bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corneal dystrophies: the paediatric corneal specialist view
Authors: NISCHAL KK 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose To describe the range of corneal dystrophies presenting to a tertiary refferral paediatric ophthalmology centre and the treatment approach to these various dystrophies Methods Retrospective review of case notes between Jan 1999 and March 2010 Results The range of corneal dystrophies presenting varied from Meesmans, Map‐Dot , Reis‐Buckler, Posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy, congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy, Granular and Lattice ‐Granular and the newly described x linked endothelial corneal dystrophy. The youngest child to present with symptoms was 14 months old. Management approach depended on the ultimate goal of allowing normal visual developemnt until the age of 8 years. Amblyopia plays a great role in the eventual visual outcome in children with corneal transplant surgery also riddled with difficulties in young children. Conclusion The classical descriptions of corneal dystrophies are not how they present in children . Certain symptoms and signs may tip the clinician off to the possibility of a corneal dystrophy. Visual rehabilitation in children is time limited and must be the priority for the treating physician.
New modalities for the treatment of corneal dystrophies
Authors: CLAERHOUT I 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose To give an overview of current treatment modalities of corneal dystrophies. Results New transplant techniques have changed the way that corneal dystrophies are being treated in the last few years. Phototherapeutic keratectomy is still a very valuable tool for superficial dystrophies. Depending on the layers involved the laser will be set to a depth of 5 to 100µm. DALK is now the preferred method of treatment of most stromal dystrophies, although macular dystrophy is an exception to this rule since there is evidence of endothelial involvement in this dystrophy. Endothelial dystrophies are now almost exclusively being treated by different types of endothelial grafts (DSAEK or DMEK). Conclusion Current treatment of corneal dystrophies has evolved from one size fits all to a more customised treatment schedule, still dependent on the layers involved in the disease.
Descriptive study of topographic patterns in clinically diagnosed keratoconus
Authors: JIMENEZ DEL RIO B , PEREZ GARCIA D , CASAS P , CRUZ N , RAMIRO MILLAN P , DEL BUEY MA , CRISTOBAL BESCOS JA 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose This study was undertaken with the objective of responding to some questions: how are our patients´s keratoconus? and could we establish unified topographic patterns to describe them? Methods Descriptive analysis of different parameters evaluated by Orbscan corneal topography system (BFS, RCA/RCP, anterior and posterior elevation, Simk, mean pwr, thinnest) and biomechanical indices measured with Ocular Response Analyzer (CRF and CH) as well as topographic patterns that can be found in the clinical keratoconus diagnosed between 2006 and 2009 in ophthalmology service at Hospital Clinico "Lozano Blesa" in Zaragoza. Results We have studied 40 eyes of 24 patients diagnosed with keratoconus.Subclinical keratoconus and those who had received treatment,either rigid contact lenses or implanted intracorneal ring segments were previously excluded. The average age of patients was 33.7+/‐11.1 years. Quantitative topographic descriptors were: BFS = 55.99+/‐3.35 D; RCA/RCP = 1.25+/‐0.04, anterior surface elevation = 48.08+/‐26.66 µ; back surface elevation = 107.18+/‐43.11 µ; simk = ‐5.4+/‐2.6 D, mean pwr = 48.5+/‐3.7 D; thinnest = 423+/‐67 µ; biomechanical values: CRF = 6.9+/‐1.7 and CH = 7.8+/‐1.4. Four topographic patterns are also described depending on the situation of the apex of the cone: 30% central, 35% lower, 30% inferior temporal, 5% inferior nasal. Conclusion There is great morphological variation in keratoconus, it is therefore important to unify criteria for classification. The apex location criteria allows us to make a simple classification of keratoconus and is useful for planning intracorneal ring segments implantation.
