bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive study of mtDNA among Southwest Asian dogs contradicts independent domestication of wolf, but implies dog–wolf hybridization
Authors: Ardalan Arman , Kluetsch Cornelya F. C. , Zhang Ai‐bing , Erdogan Metin , Uhlén Mathias , Houshmand Massoud , Tepeli Cafer , Ashtiani Seyed Reza Miraei , Savolainen Peter 
Published: October 2011

AbstractStudies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diversity indicate explicitly that dogs were domesticated, probably exclusively, in southern East Asia. However, Southwest Asia (SwAsia) has had poor representation and geographical coverage in these studies. Other studies based on archaeological and genome‐wide SNP data have suggested an origin of dogs in SwAsia. Hence, it has been suspected that mtDNA evidence for this scenario may have remained undetected. In the first comprehensive investigation of genetic diversity among SwAsian dogs, we analyzed 582 bp of mtDNA for 345 indigenous dogs from across SwAsia, and compared with 1556 dogs across the Old World. We show that 97.4% of SwAsian dogs carry haplotypes belonging to a universal mtDNA gene pool, but that only a subset of this pool, five of the 10 principal haplogroups, is represented in SwAsia. A high frequency of haplogroup B, potentially signifying a local origin, was not paralleled with the high genetic diversity expected for a center of origin. Meanwhile, 2.6% of the SwAsian dogs carried the rare non‐universal haplogroup d2. Thus, mtDNA data give no indication that dogs originated in SwAsia through independent domestication of wolf, but dog–wolf hybridization may have formed the local haplogroup d2 within this region. Southern East Asia remains the only region with virtually full extent of genetic variation, strongly indicating it to be the primary and probably sole center of wolf domestication. An origin of dogs in southern East Asia may have been overlooked by other studies due to a substantial lack of samples from this region.
CENTRAL BANK AUTONOMY, LEGAL INSTITUTIONS AND BANKING CRISIS INCIDENCE
Authors: Khan Anichul H. , Khan Haider A. , Dewan Hasnat 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTWe examine whether the autonomy of a country's central bank (CB) reduces the probability of a banking crisis. We take a fine‐grained approach to CB autonomy by disentangling its various components as well. In addition, we look at the joint effects of CB autonomy and the legal tradition on the probability of a banking crisis in a country. Using the cross‐country data for CB independence for the period of 1980–1989, and both binary and ordered logit estimation models, this study finds that a country's CB with more autonomy in aggregate can lessen the probability of a banking crisis. When the CB's autonomy is disentangled with respect to its responsibilities, this study finds that the longer the tenure of the CB's chief executive officer, the lower the probability of a banking crisis. We also find that the probability of a banking crisis in the country is reduced even more if the relatively more autonomous CB can perform its duties in line with the country's stronger law‐and‐order tradition. We also carry out some counterfactual thought experiments along these lines. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acinetobacter infection – an emerging threat to human health
Authors: Visca Paolo , Seifert Harald , Towner Kevin J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe genus Acinetobacter comprises a complex and heterogeneous group of bacteria, many of which are capable of causing a range of opportunistic, often catheter‐related, infections in humans. However, Acinetobacter baumannii, as well as its close relatives belonging to genomic species 3 (“Acinetobacter pittii”) and 13TU (“Acinetobacter nosocomialis”), are important nosocomial pathogens, often associated with epidemic outbreaks of infection, that are only rarely found outside of a clinical setting. These organisms are frequently pandrug‐resistant and are capable of causing substantial morbidity and mortality in patients with severe underlying disease, both in the hospital and in the community. Several epidemic clonal lineages of A. baumannii have disseminated worldwide and seem to have a selective advantage over non‐epidemic strains. The reasons for the success of these epidemic lineages remain to be elucidated, but could be related to the potential of these organisms to achieve very dynamic reorganization and rapid evolution of their genome, including the acquisition and expression of additional antibiotic resistance determinants, under fluctuating environmental and selective conditions. © 2011 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 63(12): 1048–1054, 2011
Aminonaphthoquinones in heterocyclization
Authors: Aly Ashraf A. , Ishak Esam A. , Alsharari Musaed A. , Al‐Muaikel Nayef S. , Bedair Tarek M. I. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBecause of the interesting biological activities of aminonaphthoquinones, in this review we survey two classes of amino‐1,4‐naphthoquinones: 2,3‐diamino‐1,4‐naphthoquinone and 2‐amino‐1,4‐naphthoquinone. The review includes synthetic methodologies for these classes in addition to their heterocyclization processes. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2012).
