bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theory and practice of return migration at retirement: the case of migrant worker hostel residents in France
Authors: Hunter Alistair 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe transition to retirement marks an appropriate juncture for older migrants to relocate to countries of origin if so desired. As recent survey data from France demonstrate, most older immigrants are well integrated and prefer to live out their old age in the host country. This paper examines return decisions at retirement in the case of older men living in migrant worker hostel accommodation, who seem on first inspection to be far from integrated in France. Despite this lack of integration, they tend not to return definitively to places of origin at retirement. Instead, their preference is for regular back‐and‐forth trips. In order to make sense of these mobility decisions, several theories of migration are presented and evaluated against qualitative data from interviews conducted in several hostels in the Paris region in spring and summer 2008. While no one theory adequately accounts for all the phenomena observed, the evaluation shows that at various points in the data there is support for several theories. The added value of each theory becomes most apparent when levels of analysis are kept distinct: at the household level as regards remittances; at the kinship‐village level as regards reintegration in the home context; at the meso‐level of ethnic communities in terms of migrants' transnational ties; and at the macro‐level of social systems concerning inclusion in healthcare and administrative organisations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TOF‐SIMS depth profiling of deuterated polystyrene‐block‐poly(n‐propyl methacrylate) diblock copolymer films
Authors: Lee Jihye , Yoon Donghwan , Shin Kwanwoo , Kim Kang‐Jin , Lee Yeonhee 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA surface‐induced orientation of symmetric, deuterated polystyrene/poly(propyl methacrylate) diblock copolymers, dPS‐PPrMA with different molecular weights (Mn= 135 000, 119 600, and 75 300) was investigated using time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF‐SIMS). Elemental depth profiles obtained in the negative ion mode by a Cs+primary ion beam demonstrate variations in hydrogen, deuterium, carbon, oxygen, and hydrocarbons within the diblock copolymer according to the depth. Solution casting films of the copolymers with thicknesses of 700 and 2100 Å exhibited no preferential orientation of the microdomain morphology with respect to the surface at room temperature. Annealing the copolymer films at 215 °C for 4 h produced a dramatic orientation of the microdomains parallel to the surface of the film. This preferential alignment provided regular oscillation in the composition of both blocks, which continued through the entire film. The periodicity as determined from a depth profile of TOF‐SIMS showed good agreement with the results of small‐angle X‐ray scattering. Positive and negative ion molecular depth profiles by a C60+cluster ion beam also provide information pertaining to the lower disorder–order transition (LDOT) behavior of the dPS‐PPrMA copolymer. Depth profile results indicate a PPrMA layer preferentially located at the copolymer/silicon substrate interface. The microdomain separation processes of dPS‐PPrMA were investigated as a function of the annealing temperature and time. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of molecular weight on the ToF‐SIMS spectra of PMMA using Au+ and C60+ primary ions
Authors: Piwowar Alan M. , Vickerman John C. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractLow polydispersity (Mw/Mn < 1.08) spin‐cast films of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with molecular weights ranging from 2770 to 19 940 g/mol have been analyzed in a time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometer using 20 keV C60+ and Au+ primary ion sources. Differences in secondary ion yields as a function of sample molecular weight resulting from the use of the two ion sources were investigated. Under similar conditions, the ions investigated with the C60+ ion source produced yield increases ranging from 15‐ to 65‐fold over yields collected with the Au+ ion source in both ion polarities. As a function of molecular weight, these yield enhancements were consistent across the molecular weight range investigated for the cations (less than 15% variation), but varied by up to a factor of 3 for the anions. Investigation of relative changes in anion yields for the primary ion beams from low‐ to high‐molecular‐weight PMMA shows similar trends in the data for end‐group related fragment ions, but differences in ion yields for main‐chain related fragments. Using Au+ shows a decrease in the relative yields with increasing mass but using C60+ shows an increase in yields suggesting that the mechanisms behind ion formation as a function of molecular weight of the sample differ somewhat between these two primary ions. This is partly attributed to the ability of the bombarding particle to overcome chain entanglement and covalent interactions of the polymers at the surface. It is concluded that C60+ is much more effective in generating ion yield for higher molecular weight systems, and this is supported by high oligomer ion yields for PMMA 2770. The results are discussed within the context of molecular dynamics simulations of atomic primary ion and C60 sputtering of polymers to provide insight into the experimental observations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human systems therapy
