bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soil classification based on unsupervised learning using cone penetration test data
Authors: Zhang Jinzhang , Mao Zhiyang , Huang Hongwei , Zhang Dongming 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Borehole data obtained during geological surveys are the most essential source for understanding soil stratification. It is a prerequisite to know the soil classes up to some depths prior to any construction. However, the direct method to identify the soil classes by drilling boreholes and testing soil samples is costly. A cost-effective alternative is the Cone Penetration Testing (CPT), which is one of the most popular soil investigation methods. This paper explores the intelligent classification of soil layers based on CPT data using three unsupervised machine learning methods: K-means, Gaussian Mixture Process, and BIRCH. The research investigates the classification performance of different models in scenarios with 2 combinations, 3 combinations, 4 combinations, and 5 combinations. The results indicate that the Gaussian Mixture Process method exhibits the best classification performance, followed by the BIRCH method, while K-means performs relatively poorly. Using unsupervised learning for intelligent soil layer classification offers a fast and clear process, but the accuracy still requires further improvement. This study provides a valuable reference for future soil classification studies.
Microfluidic chips for microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation: Advantages, challenges, and insights
Authors: Wang Yuze , Wu Qinghua , Chen Hongyu 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) has garnered significant attention as a biomineralization process with diverse applications spanning from construction to environmental remediation. To propel MICP research and deepen our comprehension of MICP mechanisms, microfluidic chips have emerged as potent tools offering precise control over environmental parameters and real-time observations. Herein, we explore the benefits and challenges associated with employing microfluidic chips as a platform for investigating MICP. The advantages of microfluidic chips lie in their capacity to create controlled microenvironments conducive to emulating specific conditions crucial for MICP. The high-throughput nature of these devices accelerates experimentation by facilitating simultaneous testing of various microbial strains and nutrient compositions. Throughout the MICP process, observations were made on the behaviors of both bacterial cells and CaCO3 cementation. The inherent reduction in reagent consumption offered by microfluidics is both cost-effective and environmentally friendly. However, scaling up from microscale findings to practical applications necessitates careful consideration. Fully replicating the three-dimensional complexity and heterogeneous structures of the soil matrix, which influence microbial behavior, mineral distribution, and overall precipitation dynamics, using microfluidic chips remains challenging. Additionally, certain environmental complexities, including macroscopic soil components such as organic matter and various particle types, which significantly affect microbial activities and mineral precipitation patterns, may be difficult to replicate in microfluidic setups. However, microfluidic chips stand as invaluable tools for advancing MICP research. By addressing the advantages and disadvantages outlined here, researchers can harness the capabilities of microfluidic systems to unravel the intricacies of MICP, ultimately bridging the gap between fundamental understanding and real-world applications.
Approaching road design from a sustainability perspective
Authors: Dagenais T L , Chatterjee A K , Pokharel S K , Breault M 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The construction industry began emphasizing the three major pillars of sustainable development after the 1987 Brundtland Report. Sustainable design methodologies focus on life-cycle costs and the associated impacts of construction, operation, and maintenance. Maintaining road infrastructure accounts for a significant portion of the development budget owing to recurring costs, construction, and material extraction, while also resulting in other difficulties for the society. Poor road quality induce increased cost of living and degraded quality of life. Owing to front-end costs, road owners are typically motivated to pursue designs focused on the project’s initial cost. This is primarily attributable to a lack of understanding of sustainable development parameters. Life cycle cost attempts to quantify the environmental costs of sustainable construction. However, societal factors have been generally ignored. Currently, road section design is open to the designers’ choice of conventional unreinforced sections or a wide variety of planar and three-dimensional geosynthetic reinforcements. This study defined quantitative and scaled qualitative measures for designing road infrastructure using a sustainable approach. The methodology was explained using a full-scale real-life road project.
Influence on the surrounding vegetation’s spatiotemporal changes by Jinping II Hydropower Station
Authors: Jiao Y , Yan Y 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The Jinping II Hydropower Station, located near Jinping Mountain, is a strategically significant hydropower project. The construction and operation of this project have impacted the surrounding ecological environment. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is widely used in remote sensing and serves as a crucial parameter for assessing vegetation health and ecological vitality. Through quantitative analysis using Sen’s slope and the Mann-Kendall non-parametric test on NDVI, we gained a deeper understanding of the impact of hydropower station construction on the surrounding vegetation. The primary objective of this study was to systematically investigate the spatiotemporal variations in NDVI before, during, and after the construction of the Jinping II Hydropower Station. The research findings contribute to the formulation of strategies aimed at mitigating potential adverse effects on the environment while promoting the region’s sustainable development goals.
