bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observer Rating of Memory in Children: A Review
Authors: Levick Wayne R. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractResearch on observer rating of memory in children is examined in relation to the potential to develop screening instruments to improve efficiency in memory assessment, to shed light on the area of everyday memory in children, and to develop observer rating to the point where it may substitute for objective assessment. Several scales including the Parent Memory Questionnaire, the Children's Memory Questionnaire, the Observer Memory Questionnaire — Parent Form and the Working Memory Rating Scale are reviewed. Only the Working Memory Rating Scale has been published. Some of the other scales have good internal consistency and test–retest reliability but none have proven to be effective screening instruments and none can yet be recommended for clinical application. Relationships with objective test results have been at best modest, an issue that requires more detailed analysis if such instruments are to become effective screeners or even substitutes for objective assessment. Further observer rating research will shed light on everyday memory in children including its relationship to objective assessment and its place in models of memory. It remains to be established whether observer ratings add unique information to memory assessment or whether they can become a reliable, cost-effective substitute for objective assessment.
The Thought of an Object and the Object of Thought: A Critique of Henry E. Allison's ‘Two Aspect’ View
Authors: Nitzan Lior 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
In this paper I take issue with Allison's ‘two aspect’ view of Kant's transcendental distinction between appearances and things-in-themselves. Unlike those of Allison's critics, who criticize him, and by implication Kant, based on some form of the ‘two world’ view, I argue that, even Allison's methodological, more moderate interpretation, nevertheless includes an excessive commitment to the role of things-in-themselves in Kant's theoretical philosophy, a commitment which is both unnecessary and incompatible with Kant's text. I offer an alternative interpretation which, in my view, is at once more accurate, and more defensible against the familiar claim that Kant's philosophy is either incompatible with itself or it inevitably leads to idealism.
Seven essential questions on G-quadruplexes
Authors: König Sebastian L.B. , Evans Amanda C. , Huppert Julian L. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe helical duplex architecture of DNA was discovered by Francis Crick and James Watson in 1951 and is well known and understood. However, nucleic acids can also adopt alternative structural conformations that are less familiar, although no less biologically relevant, such as the G-quadruplex. G-quadruplexes continue to be the subject of a rapidly expanding area of research, owing to their significant potential as therapeutic targets and their unique biophysical properties. This review begins by focusing on G-quadruplex structure, elucidating the intermolecular and intramolecular interactions underlying its formation and highlighting several substructural variants. A variety of methods used to characterize these structures are also outlined. The current state of G-quadruplex research is then addressed by proffering seven pertinent questions for discussion. This review concludes with an overview of possible directions for future research trajectories in this exciting and relevant field.
Evolution of vitamin D binding protein concentration in sera from cardiac surgery patients is determined by triglyceridemia
Authors: Speeckaert Marijn M. , Wehlou Charline , De Somer Filip , Speeckaert Reinhart , Van Nooten Guido J. , Delanghe Joris R. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackground:Multiple human and animal studies have reviewed the (non-)actin scavenger functions of vitamin D binding protein (DBP). Recently, we demonstrated the partially lipid bound character of DBP. The purpose of the present study was to explore the link between actin, lipids and DBP in a cohort of patients undergoing cardiac surgery.Methods:The interplay between DBP, actin and lipids was investigated in a cohort study of 35 Caucasian patients who underwent cardiac surgery. Total and actin-free DBP concentrations were assessed by immunonephelometry and ELISA. Total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase (-MB) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured using routine methods. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was calculated according to the Friedewald formula. The DBP phenotypes and the macromolecular bound DBP fractions were determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and confirmed by Western blotting.Results:Using PAGE and Western blotting with an anti-human DBP polyclonal antibody, the actin-bound DBP complex was identified in serum. Following cardiac surgery, total serum DBP concentrations were characterized by a two phased course. This was paralleled by a similar pattern in serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. Good correlation was found between total and actin free serum DBP concentrations (r=0.69, p<0.0001). The serum actin free DBP/total DBP ratio remained stable throughout the study period. Although no significant correlation between cumulative CK-MB enzyme release and delta serum total DBP concentration was observed (p=NS), the latter value correlated significantly with delta serum triglyceride concentrations (r=0.37, p<0.05).Conclusions:The lipid bound character is an underestimated property of DBP in the extracellular actin-scavenger system.Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48:1345–50.
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous quantification of four triazole antifungal agents in human plasma
Authors: Verdier Marie-Clémence , Bentué-Ferrer Danièle , Tribut Olivier , Bellissant Eric 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Background: Invasive fungal infections are an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality. Triazole antifungal agents are recommended for the prevention and treatment of such infections. Their broad inter- and intra-individual pharmacokinetic variability and the high probability of drug-drug interactions justify therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). We developed a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of four triazole antifungal agents (fluconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole) and one of their metabolites (hydroxy-itraconazole) in human plasma.

