bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Individualized Erlanger KS-Impression Trays for Infants with Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Strobel-Schwarthoff Karin , Hirschfelder Ursula , Hofmann Elisabeth 
Published: January 2011

Objective The use of individualized impression trays is required when taking impressions of the maxilla in infants with cleft lip and palate. Custom trays made of plastic such as polymethylmethacrylate, as well as generic, full-arch infant metal trays, have been used up to now. Given the increasing incidence of infectious diseases, the ability to sterilize impression trays for infants with cleft lip and palate is mandatory. Polymethylmethacrylate impression trays are altered in shape and consistency when autoclaved during the sterilization process. Therefore, they have to be fabricated afresh at regular intervals. Methods Based on modified mold patterns of the available plastic trays, 44 pieces were sorted into four groups of 11 trays in ascending order of size. On these plaster casts, which served as the male part of the template, a 1-mm layer of sheet wax was applied. An optimized ergonomic wax handle was then fitted to the wax plate. Realization in a chromium-cobalt-molybdenum alloy was performed according to the lost wax principle. Conclusions The sterilizable Erlangen KS-Impression tray (Erlanger KS-Abformlöffel®) is now available in 11 sizes for each of four basic forms. They meet current hygiene guidelines. They can be recommended for routine use when taking impressions in infants with any form of cleft lip and palate without complications.
Behavioral Incident Investigation
Authors: Perkinson Larry 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Behavioral Incident Investigation (BII) is a powerful tool used to arrive at the reasons people take unsafe actions. It is used as an adjunct to existing investigation methodologies to explore more fully the relationship between the work/management system and the behavior of personnel involved in incidents.
In the BII process, every undesired behavior, whether by operational personnel, supervision, or contractors, etc., is identified. Each unsafe behavior is then analyzed using the ABC model of human behavior (Antecedents/Behavior/Consequences) to determine what were the antecedents, or triggers, in place that suggested the unsafe behavior, and what were the consequences experienced by the person on previous occasions that might have caused them to repeat the unsafe behavior. These results are fed into whatever root cause investigation tool is being used to assist with determining immediate and root causes and appropriately categorizing the results.
Once the root causes are determined, the original behaviors inserted into the ABC model are reversed, and the desired behaviors are inserted into the analysis. The investigator then attempts to determine what antecedents/triggers can be put into place and the consequences that can be implemented that will suggest/trigger and/or encourage/reinforce the corresponding safe behavior. The result is an action plan that not only addresses ways to prevent unsafe behavior, but ways to encourage safe behavior.
The process provides a link to human behavior that is currently left unexplored or underutilized in most investigation methodologies and ensures that action plans to address root causes include behavioral components.
Risk Based Environmental Management System for Gas-to-Liquids Industries
Authors: Pon Saravanan N.. , Van vuuren Marlene J 
Published: January 2011

AbstractGas-to-Liquids, or GTL, is a technology breakthrough to convert natural gas into high-performing, ultra-clean liquid fuels by means of the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process. This new and emerging technology is expected to contribute a larger share of the world's gas-processing in the future. The overall objective of the paper is to develop an risk-based Environmental Management System (EMS), to assist the gas-processing industries to effectively implement and manage mitigation measures and also to reduce significant environmental risks from GTL industries. This risk based EMS provides information to government agencies, stakeholders, including policy makers, design and process engineers for making reasoned decisions by defining the range of risks associated with various options.This paper provides systematic approach to address the risks associated with GTL industries which involves impact identification, determination of severity, estimation of impact probability and evaluation of risk significance. The objectives of the paper are a) to develop the framework to assess the risks, b) to provide a qualitative assessment of the risks, in terms of the potential impact on different environmental components, c) to assess the relative significance of the risks and d) to identify and implement additional control measures to manage the environmental risks. Incorporating risk assessment into EMS allows environmental managers to prioritize risks, to identify the resources needed, and to control and manage the identified risk factors. A brief overview on EMS for GTL industries has been provided to address all activities that have been identified to have potentially significant risks on the environment during different scenarios.
