bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficient Depth of Field Rasterization Using a Tile Test Based on Half‐Space Culling
Authors: Akenine‐Möller Tomas , Toth Robert , Munkberg Jacob , Hasselgren Jon 
Published: November 2011

AbstractFor depth of field (DOF) rasterization, it is often desired to have an efficient tile versus triangle test, which can conservatively compute which samples on the lens that need to execute the sample‐in‐triangle test. We present a novel test for this, which is optimal in the sense that the region on the lens cannot be further reduced. Our test is based on removing half‐space regions of the
(u, v)
‐space on the lens, from where the triangle definitely cannot be seen through a tile of pixels. We find the intersection of all such regions exactly, and the resulting region can be used to reduce the number of sample‐in‐triangle tests that need to be performed. Our main contribution is that the theory we develop provides a limit for how efficient a practical tile versus defocused triangle test ever can become. To verify our work, we also develop a conceptual implementation for DOF rasterization based on our new theory. We show that the number of arithmetic operations involved in the rasterization process can be reduced. More importantly, with a tile test, multi‐sampling anti‐aliasing can be used which may reduce shader executions and the related memory bandwidth usage substantially. In general, this can be translated to a performance increase and/or power savings.
Statistical Methods for Healthcare Regulation: Rating, Screening and Surveillance
Authors: Spiegelhalter David , Sherlaw-Johnson Christopher , Bardsley Martin , Blunt Ian , Wood Christopher , Grigg Olivia 
Published: November 2011

