bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
More for less: a study of environmental flows during drought in two Australian rivers
Authors: WHITE HAYLEY L. , NICHOLS SUSAN J. , ROBINSON WAYNE A. , NORRIS RICHARD H. 
Published: February 2012

Summary1. In rivers affected by drought, flow regulation can further reduce flow and intensify its effects. We measured ecological responses to environmental flows, during a prolonged drought in a regulated river (Cotter River), compared with a drought affected, unregulated river (Goodradigbee River) in south‐eastern Australia.2. Environmental flows in the regulated Cotter River were reduced from a monthly average base flow of 15 MLd−1 to only 5 MLd−1, which was implemented as two test flow regimes. Initially, flows were delivered in cycles of 14 days at 3 MLd−1 followed by 3 days at 14 MLd−1 and then another 14 days at 3 MLd−1 to make up the monthly average of 5 MLd−1. This flow regime continued for 6 months, after which a preliminary ecological assessment indicated deterioration in river condition. Consequently, the flow regime was altered to a cycle of 2 MLd−1 for 28 days followed by 20 MLd−1 for either 3 or 4 days. This new flow regime continued for another 5 months.3. The ecological outcomes of the test flow regimes were assessed in terms of (i) the provision of available habitat (wetted channel) for aquatic biota; (ii) the accumulation of periphyton; and (iii) the structure and richness of macroinvertebrate assemblages.4. Flow of 20 MLd−1 covered most of the streambed in the Cotter River, thus providing more wetted area and connectivity between habitats than flows of 2, 3 or 14 MLd−1. Depth and velocity were always less in the Cotter River than in the unregulated Goodradigbee River. Periphyton decreased in the Cotter River during the 2/20 MLd−1 flow regime, which combined the lowest and greatest test flow volumes, while periphyton did not change significantly in the unregulated river.5. The reduced flow in the Cotter River resulted in fewer macroinvertebrates than expected (13) compared with unregulated Goodradigbee sites (19), although the magnitude of the differences did not depend on the test flow releases. Macroinvertebrates in the Cotter River became numerically dominated by Diptera and Oligochaeta, while Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera decreased in abundance.6. In the Cotter River, the monthly average flow of 5 MLd−1 (exceeded 97% of the time pre‐regulation) was insufficient to maintain the macroinvertebrate assemblages in reference condition, regardless of release patterns. However, short‐term ecological objectives were achieved, such as reduced periphyton accumulation and increased habitat availability, and the environmental flows maintained the river’s ability to recover (resilience) when higher flows returned.
A laboratory study of the effects of shelter availability and invasive crayfish on the growth of native stream fish
Authors: MATSUZAKI SHIN‐ICHIRO S. , SAKAMOTO MASAKI , KAWABE KIYOSHI , TAKAMURA NORIKO 
Published: February 2012

Summary1. The alteration of stream habitats by urbanisation reduces the availability of shelter. Reduced shelter availability may increase both predation risks and metabolic costs, negatively affecting the growth performance of stream fish. Although urbanised streams often allow the establishment of invasive species, the additive or interactive effects of shelter availability and invasive species are rarely explored. The invasive red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) is a strong shelter competitor and predator in streams.2. We conducted a stream‐channel experiment to investigate how shelter availability and this invasive crayfish species affect the growth performance (measured as the loss in body mass under starved conditions) of two native benthic species, Japanese crucian carp (Carassius auratus complex) and an endangered cobitid fish (Lefua echigonia).3. We found that both the absence of shelter and the presence of crayfish increased body mass loss in the crucian carp. However, the growth performance of the crucian carp was improved by the presence of shelter except in the presence of crayfish, in which case the shelter available did not ameliorate the negative effect of the crayfish on growth performance (i.e. an interactive effect). This result suggests that crayfish may affect the growth performance of the crucian carp through chemical cues as well as through shelter occupancy.4. In contrast, shelter availability is the primary factor affecting the body mass loss of the cobitid fish. However, the growth performance of these fish was unaffected by the presence of crayfish. The change in the growth performance of the cobitid fish in response to the absence of shelter was greater than that of the crucian carp. This finding suggests that the cobitid fish may be more vulnerable than the crucian carp to a reduction in shelter availability.5. Our study demonstrates that reduced shelter availability and/or crayfish invasion can have significant, indirect negative effects on the growth performance of native fish, but whether those effects are interactive might vary depending on the species. Our findings have clear implications for stream restoration and habitat assessment.
Ontogenetic constraints and diet shifts in Perch (Perca fluviatilis): mechanisms and consequences for intra‐cohort cannibalism
Authors: BYSTRÖM PÄR , HUSS MAGNUS , PERSSON LENNART 
Published: February 2012

