bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Oceanography of the Celtic Sea I. Wind Drift
Authors: Cooper L. H. N. 
Published: May 2009

The dependence of prevailing wind drift in the Celtic sea upon prevailing winds is discussed and a proposal made to use wind records for the Scilly Meteorological Observatory for assessing drift currents for use in biological investigations.If there is no seasonal change in the direction of the prevailing winds, nevertheless, the wind drift in summer will be more northerly than in winter.The terms ‘current’, ‘residual water movement’ and ‘drift’, as used in this series of papers, are denned. The Ekman–Thorade equation for computing wind drift from wind is discussed and applied to the drift of the biological indicator Muggiaea atlantica in 1938. The two approaches agree to suggest that either method may be applied in biological distribution studies.Some effects of drift, due to variable winds, on plankton distribution are outlined.
The Oceanography of the Celtic Sea II. Conditions in the Spring of 1950
Authors: Cooper L. H. N. 
Published: May 2009

The circulation of the northern and north-eastern Celtic Sea, has been studied, using especially observations made in April 1950.The Celtic Sea in that month was 0·5° C warmer than the average temperature 20 years earlier.The following distinctive water masses have been recognized (i) Land's End water; (ii) South Wales coastal water; (iii) Carnsore corner current water; (iv) Nymphe Bank water, including a component enriched by up-welling off Waterford; (v) County Cork eddy water.The South Wales coastal water, though rich in nutrients presumably derived from sewage effluents, was not very productive. A parallel is drawn with the Hyperion sewage scheme of the City of Los Angeles.The low-salinity water present in the centre of St George's Channel in summer is attributed to flow from the coast of South Wales. In the autumn water is recruited more directly from the Celtic Sea.The silicate content of the Carnsore corner current was half that in South Wales coastal water on the opposite side of the Channel.Up-welling of water enriched by breakdown of bottom muds occurred off Waterford.The drift system in the central Celtic Sea is dominated by the prevailing winds. The drift in April 1950 was a composite affair and it has been possible to dissect some of the components and to show how they interplay.In about 7° W. long., a mixed water mass sets south from the Nymphe Bank and was identified for more than 100 miles.A tentative explanation is offered for the distribution of compounds of phosphorus in terms of regeneration from bottom deposits.
The Survival of Larval Fish in the Northern North sea According to the Quality of the sea Water
Authors: Fraser J. H. 
Published: May 2009

The numbers of fish eggs and planktonic stages of fish taken during a 5-year period by the Scottish research vessels in the northern North Sea have been associated with the presence of Sagitta elegans and S. setosa in the same collections and over an 11-year period with the presence or absence of S. elegans. The results confirm Russell's findings in the English Channel that fish larvae are more abundant when S. elegans is present than when S. setosa is present.The total numbers of fish eggs do not show these differences; spawning does not appear to be any more productive in water associated with S. elegans, rather the reverse, and this is shown to be so for the eggs of those species separately examined. Numbers of the larvae were distinctly greater in the ‘mixed’ conditions indicated by the presence of S. elegans and a more abundant food supply is a possible cause. That the differences may signify a more fundamental effect, however, is suggested by the figures for cod and haddock eggs, which show the earliest stages to be more abundant where S. elegans was absent although later stages were more abundant when S. elegans was present.
The Effect of Light on the Buoyancy of the Cuttlefish
Authors: Denton E. J. , Gilpin-Brown J. B. 
Published: May 2009

The behaviour of well fed cuttlefish is strikingly affected by light. When the light is bright they usually bury themselves in the gravel at the bottom of their tanks, whilst after twilight they come out of the gravel and swim around until dawn.Cuttlefish kept in complete darkness for one to two days usually become so buoyant that they are incapable of staying on the bottom and can only remain in mid-water with difficulty.Animals kept in artificial light and dark showed changes in density which could amount to 2%. These changes come from changes in the volume of the gas space within the cuttlebone.The density of the cuttlefish is largely governed by light intensity and there is little indication of an inherent diurnal rhythm of density change.The rate of uptake of liquid when the cuttlefish becomes denser is such that it is unnecessary to assume that any active process is used to pump liquid into the cuttlebone. The cuttlefish must, however, extract liquid actively from the cuttlebone to become less dense.
Cephalopod Beaks from the Stomachs of Two Northern Bottlenosed Whales (Hyperoodon Ampullatus)
Authors: Clarke Malcolm R. , Kristensen Thomas K. 
Published: May 2009

