bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Représentations sociales et significations des pratiques écologiques : Perspectives de recherche
Authors: Caillaud Sabine 
Published: April 2011

L’objectif de cet article est de proposer quelques pistes de réflexion pour comprendre les significations accordées aux pratiques écologiques à partir des représentations sociales de la pollution. Après avoir exposé quelques travaux sur le lien entre attitudes et comportements et leurs limites, nous proposons d’utiliser une autre approche théorique : celle des représentations sociales. Cette approche, en portant son intérêt sur le savoir du sens commun, doit permettre de comprendre le sens accordé aux pratiques écologiques individuelles. Quelques éléments sur le contexte socioculturel de notre étude viennent éclairer ce questionnement et dessinent les bases de notre méthodologie : l’opposition entre écologie et économie, la modernité et la crise écologique. Des focus groups ont été menés auprès d’une population estudiantine française. Des dilemmes leur étaient présentés, faisant varier le caractère global ou local de la pollution. Nos résultats mettent en évidence des dichotomies (visible/invisible, riches/pauvres) qui viennent structurer les représentations sociales de la pollution, et par lesquelles les pratiques écologiques acquièrent des significations multiples. De même, nos résultats montrent que la vision du rapport Homme/nature s’appuie sur une vision anthropocentrée ou écocentrée en fonction du caractère local ou global de la pollution.
EBV-Specific CD8+ T Cells from Asymptomatic Pediatric Thoracic Transplant Patients Carrying Chronic High EBV Loads Display Contrasting Features: Activated Phenotype and Exhausted Function
Authors: Macedo Camila , Webber Steven A. , Donnenberg Albert D. , Popescu Iulia , Hua Yun , Green Michael , Rowe David , Smith Louise , Brooks Maria M. , Metes Diana 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Serial EBV load monitoring of clinically asymptomatic pediatric thoracic organ transplant patients has identified three groups of children who exhibit undetectable (&lt;100 copies/ml), chronic low (100–16,000 copies/ml), or chronic high (&gt;16,000 copies/ml) EBV loads in peripheral blood. Chronic high EBV load patients have a 45% rate of progression to late-onset posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders. In this article, we report that asymptomatic patients carrying EBV loads (low and high) expressed increased frequencies of EBV-specific CD8+ T cells, as compared with patients with undetectable EBV loads. Although patients with low viral load displayed EBV-specific CD8+ T cells with moderate signs of activation (CD38+/−/CD127+/−), programmed death 1 upregulation and effective IFN-γ secretion, high EBV load carriers showed significant CD38+ upregulation, features of cellular exhaustion (programmed death 1+/CD127−) accompanied by a decline in IFN-γ release. Immunopolarization of EBV-specific CD8+ T cells was skewed from the expected type 1 (IFN-γ) toward type 0 (IFN-γ/IL-5) in patients, and Tr1 (IL-10) in high load carriers. These results indicate the importance of chronic EBV load and of the levels of antigenic pressure in shaping EBV-specific memory CD8+ T cells. Concomitant phenotypic and functional EBV monitoring is critical for identifying the complex “functional” versus “exhausted” signature of EBV-specific CD8+ T cells, with implications for immunologic monitoring in the clinic.
The Integrins Mac-1 and α4β1 Perform Crucial Roles in Neutrophil and T Cell Recruitment to Lungs during Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection
Authors: Kadioglu Aras , De Filippo Katia , Bangert Mathieu , Fernandes Vitor E. , Richards Luke , Jones Kristian , Andrew Peter W. , Hogg Nancy 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Neutrophils and T cells play an important role in host protection against pulmonary infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. However, the role of the integrins in recruitment of these cells to infected lungs is not well understood. In this study we used the twin approaches of mAb blockade and gene-deficient mice to investigate the relative impact of specific integrins on cellular recruitment and bacterial loads following pneumococcal infection. We find that both Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) and α4β1 (CD49d/CD29) integrins, but surprisingly not LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18), contribute to two aspects of the response. In terms of recruitment from the circulation into lungs, neutrophils depend on Mac-1 and α4β1, whereas the T cells are entirely dependent on α4β1. Second, immunohistochemistry results indicate that adhesion also plays a role within infected lung tissue itself. There is widespread expression of ICAM-1 within lung tissue. Use of ICAM-1−/− mice revealed that neutrophils make use of this Mac-1 ligand, not for lung entry or for migration within lung tissue, but for combating the pneumococcal infection. In contrast to ICAM-1, there is restricted and constitutive expression of the α4β1 ligand, VCAM-1, on the bronchioles, allowing direct access of the leukocytes to the airways via this integrin at an early stage of pneumococcal infection. Therefore, integrins Mac-1 and α4β1 have a pivotal role in prevention of pneumococcal outgrowth during disease both in regulating neutrophil and T cell recruitment into infected lungs and by influencing their behavior within the lung tissue itself.
