bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Promoter Collection for Cell‐Targeted Analysis Within the Stomatal Complex
Authors: Nguyen Thanh‐Hao , Krasauskas Jovaras , Nguyen Thu Binh‐Anh , Noureen Azka , Smedley Mark , Christie John M. , Harwood Wendy , Blatt Michael R. , Hundleby Penny 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTStomatal aperture is driven by changes in turgor of the guard cells that surround the stomatal pore. Epidermal cells immediately surrounding the guard cells are thought to contribute to the kinetics of aperture changes through changes in their turgor that opposes the guard cells and thought their putative roles in solute storage for use by the guard cells. Nonetheless, our knowledge remains fragmentary of surrounding cell mechanics, in large part because the tools and strategies needed to target the surrounding cells independent of the guard cells are limited. Here, we have analyzed sets of promoters for Arabidopsis, Brassica, and barley that will allow physiological studies of the roles of epidermal cells and also surrounding cells in the case of barley in stomatal behavior. These tissue‐specific promoters offer distinct advantages over widely used, constitutive promoters by enabling precise and targeted gene expression within guard cells and the adjacent epidermal cells. As genetic tools, the promoters will have applications in strategies centered on physiological analyses and differential comparisons following expression targeted between the guard cells and the foliar epidermis as a whole. As such, they are well suited to questions around the mechanics of solute and water flux that will advance an understanding of the stomatal complex in these model species.
LeafDNet: Transforming Leaf Disease Diagnosis Through Deep Transfer Learning
Authors: Sultan Tofayet , Chowdhury Mohammad Sayem , Jahan Nusrat , Mridha M. F. , Alfarhood Sultan , Safran Mejdl , Che Dunren 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTThe health and productivity of plants, particularly those in agricultural and horticultural industries, are significantly affected by timely and accurate disease detection. Traditional manual inspection methods are labor‐intensive, subjective, and often inaccurate, failing to meet the precision required by modern agricultural practices. This research introduces an innovative deep transfer learning method utilizing an advanced version of the Xception architecture, specifically designed for identifying plant diseases in roses, mangoes, and tomatoes. The proposed model introduces additional convolutional layers following the base Xception architecture, combined with multiple trainable dense layers, incorporating advanced regularization and dropout techniques to optimize feature extraction and classification. This architectural enhancement enables the model to capture complex, subtle patterns within plant leaf images, contributing to more robust disease identification. A comprehensive dataset comprising 5491 images across four distinct disease categories was employed for the training, validation, and testing of the model. The experimental results showcased outstanding performance, achieving 98% accuracy, 99% precision, 98% recall, and a 98% F1‐score. The model outperformed traditional techniques as well as other deep learning‐based methods. These results emphasize the potential of this advanced deep learning framework as a scalable, efficient, and highly accurate solution for early plant disease detection, providing substantial benefits for plant health management and supporting sustainable agricultural practices.
Diagnosis in Children With Prolonged or Recurrent Cough: Findings From the Swiss Paediatric Airway Cohort
Authors: Mallet Maria Christina , Elmiger Annina , Glick Sarah , Krasnova Tayisiya , de Jong Carmen C. M. , Kern Barbara , Moeller Alexander , Regamey Nicolas , Sutter Oliver , Usemann Jakob , Pedersen Eva S. L. , Kuehni Claudia E. ,   SPAC Study Team
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTIntroductionProlonged or recurrent cough is a common reason for referral to pediatric pulmonologists, yet few studies have assessed its causes. We examined records of children visiting respiratory outpatient clinics in Switzerland and assessed how diagnoses vary by age.MethodsWe analyzed data from the multicenter Swiss Paediatric Airway Cohort study. We included 363 children (median age 6 years, range 0–16) referred for prolonged or recurrent cough. From outpatient records, we extracted information on diagnostic investigations, final diagnoses proposed by pediatric pulmonologists, and treatments prescribed.ResultsAsthma and asthma‐like conditions (cough variant asthma, episodic viral wheeze, and recurrent obstructive bronchitis) were diagnosed in 132 (36%) of 363 children, respiratory tract infections (RTI) including protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) in 51 (14%), upper airway cough syndrome (UACS) in 48 (13%), and postinfectious cough in 36 (10%); other diagnoses including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and somatic cough syndrome or tic cough were found in 23 (6%). No etiology was found in 73 children (20%). Asthma was diagnosed 3.5 times more often in schoolchildren while RTI including PBB was diagnosed three times more often in preschoolers. Inhaled corticosteroids were prescribed for 84% of children diagnosed with asthma and asthma‐like conditions, antibiotics for 43% of children with RTI, and nasal corticosteroids for 83% of those with UACS.ConclusionCoughing children received a wide spectrum of diagnoses that differed between preschool and schoolchildren. Asthma accounted for 36% of diagnoses, which emphasizes the importance of comprehensive investigation beyond asthma in children with prolonged or recurrent cough.
