bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrate Levels in Vegetative and Floral Tillers of Western Wheatgrass and Green Needlegrass as Affected by Nitrogen Fertilization1
Authors: White Larry M. , Halvorson Ardell D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the northern Great Plains, nitrogen fertilization is one means of increasing forage production in the spring during the cow‐breeding season. Our objective was to determine how much N can be applied without causing toxic quantities of nitrate‐N (>2,080 ppm) in the forage. In late March 1973, ammonium nitrate was applied at 0, 40, 80, 160, 320, and 640 kg of N/ha to adjacent seeded fields of ‘Rosana’ western wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii Rydb.) and ‘Lodorm’ green needlegrass (Stipa viridula Trin.). Plant nitrate levels were determined on 10 and 11 dates during 1973 and 1974, respectively, from late April through October. There was almost a complete removal of soil nitrate from the top 30‐cm of soil by both grasses and a marked accumulation in the 30 to 60‐cm soil depth on N fertilized plots. About 40 kg of N/ha was mineralized each year in the check plots. About 160 kg of the 640 kg of N applied in March 1973 could not be accounted for 2 years after application. N fertilization did not increase forage production in either 1973 or 1974, but added N caused a linear increase in nitrate‐N of both vegetative and floral tillers of both species both years. Floral tillers of green needlegrass fertilized with 640 kg of N/ha contained toxic quantities of nitrate during June and July 1973, but not in 1974. Neither vegetative nor floral tillers of western wheatgrass fertilized with N rates up to 640 kg/ha contained toxic quantities of nitrate at any sampling date during either year. Floral and vegetative tillers of green needlegrass contained 500 to 1,000 ppm more nitrate‐N than did those of western wheatgrass in both 1973 and 1974. If green needlegrass has been fertilized with more than 320 kg of N/ha, it should be tested for toxic quantities of nitrates before it is grazed by or fed to calves.
Turfgrass‐Paver Complex for Intensively Trafficked Areas1
Authors: Shearman R. C. , Kinbacher E. J. , Riordan T. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVehicular traffic on turf results in wear injury and soil compaction problems that can result in stand loss and a decline in turf quality. Physical or cultural aspects that protect turfgrass crowns from wear injury also enhance the turf's ability to persist in intensively trafficked areas. This study investigated a concrete‐grid system (turfgrass paver complex) which was designed to protect turfgrass crowns from vehicular wear injury. The study evaluated the influence of this system on establishment, quality, wear injury, and recuperative rate of six turfgrasses.Six turfgrasses were established in the grass‐paver complex in a silty‐clay‐loam soil (Typic Arguidoll) and were exposed to vehicular wear injury. The complex improved turfgrass wear tolerance and recuperative rate of the grasses with the exception of ‘Merion’ Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). Merion Kentucky bluegrass, ‘Manhattan’ perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and ‘Kentucky 31’ tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) were the most wear tolerant of the grasses tested. ‘Fairway’ crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum Gaertn.) and ‘Highlight’ chewings fescue (Festuca rubra var. commutata Gaud.) had the poorest wear tolerance.The grass‐paver complex adversely affected turfgrass quality of Manhattan and Merion, but enhanced the quality ratings for Fairway. Winter survival of Manhattan and Kentucky 31 was adversely affected by the paver complex.
