bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A proteome analysis of the tetracyanonickelate (II) responses in Klebsiella oxytoca
Authors: Chen Wen‐Jen , Tang Petus , Hseu You‐Cheng , Chen Chien‐Cheng , Huang Kuo‐Yang , Chen Ssu Ching 
Published: July 2010

SummaryTetracyanonickelate (II) (TCN) has been proved to be degraded by Klebsiella oxytoca. In order to examine the physiological responses of TCN degradation by this bacterium, two‐dimensional (2‐DE) electrophoresis approach and Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time of flight‐mass spectrometry allow us to identify 91 proteins spots that were significantly altered in the presence of 1 mM TCN in relative to that in 1 mM ammonia when K. oxytoca grown at the late‐log phase. Among them, 43 proteins were successfully identified. Fractions enriched in hydrophobic proteins were obtained with a specific extraction method based on temperature‐dependent phase partitioning with Triton X‐114, with the successful identification of 26 proteins out of 41 differential proteins. Some proteins were related with TCN metabolism. OsmC‐like protein, molecular chaperone DnaK, glutathione S‐transferase, alkyl hydroperoxide reductase, DNA protection during starvation conditions and DNA binding ferritin‐like protein can counteract the oxidative stress from TCN biodegradation. The nitrogenase had been suggested to participate in TCN degradation by K. oxytoca, and was upregulated in TCN‐treated cells as expected. The induction of glutamine synthetase could enhance the assimilation of limited nitrogen source produced from the bioconversion of TCN into ammonia as the alternate nitrogen source for bacteria growth. These findings could provide new insights into the inducible mechanisms underlying the capacity of K. oxytoca to tolerate TCN stress.
Switching toxin production on and off: intermittent microcystin synthesis in a Microcystis bloom
Authors: Wood Susie A. , Rueckert Andreas , Hamilton David P. , Cary S. Craig , Dietrich Daniel R. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryToxic cyanobacterial blooms are increasing in prevalence. Microcystins are the most commonly produced cyanotoxin. Despite extensive research the variables regulating microcystin production remain unclear. Using a RT‐QPCR assay that allowed the precise measurement of mcyE transcriptional gene expression and an ELISA that enabled small changes in total microcystin concentrations to be monitored, we demonstrate for the first time that microcystin production is not always constitutive and that significant up‐ and downregulation in microcystin synthesis can occur on time scales of 2–6 h. Samples were collected over 3 days from a small eutrophic lake during a dense microcystin‐producing Microcystis bloom. McyE gene transcripts were detected in only four out of 14 samples. Vicissitudes in both microcystin quotas and extracellular microcystin levels corresponded with changes in mcyE expression. During the period of exalted microcystin synthesis Microcystis sp. cell concentrations increased from 70 000 cells ml−1 to 4 000 000 cells ml−1. These data provide compelling evidence that changes in Microcystis cell concentrations influence microcystin production.
Epidemiological features and association with crib‐biting in horses with neurological disease associated with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (1991–2008)
Authors: Grenager N. S. , Divers T. J. , Mohammed H. O. , Johnson A. L. , Albright J. , Reuss S. M. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryA retrospective study of 43 cases of temporohyoid osteoarthropathy was performed to evaluate the epidemiological features and a possible association with crib‐biting. Data collected from records included case details, what diagnostics were utilised, whether medical or surgical treatment was administered, and outcome. Owners were contacted via telephone and asked whether the horse had displayed crib‐biting behaviour. Forty‐three horses were diagnosed with neurological disease associated with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy, 62.8% of which were Quarter Horse‐types. Median age at presentation was 10 years and median duration of neurological signs prior to presentation was 3 days. Skull radiographs and guttural pouch endoscopy were used to definitively diagnose temporohyoid osteoarthropathy in 72% of the cases. Of 43 horses, 21 received medical treatment and 15 surgical treatment, with an overall survival rate of 55.8%. Crib‐biting was observed in 31.3% of cases and there was a significant association between being afflicted with THO and likelihood of possessing the behaviour. Horses with neurological disease associated with THO were 8 times more likely to be crib‐biters compared to the general population.
Osteosarcoma of the middle phalanx in a horse
Authors: Cillan‐Garcia E. , Kearns L. J. , Hetzel U. , Harrison L. J. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryAn 11‐year‐old Thoroughbred gelding was presented for lameness investigation following acute onset hindlimb lameness, which developed during a period of paddock turnout. Clinical examination revealed a swelling over the dorsolateral aspect of the pastern that was painful on digital palpation. Radiography of this area was consistent with an aggressive bone lesion involving both joint surfaces of the middle phalanx with pathological fracture and distal collapse of this bone. On this basis, the horse was subjected to euthanasia. Post mortem histopathological examination revealed presence of an osteosarcoma without involvement of the articular cartilage. This bone tumour is extremely rare in horses and has not been reported in this anatomical location.
Successful treatment of presumptive immune mediated thrombocytopenia and dermatitis with azathioprine in a pregnant mare
Authors: Hardefeldt L. Y. , Schambow R. , Peek S. F. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThis report describes the successful treatment of immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia (IMTP) with azathioprine in a pregnant mare that had been refractory to therapy with dexamethasone. The interesting features of this case included the presence of dermatitis, a clinical presentation not previously associated with IMTP in the equine literature and the maintenance of pregnancy and delivery of a healthy normal foal despite immunosuppressive therapy with azathioprine during critical stages of early gestation.
Equine pastern dermatitis
Authors: Colles C. M. , Colles K. M. , Galpin J. R. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryBacteriological examination of pastern dermatitis in 12 cases resulted in a variable growth of bacterial species. Dermatophilus congolensis was found on direct smear in 2 cases, although only cultured in one of these. Eleven of the cases were treated with a new topical treatment, consisting of a combination of antibacterial agents and humectants ‐ agents that lower water activity (Mud Stop). Ten of these cases showed a good response to treatment, the other showing partial improvement before the treatment was changed.
