bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geophysical science to ride on shuttle
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

The space shuttle orbiter Columbia in its third voyage is the first of a long‐planned series to carry a broad variety of geophysical experiments. As the space shuttle program continues to feel its way through elaborate tests in space to determine everything from contamination to thermal effects, ‘science’ experiments are being conducted by sophisticated instrument packages within the spacecraft's cargo bay. The two major experiments are the solar flare X ray polarimeter and the solar ultraviolet spectral irradiance monitor.The solar flare X ray polarimeter's purpose is to measure X rays emitted during solar flare activities on the sun. more definitive determination of what takes place during these solar eruptions could provide a major advance in understanding the physical processes that generate solar flares. Already, researchers have determined, through observations of gamma rays, radio emissions, and other manifestations of energetic particles, that particles are accelerated, sometimes in two or more stages, in such an event. Nevertheless, two fundamental questions remain: what is the nature of the mechanism by which these particles are energized, and how do they produce the observed emissions?
Is AGU in your will?
Authors: Whitten Charles A. 
Published: October 2011

We are approaching the time of year when the IRS requires that we review our ‘financial position.’ The new tax laws, we are told, have benefits for everyone. These ‘goodies’ may be hard to find. However, those laws that apply to estates have been changed significantly, and our lawyer urges that my wife and I update our wills.We hope you read the AGU‐GIFT editorial on deferred giving in the September 15, 1981, Eos. John Reed mentioned different options. The Steering Committee for AGU‐GIFT believes that the designation of a bequest to AGU in an updated will may be appealing to some of AGU's senior members who are well established, whose career‐long commitments are largely fulfilled, and who may be better shielded from inflation than some other members.
Violent ejection observed from star near Sun
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

What is believed to be the first direct evidence of a violent ejection, or jet, from a star relatively close to the sun has been detected by astronomers at the Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.; the University of Maryland; and the Lick Observatory, University of California.Observable violent ejections are thought to be matter from the center of active galaxies or quasars. This most recent observation, however, reveals an extraordinary jet structure, known as the star R Aquarii, in a binary star system near our sun. In contrast to the only other star known to have jet structure in our galaxy, SS 433, R. Aquarii is much closer to our sun, a distance of only 750 light years.
Reagan issues mineral policy
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The National Materials and Minerals Program plan and report that President Reagan sent to Congress on April 5 aims to ‘decrease America's minerals vulnerability’ while reducing future dependence on potentially unstable foreign sources of minerals. These goals would be accomplished by taking inventory of federal lands to determine mineral potential; by meeting the stockpile goals set by the Strategic and Critical Material Stockpiling Act; and by establishing a business and political climate that would encourage private‐sector research and development on minerals.Now that the Administration has issued its plan, the Subcommittee on Mines and Mining of the House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs will consider the National Minerals Security Act (NMSA), which was introduced 1 year ago by subcommittee chairman Jim Santini (D‐Nev.) [Eos, May 19, 1981, p. 497]. The bill calls for establishing a three‐member White‐House‐level council to coordinate the development of a national minerals policy; amending tax laws to assist the mining industry to make capital investments to locate and produce strategic materials; and creating a revolving fund for the sale and purchase of strategic minerals. In addition, the NMSA bill would allow the secretary of the interior to make previously withdrawn public lands available for mineral development. The subcommittee will hold a hearing on the Administration's plan on May 11. Interior Secretary James Watt has been invited to testify.
Atmospheric merger in London
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

At the invitation of Imperial College, the Laboratory for Planetary Atmospheres, University College London, will be integrated in August with the Atmospheric Physics Group to form a single teaching and research unit. The new group, to be located at Imperial College, will be headed by Garry Hunt.The new group will possess a balanced research program in the observational and interpretative aspects of atmospheric physics. The existing Imperial College group actively researches cumulonimbus dynamics and climate modeling.
NSF graduate fellowship awards
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Of the 500 college students being offered fellowships by the National Science Foundation (NSF) this year for graduate study in the natural and social sciences, about 8% plan to pursue graduate studies in earth, ocean, or space sciences. In addition, 3 of the 55 students offered NSF Minority Graduate Fellowship Awards plan to study earth or space sciences.Each fellowship, awarded for 3 years of graduate study, provides a stipend of $6900 per year for full‐time graduate study. The fellowships may be used over 5 years to permit students to incorporate teaching or research assistantships into their education during periods in which they are not receiving their fellowship stipends.
Delays for shale oil development
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

