bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecosystem Feedbacks to Climate Change in California: Development, Testing, and Analysis Using a Coupled Regional Atmosphere and Land Surface Model (WRF3–CLM3.5)
Authors: Subin Z. M. , Riley W. J. , Jin J. , Christianson D. S. , Torn M. S. , Kueppers L. M. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
A regional atmosphere model [Weather Research and Forecasting model version 3 (WRF3)] and a land surface model [Community Land Model, version 3.5 (CLM3.5)] were coupled to study the interactions between the atmosphere and possible future California land-cover changes. The impact was evaluated on California’s climate of changes in natural vegetation under climate change and of intentional afforestation. The ability of WRF3 to simulate California’s climate was assessed by comparing simulations by WRF3–CLM3.5 and WRF3–Noah to observations from 1982 to 1991.
Using WRF3–CLM3.5, the authors performed six 13-yr experiments using historical and future large-scale climate boundary conditions from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model version 2.1 (GFDL CM2.1). The land-cover scenarios included historical and future natural vegetation from the Mapped Atmosphere-Plant-Soil System-Century 1 (MC1) dynamic vegetation model, in addition to a future 8-million-ha California afforestation scenario.
Natural vegetation changes alone caused summer daily-mean 2-m air temperature changes of −0.7° to +1°C in regions without persistent snow cover, depending on the location and the type of vegetation change. Vegetation temperature changes were much larger than the 2-m air temperature changes because of the finescale spatial heterogeneity of the imposed vegetation change. Up to 30% of the magnitude of the summer daily-mean 2-m air temperature increase and 70% of the magnitude of the 1600 local time (LT) vegetation temperature increase projected under future climate change were attributable to the climate-driven shift in land cover. The authors projected that afforestation could cause local 0.2°–1.2°C reductions in summer daily-mean 2-m air temperature and 2.0°–3.7°C reductions in 1600 LT vegetation temperature for snow-free regions, primarily because of increased evapotranspiration. Because some of these temperature changes are of comparable magnitude to those projected under climate change this century, projections of climate and vegetation change in this region need to consider these climate–vegetation interactions.
Atmospheric Local Energetics and Energy Interactions between Mean and Eddy Fields. Part I: Theory
Authors: Murakami Shigenori 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA new diagnostic scheme for the atmospheric local energetics is proposed. In contrast to conventional schemes, this scheme correctly represents the local features of the Lorenz energy cycle for time-mean and transient-eddy fields. The key point is that the energy equation is divided not into two but into three parts consisting of the mean, eddy, and interaction energy equations, when basic variables are divided into mean and eddy fields. The interaction energy itself vanishes when appropriate averaging is taken. However, the equation for interaction energy does not vanish and gives a relationship between the interaction energy flux and the two types of energy conversion terms. These three quantities give the complete information for the energy interactions between mean and eddy fields. The Lorenz energy diagram is reconstructed to include a representation of this relationship. A brief discussion about the relationship with wave activity analysis is also given.
Probabilistic Forecasts Using Analogs in the Idealized Lorenz96 Setting
Authors: Messner Jakob W. , Mayr Georg J. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Three methods to make probabilistic weather forecasts by using analogs are presented and tested. The basic idea of these methods is that finding similar NWP model forecasts to the current one in an archive of past forecasts and taking the corresponding analyses as prediction should remove all systematic errors of the model. Furthermore, this statistical postprocessing can convert NWP forecasts to forecasts for point locations and easily turn deterministic forecasts into probabilistic ones. These methods are tested in the idealized Lorenz96 system and compared to a benchmark bracket formed by ensemble relative frequencies from direct model output and logistic regression. The analog methods excel at longer lead times.
The LaGrange Tornado during VORTEX2. Part I: Photogrammetric Analysis of the Tornado Combined with Single-Doppler Radar Data
Authors: Wakimoto Roger M. , Atkins Nolan T. , Wurman Joshua 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
This study presents a single-Doppler radar analysis combined with cloud photography of the LaGrange, Wyoming, tornado on 5 June 2009 in an attempt to relate the radar-observed hook echo, weak-echo hole (WEH), and rotational couplet to the visual characteristics of the tornado. The tornado was rated EF2. The circulation at low levels went through two intensification periods based on azimuthal shear measurements. The first intensification was followed by the appearance of a brief funnel cloud. The second intensification was coincident with the appearance of a second funnel cloud that remained in contact with the ground until the tornado dissipated.
