bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phase II Trial of Pertuzumab and Trastuzumab in Patients With Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2–Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer That Progressed During Prior Trastuzumab Therapy
Authors: Baselga José , Gelmon Karen A. , Verma Shailendra , Wardley Andrew , Conte PierFranco , Miles David , Bianchi Giulia , Cortes Javier , McNally Virginia A. , Ross Graham A. , Fumoleau Pierre , Gianni Luca 
Published: February 2010

Purpose Pertuzumab, a human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) –targeted monoclonal antibody, potently inhibits HER2 dimerization and HER-mediated signaling pathways. Pertuzumab and the approved HER2-targeted monoclonal antibody trastuzumab have complementary mechanisms of action and result in enhanced antitumor activity when combined. This phase II trial assessed the efficacy and safety profile of the combination in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer whose disease had progressed during prior trastuzumab-based therapy. Patients and Methods This was a multicenter, open-label, single-arm, Simon two-stage study. Patients with advanced HER2-positive breast cancer in whom disease progression had occurred during prior trastuzumab-based therapy received trastuzumab weekly (4 mg/kg loading dose, then 2 mg/kg every week) or every 3 weeks (8 mg/kg loading dose, then 6 mg/kg every 3 weeks) and pertuzumab every 3 weeks (840 mg loading dose, then 420 mg every 3 weeks). Treatment continued until disease progression or excessive toxicity. Results All 66 patients were assessable for efficacy and safety. The objective response rate was 24.2%, and the clinical benefit rate was 50%. Five patients (7.6%) experienced a complete response, 11 patients (16.7%) experienced a partial response, and 17 patients (25.8%) experienced stable disease of ≥ 6 months. Median progression-free survival was 5.5 months. Overall, the combination of pertuzumab and trastuzumab was well tolerated, and adverse events were mild to moderate. Cardiac dysfunction was minimal, and no patients withdrew as a result of cardiac-related adverse events. Conclusion The combination of pertuzumab and trastuzumab is active and well tolerated in patients with metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer who had experienced progression during prior trastuzumab therapy.
Second Malignant Neoplasms in Survivors of Pediatric Hodgkin's Lymphoma Treated With Low-Dose Radiation and Chemotherapy
Authors: O'Brien Maureen M. , Donaldson Sarah S. , Balise Raymond R. , Whittemore Alice S. , Link Michael P. 
Published: February 2010

Purpose Survivors of childhood Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) are at risk for second malignant neoplasms (SMNs). It is theorized that this risk may be attenuated in patients treated with lower doses of radiation. We report the first long-term outcomes of a cohort of pediatric survivors of HL treated with chemotherapy and low-dose radiation. Patients and Methods Pediatric patients with HL (n = 112) treated at Stanford from 1970 to 1990 on two combined modality treatment protocols were identified. Treatment included six cycles of chemotherapy with 15 to 25.5 Gy involved-field radiation with optional 10 Gy boosts to bulky sites. Follow-up through September 1, 2007, was obtained from retrospective chart review and patient questionnaires. Results One hundred ten children completed HL therapy; median follow-up was 20.6 years. Eighteen patients developed one or more SMNs, including four leukemias, five thyroid carcinomas, six breast carcinomas, and four sarcomas. Cumulative incidence of first SMN was 17% (95% CI, 10.5 to 26.7) at 20 years after HL diagnosis. The standard incidence ratio for any SMN was 22.9 (95% CI, 14.2 to 35) with an absolute excess risk of 93.7 cases per 10,000 person-years. All four secondary leukemias were fatal. For those with second solid tumors, the mean (± SE) 5-year disease-free and overall survival were 76% ± 12% and 85% ± 10% with median follow-up 5 years from SMN diagnosis. Conclusion Despite treatment with low-dose radiation, children treated for HL remain at significant risk for SMN. Sarcomas, breast and thyroid carcinomas occurred with similar frequency and latency as found in studies of children with HL who received high-dose radiation.
Poverty and Chronic Illness in Early Childhood: A Comparison Between the United Kingdom and Quebec
Authors: Nikiéma Béatrice , Spencer Nick , Séguin Louise 
Published: February 2010

OBJECTIVES:
Our goal was to examine the association between poverty, in the first and fourth years of life and cumulatively in the first and fourth years of life, and the health of children in the fourth year of life in the UK Millennium Cohort Study and in the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (QLSCD).

METHODS:
Data from the UK Millennium Cohort Study of 14 556 children and from the QLSCD of 1950 children were analyzed. Comparable measures of poverty were households in receipt of the safety-net benefit: income support in the United Kingdom and social welfare in Quebec. Three parent-reported health indicators were examined: asthma attack, long-standing illness, and limiting long-standing illness by the fourth year of life. Associations were explored with logistic regression modeling controlling for child characteristics and maternal education.