Solvent‐free synthesis of pyrrole derivatives
Authors: Rostami‐Charati Faramarz , Hossaini Zinatossadat , Khalilzadeh Mohammad A. , Jafaryan Hojatollah 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA one‐pot synthesis of pyrrole derivatives via reaction between activated carbonyl compounds, primary amines, and 1,3‐dicarbonyls under solvent‐free conditions is described. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2012).
INFANT AND CHILD HEALTH IN ETHIOPIA: REFLECTIONS ON REGIONAL PATTERNS AND CHANGES
Authors: Abebaw Degnet 
Published: October 2011

AbstractRecently, Ethiopia has registered significant reduction of infant and under‐five mortality rates. However, the gains in improved health outcomes are uneven across regions of the country. Using panel data models, the article finds that inter‐regional disparities in infant and child mortality rates are strongly associated with factors within and beyond the health sector. In particular, the results suggest that infant mortality rate is negatively related with real per capita public health expenditure, urbanisation and health extension programme. On the other hand, the number of hospital beds and primary school gross enrolment significantly decrease under‐five mortality rate. The article draws some initial policy implications. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MRI of the proximal femur predicts marrow cellularity and the number of mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Suh Kuen Tak , Ahn Jae Min , Lee Jung Sub , Bae Jung Yun , Lee In Suk , Kim Hak Jin , Jung Jin Sup 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPurpose:To determine whether the marrow conversion index (MCI) in MRI is related to the total number of mononuclear and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in proximal femoral metaphysis of patients with hip osteoarthritis.Materials and Methods:Thirty‐two hips of 32 consecutive patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty (THA) for hip osteoarthritis were included in this study. MRI of the hip was performed preoperatively and MCI was subsequently calculated. Three‐milliliter bone marrow samples were obtained from the proximal femur during THA and the number of total mononuclear cells was determined using a hemocytometer. Colony forming unit‐fibroblasts (CFU‐Fs) assays of MSCs were performed by transferring a total of 2 × 104 mononuclear cells to each of five 60‐mm plates. One week later, the numbers of colonies were counted.Results:The total number of mononuclear cells decreased with increasing MCI. Likewise, the prevalence and total number of CFU‐Fs increased with increasing number of total mononuclear cells, and decreased with increasing MCI.Conclusion:Our results suggest that measurement of MCI in MRI can be an objective and noninvasive method to predict marrow cellularity and the number of MSCs in patients with hip osteoarthritis. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:218‐222. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Subsynovial connective tissue is sensitive to surgical interventions in a rabbit model of carpal tunnel syndrome
Authors: Sun Yu‐Long , Moriya Tamami , Zhao Chunfeng , Kirk Ramona L. , Chikenji Takako , Passe Sandra M. , An Kai‐Nan , Amadio Peter C. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe most common histological finding in carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is non‐inflammatory fibrosis and thickening of the subsynovial connective tissue (SSCT) in the tunnel. While the cause of SSCT fibrosis and the relationship of SSCT fibrosis and CTS are unknown, one hypothesis is that SSCT injury causes fibrosis, and that the fibrosis then leads to CTS. We investigated the sensitivity of the SSCT to injuries. Two types of surgical interventions were performed in a rabbit model: A skin incision with tendon laceration and SSCT stretching sufficient to damage the SSCT, and skin incision alone. Twelve weeks after surgery, the rabbit carpal tunnel tissues were studied with immunochemistry for TGF‐β receptors 1, 2, and 3, collagen III, and collagen VI. All TGF‐β receptors were expressed. The percentages of the TGF‐β receptors' expressions were less in the control SSCT fibroblasts than in the fibroblasts from rabbits with surgical interventions. The surgical interventions did not result in any alteration of collagen III expression. However, both surgical interventions resulted in a significant decrease in collagen VI expression compared to the control group. The two surgical interventions achieved similar expression of TGF‐β receptors and collagens. Our results provide evidence that the SSCT is sensitive to surgical interventions, even when these are modest. Since SSCT fibrosis is a hallmark of CTS, these data also suggest that such fibrosis could result from relatively minor trauma. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:649–654, 2012
Improving the utility and reliability of the deep circumflex iliac artery perforator flap: The use of preoperative planning with ct angiography
Authors: Ting Jeannette W.C. , Rozen Warren M. , Chubb Daniel , Ferris Scott , Ashton Mark W. , Grinsell Damien 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackground: The deep circumflex iliac artery (DCIA) is rarely used as a perforator flap, despite a clear clinical need for thin osteocutaneous flaps, particularly in head and neck reconstruction. The poor adoption of such a flap is largely due to a poor understanding of the perforators of the DCIA, despite recent publications demonstrating suitable vascular anatomy of the DCIA perforators, particularly evident with the use of preoperative computed tomographic angiography (CTA). We have applied this method of peroperative imaging to successfully select those patients suitable for the DCIA perforator flap and use it clinically. Methods: We present a case series of patients who underwent DCIA perforator flap reconstruction following preoperative planning with CTA. Imaging findings, clinical course, and outcomes are presented. Results: Six out of seven patients planned for DCIA perforator flap reconstruction underwent a successful DCIA perforator flap, with imaging findings confirmed at operation, and without any flap loss, hernia, or other significant flap‐related morbidities. Because of abberent anatomy and change in defect following excision of pathology, one patient was converted to a free fibular flap. Conclusion: With preoperative CTA planning, the DCIA perforator flap is a versatile and feasible flap for reconstruction of the mandible and extremities. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2011.