A deep WEH rapidly formed within the hook echo after damaging wind was identified at the ground and before the appearance of a funnel cloud. The echo pattern through the hook echo on 5 June undergoes a dramatic evolution. Initially, the minimum radar reflectivities are near the surface (&lt;15 dBZ) and the WEH does not suggest a tapered structure near the ground. Subsequently, higher reflectivities appear at low levels when the funnel cloud makes contact with the ground. During one analysis time, the increase of the echo within the WEH at low levels results in a couplet of high/low radar reflectivity in the vertical. This increase in echo at low levels is believed to be associated with lofted debris although none was visibly apparent until the last analysis time. The WEH was nominally wider than the visible funnel cloud. The dataset provides the first detailed analysis of the double-ring structure within a hook echo that has been reported in several studies. The inner high-reflectivity region is believed to be a result of lofted debris. At higher-elevation angles, a small secondary WEH formed within the first WEH when debris was lofted and centrifuged.
A feature noted in past studies showing high-resolution vertical cross sections of single-Doppler velocity normal to the radar beam is an intense rotational couplet of negative and positive values in the lowest few hundred meters. This couplet was also evident in the analysis of the LaGrange tornado. The couplet was asymmetric with stronger negative velocities owing to the motion of the tornado toward the radar. The damaging wind observed by radar extended well beyond the condensation funnel in the lowest few hundred meters. However, another couplet indicating strong rotation was also noted aloft in a number of volume scans. The decrease in rotational velocities between the low-and upper-level couplets may be related to air being forced radially outward from the tornado center at a location above the intense inflow.
The M235T polymorphism of the angiotensinogen gene in South Indian patients of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Polugari Prem Kumar Manohar Rao  , Munshi Anjana , Mullapudi Ratnam , Potham Sampath Kumar  , Sharath Annam , Gundala Anil Krishna  , Sadhnani Murlidhar 
Published: December 2010

Introduction. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a complex disorder and genetically transmitted cardiac disease with a diverse clinical course. The objective of the present study was to examine the association of the T704C polymorphism of exon 2 of the angiotensinogen (AGT) gene with HCM in a South Indian population from Andhra Pradesh.Subjects and methods. One-hundred and fifty HCM (90 sporadic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [SHCM] and 60 familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [FHCM]) patients and 165 age- and sex-matched normal healthy controls without known hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy were included in the study. DNA was isolated from peripheral leukocytes and the region of interest in the AGT gene bearing a missense mutation methionine to threonine substitution at codon 235 (M235T) of exon 2, was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR products were subjected to restriction digestion with the enzyme SfaNI.Results. Significant differences were detected in genotypic distribution ( p = 0.04) as well as the allelic frequency ( p = 0.003) between the SHCM patients and controls. The polymorphism did not show any association with FHCM. Conclusion. Our results suggest that the T allele of the AGT gene is significantly associated with SHCM in a South Indian population from Andhra Pradesh. However, we did not find significant association of this polymorphism with FHCM.
Genetic variation in angiotensin II type 2 receptor gene influences extent of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy independent of blood pressure
Authors: Carstens Nadia , van der Merwe Lize , Revera Miriam , Heradien Marshall , Goosen Althea , Brink Paul A , Moolman-Smook Johanna C 
Published: December 2010

Introduction. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), an inherited primary cardiac disorder mostly caused by defective sarcomeric proteins, serves as a model to investigate left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). HCM manifests extreme variability in the degree and distribution of LVH, even in patients with the same causal mutation. Genes coding for renin—angiotensin—aldosterone system components have been studied as hypertrophy modifiers in HCM, with emphasis on the angiotensin (Ang) II type 1 receptor (AT1R). However, Ang II binding to Ang II type 2 receptors (AT2R) also has hypertrophy-modulating effects. Methods. We investigated the effect of the functional +1675 G/A polymorphism (rs1403543) and additional single nucleotide polymorphisms in the 3’ untranslated region of the AT2R gene ( AGTR2) on a heritable composite hypertrophy score in an HCM family cohort in which HCM founder mutations segregate. Results. We find significant association between rs1403543 and hypertrophy, with each A allele decreasing the average wall thickness by ~0.5 mm, independent of the effects of the primary HCM causal mutation, blood pressure and other hypertrophy covariates ( p = 0.020). Conclusion. This study therefore confirms a hypertrophy-modulating effect for AT2R also in HCM and implies that +1675 G/A could potentially be used in a panel of markers that profile a genetic predisposition to LVH in HCM.
