bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accessible Communication and Information
Authors: Iezzoni Lisa I. , O'Day Bonnie L. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter starts by considering the Americans with Disabilities Act and regulatory requirements for ensuring effective communications with persons with disabilities. It then reviews approaches for accommodating communication needs, ranging from simple approaches (such as large point fonts and Braille signage) to an increasingly sophisticated range of communication technologies for persons with a wide variety of accommodation needs. For example, the chapter describes various technologies that assist persons who are blind or who have low vision, as well as communication strategies and technologies for persons who are deaf or hard of hearing. It also describes the training and professional obligations of sign language interpreters.
Designing Accessible Health Care Settings
Authors: Iezzoni Lisa I. , O'Day Bonnie L. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter addresses the design of health care settings that are accessible to persons with physical and sensory disabilities. It starts by reviewing Americans with Disabilities Act regulations. It then discusses a process for designing accessible space, including the involvement of persons with disabilities as partners. The chapter reviews such items as lighting, acoustics, flooring, air quality, heating and cooling, emergency notification alarms, and signage as well as basic questions about the size and configuration of spaces, medical equipment, and furniture. It offers suggestions about accessible equipment, such as weight scales.
Healthy and Accessible Communities
Authors: Iezzoni Lisa I. , O'Day Bonnie L. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe community environments within which people live have enormous consequences for their health. This chapter reaches beyond health care settings into communities to explore briefly those attributes that make communities safe and welcoming to persons with disabilities, and that allow all residents to participate fully in community life. It argues that demographic imperatives force the need for greater public policy focus on making accessible built environments. With an aging population and growing rates of obesity, along with declining rates of physical fitness, planners should emphasize building environments that support independent living and promote physical activity, healthy eating, and other positive health-related behaviors. Healthy built environments can improve not only physical health but also mental health, over the life span. The chapter briefly reviews examples from other countries of efforts to construct walkable communities and discusses challenges to bringing those changes to the United States.
Car Culture, Transport Policy, and Public Health
Authors: Kjellstrom Tord , Hinde Sarah 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the health impacts of car reliance. The various health impacts caused by the modern private motor-vehicle-based transport system includes car crash injuries, lung and heart effects of vehicle-related air pollution, disturbance and blood pressure effects of noise, reduced physical activity and associated obesity, and community disruption from major roads. In addition, greenhouse gases, climate change, and other environmental issues are considered. While there is a convincing and growing body of evidence on these effects, further research is required to fully quantify and understand them. Moreover, comprehensive assessments of the health impacts of transport systems and the value of interventions are essential.
The Consequences of Economic Globalization on Working Conditions, Labor Relations, and Workers’ Health
Authors: Hogstedt Christer , Wegman David H. , Kjellstrom Tord 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter highlights the health risks of globalization without preventive systems and makes reference to the international efforts to ensure effective worker protection programs are in place. The improved global information and communications systems create new opportunities for occupational health advocacy that can help bring about such programs.
Health Impact Assessment: Toward Globalization as If Human Rights Mattered
Authors: O’Keefe Eileen , Scott-Samuel Alex 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Health impact assessment (HIA) is a set of tools, methods, and processes for policy making. It does this by examining potential consequences for health of policy options. This chapter explores HIA as applied to globalization. It outlines what HIA is, points to debate about its nature, and gives an example of its use in the European Union. The European Union's use of HIA provides opportunities to examine consequences for less powerful players in global policy formation. Migrant communities in high-income regions such as the European Union can be key participants in HIAs relating to global policy.
Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers: Bold New Approach to Poverty Eradication or Old Wine in New Bottles?
Authors: Wamala Sarah , Kawachi Ichiro , Mpepo Besinati Phiri 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses on poverty reduction strategy papers (PRSPs). PRSPs were introduced by the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) in September 1999 as a new requirement for countries to receive concessional funding and debt relief. PRSPs are national planning frameworks, and describe a country's macroeconomic, structural, and social policies and programs to promote growth and reduce poverty, as well as associated external financing needs. PRSPs may signal an improvement on structural adjustment programs (SAPs) but still have some distance to go in recognizing and addressing issues such as equity and gender disparities. Although it is too soon to appraise the outcomes of PRSPs, some skepticism has been voiced in some quarters that they are SAPs by another name.