Validation of a small‐scale portable rainfall simulator on the simultaneous transport of sediments and pesticides in agriculture soils
Authors: Saber Ayman N , Malhat Farag , Cervantes‐Avilés Pabel , Mahmoud Mostafa , Watanabe Hirozumi 
Published: February 2025

AbstractBACKGROUNDSoil erosion and sedimentation accelerate land degradation, especially in East Asia. Surface runoff is a major pathway for pesticide transport into surface and groundwater, threatening aquatic ecosystems. This study investigated the runoff rate, sediment yield, pesticide transport, and pesticide concentrations across soil layers using a small‐scale portable rainfall simulator (0.33 × 0.48 m) under laboratory and field conditions.RESULTSCumulative sediment runoff reached 2.1 and 2.3 ton ha−1 in laboratory and field simulations, respectively. Maximum pesticide concentrations under laboratory conditions were 1.3 mg kg−1 (fipronil), 2.34 mg kg−1 (clothianidin), and 0.17 mg kg−1 (imidacloprid); field results were comparable. Over 2% of applied pesticides dissolved in runoff, while <1.2% adhered to soil particles. Fipronil exhibited the highest losses in runoff, posing acute toxicity risks for aquatic organisms, with toxicity unit values exceeding safe thresholds for bluegill sunfish.CONCLUSIONPesticide losses depend on solubility and soil adsorption. Fipronil, despite limited soil movement, poses significant aquatic toxicity risks compared to imidacloprid and clothianidin. This study highlights the role of portable rainfall simulators in understanding pesticide transport and provides valuable insights for mitigating the environmental risks of pesticide use. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.
Review and Analysis of Digital Signal Processing Algorithms for Coherent Optical Satellite Links
Authors: Valjus Carl , Wolf Raphael , Poliak Juraj 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTCoherent optical satellite links enable high‐throughput communication and high accuracy ranging to and between satellites. Due to the ever‐increasing demand for throughput, wavelength division multiplexing of polarization multiplexed optical signals is being considered as a solution to provide high‐speed optical satellite links. Fiber‐optic systems solve the implementation scalability problem of these systems by shifting design complexity to integrated circuits, thereby massively reducing the system footprint. As a result of the major advances in complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS) technology, the implementation scalability of such systems in terrestrial fiber systems has been solved by shifting the system complexity to digital hardware, enabling intradyne reception and complex signal recovery algorithms. While the use of fiber‐optic transceivers provides a fast path to high‐speed coherent optical satellite links (OSLs), it requires additional mitigation techniques to combat the effects of both the OSL channel and the space environment. To support future satellite networks with Tbit/s optical links, it will be critical to further minimize the size, weight, and power (SWaP), cost and reliability of the transceivers. Thus, the development of custom intradyne optical transceivers for OSLs is emerging as an attractive option as the demand for throughput in satellite networks continues to grow. This would not only enable the use of a more optimized signal processing chain but also enable the use of radiation mitigation techniques optimized for the signal processing architecture and the use of soft‐decision forward error correction (FEC) optimized for OSLs. The signal processing of coherent optical satellite receivers can be divided into three key subsystems: timing recovery, carrier synchronization, and equalization. This paper reviews state‐of‐the‐art digital signal processing for optical communication to identify suitable algorithms for timing recovery, carrier frequency and phase compensation, equalization, and polarization demultiplexing with emphasis on high‐throughput optical satellite links. Finally, the performance of different digital signal processing algorithms is assessed by numerical simulations considering different optical satellite link scenarios.
