bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Array-based comparative genomic hybridisation analysis reveals recurrent chromosomal alterations in primary diffuse large B cell lymphoma of bone
Authors: Heyning F H , Jansen P M , Hogendoorn P C W , Szuhai K 
Published: October 2010

AimsPrimary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of bone (PLB) is a rare subtype of primary extranodal diffuse large B cell lymphoma. PLB has morphological homogeneity and a relatively favourable clinical behaviour. Recent studies report that array-based comparative genomic hybridisation (array-CGH) analysis can be used to classify lymphomas into clinically and biologically relevant phenotypes and possibly reveal differences in oncogenic mechanisms. Here the authors performed the first array-CGH study to detect illness related genomic alterations in nine, clinically well-staged primary lymphoma of bone cases.MethodsNine frozen samples from primary lymphoma of bone patients were immunophenotyped and subsequently investigated using a well-established array-CGH platform. The array-CGH results were confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridisation. Clinical data and follow-up were obtained for all nine patients.ResultsOf the nine patients, eight reached complete remission, and one had progressive disease and died of primary lymphoma of bone. Frequent aberrations were: loss of 14q32 (n=7), trisomy 7 (n=6), gain of the long arm of chromosome 1 (n=5) and amplification of 2p16.1 (n=4). No statistically significant correlation between genetic abnormalities and clinical outcome was found.ConclusionsThe authors found several recurrent genomic aberrations, including five cases with gain of 1q and four cases with 2p16.1 amplification. These findings are associated with a germinal centre-like phenotype and favourable treatment outcome, and differ from chromosomal aberrations found in other extranodal lymphomas. These findings further substantiate the notion that primary lymphoma of bone should be considered as a distinct entity not only on clinic-pathological grounds but also on the genomic level as well.
An elastic Van Gieson stain is unnecessary for the histological diagnosis of giant cell temporal arteritis: Table 1
Authors: Foss Fiona , Brown Laurence 
Published: October 2010

BackgroundElastic Van Gieson (EVG) stain is used routinely to identify the internal elastic lamina in biopsy specimens from clinically suspected cases of giant cell arteritis (GCA). It is widely recognised, however, that disruption of the internal elastic lamina is not specific for GCA. Evidence suggests that routine use of special stains in temporal artery biopsies does not increase diagnostic sensitivity and current American College of Rheumatology guidelines do not include structural changes to the vessel wall in their recommended diagnostic criteria.ObjectiveTo assess whether use of EVG stain contributes to the diagnosis of GCA, compared with standard H&E stained sections alone.MethodsA retrospective case series of 105 temporal artery biopsies positive for GCA between 1999 and 2009 were retrieved and reviewed histologically. Comparable diagnostic information was extracted from reports for 406 negative biopsies over the same period.ResultsReview of H&E stained sections showed diagnostic features of GCA in 97.2% (n=102) of positive cases. Disruption or reduplication of the internal elastic lamina was apparent in 96.1% (n=101) of EVG stained sections, but was also reported as present in nearly two-thirds of negative biopsies.ConclusionsAn EVG stain does not contribute to recognition of diagnostic features in a majority of cases and should therefore be reserved for use as a supplementary investigation. Inclusion of pre-biopsy treatment on histology request forms would assist in the interpretation of equivocal biopsies.
Embolic protection devices and the Penumbra 054 catheter: utility in tandem occlusions in acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Hui Ferdinand K , Hussain Muhammad S , Elgabaly Mohamed H , Sivapatham Thinesh , Katzan Irene L , Spiotta Alejandro M 
Published: October 2010