Prolonged Antitumor NK Cell Reactivity Elicited by CXCL10-Expressing Dendritic Cells Licensed by CD40L+CD4+ Memory T Cells
Authors: Shimizu Kanako , Asakura Miki , Fujii Shin-ichiro 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Immunotherapy using dendritic cells (DCs) has the potential to activate both T cells and NK cells. We previously demonstrated the long-lasting antitumor responses by NK cells following immunization with bone marrow-derived DCs. In the current study, we demonstrate that long-term antitumor NK responses require endogenous DCs and a subset of effector memory CD4+ T (CD4+ TEM) cells. One month after DC immunization, injection of a tumor into DC-immunized mice leads to an increase in the expression of CXCL10 by endogenous DCs, thus directing NK cells into the white pulp where the endogenous DCs bridged CD4+ TEM cells and NK cells. In this interaction, CD4+ TEM cells express CD40L, which matures the endogenous DCs, and produce cytokines, such as IL-2, which activates NK cells. These findings suggest that DC vaccination can sustain long-term innate NK cell immunity but requires the participation of the adaptive immune system.
Epistatic Suppression of Fatal Autoimmunity in New Zealand Black Bicongenic Mice
Authors: Loh Christina , Pau Evelyn , Lajoie Ginette , Li Timothy T. , Baglaenko Yuriy , Cheung Yui-Ho , Chang Nan-Hua , Wither Joan E. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Numerous mapping studies have implicated genetic intervals from lupus-prone New Zealand Black (NZB) chromosomes 1 and 4 as contributing to lupus pathogenesis. By introgressing NZB chromosomal intervals onto a non–lupus-prone B6 background, we determined that: NZB chromosome 1 congenic mice (denoted B6.NZBc1) developed fatal autoimmune-mediated kidney disease, and NZB chromosome 4 congenic mice (denoted B6.NZBc4) exhibited a marked expansion of B1a and NKT cells in the surprising absence of autoimmunity. In this study, we sought to examine whether epistatic interactions between these two loci would affect lupus autoimmunity by generating bicongenic mice that carry both NZB chromosomal intervals. Compared with B6.NZBc1 mice, bicongenic mice demonstrated significantly decreased mortality, kidney disease, Th1-biased IgG autoantibody isotypes, and differentiation of IFN-γ–producing T cells. Furthermore, a subset of bicongenic mice exhibited a paucity of CD21+CD1d+ B cells and an altered NKT cell activation profile that correlated with greater disease inhibition. Thus, NZBc4 contains suppressive epistatic modifiers that appear to inhibit the development of fatal NZBc1 autoimmunity by promoting a shift away from a proinflammatory cytokine profile, which in some mice may involve NKT cells.
