bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antibodies and the Aberdeen typhoid outbreak of 1964: I. The Widal reaction
Authors: Brodie B J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe outbreak of typhoid fever in Aberdeen during 1964 (Walker, 1965) presented an opportunity to study the antibody titres of typhoid fever patients and of TAB immunized individuals to obtain further knowledge concerning the behaviour of these titres with the passage of time.This paper gives an abbreviated version of part of a research programme which followed the Aberdeen typhoid outbreak of 1964.The antibody titres of patients were followed up for a period of 2 years after discharge from hospital and the findings have been compared with those in TAB immunized healthy individuals. The following points emerged:(1) The value of the Widal test as an aid to diagnosis was limited;(2) the flagellar antibody titre in patients' sera provided a more reliable aid towards diagnosis than did the somatic antibody titre;(3) the response of immunized and non-immunized patients to the somatic antigens was poor and often delayed well into the period following discharge from hospital;(4) titres of 1/40 and over for Vi agglutinins were present in immunized and non-immunized patients for at least 12 months after discharge without their beingS. typhiexcretors;(5) Vi agglutinin titres as high as 1/40 were present in TAB immunized healthy individuals and also in members of the general public;(6) the presence ofS. typhisepticaemia need not result in a high antibody titre; (7) patients who relapse, may do so without enhancement of previous antibody titres and may relapse even in the presence of earlier appreciable titres.
The investigation of a recurrence of an AHC virus epidemic at Lucknow: a serosurvey for AHC virus antibodies before and after the epidemic
Authors: Mathur Asha , Sharma Bharti , Chaturvedi U. C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAn epidemic of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) recurred at Lucknow during July to September 1975, after a gap of 4 years. Out of the 35 cases investigated thoroughly, 20 Entero-70-like cytopathogenic agents were isolated from the conjunctiva which were neutralized by antisera against AHC virus J670/71 of Japan. Seroconversion was seen in 7 out of 11 paired sera from patients. Serological study was also done on 100 sera after 1975 epidemic. There were no neutralizing antibodies in the pre-epidemic period, while 18% of sera after the first epidemic and 32% after the second epidemic showed antibodies. The incidence of antibodies was highest (43%) in children aged below 10 years. Of the children born after the first epidemic, 44% had antibodies. Thus our findings show that the AHC virus appeared for the first time at Lucknow in 1971 and the almost complete absence of disease in children, and its mildness during second epidemic, may be due to immunity.
Survival of Salmonella eastbourne and Salmonella typhimurium in milk chocolate prepared with artificially contaminated milk powder
Authors: Tamminga S. K. , Beumer R. R. , Kampelmacher E. H. , van Leusden F. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYMilk chocolate mass containing salmonellas was prepared by mixing artificially contaminated milk powder with the other ingredients at a temperature of about 40 °C. From this mass bars were made. Two series were prepared, with S. eastbourne and S. typhimurium respectively. The number of surviving salmonellas was counted after various periods of storage, up to 19 months. S. eastbourne was reduced in numbers during 19 months from an initial count of ca. 3 × 104 to ca. 3 × 102 per 100 g of chocolate. S. typhimurium died off more rapidly, and was not detectable in about 55 g after 15 months, in spite of an initial count of ca. 105 per 100g.In these experiments the salmonellas in the milk powder had had to survive the spraying procedure and the adverse conditions in the dried powder. This may be the reason why S. eastbourne showed a distinctly better survival on storage than the same serotype showed in previous experiments in which the organism was added as a broth culture to the chocolate mix. With S. typhimurium, however, such a difference was hardly detectable.Possible explanations of these results are discussed.