Assessing Quality: Today’s Data and a Research Agenda
Authors: Williams Christine G. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter looks at the proximate causes of declining trust involving people's experiences with the healthcare system. Trust busters include their perceptions of the system, inadequate communication between patient and physician, disparities in healthcare access and treatment, and medical errors. It proposes building trust using the patient-centered care model which places patients as decision makers, participants, and evaluators of their own care.
Trustworthy Information: Medical Journals and the Internet
Authors: Lundberg George D. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Trustworthy information is a central requirement of a working healthcare system. This chapter describes how trust is important in medical communications, both in the published word and in medical information on the internet. It discusses the peer review system in the print journals and how the same is accomplished for the certain online sources through a code of ethics. It argues that the medical internet is fundamental to the evolving healthcare system of the future. It describes the central principles of such a system, called E-care. A list of action items for physicians to establish patient trust is included.
Trustworthy Information: The Role of the Media
Authors: Lieberman Trudy 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Healthcare journalism cannot always be trusted to provide accurate and reliable healthcare information, as past history has shown. Several examples of the media reporting distorted healthcare information are detailed in this chapter. The line separating the editorial and publishing sides of media is vanishing, as the revenue needs of the media have increased. This dynamic reduces impartiality of healthcare reporting in favor of increased revenue generation. This chapter describes media reliance on so-called expert advice to provide healthcare information, in lieu of the reporter having done adequate research. It also describes tip journalism as an inadequate form of healthcare reporting.
Confusion at the Table: Can We Trust That Our Food Is Healthy?
Authors: Willett Walter C. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Eating is essentially an act of trust because we trust that the food that we eat, most of which we are not responsible for farming or processing, is safe. However, instances of food contamination and confusing dietary recommendations occur. This chapter examines to what extent we can trust the information we receive from the government and other organizations regarding food safety and health. It discusses the confusion about trans fats and carbohydrates in nutrition as an example of how dietary advice is frequently misleading, misinterpreted, and not based on strong scientific evidence.
The Changing Relationship between Health Plans and Their Members
Authors: Cutler Charles M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Managed care organizations (MCOs) provide a unique service by monitoring and assessing areas for improvement in healthcare. A brief historical account of the development of health insurance in the U.S. contextualizes the development of MCOs. MCOs attempt to keep healthcare affordable by holding providers accountable. Employers embraced health plans in the 1990s with the expectation that they would help save money. However, critics and the public started to believe that health plans' primary interest was in saving money instead of coordinating care, improving access, and providing preventative medicine. This chapter argues that consumers are unaware of how MCOs have brought a new emphasis on transparency and accountability to the healthcare system. Instead, consumer misunderstandings about their health plan choices, the care that is covered, and the cost and quality of MCOs, have led to significant trust issues. The chapter concludes by offering suggestions of how these trust issues can be addressed by increasing communication and responsiveness between MCOs, patients, and providers.
Building Trust in a Healthcare System
Authors: Dowling Michael J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Leaders of the healthcare industry must be active in helping to restore patient trust. Unfortunately, healthcare executives are often more focused on lobbying for higher reimbursements than building trust. Seeking higher revenue is valid within reason, but this chapter argues that healthcare organizations should focus on factors they can control, such as improving operations and hospital management. The chapter uses experiences from the North Shore-Long Island Jewish (LIJ) Health System to discuss what executives can do to build trust, without more money. The suggestions given include earning trust from employees, as well as patients; encouraging continuous learning, leadership, and innovation among employees; building personal relationships with employees; and improving all aspects of service, not just medical care.
Building Trust in the Clinician’s Office and at the Bedside
Authors: Toran Richard , King Howard 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter discusses how the everyday actions of physicians can affect their patients' trust. It focuses on a few basics to build trust: communication, professionalism, adherence to the paradigm of patient care, and an understanding of the healthcare environment. It points out that the current high cost of medical care is largely responsible for eroding patient trust, and suggests ways for physicians to help patients understand and reduce these costs. The chapter provides suggestions to incorporate a more psychosocial approach to the clinical interview that could help increase trust and satisfaction in the patient-physician relationship. It concludes by providing a checklist of actions physicians can take to improve the patient-physician relationship.