Synthetic fuels, including oil from shales, are experiencing a set of delays in their development, marked by the shutdown recently of the Colony Oil Shale Project in western Colorado. In these instances, the reasons given for the deferral of the projects are related to the economy. In past delays, the reasons given were related to environmental concerns; the recovery of organic matter from oil shales produces immense volumes of wastes while releasing noxious fumes and contaminated water.For many generations, statements have been made about oil shales' vast reserves awaiting the right economic conditions, which do not exist in the present day, for exploitation. ‘Everyone believes synthetic fuels are inevitable; but now the timetable has been slowed,’ observes Michael Kalida, president of the National Council on Synthetic Fuels Production (Chem. Eng. News, May 10, 1982).
MORB—A Mohole misbegotten?
Authors: O'Hara M. J. 
Published: October 2011

Terrestrial basalts are generally saturated with two or more crystal species on eruption and display a limited range of major‐element composition in combination with wide variations in concentrations and ratios of those trace elements that are excluded from the common crystal phases during crystal‐liquid separation events [Jamieson and Clarke, 1970].The multiply saturated character and major‐element compositions of erupted basalts are controlled by their separation from crystals at low pressure. This is the low‐pressure cotectic character recognized by Bowen [1928], emphasized by Yoder and Tilley [1962], and interpreted by O'Hara [1965], in the light of high‐pressure experimental studies, as evidence of the derivation of common basalts by extensive fractional crystallization of picritic primary magmas close to the earth's surface.
Impact of snow on surface brightness
Authors: Kukla George J. , Brown Jeffrey A. 
Published: October 2011

The snow‐covered land surface has different albedo than the snow‐free surface, depending primarily on the type and density of the vegetation, the relief, and the continuity and age of the snow blanket. This is clearly demonstrated by the winter mosaic of east central Asia shown on the front cover. It is a section of a larger composite assembled from cloud‐free satellite images to portray the land surface under continuous snow cover. The mosaic is a valuable tool for distinguishing (from remote positions) snow from clouds and for charting snow cover where illumination is poor. It also can be used to determine relative sensitivity of surface albedo to the occurrence of snow.Segments with a minimum of clouds along the orbital subtrack were selected from the transparencies of the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). Satellite sensors record in the spectral band 0.4–1.2 µm. The satellite is in polar orbit at a mean altitude of 830 km (450 nm) and crosses the equator at approximately local noon. The spatial resolution along the orbital subtrack is about 0.6 km [Dickinson et al., 1974]. The mosaic is assembled from imagery taken between mid‐January and mid‐February of 1979. The original hard‐copy transparencies (on loan from the DMSP library) were reproduced as contact negatives to preserve detail.The snow cover marks the land surface with a characteristic signature that depends on the distribution, density, and type of vegetation; relief; presence of water bodies; distribution and type of land use, etc. This signature can be readily utilized, among others, to distinguish snow‐covered land from clouds and from snow‐free land [Barnes et al., 1974; Lillesand et al., 1982]. We have compared the brightness fields in the imagery with the vegetation density and land‐use patterns charted in the World Forestry Atlas [Wiebecke, 1971].
Scripps building designated as national historic landmark
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The George H. Scripps Memorial Marine Laboratory in La Jolla, Calif., has been designated a national historic landmark by the U.S. Department of the Interior. Completed in 1910, the building is the oldest structure at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography of the University of California, San Diego, and is the oldest marine laboratory building in the western hemisphere.The laboratory, designed by notable San Diego architect Irving Gill, was designated San Diego National Landmark 119 and was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, the year it was scheduled to be demolished. (The building had been thought to be not sturdy enough to withstand earthquakes; a review of the original building plans showed that no major structural changes would be required to meet modern seismic safety standards. Demolition plans were canceled.)
Global ocean data inventory
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) has announced the availability of the Global Ocean Data Inventory: FGGE (Global Weather Experiment) Operational Year, September 1978 through March 1980. This microfiche publication contains inventory information about 6,242 oceanographic data sets collected or planned to be collected during the FGGE operational year.Each data set is described by a one‐page entry based on inventory reports received from 1,260 principal investigators in 33 participating countries. An introduction and cross‐reference tables facilitate searches for inventoried data sets by data parameter; principal investigator; country; and major ocean area, according to NODC. The inventory entries list which repositories are holding collected data. Also included is a special index to data in the tropics, called Level IIc data.
NSF to fund U.S.‐P.R.C. geochemistry
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

