bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring variation in pressure ulcer prevalence in Sweden and the USA: benchmarking in action
Authors: Gunningberg Lena , Donaldson Nancy , Aydin Carolyn , Idvall Ewa 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAim  To compare overall unit‐level pressure ulcer (PU) prevalence, hospital‐acquired pressure ulcer (HAPU) prevalence and prevention strategies, as well as nurse staffing and workload in two hospitals in Sweden with data from the USA.Methods  Medical and surgical units in a university hospital and a general hospital in Sweden were compared with 207 hospitals in the USA participating in the Collaborative Alliance for Nursing Outcomes (CALNOC) benchmarking registry. All adult inpatients in university hospital (n = 630), general hospital (n = 253) and CALNOC hospitals (n = 3506) were included in the study. Outcome indicators were pressure ulcer prevalence for all types (PU) and HAPU prevalence, specifically. Process indicators were risk assessment and PU prevention strategies. Structure indicators were nurse staffing (hours of care, and skill mix) and workload (admissions, discharges and transfers).Results  The prevalence of PU (categories 1–4) was 17.6% (university hospital) and 9.5% (general hospital) compared with 6.3–6.7% in the CALNOC sample. The prevalence of full thickness HAPU (categories 3 and 4) was 2.7% (university hospital) and 2.0% (general hospital) compared with 0–0.5% in the CALNOC sample. Risk and skin assessment varied between 6% and 60% in the Swedish hospitals compared with 100% in the CALNOC sample. Total hours per patient day were 8.4 in both Swedish hospitals and 9.5 to 9.8 in the CALNOC hospitalsConclusions  The findings suggest a link between processes of care and outcomes that is exciting to observe internationally and suggest the opportunity to expedite performance improvement through global benchmarking. Using HAPU as a complement to point prevalence of PU in Sweden has revealed this indicator as a more valid measure for patient care quality.
Evaluation of the physicians' approach to the diagnosis and treatment of patients with antituberculosis drug‐induced hepatotoxicity
Authors: Thongraung Wilawan , Sittidach Maneerat , Khwansuwan Panatda , Sariyasuntorn Kanitha , Wongsampan Sirinart 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjectives  To describe the practices of physicians on the diagnosis and treatment of antituberculosis drug‐induced hepatotoxicity (ATH), and to evaluate the concordance between these practices and the American Thoracic Society (ATS) 2006 guidelines.Methods  Information was reviewed on 670 new cases of tuberculosis patients aged not less than 15 years and registered at the outpatient clinics of a large hospital in southern Thailand during October 2006 to September 2009. The patient was identified as having ATH if: (1) he/she was diagnosed as transaminitis, hepatitis or hepatotoxicity from antituberculosis (anti‐TB) drugs; (2) their treatment regimen was subsequently modified by their attending physicians; and (3) their liver enzyme decreased after withdrawal of the suspected anti‐TB drugs. Compliance with the ATS guidelines was considered on diagnosis, initial management, selection of alternative regimens, and a reintroduction strategy.Results  The prevalence of ATH was 6.7%. The proportion of patients diagnosed as ATH in accordance with the ATS 2006 guidelines was 73.8%. For the initial management, isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide were concurrently stopped in 55.0% of patients. While waiting for normalization of liver enzymes, 28 patients (70.0%) were treated with alternative regimens and 12 patients (30.0%) took no drug. Only 47.5% of the ATH patients received a regimen in accordance with ATS guidelines, including three less hepatotoxic drugs (ethambutol, ofloxacin and streptomycin). Of 34 patients who discontinued the treatment, anti‐TB drugs were reintroduced sequentially in 30 patients (88.2%). Of these, only 23.4% were firstly rechallenged with rifampicin as suggested by the ATS guidelines.Conclusions  The practice of physicians on the diagnosis and management of ATH varied. The practices of physicians on the diagnosis and rechallenged method were in high compliance with the ATS guidelines. For the initial management and selection of alternative regimens, the physicians' compliance was not good.
Caregivers' difficulties in activating long‐term mental illness patients with low self‐esteem
Authors: ERDNER A. , MAGNUSSON A. 
Published: June 2011

Accessible summary
Caregivers have knowledge about the importance of activities for the self‐esteem of patients with mental illness.
