bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global degradation kinetics of wood and agricultural residues in air
Authors: Blasi Colomba Di , Branca Carmen 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDegradation in air has been carried out of some woods and agricultural residues at heating rates of 20 K/min. The thermal behaviour has also been investigated with commercial products taken as representative of the main biomass components. Weight loss curves for woods and agricultural residues can be interpreted by a three‐step reaction scheme. The first, very fast step, can be attributed to the degradation of all the main components, the very slow second stage to lignin and hemi‐cellulose degradation, while the third is the combustion of the solid residual. The amount of volatiles released in the first stage is higher for woods (75 to 77% of the total solid against 50 to 60%) of residues) and the process is displaced towards higher temperatures and thus associated with higher activation energies (values of about 75 to 100 kJ/mol for woods and 72 to 78 kJ/mol for residues). In all cases, devolatilization rates are very slow and almost constant in the second stage, with small amounts of volatiles released (6 to 9% for woods and 5 to 16% for residues) and comparable activation energies (86 to 92 kJ/mol for woods and 83 to 87 kJ/mol for residues). Combustion of chars from agricultural residues again starts at lower temperatures and is described by activation energies of 73 to 80 kJ/mol (against 71 to 90 kJ/mol for woods).
Optimal seeding in batch crystallization
Authors: Chung Serena H. , Ma David L. , Braatz Richard D. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis is the first comprehensive study on the optimization of seed distribution in a crystallization process. For a batch crystallizer, a dynamic programming formulation optimizes a property of the product crystals over the supersaturation profile and the seed characteristics, namely the mean size of the seed crystals, the seed mass, and the width of the seed distribution. Three optimization objectives are considered: (1) weight mean size, (2) coefficient of variation, and (3) the ratio of the nucleated crystal mass to seed crystal mass. Different objectives lead to substantially different optimal seed distributions. It is shown that optimizing over the seed distribution can have a larger effect on the product crystal size distribution than optimizing over the supersaturation profile.
Axial mixing and gas holdup with reciprocating doughnut plates
Authors: Rao Nadella V. Rama , Baird Malcolm H. I. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA 15 cm diameter reciprocating plate column has been operated under gas—liquid flow conditions with a stack of doughnut‐type plates having inner and outer diameters of 7.5 cm and 13.0 cm, respectively. Axial dispersion coefficients and gas holdup have been measured. It is found that this type of plate gives lower axial dispersion coefficients than a previously tested doughnut plate having an outer diameter almost the same as the column internal diameter, but the gas retention times are slightly lower.
Transient simulation of a catalytic converter for a dual fuel engine
Authors: Liu Benlin , Checkel M. David , Hayes Robert E. , Zheng Ming , Mirosh Edward 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAn experimental and modelling study was performed for a catalytic converter attached to a natural gas/diesel dual fuel engine. The catalytic converter was a ceramic monolith honeycomb substrate coated with a washcoat of catalyst. A multiple segmented design of converter was used. This paper describes the application of a one‐dimensional finite element model for the transient and steady state operation of this converter. The model is a single channel model. The laminar flow was approximated using a dispersed plug flow model. The chemical kinetics were simulated using LHHW type expressions. Comparison of simulated results are made with experimental results for heating and cooling cycles that resulted from speed and load changes on the engine. These comparisons showed a maximum difference between experimental and predicted emission levels of about 10%.
