bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of harvest date of primary growth on microbial flora of grass herbages and haylage, and on fermentation and aerobic stability of haylage conserved in laboratory silos
Authors: Müller C. E. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe influence of harvest date of the primary growth of grass herbages on the microbial flora of herbage pre‐conservation and haylage post‐conservation was studied along with fermentation variables and aerobic stability of haylage. The primary growths of two grass swards, one intensely (Int) and one extensively (Ext) managed, were cut at three different harvest dates (May, June, August) and ensiled in laboratory silos for 120 d. Later harvest dates resulted in increased counts of yeast, mould and enterobacteria in the pre‐conserved herbage (P < 0·001). Counts of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (P < 0·001) and number of mould species (P < 0·001) were highest in the pre‐conserved herbage harvested in August. Later harvest dates resulted in higher yeast (P < 0·001) and LAB (P < 0·001) counts in the haylage while counts of enterobacteria decreased (P < 0·001). Clostridial spore counts were unaffected by harvest date both in herbage and haylage. The haylage harvested in August had the lowest pH and the lowest concentration of ethanol but the concentration of lactic acid was in general low. Aerobic stability was longer (P < 0·01) for haylage from herbage harvested in August compared with haylage from herbage harvested in May and June. Sward type had less influence than harvest date on microbial variables in herbage and haylage and on fermentation variables of haylage, and did not influence the aerobic stability of haylage.
Effect of three forages and two forage allowances offered to pregnant dry dairy cows in winter on periparturient performance and milk yield in early lactation
Authors: Keogh B. , French P. , McGrath T. , Storey T. , Mulligan F. J. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractSixty multiparous, Holstein–Friesian pregnant dry dairy cows were allocated to three forage treatments (n = 20; fodder beet, kale or grass silage) at two feeding allowances (n = 30; high and low) for 70 (s.e. of mean, 16) d before parturition. Cows offered the high feeding allowance were offered 9 kg of dry matter (DM) of kale or fodder beet grazed in situ plus 5 kg DM of baled grass silage daily or clamp grass silage ad libitum offered indoors. Cows offered the low feeding allowance were offered 6 kg DM of kale or fodder beet grazed in situ plus 3·5 kg DM baled grass silage daily, or 9·5 kg DM of clamp grass silage daily offered indoors. After calving, all cows received a daily allowance of 14 kg DM perennial ryegrass herbage at pasture plus 4 kg concentrate cow−1 for the first 35 d of lactation. Cows offered grass silage had a greater increase in body condition score pre‐partum compared to those offered kale or fodder beet. Cows offered fodder beet pre‐partum had a greater milk solid and solids‐corrected milk yield in the first 35 d of lactation than those offered kale and grass silage pre‐partum. Offering fodder beet and kale pre‐partum increased plasma non‐esterified fatty acid concentrations pre‐partum relative to offering grass silage. Offering kale pre‐partum resulted in higher insulin‐like growth factor‐1 concentration post‐partum but lower plasma copper concentration pre‐partum and at calving than kale or grass silage. Offering the higher forage allowance pre‐partum resulted in a higher plasma calcium concentration at calving and higher plasma non‐esterified fatty acid concentration post‐partum.
Toothache referred from auriculotemporal neuralgia: case report
Authors: Murayama R. A. , Stuginski‐Barbosa J. , Moraes N. P. , Speciali J. G. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAim  To present a 52‐year‐old male patient who complained of intense pain of short duration in the region of the left external ear and in the ipsilateral maxillary second molar that was relieved by blockade of the auriculotemporal nerve in the infratemporal fossa.Summary  Extra‐ and intraoral physical examination revealed a trigger point that reproduced the symptoms upon finger pressure in the ipsilateral auriculotemporal nerve and in the outer auricular pavilion. The patient’s medical history was unremarkable. The maxillary left second molar tooth was not responsive to pulp sensitivity testing and there was no pain upon percussion or palpation of the buccal sulcus. Periapical radiographs revealed a satisfactory root filling in the maxillary left second molar. On the basis of the clinical signs and symptoms, the auriculotemporal was blocked with 0.5 mL 2% lidocaine and 0.5 mL of a suspension containing dexamethasone acetate (8 mg mL−1) and dexamethasone disodium sulfate (2 mg mL−1), with full remission of pain 6 months later. The diagnosis was auriculotemporal neuralgia.Key learning point

