bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Community Integration and Life Satisfaction After Traumatic Brain Injury: Long-Term Findings
Authors: Burleigh Susan A. , Farber Ruth S. , Gillard Marian 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objective. This study examines the relationship of the degree of community integration to the life satisfaction of persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI).
Method. The responses to two self-administered questionnaires measuring aspects of community integration and life satisfaction were studied for 30 persons with TBI who were 26 to 60 years of age.
Results. A significant relationship (rho = .37, p &lt; .05) was found between life satisfaction and social integration (a component of community integration). No significant association was found between the total community integration score and life satisfaction.
Conclusion. The results suggest the need for rehabilitation programs to provide long-term assistance with community-based social integration as well as more effective treatment strategies to develop these skills in persons with TBI.
Occupational Therapy in Pediatric Lead Exposure Prevention
Authors: Hotz Margaretha , Kniepmann Kathy , Kohn Luci 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Environmental lead is a toxic substance that is affecting the growth and development of 3 to 4 million U.S. preschool children today, with effects ranging from learning disabilities to death. This review of environmental lead sources and effects on children provides a background for comprehensive prevention of childhood lead exposure. Prevention strategies at the child, family, and community levels allow for widespread protection of child health and development. Prevention begins with an understanding of the person-environment-occupation framework for the factors that contribute to children at risk for lead exposure. An open system model is presented with specific interventions at the child, family, and community levels, providing innovative, integrated contributions by occupational therapy practitioners for lead exposure prevention and health promotion of children who have been exposed to environmental lead.
Preparing Students for Consultation Roles and Systems
Authors: Dudgeon Brian J. , Greenberg Sharon L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Continuing changes in human services confront occupational therapy students with challenges and opportunities not traditionally associated with entry-level practice. Consultation as an approach to occupational therapy practice has become more prominent in many settings. Although consultation is normally associated with skilled or expert practice, new practitioners are expected to provide consultation so that an occupational therapy perspective can be incorporated into interdisciplinary and consumer-based service plans. In this article, we review models of consultation and propose that issues of knowledge, interpersonal skills, and diversity readiness are essential to effectively prepare new practitioners for consultation. Problem-based learning is recommended as a technique to expose students to the complexity and diversity of issues to be addressed in consultation. Examples of instructional units that demonstrate the functions of a consultant are provided.
Parenting Values and Attitudes: Views of Therapists and Parents
Authors: Humphry Ruth , Thigpen-Beck Betty 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objective. This study extends our understanding of what characteristics in young children occupational therapists value and their attitudes regarding how a parent should respond to a toddler who refuses to cooperate in a joint occupation.
Method. Using a mailed questionnaire, occupational therapists (n = 201) ranked seven characteristics of preschoolers from most important to least important. Responses to a story about a parent with a noncompliant toddler at mealtime suggested attitudes about managing young children’s behaviors. Through individual interviews, parents (n = 96) with a variety of ethnic and educational backgrounds responded to the same questions about characteristics of preschoolers and parental responses to toddlers.
Results. More occupational therapist respondents than parents placed high value on the characteristic of a preschooler who likes himself or herself. Respondents expressed attitudes that parents should be flexible and let a toddler determine what and when he or she wants to eat. Experience as parents and years in practice contributed to respondents’ valuing self-respect as a characteristic in preschoolers over other characteristics and expressing more support for parents allowing young children to control situations. The greatest differences in values and attitudes were between respondents who were parents and parents in the contrast groups who had less than 1 year of education beyond high school.
Conclusion. Shared and differing ideas about what characteristics are most important in a child and how to respond to children’s noncompliant behaviors can shape how therapists and parents respond to each other. Occupational therapists recognizing that they may not hold the same basic ideas about children as do parents of children with special needs may be more inclined to approach the families they work with as a unique social system.
The Relationship Between the Allen Cognitive Level Test and the Life Skills Profile
Authors: Keller Suzie , Hayes Robyn 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objectives. The purpose of this study was to further evaluate the validity of the Allen Cognitive Level Test (ACL-90) as a measure of the construct of “adaptive functioning” and to determine its effectiveness in discriminating between persons who live in the community and persons who are institutionalized.
Method. Forty-one persons with schizophrenia living in the community and 17 persons with schizophrenia living in a long-term psychiatric hospital were assessed with the ACL-90 and the Life Skills Profile (LSP). Scores on the two measures were compared, as was the effectiveness of the two measures in discriminating between the participant groups.
