bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transfer of axillary nerve branches to reconstruct elbow extension in tetraplegics: A laboratory investigation of surgical feasibility
Authors: Bertelli Jayme Augusto , Tacca Cristiano Paulo , Winkelmann Duarte Elisa Cristiana , Ghizoni Marcos Flávio , Duarte Hamilton 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn spinal cord injuries at the C6 level, elbow extension is lost and needs reconstruction. Traditionally, elbow extension has been reconstructed by muscle transfers, which improve function only moderately. We have hypothesized that outcomes could be ameliorated by nerve transfers rather than muscle transfers. We anatomically investigated nerve branches to the teres minor and posterior deltoid as donors for transfer to triceps motor branches. In eight formalin‐fixed cadavers, the axillary nerve, the teres minor branch, the posterior deltoid branch, the triceps long and upper medial head motor branches, and the thoracodorsal nerve were dissected bilaterally, their diameters measured and their myelinated fibers counted. To simulate surgery, using an axillary approach in two fresh cadavers, we transferred the teres minor or the posterior deltoid branch to the triceps long head and to the thoracodorsal nerve. The posterior division of the axillary nerve gave off the teres minor motor branch and then the branch to the posterior deltoid, terminating as the superior lateral brachial cutaneous nerve. The diameters of the teres minor motor branch, posterior deltoid, triceps long and upper medial head branches, and the thoracodorsal nerve all were ∼2 mm, with minimal variation. The nerves varied little in their numbers of myelinated fibers, being consistently about 1,000. Via an axillary approach, either the teres minor or the posterior deltoid branch could be transferred directly to the thoracodorsal nerve or to triceps branches without any tension. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2011.
An augmented cohesive zone element for arbitrary crack coalescence and bifurcation in heterogeneous materials
Authors: Fang X. J. , Yang Q. D. , Cox B. N. , Zhou Z. Q. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe demonstrate that traditional cohesive zone (CZ) elements cannot be accurate when used in conjunction with solid elements with arbitrary intra‐element cracking capability, because they cannot capture the load transfer between cohesive interfaces and the solid elements when crack bifurcation or coalescence occurs. An augmented cohesive zone (ACZ) element based on the augmented finite element method formulation is therefore proposed. The new element allows for arbitrary separation of the cohesive element in accordance with the crack configuration of the abutting solid elements, thus correctly maintaining the non‐linear coupling between merging or bifurcating cracks. Numerical accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed ACZ element are demonstrated through several examples. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An efficient finite element time‐domain formulation for the elastic second‐order wave equation: A non‐split complex frequency shifted convolutional PML
Authors: Matzen René 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe perfectly matched layer (PML) technique has demonstrated very high efficiency as absorbing boundary condition for the elastic wave equation recast as a first‐order system in velocity and stress in attenuating non‐grazing bulk and surface waves. This paper develops a novel convolutional PML formulation based on the second‐order wave equation with displacements as the only unknowns to annihilate spurious reflections from near‐grazing waves. The derived variational form allows for the use of e.g. finite element and the spectral element methods as spatial discretization schemes. A recursive convolution update scheme of second‐order accuracy is employed such that highly stable, effective time integration with the Newmark‐beta (implicit and explicit with mass lumping) method is achieved. The implementation requires minor modifications of existing displacement‐based finite element software, and the stability and efficiency of the proposed formulation is verified by relevant two‐dimensional benchmarks that accommodate bulk and surface waves. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of natural degradation of high‐density polyethylene lining using time‐dependent properties
Authors: Mbuge Duncan O. , Gumbe L.O. , Rading G.O. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe main objective of this study was to determine the service life of high‐density polyethylene lining when exposed to natural degradation in tropical climates using time‐dependant properties. The changes in material density, strength, and strain at fracture over the degradation period were determined. Optical micrographs were obtained to track the changes in the material during aging. An exponential decay equation was developed that estimates of the service life of the high‐density polyethylene lining. It was concluded that most of the degradation of the material takes place in the first few months of installation and that both the density and mechanical strength of the material increased in the course of degradation, whereas the fracture strain reduced over time. It was concluded that the most important factor that determines the lifespan of the liner is the ability to maintain high strains. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Laser‐fired contact optimization in c‐Si solar cells
Authors: Ortega P. , Orpella A. , Martín I. , Colina M. , López G. , Voz C. , Sánchez M. I. , Molpeceres C. , Alcubilla R. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTIn this work we study the optimization of laser‐fired contact (LFC) processing parameters, namely laser power and number of pulses, based on the electrical resistance measurement of an aluminum single LFC point. LFC process has been made through four passivation layers that are typically used in c‐Si and mc‐Si solar cell fabrication: thermally grown silicon oxide (SiO2), deposited phosphorus‐doped amorphous silicon carbide (a‐SiCx/H(n)), aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and silicon nitride (SiNx/H) films. Values for the LFC resistance normalized by the laser spot area in the range of 0.65–3 mΩ cm2 have been obtained. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure and function of the symbiosis partners of the lung lichen (Lobaria pulmonariaL. Hoffm.) analyzed by metaproteomics
Authors: Schneider Thomas , Schmid Emanuel , de Castro João V. , Cardinale Massimiliano , Eberl Leo , Grube Martin , Berg Gabriele , Riedel Kathrin 
Published: April 2011

AbstractEnvironmental proteomics, also referred to as metaproteomics, is an emerging technology to study the structure and function of microbial communities. Here, we applied semi‐quantitative label‐free proteomics using one‐dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with LC‐MS/MS and normalized spectral counting together with fluorescence in situ hybridization and confocal laser scanning microscopy to characterize the metaproteome of the lung lichen symbiosisLobaria pulmonaria. In addition to the myco‐ and photobiont,L. pulmonariaharbors proteins from a highly diverse prokaryotic community, which is dominated byProteobacteriaand including alsoArchaea. While fungal proteins are most dominant (75.4% of all assigned spectra), about the same amount of spectra were assigned to prokaryotic proteins (10%) and to the green algal photobiont (9%). While the latter proteins were found to be mainly associated with energy and carbohydrate metabolism, a major proportion of fungal and bacterial proteins appeared to be involved in PTMs and protein turnover and other diverse functions.