Auriculotemporal neuralgia should be considered as a possible cause of nonodontogenic toothache and thus included in the differential diagnoses.
The blockade of the auriculotemporal nerve in the infratemporal fossa is diagnostic and therapeutic. It can be achieved with a solution of lidocaine and dexamethasone.
Diversity and frequency of yeasts from the dorsum of the tongue and necrotic root canals associated with primary apical periodontitis
Authors: Miranda T. T. , Vianna C. R. , Rodrigues L. , Monteiro A. S. , Rosa C. A. , Corrêa A. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAims  To determine the frequency and diversity of yeasts from the dorsum of the tongue and necrotic root canals with teeth associated with primary apical periodontitis.Methodology  Detailed medical and dental histories of 168 patients were recorded. The samples were collected from the dorsum of tongue and from 168 teeth with root canals contained necrotic pulps. Yeasts were isolated on Sabouraud agar with 100 mg L−1 chloramphenicol, purified and characterized by standard methods. Identification was confirmed by EI1 PCR fingerprint technique. Yeast isolates of uncertain identity or with a different genetic fingerprint profile from the reference strains were identified by sequencing the D1/D2 variable domains of the large subunit rDNA.Results  Yeasts were isolated from 22.6% of teeth sampled and from 45.8% of tongue samples. Candida albicans was the most frequently isolated species at both investigated sites but other species were also found. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces lactis were recovered from the tongue.Conclusions  Although the detection of yeasts in the root canal does not imply an involvement in the disease process, the study suggests a frequency of Candida spp. in primary endodontic infections that deserves further clarification.
Supportive counselling programme for nursing students experiencing academic failure: randomized controlled trial
Authors: Peyrovi Hamid , Parvizy Soroor , Haghani Hamid 
Published: August 2009

AbstractTitle.  Supportive counselling programme for nursing students experiencing academic failure: randomized controlled trial. Aim.  This paper is a report of a study examining the effects of a supportive counselling programme on the academic performance of Iranian nursing students experiencing academic failure.Background.  In order to using limited educational resources effectively, nursing students experiencing academic failure should be immediately identified in order that appropriate intervention can take place.Method.  Data were collected over a 12‐month period in 2006–2007, with 42 Bachelor of Science nursing students who displayed poor academic performance. They were randomly allocated to receive either supportive or ordinary counselling. The mean grades in basic theoretical courses, special courses, and also the combination of both basic and special courses was compared between the two groups.Findings.  Over the study period, there were improvements in the mean grades of special courses and also in both basic and special courses of male students in the experimental group, compared with those of male students in the control group (0·27 against −1·43, P = 0·014; and 1·87 against −0·40, P = 0·009; respectively).Conclusion.  A supportive counselling programme can improve the academic performance of male nursing students. Replication of the current study with larger samples and longer duration is recommended.
Bodily change following faecal stoma formation: qualitative interpretive synthesis
Authors: Thorpe Gabrielle , McArthur Margaret , Richardson Barbara 
Published: August 2009

AbstractTitle.  Bodily change following faecal stoma formation: qualitative interpretive synthesis. Aim.  This paper is a report of a literature review conducted to answer the question ‘How has the experience of bodily change following stoma formation been explored and interpreted through existing qualitative research?’.Background.  A faecal stoma alters the function, appearance and sensation of the body. Quantitative research highlights the importance of bodily change following stoma formation but is limited in being able to explore what this experience means to ostomists. Qualitative research can identify ways in which ostomists experience their changed body but a conceptual framework of their experience drawn from qualitative findings which can inform patient‐centred care has not yet been identified.Method.  The Amed, ASSIA, CINAHL, Embase, Medline and Psycinfo databases were searched from inception to April 2009 using predefined inclusion criteria. Of 144 papers identified, 11 were selected for review. An interpretive review methodology for qualitative research synthesis was employed.Findings.  Three broad themes of bodily experience following stoma formation were identified: loss of embodied wholeness, awareness of a disrupted lived body and disrupted bodily confidence. These highlight the impact of the experience of living with a stoma on the embodied self and the ostomist’s embodiment within their lifeworld.Conclusion. A loss of embodied wholeness which underpins the experience of stoma formation can be represented through awareness of the disrupted lived body and impact on the lifeworld. Findings suggest the need for further research to identify a comprehensive conceptualization of bodily change, which can more closely match healthcare service to individual patient need.
Habitat‐specific differences in adult survival rates and its links to parental workload and on‐nest predation
Authors: Low Matthew , Arlt Debora , Eggers Sönke , Pärt Tomas 
Published: August 2009

