bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ACID MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDE DISTRIBUTION IN THE CANINE GASTROINTESTINAL MUCOSA*†
Authors: Kupchella Charles E. , Steggerda F. R. 
Published: May 2012

SummaryThe quantitative and qualitative distribution of acid mucopolysaccharides in the mucosa of the proximal and distal portions of the duodenum, ileum, and colon, as well as in the body and pyloric regions of the stomach, were studied. Mucopolysaccharides were extracted and separated as cetylpyridinium complexes into “hyaluronic acid,” “chondroitin sulfate,” and “heparin” fractions and quantitated individually as uronic acid. Extracted acid mucopolysaccharides were purified further by anion exchange chromatography, and the subfractions were characterized according to electrophoretic mobility, anticoagulant activity, metachromatic activity, susceptibility to hyaluronidase, salt quenching of the carbazole color reaction, uronic acid content, hexosamine content, and sulfate content.The chondroitin sulfate fraction was the predominant fraction in all regions. Several subfractions were isolated from both the “chondroitin sulfate” and “hyaluronic acid” fractions. The uronic acid in the “heparin” fraction of all regions yielded one subfraction, which was qualitatively identical to commercial heparin. Acid mucopolysaccharide levels were significantly higher in the stomach mucosa; there, the uronic acid levels in the hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate fractions were significantly higher in the body than in the pyloric region. Short‐term exposure of the duodenum of anesthetized dogs to acetylsalicylic acid had no significant effect on the mucopolysaccharide levels in the gastrointestinal mucosa.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE BROOKLYN INJECTION GNEISS AND RELATED FORMATIONS
Authors: Blank Horace R. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe bedrock under the western end of Long Island, N. Y. has been known as the Brooklyn Injection Gneiss, and regarded as the Fordham Gneiss mixed with various amounts of intrusive Ravenswood Granodiorite. A water tunnel constructed in this bedrock encountered gneiss of Fordham type, gneissoid granodiorite, laminated mica schist, and interbedded limestones (impure marbles). Except for cross‐cutting dikes of amphibolite and of pegmatite, contacts between the different rock types are conformable and gradational, as well as conformable with the banding of the Inwood and Manhattan formations farther north.These observations lead to the conclusion that all the metamorphic rock formations in the New York City area originated as one great sedimentary sequence, interrupted by only local unconformities. The work of others suggests that the entire sequence may range in age from Late Precambrian to Ordovician.The Ravenswood Granodiorite may not be igneous but may represent merely certain sedimentary strata having a composition slightly different from that of the rest of the Fordham Gneiss. As some of the interbedded limestones are lenticular, even the Inwood Marble may have been a lenticular deposit, which may explain its variation in thickness and its absence in the east Bronx. The laminated mica schist occurs associated with the Inwood Marble at Rikers Island, but it also occurs extensively in Brooklyn without marble. Numerous cross‐cutting amphibolite dikes are present in Brooklyn, although they are not found in the normal Fordham, Inwood, and Manhattan formations in this area.
CHARACTERIZATION OF X/Gf MICE WITH RESPECT TO THEIR RESISTANCE TO ONCOGENESIS*
Authors: Goldfeder Anna 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA strain of mice designated X/Gf, inbred by sister‐brother mating for the past 20 years, proved to have an extremely low susceptibility to spontaneous development of neoplasms. Mice of this strain served as a model system in studies pertaining to detection of endogenous characteristics that may be involved in resistance to neoplasia. Experiments performed thus far revealed that the X/Gf mice produced high levels of antibodies against the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV); they possessed a high phagocytic activity and high capacity to produce hemoantibodies; they were resistant to polyoma virus, to Friend leukemia virus at adult age, and to FBJ osteosarcoma virus; they exhibited low susceptibility to potent carcinogenic agents such as x‐rays, urethan, 2‐acetyl‐amino‐fluorene, 7, 12‐dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. No variants from those noted in other inbred mice were found either in the capacity of interferon production or in a representable number of isozymes. The low susceptibility of X/Gf mice to neoplastic transformation is attributed to their efficient immunological surveillance. (See also table 5.)
