bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Displacement Effect of Public Pensions on the Accumulation of Financial Assets*
Authors: Hurd Michael , Michaud Pierre‐Carl , Rohwedder Susann 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe generosity of public pensions may depress private savings and provide incentives to retire early. While there is plenty of evidence supporting the latter effect, there remains considerable controversy over whether public pensions crowd out private savings. This paper uses international micro‐data sets collected over recent years to investigate whether public pensions displace private savings. The identification strategy relies not only on cross‐country differences in generosity but also on differences in the progressivity or non‐linearity of pension formulas across countries. We estimate that an extra dollar of pension wealth depresses accumulated financial assets around the time of retirement by 22 cents. An extra 10,000 dollars in public pension wealth reduces the average retirement age by roughly one month, which implies an elasticity of years of retirement with respect to pension wealth of 0.15.
Epithelial‐mesenchymal transition as a fundamental mechanism underlying the cancer phenotype
Authors: Cervantes-Arias A. , Pang L. Y. , Argyle D. J. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractEpithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex process involved in embryonic development, wound healing and carcinogenesis. During this process, epithelial cells lose their defining characteristics and acquire mesenchymal properties: loss of cell–cell adhesion; increased motility and invasiveness; resistance to apoptosis and changes in cellular morphology. EMT has been implicated as a driver of metastasis and tumour invasion, as this process allows cells to detach from their niche and migrate through blood and lymphatic vessels to invade different organs. This transition involves a diverse range of transcription factors, including Twist, Snail and ZEB1, and downstream transcriptional targets, including E‐cadherin, β‐catenin, fibronectin and vimentin. Recent evidence indicates that cancer stem cells are required for metastatic tumours to become established at a distant site, and that cancer cells undergoing EMT may develop stem‐cell characteristics as well as increased invasive potential. The role of EMT in cancer biology is newly emerging in the human field, and to date very little has been done in veterinary medicine. EMT may therefore be an important molecular determinant of tumour metastasis, and further understanding of this process may lead to novel drug targets to be exploited in both veterinary and human medicine.
Elemental Release from CoCr and NiCr Alloys Containing Palladium
Authors: Beck Kelly A. , Sarantopoulos Demetrios M. , Kawashima Isao , Berzins David W. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPurpose: An entirely new subclass of casting alloy composition whereby palladium (∼approximately 25 wt%) is added to traditional base metal alloys such as CoCr and NiCr was recently introduced to the market. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the elemental release of new CoPdCr and NiPdCr alloys and compare them to traditional CoCr and NiCr alloys.Materials and Methods: Five casting alloys were investigated: CoPdCr‐A (NobleCrown NF, The Argen Corporation), CoPdCr‐I (Callisto CP+, Ivoclar Vivadent), NiPdCr (NobleCrown, Argen), CoCr (Argeloy N.P. Special, Argen), and NiCr (Argeloy N.P. Star, Argen). Rectangular specimens (n = 6/alloy) were prepared and immersed in a lactic acid/NaCl solution at 37°C for 7 days according to ISO 10271. Solutions were analyzed with ICP‐AES to determine elemental release. The concentrations of major ions (cobalt, nickel, palladium, chromium, and molybdenum) were compared using a generalized linear model (p < 0.05). Representative specimens were examined with optical microscopy before and after immersion.Results: The CoPdCr alloys released a significantly greater amount of respective ions (Co, Cr, Mo, and total ions) compared to the traditional CoCr alloy. No significant differences in elemental release were noted between NiPdCr and NiCr. Optical microscopic examination showed abundant areas of corrosion in the palladium‐containing CoCr alloys after immersion, whereas little difference was observed for the other alloys.Conclusions: Corrosion resistance measured via elemental release was compromised when CoCr was alloyed with palladium, but this effect was not observed with NiCr.
Détachement de travailleurs, élargissements de l'Union européenne et mondialisation du commerce des services
Authors: LALANNE Stéphane 
Published: March 2012

