bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Japan's Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami
Authors: Stimpson Ian 
Published: May 2011

The magnitude 9.0 Tohoku or Sendai Earthquake (Fig. 1) struck just off the northeast coast of Honshu, Japan on 11 March 2011 making it the fourth largest earthquake to be recorded since 1900, and the largest Japanese earthquake since modern seismometers were developed 130 years ago. Despite the earthquake being much more powerful than had been expected from the subduction zone east of Honshu, the earthquake preparedness of Japan resulted in relatively little earthquake damage—despite the protracted shaking with ground accelerations up to three times that of gravity. However, it was the resulting 10–15 metre high tsunami waves that wreaked havoc along the coastal plain, resulting in a death toll in the tens of thousands and an on‐going drama at the Fukushima I nuclear power plant. Modern seismology has its origins in the analyses of the 1906 San Francisco and 1923 Great Kanto earthquakes. The 2011 Tohoku (or ‘northeast’) earthquake looks set to similarly significantly advance our understanding of earthquakes and tsunamis due to the unprecedented volume of seismic, GPS, tide gauge and video data available. There is much information to be gained on how large earthquakes rupture, how buildings behave under prolonged severe shaking and how tsunamis propagate.Tohoku earthquake global displacement wavefield from IRIS. http://www.iris.edu/hq/files/iris_news/images/Sendai_RS.jpg image
A blast from the past: the lost world of dinosaurs at Tendaguru, East Africa
Authors: Heinrich Wolf‐Dieter , Bussert Robert , Aberhan Martin 
Published: May 2011

The superbly preserved dinosaurs and associated organisms from the Late Jurassic fossil Lagerstätte Tendaguru in southern Tanzania mark an exceptional success story in palaeontology. The new permanent exhibits of the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, highlighting the spectacular dinosaurs (Fig. 1), are telling evidence. In more than 100 years of research, geoscientists produced a considerable amount of knowledge about the composition and diversity of the ancient fauna and flora at Tendaguru, their unique palaeobiological characteristics, and the continental to marginal marine ecosystems in which they lived. Several questions are still open to debate. These include the detailed genesis of the Lagerstätte, aspects of dinosaur palaeobiology, and their biogeographical affinities to contemporaneous assemblages from the Northern Hemisphere.The discovery of Brachiosaurus was the crowning achievement of the German Tendaguru expedition of 1909–1913. The skeleton is about 13 metres tall and 23 metres long. It is on display in the dinosaur hall of the Museum für Naturkunde (MfN) in Berlin along with Dicraeosaurus, Kentrosaurus, Dysalotosaurus and Elaphrosaurus. They constitute the most significant dinosaur discoveries ever made in Africa. Photo: Antje Dittmann, MfN.image
Vp‐Vs relationship and amplitude variation with offset modelling of glauconitic greensand‡
Authors: Hossain Zakir , Mukerji Tapan , Fabricius Ida L. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTThe relationship between Vp and Vs may be used to predict Vs where only Vp is known. Vp/Vs is also used to identify pore fluids from seismic data and amplitude variation with offset analysis. Theoretical, physical, as well as statistical empirical Vp‐Vs relationships have been proposed for reservoir characterization when shear‐wave data are not available. In published work, the focus is primarily on the Vp‐Vs relationship of quartzitic sandstone. In order to broaden the picture we present Vp‐Vs relationships of greensand composed of quartz and glauconite by using data from the Paleocene greensand Nini oil field in the North Sea. A Vp‐Vs relationship derived from modelling is compared with empirical Vp‐Vs regressions from laboratory data as well as from log data. The accuracy of Vs prediction is quantified in terms of root‐mean‐square error. We find that the Vp‐Vs relationship derived from modelling works well for greensand shear‐wave velocity prediction. We model the seismic response of glauconitic greensand by using laboratory data from the Nini field. Our studies here reveal that brine‐saturated glauconitic greensand can have a similar seismic response to that from oil‐saturated quartzitic sandstone and that oil‐saturated strongly cemented greensand can have a similar amplitude variation with offset response to that from brine‐saturated weakly cemented greensand.
