bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Auswirkungen des in der EnEV 2009 nun auch für Wohngebäude geforderten Nachweises des sommerlichen Wärmeschutzes nach DIN 4108‐2 auf die Notwendigkeit bauseitig bereit zu stellender Verschattungssysteme
Authors: Dietrich Udo 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn DIN 4108‐2 ist ein Nachweis zum sommerlichen Wärmeschutz in Gebäuden formuliert, der seit Einführung der EnEV 2002 für den Nichtwohnungsbau gesetzlich vorgeschrieben ist. Mit der EnEV 2009 wird dieser Nachweis erstmals für neu zu errichtende Wohngebäude erforderlich. Die überwiegende Zahl der Wohnbauten in Deutschland wird derzeit bauseitig ohne Verschattungssysteme erstellt, es bleibt dem Nutzer selbst überlassen, hier ggf. nachzurüsten. Im vorliegenden Artikel wird untersucht, ob durch die EnEV 2009 hier Änderungen zu erwarten sind. Dazu wird exemplarisch eine für die Gegenwart in Grundriss und Fassadenaufteilung typische Geschosswohnung mit dem EDV‐Programm PRIMERO‐Sommer nach DIN 4108‐2 [3] bewertet und analysiert. Resultat ist, dass die Anforderungen für alle Räume zunächst so nicht erfüllt sind, also bauseitig zusätzliche Maßnahmen zum sommerlichen Wärmeschutz (Sonnenschutzverglasung, Verschattung, kleinere Fenster) notwendig sind. Die einzelnen Maßnahmen werden untersucht, sinnvolle Kombinationen entwickelt und zur Umsetzung in der Praxis vorgeschlagen.Consequences of the required assessment of thermal insulation in summer for residential buildings according to the German EnEV 2009 and DIN 4108‐2 to the need of shading systems to be provided by building owners.Effects of the new requirement in EnEV (German Energy Saving Ordinance) 2009 for residential buildings to show evidence of conformity as regards thermal protection in summer according to DIN 4108‐2 on the necessity to provide shading systems. Evidence of conformity as regards thermal protection in buildings in summer, which has been required by law for non‐residential buildings since the EnEV was introduced in 2002, is specified in DIN 4108‐2. EnEV 2009 extends this requirement to new residential buildings.At present, the overwhelming majority of residential buildings in Germany are constructed without shading systems; it is up to the building users themselves to retrofit these if necessary. This paper examines whether changes are to be expected as a result of EnEV 2009.For this, an apartment in a block with a floor plan and façade layout typical of today is assessed and analysed according to DIN 4108‐2 [3] with the PRIMERO‐Sommer EDP program by way of example.The result shows that the rooms as they are to begin with do not all fulfil the requirements and that the building owner must therefore adopt additional measures to provide thermal protection in summer (solar control glazing, shading, and smaller windows). The measures are examined individually, and effective combinations are developed and suggested for implementation in practice.
Über die Druckverlustberechnung, insbesondere aus Simulationsergebnissen
Authors: Fiedler Eckehard 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDer Strömungswiderstand technischer Komponenten wird durch den Druckverlustbeiwert ζ beschrieben. Für die experimentelle Bestimmung existieren normierte Verfahren, bei der Bestimmung aus Simulationsdaten steckt die Tücke allerdings im Detail. Der vorliegende Artikel erläutert die Grundlagen der Druckverlustberechnung. Es wird auf die besondere Problematik der Berechnung von Druckverlusten aus Simulationsergebnissen eingegangen.Pressure loss calculation with particular reference to simulation results.The pressure loss coefficient describes the flow resistance of technical components ζ. Standard procedures exist for the experimental determination of the pressure drop. When determining this from simulation data however, the devil is in the detail. This paper explains the basic principles for calculating pressure loss. It examines the particular problems involved in calculating pressure loss from simulation results.
