bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Avian response to a turf application of triumph® 4E
Authors: Brewer Larry W. , Driver Crystal J. , Kendall Ronald J. , Lacher Thomas E. , Galindo Janine C. , Dickson Gary W. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A field study was conducted to assess the hazard presented by Triumph® 4E insecticide applied to turf at 5 kg a.i./ha to free-ranging birds during the breeding season. The occurrence, distribution, activity and habitat use of birds were monitored on treated and untreated portions of a golf course before and after chemical application. In addition, avian mortality and nesting success were recorded. Residues of Triumph 4E were measured in water, turf and invertebrate samples. Six bird species were more frequently observed following application. Triumph 4E-contaminated mole crickets (Scapteriscus vicinus) (mean, 0.32 ppm, a.i.) that surfaced after treatments were a food source for the birds. At least three of the six species whose numbers increased on the treated field (common grackle, Quiscalus quiscula: boat-tailed grackle, Quiscalus major; and northern mockingbird, Mimus polyglottus) appeared to be attracted to dead or impaired mole crickets. No increases in bird mortality or other adverse effects in reproductive performance were evident.
Sorption of cationic oligomers on sediments
Authors: Podoll R. Thomas , Irwin Katherine C. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The adsorption and desorption of oligomers of cationic poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) a poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDAM) were measured on several sediments. The adsorption isotherms have a Langmuir shape, with high initial slopes for PEI and adsorption capacities of up to 13% oligomer adsorbed by weight for PDAM. Sorption capacity correlates with the cation exchange capacity for both oligomers. Sorption capacity increases with PEI molecular weight but is independent of PDAM molecular weight. Adsorption/desorption reversibility is less than 15% at all surface coverages for PDAM and for PEI at low surface coverage, but increases up to 50% for PEI at high surface coverage. These data indicate that PDAM adsorbs with all protonated nitrogens directly attached to cation exchange sites at all surface coverages. In contrast, PEI appears to adsorb with a significant mass of adsorbed material in loops and tails indirectly attached to the surface. Adsorption of PDAM appears to increase dramatically if the sediment pH is basic enough to allow bilayer adsorption in the interlamellar region of the sediment. Preadsorption of PDAM on a sediment significantly increased the adsorption of naphthalene from water, suggesting that the lipophilicity of sediments or soils can be substantially increased by oligomer adsorption.
“Volume fraction” correlation for narcosis in aquatic organisms: The key role of partitioning
Authors: Abernethyand S. G. , MacKay D. , McCarty L. S. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A correlation approach was developed to describe narcosis in several aquatic species. By assuming that narcosis occurs as a result of a constant volume fraction of toxicant at the target site in the test organism, it is possible to correlate LC50s for a series of chemicals with their octanol-water partition coefficients and molar volumes. The approach was successfully tested on acute and chronic toxicity data from the published literature. Two hundred-fourteen toxicity determinations, with 113 different organic chemicals and involving fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), guppy (Poecilia reticulata), golden orfe (Leuciscus idus melanotus), water flea (Daphnia magna), brine shrimp (Anemia spp.) and Paramecium (Tetrahymena elliotti), were employed.
The data analysis suggests that partition coefficients of the chemicals between the target phase, i.e., the site of toxicant action, in the test organism and water are similar to, but generally lower than, octanol-water partition coefficients. The analysis also suggests a method of correlating the toxicities of mixtures and provides an explanation of the “toxicity cut-off” frequently observed in toxicity tests with chemicals of low water solubility. The interpretation provides insights into the role of partitioning in the acute and chronic effects of nonselective narcotic toxicants.
Modeling bioconcentration of nonpolar organic pollutants by fish
Authors: Barber M. Craig , Suérez Luis A. , Lassiter Ray R. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A model describing thermodynamically driven kinetic exchange of organic chemicals between fish and the aqueous environment is developed. This model considers both the biological attributes of the fish and the physicochemical properties of the chemical that determine diffusive exchange across gill membranes. Important biological characteristics addressed by the model are the fish's gill morphometry, body weight and fractional aqueous, lipid and structural organic composition. Relevant physicochemical properties are the chemical's aqueous diffusivity, molar volume and n-octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow), which is used as a surrogate to quantify chemical partitioning to the fish's lipid and structural organic fractions. Using this model, excretion rates, gill uptake efficiencies and bioconcentration factors can be predicted for nonmetabolized organic chemicals.
