bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early Life History Variation among Hatchery‐ and Wild‐Origin Lake Trout Reared in a Hatchery Environment
Authors: McDermid Jenni L. , Sloan William N. , Wilson Chris C. , Shuter Brian J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractHatcheries play a key role in augmenting populations for conservation, harvest, or both, although rapid domestication and adaptation to hatchery conditions may lead to fish that are maladapted to natural environments. Three processes may lead to domestication: (1) negative selection against fish adapted to wild environments, (2) positive selection for fish that thrive in artificial conditions, or (3) relaxation of selection pressures. In this study, early life history traits and survival were contrasted among wild‐ and hatchery‐origin lake trout Salvelinus namaycush reared in a common hatchery environment to address the hypotheses of processes leading to domestication. Examination of egg size, egg survival, fry deformity, and early growth rate found no evidence of negative selection against wild‐origin lake trout or positive selection for hatchery‐origin lake trout when reared in a hatchery environment. Wild‐origin lake trout outperformed hatchery‐origin fish in all life history traits examined, suggesting that relaxation of natural selective pressures may be occurring in the hatchery environment. Furthermore, the hatchery‐origin strains failed to show maternal effects on egg size and exhibited limited variability in egg size and hatching time, as well as no significant differences in early growth rate, suggesting potential homogenization of life history traits as a result of the hatchery environment.
Dispersal between Tributary and Main‐Stem Rivers by Juvenile Smallmouth Bass Evaluated Using Otolith Microchemistry
Authors: Humston Robert , Priest Brant M. , Hamilton William C. , Bugas Paul E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractJuvenile dispersal and the exchange of offspring among fish populations in river–tributary networks are difficult to characterize, but they may play a substantial role in the dynamics of fisheries in these systems. We used geochemical signatures in otoliths to identify the natal origins of young‐of‐year smallmouth bassMicropterus dolomieuin the James River and a tributary, the Maury River, in Virginia. The trace element signatures (Sr:Ca, Rb:Ca, Mg:Ca, and Ba:Ca) in otoliths differed significantly between these two rivers, resulting in approximately 87% accuracy in classifying known‐origin fry to their natal rivers. The variation in otolith composition reflected the variation in water chemistry within the system. We subsequently used classification functions and stock mixture analyses based on these signatures to identify the natal origins of age‐1 juveniles collected from the same rivers 1 year later. The results indicate that approximately 50% of the age‐1 smallmouth bass collected in the James River were spawned in the Maury River, while no evidence for reciprocal main stem‐to‐tributary exchange was found. These results suggest that the downstream movement and dispersal of smallmouth bass is common in their first year of life. Such inputs from tributaries may play an important role in the dynamics of smallmouth bass river fisheries, which are often characterized by substantial annual variation in recruitment. Characterizing such exchange at broader scales will probably be an important step toward linking the spatial ecology of this species with effective management and conservation strategies in river–tributary networks.
Survival and Growth of Juvenile Snake River Fall Chinook Salmon Exposed to Constant and Fluctuating Temperatures
