bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Respiratory problems in children with Down syndrome
Authors: Pandit Chetan , Fitzgerald Dominic A 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDown syndrome is associated with a significant health burden, which is particularly apparent in young children who will frequently present with cardiac and respiratory problems. Respiratory presentations include problems related to structural abnormalities of the airways and lungs, glue ears, recurrent lower respiratory tract infections and obstructive sleep apnoea. These conditions are readily identifiable and able to be treated. An awareness of the breadth of respiratory problems and a plan to monitor patients with Down syndrome for their development has the potential to improve outcomes.
Teenage toxins: Recreational poisoning in the adolescent
Authors: Gunja Naren 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAdolescents are experimenting with recreational drugs on a regular basis, particularly at social gatherings such as parties, raves and mass events. A combination of reduced fluid intake, physical activity and drug‐induced hyperthermia leads to complications such as heat stroke, delirium and potentially death. The clinician needs to be aware of the variety of pharmacologically active substances available in the recreational marketplace in order to diagnose and manage these patients. Recreational misadventure, because of incorrect dosage or mixing multiple substances, is a common reason for teenagers presenting to hospital with toxidromes. Death from club drug overdose is more likely to be associated with suicidal intent, related risky behaviour and trauma, as well as the inherent toxicity of the drug itself. Although many teenagers are concerned about ‘drink spiking’ with club drugs, the most common agent causing drink spiking incidents is ethanol.
RESPONSIVE INSERTION TECHNOLOGY
Authors: SAITO YUTAKA , KIMURA HIDENOBU 
Published: April 2011