Response of p53, capsase 3 and gadd45 genes in the rat lens to in vivo exposure to UV‐B radiation
Authors: GALICHANIN K , SVEDLUND J , LöFGREN S , SÖDERBERG PG 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose To study the transcriptional induction of p53, caspase 3 and gadd45 genes in the rat lens by in vivo exposure to double threshold UVR‐B around 300 nm. Methods Forty 6‐week‐old female albino Sprague‐Dawley rats were exposed to double threshold dose (8 kJ/m2) UVR (λmax = 300 nm) unilaterally for 15 minutes. The animals were sacrificed at 1, 5, 24 and 120 h following the exposure to UVR‐B. p53, caspase 3 and gadd45 mRNA expression of the lenses was analysed by quantitative RT‐PCR. Data were analysed using one‐way ANOVA. Results p53 is downregulated in exposed lenses in 1 h and 5 h groups and upregulated in 24 h and 120 h groups. Caspase 3 is downregulated in exposed lenses in 1, 5 and 24 h groups and upregulated in 120 h group. No difference in gadd45 mRNA expression between exposed and nonexposed lenses was found in all time intervals. Conclusion p53 mRNA increased expression precedes caspase 3 mRNA increased expression in the rat lens after in vivo UVR‐B exposure. UVR‐B exposure did not induce transcription of DNA damage repair gene gadd45 in the lens up to 120 h.
Evaluation of the higher order wavefront aberrations and the quality of vision after correction of aphakia by a retropupillary implantation of the Verisyze® iris‐claw intraocular lens
Authors: GICQUEL JJ , NOCHEZ Y , PISELLA PJ , DIGHIERO PL 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose To investigate the influence of the secondary implantation site of the Verisyse® iris‐claw intraocular lens (IOL) on high order aberrations (HOAs) using wavefront analysis in aphakic patients. Methods Twenty five aphakic patients (25 eyes) who had been left aphakic after complicated phacoemulsification, leaving no capsular support, but good iris support and clear unwounded cornea implantated with the aphakic Verisyse®(AMO) IOL either implanted retropupilarely or over the iris. Wavefront aberrations and contrast sensitivity were measured using the Imagine Eyes IRX3 SH aberrometer. Results Twelve patients were implanted in the anterior chamber versus thirteen, who had the IOL clipped behind the iris. Surgery was uneventful in all patients. No postoperative complication was observed in the two groups. Best corrected visual acuity was significantly higher and HOAs were significantly lower in the retropupilarely implanted group. Simulated contrast sensitivity results calculated from Point Spread Function measurements were significantly better in the retropupilarly implanted group. There was no significant difference regarding HOAs and vision quality between the retropupillary implanted group and the panel of control âtients implanted with standard monofocal IOL in the capsular bag. Conclusion In addition to being atraumatic, the Verisyse® IOL implanted behind the iris may restore vision in the absence of capsular support in a more physiological way than when fixated over the iris. The overall quality of vision is better when the Verisyse® is implanted behind the iris and comparable to values obtained with standard monofocal IOLs.
Single scleral suture for subluxated capsular bag in pseudophakic eyes
Authors: FRUSCHELLI M , MENICACCI F , BAGAGLIA SA , MENICACCI C , SPARANO MC , MOTOLESE I , FREZZOTTI P , MOTOLESE E 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose In‐the‐bag posterior chamber intraocular lens (PC‐IOL) dislocation is an unusual late complication of cataract surgery that can be managed either by exchange with a scleral fixated intraocular lens or by PC‐IOL repositioning with scleral fixation. In the presence of mild subluxation, in older patients, we prefer to suture the fibrotic capsular bag to the sclera without opening the anterior chamber. Methods 5 patients (mean age 80 y.o.) who had uncomplicated phacoemulsification with implantation of a posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) into the continuous capsulorhexis several years before (4‐12 years), suffered from PC‐IOL subluxation secondary to dehiscence of the zonules supporting the capsular bag. All capsular bags were fibrotic and previously received yag capsulotomy for PCO. Using two self sealing side ports the capsular bag was successfully sutured to the sclera at 12' by introducing a double‐armed polypropylene suture through a scleral flap. Results The final postoperative visual acuity was 20/30 or better with no complications during the surgical procedure. Patients discomfort was minimum and no endothelial cell loss was reported. Conclusion Scleral fixation by single suture can be a useful and low‐complication rate procedure for late in‐the‐bag PC‐IOL subluxation in older patients. Use of This procedure in selected cases, can avoid whole capsular bag extraction and replacement with scleral fixated sulcus IOL, with minimal stress for the ocular structures.
