bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A pH-stable Ruthenium(II)-based Sensing System for Dissolved Dinitrogen
Authors: Kizaki Tetsuro , Abe Takeru , Matsumoto Takahiro , Ogo Seiji 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Building on a previous design for a Ru-based dissolved N2 sensor, we report an adaptation that allows for reversible data storage. The N2 complex can be “fixed” and made stable across a range of pHs by the substitution of OH− with F− to form [RuII(F)(TMC)(N2)]+ (1, TMC = 1,4,8,11-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane). The addition of Ca2+ and irradiation with light at high pH removes the F−, thereby regenerating the sensor in its reversible configuration.
Monitoring of Photochemical Self-assembly of [Mo7O24]6− to {Mo142}-blue Nanoring by Using Mo K-edge XAFS
Authors: Mitani Yu , Oka Kazuki , Shibata Yoshiyuki , Konishi Kazushi , Obaid Diaa M , Ishikawa Eri , Izumi Yasuo , Yamase Toshihiro 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The UV-induced self-assembly of [Mo7O24]6− to 28-electron-reduced {Mo142} at pH 3.4 was monitored by Mo K-edge XAFS spectra of photolytes. The EXAFS curve fit analysis indicates that the accumulation of [MoO4]2− in an equilibrium with {Mo8} was accompanied by the formation of two-electron-reduced {Mo14}, and the subsequent construction of the {Mo20} and {Mo21} building blocks provided {Mo142} through their reductive condensation.
The Diversified Reactivities of 1,5-Bisallenes
Authors: Chen Guofei , Jiang Xuefeng , Fu Chunling , Ma Shengming 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
1,5-Bisallenes may undergo radical, carbometallation, cyclometallation, cyclization, and consecutive cascade reactions to form many different 5–7-membered rings, showing diversified reactivities. There is no doubt that the chemistry of 1,5-bisallenes would be enriched by further study.
Ability grouping of gifted students: Effects on academic self‐concept and boredom
Authors: Preckel Franzis. , Götz Thomas. , Frenzel Anne. 
Published: January 2010

BackgroundSecuring appropriate challenge or preventing boredom is one of the reasons frequently used to justify ability grouping of gifted students, which has been shown to have beneficial effects for achievement. On the other hand, critics stress psychosocial costs, such as detrimental effects on academic self‐concept (contrast or big‐fish‐little‐pond effect).AimThe effects of full‐time ability grouping in special classrooms for the gifted on students' academic self‐concept and their experience of boredom in mathematics classes were investigated.SampleThe sample comprised 186 ninth‐grade students (106 male) from eight classes at one Austrian high school. Four of these classes were part of a gifted track beginning from school year 9 on (N = 93).MethodStudents were assessed repeatedly within the first half of the school year, three times via self‐report questionnaires and once by applying a standardized IQ‐test.Results and conclusionsStudents in gifted classes reported a decrease in maths academic self‐concept which was most pronounced early in the academic year. Interventions to counterbalance the negative effect of exposure to a high‐ability reference group should therefore be implemented when ability grouping begins. No evidence for the boredom hypothesis was found (higher levels of boredom among gifted students in regular classes). However, students clearly differed in the reasons they stated for experiencing boredom. Boredom attributions changed over time and supported the assumption that gifted classes provide more appropriate levels of challenge.
Are psychoeducational smoking cessation interventions for coronary heart disease patients effective? Meta‐analysis of interventions
Authors: Huttunen‐Lenz M. , Song F. , Poland F. 
Published: January 2010

