bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New pumped storage station to cover peaks of electricity demand / Neues Pumpspeicherwerk zur Abdeckung des Bedarfs an Spitzenenergie
Authors: Gmür Martin , Kälin Andreas 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe Kraftwerke Linth‐Limmern AG, an important Swiss high‐pressure power company, is extending its existing plant with the Linthal 2015 project in order to continue to be able to guarantee a secure electricity supply. The core element of the project is the Limmern pumped storage station with pumping and generation power of 1,000 MW each. Construction work on the project started at the end of September 2009. The construction sites high in the mountains, which extend up to a height of 2, 500 m above sea level, are accessed by two 25 t construction cable railways. Not only the logistics, weather and natural hazards but also the sheer size of the project are a great challenge for all parties. The total construction period for the Limmern pumped storage station is estimated at seven years, and commissioning of the four machine groups is planned for 2015/16.Die Kraftwerke Linth‐Limmern AG, ein bedeutendes Schweizer Hochdruckkraftwerk, baut mit dem Projekt Linthal 2015 ihre bestehenden Anlagen aus, um auch in Zukunft eine sichere Stromversorgung gewährleisten zu können. Kernstück des Projekts bildet das Pumpspeicherwerk Limmern mit einer Pump‐ und Turbinenleistung von je 1.000 MW. Der Baubeginn des Projekts erfolgte Ende September 2009. Die Hochgebirgsbaustellen, die bis in eine Höhe von 2.500 m ü.M. reichen, werden durch zwei 25‐t‐Bauseilbahnen erschlossen. Die Logistik, die Witterung und die Naturgefahren sowie die Größe des Projekts stellen große Anforderungen an alle Beteiligten. Insgesamt wird für das PSW Limmern mit einer Bauzeit von knapp sieben Jahren gerechnet. Die Inbetriebnahme der vier Maschinengruppen ist in den Jahren 2015/16 vorgesehen.
Validity of the LCPC abrasivity coefficient through the example of a recent Danube gravel / Aussagekraft des LCPC‐Abrasivitätskoeffizienten am Beispiel eines rezenten Donauschotters
Authors: Drucker Petra 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe LCPC abrasivity test is regulated in the French standard NF P18‐579 “Granulats: Essai d'abrasivité et de broyabilité” and has recently been used increasingly in German‐speaking countries to quantify the abrasivity of granular soils. Using the example of a recent Danube gravel from the Prater in Vienna, the range of possible LCPC abrasivity coefficients, which can be determined for granular soils by making more or less use of the margin for interpretation allowed by the stated French standard, is demonstrated. The test results presented here should be of assistance in better understanding the validity of LCPC abrasivity coefficient considering the “actual” abrasivity of a soil. Some general factors with influence on the abrasivity or rather more on the wear caused by abrasive granular materials are discussed.Der LCPC‐Abrasivitätsversuch ist in NF P18‐579 “Granulats: Essai d'abrasivité et de broyabilité” geregelt und wird in der jüngsten Vergangenheit im deutschsprachigen Raum vermehrt zur Bezifferung der Abrasivität von Lockergesteinen herangezogen. Am Beispiel eines rezenten Donauschotters aus dem Wiener Prater wird die Bandbreite möglicher LCPC‐Abrasivitätskoeffizienten aufgezeigt, die unter mehr oder weniger großer Ausnutzung des Interpretationsspielraums, den die genannte französische Norm zulässt, an Lockergestein ermittelt werden kann. Die vorgestellten Versuchsergebnisse sollen zu einem besseren Verständnis der Aussagekraft von LCPC‐Abrasivitätskoeffizenten im Hinblick auf die “tatsächliche” Abrasivität eines Lockergesteins verhelfen. Einige allgemeine Einflussfaktoren auf die Abrasivität, bzw. vielmehr auf den Verschleiß durch körnige Abrasivstoffe, werden diskutiert.