Results. The ACL-90 scores correlated moderately with the LSP total r (56) = .54, p &lt; .01, and Self-Care Subscale, r (56) = .53, p &lt; .01. Only the Nonturbulence subscale of the LSP discriminated between the community and institutionalized participant groups. The behavior of the participants living in the community was less turbulent than that of the participants who were institutionalized, F(1,54) = 15.24, p &lt; .001.
Conclusion. Although the moderate correlations between the ACL-90 and the LSP measures support the ACL as a measure of adaptive functioning and reflect its theoretical perspective, additional information is needed to predict the community functioning and support needs of persons with schizophrenia.
The Miller Assessment for Preschoolers: Construct Validity and Clinical Use With Children With Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Daniels Linda E. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objectives. This replication study examined the construct validity of the Miller Assessment for Preschoolers (MAP) for clinical use with children with developmental delays.
Methods. The MAP was administered to 132 children with known or suspected developmental delays who had been referred to one of four child development center programs in British Columbia, Canada. On the basis of physician or team diagnosis, participants were assigned either to one of four groups identified in an earlier pilot—study-speech-language problems, motor output problems, speech-language and motor output problems, developmental delay-neurological diagnosis (Daniels & Bressler, 1990)—or to a no-diagnosis group or a prenatal drug exposure (neonatal abstinence) group. The MAP total score, five index scores and nine behavior during testing observations for this sample were examined with analysis of variance procedures.
Results. Significant between-group differences were identified with the total score and the five index scores, but not on the behavior during testing variables. The MAP score patterns that emerged for this sample were similar to those of a previous pilot study for comparable diagnostic groups.
Conclusions. The findings support the validity of using the MAP for children with moderate to severe developmental delays. Discrete as well as more generalized developmental delay problems were differentiated by MAP score patterns.
Use of Aides in Occupational Therapy Practice
Authors: Russell Kyle V. , Kanny Elizabeth M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objectives. This study examined the use of aides in occupational therapy practice, the supervision and training of aides, and practitioners’ attitudes toward the use of aides.
Method. A questionnaire was mailed to a systematically selected sample of 510 occupational therapists and occupational therapy assistants. The response rate was 74%.
Results. The use of occupational therapy aides is prevalent in a variety of settings. Forty percent of respondents reported that they currently work with aides, whereas 23 % reported that they have never worked with aides. Occupational therapy aides perform a variety of tasks and receive various levels and amounts of supervision and training. Of those respondents who delegated specific skilled tasks to aides, 76% reported daily contact for purposes of supervision and training. Nineteen percent who currently work or have worked with aides reported being in a situation where an ethical issue arose related to aide use.
Conclusion. On the basis of the data, it is suggested that occupational therapy practitioners would benefit from taking a proactive role in determining how aides can be used to maximize service delivery while maintaining quality services. There also appear to be ethical concerns related to appropriate delegation of tasks to aides and to their supervision and training.
Clinical Reasoning Case Studies as Teaching Tools
Authors: Neistadt Maureen E. , Wight Jennifer , Mulligan Shelley E. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objective. Students are taught how to apply clinical reasoning methods through a variety of teaching methods, including the use of case studies. Various types of case studies have been described in the literature: paper cases, videotape cases, simulated client cases, and real client cases. This study examined the effectiveness of a new type of paper case study—the clinical reasoning case study—in teaching the clinical reasoning process to occupational therapy students.
Method. Four seniors in an undergraduate occupational therapy program completed intervention plans in response to both traditional medical model and clinical reasoning paper case studies. Qualitative methods were used to analyze intervention plans and videotaped discussion about this learning experience.
Results. Themes discovered in the data sources suggest that compared with traditional case studies, the clinical reasoning case studies increased the quality of participants’ intervention plans, participants’ confidence levels about their plans, and participants’ understanding of the clinical reasoning process. Participants also reported preferring clinical reasoning case studies over traditional paper case studies.
Conclusion. The clinical reasoning case studies are effective teaching tools because they provide students with a holistic picture of the client and his or her occupational therapy treatment. In addition, these case studies model the clinical reasoning process by organizing client information according to the types of clinical reasoning that would be used to gather that information. Occupational therapy educators may find this type of paper case study useful in introducing students to the intervention planning process.
Eliciting Functional Extension in Prone Through the Use of a Game
Authors: Sakemiller Lisa M. , Nelson David L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objective. Although occupationally embedded exercise is becoming a recognized topic in occupational therapy research, study of this phenomenon in children has been limited. The present study examined whether play elicits therapeutic patterns of movement through the use of two ABA single-case experiments. It was predicted that in two children with hypotonic cerebral palsy, the addition of a favorite game to the occupational form, or treatment environment, would increase functional vertical neck and back extension.