Plasmodium–Host Interactions Directly Influence the Threshold of Memory CD8 T Cells Required for Protective Immunity
Authors: Schmidt Nathan W. , Butler Noah S. , Harty John T. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Plasmodium infections are responsible for millions of cases of malaria and ∼1 million deaths annually. Recently, we showed that sterile protection (95%) in BALB/c mice required Plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite protein (CS252–260)-specific memory CD8 T cells exceeding a threshold of 1% of all PBLs. Importantly, it is not known if Plasmodium species affect the threshold of CS-specific memory CD8 T cells required for protection. Furthermore, C57BL/6 mice immunized with radiation-attenuated parasites are more difficult to protect against Plasmodium sporozoite challenge than similarly immunized BALB/c mice; however, it is not known whether this is the result of different CD8 T cell specificity, functional attributes of CD8 T cells, or mouse strain-specific factors expressed in nonhematopoietic cells. In this article, we show that more CS-specific memory CD8 T cells are required for protection against P. yoelii sporozoite challenge than for protection against P. berghei sporozoite challenge. Furthermore, P. berghei CS252-specific CD8 T cells exhibit reduced protection against P. berghei sporozoite challenge in the context of C57BL/6 and C57BL/10 non-MHC-linked genes in CB6F1 and B10.D2 mice, respectively. Generation and immunization of reciprocal chimeric mice between BALB/c and B10.D2 strains revealed that B10 background factors expressed by nonhematopoietic cells increased the threshold required for protection through a CD8 T cell-extrinsic mechanism. Finally, reduced CS-specific memory CD8 T cell protection in P. yoelii-infected BALB/c or P. berghei-infected B10.D2 mice correlated with increased rates of Plasmodium amplification in the liver. Thus, both Plasmodium species and strain-specific background genes in nonhematopoietic cells determine the threshold of memory CD8 T cells required for protection.
Corrosion of Silver-Cored Co-20Cr-35Ni-10Mo Composite for Networked Neuroprosthetic System
Authors: Ha H.M. , Payer J.H. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Corrosion behavior of a silver-cored composite wire with Co-based alloy Co-20Cr-35Ni-10Mo outer tube and a silver core in vitro conditions was investigated. The electrochemical effect of the component materials on the overall corrosion behavior of the composite wire was elucidated. The formation of silver chloride corrosion product on the corroding silver core limited ionic transport therefore restricted further dissolution at the silver metal surface. Galvanic action between a Co-20Cr-35Ni-10Mo cathode and a silver anode was examined. Dissolution rate of the silver core in a composite wire obtained from immersion tests in a physiological solution of 9 g/L NaCl at 37°C was approximately 22 μm/y, i.e., 0.28 μg/y silver dissolved for a 37-μm-diameter silver core. Nearly all of the silver dissolved precipitate as silver chloride, i.e., approximately 0.37 μg/y.
Disc Swelling in Abetalipoproteinemia: A Novel Feature of Bassen-Kornzweig Syndrome
Authors: Nasr Mayssa B. , Symeonidis Chrysanthos , Mikropoulos Dimithos G. , Kozeis Nikos , Tsinopoulos loannis , Dimitrakos Stavros A. , Konstas Anastasios G.P. 
Published: April 2011

Purpose Abetalipoproteinemia is a very rare disease with multisystemic manifestations. Methods Retrospective, case report. Results We report a 9-year-old girl with a history of Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome diagnosed at the age of 3. The patient was referred to us by the pediatricians for ocular assessment. During the examination, an atypical pigmentary retinopathy and bilateral swelling of the optic discs were observed, with no consequences to her visual acuity. Conclusions Ophthalmic manifestations in Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome are not uncommon. We describe, for the first time, bilateral swelling of the optic discs, a sign that appears directly associated with abetalipoproteinemia.
Safety and Efficacy of Temporal Manual Small Incision Cataract Surgery in India
Authors: Zawar Swati V. , Gogate Parikshit 
Published: April 2011

Purpose. To assess safety and efficacy of temporal manual small incision cataract surgery (SICS) in context to visual outcome, astigmatism, and complications. Methods. This involved sclerocorneal tunnel, capsulotomy and hydrodissection. The incision was made with number 11 disposable surgical blade (costing Indian Rs. 2.50, $0.05). Nucleus extraction was done by phaco-sandwich method with the help of vectis and dialer. Posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation was done according to biometric findings. A record of intraoperative and postoperative complications was made. The final postoperative assessment of astigmatism was done with spectacle correction on the 45th day as per the refraction findings. Results. Two thousand eyes were operated by temporal, manual small incision sutureless technique. Uncorrected visual acuity was ≥6/18 in 1636 (81.7%) patients on the first postoperative day, in 1652 (82.6%) patients at 2 weeks, and in 1732 (88.6%) patients at 6 weeks. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) ≥6/18 was achieved in 1868 (93.4%) patients at 6 weeks, with 46 (2.3%) having BCVA <6/60, 24 (1.2%) of whom had preexisting retinal pathology. At 6 weeks, 1876 (93.8%) eyes had with-the-rule and 134 (6.2%) against-the-rule astigmatism (mean 0.7±1.25 D). Iris prolapse was noted in 3 (0.15%), wound leak in 3 (0.15%), and transient corneal edema in 136 (6.8%) eyes. Average surgery time was 6 minutes. Conclusions. Temporal SICS with number 11 disposable surgical blade and nucleus delivery by phaco-sandwich method gave excellent outcome with minimal astigmatism and low complication rate at economic cost.