Preparation, characterization and adsorption performance of molecularly imprinted microspheres for erythromycin using suspension polymerization
Authors: Geng Liyuan , Kou Xing , Lei Jiandu , Su Haijia , Ma Guanghui , Su Zhiguo 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: There are few reports on erythromycin molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) used as HPLC stationary phase and solid phase extraction matrices. These imprinted polymers are prepared by bulk polymerization, which is tedious and time‐consuming, and they are irregular and possess poor reproducibility and low binding capacity. In this study, molecularly imprinted microspheres for erythromycin were prepared by aqueous suspension polymerization for the first time.RESULTS: Imprinted microspheres for erythromycin were prepared using suspension polymerization in which 1.5% PVA‐water solution is used as continuous phase, and chloroform solution containing erythromycin, methacrylic acid and crosslinker is used as disperse phase. The composition of disperse phase is optimized, and the optimum molar ratio of erythromycin to methacrylic acid was 1:5. Selectivity analysis revealed that the imprinted microspheres can specifically recognize erythromycin from its structure analogues. The binding mechanism between erythromycin and methacrylic acid was investigated by UV‐Vis spectrophotometry. Adsorption kinetics and the adsorption isotherm of the imprinted microspheres indicate that erythromycin can be adsorbed rapidly by the imprinted microspheres and the maximum theoretical static binding capacity is 128.6110 mg g−1. The imprinted microspheres were used to extract erythromycin from a milk sample and a high recovery rate was obtained.CONCLUSION: Molecularly imprinted microspheres for erythromycin were uniform and possess high adsorption capacity and excellent selectivity. They are therefore a promising extraction and chromatographic media. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of acetic acid on lipid accumulation by glucose‐fed activated sludge cultures
Authors: Mondala Andro , Hernandez Rafael , French Todd , McFarland Linda , Sparks Darrell , Holmes William , Haque Monica 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: The effect of acetic acid, a lignocellulose hydrolysis by‐product, on lipid accumulation by activated sludge cultures grown on glucose was investigated. This was done to assess the possible application of lignocellulose as low‐cost and renewable fermentation substrates for biofuel feedstock production.RESULTS: Biomass yield was reduced by around 54% at a 2 g L−1 acetic acid dosage but was increased by around 18% at 10 g L−1 acetic acid dosage relative to the control run. The final gravimetric lipid contents at 2 and 10 g L−1 acetic acid levels were 12.5 ± 0.7% and 8.8 ± 3.2% w/w, respectively, which were lower than the control (17.8 ± 2.8% w/w). However, biodiesel yields from activated sludge grown with acetic acid (5.6 ± 0.6% w/w for 2 g L−1 acetic acid and 4.2 ± 3.0% w/w for 10 g L−1 acetic acid) were higher than in raw activated sludge (1–2% w/w). The fatty acid profiles of the accumulated lipids were similar with conventional plant oil biodiesel feedstocks.CONCLUSIONS: Acetic acid enhanced biomass production by activated sludge at high levels but reduced lipid production. Further studies are needed to enhance acetic acid utilization by activated sludge microorganisms for lipid biosynthesis. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Preparation of high‐quality ultrathin transmission electron microscopy specimens of a nanocrystalline metallic powder
Authors: Riedl Thomas , Gemming Thomas , Mickel Christine , Eymann Konrad , Kirchner Alexander , Kieback Bernd 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis article explores the achievable transmission electron microscopy specimen thickness and quality by using three different preparation methods in the case of a high‐strength nanocrystalline Cu–Nb powder alloy. Low specimen thickness is essential for spatially resolved analyses of the grains in nanocrystalline materials. We have found that single‐sided as well as double‐sided low‐angle Ar ion milling of the Cu–Nb powders embedded into epoxy resin produced wedge‐shaped particles of very low thickness (<10 nm) near the edge. By means of a modified focused ion beam lift‐out technique generating holes in the lamella interior large micrometer‐sized electron‐transparent regions were obtained. However, this lamella displayed a higher thickness at the rim of ≥30 nm. Limiting factors for the observed thicknesses are discussed including ion damage depths, backscattering, and surface roughness, which depend on ion type, energy, current density, and specimen motion. Finally, sections cut by ultramicrotomy at low stroke rate and low set thickness offered vast, several tens of square micrometers uniformly thin regions of ∼10‐nm minimum thickness. As major drawbacks, we have detected a thin coating on the sections consisting of epoxy deployed as the embedding material and considerable nanoscale thickness variations. Microsc. Res. Tech. 75:711–719, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Back to school II: A response to Cohen, Jaycox, Amaya‐Jackson, and Stein
Authors: Rolfsnes Erika S. , Idsoe Thormod 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis is a response to Cohen, Jaycox, Amaya‐Jackson, and Stein's commentary on Rolfsnes and Idsoe's (2011) review and meta‐analysis of school‐based intervention programs for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. The authors explain why a previous review of school‐based interventions (Jaycox, Stein & Amaya‐Jackson, 2009) was not identified through the search process and apologize that it was not credited. The authors also highlight the variation between the two publications.
