bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predictors for successful bacteriological culture from milk samples
Authors: Bishop H. , Erkelens J. , Van Winden S. 
Published: October 2010

A total of 757 milk samples were taken from 57 farms throughout Wales as part of a mastitis investigation. Problem cows were selected using the most recent milk recording or, if these data were unavailable, the whole herd was assessed using the California mastitis test (CMT) and scored on a scale of 0 to 3. The affected quarter was identified using CMT. The results of the bacteriology were grouped into negative and positive culture. All contaminated samples were excluded. The CMT recording at the time of sampling, the infection status of the cow (new, first, chronic or repeat) as defined by national milk records and the number of quarters infected at the time of sampling were identified for negative and positive samples. Selecting quarters with a higher CMT score increased the likelihood of positive culture. Culturing from a sample with a CMT score of 3 was over three times more likely to yield a positive culture than a score of 1 (odds ratio [OR] 3.74, 95 per cent confidence interval [CI] 1.41 to 9.97) and 1.7 times more likely to yield a positive culture than a score of 2 (OR 1.70, 95 per cent CI 1.16 to 2.50). Culturing from a score of 2 was not statistically different from a score of 1 in terms of the likelihood that a positive culture would be identified (OR 2.20, 95 per cent CI 0.83 to 5.93). There was no statistically significant difference in the proportion of negative samples when comparing chronic, repeat, new and first infections or number of quarters infected.
Glucosuria in Norwegian elkhounds and other breeds during dog shows
Authors: Heiene R. , BjØrndal H. , IndrebØ A. 
Published: October 2010

Clinically healthy Norwegian elkhounds were tested for glucosuria by urine dipstick analysis and the results were compared with a group of dogs of other breeds during 15 dog shows. Fifty‐two of 187 Norwegian elkhounds (27.3 per cent) and 15 of 202 dogs of other breeds (7.4 per cent) were glucosuric during the dog shows; the difference was statistically significant. Two of the glucosuric elkhounds and one non‐glucosuric elkhound developed signs of kidney disease during the year of the study.
Investigation of risk factors for Salmonella on commercial egg‐laying farms in Great Britain, 2004–2005
Authors: Snow L. C. , Davies R. H. , Christiansen K. H. , Carrique‐Mas J. J. , Cook A. J. C. , Evans S. J. 
Published: October 2010

In 2004/05, all European Union member states were required to carry out standardised prevalence surveys to establish the baseline prevalence of Salmonella in commercial laying flocks. As part of the survey in Great Britain, additional data were collected from 380 of the enrolled laying hen holdings to investigate risk factors for Salmonella at farm level. Stratified, simple random sampling was used to select holdings from which dust and boot swab samples were collected and tested for Salmonella using a modification of ISO 6579:2002. Using a multivariable logistic model weighted to account for the survey design, several factors significantly associated with Salmonella and Salmonella Enteritidis status were identified. Larger holdings (≥30,000 birds) were found to be at higher risk of Salmonella (odds ratio [OR] 4.79, P=0.025), while vaccination (OR 0.28, P=0.013), providing foot dips with brushes (OR 0.27, P=0.042), washing and disinfecting the house at depopulation (OR 0.19, P=0.003), having a clean car park away from house (OR 0.14, P=0.001), using an independent (OR 0.19, P=0.007) or other non‐company (OR 0.40, P=0.049) source of feed, being over 1 km from the nearest neighbouring farm (OR 0.45, P=0.021) and the presence of cats and dogs on the farm (OR 0.26, P=0.002) or on contiguous farms (OR 0.44, P=0.030) reduced the risk of any Salmonella serovars being present. Factors found to be associated specifically with an increased risk of S Enteritidis infection included holding size (OR 14.88, P=0.001) and frequent sightings of rats (OR 8.17, P<0.001) or mice (OR 5.78, P=0.006). Non‐caged systems (OR 0.14, P=0.002), vaccination (OR 0.08, P=0.001), the use of a non‐company feed source (OR 0.11, P=0.003), running the site as all‐in/all‐out (OR 0.06, P<0.001) and the presence of cats and dogs on the farm (OR 0.14, P=0.002) were associated with a reduced risk.
Minimally invasive surgical tube cystotomy for treating obstructive urolithiasis in small ruminants with an intact urinary bladder
Authors: Fazili M. R. , Malik H. U. , Bhattacharyya H. K. , Buchoo B. A. , Moulvi B. A. , Makhdoomi D. M. 
Published: October 2010

