bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: SAMOKHVALOV A. V. , IRVING H. M. , REHM J. 
Published: April 2010

SUMMARYThe aim of this study was to quantify the association between alcohol consumption and incidence of pneumonia and to examine possible pathways. This was done by a systematic review and meta-analyses on the dose–response relationship between alcohol consumption or alcohol-use disorders and the incidence of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). The relative risk (RR) of CAP increased monotonically with increasing alcohol consumption. Individuals consuming 24, 60, and 120 g of pure alcohol daily demonstrated RRs for incident CAP of 1·12 (95% CI 1·02–1·23), 1·33 (95% CI 1·06–1·67) and 1·76 (95% CI 1·13–2·77), respectively, relative to non-drinkers. Clinically defined alcohol-use disorders were associated with an eightfold increased risk of CAP (RR 8·22, 95% CI 4·85–13·95). In conclusion, alcohol was found to be a risk factor for pneumonia with a clear statistical association, and a monotonic dose–response relationship.
Mental motor imagery and chronic pain: The foot laterality task
Authors: COSLETT H. BRANCH , MEDINA JARED , KLIOT DASHA , BURKEY ADAM 
Published: April 2010

AbstractSeveral lines of evidence suggest that mental motor imagery is subserved by the same cognitive operations and brain structures that underlie action. Additionally, motor imagery is informed by the anticipated sensory consequences of action, including pain. We reasoned that motor imagery could provide a useful measure of chronic leg or foot pain. Forty subjects with leg pain (19 bilateral, 11 right, and 10 left leg pain), 42 subjects with chronic pain not involving the legs, and 38 controls were shown 12 different line drawings of the right or left foot and asked to indicate which foot was depicted. Previous work suggests that subjects perform this task by mentally rotating their foot to match the visually presented stimulus. All groups of subjects were slower and less accurate with stimuli that required a greater degree of mental rotation of their foot. Subjects with leg pain were both slower and less accurate than normal and pain control subjects in responding to drawings of a painful extremity. Furthermore, subjects with leg pain exhibited a significantly greater decrement in performance for stimuli that required larger amplitude mental rotations. These data suggest that motor imagery may provide important insights into the nature of the pain experience. (JINS, 2010, 16, 603–612.)
Energy efficiency in small-scale biointensive organic onion production in Pennsylvania, USA
Authors: Moore Stephen R. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractModern agriculture relies heavily on fossil energy for food production. Reducing fossil energy and replacing that energy with renewable energy is critical in attaining a sustainable food system. Hand-scale intensive food production offers a reduction in fossil energy and an increased use of renewable human-based energy. Using biointensive production techniques, onions (Allium cepa) were grown in Pennsylvania, USA. A life-cycle analysis was performed to monitor energy utilization. Individual human labor tasks were evaluated using the factor method. This method accounts for the type and duration of physical activity. The average yield of eight onion varieties utilizing biointensive production in standard-sized beds (9.3 m2;100 ft2) was 160.2 kg. The US average for mechanical onion production is 46.1 kg/9.3 m2 (100 ft2). The energy efficiency ratio, specific energy and energy productivity were 51.5, 0.03 MJ kg−1 and 32.2 kg MJ−1 (MJ=megajoule), respectively. When defined within common boundaries, these three relationships: energy input, energy output and yield productivity allow researchers, farmers and policy-makers to select production systems and/or practices that better manage fossil and renewable energy for food production. Current mechanized agriculture has an energy efficiency ratio of 0.9. With most energy being supplied by fossil fuels. The energy efficiency for biointensive production of onions in our study was over 50 times higher than this value (51.5) and 83% of the total energy required is renewable energy. Biointensive production offers a viable energy use alternative to current production practices and may contribute to a more sustainable food system.
Effects of cultural system (organic and conventional) on growth and fiber quality of two cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) varieties
Authors: Bilalis Dimitrios , Patsiali Sotiria , Karkanis Anestis , Konstantas Aristidis , Makris Marios , Efthimiadou Aspasia 
Published: April 2010

AbstractOrganic cotton is a new industrial crop product. Field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of cultural systems and varieties on the growth, fiber quality and yield components of cotton crop (Gossypium hirsutumL.). The experiments, conducted during 2006 and 2007, were laid out in a split plot design with four replicates, two main plots (organic and conventional system) and two sub-plots (cotton varieties: Athena and Campo). There were no significant differences between the organic and conventional system for cotton growth, yield and fiber quality. The results suggest that the soil N released from both the inorganic (80:40:40 kg ha−1N:P2O5:K2O) and organic pool (green manure) were sufficient to maintain good growth. Inferior-quality fiber was produced in the variety. Campo, which had the lowest fiber fineness (micronaire), strength, length and reflection. In addition, this variety had the highest fiber elongation and yellowness. There were no significant differences between varieties as far as uniformity and leaf trash ratio are concerned. A positive correlation was observed between fiber strength and length. However, a negative correlation was found between lint yield and fiber strength.
