bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction - Des gestes, des mimiques et des mots pour dire, apprendre et comprendre
Authors: Guidetti Michèle 
Published: July 2011

Résumé La multimodalité de la communication renvoie aux différentes modalités expressives et non-verbales qui permettent de communiquer avec autrui ; ainsi, gestes de la main et de la tête, mimiques faciales et regards complètent et/ou nuancent le message verbal. L’idée de considérer que le développement de la communication est multimodal est récente ; en effet, les progrès technologiques mais aussi une façon différente d’envisager des modèles relatifs au développement ou au fonctionnement de l’adulte ont permis de faire émerger de nouvelles questions de recherche et de nouveaux faits. Ainsi, les travaux réalisés au cours des vingt dernières années montrent que la prise en compte de la multimodalité permet d’accroître nos connaissances non seulement à propos du développement de la communication et du langage mais aussi à propos des mécanismes d’apprentissage sur autrui et sur le monde. L’objectif de ce numéro thématique d’ Enfance est de présenter des travaux réalisés par des spécialistes au plan international du domaine en provenance tant d’Europe francophone et anglophone que des États-Unis et du Canada. Les recherches présentées portent à la fois sur le développement typique et atypique et ont des retombées à la fois en termes de recherche fondamentale pour mieux comprendre le développement tant normal que troublé mais aussi en termes plus appliqués pour esquisser des pistes tant au niveau de l’évaluation que de la prise en charge des enfants avec troubles et handicaps du développement.
L’étude scientifique de l’adolescence : d’où venons-nous, où allons-nous ?
Authors: Claes Michel 
Published: July 2011

Résumé Cet article entreprend une réflexion sur la conception contemporaine de l’adolescence dans le cours de l’existence humaine, en examinant l’évolution historique de la psychologie scientifique de l’adolescence depuis les premiers travaux de Stanley Hall qui ont profondément marqué la vision de l’adolescence au cours du XX e siècle. Même si la seconde partie du XX e siècle est caractérisée par l’émergence de grandes théories explicatives, c’est l’accumulation de travaux empiriques examinant des aspects spécifiques du développement qui a permis l’éclosion progressive de l’étude scientifique de la seconde décennie de l’existence comme champ spécifique. La psychologie de l’adolescence offre aujourd’hui un champ privilégié pour l’étude de questions clés qui logent au cœur du développement humain. En effet, les travaux récents ont permis diverses avancées théoriques qui ont mis l’accent sur la plasticité du développement humain et la nécessité d’aborder le développement dans une perspective qui prenne en compte les réalités génétiques, les particularités psychologiques individuelles et le contexte social et culturel.
Automated Three‐Chambered Social Approach Task for Mice
Authors: Yang Mu , Silverman Jill L. , Crawley Jacqueline N. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAutism is diagnosed by three major symptom categories: unusual reciprocal social interactions, impaired communication, and repetitive behaviors with restricted interests. Direct social approach in mice has strong face validity to simple social approach behaviors in humans, which are frequently impaired in autism. This unit presents a basic protocol for a standardized, high‐throughput social approach test for assaying mouse sociability. Our automated three‐chambered social approach task quantifies direct social approach behaviors when a subject mouse is presented with the choice of spending time with either a novel mouse or a novel object. Sociability is defined as the subject mouse spending more time in the chamber containing the novel target mouse than in the chamber containing the inanimate novel object. The Basic Protocol describes procedures for testing one subject at a time in a single apparatus. A Support Protocol addresses data collection. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 56:8.26.1‐8.26.16. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Stem‐Loop RT‐qPCR for miRNAs
Authors: Kramer Martha F. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis unit presents a specific and sensitive quantitative reverse‐transcription PCR (RT‐qPCR) method for measuring individual microRNAs (miRNAs) in tissue or cultured cells. miRNAs are 17 to 24 nucleotides (nt) in length. Standard and quantitative PCR methods require a template that is at least two times the length of either of the specific forward or reverse primers, each typically ∼20 nt in length. Thus, the target minimum length is ≥40 nt, making miRNAs too short for standard RT‐qPCR methods. In this assay, each of the RT‐qPCR nucleic acid reagents, including the RT‐primer, the forward and reverse PCR primers, and the hydrolysis probe, contain design features that, together, optimize miRNA specificity and assay sensitivity. The RT‐primer contains a highly stable stem‐loop structure that lengthens the target cDNA. The forward PCR primer adds additional length with nucleotides that optimize its melting temperature (Tm) and enhance assay specificity. The reverse primer disrupts the stem loop. Assay specificity is further optimized by placement of the probe over much of the original miRNA sequence, and the probe Tm is optimized by addition of a minor groove binding (MGB) moiety. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 95:15.10.1‐15.10.15. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Detection and Analysis of Proteins Modified by O‐Linked N‐Acetylglucosamine