BackgroundTandem proximal and distal occlusions in the setting of an acute stroke are therapeutic challenges. Treating either lesion first has its respective shortcomings. An approach is described which may lessen the probability of distal embolic events during emergency carotid angioplasty and stenting during an acute stroke, and simplify access to both a distal and proximal lesion.Clinical presentationA 58-year-old man presented with waxing and waning neurological examination with an NIH Stroke Scale varying from 4 to 21. CT angiography demonstrated a left internal carotid artery occlusion at its origin and a left middle cerebral artery occlusion. The CT scan failed to demonstrate significant ischemic changes so the patient was brought to angiography for treatment under conscious sedation.InterventionTriaxial access into the distal middle cerebral artery was achieved followed by brief aspiration and clot maceration by opening the vessel completely. An embolic protection device was deployed through the intermediate catheter which was subsequently removed. Stenting and angioplasty were then performed, followed by removal of the embolic protection device which had visibly trapped debris.ConclusionEmbolic protection devices may have a role in the emergency treatment of proximal occlusions in the setting of an acute ischemic stroke. Safe deployment through an occluded vessel may be assisted by use of an intermediate catheter. The Penumbra 054 catheter may be used both to aspirate the distal thrombus and to house the embolic protection device as it is advanced past a proximal occlusion.
Republished paper: Assessment of doctors' consultation skills in the paediatric setting: the Paediatric Consultation Assessment Tool
Authors: Howells R J , Davies H A , Silverman J D , Archer J C , Mellon A F 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Objective
To determine the utility of a novel Paediatric Consultation Assessment Tool (PCAT).

Design
Developed to measure clinicians' communication behaviour with children and their parents/guardian, PCAT was designed according to consensus guidelines and refined at a number of stages. Volunteer clinicians provided videotaped real consultations. Assessors were trained to score communication skills using PCAT, a novel rating scale.

Setting
Eight UK paediatric units.

Participants
19 paediatricians collected video-recorded material; a second cohort of 17 clinicians rated the videos.

Main outcome measures
Itemised and aggregated scores were analysed (means and 95% confidence intervals) to determine measurement characteristics and relationship to patient, consultation, clinician and assessor attributes; generalisability coefficient of aggregate score; factor analysis of items; comparison of scores between groups of patients, consultations, clinicians and assessors.

Results
188 complete consultations were analysed (median per doctor = 10). 3 videos marked by any trained assessor are needed to reliably (r&gt;0.8) assess a doctor’s triadic consultation skills using PCAT, 4 to assess communication with just children or parents. Performance maps to two factors – “clinical skills” and “communication behaviour”; clinicians score more highly on the former (mean (SD) 95% CI 0.52 (0.075)). There were significant differences in scores for the same skills applied to parent and child, especially between the ages of 2 and 10 years, and for information-sharing rather than relationshipbuilding skills (2-tailed significance &lt;0.001).

Conclusions
The PCAT appears to be reliable, valid and feasible for the assessment of triadic consultation skills by direct observation.
A hazardous channelized debris flow in Glen Ogle, Stirlingshire
Authors: Milne F. D. , Brown M. J. , Werritty A. 
Published: October 2010

Synopsis
On 18 August 2004 an intense rainstorm generated 31 debris flows in Glen Ogle, Stirlingshire. Two channelized debris flows traversed the A85 trunk road trapping 20 vehicles and resulting in the helicopter airlift rescue of 57 motorists and passengers. The failure zone of the largest of these debris flows occurred within a shallow hillslope depression highlighting the importance of topographic controls on hillslope hydrology and connectivity between open hillslopes and stream channels for the generation of channelized debris flows. Five years after the 2004 event, channel sediment recharge from localized slumping and slope wash on over-steepened gully walls was observed. Sediment recharge is negligible in comparison to the abundant boulder and cobble sized channel lag deposits from the 2004 debris flow. But the abundance of coarse debris within the channel and the potential for instability in gully walls and on the adjacent hillslope indicate that the gully retains a residual susceptibility to the occurrence of hazardous accumulative channelized debris flow. It is suggested that the geohazard should be mitigated by increasing culvert capacity to allow the safe passage of future debris flows under the road.
Growth Differentiation Factor-15 and Risk of Recurrent Events in Patients Stabilized After Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Bonaca Marc P. , Morrow David A. , Braunwald Eugene , Cannon Christopher P. , Jiang Songtao , Breher Stephanie , Sabatine Marc S. , Kempf Tibor , Wallentin Lars , Wollert Kai C. 
Published: October 2010

Objective—
To investigate growth differentiation factor (GDF)-15 at hospital discharge for assessment of the risk of death, recurrent myocardial infarction (MI), and congestive heart failure, and to determination of whether these risks can be modified by statins.

