bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antinociceptive Effect of Intracerebroventricular Administration of Cholecystokinin Receptor Agonist and Antagonist in Nerve‐Ligated Mice
Authors: Zarrindast Mohammad‐Reza , Samiee Farzaneh , Rezayat Mehdi 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:In the present study we investigated the effects of intracerebroventricular injection of caerulein, the cholecystokinin receptor agonist and proglumide, the receptor antagonist on morphine response in the sciatic nerve ligation in mice. Subcutaneous administration of morphine induced antinociception in the both intact and ligated mice, however, the response of the opioid was lower in the ligated mice as compared with the intact animals. Caerulein induced antinociception in the non‐ligated but not in the nerve‐ligated animals. Combination of caerulein with morphine elicited higher response in ligated animals, however, the response induced in ligated animals was much more prominent. Proglumide alone did not elicit any response in both animal groups. The antagonist decreased the response of caerulein in the non‐ligated mice. Low doses of proglumide in the combination with caerulein induced antinociception in the ligated mice. We conclude that cholecystokinin receptor mechanism(s) may alter morphine resistance induced by nerve ligation.
L‐Arginine/Nitric Oxide Pathway and Interaction with Lead Acetate on Rat Submandibular Gland Function
Authors: Abdollahi Mohammad , Dehpour Ahmadreza , Shafayee Fatemeh 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:The effects of lead acetate, L‐arginine (nitric oxide precursor) and L‐NAME (nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor) on rat submandibular secretory function were studied. Pure submandibular saliva was collected intraorally from anaesthetized rats by a micro polyethylene cannula using pilocarpine as secretagogue. Treatment for twenty‐eight days with three doses of lead acetate (0.01%, 0.04%, 0.05% w/v) in drinking water caused significant alterations on salivary function. Salivary flow rate was decreased by lead at all doses used. The total protein concentration and amylase activity of saliva were both decreased by lead (0.04% and 0.05%). All doses of lead decreased saliva calcium concentrations. Two weeks' treatment of rats by L‐arginine (2.25% w/v) and L‐NAME (0.7% w/v) in drinking water also affected the saliva secretory function. L‐Arginine caused increase in submandibular gland weight. The saliva flow rate was reduced by L‐NAME. The total protein concentration of saliva was increased by L‐arginine and decreased by L‐NAME. Amylase activity was reduced by L‐arginine treatment. Calcium concentration was reduced by L‐arginine and increased by L‐NAME. Concurrent L‐arginine treatment with lead acetate recovered lead‐induced reduction of flow rate but L‐NAME potentiated it. Concurrent therapy of lead and L‐NAME resulted in greater reduction of protein concentration when compared to that of lead. L‐Arginine showed a preventive effect on lead‐induced decrease of protein concentration. Both L‐arginine and L‐NAME prevented lead‐induced reduction in calcium concentration. It is concluded that nitric oxide plays a role in salivary gland function. Also lead acetate inhibitory effect on submandibular function is somewhat diminished by L‐arginine and partially increased by L‐NAME. It seems that lead acetate interacts with nitric oxide modulatory role in salivary gland.
Aloe‐Emodin Quinone Pretreatment Reduces Acute Liver Injury Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride
Authors: Arosio Beatrice , Gagliano Nicoletta , Fusaro Lorena Maria Pia , Parmeggiani Luciano , Tagliabue Jacopo , Galetti Paola , De Castri Diego , Moscheni Claudia , Annoni Giorgio 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:Aloe contains several active compounds including aloin, a C‐glycoside that can be hydrolyzed in the gut to form aloe‐emodin anthrone which, in turn, is auto‐oxidized to the quinone aloe‐emodin. On the basis of the claimed hepatoprotective activity of some antraquinones, we studied aloe‐emodin in a rat model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) intoxication, since this xenobiotic induces acute liver damage by lipid peroxidation subsequent to free radical production. Twelve rats were treated with CCl4 (3 mg/kg) intraperitoneally and six were protected with two intraperitoneally injections of aloe‐emodin (50 mg/kg; CCl4+aloe‐emodin); six other rats were only aloe‐emodin injected (aloe‐emodin) and six were untreated (control). Histological examination of the livers showed less marked lesions in the CCl4+aloe‐emodin rats than in those treated with CCl4 alone, and this was confirmed by the serum levels of L‐aspartate‐2‐oxoglutate‐aminotransferase (394±38.6 UI/l in CCl4, 280±24.47 UI/l in CCl4+aloe‐emodin rats; P<0.05). We also quantified changes in hepatic albumin and tumour necrosis factor‐α mRNAs. Albumin mRNA expression was significantly lower only in the liver of CCl4 rats (P<0.05 versus control) and was only slightly reduced in the CCl4+aloe‐emodin rats. In contrast tumour necrosis factor‐α mRNA was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the CCl4 than the control rats and almost equal in the CCl4+aloe‐emodin, aloe‐emodin and control groups. In conclusion, aloe‐emodin appears to have some protective effect not only against hepatocyte death but also on the inflammatory response subsequent to lipid peroxidation.
MAO‐B Inhibition by a Single Dose of l‐Deprenyl or Lazabemide Does Not Prevent Neuronal Damage Following Focal Cerebral Ischaemia in Rats
Authors: Jolkkonen Jukka , Kauppinen Risto , Nyman Leena , Haapalinna Antti , Sivenius Juhani 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:The present study investigated the effect of postischaemic infusion of an irreversible monoamine oxidase B (MAO‐B) inhibitor, l‐deprenyl, an equipotent dose of a reversible MAO‐B inhibitor, lazabemide, or 0.9% NaCl on infarct volumes following focal cerebral ischaemia in rats. The drug doses (0.3 mg/kg) were selected to induce selective MAO‐B inhibition (45–55%), but not MAO‐A inhibition. The infarct volumes in the cortex or in the striatum did not differ between the experimental groups 72 hr after transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, which suggests that during ischaemia/reperfusion, suppressed oxidative stress by partial MAO‐B inhibition or MAO‐B independent mechanisms such as induction of trophic factors, does not protect against ischaemia/reperfusion damage.
Soybean yield physiology: principles and processes of yield production.
Authors: Egli D. B. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

