bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gas Production, 3. Gas Treating
Authors: Boll Walter , Hochgesand Gerhard , Higman Christopher , Supp Emil , Kalteier Peter , Müller Wolf‐Dieter , Kriebel Manfred , Schlichting Holger , Tanz Heiner 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Carbon Monoxide Shift Conversion

2.1.

Fundamentals

2.2.

Catalysts

2.3.

Clean Gas Shift Conversion

2.4.

Raw Gas Conversion

2.5.

General Comments on Reactor Arrangements

2.6.

Noncatalytic Quench Conversion

3.

Carbonyl Sulfide Conversion

4.

Methanation and Methane Synthesis

4.1.

Definitions and Applications

4.2.

Principles of Methanation

4.3.

Methanation as a Step in Hydrogen Purification

4.4.

Methanation of Rich Gas

4.5.

Methane Synthesis from Gases with High Carbon Monoxide Content

5.

Absorption Processes

5.1.

General

5.2.

Processes for Carbon Dioxide and Sulfur Compound Absorption

5.2.1.

Physical Absorption Processes

5.2.2.

Chemical Absorption Processes

5.2.3.

Physical ‐ Chemical Absorption Processes

5.2.4.

Comparison of Various Absorption Processes for Hydrogen Production and IGCC

5.3.

Liquid‐Phase Oxidation Processes

5.4.

Removal of Gas Impurities of Low Concentration

6.

Adsorption Processes

6.1.

Fundamentals

6.2.

The “Classic” Method

6.3.

Pressure‐Swing Adsorption

6.4.

Adsorption on Activated Carbon

7.

Cryogenic Processes

7.1.

Partial Condensation

7.2.

Liquid Methane Wash Process

7.3.

Liquid Nitrogen Wash Process

8.

Gas Separation by Membranes

9.

Addition of Inerts or Other Substances
Gas Production, 4. Handling of Byproducts
Authors: Hochgesand Gerhard , Stönner Hans‐Martin , Klein Helmut 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Aqueous Condensates2.1.Mechanical Treatment2.2.Extraction and Adsorption of Organic Substances2.3.Removal and Recovery of Ammonia and Sulfur2.4.Biological and Final Treatment2.5.Removal of Heavy Metals2.6.Example of an Industrial Application3.Hydrocarbon Condensates3.1.Distillation3.2.Hydrorefining4.Gaseous Byproducts
Gas Production, 5. Examples of Complex Gas Production Plants
Authors: Reimert Rainer , Higman Christopher , Hilsebein Wolfgang , Gronemann Veronika , Zwiefelhofer Uwe , Albrecht Johannes 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Methanol Production from Natural Gas

1.1.

Methanol Production Based on Catalytic Autothermal Reforming

1.2.

Comparison of Conventional Steam Reforming and Combined Reforming Processes for Methanol Production

2.

Hydrogen Production Based on Heavy Residues

3.

Combined Cycle Power System Based on Coal

3.1.

Introduction

3.2.

Fundamentals

3.3.

Installations and Design Studies
Gas Production, 6. Analysis and Quality Control
Authors: Cowper Christopher J. , Driesen Hans Erhard 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Quality Specifications2.1.Combustion Characteristics2.2.Minor Constituents3.Test Methods3.1.Determination of Combustion Characteristics3.1.1.Calorimetry3.1.2.Density3.1.3.Wobbe Index3.2.Analytical Methods3.2.1.General Methods for Determination of Several Components3.2.2.Specific Methods for Determination of Individual Components3.2.3.Methods for Determination of Minor Components3.2.4.Determination of Trace Constituents
Fungicides, Agricultural, 3. Toxicology
Authors: Müller Franz , Ackermann Peter , Margot Paul 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Fungicidal Antibiotics

3.

Inorganic Fungicides

4.

Organometallic and Metal–Organic Compounds

5.

Dithiocarbamates

5.1.

Metal‐Free Dithiocarbamates

5.2.

Metal‐Containing Dithiocarbamates

6.

Imides

7.

Amides

8.

