bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prospective‐gated cardiac micro‐CT imaging of free‐breathing mice using carbon nanotube field emission x‐ray
Authors: Cao Guohua , Burk Laurel M. , Lee Yueh Z. , Calderon‐Colon Xiomara , Sultana Shabana , Lu Jianping , Zhou Otto 
Published: September 2010

Purpose:Carbon nanotube (CNT) based field emission x‐ray source technology has recently been investigated for diagnostic imaging applications because of its attractive characteristics including electronic programmability, fast switching, distributed source, and multiplexing. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the potential of this technology for high‐resolution prospective‐gated cardiac micro‐CT imaging.Methods:A dynamic cone‐beam micro‐CT scanner was constructed using a rotating gantry, a stationary mouse bed, a flat‐panel detector, and a sealed CNT based microfocus x‐ray source. The compact single‐beam CNT x‐ray source was operated at 50 KVp and 2 mA anode current with effective focal spot size. Using an intravenously administered iodinated blood‐pool contrast agent, prospective cardiac and respiratory‐gated micro‐CT images of beating mouse hearts were obtained from ten anesthetized free‐breathing mice in their natural position. Four‐dimensional cardiac images were also obtained by gating the image acquisition to different phases in the cardiac cycle.Results:High‐resolution CT images of beating mouse hearts were obtained at 15 ms temporal resolution and 6.2 lp/mm spatial resolution at 10% of system MTF. The images were reconstructed at isotropic voxel size. The data acquisition time for two cardiac phases was . The CT values observed within the ventricles and the ventricle wall were and , respectively. The entrance dose for the acquisition of a single phase of the cardiac cycle was 0.10 Gy.Conclusions:A high‐resolution dynamic micro‐CT scanner was developed from a compact CNT microfocus x‐ray source and its feasibility for prospective‐gated cardiac micro‐CT imaging of free‐breathing mice under their natural position was demonstrated.
Detection of Circulating Anti-Mucin 1 (MUC1) Antibodies in Breast Tumor Patients by Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Using a Recombinant MUC1 Protein Containing Six Tandem Repeats and Expressed in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Tang Yan , Wang Li , Zhang Peiyin , Wei Hongfei , Gao Rui , Liu Xinming , Yu Yongli , Wang Liying 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT

Mucin 1 (MUC1), a tumor-associated antigen, is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed by normal epithelial cells and overexpressed by carcinomas of epithelial origin. Autoantibodies against MUC1 are often found in circulation, either free or bound to immune complexes, which might contribute to limit tumor outgrowth and dissemination by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and were found favorably predictive of survival in early breast cancer patients. There is no commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit for detecting the anti-MUC1 antibodies in human serum thus far. To detect circulating anti-MUC1 antibodies, we established an indirect ELISA (I-ELISA) using a recombinant MUC1 protein containing six tandem repeat sequences of MUC1 after the antigenicity and specificity of the protein were confirmed. The I-ELISA had a sensitivity of 91.3% and a specificity of 94.1% when a competitive I-ELISA was used as a reference test. The results showed that more patients with benign breast tumors (
P
= 0.001) and breast cancer patients before primary treatment (
P
= 0.010) were found to have anti-MUC1 IgG than healthy women; anti-MUC1 IgG before primary treatment was found more than after primary treatment (
P
= 0.016) in breast cancer patients. Interestingly, the anti-MUC1 IgG serum level was reversely correlated to that of CA15-3 antigen in advanced-stage patients (
r
= −0.4294,
P
= 0.046). Our study has demonstrated the suitability of the established I-ELISA for detecting circulating anti-MUC1 antibodies in human serum. Furthermore, we found that circulating anti-MUC1 antibodies may still bind MUC1 shed into blood in stage IV breast cancer, which can support the use of MUC1-target immune therapy strategies.
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Isolates Expressing a Capsule with Epitopes of Both Serotypes 6A and 6B
Authors: Sheppard Carmen L. , Pichon Bruno , George Robert C. , Hall Lucinda M. C. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT

