bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mitochondrial Damage in Aging and Apoptosis
Authors: SASTRE JUAN , BORRÁS CONSUELO , GARCÍA‐SALA DAVID , LLORET ANA , PALLARDÓ FEDERICO V. , VIÑA JOSÉ 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMitochondria are essential to cellular aging, and free radical production by mitochondria is increased with aging. The rate of oxidant production by mitochondria correlates inversely with maximal life span of species. In many species, females live longer than males. We report that mitochondrial oxidant production by females is significantly lower than that of males. However, mitochondria from ovariectomized females have a similar oxidant production as those of males. Thus, gender difference in life span can be explained, at least in part, by different oxidant generation by mitochondria. Administration of antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E, or a Ginkgo biloba extract, protects against age‐associated oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA, oxidation of glutathione, and other signs of oxidative damage to mitochondria.
The Protective Role of l‐Carnitine against Neurotoxicity Evoked by Drug of Abuse, Methamphetamine, Could Be Related to Mitochondrial Dysfunction
Authors: VIRMANI ASHRAF , GAETANI FRANCO , IMAM SYED , BINIENDA ZBIGNIEW , ALI SYED 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:There is growing evidence that suggests that brain injury after amphetamine and methamphetamine (METH) administration is due to an increase in free radical formation and mitochondrial damage, which leads to a failure of cellular energy metabolism followed by a secondary excitotoxicity. Neuronal degeneration caused by drugs of abuse is also associated with decreased ATP synthesis. Defective mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and metabolic compromise also play an important role in atherogenesis, in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, diabetes, and aging. The energy deficits in the central nervous system can lead to the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as indicated by increased activity of the free radical scavenging enzymes like catalase and superoxide dismutase. The METH‐induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity may be mediated by the generation of peroxynitrite and can be protected by antioxidants selenium, melatonin, and selective nNOS inhibitor, 7‐nitroindazole. L‐Carnitine (LC) is well known to carry long‐chain fatty acyl groups into mitochondria for β‐oxidation. It also plays a protective role in 3‐nitropropioinc acid (3‐NPA)‐induced neurotoxicity as demonstratedin vitroandin vivo. LC has also been utilized in detoxification efforts in fatty acid‐related metabolic disorders.In this study we have tested the hypothesis that enhancement of mitochondrial energy metabolism by LC could prevent the generation of peroxynitrite and free radicals produced by METH. Adult male C57BL/6N mice were divided into four groups. Group I served as control. Groups III and IV received LC (100 mg/kg, orally) for one week. Groups II and IV received 4 × 10 mg/kg METH i.p. at 2‐h intervals after one week of LC administration. LC treatment continued for one more week to groups III and IV. One week after METH administration, mice were sacrificed by decapitation, and striatum was dissected to measure the formation of 3‐nitrotyrosine (3‐NT) by HPLC/Coularry system. METH treatment produced significant formation of 3‐NT, a marker of peroxynitrite generation, in mice striatum.The pre‐ and post‐treatment of mice with LC significantly attenuated the production of 3‐NT in the striatum resulting from METH treatment. The protective effects by the compound LC in this study could be related to the prevention of the possible metabolic compromise by METH and the resulting energy deficits that lead to the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. These data further confirm our hypothesis that METH‐induced neurotoxicity is mediated by the production of peroxynitrite, and LC may reduce the peroxynitrite levels and protect against the underlying mechanism of METH toxicity, which are models for several neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's disease.
