bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anxiolytic and hypnotic drug misuse in Thailand: Findings from a national household survey
Authors: ASSANANGKORNCHAI SAWITRI , SAM‐ANGSRI NISAN , RERNGPONGPAN SIRINPORN , EDWARDS J. GUY 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Introduction and Aims.
The non‐medical use of prescription drugs, such as anxiolytics and hypnotics, has become a growing public health problem in Thailand. The objective of this study was to examine the patterns of non‐medical use of these drugs, using data from a nationally representative sample of Thais interviewed in 2007. Design and Methods. A nationwide, multi‐stage, household survey of 26 633 respondents aged 12–65 years living in 11 348 households throughout Thailand using a face‐to‐face structured interview questionnaire was carried out. Results. In 2007, 1.58% (734 288) and 1.58% (733 318) of Thais indicated that they had misused anxiolytics or hypnotics, respectively, at some time during their lives. Less than 1% had misused these drugs during the 12 months preceding the interview (426 170 or 0.92% for anxiolytics, 372 920 or 0.80% for hypnotics), fewer during the preceding 30 days (234 871 or 0.50% for anxiolytics, 225 638 or 0.48% for hypnotics).The highest prevalence of past 30 day use was in Bangkok, the lowest in Southern Thailand. More women than men, older than younger respondents, and subjects who considered they were in poor physical health or had emotional problems than those who thought otherwise used the drugs during the 30 days before the interviews. Discussion and Conclusions. The prevalence of anxiolytic/hypnotic misuse/abuse appears to be lower than that reported from more developed countries, but a small increase in problems resulting from the use of these substances has a disproportionately large effect on the overstretched resources of a developing country. [Assanangkornchai S, Sam‐Angsri N, Rerngpongpan S, Edwards JG. Anxiolytic and hypnotic drug misuse in Thailand: Findings from a national household survey. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009]
Alcohol consumption and alcohol‐related problems among Vietnamese medical students
Authors: PHAM DIEP B. , CLOUGH ALAN R. , NGUYEN HIEN V. , KIM GIANG B. , BUETTNER PETRA G. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Introduction and Aims.
This study examined prevalence and predictors of alcohol consumption and alcohol problems in a sample of medical students in Vietnam. Design and Methods. A cross‐sectional survey using a multi‐stage cluster sampling approach was conducted in 2007 in two universities in Vietnam. The students (n = 619, 100% response rate) completed questionnaires based on the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test. A score of ≥8 defined presence of alcohol problems. Data analyses adjusted for the cluster sampling approach. Results. Overall 65.5% of students had drunk alcohol during the previous year while alcohol problems were detected in 12.5%. Male students, students who reported that their family members drank and students who reported that their flat mates were drinking were more likely to be current drinkers. Male students were 14.3 times more likely to have an Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test score of ≥8 compared with female students (P = 0.005). Discussion and Conclusions. Intervention programs focusing on male students and their social environment are warranted. As Vietnamese society rapidly modernises prevention programs for female students may also be needed. [Pham DB, Clough AR, Nguyen HV, Kim GB, Buettner PG. Alcohol consumption and alcohol‐related problems among Vietnamese medical students. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009]
The Andalusian trial on heroin‐assisted treatment: A 2 year follow‐up
Authors: OVIEDO‐JOEKES EUGENIA , MARCH JOAN C. , ROMERO MANUEL , PEREA‐MILLA EMILIO 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Introduction and Aims. In 2003, a randomised controlled trial comparing injected diacetylmorphine and oral methadone was carried out in Andalusia, Spain. The subsequent follow‐up study evaluated the health and drug use status of participants, 2 years after the completion of the trial. Design and Methods. This follow‐up cohort study was carried out between March and August 2006. Data collected included information on socio‐demographics, drug use, health and health‐related quality of life. We compared data collected before randomisation and at 2 years for the following three groups: those currently on heroin‐assisted treatment (C‐HAT), those who have discontinued HAT (D‐HAT), and those who have never received HAT (N‐HAT). Results. From the total 62 randomised