bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PARASITISM OF THE ARMY CUTWORM, EUXOA AUXILIARIS (GRT.) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), BY COPIDOSOMA BAKERI (HOWARD) (HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE) AND EFFECT ON CROP DAMAGE
Authors: Byers J.R. , Yu D.S. , Jones J.W. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDuring an outbreak of army cutworm in southern Alberta in the spring of 1990, the overall incidence of parasitism by the polyembryonic parasitoid, Copidosoma bakeri (Howard), was 61% in samples from seven fields. The incidence of parasitism in samples of army cutworms collected on five dates from a single location, during the spring of 1991, increased from about 20% in the early samples to about 50% in the later samples. Cutworms parasitized by C. bakeri feed for a longer time than unparasitized ones; therefore estimates of the incidence of parasitism by C. bakeri, based on samples of late-instar cutworms, are misleadingly high. Parasitized cutworms also grow considerably larger than unparasitized ones and may have a supernumerary instar. Larger hosts support larger broods of C. bakeri and apparently a successful strategy of C. bakeri is to prolong host development so as to maximize an acquired resource. Because cutworms parasitized by C. bakeri feed more and longer than unparasitized cutworms, a high rate of parasitism can exacerbate crop damage and complicate control recommendations. The life cycles of army cutworm and C. bakeri are asynchronous and it is likely that high rates of parasitism are dependent on the presence of intermediary hosts.
A REVIEW OF THE SPECIES OF NITIDOTACHINUS NEW GENUS (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE: TACHYPORINAE)
Authors: Campbell J.M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA new genus, Nitidotachinus, is described in the subfamily Tachyporinae (Staphylinidae) to include the species formerly placed in the Tachyporoides and Impunctatus groups of Tachinus Gravenhorst and Tachinus excellens Bernhauer. The new genus includes 10 species, all previously described, from North America, Japan, China, and Taiwan. All major diagnostic characters for the genus are compared with those of Tachinus and illustrated with scanning electron photomicrographs or line drawings. The following new combinations are created by transferring the species from Tachinus to the new genus Nitidotachinus: N. adachii (Watanabe and Shibata), N. agilis (Horn), N. excellens (Bernhauer), N. horni (Campbell), N. impunctatus (Sharp), N. lanei (Hatch), N. sawadai (Watanabe and Shibata), N. scrutator (Gemminger and Harold), N. tachyporoides (Horn), and N. taiwanensis (Shibata).The 10 species of the genus are redescribed; the aedeagus is illustrated for all species, except N. excellens Bernhauer, known only from a unique female. A key is provided to aid in distinguishing the species and the phylogenetic relationships of the species of the genus are discussed.
DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN SELF- AND CONSPECIFIC-PARASITIZED HOSTS IN THE APHID PARASITOIDPRAON PEQUODORUMVIERECK (HYMENOPTERA: APHIDIIDAE)
Authors: Danyk T.P. , Mackauer M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe evaluated host discrimination and oviposition restraint in the waspPraon pequodorumViereck, a solitary parasitoid of the pea aphid,Acyrthosiphon pisum(Harris). In dichotomous preference tests, wasps attacked more unparasitized than equally available parasitized aphids, and more self-parasitized aphids than aphids parasitized by conspecific females. The conditional probability of a female laying an egg into an attacked aphid was independent of the host type. Host discrimination apparently involves a volatile and individual-specific pheromone marker. Females expecting to compete with other (conspecific) wasps for a limited host supply may ensure possession of the host by self superparasitism. Because host examination requires considerably more time than oviposition inP.pequodorum(and eggs contain few resources), it may be adaptive for a female to lay an egg in an examined host regardless of variations in host quality.
DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST AND FINAL INSTAR OF THE HEMLOCK LOOPERS LAMBDINA ATHASARIA (WALKER) AND LAMBDINA FISCELLARIA (GUENÉE) (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)
Authors: Grehan J.R. , Parker B.L. , Dearborn R.G. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractLarvae of the hemlock loopers Lambdina athasaria (Walker) from Vermont and L. fiscellaria (Guenée) from Maine are described for color, chaetotaxy, and gross morphology of the head, body, and legs. Body color varies from pale white-grey to dark green-brown with pigmented sclerotized bands. Head capsule color varies from pale grey-white to dark brown, with dark sclerotized spots of variable size. Many L. fiscellaria larvae are a lighter color than L. athasaria, but no consistent differences were found. The chaetotaxy of micro- and macrosetae conforms to the Geometridae, but the lack of detailed descriptions for other Lambdina species precludes a generic diagnosis. The homology of setae L and SV in Geometridae requires further resolution, particularly with respect to the presence or absence of L3 and SV2.