THE INFLUENCE OF CUTANEOUS HYPERSENSITIVITY TO BERYLLIUM ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL PULMONARY BERYLLIOSIS*
Authors: Reeves Andrew L. , Krivanek Neil D. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractInhalation exposure to beryllium compounds causes pulmonary berylliosis in human beings as well as guinea pigs, and dermal contact results in the development of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity. An experiment was conducted to study the relation between the two lesions. Guinea pigs with induced cutaneous hypersensitivity to BeSO4, as well as untreated guinea pigs, received inhalation exposure to BeSO4. Untreated and unexposed controls were also included. The pulmonary response was assayed at periodic sacrifices. High prevalence of pneumonitis (apparently of microbiological origin) and a much lower prevalence of granulomatosis (apparently from aspirated food particles) were observed in all animal groups. Fibrosis and metaplasia were highest in the untreated‐exposed, much lower in the treated‐exposed, and lowest in the unexposed group. Degree of cutaneous sensitivity and degree of lung damage among individual guinea pigs showed distinct negative correlation. The induction of hypersensitivity apparently conferred resistance on the guinea pigs to the fibrotic and metaplastic effects of beryllium inhalation. The phenomenon may have significance in the prophylaxis of beryllium‐exposed humans.
THE TREMATODE FAMILY BUCEPHALIDAE–PROBLEMS OF MORPHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND SYSTEMATICS:* DESCRIPTION OF RUDOLPHINUS GEN. NOV
Authors: Stunkard Horace W. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA survey of published descriptions of bucephalid trematodes provides bits of information on definitive and intermediate hosts, life histories, developmental stages and systematic relations. Adults live in the digestive tracts of marine and freshwater fishes; miracidial larvae emerge from the eggs and enter bivalve mollusks, where they give rise to branched sporocysts in which fork‐tailed larvae are produced. These larvae, described by von Baer (1827), invade small fishes, where they encyst; when ingested by definitive hosts, they become sexually mature, completing the cycle. Although outlines of the life history are clear, correlation between larval and adult stages is known for only two marine and four freshwater species. Lack of information on successive stages of particular species has led to confusion in systematic and taxonomic determinations. The relative significance of different morphological and developmental features, especially of the excretory system, is controversial. A new genus, Rudolphinus, is erected to contain Prosorhynchus crucibulum (Rudolphi, 1819) Odhner, 1905, since the species is not congeneric with Prosorhynchus squamatus Odhner, 1905, type of the genus.
COMPARISON OF PHOTOPERIODIC INFLUENCES ON THE SEASONAL CHANGES IN BODY WEIGHT AND ENERGY INTAKE IN THE EASTERN CHIPMUNK AND THE 13‐LINED GROUND SQUIRREL*
Authors: Brenner Fred J. , Lyle P. Dennis 
Published: May 2012

AbstractEastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) and the thirteen‐lined ground squirrel (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) exhibit seasonal changes in body weight and energy intake. The magnitude and timing of these cycles are affected by photo‐period. The amount of energy intake was greater in the Eastern chipmunk than it was in the ground squirrel; however, the converse occurred in the seasonal weight changes.
CLOTHING DESIGN FOR COMFORT AND WORK PERFORMANCE IN EXTREME THERMAL ENVIRONMENTS*
Authors: Goldman Ralph F. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAssessment of the insulation (clo) value and evaporative impedance (im/clo) value of a clothing system can provide an accurate estimate of the relative advantages of one garment or fabric over another with respect to the thermal protection and/or strain associated with wearing the clothing. There are effects of cut, drape, and fit that must receive special consideration. The techniques presented are a valuable tool in clothing design, and such evaluations are desirable in studies of the man‐clothing‐job‐environment‐system for ordinary clothing as well as for such advanced concepts as clothing systems with intrinsic environmental conditioning sources.
AN EINSTEIN PARADOX
Authors: Hoffmann Banesh 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAt the age of 16, Einstein hit on a paradox that contained the germ of the theory of relativity. He argued that an observer moving so as to keep abreast of a light wave should see it as at rest, but that there seems to be no such electromagnetic field. The paradox is usually resolved by saying that, according to the special theory of relativity, no observer can move fast enough to keep up with light. However, the situation is more subtle. One can easily show that the paradox arises essentially from applying a Galilean transformation to the light waves but a relativistic one to the Maxwell equations. But a close examination of the transformational situation reveals surprising aspects that seem not to have been pointed out before and that transfer the locale of the paradox from logic to intuition.