participants in 2003, 54 (87%) were interviewed for this study. Participants were distributed as follow: C‐HAT 44.4% (24), N‐HAT 22.2% (12) and D‐HAT 33.3% (18). Illicit heroin use had a statistically significant decrease in the three groups from baseline to 2 years post trial. Mean days of heroin use were 2.42 (SD = 3.02); 6.56 (SD = 9.48) and 13.92 (SD = 12.59) for the C‐HAT, D‐HAT and N‐HAT groups, respectively. Those currently on HAT were the only group that sustained at 2 years, their marked improvement in health after 9 months of treatment during the trial period. Discussion and Conclusions: Patients who received HAT showed better outcomes compared with those not on HAT. The results of this study strengthen the evidence showing that HAT can improve and stabilise the health of long‐term heroin users with severe comorbidities and high mortality.[Oviedo‐Joekes E, March JC, Romero M, Perea‐Milla E. The Andalusian trial on heroin assisted treatment: A 2 year follow‐up. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009]
Benzodiazepine use among heroin users: Baseline use, current use and clinical outcome
Authors: DARKE SHANE , ROSS JOANNE , MILLS KATHERINE , TEESSON MAREE , WILLIAMSON ANNA , HAVARD ALYS 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Introduction and Aims. Benzodiazepine use is associated with elevated levels of harm. The current study aimed to ascertain the long‐term nature of the relationship between benzodiazepine use and clinical profile among heroin users. Design and Methods. Longitudinal cohort, with follow‐up at 3, 12, 24 and 36 months. Participants were 615 heroin users recruited for the Australian Treatment Outcome Study. Results. At baseline, current benzodiazepine users were more likely to be committing crime, had poorer psychological health and poorer physical health. Baseline benzodiazepine use was not associated with the likelihood across follow‐up of heroin use (P = 0.44), committing crime (P = 0.17), poorer psychological health (P = 0.31) or poorer physical health (P = 0.48). Current benzodiazepine use was, however, associated with a greater likelihood of concurrent heroin use (OR 2.77), crime (OR 2.04), poorer psychological health (β = −4.47) and poorer physical health (β = −2.33). Discussion and Conclusions. Clinicians should be aware that reductions in benzodiazepine use are associated with reductions in harm, and that baseline benzodiazepine status does not equate to poor long‐term outcome. [Darke S, Ross J, Mills K, Teesson M, Williamson A, Havard A. Benzodiazepine use among heroin users: Baseline use, current use and clinical outcome. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009]
Achieving professional practice change: From training to workforce development
Authors: ROCHE ANN M. , PIDD KEN , FREEMAN TOBY 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Issues.
The traditional approach to increasing the capacity of health and human service professionals to deliver alcohol, tobacco and other drug interventions has been to build relevant knowledge, skills and attitudes through the provision of education and training. However, as a stand alone strategy, education and training is likely to have limited impact. Approach. This paper examines not only the features and characteristics of successful training programs and approaches, but also the wider array of systems and structural factors that might act as impediments to the implementation of new knowledge, skills and clinical behaviours. Key Findings. There is a constellation of factors that extend beyond traditional notions of ‘training’ that fall under the rubric of ‘workforce development’. Implications and Conclusions. A workforce development approach requires three levels of action—system‐wide, capacity building and professional development to ensure effective responses. [Roche AM, Pidd K, Freeman T. Achieving professional practice change: From training to workforce development. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009;28:550–557]
Multidisciplinary antenatal care for opiate‐using women: Child‐care issues
