bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The retention of protein by growing pigs
Authors: Th Reimers J. H. W. , Bartel L. H. 
Published: March 2009

1. Exp. I was conducted with two pigs in each group, which pigs were kept during certain times in digestion boxes, permitting the separate collection of faeces and urine.2. The total amount of food given to the pigs was slightly below the present standards.3. The different rations contained different amounts of protein and different amounts of non-nitrogenous constituents.4. Exp. II was conducted with one pig in each group and served to control and supplement the data collected in the previous experiment.
Clover rot
Authors: Weston W. A. R. Dillon , Loveless A. R. , Taylor R. Eric 
Published: March 2009

1. Clover sickness caused by Sclerotinia Trifoliorum is widely distributed in the American continent and western Europe; and in Britain it is often of considerable importance, especially in parts of East Anglia and Yorkshire. The severity of the disease is dependent upon the season, and in some countries very severe financial loss may result.2. Most of the commonly grown legumes are subject to the disease, but they vary in their susceptibility. Peas affected with the disease have not been observed in the field although they succumb to artificial inoculation.
A preliminary note on the effect of sodium silicate in increasing the yield of barley
Authors: Fisher R. A. 
Published: March 2009

The addition of sodium silicate has been found to increase the yield of barley to a considerable extent, this effect being most marked when no superphosphate is added.The phosphatic content of the ash is not greatly increased in the grain, and is diminished in one case in the straw; the conclusion from this observation that the silicate does not act by releasing soil phosphates, but as a plant stimulus, overlooks the fact that the addition of silica to the ash naturally reduces the percentage of other constituents, and should be discounted.The phosphate removed annually in the crop is greatly increased on the plots receiving silicate, even when this removal has continued for many years without replacement.That additional phosphate is actually made available to the crop on the plots receiving silicate is shown by the increase in the proportion of phosphate in the dry weight of the crop, which appears on all the plots, and at all periods.This increase is quantitatively sufficient to account for the increased yield in grain and straw, without postulating the aid of any stimulus to plant growth.
A study of the metabolism of two breeds of pig: (With some remarks on a third)
Authors: Deighton Thomas 
Published: March 2009

The metabolism of a Berkshire and a Middle White pig has been investigated by means of the calorimeters at the School of Agriculture, Cambridge. The general routine and technique of the observations have been as heretofore.Measurements of the fasting katabolism of each of the two pigs have been obtained in a series extending from an early age to maturity, and the phenomena in general follow the lines of those originally discovered in the Large White; but the fasting katabolism of the Middle White was below that of the Large White earlier studied.The fall in body temperature and in metabolism during the fasts were found to be correlated, and the possible effect of skin colour in this matter is noted.The effect of environmental temperature is investigated and reasons are given for supposing that the critical temperature of the Middle White pig is very low.It is concluded that the existence of a maximum somewhere in the curve showing fasting katabolism per unit area at different ages is necessitated by the two physiological facts (a) that warm blooded animals have to be maintained at a temperature which varies only within very narrow limits, and (b) that the processes of growth are accompanied by waste of energy as heat.
Body mass loss and body fluid shifts during dehydration in Dorper sheep
Authors: Degen A. A. , Kam M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYDorper sheep are raised in extreme desert areas. Body mass loss and body fluid shifts were measured in Dorper rams denied water for 4 days and offered only wheat straw. The rams lost 16·3% body mass, 22·0% total body water volume, 35·1 % extracellular fluid volume and 41·7% plasma volume. On first drinking following dehydration, Dorpers were able to consume 19·7% of their dehydrated body mass and 100·3 % of their body mass loss. It was concluded that Dorpers can survive in harsh deserts through their ability to withstand dehydration and quickly replenish body mass losses when water becomes available.
Studies in Tropical Soils. III. The Shrinkage Behaviour of Lateritic and Kaolinitic Soils
Authors: Hardy F. 
Published: March 2009

