bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Jansen Nils 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the problems associated with law-making and its application in legal practice. It then sets out the purpose of the book, which is to further clarify the classical understanding of the legal process in general, and of codifications in particular. The analysis focuses on specific legal texts and their form, rather than on legal rules. Here, the main argument proceeds from the historical observation that — before and besides the modern legislative codifications — there have always been non-legislative codifications and other basic reference texts: law books, laying down a comprehensive body of norms, which were not issued by legislators but nevertheless were regarded as effectively binding in legal discourse.
The Making of Legal Authority
Authors: Jansen Nils 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter addresses the question of how legal authority is made. More specifically, it asks how non-legislative reference texts can achieve such a high degree of authority that the participants in legal discourse may rely on such texts as an ultimate source of the law. Even if a full answer to this question is not possible, because the legal authority of an individual reference text is always the result of an individual historical process of recognition that cannot be fully explained on the basis of abstract theory alone, and because such processes are often connected with social struggle for influence, wealth, and reputation, it may be possible, nevertheless, to identify and better understand some factors contributing to the authority of a legal reference text.
Conclusion
Authors: Jansen Nils 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This concluding chapter argues that non-legislative codifications, such as the American Restatements, the Principles of European Contract Law, and the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts, are no modern peculiarity. On the contrary: European private law has long been developed on the basis of texts that were largely independent of any political domination. This becomes apparent from the transjurisdictional character of most non-legislative codifications. Thus, private law has mostly been, and still is to a large degree, autonomous from the states' political system.
International Differences in Well-Being
Authors: Diener Ed , Kahneman Daniel , Helliwell John 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This book draws together the latest work from scholars around the world using subjective well-being data to understand and compare well-being across countries and cultures. Starting from many different vantage points, the book reaches a consensus that many measures of subjective well-being, ranging from life evaluations through emotional states, based on memories and current evaluations, merit broader collection and analysis. Using data from the Gallup World Poll, the World Values Survey, and other internationally comparable surveys, the chapters document wide divergences among countries in all measures of subjective well-being. The international differences are greater for life evaluations than for emotions. Despite the well-documented differences in the ways in which subjective evaluations change through time and across cultures, the bulk of the very large international differences in life evaluations are due to differences in life circumstances rather than differences in the way these differences are evaluated.
1 Income’s Association with Judgments of Life Versus Feelings
Authors: Diener Ed , Kahneman Daniel , Tov William , Arora Raksha 
Published: May 2010

AbstractEvidence is presented that measures of subjective well-being vary along a dimension anchored at the two ends by evaluative judgments of life and experienced affect. A debate in recent decades has been focused on whether rising income increases the experience of well-being. This chapter found that Judgment is more strongly associated with income, and with long-term changes of national income. Measures of feelings showed lower correlations with income in cross-sectional analyses, and lower associations with long-term rising income. Furthermore, income showed very similar regression lines with the judgment of life at the two times of the surveys, suggesting that a common standard was used. Measures of concepts such as “Happiness” and “Life Satisfaction” appear to be saturated with varying mixtures of judgment and affect, and this is reflected in the degree to which they correlate with income. This chapter's findings are relevant to Easterlin’s hypotheses about income and well-being. Income and income change were associated with judgments of life and national increases in them, whereas the associations of income and feelings were less robust.
3 Culture and Well-Being: Conceptual and Methodological Issues
Authors: Oishi Shigehiro 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter reviews the literature on culture and well-being focusing on the following three topics: (a) historical and cultural variations in concepts of well-being, (b) measurement and methodological issues, and (c) cultural differences in mean levels, correlates, and consequences of well-being. The three main theses of this chapter are (a) there are diverse lay concepts of happiness and well-being across times and cultures, ranging from “fortune and good luck” to “the satisfaction of one’s desires” to “pleasure and enjoyment,” (b) therefore, well-being should be assessed using diverse measures that tap into these different concepts of well-being, and (c) national differences in mean levels, correlates, and consequences of well-being should be interpreted with the diversity of lay concepts of and beliefs about happiness and the limitations of different measures (e.g., global vs. online reports of well-being) in mind.
