bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in the intrafamilial transmission of hepatitis B virus after introduction of a hepatitis B vaccination programme in Korea
Authors: JEONG S. H. , YIM H. W. , YOON S. H. , JEE Y. M. , BAE S. H. , LEE W. C. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARYHepatitis B virus (HBV) infections are endemic in Korea. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of HBsAg positivity in Korea and to evaluate the changes in intrafamilial transmission after introduction of HBV vaccination in 1983. This study was based on the 2001 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 2512 study subjects, aged 10–29 years, were selected from across Korea using a stratified multi-stage probability sampling design. To identify the changes in intrafamilial transmission after the introduction of the HBV vaccination programme, 1850 subjects with parental serological markers were selected. These subjects were then grouped into two birth cohorts (cohort 1: born before 1983; cohort 2: born after 1983). Appropriate sampling weights were used for all analyses. The weighted age-specific prevalence of HBsAg was 4·9% in participants in their 20s and 1·9% in adolescents; the combined weighted prevalence was 3·2%. Of subjects with HBsAg positivity in either parent, 17·5% were HBsAg-seropositive. Of subjects with two HBsAg-negative parents, 1·5% were HBsAg-seropositive. The HBsAg positivity rate of offspring with HBsAg-positive mothers was higher than those with HBsAg-positive fathers (27·3% vs. 4·8%, P<0·001). The weighted HBsAg positivity rate of offspring with HBsAg-negative mothers was 2·3% for cohort 1 and 0·4% for cohort 2 (P<0·01), and for those offspring with HBsAg-positive mothers it was also significantly decreased compared to cohorts 1 and 2 (40·2% vs. 16·4%, P<0·01). However, the weighted HBsAg positivity rate of offspring with HBsAg-positive mothers was still high. Our results showed that introduction of HBV vaccination has resulted in a decline in the overall HBsAg positivity rate and a reduction in intrafamilial transmission in Korea, but further preventive measures for maternal intrafamilial transmission are needed.
A serosurvey reveals Bosnia and Herzegovina as a Europe's hotspot in hantavirus seroprevalence
Authors: HUKIC M. , NIKOLIC J. , VALJEVAC A. , SEREMET M. , TESIC G. , MARKOTIC A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARYThe extent of hantavirus seroprevalence in the healthy population from Bosnia and Herzegovina has not yet been investigated; therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the hantavirus seroprevalence in the population from different regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina and in different risk groups. The serosurvey included 1331 subjects from endemic and non-endemic regions in Bosnia and Herzegovina. All sera samples were examined using IgG ELISA, and Western blot (Bunyavirus IgG) tests. Hantavirus seroprevalence was 7·4% in the endemic region and 2·4% in the non-endemic region (P<0·05). Former soldiers from the endemic region had significantly the highest seroprevalence (16·1%) compared to the general population from the endemic region (6·2%), the occupational risk group from the non-endemic region (5·6%) and the general population from the non-endemic region (0·8%) (P<0·01). No difference in hantavirus seroprevalence between gender or age groups was observed. Hantavirus seroprevalence in different populations in Bosnia and Herzegovina was found to be highest compared to other central European countries.
Parenting styles, family structure and adolescent dietary behaviour
Authors: Pearson Natalie , Atkin Andrew J , Biddle Stuart JH , Gorely Trish , Edwardson Charlotte 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo examine associations between parenting styles, family structure and aspects of adolescent dietary behaviour.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingSecondary schools in the East Midlands, UK.SubjectsAdolescents aged 12–16 years (n 328, 57 % boys) completed an FFQ assessing their consumption of fruit, vegetables, unhealthy snacks and breakfast. Adolescents provided information on parental and sibling status and completed a seventeen-item instrument measuring the general parenting style dimensions of involvement and strictness, from which four styles were derived: indulgent, neglectful, authoritarian, authoritative.ResultsAfter controlling for adolescent gender and age, analysis of covariance revealed no significant interactions between parenting style and family structure variables for any of the dietary behaviours assessed. Significant main effects for family structure were observed only for breakfast consumption, with adolescents from dual-parent families (P < 0·01) and those with no brothers (P < 0·05) eating breakfast on more days per week than those from single-parent families and those with one or more brother, respectively. Significant main effects for parenting style were observed for all dietary behaviours apart from vegetable consumption. Adolescents who described their parents as authoritative ate more fruit per day, fewer unhealthy snacks per day, and ate breakfast on more days per week than those who described their parents as neglectful.ConclusionsThe positive associations between authoritative parenting style and adolescent dietary behaviour transcend family structure. Future research should be food-specific and assess the efficacy of strategies promoting the central attributes of an authoritative parenting style on the dietary behaviours of adolescents from a variety of family structures.