RESULTS:
Poverty only in the first year of life significantly increased the risk of asthma attacks and limiting long-standing illness in the fourth year of life among UK children; trends were in the expected direction in the QLSCD but did not reach statistical significance. Poverty in the fourth year of life only significantly increased the risk of all 3 outcomes for UK children but not for Quebec children. For children experiencing poverty in both the first and fourth years of life, the risks for all 3 outcomes also increased in the United Kingdom, whereas only the risk of limiting long-standing illness increased in Quebec. Adjustment for confounding had little effect on the increased risks associated with poverty.

CONCLUSIONS:
These findings suggest that experience of poverty at various times in early childhood increases the risk of asthma attacks and chronic illness in the fourth year of life; however, they also indicate that poverty at different stages of the early childhood life course may have different effects on chronic illness in different country settings.
Clay-Free Synthetic-Based Fluid Provides High-Angle Wellbore Stability with Minimal Dilution and Treatment Requirements
Authors: Ackal Kalil , Gillikin Andrew 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
A seven-well development program in the Gulf of Mexico presented several drilling and logistical challenges to the Arena Offshore LLC engineering staff. The high-angle (54°-73°) 9-7/8" production intervals had shallow kick-off points (in one instance 70° by 3000 ft TVD, 30° average azimuth change, high of 67°). The complex wellpaths had proven difficult to drill with water-based fluids (WBF). Wellbore stability and torque and drag issues added to non-productive time (NPT). Previous wells drilled with WBF experienced slow penetration rates, multiple wiper trips, and one lost directional bottomhole assembly (BHA). The decision was made to use a synthetic-based fluid (SBF) on the seven-well project, but deck space and pit capacity constraints meant that the selected SBF would have to perform well with minimal dilution and product additions.
To help improve tolerance for increased low gravity solids content (&gt;6%), the operator displaced the well with a clay-free SBF after setting surface casing at ± 3000 ft TVD. The system contained zero organophilic clay or lignite additives, so that the solids content was inherently lower than that of conventional SBFs. In addition, the fluid required one-third fewer products than conventional SBFs, resulting in fewer crane lifts and a smaller footprint on offshore rigs.
The system can be characterized as "emulsion-based". The emulsion chemistry can provide the yield point values and gel strengths required for good suspension and sag prevention, while exhibiting shear-thinning behavior for rapid gel-to-flow transitions when needed.
The clay-free SBF can run with a low synthetic oil-to-water ratio (SWR) in the range of 70/30 to 75/25 SWR as compared to the 80/20 SWR typically needed for conventional SBFs. On the Arena project, the system performed reliably despite an average 8.1% low gravity solids (LGS) content. Gels remained low and flat, even when the LGS content reached 15% on one well. The lower SWR values and reduced base oil dilution requirements helped keep fluid maintenance costs low.
The use of the clay-free SBF allowed the operator to drill the wells considerably faster, at times drilling over 2,000 ft. per day despite the high percentage of LGS. No wellbore instability issues occurred, trips went smoothly and casing was run to bottom on every well. Four of the seven original wells reached total depth at 21% below AFE cost, and several sidetracks were drilled for geologic reasons using the same clay-free system.
Opportunities and Challenges of Deepwater Subsalt Drilling
Authors: Mathur Rohit , Seiler Nancy , Srinivasan Ananth , Pardo Nesny O. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Drilling wells to depths &gt;25,000 ft will continue to present geologic and economic challenges for deepwater operators. These capital-intensive projects require acute attention to maximizing drilling efficiency and mitigating risk.
Using several case studies, this paper describes recent deepwater subsalt exploration activity and discusses the challenges of drilling through the salt. Through close collaboration between the operator and drilling service provider, efforts to push rig and tool limitations successfully resulted in an increase in drilling efficiency. Additionally, extensive job planning, close monitoring of drilling parameters and continual testing against modeled data during execution were shown to address uncertainties seen below the base of salt.
This paper takes lessons from multiple wells and presents an approach to: Improve drilling penetration rates in salt by means of vibration mitigationAchieve early detection of base of saltModel and integrate design (BHA) components for optimum drilling performanceValidate structural dip and improve upon the geologic seismic model using real-time LWD imaging.