Authors: Paritsis Nicholas 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThere are many methods of psychotherapy and of family therapy. The present method of therapy is applied on psychological, family and wider social level, and is based on the same general systems principles. A number of them are the result of further elaboration, development and adaptation of pre‐existing general systems principles in order to be applied in therapy. This method was originally named General Systems Therapy but since it is applied on human systems it is now called Human Systems Therapy (HST) in its more developed form. In this work, the foundations of HST on general systems theory (GST) are presented first. Then, the basic principles of HST are described as a consequence of adaptation and elaboration of the previous GST principles. Furthermore, some basic new techniques are presented, which were developed during the application of HST and according to its principles. Finally, HST is briefly discussed in relation to some other methods of therapy. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dyslexia (neuropsychological)
Authors: Castles Anne , M. T. McLean Gregor , McArthur Genevieve 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn this article, we review research into the underlying deficits associated with the failure to learn to read normally, or developmental dyslexia. We focus on the heterogeneity within this broad category of disorder and on the relationship between the proposed deficits and the acquisition of specific kinds of reading skill. We also distinguish between ‘high‐level’ cognitive or language deficits associated with developmental dyslexia and ‘low‐level’ perceptual or neurological deficits. We conclude that the mixed and sometimes contradictory sets of findings associated with most of the proposed deficits reveal something important: that there is no single cause of developmental dyslexia and that it is likely that multiple causes interact in complex ways to impair reading acquisition. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Brain Function and Dysfunction
Neuroscience > Behavior
Agnosias
Authors: Behrmann Marlene , Nishimura Mayu 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe neuropsychological disorder, known as visual agnosia, refers to the impairment in deriving the meaning of a visually presented stimulus, in spite of the affected individual having intact sensory and low‐level vision, and normal language and semantic function. This type of disorder is intriguing both clinically and scientifically, and vision scientists have studied visual agnosia as a means of shedding light on how the normal visual system functions. Considerable progress has been made in this domain, in parallel with detailed behavioral and neural investigations of the visual system of neurologically intact individuals and of nonhuman primates. Here, we focus specifically on the neuropsychological studies and provide a broad overview of the wide range of impairments that fall under the label ‘visual agnosia’, including those acquired following brain damage in premorbidly normal individuals, those that appear to have been present since birth, and those whose onset is late in life and is associated with neurodegeneration. We also outline the different subtypes of visual agnosia, including those that affect primarily the recognition of faces, words, or objects, and we lay out some of the key questions currently being addressed by researchers in this domain. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Brain Function and Dysfunction
Neuroscience > Clinical Neuroscience
Nutritional regulation of division of labor in honey bees: toward a systems biology perspective
Authors: Ament Seth A. , Wang Ying , Robinson Gene E. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractOrganisms adapt their behavior and physiology to environmental conditions through processes of phenotypic plasticity. In one well‐studied example, the division of labor among worker honey bees involves a stereotyped yet plastic pattern of behavioral and physiological maturation. Early in life, workers perform brood care and other in‐hive tasks and have large internal nutrient stores; later in life, they forage for nectar and pollen outside the hive and have small nutrient stores. The pace of maturation depends on colony conditions, and the environmental, physiological, and genomic mechanisms by which this occurs are being actively investigated. Here we review current knowledge of the mechanisms by which a key environmental variable, nutritional status, influences worker honey bee division of labor. These studies demonstrate that changes in individual nutritional status and conserved food‐related molecular and hormonal pathways regulate the age at which individual bees begin to forage. We then outline ways in which systems biology approaches, enabled by the sequencing of the honey bee genome, will allow researchers to gain deeper insight into nutritional regulation of honey bee behavior, and phenotypic plasticity in general. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Physiology > Physiology of Model Organisms