SUSCEPTIBILITIES OF SPECIES AND CULTIVARS OF CANOLA AND MUSTARD TO INFESTATION BY ROOT MAGGOTS (DELIA SPP.) (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Dosdall L.M. , Herbut M.J. , Cowle N.T. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFour species of Cruciferae [canola species Brassica rapa L. and Brassica napus L., and mustard species Brassica juncea (L.) and Sinapis alba L.], and various cultivars of each species, were evaluated for susceptibilities to infestation by Delia spp. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) under field conditions in central Alberta, Canada. Susceptibility was measured throughout the season by recording numbers of eggs of Delia spp. laid on or near individual plants, and at the end of the season by a semi-quantitative determination of injury inflicted by larvae on taproots. Differences in susceptibility occurred among and within canola and mustard species. Plants of B. rapa were most susceptible to Delia spp.; both mean eggs per plant and mean damage ratings per plant on B. rapa significantly exceeded those of all other species studied. Intermediate susceptibility was observed for plants of B. napus and B. juncea; plants of S. alba were least susceptible. In general, differences in susceptibility were greater among species than among cultivars within species. Root damage generally correlated with oviposition among and within species, suggesting that the mechanism of resistance by cruciferous species to infestation by Delia spp. is antixenosis or nonpreference. Results of this study indicate that canola growers in regions infested annually by high population densities of Delia spp. should seed B. napus or B. juncea rather than B. rapa. However, if a short growing season necessitates seeding B. rapa, then growers should select the more resistant cultivars of this species.
METAMASIUS CALLIZONA (CHEVROLAT) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), AN IMMIGRANT PEST, DESTROYS BROMELIADS IN FLORIDA
Authors: Frank J.H. , Thomas M.C. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMetamasius callizona (Chevrolat), a previously obscure weevil species known from Mexico, Guatemala, and Panama, was discovered in Florida (USA) in 1989. In Mexico and Florida its larvae mine meristemmatic tissue and flower-stalks of epiphytic Tillandsia bromeliads, which they kill. In Florida, populations of Tillandsia utriculata L. are being decimated; the weevils also mine and kill introduced ornamental bromeliads of 12 other genera, including Ananas. Fruits of Ananas comosus (L.) (pineapple) are destroyed. Where they occur in southern Florida, populations of the weevil are now much greater than could be found in Mexico in July 1992. In Florida, M. callizona seems to breed throughout the year. Females deposit eggs singly into slits cut in leaf bases of the host-plants. Fully grown larvae pupate in a fibrous cocoon, and development time from oviposition to adult is approximately 11 weeks in the laboratory. No insect parasitoids of the weevil have been found, but Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) was found as a pathogen in Mexico.
ORIGIN AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE WEEVILS OF SOUTHERN FLORIDA (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Anderson Robert S. , Peck Stewart B. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe naturally occurring weevil (Curculionidae) fauna of Dade and Monroe counties in southern Florida is composed of 100 genera and 222 species. Another 20 species are adventive; their presence is due to the unintentional action of humans. Twenty-eight species occur only on the islands of the Florida Keys, 118 species occur only on mainland south Florida, and 76 species are shared by the mainland and the islands. Greater habitat diversity on the mainland accounts for its higher species diversity. The species distributions and faunal affinities are 60% Nearctic and 40% Neotropical or West Indian. Thirty-five species are known to occur only in southern Florida. This probably reflects poor knowledge of their distribution in the Caribbean rather than southern Florida as an important site for species origin. Most of the weevil species (133; 60%) are habitat specific and few species (22; 10%) are found in three or more habitat types. Wetland-inhabiting species are predominant (76; 34%), followed by hardwood hammock species (47; 21%). Flightlessness in adults is uncommon (35 species; 16%), but more prevalent in the species endemic to southern Florida (12 species; 34%). Extrapolation from data on weevil diversity yields a conservative estimate of over 5000 species of insects in southern Florida.
