bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of fluoride or nanohydroxiapatite on roughness and gloss of bleached teeth
Authors: Pedreira De Freitas Ana Carolina , Botta Sérgio Brossi , Teixeira Fernanda De Sá , Salvadori Maria Cecília Barbosa Silveira , Garone‐Netto Narciso 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjectives:The aim of this study was to describe roughness and gloss alterations of enamel after treatment with 38% hydrogen peroxide (HP) and after polishing with 2% neutral sodium fluoride (SF) or a dental tooth paste containing nanohydroxiapatite particles (nHA) using power spectral density (PSD) description, roughness parameters (Ra, RMS, and Z range) and gloss analysis.Methods:An atomic force microscope (AFM) and a spectrophotometer were used to analyze eighteen specimens of upper incisors. After initial analyses, all specimens were bleached with 38% HP for 135 min. The specimens were analyzed after bleaching. Nine specimens were polished with SF (Group Fluor) and the other nine specimens were polished with nHA (Group nHA), then all specimens were analyzed after polishing. Roughness and gloss were analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey's t‐test.Results:No statistical difference was found for Ra and RMS among initial, after bleaching and after polishing in both groups. For Z range, Group nHA showed a significant decrease after polishing. Bleaching with 38% HP did not increase the PSD in the spatial frequency of the visible light spectrum range in both groups. After polishing, nHA group showed a decrease in PSD for all morphological wavelengths. Gloss did not show statistical difference after bleaching in both groups. Gloss showed significant increase after polishing with nHA.Significance:bleaching treatment with 38% HP didn't alter enamel surface roughness or gloss. PSD analyses were very suitable to identifying the morphological changes on the surfaces. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ultrastructure of submandibular salivary glands of mouse: TEM and HRSEM observations
Authors: Pícoli Lara Cristina , Dias Fernando José , Issa João Paulo Mardegan , Ogawa Koichi , Ciena Adriano , Iyomasa Mamie Mizusaki , Lopes Ruberval Armando , Watanabe Ii‐Sei 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe fine structure of submandibular glands of mouse were analyzed using light microscopy (LM), high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods. For LM, the specimens were embedded in Spurr resin, stained by toluidin blue solutions. For TEM, the tissues of submandibular salivary glands were fixed with modified Karnovsky solution and postfixed with osmium tetroxide. For HRSEM, the tissues were fixed with 2% osmium tetroxide solution in 1/15M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). The samples were immersed successively in dymethylsulphoxide and freeze cracked. The maceration was made in diluted osmium tetroxide for 24–48 h. The samples were examined by high resolution scanning electron microscopy. The intracellular components of acinar and ductal cells revealed clearly the Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, secretory granules, and mitochondria. The end bulbs of Golgi lamellae and flattened cisterns of rough endoplasmic reticulum showed the luminal surface. A few mitochondria were identified intermingling between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondriales cristae in three‐dimensional HRSEM images. Secretory granules were numerous and presented different sizes. Small granules of ribosomes were attached on cistern surface, measuring 20–25 nm in diameter. Numerous arranged microvilli were found on the luminal surface of secretory canaliculus. The contact surfaces of acinar cells revealed complicated interdigitations by cytoplasmic processes. The mitochondria of duct cells were disposed vertically and surrounded by basal infoldings of plasma membranes. Basement membrane showed a spongy‐like structure having an irregular surface with various strands and meshes of fine collagen fibrils. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
3d surface profiling and high resolution imaging for refining the florin rings and epicuticular wax crystals of Pinus koraiensis needles
Authors: KIM Ki Woo , Lee Sang‐Tae , Bae Sang‐Won , KIM Pan‐Gi 
Published: May 2011

