bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of a lifestyle modification trial among phenotypically obese metabolically normal and phenotypically obese metabolically abnormal adolescents in comparison with phenotypically normal metabolically obese adolescents
Authors: Kelishadi Roya , Hashemipour Mahin , Sarrafzadegan Nizal , Mohammadifard Noushin , Alikhasy Hasan , Beizaei Maryam , Sajjadi Firouzeh , Poursafa Parinaz , Amin Zahra , Ghatreh‐Samani Shohreh , Khavarian Noushin , Siadat Zahra Dana 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis study aimed to assess the effects of a 2‐month lifestyle modification trial on cardio‐metabolic abnormalities and C‐reactive protein (CRP) among obese adolescents with metabolic syndrome [phenotypically obese metabolically abnormal (POMA)] and obese adolescents without a cardio‐metabolic disorder [phenotypically obese metabolically normal (POMN)], as well as in normal‐weight adolescents with at least one cardio‐metabolic disorder [phenotypically normal metabolically obese (PNMO)].The study comprised 360 adolescents assigned in three groups of equal number of POMN, POMA and PNMO. They were enrolled in a trial consisting of aerobic activity classes, diet and behaviour modification, and were recalled after 6 months.Overall, 94.7% of participants completed the 2‐month trial, and 87.3% of them returned after 6 months. The mean CRP was not significantly different between the POMA and PNMO groups, but was higher than in the POMN group. After the trial, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) decreased in obese participants, and the mean body fat mass decreased in all groups. At 2 months, the mean total cholesterol (TC), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), triglycerides (TG) and CRP decreased in the POMA and PNMO groups. After 2 and 6 months, the decrease in mean TC, LDL‐C, TG, CRP and systolic blood pressure was greater in the POMA than in the POMN group. The magnitude of decrease in CRP correlated with that of BMI, WC, fat mass, TG, TC and LDL‐C.Lifestyle modification programmes for primordial/primary prevention of chronic diseases would be beneficial at the population level and should not be limited to obese children.
Folic acid in the prevention of neural tube defects: Awareness among laywomen and healthcare providers in Japan
Authors: Kondo Atsuo , Yamamoto Shin‐ichi , Inoue Hiromi , Watanabe Junichiro , Tada Katsuhiko , Yoshimoto Nobuko 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTIt is known that neural tube defects are folic acid preventable congenital anomalies. We investigated to what extent this information was disseminated among laywomen and healthcare providers. Questionnaire studies were conducted twice, in 2002 and 2007, for four groups of laywomen and seven groups of healthcare providers in Japan regarding awareness, folic acid supplements and healthy diets. Awareness among laywomen was less than 20%, except for families who had experience with spina bifida in 2002, and 5 years later only pregnant women showed a significant increase in awareness. Awareness among healthcare providers varied from 12 to 76%, depending on their profession, and this proportion increased in five of the seven groups in 2007. The majority of laywomen obtained their information from mass media, while the majority of healthcare providers received information through media for professionals. Laywomen who used folate supplements and healthcare providers who recommended them were initially fewer than 25 and 37%, respectively. Five years later, however, pregnant women who used folic acid supplements increased from 9.1 to 43.1%. As awareness among non‐pregnant laywomen and some healthcare providers is considerably low, information should be presented repeatedly to these groups. The difficulty in getting women to consume folic acid supplements is an argument for the government to require folic acid fortification of grains so that the prevention of neural tube defects can be maximized.
Restraint‐induced maternal stress and alteration of ossification in mouse fetuses
Authors: Minagi Takashi , Izumi Yuko , Chatani Fumio , Matsumoto Kiyoshi 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTJcl:ICR pregnant mice were immobilized for 120 minutes from days 8–12 of gestation, and their fetuses were examined for skeletal features on day 18 of gestation. In the stressed group, decreased maternal bodyweight gain and lower fetal weight were noted. In this group, the incidences of segmentation defects, fused ribs, absent lumbar vertebrae and full supernumerary ribs were increased in fetuses. In addition, fusion of the basi‐ and ex‐occipital bones was frequently observed in this group (12.9%). This finding was seen at an incidence of 1.4% in the control group, usually in newborns during the ossification process of the occipital bone. Therefore, the fused basi‐ and ex‐occipital bones were considered to be due to altered ossification, but not to be an abnormality. In summary, immobilization of Jcl:ICR mice during the period of fetal organogenesis induced altered ossification of the occipital bones as well as some abnormalities and supernumerary ribs.