Dicarboximides

9.

Aliphatic Compounds

10.

Phenyl‐Substituted Compounds

11.

Organophosphate Fungicides

12.

Phosphites

13.

Benzimidazoles

14.

Anilides

15.

Acylamino Acids

16.

Amides

17.

Inhibitors of Sterol Biosynthesis

17.1.

Triazoles

17.2.

Imidazoles

18.

Pyridines

19.

Pyrimidine Fungicides

20.

Pyrroles

21.

Morpholines

22.

Strobilurins

23.

Carbamates

24.

Dinitrophenols

25.

Oxazoles

26.

Quinolines

27.

Quinones

28.

Quinoxalines

29.

Thiazoles and Thiazolidines

30.

Thiocarbamates

31.

Triazines

32.

Unclassified Fungicides
Glass, 4. Uses and Economic Aspects
Authors: De Jong Bernard H. W. S. , Beerkens Ruud G. C. , van Nijnatten Peter A. , Le Bourhis Eric 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Uses

1.1.

Silica and Silica‐like Glass

1.2.

Flat Glass

1.2.1.

Reflective Glass

1.2.2.

Laminated Glass

1.2.3.

Solar Glass

1.3.

Laboratory Glassware

1.4.

Light‐Sensitive Glass

1.4.1.

Photosensitive Glass

1.4.2.

Photochromic Glass

1.4.3.

Photocatalytic Glass

1.5.

Display Devices

1.5.1.

Cathode‐Ray Tube

1.5.2.

Flat Display Panel

1.6.

Glass Fibers

1.7.

Molded Optics

1.8.

Glasses for Nonlinear Optical Devices

2.

