bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of vitamin B6 levels in seeds through metabolic engineering
Authors: Chen Hao , Xiong Liming 
Published: July 2009

SummaryAs a versatile cofactor for many enzymes catalyzing important biochemical reactions, vitamin B6 is required for all cellular organisms. In contrast to bacteria, fungi and plants, which have the ability to synthesize vitamin B6de novo, animals have to take up the vitamin from their diet. Plants are the major source of vitamin B6 for animals. The recent identification of vitamin B6 biosynthetic enzymes PDX1 and PDX2 in plants makes it possible to regulate the biosynthesis of this important vitamin. In this study, we generated Arabidopsis plants overexpressing the PDX1 and/or PDX2 gene and used a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry method to determine the levels of different forms of vitamin B6 in these transgenic plants. It was found that expression of the PDX genes under control of the CaMV 35S promoter caused only a limited increase in pyridoxine contents in dry seeds but not in shoots or roots. When using the Arabidopsis seed‐specific 12S promoter to drive the expression of the PDX genes, the levels of vitamin B6 increased more than twofold in transgenic plants. Our work demonstrates that it is feasible to enhance vitamin B6 content in seeds by metabolic engineering.
Bulgarian passports, Macedonian identity: The invention of EU citizenship in the Republic of Macedonia
Authors: Neofotistos Vasiliki P. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract:In this article, I examine some of the social effects that Bulgaria's EU membership has for Macedonia and the meanings that identification documents have for ethnic Macedonians who instrumentalize Bulgarian claims on their Macedonian identity for their own ends. I argue that the case study of Macedonia helps us view identification documents as objects that neither necessarily fix nationality nor are ineluctable guarantees of belonging to the (Bulgarian) nation‐state, and understand state documentation practices as practices that do not always produce determined identities and citizen‐subjects.
A dying art? Archiving photographs in Cameroon
Authors: Zeitlyn David 
Published: July 2009

I discuss the practical problems of running an project to archive the contents of a photographers studio in Cameroon with the help of the British Library's Endangered Archives Programme. Reflections on long term fieldwork in a small Cameroonian village end with the current uses of photography which are similar to those in the archive but likely never to receive such attention for reasons which I discuss.The article is written for a non‐specialist generalist audience.
DocuBurst: Visualizing Document Content using Language Structure
Authors: Collins Christopher , Carpendale Sheelagh , Penn Gerald 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTextual data is at the forefront of information management problems today. One response has been the development of visualizations of text data. These visualizations, commonly based on simple attributes such as relative word frequency, have become increasingly popular tools. We extend this direction, presenting the first visualization of document content which combines word frequency with the human‐created structure in lexical databases to create a visualization that also reflects semantic content. DocuBurst is a radial, space‐filling layout of hyponymy (the IS‐A relation), overlaid with occurrence counts of words in a document of interest to provide visual summaries at varying levels of granularity. Interactive document analysis is supported with geometric and semantic zoom, selectable focus on individual words, and linked access to source text.
Preconceptions and Individual Differences in Understanding Visual Metaphors
Authors: Ziemkiewicz Caroline , Kosara Robert 
Published: July 2009

AbstractUnderstanding information visualization is more than a matter of reading a series of data values; it is also a matter of incorporating a visual structure into one's own thinking about a problem. We have proposed visual metaphors as a framework for understanding high‐level visual structure and its effect on visualization use. Although there is some evidence that visual metaphors can affect visualization use, the nature of this effect is still ambiguous. We propose that a user's preconceived metaphors for data and other individual differences play an important role in her ability to think in a variety of visual metaphors, and subsequently in her ability to use a visualization. We test this hypothesis by conducting a study in which a participant's preconceptions and thinking style were compared with the degree to which she is affected by conflicting metaphors in a visualization and its task questions. The results show that metaphor compatibility has a significant effect on accuracy, but that factors such as spatial ability and personality can lessen this effect. We also find a complex influence of self‐reported metaphor preference on performance. These findings shed light on how people use visual metaphors to understand a visualization.
On Visualization and Reconstruction from Non‐Uniform Point Sets using B‐splines
Authors: Vuçini Erald , Möller Torsten , Gröller M. Eduard 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn this paper we present a novel framework for the visualization and reconstruction from non‐uniform point sets. We adopt a variational method for the reconstruction of 3D non‐uniform data to a uniform grid of chosen resolution. We will extend this reconstruction to an efficient multi‐resolution uniform representation of the underlying data. Our multi‐resolution representation includes a traditional bottom‐up approach and a novel top‐down hierarchy for adaptive hierarchical reconstruction. Using a hybrid regularization functional we can improve the reconstruction results. Finally, we discuss further application scenarios and show rendering results to emphasize the effectiveness and quality of our proposed framework. By means of qualitative results and error comparisons we demonstrate superiority of our method compared to competing methods.
Scalable, Versatile and Simple Constrained Graph Layout
Authors: Dwyer Tim 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe describe a new technique for graph layout subject to constraints. Compared to previous techniques the proposed method is much faster and scalable to much larger graphs. For a graph with n nodes, m edges and c constraints it computes incremental layout in time O(n log n+m+c) per iteration. Also, it supports a much more powerful class of constraint: inequalities or equalities over the Euclidean distance between nodes. We demonstrate the power of this technique by application to a number of diagramming conventions which previous constrained graph layout methods could not support. Further, the constraint‐satisfaction method—inspired by recent work in position‐based dynamics—is far simpler to implement than previous methods.
Fully Automatic Visualisation of Overlapping Sets
Authors: Simonetto Paolo , Auber David , Archambault Daniel 
Published: July 2009