The caregivers do not apply their knowledge about activities and its importance for self‐esteem. They expect others to take care of this.
Caregivers in psychiatric care should be supported to implement their knowledge about activities in the care of patients with mental illness.
AbstractThe aim of the study was to describe psychiatric caregivers' perceptions of self‐esteem and activities for patients with long‐term mental illness. The study design used a qualitative approach, based on an open lifeworld perspective. A total of 13 caregivers at four psychiatric hospital units in a large Swedish city were interviewed about their views on patients' physical activity and/or other pastimes, as well as their self‐esteem and its bearing on the patients' well‐being. According to the caregivers, it is up to the patients themselves to decide what they wish to occupy themselves with. In the same time the caregivers' opinions are that patients have difficulties to occupy themselves. The caregivers believe that patients' disability is based in a lack of self‐esteem, commitment and capacity to realize their wishes. The caregivers in this study argue that activities are valuable for self‐esteem and physical health of people with long‐term mental illness. The caregivers consider that it is the patient's responsibility to initiate their needs of activities. This means that the caregivers do not use their knowledge about the importance of activities for the patient's health. Search terms: activity, caregivers, mental illness.
The periplasmic membrane proximal domain of MacA acts as a switch in stimulation of ATP hydrolysis by MacB transporter
Authors: Modali Sita D. , Zgurskaya Helen I. 
Published: June 2011

Summary Escherichia coli MacAB‐TolC is a tripartite macrolide efflux transporter driven by hydrolysis of ATP. In this complex, MacA is the periplasmic membrane fusion protein that stimulates the activity of MacB transporter and establishes the link with the outer membrane channel TolC. The molecular mechanism by which MacA stimulates MacB remains unknown. Here, we report that the periplasmic membrane proximal domain of MacA plays a critical role in functional MacA–MacB interactions and stimulation of MacB ATPase activity. Binding of MacA to MacB stabilizes the ATP‐bound conformation of MacB, whereas interactions with both MacB and TolC affect the conformation of MacA. A single G353A substitution in the C‐terminus of MacA inactivates MacAB‐TolC function by changing the conformation of the membrane proximal domain of MacA and disrupting the proper assembly of the MacA‐MacB complex. We propose that MacA acts in transport by promoting MacB transition into the closed ATP‐bound conformation and in this respect, is similar to the periplasmic solute‐binding proteins.
Simultaneous silencing of endo‐β‐1,4 xylanase genes reveals their roles in the virulence of Magnaporthe oryzae
Authors: Nguyen Quoc Bao , Itoh Kenji , Van Vu Ba , Tosa Yukio , Nakayashiki Hitoshi 
Published: June 2011

SummaryDue to functional redundancy, it is often difficult to genetically analyse the biological function of fungal cell wall‐degrading enzymes that belong to a gene family. To overcome this difficulty, we used RNAi to knock‐down (KD) multiple xylanase genes to elucidate their roles in the pathogenicity of the blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae. To obtain the maximum average efficiency of gene silencing for the xylanase genes, we used the ‘building blocks method’, in which a 40 bp sequence was chosen from an endoxylanase gene, and 10 such sequences from 10 endoxylanases were combined to make an artificial RNAi trigger by synthetic DNA. Quantitative RT‐PCR analysis revealed that the transcript levels of all the expressed xylanase genes were significantly reduced in KD mutants with the artificial RNAi trigger. Even though the KD mutants did not completely lose their pathogenicity to host plants, the number of lesions, rate of penetration and extent of infected cells were all reduced in KD mutant‐infected leaves. The degree of pathogenicity reduction was associated with the silencing levels of xylanase mRNA and enzymatic activity in the KD mutants. Cytological analysis indicated that xylanases play significant roles in both vertical penetration and horizontal expansion of M. oryzae in infected plants.
LRRK2 expression in idiopathic and G2019S positive Parkinson's disease subjects: a morphological and quantitative study
Authors: Sharma S. , Bandopadhyay R. , Lashley T. , Renton A. E. M. , Kingsbury A. E. , Kumaran R. , Kallis C. , Vilariño‐Güell C. , O'Sullivan S. S. , Lees A. J. , Revesz T. , Wood N. W. , Holton J. L. 
