bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Concept of Multi-Scenario, Multi-Component Animated Maps for the Visualization of Spatio-Temporal Landscape Evolution
Authors: Opach Tomasz , Midtbø Terje , Nossum Alexander 
Published: August 2012

A New Concept of Multi-Scenario, Multi-Component Animated Maps for the Visualization of Spatio-Temporal Landscape Evolution
In this paper, we propose a new approach to the presentation of the spatio-temporal evolution of landscape using a multi-component multi-scenario animated map system. The concept of multi-scenario map was introduced with a few conceptual level objectives. Firstly, to facilitate understanding of geographic spatio-temporal changeability (especially landscape changeability) by the use of complex cartographic animations. Secondly, to investigate factors which influence an intuitive and effective use of multi-component cartographic applications. In relation to understanding processes, the overriding purpose was to build up a generic approach that allows users to recognize features of complex geographic phenomena. Finally, since the implementation of the concept was of importance, a prototype has been prepared.
Homotopy Perturbation Algorithm Using Laplace Transform for Gas Dynamics Equation
Authors: Singh Jagdev , Kumar Devendra ,   Sushila
Published: August 2012

Homotopy Perturbation Algorithm Using Laplace Transform for Gas Dynamics EquationIn this paper, we apply a combined form of the Laplace transform method with the homotopy perturbation method to obtain the solution of nonlinear gas dynamics equation. This method is called the homotopy perturbation transform method (HPTM). This technique finds the solution without any discretization or restrictive assumptions and avoids the round-off errors. The fact that this scheme solves nonlinear problems without using Adomian's polynomials can be considered as a clear advantage of this algorithm over the decomposition method. The results reveal that the homotopy perturbation transform method (HPTM) is very efficient, simple and can be applied to other nonlinear problems.
Reviews
Authors: Miller Nicholas , Boilard Marie-Christine , Lindberg Bo , Wendel-Hansen Jens 
Published: August 2012

Dan Edelstein, The Enlightenment: A Genealogy (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 2010), xii + 209 pp.Kirsten Haack, The United Nations Democracy Agenda: A Conceptual History
(Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2011), 256 pp.Pasi Ihalainen, Agents of the People: Democracy and Popular Sovereignty in British
and Swedish Parliamentary and Public Debates, 1734–1800 (Leiden and
Boston: Brill, 2010), xvi + 532 pp.Jeppe Nevers, Fra skældsord til slagord. Demokratibegrebet i dansk politisk historie
[From term of abuse to catchphrase: The concept of democracy in
Danish political history] (Odense: Syddansk Universitetsforlag, 2011),
225 pp.
Antiviral Activity of Nucleoside Analogues against Norovirus
Authors: Costantini Verónica P , Whitaker Tony , Barclay Leslie , Lee David , McBrayer Tamara R , Schinazi Raymond F , Vinjé Jan 
Published: August 2012

Background Norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide. The lack of a cell culture has significantly hampered the development of effective therapies against human NoV. Clinically approved nucleoside and non-nucleoside analogues have been used successfully against RNA viruses. Methods In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of four nucleoside analogues (2′-C-MeC, 2′-F-2′-C-MeC, β-D-N(4)-hydroxycytidine [NHC] and lamivudine) on Norwalk virus (NV) RNA levels and protein expression in NV replicon-harbouring cells (HG23 cells), and their efficacy in blocking murine norovirus (MNV) replication in RAW 264.7 cells. Results 2′-C-MeC and 2′-F-2′-C-MeC reduced MNV RNA levels and infectivity in RAW 264.7 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The median effective concentrations (EC50) of 2′-C-MeC and 2′-F-2′-C-MeC were 6.9 μM and 12.7 μM, respectively. 2′-C-MeC, 2′-F-2′-C-MeC and NHC reduced NV RNA levels and protein expression in HG23 cells. For the NV replicon, the EC50 of 2′-C-MeC (1.3 μM) was comparable to the antiviral activity of NHC (1.5 μM) and twofold more potent than 2′-F-2′-C-MeC (3.2 μM). The combination of 2′-C-MeC/ ribavirin resulted in modest synergistic activity, whereas NHC/ribavirin was antagonistic for NV replication in HG23 cells. Conclusions The antiviral activity of 2′-C-MeC against strains of two different NoV genogroups and the low EC50 suggest that this nucleoside analogue may be effective against the more prevalent GII NoVs. In the absence of a vaccine, antiviral agents could be an effective intervention to control the spread of human NoV in populations at a high risk for NoV disease.
Evolution of Adefovir-Resistant HBV Polymerase Gene Variants after Switching to Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Monotherapy
Authors: van Bömmel Florian , Trojan Jörg , Deterding Katja , Wedemeyer Heiner , Wasmuth Hermann E , Hüppe Dietrich , Möller Bernd , Bock Friederike J , Feucht Heinz-Hubert , Berg Thomas 
Published: August 2012

