bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutritional status of Malawian adults on antiretroviral therapy 1 year after supplementary feeding in the first 3 months of therapy
Authors: Ndekha MacDonald , Van Oosterhout Joep J. G. , Saloojee Haroon , Pettifor John , Manary Mark 
Published: June 2009

SummaryObjective  To test the hypothesis that individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART) for 3 months with a greater body mass index (BMI) as a result of supplementary feeding with ready‐to‐use fortified spread would maintain a higher BMI 9 months after the feeding ended.Methods  Two cohorts of wasted adults with AIDS, after 12 months of ART and 3 months of supplementary feeding with either ready‐to‐use fortified spread, an energy dense lipid paste; or corn/soy blended flour, were assessed for clinical and anthropometric status, quality of life, and ART adherence after 3 and 9 months.Results  336 ART patients participated: 162 who had received ready‐to‐use fortified spread and 174 who had received corn/soy blended flour. 9 months after stopping food supplements, both groups had a similar BMI, fat‐free body mass, hospitalization rate and mortality. Binary logistic regression modelling showed that lower BMI, lower CD4 count, and older age at baseline were associated with a higher risk of death (odds ratio for BMI = 0.63, 95% CI 0.47–0.79). Adherence to the ART regimen and quality of life were similar in both cohorts.Conclusion  While supplementary feeding with ready‐to‐use fortified spread can ameliorate the BMI, an established risk factor for mortality, this effect is sustained only during the time of the intervention. Supplementary feeding of wasted patients for longer than 3 months should be investigated.
Severe malaria and concomitant bacteraemia in children admitted to a rural Mozambican hospital
Authors: Bassat Quique , Guinovart Caterina , Sigaúque Betuel , Mandomando Inácio , Aide Pedro , Sacarlal Jahit , Nhampossa Tacilta , Bardají Azucena , Morais Luís , Machevo Sonia , Letang Emilio , Macete Eusébio , Aponte John J. , Roca Anna , Menéndez Clara , Alonso Pedro L. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryObjectives  To describe the prevalence, aetiology and prognostic implications of coexisting invasive bacterial disease in children admitted with severe malaria in a rural Mozambican Hospital.Methods  Retrospective study of data systematically collected from June 2003 to May 2007 in a rural Mozambican hospital, from all children younger than 5 years admitted with severe malaria.Results  Seven thousand and forty‐three children were admitted with a diagnosis of malaria. 25.2% fulfilled the criteria for severe malaria. 5.4% of the children with severe malaria and valid blood culture results had a concomitant bacteraemia. Case fatality rates of severe malaria cases rose steeply when bacteraemia was also present (from 4.0% to 22.0%, P < 0.0001), and bacteraemia was an independent risk factor for death among severe malaria patients (adjusted OR 6.2, 95% CI 2.8–13.7, P = 0.0001). Streptococcus pneumoniae, Gram‐negative bacteria, Staphilococcus aureus and non‐typhoid Salmonella (NTS) were the most frequently isolated microorganisms among severe malaria cases. Their frequency and associated case fatality rates (CFR) varied according to age and to syndromic presentation. Streptococcus pneumoniae had a relatively low CFR, but was consistently associated with severe malaria syndromes, or anaemia severity groups. No clear‐cut relationship between malarial anaemia and NTS bacteraemia was found.Conclusions  The coexistence of malaria and invasive bacterial infections is a frequent and life‐threatening condition in many endemic African settings. In Mozambique, S. pneumoniae is the leading pathogen in this interaction, possibly as a consequence of the high HIV prevalence in the area. Measures directed at reducing the burden of both those infections are urgently needed to reduce child mortality in Africa.
Pentamidine as secondary prophylaxis for visceral leishmaniasis in the immunocompromised host: report of four cases
Authors: Patel T. A. , Lockwood D. N. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryWe report a retrospective and descriptive study of four immunocompromised patients (three with HIV‐1 and one with idiopathic CD4+‐lymphopenia) with relapsing visceral leishmaniasis seen at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, in whom pentamidine was used as secondary prophylaxis to prevent relapse. Patients experienced between one and four relapses before commencing prophylaxis with subsequent relapse‐free periods ranging from 5 to 98 months. Based on these observational data, we recommend large trials to investigate the efficacy of pentamidine over other agents in preventing relapse of VL in the immunocompromised patient.
