bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Administrative Discretion and Environmental Regulation: Agency Substantive Rules and Court Decisions in U.S. Air and Water Quality Policies
Authors: Kochtcheeva Lada V. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe main challenge of the scholarship with administrative discretion is how to reach the appropriate balance between a commitment to legislative preferences and flexibility in regulating diverse targets in constantly changing environments. This article focuses on how regulators and courts interact in influencing the potential for administrative discretion in U.S. environmental policy. It creates an analytical framework highlighting the construction of substantive rules by an agency, the interpretation of agency rulings by courts, capacity of an agency for implementation, and legislative responsiveness to agency rulings. It analyzes several cases of the introduction of incentive‐based economic instruments administered by the Environmental Protection Agency in air and water policies. The cases reveal the intensified and expanded production of substantive regulations by the agency and the trajectory of a struggle in the judiciary to advance both the legislative intent and the substantive goal of protecting the environment in a more cost‐effective and less burdensome way.
Agricultural management, vegetation traits and landscape drive orthopteran and butterfly diversity in a grassland–forest mosaic: a multi‐scale approach
Authors: MARINI LORENZO , FONTANA PAOLO , BATTISTI ANDREA , GASTON KEVIN J. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract.  1. Most ecological processes at the population and community level act on multiple spatial scales. We identified the influence of grassland management, vegetation traits and landscape on orthopteran and butterfly diversity in 44 meadows located in a forest‐dominated region in the Italian Alps. The meadows were sampled in landscapes characterised by different proportions of woody vegetation and grasslands quantified at 11 spatial scales (95–3000 m).2. We applied a multi‐scale approach to investigate the scale‐dependent effects of landscape. Then, we built generalised linear models (Poisson and log‐link function) to test simultaneously vegetation traits and landscape variables on insect species richness.3. High fertilisation and cutting frequency created tall, species‐poor plant communities. This change reduced orthopteran diversity by providing an unsuitable sward structure, and butterfly diversity by creating disturbed plant communities with low species richness and abundance of flowering forbs and host plants.4. The proportion of woody vegetation had a strong positive effect on the richness of both groups at the smallest spatial scale (95 m), indicating the importance of undisturbed vegetation in the surrounding of mown meadows. The effect tended to disappear with increasing spatial extent.5. A multi‐scale approach was necessary to identify the effects of landscape factors in this study system. Conservation measures should endorse the maintenance of species‐rich, sparse and short plant communities by reducing organic fertilisation and cutting frequency. However, these schemes should also promote the presence of undisturbed woody vegetation in the immediate surrounding landscape or at least should prevent the complete mowing of large areas.
Modulation of the sensitivity in Chinese hamster cells to photons and fast neutrons by cisplatin, vinblastine, and bleomycin
Authors: Mokaleng B.B. , Akudugu J.M. 
Published: May 2009

Normal tissue toxicity resulting from chemoradiotherapy is of significant clinical concern. This study used normal Chinese hamster fibroblasts from lung (V79) and ovary (CHO-K1) to assess the modulation of cellular response to photons and neutrons by cisplatin, vinblastine, and bleomycin. Based on the colony formation assay, the drug concentration corresponding to 50% cell survival (EC50) of V79 cells was 1.50 ± 0.21 µmol/L for cisplatin, 0.97 ± 0.06 nmol/L for vinblastine, and 1.68 ± 0.11 µmol/L for bleomycin. The corresponding values for CHO-K1 cells were significantly lower for vinblastine (0.54 ± 0.02 nmol/L) and bleomycin (0.49 ± 0.13 µmol/L), but not for cisplatin (1.57 ± 0.20 µmol/L). No radiosensitivity enhancement was apparent when cells were exposed to p(66)/Be neutrons or photons (60Co γ-rays) in the presence of these drugs at EC50 concentrations. These data suggest that concurrent use of these drugs with radiation for the treatment of lung and ovarian diseases radiation does not exacerbate radiation-induced normal tissue toxicity, regardless of the quality of radiation. The relatively higher sensitivity of the ovarian cells to vinblastine and bleomycin might constitute a limitation in the use of these drugs for the treatment of lung lesions.