Summary1. In many populations, sufficient size variation to allow for cannibalism may develop not only among age cohorts but also within them. Here, we used data on resource dynamics, consumer body size distribution and gape size limitation to unravel mechanisms promoting cannibalism within cohorts of young‐of‐the‐year (YOY) perch (Perca fluviatilis).2. Perch are strongly gape limited when feeding on large zooplankton during early ontogeny. As a consequence, only initially large fish were able to shift to feeding on abundant large invertebrates, necessary to sustain fast growth.3. We suggest that a combination of high initial size variation and exclusive access to resources for individuals with an initial size advantage is a prerequisite for the development of a size distribution sufficient for intra‐cohort cannibalism to occur.4. During the time when cannibalism was observed, growth of the largest individuals in YOY perch cohorts was faster than that of smaller individuals. However, the energy gain from cannibalism did not increase growth rate enough to reach a size necessary to feed on more abundant size classes of victims, and therefore, the effect of cannibalism on overall cohort density was minor.5. In addition to a high energy gain from cannibalism allowing for fast growth, strong resource limitation and slow growth rates of small individuals (i.e. potential victims) are a prerequisite not only for the development of intra‐cohort cannibalism but also for its persistence.
Suitability of infrared microspectroscopic imaging for histopathology of the uterine cervix
Authors: Einenkel Jens , Braumann Ulf‐Dietrich , Steller Wolfram , Binder Hans , Horn Lars‐Christian 
Published: February 2012

Einenkel J, Braumann U‐D, Steller W, Binder H & Horn L‐C  (2012) Histopathology 60, 1084–1098Suitability of infrared microspectroscopic imaging for histopathology of the uterine cervixAims:  Infrared microspectroscopy (IR‐MSP) has been proposed for automated histological tissue differentiation of unstained specimens based on chemical analysis of cell and extracellular constituents. This study aimed to determine the accuracy of IR‐MSP‐based histopathology of cervical carcinoma sections with complex tissue architecture under practically relevant testing conditions.Methods and results:  In total, 46 regions of interest, covering an area of almost 50 mm2 on sections derived from paraffin‐embedded tissue of radical hysterectomy specimens, were analysed by IR‐MSP (nominal resolution ∼4.2 μm). More than 2.8 million pixel spectra that were processed using fuzzy c‐means clustering followed by hierarchical cluster analysis permitted image segmentation regarding different biochemical properties. Linear image registration was applied to compare these segmentation results with manual labelling on haematoxylin and eosin‐stained references (resolution ∼0.7 μm). For recognition of nine tissue types, sensitivities were 42–91% and specificities were 79–100%, mostly being affected by peritumoral inflammatory responses. Algorithmic variation of the outline of dysplasia and carcinoma revealed a spatial preference of false values in tissue transition areas.Conclusions:  This imaging technique has potential as a new method for tissue characterization; however, the recognition accuracy does not justify a pathologist‐independent tissue analysis, and the application is only possible in combination with concomitant conventional histopathology.
The epidemiology, pathogenesis and histopathology of fatty liver disease
Authors: Levene Adam P , Goldin Robert D 
Published: February 2012