EFFECTS OF APPLICATION DATE ON THE PERSISTENCE OF CLOFENTEZINE RESIDUES: IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT OF RESISTANCE IN THE EUROPEAN RED MITE
Authors: Marshall D.B. , Pree D.J. , McGarvey B.D. , Thistlewood H.M.A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe effects of timing of applications on the persistence of chemical and biologically active residues of clofentezine were tested on apple foliage during two seasons. Residues from prebloom and petal fall applications were less persistent than those in mid-season. Early season applications were toxic to European red mite for 7–21 days but mid-season applications were toxic for as long as 50–62 days. Chemical residue losses were also faster in the early season. Persistence of chemical residues was related to the rate of leaf growth and expansion. In 1991, foliage area expanded 244% per week during the prebloom period, 23% per week at petal fall, and 10% per week in July (mid-season).In a field test, applications of clofentezine at petal fall reduced European red mite populations within 7 days and mite numbers remained below economic thresholds for 6 weeks.
METHOD TO QUANTIFY LEAF BEETLE CONSUMPTION OF LEAF DISKS USING IMAGE ANALYSIS
Authors: Kokko E.G. , Clerck-Floate R.A. De , Leggett F.L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis study describes an image analysis method that reliably quantifies feeding damage by leaf beetle larvae (Altica spp.) to Canada thistle leaf disks. Quantification is objective, uncomplicated, precise, rapid, and usable with any image analyzer. Image analysis of dried, pressed leaf disks is not recommended, as the amount of shrinkage of the eaten area upon drying varies with the amount eaten. Analysis of fresh material is advised. Image analysis of fresh leaf disks will be a useful method of comparing rates of consumption of two Altica species, one of which is being considered as a new candidate for the biocontrol of Canada thistle, and also other insects with similar feeding habits.
EVALUATION OF AN OVIPOSITION TRAP FOR MONITORING EGG POPULATIONS OF DIABROTICA SPP. (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) IN FIELD CORN
Authors: Mulock Barbara S. , Ellis Cliff R. , Whitfield Gary H. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractTraps consisting of open, cylindrical tins containing moistened clay aggregates were evaluated as field oviposition sites for corn rootworm, Diabrotica spp. Six trap features were investigated: clay aggregate size, water saturation level, trap opening, trap cover, trap volume, and trap position relative to corn plants. More eggs were recovered in traps containing clay aggregates ranging from 0.5 to 3.5 mm diameter compared with aggregates from 2.5 to 8.0 mm diameter. Saturation of the trap to 2.5 cm from the opening resulted in greater egg recovery compared with traps saturated to 6.0 cm from the opening. Covering the exposed surface of the trap with a metal ring and/or a corn leaf increased egg recovery in the field.Oviposition traps were placed in four commercial corn fields in 1990 and three in 1991 to monitor egg populations. Egg recovery from traps and estimates of the absolute egg population in the soil were compared with densities of adult corn rootworm to predict larval damage on roots of corn planted the next year. In five fields, adult populations were above the current economic threshold of one beetle per plant. However, economic damage to roots occurred only in the field in which the most eggs were recovered from traps (226.6 eggs per trap) and soil samples (30.2 eggs per litre). Mean egg recovery per trap per field was correlated with mean damage ratings from untreated corn.
OVIPOSITION AND FECUNDITY OF PINE FALSE WEBWORM (HYMENOPTERA: PAMPHILIIDAE)
Authors: Lyons D. Barry 
Published: November 2009

AbstractOviposition and fecundity of the pine false webworm, Acantholyda erythrocephala (L.), were investigated in the field and in controlled environments in the laboratory. Females mated and began ovipositing soon after emergence from the soil. Most eggs were mature and ready for deposition at female emergence. Potential fecundity of females at emergence from the ground was a linear function of adult wet or dry weight. However, a few eggs matured following emergence of the females from the soil. The amount of defoliation of the host plant caused by the sawfly in the previous year was inversely related to size and potential fecundity of emerging adults.Realized fecundity was independent of temperature over the range of rearing temperatures examined. Mean realized fecundity at constant temperatures ranged from 32.9 eggs per female at 14.9°C to 42.0 eggs per female at 26.6°C. These differences were not statistically significant. Oviposition and ageing rates were temperature dependent. Average female longevity ranged from 27 days at 14.9°C to 6.6 days at 26.6°C. Females were diurnal and oviposition occurred during daylight hours. Oviposition pattern of the sawfly was described by a model based on temperature-dependent oviposition and ageing-rate functions. The model accurately predicted female survival and egg deposition in an outdoor insectory. However, predicted oviposition pattern of natural populations was delayed when compared with the observed pattern and may have resulted from microclimatic effects or inaccuracy of the model at low temperatures.