Bestimmung von feuchtetechnischen Materialparametern ausgewählter Baumaterialien für die rechnerische Bewertung von Baukonstruktionen unter den Bedingungen in der Slowakei
Authors: Vertal′ Marián , Ďurica Pavol 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFür die Bewertung des Bestandes mit nichtstationären Verfahren sind genaue und umfangreiche Eingabedaten erforderlich. Neben fehlenden Klimadaten sind die unvollständigen Materialdaten häufige Ursache für die schleppende Überführung moderner Rechenverfahren in die Praxis. Es wurden Parameter für ausgewählte, im Plattenbau typische Baumaterialien bestimmt.Determining the moisture parameters of selected building materials for the computational assessment of constructions under the conditions in Slovakia.Accurate and extensive input data are required for assessing existing buildings, using dynamic procedures. Missing meteorological data as well as incomplete materials data are often the reason why people are slow to put modern calculation methods into practice. Parameters were determined for selected building materials typical of buildings constructed from large prefabricated concrete slabs.
Exact Tests using Two Correlated Binomial Variables in Contemporary Cancer Clinical Trials
Authors: Yu Jihnhee , Kepner James L. , Iyer Renuka 
Published: December 2009

AbstractNew therapy strategies for the treatment of cancer are rapidly emerging because of recent technology advances in genetics and molecular biology. Although newer targeted therapies can improve survival without measurable changes in tumor size, clinical trial conduct has remained nearly unchanged. When potentially efficacious therapies are tested, current clinical trial design and analysis methods may not be suitable for detecting therapeutic effects. We propose an exact method with respect to testing cytostatic cancer treatment using correlated bivariate binomial random variables to simultaneously assess two primary outcomes. The method is easy to implement. It does not increase the sample size over that of the univariate exact test and in most cases reduces the sample size required. Sample size calculations are provided for selected designs.
Challenges in the indirect quantitation of acyl‐glucuronide metabolites of a cardiovascular drug from complex biological mixtures in the absence of reference standards
Authors: Srinivasan Karthik , Nouri Parya , Kavetskaia Olga 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis paper describes the quantitation of acyl‐glucuronide metabolites (M26 and M5) of a cardiovascular‐drug (torcetrapib) from monkey urine, in the absence of their reference standards. LC/MS/MS assays for M1 and M4 (aglycones of M26 and M5, respectively) were characterized from normal and base‐treated urine, as their respective reference standards were available. The in vivo study samples containing M26 and M5 were treated with 1 n sodium hydroxide to hydrolyze them to their respective aglycones. The study samples were assayed for M1 and M4 before and after alkaline hydrolysis and the difference in the concentrations provided an estimate of the urinary levels of M26 and M5. Prior to the main sample analysis, conditions for alkaline hydrolysis of the glucuronides were optimized by incubating pooled study samples. During incubations, a prolonged increase in M4 levels over time was observed, which is inconsistent with the base‐hydrolysis of an acyl‐glucuronide (expected to hydrolyze rapidly). Possible interference of the metabolite M9 (an ether‐glucuronide metabolite isobaric to M4) was investigated to explain this observation using chromatographic and wet‐chemistry approaches. The strategies adopted herein established that the LC/MS/MS assay and our approach were reliable. The metabolite exposure was then correlated to toxicological observations to gain initial insights into the physiological role of these metabolites. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expert testimony and the effects of a biological approach, psychopathy, and juror attitudes in cases of insanity
Authors: Rendell Jariel A. , Huss Matthew T. , Jensen Maren L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAmid growing psychological controversy and legal interest surrounding the uses of PCL‐R and biological evidence in the legal system, this mock jury study assessed the effects of PCL‐R and biological evidence on outcomes in an insanity defense case. A sample of 428 undergraduates read a trial transcript of an insanity defense murder case. Three variables of interest were manipulated: rebuttal illness (no mental illness, personality disorder, or psychopathy), evidentiary basis (biological or psychological), and evidentiary strength (moderately strong or moderately weak). Consistent with the hypotheses, biological evidence was more persuasive than psychological evidence, and the rebuttal was slightly more successful when the prosecution labeled the defendant as a “psychopath” than when they described him simply as “not mentally ill.” Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrostatic chiral distinction: Tetrahedral model dimers