V. Summary1. This article describes the comparative results of the determination of shrinkage constants (Haines’ method) and of certain soil moisture constants for a series of clay soils representative of three important classes, namely,tropical red soilsderived from igneous rocks and from limestone,kaolinitic soilsand materials, andgrey and yellow soils, mainly derived from aqueous sedimentary rocks.2. An attempt is made to interpret the data in terms of Wilsdon's micro-reticular hypothesis of soil colloidal structure, and to explain the physical significance of some of the constants measured, particularly sticky point moisture (S), loss on ignition (I), water uptake from aqueous vapour (H, R), and Haines’ “residual shrinkage” moisture content (d).3. The results indicate thattropical red soils closely resemble kaolinitic materials in their shrinkage behaviour and moisture relations, but that they are intermediate between this type and grey and yellow soils, which exhibit characteristic high total shrinkage, marked residual shrinkage and high adsorptive capacity for moisture and for cations.4. A brief review of recent literature concerning the mineralogy of clay minerals (based on X-ray analysis and optical examination) is offered in support of these findings.5. The need of detailed mineralogical investigations of the products of weathering of rocks under humid tropical conditions is urged. Such study might reveal the causes of the characteristic and peculiar field properties of tropical red soils which appear to have been neglected by soil physical-chemists.
Sugar-beet pulp as a source of pectin
Authors: Codling A. J. , Woodman H. E. 
Published: March 2009

It has been shown that dried sugar-beet pulp contains a high percentage of pectose. A number of successive digestions of 1 hour each with 0·5 per cent. ammonium oxalate at 100° C. extracts an amount of pectin equal to 34·5 per cent. of the weight of dried beet pulp, basing the determination on the weight of crude pectin precipitated when the extracts are run into 95 per cent. alcohol. A single prolonged digestion gives a yield of crude pectin equal to 32·2 per cent. of the dried beet pulp.Digestion with acidic reagents, such as 0·5 per cent. oxalic acid, 0·6 per cent. tartaric acid, N/20 hydrochloric acid, etc., leads to a quicker extraction of pectin, owing to a speeding up of the pectose to pectin hydrolysis. The yield of pectin, however, is not thereby necessarily enhanced, since under such conditions the pectin undergoes a slow secondary hydrolysis during the extraction with the formation of reducing substances not precipitated by alcohol.Prolonged digestion at 100· C. of dried sugar-beet pulp with water alone also leads to a satisfactory extraction of pectin.
Chick rearing: VIII. The preparation of a sensitive and diagnostic stained antigen for the rapid whole-blood test for bacillary white diarrhoea of chicks
Authors: Mann T. Barton 
Published: March 2009

A method is presented for the preparation of a sensitive and diagnostic stained antigen for the detection of fowls suspected of infection by the organisms found in epidemic bacillary white diarrhoea (pullorum disease).Evidence is presented that an antigen prepared from organisms grown in a medium which provides for the peculiar growth requirements of the anaerobic organism associated with anaerogenic pullorum, is more sensitive than antigens prepared from organisms grown on media which lack these peculiar growth factors.A stained antigen has been prepared which is agglutinated by pullorum antisera in 15 sec. at 4°C. and in 6 sec. a t 15°C. and which is not agglutinated by normal sera in 5 min.The author wishes to thank the Directors of Messrs J. Bibby and Sons, Ltd., for permission to publish these papers.In particular he would thank Mr J. Pye Bibby for his keen interest in the investigations and for his loyal support throughout.In addition he wishes to thank Miss Margaret Davies for her assistance in the bacteriological investigations, and Miss Margaret Shafto for laboratory work and the compilation of relevant data.
Decomposition of cacao leaves under natural conditions
Authors: Humphries E. C. , Rodrigues G. 
Published: March 2009