The colonoscopic insertion technique is still one of the most difficult endoscopic procedures to master and development of a new colonoscope that is easier to insert is much awaited especially into the cecum without patient discomfort. We focused on reducing patient pain and boosting the success rate of colonoscope insertion into the cecum in complicated cases. As a result, we have successfully developed two mechanisms: “Passive Bending” and use of a “High Force Transmission insertion tube.”We believe these two mechanisms when combined together will contribute to a reduction in patient discomfort and an increase in the cecal intubation rate during many difficult colonoscopies, but further evaluation is required with respect to therapeutic endoscopy effectiveness and insertion for patients with long colons.
ON GOOD AND BAD FORMS OF MEDICALIZATION
Authors: PARENS ERIK 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTThe ongoing ‘enhancement’ debate pits critics of new self‐shaping technologies against enthusiasts. One important thread of that debate concerns medicalization, the process whereby ‘non‐medical’ problems become framed as ‘medical’ problems.In this paper I consider the charge of medicalization, which critics often level at new forms of technological self‐shaping, and explain how that charge can illuminate – and obfuscate. Then, more briefly, I examine the charge of pharmacological Calvinism, which enthusiasts, in their support of technological self‐shaping, often level at critics. And I suggest how that charge, too, can illuminate and obfuscate.Exploring the broad charge of medicalization and the narrower counter charge of pharmacological Calvinism leads me to conclude that, as satisfying as it can be to level one of those charges at our intellectual opponents, and as tempting as it is to lie down and rest with our favorite insight, we need to gather the energy to have a conversation about the difference between good and bad forms of medicalization. Specifically, I suggest that if we consider the ‘medicalization of love,’ we can see why critics of and enthusiasts about technological self‐shaping should want (and in some cases have already begun) to distinguish between good and bad forms of such medicalization.
ETHICAL CONCERNS REGARDING COMMERCIALIZATION OF DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION FOR OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER
Authors: ERICKSON‐DAVIS CORDELIA 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTThe United States Food and Drug Administration's recent approval of the commercial use of Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) as a treatment for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) will be discussed within the context of the existing USA regulatory framework. The purpose will be to illustrate the current lack of regulation and oversight of the DBS market, which has resulted in the violation of basic ethical norms. The discussion will focus on: 1) the lack of available evidence on procedural safety and efficacy, 2) the numerous conflicts of interest held by research investigators, and 3) the ambiguity of both aforementioned categories due to an inherent lack of transparency in the research. It is argued that in order to address these issues, ethical analyses of DBS for psychiatric disorders must include the role of the industry forces that have become the primary impetus for this research. As such, DBS for OCD serves as an important case example in studies of neurotechnology and innovative surgery.
THE PLACE OF GOD IN SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY: HOW WILL THE CATHOLIC CHURCH RESPOND?
Authors: HEAVEY PATRICK 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTSome religious believers may see synthetic biology as usurping God's creative role. The Catholic Church has yet to issue a formal teaching on the field (though it has issued some informal statements in response to Craig Venter's development of a ‘synthetic’ cell). In this paper I examine the likely reaction of the Catholic Magisterium to synthetic biology in its entirety. I begin by examining the Church's teaching role, from its own viewpoint, to set the necessary backround and context for the discussion that follows. I then describe the Church's attitude to science, and particularly to biotechnology. From this I derive a likely Catholic theology of synthetic biology.The Church's teachings on scientific and biotech research show that it is likely to have a generally positive disposition to synbio, if it and its products can be acceptably safe. Proper evaluation of, and protection against, risk will be a significant factor in determining the morality of the research. If the risks can be minimized through regulation or other means, then the Church is likely to be supportive. The Church will also critique the social and legal environment in which the research is done, evaluating issues such as the patenting of scientific discoveries and of life.
EVALUATING INTERVENTIONS IN HEALTH: A RECONCILIATORY APPROACH
Authors: WOLFF JONATHAN , EDWARDS SARAH , RICHMOND SARAH , ORR SHEPLEY , REES GERAINT 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTHealth‐related Quality of Life measures have recently been attacked from two directions, both of which criticize the preference‐based method of evaluating health states they typically incorporate. One attack, based on work by Daniel Kahneman and others, argues that ‘experience’ is a better basis for evaluation. The other, inspired by Amartya Sen, argues that ‘capability’ should be the guiding concept. In addition, opinion differs as to whether health evaluation measures are best derived from consultations with the general public, with patients, or with health professionals. And there is disagreement about whether these opinions should be solicited individually and aggregated, or derived instead from a process of collective deliberation. These distinctions yield a wide variety of possible approaches, with potentially differing policy implications. We consider some areas of disagreement between some of these approaches. We show that many of the perspectives seem to capture something important, such that it may be a mistake to reject any of them. Instead we suggest that some of the existing ‘instruments’ designed to measure HR QoLs may in fact successfully already combine these attributes, and with further refinement such instruments may be able to provide a reasonable reconciliation between the perspectives.
Cash transfers, social protection and poverty reduction
Authors: Slater Rachel 
Published: April 2011