Rapid isolation and characterization of bacterial lipopeptides using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis
Authors: Kwok Yan , Sung Wang‐Chou , Lin Annie Li‐Hsiu , Liu Hsueh‐Hung , Chou Frieda Ai‐Hsiang , Hsieh Steve Shih‐Yang , Leng Chih‐Hsiang , Chong Pele 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe structural analysis of post‐translational modifications (PTMs) of lipoproteins is difficult due to the hydrophobic properties of their fatty acid moieties. At the present time, the relative positions of fatty acid components on the N‐acyl‐S‐diacylglycerylcysteine core structure has not been specifically identified in any natural or bacterial expressed recombinant lipoproteins. In this study, we describe a rapid solid‐phase extraction using acetonitrile and isopropanol method that can be performed manually to isolate large amounts of relatively pure lipopeptides generated by the limited tryptic‐digestion of recombinant lipoproteins. Using these lipopeptides and LC/MS mass spectra analysis, two groups of N‐terminal lipidated (diacyl or triacyl) molecules that differ by one fatty acid unit were successfully identified. This LC/MS method also provided the separation of lipopeptides differing by 14 Da for the on‐line MS identification. Multiple‐stage fragmentation analyses of the di‐ and triacyl lipopeptides using both the positive and negative ion modes enabled to identify the putative structure of the N‐acyl‐S‐diacylglycerylcysteine containing an amide bond to palmitic acid at the N‐terminal cysteine, a palmitic acid at sn1 position, and an unsaturated fatty acid of either hexadecenoic acid, cyclopropaneoctanoic acid, oleic acid and nonadecenoic acid at sn2 position of diacylglycerol residue through ester bonding. For diacyl lipoprotein, the saturated palmitoyl fatty acid group is absent at sn1 position of glycerol‐derived lipid residue of lipopeptide.
How to prevent process accidents
Authors: Louvar J.F. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractMost professionals agree that the correct application of process safety management (OSHA's Process Safety Management regulation) will prevent major process accidents. Some professionals also agree that the PSM documentation is not enough; a good PSM program must include good communication, delegation, and follow‐up. There are also some who emphasize that operational discipline is an essential element of the PSM program. In all cases, however, the teachings do not say how to obtain the desired results. Even when discipline is discussed, the discussions do not specify how this discipline is achieved. Many articles additionally emphasize the importance of having a good safety culture—but they do not say how to achieve it.In general, current articles do not explicitly teach how to develop the necessary PSM program, the discipline, and the culture—to prevent major process accidents. These articles very appropriately stress what needs to be done to prevent major accidents; however, they do not tell you how this is accomplished. This specific article is designed to be a companion article to the cited articles; together they show what is required and how to achieve the desired results to prevent process accidents. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2011.
