bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CALEDONIAN IGNEOUS ROCKS BENEATH CENTRAL AND EASTERN ENGLAND
Authors: Le Bas M. J. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The paper presents petrographical data and chemical analyses on the dioritic, tonalitic and granodioritic igneous rocks of the Midlands, which appear to be emplaced in argillaceous sediments of Lower Palaeozoic age. It is deduced that a subordinate Caledonian igneous-tectonic mountain belt lies buried, mostly beneath Trias and later rocks, along a WNW-ESE direction through the Midlands of England and that it may extend to the Brabant Massif of Belgium.
THE WENLOCK AND LOWER LUDLOW STRATA OF THE AUSTWICK AND HORTON-IN-RIBBLESDALE INLIER OF NORTH-WEST YORKSHIRE
Authors: McCabe P. J. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The newly defined Arcow Formation between the Austwick Formation below and the Horton Formation above is correlated with the Middle Coldwell Beds of the Lake District on the basis of lithological and faunal similarities. The discovery of graptolites of high Wenlock age in the top of the Austwick Formation supports this correlation.
SECTIONS THROUGH THE SKIDDAW–BORROWDALE UNCONFORMITY IN EASTERN LAKELAND
Authors: Wadge A. J. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Four sections are described through the controversial junction between the Skiddaw Group and the Borrowdale Volcanic Group within the Lower Ordovician sequence of eastern Lakeland. An angular unconformity between the groups is exposed in Matterdale Beck and at Causeway Foot. At Matter-dale, the underlying Skiddaw beds, yielding Lower Llanvirn graptolites, are interbedded with volcanics older than the Borrowdale volcanic sequence. Coarse Borrowdale conglomerates overlie the unconformity and are succeeded by andesites. At Low Rigg, the field relations suggest that the Threlkeld Micro-granite is pre-Borrowdale in age.
The distribution of graptolite faunas within the Skiddaw outcrop supports the view of a regional unconformity, and suggests that a pre-Borrowdale anticline was developed similar in position and trend to the later Skiddaw Anticline.
THE ORIGIN OF THE PERMIAN MIDDLE AND UPPER POTASH DEPOSITS OF YORKSHIRE: AN ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
Authors: Smith D. B. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The Upper Permian evaporites of Yorkshire previously have been regarded as precipitates on the floor of a barred basin. However, many of them are closely associated with carbonate and clastic deposits which bear unambiguous evidence of shallow-water origin, and some of the evaporites themselves have features now widely regarded as indicative of deposition at or near mean sea level. It is therefore inferred that the Middle and Upper Potash deposits of the region were also formed close to sea level, and the paper puts forward a mechanism, based on Recent partial analogues, by which bitterns could have reached sufficiently high concentrations to lead to large-scale deposition of potassium and magnesium salts in a salt flat environment. The suggested mechanism is based on a hypothesis of repeated precipitation and solution of such salts in a stable one-way system which permitted long-continued concentration of bitterns. It appears to be equally applicable to many other ancient potash deposits.
SEDIMENTATION IN THE LOWER NAMURIAN ROCKS OF THE NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE BASIN
Authors: Trewin N. H. , Holdsworth B. K. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

