bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Thickness of the Lower Green sand Beds of the South East Coast of the Isle of Wight
Authors: Simms F. W. 
Published: October 2009

The last time the Green sand beds below the Chalk were the subject of discussion before the Society, great diversity of opinion was expressed concerning the thickness of the group of beds denominated “The Lower Green sand.” To remove all doubt on this point, Dr. Fitton proposed revisiting the south-east coast of the Isle of Wight, and requested my co-operation in determining their thickness. The following vertical section of the strata, seen in the cliffs of the south-east coast of the Isle of Wight, and including the three entire groups, viz:—

1.
The Upper Green Sand,

2.
The Gault,

3.
The Lower Green Sand, was made in company with Dr. Fitton, Mr. Mackeson of Hythe, and the President of our Society, during a visit we made to that coast in July last

The horizontal line over which these measurements extended, that is, from Atherfield point to the Cliff on the south of St. Catherine's Down, is about three miles in length. Along nearly the whole of this line, the coast is bounded by mural cliffs, except where slips have taken place (and these are often of considerable extent), and except where “Chines” (as they are called), that is to say, deep precipitous gullies, worn by the action of brooks in the argillaceous sands, open into the sea.
On the occurrence of a Bed of Septaria, containing fresh-water Shells, in the series of Plastic Clay, at New Cross, Kent
Authors: Warburton Henry , F. E. 
Published: October 2009

Having occasion, in the Spring of 1843, to travel along the South Eastern Railway, I observed at the distance of about 200 yards to the south of the New Cross Station, on the western side of the cutting which there lays bare the junction of the London and Plastic Clays, and at the very foot of that cutting, what seemed to be a continuous bed of stone, forming a part of the Plastic Clay series.
I applied, in consequence, to Mr. Simms, a Fellow of our Society, (who, as one of the resident engineers, had ready access to every part of the line), to procure for me specimens of this bed; and he not only complied with this request, but also made a vertical section of the beds exposed in the cutting, extending from the base of the London Clay to the bed of stone in question.
The specimens which Mr. Simms procured contain, imbedded in the substance of the stone, two fresh-water shells, a Paludina and a Unio, which Professor E. Forbes has examined and described. The stone proved, on examination, not to form a continuous stratum extending to any distance, but to occur at intervals only; and to be, in fact, a bed of Septaria, of a texture considerably more earthy than the Septaria of the London clay usually are.
Report on the Fossils from Santa Fe de Bogota, presented to the Geological Society by Evan Hopkins, Esq. F.G.S.
Authors: Forbes Edward 
Published: October 2009

The fossils from Bogotá presented by Mr. Hopkins are all remains of Mollusca. They are embedded in a very dark and compact limestone; and are all, apparently, from the same formation. They include 17 species, most of which are in very good preservation. Of these, 9 are described species, and are identical with fossils from the same neighbourhood, described in the memoir by M. Von Buch, “On the Fossils collected in America by MM. Humboldt and Degenhardt,” in the paper entitled “Notice of the Oolitic Formations in America,” by Mr. Isaac Lea, printed in the “Transactions of the American Philosophical Society for 1841,” and in the account of the fossils collected in Columbia by M. Boussingault, given by M. Alcide d'Orbigny, in the Palæontology of his South American Voyage, published in 1843. All these papers have been consulted in the preparation of this Report.
The formation in which these fossils were found has been referred by M. Von Buch to the Cretaceous era, by Mr. Lea to the Oolitic period, and by M. d'Orbigny to the Neocomian epoch of the Cretaceous era. The result of an examination of Mr. Hopkins's specimens, more especially of such as are new, bears out the view of their cretaceous origin first taken by M. Von Buch, and afterwards adopted by M. d'Orbigny.
Notice of the Raised Beaches on the Western Coast of Ross-shire
Authors: Jeffreys J. G. 
Published: October 2009

About two miles above Craig Inn, and eleven from the present termination of Loch Carron, there is a level platform extending for some distance in a parallel line with the valley up which the loch at present flows, elevated about 50 feet above the present sea level, and sloping at an angle of 45°, and its breadth seems the same as that of the present beach at its foot. Sixteen miles from the termination of the loch is a similar platform with the same direction and slope, but apparently at a higher level; and on the opposite side of the loch (which is about half a mile wide in that part) is a corresponding platform, similar in every respect to the other. This is outside the loch, about a mile below Strome ferry, which forms the entrance to it. Some miles further down the main channel of the sea, at a place called Plockton, the same appearances present themselves; and here the elevation is about 60 feet above high-water mark.
On examining this latter platform, I found underneath the superficial stratum of earth a bed of coral and shells two or three feet thick, and precisely similar to the beds which, as I ascertained by dredging, exist in the adjoining sea. The depth of the sea varied from three to upwards of a hundred fathoms.
Remarks on the Geology of British Guiana
Authors: Schomburgk Robert 
Published: October 2009

