bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1 Biography vs. Literature, Art, and Criticism
Authors: Junod Karen 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Chapter 1 presents an overview of biographical writing in eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Britain, and shows that while the biographies of painters shared many affinities with other contemporary textual lives, such biographies also developed into a specific and separate literary genre. This section also notes the importance of Vasari's Vite and the ways in which this text influenced, and was simultaneously resisted by, British writers. Finally, this chapter discusses the development of connoisseurship in eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Britain and tackles the question of how far the biographical mode of art-writing responded to, and defined itself against, the connoisseurial and more formal discourse which continued to enjoy high cultural and intellectual status during the period.
4 William Hogarth
Authors: Junod Karen 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses several biographies of William Hogarth, and explores the nature and function of literary anecdotes in the construction and promotion of the artist's individual and artistic personality. More precisely, this section discusses the spatial qualities of certain anecdotes contained in John Nichols's Biographical Anecdotes of William Hogarth. It argues that literary anecdotes are the most pictorial and visually effective passages of Nichols's biographical account, and thus function as verbal and textual counterparts to Hogarth's pictures. These brief stories represent biographical images in words and contribute to elaborating an image of Hogarth as an artist that is highly reminiscent of his own portraits of characters.
6 George Morland
Authors: Junod Karen 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This chapter explores the origins and nature of Morland's biographical success. It shows that Morland's generally scandalous lifestyle held real interest for many people, not least because the painter had scorned any social norms to which artists usually adhered. It also argues that Morland's unusualness was the result of interconnected factors which affected both the British art market and literature during this period. Indeed, Morland was active at a time when commercial transactions between painters and clients were undergoing significant changes in Britain. This chapter also argues that Morland's natural genius would not have been so widely reported had it not fed into contemporary debates about artistic creation and invention. His appeal as an unconventional painter would have remained unnoticed had there not been a wider interest among readers in literary figures who dwelt on the margins of society. Morland's eccentricities undoubtedly appealed to contemporary literary sensibilities.
Conclusion
Authors: Junod Karen 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The conclusion shows that by the early nineteenth century, painters were no longer demoted to the lower echelons of the social and cultural ladder, but were finally granted centre stage in the landscape of the creative arts. Simultaneously, the genre of the artist's life was to develop dramatically in the course of the nineteenth century, and would reach unprecedented popularity. In order to show some of the changes that took place in art-biographical writing between the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, this conclusion focuses on William Hazlitt's Conversations with James Northcote. More particularly, Hazlitt's recorded conversations exemplify the shift in art-biographical writing during this period, especially in its personalization and individualization of aesthetics as well as in its emancipation from Continental models.
The Content of International Responsibility
Authors: Tzanakopoulos Antonios 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses what it means in concrete terms for UN responsibility to have been engaged. It argues that the UN is subject to the normal secondary obligations of cessation of the wrongful act, and of reparation, the forms of which are restitution, compensation, and satisfaction. The chapter first surveys the nature of the obligation of cessation and seeks to distinguish it from the continued duty of performance of the obligation breached, and from the secondary obligation of reparation through restitution. It then goes on to argue that restitution, in particular ‘juridical restitution’ and satisfaction are important forms of reparation as far as UN responsibility for Security Council action is concerned: these forms of reparation obligate that the offending normative act be withdrawn and ensure that no precedent will be established, respectively.
General Conclusion
Authors: Tzanakopoulos Antonios 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis book has examined how the United Nations Security Council may violate international law via its exercising of power to impose binding non-forcible measures (‘sanctions’) under Article 41 of the UN Charter. Throughout the aim of this study has been to understand the UN as an actor of international law, subjected to rules, and bearing responsibility for their violation. This chapter ends by talking about what comes beyond this study.
Traditional Elegy
Authors: Garner R. Scott 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThough often assumed to be a product of traditional compositional practices comparable to those found in early Greek epic, archaic elegy has not previously been analyzed in similar detail with respect to such verse‐making techniques. This volume redresses some of this imbalance by exploring several issues related to the production of Greek elegiac poetry. By investigating elegy's metrical partitioning and its localizing patterns of repeated phraseology, This book makes clear that the oral‐formulaic processes lying at the heart of Homeric epic bear close resemblance to those that also originally made archaic elegy possible. Additionally, a close look at the most common metrical ‘anomaly’ in early elegy — epic correption — demonstrates that elegiac poets of the archaic period were not simply mimicking an earlier productive style but were actively engaging with such traditional techniques in order to produce and reproduce their own poems. Because correption exhibits several patterns of employment that depend upon the meshing and adapting of traditional phraseological units, it becomes clear that in elegy — just as in epic — this metrical phenomenon is inextricably entwined with traditional techniques of verse composition, and we therefore have strong evidence that elegiac poets of the archaic period were still making active use of these oral‐formulaic techniques. The implications of such findings are quite large, as they require a wholesale shift in our modern methods of inquiry into elegy for a wide range of concerns of meter, phraseology, and even intended meaning and overall aesthetics.