Published: June 2011

S. Sharma, R. Bandopadhyay, T. Lashley, A. E. M. Renton, A. E. Kingsbury, R. Kumaran, C. Kallis, C. Vilariño‐Güell, S. S. O'Sullivan, A. J. Lees, T. Revesz, N. W. Wood and J. L. Holton (2011) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology37, 777–790LRRK2 expression in idiopathic and G2019S positive Parkinson's disease subjects: a morphological and quantitative studyAims: Mutations in the gene encoding leucine‐rich repeat kinase‐2 (LRRK2) have been established as a common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). The distribution of LRRK2 mRNA and protein in the human brain has previously been described, although it has not been reported in PD cases with the common LRRK2 G2019S mutation. Methods: To further elucidate the role of LRRK2 in PD, we determined the localization of LRRK2 mRNA and protein in post‐mortem brain tissue from control, idiopathic PD (IPD) and G2019S positive PD cases. Results: Widespread neuronal expression of LRRK2 mRNA and protein was recorded and no difference was observed in the morphological localization of LRRK2 mRNA or protein between control, IPD and G2019S positive PD cases. Using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction, we demonstrated that there is no regional variation in LRRK2 mRNA in normal human brain, but we have identified differential expression of LRRK2 mRNA with significant reductions recorded in limbic and neocortical regions of IPD cases compared with controls. Semi‐quantitative analysis of LRRK2 immunohistochemical staining demonstrated regional variation in staining intensity, with weak LRRK2 immunoreactivity consistently recorded in the striatum and substantia nigra. No clear differences were identified in LRRK2 immunoreactivity between control, IPD and G2019S positive PD cases. LRRK2 protein was identified in a small proportion of Lewy bodies. Conclusions: Our data suggest that widespread dysregulation of LRRK2 mRNA expression may contribute to the pathogenesis of IPD.
Elemental formula annotation of polar and lipophilic metabolites using 13C, 15N and 34S isotope labelling, in combination with high‐resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Giavalisco Patrick , Li Yan , Matthes Annemarie , Eckhardt Aenne , Hubberten Hans‐Michael , Hesse Holger , Segu Shruthi , Hummel Jan , Köhl Karin , Willmitzer Lothar 
Published: June 2011

SummaryThe unbiased and comprehensive analysis of metabolites in any organism presents a major challenge if proper peak annotation and unambiguous assignment of the biological origin of the peaks are required. Here we provide a comprehensive multi‐isotope labelling‐based strategy using fully labelled 13C, 15N and 34S plant tissues, in combination with a fractionated metabolite extraction protocol. The extraction procedure allows for the simultaneous extraction of polar, semi‐polar and hydrophobic metabolites, as well as for the extraction of proteins and starch. After labelling and extraction, the metabolites and lipids were analysed using a high‐resolution mass spectrometer providing accurate MS and all‐ion fragmentation data, providing an unambiguous readout for every detectable isotope‐labelled peak. The isotope labelling assisted peak annotation process employed can be applied in either an automated database‐dependent or a database‐independent analysis of the plant polar metabolome and lipidome. As a proof of concept, the developed methods and technologies were applied and validated using Arabidopsis thaliana leaf and root extracts. Along with a large repository of assigned elemental compositions, which is provided, we show, using selected examples, the accuracy and reliability of the developed workflow.
A novel NDUFV1 gene mutation in complex I deficiency in consanguineous siblings with brainstem lesions and Leigh syndrome
Authors: Vilain C , Rens C , Aeby A , Balériaux D , Van Bogaert P , Remiche G , Smet J , Van Coster R , Abramowicz M , Pirson I 
Published: June 2011

Vilain C, Rens C, Aeby A, Balériaux D, Van Bogaert P, Remiche G, Smet J, Van Coster R, Abramowicz M, Pirson I. A novel NDUFV1 gene mutation in complex I deficiency in consanguineous siblings with brainstem lesions and Leigh syndrome.Although deficiency of complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain is a frequent cause of encephalopathy in children, only a few mutations have been reported in each of its subunits. In the absence of families large enough for conclusive segregation analysis and of robust functional testing, it is difficult to unequivocally show the causality of the observed mutations and to delineate genotype–phenotype correlations, making additional observations necessary. We observed two consanguineous siblings with an early‐onset encephalopathy, medulla, brainstem and mesencephalon lesions on brain magnetic resonance imaging and death before 8 months of age, caused by a complex I deficiency. We used a homozygosity mapping approach and identified a missense mutation in the NDUFV1 gene. The mutation, p.Arg386His, affects a highly conserved residue, contiguous to a cysteine residue known to coordinate an Fe ion. This observation adds to our understanding of complex I deficiency disease. It validates the important role of Arg386 and therefore supports the current molecular model of iron–sulfur clusters in NDUFV1.