Investigation of chemical exchange at intermediate exchange rates using a combination of chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) and spin‐locking methods (CESTrho)
Authors: Kogan Feliks , Singh Anup , Cai Keija , Haris Mohammad , Hariharan Hari , Reddy Ravinder 
Published: October 2011

AbstractProton exchange imaging is important as it allows for visualization and quantification of the distribution of specific metabolites with conventional MRI. Current exchange mediated MRI methods suffer from poor contrast as well as confounding factors that influence exchange rates. In this study we developed a new method to measure proton exchange which combines chemical exchange saturation transfer and T1ρ magnetization preparation methods (CESTrho). We demonstrated that this new CESTrho sequence can detect proton exchange in the slow to intermediate exchange regimes. It has a linear dependence on proton concentration which allows it to be used to quantitatively measure changes in metabolite concentration. Additionally, the magnetization scheme of this new method can be customized to make it insensitive to changes in exchange rate while retaining its dependency on solute concentration. Finally, we showed the feasibility of using CESTrho in vivo. This sequence is able to detect proton exchange at intermediate exchange rates and is unaffected by the confounding factors that influence proton exchange rates thus making it ideal for the measurement of metabolites with exchangeable protons in this exchange regime. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Use of tensor formats in elliptic eigenvalue problems
Authors: Hackbusch Wolfgang , Khoromskij Boris N. , Sauter Stefan , Tyrtyshnikov Eugene E. 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYWe investigate approximations to eigenfunctions of a certain class of elliptic operators in Rd by finite sums of products of functions with separated variables and especially conditions providing an exponential decrease of the error with respect to the number of terms. The consistent use of tensor formats can be regarded as a base for a new class of rank‐truncated iterative eigensolvers. The computational cost is almost linear in the univariate problem size n, while traditional method scale like nd. Tensor methods can be applied to solving large‐scale spectral problems in computational quantum chemistry, for example, the Schrödinger, Hartree–Fock and Kohn–Sham equations in electronic structure calculations. The results of numerical experiments clearly indicate the linear‐logarithmic scaling of the low‐rank tensor method in n. The algorithms work equally well for the computation of both minimal and maximal eigenvalues of the discrete elliptic operators. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bounding the equilibrium distribution of Markov population models
Authors: Dayar Tuǧrul , Hermanns Holger , Spieler David , Wolf Verena 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYWe propose a bounding technique for the equilibrium probability distribution of continuous‐time Markov chains with population structure and infinite state space. We use Lyapunov functions to determine a finite set of states that contains most of the equilibrium probability mass. Then we apply a refinement scheme based on stochastic complementation to derive lower and upper bounds on the equilibrium probability for each state within that set. To show the usefulness of our approach, we present experimental results for several examples from biology. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multisplitting for regularized least squares with Krylov subspace recycling
Authors: Renaut Rosemary A. , Lin Youzuo , Guo Hongbin 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYThe method of multisplitting (MS), implemented as a restricted additive Schwarz type algorithm, is extended for the solution of regularized least squares problems. The presented non‐stationary version of the algorithm uses dynamic updating of the weights applied to the subdomains in reconstituting the global solution. Standard convergence results follow from extensive prior literature on linear MS schemes. Additional convergence results on nonstationary iterations yield convergence conditions for the presented nonstationary MS algorithm. The global iteration uses repeated solves of local problems with changing right hand sides but a fixed system matrix. These problems are solved inexactly using a conjugate gradient least squares algorithm which provides a seed Krylov subspace. Recycling of the seed system Krylov subspace to obtain the solutions of subsequent nearby systems of equations improves the overall efficiency of the MS algorithm, and is apparently novel in this context. The obtained projected solution is not always of sufficient accuracy to satisfy a reasonable inner convergence condition on the local solution. Improvements to accuracy may be achieved by reseeding the solution space either every few steps, or when the successive right hand sides are sufficiently close as measured by a provided tolerance. Restarting and augmenting the solution space are also discussed. Any time a new space is generated it is used for subsequent steps. Numerical simulations validate the use of the recycling algorithm. These numerical experiments use the standard reconstruction of the two dimensional Shepp–Logan phantom, as well as a two dimensional problem from seismic tomography. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the Moore–Penrose inverse in solving saddle‐point systems with singular diagonal blocks