Authors: Garten Sarit , Biedermann P. Ulrich , Topiol Sid , Agranat Israel 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAlthough chiral distinction plays a pervasive role in chemistry, a complete understanding of how this takes place is still lacking. In this work, we expand the earlier described minimal requirement of so called four‐point interactions (vide infra). We focus on chiral point charge model systems as a means to aid in the dissection of the underlying, operative principles. We also construct models with defined symmetry characteristics. By considering extensive constellations of diastereomeric complexes, we are able to identify emerging principles for chiral distinction. As previously postulated, all the diastereomeric complexes, regardless of their nominal contact‐points, possess a chiral distinction energy. In the comparison of complexes, we find that, contrary to chemical intuition, the magnitude of chiral distinction does not correlate with the stability of the complexes, i.e., consideration of low energy complexes may not be an effective way to evaluate chiral distinction. Similarly, we do not find a correlation between the number of contact‐points and chiral distinction. Moreover, favorable interactions and facile chiral distinction appear to be unrelated. We also see some tendency for greater chiral distinction in less symmetric systems, although this may not be general. These studies can now form the basis to fold in higher levels of complexity into the models so as to gain further insights into the nature of chiral distinction. Chirality, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polarization control of ultrashort mid‐IR laser pulses for transient vibrational circular dichroism measurements
Authors: Bonmarin Mathias , Helbing Jan 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLinear dichroism and birefringence artifacts are a major source of concern in transient circular dichroism measurements. They mainly arise from interaction of an imperfectly circular polarized probe beam with a nonisotropic sample. We present in this article a procedure to generate mid‐IR pulses of highly symmetric left and right handed circular or elliptical polarization states for transient VCD measurements. An infrared femtosecond laser source is synchronized to the natural frequency of a photo elastic modulator. Residual static birefringence of the modulator and the sample cell can be largely compensated by carefully controlling the arrival time of the ultrashort probe pulses at the modulator. Chirality 21:E298–E306, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patients with Metabolic Syndrome Have Prolonged Corrected QT Interval (QTc)
Authors: Li Weiju , Bai Yongyi , Sun Kai , Xue Hao , Wang Yibo , Song Xiaodong , Fan Xiaohan , Song Huijun , Han Yunfeng , Hui Rutai 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackgroundProlongation of corrected QT interval (QTc) increases morbidity and mortality and QTc has been found to be longer in patients with diabetes mellitus than in healthy controls. It is still inconclusive whether the metabolic syndrome results in QTc prolongation.HypothesisWe hypothesized that metabolic syndrome might contribute to risk of QTc prolongation. The hypothesis was tested in a large population.MethodsA total of 5,815 individuals (men: 1,950, women: 3,865 aged 20–80 years) were enrolled. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the revised third National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP‐ATP III). QTc was calculated by using Bazett and Fridericia equations and the corrected JT interval (JTc) was derived by subtracting the QRS duration from the QTcB. All individuals had physical examinations, electrocardiograms, echocardiography, and blood tests.ResultsIndividuals with metabolic syndrome had longer QTcs and JTc than those without metabolic syndrome (439.84 ms versus 430.90 ms in men, 456.37 ms versus 445.12 ms in women, respectively, p < 0.001 using Bazett formula). The more the number of abnormal metabolic parameters they had, the longer the QTcs and JTc they had. Trend analysis indicated that QTcB, QTcF, and JTc were significantly correlated to the number of abnormal metabolic parameters both in men and in women. After being adjusted for conventional risk factors, QTcB, QTcF, and JTc remained negatively associated with serum potassium concentration and positively associated with interventricular septal thickness.ConclusionsMetabolic syndrome is a risk factor for prolonged QTc, which may further increase cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the subjects with metabolic syndrome. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hemoglobin Levels Predict Exercise Performance, ST‐Segment Depression, and Outcome in Patients Referred for Routine Exercise Treadmill Testing