Ten young, male, entire small ruminants (seven kids and three lambs) with obstructive urolithiasis, which were presented within three days of complete blockage and before rupture of the urinary bladder and urethra, underwent a minimally invasive surgical tube cystotomy through the left paralumbar fossa. The catheter was placed in the bladder lumen through a metallic cannula and fixed to the skin with a stay suture. Surgery was performed with the animal standing (six cases) or in right lateral recumbency (four cases) on the day of presentation. All animals were discharged the same day. Eight animals urinated normally within a mean of seven days (range four to 10 days). One animal had a blockage of urine flow as a result of kinking of the catheter on the third postoperative day, and in another the catheter collapsed on the fourth postoperative day. These were managed by a second, conventional surgical tube cystotomy. No recurrence of the condition was noticed in any of the animals during a six‐month follow‐up period.
Seroprevalence and spatial distribution of Fasciola hepatica ‐infected dairy herds in England and Wales
Authors: McCann C. M. , Baylis M. , Williams D. J. L. 
Published: October 2010

The seroprevalence of Fasciola hepatica infection in a population of commercial dairy herds in England and Wales was estimated using an ELISA that detected antibodies to F hepatica in bulk tank milk. A total of 3130 milk samples, obtained as convenience samples from two commercial milk‐testing laboratories, were tested during the winter of 2006/07. Herds considered to be seropositive were categorised as low positive, medium positive or high positive. A geospatial map was drawn to show the distribution of infected herds and the seroprevalence of exposure at regional level, using the Nomenclature of Units for Territorial Statistics boundaries, and at a finer spatial level defined by postcode area. Overall, 76 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval [CI] 74 to 77 per cent) of herds carried antibodies to F hepatica ; the seroprevalence in England was 72 per cent (95 per cent CI 70 to 74 per cent) and in Wales it was 84 per cent (95 per cent CI 82 to 86 per cent). The highest prevalences of exposure were found in north‐west England, where more than 47 per cent of herds were in the high positive exposure category.
Use of a web‐based questionnaire to explore cat owners' attitudes towards vaccination in cats
Authors: Habacher G. , Gruffydd‐Jones T. , Murray J. 
Published: October 2010

This study aimed to develop a better understanding of factors involved in cat owners' decisions related to vaccination and to explore their views and knowledge of vaccination. Data were collected using a web‐based ‘Cat Health Questionnaire’. A total of 3204 respondents participated in the survey, each answering questions with only one cat in mind. Forty‐one questionnaires were not included; of the remaining 3163 cats, 69 per cent were reported to have been vaccinated in the last 12 months. Vaccination as a kitten was the strongest predictor of up‐to‐date vaccination status, followed by the intention to take the cat to a cattery or cat show in the next year. The owners' perception of the importance of stress on the cat, the age of the cat or the cost of vaccination was associated with the cat's current vaccination status. Owners who perceived the severity of infectious diseases or veterinary advice as very important were more likely to vaccinate their cats than owners who perceived these factors as less important. The owners' perceptions of the risk and their previous experiences of side effects in a cat were not associated with a decreased likelihood of vaccination.
Suspected adverse reactions, 2009
Authors: Dyer F. , Diesel G. , Cooles S. , Tait A. 
Published: October 2010

