bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconstruction of MRI data encoded with arbitrarily shaped, curvilinear, nonbijective magnetic fields
Authors: Schultz Gerrit , Ullmann Peter , Lehr Heinrich , Welz Anna M. , Hennig Jürgen , Zaitsev Maxim 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA basic framework for image reconstruction from spatial encoding by curvilinear, nonbijective magnetic encoding fields in combination with multiple receivers is presented. The theory was developed in the context of the recently introduced parallel imaging technique using localized gradients (PatLoc) approach. In this new imaging modality, the linear gradient fields are generalized to arbitrarily shaped, nonbijective spatial encoding magnetic fields, which lead to ambiguous encoding. Ambiguities are resolved by adaptation of concepts developed for parallel imaging. Based on theoretical considerations, a practical algorithm for Cartesian trajectories is derived in the case that the conventional gradient coils are replaced by coils for PatLoc. The reconstruction method extends Cartesian sensitivity encoding (SENSE) reconstruction with an additional voxelwise intensity‐correction step. Spatially varying resolution, signal‐to‐noise ratio, and truncation artifacts are described and analyzed. Theoretical considerations are validated by two‐dimensional simulations based on multipolar encoding fields and they are confirmed by applying the reconstruction algorithm to initial experimental data. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Why engage?
Authors: Millesen Judith L. , Carman Joanne G. , Bies Angela L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractFoundations, consultants, and nonprofit managers have become interested in learning more about how to create effective strategies and interventions to strengthen nonprofit management and organizational capacity. In this article, we examine the extent to which organizational theory can explain the motivation to engage in different types of capacity‐building efforts. Using data gathered from focus groups and interviews with nonprofit executives, foundation executives, and capacity‐building professionals, we illustrate that while different organizational theories can explain the incentive to engage in capacity building, no single theory can truly capture the complexity of the decision‐making process. We show how a multitheoretical approach not only allows us to explain the evolution of capacity‐building efforts over time, but also helps us to identify and explain the problems that can be created by misinterpreting the incentive to engage in building individual and institutional capacity.
Strategies and tactics in NGO–government relations
Authors: Ramanath Ramya , Ebrahim Alnoor 
Published: September 2010

AbstractRelationships between nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and government agencies have been variously described in the nonprofit literature as cooperative, complementary, adversarial, confrontational, or even co‐optive. But how do NGO–government relationships emerge in practice, and is it possible for NGOs to manage multiple strategies of interaction at once? This article examines the experience of three leading NGOs in Mumbai, India, involved in slum and squatter housing. We investigate how they began relating with government agencies during their formative years and the factors that shaped their interactions. We find that NGOs with similar goals end up using very different strategies and tactics to advance their housing agendas. More significant, we observe that NGOs are likely to employ multiple strategies and tactics in their interactions with government. Finally, we find that an analysis of strategies and tactics can be a helpful vehicle for clarifying an organization's theory of change.
Transforming a nonprofit work environment for creativity
Authors: Jaskyte Kristina , Byerly Christina , Bryant Amanda , Koksarova Julianna 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAs many nonprofit organizations struggle to maximize the use of their resources while simultaneously handling more complex social problems, creativity becomes especially important. It is the necessary first step required for innovation, which provides agencies with the upper hand in many areas of organizational management. It has been suggested that certain work environments can contribute to increased levels of creativity. So it is important that the managers of nonprofit organizations have tools that allow them to develop a work context that enhances employee creativity. This article presents a study where one such tool—concept mapping—was used in the process of transforming a work environment. Qualitative and quantitative data showed that the transformation efforts contributed to major changes in the organization's culture, leadership's attitudes and behaviors, coworker relationships, and the physical work environment, which in turn contributed to positive organizational outcomes.