Design and Operation of Fluid Laboratories for Maximum Engagement of Students in HSE Issues
Authors: Williams John M. , Kissami Mimoune 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This paper describes the set-up of reservoir fluid study teaching laboratories, and the way safety and other HSE issues have been managed to maximise student learning and adoption of safe practices. It is extremely relevant to the education of engineering students in reservoir fluid property measurement skills and in the awareness of HSE issues.
Significant issues are covered relating to the design of the laboratories, including the choice of mercury-free equipment, decision to use combustible and poisonous gases rather than synthetic materials, selection of experiments that could be performed within the time constraints of laboratory sessions, which hazards could be safely managed during experiments, what personal protective equipment (PPE) should be required as standard dress code in the laboratories, and how waste could be minimised, reused, or disposed of.
Identification of experimental hazards and selection and justification of PPE choice has been made part of the experimental procedure. Students have ‘bought-in’ to the need for PPE, despite the inconvenience. Laboratory classes have been held involving numerous students over six years with only one very minor injury reported. The classes significantly increase student awareness and contribute to their preparation for work in the petroleum industry.
Work in the reservoir fluid property laboratory makes a significant contribution to both laboratory and professional conduct components of the petroleum engineering program that are required by accreditation organisations. Sponsors have expressed support for the decision to use real reservoir fluid samples in typical industry conditions, and international visitors have recognised the laboratory as being a world class educational facility.
Promotion of Upward Safe Behavior, An Essential Step in Successful Implementation of HSE Culture
Authors: Rahimi R.. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Promoting safe behavior at work is a critical part of the health and safety management, because behavior turns systems and procedures into reality. On their own, good systems do not ensure successful health and safety management, as the level of success is determined by how organizations ‘live’ their systems. The behavioral programs currently in use focus on promoting safe behavior among frontline staff. These programs therefore exclude a large proportion of other behaviors that influence health and safety performance. There is potential to extend the behavior modification principles and strategies currently used, to encourage and promote behaviors which support the health and safety management system (HSMS) and the development of a positive health and safety culture. Behavioral programs have become popular in the safety domain, as there is evidence that a proportion of accidents are caused by unsafe behavior. Whilst a focus on changing unsafe behavior into safe behavior is appropriate, this should not deflect attention from analyzing why people behave unsafely. To focus solely on changing individual behavior without considering necessary changes to how people are organized, managed, motivated, rewarded and their physical work environment, tools and equipment can result in treating the symptom only, without addressing the root causes of unsafe behavior. Given that it is the behavior of management that is most critical in creating a culture of HSE in any organization, behavioral safety observations are likely to have their greatest impact if directed upwards, at managers. This paper provides a critical look at the assumptions that underlie such programs and identify some of their limitations.
Environmental Impacts of Different NORM Disposal Methods
Authors: Valeur Jens Rosendal 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Waste of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) poses a challenge to operators and authorities alike.
The paper reviews legislation and practices regarding NORM waste management in the North Sea countries, with emphasis on the potential environmental impacts. The paper gives an overview of mechanisms causing NORM in the oil and gas industry, the various disposal methods, the legal regime, and the fate and effects in the external environment. Examples of current and future NORM waste challenges are given.
NORM in produced water mainly consists of Ra-226 and Ra-228, which has been dissolved from the geological materials of the reservoir. Parts of the dissolved Ra precipitate as RaSO4 in the process equipment onboard the installation (mainly in the separation systems), associated with precipitation of BaSO4 and SrSO4. If discharged to the sea, the vast majority of the dissolved Ra precipitates as RaSO4 or adsorbs to fine-grained particles and particulate organic matter. When assessing the fate and effects of NORM in the external environment, it is therefore essential to analyse both the fine-grained sediment transport pathways and the uptake mechanisms of marine life.
The strong particle-association of Ra must be taken into account when evaluating the possible environmental impacts of solid NORM waste disposal (from maintenance of equipment, decommissioning of installations, etc.). Re-injection of NORM back to the geological reservoir can be seen as an optimal way of disposing NORM waste, but the approach taken by different countries varies, depending on how the London Convention and the OSPAR Radioactive Substances Strategy are interpreted and implemented.
It is concluded that the NORM waste issue is not in all cases handled optimally with respect to health, safety and environmental impacts, partly because of the constellation of international conventions and national practices which is applied with significant variation from country to country.