The structural transition behavior of CdSe/ZnS core/shell quantum dots under high pressure
Authors: Li Zepeng , Wang Lin , Liu Bingbing , Wang Jinhua , Liu Bo , Li Quanjun , Zou Bo , Cui Tian , Meng Yue , Mao Ho‐kwang , Liu Zhenxian , Liu Jing 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe structural phase transition of CdSe/ZnS core/shell quantum dots (QDs) has been studied by in situ angle‐dispersive X‐ray diffraction under high pressure up to 53.6 GPa. The CdSe core transforms from wurtzite to rock‐salt structure near 6.3 GPa and then to Cmcm or distorted Cmcm structure probably occurs at 45.1 GPa which has not been observed in CdSe nanomaterials before. The critical pressure from wurtzite to rock‐salt and the bulk modulus of rock‐salt phase are much higher than those for bulky and uncapped nanoparticle CdSe. The released sample can be kept in rock‐salt phase for a certain time, verified by photoluminescence (PL) spectra, quite different from the reversible transition for pure CdSe. A reasonable interpretation of the experimental phenomena is given by comparing the bulk modulus of the core and shell and studying the stress sate of the core after decompression. Our study suggests that capping a hard shell is an effective approach to quench the high pressure phase of nanomaterial with a reversible phase transition.
The influence of observations propagated by convectively coupled equatorial waves
Authors: Moteki Qoosaku , Yoneyama Kunio , Shirooka Ryuichi , Kubota Hisayuki , Yasunaga Kazuaki , Suzuki Junko , Seiki Ayako , Sato Naoki , Enomoto Takeshi , Miyoshi Takemasa , Yamane Shozo 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis paper describes the propagation of the influence of radiosonde observations made during MISMO (Mirai Indian Ocean cruise for the Study of the Madden–Julian oscillation‐convection Onset), which was conducted over the Indian Ocean in the boreal autumn of 2006. The impact of these observations was assessed using an experimental reanalysis called ‘ALERA’ that was produced by the local ensemble transform Kalman filter with the atmospheric global circulation model for the Earth Simulator. The difference of the analysis ensemble mean between the analysis cycles with and without the MISMO observations was used to quantify the influence of these observations on the analysis field, which we call impact signals. Since the impact signals were contaminated by noise, probably due to the model's truncated spectral basis, a significance test was performed using the analysis ensemble spread, and the numerical noise was then successfully eliminated. The results indicated that convectively coupled equatorial waves propagated the impact signals to the central Pacific to the east and to the African continent to the west. In particular, the analysis fields around typhoons Cimaron, Chebi, and Durian over the tropical Western Pacific were significantly modified by the propagation of the impact signals through the Kelvin waves. Here two factors played important roles: (1) the meridional positions of the typhoons; and (2) the duration of the observations. The equatorial Rossby waves also made a significant contribution to the propagation of the impact signals. Such influences through the waves resulted in the reduction of the analysis spread. The shape of the region of reduced spread resembled the Matsuno–Gill pattern with an east‐west width of more than 20000 km. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Layers of insect echoes near a thunderstorm and implications for the interpretation of radar data in terms of airflow
Authors: Browning K. A. , Nicol J. C. , Marsham J. H. , Rogberg P. , Norton E. G. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractInsects can serve as useful radar targets for determining aspects of the structure and kinematics of the atmosphere, but it is necessary sometimes to know more about insect behaviour in order to have confidence in the meteorological interpretations. A variety of meteorological radars situated at Chilbolton in southern England have been used to investigate the nature of multiple shallow clear‐air echo layers that were detected at heights between 1.0 and 2.5 km in the vicinity of an elevated daytime thunderstorm (mesoscale convective system). Multi‐wavelength and polarization measurements were used to confirm that the layers were due in large part to insects. The layers were within potentially warm air near the top of a cold undercurrent of surface air. The convective updraught of the thunderstorm was fed by air from just above the cold undercurrent. Some of the insect layers were within air destined to ascend into the storm's convective updraught and some were within undercurrent air that was forced to ascend only temporarily as the storm approached. Initially the layer echoes ascended with the airflow but then, close to the storm, their intensity weakened despite continuing updraughts, mainly as a result of the insects dropping downwards. Far ahead of the storm the insects showed a strong preference to remain within their individual shallow layers but, even close to the storm, where they started dropping out, insects still retained a preference to be within these layers. As a result, some layers continued to be discernible as they followed the ascending airflow towards the storm, thereby continuing to serve as useful meteorological tracers of the perturbed flow in the vicinity of the thunderstorm. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Anatomy of an observed African easterly wave in July 2006
Authors: Bain C. L. , Parker D. J. , Dixon N. , Fink A. H. , Taylor C. M. , Brooks B. , Milton S. F. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe detailed structure of an African easterly wave (AEW) observed during the AMMA field campaign is analysed. The wave was present from 25 to 29 July 2006. A complex circulation pattern was observed: the overall structure of convection and the positive vorticity of the trough region had an elongated inverted‐V appearance, wrapped around an area of low winds and clear skies. Satellite imagery showed that the AEW was a significant influence on the modulation of convection on the large scale.The wave was identified initially through its strong signature on soil moisture and convection. The AEW structure observed was not anticipated and has not been discussed in previous literature. In addition, wave tracking using a Hovmöller diagram of meridional winds did not detect the wave, and a Hovmöller of vorticity showed the wave moved at a slower speed than other AEWs in July.New schematics explaining the structure are presented, describing the case as observed by satellites and analysed by a limited‐area version of the Met Office Unified Model. It is proposed that the positive vorticity branches of the inverted‐V can be regarded as analogous to atmospheric fronts, with characteristic gradients in winds and thermodynamic properties, acting as locations for enhanced convection. The implications of the new case are discussed in relation to previous theory and it is suggested that the accepted model of an idealised AEW is incomplete and should be extended to include more complex structures. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society and British Crown Copyright, the Met Office