Résumé.L'Europe occidentale est la région du monde développé la plus favorable aux détachements de travailleurs. Les élargissements de l'Union européenne à l'Est ont accentué les disparités salariales entre Etats membres et les risques de dumping social. La libéralisation des détachements a d'abord été poursuivie dans le cadre de la stratégie pour le Marché intérieur des services. Devant la forte contestation rencontrée dans certains pays membres, les autorités communautaires sont poussées à améliorer la protection des travailleurs détachés en Europe. Laboratoire de la mondialisation, le marché intérieur européen montre que des garde‐fous sont nécessaires en contrepartie d'une libéralisation des détachements.
Emploi et réussite scolaire dans les écoles primaires au Chili, en Colombie, en Equateur et au Pérou
Authors: POST David 
Published: March 2012

Résumé.En Amérique latine, beaucoup d'élèves travaillent parallèlement à la poursuite de leur scolarité, soit à la maison, soit à l'extérieur. Partant de données récemment publiées, l'auteur applique la méthode des moindres carrés ordinaires à plusieurs niveaux pour détecter les associations entre le travail – intensité et localisation – et les résultats en calcul et en lecture à la fin de l'école primaire dans quatre pays andins. Même après contrôle d'un effet de sélection – les enfants qui travaillent sont ceux qui fréquentent les moins bonnes écoles –, l'emploi apparaît comme nuisible aux résultats scolaires, surtout lorsque sa durée est supérieure ou égale à quatre heures par jour.
L'influence des syndicats dans les entreprises espagnoles
Authors: GARCÍA‐OLAVERRI Carmen , HUERTA Emilio 
Published: March 2012

Résumé.L'activité syndicale a‐t‐elle une influence sur les politiques des ressources humaines et la productivité dans les entreprises espagnoles? Pour répondre, les auteurs considèrent le concept d'influence syndicale et la façon dont celle‐ci affecte certains aspects du fonctionnement des entreprises. A partir de deux enquêtes réalisées en 1996 et 2007 dans les établissements de plus de cinquante salariés, ils cherchent à vérifier si l'influence syndicale se manifeste de façon conforme aux discours traditionnels des organisations syndicales ou si rhétorique et pratique diffèrent. Ils observent que l'influence syndicale reste surtout associée aux salaires et à l'absentéisme.
Facteurs de scolarisation des enfants travailleurs: étude de cas au Bengale‐Occidental
Authors: Pal Manoranjan , Pal Jadab K. , Tiwari Hare Ram , Bharati Premananda 
Published: March 2012

Résumé.A partir de données recueillies auprès de 327 ménages où vit au moins un enfant travailleur en 2008, les auteurs examinent à l'aide de variables socio‐économiques et démographiques la corrélation entre travail des enfants et scolarisation. Les résultats montrent que les variables sociodémographiques exprimant le «degré de sensibilisation» des parents (par exemple, l'instruction) n'ont pas beaucoup d'effets sur le taux de scolarisation, contrairement aux variables économiques représentant le niveau de vie des ménages, qui ont une forte influence sur la fréquentation de l'école.
Les réformes du marché du travail au Japon et en République de Corée: étude de cas comparée de l'élaboration des politiques dans les années 2000
Authors: Yun Ji‐Whan 
Published: March 2012

Résumé.Dès la fin des années 1990, le Japon et la Corée ont entrepris des réformes du marché du travail souvent présentées comme un simple processus d'assouplissement. Partant, toutefois, de la perspective du «double mouvement» de Polanyi, l'auteur étudie la façon dont ces pays ont intensifié leur recours au marché tout en recherchant la stabilité sociale. Passant en revue les mesures législatives liées à la libéralisation de l'emploi et à la garantie de revenus, il analyse les différentes méthodes adoptées par ces deux pays pour réformer leur marché du travail. En conclusion, il avance que leurs voies de réformes divergentes tiennent à la spécificité des mécanismes utilisés pour élaborer leurs politiques ainsi qu'au contexte propre à chacun d'entre eux.
Nouvelles normes de l'OIT sur le travail décent pour les travailleurs domestiques: résumé des débats
Authors: Tomei Manuela , Belser Patrick 
Published: March 2012