Development of a Sandwich Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for Detection of Buckwheat Residues in Food
Authors: Panda Rakhi , Taylor Steve L. , Goodman Richard E. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:  Buckwheat is a pseudocereal (an eudicot with seed qualities and uses similar to those of monocot cereals, family Poaceae) that is consumed in some Asian countries as a staple, and in some western countries as a health food. Allergic reactions to buckwheat are common in some countries. The objective was to develop a specific and sensitive sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect traces of buckwheat that might inadvertently contaminate other foods in order to assure accurate labeling and consumer protection. Buckwheat‐specific antibodies produced in 3 species of animals were tested for specificity and titer by direct ELISA and immunoblot. A sandwich ELISA was developed utilizing pooled rabbit antibuckwheat sera to capture buckwheat proteins and pooled goat antibuckwheat sera, followed by enzyme‐labeled rabbit antigoat immunoglobulin G (IgG), to detect bound buckwheat proteins. The lower limit of quantification (LOQ) of the sandwich ELISA was 2 parts per million (ppm) of buckwheat in the presence of complex food matrices. The ELISA is highly specific with no cross‐reactivity to any of 80 food ingredients and matrices tested. Validation studies conducted with buckwheat processed into noodles and muffins showed greater than 90% and 60% recovery, respectively. The percent recovery of buckwheat from noodles was similar to that achieved with a commercial buckwheat ELISA kit (ELISA Systems Pty. Ltd., Windsor, Queensland, Australia) at high buckwheat concentrations. However, the sensitivity of this ELISA was greater than the commercial ELISA. This newly developed ELISA is sufficiently specific and sensitive to detect buckwheat residues in processed foods to protect buckwheat‐allergic subjects from potential harm.Practical Application:  Buckwheat is becoming a common food ingredient in a number of processed foods due to potentially beneficial nutritional properties, without the celiac disease inducing glutenin proteins of wheat and related cereals. However, buckwheat causes allergy in some individuals and must be labeled and tested accurately to protect those with allergy to buckwheat. We describe the development of a new test assay to help food producers ensure that buckwheat is not present in foods that are not intended to contain buckwheat.
Chlorogenic Acid UVA–UVB Photostability
Authors: Rivelli Diogo P. , Filho Carlos A. H. , Almeida Rebeca L. , Ropke Cristina D. , Sawada Tânia C. H. , Barros Silvia B. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChlorogenic acid is a natural potent antioxidant. It can be used in cosmetics formulations, but for this purpose its photochemical stability should be determined to ensure that the compound will not be degraded after UV radiation exposure. To evaluate this possibility, the concentration of a chlorogenic acid solution was determined by HPLC before and after UVA and UVB irradiation. The results indicate that chlorogenic acid is not degraded under UVA or UVB irradiation.
Enhancement of Storage Capacity and Conversion Efficiency of Photoelectrochemical Cells: Effect of Dyes Adsorbed on Carbon Nano Tubes
Authors: Mondal Anindita , Basu Ruma , Das Sukhen , Nandy Papiya 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe report here our studies on photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells where two commonly used photosensitive dyes, thionine and Rose Bengal were used as photosensitizers for conversion of light energy to electrical energy. The performance of the cells increased radically in presence of oxidized multiwalled carbon nano tubes (OMWCNTs) as reflected by the values of conversion efficiency (∼3.69%) and open circuit voltage (∼548.9 mV). To understand the role of OMWCNTs in enhancing the performance of the cells, the spectral study of dye–OMWCNT mixed systems were performed. The absorption spectra indicated more absorption of incident photons in presence of OMWCNT, whereas the infrared spectra suggested that the basic structure of dyes remained unaltered. The spectral studies implied that the dye molecules got adsorbed on OMWCNTs side walls causing efficient absorption of the incident light quanta. Moreover, insertion of planar lipid membrane (PLM) separating the two chambers of PEC cell could effectively counteract the recombination of photodissociated charges and thereby caused better storage capacity of the PEC cells with further increase in efficiency.