Levene A P & Goldin R D  (2012) Histopathology 61, 141–152The epidemiology, pathogenesis and histopathology of fatty liver diseaseFatty liver disease includes non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic liver disease (ALD), each of which is increasing in prevalence. Each represents a histological spectrum that extends from isolated steatosis to steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. NAFLD is associated with obesity, diabetes, and insulin resistance, and is considered to be the liver manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. The pathogenesis of NAFLD and ALD involves cytokines, adipokines, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Histopathology is the gold standard for assessing the severity of liver damage in NAFLD and ALD. We have reviewed the literature, and described and compared the epidemiology, natural disease history, pathogenesis and histopathology of NAFLD and ALD.
Angiogenin up‐regulation correlates with adverse clinicopathological and biological factors, increased microvascular density and poor patient outcome in neuroblastomas
Authors: Dungwa Josiah V , Uparkar Urmila , May Margaret T , Ramani Pramila 
Published: February 2012

Dungwa J V, Uparkar U, May M T & Ramani P  (2012) Histopathology 60, 911–923Angiogenin up‐regulation correlates with adverse clinicopathological and biological factors, increased microvascular density and poor patient outcome in neuroblastomasAims:  As new biomarkers are urgently needed to identify children with high‐risk neuroblastoma (NB), we studied the contribution of angiogenin (ANG) to angiogenesis and its association with clinicopathological and biological features and patient outcome in NB.Methods and results:  Ninety NBs and 12 ganglioneuromas (GNs) were immunostained for ANG and CD31. ANG expression in NB tumoral cells (ANG scores) and vessels [ANG microvascular density (MVD)] and total MVD (CD31 MVD) were determined. The ANG score was significantly greater in NBs than in GNs (P = 0.015) and in NBs from children with stage 4 tumours, high‐risk disease, unfavourable pathology (P < 0.001 for each), MYCN amplification (P = 0.003), and 1p deletion (P = 0.002). ANG scores correlated with ANG MVD and CD31 MVD (P < 0.001 for each). Total ANG and CD31 protein levels, measured with a sensitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, were highly correlated (P = 0.003). High ANG scores were associated with decreased overall and event‐free survival (log‐rank test, P = 0.025 and P = 0.018, respectively). High ANG MVD was associated with decreased overall and event‐free survival (log‐rank test, P = 0.009 and P = 0.026, respectively). High CD31 MVD was associated with decreased event‐free survival (P = 0.045).Conclusions:  The strong correlation of ANG up‐regulation with total MVD and adverse clinicopathological and biological factors indicates that ANG supports growth and progression in NB.
Does insulin‐like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF‐1R) targeting provide new treatment options for chordomas? A retrospective clinical and immunohistochemical study
Authors: Scheipl Susanne , Froehlich Elke V , Leithner Andreas , Beham Alfred , Quehenberger Franz , Mokry Michael , Stammberger Heinz , Varga Peter P , Lazáry Aron , Windhager Reinhard , Gattenloehner Stefan , Liegl Bernadette 
Published: February 2012

Scheipl S, Froehlich E V, Leithner A, Beham A, Quehenberger F, Mokry M, Stammberger H, Varga P P, Lazáry A, Windhager R, Gattenloehner S & Liegl B  (2012) Histopathology 60, 999–1003Does insulin‐like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF‐1R) targeting provide new treatment options for chordomas? A retrospective clinical and immunohistochemical studyAims:  The overall prognosis of chordoma is poor, and current treatment options are limited. The insulin‐like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF‐1R) pathway is important for cell signalling, and attractive for selective inhibition. We investigated the expression of IGF‐1R and its ligands, IGF‐1 and IGF‐2, in a series of 50 chordomas, in order to assess whether IGF‐1R‐signalling could be a potential target for specific inhibition in chordomas.Methods and results:  Fifty chordomas (34 primary tumours, 16 recurrences) from 44 patients were evaluated immunohistochemically for the expression of IGF‐1R, IGF‐1 and IGF‐2. Thirty‐eight chordomas (76%) expressed IGF‐1R, 46 (92%) expressed IGF‐1 and 25 (50%) expressed IGF‐2. Semi‐quantitative analyses revealed a moderate to strong staining intensity in ≥50% of tumour cells for IGF‐1R, IGF‐1 and IGF‐2 in 18 (36%), 32 (64%) and eight (16%) chordomas, respectively. Tumour volume correlated significantly with IGF‐1R‐staining intensity in primary chordomas (P = 0.042).Conclusions:  IGF‐1R and IGF‐1 are expressed in the majority of chordomas. IGF‐1 expression is much stronger than IGF‐2 expression. Patients whose chordomas show a moderate to strong staining intensity in ≥50% of tumour cells for IGF‐1R (36%) might benefit most from IGF‐1R targeting, particularly if they suffer from large and surgically non‐resectable chordomas.
Quantifying hepatic steatosis – more than meets the eye
Authors: Levene Adam P , Kudo Hiromi , Armstrong Matthew J , Thursz Mark R , Gedroyc Wladyslaw M , Anstee Quentin M , Goldin Robert D 
Published: February 2012

