bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continuous, Array-Based Estimates of Atlantic Ocean Heat Transport at 26.5°N
Authors: Johns W. E. , Baringer M. O. , Beal L. M. , Cunningham S. A. , Kanzow T. , Bryden H. L. , Hirschi J. J. M. , Marotzke J. , Meinen C. S. , Shaw B. , Curry R. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Continuous estimates of the oceanic meridional heat transport in the Atlantic are derived from the Rapid Climate Change–Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) and Heatflux Array (RAPID–MOCHA) observing system deployed along 26.5°N, for the period from April 2004 to October 2007. The basinwide meridional heat transport (MHT) is derived by combining temperature transports (relative to a common reference) from 1) the Gulf Stream in the Straits of Florida; 2) the western boundary region offshore of Abaco, Bahamas; 3) the Ekman layer [derived from Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) wind stresses]; and 4) the interior ocean monitored by “endpoint” dynamic height moorings. The interior eddy heat transport arising from spatial covariance of the velocity and temperature fields is estimated independently from repeat hydrographic and expendable bathythermograph (XBT) sections and can also be approximated by the array.
The results for the 3.5 yr of data thus far available show a mean MHT of 1.33 ± 0.40 PW for 10-day-averaged estimates, on which time scale a basinwide mass balance can be reasonably assumed. The associated MOC strength and variability is 18.5 ± 4.9 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1). The continuous heat transport estimates range from a minimum of 0.2 to a maximum of 2.5 PW, with approximately half of the variance caused by Ekman transport changes and half caused by changes in the geostrophic circulation. The data suggest a seasonal cycle of the MHT with a maximum in summer (July–September) and minimum in late winter (March–April), with an annual range of 0.6 PW. A breakdown of the MHT into “overturning” and “gyre” components shows that the overturning component carries 88% of the total heat transport. The overall uncertainty of the annual mean MHT for the 3.5-yr record is 0.14 PW or about 10% of the mean value.
Tropospheric Rossby Wave Breaking and the SAM
Authors: Wang Yi-Hui , Magnusdottir Gudrun 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
An objective analysis of tropospheric anticyclonic- and cyclonic-breaking Rossby waves is performed for the Southern Hemisphere in austral summer (December–February) of 1979–2009. The climatology of both anticyclonic and cyclonic Rossby wave breaking (RWB) frequency is presented. The frequency of anticyclonic RWB is highest in an extended region of the Eastern Hemisphere on the anticyclonic side of the jet, while that of cyclonic RWB is highest on the cyclonic side of the jet. A composite analysis of anticyclonic and cyclonic RWB shows how they contribute to a positive and negative southern annual mode (SAM) index, respectively. The time series of austral summer anticyclonic RWB occurrence has a trend that closely matches the trend in the SAM index.
Regions of RWB that are significantly correlated with the SAM index are objectively determined. Even though several such regions are identified, only two regions (anticyclonic and cyclonic) covering 17% of the area of the hemisphere are required in a linear regression model of the SAM index. The anticyclonic RWB region is zonally extended at 45°S and explains 78% of the variability of the summer-mean SAM index. The cyclonic region is located at high latitudes somewhat decoupled from the jet, in the longitudinal sector of the Indian Ocean. On synoptic time scales, transitions of the SAM index respond to RWB without time lag.
ENSO cycles present an interesting zonal asymmetry to the distribution of Southern Hemispheric RWB in the central Pacific. Anticyclonic RWB is increased in the tropical/subtropical central Pacific during La Niña compared to El Niño. This increase is related to the strong local decrease in zonal wind. At the same time, anticyclonic RWB outside the central Pacific is increased in frequency poleward and decreased in frequency equatorward of 42°S, corresponding to a positive SAM index.
Predictability of Heavy Precipitation in the Waikato River Basin of New Zealand
Authors: Dravitzki Stacey , McGregor James 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
This paper investigates the predictability of heavy precipitation in the economically important Waikato River basin of New Zealand. A 2-yr archive of Global Forecast System (GFS) model data to +180 h for the period August 2005–August 2007 forms the basis of the study. GFS model predictions of precipitation are compared to surface measurements from 22 stations in and around the river basin. Categorical hit rate and bias, threat score, false-alarm ratio, probability of detection, RMSE, skill score, and mean error are all plotted as a function of model lead time for the 2-yr period.