The use of sedatives, analgesic and anaesthetic drugs in the horse: An electronic survey of members of the American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP)
Authors: HUBBELL J. A. E. , SAVILLE W. J. A. , BEDNARSKI R. M. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:To determine the sedative, analgesic and anaesthetic drugs and techniques that are used by equine veterinarians.Hypothesis or objectives:To provide equine veterinarians with information concerning veterinary use of anaesthetic techniques, a reflection of the collective experiences of the profession.Methods:A survey was conducted of those members of the American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP) with an electronic mail address on file with the organisation using proprietary, web‐based software. The survey was comprised of 30 questions divided into 8 sections: nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs; local anaesthesia; alternative techniques; standing chemical restraint; epidural anaesthesia; short‐term anaesthesia; long‐term anaesthesia; and a place for the respondent to make comments.Results:The response rate was 13.8% (952/6911) AAEP member veterinarians primarily use phenylbutazone and flunixin as anti‐inflammatory drugs, and lidocaine and mepivacaine for local anaesthesia. Combinations of drugs are preferred for standing chemical restraint. While many veterinarians frequently utilise short‐term anaesthesia, longer anaesthesia is less frequently performed.Conclusions:Most AAEP member veterinarians use sedatives in combination to provide standing chemical restraint. Extra‐label use of drugs is a core component of current equine sedation and anaesthetic practice.Potential relevance:Equine veterinarians can compare their choices of anaesthetic drugs with others practising equine medicine and surgery and may be stimulated to investigate alternative methods of providing comfort to horses.
Contemporary use of acepromazine in the anaesthetic management of male horses and ponies: A retrospective study and opinion poll
Authors: DRIESSEN B. , ZARUCCO L. , KALIR B. , BERTOLOTTI L. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryReason for performing study:Current use of acepromazine in the anaesthetic management of male horses and ponies and associated risks are largely unknown.Objectives:To explore anaesthetic acepromazine use and related adverse effects in the male horse.Methods:Of 8533 anaesthetised horses and ponies medical records of male animals treated perianaesthetically with acepromazine were reviewed. Demographic data, time and dose of acepromazine administration, co‐administered drugs, quality of induction and recovery from anaesthesia, arterial blood pressures, and occurrence of penile dysfunction were recorded. Practising ACVA and ECVAA diplomates were polled on the use of acepromazine and its effects on blood pressure and penile dysfunction in the equine.Results:Of all animals, 12% females and 11% males (n = 575 including 42% stallions) received perianaesthetic acepromazine, predominantly for premedication. Anaesthetic induction was smooth in 566 animals. Lowest mean arterial pressures averaged 65 ± 9 mmHg. Recovery was good or very good in 70% of all animals and 74% stood after 1–2 attempts. In 14 horses (2.4%; 7 stallions, 7 geldings), penile prolapse occurred for 0.5–4 h and in one stallion (0.2%) for >12 but <18 h post recovery. Most surveyed anaesthesiologists use acepromazine in stallions (occasionally 63%; frequently 17%) but more frequently in geldings (occasionally 34%; frequently 59%) and mares (occasionally 38%; frequently 59%), primarily for premedication with other sedatives and analgesics. Persistent intraoperative hypotension was not frequently reported. Only 5% of surveyed anaesthesiologists recall penile prolapse post acepromazine administration lasting for >12 h and only one recalls 3 cases of irreversible penile prolapse in 20 years of anaesthesia practice.Conclusions and potential relevance:The extremely low risk of permanent penile dysfunction (≤1 in 10,000 cases) does not justify more restricted use of acepromazine in the intact male vs. geldings and mares.
The 3D anatomy of the cervical articular process joints in the horse and their topographical relationship to the spinal cord
Authors: CLARIDGE H. A. H. , PIERCY R. J. , PARRY A. , WELLER R. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryReasons for study:Detailed anatomy of the equine cervical articular process joints (APJs) has received little attention in the literature and yet disorders of this joint have been linked to spinal cord compression resulting in severe clinical signs such as ataxia and weakness. This study aimed to describe the 3D anatomy of the APJ in relation to the spinal cord in the horse.Hypothesis:Artificial distension of the APJ causes the joint pouches to extend into the vertebral canal, with the potential for APJ effusion to cause spinal cord compressive disease.Methods:Six cadaveric necks (C1–C7) of clinically normal horses were used in this study. Computed tomography scans of the cervical APJ were acquired after injection of a negative contrast agent to maximal distension. The resulting images were semi‐automatically segmented using greyscale thresholding and reconstructed in 3D by polygonal surface meshing. The 3D reconstructions were used to assess the topographic anatomy of the APJ in relation to the spinal cord and to measure joint volume at each cervical vertebra in relation to vertebrae size.Results:Joint volume varied significantly between joint location (P<0.0001) and was positively correlated to the vertebral site (from cranial to caudal) (r = 0.781, P<0.0001). After distension, the medial outpouch of the APJ extended towards the vertebral canal from a dorsolateral location but in none of the 6 horses was there apparent compression of thedura matersurrounding the spinal cord. There was no significant difference in the extent of medial outpouch at any vertebral level (P = 0.104). Flexion of the neck resulted in minor changes to the shape of the APJ but did not result in the medial outpouch encroaching any closer to the spinal cord.Conclusions:From this study, it appears that in the absence of any other soft tissue or bony changes an effusion of the APJ is unlikely to cause spinal cord compression. However, given that the APJ and spinal cord are in close approximation, in the presence of other anatomical changes, an effusion may have the potential to cause compression.Potential relevance:This study confirms that the APJ extend into the dorsolateral aspect of the vertebral canal in a ventromedial direction, suggesting that oblique myelographic views are recommended for the diagnosis of spinal cord compression when pathology of the APJ is suspected.
Lipid nanoparticles for the delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs
Authors: Bunjes Heike 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Objectives
This review discusses important aspects of lipid nanoparticles such as colloidal lipid emulsions and, in particular, solid lipid nanoparticles as carrier systems for poorly water-soluble drugs, with a main focus on the parenteral and peroral use of these carriers.