Method. Each subject was positioned in prone on a wedge. During the A phases, each was given verbal directions to hold her head up. During the B phase, a favorite game was introduced. It was predicted that each subject would extend her back and neck in a functional way in order to manipulate and observe the game. The dependent variables were the mean range of neck extension and the mean range of back extension, which were measured by a videotaped, two-dimensional kinematic analysis.
Results. The addition of a favorite game to the occupational form improved vertical neck and back extension while discouraging nonfunctional neck hyperextension and fixing postures in both children.
Conclusion. Embedding exercise within a play occupation enhanced the prone extension of two children with hypotonic cerebral palsy.
Maternal Endocrine Activation During Pregnancy Alters Neurobehavioral State in Primate Infants
Authors: Roughton Elizabeth C. , Schneider Mary L. , Bromley Lyn J. , Coe Christopher L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objectives. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether maternal endocrine activation during pregnancy would affect the neurobehavioral state of primate offspring in a manner similar to that observed in human infants from pregnancies involving maternal substance abuse or maternal stress.
Method. Twenty-two rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) infants were derived from females administered either adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), which increased the mother’s endocrine activity, or saline solutions for 14 consecutive days during mid-pregnancy. On days 15 and 30 postpartum, infants underwent brief separations from their mothers and were Videotaped for later evaluation of neurobehavioral state.
Results. Infants from mothers administered ACTH spent significantly more time in a drowsy state than did controls (p &lt; .04), and the increased drowsiness tended to be most pronounced during the post separation period, when acute stress was highest. In contrast, controls remained in a more active alert state (p &lt; .03), presumably searching for their mother, a species-typical adaptive response to maternal separation. Female infants spent more time in distressed state than did males on day 15, and the proportion of time in distressed state decreased in all infants after administration of. 2 ml of 24% sucrose solution.
Conclusion. The results demonstrate that neurobehavioral state alterations are found in infants from mothers with increased endocrine activity during pregnancy. Neurobehavioral state disorganization can have an adverse impact on the human infant’s concurrent and subsequent occupational performance. These findings establish the usefulness of the nonhuman primate model for advancing knowledge on early contributions to the development of human infant occupational behavior.
The Relationship of Cumulative Motor Asymmetries to Scoliosis in Rett Syndrome
Authors: McClure Marjorie K. , Battaglia Carmela , McClure Richard J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objectives. Interrelationships between Rett syndrome scoliosis and symmetric and asymmetric motor pull, ambulation, and advancement of age were investigated in order to provide a treatment rationale for slowing the progression of scoliosis.
Method. Questionnaires (N =262) completed by International Rett Syndrome Association families were analyzed with logistic regression, odds ratio, Kruskal-Wallis one-way, and Fisher's exact test analyses.
Results. Rett syndrome scoliosis was found to be significantly related to orthopedic risk factors of asymmetric movements and positions (odds ratio =4.5, p &lt;.001). The odds ratio for asymmetric upper body positioning (4.4), nonambulation (3.1), and age advancement (14.1) indicated that each was a significant predictor of scoliosis by logistic regression analysis. Univariate Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis identified a significant relationship between scoliosis and asymmetric higher shoulder positioning (p &lt; .001) and bodyside movements (p =.03). Hemisyndrome aspects of Rett syndrome were identified as the increased prevalence of symptoms in either right or left bodyside.
Conclusion. A significant relationship was found between the prevalence of Rett syndrome scoliosis and orthopedic risk factors. These findings suggest a treatment approach for Rett syndrome scoliosis that focuses on balancing bilateral muscular pull.
Use of a Computer Simulator for Training Children With Disabilities in the Operation of a Powered Wheelchair
Authors: Hasdai Aya , Jessel Adam S. , Weiss Patrice L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of a basic driving simulator program to evaluate and train children with disabilities in their ability to operate a powered wheelchair.
Method. With a rating scale of skills considered essential for safe and efficient wheelchair operation, 22 children 7 to 22 years of age with either progressive muscular dystrophy or cerebral palsy were evaluated in their ability to drive a powered wheelchair through a driving course. They were divided into two groups: one without prior experience driving a powered wheelchair and the other with experience. After the driving assessment with an actual powered wheelchair, the inexperienced drivers were trained on a joystick-controlled computer game in which they navigated through labyrinths similar in layout to their own school environment. A test maze was administered before and after this training. Both groups were then evaluated on their ability to drive a powered wheelchair through the driving course.