Multidetector Computed Tomography in Post‐traumatic Ventricular Pseudoaneurysm
Authors: Bozlar Ugur , Yurtsever Ismail , Sahin Ugurel M. , Ors Fatih , Selim Nural M. , Tasar Mustafa 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe report a 20‐year‐old male with rare asymptomatic aneurysm of the left ventricle that was concluded to be a pseudoaneurysm given its calcified walls and the history of severe blunt chest trauma 8 years ago. Multidetector computed tomography (CT) angiography of the coronary vessels helped exclude vascular insult and suggest traumatic intramyocardial dissection as underlying etiopathogenesis, besides providing a good view of aneurysm and cardiac morphology in relation to coronary vessels. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Access to Enantiopure 2,5‐Diaryltetrahydrofurans – Application to the Synthesis of (–)‐Virgatusin and (+)‐Urinaligran
Authors: Martinet Sophie , Méou Alain , Brun Pierre 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe diastereoselective MnIII‐promoted radical addition of β‐oxoesters 1 onto N‐cinnamoyloxazolidinones 2 afforded 2,3‐dihydrofurans 3. After catalytic hydrogenation of the C=C bond, followed by reductive removal of the chiral auxiliary, the resulting enantiopure tetrahydrofurans 5 were transformed in two steps into naturally occurring (–)‐virgatusin and (+)‐urinaligran and two other, nonnatural, tetrasubstituted THF lignans. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
β2 Adrenergic receptor activation induces microglial NADPH oxidase activation and dopaminergic neurotoxicity through an ERK‐dependent/protein kinase A‐independent pathway
Authors: Qian Li , Hu Xiaoming , Zhang Dan , Snyder Amanda , Wu Hung‐Ming , Li Yachen , Wilson Belinda , Lu Ru‐Band , Hong Jau‐Shyong , Flood Patrick M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractActivation of the β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR) on immune cells has been reported to possess anti‐inflammatory properties, however, the pro‐inflammatory properties of β2AR activation remain unclear. In this study, using rat primary mesencephalic neuron‐glia cultures, we report that salmeterol, a long‐acting β2AR agonist, selectively induces dopaminergic (DA) neurotoxicity through its ability to activate microglia. Salmeterol selectively increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by NADPH oxidase (PHOX), the major superoxide‐producing enzyme in microglia. A key role of PHOX in mediating salmeterol‐induced neurotoxicity was demonstrated by the inhibition of DA neurotoxicity in cultures pretreated with diphenylene‐iodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of PHOX activity. Mechanistic studies revealed the activation of microglia by salmeterol results in the selective phosphorylation of ERK, a signaling pathway required for the translocation of the PHOX cytosolic subunit p47phoxto the cell membrane. Furthermore, we found ERK inhibition, but not protein kinase A (PKA) inhibition, significantly abolished salmeterol‐induced superoxide production, p47phoxtranslocation, and its ability to mediate neurotoxicity. Together, these findings indicate that β2AR activation induces microglial PHOX activation and DA neurotoxicity through an ERK‐dependent/PKA‐independent pathway. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Involvement of p53 in phthalate effects on mouse and rat osteoblasts
Authors: Sabbieti M.G. , Agas D. , Santoni G. , Materazzi S. , Menghi G. , Marchetti L. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe role of two estrogen‐mimicking compounds in regulating osteoblast activities were examined. Previously, our attention was focused on benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) and di‐n‐butyl phthalate (DBP) since previous works showed that they enter the cytoplasm, bioaccumulate, modify actin cytoarchitecture and exert mitogenic effects involving microfilament disruption, and nuclear actin and lamin A regulation in Py1a rat osteoblasts. In this study we showed that BBP and DBP cause DNA base lesions both in MT3T3‐E1 osteoblasts and in mouse primary calvarial osteoblasts (COBs). In addition, treatment with the above effectors caused an increase of p53 and phospho‐p53 (ser‐15 and ser‐20) as well as an increase of apoptotic proteins with consequent decrease of cell viability. Moreover, treatment with phthalates did not modified p53 and phospho‐p53 expression in Py1a rat osteoblasts. It is of relevance that in p53 knockdown mouse osteoblasts a proliferative effect of phthalates, similar to that observed in rat Py1a osteoblasts, was found. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that phthalates induce osteoblast apoptosis, which is, at least in part, mediated by p53 activation, suggesting that the proliferative effects could be due to p53 missing activation or p53 mutation. J. Cell. Biochem. 107: 316–327, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Faserlaser – Das energieeffiziente Werkzeug
Authors: Grupp Michael , Westphäling Tim 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDer Faserlaser hat sich in den unterschiedlichsten Bereichen der Materialbearbeitung etabliert. Seine Vorzüge wie exzellente Strahlqualität, Robustheit und Skalierbarkeit führten zu Anwendungen, bei denen der Faserlaser konventionelle Lasertechnik verdrängt hat oder überhaupt erst ermöglicht hat.Mit einem Steckdosenwirkungsgrad von bis zu 30 % erweist sich der Faserlaser als ein energieeffizientes Werkzeug, das den Aufwand und die Kosten für Stromversorgung sowie Kühlung minimiert.Dieser Artikel beschreibt die Faserlaser‐Technologie und gibt einen Überblick über Anwendungen vom Mikro‐ bis in den Makrobereich, von gepulsten Faserlasern bis CW‐Faserlaser im Singlemode‐ und Multimode‐Bereich.