A model for community mental health services in South Africa
Authors: Lund Crick , Flisher Alan J. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryObjectives  To provide a model to estimate human resource needs for community‐based mental health services in South Africa.Methods  A situation analysis was conducted of current community‐based mental health service provision in South Africa, which comprise outpatient and emergency services, residential care and day care. Service utilisation rates and staffing needs were estimated for two levels of service coverage, using data from the situation analysis, local epidemiological studies and consultation with key stakeholders.Results  For a population of 100 000 people, 7.3–23.8 full‐time equivalent staff would be required to provide services in outpatient services, 14.9–41.6 in day care and 11.5–23.0 in residential care at minimum and full coverage levels respectively. The model can facilitate rational planning by requiring transparency and accountability in the assumptions used. This method can be adapted to a range of countries, by entering relevant country data.Conclusions  The model fills a gap, particularly in low‐ and middle‐income countries, where community‐based mental health services are sparse, and decisions regarding allocations to them are hampered by a lack of good quality data. The results of the model are limited by the quality of data and the assumptions upon which the modelling are based.
Reduced IFN‐γ‐ and enhanced IL‐4‐producing CD4+ cord blood T cells are associated with a higher risk for atopic dermatitis during the first 2 yr of life
Authors: Herberth Gunda , Heinrich Joachim , Röder Stefan , Figl Adina , Weiss Michael , Diez Ulrike , Borte Michael , Herbarth Olf , Lehmann Irina ,   for the LISA study group
Published: June 2009

Herberth G, Heinrich J, Röder S, Figl A, Weiss M, Diez U, Borte M, Herbarth O and Lehmann I, for the LISA study group. Reduced IFN‐γ‐ and enhanced IL‐4‐producing CD4+ cord blood T cells are associated with a higher risk for atopic dermatitis during the first 2 yr of life. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010: 21: 5–13. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/SThe aim of this study was to analyse whether altered cytokine production by cord blood (CB) T cells is of relevance regarding the development of allergic diseases during the first 2 yr of life independent from known or suspected risk factors for allergy. Within an ongoing birth cohort study (Life style – Immune System – Allergy; LISA) the cytokine production of PMA/ionomycin‐stimulated CB cells was measured by intracellular cytokine staining. Data of 98 children from Leipzig and Munich with complete information on cytokine production at birth and allergic outcomes during the first 2 yr were analysed. Statistical analysis was performed using a regression model adjusted for gender, month of birth, parental history of atopy, parental education, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, maternal smoking during pregnancy, renovation activities during pregnancy, pet ownership and study centre. During the first 2 yr of life, 17.3% of the children developed a physician‐diagnosed atopic dermatitis. Children with reduced frequencies of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ)‐producing CD4+ T cells in the CB (1st quartile) had a higher risk to develop atopic dermatitis (adjusted OR 5.16, 95% CI: 1.04–25.6). Furthermore, a high percentage of interleukin (IL)‐4‐producing T cells in CB in children from the Leipzig cohort were associated with an increased risk for atopic dermatitis (adjusted OR 8.92, 95% CI: 1.40–56.93 for the 90th percentile). CD8+ cytokine‐producing CB T cells had no relation to increased risk for atopic dermatitis. Low amounts of IFN‐γ and high amounts of IL‐4‐producing T cells at birth may enhance the risk of subsequent development of atopic dermatitis.