1. A method is described whereby absolute changes in the organic and mineral constituents of cacao leaves during decomposition may be followed.2. On a basis of their behaviour during decomposition, the components measured fall naturally into three groups. The first group comprises lignin, total protein, resistant protein, dilute-acid protein, concentrated-acid protein and nitrate-nitrogen; these exhibit an absolute increase during decompositión. The second group, represented by hemicelluloses, cellulose and pentosans, all show a downward trend, the decrease being most rapid at the outset. Alcohol- and ether-soluble substances constitute the third group and are characterized by a very rapid decrease during the first few weeks of decomposition.3. A large amount of material soluble in dilute acid which is neither protein nor reducing sugar is not accounted for; this on a carbon basis constitutes over 50% of the dilute acid hydrolysable fraction. The trend of this fraction is somewhat similar to the carbohydrate fractions. It is pointed out that this fraction should not be neglected in a proximate analysis of decomposing organic matter.4. Potassium exhibits a very rapid decrease at the onset of decomposition, and the trend is closely parallel to the alcohol- and ether-soluble substances. At times of heavy leaf fall there is consequently a marked manurial effect which may amount to the equivalent of 1 cwt. of sulphate of potash per acre.
Control of potato golden cyst-nematode, Globodera rostochiensis, by nematicides applied once or twice in two rotations
Authors: Whitehead A. G. , Nichols A. J. F. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn soil moderately infested with potato golden cyst-nematode, Globodera rostochiensis, nematicide treatments which lessened soil infestation when a susceptible potato crop was grown permitted a satisfactory second crop to be grown 3 years later without further treatment. In two experiments on heavily infested sandy loam on the same farm (Woburn Experimental Farm, Bedfordshire), aldicarb or oxamyl, incorporated in the seedbed in 1979 or 1980, greatly increased yields of Pentland Crown tubers and reduced the number of eggs left in the soil after harvest, but had little effect on a second crop of Pentland Crown potatoes grown 4 years later. Application of aldicarb or oxamyl to the seedbed before this second crop of potatoes increased yields and lessened nematode increase. The injection of 1,3-dichloropropene mixture (Telone II) into the soil in autumn at 224 kg/ha in one of these experiments did not enhance the nematode population control achieved by aldicarb or oxamyl alone.
The design and interpretation of experiments to study animal production from grazed pasture
Authors: Owen J. B. , Ridgman W. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYExperiments designed to assess differences between treatments in pasture productivity as measured by the production of animals are complicated by the stocking rates chosen. The paper attempts toderive a simple model relating production per animal and production per unit area to stocking rate for meat animals, based on biological considerations.A method is proposed which would allow meaningful grazing experiments to be carried out employing only one stocking rate, thus considerably reducing the expense of this type of experimentation.The model is applied to some recent data obtained by Hodgson (1966) and Appleton (1967, personal communication).
On the effect of sunshine on wheat yield at Rothamsted
Authors: Tippett L. H. C. 
Published: March 2009

The method used in this paper to reduce sunshine data is that developed by Fisher(1). It consists, briefly, in fitting to the distribution for each year, a curvewhere T0, T1T2, etc., are orthogonal polynomial functions of zero, first, second, etc., order in time. The constants s0, s1, s2, … etc., are found by least squares, and are correlated with similar rainfall constants (r0, r1, r2 etc.) and with the crop.The regression of the wheat yield on rainfall has already been found (1), so a method has been devised, whereby those results can be used in order to find the partial regression of wheat yield on the sunshine sequence, eliminating all rainfall effect.
The proteins of green forage plants: I. The proteins of some leguminous plants
Authors: Davies W. L. 
Published: March 2009

Attention has been drawn to our ignorance concerning the nature of the proteins of green forage plants and the gap in the science of nutrition which arises thereby in trying to apply to forage plants results obtained from proteins of concentrated foods.Methods of extraction of proteins from green tissue are outlined and applied to the study of the proteins of some common representative leguminous plants.The proteins so isolated have been analysed and characterised. Proteins thus prepared were found to resemble each other closely with respect to distribution of nitrogen into three groups.Representative samples of proteins were found to differ appreciably in their content of the different diamino acids as determined by the van Slyke method, showing variation to occur in the composition of protoplasmic proteins within a natural order, which confirms the observations of other workers on seed proteins within a natural order.The occurrence of large amounts of mineral matter in the extracts from lucerne, vetch and sainfoin, but not in those of the two clovers, together with the difficulty of obtaining pure samples of proteins from the clovers, points to the slightly less nutritive properties of the latter owing to the lesser availabilities in them of both the protein and ash.The nitrogen distribution in the protein-free extracts shows the amide nitrogen to be constant but ammonia nitrogen to be variable.
The reaction, exchangeable calcium, and “lime requirement” of certain Scottish soils
Authors: Ogg W. G. , Dow W. T. 
Published: March 2009

