bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE NEW DIVIDED CITY: CHANGING PATTERNS IN EUROPEAN CITIES
Authors: VAN KEMPEN RONALD , MURIE ALAN 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTOver the last 20 years there has been a vigorous discussion of evidence related to new and more intense social and spatial divisions within European cities. These contributions have identified social and spatial polarisation associated with globalisation, deindustrialisation and the increasing income inequalities arising from these. However, various ‘moderating’ factors were identified to explain why different outcomes were emerging in European cities than in their American counterparts. In this context much of the literature has focused on types of national welfare state and as these arrangements have come under pressure across Europe it may be expected that differences from the USA may decline. However there are other literatures that, rather than emphasising the importance of national welfare states, refer to the stronger interventionist traditions of European governments and the distinctive characteristics of European cities. Differences in these dimensions within Europe – including those related to urban planning and decommodified housing – do not correlate with typologies of national welfare states and suggest continuing divergence within Europe and between Europe and the USA. Working within this framework, this introduction to a special issue argues that although European welfare states have weakened, other factors continue to sustain differences between European and American cities. When looking at newly emerging spatial patterns, the major economic and political changes experienced in countries in Central and Eastern Europe are important in explaining why these countries often show causes and effects that differ from their counterparts in Western Europe.
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION OF HISTORICAL NEIGHBOURHOODS IN BUDAPEST
Authors: KOVÁCS ZOLTÁN 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the situation of inner‐city neighbourhoods in Budapest with particular reference to the post‐socialist transformation. After 1990 the political and economic transformation of the country generated far reaching changes in socio‐economic patterns within Budapest. Due to privatisation of housing, the liberalisation of the property market, and the growing presence of global capital, the inner‐city neighbourhoods have been rapidly changing their facades as well as their social milieux. Increasing concentration of corporate capital, a general decline of residential function, as well as the striking social polarisation of neighbourhoods have been the most important outcomes. This paper provides empirical evidence about socio‐spatial differentiation and the changing patterns of residential segregation in the inner‐city of Budapest. It is argued that social differentiation and polarisation of these neighbourhoods was not started by the transformation but existed before the collapse of communism. Extreme forms of segregation, including ghettoisation, are the outcome of neoliberal political and economic conditions and the weakness of the welfare state. The post‐1990 trajectory of some of these neighbourhoods and the dual character of the inner‐city strongly resembles patterns in US cities.
FROM PRIORITY‐LED TO MARKET‐LED SUBURBANISATION IN A POST‐COMMUNIST METROPOLIS
Authors: LEETMAA KADRI , TAMMARU TIIT , ANNISTE KRISTI 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTRecently, Sjöberg and Gentile generalised the priority mechanisms that shaped the settlement systems and individual cities in countries that were formerly centrally planned. The paper adds the metropolitan level to those macro and microlevel approaches, and links the priority approach to a more general theory of the urban life cycle (Van den Berg and colleagues) in order to understand the processes of population change in this group of countries. The empirical content of the paper comes from the Tallinn metropolitan area (TMA), Estonia. We demonstrate through our analysis how the key metropolitan actors (families, companies, and the public sector) guided metropolitan residential change in the course of the late‐Soviet (1980s), transition (1990s), and post‐transition (present) decades. First, the priorities of the communist regime shaped the spatial structure of the TMA and the residential changes that have occurred in the post‐communist period have been affected by the Soviet‐era suburban housing stock and areas available for new developments around the city. Second, the passive attitude of the public authorities after 1991 increased the role of business actors in metropolitan dynamics. We exemplify how the changing balance of metropolitan actors interplays with inherited metropolitan space and shapes the residential choices set for families in the TMA.
