bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bioassay of prostacyclin and endothelium‐derived relaxing factor (EDRF) from porcine aortic endothelial cells
Authors: Gryglewski R.J. , Moncada S. , Palmer R.M.J. 
Published: September 2011

A cascade superfusion technique has been developed for the differential bioassay of prostacyclin and endothelium‐derived relaxing factor (EDRF) released from porcine aortic endothelial cells cultured on microcarriers, packed into a column and perfused.
Bradykinin (Bk; 20–100 Nm) released prostacyclin (9.6 ± 1.5 Nm per 106 cells; mean ± s.e.mean, n = 9) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2; 2.1 ± 0.6 Nm per 10° cells) from the column measured by relaxation of strips of bovine coronary artery (BCA) and rabbit mesenteric or coeliac artery, respectively. The presence of these prostanoids in the effluent was confirmed by specific radioimmunoassays.
A23187 (500–2000 Nm) also released both prostacyclin and PGE2 from the cells. This release was long‐lasting and not reproducible.
Bk (20–100 Nm) and A23187 (30–300 Nm) released EDRF from the column. This was detected in a cascade of four rabbit aortic strips (RbA), denuded of endothelium and contracted with U46619 or phenylephrine. The relaxation of the RbA strips caused by EDRF was progressively attenuated down the cascade (half‐life < 7 s) and was not affected by indomethacin.
EDRF and prostacyclin could be differentially bioassayed in a cascade of alternating RbAs and BCAs as prostacyclin did not relax RbAs and the time delay to the BCAs destroys EDRF. EDRF could be bioassayed on its own when the endothelial cells were treated with indomethacin.
5‐Hydroxytryptamine 0.2, noradrenaline 1.0, platelet‐activating factor (Paf‐acether) 1.0, formylmethionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine 1.0, acetylcholine 0.5, bethanecol 0.5, adenosine diphosphate 0.25 and angiotensin II 0.1 μm did not release either prostanoids or EDRF from the column.
Fecal calprotectin is a useful screening parameter for hepatic encephalopathy and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis
Authors: Gundling Felix , Schmidtler Fabian , Hapfelmeier Alexander , Schulte Benjamin , Schmidt Thomas , Pehl Christian , Schepp Wolfgang , Seidl Holger 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Objective: Bacterial translocation, causing intestinal inflammation, is one of the key mechanisms in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) The presence of fecal calprotectin quantitatively relates to intestinal neutrophil migration and is therefore considered as a marker of intestinal inflammation. We aimed to assess the role of fecal calprotectin concentrations (FCCs) in diagnosing the onset and severity of HE and SBP.
Methods: Sixty‐one cirrhotics were prospectively included. Forty‐two subjects served as controls. Several complications of cirrhosis were diagnosed by reference methods. Stool samples were collected for measuring FCCs. Patients revealing other causes of abnormal calprotectin results, e.g. gastrointestinal bleeding or inflammatory bowel disease were excluded. Multivariate analysis of cirrhosis‐associated complications and their relation to FCCs was performed.
Results: Fecal calprotectin concentrations were higher in cirrhotics compared with controls (P<0.001). Among cirrhotics, FCCs were elevated dependent on the severity of liver disease as assessed by Child‐ and model for end‐stage liver disease‐scores. The corresponding correlation co‐efficients by Spearman's were 0.577 (P<0.001) and 0.303 (P=0.018) respectively. A correlation emerged between elevated FCCs and HE grading as measured by West–Haven criteria and critical flicker frequency (both P<0.001; sensitivity=0.94 and 0.93, specificity=0.95 and 0.89 respectively) and SBP (P<0.02; sensitivity=0.71, specificity=0.79). FCCs were higher in cirrhotic subjects with additional extra‐intestinal inflammation (P<0.01; sensitivity=0.65, specificity=0.8). The Pearsons correlation coefficients were 0.190 and 0.164 revealing no influence (P=0.142 and P=0.207) of laboratory parameters of systemic inflammation on FCCs in cirrhotic subgroup.
Conclusions: Fecal calprotectin concentrations serve as a screening tool for HE and SBP. Assessment of FCCs may faciliate grading of HE‐severity.
Repair of a Bifid Nose Combined with a Cleft of the Primary Palate in a 1‐Year‐Old Dog
Authors: Arzi Boaz , Verstraete Frank J.M. 
Published: September 2011