Four
Streptococcus pneumoniae
isolates expressing both 6A and 6B capsular serotypes were detected by a multiplex immunoassay. The sequence of WciP, a GT2-family glycosyltransferase, indicates that point mutation has compromised linkage specificity, allowing two alternative oligosaccharides to be synthesized. This finding highlights that mutation as well as recombination can mediate serotype change.
Evolution and Distribution of the
ospC
Gene, a Transferable Serotype Determinant of Borrelia burgdorferi
Authors: Barbour Alan G. , Travinsky Bridgit 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT

Borrelia burgdorferi
, an emerging bacterial pathogen, is maintained in nature by transmission from one vertebrate host to another by ticks. One of the few antigens against which mammals develop protective immunity is the highly polymorphic OspC protein, encoded by the
ospC
gene on the cp26 plasmid. Intragenic recombination among
ospC
genes is known, but the extent to which recombination extended beyond the
ospC
locus itself is undefined. We accessed and supplemented collections of DNA sequences of
ospC
and other loci from ticks in three U.S. regions (the Northeast, the Midwest, and northern California); a total of 839
ospC
sequences were analyzed. Three overlapping but distinct populations of
B. burgdorferi
corresponded to the geographic regions. In addition, we sequenced 99
ospC
flanking sequences from different lineages and compared the complete cp26 sequences of 11 strains as well as the cp26
bbb02
loci of 56 samples. Besides recombinations with traces limited to the
ospC
gene itself, there was evidence of lateral gene transfers that involved (i) part of the
ospC
gene and one of the two flanks or (ii) the entire
ospC
gene and different lengths of both flanks. Lateral gene transfers resulted in different linkages between the
ospC
gene and loci of the chromosome or other plasmids. By acquisition of the complete part or a large part of a novel
ospC
gene, an otherwise adapted strain would assume a new serotypic identity, thereby being comparatively fitter in an area with a high prevalence of immunity to existing OspC types.

IMPORTANCE
The tick-borne zoonosis Lyme borreliosis is increasing in incidence and spreading geospatially in North America. Further understanding of the evolution and genetics of its cause,
Borrelia burgdorferi
, in its environments fosters progress toward ecologically based control efforts. By means of DNA sequencing of a large sample collection of the pathogen from across the United States, we studied the gene for the bacterium's highly diverse OspC protein, protective immunity against which develops in animals. We found that the distributions and frequencies of types of OspC genes differed between populations of
B. burgdorferi
in the Northeast, the Midwest, and California. Over time, OspC genes were transferred between strains through recombinations involving the whole or parts of the gene and one or both flanks. Acquisitions of OspC genes that are novel for the region confer to recipients unique identities to host immune systems and, presumably, selective advantage when immunity to existing types is widespread among hosts.
The 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Virus: What Next?
Authors: Morens David M. , Taubenberger Jeffery K. , Fauci Anthony S. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT
History suggests that the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus faces extinction unless it mutates to avoid already high global population immunity. The immune escape mechanisms potentially at its disposal include antigenic drift, antigenic shift via genetic reassortment, and intrasubtypic reassortment. Going back to the late 19th century, the evolutionary histories of past pandemic viruses are examined in an effort to better understand the nature and extent of the immune pressures faced by the 2009 pandemic virus in the immediate future. While human influenza viruses have often surprised us, available evidence leads to the hope that the current pandemic virus will continue to cause low or moderate mortality rates if it does not become extinct.
Mechanisms for anterior cruciate ligament injuries in badminton
Authors: Kimura Yuka , Ishibashi Yasuyuki , Tsuda Eiichi , Yamamoto Yuji , Tsukada Harehiko , Toh Satoshi 
Published: September 2010