CROATIAN CITIES UNDER TRANSFORMATION: NEW TENDENCIES IN HOUSING AND SEGREGATION
Authors: SPEVEC DUBRAVKA , BOGADI SANJA KLEMPIĆ 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper analyses changes and new tendencies related to housing and segregation patterns in Croatian cities following the process of transition from a centrally planned to a market economy. Housing in Croatia has experienced large changes since the beginning of the 1990s, including a massive privatisation process of public housing, rising costs of housing and an increasing diversification of housing types. New developments and changes in housing policy have to a large extent influenced the development of residential differentiation in larger Croatian cities.
SEGREGATION AND HOUSING OF MINORITY ETHNIC GROUPS IN WESTERN EUROPEAN CITIES
Authors: MUSTERD SAKO , VAN KEMPEN RONALD 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTSegregation of minority ethnic groups is a returning issue in public and political debates in many parts of the world. This paper focuses on Western European cities and presents information on levels and dynamics of segregation. While acknowledging the measurement problems, we feel comfortable in saying that overall segregation levels do not appear to increase. However, big differences exist, not just between immigrant groups in one city, but also between similar groups in different cities and countries. ‘Integration’ processes of those who settled a long time ago may be counterbalanced by new and difficult to predict immigration. Likely, individual preference, availability of resources, the role of the state, globalisation and economic restructuring as well as discrimination simultaneously impact on segregation.
NEIGHBOUR RELATIONS IN THE NETHERLANDS – A DECADE OF EVIDENCE
Authors: MOLLENHORST GERALD , VÖLKER BEATE , SCHUTJENS VERONIQUE 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTIn the current sociological and geographical literature, contrasting views exist on the role of the neighbourhood and neighbourhood relationships in the life of its residents in current societies. Some scholars believe that in our globalising world, local communities and the neighbourhood in general lost their significance, while others argue that the role of community and neighbourhood contacts is still important. These divergent opinions are mainly due to the absence of comparative empirical studies, which require longitudinal data on neighbourhood contacts. Based on unique and rich panel data on the role of neighbours in the personal networks of inhabitants of 161 Dutch neighbourhoods, we analyse whether neighbourhood contacts and their implications have changed over a 10 year period. We find that neighbourhood relationships have become more important in informal personal networks. This implies paying a visit and helping each other out with odd jobs, but at the same time contact frequency and trust declined in neighbour relationships. For elderly, highly educated residents, home‐owners, non‐movers and people with initially small local networks, the size of neighbour networks increased substantially, suggesting that at least for these groups, the ‘community saved’ perspective holds.
RISK INDIFFERENCE PRICING IN JUMP DIFFUSION MARKETS
Authors: Øksendal Bernt , Sulem Agnès 
Published: October 2009

We study the risk indifference pricing principle in incomplete markets: The (seller's) risk indifference price  is the initial payment that makes the risk involved for the seller of a contract equal to the risk involved if the contract is not sold, with no initial payment. We use stochastic control theory and PDE methods to find a formula for  and similarly for . In particular, we prove that

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where plow and pup are the lower and upper hedging prices, respectively.
English Further Education through American Eyes
Authors: Dougherty Kevin J. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis article examines various commonalities and divergences between the English further education system and its nearest US equivalent, the community college system. In terms of commonalities, the article discusses the reliance on sub‐university institutions to provide access to higher education, persistent dilemmas attendant to that reliance and conflicts over efforts to make non‐university post‐secondary institutions become more specialised in their missions. With regard to divergences, this article examines differences between the two types of institution in the strength of transfer arrangements, the ability to award the baccalaureate degree, the competitive environment and the balance between national and sub‐national governance.
The Significance of Australian Vocational Education Institutions in Opening Access to Higher Education
Authors: Moodie Gavin , Wheelahan Leesa 
Published: October 2009

AbstractVocational education provides an educational but not a social ladder of opportunity to Australian higher education. The five dual‐sector universities with significant enrolments in both vocational and higher education admit about twice the proportion of students transferring from vocational education as other universities. However, since the students in the upper levels of vocational education have a socio‐economic composition similar to higher education students, vocational education does not provide a social ladder of opportunity by increasing access by students from a low socio‐economic status background. Nevertheless, the article argues for the extension of dual‐sector universities and other measures to articulate vocational and higher education and that more needs to be done to improve the representativeness of the upper levels of vocational education.