Neoangiogenesis contributes to the development of hemophilic synovitis
Authors: Acharya Suchitra S. , Kaplan Rosandra N. , Macdonald Dan , Fabiyi Oluwa T. , DiMichele Donna , Lyden David 
Published: December 2010

AbstractJoint arthropathy secondary to recurrent hemarthroses remains a debilitating complication of hemophilia despite the use of prophylactic factor concentrates. Increased vascularity and neoangiogenesis have been implicated in the progression of musculoskeletal disorders and tumor growth. We hypothesized that de novo blood vessel formation could play a major role in the pathogenesis of hemophilic joint disease (HJD). We observed a 4-fold elevation in proangiogenic factors (vascular endothelial growth factor-A [VEGF-A], stromal cell–derived factor-1, and matrix metalloprotease-9) and proangiogenic macrophage/monocyte cells (VEGF+/CD68+ and VEGFR1+/CD11b+) in the synovium and peripheral blood of HJD subjects along with significantly increased numbers of VEGFR2+/AC133+ endothelial progenitor cells and CD34+/VEGFR1+ hematopoietic progenitor cells. Sera from HJD subjects induced an angiogenic response in endothelial cells that was abrogated by blocking VEGF, whereas peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HJD subjects stimulated synovial cell proliferation, which was blocked by a humanized anti-VEGF antibody (bevacizumab). Human synovial cells, when incubated with HJD sera, could elicit up-regulation of HIF-1α mRNA with HIF-1α expression in the synovium of HJD subjects, implicating hypoxia in the neoangiogenesis process. Our results provide evidence of local and systemic angiogenic response in hemophilic subjects with recurrent hemarthroses suggesting a potential to develop surrogate biologic markers to identify the onset and progression of hemophilic synovitis.
Genetic variation associated with plasma von Willebrand factor levels and the risk of incident venous thrombosis
Authors: Smith Nicholas L. , Rice Kenneth M. , Bovill Edwin G. , Cushman Mary , Bis Joshua C. , McKnight Barbara , Lumley Thomas , Glazer Nicole L. , van Hylckama Vlieg Astrid , Tang Weihong , Dehghan Abbas , Strachan David P. , O'Donnell Christopher J. , Rotter Jerome I. , Heckbert Susan R. , Psaty Bruce M. , Rosendaal Frits R. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
In a recent genome-wide association study, variants in 8 genes were associated with VWF level, a risk factor for venous thrombosis (VT). In an independent, population-based, case-control study of incident VT, we tested hypotheses that variants in these genes would be associated with risk. Cases were 656 women who experienced an incident VT, and controls comprised 710 women without a history of VT. DNA was obtained from whole blood. Logistic regression was used to test associations between incident VT and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 7 genes not previously shown to be associated with VT. Associations with P < .05 were candidates for replication in an independent case-control study of VT in both sexes. Two of the 7 SNPs tested yielded P < .05: rs1039084 (P = .005) in STXBP5, a novel candidate gene for VT, and rs1063856 (P = .04) in VWF, a gene whose protein level is associated with VT risk. Association results for the remaining 5 variants in SCARA5, STAB2, STX2, TC2N, and CLEC4M were not significant. Both STXBP5 and VWF findings were replicated successfully. Variation in genes associated with VWF levels in the genome-wide association study was found to be independently associated with incident VT.