Treatment of Growing Sugarbeets with Soil Injected Ethylene1
Authors: Freytag A. H. , Akeson W. R. , Stout E. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEthylene is an endogenous plant hormone which influences many aspects of plant growth and development, but its effect upon economic yield of crop plants is not understood well. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of ethylene treatment on sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) roots during the growing period on yield, sucrose content, and purity. Field studies were conducted in 1973, 1974, and 1975 in Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming, Montana, and Ohio. Ethylene was injected 20 cm into the soil between rows at the 11‐leaf‐stage of development. Tests showed that ethylene moves 24 m or more in the soil after injection and so experiments were designed to prevent cross‐contamination of plots. Roots were analyzed for weight, sucrose percent, and clarified juice purity, immediately after harvest in September or October. The effect of ethylene on root and foliage growth was also evaluated in hydroponic studies.Ethylene increased green and dry weight yields of hydroponically grown sugarbeet roots 38.9 and 42.9%, respectively, over nontreated beets. Treated roots had a higher water content as well as a higher dry matter yield than non‐treated beets. Ethylene also stimulated fibrous root formation in hydroponic solution. Ethylene injected at the rate of 0.25 liter/m of travel in field trials increased root yield 8.2% in 13 paired comparisons in 1973 and 1974, and 7.6% in six comparisons in 1975. The treatments, however, gave 3.3 and 1.5% reduction, respectively, in sucrose content in the respective tests so that the ethylene treatment resulted in no significant increase in sugar yield per hectare. Treatment at rates of 0.125 and 0.50 liter ethylene/m showed similar effects upon root yield and sucrose content but were not statistically significant.Hydroponic studies demonstrated that ethylene applied to the sugarbeet roots during the growing period can substantially increase dry matter yield. Economic yield increases — sucrose per hectare — were not, however, obtained with ethylene injection in field tests.
Growth and Nutrient Uptake of Sugar Beet Influenced by Application of a Soil Conditioner1
Authors: Sepaskhah A. R. , Moosavi S. A. A. , Kashirad A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLow stability and physical degradation of the surface soil are problems affecting agricultural use of large areas in the arid and semiarid regions. Use of chemical soil conditioners to improve soil physical properties may result in soil fertility problems. This experiment was conducted to study the effects of Krilium Merloam, a copolymer of vinyl acetate and maleic acid (application rates of 0, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15% dry weight basis of soil), on growth and nutrient uptake of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and soil structure stabilization in greenhouse conditions. A local cultivar of sugar beet was grown in a Calcixerollic Xerochrept silty clay soil. Plant growth was measured by top and root dry weights. The total N, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn in tops and roots were determined. Water stable aggregates of soil were also measured. Significant top growth reduction and most severe leaf chlorosis occurred at the application rate of 0.15%. Root dry weight was not decreased at any application rate. Nitrogen in the tops was reduced with Krilium Merloam application. The decrease of P in the tops at application rates higher than 0.10% was accompanied by an increase in mean weight diameter (MWD) of the soil aggregates. Among the micronutrients reduced Zn and Fe uptake in tops at an application rate of 0.15% possibly resulted in chlorosis of leaves.
Reclamation of Surface‐Mined Coal Spoils in Western Kentucky1
Authors: Powell J. L. , Barnhisel R. I. , Akin G. W. 
Published: July 2010

abstractRevegetation of disturbed land as required by Public Law 95.87 is a difficult task due to the lack of technology and added restrictions that negates the use of past experience utilized under less stringent laws. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of land preparation and of P fertilizer in the reclamation of surface‐ mined coal spoils. Four land preparation treatments were used with three levels of P superimposed on each. The area was seeded to Ky 31 tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and Kenland red clover (Trifolium pratense L). Good vegetative cover was obtained on plots to which P was applied but, without it, grass and legume plants were stunted. There was a significant forage yield response to P the first harvest year (second growing season). The effect of this single P application diminished with time, and by the fourth growing season P had no effect on yield. The rough micro‐relief produced by ripping (subsoiling) significantly increased yields over those obtained from disking treatments, apparently by creating a micro‐relief which improved water intake and offset the slow infiltration rate of spoil materials. The use of a mulch further increased yields primarily by protecting the surface and maintaining the rough micro‐topography. The influence of ripping diminished with time. At the last harvest, there were no significant differences in yields as the result of land preparation treatments.
In Vitro Fermentation of Forages with Inoculum from Cattle and Sheep Fed Different Diets1
Authors: Horton G. M. J. , Christensen D. A. , Steacy G. M. 
