bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identifying predictors for good lithium response – A retrospective analysis of 100 patients with bipolar disorder using a life-charting method
Authors: Backlund Lena , Ehnvall Anna , Hetta Jerker , Isacsson Göran , Ågren Hans 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPurposeOur aim was to investigate bipolar patients in order to test the validity of various outcome measures and to identify prognostic predictors for pharmacological treatment.Material and methodOne hundred patients were interviewed using a computerized life-charting program in a descriptive, retrospective analysis. The concept “Burden of illness” was defined as a combination of severity and duration of episodes. Response to treatment was defined as the difference in burden before and after treatment, a low burden during treatment, and freedom of episodes for at least 3 years after insertion of treatment.ResultsThe absence of mixed episodes and a high initial burden predicted a good response measured as the difference in burden. If remission for 3 years or a low burden during lithium treatment was used, the absence of rapid cycling and of mixed episodes were the most important predictors. The severity of illness before treatment had no impact.Discussion and conclusionWe suggest the use of absolute measures of severity during treatment as the most appropriate measure of the outcome. Furthermore, our data provide corroboration that treatment with lithium ameliorates the prognosis of the illness, but that mixed episodes and rapid cycling predict a poorer response to lithium.
Neonatal lipopolysaccharide exposure attenuates the homotypic stress‐induced suppression of LH secretion in adulthood in male rat
Authors: Iwasa Takeshi , Matsuzaki Toshiya , Murakami Masahiro , Kinouchi Riyo , Ogata Rie , Kuwahara Akira , Yasui Toshiyuki , Irahara Minoru 
Published: March 2009

AbstractNeonatal immune challenges have a long‐lasting influence on immune response. Using male Sprague–Dawley rats, we examined whether neonatal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge alters the sensitivity of male reproductive function to adult LPS challenge and at which level (central or testes) the alteration occurs. We also examined the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the hypothalamus and testes because they have a pivotal role in immune stress‐induced suppression of gonadotropin secretion and testosterone synthesis. On day 10 after birth, all the pups were injected with LPS (100 μg/kg, i.p.) or saline. Thereafter, LPS (100 μg/kg, i.p.) or saline was injected in adulthood at 8 weeks of age. The serum LH concentration was decreased by LPS injection during adulthood in the neonatal saline‐injected rats. This suppressive effect was not seen in the neonatal LPS‐injected rats. The serum testosterone concentration was decreased by adult LPS injection in both the neonatal LPS‐injected and neonatal saline‐injected rats. The expression levels of KiSS‐1, which encodes kisspeptin, known to have a crucial role in the regulation of gonadotropin secretion, and GnRH mRNA in the hypothalamus and LHβ mRNA in the pituitary were not influenced by neonatal or adult LPS injection. On the other hand, the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) mRNA in the hypothalamus and testes were increased by adult LPS injection in both the neonatal LPS‐injected and neonatal saline‐injected rats. Furthermore, the expression levels of these factors in the hypothalamus after adult LPS injection were significantly lower in the neonatal LPS‐injected rats than in the neonatal saline‐injected rats. These findings indicate that neonatal LPS challenge reduces the sensitivity of male reproductive function to the suppressive effects of LPS, mainly at the central level. Attenuation of proinflammatory cytokine synthesis in the hypothalamus might be involved in this alteration.
Assessing the global availability of misoprostol
Authors: Fernandez Maria M. , Coeytaux Francine , Gomez Ponce de León Rodolfo , Harrison Denise L. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the worldwide availability of misoprostol. Documenting the extent of misoprostol use in obstetrics‐gynecology is difficult because the drug typically is unregistered for such indications.MethodsData for 2002–2007 on annual sales (measured in weight) to hospitals and retail pharmacies, plus manufacturer prices per 200‐µg misoprostol, were analyzed for medications containing misoprostol alone or combined with a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID); regional and country‐specific trends were identified. Consumer prices per pill are documented for all formulations of registered medications.ResultsOf the misoprostol sold worldwide, 70% was misoprostol‐NSAID‐combination drugs; of this, 91% was sold in North America and Western Europe. Asia sold the most misoprostol‐only drugs; sales increased dramatically in Bangladesh (by 128%) and India (646%), where various low‐price brands are sold. Misoprostol sales decreased in Latin America but increased in the Middle East‐North Africa and Sub‐Saharan Africa; these regions generally had low amounts sold per population.ConclusionAvailability is improving in some low‐income regions where misoprostol could significantly reduce maternal deaths due to postpartum hemorrhage and unsafe abortion.
European civil society and citizenship: Complementary or exclusionary concepts?
Authors: Smismans Stijn 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn the European integration process the two concepts of citizenship and of civil society have been introduced by the EU institutions and policy-makers in order to build support for the new supranational polity. However, the concepts have emerged at different moments in time and have been defined in such a way that they appear nearly exclusionary. Only during the recent constitutional debate has an attempt been made to make “European civil society” and “European citizenship” more complementary.
The structure of MHD shock waves
Authors: Badr Omar 
Published: March 2009

