bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Qualitative and quantitative analyses of petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in a trout stream contaminated by an aviation kerosene spill
Authors: Guiney Patrick D. , Sykora Jan L. , Keleti George 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Kerosene-range hydrocarbons were monitored in a small central Pennsylvania stream watershed, over two years (1982 to 1984), after a pipeline leak of about 1,310 barrels of aviation kerosene. This study, part of a two-phased program, was designed to detect and quantify hydrocarbon concentrations in freshwater environmental compartments impacted by the spill. Various methods of analysis were employed. Field conditions required careful documentation of methodologies and quality assurance practices for sample collection and analysis to ensure the validity of results. The concentration of kerosene-range hydrocarbons and total organic carbon in the contaminated stream water typically decreased during the initial months after the spill and generally remained at or below background levels after 3 months. Elevated concentrations of hydrocarbons, however, were detected in sediment samples and tissues of fish collected from two impacted bridge locations up to 14 months after the spill occurred. These two bridges were primary boom recovery sites during spill cleanup activities. Bottom sediments from pools near these sites contained approximately two to three times the corresponding hydrocarbon concentrations detected in fish tissues from the same area. This information appears to suggest that these surface sediments may have served as secondary storage sinks for residual, sinking product not recovered during the initial skimming operations. These residues were apparently available for uptake by resident fish. No kerosene-range hydrocarbons were detected in these surface sediments after 21 months, and other stream water quality parameters remained within normal limits. Our results indicated that fused-silica capillary GC offered high resolution and precision and provided reasonable detection limits for analyzing kerosene-range hydrocarbons in the contaminated environmental compartments investigated in this study.
Induction of hepatic microsomal monooxygenase activity in fish by exposure to river water
Authors: Melancon Mark J. , Yeo Steven E. , Lech John J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The effect on hepatic monooxygenase activity of exposing carp (Cyprinus carpio) and bullheads (Ictalurus melas) to river water was examined. Hepatic microsomal ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activities in fish maintained continuously in dechlorinated city water were compared with those in fish exposed to river water pumped into laboratory tanks. Monooxygenase activity increased rapidly upon exposure to river water and was significantly elevated after 3 d of exposure. When river water-exposed fish were returned to dechlorinated city water, monooxygenase activity steadily returned to pre-exposure levels. This report includes two studies using carp performed in different years, and a more limited study using bullheads. Carp captured in an adjacent river that flowed into Milwaukee Harbor had high hepatic microsomal ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity when compared with carp in the laboratory tanks. Under these carefully controlled conditions, the occurrence and reversibility of environmental induction of monooxygenase activity were clearly demonstrated.
The acute oral LD50 of technical pentachlorophenol in developing rats
Authors: St. Omer Vincent E. V. , Gadusek Frank 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe acute oral LD50s for technical-grade pentachlorophenol (T-PCP) were calculated by the Litchfield-Wilcoxon method during the ontogenetic growth of 10- to 134-d-old rats. Signs of toxicity included accelerated respiration, hyperpyrexia, collapse, asphyxial convulsions and death followed by rapid rigor mortis. Young rats (not yet weaned, 10 and 20 d old) and adults (70 and 134 d old) were more susceptible to the toxic and lethal effects of T-PCP than were juveniles (25 to 50 d old). The LD50 (mg/kg) ranged from 50 to 180 for preweaned rats, from 220 to 230 for juveniles and from 80 to 120 for adults.
