bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Promoting Occupational Therapy in the Schools
Authors: Royeen Charlotte Brasic , Marsh Dottie 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In response to our perceptions of the need to clarify the nature of school-based occupational therapy services at the local, state, and federal levels, we have written this article to address three areas. First, we suggest that the terminology used by school-based occupational therapists to describe their work be explained in terms that will allow parents and educators to better understand the roles and functions of the occupational therapist in the school. Second, to clarify and thereby increase the marketability of school-based occupational therapy, we propose a conceptual framework upon which the provision of occupational therapy as a service related to education can be based. Third, to clarify the unique role of occupational therapy in the schools, we define the roles and functions of school-based occupational therapy in such a way as to differentiate it from other related school-based services. Finally, we identify strategies to further secure the position of occupational therapy in the schools.
Professional Involvement in Sexuality Counseling for Patients With Spinal Cord Injuries
Authors: Novak Paul P. , Mitchell Marlys M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A national survey was conducted to determine how occupational therapists and rehabilitation nurses conduct sexuality counseling in practice settings with spinal cord–injured patients. A review of the literature and results from the survey demonstrated a high priority concern for sexuality counseling in the total rehabilitation of the spinal cord–injured patient; however, many of the professionals surveyed did not conduct sexuality counseling as part of their job. This study provides data comparing the sexuality counseling approach taken by these two disciplines and identifies ways to eliminate the incongruities between recommendations made in the literature and actual clinical practice.
Praxis and Gesture Comprehension in 4-, 5-, and 6-Year-Olds
Authors: Lennox Lynette , Cermak Sharon A. , Koomar Jane 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This investigation examined (a) whether the ability to comprehend pantomimed gestures improves with age in young children and whether the ability to point to the actual object precedes the ability to point to a functional associate and (b) whether there is a difference in the ability to comprehend pantomimed gestures between learning-disabled and normal subjects. The Gesture Comprehension Test, the Imitation of Postures test, and the Test for Auditory Comprehension of Language were administered to 68 normal children and 24 learning-disabled children 4 to 6 years of age. Results indicated that gesture comprehension improved with age and that the ability to point to the actual object preceded the ability to point to its functional associate. Boys performed significantly better than girls. There was no significant difference between normal and learning-disabled subjects’ ability to comprehend gestures. A moderate correlation was found between the Gesture Comprehension Test and the Test for Auditory Comprehension of Language; a low correlation was found between the Gesture Comprehension Test and the Imitation of Postures test. These results suggest the possibility that in preschool children and young school-age children, gesture comprehension may be more closely related to language than to nonsymbolic aspects of praxis.
Occupational Therapy for Adults With Perceptual Deficits
Authors: Neistadt Maureen E. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Although perceptual retraining has for many years been an accepted part of occupational therapy for adults with perceptual problems stemming from brain injury, few outcome studies on this type of treatment have been conducted. To assure high-quality, cost-effective rehabilitation programs for this population, occupational therapists need to do more research to (a) precisely define perceptual interventions and (b) determine the efficacy of different occupational therapy approaches to perceptual problems. This article offers guidance on the design of future studies to achieve the latter goal by exploring the current research on the effectiveness of perceptual remediation and offers suggestions for future research.
Perceived Autonomy and Job Satisfaction in Occupational Therapists
Authors: Davis Gerald L. , Bordieri James E. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Perceived autonomy, overall job satisfaction, and specific work incentives and disincentives were surveyed in 249 occupational therapists. Respondents rated autonomy and job satisfaction moderately high. They perceived achievement, interpersonal relationships with co-workers, and the nature of the work itself as incentives. The lack of organizational support for training, opportunity for advancement, and working conditions were seen as job disincentives. Results also showed that perceived autonomy was positively related to overall job satisfaction and to each job satisfaction factor.
A Descriptive Study of the Clinical Practice Patterns of Occupational Therapists Working With Infants and Young Children
Authors: Lawlor Mary C. , Henderson Anne 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This investigation was designed to gather descriptive data on the clinical practice patterns of occupational therapists working with infants and young children. One hundred nineteen therapists entered the study, and 118 completed the interview, yielding a response rate of 99.4%. The therapists were highly experienced, with a mean of 9.47 years working in pediatrics. The school setting was the most common type of facility in which therapists served infants and young children and accounted for 37.3% of the sample. The majority of the respondents (67.8%) were members of formally identified teams. Although 80.5% of the therapists served very young children (aged birth to 12 months), no therapists served this population exclusively. Considerable variability in models of service provision, team structures, and assessment and treatment practices were found. Additionally, there was a lack of consensus on the unique contributions of occupational therapy and diverse opinions regarding the importance of selected frames of reference. Implications of the findings on professional initiatives to enhance practice are discussed.
Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA) Battery for Brain-Injured Patients: Reliability and Validity
Authors: Katz Noomi , Itzkovich Malka , Averbuch Sara , Elazar Betty 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability and validity of the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA) battery. The battery provides an initial profile of the cognitive abilities of the brain-injured patient that can be used as a starting point for occupational therapy intervention and as a screening test for further assessment. The LOTCA consists of 20 subtests and is divided into four areas: orientation, visual and spatial perception, visuomotor organization, and thinking operations. The battery takes 30 to 45 minutes to administer. Subjects in the study consisted of two patient groups (20 traumatic head injury patients and 28 cerebrovascular accident patients) and one control group (55 non-brain-injured adults). Results showed interrater reliability coefficients of .82 to .97 for the various subtests and an alpha coefficient of .85 and above for the internal consistency of the areas of perception, visuomotor organization, and thinking operations. The Wilcoxon two-sample test showed that all subtests differentiated at the .0001 level of significance between the patient groups and the control group. This supported the LOTCA’s validity. Furthermore, factor analysis provided initial construct validation for three areas of the battery: perception, visuomotor organization, and thinking operations.
Sustaining the Art of Practice in Occupational Therapy
Authors: Peloquin Suzanne M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The art of practice in occupational therapy is intrinsically centered on relationships, on the qualities that make relationships meaningful, and on the meaning of occupation in a life. Demands from today’s health care system make it increasingly difficult for practitioners to engage in meaningful relationships with their patients. The art of practice, jeopardized by the health care system, requires sustenance from other sources. A new field, literature and medicine, suggests a source of sustenance for the art of occupational therapy practice. The reading of fictional literature can provide occupational therapists with sustaining images that can reaffirm their commitment to the art of providing occupation as therapy.
Bird T. Baldwin: A Holistic Scientist in Occupational Therapy’s History
Authors: Wish-Baratz Susanne 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Holistic patient care and the scientific research method are two important aspects of occupational therapy. Bird T. Baldwin contributed to the formulation of these tenets at the beginning of this century. Baldwin, a psychologist by training, became the director of the occupational therapy department at Walter Reed General Hospital in Washington, DC, during World War I. In his department, functional rehabilitation was achieved via scientifically analyzed purposeful activities. He believed that purposeful activity was superior to exercise. Activity choice was based on physical, vocational, social, and emotional considerations. True to his scientific approach, Baldwin designed and adapted devices to provide standardized treatment protocols. Because Bird T. Baldwin’s approach to rehabilitation remains of value today, a review of his work is relevant to the occupational therapy community.
Current Concepts of the Vestibular System Reviewed: 1. The Role of the Vestibulospinal System in Postural Control
Authors: Keshner Emily A. , Cohen Helen 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper reviews the research findings that support the presence of vestibulospinal reflexes in corrections for head and body instability. Studies of the importance of labyrinthine inputs to the central nervous system organization of eye, head, and body movements demonstrate that the vestibular nuclei are more than a simple relay station for labyrinthine activity. At all levels of the vestibular system beyond the primary vestibular afferents, parallel processing of labyrinthine signals occurs with input from other sensory systems. Thus, output of the vestibular nuclear complex (VNC) is not equivalent to the labyrinthine input. It is the VNC output that influences motor behavior. Various sensory inputs are available to the nervous system to detect and correct postural instability. Most notably, vestibular, visual, and proprioceptive signals contribute significantly to the stabilizing responses in humans. The intent of this paper is to review experimental results rather than to discuss treatment interventions. Wherever possible, conclusions are drawn as to the clinical implications of current research findings.
Current Concepts of the Vestibular System Reviewed: 2. Visual/Vestibular Interaction and Spatial Orientation
Authors: Cohen Helen , Keshner Emily A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The vestibular system contributes to the generation of conjugate eye movements, spatial orientation, and postural control. The functional connections of the vestibular end-organs and of the descending vestibulospinal pathways and their importance to postural control were reviewed in the previous paper by Keshner and Cohen (pp. 320–330). This paper reviews the ascending vestibular pathways, the visual/vestibular interactions, and the role of the vestibular system in oculomotor control and spatial orientation.
