bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Smoking Behavior of US Youths: A Comparison Between Child Welfare System and Community Populations
Authors: Fettes Danielle L. , Aarons Gregory A. 
Published: October 2011

Objectives. We compared rates of smoking for 2 groups of youths aged 12 to 14 years: those involved in the child welfare system (CW) and their counterparts in the community population. We then investigated factors associated with smoking for each group. Methods. We drew data from 2 national-level US sources: the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being and the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. We estimated logistic regression models for 3 binary outcome measures of smoking behavior: lifetime, current, and regular smoking. Results. CW-involved youths had significantly higher rates of lifetime smoking (43% vs 32%) and current smoking (23% vs 18%) than did youths in the community population. For CW-involved youths, delinquency and smoking were strongly linked. Among youths in the community population, multiple factors, including youth demographics and emotional and behavioral health, affected smoking behavior. Conclusions. Smoking prevalence was notably higher among CW-involved youths than among the community population. In light of the persistent public health impact of smoking, more attention should be focused on identification of risk factors for prevention and early intervention efforts among the CW-involved population.
Effects of a Promotor-Based Intervention to Promote Physical Activity: Familias Sanas y Activas
Authors: Ayala Guadalupe X. ,   the San Diego Prevention Research Center Team
Published: October 2011

Objectives. This within-participants, single time-series study tested a train-the-trainer, promotor-based physical activity (PA) intervention to improve fitness and health indicators. Methods. Thirty unpaid promotores were trained to promote PA through free exercise classes. Measurements of 337 female community participants at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months assessed changes in health indicators, including systolic and diastolic blood pressure, waist circumference, body mass index (defined as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters), aerobic fitness, and hamstring flexibility, as well as self-reported health indicators (PA, depression) and psychosocial factors (barriers, self-efficacy, and social support—all specific to PA). Results. Mixed effects models showed intervention participation improved systolic blood pressure (P ≤ .001), waist circumference (P ≤ .001), fitness (P ≤ .001), and hamstring flexibility (P ≤ .001). We also noted improvements in use of community resources (P ≤ .05), depressed mood and anhedonia (P ≤ .01), perceived barriers to be physically active (P ≤ .05), and community support for PA (P ≤ .001). Self-efficacy decreased (P ≤ .05), and participation dose (i.e., exposure), as measured by attendance at exercise classes, was not associated with observed changes. Conclusions. Promotores can promote PA in their community and achieve meaningful changes in the residents' health.
Vulnerability of Female Drivers Involved in Motor Vehicle Crashes: An Analysis of US Population at Risk
Authors: Bose Dipan , Segui-Gomez, ScD Maria , Crandall Jeff R. 
Published: October 2011

Objectives. Motor vehicle trauma has been effectively reduced over the past decades; however, it is unclear whether the benefits are equally realized by the vehicle users of either sex. With increases in the number of female drivers involved in fatal crashes and similarity in driving patterns and risk behavior, we sought to evaluate if advances in occupant safety technology provide equal injury protection for drivers of either sex involved in a serious or fatal crash. Methods. We performed a retrospective cohort study with national crash data between 1998 and 2008 to determine the role of driver sex as a predictor of injury outcome when involved in a crash. Results. The odds for a belt-restrained female driver to sustain severe injuries were 47% (95% confidence interval = 28%, 70%) higher than those for a belt-restrained male driver involved in a comparable crash. Conclusions. To address the sex-specific disparity demonstrated in this study, health policies and vehicle regulations must focus on effective safety designs specifically tailored toward the female population for equity in injury reduction.
Conceptual Models for Cumulative Risk Assessment
Authors: Linder Stephen H. , Sexton Ken 
Published: October 2011