Methods: After protein precipitation with acetonitrile (ACN), a C18 column was used for separation with a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid, water and ACN in a linear gradient from 20% to 70%, over 10 min. Detection was performed by electrospray ionization and quantification was performed using selected reaction monitoring transitions.

Results: Total run time was 15 min. The method was validated for a range of 0.1–12 μg/mL. Coefficients of variation were <9.5% and <13.8%, and accuracies were between –5.4% and +7.7% and between –10.8% and +10.4%, for intra- and inter-day validations, respectively.

Conclusions: This method appears to be well suited to routine hospital practice for the TDM of triazole antifungal agents considering its time of analysis, range of concentrations measured, precision and accuracy.
Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48:1515–22.
Zur Grammatik (vor allem) konditionaler V1-Gefüge im Deutschen
Authors: Reis Marga , Wöllstein Angelika 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Standardly, verb-first (V1) conditionals are considered to be mere variants of wenn-conditionals; accordingly, left-peripheral V1-clauses are analyzed as embedded into the prefields of declarative apodosis clauses, just like their V-end counterparts. We challenge this view, proposing instead that dependent V1-clauses are syntactically unembedded/unintegrated, and, consequently, that postposed declarative apodosis clauses are either V2-declaratives with prefield ellipsis or V1-declaratives. We argue our case by presenting evidence that (i) wenn-clauses differ considerably from V1-clauses in semantic distribution, (ii) unlike wenn-clauses, V1-clauses do not meet the criteria for syntactic embedding, (iii) the alternatives entailed by (ii) for the structural analysis of a postposed apodosis both have empirical support. As for a syntactic analysis of V1-structures suited to these findings, we argue that a CP adjunction analysis is currently the best option available. We also point out connections between the semantic restrictions on V1-conditionals and the semantics of V1-interrogatives that are suggestive of a common semantic core, which raises hope that our background vision (ultimately, all dependent V-to-C clauses are semantically licensed substitutes for genuine subordinates) may also be true for V1-clauses.
Acute estrogen exposure does not affect basal very low-density lipoprotein–triglyceride production or oxidation in postmenopausal women
Authors: Gormsen Lars C , Høst Christian , Hjerrild Britta Eilersen , Gravholt Claus H , Nielsen Søren 
Published: June 2010