Louisiana’s Criteria of Eligibility for Occupational Therapy Services in the Public School System
Authors: Carr Shirley Holland 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Since the enactment of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 (Public Law 94–142), occupational therapists in the public schools have been responsible for determining the occupational therapy needs of special education students. In Louisiana, therapists and special educators, in cooperation with the Louisiana Department of Education, have developed the criteria of eligibility for occupational therapy. These criteria do not alter the descriptive standards established in Public Law 94–142; instead, they provide an objective method for the selection of students in need of occupational therapy. The criteria, which have been revised and refined since 1981, were adopted recently by the Louisiana Board of Elementary and Secondary Education. This paper presents these criteria and examples of their implementation.
The Patient–Therapist Relationship in Occupational Therapy: Understanding Visions and Images
Authors: Peloquin Suzanne M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The patient–therapist relationship in occupational therapy has been a blend of competence and caring with the emphasis fluctuating over the years between these two features. When patients tell stories about their experiences, they reveal widely differing views of occupational therapists, partly because of the different ways therapists manifest competence and caring during patient–therapist interactions. Images from stories suggest that some therapists unwittingly disappoint their patients. This paper examines the patient–therapist relationship as envisioned by therapists and patients to help occupational therapists recommit to the patient as a vital partner in a collaborative relationship.
Ways to Retain or Reactivate Occupational Therapists
Authors: Bailey Diana M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The previous paper (Bailey, 1990) reported on the reasons for leaving occupational therapy in a sample of 696 therapists. This follow-up paper discusses the reasons given and suggests ways to retain or reactivate therapists. The issues addressed include child rearing; geographic location; feeling professionally out of date; excessive paperwork; lack of pay and promotional opportunities; returning to school; stress; disillusionment; type of caseloads; illness; desire for more status, autonomy, and challenge; and lack of in-service training and continuing education.
Steps in Collaborative Research Between Clinicians and Faculty
Authors: DePoy Elizabeth , Gallagher Charles 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This article suggests a seven-step model for faculty-clinician collaborative research. The steps were developed on the basis of the authors’ experiences and anchored in theories of human and organizational behavior. For each step, an aim and outcome are delineated as well as a description of how each stage can be enacted to produce publishable research. An example is used to illustrate how the model has functioned to facilitate the research process. The model lends itself to a full spectrum of qualitative and quantitative designs that are appropriate in clinical occupational therapy.
Concurrent Validity of the Task-Oriented Assessment Component of the Bay Area Functional Performance Evaluation With the American Association on Mental Deficiency Adaptive Behavior Scale
Authors: Klyczek James P. , Mann William C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study was designed to test the concurrent validity of the revised Task-Oriented Assessment (TOA) component of the Bay Area Functional Performance Evaluation (BaFPE) (Bloomer & Williams, 1979) with Part 1 of the American Association on Mental Deficiency Adaptive Behavior Scale (ABS) (Nihira, Foster, Shellhaas, & Leland, 1969, 1974) and to develop a means of interpretation for the numeric scores on the TOA. Both measures were administered to 67 psychiatric inpatients within the first 14 days of admission. Low to moderate correlations were found between the TOA tasks and functional parameters and the ABS domains. Because the TOA shows low concurrent validity with the ABS, only limited interpretive descriptions for TOA scores could be developed.
Understanding and Cooperation Among Alter and Host Personalities
Authors: Dawson Peggy L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
There is little occupational therapy literature that addresses the profession’s efficacy in the treatment of persons with multiple personality disorder, yet the characteristics and complexity of this disorder render it one that can gain much from occupational therapy intervention. This paper examines the ways in which the occupational therapist can help in the treatment of patients with multiple personality disorder by introducing the alter personalities to each other, encouraging rapport among the personalities, and providing tasks that allow the alter personalities and the host to work together for mutual benefit.
The Disparity Between Educational Preparation and the Expectations of Practice
Authors: Wittman Peggy Prince 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In January 1990, more than 200 leaders from the occupational therapy profession gathered together in San Diego, California, at the Directions for the Future Symposium. Critical issues concerning practice, education, and research were discussed and numerous ideas were shared. During the next year, this column will publish a number of articles that explore some of the more provocative of these issues.
Touch Inventory for Elementary-School-Aged Children
Authors: Royeen Charlotte Brasic , Fortune Jim C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The syndrome of tactile defensiveness, first described by Ayres in 1964, has undergone continued study as well as related theory development. No standardized assessment for tactile defensiveness, however, currently exists. This paper presents a 26-item screening scale, the Touch Inventory for Elementary-School-Aged Children (TIE), as well as its psychometric characteristics. Normative data and precautions for proper use of the TIE are also given.