Marine genomics: at the interface of marine microbial ecology and biodiscovery
Authors: Heidelberg Karla B. , Gilbert Jack A. , Joint Ian 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThe composition and activities of microbes from diverse habitats have been the focus of intense research during the past decade with this research being spurred on largely by advances in molecular biology and genomic technologies. In recent years environmental microbiology has entered very firmly into the age of the ‘omics’– (meta)genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, transcriptomics – with probably others on the rise. Microbes are essential participants in all biogeochemical processes on our planet, and the practical applications of what we are learning from the use of molecular approaches has altered how we view biological systems. In addition, there is considerable potential to use information about uncultured microbes in biodiscovery research as microbes provide a rich source of discovery for novel genes, enzymes and metabolic pathways. This review explores the brief history of genomic and metagenomic approaches to study environmental microbial assemblages and describes some of the future challenges involved in broadening our approaches – leading to new insights for understanding environmental problems and enabling biodiscovery research.
A novel family of functional operons encoding methane/ammonia monooxygenase‐related proteins in gammaproteobacterial methanotrophs
Authors: Tavormina Patricia L. , Orphan Victoria J. , Kalyuzhnaya Marina G. , Jetten Mike S. M. , Klotz Martin G. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryGenomes of alphaproteobacterial and verrucomicrobial methane‐oxidizing bacteria (MOB) encode sequence‐divergent copies of particulate methane monooxygenase [pMMO = (PmoABC); pmoCAB]. In contrast, sequenced gammaproteobacterial MOB (Gamma‐MOB) genomes contain single or multiple near‐identical copies of pmoCAB operons. In betaproteobacterial ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria (Beta‐AOB), near‐identical amoCAB operons encode ammonia monooxygenase (AMO), a homologue of pMMO. Here, we report that Gamma‐MOB in the genera Methylomonas, Methylobacter and Methylomicrobium also encode a sequence‐divergent particulate monooxygenase (pXMO). Whereas all known genes encoding pMMO or AMO cluster in the order ‘CAB’, the genes encoding pXMO are uniquely organized in the non‐canonical form ‘pxmABC.’ Steady state pxm mRNA was detected in cultures of Methylomonas sp. as well as in freshwater creek sediment samples, demonstrating that pxm genes are expressed in culture and in situ. Inclusion of PxmA and PxmB proteins in phylogenetic analyses of the Pmo/Amo protein superfamilies created trifurcated trees with three major clades: (i) Pmo of Alpha‐ and Gamma‐MOB and Amo of Gamma‐AOB; (ii) Amo of Beta‐AOB, Pmo of putative ethane‐oxidizing Gamma‐MOB and Pxm of Gamma‐MOB; and (iii) verrucomicrobial Pmo and Amo of ammonia‐oxidizing Archaea. These data support but do not prove the hypothesis that oxygen‐dependent methane and ammonia monooxygenases evolved from a substrate‐promiscuous ancestor after horizontal transfer while being integrated into the catabolic contexts of their extant hosts.
Use of an external fixator to correct a wry nose in a yearling
Authors: Cousty M. , Haudiquet P. , Geffroy O. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryWry nose is a rare condition. The resultant deviation of the nasal septum and maxilla/premaxilla often complicates deglutition and respiration. Traditional treatment consists of internal fixation with pins after an osteotomy and a rib graft. A 17‐month‐old Arab yearling was presented for evaluation of deviation of the maxilla and nasal septum. This deviation was managed using an external fixation device after bilateral osteotomy of the maxilla/premaxilla and reduction of the deviation. Partial resection of the nasal septum by a dorsal approach was also performed. The dental malocclusion and respiratory noise were corrected.
