bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary Restriction Initiated in Late Adulthood Can Reverse Age‐related Alterations of Protein and Protein Metabolism
Authors: GOTO SATARO , TAKAHASHI RYOYA , ARAKI SACHIKO , NAKAMOTO HIDEKO 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMany reports have been published on the effects of lifelong dietary restriction (DR) on a variety of parameters such as life span, carcinogenesis, immunosenescence, memory function, and oxidative stress. There is, however, limited available information on the effect of late onset DR that might have potential application to intervene in human aging. We have investigated the effect of DR initiated late in life on protein and protein degradation. Two months of DR in 23.5‐month‐old mice significantly reduced heat‐labile altered proteins in the liver, kidney, and brain. DR reversed the age‐associated increase in the half‐life of proteins, suggesting that the dwelling time of the proteins is reduced in DR animals. In accordance with this observation, the activity of proteasome, which is suggested to be responsible for degradation of altered proteins, was found increased in the liver of rats 30 months of age subjected to 3.5 months of DR. Thus, DR can increase turnover of proteins, thereby possibly attenuating potentially harmful consequences by altered proteins. Likewise, DR in old rats reduced carbonylated proteins in liver mitochondria, although the effect was not observed in cytosolic proteins. Fasting induced apoA‐IV synthesis in the liver of young mice for efficient mobilization of stored tissue fats, while it occurred only marginally in the old. DR for 2 months from 23 months of age partially restored inducibility of this protein, suggesting the beneficial effect of DR. Taking all these findings together, it is conceivable that DR conducted in old age can be beneficial not only to retard age‐related functional decline but also to restore functional activity in young rodents. Interestingly, recent evidence that involves DNA array gene expression analysis supports the findings on the age‐related decrease in protein turnover and its reversion by late‐onset DR.
Role of Mitochondria in Oxidative Stress and Aging
Authors: LENAZ GIORGIO , BOVINA CARLA , D'AURELIO MARILENA , FATO ROMANA , FORMIGGINI GABRIELLA , GENOVA MARIA LUISA , GIULIANO GIOVANNI , PICH MILENA MERLO , PAOLUCCI UGO , CASTELLI GIOVANNA PARENTI , VENTURA BARBARA 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe mitochondrial respiratory chain is a powerful source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), considered as the pathogenic agent of many diseases and of aging. We have investigated the role of Complex I in superoxide radical production and found by combined use of specific inhibitors of Complex I that the one‐electron donor in the Complex to oxygen is a redox center located prior to the sites where three different types of coenzyme Q (CoQ) competitors bind, to be identified with an Fe‐S cluster, most probably N2, or possibly an ubisemiquinone intermediate insensitive to all the above inhibitors. Short‐chain coenzyme Q analogues enhance superoxide formation, presumably by mediating electron transfer from N2 to oxygen. The clinically used CoQ analogue idebenone is particularly effective, raising doubts about its safety as a drug. The mitochondrial theory of aging considers somatic mutations of mitochondrial DNA induced by ROS as the primary cause of energy decline; in rat liver mitochondria, Complex I appears to be most affected by aging and to become strongly rate limiting for electron transfer. Mitochondrial energetics is also deranged in human platelets upon aging, as demonstrated by the decreased Pasteur effect (enhancement of lactate production by respiratory inhibitors). Cells counteract oxidative stress by antioxidants: CoQ is the only lipophilic antioxidant to be biosynthesized. Exogenous CoQ, however, protects cells from oxidative stress by conversion into its reduced antioxidant form by cellular reductases. The plasma membrane oxidoreductase and DT‐diaphorase are two such systems: likewise, they are overexpressed under oxidative stress conditions.
Can Antioxidant Diet Supplementation Protect against Age‐related Mitochondrial Damage?