The MHD equations are used to discuss the formation and structure of shock waves in channel flow of an ionized gas with finite viscosity, thermal and electrical conductivity. The fundamental resulting complicated nonlinear differential equations are solved exactly, and the shock structure is determined completely. A necessary compatibility condition for the evolution of shock waves is obtained in the form:wherePrandPrmare ordinary and magnetic Prandtl numbers and γ the ratio of specific heats. The flow quantities and parameters are found to depend, in a non-analytical manner, onPrandPrm, so that special cases of interest are to be treated separately. Numerical results are given and discussed.
On the structure of the boundary layer separating a neutral anisotropic plasma from a magnetic field
Authors: Cohen Leonard G. , Cohen Ira M. 
Published: March 2009

The structure of the boundary layer separating a collisionless plasma from a one-dimensional magnetic field has been studied for anisotropic particle velocity distribution functions of the form,where F± is a weighting function, H± is the Hamiltonian, a± is a parameter, pz is generalized momenta, m± is particle mass, and δ is the Dirac delta function. Charge neutrality was preserved throughout the boundary layer and self- consistent solutions were obtained for particles having two or three degrees of freedom and moving against either a plane or circular boundary. The results were compared with those for the structure of a boundary layer consistent with a cold streaming plasma having a particle velocity distribution of the form.
Kinetic theory of a spatially inhomogeneous plasma with time independent average properties
Authors: Cairns R. A. 
Published: March 2009

Kinetic equations are obtained which describe the variation in one spatial direction of a plasma whose average properties are independent of time and do not vary in the perpendicular direction.These equations consist of a coupled set giving the variation of the electric field fluctuation spectrum and the particle distribution functions. They take into account particle discreteness effects and describe the plasma both when it is stable and weakly unstable. It is suggested that they may be used to describe an infinite plane shock wave in a plasma.
Stability of an anisotropic plasma jet
Authors: Raghavachar M. R. 
Published: March 2009

The stability of an anisotropic plasma jet has been investigated using equations of Chew, Goldberger & Low (1965) in both plane and cylindrical geometries. The main conclusions are as follows:(i) For waves of small wavelength, when λ (the ratio of plasma density to the density of surrounding non-conducting medium) is much greater than unity, the plasma jet is stable only if 1/6(1 + σ) <p∥/p⊥ < 1 + 2σ, where p∥ and p⊥ denote the components of pressure parallel and perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field in the steady state, and σ denotes the ratio of magnetic pressure to the perpendicular component of plasma pressure.(ii) When λ ≫ 1, the plasma jet is unstable if the parallel component of pressure exceeds the sum of the perpendicular component of pressure and twice the magnetic pressure of the plasma.(iii) For long waves, we find that there exists an infinite number of growing and decaying waves. Expressions for the growth rates have been obtained.
Non-linear waves in a non-uniform plasma
Authors: Gribben R. J. 
Published: March 2009

The work of Butler & Gribben (1968) on a general formulation ofthe problem of non-linear waves in non-uniform plasmas is extended. The particular case treated in Butler & Gribben, § 6, is discussed again (the distribution functions fs and electrostatic potential depend only on one space co-ordinate, that in the direction of propagation of the wave, the wave is slowly varying only with respect to this co-ordinate and time, the magnetic field vanishes and relativistic effects are negligible). Conditions necessary to avoid secular terms in the solutions of the Vlasov and Poisson equations are rederived, but without resorting to assumed series expansions in e, the perturbation parameter describing the non-uniformity, for the dependent variables, and using a different notation which simplifies and retains the symmetry of the equations. The corresponding general boundary condition, to be satisfied by fs innergy space at the boundary of the trapped particle region, is also derived.Particular attention is devoted to the Vlasov equation, and the derived general result is used to obtain the appropriate necessary condition from this equation, correct to O(ε). This shows that, unlike the leading-order theory, at the next stage an extra length scale appears in the equations, which would be needed if e.g. the theory were to be used to discuss shock waves. It is argued that this result, taken with the mixing process described in Butler & Gribben (which supplies a mechanism for the formation of shocks), appears to place the theory at least on as satisfactory a level as the Navier-Stokes theory for the discussion of shock wave structures.Another aspect of the analysis is the comparison with the Whitham (1965a) averaging method for treating the propagation of non-linear waves in other fields. Similar features are pointed out, and it seems likely that the averaging method is equivalent to the leading-order theory. It is thought that the present approach might prove to be useful in other wave problems.
On the stability of nonlinear cold plasma waves. Part 2
Authors: Infeld E. , Rowlands G. 
Published: March 2009