Comparative systems biology: from bacteria to man
Authors: Teusink Bas , Westerhoff Hans V. , Bruggeman Frank J. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractComparative analyses, as carried out by comparative genomics and bioinformatics, have proven extremely powerful to obtain insight into the identity of specific genes that underlie differences and similarities across species. The central concept developed in this chapter is that important aspects of the functional differences between organisms derive not only from the differences in genetic components (which underlies comparative genomics) but also from dynamic, molecular (physical) interactions. Approaches that aim at identifying such network‐based rather than component‐based homologies between species we shall call Comparative Systems Biology. It will be illustrated by a number of examples from metabolic networks from prokaryotes, via yeast, to man. The potential for species comparisons, at the genome‐scale using classical approaches and at the more detailed level of dynamic molecular networks will be illustrated. In our opinion, comparative systems biology, as a marriage between bioinformatics and systems biology, will offer new insights into the nature of organisms for the benefit of medicine, biotechnology, and drug design. As dynamic modeling is becoming more mainstream in cell biology, the potential of comparative systems biology will become more evident. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational Methods
Central dopaminergic circuitry controlling food intake and reward: implications for the regulation of obesity
Authors: Vucetic Zivjena , Reyes Teresa M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPrevalence of obesity in the general population has increased in the past 15 years from 15% to 35%. With increasing obesity, the coincident medical and social consequences are becoming more alarming. Control over food intake is crucial for the maintenance of body weight and represents an important target for the treatment of obesity. Central nervous system mechanisms responsible for control of food intake have evolved to sense the nutrient and energy levels in the organism and to coordinate appropriate responses to adjust energy intake and expenditure. This homeostatic system is crucial for maintenance of stable body weight over long periods of time of uneven energy availability. However, not only the caloric and nutritional value of food but also hedonic and emotional aspects of feeding affect food intake. In modern society, the increased availability of highly palatable and rewarding (fat, sweet) food can significantly affect homeostatic balance, resulting in dysregulated food intake. This review will focus on the role of hypothalamic and mesolimbic/mesocortical dopaminergic (DA) circuitry in coding homeostatic and hedonic signals for the regulation of food intake and maintenance of caloric balance. The interaction of dopamine with peripheral and central indices of nutritional status (e.g., leptin, ghrelin, neuropeptide Y), and the susceptibility of the dopamine system to prenatal insults will be discussed. Additionally, the importance of alterations in dopamine signaling that occur coincidently with obesity will be addressed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:Physiology > Mammalian Physiology in Health and Disease
Circadian oscillators in eukaryotes
Authors: Jolma Ingunn W. , Laerum Ole Didrik , Lillo Cathrine , Ruoff Peter 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe biological clock, present in nearly all eukaryotes, has evolved such that organisms can adapt to our planet's rotation in order to anticipate the coming day or night as well as unfavorable seasons. As all modern high‐precision chronometers, the biological clock uses oscillation as a timekeeping element. In this review, we describe briefly the discovery, historical development, and general properties of circadian oscillators. The issue of temperature compensation (TC) is discussed, and our present understanding of the underlying genetic and biochemical mechanisms in circadian oscillators are described with special emphasis on Neurospora crassa, mammals, and plants. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Cellular Models
Synthesis of a One‐dimensional Coordination Polymer Based on Copper(II) Nitrate and 1,2‐Bis(5‐monomethylhydrazinyl‐1H‐tetrazolyl)ethane
Authors: Kovacevic Luka S. , Klapötke Thomas M. , Sproll Stefan M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA one‐dimensional coordination polymer based on copper(II) nitrate and 1,2‐bis(5‐monomethylhydrazinyl‐1H‐tetrazolyl)ethane as ligand was prepared. The thermal and physical stability was determined by differential scanning calorimetry and BAM methods. The polymer was investigated by vibrational spectroscopy and single X‐ray diffraction. Moreover, the ligand itself and the 1,2‐bis(1H‐tetrazolyl)ethane were characterized as energetic material by bomb calorimetric measurements along with calculations using the EXPLO5 software. Both compounds have moderate energetic properties along with a high thermal and physical stability. These findings render these compounds into promising environment friendly gas generating agents.
