bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential distribution of diacylglycerol lipase‐alpha and N‐acylphosphatidylethanolamine‐specific phospholipase d immunoreactivity in the superficial spinal dorsal horn of rats
Authors: Hegyi Zoltán , Holló Krisztina , Kis Gréta , Mackie Ken , Antal Miklós 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIt is generally accepted that the endocannabinoid system plays important roles in spinal pain processing. Although it is documented that cannabinoid‐1 receptors are strongly expressed in the superficial spinal dorsal horn, the cellular distribution of enzymes that can synthesize endocannabinoid ligands is less well studied. Thus, using immunocytochemical methods at the light and electron microscopic levels, we investigated the distribution of diacylglycerol lipase‐alpha (DGL‐α) and N‐acylphosphatidylethanolamine‐specific phospholipase D (NAPE‐PLD), enzymes synthesizing the endocannabinoid ligands, 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG) and anandamide, respectively. Positive labeling was revealed only occasionally in axon terminals, but dendrites displayed strong immunoreactivity for both enzymes. However, the dendritic localization of DGL‐α and NAPE‐PLD showed a remarkably different distribution. DGL‐α immunolabeling in dentrites was always revealed at membrane compartments in close vicinity to synapses. In contrast to this, dendritic NAPE‐PLD labeling was never observed in association with synaptic contacts. In addition to dendrites, a substantial proportion of astrocytic (immunoreactive for GFAP) and microglial (immunoreactive for CD11b) profiles were also immunolabeled for both DGL‐α and NAPE‐PLD. Glial processes immunostained for DGL‐α were frequently found near to synapses in which the postsynaptic dendrite was immunoreactive for DGL‐α, whereas NAPE‐PLD immunoreactivity on glial profiles at the vicinity of synapses was only occasionally observed. Our results suggest that both neurons and glial cells can synthesize and release 2‐AG and anandamide in the superficial spinal dorsal horn. The 2‐AG can primarily be released by postsynaptic dendrites and glial processes adjacent to synapses, whereas anandamide can predominantly be released from nonsynaptic dendritic and glial compartments. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
From protein interaction networks to novel therapeutic strategies
Authors: Jaeger Samira , Aloy Patrick 
Published: May 2012

AbstractCellular mechanisms that sustain health or contribute to disease emerge mostly from the complex interplay among various molecular entities. To understand the underlying relationships between genotype, environment and phenotype, one has to consider the intricate and nonsequential interaction patterns formed between the different sets of cellular players. Biological networks capture a variety of molecular interactions and thus provide an excellent opportunity to consider physiological characteristics of individual molecules within their cellular context. In particular, the concept of network biology and its applications contributed largely to recent advances in biomedical research. In this review, we show (i) how biological networks, i.e., protein–protein interaction networks, facilitate the understanding of pathogenic mechanisms that trigger the onset and progression of diseases and (ii) how this knowledge can be translated into effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. In particular, we focus on the impact of network pharmacological concepts that go beyond the classical view on individual drugs and targets aiming for combinational therapies with improved clinical efficacy and reduced safety risks. © 2012 IUBMB Life, 2012
Transforming growth factor‐β activates c‐Myc to promote palatal growth
Authors: Zhu Xiujuan , Ozturk Ferhat , Liu ChangChih , Oakley Gregory G. , Nawshad Ali 
Published: May 2012