Are You on the Right Track with Casing Milling? Innovative Precision-Milled Windows Offer Improved Casing Exit Reliability for Sidetracking and Multilateral Completions
Authors: Ponton Calvin , Roberts Justin , Fipke Steven , Cuthbert Andy 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Multilateral wells offer many benefits over conventional wells, including reduced overall drilling costs, lower environmental effect, increased total recovery, greater access to production intervals, and subsequently improved well production rates. However, it can be difficult to achieve a good quality casing window through which an additional lateral branch can be successfully drilled and completed. As bottomhole assemblies (BHAs) become more advanced, involving longer and stiffer strings of tools, and as completion design becomes more intricate, more attention must be given to the way the casing window is created because this is the foundation of multilateral well design. Track-guided milling systems have emerged as effective and accurate methods by which to control casing window geometry, and this paper will focus on recent advances in track-guided, precision window milling technology and its effect on multilateral well design.
To avoid potential problems in running drilling assemblies or liner/completion strings, advanced milling technology should be used to create the casing window. During conventional milling, it is commonly difficult to control the action of the mill as it cuts through the casing; poor control creates a casing window that could, as a result of right hand rotation during milling, rolling-off to one side, leading to a skewed or shortened aperture. Uncontrolled and undefined window geometry introduces additional risks when re-entering a lateral wellbore, such as nonproductive time (NPT) and equipment damage. A good quality casing window, with precisely controlled length and width, helps ensure that drilling and completion equipment can exit the aperture without problems and facilitates repeatable re-entry access to both the mainbore and the laterals in future interventions. The quality of the casing window is just as critical in multilateral wells as in conventional sidetracking or whipstock operations.
Advances in modern casing milling technology are pioneering improved multilateral well designs. Multilateral wellbore junctions can now be placed in deep, high-angle wells without compromising drilling or completion operations by using a track-guided milling system to create improved casing windows.
Using Surfactant Nanotechnology to Engineer Displacement Packages for Cementing Operations
Authors: Van Zanten Ryan , Lawrence Bridget , Henzler Stephen 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Removing oil-based drilling fluid residue is crucial to developing an excellent cement bond between casing and formation. A good cement bond leads to proper zonal isolation, improved casing integrity, and reduces annular gas migration. The development of an effective displacement spacer to remove oil residue is paramount in creating an effective cement bond. Typically mixtures of several different components consisting of solvent and surfactant combinations have to be run for an effective displacement from oil-based fluid to cement. Microemulsions offer an attractive alternative to the use of solvent/surfactant combinations. Microemulsion forming surfactant solutions can solubilize large volumes of oil like a solvent while simultaneously water wetting the casing and formation.
Laboratory testing led to the development of a surfactant-based microemulsion forming cement spacer. The microemulsion spacer water wets more effectively than previously used solvent/surfactant spacers, eliminating the use of solvents in the cement spacer. The elimination of solvents can allow for a more environmentally friendly solution. Mixing this spacer with oil-based drilling fluid does not change the wettability of the bulk mud, allowing it to be re-mixed with the remaining fluid.
Several different field trials in the Rocky Mountain region have been run showing improved cement bond logs. Operational personnel identified that the surfactant package replaced the use of two existing surfactant packages, eliminating mixing errors and minimizing logistical issues. Initial lab tests were done with local field mud samples to compare wettability results. Improved wettability was achieved on different mud systems, diesel based and synthetic oil based. The operator approved the use of a new microemulsifier on several wells. After the operator had run bond logs, results were compared to wells with similar job designs and wellbore conditions. Improved bonds were shown in the wells where the new surfactant package was applied.
Drilling Automation: Novel Trajectory Control Algorithms for RSS
Authors: Matheus Justo , Naganathan Siva 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Operators traditionally have been drilling in easy reservoirs that allow for large target TVD tolerances, in the order of few 10s of feet. However, with the maturity of reservoirs, the tolerances and accuracy required to draw out the residual oil has become quite narrow, to the order of one to two feet.
Traditionally, trajectory control in the drilling industry has been performed by experienced directional drillers, using drilling technologies such as motors. These technologies were dumb iron components, and were limited in their efficiency (ROP), which gave enough time for making control decisions.
The introduction of Rotary Steerable Systems (RSS) enabled faster and efficient well bore delivery. This tested the limits of human operators to assimilate the MWD data, compare the actual well trajectory with the planned and take corrective actions to get back to the desire well plan.
Rotary Steerable Systems are very sophisticated tools with downhole intelligence. This provides the framework to implement advanced and automatic downhole trajectory control algorithms, which have no lag times, and can perform consistent, accurate, and reliable corrective actions.
This paper discusses the development and testing of a next generation non-linear trajectory control algorithm, which can Hold Inclination and Azimuth downhole, run below mud motors and perform an automatic turn, while holding inclination with ability to control the gains while drilling ahead.
This paper also presents case studies of the runs from various locations worldwide, which used this novel algorithm to control inclination, azimuth, and keep TVD within tight tolerances. The paper ends with analyses, lessons learned and conclusions from the field trial runs.