Research on the Equivalent Criterion for Ratios of Safety Margin in Terms of the Factor of Safety and the Reliability Index Under Lognormal Distribution
Authors: Zhang J , Luo C , Li X S 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The ratio of safety margin is the bridge between deterministic design and reliability design. However, the equivalence criterion between the ratios of safety margin in terms of the factor of safety (FOS) and the reliability index is ambiguous. This paper considers the traditional and reliability-based design method at the same safety level. A general form of the FOS following lognormal distribution is adopted. It was found that the variability of FOS is affected by the normalized gradient and the coefficient of variation of random variable. The ratios of safety margin in terms of the FOS and the reliability index are equivalent in the specific project if the normalized gradient does not vary with the design parameters. The feasibility of applying the ratio of safety margin may be increased in engineering practice.
Experimental behavior of piggy-backed anchors in cohesionless soils
Authors: Lai Y , Yang M , Chen C , Zhu B , Chen Y 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
As the offshore wind platform ventured into deep water, improving anchor efficiency has become the main focus of foundation design. Plate anchors are attractive options due to factors such as high anchor efficiency and low cost. Appropriately attaching two plate anchors improves the total capacity of the piggy-backed anchors configuration, and generally, this capacity is greater than twice the capacity of an individual anchor. This paper presents the centrifuge drag embedment tests of an individual drag embedment anchor (DEA) and the piggy-backed DEAs in cohesionless soil. The piggy-backed configuration with the spacing between the two anchors at three fluke lengths and an attachment point at the back of the fluke can improve the anchor total capacity. The main reason is that a deeper penetration of the back anchor and the steeper pitch of the front anchor facilitate both anchors to dive deeper.
Digital twin-based quantification of carbon emission from foundation pit construction: A case study of a station in Shanghai Metro
Authors: Lai W , Hu R , Qin J , Pan Y , Chen J-J 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This study focused on achieving the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goal. A carbon emission calculation method based on the entire process of excavation construction and the emission factor method for the foundation pit construction of a metro station was proposed. This method facilitated quantitative calculation of total carbon emissions in metro foundation pit engineering, which was then incorporated into a self-designed digital twin platform to drive sustainability efforts. The proposed calculation approach was verified in the foundation pit of Huangpi South Road Station (Shanghai Metro Line No. 14). (1) The pit construction process of the targeted metro station emitted 127,439t of carbon dioxide equivalent. (2) From the material perspective, reinforcing steel and concrete accounted for a significant proportion of the overall carbon emissions. Whereas, from the construction perspective, the engineering process of supporting structures accounted for a considerable proportion of the carbon emissions. (3) A comparative analysis of different construction zones revealed that the carbon emissions during the construction stage of the metro pit project were closely related to the amount of earthwork and size of the deep excavation engineering. Practically, the discovered knowledge of carbon emission characteristics can be visualized in a digital twin.
Advanced geospatial modeling and statistical evaluation of heterogenous geotechnical facets at multiple depths using the improved formulation of modified Shepard IDW algorithm
Authors: Ijaz Zain , Zhao Cheng , Ijaz Nauman , Rehman Zia ur , Ijaz Aashan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A formidable challenge in geology and geotechnics is the significant spatial heterogeneity in the subsoil characteristics in fine-scale grids. To mitigate this problem, geotechnical data is integrated as geotechnical soil maps (GSMs), which uses sophisticated interpolation techniques and provides an advanced understanding and accurate depiction of subsurface variability. This study uses an improved formulation of inverse distance weighting (IDW) algorithm based on modified Shepard method, integrated with the Google Earth Engine platform. The prediction efficiencies of GSMs and traditional IDW algorithm are statistically evaluated and compared, considering heterogeneous geotechnical facets at multiple depths in an unexplored region. Pertinent geotechnical properties including soil type, plasticity index, and standard penetration test were considered to evaluate the algorithm performance based on critical performance metrics. The results demonstrate that the improved formulation of the IDW algorithm is more relevant to field values and tends to align with Tobler's first law of geography by inducing a smooth transition rather than a disruptive trend owing to high geotechnical variability. The prediction accuracy increased by 10 – 20% compared to the traditional IDW algorithm. This study demonstrates and promotes the use of an improved formulation of the modified IDW algorithm considering its better accuracy and relevance to field value
Voronoi-based 3D phase field model and numerical simulations of granite crack propagation
Authors: Wang Changhao , Zhao Cheng , Xing Jinquan , Chen Huiguan , Sun Zeyuan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The distribution of mineral grains within underground rocks and materials is crucial for understanding geological processes and the stability of engineering structures. However, numerical simulation methods that consider 3D mineral particles are still immature. This study presents a 3D phase-field fracture model of mineral grains based on Voronoi polygons, making some beneficial attempts in this regard. The phase-field method does not rely on mesh reconstruction or crack path tracking and can simulate complex crack propagation behavior. Meanwhile, the Voronoi polygon can better describe the microscopic structure of rock with grain boundaries. Rooted in Voronoi polygons, this model efficiently captures the complex geometric shapes of mineral grains and accurately characterizes their positions, shapes, and sizes. Therefore, this study combines Voronoi polygons to establish a 3D phase-field model. Through two numerical simulation cases, the model demonstrates its effectiveness in simulating the impact of three-dimensional mineral grains on crack propagation behavior, showing that cracks tend to propagate at the boundaries or inside softer mineral grains. The modeling approach proposed in this paper has good reference value for numerical simulation studies considering the microscopic structure of rocks.
