bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visual, Vestibular, and Somatosensory Control of Compensatory Gaze Nystagmus during Circular Locomotion
Authors: Solomon David , Cohen Bernard 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter reviews the data from the studies which recorded head and eye movements of alert monkeys while they ran around in light and in darkness. The data have shown that the head contributes importantly to gaze compensation during circular locomotion. The study asks several questions, such as whether neck proprioceptors play a role in the control of head movements, and what is the relative contribution of the head and eyes to gaze stabilization. It is shown in this study that there is active movement of the head and eyes to produce compensatory gaze nystagmus. It is also inferred that a major function of velocity storage is to support gaze compensation during locomotion.
Preferential Activation of the Sternocleidomastoid Muscles by the Ipsilateral Motor Cortex during Voluntary Rapid Head Rotations in Humans
Authors: Mazzini Letizia , Schieppati Marco 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis study aims to readdress the question of voluntary innervation of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) in man using a simple reaction time (RT) paradigm. The rationale of the study was that the RTs of the agonist muscle should be shorter for rotation toward the stimulus if the pathway was ipsilateral, and shorter for rotations from it if the pathway was crossed. The experiments included the eight subjects with their reaction times being measured on store traces from the onset of the stimulus to the beginning of the SCM electromyogram. The main finding of this study is the demonstrated difference in the RT of the right SCM and the left SCM in response to a lateralized stimulus delivered to the left index finger.
Signal Transduction and Protein Phosphorylation
Authors: Schulman Howard 
Published: April 2012

AbstractHigher functions of the central nervous system are based on communication between functional units consisting of many neurons. Communication within and between functional units of neurons is largely based on the chemical transmission of signals with time courses ranging from milliseconds to seconds and minutes. Most chemical transmission requires a cascade of enzymatic steps that are relatively slow, but provide for essential modulation of fast transmission and of effects that are independent of ion channels. This typically involves receptors that are coupled to membrane-bound, GTP-binding proteins (G proteins). This chapter discusses G-protein-coupled signal transduction, protein phosphorylation, multifunctional CaM kinase, and functional studies.
Synaptic Plasticity in Hippocampus and Neocortex: A Comparison
Authors: Malenka Robert C. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractOver the last decade, long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus has been the most intensively studied model of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in the mammalian brain primarily because it can be elicited reliably in isolated slices of hippocampus, a preparation that offers many experimental advantages. As a result of this research effort, we now know a great deal about the cellular mechanisms responsible for hippocampal LTP, particularly at the synapses between Schaffer collateral/commissural afferents and CAl pyramidal cells. This chapter begins by briefly reviewing some of the salient aspects of the LTP elicited in CAl cells in the hippocampus, which will serve as a model to which the various forms of LTP observed in cortical preparations can then be compared.
Neurotransmitter Signaling Before the Birth of Neurons
Authors: Loturco Jo J. , Kriegstein Arnold R. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractRecent advances in cellular physiological techniques, particularly the development of in situ whole-cell patch-clamp recording, have permitted detailed physiological and pharmacological studies of proliferating cells in the ventricular and subventricular zones of embryonic neocortex. The results are beginning to shed light on the kinds of signals and cellular interactions that may underlie the regulation of cell-cycle events and gene expression in cortical progenitor cells. This chapter discusses the following topics: gap-junction channels provide an avenue for intracellular communication among cortical progenitors; uncoupling blocks DNA synthesis; the principal excitatory and inhibitory amino acid receptors are expressed before neuronal differentiation; cell-cycle events in the embryonic cortex are influenced by GABA and glutamate; GABA depolarizes ventricular zone cells because of high intracellular chloride concentration maintained by a chloride exchange pump; depolarization mediates the DNA synthesis inhibition induced by GABA and glutamate.
Development of Cortical Excitation and Inhibition
Authors: Deisz Rudolf A. , Luhmann Heiko J. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe sequence of developmental modifications in allo- and neocortical areas is similar in most mammals; however, the exact time course of these alterations is species and area dependent. This chapter describes age-dependent changes in the structure and function of the cortical excitatory and inhibitory systems. It covers experimental observations obtained predominantly from the neocortex of one species—the rat—in which most of the electrophysiological in vitro studies were performed. To allow a correlation between the different anatomical and physiological parameters and to minimize the influence of layer-specific differences due to the “inside first–outside last” pattern of neocortical development, data from layers II/III of the rat neocortex are presented when available. To highlight certain aspects of excitatory and inhibitory transmission, findings from other cortical areas, structures, and species are considered.
