bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Famotidine for the Prevention of Exercise‐Induced Gastritis in Racing Alaskan Sled Dogs
Authors: Williamson Katherine K. , Willard Michael D. , McKenzie Erica C. , Royer Christopher M. , Payton Mark E. , Davis Michael S. 
Published: March 2010

Background: Omeprazole reduces the severity of exercise‐induced gastritis but not the prevalence of gastric lesions in sled dogs. The frequent feeding of sled dogs during competition likely results in decreased absorption of omeprazole and, thereby, decreased efficacy.Hypothesis: Famotidine, a histamine‐2 blocker with good bioavailability in the presence of food, would reduce the incidence and severity of exercise‐induced gastric disease in sled dogs.Animals: Sixteen fit Alaskan sled dogs (4 female, 12 male, all intact, age 2–6 years).Methods: Dogs were randomly assigned to treatment (22 mg famotidine PO q24h) or control groups (n = 8 per group). Famotidine was administered with a meal to the treatment group once daily for 7 days before a challenge and once during exercise. Control dogs were fed an identical diet as the principal group. The 16 dog team completed a 100‐mile exercise challenge in 18 hours. A gastroscopy was performed 24 hours after the challenge. The appearance of the mucosa was scored by an individual by using a scoring system.Results: Treatment with famotidine significantly reduced the severity score compared with control (P= .0004). No adverse effects of treatment were reported.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Famotidine is effective in reducing the severity of exercise‐induced gastric disease in racing Alaskan sled dogs, with minimal to no adverse effects, and may be recommended for prophylactic use in short distance races.
Evaluation of Biological Variance of Cystatin C in Comparison With Other Endogenous Markers of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Healthy Dogs
Authors: Pagitz Maximilian , Frommlet Florian , Schwendenwein Ilse 
Published: March 2010

Background: The aim of the study was to investigate and compare components of variance of endogenous markers of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in healthy dogs and impact on the interpretation of results. Hypothesis: Cystatin C (cysC) in the dog is superior to creatinine (crea) and urea in detecting decreased renal function because of a high index of individuality (IoI).Animals and Method: Variance components of cysC, crea (2 methods: creaE, creaJ), urea, and inorganic phosphate (Pi) in plasma were determined in a longitudinal study over 6 months in 24 healthy dogs (6 German Shorthair Pointers, 18 Beagles). IoI and critical differences (CD) were calculated, as well as the numbers of measurements necessary to determine the individual's homeostatic set point. Results: Mean concentrations of cysC, creaJ, creaE, urea, and Pi (mean ± SD) were 0.93 ± 0.19 mg/L, 0.94 ± 0.17 mg/dL, 0.76 ± 0.18 mg/dL, 35.34 ± 9.08 mg/dL, and 3.74 ± 0.68 mg/dL, respectively. The IoI for cysC, creaJ, creaE, urea, and Pi were 0.96, 0.89, 0.80, 0.90, and 1.16, respectively. The CD for cysC, creaJ, creaE, urea, and Pi were 0.37 mg/L, 0.26 mg/dL, 0.27 mg/dL, 16.94 mg/dL, and 1.45 mg/dL, respectively.Conclusion: In dogs, components of biological variance of cysC and crea are in the same range. Analytical precision requirements were fulfilled by creaboth, urea, and Pi. All parameters had an intermediate IoI, which allowed the application of population‐based reference limits. The application of the CD for crea or cysC might be useful in detecting a decrease of GFR, when sequential measurements in an individual reveal an increase exceeding the CD but not the upper reference limit.
Azotemia and Glomerular Filtration Rate in Dogs with Chronic Valvular Disease
Authors: Nicolle Audrey P. , Chetboul Valérie , Allerheiligen Till , Pouchelon Jean‐Louis , Gouni Vassiliki , Tessier‐Vetzel Dominique , Sampedrano Carolina Carlos , Lefebvre Hervé P. 
Published: March 2010