The Relationship between Insulin Resistance and the Cardiovascular Biomarker Growth Differentiation Factor-15 in Obese Patients
Authors: Vila Greisa , Riedl Michaela , Anderwald Christian , Resl Michael , Handisurya Ammon , Clodi Martin , Prager Gerhard , Ludvik Bernhard , Krebs Michael , Luger Anton 
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUNDGrowth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is a stress-responsive cytokine linked to obesity comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, inflammation, and cancer. GDF-15 also has adipokine properties and recently emerged as a prognostic biomarker for cardiovascular events.METHODSWe evaluated the relationship of plasma GDF-15 concentrations with parameters of obesity, inflammation, and glucose and lipid metabolism in a cohort of 118 morbidly obese patients [mean (SD) age 37.2 (12) years, 89 females, 29 males] and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy lean individuals. All study participants underwent a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test; 28 patients were studied before and 1 year after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery.RESULTSObese individuals displayed increased plasma GDF-15 concentrations (P &lt; 0.001), with highest concentrations observed in patients with type 2 diabetes. GDF-15 was positively correlated with age, waist-to-height ratio, mean arterial blood pressure, triglycerides, creatinine, glucose, insulin, C-peptide, hemoglobin A1c, and homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance index and negatively correlated with oral glucose insulin sensitivity. Age, homeostatic model assessment index, oral glucose insulin sensitivity, and creatinine were independent predictors of GDF-15 concentrations. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass led to a significant reduction in weight, leptin, insulin, and insulin resistance, but further increased GDF-15 concentrations (P &lt; 0.001).CONCLUSIONSThe associations between circulating GDF-15 concentrations and age, insulin resistance, and creatinine might account for the additional cardiovascular predictive information of GDF-15 compared to traditional risk factors. Nevertheless, GDF-15 changes following bariatric surgery suggest an indirect relationship between GDF-15 and insulin resistance. The clinical utility of GDF-15 as a biomarker might be limited until the pathways directly controlling GDF-15 concentrations are better understood.
OutHistory.org: An Experiment in LGBTQ Community History-Making
Authors: Gutterman Lauren Jae 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
This article describes OutHistory.org, the public Web site on lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) history hosted by the Center for Lesbian and Gay Studies (CLAGS) at the City University of New York, Graduate Center. OutHistory.org uses MediaWiki software to compile community-created histories of LGBTQ life in the U.S. and make the insights of LGBTQ history broadly accessible. Project Coordinator Lauren Gutterman explains how the public history project employs digital history to collect, advance, and project LGBTQ history, and how it serves as a model for other interactive history Web sites.
Language of Interview, Self-Rated Health, and the Other Latino Health Puzzle
Authors: Viruell-Fuentes Edna A. , Morenoff Jeffrey D. , Williams David R. , House James S. 
Published: December 2010

Objectives. We investigated whether the conventional Spanish translation of the self-rated health survey question helps explain why Latinos' self-rated health is worse than Whites' despite more objective health measures showing them to be as healthy as or healthier than are Whites. Methods. We analyzed the relationship between language of interview and self-rated health in the Chicago Community Adult Health Study (2001–2003) and the 2003 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Results. Being interviewed in Spanish was associated with significantly higher odds of rating health as fair or poor in both data sets. Moreover, adjusting for language of interview substantially reduced the gap between Whites and Latinos. Spanish-language interviewees were more likely to rate their health as fair (regular in Spanish) than as any other choice, and this preference was strongest when compared with categories representing better health (good, very good, and excellent). Conclusions. Our findings suggest that translation of the English word “fair” to regular induces Spanish-language respondents to report poorer health than they would in English. Self-rated health should be interpreted with caution, especially in racial/ethnic comparisons, and research should explore alternative translations.
Evaluation of EX: A National Mass Media Smoking Cessation Campaign
Authors: Vallone Donna M. , Duke Jennifer C. , Cullen Jennifer , McCausland Kristen L. , Allen Jane A. 