Orthene® toxicity to little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus): Acetylcholinesterase inhibition, coordination loss, and mortality
Authors: Clark Donald R. , Rattner Barnett A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The 24-h LD50 of Orthener̀ (active ingredient acephate, acetylphosphoramidothioic acid o,s-dimethyl ester, CAS 30560-19–1) to little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) was high (&gt; 1,500 mg acephate/kg) and at least several times greater than the LD50 for mice (Mus musculus) (720 mg/kg). Twenty-four hours after dosing, all surviving mice appeared behaviorally normal, but 9 of 30 surviving bats could not right themselves when placed on their backs. When dead and incapacitated bats were combined to calculate an ED50 (median effective dose), the resultant estimate (687 mg/kg) did not differ (p &gt; 0.05) from the LD50 for mice. Serum cholinesterase (ChE) activity in control bats was 3.2 times greater than in mice. The relationship between this naturally high level of ChE and the relative tolerance of bats to organophosphorus insecticides is unexplained. Toxicity of Orthene was clearly less than that reported elsewhere for methyl parathion (phosphorothioic acid o,o-dimethyl o-[4-nitrophenyl] ester, CAS 298–00-0). This finding may be useful in selection of a chemical for agricultural use, but conclusions about the safety of Orthene to this bat species, or to others, must remain tentative until confirmed by studies under field conditions. Because bats are long-lived with low reproductive rates and slow recruitment, any additional mortality in the wild could be critical to population survival.
Four independent approaches to developing sediment quality criteria yield similar values for model contaminants
Authors: Chapman Peter M. , Barrick Robert C. , Neff Jerry M. , Swart Richard C. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Separate approaches to determining marine sediment quality criteria yielded similar values for three contaminants. These values, including concentrations at or below which biological effects have been shown to be minimal and lowest concentrations at which biological effects have been shown to occur, range from (dry weight sediment): lead, 50 to 300 μg/g (ppm); polyaromatic hydrocarbons, 2.0 to 12.0 μg/g; polychlorinated biphenyls, 0.06 to 0.13 μg/g.
TSCATS: A database for chemical and subject indexing of health and environmental studies submitted under the toxic substances control act
Authors: Santodonato Joseph , Bush Christopher , Howard Phillip , Howard Karen , Delfavero Steven , Miles Paula C. , Merrick Eleanor T. , Smith Linda K. , Travers Linda A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A large resource of unpublished technical data exists in the form of reports submitted by industry under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The TSCA Test Submissions (TSCATS) database was recently developed and made available to the public to allow computerized searching of test submissions according to specific chemical identity or type of study. Studies are categorized into three broad subject areas (health effects, environmental effects, environmental fate) and additional indexing terms are assigned from a controlled vocabulary describing the experimental protocol and certain observations of the test. Records from the on-line database also contain reference information to assist in locating the source document, and to identify the submitting organization and reason for submission of the test data.
The case against mercury (II) methylation by aquatic environmental methylsiloxanes
Authors: Frye Cecil L. , Chu Hsien-Kun 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The literature relating to the methylation of mercury salts by methylsilicon species has been reviewed and critically assessed from the standpoint of potential ecological significance. The probability of such reactions occurring under any likely aquatic environmental conditions is shown to be extremely low. This conclusion is strongly reinforced by additional experiments in which water-soluble analogs of the methylsiloxanes (materials reportedly present as traces in some aquatic sediments) were shown to be completely unaffected by mercuric chloride at ambient laboratory temperatures. Few additional studies with other mercury salts (e.g., acetate or nitrate) or higher temperatures were performed because of their irrelevance to any likely aquatic environmental situation.
