bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Costs, risks and benefits in improving access to journal articles
Authors: JUBB Michael , COOK Joel , HULLS Daniel , JONES David , WARE Mark 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper reports on a study – overseen by representatives of the publishing, library, and research funder communities in the UK – investigating the drivers, costs, and benefits of potential ways to increase access to scholarly journals. It identifies five different but realistic scenarios for moving towards that end over the next five years, including gold and green open access, moves towards national licensing, publisher‐led delayed open access, and transactional models. It then compares and evaluates the benefits as well as the costs and risks for the UK. The scenarios, and the modelling on which they are based, amount to a benefit‐cost analysis to help in appraising policy options. Our conclusion is that policymakers should encourage the use of existing subject and institutional repositories, but avoid pushing for reductions in embargo periods, which might put at risk the sustainability of the underlying scholarly publishing system. They should also promote and facilitate a transition to gold open access, while seeking to ensure that the average level of publication fees does not exceed c.£2.000; that the rate in the UK of open access publication is broadly in step with the rest of the world; and that total payments to publishers from UK universities do not rise as a consequence.
PEER: green open access — insight and evidence
Authors: WALLACE Julia M. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTIn support of investigating the effects of systematic archiving of authors' final peer‐reviewed, accepted manuscripts (green open access), PEER has developed a robust observatory infrastructure which has already successfully processed over 44,000 manuscripts. Technical challenges successfully overcome by the project include non‐uniformity of manuscript files and metadata formats, embargo management, and author authentication for repository deposit. Three areas of research investigating (i) author and reader attitudes and behaviours, (ii) article‐level usage at repositories and publisher platforms, and (iii) the economics of large‐scale archiving have been commissioned and are producing results. The baseline behavioural survey identified an increasing general awareness of open access, but a lower awareness of institutional and subject repositories. Perceptions were also found to vary depending on whether individuals were responding from an author or reader perspective. PEER itself has seen low uptake from authors when invited to self‐deposit into the project. Further results from all three research areas are due before the project ends in May 2012.
Open access policy implementation: first results compared
Authors: ARMBRUSTER Chris 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTOpen Access policy implementation is a tough job. Policy pioneers have faced considerable challenges in meeting their own aims and achieving recognized success. Professionals charged with implementing policy typically need several years to accomplish significant progress. This is a study of first results from a small but significant number of cases with an emphasis on variety and on defining a methodological standard. All cases have been reconstructed through documents and interviews. The most salient issues of policy implementation are investigated comparatively, namely (i) the matching infrastructure that a policy requires; (ii) the issue of capturing content and scholarly compliance; (iii) how to provide access to the content and foster usage; (iv) and the benefits offered to authors. As the author is pivotal to any open access solution, this provides a comparative perspective for delineating a policy research agenda.
Book Reviews
Authors: CLARK Cindy 
Published: September 2011

E‐books in Libraries: A Practical Guide Edited by Kate Price and Virginia Havergal London, Facet Publishing, 2011, 298pp. ISBN: 978‐1‐85604‐572‐8, £49.95, pbkThe 2011 Guide to Free or Nearly‐Free e‐Books Chris Armstrong UkeiG Publications, 2011, 150pp. ISBN: 978‐1‐870254‐14‐4, £29.50, pbk
The Future of Political Communication Research
Authors: Vavreck Lynn , Iyengar Shanto 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the benefits of experimentation and looks at the future of political communication research, emphasizing the previous experimental work, as well as the creative manipulations, that have been conducted using online panels. It then studies two online election studies from 2008 in order to show the properties of the data and the samples, and, finally, reveals that Internet technology is currently redefining the methodology of political communication research and improving some of the basic weaknesses of the previous methods.
Critical Perspectives on Public Opinion
Authors: Herbst Susan 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
This chapter tries to present some background to the understanding of critical-theoretical views of public opinion, examining the major contributions since the nineteenth century, such as Karl Marx's writings on public sentiment. It then introduces the signature ideas of the Frankfurt School, Herbert Blumer, Antonio Gramsci, Jean Baudrillard, and Pierre Bourdieu, and ends with some thoughts on the future and value of critical work in public opinion, in light of the Internet.