In the absence of scientific consensus on an appropriate theoretical framework, cumulative risk assessment and related research have relied on speculative conceptual models. We argue for the importance of theoretical backing for such models and discuss 3 relevant theoretical frameworks, each supporting a distinctive “family” of models. Social determinant models postulate that unequal health outcomes are caused by structural inequalities; health disparity models envision social and contextual factors acting through individual behaviors and biological mechanisms; and multiple stressor models incorporate environmental agents, emphasizing the intermediary role of these and other stressors. The conclusion is that more careful reliance on established frameworks will lead directly to improvements in characterizing cumulative risk burdens and accounting for disproportionate adverse health effects.
Directional northern element in the flora of vascular plants of Poland
Authors: Zając Maria , Zając Adam 
Published: October 2011

Directional northern element in the flora of vascular plants of Poland
The directional element is a local determinant of spatial diversity of flora of a given country, within widely understood geographical elements. In Poland, a country situated in the middle of Europe, most species belong to the transitional element (with no range limit in our country). Besides the transitional element, the directional northern element (with its southern limit in Poland) is present. It can be divided into two distinct groups: species that have their absolute southern range limit in Poland and those that have both southern and northern limits with a significant disjunction in Central Poland. Although they are two different groups, they will be discussed within the combined study. The first one constitutes 1.9% of the directional element, the second one 1.3%. As far as general ranges are concerned, Circumboreal and Eurosiberian species prevail in the first group, with a significant share of the taxa of geographical connective element. European-temperate taxa are the most numerous in the second group. The two above-mentioned groups will also be distinguished by their species belonging to the higher syntaxonomical units. Such a small share of the northern element in the flora of Poland confirms that our country belongs to the Central European Province, where the North-European element is, to a large extent, a relict of the earlier periods of the Holocene.
Pulse Oximetry: A Diagnostic Instrument in Pulpal Vitality Testing—An in vivo Study
Authors: Siddheswaran V , Adyanthaya Rohit 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT

Background and objective
The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical effectiveness of the novel pulse oximeter probe (OxyTip+) over the conventional techniques of electric pulp tester and thermal testing of tooth vitality.

Methods
A total of 50 children of 7 to 12 years of age (group I) and 50 adults above 18 years of age (group II) with normal maxillary central incisors were subjected to vitality tests each by thermal, electrical and pulse oximetry. Also, 20 patients (group III) with known nonvital anterior teeth having complete endodontic restorations were tested as above. The procedure was recorded twice and the readings were tabulated and statistically analyzed using the Pearson's correlation tests.

Results
The correlation between the SaO2 readings and electrical readings were found to be negative with r = –0.201 and r = –0.39 for group I and group II respectively. The r value for group I was not statistically significant, but for group II it was significant with p < 0.01. It showed that the values of electrical pulp tester reading increased as the SaO2 values decreased.
In group I, all cases gave a positive response to thermal test with a SaO2 measure on tooth. But in group II, 2% of cases showed a negative response to thermal test though SaO2 measure on tooth gave reading.

Conclusion
The present study indicates that pulse oximetry with the OxyTip+ probe may be adaptable to the detection of pulpal blood circulation for all age groups, and thus diagnosis of pulp vitality.
Effectiveness of Prophylactic use of Etoricoxib in Comparison with Ibuprofen on Postendodontic Pain-randomized Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Study: An in vivo Study
Authors: Krishna Akash , Vedavathi B , Uppin Veerendra , Swapna DV 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT

Aim
To determine if prophylactic etoricoxib significantly reduce postendodontic pain when compared with prophylactic ibuprofen and to establish if any relationship exists between pulpal and periapical diagnosis and the need for additional medication after completion of pulpectomy.

Materials and methods
Sixty patients consented to a double-blind, single-dose oral administration of 120 mg of etoricoxib or ibuprofen 600 mg or placebo before conventional root canal therapy. The patients were discharged with a VAS to fill out the intensity of pain initially first four hours every hour and then in 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after initial therapy. Each patient was given an escape envelope containing 650 mg of paracetamol in case of continued pain after taking the test medication in question. The patients were instructed to indicate in the VAS form if this additional medication was required and record the time it was taken.