The Global Financial Crisis: Causes and Cures*
Authors: CARMASSI JACOPO , GROS DANIEL , MICOSSI STEFANO 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe massive financial instability of 2007–08 was, in the main, the result of lax monetary policy. Regulation compounded this error by allowing and encouraging excessive leverage and maturity transformation by banks. Innovation did contribute to reckless credit expansion and investments, but without lax money and excessive leverage, reckless bets on asset price increases would not have been possible. Therefore, a repeat of this instability could be avoided by correcting these two policy faults. There is no need for intrusive rules constraining non‐bank intermediaries and financial innovation. The main message is: keep it simple.
UK Economic Policy and the Global Financial Crisis: Paradigm Lost?*
Authors: HODSON DERMOT , MABBETT DEBORAH 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe global financial crisis of 2007–08 produced a sudden change in the economic policy of the United Kingdom (UK). Prior to the crisis, the government preached the gospel of price stability, fiscal prudence and light‐touch financial regulation. In the wake of the crisis, the government countenanced unconventional monetary policies, a surge in public‐sector borrowing and the need for a rethink of financial supervision. This article seeks to understand the significance of these changes using Peter Hall's theory of policy paradigms. Its central argument is that, contrary to appearances, the UK has not yet experienced a fundamental reordering of the instruments, institutions and aims of economic policy. Third‐order change cannot be ruled out as the crisis unfolds but the economic ideas underpinning UK economic policy have, for better or worse, demonstrated remarkable resilience thus far.
The ‘British Plan’ as a Pace‐Setter: The Europeanization of Banking Rescue Plans in the EU?*
Authors: QUAGLIA LUCIA 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis article examines to what extent the British banking rescue plan announced in late 2008 set the pace for the adoption of similar banking rescue plans across the European Union. This case study can be seen a ‘horizontal’ type of Europeanization, whereby a (perceived successful) policy template adopted in one country is subsequently implicitly endorsed (hence, ‘uploaded’) at the EU level and then adopted (hence, ‘downloaded’) in other countries, albeit with considerable national variations. The two main caveats are that the British plan was not particularly innovative – it provided a functional solution to the problem at hand – and the adoption of similar measures across Europe was politically feasible because this did not envisage any substantial EU‐level intervention as it proposed parallel national solutions to a common problem.
Regulation and Supervision of Financial Intermediaries in the EU: The Aftermath of the Financial Crisis*
Authors: BEGG IAIN 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe financial crisis has reopened debate on the architecture of financial regulation and prudential supervision in the EU, calling into question the home country control principle that has prevailed since the mid‐1980s. This article discusses how the growth of cross‐border financial intermediation can best be regulated to limit the ensuing risks of financial contagion. It argues that a supranational supervisory system is now needed for some intermediaries, but that proximity to market actors at national level remains important. This points to a quasi‐federal system as the way forward, but in constructing such a system account has to be taken of the diversity of Member State structures and preferences. The article concludes that even if a much more extensive EU‐level competence is theoretically the optimal way forward, political considerations make it unlikely, suggesting that the crisis has broader implications for European integration.