Authors: Zachara Natasha E. , Vosseller Keith , Hart Gerald W. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractO‐GlcNAc is a common post‐translational modification of nuclear, mitochondrial, and cytoplasmic proteins that is implicated in the etiology of type II diabetes and Alzheimer's disease, as well as cardioprotection. This unit covers simple and comprehensive techniques for identifying proteins modified by O‐GlcNAc, studying the enzymes that add and remove O‐GlcNAc, and mapping O‐GlcNAc modification sites. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 95:17.6.1‐17.6.33. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Simultaneous Single‐Molecule Mapping of Protein‐DNA Interactions and DNA Methylation by MAPit
Authors: Pardo Carolina E. , Darst Russell P. , Nabilsi Nancy H. , Delmas Amber L. , Kladde Michael P. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractSites of protein binding to DNA are inferred from footprints or spans of protection against a probing reagent. In most protocols, sites of accessibility to a probe are detected by mapping breaks in DNA strands. As discussed in this unit, such methods obscure molecular heterogeneity by averaging cuts at a given site over all DNA strands in a sample population. The DNA methyltransferase accessibility protocol for individual templates (MAPit), an alternative method described in this unit, localizes protein‐DNA interactions by probing with cytosine‐modifying DNA methyltransferases followed by bisulfite sequencing. Sequencing individual DNA products after amplification of bisulfite‐converted sequences permits assignment of the methylation status of every enzyme target site along a single DNA strand. Use of the GC‐methylating enzyme M.CviPI allows simultaneous mapping of chromatin accessibility and endogenous CpG methylation. MAPit is therefore the only footprinting method that can detect subpopulations of molecules with distinct patterns of protein binding or chromatin architecture and correlate them directly with the occurrence of endogenous methylation. Additional advantages of MAPit methylation footprinting as well as considerations for experimental design and potential sources of error are discussed. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 95:21.22.1‐21.22.18. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An Overview of Biochemical Genetics
Authors: Sharer J. Daniel 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBiochemical genetics focuses on the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of inherited metabolic disorders. While individually rare, the combined incidence of these diseases is likely greater than 1:3000 live births. These conditions may present in the neonatal period as an acute, life‐threatening illness, or may manifest later in childhood with symptoms of progressive neurodegeneration, skeletal abnormalities, and/or dysmorphia. The purpose of this introductory unit is to provide an overview of the different clinical categories of metabolic disorders, modern diagnostic methods, and treatment options. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 70:17.1.1‐17.1.14 © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Robust fault detection based on adaptive threshold generation using interval LPV observers
Authors: Montes de Oca Saúl , Puig Vicenç , Blesa Joaquim 
Published: July 2011

SUMMARYIn this paper, robust fault detection based on adaptive threshold generation of a non‐linear system described by means of a linear parameter‐varying (LPV) model is addressed. Adaptive threshold is generated using an interval LPV observer that generates a band of predicted outputs taking into account the parameter uncertainties bounded using intervals. An algorithm that propagates the uncertainty based on zonotopes is proposed. The design procedure of this interval LPV observer is implemented via pole placement using linear matrix inequalities. Finally, the minimum detectable fault is characterized using fault sensitivity analysis and residual uncertainty bounds. Two examples, one based on a quadruple‐tank system and another based on a two‐degree of freedom helicopter, are used to assess the validity of the proposed fault detection approach. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolation by distance between spouses and its effect on children's growth in height
Authors: Kozieł Sławomir , Danel Dariusz P. , Zaręba Monika 
Published: July 2011