Infant well‐being following neonatal cardiac surgery
Authors: Spence Kaye , Swinsburg Di , Griggs Jo‐Anne , Johnston Linda 
Published: May 2011

Aims and objectives.  To investigate infant well‐being as measured by feeding and sleeping and parental support following discharge from the NICU in infants following major cardiac surgery.Background.  Infant feeding and sleeping have been identified as two of the most important concerns reported by parents. These concerns have been reported anecdotally for infants who have undergone cardiac surgery in the neonatal period.Design.  A prospective study using questionnaires and phone interviews followed a cohort of parents of neonates who underwent surgery in the neonatal period for congenital heart disease.Methods.  The study was conducted using validated questionnaires and phone interviews with a semi‐structured questionnaire. The questionnaires were administered prior to discharge from the NICU and interviews took place following discharge on five occasions within nine months.Results.  Fifty six infants and mothers were followed for nine months following discharge from NICU. Sixty‐eight per cent were breastfeeding on discharge however the rates decline over time in line with healthy infants. Mothers were not bothered by their infant’s sleep patterns which were consistent with those of healthy infants at six months. There were 37 episodes of re‐hospitalisation and the average time of further surgery was five months following discharge from their initial period of hospitalisation.Conclusion.  The issues from this pilot study warrant further investigation. Factors such as multiple hospitalisations, parent education and support may vary within contexts and need to be studied to ensure optimal supports are identified for this high risk population.Relevance to clinical practice.  This study identified several issues that can improve care provided to these infants and their parents. Support following discharge could include: lactation consultant to provide follow‐up calls to identify concerns with breastfeeding, lactation course for paediatric nurses providing follow‐up and education for Early Childhood Clinics on Congenital Heart Disease.
Risk of cancer by transferrin saturation levels and haemochromatosis genotype: population‐based study and meta‐analysis
Authors: Ellervik C. , Tybjærg‐Hansen A. , Nordestgaard B. G. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Ellervik C, Tybjærg‐Hansen A, Nordestgaard BG (Herlev Hospital, Herlev; Naestved Hospital, Naestved; Copenhagen University Hospitals and Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen; Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen; The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark). Risk of cancer by transferrin saturation levels and haemochromatosis genotype: population‐based study and meta‐analysis.J Intern Med2012;271: 51–63.Objective. Increased iron overload, whether or not owing to the presence of the haemochromatosis genotype C282Y/C282Y, may be associated with an increased risk of cancer. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that elevated transferrin saturation levels (as a proxy for iron overload) and haemochromatosis genotype C282Y/C282Y are associated with an increased risk of cancer.Methods. We conducted a population‐based study of 8763 individuals, of whom 1417 developed a first cancer during 15 years of follow‐up, and a meta‐analysis. We stratified absolute 10‐year risk of cancer by smoking status, an important risk factor.Results. In women, transferrin saturation above 60% versus below 50% was associated with a hazard ratio of 3.6 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.0–6.5;P < 0.001) for any cancer; risk of liver cancer was increased in both women and men. In women, the corresponding absolute 10‐year risk of any cancer was 34% and 30% in smokers and nonsmokers, respectively. In men, haemochromatosis genotype C282Y/C282Y versus wild type/wild type was associated with a hazard ratio of 3.7 (95% CI: 1.2–12;P = 0.01) for any cancer, with a similar trend in women. In men, the corresponding absolute 10‐year risk of cancer was 39% and 27% in smokers and nonsmokers, respectively. Other haemochromatosis genotypes were not associated with increased risk of cancer in women or men. From the meta‐analysis, the odds ratio of any cancer for transferrin saturation ≥60% versus a reference group was 1.5 (95% CI: 1.2–1.8) for women and men combined.Conclusions. We have demonstrated that elevated transferrin saturation levels in women and haemochromatosis genotype C282Y/C282Y in men are associated with increased risk of cancer. Thus, our results support the implementation of cancer screening programmes in patients with iron overload or with C282Y/C282Y.
Patients treated for psychosis and their perceptions of care in compulsory treatment: basis for an action plan
Authors: ANDREASSON E. , SKÄRSÄTER I. 