1. Of a large number of cultivated soils examined, chiefly from the south-east of Scotland, the majority had a pH between 5 and 6·5, a “lime requirement” of 0·05 to 0·25 per cent. CaCO3 and an exchangeable calcium content of 0·1 per cent, to 0·45 per cent. CaO.2. A general agreement was observed between these three sets of figures although numerous exceptions occurred.3. The reaction of a district of six square miles was studied in detail and of a single farm in still greater detail.4. Long unploughed soils were found to have a low pH, a low content of exchangeable calcium and a high “lime requirement.”5. Woodland, hill and heath soils were characterised in their surface layers by an extremely low pH (below 5 as a rule), a low content of exchangeable calcium (usually less than 0·1 per cent. CaO) and a high “lime requirement.”
The composition and nutritive value of sugar beet pulp
Authors: Woodman H. E. , Calton W. E. 
Published: March 2009

The object of the investigation which has been described in the present communication has been to secure information concerning the feeding value of sugar beet pulp as produced at the present time in this country. Data have been obtained respecting:(1) The composition and digestibility of wet sugar beet pulp.(2) The composition of dried sugar beet pulp and the digestibility of this feeding stuff when fed to ruminants (a) in the dry condition, and (b) after preliminary soaking in water.(3) The composition of molasses-sugar beet pulp.Data have been given showing the amounts of sugar beet by-products which are becoming available for use on the farm.The commercial processes of drying wet sugar beet pulp, and the method of manufacture of molasses-sugar beet pulp, have been described.It has been shown that crude fibre (20.3 per cent.) and N-free extractives (65.7 per cent.) constitute together more than four-fifths of the dry matter of sugar beet pulp, the latter being deficient in respect of protein, ash and oil. The carbohydrate of sugar beet pulp is invested with, special interest, being mainly in the form of pectose. A short account of the chemistry of the pectic substances has been given.
The composition and nutritive value of seeds hays
Authors: Ferguson W. S. , Watson S. J. 
Published: March 2009

The examination of 108 first year seeds hays showed the average crude protein content to be 9·0 ― and the average crude fibre content 25·7 ―. The crude protein content varied from 5·0 to 13·5 ― and was directly associated with the clover content.Figures obtained on hays cut in the second and third years of the ley suggest that the protein content falls, and the crude fibre content rises, with increasing age of ley.The composition and digestibility of twenty first year hays were determined and the average figures quoted for hays of high, medium and low clover content. The starch equivalent values of these hays were high and moderately constant, varying from 33·3 to 41·2, average 36·8. The protein equivalent values varied from 1·8 to 8·4 ―, average 5·1 ―.The composition and digestibility of four samples of second year seeds hay, two samples of third year hay, one sample of second cut hay in its first year and one sample of lucerne and cocksfoot hay were also determined.
On the breeding season in the sheep
Authors: Hammond J. 
Published: March 2009

Ewes. There was some variation from year to year in the times of onset and end of the breeding season; on the average it was evenly spaced on either side of the shortest day. Occasionally ewes were served and became pregnant at times well outside the normal limits of the breeding season. Lambs were allowed to suckle the ewes for as long as they would; when lambing occurred more than about 100 days from the start of the season there was no delay in onset of heat in the ewe. When lambing was later there was some delay, but the duration of the lactation anoestrum shortened to a minimum near the middle of the season and then lengthened again.In the first half of the season the period of the oestrous cycle lengthened slowly and steadily; in the second part it became more variable, there was first a slight shortening, but upon the whole it continued to increase in length. From the start of the season the frequency of twinning increased quickly to a peak in about November and then declined for the rest of the season. At the end of the season there was a high proportion of services not fertile.Lambs. Growth in the first 2 months was greatest in those born in May; in the fourth to sixth months it was greatest in the earliest born and least in the latest, the highest weight at 6 months old being reached by those earliest born.
Bracken ensilage
Authors: Ferguson W. S. , Neave O. 
Published: March 2009