AbstractHeterosis is thought to be an important contributor to human growth and development. Marital distance (distance between parental birthplaces) is commonly considered as a factor favoring the occurrence of heterosis and can be used as a proximate measure of its level. The aim of this study is to assess the net effect of expected heterosis resulting from marital migration on the height of offspring, controlling for midparental height and socioeconomic status (SES). Height measurements on 2,675 boys and 2,603 girls ages 6 to 18 years from Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski, Poland were analyzed along with sociodemographic data from their parents. Midparental height was calculated as the average of the reported heights of the parents. Analyses revealed that marital distance, midparental height, and SES had a significant effect on height in boys and girls. The net effect of marital distance was much more marked in boys than girls, whereas other factors showed comparable effects. Marital distance appears to be an independent and important factor influencing the height of offspring. According to the “isolation by distance” hypothesis, greater distance between parental birthplaces may increase heterozygosity, potentially promoting heterosis. We propose that these conditions may result in reduced metabolic costs of growth among the heterozygous individuals. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Understanding adsorbate‐induced surface segregation in PtCo/C electrocatalyst
Authors: Budiman Abdul Hamid , Purwanto Widodo Wahyu , Dewi Eniya Listiani , Dalimi Rinaldy , Hwang Bing Joe 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTThe X‐ray diffraction (XRD) was used to study the effect of treatment on particle size and catalyst structure of PtCo/C electrocatalysts. The XRD showed the grain sizes of N2‐treated electrocatalysts increase with temperature treatment, while those treated with CO remain the same. The X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was used to study the changes in atomic distribution, extent of alloying as well as the surface population of PtCo/C nanoparticles. The XAS revealed that the time of CO treatments influence the surface population due to phase segregation. Catalysts treatment for 1, 3 and 5 h lead to higher population of Pt on the core and Co on the surface resulting in Pt rich in core—Co rich in shell. In contrast, CO treatments for 7, 10 and 15 h lead to higher population of Pt on the shell and Co on the core resulting in Pt rich in shell—Co rich in core. The electrochemical results showed that PtCo/C CO‐treatment is more active than commercial PtCo/C for the oxygen reduction reaction and it is found that PtCo/C CO‐treatment 3 h has the highest catalytic activity; because it has higher JPt and JCo values, indicating a higher extent of Pt and Co alloying. Copyright © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Sufficient Condition for Checking the Attractiveness of a Sliding Manifold in Fractional Order Sliding Mode Control
Authors: Efe Mehmet Önder 
Published: July 2011

AbstractStability issues of fractional order sliding mode control laws are analyzed in this paper. For differentiation orders less than unity, it is shown that a stable reaching law in the fractional order case corresponds to a stable reaching law in the integer order case. The contribution of the current study is to explain the stability of the closed loop by the use of the Caputo and Riemann‐Liouville definitions of fractional order differentiation.Copyright © 2011 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Anti‐Graffiti‐Systeme auf Mauerwerk im Bereich der Bundesfernstraßen
Authors: Müller Urs , von Weschpfennig Dieter , Malaga Katarina 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIngenieurbauten des Bundesfernstraßenbereichs sind aufgrund ihrer Exposition an vielen Stellen besonders betroffen von Graffiti. Graffitischmierer nehmen hierbei keine Rücksicht auf die Art der Substratmaterialien, und besonders poröse Untergründe bereiten Schwierigkeiten bei der Reinigung. Um Baustoffoberflächen besser zu schützen und von Graffiti leichter reinigen zu können, wurden in den vergangen Jahren spezielle Prophylaxesysteme (Anti‐Graffiti‐Systeme, AGS) entwickelten. Für die Beurteilung der Funktionalität und Verwendbarkeit dieser Anti‐Graffiti‐Systeme wurden von der Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (BASt) eine neue Technische Prüfvorschrift und Technische Lieferbedingungen (TP/TL AGS‐Beton) erarbeitet. Die TP/TL AGS‐Beton gilt hierbei nur für die Beurteilung von AGS auf Betonuntergründen. In einer Forschungsstudie wurde untersucht, inwieweit die vorhandene Prüfvorschrift für Betonsubstrate auch auf andere Untergründe, z. B. Naturstein oder Klinker, angewendet werden kann. Weiterhin wurde untersucht, welche Faktoren eine Rolle bei der Reinigung von mit AGS behandelten verschiedenen Substraten spielen.Anti‐graffiti systems on masonry in the scope of the Federal Motorway System. Engineering structures of the Federal Motorway System are in particular vulnerable for graffiti smearing due to their location and exposition. Graffitists do not care about the type of substrate material. In particular porous materials cause great difficulties in the removal of graffiti. In order to protect construction material surfaces and to aid the cleaning from graffiti, anti‐graffiti systems (AGS) were developed in recent years. A new method for testing the cleaning efficacy and the durability of AGS was initiated by BASt together with technical delivery guidelines. However, the testing method and the delivery guidelines are designed for concrete surfaces. A scientific study investigated if the new testing method can be applied to other substrates as well, in particular to masonry or cladding of stone or brick. Additional factors influencing the cleaning efficacy of different substrates were analyzed.
