bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 Ion Channel Contributes to Guarding Pain and Mechanical Hypersensitivity in a Rat Model of Postoperative Pain
Authors: Wei Hong , Karimaa Mari , Korjamo Timo , Koivisto Ari , Pertovaara Antti 
Published: May 2012

Background
The transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) ion channel is expressed on nociceptive primary afferent nerve fibers. On the distal ending, it is involved in transduction of noxious stimuli, and on the proximal ending (within the spinal dorsal horn), it regulates transmission of nociceptive signals. Here we studied whether the cutaneous or spinal TRPA1 ion channel contributes to mechanical hypersensitivity or guarding, an index of spontaneous pain, in an experimental model of postoperative pain in the rat.

Methods
A skin plus deep-tissue incision was performed under general anesthesia in the plantar skin of one hind paw, after which the incised skin was closed with sutures. Postoperative pain and hypersensitivity were assessed 24-48 h after the operation. Guarding pain was assessed by scoring the hind-paw position. Mechanical hypersensitivity was assessed with a calibrated series of monofilaments applied to the wound area in the operated paw or the contralateral control paw. Chembridge-5861528, a TRPA1 channel antagonist, was administered intaperitoneally (10-30 mg/kg), intraplantarly (10-30 μg), or intrathecally (10 μg) in attempts to suppress guarding and hypersensitivity.

Results
Intraperitoneal or ipsi- but not contralateral intraplantar treatment with Chembridge-5861528 reduced mechanical hypersensitivity and guarding in the operated limb. Intrathecal treatment attenuated hypersensitivity but not guarding. Intraplantar Chembridge-5861528 suppressed preferentially mechanical hyperalgesia and intrathecal Chembridge-5861528 tactile allodynia.

Conclusions
The TRPA1 channel in the skin contributes to sustained as well noxious mechanical stimulus-evoked postoperative pain, whereas the spinal TRPA1 channel contributes predominantly to innocuous mechanical stimulus-evoked postoperative pain.
Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis genes discriminate between Rubus‐ and Spiraeoideae‐infective genotypes of Erwinia amylovora
Authors: REZZONICO FABIO , BRAUN‐KIEWNICK ANDREA , MANN RACHEL A. , RODONI BRENDAN , GOESMANN ALEXANDER , DUFFY BRION , SMITS THEO H. M. 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYComparative genomic analysis revealed differences in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis gene cluster between the Rubus‐infecting strain ATCC BAA‐2158 and the Spiraeoideae‐infecting strain CFBP 1430 of Erwinia amylovora. These differences corroborate rpoB‐based phylogenetic clustering of E. amylovora into four different groups and enable the discrimination of Spiraeoideae‐ and Rubus‐infecting strains. The structure of the differences between the two groups supports the hypothesis that adaptation to Rubus spp. took place after species separation of E. amylovora and E. pyrifoliae that contrasts with a recently proposed scenario, based on CRISPR data, in which the shift to domesticated apple would have caused an evolutionary bottleneck in the Spiraeoideae‐infecting strains of E. amylovora which would be a much earlier event. In the core region of the LPS biosynthetic gene cluster, Spiraeoideae‐infecting strains encode three glycosyltransferases and an LPS ligase (Spiraeoideae‐type waaL), whereas Rubus‐infecting strains encode two glycosyltransferases and a different LPS ligase (Rubus‐type waaL). These coding domains share little to no homology at the amino acid level between Rubus‐ and Spiraeoideae‐infecting strains, and this genotypic difference was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction analysis of the associated DNA region in 31 Rubus‐ and Spiraeoideae‐infecting strains. The LPS biosynthesis gene cluster may thus be used as a molecular marker to distinguish between Rubus‐ and Spiraeoideae‐infecting strains of E. amylovora using primers designed in this study.
Macrophages and mesenchymal stromal cells support survival and proliferation of multiple myeloma cells
Authors: Kim Jaehyup , Denu Ryan A. , Dollar Bridget A. , Escalante Leah E. , Kuether Justin P. , Callander Natalie S. , Asimakopoulos Fotis , Hematti Peiman 
Published: May 2012

SummaryMultiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by almost exclusive tropism of malignant cells for the bone marrow (BM) milieu. The survival and proliferation of malignant plasma cells have been shown to rely on interactions with nonmalignant stromal cells, in particular mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), in the BM microenvironment. However, the BM microenvironment is composed of a diverse array of cell types. This study examined the role of macrophages, an abundant component of BM stroma, as a potential niche component that supports malignant plasma cells. We investigated the proliferation of MM tumour cell lines when cultured alone or together with MSCs, macrophages, or a combination of MSCs and macrophages, using the carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester assay. Consistently, we observed increased proliferation of MM cell lines in the presence of either MSCs or macrophages compared to cell line‐only control. Furthermore, the combined co‐culture of MSCs plus macrophages induced the greatest degree of proliferation of myeloma cells. In addition to increased proliferation, MSCs and macrophages decreased the rate of apoptosis of myeloma cells. Our in vitro studies provide evidence that highlights the role of macrophages as a key component of the BM microenvironment facilitating the growth of malignant plasma cells in MM.
Can we predict nutrient limitation in streams and rivers?
Authors: KECK FRANÇOIS , LEPORI FABIO 
Published: May 2012

Summary1. Anthropogenic impacts on the biogeochemical cycles of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) affect natural ecosystems worldwide. Modelling is required to predict where and when these key nutrients limit primary production in freshwaters.2. We reviewed 382 nutrient‐enrichment experiments to examine which factors promote limitation of microphytobenthos biomass by N or P in streams and rivers. Using regression models, we examined whether the response of microphytobenthos biomass to N and P additions could be predicted by the absolute N and P concentrations in the water, the water N:P ratio or a combination of the two.3. The absolute N concentration in the water was the best predictor of the magnitude of the response of microphytobenthos biomass to N additions. In comparison, the N:P ratio was the best predictor of whether or not N was limiting. However, predictions were uncertain except at extreme N:P ratios <1 : 1 and >100 : 1.4. The absolute P concentration in the water was the best predictor of the magnitude of the response of microphytobenthos biomass to P additions. Neither the absolute nor the relative N and P concentrations predicted whether or not P was limiting.5. The absolute and the relative N and P water concentrations contribute significant and complementary insights into the responses of microphytobenthos biomass to nutrient enrichment in running waters. However, ability to predict nutrient limitation from these concentrations is constrained by substantial error in the models. In the future, the prediction ability of models of nutrient limitation might be improved by focussing on regional scales and accounting for additional factors such as light and disturbance.
Constrained 1D joint inversion of seismic surface waves and P‐refraction traveltimes
Authors: Piatti C. , Socco L.V. , Boiero D. , Foti S. 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTWe present a joint inversion scheme that couples P‐wave refraction and seismic surface‐wave data for a layered subsurface. An algorithm is implemented with a damped least‐squares approach. The estimated parameters are S‐ and P‐wave velocities and layer thicknesses, while densities are assumed constant during inversion. The coupling is both geometric and physical: layer thicknesses are the same for S‐ and P‐wave velocity profiles and P‐wave velocities enter in both forward algorithms. Sensitivity analysis, performed on synthetic data, reveals that surface‐wave dispersion curves can be sensitive also to P‐wave velocity of some layers (especially for Poisson's ratio values smaller than about 0.35), allowing synergic resolution of this parameter. Applications on both synthetic and field data show that the proposed approach mitigates the hidden layer problem of seismic refraction and leads to more accurate results than individual inversions also for surface waves. Additional constraints on the objective function on a priori Poisson's ratio values allow unrealistic and not admissible VP and VS values to be avoided; such constraints were applied in one field case considering the a priori information available about water‐table depth. It is also shown that estimation of porosity can help the selection of the proper constraint on a priori Poisson's ratio.
