bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Following the decomposition of ryegrass labelled with13C and15N in soil by solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: HOPKINS D. W. , CHUDEK J. A. , WEBSTER E. A. , BARRACLOUGH D. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryInvestigating the biogeochemistry of plant material decomposition in soil has been restricted by difficulties extracting and identifying organic compounds. In this study the decomposition of13C‐ and15N‐labelledLolium perenneleaves mixed with mineral soil has been investigated over 224 days of incubation under laboratory conditions. Decomposition was followed using short‐term rates of CO2evolution, the amounts of13C and15N remaining were determined by mass spectrometry, and13C and15N solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to characterize chemically the plant material as it decomposed. After 224 days 48% of the added13C had been lost with a rapid period of C02evolution over the first 56 days. The fraction of cross‐polarization magic angle spinning (CP MAS)13C NMR spectra represented by O‐alkyl‐C signal probably in carbohydrates (chemical shift, 60–90 p.p.m.) declined from 60 to 20% of the spectrum (chemical shift, 0–200 p.p.m.) over 224 days. The rate of decline of the total13C exceeded that of the 60–90 p.p.m. signal during the first 56 days and was similar thereafter. The fraction of the CP MAS13C NMR spectra represented by the alkyl‐ and methyl‐C (chemical shift, 10–45 p.p.m.) signal increased from 5 to 14% over the first 14 days and was 19% after 224 days. CP MAS13C NMR of13C‐ and15N‐L. perennecontained in 100‐μm aperture mesh bags incubated in the soil for 56 days indicated that the remaining material was mainly carbohydrate but there was an increase in the alkyl‐ and methyl‐C associated with the bag's contents. After 224 days incubation of the labelled13C‐ and15N‐L. perennemixed with the soil, 40% of the added N had been lost. Throughout the incubation there was only one signal centred around 100 p.p.m. detectable in the CP MAS15N NMR spectra. This signal corresponded to amide15N in peptides and may have been of plant or microbial origin or both. Although there had been substantial interaction between the added15N and the soil microorganisms, the associated redistribution of15N from plant to microbial tissues occurred within the amide region. The feasibility of following some of the component processes of plant material decomposition in soil using NMR has been demonstrated in this study and evidence that microbial synthesis contributes to the increase in alkyl‐ and methyl‐C content of soil during decomposition has been represented.
Analysing flow patterns from dye tracer experiments in a forest soil using extreme value statistics
Authors: Bogner C. , Wolf B. , Schlather M. , Huwe B. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryPreferential flow of water in soil is now recognized as a common phenomenon. It results in complex flow patterns that can be visualized by dye tracers and increases the risk of pollutants reaching greater depths. We analysed the behaviour of a risk index for vertical solute propagation based on extreme value theory. This risk index can be calculated from binary images of dye‐stained soil profiles and is defined as the form parameter of the generalized Pareto distribution. We did five tracer experiments with Brilliant Blue and iodide under changing initial (variable initial soil moisture) and experimental conditions (different irrigation rates). Our results indicate some persistence of the risk index against small changes of experimental conditions such as the irrigation rate. On the other hand, it seems to be affected by initial soil moisture. Comparisons of Brilliant Blue and iodide patterns show that the form parameter alone is not sufficient to estimate the risk of vertical solute propagation. Therefore we propose to combine the risk index with the scale parameter of the generalized Pareto distribution.