Background: Little information is available about the prevalence of renal dysfunction in dogs with chronic valvular heart disease (CVD).Hypothesis: Azotemia and a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are more severe with increased severity of CVD.Animals: 124 (study No. 1) and 24 (study No. 2) client‐owned dogs with CVD.Methods: A retrospective study (study No. 1) was performed to assess the prevalence of azotemia in the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classes of heart failure in dogs with CVD. A prospective study (study No. 2) was then designed to determine GFR in dogs with different degrees of CVD severity. Complete physical examination, electrocardiography, blood pressure measurement, thoracic radiographs, echocardiography, and plasma and urine analyses were also performed.Results: In study No. 1, 50% of the dogs were azotemic and the percentage of azotemic dogs increased with functional class (up to 70% in NYHA class IV patients). In study No. 2, 8/24 dogs were azotemic. Plasma urea and creatinine were higher in NYHA class III‐IV dogs compared with class I‐II dogs. The GFR was lower (P, ≤.001) in NYHA class III‐IV dogs (1.7 ± 0.7 mL/min/kg) than in class I to II dogs (3.1 ± 0.8 mL/min/kg). Only 1 dog in class I‐II had a GFR below 2 mL/min/kg and only 2/9 class III‐IV dogs had a GFR above 2 mL/min/kg.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance: Azotemia and renal impairment increase with the severity of congestive heart failure and are frequent findings in dogs with CVD. It remains to be shown if deterioration of renal function is a direct result of progression of the heart disease.
Incidence and Clinical Relevance of Hyperglycemia in Critically Ill Dogs
Authors: Torre Danna M. , DeLaforcade Armelle M. , Chan Daniel L. 
Published: March 2010

Background: Hyperglycemia associated with critical illness in nondiabetic human patients is a common occurrence in the intensive care unit (ICU), with a reported incidence as high as 71%. Hypothesis: Hyperglycemia in critically ill dogs increases the risk of morbidity and mortality. Animals: Two hundred forty‐five dogs hospitalized in the ICU over a 2‐month period were evaluated. Methods: Prospective observational study was conducted over a 2‐month period. All dogs in the ICU had their highest daily blood glucose concentration recorded. All dogs with diabetes were excluded from the study. Hyperglycemia was defined as a blood glucose concentration >120 mg/dL. Dogs with hyperglycemia were monitored for persistence and resolution of hyperglycemia. Results: During the study period, 245 dogs were evaluated, of which 38 (16%) were hyperglycemic. Twenty‐six percent (10/ 38) developed hyperglycemia during hospitalization, whereas 74% (28/38) were hyperglycemic at presentation. Length of hospitalization (LOH) was shorter in dogs that presented with hyperglycemia compared with those that developed hyperglycemia during hospitalization (P= .001). Seventy‐one percent (27/38) of dogs were discharged from the hospital, whereas the remaining 29% (11/38) died or were euthanatized. Nonsurvivors had significantly higher median glucose concentration (median, 176 mg/dL; range 122–310 mg/dL) than did survivors (median, 139 mg/dL; 121–191 mg/dL; P= .021). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The incidence of hyperglycemia in this population of dogs was 16%. Dogs that developed hyperglycemia had longer LOH and nonsurvivors had more pronounced hyperglycemia than did survivors.
Clinical Efficacy and Palatability of Pradofloxacin 2.5% Oral Suspension for the Treatment of Bacterial Lower Urinary Tract Infections in Cats
Authors: Litster Annette , Moss Susan , Honnery Mary , Rees Bob , Edingloh Markus , Trott Darren 
Published: March 2010

Background: Pradofloxacin is a 3rd generation veterinary fluoroquinolone designed to restrict the emergence of antimicrobial resistance during therapy.Hypothesis: Pradofloxacin 2.5% oral suspension is a safe, efficacious, and palatable treatment for bacterial urinary tract infections (UTI) in cats.Animals: Seventy‐eight cats presented with lower urinary tract signs and were positive on bacterial culture of urine.Methods: Cats were allocated into 3 treatment groups depending on bacterial susceptibility results: pradofloxacin (n = 27), doxycycline (n = 23), or amoxicillin‐clavulanic acid (n = 28). All antimicrobials were presented in palatable liquid form. Posttreatment urine specimens were collected after completion of the course of treatment and submitted for bacterial culture and sensitivity. Owners were questioned before and after treatment about their experiences with administering oral medication to their cats.Results: Posttreatment urine culture was negative in all cats in the pradofloxacin group, but there were 3 treatment failures in each of the other groups. Owners' perceptions of the difficulty of administering oral medication to their cats was more positive posttreatment than pretreatment (P =.001;P <.001). There was no difference in palatability among the treatment groups (P >.05).Conclusions and clinical importance: We conclude that pradofloxacin 2.5% oral suspension is a highly effective and safe antimicrobial treatment for bacterial lower urinary tract infection in cats, and that the palatable formulation optimizes owner compliance. These findings make pradofloxacin a useful addition to the veterinary formulary.
Clinical and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Characteristics of Quadrigeminal Cysts in Dogs
Authors: Matiasek Lara A. , Platt Simon R. , Shaw Steve , Dennis Ruth 
Published: March 2010