AbstractDuring palatogenesis, the palatal mesenchyme undergoes increased cell proliferation resulting in palatal growth, elevation and fusion of the two palatal shelves. Interestingly, the palatal mesenchyme expresses all three transforming growth factor (TGF) β isoforms (1, 2, and 3) throughout these steps of palatogenesis. However, the role of TGFβ in promoting proliferation of palatal mesenchymal cells has never been explored. The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of TGFβ on human embryonic palatal mesenchymal (HEPM) cell proliferation. Our results showed that all isoforms of TGFβ, especially TGFβ3, increased HEPM cell proliferation by up‐regulating the expression of cyclins and cyclin‐dependent kinases as well as c‐Myc oncogene. TGFβ activated both Smad‐dependent and Smad‐independent pathways to induce c‐Myc gene expression. Furthermore, TBE1 is the only functional Smad binding element (SBE) in the c‐Myc promoter and Smad4, activated by TGFβ, binds to the TBE1 to induce c‐Myc gene activity. We conclude that HEPM proliferation is manifested by the induction of c‐Myc in response to TGFβ signaling, which is essential for complete palatal confluency. Our data highlights the potential role of TGFβ as a therapeutic molecule to correct cleft palate by promoting growth. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 3069–3085, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Alcohol Problems, Aggression, and Other Externalizing Behaviors After Return From Deployment: Understanding the Role of Combat Exposure, Internalizing Symptoms, and Social Environment
Authors: Wright Kathleen M. , Foran Heather M. , Wood Michael D. , Eckford Rachel D. , McGurk Dennis 
Published: May 2012

ObjectivesThe study examined whether elevated rates of externalizing behaviors following deployment could be explained by internalizing symptoms (depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms), and health of the social environment (unit leadership, organizational support, and stigma/barriers to care).DesignA model of combat exposure, social environment, internalizing symptoms, and externalizing behaviors was tested in a military unit following a fifteen‐month deployment to Iraq. The sample included 1,397 soldiers assessed four month post‐deployment; 589 of these soldiers were assessed again nine months post‐deployment.ResultsExternalizing behaviors were highly stable over the five‐month post‐deployment period. Both social environment and internalizing symptoms were significantly associated with level of externalizing behaviors at four months and nine months post‐deployment, but combat exposure alone significantly predicted change in externalizing behaviors over the follow‐up period.ConclusionsResults suggest the need to broaden the scope of interventions targeted to combat veterans and have implications for care providers and military leaders. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Clin. Psychol. 68:782‐800, 2012
The effects of arsenic on the growth and nutritional status of Anadenanthera peregrina, a Brazilian savanna tree
Authors: Gomes Marcelo Pedrosa , Moreira Duarte Daniela , Silva Miranda Pedro Luiz , Carvalho Barreto Leilane , Matheus Miele Tallon , Garcia Queila Souza 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAnadenanthera peregrina is a Brazilian savanna tree species that occurs naturally in arsenic (As)‐contaminated areas, and its As resistance has been associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal–fungi (AMF) symbiosis. A plant's ability to survive in stressful environments is correlated with its nutrition status, which can be affected by As uptake. The present study evaluated the influence of As on the concentrations and distribution of nutrients in the roots and shoots of A. peregrina grown in the absence of AMF. These plants were grown in substrates spiked with 0, 10, 50, and 100 mg As kg–1 for 25 d under greenhouse conditions, and the concentrations of essential macro‐ (P, K, Ca, Mg, N, and S) and micro‐ (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B, and Mo) nutrients in the roots and shoots were then determined. Enhanced As levels increased the concentrations of P, S, and N and decreased Ca, Mg, and Fe. Although the deleterious effects of As on the plants were striking, the internal As levels were high, which indicated some tissue tolerance of A. peregrina.
Changes in soil C, N, and P with long‐term (58 years) cattle grazing on rough fescue grassland
Authors: Li Chunli , Hao Xiying , Ellert Benjamin H. , Willms Walter D. , Zhao Mengli , Han Guodong 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWe investigated soil response to long‐term cattle grazing at stocking rates 0 (CK), 2.4 (MG), and 4.8 (HG) animal unit months ha–1 on a Rough Fescue (Festuca campestris Rydb.) grassland. Soil organic C and N stocks and available nutrients were not affected by grazing while soil bulk densities (0–30 cm) were higher and P stocks (15–30 cm) were lower under grazing than CK. The slow rate change of soil C and N suggest the rich black grassland soils appear to tolerate intensive grazing.