Authors: Geist David R. , Deng Zhiqun , Mueller Robert P. , Brink Steven R. , Chandler James A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe incipient lethal temperature (ILT) and critical thermal maximum (CTM) methods are used to set temperature limits for fish. However, the standard application of these methods does not always match the temperature regimes that fish experience in the wild. We used alternative methods to determine the thermal tolerance thresholds of juvenile fall‐run Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha exposed to the temperature regimes that are common in the entrapment pools that form along the shoreline of the Snake River when flows are altered to meet electric power demand. A modified CTM test with a steady temperature rise (1.5°C/h) showed that one‐half the fish died when temperatures reached 27.4–27.9°C and that survival at 25°C was highly variable; the average time to the first death was 9.1 h, varying from 1.7 to 22.5 h. Over 30 d, 99.8% of the fish in the constant temperature regimes (14–22°C) survived. In the fluctuating temperature regimes (which varied from 10–14°C to 22–27.5°C), overall survival was 97.3%; however, only 83.0% and 88.9% survived in the groups that reached daily maximums of 27°C and 27.5°C, respectively. Growth over 30 d in the constant thermal regimes was nearly twice as high as that in the fluctuating regimes, even when daily average temperatures were similar. The maximum growth was 1.9%/d in terms of fork length [FL] and 11.2%/d in terms of weight (WT) at a constant 20°C. The lowest growth occurred in the two groups exposed to daily temperatures of 27°C or more, namely, 0.7–0.8% (FL) and 2.7–3.4% (WT). The results of this study suggest that thermal tolerance tests that expose juvenile fall Chinook salmon to thermal regimes that match the field conditions in entrapment pools along the shoreline of the Snake River provide higher temperature criteria than the standard ILT and CTM methods.
Assemblage and Population‐Level Responses of Stream Fish to Riparian Buffers at Multiple Spatial Scales
Authors: Fischer Jesse R. , Quist Michael C. , Wigen Skyler L. , Schaefer Andrew J. , Stewart Timothy W. , Isenhart Thomas M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractRiparian buffers can improve stream water and habitat quality by reducing non‐point‐source pollution (e.g., nutrients and sediment), increasing canopy cover and thereby reducing water temperature, and contributing allochthonous organic matter (e.g., leaf litter and woody debris). However, the influence of riparian buffers on biotic assemblages in streams is poorly understood, particularly in the Midwestern United States. In this study, we evaluated the effects of riparian buffers on instream habitat, fish assemblage structure, and population characteristics (i.e., the growth of two small‐bodied species) in three streams in central Iowa. The streams were surveyed at two spatial scales; specifically, 41 reaches were sampled and 247 macrohabitat types (i.e., pool, riffle, and run) were subsampled in the summer of 2007. Fish assemblage structure data were summarized into separate data sets by the relative abundance of individual species (i.e., fish per minute of electrofishing) and guilds (e.g., trophic and spawning). Multivariate analysis of variance was used to evaluate the differences in instream habitat and fish assemblage structure between areas with and without riparian buffers. The results indicated little to no relationship between the presence of buffers and fish assemblage structure and instream habitat characteristics. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) was used to evaluate the patterns of fish assemblage structure for the reaches and macrohabitat types. The NMS further illustrated the similarity in fish assemblages between buffered and unbuffered reaches. However, the growth of central stonerollers Campostoma anomalum was greatest in unbuffered reaches, while that of creek chub Semotilus atromaculatus was greatest in buffered reaches. Differences in food availability associated with riparian buffers (e.g., increased algal production and decreased terrestrial invertebrate contributions in unbuffered reaches) probably resulted in growth disparities. The results of this study suggest that while riparian buffers have minimal local effects on instream habitat and fish assemblage structure in Iowa streams, they influence instream features (e.g., food availability) that affect fish population dynamics.
Existence of Traveling Wave Solutions for a Nonlocal Bistable Equation: An Abstract Approach
Authors: Yagisita Hiroki 
Published: December 2009