The district alluded to by the author in this paper extends along the shore of the Atlantic from the mouth of the Amazons river to the embouchure of the Orinoco, its greatest length (between Cape North and the confluence of the Rio Xie with the Rio Negro) being about 1090 geographical miles, and its breadth (from the mouth of the Orinoco to the confluence of the Rio Negro with the Amazons) 710 miles. Throughout this tract no organic remains have yet been discovered, the whole being occupied by primitive rocks.
The banks and low lands near the chief rivers of Guiana are described as consisting at the surface of a bluish clay, impregnated with salt and mixed with decayed vegetable matter, forming a very productive soil. The delta of the Orinoco, and the embouchure of the Essequibo, present the same appearance.
The blue clay just described is usually succeeded by other clays of variegated colour, and these again by sands, composed of transparent white quartz. Water has been frequently obtained by boring through the clay to these sands, and in such cases the depth from the surface to which it has been necessary to sink varies from 120 to 230 feet.
Description of certain Fossil Crania, discovered by A. G. Bain, Esq., in Sandstone Rocks at the South-eastern Extremity of Africa, referable to different Species of an extinct Genus of Reptilia (Dicynodon), and indicative of a new Tribe or Sub-order of Sauria
Authors: Owen Richard 
Published: October 2009

The most remarkable character in these fossils is the presence of two long curved and sharp-pointed tusks, which, like those of the Walrus, descend one from each superior maxillary bone, and pass on the outside of the fore part of the lower jaw, a character rare even in Mammals, and hitherto only met with in that class; but in these specimens combined with a structure of the cranium, proving that the animals belonged to the class Reptilia, but were members neither of the Crocodilian nor Chelonian orders. The Lacertine Sauria offer characters for comparison, but the minor deviations from the ordinary Lacertian structure are so numerous, the mode in which Crocodilian and Chelonian characters are interwoven upon an essentially Lacertian base is so interesting, and the individual and distinctive characters of the Dicynodons so striking and peculiar as to require a detailed osteological description for their complete illustration.
In these animals, the Crocodilian structure is chiefly manifested in the occipital region of the skull, and gives place to the Lacertian characters in the upper and fore part; but in regard to these deviations it must be remembered, that the distinctive features of the Crocodilian type are most broadly manifested in the existing representatives of the order, and are modified and rendered less salient in the more numerous and varied extinct members.
On a new Species of
Pterodactyl
found in the Upper Chalk of Kent.
Authors: Bowerbank J. S. 
Published: October 2009

I have recently obtained from the upper chalk of Kent some remains of a large species of
Pterodactylus
. The bones consist of—

1.

The fore part of the head as far as about the middle of the
cavitas narium
, with a corresponding portion of the under jaws,—many of the teeth remaining in their sockets. (See Plate, fig. 1.)

2.
A fragment of a bone of the same animal, apparently a part of the coracoid. (Fig. 2.)

3.
A portion of what appears to be one of the bones of the auricular digit, from a chalk-pit at Halling. (Fig. 3.)

4.
A portion of a similar bone, from the same locality as No. 1. (Fig. 4.)

5.
The head of a long bone, probably the tibia, belonging to the same animal as the head No. 1. (Fig. 5.)

6.
A more perfect bone of the same description, not from the same animal, but found at Halling. (Fig. 6.)

The latter specimen appears to me to be the same description of bone as that described by Professor Owen in the Geological Transactions (2nd Ser. vol. vi. p. 411, and pl. 39. fig. 1). The mutilated condition of the figured specimen would not allow Professor Owen to speak of its identity with the bird tribe with great certainty, and he at the same time points out its discrepant characters.
On the Geology of the neighbourhood of Tremadoc, Caernarvonshire
Authors: Davis J. E. 
Published: October 2009

The little town of Tremadoc (in the northern part of Cardigan Bay) is beautifully situated on the north side of a valley formerly covered by the sea. Mr. Maddock having in the year 1813 made an embankment across the wider valley of Traeth Mawr, of which, on the western side, the Tremadoc valley was an inlet, the sea was barred out, the valley brought under cultivation, and the town erected. On approaching this district of Caernarvonshire from the east, it does not require the eye of a geologist to be assured that the sea once, and at a comparatively recent period, extended many miles inland. The succession of cliffs with steep escarpments facing the present line of coast, and extending inland up the eastern side of Traeth Mawr, one behind the other, for several miles, are striking features in the scenery of this romantic neighbourhood.
the stratified rocks of the district have a general strike from north-west to south-east, with a north-east dip. They consist of slates, shales, flags and sandstones, but, from the almost total absence of organic remains, the determination of the age of the beds must be a work of considerable diffuculty and time, and is one in which great caution is requisite, for all these rocks have apparently undergone great change of structure in many places, and that which is the same formation or bed, presented under a new aspect, may be easily mistaken for a totally distinct deposit.
Although some of the rocks are described
On the Strata called “Jackstones” at Merthyr Tydvil
Authors: Dickinson Jos. 
Published: October 2009

