bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
5 Irrelevance of the $1‐a‐Day Poverty Line1
Authors: Srinivasan T. N. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter argues that whether an individual is deemed poor depends not only on that individual's economic and non-economic endowments but also, equally, the place of that individual in the socio-economic-political processes of the country of which he or she is a citizen. For this reason any meaningful indicator that distinguishes the poor from non-poor has to be multidimensional. Any indicator of poverty could serve three distinct purposes: (i) a positive one of depicting the extent of poverty, the socio-economic profile of the poor, at one or more points of a time, in some well defined unit (e.g., nation state or units within a nation, or aggregates of nations such as low income countries), with the depiction providing a yardstick both for monitoring the performance in poverty reduction of national governments and international agencies and also for an analysis of determinants of poverty; (ii) a normative one as an input into policy formulation; and (iii) for mobilization of support among citizens, media, and governments for the objective of and policies for poverty alleviation and for policies. However, given the formidable problems in conceptualizing and measuring poverty and the tremendous heterogeneity among the poor — however conceptualized — within and across societies, any uni-dimensional indicator such as the $1 a day poverty line popularized by the World Bank is meaningless and completely irrelevant. At best one can hope to construct a comprehensive multidimensional poverty indicator for relatively homogeneous groups recognizing the unavoidable arbitrariness in doing so. Some tentative ideas for such an indicator are provided.
12 The Changing Nature of Urban Poverty in China1
Authors: Riskin Carl , Gao Qin 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter examines several different standards that have been used for defining and measuring urban poverty in China, and the resulting estimates of poverty rates and trends. The best estimates are very low in comparison with other large developing countries, but still well above the almost-zero rates generated by the most austere poverty lines used. Urban poverty rose from the 1980s into the 1990s and then fell after about 1997. The identification of interesting changes in the characteristics of the urban poor is followed by a discussion of government benefits programs. The changing composition of the income of poor and near-poor urban residents reveals no evidence that direct benefit payments had a significant impact on their incomes. China's safety net and other benefits programs did not have a measurable impact on urban poverty by 2002 and were not the cause of urban poverty decline.
14 Poverty Decline in India in the 1990s: A Reality and Not an Artifact
Authors: Sundaram K. , Tendulkar Suresh D. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter addresses the problems of comparability of the size distributions from the NSS 50th (1993–4) and the 55th (1999–2000) rounds of Consumer Expenditure Surveys (CES) arising from the use of a mixed reference period (MRP) in the latter survey, as opposed to the uniform reference period used in the 50th round, and from the canvassing of consumer expenditure on food items on two recall periods (7 days and 30 days) from the same set of households. These are resolved by an analysis of unit-level records of the 50th round CES to generate comparable estimates on MRP and of the 55th round employment–unemployment survey (EUS) to settle the 7-day/30-day problem. Generating comparable estimates on five measures of poverty, it is shown that in the 1990s poverty declined in both rural India and in the country as a whole on all five measures, while in urban India it declined on all measures of poverty except the number of urban poor. An analysis of the 61st round (2004–5) CES points to a slowdown in the pace of poverty reduction in rural areas and a worsening of poverty in urban areas between 2000 and 2005.
Narrative and Speech Problems in Thucydides Book I
Authors: Moles John 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter examines Thucydides' presentation of the pre-history and causes of the Peloponnesian War in his Book 1. It explores the interplay of various key-words in Thucydides' explanatory scheme (especially arche, diaphora, prophasis and aitia), and the ways in which the narrative of the Pentekontaetia (1.89-118) is moulded to support the analysis. Thucydides' methods owe something, and in some cases allude, to Homer, Hesiod, Herodotus, and the Hippocratics. Punning and word-play, e.g. on arche as beginning and arche as empire or on Pausanias as ‘stopper’, are seen as important; so is the tracing of events back to Pausanias and Themistocles. The chapter finally discusses how far this may be seen as an ‘open’ text: not very, it argues.
Rome and Persia 357–9: The Role of Tamsapor
Authors: Seager Robin 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter deals with two aspects of Ammianus Marcellinus's account of the satrap Tamsapor's role in the renewal of hostilities between Rome and Persia on Rome's eastern frontier in AD 359. The first section argues that Tamsapor deliberately sabotaged the negotiations initiated by the prefect Musonianus in 357. The reactions and motives of Sapor II and Constantius II are also examined. The second section investigates the precise nature of Tamsapor's dealings with the Roman renegade Antoninus and his sponsorship of Antoninus at the Persian court. The chapter concludes by suggesting some reasons for Ammianus's interest in the episode.