China's crop productivity and soil carbon storage as influenced by multifactor global change
Authors: Ren Wei , Tian Hanqin , Tao Bo , Huang Yao , Pan Shufen 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMuch concern has been raised about how multifactor global change has affected food security and carbon sequestration capacity in China. By using a process‐based ecosystem model, the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM), in conjunction with the newly developed driving information on multiple environmental factors (climate, atmospheric CO2, tropospheric ozone, nitrogen deposition, and land cover/land use change), we quantified spatial and temporal patterns of net primary production (NPP) and soil organic carbon storage (SOC) across China's croplands during 1980–2005 and investigated the underlying mechanisms. Simulated results showed that both crop NPP and SOC increased from 1980 to 2005, and the highest annual NPP occurred in the Southeast (SE) region (0.32 Pg C yr−1, 35.4% of the total NPP) whereas the largest annual SOC (2.29 Pg C yr−1, 35.4% of the total SOC) was found in the Northeast (NE) region. Land management practices, particularly nitrogen fertilizer application, appear to be the most important factor in stimulating increase in NPP and SOC. However, tropospheric ozone pollution and climate change led to NPP reduction and SOC loss. Our results suggest that China's crop productivity and soil carbon storage could be enhanced through minimizing tropospheric ozone pollution and improving nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency.
Oxidation of ortho‐diphenols in red clover with and without polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity and their role in PPO activation and inactivation
Authors: Lee M. R. F. , Tweed J. K. S. , Sullivan M. L. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractOxidation of phenol to quinone with its subsequent binding and complexing with protein in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) when fed to ruminant livestock has been shown to improve nitrogen‐use efficiency and the deposition of polyunsaturated fats into animal products. This oxidation has, almost exclusively, been attributed to the activity of the enzyme group polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) and, specifically, catecholase during conservation. However, during conservation, temporal inactivation of PPO occurs and oxidation of phenolic substrate may occur through other mechanisms not associated with PPO. T1 progeny of a cross between a red clover clone having normal levels of foliar PPO activity and a transgenic PPO‐silenced red clover plant with undetectable levels of PPO activity were divided into two populations based on the presence of the silencing transgene and lack of measurable PPO activity (PPO−) or the absence of the silencing transgene and normal levels of PPO activity (PPO+). This material was subsequently used to determine the relevant extent of phenolic oxidation in the presence and absence of PPO activity under two damage regimes (heavy and light). PPO+ and PPO− material was passed through a garden shredder as the light‐damaged regime, or frozen at −20°C as the heavy damaged regime. Material was left at room temperature and sampled at regular intervals for the determination of PPO enzyme activity (active and total), PPO activation (conversion from latent to active forms) and formation of protein‐bound phenol (PBP) as a measure of oxidation. Experiments with red clover leaf extracts were carried out to determine the mechanism for the temporal activation and inactivation (loss of enzymatic activity) of PPO during wilting. PBP formation was evident in both PPO− and PPO+ treatments with the response further catalysed during the first 2 h by extent of damage that increased the activation of PPO, but which also resulted in a more rapid temporal inactivation of PPO. PBP formation, PPO activation and PPO inactivation were all shown to be mediated predominantly by quinone binding. A role of non‐PPO oxidation in PBP formation in wilted red clover is reported, showing the importance of o‐diphenolic substrate concentration and not just PPO activity to increase nitrogen use efficiency and the deposition of polyunsaturated fats into animal products.
Different morphology, stage and treatment affect immune cell infiltration and long‐term outcome in patients with non‐small‐cell lung carcinoma
Authors: da Costa Souza Paola , Parra Edwin Roger , Atanazio Marcelo Junqueira , da Silva Osmar Bianchi , Noleto Gustavo Sousa , Ab’Saber Alexandre Muxfeldt , de Morais Fernezlian Sandra , Takagaki Tereza , Capelozzi Vera Luiza 
Published: May 2012