Quantitative thin layer chromatographic analysis of the saponins in tea seed meal
Authors: Chaicharoenpong Chanya , Petsom Amorn 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIntroductionThe defatted seed meal of Camellia oleifera Abel., which contains saponins, is used extensively in aquaculture to eliminate unwanted fish and harmful insects during the cultivation of prawns, and as a molluscicide to control Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck. For the quality control of such tea seed meal products, a method for the determination of saponin content is required.ObjectiveTo develop a simple, sensitive and specific method for the quantitative determination of saponins in tea seed meal using high‐performance thin layer chromatography and densitometry.MethodologyPowdered tea seed meal samples were extracted with methanol, filtered, evaporated to dryness and the residue taken up in methanol. Samples, together with methanolic solutions of saponin standard, were analysed by HPTLC on silica gel layers eluted with ethyl acetate:methanol:water (6:3:1.5, v/v/v) and detected at 214 nm. The amounts of saponins were determined from the respective calibration curves obtained by plotting the concentrations of saponin standard against peak area.ResultsTea saponin peaks were detected at about Rf 0.40. Good linearity was observed in the range of 0.9–22.2 µg/spot with a correlation coefficient of 0.9978. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.87 and 2.90 µg/spot, respectively. The content of tea saponins in 10 tested samples was found to be between 13.1 and 21.1% w/w.ConclusionThe assay proved to be a specific, sensitive and inexpensive method for the quality control of saponins in tea seed meal. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multicast capacity and delay trade‐offs inad hocnetworks with random iid mobility model
Authors: Li Shu , Hong Yongfa , Jiang Changjun , Wang Cheng 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn this paper, multicast capacity and delay trade‐offs of mobilead hocnetworks are considered under random independently and identically distributed (iid) mobility model. Compared with unicast, multicast can reduce the overall network load by a factor$\Theta \left( {\sqrt k } \right)$with high probability (whp) in static randomad hocnetworks, wherekis the number of destination nodes in a multicast session. So we firstly discuss whether the law still holds in mobile randomad hocnetworks, and in this case what delay should be tolerated. Through the relation between average retransmissions and multicast capacity, we prove that$\Theta \left( {{{\rm 1} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\rm 1} {\sqrt k }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\sqrt k }}} \right)$order of multicast capacity is not achievable whp, and delay for$\Theta \left( {{{\rm 1} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\rm 1} {\sqrt k }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\sqrt k }}} \right)$multicast capacity is$\Omega \left( {K{n}^K } \right)$, where$n$is the number ofad hocnodes in the whole networks, and$K = \left\lceil {{{\sqrt {k} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\sqrt {\rm k} } {\rm c}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {c}}} \right\rceil$andcis a positive constant. Then achievable throughput whp is considered. The nearest neighbor transmission strategy is introduced by Grossglauser and Tse to achieve$\Theta \left( {\rm 1} \right)$throughput which is so far the highest achievable unicast capacity. So the multicast capacity of mobilead hocnetworks under this strategy is studied. The analysis shows that under any multicast routing scheme based on the nearest neighbor transmission strategy, the upper bound on multicast capacity is$\Theta \left( {{{\rm 1} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\rm 1} k}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} k}} \right)$whp. Then we propose a multicast routing and scheduling scheme by which mobilead hocnetworks can achieve$\Theta \left( {{{\rm 1} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\rm 1} k}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} k}} \right)$throughput whp, and must tolerate$\Theta \left( {{kn}} \right)$total network delay. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence and risk factors for a high level of postnatal depression symptomatology in Italian women: A sample drawn from ante-natal classes