SummaryCurrent demand for accountability and efficiency of healthcare organizations, combined with the greater availability of routine data on clinical care and outcomes, has led to an increased focus on statistical methods in healthcare regulation. We consider three different regulatory functions in which statistical analysis plays a vital role: rating organizations, deciding whom to inspect and continuous surveillance for arising problems. A common approach to data standardization based on (possibly overdispersed) Z-scores is proposed, although specific tools are used for assessing performance against a target, combining indicators when screening for inspection, and continuous monitoring using risk-adjusted sequential testing procedures. We pay particular attention to the problem of simultaneously monitoring over 200000 indicators for excess mortality, both with respect to the statistical issues surrounding massive multiplicity, and the organizational aspects of dealing with such a complex but high profile process.
Building employer solidarity? Britain's experience of coordinated bargaining, 1979 to 1997
Authors: Ingram Peter , Lindop Esmond 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThe election of the Conservative government in 1979 is seen as a watershed in pay determination in the UK, ending formal pay policies. While the government withdrew, the UK's major employer organisation, the Confederation of British Industry (CBI), endeavoured to operate an alternative system of employer coordination on pay between 1979 and 1997. Had this approach succeeded, the UK's approach to pay determination would have become much more aligned to the models adopted within other EU Member States. We analyse the development of this alternative to government‐imposed incomes policy and measure its impact on the growth of earnings. We conclude that, despite the CBI's policy, the actions of individual employers suffered from classic market failure until the British economy was subjected to mounting competitive pressures from the international environment.
Structural contributions of antipsychotic drugs to their therapeutic profiles and metabolic side effects
Authors: Jafari Somayeh , Fernandez‐Enright Francesca , Huang Xu‐Feng 
Published: November 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120, 371–384.AbstractAntipsychotic drugs have various neuropharmacological properties as a result of their structural diversity. Despite their therapeutic benefits, most of the prescribed atypical antipsychotics can induce severe side effects, including weight gain, type II diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases. Among the developed atypical antipsychotic agents, tetracyclic dibenzodiazepine and thienobenzodiazepine compounds, particularly clozapine and olanzapine, are associated with the greatest weight gain and metabolic disturbances. However, the unique chemical structure of these compounds causes the low risk of side effects reported for typical antipsychotics (e.g. extrapyramidal symptoms and tardive dyskinesia). This report reviews the recent discovery of the potential role of the chemical structure of antipsychotics in their therapeutic properties and metabolic disturbances. By developing structure–activity relationship studies for atypical antipsychotics, we will improve our understanding of the structural modifications of these chemical classes that lead to reduced weight gain, which will be an invaluable step toward the discovery of the next generation of atypical antipsychotics. In this review, we suggest that a novel dibenzodiazepine or thienobenzodiazepine antipsychotic drug with lower affinity for H1 receptors may significantly advance schizophrenia therapy.
Proteomic analysis of age‐dependent changes in protein solubility identifies genes that modulate lifespan
Authors: Reis‐Rodrigues Pedro , Czerwieniec Gregg , Peters Theodore W. , Evani Uday S. , Alavez Silvestre , Gaman Emily A. , Vantipalli Maithili , Mooney Sean D. , Gibson Bradford W. , Lithgow Gordon J. , Hughes Robert E. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryWhile it is generally recognized that misfolding of specific proteins can cause late‐onset disease, the contribution of protein aggregation to the normal aging process is less well understood. To address this issue, a mass spectrometry‐based proteomic analysis was performed to identify proteins that adopt sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)‐insoluble conformations during aging in Caenorhabditis elegans. SDS‐insoluble proteins extracted from young and aged C. elegans were chemically labeled by isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) and identified by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Two hundred and three proteins were identified as being significantly enriched in an SDS‐insoluble fraction in aged nematodes and were largely absent from a similar protein fraction in young nematodes. The SDS‐insoluble fraction in aged animals contains a diverse range of proteins including a large number of ribosomal proteins. Gene ontology analysis revealed highly significant enrichments for energy production and translation functions. Expression of genes encoding insoluble proteins observed in aged nematodes was knocked down using RNAi, and effects on lifespan were measured. 41% of genes tested were shown to extend lifespan after RNAi treatment, compared with 18% in a control group of genes. These data indicate that genes encoding proteins that become insoluble with age are enriched for modifiers of lifespan. This demonstrates that proteomic approaches can be used to identify genes that modify lifespan. Finally, these observations indicate that the accumulation of insoluble proteins with diverse functions may be a general feature of aging.
Diagnostic challenges and treatment options of a suspected pericardial metallic projectile foreign body in a dog
Authors: Elliott Joshua M. , Mayhew Philipp D. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo describe a case of a suspected pericardial metallic projectile foreign body in a dog with a history of trauma to the left shoulder and to review the literature regarding the management of cardiac and intracardiac foreign bodies.Case SummaryA 3‐year‐old male, neutered Brittany spaniel presented with a 10‐day history of decreased activity and partial anorexia. Serial thoracic radiographs identified a migrating pericardial metallic projectile foreign body and an echocardiogram diagnosed pericardial effusion and abdominal ultrasound identified the presence of ascites. Concern for a possible effusive‐constrictive pericarditis prompted a subphrenic pericardectomy performed via thoracoscopy. The foreign body was not recovered. Six months postsurgery, the dog remained asymptomatic.New or Unique Information ProvidedConsidering the high rate of complications that develop in human patients where the foreign bodies are not removed, veterinarians should be aware of risks associated with long standing pericardial foreign bodies even when no clinical signs are present. Guidelines from the human literature may be considered for investigation of, and treatment options for, cardiac and intracardiac metallic projectile foreign bodies in dogs.
The Role of the Antebrachiocarpal Ligaments in the Prevention of Hyperextension of the Antebrachiocarpal Joint
Authors: Milgram Joshua , Milshtein Tomer , Meiner Yaron 
Published: November 2011