Arabic Morphology in the Neural Language System
Authors: Boudelaa Sami , Pulvermüller Friedemann , Hauk Olaf , Shtyrov Yury , Marslen-Wilson William 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThere are two views about morphology, the aspect of language concerned with the internal structure of words. One view holds that morphology is a domain of knowledge with a specific type of neurocognitive representation supported by specific brain mechanisms lateralized to left fronto-temporal cortex. The alternate view characterizes morphological effects as being a by-product of the correlation between form and meaning and where no brain area is predicted to subserve morphological processing per se. Here we provided evidence from Arabic that morphemes do have specific memory traces, which differ as a function of their functional properties. In an MMN study, we showed that the abstract consonantal root, which conveys semantic meaning (similarly to monomorphemic content words in English), elicits an MMN starting from 160 msec after the deviation point, whereas the abstract vocalic word pattern, which plays a range of grammatical roles, elicits an MMN response starting from 250 msec after the deviation point. Topographically, the root MMN has a symmetric fronto-central distribution, whereas the word pattern MMN lateralizes significantly to the left, indicating stronger involvement of left peri-sylvian areas. In languages with rich morphologies, morphemic processing seems to be supported by distinct neural networks, thereby providing evidence for a specific neuronal basis for morphology as part of the cerebral language machinery.
Neuronal Activation for Semantically Reversible Sentences
Authors: Richardson Fiona M. , Thomas Michael S. C. , Price Cathy J. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Semantically reversible sentences are prone to misinterpretation and take longer for typically developing children and adults to comprehend; they are also particularly problematic for those with language difficulties such as aphasia or Specific Language Impairment. In our study, we used fMRI to compare the processing of semantically reversible and nonreversible sentences in 41 healthy participants to identify how semantic reversibility influences neuronal activation. By including several linguistic and nonlinguistic conditions within our paradigm, we were also able to test whether the processing of semantically reversible sentences places additional load on sentence-specific processing, such as syntactic processing and syntactic-semantic integration, or on phonological working memory. Our results identified increased activation for reversible sentences in a region on the left temporal–parietal boundary, which was also activated when the same group of participants carried out an articulation task which involved saying “one, three” repeatedly. We conclude that the processing of semantically reversible sentences places additional demands on the subarticulation component of phonological working memory.
Effects of Historical Urbanization in the Brussels Capital Region on Surface Air Temperature Time Series: A Model Study
Authors: Hamdi R. , Deckmyn A. , Termonia P. , Demarée G. R. , Baguis P. , Vanhuysse S. , Wolff E. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The authors examine the local impact of change in impervious surfaces in the Brussels capital region (BCR), Belgium, on trends in maximum, minimum, and mean temperatures between 1960 and 1999. Specifically, data are combined from remote sensing imagery and a land surface model including state-of-the-art urban parameterization—the Town Energy Balance scheme. To (i) isolate effects of urban growth on near-surface temperature independent of atmospheric circulations and (ii) be able to run the model over a very long period without any computational cost restrictions, the land surface model is run in a stand-alone mode coupled to downscaled 40-yr ECMWF reanalysis data. BCR was considered a lumped urban volume and the rate of urbanization was assessed by estimating the percentage of impervious surfaces from Landsat images acquired for various years. Model simulations show that (i) the annual mean urban bias (AMUB) on minimum temperature is rising at a higher rate (almost 3 times more) than on maximum temperature, with a linear trend of 0.14° and 0.05°C (10 yr)−1, respectively, (ii) the 40-yr AMUB on mean temperature is estimated to be 0.62°C, (iii) 45% of the overall warming trend is attributed to intensifying urban heat island effects rather than to changes in local–regional climate, and (iv) during summertime, a stronger dependence between the increase of urban bias on minimum temperature and the change in percentage of impervious surfaces is found.