Résumé.Des millions de domestiques dans le monde sont exclus des législations nationales, car ils travaillent au domicile de particuliers avec une relation de travail atypique. Ils sont vulnérables à l'exploitation et aux abus – souvent surmenés, souspayés et victimes de violence. Adoptée par l'OIT en juin 2011, la convention (n° 189) et la recommandation (n° 201) sur les travailleuses et travailleurs domestiques concrétisent la volonté des gouvernements et des organisations d'employeurs et de travailleurs de remédier à cette situation. Associés aux travaux et aux négociations tripartites qui ont conduit à leur adoption, les auteurs passent en revue le contenu des deux instruments et les débats préparatoires.
Patch test practices and perceptions of Chinese dermatologists: results of a cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Zou Ying , Wang Xue Min 
Published: March 2012

Background Patch testing is the most valuable tool for diagnosing allergic contact dermatitis. Whereas previous surveys have evaluated patch test practices and perceptions of dermatologists worldwide, no such information is available relating to Chinese dermatologists.Objectives We surveyed Chinese dermatologists by using questionnaires to investigate their patch test practices and the prevalence of patch testing.Methods A cross‐sectional survey of Chinese dermatologists was conducted at the National Congress of Dermatology in December 2006.Results Of the 1116 questionnaires distributed, 1089 (97.6%) were returned. Eighty‐six per cent of dermatologists reported performing patch testing. Dermatologists from regional hospitals were significantly more likely to perform patch testing (p < 0.001). The majority (80.8%) used the baseline (standard) allergen series made in China. Eighty‐seven per cent of testers performed only a single patch test reading. The dermatologists' perceptions of the patch test indicated that 43.1% of the respondents thought that patch testing could be used to diagnose irritant contact dermatitis, and only 30.3% of the respondents made the correct choice when asked to read a patch test reaction.Conclusions Patch testing is widespread among Chinese dermatologists, but further improvement and education regarding the procedure is required.
Stability of selected volatile contact allergens in different patch test chambers under different storage conditions
Authors: Mose Kristian F. , Andersen Klaus E. , Christensen Lars Porskjær 
Published: March 2012

Background. Patch test preparations of volatile substances may evaporate during storage, thereby giving rise to reduced patch test concentrations.Objectives. To investigate the stability of selected acrylates/methacrylates and fragrance allergens in three different test chambers under different storage conditions.Methods. Petrolatum samples of methyl methacrylate (MMA), 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2‐HEMA), 2‐hydroxypropyl acrylate (2‐HPA), cinnamal and eugenol in patch test concentrations were stored in three different test chambers (IQ chamber™, IQ Ultimate™, and Van der Bend® transport container) at room temperature and in a refrigerator. The samples were analysed in triplicate with high‐performance liquid chromatography.Results. The decrease in concentration was substantial for all five allergens under both storage conditions in IQ chamber™ and IQ Ultimate™, with the exception of 2‐HEMA during storage in the refrigerator. For these two chamber systems, the contact allergen concentration dropped below the stability limit in the following order: MMA, cinnamal, 2‐HPA, eugenol, and 2‐HEMA. In the Van der Bend® transport container, the contact allergens exhibited acceptable stability under both storage conditions, whereas MMA and 2‐HPA required cool storage for maintenance of the limit.Conclusion. The Van der Bend® transport container was the best device for storage of samples of volatile contact allergens.
No skin reactions to mineral powders in nickel‐sensitive subjects
Authors: Lodén Marie , Nilsson Gert , Parvardeh Masomeh , Neimert Carne Kristina , Berg Mats 
Published: March 2012