Summary 1. Adult survival rates strongly affect population growth, but few studies have quantified if and why adult survival differs between breeding habitats. We investigated potential causes of habitat‐specific adult survival rates for male and female northern wheatears (Oenanthe oenanthe L.) breeding in Swedish farmland. 2. We used multistate mark–recapture models based on 1263 breeding records between 1993 and 2007 to estimate survival rates based on habitat‐type (SHORT vs. TALL ground vegetation) and breeding‐success state parameters. We also used breeding‐season observations from 2002 to 2007 and an experimental manipulation of ground vegetation height to identify factors influencing adult mortality. 3. Females had lower annual survival than males (0·42 ± 0·02 vs. 0·50 ± 0·02); this difference largely resulted from low female survival in TALL habitats because of higher nest‐predation risk and the large proportion of adult females being killed on the nest (>20%) during nest predation events. 4. Among successful breeders, both sexes displayed similar survival rates, but survival was lower for breeders in TALL as compared to SHORT habitats (0·43 ± 0·03 vs. 0·51 ± 0·02). Experimental manipulation of ground vegetation height, controlling for individual and territory quality (n = 132), suggested the cost of rearing young to be higher in TALL habitats (survival of successful breeders in TALL vs. SHORT; 0·43 ± 0·11 vs. 0·57 ± 0·05). 5. Detailed observations of food provisioning behaviour during chick rearing revealed a habitat‐related difference in parental workload corresponding to the observed habitat differences in adult survival for successful breeders. Adults breeding in TALL habitats were forced to forage further from the nest relative to SHORT‐habitat breeders (mean ± SE; 69 ± 10 vs. 21 ± 2 m), which increased the estimated daily workload for adults in TALL vs. SHORT habitats by c. 20%. 6. On‐nest predation and parental workload during chick rearing combine to largely explain habitat‐specific adult survival rates. The results have implications for our understanding of adult sex ratios, causes of source–sink demography and habitat‐specific growth rates. Furthermore, it suggests SHORT field margins and other residual habitat elements to be important for the conservation of farmland passerines breeding in cropland plains.
Sex‐specific fitness correlates of dispersal in a house sparrow metapopulation
Authors: Pärn Henrik , Jensen Henrik , Ringsby Thor H. , Sæther Bernt‐Erik 
Published: August 2009

Summary1. Dispersal affects many important ecological and evolutionary processes. Still, little is known about the fitness of dispersing individuals.2. Here, we use data from a long‐term study of a house sparrowPasser domesticusmetapopulation to compare lifetime reproductive success (LRS) of resident and immigrant individuals, all with known origin.3. Lifetime production of recruits by immigrant males was much lower than for resident males, because of shorter life span and lower annual mating success. In contrast, lifetime production of recruits did not differ significantly between immigrant and resident females.4. Over their lifetime, dispersers contributed fewer recruits to the local population than residents. This shows that immigrant house sparrows have different, sex specific, demographic effects on the population dynamics than residents.
Synchronous provisioning increases brood survival in cooperatively breeding pied babblers
Authors: Raihani Nichola J. , Nelson‐Flower Martha J. , Moyes Kelly , Browning Lucy E. , Ridley Amanda R. 
Published: August 2009