Munera uestra cano: The Poet, the Gods, and the Thematic Unity ofGeorgics1
Authors: Nelis Damien 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter offers a study of some aspects of the structure of the first book of Vergil's Georgics. It attempts to explain the book's thematic coherence by looking at the ways in which the poet relates his description of the life and work of the Italian farmer to the movement of the solar year, to Roman history, and to contemporary politics. Particular attention is paid to the ways in which Vergil reacts to his predecessors in the didactic genre and to the ways in which he handles the themes of religion and knowledge and the role of the new divinity he refers to by the name ‘Caesar’. Study of the poem's intertextuality helps to illustrate his engagement with contemporary politics, civil strife and the Roman revolution.
Pompeius Trogus in Tacitus'Annals
Authors: Levene David 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThere is a long-standing controversy over how far Tacitus's Annals drew on the work of the Augustan historian Pompeius Trogus. Various parallels in language have been observed, but this may be the result of Trogus's epitomator Justin imitating Tacitus rather than of Tacitus imitating Trogus. This chapter argues that where there is a congruence of theme, especially when allied to linguistic parallels, there are strong reasons for seeing allusions to Trogus by Tacitus. It argues further that Tacitus, while drawing on Trogus, also reworks his ideas in an ironic and critical way, seeing (for example) Augustus as a perverted recreation of Trogus' idealized primitive monarchs, or Tiberius as the embodiment of Trogus' suggestion that the true threat to the Roman empire is from within itself.
Chapter 3 Climate and Invasive Species: The Limits to Climate Information
Authors: New Mark , McSweeney Carol 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter describes the current state-of-the-science in observational climate dataset development and in climate change modeling, and assesses the ability of this science to support projections that are useful for assessing the effects of climate change on invasive alien species (IAS) risk. A large weight of empirical evidence has shown that climate is a strong predictor of actual and potential distributions of species, both native and alien invasive. This relationship forms the basis for climate-envelope species distribution models that are used to predict potential ranges of IAS in the present day, and also both IAS and native species under climate change. These correlative models have many well-documented limitations, but in the absence of more detailed data and improved methods to calibrate process-based models more rapidly, we are hampered in our ability to develop process-based models at the species level. Thus, correlative models will remain a tool for projecting potential ranges of IAS under climate change, perhaps with enhancement to account for dispersal and other dynamics.
Chapter 5 Variation in the Rate and Pattern of Spread in Introduced Species and its Implications
Authors: Williamson Mark 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe variation in spread rate both within and between species is considerable. Managers' attention is inevitably on those that spread fast. This chapter shows that those that spread slowly need to be watched too. Just because an alien species has a small range now does not mean that it will not eventually be widespread. The literature is full of instances of plants that were initially thought benign, even beneficial, which came to be regarded as pests when they became widespread. Lags in spread are common and measured in decades. The time to become widespread after the lag period is finished is often considerable, measured in centuries even in state-sized areas. Both these effects raise problems for managers. Often, resources seem only sufficient to tackle species that are already pests, but it might nevertheless be a good long-term strategy to devote some effort to studying those established aliens which appear benign, to see if they are likely to become pests.
Chapter 8 A Model of Prevention, Detection, and Control for Invasive Species
Authors: Polasky Stephen 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter constructs a model to analyze optimal policy and management to reduce damage from invasive species that includes strategies for information collection and control, to prevent introduction and to control already introduced species. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 8.2 presents the model of prevention, detection, and control. The model is analyzed, and results of the analysis are presented in Section 8.3. Section 8.4 contains a brief set of concluding remarks and a discussion of challenges needing further research.
Chapter 9 Second Best Policies in Invasive Species Management: When are they “Good Enough”?
Authors: Finnoff David , Potapov Alexei , Lewis Mark A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe rapid and often shocking consequences of the spread of invasive species has led to calls for the application of rules of thumb in their management. This contrasts significantly with arguments that in these types of situations, effort-intensive characterizations of optimal rules of management are likely to be worthwhile. To provide some insight into this debate facing policy makers, this chapter weighs the trade-offs, and characterizes critical parameters of applying simple decision rules in contrast to dynamically optimal decision rules for a simple example of the management of invasive species. It poses the question of whether or not managers can use second-best policies that do not vary over time, nor as conditions change, and not significantly waste resources in comparison to first-best programs of dynamically optimal management which might vary tremendously over time or as conditions change. Over an infinite time horizon, second-best policies always waste some resources compared to first-best policies, but the magnitude of the waste tends to be small. In situations with fast-spreading invasions, low rates of growth in marginal damages, and high rates of growth in marginal costs, second-best policies will waste less compared to dynamically optimal policies. In the opposite circumstances, with slowly spreading invasions, high rates of growth in marginal damages, and low rates of growth in marginal costs, second-best policies will waste more in total compared to dynamically optimal policies.
