bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The genome and structural proteome of an ocean siphovirus: a new window into the cyanobacterial ‘mobilome’
Authors: Sullivan Matthew B. , Krastins Bryan , Hughes Jennifer L. , Kelly Libusha , Chase Michael , Sarracino David , Chisholm Sallie W. 
Published: October 2009

Summary Prochlorococcus, an abundant phototroph in the oceans, are infected by members of three families of viruses: myo‐, podo‐ and siphoviruses. Genomes of myo‐ and podoviruses isolated on Prochlorococcus contain DNA replication machinery and virion structural genes homologous to those from coliphages T4 and T7 respectively. They also contain a suite of genes of cyanobacterial origin, most notably photosynthesis genes, which are expressed during infection and appear integral to the evolutionary trajectory of both host and phage. Here we present the first genome of a cyanobacterial siphovirus, P‐SS2, which was isolated from Atlantic slope waters using a Prochlorococcus host (MIT9313). The P‐SS2 genome is larger than, and considerably divergent from, previously sequenced siphoviruses. It appears most closely related to lambdoid siphoviruses, with which it shares 13 functional homologues. The ∼108 kb P‐SS2 genome encodes 131 predicted proteins and notably lacks photosynthesis genes which have consistently been found in other marine cyanophage, but does contain 14 other cyanobacterial homologues. While only six structural proteins were identified from the genome sequence, 35 proteins were detected experimentally; these mapped onto capsid and tail structural modules in the genome. P‐SS2 is potentially capable of integration into its host as inferred from bioinformatically identified genetic machinery int, bet, exo and a 53 bp attachment site. The host attachment site appears to be a genomic island that is tied to insertion sequence (IS) activity that could facilitate mobility of a gene involved in the nitrogen‐stress response. The homologous region and a secondary IS‐element hot‐spot in Synechococcus RS9917 are further evidence of IS‐mediated genome evolution coincident with a probable relic prophage integration event. This siphovirus genome provides a glimpse into the biology of a deep‐photic zone phage as well as the ocean cyanobacterial prophage and IS element ‘mobilome’.
Zn pollution counteracts Cd toxicity in metal‐tolerant ectomycorrhizal fungi and their host plant, Pinus sylvestris
Authors: Krznaric Erik , Wevers Jan H. L. , Cloquet Christophe , Vangronsveld Jaco , Vanhaecke Frank , Colpaert Jan V. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryAdaptive Zn and Cd tolerance have evolved in populations of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus luteus. When exposed to high concentrations of both metals in vitro, a one‐sided antagonism was apparent in the Zn‐ and Cd‐tolerant isolates. Addition of high Zn concentrations restored growth of Cd‐stressed isolates, but not vice versa. The antagonistic effect was not detected in a S. luteus isolate from non‐contaminated land and in Paxillus involutus. The fungi were inoculated on pine seedlings and subsequently exposed to ecologically relevant Zn and Cd concentrations in single and mixed treatments. The applied doses severely reduced nutrient acquisition of non‐mycorrhizal pines and pines inoculated with metal‐sensitive S. luteus. Highest translocation of Zn and Cd to shoots occurred in the same plants. Seedlings inoculated with fungi collected from the polluted site reduced metal transfer to their host and maintained nutrient acquisition under high metal exposure. The isolate showing highest tolerance in vitro also offered best protection in symbiosis. The antagonistic effect of high Zn on Cd toxicity was confirmed in the plant experiment. The results indicate that a Zn‐ and Cd‐polluted soil has selected ectomycorrhizal fungi that are able to survive and protect their phytobiont from nutrient starvation and excessive metal uptake.
A Bayesian Monte Carlo Approach to Global Illumination
Authors: Brouillat Jonathan , Bouville Christian , Loos Brad , Hansen Charles , Bouatouch Kadi 
Published: October 2009

Abstract Most Monte Carlo rendering algorithms rely on importance sampling to reduce the variance of estimates. Importance sampling is efficient when the proposal sample distribution is well‐suited to the form of the integrand but fails otherwise. The main reason is that the sample location information is not exploited. All sample values are given the same importance regardless of their proximity to one another. Two samples falling in a similar location will have equal importance whereas they are likely to contain redundant information. The Bayesian approach we propose in this paper uses both the location and value of the data to infer an integral value based on a prior probabilistic model of the integrand. The Bayesian estimate depends only on the sample values and locations, and not how these samples have been chosen. We show how this theory can be applied to the final gathering problem and present results that clearly demonstrate the benefits of Bayesian Monte Carlo.
Laws and policies to support the wellbeing of children: an international comparative analysis
Authors: Nicklett Emily J. , Perron Brian E. 
Published: October 2009