Maternal meat and fat consumption during pregnancy and suspected atopic eczema in Japanese infants aged 3–4 months: The Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study
Authors: Saito Kyoko , Yokoyama Tetsuji , Miyake Yoshihiro , Sasaki Satoshi , Tanaka Keiko , Ohya Yukihiro , Hirota Yoshio 
Published: June 2009

Saito K, Yokoyama T, Miyake Y, Sasaki S, Tanaka K, Ohya Y, Hirota Y. Maternal meat and fat consumption during pregnancy and suspected atopic eczema in Japanese infants aged 3–4 months: The Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010: 21: 38–46. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/SInterest has increased in the possibility that maternal dietary intake during pregnancy might influence the development of allergic disorders in children. The present prospective study examined the association of maternal intake of selected foods high in fatty acids and specific types of fatty acids during pregnancy with the risk of suspected atopic eczema among Japanese infants aged 3–4 months. Subjects were 771 mother–child pairs. Information on maternal dietary intake during pregnancy was assessed with a validated self‐administered diet history questionnaire. The term ‘suspected atopic eczema’ was used to define an outcome based on results of our questionnaire completed by mothers 3–4 months postpartum. The risk of suspected atopic eczema was 8.4% (n = 65). Higher maternal intake of meat during pregnancy was significantly associated with an increased risk of suspected atopic eczema in the offspring: the multivariate odds ratio (OR) for the highest vs. lowest quartile was 2.59 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15–6.17, p for trend = 0.01]. The positive association was strengthened when the definition of the outcome was confined to a definite physician’s diagnosis of atopic eczema (n = 35): the multivariate OR between extreme quartiles was 3.53 (95% CI: 1.19–12.23, p for trend = 0.02). No material exposure–response relationships were observed between maternal intake of eggs, dairy products, fish, total fat, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, α‐linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid and cholesterol and the ratio of n‐3 to n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption and the risk of suspected atopic eczema. Higher maternal meat intake may increase the risk of infantile atopic eczema, whereas we found no evidence that maternal intake of fish and n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are preventive against infantile atopic eczema.
Evolutionary history shapes the association between developmental instability and population‐level genetic variation in three‐spined sticklebacks
Authors: VAN DONGEN S. , LENS L. , PAPE E. , VOLCKAERT F. A. M. , RAEYMAEKERS J. A. M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractDevelopmental instability (DI) is the sensitivity of a developing trait to random noise and can be measured by degrees of directionally random asymmetry [fluctuating asymmetry (FA)]. FA has been shown to increase with loss of genetic variation and inbreeding as measures of genetic stress, but associations vary among studies. Directional selection and evolutionary change of traits have been hypothesized to increase the average levels of FA of these traits and to increase the association strength between FA and population‐level genetic variation. We test these two hypotheses in three‐spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatusL.) populations that recently colonized the freshwater habitat. Some traits, like lateral bone plates, length of the pelvic spine, frontal gill rakers and eye size, evolved in response to selection regimes during colonization. Other traits, like distal gill rakers and number of pelvic fin rays, did not show such phenotypic shifts. Contrary toa prioripredictions, average FA did not systematically increase in traits that were under presumed directional selection, and the increases observed in a few traits were likely to be attributable to other factors. However, traits under directional selection did show a weak but significantly stronger negative association between FA and selectively neutral genetic variation at the population level compared with the traits that did not show an evolutionary change during colonization. These results support our second prediction, providing evidence that selection history can shape associations between DI and population‐level genetic variation at neutral markers, which potentially reflect genetic stress. We argue that this might explain at least some of the observed heterogeneities in the patterns of asymmetry.
Life cycle abbreviation in trematode parasites and the developmental time hypothesis: is the clock ticking?
