bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptive cognition without massive modularity
Authors: Gibbs Raymond W. , Van Orden Guy C. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractMassive modularity theory has replaced classic, Fodorian modularity as a major focus of research within cognitive science. The massive modularity thesis posits that there are a large number of knowledge and action stories, designed in a piecemeal fashion over evolutionary time to solve specific, adaptive problems. We criticize massive modularity as a general theory of human cognition, with particular attention to the issue of context-sensitive perception, thought, and language. First, the experimental methods used to uncover individual modules are notoriously inadequate and fail to meet reasonable standards by which modules may be dissociated from one another. Second, input criteria, by which modules are presumably defined, may be impossible to discover given the context-embedded nature of human performance. Third, catalogues of experimental effects that are assumed to demonstrate the presence of modules do not constitute a comprehensive theory of the acknowledged interaction of brain, body, and world in ordinary cognition. An alternative conception of cognitive performance, based on principles of self-organization, better explains the embedded, context-sensitive mechanisms of adaptive cognition.
Do classifiers predict differences in cognitive processing? A study of nominal classification in Mandarin Chinese
Authors: Srinivasan Mahesh 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn English, numerals modify nouns directly (two tables), but in Mandarin Chinese, they modify numeral classifiers that are associated with nouns (two flat-thing table). Classifiers define a system of categories based on dimensions such as animacy, shape, and function (Adams and Conklin 1973; Dixon 1986), but do these categories predict differences in cognitive processing? The present study explored possible effects of classifier categories in a speeded task preventing significant deliberation and strategic responding. Participants counted objects in a visual display that were intermixed with distractor objects that had either the same Mandarin classifier or a different one. Classifier categories predicted Mandarin speakers' search performance, as Mandarin speakers showed greater interference from distractors with the same classifier than did Russian or English speakers. This result suggests that classifier categories may affect cognitive processing, and may have the potential to influence how speakers of classifier languages perform cognitive tasks in everyday situations. Two theoretical accounts of the results are discussed.
La interpretación del Präteritum en la traducción al español
Authors: Elena Pilar 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe systemic differences between German and Spanish verb forms, and their values and uses, often pose a problem in translation. This is the case of the interpretation of temporal meaning in the German Präteritum (in literary texts) for a correct selection of tense in Spanish. The contrastive study of temporal expression in the German Präteritum and the possible Spanish equivalents of pretérito perfect simple (simple past) and pretérito imperfecto (imperfect) reveal the need to study temporality from two perspectives: tenses as time expressions together with other textual elements, and tenses as morphosyntactic and semantic phenomena in the sentence.
Did Dublin's Ben Lang Ever Die?: On the revival of rhyming slang in modern Dublinese
Authors: Lillo Antonio 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWhile much has been written on the linguistic and sociolinguistic features of rhyming slang, the literature on the subject remains remarkably silent on its socio-geographical distribution in Ireland. Building on the findings of an article published by the author in 2004, this new study moves the analysis on to consider the recent growth of rhyming slang in the language of the young generation living on the Southside of Dublin. More generally, this article seeks to demonstrate that, far from having disappeared from Dublin usage, this kind of slang is in fact gaining substantial ground in the speech of the capital.
Supporting Evidence-based Health Care in Crises: What Information Do Humanitarian Organizations Need?
