bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conservatism in Religion
Authors: Cook E. Albert 
Published: November 2011

Human progress depends on the discovery of the forces which are active in the universe and of the way to use them so as to accomplish desired ends. Power is in itself non-moral, and may be used for either moral or immoral purposes. All experience proves that conservatism is an immense power in human nature, and in religion probably more than in any other sphere of human life. It seems strange, then, that more attention has not been given to the nature and source of this power, and to the methods by which it may be so employed as to help and build up rather than obstruct and destroy the spiritual life of men.The power of conservatism affects doctrine, ethics, ceremonial and liturgical forms, and polity in unequal degrees, although it affects them all very greatly. This essay, however, is concerned only with conservatism in doctrine, and leaves the other fields to other students.
The “Sic et Non” of Stephanus Gobarus
Authors: von Harnack Adolf 
Published: November 2011

In the older, as well as in the current, books on church history, and at some points in New Testament introduction, patristics, and the history of doctrine, a certain work is referred to under the name of “Stephanus Gobarus.” The problems arising out of the quotations from this book are of great interest; but we are given virtually no information about the author beyond his name, and the book itself remains a complete mystery. Only the industry of Walch, in Part VIII of his “Entwurf einer vollständigen Historie der Ketzereien” (1778, pp. 877 ff.) has analyzed it, or, rather, made unsatisfactory and incorrect extracts from it, to which he has added a few observations of his own. With this exception, it seems as if ever since the tenth century scholars had entered into a conspiracy to maintain complete silence about this work, or at least to content themselves with a few scanty remarks.In the following pages I shall endeavor to come closer to the work and its author. I do not undertake to give a commentary, for that would require a book; but shall confine myself to the main points, going into detail only with reference to passages that relate to the literature of the first three centuries.
The Alevis, or Deifiers of Ali
Authors: Trowbridge Stephen Van Rensselaer 
Published: November 2011

A religion different from Islam, centring about the person and teaching of Ali, the adopted son of Muhammed, is steadily gaining ground in certain sections of the Turkish Empire. The believers are called Alevis both by themselves and by the Muslims. The name Kuzul Bash (u as in “cut”), which means “Red Head” and is often used as a term of reproach, is said to have originated at the battle of Siffin. Ali said, “Tie red upon your heads, so that ye slay not your own comrades in the thick of the battle.” In Persia the community is known by the name of Ali Ilāhi, and has commonly been regarded as a sect of Muhammedanism.The object of this study is to investigate the true nature of this faith with as much accuracy as an oriental religion permits, and to consider the relations of the Alevi brotherhood with Islam and Christianity.
The Teaching of Ernst Troeltsch of Heidelberg
Authors: Miller Lucius Hopkins 
Published: November 2011

In these days of world-wide intercommunication, the hope of unity and demand for it among men are very strong, so strong that the optimistically inclined often think they already see the rosy hues of a dawn heralding the day of universal harmony. Perhaps these good people are right; but in no respect do modifying considerations appear more clearly than in matters of religion and religious thought. In these things racial as well as individual differences exist; and even between nations so near akin as Germany and the United States mutual understanding seems hard to attain. No doubt the average religious man in America looks upon Germany as a hot-bed of religious radicalism, opposed to all those principles of piety which good men wish to see preserved. There is ground for this opinion, in that German theologians have led the way in the application of the critical method to the facts of religion, and it is often still true, though far less than a few decades ago, that the theories advanced contain poison for the springs of pure religion. But this is not the whole of the picture. Besides the forces of stanch conservatism, which are as strong and as active in Germany as elsewhere, there exists also there at present a vigorous and increasing body of men, as much interested in religion as any conservatives, who are attempting to mediate the great truths of religion to the modern man, whose views are no longer in agreement with orthodoxy. To some these teachers may seem radical, but to those who realize that the great crux is the religious life itself and not this or that particular formulation of it, they convey a distinct impression of constructive renewal—renewal, because they reckon with the knowledge and forces of the new day; constructive, because they build upon and further the knowledge which the past has bequeathed and the forces to which man has ever turned for help and strength.Such a man is Ernst Troeltsch of Heidelberg, too little known on this side of the Atlantic, but a man to be reckoned with in the future here, as he already is in his own land. That a new school will form itself about him is unlikely; his teaching is too individualistic for that. But many a student is attracted by his powerful reasoning, fearlessly critical of all the prevailing tendencies—orthodox, Ritschlian, Hegelian, pragmatic—and gets from him a deeper hold on the realities of the spiritual life and a stronger faith in Christianity as the permanent expression of that life. It is this broad aspect of Troeltsch's teaching which will interest us here rather than his views concerning the history of Protestant Christianity, which is his special field.
The Peril of a Safe Theology
Authors: Youtz Herbert Alden 
Published: November 2011