Levene A P, Kudo H, Armstrong M J, Thursz M R, Gedroyc W M, Anstee Q M & Goldin R D  (2012) Histopathology 60, 971–981Quantifying hepatic steatosis – more than meets the eyeAims:  The non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) activity score (NAS) is the histological tool used to assess disease severity based on steatosis, inflammation and hepatocyte ballooning. As steatosis contributes up to three of a potential eight points to NAS, it is important to quantify steatosis accurately. We sought to determine the optimum histological technique for identifying fat in tissue.Methods and results:  Using tissue from a mouse model of NAFLD, with validation in human liver biopsies, the percentage steatosis and fat droplet size were assessed in haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)‐ and Oil Red‐O (ORO)‐stained sections by light microscopy and digital image analysis (DIA). Results were compared to biochemical tissue triglyceride content and MRI assessment of hepatic lipid content. H&E steatosis assessment correlated poorly with tissue triglyceride concentration. However, ORO DIA exhibited much higher sensitivity and specificity for steatosis and correlated very well with triglyceride concentration in mouse and human liver (R = 0.706, P = 0.001 and R = 0.894, P =0.041, respectively). MRI‐based assessment of steatosis was inaccurate.Conclusions:  ORO DIA is the most accurate method for detecting and quantifying steatosis. Although H&E‐based NAS remains clinically valid in both clinical research and experimental situations, ORO DIA is a more robust technique to assess liver steatosis accurately for NAS scoring.
A biometric study of C‐shaped root canal systems in mandibular second molars using cone‐beam computed tomography
Authors: Seo D.‐G. , Gu Y. , Yi Y.‐A. , Lee S.‐J. , Jeong J.‐S. , Lee Y. , Chang S.‐W. , Lee J.‐K. , Park W. , Kim K.‐D. , Kum K.‐Y. 
Published: February 2012

