bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Classification of unknown primary tumors with a data-driven method based on a large microarray reference database
Authors: Ojala Kalle A , Kilpinen Sami K , Kallioniemi Olli P 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe present a new method to analyze cancer of unknown primary origin (CUP) samples. Our method achieves good results with classification accuracy (88% leave-one-out cross validation for primary tumors from 56 categories, 78% for CUP samples), and can also be used to study CUP samples on a gene-by-gene basis. It is not tied to any a priori defined gene set as many previous methods, and is adaptable to emerging new information.
The multiple roles of the CD8 coreceptor in T cell biology: opportunities for the selective modulation of self-reactive cytotoxic T cells
Authors: Laugel Bruno , Cole David K , Clement Mathew , Wooldridge Linda , Price David A , Sewell Andrew K 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTShort peptide fragments generated by intracellular protein cleavage are presented on the surface of most nucleated cells bound to highly polymorphic MHCI molecules. These pMHCI complexes constitute an interface that allows the immune system to identify and eradicate anomalous cells, such as those that harbor infectious agents, through the activation of CTLs. Molecular recognition of pMHCI complexes is mediated primarily by clonally distributed TCRs expressed on the surface of CTLs. The coreceptor CD8 contributes to this antigen-recognition process by binding to a largely invariant region of the MHCI molecule and by promoting intracellular signaling, the effects of which serve to enhance TCR stimuli triggered by cognate ligands. Recent investigations have shed light on the role of CD8 in the activation of MHCI-restricted, antigen-experienced T cells and in the processes of T cell selection and lineage commitment in the thymus. Here, we review these data and discuss their implications for the development of potential therapeutic strategies that selectively target pathogenic CTL responses erroneously directed against self-derived antigens.
Testosterone treatment fails to accelerate disease in a transgenic mouse model of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy
Authors: Chevalier-Larsen Erica S. , Merry Diane E. 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARY
Evidence from multiple animal models demonstrates that testosterone plays a crucial role in the progression of symptoms in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), a condition that results in neurodegeneration and muscle atrophy in affected men. Mice bearing a transgene encoding a human androgen receptor (AR) that contains a stretch of 112 glutamines (expanded polyglutamine tract; AR112Q mice) reproduce several aspects of the human disease. We treated transgenic male AR112Q mice with testosterone for 6 months. Surprisingly, testosterone treatment of AR112Q males did not exacerbate the disease. Although transgenic AR112Q males exhibited functional deficits when compared with non-transgenics, long-term testosterone treatment had no effect on motor function. Testosterone treatment also failed to affect cellular markers of disease, including inclusion formation (the accumulation of large nuclear aggregates of mutant AR protein) and levels of unphosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain. These data suggest that the mechanism of disease in SBMA saturates at close to endogenous hormone levels and that individuals with SBMA who take, or have taken, testosterone for its putative therapeutic properties are unlikely to suffer adverse effects.
The development of endotoxin tolerance, and the role of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal function and glucocorticoids in Pekin ducks
Authors: Marais Manette , Maloney Shane K. , Gray David A. 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYEndotoxin tolerance represents a state of abated immunological responsiveness to pyrogens, which, in mammals, leads to the decline or abolition of the fever response. The development of endotoxin tolerance in birds is not well understood; consequently, the impact of repeated pathogenic exposure on the avian febrile response, and thus on the ability of birds to fight recurrent infection, is not known. We determined the effect of repeated injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the febrile response of Pekin ducks. We gave ducks five injections of LPS, spaced 1, 4 or 10 days apart, and recorded their core body temperature with abdominally implanted temperature data loggers. Once we established that Pekin ducks developed endotoxin tolerance, we investigated the effect of repeated injections of LPS on the central and peripheral segments of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in an attempt to elucidate the role of glucocorticoids in the modulation of the febrile response during the tolerant period. When our ducks became tolerant to LPS, they had significantly higher basal levels of plasma corticosterone (CORT, the principal glucocorticoid in birds), and their HPA response to treatment with LPS was blunted. We propose that the augmented levels of basal plasma CORT resulted from sensitized HPA function, and this, in turn, contributed to the development of endotoxin tolerance. Regulation of the circulating level of CORT might be a possible target for the re-establishment of appropriate immune responses in birds.