This is the first detailed analysis of cephalopod beaks from the stomach of a northern bottlenosed whale,Hyperoodon ampullatus(Forster, 1770). The digestive action of many predators barely affects the chitinous beaks of cephalopods and some cetaceans accumulate the beaks in considerable numbers in their stomachs. The present beaks are clean and unbroken.Identification of cephalopod beaks from stomachs of predators such as sperm whales (see Clarke, 1977), seals (Clarke & Trillmich, 1980) and albatrosses (Clarke, Croxall & Prince, 1980) throws considerable light on the biology and relative ecological importance of the species of cephalopods concerned as well as providing useful information on the diet of the predators.
Racial Differences Between North American and European Forms of Balanus Balanoides
Authors: Crisp D. J. 
Published: May 2009

After transplantation and acclimatization of populations of the barnacle Balanus balanoides from the coast of New England to the Menai Straits, differences in breeding behaviour persisted over a period of from 4 to 18 months. The two populations are believed to belong to distinct physiological races.The New England populations fertilized 1½–3 weeks in advance of adjacent British populations.Embryonic development in the post-cleavage stages of the New England population proceeded in vitro at about twice the rate of the development of the British population, under identical conditions.The volume of the eggs of the New England population was 1.3–1.6 times as great as the volume of the eggs of the British specimens.Both populations, when growing in British waters, liberated their nauplii in March at a time which coincided with the beginning of the vernal plankton increase in the locality. The embryos of the American population had therefore remained in the mantle space for a much longer period than had those of the British specimens and for a longer period than that reported for New England populations in their native habitat.In B. balanoides the time of fertilization and rate of development may be genetically adapted in each general locality so that the embryos reach full term before the plankton increase is due. The actual time of liberation is then mediated by the hatching substance in response to prevailing food conditions.If the B. balanoides population of the Western Atlantic area as a whole belongs to a physiological race distinct from that of the Eastern Atlantic, and responding differently to temperature levels at the breeding season, there is no reason to expect any close correlation in respect of environmental conditions between the southern limits of the species in Europe and in America.
Photographic Records of Living Oscular Tubes ofLeucosolenia VariabilisI. The Choanoderm Boundary, the Choanocytes and the Pore Arrangement
Authors: Jones W. Clifford 
Published: May 2009

Some ecological data concerning the Plymouth species ofLeucosoleniaare given, together with a discussion of the speciation of the BritishLeucosolenia.Oscular tubes ofL. variabilishave been photomicrographed at intervals, usually of 1 or more days. It was found that the choanoderm boundary at the proximal end of the oscular rim may advance, remain stationary, or recede in relation to the distal edge of the tube, according to the conditions. It may also move in either direction in relation to the spicules in its vicinity, regardless of how it is moving with respect to the oscular edge. The evidence indicates that the choanoderm is mobile on the inner surface of the tube and that the level of the choanoderm boundary is influenced by the surface area available and by the rate of multiplication of the choanocytes. The former depends upon the degree of contraction or expansion of the tube and the size and number of pores.The arrangement of the choanocytes can alter within a few minutes. The cells, however, tend to cohere; their outlines near the base are polygonal and there is a thin hyaline layer separating the surfaces of adjacent choanocytes.The beating of the flagella is uniplanar, the plane being perpendicular to the wall. The frequency of the beat varies from one choanocyte to another, as does also the orientation of the plane of beating. The latter does not alter when a current of water is drawn across the choanoderm. Excision of an oscular tube results in water flowing out at both ends as soon as the cut has been opened.
Sea Water, the Natural Medium of Phytoplankton II. Trace Metals and Chelation, and General Discussion
Authors: Johnston R. 
Published: May 2009