Impactor Flux on the Pluto-Charon System
Authors: de Elía Gonzalo C. , Di Sisto Romina P. , Brunini Adrián 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn this work, we study the impactor flux on Pluto and Charon due to the collisional evolution of Plutinos.To do this, we develop a statistical code that includes catastrophic collisions and cratering events, and takes into account the stability and instability zones of the 3:2 mean motion resonance with Neptune. Our results suggest that if 1 Pluto-sized object is in this resonance, the flux of D = 2 km Plutinos on Pluto is ~4–24 percent of the flux of D = 2 km Kuiper Belt projectiles on Pluto. However, with 5 Pluto-sized objects in the resonance, the contribution of the Plutino population to the impactor flux on Pluto may be comparable to that of the Kuiper Belt. As for Charon, if 1 Pluto-sized object is in the 3:2 resonance, the flux of D = 2 km Plutinos is ~10–63 percent of the flux of D = 2 km impactors coming from the Kuiper Belt. However, with 5 Pluto-sized objects, the Plutino population may be a primary source of the impactor flux on Charon. We conclude that it is necessary to specify the Plutino size distribution and the number of Pluto-sized objects in the 3:2 Neptune resonance in order to determine if the Plutino population is a primary source of impactors on the Pluto-Charon system.
Adenine synthesis at Titan atmosphere analog by soft X-rays
Authors: Pilling Sergio , Andrade Diana P. P. , Neto Alvaro C. , Rittner Roberto , de Brito Arnaldo N. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn this work, we investigate the possible effects produced by soft X-rays (and secondary electrons) on Titan aerosol analogs in an attempt to simulate some prebiotic photochemistry. The experiments have been performed inside a high vacuum chamber coupled to the soft X-ray spectroscopy beamline at the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Source (LNLS). In-situ sample analysis were performed by a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The infrared spectra have presented several organic molecules, including nitriles and aromatic CN compounds. After the irradiation, the brownish-orange organic residue was analyzed ex-situ by gas chromatographic technique revealing the presence of adenine (C5H5N5), one of the constituents of the DNA molecule.
Why Has Religiosity in Poland not Changed since 1989? Five Hypotheses
Authors: Borowik Irena 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAttitudes about religion in Polish society have scarcely changed since 1989, in spite of radical political and economic transformation over the past 20 years, as survey data show. The question is why? In the following article, the author develops five alternative hypotheses to explain this phenomenon. Each of the hypotheses relates to some function of religion that is relevant in contemporary times. Among other things, historical circumstances, the role of Catholicism as a civil religion, security, and hidden privatization form the context in which one may explain the continuing vitality of religion in Poland.
The Security Council on women in war: between peacebuilding and humanitarian protection
Authors: Tachou-Sipowo Alain-Guy 
Published: April 2010

AbstractHaving established that massive human rights violations in armed conflict constitute a threat to peace and that women are the most severely affected by the scourge of war, the Security Council has since 1999 adopted a number of resolutions intended specifically for this group. These instruments contribute to the development of humanitarian law applicable to women and acknowledge the value of active participation by women in peace efforts. The following article first analyses the foundations on which the Council has been able to assume responsibility for protecting women in situations of armed conflict, and then considers the actual protection it provides. It concludes that the Council has had varying success in this role, pointing out that the thematic and declaratory resolutions on which it is largely based are not binding and therefore, they are relatively effective only as regards their provisions committing United Nations bodies. The author proposes that the Council's role could be better accomplished through situational resolutions than through resolutions declaratory of international law.
In Our Self-Interest
Authors: Rank Mark Robert 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis chapter builds a case on self-interest. Poverty drains Americans both individually and as a community and society. Each individual directly and indirectly pays a high price for allowing poverty to walk in the midst of society. The chapter discusses a set of analyses that demonstrates for the first time the fact that the majority of Americans experience poverty at some point during their lives. Unbeknownst to many, poverty touches Americans in their own backyard. Such a connection is demonstrated.
True to Values
Authors: Rank Mark Robert 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis chapter takes up the issue of values. The goal of reducing poverty is consistent, and in fact critical, to the realization of two core sets of values held in high esteem by the majority of Americans. These include the Judeo-Christian ethic and the American civic values that have shaped the country (liberty, justice, equality, and democracy). It is argued that if we examine these sets of values carefully, we find that attitudes of apathy toward the poor contradict their very core. In order to remain consistent with American principles, a concerted attempt to reduce poverty is necessary on the part of the country's inhabitants. Although there is room for disagreement regarding the causes and solutions to impoverishment, there can be no disagreement about the imperative to confront this issue if one professes allegiance to either the Judeo-Christian ethic or the founding values on which the country was built.