Authors: ADENIJI ADERONKE A. , PURCELL ALISON , PEARSON LORRAINE , ANTCLIFFE JAN M. , TUTTY SUSAN , SINHA CHITRA , PAIRAUDEAU PETER W. , LINDOW STEPHEN W. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Introduction and Aims. The fact that particular parents suffer afflictions limiting their ability to care does not mean that they should automatically be deemed unsuitable parents. Prompted by neonatal team concerns about child‐care issues, a local multidisciplinary group was set up to care for substance‐abusing pregnant women in our region. Design and Methods. This project was conducted in order to review the records of all the women who had been discussed at our management planning meetings over the past 5 years. Our assessment tool records were reviewed and analysed using spss. Results. A total of 233 women were assessed. The majority of patients booked before 20 weeks (62%) and 96 women (41%) attended over 80% of their antenatal appointments. There was little change in substance use during the course of pregnancy. Overall, at delivery, 196 of the 233 women (84%) used methadone and 89(38%) used heroin. There was no correlation between usage and foster care of the baby (methadone: χ2 = 0.5, P = 0.8 NS) (heroin: χ2 = 3.1, P = 0.08 NS). There was an absolute correlation between social services involvement and foster care (χ2 = 2.33, P < 0.0001). Adherence with planned antenatal appointments significantly increased the likelihood of a child being discharged with his mother (χ2 = 6.7, P = 0.009). Discussion and Conclusions. The majority of newborns were discharged home with their mothers directly with the most significant factor in placing a child in foster care being prior involvement of social services. However, many of these families will continue to need support during the children's early years.[Adeniji AA, Purcell A, Pearson L, Antcliffe JM, Tutty S, Sinha C, Pairaudeau PW, Lindow SW. Multidisciplinary antenatal care for opiate‐using women: Child‐care issues. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009]
Interaction of life quality with alexithymia, temperament and character in male alcohol‐dependent inpatients
Authors: EVREN CUNEYT , DALBUDAK ERCAN , DURKAYA MINE , CETIN RABIA , EVREN BILGE 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Introduction and Aims. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of life quality with alexithymia, temperament and character dimensions of personality. Design and Methods. Participants were 156 consecutively admitted male alcohol dependents. Patients were investigated with the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, the Temperament and Character Inventory, the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36‐item health survey. Results. Among alcohol‐dependent inpatients 30.1% were considered as alexithymic. Severity of alcohol related problems was higher in alexithymic group, whereas quality of life (QoL) was lower. Alexithymia, novelty seeking (NS) and harm avoidance (HA) were negatively, reward dependence, self‐directedness and cooperativeness were positively correlated with QoL scores. ‘Difficulty in identifying feelings’ (DIF) factor of alexithymia and HA were the determinants of physical dimension of Life Quality in Linear Regression model, whereas DIF, HA and NS were the predictors of mental dimension score. Discussion and Conclusions. Among alcohol‐dependent men, DIF factor of alexithymia and personality dimensions, particularly HA and NS are associated with impairment of QoL. Direction of this relationship and factors that may mediate this relationship is unclear. [Evren C, Dalbudak E, Durkaya M, Cetin R, Evren B. Interaction of life quality with alexithymia, temperament and character in male alcohol‐dependent inpatients. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009]
What women in France say about alcohol abstinence during pregnancy
Authors: TOUTAIN STÉPHANIE 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Introduction and Aims. In spite of the implemented policies warning of the dangers of alcohol consumption for pregnant women, many women still continue drinking during pregnancy. This article focuses on the question of the representations of alcohol consumption during pregnancy in France. Design and Methods. A qualitative approach based on discussions with 42 pregnant women in three Internet chat groups in 2007 was used for our study. Results. The recommendation for total abstinence is often misunderstood by women, as are the consequences of drinking for the unborn babies. Besides, these Internet users do not seem to know much about the consequences of alcohol consumption for unborn babies. Finally, their sources of information are varied (written, oral, television, Internet, professionals of health, family networks and friends); however, their mothers remain the most credible source for them. Discussion and Conclusion. Alcohol consumption during pregnancy already constitutes a real taboo for the heath care professionals in France. It is extremely urgent and imperative that they recommend total abstinence during pregnancy, in order to avoid any irreversible consequences for the unborn babies.[Toutain S. What women in France say about alcohol abstinence during pregnancy. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009]
Factors associated with employment among a cohort of injection drug users