The effects of high altitude on central corneal thickness
Authors: BASMAK H 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose A large number of people are exposed to long‐term hypobaric hypoxic conditions via mountaineering, skiing and trekking. Other people such as aviators and high‐altitude parachutists are exposed to short‐term hypobaric hypoxic conditions. It is known that hypobaric conditions alter physiological and morphological status of the eye including the central corneal thickness (CCT). Our aim is to review the results of the influences of high altitude on CCT. We will also add our experience on the influences of short‐term hypobaric hypoxia on CCT. Methods Reports covering this topic will be discussed. The possible mechanisms for the alterations in CCT will be included. Hypobaric hypoxic conditions simulate high altitudinal environments, which was the basis of our study covering 70 eyes of 35 healthy men exposed to hypobaric hypoxic condition. We measured the CCT via ultrasound pachmetry at local ground (792 m above sea level) and then during short‐term hypobaric hypoxic exposure (equivalent 9144 m above). Results CCT has been found to be increased at high altitudes. We also found that hypobaric hypoxic condition increased the CCT significantly. The mechanism of increased CCT is not clear, although the alterations in corneal endothelial cells function seem to be the main explanation. Systemic delivery of oxygen to the anterior chamber can possibly be an important contributing factor based on a recent study. Conclusion CCT has been reported to be increased at high altitude. The possible underlying mechanisms are altered endothelial function and metabolic activity.
VEGF in aqueous humor of eyes with uveal melanoma
Authors: CAUJOLLE JP , FRETON A , GREPIN R , CHAMOREY E , PAGES G , GASTAUD P 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose To analyze in uveal melanomas (UM) the expression of angiogenic factors in pre‐ and post‐treatment neovascular glaucomas (NVG). To study Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF‐A; VEGFxxxb) and interleukin 8 (IL‐8) levels in the aqueous humor of eyes with UM prior to treatment. Methods The cytokines rates in UM have been studied by performing anterior chamber tap. In a few cases, we also analyzed these rates both in vitreous (V) and aqueous (A) humors to compare their concentrations. In addition, some control measurements were made. The concentrations were determined using dedicated enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay kits (ELISA) with a threshold of 5pg/ml. Results We have found no VEGF‐A in A humor of control patients. Regarding our samples, virtually no VEGFxxxb isoforms were detected in V and A humors. Moreover, production of cytokine IL‐8 was found in a few tumors producing or not VEGF. In the first series on patients with NVG, we have collected 11 samples of A humor and 5 of V humor. The VEGF‐A concentrations between A and V humor were nearly equivalent. Concerning A humor samples, VEGF‐A levels were ranged from 70.1 to 5680 pg/ml. The second series was obtained with A humor samples from 31 UM eyes prior to treatment. VEGF‐A levels were ranged from undetectable to 1532 pg/ml. The correlation between VEGF‐A levels and the different tumor features was studied. In both series, the highest rates of VEGF‐A were found in A humor of NVG UM eyes. Conclusion VEGF‐A and IL‐8 can be produced in the context of UM. However, their expression is not systematic. Our results suggest that VEGF determination should be determined prior to anti‐VEGF therapy in order to prevent post‐protontherapy complications or to improve protontherapy efficiency.
Cytokines in enucleated eyes
Authors: JAGER MJ , LY LV , VAN BEELEN E , BRONKHORST IHG , VERSLUIS M , TAYLOR AW , LUYTEN GPM 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose One of the prognostically bad parameters in uveal melanoma is the presence of an inflammatory phenotype, characterized by an increased expression of HLA antigens and an immunologic infiltrate. We wondered whether the presence of specific chemokines and cytokines in the aqueous humor (AqH) from uveal melanoma‐containing eyes is associated with this inflammatory phenotype, with the presence of macrophages, and/or with survival. Methods Directly following enucleation, AqH was obtained from 37 eyes containing uveal melanoma. Samples were stored at ‐80 °C till use. Using a multiplex bead array, 15 different cytokines were measured. Determination of intratumoral macrophages was performed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. The presence of specific cytokines was compared to histopathological, genetic and clinical tumor characteristics, as well as patient survival. Results Several cytokines showed a significantly higher expression in the AqH from uveal melanoma‐containing eyes compared to the AqH from eyes undergoing cataract surgery. Only MCP‐3 was associated with the presence of macrophages and the tumor promoting M2‐type macrophage in uveal melanoma patients. Hardly any correlations were found between cytokine levels and known prognostic factors for uveal melanoma. Also, cytokine levels were not of predictive value for survival. Conclusion Although increased levels of inflammation‐related cytokines are present in the AqH of uveal melanoma‐containing eyes, hardly any associations with the presence of macrophages and their subtypes, with clinical and histopathological parameters, and prognosis were found.