Knowledge and Attitudes of Occupational Therapy Students Regarding AIDS
Authors: Vincent Tarin Ann , Schkade Janette K. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In this pilot study, knowledge regarding AIDS was tested in 36 occupational therapy students and 33 education students. Also measured were the students’ attitudes toward AIDS patients and the resulting health care controversies. An analysis of the results revealed no significant differences in knowledge between the two groups. Attitudinal differences between the two groups, however, were significant for two items. Implications for occupational therapy curricula are discussed.
The Curriculum Directors: Influencing Occupational Therapy Education, 1948–1964
Authors: Colman Wendy 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper depicts an important story in the history of occupational therapy. The story concerns a small group of women, known as the Curriculum Directors, whose influence prevailed in the growth and development of occupational therapy throughout the 1950s. The account is synthesized from both written history sources and oral history interviews with group members and their contemporaries. It characterizes the Curriculum Directors and describes their influence on the profession as well as others’ perceptions of their accomplishments. This paper also chronicles the forces that emerged in reaction to the Curriculum Directors’ authority and briefly details the dissolution of their power.
Identification of Visual Scanning Deficits in Adults After Cerebrovascular Accident
Authors: Warren Mary 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Visual scanning deficits can result in the inefficient acquisition information about one’s environment. For adults who have had cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs), such deficits can interfere with the independent performance of many daily activities. The present study examined five tests designed to measure visual scanning deficits in post-CVA adults. Subjects with right and left hemisphere lesions were matched with control subjects by age and sex, and their performances on the tests were compared. The difference between the matched groups was statistically significant for all tests, with the hemiplegic subjects achieving lower scores than their normal counterparts. Deficits in visual scanning speed, identification of visual stimuli in the hemifield on the involved side, use of a systematic scanning pattern, and the ability to reproduce accurate visual designs were identified in the hemiplegic group. Statistically significant correlations were obtained on test–retest and interrater data, which indicates that the tests are reliable measures. The results of this study show that visual scanning deficits are present in post-CVA patients and can be measured with simple clinical evaluations. The presence of scanning deficits may significantly interfere with performance on tests measuring higher level visual-perceptual skills such as visual closure, figure–ground perception, and visual memory. An accurate assessment of visual-perceptual skills cannot be made without prior evaluation of such basic oculomotor functions as scanning. This approach is consistent with the developmental framework applied to most areas of treatment with brain-injured adults but is one that traditionally has not been applied in the evaluation of visual-perceptual skills. Currently accepted methods for the evaluation of visual-perceptual skills may need to be redesigned to include measurements of basic oculomotor function.
Networking: A Successful Linkage for Community Occupational Therapists
Authors: Hurff Janith M. , Lowe Helen E. , Ho Betty J. , Hoffman Nancy M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The networking process involves the linkage of people, agencies, and community resources. This paper describes an application of networking and community involvement. The four authors, all occupational therapists, used their knowledge and skills to provide and extend health promotion services for disabled persons within their community. During this process, they extended the role of occupational therapy into nontraditional settings.
A Test of Fine Finger Dexterity
Authors: Stein Carol , Yerxa Elizabeth J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The lack of instruments available for the measurement of fine dexterity (i.e., speed of interdigital manipulation) implies a gap not only in the occupational therapist’s ability to quantify and deal precisely with patients’ problems in this area, but also in the knowledge base of occupational therapy itself. The Rosenbusch Test of Finger Dexterity (developed by Doris F. Rosenbusch, MA, OTR), a new instrument that measures the speed of interdigital manipulation of objects by each hand separately, was tested on 64 subjects with normal hand function and 10 subjects known to have disabilities affecting fine dexterity. The determination of significant differences by the subjects’ sex, dominant and nondominant hands, and normal and dysfunctional hands was performed with t tests. The scores of the subjects with normal hand function versus those with disabled hand function were then compared on all variables. The findings demonstrate that this instrument is ready to be used experimentally and compares favorably with current commercial tests on both reliability and validity coefficients.
Goal Attainment Scaling as a Method of Clinical Service Evaluation
Authors: Ottenbacher Kenneth J. , Cusick Anne 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The demand for clinical accountability and the documentation of therapeutic effectiveness continues to increase in health-related settings. Therapists are attempting to address this increasing demand by adapting methods based on traditional experimental models of research to evaluate their clinical practice. Experimental and quasi-experimental designs, however, are often of limited usefulness in clinical environments for a variety of practical and ethical reasons. This paper presents a method of evaluating the effectiveness of a therapeutic intervention called goal attainment scaling, which involves goal setting procedures and assessment techniques that are practice-based and practitioner-oriented. The procedures are presented and the argument made that goal attainment scaling is a viable method by which one can document therapeutic change and demonstrate clinical accountability.