Mechanisms producing coordinated function across the breadth of a large biarticular thigh muscle
Authors: Carr Jennifer A. , Ellerby David J. , Rubenson Jonas , Marsh Richard L. 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARY
We examined the hypothesis that structural features of the iliotibialis lateralis pars postacetabularis (ILPO) in guinea fowl allow this large muscle to maintain equivalent function along its anterior–posterior axis. The ILPO, the largest muscle in the hindlimb of the guinea fowl, is a hip and knee extensor. The fascicles of the ILPO originate across a broad region of the ilium and ischium posterior to the hip. Its long posterior fascicles span the length of the thigh and insert directly on the patellar tendon complex. However, its anterior fascicles are shorter and insert on a narrow aponeurosis that forms a tendinous band along the anterior edge of the muscle and is connected distally to the patellar tendon. The biarticular ILPO is actively lengthened and then actively shortened during stance. The moment arm of the fascicles at the hip increases along the anterior to posterior axis, whereas the moment arm at the knee is constant for all fascicles. Using electromyography and sonomicrometry, we examined the activity and strain of posterior and anterior fascicles of the ILPO. The activation was not significantly different in the anterior and posterior fascicles. Although we found significant differences in active lengthening and shortening strain between the anterior and posterior fascicles, the differences were small. The majority of shortening strain is caused by hip extension and the inverse relationship between hip moment arm and fascicle length along the anterior–posterior axis was found to have a major role in ensuring similar shortening strain. However, because the knee moment arm is the same for all fascicles, knee flexion in early stance was predicted to produce much larger lengthening strains in the short anterior fascicles than our measured values at this location. We propose that active lengthening of the anterior fascicles was lower than predicted because the aponeurotic tendon of insertion of the anterior fascicles was stretched and only a portion of the lengthening had to be accommodated by the active muscle fascicles.
Function of a large biarticular hip and knee extensor during walking and running in guinea fowl (Numida meleagris)
Authors: Carr Jennifer A. , Ellerby David J. , Marsh Richard L. 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYPhysiological and anatomical evidence suggests that in birds the iliotibialis lateralis pars postacetabularis (ILPO) is functionally important for running. Incorporating regional information, we estimated the mean sarcomere strain trajectory and electromyographic (EMG) amplitude of the ILPO during level and incline walking and running. Using these data and data in the literature of muscle energy use, we examined three hypotheses: (1) active lengthening will occur on the ascending limb of the length–tension curve to avoid potential damage caused by stretch on the descending limb; (2) the active strain cycle will shift to favor active shortening when the birds run uphill and shortening will occur on the plateau and shallow ascending limb of the length–tension curve; and (3) measures of EMG intensity will correlate with energy use when the mechanical function of the muscle is similar. Supporting the first hypothesis, we found that the mean sarcomere lengths at the end of active lengthening during level locomotion were smaller than the predicted length at the start of the plateau of the length–tension curve. Supporting the second hypothesis, the magnitude of active lengthening decreased with increasing slope, whereas active shortening increased. In evaluating the relationship between EMG amplitude and energy use (hypothesis 3), we found that although increases in EMG intensity with speed, slope and loading were positively correlated with muscle energy use, the quantitative relationships between these variables differed greatly under different conditions. The relative changes in EMG intensity and energy use by the muscle probably varied because of changes in the mechanical function of the muscle that altered the ratio of muscle energy use to active muscle volume. Considering the overall function of the cycle of active lengthening and shortening of the fascicles of the ILPO, we conclude that the function of active lengthening is unlikely to be energy conservation and may instead be related to promoting stability at the knee. The work required to lengthen the ILPO during stance is provided by co-contracting knee flexors. We suggest that this potentially energetically expensive co-contraction serves to stabilize the knee in early stance by increasing the mechanical impedance of the joint.
Probiotics for Disease Prevention: A Focus on Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
Authors: Bailey Jennifer L , Yeung Siu Yan 
Published: September 2011