ContextLong-term hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with estradiol (E2) is associated with an altered lipid profile including unfavorable increases in triglyceride (TG) concentrations and augmented hepatic very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)–TG production. There are indications that this effect of estrogens may be immediate.ObjectiveTo study thein vivoeffect of a single dose of E2on VLDL–TG kinetics and oxidation in humans.MethodsEight healthy, postmenopausal women were given a single dose of either placebo or E2(4 mg) orally. VLDL–TG kinetics was assessed by a 240-min primed-continuous infusion ofex vivolabeled [1-14C]triolein-labeled VLDL. Fractional and absolute VLDL–TG oxidation was determined by hyamin trapping of exhaled14C label. Indirect calorimetry provided measurements of lipid oxidation.ResultsAdministration of 4 mg of E2orally rapidly increased plasma E2concentrations from below detection threshold to premenopausal levels. Free fatty acids (FFA) and TG concentrations were unaltered. No immediate effect was observed on either VLDL–TG production (placebo versus E2): 20.0±12.4 vs 24.1±10.7 μmol/min,P=0.33; VLDL–TG oxidation: 12.3±10.9 vs 12.6±5.6 μmol/min,P=0.93); or VLDL–TG clearance rates: 51.4±16.8 vs 64.9±28.8 ml/min,P=0.34).ConclusionsShort-term E2elevation does not affect VLDL–TG production, oxidation, or clearance in humans. We therefore propose that HRT-associated dyslipidemia has a gradual rather than immediate onset.
Therapies for Inborn Errors of Metabolism: What Has the Orphan Drug Act Delivered?
Authors: Talele Sonali S. , Xu Kui , Pariser Anne R. , Braun M. Miles , Farag-El-Massah Sheiren , Phillips M. Ian , Thompson Barry H. , Coté Timothy R. 
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE:
The 1983 US Orphan Drug Act established a process through which promising therapies are designated as orphan products and, later, with satisfactory safety and efficacy data, receive marketing approval and fiscal incentives. We examined accomplishments in drug development for inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs).

METHODS:
Food and Drug Administration data were used to identify orphan product designations and approvals for IEMs, and the trends for the past 26 years were summarized. Individual clinical development times (CDTs) from filing investigational new drug application to marketing approval were determined.

RESULTS:
We examined 1956 orphan product designations from 1983 through 2008 and found 93 (4.8%) for IEMs. Of those, 24 (25.8%) received marketing approval. This proportion of approval was significantly (P = .036) higher than that for non-IEM orphan products (17%). Among the IEM products, disorders of complex molecules received the most designations and approvals (61 and 11, respectively). Among the subgroups, lysosomal storage diseases received the most designations and approvals (43 and 9, respectively), whereas mitochondrial diseases (other than fatty acid oxidation disorders) received 7 designations with no approvals. We then examined the CDTs for the approved IEM products and found a median of 6.4 years (range: 2.6–25.1 years). Biological products had significantly shorter CDTs than drugs (mean: 4.6 vs 11.0 years; P = .003).