Root‐growth characteristics contributing to genotypic variation in nitrogen efficiency of oilseed rape
Authors: Ulas Abdullah , Schulte auf'm Erley Gunda , Kamh Mahmoud , Wiesler Franz , Horst Walter J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA 3‐year field experiment was carried out to determine the significance of root‐growth characteristics contributing to N‐uptake efficiency of two oilseed rape (Brassica napusL.) cultivars differing in N efficiency. Two N treatments were applied, and the core and minirhizotron techniques were used to study root‐length density and number of living roots, respectively. Fertilizer‐N supply increased shoot dry matter, grain yield, total N uptake, and total soil Nmincontents particularly in the top soil. Although significant differences occurred in all parameters between years, the interactions between years and cultivars were mostly not significant. Compared to cv. Capitol, the N‐efficient cv. Apex was characterized by a higher grain yield at N0 and a higher N uptake during reproductive growth. This genotype also had a higher root‐length density and more living fine roots particularly in the topsoil layer. Root growth of this genotype was especially high from beginning of shooting to beginning of flowering, while shoot growth and N uptake during vegetative growth were comparatively low. Our results suggest that N‐efficient cultivars can be characterized by a high investment in root growth during the vegetative stage with a comparatively slow shoot growth and N‐uptake rate until beginning of flowering, which, however, continues during reproductive growth. High root production only during reproductive growth seems to be less effective to achieve high N efficiency, because this may lead to a shortage of assimilates for seed filling. High root‐length density at vegetative stages may thus be advantageous for N uptake and reproductive growth and could be a useful morphological character for the selection and breeding of N‐efficient cultivars.
THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES IN GEDAREF, SUDAN
Authors: Glover E. K. , Elsiddig E. A. 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTStudies in several countries in Africa using remote sensing and conventional aerial photography indicate acute land degradation, which is an issue of global concern as it poses a great threat to stability of world climate, biodiversity and geodiversity. Mechanized scheme farms schemes in Sudan are perceived as a major cause of environmental degradation and land losses. Investigations were thus conducted within forests reserves and natural forests sites in the Gedaref area in eastern Sudan where mechanized farmers and traditional land users inside and outside forests reserves represented the target categories for the study. The target groups were interviewed to evaluate their knowledge, attitudes and perceptions with respect to the causes of environmental degradation of soil, forests, agricultural productivity and animal resources. Interviews were conducted among 162 farmers in addition to group discussion among key informants. The results are presented as descriptive statistics, which indicate that forest conversion to agriculture associated with over‐cutting has been the main factor contributing to land degradation in Gedaref State. The results also indicate that there are other causes that include sectoral policies that contradict each other, affecting land ownership. The present study demonstrates the need for integrated policies to facilitate sustainable use and management based on local community's partnership and to encourage communal property rights and local‐level institutional regimes that ensure sustainable resource management and protection of biodiversity and geodiversity across Sudan. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Singular linear quadratic optimal control for singular stochastic discrete‐time systems
Authors: Feng Jun‐e , Cui Peng , Hou Zhongsheng 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYThe finite time horizon singular linear quadratic (LQ) optimal control problem is investigated for singular stochastic discrete‐time systems. The problem is transformed into positive LQ one for standard stochastic systems via two equivalent transformations. It is proved that the singular LQ optimal control problem is solvable under two reasonable rank conditions. Via dynamic programming principle, the desired optimal controller is presented in terms of matrix iterative form. One simulation is provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed approaches. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of periodic copolymers via ring‐opening copolymerizations of cyclic anhydrides with tetrahydrofuran using nonafluorobutanesulfonimide as an organic catalyst and subsequent transformation to aliphatic polyesters