Summary 1. Behavioural synchrony typically involves trade‐offs. In the context of foraging, for example, synchrony may be suboptimal when individuals have different energy requirements but yield net benefits in terms of increased foraging success or decreased predation risk. 2. Behavioural synchrony may also be advantageous when individuals collaborate to achieve a common goal, such as raising young. For example, in several bird species, provisioners synchronize nest‐feeding visits. However, despite the apparent prevalence of provisioning synchrony, it is not known whether it is adaptive or what its function might be. 3. Here, we propose a novel explanation for provisioning synchrony: it increases brood survival by decreasing the number of temporally separate nest visits and accordingly the chance that the nest will be detected by predators. Using cooperatively breeding pied babblers, we showed experimentally that provisioners synchronized nest visits by waiting for another provisioner before returning to the nest. Brood survival increased with provisioning synchrony. Provisioners were more likely to synchronize feeding visits for older nestlings as they were louder and possibly more conspicuous to predators. Finally, provisioners in large groups were more likely to wait for other provisioners and synchronized a higher proportion of all visits than those in smaller groups. Thus, provisioning synchrony may be one mechanism by which large groups increase brood survival in this species. 4. This study highlights a novel strategy that birds use to increase the survival of young and demonstrates the advantages of coordinated behaviour in social species.
Sleep quality and sleep disturbing factors of inpatients in a Chinese general hospital
Authors: Lei Zhang , Qiongjing Yuan , Qiuli Wu , Sabrina Kwauk , Xiaojing Liao , Changli Wang 
Published: August 2009

Aims and objective.  This study was undertaken to determine sleep quality and sleep disturbing factors of inpatients and to compare the perception of sleep disturbing factors between nurses and inpatients in a Chinese general hospital.Background.  Sleep aids patients’ recovery. A variety of factors affect inpatients’ sleep quality. Current research on inpatients’ sleep quality in China is limited and narrowly focuses on patients in intensive care units or older patients.Design.  Survey.Methods.  This research was conducted in a Chinese general hospital. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and self‐designed questionnaires were used to examine inpatients’ sleep quality and compare perceptions of sleep disturbing factors between 397 inpatients and 101 nurses. The following statistical methods were used to evaluate the data: chi‐square test, logistic regression analysis and Z statistic.Results.  Patients reported poor sleep quality (45·6%) during hospitalisation and a reduction in sleep quality after hospitalisation (57·4%). The chi‐square and logistic regression analysis showed that the main sleep disturbing factors were worries about illness, discomfort associated with diseases, using the toilet at night and noise from nurses’ shoes. There was a significant difference in the perception of sleep quality and sleep disturbing factors between inpatients and nurses.Conclusion.  This study demonstrates that most inpatients reported sleeping problems stemming from multiple sources. Additionally, there was a significant difference in the perception of sleep disturbing factors between nurses and inpatients.Relevance to clinical practice.  Our survey shows that most nurses are aware of inpatients’ poor sleep quality. However, many patients continue to suffer from poor sleep during hospitalisation because of a wide range of sleep disturbing factors. This suggests that nurses need to be better educated and trained to minimise sleep disturbing factors and improve sleep quality of inpatients.
High prevalence of obesity in ambulatory children and adolescents with intellectual disability
Authors: Stewart L. , Van de Ven L. , Katsarou V. , Rentziou E. , Doran M. , Jackson P. , Reilly J. J. , Wilson D. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBackground  Obesity prevalence is unusually high among adults with intellectual disability (ID). There is limited and conflicting evidence on obesity prevalence among ambulatory children and adolescents with ID. The present study aimed to estimate obesity prevalence in this group and to compare with population prevalence.Methods  Survey of nine schools (n = 206, 150 boys) for ambulatory children and adolescents with mild‐moderate ID in Scotland in 2007. Obesity was defined as measured body mass index (BMI) at or above the 95th percentile relative to UK 1990 reference data, and using the international definition based on BMI. Obesity prevalence observed was compared against Scottish population data on obesity prevalence from the most recent nationally representative survey.Results  Obesity prevalence (at or above 95th percentile for BMI) was 36%, and was significantly higher among those attending secondary schools compared with primary schools (P < 0.01). Prevalence of obesity was significantly higher than in the general paediatric population in both boys and girls (P < 0.01).Conclusions  The present study suggests that that obesity may be very prevalent among ambulatory children and adolescents with ID, and that increased obesity risk may begin in childhood.
Spatio‐temporal population genetic structure of the parasitic mite Spinturnix bechsteini is shaped by its own demography and the social system of its bat host
Authors: BRUYNDONCKX NADIA , HENRY ISABELLE , CHRISTE PHILIPPE , KERTH GERALD 
Published: August 2009