We consider traveling fronts to the nonlocal bistable equation

u_t = μ \ast u– u + f(u),

where

μ

is a Borel-measure on

ℝ

with

μ(ℝ) = 1

and

f

satisfies

f(0) = f(1) = 0

,

f< 0

in

(0, α)

and

f > 0

in

(α, 1)

for some constant

α \in (0, 1)

. We do not assume that

μ

is absolutely continuous with respect to the Lebesgue measure. We show that there are a constant

c

and a monotone function

\phi

with

\phi(–∞) = 0

and

\phi(+∞) = 1

such that

u(t, x) := \phi(x+ct)

is a solution to the equation, provided

f'(α) > 0

. In order to prove this result, we would develop a recursive method for abstract monotone dynamical systems and apply it to the equation.
Does School Bullying Affect Adult Health? Population Survey of Health-Related Quality of Life and Past Victimization
Authors: Allison Stephen , Roeger Leigh , Reinfeld-Kirkman Nova 
Published: December 2009

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to determine the proportion of adult South Australians who report having experienced school bullying and to examine the relationship between past victimization and adult health-related quality of life. Method: A representative sample (n=2833) of metropolitan and country South Australian adults were asked in a face-to-face interview whether they had experienced bullying when they were at school. Health-related quality of life was measured using the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36-item health survey questions (SF-36). Regression analyses (linear and logistic) were performed, taking into account survey weights. Results: Nearly one-fifth of adults reported having experienced bullying when they were at school. Older persons and those born overseas were less likely to report having been bullied. Those reporting that they had been bullied experienced significantly poorer mental and physical health compared to those who had not been bullied. Conclusions: Adults commonly reported experiencing bullying while at school and these reports were associated with lower health-related quality of life in adulthood. School bullying needs further investigation as a preventable cause of mental health problems across the lifespan.
BraveHeart Begins: Pilot Results of Group Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Depression and Anxiety in Cardiac Patients
Authors: Hambridge John A. , Turner Alyna , Baker Amanda L. 
Published: December 2009

Objective: In a general medical hospital with limited mental health resources, a clinical need arose for an effective treatment for depression and anxiety symptoms in cardiac rehabilitation patients. Method: A total of 628 cardiac rehabilitation outpatients at a tertiary care centre were screened with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale at week 4 of their programme, and 182 of 558 responders (33%) scored ≥8 on the Depression and/or Anxiety subscales. A 6 week group cognitive behaviour therapy programme was developed to assist these identified patients. The resulting programme, BraveHeart, was piloted on 39 patients still experiencing significant symptoms of depression or anxiety at the end of rehabilitation. Patients were assessed at baseline, after treatment, 1 and 6 months after treatment using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Results: Significant improvement in levels of depression and anxiety symptoms occurred from baseline to post-treatment assessment, and this change was maintained at 6 months, with moderate–strong effect sizes. Feedback from the group members was positive. Conclusions: A specialized group treatment programme for cardiac patients with existing depression and anxiety was created that resulted in significant reductions in symptoms.
Nutrition Knowledge in Young Women with Eating Disorders in Australia and Singapore: A Pilot Study
Authors: Soh Nerissa Li-Wey , Touyz Stephen W. , Dobbins Timothy A. , Surgenor Lois J. , Clarke Simon , Kohn Michael R. , Lee Ee Lian , Leow Vincent , Rieger Elizabeth , Ung Ken Eng Khean , Walter Garry 
Published: December 2009

Objective: The aim of the present study was to compare nutrition knowledge levels in young women with and without an eating disorder (ED) in two countries. Method: Women with a clinical ED (n = 55) and healthy control women (n = 99) in Australia and Singapore completed a Nutritional Knowledge Questionnaire, acculturation questionnaire and demographics survey. Nutrition knowledge was analysed in terms of clinical status, cultural group, acculturation, socioeconomic status and education level. Results: Women with EDs had greater knowledge than controls, but the magnitude of the difference was small. Greater acculturation to Western culture was associated with greater knowledge. Conclusions: The difference in nutrition knowledge between women with and without EDs is unlikely to be of clinical importance. The findings may reflect today's ubiquitous availability of nutrition information.
Suicide in the Northern Territory, 2001–2006
Authors: Pridmore Saxby , Fujiyama Hakuei 
Published: December 2009