Published: May 2011

Accessible summary
Patients in acute psychiatric care perceive compulsory treatment as good if they are given good care, if they are given the shelter they need and if they are given help with understanding what is happening.
They feel respected if they are allowed to retain their autonomy and are invited to participate, even though they are in compulsory treatment.
It is important to take advantage of patients' own resources to prevent their traumatization when receiving compulsory treatment.
Preparation of individual action plans for future compulsory treatment may empower patients during compulsory treatment and improve their experience of care.
AbstractThe purpose of the study was to describe patients' conceptions and experiences of care in compulsory treatment for acute onset of psychosis. Twelve patients with experience of compulsory treatment were interviewed in 2008–2009, and phenomenographic analysis was used to analyse the data. Two descriptive categories emerged in the results: receiving needed support and perceiving respectful care. Patients perceived that coercive interventions were positive if they were given good care, if they were given the shelter they needed, if they got help with understanding and if the setting was healing. Patients felt respected if they were treated like human beings, if they were allowed to retain as much of their autonomy as possible and if they were invited to participate even though they were under compulsory treatment. The results show that it is important to prevent patients from being traumatized during compulsory treatment and to take advantage of patients' inner resources. Patients' experiences of compulsory treatment can form the basis for preparing an individual action plan for future compulsory treatment. Individual action plans could empower patients during compulsory treatment and improve their experience of care.
Victimization in individuals suffering from psychosis: a Swedish cross‐sectional study
Authors: BENGTSSON‐TOPS A. , EHLIASSON K. 
Published: May 2011

Accessible summary
This study investigates victimization in male and female outpatients suffering from psychosis, the relationship to perpetrators, places where it occurs, and whether drugs or alcohol have been involved.
A majority of the patients had been victimized in adulthood and in the previous year.
Female patients were more frequently physically and sexually victimized than male patients.
In future it is important for care to focus not only on interpersonal aspects of violence but also on environmental factors.
AbstractThe aims of the study were to investigate: (1) self‐reported adulthood and last‐year victimization in male and female outpatients suffering from psychosis; (2) relationships to perpetrators; (3) whether drugs or alcohol were involved in victimization situations; (4) places where victimization occurred. Patients were randomly selected from five outpatient units geared to patients with psychosis; 174 patients participated in a structured face‐to‐face interview. Experiences of victimization in adulthood were reported by 67%, 33% in the previous year. During adulthood 51% had been physically and 32% sexually victimized and 39% threatened. In the previous year 21% reported threats, 20% physical and 15% sexual victimization. Women reported greater exposure to physical and sexual victimization than men during adulthood and in the previous year. Strangers and acquaintances were mainly reported as perpetrators and half (55%) of those victimized in the previous year stated no involvement of alcohol or drugs. Victimization mainly occurred in the patients' own home (59%), outside downtown (34%), or in others homes (38%). The results of this study give reason to highlight the importance for research and clinical practices to adopt a broad frame of interpretation concerning victimization in patients, covering both individual and environmental factors.
The lowermost Mississippi River: a mixed bedrock‐alluvial channel
Authors: NITTROUER JEFFREY A. , MOHRIG DAVID , ALLISON MEAD A. , PEYRET AYMERIC‐PIERRE B. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn this study, the distribution of channel‐bed sediment facies in the lowermost Mississippi River is analysed using multibeam data, complemented by sidescan sonar and compressed high‐intensity radar pulse seismic data, as well as grab and core samples of bed material. The channel bed is composed of a discontinuous layer of alluvial sediment and a relict substratum that is exposed on the channel bed and sidewalls. The consolidated substratum is made up of latest Pleistocene and Early Holocene fluvio‐deltaic deposits and is preferentially exposed in the deepest thalweg segments and on channel sidewalls in river bends. The exposed substratum commonly displays a suite of erosional features, including flutes that are quantitatively similar in form to those produced under known laboratory conditions. A total of five bed facies are mapped, three of which include modern alluvial deposits and two facies that are associated with the relict substratum. A radius of curvature analysis applied to the Mississippi River centreline demonstrates that the reach‐scale distribution of channel‐bed facies is related to river planform. From a broader perspective, the distribution of channel‐bed facies is related to channel sinuosity — higher sinuosity promotes greater substratum exposure at the expense of alluvial sediment. For example, the ratio of alluvial cover to substratum is ca 1·5:1 for a 45 km segment of the river that has a sinuosity of 1·76 and this ratio increases to ca 3:1 for a 120 km segment of the river that has a sinuosity of 1·21. The exposed substratum is interpreted as bedrock and, given the relative coverage of alluvial sediment in the channel, the lowermost Mississippi River can be classified as a mixed bedrock‐alluvial channel. The analyses demonstrate that a mixed bedrock‐alluvial channel boundary can be associated with low‐gradient and sand‐bed rivers near their marine outlet.