Low diversity and high host preference of ectomycorrhizal fungi in Western Amazonia, a neotropical biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Tedersoo Leho , Sadam Ave , Zambrano Milton , Valencia Renato , Bahram Mohammad 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Information about the diversity of tropical microbes, including fungi is relatively scarce. This study addresses the diversity, spatial distribution and host preference of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EcMF) in a neotropical rainforest site in North East Ecuador. DNA sequence analysis of both symbionts revealed relatively low richness of EcMF as compared with the richness of temperate regions that contrasts with high plant (including host) diversity. EcMF community was positively autocorrelated up to 8.5±1.0-m distance—roughly corresponding to the canopy and potentially rooting area of host individuals. Coccoloba (Polygonaceae), Guapira and Neea (Nyctaginaceae) differed by their most frequent EcMF. Two-thirds of these EcMF preferred one of the host genera, a feature uncommon in boreal forests. Scattered distribution of hosts probably accounts for the low EcMF richness. This study demonstrates that the diversity of plants and their mycorrhizal fungi is not always related and host preference among EcMF can be substantial outside the temperate zone.
Using the Campus as a Teaching and Research Tool*: opportunities for ecologists to link to campus sustainability efforts
Authors: Savanick Hansen Suzanne 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCampus sustainability projects offer opportunities to link campus operations with academics. For ecologists, these links can include building upon urban long term ecological research such as urban nitrogen budgeting. In addition, the campus can serve as a tool to examine local biodiversity, urban storm water, and climate change issues in the classroom. This presentation will describe how an urban nitrogen budget at the University of Minnesota was developed. In addition, this presentation will describe how the Sustainability Office and the environmental studies department at Macalester College currently collaborate to develop campus sustainability academic projects. By linking to campus sustainability projects, ecologists have an opportunity to improve pedagogy, connect students to civic engagement, and offer real-world projects without leaving campus.
Triumphs and Challenges of Implementing a Nursing Bedside Swallow Screening Tool: A Stroke Coordinator's Perspective
Authors: Poskus Kelly 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The bedside swallow screen has become an essential part of the evaluation of a patient after stroke in the hospital setting. Implementing this type of tool should be simple. However, reinforcement and monitoring of the tool presents a challenge. Verifying the consistency and reliability of nurses performing the bedside swallow screen can be a difficult task. This article will document the journey of implementing and maintaining a reliable and valid nursing bedside swallow screen.
Development of a Multidisciplinary Evidence-Based Dysphagia Screen for All Acute Care Admissions
Authors: Hind Jacqueline A. , Robbins JoAnne , Priefer Beverly 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDelay in referral to a speech language pathologist for evaluation and appropriate treatment of swallowing dysfunction may increase a patient's risk for dysphagia related sequelae such as pneumonia and dehydration. The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) issued a Veterans Health Administration directive that included a mandate that nurses complete a dysphagia screening on all patients admitted to a VA hospital. Initial attempts to translate this mandate into an assessment tool generated considerable controversy and debate nationwide among VA nurses and also between the disciplines of nursing and speech language pathology. A multidisciplinary cohort of nurses and speech language pathologists (SLPs) received a grant to determine, via systematic literature review, which risk factors and best practices were appropriate for screening VA patients. A six-item screen was developed to be used by nurses with a goal of identifying acute-care patients at risk for dysphagia for timely referral to a SLP. Feasibility studies are ongoing.
Coxibs interfere with the action of aspirin by binding tightly to one monomer of cyclooxygenase-1
Authors: Rimon Gilad , Sidhu Ranjinder S. , Lauver D. Adam , Lee Jullia Y. , Sharma Narayan P. , Yuan Chong , Frieler Ryan A. , Trievel Raymond C. , Lucchesi Benedict R. , Smith William L. 