Taqman genotyping assays can be used on decalcified and paraffin‐embedded tissue from patients with osteosarcoma
Authors: Hagleitner Melanie M. , Coenen Marieke J.H. , Jeuken Judith W.M. , Flucke Uta , Schreuder H.W. Bart , te Loo D. Maroeska W.M. , Hoogerbrugge Peter M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackgroundIn cancers like osteosarcoma with a 5‐year overall survival of 50–60%, archived histological specimens can be a useful source of biological material. However, this material generally has been decalcified and formalin‐fixed for many years. In our study, we investigated whether DNA obtained from these tissues can be used for reliable single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping.ProcedureWe studied two SNPs in the drug transporter MDR1 using Taqman® SNP genotyping assays. Genotypes of the germ line DNA derived from freshly isolated DNA of 20 surviving patients with osteosarcoma were compared with genotypes obtained from archived material from decalcified formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) blocks of the same patients.ResultsDecalcified FFPE‐derived DNA yielded smaller PCR fragments compared to DNA extracted from peripheral blood cells, with a reliable size of ∼200 bp. However, we were able to evaluate each SNP in 19 of 20 cases included in this study. All successfully genotyped samples showed 100% concordance between genotypes obtained from DNA of FFPE tissue and the genotypes obtained from DNA of blood from the same patients.ConclusionsIn conclusion, we have demonstrated that decalcified FFPE tissue can be used for genetic polymorphism analysis using Taqman® allelic discrimination assays. This forms a unique opportunity to combine new insights in genetic research with historical patient cohorts. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;56:35–38. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metabolic profiling of Rhodiola rosea rhizomes by 1H NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Ioset Karine Ndjoko , Nyberg Nils T. , Van Diermen Daphne , Malnoe Pia , Hostettmann Kurt , Shikov Alexander N. , Jaroszewski Jerzy W. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIntroduction – Rhodiola rosea is a broadly used medicinal plant with largely unexplored natural variability in secondary metabolite levels.Objective – The aim of this work was to develop a non‐target procedure for 1H NMR spectroscopic fingerprinting of rhizome extracts for pattern recognition analysis and identification of secondary metabolites responsible for differences in sample composition. To achieve this, plants from three different geographic areas (Swiss Alps, Finland, and Altai region in Siberia) were investigated.Results – A sample preparation procedure was developed in order to remove polymeric polyphenols as the 1H NMR analysis of low‐molecular‐weight metabolites was hampered by the presence of tannins. Principal component analysis disclosed tight clustering of samples according to population. PCA models based on the aromatic region of the spectra showed that the first two components reflected changes in the content of salidroside and rosavin, respectively, the rosavin content being negatively correlated to that of rhodiocyanoside A and minor aromatics. Score plots and non‐parametric variance tests demonstrated population‐dependent changes according to harvest time. Data consistency was assessed using score plots and box‐and‐whisker graphs. In addition, a procedure for presenting loadings of PCA models based on bucketed data as high‐resolution plots, which are reminiscent of real 1H NMR spectra and help to identify latent biomarkers, is presented.Conclusion – This study demonstrated the usefulness of the established procedure for multivariate non‐target 1H NMR metabolic profiling of Rhodiola rosea. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Probing the dielectric response of polyurethane/alumina nanocomposites
Authors: Kalini A. , Gatos K. G. , Karahaliou P. K. , Georga S. N. , Krontiras C. A. , Psarras G. C. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe dielectric properties of polyurethane (PUR) latex–boehmite alumina nanocomposites were investigated by means of broadband dielectric spectroscopy in the temperature range −100 °C to 70 °C. The concentration of the filler (alumina) was kept constant at 10 phr for all specimens, whereas the mean particle diameter (namely 220, 90, and 25 nm) of the incorporated nanoparticles varied accordingly. For reasons of comparison, pure PUR was also examined. Four distinct relaxation modes were recorded in the spectra of all systems. They were attributed to interfacial polarization, glass transition (α‐relaxation), local motions of polar side groups, and chain segments (β‐relaxation and γ‐relaxation). All four relaxation processes exhibit a symmetric distribution of relaxation times, which in the case of interfacial polarization, becomes narrower. The intensity of interfacial polarization increases with the reduction of the mean particle diameter indicating enhanced interfacial area. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2010
