bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lugworm (Arenicola cristata) larvae in toxicity tests: Survival and development when exposed to organotins
Authors: Walsh Gerald E. , Louie Michael K. , McLaughlin Leslie L. , Lores Emile M. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A test is described for the exposure of the lugworm Arenicola cristata to toxicants. Embryos of A. cristata were exposed for 96 and 168 h to bis(triphenyltin) oxide (TPTO), triphenyltin chloride (TPTC), bis(tri-n-butyltin) oxide (TBTO) and tributyltin acetate (TBTA). The toxic effects were death and abnormal development of larvae. Concentrations that killed all animals were 4 μg L−1 (96 h) and 2 μg L−1 (168 h) TPTO; 10 μg L−1 (96 h) and 5 μg L−1 (168 h) TPTC; 4μg L−1 (96 h) TBTO; and 10 μg L−1 (96 h) and 5 μg L−1 (168 h) TBTA. Abnormal morphology was caused by 0.75 μg L−1 TPTO, 1 μg L−1 TPTC and 5 μg L−1 TBTA. Several developmental stages, from embryo to swimming larva, were exposed to TPTO. The most sensitive stages were early trochophore and early settled stage. The range of concentrations between 100% survival and 100% mortality was narrow in all tests. The exposure system is simple and detects teratogenicity.
Photoinduced toxicity of anthracene to juvenile bluegill sunfish (Lepomis Macrochirus Rafinesque): Photoperiod effects and predictive hazard evaluation
Authors: Oris James T. , Giesy John P. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The effect of daily light-cycle duration (photoperiod) on the solar ultraviolet radiation (SUVR) -induced toxicity of anthracene to juvenile bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus R.) in a laboratory system under simulated sunlight was examined. Rates of acute mortality were dependent on both anthracene concentration and photoperiod. Median lethal time values calculated on the basis of accumulated SUVR exposure time (UV-LT50) were compared with LT50 values calculated from real time of exposure (R-LT50) to determine relative rates of phototoxic damage versus physiologic repair during periods of darkness. The comparison of these LT50 values indicated that the photoinduced toxicity of anthracene to fish was slowly repaired during periods of darkness but that enough damage accumulated over several SUVR cycles to cause acute mortality.
The results from these experiments were incorporated into a relationship to predict no-effect anthracene concentrations from the daily light-cycle duration at one SUVR intensity. Information from acute toxicity tests was used to extrapolate to chronic no-effect values. No-effect anthracene concentrations in water were predicted to range from 1.2 μg/L for 24 h light:0 h dark photoperiod to 13.5 μg/L for a 6 h light: 18 h dark photoperiod. A no-effect anthracene body burden of 131 μg/kg has been calculated for juvenile bluegill sunfish for a 16 h light:8 h dark photoperiod at an equivalent depth of 3.0 m in a typical eutrophic system. Thus, considering current natural polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in water and in fish tissue, there exists natural waters in which photoinduced PAH toxicity may occur.
Toxicity of used drilling fluids to mysids (Mysidopsis Bahia)
Authors: Gaetz Charles T. , Montgomery Richard , Duke Thomas W. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Static, acute toxicity tests were conducted with mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) and 11 used drilling fluids (also called drilling muds) obtained from active drilling platforms in the Gulf of Mexico in U.S. waters. Each whole mud was tested, along with three phases of each mud: a liquid phase with particulate materials removed, a suspended particulate phase composed of soluble and lighter particulate fractions and a solid phase composed mainly of drill cuttings and rapidly settling particulates. These muds represented seven of the eight generic mud types described by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for use on the U.S. outer continental shelf.
Based on volume: volume preparations of the drilling muds in seawater, the lowest 96-h LC50s obtained were 26 μl/L for whole mud, 11,400 μl/L for the liquid phase, 726 μl/L for the suspended particulate phase and 1,456 μg/L for the solid phase. The toxicity of the 11 muds tested was apparently increased by the presence of aliphatic components.