Published: December 2009

Pain associated with inflammation involves prostaglandins synthesized from arachidonic acid (AA) through cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) pathways while thromboxane A2formed by platelets from AA via cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) mediates thrombosis. COX-1 and COX-2 are both targets of nonselective nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (nsNSAIDs) including aspirin whereas COX-2 activity is preferentially blocked by COX-2 inhibitors called coxibs. COXs are homodimers composed of identical subunits, but we have shown that only one subunit is active at a time during catalysis; moreover, many nsNSAIDS bind to a single subunit of a COX dimer to inhibit the COX activity of the entire dimer. Here, we report the surprising observation that celecoxib and other coxibs bind tightly to a subunit of COX-1. Although celecoxib binding to one monomer of COX-1 does not affect the normal catalytic processing of AA by the second, partner subunit, celecoxib does interfere with the inhibition of COX-1 by aspirin in vitro. X-ray crystallographic results obtained with a celecoxib/COX-1 complex show how celecoxib can bind to one of the two available COX sites of the COX-1 dimer. Finally, we find that administration of celecoxib to dogs interferes with the ability of a low dose of aspirin to inhibit AA-induced ex vivo platelet aggregation. COX-2 inhibitors such as celecoxib are widely used for pain relief. Because coxibs exhibit cardiovascular side effects, they are often prescribed in combination with low-dose aspirin to prevent thrombosis. Our studies predict that the cardioprotective effect of low-dose aspirin on COX-1 may be blunted when taken with coxibs.
Extranasal Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Colonization at Admission to an Acute Care Veterans Affairs Hospital
Authors: Baker Stacey E. , Brecher Stephen M. , Robillard Ernest , Strymish Judith , Lawler Elizabeth , Gupta Kalpana 
Published: December 2009

Objective.To evaluate the prevalence of and risk factors for extranasal methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization and its relationship to nasal colonization among veterans hospitalized for acute care.Design.Prospective observational study.Setting.Veterans Affairs (VA) acute care hospital in Boston, Massachusetts.Patients.Convenience sample of 150 patients hospitalized within the previous 36 hours and screened for nasal MRSA who were not known to have an active MRSA infection or MRSA isolates recovered from a wound during the past 12 months.Methods.Potential risk factors for MRSA colonization were assessed, and oropharynx, axilla, hand, perirectal, wound, and catheter insertion site samples were obtained for culture. MRSA was identified in chromogenic agar and confirmed by use of routine culture techniques. Nasal MRSA colonization was detected by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Results.Nasal swab samples analyzed by use of PCR yielded results positive for MRSA in 16 (11%) of 150 patients. Extranasal cultures yielded positive results for 3 (2%) of 134 patients who tested negative for nasal MRSA colonization and for 9 (56%) of 16 patients who tested positive for nasal MRSA colonization (odds ratio [OR], 56.1 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 12.4-254.6]; P <.001). The oropharynx was the most commonly colonized extranasal site (10 patients [7%]). Independent risk factors for extranasal MRSA colonization included nasal MRSA colonization (OR, 66.9 [95% CI, 11.8-379.7]; P <.001) and end-stage hepatic disease (OR, 98.5 [95% CI, 3.1-3,112.4]; P = .01).Conclusions.Extranasal MRSA colonization is infrequent among veterans admitted for acute care to VA Boston Healthcare System. Extranasal MRSA colonization was strongly associated with nasal MRSA colonization, which suggests that the VA MRSA Prevention Initiative is not missing a large number of MRSA-colonized patients by focusing on nasal-only screening.
Primary care burden and treatment of patients with heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Scotland
Authors: Hawkins Nathaniel M. , Jhund Pardeep S. , Simpson Colin R. , Petrie Mark C. , MacDonald Michael R. , Dunn Francis G. , MacIntyre Kate , McMurray John J.V. 