Authors: Grussu Pietro , Quatraro Rosa Maria 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackgroundDepression after childbirth is a major problem affecting 10–22% of all mothers. In Italy, postnatal depression has not yet been systematically studied.MethodsIn this retrospective study we have sought to identify risk factors, assessed during pregnancy, and their importance for postnatal depression symptoms in a sample of 297 Italian women attending ante-natal classes organised by the local Consultorio Familiare Unit of the National Health Service, Italy. The Postpartum Depression Predictors Inventory – revised form (PDPI-Revised), was used to identify risk factors, 8–9 month of pregnancy. A double-test strategy using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ12), was administered to screen women with a higher occurrence of symptoms of postnatal depression six–eight weeks after delivery. Women with high EPDS (<8) and high GHQ12 (<3) scores were compared with those who had scored below the EPDS and/or GHQ12 threshold scores.ResultsWe found that 13% of the women studied showed high postnatal depressive symptomatology, which is very similar to rates of prevalence of postnatal depression in the first year after the birth of the child reported in other Western World studies. Feeling anxious during pregnancy is a strong predictor of high symptoms of depression at 6–8 weeks after delivery. However, University education and friends' support appear to be important protective factors.ConclusionThese findings could be useful both for Italian health professionals and for researchers interested in the transcultural aspects of postnatal depression.
Management of the N0 neck in moderately advanced squamous carcinoma of the larynx
Authors: Dias Fernando L. , Lima Roberto A. , Manfro Gabriel , Barbosa Mauro M. , Salviano Scheilla , Rocha Ricardo M. , Marques Amanda S. , Cernea Cláudio R. , Kligerman Jacob 
Published: March 2009

ObjectiveTo assess the oncological efficacy of selective neck dissection (SND) in patients with T3‐4 N0 laryngeal squamous carcinoma.Subjects and MethodsA total of 327 patients underwent 654 neck dissections; each side of the neck was individually evaluated.ResultsThree percent of patients who had SND developed regional recurrence (RR) in comparison with 11.7 percent of patients who underwent modified radical neck dissection (MRND) (P = 0.005). Only 3 (0.9%) patients developed RR outside the field of SND. The presence of extracapsular extension (P = 0.002) in node‐positive (pN+) group and of microvascular invasion (P = 0.007), together with the type of neck dissection (ND) (P = 0.0003) in node‐negative (pN0) group had statistical impact on RR. The development of RR significantly affected disease‐specific survival (P = 0.0001). Equivalent rates of RR were found in pN+ (2.6%) or pN0 (3.2%) patients treated with SND (P = 0.98) as well as in pN+ patients who underwent SND (2.6%) or MRND (4.7%) (P = 0.85).ConclusionThis study confirmed the adequacy of SND as a satisfactory staging and therapeutic procedure, and suggests its use in the treatment of limited node‐positive (N+) neck.
The Meso-Cenozoic tectonics and petroleum potential of West Siberia
Authors: Kontorovich V.A. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The relationship between the petroleum potential of the West Siberian province and the Mesozoic to Cenozoic tectonic processes is analyzed. The studies were based on structural and isopach maps of seismogeologic megacomplexes compiled from generalized geological and geophysical data on the province at the Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics as well as on the results of interpretation of regional seismic CDP (common depth point) profiles. The main stages of formation of structures of different ranks and faults have been established. It is shown that the petroleum potential of the province was determined mainly by its structure and tectonic processes at the Cenozoic stage of evolution. At that time, the Koltogory–Urengoi megatrench formed, which became the main zone of hydrocarbon generation, as well as large positive structures—petroleum accumulation zones. Also, disjunctions originated, which served as channels for hydrocarbon migration from the oil source rocks of the Bazhenovo Formation to the main Neocomian and Aptian–Albian–Cenomanian petroleum reservoirs of the province.
The Amount of Free Lime and the Composition of the Soluble Phosphates in Basic Slag
Authors: Morison C. G. T. 
Published: March 2009

Basic Slag owes its value as a source of phosphoric acid to the fact that it is essentially basic in its character, and can be used on land where an acid manure of the character of superphosphate is not to be recommended.As no figures were available on the subject it seemed interesting to determine how much of the lime which it contains existed in the free uncombined condition. It has been stated that in some cases this is as much as 20%.With a view to this determination four samples of freshly ground slag were obtained direct from the makers through the kindness of the Lawes Chemical Manure Company.