Authors: Turner Tari , Green Sally , Harris Claire 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTIn crisis situations, there is an enormous burden of disease and very limited resources. To achieve the best possible health outcomes in these situations and ensure that scarce resources are not wasted, knowledge from health research needs to be translated into practice. We investigated what information from health research was needed by humanitarian aid workers in crisis settings and how it could be best provided. Semistructured interviews were conducted by telephone with 19 humanitarian aid workers from a range of organizations around the world and the results analyzed thematically. Participants identified a clear and currently unmet need for access to high-quality health research to support evidence-based practice in crisis situations. They emphasized that research into delivery of health care was potentially more valuable than research into the effectiveness of particular clinical interventions and highlighted the importance of including contextual information to enable the relevance of the research to be assessed. They suggested that providers of health research information and humanitarian aid organizations work together to develop these resources.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:69-72)
Ecologies of Excess: An Excerpt from a 22nd‐Century Architecture History Class
Authors: Gilabert Eva Franch i 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWritten from the vantage point of the beginning of the 22nd century, Eva Franch i Gilabert looks back at the preceding century. Modernism and then sustainability have been surpassed by the Ecologies of Excess movement. Rather than seeking remediation for the natural environment and existing conditions, the excessive has become a foundational ground for design and sociopolitical change. Depicted projects are developed by Franch i Gilabert and the Ecologies of Excess research unit team at Rice University in Houston. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Well‐Cultivated House
Authors: Segal Rafi 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe project to design a villa in Mongolia in China provided Rafi Segal with an opportunity to rethink the relationship between the natural and the built, blurring the boundaries between the agricultural and the domestic. The house and rural landscape are unified through the main roof structure, a furrowed surface that resembles a ploughed field planted with crops and local flora. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphology of Sponge Spicules: Silicatein a Structural Protein for Bio‐Silica Formation
Authors: Wang Xiaohong , Wiens Matthias , Schröder Heinz C. , Hu Shixue , Mugnaioli Enrico , Kolb Ute , Tremel Wolfgang , Pisignano Dario , Müller Werner E. G. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractMost forms of multicellular life have developed a calcium‐based skeleton, while only a few specialized organisms complement their body plan with silica, such as sponges (phylum Porifera). However, the way in which sponges synthesize their silica is exceptional. They use an enzyme, silicatein, for the polymerization/polycondensation of silica, and thereby form their highly resistant and stabile massive siliceous skeletal elements (spicules). During this biomineralization process (i.e., biosilicification), hydrated amorphous silica is deposited within highly specialized sponge cells, ultimately resulting in structures that range in size from micrometers to meters. This peculiar phenomenon has been comprehensively studied in recent years and by several approaches; the molecular background was explored to create tools that might be employed for novel bio‐inspired biotechnological and biomedical applications. Thus, it was discovered that spiculogenesis is mediated by the enzyme silicatein and starts intracellularly. The resulting silica nanoparticles fuse and subsequently form concentric lamellar layers around a central protein filament, consisting of silicatein and the scaffold protein silintaphin‐1. Once the growing spicule is extruded into the extracellular space, it gains its final size and shape. Again, this process is mediated by silicatein and silintaphin‐1, in combination with other molecules such as galectin and collagen. The molecular toolbox generated so far allows the fabrication of novel micro‐ and nanostructured composites, contributing to the economical and sustainable synthesis of biomaterials with unique characteristics.
Hybrid Nanorings: Magnetic Alloy Nanorings Loaded with Gold Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Applications as Multimodal Imaging Contrast Agents (Adv. Funct. Mater. 21/2010)
Authors: Lu Yang , Shi Ce , Hu Ming‐Jun , Xu Yun‐Jun , Yu Le , Wen Long‐Ping , Zhao Yang , Xu Wei‐Ping , Yu Shu‐Hong 
Published: October 2010

AbstractMulticomponent Ni7Co3 alloy–Au nanorings can be facilely synthesized at room temperature using metallic Ni7Co3 alloy nanorings as both reducing agent and sacrificial template in water. These novel alloy–Au hybrid nanorings are well biocompatible due to coating with poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and gold nanoparticles. When increasing the molar ratio of alloy to gold salt from 1:1 to 5:1, the number of the gold nanoparticles loaded on the surface of alloy nanorings were found to be decreased, and their morphology was transformed from rod to particle, remaining the ring‐like assemblies. Their saturation magnetization increased due to the ring‐like assemblies, resulting in the enhancement of the signal intensity in Spin–spin relaxation time (T2) weighted magnetic resonance imaging measurement. These alloy–Au hybrid nanocomposites can perform as multimodal imaging contrast agents for cancer cell diagnosis by two‐photon fluorescent imaging and T2‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging. In addition, their potential application for photothermal therapy was preliminarily investigated.
