bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterisation of Through‐Flowing Pores in Activated Carbon Pellets by the Method of Time‐Lag
Authors: Rutherford S. W. , Nguyen C. , Do D.D. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPellets of finely sized activated carbon particles prepared in our laboratory and tailored to have differing BET surface areas were constructed. The time‐lag technique was employed to investigate the mass transfer of non‐sorbing and weakly sorbing gases in these pellets. This involved subjecting the pellet to known upstream pressure, and the pressure rise in the downstream volume (which was initially outgassed) was monitored. The diffusion coefficient representing the mass transfer into the particle network was found to be a complex Junction of the system parameters for all gases including helium, indicating the possibility of surface diffusion with Helium or that pellet heterogeneity affects the diffusion process. However, the molecular weight dependence of the observed flux is close to that predicted by the Knudsen diffusion equation, allowing the pores to be sized.
Drag Reduction in Two‐phase Gas‐Liquid flow
Authors: Ferguson M. E. G. , Spedding P. L. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractDrag reduction is reported for two phase air water liquid co‐current flow for three different pipe diameters (0.0454, 0.0508, 0.0935 m). The drag reduction was achieved without the addition of drag reducing agents such as surfactants. Drag reduction compared to single phase gas flow occurred in the stratified and the stratified plus ripple regimes and in the droplet and the stratified film plus droplet regimes at low liquid flow rates. Drag reduction compared to single phase liquid flow occurred in the stratified and the stratified roll wave and inertial wave and the bubble flow regimes at relatively low gas flows. Details of the mechanisms involved are presented.
Crystal Size Distribution Control in Reactive Precipitation Processes
Authors: ZareNezhad B. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractCrystallization of boric acid through reaction between borax solution and oxalic acid crystals was investigated experimentally. The infruence of process variables on the product mean crystal size and number concentration was presented. Larger crystals were produced at low ranges of borax Concentration, solid oxalic acid loading and impeller speeds, and high temperatures and large oxalic acid crystals.
Mass Transfer at Horizontal Surfaces in Bubble Columns
Authors: Nosier S. A. , El‐Khaiary M. I. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe solid‐liquid mass transfer characteristics of a single cylindrical horizontal surface immersed in a gas‐liquid bubble column were investigated by measuring the rate of dimion‐controlled dissolution of a copper surface in acidified dichromate solution. Variables studied were the diameter of the cylindrical surface, physical properties of the solution, and airflow rate. The mass tranfer coefficient was found to increase with increasing air flow rate. Increasing the diameter was found to decrease the mass transfer coefficient. The mass transfer data were correlated by the equation: J = 0.147 (Fr Re)0.256 (dide)−0.235. It was found that the diameter does not have a significant effect on the gas holdup.
Emission Control of VOC Components in Gasoline with Oxygenates: A Comparative Study
Authors: Furzer I. A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA new characterisation method for VOC emissions is proposed for gasolines containing oxygenates such as methanol, ethanol and MTBE. The method is based on determining the vapour composition of an oxygenated gasoline that contains 10% (mol) oxygenate, and 10% (mol) is vaporised. A simulation of the method for a PNA gasoline with oxygenates gave the characteristic vapour composition for methanol, ethanol and MTBE as 0.536, 0.196 and 0.243(mol frac) respectively. Major VOC emissions may be expected in oxygenated gasolines containing methanol.
Heat Transfer to Liquid/Solid Fluidized Beds in Cylindrical Pipes
Authors: Jamialahmadi M. , Malayeri M. R. , Müller‐Steinhagen H. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBed voidage and local heat transfer coefficients for liquid/solid fluidized beds in a cylindrical tube have been measured using water as liquid phase, and three sizes of cylindrical steel particles as well as glass, nickel, copper and lead spheres as solid phase. The independent variables included heat flux, liquid velocity and particle physical properties. Conclusive interpretation of the results was possible with the recently published model of Gibilaro et al. which was used to define the hydrodynamic behaviour of the fluidized beds. During particulate fluidization and in the transition zone, bed voidage and heat transfer coefficient are strongly dependent on particle size and particle density. Alternatively, bed voidage and heat transfer coefficient during aggregate fluidization are almost independent of particle size and particle density. The maximum heat transfer rate is observed at voidage of 0.7–0.75 which correspond to the point of maximum aggregation in the bed. The measured heat transfer coefficients are compared with published correlations.
