bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diffusion method for the determination of acid-volatile sulfides (AVS) in sediment
Authors: Brouwer Henry , Murphy Tom P. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A simplified procedure using diffusion and a sulfide ion selective electrode is described for measuring acid-volatile sulfides (AVS) in sediment This method yielded at least 10% more AVS than the more common purge-and trap method The quantity of AVS (based on dry mass of sediment) was found to be dependent on acid concentration and on mass of wet sediment The mean recovery of known additions of sodium sulfide was 93 8 ± 6 7%
Comparison of 20-d bod and oecd closed-bottle biodegradation tests
Authors: Waggy Gene T. , Conway Richard A. , Hansen James L. , Blessing Ronald L. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
This study correlated the 20-d Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) test widely used in the United States with the closed-bottle test selected and refined by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) for determining biodegradability of a product. Many chemical producers in the United States have 20-d BOD data on their products; it is important to use this information when valid both in the interim until OECD tests can be completed on these myriad products and in support of the OECD data when available. This paper presents comparative biooxidation data on 16 chemicals using both sealed-bottle tests. Similar data were obtained at the end of each test, after 20 d in the BOD test and 28 d in the closed-bottle test. The reduced microbial seed concentration in the closed-bottle test required longer incubation time to achieve these similar results. The best correlations were obtained at days 10 and 15, and the poorest was indicated at day 5. The environmental classification specified by the European Community is the same for these chemicals, &gt;60% biooxidation for readily biodegradable classification or not, regardless of the biooxidation test. OECD biodegradation screening test data are included in this report; results from this test, which monitors dissolved organic carbon (DOC), support the biooxidation values obtained in both the OECD closed-bottle test and the 20-d BOD test.
A water-renewal system that accurately delivers small volumes of water to exposure chambers
Authors: Zumwalt D.C. , Dwyer F.J. , Greer I.E. , Ingersoll C.G. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
This paper describes a system that can accurately deliver small volumes of water (50 ml per cycle) to eight 300-ml beakers. The system is inexpensive &lt;$100), easy to build (&lt;8 h), and easy to calibrate (&lt;15 min), and accurately delivers small volumes of water (&lt;5% variability).
Integral hazard assessment of side effects of pesticides in the netherlands—a proposal
Authors: De Snoo Geert R. , Canters Kees J. , De Jong Frank M. W. , Cuperus Ruud 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Current pesticide registration procedures are discussed and three major shortcomings identified with regard to the quantification and evaluation of potential pesticide side effects on nature and the environment: (a) the absence of a framework for assessing the acceptability of damage; (b) the disregard for indirect side effects; and (c) the absence of field studies. With reference to the situation in The Netherlands, recommendations for overcoming these three shortcomings are presented. For priority species it is proposed that a population decline of more than 5% is unacceptable in target areas having ‘general environmental quality.’ Populations should have recovered after one year. Outside the target area and in areas having ‘special environmental quality’ there should be no decline at all in population densities. An integral decision tree is presented with which to incorporate assessment of indirect side effects in the registration procedure, achieving a better balance relative to direct side effects. Spectrum of action, scale of use, overlap of habitats, and compound efficacy are employed as criteria for assessing indirect side effects. The decision tree prescribes field trials in cases where lab testing indicates a moderate hazard or uncertainty. Finally, guidelines are presented for selecting appropriate pesticide field trials.