Results
The result of the study showed that etoricoxib provided significantly better pain relief than placebo and ibuprofen. There was no statistically significant difference between placebo and ibuprofen. No difference in drug groups with respect to pulpal and periapical status was observed.

Conclusion
Prophylactic etoricoxib administration provides effective reduction of postendodontic pain. Furthermore, studies are required to know the pulpal and periapical status and need for additional medication.
Sporotrichosis of Maxillary Sinus
Authors: Sandeepa NC , Jaishankar HP , Sharath Chandra B , Veena SN , Yeshaswini T 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT
Sporotrichosis or Gardener's disease is a chronic nodular subcutaneous mycotic disease, causative organism being Sporotrichum schenckii. The specific mode of entry of the fungus into the body, being mainly through small cuts and punctures and rarely by inhalation; which usually manifest as cutaneous and subcutaneous infections.
Here we report a rare case of sporotrichosis of maxillary sinus in an immunocompetent patient. Our case of sporotrichosis, a deep fungal infection involving maxillary sinus was confirmed by fungal culture and successfully managed by antifungal agents combined with surgical debridement.
An Alternative Treatment Approach for Enhancing Retention in Resorbed Ridges “Octopus Tentacle”
Authors: Pradeep S , Sangur Rajshekar , Laxman Rao B , LNU Eishaw , Mehrotra Ankith 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT
The basic concern of edentulous patients is retention of their dentures. The success or failure of prosthesis is dependent on its ability to stay firmly in place in order to be able to perform the functions desired of it. The basic retention needs of denture wearers has led to considerable experimentation and research efforts trying to perfect dentures that compensate for natural tooth loss and to enhance retention by any means possible, such as attachments, springs, magnets, clasps, adhesive paste and powder. All have been tried with minimum success. This article describes unique and creative option in removable prosthetic retention by use of a soft denture lining material surfaced with multiple miniature suction cups, providing an alternative to ill-fitting poorly retentive dentures.
UFA Orientalism. The “Orient” in Early German Film: Lubitsch and May
Authors: Scherer Frank F. 
Published: October 2011

Fantastic images of the exotic pervade many early German films which resort to constructions of “Oriental” scenes. Stereotypical representations of China, India, Babylon, and Egypt dominate the Kino-screens of Weimar Germany. These films were produced in the UFA studios outside Berlin by directors such as Ernst Lubitsch (Sumurum/ One Arabian Night, 1920; Das Weib des Pharaos/The Love of Pharaoas 1922) and John May (Das Indische Grabmal/ The Indian Tomb, 1921). Yet, where recent observers resist the use of a postcolonial perspective it becomes difficult to assess the cinematographic exoticism of post-WWI Germany.This essay, therefore, offers both a discussion of Edward Said’s ‘Orientalism’and a psychoanalytical thesis on the concealment and supposed healing of post-1918 Germany’s national narcissistic wounds by emphasizing Eurocentric difference in its filmic representations of the Orient.
Complications of 1309 Internal Jugular Vein Cannulations with the Anatomic Landmarks Technique in Infants and Children
Authors: Tu Shengfen , Wang Xiaoyi , Bai Lin , Wang Hong , Ye Mao , Shi Yuan , Wu Shengde , Liu Xing , Wei Guanghui 
Published: October 2011