Aqueous photolysis of triclopyr and its butoxyethyl ester and calculated environmental photodecomposition rates
Authors: Mccall P. J. , Gavit P. D. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Studies determining the photochemical quantum yields of [(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl) oxy]acetic acid (triclopyr) and its butoxyethyl ester are reported. Values of 0.040 ± 0.003 and 0.0084 ± 0.0008, respectively, were obtained using 313-nm light at pH 5 in a dilute aqueous solution at 35°C. Quantum yields were used to compute half-lives for direct photolysis under seasonal and locational sunlight conditions with the computer program SOLAR. Triclopyr was observed to photodegrade approximately six times faster than the ester, with typical calculated midday, midsummer half-lives of 2.1 and 12.5 h, respectively, at the water's surface at 40°C latitude. The relative importance of photolysis to other environmental transport and transformation mechanisms of the chemicals is discussed.
Chemical speciation and bioavailability of copper: Uptake and accumulation by eichornia
Authors: Nor Yahya M. , Cheng H. H. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The uptake of copper by water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) was studied using solution culture techniques in the greenhouse. The bioassays indicated that the uptake of copper was a direct function of its speciation. For example, only free Cu2+ was absorbed by the plant in the presence of strong ligands such as EDTA and humic acid. Other ligands tested (fulvic acid, amino acids and simple organic acids), however, failed to suppress the uptake of copper even when the free Cu2+ in solution initially was negligibly small. Copper could have been taken up directly by the plant as various complexes or in the free Cu2+ form after dissociation from the ligands prior to uptake. Complete inhibition of copper uptake in the presence of humic acid, in contrast to fulvic acid, suggests that the chemical stability constants of these complexes with copper were not correlated to the metal's bioavailability. The potential of Eichornia for removing heavy metals from wastewaters is demonstrated by its tremendous capacity to bioaccumulate copper. Depending on the presence or absence of ligands, from 200 to more than 2,400 μg Cu g−1 dry matter could be taken up by the plant.
Sorption of low-polarity organic compounds on oxide minerals and aquifer material
Authors: Stauffer Thomas B. , Macintyre William G. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Sorption plays a significant role in the transport of low-polarity organic compounds by ground water. Most contaminant movement is through saturated aquifers of low organic carbon content. Sorption processes on these materials may be different from those on high-organic surface soils. Batch sorption isotherms using 14C-labeled compounds were determined on mineral oxides and aquifer materials; the sorbents used were Al2O3, Al(OH)3, FeO(OH) (goethite) and aquifer material. A surface soil sorbate was used for comparison with the sorption of the low-carbon materials; the sorbates used were 1-methylnaphthalene, naphthalene, trichloroethylene and o-dichlorobenzene. The acidity and ionic strength were varied to simulate different ground water conditions. The order of sorption coefficients for all sorbents was 1-methylnaphthalene &gt; naphthalene &gt; o-dichlorobenzene &gt; trichloroethylene. In general, sorption of each compound was strongest for the surface soil and decreased in the order of surface soil &gt;&gt; FeO(OH) &gt; aquifer material &gt; aluminum oxides. Under basic conditions, the sorption coefficients were significantly reduced in all cases. Sorption increased slightly at high ionic strengths.
Development and validation of site-specific water quality criteria for copper
Authors: Carlson Anthony R. , Nelson Henry , Hammermeister Dean 
Published: March 2010

AbstractComparative acute toxicity values for Ceriodaphnia dubia, Scapholeberis sp. and Pimephales promelas exposed to copper were used to calculate water effect ratios (e.g., site water LC50 value/reference water LC50 value), which reflect the difference in the biological availability and/or toxicity of copper between water from the Naugatuck River, Connecticut and Lake Superior reference water. These ratios were used to modify U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ambient aquatic life criteria for copper to site- and station-specific criteria, using the indicator procedure of the U.S. EPA guidelines for deriving site-specific water quality criteria. A water effect ratio of 1.0 was established using unpolluted upstream water, resulting in a site-specific criterion maximum concentration (CMC) and criterion continuous concentration (CCC) of 8.7 and 6.2 μg/L copper, respectively. Mean water effect ratios of 3.9 to 7.0, reflective of reduced biological availability and/or toxicity of copper, were determined for four successive downstream stations where the water contained copper and other industrial and domestic wastes. The resulting station-specific CMCs and CCCs ranged from 32 to 57 and 22 to 39 μg/L copper, respectively. These copper criteria were compared with effluent-contributed ambient copper concentrations and ecological survey data from each downstream station to ascertain impact on aquatic life. It was concluded that the national and site-specific criteria derived for copper would be protective of the river's aquatic life because a relatively healthy aquatic community existed where these criteria were exceeded slightly. Whether or not the station-specific criteria were protective could not be determined because these criteria were not exceeded at stations with healthy communities; however, where they were exceeded, impaired aquatic communities were evident.Generally, C. dubia survival and young production data from receiving water tests and copper addition tests, conducted just prior to the acute toxicity tests, were also indicative of reduced copper biological availability and/or toxicity in the Naugatuck River at downstream stations.