Background: Quadrigeminal cysts (QC) are the most common intracranial intra‐arachnoid cysts in dogs, primarily affecting small breeds. Clinical significance is controversial. Hypothesis: Male, brachycephalic, small breed dogs are predisposed to QC, and objective measurement of parenchymal compression can distinguish clinically relevant QC from incidental findings. Animals: A total of 4,100 client‐owned dogs. Methods: A retrospective study that recorded signalment, history, clinical signs, and magnetic resonance imaging features. The degree of brain compression was evaluated in the presence of relevant clinical signs. The percentage compression of cerebellum and forebrain was calculated by comparing the expected to the actual diameter and longitudinal dimension, respectively. Results: QC were diagnosed in 28 dogs, of which 21 (75%) were small breed dogs. Fifteen dogs (54%) were brachycephalic. Eighteen dogs were male, and 10 were female. Cerebellar, occipital lobe, or compression in both areas occurred in 86% (24/28 dogs). Clinical signs included focal and generalized seizures in 5 dogs and cerebellar signs in 6 dogs. Mean occipital lobe compression was 17% (SD = 4) in clinically affected and 10% (SD = 3) in normal dogs (P = .006). Occipital lobe compression >14% was always associated with clinical signs. The mean cerebellar compression was 18%, but there was no association between compression and clinical signs. The animals were more likely to develop clinical signs if both areas were compressed (P = .04). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Parenchymal compression by QC can be incidental, and other central nervous system diseases must be excluded when assessing the clinical significance of QC. However, occipital lobe compression over 14% is likely to cause clinical signs.
Stage Migration in Dogs with Lymphoma
Authors: Flory Andrea B. , Rassnick Kenneth M. , Stokol Tracy , Scrivani Peter V. , Erb Hollis N. 
Published: March 2010

Background: Various diagnostic tests have been used to assign a clinical stage to dogs with lymphoma. As more sensitive staging methods are introduced, dogs are reclassified as having a higher disease stage, thereby affecting comparisons of dogs across differently staged clinical trials, and possibly, prognosis.Hypothesis: The addition of more sensitive staging tests causes stage migration in dogs with lymphoma.Animals: Fifty‐nine client‐owned dogs with previously untreated cytologically or histologically confirmed lymphomaMethods: For every dog, the World Health Organization stage classification (I‐V) was based on 5 groupings of various diagnostic tests: A (physical examination [PE] and quantitative blood count [QBC]), B (PE, QBC, thoracic and abdominal radiographs), C (PE, complete blood count with blood‐smear evaluation [CBC], thoracic and abdominal radiographs), D (PE, CBC, thoracic radiographs, abdominal ultrasound), and E (PE, CBC, thoracic radiographs, abdominal ultrasound, and bone‐marrow cytology). Dogs were treated with doxorubicin‐based protocols.Results: There was migration between all of the staging methods except D to E. However, the stage was not a predictor of remission rate, remission duration, or survival, regardless of staging method used.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: These data emphasized the need for standardized methods to determine the clinical stage in dogs with lymphoma.
Lung Function and Airway Cytologic Profiles in Horses with Recurrent Airway Obstruction Maintained in Low‐Dust Environments
Authors: Miskovic M. , Couëtil L.L. , Thompson C.A. 
Published: March 2010

Background: The effects of long‐term environmental management on airway obstruction and inflammation in horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) are unknown.Hypothesis: Horses with RAO maintained in low‐dust environments have persistent airway obstruction and neutrophilic inflammation.Animals: Study horses were treated for RAO and then maintained in low‐dust environments with no medical management. Horses were classified into 3 groups by years after diagnosis: 1 year (time 1, n = 9), 2–3 years (time 2, n = 7), and 5–6 years (time 3, n = 8). The comparison groups were age‐matched healthy horses.Methods: In this cross‐sectional study, a clinical examination was performed, and the clinical score was calculated. Standard lung function, forced expiratory maneuvers, and the cytology of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were evaluated.Results: The clinical scores of the RAO horses were higher than those of the non‐RAO horses at time 2 (P= .018). Standard lung function data were not different between the groups at any time point. The forced expiratory flow between 75–95% of exhaled vital capacity was lower in RAO horses than in non‐RAO horses at all time points (P< .02), indicating persistent peripheral airway obstruction. Cytologic evaluation of BALF revealed no difference in total nucleated cell numbers or differential cell counts between RAO and non‐RAO horses at any time point.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The peripheral airway obstruction detected in horses with RAO maintained in low‐dust environments likely is due to irreversible airway remodeling but is not associated with cytologic evidence of airway inflammation.
Mean Platelet Component as an Indicator of Platelet Activation in Foals and Adult Horses
Authors: Segura Dídac , Monreal Luis , Armengou Lara , Tarancón Icíar , Brugués Rosa , Escolar Ginés 
Published: March 2010