Economic Aspects
Hydrogen, 3. Purification
Authors: Häussinger Peter , Lohmüller Reiner , Watson Allan M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Low‐Temperature Processes2.1.Condensation Processes2.2.Condensation and Rectification2.3.Low‐Temperature Absorption Processes3.Adsorption Processes3.1.Principles3.2.Thermally Regenerated Adsorbers3.3.Pressure‐Swing Adsorption (PSA)4.Catalytic Gas Purification4.1.Carbon Monoxide Removal4.2.Methanation4.3.Selective Oxidation4.4.Catalytic Removal of Sulfur Compounds4.5.Removal of Oxygen4.6.Removal of Nitrogen Oxides5.Scrubbing Processes5.1.Principles5.2.Physical Scrubbing (Rectisol Process)5.3.Chemical Scrubbing Processes6.Permeation Processes6.1.Metal Membrane Techniques6.2.Polymer Membrane Processes
Hydrogen, 6. Uses
Authors: Häussinger Peter , Lohmüller Reiner , Watson Allan M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Conventional Uses1.1.Hydrogen in the Chemical Industry1.1.1.Ammonia Synthesis1.1.2.Hydrogen in Refinery Processes1.1.3.Hydrogen in Coal Refinement1.1.4.Synthesis Gas1.1.5.Hydrogen in Organic Synthesis1.1.6.Hydrogen in Inorganic Synthesis1.2.Hydrogen in Metallurgy1.3.Other Uses2.Hydrogen Energy2.1.Aims of the Hydrogen Energy Economy2.2.Production Systems for Hydrogen Energy2.2.1.Energy Sources2.2.2.Production Methods for the Energy Carrier Hydrogen2.3.Hydrogen‐Energy Conversion Systems2.3.1.New Developments for Hydrogen Storage2.3.1.1.Cryoadsorption2.3.1.2.Hydride Technology2.3.1.3.Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers2.3.2.Combustion and Heating2.3.3.Hydrogen Fuel Systems2.3.3.1.Hydrogen Propulsion Systems for Space2.3.3.2.Hydrogen as Aviation Fuel2.3.3.3.Hydrogen for Automotive Vehicle Transport2.3.4.Electricity Generation from Hydrogen2.3.4.1.Heat ‐ Power Processes2.3.4.2.Electrochemical Energy Conversion2.4.Future Developments2.4.1.Production Schemes2.4.2.Hydrogen Energy Economics2.4.3.International Research
Iron, 4. Smelting Reduction Processes
Authors: Flickenschild Jürgen , Hauk Rolf , Steffen Rolf 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:2.7.Introduction2.Characteristics of Coals for the Smelting Reduction Processes3.Classification of Smelting Reduction Processes and Earlier Developments3.1.Processes Using Electrical Energy3.2.Coal ‐ Coke‐Bed Melter ‐ Gasifiers3.3.Converter‐Type Iron Bath Reactors4.State of the Art of Process Developments4.1.Melter ‐ Gasifiers4.2.Iron Bath Reactors4.3.Rotary Hearth Direct Reduction ‐ Submerged Arc Furnace Combinations4.4.Special Developments for Processing of Steelworks Dusts5.Conclusions
Information Storage Materials, 2. Optical Recording
Authors: Wochele Roman E. , van Houten Henk , Duchateau Johan P. W. B. , Kloosterboer Hans J. G. , Verhoeven Jan A. Th. , van Vlimmeren René , Legierse Peter E. J. , Gravesteijn Dirk J. , Wright C. David , Borg Herman J. , Heitmann Heinrich , Heemskerk Jacques 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.General Introduction1.1.Optical Storage Media1.2.The Optical Channel1.2.1.Focusing and Tracking (Servo Control)1.2.2.Data Channel1.3.Compact Disc Family1.3.1.Read‐Only, Replicated Discs1.3.2.Recordable and Rewritable Discs1.4.Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)1.5.HD‐DVD and Blue Laser Discs1.6.Magneto‐Optical Storage1.7.Future Developments1.7.1.Evolutionary Progress in Optical Disc Storage1.7.2.Three‐Dimensional Optical Storage2.Optical Disc Mastering and Stamper Production2.1.General2.2.Requirements2.3.Mastering Methods2.4.Electroforming of Stampers3.Read‐Only Optical Recording Materials3.1.Production Processes3.2.Material Specifications3.3.Molding Processes3.4.Photoreplication Process3.5.Metallization3.6.Protective Coating3.7.Nonstandard Processes4.Write‐Once Optical Recording Materials4.1.Material Specifications4.2.Deposition Techniques4.3.Tellurium Alloys4.4.Organic Dyes4.5.Metal Particle Colloids4.6.Metal‐Polymer Bilayers4.7.Alloying Bilayers4.8.Agglomeration4.9.Surface Texture5.Reversible Optical Recording Materials5.1.Magneto‐Optic Materials5.2.Phase‐Change Recording Media5.3.Liquid Crystals5.4.Photochromics5.5.Photochemical Hole Burning6.Economic Aspects of Optical Recording6.1.Consumer Electronics (CE)6.2.Data Applications
Liquid Chromatography, 3. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
Authors: Lembke Peter 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.History2.Theoretical Background3.SFC Compared to GC and LC4.Equipment4.1.Pumps4.2.Oven4.3.Sample Introduction4.4.Detectors4.5.Restrictors5.Packed‐Column SFC (pc‐SFC) and Capillary SFC (c‐SFC)5.1.Capillary SFC (c‐SFC)5.2.Packed‐Column SFC (pc‐SFC)6.Applications
Liquid Chromatography, 4. Affinity Chromatography
Authors: Cabrera Karin , Brünner Wolfgang , Müller Egbert 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Preparation of an Affinity Matrix2.1.Selection of a Carrier2.2.Immobilization of the Ligand3.Ligands3.1.Group‐Specific Ligands3.1.1.Low‐Molecular Ligands3.1.2.Macromolecular Ligands3.2.Monospecific Ligands4.Elution
Lubricants, 3. Environmental Aspects
Authors: Luther Rolf 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Current Situation

1.1.

Economic Consequences and Substitution Potential

1.2.

Agriculture, Economy, and Politics

2.

Biodegradable Base Oils for Lubricants

2.1.

Synthetic Esters

2.2.

Polyalkylene Glycols

2.3.