A screen device to eliminate “floaters” in daphnia magna toxicity tests
Authors: Dean Janet H. , DeGraeve G. Michael 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Daphnia magna are commonly trapped at the surface of test waters in D. magna toxicity tests. These “floaters” complicate interpretation of test results. A screen device was designed to physically prevent the Daphnia from touching the water surface. The effectiveness of the device was evaluated using several complex effluents.
Responses of estuarine macrofauna colonizing sediments contaminated with fenvalerate
Authors: Tagatz Marlin E. , Stanley Roman S. , Plaia Gayle R. , Deans Christine H. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Macrobenthic animal communities that colonized uncontaminated and fenvalerate-contaminated sand (0.1, 1 and 10 μg/g dry weight, nominal) in boxes placed for 8 weeks in an estuary were compared to assess effects of fenvalerate on community structure. As much as 27% of initial concentrations of this synthetic pyrethrin persisted in sediment at the end of the test. The average number of species (35.6) in communities in five replicates exposed to 10 μg/g was significantly less than that in the control (47.8) and lower concentrations (45.0 and 46.2). Of the dominant phyla collected (Annelida, Mollusca, Chordata and Arthropoda), abundance of chordates only (primarily lancelets, Branchiostoma caribaeum) was reduced by 10 μg fenvalerate/g. Biological indices applied to the data showed the greatest structural differences for communities exposed to the highest concentration, but these did not differ substantially from those for the control. Effective concentration for exposure via the sediment was five orders of magnitude greater than that for waterborne exposure determined in earlier benthic community studies.
Parameterization of predictive fate models: A case study
Authors: Reinert K. H. , Rocchio P. M. , Rodgers J. H. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Accurate prediction of chemical fate and persistence using general aquatic fate models requires model parameterization, i.e., the determination of site-specific environmental and chemical parameters for model input. The capability of one model, the Exposure Analysis Modeling System (EXAMS), to predict the fate of endothall, an aquatic herbicide, in a reservoir was compared using two different parameterization methods. The first method, limited parameterization, used only literature and limited field data. The second method, intensive parameterization, employed laboratory, experimental pool and field data. Differences of less than one order of magnitude were observed among the endothall fate predictions from EXAMS in this reservoir using either method. Predicted endothall aqueous half-lives were greater than the observed half-life by a factor of 5 to 9. Predicted endothall concentrations in sediment were consistently below the minimum detectable level (0.01 mg kg−1) for endothall, whereas endothall concentrations were measured in reservoir sediments in the field. In this case, the results indicate that limited parameterization of EXAMS provides predictions of endothall persistence that are as accurate as those provided by intensive parameterization, thus saving time and reducing costs. Limited parameterization produced relatively accurate predictions in this study, possibly because only one fate process, biotransformation, was important. For chemicals affected by numerous fate processes, the errors associated with each fate process input could significantly affect the accuracy of predictions.