AbstractInformation about the population genetic structures of parasites is important for an understanding of parasite transmission pathways and ultimately the co‐evolution with their hosts. If parasites cannot disperse independently of their hosts, a parasite’s population structure will depend upon the host’s spatial distribution. Geographical barriers affecting host dispersal can therefore lead to structured parasite populations. However, how the host’s social system affects the genetic structure of parasite populations is largely unknown. We used mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to describe the spatio‐temporal population structure of a contact‐transmitted parasitic wing mite (Spinturnix bechsteini) and compared it to that of its social host, the Bechstein’s bat (Myotis bechsteinii). We observed no genetic differentiation between mites living on different bats within a colony. This suggests that mites can move freely among bats of the same colony. As expected in case of restricted inter‐colony dispersal, we observed a strong genetic differentiation of mites among demographically isolated bat colonies. In contrast, we found a strong genetic turnover between years when we investigated the temporal variation of mite haplotypes within colonies. This can be explained with mite dispersal occuring between colonies and bottlenecks of mite populations within colonies. The observed absence of isolation by distance could be the result from genetic drift and/or from mites dispersing even between remote bat colonies, whose members may meet at mating sites in autumn or in hibernacula in winter. Our data show that the population structure of this parasitic wing mite is influenced by its own demography and the peculiar social system of its bat host.
Promiscuous females avoid inbreeding by controlling sperm storage
Authors: BRETMAN AMANDA , NEWCOMBE DEVI , TREGENZA TOM 
Published: August 2009

AbstractRecent studies in a variety of species have shown that polyandrous females are somehow able to bias paternity against their relatives postcopulation, although how they do so remains unknown. Field crickets readily mate with their siblings, but when also mated to an unrelated male, they produce disproportionately fewer inbred offspring. We use a new competitive microsatellite polymerase chain reaction technique to determine the contribution of males to stored sperm and subsequent paternity of offspring. Paternity is almost completely predicted by how much sperm from a particular male is stored, and unrelated males contribute more sperm to storage and have a corresponding higher paternity success.
The chloroplastic lipocalin AtCHL prevents lipid peroxidation and protects Arabidopsis against oxidative stress
Authors: Levesque‐Tremblay Gabriel , Havaux Michel , Ouellet Francois 
Published: August 2009

SummaryLipocalins are small ligand‐binding proteins with a simple tertiary structure that gives them the ability to bind small, generally hydrophobic, molecules. Recent studies have shown that animal lipocalins play important roles in the regulation of developmental processes and are involved in tolerance to oxidative stress. Plants also possess various types of lipocalins, and bioinformatics analyses have predicted that some lipocalin members may be present in the chloroplast. Here we report the functional characterization of the Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplastic lipocalin AtCHL. Cellular fractionation showed that AtCHL is a thylakoid lumenal protein. Drought, high light, paraquat and abscisic acid treatments induce AtCHL transcript and protein accumulation. Under normal growth conditions, knockout (KO) and over‐expressing (OEX) lines do not differ from wild‐type plants in terms of phenotype and photosynthetic performance. However, KO plants, which do not accumulate AtCHL, show more damage upon photo‐oxidative stress induced by drought, high light or paraquat. In contrast, a high level of AtCHL allows OEX plants to cope better with these stress conditions. When exposed to excess light, KO plants display a rapid accumulation of hydroxy fatty acids relative to the wild‐type, whereas the lipid peroxidation level remains very low in OEX plants. The increased lipid peroxidation in KO plants is mediated by singlet oxygen and is not correlated with photo‐inhibition of the photosystems. This work provides evidence suggesting that AtCHL is involved in the protection of thylakoidal membrane lipids against reactive oxygen species, especially singlet oxygen, produced in excess light.