Purpose. This systematic review aimed to assess the effectiveness of psychoeducational smoking cessation interventions for coronary heart disease (CHD) patients; and to examine behaviour change techniques used in interventions and their suitability to change behavioural determinants.Methods. Multiple bibliographic databases and references of retrieved articles were searched for relevant randomized controlled studies. One reviewer extracted and a second reviewer checked data from included trials. Random effects meta‐analyses were conducted to estimate pooled relative risks for smoking cessation and mortality outcomes. Behaviour change techniques used and their suitability to change behavioural determinants were evaluated using a framework by Michie, Johnston, Francis, Hardeman, and Eccles.Results. A total of 14 studies were included. Psychoeducational interventions statistically significantly increased point prevalent (RR 1.44, 95% CI, 1.20–1.73) and continuous (RR 1.51, 95% CI, 1.18–1.93) smoking cessation, and statistically non‐significantly decreased total mortality (RR 0.73, 95% CI, 0.46–1.15). Included studies used a mixture of theories in intervention planning. Despite superficial differences, interventions appear to deploy similar behaviour change techniques, targeted mainly at motivation and goals, beliefs about capacity, knowledge, and skills.Conclusions. Psychoeducational smoking cessation interventions appear effective for patients with CHD. Although questions remain about what characteristics distinguish an effective intervention, analysis indicates similarities between the behaviour change techniques used in such interventions.
New model for predicting tensile strength and density of eucalyptus handsheets based on an activation parameter calculated from fiber distribution characteristics
Authors: Pulkkinen Iiro , Fiskari Juha , Alopaeus Ville 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The activation parameter developed is based on the fiber wall thickness distribution, fiber curl distribution, and water retention value of the unrefined fibers. The mechanical properties of paper that contain chemical pulp depend, among other things, on the free fiber segment activation between fiber-fiber crossings that is created during drying. Experimental data revealed that the degree of fiber swelling is responsible together with the fiber shape factor (curl) and fiber wall thickness for the extent of fiber network activation. The amount of bonding between fibers also affects fiber segment activation. Based on the experimental data, it was deduced that interfiber bonding ability of fibers, characterized as the water retention value, was mainly responsible for the development of handsheet density. Tensile index development was more affected by the morphology of fibers, which was the main determinant for high activation potential of fibers. Factor analysis was used to identify the main causes of variation for a refining data set of 20 Eucalyptus grandis samples. Three independent descriptors were found to be responsible for the majority of the variation: the bonding and activation factor, the factor of microcompressions, and the factor of fiber wall thickness and fiber curl. The activation parameter developed in this study can be used to determine the effect of fiber segment activation and inter-fiber bonding on the inplane mechanical properties of paper.
Race‐related stress and smoking among pregnant African‐American women
Authors: FERNANDER ANITA , MOORMAN GEORGE , AZUORU MIRIAM 
Published: January 2010

AbstractObjectives. To examine the association between the psychosocial construct of race‐related stress and smoking among pregnant African‐American women. Design. Inferential statistical analyses were performed. Setting. Participants were recruited primarily at a medical clinic as well as through word‐of‐mouth consistent with the snowball sampling technique. Population. Seventy pregnant self‐identified African‐American women (32 smokers and 38 non‐smokers) 18 years or older participated in the study. Methods. Participants completed self‐report measures of the Index of Race‐Related Stress and an investigator‐developed demographic and smoking questionnaire. Main outcome measures. Smoking status of each participant was established through self‐report. Results. Significant associations were found between the smoking status of pregnant African‐American women and the frequency and perceptions of overall race‐related stress (p < 0.03 and 0.02, respectively), the frequency and perceptions of both individual and cultural race‐related stress (p < 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, and 0.03, respectively). No associations were found between institutional race‐related stress and smoking status. Conclusions. The findings suggest that integrating race‐related stress relieving and coping activities into smoking cessation intervention programs for pregnant African‐American women may reduce smoking and subsequent smoking‐related reproductive health disparities in the population.
Conservation Facts in Nepal
Authors: Chalise Mukesh K 
Published: January 2010

This short paper is critically analyzing the debate of natural resource utilization in Nepal at a new political scenario. The paper presented a view of differences against a type of intellectuals who claim the ownership of natural resources to a limited community residing in limited geography in New Nepal while neglecting majority of people who is responsible to safeguard it since ancient time. Some indigenous experiences resulted to conservation practices are also dealt as examples. Full text of this article is in Nepali. DOI: 10.3126/init.v3i0.2517 The Initiation Vol.3 2009 p.153-160
Combination Therapy for Hepatitis C Virus with Heat-Shock Protein 90 Inhibitor 17-AAG and Proteasome Inhibitor MG132
Authors: Ujino Saneyuki , Yamaguchi Saori , Shimotohno Kunitada , Takaku Hiroshi 
Published: January 2010

