bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Response to “Getting to the Bottom of ‘Triple Bottom Line’”
Authors: Pava Moses L. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT:Wayne Norman and Chris MacDonald launch a strong attack against Triple Bottom Line or 3BL accounting in their article “Getting to the Bottom of ‘Triple Bottom Line’” (2004). This response suggests that, while limitations to 3BL accounting do exist, the critique of Norman and MacDonald is deeply flawed.
Rescuing the Baby from the Triple-Bottom-Line Bathwater: A Reply to Pava
Authors: MacDonald Chris , Norman Wayne 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT:We respond to Moses Pava's defense of the “Triple Bottom Line” (3BL) concept against our earlier criticisms. We argue that, pace Pava, the multiplicity of measures (and units of measure) that go into evaluating ethical performance cannot reasonably be compared to the handful of standard methods for evaluating financial performance. We also question Pava's claim that usage of the term “3BL” is somehow intended to be ironical or subversive.
Dialectical Interactions: Decoupling and Integrating Ethics in Ethics Initiatives
Authors: Jovanovic Spoma , Wood Roy V. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT:Evidence abounds that when ethics initiatives are decoupled from the actual work of organizations, ethics policies may become little more than “window dressing” (Weaver, Trevino, and Cochran 1999; Collen and Gonella 2002). We found, however, an unexpected, positive feature of decoupling in the study of a local government; namely, when organizational members engage in discussions that turn away from the letter of an ethics code they often do so to address higher ethical principles embedded in the spirit of the code. The decoupled understanding of the code in these cases becomes a symbolic, legitimating gesture grounded not in strict provisions but in creative and complex interactions. This counterintuitive explanation of decoupling capitalizes on discourse that evolves from a legalistic interpretation to rich discussions that value the multiplicity of voices within organizational life. What follows is that ethical decision making emerges as creative, dynamic, and responsive to its constituents.
Ethics Programs and the Paradox of Control
Authors: Stansbury Jason , Barry Bruce 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT:We analyze corporate ethics programs as control systems, arguing that how control is exercised may have pernicious consequences and be morally problematic. In particular, the control cultivated by ethics programs may weaken employees’ ability and motivation to exercise their own moral judgment, especially in novel situations. We develop this argument first by examining how organization theorists analyze control as an instrument of management coordination, and by addressing the political implications of control. We discuss coercive and enabling control as variations that help account for the distinction between compliance-based ethics programs and values-based ethics programs. We then explore three potential drawbacks of ethics programs: the specter of indoctrination, a politicization of ethics, and an atrophy of competence. Ethics programs that rely on coercive control may undermine their own effectiveness at stemming misbehavior.
Untangling Employee Loyalty: A Psychological Contract Perspective
Authors: Hart David W. , Thompson Jeffery A. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT:Although business ethicists have theorized frequently about the virtues and vices of employee loyalty, the concept of loyalty remains loosely defined. In this article, we argue that viewing loyalty as a cognitive phenomenon—an attitude that resides in the mind of the individual—helps to clarify definitional inconsistencies, provides a finer-grained analysis of the concept, and sheds additional light on the ethical implications of loyalty in organizations. Specifically, we adopt the psychological contract perspective to analyze loyalty's cognitive dimensions, and treat loyalty as an individual-level construction of perceived reciprocal obligations. Based upon this perspective, we present a three-tiered framework of loyalty that provides a psychologically informed definition of the concept, specifies the variety of obligation types that loyalty can imply, and anticipates the potential for asymmetrical loyalty configurations between employers and employees. We use the framework to articulate moral issues associated with both symmetrical and asymmetrical loyalty configurations and discuss the implications of the framework for theory and practice.
Reconciliation in Business Ethics: Some Advice from Aristotle
Authors: Hartman Edwin M. 
Published: July 2012