Treatment of Winery Wastewater In A Reactive PU‐Immobilized Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor
Authors: Peng R. Y. , Cheng C. , Greenfield P. F. , Wang H. E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractImmobilization of methanogens through direct reactive polymerization of TDI (tolylene diisocyanate) and PPG (polypropylene glycol) was shown to be successful. Rapid and early startup occurred within 48 hours of immobilization, with methane production rate 12.6 L/L‐day. In treating synthetic wastewater (SW), maximum percent sugar and COD eliminations at influent sugar loadings 4 g/L and 2 g/L were found to be 98.5% and 91.3 % respectively at hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 250 min. Whereas in treating winery wastewater (WW) at the same HRT, the treatment efficiency for sugar; protein; and COD was 94.1%; 90.3%; and 84.25%, respectively. While the methane production rate reached 8.75 L/L‐day. The features of direct reactive polyurethane(PU) ‐immobilization can be considered to be feasible as a new process innovation.
A Study of the Rapid Thermal Annealing Process for PECVD‐Deposited Borophosphosilicate Glass
Authors: Naimpally A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA study of the flow behavior of PECVD‐deposited borophosphosilicate glass has been conducted The flow that occurs due to the rapid thermal annealing process was measured for several concentrations of boron and phosphorus, as well as for different heights of the glass. The flow angle increases with the concentrations of boron and phosphorus, and increases in the height of the glass. The results will prove useful to process engineers trying to achieve flow with low thermal loads using rapid thermal annealing.
Process Synthesis for a Reactor‐Separator‐Recycle System using the Attainable Region Approach
Authors: Mcgregor C. , Hildebrandt D. , Glasser D. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe optimisation of a system of reactors and separators with recycle is an important problem in chemical engineering. This work examines the synthesis and optimisation of a reactor‐separator‐recycle system using the geometric ideas of the attainable region technique. The approach is applied to a simple idealised system where the available process operations are limited. Because the structure being considered has been constrained, the reaction and separation sections have effectively been decoupled. It is shown that because of this decoupling the reaction and separation sections can be individually synthesised using whatever methods are available. However, the overall system must still be optimised as a whole. Three examples are considered, each with different types of objective functions.
Bifurcation Analysis of Cubic Autocatalytic Reactions: Newton Polyhedron Approach
Authors: Adesina A. A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAutocatalytic systems constitute an important class of reactions of interest to chemists, chemical engineers and biotechnologists because they describe a variety of organic syntheses and biological reactions. However, pathological conditions such as multiple steady‐states, may arise in reactor operation due to nonlinear kinetics and reaction thermicity. In this paper, the steady‐state multiplicty and bifurcation analysis of a scheme of autocatalytic reactions (with cubic kinetic rate expressions) taking place in a non‐isothermal stirred tank has been explored For generality, the effects of both reaction stoichiometry and feed concentration of the autocatalyst have been incorporated. The solution procedure was based on the Newton polyhedron approach developed by Bailey and coworkers. When there is no inflow of the autocatalyst, one steady‐state solution exists irrespective of reaction type and kinetics. However, if the reactor is fed with less than or equal to stoichiometric ratios of the reactants, steady‐state bifurcation may occur for certain choices of system parameters. The relationship which must hold among the parameters for bifurcation to exist was established in each of the cases considered.
Modeling Ions through Conjugation Operators
Authors: Foisy M. , Fosdick S. , Wicke C. , Mavrovouniotis M. L. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn the chemical structures of ions, integer charges are nominally placed on particular atoms. But the properties of ions are affected by the dispersion of these charges to neighboring atoms. In order to account for the dispersion of charge, we propose the use of conjugation operators to model the chemical structures of ions. As a demonstration, an estimation method for the heterolytic bond dissociation energies associated with alcohol anions is derived from this type of model.
Changes in the Viscosity of Cultured Buttermilk during Commercial Filling
Authors: Butler F. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChanges in the consistency of cultured buttermilk caused by filling into cartons was investigated by comparing the viscosity of commercial buttermilk before and after filling. Two different carton filling systems were investigated. One system caused long term significant reduction in the viscosity of the buttermilk compared to samples taken directly from the storage tank. The second filling system caused no significant change in viscosity. The results demonstrate that with care and proper design of equipment, products such as buttermilk that are sensitive to shearing can be filled with minimum damage to the product.
The Production of Various Adsorbents from Lignite, and the Thermal Conductivity of the Optimum Adsorbent under Methane at Low Pressures
Authors: McCarroll S. C. , Spedding P. L. , Allen S. J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA series of adsorbents were produced from the lignite by pyrolysis in a furnace over a range of temperatures, from 600 to 900°C, for half an hour. The lignite based granular chars were produced from its normal raw state, and also after chemical pretreatment of the chars by agitation with 1% and 2% ZnCl2 wt/wt solutions for one hour. Static Equilibrium Isotherms using methane as the adsorbate were determined at 20°C for all the samples produced, and the adsorbent with the optimum uptake determined. The actual isotherms obtained were compared against the Freundlich and Langmuir Theories. Thermal conductivity tests using the Probe Technique were carried out at 20°C on the samples again using methane as the adsorbate. The relative pressure of the methane ranged from approximately zero to 0.95. The thermal conductivity values obtained were compared and contrasted against the actual isotherms obtained at this temperature.