Carbonate sediments in a cool‐water macroalgal environment, Kaikoura, New Zealand
Authors: REID CATHERINE M. , JAMES NOEL P. , BONE YVONNE 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBrown and red, and to a lesser extent green, macroalgae are a hallmark of intertidal rocky coasts and adjacent shallow marine environments swept by stormy seas in middle and high latitudes. Such environments produce carbonate sediment but the sediment factory is neither well‐documented nor well‐understood. This study documents the general marine biology and sedimentology of rocky coastal substrates around Kaikoura Peninsula, a setting that typifies many similar cold‐temperate environments with turbid waters and somewhat elevated trophic resources along the eastern coast of South Island, New Zealand. The macroalgal community extends down to 20 m and generally comprises a phaeophyte canopy beneath which is a prolific rhodophyte community and numerous sessile calcareous invertebrates on rocky substrates. The modern biota is strongly depth zoned and controlled by bottom morphology, variable light penetration, hydrodynamic energy and substrate. Most calcareous organisms live on the lithic substrates beneath macroalgae or on algal holdfasts with only a few growing on macroalgal fronds. A live biota of coralline red algae [geniculate, encrusting and nodular (rhodoliths)], bryozoans, barnacles and molluscs (gastropods and epifaunal bivalves), together with spirorbid and serpulid worms, small benthonic foraminifera and echinoids produce sediments that are mixed with terrigenous clastic particles in this overall siliciclastic depositional system. The resultant sediments within macroalgal rocky substrates at Kaikoura contain bioclasts typified by molluscs, corallines and rhodoliths, barnacles and other calcareous invertebrates. In the geological record, however, the occurrence of macroalgal produced sediments is restricted to unconformity‐related early transgressive systems tract stratigraphic intervals and temporally constrained to a Cenozoic age owing to the timing of the evolution of large brown macroalgae.
Unique morphological changes in plant pathogenic phytoplasma‐infected petunia flowers are related to transcriptional regulation of floral homeotic genes in an organ‐specific manner
Authors: Himeno Misako , Neriya Yutaro , Minato Nami , Miura Chihiro , Sugawara Kyoko , Ishii Yoshiko , Yamaji Yasuyuki , Kakizawa Shigeyuki , Oshima Kenro , Namba Shigetou 
Published: May 2011

SummaryAbnormal flowers are often induced by infection of certain plant pathogens, e.g. phytoplasma, but the molecular mechanisms underlying these malformations have remained poorly understood. Here, we show that infection with OY‐W phytoplasma (Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris, onion yellows phytoplasma strain, line OY‐W) affects the expression of the floral homeotic genes of petunia plants in an organ‐specific manner. Upon infection with OY‐W phytoplasma, floral morphological changes, including conversion to leaf‐like structures, were observed in sepals, petals and pistils, but not in stamens. As the expression levels of homeotic genes differ greatly between floral organs, we examined the expression levels of homeotic genes in each floral organ infected by OY‐W phytoplasma, compared with healthy plants. The expression levels of several homeotic genes required for organ development, such as PFG, PhGLO1 and FBP7, were significantly downregulated by the phytoplasma infection in floral organs, except the stamens, suggesting that the unique morphological changes caused by the phytoplasma infection might result from the significant decrease in expression of some crucial homeotic genes. Moreover, the expression levels of TER, ALF and DOT genes, which are known to participate in floral meristem identity, were significantly downregulated in the phytoplasma‐infected petunia meristems, implying that phytoplasma would affect an upstream signaling pathway of floral meristem identity. Our results suggest that phytoplasma infection may have complex effects on floral development, resulting in the unique phenotypes that were clearly distinct from the mutant flower phenotypes produced by the knock‐out or the overexpression of certain homeotic genes.