Polyalphaolefins

2.4.

Relevant Properties of Biodegradable Base Oils

3.

Additives

4.

Products (Examples)
Lubricants, 4. Lubricants for Internal Combustion Engines
Authors: Harperscheid Manfred , Omeis Jürgen 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Four‐Stroke Engine Oils1.1.General Overview1.1.1.Fundamental Principles1.1.2.Performance Specifications1.1.3.Formulation of Engine Oils1.1.4.Additives1.2.Characterization and Testing1.2.1.Physical and Chemical Testing1.2.2.Engine Testing1.2.3.Passenger Car Engine Oils1.2.4.Engine Oil for Commercial Vehicles1.3.Classification by Specification1.3.1.MIL Specifications1.3.2.API and ILSAC Classification1.3.3.ACEA Specifications1.3.4.Manufacturers’ Approvals1.3.5.Future Trends2.Two‐Stroke Oils2.1.Application and Characteristics2.2.Classification2.2.1.API Service Groups2.2.2.JASO Classification2.2.3.ISO Classification2.3.Oils for Two‐Stroke Outboard Engines2.4.Environmentally Friendly Two‐Stroke Oils3.Tractor Oils4.Gas Engine Oils5.Marine Diesel Engine Oils5.1.Low‐Speed Crosshead Engines5.2.Medium‐Speed Engines5.3.Lubricants
Lubricants, 6. Compressor and Turbine Oils
Authors: Bock Wolfgang , Lingg Georg 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Gas Compressor

1.1.

Displacement Compressors

1.2.

Dynamic Compressors

1.3.

Preparation of Compressed Air

1.4.

Oils for Compression of Other Gases

1.5.

Characteristics of Gas Compressor Oils

1.6.

Standards and Specifications of Compressor Oils

2.

Refrigerator Oils

2.1.

Introduction

2.2.

Minimum Requirements

2.3.

Classification

2.4.

Viscosity Selection

2.

Turbine Oils

2.1.

Demands on Turbine Oils ‐ Characteristics

2.2.

Formulation

2.3.

Specifications

2.4.

Turbine Oil Circuits

2.5.

Monitoring and Maintenance of Turbine Oils

2.6.

Life of (Steam) Turbine Oils

2.7.

Gas Turbine Oils ‐ Application and Requirements

2.8.

Fire‐Resistant, Water‐Free Fluids for Power Station Applications

2.9.

Lubricants for Water Turbines and Hydroelectric Plants
Lubricants, 7. Metalworking Fluids and Forming Lubricants
Authors: Freiler Carmen , Hörner Dietrich , Buss Wolfgang , Kubicki Franz , Losch Achim , Mang Theo 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.Mechanism of Action1.2.Water‐Miscible Cutting Fluids1.2.1.Composition1.2.2.Corrosion Protection and Corrosion Test Methods1.2.3.Concentration of Water‐Mixed Cutting Fluids1.2.4.Stability of Coolants1.2.5.Foaming Properties1.2.6.Preservation of Coolants with Biocides1.3.Neat Cutting Fluids1.3.1.Specifications1.3.2.Composition1.4.Application1.4.1.Machining with Geometrically Defined Cutting Edges1.4.2.Machining with Geometric Non‐Defined Cutting Edges1.5.Storage1.6.Environmental Aspects1.7.New Trends in Coolant Technology2.Forming Lubricants2.1.Sheet Metal Working Lubricants2.1.1.Deep Drawing2.1.2.Stretch Drawing and a Combination of Stretch and Deep Drawing2.1.3.Shear Cutting2.1.4.Choice of Lubricants2.1.5.Sheet Metal Forming in Automobile Manufacturing2.2.Lubricants for Wire, Tube, and Profile Drawing2.2.1.Wire Drawing2.2.2.Profile Drawing2.2.3.Tube Drawing2.2.4.Hydroforming2.3.Lubricants for Rolling2.3.1.Rolling Steel Sheet2.3.2.Rolling Aluminum Sheet2.3.3.Rolling of Other Materials2.4.Lubricants for Solid Metal Forming
Lubricants, 8. Lubricating Greases
Authors: Dresel Wilfried , Heckler Rolf‐Peter 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Components of Greases2.1.Thickeners2.1.1.Simple Soaps2.1.2.Complex Soaps2.2.Other Ionic Organic Thickeners2.3.Nonionic Organic Thickeners2.4.Inorganic Thickeners2.5.Miscellaneous Thickeners2.6.Temporarily Thickened Fluids3.Base Oils3.1.Mineral Oils3.2.Synthetic Base Oils4.Grease Structure5.Additives6.Manufacture of Greases6.1.Metal Soap‐Based Greases6.2.Oligourea Greases6.3.Gel Greases7.Grease Rheology8.Performance8.1.Test Methods8.2.Analytical Methods9.Applications9.1.Roller Bearings9.2.Cars, Trucks, Construction Vehicles9.3.Steel Mills9.4.Mining9.5.Railroad, Railway9.6.Gears9.7.Food‐Grade Applications9.8.Textile Machines9.9.Applications with Polymeric Materials10.Ecology and the Environment11.Grease Tribology
Lubricants, 10. Disposal, Recycling, and Safety Aspects
Authors: Luther Rolf , Mang Theo 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Disposal of Used Lubricating Oils