Sensitivity analysis of population growth rates estimated from cladoceran chronic toxicity tests
Authors: Meyer Joseph S. , Ingersoll Christopher G. , McDonald Lyman L. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Four variables–mean brood size, day of first reproduction, longevity and per capita rate of increase (r)–were compared in four 70-d chronic toxicity tests in which Daphnia pulex were exposed to cadmium or copper in continuous and pulsed exposures. With these data we asked the question: Is the population-level variable (r) more sensitive than the three organism-level variables (mean brood size, day of first reproduction and longevity) as an indicator of toxicant stress? We define two variables to be equally sensitive if, for both variables, differences between treatments and the control have statistical significance levels in the same probability range. In these four tests, none of the four variables was consistently the most sensitive. We also evaluated the sensitivity of r by simulating shorter test durations, delays in reproduction and less frequent observation schedules. Simulated test durations of less than 21 d produced biased underestimates of r and increased coefficients of variation of the estimates of r relative to the 70-d values; simulated 1- and 2-d delays in reproduction also produced biased underestimates of r. However, estimates of r computed for a simulated Monday-Wednesday-Friday observation schedule did not differ significantly from estimates of r computed for a daily observation schedule. We conclude that although the estimator of per capita rate of increase is not always the most sensitive statistic that can be computed from cladoceran chronic toxicity test data, it can be useful for evaluating apparently conflicting effects of pollutants on survival and reproduction, as occurred in the copper continuous-exposure toxicity test.
PCB availability assessment of river dredging using caged clams and fish
Authors: Rice Clifford P. , White David S. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The effects of dredging to remove sediments contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were studied in the South Branch of the Shiawassee River in south-central Michigan. Caged fingernail clams, Sphaerium striatinum (Lamarck), and fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas Rafinesque, were used to monitor the bioavailability of PCBs, and these data were compared with changes in water column concentrations before dredging, during dredging and up to six months after dredging was completed. Monitoring of water, clams and fish during dredging confirmed that significant amounts of PCBs were released from the sediments. At all locations downstream and in the area of the dredging, there were increases in the availability of PCBs for at least six months. PCB concentrations in clams and fish in the dredged zone increased from 64.5 to 87.95 μg/g dry weight and from 13.82 to 18.30 μg/g dry weight, respectively, after dredging. Downstream (11 km), post-dredge uptake was also higher; however, clams showed less uptake than fish. This implied different uptake routes for the two organisms. There was no noticeable change in total PCB concentration in the water after dredging.
In situ experiments were run to determine uptake curves and time to uptake equilibrium for both clams and fish. Results of tests for equilibrium uptake by fatheads agreed with literature values. Uptake maxima occurred within 20 to 30 d. For clams, maximum uptake for Aroclor 1242 occurred after 9 d. Log bioconcentration factors for clams ranged from 2.6 to 4.5 for Aroclor 1242 and from 3.0 to 4.4 for Aroclor 1254; for fish, they ranged from 3.0 to 4.4 for Aroclor 1242 and from 4.5 to 5.5 for Aroclor 1254.
Use of respiratory-cardiovascular responses of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in identifying acute toxicity syndromes in fish: Part 2. malathion, carbaryl, acrolein and benzaldehyde
Authors: McKim James M. , Schmieder Patricia K. , Niemi Gerald J. , Carlson Richard W. , Henry Tala R. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
An in vivo fish model was used to monitor the respiratory-cardiovascular responses of individual spinally transected rainbow trout exposed to acutely toxic aqueous concentrations of two acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, malathion and carbaryl, and two mucous membrane irritants, acrolein and benzaldehyde. The most striking changes in respiratory-cardiovascular physiology noted on malathion and carbaryl exposures were immediate decreases in oxygen utilization (U) and heart rate (HR). Ventilation volume (VG) increased to compensate for the lower U, but not enough to increase oxygen consumption (VO2). Blood responses in carbaryl-exposed trout differed from those in the malathion group; there were increased hematocrit (Hct) and hemoglobin (Hb) values along with an extensive drop in arterial pH (pHa) and total arterial carbon dioxide (TaCO2). The overall respiratory-cardiovascular responses of the rainbow trout to acrolein and benzaldehyde intoxication represent a direct effect of the chemical at the respiratory surface. A steady increase in cough rate (CR) was recorded for fish exposed to both chemicals throughout exposures. A moderate to low increase in VG and VO2 was followed at 50 to 60% survival time by sudden decreases in VG and VO2 until death. Ventilation rate (VR), U and HR showed a steady downward trend over the entire survival period. After the midpoint in survival time, total arterial oxygen (TaO2), (TaCO2) and pHa all decreased, while Hct increased steadily. Individual principal components analyses of the cardiovascular-respiratory responses of fish exposed to the four chemicals showed that the variables were highly correlated and that the first two principal components explained 55 to 70% of the variation in the 18 parameters analyzed. A two-dimensional diagram of the first two principal components illustrated this multivariate response and the increased variability in the responses of exposed fish as compared with the control fish. Sets of toxic responses were developed to describe two new fish acute toxicity syndromes (FATS), one for AChE inhibitors and one for respiratory irritants. These were combined with the FATS for respiratory uncouplers and narcotics from previous work prior to discriminant function analysis (DFA). DFA was used to predict the specific FATS for a chemical based on the cardiovascular-respiratory responses observed during intoxication. DFA on these responses resulted in a 100% correct separation of four specific FATS for all 32 trout tested. Of the 18 responses monitored and used in the DFA, CR, VO2, TaO2, pHa and U were the best discriminators in predicting the correct FATS for each fish.