Chapter 16 Globalization and Bioinvasions: The International Policy Problem
Authors: Perrings Charles , Burgiel Stas , Lonsdale Mark , Mooney Harold , Williamson Mark 
Published: May 2010

AbstractInvasive species control is a public good. Once provided, the benefits it offers in terms of enhanced protection of human, animal, and plant health, and the productivity of agriculture, forestry, aquaculture, and fisheries, are available to everyone. Like all public goods it will be undersupplied if left to the market. This makes it a collective responsibility — a legitimate role of government at many different scales. This role involves two different functions. One is the development of broad strategies and supporting institutions, statutes, regulations, or agreements for addressing the problem. A second function involves the implementation of that policy, and specifically the use of public resources to undertake all of the actions described in this volume: inspection and interception at the port of entry; sanitary and phytosanitary measures both along pathways; and in situ detection, eradication, and control of harmful species that have been introduced, established, and spread. This chapter considers both broad issues of policy and specific challenges to management.
Love as Intimate Identification
Authors: Helm Bennett W. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter argues that to love someone is to be intimately concerned for his well-being as this particular person. Such intimate concern is cashed out in terms of intimate identification: having a concern for his identity, understood in terms of the sharing of his cares and values for his sake, that is analogous to, but not identical with, your concern for your own identity. This account of love enables us to make sense of the idea that love is essentially for particular persons, the way love essentially involves trust and respect, and the intuitive depth of our feelings of pride, shame, and other person-focused emotions focused on others.
Justification and Non‐Fungibility of Love
Authors: Helm Bennett W. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter begins with a brief overview of the account of the justification of values and priorities, and then takes on the fungibility problem. Given that the issue with fungibility is that of replaceability without loss, when you do not yet love someone, when she does not yet have this distinctive import to you, the issue of loss, of your losing that import, cannot yet arise. Consequently, the chapter distinguishes the question of the discernment of love (what makes someone worthy of your potential love or more worthy of that love than others?) from the question of the constancy of love (what justifies your continuing — or ceasing — to love someone?). Worries about fungibility arise, therefore, only in the case of justifying the constancy of love. Finally, the kinds of losses to which we are subject in loving someone is examined so as to have a better understanding of what non-fungibility — irreplaceability without loss — comes to in the case of love.
Vague Intensions: A Modest Marriage Proposal
Authors: Beall Jc 
Published: May 2010

AbstractOn one hand, vague predicates seem to be useful; on the other, they appear to be fully tolerant (and thereby useless). Utility demands cutoffs; tolerance forbids them. This tension has fueled much work on vagueness. This chapter gives a very modest proposal on how to escape this apparent tension. The proposal is not profound, but it may be liberating. Genuinely vague predicates are without cutoffs, but they are useful in providing us the ingredients for sharp look-alikes of the vague. If this is right, the existence of cutoffs is neither a worry nor surprising.
Vagueness and Central Gaps
Authors: Pagin Peter 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter proposes a new account of the semantics of vague expressions in natural language. It assumes that vague expressions are semantically tolerant. It is observed that the intuitive statement of tolerance corresponds to two different first-order formalizations. Both yield the Sorites contradiction for domains that contain a Sorites sequence of object with respect to some predicate /F/ in the language. But suppose there is a /significant central gap/, i.e. an area in the scale that is larger than the tolerance margin (in the context of use) such that objects with measures above the gap satisfy /F/ and objects with measures below that gap do not, while no object has a measure in the gap. Then one of the two tolerance principles is false. The other is true, but does not induce a Sorites contradiction. The main idea of the proposal is to use the idea of /domain restriction/ so that utterances are interpreted as concerning domains of object so restricted that they contain central gaps. This allows us to retain tolerance, consistency, and bivalence.
Vagueness as Semantic
Authors: Kölbel Max 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter argues that vagueness, understood as a semantic phenomenon, can be accommodated within standard semantics by assimilating it to contingency in standard modal semantics and suitably modifying the pragmatics. It claims that vague predicates are not defective, assumes that their vagueness involves at least extensional indeterminacy, and then considers the three ways in which standard semantics allows for extensional indeterminacy: ambiguity, indexicality, and relativity to circumstances of evaluation (e.g. contingency). The third of these is found to be most promising, and is outlined in more detail. It involves treating assertability, but not truth, supervaluationally. This explains the seductiveness of Sorites arguments and yields a fine account of borderline cases. The chapter concludes with a brief consideration of higher-order vagueness and a comparison of the view outlined with other views.