Assessing Professional Development on Experimentation as a Method of Inquiry‐Based Science Teaching Framework and Principal Results
Authors: Emden Markus , Bewersdorff Arne , Baur Armin 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTThe article introduces a design‐and‐effects‐framework comprising five key features of effective professional development: (1) extended Duration, (2) Content Focus of input, (3) Coherence of input with practice, (4) Collegial Participation, and (5) Active Learning. The framework's general feasibility is investigated in a proof‐of‐concept study. Additionally, the influence of a single key feature is addressed in a quasi‐experimental effectiveness study. Object of study is a professional development programme on experimentation as a method of inquiry‐based science teaching. Change variables to indicate effectiveness are (a) teachers' PCK, (b) their beliefs, and (c) their classroom practice. Two experimental conditions in the professional development programme differed in addressing Active Learning: one set of teachers used peer coaching, the other set of teachers was mentor‐coached. All teachers (N = 36) visited three school‐internal workshops; they were visited twice in their lessons and coached on their classroom practice regarding experimentation. All teachers completed performance tests and questionnaires; a subset of teachers was videotaped in two lessons containing an experiment. Analyses show that teachers benefitted in both formats regarding content knowledge, while pedagogical content knowledge on experimentation remains constant. Teachers' beliefs on experimentation as a method of inquiry‐based science teaching improved without favouring either of the conditions. Regarding classroom practice changes surface concerning opening experimentation as well as allocation of time on phases of experimentation. Overall, classroom practice appears to be robust towards change. While peer coaching teachers develop somewhat more advantageous, the gain appears disproportionate to the added administerial effort of actualising this format.
Upcycling of Multi‐Metal Contaminated Wastewater into High‐Entropy Layered Double Hydroxide for Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Li Qian , Hu Yihang , Liu Guihao , Wu Zhaohui , Chen Xiang , Song Yu‐Fei 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe rapid growth of the electric vehicle industry has driven up nickel demand for batteries. However, the release of various metals during the smelting of nickel‐containing ore leads to complex multi‐metal contaminated smelting wastewater. Herein, CaFe layered double hydroxide (denoted as CaFe) is synthesized for the treatment of multi‐metal contaminated wastewater, achieving removal efficiencies of 98.0%, 98.6%, 100%, and 100% for Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+, respectively. The quasi‐situ X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and X‐ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) results indicate the formation of high‐entropy LDH of CaCoNiCuZnFe by the isomorphic substitution of Ca2+ in CaFe. Meanwhile, lattice distortion and the formation of metal vacancies can be observed due to the introduction of metals with different ionic radii and the dissolution of Ca2+. Given the stability and abundant active sites of high‐entropy material, the CaCoNiCuZnFe shows good OER performance with an overpotential of 310.7 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and long‐term stability of 250 h. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that lattice distortion optimizes intermediate adsorption energy by enhancing M─O covalency and metal vacancy activates lattice oxygen by generating non‐bonding oxygen, which synergistically triggers the lattice oxygen mechanism (LOM). This strategy converts multi‐metal contaminated wastewater resources into valuable products and achieves dual goals of environmental remediation and resource utilization.
Metal–Organic Framework Based Dielectric Layer Toward Highly Improving Triboelectric Charge Generation Properties
Authors: Jiang Xue , Liang Jinming , Wang Yongmei , Cao Jun , Ren Zewei 
Published: February 2025

AbstractTriboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) as an environmental energy recovery and harvesting technology has attracts much attention. However, the improvement of TENG's output performance becomes one of the core issues. And the modification of triboelectric materials may be an effective approach. Here, two metal–organic framework (MOF) materials namely TIFSIX‐2‐Cu‐i and Cu(Qc)2 are synthesized, and the influence of different organic ligands on the electromechanical conversion of TENG is investigated by starting from the intrinsic structure of MOFs. With the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)@TIFSIX‐2‐Cu‐I and PDMS@Cu(Qc)2 triboelectric layer, the electrical output of the TENG increases by 4.5 times and 3 times, respectively. Meanwhile, a double dielectric layer composite structure is proposed to further improve the performance of TENG. Accordingly, the MOF‐TENG with a double dielectric layer shows a maximum power density of 0.12 mW cm−2, which is 6.3 times than that of the original TENG. Based on the designed energy management circuit, the MOF‐TENG exhibits good energy supply capability which can sustainably power small electronics just by harvesting human mechanical energy. This work proposes a new strategy to improve the performance of TENG and may promote the development of self‐powered electronics or systems.
