bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vers une histoire de l'adoption internationale en France
Authors: Denéchère Yves 
Published: April 2009

Résumé Au-delà d’une actualité trop souvent sensationnelle, l’adoption d’enfants étrangers en France a donné lieu au récent rapport Colombani (mars 2008) qui propose de faire évoluer cette pratique. Un regard rétrospectif sur ce phénomène, développé essentiellement à partir des années 1970, est également essentiel. À la différence de nombreuses sciences humaines et sociales s’intéressant à l’adoption, l’historiographie française s’est peu penchée sur ce fait sociétal complexe. Pourtant des archives et des témoignages, nécessaires au travail de l’historien, existent. L’adoption internationale met en relation de nombreux acteurs : postulants à l’adoption, associations, États, organisations internationales qui développent leur propre logique peu ou prou complémentaire ou conflictuelle avec celles des autres protagonistes. L’étude de ces différentes logiques, constamment en interaction et en évolution, constitue une approche historique intéressante de l’adoption internationale en France.
L'Unesco aujourd'hui
Authors: Maurel Chloé 
Published: April 2009

Résumé L’Unesco, qui a fêté en 2005 son 60 e anniversaire, semble depuis plusieurs années en perte de vitesse. Elle n’apparaît plus comme un leader dans le domaine de l’action culturelle, éducative, scientifique au niveau international. Cet échec s’explique par la lourdeur et l’opacité de son fonctionnement administratif, l’irrationalité de ses choix budgétaires, et surtout par son manque d’indépendance politique par rapport aux États qui la financent le plus. Cependant, après le retour des États-Unis en son sein en 2002, l’entrée en vigueur – en mars 2007 – de la Convention sur la protection et la promotion de la diversité des expressions culturelles, négociée et signée à l’Unesco, laisse s’interroger sur un possible regain du rôle de cette institution. Le cadre de l’Unesco, imposé non sans peine face à d’autres instances comme l’OMC, constitue une tentative réussie de remettre aux mains de cet organisme des domaines qui sont de sa compétence mais qui, au fil des années, ont eu tendance à lui échapper.
Beg-an-Fry, un Solutré maritime ?
Authors: Gourlay Patrick 
Published: April 2009

Résumé Les socialistes bretons se réunissent chaque année à Beg-an-Fry (Finistère), sur un lieu qui incarnait depuis la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale la résistance à l’occupant. Ce rituel, unique en Bretagne, entend honorer la mémoire de François Mitterrand dans une région qui fut pourtant longtemps dominée par les rocardiens. Comment s’est faite la construction de ce lieu de mémoire sur le site où François Mitterrand avait débarqué en février 1944 à son retour d’Angleterre ? Lui-même y a contribué par ses visites et ses évocations dans la presse et dans ses ouvrages. Il a ainsi produit les « matériaux » d’un futur culte posthume. Cette captation mémorielle, qui fit entrer Beg-an-Fry dans la Mitterrandie, est reprise par le parti socialiste. Mais de quelle mémoire parle-t-on : celle du résistant, du chef de parti ou du président de la République ? C’est la question du rapport entre histoire, mémoire et politique qui est ainsi posée.
Performance analysis of velocity–pressure smoothing for direction‐of‐arrival estimation of coherent signals
Authors: Xu Yougen , Liu Zhiwen 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn this paper, we consider the problem of direction‐of‐arrival (DOA) estimation of coherent signals by using a number of identically oriented acoustic vector‐sensors, wherein source decorrelation can be achieved by velocity–pressure smoothing. We examine the effect of velocity–pressure smoothing on the performance of MUSIC‐type methods in terms of the overall root mean‐square errors (RMSE) of DOA estimates. The closed‐form expression for the overall RMSE is derived and analyzed. We also compare velocity–pressure smoothing with the conventional spatial smoothing technique. Simulation results are given to confirm the analyses. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthetic Applications of Laccase in Green Chemistry
Authors: Witayakran Suteera , Ragauskas Arthur J. 