Nicklett EJ, Perron BE. Laws and policies to support the wellbeing of children: an international comparative analysisInt J Soc Welfare 2010: 3–7 © 2009 The Author(s), Journal compilation © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare.The international community has raised concerns regarding the extent to which countries have implemented laws and policies to support the rights and wellbeing of children. This study evaluates the progress of least‐developed countries (LDCs) and middle‐income countries (MICs) in developing such legislation. Surveys were sent to 131 UNICEF country offices. Items included efforts to promote family preservation and family ties, family‐based care over institutionalization, and child participation in placement decisions. A total of 68 surveys were returned, reflecting a 52 percent response rate (LDC, n= 25; MIC, n= 43). Legislation that addressed abuse and neglect of children, maternity leave, removal of children from the family, family care, adoption, and guardianship was widespread. Chi‐square tests indicated that MICs had a substantially higher number of laws and policies related to child allowances, school feeding programs, maternity leave, and day care.
Traits of a representative welfare state: the Swedish example
Authors: Järkestig Berggren Ulrika , Blomberg Staffan , Petersson Jan 
Published: October 2009

Järkestig Berggren U, Blomberg S, Petersson J. Traits of a representative welfare state: the Swedish exampleInt J Soc Welfare 2010: 19: 402–411 © 2009 The Author(s), Journal compilation © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare.The care manager reform and the case manager reform are new reforms in the social care services in Sweden, which are evolving during the 2000s. Together they shape the social care services introducing a new way of decision‐making where representatives for the organisation (care manager) and the users (case manager) negotiate. The reforms have been analysed in two studies with results presented in this article. Using the concepts of role, orientation, function and assignments, it is argued that the managers come to the negotiations on rights from different positions that are both conflicting and complementary. They further mediate the development towards a welfare mix, where the market, social networks and users interact to obtain the public welfare provision. Through this negotiated rights model, it is argued that traits of a representative welfare state emerge, with the distinction of moving the focus to the administrative practices and their differences away from political ideologies.
The contribution of neurogenic inflammation to sensitive skin: concepts, mechanisms and cosmeceutical intervention
Authors: Ferrer‐Montiel A. , Camprubí‐Robles M. , García‐Sanz N. , Sempere A. , Valente P. , Van Den Nest W. , Carreño C. 
Published: October 2009

IFSCC Magazine, 11 (2008) (4) 311–315This paper was presented as a keynote lecture at the IFSCC Congress 2008, Barcelona, Spain.Cutaneous neurogenic inflammation is emerging as an underlying mechanism for several skin conditions. The intimate cross‐talk between the cutaneous immune system and the peripheral nervous system is fundamental for skin biology. However, an imbalance or dysfunction results in the onset of an inflammatory state that is reinforced by the synergic and complementary action of both systems. Cumulative evidence indicates that the thermoreceptor TRPV1 is a key player of neurogenic inflammation. This receptor is activated by both physical and chemical stimuli, and its activity is potentiated by pro‐inflammatory mediators. An increase in TRPV1 activity results in an increment of neuronal excitability that leads to the release of proalgesic agents that stimulate the immune system. Therefore, the TRPV1 receptor is being considered as a cosmeceutical target, and agents that reduce its activity will be useful cosmeceuticals.Keywords:  Algogens, epidermis, immune system, nociceptor, sensitization
The IFSCC in its 50th year – how cosmetics have changed over the lifetime of the IFSCC and how they might look 50 years from now
Authors: Weys T. 
Published: October 2009