Carer burden in apathy and impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Leroi Iracema , Harbishettar Vijay , Andrews Michelle , McDonald Kathryn , Byrne E. Jane , Burns Alistair 
Published: April 2011

BackgroundThe neuropsychiatric complications of Parkinson's disease (PD), which include behaviour disturbances such as apathy and the impulse control disorders (ICDs), may have a significant effect on patients with PD and their carers. The contribution of these behaviour disorders to carer burden is less understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the relationship that apathy and ICDs have with carer burden.MethodsNon‐demented (n = 71) PD–carer dyads (spouse or adult child) participated in the study. The PD participants were divided into three behavioural groups: ICD (n = 21), apathy (n = 22) and controls (n = 28). The three groups were compared for level of burden in their carers by using the Zarit Burden Interview. The PD participants were rated for levels of apathy, impulsivity and motor and psychiatric symptoms. Using a multivariate analysis, we sought the PD‐related predictors of carer burden.ResultsSignificantly, greater burden was seen in carers of PD participants with ICDs (p = 0.002) or apathy (p = 0.004), compared with carers of PD participants without such behavioural disturbances. Linear regression models revealed that attentional ability accounted for burden in carers of the group with apathy, whereas dopaminergic load and depression accounted for burden in carers of the group with impulsivity.ConclusionPD‐related behaviour disturbances, such as apathy and ICDs, as well as psychiatric complications, have significant negative implications for burden of care. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minimal residual disease detection in lymphoma and multiple myeloma: impact on therapeutic paradigms
Authors: Ferrero Simone , Drandi Daniela , Mantoan Barbara , Ghione Paola , Omedè Paola , Ladetto Marco 
Published: April 2011

AbstractEarly identification of patients at high risk of relapse is a major goal of current translational research in oncohematology. Minimal residual disease (MRD) detection by polymerase chain reaction‐based methods is currently part of the routine clinical management of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, the current knowledge indicates that it is also a useful prognostic tool in several mature lymphoproliferative disorders. Its utility is currently well established in follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. In some of these entities, clinical trials employing MRD as a decision‐making tool are currently ongoing. In the present review, we will discuss the ‘state of the art’ of MRD evaluation in these three neoplasms with the ultimate aim of providing critical take‐home messages for clinicians working in the field. Moreover, we will outline the role of MRD detection in the design of future clinical trials. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and risk of pulmonary embolism
Authors: Biere‐Rafi Sara , Di Nisio Marcello , Gerdes Victor , Porreca Ettore , Souverein Patrick , de Boer Anthonius , Büller Harry , Kamphuisen Pieter 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTPurpose Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been associated with an increased risk of arterial thrombosis, but their effect on venous thrombotic events is less well established. The study aimed to assess the risk of symptomatic pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients using NSAIDs and to evaluate any effect of type, dose, and duration of therapy.Methods A case–control study was conducted using the PHARMO Record Linkage System, a Dutch population‐based registry. Cases were patients hospitalized with a primary diagnosis of PE and were matched to controls without a history of PE. To exclude confounding by indication, the effect of painkillers without known hemostatic effects was assessed.Results The study population consisted of 4433 cases and 16 802 controls. After adjustment for surgery, trauma, and malignancy, current use of NSAIDs was associated with PE (odds ratio (OR) 2.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.06–2.77). The risk was highest for traditional NSAIDs, and the overall risk for NSAIDs was highest in the first 30 days of exposure (OR 4.77, 95%CI 3.92–5.81), as compared with chronic (<1 year; OR 1.83, 95%CI 1.47–2.28) or long‐term use (>1 year; OR 2.14, 95%CI 1.48–3.09). Use of acetaminophen and tramadol also increased the risk of PE (OR 1.74, 95%CI 1.42–2.14 and OR 4.07, 95%CI 2.86–5.75, respectively) with a similar time trend.Conclusions Use of NSAIDs is associated with an increased risk of symptomatic PE. This association may be partially explained by underlying medical conditions, as suggested by a similarly increased thrombotic risk in patients receiving acetaminophen and tramadol. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