Abstract3D surface profiling and high resolution imaging were performed to refine the Florin rings and epicuticular wax crystals of Pinus koraiensis needles. Needles were collected from four‐year‐old seedlings and air‐dried for surface observations. Field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed that stomata were found on the abaxial (lower) surface of needles. Measured as ca. 40 μm long, they were largely elliptical or oval‐shaped. Epicuticular wax crystals were present in the epistomatal chambers as well as on the surrounding epidermis. Rodlets were prevalently found on the stomatal bands and furrows as well as within the epistomatal chambers. The presence of wax tubules was ascertained by the distinct terminal openings at their ends. The occurrence of wax ridges was evident on the epidermis near the saw‐tooth margins (nonstomatal areas). No distinct wax ridges were detected on the dewaxed needles. Raised Florin rings were distinct on the stomata. White light scanning interferometry showed that the diameter and width of stomata were ca. 44.02 ± 3.33 μm and 32.10 ± 3.30 μm, respectively. Measured from the neighboring epidermis to the stomatal aperture, the mean height of the stoma reached ca. 6.23 ± 1.28 μm. Focus variation metrology allowed measuring the mean elevation angle of the stoma, reaching ca. 41.41 ± 11.25°. This is the first report on a novel approach to the establishment of quantitative criteria of Florin ring classification by nontactile 3D surface profiling beyond the previous qualitative descriptions of Florin rings of coniferous species. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Galactosides in glycoconjugates of Xenopus laevis testis shown by lectin histochemistry
Authors: Valbuena Galder , Alonso Edurne , Madrid Juan Francisco , DíAz‐Flores Lucio , SáEz Francisco José 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe implication of galactosides and other glycoconjugates on spermatogenesis has been previously reported. Glycans show such a complex structure that it makes them very difficult to analyze. Lectin histochemistry is a helpful tool for the study of glycan composition. Lectin histochemistry can be combined with deglycosylation pretreatments to explore the glycan type to which carbohydrates are linked. The aim of the present work was the localization of galactose (Gal)‐containing glycoconjugates in the testis of Xenopus laevis, a species widely used in cell, molecular and developmental biology. Gal specific lectins BPL, PNA, BSI‐B4, MAA‐I, and RCA‐I, were used in combination with deglycosylation procedures. Except for BPL, all the lectins were reactive for several testicular tissues. Some of the lectins showed a different reactivity depending on the stage of spermatogenic development, suggesting that cell glycoconjugates are modified during spermatogenesis. The surface of primary spermatocytes was strongly labeled with lectins from peanut (PNA) and castor bean (RCA‐I), which agrees with the presence of galactosyl‐glycolipids reported in the cell membrane of mammalian spermatocytes. The acrosome was unexpectedly negative to all the lectins tested, whereas the acrosome of mammals and other amphibians has shown a high expression of glycoconjugates, including galactosides. The results obtained after deglycosylation by β‐elimination or incubation with PNGase F, which respectively remove O‐ and N‐linked oligosaccharides, allowed us to elucidate the nature of the labeled glycans. The strong expression of galactosides at the cell surface of spermatocytes and spermatids suggests the involvement of these glycans in cell adhesion mechanisms during spermatogenesis. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improved method of preparation of supported planar lipid bilayers as artificial membranes for antigen presentation
Authors: Ma Zhengyu , Janmey Paul A. , Sharp Kim A. , Finkel Terri H. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractT cell activation is the result of direct cell‐cell contact between T cells and antigen presenting cells (APCs), and of interactions between membrane‐bound ligands and receptors at the contact interface, the “immunological synapse.” Model APCs based upon supported fluid lipid bilayers have been used to dissect these complex molecular interactions and to facilitate real‐time microscopic observations. Nearly all studies have used liposome fusion‐based methods to make supported bilayers, and the biophysical properties of these membranes were not characterized in detail. Here, using both Langmuir‐Blodgett and liposome fusion techniques, we explored five different methods of lipid bilayer preparation on glass, mica, or dextran cushion substrates and characterized the stability, homogeneity, and fluidity of the bilayers with fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). Most combinations of techniques and substrates led to unsatisfactory results, notably, a lack of homogeneity for liposome fusion on glass, low stability of bilayers on mica, and loss of fluidity of dextran‐cushioned bilayers in solutions containing protein. To overcome these deficits, we developed a technique that combines liposome fusion on glass and thermally enhanced bilayer expansion. The newly expanded pristine bilayer showed high degrees of stability, homogeneity, and fluidity. MHC and ICAM‐1 molecules anchored on the bilayer diffused freely and stimulated T cell calcium flux and adhesion, respectively. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ketamine effects on the urogenital system—changes in the urinary bladder and sperm motility
