bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of phosphate on the constitution and hardening of portland cement
Authors: Nurse R. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of phosphorus pentoxide on the burning of Portland‐cement clinker and the setting and hardening of the resultant cement has been investigated, using both synthetic mixtures and the raw materials which it is proposed to use for cement manufacture in Uganda. It is shown that the P2O5 forms a solid solution with the 2CaO,SiO2 of the cement clinker and reduces the content of 3CaO,SiO2. Consequently the early strength falls as the P2O5 increases until, when the P2O5 reaches 2·25% of the clinker, the cement fails to meet British Standard requirements. Formulae are given from which the percentage of compounds present in the clinker can be calculated, and the procedure for determining the proportion of clay in the raw mix is described.Test data on concrete are given; cement high in P2O5 is affected more markedly than normal cement by an increase in water: cement ratio.
Some new metallic compounds of unsaturated fatty acids: Their preparation and properties
Authors: Skellon J. H. , Spence J. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe preparation of a series of new metallic soaps of the monoethenoid fatty acids is described. Compounds of selected transition elements with cis‐ and trans‐monoethenoid fatty acids have been prepared and their properties studied.The catalytic influence of these soaps on the autoxidation of monoethenoid acids at high temperatures has been investigated, particularly the special effect of configuration of the acid radical of the catalyst soap on autoxidation processes.
The orienting influence of the methyl group in toluene in the gomberg reaction
Authors: Wilson R. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhen diazotized 6‐nitro‐m‐toluidine (Me = 1) reacts with toluene, substitution occurs in the ortho‐and meta‐positions in the toluene, to give 3:2′‐dimethyl‐4‐nitrodiphenyl and 3: 3′‐dimethyl‐4‐nitrodiphenyl. The proportion of meta‐substitution is greater than that observed in electrophilic substitutionreactions with toluene, confirming conclusions drawn from the quantum‐mechanical analysis of Wheland (1942).
Some factors affecting the solubility of polymers
Authors: Small P. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe solubility of a polymer in a non‐polymeric liquid depends mainly on the heat of mixing. When no polar forces are concerned, the cohesive energy densities of polymer and solvent must be close; a method is given for estimating the cohesive energy densities of polymers from a set of additive constants, and it is shown that good agreement is found between values so calculated and values obtained by swelling measurements. The effects of dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding are also discussed. The solubility of polyvinyl chloride in a number of solvents is considered, and correlated with both the cohesive energy density of the solvent and its ability to form hydrogen bonds.
The influence of formamide on the bactericidal action of selected chemical compounds
Authors: Cooper E. A. , Goddard A. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFormamide (20% aqueous solution) exerts a specific influence on the germicidal power of the saturated fatty acids, the bactericidal action on various micro‐organisms being increased fivefold to tenfold. The hydroxy‐acids are affected by formamide to a much less extent, as also are phenols, isopropyl alcohol, and acetone. The monoalkyl tartrate esters are germicidal to Bacterium aerogenes in concentrations from 1 in 250 to 1 in 500. Aliphatic esters, unlike the fatty acids, are not appreciably influenced in germicidal power by formamide. Acetamide and glycol have little effect on the bactericidal action of acids. Formamide increases the adsorption of both formic and acetic acids from dilute aqueous solution by activated charcoal. Possibly, therefore, the marked rise in the germicidal power of the acids in the presence of formamide is associated with an increased uptake of the acids by the bacterial colloids, making a higher concentration of acid within the cells available for disinfection.
Physicochemical studies on dusts. V. Examination of finely ground quartz by differential thermal analysis and other physical methods
Authors: Dempster P. B. , Ritchie P. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPhysical evidence consistent with the concept of a disturbed surface‐layer, containing non‐quartz silica, on finely ground quartz, is presented:Differential thermal analysis of quartz dusts is markedly affected by the presence of this layer on fine particles. Below 5–10 μ, the measured quartz content decreases sharply, values <50% having been observed for pure quartz ground to <1 μ; but it is restored to 100% by etching the dusts with hydrofluoric acid. Quartz loss and specific surface are proportional to time of grinding (t) wheret>about 1 hour.A densitometricX‐ray‐diffraction method is similarly influenced by the disturbed layer on fine particles, line‐intensity being markedly increased by etching the finely ground dusts.The mean thickness of the disturbed layer is estimated at 0.11–0.15 μ by calculations based jointly on differential thermal analysis and the change in density shown by quartz on grinding. Calculations based on density changes alone, and on previous solubility studies, give lower estimates (0.03–0.05 μ and 0.02–0.03 μ respectively). The refractive index and mean density of the disturbed layer lie nearer to the values for quartz than to those for vitreous silica.Empirical correction‐factors previously used to compensate for quartz losses in a chemical method of analysis are now given a rational interpretation on the basis stated above, and possibly provide an independent estimate of layer thickness (0.04–0.07 μ).