Background: Mean platelet component (MPC) is a new platelet variable, measured by modern commercial complete blood count analyzers, that is reduced during platelet activation in humans and small animals.Hypothesis: MPC decreases in horses with clinical conditions that cause platelet activation and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).Animals: We obtained 418 CBCs from 100 sick and 20 healthy neonates and 178 sick and 45 sound adult horses. Sick neonates were classified into septic and nonseptic, and DIC and non‐DIC groups. Adults were grouped by diagnoses (systemic inflammatory disorders, gastrointestinal problems, and thrombocytopenia).Methods: MPC together with platelet count, mean platelet volume, platelet distribution width, and platelet component distribution width were measured with a commercial analyzer and compared between the different disease and control groups in neonates and in adults.Results: MPC values were significantly lower in the septic and nonseptic neonates (24.0 ± 3.5 g/dL and 26.6 ± 2.6 g/dL, respectively) than in the control group (28.1 ± 1.7 g/dL). Neonates with DIC had the lowest MPC values (23.8 ± 6.3 g/dL). MPC values in adult horses were significantly lower in the inflammatory (23.5 ± 4.7 g/dL), gastrointestinal obstruction (23.0 ± 5.0 g/dL), enteritis (23.6 ± 4.6 g/dL), ischemic (23.9 ± 5.1 g/dL), and thrombocytopenia (20.2 ± 5.7 g/dL) groups when compared with control horses (26.2 ± 3.5 g/dL). Other platelet variables were not different between the control and the disease groups.Conclusion and Clinical Importance: MPC might be a useful variable for quickly and easily detecting platelet activation in sick neonates and adult horses.
Detection of Fibrin Deposits in Horse Tissues by Immunohistochemistry
Authors: Cotovio Mario , Monreal Luis , Navarro Marga , Segura Dídac , Prada Justina , Alves Anabela 
Published: March 2010

Background: Histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques have been used to detect fibrin deposits in different tissues in humans and experimental animal models with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Fibrin deposits also have been observed in horses with severe ischemic and inflammatory disorders by histochemical stainings (phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin [PTAH]).Hypothesis: Immunohistochemical (IHC) methods can be used to accurately detect fibrin deposits in horses at risk of DIC.Animals: Tissue‐organ samples collected on postmortem examination from 87 horses with severe inflammatory and ischemic gastrointestinal disorders. In addition, tissue samples from 13 horses with colic and colonic obstructions or displacements and from 13 slaughter horses were used as controls.Methods: Tissue samples (kidney, lung, and liver) were stained with PTAH and IHC for blinded histologic examination and comparison. A fibrin score (grades 0 to 4) was established for each tissue sample and for each horse for both techniques.Results: When the IHC method was used, fibrin deposition was observed in 47.1% of the horses with colic with a poor prognosis, compared with 41.4% with PTAH. An agreement of 70% was achieved when both methods were compared, and the lung was confirmed as the most affected organ. Almost none of the colic and slaughter control horses had fibrin deposits in their tissues.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: IHC technique for fibrin antigens was very effective in the detection and identification of fibrin deposits in equine tissues and may be a reliable technique for the postmortem diagnosis of DIC.
Decreased Periparturient Transmission of Bovine Leukosis Virus in Colostrum‐Fed Calves
Authors: Nagy Dusty W. , Tyler Jeff W. , Kleiboeker Steven B. 
Published: March 2010