Improving Safety Behavior Using Adkar Model
Authors: Al-Qahtani Bandar J. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Although the development of science and technologies has already decreased the number of employees in industries, there has been a developing trend in terms of employee's importance in workplaces. Controlling a large number of different and critical operations is the duty of human beings in the oil & gas industries. It is usually supposed that making human errors is one of the main contributors to catastrophic disasters likelihood. Thus, improving safety behavior has become one of the challenges in the workplace.
Several safety management programs have been developed to eliminate the unsafe behavior and promote the safety performance in the organization. Unfortunately, most of these programs and systems, if not all, have failed to achieve their goals; basically, because they are lack of proper behavior change process or methodology.
This paper aims to adopt the ADKAR model to be used as coaching tool to improve individual's safety behavior and also as basis tool to facilitate implementing new safety programs effectively. In particular, the model will be used to:
diagnose employee's resistance to change unsafe behavior promote the employees safety awareness build a successful action plan for personal development during behavior change create uniform safety culture cross the organization
The adopted ADKAR model has the ability to identify why trials of changing behaviors are not working and help leaders and managers take the necessary steps to make the behavior change successful.
In general, eliminating undesired or unsafe behavior requires managing five key phases that form the basis of the ADKAR model:
Awareness of the risk associated with unsafe behavior or action Desire to participate and support the behavior change Knowledge of how to change behavior Ability to implement the behavior change on a day-to-day basis Reinforcement to keep new desired behavior
Preserving Yemen's Cultural Heritage: Yemen LNG's Innovative Approach
Authors: Sinnah Mohammed H. , Hirst Robert 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis paper describes Yemen LNG's innovative approach to managing Yemen's cultural heritage during construction of a liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant at Balhaf and a 320 km gas supply pipeline, both of which are located in one of the richest archaeological areas in a country with a rare and deep cultural history. Yemen LNG has developed a Cultural Heritage Action Plan (CHAP) to translate Yemen LNG's commitments and strategy for cultural heritage preservation and conservation in all its operational areas into practical actions. Although Yemen LNG-initiated cultural heritage actions should complement national cultural heritage management priorities to be effective, such a national strategy does not yet exist. Yemen LNG is therefore pioneering cultural heritage management in Yemen through its CHAP. Yemen LNG's presentation of the CHAP, and its objectives and actions to Government, and public and private stakeholders is discussed. The feedback it has received from stakeholders is also presented and evaluated.This paper summarises the:■ cultural heritage of the Balhaf plant site and along the pipeline corridor; ■ main goals and priority objectives for preserving and conserving the cultural heritage present; ■ methods and mechanisms for achieving these objectives in the form of an action list; ■ phased approach to implementing actions initially during construction and then during plant operations; and ■ status of implementation for the actions addressed in the CHAP.As cultural heritage preservation is not only an essential cultural consideration but also an increasingly important legal and economic requirement, the CHAP also addresses cultural heritage related matters in contexts beyond the Yemen LNG project area.
An Innovative Method for Improving Information for Effective Accident Investigation
Authors: Gabbert F.. , Hope L.. , Lang K.. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
In Occupational Health and Safety, an accurate understanding of what happened before and during an incident or accident is critical in developing an understanding of the various causes. Understanding root causes and the controls necessary to prevent incidents reoccurring can be both difficult and time consuming and, if not undertaken properly, can lead to ineffective measures and adverse recurrent events. A critical part of any accident investigation is the effective gathering of facts. One of the ways to acquire important first hand information is through witness statements. Given the crucial role of eyewitness evidence, statements should be obtained as soon as possible after an incident. This is not often possible due to demands on staff resources, lack of trained staff being available or the geographically remote location where the event has occurred. This paper examines the development of a self-administered witness interview tool, known as the SAW-IT™, and the theory used to elicit a comprehensive statement of events. This deceptively simple methodology, presently used by several Police Forces in criminal investigations, could be applied in the both in the Oil and Gas industry and in other spheres. This paper discusses the practical and cultural issues that have to be considered. Results of two studies will be outlined, both providing evidence that the interview tool elicits detailed and highly accurate information from witnesses. Study 2 demonstrates that the SAI also protects against forgetting which is a further benefit should a subsequent interview be necessary. Case studies demonstrating the use of the SAW-IT™ in an HSE investigation will be provided as illustrative examples of the practical and evidential benefits of the recall tool. The practical lessons and benefits in applying the SAW-IT™ tool in the oil and gas industry are shared and an outline given of further work proposed.
