bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reducing Reactive Aggression by Lowering Coping Demands and Boosting Regulation: Five Key Staff Behaviors
Authors: Delaney Kathleen R. 
Published: November 2009

TOPIC:  Lowering the incidence of reactive aggression on inpatient child/adolescent psychiatric units by creating a milieu that reduces coping demands and augments children's self‐ regulation capabilities.PURPOSE:  This article elaborates on specific staff approaches that have the potential to reduce occurrences of reactive aggression and behavioral eruptions frequently displayed by children and adolescents during inpatient psychiatric treatment. Identified are key staff behaviors along with explanations on how they dampen the kindling of reactive aggression and create an enhanced milieu. Accompanying each staff behavior is an explanation of the neuroscience and theory that supports the intervention.SOURCES:  Published literature and clinical examples.CONCLUSIONS:  Children hospitalized on inpatient psychiatric units frequently have poor self‐regulation skills and diffuse the negative affects they experience via behaviors such as tantrums, venting, and aggression. Staff can reduce this reactive aggression by tempering the way they set expectations, by providing structure, and by decreasing threat via sensible rules that encourage choice. Staff must also create and maintain relationships with the patients that set a particular tone, thereby creating an enhanced milieu populated with adults who are positive and able to attune to a child's changing affect level.
Substance P and CGRP expression in dental pulps with irreversible pulpitis
Authors: Sattari Mandana , Mozayeni Mohammad Ali , Matloob Arash , Mozayeni Maryam , Javaheri Homan H. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to compare substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) expression in pulp tissue with clinically diagnosed symptomatic and asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis. Healthy pulps acted as controls. Five normal pulps and 40 with irreversible pulpitis (20 symptomatic and 20 asymptomatic) were obtained from 45 different patients. SP and CGRP expression was determined by competition binding assays using enzyme immunoassay. anova and Mann–Whitney tests were used to ascertain if there were statistically significant differences between the groups. The results showed that neuropeptides were found in all pulp samples. The highest and the lowest expressions for SP and CGRP were found in symptomatic irreversible pulpitis and healthy pulps groups, respectively. The differences between healthy pulps and the groups of pulps having irreversible pulpitis were significant (P < 0.001). Although Mann–Whitney's post‐hoc tests showed statistically significant differences in CGRP expression between two pulpitis groups (P < 0.05), differences in SP expression between symptomatic and asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis groups were not significant. This study demonstrated that the expression of CGRP and SP is significantly higher in pulps with irreversible pulpitis compared with healthy pulps.
Prevalence of Electrocardiographic Abnormalities in a Systolic Heart Failure Disease Management Population by Race, Ethnicity, and Sex
Authors: Hebert Kathy , Lopez Barbara , Dias Andre , Steen Dylan L. , Colombo Rosario A. , Franco Emiliana , Neistein Sholom , Arcement Lee M. 
Published: November 2009

Congest Heart Fail. 2010;16:21–26. ©2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.The prevalence of electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities in systolic heart failure patients have predominantly been described in white patients, with relatively little known about their prevalence in black and Hispanic populations. The purpose of this study is to compare the prevalence of ECG abnormalities by race, ethnicity, and sex. The authors conducted an observational prospective study that included 926 patients from 2 hospital facilities. A systolic heart failure disease management program implemented in both sites enrolled patients with an ejection fraction 40% by echocardiography. Black patients had less evidence of myocardial infarction than whites and Hispanics. Black patients had more evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy than Hispanics and whites. Hispanics evidenced more ischemic changes than blacks and whites. Among black patients, left ventricular hypertrophy was more prevalent in women. ECG abnormalities vary across race, ethnicity, and sex. These variations may have implications for further diagnostic testing and potential treatment regimens.