Considering these stones in connexion with the ironstones and other strata with which they are associated, they are chiefly remarkable for the peculiarity of their structure and the great quantity of carbonate of lime which they contain. Few of the ironstones and scarcely any of the other strata in the coal-measures in this locality contain five per cent. of carbonate of lime, whilst these Jackstones contain forty-five.
Their usual structure is conical, the stones being made up of a series of distinct cones with serrated edges inserted into each other, having the apex of each cone directed towards the top of the stratum, although this is not invariably the case. The height of the cones is various, but those most perfectly formed seldom exceed four inches. Towards the upper and lower surface of the stratum, the conical structure frequently disappears and an even arrangement ensues.
These stones are disposed in seams similar to those of clay ironstone. They are of a brown and sometimes of a grey colour. They generally lie underneath and in contact with ironstone, and occasionally they intervene as a band in the middle of a seam, in which case, as well as in the former, there is generally a distinct line of division at the junction of the two stones. In many examples, however, the two stones blend imperceptibly with each other.
The thickness of a stratum of Jackstones seldom exceeds nine inches, and probably not more than three or four different strata could be enumerated
On the Superficial Detritus of Sweden, and on the Probable Causes which have affected the Surface of the Rocks in the Central and Southern portions of that kingdom
Authors: Murchison Roderick Impey 
Published: October 2009

In the work on Russia and the adjoining countries published by M. de Verneuil, Count Keyserling and myself, the subject of the erratic and superficial phænomena of Scandinavia and the northern regions has been discussed at some length, the facts being derived from our joint observations in Russia, and also from personal researches of my own in Poland, Norway and Sweden during the summers of 1843 and 1844. Having since revisited Sweden, and having examined certain districts of that country in company with M. de Verneuil, I beg to lay before the Geological Society some additional data which we there collected, confirming and enlarging the views at which I had previously arrived, and still further elucidating the subject.
The superficial phænomena of Sweden so remarkable, that, to say nothing of native authors, few foreign .geologists have visited that kingdom without recording the ilnpresslon which their inspection produced. M. Alex. Brongniart published in the year 1828 a memoir on the erratic blocks of Sweden, in which, referring to De Luc, De Saussure, and others who had treated generally of the distribution of coarse detritus, he cites MM. Escher and yon Buch (particularly tile latter) as having well considered the northern examples. In this memoir M. Brongniart, after describing the linear form of the Osart, and the size, form and nature of their materials, specially calls attention to the fact, that their chief mass is composed of completely rounded water-worn gravel, often very coarse and containing boulders of some magnitude; and states,
Description of the Dukinfield Sigillaria
Authors: Binney E. W. 
Published: October 2009

The fossil described in this communication was discovered in the colliery of Messrs. Swire, Lees and Co., at Dukinfield, about seven miles east of Manchester. It was found in the Victoria pit at a depth of 1100 feet from the surface, and in the floor of the Cannel or Two-feet mine. The following is a section of the beds in the vicinity of the tree:—
The dip of the strata is nearly due west, at an angle of 29°.
The Cannel or Two-feet mine consists of sixteen inches of good cannel and ten inches of ordinary coal. The floor is a dark-coloured fire-clay, called by the miners “tender metal,” containing numerous nodules of ironstone. Its depth I traced to between three and four feet, and it may extend much deeper. The geological position of the Cannel-coal is in the lower part of the middle division of the Lancashire coal-field, about 120 yards above the last thick seam in the series, a position nearly the same as that of the deposits in which the St. Helens' trees were discovered, but the distance between the two localities in a direct line is about twenty-eight miles.
The fossil in question was first examined and noticed by Mr. M. Dunn, and the tree had been removed and brought to Manchester before I went down into the mine to view the place where it was ibund.
I examined the bed of fire-clay and the spot where the fossil had lain, and found traces of the
On a Group of Erect Fossil Trees in the Sydney Coal-Field of Cape Breton
Authors: Brown Richard 
Published: October 2009