Electroresponsive behavior of 2‐hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel
Authors: Liu Genqi , Song Jinyue 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAn interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel composed of 2‐hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan and poly(vinyl alcohol) was prepared. Its swelling properties and electroresponsive behavior in aqueous NaCl solutions were studied. The results indicated that the water uptake ability of the hydrogel decreased with increasing ionic strength of aqueous NaCl solution. The Young's modulus, elongation at break and tensile strength of the hydrogel swollen in deionized water were 4.29 MPa, 76.5% and 3.26 MPa, respectively. The hydrogel swollen in the NaCl solution bent toward the anode under non‐contact direct current electric fields, and its bending speed and equilibrium strain increased with increasing applied voltage. The electroresponsive behavior of the hydrogel was also affected by the electrolyte concentration of external NaCl solution, and there was a critical ionic strength of 0.10 where the maximum equilibrium strain of the hydrogel occurred. By changing the direction of the applied potential cyclically, the hydrogel exhibited good reversible bending behavior. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity Is a Biomarker of Primitive Normal Human Mammary Luminal Cells
Authors: Eirew Peter , Kannan Nagarajan , Knapp David J.H.F. , Vaillant François , Emerman Joanne T. , Lindeman Geoffrey J. , Visvader Jane E. , Eaves Connie J. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Elevated aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) expression/activity has been identified as an important biomarker of primitive cells in various normal and malignant human tissues. Here we examined the level and type of ALDH expression and activity in different subsets of phenotypically and functionally defined normal human mammary cells. We find that the most primitive human mammary stem and progenitor cell types with bilineage differentiation potential show low ALDH activity but undergo a marked, selective, and transient upregulation of ALDH activity at the point of commitment to the luminal lineage. This mirrors a corresponding change in transcripts and protein levels of ALDH1A3, an enzyme involved in retinoic acid synthesis and the most highly expressed ALDH gene in normal human mammary tissue. In contrast, ALDH1A1 is expressed at low levels in all mammary epithelial cells. These findings raise interesting questions about the reported association of ALDH activity with breast cancer stem cells and breast cancer prognosis.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Limbal Epithelial Stem Cells: Role of the Niche Microenvironment
Authors: Ordonez Paula , Di Girolamo Nick 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The cornea contains a reservoir of self-regenerating epithelial cells that are essential for maintaining its transparency and good vision. The study of stem cells in this functionally important organ has grown over the past four decades, partly due to the ease with which this tissue is visualized, its accessibility with minimally invasive instruments, and the fact that its stem cells are segregated within a transitional zone between two functionally diverse epithelia. While human, animal, and ex vivo models have been instrumental in progressing the corneal stem cell field, there is still much to be discovered about this exquisitely sensitive window for sight. This review will provide an overview of the human cornea, where its stem cells reside and how components of the microenvironment including extracellular matrix proteins and their integrin receptors are thought to govern corneal stem cell homeostasis.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Spindle positioning in the stem cell niche
Authors: Yadlapalli Swathi , Yamashita Yukiko M. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractStem cells are the source of differentiated cells that constitute tissues and organs. Two fundamental characteristics of stem cells are their abilities to self‐renew stem cell identity and to produce differentiated cells, the balance of which can be achieved by asymmetric stem cell division. Many stem cells have been shown to reside in a stem cell niche, the home of stem cells that regulates the stem cell behavior. Recent studies have revealed the critical contribution of cytoskeletons in achieving asymmetric stem cell division: mitotic spindles in dividing stem cells are often oriented with respect to the stem cell niche, which is supported by concerted actions of microtubule networks and components at the cell membrane such as adherens junctions, the actin cytoskeleton, and the extracellular matrix. In this article, we review the mechanism of stem cell spindle orientation, with emphasis on its relationship with the stem cell niche, and discuss how it contributes to tissue development and homeostasis. WIREs Dev Biol 2012, 1:215–230. doi: 10.1002/wdev.16This article is categorized under:

Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Tissue Stem Cells and Niches
Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Stem Cells and Aging
Health and safety implications of occupational exposure to engineered nanomaterials
Authors: Stebounova Larissa V. , Morgan Hallie , Grassian Vicki H. , Brenner Sara 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe rapid growth and commercialization of nanotechnology are currently outpacing health and safety recommendations for engineered nanomaterials. As the production and use of nanomaterials increase, so does the possibility that there will be exposure of workers and the public to these materials. This review provides a summary of current research and regulatory efforts related to occupational exposure and medical surveillance for the nanotechnology workforce, focusing on the most prevalent industrial nanomaterials currently moving through the research, development, and manufacturing pipelines. Their applications and usage precedes a discussion of occupational health and safety efforts, including exposure assessment, occupational health surveillance, and regulatory considerations for these nanomaterials. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2012, 4:310–321. doi: 10.1002/wnan.174This article is categorized under:

Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Regulatory and Policy Issues in Nanomedicine
Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials
On understanding the economics and elasticity challenges of deploying business applications on public cloud infrastructure
Authors: Suleiman Basem , Sakr Sherif , Jeffery Ross , Liu Anna 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The exposure of business applications to the web has considerably increased the variability of its workload patterns and volumes as the number of users/customers often grows and shrinks at various rates and times. Such application characteristics have increasingly demanded the need for flexible yet inexpensive computing infrastructure to accommodate variable workloads. The on-demand and per-use cloud computing model, specifically that of public Cloud Infrastructure Service Offerings (CISOs), has quickly evolved and adopted by majority of hardware and software computing companies with the promise of provisioning utility-like computing resources at massive economies of scale. However, deploying business applications on public cloud infrastructure does not lead to achieving desired economics and elasticity gains, and some challenges block the way for realizing its real benefits. These challenges are due to multiple differences between CISOs and application’s requirements and characteristics. This article introduces a detailed analysis and discussion of the economics and elasticity challenges of business applications to be deployed and operate on public cloud infrastructure. This includes analysis of various aspects of public CISOs, modeling and measuring CISOs’ economics and elasticity, application workload patterns and its impact on achieving elasticity and economics, economics-driven elasticity decisions and policies, and SLA-driven monitoring and elasticity of cloud-based business applications. The analysis and discussion are supported with motivating scenarios for cloud-based business applications. The paper provides a multi-lenses overview that can help cloud consumers and potential business application’s owners to understand, analyze, and evaluate important economics and elasticity capabilities of different CISOs and its suitability for meeting their business application’s requirements.
Flow of a spherical capsule in a pore with circular or square cross-section
Authors: Hu X.-Q. , Salsac A.-V. , Barthès-Biesel D. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe motion and deformation of a spherical elastic capsule freely flowing in a pore of comparable dimension is studied. The thin capsule membrane has a neo-Hookean shear softening constitutive law. The three-dimensional fluid–structure interactions are modelled by coupling a boundary integral method (for the internal and external fluid motion) with a finite element method (for the membrane deformation). In a cylindrical tube with a circular cross-section, the confinement effect of the channel walls leads to compression of the capsule in the hoop direction. The membrane then tends to buckle and to fold as observed experimentally. The capsule deformation is three-dimensional but can be fairly well approximated by an axisymmetric model that ignores the folds. In a microfluidic pore with a square cross-section, the capsule deformation is fully three-dimensional. For the same size ratio and flow rate, a capsule is more deformed in a circular than in a square cross-section pore. We provide new graphs of the deformation parameters and capsule velocity as a function of flow strength and size ratio in a square section pore. We show how these graphs can be used to analyse experimental data on the deformation of artificial capsules in such channels.