ObjectiveTo evaluate the role of the medial collateral ligament, lateral collateral ligament, and the palmar carpal ligaments in the prevention of hyperextension of the antebrachiocarpal (AC) joint.Study DesignIn vitro experiment.AnimalsCadaveric canine thoracic limbs (n = 12 pair).MethodsThoracic limbs from 12 healthy mixed breed dogs, free of carpal joint pathology, were assigned to 1 of 6 groups, defined by the order in which the ligaments stabilizing the AC joint were cut. The antebrachium, carpus, and proximal metacarpal (MC) bones were stripped of all muscle tissue, preserving the carpal joint capsule. After specimens were prepared for biomechanical testing, the manus was loaded using a system of weights and pulleys to extend the carpus. Extension was measured using a single motion tracking sensor fixed to the MC bones. All specimens were tested with all ligaments intact and after cutting each of the ligaments.ResultsCutting each of the ligaments resulted in a significant change in the angle of extension of the carpus when compared with carpal extension with the ligaments intact. Cutting the palmar AC ligaments resulted in a significantly larger change in extension angle than occurred after cutting the medial and lateral collateral ligaments.ConclusionEach of the ligaments tested contribute to the prevention of hyperextension of the AC joint.
Postural stability and occlusal status among Japanese elderly
Authors: Song‐Yu Xuan , Rodis Omar M. M. , Ogata Sagiri , Can‐Hu Jin , Nishimura Michiko , Matsumura Seishi 
Published: November 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00596.x

Postural stability and occlusal status among Japanese elderlyBackground:  There are still no data available on the relationship between postural stability and occlusal status among the elderly.Objectives:  To examine relationships between postural stability and occlusal status through a cohort study among elderly Japanese.Method:  Oral examination, occlusal status, postural stability and a questionnaire were conducted and given to 87 community‐dwelling Japanese at enrolment.Results:  The average occlusal pressure of the female group was statistically higher than the male group while average occlusal pressure and postural stability length were lesser in the group with more remaining teeth. Postural stability area and number of remaining teeth showed statistically significant correlations. Postural stability length was lesser in the group with strong occlusal force. Furthermore, the number of decayed teeth was fewer in the good hygiene group.Conclusions:  This study identified a close relationship between occlusal status and postural stability of Japanese older individuals. Occlusal hypofunction was observed more in those with occlusal problems, and a decrease in their occlusal functions resulted in postural instability.
A feasibility study of using couch‐based real time dosimetric device in external beam radiotherapy
Authors: Prabhakar Ramachandran , Cramb Jim , Kron Tomas 
Published: November 2011

Purpose:Measurement of actual dose delivered during radiotherapy treatment aids in checking the accuracy of dose delivered to the patient. In this study, a couch‐based real time dosimetric device has been proposed to measure the exit or entrance dose to a patient during external beam radiotherapy. The utility and feasibility of such a device using a 2D array of diodes has been demonstrated.Methods:TwoMAPCHECK devices: MAPCHECK (1175) and MAPCHECK 2 (both SunNuclear) were embedded in a foam block in the treatment couch of a Varian 21iX linear accelerator. The angular dependence of the detector response for both devices was studied before implementing the MAPCHECKs for experimental purposes. An Alderson Rando head phantom was scanned with the MAPCHECK and MAPCHECK 2 devices separately and four different treatment plans were generated with target volumes at three different positions simulating typical clinical situations. The analytical anisotropic algorithm (AAA) was used to compute the doses in an Eclipse treatment planning system (Varian Medical Systems). The Rando phantom with the MAPCHECK device was exposed in Clinac 21iX linear accelerator. The measured dose distribution was compared with the calculated dose distribution to check for the accuracy in dose delivery.Results:Measured and computed dose distribution were found to agree with more than 93% of pixels passing at 3% and 3 mm gamma criteria for all the treatment plans. The couch‐based real time dosimetry system may also be applied for noncoplanar beams where electronic portal imaging device (EPID) is not practical to measure the dose. Other advantages include checking the beam stability during the patient treatment, performing routine morning quality assurance (QA) tests in the linear accelerator, and to perform pretreatment verification of intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). One of the drawbacks of this system is that it cannot be used for measuring the dose at 90° or 270° gantry angles.Conclusions:This preliminary study shows that a 2D array of detectors may be used as part of the treatment couch for real time patient dosimetry in studying the dose delivered to the patient in real time and also for performing routine quality assurance.
Virulence Factors and TEM-Type β-Lactamases Produced by Two Isolates of an Epidemic Klebsiella pneumoniae Strain
Authors: Robin Frédéric , Hennequin Claire , Gniadkowski Marek , Beyrouthy Racha , Empel Joanna , Gibold Lucie , Bonnet Richard 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