CONCLUSION:
For 26 years, the Orphan Drug Act has generated new therapies for IEMs. Why some IEMs have motivated successful drug development and others have not remains enigmatic; yet the needs of IEM patients without treatment are a certainty.
Ohio's 2006-Lake Erie Charter Fishing Industry
Authors: Lichtkoppler Frank R. , Snyder Fred L. , Riesen Kelly E. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Charter fishing provides important angler access to Lake Erie sport fishing and is economically important to local recreational harbor communities. To update information from our 2002 survey, we conducted a mail survey of 517 randomly selected Ohio charter boat captains in early 2007 and received usable information from 249 captains. In 2006, there were 786 Ohio licensed charter guides. This is a decline of 9% from the 861 licensed captains in 2002. Charter firms in 2006 made on average 2.6 more trips per firm (44.7) than in 2002 (42.1). These captains made an estimated 28,563 charter trips in 2006 of which almost 87% were full-day and just over 13% were half-day trips. Charter fishing continues to bring nature-based tourism dollars into local lakefront communities. Our survey data may be used to update the economic impact estimates of this significant sector of the coastal fishing economy.
Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation of Dolly Varden, White spotted Char, and Bull Trout
Authors: Dunham Jason , Baxter Colden , Fausch Kurt , Fredenberg Wade , Kitano Satoshi , Koizumi Itsuro , Morita Kentaro , Nakamura Tomoyuki , Rieman Bruce , Savvaitova Ksenia , Stanford Jack , Taylor Eric , Yamamoto Shoichiro 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
We review the ecology and conservation of three lesser-known chars (genus Salvelinus): Dolly Varden (S. malma), white-spotted char (S. leucomaenis), and bull trout (S. confluentus). Dolly Varden is distributed across the northern Pacific Rim and co-occurs with bull trout and white-spotted char at the southern extremes of its range. In contrast, bull trout and white-spotted char are naturally isolated, with the former restricted to North America and the latter distributed in northeastern Asia. Though the range of Dolly Varden overlaps with the two other chars, it is most closely related to Arctic char (S. alpinus), whereas bull trout and white-spotted char are sister taxa. Each species exhibits diverse life histories with respect to demographic characteristics, trophic ecology, and movement. This diversity appears to be tied to environmental variability (e.g., temperature, habitat connectivity), resource availability (e.g., food), and species interactions. Increasingly, these interactions involve nonnative species including nonnative salmonines and changes in food webs related to establishment of species such as Mysis shrimp in large lakes. As humans expand into the remote and pristine habitats that support these three chars, we encourage proactive consideration of the lessons learned where chars have already declined and internationally-based research and conservation.
Stocking Trends: A Quantitative Review of Governmental Fish Stocking in the United States, 1931 to 2004
Authors: Halverson M. Anders 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
This article provides a quantitative review of the type, number, and estimated weight of the fish stocked by the 50 state agencies and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in the United States in 2004. I examined trends in the light of data from earlier reports dating back to 1931. Among other things, this analysis shows that 1.7 billion fish were stocked by these agencies in 2004, representing 104 types of fish weighing an estimated 19.8 million kg. This was the largest number of types of fish (species, subspecies, and hybrids) and the largest total weight of fish ever stocked for those years for which information was available. Because many fish are being stocked at larger sizes, the total number of fish stocked in 2004 was in fact lower than in the first half of the twentieth century. Reflecting a long-term trend, most of the stocking was done by state agencies. The majority of the fish stocked (by estimated weight) were in western states and the most commonly stocked fish by this measure were coldwater sportfish, especially rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
Seed rain under tree islands planted to restore degraded lands in a tropical agricultural landscape
Authors: Cole R. J. , Holl K. D. , Zahawi R. A. 
Published: June 2010

Planting native tree seedlings is the predominant restoration strategy for accelerating forest succession on degraded lands. Planting tree “islands” is less costly and labor intensive than establishing larger plantations and simulates the nucleation process of succession. Assessing the role of island size in attracting seed dispersers, the potential of islands to expand through enhanced seed deposition, and the effect of planting arrangements on seed dispersal by birds and bats informs restoration design. Determining the relative importance of local restoration approach vs. landscape‐level factors (amount of surrounding forest cover) helps prioritize methods and locations for restoration. We tested how three restoration approaches affect the arrival of forest seeds at 11 experimental sites spread across a gradient of surrounding forest cover in a 100‐km2 area of southern Costa Rica. Each site had three 50 × 50 m treatments: (1) control (natural regeneration), (2) island (planting tree seedlings in patches of three sizes: 16 m2, 64 m2, and 144 m2), and (3) plantation (planting entire area). Four tree species were used in planting (Terminalia amazonia, Vochysia guatemalensis, Erythrina poeppigiana, and Inga edulis). Seed rain was measured for 18 months beginning ∼2 years after planting.Plantations received the most zoochorous tree seeds (266.1 ± 64.5 seeds·m−2·yr−1 [mean ± SE]), islands were intermediate (210.4 ± 52.7 seeds·m−2·yr−1), and controls were lowest (87.1 ± 13.9 seeds·m−2·yr−1). Greater tree seed deposition in the plantations was due to birds (0.51 ± 0.18 seeds·m−2·d−1), not bats (0.07 ± 0.03 seeds·m−2·d−1). Seed rain was primarily small‐seeded, early‐successional species. Large and medium islands received twice as many zoochorous tree seeds as small islands and areas away from island edges, suggesting there is a minimum island size necessary to increase seed deposition and that seed rain outside of planted areas is strongly reduced. Planting design was more important for seed deposition than amount of forest cover within the surrounding 100‐ and 500‐m radius areas. Establishing plantations and large islands facilitates the arrival of early‐successional tree seeds and represents a broadly applicable strategy for increasing seed rain on abandoned agricultural lands. However, more intensive restoration approaches may be necessary for establishment of dispersal‐limited species.
Interacting regime shifts in ecosystems: implication for early warnings
Authors: Brock W. A. , Carpenter S. R. 
Published: June 2010