Published: April 2009

Abstractmagnified imageLaccases (benzenediol:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.10.3.2), multi‐copper‐containing oxidoreductase enzymes, are able to catalyze the oxidation of various low‐molecular weight compounds, specifically, phenols and anilines, while concomitantly reducing molecular oxygen to water. Because of their high stability, selectivity for phenolic substructures, and mild reaction conditions, laccases are attractive for fine chemical synthesis. This review provides a discussion of the recent applications of this interesting enzyme in synthetic chemistry, including laccase and laccase‐mediator catalyzed reactions. In addition, the review also includes a brief discussion of the distribution of laccase in nature, enzyme structure, and the catalytic mechanism which are of relevance to their applications as biocatalysts.
Ruthenium‐Mediated Oxidation under Buffered Conditions: A Simple and Useful Protocol for the Synthesis of Norbornyl α‐Diketones with Acid Sensitive Functionalities
Authors: Khan Faiz Ahmed , Sudheer Ch. 
Published: April 2009

Abstractmagnified imageThe supported ruthenium‐catalyzed oxidation of the 1,2‐dihaloalkene moiety in tetrahalonorbornyl derivatives possessing acid labile functionalities to afford the corresponding α‐diketones is demonstrated. The protocol was successfully applied in the synthesis of a cyclopenta‐annulated δ‐lactone derived from D‐mannitol.
No place like home: Testosterone responses to victory depend on game location
Authors: Carré Justin M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSeveral studies have demonstrated that a variety of factors influence testosterone responses to competitive interactions. This study examined the extent to which game location would influence testosterone responses to human competition. Male amateur ice hockey players (n = 10) provided saliva samples before and after competing against the same opponent on two separate occasions (one game at home and one game away). Although both games resulted in similar victories, the home victory was associated with a significantly larger rise in testosterone concentrations relative to the away victory. The factors responsible for the different testosterone responses are not known, however, it is possible that a rise in status in front of the home crowd is more rewarding to athletes, and thus, a more potent stimulus for the endocrine system. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is puberty starting earlier in urban South Africa?
Authors: Jones Laura L. , Griffiths Paula L. , Norris Shane A. , Pettifor John M. , Cameron Noël 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAge at the initation of pubertal development was estimated for 401 Black (212 boys) and 206 White (100 boys) urban South African adolescents born in Soweto‐Johannesburg in 1990. Average age at the initation of puberty, assessed by age at the transition from Tanner Stage 1 to Tanner Stage 2 for breast/genitalia or pubic hair development ranged between 9.8 and 10.5 years. There were no statistically significant differences in age at initiation between genders or ethnic groups. Age at the initation of pubertal development has remained stable over the last 10 to 15 years, with the exception of pubic hair in boys which has declined on average 1.3 years over a decade. There is evidence to suggest that the tempo of pubertal maturation is increasing in girls born in the Soweto‐Johannesburg area, however, the evidence is less clear for boys. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association study of PDE4B gene variants in scandinavian schizophrenia and bipolar disorder multicenter case–control samples
Authors: Kähler Anna K. , Otnæss Mona K. , Wirgenes Katrine V. , Hansen Thomas , Jönsson Erik G. , Agartz Ingrid , Hall Håkan , Werge Thomas , Morken Gunnar , Mors Ole , Mellerup Erling , Dam Henrik , Koefod Pernille , Melle Ingrid , Steen Vidar M. , Andreassen Ole A. , Djurovic Srdjan 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B), which is involved in cognitive function in animal models, is a candidate susceptibility gene for schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BP). Variations in PDE4B have previously been associated with SZ, with a suggested gender‐specific effect. We have genotyped and analyzed 40 and 72 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (tagSNPs) in SZ and BP multicenter samples, respectively, from the Scandinavian Collaboration on Psychiatric Etiology (SCOPE), involving 837 SZ cases