Conducting Labour Risk Audits and Implementing a Labour Risk Management Programme in Order to Create and Maintain Labour Stability
Authors: Kloppers Christo , Hirst Robert 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARY
The main objective of this paper is to provide significant new knowledge and experience on conducting Labour Risk Audits and the implementation of Labour Risk Management Programmes in order to create and maintain labour stability and strengthen the operation's social license to operate. Unsatisfactory labour practices and welfare conditions pose an operational and reputational risk to all projects, in addition to potential labour instability and the resultant negative effects on project and operational efficiencies, the perceptions of local communities and their future support during the operations phase could be positively or negatively influenced by the experience of local workers on site, which, in turn, could affect the project's social license to operate. The Yemen Liquefied Natural Gas project (Yemen LNG) will be, at over $US4 billion, the largest project in the country's history and utilised Labour Risk Audits and Labour Risk Management in order to create workforce stability and to retain and strengthen their social license to operate. At the peak of construction up to 12,000 workers of at least 60 nationalities were present on site, which in its itself posed unique challenges to the management of labour relations in a culturally diverse context. The Labour Risk Audits covered areas such as organisational design, human resources administration and the terms and conditions of employment, while Labour Risk Management focused on legal compliance in terms of Yemeni Labour Law and related legislation, welfare (i.e. camp standards, living conditions and catering), demobilisation of workers, and the monitoring of labour risk indicators (e.g. grievances). The paper describes the results and ratifies the need for Labour Risk Audits and Labour Risk Management on similar projects, as all could benefit from a stable and productive workforce, which in turn will also enhance the company's reputation and ensure a continued social license to operate.
Leak Detection Technologies for Continuous Monitoring of Subsea Production Templates
Authors: Vrålstad Torbjørn , Melbye Alf G. , Carlsen Inge M. , Llewelyn David 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Subsea leakages from underwater production facilities may have significant environmental and economical consequences. There are a wide range of different technologies available for detection of subsea leakages, depending on the type of application and approach to leak detection. The two most common approaches to direct subsea leak detection are inspection/surveying, where sensors are attached to mobile units such as ROVs, and continuous monitoring, where the sensors are permanently installed at the seabed. For the latter case, there are several different types of leak detection technologies depending on whether templates or pipelines are to be monitored. While most subsea facilities are monitored by flow measurement devices which can typically detect leaks of above a few percent of overall flow, this paper addresses direct methods of leak detection, suitable for smaller leaks.
The Norwegian Oil Industry Association (OLF) has initiated a series of projects on subsea leak detection, where the purposes are to obtain an overview of the different types of leak detection systems available, and to determine the practical applicability and functionality of these systems. An important issue in this regard is to experimentally test the leak detection systems with both gas and oil leakages under realistic conditions. This paper presents results from comparative, experimental tests of five different leak detection systems suitable for continuous monitoring of subsea templates, where the purpose of the tests was to elucidate the strengths and limitations of the different detection principles.
From Reporting to Performance Orientation - What Gets Measured Gets Done
Authors: Peball Ulrich , Simion Ana-Maria 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

HSE Culture and performance:
This paper describes how the key tools and techniques are applied to change the HSE culture of a national Exploration & Production company and presents examples of general use for performance oriented reporting in mid size companies. HSE culture of a national affiliate of a large multi-national oil corporation, which was initially very much focused on reporting achievement of figures and not actual progress, was driven to achieve Strategic HSE Objectives by application of the measurement and reporting of meaningful and achievable objectives.

Setting the Strategy and Objectives:
The HSE culture and performance of the E&P Company was very low and mainly driven by bureaucracy and a blaming culture. Over a period of 6 years, HSE initiatives were developed and implemented based on a top down strategy for the multi national group based on an E&P vision, taking into consideration key external drivers for the E&P business. A gap analysis against best industry practices and a defined corporate peer group verified the focus on key issues. For key benchmarks KPI's, targets and key accountabilities were defined.