The Division of International Programs of the National Science Foundation has finally completed negotiation on a United States‐People's Republic of China (P.R.C.) Cooperative Science Program. The areas of basic science to be funded under the program include geochemistry, chemistry of natural products, ceramics, metallurgy, polymers, and plant cell biology. The program is budgeted at approximately $600–$700 thousand per year and will allow expenses for travel and field work as well as for laboratory work, salaries, and indirect costs.The program is to support seminars and research in joint projects between United States and mainland Chinese scientists. The topics are to be in areas of basic research, so there will be little reason for concern that technology may be transfered under the program. In the geochemistry portions of the program, scientists from both countries will have a lot to gain from the exchange. Vast field and sampling areas in China and in the United States will be accessed, in many cases for the first time. Under the program it will be possible to transport samples back to the laboratory for study. In other projects, experiments may be done in China, for example, and the results returned to the United States for data reduction and analysis.
IGY celebrations
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

The House Science and Technology Committee unanimously approved a resolution to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the International Geophysical Year (IGY). The resolution, which also calls for House reaffirmation of its commitment to a ‘new, vigorous era of international cooperation in all the sciences,’ probably will be voted upon by the full House after Labor Day. If the resolution is passed, it will become an official statement of the House. As of mid‐August, no similar resolution had been introduced in the Senate.‘We owe the scientists responsible for IGY more than a mere remembrance,’ said Rep. Tim Wirth (D., Colo.), sponsor of the resolution, in testimony before the House Science and Technology Committee on August 3. ‘We need to reaffirm our commitment to a new era of peaceful international cooperation in the sciences. My resolution reaffirms our commitment despite signals from the Reagan Administration that it is willing to diminish our participation in international science programs. Our nation cannot afford such a retreat,’ Wirth added, ‘and 1 fear our world cannot long survive in an atmosphere of conflict instead of cooperation.’
AGU Statutes and Bylaws
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The American Geophysical Union, which was established in 1919 by the National Research Council and for more than 50 years operated as an unincorporated affiliate of the National Academy of Sciences, is now a corporation chartered under the laws of the District of Columbia. The Union is dedicated to the furtherance of the sciences of geophysics through the individual efforts of its members and in cooperation with other national and international scientific organizations.Article 1. Objectsa. To promote the scientific study of the earth and its environment in space and to make the results of such studies available to the public.b. To promote cooperation among scientific organizations whose objectives include the furtherance of knowledge in the geophysical disciplines.c. To initiate and participate in geophysical research programs, including those which depend upon international cooperation.d. To advance the various geophysical disciplines (1) through programs of the Union and its Sections; (2) by scientific discussion, publication and dissemination of information; and (3) by sponsorship of scientific and technical symposia, colloquia, and meetings.
Joint NASA‐Australian Laser Ranging
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Australian National Development and Energy Department (National Mapping Division), which built and operated the lunar laser‐ranging facility at Orroral, are planning a new system that will be capable of measuring distances between the moon and the earth to better than 5 cm. The system will have an accuracy in the tracking of artificial satellites of better than 2 cm (Ind. Res. Dev., August 1982).The new facility is to be named the Nat‐map Laser‐Ranging System (NLRS). New lasers and computer facilities will be used to provide much higher accuracy and a higher data production rate. According to a recent report (op. cit.), the new system will be used for a wide range of geophysical applications, which include obtaining data and monitoring variations in the rotation rate of the earth. Continental drift measurements will be made with considerably more accuracy than before by means of the vastly enlarged computer data base system.
Chapman Conference on Spatial Variability in Hydrologic Modeling
Authors: Woolhiser D. A. , Morel‐Seytoux H. J. 
Published: October 2011

The AGU Chapman Conference on Spatial Variability in Hydrologic Modeling was held July 21–23, 1981, at the Colorado State University Pingree Park Campus, located in the mountains some 88.5 km (55 miles) west of Fort Collins, Colorado. The conference was attended by experimentalists and theoreticians from a wide range of disciplines, including geology, hydrology, civil engineering, watershed science, chemical engineering, geography, statistics, mathematics, meteorology, and soil science. The attendees included researchers at various levels of research experience, including a large contingent of graduate students and many senior scientists.The conference goal was to review progress and discuss research approaches to the spatial variability of catchment surface and subsurface properties in a distributed modeling context. Mathematical models of water movement dynamics within a catchment consist of linked partial differential equations that describe free surface flow and unsaturated and saturated flow in porous media. Such models are utilized extensively in attempts to understand and predict the environmental consequences of human activities such as agricultural land management, waste disposal, urbanization, etc. We are concerned with the spatial structure of the parameters in such models, the precipitation input, and the geometric complexity of the system boundaries. The emphasis of this conference was on surface and subsurface hydrological process and their interactions.
Nation stays wet in august
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Streamflow conditions across most of the nation were normal to well‐above normal during August—the third straight month that wet conditions have prevailed, according to a month‐end check of water resources by the U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior.During August, 35% of the 164 key index gaging stations across the nation reported well‐above normal streamflow conditions. The high streamflows occurred along a broad band extending from northeastern Nebraska southeast to western Georgia and from southwestern Montana to central California.
Agriculture and water pollution
Authors: Page G. William 
Published: October 2011