The general synoptic structures of heavy precipitation events are often identified at long lead times. An example is shown for January 2006 when heavy rainfall is identified by GFS at +150 h, accurate location and timing is given at +48 h. Precipitation amounts are systematically underpredicted by GFS and the spatial distribution of rainfall is limited by model resolution. The value of GFS lies in its ability to provide early warning of potential heavy precipitation.
Three heavy rainfall events were selected for higher-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulation. The WRF model produced more realistic geographical distributions of precipitation but cannot compensate for errors in the global model. WRF underpredicts precipitation for all three cases; the best simulation generates 92% of observed precipitation.
Unobserved spurious convective rainfall can be generated by the WRF model following the passage of a frontal weather system. A possible mechanism is suggested that links this to underpredicted frontal rainfall.
Levels of Job Satisfaction among Healthcare Providers in CGHS Dispensaries
Authors: Bhandari Priyanka , Bagga Rajni , Nandan Deoki 
Published: December 2010

In the labour-intensive health sector industry the quality of services is ultimately linked to the skills, motivation and satisfaction of the workers providing the healthcare services. Thus in order to study the job satisfaction level of the healthcare providers, so as to suggest measures to enhance it, the present study was carried out at CGHS which is one of the biggest public health sector organisations in the country and caters to a huge section of the organised sector. Understanding the healthcare provider’s work satisfaction is crucial to the understanding of the dynamics of the healthcare provider’s work force. Job satisfaction has been shown to be important in the retention of the healthcare providers in a given community as low job satisfaction has been associated with an intention to relocate. Recent studies have reported that low levels of job satisfaction among healthcare providers affect the patient-provider relationship and also compromise the quality of healthcare services. The study was undertaken to assess the levels of job satisfaction among the healthcare providers in CGHS dispensaries. A standardised tool developed by Peter Warr, John Cook and Toby Wall (1979) was used to measure the healthcare providers’ job satisfaction in the present study. For this study 250 healthcare providers working in the CGHS dispensaries of Delhi were interviewed. This included 100 doctors, 50 nurses and 100 paramedics which included both pharmacists and lab technicians. The findings of this study indicated that the levels of job satisfaction were not very high among the healthcare providers who were interviewed.
Women, Children, and the Social Organization of Domestic Labor in Chile
Authors: Milanich Nara 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
This article explores the relationship of domestic labor and social reproduction in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Chile, paying particular attention to the roles of children. Children figured as products of women’s reproductive labors, but they were also themselves crucial members of a domestic labor force structured by age as well as gender. Drawing on classified employment ads, judicial cases, and the records of Santiago’s main orphanage, the analysis highlights how the labor of childrearing and the labor of children existed within the same social field. Women’s and children’s domestic work, while increasingly distinct, mutually shaped each other. Children influenced employment opportunities and work arrangements for women, both mothers and childless women, and placed in vivid relief the tensions that pervaded women’s remunerated and unremunerated labors. Women’s work in turn shaped the fate of children. Ultimately, the analysis suggests that domestic and reproductive labor was a resource allocated not just at the level of the individual household but on a societal scale across social groups. Circulating through households of different class statuses and across rural and urban spaces, the labor of childrearing (including wet nursing and fosterage) and the labor of children (as servants and criados) was mobilized across dense social networks. Even as the circulation of this labor linked disparate social groups, it simultaneously differentiated them, materially and symbolically, thereby reproducing the multigenerational patterns of patronage and hierarchy that were constitutive of Chilean society. Finally, while domestic work is often associated with private spaces, the analysis finds that public beneficence institutions played an active role in training, subsidizing, and distributing it.