AbstractVisualisation of taxonomies and sets has recently become an active area of research. Many application fields now require more than a strict classification of elements into a hierarchy tree. Euler diagrams, one of the most natural ways of depicting intersecting sets, may provide a solution to these problems.In this paper, we present an approach for the automatic generation of Euler‐like diagrams. This algorithm differs from previous approaches in that it has no undrawable instances of input, allowing it to be used in systems where the output is always required. We also improve the readability of Euler diagrams through the use of Bézier curves and transparent coloured textures. Our approach has been implemented using the Tulip platform. Both the source and executable program used to generate the results are freely available.
Comparing Parameter Manipulation with Mouse, Pen, and Slider User Interfaces
Authors: Swindells Colin , Tory Melanie , Dreezer Rebecca 
Published: July 2009

AbstractVisual fixation on one's tool(s) takes much attention away from one's primary task. Following the belief that the best tools ‘disappear’ and become invisible to the user, we present a study comparing visual fixations (eye gaze within locations on a graphical display) and performance for mouse, pen, and physical slider user interfaces. Participants conducted a controlled, yet representative, color matching task that required user interaction representative of many data exploration tasks such as parameter exploration of medical or fuel cell data. We demonstrate that users may spend up to 95% fewer visual fixations on physical sliders versus standard mouse and pen tools without any loss in performance for a generalized visual performance task.
Volume Deformations in Grid‐Less Flow Simulations
Authors: Obermaier Harald , Hering‐Bertram Martin , Kuhnert Jörg , Hagen Hans 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis paper presents a novel method for the extraction and visualization of volume deformations in grid‐less point based flow simulations. Our primary goals are the segmentation of different paths through a mixing device and the visualization of ellipsoidal particle deformations. The main challenges are the numerically efficient processing of deformation tensors and the robust integration of stream‐ and streaklines at boundaries of the dataset such that closed segments are obtained. Our results show two‐ and three‐dimensional particle deformations as well as the segmentation of volumes in stationary fields and areas in time‐dependent datasets taking consistent paths through a mixing device.
Selecting good views of high‐dimensional data using class consistency
Authors: Sips Mike , Neubert Boris , Lewis John P. , Hanrahan Pat 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMany visualization techniques involve mapping high‐dimensional data spaces to lower‐dimensional views. Unfortunately, mapping a high‐dimensional data space into a scatterplot involves a loss of information; or, even worse, it can give a misleading picture of valuable structure in higher dimensions. In this paper, we propose class consistency as a measure of the quality of the mapping. Class consistency enforces the constraint that classes of n–D data are shown clearly in 2–D scatterplots. We propose two quantitative measures of class consistency, one based on the distance to the class's center of gravity, and another based on the entropies of the spatial distributions of classes. We performed an experiment where users choose good views, and show that class consistency has good precision and recall. We also evaluate both consistency measures over a range of data sets and show that these measures are efficient and robust.
Semi‐Automatic Time‐Series Transfer Functions via Temporal Clustering and Sequencing
Authors: Woodring Jonathan , Shen Han‐Wei 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWhen creating transfer functions for time‐varying data, it is not clear what range of values to use for classification, as data value ranges and distributions change over time. In order to generate time‐varying transfer functions, we search the data for classes that have similar behavior over time, assuming that data points that behave similarly belong to the same feature. We utilize a method we call temporal clustering and sequencing to find dynamic features in value space and create a corresponding transfer function. First, clustering finds groups of data points that have the same value space activity over time. Then, sequencing derives a progression of clusters over time, creating chains that follow value distribution changes. Finally, the cluster sequences are used to create transfer functions, as sequences describe the value range distributions over time in a data set.
Bivariate Transfer Functions on Unstructured Grids
Authors: Song Yuyan , Chen Wei , Maciejewski Ross , Gaither Kelly P. , Ebertt David S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMulti‐dimensional transfer functions are commonly used in rectilinear volume renderings to effectively portray materials, material boundaries and even subtle variations along boundaries. However, most unstructured grid rendering algorithms only employ one‐dimensional transfer functions. This paper proposes a novel pre‐integrated Projected Tetrahedra (PT) rendering technique that applies bivariate transfer functions on unstructured grids. For each type of bivariate transfer function, an analytical form that pre‐integrates the contribution of a ray segment in one tetrahedron is derived, and can be precomputed as a lookup table to compute the color and opacity in a projected tetrahedron on‐the‐fly. Further, we show how to approximate the integral using the pre‐integration method for faster unstructured grid rendering. We demonstrate the advantages of our approach with a variety of examples and comparisons with one‐dimensional transfer functions.
Interactive Visualization of Function Fields by Range‐Space Segmentation
Authors: Anderson John C. , Gosink Luke J. , Duchaineau Mark A. , Joy Kenneth I. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe present a dimension reduction and feature extraction method for the visualization and analysis of function field data. Function fields are a class of high‐dimensional, multi‐variate data in which data samples are one‐dimensional scalar functions. Our approach focuses upon the creation of high‐dimensional range‐space segmentations, from which we can generate meaningful visualizations and extract separating surfaces between features. We demonstrate our approach on high‐dimensional spectral imagery, and particulate pollution data from air quality simulations.
Lone mothers and the puzzles of daily life: do care regimes really matter?
Authors: Kröger Teppo 
Published: July 2009