Purpose Report the procedural complications of internal jugular vein (IJV) catheter insertion in infants and children and discuss how to prevent them. Methods An observational study was performed from January 2006 to August 2010; 1309 internal jugular vein cannulae were inserted in the operating room by either staff or resident anesthesiologists. Patient age, weight, sex, type of catheter (diameter, lumen number), number of attempts, and complications were recorded. The discussion is focused on how to prevent or reduce internal jugular vein line insertion related complications in infants and children. Results 1309 IJV cannulae were inserted, 85.63% of catheters placed were successful after one to three attempts. Complications included 12 arrhythmias (0.91%), 25 arterial punctures (1.90%), 16 hematomas (1.22%), 17 device occlusions, breaks or malpositions (1.29%), 11 line-related infections (0.84%), four cases of thrombus (0.31%), two cardiopulmonary arrests (0.15%), two hemothoraces (0.15%), five pneumothoraces (0.38%), and one guidewire winding (0.07%). The complication rates of resident anesthesiologists were significantly higher compared to staff anesthesiologists for both common and rare complications (4.27% versus 2.21%; 0.68% versus 0.07%, respectively). In addition, residents' number of attempts were greater than staff anesthesiologists (1.84 and 1.38, respectively). Conclusions The IJV catheterization was feasible in infants and children. To reduce the risk of complications, the procedure should be performed or supervised by staff anesthesiologists; inserting the needle, guidewire, dilator, and the catheter too far should be avoided. It is now commonly accepted that all central venous cannulations should be performed under ultrasound guidance, especially in children.
Poröse Materialien zur CO2‐Abtrennung und ‐Abscheidung – Entwicklung und Bewertung
Authors: Bae Youn‐Sang , Snurr Randall Q. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractVor dem Hintergrund möglicher Anwendungen bei der Abscheidung und Lagerung von CO2 und der Reinigung von rückstandsfrei verbrennendem Erdgas hat die Entwicklung von mikroporösen Materialien für adsorptive Trennprozesse ein rasantes Wachstum erfahren. Dies gilt in besonderem Maße für Metall‐organische Gerüste (metal‐organic frameworks, MOFs) und andere poröse Koordinationspolymere. Wir beschäftigen uns hier mit der Frage, wie die Eignung dieser vielen Materialien für eine praktische Anwendung in Kohlendioxid‐Trennprozessen schnell beurteilt werden kann. Fünf Bewertungskriterien für Adsorber aus der Literatur der Verfahrenstechnik werden beschrieben und auf mehr als 40 MOFs für CO2‐Abtrennprozesse der Erdgasreinigung, Deponiegastrennung und CO2‐Abscheidung aus dem Rauchgas von Kraftwerken angewendet. Es werden Vergleiche mit anderen Materialien wie Zeolithen angestellt, und anhand einer großen Datenmenge wird der Zusammenhang zwischen den Eigenschaften der MOFs und ihrer Eignung für die CO2‐Abtrennung untersucht. Schließlich werden für das Design und die Modifizierung von MOFs kurz Strategien zusammengefasst, die zu einer besseren CO2‐Adsorption führen sollen.
Rheological behavior of concentrated silica suspension and its application to soft armor
Authors: Kang Tae Jin , Kim Chang Youn , Hong Kyung Hwa 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe objective of this study is to develop an advanced stab and/or ballistic proof material composed of shear thickening fluid (STF) and Kevlar composite fabric. In this study, we prepared STF using sphere silica and fumed silica as silica particles and ethylene glycol and polyethylene glycol (PEG 200) as medium fluid, respectively. And the rheological properties of the STF were investigated under different conditions. Also, we impregnated Kevlar fabrics with the STF, and investigated the stab and ballistic resistances of the targets layered by the STF impregnated Kevlar fabrics. From the results, we observed that the STF significantly showed the reversible liquid–solid transition at a certain shear rate, and the STF treatment significantly improved the stab and ballistic resistance of Kevlar fabric. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Effect of molecular weight on crystallization of semirigid poly(phenylene sulfide) under shear flow