Numerical Simulations of Time‐Dependent, non‐Newtonian Blood Flow through Typical Human Arterial Bypass Grafts
Authors: Cole J. S. , Gillan M. A. , Raghunathan S. , O'Reilly M. J. G. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe development of the detrimental feature of intimal hyperplasia at the locations where bypass grafts are surgically attached to host arteries is believed to be promoted by haemodynamic factors. Thus, it is of interest to model the flow of blood through typical arterial bypass configurations in order to identify which features of the flow field encourage the progression of the disease.Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of the non‐Newtonian flow of blood through typical three‐dimensional human femoral artery bypass graft models have been performed. The complete bypass configuration, rather than just the proximal or distal junction in isolation, has been analysed. Steady flow studies verified the strong dependence of the anastomotic flow field on the problem geometry. Flow disturbances were minimised at low anastomotic angles. A pulsatile flow computation, using a realistic femoral artery flow pulse, demonstrated noteworthy temporal and spatial variations in the flow fields at the proximal and distal anastomoses during the cardiac cycle. Due to the oscillations in direction of the flow at the distal anastomosis, and given the persistent zones of low momentum recirculating fluid, it is concluded that fluid particle residence times in the neighbourhood of the distal anastomosis are high. This feature may be of significance with regard to haemodynamic mechanisms for intimal hyperplasia.
Control of Heat Flux Profiles from Rotary Kiln Burners by Modification of Mixing
Authors: Parham J. J. , Nathan G. J. , Smart J. P. , Jenkins B. G. , Luxton R. E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe effect of flame shaping using a Precessing Jet (PJ) burner on heat flux profiles was measured at the semi‐industrial scale (2MW) in the cement kiln zone simulator at the International Flame Research Foundation. Natural gas was used as the fuel and measurements were taken at air preheat temperatures of 400°C, 640°C and 840°C. Results showed that the radiation from the shaped PJ flames was greater than that produced by momentum controlled flames from a multi‐channel burner. Increasing the proportion of shaping jet to Precessing Jet also “stretched” the shape of the heat flux profile such that the location of the peak heat flux was shifted down the kiln and reduced in magnitude slightly. The changes in the heat flux profiles are related to the changes in the mixing field of the non‐reacting jet flows recorded using a semi‐quantitative flow visualisation technique.
The Effect of Precession on the Ignition Region in Jet Flames
Authors: Yousefpour N. , Reppel J. , Alwahabi Z. T. , Nathan G. J. , King K. D. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPlanar Laser‐induced Fluorescence (PLIF) of the OH radical was used to study the base of the active combustion region in the flame produced by a mechanically precessed jet (MPJ) nozzle firing methane. Instantaneous images of the OH radical distribution were obtained for a range of jet flow rates and frequencies of jet precession about the central jet axis. The MPJ burner has been developed to better understand the effects of jet precession which have been found to reduce NOx emissions and increase emissivity in industrial flames. Broad distributions of the OH radical with widths up to 31.3 mm are shown to exist in the flame. Furthermore, combustion at the base of the flame is seen to occur not only at the periphery of the flame but also along the nozzle axis indicating the presence of a stoichiometric fuel air mixture there.
Detection and Removal of Vapour Phase Alkali Species from Hot Coal‐Derived Gases
Authors: Griffin P. G. , Campisi A. , Morrison R. J. S. , Chadwick B. L. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA high pressure, high temperature apparatus has been developed for the analysis of sorbents capable of removing alkali compounds to the concentration levels required by advanced, coal‐fired power generating systems. The reactor is capable of operating at temperatures up to 1200°C and pressures up to 2.0 MPa. A laser‐based technique ‐ photofragment fluorescence ‐ enables in‐situ analysis of the sodium content in a gas stream before and after a sorbent bed thereby determining the efficiency of the alkali removal by the various sorbents studied (typically aluminosilicate clays). The design and development of both the reactor and the laser‐based analytical technique is described.
