bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
History of linguistics
Authors: Amsler Mark 
Published: November 2010

SummaryRecent work in the history of early medieval linguistics has challenged a number of assumptions about the representation of Latin and language usage during the period. Given the way Latin is often positioned as a standard for literacy and schooling, these revisions of early medieval linguistics also raise questions for teaching literacy, language arts, and standard English. Late classical and early medieval grammatical discourse presents not a monolithic view of Latin but various accounts of pronunciation, spelling, and semantics. Some stigmatize contemporary usage, others do not. In addition, historical texts such as the 9th-centuryHistory of the Langobardsrepresent heterogeneous and bilingual speech communities in which Latin and Germanic languages are used in different contexts. Rather than constraining the history of linguistics as a ‘specialist’s add on’, we can reconceptualize writing histories of linguistics as contributions to a critical cultural history, uncovering the assumptions and practices of not only linguistic theory and description but also language teaching practices, ideological constructions of national languages, representations of language differences and identity, and attitudes toward language usage and standardization.
The linguistic preoccupations of the glossators of the st gall priscian
Authors: Hofman Rijcklof 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThe existence of a native Irish grammatical tradition suggests that the intensive study of Priscian’sInstitutiones grammaticaeby Irish scholars which is attested to by the glosses in the St Gall Priscian should have been the occasion for a contrastive analysis of Latin and Old Irish. This is not the case, however, as is apparent from the glossators’ apparent identification of themselves withLatiniand their silence about Old Irish usage. Evidence of an original contribution to linguistic thought may be found only in the use of construe marks (syntactical glossing) and vernacular calques of Latin grammatical terms. This is to be explained by the glossators’ narrowly didactic focus upon Latin forms.
Fragments carolingiens de la grammaire de dynamius
Authors: Jeudy Colette 
Published: November 2010

Résumé
Du IXe siècle et d’origine française, le manuscrit 3303 de la bibliothèque de Darmstadt est surtout célèbre pour son fragment de la version originale de la Satisfactio de Dracontius. Les quatre feuillets subsistants contiennent aussi deux fragments grammaticaux non identifiés: au f. 4-4v un relevé des schèmes tirés du commentaire de Cassiodore sur les Psaumes et aux f. l-2v la fin de l’Ars grammatica de Dynamius. Après l’édition et l’étude précise de ces fragments de Dynamius sont posés les problèmes concernant l’auteur, le contenu réel et la date de composition de cette grammaire. Ces nouveaux fragments permettent de corriger l’édition d’Angelo Mai d’après l’unique manuscrit de Lorsch (Vatican, Pal. lat. 1746) et constituent un nouveau témoin, important bien que fragmentaire, pour l’édition critique préparée par Luigi Munzi.
Syntax and dialectic in carolingian commentaries on priscian’sinstitutiones grammaticae
Authors: Luhtala Anneli 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThe present article deals with two aspects of linguistic study associated with the reintroduction of Priscian’sInstitutionesin the Carolingian Renaissance – the infiltration of logical concepts into linguistic description and the initiation of syntactic studies. In both of these fields the achievement of ninth-century scholars marks a significant departure from the grammatical tradition of preceding centuries. Evidence for the new orientation of linguistic studies can be found mainly in the philosophical elaboration of grammatical notions in grammatical commentaries as well as in glosses to Priscian’sInstitutiones; the latter material is as yet unedited.Sharing the concern of their philosopher contemporaries for the Aristotelian categories, the grammarians not only elaborated the philosophical notions present in Priscian’s work but searched continuously for new sources of inspiration, mainly in elementary logical texts. Syntactic doctrine, which figures throughout Priscian’s discussion of the parts of speech, is from the start an object of concern for the commentators. The Carolingian scholars achieve an interpretation of Priscian’s syntactic doctrine which is peculiar to them, placing a special emphasis on certain philosophical points of doctrine. An alternative approach to syntactic analysis, applying the dialectical notions of subject and predicate to syntactic description, offered by theDe nuptiis Philologiae et Mercuriiof Martianus Capella, is employed by at least one master concerned with both logical and grammatical issues.
Les arabisants et la catégorie De ‘inšā’
Authors: Larcher Pierre 
Published: November 2010