Impact of low‐molecular mass components (oligomers) on the glass transition in thin films of poly(methyl methacrylate)
Authors: Dion Matthew , Larson Andrew B. , Vogt Bryan D. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractCommercial polydisperse atactic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) exhibits a decreased glass transition temperature (Tg) when the film thickness is less than ∼60 nm, whereas more model atactic PMMA shows an increased Tg in thin films supported on clean silicon wafers. NMR indicates no difference in tacticity, so the divergent thin film behavior appears related to the relative distribution of molecular mass. Extraction of some low molecular weight PMMA components from the commercial sample results in a significant modification of the thin film Tg compared with the initial PMMA fraction. The extracted sample exhibits initially a slight decrease in Tg as the film thickness is reduced below ∼60 nm, but then Tg appears to increase for films thinner than 20 nm. These results illustrate the sensitivity of polymer thin film properties to low‐molecular mass components and could explain some of the contradictory reports on the Tg of polymer thin films that exist in the literature. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2010
Cure behavior and mechanical properties of structural self‐healing epoxy resins
Authors: Guadagno Liberata , Longo Pasquale , Raimondo Marialuigia , Naddeo Carlo , Mariconda Annaluisa , Sorrentino Andrea , Vittoria Vittoria , Iannuzzo Generoso , Russo Salvatore 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAdvances in the growing use of polymer composites in aerospace applications explore the possibility in the development of smart materials capable of self‐repair. In this article, we have formulated and characterized a multifunctional autonomically healing composite inspired by the design of White et al. Microcapsules containing dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) and powders of Grubbs first generation catalyst were embedded in an epoxy formulation and both the epoxy precursor and the composite were cured up to the temperature of 120 °C that preserves the activity of the catalyst. The results on the cure behavior of an epoxy matrix for self‐healing material and the influence of the components related to self‐healing function on the dynamic‐mechanical properties are investigated. The presence of catalyst powder causes a slight decrease in the elastic modulus value with respect to the epoxy matrix. At variance, a large recovery in this parameter is gained for the self‐healing specimen, proving that well‐distributed microcapsules contribute to improve the mechanical properties. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2010
Isolated central sleep apnea in type I Chiari malformation: Improvement after surgery
Authors: Spence Jessica , Pasterkamp Hans , McDonald Patrick J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSleep apnea is a rare but well‐known clinical feature of disorders of the craniocervical junction. It may be obstructive or central in nature, and rarely presents without other neurological symptoms. We report the cases of two children, presenting with isolated central sleep apnea leading to a diagnosis of type I Chiari malformation. Surgical treatment resulted in a dramatic improvement in respiratory parameters during sleep, both clinically and on polysomnography.We discuss this uncommon presentation of type I Chiari malformation and suggest that it be considered in the differential diagnosis of central sleep apnea in children, as posterior fossa decompression may lead to significant clinical improvement. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010;45:1141–1144. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fractional exhaled nitric oxide exchange parameters among 9‐year‐old inner‐city children