Prospect Theory and Risk Assessment
Authors: McDermott Rose 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses risk assessment and prospect theor, first defining and describing prospect theory and its contributions to literature in detail. It addresses the latest changes in the psychological literature on risk, and tries to combine the notions of emotion and affect into risk perception and management. The chapter also considers some opportunities for theoretical development, which include potential avenues of application to topics in public opinion research. It ends with a summary of the ways these lasting debates and controversies can help inform one's understanding of the processes of democratic governance and public opinion.
On the Complex and Varied Political Effects of Gender
Authors: Huddy Leonie , Cassese Erin 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis chapter studies the political consequences of gender differences in public opinion among the American – and global – public, examining what is currently known about the nature, persistence, and origins of different gender gaps in political involvement and attitudes. It then discusses the role that gender stereotypes play in shaping reactions to political figures, and also includes a selective literature review which is focused on some of the main trends and findings within this research field.
The Avogadro constant: determining the number of atoms in a single-crystal
28
Si sphere
Authors: Becker Peter , Bettin Horst 
Published: September 2011

The Avogadro constant, the number of entities in an amount of substance of one mole, links the atomic and the macroscopic properties of matter. Since the molar Planck constant—the product of the Planck constant and the Avogadro constant—is very well known via the measurement of the Rydberg constant, the Avogadro constant is also closely related to the Planck constant. In addition, its accurate determination is of paramount importance for a new definition of the kilogram in terms of a fundamental constant. Here, we describe a new and unique approach to determine the Avogadro constant from the number of atoms in 1 kg single-crystal spheres that are highly enriched with the
28
Si isotope. This approach has enabled us to apply isotope dilution mass spectroscopy to determine the molar mass of the silicon crystal with unprecedented accuracy. The value obtained,
N
A
=6.022 140 82(18)×10
23
mol
−1
, is now the most accurate input datum for a new definition of the kilogram.
Identification of congenital muscular dystonia 2 associated with an inherited GlyT2 defect in Belgian Blue cattle from the United Kingdom
Authors: Gill J. L. , James V. M. , Carta E. , Harris D. , Topf M. , Scholes S. F. E. , Hateley G. , Harvey R. J. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryTwo newborn Belgian Blue calves from a farm in the United Kingdom exhibited lateral recumbency, low head carriage and transient muscle spasms following tactile or auditory stimulation. DNA sequence analysis indicated that both calves were homozygous for the recessive congenital muscular dystonia type 2 (CMD2) mutation (c.809T>C, p.Leu270Pro) in SLC6A5, encoding the neuronal glycine transporter GlyT2. Further testing of animals from the index farm and a sample of Belgian Blue sires revealed an unexpectedly high frequency of CMD2 carriers. This implies that linked quantitative trait loci may be influencing the prevalence of CMD2 in the estimated 55 000 Belgian Blue cattle in the United Kingdom. We have therefore developed new inexpensive tests for the CMD2 allele that can be used to confirm diagnosis, identify carriers and guide future breeding strategy, thus avoiding animal distress/premature death and minimizing the future economic impact of this disorder.