Database assessment of phytotoxicity data published on terrestrial vascular plants
Authors: Fletcher John S. , Johnson Forrest L. , McFarlane James C. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The PHYTOTOX database was analyzed to determine the taxonomic and geographical scope of information published on the toxicity of organic chemicals to terrestrial vascular plants. The data tabulated show the 20 most frequently tested chemicals, the 35 most often used plant genera and species, and the frequency of toxicity testing conducted on plants maintained under different growth conditions (greenhouse, cultivated field, wild, etc.). This information is discussed with regard to its applicability to environmental issues of concern. Examination of the data indicated that the influence of toxic waste compounds on plants is virtually unknown and that little research attention has been focused on the influence of chemical insult on the growth and development of wild plants.
The importance of surface adsorption and pH in metal accumulation by chironomids
Authors: Krantzberg Gail , Stokes Pamela M. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Metal body burdens of larval and adult chironomids varied nonlinearly with H+. Metal loss during emergence was an indicator of metal adsorption to the exoskeleton. This adsorbed portion was lower for chironomids collected from lakes of pH 4.4 or 6.1 than for those from lakes of pH 5.1 to 5.5. Pb accumulation was inversely proportional to pH, but Cd, Al, Cu and Ni body burdens were lower at pH 4.4 than at pH greater than 5.1. Short-term larval transplant experiments supported the field observations that surface adsorption can be an important component of the total metal burden of larval chironomids and that adsorption processes may be suppressed at low pH. Changes in metal content in live and dead chironomids exposed to different sediment types were not significantly different. Larvae from a lake of pH 4.4 showed an initial rapid phase of accumulation of Cd, Al, Mn, Ni, Zn and Cu when transplanted to sediments from a lake of pH 5.1. Laboratory and field data supported the hypothesis that surface adsorption contributes to total metal content in chironomids and is responsive to lake pH.
Photooxidation products of smoke generator fuel (SGF) no. 2 fog oil and toxicity to Hyallela azteca
Authors: Poston Ted M. , Bean Roger M. , Kalkwarf Donald R. , Thomas Berta L. , Clark Mark L. , Killand Bruce W. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Photooxidation of smoke generator fuel (SGF) No. 2 fog oil was investigated to determine qualitative changes in the chemistry of the oil and the resulting acute toxicity to the freshwater amphipod Hyallela azteca. The 48-h LC50 was about 11.5 mg total oil/L for photooxidized fog oil. Toxicity was related to the greater solubility of photooxidized fog oil in that higher concentrations of total dissolved oil in oil-water mixtures were obtained after equivalent additions of photooxidized oil and nonphotooxidized oil. Photooxidation caused increases in carbonyl oxygen and the presence of alpha- and beta-unsaturated ketones and acetophenones in aqueous extracts. There was no evidence for the formation of phenolic compounds in the photooxidized fog oil or in oil-water mixtures.
Concurrent mobile on-site and In Situ striped bass contaminant and water quality studies in the choptank river and upper chesapeake bay
Authors: Hall Lenwood W. , Bushong Steven J. , Ziegenfuss Michael C. , Hall W. Scott , Herman Roger L. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
In situ and mobile on-site striped bass prolarval and yearling survival studies were conducted in the Choptank River and in the Chesapeake and Delaware (C & D) Canal area of the Upper Chesapeake Bay. Extensive chemical analyses of both organic and inorganic contaminants in the habitat water were performed and water quality parameters were monitored during these experiments. Surviving yearling striped bass were subjected to histological examination.
