bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Voices of Good and Evil: What Is Enlightenment? Rereading Lu Xun's “Toward a Refutation of Malevolent Voices”
Authors: Hui Wang 
Published: July 2011

Wang Hui's essay explaining “Toward a Refutation of Malevolent Voices,” Lu Xun's dense 1908 meditation on the cultural dilemmas China could no longer put off facing, is the first work to offer a comprehensive reading of this important text. Discussing the treatise in deep historical context, Wang begins by addressing the convoluted archaic language that Lu Xun chose for his writing, demonstrating that this choice represented the writer's protest against the calcification that he saw as having come to characterize all registers of Chinese written expression—the ordinary classical used for most writing as well as the vernacular—by the end of the nineteenth century. While the turn to the vernacular has generally been seen as the sine qua non of the expansion of popular knowledge in modern China, Wang Hui finds Lu Xun arguing that any abandonment of deeply rooted indigenous linguistic form would result in China merely pursuing an elite-driven rationality at the expense of allowing it to develop its own particular subjective agency.
Wang Hui also takes on perhaps the most controversial aspect of Lu Xun's essay—the defense of popular “superstition” against the attempts to suppress it by what he referred to as the “hypocritical gentry.” In Wang's analysis, Lu Xun's notion of “superstition” emerges as the fount of popular imagination, the only real bulwark against an emerging scientism that was essentially but the latest means of social control and that threatened to make impossible any alternatives to an agenda of “modernity” driven exclusively by Western models.
Analysis of Kinetic Behavior of Protein Crystallization in Nanodroplets
Authors: Maeki Masatoshi , Yamaguchi Hiroshi , Yamashita Kenichi , Nakamura Hiroyuki , Miyazaki Masaya , Maeda Hideaki 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
This paper demonstrates the possibility of controlling nucleation and crystal growth behavior within a droplet formed in a microspace. The effects of droplet volume and shape were examined by using thaumatin as a model system. The droplet size and shape affected the number and size of the obtained protein crystals.
Reactivities of the N-Atom-inserted Ligands, NSC(NR2)S2− and SN=C(NR2)S2−, in Iridium(III) Complexes
Authors: Ariyoshi Keita , Suzuki Takayoshi , Mayer James M , Kojima Masaaki 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Reactions of [Cp*Ir{NSC(NR2)S}] (Cp* = η5-C5Me5, R = Me or Et,) with alkyl halides (MeI or BnBr) in acetonitrile gave the N-alkylated products, [Cp*Ir{R′NSC(NR2)S}]+ (R′ = Me or Bn). These complexes readily reacted with PPh3 to give adducts. In contrast, [Cp*Ir{SN=C(NR2)S}] formed their PPh3 adducts, which gave thermally stable S-alkylated products by reactions with alkyl halides.
The influence of clinicopathological features on the predictive accuracy of conventional breast imaging in determining the extent of screen-detected high-grade pure ductal carcinoma in situ
Authors: Hayward L , Oeppen RS , Grima AV , Royle GT , Rubin CM , Cutress RI 
Published: July 2011

INTRODUCTION The extent of calcified ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) detected by screening mammography is a determinant for treatment with breast conserving surgery (BCS). However, DCIS may be uncalcified and almost a quarter of patients with DCIS treated initially by BCS either require a second operation or are found to have unexpected invasive disease following surgery. Identification of these cases might guide selective implementation of additional diagnostic procedures. METHODS A retrospective review of patients with a preoperative diagnosis of pure high-grade DCIS at the Southampton and Salisbury Breast Screening Unit over a ten-year period was carried out. Mammograms were reviewed independently by a consultant radiologist and additional factors including the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS®) breast density score, DCIS extent and disease location within the breast recorded. RESULTS Unexpected invasive disease was found in 35 of 144 patients (24%). Within our unit the re-excision rate for all screen-detected DCIS is currently 23% but for patients included in this study with high-grade DCIS the re-excision rate was 39% (34/87). The extent of DCIS (p=0.008) and lack of expression of the oestrogen receptor (ER) predicted the requirement for re-excision in both univariate (p=0.004) and multivariate analysis (p=0.005). CONCLUSIONS High-grade DCIS may be focally uncalcified, leading to underestimation of disease extent, which might be related to ER status. Invasive foci associated with high-grade DCIS are often mammographically occult. Exploration of additional biomarkers and targeted use of further diagnostic techniques may improve the preoperative staging of DCIS.
Patients' misunderstanding of common orthopaedic terminology: the need for clarity
Authors: Bagley CHM , Hunter AR , Bacarese-Hamilton IA 
Published: July 2011