Selective decay of terrestrial organic carbon during transport from land to sea
Authors: Weyhenmeyer Gesa A. , Fröberg Mats , Karltun Erik , Khalili Maria , Kothawala Dolly , Temnerud Johan , Tranvik Lars J. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractNumerous studies have estimated carbon exchanges at the land–atmosphere interface, more recently also including estimates at the freshwater–atmosphere interface. Less attention has been paid to lateral carbon fluxes, in particular to the fate of terrestrial carbon during transport from soils via surface waters to the sea. Using extensive datasets on soil, lake and river mouth chemistry of the boreal/hemiboreal region we determined organic carbon (OC) stocks of the O horizon from catchment soils, annual OC transports through more than 700 lakes (OClakeflux) and the total annual OC transport at Sweden's 53 river mouths (OCseaflux). We show here that a minimum of 0.03–0.87% yr−1 of the OC soil stocks need to be exported to lakes in order to sustain the annual OClakeflux. Across Sweden we estimated a total OClakeflux of ~2.9 Mtonne yr−1, which corresponds to ~10% of Sweden's total terrestrial net ecosystem production, and it is over 50% higher than the total OCseaflux. The OC loss during transport to the sea follows a simple exponential decay with an OC half‐life of ~12 years. Water colour, a proxy often used for dissolved humic matter, is similarly lost exponentially but about twice as fast as OC. Thus, we found a selective loss of the coloured portion of soil‐derived OC during its transport through inland waters, prior to being discharged into the sea. The selective loss is water residence time dependent, resulting in that the faster the water flows through the landscape the less OC and colour is lost. We conclude that increases in runoff will result in less efficient losses of OC, and particularly of colour, if the time for OC transformations in the landscape shortens. Consequently, OC reaching the sea is likely to become more coloured, and less processed, which can have far‐reaching effects on biogeochemical cycles.
Identification of immunity‐related genes in the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides by suppression subtractive hybridization
Authors: Vogel H. , Badapanda C. , Vilcinskas A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBurying beetles reproduce on small vertebrate cadavers which they bury in the soil after localization through volatiles emitted from the carcass. They then chemically preserve the carcass and prepare it as a diet for the adults and their offspring. It is predicted that exposure to high loads of soil and/or carrion‐associated microbes necessitates an effective immune system. In the present paper, we report experimental screening for immunity‐related genes in the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides using the suppression subtractive hybridization approach. A total of 1179 putative gene objects were identified in the Nicrophorus cDNA library, which was enriched for transcripts differentially expressed upon challenge with heat‐inactivated bacteria. In addition to genes known to be involved in immunity‐related recognition and signalling, we found transcripts encoding for antimicrobial peptides and for an array of enzymes that can be linked to immunity or to stress‐induced pathways. We also determined proteins that may contribute to detoxification of toxins produced by microbial competitors. In addition, factors involved in mRNA stability determination and central components of the RNA interference machinery were identified, implying transcriptional reprogramming and potential stress‐induced retrotransposon elimination. The identified candidate immune effector and stress‐related genes may provide important information about the unusual ecology and evolution of the burying beetles.
Quality of care in Norwegian nursing homes – typology of family perceptions
Authors: Vinsnes Anne G , Nakrem Sigrid , Harkless Gene E , Seim Arnfinn 
Published: September 2011

Aim and objective.  This study aimed to elucidate the understandings and beliefs about quality held by family members of residents of Norwegian nursing homes. The objective reported in the study considers how family member judge factors that enhance or hamper high care quality.Background.  The percentage of those who will require care in a nursing home some time before the end of their lives will increase dramatically in the next 20 years. Therefore, anticipating this pressure to expand nursing home availability, it is urgent that these services are developed from a keen understanding of what creates the best value. Care quality from the family’s perspective is just one piece of the nursing home experience that must be understood for optimal value in care to be realised.Design.  Qualitative methodology.Method.  Three focus group interviews; purposive sampling was used to recruit the 16 family members of residents in nursing homes.Results.  Three domains emerged that served as anchors for a typology of family perceptions of the quality care continuum: resident contentment, suitability of staff and environmental context. Each domain was developed with categories describing high‐ to low‐quality markers, which were then clarified by enhancing and hindering factors.Conclusions.  This typology provides a family perspective framework that may be useful to nursing leadership at all levels of the nursing home organisation to identify important quality of care strengths as well as markers of poor care.Relevance to clinical practice.  Overall, the typology is offered to expand nurses’ understanding of quality, both practically and conceptually, to provide the best value in nursing care.
Biological flora of the British Isles: Orchis anthropophora (L.) All. (Aceras anthropophorum (L.) W.T. Aiton)
Authors: Jacquemyn Hans , Brys Rein , Hutchings Michael J. 