IFSCC Magazine, 11 (2008) (4) 333–335.This essay won the 2008 Maison G. de Navarre Young Scientist Prize.Fifty years, a half century, five decades have been fifty interesting years in the cosmetic industry as well as in the IFSCC. On September 8, 1959, the International Federation Societies of Cosmetic Chemists (IFSCC) was established. At that time only eight countries joined the Federation, but today the IFSCC is the world's largest association of researchers in the field of cosmetics. Forty‐five Societies representing 53 countries have met the high standard of scientific and educational qualifications of the IFSCC. The number of individual members in the Federation exceeds 13 000 and is still growing. The IFSCC's first president was Maison G. de Navarre from the USA. Like the incredible growth and expansion of the IFSCC, development of the cosmetic industry has made it the fastest growing industry in the world!
Identification and quantitation of vitamins K1 and K3 in cosmetic products for facial skin protection
Authors: De Orsi D. , Giannini G. , Gagliardi L. , Carpani I. , Tonelli D. 
Published: October 2009

J. Cosmet. Sci.,
59, 459–467 (November/December 2008)SynopsisA simple and rapid analytical method was developed for the determination of vitamins K1 and K3 in facial anti‐rash creams. The procedure is based on an ultrasonic extraction of the cosmetic sample with dimethylacetamide, in the presence of an internal standard, followed by HPLC separation. HPLC was performed using a C18 column and spectrophotometric detection at 333 nm. A linear gradient elution was carried out starting with 50% acetonitrile–methanol (75:25 v/v) and water up to 100% acetonitrile–methanol for 5 min. Linearity was established over the concentration range from 0.2 to 1.0 mg mL‐1 for vitamin K1 and from 0.02 to 0.1 mg mL‐1 for vitamin K3, with LOD values of 100 ng and 20 ng injected, respectively. The accuracy was verified by spiking experiments on model cosmetic samples. The proposed method has been successfully applied for the analysis of commercial samples of creams.
Determination and validation of six sunscreen agents in suncare products by UPLC and HPLC
Authors: Lee S.‐M. , Jeong H.‐J. , Hang I. S. 
Published: October 2009

J. Cosmet. Sci.,
59, 469–480 (November/December 2008)SynopsisMethylene bis‐benzotriazolyl tetramethyl butylphenol and bis‐ethylhexyloxy phenol methoxyphenyl triazine are sunscreen agents that have hydrophobic behaviors in common. They were not normally assayed with the following four sunscreen agents that have hydrophilic behaviors in a single chromatographic run: ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, isoamyl p‐methoxycinnamate, ethylhexyl salicylate, and ethylhexyl triazone. For that reason, methylene bis‐benzotriazolyl tetramethyl butylphenol and bis‐ethylhexyloxy phenol methoxyphenyl triazine require much time in order to assay products with those materials.A rapid, selective, and reproducible determination method needs to be developed for the simultaneous examination of methylene bis‐benzotriazolyl tetramethyl butylphenol and bis‐ethylhexyloxy phenol methoxyphenyl triazine with the sunscreen agents, ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, isoamyl p‐methoxycinnamate, ethylhexyl salicylate, and ethylhexyl triazone. This new technique could reduce time in examining the sunscreen agents and be effective for quality control of suncare products. In this paper, the HPLC and UPLC system is used for developing the determination of the sunscreen agents.Several evaluations of some mixtures of eluents and columns were obtained for the optimal condition of separation. In HPLC, the optimal peak resolution was obtained through ethanol‐water gradient elution and a 75‐mm C18 column with a 3.5‐μm‐sized particle on a flow rate of 1.0 mL min‐1. In UPLC, the most distinctive peak resolution was obtained through methanol‐water gradient elution and a 50‐mm C18 column with a 1.7‐μm‐sized particle on a flow rate 0.4 mL min‐1. Both of those chromatographic determination methods could be used in the examination of six types of sunscreen agents without any interference from other product excipients in the agents.The proposed determination methods were validated for specificity, linearity, repeatability, system stability, intermediate precision, and accuracy. Consequently, HPLC and UPLC determination methods could be rapid, selective, and proper applications for the assay of sunscreen agents in suncare products.
Changes in hair properties by Eucalyptus extract
Authors: Mamada A. , Ishihama M. , Fukuda R. , Inoue S. 
Published: October 2009