Glutamate Receptors and Neuronal Death: A Beginning
Authors: Choi Dennis W. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe 1980s was a time of rapid advances in excitatory amino acid pharmacology and physiology, which permitted specific exploration of John Olney's “excitotoxicity” notion: the idea that the neurotoxicity of endogenous transmitter glutamate could be responsible for some of the neuronal loss associated with disease states. Key experiments provided strong support for this idea in the specific setting of brain hypoxia-ischemia. Early work with kainate injections into the brain raised the interesting speculation that excitotoxicity might be involved in the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease. This chapter reviews studies on excitotoxicity.
Muscles: Electromyography
Authors: Stern Robert M. , Ray William J. , Quigley Karen S. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThere are many reasons for recording muscle activity. Physical therapists record muscle action to document disabilities, to measure therapeutic progress, and to evaluate orthotic and prosthetic devices. The psychologist studying learning measures muscular activity in order to record the development of motor skills. The psychophysiologist also records muscle action, often when no movement occurs, as in the case of tension headaches or, more generally, to study the patterns of bodily reaction to stimulation, as in the startle response. One of the most significant uses of our muscles is to communicate emotional expressions. Another use of muscles is to help us move quickly, as when we are startled. Today, many psychophysiologists use the startle reflex as a way to measure emotionality. This chapter discusses the use of electromyography (EMG) to study muscles, the physiological basis of EMG, psychophysiological recording procedure, electrodes and electrode placement, typical recordings, common problems associated with EMG, analysis and quantification, and requirements for amplification of EMGs.
Skin: Electrodermal Activity
Authors: Stern Robert M. , Ray William J. , Quigley Karen S. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Electrodermal activity (EDA) has been recorded in thousands of psychophysiological studies. Many who record EDA today share the basic belief expressed by Carl Jung in 1907 and also by present-day lie detector operators that verbal responses do not tell all, but that EDA does reveal the secrets of “mental life”. Today, EDA is used as a measure of the state of the organism's interaction with its environment, a reflection of emotional responding that is also elicited by cognitive activity. If we think of the skin as a giant receptor separating humans from the rest of the world, is it any wonder that responses obtained from it would be of interest to psychologists? This chapter discusses the four common descriptions of EDA: skin conductance level, skin conductance response, skin potential level, and skin potential response (SPR). The physiological basis of EDA and its psychophysiological recording are explored.
Applications of Psychophysiological Recording
Authors: Stern Robert M. , Ray William J. , Quigley Karen S. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractOnce an individual is able to record psychophysiological measures successfully, the question arises as to how these measures might be used in understanding the interdependence between psychological and physiological processes. What fields of study might significantly benefit from psychophysiological approaches? Before beginning a discussion of applications of psychophysiological recording, some of the principles of psychophysiology are considered. Psychophysiological studies can be grouped into five categories: response variables, stimulus/situational variables, subject variables, correlational variables, and the applications of psychophysiological research. Studies involving the responsible variables are primarily concerned with properties of the psychophysiological response. Examples include examining the relation between electroencephalogram (EEG) alpha activity and metabolic activity in the thalamus. Three examples of application studies are biofeedback, lie detection, and brain plasticity and pain. Areas that have benefited from psychophysiological techniques are those of attention and cortical plasticity and reorganization after injury.
Ostracism
Authors: Williams Kipling D. , Zadro Lisa 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Originated from the Athenian practice, ostracism or the temporary exclusion by consensus and the act of ignoring is analyzed by Kip William and Lisa Zadro. Laboratory manipulations and real-life observations are the main data-gathering procedures of the study. Apart from the emphasis that ostracism may occur across all ages, the experimental efforts particularly set the foundations of numerous frameworks for the field. Even if there has been small amount of psychological literature about the phenomenon, enough studies have illustrated its short- and long-term consequences. Conformity and increased motivation for better performance comprise the short-term effects, while for long-term results, internalization of low levels of self-esteem and control, as well as suicide attempts, are evident. New models are devised in the attempt to capture the complexities of ostracism, which were not noted by early researches. These frameworks come with various data-gathering methods such as structured interviews, narratives, and contingency plans.
Two Sides of Romantic Rejection
Authors: Baumeister Roy F. , Dhavale Dawn 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This chapter revolves around the kind of rejection accompanied by special feelings toward the person who initiated the refusal of an aspiring lover's proposal. Discussed here are the perception differences of the rejected and the rejector, as well as their corresponding implications. Unreciprocated feelings result in self-degradation, despair, and lack of enthusiasm to engage in future relationships. Maintenance of a certain level of friendship or acquaintance can be hindered by the awkward aftermaths of mismatched affections. Recognition of the fact that not all emotions are mutually rewarded all the time will enable people with heartbreaking experiences to move on. Additional tips to soothe the getting-over phase are as follows: understanding the reasons of unrequited love, diverting attention to other aspects (mainly the future), as well as appreciating time alone and the presence of families, friends, and others who care.
