bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A regional divide in sustainability performance in China: geography, governance and income
Authors: Liu Lee 
Published: September 2009

AbstractChina had accredited 320 Eco‐Communities and 72 Model Cities by 2009. This paper uses these ‘sustainable places’ and their neighbors to examine spatial variations in sustainability performance and possible causes of such variations. Data were collected through personal interviews of 186 provincial and local environmental officials and researchers, in addition to review of governmental publications. This paper finds a regional divide in sustainability performance between China's Eco‐Provinces and other provinces and between ‘sustainable places’ and other communities. Geography, governance and income are important in understanding the divide. The conventional wisdom following the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) is inadequate for understanding the regional divide in sustainability performance. Sustainability studies need to be expanded to pay more attention to geography and governance, not just income. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Low Energy Monopropellants Based on the Guanylurea Cation
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Miró Sabaté Carlos 
Published: September 2009

AbstractReaction of cyanoguanidine (3) with hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric or perchloric acids yielded guanylurea chloride (4), sulfate (5), nitrate (6) and perchlorate (7). Compounds 4 and 5 reacted further to form a new family of energetic salts based on the guanylurea cation and azide (8a), 5‐nitrotetrazolate (9), 5‐aminotetrazolate (10), picrate (11) and 5,5′‐azotetrazolate (12a) anions. The water of hydration in compounds 8a and 12a was eliminated by heating under vacuum yielding the anhydrous salts 8b and 12b. All materials were characterized by means of elemental analysis, mass spectrometry (MS) as well as vibrational (IR, Raman) and NMR (1H, 13C, 14/15N and 35Cl) spectroscopy. Additionally, the crystal structures of 4, 7, 8a and 10 were determined by low temperature X‐ray measurements (4, 7 and 8a: Monoclinic, P21/c; 10: Monoclinic, P21). The thermal behavior of 6–12 was assessed by DSC measurements and their heats of formation were calculated on the basis of the electronic energies of the ions using the MP2 method. In addition, the sensitivity to shock, friction and electrostatic discharge of all materials was measured by submitting the compounds to standard (BAM) tests. The detonation pressures (P) and velocities (D) were calculated from the energies of formation using the EXPLO5 code (6: P = 17.4 GPa, D = 7004 m·s–1; 8a: P = 20.6 GPa, D = 7880 m·s–1; 8b: P = 16.9 GPa, D = 7289 m·s–1; 9: P = 20.3 GPa, D = 7439 m·s–1; 10: P = 18.4 GPa, D = 7530 m·s–1; 11: P = 19.7 GPa, D = 7152 m·s–1; 12a: P = 24.3 GPa, D = 8222 m·s–1 and 7: P = 23.3 GPa, D = 8115 m·s–1). Lastly, the long term stability of 12a was assessed and the ICT code was used to predict the decomposition gases. Most materials decompose giving large amount of environmentally friendly gases and their performance values classify them as new insensitive low‐energy monopropellants.
Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: current topics in France
Authors: Scatton Olivier , Liddo Guido , Belghiti Jacques 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBackgroundExcellent survival obtained with liver transplantation (LT) for limited hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with chronic liver disease is still challenged by the increasing discrepancy between candidates and grafts available. We review the current strategy of LT for HCC in our country highlighting the tendency: (1) to expand recipient selection beyond the Milan criteria, (2) to use systematic pre‐LT treatments with a greater number of resections and (3) new rules for graft attribution.ResultsAlthough the vast majority of cirrhotic patients with HCC are transplanted within the Milan criteria; the number of candidates is continually rising, while the number of grafts available is stable with a disappearance of adult LDLTs. Moreover, the new rules for organ allocations, mainly based on the MELD score, minimize the accessibility to liver grafts for patients with HCC and compensated liver disease. For these reasons, in France we have observed an increase in waiting time for HCC patients, leading to the extensive use of pre‐LT treatments in order to limit the list dropouts. Many studies have been performed on transarterial chemo‐embolization (TACE) and supraselective TACE. Moreover, the use of liver resection (LR) as a bridge therapy, showing that initial resection does not impair short‐ and long‐term survival, led French surgeons to develop the concept of LR as a way to select patients who might benefit from LT and to use it, in selected cases, as a primary therapy, considering LT as salvage treatment in case of recurrence.ConclusionsThe number of HCC candidates who cannot benefit from a LT is increasing worldwide. The French answer to this situation involves pre‐LT treatments, particularly partial LR, based mainly on the excellent Japanese results in this field. Moreover, the country of « égalité » is actually modifying the rules of graft attribution in order to reduce the inequality between the HCC patients with poor and good liver function.
Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma in the world: the Taiwan experience
Authors: Chen Chao‐Long , Concejero Allan M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractLiver transplantation (LT) has been regarded as “potentially curative” in a cirrhotic patient with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) because it removes the cancer and eradicates the cirrhosis. In Taiwan, HCC ranks first among the leading causes of cancer mortality in males and 4th in females. The most common causes are chronic hepatitis B virus‐related cirrhosis, hepatitis C virus‐related cirrhosis, and combined hepatitis B and C virus‐related cirrhosis. The aggregate lifetime cost of hepatitis and HCC constitutes a significant burden on the Taiwanese health‐care system. The reported overall (living‐donor LT and deceased donor LT) 1‐ and 3‐year survival rates for HCC after LT in Taiwan ranged from 86 to 98% and 61 to 96%, respectively. Microscopic vascular invasion did not influence the outcome of patients, but high alpha‐fetoprotein levels >200 ng/ml may be a risk factor for HCC recurrence after transplant.
An unusual presentation of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm
Authors: Abdel Aziz Adel , Maskery Nick 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The diagnosis of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is often missed as a result of an unusual presentation, resulting in increased mortality. Here, we present an atypical presentation of ruptured AAA in a 72-year-old healthy male who had brief episode of syncope from which he fully recovered. A high index of clinical suspicion of ruptured AAA should be maintained in elderly patients presenting with history of syncope.
Exploring the relevance of expressed emotion to the treatment of social anxiety disorder in adolescence
Authors: Garcia‐Lopez Luis‐Joaquin , Muela Jose M. , Espinosa‐Fernandez Lourdes , Diaz‐Castela Mar 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTThe role that the involvement of parents may play in the treatment outcome of their children with anxiety disorders is still under debate. Some studies dealing with other disorders have examined the role that the expressed emotion (EE) construct (parental overinvolvement, criticism and hostility) may play in treatment outcome and relapse. Given that some of these aspects have been associated with social anxiety for a long time, it was hypothesized that EE may be associated with lower treatment outcome. The sample was composed of 16 adolescents who benefited from a school‐based, cognitive‐behavioural intervention aimed at overcoming social anxiety. Then, parents were classified with high or low EE. The results revealed that the adolescents whose parents had low EE showed a statistically significant reduction of their social anxiety scores at posttest, as opposed to adolescents of parents with high expressed emotion. These findings suggest that parental psychopathology (parents with high EE) should be taken into consideration to prevent poor adolescent treatment outcome.
Conquering the Past: Post-War Archaeology and Nationalism in the Borderlands of Chile and Peru, c. 1880–1920
Authors: Gänger Stefanie 
Published: September 2009

In 1899, Chilean workers discovered the mummified body of a woman in a copper mine in Chuquicamata, in the Atacama Desert. Chile's most prominent archaeologists were called to examine the body and they estimated it had been in the mine for more than four centuries. What most astonished both the public and the scholarly community was that the body had been preserved virtually intact, apparently by nothing but the environmental conditions surrounding it. José Toribio Medina, a central figure in Chilean archaeology at the time, discussed this finding in 1901:Natural causes account for the mummy of Chuquicamata. The body is that of a female. The depth of the soil where the corpse was found was no more than six to eight feet, and the miner was probably searching the mountain when a sudden collapse buried her. The miner, feeling that the mountain was breaking down, lifted her arms up to protect her head, the position in which her body is preserved. … In some parts of the body, especially the arms, the difference between the injured and the intact parts of the skin can even be distinguished, to the point where it seems almost that blood is flowing from the wounds. In her face, hidden between her arms, her contracted mouth is visible… .1
Localized negative interference and its bearing on models of gene recombination
Authors: Pritchard R. H. 
Published: September 2009