Speaking of Work and Family: Reciprocity, Child Labor, and Social Reproduction, Mexico City, 1920 – 1940
Authors: Blum Ann S. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The belief that children should earn their keep is one of the most significant differences between past and present concepts of childhood. This article examines child labor in Mexico City during the 1920s and 1930s, a period of rapid change in ideas about children’s economic and social roles. In the decades following Mexico’s revolution, activists in Mexico’s child health and protection movement condemned child labor on the grounds that it harmed young workers and led to crime, while a new slate of laws forbade child labor and restricted the kinds of work that adolescents could perform. In contrast, working-class children and adolescents and their parents saw work as integral to family relations. These conflicting views collided in the arena of the juvenile court, one of the principal institutions to emerge from the broad reform agenda focused on children and youth. Yet, while court founders and officials associated child labor with immorality and family dysfunction, the court also provided a forum for working-class children and parents to argue for a different version of family morality founded on long-standing legal definitions of reciprocal obligations of support. Their accounts of children’s economic contributions to family subsistence also shed light on the power dynamics entangled in family relationships founded on work. The encounters between court officials and clients illuminate the tensions between state goals and established practices of social reproduction during a profound transition in social views of childhood, the family, and work.
Shifting Solidarities: The Politics of Household Workers in Cold War Chile
Authors: Hutchison Elizabeth Quay 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
This article examines the unique history of household workers’ activism in Chile from the 1950s to the 1990 transition to democracy, drawing on archival and oral sources to argue that key alliances with the Catholic Church, Center and Left parties, and feminist organizations transformed the legal, social, and political identities of Chilean empleadas (servants). Building on associations formed by the Young Catholic Worker in the early 1950s, household worker activists forged key political alliances in their struggle for increased labor protection prior to the 1973 military coup. Under dictatorship, household worker activists kept a low profile until a new alliance with Chilean feminists reinvigorated their activism in the struggle against dictatorship.
Derivation of Equations Describing Distance Solute Oscillation of Induced Solvent Polarization
Authors: Yang Pei-Kun 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The dielectric polarization P is the key factor for computing electromagnetic interactions between charged particles in materials in classical electrodynamics, and for computing hydration free energy of biomolecules in the field of physical chemistry. Near-solute P dominates electric contributions to the solute from polarized solvent media and oscillates with decay according to the distance to the solute. This oscillating decay is observed in molecular dynamics simulations and cannot be reproduced from Gauss’s law of Maxwell’s equations. In the present paper, P was decomposed into the electric dipole moment p and the solvent density ρ. Equations and an approximate analytical solution capturing the oscillating decay of p were derived for a spherical solute. The equations can be used to understand physically why p oscillates according to the distance to the solute. The approximate analytical solution can identify factors, such as the solvent molecular radius RW and the solvent molecular electric susceptibility χ eg, changing the amplitude and the oscillation period of p. In addition, the approximate analytical solution of p is similar to the solution of a spring system with harmonic damping. However, the equation describing p uses a first-order integral equation and thus differs from the equation describing a spring system which uses a second-order differential equation.
Structures and Electrical Properties of (BTM-TS-TTP)4PF6
Authors: Yasuda Misaki , Fujiwara Emiko , Aonuma Shuji , Fujiwara Hideki , Sugimoto Toyonari , Nakayashiki Takashi , Tanaka Kazuyoshi , Takahashi Kazuyuki , Kobayashi Hayao , Misaki Yohji 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
(BTM-TS-TTP)4PF6, where BTM-TS-TTP is 2-[4,5-bis(methylthio)-1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene]-5-(1,3-diselenol-2-ylidene)-1,3,4,6-tetrathiapentalene, has been prepared. An X-ray structure analysis reveals that it has a λ-type array of the donors. It exhibited metallic conducting behavior down to 5 K.