Preliminary culture and life-cycle experiments with the benthic amphipodAmpelisca abdita
Authors: Redmond Michele S. , Jones Jill K. P. , Scott K. John , Swartz Richard C. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe tube-dwelling amphipod Ampelisca abdita Mills 1964 has been used extensively in acute sediment toxicity tests and has been shown to be amenable to chronic testing. Ampelisca abdita was held in the lab through several generations when fed algal food in daily static renewals, although culturing success was not consistent. Algal food consisted of one or more of the following: the flagellate Pseudoisochrysis paradoxa Sutton, and the diatoms Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin and Chaetoceros calcitrans (Paulsen) Tokano. Sensitivity of cultured animals to cadmium chloride in 96-h seawater-only tests (LC50s 0.28–0.58 mg Cd/L) was comparable to that of field-collected animals (LC50 0.20 mg Cd/L). A life-cycle test initiated with juveniles 8 to 10 d old resulted in production of young or fertilized broods in only two of the 12 sample containers in which young were expected. Amphipods were sexually mature at approximately 20 d of age at 25°C, and young were first produced at 34 to 36 d. Short-term tests were used to quantify growth of this species in 10 to 14 d. Results from a variety of experiments indicated that there are still one or more unresolved problems with the culture and chronic testing of Ampelisca abdita. Factors such as nutrition, flow rate, light, and temperature need to be examined further.
Calculation of soil cleanup criteria for carcinogenic volatile organic compounds as controlled by the soil-to-indoor air exposure pathway
Authors: Sanders Paul F. , Stern Alan H. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Two deterministic models that calculate volatilization of contaminants from soil were compared and used to calculate soil cleanup criteria for carcinogenic volatile organic compounds so that acceptable total doses would not be exceeded through the inhalation of indoor air. A hypothetical scenario was used which assumed that subsurface contaminant diffuses through a layer of clean soil and then is swept into the building interior via advection, where long-term inhalation of contaminant was assumed to occur. The first model was one of three recently described by Little et al. It assumed a constant source concentration and infinite thickness for the contaminated soil zone, and resulted in a steady-state interior air concentration. The model was modified to allow for first-order decay of the contaminant source. The second model was adapted from the behavior assessment model of Jury et al. It calculated time-dependent volatilization, simulated the depletion of source contaminant via both volatilization and degradation, and could be used with a contaminated zone of finite thickness. For a given chemical, the predicted total exposure (and the resulting cleanup criteria) varied by up to seven orders of magnitude, depending on the model, whether a finite or infinite contaminated soil layer thickness was used and whether degradation was considered. When calculating soil cleanup standards for volatile organic compounds in the part-per-million range or lower, it appears to be important to consider contaminant source depletion with time and the actual thickness of the contaminated soil layer.
Considerations in performing life-cycle assessments on forest products
Authors: Miner Reid A. , Lucier Alan A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is a theoretically attractive approach for evaluating resource consumption and environmental emissions associated with the production, use, and disposal of products. Current LCA guidelines suggest adherence to conventions that can significantly affect results. Conventions of special importance in LCAs of forest products are those pertaining to sustainability of natural resources, recyclability and biodegradability of products, and use of renewable energy in manufacturing processes. More general methodological issues (e.g., relating emissions to impacts, site-to-site variability in loads, data quality) are also important in forest-product LCAs.
Literature review and evaluation of the EPA food-chain (Kenaga) nomogram, an instrument for estimating pesticide residues on plants
Authors: Fletcher John S. , Nellessen James E. , Pfleeger Thomas G. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The Kenaga nomogram is a simple device that was developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the early 1980s and is currently used to predict the maximum potential pesticide residue levels in the food chain of wildlife before pesticide registration. To evaluate the accuracy of this nomogram, predicted levels were compared to levels reported in the literature. Data (obtained from the UTAB database developed by the University of Oklahoma) demonstrated that day-0 levels predicted by the nomogram were often exceeded. Data from the UTAB database exceeded the nomogram predictions by the following percentages listed by crop: short range grass, 0; leafy crops, 3; long grass, 4; pods/seeds, 8; fruits, 19; and forage (legumes), 22. Minor modification of the nomogram is recommended. Recommended modifications would result in an elevation of the predicted residue levels for fruits and forage (legume) crops.