Authors: Kučera R. , Kozubek T. , Markopoulos A. , Machalová J. 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYThis paper deals with the role of the generalized inverses in solving saddle‐point systems arising naturally in the solution of many scientific and engineering problems when finite‐element tearing and interconnecting based domain decomposition methods are used to the numerical solution. It was shown that the Moore–Penrose inverse may be obtained in this case at negligible cost by projecting an arbitrary generalized inverse using orthogonal projectors. Applying an eigenvalue analysis based on the Moore–Penrose inverse, we proved that for simple model problems, the number of conjugate gradient iterations required for the solution of associate dual systems does not depend on discretization norms. The theoretical results were confirmed by numerical experiments with linear elasticity problems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oblique projections and standard‐form transformations for discrete inverse problems
Authors: Hansen Per Christian 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYThis tutorial paper considers a specific computational tool for the numerical solution of discrete inverse problems, known as the standard‐form transformation, by which we can treat general Tikhonov regularization problems efficiently. In the tradition of B. N. Datta's expositions of numerical linear algebra, we use the close relationship between oblique projections, pseudoinverses, and matrix computations to derive a simple geometric motivation and algebraic formulation of the standard‐form transformation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the solution of a quadratic vector equation arising in Markovian Binary Trees
Authors: Bini Dario A. , Meini Beatrice , Poloni Federico 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYWe present some advances, both from a theoretical and a computational point of view, on a quadratic vector equation (QVE) arising in Markovian Binary Trees. Concerning the theoretical advances, some irreducibility assumptions are relaxed, and the minimality of the solution of the QVE is expressed in terms of properties of the Jacobian of a suitable function. From the computational point of view, we elaborate on the Perron vector‐based iteration proposed in [Meini and Poloni, A Perron iteration for the solution of a quadratic vector equation arising in Markovian binary trees]. In particular, we provide a condition that ensures that the Perron iteration converges to the sought solution of the QVE. Moreover we introduce a variant of the algorithm that consists of the application of the Newton method instead of a fixed‐point iteration. This method has the same convergence behavior as the Perron iteration, namely it tends to converge faster for close‐to‐critical problems. Moreover, unlike the Perron iteration, the method has a quadratic convergence. Finally, we show that it is possible to alter the bilinear form defining the QVE in several ways without changing the solution. This modification has an impact on convergence speed of the algorithms. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Omnis cellula e cellula revisited: cell biology as the foundation of pathology
Authors: Wright Nicholas A , Poulsom Richard 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis 2012 Annual Review Issue of The Journal of Pathology argues strongly that cell biology, in its many disciplines, underpins the foundation of our understanding of the mechanisms of disease—the holy grail of pathology. Our increasing knowledge of the human genome will not be enough to attain this goal without parallel developments in our comprehension of the results, at the cellular level, of these genetic changes. In the end, it is cell biology and cell biologists who will deliver this mission. Copyright © 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exercise intervention for management of obesity
Authors: Deusinger Susan S. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObesity touches the lives of most Americans regardless of age. In adults, accrual of co‐morbidities, including frank disability, impacts health in ways that mandate aggressive public health action. In children, the rising prevalence of overweight and obesity raises serious prospective concerns for life as these children enter adulthood. Action is imperative to provide medical interventions and preventive strategies to reduce the threat this condition poses to future generations. Obesity primarily results from an energy regulation imbalance within the body; understanding its origin and effects requires considering both the intake (via eating) and output (via moving) of energy. This article focuses on how exercise and physical activity (i.e., energy output) can influence the primary condition of obesity and its health sequelae. Components, strategies, and expected outcomes of exercise and lifestyle activity are addressed. Successful long‐term participation in daily movement requires matching exercise regimens and physical activity outlets to individual preferences and environmental conditions. Activity habits of Americans must change at home and in the workplace, schools and the community to positively influence health. Although the goals of Healthy People 2010 to reduce sedentary behavior have not been met, success of other public health interventions (e.g., immunizations, use of bicycle helmets) suggests that social change to alter activity habits can be achieved. Failure to reach our public health goals should serve as a catalyst for broad‐based action to help children, adolescents, and adults attain and maintain behaviors that reduce the risk of obesity and its health insults. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58: 135–139. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.