bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infection by Spotted Fever Rickettsiae in People, Dogs, Horses and Ticks in Londrina, Parana State, Brazil
Authors: Toledo R. S. , Tamekuni K. , Filho M. F. Silva , Haydu V. B. , Barbieri A. R. M. , Hiltel A. C. , Pacheco R. C. , Labruna M. B. , Dumler J. S. , Vidotto O. 
Published: January 2011

SummarySpotted fever is a disease caused by bacteria from the genus Rickettsia of the spotted fever group (SFG). Rickettsia rickettsii is likely the main agent of Brazilian spotted fever (BSF). With the objective of gathering information on the circulation of SFG rickettsiae in Londrina, Parana state, ticks from dogs and horses and also blood from dogs, horses and humans were collected in a neighbourhood of the city which presented potential for circulation of rickettsiae between hosts and vectors. Amblyomma cajennense, Dermacentor nitens, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks were subjected to Polymerase Chain Reaction targeting a fragment of the Rickettsia gltA gene. This specific gene encodes the enzyme citrate synthase of Rickettsia spp., and results on all ticks were negative. Human and animal sera were tested by Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay in which R. rickettsii and R. parkeri were used as antigens. Sera from 4.7% human, 2.7% canine and 38.5% equine were positive for R. rickettsii. For R. parkeri, 0.9% human, 2.7% canine and 11.5% equine samples were positive. All samples reactive to R. parkeri also reacted to R. rickettsii. An epidemiological questionnaire was applied, but there were no statistically significant results. Comparison of our serological results with previous studies in Brazil, among BSF endemic and non‐endemic areas, indicates that there is no established rickettsial infection in the study area, a statement corroborated with our molecular analysis. Nonetheless, as humans of the present study are highly exposed to tick infestations, health education within the population is needed to obtain efficient tick control.
Simulation Model for Campylobacter Cross‐Contamination During Poultry Processing at Slaughterhouses
Authors: Hayama Y. , Yamamoto T. , Kasuga F. , Tsutsui T. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryBroiler meat is regarded as the most common source of Campylobacter infection and risk management measures are required to reduce broiler meat contamination. Among the quantitative risk assessments for Campylobacter in broiler meat, evaluation of the poultry processing stage is particularly important for predicting the contamination level of broiler meat and the effects of control measures. In this study, we built a simulation model for cross‐contamination during poultry processing focusing on Campylobacter contamination at the individual carcass level. Using this model, we examined changes in the prevalence of contaminated carcasses and the number of Campylobacter per carcass after processing. As a result, it was found that the prevalence and number of Campylobacter after processing were largely influenced by the number of Campylobacter on the contaminated carcasses before processing. In the baseline model, where it was assumed that the mean number of Campylobacter on contaminated carcasses before processing was 4.7 log10 cfu per carcass, the prevalence after processing was less than that before processing. Although the median value of Campylobacter on contaminated carcasses was reduced after processing, the distributions after processing became wider and the upper limit of the 95% credible interval of Campylobacter on contaminated carcasses remained elevated. The individual‐based simulation model can trace individual level changes considering discrete interactions, while models tracing mean values cannot handle these interactions in detail. The individual‐based approach is considered useful for modelling cross‐contamination among individual carcasses during poultry processing.
Prevalence of impacted teeth in a Greek population
Authors: Gisakis Ioannis G. , Palamidakis Fotios D. , Farmakis Eleftherios‐Terry R. , Kamberos George , Kamberos Spyros 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAim:  Τo determine the prevalence of impacted teeth in an adult Greek population, according to type, sex, and age.Methods:  The major source of data for this study was the orthopantomographic films and the physical examinations of 425 patients (202 males and 223 females) with impacted teeth. The elements that were examined and processed were relevant to the age, sex, total number of impacted teeth, and the type and frequency of impaction of each tooth. Moreover, the associated pathology, if any, of the impacted tooth was recorded.Results:  A total of 152 patients (35.8%) had one impacted tooth, 134 patients (31.5%) had two impacted teeth, and 139 patients (32.7%) had three or more impacted teeth; 777 (82.7%) impacted teeth revealed associated pathology.Conclusions:  The third molars revealed the highest frequency of impaction (P < 0.001); the number of impacted teeth of the mandible was larger than that of the maxilla (P < 0.001), and the number of impacted anterior teeth in the maxilla was larger than that in the mandible (P < 0.001). Cases of impacted posterior teeth were more numerous than anterior teeth (P < 0.001). The majority of patients revealed pathological signs, which dictated the surgical removal of the impacted tooth/teeth.
Efficient process for the conversion of xylose to furfural with acidic ionic liquid
Authors: Tao Furong , Song Huanling , Chou Lingjun 
Published: January 2011