Objective: The aim of the present study was to characterize suicide in the Northern Territory (NT) for the 6 year period 1 January 2001-31 December 2006. Method: Suicide death rates by area (Australia, NT), sex, and Indigenous status for the period of 2001–2006 were obtained from the National Coroners Information System through the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine. Population f gures were obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Results: For this period the suicide rate of NT (21.6 per 100 000) was double the national rate ( 11 ), and the rate for NT Indigenous people (36.7) was signif cantly higher (p < 0.001) than that of NT non-Indigenous people (14.7). There was a decline in the suicide rate for Australia of −8.6%%; for NT, −6.3%%; for NT non-Indigenous, −3.3%%; and for NT Indigenous, −9.0%%. The sex difference was signif cant (p < 0.001) for both Australia and the NT with male subjects having a higher suicide rate than female subjects. With respect to age group, some evidence suggested an earlier peak for NT Indigenous compared to NT non-Indigenous people. Hanging was more common in NT than in the rest of the country and accounted for 87%% of Indigenous suicide. Conclusion: Suicide is more common in NT than in Australia generally, and more common in NT Indigenous than NT non-Indigenous people. There is evidence of a decline in suicide rates across the board.
Magnetic resonance arthrography including aber view in diagnosing partial-thickness tears of the rotator cuff: Accuracy, and inter- and intra-observer agreements
Authors: Jung Joon-Yong , Jee Won-Hee , Chun Ho Jong , Ahn Myeong Im , Kim Yang-Soo 
Published: December 2009

Background: Partial-thickness tear of the rotator cuff is a common cause of shoulder pain. Magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography has been described as a useful measure to diagnose rotator cuff abnormalities. Purpose: To determine the reliability and accuracy of MR arthrography with abduction and external rotation (ABER) view for the diagnosis of partial-thickness tears of the rotator cuff. Material and Methods: Among patients who underwent MR arthrographies, 22 patients (12 men, 10 women; mean age 45 years) who had either partial-thickness tear or normal tendon on arthroscopy were included. MR images were independently scored by two observers for partial-thickness tears of the rotator cuff. Interobserver and intraobserver agreements for detection of partial-thickness tears of the rotator cuff were calculated by using κ coefficients. The differences in areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were assessed with a univariate Z-score test. Differences in sensitivity and specificity for interpretations based on different imaging series were tested for significance using the McNemar statistic. Results: Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of each reader on MR imaging without ABER view were 83%, 90%, and 86%, and 83%, 80%, and 82%, respectively, whereas on overall interpretation including ABER view, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of each reader were 92%, 70%, and 82%, and 92%, 80%, and 86%, respectively. Including ABER view, interobserver agreement for partial-thickness tear increased from κ=0.55 to κ=0.68. Likewise, intraobserver agreements increased from κ=0.79 and 0.53 to κ=0.81 and 0.70 for each reader, respectively. The areas under the ROC curves for each reader were 0.96 and 0.90, which were not significantly different. Conclusion: Including ABER view in routine sequences of MR arthrography increases the sensitivity, and inter- and intraobserver agreements for detecting partial-thickness tear of rotator cuff tendon.
Older people who stutter: barriers to communication and perceptions of treatment needs
Authors: Bricker‐Katz Geraldine , Lincoln Michelle , McCabe Patricia 
Published: December 2009

Background: Little is known about the experience of stuttering for people over 55 years of age. Recent research has established that the same types of stuttering behaviours, cognitions, and emotional consequences experienced during young adulthood persist into older age.Aims: The aims were to investigate perceptions of limitations to activity and participation in a group of older people who stuttered into adulthood. A further aim was to find out their perceptions about treatment.Methods & Procedures: This was a qualitative study involving eleven participants, eight males and three females over 55 years of age (mean age = 70.7, standard deviation = 9.13 years, range = 57.2–83.8 years) who self‐reported stuttering into adulthood. Participants were randomly assigned to two focus groups for the discussion of topic questions posed by a moderator. The discussion was video‐ and audio‐recorded, transcribed, and analysed using a comparative thematic analysis to derive emergent themes in relation to the topic questions.Outcomes & Results: Stuttering can impact on the lives of older people in a similar way to younger people who stutter. Participants who continued to work felt more limited by their stuttering because work involved unpredictable speaking situations with unfamiliar people. Others who had retired experienced some relief from these limitations because they were no longer required to communicate in a work context. The acceptance of stuttering was a theme expressed by some participants, and acceptance diminished the limitations because these older people were less fearful of the consequences of their stuttering. However, others remained constrained by the impact of stuttering on their communication and struggled with a fear of speaking and a fear of negative evaluation by others. They applied learnt and self‐devised techniques to assist their speech and felt that if fear of speaking was removed and their self‐confidence increased, communication might be better. They would like effective, individual, and short‐term treatment with speech–language pathologists who are knowledgeable about stuttering and sensitive to their emotional needs.Conclusions & Implications: Older people who stutter experienced limitations to participation because of their stuttering and there are implications for their future ability to remain independent and connected to relevant people and services. Further investigation of these limitations and research into effective intervention is indicated.
Sentence repetition in adolescents with specific language impairments and autism: an investigation of complex syntax
Authors: Riches N. G. , Loucas T. , Baird G. , Charman T. , Simonoff E. 
Published: December 2009