Acrania/encephalocele sequence (exencephaly) associated with 92,XXXX karyotype: Early prenatal diagnosis at 9+5 weeks by 3D transvaginal ultrasound and coelocentesis
Authors: Tonni Gabriele , Ventura Alessandro , Bonasoni Maria Paola 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTA 27‐year‐old pregnant woman was diagnosed by 3D transvaginal ultrasound as carrying a fetus of 9+5 weeks gestation affected by acrania/encephalocele (exencephaly) sequence. A 2D transvaginal ultrasound‐guided aspiration of 5 mL of extra‐coelomic fluid was performed under cervical block before uterine suction. Conventional cytogenetic analysis demonstrated a 92,XXXX karyotype. Transvaginal 2D ultrasound‐guided coelocentesis for rapid karyotyping can be proposed to women who are near to miscarriage or in cases where a prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of congenital anomaly is performed at an early stage of development. Genetic analysis can be performed using traditional cytogenetic analysis or can be aided by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Coelocentesis may become an integral part of first trimester armamentarium and may be clinically useful in the understanding of the pathogenesis of early prenatally diagnosed congenital anomalies.
Prenatal diagnosis of persistent cloaca
Authors: Suzumori Nobuhiro , Obayashi Shintaro , Hattori Yukio , Kaneko Saori , Suzuki Yoshikatsu , Sugiura‐Ogasawara Mayumi 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTWe report four cases of persistent cloaca diagnosed at 32–33 weeks of gestation. In cases of persistent cloaca, serial prenatal ultrasonography shows transient fetal ascites, enlarged cystic structures arising from the fetal pelvis. Our four cases of persistent cloaca were diagnosed prenatally. Persistent cloaca should be considered in any female fetus presenting with hydronephrosis and a large cystic lesion arising from the pelvis as assessed by ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. Neither pulmonary hypoplasia nor severe oligohydramnios were found in any of our four cases, and they each had a good prognosis. Prenatal diagnosis allows time for parental counseling and delivery planning at a tertiary care center for neonatal intensive care and pediatric surgery.
Thoracic kidney associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: Rattan Kamal N. , Rohilla Seema , Narang Rajat , Rattan Simmi K. , Maggu Sarita , Dhaulakhandi Dhara B. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTWe report three cases of ectopic thoracic (or superior ectopic) kidney; one in a neonate and two in 6‐month‐old children, associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. In all cases the diagnosis was made during surgery and confirmed by intravenous pyelography, sonography and magnetic resonance imaging in the postoperative period. Because of the rarity of this condition we report these cases together with a wide review of the published reports.
Definition of infection in chronic wounds by Dutch nursing home physicians
Authors: Rondas AALM , Schols JMGA , Stobberingh EE , Price PE 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the number and type of chronic wounds actually treated by Dutch nursing home physicians (NHPs). It was also the goal to know how many of the treated chronic wounds they considered infected. The NHPs were asked to choose and rank their top five out of several provided criteria for chronic wound infection. After this, the ranking was compared with the choices an international multidisciplinary Delphi group of wound experts made in 2005. A cross‐sectional descriptive survey was conducted using the information from a self‐reported questionnaire in a representative sample of Dutch NHPs. About 361 NHPs (25%) were sent a questionnaire. Of the 361 physicians, 139 (38.5%) filled in and returned the questionnaire of which 121 were valid. Of the NHPs, 73.5% actually treated at least one chronic pressure ulcers (PU), whereas 26.5% did not treat any. All NHPs treated three or less chronic post‐surgical wounds, whereas 68.4% treated none. Chronic venous leg ulcers, arterial ulcers and diabetic ulcers scored infrequently and less than the other two sorts of chronic wounds. Of the Dutch NHPs, 53% considered that none of the PU infected. The other chronic wounds were judged far less frequently to be infected. Dutch NHPs appeared to use more ‘traditional’ criteria such as ‘puss/abscess' and ‘malodour’ to identify infection and did not change their criteria by wound type. According to this study, NHPs do not frequently see many chronic wounds. The most frequent type of wounds treated was PU. For NHPs, the identification of infection of all types of chronic wounds is difficult. The use of criteria that is not in line with consensus documents may lead to ineffective treatment and even seriously damage patients: the clinical identification of infection is still dependent on experts' opinion. Further research on triggers for the suspicion of wound infection and the development of an evidence‐based guideline is necessary.