In part 1 (Infeld 1972), it was shown that a nonlinear stationary wave in a cold plasma is marginally stable to all perturbations that are functions of the spatial direction parallel to the direction of propagation only. The stability analysis is extended here in part 2 to include general spatial variations. Within the limitations of the treatment, it is found that, for wave amplitudes up to maximal value (onset of trapping), the wave is marginally stable. Hence one would expect these large-amplitude cold plasma waves to exist in practice.The one-dimensional analysis of part 1 is also extended to include waves with relativistic velocities, and such waves are again found to be marginally stable.
Nonlinear equilibrium and stability analysis of rippled, partially neutralized, magnetically focused electron beams
Authors: Cuperman S. , Petran F. 
Published: March 2009

In the first part of this work a higher-order solution of the anharmonic oscillator equation describing the nonlinear rippled equilibrium state of magnetically focused, partially neutralized electron beams is given. Thus, using the method of harmonic balance, we derive a ripple-&litude solution of the formwhere ø=ω1t+β0,ω1 being the nonlinear proper frequency and β0 a phase shift depending on the initial conditions. In the second part of the work we carry out a stability analysis of the nonlinear equilibrium state found in the first part with respect to long- and short-wavelength surface space-charge perturbations. In the framework of a local approximation the wave equation for the rippled beam is found to be a Hill type of equation which contains harmonic terms up to cos 3kSz (ks is the wavenumber of the ripple). This equation is solved by a resonant-mode coupling method; coupling of fast-fast, slow-slow and slow-fast waves is considered. The growth rates and band widths for different possible wave couplings are derived and compared.
Corrigendum
Authors: Faghihi M. , Scheffel J. 
Published: March 2009

A minor correction, having no major influence on our results, is reported here. The coefficients in the equations of state (16) and (17) should readThe set of equations (13)–(20) now comprise the correct, linearized and Fourierdecomposed double adiabatic equations in cylindrical geometry. In addition, there is a printing error in (15): a factor bz should multiply the last term of the left-hand side. Our results are only slightly modified, and the discussion remains unchanged. We wish, however, to point out that the correct stability criterion for isotropic pressure, (26), should beThis is the double adiabatic counterpart to the m ╪ 0 Kadomtsev criterion of ideal MHD.
Nonlinear Landau damping of a broad-band spectrum of electron plasma waves in a bounded plasma
Authors: Matthieussent G. 
Published: March 2009

The nonlinear Landau damping of a broad-band spectrum of electron plasma waves propagating in a plasma column is considered.Finite geometrical effects inherent to the boundary value problem are taken into account. It is shown that nonlinear Landau damping of such a spectrum can be easily observed on a plasma column with a density of the order of 2 × 108 particles cm−3 and an electron temperature of about 3eV.
Inelastic collision integral approximation of the Boltzmann equation
Authors: Ségur Pierre , Lerouvillois-Gaillard Joëlle 
Published: March 2009

A study is made of the inelastic collision integral of the Boltzmann equation using scattering probability formalism. The collision operators are expanded in a power series in the square root of the ratio of masses.Furthermore, a spherical harmonic expansion is made of all the operators so obtained. These developments are valid whatever the shape of the distribution function of the particles.
Anomalous transport due to long-lived fluctuations in plasma Part 1. A general formalism for two-time fluctuations
Authors: Krommes John A. , Oberman Carl 
Published: March 2009

A general formalism for describing two-time fluctuations in magnetized plasma is presented. Two-time expectations of one-body operators (phase functions) are written in terms of the phase space density autocorrelation functionwhere δN is the fluctuation in the singular Klimontovich microdensity. It is shown that is the first member of a set of two-time quantitieswhich collectively obeys the linearized BBGKY cumulant hierarchy in the (Xi, t) variables, with initial conditions successively smaller in the plasma parameter . We study in detail the case of fluctuations in thermal equilibrium, although the general formalism holds also for the non-equilibrium case. To lowest order in εP, Γ obeys the linearized Vlasov equation. From this are recovered all of Rostoker's results for fluctuations excited by Cherenkov emission and absorbed by Landau damping, as well as a constructive proof of the test particle superposition principle. To first order, Γ obeys (in the Markovian approximation) the linearized Balescu-Guernsey-Lenard equation. For frequencies and wavenumbers in the hydrodynamic regime, the velocity moments of Γ obey linearized fluid equations with classical transport coefficients (i.e. essentially those computed by Braginskii in the 3-D case). It has been found that the classical theory is in disagreement with certain computer and laboratory experiments performed in strong magnetic fields. This defect is attributed to the absence in the classical theory of contributions to the collision operator, hence transport coefficients, of fluctuations long-lived on the Vlasov scale. Analogous difficulties arise in the theory of hydrodynamics in neutral fluids. To improve the plasma theory, a renormalization of the two-time hierarchy is proposed which sums selected terms from all orders in εP and thus treats the hydrodynamic fluctuations self-consistently. The resulting theory retains appropriate fluid conservation laws, thereby avoiding erroneous results encountered in certain diffusing orbit theories, when the fluid viscosity is indiscriminantly replaced by the test particle diffusion coefficient. In order to explain the results of the computer simulations, the theory is applied in part 2 to the problem of anomalous hydrodynamic contributions to the transport coefficients.
Formation and recurrence of ion wave solitons
Authors: Watanabe S. 
Published: March 2009