INTRODUCTION Patients' understanding of their medical problems is essential to allow them to make competent decisions, comply with treatment and enable recovery. We investigated Patients' understanding of orthopaedic terms to identify those words surgeons should make the most effort to explain. METHODS This questionnaire-based study recruited patients attending the orthopaedic clinics. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected using free text boxes for the Patients' written definitions and multiple choice questions (MCQs). RESULTS A total of 133 patients took part. Of these, 74% identified English as their first language. ‘Broken bone’ was correctly defined by 71% of respondents whereas ‘fractured bone’ was only correctly defined by 33%. ‘Sprain’ was correctly defined by 17% of respondents, with 29% being almost correct, 25% wrong and 29% unsure. In the MCQs, 51% of respondents answered correctly for ‘fracture’, 55% for ‘arthroscopy’, 46% for ‘meniscus’, 35% for ‘tendon’ and 23% for ‘ligament’. ‘Sprained’ caused confusion, with only 11% of patients answering correctly. Speaking English as a second language was a significant predictive factor for patients who had difficulty with definitions. There was no significant variation among different age groups. CONCLUSIONS Care should be taken by surgeons when using basic and common orthopaedic terminology in order to avoid misunderstanding. Educating patients in clinic is a routine part of practice.
Prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in general surgery: guidelines differ and we still need local policies
Authors: Veeramootoo D , Harrower L , Saunders R , Robinson D , Campbell WB 
Published: July 2011

INTRODUCTION Venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis has become a major issue for surgeons both in the UK and worldwide. Sev-eral different sources of guidance on VTE prophylaxis are available but these differ in design and detail. METHODS Two similar audits were performed, one year apart, on the VTE prophylaxis prescribed for all general surgical inpatients during a single week (90 patients and 101 patients). Classification of patients into different risk groups and compliance in prescribing prophylaxis were examined using different international, national and local guidelines. RESULTS There were significant differences between the numbers of patients in high, moderate and low-risk groups according to the different guidelines. When groups were combined to indicate simply ‘at risk’ or ‘not at risk’ (in the manner of one of the guidelines), then differences were not significant. Our compliance improved from the first audit to the second. Patients at high risk received VTE prophylaxis according to guidance more consistently than those at low risk. CONCLUSIONS Differences in guidance on VTE prophylaxis can affect compliance significantly when auditing practice, depending on the choice of ‘gold standard’. National guidance does not remove the need for clear and detailed local policies. Making decisions about policies for lower-risk patients can be more difficult than for those at high risk.
Decisions to operate: the ASA grade 5 dilemma
Authors: Horwood J , Ratnam S , Maw A 
Published: July 2011

INTRODUCTION Deciding to operate on high risk patients suffering catastrophic surgical emergencies can be problematic. Patients are frequently classed as American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade 5 and, as a result, aggressive but potentially lifesaving intervention is withheld. The aim of our study was to review the short-term outcomes in patients who were classed as ASA grade 5 but subsequently underwent surgery despite this and to compare the ASA scoring model to other predictors of surgical outcome. METHODS All patients undergoing emergency surgery with an ASA grade of 5 were identified. Patient demographics, indications for surgery, intraoperative findings and outcomes were recorded. In addition to the ASA scores, retrospective Portsmouth Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and morbidity (P POSSUM) and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) scores were calculated and compared to the observed outcomes. RESULTS Nine patients (39%) survived to discharge. ASA grade was a poor predictor of outcome. P POSSUM and APACHE II scores correlated significantly with each other and with observed outcomes when predicting surgical mortality. The median stay for survivors in the intensive care unit was nine days. CONCLUSIONS In times of an ageing population, the number of patients suffering catastrophic surgical events will increase. Intervention, with little hope of a cure, a return to independent living or an acceptable quality of life, leads to unnecessary end-of-life suffering for patients and their relatives, and consumes sparse resources. The accuracy and reliability of ASA grade 5 as an outcome predictor has been questioned. P POSSUM and APACHE II scoring systems are significantly better predictors of outcome and should be used more frequently to aid surgical decision-making in high risk patients.
Synchronous gastric and colonic metastases of invasive lobular breast carcinoma: case report and review of the literature
Authors: Critchley Adam Charles , Harvey James , Carr Michael , Iwuchukwu Obi 
Published: July 2011