5 Life (Evaluation), HIV/AIDS, and Death in Africa
Authors: Deaton Angus , Fortson Jane , Tortora Robert 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter uses data from the Gallup World Poll and from the Demographic and Health Surveys to investigate how subjective well-being (SWB) is affected by mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, including mortality from HIV/AIDS. The Gallup data provide direct evidence on Africans’ own emotional and evaluative responses to high levels of infection and of mortality. By comparing the effect of mortality on SWB with the effect of income on SWB, monetary values can attached to mortality to illuminate the often controversial question of how to value life in Africa. Large fractions of the respondents in the World Poll report the mortality of an immediate family member in the last twelve months, with malaria typically more important than AIDS, and deaths of women in childbirth more important than deaths from AIDS in many countries. A life evaluation measure (Cantril’s ladder of life) is relatively insensitive to the deaths of immediate family, which suggests a low value of life. There are much larger effects on experiential measures, such as sadness and depression, which suggest much larger values of life. It is not clear whether either of these results is correct, yet the results here demonstrate that experiential and evaluative measures are not the same thing, and that they cannot be used interchangeably as measures of “happiness” in welfare economics.
6 Does Relative Income Matter? Are the Critics Right?
Authors: Layard R. , Mayraz G. , Nickell S. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractDo other peoples’ incomes reduce the happiness which people in advanced countries experience from any given income? And does this help to explain why in the U.S., Germany and some other advanced countries, happiness has been constant for many decades? The answer is to both questions is Yes. This chapter provides four main pieces of evidence. (1) In the U.S. General Survey (repeated samples since 1972) comparator income has a negative effect on happiness equal in magnitude to the positive effect of own income. (2) In the West German Socio-Economic Panel since 1984 the same is true but with life-satisfaction as the dependant variable. The chapter also uses the Panel to compare the effect of income comparisons and of adaptation as factors explaining the stable level of life-satisfaction: income comparisons emerge as much the more important. (3) When in the U.S. analysis the chapter introduces “perceived” relative income as a potential explanatory variable, its effect is as large as the effect of actual relative income – further supporting the view that comparisons matter. (4) Finally, for a panel of European countries since 1973 the chapter estimates the effect of average income upon average life-satisfaction, splitting income into two components: trend and cycle. The effect of trend income is small and ill-defined. The chapter's conclusions relate to time series and to advanced countries only. They differ from those drawn in recent studies by Deaton and Stevenson/Wolfers, but those studies are largely cross-sectional and mostly include non-advanced as well as advanced countries.
7 Happiness and Economic Growth: Does the Cross Section Predict Time Trends? Evidence from Developing Countries
Authors: Easterlin Richard A. , Sawangfa Onnicha 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBased on point-of-time comparisons of happiness in richer and poorer countries, it is commonly asserted that economic growth will have a significant positive impact on happiness in poorer countries, if not richer. The time trends of subjective well-being (SWB) in thirteen developing countries, however, are not significantly related to predictions derived from the cross sectional relation of happiness to GDP per capita. The point-of-time comparison leads to the expectation that the same absolute increase in GDP per capita will have a bigger impact on SWB in a poorer than a richer country. In fact there is no significant relation between actual trends in SWB and those predicted from the cross sectional relationship. Nor is a higher percentage rate of growth in GDP per capita significantly positively associated with a greater improvement in SWB. In the developing countries studied here a greater increase in happiness does not accompany more rapid economic growth. These conclusions hold true for two measures of SWB that are separately analyzed, overall life satisfaction and satisfaction with finances. The two SWB measures themselves, however, typically trend similarly within a country, providing mutually supporting evidence of the trend in well-being.
12 Faith and Freedom: Traditional and Modern Ways to Happiness
Authors: Inglehart Ronald F. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThere are two main routes to happiness, one linked with modernization and another with traditional belief systems. In so far as modernization brings greater income, and political and personal freedom, it is conducive to rising subjective well-being — and in recent decades, it has actually made people happier. Economic development helps but its impact follows a curve of diminishing returns and rising social tolerance and political freedom played even more important roles in the global rise of subjective well-being that occurred from 1981 to 2007. Belief systems also shape subjective well-being, and religion has traditionally helped offset the effect of poverty. Thus, within most countries religious people are happier than non-religious people, although they tend to have lower incomes. And cross-nationally, the people of strongly religious low-income countries are substantially happier than the people of less religious low-income countries. Ideologies also help shape subjective well-being. Today, the publics of most ex-communist countries show weak or negative correlations between religion and subjective well-being. This seems to reflect a recent influx of unhappy people, who have turned to religion following the collapse of faith in communist ideology, which once provided a sense of meaning and certainty for many people.