Authors: Tan Sijie , Chan W.M. , Wai Maria S.M. , Hui Lawrence K.K. , Hui Vivian W.K. , James Anthony E. , Yeung L.Y. , Yew D.T. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractDifferent doses of ketamine (10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, and 60 mg/kg) were injected i.p. (I.P.), respectively, to male ICR mice to determine the optimal dosage for chronic administration. At and above 40 mg/kg I.P. injection, mice had almost no hindlimb movement during swimming test. Subsequently, 30 mg/kg was used as the dose for the study in the toxicity of long‐term ketamine administration on urinary bladder and sperm motility. The treatment group were subdivided into two (n = 10 each group); one received daily ketamine treatment i.p. for 3 months and another group for 6 months. Corresponding number of mice in control groups (n = 5 each group) received saline injection instead of ketamine. Terminal dUTP nick and labeling (TUNEL) study and Sirius red staining were carried out on the sectioned slides of the urinary bladders to study the degree of apoptosis in both epithelium and muscular layers of the urinary bladder and the relative thickness of the muscular layers in this organ was also computed. Apoptosis in the bladder epithelium was observed initially in the 3‐month ketamine treated mice and the number of apoptotic cells was significantly different (P < 0.05) between the 3‐month and 6‐month ketamine treated mice and the control. The relative thickness of muscular layers in the bladder wall also decreased significantly (P < 0.05) when the 6‐month treated mice and the control were compared. Sirius red staining revealed increase of collagen in the urinary bladder of the treated mice, most evidently 6 months after ketamine treatment. In addition, the sperm motility was studied and there was a statistically significant difference between the control and ketamine treated groups in the percentages of sperms which were motile (P < 0.05). This suggested that the chronic administration of ketamine affected the genital system as well. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reactivity of ketene dithiolates toward alkyl bromides
Authors: Padmavathi Venkatapuram , Reddy Guda Dinneswara , Reddy Gali Sudhakar , Mahesh Konda , Padmaja Adivireddy 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe reactivity of barbituric/thiobarbituric ketene dithiolates with bromoacetic ester and phenacyl bromide is studied. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Friedländer synthesis of poly‐substituted quinolines in the presence of triethylammonium hydrogen sulfate [Et3NH][HSO4] as a highly efficient, and cost effective acidic ionic liquid catalyst
Authors: Kermani Esmat Tavakolinejad , Khabazzadeh Hojatollah , Jazinizadeh Tayebeh 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA rapid and an efficient method for the preparation of a variety of substituted quinolines has been developed through the reactions of o‐aminoarylketones with carbonyl compounds containing a reactive α‐methylene moiety in the presence of molten [Et3NH][HSO4] under solvent‐free conditions in high yields. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
4‐(Azulen‐1‐yl) six‐membered heteroaromatics substituted with thiophen‐2‐yl or furan‐2‐yl moieties in 2 and 6 positions
Authors: Razus Alexandru C. , Birzan Liviu , Cristea Mihaela , Tecuceanu Victorita , Hanganu Anamaria , Enache Cristian 
Published: May 2011

AbstractPyranylium perchlorates with azulen‐1‐yl moiety in 4‐position and thiophen‐2‐yl or furan‐2‐yl in 2 and 6‐positions were obtained by the substitution of 4‐chloro corresponding salts with azulenes. The pyranylium salts are used as starting materials for the synthesis of pyridine and pyridinium salts. The products were characterized and for pyridines pKa was spectroscopically determined. Several attempts were made for pyridine complexation with metal cations as Hg2+ or Ag+. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Microfinance services, poverty and artisanal mineworkers in Africa: In search of measures for empowering vulnerable groups