In the analysis of recombination inAspergillus nidulanscoincidence values of about 1 are found in 3-point tests using markers more than a few map units apart. In comparable tests in which the marked intervals were very short (0·1 map unit or less), coincidence values of over 100 had been found. To account for this difference it was proposed that a necessary condition for recombination, termed ‘effective pairing’, was realized at any particular point on the chromosome in only a small fraction of a population of cells at meiosis. It was supposed that when effective pairing occurred it extended over a very short segment of the chromosome and that the probability of recombination in the effectively paired segment was high, i.e. about 1. Coincidence values greater than unity would be a necessary consequence of such a situation provided the intervals in question had a total length not much greater than that of effective pairing segments.The experiments described in this paper were undertaken in an attempt to measure the mean length of effectively paired segments, their distribution, and the frequency of exchange within them. The data suggest a mean length of about 0·4 map unit, a mean exchange frequency of about 0·6, and a distribution which is variable, perhaps random.The occurrence of localized negative interference suggests a way in which a number of difficulties encountered in relating the experimental evidence concerning the time and mechanism of recombination with the cytological evidence concerning the sequence of events at meiosis might be resolved. The data indicate that the frequency of recombination between linked loci is a measure principally of the frequency of effective pairing between them. If effective pairing is synonymous with homologous contact between chromosomes, and evidence is presented which suggests this may be the case, it becomes possible to construct a simple model which is compatible with the view that recombination takes place before chromosomes are paired, in the cytologically observable sense (i.e. before zygotene), at meiosis.The recombination events occurring within effectively paired regions are generally, although possibly not exclusively, reciprocal. Non-reciprocal recombinants have been encountered inAspergillusand other organisms, characterized by the occurrence of 3:1 ratios in tetrads. On the basis of evidence currently available it does not seem necessary to invoke a special mechanism of recombination, distinct from crossing over, to account for the formation of non-reciprocal recombinaiits. A single mechanism of recombination of the copy-choice type which, although primarily a reciprocal process, is nevertheless not necessarily exactly so or always so in detail, will account for the observed results.
Antigenic polymorphism in a wild population of Paramecium aurelia
Authors: Pringle C. R. , Beale G. H. 
Published: September 2009

1. A population of Paramecium aurelia, syngen 9, in Blackford Pond, Edinburgh, has been sampled over a period of 6 years and the types of immobilization antigen present identified.2. Three antigen-determining alleles at the G locus and six alleles at the X locus were found.3. No significant changes in relative numbers of the various alleles were apparent over the period studied, nor was there any difference between opposite ends of the pond.4. An appreciable proportion of G-type heterozygotes was found, but the numbers were significantly less than would be expected by random mating alone. Autogamy is presumed to be responsible for this deficit.5. Whether there is any natural selection in favour of heterozygotes over homozygotes in unknown. A possible method for obtaining information on this subject is discussed.
Two closely linked genes in the mouse
Authors: Grüneberg H. , Truslove G. M. 
Published: September 2009