It may be nearly impossible to use standard principles to make a decision about a complex ethical case. The best decision, say virtue ethicists in the Aristotelian tradition, is often one that is made by a person of good character who knows the salient facts of the case and can frame the situation appropriately. In this respect ethical decisions and strategic decisions are similar. Rationality plays a role in good ethical decision-making, but virtue ethicists emphasize the importance of intuitions and emotions as well.Virtue ethics suggests a reconciliation of the factual and the normative. Virtues may explain as well as justify actions. The same is true of other psychological states and events. That psychological terms have normative implications does not render them useless in explanation. As Aristotle does not distinguish cleanly between the normative and empirical, so many moral philosophers today reject the is-ought dichotomy. They are prepared to learn from economists, psychologists, and other empirical scientists who offer information about the nature of the good life and of values. Social psychologists who study community or corporate culture suggest a close relationship between organizational and ethical features, much as Aristotle saw a close relationship between politics and ethics. We should infer from all this that in business ethics there is good reason for philosophers and organization scholars to work closely together.
Extending the Deontic Model of Justice: Moral Self-Regulation in Third-Party Responses to Injustice
Authors: Rupp Deborah E. , Bell Chris M. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe deontic model of justice and ethical behavior proposes that people care about justice simply for the sake of justice. This is an important consideration for business ethics because it implies that justice and ethical behavior are naturally occurring phenomena independent of system controls or individual self-interest. To date, research on the deontic model and third-party reactions to injustice has focused primarily on individuals’ tendency topunishtransgressors. This research has revealed that witnesses to injustice will consider sacrificing their own resources if it is the only way to sanction an observed transgressor. In this paper we seek to extend this model by arguing that punishment may not be the only “deontic” reaction, and that in fact, third-party observers of injustice may engage in moral self-regulation that would lead them to conclude that the most ethical response is to do nothing. We provide preliminary evidence for our propositions using voiced cognitions data collected during a resource allocation task. Results indicate that deonance may be more complex than originally thought, and previous tests of the model conservative in nature.
New Directions in Corporate Governance and Finance: Implications for Business Ethics Research
Authors: Ryan Lori Verstegen , Buchholtz Ann K. , Kolb Robert W. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT:Corporate governance and finance are dynamic academic fields that offer myriad opportunities for business ethics analysis. Within the corporate governance triad in recent years, shareholders have increased their power over boards of directors and executives through both regulation and movements to change corporate by-laws. The impact of board characteristics on firm performance has proven elusive, leading to questions concerning board processes and individual director beliefs and behaviors. At the same time, CEOs have lost considerable power, leaving many struggling to regain their control and maintain their compensation levels, while others adopt a stewardship approach to their posts. In the field of finance, the recent financial debacle has led to a reexamination of financial regulation and of the fundamental nature and purpose of the industry. All of these issues provide business ethicists fodder for investigation and analysis.
The Limits and Prospects of Business Ethics
Authors: Brenkert George G. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT:Business ethics has made important strides over the past decades, but it has also suffered significant failures as witnessed by the long line of business scandals in the past half century. This paper discusses different forms that business ethics has taken in relation to the goal of businesses acting ethically. In the end, it maintains that a major challenge current business ethics faces is the lack of an account of business organizations as they ethically develop and change both individually and systemically within social and political conditions. Even if business ethicists can rationally defend what businesses should be doing, unless we can relate this to how businesses can come to operate in those ways, our normative arguments will lack power, persuasiveness, and effectiveness. Only if we are able to provide this analysis will our normative ethics fulfill the practical task it has taken upon itself.
Understanding Widespread Misconduct in Organizations: An Institutional Theory of Moral Collapse
Authors: Shadnam Masoud , Lawrence Thomas B. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT:Reports of widespread misconduct in organizations have become sadly commonplace. Sexual abuse in the Catholic Church, accounting fraud in large corporations, and physical and sexual harassment in the military implicate not only the individuals involved, but the organizations and fields in which they happened. In this paper we describe such situations as instances of “moral collapse” and develop a multi-level theory of moral collapse that draws on institutional theory as its central orienting lens. We draw on institutional theory because of its explicit concern with the relationships among individual beliefs and actions, the organizations within which they occur, and the collective social structures in which norms, rules and beliefs are anchored. Our theory of moral collapse has two main elements. First, we argue that morality in organizations is embedded in nested systems of individuals, organizations and moral communities in which ideology and regulation flow “down” from moral communities through organizations to individuals, and moral ideas and influence flow “upward” from individuals through organizations to moral communities. Second, we argue that moral collapse is associated with breakdowns in these flows, and explore conditions under which such breakdowns are likely to occur.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Ataxia-Telangiectasia Recapitulate the Cellular Phenotype
Authors: Nayler Sam , Gatei Magtouf , Kozlov Sergei , Gatti Richard , Mar Jessica C. , Wells Christine A. , Lavin Martin , Wolvetang Ernst 
Published: June 2012