Rethinking World Politics
Authors: Cerny Philip 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis book is a major intervention into a central debate in international relations: how has globalization transformed world politics? Most work on world politics still presumes the following: in domestic affairs, individual states function as essentially unified entities; and in international affairs, stable nation-states interact with each other. In this book, the state lies at the center; it is what politics is all about. However, the author contends that recent experience suggests another process at work: “transnational neopluralism.” In the old version of pluralist theory, the state is less a cohesive and unified entity than a varyingly stable amalgam of competing and cross-cutting interest groups that surround and populate it. Contemporary world politics is subject to similar pressures from a wide variety of sub- and supra-national actors, many of which are organized transnationally rather than nationally. In recent years, the ability of transnational governance bodies, NGOs, and transnational firms to shape world politics has steadily grown. Importantly, the rapidly growing transnational linkages among groups and the emergence of increasingly influential, even powerful, cross-border interest and value groups is new. These processes are not replacing nation-states, but are forging new transnational webs of power. States, this book argues, are themselves increasingly trapped in these webs. After mapping out the dynamics behind contemporary world politics, the book concludes by prognosticating where this all might lead.
Chapter 2 Globalization and Other Stories
Authors: Cerny Philip G. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter looks back at the question of paradigms in the study of politics, both domestic and international, and global politics. It argues that the paradigms that have been dominant in political science and international relations, although they have served well up to a point, have been undermined by structural developments and patterns of political action over many decades, particularly since the middle of the 20th century and increasingly as we get further into the 21st; what is generally referred to as the process of globalization. What Kuhn called “normal science” is continually being challenged and undermined by a fundamental transformation referred to as “world politics.” World politics not only crosses over between the international and domestic levels of analysis but also involves a process of interaction and semi-fusion of the two supposedly distinct levels which, however uneven and continually evolving, is fundamentally transforming the way we understand how the world works. In attempting to explain globalization, therefore, a new paradigm is needed: transnational neopluralism.
Chapter 5 Multinodal Politics
Authors: Cerny Philip G. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter contains the core of the book's theoretical and analytical argument; namely, that a process of what has been called “structuration” has been unfolding, however unevenly, that puts transnationally linked, organized, and intertwined “interest” and “value” groups at the heart of the transformation processes. These groups play a crucial role in shaping what is a multilevel, multinodal process of politicking; of pursuing their collective interests and goals, of seeking to influence and control policy-making, of shaping political processes and power structures, and of competing and forming (and breaking) coalitions in the pursuit of those goals. They seek increasingly to “capture the benefits of globalization” for their constituents, across borders and at different levels of action. Furthermore, they play a central role in the transformation of globalizing public policy-making processes at various levels.
Chapter 6 Globalizing the Public Policy Process
Authors: Cerny Philip G. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractGlobalization involves differential patterns of politics in which interest groups, political parties, and political entrepreneurs seek to use different parts of the policy process to benefit from globalizing trends in specific issue-areas. Diverse actors face divergent cost-benefit calculi. At one level, the policy process becomes a terrain of conflict and coalition-building between those actors and interests that believe they would benefit on the whole from globalization, on the one hand, and those that believe they would be disadvantaged, on the other. But at another level, globalization (especially globalization as discourse) itself becomes a bargaining process among groups that are characterized by different kinds of payoffs. This process benefits primarily those groups that are transnationally linked and networked, providing them with what Thomas Friedman has called a “globalization premium.” The notion of the policy process in general therefore needs to be reconceptualized for a globalizing world. This chapter suggests some modest ways in which to develop a new model of the policy process to reflect this changing environment.
Conclusion
Authors: Cerny Philip G. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter focuses on two contemporary theorists of rescaling, Bob Jessop and Neil Brenner. Jessop places this reconceptualization of space within a broad analysis of the changing “capitalist type of state”; Brenner develops a more circumscribed study of urban governance but places it clearly in the larger context of capitalism and globalization. These authors' depictions of the shape of structural change are examined and it is argued that despite the rigor of these analyses and the many insights they provide, the authors are nevertheless hampered by the elements of classical Marxist analysis they retain, especially their focus on “accumulation strategies” and Marxist theories of value.