Slater R. Cash transfers, social protection and poverty reductionInt J Soc Welfare 2011: 20: 250–259 © 2011 United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD), International Journal of Social Welfare © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare.Cash transfers form an important and growing part of social protection programming in many developing countries. This article evaluates the use of different types of cash transfers in different regional contexts as a tool for reducing poverty and inequality in developing countries. Particular attention is paid to knowledge about the appropriateness and cost‐effectiveness of targeted versus universal cash transfers and about conditional versus unconditional transfers. The article finds that a fine balance is required. On the one hand, overambitious procedures for targeting or conditionality should be avoided where administrative capacity is low. On the other hand, to rule out any possibility of conditionality or targeting on the grounds of weak administrative capacity leaves only the option of universal transfers.
Gamma‐glutamylcysteine ethyl ester protects cerebral endothelial cells during injury and decreases blood–brain barrier permeability after experimental brain trauma
Authors: Lok Josephine , Leung Wendy , Zhao Song , Pallast Stefanie , van Leyen Klaus , Guo Shuzhen , Wang Xiaoying , Yalcin Ayfer , Lo Eng H. 
Published: April 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 118, 248–255.AbstractOxidative stress is a pathway of injury that is common to almost all neurological conditions. Hence, methods to scavenge radicals have been extensively tested for neuroprotection. However, saving neurons alone may not be sufficient in treating CNS disease. In this study, we tested the cytoprotective actions of the glutathione precursor gamma‐glutamylcysteine ethyl ester (GCEE) in brain endothelium. First, oxidative stress was induced in a human brain microvascular endothelial cell line by exposure to H2O2. Addition of GCEE significantly reduced formation of reactive oxygen species, restored glutathione levels which were reduced in the presence of H2O2, and decreased cell death during H2O2‐mediated injury. Next, we asked whether GCEE can also protect brain endothelial cells against oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD). As expected, OGD disrupted mitochondrial membrane potentials. GCEE was able to ameliorate these mitochondrial effects. Concomitantly, GCEE significantly decreased endothelial cell death after OGD. Lastly, our in vivo experiments using a mouse model of brain trauma show that post‐trauma (10 min after controlled cortical impact) administration of GCEE by intraperitoneal injection results in a decrease in acute blood–brain barrier permeability. These data suggest that the beneficial effects of GCEE on brain endothelial cells and microvessels may contribute to its potential efficacy as a neuroprotective agent in traumatic brain injury.
4‐Methylpyrazole as a treatment in naturally occurring ethylene glycol intoxication in cats
Authors: Tart Kelly M. , Powell Lisa L. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractObjective –To describe the clinical experience and therapeutic use of fomepizole (4‐methylpyrazole [4‐MP]) in 3 cats with naturally occurring ethylene glycol (EG) toxicity.Case or Series Summary –All cats were documented to be EG positive by an ethylene glycol test kit. This report describes the dose of 4‐MP used, available clinicopathological data, and clinical progression during hospitalization. All patients survived to discharge.New or Unique Information Provided –IV use of 4‐MP at 125 mg/kg as an initial dose and 31.25 mg/kg at 12, 24, and 36 hours is safe and effective for treatment of naturally occurring EG toxicity in cats. Increased HCO3concentrations were noted after IV use of 4‐MP. This is the first report documenting the successful treatment of naturally occurring EG intoxication in cats with 4‐MP.
It Is a G‐Zero, Not a G‐20, World
Authors: ROUBINI NOURIEL 
Published: April 2011

The G‐20 supplanted the G‐8 as the executive committee of globalization as the emerging and advanced economies came together in the wake of the Wall Street crash to stave off depression. Now, each country is going its own way.In this section we examine whether the G‐20 can be saved, and what the countries within it must do to bring the global economy into balance.
Democratic Turkey Is the Template for Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood
Authors: RAMADAN TARIQ 
Published: April 2011

The Great Arab Revolt of 2011 has moved swiftly from the peaceful overthrow of autocrats in the nation‐states of Tunisia and Egypt to brutal repression in the tribal societies of Libya, Syria, Bahrain and Yemen.Meanwhile, the wired youth bulge of the Middle East that brought change is dissipating into an impotent diaspora while the organized interests of the old regimes and the once‐suppressed Islamists charge ahead to power. This section examines the revolt, the reaction and the power struggles in its aftermath.
Accuracy of intraoperative gross visual assessment of myometrial invasion in endometrial cancer
Authors: MARCICKIEWICZ JANUSZ , SUNDFELDT KARIN 
Published: April 2011