Precipitation of fracture fillings and cements in the Buntsandstein (NW Germany)
Authors: NOLLET S. , KOERNER T. , KRAMM U. , HILGERS C. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe relationship between fracturing and fracture filling in opening‐mode fractures in the Triassic Buntsandstein in the Lower Saxony Basin (LSB; NW Germany) has been studied by an integration of petrographic and structural analysis of core samples, strontium isotope analysis and microthermometry on fluid inclusions. This revealed the relationship between the timing of the fracturing and the precipitation of different mineral phases in the fractures by constraining the precipitation conditions and considering the possible fluid transport mechanisms. The core was studied from four different boreholes, located in different structural settings across the LSB. In the core samples from the four boreholes, fractures filled with calcite, quartz and anhydrite were found, in addition to pore‐filling calcite cementation. In boreholes 2 and 3, calcite‐filled fractures have a fibrous microstructure whereas in borehole 1, fractures are filled with elongate‐blocky calcite crystals. Anhydrite‐filled fractures have, in all samples, a blocky to elongate‐blocky microstructure. Fractures that are filled with quartz are observed in borehole 2 only where the quartz crystals are ‘stretched’ with an elongated habit. Fluid inclusion microthermometry of fracturing‐filling quartz crystals showed that quartz precipitation took place at temperatures of at least 140°C, from a fluid with NaCl–CaCl2–H2O composition. Melting phases are meta‐stable and suggest growth from high salinity formation water. Strontium isotopes, measured in leached host rock, indicate that, in boreholes 2 and 3, the fluid which precipitated the calcite cements and calcite‐filled fractures is most likely locally derived whereas in borehole 1, the 87Sr/86Sr ratios from the pore‐filling cements and in the elongate‐blocky calcite‐filled fracture can only be explained by mixing with externally derived fluids. The elongate‐blocky anhydrite‐filled fractures, present in boreholes 1, 3 and 4, precipitated from a mixture of locally derived pore fluids and a significant quantity of fluid with a lower, less radiogenic, 87Sr/86Sr ratio. Taking into account the structural evolution of the basin and accompanying salt tectonics, it is likely that the underlying Zechstein is a source for the less radiogenic fluids. Based on the samples in the LSB, it is probable that fibrous fracture fillings in sedimentary rocks most likely developed from locally derived pore fluids whereas elongate‐blocky fracture fillings with smooth walls developed from externally derived pore fluids.
Service users’ experiences of obtaining and giving information about disorders of sex development
Authors: Liao L‐M , Green H , Creighton SM , Crouch NS , Conway GS 
Published: October 2009

Please cite this paper as: Liao L, Green H, Creighton S, Crouch N, Conway G. Service users’ experiences of obtaining and giving information about disorders of sex development. BJOG 2010;117:193–199.Objective  To quantify participants’ experiences of obtaining and giving information about disorders of sex development (DSD).Design  Cross‐sectional survey study that asked people about their current and past experiences relating to DSD disclosure.Setting  A large tertiary referral centre for DSD management in the UK.Population  One hundred of 126 people with a confirmed diagnosis of DSD who were invited to participate in the study formed the usable sample.Methods  All people who attended clinic for follow‐up during the study period and members of a patient support group whose annual meeting fell within the study period were asked to complete the Middlesex Communication Survey.Main outcome measures  The Middlesex Communication Survey.Results  Younger participants were more likely to report having been appropriately informed about their diagnosis than older people. Nearly half of the former had been fully informed about their diagnosis by age 15 years, compared with 0% of the older age group. In terms of information sharing, mothers were most likely to be the person with whom the participant had shared (almost/all) DSD information (74%), followed by current partners (71%). Information relating to genital surgery, presence of testes and clitoral anomalies were the least likely aspects to have been unambiguously shared with even the most informed person.Conclusions  Our results suggest that difficulties in obtaining DSD information from care providers were common, and that communication has improved for younger participants. The study also confirmed that many people with DSD continue to struggle with confiding, even in those closest to them, about aspects of their diagnosis. Care protocol needs to centralise psychological adaptation, which should also be a primary focus for future research.