Biocompatible Bright YVO4:Eu Nanoparticles as Versatile Optical Bioprobes
Authors: Shen Jie , Sun Ling‐Dong , Zhu Jia‐Dan , Wei Liu‐He , Sun Hong‐Fang , Yan Chun‐Hua 
Published: October 2010

AbstractLanthanide nanoparticles (NPs), characterized by their large Stokes’ shifts, narrow emission bands and high photochemical stability, are promising candidates for optical probes in biological research. As a typical red emission material, Eu3+‐doped YVO4 is investigated in pursuit of an integral methodology for Ln‐based bioprobes. Assisted with phosphino‐polyacrylic acid, YVO4:Eu NPs with a luminescent quantum yield of ca. 54% are synthesized via a one‐pot hydrothermal reaction. The obtained NPs exhibit good water/buffer stability and feasible biomodification benefiting from the surface carboxylic acid groups. However, having an inorganic core of ca. 20 nm, these NPs do not affect the conformation of surface conjugated proteins (bovine serum albumin), as confirmed with the circular dichroism spectrum. A specific recognition protocol is demonstrated by biotinated YVO4:Eu NPs in quantitative fluoroimmunoassay and microchip assay. Furthermore, the biocompatibility of the Ln NPs, which is an important aspect towards biological application, is demonstrated with the MTT [3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. Cell imaging studies conducted with spectral mapping technique and confocal fluorescent microscopy demonstrate the YVO4:Eu NPs to be a type of competitive luminescent probes for in vitro applications.
Characterization of chronic myeloid leukemia stem cells
Authors: Gerber Jonathan M. , Qin Lu , Kowalski Jeanne , Smith B. Douglas , Griffin Constance A. , Vala Milada S. , Collector Michael I. , Perkins Brandy , Zahurak Marianna , Matsui William , Gocke Christopher D. , Sharkis Saul J. , Levitsky Hyam I. , Jones Richard J. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAlthough tyrosine kinase inhibitors have redefined the care of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), these agents have not proved curative, likely due to resistance of the leukemia stem cells (LSC). While a number of potential therapeutic targets have emerged in CML, their expression in the LSC remains largely unknown. We therefore isolated subsets of CD34+ stem/progenitor cells from normal donors and from patients with chronic phase or blast crisis CML. These cell subsets were then characterized based on ability to engraft immunodeficient mice and expression of candidate therapeutic targets. The CD34+CD38− CML cell population with high aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity was the most enriched for immunodeficient mouse engrafting capacity. The putative targets: PROTEINASE 3, SURVIVIN, and hTERT were expressed only at relatively low levels by the CD34+CD38−ALDHhigh CML cells, similar to the normal CD34+CD38−ALDHhigh cells and less than in the total CML CD34+ cells. In fact, the highest expression of these antigens was in normal, unfractionated CD34+ cells. In contrast, PRAME and WT1 were more highly expressed by all CML CD34+ subsets than their normal counterparts. Thus, ALDH activity appears to enrich for CML stem cells, which display an expression profile that is distinct from normal stem/progenitor cells and even the CML progenitors. Indeed, expression of a putative target by the total CD34+ population in CML does not guarantee expression by the LSC. These expression patterns suggest that PROTEINASE 3, SURVIVIN, and hTERT are not optimal therapeutic targets in CML stem cells; whereas PRAME and WT1 seem promising. Am. J. Hematol., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The behavioral phenotype of FMR1 mutations
Authors: Boyle Lia , Kaufmann Walter E. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the behavioral phenotype of FMR1 mutations, including fragile X syndrome (FXS) in order to better understand the clinical involvement of individuals affected by mutations in this gene. FXS is associated with a wide range of intellectual and behavioral problems, some relatively mild and others quite severe. FXS is the most common cause of inherited intellectual disability and one of the most prevalent genetic causes of autism spectrum disorder. Learning difficulties, attentional problems, anxiety, aggressive behavior, stereotypies, and mood disorders are also frequent in FXS. Recent studies of children and adults have identified associations between FMR1 premutation and many of the same disorders. We examine the neurobehavioral phenotypes of FXS and FMR1 premutation as they manifest across the lifespan of the individual. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cognitive‐behavioral features of Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome and other subtelomeric microdeletions