Assays and mixed culture experiments prove that the supply of chelating substances is frequently the most crucial aspect of phytoplankton nutrition in sea water. Experimental results, theoretical considerations and tentative
calculations show that this supply is controlled by the stability of the trace metal chelates and in the sea may be mediated by certain unknown minor components of the dissolved organic matter.The results of Parts I and II are considered together and show how seawater quality is closely related to the chelation of trace metals, mainly iron, and various other factors previously listed in the summary to Part I.
An Experimental Assessment of Some of the Characters Used for Specific Delimitation in the Genus Laminaria
Authors: Burrows Elsie M. 
Published: May 2009

The growth in culture of Laminaria saccharina (L.) Lamour. and a species from Nova Scotia, tentatively identified as L. agardhii Kjellm., has been compared. Several characters, normally used for specific distinction within the genus Laminaria, have been shown to be modified by environmental
conditions. These all concern the lamina and include the following: general morphology and texture, the shape of the base, the anatomical construction and the presence or absence of mucilage canals.The question of the identity of L. agardhii from eastern and western Atlantic coasts is discussed.
Photographic Records of Living Oscular Tubes of Leucosolenia Variabilis II. Spicule Growth, form and Displacement
Authors: Jones W. Clifford 
Published: May 2009

When the oscular tube grows the spicules tend to separate from one another, but the separation is not uniform; local displacements of spicules occur with respect to other spicules in the vicinity. The same is found when the tube elongates while constricting, or changes shape in other ways. The spicule displacements reveal that the mesogloeal matrix is plastic. The spicules are probably anchored to the surface epithelia, the system of anchorage varying with time and from one spicule to another.Small growing spicules may rotate through considerable angles and move relative to the fully grown spicules in their vicinity. The relative movements are most frequently towards the osculum. They are attributed to displacements of either the mesogloeal matrix or the internal epithelium, each relative to the other. They are not likely to be caused by the concerted amoeboid activity of the founder calcoblasts.The monaxons tend to maintain their positions and orientations relative to the tri- and quadri-radiate spicules, apart from small localized displacements. Thus no significant movement of the pinacoderm relative to the rest of the wall could be deduced.Fragments of broken spicules likewise tend to retain their relative positions and orientations in the spicule arrangement, though some moved or rotated by quite considerable amounts.Spicules occasionally disappeared from the wall of some tubes. Monaxons were shed relatively easily, probably as a result of the spicule crowding associated with contraction of the tube. Some tri- and quadri-radiates were also shed through the pinacoderm. In some tubes spicule protrusion occurred at the oscular edge.
Some Chemical Considerations on the Distribution of Iron in the Sea
Authors: Cooper L. H. N. 
Published: May 2009

A theoretical study of the behaviour of ferric phosphate in sea water has been made with existing data. The conditions least favourable for the continued existence of ferric phosphate should occur in the upper layers of the sea during active plant growth. The formation and stability of ferric phosphate is likely to be most favoured under the more acid conditions found in the gut of many animals. Ferric phosphate is likely to be introduced into sea water in animal faeces. Experimental confirmation of this deduction is essential.In all experimental work involving ferric phosphate in sea water, the need is indicated for very accurate control of hydroxyl-ion activity and probably pressure, and for attention to the time factor and to the physical condition of the precipitated phase. The topic is of geochemical as well as of biological interest.Dipyridyl is a reagent for ferrous iron. Reasons are set out why in sea and lake water at high dilutions it may also determine ferric iron without presence of an added reducing agent.Evidence is presented that ferrifluoride plays no part in the iron cycle in he sea.
A New Species of Ciliate, Trichodina Branchicola, from Some Fishes at Plymouth
Authors: Tripathi Yogendra R. 
Published: May 2009