Published: July 2010

abstractInoculum is the single most important source of variation in in vitro rumen fermentation systems used to predict forage quality. This investigation was carried out to study the effects of donor animal diet and donor animal species on the activity of the inoculum (whole rumen fluid) used in the two stage in vitro fermentation technique for estimating forage digestibility. Two wethers and two steers were fed either wheat straw (Triticum aestivum L.) smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hay (hay) or barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and dehydrated alfalfa (1:l) pellets (barleydehy) in a double switchback arrangement with three periods of 28 days. Nineteen forages including alfalfa, smooth bromegrass, crested wheatgrass [Agropyron desertorurm (Fisch ex Link) Schult.] and oat (Avena sativa L.), wheat and barley straws were digested in vitro and in vivo by steers. Each substrate was digested in duplicate during three successive periods with inoculum from sheep and cattle consuming each of the three diets.Donor diet had a significant effect on in vitro dry matter (IVDMD) and acid‐detergent fiber digestibility (IVADFD) with inoculum from sheep and cattle. Values were lowest (P<0.001) with inoculum from animals fed straw and were highest when hay was fed. In vitro digestibilities were higher (P<0.001) with sheep inoculum than with cattle inoculum on straw and barley‐dehy diets; values were highest (P<0.001) with cattle inoculum on the hay diet. Estimates of in vivo digestibility using IVADFD were not significant. Linear regression equations, correlations, and standard errors showed a significant relationship (P<0.01) between in vivo dry matter digestibility and IVDMD for inoculum from both sheep and cattle fed either straw, hay, or barley‐dehy. The best fit of cattle in vivo dry matter digestibility was to IVDMD using inoculum from cattle fed the pelleted barley‐dehy diet (r=0.88; Sy.x, ± 2 2.49; P<0.01).
A Computational Approach for Water Culture1
Authors: Asher J. Ben , Gordon J. M. , Gale J. , Kopel R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWater culture methods for commercial crop production are now under research and development. Experiments have been performed primarily to investigate methods for preparing nutrient solutions. The objective of this study, however, was to develop a physical model for a water culture system. A study of nutrient uptake by egg plant (Solanum melanogena L. var. esculentum) as a function of both the solution and the root system properties in a soiless culture system is presented. The soiless culture system. is mathematically modelled with a one‐dimensional continuity equation for mass flow. The kinetics of nutrient uptake in the root system are treated in analogy with the kinetics of enzyme catalyzed processes. The system parameters are determined from experimental data for the two limiting cases of negligible and near‐total nutrient depletion from the solution. An experimental procedure which is intended both to test the validity of the mathematical model and to investigate better techniques for water culture systems is described. Both experimental anl theoretical results showed a rapid depletion in the system of the nutrient O2, and a more moderate depletion of other nutrients such as nitrate and K ions. The theoretical results can also be used to predict possible combinations of nutrient concentration, length of rows, and rate of water flow which afford optimal operation of the system.
Soybean Yields as Influenced by Peanut Hull Applications1
Authors: Reneau R. B. , Jones G. D. , Lutz J. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPeanut (Arachis hypogea L.) hulls are a waste product that have potential for increasing crop yields when recycled to agricultural land as a source of nutrients and as a mulching material. This study was conducted to determine if peanut hulls could be applied at disposal rates and simultaneously increase soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yields as a result of increased nutrients and moisture in the rooting zone of soils that are acid and have a high exchangeable A1 content that restricts the soil volume available for root proliferation. Peanut hulls were applied to a Tatum (Typic Hapludults, clayey, mixed, thermic) silt loam soil at rates of 0, 21, 42, and 84 × 103 kg/ha on unfertilized plots and plots that received 49 kg P and 93 kg K/ha. In 1977, a year of moisture stress, peanut hulls increased the yield of seed by 500 kg/ha and forage by 1,560 kg/ha as a result of increased plant available moisture in the fertilized plots. Moisture in the 15 to 30 cm zone averaged 0.33 mm/cm greater in the peanut hull plots. On the unfertilized plots bean yields increased at a linear rate with each 1,000 kg/ha of hulls producing 21 kg/ha of seeds. This response resulted from an increase in both available P and moisture. In 1978, a year of more optimum moisture conditions, hull application did not increase yields in the fertilized plots. Yields in the unfertilized plots could be described by a second order polynomial and approximately 50 × 103 kg/ha of hulls were required to equal yields produced with fertilizer application. Hulls significantly increased the P concentration in the tissue for both the unfertilized and fertilized plots. The P concentration increased by 0.01% for each 5,000 kg/ha of hulls applied for both the unfertilized and fertilized plots. Application of peanut hulls to soils that restrict root proliferation can supply the nutrients needed for soybean production and create more favorable soil moisture conditions.