Acid and alkaline hydrolysis of gelatin
Authors: Croome R. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study has been made of the thermal decomposition of an alkaline ossein‐gelatin in dilute solutions of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide within a pH range of 3·05 to 9·85. Reaction temperatures of 60°, 70° and 80° have been employed, the reaction being followed by the decrease in jelly strength, measured by the Bloom Gelometer, of gels, matured at 10°, after having undergone thermal treatment in the sol form.The reaction is found to be first‐order, and catalysed by both hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions. Variation of the velocity coefficient with pH is represented by a catenary curve that exhibits a fairly well defined point of minimum velocity at pH 6°4.The catalytic coefficients of the hydrogen and hydroxyl ions have been determined for the reaction temperatures employed.The reaction velocity coefficient varies with temperature according to the equation of Arrhenius, and values of the heat of hydrolysis have been calculated from it. These were found to be considerably higher on the acid side of the isoelectric point than on the alkaline side, up to pH 9°35, beyond which they rise again. This variation with the pH of the sol has been explained by visualizing the mechanism of the reaction as being different for concentrations of catalyst greater than, and less than, about 0°03N.
Note on the protection of mild steel by films of lanolin
Authors: Stroud E. G. , Rhoades‐Brown J. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt has been established that, where lanolin is used for the temporary protection of steel and is applied as a solution in either white spirit or mineral oil, the concentration of lanolin in either solvent must not fall below 12·5% by weight if efficient protection is to be achieved. This is equivalent to 0·006 oz. of lanolin/sq. ft. from white spirit and 0·004 oz./sq. ft. from light mineral oil.
Autoxidation of tin solutions: The action of inhibitors
Authors: Baker E. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe action of some inhibitors on the autoxidation rates of aqueous stannous solutions has been studied. Two complex organic amino‐compounds, Bandrowski's base and Barsilowski's compound, were found to exert a powerful inhibitory effect on the oxidation of stannous chloride, thus confirming that the reaction involves a chain mechanism. Iron salts were found to have a similar effect on stannous acetate; this shows that the autoxidation likewise involves a chain process.
The role of alcohols in the mechanism of the fischer‐tropsch synthesis: The decomposition of alcohols in the presence of cobalt catalysts
Authors: Gibson E. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study has been made of the effect of changes in reaction conditions on the decomposition ofn‐primary alcohols over cobalt catalysts in the presence of hydrogen or mixtures of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The increases in reaction rate with increases in temperature and space velocity are similar for the alcohol decomposition and Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis reactions. With the exception of ethyl alcohol, the most stable of the alcohols, alcohols decompose in synthesis gas (CO + 2H2) at 150° at a rate comparable with that of the synthesis reaction. From an examination of the products of decomposition, it would appear that the main reaction is dehydration of the alcohol. Although the formation of higher hydrocarbons by chain growth takes place during the reaction, especially in the presence of small quantities of carbon monoxide, chain growth from an alcohol which has been desorbed from the surface is not considered to be an important step in the synthesis reaction. The results are consistent with the conception that alcohols are the true primary products of the synthesis.
The application of impulse rendering to the animal‐fat industry
Authors: Chayen I. H. , Ashworth D. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe impulse‐rendering process, which consists in mechanical rupturing of membranes of fat‐containing cells by high‐speed impulses transmitted through the medium of a liquid, has been developed mainly for degreasing animal by‐products in such a way as to preserve the quality of the fat and protein. The degreasing of bone and soft fat is described in detail, and brief reference is made to possible applications in the recovery of oils from fish, fish livers, vegetable fruits and seeds.
Stress‐corrosion of aluminium‐magnesium alloys. II. Methods for expressing stress‐corrosion susceptibility on a comparative basis
Authors: Jones E. Lloyd 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe presentation of data obtained from stress‐corrosion experiments, in which the effect of stress on the time‐to‐failure is determined, is discussed.Methods are suggested by which the susceptibility to stress‐corrosion of materials may be expressed on a comparative basis. The results given in Part I on the stress‐corrosion of aluminium—7%‐magnesium and aluminium‐5%‐magnesium alloys are used to illustrate the methods.
The physical toxicity of chemicals. IV. Solubilities, partition coefficients and physical toxicities
Authors: McGowan J. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe ‘hole’ theory of solubility which was applied to explain physical toxicity in Parts I, II and III has been used for the calculation of partition coefficients between organic solvents and water, and of solubilities in water. Some relationships previously observed between solubilities and toxicities have been explained.