Authors: Lipinski Michael J. , Dewey Frederick E. , Biondi‐Zoccai Giuseppe G. , Abbate Antonio , Vetrovec George W. , Froelicher Victor F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackgroundWhile the role of hemoglobin in heart failure and renal disease has been investigated, little is known about its effect on clinical exercise test performance and mortality in patients referred for routine exercise treadmill testing (ETT).HypothesisPatients with low hemoglobin will have poor exercise capacity and would be at increased risk of mortality and cardiovascular (CV) events.MethodsClinical variables, laboratory values, and exercise treadmill data were obtained for 1,799 patients referred for routine ETT from 1997 to 2004. All‐cause mortality was obtained from the United States Social Security death index and autopsy reports or clinical notes were used to determine CV events and mortality. P values < 0.05 were considered significant.ResultsOur population had a mean age of 58 ± 12 years, 16% had diabetes, 53% had hypertension, 35% had hypercholesterolemia, and 67% had a history of smoking. During follow‐up, 10.3% of patients died, 3.9% of patients died of CV causes, and 11.6% had cardiovascular events. Anemic patients (hemoglobin [Hgb] < 13 g/dL) achieved lower metabolic equivalents (METs) than nonanemic patients and had more ST‐segment depression (15.5% versus 8.6%, p < 0.004). Proportional hazard analysis demonstrated that hemoglobin was significantly associated with all‐cause mortality (p < 0.0007), CV mortality (p < 0.009), and CV events (p < 0.01). Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis demonstrated that anemic patients had significantly higher mortality and CV events.ConclusionHemoglobin is significantly associated with exercise performance, ST‐segment depression during ETT, mortality, and cardiovascular events. The incorporation of hemoglobin may add diagnostic and prognostic information to ETT. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Serum N‐terminal‐pro‐Brain Natriuretic Peptide Level and Its Clinical Implications in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Bai Mei , Yang Jiefu , Li Yingying 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackgroundBrain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is increasingly being used for screening and monitoring of congestive heart failure. However, the role of BNP in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and normal left ventricular function has not been determined. This study investigates serum N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) level and its clinical implications in patients with AF.MethodsSerum NT‐proBNP levels were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and transthoracic echocardiography was performed in 136 subjects (90 cases with AF and 46 cases with sinus rhythm [SR]). Subjects were excluded if they had a history of myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, rheumatic heart disease, or hyperthyroidism that preceded the onset of AF. Controls (n = 30) were from a healthy outpatient primary care population. Potential determinants of serum NT‐proBNP levels were identified by univariate and multivariate analyses.ResultsIndividuals with AF had higher serum NT‐proBNP levels (689.56 ± 251.87 fmol/ml) than those with SR (456.11 ± 148.14 fmol/ml, P < 0.01) and control subjects (415.83 ± 62.02 fmol/ml, P < 0.01). Individuals with SR and control subjects did not show significant difference at serum NT‐proBNP levels (P > 0.05). The regression model of serum NT‐proBNP levels and clinical predictors showed that presence of AF, older age, and larger right atrial diameter were independently predictive of higher serum NT‐proBNP values.ConclusionsPatients with AF were associated with increased serum NT‐proBNP levels. Examining the change of serum NT‐proBNP levels is helpful to evaluate the cardiac function in patients with AF. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical Implications of Defective B‐Type Natriuretic Peptide
Authors: Menon Santosh G. , Mills Roger M. , Schellenberger Ute , Saqhir Syed , Protter Andrew A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOur understanding of the natriuretic peptide system continues to evolve rapidly. B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP), originally thought to be a simple volume‐regulating hormone that is produced in response to cardiac stretch, has been shown to also play important roles in modulating bronchodilation, endothelial function, and cardiac remodeling. Recent data demonstrate that elevated levels of BNP in patients with heart failure do not represent a simple ratcheting up of normal production in response to increased stimulus. Instead, we now know that chronic stimulation of BNP synthesis induces a reversion to fetal gene expression, resulting in production of high molecular weight forms of BNP that are functionally deficient. Standard point‐of‐care BNP assays are immunoassays that will detect any molecule containing the target epitopes. Consequently, these assays cannot distinguish between defective, high molecular weight forms of BNP and normal, physiologically active BNP. In 2 separate evaluations, mass spectroscopy detected little, if any, normal BNP in patients with heart failure, despite the appearance of high circulating levels of immunoreactive BNP (iBNP) using commercial assays. Therefore, these commercial assays should be considered to be only an indication of myocardial stress. They do not measure physiologic BNP activity. This accounts for the “BNP paradox,” namely, that administration of exogenous recombinant human BNP (rhBNP, nesiritide) has substantial clinical and hemodynamic impact in the presence of high levels of circulating iBNP using commercial assays. In addition to its short‐term hemodynamic impact, rhBNP may have other important effects in this setting, and further investigation is warranted. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Overexpression of Activated Nuclear Factor‐κ B in Aorta of Patients With Coronary Atherosclerosis
Authors: Zhang Wei , Xing Shan Shan , Sun Xue Lin , Xing Qi Chong 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackgroundInflammation is an established risk factor for atherosclerosis. In an inflammatory state, nuclear factor‐κ B (NF‐κB) is frequently activated as a key transcription activator for the downstream responses.HypothesisThe aim of this study was to investigate the changes of NF‐κB in the aorta of patients with coronary atherosclerosis and its association with atherosclerotic risk factors.MethodsFrom 2004 to 2005, we collected a small piece of ascending aorta in the bypass procedure from patients (n = 31) undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. The expression of NF‐κB was determined by immunohistochemistry, and its transcriptional activity was evaluated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Celiac aortic tissues from 4 subjects without known atherosclerosis through the kidney donation program were taken as control.ResultsNF‐κB was detectable in aortas from CABG patients with the transcriptional activities significantly increased. The relative level of aortic NF‐κB expression was elevated in patients who were smokers or with hypertension. Spearman correlation revealed that aortic NF‐κB expression had significant correlation with coronary severity scores (Gensini score, r = 0.608, P < .05). The NF‐κB expression was positively correlated with the levels of blood glucose, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, lipoprotein(a), total cholesterol, and non‐high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < .05); but negatively correlated with high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < .05).ConclusionsOur study demonstrates a highly activated NF‐κB in aortas from patients with coronary atherosclerosis, which may reflect overall arterial overinflammatory status. The findings of hyperactive NF‐κB in aortas may provide a diagnostic parameter for the inflammation that is associated with and may cause atherosclerosis. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Endocarditis Complicating Central Venous Catheter Bloodstream Infections: A Unique Form of Health Care Associated Endocarditis
Authors: Chrissoheris Michael P. , Libertin Claudia , Ali Ronan G. , Ghantous Andre , Bekui Amenuve , Donohue Thomas 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackgroundEndocarditis complicating central venous catheter blood stream infection (CVC‐BSI) is a serious complication and is being seen with increasing frequency.MethodsAll patients discharged from our institution with International Classification of Disease (ICD‐9) codes of endocarditis and CVC‐BSI were identified. The medical records of those meeting our inclusion criteria were reviewed.ResultsFrom October 1, 1998 until December 31, 2006, 24 patients were identified with inpatient mortality of 20.8%. Nine cases were nosocomial and 15 were non‐nosocomial. The most common comorbidities were diabetes mellitus (45.8%), chronic kidney disease (58.4%), prior valvular abnormalities (37.5%), and multiple prior hospitalizations (65.2%). There were 13 external lines, 9 tunneled lines, and 2 implantable ports. Responsible microorganisms included Staphylococcus aureus in 54.6%, coagulase‐negative staphylococci in 37.5%, Candida species (spp.) in 16.6%, and enterococci in 12.5%. Five cases were polymicrobial. The line tip was within the right atrium (RA) in 37.5%, the superior vena cava (SVC)‐RA junction in 20.8%, the SVC in 33.3%, and the pulmonary artery in 4.2% of patients. Sites of endocardial involvement were the aortic valve in 6 patients, mitral valve in 7 patients, tricuspid valve in 6 patients, right atrial wall in 11 patients, and pacemaker wire in 2 patients. Isolated right‐sided involvement occurred in 50% of cases, isolated left‐sided in 33.4%, and bilateral involvement in 16.6%. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was necessary for diagnosis in 10 cases (41.6%).ConclusionsEndocarditis complicating CVC‐BSI more often involves right‐sided structures, with catheter tips in or near the right atrium, frequently requires TEE for diagnosis, and has significant inpatient mortality. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.