Loss of pesticides from a litchi orchard to an adjacent stream in northern Thailand
Authors: Kahl G. , Ingwersen J. , Nutniyom P. , Totrakool S. , Pansombat K. , Thavornyutikarn P. , Streck T. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryIn the hill country of northern Thailand use of agrochemicals is increasing steadily and contaminating streams and groundwater. We have measured pesticide leached from a litchi orchard to an adjacent stream and identified the flow components contributing to the pesticide transport after installing two discharge measurement stations with automatic water samplers in the stream. For 2 years, between June and September, we applied methomyl, and in 1 year additionally chlorothalonil, to the 2‐ha orchard and monitored water fluxes and pesticide concentrations in the stream water. Pesticide loads ranged from 1.6 to 3% of mass applied for chlorothalonil, a strongly sorbing fungicide, and 6.4–11.4% for the more weakly sorbing insecticide methomyl. Directly after application, pesticide transport was dominated by a fast flow component, reaching the flume before the discharge peak. Later, pesticides were transported mainly by preferential interflow, which peaked about 30 hours after a rain event. The groundwater pathway was not found to contribute to pesticide loss. Antecedent rain conditions proved to be important for the pesticide transport behaviour. While at the beginning of the rainy season large falls of rain did not lead to pesticide contamination, at the end of the season pesticide transport was induced by as little as 0.1 mm of rain. The occurrence of preferential interflow means that the hilly regions in northern Thailand are highly susceptible to contamination by pesticides used by farmers.
Radiolucent inflammatory jaw lesions: a twenty‐year analysis
Authors: Becconsall‐Ryan K. , Tong D. , Love R. M. 
Published: August 2010

Becconsall‐Ryan K, Tong D, Love RM. Radiolucent inflammatory jaw lesions: a twenty‐year analysis. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 859–865, 2010.AbstractAim  To determine the range and demographic and clinical features of radiolucent inflammatory jaw lesions.Methodology  Histopathology reports were reviewed to identify radiolucent jaw lesions. There were no clinical exclusive criteria, and the samples represented a wide range of clinical presentation and treatment history from multiple providers. Data were analysed using SPSS. To evaluate concordance of clinical and histological diagnoses, the clinician’s provisional diagnosis was compared with the final histopathological diagnosis.Results  A total of 17 038 specimens were reviewed; of these, 4983 (29.2%) were radiolucent jaw lesions, of which inflammatory lesions accounted for 72.8% (n = 3626). Periapical granulomas (59.7%) were the largest group followed by radicular cysts (29.2%). The mean age was 44 years (range 2–100 years), men and women were equally represented and the anterior maxilla was the most common site for the biopsied lesions. A provisional diagnosis was correct for only 48.3% of periapical granulomas and 36% of radicular cysts.Conclusions  This study included all presentations of periapical radiolucent lesions and showed that the incidence of cystic change in periapical lesions of endodontic origin is high at approximately 30% of all inflammatory lesions. Notwithstanding the relative frequencies, demographics and location of radiolucent inflammatory lesions presenting in the New Zealand population are comparable to that of other populations. No inflammatory radiolucent lesion can be reliably accurately diagnosed from clinical presentation and/or radiographic appearance alone.
Endogenous reactive oxygen species content and modulation of tyrosine phosphorylation during sperm capacitation
Authors: Donà G. , Fiore C. , Tibaldi E. , Frezzato F. , Andrisani A. , Ambrosini G. , Fiorentin D. , Armanini D. , Bordin L. , Clari G. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryGeneration of controlled amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phosphorylation of protein tyrosine (Tyr) residues are two main cellular changes involved in sperm capacitation. This study examined the relationship between tyrosine‐phosphorylation (Tyr‐P) and endogenous ROS production during sperm capacitation, and correlated them with both sperm motility and functionality expressed as acrosome‐reacted cells. Immediate ROS generation was observed to peak after a 45‐min incubation, followed by a rapid decrease in ROS content and successive regeneration of the ROS peak in 3 h and later. These two peaks were directly correlated with both the Tyr‐P process involving sperm heads and tails, and the acrosome reaction (69 ± 8% and 65 ± 4%, respectively). The period of low‐ROS content resulted in low Tyr‐P patterns, located exclusively in the cell midpiece, and drastic reduction in acrosome‐reacted cells. Ascorbic acid addition inhibited both Tyr‐P patterns and acrosome reactions, whereas NADPH induced high ROS generation, with Tyr‐P patterns located only on sperm tails, and prevented the acrosome reaction. Sperm hyperactivation was insensitive to ROS content. This is an important parameter for evaluation of sperm capacitation, which is achieved only when both ROS generation reaches a peak and Tyr‐P involves the sperm head.