Regimes of two-dimensionality of decaying shallow axisymmetric swirl flows with background rotation
Authors: Duran-Matute M. , Kamp L. P. J. , Trieling R. R. , van Heijst G. J. F. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBoth background rotation and small depths are said to enforce the two-dimensionality of flows. In the current paper, we describe a systematic study of the two-dimensionality of a shallow monopolar vortex subjected to background rotation. Using a perturbation analysis of the Navier–Stokes equations for small aspect ratio $\delta = H/ L$ (with $H$ the fluid depth and $L$ a typical radial length scale of the vortex), we found nine different regimes in the parameter space where the flow is governed to lowest order by different sets of equations. From the properties of these sets of equations, it was determined that the flow can be considered as quasi-two-dimensional in only five of the nine regimes. The scaling of the velocity components as given by these sets of equations was compared with results from numerical simulations to find the actual boundaries of the different regimes in the parameter space (${h}_{\mathit{Ek}} , {h}_{\mathit{Re}} $), where ${h}_{\mathit{Ek}} $ is the Ekman boundary layer thickness and ${h}_{\mathit{Re}} $ is the equivalent boundary layer thickness for a monopolar vortex without background rotation. Even though background rotation and small depths do promote the two-dimensionality of flows independently, the combination of these two characteristics does not necessarily have that same effect.
An International Comparison of Capital Structure and Debt Maturity Choices
Authors: Fan Joseph P. H. , Titman Sheridan , Twite Garry 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis study examines how the institutional environment influences capital structure and debt maturity choices of firms in 39 developed and developing countries. We find that a country’s legal and tax system, corruption, and the preferences of capital suppliers explain a significant portion of the variation in leverage and debt maturity ratios. Specifically, firms in more corrupt countries and those with weaker laws tend to use more debt, especially short-term debt; explicit bankruptcy codes and deposit insurance are associated with higher leverage and more long-term debt. More debt is used in countries where there is a greater tax gain from leverage.
Pituitary volume, stress reactivity and genetic risk for psychotic disorder
Authors: Habets P. , Collip D. , Myin-Germeys I. , Gronenschild E. , van Bronswijk S. , Hofman P. , Lataster T. , Lardinois M. , Nicolson N. A. , van Os J. , Marcelis M. 
Published: December 2011

BackgroundHypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis hyperactivity, associated with increased pituitary volume, may mediate observed alterations in stress reactivity in patients with psychotic disorder. We examined the association between pituitary volume, real-life stress reactivity and genetic liability for psychotic disorder.MethodPituitary volumes were derived from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of 20 patients with psychotic disorder, 37 non-psychotic siblings of these patients, and 32 controls. The Experience Sampling Method (ESM) was used to measure emotional stress reactivity [changes in negative affect (NA) associated with daily life stress] in the three groups, and biological stress reactivity (changes in cortisol associated with daily life stress) in siblings and controls. Interactions between group, stress and pituitary volume in models of NA and cortisol were examined.ResultsGroups did not differ in pituitary volume. Patients showed significantly higher emotional stress reactivity than siblings and controls. In addition, emotional stress reactivity increased with increasing pituitary volume to a greater degree in patients than in controls and siblings. Siblings had higher cortisol levels than controls but did not show increased cortisol reactivity to stress. There was no interaction between pituitary volume, stress and group in the model of cortisol.ConclusionsHigher pituitary volume was associated with increased emotional stress reactivity in patients with psychotic disorder, siblings and controls. The association was significantly stronger in the patient group, suggesting a process of progressive sensitization mediating clinical outcome.