Seo D‐G, Gu Y, Yi Y‐A, Lee S‐J, Jeong J‐S, Lee Y, Chang S‐W, Lee J‐K, Park W, Kim K‐D, Kum K‐Y. A biometric study of C‐shaped root canal systems in mandibular second molars using cone‐beam computed tomography. International Endodontic Journal, 45, 807–814, 2012.AbstractAim  To investigate the configuration of C‐shaped canals in mandibular second molars, canal wall thickness and the orientation of the thinnest area at 1‐mm intervals from the canal orifice to the apex by using cone‐beam computed tomographic (CBCT) images.Methodology  Three‐dimensional CBCT images of 92 Korean mandibular second molars having C‐shaped root canals were analysed to determine their configuration using a modification of Melton’s classification, as well as the thinnest walls and their location. Associations between configuration type and distance from the canal orifice to the apex, as well as associations between the directional orientation of the thinnest root wall and distance from the canal orifice to the apex, were assessed by Fisher’s exact test. Because serial measurements of minimum wall thicknesses were correlated with individual teeth, a mixed‐effects analysis was applied.Results  The most common configuration types were Melton’s type I in the coronal region and Melton’s type III in the apical region. Mean thicknesses of the thinnest root canal walls were 1.39 ± 0.38, 0.85 ± 0.25 and 0.77 ± 0.20 mm in the coronal, middle and apical regions, respectively. The thicker the root canal walls at the orifice region, the greater the decrease in thickness towards the apical region (P < 0.05), with the linguo‐central root area being the thinnest. The pattern of decreasing thickness from the orifice to the apex formed a nonlinear cubic curve.Conclusions  The most prevalent configuration types were Melton’s type I (coronal region) and type III (apical region). The linguo‐central root area was the thinnest in C‐shaped root canals of Korean mandibular second molars. These anatomical variations should be considered during surgical or nonsurgical endodontic procedures.
High prevalence of micropenis in 2710 male newborns from an intensive‐use pesticide area of Northeastern Brazil
Authors: Gaspari L. , Sampaio D. R. , Paris F. , Audran F. , Orsini M. , Neto J. B. , Sultan C. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryExposure to endocrine‐disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has been suggested to contribute to the increasing trends of external genital malformation in male newborns. In Northeastern Brazil, the poor sanitary conditions found in the favelas encourage the widespread use of pesticides. This 2‐year study of a total birth cohort of full‐term male newborns in the regional hospitals of Campina Grande (Paraíba, Brazil) sought to (1) accurately establish for the first time the incidences of neonatal male genital malformations, (2) investigate the endocrine and genetic aetiologies of these malformations, and (3) evaluate their associations with possible prenatal exposure to EDCs. A total of 2710 male newborns were explored for cryptorchidism, hypospadias and micropenis. Cases were referred to the Pediatric Endocrine Clinic for endocrine and genetic investigations, and all parents were interviewed about their environmental/occupational exposure to EDCs before/during pregnancy by paediatric endocrinologists using a detailed questionnaire. We observed 56 cases of genital malformation (2.07%), including 23 cryptorchidism (0.85%), 15 hypospadias (0.55%), and 18 micropenis (0.66%). All cases exhibited normal/subnormal testosterone production and none presented androgen receptor or 5α‐reductase gene mutation. More than 92% of these newborns presented foetal contamination by EDCs, as their mothers reported daily domestic use of pesticides (i.e., DDT) and other EDCs. Most of these undervirilized male newborns presented additional EDC contamination, as 80.36% of the mothers and 58.63% of the fathers reported paid or unpaid work that entailed the use of pesticides and other EDCs before/during pregnancy for the mothers and around the time of fertilization for the fathers. The high rate of micropenis in our population associated with an elevated percentage of parental environmental/occupational exposure to EDCs before/during pregnancy indicates that foetal contamination may be a risk factor for the development of male external genital malformation.
Obesogens, stem cells and the developmental programming of obesity
Authors: Janesick A. , Blumberg B. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryObesogens are chemicals that directly or indirectly lead to increased fat accumulation and obesity. Obesogens have the potential to disrupt multiple metabolic signalling pathways in the developing organism that can result in permanent changes in adult physiology. Prenatal or perinatal exposure to obesogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals has been shown to predispose an organism to store more fat from the beginning of its life. For example, excess oestrogen or cortisol exposure in the womb or during early life resulted in an increased susceptibility to obesity and metabolic syndrome later in life. This review focuses on the effects of environmental chemicals, such as the model obesogen, tributyltin (TBT), on the development of obesity. We discuss evidence linking the obesogenic effects of TBT with its ability to activate the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma and stimulate adipogenesis. We also discuss how TBT and other environmental obesogens may lead to epigenetic changes that predispose exposed individuals to subsequent weight gain and obesity. This suggests that humans, who have been exposed to obesogenic chemicals during sensitive windows of development, might be pre‐programmed to store increased amounts of fat, resulting in a lifelong struggle to maintain a healthy weight and exacerbating the deleterious effects of poor diet and inadequate exercise.