Abstract Objective. To evaluate the accuracy of gross visual assessment of myometrial invasion in endometrial carcinoma. Design. Prospective, descriptive study. Setting. University hospital. Population. Two hundred and fourteen consecutive patients operated between 2005 and 2008. All patients were preoperatively diagnosed with endometrial carcinoma or complex atypical hyperplasia considered by the pathologist to be at the border of highly differentiated endometrial cancer. Methods. Intraoperative gross visual assessment of myometrial tumor invasion (<50 or ≥50%), cervical tumor engagement and tumor diameter in millimeters were noted for all patients. Main Outcome Measures. The collected data were compared with final histopathology. Results. Intraoperative gross visual assessment of myometrial tumour invasion correlated well with final histology, with an accuracy of 87%. Agreement between gross visual assessment and final histology was reached in 91% of grade 1 tumors. Additionally, we found that 98.5% of tumors with a diameter <20mm had <50% myometrial invasion, regardless of grade. Conclusions. Intraoperative gross visual assessment of myometrial tumor invasion and tumor size measurements are simple, fast and inexpensive methods that may provide important information for the surgeon to decide upon the extent of staging when other more accurate methods are not at hand.
Molecular detection of trophic links in a complex insect host–parasitoid food web
Authors: HRCEK JAN , MILLER SCOTT E. , QUICKE DONALD L. J. , SMITH M. ALEX 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPreviously, host–parasitoid links have been unveiled almost exclusively by time‐intensive rearing, while molecular methods were used only in simple agricultural host–parasitoid systems in the form of species‐specific primers. Here, we present a general method for the molecular detection of these links applied to a complex caterpillar–parasitoid food web from tropical rainforest of Papua New Guinea. We DNA barcoded hosts, parasitoids and their tissue remnants and matched the sequences to our extensive library of local species. We were thus able to match 87% of host sequences and 36% of parasitoid sequences to species and infer subfamily or family in almost all cases. Our analysis affirmed 93 hitherto unknown trophic links between 37 host species from a wide range of Lepidoptera families and 46 parasitoid species from Hymenoptera and Diptera by identifying DNA sequences for both the host and the parasitoid involved in the interaction. Molecular detection proved especially useful in cases where distinguishing host species in caterpillar stage was difficult morphologically, or when the caterpillar died during rearing. We have even detected a case of extreme parasitoid specialization in a pair ofChoreutisspecies that do not differ in caterpillar morphology and ecology. Using the molecular approach outlined here leads to better understanding of parasitoid host specificity, opens new possibilities for rapid surveys of food web structure and allows inference of species associations not already anticipated.
Recently Ratified and Proposed Cambrian Global Standard Stratotype‐section and Points
Authors: PENG Shanchi , ZHU Xuejian , ZUO Jinxun , LIN Huanling , CHEN Yong'an , WANG Longwu 
Published: April 2011

Abstract:This paper briefly summarizes an officially ratified Global Standard Stratotype‐section and Point (GSSP) and a proposed GSSP for global stages of the Cambrian System. The Luoyixi section near Luoyixi town, Guzhang, northwestern Hunan is ratified as the boundary stratotype for the base of the global Guzhangian Stage, which is the upmost stage of an unnamed series termed provisionally as Cambrian Series 3. The GSSP position lies 121.3 m above the base of the Huaqiao Formation in the section, coinciding with the first appearance of the cosmopolitan agnostoid trilobite Lejopyge leavigata. The Duibian B section at Duibian village, Jiangshan, western Zhejiang, is proposed as the boundary stratotype for the base of the proposed global Jiangshanian Stage that is the second stage of the Furongian Series. The proposed GSSP position lies 108.12 m above the base of the Huayansi Formation in the section, coinciding with the first appearance of the cosmopolitan agnostoid trilobite Agnostotes orientalius. This horizon is also with the first appearance of the cosmopolitan polymerid trilobite Irvingella angustilimbata.
α‐ and β‐diversity Change of Late Ordovician Hirnantia Fauna of Changning, Sichuan, Southwest China
Authors: ZHAN Renbin , LIU Jianbo , LIANG Yan , LI Guipeng 
Published: April 2011