Résumé
La catégorie arabe postclassique de ’inšā’ (“performatif”) joue un rôle central dans plusieurs disciplines traditionnelles en islam, qu’elle met ainsi en relation. Pourtant, l’Encyclopédie de l’Islam en ses deux éd.s ne la mentionne pas. Et dans un texte-phare comme la Muqaddima de Ibn Ḫaldūn, le terme ou bien n’est pas traduit ou bien est mal traduit, étant assimilé à sa subdivison ṭalab (“jussion”). Pour comprendre ce silence ou ce demi-silence, il faut remonter à Silvestre de Sacy (1758–1838): tenant de la grammaire générale, il relit l’opposition ’inšā’ vs ’iḫbār (“assertion”) à travers celle des ‘modes’ (comme “formes ou manières de notre pensée”) que fait celle-ci. Cette lecture a néanmoins pu être influencée par l’œuvre de Ibn al-Hāğib, où cette opposition, dont est issue la classification des énoncés en ḫabar (“affirmation”) et ’inšā’ (tout ce qui n’est pas affirmation), articule une double différence: celle des emplois assertif et performatif d’une même phrase, mais aussi celle de l’impératif et du performatif correspondant comme ‘expression’ et ‘représentation’ de la demande. En ne retenant qu’un des deux volets, Silvestre de Sacy manque l’origine juridique et l’originalité conceptuelle de la catégorie. De même Massignon (1883–1962) ne retient que la réduction du ’inšā’ à un ’iḫbār ’ammā fī l-bāṭin (“assertion sur ce qui est dans le for intérieur”) vs ’iḫbār = ’iḫbār ’ammā fī l-ḫāriğ (“assertion sur ce qui est dans la réalité extérieure”), qui articule une différence entre mondes référés. Moralité: les théories personnelles ou contemporaines de l’historien de la linguistique, ainsi que 1’‘autorité’ de tel ou tel savant, peuvent être la meilleure ou la pire des choses. Reste que si les arabisants avaient prêté davantage d’attention à cette catégorie pluridisciplinaire et à son cheminement transdisciplinaire, ils auraient pu jouer un rôle de pionniers en matière d’histoire de la linguistique et dans la mesure où la fin de toute histoire est de dépasser cette histoire même anticiper sur l’émergence du phénomène de l’‘énoneiation’, omniprésent dans la tradition linguistique arabe.
William Holder and other 17th-century phoneticians
Authors: Abercrombie David 
Published: November 2010

Summary
In spite of inevitable deficiencies in their knowledge, 17th-century writers on phonetics can be said to have succeeded in laying the foundations of a true general phonetics. They include some famous names, such as John Wallis and Isaac Newton, but many of them have remained virtually unknown until comparatively recent times, in spite of having contributed significant insights. A brief mention is given here of the work of thirteen of these early writers on phonetics, followed by a fuller account of William Holder (1616–1698), probably the best phonetician of his time. He was not an orthoepist, nor was he concerned to describe the sounds of English. His book had a practical purpose – to provide a theoretical basis for techniques of teaching the deaf. Possible ambiguity in the 17th-century use of ‘letter’ is explained before examining Holder’s description of the sounds of speech. This includes his interesting use of the hylomorphic distinction between ‘matter’ and ‘form’. The description of vowels is almost inevitably less satisfactory than that of the consonants, but his phonetic terminology and general framework would not be out of place in a modern introduction to phonetics. He deserves more attention than he has received, both for his theoretical contribution and for his pioneering work in techniques of teaching the deaf.
A minimalist program for linguistics
Authors: Nevin Bruce E. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryZellig S. Harris (1909–1992) is a familiar icon of American structuralism. According to received views of the history of linguistics in the 20th century, he is an exemplar of ‘taxonomic linguistics’ seeking practical discovery procedures whereby one could mechanically derive a grammar from distributional analysis of a corpus of utterances without reference to meaning, and a proponent of empiricist and behaviorist views that have been overthrown by the revolution of Generative linguistics. An examination of what he actually wrote, however, shows a lifelong concern with the analysis and representation of meaning. Harris’ approach to the evaluation of alternative tools of analysis, alternative grammars, and alternative theories of language arises from a crucial but little acknowledged dilemma of linguistics grounded in a fundamental property of language, namely, that it contains within itself virtually unrestricted metalinguistic capacities, upon which any description of language whatever either directly or indirectly depends.
On generativity
Authors: Ney James W. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Chomsky insists that he has always understood a generative grammar to be “nothing more than an explicit grammar”. Other commentators have understood that ‘generate’ means ‘specify an infinite set’ and that a ‘generative’ grammar is a grammar which specifies an infinite set of sentences. This understanding of the term ‘generative’ has had a long and interesting history within the confines of linguistic theory starting in the writings of Chomsky’s intellectual predecessors and continuing through the writings of Chomsky himself. In some cases, it even seems that ‘to generate’ is a near synonym for ‘to produce’ both in the writings of Chomsky and of other early transformationalists. In other instances, it is difficult to see how ‘explicit’, an adjective, can serve as a synonym for ‘generate’, a verb as this verb has been used throughout the history of transformational generative linguistics. Furthermore, it would appear that a rule like move-α has little or no meaning in a non-generative grammar, i.e., one that is merely ‘explicit’, one that does not rely on process type statements as its modus operandi. Nevertheless, in the recent history of transformationalism, Chomsky insists that ‘generative’ means nothing more than ‘explicit’ and nothing less. To him, the notion that ‘generative’ has something to do with specifying or characterizing a set of sentences is a notion that never was.
Bridging Saussurean structuralism and British linguistic thought
Authors: Gordon W. Terrence 
Published: November 2010