Fate of 1,3,6,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in an outdoor aquatic system
Authors: Corbet Robert L. , Webster G. R. Barrie , Muir Derek C. G. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThree outdoor pools (5.5 m3) were treated with [14C]1,3,6,8-tetrachloridibenzo-p-dioxin (1,3,6,8-T4CDD) at concentrations of 98, 245 and 980 ng/L, and the movements and accumulation of the compound were monitored in air, water, sediment and vegetation over a 426-d period. The concentrations of 1,3,6,8-T4CDD in the air above the treated pools ranged from 8.4 to 18.8 ng/m3 during the first day after treatment. Total 14C concentration in the water column declined rapidly, with more than 90% lost from the water phase within 96 h (t1/2 = 14.0 to 28.5 h). The sediments were the major reservoir for the compound, accounting for 34 to 80% of the added compound at 34 d and 5 to 14% at 426 d. Total [14C]T4CDD concentrations in the sediments increased at 90 d, in part because of the end-of-season deposition of rooted vegetation. 1,3,6,8-T4CDD degraded in natural water in Pyrex flasks at similar rates in sterile and nonsterile waters (t1/2 = 6.3 to 8.0 d) in sunlight, but not under darkened conditions. A single, polar photodegradation product (retention time 0.82 relative to 1,3,6,8-T4CDD) was detected by HPLC, and 20% of the 14C was unextractable within 10 d. Similar degradation products were noted in the water and sediments (90 and 426 d). In duckweed (Lemna sp.) and (Potamogeton sp.), concentration factors for 1,3,6,8-T4CDD ranged from 2.5 to 3.4 × 104 and from 0.27 to 2.0 × 105, respectively. At 426 d posttreatment, 5 to 8% of the applied 1,3,6,8-T4CDD could be accounted for in all aquatic compartments, with an additional 4 to 6% of 14C present as unidentified polar products and unextractable residue.
Influence of soil characteristics on the adsorption of pirimicarb
Authors: Sanchez-Camazano M. , Sanchez-Martin M. J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A study was made of the influence of soil properties and composition on the adsorption of pirimicarb (2-dimethylamino-5,6-dimethylpyrimidin-4-yl-dimethyl carbamate). Twenty-one soil samples with different characteristics were used to study the following parameters: adsorption by natural soils, correlations between adsorption and soil properties, and effect of the elimination of organic matter on adsorption. The adsorption isotherms obtained are, in general, of the L type of the Giles classification, in all cases fitting the Freundlich equation. A highly significant correlation between the distribution coefficient (Kd) and the clay content was observed. For the soils containing montmorillonite in the clay fraction, a fairly significant correlation was seen between Kd and the montmorillonite content. The maximum variability in adsorption for all the soils is explained by the multiple correlation between Kd and the values of the clay plus organic matter and pH (R2 = 0.68). In the soils containing montmorillonite, the correlations between Kd and the organic matter and smectite contents account for 80% of the variability in adsorption. Adsorption by the oxidized soils shows that organic matter can block the adsorption of the pesticide by the clay.
Effects of fluorene on microcosms developed from four natural communities
Authors: Stay Frank S. , Katko Albert , Rohm Christina M. , Fix Melissa A. , Larsen David P. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Ecosystem-level responses were examined in microcosms developed from four different natural plankton communities and exposed to nominal concentrations of 0.12, 0.50, 2.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/L fluorene, a polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon. The lowest observed (p &lt; 0.05) effect level (LOEL) for dark respiration (Rni) was 0.12 mg/L fluorene in three of the four communities during the first 14 d. The LOEL for Rni in the fourth community was 5.0 mg/L. The LOEL of the net productivity/respiration ratio (Pn/Rni) was 0.12 mg/L in all four communities. These results suggest that the responses of these microcosms were not completely independent of their source communities. The sensitivities or LOEL values from these microcosm experiments were as low as those reported for chronic bioassays of the three most sensitive of seven standard test organisms. Comparisons between the responses of these microcosms and those reported for experimental ponds exposed to the same concentrations of fluorene suggest that these microcosms accurately reflect the types of changes and concentrations that cause change in pond ecosystems. However, slight but significant changes in the ecosystem-level variables gave no indication of the almost complete elimination of some zooplankton populations at 5.0 and 10.0 mg/L in the ponds and at 2.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/L in the microcosms. This lack of correspondence between population- and ecosystem-level measurements suggests that test measurements made at one hierarchical level of organization may not always be appropriate for estimating effects at other levels.