J. Cosmet. Sci.,
59, 481–496 (November/December 2008)SynopsisA long‐term usage investigation of a scalp lotion containing Eucalyptus extract, which increases the amount of ceramide in the skin, was carried out to explore the change in physical properties of the hair fiber. Half‐head or whole‐head usage studies of a scalp lotion with Eucalyptus extract were carried out for the following groups: Japanese female, Japanese senior female, Japanese male, and Caucasian female panelists. As a result, the improvement in hair luster and bounce in the root part of the hair were recognized by the panelists after the long‐term application of the scalp lotion with Eucalyptus extract. Measurement of hair gloss intensity and bending stress at the root suggests that this improvement is based on changes in these physical properties. These results indicate that the recognition of panelists is based on an actual change in the hair fiber properties. The efficacy of Eucalyptus extract is expressed regardless of race, age, or gender, since similar results were confirmed in all panelist groups.In order to investigate the cause of these phenomena, we measured the elasticity (Young's modulus) of the new‐growth part of the cortex in Eucalyptus extract‐treated hair and placebo hair by the nano‐indentation method of atomic force microscopy (AFM). These results suggest that the Young's modulus of the new‐growth part of the cortex in Eucalyptus extract treated‐hair increases in comparison with placebo hair. The IR spectra of treated samples of hair show changes that appear to confirm a decrease in the alpha‐helix structure and an increase in the beta‐sheet structure.
Assessment of human stratum corneum thickness and its barrier properties by in‐vivo confocal Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Bielfeldt Stephan , Schoder Volker , Ely Ulrike , Van Der Pol André , De Sterke Johanna , Wilhelm Klaus‐Peter 
Published: October 2009

IFSCC Magazine, 12 (2009) (1) 9–15Measurement of water concentration profiles across living human skin by confocal Raman spectroscopy has developed into a powerful tool for a better understanding of distribution and function of water in the epidermis. From the water profile across the epidermis the border between stratum corneum and stratum granulosum can be estimated. This is due to the steep drop in water concentration from the inner to the outer side of the stratum corneum. Water content drops from approximately 70% at the inner stratum corneum to only 30% at the skin surface. This slope of the curve becomes clearly flatter in the stratum granulosum. A second parameter is usually taken from confocal Raman spectroscopy to define the stratum corneum border. This is the content of natural moisturization factor (NMF), which should be present only in the stratum corneum. Located at the depth at which the NMF content levels off and the slope of the water profile curve changes is the stratum corneum border. The goal of this work was to develop stratum corneum thickness detection into a robust and semi‐automated measurement relying only on the water profile. Further, the aim was to base the empirical findings of water distribution in the epidermis on a well established theory, Fick's law of diffusion. A mathematical model was developed to fit the water profile curve for a robust and automated detection of the stratum corneum border. In addition, the new model automatically resulted in an accurately determined slope of the water concentration curve in the stratum corneum. This slope, or more exactly the gradient, is one of two parameters directly related to transepidermal water transport across the stratum corneum.Keywords:  Barrier function, Fick's law, Raman spectroscopy, stratum corneum, transepidermal water loss
Successful treatment of three cases of primary extramammary Paget’s disease of the vulva with Imiquimod – proposal of a therapeutic schedule
Authors: Sendagorta E , Herranz P , Feito M , Ramírez P , Floristán U , Feltes R , Benito DM , Casado M 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackground/aim  Extramammary Paget‘s disease (EMPD) is an intraepidermal adenocarcinoma of apocrine gland‐bearing skin. Although surgery remains the mainstay of treatment, loss of tissue function and high recurrence rates have been reported. Recently, topical Imiquimod has been shown as a safe and effective treatment option for extramammary Paget‘s disease.Methods  Three patients diagnosed of EMPD of the vulva were treated with a daily application of 5% Imiquimod cream for three weeks, followed by an every other day application for an additional three weeks.Results  Complete clinical and histological remission of the disease was achieved in the three patients. Mild irritation and tenderness were observed as the only side effects.Conclusion  Based on our results, we consider that Imiquimod cream is a safe and effective therapeutic option for the treatment of vulvar EMPD. These promising results warrant further studies to determine the real efficacy and safety of Imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of this uncommon disease.
Clinicopathological characteristics of lichen planus pigmentosus and its response to tacrolimus ointment: an open label, non‐randomized, prospective study
Authors: Al‐Mutairi N , El‐Khalawany M 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackground  Lichen planus pigmentosus (LPP) is an uncommon variant of lichen planus, for which no effective treatment is available.Objectives  The aim of this study was to determine the clinical, epidemiological and histopathological characteristics of LPP patients in Kuwait.Methods  Thirty‐three LPP patients who attended the Dermatology outpatient clinics at Farwaniya Hospital, Kuwait from the year 2002 to 2008 were studied for clinical, epidemiological and histopathological findings. Thirteen of these patients were treated with topical tacrolimus 0.03%. Ointment applied topically twice daily for the duration varying from 6 to 12 weeks.Results  Of the 33 patients, 21 were men and 12 were women. The duration of eruption ranged from 6 weeks to 3 years. The face and neck were the commonest sites, affecting 18 (54.5%) patients. The pattern of pigmentation was diffuse in 18 (54.54%) patients, reticular in seven (21.2%), blotchy in five (15.2%), linear in two (6.1%) and perifollicular in one (3%). Twenty patients had positive serology for hepatitis C virus (HCV), with significantly higher serum liver enzymes (ALT and AST). Of the 13 patients, who were treated with tacrolimus Ointment, seven (53.8%) showed appreciable lightening of the pigmentation after an average of 12 weeks.Conclusions  We conclude that HCV may be one of the factors associated with LPP, in those who have a tendency to develop LPP. However, this possible association should be interpreted carefully. In addition, tacrolimus ointment could have a beneficial role in the treatment of LPP.
An outbreak of Mycobacterium fortuitum cutaneous infection associated with mesotherapy
Authors: Quiñones C , Ramalle‐Gómara E , Perucha M , Lezaun M‐E , Fernández‐Vilariño E , García‐Morrás P , Simal G 
Published: October 2009