Authors: RICHARDSON LINDSEY , WOOD EVAN , LI KATHY , KERR THOMAS 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Introduction and Aims. One of the most substantial costs of drug use is lost productivity and social functioning, including holding of a regular job. However, little is known about employment patterns of injection drug users (IDU). We sought to identify factors that were associated with legal employment among IDU. Design and Methods. We describe the employment patterns of participants of a longitudinal cohort study of IDU in Vancouver, Canada. We then use generalised estimating equations (GEE) to determine statistical associations between legal employment and various intrinsic, acquired, behavioural and circumstantial factors. Results. From 1 June 1999 to 30 November 2003, 330 (27.7%) of 1190 participants reported having a job at some point during follow up. Employment rates remain somewhat stable throughout the study period (9–12.4%). Factors positively and significantly associated with legal employment in multivariate analysis were male gender (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.78) and living outside the Downtown Eastside (AOR = 1.85). Factors negatively and significantly associated with legal employment included older age (AOR = 0.97); Aboriginal ethnicity (AOR = 0.72); HIV‐positive serostatus (AOR = 0.32); HCV‐positive serostatus (AOR = 0.46); daily heroin injection (AOR = 0.73); daily crack use (AOR = 0.77); public injecting (AOR = 0.50); sex trade involvement (AOR = 0.49); recent incarceration (AOR = 0.56); and unstable housing (AOR = 0.57). Discussion and Conclusions. Our results suggest a stabilising effect of employment for IDU and socio‐demographic, drug use and risk‐related barriers to employment. There is a strong case to address these barriers and to develop innovative employment programming for high‐risk drug users.[Richardson L, Wood E, Li K, Kerr T. Factors associated with employment among a cohort of injection drug users. Drug Alcohol Rev 2010]
Risky injecting practices associated with snowballing: A qualitative study
Authors: WILKINS LOUISE , BISSELL PAUL , MEIER PETRA S. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Introduction and Aims. Crack cocaine injecting is associated with a higher prevalence of sharing behaviours, increased rates of hepatitis C infection and a higher likelihood of homelessness. The limited available evidence on snowballing (co‐injecting of heroin and crack cocaine) suggests that this is associated with an increase in risky injection practices. This study sets out to explore the views and experiences of a group of drug users who ‘snowball’, with a view to inform the improvement of harm reduction services for such clients. Design and Methods. This is a qualitative interview study of 18 male and female homeless drug users attending a needle exchange service in Nottingham, UK. Results. For all those interviewed, snowballing represented a communal activity which affected peer injection practices. The individual perceptions of the terms ‘sharing’ and ‘splitting’ affected the levels of concerns when snowballs were used with others. The study highlighted the importance of knowing current vaccination and screening history of injecting partners in order to manage risk behaviour when drugs are used communally. Discussion and Conclusions. Harm reduction services need to target information so it is meaningful and appropriate to those who engage in communal drug use.[Wilkins L, Bissell P, Meier PS. Risky injecting practices associated with snowballing: A qualitative study. Drug Alcohol Rev 2010]
Modelling crack cocaine use trends over 10 years in a Canadian setting
Authors: WERB DAN , DEBECK KORA , KERR THOMAS , LI KATHY , MONTANER JULIO , WOOD EVAN 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Introduction and Aims. Crack cocaine use among illicit drug users is associated with a range of health and community harms. However, long‐term epidemiological data documenting patterns and risk factors for crack use initiation remain limited especially among injection drug users. We investigated longitudinal patterns of crack cocaine use among polydrug users in Vancouver, Canada. Design and Methods. We examined the rate of crack use among injection drug users enrolled in a prospective cohort study in Vancouver, Canada between 1996 and 2005. We also used a Cox proportional hazards regression analysis to identify independent predictors of crack use initiation among this population. Results. In total, 1603 injection drug users were recruited between May 1996 and December 2005. At baseline, 7.4% of participants reported ever using crack and this rate increased to 42.6% by the end of the study period (Mantel trend test P < 0.001). Independent predictors of crack use initiation during the study period included frequent cocaine injection, crystal methamphetamine injection, residency in the city's drug using epicenter and involvement in the sex trade (all P < 0.05). Discussion and Conclusions. These findings demonstrate a massive increase in crack use among injection drug users in a Canadian setting. Our findings also highlight the complex interactions that contribute to the initiation of crack use among injection drug users and suggest that evidence‐based interventions are urgently needed to address crack use initiation and to address harms associated with its ongoing use.