Key findings
A short historical background of the development of colloidal lipid emulsions and solid lipid nanoparticles is provided and their similarities and differences are highlighted. With regard to drug incorporation, parameters such as the chemical nature of the particle matrix and the physicochemical nature of the drug, effects of drug partition and the role of the particle interface are discussed. Since, because of the crystalline nature of their lipid core, solid lipid nanoparticles display some additional important features compared to emulsions, their specificities are introduced in more detail. This mainly includes their solid state behaviour (crystallinity, polymorphism and thermal behaviour) and the consequences of their usually non-spherical particle shape. Since lipid nanoemulsions and -suspensions are also considered as potential means to alter the pharmacokinetics of incorporated drug substances, some underlying basic considerations, in particular concerning the drug-release behaviour of such lipid nanodispersions on dilution, are addressed as well.

Conclusions
Colloidal lipid emulsions and solid lipid nanoparticles are interesting options for the delivery of poorly water-soluble drug substances. Their specific physicochemical properties need, however, to be carefully considered to provide a rational basis for their development into effective carrier systems for a given delivery task.
Pharmaceutical applications of cyclodextrins: basic science and product development
Authors: Loftsson Thorsteinn , Brewster Marcus E 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Objectives
Drug pipelines are becoming increasingly difficult to formulate. This is punctuated by both retrospective and prospective analyses that show that while 40% of currently marketed drugs are poorly soluble based on the definition of the biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS), about 90% of drugs in development can be characterized as poorly soluble. Although a number of techniques have been suggested for increasing oral bioavailability and for enabling parenteral formulations, cyclodextrins have emerged as a productive approach. This short review is intended to provide both some basic science information as well as data on the ability to develop drugs in cyclodextrin-containing formulations.

Key findings
There are currently a number of marketed products that make use of these functional solubilizing excipients and new product introduction continues to demonstrate their high added value. The ability to predict whether cyclodextrins will be of benefit in creating a dosage form for a particular drug candidate requires a good working knowledge of the properties of cyclodextrins, their mechanism of solubilization and factors that contribute to, or detract from, the biopharmaceutical characteristics of the formed complexes.