The yield production process in soyabean, highlighting the processes and characteristics of the plant that play important roles in determining yield are discuused. It includes leaf area and interception of solar radiation, canopy photosynthesis, flowering profiles, fruit number, seed growth rate, leaf senescence, seed-fill duration, seed number, source-sink limitations, and partitioning.
Nutrient management in soybean.
Authors: Rao A. S. , Reddy K. S. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

This chapter describes the soil, climate and nutrient requirements for growing soyabeans (Glycine max) as well as the symptoms of nutrient deficiencies and toxicities in soyabeans. The nutritional constraints of soils supporting soyabean-based cropping systems, the efficient use of applied nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, calcium, magnesium and micronutrients) and biological systems, and the balanced and integrated nutrient management in soyabean-based cropping systems are reviewed. The soil test-based fertilizer recommendations, the integrated fertilizer-water management under dryland conditions, and the economics of fertilizer use are discussed.
Weed management in soybean.
Authors: Mishra J. S. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

The major weeds, losses due to weeds, critical period of crop-weed competition, weed management practices (weed prevention, cultural, mechanical, chemical control methods, and integrated weed management), effect of herbicides on soil microflora, herbicide residues in soil and food chain, herbicide-resistance, and economics of weed management of soyabeans are discussed.
Nematodes of soybean and their management.
Authors: Oyekanmi E. O. , Fawole B. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

The epidemiology and biology, damage threshold, and management measures of soyabean root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne arenaria, M. hapla, M. incognita, and M. javanica), soyabean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines), and lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus agilus, P. alleni, P. brachyurus, P. coffeae, P. crenatus, P. hexincisus, P. neglectus, P. penetrans, P. sefaensis, P. scribneri, P. vulnus, and P. zeae), and reniform nematodes (Rotylenchus reniformis) are discussed.
Soybean processing and utilization.
Authors: Ali N. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

