bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetics of diazinon resistance in larvae of Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Shanahan G. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe response of F1 larvae from reciprocal crosses of susceptible × organophosphorus-resistant strains of Lucilia cuprina (Wied.) to diazinon was intermediate in relation to that for larvae from the parental lines to the chemical. Exposure to a concentration of 0·4 p.p.m. diazinon for 24 h was lethal to susceptible larvae. Close agreement with 1:1 ratios of susceptible: hybrid resistant larvae was obtained when larvae from a repeat backcross series were exposed to 0.4 p.p.m diazinon in each generation. Additionally, there was correspondence between response lines for larvae of backcrosses 1 and 3. This information, plus the recovery of a homozygous-resistant sub-strain by exposure of F2 larvae to a level of the chemical that discriminated against susceptible and hybrid genotypes, suggest that diazinon resistance in the larvae is due to a major allele.
Observations on breeding sites and light-trap collections of Culicoides during an outbreak of bluetongue in Cyprus
Authors: Mellor P. S. , Prrzous G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDuring an epizootic of bluetongue virus disease of sheep in Cyprus in the autumn of 1977, 16 species of Culicoides were collected in light-traps and 4 species were collected from breeding sites. Two of the species found breeding in close association with sheep and goats are potential vectors of bluetongue virus. The possibility of a third species being a vector in Cyprus is discussed.
Comparison of hand-nets, biconical traps and an electric trap for sampling Glossina palpalis palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy) and G. tachinoides Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Nigeria
Authors: Koch K , Spielberger U 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCatches of Glossina palpalis palpalis (R.-D.) and G. tachinoides Westw. at high and low densities with hand-nets, biconical traps and an electric back-pack trap in Nigeria indicate that both types of trap are inferior to hand catching for routine checks of G. palpalis and G. tachinoides populations. Hand catching is recommended as being most suitable for large-scale surveys, assessment of control following insecticide spraying and classical fly-rounds. The biconical trap is recommended for use in experiments of a limited size, monitoring of fly populations on livestock ranches and around Villages, and for capturing flies for dissection. The electric trap is recommended for use in sampling flies in areas of medium and high density and possibly for blood-meal identification. Some blood-meals of G. palpalis were identified.
Behavioural ecology of the African armywonn, Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae); evidence of successive generations from Kenya
Authors: Khasimuddin S. , Lubega M. C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSpodoptera exempta (Wlk.) is predominantly a migrant species, but in southern Africa it is known that it can breed through several successive generations in one area. Similar observations were made for the first time in East Africa. Studies on populations in the Lambwe Valley in western Kenya revealed that during two years when the populations were monitored and one year when information was available from local farmers there were three generations each year during the period corresponding with the long rainy season. It is suggested that the Lambwe Valley presents a suitable habitat for the species to sustain its population and probably forms a breeding area for moths that might undergo large-scale migration.
Laboratory evaluation of sulphur-bearing chemicals as attractants for larvae of the onion fly, Delia antiqua (Meigen) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)
Authors: Soni S. K. , Finch S 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA laboratory method was developed to evaluate the effectiveness of volatile sulphur-bearing chemicals as attraotants for newly hatched larvae of Delia antiqua (Mg.). The 27 chemicals evaluated included mono-, di-and trisulphides, mercaptans, thiosulphinates, thiosulphonates, thiopropanal S-oxide and ‘onion oil’ (a complex mixture of volatiles). Larvae were placed in the centre of a petri dish and chemicals were presented either in glass tubes or on white absorbent discs 6 mm in diameter. One tube or disc contained 10 000, 1000, 100, 10, 1 or 0·1 nl of the test chemical and the other a similar amount of diethyl ether. The solvent did not attract the larvae and was used to dispense 0·1–100 nl amounts of the test chemicals. Most of the chemicals tested were unattractive at 0·1 nl and repellent at 10 000 nl. At the intermediate amounts, all attracted at least 40% of the larvae and 13 attracted more than 80%. Onion oil at 1 nl and methyl trisulphide at 10 nl elicited the greatest response, attracting 95% of the larvae. A possible method is suggested for using these chemicals in the field to attract newly hatched larvae away from onion seedlings.
Photoperiod, dormancy and the end of flight activity inChrysopa corneaStephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Authors: Bowden John 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe flight activity ofChrysopa carneaSteph. was studied during 1970–77 using 21 suction traps sited between 50 and 58°N. in northwestern Europe. Flight continues until late October and early November, well beyond the time (late August) when reproductive diapause is initiated at these latitudes. Flight ends as an all-or-none response to changing daylengths, the most northern populations having a shorter critical photoperiod, about 10 h 20 min, between morning and evening civil twilights, than the most southern ones, the critical photoperiod of which is about 10 h 45 min. By contrast, the critical photoperiod for induction of reproductive diapause is longer in northern populations. At latitudes less than 30° N. there is no winter dormancy but there is sometimes aestivation during the hottest period of the summer. InC. carnea, uniquely, winter dormancy has two distinct components, reproductive diapause and loss of flight activity, each controlled independently by photoperiod.