Summary
We provide basic science information as well as data on the development of drugs in cyclodextrin-containing formulations. Cyclodextrins have emerged as an important tool in the formulator's armamentarium to improve apparent solubility and dissolution rate for poorly water-soluble drug candidates. The continued interest and productivity of these materials bode well for future application and their currency as excipients in research, development and drug product marketing.
Pharmacists' and consumers' viewpoints on counselling on prescription medicines in Australian community pharmacies
Authors: Puspitasari Hanni P , Aslani Parisa , Krass Ines 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Objective
The aim was to investigate and compare counselling on prescription medicine provided by Australian community pharmacists based on pharmacist and consumer self-reports, and to explore consumers' interest in receiving prescription medicine information.

Methods
Mail and face-to-face surveys containing comparable questions for both study groups. The setting was Sydney metropolitan community pharmacies, Australia (22 pharmacists and 157 consumers).

Key findings
No statistically significant differences were found between pharmacists and consumers in reporting provision of verbal information for new (Z = −0.57, P = 0.57) and repeat prescriptions (Z = −1.71, P = 0.09). However, there were statistically significant differences between the two cohorts in reporting dissemination of written information (Z = −2.6, P = 0.009 and Z = −2.68, P = 0.007 for new and repeat prescriptions, respectively). Both groups reported that the most common type of verbal information provided by pharmacists was in relation to medicine administration rather than safety aspects of medicines. Approximately 59% of consumers expressed an interest in receiving counselling for new prescriptions only.

Conclusions
Pharmacists regularly provided verbal counselling on new prescription medicines, but infrequently provided written medicine information or any type of information for regular medicines. Lack of consumers' interest in receiving prescription medicine information may have contributed to the low counselling rates. Thus, there is a need to develop strategies to improve pharmacist counselling practice and to enhance consumer involvement in the counselling process.
Identification of a Dendrimeric Heparan Sulfate-Binding Peptide That Inhibits Infectivity of Genital Types of Human Papillomaviruses
Authors: Donalisio Manuela , Rusnati Marco , Civra Andrea , Bugatti Antonella , Allemand Donatella , Pirri Giovanna , Giuliani Andrea , Landolfo Santo , Lembo David 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

Peptide dendrimers consist of a peptidyl branching core and/or covalently attached surface functional units. They show a variety of biological properties, including antiviral activity. In this study, a minilibrary of linear, dimeric, and dendrimeric peptides containing clusters of basic amino acids was evaluated for
in vitro
activity against human papillomaviruses (HPVs). The peptide dendrimer SB105-A10 was found to be a potent inhibitor of genital HPV types (i.e., types 16, 18, and 6) in pseudovirus-based neutralization assays. The 50% inhibitory concentration was between 2.8 and 4.2 μg/ml (0.59 and 0.88 μM), and no evidence of cytotoxicity was observed. SB105-A10 interacts with immobilized heparin and with heparan sulfates exposed on the cell surface, most likely preventing virus attachment. The findings from this study indicate SB105-A10 to be a leading candidate compound for further development as an active ingredient of a topical microbicide against HPV and other sexually transmitted viral infections.
The Virucidal EB Peptide Protects Host Cells from Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection in the Presence of Serum Albumin and Aggregates Proteins in a Detergent-Like Manner
Authors: Bultmann Hermann , Girdaukas Gary , Kwon Glen S. , Brandt Curtis R. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT
The linear cationic amphiphilic EB peptide, derived from the FGF4 signal sequence, was previously shown to be virucidal and to block herpes simplex type I (HSV-1) entry (H. Bultmann, J. S. Busse, and C. R. Brandt, J. Virol. 75:2634–2645, 2001). Here we show that cells treated with EB (RRKKAAVALLPAVLLALLAP) for less than 5 min are also protected from infection with HSV-1. Though protection was lost over a period of 5 to 8 h, it was reinduced as rapidly as during the initial treatment. Below a 20 μM concentration of EB, cells gained protection in a serum-dependent manner, requiring bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a cofactor. Above 40 μM, EB coprecipitated with BSA under hypotonic conditions. Coprecipitates retained antiviral activity and released active peptide. NaCl (≥0.3 M) blocked coprecipitation without interfering with antiviral activity. As shown for β-galactosidase, EB below 20 μM acted as an enzyme inhibitor, whereas above 40 to 100 μM EB, β-galactosidase was precipitated as was BSA or other unrelated proteins. Pyrene fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that in the course of protein aggregation, EB acted like a cationic surfactant and self associated in a process resembling micelle formation. Both antiviral activity and protein aggregation did not depend on stereospecific EB interactions but depended strongly on the sequence of the peptide's hydrophobic tail. EB resembles natural antimicrobial peptides, such as melittin, but when acting in a nonspecific detergent-like manner, it primarily seems to target proteins.