Objective: To summarize published data regarding the safety and efficacy of probiotics in the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Data Sources: PubMed databases (January 2000-August 2011) were searched and a bibliographic review of published articles was performed to identify original reports of probiotic administration for the prevention of VAP using the search terms probiotics, synbiotics, and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Two pilot studies, 2 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and 1 meta-analysis have addressed probiotic use for VAP prevention and were included in the review. Data Synthesis: VAP frequently occurs in mechanically ventilated patients. Given the lack of new antimicrobial agents, probiotics have been studied for their ability to modify human microflora colonization. Two studies examining pathogen colonization rates favored probiotics, with reduced incidence and increased duration until the emergence of new species. One prospective RCT found significant reduction in the incidence of VAP and colonization rates, but no significant difference in patient disposition outcomes. Another RCT examining 28-day mortality found no overall benefit with probiotic use and no reduction in colonization rates. Conclusions: Clinical trials have failed to demonstrate a consistent beneficial effect of probiotics in mechanically ventilated patients; thus, they are not recommended for routine clinical use. However, heterogeneity among study designs may hinder this assessment and the designs should be unified in future research.
Association Between Seed Dormancy and Pericarp Color Is Controlled by a Pleiotropic Gene That Regulates Abscisic Acid and Flavonoid Synthesis in Weedy Red Rice
Authors: Gu Xing-You , Foley Michael E , Horvath David P , Anderson James V , Feng Jiuhuan , Zhang Lihua , Mowry Chase R , Ye Heng , Suttle Jeffrey C , Kadowaki Koh-ichi , Chen Zongxiang 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Seed dormancy has been associated with red grain color in cereal crops for a century. The association was linked to qSD7-1/qPC7, a cluster of quantitative trait loci for seed dormancy/pericarp color in weedy red rice. This research delimited qSD7-1/qPC7 to the Os07g11020 or Rc locus encoding a basic helix-loop-helix family transcription factor by intragenic recombinants and provided unambiguous evidence that the association arises from pleiotropy. The pleiotropic gene expressed in early developing seeds promoted expression of key genes for biosynthesis of abscisic acid (ABA), resulting in an increase in accumulation of the dormancy-inducing hormone; activated a conserved network of eight genes for flavonoid biosynthesis to produce the pigments in the lower epidermal cells of the pericarp tissue; and enhanced seed weight. Thus, the pleiotropic locus most likely controls the dormancy and pigment traits by regulating ABA and flavonoid biosynthetic pathways, respectively. The dormancy effect could be eliminated by a heat treatment, but could not be completely overcome by gibberellic acid or physical removal of the seed maternal tissues. The dormancy-enhancing alleles differentiated into two groups basically associated with tropical and temperate ecotypes of weedy rice. Of the pleiotropic effects, seed dormancy could contribute most to the weed adaptation. Pleiotropy prevents the use of the dormancy gene to improve resistance of white pericarp cultivars against pre-harvest sprouting through conventional breeding approaches.
Narrating Lives and Contemporary Imaginaries
Authors: Smith Sidonie 
Published: September 2011