Big ecological changes often involve regime shifts in which a critical threshold is crossed. Thresholds are often difficult to measure, and transgressions of thresholds come as surprises. If a critical threshold is approached gradually, however, there are early warnings of the impending regime shift. For example, in a one‐dimensional ecosystem dynamics, autocorrelation approaches 1 from below, variance and skewness increase, and variance spectra shift to lower frequencies. Here we focus on variance, an indicator easily computed from monitoring data.There are two distinct sources of increased variance near a critical threshold. One is the amplification of small shocks that occurs as the square of the modulus of the leading eigenvalue (or leading pair of eigenvalues in the complex case) approaches 1 from below. This source, called “squealing,” is well‐studied. The second source of variance, called “flickering,” involves brief excursions between attractors.Interacting regime shifts may muffle or magnify variance near critical thresholds. Whether muffling or magnification occurs, and the size of the effect, depend on the product of the feedback between the state variables times the correlation of these variables' responses to environmental shocks. If this product is positive, magnification of the variance will occur. If the product is negative, muffling or magnification can occur depending on the relative magnitudes of these and other effects. Therefore, monitoring programs should measure variates that have opposite responses to the critical transition. If the correlations to environmental shocks have the same sign, the variance of at least one variate will be magnified as the critical transition is approached.Simulation studies suggest that muffling may sometimes interfere with detection of early warning signals of regime shifts. However, more important effects of muffling and magnification may come from their effect on flickering, when random shocks trigger a state change in a system with low resilience. Muffling decreases the likelihood that a random shock will trigger a regime shift. Magnification has the opposite effect. Magnification is most likely when feedbacks are positive and state variables have positively correlated responses to environmental shocks. These results help delimit the conditions when regime shifts are more likely to cascade through complex systems.
Hygroscopic particles on leaves: nutrients or desiccants?
Authors: Burkhardt Juergen 
Published: June 2010

Aerosols have always been part of the atmosphere, and plant surfaces are a major aerosol sink. Given the nutrient content of aerosols and the natural stability of aerosol concentrations over evolutionary time, plants may have developed adaptations to aerosol input. Although little is known about such adaptations, leaf surface micro‐roughness appears to play a key role.This review focuses on the deposition and fate of fine aerosols that are less than 2.5 μm in diameter. Most of these aerosols are hygroscopic, and they are often deliquescent (liquid) on transpiring leaves. Such concentrated solutions may be taken up by both the cuticle and stomata, contradicting previous concepts. The establishment of a continuous liquid water connection along stomatal walls affects individual stomata and is a new concept called “hydraulic activation of stomata” (HAS). HAS enables the efficient bidirectional transport of water and solutes between the leaf interior and leaf surface and makes stomatal transpiration partly independent of stomatal aperture. The response of plants to changes in humidity can be explained by the split transpiration in an HAS pore and its interaction with neighboring stomata, i.e., as an emergent property of a stomatal patch. Normally, HAS affects only a few stomata, but if too many are activated by excessive particle accumulation or additional surfactants, hygroscopic particles may work as “desiccants,” reducing the drought tolerance of plants. This is made use of when hygroscopic salts and acids are sprayed to kill potato vine, but may cause problems in foliar fertilization. Excessive particle accumulation may also be caused by air pollution. It is hypothesized that deliquescent hygroscopic particles, due to their amorphous appearance, may have been misinterpreted as “degraded waxes.” Degraded waxes have been highly correlated to leaf loss, decreased drought tolerance, and decreased frost tolerance of trees. No sound explanation for degraded waxes has been found, and they have been interpreted as symptoms of forest decline. Because hygroscopic particles may affect the drought tolerance of trees, they could be drivers of regional tree die‐off and especially affect those trees that have adapted to capture aerosols. Several research questions are identified.