Point prevalence of wounds in a sample of acute hospitals in Canada
Authors: Hurd Theresa , Posnett John 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTTo provide new information on wound prevalence and the potential resource impact of non healing wounds in the acute sector by summarising results from wound audits carried out at 13 acute hospitals in Canada in 2006 and 2007. Audits were carried out in each hospital by the same independent team of advanced practice nurses using standard data‐collection forms. The results reported here were derived from the summary reports for each hospital. A total of 3099 patients were surveyed (median 259 patients per hospital). In the sample hospitals, the mean prevalence of patients with wounds was 41·2%. Most wounds were pressure ulcers (56·2%) or surgical wounds (31·1%). The mean prevalence of pressure ulcers was 22·9%. A majority of pressure ulcers (79·3%) were hospital‐acquired, and 26·5% were severe (Stage III or IV). The rate of surgical wound infection was 6·3%. Forty‐five percent of patients had dressings changed at least daily and the mean dressing time was 10·5 minutes. Wounds are a common and potentially expensive occurrence in acute hospitals. Any wound has the potential to develop complications which compromise patient safety and increase hospital costs. Ensuring consistent, best‐practice wound management programmes should be a key priority for hospital managers.
Continuing Medical Education: 2009 Update on Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitor Therapy Part 2: Updates on Optimal Utilization for Sexual Concerns and Rare Toxicities in This Class (CME)
Authors: Shindel Alan W. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Highly selective inhibitors of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5I) have been commercially available for over a decade. Our knowledge of these drugs continues to expand.

Aims
To review recent (since 2007) developments on the utilization of PDE5I in clinical practice. The focus of this manuscript is on the use of PDE5I for sexual concerns. Also reviewed are recent reports of rare but potentially serious toxicity.

Methods
Pubmed search utilizing the search terms “phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor,”“PDE5 inhibitor,”“sildenafil,”“vardenafil,” and “tadalafil.” Articles were screened for their relevance to the clinical practice of sexual medicine and/or PDE5I toxicity. Publications on routine dose PDE5I for penile rehabilitation, lower urinary tract symptoms, and stuttering priapism are summarized in a separate manuscript in this series.

Main Outcome Measures
Peer-reviewed publications since the last major update on PDE5I published in the medical literature.

Results
Recent investigations have suggested a number of interventions to potentially improve patient compliance with PDE5I therapy. Additionally, the approval in the past year of tadalafil as a daily medication signifies a potential paradigm shift in our concept of this disorder. Daily dosing may be useful in some men; however, the other available PDE5I continue to show excellent efficacy in the management of erectile dysfunction (ED). In addition to direct effects on ED, several recent reports highlight the use of PDE5I for improvement of premature ejaculation, sexual relationship status, and sexual function in women. There have also been several recent reports of rare but serious toxicity, particularly ototoxicity, associated with PDE5I use.

Conclusions
Recent studies have suggested new ways to optimize utilization of PDE5I not only for the management of ED but also for other sexual concerns in both men and women. Rare but serious toxicities have been reported with PDE5I and, therefore, judicious counseling is indicated before prescribing these medications.