Published: December 2009

AimsHeart failure (HF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) frequently coexist and present major challenges to healthcare providers. The epidemiology, consultation rate, and treatment of patients with HF and COPD in primary care are ill‐defined.Methods and resultsThis was an analysis of cross‐sectional data from 61 primary care practices (377 439 patients) participating in the Scottish Continuous Morbidity Recording scheme. The prevalence of COPD in patients with HF increased from 19.8% in 1999 to 23.8% in 2004. In 2004, the prevalence was similar in men and women (24.8% vs. 22.9%, P = 0.09), increased with age up to 75 years, and increased with greater socioeconomic deprivation (most deprived 31.3% vs. least deprived 18.6%, P = 0.01). Contact rates for HF or COPD in those with both conditions were greater than disease‐specific contact rates in patients with either condition alone. Although overall beta‐blocker prescribing increased over time; the adjusted odds of beta‐blocker prescription in patients with COPD was low and failed to improve [odds ratio 0.30 (0.28–0.32), P < 0.001]. In 2004, only 18% of individuals with HF and COPD were prescribed beta‐blockers vs. 41% in those without COPD.ConclusionChronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a frequent comorbidity in patients with HF and represents a significant healthcare burden to primary care. Although beta‐blocker prescribing in the community has increased, less than a fifth of patients with HF and COPD received beta‐blockers.
The acoustic properties of Salpa thompsoni
Authors: Wiebe Peter H. , Chu Dezhang , Kaartvedt Stein , Hundt Anna , Melle Webjorn , Ona Egil , Batta-Lona Paola 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Wiebe, P. H., Chu, D., Kaartvedt, S., Hundt, A., Melle, W., Ona, E., and Batta-Lona, P. 2010. The acoustic properties of Salpa thompsoni. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 583–593. Aggregations of the salp Salpa thompsoni were encountered during the Antarctic krill and ecosystem-studies cruise on the RV “G.O. Sars” from 19 February to 27 March 2008. The salp's in situ target strength (TS), size, number of individuals in aggregate chains, and chain angle of orientation were determined. Shipboard measurements were made of Salpa thompsoni's material properties. Individual aggregates were mostly 45.5–60.6 mm in mean length; relatively rare solitaries were ∼100 mm. Chains ranged from 3 to at least 121 individuals, and in surface waters (<20 m), they showed no preferred angle of orientation. Sound-speed contrast (h) ranged from 1.0060 to 1.0201 and density contrast (g) estimates between 1.0000 and 1.0039. The in situ TS distributions peaked between −75 and −76 dB at 38 kHz, with a secondary peak at approximately −65 dB. TS ranged between −85 and −65 dB at 120 and 200 kHz and peaked around −74 dB. The measured in situ TS of salps reasonably matched the theoretical scattering-model predictions based on multi-individual chains. The backscattering from aggregate salps gives rise to TS values that can be similar to krill and other zooplankton with higher density and sound-speed contrasts.
TheREDUCED LEAFLETGenes Encode Key Components of the trans-Acting Small Interfering RNA Pathway and Regulate Compound Leaf and Flower Development inLotus japonicus
Authors: Yan Jun , Cai Xuefei , Luo Jianghong , Sato Shusei , Jiang Qunyi , Yang Jun , Cao Xiangling , Hu Xiaohe , Tabata Satoshi , Gresshoff Peter M. , Luo Da 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe endogenous trans-acting small interfering RNA (ta-siRNA) pathway plays a conserved role in adaxial-abaxial patterning of lateral organs in simple-leafed plant species. However, its function in compound-leafed species is largely unknown. Using the compound-leafed species Lotus japonicus, we identified and characterized two independent mutants, reduced leaflet1 (rel1) and rel3, whose most conspicuous defects in compound leaves are abaxialized leaflets and reduction in leaflet number. Concurrent mutations in REL genes also compromise flower development and result in radial symmetric floral organs. Positional cloning revealed that REL1 and REL3 encode the homologs of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) SUPPRESSOR OF GENE SILENCING3 and ARGONAUTE7/ZIPPY, respectively, which are key components of the ta-siRNA pathway. These observations, together with the expression and functional data, demonstrated that the ta-siRNA pathway plays conserved yet distinct roles in the control of compound leaf and flower development in L. japonicus. Moreover, the phenotypic alterations of lateral organs in ta-siRNA-deficient mutants and the regulation of downstream targets by the ta-siRNA pathway in L. japonicus were similar to those in the monocots but different from Arabidopsis, indicating many parallels between L. japonicus and the monocots in the control of lateral organ development by the ta-siRNA pathway.