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of chronic liver disease. Here, we report a new and effective strategy for inhibiting HCV replication using an inhibitor of heat-shock protein 90, 17-AAG (17-allylamino-17demethoxygeldanamycin), and a proteasome inhibitor, MG132. Methods: To explore the virological basis of combination therapy, we analysed the effects of 17-AAG and MG132, singly and in combination on HCV replication in an HCV replicon cell system. Results: In HCV replicon cells, HCV RNA replication was suppressed by 17-AAG in a dose-dependent manner. As shown in the present study, the 50% inhibitory concentration values were 0.82 nM for 17-AAG and 0.21 nM for MG132. Low concentrations of MG132 had strong synergistic inhibitory effects with low toxicity on HCV replicon cells. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the different effects and synergistic actions of 17-AAG and MG132 could provide a new therapeutic approach to HCV infection.
Mapping Lineage Using BAC‐Cre Reporter Lines
Authors: Xu Qing , Anderson Stewart A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAs the brain develops, progenitor cells acquire the features of specific neuronal or glial subtypes through dynamic expression of the fate‐determining signaling molecules and their targeting transcription factors. An effective and versatile approach for tracing lineage of progenitors into adult cell types is to target the promoter of an interested gene with Cre (a phage DNA recombinase) to achieve simultaneous activation during neurogenesis. The bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) is an efficient Cre carrier. Not only the targeted gene remains diploidy in BAC‐Cre transgenic mice, but also the large portions of the gene's regulatory elements to be incorporated in the BAC allow Cre to sufficiently and reliably reproduce the endogenous gene expression pattern. When the BAC‐Cre mouse is crossed to a Cre reporter mouse, even Cre is transiently expressed. Cre‐loxP mediated recombination can permanently activate a reporter gene, such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) in all lineage cells of the gene. Experimental designs and procedures for RecA‐based BAC DNA modification and preparation for pronuclear injection are highlighted. Suggestions for the use of BAC‐Cre transgenic mice in fate‐mapping analyses are also provided. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 50:1.19.1‐1.19.29. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Apoptosis: Molecular Mechanisms
Authors: Cairrão Fátima , Domingos Pedro M 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Apoptosis is an intrinsic cell‐suicide programme, which ensures tissue homeostasis and safeguards the organism by eliminating unnecessary and unwanted cells, or cells that may constitute some form of danger to the organism, for example, tumour cells. Both during embryonic development and in the adult life of organisms, there is a need for a perfect balance between cell proliferation, differentiation and death. This balance is achieved, in part, through the precise regulation of apoptosis, which involves complex molecular events that ultimately activate, or prevent the activation of
caspases
(
cysteine‐aspartic acid proteases
). The activation of
caspases
is, in most cases, irreversible and represents the commitment to the cell death fate.

Key concepts:

Apoptosis is a genetically determined process, by which unwanted or unnecessary cells are eliminated from organisms.

Apoptosis is important in many biological contexts and deregulation of apoptosis may cause diseases, either in the case of insufficient apoptosis, which may contribute to excessive cell proliferation and cancer, or excessive apoptosis, which may cause degenerative and other disorders.

Many molecules and several signalling pathways contribute to the regulation of apoptosis; both intrinsic and extrinsic factors contribute to the regulation of apoptosis in a cell.
Light Microscopy – Brightfield and Darkfield Illumination
Authors: Oldfield Ronald J 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

From the one specimen, more than one type of image can be obtained in the microscope. Worrying though this may seem, this knowledge can be used to great advantage by the discerning microscopist. Resolving power (minimum resolved distance) always remains a major consideration, but for the biologist, poor contrast is often a detriment to satisfactory observation, and contrast improvement has been a major source of development in microscope technique. At its simplest, contrast, is profoundly influenced by the way that light is directed on to the specimen, an advantage that is made use of in darkfield illumination.
In general, the illumination for the microscope should have an adequate intensity, provided through a separate intensity control. The observed field should be completely and evenly illuminated. Controls for the area of illumination and the angle of illumination should be learned to maximize microscope performance.