Incidence and clinical relevance of uncontrolled ventricular rate during atrial fibrillation in heart failure patients treated with cardiac resynchronization therapy
Authors: Boriani Giuseppe , Gasparini Maurizio , Landolina Maurizio , Lunati Maurizio , Proclemer Alessandro , Lonardi Gabriele , Iacopino Saverio , Rahue Werner , Biffi Mauro , DiStefano Paola , Grammatico Andrea , Santini Massimo ,   on behalf of the ClinicalService cardiac centres
Published: May 2011

AimsUncontrolled ventricular rate (VR) during atrial fibrillation (AF) may cause clinical deterioration in heart failure (HF) patients who need continuous biventricular pacing to achieve cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). We aimed at evaluating the association between AF, uncontrolled VR, and sub‐optimal CRT, defined as low biventricular pacing percentage (BIVP%).Methods and resultsAll 1404 patients had HF, New York Heart Association (NYHA) ≥II, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤35%, and QRS ≥120 ms, and received an implantable CRT defibrillator (CRT‐D). Occurrence of AF, VR during AF and lifetime BIVP% were estimated from device data. Ventricular rate during AF was defined as uncontrolled in patients with mean VR>80 bpm and maximum VR>110 bpm. Over a median follow‐up of 18 months, AF was detected in 443 of 1404 patients (32%). In this sub‐group of AF patients, VR during AF was uncontrolled in 150 of 443 patients (34%). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that age [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.00–1.06, P= 0.028], and uncontrolled VR [HR = 1.69 (CI = 1.01–2.83), P= 0.046] were the only independent predictors of clinical outcome, assessed by HF hospitalizations and death. The median lifetime BIVP% was 95% (25–75 percentile range 91–99%). Biventricular pacing percentage was significantly and inversely correlated to VR, decreasing by 7% for each 10 bpm increase in VR. Sub‐optimal CRT, defined as BIVP% <95%, was predicted by the occurrence of persistent or permanent AF [odds ratio (OR) = 3.77, CI = 2.44–5.82, P< 0.001], and uncontrolled VR [OR = 2.25, CI = 1.35–3.73, P= 0.002].ConclusionUncontrolled VR occurs in one‐third of CRT‐D patients, who experience AF, and is associated with HF hospitalizations and death and with sub‐optimal CRT (lifetime BIVP%<95%).
Human Capital and Transaction Cost Economics
Authors: Foss Nicolai J. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Human capital (HC) may be defined as the stock of valued skills, knowledge, insights, and so on, controlled by an individual: the attributes of the relevant individual that are valuable in an economic context. It yields services such as labour services, management services, or entrepreneurship. While this overall perspective cuts across organizational economics perspectives – such as transaction-cost economics (TCE), property rights/incomplete contracts theory, and agency theory – the specific terminology applied here is particular to TCE. This article surveys TCE as it pertains to HC, concentrating on: the work of TCE's most prominent flag-bearer, Oliver Williamson; the precursors of his work; and the various operationalizations and extensions of his approach. Also briefly discussed is the property-rights approach, which, like TCE, rests on the notion of incomplete contracting and the need to safeguard transactions under such conditions.
Human Capital in the Resource-Based View
Authors: Kraaijenbrink Jeroen 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The resource-based view (RBV) is one of the most influential theories for explaining a firm's sustained competitive advantage (SCA). Its basic idea is that firms can attain an SCA when they possess and control valuable, rare, and inimitable assets and have an organization in place that is equipped to handle them. This article examines how human capital (HC) relates to the RBV. It deals critically with the RBV's evident weaknesses – especially its vague notions of resource and value. The article notes that there is no analysis of how HC might be differentiated from other types of resource, for the RBV treats all resources as conceptually equivalent. It distinguishes eight types of critique to the RBV. Three of these threaten the RBV's status as a core theory: the indeterminate nature of two concepts fundamental to the RBV – resource and value – plus the RBV's narrow explanation of a firm's SCA.
How Organizations Obtain the Human Capital they Need
Authors: Hamori Monika , Bonet Rocio , Cappelli Peter 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis article addresses the question of how modern firms obtain the human capital they need. It focuses on how workforce recruitment and hiring practices have changed since approximately the late 1980s, as firms, driven by external forces to improve efficiency and increase flexibility, have responded by flattening hierarchies, downsizing, and making greater use of external labour markets. The article identifies four key features of these strategic shifts: a decrease in the importance of internal talent development; an increase in external hiring practices; increased use of alternative work arrangements such as part-time, temporary, and contract work; and decreasing loyalty of employees to employers. In the analyses of current recruitment practices, it identifies two key trends: the increased use of executive search agencies, and the growing use of the Internet as a recruitment medium.