Improved syntheses in the pyrimidine series. III. 5‐amino‐4‐methylaminopyrimidine
Authors: Brown D. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA synthesis of 5‐amino‐4‐methylaminopyrimidine is reported, which involves the successful monoamination of 5‐amino‐4: 6‐dichloropyrimidine with methylamine. It is shown, however, that similar monoaminations of 2: 4‐ and 4: 6‐dichloro‐5‐nitropyrimidine (which are possible with ammonia) with methylamine lead only to bismethylamino‐5‐nitropyrimidines. Amination of 2: 4‐dimercapto‐5‐nitropyrimidine with methylamine also gives the diaminated product, but when 2: 4‐dimercapto‐5‐aminopyrimidine is used no reaction takes place.
The polymerization of vinyl monomers in natural rubber latex
Authors: Bloomfield George F. , Swift P. Mcl. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPractical methods are described for polymerizing methacrylic esters, styrene and other vinyl monomers in natural rubber latex. The larger rubber particles require an appreciable time to attain equilibrium with the monomer diffusing into them from a liquid monomer phase dispersed in the serum. Provided that substantial proportions of added surface‐active substances are avoided, rubber‐soluble monomers can be polymerized almost entirely within the rubber particles and the modified latex then contains no separately emulsified free polymer. Such conditions favour combination of polymer with rubber. The addition of a sufficiently large amount of dispersing agent favours polymerization of emulsified monomer with less involvement of the rubber. In this way there can be obtained mixtures of rubber and polymer from monomers whose polymerization is otherwise inhibited by the presence of polyisoprene hydrocarbons.
The influence of humidity and temperature on the stability of bleaching powder
Authors: Bijawat H. C. , Sarda P. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe influence of humidity and temperature on the stability of bleaching powder has been investigated. At 40°, the available chlorine content of a tropical bleaching powder was reduced by half in 51 weeks at 0% relative humidity but in only 5 weeks at 100% relative humidity. At low humidities the deterioration produced by temperature was not excessive up to about 36°, but beyond 40° temperature contributed significantly to instability even at 0% relative humidity. Empirical equations have been developed relating stability to relative humidity, and amount of water absorbed to time of exposure.
Precipitation of basic copper carbonates from cupric sulphate and sodium carbonate solutions
Authors: Hsu C. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of (1) the molecular ratio Na2CO3/CuSO4, (2) concentration of the reacting solutions, (3) mode of agitation during precipitation, and (4) ageing of the precipitate on the chemical composition and physical properties of the products from mixing aqueous solutions of copper sulphate and sodium carbonate was investigated. For products of definite chemical composition and desirable physical properties, the recommended precipitation conditions are: molecular ratio Na2CO3/CuSO4, 1.1:1; concentration of reacting solutions, approximately 1.0 molar; mild stirring; and sufficient time must be allowed for the precipitate to transform from blue gelatinous to green crystalline form. The CuO/CO2 ratio in the precipitates thus obtained correspond with that of malachite.
Investigations on organo‐tin compounds. VI. The preparation of cyanomethyltin compounds by the decarboxylation of organo‐tin cyanoacetates
Authors: van der Kerk G. J. M. , Luijten J. G. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe preparation of organo‐tin compounds containing a cyanomethyl group attached to the tin atom is described. The formation of the tin—carbon bond occurs through a decarboxylation reaction. Some chemical properties of the cyanomethyltin compounds are given.
The role of interfacial electrical conditions in detergency
Authors: Durham K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA detergent system is treated as a lyophobic colloid system and the interaction between particulate soil and fibres in an electrolyte solution is represented by the superposition of the potentials due to London—van der Waals' attraction, the Born repulsion and double layer repulsion. The resultant potential‐energy curves are used to discuss the influence of electrical forces in soil removal and redeposition.It is shown that the particle size of the soil, and the concentration and valency of electrolyte, are important parameters which determine the influence of interfacial electrical conditions in detergency. It is also shown that ease of soil removal is incompatible with a high degree of stability against redeposition. The relation between the surface potential (ψ0) which is used in the theory to describe interfacial electrical conditions, and the zeta potential, derived from electrokinetic experiments, is discussed, and reasons for the lack of correlation between interfacial electrical conditions (described by zeta potentials) and detergent efficiency are given.
Some new non‐staining, non‐discolouring antioxidants for synthetic rubber
Authors: Pattison F. L. M. , Woodhams R. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA search for new non‐staining, non‐discolouring antioxidants for unvulcanized synthetic rubber has led to the discovery of some highly active compounds. These conform to the general formulamagnified image
Ultrasonic pulse measurements to study the rate of hardening of soil‐cement
Authors: Jones R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn ultrasonic pulse technique has been adapted for studying the rate of hardening of soil‐cement. In this technique, the velocity of propagation of a pulse through the soil‐cement is measured and its increase as the mixture ages indicates the hardening that occurs. The method has advantages over conventional methods in that being non‐destructive, repetitive tests can be made on the same specimen.The presence of organic matter can delay the set of sand‐cement mixes for a matter of weeks, and the method has special advantages in studying the problem of the hardening process of such mixtures. Results have been obtained on cylinders of soil‐cement made from samples of sand which contained different amounts of organic matter. The rate of hardening varied considerably between the different batches of specimens tested. One particular series had not attained a satisfactory strength after six weeks whereas another series was satisfactory after only a few days. Over such diversity of behaviour the pulse velocity provided an adequate means for following the hardening process. The results indicated that, for the particular soil‐cement tested, the compressive strength (C) and the pulse velocity (V) were related by an expression of the form C = aV3.