Methods and Results—

GDF-15 is a transforming growth factor-β–related cytokine induced in response to tissue injury. GDF-15 concentration is associated with all-cause mortality in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We measured GDF-15 in 3501 patients after ACS, treated with moderate or intensive statin therapy in PROVE IT-TIMI 22. By using established cutoff points, GDF-15 (<1200, 1200–1800, and >1800 ng/L) was associated with 2-year risk of death or MI (5.7%, 8.1%, and 15.1%, respectively;
P
<0.001), death (
P
<0.001), MI (
P
<0.001), and congestive heart failure (
P
<0.001). After adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, MI, qualifying event, renal function, B-type natriuretic peptide, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, GDF-15 was associated with the risk of death or MI (adjusted hazard ratio per ln increase GDF-15, 2.1 [95% CI, 1.6 to 2.9];
P
<0.001), death (
P
<0.001), MI (
P
<0.001), and congestive heart failure (
P
<0.001). There was no significant interaction between GDF-15 and intensive statin therapy for the risk of death or MI (
P
=0.24 for the interaction).

Conclusion—
GDF-15 is associated with recurrent events after ACS, independent of clinical predictors, B-type natriuretic peptide, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. This finding supports GDF-15 as a prognostic marker in ACS and investigation of other therapies that modify this risk.
The Transcription Factor Erg Inhibits Vascular Inflammation by Repressing NF-κB Activation and Proinflammatory Gene Expression in Endothelial Cells
Authors: Sperone Andrea , Dryden Nicola H. , Birdsey Graeme M. , Madden Leigh , Johns Mike , Evans Paul C. , Mason Justin C. , Haskard Dorian O. , Boyle Joseph J. , Paleolog Ewa M. , Randi Anna M. 
Published: October 2010

Objective—
To test whether ETS-related gene (Erg) inhibits tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α–dependent endothelial activation and inflammation.

Methods and Results—
Endothelial activation underlies many vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis. Endothelial activation by proinflammatory cytokines decreases expression of the ETS transcription factor Erg. By using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), we showed that Erg overexpression by adenovirus (AdErg) repressed basal and TNF-α–induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM), and interleukin 8 (IL-8). Erg inhibited TNF-α–dependent activation of the ICAM-1 promoter, nuclear factor (NF)-κB activity, and NF-κB p65 phosphorylation. Basal NF-κB activity was also inhibited by Erg overexpression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that Erg binds to the ICAM-1 proximal promoter region, which contains 7 putative ETS binding sites. To test the anti-inflammatory role of Erg in vivo, we used a murine model of TNF-α–dependent acute inflammation. The injection of AdErg into the paw decreased TNF-α–induced inflammation compared with control. Finally, staining of human coronary plaques showed loss of Erg expression from the endothelium overlaying active plaque shoulders.

Conclusion—
We have identified a novel physiological anti-inflammatory pathway under the control of the transcription factor Erg; this pathway inhibits NF-κB–dependent transcription and TNF-α–induced inflammation in vivo. These results suggest a novel approach to anti-inflammatory therapies.
Why We Need a Cultural Red Book for Endangered Cultures, NOW: How Social Scientists and Lawyers/Rights Activists Need to Join Forces
Authors: Lempert David 
Published: October 2010