Cyclic response of laterally loaded pile after storm loading
Authors: Wang Huan , He Ben , Wang Lizhong , Hong Yi 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Offshore wind farms in China are in tropical cyclone zones, where typhoons or tropical revolving storms will pass through every year and can produce huge loads on the offshore wind turbines. Therefore, the stability of OWT foundations after storm loading is critical to ensure the safe operation and design life of turbines. While monopile is the most used foundation type for offshore wind, little studies exist on the cyclic response of monopile after storm loading. To fill the gap, this study presents a unique centrifuge and numerical study on the cyclic deflection response of monopile in medium dense sand after extreme storm loading. The centrifuge test was performed at 100g on a typical monopile with a prototype diameter (D) and embedded depth (L) of 4 m and 60 m, respectively. Finite element (FE) simulations using the advanced hypoplastic model for sand were performed to back-analyze the centrifuge test and provide further insights into the test results. From the centrifuge test, a unique “self-healing” beahviour of monopile was observed for the first time, where the foundation exhibited a deflection recovery response and tilted back to its initial position under the small amplitude cyclic load after the storm loading. This “self-healing” beahviour was also replicated by the FE model. By looking into the computed pile-soil interaction and soil element states around the pile, it was found that the “self-healing” response is attributed to the lock-in bending moment after the storm loading. This “lock-in” bending moment generated significant compressive horizontal stress on the soil elements behind the pile and produced more compressive strain under cyclic loading. As a result, the pile exhibited the “self-healing” response and tilted back against the loading direction.
Preface to the Proceedings of the 5th European Academic Symposium on EAF Steelmaking
Authors: Visuri V-V , Echterhof T 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The European Academic Symposium on EAF Steelmaking (EASES) is a series of events targeted at researchers and doctoral candidates working with different aspects of electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking. Previously, four events were organised in 2015, 2016, 2018, and 2021 in Aachen, Germany. The 5th European Academic Symposium on EAF Steelmaking (EASES 2023) was organised jointly by the RWTH Aachen University (Department for Industrial Furnaces and Heat Engineering) and University of Oulu (Process Metallurgy Research Unit) and held at the University of Oulu in Oulu, Finland on 5-7 June 2023. A total of 29 presentations were held at the event, out of which 13 featured an accompanying full paper. After the symposium, the authors of the full papers were invited to submit their manuscripts to be included in the proceedings. The proceedings consist of a total of 12 peer-reviewed papers published in the IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Based on the presentations, the development of modelling and monitoring tools for process optimization, the use of biochar to replace fossil carbon for slag foaming, and the use of hydrogen as an alternative burner fuel were identified as current hot topics. In the future, the importance of the EAF process is expected to increase further due to the increasing availability of scrap and plans for ore-based production routes based on hydrogen direct reduction.
An In-Situ Analysis Method in EAF and BOF Steelmaking
Authors: Mitas B , Pauna H , Feldbacher J , Schenk J 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
An analysis was conducted to gage the feasibility of using a spectroscopic method to determine the chemical composition of the liquid metal phase in EAF and BOF steelmaking. The hypothesis that certain radiation intensities found in UV- and UV-near regions of an spectrum emitted from the hot-spot in the BOF or the impingement area of oxyfuel burners in EAF steelmaking can be used for analysing the chemical components present in the liquid metal is tested. Significant lab-scale experiment results and the conclusions regarding industrial scale implementation are presented.