Two
Klebsiella pneumoniae
isolates of the same strain, identified in Poland, produced either TEM-47 or TEM-68, which differed by the Arg275Leu substitution. They harbored a few virulence factors, including an iron-chelating factor and capsule overproduction, suggesting that these factors were sufficient to enhance their nosocomial potency. TEM-68 and TEM-47 had similar enzymatic activities, but TEM-68 was less susceptible to inhibitors than TEM-47. These results confirm the role of the Arg275Leu substitution in the evolution of TEM enzymes.
Stroke in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Chronic Kidney Disease, and Anemia Treated With Darbepoetin Alfa
Authors: Skali Hicham , Parving Hans-Henrik , Parfrey Patrick S. , Burdmann Emmanuel A. , Lewis Eldrin F. , Ivanovich Peter , Keithi-Reddy Sai Ram , McGill Janet B. , McMurray John J.V. , Singh Ajay K. , Solomon Scott D. , Uno Hajime , Pfeffer Marc A. 
Published: November 2011

Background—
More strokes were observed in the Trial to Reduce Cardiovascular Events With Aranesp Therapy (TREAT) among patients assigned to darbepoetin alfa. We sought to identify baseline characteristics and postrandomization factors that might explain this association.

Methods and Results—
A multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify baseline predictors of stroke in 4038 patients with diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and anemia randomized to receive darbepoetin alfa or placebo. To determine whether postrandomization blood pressure, hemoglobin level, platelet count, or treatment dose were responsible for the increased risk related to darbepoetin alfa, we performed a nested case-control analysis (1:10 matching) identifying nonstroke controls with propensity matching. The risk of stroke was doubled with darbepoetin alfa. Overall, 154 patients had a stroke, 101/2012 (5.0%) in the darbepoetin alfa arm and 53/2026 (2.6%) in the placebo arm (hazard ratio 1.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.4–2.7). Independent predictors of stroke included assignment to darbepoetin alfa (odds ratio 2.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.5–2.9), history of stroke (odds ratio 2.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.4–2.9), more proteinuria, and known cardiovascular disease. In patients assigned to darbepoetin alfa, postrandomization systolic and diastolic blood pressure, hemoglobin level, platelet count, and darbepoetin alfa dose did not differ between those with and without stroke. Additional sensitivity analyses using maximal values, latest values, or changes over varying periods of exposure yielded similar results.

Conclusions—
The 2-fold increase in stroke with darbepoetin alfa in TREAT could not be attributed to any baseline characteristic or to postrandomization blood pressure, hemoglobin, platelet count, or dose of treatment. These readily identifiable factors could not be used to mitigate the risk of darbepoetin alfa–related stroke.