Authors: Tang Tang , Oshimura Miyuki , Yamada Shinji , Takasu Akinori , Yang Xiaoping , Cai Qing 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTo synthesize polyesters and periodic copolymers catalyzed by nonafluorobutanesulfonimide (Nf2NH), we performed ring‐opening copolymerizations of cyclic anhydrides with tetrahydrofuran (THF) at 50–120 °C. At high temperature (100–120 °C), the cyclic anhydrides, such as succinic anhydride (SAn), glutaric anhydride (GAn), phthalic anhydride (PAn), maleic anhydride (MAn), and citraconic anhydride (CAn), copolymerized with THF via ring‐opening to produce polyesters (Mn = 0.8–6.8 × 103, Mn/Mw = 2.03–3.51). Ether units were temporarily formed during this copolymerization and subsequently, the ether units were transformed into esters by chain transfer reaction, thus giving the corresponding polyester. On the other hand, at low temperature (25–50 °C), ring‐opening copolymerizations of the cyclic anhydrides with THF produced poly(ester‐ether) (Mn = 3.4–12.1 × 103, Mw/Mn = 1.44–2.10). NMR and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectra revealed that when toluene (4 M) was used as a solvent, GAn reacted with THF (unit ratio: 1:2) to produce periodic copolymers (Mn = 5.9 × 103, Mw/Mn = 2.10). We have also performed model reactions to delineate the mechanism by which periodic copolymers containing both ester and ether units were transformed into polyesters by raising the reaction temperature to 120 °C. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Successful treatment of idiopathic pulmonary capillaritis with intravenous cyclophosphamide
Authors: Flanagan Frances , Glackin Louisa , Slattery Dubhfeasa M. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIdiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH), a subtype of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage is a rare condition, first described by Virchow in 1864. Historically, it manifests in children in the first decade of life with the combination of hemoptysis, iron deficiency anemia, and alveolar infiltrates on chest radiograph. More recently, diffuse alveolar hemorrhage has been classified by the absence or presence of pulmonary capillaritis (PC), the latter carrying a potential for a poorer outcome. While systemic corticosteroids remain the first line treatment option, other immune modulators have been trailed including hydroxychloroquine, azathioprine, 6‐mercaptopurine, and cyclophosphamide with varying results. Our case demonstrates for the first time, the successful use of intravenous cyclophosphamide in the management of chronic idiopathic PC. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:303–305. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanism of zinc‐mediated inhibition of caspase‐9
Authors: Huber Kristen L. , Hardy Jeanne A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractZinc‐mediated inhibition is implicated in global caspase regulation, with relief of zinc‐mediated inhibition central to both small‐molecule and natively induced caspase activation. As an initiator, caspase‐9 regulates the upstream stages of the apoptotic caspase cascade, making it a critical control point. Here we identify two distinct zinc‐binding sites on caspase‐9. The first site, composed of H237, C239, and C287, includes the active site dyad and is primarily responsible for zinc‐mediated inhibition. The second binding site at C272 is distal from the active site. Given the amino‐acid conservation in both regions, these sites appear to be present across the caspase family underscoring the importance of zinc‐mediated regulation of this class of enzymes.
Smeared quantum lattices exhibiting 𝒫𝒯‐symmetry with positive 𝒫
Authors: Znojil M. , Geyer H.B. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA new strategy of the use of 𝒫𝒯 symmetry in quantum theory is proposed. The essence of the innovation lies in the replacement of the usual parity‐like choice of 𝒫 by its non‐involutory and positive‐definite alternative 𝒫(positive) ≠ I. The resulting modified concept of 𝒫(positive)𝒯‐symmetry remains phenomenologically appealing as well as technically useful. This is demonstrated and illustrated via an N‐site quantum lattice model which is exactly solvable in terms of Legendre polynomials.
Duality orbits of non‐geometric fluxes
Authors: Dibitetto G. , Fernández‐Melgarejo J.J. , Marqués D. , Roest D. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractCompactifications in duality covariant constructions such as generalised geometry and double field theory have proven to be suitable frameworks to reproduce gauged supergravities containing non‐geometric fluxes. However, it is a priori unclear whether these approaches only provide a reformulation of old results, or also contain new physics. To address this question, we classify the T‐ and U‐duality orbits of gaugings of (half‐)maximal supergravities in dimensions seven and higher. It turns out that all orbits have a geometric supergravity origin in the maximal case, while there are non‐geometric orbits in the half‐maximal case. We show how the latter are obtained from compactifications of double field theory.