ObjectiveTo report surgical repair of a bifid nose combined with a cleft of the primary palate.Study designClinical report.AnimalsA 1‐year‐old, male castrated Springer spaniel dog.MethodsWith the dog in sternal recumbency, an extraoral (dorsal) approach to the nose was performed, and after surgical margins were outlined, a Y‐shaped skin incision was made to remove redundant tissue and expose the bifid nasal cartilages. The cartilages were opposed and sutured together and the skin closed in 2 layers. The dog was repositioned in dorsal recumbency, and the 2 maxillary first incisor teeth were extracted. After tangential incision and undermining of the cleft defect, the mucosa was sutured in 1 layer.ResultsHealing was uneventful and there was an immediate return to normal function. At 2 weeks, 3 and 6 months function was excellent without further clinical signs.ConclusionBifid nose associated with a cleft of the primary palate can be surgically corrected.
“Water Is Life”—Farmer Rationales and Water Saving in Khorezm, Uzbekistan: A Lifeworld Analysis
Authors: Oberkircher Lisa , Hornidge Anna‐Katharina 
Published: September 2011

AbstractKhorezm Province is located in the Amu Darya lowlands of Uzbekistan, where unsustainable use of irrigation water has led to the Aral Sea crisis. This study deals with the question of how farmers in Khorezm perceive water and its management and how this facilitates or prevents water conservation, or “water saving,” in irrigated agriculture. To answer this from the perspective of the water users, we apply Schütz's lifeworld concept to the study of natural‐resource management, thereby reconstructing the water lifeworld of Khorezmian farmers. We present the spatial and temporal boundaries of the water lifeworld; the different types of water, people, and land that farmers distinguish; and the institutions water management is based on. The analysis shows that religious values and the risk of being fined for water wasting facilitate water saving. However, the following barriers to water saving dominate farmer practices: (1) storage of saved water is not possible, (2) using much water creates social capital, (3) perceived water needs exceed the geographical realities, (4) the term “water saving” is not in use, and (5) farmers believe that water management is the state's responsibility. We conclude that water saving should be facilitated by environmental education, a strengthening of the water‐inspection department Uzsuvnazorat, and the creation of decentralized storage options.
PED/PEA‐15 interacts with the 67 kD laminin receptor and regulates cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and apoptosis
Authors: Formisano Pietro , Ragno Pia , Pesapane Ada , Alfano Daniela , Alberobello Anna Teresa , Rea Vincenza Elena Anna , Giusto Raffaella , Rossi Francesca W. , Beguinot Francesco , Rossi Guido , Montuori Nunzia 
Published: September 2011

AbstractPhosphoprotein enriched in diabetes/phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes‐15 kD (PED/PEA‐15) is an anti‐apoptotic protein whose expression is increased in several human cancers. In addition to apoptosis, PED/PEA‐15 is involved in the regulation of other major cellular functions, including cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and glucose metabolism. To further understand the functions of this protein, we performed a yeast two‐hybrid screening using PED/PEA‐15 as a bait and identified the 67 kD high‐affinity laminin receptor (67LR) as an interacting partner. 67 kD laminin receptor is a non‐integrin cell‐surface receptor for the extracellular matrix (ECM), derived from the dimerization of a 37 kD cytosolic precursor (37LRP). The 67LR is highly expressed in human cancers and widely recognized as a molecular marker of metastatic aggressiveness. The molecular interaction of PED/PEA‐15 with 67LR was confirmed by pull‐down experiments with recombinant His‐tagged 37LRP on lysates of PED/PEA‐15 transfected HEK‐293 cells. Further, overexpressed or endogenous PED/PEA‐15 was co‐immunoprecipitated with 67LR in PED/PEA‐15‐transfected HEK‐293 cells and in U‐373 glioblastoma cells, respectively. PED/PEA‐15 overexpression significantly increased 67LR‐mediated HEK‐293 cell adhesion and migration to laminin that, in turn, determined PED/PEA‐15 phosphorylation both in Ser‐104 and Ser‐116, thus enabling cell proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. PED/PEA‐15 ability to induce cell responses to ECM‐derived signals through interaction with 67LR may be of crucial importance for tumour cell survival in a poor microenvironment, thus favouring the metastatic spread and colonization.
Comparison between the SCL‐90‐R and MMPI in TMD patients with psychological problems
Authors: Kim M‐J , Lim M‐J , Park W‐K , Kho H‐S 
Published: September 2011