rhKGF stimulates lung surfactant production in neonatal rats in vivo
Authors: Gesche Jens , Fehrenbach Heinz , Koslowski Roland , Ohler Florian M. , Pynn Christopher J. , Griese Matthias , Poets Christian F. , Bernhard Wolfgang 
Published: April 2011

AbstractSurfactant deficiency and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), major obstacles in preterm infants, are addressed with pre‐ and postnatal glucocorticoids which also evoke harmful catabolic side‐effects. Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) accelerates surfactant production in fetal type II pneumocytes (PN‐II), protects epithelia from injury and is deficient in lungs developing BPD, highlighting its potential efficacy in neonates. Neonatal rats were treated with recombinant human (rh)KGF, betamethasone, or their combination for 48 hr prior to sacrifice after which body weight, surfactant, and tissue phosphatidylcholines (PC) were investigated at postnatal d3, d7, d15, and d21. Pneumocyte proliferation, surfactant protein (SP) expression and SP‐B/C in lung lavage fluid (LLF) were also determined at d7 and d21 to identify broader surfactant changes occurring at the beginning and end of the initial alveolarization phase. While all treatments increased secreted surfactant PC, BM compromised animal growth whereas rhKGF did not. At d3 rhKGF was more effective in male compared to female rats. Single treatments became less effective towards d21. Neither treatment altered PC composition in LLF. BM inhibited PN‐II proliferation and increased surfactant PCs at the expense of tissue PCs. rhKGF however increased surfactant PCs without decreasing other PC species. Whereas SP‐B/C gene expression was induced by all treatments, the changes in secreted SP‐B/C mirrored those observed for surfactant PC. Our results encourage investigation of the mechanisms by which rhKGF improves surfactant homoeostasis, and detailed examination of its efficacy in neonatal lung injury models with a view to implementing it as a non‐catabolic surfactant‐increasing therapeutic in neonatal intensive care. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2011; 46:883–895. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A method for identifying otological drill milling through bone tissue wall
Authors: Cao Tianyang , Li Xisheng , Gao Zhiqiang , Feng Guodong , Shen Peng 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBackgroundOtological drill milling through the bone tissue wall is a common milling fault in ear surgery. This paper presents a method for identifying milling faults and improving operation safety.MethodsForce and current sensors are used. According to a DC motor model and a cutting force model, the features of the milling process were analysed and a dynamic model was established. The dynamic model could extract the characteristic curve of a milling fault and the phase difference between the current and force signals. An adaptive filter was designed to fuse the phase and amplitude of signals to suppress interference in the characteristic curve. According to the filtering result, milling states can be identified by a rule base.ResultsFive surgeons carried out experiments on calvarian bone. The average recognition rate of milling faults was 90%. Only 1% of normal millings were identified as milling faults.ConclusionsThis method could be adapted to different surgeons and identify milling faults exactly. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of flexible endoscope steering using haptic guidance
Authors: Reilink Rob , Stramigioli Stefano , Kappers Astrid M.L. , Misra Sarthak 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBackgroundSteering the tip of a flexible endoscope relies on the physician's dexterity and experience. For complex flexible endoscopes, conventional controls may be inadequate.MethodsA steering method based on a multi‐degree‐of‐freedom haptic device is presented. Haptic cues are generated based on the endoscopic images. The method is compared against steering using the same haptic device without haptic cues, and against conventional steering. Human‐subject studies were conducted in which 12 students and 6 expert gastroenterologists participated.ResultsExperts are significantly faster when using the conventional method compared with using the haptic device, either with or without haptic cues. However, it is expected that the performance of the subjects with the haptic device will increase with experience.ConclusionsUsing a haptic device may be a viable alternative to the conventional method for the control of complex flexible endoscopes. The results suggest that the use of haptic cues may reduce the patient discomfort. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.