National Medal of Honor Museum in Texas
Authors: Schmitt Felix , Hilcken Jonas 
Published: February 2025

AbstractIn Arlington zwischen Dallas und Fort Worth in Texas wurde am 25. März 2025 das National Medal of Honor Museum eröffnet. Mit diesem Museum sollen die derzeit 3519 Ehrenmedaillenträger der fünf militärischen Einheiten der USA von U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, U.S. Air Force, U.S. Marine Corps und U.S. Coast Guard geehrt und ausgestellt werden. Im Oktober 2019 wurde der Standort festgelegt. Das Projekt wird komplett über eine Foundation finanziert. Der Ausstellungsraum schwebt 14 m über dem Boden, nur getragen von fünf Betonsäulen, die die fünf Einheiten symbolisieren sollen. Das auffallende Museumsgebäude wurde vom Architekten Rafael Viñoly mit anspruchsvollen Glaskonstruktionen geplant, die in diesem Beitrag beschrieben werden.
Choosing the best small‐mammal survey method to maximize efficiency and accurately inform wildlife hazard management at airports
Authors: Shiels Aaron B. , Beckerman Scott F. , Blackwell Bradley F. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractSmall mammals compose a prey base for larger predators, species that pose animal‐aircraft collision risk (strike risk). Surveys of small mammals at airports inform species relative abundance estimates, information used by airport biologists to direct management to reduce strike risk. New survey technologies present an opportunity to evaluate best‐management‐practices for small‐mammal survey methods. Our objectives were to 1) describe the airport environment and reasoning for conducting small‐mammal population estimates, 2) review goals for small‐mammal surveys at airports, 3) conduct a formal literature review of small‐mammal survey methods at airports, 4) compare/contrast survey types and designs, and 5) identify the most promising survey method(s). A desired survey method provides a relative (not absolute) abundance estimate, is accurate, labor‐ and cost‐efficient, repeatable, and poses little hazard to airport operations. For each survey method, we provided the advantages and disadvantages, common biases, units of measurement, time from data collection to relative abundance indices, equipment costs, and labor costs. Eight small‐mammal survey methods were assessed for use in airport settings, including snap‐traps, live‐traps, active burrows, trail cameras, tracking tunnels, chew blocks/cards, thermal optics, and Uncrewed Aircraft Systems (UAS). We identified snap‐traps and tracking tunnels as the 2 most promising methods for most airports, considering the breadth of applications across land covers and climate, and given their low equipment costs, moderate labor costs, and short time from deployment to calculating a relative abundance estimate (e.g., individuals per trap or tunnel nights). Although newer surveying technologies are available, they are weaker candidates because of reduced detections in dense grass (thermal optics, trail cameras), extensive image processing times (e.g., trail cameras, UAS), and challenges with permit acquisition (e.g., UAS). Methods should be revisited periodically as alternative methods/technologies could offer advances via automation with equal or enhanced accuracy. Airport wildlife biologists and managers should consider the various options we describe when choosing appropriate small‐mammal survey methods that capitalize on accuracy, efficiency, and safety.
Grenzen der Privatautonomie bei digitalen Geschäftsmodellen
Authors: Ganner Michael , Steiner Maria-Kristina 
Published: February 2025

Zusammenfassung
Digitale Geschäftsmodelle stellen häufig nicht primär deswegen eine große Herausforderung an die Rechtsordnung dar, weil dafür neue rechtsdogmatische Grundlagen erforderlich wären, sondern weil dabei oft die Feststellung der Entscheidungsgrundlagen sowie die Rechtsdurchsetzung erschwert werden. Kennzeichen digitaler Geschäftsmodelle des 21. Jahrhunderts sind neben Netzwerk- und Lock-in- Effekten auch die Generierung von Größenvorteilen und die Komplementarität verschiedener Produkte. Ein Auslangen ohne technisches Know-how ist immer schwerer vorstellbar. Das individuelle Verhalten der Kunden:innen verliert zusehends an Bedeutung und weicht sogenannten „buy till you die Modellen“, die mit den digitalen Persönlichkeitsprofilen der Konsumenten:innen jonglieren. Gefahrenquellen wie der Verbraucherdatenhandel sowie die Drittfinanzierung vermeintlicher gratis Apps und die algorithmische Konsumentenprofilierung durch KI setzen der Privatautonomie, als ein dem Zivilrecht immanentes Prinzip, Grenzen. Zur rechtlichen Beurteilung digitaler Geschäftsmodelle wird das grds technikneutrale ABGB auf nationaler Ebene durch zahlreiche Spezialgesetze ergänzt. Zudem geht die Schaffung des Verbrauchergewährleistungsgesetzes einer Reihe von unionsrechtlichen Neuerungen, wie dem „Digital Services Act“ voraus, die Europa aus juristischer Sicht fit für das digitale Zeitalter machen sollen. Auf der einen Seite soll Privatautonomie, als zentrales Grundelement unserer rechtlichen Werteordnung sowie als Motor wirtschaftlicher Innovationen, möglichst weitgehend erhalten, auf der anderen Seite muss die Funktionalität der Rechtsordnung durch maßvolle Adaptierungen und unter Umständen auch Eingriffe in die Privatautonomie sichergestellt werden. Ohne Zweifel verursachen die fungiblen Veränderungen im Tatsächlichen weiteren rechtlichen Handlungsbedarf.