Background: The relation between calf bovine leukosis virus (BLV) infection status and colostrum ingestion is unclear. Two conclusions have been drawn from previous studies. One suggests that colostrum ingestion transmits BLV to neonatal calves. The second suggests that colostral antibodies are protective.Hypothesis: Colostrum from BLV‐positive cattle is protective in naturally exposed calves.Animals: Twelve colostrum‐deprived Holstein calves and 20 colostrum‐fed Holstein calves born to BLV‐infected cows.Methods: Prospective study. Colostrum‐deprived calves were tested weekly by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests for BLV antibody and provirus for 12 weeks or until the animal became positive for BLV infection. Colostrum‐fed calves were fed colostrum derived from BLV‐positive cows. Thereafter, ELISA and PCR tests for BLV antibody and provirus were performed every other week until 2 consecutive negative ELISA tests or 1 positive PCR test was achieved. The proportion of calves that converted to BLV‐positive status was calculated for each group and compared between groups by using the Fisher exact test.Results: Four of 12 colostrum‐deprived calves (33%) became BLV positive, whereas 0 of 20 colostrum‐fed calves (0%) became BLV positive. The proportion of calves that became infected was significantly higher in the colostrum‐deprived group (P= .014).Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Calves born to BLV‐positive cows are exposed during parturition, and a proportion of these calves will become infected with BLV. Administration of colostrum from BLV‐positive cows greatly decreases the risk of infection.
Serum T3 and T4 Concentrations in Lambs with Nutritional Myodegeneration
Authors: Kozat Süleyman 
Published: March 2010

Background: Selenium (Se) deficiency is an important etiological factor in Nutritional Myodegeneration Disease (NMD) of lambs, and Se is required for synthesis of thyroid hormones. Hypothesis: That serum T4 and T3 concentrations in lambs with NMD will be abnormal. Animals: Ten healthy lambs and 15 lambs with NMD were included in the study. Methods: Serum thyroid hormone concentrations were measured by chemiluminescence assay in samples collected from control and NMD lambs before and after treatment with a preparation containing sodium selenite, vitamin E, and vitamin Bi, which was administered subcutaneously to lambs with NMD twice, with a 2‐week interval. Results: Before treatment, serum concentrations of fT3 and TT3 in lambs with NMD were lower than those of control group (P < .001), while serum concentrations of fT4 and TT4 in lambs with NMD were significantly higher than those of control group (P < .001, P < .01, respectively). Similarly, serum creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) values in lambs with NMD were significantly higher compared with those of control (P < .001, P < .001, P < .001, P < .01, and P < .05, respectively) before treatment. However, serum concentrations of Se and α‐tocopherol in lambs with NMD were significantly lower compared with those of control (P < .001). After treatment (at day 30), none of the variables were significantly different between control and NMD lambs (P > .05). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Nutritional myodegeneration in lambs is associated with abnormalities in serum thyroid concentrations. Abnormalities in serum thyroid concentrations can result from selenium deficiency in NMD lambs. Serum thyroid concentrations together with serum CK, LDH, AST, ALT, and ALP values can be considered additional tools in diagnosis and prognosis of NMD in lambs.
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Measurement of Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein B Antibody in Serum
Authors: Hackett Daniel J. , Zhang Changpin , Stefanescu Carla , Pass Robert F. 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT
Measurement of antibody to cytomegalovirus (CMV) glycoprotein B (gB) is valuable in the assessment of the antibody response to infection and to gB-containing vaccines. For this purpose, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with a recombinant CMV gB molecule as the antigen was evaluated. Sera from 168 anti-CMV IgG-positive and 100 seronegative subjects were used to evaluate the anti-gB antibody assay. A cutoff optical density (OD) that would distinguish gB antibody-positive from -negative sera was established. Titers of antibody to gB determined by endpoint dilution were compared with those calculated using regression analysis. The run-to-run and interoperator reproducibilities of results were measured. The mean OD + 5 standard deviations from 50 anti-CMV IgG antibody-negative sera (0.2472) was used as the cutoff between anti-gB antibody-positive and -negative results. All sera from 100 anti-CMV IgG-seronegative subjects were negative for antibody to gB. All but 1 of 168 sera from seropositive subjects were positive for antibody to gB. Observed antibody levels based on titration to the endpoint were very similar to results calculated using linear regression. The run-to-run consistency of endpoints was excellent, with 38 runs from one operator and 48 runs from another all giving results within 1 dilution of the mean value for each of three anti-CMV IgG antibody-positive serum pools. The geometric mean titer of antibody to gB for 99 sera from seropositive blood donors was 1/10,937. This ELISA gives accurate and reproducible results for the relative quantity of anti-CMV gB IgG in serum over a wide range of antibody levels.