Conclusion: Trust in Healthcare, Trust in Society
Authors: Roberts Marc J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Patients as consumers are playing an increasingly large role in the healthcare system and medical decision-making. This shift in roles suggests trust must be a central feature in every healthcare organization's competitive strategy in order to attract and retain patients. This chapter focuses on why trust is critical, and yet so difficult to cultivate at the organizational level; why building trust is more difficult in the healthcare sector than other industries; how trust can lead to competitive advantage; and possible responses for managers to address the trust issue. Medical care is based on scientific research, but still relies on physician intuition and judgments that may be mistaken. Instead, the healthcare industry should support well-designed studies so that physicians can provide evidence-based care. The chapter examines the two components of trust—competence and conscience—and how these two aspects exist and interact in modern medicine.
Interactive Role of Genes and the Environment
Authors: Frank John , Lomax Geoffrey , Baird Patricia , Lock Margaret 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWhile enthusiasm for discovering genetic correlates of disease is currently widespread, it is important to view genetic mechanisms as only part of the “web of causation” of population health and as a modest component of approaches to improving population health status. This chapter argues that most common diseases in technologically advanced societies are multifactorial in origin, meaning that they are the product of complex interactions between our genetic endowment and our environment, acting over the course of a lifetime. The usefulness of genetics is also limited by the fact that there are profound difficulties in the implementation of broad-based genetic screening and intervention programs at the population level that would be required if new genetic knowledge were to radically alter disease frequency in entire societies. The chapter examines these argument with the use of several examples.
Global and Local Perspectives on Population Health
Authors: Lock Margaret , Nguyen Vinh-Kim , Zarowsky Christina 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWhile much of the research on the impact of social conditions on health has focused on the notion of “determinants of health,” this chapter is grounded on the assumption that neither biological nor social and cultural variables should be understood as determinants of health and disease, but rather as contributing factors to disease causation. The chapter begins with an elaboration of the book's position, and continues with a presentation of three case studies: female aging and menopause, the AIDS epidemic in West Africa, and the refugee experience of Somalis in Ethiopia. It concludes that awareness of the complexity of biosocial configurations—the relationship among local bilogies, social groupings, and dominant cultural values and concepts—can guide policy choices that are responsive to the particular dynamics of population health in any given location.
Universal Medical Care and Health Inequalities: Right Objectives, Insufficient Tools
Authors: Roos Noralou P. , Brownell Marni , Menec Verena 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter aims to answer the question: What role does medical care play in determining population health? The Canadian health care system, with its universal medical care coverage, provides an important opportunity for assessing the impact of medical care on health. This chapter presents the findings of research examining this question in the province of Manitoba in a study that spans ten years, and reviews existing evidence on the relation between socioeconomic disparities, health care use, and health. It concludes that while a universal health care system is definitely the right policy tool for delivering care to those in need, investments in health care should not be confused with policies whose primary intent is to improve population health or reduce inequalities in health.
Work and Health: New Evidence and Enhanced Understandings
Authors: Mustard Cam , Lavis John N. , Ostry Aleck 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses on how labor market experiences affect workers' health. It presents an integrated framework for thinking about how work may influence health, with a specific focus on the cumulative effects of labor market experiences over the work career. The evidence documenting the biological consequences of adverse work experiences is then briefly reviewed. The chapter continues with a description of significant changes in the structure and organization of work over the past two decades and their implications for the health of working-age adults. Finally, it outlines some potential implications of these labor market changes for public and private sector labor market policies and practices, based on the belief that active labor market policies are not incompatible with robust economic growth.
Income Inequality as a Determinant of Health
Authors: Ross Nancy , Wolfson Michael , Kaplan George A. , Dunn James R. , Lynch John , Sanmartin Claudia 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins by reviewing research evidence on the relationship between income and health at the individual level, and examines studies that have followed individuals through time to demonstrate the direction of the relationship. This is a fundamental starting point since the individual relationship between income and health likely underlies any analysis examining the connection between income inequality and population health. The chapter introduces research regarding this connection, and then compares the relationship between income inequality and health in jurisdictions within Canada and the United States, finding significant differences. It concludes with a series of hypotheses about why health outcomes in Canada and the United States are so different.