Authors: MIQUEL JAIME 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHarman's free radical theory of aging and our electron‐microscopic finding of an age‐related mitochondrial degeneration in the somatic tissues of the insect Drosophila melanogaster as well as in the fixed postmitotic Leydig and Sertoli cells of the mouse testis led us to propose a mitochondrial theory of aging, according to which metazoan senescence may be linked to oxygen stress‐injury to the genome and membranes of the mitochondria of somatic differentiated cells. These concepts attract a great deal of attention, since, according to recent work, the mitochondrial damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and concomitant decline in ATP synthesis seem to play a key role not only in aging, but also in the fundamental cellular process of apoptosis. Although diet supplementation with antioxidants has not been able to increase consistently the species‐characteristic maximum life span, it results in significant extension of the mean life span of laboratory animals. Moreover, diets containing high levels of antioxidants such as vitamins C and E seem able to reduce the risk of suffering age‐related immune dysfunctions and arteriosclerosis. Presently, the focus of age‐related antioxidant research is on compounds, such as deprenyl, coenzyme Q10, alpha‐lipoic acid, and the glutathione‐precursors thioproline and N‐acetylcysteine, which may be able to neutralize the ROS at their sites of production in the mitochondria. Diet supplementation with these antioxidants may protect the mitochondria against respiration‐linked oxygen stress, with preservation of the genomic and structural integrity of these energy‐producing organelles and concomitant increase in functional life span.
Physicochemical, Nutritional, and Functional Characterization of Fruits Xoconostle (Opuntia matudae) Pears from Central‐México Region
Authors: Guzmán‐Maldonado Salvador H. , Morales‐Montelongo Ana L. , Mondragón‐Jacobo Candelario , Herrera‐Hernández Guadalupe , Guevara‐Lara Fidel , Reynoso‐Camacho Rosalia 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:  Xoconostle cv. Cuaresmeño (Opuntia matudae) has attracted domestic and international industry attention; however, variations of composition from xoconostle structures have not been evaluated. Industries discard the pulp (endocarp) and peel (pericarp) as wastes and utilize the skin (mesocarp), which is the edible portion. The physicochemical, nutritional, and functional characterization of structures from xoconostle pear from 3 major sites of production in Mexico were assessed. Skin yield ranged from 58% to 64% and was higher to that of peel (22% to 24%) and pulp (12% to 18%) yields. pH, °Brix, and acidity were similar among xoconostle structures. Total fiber showed by peel (18.23% to 20.37%) was 2‐fold higher than that of skin. Protein and ether extract were higher in xoconostle pulp compared to that showed by peel and skin. Iron content of xoconostle peel (6 to 9.6 mg/100 g, DWB) was higher to that of skin and pulp and prickly pear pulp. Soluble phenols of peel (840 to 863 mg GAE/100 g, DWB) were almost similar to that of skin (919 to 986 mg GAE/100 g, dry weigh basis); meanwhile, ascorbic acid concentration of skin was 2‐fold higher compared to that of peel. The phenolic fraction of xoconostle structures consisted of gallic, vanillic, and 4‐hydroxybenzoic acids; catechin, epicatechin, and vanillin were also identified by high‐performance liquid chromatography–didoe array detection (HPLC‐DAD). Xoconostle peel showed higher antioxidant activity (TEAC) compared to that of skin (2‐fold) and pulp (6‐fold) of commonly consumed fruits and vegetables. The potential of xoconostle peel and pulp for the production of feed or food is promissory.Practical Application:  Outstanding nutritional and functional properties of xoconostle cv. Cuaresmeño fruits are demonstrated. Increased consumption could contribute positively to improve the diet of rural and urban consumers. The high fiber, mineral, and antioxidant components of xoconostle peel and pulp suggest that these fruit structures, which are currently discarded as waste, have promissory use as feed or food by industry.