Oral Diseases (2012) 18, 140–146Objective:  The aim of the study was to investigate the relationships between the Symptom Checklist‐90‐Revision (SCL‐90‐R) and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) in temporomandibular disorders (TMD) patients with psychological problems.Materials and Methods:  Subjective symptoms, objective signs, and psychological characteristics of 36 TMD patients with psychological problems were analyzed. The symptom severity index (SSI) and craniomandibular index (CMI) were used to assess subjective symptoms and objective signs of patients with TMD, respectively. The SCL‐90‐R and MMPI were used for psychological evaluation.Results:  The SSI was not significantly correlated with the CMI in TMD patients with psychological problems, and these indices displayed significant correlations with the SCL‐90‐R and MMPI in several selected subscales. The results of SCL‐90‐R had a limited relationship with those of MMPI in these patients. Based on the MMPI diagnosis, the SCL‐90‐R somatization subscale showed moderate to high sensitivity and specificity, but the SCL‐90‐R depression subscale showed moderate to low sensitivity and specificity.Conclusions:  Considering the limited relationship between the SCL‐90‐R and MMPI in TMD patients with psychological problems, more comprehensive psychological tests are recommended when clinicians suspect patients with TMD of having accompanying psychological problems.
Early onset of fatty liver in growth‐restricted rat fetuses and newborns
Authors: Yamada Makiko , Wolfe Diana , Han Guang , French Samuel W. , Ross Michael G. , Desai Mina 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTIntrauterine growth‐restricted (IUGR) newborns have increased risk of adult metabolic syndrome, including fatty liver. However, it is unclear whether the fatty liver development is “programmed” or secondary to the accompanying obesity. In this study, we examined hepatic lipid accumulation and lipid‐regulatory factors (sterol regulatory element‐binding protein‐1c and fatty acid synthase) in IUGR and Control fetal (embryonic day 20; e20) and newborn (postnatal day 1; p1) rat pups. Notably, despite of in utero undernutrition state, IUGR fetuses demonstrated “fatty liver” with upregulation of these lipogenic indices at as early as e20. Both IUGR and Control newborns exhibited the same extent of massive increase in hepatic lipid content, whereas IUGR newborns continued to exhibit upregulated lipogenic indices. The persistent upregulation of the lipogenic indices in fetal and newborn IUGR suggests that fatty liver is gestationally programmed. Our study suggested that IUGR offspring were born with an altered metabolic life strategy of increased fuel/lipid storage which could be a distinct metabolic pathway of the thrifty phenotype.
Radioactive 26Al from accretion discs around black holes in the Galaxy
Authors: Hu Tao 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT
26Al has a lifetime of roughly one million years, much shorter than the Galactic evolution; therefore, observations of 1.809-MeV gamma-rays from its decay show that nucleosynthesis is currently active in our Galaxy. Massive stars are suggested to be the origin of radioactive 26Al, but the uncertainties in predictions of 26Al yields are still quite large and face some important difficulties. Here we show that 26Al can be produced by nucleosynthesis in the hot regions of bimodal accretion discs and outflows around black holes. Our results show that it could contribute as much as (0.3–3) M⊙ of 26Al stored in the Galaxy.
Empirical Arguments for Group Minds: A Critical Appraisal
Authors: Rupert Robert D. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis entry addresses the question of group minds, by focusing specifically on empirical arguments for group cognition and group cognitive states. Two kinds of positive argument are presented and critically evaluated: the argument from individually unintended effects and the argument from functional similarity. A general argument against group cognition – which appeals to Occam’s razor – is also discussed. In the end, much turns on the identification of a mark of the cognitive; proposed marks are briefly (and inconclusively) surveyed in the final section.
Schelling’s Contemporary Resurgence: The Dawn after the Night When All Cows Were Black
Authors: Wirth Jason 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAfter a long period of neglect that began in his lifetime, why has Schelling reemerged as an important philosopher, germane to contemporary concerns? In the first part of this essay I offer a brief history of Schelling’s early descent into obscurity and gradual ascent back into the light of philosophical relevance. In the second and final part of the essay, I offer a brief survey of the current Schelling resurgence in the English speaking reception of Continental philosophy.
State of the art in natural killer cell malignancies
Authors: SEMENZATO G. , MARINO F. , ZAMBELLO R. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryThe recently updated World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues, published in 2008, has made great advances in revising the disorders previously included in the pool of natural killer (NK) cell tumors. Although NK cell neoplasms represent a relatively rare group of diseases, accounting for <5% of all lymphoid neoplasms, they include very distinctive conditions both clinically and pathologically. This family of diseases includes the most indolent clinical forms, such as the provisional new entry of chronic lymphoproliferative disorder of NK cells (CLPD‐NK) in the WHO classification, as well as one of the most fatal diseases recognized in medical oncology, aggressive NK cell leukemia (ANKL), which is characterized by a prognosis of weeks, or even days. In addition, some disorders previously identified as blastic NK cell lymphoma within the NK cell system have been more properly defined and included in the blastic plasmacytoid dentritic cell neoplasms, although rare cases of bona fide immature NK lymphoid tumors (now classified as NK cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma) have been reported in the literature. This paper focuses on recent concepts and progress in morphology, pathogenesis, clinicopathological features, treatment approaches, and outcomes of NK cell malignancies.
Evolution of plant–pollinator mutualisms in response to climate change
Authors: Gilman R. Tucker , Fabina Nicholas S. , Abbott Karen C. , Rafferty Nicole E. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractClimate change has the potential to desynchronize the phenologies of interdependent species, with potentially catastrophic effects on mutualist populations. Phenologies can evolve, but the role of evolution in the response of mutualisms to climate change is poorly understood. We developed a model that explicitly considers both the evolution and the population dynamics of a plant–pollinator mutualism under climate change. How the populations evolve, and thus whether the populations and the mutualism persist, depends not only on the rate of climate change but also on the densities and phenologies of other species in the community. Abundant alternative mutualist partners with broad temporal distributions can make a mutualism more robust to climate change, while abundant alternative partners with narrow temporal distributions can make a mutualism less robust. How community composition and the rate of climate change affect the persistence of mutualisms is mediated by two‐species Allee thresholds. Understanding these thresholds will help researchers to identify those mutualisms at highest risk owing to climate change.
JML: testing hybridization from species trees
Authors: JOLY SIMON 
Published: September 2011