and 1,473 controls plus 594 BP cases and 1,421 partly overlapping controls. Six and 16 tagSNPs were nominally associated (0.0005 ≤ P ≤ 0.05) with SZ and BP, respectively, in the combined samples or in gender‐specific subgroups. None of these findings remained significant after correction for multiple testing. However, a number of tagSNPs found to be nominally associated with SZ and BP were located in a high LD region spanning the splice site of PDE4B3, an isoform with altered brain expression in BP patients. Four tagSNPs were associated with SZ in women, but none in men, in agreement with the previously reported gender‐specific effect. Proxies of two nominally associated SNPs in the SZ sample were also associated with BP, but the genotypic effect (i.e., homozygosity for the minor allele), pointed in opposite directions. Finally, four SNPs were found to be associated with Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) positive symptom scores in a subgroup of SZ patients (n = 153) or SZ female patients (n = 70). Further studies are needed to evaluate the implicated PDE4B region of interest, for potential involvement in SZ and BP susceptibility. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heritability of age of onset of psychosis in schizophrenia
Authors: Hare Elizabeth , Glahn David C. , Dassori Albana , Raventos Henriette , Nicolini Humberto , Ontiveros Alfonso , Medina Rolando , Mendoza Rick , Jerez Alvaro , Muñoz Rodrigo , Almasy Laura , Escamilla Michael A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSchizophrenia is a genetically complex illness with heterogeneous clinical presentation, including variable age of onset. In this study, the heritability, or proportion of variation in age of onset of psychotic symptoms due to genetic factors, was estimated using a maximum likelihood method. The subjects were 717 members of families with more than one member affected with schizophrenia from Mexican and Central American populations. Age of onset of psychosis was determined by best‐estimate consensus diagnosis based on the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies, Family Interview for Genetic Studies, and each subject's medical records. Mean age of onset was 21.44 years (SD 8.07); 20.55 years for males (SD 6.90), and 22.67 for females (SD 9.34). Variance components were estimated using a polygenic model in the SOLAR software package. The sex of the participant was a significant covariate (P = 0.010) accounting for 0.02 of the total variance in age of onset. The heritability of age of onset of psychosis was 0.33 (SE = 0.09; P = 0.00004). These findings suggest that genetic factors significantly contribute to the age of onset of psychotic symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia and that sex influences this trait as well. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brief communication: Noninvasive measuring of operational tongue length in callitrichids
Authors: Heymann Eckhard W. , von der Lage Foelke 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCallitrichids use their tongue in various social, ecological, and hygienic contexts. Using a noninvasive measuring device, we obtained data on the operational tongue length (OTL) in seven species from the family Callitrichidae. OTL (defined as the maximum tongue extension into the device) varied significantly between species and the width of the device, but did not correlate with mandible length; it is smaller in relation to mandible length in Leontopithecus chrysomelas compared to species from the genera Saguinus and Callithrix. Current information does not allow concluding which of the various functions of the tongue is selecting for tongue length. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Technical note: Prediction of sex based on five skull traits using decision analysis (CHAID)
Authors: Stevenson Joan C. , Mahoney Eldon R. , Walker Phillip L. , Everson Phillip M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractOsteologists commonly assess the sex of skeletal remains found in forensic and archaeological contexts based on ordinal scores of subjectively assessed sexually dimorphic traits. Using known‐sex samples, logistic regression (LR) discriminant functions have been recently developed, which allow sex probabilities to be determined. A limitation of LR is that it emphasizes main effects and not interactions. Chi‐square automatic interaction detection (CHAID) is an alternative classification strategy that emphasizes the information in variable interactions and uses