The medical importance and behaviour ofSimulium austeniEdwards (Diptera: Simuliidae) in England
Authors: Hansford R. G. , Ladle M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe biting habits ofSimulium austeniEdwards, a species widely distributed through Europe and European Russia, were investigated in a population of flies creating a medical problem along the Stour Valley, Dorset, England, in May each year. Surveys were made by questionnaires and ‘bite-recording forms’. Sweep-netting, suction-trapping and sticky-trapping of adult flies was carried out. A search was made for oviposition sites. After initial complaints in the early 1960s, the problem reached a peak between 1969 and 1971 and has since shown an apparent decline. Women suffered more than men, with most bites received on the lower limbs. Biting activity was greatest between 09.00 and 21.00 h, and flight activity was greatest in the afternoon. Extensive male swarms were associated with mating and smaller female swarms with blood-sucking. Mating probably precedes biting. The absence of eggs from surface vegetation or stones and their widespread occurrence in the sediment, suggest that oviposition takes places directly into the water.
A laboratory investigation of Paulinia acuminata (DeGeer) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) as a biological control agent for Salvinia molesta
Authors: Chisholm I. F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe feeding rate of nymphs of Paulinia acuminata (Deg.) on Salvinia molesta was studied in the laboratory using single nymphs on different numbers of Salvinia leaves. Each successive instar ate more plant tissue, but at population densities likely to occur in nature it was unlikely that consumption rate could match the natural Salvinia growth rate. The controlling effect of Paulinia on Salvinia in Lake Kariba, Rhodesia, may therefore be negligible.
A comparison of methods of dispensing synthetic sex pheromone for the control of oriental fruit moth, Cydia molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in Australia
Authors: Rothschild G. H. L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLoss rates of (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate and related compounds from various dispensers were compared at 15, 20 and 29° C in the laboratory. Comparisons were also made of the performance of these dispensers in pheromone disruption trials against Cydia molesta (Busck) in peach orchards in Australia, in terms of the reduction of male captures at pheromone traps. Hollow-fibre and polymeric-laminate dispensers were superior to various polyethylene and silicone-rubber designs in providing a relatively constant release of pheromone in time, at rates readily modified by altering the dimensions of the dispensers.
Rates of growth of the food fungus of the leaf-cutting antAtta cephalotes(L.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on different substrates gathered by the ants
Authors: Mudd A. , Bateman G. L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractGrowth of the food fungus of the leaf-cutting antAtta cephalotes(L.) on extracts of plants selected by the ants was shown to be affected by the plant species, the pH of the extract, the concentration of the sap or plant extract and pretreatment of the substrate by the ants. It was not possible to establish an unambiguous relationship between the rate of growth of the fungus on leaf extracts and the foraging preferences of the ants for the leaves. There were indications, however, that the fungus grows most rapidly on extracts of plant material preferred byA. cephalotes. Relative growth rates of the fungus on different substrates may be related to the presence of growth inhibitors rather than to nutrient availability.
Pupal diapause in Heliothis armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Botswana: its regulation by environmental factors
Authors: Roome R. E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractHeliothis armigera (Hb.) has been shown to develop continuously in tropical areas but to become more dependent with increasing latitude on a pupal diapause to survive the winter. The changes that occur in pupal period under ambient conditions in Botswana were examined. Pupae formed in May were able to survive the winter period and produce adults in September. Laboratory work using artificial environments showed that this extended pupal period is not simply a response to low pupal temperatures but is induced by the low temperatures and short daylengths experienced by the larva. Pupae from larvae reared at 27° C and a 14-h daylength (non-diapause pupae) initiated adult development even at 13° C. Pupae from larvae reared at 18° C and a 9-h daylength (diapause pupae) had similar pupal periods to non-diapause pupae at 33 and 27° C. However, at 18 and 13° C, diapause pupae had much longer developmental periods than non-diapause pupae. More diapause pupae were produced at 18° C from larvae reared in a 12-h daylength than from those in 15- or 9-h daylengths. The variation and importance of this temperature-labile facultative diapause over the extensive geographical range of H. armigera is discussed.