Background Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), an acyclic nucleotide analogue was shown to be effective in many HBV-infected patients with resistance to adefovir dipivoxil (ADV). This observation is intriguing because in vitro studies show that HBV mutations selected by ADV confer cross-resistance to TDF. To assess the clinical relevance of this cross-resistance, we studied the evolution of HBV polymerase gene variants in patients with genotypic resistance against ADV (rtN236T and/or rtA181V/T) during TDF treatment. Methods In 10 HBV-monoinfected patients (9 male, mean age 47 ±11 [range 27–67] years, 6 hepatitis B e antigen- positive) with virological breakthrough during ADV treatment associated with the mutations rtN236T and/or rtA181T/V, HBV polymerase gene variants were studied during up to 24 months of consecutive monotherapy with TDF by population sequencing, line probe assay and clonal analysis. Results In all patients, switching to TDF resulted in a continuous reduction of HBV DNA from a median of 7.6 (4.6–9.4) log10 copies/ml to 3.3 (2–5) log10 copies/ml, remaining in 7 patients >400 copies/ml at 12 months. ADV-resistance mutations remained detectable throughout the whole observation period in most patients. Apart from an M204Q mutation in one sample, no new HBV polymerase gene mutations were found. In two patients with low level viraemia after 72 weeks of TDF, adding lamivudine led to a complete response within a few weeks. Conclusions ADV-resistant HBV variants may further become selected during TDF treatment, however they cause only a mild decrease in TDF susceptibility.
A Randomized Phase I Bioequivalence Clinical Trial of a Paediatric Fixed-Dose Combination Antiretroviral Reconstitutable Suspension in Healthy Adult Volunteers
Authors: Esseku Fredrick , Joshi Anjali , Oyegbile Yemisi , Edowhorhu Grace , Gbadero Daniel , Adeyeye Moji 
Published: August 2012

Background This study aimed to test the hypothesis that paediatric fixed-dose combination granule for reconstitution (comprising lamivudine/zidovudine/nevirapine 30/60/50 mg per 5 ml) as a test product is bioequivalent to the coadministered single entities of the reference products. Fixed-dose combination antiretroviral therapy provides adequate suppression of HIV-1 replication, provides barrier to the development of resistance, simplifies dosage regimen and improves adherence. Methods An open label, randomized, two-way crossover study was conducted on 24 healthy adults under fasted conditions, with a washout period of 14 days between treatments. A total of 15 blood samples were collected before dosing and up to 96 h post dosing. The drugs were extracted from plasma and analysed using a validated high performance liquid chromatography - ultraviolet method. Non-compartmental pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis was performed to obtain the PK parameters, maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), area under curve of plasma concentration–time curves from time zero to last measurable concentration (AUC0–t) and area under curve extrapolated to infinity (AUC0–∞). ANOVA test was performed to determine the effect of model factors on the PK parameters. The two one-sided t-tests were performed on the log-transformed data to determine the 90% CI for the ratio of test to reference PK parameters. Results The drugs were well tolerated and safe, with minimal adverse events. The ANOVA test indicated the absence of any significant effects ( P>0.05) due to the model parameters. The 90% CI for the geometric mean ratio of test/ reference for Cmax, AUC0–t and AUC0–∞ for lamivudine, zidovudine and nevirapine were within the 80–125% bioequivalence limits. Conclusions This single-dose randomized study found that the test and reference products met the criteria for bioequivalence in the fasting healthy adult volunteers.
A Comparative Study on the Effect of Two Different Investing Mediums on the Movement of Artificial Teeth during the Fabrication of Complete Denture: An in vitro Study
Authors: Sajjad Arbaz 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT

Purpose
Acrylic processing of waxed-up dentures is considered to be a crucial and technique-sensitive procedure. Even after investing a lot of time and clinical skill a definitive movement of teeth during and after processing has long been observed which lead to occlusal discrepancies and disturb the harmonious occlusal scheme achieved earlier. Shifting of the teeth can occur as a result of the investing procedures and investing materials. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the movement of artificial teeth in two-dimensions of space (anteroposterior and mediolateral) during processing of the waxed-up dentures using two different gypsum materials for investing.

Methods
Two groups of 15 waxed-up maxillary dentures were processed using two different investing mediums (a) dental plaster and (b) combination of dental stone core and plaster mold. The artificial teeth movement was measured in the mediolateral and the anteroposterior directions between predetermined reference points before and after processing with the aid of a traveling microscope. The findings were statistically analyzed using parametric t-tests and ANOVA F-test.

Results
Artificial teeth movement in both the anteroposterior and mediolateral direction was less with the use of investment combination of dental stone core and plaster mold when compared to the conventional method of investing with dental plaster.

Conclusion
The dental stone core method is superior in view of the fact that it produces significantly less artificial teeth movement than the conventional method. However, neither of the investing methods is successful in completely preventing artificial teeth movement.
Comparison between Acetal Resin and Cobalt-chromium Removable Partial Denture Clasps: Effect on Abutment Teeth Supporting Structures
Authors: Mohamed Tarek , Baraka Osama Abdulmoneam , Badawy Magdy Mostafa 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT

Statement of problem
Acetal resin has been introduced as an esthetic partial denture clasp material. However, the effects of these clasps on the abutment teeth supporting structures were not clear.

Purpose
To evaluate the effects of acetal resin clasps on the abutment teeth supporting structures as compared to cobalt-chromium clasps.

Materials and methods
Twenty patients, 12 males and 8 females, with Kennedy class III modification I partially edentulous maxilla and dentulous mandibles were selected for this study. Patients were divided into two equal groups; group 1 received maxillary cobalt-chromium partial denture frameworks with acetal resin Akers clasps. Group 2 received maxillary partial denture with cobalt-chromium frameworks and Akers cobalt-chromium clasps. Crevicular fluid, epithelial attachment loss, and bone height and density of the abutment teeth were evaluated at partial denture insertion and after 6 and 12 months. Paired t-test was used at p ≤ 0.05 to assess the changes in the above parameters in each group. Student t-test was used to compare between the two groups.

Results
Crevicular fluid measurements were significantly higher in the first group than that in the second group. There were no differences in epithelial attachment loss between the two groups. There were significantly higher reductions in the bone height and in the bone density in the second group than that in the first group.

Conclusion
Acetal resin clasps were superior to cobalt-chromium clasps as produced fewer reductions in bone height and in bone density around the abutment teeth inspite of produced increase in the crevicular fluid.

Clinical implications
Since there were lesser reductions in bone height and in bone density around acetal resin clasp abutments, it could be used successfully to retain partial dentures. However, meticulous oral hygiene and proper insertion and removal of partial denture with acetal resin clasps were required to decrease gingival inflammation and crevicular fluid amount.
Tissue Replacement Gingival Prosthesis in the Treatment of Esthetic and Functional Deficit: An Atypical Case Report
Authors: Kumar Nettemu Sunil , Sowmya Nettem 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT
Tissue replacement gingival prosthesis is a simple, noninvasive procedure employed to replace large volumes of lost soft tissue architecture while overcoming the pitfalls of surgical treatment modalities. A removable gingival prosthesis has a definite set of superior advantages compared to the extensive surgical treatment options or the employment of a fixed prosthesis. The removable gingival prosthesis helps to render an esthetically pleasing and functional restoration which is economical and less time-consuming for patients who report with large areas of esthetic and functional deficits. This case report highlights the fabrication of a light-weight design of removable gingival veneer to effectively mask the large area of tissue distortion whilst achieving superior esthetics.
Clinical Implications of Regressive Alterations of Teeth and their Management
Authors: Bhat Vinaya , Alva Harshitha , Krishna Prasad D , Shetty Manoj 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT
Regressive alteration is a multifactorial condition causing loss of enamel and dentine. The cause is generally erosion, abrasion, abfraction, attrition and resorption or a combination of these lesions. Progression of regressive changes is found to be slow with periods of activity and inactivity. Although restorations are indicated, prevention remains the prime strategy in maintaining the longevity of a tooth. A thorough knowledge of the etiology, signs and symptoms of these lesions is of utmost importance in the diagnosis and management.