XBT Temperature Errors during French Research Cruises (1999–2007)
Authors: Reverdin G. , Marin F. , Bourlès B. , Lherminier P. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Data from French cruises in 1999–2007, a period during which Deep Blue (DB) or T7 expendable bathythermographs (XBTs) were deployed, and for which ancillary temperature data are available in the northeast Atlantic and equatorial Atlantic regions, are examined. There was a total of 16 cruises with XBTs launched between conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) stations; during most of these, as well as during three additional cruises that were also considered, intake temperature was measured. XBT data from two voluntary observing ships in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre for which intake temperature was measured were also investigated. There is an XBT cold bias due to stirring of a stratified upper layer by the ship, resulting in differences between XBT temperatures at 3–5 m and intake measurements. This is most pronounced for midlatitude spring or summer cruises, when it averages about 0.10°C. When these situations are removed, the comparisons clearly indicate positive biases in XBT temperature measurements in 1999–2006, with individual cruise averages generally between 0° and 0.1°C, and a tendency to have larger biases when surface temperature is high. In addition, a positive depth-estimate bias of the XBTs in the upper thermocline (on the order of 4 m) is identified, as well as a depth overestimation through the profile, averaging 1.7% (1.2%) for the equatorial (midlatitude) cruises (with respect to a previously published depth estimate).
A Posteriori Diagnostics in an Ensemble of Perturbed Analyses
Authors: Desroziers Gérald , Berre Loïk , Chabot Vincent , Chapnik Bernard 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Real-size assimilation systems basically rely on estimation theory in which two sources of information, background and observations, are combined in an optimal way. However, the optimality of such large problems is not guaranteed, since they rely on different approximations. The observed values of the subparts of the cost function measuring the distance between the analysis and the two sources of information can be compared to their theoretical statistical expectations. Such a posteriori diagnostics can be used to optimize the statistics of observation and also background errors. Moreover, the expectations of the subparts of the cost function associated with observations are related to the weights of the different sources of observations in the analysis. It is shown that those theoretical statistical expectations are direct by-products of an ensemble of perturbed assimilations.
Impaired cardiac autonomic control relates to disease severity in pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Wensel R. , Jilek C. , Dörr M. , Francis D. P. , Stadler H. , Lange T. , Blumberg F. , Opitz C. , Pfeifer M. , Ewert R. 
Published: May 2009

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) results in chronic right heart failure, which is associated with an increase in sympathetic tone. This may adversely affect cardiac autonomic control. We investigated the changes in cardiac autonomic nervous activity in relation to disease severity in patients with PAH.In 48 patients with PAH (median World Health Organization class III, pulmonary artery pressure 52±14 mmHg, pulmonary vascular resistance 1,202±718 dyn·s·cm−5, cardiac index 2.0±0.8 L·min−1·m−2) and 41 controls, cardiac autonomic nervous activity was evaluated by measurement of heart rate variability (HRV) and baroreflex sensitivity. All patients underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing (peak oxygen uptake 13.2±5.1 mL·kg−1·min−1, minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production slope 47±16).In patients with PAH, spectral power of HRV was reduced in the high-frequency (239±64versus563±167 ms2), low-frequency (245±58versus599±219 ms2) and very low-frequency bands (510±149versus1106±598 ms2; all p<0.05). Baroreflex sensitivity was also blunted (5.8±0.6versus13.9±1.2 ms·mmHg−1; p<0.01). The reduction in high-frequency (r = 0.3, p = 0.04) and low-frequency (r = 0.33, p = 0.02) spectral power and baroreflex sensitivity (r = 0.46, p<0.01) was related to the reduction in peak oxygen uptake.Patients with PAH have a marked alteration in cardiac autonomic control that is related to exercise capacity and may, therefore, serve as an additional marker of disease severity.
Aquaporins: translating bench research to human disease
Authors: Verkman A. S. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThere is considerable potential for translating knowledge of aquaporin structure, function and physiology to the clinic. One area is in aquaporin-based diagnostics. The discovery of AQP4 autoantibodies as a marker of the neuromyelitis optica form of multiple sclerosis has allowed precise diagnosis of this disease. Other aquaporin-based diagnostics are possible. Another area is in aquaporin-based genetics. Genetic diseases caused by loss-of-function mutations in aquaporins include nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and cataracts, and functionally significant aquaporin polymorphisms are beginning to be explored. Perhaps of greatest translational potential is aquaporin-based therapeutics. Information largely from aquaporin knockout mice has implicated key roles of aquaporin-facilitated water transport in transepithelial fluid transport (urinary concentrating, gland fluid secretion), water movement into and out of the brain, cell migration(angiogenesis, tumor metastasis, wound healing) and neural function (sensory signaling, seizures). A subset of aquaporins that transport both water and glycerol, the `aquaglyceroporins', regulate glycerol content in epidermal, fat and other tissues, and are involved in skin hydration, cell proliferation,carcinogenesis and fat metabolism. Aquaporin-based modulator drugs are predicted to be of broad potential utility in the treatment of edematous states, cancer, obesity, wound healing, epilepsy and glaucoma. These exciting possibilities and their associated challenges are reviewed.