Clinical Trial Registration—

http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00093015.
Cover crops and Pochonia chlamydosporia for the control of Meloidogyne javanica
Authors: de Podestá Guilherme S. , -Giaretta Rosangela Dallemole , Ferraz Silamar , Agnes Ernani Luis , Freitas Leandro Grasside , Lopes Everaldo Antônio 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of the combination of Pochonia chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia with summer and winter cover plants on the control of Meloidogyne javanica on tomato plants under glasshouse conditions. Treatment combinations were with four soil covers (pearl millet and Surinam grass in Experiment 1, oil radish and black oat in Experiment 2; plus tomato and fallow controls) and two P. chlamydosporia treatments (with or without the fungus). The antagonist was applied to nematode-infested soil when the cover crops or tomato were planted. Tomato plants were removed and the above-ground parts of the cover crops were cut, dried, and placed on the pots 60 days after planting. One tomato seedling was transplanted in each pot in a no-tillage system and cultivated for 60 days. Surinam grass, pearl millet and black oat reduced galls and eggs of M. javanica by more than 90%, without application of the fungus. However, P. chlamydosporia + Surinam grass significantly reduced by 72% the number of galls compared with cultivation of the grass in soil without the fungus. Pochonia chlamydosporia became established in soil and could be re-isolated at the end of both experiments. Colony forming units (CFU) (g soil)–1 varied from 1.0 × 105 (fallow) to 2.6 × 105 (pearl millet) and from 1.1 × 105 (fallow) to 2.3 × 105 (oil radish) for the experiments with summer soil cover crops and winter soil cover crops, respectively. The cultivation of Surinam grass, pearl millet and black oat reduced M. javanica populations, and the combination with P. chlamydosporia may favour the establishment of the fungus in the soil and enhance the control of the nematode.
Developing a Movement? Aid-Based Mediated Diffusion as a Strategy to Promote Labour Activism in post-Tsunami Aceh
Authors: Ford Michele , Dibley Thushara 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
In this article we examine the extent to which mediated diffusion through trade union development aid succeeded in helping to establish a labour movement in Aceh after the 2004 tsunami. The international labour movement organisations involved in the post-tsunami reconstruction effort in Aceh focused their efforts primarily on humanitarian aid, physical infrastructure and vocational education. However, they also supported trade union-building programs, which succeeded in strengthening individual trade unions and instilling a sense of shared identity amongst Acehnese labour activists but ultimately failed to ensure the sustainability of the movement. We argue that while the Aceh case highlights the importance of local context to the outcomes of such interventions, the constraints imposed on international labour donors and their local counterparts by their focus on reconstruction and the time pressures of the post-tsunami aid cycle raise questions about the efficacy of the aid model as a means of promoting the growth of a social movement.
William Stern: Forerunner of Human Science Child Developmental Thought
Authors: DeRobertis Eugene M. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
In this article, it is argued that William Stern was a forerunner of human science thinking in child psychology. Stern’s view of development, though widely neglected even among humanists, is consonant with human science thought on the whole as well as human science child developmental theory. Certain core characteristics of human science psychology are noted with special emphasis on how they relate to the study of child development. Stern’s views are then shown to be illustrative of these characteristics. In addition, various aspects of Stern’s highly humanistic approach to child development are shown to be relevant today.
“Linnet-like Confined I... Shall Sing”: The Freedom-Imprisonment Duality in the Poetry of Abū Firās al-Ḥamdānī and Richard Lovelace
Authors: Khawaldeh Samirah , Sultan Sabbar 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
This paper explores the freedom-imprisonment duality as a major theme common to the poetry of two poets: Abū Firās al-Ḥamdānī and Richard Lovelace. There is a striking resemblance not only between the two poets’ real-life experiences, but also the manner in which they transformed them into a lasting art, suggesting a continuity of chivalric spirit across Arabic and English poetics, most obvious in the emotional attachments of these two poets, and in their allegiance to loved ones and rulers. Imprisonment in their case is ennobled by the causes behind it, and the courage with which they endured it, and as such worked as a crucible, especially for al-Ḥamdānī, yielding self-knowledge and a better understanding of those inhabiting his world. The study looks further into some distinguishing characteristics, namely the heroic dimension of Abū Firās al-Ḥamdānī’s poetry against the more amorous connections with this duality in Lovelace’s poetry, and in so doing shows how even in the isolation of imprisonment experienced by these two poets, both the outside world, and indeed larger world literary traditions, impressed themselves upon their poetics.
The Plausibility of the Independent Origins of Canadian Pentecostalism: Winds from the North
Authors: Studebaker Steven M. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Winds from the North showcases the role of early Canadian Pentecostals in the development of the global movement. It adds to the recent polygenetic thesis that challenges the popular notion that Pentecostalism originated largely in American revival centers, principally Azusa Street, and makes the case for diverse global points of origin. Canadian Pentecostalism exhibits unique characteristics, and its leaders made seminal and independent contributions to worldwide Pentecostalism. In addition to presenting a case for the independent origins and unique features, it highlights the role of women leaders in the early phases and spotlights the history of the Oneness and the Latter Rain movements of Canadian Pentecostalism. Though a vital addition to the field of Pentecostal research, the plausibility and necessity of independent origins and autonomous characteristics of the Canadian contribution to global Pentecostalism needs examination.