Prolarval survival data from both the in situ and mobile on-site studies were similar for each spawning area. Prolarval survival ranged from 30 to 45% after 96 h of exposure to Choptank River water in four separate experiments (two in situ, two on-site); control survival was greater than 74%. Based on a comparison of laboratory toxicity data and reported field concentrations in the Choptank River for various water quality and contaminant conditions, the following combination of conditions was potentially stressful to striped bass prolarvae: low hardness (36 to 48 mg/L CaCO3), monomeric aluminum (0.150 mg/L), cadmium (0.003 mg/L) and copper (0.040 mg/L). Yearling survival in both in situ and on-site tests ranged from 93 to 100% in both the control and Choptank River water after 9 d of exposure. Survival of striped bass prolarvae in C & D Canal water ranged from 52.5 to 70% after 96 h of exposure in four separate experiments. Control survival of prolarvae was not significantly different. Survival of yearling striped bass in on-site and in situ tests was 95% or greater in C & D Canal water and control water. Acute contaminant effects were not verified in the C & D Canal area.
Influence of the method of fluoride administration on toxicity and fluoride concentrations in japanese quail
Authors: Fleming W. James , Schuler Carol A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Young Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) were administered NaF for 16 d either in their diet or by esophageal intubation. Based on the total fluoride ion (Σmg F−) intake over the 16-d experimental period, fluoride administered by intubation was at least six times more toxic than that fed in the diet. Dietary concentrations of 1,000 ppm F− (Σmg F− for 16 d = approx. 144) produced no mortality, whereas intubated doses produced 73% or greater mortality in all groups administered 54 mg F−/kg/d or more (Σmg F− for 16 d ≥ approx. 23 mg). Graphic comparison of the regression of log F− ppm in femurs/mg F− intake showed that fluoride levels in the femurs of quail administered fluoride by intubation were higher than in those administered fluoride in the diet.
Acute toxicity of chlorophenols to green algae, Selenastrum capricornutum and Chlorella vulgaris, and quantitative structure-activity relationships
Authors: Shigeoka Tadayoshi , Sato Yasuo , Takeda Yuko , Yoshida Kikuo , Yamauchi Fumio 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The growth inhibition (96-h EC50) of two species of green algae, Selenastrum capricornutum and Chlorella vulgaris, caused by phenol and 12 chlorophenols (from mono-Cl to penta-Cl) was determined according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development guidelines for testing chemicals. The responses of the algae to the chemicals were measured by cell counting, and 96-h EC50 values were correlated with six physicochemical parameters of chlorophenols. The parameters employed in the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analyses were n-octanol/water partition coefficient (log Pow), dissociation constant (pKa), Hammett Σσ constant, index of valence molecular connectivity (1χv), perimeter of the efficient cross section of molecule (ΣD) and melting point (F). In the S. capricornutum assay, the toxicity increased as the number of substituted chlorine atoms increased. In the C. vulgaris assay, although toxicity increased from phenol to dichlorophenol, the toxicities of di-, tri-, tetra- and pentachlorophenol were almost the same. QSAR study shows that log Pow gives the best correlation, even in the C. vulgaris assay, by the use of the square of log Pow. Therefore, the growth inhibition of these algae caused by chlorophenols is mostly influenced by lipophilicity, as is stated frequently in toxicity studies using aquatic animals.
Regional variation of indoor radon over three seasons
Authors: Mushrush George W. , Mose Douglas G. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The levels of 222Rn in homes located in Fairfax County, Virginia, and Montgomery County, Maryland were measured using alpha-track detectors during three consecutive 3-month seasonal intervals. Indoor radon can be related to the geological material under homes and to home construction. The indoor radon levels during winter were about twice as high as anticipated. Approximately 50% of the homes had winter indoor radon levels above 4 pCi/L, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's recommended “action” level. During spring, indoor radon levels showed a considerable drop, with approximately 35% of the homes above 4 pCi/L. Values in summer were even lower, with approximately 22% of the homes above 4 pCi/L.