The physical significance of the shrinkage coefficient of clays and soils
Authors: Hardy F. 
Published: March 2009

1. The investigation described is a continuation of the researches of certain workers in the British West Indies on the significance of the shrinkage coefficient of clays and soils. A brief outline of these researches and their results is given.2. Tempany's hypothesis, which explains shrinkage as due to contraction consequent on loss of water by evaporation from the saturated gel-skeleton that ramifies throughout a mass of soil at its point of maximum plasticity, is criticised on the grounds that it does not completely fit the facts. In particular, it fails to account for the abnormally low shrinkage coefficients exhibited by lateritic soils, notably the red upland soil of Barbados. Mason explained this abnormality by assuming that kneading does not entirely destroy aggregation of soil particles, which is especially well marked in the Barbados red soil. The writer demonstrated, however, that soils of similar colloid content, and belonging to one and the same geological type, but exhibiting different degrees of aggregation, possess similar shrinkage coefficients. A different hypothesis to explain soil shrinkage was therefore sought.3. The hypothesis finally accepted is based on the belief that colloidal gels possess a reticulate structure. At the point of saturation, a hydrogel probably contains water in two phases. The first of these is adsorbed in the walls of the gel; it has been shown by Wilsdon, in the case of soil colloids, to represent the moisture content at the hygroscopic coefficient stage. The second phase fills the vesicles of the gel, and is a crystalline phase.
The hydrogen-ion concentration of heavy alkaline soils
Authors: Joseph A. F. , Martin F. J. 
Published: March 2009

(1) The colorimetric method is unsuited to the examination of heavy, alkaline soils owing to the turbidity of the suspension.(2) Where the nature of the suspension permits of colorimetric determinations being made, they agree with those obtained electrometrically: with the latter method practically identical results are obtained using soil-water mixtures or moderately clear extracts.(3) No disturbing effect is likely to be introduced by amounts of nitrate up to 500 parts per million of soil.(4) Owing to the effect on the pH of a soil suspension caused by varying the proportion of water and time of extraction, these conditions should be fixed for routine work. We have found 1 hour's extraction with 5 parts of water satisfactory.(5) On account of the amphoteric or buffer nature of clay, soil shifts the reaction of acids and alkalis in the direction of neutrality.(6) The effect of sodium salts on a soil is to displace aluminium and so reduce alkalinity: the residual soil after leaching is found to be more alkaline.(7) The effect of drying alkaline soil is to cause the pH of the extract to be lower than that obtained from the undried soil. If however the time of extraction is prolonged, the differences disappear almost entirely.
The nutrition of the bacon pig. XII. The value of dried grass meal for growing and fattening pigs
Authors: Woodman H. E. , Evans R. E. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIt has been shown in a previous communication that the meal-replacement value of young grass in actual pig-feeding practice is considerably poorer than would be anticipated from a consideration of its content of ‘total digestible nutrients’ as determined by means of pig digestion trials. This is because the figure for ‘total digestible nutrients’ takes no account of the energy expended by the pig in consuming and masticating its food. Although this wastage of energy does not represent a serious loss in relation to the rate of live-weight increase in the case of ordinary pig meals fed in the form of a thick slop, it becomes of considerable significance when grass forms a major component of the diet, on account of the bulkiness of the grass and its unfavourable physical texture from the standpoint of consumption by pigs.
Experimental methods with cotton VI. The determination of staple-length in single plant selections and variety trials
Authors: Fielding W. L. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARY1. A study of different methods of staple-length measurement of material from a cotton variety trial, of the comparative accuracy of three persons' measurements and of the number of seeds which it is necessary to measure in order to achieve various degrees of accuracy in the determination of differences in variety trial and single plant material is described.2. If, in making single plant selections, the breeder is satisfied with a level of significance ofP=0·1 when using a sample of only five seeds per plant, he would be justified in discarding material falling one and a half millimetres below the standard of staple-length at which he was aiming.