Environmental Sensitivity of Acetylene Reduction Activity in Prediction of N Fixation in Soybeans1
Authors: Raper C. David , Patterson Robert P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe rate of acetylene reduction by nodules of legumes often is assumed to be related directly to the actual rate of N2 fixation. This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between effects of water stress and temperature on acetylene reduction activity and actual N accumulation in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill ‘Hill’]. Nodulated plants were grown in a phytotron at day/night temperatures of 22/18, 26/18, and 30/18 C. The plants, contained in individual pots filled with a peat moss‐vermiculite and gravel media, were watered in the morning with a minus‐N nutrient solution and in the afternoon with deionized water. At the beginning pod stage, a single cycle of leaf moisture stress to −24 bars and recovery was applied to half of the plants at each temperature by withholding water and nutrient solution for four days. Plants were sampled over an 18‐day period beginning on the first day that water was withheld. The relation between rate of N accumulation in the plant and rate of acetylene reduction varied with temperature but was not greatly affected by leaf moisture stress within a temperature. Thus, if acetylene reduction is to be used as an indicator of amount of N2 fixed during growth, the effects of temperature during growth must be considered. However, a change in acetylene reduction may be an adequate indicator of response in N2 fixation to such severe, abrupt stress conditions as the single cycle of moisture stress if temperature is constant.
Absorption and Translocation of Chromium through the Surface of a Soybean Leaf1
Authors: Pickrell D. J. , Ellis B. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlthough Cr is known to be important in animal metabolism, it does not readily translocate through the roots of most plants. The addition of Cr to plant leaves as a spray material is a possible method of increasing the Cr content of plants. The objective of this laboratory study was to determine if Cr would be absorbed by a plant leaf and translocated to other portions of the plant. A single drop containing radioactive 51Cr or 59Fe (for comparison) as ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) was placed over the mid‐rib of one leaf on a soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plant. Absorption and translocation of the tagged Cr or Fe were followed by radio‐autographs while plants were growing and by counting separated plant parts at the end of the experiment. Both 51Cr and 59Fe were absorbed through the surface of the soybean leaves and translocated throughout the plant, but only small amounts were translocated (4% of absorbed Cr). The absorption and translocation of Cr closely paralleled that of Fe. The results show that soybean plants will absorb Cr through their leaves and translocate it to other portions of the plant but the rate for these processes is relatively slow.