Essence of Citizenship
Authors: Rank Mark Robert 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis chapter develops a third argument for why Americans should care about poverty: active involvement and concern for those experiencing misfortune is an important (but often neglected) aspect of citizenship. As members of communities larger than simply themselves as individuals, Americans share an obligation and responsibility to alleviate grievous ills, such as poverty, that befall other members of their community. This position is based on the assertion that the concept of citizenship necessitates a sense of shared responsibility and stewardship. Such obligations become particularly binding when it can be demonstrated that a specific problem is largely the product of structural inequities. Part of Americans' civic responsibility lies in addressing such inequities. In addition, by alleviating the blight of poverty, Americans are exerting wise stewardship over their communities. Such stewardship is also an essential component of the concept of citizenship.
A New Paradigm
Authors: Rank Mark Robert 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe first step on the road to positive change is a national shift in how Americans think about poverty. This chapter begins by describing the major tenets of the old paradigm. Much of this will be quite familiar, since variations of it can be heard in political sound bites, mainstream policy research, the popular media, and informal discussions with one's neighbors. The chapter then describes the foundations of a new paradigm for comprehending poverty. This paradigm is based upon several of the major themes found within the first two-thirds of this book and represents a sharp break from the old ways of viewing poverty. Finally, the chapter concludes with several examples intended to illustrate that a paradigm shift in thinking can occur within a relatively short span.
Feminism and Evolutionary Psychology
Authors: Campbell Anne 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
For many feminists in the social sciences, evolutionary psychologists are still seen as the enemy. The disagreement is not about the desirability of social change, but about where the causes of gender differences can be found. Unlike social constructionists, evolutionary psychologists accept that beliefs reside in the mind and not just in discourse and language. Traditional empirical method may not be perfect but it has the advantage of being a self-correcting system. Liberal feminists identify causes that are proximate and external but ultimately incompatible with a mass of empirical research. To acknowledge the impact of culture is not the same as saying that gender has no biological basis and that the nature of men and women is wholly constructed by society. Many social science feminists reject the notion that evolution could have had an impact on the minds of the two sexes. Reductionism allows us to work toward the truth by first decomposing the explanation into its constituent elements, which span the range from the biological to cultural. But let us remove all constraints from women and see whether evolutionary psychologists are right in expecting a dearth of massive change in the choices women make.
The Male Flash of Anger: Violent Response to Transgression as an Example of the Intersection of Evolved Psychology and Culture
Authors: Fessler Daniel M. T. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The male flash of anger illustrates how evolutionary psychology and cultural anthropology provide complementary components in vertically integrated explanations. Anger is a response to transgression and accounts for the age- and sex-biased distribution of violent risk-taking behavior. Evolutionary psychology also provides an ultimate explanation for the processes occurring at the level of the neurotransmitter: childhood experience influences adult risk-taking propensities, while culturally-constituted socialization practices and interactional patterns shape childhood experience, inscribing culturally-preferred responses to transgression on individual actors; these tacit lessons are further reinforced by overt morally weighted cultural schemas and lexicons. Cultural group selection can occur because those systems that most successfully meet the challenges posed by the socioecological setting are most likely to prosper and spread. Because any given system is the product of unique historical events, even dysfunctional beliefs and practices may persist.
The Impact of Primatology on the Study of Human Society
Authors: Rodseth Lars , Novak Shannon A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Human social organization is in part a recombination of three African ape patterns: a gorilla-like sexual bond, a chimpanzee-like bond among males, and a bonobo-like band among females. However, the human bond, even if patrilocal, is never merely a male kinship network to which females are attached through sexual bonds. Women's sociality is more elaborate than any other female hominoid's, with the possible exception of bonobos, and the local community is always a “high-density network” constituted by multiple overlapping alliances between women as well as between men and between sexual partners. The nesting of pair bonds within communities usually goes beyond a two-level hierarchy of bonds and bands, with descent groups, sodalities, religious cults, and other groupings uniting members of different families within the same community. Relationships between communities, furthermore, are uniquely elaborated in human societies.
1 Emergence of the Modern Child Welfare System
Authors: Lindsey Duncan 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter reviews the first century of development in child welfare (roughly 1850 to 1960) which ended, after World War II, with a renewed commitment to child welfare research and to the development of institutions to support that research. Topics discussed include the invention of foster care, early studies of foster care, the early residual approach to child welfare, the establishment of the Children's Bureau, child labor, the emergence of the modern child welfare system, and the golden age of research in child welfare.