Betrayal, Rejection, Revenge, and Forgiveness: An Interpersonal Script Approach
Authors: Fitness Julie 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
While it is true that betrayal leads to the loss of reliance on an individual, this chapter asserts that distress from the breach of trust comes from a sense of being neither regarded nor accepted. The author utilizes the interpersonal script method in understanding the latest researches in the field. Psychologically speaking, betrayal seems to be a complex form of interpersonal relationship conflict. Various sorts of emotions can be felt upon experiencing this circumstance, including anger, fear, doubt, and repulsion. Mechanisms to counteract these potentially destructive feelings involve taking revenge or letting go of the mistakes. Although reconciliation is suggested, it depends on the hurt party to forgive and accept or to repress and retaliate. Likewise, the offender has the choice to apologize and maintain the bond, to create alibis and enjoy the relief from the guilt, or even to leave with no confrontation and destroy the ties with silence.
Peer Rejection in Everyday Life
Authors: Asher Steven R. , Rose Amanda J. , Gabriel Sonda W. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Rejection among children is the central topic in this part. Elementary-school students are the subjects of the comprehensive research, which discusses an extensive list of rejection behaviors that will unfold and explain aspects of early childhood development. Analysis was derived from the examination of ways (through the cited dialogues between students) in which to express non-affirmation. The study employed rating scales that measured the likelihood of a child to initiate a game with or engage in the same activity as another child. Results show that while there are children who are popularly admired in the campus, there are those who are generally hated by their peers. The second group of kids is termed as the sociometrically “rejected.” Apparent reasons of dislike consist of social involvement, level of aggression, submissiveness tendencies, withdrawal instances, sense of humor, academic excellence, and athletic competitiveness.
Emotional Responses to Interpersonal Rejection
Authors: Leary Mark R. , Koch Erika J. , Hechenbleikner Nancy R. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Rejection is classified as actual, expected, and perceived. It can be implicitly felt through behavioral patterns or can be directly brought into play by way of verbal communication and removal of membership from an organization. No matter what kind of observed low relational evaluation takes place, this scenario still leads to depression, sadness, jealousy, isolation, envy, guilt, embarrassment, and anxiety. Emotions associated with this circumstance vary in terms of cognitive judgments, previous experiences, and consequential acts. In contrast, people who accept high regard exhibit delightful reactions and acquire an increased level of confidence and competence. The effects of either social approval or elimination are regulated when feelings are used to attain survival, reproduction, and adaptation. Although this chapter illustrates two sides of relational evaluation, much attention should be given to the further examination of positive interpersonal undertakings and outcomes, as well as to the understanding of resolutions to the negative social scenarios.
Coping with Rejection
Authors: Sommer Kristin 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Relational devaluation may mean that a person is not anymore fitted with the qualities sought after to maintain and develop a relationship. Considering the assumption that rejection intimidates an individual's regard to one's self, this section tackles techniques on protecting the ego from these threats, whether actual or potential. The author describes two main categories of coping mechanisms—self-enhancement and self-protection—that are based on an individual's cognition and behavior. Both strategies, when repeatedly employed, will come out unconsciously. The first classification operates on people with high self-esteem and is comprised of establishing strong principles, reinforcing current affiliations, and improving strengths. Despite the constructive influences of ego defenses, these may bring about maladaptive responses (especially to people who attribute low value to their lives) such as chronic regard to the self, which suggests manipulation and even betrayal of others in order to succeed. The second taxonomy functions on people with low self-worth and consists of derogating peers and pulling out endeavors that might identify weaknesses.
Implications of Mental Models of Self and Others for the Targets of Stigmatization
Authors: Miller Carol T. , Kaiser Cheryl R. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Negative labels affect the way people view themselves; and these unbeneficial habits involve non-acceptance. It is assumed that individuals encounter branding with stigma due to the negative features associated with their affiliations based on dispositions and values that are widely agreed upon. There are cases that happen because of the environment's discriminatory attitudes, prototyped expectations, and biased judgments. Some individuals are labeled for their substance abuse, physical abnormalities, sexual orientation, or deviant actions. Discussed here are coping mechanisms under the premises of attachment theory, which puts forward the existence of an eternal psychological connection between human beings. Consequences of these negative habits depend on the response of the target agents and their self schemas. Moreover, the study asserts that stigmatized people are relatively better at coping with prejudice compared to non-stigmatized ones because these labeled individuals are exposed to opportunities to discover and to improve themselves.