Root elongation method for toxicity testing of organic and inorganic pollutants
Authors: Wang Wuncheng 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Cucumber and lettuce are the biological test species recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Food and Drug Administration and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development for toxicity testing and environmental assessment. Millet is a riverine species widely distributed in the Midwest. The Illinois State Water Survey has conducted several studies using this species and the results show the millet to be rather promising for toxicity testing.
The objective of this study was to compare the responses of lettuce, cucumber and millet seeds to heavy metals, including Cd, Cr(VI), Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn. Lettuce was most sensitive to metal toxicity, while results for cucumber and millet were mixed. The millet seeds, however, did show a predictable pattern of response similar to their response to phenolic toxicity. There was a fairly good correlation between 50% effect concentrations and no observed effect concentrations for millet (R2 = 0.858).
Lettuce and millet seeds are recommended for use together in toxicity tests of unknown, complex hazardous substances.
Reproduction in mallards fed selenium
Authors: Heinz Gary H. , Hoffman David J. , Krynitsky Alexander J. , Weller Deborah M. G. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were fed diets containing 1, 5, 10, 25 or 100 ppm selenium as sodium selenite, a diet containing 10 ppm selenium as seleno-DL-methionine or a control diet. There were no effects of 1, 5 or 10 ppm selenium as sodium selenite on either weight or survival of adults or on reproductive success, and there did not appear to be a dose-response relationship at these lower levels. The 100 ppm selenium diet killed 11 of 12 adults; one adult male fed 25 ppm selenium died. Selenium at 25 and 100 ppm caused weight loss in adults. Females fed 25 ppm selenium took longer to begin laying eggs and intervals between eggs were longer than in females in other treatment groups. Hatching success appeared to be reduced in birds fed 10 ppm selenium as selenomethionine, but the reduction was not statistically significant. The survival of ducklings and the mean number of 21-d-old ducklings produced per female were reduced in the 25 ppm selenium as sodium selenite group and the 10 ppm selenium as selenomethionine group. Egg weights were not affected by any selenium treatment, but 25 ppm selenium lowered the Ratcliffe Index. Duckling weights at hatching and at 21 d of age were reduced 28 and 36%, respectively, in birds fed 25 ppm selenium, as compared with controls. Body weights measured on day 21 were lower for ducklings fed 10 ppm selenium as selenomethionine than in some other groups. Selenium in concentrations of 10 and 25 ppm as sodium selenite caused mainly embryotoxic effects, whereas 10 ppm as selenomethionine was more teratogenic, causing hydrocephaly, bill defects, eye defects (microphthalmia and anophthalmia) and foot and toe defects, including ectrodactyly. Selenomethionine was much more readily taken up by mallards and passed into their eggs than was sodium selenite, and a greater proportion of the selenium in the eggs ended up in the white when selenomethionine was fed. Adult males accumulated more selenium than did females, probably because of the females' ability to eliminate selenium in their eggs.