Summary
British linguistic thought in the first half of the 20th century reacted against the Saussurean oppositions signifiant/signifié, langue/parole, and signification/valeur. Ogden & Richards (1923) reject them on epistemological, orthological, and terminological grounds. For Bronislaw Malinowski meaning in a pre-literate language cannot be described by the dyadic sign. Alan H. Gardiner too rejects this concept of the sign, but he modifies langue/parole and synchronie/diachronie to make them complementary. J. R. Firth rejects most of the Saussurean canon, but the starting point of his own line of analysis proves to be indistinguishable from the same brand of functionalism. The connection between the British linguistic tradition and Saussure therefore displays a full range of positions from incompatibility to unwilling and unwitting compatibility.
The Structuralism of Claude Lévi-Strauss
Authors: Darnell Regna 
Published: November 2010

SummaryDespite the importance of Lévi-Strauss’s structuralism to a range of disciplines, little historiographic attention has been given to the sources of his thought about universals of human cognition. This paper examines his roots in Durkheimian sociology and his borrowings from Boasian anthropology and Prague School structuralism (documenting his rather startling lack of engagement with language as such). Biography, public pronouncements of Lévi-Strauss, and ongoing scholarly commentary are used to broaden the understanding of structuralism as an international tradition transcending the boundaries of linguistics as a discipline.
The 1930s – at the birth of a Pragmatic Conception of Language
Authors: Nerlich Brigitte 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The 1930s were a time of immense cultural and scientific activity. It is well known that this was the time when structuralism made its appearance on the linguistic scene. It is generally less well known that this was also a time when a great number of books and articles dealing with ‘pragmatic’ issues appeared in linguistics and its adjacent disciplines. This article describes the birth of a ‘pragmatic Weltanschauung’ through the analysis of a selection of texts. It leaves open the question as to why the pragmatic insights made in the 1930s were forgotten when ‘pragmatics’ became a branch of linguistics in the 1970s.
John Bulwer’s (1606–1656) place in the history of the Deaf
Authors: Wollock Jeffrey 
Published: November 2010