Chemistry of Concerto Molecular Catalysis Based on the Metal/NH Bifunctionality
Authors: Ikariya Takao 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The development of conceptually new bifunctional transition-metal-based catalysts for a wide range of catalytic reactions is described. The bifunctional chiral molecular catalyst based on metal–ligand cooperation was originally developed for asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of ketones and imines and is now applicable to chemo- and stereoselective reductive and oxidative transformations as well as to enantioselective C–C and C–N bond formations with a wide scope and high practicability. The structural modification and electronic fine-tuning of the protic amine chelating ligands are crucial to develop unprecedented catalytic reactions. Cp*Ru complexes bearing a diamine (N–N) or aminophosphine (P–N) ligand readily activate H2, and can effect hydrogenation of polar functionalities. The bifunctional Ir complexes promote aerobic oxidative transformation of alcohols into ketones and esters and are applicable to kinetic resolution of racemic secondary alcohols. A novel imido-bridged dirhodium complex, which is a dinuclear variant of the bifunctional mononuclear amido complexes, promotes aerobic oxidation of a secondary alcohol and H2. In addition, the metal/NH bifunctional property also affects efficiently enantioselective conjugate additions. The present concerto molecular catalysts offer a great opportunity to open up new fundamentals for stereoselective molecular transformations.
Formation of Hierarchically Porous Hollow Spheres Composed of Dehydroxylated Imogolite and Carbonaceous Materials
Authors: Kuroda Yoshiyuki , Kuroda Kazuyuki 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Hierarchically porous hollow spheres composed of dehydroxylated imogolite and carbonaceous materials were formed by using polystyrene particles as templates. A large amount of polystyrene particles were removed by heat treatment at relatively low temperature, leaving a small amount of highly porous carbonaceous material and retaining micropores of imogolite nanotubes.
Iron(III) Chloride-catalyzed Nucleophilic Substitution of Propargylic Alcohols: A General and Efficient Approach for the Synthesis of 1,4-Diynes
Authors: Lin Min , Chen Xin-liang , Wang Tao , Yan Ping , Xu Su-xia , Zhan Zhuang-ping 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
A wide variety of 1,4-diynes have been constructed via a novel FeCl3-catalyzed coupling reaction of propargylic alcohols with alkynylsilanes. This synthetic approach provides a general, efficient, and economical route to 1,4-diynes.
Utilization Management in a Large Urban Academic Medical Center
Authors: Kim Ji Yeon , Dzik Walter H. , Dighe Anand S. , Lewandrowski Kent B. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Management of laboratory test utilization presents an ongoing challenge. Most studies reported in the literature have described efforts to control one or a few tests, but the results cannot be generalized to a broader utilization management strategy. Herein we report our experiences with an organizational utilization management program during a 10-year period. Cumulatively, our program has achieved significant success, saving millions of dollars in blood components and reducing inpatient tests per discharge by 26%. Highlights from our experiences include the importance of implementing an institutional organizational structure to support utilization management, the central role fulfilled by clinical pathologists as leaders of the program, the ability to obtain timely utilization data, and careful selection of the most appropriate implementation tools tailored to the unique circumstances of each utilization management initiative.
ABO Blood Type and Longevity
Authors: Brecher Mark E. , Hay Shauna N. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
To assess the observation that blood type B might be a marker for longevity, we reviewed the records and determined the ABO blood types of all patients who died in our hospital in 2004. Age was stratified by decade of death, and linear regressions were calculated by ABO percentage. ABO survival curves were compared.
In 2004, 906 patients died; 35 were excluded (stillborn infants). Of the remaining 871 patients, ABO types were available for 772 (88.6%). The percentage of patients with group B blood declined with age (P &lt; .01). None of the other blood type percentages had a statistically significant increase or decrease. The group B survival curve was statistically worse than non-B groups (P ≤ .01); there were no differences in survival among groups A, O, and AB (P =.47).
In our patient population, the percentage of patients with group B blood declines with age. The survival curve in group B was worse than that in groups A, O, and AB. These findings suggest that in our patient population, blood group B is not a marker for longevity but may be a marker for earlier death.
A UK NEQAS ISH Multicenter Ring Study Using the Ventana HER2 Dual-Color ISH Assay
Authors: Bartlett J.M.S. , Campbell Fiona M. , Ibrahim Merdol , O’Grady Anthony , Kay Elaine , Faulkes Catherine , Collins Nadine , Starczynski Jane , Morgan John M. , Jasani Bharat , Miller Keith 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
We performed a multicenter assessment of a new HER2 dual-color chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) test and herein report on concordance of CISH data with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) data and intraobserver and interlaboratory scoring consistency. HER2 results were evaluated using duplicate cores from 30 breast cancers in 5 laboratories using the Ventana HER2 dual-color ISH assay (Ventana Medical Systems, Cambridgeshire, England) and in 1 central laboratory using a standard FISH assay.