IntroductionA high incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries related to sports activities has been reported; however, the injury situation of ACL injury in badminton has not been elucidated. This study investigated the mechanism of ACL injury in badminton using a questionnaire.MethodsInformation on injury mechanism was gathered from interviews with six male and 15 female badminton players who received a non-contact ACL injury playing badminton and underwent ACL reconstruction.ResultsThe most common injury mechanism (10 of 21 injuries) was single-leg landing after overhead stroke. Nine of 10 players had injured the knee opposite to the racket-hand side. The second most frequent injury mechanism (eight of 21 injuries) was plant-and-cut while side-stepping or backward stepping. All eight players injured the knee of the racket-hand side. Eleven injuries occurred in the rear court, and six of the 11 injuries occurred during single-leg landing after an overhead stroke.ConclusionThe knee opposite to the racket-hand side tended to sustain the ACL injuries during single-leg landing after a backhand overhead stroke, whereas the knee of the racket-hand side tended to be injured by plant-and-cut during side or backward stepping. These injury patterns appear to be due to specific movements during badminton.
Beliefs about hydration and physiology drive drinking behaviours in runners
Authors: Winger James M , Dugas Jonathan P , Dugas Lara R 
Published: September 2010

BackgroundExercise-associated hyponatraemia (EAH) is a dilutional hyponatraemia that is caused primarily by the intake of hypotonic fluid beyond the dictates of thirst and exacerbated by the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion as well as an inability to mobilise osmotically inactive sodium stores. Runners who drink more than to their thirst do so for a reason, and understanding and curtailing this behaviour will probably decrease the incidence of this highly preventable condition.ObjectiveTo determine the beliefs about fluid replacement held by runners and whether these beliefs are reflected in hydration behaviours.MethodsAn online survey was filled out by 197 runners solicited by personal solicitation, e-mail and flyers distributed at three local races in autumn 2009.ResultsMost runners (58%) drink only when thirsty. Runners drinking to a set schedule are significantly older, more experienced and faster than those drinking when thirsty. Gastrointestinal distress is the most frequently cited (71.5%) reason to avoid overhydration. Runners have a poor understanding of the physiological consequences of hydration behaviours that frequently reflect messages of advertising.ConclusionsRunners at highest risk of EAH exhibit behaviour that is shaped by their beliefs about the benefits and risks of hydration. These beliefs are frequently based on misconceptions about basic exercise physiology.
Physical injuries resulting from intimate partner violence and disclosure to healthcare providers: results from a New Zealand population-based study
Authors: Fanslow Janet L , Robinson Elizabeth M 
Published: September 2010

BackgroundFew studies document the health burden attributable to intimate partner violence (IPV) at the population level.ObjectivesTo document injuries resulting from IPV and women's use of healthcare for treatment of IPV injuries using the New Zealand Violence Against Women Study.MethodsA cross-sectional household survey was conducted using a population-based cluster sampling scheme. In total, 2855 women aged 18–64 years were interviewed about their experience of IPV, injuries resulting from violence, and their use of healthcare services.ResultsOf the 956 women who had experienced physical and/or sexual IPV in their lifetime, half were injured at least once as a result of the violence. The most common injuries were abrasions and bruises; followed by cuts, punctures, bites; and injuries to the eye or ear. Many women reported that they needed healthcare for treatment of IPV injuries, yet most (86%) did not receive healthcare on all occasions it was needed. Half of ever-injured women who received treatment told a healthcare provider the reason for their injury. Among those who did not disclose, shame was the most frequent reason for not telling, followed by fear of further violence.ConclusionsThis population-based study documents the injury-burden created by IPV, to individuals, healthcare systems, and the population. Implications include supporting healthcare providers to respond to victims of violence and the need for prevention strategies at the population level
A longitudinal study of the life histories of people with spinal cord injury
Authors: Sullivan Martin , Paul Charlotte E , Herbison G Peter , Tamou Peina , Derrett Sarah , Crawford Maureen 
Published: September 2010