Twenty‐five fewer reports to the UK Suspected Adverse Reaction Surveillance Scheme (SARSS) in 2009 compared with 2008Renal insufficiency reported in cats after off‐label use of meloxicamIncrease in reports of suspected lack of efficacy to products containing triclabendazoleSignificant decrease in environmental incidents attributable to veterinary medicinesThese are some of the results from the SARSS in 2009, as discussed by Fabia Dyer and colleagues from the Veterinary Medicines Directorate
Effect of storage time on automated cell count and cytological interpretation of body cavity effusions
Authors: Maher I. , Tennant K. V. , Papasouliotis K. 
Published: October 2010

The effect of 24‐ and 48‐hour storage at room temperature on automated total nucleated cell count (TNCC), differential cell count (DCC) and cell morphology was assessed, and the effect of initial total protein concentration on canine and feline body cavity effusion samples (2 to 5 ml) was evaluated. At 24 and 48 hours, TNCC and absolute numbers of neutrophils, macrophages and small lymphocytes were significantly decreased and numbers of unrecognisable cells were significantly increased. Neoplastic cells and intracellular bacteria identified in fresh samples were missed at 24 and 48 hours. The initial total protein concentration was associated with an effect on percentage of unrecognisable cells and small lymphocytes over time. Change in TNCC over time would have resulted in misclassification of the effusion type in four of 47 samples.
Intratumoral Mediated Immunosuppression is Prognostic in Genetically Engineered Murine Models of Glioma and Correlates to Immunotherapeutic Responses
Authors: Kong Ling-Yuan , Wu Adam S. , Doucette Tiffany , Wei Jun , Priebe Waldemar , Fuller Gregory N. , Qiao Wei , Sawaya Raymond , Rao Ganesh , Heimberger Amy B. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Purpose: Preclinical murine model systems used for the assessment of therapeutics have not been predictive of human clinical responses, primarily because their clonotypic nature does not recapitulate the heterogeneous biology and immunosuppressive mechanisms of humans. Relevant model systems with mice that are immunologically competent are needed to evaluate the efficacy of therapeutic agents, especially immunotherapeutics.
Experimental Design: Using the RCAS/Ntv-a system, mice were engineered to coexpress platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGF-B) receptor + B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) under the control of the glioneuronal specific Nestin promoter. The degree and type of tumor-mediated immunosuppression were determined in these endogenously arising gliomas on the basis of the presence of macrophages and regulatory T cells. The immunotherapeutic agent WP1066 was tested in vivo to assess therapeutic efficacy and immunomodulation.
Results: Ntv-a mice were injected with RCAS vectors to express PDGF-B + Bcl-2, resulting in both low- and high-grade gliomas. Consistent with observations in human high-grade gliomas, mice with high-grade gliomas also developed a marked intratumoral influx of macrophages that was influenced by tumor signal transducer and activator of transduction 3 (STAT3) expression. The presence of intratumoral F4/80 macrophages was a negative prognosticator for long-term survival. In mice coexpressing PDGF-B + Bcl-2that were treated with WP1066, there was 55.5% increase in median survival time (P &lt; 0.01), with an associated inhibition of intratumoral STAT3 and macrophages.
Conclusions: Although randomization is necessary for including mice in a therapeutic trial, these murine model systems are more suitable for testing therapeutics, especially immunotherapeutics, in the context of translational studies. Clin Cancer Res; 16(23); 5722–33. ©2010 AACR.
Conditional Overexpression of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Is Cardioprotective in Ischemia/Reperfusion
Authors: Burkard Natalie , Williams Tatjana , Czolbe Martin , Blömer Nadja , Panther Franziska , Link Martin , Fraccarollo Daniela , Widder Julian D. , Hu Kai , Han Hong , Hofmann Ulrich , Frantz Stefan , Nordbeck Peter , Bulla Jan , Schuh Kai , Ritter Oliver 
Published: October 2010

Background—

We previously demonstrated that conditional overexpression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibited L-type Ca
2+
channels and decreased myocardial contractility. However, nNOS has multiple targets within the cardiac myocyte. We now hypothesize that nNOS overexpression is cardioprotective after ischemia/reperfusion because of inhibition of mitochondrial function and a reduction in reactive oxygen species generation.