Ammonia and urea transporters in gills of fish and aquatic crustaceans
Authors: Weihrauch Dirk , Wilkie Michael P. , Walsh Patrick J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe diversity of mechanisms of ammonia and urea excretion by the gills and other epithelia of aquatic organisms, especially fish and crustaceans, has been studied for decades. Although the decades-old dogma of `aquatic species excrete ammonia' still explains nitrogenous waste excretion for many species,it is clear that there are many mechanistic variations on this theme. Even within species that are ammonoteles, the process is not purely `passive',often relying on the energizing effects of proton and sodium–potassium ATPases. Within the ammonoteles, Rh (Rhesus) proteins are beginning to emerge as vital ammonia conduits. Many fishes are also known to be capable of substantial synthesis and excretion of urea as a nitrogenous waste. In such species, members of the UT family of urea transporters have been identified as important players in urea transport across the gills. This review attempts to draw together recent information to update the mechanisms of ammonia and urea transport by the gills of aquatic species. Furthermore, we point out several potentially fruitful avenues for further research.
Ion uptake and acid secretion in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Hwang Pung-Pung 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARY
Transepithelial transport is one of the major processes involved in the mechanism of homeostasis of body fluids in vertebrates including fish. The current models of ion regulation in fish gill ionocytes have been proposed mainly based on studies in traditional model species like salmon, trout,tilapia, eel and killifish, but the mechanisms are still being debated due to the lack of convincing molecular physiological evidence. Taking advantage of plentiful genetic databases for zebrafish, we studied the molecular/cellular mechanisms of ion regulation in fish skin/gills. In our recently proposed model, there are at least three subtypes of ionocytes in zebrafish skin/gills:Na+–K+-ATPase-rich (NaR),Na+–Cl– cotransporter (NCC) and H+-ATPase-rich (HR) cells. Specific isoforms of transporters and enzymes have been identified as being expressed by these ionocytes: zECaC,zPMCA2 and zNCX1b by NaR cells; zNCC gill form by NCC cells; and zH+-ATPase, zNHE3b, zCA2-like a and zCA15a by HR cells. Serial molecular physiological experiments demonstrated the distinct roles of these ionocytes in the transport of various ions: HR, NaR and NCC cells are respectively responsible for acid secretion/Na+ uptake,Ca2+ uptake and Cl– uptake. The expression,regulation and function of transporters in HR and NaR cells are much better understood than those in NCC cells. The basolateral transport pathways in HR and NCC cells are still unclear, and the driving forces for the operations of apical NHE and NCC are another unresolved issue. Studies on zebrafish skin/gill ionocytes are providing new insights into fish ion-regulatory mechanisms, but the zebrafish model cannot simply be applied to other species because of species differences and a lack of sufficient molecular physiological evidence in other species.
Nature of the Observed Asymmetry in Mössbauer Spectra of Iron (2+) Hexacyanometallates (III)
Authors: Reguera E. , Yee-Madeira H. , Demeshko S. , Eckold G. , Jimenez-Gallegos J. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The material under study belongs to the Prussian blue analogues family, which are coordination compounds with a porous framework appropriate for the storage of small molecules, among them hydrogen. The porous framework results from systematic vacancies for the octahedral building block, [M(CN)6], in a 3D structure. Mössbauer spectroscopy is a powerful tool to obtain structural information on the local environment for the iron nucleus in these materials. Mössbauer spectra of iron (2+) hexacyanometallates (III) show two slightly asymmetric quadrupole splitting doublets. These two doublets correspond to two non-equivalent structural sites for the iron atom in the framework related with a non-random vacancy distribution. The observed asymmetry was ascribed to a vibrational anisotropy for these iron sites. The asymmetry decreases on the sample cooling and for 7 K it practically disappears. The iron atom is found at the cavities surface with a mixed coordination sphere, Fe(NC)6–x
(H2O)
x
. Such anisotropic coordination environment could explain the presence of certain vibrational anisotropy detected as asymmetric quadrupole splitting doublets.