Supervaluationism and the Report of Vague Contents
Authors: García‐Carpintero Manuel 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn recent papers, Schiffer advances an argument against supervaluationist accounts of vagueness, based on reports of vague contents. From a perspective more congenial to supervaluationism than Schiffer's, McGee and McLaughlin also pose a related problem about de re ascriptions of propositional attitudes and indirect discourse. The difficulty is gestured at in this argument by Wright: ‘there are additional concerns about the ability of supervaluational proposals to track our intuitions concerning the extension of ‘true’ among statements involving vague vocabulary: ‘No one can knowledgeably identify a precise boundary between those who are tall and those who are not’ is plausibly a true claim which is not true under any admissible way of making ‘tall’ precise. This chapter develops a defence of supervaluationism based on the point that the problematic occurrences of singular terms occur in indirect discourse, and supervaluationists may allow that they shift their referent there. Schiffer dismisses a proposal like this, mainly because it ‘undermines . . . a leading virtue of supervaluationism . . . its implication that vagueness is . . . not a feature of the world’. This chapter argues on the contrary that the reply does not undermine the fundamental contentions of the supervaluationist account.
Supervaluationism, Indirect Speech Reports, and Demonstratives
Authors: Keefe Rosanna 
Published: May 2010

AbstractCan supervaluationism successfully handle indirect speech reports? This chapter considers and rejects Schiffer's claim that they cannot. One alleged problem with indirect speech reports is that the truth of ‘Carla said that Bob is tall’ implausibly requires that Carla said all of a huge number of precise things (i.e. that Bob was over n feet tall, for values of n corresponding to precisifications of ‘tall’). This chapter shows why the supervaluationist is not committed to this. It argues that vague singular terms are no particular problem for supervaluationism within indirect speech reports, but there remain some issues surrounding certain vague demonstratives. The supervaluationist has good responses available, however, and any remaining questions face all theories of vagueness and are more appropriately addressed within a theory of demonstratives rather than a theory of vagueness.
Identity and the Facts of the Matter
Authors: Forbes Graeme 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter draws out some parallels between Chisholm's Paradox and puzzles about identity through time. It focuses on the example of Old Number One, the Bentley racing car in which Wolf ‘Babe’ Barnato won the Le Mans 24 hour race in 1929 and (debatably) 1930. Attempts in 1990 to sell a certain car, also referred to as Old Number One, were resisted by some on the grounds that too many upgrades, modifications, and repairs had taken place for the 1929 car to be considered the same car as the 1990 car. The chapter argues for the coherence of a ‘no fact of the matter’ verdict about such puzzles, and develops apparatus that involves a novel conception of degrees of truth in terms of higher-order levels of vagueness, thereby avoiding the need for talk of ‘degrees of identity’.
The Illusion of Higher‐Order Vagueness
Authors: Wright Crispin 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIt is common among philosophers who take an interest in the phenomenon of vagueness in natural language not merely to acknowledge higher-order vagueness but to take its existence as a basic datum; so that views that lack the resources to account for it, or that put obstacles in the way, are regarded as deficient just on that score. This chapter aims to loosen the hold of this deeply misconceived idea. Higher-order vagueness is no basic datum but an illusion, fostered by misunderstandings of the nature of ordinary (if you will, ‘first-order’) vagueness itself. To see through the illusion is to take a step that is prerequisite for a correct understanding of vagueness, and for any satisfying dissolution of its attendant paradoxes.
What Is This Thing Called Happiness?
Authors: Feldman Fred 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis book is a philosophical study of the nature and value of happiness. Part I is devoted to critical discussion of the most important theories about the nature of happiness, understood as some sort of psychological state. Views discussed include sensory hedonism, local preferentism, Kahneman's theory, and Whole Life Satisfactionism. Part II of the book contains the exposition and defense of a novel theory about the nature and value of happiness. It is a form of attitudinal hedonism. The idea that a person's welfare, or well‐being, depends essentially on happiness is explained and (with reservations) defended, provided that happiness is understood according to the theory presented here. Part III of the book extends the discussion into some areas that bear on interactions between empirical research concerning happiness and philosophical inquiry into the same phenomenon. Current methods of measuring happiness are criticized and a new method is proposed. Philosophical implications of empirical research concerning happiness are evaluated.
Some Puzzles about Happiness
Authors: Feldman Fred 
Published: May 2010

AbstractPopular reports indicate that some empirical researchers have discovered that the curve of lifetime happiness is U‐shaped; others have discovered that it is inverted U‐shaped; and others have found that it is a straight line. Perhaps the researchers were focusing on distinct phenomena. But then which of them was actually studying happiness? We need to determine the nature of happiness before we set out to plot its curve. The attempt to determine the nature of happiness is a philosophical project, not to be confused with the empirical project of trying to determine the typical causes of happiness. There is a further philosophical question: does individual human welfare track happiness? If we can determine what happiness is, and if we come to think that welfare tracks happiness, then we will want to determine whether philosophical reflection can help to shed light on the conceptual foundations of empirical research into happiness.