Kröger T. Lone mothers and the puzzles of daily life: do care regimes really matter?Int J Soc Welfare 2010: 19: 390–401 © 2009 The Author, Journal compilation © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare.This article studies childcare patterns and day‐to‐day strategies of 111 working lone mothers from Finland, France, Italy, Portugal and the UK, and asks whether their arrangements are prescribed by care regimes. Lone mothers' arrangements are grouped into five based on the availability and use of different formal and informal childcare resources. The article argues that, even though lone mothers have a more favourable starting point in Finland and France compared with Britain, Italy and Portugal where formal childcare coverage is patchier, childcare arrangements are not very dissimilar within different care regimes. Instead, similarities across care regimes are highlighted. Formal provisions have their limitations in all the countries studied and in all cases significant expectations are placed on informal childcare. The availability of informal childcare cannot, however, be taken for granted in any country, and working lone mothers whose informal and formal resources do not adequately meet their childcare needs were located in every care regime, facing care poverty.
Supraspinal Gβγ‐dependent stimulation of PLCβ3originating from G inhibitory protein‐μ opioid receptor‐coupling is necessary for morphine induced acute hyperalgesia
Authors: Bianchi Enrica , Norcini Monica , Smrcka Alan , Ghelardini Carla 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAlthough alterations in μ‐opioid receptor (μOR) signaling mediate excitatory effects of opiates in opioid tolerance, the molecular mechanism for the excitatory effect of acute low dose morphine, as it relates to μOR coupling, is presently unknown. A pronounced coupling of μOR to the α subunit of G inhibitory protein emerged in periaqueductal gray (PAG) from mice systemically administered with morphine at a dose producing acute thermal hyperalgesia. This coupling was abolished in presence of the selective μOR antagonistd‐Phe–Cys–Tyr–d‐Trp–Orn–Thr–Pen–Thr–NH2administered at the PAG site, showing that the low dose morphine effect is triggered by μOR activated G inhibitory protein at supraspinal level. When Gβγ downstream signalling was blocked by intra‐PAG co‐administration of 2‐(3,4,5‐trihydroxy‐6‐oxoxanthen‐9‐yl)cyclohexane‐1‐carboxylic acid, a compound that inhibits Gβγ dimer‐dependent signaling, a complete prevention of low dose morphine induced acute thermal hyperalgesia was obtained. Phospholipase C β3, an enzyme necessary to morphine hyperalgesia, was revealed to be associated with Gβγ in PAG. Although opioid administration induces a shift in μOR‐G protein coupling from Gi to Gs after chronic administration, our data support that this condition is not realized in acute treatment providing evidence that a separate molecular mechanism underlies morphine induced acute excitatory effect.
Regulation of synaptic vesicle accumulation and axon terminal remodeling during synapse formation by distinct Ca2+signaling
Authors: Yoshida Tomoyuki , Uchida Satoshi , Mishina Masayoshi 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe synaptic vesicle accumulation and subsequent morphological remodeling of axon terminals are characteristic features of presynaptic differentiation of zebrafish olfactory sensory neurons. The synaptic vesicle accumulation and axon terminal remodeling are regulated by protein kinase A and calcineurin signaling, respectively. To investigate upstream signals of presynaptic differentiation, we focused on Ca2+signaling as Ca2+/calmodulin is required for the activation of both calcineurin and some adenylyl cyclases. We here showed that application of Ca2+/calmodulin inhibitor or olfactory sensory neuron‐specific expression of calmodulin inhibitory peptide suppressed both synaptic vesicle accumulation and axon terminal remodeling. Thus, the trigger of presynaptic differentiation could be Ca2+release from intracellular stores or Ca2+influx. Application of a phospholipase C inhibitor or olfactory sensory neuron‐specific expression of inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate (IP3) 5‐phosphatase suppressed synaptic vesicle accumulation, but not morphological remodeling. In contrast, application of a voltage‐gated Ca2+channel blocker or expression of Kir2.1 inward rectifying potassium channel prevented the morphological remodeling. We also provided evidence that IP3signaling acted upstream of protein kinase A signaling. Our results suggest that IP3‐mediated Ca2+/calmodulin signaling stimulates synaptic vesicle accumulation and subsequent neuronal activity‐dependent Ca2+/calmodulin signaling induces the morphological remodeling of axon terminals.
Improving Disparity Estimates for Rare Racial/Ethnic Groups with Trend Estimation and Kalman Filtering: An Application to the National Health Interview Survey
Authors: Elliott Marc N. , McCaffrey Daniel F. , Finch Brian K. , Klein David J. , Orr Nate , Beckett Megan K. , Lurie Nicole 
Published: July 2009