Authors: Rosa Maria José , Divjan Adnan , Hoepner Lori , Sheares Beverley J. , Diaz Diurka , Gauvey‐Kern Kevin , Perera Frederica P. , Miller Rachel L. , Perzanowski Matthew S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjectives and HypothesisTo determine the feasibility of using a multiple flow offline fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) collection method in an inner‐city cohort and determine this population's alveolar and conducting airway contributions of NO. We hypothesized that the flow independent NO parameters would be associated differentially with wheeze and seroatopy.MethodsAs part of a birth cohort study, 9‐year‐old children (n = 102) of African‐American and Dominican mothers living in low‐income NYC neighborhoods had FeNO samples collected offline at constant flow rates of 50, 83, and 100 ml/sec. Seroatopy was defined as having measurable (≥0.35 IU/ml) specific IgE to any of the five inhalant indoor allergens tested. Current wheeze (last 12 months) was assessed by ISAAC questionnaire. Bronchial NO flux (JNO) and alveolar NO concentration (Calv) were estimated by the Pietropaoli and Hogman methods.ResultsValid exhalation flow rates were achieved in 96% of the children. Children with seroatopy (53%) had significantly higher median JNO (522 pl/sec vs. 161 pl/sec, P < 0.001) when compared to non‐seroatopic children; however, median Calv was not significantly different between these two groups (5.5 vs. 5.8, P = 0.644). Children with wheeze in the past year (21.6%) had significantly higher median Calv (8.4 ppb vs. 4.9 ppb, P < 0.001), but not JNO (295 pl/sec vs. 165 pl/sec, P = 0.241) when compared with children without wheeze. These associations remained stable after adjustment for known confounders/covariates.ConclusionsThe multiple flow method was easily implemented in this pediatric inner‐city cohort. In this study population, alveolar concentration of NO may be a better indicator of current wheeze than single flow FeNO. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2011; 46:83–91. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A computational investigation on the role of glycosylation in the binding of alpha1 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor with two alpha‐neurotoxins
Authors: Dimitropoulos Nikolaos , Papakyriakou Athanasios , Dalkas Georgios A. , Chasapis Christos T. , Poulas Konstantinos , Spyroulias Georgios A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBased on the crystal structure of the extracellular domain (ECD) of the mouse nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) alpha1 subunit bound to α‐bungarotoxin (α‐Btx) we have generated in silico models of the human nAChR α1 bound to α‐Btx and α‐cobratoxin (α‐Cbtx), both in the presence and in the absence of the N‐linked carbohydrate chain. To gain further insight into the structural role of glycosylation molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out in explicit solvent so as to compare the conformational dynamics of the binding interface between nAChR α1 and the two toxins. An interesting observation during the course of the MD simulations is the strengthening of the receptor‐toxin interaction in the presence of the carbohydrate chain, mediated through a shift in the position of the sugars towards the bound toxin. Critical protein–sugar interactions implicate residues Ser187 and Trp184 of nAChR and Thr6, Ser9, and Thr15 of α‐Btx, as well as Thr6 and Pro7 of α‐Cbtx. Analysis of the predicted residue‐specific intermolecular interactions is intended to inspire biophysical studies on the functional role of glycosylation in the gating mechanism. Proteins 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The reaction mechanism of type I phosphomannose isomerases: New information from inhibition and polarizable molecular mechanics studies
Authors: Roux Céline , Bhatt Forum , Foret Johanna , de Courcy Benoit , Gresh Nohad , Piquemal Jean‐Philip , Jeffery Constance J. , Salmon Laurent 
Published: September 2010

AbstractType I phosphomannose isomerases (PMIs) are zinc‐dependent metalloenzymes involved in the reversible isomerization of D‐mannose 6‐phosphate (M6P) and D‐fructose 6‐phosphate (F6P). 5‐Phospho‐D‐arabinonohydroxamic acid (5PAH), an inhibitor endowed with nanomolar affinity for yeast (Type I) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Type II) PMIs (Roux et al., Biochemistry 2004; 43:2926–2934), strongly inhibits human (Type I) PMI (for which we report an improved expression and purification procedure), as well as Escherichia coli (Type I) PMI. Its K
i value of 41 nM for human PMI is the lowest value ever reported for an inhibitor of PMI. 5‐Phospho‐D‐arabinonhydrazide, a neutral analogue of the reaction intermediate 1,2‐cis‐enediol, is about 15 times less efficient at inhibiting both enzymes, in accord with the anionic nature of the postulated high‐energy reaction intermediate. Using the polarizable molecular mechanics, sum of interactions between fragments ab initio computed (SIBFA) procedure, computed structures of the complexes between Candida albicans (Type I) PMI and the cyclic substrate β‐D‐mannopyranose 6‐phosphate (β‐M6P) and between the enzyme and the high‐energy intermediate analogue inhibitor 5PAH are reported. Their analysis allows us to identify clearly the nature of each individual active site amino acid and to formulate a hypothesis for the overall mechanism of the reaction catalyzed by Type I PMIs, that is, the ring‐opening and isomerization steps, respectively. Following enzyme‐catalyzed ring‐opening of β‐M6P by zinc‐coordinated water and Gln111 ligands, Lys136 is identified as the probable catalytic base involved in proton transfer between the two carbon atoms C1 and C2 of the substrate D‐mannose 6‐phosphate. Proteins 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isoselenocyanates derived from amino acid esters: an expedient synthesis and application to the assembly of selenoureidopeptidomimetics, unsymmetrical Selenoureas and selenohydantoins