Spielfreie und nachstellbare Führungs‐ und Festhaltekonstruktion für Brückenlager in Eisenbahnbrücken
Authors: Braun Joachim , Schulze Tobias , Schmidberger Michael , Tusche Jens 
Published: July 2011

AbstractDie Gleis‐Brücken‐Interaktion beeinflusst in einem großen Ausmaß die Auswahl des Brückensystems, die Berechnung und die Konstruktion der Brücke wegen der Belastungen aus Schienenverkehr (Bremsen und Anfahren, etc.) und der Belastungen aus den Temperaturunterschieden. Die Hauptparameter unter Berücksichtigung der Konstruktion sind der Oberbau, die Ausdehnung des Überbaus, die Steifigkeiten des Unterbaus, Fugenkonstruktionen, Brückenlager und die Brückenplanung.In diesem Beitrag wird auf Basis der aktuellen Vorschriftenlage die Problematik des Querversatzes an den beiden Überbauenden — auch “lateraler Versatz” genannt — aufgegriffen und für den Bereich der Brückenlager ein konstruktiver Lösungsansatz aufgezeigt.
Bau einer Schrägseilbrücke über die Save in Belgrad
Authors: Steinkühler Martin , Minas Frank 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn sehr kurzer Bauzeit entsteht das neue Wahrzeichen der Hauptstadt der Republik Serbien. Die weltweit flächenmäßig größte einpylonige Schrägseilbrücke mit einem 45 m breiten Überbau überquert den Fluss Save 3 km vor der Mündung in die Donau. Ein 200 m hoher Pylon teilt die Brücke in einen 376 m langen Ganzstahlüberbau über die Save (Main Span) und einen 200 m langen Spannbetonquerschnitt über einen stillgelegten Seitenarm des Flusses (Back Span). Die weitere Anbindung erfolgt über einen 338 m langen einzelligen Spannbetonhohlkasten (Side Span) sowie Rampenbauwerke.Ein internationales Konsortium wurde 2008 mit Planung und Bau gemäß FIDIC beauftragt. Der Bau einer Brücke mit solchen außergewöhnlichen Abmessungen in Kombination mit unterschiedlichen Baustoffen in einem im Umbruch befindlichen und von 15 Jahren Embargo geprägten Land führte gar zu einer Beachtung durch den Discovery Channel für die Sendung “Extreme Engineering”.Construction of a Stay Cable Bridge crossing River Sava in Belgrade. A new landmark for the capital of Republic Serbia is constructed in a very short time. The largest one pyloned stayed cable bridge of the world with a deck width of 45 m crosses river Sava 3 km before it leads into the Danube. The 200 m high pylon divides the bridge deck into a 376 m long Main Span crossing the river and a 200 m wide Back Span crossing a bay. The bridge consists Bild 1. Satellitenaufnahme von Belgrad mit Lage der Save Brücke Fig. 1. Location of Sava Bridge further within the 338 m long Side Span on a post‐tensioned hollow box girder. An international joint venture won in 2008 the FIDIC Contract to design and build the bridge. A bridge with such extreme dimensions combined with different construction materials and different construction methods in an environment with war and embargo history even led to consideration of Discovery Channel for its series ”Extreme Engineering”.