1.1.

Possible Uses of Waste Oil

1.2.

Legislative Influences on Waste Oil Collection and Reconditioning

1.3.

Re‐refining

2.

Toxicology and Occupational Health

2.1.

Safety Aspects of Handling Lubricants (Working Materials)

2.1.1.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAK, PAH, PCA)

2.1.2.

Nitrosamines in Cutting Fluids

2.2.

Skin Problems Caused by Lubricants
Laundry Detergents, 2. Ingredients and Products
Authors: Smulders Eduard , Sung Eric 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Detergent Ingredients1.1.Surfactants1.1.1.Anionic Surfactants1.1.2.Nonionic Surfactants1.1.2.1.Alcohol Ethoxylates (AE)1.1.2.2.Alkylphenol Ethoxylates (APE)1.1.2.3.Fatty Acid Alkanolamides (FAA)1.1.2.4.Alkylamine Oxides1.1.2.5.N‐Methylglucamides (NMG)1.1.2.6.Alkylpolyglycosides (APG)1.1.3.Cationic Surfactants1.1.4.Amphoteric Surfactants1.2.Builders1.2.1.Alkalies1.2.2.Complexing Agents1.2.3.Ion Exchangers1.2.4.Builder Combinations1.3.Bleaches1.3.1.Bleach‐Active Compounds1.3.2.Bleach Activators1.3.3.Bleach Catalysts1.3.4.Bleach Stabilizers1.4.Further Detergent Ingredients1.4.1.Enzymes1.4.2.Soil Antiredeposition Agents, Soil Repellent/Soil Release Agents1.4.3.Foam Regulators1.4.4.Corrosion Inhibitors1.4.5.Fluorescent Whitening Agents1.4.6.Dye Transfer Inhibitors1.4.7.Fragrances1.4.8.Dyes1.4.9.Fillers and Formulation Aids2.Laundry Products2.1.Heavy‐Duty Detergents2.1.1.Conventional Powder Heavy‐Duty Detergents2.1.2.Compact and Supercompact Heavy‐Duty Detergents2.1.3.Extruded Heavy Duty Detergents2.1.4.Heavy‐Duty Detergent Tablets2.1.5.Color Heavy‐Duty Detergents2.1.6.Liquid Heavy‐Duty Detergents2.2.Specialty Detergents2.2.1.Powder Specialty Detergents2.2.2.Liquid Specialty Detergents2.3.Laundry Aids2.3.1.Pretreatment Aids2.3.2.Boosters2.3.3.Aftertreatment Aids2.3.3.1.Fabric Softeners2.3.3.2.Stiffeners2.3.3.3.Laundry Dryer Aids2.3.4.Other Laundry Aids2.3.4.1.Refreshing Products for Dryer Application2.3.4.2.Odor Removers for Washer Application3.Industrial and Institutional Detergents
Laundry Detergents, 3. Production, Testing and Economic Aspects
Authors: Smulders Eduard , Rähse Wilfried 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Production of Powder Detergents1.1.Technology Overview1.2.Manufacturing Processes1.2.1.Traditional Spray‐Drying Process1.2.2.Superheated Steam Drying1.2.3.Nontower Agglomeration Process1.2.4.Nontower Compound Technology1.3.Densification Processes1.3.1.Dry Densification in a Mixer1.3.2.Dry Densification in a Spheronizer1.3.3.Dry Densification in a Roller Press1.3.4.Wet Granulation1.3.5.Spaghetti Extrusion1.3.6.Postaddition Process1.3.7.Dry Densification in a Tablet Press1.4.Raw Materials1.4.1.Anionic Surfactants1.4.2.Nonionic Surfactants1.4.3.Builders1.4.4.Peroxygen Bleaches1.4.5.Enzymes2.Analysis of