Murine cathepsin D deficiency is associated with dysmyelination/myelin disruption and accumulation of cholesteryl esters in the brain
Authors: Mutka Aino‐Liisa , Haapanen Aleksi , Käkelä Reijo , Lindfors Maria , Wright Ann K. , Inkinen Teija , Hermansson Martin , Rokka Anne , Corthals Garry , Jauhiainen Matti , Gillingwater Thomas H. , Ikonen Elina , Tyynelä Jaana 
Published: October 2009

J. Neurochem. (2010) 112, 193–203.AbstractCathepsin D (CTSD) deficiencies are fatal neurological diseases that in human infants and in sheep are characterized by extreme loss of neurons and myelin. To date, similar morphological evidence for myelin disruption in CTSD knockout mice has not been reported. Here, we show that CTSD deficiency leads to pronounced myelin changes in the murine brain: myelin‐related proteolipid protein and myelin basic protein were both markedly reduced at postnatal day 24, and the amount of lipids characteristically high in myelin (e.g. plasmalogen‐derived alkenyl chains and glycosphingolipid‐derived 20‐ and 24‐carbon acyl chains) were significantly lowered compared with controls. These changes were accompanied by ultrastructural alterations of myelin, including significant thinning of myelin sheaths. Furthermore, in CTSD knockout brains there was a pronounced accumulation of cholesteryl esters and abnormal levels of proteins related to cholesterol transport, with an increased content of apolipoprotein E and a reduced content of ATP‐binding cassette transporter A1. These results provide evidence for dysmyelination and altered trafficking of cholesterol in brains of CTSD knockout mice, and warrant further studies on the role of lipid metabolism in the pathogenesis of CTSD deficiencies.
Blood levels of kynurenines, interleukin‐23 and soluble human leucocyte antigen‐G at different stages of Huntington’s disease
Authors: Forrest Caroline M. , Mackay Gillian M. , Stoy Nicholas , Spiden Sarah L. , Taylor Rohan , Stone Trevor W. , Darlington L. Gail 
Published: October 2009

J. Neurochem.(2010)112, 112–122.AbstractThere is substantial evidence that abnormal concentrations of oxidised tryptophan metabolites, produced via the kynurenine pathway, contribute to progressive neurodegeneration in Huntington’s disease. We have now examined the blood levels of these metabolites in patients at different stages of Huntington’s disease, assessed both in terms of clinical disease severity and numbers of CAG repeats. Close relatives of the patients were included in the study as well as unrelated healthy controls. Levels of lipid peroxidation products, the pro‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)‐23 and the soluble human leucocyte antigen‐G (sHLA‐G) were also measured. There were lower levels of tryptophan and a higher kynurenine : tryptophan ratio, indicating activation of indoleamine‐2,3‐dioxygenase, in the most severely affected group of patients, with increased levels of IL‐23 and sHLA‐G. Marked correlations were noted between IL‐23 and the patient severity group, anthranilic acid levels and the number of CAG repeats, and between anthranilic acid and IL‐23, supporting our previous evidence of a relationship between anthranilic acid and inflammatory status. Tryptophan was negatively correlated with symptom severity and number of CAG repeats, and positively correlated with sHLA‐G. The results support the proposal that tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine pathway in Huntington’s disease is related to the degree of genetic abnormality, to clinical disease severity and to aspects of immunopathogenesis.
Hypoxia‐inducible factor 1: a new hope to counteract neurodegeneration?
Authors: Correia Sónia C. , Moreira Paula I. 
Published: October 2009

J. Neurochem. (2010) 112, 1–12.AbstractNeurodegenerative diseases, generally characterized by a progressive deterioration in the structure and function of the brain, represent one of the world’s major unsolved health problems. Therefore, it is urgent to discover therapeutic targets for the design of effective strategies for the treatment of these diseases. Recent findings demonstrated that the induction of the hypoxia signaling pathway with the concomitant stabilization and transcriptional activation of the transcription factor hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 (HIF‐1) could mediate neuroprotective events. It has been shown that HIF‐1 triggers the expression of genes involved in oxygen transport, glycolytic metabolism, angiogenesis, cell survival, apoptosis, and others processes that can interfere with cell survival. Here, we discuss the current knowledge pertaining to the regulation of HIF signaling pathway. The potential neuroprotective role of HIF‐1 induction in cerebral ischemic stroke and Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s diseases will be also discussed. The elucidation of the mechanisms involved in HIF‐1‐mediated neuroprotection could be important for the development of effective therapies to mitigate or prevent neurodegenerative diseases.