Background. Cosmetic products are known to be able to induce contact dermatitis. Contact dermatitis may also be induced by nickel, and it is estimated that up to 17% of women are allergic to nickel.Objectives. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether nickel sensitized individuals react to make‐up products containing pigments with nickel as an impurity.Patients/Materials/Methods. Twenty‐three individuals with a clinical history of nickel allergy and/or with positive patch test reactions to nickel were exposed to mineral make‐up products and individual pigments dispersed in alkylbenzoate (50%) in small Finn Chambers® for 48 hr. The skin reactions were evaluated visually and with a non‐invasive instrument that quantifies skin erythema.Results. The results showed that 74% of the included individuals showed a visible reaction to the positive control nickel sulfate, and a significant correlation was found between the visual and instrumental readings. However, none of the nickel sensitive individuals reacted to the test products. A subgroup analysis of the 50% most sensitive individuals also confirmed the absence of skin reactions to the powders.Conclusions. The bioavailability of the trace amounts of nickel in the particles was below the level needed to elicit an eczematous reaction in any of the nickel‐sensitized individuals.
Comparison and evaluation of the current staging of cutaneous carcinomas
Authors: Breuninger Helmut , Brantsch Kay , Eigentler Thomas , Häfner Hans‐Martin 
Published: March 2012

Summary Background: Recently the “Union for International Cancer Control” (UICC) and the “American Joint Committee on Cancer” (AJCC) changed their TNM (tumor, node, metastasis) classification of cutaneous carcinomas. Methods: We compared these classifications, tested their practicability with 615 prospectively collected, unselected, primary cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas, and introduced additional classification criteria.Results: Neither classification contains information about prognosis. Non‐metastasizing types of cutaneous carcinoma should be excluded. The vermilion border of the lower lip and the eyelids should be included. Both systems have been improved, but in part they are irreproducible. The AJCC has introduced six “high‐risk features” to differentiate between T1 and T2. However, this does not seem reasonable. Only rare cases are classified as T4. Both systems have different N classifications. A clinical cT classification based on tumor size 2 cm seems reasonable but not sufficient. It should be complemented by a postoperative p (pathologic) T classification based on tumor thickness: “no risk”≤ 2 mm thickness (0% risk of metastasis), “low risk” > 2 mm to 6 mm thickness (4% risk of metastasis), and “high risk” > 6 mm thickness (16% risk of metastasis). Immune suppression, poor differentiation/desmoplasia, and the ear as tumor site are additional risk factors for metastasis, currently not evaluable.Conclusions: The classifications are unsuitable for a realistic estimate of the risk of metastasis which is possible using a combination of tumor size and thickness. The N staging system should consider histopathologic findings.
Rain forest understorey ferns facilitate tree seedling survival under animal non‐trophic stress
Authors: Song Guo‐Zhang Michael , Yates David J. , Doley David 
Published: March 2012