Use of respiratory-cardiovascular responses of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in identifying acute toxicity syndromes in fish: Part 3. Polar narcotics
Authors: Bradbury Steven P. , Henry Tala R. , Niemi Gerald J. , Carlson Richard W. , Snarski Virginia M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe physiological responses of rainbow trout to acutely lethal aqueous concentrations of the suspected polar narcotics phenol, 2,4-dimethylphenol, aniline, 2-chloroaniline and 4-chloroaniline were examined. Visible signs of intoxication included tremors that progressed to whole-organism clonic seizures, followed by general depression and respiratory-cardiovascular collapse. Tremors and seizures were usually initiated with coughs. The most striking changes in the respiratory-cardiovascular parameters for all five toxicants included elevated cough frequency (coincident with seizures), ventilation frequency and hematocrit, and depressed gill oxygen uptake efficiency, arterial pH, total arterial oxygen and total arterial carbon dioxide. The physiological responses noted were attributed to the initial muscular activity associated with seizures followed by respiratory-cardiovascular collapse. Using phenol as a model compound, these effects were found to be reversible when intoxicated fish were exposed to chemical-free water. Principal components analyses of the physiological responses demonstrated that the 11 monitored variables were highly correlated. Interpretation of the principal components showed that responses within each toxicant-exposure group were distinct from those of the control group. The response data sets for the suspected polar narcotics (N = 20 fish) were combined with four fish acute toxicity syndromes (FATS) (N = 32 fish) previously described (respiratory uncoupler syndrome, respiratory irritant syndrome, acetylcholinesterase inhibitor syndrome and narcosis syndrome), and assessed using discriminant function analysis. This analysis showed that all 52 trout could be correctly classified into their respective FATS. As a result, two separate narcosis FATS, narcosis type I (previous work) and narcosis type II (this study), were defined. Identification of a narcosis type II syndrome supports the concept of developing quantitative structure-activity relationship models for polar narcotics in fish.
Multigeneration life-span tests of the nutritional adequacy of several diets and culture waters forCeriodaphnia dubia
Authors: Winner Robert W. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe effects of four diets [Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Selenastrum capricornutum yeast-trout chow-Cerophyl (YTC) and YTC plus S. capricornutum] and two reconstituted waters on the vitality and fecundity of five to six life-span generations of Ceriodaphnia dubia were determined. The foods and waters were tested with and without a selenium supplement. The results indicate that healthy populations of this species can be maintained in reconstituted waters containing only four salts so long as the food is nutritionally adequate and the reconstituted water is formulated from an ultrapure base water. The adequacy of the YTC diet varies according to the nutritional adequacy of the constituents. Some batches of trout chow and Cerophyl were nutritionally deficient, causing unacceptably high mortality and abortions in cultures. These deficiencies were corrected by adding selenium to the culture water and using Selenastrum in conjunction with the YTC. The alga C. reinhardtii, if cultured in medium enriched with vitamins and selenium, proved quite adequate for maintaining healthy cultures of C. dubia. Animals maintained on the other alga S. capricornutum, exhibited a delay in reproductive maturation and a reduction in brood sizes, and they were frequently trapped in the surface film of the culture water.
Role of dietary choices in the ability of bobwhite to discriminate between insecticide-treated and untreated food
Authors: Bennett Richard S. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Tests were conducted to determine the dietary concentrations at which 14-d-old bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) chicks could discriminate between food treated (TRT) with two organophosphorus (OP) insecticides (chlorpyrifos and methyl parathion) and untreated (UNT) food. Results of subacute dietary LC50 tests using one feeder of TRT food per cage were compared with those of tests in which birds were presented with two feeders (one TRT and one UNT, 1:1) or 10 feeders (five TRT and five UNT, 5:5; or nine TRT and one UNT, 9:1). The dietary concentration above which birds discriminated between TRT and UNT feeders by consuming a greater proportion of UNT food was defined as the discrimination threshold (DT). The DT occurred at sublethal dietary concentrations in all chlorpyrifos tests (DT = 45 ppm in 1:1 test, 24 ppm in 5:5 test and 69 ppm in 9:1 test; LC50 = 647 ppm) but increased in the methyl parathion tests as the number of choices and the relative proportion of TRT feeders increased (DT = 10 ppm in 1:1 test, 46 ppm in 5:5 test and &gt;126 ppm in 9:1 test; LC50 = 91 ppm). The different responses were probably due to differences in the intensity of sensory cues presented by the two chemicals as the chicks developed conditioned aversions to them. In all tests, mortality was inversely related to total food consumption. No relationship was found between mortality and the amount of active ingredient ingested per bird-day. Consequently, the ability to locate UNT feeders was more important than the amount of chemical ingested. When alternative food choices exist, vulnerability to poisoning can be influenced by the number and relative abundance of those choices, as well as a bird's ability to detect the chemical.