A method of studying the efficiency of traps for tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) and other insects
Authors: Vale G. A. , Hargrove J. W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn incomplete ring of electrified nets was placed round a trap or round an electrified net and visual target in woodland infested with Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. and G. pallidipes Aust. in Rhodesia. The distribution of catches in these systems was used to estimate the minimum efficiencies with which the trap or net and target captured flies that were initially attracted by odours derived from a herd of cattle hidden below ground. With mature tsetse, the estimates for the trap were 23 and 21% for male and female G. morsitans, respectively, and 70 and 49% for male and female G. pallidipes. For the net and target, the corresponding figures were 29, 30, 53 and 43. The coefficient of variation of such estimates (about 10%) was low enough to suggest that the technique affords a quick and reliable means of screening the efficiency of many trap designs. Factors responsible for the efficiency of the trap were elucidated. Data for other insects were obtained.
A key-factor analysis of population fluctuations in Andraca bipunctata Walker (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)
Authors: Banerjee B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe causes of fluctuation and stabilisation in a population of Andraca bipunctata Wlk. on tea in India were assessed over three years using the technique of key-factor analysis. Failure to produce the maximum complement of eggs, together with female mortality and adult migration, is shown to be the key-factor. Other mortality factors include non-viability of eggs and parasitism of the caterpillars by the tachinid Cylindromyia sp. Mortality of the female pupae tends to stabilise the population by compensating for losses due to the key-factor, but neither this nor any other mortality factors appear to be significantly density-dependent. The need for devising specialised sampling procedures and statistical tests for tropical insect populations is discussed.
Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) as egg predators of coconut pests, especially in relation to biological control of the coconut caterpillar, Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Xyloryctidae), in Sri Lanka
Authors: Way M. J. , Cammell M. E. , Bolton B. , Kanagaratnam P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA study was made of ants in Sri Lankan coconut plantations, especially of species foraging and nesting in palm crowns. At least 11 species were found nesting in the spadices, and a special study was made of interactions between some likely to be insect egg predators or to interfere with predation. Oecophylla smaragdina (F.) and Paratrechina longicornis (Latreille) were mutually exclusive, but some non-dominant species such as Monomorium spp. commonly nested and foraged in palms occupied by large populations of dominants such as O. smaragdina and Crematogaster sp. Eggs of the coconut pest Opisina arenosella Walker (and of Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton), which were used to simulate the former on palm fronds) were rapidly found and removed by certain ant species, notably M. floricola (Jerdan) and Crematogaster sp. Oecophylla smaragdina and P. longicornis seemed erratic as egg predators. Surveys of ants in areas where Opisina arenosella does, and does not, develop to outbreak populations showed that Monomorium spp. in particular were notably more common in the non-outbreak areas. However, other ants, notably Technomyrmex albipes (F. Smith), were sometimes common in outbreak areas and were seemingly good egg predators. The presence of thriving Oecophylla smaragdina colonies on currently attacked palms shows that this otherwise well-recognized predator has little or no effect on Opisina arenosella. It is concluded that several species of ants which nest in coconut palm crowns probably contribute importantly to the mortality of eggs of O. arenosella and help keep it in its rare endemic state in most places most of the time, even in outbreak areas.
A laboratory procedure for rearing the cowpea coreid, Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stål (Hemiptera), using dry cowpea seeds
Authors: Jackai Louis E. N. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA procedure for rearing Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stål on dry seeds of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is described. Dry seeds produced results for nymphal development and adult oviposition similar to those from fresh pods and fresh seeds, which are more frequently fed on by the insect in nature. The rearing method described here is much more efficient in terms of time and manpower requirements than the widely used method using fresh pods. Furthermore, the dry-seed procedure may be adapted for rearing other hemipteran pod pests of legumes.
Synonymy of two Apanteles species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitizing the coconut flat moth, Agonoxena argaula Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Agonoxenidae)
Authors: Walker Annette K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractApanteles agonoxenae Fullaway and A. orelia Nixon are founded to be conspecific. The valid name for this species is, A. agonoxenae and A. orelia is a junior synonym of it. The species, which is a parasite on the coconut pest Agonoxea argaula Meyrick in the south-western Pacific, is redescribed, its distribution and biology are summarized and attention is drawn to its potential as a biological control agent.
Assays of permethrin-impregnated fabrics and bioassays with mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Hossain M. I. , Curtis C. F. , Heekin J. P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPieces of netting and sheeting of various types were impregnated by dipping them in permethrin emulsion. Bioassays were performed in which three species of mosquitoes were exposed to the impregnated fabrics for periods of between 15 s and 8 min. When pieces of netting and sheeting were dipped in permethrin emulsion at ambient temperature, the amount of insecticide absorbed was generally proportional to the weight of liquid taken up, i.e. there was no evidence of selective absorption. Diffusion of permethrin did not occur between pieces of netting and sheeting sewn together. The LD50 on cotton nets was found to be about three times as great as on nylon nets.Aedes aegypti(L.) was found to be more susceptible thanAnopheles gambiaeGiles, which was more susceptible thanCulex quinquefasciatusSay. Although for most other groups of insecticides variation in time and dose have equivalent effects, for permethrin on netting this was not found to be true, i.e. on having the exposure time the LD50 was less than doubled.