Results. The inexperienced drivers significantly increased their simulator scores over the training period. Their wheelchair driving performance was significantly better after the simulator training, although their performance remained poorer than that of the experienced drivers.
Conclusion. A simulator program can assist in the development and evaluation of the skills required to operate a powered wheelchair.
Occupation-Centered Assessment of Children
Authors: Coster Wendy 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The past 5 years have seen increasing calls to reexamine our assessment and intervention practices to ensure that they reflect the profession’s basic focus on occupation. Although a number of noteworthy efforts in this direction have been presented for adult practice areas, implementation of occupation-centered assessment in pediatrics has been hampered by the Lack of a consistent frame work to guide this process.
This article will present an adaptation of the functional assessment model proposed by Trombly (1993) designed to better reflect the unique needs and situations of children. It is a multilevel model that examines the pattern of a chiLd’s occupations in a particular environment as well as the performance of important tasks and activities that are part of these occupations. It is proposed that this model can serve as an organizing framework for an occupation-centered assessment process by helping to identify the critical questions that need to be addressed at each level of analysis and the kinds of members that might be used to obtain relevant information. The newly completed School Function Assessment will be used to illustrate application of the framework to examine occupational performance of children in elementary school.
Meaning and Misunderstanding in Occupational Forms: A Study of Therapeutic Goal Setting
Authors: Kielhofner Gary , Barrett Laura 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objective. This study examined occupational therapists’ use of the occupational form of goal setting as therapy and its impact on clients.
Method. The study method was qualitative, using participant observation and interviewing as the main source of data.
Results. The findings illustrated that therapists work both to give substance to the occupational form and to create the context of an implied narrative that imbues it with particular meanings. Simultaneously, clients’ experience of meaning is influenced by a personal volitional narrative. When the two narratives do not coincide, therapists’ efforts to maintain the occupational form intensify as they encourage clients toward attitudes and performances that do not resonate with the clients’ experience of reality.
Conclusion. The findings underscore the importance of recognizing that occupational forms are embedded in social processes and perspectives that inevitably come into play when occupational forms are used as therapy.
Occupation: The Keystone of a Curriculum for a Self-Defined Profession
Authors: Yerxa Elizabeth J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The idea of occupation is proposed as the basis for constructing a curricular renaissance for occupational therapy in preparation for a new millennium. Implementing an occupation-centered curriculum could create a more integrated profession in which practice, ideas, scholarship, and education nurture and support one another, increasing the autonomy of both the occupational therapy profession and recipients of its services. A practice-oriented rationale for curricular design includes explication of the idea of occupation, a view of the person as an occupational being embedded in that concept, and the thought process of occupational therapy. Recommendations are provided to create an integrated curriculum that will contribute to future-oriented practice and a self-defined profession.
Uniting Practice and Theory in an Occupational Framework
Authors: Fisher Anne G. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The term occupation conveys the powerful essence of our profession—enabling people to seize, take possession of, or occupy the spaces, time, and roles of their lives. Occupation is activity that is both purposeful and meaningful to the person who engages in it. Our uniqueness lies in our use of occupation as a therapeutic agent, but our unique focus on occupation is not always apparent in practice. Four global groups of activities that occupational therapy practitioners use in practice are described—exercise, contrived occupation, therapeutic occupation, and adaptive occupation. Therapeutic occupation and adaptive occupation are proposed as the legitimate activities of occupational therapy. The Occupational Therapy Intervention Process Model is then presented. This model stresses a top-down approach to evaluation and provides a framework for implementing adaptive occupation for purposes of compensation as well as therapeutic occupation for purposes of remediation.
Communicating With Clients About Treatment Outcomes: The Use of Meta-Analytic Evidence in Collaborative Treatment Planning
Authors: Tickle-Degnen Linda 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this article is to describe how therapists can use information from the research literature, specifically from meta-analyses, to inform clients and their fami1y members about probable outcomes of participating, or not participating, in treatment. Meta-analyses are particularly useful to clinicians because they summarize findings from a large number of outcome studies in a rigorous, comprehensive, and concise format. The quantitative presentation of meta-analyses may be daunting to those who are not familiar with meta-analytic procedures and statistics. Therefore, this article describes a simple method for making clinically relevant interpretations of meta-analytic results. Furthermore, specific examples that are based on actual meta-analyses are given as models for communicating with clients and their family members about treatment outcomes in order to facilitate collaboration during treatment planning.