Abstract:A continuous Ordovician‐Silurian boundary section from the upper Wufeng Formation through the Kuanyinchiao Formation to the lower Lungmachi Formation has been carefully measured and collected at Shuanghe of Changning, southern Sichuan Province. For the first time, the temporal changes of α‐ and β‐diversities of the Hirnantia fauna have been discussed in great detail. The general trend of brachiopod diversity change, increasing upward, is consistent with the regional trend of the Yangtze Platform, which had been controlled by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. However, the sudden drop of diversity for a short period in the upper Kuanyinchiao Formation might have been controlled by environmental factors rather than normal faunal turnover. Synecological analysis using numerical methods recognizes two brachiopod‐dominated associations of the Hirnantia fauna, the Dalmanella‐Kinnella Association and the Mirorthis Association, both living in an offshore, deeper water environment corresponding to BA3‐upper BA4, particularly lower BA3.
What about supplements for osteoarthritis? A critical and evidenced‐based review
Authors: VISTA Evan S. , LAU Chak S. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDietary supplements have inundated the commercial market in recent times. These so called “health” supplements are being marketed as beneficial in the prevention and regression of several common medical conditions that include osteoarthritis. This review provides an overview of osteoarthritis as a common disease and elucidates the disease process in relation to conventional therapeutic approaches. We also attempt to present perspectives about the dietary industry, focusing on the widely available dietary supplements for osteoarthritis; then we discuss the current available evidence regarding these common dietary supplements which are finally consolidated and enumerated as major key points.
Transition in Type of Surgery for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Multi‐institutional Study in Japan
Authors: MASUI Kimihiko , YOSHIMURA Koji , NISHIYAMA Hiroyuki , OKUNO Hiroshi , OGAWA Osamu 
Published: April 2011

Objectives: This study compared the numbers and types of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) surgeries performed in 2008 with those performed in 2003 to investigate changes in surgical procedures in Japan with the introduction of transurethral enucleation procedures.Methods: Forty‐three hospitals in Japan participated in this study. We examined the numbers of patients undergoing BPH surgery in 2003 and 2008. Types of BPH surgery were divided into five categories: R (resection); E (enucleation); S (urethral stent); O (open surgery); and A (ablation or others). The participating hospitals were divided into two groups, those performing E surgery (E hospitals) and those which did not (Non‐E hospitals).Results: The total numbers of BPH surgeries performed in all hospitals were 1610 in 2003 and 1720 in 2008. Of these, 1391 (86%) in 2003 and 1129 (66%) in 2008 were R‐type, and 1 (<0%) in 2003 and 428 (25%) in 2008 were E‐type. There were 17 E hospitals and 26 Non‐E hospitals, and other characteristics of the hospitals were similar. In the E hospitals, the total number of BPH surgeries increased from 552 in 2003 to 776 in 2008. Conversely, that in Non‐E hospitals decreased from 1058 in 2003 to 944 in 2008. The rate of R‐type surgery was significantly lower in E hospitals than in Non‐E hospitals, even in 2003 (73 vs 94%, P < 0.01).Conclusion: E‐type surgery increased considerably in the 5 years examined, but even in E hospitals, R‐type surgery remained the main type of BPH surgery performed in 2008.
Tobacco plain packaging legislation: a content analysis of commentary posted on Australian online news
Authors: Freeman Becky 
Published: April 2011

IntroductionIn April 2010, the Australian government became the first to announce legislation mandating that tobacco products be sold in plain packaging. The announcement generated significant media coverage and public feedback. The increased readership of and community commentary on online news present an opportunity to assess the range of arguments most likely to be used by opponents to this policy.MethodsA content analysis was conducted of reader commentary posted on Australian online news items about the plain packaging announcement. Reader opinion polls on the plain packaging were also recorded. All arguments opposed to plain packaging contained within reader comments were categorised into 11 debating frames.ResultsOf 117 relevant news items, 41 included 1818 reader comments. 1187 (65.3%) comments contained no reference to plain packaging, and mainly addressed a tobacco tax rise announced at the same time. The comments about plain packaging were more than 2.5 times more likely to oppose than support the policy. The dominant argumentative frame, comprising 27% of oppositional comments, was that plain packaging would be ineffective in reducing smoking. Online reader poll results showed equal support for and opposition to plain packaging.ConclusionsThe results of this study can be used by tobacco control advocates to anticipate opposition and assist in reframing and counteracting arguments opposed to plain packaging.