Juvenile xanthogranuloma of the oral cavity: a case report
Authors: PATEL A. V. , MEECHAN J. G. , SOAMES J. V. 
Published: August 2010

Summary. A 3 ½‐year‐old girl presented with a symptomless lump on her tongue which had been present for 8 months. A provisional diagnosis of fibroepithelial polyp was made and no treatment was carried out. Six months later the lump had increased in size and it was excised. Histological examination led to a diagnosis of juvenile xanthogranuloma. One year later the lesion had not recurred.Résumé.Une fillette de 3 ans et demi présentait une tumeur asymptomatique de la langue depuis 8 mois, diagnostiquée comme polype fibroepithélial. Aucun traitement n'avait été entrepris. Six mois plus tard, la tumeur avait augmenté volume et a été excisée. L'examen histologique a montré un xantho granulome juvénile. Un an après, la tumeur n'avait pas récidivé.Zusammenfassung.Ein 3 ½ altes Kind zeigte ein symptomloses Geschwür auf der Zunge seit 8 Monaten. Die Diagnose lautete Fibroepithelialer Polyp, vorläufig ohne jegliche Therapie. 6 Monate später hat dieses Geschwür an Grösse zugenommen und wurde deshalb herausgeschnitten. Die Histologie ergab die Diagnose eines Juvenilen Xanthogranulomes. Bei ein postoperativer Kontrolle nach 1. Jahr konnte kein Rezidiv festgestellt werden.Resumen.Una niña de 3 ½ años se presentó con una elevación asintomática en la lengua presente por 8 meses. Se hizo un diagnóstico provisional de pólipo fibroepitelial sin ningun tratamiento. Seis meses mas tarde, la elevación aumento de tamaño y fue removida. El diagnóstico histológico demostró un xantogranuloma juvenil. Un año mas tarde no hubo recurrencia.
Gondwanan radiation of the Southern Hemisphere crayfishes (Decapoda: Parastacidae): evidence from fossils and molecules
Authors: Toon Alicia , Pérez‐Losada Marcos , Schweitzer Carrie E. , Feldmann Rodney M. , Carlson Michael , Crandall Keith A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAim  The sequential break‐up of Gondwana is thought to be a dominant process in the establishment of shared biota across landmasses of the Southern Hemisphere. Yet similar distributions are shared by taxa whose radiations clearly post‐date the Gondwanan break‐up. Thus, determining the contribution of vicariance versus dispersal to seemingly Gondwanan biota is complex. The southern freshwater crayfishes (family Parastacidae) are distributed on Australia and New Guinea, South America, Madagascar and New Zealand and are unlikely to have dispersed via oceans, owing to strict freshwater limitations. We test the hypotheses that the break‐up of Gondwana has led to (1) a predominately east–west (((Australia, New Zealand: 80 Ma) Madagascar: 160–121 Ma) South America: 165–140 Ma), or (2) a southern (((Australia, South America: 52–35 Ma) New Zealand: 80 Ma) Madagascar: 160–121 Ma) pattern for parastacid crayfish. Further, we examine the evidence for a complete drowning of New Zealand and subsequent colonization by freshwater crayfish.Location  Southern Hemisphere.Methods  The evolutionary relationships among the 15 genera of Parastacidae were reconstructed using mitochondrial [16S, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI)] and nuclear (18S, 28S) sequence data and maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods of phylogenetic reconstruction. A Bayesian (multidivtime) molecular dating method using six fossil calibrations and phylogenetic inference was used to estimate divergence time among crayfish clades on Gondwanan landmasses.Results  The South American crayfish are monophyletic and a sister group to all other southern crayfish. Australian crayfish are not monophyletic, with two Tasmanian genera, Spinastacoides and Ombrastacoides, forming a clade with New Zealand and Malagasy crayfish (both monophyletic). Divergence of crayfish among southern landmasses is estimated to have occurred around the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous (109–178 Ma).Main conclusions  The estimated phylogenetic relationships and time of divergence among the Southern Hemisphere crayfishes were consistent with an east–west pattern of Gondwanan divergence. The divergence between Australia and New Zealand (109–160 Ma) pre‐dated the rifting at around 80 Ma, suggesting that these lineages were established prior to the break‐up. Owing to the age of the New Zealand crayfish, we reject the hypothesis that there was a complete drowning of New Zealand crayfish habitat.