Good evening, colleagues and friends. Tonight I have the honor of talking with you about my decided passion, narrating lives.Emerging from dispersed global locations, circulated for difering purposes, life narration moves along predictable and unpredictable routes to publics and to archives near and far. High forms and low forms. Long forms and short forms. Lyric forms and documentary forms. Narrated lives in the irst, second, third, and plural persons. Life stories in print, comics, photography, ilm, and Second Life.
Du cursus d'éducation syndicale aux parcours de formation des militants de la CGT (années 1950-2000)
Authors: Ethuin Nathalie , Siblot Yasmine 
Published: September 2011

Résumé Cet article retrace les évolutions du système d’« éducation » puis de « formation » de la CGT, en se centrant sur l’importation mais aussi l’adaptation de plusieurs modèles d’éducation : un modèle d’éducation partisan (celui du PCF), le modèle du cursus scolaire et enfin celui de la formation pour adultes. Pour rendre compte de ces emprunts mais aussi des spécificités du modèle de la CGT, on se fonde ici sur des sources de première main, celles du Centre confédéral d’éducation ouvrière (CCEO) déposées à l’Institut d’histoire sociale confédéral de la CGT, ainsi que sur des entretiens avec d’anciens permanents du CCEO. Cette exploration révèle la relative autonomie du secteur formation au sein de la confédération, et interroge les pratiques de travail des militants qui ont élaboré les programmes et modèles pédagogiques au fil des décennies au regard de leurs trajectoires syndicales, intellectuelles et sociales. L’article propose ainsi une périodisation des évolutions du modèle de formation cégétiste, depuis la période de la « syndicalisation de l’éducation » qui s’ouvre en 1947, jusqu’à celle de la « formation tout au long de la vie syndicale » qui marque les dernières années.
Le fétichisme de la formation et les enjeux politiques d'un dispositif centralisé. Le cas du Centre fédéral de formation de la FEN (1976-1982)
Authors: Brucy Guy 
Published: September 2011

Résumé Au début des années 1970, la FEN est la plus puissante des organisations syndicales de l’Éducation nationale et de la fonction publique. Mais elle est en même temps confrontée à la progression régulière des minorités internes qui menacent le pouvoir de la tendance majoritaire qui la dirige. En 1976, sa direction met en place un dispositif de formation dont l’objectif est de renforcer le pouvoir fédéral et de préserver l’avenir de la majorité en structurant un réseau de sections départementales. L’organisation des stages, leur encadrement par une équipe d’animateurs-formateurs adhérant aux thèses majoritaires, la sélection des savoirs dispensés et les pédagogies privilégiant l’activité collective des stagiaires visent à former un nouveau type de militants animés de l’esprit fédéral et indépendants des appareils des syndicats nationaux. Ce dispositif cristallise très tôt l’opposition à la fois des plus importants syndicats de la tendance majoritaire – notamment le SNI –, jaloux de leur indépendance, et des syndicats dirigés par la minorité Unité et Action, qui redoutent l’instrumentalisation des sections par la tendance majoritaire. Objet d’attaques convergentes de plus en plus violentes, le dispositif sera profondément remanié au début des années 1980.
Une analyse de la géographie des services résidentiels et touristiques à l'échelle des bassins de vie français
Authors: Aubert Francis , Lépicier Denis , Dissart Jean-Christophe 
Published: September 2011

L’article a pour objectif de contribuer à la caractérisation des activités « résidentielles », correspondant aux services destinés à la population, permanente ou temporaire, pour une localité donnée. La distribution spatiale des emplois correspondant à ces activités résidentielles est examinée à l’échelle des bassins de vie. L’estimation des emplois relevant du tourisme, conduite selon la méthode du besoin minimal, permet d’appréhender l’impact spécifique de l’attractivité touristique sur les services résidentiels. Pour analyser la géographie de l’emploi résidentiel ainsi établie, les facteurs explicatifs sont attachés au potentiel de marché local ainsi qu’à la capacité des territoires à attirer ou retenir les consommateurs. Si, globalement, la répartition des emplois résidentiels suit la hiérarchie urbaine, il convient aussi de tenir compte de caractéristiques sectorielles qui détachent en partie les services non marchands, ainsi que de spécificités géographiques en contexte périurbain et en station touristique.
Estimation du coût immobilier global par salarié : application aux activités tertiaires supérieures dans les quartiers d'affaires parisiens
Authors: Nappi-Choule Ingrid 
Published: September 2011