Local economic impact of different forms of nature‐based tourism
Authors: Sandbrook Chris. G. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractTourism has been widely used as a component of conservation interventions which are intended to deliver benefits to local people, thereby contributing to development and creating incentives for conservation. However, a large proportion of total tourist revenue can be lost from the local area as leakage. Nature‐based tourism is diverse and little is known about how locally retained revenue varies across different forms of tourism; this is information of great importance to policy makers. This article uses data from tourist interviews and local enterprise surveys to measure the total and locally retained spending from different forms of tourism at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Whilst total spending increased with higher cost forms of tourism and length of stay, retained spending was predicted only by length of stay. High‐cost tourism may therefore be no more effective than other forms of tourism as a tool for generating local benefits from conservation.
Use of a Baculovirus-Expressed Structural Protein for the Detection of Antibodies to Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Type A by a Blocking Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Authors: Ko Young-Joon , Lee Hyang-Sim , Jeoung Hye-Young , Heo Eun-Jeong , Ko Hyo-Rim , Chang Byung-Sik , Joo Hoo-Don , Gerelmaa U. , Dashzeveg B. , Tserendorj S. , Sodnomdarjaa R. , Park Jong-Hyeon , Kweon Chang-Hee , Cho In-Soo , Paik Sang-Gi 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT
A blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with a baculovirus-expressed structural protein was developed for the detection of antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus type A. It exhibited 99% specificity with a cutoff of 53% inhibition. Its sensitivity was comparable to the sensitivities of the virus neutralization test and the liquid-phase blocking ELISA, indicating its potential as an alternative assay.
Rapid and Specific Detection of Amantadine-Resistant Influenza A Viruses with a Ser31Asn Mutation by the Cycling Probe Method
Authors: Suzuki Yasushi , Saito Reiko , Zaraket Hassan , Dapat Clyde , Caperig-Dapat Isolde , Suzuki Hiroshi 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT
Amantadine is one of the antiviral agents used to treat influenza A virus infections, but resistant strains have widely emerged worldwide. In the present study, we developed a novel method to detect amantadine-resistant strains harboring the Ser31Asn mutation in the M2 gene based on the cycling probe method and real-time PCR. We also studied the rate of amantadine resistance in the 2007-2008 influenza season in Japan. Two different primer and cycling probe sets were designed for A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 each to detect a single nucleotide polymorphism corresponding to Ser/Asn at residue 31 of the M2 protein. By using nasopharyngeal swabs from patients with influenza-like and other respiratory illnesses and virus isolates, the specificity and the sensitivity of the cycling probe method were evaluated. High frequencies of amantadine resistance were detected among the A/H1N1 (411/663, 62%) and A/H3N2 (56/56, 100%) virus isolates collected from six prefectures in Japan in the 2007-2008 influenza season. We confirmed that the cycling probe method is suitable for the screening of both nasopharyngeal swabs and influenza virus isolates for amantadine-resistant strains and showed that the incidence of amantadine resistance among both A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 viruses remained high in Japan during the 2007-2008 season.
Evidence for Persistence of and Antiviral Resistance and Reassortment Events in Seasonal Influenza Virus Strains Circulating in Cambodia
Authors: Fourment Mathieu , Mardy Sek , Channa Mey , Buchy Philippe 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT
The analysis of A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 influenza viruses collected between 2005 and 2008 in Cambodia detected strains resistant to oseltamivir and confirmed widespread resistance to adamantanes. Phylogenetic analyses revealed intrasubtype reassortment, probable reemergence of A/H3N2 viruses in two consecutive seasons, and cocirculation of different lineages in each subtype.
Modification of Small Hepatitis Delta Virus Antigen by SUMO Protein
Authors: Tseng Chung-Hsin , Cheng Tai-Shan , Shu Chiung-Yueh , Jeng King-Song , Lai Michael M. C. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT
Hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg) is a nuclear protein that is intimately involved in hepatitis delta virus (HDV) RNA replication. HDAg consists of two protein species, the small form (S-HDAg) and the large form (L-HDAg). Previous studies have shown that posttranslational modifications of S-HDAg, such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and methylation, can modulate HDV RNA replication. In this study, we show that S-HDAg is a small ubiquitin-like modifier 1 (SUMO1) target protein. Mapping data showed that multiple lysine residues are SUMO1 acceptors within S-HDAg. Using a genetic fusion strategy, we found that conjugation of SUMO1 to S-HDAg selectively enhanced HDV genomic RNA and mRNA synthesis but not antigenomic RNA synthesis. This result supports our previous proposition that the cellular machinery involved in the synthesis of HDV antigenomic RNA is different from that for genomic RNA synthesis and mRNA transcription, requiring different modified forms of S-HDAg. Sumoylation represents a new type of modification for HDAg.