Marine complex effluent toxicity program: Test sensitivity, repeatability and relevance to receiving water toxicity
Authors: Schimmel Steven C. , Morrison George E. , Heber Margarete A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn March 1984, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a significant change in procedures regulating toxic materials in effluents through the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Concurrent with this toxicity-based effluent control policy, the EPA established the marine/estuarine component of the Complex Effluent Toxicity Testing Program (CETTP). The CETTP was established to provide reliable, sensitive and environmentally meaningful test protocols that could be used to detect toxic industrial and municipal effluents within the NPDES. Five toxicity test methods have been developed and validated for the program since 1984 using a marine plant (Champia parvula), two invertebrate species (Arbacia punctulata and Mysidopsis bahia) and two fish species (Cyprinodon variegatus and Menidia beryllina). The laboratory precision test results for the methods were acceptable; coefficients of variation for all methods were less than 54%, averaging 34%. Numerous field tests were conducted using these methods and the results indicate that tests on receiving waters (in which effluent concentrations could be estimated through controlled dye studies) accurately reflect the toxicity of the effluents measured directly. Receiving water impacts, when observed, were generally near-field in nature. The test methods developed are sensitive, efficient, reliable and environmentally relevant measures of effluent toxicity and offer promise for reducing adverse impacts from point-source discharges in near-coastal waters.
Short- and long-term sediment toxicity test methods with the amphipod Grandidierella japonica
Authors: Nipper Marion G. , Greenstein Darrin J. , Bay Steven M. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Methods are described for conducting flow-through sediment toxicity tests with the marine amphipod Grandidierella japonica. Short-term (10-d) exposures were conducted at 15°C in 1-liter beakers containing a 2-cm layer of sediment and 700 ml overlying seawater. Long-term (28-d) tests were conducted in 1-liter beakers at 19°C with the weekly addition of food to the test chambers. Both methods were used to measure the toxicity of sediments from five locations in southern California. These sites included highly contaminated areas adjacent to large municipal wastewater outfalls and within industrialized harbors.
Both test methods were sensitive to levels of contamination found in the field, but produced different patterns of effects. Short-term mortality was greatest in amphipods exposed to the harbor sediments, while long-term exposure produced the greatest reductions in survival and growth at the Los Angeles County Outfall site. Amphipod survival was unaffected by variations in sediment grain size, while this characteristic appeared to have an important effect on growth.
Sublethal exposure to lead inhibits acquisition and retention of discriminate avoidance learning in green frog (Rana Clamitans) tadpoles
Authors: Strickler-Shaw Shari , Taylor Douglas H. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Green frog, Rana clamitans, tadpoles were exposed to 750 μg Pb/L as lead nitrate. Tadpoles used in learning acquisition tests were exposed for 6 d (144 h) and tadpoles used in retention (memory) tests were exposed for 5 d (120 h). Both lead-exposed and control tadpoles were conditioned, using shock avoidance, to associate illumination (conditioned stimulus) with shock (unconditioned stimulus). The mean response time, the number of avoidances and differences in the learning curves of the lead-exposed and control tadpoles were compared statistically. Learning acquisition tests showed increased response times and fewer avoidances in lead-exposed as compared to control tadpoles. Retention tests showed higher response times and no avoidances in lead-exposed tadpoles as compared to controls. These results indicate that sublethal exposure to lead adversely affected both acquisition learning and memory.