Physicochemical Properties and Consumer Acceptance of Wheat‐Germinated Brown Rice Bread during Storage Time
Authors: Charoenthaikij Phantipha , Jangchud Kamolwan , Jangchud Anuvat , Prinyawiwatkul Witoon , No Hong Kyoon , King Joan M. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:  Selected physicochemical properties and consumer acceptance of bread prepared from composite flour (wheat:germinated brown rice:germinated glutinous brown rice flours at 60:30:10 ratio) were evaluated during storage for 0, 3, and 5 d, and compared with wheat bread (0 d, control). During storage, color profiles and water activity (from 0.947 to 0.932) of crumbs of composite flour breads slightly changed, but moisture content drastically decreased along with increasing crumb hardness (from 4.16 N to 10.37 N). Higher retrogradation in bread crumb was observed particularly for 5‐d stored bread (ΔH = 2.24 J/g) compared to that of the fresh composite bread and the control (ΔH = 0.70 and 0.51 J/g, respectively). Mean (n = 116) overall liking score of the fresh composite flour bread (0 d) was slightly lower than that of the control (7.1 compared with 7.6 based on a 9‐point hedonic scale). At least 76% of consumers would purchase the fresh composite flour bread if commercially available. Breads were differentiated by textural (moistness, smoothness, and softness) acceptability with canonical correlation of 0.84 to 0.87. The signal‐to‐noise ratio values of the 5‐d stored breads were lower than the control, due mainly to the non‐JAR (not‐enough) intensity responses for moistness, smoothness, and softness; the mean drop of liking scores for these attributes ranged from 2.42 to 2.98. Flavor acceptability and overall liking were factors influencing consumers’ purchase intent of composite flour breads based on logistic regression analysis. This study demonstrated feasibility of incorporating up to 40% germinated brown rice flour in a wheat bread formulation.Practical Application:  Our previous study revealed that flours from germinated brown rice have better nutritional properties, particularly gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), than the nongerminated one. This study demonstrated feasibility of incorporating up to 40% germinated brown rice flour in a wheat bread formulation. In the current U.S. market, this type of bread may be sold as frozen bread that would have a longer shelf life, or may be supplied as a food‐service product that would be made‐to‐order or made fresh daily as currently practiced in some major grocery stores.
Oxidative Damage in Response to Natural Levels of UV‐B Radiation in Larvae of the Tropical Sea Urchin Tripneustes gratilla
Authors: Lister Kathryn Naomi , Lamare Miles D. , Burritt David J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTo assess the effects of UV radiation (280–400 nm) on development, oxidative damage and antioxidant defence in larvae of the tropical sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla, a field experiment was conducted at two depths in Aitutaki, Cook Islands (18.85°S, 159.75°E) in May 2008. Compared with field controls (larvae shielded from UV‐R but exposed to VIS‐radiation), UV‐B exposure resulted in developmental abnormality and increases in oxidative damage to proteins (but not lipids) in embryos of T. gratilla held at 1 m depth. Results also indicated that larvae had the capacity to increase the activities of protective antioxidant enzymes when exposed to UV‐B. The same trends in oxidative damage and antioxidant defence were observed for embryos held at 4 m, although the differences were smaller and more variable. In contrast to UV‐B exposure, larvae exposed to UV‐A only showed no significant increases in abnormality or oxidative damage to lipids and proteins compared with field controls. This was true at both experimental depths. Furthermore, exposure to UV‐A did not cause a significant increase in the activities of antioxidants. This study indicates that oxidative stress is an important response of tropical sea urchin larvae to exposure to UV radiation.
Short‐term changes in the composition of active marine bacterial assemblages in response to diesel oil pollution
Authors: Lanfranconi Mariana P. , Bosch Rafael , Nogales Balbina 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThe changes caused by diesel oil pollution in the metabolically active bacterioplankton from an oligotrophic coastal location were analysed in laboratory microcosms (44 l) using 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) as molecular marker. The aim was to simulate typical hydrocarbon pollution events in a coastal area exploited for seasonal touristic activities. The experiment consisted in addition of low amounts of diesel oil without nutrients to seawater collected at different times (winter and summer). Bacterial diversity was analysed by terminal‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (T‐RFLP) profiling of 16S rRNAs after reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), and by generation of 16S rRNA clone libraries in control and diesel‐polluted microcosms. Diesel addition caused a twofold increase in prokaryotic numbers in comparison with controls at the end of the experiment, both in winter and summer microcosms. Bacterioplankton composition, determined by 16S rRNA T‐RFLP data, changed rapidly (within 17 h) in response to treatment. The resulting communities were different in microcosms with water collected in summer and winter. A reduction in diversity (Shannon index, calculated on the basis of T‐RFLP data) was observed only in summer microcosms. This was due to the rapid increase of phylotypes affiliated to the Oceanospirillaceae, not observed in winter microcosms. After diesel treatment there was a reduction in the number of phylotypes related to SAR11, SAR86 and picocyanobacteria, while phylotypes of the Roseobacter clade, and the OMG group seemed to be favoured. Our results show that diesel pollution alone caused profound effects on the bacterioplankton of oligotrophic seawater, and explained many of the differences in diversity reported previously in pristine and polluted sites in this coastal area.