AbstractPluripotent stem cells can differentiate into every cell type of the human body. Reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) therefore provides an opportunity to gain insight into the molecular and cellular basis of disease. Because the cellular DNA damage response poses a barrier to reprogramming, generation of iPSCs from patients with chromosomal instability syndromes has thus far proven to be difficult. Here we demonstrate that fibroblasts from patients with ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), a disorder characterized by chromosomal instability, progressive neurodegeneration, high risk of cancer, and immunodeficiency, can be reprogrammed to bona fide iPSCs, albeit at a reduced efficiency. A-T iPSCs display defective radiation-induced signaling, radiosensitivity, and cell cycle checkpoint defects. Bioinformatic analysis of gene expression in the A-T iPSCs identifies abnormalities in DNA damage signaling pathways, as well as changes in mitochondrial and pentose phosphate pathways. A-T iPSCs can be differentiated into functional neurons and thus represent a suitable model system to investigate A-T-associated neurodegeneration. Collectively, our data show that iPSCs can be generated from a chromosomal instability syndrome and that these cells can be used to discover early developmental consequences of ATM deficiency, such as altered mitochondrial function, that may be relevant to A-T pathogenesis and amenable to therapeutic intervention.
Rates and Correlates of Health Maintenance Behaviors after Living Kidney Donation
Authors: Myaskovsky Larissa , Doebler Donna Almario , Posluszny Donna M. , Dew Mary Amanda , Unruh Mark , Crowley-Matoka Megan , Switzer Galen E. , Dabbs Annette DeVito , Chang Chung-Chou H. , DiMartini Andrea F. , Shapiro Ron , Tan Henkie 
Published: June 2012

Context and Objective Donating a kidney may provide an opportunity for donors to reevaluate their health maintenance behaviors (eg, regular exercise, smoking cessation, medical checkups). Although the effect of donation on donors' health, quality of life, and financial outcomes has received growing attention, no studies have examined whether donation is related to changes in health maintenance behaviors. The study aims were to (1) describe and compare kidney donors' health maintenance behaviors before and after donation, and (2) determine the correlates of health maintenance behaviors after donation. Design, Setting, Participants and Measures We conducted a telephone-interview study with 85 randomly selected laparoscopic kidney donors in a major US transplant center to assess health behaviors before and after donation, postdonation characteristics (eg, quality of life, postsurgical pain), and demographics. Results Sample demographics included a median age of 48 years; 55% were female, 82% were white, 71% were married, and 52% were college graduates. Few health behaviors changed significantly from before to after donation. Only the rate of medical checkups increased after donation ( P< .001). Logistic regression was used to examine the association of demographics and postdonation characteristics with postdonation health maintenance behaviors, after adjusting for predonation behavior. Older age, higher income, less postsurgical pain, and better physical functioning were associated with more exercise after donation. Longer time since donation was associated with a higher prevalence of obesity. Conclusions These results may help identify donors who are at greater risk for poor health maintenance behaviors after donation and suggest areas of health behavior that should be the focus of education sessions before donation.
The Fear Associated with Blood and Organ Donation: An Explication of Fright and Anxiety
Authors: Wagner Thomas Richard , Manolis Chris 
Published: June 2012

Context Fear inhibits potential donors' willingness to engage in behaviors. Theoretically, fright and anxiety are differentially associated with blood and organ donation, respectively. Fright is the experience of an immediate harm, whereas anxiety is a fear of the unknown. Objective To compare the fear-related concepts of fright and anxiety in relation to blood donation and signing an organ donor card. Design Scales were created to separate the 2 fear types that were consistent in theme and addressed the same dependent variables fright and anxiety. Setting and Participants Participants were 509 college students at a large mid-western university. Results Survey responses from 509 participants supported the theoretical explication of the 2 fear types. Multisample analyses and multimeasurement models using confirmatory factor analysis supported that fright and anxiety were differentially associated with the contexts of blood and organ donation. Conclusions The results supported the theoretical proposal that fright and anxiety are differentially related. The ability to measure such emotions will help future researchers create models that are more accurate for predicting potential donors and create messages to assuage fears. A greater understanding of fear will lead to more effective messages.
Living Kidney Donors and Their Family Caregivers: Developing an Evidence-Based Educational and Social Support Website
Authors: Taylor Laura A. , Bahreman Nasreen , Hayat Matthew J. , Hoey Frank , Rajasekaran Geetha , Segev Dorry L. 
Published: June 2012

Context Although graft and patient survival rates for living kidney donation are improved, some healthcare providers question whether volunteer donors and their informal caregivers are fully informed of the donation process and the risks involved. Donors and their family caregivers have reported that they receive limited information about the predonation and donor recovery process. Offering web-based information and social support is one way to address this gap. Strategy Living kidney donor candidates and their family caregivers participating in the Living Donor Information Network for Caregiving (LINC) have access to a variety of online informational resources and a social support discussion forum throughout their living kidney donation experience. Strategies in the development and implementation of an online information and social-support resource are presented. Conclusions Use of the LINC website for information and support may assist health care providers in identifying potential barriers in the current donation process and provide direction for enhancing knowledge and confidence among donors and family caregivers.
A Large-Scale Qualitative Study of the Potential Use of Social Media by University Students to Increase Awareness and Support for Organ Donation
Authors: D'Alessandro Anthony M. , Peltier James W. , Dahl A. J. 
Published: June 2012