Authors: LAGRUE C. , POULIN R. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe typical multi‐host life cycle of many parasites, although conferring several advantages, presents the parasites with a highly hazardous transmission route. As a consequence, parasites have evolved various adaptations increasing their chances of transmission between the different hosts of the life cycle. Some trematode species like the opecoelidCoitocaecum parvumhave adopted a more drastic alternative strategy whereby the definitive host is facultatively dropped from the cycle, resulting in a shorter, hence easier to complete, life cycle. Like other species capable of abbreviating their life cycle,C. parvumdoes so through progenetic development within its intermediate host. Laboratory‐rearedC. parvumcan modulate their developmental strategy inside the second intermediate host according to current transmission opportunities, though this ability is not apparent in naturalC. parvumpopulations. Here we show that this difference is likely due to the timeC. parvumindividuals spend in their intermediate hosts in the natural environment. Although transmission opportunities, i.e. chemical cues of the presence of definitive hosts, promoted the adoption of a truncated life cycle in the early stages of infection, individuals that remained in their amphipod host for a relatively long time had a similar probability of adopting progenesis and the abbreviated cycle, regardless of the presence or absence of chemical cues from the predator definitive host. These results support the developmental time hypothesis which states that parasites capable of facultative life cycle abbreviation should eventually adopt progenesis regardless of transmission opportunities, and provide further evidence of the adaptive plasticity of parasite transmission strategies.
Genetic variation ofMimetes hirtusandMimetes fimbriifolius(Proteaceae) – a comparative analysis of two closely related fynbos species
Authors: Reisch C. , Kaiser A. J. , Horn A. , Poschlod P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe investigated the influence of differing life history traits on the genetic structure of the related speciesMimetes fimbriifoliusandMimetes hirtus(Proteaceae), which occur in the South African fynbos. Both species are bird‐pollinated and ant‐dispersed, but differ in rarity, longevity, ecological strategy and the fragmentation of their distribution area. We used AFLPs to study genetic variation within and between 21 populations of these two species across their distribution range. AFLP analysis revealed significantly higher genetic variation within populations ofM. fimbriifoliusthan withinM. hirtus. WhileM. fimbriifoliusclearly lacked any significant genetic differentiation between populations, a distinct geographic pattern was observed forM. hirtus. Differentiation was, however, stronger at the regional (ΦPT = 0.57) than at the local scale (ΦPT = 0.08). Our results clearly indicate that even closely related species that share the same mode of pollination and seed dispersal can differ in their genetic structure, depending on the magnitude of fragmentation, longevity of individuals and ecological strategy.
Neonatal sucking behavior: Comparison of perioral movement during breast‐feeding and bottle feeding
Authors: Aizawa Madoka , Mizuno Katsumi , Tamura Masanori 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBackground:  The aim of the present study was to compare orofacial motion and mouth angle during breast‐feeding and bottle feeding in normal infants.Methods:  Thirteen normal infants were enrolled in the study, and feeding sessions were recorded using a digital video camera at 4 or 5 days following birth. The analysis was successfully performed for 12 infants during both breast‐feeding and bottle feeding. Markers were placed at the lateral angle of the eye, the tip of the jaw, and the throat region. Jaw and throat region movements were calculated using the direct linear transformation method. The angle of the mouth was also measured.Results:  Throat region movement was significantly larger than jaw movement in both breast‐feeding (eye–throat region changes: 1.51 ± 0.37 mm, eye–jaw changes: 0.91 ± 0.31 mm, P < 0.001) and bottle feeding (eye–throat region changes: 2.91 ± 0.46 mm, eye–jaw changes: 1.77 ± 0.33 mm, P < 0.001). Jaw and throat region movements were significantly smaller during breast‐feeding than those during bottle feeding (P < 0.001). The angle of the mouth during breast‐feeding is larger than that during bottle feeding (P < 0.001). There was a negative correlation between the angle of the mouth and jaw movement.Conclusions:  Jaw and throat region movements during bottle feeding differ from those during breast‐feeding. This partly results from the difference in the angle of the mouth during feeding.
An evaluation of Web‐based education as an alternative to group lectures for diabetes self‐management
Authors: Song Misoon , Choe Myoung‐Ae , Kim Keum Soon , Yi Myung Sun , Lee Insook , Kim Jeongeun , Lee Mira , Cho Young Min , Shim Young Suk 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis study evaluated the efficacy of Web‐based diabetes self‐management education for newly diagnosed patients with type II diabetes as an alternative to group lectures. Using a non‐equivalent control group, pretest‐post‐test design, the participants in the Web group (n = 15) took part in a Web‐based diabetes self‐management program, while those in the lecture group (n = 16) attended 3 h of group lectures provided by health‐care professionals specializing in diabetes care. The outcome variables were measured at the baseline (T0), and 6 weeks (T1) and 3 months (T2) after the interventions. The glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) percentage and diabetes care knowledge in the Web group improved significantly from T0 to T1, while the diabetes care behavior improved significantly from T0 to T1 and from T1 to T2. The diabetes care knowledge and diabetes care behavior in the lecture group improved significantly from T0 to T1, but the HbA1c percentage did not change significantly between any times. These results show the potential of the Web‐based program as an alternative to group lectures for diabetes self‐management education.