An efficient and simple process for the dehydration of xylose into furfural was studied, which was catalyzed by 1-(4-sulfonic acid)butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate (IL-1) under mild conditions. A xylose conversion of 95.3% with a furfural yield of 91.45% was achieved in a 25 min reaction time at 150 °C; the xylose conversion and furfural yield greatly depended on the operation conditions, such as reaction time and temperature. IL-1 could be recycled and exhibited constant activity for five successive trials. This system was an important improvement, relative to the reactions using mineral acids at high temperatures, for further development on a pilot scale.
Active Ear Acupuncture Points in Neonates with Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS)
Authors: Raith Wolfgang , Kutschera Jörg , Müller Wilhelm , Urlesberger Berndt 
Published: January 2011

The aim of the study was to determine the presence of acupuncture ear points in neonates with Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS). NAS occurs in the first days of life in neonates whose mothers have a history of drug abuse, and may also occur in neonates whose mothers are currently following substitution therapy.The patients are neonates with NAS admitted over one year to the Division of Neonatology at the University Hospital Graz. The examination took place on the third day after delivery (mean value 70.3 hours) and was performed by a neuronal pen (PS 3 © Silberbauer, Vienna, Austria). An integrated sound and optical signal detected the active ear points that were then placed on an ear map. We investigated six neonates (four male, two female). All investigated neonates showed the presence of active ear acupuncture points. The psychovegetative rim was the most common organic area of the children, following by a few organic points. This corresponds with the results found in healthy neonates. In all neonates with NAS, we found the presence of psychic ear points. The identified psychic ear points are the frustration-point, R-point and the psychotropic area nasal from the incisura intertragica. In all neonates with NAS, active organic and psychic ear points were detectable in both ears. In the future, it could be possible to use active ear points for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
Buffer capacity computation for throughput-constrained modal task graphs
Authors: Wiggers Maarten H. , Bekooij Marco J. G. , Smit Gerard J. M. 
Published: January 2011

Increasingly, stream-processing applications include complex control structures to better adapt to changing conditions in their environment. This adaptivity often results in task execution rates that are dependent on the processed stream. Current approaches to compute buffer capacities that are sufficient to satisfy a throughput constraint have limited applicability in case of data-dependent task execution rates.
In this article, we present a dataflow model that allows tasks to have loops with an unbounded number of iterations. For instances of this dataflow model, we present efficient checks on their validity. Furthermore, we present an efficient algorithm to compute buffer capacities that are sufficient to satisfy a throughput constraint.
This allows to guarantee satisfaction of a throughput constraint over different modes of a stream processing application, such as the synchronization and synchronized modes of a digital radio receiver.
Parametric timing analysis and its application to dynamic voltage scaling
Authors: Mohan Sibin , Mueller Frank , Root Michael , Hawkins William , Healy Christopher , Whalley David , Vivancos Emilio 
Published: January 2011

Embedded systems with real-time constraints depend on a priori knowledge of worst-case execution times (WCETs) to determine if tasks meet deadlines. Static timing analysis derives bounds on WCETs but requires statically known loop bounds.
This work removes the constraint on known loop bounds through parametric analysis expressing WCETs as functions. Tighter WCETs are dynamically discovered to exploit slack by dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) saving 60% to 82% energy over DVS-oblivious techniques and showing savings close to more costly dynamic-priority DVS algorithms.
Overall, parametric analysis expands the class of real-time applications to programs with loop-invariant dynamic loop bounds while retaining tight WCET bounds.
Morphological Evidence for a Change in the Pattern of Aortic Wall Shear Stress With Age
Authors: Bond Andrew R. , Iftikhar Saadia , Bharath Anil A. , Weinberg Peter D. 
Published: January 2011

Objective—
The distribution of atherosclerosis around branch sites changes with age in human and rabbit aortas. We tested whether that reflects a change in the pattern of wall shear stress by examining shear-dependent morphological features of endothelial cells.

Methods and Results—
Endothelial cells and their nuclei align and elongate with applied shear. These parameters were examined in the descending thoracic aorta of immature and mature rabbits. The use of Häutchen preparations, fluorescent stains, and automated image analysis allowed nuclear morphology to be mapped reliably at high resolution over large areas. Cells and their nuclei were most elongated downstream of branch ostia in immature aortas but upstream of them in mature aortas. Elongation was generally greater in mature animals, and nuclei aligned toward the ostia more in these animals, consistent with a greater flow into the branch. Morphology away from branches was indicative of helical flow in the aorta, with greatest shear on the dorsal wall, at both ages.