AREAL AND TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF NEW JERSEY PRECIPITATION USING HARMONIC ANALYSIS*
Authors: Shulman Mark D. , Leblang Richard S. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractHarmonic analysis provides a unique method of obtaining an objective and simultaneous evaluation of the temporal and areal distribution of precipitation and is applied to precipitation from a network of stations in New Jersey and bordering states. Results show that the first harmonic describing the tendency toward a single annual maximum and minimum of precipitation is most significant in the interior and northwestern sections of New Jersey and diminishes in significance toward the coast. An isochronal plot of phase angle of the first harmonic shows that annual precipitation peaks in July in the interior of the state, while toward the coast a late summer maximum is evident, reaching into September in the Atlantic City area.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE ORGANIC CHEMISTRY SURROUNDING PLATINUM*
Authors: Chisholm M. H. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractUnsaturated hydrocarbons, un, are activated on coordination to organoplatinum(2+) cations and lead to a variety of products depending on (i) the nature of un, (ii) the ligands on platinum, (iii) the nature and availability of a nucleophile, and (iv) the solvent and reaction conditions. These reactions are interpreted in terms of a carbonium ion model in which the unsaturated hydrocarbon gains carbonium ion character as a result of delocalization of the positive charge from platinum over un. Platinum vinyl carbonium ions, formed from (i) cationic acetylenic platinum complexes, (ii) protonation of platinum acetylides, and (iii) α‐chlorovinylplatinum compounds, act as carbene ligand precursors in alcohols. The role of organoplatinum cations in promoting Pt‐H and Pt‐C insertion reactions is discussed in the light of recent kinetic studies.
Bactericidal Activity of ACH-702 against Nondividing and Biofilm Staphylococci
Authors: Podos Steven D. , Thanassi Jane A. , Leggio Melissa , Pucci Michael J. 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT

Many bacterial infections involve slow or nondividing bacterial growth states and localized high cell densities. Antibiotics with demonstrated bactericidal activity rarely remain bactericidal at therapeutic concentrations under these conditions. The isothiazoloquinolone (ITQ) ACH-702 is a potent, bactericidal compound with activity against many antibiotic-resistant pathogens, including methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA). We evaluated its bactericidal activity under conditions where bacterial cells were not dividing and/or had slowed their growth. Against
S. aureus
cultures in stationary phase, ACH-702 showed concentration-dependent bactericidal activity and achieved a 3-log-unit reduction in viable cell counts within 6 h of treatment at ≥16× MIC values; in comparison, the bactericidal quinolone moxifloxacin and the additional comparator compounds vancomycin, linezolid, and rifampin at 16× to 32× MICs showed little or no bactericidal activity against stationary-phase cells. ACH-702 at 32× MIC retained bactericidal activity against stationary-phase
S. aureus
across a range of inoculum densities. ACH-702 did not kill cold-arrested cells yet remained bactericidal against cells arrested by protein synthesis inhibitors, suggesting that its bactericidal activity against nondividing cells requires active metabolism but not
de novo
protein synthesis. ACH-702 also showed a degree of bactericidal activity at 16× MIC against
S. epidermidis
biofilm cells that was superior to that of moxifloxacin, rifampin, and vancomycin. The bactericidal activity of ACH-702 against stationary-phase staphylococci and biofilms suggests potential clinical utility in infections containing cells in these physiological states.
The RAM Network in Pathogenic Fungi
Authors: Saputo Sarah , Chabrier-Rosello Yeissa , Luca Francis C. , Kumar Anuj , Krysan Damian J. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT

The
r
egulation of
A
ce2 and
m
orphogenesis (RAM) network is a protein kinase signaling pathway conserved among eukaryotes from yeasts to humans. Among fungi, the RAM network has been most extensively studied in the model yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
and has been shown to regulate a range of cellular processes, including daughter cell-specific gene expression, cell cycle regulation, cell separation, mating, polarized growth, maintenance of cell wall integrity, and stress signaling. Increasing numbers of recent studies on the role of the RAM network in pathogenic fungal species have revealed that this network also plays an important role in the biology and pathogenesis of these organisms. In addition to providing a brief overview of the RAM network in
S. cerevisiae
, we summarize recent developments in the understanding of RAM network function in the human fungal pathogens
Candida albicans
,
Candida glabrata
,
Cryptococcus neoformans
,
Aspergillus fumigatus
, and
Pneumocystis
spp.