Embryotoxicity of extracts from lake ontario rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) to japanese medaka (oryzias latipes)
Authors: Harris G.E. , Metcalfe T.L. , Metcalfe C.D. , Huestis S.Y. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Various preparative techniques were used to extract nonpolar organic compounds from the muscle tissue of Lake Ontario rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In this extract, PCBs and organochlorine compounds were detected in nanogramper-milliliter quantities, and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans were detected in picogram-per-milliliter quantities. The extract and various subfractions of the extract were tested for embryotoxicity in a bioassay with embryos of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). The whole extract was embryotoxic to medaka, as were an extract fraction containing PCBs (fraction A) and extract fractions containing nonpolar organochlorine compounds (fractions B and C). When subfractions prepared from fraction A were tested for embryotoxicity, a subfraction containing non-ortho-substituted PCB congeners was embryo-toxic, whereas subfractions containing mono-ortho- and di-ortho-substituted PCB congeners were relatively nontoxic. Pathological lesions characteristic of exposure to planar halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons were observed only in embryos exposed to the non-ortho-PCB subfraction. The non-ortho-PCB subfraction of fraction A was more toxic than the original fraction A, which indicates that nontoxic PCBs reduce the toxicity of the non-ortho-PCBs through some unknown mechanism. This study indicates that organochlorine compounds and non-ortho-substituted PCBs have the potential to be embryotoxic to early life stages of Great Lakes fish, but nontoxic contaminants can modify this toxic response. These data are relevant to the interpretation of correlations between embryo mortalities and concentrations of persistent organic contaminants in Great Lakes salmonids.
Bioaccumulation of organotin compounds in the red sea bream (pagrus major) by two uptake pathways: Dietary uptake and direct uptake from water
Authors: Yamada Hisashi , Takayanagi Kazufumi , Tateishi Masahiro 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The bioaccumulation and elimination of organotin compounds in Pagrus major during dietary uptake and/or direct uptake from water were studied. When tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) compounds were accumulated in fish from seawater and from feed simultaneously, about one-quarter of the bioaccumulation was due to the dietary uptake. The biomagnification factors (BMFs) were 0.26 to 0.38 for TBT and 0.57 for TPT. BMF was not significantly altered by the concentration nor the species of chemicals in the feed. The assimilation efficiency of ingested TBT and TPT was 9.5 to 12.7 and 19.6%, respectively, and percentage retention was 24.2% for TBT and 60.1% for TPT. The BMF, percentage retention, and assimilation efficiency of TBT were all lower than those of TPT, suggesting that TPT compounds are more easily accumulated by dietary uptake than TBT compounds. Compared to PCBs and methylmercury chloride, the assimilation efficiency and the percentage retention of organotin compounds were low. These lower values imply that the risk of bioaccumulating the ingested organotin compounds might be smaller than for PCBs and methylmercury chloride.
Influence of acclimation and exposure temperature on the acute toxicity of cadmium to the freshwater snailPotamopyrgus antipodarum(hydrobiidae)
Authors: Møller V. , Forbes V.E. , Depledg M.H. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractForty-eight-hour acute toxicity tests were performed to determine the influence of acclimation temperature (5, 15, and 20°C) and exposure temperature (5, 15, and 20°C) on the toxicity of cadmium to the freshwater gastropod Potamopyrgus antipodarum. Mortality varied with cadmium concentration and treatment conditions, but did not conform to conventional sigmoid concentration-response (i.e., dose-response) relationships. Because the shapes of the concentration-response curves were treatment dependent, a nontraditional approach for data analysis was employed. Regardless of acclimation temperature, mortality increased with increasing exposure temperature, and at all exposure temperatures snails acclimated at 15°C were most susceptible to cadmium toxicity. Estimated LC50 values were within 1 to 4 mg Cd/L. Although the shapes of the concentration-response curves were different for each treatment, the slopes were generally quite steep, indicating a uniform response for the whole population. At a given Cd concentration, acclimation temperature and exposure temperature accounted for 57 and 40%, respectively, of the variation in mortality, and LC50s changed by a factor of four. The results indicate that changes in environmental variables can alter both the degree of response and the response distribution of a population, and that past as well as prevailing environmental conditions can influence organismic responses to toxicants.