Conclusion—
The data are consistent with age-related changes in the pattern of shear around aortic branches. Maps of nuclear elongation closely resembled maps of lesion frequency. The association was positive, implying that lesions occur at sites of high shear stress at both ages.
Autologous Bone-Marrow Mononuclear Cell Implantation Reduces Long-Term Major Amputation Risk in Patients With Critical Limb Ischemia
Authors: Idei Naomi , Soga Junko , Hata Takaki , Fujii Yuichi , Fujimura Noritaka , Mikami Shinsuke , Maruhashi Tatsuya , Nishioka Kenji , Hidaka Takayuki , Kihara Yasuki , Chowdhury Moniruddin , Noma Kensuke , Taguchi Akira , Chayama Kazuaki , Sueda Taijiro , Higashi Yukihito 
Published: January 2011

Background—
Bone-marrow mononuclear cell (BM-MNC) implantation improves ischemic symptoms in patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI). The purpose of this study was to evaluate long-term clinical outcomes after autologous BM-MNC implantation in patients with CLI.

Methods and Results—
We assessed long-term clinical outcomes after BM-MNC implantation in 51 patients with CLI, including 25 patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and 26 patients with Buerger disease. Forty-six CLI patients who had no BM-MNC implantation served as control subjects. Median follow-up period was 4.8 years. The 4-year amputation-free rates after BM-MNC implantation were 48% in PAD patients and 95% in Buerger disease, and they were 0% in control PAD patients and 6% in control Buerger disease. The 4-year overall survival rates after BM-MNC implantation were 76% in PAD patients and 100% in Buerger disease, and they were 67% in control PAD patients and 100% in control Buerger disease. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed that BM-MNC implantation correlated with prevention of major amputation and that hemodialysis and diabetes mellitus correlated with major amputation. In Buerger disease, ankle brachial pressure index and transcutaneous oxygen pressure were significantly increased after 1 month and remained high during 3-year follow-up. However, in patients with PAD, ankle brachial pressure index and transcutaneous oxygen pressure significantly increased after 1 month and gradually decreased during 3-year follow-up and returned to baseline levels.

Conclusions—
These findings suggest that BM-MNC implantation is safe and effective in patients with CLI, especially in patients with Buerger disease.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/angio/
. Unique identifier: 001769.
Temporal changes in characteristics of populations originating from interbreeding between Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and B. mucronatus
Authors: Togashi Katsumi , Taga Yosuke , Goto Satomi , Matsunaga Koji 
Published: January 2011

AbstractTo determine the likelihood of introgressive hybridisation between Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and B. mucronatus, interbreeding experiments were performed. Of 240 trials involving 24 reciprocal crosses (ten trials per cross, ten virgin females and ten virgin males per trial) between three B. xylophilus isolates and four B. mucronatus isolates under conditions that allowed F1 hybrids to backcross with parents, 174 produced hybrid juveniles. The others failed to generate juveniles. Twenty trials in four crosses successfully established populations which persisted for 65.8-179.5 days, corresponding to 10-40 generations. Analyses of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) fragments for 20 hybrid-derived populations and analysis of inheritance mode of mitochondrial DNA indicated that three crosses produced populations whose members had the B. mucronatus nuclear genome and B. mucronatus or B. xylophilus cytoplasm, whereas the remaining interbreeding produced populations in which 79% of members examined had the B. xylophilus rDNA and cytoplasm and 17% had rDNA fragments of the two species. Populations composed of heterospecific cytonuclear individuals took longer to eat up Botrytis cinerea mycelial mat in a rearing flask than others. Formation of a tail tip mucro in adult females, a characteristic of B. mucronatus, was suggested to be controlled by nuclear and cytoplasmic genes. The results suggested that the introgression of B. xylophilus genes into the B. mucronatus genome was easier than introgression in the opposite direction.
Crime, Migrants and Employment
Authors: Coyle I R , Francis R D 
Published: January 2011

Job applications were sent to seventy-six private and seventy-six public companies. Applicants were identified as Australian or Yugoslav born and half of each of these two groups were identified as ex short-term prisoners, the remaining half carried no criminal identification. Neither ethnic background nor criminal history had a significant effect on time taken to reply to the application, percentage of replies or percentage of negative replies. These statements are equally true of both public and private companies. The only significant finding was an interaction of ethnic background — criminal background with respect to non-replies. This was interpreted as a courtesy factor.
Policing the Periphery: The Development of Scottish Policing 1795–1900
Authors: Carson W G 
Published: January 2011