the Composition2.1.Detergent Ingredients:2.2.Purposes of Detergent Analysis:2.3.Sample Preparation:2.4.Analytical Methods2.4.1.Qualitative Analysis2.4.2.Sample Preparation2.4.3.Quantitative Analysis2.4.4.Separation Methods:2.4.5.Structure Determination2.4.6.Determination of Characteristic Values2.4.7.Analysis Automation:2.5.Sources of Information:3.Test Methods for Laundry Detergents3.1.Laboratory Methods3.2.Practical Evaluation3.3.Consumer Tests4.Economic Aspects4.1.Detergent Components4.1.1.Surfactants4.1.2.Builders4.2.Laundry Detergents4.3.Fabric Softeners4.4.Other Laundry Aids
Laundry Detergents, 4. Ecology and Toxicology
Authors: Steber Josef , Wiebel Frederike 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Ecology1.1.Laundry, Wastewater, and the Environment1.2.Contribution of Laundry to the Sewage Load1.3.Detergent Laws1.3.1.Development of the European Detergent Legislation1.3.2.Regulatory Limitations on Anionic and Nonionic Surfactants1.3.3.Primary Biodegradation Test Procedures1.3.4.Regulation of Maximum Phosphate Content in Detergents1.4.General Criteria for the Ecological Evaluation of Detergent Chemicals1.4.1.Concept1.4.2.Environmental Exposure Assessment1.4.2.1.Biodegradation1.4.2.2.Biodegradability Standard Test Methods1.4.2.3.Supplementary Biodegradation Test Methods1.4.2.4.Exposure Analysis1.4.3.Assessment of Environmental Effects1.4.3.1.Basic Ecotoxicity Tests1.4.3.2.Subchronic and Chronic Ecotoxicity Tests1.4.3.3.Biocenotic Ecotoxicity Tests1.4.3.4.Bioaccumulation1.4.4.Process of Environmental Risk Assessment1.5.Ecological Characterization of Main Detergent Ingredients1.5.1.Surfactants1.5.1.1.Anionic Surfactants1.5.1.2.Nonionic Surfactants1.5.1.3.Cationic Surfactants1.5.2.Builders1.5.2.1.Zeolites1.5.2.2.Polycarboxylates1.5.2.3.Citrates1.5.2.4.Sodium Carbonate (Soda Ash)1.5.2.5.Nitrilotriacetate (NTA)1.5.3.Bleaching Agents1.5.3.1.Sodium Perborate1.5.3.2.Sodium Percarbonate1.5.3.3.Tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED)1.5.4.Auxiliary Agents1.5.4.1.Phosphonates1.5.4.2.EDTA1.5.4.3.Enzymes1.5.4.4.Optical Brighteners1.5.4.5.Carboxymethyl Cellulose1.5.4.6.Dye Transfer Inhibitors1.5.4.7.Fragrances1.5.4.8.Foam Regulators1.5.4.9.Soil Repellents1.5.4.10.Dyes1.5.4.11.Sodium Sulfate2.Toxicology2.1.Detergent Ingredients2.1.1.Surfactants2.1.2.Builders2.1.3.Bleach‐Active Compounds2.1.4.Auxiliary Agents2.2.Finished Detergents2.3.Conclusions
Laundry Detergents, 5. Washing Conditions and Washing Machines