Aligning Human Capital with Organizational Needs
Authors: Lepak David P. , Takeuchi Riki , Swart Juani 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This article focuses on the alignment between human capital (HC) and organizational needs. It focuses on the question of how alignment between HC and organizational strategy influences individual and organizational performance. The starting point for this article is the human-resource architecture proposed by Lepak and Snell (1999), which suggests that firms' decisions to build or buy in HC are influenced by its strategic value and uniqueness. At the individual level of analysis, the article investigates the potential influence of job security/career prospects and the target of an individual's commitment on performance. In a wide-ranging analysis, it questions whether conventional goals of maximizing workforce commitment are necessarily desirable, given that, while core workers and firm's targets of commitment are likely to be in alignment, the targets of commitment for those in job–productivity relationships are more likely to align with their future careers outside the firm.
Human Capital in Developing Countries
Authors: Clarke Thomas 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This article surveys the development of human capital (HC) in developing countries, focusing on the significance of the Asian experience. Here, the trajectories of human and industrial capital development in the Asia Pacific region are investigated as the most promising developing region in economic terms, posing the critical questions of whether this region will succeed in joining the advanced industrial countries in the knowledge economy, and whether other developing countries and regions of the world can follow the same path. A central theme is how the countries of Asia have coped and will need to continue to cope in future with the shift to a globalized, knowledge-based economy. In this process of development, the article identifies a central role for HC while stressing the complementary nature of other forms of capital including social capital, financial capital, manufacturing capital, and natural capital.
The Future of Human Capital
Authors: Kochan Thomas A. , Litwin Adam Seth 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This article assesses the future of human capital (HC) in organizations from an industrial-relations perspective. It notes that, paradoxically, while HC has grown in importance in the shift to a knowledge-based economy, the externalization of work that has accompanied this shift and the consequent weakening of labour market institutions has reduced incentives and pressures on firms to invest in people. The article suggests that this is a case of market failure. Resolving this paradox requires firms as well as unions, professional associations, staffing agencies, and the state to work together. The employment relationship thus becomes their unit of analysis, and this article explores the variety of institutional support which is necessary to rebuild and sustain that relationship in the future economy.
Cost effectiveness of interventions to reduce relapse to smoking following smoking cessation
Authors: Taylor Matthew , Leonardi‐Bee Jo , Agboola Shade , McNeill Ann , Coleman Tim 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTAims  To determine the incremental cost effectiveness of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), bupropion and varenicline for preventing relapse to smoking when used by abstinent smokersDesign setting and participants  Cohort simulation and sensitivity analyses combining cost and health service data with systematic review estimates for the effectiveness of NRT, bupropion and varenicline when used by abstinent quitters to prevent their relapse to smoking.Measurements  Incremental health gain in Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) generated by each drug compared to ‘no intervention’.Findings  Bupropion resulted in an incremental QALY increase of 0.07 with a concurrent cost saving of £68; NRT and varenicline both caused incremental QALYs increases of 0.04 at costs of £12 and £90 respectively, although varenicline findings were based on data from a single clinical trial and require cautious interpretation. Even after extensive sensitivity analyses with substantial varying of key model parameters, cost effectiveness of all drugs remained. Cost effectiveness ratios only exceeded the UK National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) benchmark of £20 000 per QALY when drug treatment effects were postulated to last for no longer than 1 year; or, for NRT and varenicline, efficacy was reduced to 10% of that observed in clinical trials.Conclusions  Bupropion, nicotine replacement therapy and varenicline appear cost effective at preventing relapse to smoking by smokers who are in quit attempts and have recently become abstinent; they have comparable cost effectiveness to smoking cessation interventions. Widespread use of these effective relapse prevention treatments could promote substantial health gain at an acceptable cost to health providers.