Inhibition and stimulation of trichloroethylene biodegradation in microaerophilic microcosms
Authors: Barrio-Lage Gladys A. , Parsons Frances Z. , Lorenzo Pedro A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The possibility of increasing the biotransformation rate of trichloroethylene (TCE) in ground water and subsurface environments by nutrient addition to microcosms was studied. Three sets of microcosms made of sediment and water were prepared under a nitrogen atmosphere to preserve microacrophilic conditions; each set contained one of the following nutrients: sulfate, methane or ethylene. A control set of microcosms without nutrients was also prepared. The addition of methane was found to increase the biotransformation rate of TCE, allowing the depletion of 99.6% of the TCE in 6 months of incubation, with a lag time of 3 months. In the control microcosms, with no added nutrient, 78% of the TCE was depleted in 6 months of incubation. However, in the microcosms to which sulfate or ethylene was added, the half-life of TCE was appreciably increased. This indicates that methane addition increased the ability of the indigenous microorganisms to biodegrade TCE under microaerophilic conditions, and that sulfate addition inhibited the organisms responsible for the biotransformation of TCE or their biodegrading ability. The effect of ethylene was ambiguous; bacterial growth did not occur in sediment-water cultures supplied with ethylene as the sole carbon source. Hence ethylene either inhibited growth of indigenous bacteria or was not a suitable carbon source. The microcosm experiments suggest that biotransformation resulted from the action of methylotrophs, coexisting in microhabitats with methanogens, which cometabolize the chlorinated ethenes with methane.
Investigation of carbofuran and its metabolites by gas-liquid chromatography in green and dry hops
Authors: Archer T. E. , Chu Y. Y. , Engebretson J. A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Processed hop cones (Humulus americanus) are an important flavoring component in beer, and it is possible that carbofuran and its metabolites could be found in treated hops and thus in beer. Hop cones were treated with 1.12 kg/ha active ingredient carbofuran (2, 3-dihydro-2, 2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl-N-methyl carbamate) for the control of root weevils (Otiorhynchus sulcatus, O. ovatus). The carbamates in the cones were determined using gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and a thermionic specific detector. The percent recoveries for the carbamates ranged from 88.7 ± 5.3 to 95.3 ± 6.3% (green hops) and from 88.6 ± 12.3 to 98.0 ± 5.0% (dry hops). The phenolic metabolites were analyzed as their 2, 4-dinitrophenol ether derivatives, using GLC with an electron capture detector. The percent recoveries ranged from 85.0 ± 5.8 to 88.3 ± 8.5% (green hops) and from 80.3 ± 4.4 to 95.3 ± 3.0% (dry hops). The GLC procedure was sensitive to 0.05 ppm. Control samples in all cases contained less than 0.05 ppm and green, treated hop cones had residues of less than 0.05 ppm. Dry treated hop cones contained less than 0.05 ppm of all chemicals, except 3-keto-7-phenol (0.12 ppm) and the 3,7-diol (0.07 ppm). Although the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has not established tolerance levels for carbofuran and its metabolites in hop cones, the present investigation shows that residue levels on green and dry hop cones are well below the EPA's tolerances for carbofuran in other commodities.
Minutocellus polymorphus: A new marine diatom for use in algal toxicity tests
Authors: Walsh Gerald E. , McLaughlin Leslie L. , Yoder Mark J. , Moody Paul H. , Lores Emile M. , Forester Jerrold , Wessinger-Duvall Paul B. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The marine diatom Minutocellus polymorphus is suited for use as a test species in algal toxicity tests. Its responses to 19 toxicants in a modification of Aquil, a chemically defined phytoplankton culture medium, compared favorably with those of Skeletonema costatum, a common test species. M. polymorphus grows rapidly, allowing a test duration of 48 h and thus minimizing complications due to toxicant degradation, volatilization and adsorption to test vessel walls. These and other characteristics indicate that M. polymorphus is an ideal standard organism for algal toxicity tests.
Techniques for the laboratory culture of mysidopsis species (crustacea: Mysidacea)
Authors: Lussier Suzanne M. , Kuhn Anne , Chammas Melissa J. , Sewall John 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate existing techniques for culturing three species of the genus Mysidopsis that are routinely used as toxicity test organisms. A comparison of the life history, ecology and distribution of M. bahia, M. bigelowi and M. almyra is presented. Culture systems are described, supplemental foods are suggested, and guidelines are given for salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen and nitrogen levels that will maintain optimum laboratory culture conditions. Methods are outlined for harvesting juveniles and controlling contaminant organisms, and general feeding procedures are described. Culture management is stressed as the most significant factor in maintaining productive mysid cultures. Specific recommendations are made regarding culture density, harvesting frequency, sex ratio and introduction of feral animals.