The multiplication of safety appliances for the protection of human life is a marked characteristic of our age. No humane ministry to society is more consistently and forcefully urged than the providing of automatic safety-devices to supplant the older method of reliance upon personal attention and intelligence. “Such accidents will happen until we eliminate the whole human element by means of automatic provisions,” observed a railroad operator after a recent disaster. He followed the statement with an informing discussion concerning the installing of safety-appliances on his own line of road, in response to the demands of the public conscience. There is always a position and a premium for the inventive genius who can substitute for fallible human attention an automatic response that works infallibly. The disabled switchman, the drunken watchman, the recreant employee, can be more and more dispensed with as his services are supplied by the mechanical device which never sleeps nor drinks whiskey, and whose integrity does not call for any subjective processes. Lives of employees and of patrons by the thousands are thus guarded and saved every year. And the principle is so humane and sound that we do not propose to halt while inventive skill is unexhausted or the reluctant employer remains unpunished.Our object here is not to question the beneficence of these things; we are concerned rather with a by-product. What are the moral consequences of safety devices—their effect upon character? and what are the limitations of mechanical safety in the complex and responsible activities of human achievement? Does the elevator man become a more or a less responsible person when he feels that not his own skill and attention, but an automatic device, stands between his passengers and disaster? Do railway employees, when relieved of personal responsibility, develop the types of character that under the old system fitted them to advance as conductors, engineers, and managing officers? What is the effect upon a board of directors of knowing that they have provided “every device for the safety and comfort of their patrons”? In short, does the movement contribute to responsible character or does it not?
Ultrastructural changes in the macrogamete and early oocyst of Eimeria maxima resulting from drug treatment
Authors: Pittilo R. M. , Ball S. J. , Joyner L. P. , Norton C. C. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYThe ultrastructure of the macrogamete and developing oocyst of Eimeria maxima (Weybridge strain) was examined in the intestinal cells of chicks fed 3 different anticoccidial drugs. Amprolium at 125 p.p.m., arprinocid at 35 p.p.m. and dinitolmide at 250 p.p.m. caused considerable morphological abnormality and incomplete development of the wall-forming bodies of Type 2 (WFB II), which did not appear able to participate in oocyst wall formation. The wall-forming bodies of Type 1 (WFB I) were able in each case to participate in oocyst wall formation although amprolium and dinitolmide produced morphological abnormalities in them. In birds medicated with dinitolmide, the outer layer of the oocyst wall was formed initially at opposite poles of the macrogame tes rather than as a uniform layer. Other abnormalities resulting from drug treatment are reported and some evidence that intravacuolar tubules may be formed by the parasite pellicle is presented.
Fasciola hepatica: a technique for the study of gut penetration by juvenile flukes
Authors: Burden D. J. , Bland A. P. , Hughes D. L. , Hammet N. C. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYA method using light and electron microscopes is described which is suitable for the examination of gut penetration by juvenile Fasciola hepatica. It involved the ligation of small sections of the small intestine of rats and the introduction of artificially excysted flukes into these gut loops. By restricting the area of infection in this way it was possible to either recover flukes from the gut lumen or to prepare ultrathin sections for electron microscopy of flukes penetrating the gut wall. In addition, flukes were recovered from the body cavity at various times after preparation of loops in resistant and naive rats. It was found that more flukes reached the body cavity in naive rats than in resistant rats, demonstrating a resistance to infection in the gut loops of sensitized rats.
A study of the initiation of biliary hyperplasia in rats infected with Fasciola hepatica
Authors: Foster John R. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYFollowing infection of rats with Fasciola hepatica, an increase in the number of epithelial cells in the common bile duct, labelled with [3H]thymidine, was detected autoradiographically as early as 5 days post-infection (p.i.). This initial mitogenic effect of the infection was limited to that region of the bile duct lying adjacent to the liver, while the region lying next to the duodenum failed to show any increase in labelling until 41 days p.i. Mechanical contact between the parasite and the biliary epithelium did not occur until 41 days p.i. and the initial hyperplasia was evidently not a result of mechanical irritation. The study serves to emphasize the chemical aetiology of the precocious biliary hyperplasia and to more accurately identify its onset.
Eimeria acervulina and E. mivati: oocysts, life-cycle and ability to develop in the chicken embryo
Authors: Norton C. C. , Joyner L. P. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYThree strains of Eimeria acervulina and 3 strains of E. mivati were compared. E. acervulina was characterized by the ovoidal shape of its oocysts and their rapid sporulation, small first-generation schizonts containing few merozoites, and its inability to complete development in the chorio-allantois of chicken embryos. E. mivati had more rounded oocysts with a Longer sporulation time, larger first-generation schizonts containing twice as many merozoites and it developed readily in the chorio-allantois. Pre-patent periods were variable but generally shorter with E. acervulina. A strain of E. mivati attenuated by repeated embryo passage showed a reduced pre-patent period.
Effect of amprolium and dinitolmide on sporulation of oocysts of field isolates of Eimeria acervulina
Authors: Mathis G. F. , McDougald L. R. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYA laboratory strain of Eimeria acervulina and 9 field isolates consisting principally of E. acervulina were tested for sensitivity to amprolium (125 p.p.m.) or dinitolmide (125 p.p.m.) in the food and for effects of the drugs on sporulation of oocysts. Judged by weight gains and lesion scores, medicaments were only partially effective against the 9 field isolates, but were highly effective against the laboratory strain. Oocysts were produced in all the infections but the percentage sporulation of oocysts from field isolates was much higher than sporulation of oocysts of the ‘drug sensitive’ laboratory strain. These results show that coccidia that are resistant to either amprolium or dinitolmide are able to cause lesions in the presence of the drugs and the oocysts that are produced will sporulate normally.
A new microsporidium Berwaldia singularis gen. et sp.nov. from Daphnia pulex and a survey of microsporidia described from Cladocera
Authors: Larsson Ronny 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYA new microsporidian parasite of a freshwater cladoceran from southern Sweden is described using light and electron microscopical methods. Development comprises 2 merogonial sequences, the first resulting in a cluster of 8 merozoites, the second in a chain of 4 merozoites. Each secondary merozoite develops into a sporont which divides into 2 sporoblasts, each of which develops into a spore. The spores are broadly oval and in fresh smears measure about 6 μm in length, with a single nucleus and a posterosome. The polar filament is about 40 μm long, of even thickness throughout, and appears as 15—18 coils in a single layer. The anchoring disc is small and the polaroplast is composed of 2 lamellar parts. Outside the plasma membrane of the sporont a 5-layered, electron-dense substance is produced, which further differentiates into endo- and exospore, an electron-dense substance occurring patchily on the exospore and a pansporoblast membrane. During development the sporoblasts and the young spores are connected by a dense substance. Mature spores appear single or paired. The pansporoblast membrane is composed of 2 structurally different layers, namely a thin outer, single membrane and an inner layer composed of tubular structures. It is connected to the spore coat by patches of the dense substance. The new microsporidium is considered to belong to a new genus of the family Telomyxidae, and its systematic relationship with this and the related family Tuzetiidae is discussed. A survey of microsporidia from Cladocera is included.
Scaling rate for semi-dispersing billiards with non-compact cusps
Authors: ARBIETO A. , MARKARIAN R. , PACIFICO M. J. , SOARES R. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe show that certain billiard tables with non-compact cusps are mixing with respect to the invariant infinite measure, in the sense of Krengel and Sucheston. Moreover, we show that the scaling rate is slower than a certain polynomial rate.
Credibility Engineering in the Food Industry: Linking Science, Regulation, and Marketing in a Corporate Context
Authors: Penders Bart , Nelis Annemiek P. 
Published: November 2011