Individual Differences in Reactions to Rejection
Authors: Kelly Kristine M. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractDemonstrated here are the distinctive personality traits that matter in the discussion of rejection responses. On one hand, such reactions can be classified as emotionally rooted, cognition grounded, and behaviorally linked; while on the other, feedbacks can be based upon the level of self-confidence, conceit, anxiety, depression, attachment style, perceived social support, and sexual orientation. The extent of sensitivity to rejection is accounted for by the quality of personal relationships, which eventually establish the physical and the psychological well being of an individual. Although people are expected to experience negative emotions when faced with denunciation, refusal, or elimination (due to several factors), they react differently. Integrated and socially involved people are more likely to constructively surpass misfortunes, sudden unemployment, the unexpected death of loved ones, and other possible shocks. Similarly, people who lack healthy and affirmative social ties are more inclined to take maladaptive actions when they encounter difficult situations.
Explaining the Many Varieties of Working Memory Variation: Dual Mechanisms of Cognitive Control
Authors: Braver Todd S. , Gray Jeremy R. , Burgess Gregory C. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter shows how all working memory (WM) theorists agree that control processes are a critical component of WM function. The general theoretical framework is the dual mechanisms of control (DMC): proactive control and reactive control. They can be differentiated on the basis of their information-processing characteristics, computational properties, temporal dynamics, and underlying neural systems. Regardless of the source of WM variation, the proximal mechanisms of variation remain the same and have the same impact on brain activity and behavior. Thus, the DMC framework provides a unifying account that has the potential to synthesize and integrate a large body of literatures on WM function. By recognizing that there are multiple alternative routes to cognitive control, investigators may be in a better position to explore and investigate the complexity of empirical findings.
Variation in Working Memory Due to Normal Development
Authors: Towse John N. , Hitch Graham J. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter discusses the popular model of working memory outlined by Baddeley and Hitch, and how a family of experimental tasks has been designed to measure the capacity of working memory. The interpretation of the data seeks to provide a synthesis between individual-difference and experimental approaches, issues concerning each approach, and their relationship. Evidence for the importance of making a careful analysis of the temporal dynamics of working memory tasks is provided. The chapter is structured around four questions: overarching theory of working memory; critical sources of working memory variation; consideration of other sources of variation in working memory; and contributions to general working memory theory. The central goal is to develop a more satisfactory and complete account of working memory and its development.
Brain and Visual Perception
Authors: HUBEL DAVID H. , WIESEL TORSTEN N. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Scientists' understanding of two central problems in neuroscience, psychology, and philosophy has been greatly influenced by the work of David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel: What is it to see? This relates to the machinery that underlies visual perception, How do we acquire the brain's mechanisms for vision? This is the nature-nurture question as to whether the nerve connections responsible for vision are innate or whether they develop through experience in the early life of an animal or human. This is a book about the collaboration between Hubel and Wiesel, which began in 1958, lasted until about 1982, and led to a Nobel Prize in 1981. It opens with short biographies of both men, describes the state of the field when they started, and talks about the beginnings of their collaboration. It emphasizes the importance of various mentors in their lives, especially Stephen W. Kuffler, who opened up the field by studying the cat retina in 1950, and founded the department of neurobiology at Harvard Medical School, where most of their work was done. The main part of the book consists of Hubel and Wiesel's most important publications. Each reprinted paper is preceded by a foreword that tells how they went about the research, what the difficulties and the pleasures were, and whether they felt a paper was important and why. Each is also followed by an afterword describing how the paper was received and what developments have occurred since its publication. The reader learns things that are often absent from typical scientific publications, including whether the work was difficult, fun, personally rewarding, exhilarating, or just plain tedious. The book ends with a summing-up of the present state of the field.
The Move from Hopkins to Harvard
Authors: Hubel David H. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In the spring of 1959, nine families moved from Baltimore to Boston, to the Department of Pharmacology. Torsten Wiesel and David Hubel were demoted to the status of “Associates”. From the beginning, teaching was a major new item for the group. With Sanford Palay's group in neuroanatomy, they taught medical students for six weeks each spring. It was one of their best teaching experiences, for it was apparent that the course was the most popular in school. In 1964, John Salk wanted to recruit David. David, however, made it clear that he did not want to break his collaboration with Torsten. David gave three “Special Lectures” at University College, University of London, in the last week of January 1965. In 1968, Torsten and David went together to Japan, to the International Physiological Congress in Tokyo.