Conclusion and clinical implications
This article describes the etiological factors and assists the readers in reaching a diagnosis on the type of lesion and their appropriate management.

Abbreviations
NCCL: Noncarious cervical lesion; VDO: Vertical dimension at occlusion; RMGIC: Resin-modified glass ionomer cement.
Importancia de los mapas conceptuales para la organización y representación de los contenidos en las Ciencias de la Información
Authors: Contreras Rodriguez Suleidy 
Published: August 2012

Se realiza una descripción de los mapas conceptuales a partir de sus definiciones, componentes, características, tipología, principios y usos para sus aplicaciones. Se caracteriza el proceso de organización y representación de los contenidos, como un proceso macro que incluye varios subprocesos de gran importancia para el desempeño de los profesionales de la información. Se valora la influencia de la aplicación de mapas conceptuales para la organización y representación de los contenidos en las Ciencias de la Información, destacando su impacto con las nuevas tecnologías de información y las comunicaciones.
Between Stephen Lloyd and Esteban Yo-eed: Locating Jamaica Through Cuba
Authors: Smith Faith 
Published: August 2012

In their oft-cited manifesto, the Martinican Creolists exhort Caribbean people to forego their continuing allegiances to the “mythical shores” of various old worlds, and to affirm instead the “alluvial Creoleness” that binds (or that ought to bind) them to each other, and to other communities across the globe with a similar plantation history: “Neither Europeans, nor Africans, nor Asians, we proclaim ourselves Creoles; “[the Creole language] is the initial means of communication of our deep self, or our collective unconscious, of our common genius, and it remains the river of our alluvial Creoleness.” Despite their qualifications – “Creoleness is an open specificity,” for example – they have been chided for simplifying the complicated socio-political histories of the region. Maryse Condé, for example, has noted that the opposition of colonizing French language and resisting Creole language ignores the extent to which plantation heterogeneity and negotiation rendered Creole a language of both “unity and compromise.” On what terms can alluvial relationships that can undercut imperial and diasporic ties be uncovered? What does the idea of a Creole unconscious solidify, restore, revivify, and for whom? In this essay, I am interested in a Jamaican-born novelist’s use of Cuba’s second war of independence in the 1890s to critique Jamaican complacency about British colonialism after the Second World War. Cuba, and a “Creole Latin” world more generally, allows him, on my reading, to proffer hispanophone and francophone plantation histories as a model for anglophone sensibilities in the region. The “Creole Latin” affirmation of nationalism, revolutionary struggle, and strong affective ties to the land and to personal relationships, are uncontaminated by the domineering spirit, legalistic prejudices, bureaucracy and commerce, and negotiated concessions that typify anglophone Protestant modes of life. Since the scene of these ideas in this case is the nineteenth century plantation, then we might ask if the social and political inequities are not reinforced, or whether the pleasures afforded by the romance make such considerations moot.
Octadecyl-Bonded Silica Membrane Disk Modified with Cyanex302 for Pre-Concentration and Determination of Iron in Food Products
Authors: Karve Manjusha , Pandey Durgesh 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
A simple and rapid method using an octadecyl-bonded silica membrane disk impregnated with Cyanex302 is described for the pre-concentration and determination of iron. The influence of various parameters on sorption and elution of Fe(III) were systematically investigated. The sorption of Fe(III) at pH 3.2 was quantitative (99.3 ± 1.1%). It was completely recovered using 20 mL 5.0 M HCl and determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Breakthrough volume of the modified disk for Fe(III) was &gt;2000 mL, pre-concentration factor was &gt;100, and reusability up to 28 cycles. The LOD and LOQ for Fe(III) were 0.45 μg/L and 1.51 μg/L, respectively, while precision for its determination in terms of RSD was ≤ 2.1%. This method was applied for Fe(III) determination in milk, fortified flour, cocoa powder, tea, and black pepper. To validate the procedure, EPA Method Standard (QC standard 21) was analyzed for Fe(III).