Key concepts:

A research microscope usually has at least two iris diaphragms in the light path. Their separate functions must be recognized.

Light intensity should be controlled by a transformer, not the condenser iris diaphragm.

For measurement, a scale inserted in the eyepiece can be superimposed on the microscope image.

No one set of instructions will explain the workings of all models of microscopes.

For many biological applications poor contrast of the image is limiting to satisfactory observation.

Brightfield (Köhler) Illumination – Theory.
EF‐hand Calcium‐binding Proteins
Authors: Nelson Melanie R , Chagot Benjamin , Chazin Walter J 
Published: January 2010

AbstractCalcium and the proteins that bind to it play important roles in normal physiological processes and have been implicated in a variety of diseases. The importance of calcium is due mainly to its role as a second messenger in signal transduction. The calcium signal is mediated and controlled by many proteins in the cell, the majority of which belong to the EF‐hand super‐family of calcium‐binding proteins. EF‐hand proteins are classified into calcium signal sensors and modulators. The calcium modulators fine‐tune the shape and duration of calcium signals. The sensors undergo significant conformational changes when they bind calcium, which exposes new surfaces that interact with target proteins. Together, EF‐hand calcium‐binding proteins serve in the critical process of converting the ionic signal into activation of signalling pathways in cells.Key Concepts:The EF‐hand is a helix–loop–helix structural motif.Calcium binds to oxygen atoms from the backbone and side‐chain atoms of specific amino acids in EF‐hand calcium‐binding proteins.The basic structural and functional unit of EF‐hand calcium‐binding proteins is a pair of EF‐hand motifs.EF‐hand calcium‐binding proteins can be classified as sensors or modulators of calcium signals.EF‐hand calcium senor proteins need to transition from an ‘off ’ state at the resting level of calcium in the cell, to an ‘on’ (activated) state when calcium signals increase the concentration of calcium.The activation of EF‐hand calcium sensor proteins results from changes in structure induced by the binding of calcium ions.The binding of calcium activates EF‐hand calcium sensor proteins, triggering their interaction with target proteins.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Authors: Butcher James N. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The original Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was developed in the 1940s to assess mental health problems in psychiatric and medical settings, and it rapidly became a standard personality instrument (Hathaway & McKinley, 1940). The popularity of this true‐false personality inventory was due in large part to its easy‐to‐use format and to the fact that the scales have well‐established validity in assessing clinical symptoms and syndromes (Butcher, 2005). The MMPI underwent a major revision in the 1980s, resulting in two forms of the test: an adult version, the MMPI‐2 (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989), and an adolescent form, MMPI‐A (Butcher et al., 1992). The MMPI‐2 is a 567‐item inventory comprised of symptoms, beliefs, and attitudes in adults above age 18. The MMPI‐A is a 478‐item version that is used for assessing young people, age 14–18. This article addresses only the MMPI‐2. Together, the MMPI‐2 and MMPI‐A have become the most widely researched and used clinical assessment instruments in the field of personality assessment.
The development of metasuggestibility in children
Authors: London Kamala , Bruck Maggie , Poole Debra Ann , Melnyk Laura 
Published: January 2010