BackgroundApproximately 70–80 New Zealanders have spinal cord impairment (SCI) due to injury (2/3) or disease (1/3) each year. They had been socialised as non-disabled people. Following paralysis, interrelationships between body, self and society change. Little is known of the impact of these changes on life histories, life chances and life choices of people with SCI. This has negative implications for the design of rehabilitation and disability support services in New Zealand. Furthermore, the trajectory of disability is affected by previous socioeconomic conditions. How specific supports following SCI (eg, rehabilitation and compensation funded by the Accident Compensation Corporation; ACC) can change this trajectory is unknown.ObjectivesTo explore the interrelationships of body, self and society for people with SCI and how these have shaped life chances, life choices and subjectivity. To investigate how entitlement to rehabilitation and compensation through ACC affects socioeconomic and health outcomes.SettingNew Zealand.DesignA prospective cohort study; mixed methods.Participants112 people with SCI admitted for the first time to one of New Zealand's two spinal units without serious cognitive injury.DataStructured interviews with all participants (n=112); qualitative interviews with a selected subgroup (n=20); clinical data collected at the time of admission. Exposures include: demographics, comorbidity, previoius health and socioeconomic status, SCI resulting from illness or injury, income support, health and social services.Outcome measuresSocioeconomic status, health, participation and life satisfaction.AnalysisDescriptive statistics; differences tested by paired t tests or McNemar tests; multiple regression and mixed models. Qualitative analysis will be interpretive.
Authorisation, altruism and compulsion in the organ donation debate
Authors: Cronin Antonia J , Harris John 
Published: September 2010

The report from the Organ Donation Taskforce looking at the potential impact of an opt-out system for deceased donor organ donation in the UK, published in November 2008, is probably the most comprehensive and systematic inquiry to date into the issues and considerations which might affect the availability of deceased donor organs for clinical transplantation. By the end of a thorough and transparent process, a clear consensus was reached. The taskforce rejected the idea of an opt-out system.In this article we acknowledge the life saving potential of organ transplants and seek to highlight the difficulties that arise when the issue of organ shortage competes with concerns over choice and authorisation in the context of deceased donor organ donation.
De novo Lipogenesis Protects Cancer Cells from Free Radicals and Chemotherapeutics by Promoting Membrane Lipid Saturation
Authors: Rysman Evelien , Brusselmans Koen , Scheys Katryn , Timmermans Leen , Derua Rita , Munck Sebastian , Van Veldhoven Paul P. , Waltregny David , Daniëls Veerle W. , Machiels Jelle , Vanderhoydonc Frank , Smans Karine , Waelkens Etienne , Verhoeven Guido , Swinnen Johannes V. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Activation of de novo lipogenesis in cancer cells is increasingly recognized as a hallmark of aggressive cancers and has been implicated in the production of membranes for rapid cell proliferation. In the current report, we provide evidence that this activation has a more profound role. Using a mass spectrometry–based phospholipid analysis approach, we show that clinical tumor tissues that display the lipogenic phenotype show an increase in the degree of lipid saturation compared with nonlipogenic tumors. Reversal of the lipogenic switch in cancer cells by treatment with the lipogenesis inhibitor soraphen A or by targeting lipogenic enzymes with small interfering RNA leads to a marked decrease in saturated and mono-unsaturated phospholipid species and increases the relative degree of polyunsaturation. Because polyunsaturated acyl chains are more susceptible to peroxidation, inhibition of lipogenesis increases the levels of peroxidation end products and renders cells more susceptible to oxidative stress–induced cell death. As saturated lipids pack more densely, modulation of lipogenesis also alters lateral and transversal membrane dynamics as revealed by diffusion of membrane-targeted green fluorescent protein and by the uptake and response to doxorubicin. These data show that shifting lipid acquisition from lipid uptake toward de novo lipogenesis dramatically changes membrane properties and protects cells from both endogenous and exogenous insults. These findings provide important new insights into the role of de novo lipogenesis in cancer cells, and they provide a rationale for the use of lipogenesis inhibitors as antineoplastic agents and as chemotherapeutic sensitizers. Cancer Res; 70(20); 8117–26. ©2010 AACR.
Glucuronidation Genotypes and Nicotine Metabolic Phenotypes: Importance of Functional UGT2B10 and UGT2B17 Polymorphisms
Authors: Chen Gang , Giambrone Nino E. , Dluzen Douglas F. , Muscat Joshua E. , Berg Arthur , Gallagher Carla J. , Lazarus Philip 
Published: September 2010