Increased gene expression of the apoptosis‐related molecule Fas and the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) after excimer laser ablation in rat corneas
Authors: PRADA J , NGO‐TU T , ZELMER A , WELLMANN S 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to analyse the gene expression of the apoptosis‐related molecule Fas in relation to the production and accumulation of nitric oxides 1, 12 and 24h after excimer laser keratectomy in rat corneas. Methods Wistar rats with excimer corneal ablations (Chiron laser, 66‐68 µm/pulse, 1606 pulses, diameter 4‐7.6 mm, and depth in cornea 50µm) were killed 1, 12 and 24h after treatment. Fas mRNA in situ hybridizations were performed in the analysed corneas by using a rat‐Fas specific gene probe. The generation and further accumulation of reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI) due to the activity of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in corneal cells were further evaluated by systematic mRNA in situ hybridizations with a specific gene probe for iNOS. Results One hour after treament, the Fas gene expression was higher than in untreated controls, but clearly lower than 12h after treatment. Whereas 24h after treatment, the expression remained higher than in the controls, slight decreases were observed when compared to the corresponding levels 12h after treatment. A similar expression pattern was observed for the accumulation of RNI in plasma. This effect was further confirmed in corneal cells by the detection of similar iNOS hybridization patterns in the corresponding corneas. Conclusion After excimer laser keratectomy, the Fas gene expression was increased, especially 12h after treatment. These increases were found to be related to the accumulation of RNI in plasma and to the expression of iNOS in corneal cells. The expression of all these three considered markers together may play a relevant role in wound healing after laser treatment.
Confocal microscopy after implantation of intrastromal corneal ring segments
Authors: GAUJOUX T , GAVRILOV JC , TOUZEAU O , LAROCHE L , BORDERIE VM 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose To evaluate with in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) the corneal microstructure changes due to Intrastromal Corneal Ring Segments (ICRS; KERARING Mediphacos Inc., Belo Horizonte, Brazil) implantation. Methods Nine eyes of keratoconic patients were prospectively examined with the HRT 3 confocal microscope with the Rostock cornea module before and 1 month after ICRS implantation. Epithelial basal cell density, endothelial cell density and keratocyte density in the anterior, mid and posterior stroma were measured in the center of the cornea and around ICRS (approximately 3.5 mm off the center of the cornea). Results In the central cornea, we found normal morphologic features at all layers. In peripheral section (near the ICRS) epithelial basal cell density and endothelial cell density were unchanged. However, around the ICRS, keratocyte density increased in the mid stroma (6% increase) and in the posterior stroma (9% increase)(P<.05) but no increase was noticed in the anterior stroma (P=.13). This increase may be due to the best visualisation of activated keratocytes. Hyper‐reflective keratocyte nuclei are thought to indicate the presence of fibroblastic cells. Increased haze adjacent to the ICRS is found to be due to fibroblastic accumulation and irregular collagen fibres. Conclusion Whereas the central corneal zone appears unchanged, the corneal stroma adjacent to the ICRS displays a slight, but distinct, activation of wound healing. IVCM offers a potential insight into the pathophysiology of the microstructural changes in keratoconus after ICRS implantation.
Evaluation of tear secretion and tear film stability in breast cancer patients under chemotherapy
Authors: KARAMITSOS A , KOKKAS V , KOTOULA‐PAPAGIANNAKI M , ANTHOPOULOS M , STERGIOU E , KARAMPATAKIS V 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose To evaluate tear secretion and tear film stability of women with early stage breast cancer in relation to the disease and the chemotherapy Methods 50 consecutive early stage breast cancer patients, mean age 58.86±12.28, were recruited for this study. All patients underwent mastectomy and adjuvant treatment with the FEC regimen (5‐FU 600 mg/m2, Epirubicin 60‐90 mg/m2, Cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2). The patients were taking the regimen every 21 days, for 6 cycles. All patients were free of symptoms and disease affecting tear secretion and tear film stability. Schirmer test (without anesthetic) and tears Break up Time test (BUT) were performed before the initiation of the chemotherapy and immediately after the end of the 3rd therapeutic cycle. Both left and right eyes of the patients (100 eyes in total) were included for analysis. Abnormal (impaired secretion) Schirmer test values were considered those of ≤10mm in 5 minutes and for BUT (impaired tear film stability) the values of ≤10 sec. Results Before the initiation of chemotherapy, the mean score of Schirmer test was 14.96±6.29 mm and for BUT was 12.94±4.54 sec. After the third chemotherapeutic cycle the mean score for Schirmer test was 17.59±7.27 mm and the BUT was 11.06±4.54 sec. Before the initiation of the chemotherapy, abnormal Schirmer test had 14% of the patients and abnormal BUT test 19%. After the third therapeutic cycle, abnormal Schirmer test values had the 13% and abnormal BUT values the 31% of the sample. Conclusion After 3 cycles of chemotherapy with the FEC regimen, mainly the BUT values tend to diminish. More patients (31%) have reduced BUT values after the chemotherapy.