Equine embryonic stem‐like cells and mesenchymal stromal cells have different survival rates and migration patterns following their injection into damaged superficial digital flexor tendon
Authors: GUEST D. J. , SMITH M. R. W. , ALLEN W. R. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study: Injury to the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) is common in racing and sport horses and poor tendon regeneration leads to high reinjury rates. Autologous mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are being used clinically to improve tendon regeneration but they have some practical limitations. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) may overcome these limitations but their fate following injection into the damaged SDFT is unknown.Objective: To inject MSCs and ESCs into distinct areas of damage in the SDFT and monitor their survival over a 3 month period.Methods: MSCs and ESCs expressing different reporter genes were injected into separate sites of mechanically induced damage in SDFTs. Cell survival and distribution were examined post mortem after 10, 30, 60 and 90 days and host immune responses determined.Results: Neither MSCs nor ESCs produced signs of cell‐mediated immune response or tumour formation. ESC survival was high and numbers were maintained at a constant level over 90 days. ESCs were present at all sites of damage. In contrast, MSCs showed <5% survival at 10 days and numbers declined over the course of the experiment. MSCs were detected only at the site into which they were injected.Conclusions: ESCs survived in greater numbers than MSCs in the damaged tendon and did not induce an immune response, or form tumours at the injection sites in the 90 day time period studied. ESCs also demonstrated an ability to migrate to other areas of damage within the same tendon, whereas MSCs did not.Potential relevance: ESCs can be used allogeneically, therefore providing a possible ‘off the shelf’ source of cells for therapeutic use which overcomes the practical limitations of autologous MSCs. Furthermore, MSCs and ESCs have different survival rates and migration patterns in the damaged tendon, suggesting that they may produce different functional effects. This may have clinical relevance to treating tendon injuries in the horse.
Comparative physical, mechanical and crystallographic properties of a series of gemfibrozil salts
Authors: David Sarah E , Ramirez Miren , Timmins Peter , Conway Barbara R 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Objectives
Understanding the impact of the counterion on the properties of an acidic or basic drug may influence the choice of salt form, especially for less potent drugs with a high drug load per unit dose. The aim of this work was to determine the influence of the hydrogen bonding potential of the counterion on the crystal structure of salts of the poorly soluble, poorly compressible, acidic drug gemfibrozil and to correlate these with mechanical properties.

Methods
Compacts of the parent drug and the salts were used to determine Young's modulus of elasticity using beam bending tests. Crystal structures were determined previously from X-ray powder diffraction data.

Key findings
The free acid, tert-butylamine, 2-amino-2-methylpropan-1-ol and 2-amino-2-methylpropan-1,3-diol salts had a common crystal packing motif of infinite hydrogen-bonded chains with cross-linking between pairs of adjacent chains. The tromethamine (trsi) salt, with different mechanical properties, had a two-dimensional sheet-like network of hydrogen bonds, with slip planes, forming a stiffer compact.

Conclusions
The type of counter ion is important in determining mechanical properties and could be selected to afford slip and plastic deformation.
Solubilisation of drugs within liposomal bilayers: alternatives to cholesterol as a membrane stabilising agent
Authors: Ali M Habib , Kirby Daniel J , Mohammed Afzal R , Perrie Yvonne 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this work was to investigate the effect of cholesterol on the bilayer loading of drugs and their subsequent release and to investigate fatty alcohols as an alternative bilayer stabiliser to cholesterol.MethodsThe loading and release rates of four low solubility drugs (diazepam, ibuprofen, midazolam and propofol) incorporated within the bilayer of multilamellar liposomes which contained a range of cholesterol (0–33 mol/mol%) or a fatty alcohol (tetradecanol, hexadecanol and octadecanol) were investigated. The molecular packing of these various systems was also investigated in Langmuir monolayer studies.Key findingsLoading and release of drugs within the liposome bilayer was shown to be influenced by their cholesterol content: increasing cholesterol content was shown to reduce drug incorporation and inclusion of cholesterol in the bilayer changed the release profile of propofol from zero-order, for phosphatidyl choline only liposomes, to a first-order model when 11 to 33 total molar % of cholesterol was present in the formulation. At higher bilayer concentrations substitution of cholesterol with tetradecanol was shown to have less of a detrimental impact on bilayer drug loading. However, the presence of cholesterol within the liposome bilayer was shown to reduce drug release compared with fatty alcohols. Monolayer studies undertaken showed that effective mean area per molecule for a 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) : cholesterol mixture deviated by 9% from the predicted area compared with 5% with a similar DSPC : tetradecanol mixture. This evidence, combined with cholesterol being a much more bulky structure, indicated that the condensing influence of tetradecanol was less compared with cholesterol, thus supporting the reduced impact of tetradecanol on drug loading and drug retention.ConclusionsLiposomes can be effectively formulated using fatty alcohols as an alternative bilayer stabiliser to cholesterol. The general similarities in the characteristics of liposomes containing fatty alcohols or cholesterol suggest a common behavioural influence for both compounds within the bilayer.