The measurement of vapour diffusivities in coal‐gas and some common gases
Authors: Nelson E. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn apparatus has been developed for the determination of vapour‐gas diffusivities based on Arnold's unsteady state method. The diffusivities of water vapour in hydrogen, nitrogen and air, and the diffusivities of water vapour and benzene in a typical coal gas mixture have been determined at 25°, 40° and 55°c. The diffusivities of water vapour in hydrogen, nitrogen and air have been compared with previous experimental results. It is found that the apparatus is capable of producing results of slightly improved reproducibility in a fraction of the time required by previous experimental methods based on Stefan's steady state method.
Applications of infra‐red spectroscopy to surface coatings
Authors: O'Neill L. A. , Cole C. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA survey is made of the applications of infra‐red spectroscopy in the surface coatings field, especially in connexion with (1) the chemistry of drying oils, particularly with reference to the geometrical isomerization of fatty acids, the autoxidation process and copolymerization of oils with unsaturated compounds; (2) the curing of epoxy resins, and (3) the identification of synthetic resins.
A method for determining the degree of orientation of graphite
Authors: Bacon G. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe preferential orientation of the carbon planes in blocks of graphite prepared by extrusion or pressing is described in terms of an orientation function and it is shown how this varies with the particle size of the starting materials. An ‘anisotropy factor’ is defined as a useful index of the material. A discussion is given of the effect of orientation on the anisotropy of thermal and irradiation expansion of bulk graphite.
Solubilities in the system CaSO4‐NaCl‐H2O at 25° and 35°
Authors: Madgin W. M. , Swales D. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSolubilities of both gypsum and anhydrite in solution with sodium chloride, varied in concentration up to saturation, have been determined at 25° and for gypsum only at 35°. Sodium chloride lowers the temperature (42°) at which both forms of calcium sulphate have the same solubility and the salt concentration to cause this at 25° has been determined. The influence of small amounts of sodium sulphate, in addition to sodium chloride, has also been investigated.It has been found that calcium sulphate, never present as much as 1 % by weight, has very little if any influence on the solubility of sodium chloride.
Infra‐red analysis by the derivative method
Authors: Singleton F. , Collier G. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDerivative infra‐red spectra have been obtained by means of an analogue computer and utilized in qualitative and quantitative analysis. The second derivative with respect to time of the light intensity, obtained when the spectrometer is scanning at a fixed rate, may be used to detect and fix the position of minor changes of absorption, while the second derivative of the logarithm of the light intensity approximates very closely to the second derivative of optical density and is a quantitative function of the absorbing material.The value of the derivative function is zero or very small over considerable intervals of the wavelength scale and analyses for a particular component in complex mixtures may frequently be made by a single measurement of the magnitude of the quantitative derivative function at an appropriate wavelength without interference from other components. m‐Cresol and o‐cresol have been directly estimated in commercial m‐cresol, and m‐ and o‐cresol and phenol have been assayed in crude tar phenols without prior fractionation and by a single independent measurement for each.The success of analyses using wide slits is attributed to the triangular form of the spectrometer slit function.
A new electrolytic separation technique using semi‐permeable membranes
Authors: Glueckauf E. , Kitt G. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA separation technique is described which is based on the observation by the authors, that the exclusion of cations by membranes with negatively charged groups (and vice versa for anions) is much greater for ions of high charge. As a result of this, ion transfer is much greater for monovalent than for di‐ and trivalent ions and, by cascading this effect, complete separations are possible. Smaller effects concerning ions of equal charge are also described.
The determination of impurities in steam
Authors: Janssen C. , Smit G. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAs carry‐over from boilers and evaporators can give rise to serious difficulties, it is of importance to be able to determine the low salt contents occurring in the condensate of steam from them. A critical and experimental study of the various methods which have been suggested during the last few years, shows the conductivity method to be the most suitable if interference by NH3and CO2is eliminated by degassing the steam sample condensate. A suitable method based on this principle has been developed and is described. It is shown that ammonia and carbon dioxide in the free and combined state in concentrations higher than those occurring in practice can be completely removed.A formula, sufficiently accurate for practical purposes, is given for converting conductivity to total dissolved solids, in p.p.m.