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women and the main cause of cancer death in the UK. Gastrointestinal (GI) tract metastasis and carcinomatosis from primary breast cancer are rare but breast cancer is the second most common primary malignancy to metastasise to the GI tract after malignant melanoma. The metastatic patterns of invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) have been shown to differ considerably. Liver, lung and brain metastases are more common in IDC. Most series report a greater prediliction for lobular carcinoma to metastasise to the GI tract, gynaecological organs or peritoneum. The presentation of GI metastasis due to breast cancer is typically vague and the clinical, radiological, endoscopic and histopathologic findings are often difficult to distinguish from primary gastric carcinoma. Such a patient is more likely to present to a luminal surgeon or gastroenterologist than a breast surgeon. Therefore a high index of clinical suspicion with early endoscopy in those with non-specific symptoms and a past history of breast cancer, particularly ILC, are recommended. It is imperative to differentiate between metastatic breast cancer and primary gastric carcinoma as treatment strategies differ hugely. Therefore, correlation of endoscopic biopsy histology with the primary breast cancer histology is essential. Treatment modalities are limited to appropriate systemic therapy, which may have a palliative effect in up to 50%. Surgical intervention is nearly always limited to palliative bypass only. Prognosis is consistent with the median survival of all women with metastatic disease secondary to breast cancer.
Bilateral ischaemic optic neuropathy following laparoscopic proctocolectomy: a case report
Authors: Mizrahi H , Hugkulstone CE , Vyakarnam P , Parker MC 
Published: July 2011