A new species of Hypatima Hübner (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) injurious to mango trees in East Africa
Authors: Sattler K. , Stride A. B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractHypatima mangiferae Sattler sp. n. is described from Kenya, where its larva is injurious to commercial mango trees. A description of its life-history, based on extensive field observations and laboratory studies, is also provided. The moth, its male and female genitalia and the damage caused by the larva are illustrated.
Factors influencing silhouette-trap captures of the blackfly Austrosimulium bancrofti (Taylor) (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the Australian Capital Territory
Authors: Ballard J. W. O. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThree carbon-dioxide-baited silhouette traps of different shape were used to investigate aspects of trap-finding by Austrosimulium bancrofti (Taylor) in the Australian Capital Territory. Highly significant effects were included in a model which generated fitted estimates of the number of flies captured under defined conditions. Fitted captures indicated higher numbers were collected on two of the 15 trapping days. Low wind and high cloud cover increased trap catches. Temperature and solar flux had a quadratic effect, with fitted catches indicating that the highest numbers were captured at 19°C and 620·6 W/m2. The results were compared with trap captures of A. bancrofti 1300 km north in Queensland.
Population dynamics of three leafhopper vectors of rice tungro viruses, Nephotettix virescens (Distant), N. nigropictus (Stål) and Recilia dorsalis (Motschulsky) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), in farmers' fields in the Philippines
Authors: Cook A. G. , Perfect T. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe population dynamics of three vectors of rice tungro viruses (RTV), Nephotettix virescens (Distant), N. nigropictus (Stål) and Recilia dorsalis (Motschulsky), were investigated in farmers' fields in the Philippines from 1979 to 1984. R. dorsalis was the most abundant vector species on the rice seedbeds and weed covered levees between rice-growing seasons, whereas N. virescens was the most abundant on the rice crop. Population curves for the three species were similar in the same season, suggesting common population-regulating processes. Adults and nymphs of all three species were present at the sampling site during a four-month fallow period between crops.
Landing site preferences of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) in the laboratory: avoidance of horizontal features?
Authors: Doku Christopher , Brady John 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLanding site preferences of fed males of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood were measured in ca 50-cm-wide arenas in the laboratory. Flies were presented with simple black shapes of 225 cm2 against a white back-ground. Preference ran in the order: circle < square < triangle (whether the targets were black shapes on white or white on black). However, the triangle on its side (i.e. rotated through 90°) or the square presented as a diamond (i. e. rotated 45°) were both greatly preferred over their original orientations, whereas inverting the triangle (by rotating it 180°) greatly decreased its attractiveness. These preferences were retained whether the targets were compared paired or singly. The most obvious correlation was between preference and the relative lack of horizontal features in the target. When the diamond (the most attractive target) was split horizontally by a narrow white band, its attractiveness was reduced by ca 60%, whereas when split by a vertical band the attractiveness was reduced by only ca 25%. Similarly, when an additional narrow black bar was placed horizontally beneath the diamond its attractiveness was cut by 47%, whereas when the bar was placed vertically beside it the attractiveness was cut by only 28%. These reductions occurred even though the targets should have been more attractive because of their greater edge length and area. When the effect was tested with a series of rectangles, the greater the ratio of the vertical:horizontal edge length, the greater the attractiveness. The relative inhibition of landing by the presence of horizontal features in a laboratory-tested landing site thus seems clear, notwithstanding that horizontal resting sites in nature are the most preferred.
Direct measurement of host and parasitoid recruitment for assessment of total losses due to parasitism in a continuously breeding species, the cabbage aphid,Brevicoryne brassicae(L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Lopez E. R. , Van Driesche R. G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn studies in Massachusetts, the population density ofBrevicoryne brassicae(L.) was measured over the lifespans of two groups of kale leaves from maturation to senescence, taking into consideration aphid spatial pattern (in colonies or as isolated insects) and aphid size as large (adults), medium-sized (nymphal instars 2–4) or small (first-instar nymphs) individuals. Total aphid densities per leaf in both leaf groups showed similar patterns of initial increase followed by a decrease as leaves aged over the 3–4-week period of leaf survival. Aphid densities reached peak values of 8·14 and 8·64 aphids per leaf for the two leaf groups studied, and 65–67% of all aphids observed occurred in colonies. Host and parasitoid recruitment to the aphid and the parasitoid immature populations were measured using a modification of the technique of Van Driesche & Bellows (1988). Total host recruitments per leaf were 43·7 and 64·6 aphids for the first and second leaf groups. Parasitoid recruitment was 6·8–8·1 for the first leaf group and 8·2–15·8 for the second. Recruitment values indicated 15·6–18.6% parasitism for the aphid cohort on the first leaf group and 12·7–24·4% for that on the second one.