The E
1a
–E
2a
(inclusive) succession of the North Staffordshire Basin exhibits a crudely rhythmic sequence with units of calcareous siltstone lithofacies, units of siderite-bearing protoquartzitic sandstone lithofacies and typical marine bands of thicker-shelled goniatite faunal phase. The eastern and western margins of the basin are marked by total or partial disappearance of the silt-stone and protoquartzite lithofacies; the southern margin is unpreserved. The protoquartzite lithofacies exhibits sandstone-rich and sandstone-poor sub-types, interpreted as proximal and distal turbidites respectively. The flows originated to the south of the basin, probably on the fronts of periodically advancing deltas. The calcareous siltstones were deposited in a more fully marine environment by intermittent waning currents, similar in some, but not all, respects to turbidity currents. Supply was probably from the west and north-west. The rhythmic sequence is explained as a response to sea-level oscillation during a period of unusually strong differential movement between the North Staffordshire Basin and its margins.
THE MARKET WEIGHTON STRUCTURE: TECTONICS, SEDIMENTATION AND DIAGENESIS DURING THE CRETACEOUS
Authors: Jeans C. V. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Published evidence and a detailed study of seven sections have demonstrated that during Cretaceous times the Market Weighton Structure was well-defined and played a prominent role in the sedimentation, preservation and diagenesis of the Lower and mid-Cretaceous rocks of east Yorkshire. It is suggested that the northern margin of the structure is the eastward extension of the Gilling Fault. Movement on this fault of some hundreds of metres, throwing down to the north, occurred during the Lower Cretaceous and allowed the deposition and preservation of the Speeton Clay. Earth tremors, associated with this movement, were probably responsible for the characteristic structures in the Breccia-Nodule Band in the Red Chalk at Speeton. Limited post-Cretaceous movement along the same fault is responsible for the Contortion Zone running east-west across the Chalk of the Yorkshire Wolds. The southern margin of the structure is well defined and is situated between Market Weighton and South Cave; it may have also been fault-controlled at depth, but it played only a minor role in controlling Lower and mid-Cretaceous sedimentation.
WENLOCK AND LUDLOW SEDIMENTATION IN THE AUSTWICK AND HORTON-IN-RIBBLESDALE INLIER, NORTH-WEST YORKSHIRE
Authors: McCabe P. J. , Waugh B. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The Wenlock and Ludlow rocks of the Austwick and Horton-in-Ribblesdale Inlier are the result of turbidite and pelagic sedimentation in the Silurian geosyncline. The Austwick Formation consists of units of several fine-grained greywacke turbidites alternating with units of mudstones. The turbidites exhibit typical Bouma sequences. However, whilst possessing many distal features they have a high proximality index based on Bouma divisions. Palaeo-current data indicate flow towards the north-west for the turbidity currents, whilst the turbidites actually thin north-eastwards. The mudstones show evidence of reworking by bottom currents. Bioturbation, although uncommon in this formation, is persistent throughout the area in one bed.
The Arcow Formation consists of distal calcareous turbidites with a highly bioturbated pelitic division. Current ripple lamination indicates a palaeo-current from the north-west, and the beds thin and die out towards the west. Siltstones and mudstones deposited by normal pelagic processes, by bottom currents and by extremely weak turbidity currents make up the Horton Formation. The turbidites of the Studfold Formation were deposited by currents from the north-west. They are poorly exposed but are very similar to those of the Austwick Formation.
THE PALAEOECOLOGY OF THE FAUNA OVER THE PARK MINE (WESTPHALIAN B) NEAR WIGAN, LANCASHIRE
Authors: Heath R. J. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

The cyclothem above the Park Mine (Lower
similis-pulchra
Zone) at the Amberswood opencast site near Wigan is composed of mudstones which can be divided into two parts of almost equal thickness. The lower half, dark grey in colour, contains abundant bivalves, mostly referable to the genera
Anthracosia
and
Naiadites.
The upper part is light grey and contains macroscopic plant debris, bivalves only occurring at the base. The variation shown by six assemblages of
Anthracosia
is demonstrated by means of a new type of diagram. The degree of water turbulence is determined by studying the percentage disarticulation, the orientation of shells, and the lithology of the sediments. It is concluded that an alteration in the growth pattern of
Anthracosia
and a shift of the entire size range to smaller values correlate with the change from a sulphate zone at the base to a carbonate zone above, together with increasing coarseness in texture and reduced carbon content. All the changes in fauna and sediment may be brought about by the gradual filling and freshening of a lagoon.
TRANSGRESSIONS AND REGRESSIONS IN THE DINANTIAN: A NEW SYNTHESIS OF BRITISH DINANTIAN STRATIGRAPHY
Authors: Ramsbottom W. H. C. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

In the area between the Southern Uplands of Scotland and the Mendip Hills the Dinantian succession below the D
1
Zone is shown to comprise four major cycles each characterized by transgressive and regressive phases recognized by changes in lithology and fauna. The transgressive phases on the shelf areas are represented by bioclastic limestones, and the regressive phases by oolitic limestones and calcite mudstones, the latter often dolomitized and containing stromatolites and interpreted as the early stages of evaporite deposition. Regressions are indicated also by the frequent presence of pebble-beds, breccias and non-sequences in the marginal areas of deposition, indicating that there was an actual lowering of sea level rather than a mere filling-up of the areas of deposition. Dolomitization of limestones underlying the regressive phases is a common feature, and it is suggested that this is a consequence of the evaporation induced by regressions and that it offers an explanation of the distribution of many of the dolomitic limestones of the Carboniferous Limestone. The major cycles are traced and correlated throughout the area. Each major cycle can be shown to include a number of minor transgressions and regressions when it is traced into the Northumberland Trough where minor cyclicity occurs throughout. Above the base of the D
1
Zone this minor cyclicity becomes evident over the whole area. It is concluded that the major influence on Dinantian sedimentation (apart from any due to local tectonic effects) was repeated eustatic change in sea level, and in support it is shown that similar changes in sea level have taken place in extra-British areas. It is suggested that various stratigraphical breaks and unconformities, hitherto regarded as of tectonic origin, can be more easily explained by regressions.