ArgumentWe expand upon the notion of the “credibility cycle” through a study of credibility engineering by the food industry. Research and development (R&D) as well as marketing contribute to the credibility of the food company Unilever and its claims. Innovation encompasses the development, marketing, and sales of products. These are directed towards three distinct audiences: scientific peers, regulators, and consumers. R&D uses scientific articles to create credit for itself amongst peers and regulators. These articles are used to support health claims on products. However, R&D, regulation, and marketing are not separate realms. A single strategy of credibility engineering connects health claims to a specific public through linking that public to a health issue and a food product.
What Does the Arrest and Release of Emile Borel and His Colleagues in 1941 Tell Us about the German Occupation of France?
Authors: Mazliak Laurent , Shafer Glenn 
Published: November 2011

ArgumentThe Germans occupying Paris arrested Emile Borel and three other members of the Académie des Sciences in October 1941 and released them about five weeks later. Drawing on German and French archives and other sources, we argue that these events illustrate the complexity of the motivations and tactics of the occupiers and the occupied. While Borel and his colleagues were genuine members of the Resistance, and those who arrested them were full participants in a brutal occupation, both sides respected a bargain, of no small importance to the Vichy regime, that allowed the university to pursue its work if its members avoided overt acts of opposition.
In silico design of novel leads for inhibition of human beta-2-microglobulin
Authors: Navya Pallapotu , Pradhan Dibyabhaba , Umamaheswari Amineni 
Published: November 2011