Measurement of straylight
Authors: GINIS HS 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose Straylight in the human eye is associated with low light intensities scattered at angles large compared to the part of the Point Spread Function that is governed by refractive error and aberrations. It is the purpose of this talk to summarise existing methods for the measurement of straylight in the human eye and to discuss new developments. Methods Among psychophysical techniques are the most well‐established and studied methods. Optical techniques to date are limited by signal to noise as well as dynamic range considerations. Results Improvements in optical techniques involve the creation of the appropriate imaging conditions where scattered light intensity can be calculated based on the effects of scatter on the acquired image. Conclusion Psychophysical methods, that have been particularly successful, require specially designed optical schemes (for the presentation of the stimulus), a specific task and a suitable data analysis method. Optical techniques may benefit from refinements in these directions also.
Posterior capsule opacification assessment and factors that influence visual quality after posterior capsulotomy
Authors: MICHAEL R , MONTENEGRO G , GRABNER G , BARRAQUER RI 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose To study the correlation between posterior capsule opacification (PCO) and intraocular straylight and visual acuity. Methods We measured visual acuity (VA) (logMAR) and intraocular straylight (C‐Quant straylight parameter log[s]) under photopic conditions before and 2 weeks after YAG capsulotomy in 41 patients (53 eyes) from the Centro de Oftalmología Barraquer in Barcelona and the University Eye Clinic, Paracelsus Medical University in Salzburg. Photopic pupil diameter was also measured. To document the level of opacification, pupils were dilated, and photographs were taken with a slit lamp, using retroillumination and the reflected light of a wide slit beam at an angle of 45º. PCO was subjectively graded on a scale of 0 to 10 and using the POCOman system. A multiple regression analysis was performed to evaluate factors that influence straylight after capsulotomy. Results Straylight correlated well with retroillumination and reflected‐light PCO scores, whereas VA only correlated with retroillumination. Both VA and straylight improved after capsulotomy. Straylight values varied widely after capsulotomy. Multiple regression analysis showed that older age, large ocular axial length, hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lenses (IOLs), and small capsulotomies are factors that increased intraocular straylight. Conclusion Intraocular straylight is a useful tool in the assessment of PCO. It correlates well with PCO severity scoring methods. When performing a posterior capsulotomy, factors such as age, IOL material, axial length, and capsulotomy size must be taken into consideration, as they influence intraocular straylight.
Serpiginous choroiditis (SC): patterns of progression and role of tuberculous infection
Authors: DELUIGI G , PAPADIA M , CIMINO L , CAPPUCCINI L , ALDIGERI R , BOUCHENAKI N , HERBORT CP 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose To relate patterns of progression and role of tuberculosis (TB) infection in serpiginous choroiditis (SC) by reviewing a series of cases of SC seen at Centre for Ophthalmic Specialized Care (COS), Lausanne, Switzerland and at the Ophthalmology Department of Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy. Methods Retrospective review of clinical data, visual field (VF), fluorescein angiographic (FA), indocyanine green angiographic (ICGA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) features and TB infectious status in cases of SC. Results In the time span of 9 years 16 SC cases were seen in the two centres. Interferon gamma release assays (IGRA) revealed positivity for latent tubercular infection in 11 out of 16 patients. Patterns of evolution under immunosuppressive therapy differed between the TB positive and TB negative cases Conclusion Even in non endemic areas TB infection, as a cause of SC has to be excluded. Typical behaviour of TB related SC is relentless progression despite immunosuppressive therapy.