4 The Changing Portrait of the American Family
Authors: Lindsey Duncan 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines how the child welfare system has adapted to the changing conditions of American families. After World War II mothers began a long steady entry back into the labor force that would continue for the next half century. Increasingly, women with preschool children were expected to work outside the home. Although education (and thus child care) was provided for children ages six to eighteen, very little was available for children under six. The failure to provide universal day care placed increasing demands on the mothers of these children.
5 The End of Child Welfare: The Transformation of Child Welfare into Child Protective Services
Authors: Lindsey Duncan 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter explores the transformation of the public child welfare system into a child protection system. In 1962, in the Journal of the American Medical Association C. Henry Kempe and his colleagues reported on hundreds of children under three years of age who had been “battered,” and whose broken bones or cranial injuries could not be adequately or consistently explained. The dramatic image of infants being battered horrified the public. Child protection advocates passed mandatory child abuse reporting laws, with the result that annual child abuse reports have risen in the United States from 10,000 in 1962 to more than 3 and a quarter million in 2002. In the ensuing decades, the child welfare system has been redirected from aiding disadvantaged children to investigating child abuse reports.
6 The Decision to Remove a Child
Authors: Lindsey Duncan 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Critical to the functioning of the child welfare system is the process of decision-making. Which children should be removed from their families and placed in foster care? When should they be removed? These questions are central to effective decision-making of the child welfare system. What process is used to make these decisions? How precise is our knowledge that guides this decision-making by social workers? This chapter shows that these critical decisions are rarely made with scientific precision and accuracy.
7 Dealing with Child Abuse, the Red Herring of Child Welfare
Authors: Lindsey Duncan 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter questions the soundness of child abuse remaining the principal focus of decision-making. It describes how efforts to protect children from alleged physical and sexual assault have absorbed virtually all the resources of the child welfare system. It argues that the proper place for the investigation and prosecution of the physical and sexual assault of children is with the police and judicial system. If the police were to play their appropriate role, the child welfare system could return to its original mandate: serving disadvantaged and deprived children. Child welfare social workers lack the investigative training and coercive authority required to deal with the physical and sexual assault of children. Placing responsibility for protection from abuse with child welfare mires the profession in a morass it cannot solve.
8 Wealth and Poverty in America: The Economic Condition of Children
Authors: Lindsey Duncan 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the distribution of resources in the U.S. and other industrialized market economies, identifying those economic and social assumptions that drive our free market system. America is a rich and bountiful country with enough resources to provide for all its citizens. Its free market capitalist system has produced enormous wealth. Yet, in spite of this great wealth there is also great poverty. One of the key reasons for this poverty is the vast political and economic inequality, which creates a condition in which the least powerful are the ones most vulnerable — in this instance, the children of single parents.
12 Child Future Savings Account: Social Security for Children
Authors: Lindsey Duncan 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter proposes a “social savings” approach that would break the continuing “cycle of poverty” among children. This is essentially the same approach that was used to end poverty among the elderly. In 2003, Britain implemented a Child Trust Fund that uses this approach. No doubt the Child Future Savings Account proposal has limitations, but it suggests the kinds of strategies, within a broader structural understanding of child welfare, that might solve the problems children face. Ending child poverty will take more than providing immediate relief of hardship. Long-term solutions designed to break the cycle of poverty are required.
A Red Bird in a Brown Bag
Authors: Hill Geoffrey E. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe House Finch is among the most mundane birds, so ubiquitous and familiar across the U.S. and Canada that it does not rate a glance from most bird enthusiasts. But males have carotenoid-based plumage coloration that varies markedly among individuals, making the House Finch a model species for studies of the function and evolution of colorful plumage. In more depth and detail than has been attempted for any species of bird, this book takes a tour of the hows and whys of ornamental plumage coloration. The book begins by reviewing the history of the study of colorful plumage, which began in earnest with the debates of Darwin and Wallace but which was largely forgotten by the middle of the 20th century. Documenting the extensive plumage variation among males both within and between populations of House Finches, the book explores the mechanisms behind plumage variation and looks at the fitness consequences of condition-dependent ornament display for both males and females. The book concludes by examining the processes by which carotenoid-based ornamental coloration may have evolved.
Darwinism and Wallacism
Authors: Hill Geoffrey E. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis chapter reviews the history of the study of bird coloration, starting with the debates of Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace in the 19th century. Although Darwin proposed the idea that ornamental coloration evolves under the pressure of female choice, this idea remained untested for plumage color until the 1990s, when research was conducted on mate choice experiments with House Finches. The chapter discusses why it took so long for the idea to be tested.