bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Complex Structure of Ethnic Conflict in the Frontier: Through the Debates around the ‘Jindandao Incident’ in 1891
Authors: Borjigin Burensain 
Published: December 2010

AbstractToward the end of the Qing dynasty, Inner Mongolia became the main destination for bankrupt Chinese peasants from interior China. With the increase in numbers of Chinese immigrants, conflicts between Mongols and Chinese intensified as Chinese struggled for more benefits and Mongols tried to maintain their traditional social order. In 1891 a Chinese secret society called Jindandao massacred tens of thousands of Mongols in the mixed Mongol–Chinese regions of eastern Inner Mongolia. The survivors fled to the pastoral areas south of the Hingan mountains, propelling the agriculturalisation of these regions and the refiguration of the local societies.
Ethnic Minority Immigrants Under the Western Region Development: A Report from the Sunan Yugur Autonomous County
Authors: Mailisha  
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn recent years, sandstorms have seriously threatened Beijing, prompting the Chinese government to further acknowledge the importance of ecological issues in the ethnic minority regions. The government is now undertaking various measures to conserve the environment in minority regions. However, many ethnic minority people, instead of benefiting from the government projects, have become ecological immigrants, being forced to leave their homelands. This report, based on field research, touches on population resettlement and environmental issues in the Lianhua and Minghai Townships of the Sunan Yugur Autonomous County of Gansu Province. The area, inhabited mainly by the Yugur nomads, is located in the Gobi region of the central Hexi corridor to the north of the Qilian Shan mountains. The resettlement of the Yugur nomads to take up agricultural farming ostensibly to adjust population distribution and to solve ecological problems, has in fact accelerated environmental deterioration. This case reflects only a tip of the iceberg of the problems of ethnic minority ecological immigrants in the process of China’s Western Region Development.
The Ethnic Reality in ‘Homemade Narration’
Authors: Shinjilt  
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis paper analyses the variegated narratives by ‘minority nationalities’ in China, hoping to understand the dynamics of their ethnic consciousness. I focus on the Mongols in Henan Mongolian Autonomous County of Qinghai Province – hereafter Henanmengqi – where ‘Tibetanisation’ has been longstanding in culture and language. In recent decades, they have been subject to the state's ethnic classification and thus have been conscious of their relationship with the neighbouring Tibetans and other Mongols in and out of Qinghai. In this paper, the following themes on their daily experiences are discussed: What significance does the nationality category of Sogpo (‘Mongol’ in Tibetan) hold for the Henanmengqi people? Who (which group) should or should not be included in Sogpo? In what situation does the semantic content of Sogpo change? The Henanmengqi people are not free to choose their nationality category, and are often caught in the conflicting categorisations by the state administrators, scholars, other Tibetans and Mongols. I pay particular attention to the power dynamics in such relationships and the strategies taken by the Henanmengqi people to negotiate with external powers to form their nationality behaviours. Finally, I will discuss in general the characteristics of what may be called the grammar or reality of ‘homemade narration’ by ethnic minorities.
Editorial Introduction
Authors: Bulag Uradyn E. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis issue of Inner Asia includes papers that deal with two broad areas: politics of identity in medieval and contemporary periods and socialist and post-socialist economic development in Central and Inner Asia. It also features a critical response by Peter Bol to Karl Ryavec’s paper published in vol. 6, no. 2 of Inner Asia (2004) and Ryavec’s reply. We are pleased with and encourage this kind of exchange, as we are interested in critical scholarship that challenges our conventional thinking, and through debate we can come to better understanding of the dynamics of not only the Inner Asian studies field but also the region and its peoples. In this regard, Sergey Radchenko’s critical review of the two Mongolian political memoirs is also welcome, for it not only highlights some of the problems in writing a genuine history of socialist Mongolia, but also engages national scholars and politicians who, after all, have the responsibility to document, research, systematise, create and maintain their national cultures, and who set the agendas and guide the developments in their own countries. Their scholarly or non-scholarly results deserve outside scholars’ scrutiny whatever ideological and methodological differences separate them. The issue also includes reviews of several international symposia or conferences that were held in the last year or so in the UK, America, Japan and Mongolia. These reviews alert the readers of Inner Asia to the wide-ranging important intellectual activities both at the theoretical and practical levels in and about Inner Asia.
Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
Authors: Kaplonski Christopher 
Published: December 2010

AbstractI think that every time I open Christopher Atwood’s new Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, I learn something new.While this could be taken as an indication of my ignorance of things Mongolian, I prefer to think of it as a testament to the depth and breadth of Atwood’s work and ability that the Encyclopedia represents. Although geared towards a more general audience (looking up ‘ger’ sends you to the more popular ‘yurt’ and ‘airag’ tells you to look under ‘koumiss’) anyone with an interest in Mongolia or the Mongol Empire will find this an essential book to have on hand. The review copy has been sitting within ready reach of my desk since it arrived, and has become one of the first places I look to when I want to refresh my memory or trace down a quick fact.
The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian epic chronicle of the thirteenth century
Authors: Skrynnikova Tatyana 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian epic chronicle of the thirteenth century Translated with a historical and philological commentary by Igor De Rachewiltz. Leiden & Boston: (MA) Brill. 2004. cxxvi + 1347 pp. Brill’s Inner Asian Library 7. ISBN 90 04 13159 0 (Set), ISBN 90 04 13596 0 (Vol. 1), ISBN 90 04 13597 0 (Vol. 2). EUR 190, US 272, £130.00.
From Holy Man to National Villain: Popular Historical Narratives About Apaq Khoja amongst Uyghurs in Contemporary Xinjiang
Authors: Waite Edmund 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis paper explores contrasting attitudes of contemporary Uyghurs towards Apaq Khoja, a Naqshbandi Sufi leader who gained political control over much of present-day Xinjiang (Eastern Turkestan) towards the end of the seventeenth century. In seeking to account for these widely diverging approaches, the paper analyses the key role of historical narratives about Sufism in the shaping of contemporary Uyghur ethnic identities.
The Process of Creation of National Symbols and Their Adoption in the 1992 Constitution of Mongolia
Authors: Boldbaatar Jigjid , Humphrey Caroline 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe structure and composition of state symbols has evolved and changed through the various historical periods of Mongolian history. This article considers the creation and adoption of the state emblem, standard, flag and national anthem in the Constitution of Mongolia adopted in 1992. Particular attention is paid to the procedures whereby decisions were taken at this important juncture in twentieth-century Mongolian history.
Names Have Memories: History, Semantic Identity and Conflict in Mongolian and Chinese Language Use
Authors: Bilik Naran 
Published: December 2010

AbstractNomenclatural tension and pragmatic incongruence underscore the Inner Mongols’ resistance to sinicisation and the process of their integration into the newly constructed nation- state of China. This paper focuses on the interplay between the original sense and the translated meaning of some ethnic, state, and place names that travel inter–lingually between Mongolian and Chinese in modern Inner Mongolian history. It challenges the Chinese nation- building elite’s agenda to depoliticise minzu through lessening, diluting, and assimilating ethnic diversities into Chinese homogeneity.
Beyond Enemy and Friend? A Multitude of Views of Life and Death Centering on the ‘Mongolian Gravestone’
Authors: Terenguto Aitoru 
Published: December 2010

AbstractFocusing on a thirteenth century ‘Mongolian gravestone’ in the city of Sendai, Japan, this article reexamines ‘the Mongolian invasions’ twice launched by Khubilai Khan. It is above all an examination of the origin, transformation, and political and religious symbolism of, and the sharply different attitudes towards the ‘Mongolian gravestone’. It studies how Hojo Tokimune, a regent of the Kamakura Shogunate, asked the Chinese Zen master Wuxue Zuyuan to pray for the repose of the souls of the Japanese and Mongol Yuan soldiers killed in the invasions, combining Japanese Shinto traditions with the Buddhist notion of onshin byodo, that is, treating hate and affection alike. It describes the process whereby the Mongolian gravestone was rediscovered and preserved in the eighteenth century, how it gained a dramatic political significance during the Second World War as it was venerated and enshrined by Prince Demchugdonrob, a descendant of Khubilai Khan, and how it was again commemorated by citizens of Sendai after the war. The paper aims not just to illuminate the paradoxical Japanese, Mongolian and Chinese views of life and death but to shed light on the religious background of the contemporary Japanese- Chinese- Korean wrangle over the Yasukuni shrine.