AbstractI introduce the softwarejmlthat tests for the presence of hybridization in multispecies sequence data sets by posterior predictive checking followingJoly, McLenachan and Lockhart (2009, American Naturalist174,e54). Although their method could potentially be applied on any data set, the lack of appropriate software made its application difficult. The softwarejmlthus fills a need for an easy application of the method but also includes improvements such as the possibility to incorporate uncertainty in the species tree topology. Thejmlsoftware uses a posterior distribution of species trees, population sizes and branch lengths to simulate replicate sequence data sets using the coalescent with no migration. A test quantity, defined as the minimum pairwise sequence distance between sequences of two species, is then evaluated on the simulated data sets and compared to the one estimated from the original data. Because the test quantity is a good predictor of hybridization events, departure from the bifurcating species tree model could be interpreted as evidence of hybridization. Software performance in terms of computing time is evaluated for several parameters. I also show an application example of the software for detecting hybridization among native diploid North American roses.
Safety and immunogenicity of BPV‐1 L1 virus‐like particles in a dose‐escalation vaccination trial in horses
Authors: HAINISCH E. K. , BRANDT S. , SHAFTI‐KERAMAT S. , VAN DEN HOVEN R. , KIRNBAUER R. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryReasons for performing study: Infection with bovine papillomaviruses types 1 and 2 (BPV‐1, BPV‐2) can lead to the development of therapy‐resistant skin tumours termed sarcoids and possibly other skin diseases in equids. Although sarcoids seriously compromise the welfare of affected animals and cause considerable economic losses, no prophylactic vaccine is available to prevent this common disease. In several animal species and man, immunisation with papillomavirus‐like particles (VLP) has been shown to protect efficiently from papillomaviral infection.Hypothesis: BPV‐1 L1 VLPs may constitute a safe and highly immunogenic vaccine candidate for protection of horses against BPV‐1/‐2‐induced disease.Methods: Three groups of 4 horses each received 50, 100 or 150 µg of BPV‐1 L1 VLPs, respectively, on Days 0, 28 and 168. Three control horses received adjuvant only. Horses were monitored on a daily basis for one week after each immunisation and then in 2 week intervals. Sera were collected immediately before, 2 weeks after each vaccination and one and 2 years after the final boost and analysed by pseudovirion neutralisation assay.Results: None of the horses showed adverse reactions upon vaccination apart from mild and transient swelling in 2 individuals. Irrespective of the VLP dose, all VLP‐immunised horses had developed a BPV‐1‐neutralising antibody titre of ≥1600 plaque forming units (pfu)/ml 2 weeks after the third vaccination. Eight of 10 trial horses still available for follow‐up had neutralising antibody titres ≥1600 pfu/ml one year and ≥800 pfu/ml 2 years after the last immunisation.Conclusion: Intramuscular BPV‐1 L1 VLP vaccination in horses is safe and results in a long‐lasting antibody response against BPV‐1. Neutralisation titres were induced at levels that correlate with protection in experimental animals and man.Potential relevance: BPV‐1 L1 VLPs constitute a promising vaccine candidate for prevention of BPV‐1/‐2‐induced disease in equids.
Experiences of a nationwide web-based system: reporting dispensing errors in Swedish pharmacies
Authors: Nordén-Hägg Annika , Kettis-Lindblad Åsa , Ring Lena , Kälvemark-Sporrong Sofia 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