Manipulation of the leaching behaviour of high-alloyed steel EAF slags through the particle size modulation
Authors: Mombelli D , Dall’Osto G , Cozzo S , Mapelli C 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The safe disposal of EAF slag have become crucial due the environmental and health protection regulations. Its direct reuse is hampered by the possible release of toxic elements into the surrounding environment over time. Specifically, EAF slag from high-alloyed steel production could potentially release toxic metals (e.g., Ba, Cr, Mo and V). Currently, the assessment of leaching behaviour is carried out according to the EN 12457:2002 standard, which generically specify that the material should not be finely ground, limiting the particle size as much as possible. However, no guidance is given on reducing particle size and handling fine fractions, which could lead to manipulation of data and variability of results. In this work six different fractions (from <4 mm to <63 μm) of EAF slag from high-alloyed steel production were investigated. X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy and selective C2S dissolution were used to correlate the leaching behaviour with particle size and identify which mineral can alters the release of specific toxic elements. The pH of the water was measured immediately after filtration, and the solution was analysed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry. In addition, five mixtures were prepared using different mass fractions of the six granular fractions with the aim of unbalancing the mixtures toward coarser or finer fractions, respectively. All the mixtures were subjected to leaching under the same previous conditions and analysed to evaluate the behaviour of the different blended fractions. To investigate the predictability of the leaching behaviour of the mixtures, the experimental results were compared with the values predicted by a theoretical model calibrated using the results obtained from the leaching results of the six particle size fractions. The investigation showed that the leaching behaviour is negatively affected by the particle size reduction, mainly due to the increase of surface-to-volume ratio, which increases the dissolution rate. Similarly, the mass fraction of the main crystalline phases that regulate leaching (unstable spinels, brownmillerite and larnite) is also correlated with the change in particle size. Consequently, the leaching results for the mixtures highlighted a critical aspect contained in the European standard. Even small changes in particle size can lead to different concentrations of toxic metals in leachates, which can then be manipulated to achieve the desired result.
Application of hydrogen operated burners in the electric arc furnace
Authors: Schüttensack L , Reinicke A , Echterhof T 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The steel making industry has one of the highest carbon dioxide emissions worldwide. The recycling route with the electric arc furnace (EAF) as the central aggregate emits less carbon dioxide in comparison to the blast furnace. Still, the EAF offers high potential for a reduction of the carbon dioxide emissions. One possibility is the substitution of natural gas by hydrogen in the auxiliary burners of the EAF. This substitution is investigated and analysed using a dynamic EAF process model. The model is able to simulate the combustion of natural gas as well as hydrogen. The differences in the operating conditions and properties by the hydrogen operated burners can be analysed in the results of the EAF process model.
Effects of synthesis conditions on particle size and pore size of spherical mesoporous silica
Authors: Xu Shu , Meng Xiaohui , Zhang Bokai , Li Shanshan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The particle size and pore size of spherical mesoporous silica materials play significant roles in their application. However, relatively limited systematic research has been conducted on how preparation conditions influence these properties. In particular, the effects of some important factors have not been adequately studied, including reaction time, reaction temperature, and organic solvent type. In this work, octane and water were used as solvents, and tetraethyl orthosilicate was used as the silicon source to systematically study the effects of reaction time, reaction temperature, different organic solvents, octane/water mass ratio, styrene template concentration, and surfactant (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB)/H2O mass ratio on the particle morphology, particle size, and pore size of silica. The results suggest that the above-mentioned neglected factors exert a substantial influence on both particle size and pore size. In the experimental temperature range, the pore diameter decreases and the particle size increases with increasing temperature. The maximum particle size and pore size are achieved after a reaction time of 3 h, and a further increase in reaction time leads to a smaller particle size and pore size. As the number of carbon atoms in the organic solvent decreases, the pore size also gradually increases. Styrene and organic solvents that dissolve in CTAB micelles are crucial factors in pore formation, while the aggregation of the swollen CTAB micelles influences the particle size. The changes in the pore structure stability and hydroxyl density of the synthesized samples in water were also studied. After undergoing water treatment at temperatures ranging from 20 to 60 °C for 72 h, both the pore structure and morphology remain relatively unchanged. When the temperature increases, the surface hydroxyl density exhibits a more pronounced increase in the presence of water. After water treatment for 5 h, the surface hydroxyl density reaches saturation.