AbstractOne component of metasuggestibility is the understanding that a person's statements can influence another person's reports. The purpose of the present study was to examine the development of this understanding in school‐aged children. We produced a short video in which a boy makes a false allegation about being hit following an adult's suggestive interview. Children aged 6–13 years (N = 196) watched the video and answered open‐ended and forced‐choice questions about why the boy made a false allegation. The 6‐ and 7‐year‐olds performed poorly on all question types, whereas the 12‐ and 13‐year‐olds were at ceiling. There were developmental increases in metasuggestibility between 8 and 11 years. Our findings indicate that metasuggestibility undergoes prolonged development well into the school years. Implications for child witness training programs are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hierarchical Composites of Single/Double‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes Interlinked Flakes from Direct Carbon Deposition on Layered Double Hydroxides
Authors: Zhao Meng‐Qiang , Zhang Qiang , Jia Xi‐Lai , Huang Jia‐Qi , Zhang Ying‐Hao , Wei Fei 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThree‐dimensional hierarchical nanocomposites consisting of one‐dimensional carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and two‐dimensional lamellar flakes (such as clay, layered double hydroxides) show unexpected properties for unique applications. To achieve a well‐designed structure with a specific function, the uniform distribution of CNTs into the used matrix is a key issue. Here, it is shown that a hierarchical composite of single/double‐walled CNTs interlinked with two‐dimensional flakes can be constructed via in‐situ CNT growth onto layered double hydroxide (LDH) flakes. Both the wall number and diameter of the CNTs and the composition of the flakes can be easily tuned by changing the proportion of the transition metal in the LDH flakes. Furthermore, a structure with continuously interlinked CNT layers alternating with lamellar flakes is obtained after compression. The hierarchical composite is demonstrated to be an excellent filler for strong polyimide films. This study indicates that LDH is an extraordinary catalyst for the fabrication of hierarchical composites with high‐quality single/double‐walled CNTs. The as‐obtained CNTs/calcined LDHs nanocomposite is a novel structural platform for the design of mechanically robust materials, catalysts, ion‐transportation, energy‐conversion, and other applications.
Molecular Auxetic Behavior of Epitaxial Co‐Ferrite Spinel Thin Film
Authors: Valant Matjaz , Axelsson Anna‐Karin , Aguesse Frederic , Alford Neil M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn functional oxide materials so‐called molecular auxetic behavior is extremely rare. Here, it is reported in the CoFe2O4 spinel structure. A CoFe2O4 epitaxial thin film under compressive axial strain also reduces its cell dimensions in the transverse direction with a Poisson's ratio of −0.85. A hinge‐like honeycomb network in the spinel structure is identified as being responsible for the negative Poisson's ratio. This phenomenon has a substantial effect on the functional properties of CoFe2O4 and enables the construction of a new class of nano‐devices.
Silica‐Based, Organically Modified Host Material for Waveguide Structuring by Two‐Photon‐Induced Photopolymerization
Authors: Krivec Stefan , Matsko Nadejda , Satzinger Valentin , Pucher Niklas , Galler Nicole , Koch Thomas , Schmidt Volker , Grogger Werner , Liska Robert , Lichtenegger Helga C. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe three‐dimensional fabrication of optical waveguides has gained increasing interest in recent years to establish interconnections between electrical components on a very small scale where copper circuits encounter severe limitations. In this work the application of optically clear, organically modified porous silica monoliths and thin films as a host material for polymeric waveguides to be inscribed into the solid host structure by two‐photon‐induced photopolymerization is investigated. Porosity is generated using a lyotropic liquid crystalline surfactant/solvent system as a template for the solid silica material obtained by a sol–gel transition of a liquid precursor. In order to reduce the brittleness of the purely inorganic material, organic–inorganic co‐precursor molecules that contain poly(ethylene glycol) chains are synthesized and added to the mixture, which successfully suppresses macroscopic cracking and leads to flexible thin films. The structure of the thus‐obtained porous organic–inorganic hybrid material is investigated by atomic force microscopy. It is shown that the modified material is suitable for infiltration with photocurable monomers and functional polymeric waveguides can be inscribed by selective two‐photon‐induced photopolymerization.
Approximate procedures for planning public transit systems: A review and some examples
Authors: Szplett David B. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe approximate analytical models of public transit systems are reviewed. First, the derivation and formation of the standard model form is presented. Once the model is explained in general terms some practical planning applications are considered and evaluated. The model type presents an invaluable tool to the transit planner but a few operational problems need to be considered. Further benefits to the planning professionals would be realized if researchers were to devote more effort to sensitivity analysis as a means of determining which system parameters have the greatest impact upon the operation of the transit system.