AbstractHuman myotrophin is the smallest ankyrin repeat protein implicated as a factor to induce cardiac hypertrophy. Activation of myotrophin was observed during acute myocardial infarction (MI). In acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients, myotrophin acts as a self-governing predictor of major adverse cardiac events (MACE). Therefore, human myotrophin serves as an effective drug target for discovery of new potential drugs. Recent human myotropin inhibitors have poor pharmacological properties leading to intolerable side effects. Hence, ligand based virtual screening protocol of CADD method was pursued in the present study to propose new class potential myotrophin inhibitors. Docking was done by using Schrödinger software suite 2010 (maestro v9.1), docked complexes were validated and enumerated to find out the best lead, the top twenty docked complexes were selected and analyzed through LIGPLOT for their binding orientations. Finally, the ten top ranked leads were reported based on the XPGscore, better binding affinity and good pharmacological properties compared to existing inhibitors. Lead ‘1’ (Mitoxantrone) showed lowest XPGscore (-8.4k cal/mol) and good van der Waal interaction, hydrophobic interactions with the residues Lys-24, Glu-26, Tyr-21, Arg-30, Cys-2, Asp-3, Lys-4, Phe-6, Glu-5, Ala-9, Glu-70 and Gly-140 responsible for the preference of inhibition. Three hydrogen bonds were observed for myotrophin- lead1 docking complex with residues Asp-3, Cys-2 and Gly-5. Thus, lead1 would be the preferred compound to proceed with in vitro and in vivo verification. Our results illustrate a well-designed virtual screening campaign successfully identifying novel lead compounds as potential entry points for the development of drugs for cardiovascular disease treatment.
Absence of historical temporal trends in monthly, seasonal, and annual streamflows for the Okanagan and Similkameen Rivers in south-central British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Rayne Sierra , Forest Kaya 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPotential historical temporal trends in monthly, seasonal, and annual mean, minimum, and maximum streamflows and date of the spring freshet runoff peak were investigated for the Okanagan and Similkameen Rivers in south-central British Columbia, Canada. There appears to be no compelling evidence that streamflow patterns in the Okanagan and Similkameen Rivers have changed over the available hydrometric record, nor does there appear to be evidence that future changes in streamflow patterns are imminent or likely.
Influence of coastal vegetation on the 2004 tsunami wave impact in west Aceh
Authors: Laso Bayas Juan Carlos , Marohn Carsten , Dercon Gerd , Dewi Sonya , Piepho Hans Peter , Joshi Laxman , van Noordwijk Meine , Cadisch Georg 
Published: November 2011

In a tsunami event human casualties and infrastructure damage are determined predominantly by seaquake intensity and offshore properties. On land, wave energy is attenuated by gravitation (elevation) and friction (land cover). Tree belts have been promoted as “bioshields” against wave impact. However, given the lack of quantitative evidence of their performance in such extreme events, tree belts have been criticized for creating a false sense of security. This study used 180 transects perpendicular to over 100 km on the west coast of Aceh, Indonesia to analyze the influence of coastal vegetation, particularly cultivated trees, on the impact of the 2004 tsunami. Satellite imagery; land cover maps; land use characteristics; stem diameter, height, and planting density; and a literature review were used to develop a land cover roughness coefficient accounting for the resistance offered by different land uses to the wave advance. Applying a spatial generalized linear mixed model, we found that while distance to coast was the dominant determinant of impact (casualties and infrastructure damage), the existing coastal vegetation in front of settlements also significantly reduced casualties by an average of 5%. In contrast, dense vegetation behind villages endangered human lives and increased structural damage. Debris carried by the backwash may have contributed to these dissimilar effects of land cover. For sustainable and effective coastal risk management, location of settlements is essential, while the protective potential of coastal vegetation, as determined by its spatial arrangement, should be regarded as an important livelihood provider rather than just as a bioshield.
Heat shock protein 70 kDa chaperone/DnaJ cochaperone complex employs an unusual dynamic interface
Authors: Ahmad Atta , Bhattacharya Akash , McDonald Ramsay A. , Cordes Melissa , Ellington Benjamin , Bertelsen Eric B. , Zuiderweg Erik R. P. 
Published: November 2011

The heat shock protein 70 kDa (Hsp70)/DnaJ/nucleotide exchange factor system assists in intracellular protein (re)folding. Using solution NMR, we obtained a three-dimensional structure for a 75-kDa Hsp70–DnaJ complex in the ADP state, loaded with substrate peptide. We establish that the J domain (residues 1–70) binds with its positively charged helix II to a negatively charged loop in the Hsp70 nucleotide-binding domain. The complex shows an unusual “tethered” binding mode which is stoichiometric and saturable, but which has a dynamic interface. The complex represents part of a triple complex of Hsp70 and DnaJ both bound to substrate protein. Mutagenesis data indicate that the interface is also of relevance for the interaction of Hsp70 and DnaJ in the ATP state. The solution complex is completely different from a crystal structure of a disulfide-linked complex of homologous proteins [Jiang, et al. (2007)
Mol Cell
28:422–433].