Background: Recent studies have indicated that many children with autism spectrum disorders present with language difficulties that are similar to those of children with specific language impairments, leading some to argue for similar structural deficits in these two disorders.Aims: Repetition of sentences involving long‐distance dependencies was used to investigate complex syntax in these groups.Methods & Procedures: Adolescents with specific language impairments (mean age = 15;3, n = 14) and autism spectrum disorders plus language impairment (autism plus language impairment; mean age = 14;8, n = 16) were recruited alongside typically developing adolescents (mean age = 14;4, n = 17). They were required to repeat sentences containing relative clauses that varied in syntactic complexity.Outcomes & Results: The adolescents with specific language impairments presented with greater syntactic difficulties than the adolescents with autism plus language impairment, as manifested by higher error rates on the more complex object relative clauses, and a greater tendency to make syntactic changes during repetition.Conclusions & Implications: Adolescents with specific language impairments may have more severe syntactic difficulties than adolescents with autism plus language impairment, possibly due to their short‐term memory limitations.
Reading comprehension, word decoding and spelling in girls with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) or attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD): performance and predictors
Authors: Åsberg Jakob , Kopp Svenny , Berg‐Kelly Kristina , Gillberg Christopher 
Published: December 2009

Background: Difficulties with aspects of literacy are often seen in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD). The bases of the connections between these disorders and literacy difficulties are poorly understood. Furthermore, it is not clear if existing research is representative for girls.Aims: There were three aims: (1) to compare performance in reading comprehension, word decoding, and spelling in girls with ASD (n = 20), AD/ HD (n = 36), and community girls with typical developing (girls; n = 54); (2) to assess rates of reading and writing disorders within groups; and (3) to examine the predictive value of measures of autistic and AD/HD symptomatology to reading comprehension in the whole girl sample.Methods & Procedures: Participants were aged between 8 and 17 years, and had a full scale IQ>70. Standardized tests of literacy, oral vocabulary, and non‐verbal ability were administered. Parent ratings of degree of autistic symptomatology and both parent and teacher ratings of AD/HD symptomatology were collected for all girls.Outcomes & Results: Girls with diagnosed ASD could not be separated significantly from typically developing girls or girls with AD/HD on average performance on any literacy test. However, among girls with ASD, 40% had at least one reading and writing disorder. Girls with AD/HD performed lower than typically developing girls in reading comprehension, word decoding, and spelling, and 56% had at least one reading and writing disorder. In regression analysis, using the total sample, both degrees of autistic and AD/HD symptomatology negatively contributed to the variance in reading comprehension after controlling for oral vocabulary, word decoding, and non‐verbal ability. Whereas AD/HD contributed to the variance in reading comprehension once autistic symptomatology was controlled for, the opposite was not true. However, a large bivariate correlation between autistic and AD/HD symptomatology somewhat complicates the interpretation of that result.Conclusions & Implications: The findings highlight the importance of monitoring and supporting the literacy development in girls with ASD or AD/HD. Results from regression analyses suggested that word decoding and/or oral vocabulary training may not be sufficient for the girls fully to overcome difficulties in the important skill of reading comprehension.