NO EVIDENCE FOR PATIENT‐TO‐PATIENT TRANSMISSION OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS DURING UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY: MOLECULAR STUDIES ON THREE ACUTE HEPATITIS C PATIENTS
Authors: Toda Takayuki , Mitsui Takehiro , Tsukamoto Yukie , Ebara Takeshi , Masuko Kazuo , Takahashi Masaharu , Okamoto Hiroaki 
Published: June 2009

Background:  The risk of patient‐to‐patient transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) during endoscopy remains controversial. Using molecular approaches, we examined the possibility of patient‐to‐patient transmission of HCV in three patients who developed acute hepatitis C 1–6 months after examination by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGIE) in a hospital endoscopy unit in Japan.Methods:  For the source of HCV infection, we used frozen sera obtained from potential candidates who underwent UGIE earlier than three index patients on the same days in the same unit. HCV genotype was determined by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with genotype‐specific primers. The 1087‐nucleotide (nt) sequence of the NS5B region of the HCV genome was compared between index patients and their HCV‐viremic candidates.Results:  The three index patients were exclusively infected with HCV of genotype 1b. Among a total of 60 candidate patients who underwent UGIE earlier than the index patients, 14 were positive for anti‐HCV, of whom 12 had detectable HCV‐RNA (1b, n = 9; 2a, n = 1; 2b, n = 2) on sera collected during each UGIE. Shared identity within the 1087‐nt NS5B sequence was less than 95.0% between index patients and HCV/1b‐infected candidates (n = 3, 1 and 5, respectively). None of the remaining 46 candidates who were negative for anti‐HCV at UGIE examination tested positive for HCV‐RNA, nor seroconverted to anti‐HCV on their sera, which most likely excludes the possibility of HCV viremia despite the anti‐HCV‐negative serology at UGIE examination.Conclusion:  The present study suggests that patient‐to‐patient transmission of HCV during UGIE is infrequent.
RELATION BETWEEN OBESITY AND ADENOMATOUS POLYPS OF THE LARGE BOWEL
Authors: Sato Yumi , Nozaki Ryoichi , Yamada Kazutaka , Takano Masahiro , Haruma Ken 
Published: June 2009

Background:  We compared the prevalence of colorectal adenoma (polyps) in men and women and examined the role of body mass index (BMI) on polyp risk according to patient age and gender.Methods:  The risk of developing colorectal polyps was studied in 15 380 subjects (7155 men and 8225 women) who underwent colonoscopy for the first time from April 1998 to March 2006 at our ‘Human Dry Dock’, which is the check‐up service provided in Japan. Eligible subjects were 20–86 years old (mean age ± SD, 47.3 ± 8.5) and were free of invasive cancer, hyperplastic polyps and familial polyposis. Polyps were found in 1590 subjects (1062 men and 528 women). The odds ratio (OR) of detection of polyps in relation to obesity was determined in all cases by multivariate logistic regression analysis after making an adjustment for gender and age.Results:  The OR of polyp detection in obese subjects (BMI ≥ 25) versus non‐obese subjects (BMI < 25, OR = 1) was 1.34 (P < 0.001) in men and 1.13 (P = 0.26) in women. As the BMI increased in increments of one, the OR in men increased significantly to 1.01 (P < 0.001), whereas the OR in women was unchanged at 1.00 (P = 0.23), which was without significance.Conclusions:  We conclude that obesity in men is a risk factor for the development of polyps. These results must be confirmed by additional epidemiological studies.