Lipid Profile of In Vitro Oil Produced Through Cell Culture of Jatropha curcas
Authors: Correa Sandra M , Atehortúa Lucía 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Recent increases in energy demands as a consequence of population growth and industrialization, and pollution caused during the extraction and combustion of fossil fuel sources have driven the development of new energy sources that do not cause pollution and are inexpensive and renewable. Consequently, it is necessary to develop alternative ways of generating biofuels that put less pressure on agricultural lands and water supplies, and ensure ecosystems conservation. In order to achieve the proposed goals related to energetic coverage and independence, several approaches have been developed, including biodiesel production using vegetal oils as feedstock. The aim of the current research project was to apply a nonconventional bioprocess for in vitro biomass and oil production of Jatropha curcas, for assessing different J. curcas varieties, where seed tissue was isolated and used for callus induction. Once friable callus was obtained, cell suspension cultures were established. The cell viability, fatty acid content, and characteristics were used to select the most promising cell line according to its fatty acid profile and ability to grow and develop under in vitro conditions. Oil produced by cell suspension culture of the Jatropha varieties studied was extracted and characterized by GC/MS. Differences encountered among Jatropha varieties were related to their fatty acid profiles, oil content (% on dry basis), and cell viability measurements (%).
Determination of Traces of Iron and Lead in Food and Water Samples After Preconcentration on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Soylak Mustafa , Unsal Yunus Emre 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
A new method using multiwalled carbon nanotubes as an SPE adsorbent was developed for the sensitive determination of trace iron and lead prior to flame atomic absorption spectrometry analysis. Iron and lead as 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline chelates were adsorbed quantitatively on multiwalled carbon nanotubes at a pH of 6.0 and easily eluted with 10 mL 1 M HNO3. The influences of matrix ions were also examined. The LOD values for iron and lead were calculated as 1.3 and 2.9 μg/L, respectively. Validation of the presented procedure was performed by the analysis of TMDA 54.4 fortified lake water and HR-1 Humber River sediment certified reference materials. The method was successfully applied to the determination of trace iron and lead in real environmental samples, and excellent results were achieved.
Determination of Brevetoxins in Shellfish by LC/MS/MS: Single-Laboratory Validation
Authors: McNabb Paul S , Selwood Andrew I , van Ginkel Roel , Boundy Michael , Holland Patrick T 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
A single-laboratory validation is reported for an LC/MS/MS quantification of six brevetoxins in four matrixes (GreenshellTM mussel, eastern oyster, hard clam, and Pacific oyster). Recovery and precision data were collected from seven analytical batches using shellfish flesh at 0.05 mg/kg. Method recoveries and within-laboratory reproducibility ranged from 73 to 112%, with an RSD between 14 and 18% for brevetoxin-3, brevetoxin B5, brevetoxin B2, and S-desoxy brevetoxin B2. The recovery and within-laboratory reproducibility for brevetoxin-2 was 61%, with an RSD of 27%. Brevetoxin B1 gave an RSD of 12%, but no reference material was available and this toxin was only recorded in a hard clam sample naturally contaminated with brevetoxins. One naturally contaminated sample of each shellfish matrix, with brevetoxin levels ranging from 0.012 to 9.9 mg/kg, was tested in multiple batches, and the RSDs were similar to those for fortified samples at 0.05 mg/kg. Comparisons with limited data for the neurotoxic shellfish poisoning mouse bioassay for four naturally contaminated shellfish samples showed that the regulatory action limit of 0.8 mg/kg is conservative with respect to the bioassay regulatory limit of 20 mouse units/100 g.