Extensive Host Sharing of Central European Tula Virus
Authors: Schmidt-Chanasit Jonas , Essbauer Sandra , Petraityte Rasa , Yoshimatsu Kumiko , Tackmann Kirsten , Conraths Franz J. , Sasnauskas Kestutis , Arikawa Jiro , Thomas Astrid , Pfeffer Martin , Scharninghausen Jerrold J. , Splettstoesser Wolf , Wenk Matthias , Heckel Gerald , Ulrich Rainer G. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

To examine the host association of Tula virus (TULV), a hantavirus present in large parts of Europe, we investigated a total of 791 rodents representing 469
Microtus arvalis
and 322
Microtus agrestis
animals from northeast, northwest, and southeast Germany, including geographical regions with sympatric occurrence of both vole species, for the presence of TULV infections. Based on serological investigation, reverse transcriptase PCR, and subsequent sequence analysis of partial small (S) and medium (M) segments, we herein show that TULV is carried not only by its commonly known host
M. arvalis
but also frequently by
M. agrestis
in different regions of Germany for a prolonged time period. At one trapping site, TULV was exclusively detected in
M. agrestis
, suggesting an isolated transmission cycle in this rodent reservoir separate from spillover infections of TULV-carrying
M. arvalis
. Phylogenetic analysis of the S and M segment sequences demonstrated geographical clustering of the TULV sequences irrespective of the host,
M. arvalis
or
M. agrestis
. The novel TULV lineages from northeast, northwest, and southeast Germany described here are clearly separated from each other and from other German, European, or Asian lineages, suggesting their stable geographical localization and fast sequence evolution. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that TULV represents a promiscuous hantavirus with a large panel of susceptible hosts. In addition, this may suggest an alternative evolution mode, other than a strict coevolution, for this virus in its
Microtus
hosts, which should be proven in further large-scale investigations on sympatric
Microtus
hosts.
The Early Gene
hhi1
Reactivates
Heliothis zea
Nudivirus 1 in Latently Infected Cells
Authors: Wu Yueh-Lung , Wu Carol P. , Lee Song-Tay , Tang Han , Chang Chi-Hua , Chen Hong-Hwa , Chao Yu-Chan 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

Heliothis zea
nudivirus 1 (
Hz
NV-1), previously known as Hz-1 virus, is an insect virus able to establish both productive and latent infections in several lepidopteran insect cells. Here, we have cloned and characterized one of the
Hz
NV-1 early genes,
hhi1
, which maps to the HindIII-I fragment of the viral genome. During the productive viral infection, a 6.2-kb
hhi1
transcript was detectable as early as 0.5 h postinfection (hpi). The level of transcript reached a maximum at 2 hpi and gradually decreased after 4 hpi. The transcript was not detectable during the latent phase of viral infection. Upon cycloheximide treatment, much higher levels of
hhi1
transcript were detected throughout the productive viral infection cycle, suggesting that newly synthesized proteins are not needed for the expression of
hhi1
. Nevertheless, viral coinfection can further stimulate the expression of transfected
hhi1
promoter in a plasmid. Transient
hhi1
expression in latently infected cells resulted in a significant increase in virus titer and viral DNA propagation, suggesting that
hhi1
plays a critical role in viral reactivation. Additional experiments showed that six early genes, which possibly function in transcription or DNA replication, were activated in the latent cells upon
hhi1
transfection. Among these six genes,
orf90
and
orf121
expression could be induced by
hhi1
alone without the need for other viral genes. Our discovery should be useful for future mechanistic study of the switches of latent/productive
Hz
NV-1 viral infections.