New perspectives on lipid and surfactant based drug delivery systems for oral delivery of poorly soluble drugs
Authors: Müllertz Anette , Ogbonna Anayo , Ren Shan , Rades Thomas 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of this review is to highlight relevant considerations when implementing a rational strategy for the development of lipid and surfactant based drug delivery system and to discuss shortcomings and challenges to the current classification of these delivery systems. We also aim to offer suggestions for an improved classification system that will accommodate lipid based formulations that are not currently accommodated in the lipid formulation classification system.

Key findings
When categorising lipid and surfactant based drug delivery systems, the current Lipid Formulations Classifications System is a useful tool. However, it does not apply to all marketed lipid and surfactant systems or those reported in research papers. A more profound understanding of the functionalities of lipids and surfactants and their role in emulsion formation will enable a rational development strategy and will create the basis for a revised classification system encompassing all employed lipid and surfactant drug delivery systems.

Summary
The ever-increasing number of poorly soluble compounds in drug discovery and development calls for the serious need for effective and affordable drug delivery strategies that will enhance bioavailability and decrease variability. Lipid and surfactant based drug delivery systems offer these advantages; however, the development of these systems requires proper understanding of the physicochemical nature of the compound as well as the lipid excipients and gastrointestinal digestion. One major challenge of lipid excipients and delivery systems is the varying range of compounds they contain. This has contributed to the challenge of proper characterisation and evaluation of these delivery systems, their stability, classification and regulatory issues, which consequently have affected the number of these formulations that eventually reach the market. Suggestions as to proper classification of these delivery systems based on their main lipid component and recommended use are put forward. The prospect of these delivery systems looks promising.
Patients' perceptions and illness severity at start of antidepressant treatment in general practice
Authors: Van Geffen Erica C G , Heerdink Eiebert R , Hugtenburg Jacqueline G , Siero Frans W , Egberts Antoine C G , Van Hulten Rolf 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Objectives
Patients' perceptions are important to consider when trying to understand why patients often do not follow prescriptions for antidepressant treatment. This study aimed to investigate the influence of patients' perceptions and illness severity at the start on antidepressant-medication-taking behaviour.

Methods
Eighteen community pharmacies in the Netherlands participated in this 6-month follow-up study. One hundred and ten patients presenting a first antidepressant prescription, prescribed by a general practitioner (GP), were included. A questionnaire was completed at inclusion, after 6 and 26 weeks.

Key findings
Of all 110 patients, eight (7.3%) did not initiate drug taking, 32 (29.1%) discontinued use, six (5.5%) switched to different antidepressant medication, and 64 (58.2%) continued on the same antidepressant during follow-up. Compared to continuers, non-initiators had lower belief scores for impact of illness (P = 0.044), perceived norm GP (P &lt; 0.001), intention to take medication (P &lt; 0.001), and attitude towards medication (P = 0.004). Furthermore, non-initiators were less severely depressed (P = 0.024). Discontinuers and continuers did not differ in illness severity at inclusion. However, discontinuers more often reported a non-specific reason for use, such as fatigue and sleeping problems (P = 0.014). Compared to continuers, switchers had higher illness severity scores at inclusion (depression, P = 0.041; anxiety, P = 0.050). During follow-up depression and anxiety severity improved for all treatment groups and reached the same level of severity at 6 months.

Conclusions
Patients' illness and treatment perceptions and illness severity influence their decisions about antidepressant drug taking. Patients' care could be improved by eliciting patients' beliefs about illness and treatment and assessing illness severity before prescribing.