The physics behind free electron lasers (FELs) based on magnetostatic and optical undulators
Authors: Ribič Primož Rebernik , Margaritondo Giorgio 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBy explicitly writing the equations of motion for highly relativistic electrons in an electromagnetic field we show the equivalence between the magnetostatic and optical (laser) undulator‐based free electron lasers (FELs). In order to gain insight into the physics behind both FEL mechanisms we use a simplified approach developed in Ref. 1 to describe the optical amplification process. By using elementary physics we explain the phenomenon of microbunching, caused by the interaction of electrons with the emitted wave, which leads to coherent emission of radiation and is the essential ingredient in the lasing effect of a FEL. With our simplified model we derive the two main FEL parameters – the gain and saturation lengths. Finally, we discuss the potential advantages of using an optical instead of a magnetostatic undulator in a FEL. With our approach the physics behind FELs becomes evident and accessible to researchers outside the specialized field.
Lead adsorption on the pseudo‐10‐fold surface of the Al13Co4 complex metallic alloy: A first principle study
Authors: Villaseca S. Alarcón , Dubois J.‐M. , Gaudry É. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA first principle study of lead adsorption on the pseudo‐10‐fold surface of the orthorhombic Al13Co4 intermetallic compound has been performed using four possible structural models as substrate. Coverage between atomic adsorption to near 0.08 atm./Å2 has been considered. Relative adsorption energies of Pb atoms on different surface sites in addition with simulated scanning tunneling microscopy images were obtained for each model. Our ab initio calculations demonstrate that the experimental results published recently, highlighting (i) the presence of a preferential adsorption site and (ii) the formation of Pb rows extending along the [010] direction [N. J. Phys. 2011, 13, 10301114] can be only reproduced using a dense Al‐rich termination as the substrate structural model. This result confirms the previously established structural model for the (100) surface of orthorhombic Al13Co4 [Phys. Rev. B 2011, 84, 085411]. This study then provides an understanding of the experimental observations for the different lead coverages. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Computer virus propagation model based on bounded rationality evolutionary game theory
Authors: Jin Cong , Jin Shu‐Wei , Tan Hua‐Yong 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTIncreasing spread of computer viruses has caused huge economic losses and psychological influence on people's lives, so building an effective computer virus propagation model to predict the propagation of viruses is necessary. Classical computer virus propagation models can predict the propagation tendency of computer viruses, but they cannot accurately quantify the loss of the user because of these models only were considered from the view of the node connection rate and did not consider the various factors of the participators oneself. In this paper, under the conditions of bounded rationality, the evolutionary game theory is used for building computer virus propagation model. By referencing “replication dynamic” thought, the long‐term evolutionary trend of the normal competitive game between normal users and potential attacks using the evolution strategy can be described. According to the Liapunov theorem, the equilibrium and stability of the proposed model are also discussed. Finally, by simulation analysis, we determine the impact of some important parameters of the proposed model for virus propagation. Simulation results show that the proposed model can provide theoretical support for predicting computer virus propagation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testing and verification in service‐oriented architecture: a survey
Authors: Bozkurt Mustafa , Harman Mark , Hassoun Youssef 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYService‐oriented architecture (SOA) is gaining momentum as an emerging distributed system architecture for business‐to‐business collaborations. This momentum can be observed in both industry and academic research. SOA presents new challenges and opportunities for testing and verification, leading to an upsurge in research. This paper surveys the previous work undertaken on testing and verification of service‐centric systems, which in total are 177 papers, showing the strengths and weaknesses of current strategies and testing tools and identifying issues for future work. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.