Germinal Center B Cells Latently Infected with Epstein-Barr Virus Proliferate Extensively but Do Not Increase in Number
Authors: Roughan Jill E. , Torgbor Charles , Thorley-Lawson David A. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT
In this study we show that in long-term persistent infection, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected cells undergoing a germinal center (GC) reaction in the tonsils are limited to the follicles and proliferate extensively. Despite this, the absolute number of infected cells per GC remains small (average of 3 to 4 cells per germinal center; range, 1 to 9 cells), and only about 38 to 55% (average, 45%) of all GCs carry infected cells. The data fit a model where, on average, cells in the GC divide approximately three times; however, only one progeny cell survives to undergo a further three divisions. Thus, a fraction of cells undergo multiple rounds of division without increasing in numbers; i.e., they die at the same rate that they are dividing. We conclude that EBV-infected cells in the GC undergo the extensive proliferation characteristic of GC cells but that the absolute number is limited either by the immune response or by the availability of an essential survival factor. We suggest that this behavior is a relic of the mechanism by which EBV establishes persistence during acute infection. Lastly, the expression of the viral latent protein LMP1 in GC B cells, unlike in vitro, does not correlate directly with the expression of bcl-2 or bcl-6. This emphasizes our claim that observations made regarding the functions of EBV proteins in cell lines or in transgenic mice should be treated with skepticism unless verified in vivo.
Differential Impact of Immune Escape Mutations G145R and P120T on the Replication of Lamivudine-Resistant Hepatitis B Virus e Antigen-Positive and -Negative Strains
Authors: Amini-Bavil-Olyaee Samad , Vucur Mihael , Luedde Tom , Trautwein Christian , Tacke Frank 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTImmune escape variants of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) represent an emerging clinical challenge, because they can be associated with vaccine escape, HBV reactivation, and failure of diagnostic tests. Recent data suggest a preferential selection of immune escape mutants in distinct peripheral blood leukocyte compartments of infected individuals. We therefore systematically analyzed the functional impact of the most prevalent immune escape variants, the sG145R and sP120T mutants, on the viral replication efficacy and antiviral drug susceptibility of common treatment-associated mutants with resistance to lamivudine (LAM) and/or HBeAg negativity. Replication-competent HBV strains with sG145R or sP120T and LAM resistance (rtM204I or rtL180M/rtM204V) were generated on an HBeAg-positive and an HBeAg-negative background with precore (PC) and basal core promoter (BCP) mutants. The sG145R mutation strongly reduced HBsAg levels and was able to fully restore the impaired replication of LAM-resistant HBV mutants to the levels of wild-type HBV, and PC or BCP mutations further enhanced viral replication. Although the sP120T substitution also impaired HBsAg secretion, it did not enhance the replication of LAM-resistant clones. However, the concomitant occurrence of HBeAg negativity (PC/BCP), sP120T, and LAM resistance resulted in the restoration of replication to levels of wild-type HBV. In all clones with combined immune escape and LAM resistance mutations, the nucleotide analogues adefovir and tenofovir remained effective in suppressing viral replication in vitro. These findings reveal the differential impact of immune escape variants on the replication and drug susceptibility of complex HBV mutants, supporting the need of close surveillance and treatment adjustment in response to the selection of distinct mutational patterns.
Structural Studies of the Sputnik Virophage
Authors: Sun Siyang , La Scola Bernard , Bowman Valorie D. , Ryan Christopher M. , Whitelegge Julian P. , Raoult Didier , Rossmann Michael G. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT
The virophage Sputnik is a satellite virus of the giant mimivirus and is the only satellite virus reported to date whose propagation adversely affects its host virus' production. Genome sequence analysis showed that Sputnik has genes related to viruses infecting all three domains of life. Here, we report structural studies of Sputnik, which show that it is about 740 Å in diameter, has a T=27 icosahedral capsid, and has a lipid membrane inside the protein shell. Structural analyses suggest that the major capsid protein of Sputnik is likely to have a double jelly-roll fold, although sequence alignments do not show any detectable similarity with other viral double jelly-roll capsid proteins. Hence, the origin of Sputnik's capsid might have been derived from other viruses prior to its association with mimivirus.