This article, which is in two parts, addresses a much neglected topic — the early development of policing in Scotland. In Part I, the remarkably early growth of Scottish policing was mapped out, and the way in which some distinctive features of the term's earliest usage carried over into the nineteenth century police form was examined. Analytical emphasis in the first part of the article was upon the forces giving rise to the conditions under which the institution of police could emerge, how the penetration of capitalist relations into Scotland made policing an attractive urban and rural possibility. An attempt was also made to break through the explanatory nihilism of some recent historians who perceive so much local diversity and uneveness in the history of policing and criminal justice during the nineteenth century that they are driven effectively to abandon all overarching structural explanation. Instead of surrendering to the temptations of descriptive empiricism implicit in such elevation of diversity to analytical pre-eminence, the first part of the article attempted to analyse the interplay between macro-structural factors and local exigencies in such a way that some sense could be made of diversity itself. The second part of the article will be devoted to the other side of the relationship between Scottish policing and the society in which it emerged, to the ways in which policing contributed to the formation of social relations appropriate to a society moving rapidly into the phase of industrial capitalism. While being careful to avoid the cruder functionalist and teleological overtones of an approach which specifies the effects of policing and then attributes causative force to those effects, it nonetheless acknowledges the significance of policing for the new order emerging in Scotland during this crucial period. In so doing it completes the “relational” circle, a conceptual framework which, as well as stressing how the institution of police was shaped by the totality of Scotland's nineteenth century order, also emphasizes how policing helped to shape that order itself.
Public Drunkenness in New South Wales: From Criminality to Welfare
Authors: Cornish Andrew 
Published: January 2011

This article examines a legislative attempt to decriminalize the offence of public drunkenness and to establish in its place a welfare scheme for the care of public drunks. This scheme was set up under the Intoxicated Persons Act 1979 in New South Wales, which came into effect in March 1980. The main focus of concern is the behaviour displayed by police and welfare agencies under this scheme, with a view to assessing whether the shift from a criminal to a welfare approach was in fact brought about. The research on which this material is based was carried out over a seven month period in 1981 and 1982 while employed as a researcher for a government Task Force monitoring the legislation. However, it should be stressed that the material and interpretations presented here are my own, and should in no way be taken as reflecting the views of that Task Force, the New South Wales government or any of its departments.
Reforming child welfare: Diverting by-ways on the road to utopia?
Authors: Carney Terry 
Published: January 2011

This article, written from a less than detached standpoint by the chairperson of the body concerned, takes the recently completed review of child welfare practice and legislation in the Australian State of Victoria, as a case study of the contours, and of the factors which shape, law reform in areas of social policy. Substantive issues dealt with in the body of the Report1 will not be addressed here. Rather, the article considers some of the reasons which might explain why the task was not entrusted to one of the existing structures for the review of law and social policy in this State, and it canvasses some of the features which may make review by such a free-standing committee the preferred approach when reviewing social policy. The main theme to be explored is that of the role of reviews in accelerating (or inhibiting) the process of change in a legal, welfare practice and public policy context. To this end the article addresses such matters as: the significance of the composition of the review body; its techniques of consultation with the public and with government; its dealings with government and major centres of power; and related matters which bear on its capacity to discharge its basic mandate. The contextual pressures which favour system inertia, or which may transform reform measures into something other than what was intended by the proponents of change, will also be alluded to. It will be argued that the model of expert independent committee suffers from a vulnerability to the effects of external factors and relationships. These may leach away much of its capacity to undertake a thorough, detached evaluation of its specified field, and preclude it from building up significant momentum for change. Nevertheless, it is contended that these weak points are capable of being shored up. As a consequence it is concluded that this model is superior to its competitors when a significant area of social policy is thought to be ripe for evaluation and change.
Issues in firearms control: a critique of the 1985 New South Wales legislation
Authors: Fine J David 
Published: January 2011

New South Wales recently has adopted significant amendments to its firearms control laws. In so doing it has evinced certain fundamental policy choices. These relate to matters including gun registration and the licensing of gun owners; controls on ammunition; the appropriate locus of discretion in firearms control matters; the appropriate controls for especially dangerous types of firearms; the situation of primary producers; reciprocity in firearms licensing within Australia; and the collection of historically significant firearms. This article identifies the policy preferences implicit in the 1985 New South Wales law. It then proceeds to critique these policy decisions with reference to patterns of law (present and emerging) in the country's other jurisdictions, and the relevant secondary literature in the field. While concluding that the newly amended New South Wales legislation remains “functional and purposive”, on the whole, the article ends with a problematic for the future. VII. And be it further enacted, That every person who shall be found with any fire-arms, or other instruments of a violent nature, in his possession, and shall not prove to the satisfaction of the Justices of the Peace as aforesaid, that the same was or were not intended to be illegally used, as hereinbefore is provided, shall be deemed to be guilty of a high misdemeanour, …A