Methods and Results—

Ischemia/reperfusion injury in wild-type mice resulted in nNOS accumulation in the mitochondria. Similarly, transgenic nNOS overexpression caused nNOS abundance in mitochondria. nNOS translocation into the mitochondria was dependent on heat shock protein 90. Ischemia/reperfusion experiments in isolated hearts showed a cardioprotective effect of nNOS overexpression. Infarct size in vivo was also significantly reduced. nNOS overexpression also caused a significant increase in mitochondrial nitrite levels accompanied by a decrease of cytochrome c oxidase activity. Accordingly, O
2
consumption in isolated heart muscle strips was decreased in nNOS-overexpressing nNOS
+
/αMHC-tTA
+
mice already under resting conditions. Additionally, we found that the reactive oxygen species concentration was significantly decreased in hearts of nNOS-overexpressing nNOS
+
/αMHC-tTA
+
mice compared with noninduced nNOS
+
/αMHC-tTA
+
animals.

Conclusion—
We demonstrated that conditional transgenic overexpression of nNOS resulted in myocardial protection after ischemia/reperfusion injury. Besides a reduction in reactive oxygen species generation, this might be caused by nitrite-mediated inhibition of mitochondrial function, which reduced myocardial oxygen consumption already under baseline conditions.
Balance and Ensemble Kalman Filter Localization Techniques
Authors: Greybush Steven J. , Kalnay Eugenia , Miyoshi Takemasa , Ide Kayo , Hunt Brian R. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
In ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) data assimilation, localization modifies the error covariance matrices to suppress the influence of distant observations, removing spurious long-distance correlations. In addition to allowing efficient parallel implementation, this takes advantage of the atmosphere’s lower dimensionality in local regions. There are two primary methods for localization. In B localization, the background error covariance matrix elements are reduced by a Schur product so that correlations between grid points that are far apart are removed. In R localization, the observation error covariance matrix is multiplied by a distance-dependent function, so that far away observations are considered to have infinite error. Successful numerical weather prediction depends upon well-balanced initial conditions to avoid spurious propagation of inertial-gravity waves. Previous studies note that B localization can disrupt the relationship between the height gradient and the wind speed of the analysis increments, resulting in an analysis that can be significantly ageostrophic.
This study begins with a comparison of the accuracy and geostrophic balance of EnKF analyses using no localization, B localization, and R localization with simple one-dimensional balanced waves derived from the shallow-water equations, indicating that the optimal length scale for R localization is shorter than for B localization, and that for the same length scale R localization is more balanced. The comparison of localization techniques is then expanded to the Simplified Parameterizations, Primitive Equation Dynamics (SPEEDY) global atmospheric model. Here, natural imbalance of the slow manifold must be contrasted with undesired imbalance introduced by data assimilation. Performance of the two techniques is comparable, also with a shorter optimal localization distance for R localization than for B localization.
Modeling Irrigated Area to Increase Water, Energy, and Food Security in Semiarid India
Authors: Siegfried Tobias , Sobolowski Stefan , Raj Pradeep , Fishman Ram , Vasquez Victor , Narula Kapil , Lall Upmanu , Modi Vijay 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Because of declining public investments in irrigation projects in India, the growth of irrigated agricultural production has increasingly become reliant on unsustainable allocation of groundwater. As a result, groundwater resources are increasingly depleted and their role in buffering climate variability is lost. Given future climate and food supply uncertainty under mounting population pressure, it is vital that the connections between climate variability, unsustainable irrigation practices, and their impacts on regional-scale agricultural production are quantified.
Here, the focus is on rice and maize production in the semiarid Telangana region in Andhra Pradesh, where the advent of inexpensive pump technology in the late twentieth century, coupled with governmentally subsidized electricity, has allowed year-round planting of water-intensive crops. Using a 35-yr climate and agricultural dataset from Telangana, nonlinear Gaussian process district-level regression models are developed to model dry-season irrigated area, which is a proxy for total groundwater use, in the function of climate-related predictors. The resulting models are able to accurately reproduce dry-season cropped area in most districts. Interannual climate variations play a significant role in determining groundwater use for irrigation. Nonlinear interactions between selected climate features are likely to influence irrigation water use significantly. These results suggest that the authors’ modeling approach, combined with monsoon predictions, allow the forecasting of cropped area and agricultural water requirements at seasonal time scales within the bounds of uncertainty. The usefulness of such data to decision makers and stakeholders is discussed, as they attempt to use scarce surface and subsurface water resources more efficiently and sustainably.
Spasticity and contractures at the wrist after stroke: time course of development and their association with functional recovery of the upper limb
Authors: Malhotra S. , Pandyan AD , Rosewilliam S. , Roffe C. , Hermens H. 
Published: October 2010