The recognition of these cycles provides an improved means of chronostratigraphical division of the Dinantian. Each major transgression brings with it distinctive faunas and a new scheme for the division of the Dinantian is proposed, which necessitates at least partial abandonment of the Vaughanian Zones, and their replacement by divisions based on the major cycles.
THE LOESS OF EASTERN YORKSHIRE AND LINCOLNSHIRE
Authors: Catt J. A. , Weir A. H. , Madgett P. A. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Thin, silty, superficial deposits cover parts of the Yorkshire and Lincolnshire Wolds outside the Late Devensian glacial limit, and also occur on the Hambleton Hills. Their particle size distribution and mineralogy suggest that they are composed mainly of loess derived from the Devensian glacial debris. On the Yorkshire Wolds the loess was deposited before the ice reached its extreme limit, as it is incorporated in a chalky, flinty head beneath the till. The silty deposits are probably the decalcified residues of similar head deposits formed extensively in Late Devensian times.
DAVIDSONINA
(
CYRTINA
)
SEPTOSA
(PHILLIPS) AND THE STRUCTURE OF THE VISÉAN GREAT SCAR LIMESTONE NORTH OF SETTLE, YORKSHIRE
Authors: Doughty P. S. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

Remapping of the Viséan Carboniferous Limestone between the South/Middle and North Craven faults in the vicinity of Settle is described. In addition to the usual mapping methods, bedding plane patterns and joint densities were also employed. The resulting map shows significant differences from others made this century, notably in the absence of major faults in the area between the Craven Faults. These faults were postulated on the assumption that only a single
Davidsonina septosa
biostrome occurred within the limestones. However, recent work has shown that this species occurs on at least four horizons in the succession which also includes a further biostrome lacking this index fossil.
A RADIOCARBON DATE RELATING TO LAKE HUMBER
Authors: Gaunt G. D. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
A bone fragment which yielded an age of 21,835 radiocarbon years was found in association with Older Littoral Sand and Gravel near Brantingham, East Yorkshire, indicating that at this date Lake Humber either had not yet developed or had just reached its initial short-lived high-level phase.
THE RUBIDIUM–STRONTIUM AGE AND FIELD RELATIONS OF THE THRELKELD MICROGRANITE
Authors: Wadge A. J. , Harding R. R. , Darbyshire D. P. F. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
A Rb/Sr age of 445 ± 15 m.y. has been determined for the Threlkeld Microgranite, which is thus the oldest dated intrusion in the Lake District. In Bramcrag Quarry, the microgranite is intruded into the basal sediments of the Borrowdale Volcanic Group. It is thought to have been emplaced at the base of the volcanic pile towards the end of Borrowdale volcanism in earliest Caradoc times.
EVIDENCE FOR ABANDONED RIVER COURSES IN THE WEST OF THE VALE OF YORK
Authors: Johnson P. G. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
A number of abandoned river courses, most of which have been completely infilled by glacial deposits, can be detected in the west of the Vale of York. These courses enable a reconstruction to be made of an eastward draining pattern of rivers in preglacial time. The electrical resistivity technique was extremely valuable in providing data where there was a lack of borehole records.
FACIES AND TIME IN DEVONIAN TROPICAL AREAS
Authors: House M. R. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Europe, North America and Australia are thought, largely on palaeo-magnetic evidence, to have been mostly within the tropics during Devonian times. The marine rocks of some of these areas are reviewed to elucidate the age, nature and extent of facies movements and transgressions of the period, especially in relation to cratonic centres. It is shown that a pattern of increasingly successful transgressions followed the late Silurian Caledonian orogeny and culminated in the transgressions of the late Devonian.