Objectives
To design and evaluate a national web-based dispensing error reporting system for all Swedish pharmacies, replacing the currently used paper-based system.

Methods
A working group designed the new system. The number of reports before (1999–2003) and after (2004–2005) introduction was studied in a descriptive analysis. The completeness of reports was evaluated through the study of 100 randomly selected reports from the third quarter of 2003 and 2004 from each system. Evaluation was done by chi-square analysis; P &gt; 0.05. Perceptions on introduction were collected in semi-structured interviews (working group and one assistant) and subjected to descriptive analysis.

Key findings
Reported error rate per 100 000 dispensed items was 12.9 pre- and 21.4 post implementation. Completeness-analysis revealed that information was more comprehensively reported in the new system. A significant difference existed in the extent to which incidents were described as well as details provided of the medicine and the patient. According to the interviewees, users initially found the web-based system difficult to handle. It took more than 6 months to change this perception.

Conclusions
Introducing a web-based system for reporting dispensing errors had an impact on quantity of reports and completeness. Time and patience was needed to implement the changes.
Immunization of Mice with Lactobacillus casei Expressing a Beta-Intimin Fragment Reduces Intestinal Colonization by Citrobacter rodentium
Authors: Ferreira P. C. D. , da Silva J. B. , Piazza R. M. F. , Eckmann L. , Ho P. L. , Oliveira M. L. S. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT

Enteropathogenic
Escherichia coli
(EPEC) is a common cause of diarrhea in children from developing countries. Intimate adhesion of the bacteria to intestinal cells occurs via binding of the adhesin intimin to the TIR receptor exposed on cell surfaces. Here,
Lactobacillus casei
expressing a fragment of β-intimin (
L. casei
-Int
cv
) was tested as mucosal vaccines in mice against intestinal colonization with the murine pathogen
Citrobacter rodentium
. Oral or sublingual immunization of C57BL/6 mice with
L. casei
-Int
cv
induced anti-Int
cv
IgA in feces but no IgG in sera. Conversely, anti-Int
cv
IgG was induced in the sera of mice after sublingual immunization with purified Int
cv
. All vaccines were able to decrease
C. rodentium
recovery from feces. However, this reduction was more evident and sustained over time in mice immunized with
L. casei
-Int
cv
by the sublingual route. These mice also displayed an increase in interleukin 6 (IL-6) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) secretion by spleen cells 10 days after infection. Additionally, oral or sublingual immunization of C3H/HePas mice, which are highly susceptible to
C. rodentium
infection, with
L. casei
-Int
cv
induced anti-Int
cv
antibodies and significantly increased survival after challenge. Immunohistological analysis of colon sections revealed that
C. rodentium
was located in deep fractions of the tissue from C3H/HePas mice immunized with
L. casei
whereas superficial staining was observed in colon sections from mice immunized with
L. casei
-Int
cv.
The results indicate that vaccines composed of
L. casei
expressing intimin may represent a promising approach and that the C3H/HePas infection model with
C. rodentium
can be used to evaluate potential vaccines against EPEC.