Authors: Fisch Gene S. , Grossfeld Paul , Falk Rena , Battaglia Agatino , Youngblom Janey , Simensen Richard 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWolf–Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) is a complex congenital malformation produced by a loss of genomic material at the locus 4p16.3. In addition to its dysmorphic features, the deletion produces a range of intellectual disability (ID). Many clinical aspects of WHS are well‐characterized; however, the cognitive‐behavioral characteristics have been rarely examined in a systematic fashion. The purpose of our study was to examine the cognitive‐behavioral features of WHS and to compare them to children with other subtelomeric deletions that also produce ID. We recruited 45 children with subtelomeric deletions and examined their cognitive‐behavioral abilities using a neuropsychological assessment battery composed of standardized instruments. Nineteen children were diagnosed with WHS and 26 children with one of three other subtelomeric deletions—11q25 (Jacobsen syndrome), deletion 2q37, and inversion duplication deletion 8p21–23. We found children with WHS to be more severely impacted cognitively than children from any of the other groups. Their overall adaptive behavior was lower as well. However, children with WHS exhibit strengths in socialization skills comparable to the levels attained by the other groups we assessed. Importantly, the proportion of children with WHS with autism or autistic‐like features is significantly lower than the rates of autism found in the other subtelomeric disorders we examined. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Altered expression of microRNA‐203 in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts and its role in fibroblast activation
Authors: Stanczyk Joanna , Ospelt Caroline , Karouzakis Emmanuel , Filer Andrew , Raza Karim , Kolling Christoph , Gay Renate , Buckley Christopher D. , Tak Paul P. , Gay Steffen , Kyburz Diego 
Published: October 2010

AbstractObjectiveMicroRNA (miRNA) are recognized as important regulators of a variety of fundamental biologic processes. Previously, we described increased expression of miR‐155 and miR‐146a in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and showed a repressive effect of miR‐155 on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression in RA synovial fibroblasts (RASFs). The present study was undertaken to examine alterations in expression of miR‐203 in RASFs and analyze its role in fibroblast activation.MethodsDifferentially expressed miRNA in RASFs versus osteoarthritis synovial fibroblasts (OASFs) were identified by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–based screening of 260 individual miRNA. Transfection of miR‐203 precursor was used to analyze the function of miR‐203 in RASFs. Levels of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and MMPs were measured by real‐time PCR and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. RASFs were stimulated with IL‐1β, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and 5‐azacytidine (5‐azaC). Activity of IκB kinase 2 was inhibited with SC‐514.ResultsExpression of miR‐203 was higher in RASFs than in OASFs or fibroblasts from healthy donors. Levels of miR‐203 did not change upon stimulation with IL‐1β, TNFα, or LPS; however, DNA demethylation with 5‐azaC increased the expression of miR‐203. Enforced expression of miR‐203 led to significantly increased levels of MMP‐1 and IL‐6. Induction of IL‐6 by miR‐203 overexpression was inhibited by blocking of the NF‐κB pathway. Basal expression levels of IL‐6 correlated with basal expression levels of miR‐203.ConclusionThe current results demonstrate methylation‐dependent regulation of miR‐203 expression in RASFs. Importantly, they also show that elevated levels of miR‐203 lead to increased secretion of MMP‐1 and IL‐6 via the NF‐κB pathway and thereby contribute to the activated phenotype of synovial fibroblasts in RA.
Proteomic analysis of articular cartilage vesicles from normal and osteoarthritic cartilage
Authors: Rosenthal Ann K. , Gohr Claudia M. , Ninomiya James , Wakim Bassam T. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractObjectiveArticular cartilage vesicles (ACVs) are extracellular organelles found in normal articular cartilage. While they were initially defined by their ability to generate pathologic calcium crystals in cartilage of osteoarthritis (OA) patients, they can also alter the phenotype of normal chondrocytes through the transfer of RNA and protein. The purpose of this study was to analyze the proteome of ACVs from normal and OA human cartilage.MethodsACVs were isolated from cartilage samples from 10 normal controls and 10 OA patients. We identified the ACV proteomes using in‐gel trypsin digestion, nanospray liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis of tryptic peptides, followed by searching an appropriate subset of the Uniprot database. We further differentiated between normal and OA ACVs by Holm‐Sidak analysis for multiple comparison testing.ResultsMore than 1,700 proteins were identified in ACVs. Approximately 170 proteins satisfied our stringent criteria of having >1 representative peptide per protein present, and a false discovery rate of ≤5%. These proteins included extracellular matrix components, phospholipid binding proteins, enzymes, and cytoskeletal components, including actin. While few proteins were seen exclusively in normal or OA ACVs, immunoglobulins and complement components were present only in OA ACVs. Compared to normal ACVs, OA ACVs displayed decreases in matrix proteoglycans and increases in transforming growth factor β–induced protein βig‐H3, DEL‐1, vitronectin, and serine protease HtrA1 (P < 0.01).ConclusionThese findings lend support to the concept of ACVs as physiologic structures in articular cartilage. Changes in OA ACVs are largely quantitative and reflect an altered matrix and the presence of inflammation, rather than revealing fundamental changes in composition.