Large‐scale, high‐solids enzymatic hydrolysis of steam‐exploded poplar
Authors: Di Risio S. , Hu C. S. , Saville B. A. , Liao D. , Lortie J. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractEnzymatic hydrolysis at high solids loadings is key to scale‐up of lignocellulosic biochemical conversion processes, because of potentially higher sugar and ethanol titers and lower hydraulic loads. However, high solids loadings can pose rheological challenges, reduce mass and heat transfer efficiency, and increase the concentration of enzyme inhibitors in the system, resulting in low conversion of glucan and xylan into fermentable sugars. In this study, ten batch enzymatic hydrolyses were conducted in a 200‐liter reactor, while monitoring sugar and inhibitor profiles. The effects of enzyme cocktail, biomass loading, pre‐treatment severity, and hydrolysis temperature were assessed using techno‐economic indicators to evaluate the efficacy of the enzymatic hydrolysis. For similar experimental conditions, different enzyme cocktails produced distinct hydrolysis outcomes allowing cocktail optimization. In spite of a rapid initial reaction rate, fermentable sugars concentrations reached a plateau after about 48 h, indicating severe inhibition. Increased biomass loadings did not proportionally increase sugar production. Both observations indicated the presence of severe inhibition, likely endogenous. Pre‐treatment at a lower severity (200°C for 8 min) led to the most efficient hydrolysis, while higher severities destroyed hemicellulose and led to lower overall sugar production. Lower saccharification temperatures (30–32°C) caused a 20% decrease in sugar conversion when compared to 50°C operation. Strategies to mitigate inhibition will be required if high‐solids enzyme hydrolysis is to be successfully scaled up to commercially relevant levels. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Development of hybrid baculovirus vectors for artificial MicroRNA delivery and prolonged gene suppression
Authors: Chen Chiu‐Ling , Luo Wen‐Yi , Lo Wen‐Hsin , Lin Kun‐Ju , Sung Li‐Yu , Shih Yung‐Shen , Chang Yu‐Han , Hu Yu‐Chen 
Published: July 2011

AbstractMicroRNA (miRNA) plays essential roles in regulating gene expression, but miRNA delivery remains a hurdle, thus entailing a vector system for efficient transfer. Baculovirus emerges as a promising gene delivery vector but its inherent transient expression restricts its applications in some scenarios. Therefore, this study primarily aimed to develop baculovirus as a miRNA expression vector for prolonged gene suppression. We constructed recombinant baculoviruses carrying artificial egfp‐targeting miRNA sequences within the miR155 backbone, which after expression by the cytomegalovirus promoter could knockdown the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression in a sequence‐ and dose‐dependent manner. By swapping the mature miRNA sequences, the baculovirus miRNA shuttle effectively repressed the overexpression of endogenous TNF‐α in arthritic synoviocytes without inducing apoptosis. To prolong the baculovirus‐mediated expression, we further developed a hybrid baculovirus vector that exploited the Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon for gene integration and sustained miRNA expression. The hybrid baculovirus vector that combined the miR155 scaffold and SB transposon effectively repressed the transgene expression for a prolonged period of time, hence diversifying the applications of baculovirus to indications necessitating prolonged gene regulation such as arthritis. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011;108: 2958–2967. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Physical degradation of proteins in well‐defined fluid flows studied within a four‐roll apparatus
Authors: Simon S. , Krause H. J. , Weber C. , Peukert W. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn most applications of biotechnology and downstream processing proteins are exposed to fluid stresses in various flow configurations which often lead to the formation of unwanted protein aggregates. In this paper we present physical degradation experiments for proteins under well‐defined flow conditions in a four‐roll apparatus. The flow field was characterized numerically by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and experimentally by particle image velocimetry (PIV). The local shear strain rate as well as the local shear and elongation rate was used to characterize the hydrodynamic stress environment acting on the proteins. Lysozyme was used as a model protein and subjected to well‐defined fluid stresses in high and low stress environment. By using in situ turbidity measurements during stressing the aggregate formation was monitored directly in the fluid flow. An increase in absorbance at 350 nm was attributed to a higher content of visible particles (>1 µm). In addition to lysozyme, the formation of aggregates was confirmed for two larger proteins (bovine serum albumin and alcohol dehydrogenase). Thus, the presented experimental setup is a helpful tool to monitor flow‐induced protein aggregation with high reproducibility. For instance, screening experiments for formulation development of biopharmaceuticals for fill and finish operations can be performed in the lab‐scale in a short time‐period if the stress distributions in the application are transferred and applied in the four‐roll mill. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011;108: 2914–2922. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.