(1) In heterozygous condition, the gene for Patch (symbolPh) produces spotting with sharply defined pigmented and white areas. The extent of the spotting is under the control of the genetic background.(2) ThePh/Phhomozygote is inviable and dies before birth. In 9-day embryos, clear liquid is found flanking the notochord; in addition, there may be excessive amounts of liquid in the pericardium, the circulation, the tissues, and under the epidermis. The more extremely affectedPh/Phembryos die at about 10 days. About one-third survive to later stages of pregnancy. Such ‘cleft-face’ embryos have a large bleb of liquid in the middle of the face which interferes mechanically with the formative movements of the nose and palate, and many subepidermal blebs elsewhere.(3)Phis closely linked to the gene for dominant spotting with macrocytic anaemia (W, Wv) in linkage group III, the crossover percentage being 0·077. There is a striking interaction in the double heterozygotePh+ / +Wvwhich is almost white, but nearly equally striking interactions occur with other spotting genes (s, btandMiwh).(4) By itself,Phhas no detectable effect on the coat colour, but in the double heterozygote withWv, it slightly increases the dilution effect of the latter in the regions which remain pigmented. Similarly,Phby itself has no appreciable effect on the red-blood picture of 13–14-day-old animals, but in the double heterozygote withWv, it probably slightly increases the mild macrocytic anaemia produced by that gene. It remains unknown whether thePh/Phhomozygote has an effect on the blood. UnlikeW/WandWv/Wv,Ph/Phhas no appreciable effect on the primordial germ cells.(5) The relationship betweenPhand theW-series is discussed.
Migration of nuclei in Coprinus lagopus
Authors: Swiezynski K. M. , Day P. R. 
Published: September 2009

1. Four main types of interaction between paired mycelia of Coprinus lagopus have been defined in terms of the extent of nuclear migration.2. Nuclear migration was demonstrated in matings between monokaryotic mycelia with common A alleles. No extensive migration of nuclei was found in common B or common AB matings.3. The speed of nuclear migration in common A matings was slower than in compatible matings. Migration occurred to approximately the same extent in both kinds of matings.4. In heterokaryon-monokaryon matings compatible and common B heterokaryons acted only as donors. Common AB heterokaryons acted as donors and as acceptors of compatible or common A nuclei. Common A heterokaryons always acted as donors and frequently acted as acceptors of compatible or common A nuclei.5. A simple explanation is suggested for the frequently observed fact that in an incompatible di-mon mating both nuclei of the dikaryon may migrate and eventually eliminate the nuclei of the established monokaryon.
Experiments on canalizing selection
Authors: Waddington C. H. 
Published: September 2009

1. Mutant stocks whose phenotype is affected by temperature were kept at 18° and 25° C., and selection was applied in an attempt to reduce the magnitude of the phenotypic difference caused by the temperatures. The stocks used were Bar, dumpy, cubitus-interruptus and aristopedia-Bridges.2. When the stocks were kept for one or more generations at one temperature, then transferred for the next generation or two to the other, and so alternately, selection applied against the phenotypic effect of the temperature was only slightly effective in reducing the differences between the high- and low-temperature phenotypes. It is suggested that this was due mainly to the fact that such selection would be expected to operate on quantitatively-acting genes as well as on genes controlling developmental buffering.3. With family selection, in which the offspring of a pair-mating was divided into two lots, one kept at each temperature, and selection was made on the basis of the differences in family means, progress was rapid. In the unselected Bar stock, the facet number at 18° was initially about three times that at 25°; after six generations of family selection the difference had been reduced to about 10%, the phenotypes at both temperatures being about intermediate between those seen at the beginning of the experiment. With aristopedia the reduction in the difference in family means was also striking, but in this case was achieved by increasing the abnormality of the 25° phenotype, and hardly at all by lowering that of the 18° population. It is pointed out that this is probably the result of an inadequate scoring system.4. Although the selection in Bar stocks was effective in increasing developmental canalization against external environmental changes (temperature), it had little or no effect on the asymmetry of the facet numbers.
Genetics of resistance to Amphorophora rubi (Kalt.) in the raspberry II. The genes A2–A7 from the American variety, Chief
Authors: Knight R. L. , Briggs J. B. , Keep Elizabeth 
Published: September 2009