Authors: Spiegel Samuel J. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis article combines a review of the importance of artisanal mining to the livelihoods of poor and vulnerable rural populations in Africa with critical reflections on the scope for supporting such livelihoods through microfinance services. Drawing on interviews with mining communities, lending institutions and policymakers, the study examines constraints in accessing formal and informal financial services and argues for a more flexible, context‐specific and goal‐oriented institutional approach to supporting mineworkers. It gives particular attention to the potential roles of group lending and saving schemes adapted from the Grameen Bank model, public subsidies for credit and equipment hire purchase loans as components of an integrated programme of support and technical training. The cases examined illustrate why governments, international donors, private sector institutions and researchers should expand the discussion of microfinance objectives and services beyond conventional commercial approaches in order to explicitly address development concerns related to social marginalisation and capacity‐strengthening among vulnerable groups. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human papillomavirus 16 variants from Zambian women with normal pap smears
Authors: Lei Yan Jun , Makhaola Kgomotso , Pittayakhajonwut Daraporn , Wood Charles , Angeletti Peter C. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractHuman papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 is the most prevalent high‐risk viral genotype associated with cervical cancer. Six distinct phylogenetic clusters of HPVs have been identified and are distributed differently across five continents. HPV16 DNA was extracted from cervico‐lavage samples from women with normal pap smears. The LCR regions were amplified in triplicate, cloned, sequenced, and analyzed from a total of 11 recovered HPV16 positive samples [Ng'andwe et al. (2007): BMC Infect Dis 7:77] were analyzed for sequence variation. The HPV16 LCR variants were assessed for promoter activity by use of a luciferase reporter gene. Six novel HPV16 variants with nucleotide exchanges in the LCR region were identified. Five clones were classified as European group HPV16 variants and one as an African group variant. Two of these variants had relatively lower promoter activity, 30% of that of the wild‐type strain. The decreased promoter activity of some HPV16 variants may decrease expression of viral oncogenes and may be linked with the development, phenotype and severity of the cervical lesions in women infected with these across HPV16 variants. J. Med. Virol. 83:1230–1237, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of G3P[3] and G3P[9] rotavirus strains in American Indian children with evidence of gene reassortment between human and animal rotaviruses
Authors: Grant Lindsay , Esona Mathew , Gentsch Jon , Watt James , Reid Raymond , Weatherholtz Robert , Santosham Mathuram , Parashar Umesh , O'Brien Katherine 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe distribution and evolution of human rotavirus strains is important for vaccine development and effectiveness. In settings where rotavirus vaccine coverage is high, vaccine pressure could select for replacement of common strains (similar to those included in rotavirus vaccines) with uncommon strains, some of which could be generated by reassortment between human and animal rotaviruses. Between 2002 and 2004, a phase‐III rotavirus vaccine clinical trial was conducted among American Indian children of the Navajo and White Mountain Apache tribes, which are known to be at high risk for rotavirus diarrhea. We evaluated the rotavirus strains collected from study participants who received placebo during the trial to determine the distribution of rotavirus genotypes and to detect emerging strains that contribute to disease and could influence rotavirus vaccine effectiveness. Three uncommon strains of human rotavirus, two G3P[3] and one G3P[9] strains were detected in stools of children aged 3 to 6 months of age. Segments of all 11 rotavirus genes were sequenced and genotyped by comparison of cognate gene fragments with reference strains. The G3P[3] strains had similar genotypes to each other and to reference dog and cat strains. The G3P[9] strain had similar genotypes to cow, cat and dog reference strains. Genetic analyses of these three strains support the known diversity generating mechanisms of rotavirus. J. Med. Virol. 83:1288–1299, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemokine receptor expression on dendritic cells is normal in HIV‐infected patients with a stable response to art, but chemokine levels remain elevated