Summary
It would be unfair to characterize John Bulwer (1606–1656) as a dilettante, although he did not achieve all his goals with the deaf. He tried unsuccessfully to find the Spaniard (described by Kenelm Digby in a report of 1644) who taught speech to deaf pupils. As a Royalist during the reign of Parliament, he also was unable to find support for a ‘Dumbe Mans Academie’. While his theory of speech education was wrong in one important respect, he later read Juan Pablo Bonet (1574–1633) and, if (as it seems) his daughter was deaf, he must have tried that method – years before William Holder (1616–1698) or John Wallis (1616–1703). Their very limited success would do little more than prove it possible; Bulwer might have done at least as much.
Johann Joachim Becher (1635–1682), a little known opponent of Comenius’ Theory of Language and Language Learning
Authors: Hüllen Werner 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Concerning the methods of language teaching, Johann Joachim Becher (1635–1682), one of the encyclopedic philosophers of the 17th century, stood in opposition to Jan Amos Comenius (1592–1670), the pedagogue of Europewide influence. He published Methodus didactica (1668) and Novum organon (1672), the latter being a universal nomenclator as they were popular in the 17th century. This nomenclator is organised according to Aristotelian categories which Becher saw expressed in word-classes. It assembles groups of synonyms in Latin and German under headwords which were taken as the simple notions, i.e., the building-blocks, of the human mind. Becher demanded didactic principles to be developed out of these linguistic assumptions. Whereas Comenius shaped his teaching methods according to the situational learning abilities of the individual, Becher regarded them as being dominated by the structures of language seen as structures of the mind, thus foreshadowing Cartesian thinking.
From pragmatics to semiotics
Authors: Subbiondo Joseph L. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
John Wilkins’ (1614–1672) earlier work on pulpit oratory in Ecclesiastes (1646) and Gift of Prayer (1655) provide a rationale for his later work on philosophical language in his Essay towards a Real Character (1868). Clauss (1982) pointed out that one could view Wilkins’ linguistic writings as compatible, and the present paper advances her argument by showing that his work on philosophical language grew out of his work on pulpit oratory. Moreover, his pulpit oratory is rooted in pragmatics – how to move the listener to righteous action – while his philosophical language is focused on semiotics – how to convey the ‘true meaning’ of all things and notions.
Savage eloquence in America and the linguistic construction of a British identity in the 18th century
Authors: Lauzon Matthew 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThis paper examines particular aspects of 18th-century British linguistic thought by focusing upon discussions of American Indians which depicted them as poetic and eloquent. The paper places this depiction within the context of the larger British concerns of the time to show how it was used by some to portray the ‘primitive’ Indians and their languages as inferior, by others as superior, to the ‘modern’ Europeans and their languages. It is argued that this contextualizing of the idea of the ‘savage poet’ helps us to understand the terms of the debates over which European language could rightfully lay claim to the crown of linguistic supremacy.
Evolución en Los Diccionarios de Antonio de Nebrija, 1492–1512
Authors: Codoñer Carmen 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The lexicographic activities of Antonio de Nebrija (1444?–1522) are present in his numerous works and their adaptations. They are different realisations of various kinds that more often than not exist in the form of a dictionary; the present study, however, deals primarily with nontechnical compilations of the lexicon. It first studies Nebrija’s sources and then the process by which the progressive amplification of lemmata took place, the modification of the criteria in the presentation of the entries, the evolution of his lexicographic concepts, and the like. In order to reach these goals the present paper analyzes, chronologically, the sources, the disposition and treatment of the entries in the vocabulary which accompanies his Latin grammar of 1481 as well as those found in the Latin-Spanish dictionaries of 1492 and 1512.
Le Gentilhomme Lexicographe
Authors: Kaltz Barbara 
Published: November 2010

Résumé
Maurice landgrave de Hesse (1572–1632), dit Maurice le Savant en raison de son érudition, fit publier en 1631 un volumineux dictionnaire français-allemand, destiné en premier lieu aux élèves du collège qu’il avait fondé. L’organisation du texte est quelque peu déroutante dans la mesure où l’auteur regroupe les entrées selon leur appartenance à telle ou telle classe de mots et qu’à l’intérieur des sections destinées aux différentes parties du discours, les entrées ne sont pas traitées dans l’ordre alphabétique habituel. Après avoir analysé la description métalexicographique pratiquée dans ce dictionnaire, nous nous penchons sur la question de savoir de quelles sources l’auteur a pu s’inspirer: du Dictionaire François-Allemand de Levinus Hulsius (avant 1540–1606), sans doute, et peut-être du Thresor de la langve françoise de Jean Nicot (cl 520–1604).
Le Rôle Théorique de la psychopathologie du langage dans L’historiographie linguistique
Authors: Pennisi Antonino 
Published: November 2010