Overall 93.3% of cases were successfully analyzed by CISH across the 5 participating laboratories. There was excellent concordance (98.0% overall) for diagnosis of HER2 amplification by CISH compared with FISH. Intraobserver variability (7.7%) and intersite variability (9.1%) of absolute HER2/chromosome enumeration probe 17 ratios were tightly controlled across all participating laboratories. The Ventana HER2 dual-color ISH assay is robust and reproducible, shows good concordance with a standard FISH assay, and complies with requirements in national and international guidelines for performance of ISH-based diagnostic tests.
Flow Cytometry Rapidly Identifies All Acute Promyelocytic Leukemias With High Specificity Independent of Underlying Cytogenetic Abnormalities
Authors: Dong Henry Y. , Kung Jia Xue , Bhardwaj Vatsala , McGill John 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a highly aggressive disease requiring prompt diagnosis and specific early intervention. Immunophenotyping by flow cytometry (FCM) facilitates a rapid diagnosis, but commonly used criteria are neither sufficiently sensitive nor specific. With an antibody panel for diagnostic screening in routine practice, we found all 149 APL cases in this study exhibited a unique immunophenotypic profile, ie, a characteristic CD11b– myeloid population and absent CD11c expression in all myeloid populations; 96.6% of cases also lacked HLA-DR expression. These distinctive features allowed recognition of all unusual cases phenotypically resembling the regular myeloblasts (CD34+/HLA-DR+) or granulocytes (CD117–/CD34–/HLA-DR–). FCM effectively identified all 19 APL cases with variant translocations, including cases with a normal karyotype due to a cryptic submicroscopic t(15;17)(q22;q21), t(11;17)(q23;q21) that escaped the detection by fluorescence in situ hybridization for t(15;17) and der(15)ider(17)(q10) that lacked a simple reciprocal t(15;17). When APL-associated profiles were validated against 107 AML cases of non-APL subtypes, including 51 HLA-DR– cases, the diagnostic specificity and positive predictive value were 98%. FCM effectively provides independent detection of APL during diagnostic workup and harmonizes with the subsequent molecular cytogenetic diagnosis.
Chlamydia psittaci Infection in Nongastrointestinal Extranodal MALT Lymphomas and Their Precursor Lesions
Authors: Aigelsreiter Ariane , Gerlza Tanja , Deutsch Alexander J.A. , Leitner Eva , Beham-Schmid Christine , Beham Alfred , Popper Helmut , Borel Nicole , Pospischil Andreas , Raderer Markus , Kessler Harald H. , Neumeister Peter 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Extranodal marginal zone lymphomas of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) are associated with various infectious pathogens. We analyzed the presence of Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Chlamydia trachomatis DNA in 47 nongastrointestinal and 14 gastrointestinal MALT lymphomas, 37 nonmalignant control samples, and 27 autoimmune precursor lesions by polymerase chain reaction amplification and direct sequencing.
In 47 nongastrointestinal MALT lymphomas, 13 (28%) were positive for C psittaci DNA compared with 4 (11%) of 37 nonmalignant control samples (P = .09). C psittaci was detected at variable frequencies in MALT lymphomas of different sites: lung, 100% (5/5; P &lt; .01); thyroid gland, 30% (3/10; P &gt; .05); salivary gland, 13% (2/15; P &gt; .05); ocular adnexa, 15% (2/13); and skin, 25% (1/4). Of 27 autoimmune precursor lesions (11 Hashimoto thyroiditis and 16 Sjögren syndrome), 11 (41%) contained C psittaci DNA. Only 1 (7%) of 14 gastrointestinal MALT lymphomas was positive for C psittaci. All specimens were negative for C trachomatis and C pneumoniae.
Besides ocular adnexal lymphomas, C psittaci infection is associated with nongastrointestinal MALT lymphomas and autoimmune precursor lesions, suggesting possible involvement of C psittaci–induced antigenic-driven MALT lymphomagenesis.