decision trees to maximize the probability of correct sex determinations. We used CHAID to analyze the predictive value of the 31 possible combinations of five sexually dimorphic skull traits that Walker used previously to develop logistic regression sex determination equations. The samples consisted of 304 individuals of known sex of English, African American, and European American origin. Based on practical considerations, selection criteria for the best sex predictive trait combinations (SPTCs) were set at accuracies for both sexes of 75% or greater and sex biases lower than 5%. Although several of the trees meeting these criteria were produced for the English and European American samples, none met them for the African American sample. In the series of out‐of‐sample tests we performed, the trees from the English and combined sample of all groups predicted best. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sex differences in anthropoid mandibular canine lateral enamel formation
Authors: Guatelli‐Steinberg Debbie , Ferrell Rebecca J. , Spence Jennifer , Talabere Tiffany , Hubbard Amelia , Schmidt Stacey 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPrevious research has demonstrated that great ape and macaque males achieve large canine crown sizes primarily through extended canine growth periods. Recent work has suggested, however, that platyrrhine males may achieve larger canine sizes by accelerating rather than prolonging growth. This study tested the hypothesis that the ontogenetic pathway leading to canine sexual dimorphism in catarrhines differs from that of platyrrhines. To test this hypothesis, males and females of several catarrhine genera (Hylobates, Papio, Macaca, Cercopithecus, and Cercocebus) and three platyrrhine genera (Cebus, Ateles, and Callicebus) were compared in the number and spacing of perikymata (enamel growth increments) on their canine crowns. In addition, perikymata periodicities (the number of days of growth perikymata represent) were determined for five genera (Hylobates, Papio, Macaca, Cebus, and Ateles) using previously published as well as original data gathered for this study. The central findings are as follows: 1) males have more perikymata than females for seven of eight genera (in five of the seven, the differences are statistically significant); 2) in general, the greater the degree of sexual dimorphism, the greater the sex difference in male and female perikymata numbers; 3) there is no evidence of a systematic sex difference in primate periodicities; and 4) there is some evidence that sex differences in enamel formation rates may make a minor contribution to canine sexual dimorphism in Papio and Cercopithecus. These findings strongly suggest that in both catarrhines and platyrrhines prolongation of male canine growth is the primary mechanism by which canine crown sexual dimorphism is achieved. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aktuelle Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der anorganischen Leuchtstoffe
Authors: Höppe Henning A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractEnergiesparen ist angesagt! Eine Steigerung der Energieffizienz ermöglichen neue anorganische lumineszierende Materialien, wie sie in Displays und weißen Leuchtdioden (Bild: Farbdiagramm; Mischung der drei Emissionen A–C liefert beliebige Farbtöne innerhalb des Dreiecks) zum Einsatz kommen. In Hg‐freien Leuchtstoffröhren könnten sie einen Beitrag zum Umweltschutz leisten; außerdem liefern sie bessere Szintillatoren für die medizinische Diagnose.magnified imageAngesichts knapp werdender Rohstoffe und des zu erwartenden Klimawandels lässt sich unser Lebensstandard nur durch eine signifikante Steigerung der Energieeffizienz erhalten. Sehr viel Energie wird zur Beleuchtung oder beim Betrieb von Bildschirmen aufgewendet. Herausforderungen sind somit die Entwicklung sparsamer Leuchtmittel, wie weiße Leuchtdioden, und möglichst effizienter Bildschirmkonzepte. Die Nutzung der Sonnenenergie gelingt über Solarzellen, deren Effizienz sich deutlich verbessern muss. Einen Beitrag hierzu könnten spezielle Leuchtstoffe leisten, die zusätzlich die Stromerzeugung aus Wärmestrahlung ermöglichen. Eine weitere wichtige Anwendungsmöglichkeit findet sich bei bildgebenden medizinischen Untersuchungsverfahren, die effiziente und empfindliche Detektoren erfordern, um Patienten zu schonen. Bei der Lösung dieser zentralen Fragen stehen vielversprechende Seltenerdionen‐dotierte anorganische Festkörperverbindungen im Zentrum der Forschungsaktivitäten.