Authors: Hemantha Hosahalli P. , Sureshbabu Vommina V. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAn important class of organoselenium compounds‐α‐isoselenocyanato esters 4 hasbeen prepared by a reaction of α‐isocyano esters with elemental selenium powder. The reaction issimple, rapid and all the isoselenocyanates havebeen isolated as stable ones after chromatographic purification. These hitherto unreported classes of molecules would be useful building blocks for the preparation of variety of selenium containing peptidomimetics. In this study, the utility of the title molecules in the preparation of selenoureidopeptidomimetics 6, unsymmetrical selenoureas 8 and selenohydantoins 10 isdemonstrated. Copyright © 2010 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phytoremediation of arsenic in mining‐contaminated areas: The future of transgenic technology
Authors: Anawar Hossain M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA considerable number of contaminated mining sites in Europe and other parts of the world pose environmental hazards. Given the multifaceted benefits of phytoremediation, screening of plant communities grown in contaminated areas is being conducted to identify hyperaccumulating plant species. A few arsenic (As) hyperaccumulating plants are found in tropical countries; however, generally, they are not grown in contaminated mining sites of cold and temperate countries (Europe and other parts of the world). The transgenic plants identified to date are not believed to be suitable for commercial use of phytoremediation. A few tolerant plant species in mining sites that are found to have elevated As levels primarily concentrate As in their roots. The remediation potential of many of these tolerant plants is limited because of their slow growth and low biomass. Therefore, phytostabilization of contaminated mining sites using tolerant plant species with high biomass and a more extensive root system is the only solution to date in Europe and some other parts of the world. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electrical resistance heating of volatile organic compounds in Sedimentary rock
Authors: Kluger Mark , Beyke Gregory L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractElectrical resistance heating (ERH) has become a common method of remediation for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in unconsolidated soils, both above and below the water table. Recently, use of ERH has expanded to include treatment of contaminated sedimentary bedrock. This article describes the implementation issues for rock remediation and provides case studies of three sites remediated by ERH in Maryland, New Jersey, and Indiana. With proper design, remediation of bedrock can be as effectively completed as remediation of overburden materials. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimizing remediation strategies for a former dry‐cleaner site
Authors: Fowler Troy , Dockter Craig 
Published: September 2010

AbstractResidual tetrachloroethene (PCE) contamination at the former Springvilla Dry Cleaners site in Springfield, Oregon, posed a potential risk through the vapor intrusion, direct contact, and off‐site beneficial groundwater uses. The Oregon Department of Environmental Quality utilized the State Dry Cleaner Program funds to help mitigate the risks posed by residual contamination. After delineation activities were complete, the source‐area soils were excavated and treated on‐site with ex situ vapor extraction to reduce disposal costs. Residual source‐area contamination was then chemically oxidized using sodium permanganate. Dissolved‐phase contamination was subsequently addressed with in situ enhanced reductive dechlorination (ERD). ERD achieved treatment goals across more than 4 million gallons of aquifer impacted with PCE concentrations up to 7,800 micrograms per liter prior to remedial activities. The ERD remedy introduced electron donors and nutrient amendments through groundwater recirculation and slug injection across two aquifers over the course of 24 months. Adaptive and mass‐targeted strategies reduced total remedy costs to approximately $18 per ton within the treatment areas. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.