Power Generation Technologies for Low‐Rank Coals
Authors: Brockway D. J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWorld electricity production is expected to double over the next twenty‐five years [1]. Dependence on fossil fuels for electricity production will continue to dominate through this period and well into the future. Currently, coal is the fuel for about 30% of total installed power generation capacity and the coal share of the electricity market is expected to remain essentially steady over the next 25 years (Figure 1). Nevertheless, the amount of coal consumed for power generation will increase substantially (Table 1) [1]. It is expected that world coal‐fired power production will grow at an average rate of 3% per annum. The forecast demand growth for power generation will require an investment of the order of US$3 trillion with about US$1 trillion in coal‐fired power generation. The increase in demand is attributed to growth in world population by 50 percent over the next 25 years [2] and by heavy demand growth in the Asia Pacific‐rim nations.In Australia, coal is the principal fuel for power generation providing 82 percent of electricity production. Two thirds of the electricity generated from coal in Australia relies on high‐rank coals (bituminous coals) and one‐third on low‐rank coals (brown coals and lignite).While the rate of growth of renewable energy and biomass technologies is expected to be substantial in the next few decades, it is apparent that these technologies will provide only a relatively small proportion of Australia's total energy needs. Coal will remain the principal fuel for electricity generation, in Australia and worldwide, for many decades to come.In order to minimise the impact of coal fired power generation on the environment there is a need to develop and install advanced cycle power generation systems when it is economically viable to do so.
Mathematical Modelling of Temperature Response of Low‐rank Coal Particles During Pyrolysis
Authors: Heidenreich C. A. , Yan H. M. , Zhang D.K. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA mathematical model has been developed to predict the temperature response of dry low‐rank coal particles during pyrolysis in an inert atmosphere. The model is based on the unsteady‐state heat conduction equation in spherical coordinates and uses the Distributed Activation Energy Model to predict volatiles evolution. Measurements of the temperature response at the centre of 10mm Bowmans coal particles were conducted in a horizontal tube furnace using nitrogen as the heating medium at furnace temperatures of 150d̀C, 350d̀C, 600d̀C, 700d̀C, and 800d̀C. A sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the influence of the heat of pyrolysis and the flux of volatiles leaving the particle on the temperature response. The heat of pyrolysis can influence the predicted temperature response, however the uncertainty surrounding the magnitude and nature of its value remains a problem. The gaseous flux has no significant effect on the model predictions. Measurements of the temperature response of particles with varying moisture contents indicate that the presence of moisture significantly influences the temperature response. The effect of moisture is greater than that of the heat of pyrolysis and further work is required to incorporate moisture into the current model.
A Fundamental Study on Pyrolysis of Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW)
Authors: Jin Baosheng , Zhong Zhaoping , Zhou Shanming 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper presents the pyrolysis experimental results of 8 component categories of Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW). Tests were carried out by a TG‐DTA 92 thermogravimetric analyzer which was made by Setaram Ltd. Co., France. This apparatus performs experiments such as TG, DTG and DTA simultaneously. MSW pyrolysis characteristics were investigated under different heating rates and different terminal temperatures. On the basis of the experimental results, kinetics parameters of MSW pyrolysis reactions were obtained and suitable kinetics model were proposed.
Safety and Chemicals
Authors: Furzer I. A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemical engineers need to be aware of the increasing concern over the safe use of chemicals, a duty of care, and a positive effort to reduce exposure to chemicals by both the general public and persons working in the occupational environment. Benzene inhalation from gasoline during automobile tank filling should be minimized in order to reduce the risk of leukaemia. Dermal absorption of pesticides and solvents can have adverse health effects. Captan, an old pesticide about to re‐appear, is examined as a potential human carcinogen. Persistent old organochlorines in meat can enter the human food chain. Organophosphate pesticides, 50 times more toxic than HCN, are detected in Australian beef and sheep samples. The best estimate of occupational mortality due to past chemical exposure is 2,300 people per year. Chemical engineers need the management vision to include safety and chemicals in the design and operation of plant, and in the pathways leading to inhalation, ingestion and absorption in humans.
The Performance of Aged Aqueous Foams for Mitigation of Thermal Radiation
Authors: Magrabi S. A. , Dlugogorski B. Z. , Jameson G. J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper investigates the effect of aging on the performance of aqueous foams as absorbers of thermal radiation. It employs a previously developed engineering method to evaluate the performance of fire‐fighting foams exposed to high fluxes of thermal radiation (5‐40 kW/m2). A radiator cone from the ISO 5660 cone calorimeter is utilised to generate a uniform heat flux of thermal radiation on a 50mm thick aqueous foam layer. A comparison of the effect of thermal radiation on freshly‐made and aged foam in terms of the drainage, evaporation and foam‐decay characteristics is carried out. Class B fire‐fighting foams in the expansion range 5‐30 are studied. The experimental data for the aged foam reflect real‐life situations. A performance‐cost index developed previously by the authors, is applied to quantify the overall stability of aged fire‐fighting foams exposed to fluxes of thermal radiation. The index demonstrates the superior performance of fresh foams in comparison to aged foams and shows that the low expansion foam (E=5) displays the worst performance to price ratio.