Reallocating Resources across Public Sectors to Improve Population Health
Authors: Stoddart Greg L. , Eyles John D. , Lavis John N. , Chaulk Paul C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAs the interconnected nature of determinants of health becomes increasingly apparent, so does the need for intersectoral policy development. A significant challenge in this regard is the need to reallocate resources between sectors within the public sector in order to apply a determinants-of-health approach to resource allocation. This chapter examines the case of the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island (PEI), one of the first governments to design an explicit mechanism to facilitate cross-sectoral reallocation. It begins with a description of policy development and implementation, and the attempt to establish a process for evaluating health reform. It then discusses the results of four related studies of cross-sectoral reallocation in PEI. Finally, it considers the modest effects of this policy and the lessons learned from the PEI experience.
Where Do We Go from Here? Translating Research to Policy
Authors: Earle Alison , Heymann Jody , Lavis John N. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe common characteristic among the determinants of population health discussed in previous chapters of this volume is that they are fundamentally aggregate-level, social factors over which a single individual has little control. Affecting these factors requires policy-level social change. However, existing research is often not used, or not used to its full potential, in policy formation. This chapter examines the issue of how to influence policy makers and other actors who are in a position to implement broad-scale policy change. It explores evidence regarding the use of research in policy development using a series of case studies, which hopefully will offer insights for the use of population health research.
Introduction
Authors: Frumkin Howard 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the conditions of schools in the U.S. and the importance of the school environment. It provides an overview of the subsequent chapters. It then discusses the various themes that recur throughout this book, including children's vulnerability to the effects of hazardous environmental exposure, the importance of a team approach to safe and healthy school environments, the positive influence of involved adults, and the complexity of policymaking.
Crowding, Class Size, and School Size
Authors: Maxwell Lorraine E. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter discusses two separate but related aspects of the school environment: population, in relation to both class size and the size of the school, and crowding. Overcrowding affects the performance and well-being of both students and teachers. Regardless of school size, overcrowding is a concern if the school is beyond its intended capacity. Population issues relate to both class size and the size of the school. Crowding is both a subjective experience and a measurable condition. Crowded conditions can be alleviated by modifying school size, class size, and furniture arrangements.
Lighting
Authors: Erwine Barbara 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes the breadth of the impact that lighting has on the health, well-being, and performance of schoolchildren and staff. Good lighting design can improve health and learning as well as increase safety, reduce vandalism, lower energy use, and help students maintain visual connections with the environment. In contrast, bad lighting design contributes negatively to these issues. A holistic approach to optimal lighting includes provision of daylight and views in all classrooms and work areas, integration of daylight and electric lighting, and the addition of flexible lighting controls. Causes of lighting problems include insufficient or unbalanced light, glare, unnatural lamp characteristics, and annoying side effects. Careful planning early in the building design results in a healthy lighting system while frequent system assessment ensures consistent performance.
Food Safety
Authors: Sneed Jeannie 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter introduces the field of food safety as it applies to schools. Problems with food safety result from the presence of biological, chemical, or physical hazards in the food. Symptoms of foodborne illness may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and, less frequently, fever or headache. Food consumed at schools may be prepared by different people and served in multiple venues. Outside vendors may also prepare and serve school meals. Best practices for food safety in the school include food safety policy and procedures, adequate facilities to support food safety, proper food safety certification, implementation of an HACCP program, and food safety education for students.
Nutrition at School
Authors: Larson Nicole , Story Mary 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes nutritional concerns for youth, the impact of school nutrition programs, the current environment in schools, tools for assessing school nutrition environments, and model efforts to improve school nutrition. A healthy school food environment can influence students to make healthful food choices, helping in turn to combat rising trends in weight problems, obesity, diabetes, and related conditions among children. Obstacles to healthy school food environments include snack bars and vending machines, a la carte food programs, and easy access to fast foods. Strategies to establish healthy food environments in schools include School Nutrition Advisory Councils, school policies, educational interventions, and the provision of attractive, healthy food choices.
Violence and Crime Prevention through Environmental Design
Authors: Schneider Tod 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses violence and crime prevention in schools. Environmental changes can help protect schools from violence, crime, and other antisocial behavior. First-generation Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) focuses on physical measures: improving natural surveillance, access control, and territoriality. Second-generation CPTED addresses the affective environment and promotes connectivity through a positive school climate and culture.