AbstractSocial scientists and biologists/environmentalists have taken two very different legal and political strategies to deal with the parallel concerns of disappearance of cultural and biological diversity, with the environmentalists having greater success in drawing attention and funding. The difference is not due to the legal basis for actions. In terms of international legal protections, the laws and mechanisms for protecting human diversity are probably stronger than those for species. The reason for the greater comparative success of the environmentalists is not due to anything inherent in the areas of concern, but more to the effectiveness of organization of the biologists and ecologists, their ability to present their concerns in a scientific way, and their use of a tool – the Red Book for Endangered Species – that offers an accessible way for non-specialists to understand the threats. This article describes the emerging legal mechanisms in the international community through which human cultures could be more effectively protected, both by legal enforcement and by awareness, through the use of a new policy and screening tool. It describes some of the efforts that have taken place in anthropology, among linguists and others, to begin such systematization. It begins the process of creating a format and standard for such work by offering ideas on a systematic framework. And, it suggests the processes of organizing a united effort among the community of anthropologists, linguists, sociologists and other social scientists, lawyers and human rights professionals to offer this professional and tangible measure of the threats to cultures.
A Critical Analysis of Current Legal Developments on the Political Participation of Minorities in Turkey
Authors: Akbulut Olgun 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis is a follow-up article to the one published in the IJMGR half a decade ago (Vol. 12, 2005). Although there have been domestic and international legal cases that are directly concerned with the political participation of minorities in Turkey, few improvements have been made in law covering the subject. This encouraged this author to analyse and criticise the judgements of the European Court of Human Rights and the legal and political actors at domestic level. The aim of this article is to reflect upon how international human rights monitoring affects national laws in certain thorny issues such as the rights of minorities. Since the current and previous articles have a common theme and complement each other, I strongly recommend reading both articles.
The European Union Accession Process: Ensuring the Protection of Turkey's Minorities?
Authors: Hughes Edel 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe potential accession of Turkey to the European Union is an issue that has provoked widespread debate both within and without the Union and indeed Turkey. Opinions as to whether Turkey is 'ready' for membership or if in fact the Union can 'absorb' the addition of Turkey vary but what is uncontested is the fact that the accession process has prompted wide ranging reforms in Turkey, particularly in relation to the protection of fundamental human rights. This article outlines the prevailing legislation pertaining to minority rights in Turkey and assesses the extent to which the reform process on the path to EU accession has impacted on those rights.
The Responsibility to Protect and Humanitarian Intervention in Africa
Authors: Sarkin Jeremy 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis essay investigates the connection between humanitarian intervention and R2P within an historical, legal, and conceptual context. It challenges the widely held view that Africa lacks the capacity to intervene in areas of conflict and human rights violations, arguing instead that the continent possesses the will and instruments to protect human rights. The author notes that, while the UN Security Council retains the primary responsibility for promoting global peace and security, the R2P norm remains contested even within the UN. The ECOWAS interventions in Liberia and Sierra Leone in the 1990s were initially undertaken without UN approval, but were later sanctioned by the world body. These interventions undermined the idea of state sovereignty as independence from external interventions, which had previously constrained humanitarian missions in Africa. However, the essay argues that the R2P principle was boosted by the establishment of the International Criminal Court in 2002 to prosecute persons suspected of committing war crimes, crimes against humanity, and/or genocide. In addition, the intervention clause in the AU's Constitutive Act of 2000 supports the R2P principle while prohibiting unilateral interventions. Notwithstanding these developments, the author notes that the AU and Africa's regional bodies still have a long way to go in translating the R2P doctrine into practice.
The African Union, the United Nations, and the Responsibility to Protect: Towards an African Intervention Doctrine