The parasite fauna of characids’ (Osteichthyes: Characidae) Anambra River, Nigeria
Authors: Echi P. C. , Ezenwaji H. M. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBaseline information on the parasites of frequently caught species of the characids namely Hydrocynus vittatus, Alestes baremoze, Brycinus macrolepidotus and Brycinus leuciscus was investigated in Anambra River from August 2004 to July 2005. The parasites recovered were the Myxosporid, Myxobolus sp (Protozoa), Polyopistocotylids, Diplozoon ghanense and Neodipolzoon polycotyleus (Monogeneans), the Caryophyllid Caryophylleus sp (Cestoda) and Rhabdochona sp (Nematoda). The prevalence of Caryophylleus sp in B. macrolepidotus (14.2%) and A. baremoze (8.1%) as well as Rhabdochon sp and Myxobolus sp in H. vittatus (9.6% and 7.8% respectively) was relatively high (>7.0%); while the other parasite species Myxobolus sp in B. leuciscus (2%), D. ghanense in B. macrolepidotus (1.9%) and N. polycotyleus in A. baremoze (1.9%) had a much lower prevalence (2.7%). Distribution of parasites was clearly seasonal. Dissolved oxygen (8.0–14.0) mg l−1 and pH (5.5–7.0) influenced the occurrence of the parasites whereas temperature (20.1–27.5 DC) showed no much effect.
Respective contributions of tectonic and gravity‐driven processes on the structural pattern in the Eastern Nile deep‐sea fan: insights from physical experiments
Authors: Loncke L. , Vendeville B. C. , Gaullier V. , Mascle J. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTIn the Nile deep‐sea fan, thin‐skinned deformation detaching on a layer of Messinian salt has generated an upslope to downslope progression from growth faults, to polygonal minibasins bounded by salt ridges, to buckle folds. Such progression is common in salt‐bearing passive margins, where gravity spreading of the salt–sediment system causes proximal thin‐skinned extension on the shelf and upper slope, and distal contraction along and in front of the lower slope. In the Eastern Nile deep‐sea fan, this structural progression seems to be restricted to a corridor bounded by NW–SE‐trending lineaments more than 200 km in length. These are associated with salt ridges and record strike–slip movements. In the absence of a large grid of deep‐penetrating seismic data accurately imaging the basement, different likely hypotheses have been advanced about the origin of this corridor: (1) it may result from possible deep‐seated tectonics related to the Rift of Suez, combined with salt‐related deformation or, (2) by complex interaction between the overburden's gravity spreading and pre‐existing pre‐Messinian paleo‐topographic features, particularly the possible buttressing effect of a seamount located North of the eastern Nile deep‐sea fan. In order to understand how this corridor could have been generated, we used a series of physical experiments to test the effect on three‐dimensional spreading of a sediment lobe of the following parameters: (1) active, crustal, oblique extension, (2) a dormant subsalt graben, (3) a passive buttress, such as a seamount and (4) complex paleo‐topographic features along the Egyptian margin affecting initial salt distribution. These experiments show that the presence of a distal buttress, combined with a complex Messinian topography best explain the complex deformational pattern observed in the eastern Nile deep‐sea fan.
Pathogenesis of the erythroid failure in Diamond Blackfan anaemia
Authors: Sieff Colin A. , Yang Jing , Merida‐Long Lilia B. , Lodish Harvey F. 
Published: December 2009

SummaryDiamond Blackfan anaemia (DBA) is a severe congenital failure of erythropoiesis. Despite mutations in one of several ribosome protein genes, including RPS19, the cause of the erythroid specificity is still a mystery. We hypothesized that, because the chromatin of late erythroid cells becomes condensed and transcriptionally inactive prior to enucleation, the rapidly proliferating immature cells require very high ribosome synthetic rates. RNA biogenesis was measured in primary mouse fetal liver erythroid progenitor cells; during the first 24 h, cell number increased three to fourfold while, remarkably, RNA content increased sixfold, suggesting an accumulation of an excess of ribosomes during early erythropoiesis. Retrovirus infected siRNA RPS19 knockdown cells showed reduced proliferation but normal differentiation, and cell cycle analysis showed a G1/S phase delay. p53 protein was increased in the knockdown cells, and the mRNA level for p21, a transcriptional target of p53, was increased. Furthermore, we show that RPS19 knockdown decreased MYB protein, and Kit mRNA was reduced, as was the amount of cell surface KIT protein. Thus, in this small hairpin RNA murine model of DBA, RPS19 insufficient erythroid cells may proliferate poorly because of p53‐mediated cell cycle arrest, and also because of decreased expression of the key erythroid signalling protein KIT.