Acute and short-term chronic effects of continuous and intermittent chlorination on mysidopsis bahia and menidia beryllina
Authors: Fisher Daniel J. , Burton Dennis T. , Yonkos Lance T. , Turley Steven D. , Turley Bonnie S. , Ziegler Gregory P. , Zillioux Edward J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIntermittent chlorination to inhibit biofouling in condensers is a widespread practice in the power generation industry. Because the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's water quality criteria for chlorine were based on continuous chlorine exposure of test organisms, it is possible that effluent discharge limits derived from these criteria are overprotective to aquatic organisms exposed only intermittently. The toxicity of 96-h acute and 7-d short-term chronic exposures under continuous and intermittent chlorination (2-, 4-, 6-, and 8-h daily exposures) to two saltwater species was determined.Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) were found to be more sensitive to chlorine than inland silversides (Menidia beryllina) when exposed continuously under acute and short-term chronic conditions. No difference was found between the acute toxicity responses of mysids and silversides exposed to intermittent chlorination. In contrast, a difference in short-term chronic toxicity was found between the two species exposed to intermittent chlorination. All intermittent chlorine exposures were less toxic to both species than the continuous exposures. The acute-to-chronic ratios (ACR) for silversides exposed to both continuous and intermittent chlorination indicate that ACRs of approximately 1.5 can be used with acute data to estimate chronic toxicity of chlorine. The ACRs for mysids exposed to both continuous and intermittent chlorine range from 3.1 to 6.1.
Sulfur analogues of polychlorinated dibenzo-P-dioxins, dibenzofurans and diphenyl ethers as inducers of CYP1A1 in mouse hepatoma cell culture and structure-activity relationships
Authors: Kopponen Paivi , Sinkkonen Seija , Poso Antti , Gynther Jukka , Karenlampi Sirpa 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThree sulfur containing compounds, 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorothianthrene (TCTA), 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzothiophene (TCDT), and 3,3,4,4 tetrachlorodiphenyl sulfide (TCDPS), were analyzed for their CYP1A1 inducing potencies – measured as aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and 7 ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activities – in mouse hepatoma cell culture Hepa 1 Marked differences in the induction potencies were observed among the three compounds studied and between 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo p dioxin (TCDD) and its sulfur analogue The estimated EC50 values for TCDD, TCTA, and TCDT were about 8 pM, 700 pM, and 7 5 nM, respectively TCDPS did not elicit any AHH/EROD induction Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) was not able to predict correctly the biological potency of TCTA and TCDT The most important reason for the poor performance of the model may be the positive point charge of sulfur in TCTA and TCDT
Role of oxygen at the TiO2 interface during photodegradation of biologically difficult-to-degrade anthraquinone-sulfonate dyes
Authors: Kiwi John 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Heterogeneous photocatalysis via TiO2 suspensions is effective in anthraquinone 2 sulfonic acid sodium salt (ASS) degradation The presence of oxygen promotes the observed semiconductor powder oxidation of the substrate Degradation of ASS in aerated dispersions of TiO2 needed about 24 h at 60°C Added H2O2 enhances the degradation rate considerably As the pH increases, the H2O2 produced also increases Also, peroxide production was observed as the concentration of TiO2 is increased owing to the availability of more surface states for the reaction The Langmuir adsorption isotherm of ASS on TiO2 Degussa P-25 shows that ASS adsorbs readily on the TiO2 particles The observed rate for H2O2 production decreased as the concentration of isopropanol (hole scavenger) is increased, suggesting an oxidative pathway as the main reaction responsible for H2O2 photoproduction The degradation of ASS is a result of indirect action due to light mainly absorbed by TiO2 The experiments described here demonstrate the feasibility of dyestuff decomposition via semiconductor powders
Partitioning of 14c-labelled 2,2′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl between water and fish lipids
Authors: Ewald Goran , Larsson Per 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The partitioning of 14C labelled 2,2,4,4 tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) between fish lipids and water was studied in a continuous flow system Fish lipids with high phospholipid content (&gt;20% by weight) accumulated significantly less TCB than did fish lipids with low phospholipid content (&lt;10% by weight) The results suggest that the bioconcentration factor of a hydrophobic compound is species specific depending on lipid composition