An HRM Perspective on Employee Participation
Authors: Boxall Peter , Purcell John 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Since the 1980s, human resource management (HRM) has become the most widely recognized term in the Anglophone world referring to the activities of management in organizing work and managing people to achieve organizational ends. HRM itself can be subdivided into three domains: micro HRM, strategic HRM, and international HRM. This diversity in HRM leads to a major problem if one is asked to describe an HRM perspective on employee participation. The response to this challenge is to emphasize the value of taking an ‘analytical approach’ to HRM. This article applies an analytical HRM approach to the study of contemporary patterns of employee representation and participation. It describes the trends in employee-voice practices and the larger organizational patterns of which they form a part. The focus is mainly on the Anglo-American world, but some comparisons are also made with practices outside the Anglophone sphere to illustrate what is distinctive.
Labour Process and Marxist Perspectives on Employee Participation
Authors: Lucio Miguel Martinez 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article aims to outline how an apparently positive feature of organizational life can also be considered a focus of concern. It starts with an outline of some of the variations in Marxist and Labour Process debates, along with discussion of those debates within political science that have had most impact on discussions in industrial relations, especially the debate on corporatism. The article then moves to a discussion of critical accounts of the broad notion of participation within capitalist economies at various levels. It explains why forms of worker participation are both the subject of political demands by various constituencies, yet are also a cause of concern in the way they have evolved. Finally, the article outlines some of the challenges facing critical and, in particular, Marxist and Labour Process approaches to the debates on participation.
Direct Employee Participation
Authors: Wilkinson Adrian , Dundon Tony 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article defines direct participation and considers the context in which participation has changed over time. It is concerned with clarifying what is meant by different participation schemes. The article also evaluates the extent to which various practices allow workers to have a say in organizational decisions. Next, it considers the issue of management choice over employee voice and participation. The article then reviews a framework against which to evaluate employee participation, and this is followed by an explanation of the types of schemes used in practice. Furthermore, it considers the impacts on organizational performance and employee well-being that are often claimed to arise from employee participation. The article concludes by reviewing some of the current influences and policy choices in the area of direct employee participation.
Employer Strategies Towards Non‐Union Collective Voice
Authors: Gollan Paul J. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Non-union collective voice (NCV) has tended to play a minimal role in many Anglo industrial relations systems, with few formal processes or legal requirements. However, the lack of representative structures covering increasing numbers of non-union employees due to declining levels of trade union density and legislative changes banning closed shop or compulsory union arrangements have prompted the current interest in NCV arrangements. This article explores management strategies towards, and the development of, NCV arrangements and union responses to such arrangements in predominately English-speaking countries. It also tracks the development of dual-channel NCV and union voice arrangements, and examines the interplay between channels of NCV and trade unions. Overall, the article reviews this theory and raises debates around management strategies and issues involved in the process of transition from NCV to unionism.
International and Comparative Perspectives on Employee Participation
Authors: Wailes Nick , Lansbury Russell D. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article seeks to modify and extend the Varieties of Capitalism (VofC) approach in a way that makes it possible for it to account for both within country diversity and the role which international factors play in shaping national patterns of participation. It does so by drawing on recent debates about the VofC approach in general and comparative corporate governance in particular. Both these literatures suggest the need for VofC analysis to adopt a less deterministic view of the role that institutions play in shaping social action, to focus more on the role of agency and interests, and to suggest the need to explore the interconnections between countries in more detail. The article uses this modified VofC framework to examine the extent to which it can help explain recent developments in two countries: the United Kingdom and Germany. It concludes by outlining suggestions for further research.
Economics
Authors: Pitelis Christos N. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article aims is to provide a short critical account of extant economic theory(ies) of the firm, business (and industry organization), and the state and government. It explores competing perspectives, such as neoclassical economics, transaction costs, the evolutionary perspective, resource, capabilities, and the system-based view as well as Marxism and identifies common ground and differences. It also attempts a limited eclectic synthesis. The task of covering such apparently diverse topics in the context of a single entry is facilitated by the fact that extant alternative economic perspectives have implications on all the aforementioned theories. It also tries to show that the issues at hand are central to an appreciation of international organization and system-wide economic performance.