Published: September 2011

Summary1. This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Orchis anthropophora (L.) All. (Man Orchid) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The following topics are presented within the framework of the Biological Flora of the British Isles: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characteristics, herbivores and disease, history, and conservation.2. Orchis anthropophora is a native species in Britain, where it occurs predominantly in chalk and limestone grassland and dune grassland. It can also be found along field margins and in old abandoned chalk pits and limestone quarries, where it is usually found at the foot of slopes. It also grows on road verges and sometimes in quite dense scrub. Orchis anthropophora tolerates some shade, but it flowers most profusely in open conditions. It is a common species in the Mediterranean region.3. Orchis anthropophora is wintergreen and has leaves throughout the winter. Flowering takes place between mid‐May and mid‐June. Vegetative adult dormancy – the failure of above‐ground parts to appear in a growing season, followed by the reappearance of full‐sized photosynthetic plants in subsequent seasons – has been observed. In most cases, dormancy does not last longer than 1 year. Orchis anthropophora is long‐lived (half‐life of cohorts ranges from 4.0 to 7.8 years).4. Orchis anthropophora is not autogamous, and pollinators are required for successful pollination and fruit‐set. Flowers are predominantly pollinated by beetles and sawflies. Terpenes are the major compounds of the floral scent profile of O. anthropophora. Natural levels of fruit‐set are generally low. Recorded values are mostly <20% but reached >80% in a population in southern France.5. Orchis anthropophora hybridizes with several other species in the genus Orchis, including O. italica, O. simia, O. purpurea and O. militaris. Intergeneric hybrids have been reported with Barlia, Dactylorhiza and Neotinea. In Britain, hybrids with O. simia and O. purpurea have been reported.6. Orchis anthropophora has declined markedly in Britain during the last century, and at present, it is rare and classified as endangered. Very few new populations are becoming established, and many populations have become extinct, mainly because of agricultural intensification (ploughing and fertilization of old fields). Conservation of the remaining populations requires moderate grazing by sheep to maintain a short turf and to promote seedling recruitment.
The potential of cutting regimes to control problem weeds and enhance species diversity in an arable field margin buffer strip
Authors: TARMI S , HELENIUS J , HYVÖNEN T 
Published: September 2011

Tarmi S, Helenius J & Hyvönen T (2011). The potential of cutting regimes to control problem weeds and enhance species diversity in an arable field margin buffer strip. Weed Research51, 641–649.SummaryBuffer zones in arable land could promote biodiversity of agricultural areas. These are most often established with sown seed mixtures of grasses and herb species. We studied the impact of cutting management and the role of the seedbank on plant species diversity of a sown buffer strip. Two main hypotheses H1 were tested in this study: (i) sward cutting and removal have positive effects on plant species diversity in a buffer zone adjacent to a cultivated field and (ii) the buffer zone soil seedbank and adjacent grassland act as a species source for the managed buffer zone. After 5 years of management, the number of species was significantly higher and the litter coverage significantly lower in plots mown yearly with cuttings removed than in mown plots with the cuttings left or an uncut control. The abundance of Elymus repens was not affected by the cutting management. To reduce E. repens probably needs cutting more frequently than once per year. Cutting management did not reduce easily‐soluble phosphorus in soils. For species colonisation, adjacent grassland played a more important role than the soil seedbank. We conclude that, in this study, the reduced litter cover, together with adjacent sources of species, resulted in the gradual increase in species diversity in the species‐poor buffer habitat. This study took place in a single location and similar studies in additional locations would be helpful in assessing the generality of our results. On the evidence of this study, the contract periods of agri‐environmental schemes should be longer than 5 years to ensure cutting does result in positive benefits for the management of biodiversity.