Genetically‐modified pig mesenchymal stromal cells: xenoantigenicity and effect on human T‐cell xenoresponses
Authors: Ezzelarab Mohamed , Ezzelarab Corin , Wilhite Tyler , Kumar Goutham , Hara Hidetaka , Ayares David , Cooper David K. C. 
Published: June 2011

Ezzelarab M, Ezzelarab C, Wilhite T, Kumar G, Hara H, Ayares D, Cooper DKC. Genetically‐modified pig mesenchymal stromal cells: xenoantigenicity and effect on human T‐cell xenoresponses. Xenotransplantation 2011; 18: 183–195. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  Background:  Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are being investigated as immunomodulatory therapy in the field of transplantation, particularly islet transplantation. While MSC can regenerate across species barriers, the immunoregulatory influence of genetically modified pig MSC (pMSC) on the human and non‐human primate T‐cell responses has not been studied.Methods:  Mesenchymal stromal cells from wild‐type (WT), α1,3‐galactosyltransferase gene knockout (GTKO) and GTKO pigs transgenic for the human complement‐regulatory protein CD46 (GTKO/CD46) were isolated and tested for differentiation. Antibody binding and T‐cell responses to WT and GTKO pMSC in comparison with GTKO pig aortic endothelial cells (pAEC) were investigated. The expression of swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) class II (SLA II) was tested. Costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 mRNA levels were measured. Human T‐cell proliferation and the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in response to GTKO and GTKO/CD46 pMSC in comparison with human MSC (hMSC) were evaluated.Results:  α1,3‐galactosyltransferase gene knockout and GTKO/CD46 pMSC isolation and differentiation were achieved in vitro. Binding of human antibodies and T‐cell responses were lower to GTKO than those to WT pMSC. Human and baboon (naïve and sensitized) antibody binding were significantly lower to GTKO pMSC than to GTKO pAEC. Before activation, <1% of GTKO pMSC expressed SLA II, compared with 2.5% of GTKO pAEC. After pig interferon‐gamma (pIFN‐γ) activation, 99% of GTKO pAEC upregulated SLA II expression, compared with 49% of GTKO pMSC. Only 3% of GTKO pMSC expressed CD80 compared with 80% of GTKO pAEC without activation. After pIFN‐γ activation, GTKO pAEC upregulated CD86 mRNA level stronger than GTKO pMSC. The human CD4+ T‐cell response to GTKO pMSC was significantly weaker than that to GTKO pAEC, even after pIFN‐γ activation. More than 99% of GTKO/CD46 pMSC expressed hCD46. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and CD4+T‐cell responses to GTKO and GTKO/CD46 pMSC were comparable with those to hMSC, and all were significantly lower than to GTKO pAEC. GTKO/CD46 pMSC downregulated human T‐cell proliferation as efficiently as hMSC. The level of proinflammatory cytokines IL‐2, IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, and sCD40L correlated with the downregulation of T‐cell proliferation by all types of MSC.Conclusion:  Genetically modified pMSC is significantly less immunogenic than WT pMSC. GTKO/CD46 pMSC downregulates the human T‐cell responses to pig antigens as efficiently as human MSC, which can be advantageous for therapeutic cell xenotransplantation.