Techniques for the culture of ghost shrimp (palaemonetes pugio)
Authors: Poole Bruce M. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The ghost shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, is a common estuarine member of the food chain. It is widely used in bioassay testing by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Culture techniques for the ghost shrimp have been established for more than 10 years. The organism, as an adult, is vivacious and will breed readily in captivity. The larvae have a 30‒d life cycle in which they consume a variety of planktonic organisms before assuming the adult form. The ghost shrimp is utilized in testing metallic, organic and petroleum contaminants in the marine and estuarine environments, both in the larval stages (aged 2–4 weeks) and in the adult stage.
Laboratory culture of gametophytic stages of the marine macroalgae champia parvula (rhodophyta) and laminaria saccharina (phaeophyta)
Authors: Steele Richard L. , Thursby Glen B. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Methods to help characterize the toxicity of effluent discharges within the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System have been developed for the marine red alga Champia parvula and are currently being developed for the brown alga Laminaria saccharina. These methods require maintaining male and female gametophytes in laboratory cultures. Aseptic techniques are recommended even though the cultures are not intended to be axenic; the purpose is to guard against microalgal contamination. C. parvula can be grown at room temperature, but L. saccharina requires a controlled temperature chamber (12–15°C). Both species can be cultured successfully in either natural or artificial seawater.
Evaluation of the xenon arc lamp as a light source for aquatic photodegradation studies: Comparison with natural sunlight
Authors: Yager Judith Evans , Yue Chifoo David 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The use of xenon arc illumination as a substitute for natural sunlight in the aqueous photolysis test was evaluated by exposing four chemicals to both xenon arc and sun illumination. The chemicals were chosen based on their known photodegradation half‒lives, absorption maxima and ease of analysis. The percentage of chemical remaining at the end of the exposure period and the photodegradation half‒life were compared for each chemical by light source. To compensate for the variability in natural sunlight intensity during an exposure period, data were also compared based on total light exposure, i.e., the intensity of exposure integrated over time. Photolysis of the four chemicals under the xenon arc lamp compared favorably with that under sunlight. Based on the results of this study, xenon arc illumination is equivalent to sunlight for use in determining aqueous photolysis rates.
Effects of mixtures of sediment contaminants on the marine infaunal amphipod, rhepoxynius abronius
Authors: Swartz R. C. , Kemp P. F. , Schults D. W. , Lamberson J. O. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The infaunal amphipod, Rhepoxynius abronius Barnard, was exposed to mixtures of sediment contaminants at concentrations of the individual compounds that produce few or no effects. Combinations of zinc, mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor® 1254) and fluoranthene produced joint toxicological actions that could be classified as additive or less than additive. To be more ecologically relevant, sediment quality criteria should be expressed in relation to a model of interactive effects. A relatively small decrease in the total volatile solids content of sediment from 1.72 to 1.30% increased the concentration of contaminants in interstitial water and increased sediment toxicity.
Use of the amphipod crustaceanhyalella aztecain freshwater and estuarine sediment toxicity tests
Authors: Nebeker Alan V. , Miller Clifford E. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractHyalella azteca (Saussure), which are currently used in toxicity tests with freshwater sediments, were tested to determine their suitability for tests with estuarine sediments. Reproduction was good after 24 d at and below 12.5 g/L (ppt) salinity in water only. EC50 values (50% reduction in young) were 10.5 and 10.4 g/L salinity. Survival was good in tests conducted with estuarine sediments collected from a range of freshwater to full seawater sites, using fresh water overlaying the sediments (200 ml sediment, 800 ml water). The results demonstrate that H. azteca can be used to test the toxicity of sediments from both freshwater and estuarine sites.