The American raspberry variety Chief is shown to carry three dominant genes, A5, A6 and A7, each capable of conferring strong resistance to Amphorophora rubi strain 1.Chief also carries three genes, A2, A3 and A4, for resistance to A. rubi strain 2. A2 is a dominant gene conferring full resistance by itself; A3 and A4 are dominant complementaries, neither gene by itself having any effect on resistance. A5 is linked with either A3 or A4 with a crossover value of 10%.The gene A1 from Baumforth A, which confers resistance to strains 1 and 3, when combined with A3 gives resistance to strain 2 also. Thus the three strains of A. rubi at present recognized on raspberries in Britain can be controlled by using either the combination A1A2 or A1A3.
Forward and back mutation in thepyr3region of Neurospora. I. Mutations from arginine dependence to prototrophy
Authors: Reissig José L. 
Published: September 2009

A system for the screening of reversions in an arginine-dependent strain of Neurospora has been developed.Reversion resulted from any one of three events:(a) Back mutation of the originalarggene.(b) Forward mutation at thepyrlocus. This has the pleiotropic effect of suppressingargwhile determining a pyrimidine requirement. Interaction with the unmutated nuclei of the same conidium permits growth on minimal medium.(c) Forward mutation at thepyrlocus to alleles of intermediate activity. These alleles suppressarg, but do not create a pyrimidine requirement.
The induction of dominant lethal mutations in rats and mice with triethylenemelamine (TEM)
Authors: Bateman A. J. 
Published: September 2009

1. TEM resembles X-rays in inducing dominant lethal mutations in the sperm of rats and mice and sterilizing type B spermatogonia. Beyond this, however, there are several important differences.2. The relative ease with which TEM and X-rays affect sperm and spermatogonia varies greatly. The X-ray dose which produces 50% dominant lethals in sperm (500 rad) sterilizes spermatocytes and type B spermatogonia, and has such a drastic effect on type A spermatogonia that recovery of fertility is delayed for 2½ months. The TEM dose which produces the same mutation rate in sperm (0·1 mg./kg. rat) has no detectable effect on pre-meiotic stages. Even 1 mg./kg. only sterilizes the most sensitive stage, type B spermatogonia.3. Taking immature sperm as the standard, mature sperm are more sensitive to X-rays, but less sensitive to TEM, and early spermatids, the most sensitive stage to X-ray-induced dominant lethals, are highly resistant to TEM.4. Spermatocytes, in which X-rays yield a mutation rate equal to immaturesperm, are highly resistant to TEM.5. To produce the same mutation rate in immature sperm, mice require twice as much TEM as the rat in mg./kg., though approximately the same X-ray dose.6. In contrast to mid-stage rat spermatids, which are the most sensitive stage to TEM, mouse mid-stage spermatids are resistant.
The fertility of mice selected for large or small body size
Authors: Fowler Ruth E. , Edwards R. G. 
Published: September 2009

The fertility of two unrelated strains of mice (strainsNandC) which had both been selected for large and small body size has been studied.The fertility of pairs of mice in the large or small lines of strainCwas unimpaired by selection. In strainN, some of the pairs in the large and small lines, but not in the control line, were sterile. Sterility in the large line was due to the low libido of the males, and not to female infertility. Sterility in the small line was probably due to hypo-functioning of the anterior pituitary of some females: the oestrous cycle was delayed or absent, some mice failed to ovulate after mating, and a high proportion of those mating had no implanted embryos at 12 days' gestation. Oestrus and ovulation could be induced in mice of the small line of strainNby exogenous gonadotrophins, and the proportion of mice with implanted embryos was considerably increased by progesterone supplements.The number of eggs found after natural mating was considerably higher in large mice than in small mice, and was significantly correlated with body weight in the small line of strainConly. The egg-number/body-weight ratio was higher in the lines of strainCthan in those of strainN, though the ratios were similar when carcass fat was subtracted from total body weight.The amount of endogenous follicle-stimulating hormone secreted by the mice of the five lines was estimated by inducing ovulation with various amounts of exogenous gonadotrophins, and comparing the number of eggs found after each dose with the mean number ovulated after natural mating. Estimates of the amount of follicle-stimulating hormone secreted by mice of strainCwere higher than those for mice of strainN.Differences in the rates of growth and in the numbers of eggs ovulated after natural mating indicate a higher level of pituitary activity in strainCthan in strainN.