Kern‐Schale‐Nanokatalysatoren durch adsorbatinduzierte Oberflächensegregation
Authors: Mayrhofer Karl J. J. , Juhart Viktorija , Hartl Katrin , Hanzlik Marianne , Arenz Matthias 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPlatin wird an die Oberfläche gelockt: Die Oberflächenzusammensetzung von Pt3Co‐Katalysatorpartikeln auf einem Kohlenstoffträger verändert sich durch die Behandlung mit CO. Pt‐Atome wandern an die Oberfläche, sodass Nanopartikel mit einer Pt‐Schale um einen Legierungskern entstehen (siehe Schema). Dieser modifizierte Katalysator ist in der Sauerstoffreduktion aktiver als ein reiner Pt‐Katalysator und die unbehandelten Legierungspartikel.magnified image
One‐Pot, Direct Incorporation of [11C]CO2 into Carbamates
Authors: Hooker Jacob M. , Reibel Achim T. , Hill Sidney M. , Schueller Michael J. , Fowler Joanna S. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWarum kompliziert? Eine technisch einfache und milde Reaktion, die auf der direkten Fixierung von 11CO2 mit 1,8‐Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐en (DBU) beruht, ermöglicht die Synthese von 11C‐markierten Carbamaten bei 75 °C innerhalb von 10 min in radiochemischen Ausbeuten über 70 % (siehe Schema). Dieses Vorgehen sollte eine große Hilfe bei der Erzeugung von radioaktiven Markern für die Positronenemissionstomographie und andere Anwendungen sein.magnified image
Recent Developments in the Field of Inorganic Phosphors
Authors: Höppe Henning A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractEnergy efficiency is in! New inorganic luminescent materials can help to increase energy efficiency when used in plasma display panels and white‐light‐emitting diodes (see color diagram; mixing the three emissions A–C produces any given point within the triangle). In mercury‐free fluorescent lamps these phosphors might contribute to environmental protection, and they provide better scintillation materials for medical diagnostics.magnified imageBecause fossil fuels are becoming scarce and because of the expected climate change, our standard of living can only be maintained by a significant increase in energy efficiency. Large amounts of energy are consumed for lighting and during operation of displays. Thus, the targets are the development of economical light sources like white‐light‐emitting diodes and display panels with enhanced efficiency. Solar energy is converted into electricity by solar cells, and their efficiency must be improved considerably. A possible contribution might be delivered by phosphors which allow the conversion of thermal radiation into electrical energy. Although the target of energy efficiency is very important, we must not overlook that medical imaging diagnostic methods require efficient and sensitive detectors. For the solution of these central questions, inorganic solid‐state materials doped with rare‐earth ions are very promising and are therefore in the focus of current research activities.
How Much Water Does Calcined Gypsum Contain?
Authors: Weiss Horst , Bräu Michael F. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractOrdered water: Gypsum has been used for construction for millennia. The structure and water content of calcined gypsum, CaSO4⋅0.5 H2O, has been under discussion until now: single‐crystal structure analysis (see picture: S yellow, Ca gray, O blue, H red) provides an ordered model that is confirmed by DFT calculations.magnified image
Rapid bending of a nonliquid crystal azobenzene polymer film and characteristics of surface relief grating
Authors: Zhang Chaohui , Zhao Xiaogang , Chao Danming , Lu Xiaofeng , Chen Chunhai , Wang Ce , Zhang Wanjin 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA nonliquid crystal polymer was prepared by introducing the azobenzene group into the main chain of the poly(amic acid). The polymer film can be easily prepared by a general method. The obtained film exhibits a high bending intensity and shows fast bending response and a very large bending angle (reach of 90°) at room temperature without temperature heating, which can improve the efficiency of the transformation of energy from light to mechanical energy. The surface structure of the relief grating also was investigated by atomic force microscopy. The depth of typical surface relief was approximately 65 nm. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Transforming aggressive conflict in political and personal contexts
Authors: Samuels Andrew 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe author begins by trying to imagine different models of politics applicable to Western societies. He reflects on the “state we are in” and asks if our present condition of political rupture could ever become political rapture. He asks whether it is possible for citizens to remove themselves from the abusive relationships with heroic, macho leaders. Instead, he states, we might ask where we will find new kinds of leaders who will be “good‐enough”. We will need such leaders if we are to manage the staggeringly high levels of conflict and aggression afflicting the political world today. The author suggests that we urgently explore innovative ways to manage conflict in political contexts using new psychological ideas about men, fathers and violence. Finally, he communicates what he has learned from Islam about some hidden aspects of political conflict. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.