AbstractObjective  We describe an outbreak of Mycobacterium fortuitum cutaneous infections associated with mesotherapy in La Rioja, Spain.Design  Descriptive epidemiology.Setting  Private practice.Patients or other participants  Case subjects were customers of a single beauty salon who were treated with mesotherapy injections.Intervention(s)  Two skin biopsies were taken from each patient.Results  Over the designated period, 138 women received mesotherapy. Of these women, 39, or 28.3%, developed lesions ultimately thought to be caused by Mycobacterium fortuitum infection. The number of lesions per patient varied from 3 to 20 in the most severe case. Most of the lesions were indurated, erythematous or violaceous papules, some progressing to become fluctuant boils with suppuration, fistulization and scarring. The individual lesions varied in diameter from 0.5 to 6 cm. Two patients (5.1%) developed inguinal or axillary adenopathy. Two others presented with fever. One reported muscular pain. In 12 of the 39 cases, M. fortuitum was isolated from the wound cultures. The patients were all successfully treated with clarithromycin and levofloxacin.Conclusions  We identified a large outbreak of rapidly growing mycobacterial lesions among women who received mesotherapy injections in a single beauty salon.
The Drooling Impact Scale: a measure of the impact of drooling in children with developmental disabilities
Authors: REID SUSAN M , JOHNSON HILARY M , REDDIHOUGH DINAH S 
Published: October 2009

Aim  To describe the development and clinimetric properties of a new scale to evaluate changes in the impact of drooling in children with developmental disabilities.Method  After examining the properties of potential items, 10 items were retained for inclusion in the final Drooling Impact Scale. The clinimetric properties of the scale were evaluated using data from two convenience samples of children attending a saliva‐control clinic: a stable group (n=31, 22 males, nine females; mean age 10y 7mo, SD 4y 5mo, range 3y 6mo–18y 3mo; cerebral palsy [CP] n=17, intellectual disability n=10; non‐ambulatory n=13, nonverbal n=12) and an intervention group (n=49, 29 males, 20 females; mean age 11y, SD 3y 6mo, range 3y 4mo–16y 10mo; CP n=31, intellectual disability n=15; non‐ambulatory n=27, nonverbal n=28). To assess validity, changes in scores on the Drooling Impact Scale over time were compared with a carer’s global rating of change using Pearson’s correlations and t‐tests. A concordance correlation coefficient was used to compute the level of agreement between assessments 1 month apart in stable children. Effect size, standardized response mean, Guyatt responsiveness statistic, and an unpaired t‐test were used to estimate responsiveness.Results  The correlation between the global rating and change in Drooling Impact Scale scores was 0.69 (p<0.001). The concordance correlation coefficient was 0.85. An effect size of 1.8, standardized response mean of 1.5, Guyatt responsiveness statistic of 1.4, and mean group difference of 23.5 (95% confidence interval 17.4–29.6) were obtained.Interpretation  The Drooling Impact Scale is a valid and reliable subjective measure that is responsive to change.