A Romantic Vision of National Regeneration: Some Unpublished Works of the Inner Mongolian Poet and Essayist, Saichungga
Authors: Atwood Christopher P. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWorks of the poet and essayist Saichungga, a founder of modern Inner Mongolian literature, written in 1945 gave voice to the Japanese-sponsored nationalist mobilisation in Inner Mongolia during the final months of World War II. This article presents one unpublished essay and eight poems, reading them in the light of Saichungga’s cultural nationalism, which focused on moral renewal and scientific and cultural revival. Expressing the supersession of Buddhist ethics by incorporating its chief metaphors, Saichungga expresses his romantic vision of national regeneration with complementary dualities: youth and age, rootedness and restlessness, and male and female.
The Kuomintang and the ‘Mongolian Question’ in the Chinese Civil War, 1945–1949
Authors: Liu Xiaoyuan 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe essay is an historical investigation of the Chinese National Government’s policy toward Inner Mongolian nationalism during the postwar years. The study reveals that the seemingly marginal ‘Mongolian question’ was actually at the core of the KMT—CCP struggle for northern and northeastern China. Through examining the government’s rigid and Chinese-centric policies and its misconceptions about the conditions of postwar Inner Mongolia, the study contends that the KMT government’s blunders in the Inner Mongolian ethno-politics were among the reasons for its loss to the Chinese Communists in the civil war. The study is based on a solid research of archival as well as published materials.
Notes on the Birth of Russian Turkestan’s Fiscal System: A View from the Fergana Oblast’
Authors: Penati Beatrice 
Published: December 2010

AbstractJust after the conquest of the Kokand khanate in 1876, the new Russian rulers carried out land surveying and land-tax assessment in the rich and densely populated Fergana province. These “organisation works” constituted the most consistent attempt ever to establish a cadastral system in Russian Turkestan. Differently from what would happen later, they incorporated tentative claims to bring under control the land rights of the Muslim rural population and to internalise the process of land-tax raising. In this context, Russian local officials tested alternative and partly contradictory policies, and their results served as a background experience for the Turkestan Statute of 1886.
Official and Unofficial Diplomacy between Rome and Bologna: the de’ Grassi Family under Pope Julius II, 1503-1513
Authors: Mara DeSilva Jennifer 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis article examines the position of the de’ Grassi brothers, Agamemnon, Achilles, and Paris, as diplomats and negotiators between Rome and Bologna. During Julius II della Rovere’s pontificate, relations between these cities were strained as the pope worked to permanently dislodge the usurping Bentivoglio family from power and to govern Bologna through an expanded patrician council (the Quaranta Consiglieri). As a member of the Quaranta, Agamemnon commandeered his brothers’ skills and resources to improve Bolognese relations with the pope. The other brothers, as members of the papal court, could press Bologna’s cause using their professional knowledge and contacts. As a reward for their support, in 1511 Julius provided Achilles with a cardinal’s hat and shortly thereafter the bishopric of Bologna, which immediately was challenged by the Bentivoglio faction. Although all three brothers privileged their dual loyalty, in the aftermath of the Bentivoglio expulsion in 1512, the pope’s anger with Agamemnon as a Bolognese orator reveals the malleability of civic patriotism and political allegiance.
“Dui Fratelli. . . Con Dui Principi”: Family and Fidelity on a Failed Diplomatic Mission
Authors: K. Williams Megan 
Published: December 2010

AbstractCaptured on a failed 1535 diplomatic mission to Hungary, English ambassador Giambattista Casali revealed in his confession the central roles played by diplomatic families in facilitating, managing, and prosecuting early modern diplomacy. This article explores how Casali and his brothers, by strategically positioning family members in the service of multiple patrons, drew on these flexible and overlapping networks of kinship and patronage to promote familial interests as well as those of their princely patrons. Focusing on the Casali family’s engagement in Hungarian diplomacy between 1529 and 1535, the article illustrates how the Casali solicited appointments, managed multiple loyalties, and negotiated the conflicts of interest resulting from their colorful and active diplomacy between England, Rome, Bologna, Venice, and Hungary at the zenith of English and Hungarian relations with the papal curia.
Developments at the International Criminal Court
Authors: McCausland Julieta Solano , Rojo Enrique Carnero 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis column covers the activity of the International Criminal Court during the first four months of 2010. The Court has continued investigating alleged crimes in four situations (the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Darfur/Sudan and the Central African Republic) and has started investigations in a fifth country (Kenya). The judicial activity of the Court has gained momentum, with proceedings against four accused persons, including ongoing trials against three persons. The commencement of the trial of one more person is pending, and an additional six individuals remain subject to warrants of arrest. Several Chambers have confirmed their previous decisions on the way in which trial proceedings must be prepared and conducted, including the scope of victim participation at trial and the legal framework for non-disclosure of information to the Defence as an exceptional measure of protection during trial. Moreover, the first decision on a Prosecutor’s request to open an investigation has been adopted. All in all, during the period of time covered in this column the Court has consolidated the foundations for the conduct of its investigations and trials.