Zur Notwendigkeit der Regulierung digitaler Geschäftsmodelle
Authors: Schwartze Andreas 
Published: February 2025

Zusammenfassung
Aus ökonomischer Sicht sind Regulierungsmaßnahmen vor allem bei sogenanntem Marktversagen erforderlich und gerechtfertigt. Dazu zählen in erster Linie externe Effekte, Informationsasymmetrien und durch Monopole oder Oligopole beherrschte Märkte. Anhand von Beispielen wird gezeigt, dass die Digitalisierung in allen drei Bereichen zu Defiziten der Marktmechanismen führt und daher meist der Staat, oder mehrere im Rahmen der EU, durch Rechtssetzung zunehmend eingreift. Alternativ wären auch private Regelungen oder nicht verbindliche Maßnahmen, also „soft law“, zu erwägen, nachdem die Vor- und Nachteile gegenüber rechtlichen Instrumenten untersucht worden sind.
Das neue europäische Gewährleistungsrecht für die digital economy
Authors: Flume Johannes W. , Poneder Peter 
Published: February 2025

Zusammenfassung
Mit dem am 1. Jänner 2022 in Kraft getretenen Verbrauchergewährleistungsgesetz (VGG) wurde erstmals ein Gewährleistungsregime für die digitale Wirtschaft in Österreich eingeführt. Der folgende Beitrag erläutert, wie der unionale und die nationalen Gesetzgeber auf die digitale Transformation der Verbrauchermärkte reagiert haben. Ein besonderer Fokus liegt dabei auf der vorgelagerten Frage, wie man die Komplexität der Rechtsarchitektur von Märkten, auf denen digitale Leistungen angeboten werden, erfassen kann. Darüber hinaus werden zwei der markantesten Neuerungen vertieft dargestellt: die gewährleistungsrechtliche Erfassung sog. datenfinanzierter Geschäftsmodelle sowie die neue Aktualisierungspflicht.
Zahlungsinstrumente im Online-Geschäftsverkehr und internationale Gerichtszuständigkeit
Authors: Perathoner Christoph 
Published: February 2025

Zusammenfassung
Im Onlinehandel konnten sich letzthin vielfach neue Bezahlverfahren etablieren. Diese involvieren häufig dritte Zahlungsdienstleister, deren Geschäftsmodelle insbesondere darin bestehen, Bonitätsprüfungen durchzuführen, Zahlungsansprüche und Ausfallrisikos zu übernehmen oder schlicht Kundenzahlungen abzuwickeln. Kaufgeschäft und Finanzierung fallen damit immer regelmäßiger auseinander, vor allem, wenn Einzelhändler ihre Forderungen gegen den Kunden an die Zahlungsdienstleister abtreten. Im Rahmen dieser digitalen Geschäftsmodelle stellen sich im Streitfall vielfach Fragen der internationalen Gerichtszuständigkeit. Diese werden im Rahmen dieses Beitrags untersucht. Berücksichtigt werden dabei die Rechtsverhältnisse aus der Dreiecksbeziehung zwischen Kunden, Einzelhändlern und Zahlungsdienstleistern.
Internationalprivatrechtliche Probleme alternativer Zahlungsmethoden im Online-Handel
Authors: Laimer Simon 
Published: February 2025

Zusammenfassung
Gegenstand dieses Beitrages ist die Frage, nach welcher (welchen) Rechtsordnung(en) die unterschiedlichen Rechtsverhältnisse bei bestimmten Finanzierungslösungen im Online-Handel (insbesondere bei einem „Buy Now, Pay Later“-Geschäftsmodell) zu beurteilen sind, wenn sie Verbindungen zu mehr als einer Rechtsordnung aufweisen.