Résumé
Le but de ce travail est la reconstruction des lignes essentielles du débat sur la psychopathologie du langage et sur le rôle théorique qu’il a joué dans les sciences du langage d’aujourd’hui. Pour simplifier ce débat, qui commence à partir du XIXe siècle et continue encore aujourd’hui, on distingue ici deux grandes orientations. La première est représentée par les analyses du langage dans la psychiatrie clinique classique (de Emil Kraepelin jusqu’aux études récentes de Sergio Piro) et dans le cognitivisme (de Kurt Goldstein jusqu’à la neuropsychologie cognitive de la schizophrénie). La deuxième recueille les recherches de la psychiatrie philosophique: le bergsonisme (Eugène Minkowski, Pierre Janet), la phénoménologie et l’existentialisme (Heidegger et l’an-thropoanalyse de Ludwig Binswanger). De ce débat on examine surtout deux problèmes théoriques: le rapport entre régularité et liberté du langage et la définition des idées de ‘puissance’ et ‘complexité’. Dans la discussion on conclue l’impossibilité d’esquisser une théorie cognitive du langage en dehors de ses bases biologiques et, surtout, de la dimension ontologique de la conscience linguistique.
Notes on the beginnings of systematic dialect description and comparison in Chinese
Authors: Branner David Prager 
Published: November 2010

SummaryWhen 19th-century Westerners first began applying modern methods to Chinese linguistics, they were heavily influenced by Chinese phonological traditions. This influence is apparent in a number of their methodological decisions. For instance, they do not seem to have resolved their difficulties distinguishing plain from aspirated obstruents until they copied Chinese sources. Their work in comparative dialectology was almost always dominated by the Chinese rime-table tradition. Even the systems of universal orthography they developed for Chinese incorporated traditional Chinese tonal symbols. Yet these Western sinologists seem to have made little attempt to communicate their own work to Chinese scholars in a formal way; though they were influenced by Chinese ideas, they published their work in the main for other Westerners, with the result that their new synthesis did not directly influence native Chinese linguistics.
The Italian connection in Juan de Valdés’ Diálogo de la lengua
Authors: Mazzocco Angelo 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The article reassesses the connection between Juan de Valdés’ (c.1495–1541) Diálogo de la lengua (1535) and the Italian Renaissance by demonstrating that Valdés was thoroughly familiar with the Italian literature on language and the concept of its possible rebirth. It is shown that the Italian humanist Pietro Bembo’s (1470–1547) argument, as laid down in his seminal work Prose della volgar lingua (1525), that great writers contribute significantly to the normalization and enrichment of a language constitutes the frame of Valdés’ work from which flow the author’s concerns about culture and linguistic theory. Valdés’ appropriation of and reaction to the Italian literature on language reflect the views prevalent in the intellectual circles of Europe at the time.
The treatment of syntax by some early 19th-century linguists
Authors: Graffi Giorgio 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThis article examines the views about syntax held by Humboldt, on the one hand, and by the founders of historical-comparative grammar (Bopp, Rask, Grimm, Pott, Schleicher), on the other. In general, it is noted that thegrammaire généraletradition of 17th and 18th centuries still survives in the work of such scholars, despite of all criticism they seemingly raised against it. For Humboldt, the common core of all languages has its source in the identity of human thought; also his treatment of the verb and especially his reference to a ‘natural’ word order (i.e., SVO) are clearly reminiscent of this tradition. Traces thereof are also found in Bopp’s analysis of Indo-European conjugation, and in some of Rask’s writings. For instance, Rask, just as Humboldt, assumes a ‘natural’ word order and proposes a list of possible syntactic forms which closely remind us of Girard’smembres de phrase. Grimm’s position appears as more innovative, heavily influenced by a Romantic view of language, but some older conceptions sometimes show up in his work, e.g., when he deals with the notion of ‘subject’. Pott does not completely reject general grammar and a logically-based view of language; he only stresses the need of a more empirical approach than that adopted by the 17th and 18th century linguists. This picture radically changed with Steinthai and Schleicher: the former scholar pronounced a ‘divorce’ between grammar and logic, while the latter one argued that syntax does not belong to linguistics proper and rejected any possibility of postulating syntactic distinctions which do not have any direct morphological correlate.