This chapter discusses the production, productivity, dietary/nutritive value and economic benefits of soyabeans (Glycine max). The processing of different soyabean products (soya nuts, soya milk, tofu, texturized soya protein, soyabean oil) and the various soyabean-based non-food products and soyabean processing byproducts and their potential uses are described. The extraction, refining, physicochemical properties, use and enhancing the quality of soyabean oil are discussed, as well as soyabean oil plant and environment safety. The soyabean oil and soya food industries and market in India are described. The emerging trends and future of soyabeans are presented.
Nutritional value of soybean.
Authors: Vineet Kumar Vineet Kumar , Anita Rani Anita Rani , Chauhan G. S. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

This chapter discusses the nutritional value, health benefits and nutraceutical significance of the basic (proteins, n-3 and n-6 fatty acids, minerals and vitamins) and functional (isoflavones, biopeptides, tocopherols, lecithin, saponins, phytosterols, oligosaccharides such as stachyose and raffinose, and oligomeric proanthocyanidin) components of soyabeans (Glycine max). The use of soya milk as substitute for people with lactose intolerance and the use soyabeans in weight management and cosmetics are described. The efforts made through conventional breeding, mutation and biotechnological approaches to develop specialty soyabeans with improved nutritive value to address the needs of the soya food and feed industries are reviewed.
Vegetable soybean.
Authors: Shanmugasundaram S. , Yan M. R. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

The distinction from grain soyabean, nutritional value, production, cultural practices (location, season, cropping system, temperature and soil type requirements, land preparation, sowing, fertilization, weeding, irrigation, insect pest and disease control, harvesting, and seed production), genetic improvement, processing and utilization, and international trade of vegetable soyabean cultivation are discussed.
Near-atomic resolution analysis of BipD, a component of the type III secretion system ofBurkholderia pseudomallei
Authors: Pal M. , Erskine P. T. , Gill R. S. , Wood S. P. , Cooper J. B. 
Published: August 2010

Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, possesses a type III protein secretion apparatus that is similar to those found inSalmonellaandShigella. A major function of these secretion systems is to inject virulence-associated proteins into target cells of the host organism. ThebipDgene ofB. pseudomalleiencodes a secreted virulence factor that is similar in sequence and is most likely to be functionally analogous to IpaD fromShigellaand SipD fromSalmonella. Proteins in this family are thought to act as extracellular chaperones at the tip of the secretion needle to help the hydrophobic translocator proteins enter the target cell membrane, where they form a pore and may also link the translocon pore with the secretion needle. BipD has been crystallized in a monoclinic crystal form that diffracted X-rays to 1.5 Å resolution and the structure was refined to anRfactor of 16.1% and anRfreeof 19.8% at this resolution. The putative dimer interface that was observed in previous crystal structures was retained and a larger surface area was buried in the new crystal form.
The Use of Dynamic Financial Analysis to Determine Whether an Optimal Growth Rate Exists for a Property‐Liability Insurer
Authors: D'Arcy Stephen P. , Gorvett Richard W. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPrior research on the aging phenomenon has demonstrated that new business for property‐liability (P‐L) insurers generates high loss ratios that gradually decline as a book of business goes through successive renewal cycles. Although the experience on new business is initially unprofitable, the renewal book of business eventually becomes profitable over time. Within this context, insurers need to manage their exposure growth in order to maximize long run profitability. Dynamic financial analysis (DFA), a relatively new tool for P‐L insurers, utilizes Monte Carlo simulation to generate the overall financial results for an insurer under a large number of scenarios. This article uses a publicly available DFA model—along with the estimated market value of an insurer, based on 1990–2001 data for stock P‐L insurers and underlying financial variables—to determine optimal growth rates of a P‐L insurer based on mean–variance analysis, stochastic dominance, and constraints on leverage.
A Pricing Model for Quantity Contracts
Authors: Aase Knut K. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAn economic model is proposed for a combined price futures and yield futures market. The innovation of the article is a technique of transforming from quantity and price to a model of two genuine pricing processes. This is required in order to apply modern financial theory. It is demonstrated that the resulting model can be estimated solely from data for a yield futures market and a price futures market. We develop a set of pricing formulas, some of which are partially tested, using price data for area yield options from the Chicago Board of Trade. Compared to a simple application of the standard Black and Scholes model, our approach seems promising.
The Impact of Regret on the Demand for Insurance
Authors: Braun Michael , Muermann Alexander 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWe examine optimal insurance purchase decisions of individuals that exhibit behavior consistent with Regret Theory. Our model incorporates a utility function that assigns a disutility to outcomes that are ex post suboptimal, and predicts that individuals with regret‐theoretical preferences adjust away from the extremes of full insurance and no insurance coverage. This prediction holds for both coinsurance and deductible contracts, and can explain the frequently observed preferences for low deductibles in markets for personal insurance.
CD6 synergistic co-stimulation promoting proinflammatory response is modulated without interfering with the activated leucocyte cell adhesion molecule interaction
Authors: Nair P , Melarkode R , Rajkumar D , Montero E 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe CD6 membrane-proximal scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain (SRCR3) includes the activated leucocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) binding site. CD6-ALCAM mediates a low-affinity interaction and their long-term engagement contributes to the immunological synapse. Their ligation may play a dual function, facilitating stable adhesion between the antigen-presenting cells and T cells during the early activation phase and later in the proliferative phase of the immune response. This study explored the strength of the CD6 co-stimulatory effect and whether CD6 co-stimulation with its natural ligand ALCAM also contributes to the lymphocyte effector differentiation. It was found that CD6–ALCAM interaction in vitro induced a synergistic co-stimulation of normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, defined by Bliss analysis. CD6 co-stimulation enhanced the CD3 proliferative efficacy by 23–34%. Moreover, a fivefold increment in the CD25 molecules number with a distinct gene transcription profile associated with cell activation, differentiation, survival and adhesion molecules was observed over CD3 single activation. Additionally, CD6 co-stimulation in excess interleukin (IL)-2 promotes a preferentially proinflammatory response. Besides, a CD6 membrane-distal domain (SRCR1)-specific non-depleting monoclonal antibody (mAb) inhibited the induced proliferation in the presence of ALCAM, reducing interferon-γ, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α production. These results suggest that CD6 co-stimulation enhances the intrinsic activity of the CD3 activation pathway and contributes to the T helper type 1 subset commitment, enhancing the IL-2 sensitivity of recent activated human lymphocytes. It supports the role of CD6 as a susceptibility gene for pathological autoimmunity leading to tissue inflammation, and its relevance for targeted therapy.
The pathology of bone marrow failure
Authors: Leguit Roos J , Van Den Tweel Jan G 
Published: August 2010

Leguit R J & van den Tweel J G (2010) Histopathology 57, 655–670 The pathology of bone marrow failureAn important indication for bone marrow investigation is the presence of bone marrow failure, which manifests itself as (pan)cytopenia. The causes of cytopenia are varied and differ considerably between childhood and adulthood. In the paediatric age group inherited bone marrow failure syndromes are important causes of bone marrow failure, but they play only a minor role in later life. This review gives a comprehensive overview of bone marrow failure disorders in children and adults. We classified the causes of bone marrow failure according to the main presenting haematological abnormality, i.e. anaemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia or pancytopenia. The following red cell disorders are discussed: red cell aplasia, sideroblastic anaemia, congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia, haemolytic anaemia, paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, iron deficiency anaemia, anaemia of chronic disease and megaloblastic anaemia. The neutropenias occur in the context of Shwachman–Diamond syndrome (SDS), severe congenital neutropenia, cyclic neutropenia, immune‐related neutropenia and non‐immune neutropenia. In addition, the following causes of thrombocytopenia are discussed: congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia, thrombocytopenia with absent radii, immune‐related thrombocytopenia and non‐immune thrombocytopenia. Finally, we pay attention to the following pancytopenic disorders: Fanconi anaemia, dyskeratosis congenita, aplastic anaemia, myelodysplastic syndromes and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
Partitioning variation in ecological communities: do the numbers add up?
Authors: Gilbert Benjamin , Bennett Joseph R. 
Published: August 2010