PHOTOPERIODISM AND SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF AN APHID, MACROSIPHUM EUPHORBIAE (THOMAS), IN OILSEED FLAX
Authors: Lamb R.J. , Wise I.L. , MacKay P.A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) (Homoptera: Aphididae), is a host-alternating species and an important pest of Canadian flax. Populations of this aphid are highest in flax when the weather is warm and dry in July. Field-plot studies show that populations of the potato aphid increase rapidly in late July and early August and decline rapidly in mid-August. In some years potato aphids die because of a fungal epizootic or drought-induced senescence of the crop, but usually these factors do not account for the population decline. Field cage studies show that the potato aphid emigrates from the crop in mid-August. The photoperiodic response of the potato aphid and resulting emigration explain the population decline in flax, which occurs in mid-August each year regardless of the growth stage of the crop, population density, or average temperature at the time of the photoperiodic cue. Male and mating female potato aphids, born at the end of August, have time to develop, mate, and lay eggs before temperatures drop below the developmental threshold. The population decline assures that farmers need not sample or control the potato aphid in flax after mid-August.
EFFECT OF RH-5992, A NONSTEROIDAL ECDYSONE AGONIST, ON THE SPRUCE BUDWORM,CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA(LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): LABORATORY, GREENHOUSE, AND GROUND SPRAY TRIALS
Authors: Retnakaran A. , Smith L.F.R. , Tomkins W.L. , Primavera M.J. , Palli S.R. , Payne N. , Jobin L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIngestion of 0.1 μg of RH-5992, tebufenozide, by early 6th instar larvae of the spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferana(Clem.), prior to the appearance of the ecdysone peak in the hemolymph, resulted in the induction of a precocious incomplete moult that was lethal. The larvae stopped feeding within 8 h post ingestion and remained quiescent just as they do in preparation for a normal moult. Head capsule slippage started at 12 h post ingestion, became pronounced by 24 h, and by 48 h an untanned new head capsule was visible behind the old one. The lack of tanning of the new cuticle was due to the failure of dopadecarboxylase gene expression. Although the old cuticle was loose around the entire body, indicating that apolysis had occurred, there was no evidence of ecdysis of the old cuticle, suggesting that eclosion hormone was probably not released. Earlier instars required a lower dose than the later ones to elicit an "all or none" type of moulting response. The most effective routes of entry were by intrahemocoelic injection, followed by ingestion. Topical application was effective only when nonaqueous carriers such as acetone or dimethyl sulfoxide were used. The larvae were unable to discriminate between treated and untreated diet over a 48-h period. The transcription factor,Choristoneurahormone receptor 3, which is normally expressed at the onset of the hemolymph ecdysone peak, was expressed in the epidermis 1 h post ingestion of RH-5992, reached a peak level by 3 h, and became undetectable by 24 h, confirming that this analogue acts through the ecdysone receptor system. Greenhouse tests using potted white spruce trees sprayed with RH-5992 and colonized with 4th-instar spruce budworm indicated that field dosages of 35, 70, 140, and 280 g/ha would all be effective. Ground spray trials conducted in a spruce budworm infested white spruce stand in Zee Casault, Gaspé, Quebec, using a backpack sprayer showed that ≥ 70 g/ha of RH-5992 reduced the insect population by 100% with very little defoliation and was better than Chlorfluazuron®(an analogue of the chitin synthesis inhibitor, diflubenzuron or Dimilin®) treatment, which was used as a positive control. The unique mode of action of this ecdysone agonist and its effectiveness as an environmentally benign control agent for the spruce budworm are discussed.