Bracken cut in June was ensiled in various ways, and some of the products were examined for chemical composition, digestibility and palatability. The main findings were:1. Overheated silage was moderately palatable to sheep and cattle, but its digestibility was low and it approximated to wheat or barley straw in feeding value.2. Silage subjected to less heat was unpalatable, and in some cases was absolutely refused by sheep. The ensiled stems were preferred to the leaves. The digestibility was low but slightly better than that of the overheated silage.3. Ensiling seriously affects the digestibility of bracken protein. In two silages none of the true protein was digestible, and in one the digestibility of this constituent was only 12·9%.It is concluded that the ensiling of bracken is unlikely to prove profitable.
Fermentation in the rumen of cows given rations containing hay and flaked maize or rolled barley in widely different proportions
Authors: Sutton J. D. , Johnson V. W. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThree dry cows, each fitted with a permanent rumen fistula, were fed hay and flaked maize or hay and rolled barley in widely different proportions. All rations were offered at 7 kg dry matter daily for 3 weeks following hay alone. The cows refused all cereal 3 or 4 days after introduction of rations including 80 and 100% flaked maize; recovery of intake occurred in most instances within a further 3–10 days. On the 100% flaked maize ration, the refusals were associated with very low pH and high concentrations of lactic acid in the rumen.Refusalsof rolled barley were small and showed no clear pattern.Rumen fermentation was reasonably stable during the last week of each period except with the 100% barley rations. On the rations containing flaked maize, molar proportions of volatile fatty acids (VFA) varied widely but on only one occasion did the proportion of acetic acid fall below 55% and in two cows that consumed flaked maize alone, the proportion of acetic acid in the rumen exceeded 60%. On the rations containing rolled barley, increasing proportions of barley were associated with large decreases in the proportion of acetic acid and increases in the proportion of propionic acid. The maximum proportion of n-butyric acid was found on the rations containing 50% cereal.It is suggested that, when large proportions of cereals are fed, the proportions of VFA bear no clear relationship to the crude fibre content of the ration but that an association with rumen pH may exist.
The metabolism of fowl sperm in different diluents
Authors: van Tienhoven A. 
Published: March 2009

Dilution of fowl semen with phosphate or saline diluents depressed respiration, while dilution with seminal plasma did not affect respiration. Dilution with Tyrode solution resembled dilution with seminal plasma with respect to respiration. The effect of Tyrode solution seemed to be mainly due to its NaHCO3content.The effect of Ca, Mg and K ions depended on the anions in the diluents. Phosphate depressed respiration and glycolysis when it replaced saline in the Tyrode diluent.Dilution did not consistently increase respiration and in most cases depressed respiration.Fowl sperm preferentially utilized glucose when glucose and fructose were initially present in equal concentration in the diluent. The sperm metabolize glucose at a faster rate than fructose. No evidence was found for the formation of glucose from fructose under our experimental conditions.Initial respiration and glycolysis of fowl semen was depressed by the addition of glycine to the Tyrode diluent. However, the glycine addition resulted in a less sharp decrease in the hourly respiration rate.
The post-natal growth of the visceral organs of the lamb I. The growth of the visceral organs of the grazing lamb from birth to sixteen weeks of age
Authors: Wardrop I. D. , Coombe J. B. 
Published: March 2009

1. Thirty-two single lambs were grazed together on pasture. At weekly intervals, from birth to 112 days of age, two lambs were slaughtered and various organs weighed immediately after death. Also the alimentary tracts of seven adult sheep were obtained immediately after death.2. The rumen had the fastest growth rate of the four stomachs, followed by the reticulum, omasum, and abomasum, in that order.3. Immediately after birth the four stomachs altered rapidly in their relative proportions, but by about 66 days of age they had reached approximately adult proportions.4. The weights of the liver, heart and kidneys, relative to live weight, decreased during the first few weeks of life, and thereafter remained constant.5. The weight of the spleen, relative to live weight, increased during the first week of life and thereafter remained constant.