Summary 1. Statistical tests partitioning community variation into environmental and spatial components have been widely used to test ecological theories and explore the determinants of community structure for applied conservation questions. Despite the wide use of these tests, there is considerable debate about their relative effectiveness. 2. We used simulated communities to evaluate the most commonly employed tests that partition community variation: regression on distance matrices and canonical ordination using a third‐order polynomial, principal components of neighbour matrices (PCNM) or Moran’s eigenvector maps (MEM) to model spatial components. Each test was evaluated under a variety of realistic sampling scenarios. 3. All tests failed to correctly model spatial and environmental components of variation, and in some cases produced biased estimates of the relative importance of components. Regression on distance matrices under‐fit the spatial component, and ordination models consistently under‐fit the environmental component. The PCNM and MEM approaches often produced inflated R2 statistics, apparently as a result of statistical artefacts involving selection of superfluous axes. This problem occurred regardless of the forward‐selection technique used. 4. Both sample configuration and the underlying linear model used to analyse species–environment relationships also revealed strong potential to bias results. 5. Synthesis and applications. Several common applications of variation partitioning in ecology now appear inappropriate. These potentially include decisions for community conservation based on inferred relative strengths of niche and dispersal processes, inferred community responses to climate change, and numerous additional analyses that depend on precise results from multivariate variation‐partitioning techniques. We clarify the appropriate uses of these analyses in research programmes, and outline potential steps to improve them.
Proteomic analysis of ampicillin‐resistant oral Fusobacterium nucleatum
Authors: Al‐Haroni M. , Skaug N. , Bakken V. , Cash P. 
Published: August 2010

Introduction:  Fusobacterium nucleatum represents one of the predominant anaerobic species in the oral microbiota. Penicillin‐resistant F. nucleatum have been isolated from intra‐ and extraoral infections. This study aimed to assess ampicillin resistance in F. nucleatum by investigating the synthesis of resistance‐associated proteins.Methods:  Ampicillin‐resistant and ampicillin‐susceptible F. nucleatum isolates were obtained from 22 dental plaque samples. Two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry were used to investigate bacterial protein synthesis. Proteins exhibiting statistically significant quantitative changes between sensitive and resistant isolates were identified using peptide mass mapping and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization – time of flight/time of flight (MALDI‐TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry.Results:  Twenty‐three F. nucleatum isolates were recovered from plaque samples and their ampicillin minimum inhibitory concentrations ranged between 0.125 μg/ml and 256 μg/ml. Analysis of the bacterial cellular proteins by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis resolved 154–246 distinct protein spots (mean 212, n = 9). Between 32% and 83% of the protein spots were common for the F. nucleatum isolates. Comparisons of the protein profiles of sensitive and resistant isolates revealed the presence of a 29 kDa protein and significant increases in the synthesis of two proteins at 37 and 46 kDa in the ampicillin‐resistant F. nucleatum isolates. These proteins were identified as a class D β‐lactamase, ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporter ATP‐binding protein and enolase, respectively.Conclusion:  Synthesis of a class D β‐lactamase by ampicillin‐resistant F. nucleatum isolates could complicate antimicrobial treatment because these enzymes might confer resistance to many classes of β‐lactam antibiotics. The differences observed in protein synthesis between ampicillin‐resistant and ampicillin‐susceptible F. nucleatum may contribute to the antibiotic resistance and virulence of these bacteria.