AbstractGlucuronidation is an important pathway in the metabolism of nicotine, with previous studies suggesting that ∼22% of urinary nicotine metabolites are in the form of glucuronidated compounds. Recent in vitro studies have suggested that the UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) 2B10 and 2B17 play major roles in nicotine glucuronidation with polymorphisms in both enzymes shown to significantly alter the levels of nicotine-glucuronide, cotinine-glucuronide, and trans-3′-hydroxycotinine (3HC)–glucuronide in human liver microsomes in vitro. In the present study, the relationship between the levels of urinary nicotine metabolites and functional polymorphisms in UGTs 2B10 and 2B17 was analyzed in urine specimens from 104 Caucasian smokers. Based on their percentage of total urinary nicotine metabolites, the levels of nicotine-glucuronide and cotinine-glucuronide were 42% (P &lt; 0.0005) and 48% (P &lt; 0.0001), respectively, lower in the urine from smokers exhibiting the UGT2B10 (*1/*2) genotype and 95% (P &lt; 0.05) and 98% (P &lt; 0.05), respectively, lower in the urine from smokers with the UGT2B10 (*2/*2) genotype compared with the urinary levels in smokers having the wild-type UGT2B10 (*1/*1) genotype. The level of 3HC-glucuronide was 42% (P &lt; 0.001) lower in the urine from smokers exhibiting the homozygous UGT2B17 (*2/*2) deletion genotype compared with the levels in urine from wild-type UGT2B17 subjects. These data suggest that UGTs 2B10 and 2B17 play important roles in the glucuronidation of nicotine, cotinine, and 3HC and suggest that the UGT2B10 codon 67 SNP and the UGT2B17 gene deletion significantly reduce overall glucuronidation rates of nicotine and its major metabolites in smokers. Cancer Res; 70(19); 7543–52. ©2010 AACR.
RasGRP3 Contributes to Formation and Maintenance of the Prostate Cancer Phenotype
Authors: Yang Dazhi , Kedei Noemi , Li Luowei , Tao Juan , Velasquez Julia F. , Michalowski Aleksandra M. , Tóth Balázs I. , Marincsák Rita , Varga Attila , Bíró Tamás , Yuspa Stuart H. , Blumberg Peter M. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
RasGRP3 mediates the activation of the Ras signaling pathway that is present in many human cancers. Here, we explored the involvement of RasGRP3 in the formation and maintenance of the prostate cancer phenotype. RasGRP3 expression was elevated in multiple human prostate tumor tissue samples and in the human androgen-independent prostate cancer cell lines PC-3 and DU 145 compared with the androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Downregulation of endogenous RasGRP3 in PC-3 and DU 145 cells reduced Ras-GTP formation, inhibited cell proliferation, impeded cell migration, and induced apoptosis. Anchorage-independent growth of the PC-3 cells and tumor formation in mouse xenografts of both cell lines were likewise inhibited. Inhibition of RasGRP3 expression reduced AKT and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation and sensitized the cells to killing by carboplatin. Conversely, exogenous RasGRP3 elevated Ras-GTP, stimulated proliferation, and provided resistance to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate–induced apoptosis in LNCaP cells. RasGRP3-overexpressing LNCaP cells displayed a markedly enhanced rate of xenograft tumor formation in both male and female mice compared with the parental line. Suppression of RasGRP3 expression in these cells inhibited downstream RasGRP3 responses, caused the cells to resume the LNCaP morphology, and suppressed growth, confirming the functional role of RasGRP3 in the altered behavior of these cells. We conclude that RasGRP3 contributes to the malignant phenotype of the prostate cancer cells and may constitute a novel therapeutic target for human prostate cancer. Cancer Res; 70(20); 7905–17. ©2010 AACR.