Ab initio and RRKM calculations for the reaction channels of O(1D) + CH3CHF2
Authors: Song Chongfu , Tian Zhimei , Li Quanxin 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAb initio and Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus theories are carried out to study the potential energy surface and the energy‐dependent rate constants and branching ratios of the products for O(1D) + CH3CHF2 reaction. Optimized geometries and vibrational frequencies have been obtained by MP2/6‐311G(d,p) method. The main products of the title reaction are CH3CFO + HF, CH2CFOH + HF, and CH3 + CF2OH at lower collision energy; and CH3 + CF2OH, CH3CF2 + OH are the main products at higher collision energy. CHF2 + CH2OH are the main products in the whole range of collision energy. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012
Discovery of anomalous spatio‐temporal windows using discretized spatio‐temporal scan statistics
Authors: Janeja Vandana P. , Gangopadhyay Aryya , Mohammadi Seyed , Palanisamy Revathi 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn this paper, we address the discovery of anomalous spatio‐temporal windows using discretized spatio‐temporal scan (DSTS) Statistics. Anomalous spatio‐temporal window discovery is required in several key applications such as disease outbreaks in a region over a period of time, monitoring drinking water quality over time, identifying health risks to the population in a polluted region and urbanization patterns in a city, to name a few. In this paper, we address the issues arising out of the simultaneous effects of the properties of space and time in the discovery of anomalous windows. In such a framework, we identify (i) at what point in time the window changes, (ii) the spatial patterns of change over time, and (iii) a spatial extent in time which is completely or partially deviant with respect to the rest of the anomalous spatio‐temporal windows. None of the current approaches address all these issues in combination. We identify this knowledge keeping in mind the spatial and temporal autocorrelation, morphing shape of the window, and possible spatial or temporal discontinuities of the window. Subsequently, we perform experiments on several real‐world datasets, to validate our approach, while comparing with the established approaches. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 2011
Maximum inflation of the type 1 error rate when sample size and allocation rate are adapted in a pre‐planned interim look
Authors: Graf Alexandra C. , Bauer Peter 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe calculate the maximum type 1 error rate of the pre‐planned conventional fixed sample size test for comparing the means of independent normal distributions (with common known variance) which can be yielded when sample size and allocation rate to the treatment arms can be modified in an interim analysis. Thereby it is assumed that the experimenter fully exploits knowledge of the unblinded interim estimates of the treatment effects in order to maximize the conditional type 1 error rate. The ‘worst‐case’ strategies require knowledge of the unknown common treatment effect under the null hypothesis. Although this is a rather hypothetical scenario it may be approached in practice when using a standard control treatment for which precise estimates are available from historical data. The maximum inflation of the type 1 error rate is substantially larger than derived by Proschan and Hunsberger (Biometrics 1995; 51:1315–1324) for design modifications applying balanced samples before and after the interim analysis. Corresponding upper limits for the maximum type 1 error rate are calculated for a number of situations arising from practical considerations (e.g. restricting the maximum sample size, not allowing sample size to decrease, allowing only increase in the sample size in the experimental treatment). The application is discussed for a motivating example. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A joint modeling approach to data with informative cluster size: Robustness to the cluster size model
Authors: Chen Zhen , Zhang Bo , Albert Paul S. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn many biomedical and epidemiological studies, data are often clustered due to longitudinal follow up or repeated sampling. While in some clustered data the cluster size is pre‐determined, in others it may be correlated with the outcome of subunits, resulting in informative cluster size. When the cluster size is informative, standard statistical procedures that ignore cluster size may produce biased estimates. One attractive framework for modeling data with informative cluster size is the joint modeling approach in which a common set of random effects are shared by both the outcome and cluster size models. In addition to making distributional assumptions on the shared random effects, the joint modeling approach needs to specify the cluster size model. Questions arise as to whether the joint modeling approach is robust to misspecification of the cluster size model. In this paper, we studied both asymptotic and finite‐sample characteristics of the maximum likelihood estimators in joint models when the cluster size model is misspecified. We found that using an incorrect distribution for the cluster size may induce small to moderate biases, while using a misspecified functional form for the shared random parameter in the cluster size model results in nearly unbiased estimation of outcome model parameters. We also found that there is little efficiency loss under this model misspecification. A developmental toxicity study was used to motivate the research and to demonstrate the findings. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.