Diabetes UK evidence‐based nutrition guidelines for the prevention and management of diabetes
Authors: Dyson P. A. , Kelly T. , Deakin T. , Duncan A. , Frost G. , Harrison Z. , Khatri D. , Kunka D. , McArdle P. , Mellor D. , Oliver L. , Worth J. ,   on behalf of Diabetes UK Nutrition Working Group
Published: June 2011

Diabet. Med. 28, 1282–1288 (2011)AbstractThis article summarizes the Diabetes UK evidence‐based guidelines for the prevention of Type 2 diabetes and nutritional management of diabetes. It describes the development of the recommendations and highlights the key changes from previous guidelines.The nutrition guidelines include a series of recommendations for the prevention of Type 2 diabetes, nutritional management of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, weight management, management of microvascular and macrovascular disease, hypoglycaemia management, and additional considerations such as nutrition support, end‐of‐life care, disorders of the pancreas, care of the older person with diabetes, nutrition provided by external agencies and fasting. The evidence‐based recommendations were graded using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network methodology and, in a small number of topic areas, where strong evidence was lacking, the recommendations were reached by consensus.The Diabetes UK 2011 guidelines place an emphasis on carbohydrate management and a more flexible approach to weight loss, unlike previous guidelines which were expressed in terms of recommendations for individual nutrient intakes. Additionally, the guidelines for alcohol have been aligned to national recommendations.The full evidence‐based nutrition guidelines for the prevention and management of diabetes are available from: http://www.diabetes.org.uk/nutrition‐guidelines
Criminal Sittings – Rape in the Colony, New Zealand, 1862
Authors: ERAI MICHELLE 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn 1862 His Honor, Justice Johnston, issued his instructions to the jury of the New Zealand Supreme Court for two simultaneous rape trials – the alleged rape of a European woman by two Māori men, and an alleged “assault with intent to commit a rape” of a Māori woman by a European man. This article argues that those instructions should be read within an historiographical critique of British colonial expansion, print capitalism and violence. Drawing on feminist postcolonial theorizing the question posed here, is, “What is the historical, ideological context for a newspaper reporting of the possible rape of a Māori woman in 1862?
AGGREGATE EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS AND (PARTIAL) LABOUR MARKET REFORMS
Authors: Jiménez‐Rodríguez Rebeca , Russo Giuseppe 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTEuropean labour markets have undergone several important innovations over the last three decades. Most countries have reformed their labour markets since the mid‐1990s, with the liberalization of fixed‐term contracts and temporary work agencies being the common elements to such reforms. This paper investigates the existence of a change in the dynamic behaviour of the aggregate employment for major European Union countries – France, Germany, Italy and Spain. According to our results, partial labour market reforms have made the response of the aggregate employment to output shocks larger and quite comparable to that found for the UK – the most flexible labour market in Europe since the Thatcher reforms.
The Changing Meaning of Community Space: Two Models of NGO Management of Community Gardens in New York City
Authors: EIZENBERG EFRAT 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis article examines two different models of space management, devised by NGOs to confront the marketization of public space in New York City through privatizing the land of community gardens. The Trust for Public Land promotes a model that emphasizes community ownership, while the New York Restoration Project promotes a model that emphasizes the preservation of land. The article compares the two models of NGO management of community gardens particularly through the lens of community participation, sense of ownership and control over space, and argues that both models transform the meaning of public space in ways that undermine its opportunity to develop as an autonomous community space.RésuméL'étude porte sur deux modèles de gestion spatiale conçus par des ONG face à la commercialisation de l'espace public de la ville de New York via la privatisation des terrains occupés par les jardins communautaires. D'un côté, le modèle du Trust for Public Land prône la propriété communautaire, de l'autre, celui du New York Restoration Project privilégie la préservation des terrains. La comparaison des modèles des deux ONG pour l'administration des jardins communautaires s'effectue à travers le prisme de la participation communautaire, du sens de la propriété et de la maîtrise des espaces. Il en résulte que, l'un comme l'autre, ils transforment la signification de l'espace public d'une façon qui compromet la possibilité d'un aménagement en tant qu'espace communautaire autonome.
The Economics of Marriage
Authors: Cigno Alessandro 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn a separate-property jurisdiction, marriage may induce domestic cooperation, and enhance efficiency in the production of children, because it may lend credibility to the prospective main earner’s promise to compensate the main childcarer at some future date, when the children will no longer be economically dependent on them. In a community-property jurisdiction, marriage will induce domestic cooperation, and enhance efficiency in the production of children, because it rules out strategic behavior. Whatever the matrimonial property regime, reducing the cost or difficulty of obtaining a divorce will have no permanent effect on the divorce rate. In separate-property jurisdiction, it will encourage marriage, and induce more married women to specialize in market work. Couples should be allowed to choose the matrimonial property regime.