Overcoming a Difficult Salt Drilling Environment in the Gulf of Mexico: A Case Study
Authors: Chatar Crispin , Mohan Sushil , Imler Mark D. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
More than a decade ago few companies intentionally penetrated and successfully drilled the large salt sections in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). Problems common to drilling in salt led to excessive nonproductive time (NPT): hole instability, stuck pipe, tools lost in hole, among others. Although techniques are now available that enable successful drilling of many of these large salt structures, there still are some formations with characteristics that make drilling challenging. This paper focuses on one such ultradeep subsalt prospect and the strategies used to overcome the key issues of nonhomogeneous salt formations, shock and vibration, and salt inclusions. Application of new and emerging technologies and techniques for drilling in similar environments focused on drilling parameter optimization, bottomhole assembly (BHA) tendencies, and stuck-pipe analysis. This paper presents comparisons of the results expected prior to optimization measures and the actual results.
Innovative Use of Plug-and-Abandonment Equipment for Enhanced Safety and Efficiency
Authors: Olstad Delaney , O’Connor Philip 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Traditional rigless plug-and-abandonment (P&A) operations involve time-consuming methods that can potentially be detrimental to personnel, assets, and the environment. Rising costs, the heightened level of safety required in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) and beyond, and the unpredictability of the industry’s operational needs necessitate timely development of innovative technologies and applications of equipment and resources. This paper examines the combination of aggressive engineering and competent staffing to solve P&A problems in a safe and efficient manner.
The paper presents three distinct jobs and the techniques applied to successfully complete the objectives of each situation. In the first scenario, a production platform, rendered inoperable by a hurricane and left leaning, required permanent abandonment. Limitations on the structure’s loading capacity required use of a unique pipe pulling unit. The second situation, a badly damaged satellite production facility, necessitated development of a job-specific cantilever system, designed and deployed on a lift boat. In a third, land-based operation, a specialized jacking system was needed to repair and replace damaged surface casing. All three jobs originated from catastrophic incidents that required rapid mobilization.
The paper continues with a discussion of the capabilities of the multiple systems; the successful completion of each job with no recordable incidents or environmental impact; and the lessons learned during the development processes. Cost reductions are correlated to the techniques and methods previously mentioned. Finally, the paper demonstrates the adaptability of the P&A equipment, techniques, and resources that can be applied to other real-world applications.
20KSI BOP Stack Development
Authors: Whitby Melvyn F. , Kotrla John E. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
After the introduction of the Cameron 18-3/4" 20,000 psi EVO Drilling BOP at OTC, 2009, this paper will focus on identifying and completing the GAP technologies necessary for design and testing of a Deepwater 20,000 psi subsea BOP stack.
This paper will identify design methodologies employed in design and testing of the BOP and outline GAP technologies that must be addressed for completing a Deepwater Subsea BOP stack.
Taking a bottom up approach, the discussion will focus on the Wellhead connector and necessary loads, the Drill Through column, Choke and Kill systems and packaging to allow for use on existing rigs with minimal upgrade intervention.
Well Completion Applications for the Latest-Generation Low-Viscosity Sensitive Passive Inflow Control Device
Authors: Peterson Elmer R. , Coronado Martin P. , Garcia Luis A. , Garcia Gonzalo A. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
In long horizontal wells, oil production rate is typically affected by the reservoir heterogenities, heel to toe effect and mobility ratio. The resulting imbalanced production profile may cause early water or gas breakthrough into the wellbore. Once coning occurs, well fluid production may be severely decreased due to limited flow contribution from the toe or from reservoir areas with high flow resistance in the porous media. To eliminate this imbalance, passive inflow control devices (PICDs) are placed in each screen joint or inflow point to balance the production influx profile across the entire lateral length and compensate for permeability variation.
PICD performance in producer (oil, gas, and high gas/oil ratio environments) wells under different operational conditions will be presented to show the technical benefits of this technique as well as their improved recovery efficiencies when compared to non-PICD completions. Fluid viscosity insensitivity of the PICD is critical to minimize preferential water flow whenever water breaks through into the well. The quantification of the benefits of this completion technique was performed using a fully integrated reservoir simulator where the PICD flow performance characteristic (as a function of fluid properties and geometry), well completion description (packers, blank pipe, gravel pack, annulus flow, etc.) and reservoir simulation are considered. Shutting off whole sections that have unacceptably high water and/or gas production using the latest PICD feature is also modeled to show improved recovery performance.
This paper details the development of the latest-generation PICD design concept. Because these PICDs are permanent downhole components, their long-term reliability is imperative, and these new developments will improve their resistance to erosion and their ability to effectively balance inflow. Computational flow dynamics (CFD) analysis was used extensively to characterize the new design, under liquid and gas conditions, along with actual full-scale flow testing.