In a hasty sketch of the geological structure of the island of Cape Breton, which appeared in the second number of the ‘Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,’ I stated that excellent sections of the Sydney coal-measures were exhibited in the sea-cliffs extending from Miray Bay to Gape Dauphin. I have recently examined one of the most interesting sections within those limits, viz. that afforded by the cliffs on the N.W. shore of Sydney Harbour, which runs directly at right angles to the strike of the strata, exposing almost every individual bed from the old red sandstone, through the overlying carboniferous limestone, millstone grit and coal-measures.
The total thickness of the coal-measures, calculated from the highest bed of the millstone grit to their abrupt termination on the sea-coast, is 1843 feet, their dip being N.E. at an angle of 8°.
In this section erect fossil trees are found at various levels, but they are more particularly abundant in a stratum of arenaceous shale lying almost immediately under the main coal, where within a space of eighty feet, measured along the base of the cliff, eight erect trunks are seen with roots and rootlets attached to them.
Fig. 1 is a section of the strata under the main coal, showing the relative positions of the trees at right angles to the planes of stratification~ as they appear in the face of the cliff, the upper part of which overhangs and prevents us from observing how far the stems continue upwards. In
On the Newer Deposits of the Southern States of North America
Authors: Lyell Charles 
Published: October 2009

In a communication formerly made, I gave a short notice on the Alabama coal-fields; I now propose to say something, but very briefly, of the newer deposits of the South, the post-pliocene and tertiary, so far as I have examined them in my present tour.
First, in regard to the post-pliocene occupying the coast and the lowest lands for some leagues inland in Georgia, the marine shells contained in deposits of clay and sand differ in no way from those of the adjoining sea. They are found arranged in groups, littoral and pelagic, as now on or near the shore. Such is observed to be the case in the island of Skiddaway, which is part of the delta of the Savannah river, and in the country between the mouth of the. Alatamaha and the Turtle river in Glynn county, Georgia. These marine sandy deposits resemble exactly those which must be now forming off the neighbouring coast, and are covered in some spots by dark-coloured clay containing the remains of quadrupeds of extinct species, the Megatherium, Mylodon, Mastodon giganteus, Elephasprimigenius, the Horse and others, with a large Chelonian.I visited numerous localities on the Brunswick canal, near Darien, in company with Mr. Hamilton Couper, to whom we owe the discovery and careful exhumation of these remains, nearly all of which he has munificently presented to several public museums in the United States, especially those of Washington and Philadelphia. Everywhere I observed that there is no intermixture of the deposit containing the land
On the Silurian and Associated Rocks in Dalecarlia, and on the Succession from Lower to Upper Silurian in Smoland, öland, and Gothland, and in Scania
Authors: Murchison Roderick I. 
Published: October 2009

Having already communicated the additional knowledge I obtained last year (1845), concerning the drift and erratic blocks of Sweden*, I propose in this memoir to give the results of the examination of those palæozoic and associated rocks in several parts of that country which fell under the joint observation of my friend M. de Verneuil and myself during the same period.
Two of the districts under review have not been critically examined since they were described by Hisinger; and this memoirs being the Swedish language, with which few persons are familiar, and having been written before the palæozoic classification was established, no apology is required for the present attempt to group correctly all the ancient sedimentary deposits in those tracts, and to show what additions have been made to our knowledge of them by recent researches*.
In a memoir communicated to this Society in the year 1844, and in the first chapter of the work on Russia, I endeavoured, partly by personal exploration, and partly by the inspection of fossils in the Museums of Stockholm and Christiania, to group the palæozoic masses with Lower and Upper Silurian strata. But as an additional survey could not fail materially to improve my acquaintance with these deposits (particularly as I was on the last occasion accompanied by my able associate, M. de Verneuil), I now place the main results of our last tour before British geologits. These results coincide with the general view of the Scandinavian succession which was before propounded, and which
On the Geology of the Island of Lafû, one of the Loyalty Group, east of New Caledonia in the Southern Pacific
Authors: Clarke W. B. 
Published: October 2009

On the eastern side of New Caledonia, and within sight of that island, occur two groups, known on the charts as the Loyalty and Britannia Islands. The former group has been generally represented to consist of two, but has been recently found by Mr. T. B. Simpson to consist of eight islands, of which Lafû, sometimes called Dafoo, at the eastern, and Emingina at the western extremity, are the largest. Mr. Simpson's opinion is, that the original discoverer saw but one, but that he visited part of its south-western coast where an east and west bay, seven or eight miles wide at the entrance, and from ten to twelve fathoms deep in places, but in the middle more than ninety fathoms deep, is fringed with a narrow coral reef, and has the appearance of dividing the island into two.
Of the other islands or islets, one is about eighteen miles north of Emingina, the northern end of which is in 21° 26' S. and 167° 44' E., and the rest are intermediate between it and Lafû.
The present purpose is to offer some remarks on the geological features of one island of the Loyalty group, viz. Lafû. It may be quoted as an example of an elevated coral island, and is selected because it exhibits more strikingly than the rest of the two groups, which are of similar construction, the distinctive proofs of that phænomenon.
The circumference of Lafû is about ninety miles; its base is surrounded by a narrow