DENSITY AND PUPATION SITE OF APTEROUS FEMALE BAGWORMS, METISA PLANA (LEPIDOPTERA: PSYCHIDAE), INFLUENCE THE DISTRIBUTION OF EMERGENT LARVAE
Authors: Rhainds Marc , Gries Gerhard , Saleh Ahmad 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn an oil palm plantation in northeast Sumatra, Indonesia, we tested the hypotheses that selection of pupation site by female bagworms, Metisa plana (Walker), influences the distribution of emergent larvae, and that intertree dispersal by larvae is density dependant. Similar intratree distributions of empty female pupal cases and early instars and significant regressions between numbers of female pupal cases and larvae per leaf for 36 out of 39 palms indicated that larvae generally remain on the same leaf where they emerged. Proportions of early instars per female pupal case decreased with increasing densities of female pupal cases per tree and were greater on trees surrounding most heavily infested palms, suggesting that intertree dispersal of early instars is density dependent. Interspecific comparisons of life history constraints between M. plana and the allopatric bagworm Oiketicus kirbyi (Guilding) reveal different selective pressures that may have converged and favoured the development of an identical life history trait.
MARKING THE PACKAGE OR ITS CONTENTS: HOST DISCRIMINATION AND ACCEPTANCE IN THE ECTOPARASITOID DENDROCERUS CARPENTERI (HYMENOPTERA: MEGASPILIDAE)
Authors: Chow Andrew , Mackauer Manfred 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDendrocerus carpenteri (Curtis) was reared in the laboratory on prepupae of Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae) developing in pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). To test alternative hypotheses about host-marking behaviour and discrimination, we transferred unparasitized and previously parasitized A. ervi prepupae from donor to recipient mummies, which were either "unparasitized" or "parasitized." Females accepted already parasitized hosts within unparasitized mummies, but they rejected unparasitized hosts within previously parasitized mummies. Host discrimination was not influenced by self and conspecific parasitism. Eggs were frequently placed directly on the mummy shell, rather than on the primary parasitoid, or on dummies made from dental wax. Prepupae removed from their mummy shell were not accepted for oviposition. We propose that the "search template" of D. carpenteri is defined, primarily, by the aphid mummy, which is being marked with a contact pheromone after oviposition.
NATURAL MORTALITY OF THE GYPSY MOTH ALONG A GRADIENT OF INFESTATION
Authors: Nealis V.G. , Roden P.M. , Ortiz D.A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractNatural mortality of gypsy moth [Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)] eggs, larvae, and pupae was examined at several locations along a gradient of infestation in Ontario, Canada. Most mortality of eggs was the result of exposure to winter weather. This mortality was mitigated in egg masses located near ground level where they benefited from snow cover. At least six species of parasitoids were found attacking gypsy moth larvae and pupae. The most common species were present in the same rank order of abundance at all sites. Identified pathogens were also present in most sites but their relative abundance varied greatly. The mycopathogen Entomophaga maimaiga Humber, Shimazu & Soper (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) was found at all sites and usually was responsible for the highest levels of observed, single-source mortality at the site.
DOSE-DEPENDENT AND SPECIES-SPECIFIC RESPONSES OF PINE BARK BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) TO MONOTERPENES IN ASSOCIATION WITH PHEROMONES
Authors: Miller Daniel R. , Borden John H. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMonoterpenes affected the attraction of three sympatric species of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to pheromone-baited multiple-funnel traps in stands of lodgepole pine. Catches of Ips pini (Say) in traps baited with its pheromone, ipsdienol, were directly related to the release rates of 3-carene, β-phellandrene, and β-pinene. Catches of Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins in traps baited with exo-brevicomin and cis- and trans-verbenol were directly related to the release rates of 3-carene, myrcene, and β-phellandrene. Ips latidens (LeConte) exhibited preferences for traps baited with ipsenol and β-phellandrene or β-pinene but not in a dose-dependent fashion. Catches of I. latidens in traps baited with its pheromone, ipsenol, were inversely proportional to the release rates of 3-carene, myrcene, and terpinolene. Similarly, catches of I. pini in traps baited with its pheromone, ipsdienol, were inversely proportional to the release rates of myrcene and terpinolene. These results demonstrate a degree of species specificity among three phloeophagous species with respect to preferred host odours. The bark beetle predators–associates Lasconotus complex LeConte (Coleoptera: Colydiidae) and Corticeus Piller and Mitterpacher sp. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) demonstrated some measure of specificity to monoterpenes in their responses to ipsdienol-baited funnel traps. γ-Terpinene increased attraction of L. complex but had no effect on Corticeus sp., whereas α- and β-pinene increased attraction of Corticeus sp. but had no effect on L. complex.