Evidence for the international correlation of these movements is analyzed. Lower Devonian movements, broadly general in northern Europe, can tentatively be recognized in the Appalachian area, but evidence does not permit convincing correlation elsewhere. The early mid-Devonian transgression, which brought a substantial facies change in Western Europe, is the date given for the major transgression across the Russian platform; of about the same age are the extensive equivalents of the Onondaga Limestone in the eastern U.S.A. There is broad evidence of transgressional Middle Devonian in western U.S.A. and Canada, but it is not so precisely dated. The transgression close to the Middle–Upper Devonian boundary is the clearest dated internationally and the onset falls in the early
lunulicosta
Zone almost everywhere; this is the Frasnian transgression of Russia and the Taghanic onlap of the U.S.A. Local areas show slightly later, or earlier commencement. Late Frasnian and early Famennian times together covered a general period of deepening and this movement terminated reef and massive limestone deposition almost everywhere except in Australia.

Certain orogenic effects (Acadian and Antler movements, etc.) change local regimes but do not mask entirely the evidence of global eustatic change. Of all the explanatory mechanisms, that of volumetric changes at spreading plate margins seems the simplest cause for large-scale, and perhaps many small-scale, facies change patterns.
SMALL-SCALE FOLDS IN THE PERMIAN ROCKS OF SOUTH YORKSHIRE
Authors: Briggs D. J. , Hartnup R. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
A gas pipeline trench, cut into the Upper Magnesian Limestone near Tickhill, South Yorkshire, revealed four small anticlinal structures where Middle Permian Marl has broken through the limestone to the surface. The features are described and their possible modes of formation reviewed.
A RECORRELATION OF THE YOREDALE LIMESTONES (UPPER VISÉAN) OF THE ALSTON BLOCK WITH THOSE OF THE NORTHUMBERLAND TROUGH
Authors: Holliday D. W. , Burgess I. C. , Frost D. V. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The paper presents a revised and detailed correlation of Yoredale limestones, from the Jew Limestone to the Great Limestone, from the Alston area across Northumberland into southern Scotland. Stratigraphical and micro-palaeontological evidence suggests that the Scar Limestone of Alston is the lateral equivalent of the “Five-Yard” Limestone of Greenhead and consequently of the Eelwell Limestone of north-east Northumberland. Lower in the sequence the Jew Limestone appears to split northwards into the Oxford and Barrasford limestones of Northumberland. Apart from a narrow area of thicker strata on the southern margin of the Northumberland Trough, the higher Yoredale beds in the trough do not exceed greatly in thickness those of the Alston Block.
POTASSIUM–ARGON AGES FROM THE GRAPHITE DEPOSITS AND RELATED ROCKS OF SEATHWAITE, CUMBRIA
Authors: Mitchell J. G. , Ineson P. R. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Potassium–argon ages are reported from the Seathwaite graphite mine, Borrowdale, Cumbria. The age of cooling of the Steel Fell Diabase which contains the graphite veins is 382 Ma, while mineral ages of chlorite and illite from wallrock and vein matrix suggest an age of 376 Ma for the emplacement of the graphite. The late Caledonian age of the vein could temporally relate it to the similarly-trending copper-bearing veins of the Vale of Newlands.
A BOREHOLE SECTION ACROSS THE BARREMIAN-APTIAN BOUNDARY (LOWER CRETACEOUS) AT SKEGNESS, LINCOLNSHIRE
Authors: Gallois R. W. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