Long‐term efficacy and tolerability of tacrolimus 0.03% ointment in infants:* a two‐year open‐label study
Authors: Mandelin Johanna M. , Rubins Andris , Remitz Anita , Cirule Kristine , Dickinson James , Ho Vincent , Mäkelä Mika J. , Rubins Silvestrs , Reitamo Sakari , Undre Nasrullah 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackground  Tacrolimus ointment is effective for treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis (AD) in children aged ≥2 years (Br J Dermatol, 2004; 150: 554). Here, efficacy and tolerability of tacrolimus 0.03% ointment were evaluated in 50 infants aged <2 years at start of treatment.Methods  Infants with AD previously enrolled in a tacrolimus ointment pharmacokinetics trial were eligible for a 24‐month open‐label phase II study. Tacrolimus 0.03% ointment was applied to affected areas until clearance. In cases of exacerbation or clinical worsening, patients restarted treatment.Results  Mean ± SD Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) score improved, from 11.2 ± 10.5 baseline to 2.6 ± 4.1 at endpoint (24 months); mean affected body surface area decreased from 25.2 ± 21.1% to 5.1 ± 9.0%, with improvement on all items of the Physicians’ Assessment of Individual Signs. The Physicians’ Global Evaluation of Clinical Response showed a result of “cleared”/“excellent” for 63.3% of patients; 85.7% of parents/guardians assessed symptoms as “much better.” Treatment was well tolerated, with common, nonserious respiratory infections and gastroenteritis the most frequently reported adverse events. The most common application‐site events were infections and pruritus. Over 98% of blood samples showed tacrolimus concentrations <1.0 ng/ml; >40% showed concentrations below the lower limit of quantification (0.0250 ng/ml).Conclusions  Over a period of two years, tacrolimus 0.03% ointment was associated with substantial clinical improvement of AD in infants aged <2 years. Treatment tolerability was similar to that seen in older children.
The relationship between maternal folate status in pregnancy, cord blood folate levels, and allergic outcomes in early childhood
Authors: Dunstan J. A. , West C. , McCarthy S. , Metcalfe J. , Meldrum S. , Oddy W. H. , Tulic M. K. , D’Vaz N. , Prescott S. L. 
Published: September 2011

To cite this article: Dunstan JA, West C, McCarthy S, Metcalfe J, Meldrum S, Oddy WH, Tulic MK, D’Vaz N, Prescott SL. The relationship between maternal folate status in pregnancy, cord blood folate levels, and allergic outcomes in early childhood. Allergy 2012; 67: 50–57.AbstractBackground:  Dietary changes may epigenetically modify fetal gene expression during critical periods of development to potentially influence disease susceptibility. This study examined whether maternal and/or fetal folate status in pregnancy is associated with infant allergic outcomes.Methods:  Pregnant women (n = 628) were recruited in the last trimester of pregnancy. Folate status determined by both food frequency questionnaires and folate levels in maternal and cord blood serum was examined in relation to infant allergic outcomes at 1 year of age (n = 484).Results:  Infants who developed allergic disease (namely eczema) did not show any differences in cord blood or maternal folate levels compared with children without disease. Although maternal folate intake from foods was also not different, folate derived from supplements was higher (P = 0.017) in children with subsequent eczema. Furthermore, infants exposed to >500 μg folic acid/day as a supplement in utero were more likely to develop eczema than those taking <200 μg/day (OR [odds ratio] = 1.85; 95% CI 1.14–3.02; P = 0.013), remaining significant after adjustment for maternal allergy and other confounders. There was a nonlinear relationship between cord blood folate and sensitization, with folate levels <50 nmol/l (OR = 3.02; 95% CI 1.16–7.87; P = 0.024) and >75 nmol/l (OR = 3.59; 95% CI 1.40–9.20; P = 0.008) associated with greater sensitization risk than levels between 50 and 75 nmol/l.Conclusion:  Fetal levels between 50 and 75 nmol/l appeared optimal for minimizing sensitization. While folate taken as a supplement in higher doses during the third trimester was associated with eczema, there was no effect on other allergic outcomes including sensitization. Further studies are needed to determine the significance of this.