AbstractQuestionsAlthough forest ecosystems harbour many animal species and animal non‐trophic effects are as ubiquitous as trophic effects, few studies have examined animal non‐trophic effects on plant–plant interactions. Can animal non‐trophic behaviour influence plant–plant interactions and thus, change the net effect of interactions, especially those between understorey vegetation and tree seedlings? How do the species traits of understorey vegetation and animals contribute to their interactions with seedlings?LocationThe Main Range National Park, southeast Queensland, Australia.MethodsSeedling survival related to the cover of understorey vegetation (mainly the fern Lastreopsis decomposita) was monitored in a 0.5‐m wide and 200‐m long transect for 2 yrs. Ten per cent of the transect was caged to estimate the effects of non‐trophic disturbances from two pheasant‐size, ground‐dwelling birds (Menura alberti and Alectura lathami) for 1 yr. Two hundred plastic tags (5 × 5 cm) were placed in the transect to quantify bird disturbance and litter input.ResultsThe negative effects of the fern understorey on seedlings were increased light deficits, greater risk of herbivory and wilting or rotting; the positive effects were reduced uprooting and litter smothering due to abiotic and bird disturbances. Notably, the exclusion of bird activity changed the net effect of the fern understorey from positive to neutral, and seedling survival was positively correlated with fern cover.ConclusionsThe net effect of plant‐plant interactions is subject to change when additional species are involved. In addition to trophic effects, non‐trophic effects are such that they can change interactions between plants. A conceptual model of species traits contributing to interactions is presented.
On and Off the Reservation: A Discussion of the Social, Physical, and Mental Health Indicators of Suicide in the Native American Community
Authors: Guittar Nicholas A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis article reviews explanations for the heightened rates of suicide among the US Native American population. Particular attention is afforded to the social, historical, physical, and mental health stressors that may contribute to such high rates. A great deal of scientific research has centered on determining and analyzing the many socio‐demographic indicators of suicide. Studies at the intersection of race/ethnicity and suicide have drawn attention to the fact that certain groups have higher suicide rates than others. At the pinnacle of groups most susceptible to suicide are Native Americans, followed closely by White non‐Hispanics, and then all other racial/ethnic groups (Sederer 1994). As of 2008, Native Americans were more than twice as likely to commit suicide as Blacks, Hispanics, or Asian‐Americans. The analysis begins with an exploration of potential explanations behind the alarming rates of suicide within the Native American community, followed by critiques of the various theories.
The role of the brain in farmed fish
Authors: Papoutsoglou Sofronios E. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAs is well known, optimal levels of both homeostasis and welfare of farmed fish are almost completely dependent upon human endeavour to investigate fish brain capacities and utilize them for the greatest benefit. According to the accumulated research experience specifically concerning minimization of farmed fish stress, the final outcome of the involved mechanisms is strongly associated with fish species and biological stage as well as a number of rearing environment parameters related to the type of the production system applied.Based on the conclusions gained, it is clear that the fish brain‐neuroendocrinological system is an extraordinarily rich and expressive one forming a species‐specific living ethology that incorporates cognitive behaviour and ‘demands’, the whole constituting, in effect, the fish “personality”. The diverse facets of this ‘personality’ are expressed via a wide range of phenomena: e.g. the power of learning, memorizing, sound production, particular external coloration changes, courtship behaviour, parent care and “emotional feelings” including the manifestation of aggressiveness and the demonstration of “happiness”. The final conclusion to be drawn is that fish are indeed amazing creatures. One can only marvel at the superb plasticity of their brain which, over hundreds of millions of years and through myriad genomic, evolutionary and epigenetic developments, has enabled them to adapt and respond to and remarkably thrive in all extremes of environments, and all this though they lack a cerebral neocortex.
Efficacy of Cilostazol on Uncontrolled Coronary Vasospastic Angina: A Pilot Study
Authors: Yoo Sang‐Yong , Song Sung‐Gook , Lee Jae‐Hwan , Shin Eun‐Seok , Kim Jeong‐Su , Park Yong‐Hyun , Kim Jun , Chun Kook‐Jin , Kim June‐Hong 
Published: March 2012

SummaryBackground: Although an angina attack by vasospastic angina (VSA) can usually be relieved or controlled with nitrates and calcium channel blockers (CCBs), there are some patients who cannot be controlled even by higher doses and combinations of these drugs. Cilostazol is a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 3 that increases intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) contents. A stimulation of cAMP signal transduction increases coronary nitric oxide production. We examined whether cilostazol improved angina symptoms in patients with VSA uncontrolled by conventional treatment. Methods: This study was conducted in a prospective, multicenter, nonrandomized manner. The subject consisted of 21 patients (13 men, 57 ± 9 year‐old) who were diagnosed with VSA and had at least two angina attacks during the past 1 week despite of conventional medications such as CCBs and/or nitrates. They took cilostazol 100 mg twice daily for 2 weeks in addition to the conventional medications. The patients recorded the frequency of angina attack and wrote down the numeric rating scale of a "severity of angina attack" while taking conventional medications and cilostazol for 2 weeks, and also recorded an averaged scale or total number of event during the last week at the time of the assessment. Using the Wilcoxon rank‐sum test, we compared the changes in the scores of frequency and severity of angina attack before and after adding cilostazol to the conventional medications. Results: After adding cilostazol to the conventional medications, there were 78.9% relative reduction of the score of angina intensity and 73.5% of angina frequency (P < 0.001). There were four patients (19%) who were forced to stop cilostazol due to headache as an adverse event. Conclusions: Cilostazol appears to be an effective therapy in VSA uncontrolled with conventional medical treatment. A further prospective, randomized, placebo‐controlled study will be needed to validate this result.