An Elisa assay for avian serum butyrylcholinesterase: A biomarker for organophosphates
Authors: Khattab Ahmed D , Walker Colin H , Johnston Gail , Siddiqui M.K. , Saphier Peter W 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the quantification of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) (EC 3 1 1 8) substance concentration in avian serum samples is described The assay is based on polyclonal (rabbit) anti pigeon BChE coupled with biotin The binding of the biotinylated antibody to immobilized antigen is competitively inhibited by an added standard or test antigen, and the amount of label bound antibody is inversely related to the concentration of antigen The assay yields positive reactions with as little as 0 15 ng/ml of antigen The assay was employed to investigate changes in the quantities of BChE in avian serum, following exposure to organophosphorus insecticides, which are not measured by the standard bioassay of this enzyme The applicability of the assay to metabolic and toxicological studies is demonstrated, and the de termination of the specific activity of BChE is recommended as a rational diagnostic tool after measurement of both activity and concentration of the enzyme
Chemical degradation of cyanides by fenton's reagent in aqueous and soil-containing systems
Authors: Aronstein Boris N. , Lawal Raheem A. , Maka Andrea 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A study was conducted on the effects of pH of the medium, composition of Fenton's reagent, and the effect of soil's preequilibration with the chemical, on the degradation of 14C-labeled free and complex cyanide in aqueous and soil-containing systems The application of Fenton's reagent (1% H2O2, 10 mM FeSO4) resulted in degradation of 80% and 67% of potassium cyanide in aqueous systems at pH 7 2 and 10 0, respectively No appreciable amount of K4[Fe(CN)6] was degraded at either pH tested Under the alkaline condition, negligible amounts of cyanide were converted to HCN and were removed from liquid phase due to precipitation In the soil systems containing uncontaminated topsoil or manufactured gas plant (MGP) soil, both freshly amended with free cyanide, 80% of the compound was degraded by the Fenton's reagent of the same composition Similar to the aqueous systems, no complex cyanide was degraded in soil slurries In both soils, previously equilibrated with free and complex cyanides, the extent of degradation caused by Fenton's reagent was not more than 6% at either pH However, at alkaline pH, up to 21% of previously added complex cyanide was leached out into a liquid phase where it could be further degraded The optimum composition of Fenton's reagent under alkaline pH was found to be 1% of H2O2 and 1 mM FeSO4 We suggest that the application of Fenton's reagent under alkaline conditions may be useful in a combined physicochemical treatment for the remediation of sites contaminated with cyanides
Hydrogen-bonding interactions between the herbicide glyphosate and water-soluble humic substances
Authors: Piccolo A. , Celano G. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
In this study, infrared spectroscopy (IR) was used to investigate the mechanism of interaction between the widely used herbicide Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] and a water-soluble humic acid (HA) obtained from a purified Leonardite Aliquots of the purified humic solution were set to pH 4, 5, and 6, and added with Glyphosate volumes corresponding to increasing percentages of total acidity of the water soluble HA The IR spectra of the HA-Glyphosate complexes showed two bands at 1,168 and 1,090 cm−1 for the stretchings of the P=O and P—O bonds, respectively, as they appear in the spectrum of Glyphosate alone where the phosphono group is involved in hydrogen bondings occurring in Glyphosate dimers Conversely, when the complex solutions were brought back to the starting pH levels (4, 5, and 6), the two IR bands of the phosphono group were shifted to higher frequencies (1,195 and 1,134 cm−1, respectively), suggesting that the P—O bonds were no longer involved in hydrogen bondings This behaviour supports the occurrence of hydrogen bondings in the Glyphosate-HA complex In fact, the IR band shift in the herbicide-HA complex indicates that, because the Glyphosate molecules are distributed along the humic macromolecule, they are too far apart to form the Glyphosate dimers again when the initial conditions are restored The hydrogen-bonding interaction between HA and Glyphosate evidenced in this study may well be responsible for the transport of Glyphosate in lower soil depths through the adsorption of Glyphosate on water soluble humic substances