da Costa Souza P, Parra E R, Atanazio M J, da Silva O B, Noleto G S, Ab’Saber A M, de Morais Fernezlian S, Takagaki T & Capelozzi V L  (2012) Histopathology 61, 587–596Different morphology, stage and treatment affect immune cell infiltration and long‐term outcome in patients with non‐small‐cell lung carcinomaAims:  Development of effective immune‐based therapies for patients with non‐small‐cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) depends on an accurate characterization of complex interactions that occur between immune cells and the tumour environment.Methods and results:  Innate and adaptive immune responses were evaluated in relation to prognosis in 65 patients with surgically excised NSCLC. Immunohistochemistry and morphometry were used to determine the abundance and distribution of immune cells. We found low numbers of immune cells and levels of cytokines in the tumour environment when compared with surrounding parenchyma. Smoking was associated inversely with the adaptive immune response and directly with innate immunity. We observed a prominent adaptive immune response in squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) but greater innate immune responses in adenocarcinomas and large cell carcinomas. Cox model analysis showed a low risk of death for smoking <41 packs/year, N0 tambour stage, squamous carcinoma, CD4+ > 16.81% and macrophages/monocytes >4.5%. Collectively, the data indicate that in NSCLC there is not a substantive local immune cell infiltrate within the tumour.Conclusion:  Although immune cell infiltration is limited in NSCLC it appears to have an impact on prognosis and this may be of relevance for new immunotherapeutic approaches.
Research evidence uptake in a developing country: a survey of attitudes, education and self‐efficacy, engagement, and barriers among physical therapists in the Philippines
Authors: Gorgon Edward James R. , Barrozo Hazel Gaile T. , Mariano Laarni G. , Rivera Emmalou F. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractRationale and objective  Use of evidence from systematic research is critical in evidence‐based physical therapy, yet this has not been described well in developing countries where its purported benefits are most needed. This study explored research evidence uptake among physical therapists in the Philippines.Method  A probability survey of practitioners in tertiary hospitals in the Philippines' National Capital Region was conducted.Results  Of the 188 questionnaires distributed, 152 were returned for an 81% response rate. Positive attitudes were consistently reported (78–93%), although education and self‐efficacy related to key dimensions such as searching, appraising and integrating evidence were varied (53–82%). Less than 50% reported using research evidence routinely in five of six dimensions of clinical practice, except in selecting treatments (53%). Textbooks, own observations and expert opinion were consistently relied upon (74–96%) while average‐month approximations of engagement in relevant activities such as searching, reading, appraising and applying research literature were low (10–18%). Participants faced a number of barriers such as lack of time, resources, skills, access to research literature, supporting administrative policies, in‐service training and authority in decision making.Conclusions  The low research evidence uptake and heavy reliance on potentially biased evidence sources strongly indicate the need for effective professional education for practitioners to address current barriers as well as early intensive undergraduate education for students to ensure adequate preparation on being effective research evidence consumers. Given the profile of Filipino physical therapists, alternatives to ‘from scratch’ evidence searching and appraisal are required if widespread uptake is envisaged.
Leishmania (V.) braziliensis and L. (L.) amazonensis promote differential expression of dendritic cells and cellular immune response in murine model
Authors: CARVALHO A. K. , SILVEIRA F. T. , PASSERO L. F. D. , GOMES C. M. C. , CORBETT C. E. P. , LAURENTI M. D. 
Published: May 2012