The interaction between an ion wave and its second harmonic is discussed theoretically, on the basis of coupled-mode equations derived from the Korteweg–de Vries equation. Using an exact solution of the coupled-mode equations, we give a numerical analysis of the properties of the solutions; and we show that superposition of two waves can describe the formation of two solitons, the interaction between them, and the recurrence of an initial state. Our theory can explain completely recent experimental results on ion wave solitons excited by a continuous sine wave.The propagation of a nonlinear wave in a dispersive medium has been extensively studied in the last decade. In a plasma, a finite-amplitude ion wave can form solitons in the course of its evolution, if wave damping is neglected.
Comments on the paper ‘Self-similar state of a weakly turbulent plasma’
Authors: Vekstein G. E. , Ryutov D. D. , Sagdeev R. Z. 
Published: March 2009

In a recent paper, Balescu (1980) criticizes the self-similar solution in the problem of anomalous plasma resistivity (Vekstein, Ryutov & Sagdeev 1970) and comes to the conclusion that this solution is not correct. The aim of this comment is to show why Balescu's arguments are erroneous.We consider here the simplest case of the one-dimensional collisionless plasma in the presence of an external electric field.
Phenomena at the advancing ice–liquid interface: solutes, particles and biological cells
Authors: Körber Christoph 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIce formation in aqueous solutions and suspensions involves a number of significant changes and processes in the residual liquid. The resulting effects were described concerning the redistribution of dissolved salts, the behaviour of gaseous solutes and bubble formation, the rejection and entrapment of secondphase particles. This set of conditions is also experienced by biological cells subjected to freezing. The influences of ice formation in that respect and their relevance for cryopreservation were considered as well.A model of transient heat conduction and solute diffusion with a planar ice front, propagating through a system of finite length was found to be in good agreement with measured salt concentration profiles. The spacing of the subsequently developing columnar solidification pattern was of the same order of magnitude as the pertubation wavelengths predicted from the stability criterion. Non-planar solidification of binary salt solutions was described by a pure heat transfer model under the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium.The rejection of gaseous solutes and the resulting gas concentration profile ahead of a planar ice front has been estimated by means of a test bubble method, yielding a distribution coefficient of 0·05 for oxygen. The nucleation of gas bubbles has been observed to occur at slightly less than 20-fold supersaturation. The subsequent radial growth of the bubbles obeys a square-root time dependence as expected from a diffusion controlled model until the still expanding bubbles become engulfed by the advancing ice-liquid interface. The maximum bubble radii decrease for increasing ice front velocities.The transition between repulsion and entrapment of spherical latex particles by an advancing planar ice-front has been characterized by a critical value of the velocity of the solidification interface. The critical velocity is inversely proportional to the particle radius as suggested by models assuming an undisturbed ice front. The increase of the critical velocity for increasing thermal gradients shows good agreement with a theoretically predicted square-root type of dependence. Critical velocities have also been measured for yeast and red blood cells.The effect of freezing on biological cells has been analyzed for human lymphocytes and erythrocytes. The reduction of cell volume observed during non-planar freezing agrees reasonably well with shrinkage curves calculated from a water transport model. The probability of intracellular ice formation has been characterized by threshold cooling rates above which the amount of water remaining within the cell is sufficient for crystallization. The cooling rate dependence of viability exhibits largely different maxima for lymphocytes and erythrocytes at about 30 and 4700 K/min, respectively. The decrease of viability above these values has been attributed to the damaging effect of intracellular ice formation.
On characterizations of sphere-preserving maps
Authors: LI BAOKUI , YAO GUOWU 
Published: March 2009

AbstractRecently, the first author and Y. Wang proved that $f\colon \rn\to\rn$ (n ≥ 2) is a Möbius transformation if and only if f is a non-degenerate circle-preserving map. In this paper, we will further the result to show that f is a Möbius transformation if and only if f is a non-degenerate r–dimensional sphere-preserving map. The versions for the Euclidean and hyperbolic cases are also obtained. These results make no surjectivity or injectivity or even continuity assumptions on f. Moreover, certain degenerate sphere-preserving maps are given, which completes the characterizations of sphere-preserving maps.