Authors: Mwanasali Musifiky 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis essay considers the R2P principle as expressed by the African Union's (AU) Constitutive Act of 2000, the United Nations (UN) World Summit's outcome document of 2005, and recent civilian protection mandates issued for peacekeeping operations by the UN Security Council. Examining how these three international mechanisms have sought to establish and operationalise the norm, the author argues that the AU should make greater efforts to bring R2P implementation into line with the UN Charter in order to secure the legitimacy of regional interventions in Africa. Reflecting on the experience of the AU Mission in Sudan between 2004 and 2007, the importance of clear mandates and sufficient capacity to the success of R2P interventions is emphasised. The use of force by peacekeepers—its feasibility and potential extent—is analysed and placed within the context of peacebuilding in the R2P continuum. The essay also argues for better coordination between the UN Security Council and the world body's Economic and Social Council, as well as with the AU's Peace and Security Council, to ensure a reliable supply of adequate peacebuilding resources to Africa and proper consideration of security and reconstruction matters.
Pax South Africana and the Responsibility to Protect
Authors: Landsberg Chris 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis essay examines the leading role adopted by the South African governments of Nelson Mandela, abo Mbeki, and Jacob Zuma to promote R2P between 1994 and 2010. In response to the sociopolitical oppression and devastation wrought by apartheid between 1948 and 1990, South African governments since 1994 have played an activist role in developing new norms in international affairs. Describing the South African posture on R2P as one of engagement and 'quiet diplomacy', the essay notes that the country has pushed for multilateral institutions to become the major repositories of the R2P norm. Within Africa, South Africa was instrumental in negotiating the continent's shift of position on the R2P norm from one of 'non-intervention' to one of 'non-indifference'. South Africa has also sought to implement R2P through political processes and negotiations rather than through sanctions and the use of force—an engagist stance that the country adopted during its controversial two years on the UN Security Council (2007–2008), contrary to the tougher approach recommended by powerful Western members of the Security Council. Emphasis is placed on the capacity constraints with which South Africa continues to struggle, as it seeks to operationalise its position on R2P.
Vection Aftereffects from Expanding/Contracting Stimuli
Authors: Seno Takeharu , Sunaga Shoji , Ito Hiroyuki 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe presented three types of visual stimuli (blank, static and dynamic random dots) following optic flow stimuli and measured the durations of the motion aftereffects (MAEs) and aftereffects of vection (vection aftereffects, VAEs). The VAEs were induced in the direction opposite to the MAEs. However, the VAEs were not the same as the vection induced by the MAEs because the VAEs were sustained even after the MAEs vanished. In addition, when vection was facilitated or inhibited by the static dot plane in front or in the back of the optic flow, only the VAE strength was modulated, while the MAE was constant between the two conditions. From these results, we conclude that the vection-inducing mechanism shares some neural units with the motion processing mechanisms but has an additional aspect that adapts independently of the motion processing mechanisms.
The Aerosol Modeling Testbed: A Community Tool to Objectively Evaluate Aerosol Process Modules
Authors: Fast Jerome D. , Gustafson William I. , Chapman Elaine G. , Easter Richard C. , Rishel Jeremy P. , Zaveri Rahul A. , Grell Georg A. , Barth Mary C. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The current paradigm of developing and testing new aerosol process modules is haphazard and slow. Aerosol modules are often tested for short simulation periods using limited data so that their overall performance over a wide range of meteorological conditions is not thoroughly evaluated. Although several model intercomparison studies quantify the differences among aerosol modules, the range of answers provides little insight on how to best improve aerosol predictions. Understanding the true impact of an aerosol process module is also complicated by the fact that other processes—such as emissions, meteorology, and chemistry—are often treated differently. To address this issue, the authors have developed an Aerosol Modeling Testbed (AMT) with the objective of providing a new approach to test and evaluate new aerosol process modules. The AMT consists of a more modular version of the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) and a suite of tools to evaluate the performance of aerosol process modules via comparison with a wide range of field measurements. Their approach systematically targets specific aerosol process modules, whereas all the other processes are treated the same. The suite of evaluation tools will streamline the process of quantifying model performance and eliminate redundant work performed among various scientists working on the same problem. Both the performance and computational expense will be quantified over time. The use of a test bed to foster collaborations among the aerosol scientific community is an important aspect of the AMT; consequently, the longterm development and use of the AMT needs to be guided by users.