Host and Viral Translational Mechanisms during Cricket Paralysis Virus Infection
Authors: Garrey Julianne L. , Lee Yun-Young , Au Hilda H. T. , Bushell Martin , Jan Eric 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

The dicistrovirus is a positive-strand single-stranded RNA virus that possesses two internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) that direct translation of distinct open reading frames encoding the viral structural and nonstructural proteins. Through an unusual mechanism, the intergenic region (IGR) IRES responsible for viral structural protein expression mimics a tRNA to directly recruit the ribosome and set the ribosome into translational elongation. In this study, we explored the mechanism of host translational shutoff in
Drosophila
S2 cells infected by the dicistrovirus, cricket paralysis virus (CrPV). CrPV infection of S2 cells results in host translational shutoff concomitant with an increase in viral protein synthesis. CrPV infection resulted in the dissociation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G (eIF4G) and eIF4E early in infection and the induction of deIF2α phosphorylation at 3 h postinfection, which lags after the initial inhibition of host translation. Forced dephosphorylation of deIF2α by overexpression of dGADD34, which activates protein phosphatase I, did not prevent translational shutoff nor alter virus production, demonstrating that deIF2α phosphorylation is dispensable for host translational shutoff. However, premature induction of deIF2α phosphorylation by thapsigargin treatment early in infection reduced viral protein synthesis and replication. Finally, translation mediated by the 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR) and the IGR IRES were resistant to impairment of eIF4F or eIF2 in translation extracts. These results support a model by which the alteration of the deIF4F complex contribute to the shutoff of host translation during CrPV infection, thereby promoting viral protein synthesis via the CrPV 5′UTR and IGR IRES.
Detection of mutations in thegyrA gene in fluoroquinolone resistanceSalmonella entericaserotypestyphiandparatyphiA isolated from the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kuwait
Authors: Dimitrov T , Dashti A A , Albaksami O , Jadaon M M 
Published: November 2009

Background:Enteric fever due toSalmonella entericais a major health problem, and fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin are mostly the antibiotic of choice for treatment. Resistance to ciprofloxacin has been noticed to increase due to the emergence of new mutations in the bacterial DNA.Aims:To explore the fluoroquinolone resistance and molecular characterisation of reduced quinolone susceptibility inS typhiandS paratyphiA in Kuwait.Methods:136 clinical isolates ofS typhiand 40 ofS paratyphiA were collected over five years. The antimicrobial susceptibility was studied by various methods. DNA sequencing of gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE genes was performed in 31 isolates.Results:There was a substantial difference in MIC range between the two serotypes, with the most common MIC forS typhibeing 0.25 mg/l and forS paratyphiA being 1 mg/l. The proportion of nalidixic acid resistant strains increased gradually over the years. These strains had a significantly higher range of MIC of ciprofloxacin (0.023 mg/l to 1.0 mg/l) compared to the nalidixic acid sensitive strains (0.0016 mg/l to 0.125 mg/l). DNA sequencing of gyrA gene showed the presence of three different point mutations: Ser83→Phe in 17 strains, Ser83→Leu in 3 strains and Asp87→Asn in 6 strains. No mutations in the other genes were found.Conclusions:It is very important to keep searching for new mutations and continuously monitor drug resistance in different parts of the world in order to efficiently manage cases with enteric fever.
Hybrid SPECT/CT: the end of “unclear” medicine
Authors: Patel C N , Chowdhury F U , Scarsbrook A F 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The emergence of hybrid imaging, combining anatomical computed tomography (CT) and functional scintigraphic imaging has increased the armoury of techniques available to image disease. Single photon emission computed tomography/CT (SPECT/CT) is a dual modality technique which increases the sensitivity and specificity of existing radionuclide imaging and helps characterise equivocal lesions detected by other imaging methods. In addition to the many established clinical applications for SPECT/CT, there are new clinical uses emerging in a spectrum of benign and malignant diseases. In this article, we will discuss the established and emerging uses of hybrid SPECT/CT and illustrate the incremental value of the technique in a variety of clinical applications.