Communications procedure under the Convention on the Rights of the Child: 3rd Optional Protocol
Authors: Lee Yanghee 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe adoption of the Convention on the Rights of the Child by the UN General Assembly in 1989 marked a shift in paradigm from viewing children as the possession of parents and objects of welfare to individuals with rights. At the outset of the second millennium, two optional protocols to the Convention (Optional Protocol on Children in Armed Conflict and Optional Protocol on Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, Child Pornography) were adopted in 2000. The need for a communications procedure was suggested from the very beginning of the drafting process. This article will discuss developments leading to the establishment of an open-ended working group for the elaboration of a communications procedure, 3rd Optional Protocol to the CRC. Concerns, questions, and the discussion surrounding the scope and content of the Optional Protocol will be elaborated.
The Best Interests of the Child Principle: Literal Analysis and Function
Authors: Zermatten Jean 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe Best Interests of the Child principle is an innovative concept introduced by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. It serves as a foundational element of the Convention and has been identified by the Committee on the Rights of the Child as one of the Convention's four general principles. Despite limited historical references to this idea in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, this is a distinctly contemporary legal concept. As a result, its content and functionality has been the subject of thorough academic study as well as systematic examination and elaboration in jurisprudential settings. The paper makes a significant contribution to this interpretive dialogue by providing a conceptual and literal analysis of the principle, including as it relates to other articles of the Convention. The political dimensions of the principle are also considered with a view to its practical implementation at the national level.
The Use of Helicopters for Leisure Purposes in the Alps
Authors: Heuck Jennifer 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn mountain areas helicopters are used for the transport of tourists, panoramic and gastronomic flights and several sports activities such as heliskiing. Their use for tourist activities is subject of considerable criticism from a perspective of environmental protection as well as sports ethics. The legal regime governing these activities has, however, received rather scarce attention. The article discusses the provisions of the protocols of the Alpine Convention on this matter and assesses the national civil aviation laws and the environmental regulations on the use of helicopters for tourist activities. The last part addresses the contribution of the European Union by means of harmonisation of the national laws of its Member States.
Megolisthaerus chinensis gen. et sp.n. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae incertae sedis): an enigmatic rove beetle lineage from the Early Cretaceous
Authors: Yue Yanli , Ren Dong , Solodovnikov Alexey 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
A remarkable extinct rove beetle, Megolisthaerus chinensis Solodovnikov &
Yue, gen. et sp.n., from the Yixian Formation (some 125-121 million years
ago) in China is described. The new taxon displays a very puzzling
combination of morphological characters, some of which are insufficiently
preserved for unambiguous interpretation. As a result, Megolisthaerus
chinensis cannot be clearly assigned to any of the hitherto described
subfamilies of Staphylinidae. Based on the evaluation of the available
morphological characters, it seems to be either a member of, or closely
related to, the recent subfamilies Olisthaerinae and Phloeocharinae,
together forming a loosely defined lineage within the Tachyporine-group of
subfamilies. Megolisthaerus chinensis is a remarkable species that shows
that the phylogenetic structure of Staphylinidae in Early Cretaceous might
have been significantly different from the one displayed by the recent fauna
of this enormously diverse family. It is possible that Megolisthaerus
manifests an extinct group of suprageneric rank that, naturally, cannot be
classified within the current system of the family that is based on the
study of recent lineages.
The grand vezir and the small republic: Dubrovnik and Rüstem Paşa, 1544-1561
Authors: Tracy James 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAs an Ottoman tributary state, the Republic of Dubrovnik/Ragusa was able to extend its inland commercial network far and wide across the Balkans in the sixteenth century. But since Ottoman officials (and other Europeans) frowned at the low customs-rate the Ragusans enjoyed, the republic could only protect its trading privileges with support from the highest levels of the Ottoman government. During his years as grand vezir, Rüstem Paşa frequently intervened on Dubrovnik's behalf. In return, he requested and received regular gifts of cloth, including sample-cuts of the finest Venetian silks (which he may have passed on to Ottoman workshops), and bolts of fine woollens by the score, which are likely to have been sent East via the trading network based in the grand vezir's household.