Authors: Zhang Ri‐Chao , Lu Ai , Xu Zhong‐Bin 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIsothermal crystallization of poly(phenylene sulfide) with three molecular weights (Mw = 22k, 48k, and 52k, respectively) under shear condition has been investigated. It appears that shear can induce all these three PPS samples to form a thread‐like crystal structure which consists of the numerous stable nuclei that align tightly in the direction of shear. Crystallization kinetics of PPS has been greatly influenced by shear flow. Higher shear rate and long shear time can lead to decrease of spherulite growth rate of PPS. Also, the spherulite growth rate of PPS is affected by supercoolings and molecular weight. For the lower molecular weight (Mw = 22k), the spherulite growth rate is independent on the shear rate and shear time; while for the higher ones (Mw = 48k and 52k), with the increasing of shear rate, the spherulite growth rate of PPS increases to reach maximum at first, and then decreases. The lower the crystallization temperature is, the more the spherulite growth rate changes, showing that higher orientation of molecular chains can be obtained more easily with increased supercooling. A model has been proposed to explain the mechanism of thread‐like crystal formation under shear flow. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Use of artificial neural networks to determine parameters controlling the nanofibers diameter in electrospinning of nylon‐6,6
Authors: Faridi‐Majidi Reza , Ziyadi Hakimeh , Naderi Nader , Amani Amir 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis study aimed to find out the primary factors influencing the diameter of electrospun nanofibers of nylon‐6,6 using artificial neural networks (ANNs). Four variables, namely, polymer concentration, working distance, injection rate, and applied voltage were considered as input parameters and the nanofibers diameter measured by scanning electron microscopy was taken as the output. The data were modeled and validated against a set of unseen data. The generated model was used to study the interactions occurring between the input variables and their effect on the diameter. Results show that the injection rate and the polymer concentration are major factors affecting the nanofibers diameter with inverse and direct relations with the diameter, respectively, while the working distance and the applied voltage have direct but minor effects on nanofibers diameter. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 124:1589–1597, 2011
Crystallization kinetics modeling of high density and linear low density polyethylene resins
Authors: Patel Rajen M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis paper describes isothermal and nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of a Ziegler‐Natta catalyzed high density polyethylene (HDPE) and linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) resins. Standard techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and light depolarization microscopy (LDM) techniques were used to measure isothermal kinetics at low supercoolings. DSC was also used to measure nonisothermal crystallization kinetics at low cooling rates. Extrapolation of isothermal crystallization half‐times of Z‐N catalyzed LLDPE resin using the isothermal half‐time analysis led to erroneous predictions, possibly due to Z‐N LLDPE consisting of a mixture of molecules having different amounts of short chain branching (comonomer). However, predicted reciprocal half‐times at high supercoolings, using isothermal half‐time analysis and using nonlinear regression of nonisothermal crystallization kinetics measured at low cooling rates using the differential Nakamura model, of the HDPE were similar to measured reciprocal half times at high supercoolings of a similar HDPE by Patki and Phillips. It is also shown that the differential Nakamura model can be effectively used to model nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of HDPE resins. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Improved transfection efficiency of chitosan‐DNA complexes employing reverse transfection
Authors: Nimesh Surendra , Saxena Amit , Kumar Ajeet , Chandra Ramesh 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe present study was designed to systematically compare the conventional and reverse transfection methodologies for chitosan/DNA complexes using a low molecular weight (MW) chitosan. The hydrodynamic diameter of the complexes, measured by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) was found to be ∼ 216 nm and TEM investigations showed spherical and compact complexes with an average size of 200 nm. The transfection efficiency of chitosan using the two methodologies was assessed by employing reporter gene coding for green fluorescent protein (GFP) and luciferase. More than 50% of HEK 293 cells were transfected when transfection done using reverse transfection strategy at pH 6.5 with 10% serum for 24 h followed by media replenishment with pH 7.4 with 10% serum for an additional 24 h period. Also, the cytotoxicity of chitosan/DNA complexes was also considerably lower than the commercially available transfection reagent lipofectamine. Our investigation concludes that maximal transgene expression levels could be achieved using reverse transfection where the chitosan/DNA complexes are pre‐incubated on the plate surface followed by plating of cells at pH 6.5 with 10% serum for 24h and media resupplemented with pH 7.4 with 10% serum for an additional 24 h period. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012