The attempt by certain jurisdictions to preserve a rural lifestyle by means of farmland preservation may produce some unwanted side effects, such as polluted water supplies. While there are many excellent and important reasons to preserve high‐quality agricultural land for food production, efforts to retain or encourage agricultural activities in areas experiencing rapid population growth may produce some serious environmental problems.For the entire post‐WW II period the United States has experienced almost continuous suburban sprawl. Many incorporated areas, experiencing rapid development, have attempted to preserve open‐space and less‐developed land uses by actively attempting to preserve agricultural activities. Often the most recent migrants to a growing municipality exemplify the ‘last in’ syndrome by being among the most vociferous in attempting to halt further development.
Water year ends on wet note
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The combined flow of the nation's ‘Big Five’ rivers (Mississippi, St. Lawrence, Columbia, Ohio and Missouri) ended the 1982 water year on a wet note, averaging 617 billion gallons a day (bgd) during September, 33% above normal for the month, according to a check of the nation's water resources by the U.S. Geological Survey.USGS hydrologists said that for the 1982 water year the nation's overall water picture was in good shape—the combined flow of the Big Five averaging 12% above normal for the year. The wet September finish to a generally good water year was a welcome contrast to the 1981 water year, which was the driest in 5 years, the USGS hydrologists said. (The water year used by hydrologists runs from October 1 to September 30 of the following calendar year and is designed to roughly follow the growing season and to begin and end during a period of generally low streamflow.)
Nation's streams rebound
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The nation's streams showed good recovery during the 1982 water year, rebounding from a dry 1981 with almost the whole country showing normal to above‐normal streamflow conditions, according to a year‐end check on the nation's water resources by the U.S. Geological Survey.USGS hydrologists said that for the 1982 water year, the nation's overall water picture was in good shape, noting in particular that the combined flow of the nation's ‘Big Five’ rivers (Mississippi, St. Lawrence, Columbia, Ohio, and Missouri) averaged 12% above normal for the year.
Halley spotted
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Astronomers at the California Institute of Technology detected Comet Halley on October 15. This is the first sighting of the popular comet as it speeds toward the sun; its 76‐year cycle last brought it to our part of the solar system in 1910.Comet Halley, still more than a billion miles away, was detected ‘as a faint speck in the region of the constellation Canis Minor,’ according to a report in The New York Times (October 21, p. 1). The astronomers attribute their success to use of the 200‐inch telescope at Mount Palomar, which is combined with an imaging system built around an electronic sensor—known as a charge—coupled device—containing a silicon chip more photosensitive than photographic film.
IAHS
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) is the oldest and foremost of the international nongovernmental organizations dealing with hydrology and water resources. It was established in 1922 and is one of the seven associations which together form the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG).IUGG itself was set up in 1919 to promote and coordinate physical, chemical, and mathematical studies of the earth and its immediate spatial environment. IUGG meets in general assembly roughly every 4 years.
Groundwater Resources: Investigation and Development
Authors: Anderson Mary P. 
Published: October 2011

A glance through the table of contents of this volume might suggest that it is yet another introductory text on principles of groundwater hydrology. All of the usual basic topics are covered including definitions of terms and concepts, aquifer types, drilling methods, and pumping tests. But partly because this book is intended for practicing groundwater consultants rather than students, other less elementary topics such as environmental isotope techniques, geochemical methods, interpretation and utilization of spring flow, geophysical methods, and groundwater balances are also included.According to the preface, ‘practical applicability’ is stressed ‘to show how groundwater investigations should be conducted using a systematic, well‐directed effort’ and to describe ‘… what to do, what to avoid, and what kind of results one can reasonably expect …’ While this book was published as part of a series of monographs on water pollution, it is more in the nature of a handbook than a true monograph. That is, it is not an in‐depth treatment of a single topic but presents a broad introduction to the ways in