Morphological Development, Yield, and Chemical Composition of Orchardgrass at Several Soil Nitrogen Levels1
Authors: Donohue S. J. , Bula R. J. , Holt D. A. , Rhykerd C. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of high nitrogen fertilizer applications in prolonging vegetative development has not been reported. This phenomenon, if it exists, would affect the most optimum time of harvest and hence, stand longevity. The effects of N fertilizer at rates up to 1,800 kg·ha−1 (vernalized plants) and up to 2,100 kg·ha−1 (non‐vernalized plants) on yield, morphological development, total N, nitrate‐N (NO3‐N), and fructosan concentration of vernalized and non‐vernalized orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) plants grown under controlled environments were studied.Herbage yields increased with applied N up to 600 kg·ha−1 and remained essentially the same over the range of 600 to 1,500 kg N·ha−1. At maximum rates of 1,800 and 2,100 kg N·ha−1, yields were drastically reduced. The number and maturity of floral tillers of vernalized orchardgrass plants was greatest at 600 kg N·ha−1 and least at 1,200 and 1,800 kg N·ha−1 indicating that high N delayed floral tiller production. Foliage burn was noted at 1,800 kg N·ha−1 but not at 1,200 kg N·ha−1.With unvernalired orchardgrass, little change in vegetative tiller production was observed during the 3‐week period where no N was applied. Where 300 to 1,500 kg N·ha−1 was applied, an increase in tiller production was found from week 1 to 2 followed by a decrease in number of new tillers during the third week. At 1,800 or 2,100 kg N·ha−1, only a few new tillers were produced until the third week of the study.Percent total N and NOa‐N in herbage increased, in general, with increasing N fertilization up to 1,200 kg N·ha−1. At higher N levels (1,500‐2,100 kg N·ha−1), the percentage of these constituents was essentially the same or lower than that noted at 1,200 kg N·ha−1. Percent fructosan in the stubble was inversely related to N fertilization rate.Although N fertilization is required for economic forage yields of orchardgrass, excessive N caused severe plant stress and modified plant development that could result in reduced yields and severe stand reduction, particularly if harvested at the improper stage of plant development.
Envirommental and Plant Growth Stage Effects on Composition and Digestibility of Crownvetch Stems and Leaves1
Authors: Jung G. A. , Brann D. E. , Fissel G. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCrownvetch (Coronilla varia L.) has not been widely used for forage, partly because its forage quality has been reported as poor. Studies were undertaken to determine the effects of different environments and clipping schedules on composition and in vitro digestibility of crownvetch stems and leaves. First growth was sampled from flower bud to seedpod growth stage, and regrowth was sampled in July and September. Identical cutting schedules were used at four field locations in West Virginia for 2 years. Also, in growth chambers, controlled day‐night temperature combinations of 16‐2, 16‐10, 16‐18 C; 21‐2, 21‐10, 21‐18 C; and 38‐2, 38‐10, and 38‐18 C were used to determine temperature effects on herbage comosition. Acid detergent fiber and permanganate lignin levels in crownvetch were influenced differently by environment than were their deposition rates. High leaf ADF and lignin levels were attributed to high light intensities within the crownvetch canopy. Stem ADF averaged 18% higher and leaf ADF 36% higher in first regrowth than in second regrowth. Leaf lignin averaged 67%, higher in fist regrowth than in second regrowth. Leaf lignin levels of crownvetch under controlled temperatures and low light intensities were one‐fourth to one‐half of that in field samples. Maturity effects on ADF and lignin levels were significantly greater at the two locations with higher elevations. The ADF and lignin deposition rates in late spring 1970 averaged three times those in 1969 and were associated with higher rainfall. Cutin level of leaves was 65% higher than that of stems, and maximum levels were obtained either at early or full bloom stage.In vitro digestibility of crownvetch stems decreased 0.81 percentage points per day from flower bud to early bloom, and thereafter at lower rates. Digestibility of crownvetch stems and leaves of first regrowth (58, 74%) was lower than that of second regrowth (66, 78%). The ADF and lignin levels of stems, but not of leaves, were largely independent of crop yield and were inversely related to digestibility. Prediction of nutritive value of firstcrop crownvetch is far more difficult than of other commonly used legumes
Simple, Inexpensive Solid State Liquid Level Detection and Control1
Authors: Spomer L. Art 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLiquid level detection and control is commonly used in agronomic and soil science research. Various mechanical, electromechanical, and solid state systems have been devised for this purpose. Of these, the solid state systems are the most versatile and reliable but also the most expensive to purchase or complex to construct. The function and construction of a very simple, inexpensive, sensitive, and versatile solid state liquid level detection and control system is described here. The detection circuit consists of an integrated circuit plus two capacitors and a simple bielectrode probe. Indicator, alarm, and control functions are available with the inclusion of as few as one to three additional components.