Differential gene expression of rice in response to silicon and rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae
Authors: Brunings A.M. , Datnoff L.E. , Ma J.F. , Mitani N. , Nagamura Y. , Rathinasabapathi B. , Kirst M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractSilicon increases the resistance of rice (Oryza sativa) to the rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. This study described the relationship between silicon and M. oryzae in terms of whole‐genome gene expression. By assessing gene expression patterns in the rice cultivar Monko‐to using microarray technology, the physiological basis for silicon‐induced resistance was investigated. Silicon amendment resulted in the differential regulation of 221 genes in rice without being challenged with the pathogen. This means that silicon had an observable effect on rice metabolism, as opposed to playing a simple passive role in the resistance response of rice. Compared with control plants, silicon‐amended rice differentially regulated 60% less genes, implying that silicon affects the rice response to rice blast infection at a transcriptional level.
Actin Dynamics Regulates Voltage‐Dependent Calcium‐Permeable Channels of the Vicia faba Guard Cell Plasma Membrane
Authors: Zhang Wei , Fan Liu‐Min 
Published: August 2009

Abstract Free cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]cyt) is an ubiquitous second messenger in plant cell signaling, and [Ca2+]cyt elevation is associated with Ca2+‐permeable channels in the plasma membrane and endomembranes regulated by a wide range of stimuli. However, knowledge regarding Ca2+ channels and their regulation remains limited in planta. A type of voltage‐dependent Ca2+‐permeable channel was identified and characterized for the Vicia faba L. guard cell plasma membrane by using patch‐clamp techniques. These channels are permeable to both Ba2+ and Ca2+, and their activities can be inhibited by micromolar Gd3+. The unitary conductance and the reversal potential of the channels depend on the Ca2+ or Ba2+ gradients across the plasma membrane. The inward whole‐cell Ca2+ (Ba2+) current, as well as the unitary current amplitude and NPo of the single Ca2+ channel, increase along with the membrane hyperpolarization. Pharmacological experiments suggest that actin dynamics may serve as an upstream regulator of this type of calcium channel of the guard cell plasma membrane. Cytochalasin D, an actin polymerization blocker, activated the NPo of these channels at the single channel level and increased the current amplitude at the whole‐cell level. But these channel activations and current increments could be restrained by pretreatment with an F‐actin stabilizer, phalloidin. The potential physiological significance of this regulatory mechanism is also discussed.
Axonal Pathology and Loss Precede Demyelination and Accompany Chronic Lesions in a Spontaneously Occurring Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Seehusen Frauke , Baumgärtner Wolfgang 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAxonal damage has been highlighted recently as a cause of neurological disability in various demyelinating diseases, including multiple sclerosis, either as a primary pathological change or secondary due to myelin loss. To characterize and quantify axonal damage and loss in canine distemper demyelinating leukoencephalomyelitis (DL), formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded cerebella were investigated histochemically and immunohistochemically using the modified Bielschowsky's silver stain as well as antibodies against nonphosphorylated (n‐NF), phosphorylated neurofilament (p‐NF) and β‐amyloid precursor protein (β‐APP). Injured axons characterized by immunoreactivity against n‐NF and β‐APP were detected in early distemper lesions without demyelination. In subacute and chronic demyelinating lesions the number of injured axons increased. Moreover, a significant decrease in axonal density was observed within lesions and in the normal appearing white matter in DL as determined by morphometric analyses using Bielschowsky's silver stain and p‐NF immunohistochemistry. Summarized, the observed findings indicate that axonal damage (i) occurs early in DL; (ii) can be detected before myelin loss; and (iii) represents a pivotal feature in advanced lesions. It must be postulated that axonal damage plays an important role in the initial phase as a primary event and during progression of nervous distemper as a result of demyelination.