N
-Acetylglucosamine Induces White-to-Opaque Switching and Mating in Candida tropicalis, Providing New Insights into Adaptation and Fungal Sexual Evolution
Authors: Xie Jing , Du Han , Guan Guobo , Tong Yaojun , Kourkoumpetis Themistoklis K. , Zhang Lixin , Bai Feng-yan , Huang Guanghua 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT

Pathogenic fungi are capable of switching between different phenotypes, each of which has a different biological advantage. In the most prevalent human fungal pathogen,
Candida albicans
, phenotypic transitions not only improve its adaptation to a continuously changing host microenvironment but also regulate sexual mating. In this report, we show that
Candida tropicalis
, another important human opportunistic pathogen, undergoes reversible and heritable phenotypic switching, referred to as the “white-opaque” transition. Here we show that
N
-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), an inducer of white-to-opaque switching in
C. albicans
, promotes opaque-cell formation and mating and also inhibits filamentation in a number of natural
C. tropicalis
strains. Our results suggest that host chemical signals may facilitate this phenotypic switching and mating of
C. tropicalis
, which had been previously thought to reproduce asexually. Overexpression of the
C. tropicalis WOR1
gene in
C. albicans
induces opaque-cell formation. Additionally, an intermediate phase between white and opaque was observed in
C. tropicalis
, indicating that the switching could be tristable.
Function of Cryptococcus neoformans KAR7 (
SEC66
) in Karyogamy during Unisexual and Opposite-Sex Mating
Authors: Lee Soo Chan , Heitman Joseph 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT

The human basidiomycetous fungal pathogen
Cryptococcus neoformans
serves as a model fungus to study sexual development and produces infectious propagules, basidiospores, via the sexual cycle. Karyogamy is the process of nuclear fusion and an essential step to complete mating. Therefore, regulation of nuclear fusion is central to understanding sexual development of
C. neoformans
. However, our knowledge of karyogamy genes was limited. In this study, using a BLAST search with the
Saccharomyces cerevisiae KAR
genes, we identified five
C. neoformans
karyogamy gene orthologs:
CnKAR2
,
CnKAR3
,
CnKAR4
,
CnKAR7
(or
CnSEC66
), and
CnKAR8
. There are no apparent orthologs of the
S. cerevisiae
genes
ScKAR1
,
ScKAR5
, and
ScKar9
in
C. neoformans
. Karyogamy involves the congression of two nuclei followed by nuclear membrane fusion, which results in diploidization. ScKar7 (or ScSec66) is known to be involved in nuclear membrane fusion. In
C. neoformans
,
kar7
mutants display significant defects in hyphal growth and basidiospore chain formation during both
a
-α opposite and α-α unisexual reproduction. Fluorescent nuclear imaging revealed that during
kar7
×
kar7
bilateral mutant matings, the nuclei congress but fail to fuse in the basidia. These results demonstrate that the
KAR7
gene plays an integral role in both opposite-sex and unisexual mating, indicating that proper control of nuclear dynamics is important.
CnKAR2
was found to be essential for viability, and its function in mating is not known. No apparent phenotypes were observed during mating of
kar3
,
kar4
, or
kar8
mutants, suggesting that the role of these genes may be dispensable for
C. neoformans
mating, which demonstrates a different evolutionary trajectory for the
KAR
genes in
C. neoformans
compared to those in
S. cerevisiae
.