Suboptimal outcome following sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence
Authors: Maeda Y , Lundby L , Buntzen S , Laurberg S 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Background
The aim of the study was to identify the incidence of suboptimal therapeutic responses and adverse events associated with sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) for faecal incontinence, and to determine their influence on treatment outcome.

Methods
Prospectively collected data from 176 patients who underwent SNS were reviewed retrospectively. Patient variables and reportable events were analysed by binary regression to identify the predictors of treatment outcome.

Results
Overall, 592 reportable events were recorded from 150 patients (85·2 per cent) at a median of 11 (interquartile range (i.q.r.) 4–26) months. Loss of efficacy (212 events, 87 patients), lack of efficacy (186 events, 68 patients) and pain/discomfort (126 events, 67 patients) accounted for 88·5 per cent of reportable events. Loss of efficacy (odds ratio (OR) 2·52, 95 per cent confidence interval 1·33 to 4·79; P = 0·007), lack of efficacy (OR 2·80, 1·46 to 5·36; P = 0·002) and pain in the leg (OR 4·07, 1·34 to 12·33; P = 0·013) were predictors of unfavourable outcome in the medium to long term. At a median follow-up of 33 (i.q.r. 20–52) months, 31 patients (17·6 per cent) had explantation of the device or discontinued treatment.

Conclusion
Suboptimal therapeutic responses and adverse events are not uncommon when SNS is employed for faecal incontinence. They have a negative impact on treatment outcome.
Anionic N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes with N,N′‐Bis(fluoroaryl) and N,N′‐Bis(perfluoroaryl) Substituents
Authors: Hobbs Matthew G. , Knapp Chrissy J. , Welsh Patrick T. , Borau‐Garcia Javier , Ziegler Tom , Roesler Roland 
Published: October 2010

AbstractA series of rhodium complexes, [Rh(cod)(NHC‐Fx)(OH2)] (cod=1,5‐cyclooctadiene; NHC=N‐heterocyclic carbene), incorporating anionic N‐heterocyclic carbenes with 2‐tert‐butylmalonyl backbones and 2,6‐dimethylphenyl (x=0), 2,6‐difluorophenyl (x=4), 2,4,6‐trifluorophenyl (x=6), and pentafluorophenyl (x=10) N,N′‐substituents, respectively, has been prepared by deprotonation of the corresponding zwitterionic precursors with potassium hexamethyldisilazide, followed by immediate reaction of the resulting potassium salts with [{RhCl(cod)}2]. These complexes could be converted to the related carbonyl derivatives [Rh(CO)2(NHC‐Fx)(OH2)] by displacement of the COD ligand with CO. IR and NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that the degree of fluorination of the N‐aryl substituents has a considerable influence on the σ‐donating and π‐accepting properties of the carbene ligands and could be effectively used to tune the electronic properties of the metal center. The carbonyl groups on the carbene ligand backbone provided a particularly sensitive probe for the assessment of the metal‐to‐ligand π donation. The ortho‐fluorine substituents on the N‐aryl groups in the carbene ligands interacted with the other ligands on rhodium, determining the conformation of the complexes and creating a pocket suitable for the coordination of water to the metal center. Computational studies were used to explain the influence of the fluorinated N‐substituents on the electronic properties of the ligand and evaluate the relative contribution of the σ‐ and π‐interactions to the ligand–metal interaction.