Published: December 2010

Objectives. We used longitudinal data to examine the relationship between confirmed awareness of a national, branded, mass media smoking cessation campaign and cessation outcomes. Methods. We surveyed adult smokers (n = 4067) in 8 designated market areas (“media markets”) at baseline and again approximately 6 months later. We used multivariable models to examine campaign effects on cognitions about quitting, quit attempts, and 30-day abstinence. Results. Respondents who demonstrated confirmed awareness of the EX campaign were significantly more likely to increase their level of agreement on a cessation-related cognitions index from baseline to follow-up (odds ratio [OR] = 1.6; P = .046). Individuals with confirmed campaign awareness had a 24% greater chance than did those who were not aware of the campaign of making a quit attempt between baseline and follow-up (OR = 1.24; P = .048). Conclusions. A national, branded, mass media smoking cessation campaign can change smokers' cognitions about quitting and increase quit attempts. We strongly recommend that federal and state governments provide funding for media campaigns to increase smoking cessation, particularly for campaigns that have been shown to impact quit attempts and abstinence.
Race/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Characteristics, Coethnic Social Ties, and Health: Evidence From the National Jewish Population Survey
Authors: Pearson Jay A. , Geronimus Arline T. 
Published: December 2010

Objectives. We explored whether a White ethnic group with a history of structural disadvantage, Jewish Americans, shows evidence of continuing health impact independent of socioeconomic position (SEP), whether coethnic social ties appear health protective, and whether the strength of any protection varies by SEP.Methods. In a series of ordered logistic regressions, we analyzed data from the National Jewish Population Survey, 2000–2001, regressing self-rated health on race/ethnicity, education, and income for US Blacks, Jews, and other Whites and, for Jews alone, indicators of coethnic social ties.Results. controlling for SEP indicators, the self-rated health of Jews converged with that of Blacks and was significantly worse than that of other Whites. Access to coethnic social ties was associated with better self-rated health among Jews, with the strongest estimated association among those of lower SEP.Conclusions. The finding that a White ethnic group with a favorable socioeconomic profile reported significantly worse health than did other Whites, after controlling for SEP, calls for better understanding of the complex interplay of cultural, psychosocial, and socioeconomic resources in shaping population health.
Ongoing Coverage for Ongoing Care: Access, Utilization, and Out-of-Pocket Spending Among Uninsured Working-Aged Adults with Chronic Health Care Needs
Authors: Gulley Stephen P. , Rasch Elizabeth K. , Chan Leighton 
Published: December 2010

Objectives. We sought to determine how part-year and full-year gaps in health insurance coverage affected working-aged persons with chronic health care needs.Methods. We conducted multivariate analyses of the 2002–2004 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey to compare access, utilization, and out-of-pocket spending burden among key groups of persons with chronic conditions and disabilities. The results are generalizable to the US community-dwelling population aged 18 to 64 years.Results. Among 92 million adults with chronic conditions, 21% experienced at least 1 month uninsured during the average year (2002–2004). Among the 25 million persons reporting both chronic conditions and disabilities, 23% were uninsured during the average year. These gaps in coverage were associated with significantly higher levels of access problems, lower rates of ambulatory visits and prescription drug use, and higher levels of out-of-pocket spending.Conclusions. Implementation of health care reform must focus not only on the prevention of chronic conditions and the expansion of insurance coverage but also on the long-term stability of the coverage to be offered.
Drug Arrests and Injection Drug Deterrence
Authors: Friedman Samuel R. , Pouget Enrique R. , Chatterjee Sudip , Cleland Charles M. , Tempalski Barbara , Brady Joanne E. , Cooper Hannah L. F. 
Published: December 2010

Objectives. We tested the hypothesis that higher rates of previous hard drug–related arrests predict lower rates of injection drug use. Methods. We analyzed drug-related arrest data from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Uniform Crime Reporting Program for 93 large US metropolitan statistical areas in 1992 to 2002 to predict previously published annual estimates of the number of injection drug users (IDUs) per 10 000 population. Results. In linear mixed-effects regression, hard drug–related arrest rates were positively associated (parameter = +1.59; SE = 0.57) with the population rate of IDUs in 1992 and were not associated with change in the IDU rate over time (parameter = −0.15; SE = 0.39). Conclusions. Deterrence-based approaches to reducing drug use seem not to reduce IDU prevalence. Alternative approaches such as harm reduction, which prevents HIV transmission and increases referrals to treatment, may be a better foundation for policy.