Lysine Acetylation Is Widespread on Proteins of Diverse Function and Localization in the Protozoan Parasite Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: Jeffers Victoria , Sullivan William J. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT

While histone proteins are the founding members of lysine acetylation substrates, it is now clear that hundreds of other proteins can be acetylated in multiple compartments of the cell. Our knowledge of the scope of this modification throughout the kingdom of life is beginning to emerge, as proteome-wide lysine acetylation has been documented in prokaryotes,
Arabidopsis thaliana
,
Drosophila melanogaster
, and human cells. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to identify parasite peptides enriched by immunopurification with acetyl-lysine antibody, we produced the first proteome-wide analysis of acetylation for a protozoan organism, the opportunistic apicomplexan parasite
Toxoplasma gondii
. The results show that lysine acetylation is abundant in the actively proliferating tachyzoite form of the parasite, which causes acute toxoplasmosis. Our approach successfully identified known acetylation marks on
Toxoplasma
histones and α-tubulin and detected over 400 novel acetylation sites on a wide variety of additional proteins, including those with roles in transcription, translation, metabolism, and stress responses. Importantly, an extensive set of parasite-specific proteins, including those found in organelles unique to
Apicomplexa
, is acetylated in the parasite. Our data provide a wealth of new information that improves our understanding of the evolution of this vital regulatory modification while potentially revealing novel therapeutic avenues. We conclude from this study that lysine acetylation was prevalent in the early stages of eukaryotic cell evolution and occurs on proteins involved in a remarkably diverse array of cellular functions, including those that are specific to parasites.
Divergent Targets of Candida albicans Biofilm Regulator Bcr1
In Vitro
and
In Vivo
Authors: Fanning Saranna , Xu Wenjie , Solis Norma , Woolford Carol A. , Filler Scott G. , Mitchell Aaron P. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT

Candida albicans
is a causative agent of oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC), a biofilm-like infection of the oral mucosa. Biofilm formation depends upon the
C. albicans
transcription factor Bcr1, and previous studies indicate that Bcr1 is required for OPC in a mouse model of infection. Here we have used a nanoString gene expression measurement platform to elucidate the role of Bcr1 in OPC-related gene expression. We chose for assays a panel of 134 genes that represent a range of morphogenetic and cell cycle functions as well as environmental and stress response pathways. We assayed gene expression in whole infected tongue samples. The results sketch a portrait of
C. albicans
gene expression in which numerous stress response pathways are activated during OPC. This one set of experiments identifies 64 new genes with significantly altered RNA levels during OPC, thus increasing substantially the number of known genes in this expression class. The
bcr1
Δ/Δ mutant had a much more limited gene expression defect during OPC infection than previously reported for
in vitro
growth conditions. Among major functional Bcr1 targets, we observed that
ALS3
was Bcr1 dependent
in vivo
while
HWP1
was not. We used null mutants and complemented strains to verify that Bcr1 and Hwp1 are required for OPC infection in this model. The role of Als3 is transient and mild, though significant. Our findings suggest that the versatility of
C. albicans
as a pathogen may reflect its ability to persist in the face of multiple stresses and underscore that transcriptional circuitry during infection may be distinct from that detailed during
in vitro
growth.
Titan Cells Confer Protection from Phagocytosis in Cryptococcus neoformans Infections
Authors: Okagaki Laura H. , Nielsen Kirsten 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThe human fungal pathogenCryptococcus neoformansproduces an enlarged “titan” cell morphology when exposed to the host pulmonary environment. Titan cells exhibit traits that promote survival in the host. Previous studies showed that titan cells are not phagocytosed and that increased titan cell production in the lungs results in reduced phagocytosis of cryptococcal cells by host immune cells. Here, the effect of titan cell production on host-pathogen interactions during early stages of pulmonary cryptococcosis was explored. The relationship between titan cell production and phagocytosis was found to be nonlinear; moderate increases in titan cell production resulted in profound decreases in phagocytosis, with significant differences occurring within the first 24 h of the infection. Not only were titan cells themselves protected from phagocytosis, but titan cell formation also conferred protection from phagocytosis to normal-size cryptococcal cells. Large particles introduced into the lungs were not phagocytosed, suggesting the large size of titan cells protects against phagocytosis. The presence of large particles was unable to protect smaller particles from phagocytosis, revealing that titan cell size alone is not sufficient to provide the observed cross-protection of normal-size cryptococcal cells. These data suggest that titan cells play a critical role in establishment of the pulmonary infection by promoting the survival of the entire population of cryptococcal cells.