A New Polynuclear Copper‐Complex‐Substituted Tungstoarsenate(V)
Authors: Tong Ruizhan , Liu Bin , Xue Ganglin , Hu Huaiming , Fu Feng , Wang Jiwu 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA new polynuclear copper‐complex‐substituted dimeric tungstoarsenate(V), H2[{Cu(2,2′‐bpy)}8(H2O)2(AsW9O34)2]·12H2O (1) (2,2′‐bpy = 2,2′‐bipydine), was synthesized hydrothermally and its structure was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The title compound has Ci symmetry and consists of two trilacunary Keggin anions [α‐AsW9O34]9– supported by eight copper complex cations. The compound was also characterized by IR and fluorescence spectroscopy, TG analysis, and magnetic measurements. The emission spectrum of the compound in solid‐state exhibits a redshift relative to those of Na8[A‐HAsW9O34]·11H2O and the free ligand 2,2′‐bpy. Magnetic measurements of the compound indicate competing ferro‐ and antiferromagnetic intramolecular coupling among the CuII atoms in the cluster anion.
Tetra(N,N′‐tetramethylharnstoff)‐Beryllium‐Triiodid, [Be(TMH)4](I3)2
Authors: Neumüller Bernhard , Dehnicke Kurt 
Published: February 2010

AbstractTetra(N,N′‐tetramethylurea)‐beryllium‐triiodide, [Be(TMU)4](I3)2 (1) was prepared from beryllium powder and iodine in N,N′‐tetramethylurea to give orange crystals, which were characterized by X‐ray diffraction and IR spectroscopy. Compound 1 crystallizes monoclinically in the space group C2/c with four formula units per unit cell. Lattice dimensions at 100(2) K: a = 1906.6(1), b = 1185.7(1), c = 1895.0(1) pm, β = 113.60(1) °, R1 = 0.0291. The structure of 1 consists of distorted tetrahedral cations [Be(TMU)4]2+ with Be–O bond lengths of 162.5(5) and 160.8(5) pm and triiodide ions without site symmetry.
Complex Borides RERu4B4 (RE = Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm) – Bonding Peculiarities and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Mishra Trinath , Eul Matthias , Matar Samir F. , Pöttgen Rainer 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe rare earth borides RERu4B4 (RE = Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm) were synthesized from the elements by arc‐melting and their crystal structures were studied on the basis of X‐ray powder and single‐crystal diffraction: LuRu4B4 type, I41/acd, a = 747.47(8), c = 1506.4(3) pm, wR2 = 0.0579, 362 F2 values for CeRu4B4, a = 751.3(2), c = 1507.1(5) pm, wR2 = 0.0724, 471 F2 values for PrRu4B4, a = 751.0(2), c = 1506.9(6) pm, wR2 = 0.0598, 384 F2 values for NdRu4B4, and a = 749.1(1), c = 1506.0(3) pm, wR2 = 0.0759, 413 F2 values for SmRu4B4, with 18 variables per refinement. Striking structural motifs of the RERu4B4 structures are Ru4 tetrahedra and B2 dumbbells with Ru–Ru and B–B distances of 271 and 180 pm in CeRu4B4. The intermediate valence of cerium leads to shorter Ce–Ru distances of 292 pm. CeRu4B4 behaves like a Pauli paramagnet with a small room temperature susceptibility of 1.5 × 10–4 emu·mol–1. Chemical bonding analyses shows substantial Ru–B and B–B bonding within the [Ru4B4] substructure.