Perceived Racial Discrimination in Health Care: A Comparison of Veterans Affairs and Other Patients
Authors: Hausmann Leslie R. M. , Jeong Kwonho , Bost James E. , Kressin Nancy R. , Ibrahim Said A. 
Published: May 2009

Objectives. We compared rates of perceived racial discrimination in health care settings for veteran and nonveteran patients and for veterans who used the Veterans Affairs health care system and those who did not. Methods. Data were drawn from the 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. We used logistic regression to examine whether perceived racial discrimination in health care was associated with veteran status or use of Veterans Affairs health care, after adjusting for patient characteristics. Results. In this sample of 35 902 people, rates of perceived discrimination were equal for veterans and nonveterans (3.4% and 3.5%, respectively; crude odds ratio [OR] = 1.00; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.77, 1.28; adjusted OR = 0.92; 95% CI = 0.66, 1.28). Among veterans (n = 3420), perceived discrimination was more prevalent among patients who used Veterans Affairs facilities than among those who did not (5.4% vs 2.7%; OR = 2.08; 95% CI = 1.04, 4.18). However, this difference was not significant after adjustment for patient characteristics (OR = 1.30; 95% CI = 0.54, 3.13). Conclusions. Perceived racial discrimination in health care was equally prevalent among veterans and nonveterans and among veterans who used the Veterans Affairs health care system and those who did not.
Stealing a March in the 21st Century: Accelerating Progress in the 100-Year War Against Tobacco Addiction in the United States
Authors: Fiore Michael C. , Baker Timothy B. 
Published: May 2009

Tobacco use in the United States has declined dramatically over the past 50 years, with the prevalence of cigarette smoking falling from about 42% of all adults to less than 20% by 2007. If this rate of decline continues, smoking could be eliminated in the United States by 2047.Framed in military parlance, we may be halfway through a 100-year war against the leading public health killer of our time. We describe factors that have contributed to progress over the last 50 years and identify policy and other initiatives that can contribute to the elimination of tobacco use in the United States.
Comparison of laser lithotripsy and cystotomy for the management of dogs with urolithiasis
Authors: Bevan John M. , Lulich Jody P. , Albasan Hasan , Osborne Carl A. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Objective—To compare efficacy, required resources, and perioperative complications between laser lithotripsy and cystotomy for urolith (ie, urocystoliths and urethroliths) removal in dogs.
Design—Retrospective case-control study.
Animals—66 dogs with urolithiasis treated by laser lithotripsy (case dogs) and 66 dogs with urolithiasis treated by cystotomy (control dogs).
Procedures—Medical records were reviewed. Complete urolith removal rate, resources (ie, duration of hospitalization, procedure time, anesthesia time, procedure cost, and anesthesia cost), and complications (ie, hypotension, hypothermia, incomplete urolith removal, and requirement of an ancillary procedure) were compared between cystotomy group dogs and lithotripsy group dogs.
Results—Duration of hospitalization was significantly shorter for lithotripsy group dogs, compared with cystotomy group dogs. Procedure time was significantly shorter for cystotomy group dogs, compared with lithotripsy group dogs. Cost of anesthesia was significantly less for cystotomy group dogs, compared with lithotripsy group dogs. No significant differences were found between cystotomy group dogs and lithotripsy group dogs with regard to urolith removal rate, procedure cost, anesthesia time, or any of the evaluated complications.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Laser lithotripsy is a minimally invasive procedure that has been shown to be safe and effective in the removal of urocystoliths and urethroliths in dogs. No significant differences were found in the required resources or complications associated with laser lithotripsy, compared with cystotomy, for removal of uroliths from the lower portions of the urinary tract of dogs. Laser lithotripsy is a suitable, minimally invasive alternative to surgical removal of urethroliths and urocystoliths in dogs.