Objective: To investigate the time course of development of spasticity and contractures at the wrist after stroke and to explore if these are associated with upper limb functional recovery. Design: Longitudinal observational study using secondary data from the control group of a randomized controlled trial. Setting: The Acute Stroke Unit at the University Hospital of North Staffordshire. Subjects: Patients without useful arm function (Action Research Arm Test — ARAT) score of 0 within 6 weeks of a first stroke. Main measures: Spasticity was measured by quantifying muscle activity during passively imposed stretches at two velocities. Contractures were measured by quantifying passive range of movement and stiffness. Upper limb functional movement was assessed using the ARAT. All assessments were conducted at baseline, and at 6, 12, 24 and 36 weeks after recruitment. Results: Thirty patients (43% male, median age 70 (range 52—90) years, median time since stroke onset 3 (range 1—5) weeks) were included. Twenty-eight (92%) demonstrated signs of spasticity throughout the study period. Participants who recovered arm function (n = 5) showed signs of spasticity at all assessment points but did not develop contractures. Patients who did not recover useful arm function (n = 25) had signs of spasticity and changes associated with contracture formation at all time points tested. Conclusion: In this group of patients who had no arm function within the first 6 weeks of stroke, spasticity was seen early, but did not necessarily hinder functional recovery. Contractures were more likely to develop in patients who did not recover arm function.
The Dependence of China’s Economic Growth on Exports and Investment
Authors: Zhu Andong , Kotz David M. 
Published: October 2010

This paper analyzes the growing role played by exports and investment in China’s rapid economic growth since 1978. It examines the reasons for the shift over time in China’s growth model, which occurred in stages, and it questions the sustainability of the recent dependence on exports and investment. It proposes structural changes in China’s growth model and considers the obstacles to such changes. JEL classification:O53, F43, O11
Is There a Relationship Between Forefoot Alignment and Ingrown Toenail? A Case-Control Study
Authors: Kose Ozkan , Celiktas Mustafa , Kisin Bulent , Ozyurek Selahattin , Yigit Seyhmus 
Published: October 2010

Biomechanical imbalance between the hallux and the second toe and external compression of the lateral nail fold are proposed as the main reasons for ingrown toenail. Therefore, any anatomical predisposition facilitating this compression may play a role in the occurrence of ingrown toenail. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between forefoot alignment and ingrown toenail. The authors retrospectively reviewed radiographs of 81 patients with ingrown toenails and compared them with 100 healthy subjects regarding forefoot alignment. Hallux valgus angle (HVA), intermetatarsal angle (IMA), and interphalangeal angle (IPA) were measured, and feet were classified according to digital formula as Egyptian, Greek, and square. The mean HVA was 14.5° ± 5.0° in the case group and 13.2° ± 5.9° in the control group. The mean IMA was 9.1° ± 2.5° in the case group and 8.6° ± 3.1° in the control group. The mean IPA was 11.9° ± 4.1° in the case group and 12.0° ± 5.1° in the control group. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding HVA, IMA, or IPA (P = .123, P = .198, and P = .925, respectively). The distribution of foot types between groups was also similar (P = .967). This study has failed to demonstrate any abnormality in forefoot alignment in patients with symptomatic ingrowing toenails, and it is suggested that treatment should not be based on the correction of the anatomy if no abnormality exists. Levels of Evidence: Prognostic, Level IV