Jeremy S. , Wojnowich Israel , Accordino Robert , Ronan Edward J. , Rifkin Mary R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe inclusion of the humanities in medical education may offer significant potential benefits to individual future physicians and to the medical community as a whole. Debate remains, however, about the definition and precise role of the humanities in medical education, whether at the premedical, medical school, or postgraduate level. Recent trends have revealed an increasing presence of the humanities in medical training. This article reviews the literature on the impact of humanities education on the performance of medical students and residents and the challenges posed by the evaluation of the impact of humanities in medical education. Students who major in the humanities as college students perform just as well, if not better, than their peers with science backgrounds during medical school and in residency on objective measures of achievement such as National Board of Medical Examiners scores and academic grades. Although many humanities electives and courses are offered in premedical and medical school curricula, measuring and quantifying their impact has proven challenging because the courses are diverse in content and goals. Many of the published studies involve self‐selected groups of students and seek to measure subjective outcomes which are difficult to measure, such as increases in empathy, professionalism, and self‐care. Further research is needed to define the optimal role for humanities education in medical training; in particular, more quantitative studies are needed to examine the impact that it may have on physician performance beyond medical school and residency. Medical educators must consider what potential benefits humanities education can contribute to medical education, how its impact can be measured, and what ultimate outcomes we hope to achieve. Mt Sinai J Med 76:372–380, 2009. © 2008 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
A higher‐order discontinuous enrichment method for the solution of high péclet advection–diffusion problems on unstructured meshes
Authors: Farhat C. , Kalashnikova I. , Tezaur R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA higher‐order discontinuous enrichment method (DEM) with Lagrange multipliers is proposed for the efficient finite element solution on unstructured meshes of the advection–diffusion equation in the high Péclet number regime. Following the basic DEM methodology, the usual Galerkin polynomial approximation is enriched with free‐space solutions of the governing homogeneous partial differential equation (PDE). In this case, these are exponential functions that exhibit a steep gradient in a specific flow direction. Exponential Lagrange multipliers are introduced at the element interfaces to weakly enforce the continuity of the solution. The construction of several higher‐order DEM elements fitting this paradigm is discussed in detail. Numerical tests performed for several two‐dimensional benchmark problems demonstrate their computational superiority over stabilized Galerkin counterparts, especially for high Péclet numbers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Activists playing a dual role: identities, organizational goals, and public relations practices
Authors: Jiang Hua , Ni Lan 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
This study explores the relationship among identities, goals, and public relations practices of an activist organization through in‐depth interviews and document analysis. Findings suggest different levels of the participant organization's identity in communication with its different audiences. In playing its dual role (as a “public” to its target organizations and a “public communicator” to its own publics), the organization acts as an honest representative voice and a credible source of information to both parties, a process that requires a balance position compatible with its mission. Its public relations practices were found to be consistent with the identities it appropriates and the values it respects.
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.