The morphology and reproduction of Trichodina branchicola n.sp. are described. Its total diameter is 30–54μ, and its height is 20–36μ,; the diameter of the striated ring is 19–33μ, and the diameter of the denticulate ring 10–20μ. There are 20–26 denticles in the ring, with 6–8 striations to each denticle. The denticles measure 1·5–2μ, in thickness, 3·5μ in length, each with a broad outer hook 2·3μ long and an inner ray 3·2μ long. The aboral cilia are fused at their base to form a complete membranelle.This organism is found on the gills of the following marine fishes at Plymouth: Ciliata mustela, Gaidopsaurus tricirratus, Cottus bubalis, Spinachia spinachia, Blennius pholis, B. guttorugine, Trigla lucerna and Pleuronectes platessa.The genus Vauchomia Mueller 1938 is regarded as a synonym of Trichodina.
Ecological exeriments on Foraminiferida
Authors: Murray J. W. 
Published: May 2009

Fifteen experiments on the foraminiferid Elphidium crispum (L.) are described. They deal with feeding, movement, the substratum, and salinity, and their bearing on ecology.The daily production of feeding cysts was used as a measure of the metabolic rate and healthiness of the foraminiferids. Phaeodactylum tricornutum, both living and dead, was used as food; a distinct preference was shown for living food. However, kaolin and graphite having a similar size to the Phaeodactylum were also accepted as food. It is suggested that E. crispum selects its food on the basis of size. The colour of the protoplasm is shown to be closely related to the pigments of the foodMovement in the horizontal plane is normally random. However, this species prefers a clean, hard substratum to one of clay; once a specimen has escaped from a clay substratum, it is loathe to return to it and therefore movement in this instance must be directed and not random.Movement in the horizontal plane is normally random. However, this species prefers a clean, hard substratum to one of clay; once a specimen has escaped from a clay substratum, it is loathe to return to it and therefore movement in this instance must be directed and not random.The rate of feeding is shown to be closely related to the salinity of the water, the feeding rate decreasing with the salinity. The amount of calcium present in sea water or in subsaline waters does not appear to affect the rate of feeding. However, lowered temperatures help E. crispum to survive for longer periods in subsaline water. At temperatures of 8° and 16° C , cultures survived subsaline water of 20%0 salinity for 38 days, but at a salinity of i5%03 only the culture kept at 8 C survived (for 15 days).
The effects of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole on the growth of sporelings of marine red Algae
Authors: Boney A. D. 
Published: May 2009

The cell production of sporelings of five species of marine red algae is inhibited by 3-amino-i,2,4-triazole (3AT).Results show that short-term immersions in culture medium containing 3AT have a lasting effect on the growth of sporelingsThis growth inhibitory effect is reversed by addition of adenine.Protracted contact with 3AT results in some chlorosis of the sporelingThe growth inhibitory effects of 3AT are more marked with sporelings of intertidal red algae than with sublittoral species.
Observations on the biology of pandalus montagui [Crustacea: Decapoda]
Authors: Allen J. A. 
Published: May 2009

An account is given of the populations of P. montagui occurring off the Northumberland coast at depths ranging from 20 to 50 fm. Sampling, which extended from 1954 to 1961, shows that the population in 20–30 fm is composed predominantly of o-group males and females and smaller numbers of 1-group females while that in 50 fm is composed predominantly of 1 and 2 group males and females. This difference can be explained in terms of sex change and migration.Eggs laid in the period from the last week in November to the first week in January hatch by the end of April. Growth of the new year-group is so rapid that they mature in time for the next breeding season. Egg numbers vary from 200 to 3000.It can be calculated that the number of larvae hatched out inshore exceeds that offshore by 15 times, but many of the larvae produced by the deep-water.
The biology of Calocaris macandreae [Crustacea: Thalassinidea]
Authors: Buchanan John B. 
Published: May 2009