Patient safety systems in the primary health care of diabetes—a story of missed opportunities?
Authors: Taub N , Baker R , Khunti K , Camosso‐Stefinovic J , Mehta R. L. , Weston C. L. , Mainous A. G. 
Published: August 2010

Diabet. Med. 27, 1322–1326 (2010)AbstractAims  Key elements of a patient safety system include mechanisms for identifying errors or safety events, methods for investigating the events and processes for acting on the findings of the investigations. A patient safety system for management of diabetes in primary care might help to reduce adverse outcomes. The aims of this study were to review the current state of research into patient safety systems for people with diabetes in primary care.Methods  MEDLINE, EMBASE and nine other biomedical and health management databases were searched for articles published up to April 2009. Selection and review of abstracts were carried out independently by two authors.Results  Abstracts of 1659 articles were identified, of which only three fulfilled the selection criteria, and these did not appear in mainstream primary care journals. These papers covered the applications of root cause analysis, videoconferencing and automated telephone support to patient safety systems for managing diabetes in primary care.Conclusions  There is very little evidence on how patient safety systems for the management of primary care diabetes can be implemented, or on how the effectiveness of such systems can be maximized. If patient safety systems do have potential to improve the processes and outcomes of care, the lack of relevant research may be regarded as a missed opportunity—investigation into the reasons for the situation is needed, with the aim of motivating and enabling further research on a range of problems identified here.
Crisis in the Resurgent City? The Rise of Copenhagen
Authors: ANDERSEN HANS THOR , WINTHER LARS 
Published: August 2010

AbstractCopenhagen today appears to be a resurgent city and city region. It came back to life in the mid‐1990s and, until recently, has shown marked growth in key variables such as jobs, income and inhabitants, primarily as a result of the rise and spatial dynamics of its service‐ and knowledge‐based economy. Its resurgence is also evident in the central municipalities that 20 years ago struggled with the repercussions of a long‐term urban crisis. Financially, the central city was almost doomed in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and the city of Copenhagen was close to bankruptcy. Central‐city development was characterized by a set of eroding processes that included de‐industrialization, suburbanization, high unemployment rates, high welfare costs, an outdated housing market, strong segregation and various other factors. Copenhagen city and its city region have now been revitalized and today are a strong national centre of economic growth. Although one can catch glimpses of the crisis in key variables, urban turn remains strong; for instance, up to now, rising unemployment has been seen mainly outside the large urban areas in Denmark. However, the housing‐market bubble has burst and other signs of crisis have been appearing since as early as 2006. Nevertheless, the city is far removed from the gloomy days of the late 1980s and early 1990s.Résumé Copenhague apparaît aujourd'hui comme une ville et une région métropolitaine en résurgence. Après sa résurrection au milieu des années 1990, elle a affiché, jusqu'à dernièrement, des variables clés en nette croissance (dont emplois, revenus et habitants), principalement grâce à l'essor et à la dynamique spatiale de son économie fondée sur les services et le savoir. Sa résurgence se manifeste également dans les municipalités du centre qui luttaient vingt ans plus tôt contre les répercussions d'une longue crise urbaine. Sur le plan financier, le centre‐ville était quasiment condamnéà la fin des années 1980 et au début des années 1990, et la ville de Copenhague frôlait la faillite. L'aménagement du centre‐ville se caractérisait par un ensemble de mécanismes destructeurs comprenant désindustrialisation, mouvement de suburbanisation, taux de chômage importants, coûts sociaux élevés, marché du logement dépassé, forte ségrégation, ainsi que plusieurs autres facteurs. À présent, la ville de Copenhague et sa région métropolitaine ont repris vie et constituent un pôle national solide de croissance économique. Même si on peut entrevoir quelques incidences de la crise sur les variables clés, le revirement se maintient; par exemple, jusqu'à maintenant, l'augmentation du chômage se constate surtout hors des grandes zones urbaines danoises. Toutefois, la bulle du marché du logement a éclaté et d'autres signes de crise ont fait leur apparition dès 2006. Néanmoins, la ville est loin de la période sombre de la fin des années 1980 et du début des années 1990.