Large‐scale architecture in non‐marine basins: the response to the interplay between accommodation space and sediment supply
Authors: HUERTA PEDRO , ARMENTEROS ILDEFONSO , SILVA PABLO G. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractSedimentary successions of non‐marine basins can be considered in terms of accommodation space and sedimentary supply changes. Changes in accommodation space controlling the large‐scale architecture of non‐marine basins are different in areas with high and low sedimentary supplies. Uplift of intrabasinal monoclines and anticlines reduced the available accommodation space, resulting in changes in both the geometry of the depositional sequences and the large‐scale architecture of fluvial, mudflat and shallow carbonate lacustrine deposits. Main drainage fluvial systems record areas with a high sedimentary supply, while mudflats and shallow fluctuating lakes represent areas that received less sediment. Two end members in the large‐scale architecture of main drainage fluvial system in the Almazán Basin (Spain) are: (i) ribbon‐shaped channel fills with low interconnectivity which pass laterally into mudflats dominated by mudstones and evaporites and into palustrine and shallow carbonate lacustrine deposits (mainly in the A2 depositional sequence); and (ii) sheet‐like channel fills with high interconnectivity laterally correlated with stacked calcretes in the marginal mudflats (in the upper part of A3). Ribbon‐shaped channel fills formed in areas of high accommodation space and sheet‐like channel fills formed in areas of reduced accommodation space.
Calcium and magnesium‐limited dolomite precipitation at Deep Springs Lake, California
Authors: MEISTER PATRICK , REYES CAROLINA , BEAUMONT WILL , RINCON MIGUEL , COLLINS LISA , BERELSON WILLIAM , STOTT LOWELL , CORSETTI FRANK , NEALSON KENNETH H. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractDolomite [Ca,Mg(CO3)2] precipitation from supersaturated ionic solutions at Earth surface temperatures is considered kinetically inhibited because of the difficulties experienced in experimentally reproducing such a process. Nevertheless, recent dolomite is observed to form in hypersaline and alkaline environments. Such recent dolomite precipitation is commonly attributed to microbial mediation because dolomite has been demonstrated to form in vitro in microbial cultures. The mechanism of microbially mediated dolomite precipitation is, however, poorly understood and it remains unclear what role microbial mediation plays in natural environments. In the study presented here, simple geochemical methods were used to assess the limitations and controls of dolomite formation in Deep Springs Lake, a highly alkaline playa lake in eastern California showing ongoing dolomite authigenesis. The sediments of Deep Springs Lake consist of unlithified, clay‐fraction dolomite ooze. Based on δ18O equilibria and textural observations, dolomite precipitates from oxygenated and agitated surface brine. The Na‐SO4‐dominated brine contains up to 500 mm dissolved inorganic carbon whereas Mg2+ and Ca2+ concentrations are ca 1 and 0·3 mm, respectively. Precipitation in the subsurface probably is not significant because of the lack of Ca2+ (below 0·01 mm). Under such highly alkaline conditions, the effect of microbial metabolism on supersaturation by pH and alkalinity increase is negligible. A putative microbial effect could, however, support dolomite nucleation or support crystal growth by overcoming a kinetic barrier. An essential limitation on crystal growth rates imposed by the low Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations could favour the thermodynamically more stable carbonate phase (which is dolomite) to precipitate. This mode of unlithified dolomite ooze formation showing δ13C values near to equilibrium with atmospheric CO2 (ca 3‰) contrasts the formation of isotopically light (organically derived), hard‐lithified dolomite layers in the subsurface of some less alkaline environments. Inferred physicochemical controls on dolomite formation under highly alkaline conditions observed in Deep Springs Lake may shed light on conditions that favoured extensive dolomite formation in alkaline Precambrian oceans, as opposed to modern oceans where dolomites only form diagenetically in organic C‐rich sediments.
Expression of plasminogen activator‐related genes in the adipose tissue of lactating dairy sheep in the early post‐weaning period
Authors: Theodorou G. , Lampidonis A. D. , Laliotis G. P. , Bizelis I. , Politis I. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryThere is growing evidence that plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI‐1) is expressed in adipose tissue and its expression is implicated in inflammation that accompanies obesity‐associated diseases. The physiological role of other genes implicated in the plasminogen‐activating cascade such as urokinase‐type plasminogen activator (u‐PA), u‐PA receptor (u‐PAR) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 (PAI‐2) in ovine adipose tissue remains unknown. The objective of this study was to examine the changes in the expression of four plasminogen activator (PA)‐related genes during the early post‐weaning period in dairy ewes. A total of 21 subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were obtained from seven lactating dairy ewes of the Chios breed at weeks 1, 2 and 4 after weaning. Results indicated that expression of all PA‐related genes was detected in most of the samples examined. Greatest expression of u‐PAR corresponded to highest (week 1), while greatest expression of PAI‐2 corresponded to lowest (week 4) rate of lipolysis, as indicated by the expression of hormone‐sensitive lipase, in the ovine adipose tissue. There were no significant differences in the expression of the other two PA‐related genes (u‐PA, PAI‐1) throughout the experimental period. Plasminogen activator‐related genes are not expressed in a coordinated manner in the adipose tissue of lactating dairy sheep in the early post‐weaning period. In conclusion, adipose tissue mobilization is correlated with highest expression of u‐PAR and lowest expression of PAI‐2.