Authors: Smulders Eduard 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Textiles2.Washing Machines and Wash Programs (Cycles)2.1.Household Washing Machines2.1.1.Classification2.1.2.Operational Parameters2.1.3.Wash Programs2.1.3.1.Japanese Washing Machines and Washing Conditions2.1.3.2.North American Washing Machines and Washing Conditions2.1.3.3.European Washing Machines and Washing Conditions2.1.4.Energy and Water Consumption2.1.5.Construction Materials Used in Washing Machines2.1.6.The Market for Washing Machines2.2.Laundry Dryers2.3.Washing Machines for Institutional Use2.3.1.Batch‐Type Machines2.3.2.Continuous Batch Washers
Nuclear Technology, 2. Power Reactors, Survey
Authors: Axmann Joachim K. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction, Scope of Utilization2.Important Technical and Economic Parameters3.Radiation Protection and Safety3.1.Radiological Quantities and Units3.2.Radiation Burden, Radiation Damage, Radiation Safety Rules and Regulations3.2.1.Natural and Medical Radiation Doses3.2.2.Radiation Damage and Radiation Safety Regulations3.3.Emission Protection3.4.Industrial Safety3.4.1.General Design Principles for Protection Systems3.4.2.Safety Channels, Safety Limits, and Safety Measures3.4.3.Engineered Safeguards3.5.Accidents3.5.1.Classification and Analysis3.5.2.Design Accident3.6.Location Problems4.Survey of Reactor Types4.1.Classification Features4.1.1.Neutron Energy Spectrum4.1.2.Fuels4.1.3.Moderators4.1.4.Coolants4.2.Reactor Types4.2.1.Light‐Water Reactors (LWR)4.2.2.Graphite‐Moderated Reactors4.2.3.Heavy‐Water Reactors (D2O ‐ R)4.2.4.Fast Breeder Reactors4.3.Future Developments
Nuclear Technology, 4. Nuclear Fusion
Authors: Schumacher Uwe , Herold Hans 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Fusion Physics3.Plasma Confinement and Status of Fusion Research3.1.Magnetic Plasma Confinement3.1.1.Status of Magnetic Confinement Fusion3.1.2.Further Development of Magnetic Confinement Toward a Fusion Reactor3.2.Inertial Confinement Fusion4.Fusion Reactors as Energy Sources4.1.Fusion Power Plants4.2.Energy Resources and some Economic Aspects4.3.Environmental Impact and Safety‐Related Aspects of Fusion Power
Plastics Processing, 3. Machining, Bonding, Surface Treatment
Authors: Burkhardt Gert , Hüsgen Ulrich , Kalwa Matthias , Pötsch Gerhard , Schwenzer Claus 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Machining1.1.Estimating Machinability1.2.Shaving Formation1.3.Surface Quality1.4.Cutting Forces1.5.Cutting Temperature and Tool Wear1.6.Guidelines for Machining Polymers1.7.Processing of Fiber‐Reinforced Plastics2.Bonding2.1.Welding2.1.1.Heated‐Tool Welding2.1.2.Hot‐Gas Welding2.1.3.Radiation Welding2.1.4.Friction Welding2.1.5.Induction Welding2.2.Adhesion2.3.Mechanical Bonding3.Surface Treatment3.1.Mechanical Processes3.1.1.Hot Embossing3.1.2.Flocking3.2.Painting and Printing3.2.1.Painting3.2.2.Printing3.3.Wet Chemical Deposition Processes3.3.1.Chemical Deposition3.3.2.Electroplating of Plastics3.4.Physical Deposition Processes3.5.Dry Reactive Processes3.5.1.Surface‐Modifying Processes3.5.2.Coating Processes