Authors: Lee Silvia , Fernandez Sonia , French Martyn , Price Patricia 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe development of strategies to optimize T‐cell responses in previously immunodeficient HIV patients with a stable virological response to ART requires an understanding of the factors that affect responsiveness. Chemokines direct the migration of dendritic cells (DC) to non‐lymphoid tissues infected by secondary pathogens and to lymph nodes where they prime T‐cells. Quantitation of mRNA is a sensitive technique enabling assessment of chemokine receptors by CD14+ monocytes, myeloid (m)DCs, plasmacytoid (p)DCs, and M‐DC8+ cells. MDC8+ cells invariably expressed less CCR2, CCR5, and CXCR4 than the other cells, but expression of CCR2, CCR5, CCR6, CCR7, CXCR3, and CXCR4 was similar in patients and healthy controls. However plasma levels of CXCL10, CCL5, and CCL2 remained higher in patients than controls. Overall, it appears that chemokine directed migration of DC may not limit immune responses in these patients. J. Med. Virol. 83:1128–1133, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence of WU and KI polyomaviruses in plasma, urine, and respiratory samples from renal transplant patients
Authors: Csoma Eszter , Mészáros Beáta , Asztalos László , Kónya József , Gergely Lajos 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWU and KI polyomaviruses (WUPyV, KIPyV) have been detected in respiratory, blood, stool, and lymphoid tissue, but not in urine samples. PCR based detection revealed higher frequency in immunocompromised individuals. In this study the prevalence of WUPyV and KIPyV was analyzed in respiratory, urine, and blood samples from renal transplant patients compared with healthy individuals. WUPyV and KIPyV were detected by nested PCR. The PCR products were sequenced and viral DNA loads were determined by quantitative real‐time PCR. WUPyV and KIPyV were found in plasma (3.6%; 7/195), urine (14%; 7/50), and respiratory samples (10%; 9/90) of renal transplant patients, but not in plasma (0/200) and urine (0/36) specimens from healthy blood donors. WUPyV and KIPyV were detected mainly early after renal transplantation and the viral loads were low. A higher prevalence of WUPyV was found in plasma and urine samples, KIPyV was found more frequently in respiratory samples from renal transplant patients. It is hypothesized that immunosuppression due to the transplantation may result in reactivation of these viruses or may establish greater susceptibility to infection with KIPyV and WUPyV. J. Med. Virol. 83:1275–1278, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Update on molecular characterization of coxsackievirus B5 strains
Authors: Rezig Dorra , Fares Wasfi , Seghier Mohamed , Yahia Ahlem Ben , Touzi Henda , Triki Hinda 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAmong Coxsackie B viruses, Coxsckievirus B5 is one of the most predominant serotypes in human, it is frequently associated with cases of neurological diseases, epidemics of meningitis and is a common cause of cardiomyopathy and diabetes. In the present study 27 isolates of Coxsackievirus B5 from North Africa, obtained from cerebrospinal fluid and stool samples of healthy individuals, patients with acute flaccid paralysis or aseptic meningitis were investigated by partial sequencing in the 5' half of the VP1 region and compared to the up‐to‐date published Coxsackievirus B5 sequences in the same genomic region. Four distinct genomic groups and ten different clusters were individualized. Most of the isolates from Algeria and Tunisia belonged to two clusters. For both, the sequences from North Africa clustered mainly with sequences from European countries, the majority isolated recently during the 2000s. The analysis of the alignment of amino‐acids sequences in the VP1 gene revealed four major substitutions in strains from different clusters, we also noticed changes in the BC‐loop region; this region is associated with viral antigenicity. This study permit to better identify circulating Coxsackievirus B5 strains throughout the world and their genetic relationship. The protein analysis showed changes that could imply some antigenic significance. J. Med. Virol. 83:1247–1254, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.