[Werb D, DeBeck K, Kerr T, Li K, Montaner J, Wood E. Modelling crack cocaine use trends over 10 years in a Canadian setting. Drug Alcohol Rev 2010]
Factors associated with illegal substance use initiation among young students in Mexico City
Authors: BOJORQUEZ IETZA , FERNÁNDEZ‐VARELA HECTOR , GORAB ALICIA , SOLÍS CUAUHTÉMOC 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Introduction and Aims. To assess risk factors for illegal substances use initiation in a cohort of Mexican high‐school teenage students. Design and Methods. Longitudinal study of a cohort of 10th grade students, with follow up at the time of their enrolment in college (3–4 year follow up). The associations of parental educational level, alcohol abuse in the family, employment status, experiences of physical and sexual aggression, sexual initiation, emotional distress and previous legal substance use at the baseline measurement, with the initiation of illegal substance use were explored. Results. The follow‐up analysis was carried out in 21 616 at‐risk students. The incidence of substance use initiation was 7%. Male gender (odds ratio 3.86, 95% confidence interval 3.45, 4.32), a higher father's education level, sexual initiation for women (odds ratio 2.67, 95% confidence interval 1.49, 4.79] and use of legal substances at baseline were associated with risk of substance use initiation. Discussion and Conclusions. The social circumstances surrounding adolescents influence their risk of illegal substance consumption. Although the complex network of factors affecting substance use requires further exploring, young people at risk can be identified and should receive preventive attention.[Bojorquez I, Fernández‐Varela H, Gorab A, Solís C. Factors associated with illegal substance use initiation among young students in Mexico City. Drug Alcohol Rev 2010]
Gender differences in adolescents attending a drug and alcohol withdrawal service
Authors: DEAN ANGELA J. , MCBRIDE MICHELLE , MACDONALD ELSPETH M. , CONNOLLY YVONNE , McDERMOTT BRETT M. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Introduction and Aims. Gender differences have been reported in adult substance users, but little research has examined gender differences in adolescents presenting to treatment services. This study aimed to explore gender differences in adolescents presenting to a withdrawal service. Design and Methods. All presentations to a withdrawal service between March 2000 and September 2004 were identified. For each presentation, the following information was extracted from clinical databases: sociodemographics, drug use, risk‐taking behaviour, mental health symptoms, reasons and context of drug use. Significant gender differences identified at bivariate analysis were then incorporated into multivariate models exploring predictors of heroin use, cannabis use and sharing injecting equipment. Results. A total of 262 young people were admitted during the study period (53% male, mean age 16.8 years; SD 1.13). Bivariate analysis indicated that girls were more likely to report: being homeless, using a greater number of substances, using heroin and amphetamines, higher rates of injecting, sharing injecting equipment and using with a partner. Multivariate analysis identified that being female was an independent predictor of heroin use and that being male was an independent predictor of cannabis use. Significant predictors of sharing injecting equipment were using with a partner and current use of heroin; the effect of gender was not significant after controlling for other factors. Discussion and Conclusions.Our findings indicate that male and female adolescents presenting to a withdrawal treatment service exhibit differences in substance use characteristics. Future research should examine the role of gender in determining optimal treatment approaches in substance‐using adolescents.[Dean AJ, McBride M, Macdonald EM, Connolly Y, McDermott BM. Gender differences in adolescents attending a drug and alcohol withdrawal service. Drug Alcohol Rev 2010]