Previous work on the biology and distribution of Calocaris is discussed briefly. The distribution in Northumberland waters is considered in relation to depth and bottom sediment.Quantitative monthly samples show that population numbers remain very stable throughout the year. A well marked egg-laying period occurs in January-February when relatively few eggs (average 38) are attached to the pleopods. Eggs are carried for 8–9 months and hatch in September-October. By a combination of size-frequency distribution and gonad-developmnt classification the age-groups in the population are interpreted. After passing through a phase of testes development and spermatophore formation individuals lay their first batch of eggs at the end of the 5th year. The ovaries regenerate over a 2-year period and a second egg-laying takes place at the end of the 7th year with a possible third at the end of the 9th year. The incidence of soft individuals in the samples together with observed changes in the coverage with epifaunistic growths indicate that after entering the 5th year a single annual moult cycle begins with a slowing down in growth rate.Population numbers, fecundity and larval survival are discussed. Both the survival curve and the apparent lack of serious predation suggest that the population reaches senescence
Observations on the food value of seven species of Algae to the larvae of Ostrea Edulis I. Feeding experiments
Authors: Walne P. R. 
Published: May 2009

Six species of algae, Chlorella marina Butcher, Dunaliella tertiolecta Butcher, Isochrysis galbana Parke, Monochrysis lutheri Droop, Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin and Hemiselmis virescens Droop were fed to oyster larvae in bacteria-free culture. In addition, cultures of Chlorella stigmatophora Butcher, Isochrysis galbana and Phaeodactylum tricornutum containing bacteria were also used. Cultures of galbana containing bacteria were used as controls in all series of experiments. In each series various densities of food, expressed both as cell numbers and as packed cell volume, were fed to the larvae of Ostrea edulis L. for 22–46 h and the change in the mean size of the larval population was used as the index of the value of the food.The experiments with Chlorella confirmed previous work that organisms of this genus have little value as food for larvae. With Dunaliella and Phaeodactylum growth was better at low food densities with some (but not all) batches of larvae compared with Isochrysis. The comparison of cultures of Isochrysis and Phaeodactylum with and without bacteria showed no consistent improved growth with either food. Monochrysis had about the same food value as Isochrysis. With Hemiselmis some growth was obtained but not as much as with Isochrysis.
The loss of mercury from stored sea-water solutions of mercuric chloride
Authors: Corner E. D. S. , Rigler F. H. 
Published: May 2009

The disappearance of mercury from stored sea-water solutions of mercuric chloride has been studied by means of the chloroform-dithizone procedure and by the use of radioactive mercury (203Hg).When sea water is enriched with nutrients facilitating the growth of bacteria, the rate at which mercury is lost from the solution is markedly increased. On the other hand, when the sea water is treated in various ways which prevent the development of bacteria, the loss of mercury from solution is considerably reduced.Rates of loss of mercury measured by the chloroform-dithizone procedure and by the use of tracer isotopes are in good agreement only in the early stages of the experiments. Thus, at a time when approximately hah0 the mercury has been lost, titrations with chloroform-dithizone only account for about 50% of the mercury determined by measurements of radioactivity. Further findings have suggested that this discrepancy arises from the fact that a considerable amount of the mercury is taken up by bacteria and converted into a form which is not detectable with chloroform-dithizone.
Studies in the genus Fucus L. II. Distribution and ecology of forms of Fucus distichus L. emend. Powell in Britain and Ireland
Authors: Powell H. T. 
Published: May 2009

The distribution and ecology of subspp. anceps and edentatus of F. distichus L. emend. Powell (1957) in Britain and Ireland is described in detail, based on recent ecological surveys and critical examination of all past records.F. distichus anceps is a small form confined to certain very exposed coasts in the north and west of Scotland and Ireland, where it reaches the southern limit of its geographical range. This plant may be a relict form in Britain, existing now only under an extraordinarily narrow range of rigorous habitat conditions; it is not thought to be actively extending its range southwards at the present time. The ecology of subsp. anceps is considered principally in relation to that of other reduced fucoids found on exposed British shores, viz. F. spiralis f. nana and F. vesiculosus f. linearis; all three forms are illustrated by photographs and means of distinguishing them are described. The lifespan of subsp. ancepsis thought to be 2 to 3 years at some Irish sites, but may be longer at some of the Scottish sites.