Introduction Perioperative visual loss occurring during non-ocular surgery is a devastating event. Ischaemic optic neuropathy (ION) is a complication described following many procedures. We report the first case of ION occurring during laparoscopic proctocolectomy and discuss the aetiological factors. Case History A 58-year-old male presented with rectal bleeding and was diagnosed with an adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon. A very difficult laparoscopic sigmoidectomy and a low anterior resection of the rectum with an end colostomy were carried out. The technical difficulties were due to body habitus and the size and position of the tumour. The operation lasted over six hours. On the first day postoperatively, the patient complained of blurred vision. Examination showed that he had suffered bilateral ION. Discussion Despite the growing numbers of laparoscopic operations, ION has rarely been described. The cases that were published involved laparoscopic prostatectomy and a prolonged steep Trendelenburg position. We postulate that the patient presented here had suffered both from a relative hypotension and from an acute rise in the intraorbital pressure due to patient position, both factors combining to cause a disruption to ocular perfusion resulting in ION with severe permanent visual damage.
Current Evidence of Best Practice in Whole-School Bullying Intervention and Its Potential to Inform Cyberbullying Interventions
Authors: Pearce Natasha , Cross Donna , Monks Helen , Waters Stacey , Falconer Sarah 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn 2004, a set of validated guidelines for school bullying prevention and management was released by the Child Health Promotion Research Centre in Australia to guide schools' action to prevent and manage bullying behaviours. At this time little was known about cyber and other forms of covert bullying behaviours. These guidelines were updated in 2010 to include current research that provides a greater understanding of all forms of bullying behaviour. This article describes a summary of the current empirical evidence used to update these guidelines particularly related to relatively new and emergent forms of bullying, such as cyberbullying. Meta-analyses and reviews that assessed the effectiveness of school-based bullying interventions were examined to inform the relevance of the previously validated guidelines and to identify potential intervention strategies to reduce cyberbullying. This review confirmed the importance of a systematic whole-school approach to effectively prevent and manage all forms of bullying behaviours in schools (including cyberbullying) and the need to strengthen capacity supports to enable schools to put evidence into informed practice.
The Relationship Between Internet Addiction and Communication, Educational and Physical Problems of Adolescents in North Cyprus
Authors: Ozcinar Zehra 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe Internet today, beyond being a source of information and communication, has become an ‘addiction’ for some people. The rate of Internet addiction is rapidly increasing in the world. The aim of this study was to examine the extent of Internet addiction among adolescents in North Cyprus. Eight hundred and fifty-one participants between the ages of 14 to 26 completed the Internet Use and Addiction questionnaire. Results indicated that 6.6% of the participants were addicted to the Internet. Younger high school students were found to have the highest rate of Internet addiction, followed by university students. Males were shown to have significantly higher rates of Internet addiction than females for all age groups. Academic, interpersonal and physical problems were all found to be associated with Internet addiction. The implications for guidance counsellors of this problem are discussed.
Septin roles in tumorigenesis
Authors: Connolly Diana , Abdesselam Ines , Verdier-Pinard Pascal , Montagna Cristina 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Septins are a family of cytoskeleton related proteins consisting of 14 members that associate and interact with actin and tubulin. From yeast to humans, septins maintain a conserved role in cytokinesis and they are also involved in a variety of other cellular functions including chromosome segregation, DNA repair, migration and apoptosis. Tumorigenesis entails major alterations in these processes. A substantial body of literature reveals that septins are overexpressed, downregulated or generate chimeric proteins with MLL in a plethora of solid tumors and in hematological malignancies. Thus, members of this gene family are emerging as key players in tumorigenesis. The analysis of septins during cancer initiation and progression is challenged by the presence of many family members and by their potential to produce numerous isoforms. However, the development and application of advanced technologies is allowing for a more detailed analysis of septins during tumorigenesis. Specifically, such applications have led to the establishment and validation of SEPT9 as a biomarker for the early detection of colorectal cancer. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the role of septins in tumorigenesis, emphasizing their significance and supporting their use as potential biomarkers in various cancer types.
Characterization of Clean and Fouled Rail Track Ballast Subsurface Using Seismic Surface Survey Method: Model and Field Studies
Authors: Anbazhagan P. , Buddhima Indraratna , Amarajeevi G. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The efficiency of track foundation material gradually decreases due to insufficient lateral confinement, ballast fouling, and loss of shear strength of the subsurface soil under cyclic loading. This paper presents characterization of rail track subsurface to identify ballast fouling and subsurface layers shear wave velocity using seismic survey. Seismic surface wave method of multi-channel analysis of surface wave (MASW) has been carried out in the model track and field track for finding out shear wave velocity of the clean and fouled ballast and track subsurface. The shear wave velocity (SWV) of fouled ballast increases with increase in fouling percentage, and reaches a maximum value and then decreases. This character is similar to typical compaction curve of soil, which is used to define optimum and critical fouling percentage (OFP and CFP). Critical fouling percentage of 15 % is noticed for Coal fouled ballast and 25 % is noticed for clayey sand fouled ballast. Coal fouled ballast reaches the OFP and CFP before clayey sand fouled ballast. Fouling of ballast reduces voids in ballast and there by decreases the drainage. Combined plot of permeability and SWV with percentage of fouling shows that after critical fouling point drainage condition of fouled ballast goes below acceptable limit. Shear wave velocities are measured in the selected location in the Wollongong field track by carrying out similar seismic survey. In-situ samples were collected and degrees of fouling were measured. Field SWV values are more than that of the model track SWV values for the same degree of fouling, which might be due to sleeper’s confinement. This article also highlights the ballast gradation widely followed in different countries and presents the comparison of Indian ballast gradation with international gradation standards. Indian ballast contains a coarser particle size when compared to other countries. The upper limit of Indian gradation curve matches with lower limit of ballast gradation curves of America and Australia. The ballast gradation followed by Indian railways is poorly graded and more favorable for the drainage conditions. Indian ballast engineering needs extensive research to improve presents track conditions.
Numerical Simulations for the Efficiency Improvement of Hybrid Dye-microcrystalline Silicon pin-solar cells
Authors: Burdorf Sven , Bauer Gottfried H. , Brüggemann Rudolf 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTIn hybrid solar cells consisting of dye sensitizers incorporated in the i-layer of a microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si:H) pin solar cell the dye sensitizer molecules are embedded in the matrix and enhance the overall absorption of the dye-matrix system due to their high absorption coefficient in the spectral range interesting for photovoltaic applications. This contribution investigates the efficiency improvement of hybrid dye-μc-Si:H solar cells compared to pure μc-Si:H solar cells by simulation. The results indicate that, under optimum conditions, the efficiency can be improved by more than a factor of 1.2 compared to a pure μc-Si:H cell. The thickness reduction for the hybrid system can be as large as 50 % for the same efficiency. However, the efficiency improvement also depends on the amount of additionally induced defects in the matrix by the embedded dye molecules. Therefore, the simulations investigate the performance of the hybrid solar cell for different absorption enhancements and defect densities.
Experimental and Numerical Study of Friction and Braking Characteristics of Rolling Tires
Authors: van der Steen R. , Lopez I. , Nijmeijer H. , Schmeitz A. , de Bruijn B. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Throughout the tire industry, virtual testing has been widely adopted in the design process. Both static deformation and dynamic response of the tire rolling on the road must be accurately predicted to evaluate the handling performance of a tire. Unfortunately, experimental characterization of rubber compound frictional properties is limited, and therefore, the Coulomb friction model is still often used in finite element (FE) simulations. To overcome this limitation, a different strategy is developed to capture observed effects of dry friction. The proposed friction model is decomposed into the product of a contact pressure dependent part and a slip velocity dependent part. The Identification of the parameters of the slip velocity dependent part, using measured axle forces, is presented in this paper. The complete phenomenological friction model is coupled to a FE model of the tire under testing. A steady-state transport approach is used to efficiently compute the steady-state longitudinal slip characteristics, which show good quantitative agreement with experiments.