Whole cell‐catalyzed transesterification of waste vegetable oil
Authors: Xiao Man , Obbard Jeffrey Philip 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEnzymatic transesterification of waste cooking oil, comprising fats, oil and grease (FOG), to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) i.e. biodiesel, was investigated using a novel strain of the fungus Aspergillus niger, immobilized as a whole‐cell biocatalyst. Response surface methodology (RSM), with a five‐level‐three‐factor central composite rotatable design, was used to optimize the reaction and analyze the relationship of reaction variables and their coinfluent on the response i.e. FAME yield. Independent variables that affect the transesterification reaction include temperature, feedstock water content and enzyme amount. Using RSM, a second‐order polynomial equation was derived for FAME yield using multiple regression analysis. The second‐order polynomial regression model was highly significant (P<0.001) in predicting the actual relationship between the response and the variables, where a linear relationship was apparent between observed and predicted values (R2=0.9651). In addition, the predicted determination coefficient q2 i.e. 0.7723, also proved that the model has a high predictive ability. The validation experiments, under optimized conditions, showed that the predicted value of maximum FAME yield (i.e. 91.3%) was in close agreement with the experimental value (i.e. 91.8%).
Corn stover feedstock trials to support predictive modeling
Authors: KARLEN DOUGLAS L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTo be sustainable, feedstock harvest must neither degrade soil, water, or air resources nor negatively impact productivity or subsequent crop yields. Simulation modeling will help guide the development of sustainable feedstock production practices, but not without field validation. This paper introduces field research being conducted in six states to support Sun Grant Regional Partnership modeling. Our objectives are to (1) provide a fundamental understanding of limiting factor(s) affecting corn (Zea maysL.) stover harvest, (2) develop tools (e.g., equations, models, etc.) that account for those factors, and (3) create a multivariant analysis framework to combine models for all limiting factors. Sun Grant modelers will use this information to improve regional estimates of feedstock availability. A minimum data set, including soil organic carbon (SOC), total N, pH, bulk density (BD), and soil‐test phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) concentrations, is being collected. Stover yield for three treatments (0%, 50%, and 90% removal) and concentrations of N, P, and K in the harvested stover are being quantified to assess the impact of stover harvest on soil resources. Grain yield at a moisture content of 155 g kg−1averaged 9.71 Mg ha−1, matching the 2008 national average. Stover dry matter harvest rates ranged from 0 to 7 Mg ha−1. Harvesting stover increased N–P–K removal by an average of 42, 5, and 45 kg ha−1compared with harvesting only grain. Replacing those three nutrients would cost $53.68 ha−1based on 2009 fertilizer prices. This first‐year data and that collected in subsequent years is being used to develop a residue management tool that will ultimately link multiple feedstock supplies together in a landscape vision to help develop a comprehensive carbon management plan, quantify corn stover harvest effects on soil quality, and predict regional variability in feedstock supplies.