SummaryThe expression of Langerhans cell (LC) and dermal dendritic cell (dDC) as well as T CD4+ and CD8+ immune responses was evaluated in the skin of BALB/c mice experimentally infected by L. (L.) amazonensis (La) and L. (V.) braziliensis (Lb). At 4th and 8th weeks post infection (PI), skin biopsies were collected to determine the parasite load and CD207+, CD11c+, CD4+, CD8+, iNOS+ cellular densities. Cytokine (IFN‐γ, IL‐4 and IL‐10) profiles were also analysed in draining lymph node. At 4th week, the densities of CD207+ and CD11c+ were higher in the La infection, while in the Lb infection, these markers revealed a significant increase at 8th week. At 4th week, CD4+ and CD8+ were higher in the La infection, but at 8th week, there was a substantial increase in both markers in the Lb infection. iNOS+ was higher in the Lb infection at 4th and 8th weeks. In contrast, the parasite load was higher in the La infection at 4th and 8th weeks. The concentration of IFN‐γ was higher in the Lb infection, but IL‐4 and IL‐10 were higher in the La infection at 4th and 8th weeks. These results confirm the role of the Leishmania species in the BALB/c mice disease characterized by differences in the expression of dendritic cells and cellular immune response.
Aid effectiveness from Rome to Busan: some progress but lacking bottom‐up approaches or behaviour changes
Authors: Martini Jessica , Mongo Roch , Kalambay Hyppolite , Fromont Anne , Ribesse Nathalie , Dujardin Bruno 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe Busan partnership adopted at the 4th High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness at the end of last year is a significant step forward towards the improvement of aid quality and the promotion of development. In particular, the inclusiveness achieved in Busan and the shift in discourse from ‘aid effectiveness’ to ‘development effectiveness’ are emblematic. However, key challenges still remain. Firstly, decision‐making should be more bottom‐up, finding ways to take into account the populations’ needs and experiences and to enhance self‐learning dynamics during the policy process. Today, it is particularly necessary to define what ‘development’ means at country level, according to the aspirations of particular categories of people and meeting operational and local expectations. Secondly, changes in language should be followed by a real change in mindset. Development stakeholders should further adapt their procedures to the reality of complex systems in which development interventions are being dealt with.
Transumbilical portal venous catheterization: a useful adjunct in left lobe living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Urahashi Taizen , Katsuragawa Hideo , Yamamoto Masakazu , Mizuta Koichi , Sanada Yukihiro , Wakiya Taiichi , Umehara Minoru , Kawarasaki Hideo 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTo improve the processes used for perfusion of the explanted graft and measuring the portal venous pressure (PVP) in adult living donor transplantation (LDLT), we performed transumbilical portal venous catheterization (TPVC) to reopen the umbilical vein and insert the catheter for seven adult patients undergoing left lobe LDLT. There were no major complications as a result of this procedure. This procedure prior to implanting the graft was derived from our experience and is a classic diagnostic technique used during liver surgery. It is a simple and effective procedure for perfusion and washout of the graft and for the safe monitoring of the intraoperative PVP. We hope that this technique for left lobe LDLT will be helpful to others using postoperative PVP monitoring, administration of therapeutic drugs through the portal vein, and temporal portal decompression by preparation of extracorporeal shunting in patients with a small‐for‐size graft.
Adaptive molecular evolution of a defence gene in sexual but not functionally asexual evening primroses
Authors: HERSCH‐GREEN E. I. , MYBURG H. , JOHNSON M. T. J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTheory predicts that sexual reproduction provides evolutionary advantages over asexual reproduction by reducing mutational load and increasing adaptive potential. Here, we test the latter prediction in the context of plant defences against pathogens because pathogens frequently reduce plant fitness and drive the evolution of plant defences. Specifically, we ask whether sexual evening primrose plant lineages (Onagraceae) have faster rates of adaptive molecular evolution and altered gene expression of a class I chitinase, a gene implicated in defence against pathogens, than functionally asexual evening primrose lineages. We found that the ratio of amino acid to silent substitutions (Ka/Ks = 0.19 vs. 0.11 for sexual and asexual lineages, respectively), the number of sites identified to be under positive selection (four vs. zero for sexual and asexual lineages, respectively) and the expression of chitinase were all higher in sexual than in asexual lineages. Our results are congruent with the conclusion that a loss of sexual recombination and segregation in the Onagraceae negatively affects adaptive structural and potentially regulatory evolution of a plant defence protein.
Identification of QTLs for plant height, ear height and grain yield in maize (Zea mays L.) in response to nitrogen and phosphorus supply
Authors: Cai Hongguang , Chu Qun , Gu Riliang , Yuan Lixing , Liu Jianchao , Zhang Xiuzhi , Chen Fanjun , Mi Guohua , Zhang Fusuo 
Published: May 2012

With 2 figures and 2 tablesAbstractPlant height (PH), ear height (EH) and the PH/EH ratio have a great effect on plant lodging in maize (Zea mays L.) under intensive cropping systems. To understand the genetic mechanisms controlling PH, EH and the PH/EH ratio in response to nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) supply, a set of 218 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) was used to evaluate PH, EH, PH/EH ratio and grain yield (GY) and grain yield components under low N, low P and normal N and P supply (NP). A total of 100 QTLs (quantitative trait loci) were detected for the traits investigated. Several QTLs were found to be associated with PH (bin 1.06/1.07) only, both PH and EH (umc1692 at bin 5.01/5.03; umc2313‐umc1006 at bin 6.02) and the PH/EH ratio (bnlg1484‐bnlg1866 at bin 1.03; umc1164‐um1757 at bin 4.01) which was also associated with grain yield. N‐ or P‐inducible QTLs for PH, EH and the PH/EH ratio were found in both years and are sensitive to weather conditions.