Have we met?
Authors: McConkey Roy , Naughton Mary , Nugent Una 
Published: August 2010

Over 160 adults attending day workshops for people with mental handicap were interviewed regarding the persons they had talked to in the community and who was usually with them on these occasions. The number of community contacts was heartening, with most occurring around the neighbourhood, fewer in the city, and least of all at home. However, there were only three groups of people with whom the majority of respondents had recent contact – local shopkeepers, bus conductors, and chemists. In general, community contacts were rarely in the company of friends – cinema‐going was the only exception. Usually they were with their family, or alone.Results from surveys of this type can help to establish the effectiveness of our social education programmes, can challenge parental assumptions about their son or daughter's abilities, and can identify groups within the community who would best benefit from guidance on how to interact with a person who is mentally handicapped.
Communication and language in mental handicap 4. THE FOCUS ON MEANINGFUL PRODUCTION
Authors: Bell Ian 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYSome writers have recommended that work on comprehension should take precedence over production when facilitating communication and language in children who are mentally handicapped. In contrast, the second article of this series suggested that the communication and language curriculum for children with severe learning difficulties should focus on meaningful production. This article seeks to justify this position, by discussing the relationship between comprehension and production in development, and by describing some of the drawbacks of working on comprehension.
Communication and language in mental handicap
Authors: Bell Ian 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYIn the second of the two articles outlining the communication and language curriculum for children with severe learning difficulties (Bell, 1984b), it was suggested that imitation might be better included as a component in a learning skills core area rather than in the communication and language core area. This article and the previous one in the series explain this assertion: the previous article defined imitation and discussed its role in language acquisition; this article examines the problems with using imitation in communication and language intervention.
Group treatment of dog phobia in people with mental handicaps
Authors: Doherty Ingrid E. , Houston Julia C. 
Published: August 2010

The present study describes the group treatment of dog phobia in people with mental handicaps. The method was based on that described by Dixon and Gunary (1986) and the aim was to see whether their procedure could be shortened and still remain effective. Eleven sessions were held with a group of six adults. The techniques used included graded exposure, modelling, and video feedback. Fear responses were rated during each session.The results demonstrated that following the sessions all members of the group showed an increased ability to cope with the close proximity of a dog, despite the procedure having been shortened. Some disadvantages of working with a heterogeneous group, and problems of maintenance and generalisation, are discussed.
The denial of adolescence for people with mental handicaps: AN UNWITTING CONSPIRACY?
Authors: Baker Peter A. 
Published: August 2010

This article addresses the issues concerning the experience of adolescence for young people with mental handicaps. A developmental model is presented, which states that various tasks need to be accomplished if they are to attain adult status.Evidence is put forward which suggests that, for the great majority of adolescents with mental handicaps, these tasks are never accomplished. It is hypothesised that there is an unwitting conspiracy on the part of carers, both parents and professionals, to thwart the accomplishment of these tasks: unwitting in as much as there is no conscious conspiracy, but a communication through postures, attitudes, and styles of interaction. It is suggested that reform of service provision is the first step towards a more developmentally appropriate adolescence for people with mental handicaps and greater opportunities for the attainment of adult status.