Le papier fournit une mesure du coût immobilier global moyen par salarié pour les sièges sociaux des grandes entreprises tertiaires du secteur FIRE (finance, insurance, real estate - banques, assurances et immobilier) et de conseil en région Île-de-France. Alors que les utilisateurs se réfèrent généralement lors du choix d’une implantation au loyer/m 2 , la mesure du coût immobilier global proposé permet de prendre en compte, en plus des taxes et charges diverses, les ratios d’occupation des immeubles de bureaux par salarié. Cette recherche fait ainsi apparaître que, bien qu’un immeuble neuf présente un loyer/m 2 plus élevé qu’un immeuble de seconde main, il est dans certains cas en réalité beaucoup moins cher pour un siège social de s’implanter dans un immeuble neuf s’il adopte un raisonnement en coût global.
Le séjour de Ferdinand Herold en Italie (Rome et Naples, 1812-1815) et ses envois de musique à l'Institut
Authors: Audéon Hervé 
Published: September 2011

Grand prix de composition musicale de l’Institut en 1812, Louis-Joseph-Ferdinand Herold (1791-1833) a laissé d’importantes sources relatives à son séjour en Italie, effectué à l’époque des guerres napoléoniennes, entre décembre 1812 et mai 1815. Voyage qui le mène principalement de la Villa Médicis, à Rome, à la cour de Joachim Murat, à Naples. Nous proposons, à partir des lettres, du journal et des manuscrits musicaux écrits par le compositeur, une synthèse de ce séjour qui, par de précieux détails, nous éclaire sur la vie d’un pensionnaire musicien d’alors et sur les enjeux que représente l’obtention du grand prix pour les débuts d’une carrière. Afin de mieux appréhender la singularité et la richesse de ce séjour, nous dressons un aperçu de la production musicale, réglementaire ou non, de Herold. Il en ressort l’image d’une résidence réussie, à la fois exemplaire et originale.
Le recouvrement des Alpes et la question de l'ironie
Authors: Guignard Adrien 
Published: September 2011

Dès le milieu du XIX e siècle, « l’industrie touristique » (terme d’époque) du voyage en Suisse semble partiellement condamner les perceptions et les représentations des régions alpines à une sorte de bégaiement. L’extraordinaire fortune éditoriale des récits de voyage doublée de l’apparition des guides Joanne , Murray et Baedeker favoriseraient certains propos « itératoires » – on les dira trop facilement « postmodernes » – selon lesquels la découverte de la Suisse pour un sujet (un touriste) voyageant et écrivant tient de l’impossible parce que ce sujet touristique est d’abord un produit, un résultat discursif. Vers la fin du siècle, après que Monsieur Perrichon, de passage à la mère ( sic ) de Glace, a écrit : « Jamais je ne me suis mouché si haut » et que Tartarin de Tarascon a fait l’ascension de la Jungfrau : il semble que tout soit dit. L’authenticité du voyageur pourrait tenir de la farce et la sensibilité touristique exprimerait ses « impressions » par l’entremise du Dictionnaire des idées reçues . Cet article entend soutenir que l’ironie, loin de participer au phénomène de redite que nous venons d’esquisser, renouvelle efficacement l’esthétique du voyage en Suisse.
Chacun jette son chien. De la fin d'une vie au XIXe siècle
Authors: Baratay Éric 
Published: September 2011

À côté de l’histoire humaine des animaux, évoquant les manières dont l’homme s’approprie les bêtes, il est temps de bâtir l’histoire personnelle, animale , de ces êtres vivants subissant, réagissant, agissant, et de se poser des questions nouvelles comme celle-ci : de quoi et comment meurent les chiens au XIX e siècle, et que deviennent leurs cadavres ? Or, la littérature peut apporter beaucoup à ce genre de question, notamment en informations sur le quotidien animal, son croisement avec d’autres sources prouvant sa fiabilité, peut-être parce que ces éléments sont souvent traités comme des décors d’histoires, n’ayant pas besoin d’être beaucoup travaillés. À condition évidemment de traiter au préalable cette littérature comme un ensemble de discours situés, on peut avec elle reconstituer les morts brutales des chiens et les abandons de leurs cadavres un peu partout, avant que ne s’installent peu à peu d’autres traitements.