Involvement of Reactive Oxygen Species in TGF‐β1‐induced Tropoelastin Expression by Human Dermal Fibroblasts
Authors: Choi Won Seon , Mitsumoto Atsushi , Kochevar Irene E. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractChronic exposure to solar UV radiation causes marked changes in the dermal extracellular matrix that underlie the loss of resiliency and increased laxity observed in photoaged skin. In particular, the dermal elastin content increases substantially and the normal, well‐organized elastic fibers are replaced by amorphous elastotic material. Transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) stimulates synthesis of elastin by dermal fibroblasts and may mediate the increase in elastin in chronically photodamaged skin. We investigated pathways involved in the TGF–β1‐induced increase in tropoelastin (TE), the soluble elastin monomer and assessed the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the regulation of TE mRNA. Antioxidants and an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase blocked TGF–β1‐induced TE mRNA increase even when added 1.5 h after TGF‐β1, although ROS were detected for only 30 min. The TE mRNA increase required activation of Smad4, shown using Smad4 siRNA, and also involved the ERK1/2, p38 and JNK MAP kinases but not PI3K. ROS did not enhance signaling through Smad2 but did enhance activation of p38 and ERK1/2 at 10 min after TGF‐β1. These results indicate that Smad and MAPK pathways mediate TGF–β1‐induced TE expression and that ROS are required for both early signal transduction and later steps that increase elastin.
Near‐infrared Photoinactivation of Bacteria and Fungi at Physiologic Temperatures
Authors: Bornstein Eric , Hermans William , Gridley Scott , Manni Jeffrey 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe examined a laser system (870 and 930 nm), employing wavelengths that have exhibited cellular photodamage properties in optical traps. In vitro, with 1.5 cm diameter flat‐top projections (power density of 5.66 W cm−2), at physiologic temperatures, we achieved photoinactivation of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum. Using nonlethal dosimetry, we measured a decrease in trans‐membrane potentials (ΔΨmt and ΔΨp) and an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA), C. albicans and human embryonic kidney cells. We postulate that these multiplexed wavelengths cause an optically mediated mechano‐transduction of cellular redox pathways, decreasing ΔΨ and increasing ROS. The cellular energetics of prokaryotic and fungal pathogens, along with mammalian cells, are affected in a similar manner when treated with these multiplexed wavelengths at the power densities employed. Following live porcine thermal tolerance skin experiments, we then performed human pilot studies, examining photodamage to MRSA in the nose and fungi in onychomycosis. No observable damage to the nares or the nail matrix was observed, yet photodamage to the pathogens was achieved at physiologic temperatures. The selective aspect of this near‐infrared photodamage presents the possibility for its future utilization in human cutaneous antimicrobial therapy.
A Comparative Kinetic and Mechanistic Study Between Tetrahydrozoline and Naphazoline Toward Photogenerated Reactive Oxygen Species
Authors: Criado Susana , García Norman A. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractKinetic and mechanistic aspects of the vitamin B2 (riboflavin [Rf])‐sensitized photo‐oxidation of the imidazoline derivates (IDs) naphazoline (NPZ) and tetrahydrozoline (THZ) were investigated in aqueous solution. The process appears as important on biomedical grounds, considering that the vitamin is endogenously present in humans, and IDs are active components of ocular medicaments of topical application. Under aerobic visible light irradiation, a complex picture of competitive interactions between sensitizer, substrates and dissolved oxygen takes place: the singlet and triplet (3Rf*) excited states of Rf are quenched by the IDs: with IDs concentrationsca. 5.0 mmand 0.02 mmRf,3Rf* is quenched by IDs, in a competitive fashion with dissolved ground state oxygen. Additionally, the reactive oxygen species: O2(1Δg), O2•−, HO•and H2O2, generated from3Rf* and Rf •−, were detected with the employment of time‐resolved methods or specific scavengers. Oxygen uptake experiments indicate that, for NPZ, only H2O2was involved in the photo‐oxidation. In the case of THZ, O2•−, HO•and H2O2were detected, whereas only HO•was unambiguously identified as THZ oxidative agents. Upon direct UV light irradiation NPZ and THZ generate O2(1Δg.), with quantum yields of 0.2 (literature value, employed as a reference) and 0.08, respectively, in acetonitrile.