Objective A 2-year study funded by the United States Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration was conducted to identify a conceptual model of how college students, particularly those in student organizations, can be the social media catalyst for viral communications designed to motivate others to learn about the need of organ donation and become organ donors. This study reports the qualitative findings. Design and Data Collection Methods used included an advisory committee, key informant interviews, and focus groups. A total of 317 individuals participated, including 246 students, 19 student organization advisors, 27 organ transplant experts, 20 university health care professionals, and 5 social media experts. Analytical Methods SPSS Text Smart content analysis software was used to code respondents' verbal comments into various categories. The analysis results in groupings of words that represent the main discussion topics. Results College students understand the need for organ donation and they want to make a difference. The donation community needs to overcome several barriers to motivate college students to become organ donors and donor advocates, including (1) lack of a personal connection with donation, (2) lack of (factual) knowledge about organ donation and how to sign up, (3) common myths and misconceptions, and (4) students have a short-term perspective on life. Conclusion and Implications Our findings suggest that the donation community can motivate college students to register as organ donors and become advocates through outreach efforts that use social media, student organizations, and other college-based media.
Viremia after Lung Transplant: A Cohort Study on Risk Factors and Symptoms Associated with Detection of Epstein-Barr Virus
Authors: Mattner Frauke , Hesse Nadine , Fegbeutel Christine , Strüber Martin , Gottlieb Jens , Sohr Dorit , Welte Tobias , Schulz Thomas F. , Simon Andre R. , Engelmann Ilka 
Published: June 2012

Background The frequency and impact of detection of Epstein-Barr virus in the blood of lung and heart-lung transplant recipients in the postoperative period is poorly characterized. Objective To investigate the frequency of virus detection, associated clinical symptoms and risk factors, and influence of virus detection on outcome. Methods A cohort of 98 lung transplant recipients were monitored for Epstein-Barr virus in blood before transplant and during their posttransplant hospital stay (median 4 weeks, range 1–21 weeks). Patients were followed up for retransplant or death for a median of 17 months. Results Epstein-Barr virus DNA was detected in 15 recipients (18.1%) before and in 39 recipients (41.5%) after transplant. Median viral load after transplant was 2300 copies per milliliter of blood (range, 900–45 000 copies/mL). Detection of Epstein-Barr virus DNA before transplant and mechanical ventilation before transplant were associated with detection of Epstein-Barr virus DNA after transplant. Shortness of breath, fatigue, and hoarseness were associated with detection of viral DNA after transplant. The incidence of retransplant or death was not increased in recipients who had viral DNA detected in their blood. Conclusions Epstein-Barr virus DNA in the blood before transplant and mechanical ventilation before transplant were associated with detection of viral DNA after transplant. Detection of viral DNA after transplant was frequent and clinically relevant.
Click to “Like” Organ Donation: The Use of Online Media to Promote Organ Donor Registration
Authors: Stefanone Michael , Anker Ashley E. , Evans Melanie , Feeley Thomas Hugh 
Published: June 2012

Context Efforts to promote organ donation have traditionally relied on mass-mediated or interpersonal communication to promote donor registration. Despite its popularity, the use of online media has yet to be carefully evaluated as a platform to promote organ donation. Objective To describe results of an intervention to promote donor registration that relies solely on online media to communicate to target audiences. Design For 3 years, 6 campaigns were implemented in 3 different online media formats. Setting Online media formats included (1) traditional online advertising, (2) student seeders' social networking sites campaigns, and (3) challenge campaigns. Participants Online media campaigns primarily targeted college-aged individuals. Intervention Each campaign directed individuals to the dedicated project website, where they could access educational material about donation and request a donor registration card. Main Outcome Measures Unique website visitors, webpages viewed per site visit, time spent on site, and organ donor cards requested/received were tracked in relation to each online media format. Results Traditional online advertising offered greater message exposure but failed to result in a higher proportion of website visitors who registered their donation intentions. Use of student seeders (ie, motivated students who promote donation by using social networking sites) and challenge campaigns resulted in greater attention to the project website, donor card requests, and subsequent returns. Additional research is recommended to reveal the effect of combining 2 or more varying online media formats within a single campaign.