Unnecessary Gastric Decompression in Distal Elective Bowel Anastomoses in Children: A Randomized Study
Authors: Davila‐Perez Roberto , Bracho‐Blanchet Eduardo , Tovilla‐Mercado Jose Manuel , Hernandez‐Plata Jose Alejandro , Reyes‐Lopez Alfonso , Nieto‐Zermeño Jaime 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBackgroundThe goal of this study was to investigate the role of nasogastric drainage in preventing postoperative complications in children with distal elective bowel anastomosis. Nasogastric drainage has been used as a routine measure after gastrointestinal surgery in children and adults to hasten bowel function, prevent postoperative complications, and shorten hospital stay. However, there has been no study that shows in a scientific manner the benefit of nasogastric drainage in children.MethodsWe performed a clinical, controlled, randomized trial comprising 60 children who underwent distal elective bowel anastomoses and compared postoperative complications between a group with nasogastric tube in place (n = 29) and one without it (n = 31).ResultsDemographic data and diagnoses were comparable in both groups (P = NS). No anastomotic leaks or enterocutaneous fistulae were found in any patient. There were no significant differences between the two groups with respect to abdominal distension, infection, or hospital stay. Only one patient in the experimental group required placement of the nasogastric tube due to persistent abdominal distension (3.2%).ConclusionsThe routine use of nasogastric drainage after distal elective intestinal surgery in children can be eliminated. Its use should depend on the individual patient’s situation.
Physicochemical Properties of Lipase‐Catalyzed Interesterified Fat Containing α‐Linolenic Acid
Authors: Shin Jung‐Ah , Akoh C. C. , Lee Ki‐Teak 
Published: February 2010

AbstractTwo substrate blends (8:6:6 and 6:6:9, by weight) of anhydrous butterfat (ABF), palm stearin (PS), and flaxseed oil (FSO) were interesterified by immobilized lipases. The reaction was carried out in the absence of solvent at 60 °C for 24 h in a 1‐L tank stirred‐batch type reactor. In terms of equivalent carbon number (ECN) of triacylglycerol (TAG), the areas of ECN 36‐38 (from FSO) and ECN 48‐50 (from PS) decreased during the interesterification while ECN 42–46 increased with increasing reaction time. As interesterification time increased, the decreased enthalpy (ΔH), peak temperature (TP) and transition range were observed. After short path distillation, interesterified fat (IF) was produced in which α‐linolenic acid contents (ALn, mol%) of the 8:6:6 and 6:6:9 IF were 15.7 and 21.7%, respectively. Tocopherol, cholesterol and phytosterol contents in each IF were significantly reduced after short path distillation. In this study, hardness of 6:6:9 IF and 8:6:6 IF were 217 and 800 g/cm2, respectively. After interesterification, short spacing at 4.6 Å disappeared or weakened, indicating that the predominant polymorphic form had changed from the β form to the desirable crystalline structure of the β′ form.
Plasma Protein Biomarkers Correlated with the Development of Diet-Induced Type 2 Diabetes in Mice
Authors: Okada Shigeru , List Edward O. , Sankaran Sudha , Kopchick John J. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract

Introduction
Early detection, assessment of disease progression, and application of an appropriate therapeutic intervention are all important for the care of patients with type 2 diabetes. Currently, however, there is no simple test for early detection of type 2 diabetes. Established diagnostic tests for the disease including oral glucose tolerance, fasting blood glucose, and hemoglobin A1c are relatively late markers where the disease has already progressed. Since blood is in direct contact with many tissues, we hypothesized that pathological tissue changes are likely to be reflected in proteomic profiles of plasma.

Methods
Mice were reared either on regular chow or a high-fat diet at weaning and several physiological responses (i.e., weight, fasting plasma glucose and insulin, and glucose tolerance) were monitored at regular time intervals. Plasma was collected at regular intervals for proteomic analysis by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and subsequent mass spectrometry.

Results
Onset of hyperinsulinemia with corresponding glucose intolerance was observed in 2 weeks and fasting blood glucose levels rose significantly after 4 weeks on the high-fat diet. Many proteins were found to exist in multiple forms (isoforms). Levels of some isoforms including plasma retinol binding protein, transthyretin, Apolipoprotein A1, and kininogen showed significant changes as early as 4 weeks which coincided with the very early development of glucose intolerance.

Conclusions
These results show that a proteomic approach to study the development of type 2 diabetes may uncover unknown early post-translationally modified diagnostic and/or therapeutic protein targets.