Objective.Single‐year estimates of health disparities in small racial/ethnic groups are often insufficiently precise to guide policy, whereas estimates that are pooled over multiple years may not accurately describe current conditions. While collecting additional data is costly, innovative analytic approaches may improve the accuracy and utility of existing data. We developed an application of the Kalman filter in order to make more efficient use of extant data.Data Source.We used 1997–2004 National Health Interview Survey data on the prevalence of health outcomes for two racial/ethnic subgroups: American Indians/Alaska Natives and Chinese Americans.Study Design.We modified the Kalman filter to generate more accurate current‐year prevalence estimates for small racial/ethnic groups by efficiently aggregating past years of cross‐sectional survey data within racial/ethnic groups. We compared these new estimates and their accuracy to simple current‐year prevalence estimates.Principal Findings.For 18 of 19 outcomes, the modified Kalman filter approach reduced the error of current‐year estimates for each of the two groups by 20–35 percent—equivalent to increasing current‐year sample sizes for these groups by 56–135 percent.Conclusions.This approach could increase the accuracy of health measures for small groups using extant data, with virtually no additional cost other than those related to analytical processes.
Jurisdiction Size and Local Public Health Spending
Authors: Santerre Rexford E. 
Published: July 2009

Objective. To examine if a minimum efficient scale (MES) holds with respect to the population serviced by a local health department (LHD) given the congestability, externality, and scale/scope economy effects potentially associated with public health services.Data Sources/Study Setting. A nationally representative sample of LHDs in 2005.Study Design. Multiple regression analysis is used to isolate the relation between population and spending while controlling for other factors known to influence local public health costs.Data Collection. Data were obtained from the 2005 National Profile of Local Public Health Agencies, a project supported through a cooperative agreement between the National Association of County and City Health Officials and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Principal Findings. The MES of a local public health department is approximately 100,000 people. After that size, additional population has little impact on public health spending per capita.Conclusions. Seventy‐seven percent of LHDs in the sample fall below the 100,000 MES. Higher levels of government may want to provide financial inducements so that smaller LHDs consolidate or enter into agreements with larger public health organizations to provide services.
Investors' Reactions to Management Earnings Guidance: The Joint Effect of Investment Position, News Valence, and Guidance Form
Authors: HAN JUN , TAN HUN‐TONG 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTWe report the results of an experiment that shows that investors' earnings‐ and investment‐related judgments are jointly influenced by their investment position (long versus short), the news valence of guidance issued by management, and the amount of ambiguity in the guidance. Prior research indicates that guidance form (point versus range) has no effect on investors' earnings estimates made in reaction to management guidance. We extend this research by showing that guidance form matters, conditional on investment position and news valence. Similarly, prior research indicates that investors who hold long (short) positions in a stock are more optimistic (pessimistic) about the company's prospects. We extend this research by showing that the effect of investment position documented in prior studies is conditional on news valence and guidance form. We contribute to prior literature on the effects of investment position and guidance form by delineating boundary conditions for each of these effects.
Understanding Young Children's Three‐Dimensional Creative Potential in Art Making
Authors: Pavlou Victoria 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis article explores aspects of young children's three‐dimensional development in art making. Understanding young children's three‐dimensional awareness and development is often a neglected area of early childhood educators' education and practice and often children's creative potential is not fully realised. The present article is based on a small scale qualitative study which focused on understanding 5–6 year‐olds' representational intentions in three‐dimensional artworks, understanding of visual/design concepts and expressive use of media (scrap paper and mod roc). The findings of the study suggest that young children are able to create satisfying three‐dimensional representations giving emphasis on forms, uprightness, balance, movement and modeling of multiple sides.