Arabidopsis ENHANCED DISEASE RESISTANCE 1 is required for pathogen‐induced expression of plant defensins in nonhost resistance, and acts through interference of MYC2‐mediated repressor function
Authors: Hiruma Kei , Nishiuchi Takumi , Kato Tomoaki , Bednarek Paweł , Okuno Tetsuro , Schulze‐Lefert Paul , Takano Yoshitaka 
Published: May 2011

SummaryArabidopsis thaliana exhibits durable resistance, called nonhost resistance, against non‐adapted fungal pathogens that typically terminates pathogen entry. The PEN2‐dependent indole glucosinolate metabolism pathway is involved in preventing the entry of a range of non‐adapted fungi. Here, we report that ENHANCED DISEASE RESISTANCE 1 (EDR1) functions in pre‐invasive nonhost resistance. Plants lacking EDR1 exhibit impaired entry resistance to the non‐adapted hemibiotrophic Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, in contrast to the enhanced resistance of edr1 against biotrophic infection of a host‐adapted powdery mildew fungus. Analysis of the edr1 pen2 double mutant indicates that EDR1 acts in a defense pathway independent from the PEN2 indole glucosinolate pathway. The edr1 mutant also exhibited enhanced susceptibility to host‐adapted pathogens, including Colletotrichum higginsianum and necrotrophic Alternaria brassicicola. Comparative transcript profiling revealed that upon C. gloeosporioides inoculation, the expression of four plant defensin genes was severely impaired in edr1, indicating that EDR1 is required for the induced expression of these antifungal proteins. Inactivation of the MYC2‐encoded transcription factor fully restored defensin expression in edr1, implying that EDR1 interferes with MYC2 function to abrogate repression of defensin expression. Furthermore, constitutive expression of plant defensin PDF1.2b largely rescued pre‐invasive resistance responses in edr1 plants. These results indicate that EDR1 exerts a positive and critical role in resistance responses to hemibiotrophic/necrotrophic fungi, in part by inducing antifungal protein expression through derepression of MYC2 function.
NIMA‐related kinases 6, 4, and 5 interact with each other to regulate microtubule organization during epidermal cell expansion in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Motose Hiroyasu , Hamada Takahiro , Yoshimoto Kaori , Murata Takashi , Hasebe Mitsuyasu , Watanabe Yuichiro , Hashimoto Takashi , Sakai Tatsuya , Takahashi Taku 
Published: May 2011

SummaryNimA‐related kinase 6 (NEK6) has been implicated in microtubule regulation to suppress the ectopic outgrowth of epidermal cells; however, its molecular functions remain to be elucidated. Here, we analyze the function of NEK6 and other members of the NEK family with regard to epidermal cell expansion and cortical microtubule organization. The functional NEK6–green fluorescent protein fusion localizes to cortical microtubules, predominantly in particles that exhibit dynamic movement along microtubules. The kinase‐dead mutant of NEK6 (ibo1‐1) exhibits a disturbance of the cortical microtubule array at the site of ectopic protrusions in epidermal cells. Pharmacological studies with microtubule inhibitors and quantitative analysis of microtubule dynamics indicate excessive stabilization of cortical microtubules in ibo1/nek6 mutants. In addition, NEK6 directly binds to microtubules in vitro and phosphorylates β‐tubulin. NEK6 interacts and co‐localizes with NEK4 and NEK5 in a transient expression assay. The ibo1‐3 mutation markedly reduces the interaction between NEK6 and NEK4 and increases the interaction between NEK6 and NEK5. NEK4 and NEK5 are required for the ibo1/nek6 ectopic outgrowth phenotype in epidermal cells. These results demonstrate that NEK6 homodimerizes and forms heterodimers with NEK4 and NEK5 to regulate cortical microtubule organization possibly through the phosphorylation of β‐tubulins.