Prevalence of Clostridium perfringens in faeces and ileal contents from grass sickness affected horses: Comparisons with 3 control populations
Authors: WAGGETT B. E. , McGORUM B. C. , WERNERY U. , SHAW D. J. , PIRIE R. S. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study: While previous studies have demonstrated an association between equine grass sickness (EGS) and the presence of Clostridium botulinum within ileal contents and faeces, no such associations with other intestinal‐derived anaerobic bacteria have been extensively investigated.Hypothesis: The prevalence of C. perfringens in the ileal contents and faeces of EGS horses is greater than control horses; the detection of C. perfringens in faeces by ELISA could be diagnostically beneficial in a clinical setting.Methods: The prevalence of C. perfringens in faeces from EGS horses and healthy grazing control horses was determined by both selective culture and ELISA to permit both validation of the ELISA and inter‐group comparisons. Additionally, the prevalence of C. perfringens (ELISA) in ileal contents from EGS horses was compared with that for control horses with nongastrointestinal disease. Finally, the prevalence of C. perfringens (ELISA) in faeces from EGS cases was compared with that from both horses with which they shared pasture at the time of disease onset and non‐EGS colic horses.Results: When compared with culture, the ELISA had a sensitivity and specificity of 86 and 98%, respectively. The prevalence of C. perfringens in faeces as determined by both culture and ELISA was significantly higher (P<0.001) for EGS horses (7/9 and 15/37, respectively) than for healthy grazing controls (0/60 and 1/74, respectively). The prevalence of C. perfringens in ileal contents from EGS horses (5/10) was greater than that for horses with nongastrointestinal disease (1/12) at a level that approached significance (P = 0.056). EGS cases had a significantly greater prevalence of C. perfringens in faeces (15/37) than co‐grazing horses (1/18) and colic (1/16) horses. The specificity (93%) and PPV (94%) of the detection of C. perfringens by ELISA on faecal samples in relation to disease status (EGS compared with colic horses) was good. Sensitivity (41%) and NPV (39%) were poor.Conclusions and potential relevance: The use of a commercial ELISA to detect faecal C. perfringens may be diagnostically beneficial when differentiating EGS cases from colic cases, although further work is required to fully evaluate its potential.
Correlation of resting and exercising endoscopic findings for horses with dynamic laryngeal collapse and palatal dysfunction
Authors: BARAKZAI S. Z. , DIXON P. M. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:To correlate resting and exercising endoscopic grades of laryngeal function in horses undergoing high‐speed treadmill endoscopy (HSTE) using the Havemeyer grading system. To correlate dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) seen at rest with palatal function during exercise.Methods:Records of horses that underwent HSTE examination (1999–2009) were reviewed. Resting laryngeal function score and other abnormalities noted on resting endoscopy were recorded as were results of HSTE. Results of resting and exercising endoscopic findings were correlated.Results:281 horses underwent HSTE. There was significant correlation between grade of laryngeal function at rest (grades 1–4) and exercise (ρ= 0.53, P<0.001) and between restingsubgrades 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3and exercising grades of laryngeal function (ρ= 0.43, P = 0.0017). DDSP was observed at rest significantly more often in horses that developed DDSP during HSTE than those without DDSP during HSTE (RR = 4.1, P<0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of DDSP seen during resting endoscopy as a test for DDSP occurring during exercise were 25.5 and 95.1% respectively (positive predictive value 0.57, negative predictive value 0.83).Conclusions and potential relevance:The results of the current study support the use of the Havemeyer system for grading laryngeal function in the resting horse, and corroborate findings of previous studies correlating resting and exercising palatal abnormalities. Studies that use the presence of spontaneous DDSP during resting endoscopic examination as an inclusion criterion for investigating efficacy of treatments for DDSP are likely to have a low proportion of horses with false positive diagnoses.
Pharmaceutical nanocrystals by nanomilling: critical process parameters, particle fracturing and stabilization methods
Authors: Peltonen Leena , Hirvonen Jouni 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Objectives
Wet milling is a common technique to produce drug nanocrystals. Stability of the nanocrystals is a critical question, and different kinds of stabilizers, e.g. polymers, celluloses, surfactants and lipids, have been tested for various drugs. Still, the question about how to select the best stabilizer to a certain drug material and also to a selected process is open.

Key findings
Many different factors, such as surface energy, hydrophobicity, solubility, viscosity and functional groups, affect the stability of the formed nanosuspensions. Affinity of the stabilizer to the particle surfaces seems to be the most important parameter. This affinity is partly related to the surface energy and hydrophobicity of the surfaces and stabilizers.

Summary
In this review the most important factors affecting nanocrystal formulation and efficacy of stabilizers are presented. In order to widen understanding of the milling process, the most important variables related to milling techniques and particle fracturing processes during the milling are briefly presented.