The Sutterby Marl (Upper Aptian) in a cored borehole sequence at Skegness, Lincolnshire, disconformably overlies clay containing a basal Aptian ammonite fauna (
Prodeshayesites bodei
Subzone of the
P. fissicostatus
Zone). The junction of this latter clay, here termed the Skegness Clay, with the underlying Roach (Barremian) is conformable and provides the best section across the Barremian-Aptian boundary described to date in Britain.
THE DEVENSIAN MAXIMUM ICE LIMIT IN THE VALE OF YORK
Authors: Gaunt G. D. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Small discontinuous deposits of sand and gravel extending south-east from near Selby to the southern part of the Isle of Axholme are, on the basis of their lithology, stratigraphic context and topographic expression, considered to be ice-marginal sediments formed in the high-level phase of Lake Humber by a tongue of Devensian ice which extended into the south-eastern part of the Vale of York.
THE ORIGIN OF LEUCODIORITES ASSOCIATED WITH THE APPINITIC INTRUSIONS OF COUNTY DONEGAL
Authors: French W. J. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The appinitic intrusions of Donegal contain rocks varying in composition from ultrabasic to acid which broadly conform with the calc-alkaline association and compare closely with the Scottish Caledonian intrusives. The Kilkenny School mass is a member of this suite of intrusions but contains a series of igneous rocks which are atypical of the Caledonian association. These rocks vary from diorite to plagioclasite. The mechanism for their formation is discussed and it is concluded that gravitational differentiation provides the main generative process but that assimilation of metadolerite has complicated the petrography and rock chemistry.
NEW OUTCROPS OF AMPTHILL CLAY NORTH OF MARKET WEIGHTON, NORTH YORKSHIRE, AND THEIR STRUCTURAL IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Wright C. D. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Significant outcrops of Ampthill Clay occur beneath the Upper Calcareous Grit Formation south-east of Malton and some 24 km north-north-west of Market Weighton. A marginal facies of the Ampthill Clay is here named the Limekilns Member. Marked overstep of the Ampthill Clay Formation by the Upper Calcareous Grit Formation extends the major discontinuity in the upper part of the
Gregoryceras transversarium
Zone elsewhere in Europe to the Yorkshire Corallian basin. The unconformity previously mapped beneath ‘Kimmeridge Clay’ lies at the base of the Ampthill Clay. Minor cyclic sedimentation within the Limekilns Member and the Upper Calcareous Grit Formation is described and related to local movements along a prominent fault line which marks the northern edge of the East Midland basement shelf; the fault line extends from Gilling through the Howardian Hills and the Wolds to Flamborough Head on the coast. Sediments indicate that the Market Weighton structure had little (if any) influence on Upper Oxfordian facies in the area and that the northern margin of the Ampthill Clay Basin lay along the Gilling-Flamborough fault-line and not at the axis of the Market Weighton hinge.
THE STRATIGRAPHY OF THE LOWER KIMMERIDGE CLAY OF EASTERN ENGLAND
Authors: Gallois R. W. , Cox Beris M. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Cored borehole sequences in the Wash area of eastern England show that the Lower Kimmeridge Clay can be divided into 35 distinctive beds, based on a combination of lithological and faunal characters. Each of these beds can be recognised over an area of 10 by 30 km and many of them even in the Warlingham borehole, Surrey, and the Dorset type sections, some 180 and 300 km distant respectively. This stratigraphical subdivision therefore provides a standard for the Lower Kimmeridge Clay of eastern and southern England. The ammonite genus
Xenostephanus
is recorded from the upper
cymodoce
Zone and precise ranges are recorded for species of
Amoeboceras, Aulacostephanus, Aspidoceras
and
Sutneria.
HYDROCARBONS IN CLEVELAND — AN EARLY PROPOSAL BY P. F. KENDALL
Authors: Kent Sir Peter 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
A recommendation by P. F. Kendall, made in 1921, for drilling for petroleum in the Cleveland Anticline at Robin Hood’s Bay, is of historical interest and is here reproduced in full. It shows an understanding of Yorkshire stratigraphy and structure and its implications quite notable for that time.
A FORAMINIFERAL MARKER HORIZON IN THE AMPTHILL CLAY (UPPER JURASSIC) OF EASTERN ENGLAND
Authors: Medd A. W. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

The foraminifer
Glomospira gordialis
(Jones & Parker) occurs in flood proportions over a limited stratigraphical range in the Ampthill Clay, and its horizon provides a useful marker. The incoming represents a significant change in the foraminiferal assemblages, from calcareous to arenaceous forms.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE CONCEALED PRE-CARBONIFEROUS BASEMENT OF THE DERBYSHIRE DOME FROM GRAVITY DATA
Authors: Maroof S. I. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Bouguer anomalies over the Derbyshire Dome indicate a positive structural relief for the pre-Carboniferous basement, and their qualitative and quantitative interpretations show that the basement reaches its maximum elevation towards the southern edge of the dome. The Bouguer map contours in the central area suggest that the surface of the basement there may be at a greater depth than in both the northern and southern parts. It is also inferred from the gravity models that the basement is at a shallower depth to the west of the limestone outcrop than to the east and that its eastern margin has a comparatively steeper slope. Lateral extensions of the basement beyond the area of the dome are postulated, based on the existence of features with positive Bouguer anomalies.
A RELICT KARST FEATURE IN THE HAMBLETON HILLS, NORTH YORKSHIRE
Authors: Cooper R. G. , Halliwell R. A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Interpretation of cave remnants recently discovered at Boltby Quarry in the Hambleton Hills suggest the existence of a landscape and associated ground-waters strikingly different to the present day situation in the North Yorkshire Moors.