The effect of ABO blood groups on the incidence of epidemic influenza and on the response to live attenuated and detergent split influenza virus vaccines
Authors: Mackenzie J. S. , Fimmel P. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe effect of blood group status on the incidence of epidemic influenza A (H3N2) infections and on serological response to influenza vaccination with killed subunit and live attenuated vaccines have been investigated during comparative vaccine trials in Western Australia. A significantly higher incidence of epidemic influenza was observed in subjects of blood group B compared with those of other blood groups, regardless of whether they had serological evidence of previous exposure to H3N2 antigens or not. Volunteers of different blood groups exhibited similar seroconversion frequencies to both vaccines after the administration of two doses, but a significantly higher proportion of blood group A subjects seroconverted after receiving their first dose of live attenuated vaccine compared with those of other blood groups. Although this finding was inconsistent with the increased incidence of epidemic influenza in subjects of blood group B, it is discussed in terms of the methods employed to obtain attenuation. Higher geometric mean HI antibody titres were observed in blood group O subjects after the administration of killed subunit vaccine. The results described in this report supported the contention that genetic factors linked to ABO blood groups may play a role in susceptibility to infection with influenza A virus, but that any association must be indirect.
Relationship between lymphocyte response to tetanus toxoid and age of lymphocyte donor
Authors: Peel M. M. , Edsall G. , White W. G. , Barnes G. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAn investigation of thein vitroresponsiveness of peripheral blood lymphocytes to tetanus toxoid was undertaken to determine the extent to which such reactivity might reflectin vivoreactions to tetanus toxoid immunization. It was found that lymphocyte transformation in the presence of tetanus toxoid, as measured by the uptake of tritiated thymidine, did not differ significantly for the group giving local or systemic reactions to tetanus toxoid and an immune control group. However, a striking inverse relation between lymphocyte reactivity to tetanus toxoid and age of the cell donors of both groups became clear. Such an age-related decline in thein vitroresponsiveness of peripheral blood lymphocytes to a specific antigen has apparently not been reported previously in man.
Two epidemics of diarrhoeal disease possibly caused byPlesiomonas shigelloides
Authors: Tsukamoto Teizo , Kinoshita Yoshio , Shimada Toshio , Sakazaki Riichi 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYTwo epidemics of water-borne diarrhoeal disease involving a total of 1000 persons are reported. In both epidemics, none of the usual bacterial enteropathogens were recognized andPlesiomonas shigelloideswas the only suspect aetiological agent isolated. The ecology ofP. shigelloideswas investigated in these outbreaks. It was recognized as an inhabitant of fresh surface water and its presence was closely related to warm weather.
Trials of the rodenticide pyriminil against wild house mice (Mus musculus L.)
Authors: Rowe F. P. , Swinney T. , Bradfield A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYPen and field trials were conducted to assess the performance of the acute rodenticide pyriminil against the house mouse (Mus musculus L.). Four types of poison treatment were carried out using penned family groups of warfarin-resistant mice supplied with alternative plain foods. In each treatment pyriminil was included at 2% in a wholemeal flour/pinhead oatmeal/corn oil bait. Mortality was highest (46/54; 85·2%) when poison bait was offered for 4 days following 3 days of pre-baiting The same pre-baiting and poisoning technique was adopted in five field trials carried out against mice infesting farm building The efficacy of each poison treatment was estimated from the results of pre- and post-treatment census baitings; treatment success ranged between 53·7% and 96·7%, mean 80·5% It is concluded that pyriminil treatments are best carried out after a period of pre-baiting and that when pyriminil is used in this manner it is about as effective as zinc phosphide for the control of mice
Conversion of Bordetella pertussis to Bordetella parapertussis
Authors: Kumazawa Norichika H. , Yoshikawa Masanosuke 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe epidemiological and drug susceptibility data on whooping cough suggested a possibility that Bordetella pertussis converts in some way to Bordetella parapertussis. To prove this, B. pertussis strain 75 was treated with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and a mutant resistant to staphcillin V and eight mutants resistant to trimethoprim were isolated. The staphcillin V-resistant mutant of B. pertussis agreed with all of the criteria of B. parapertussis and the trimethoprimresistant mutants also agreed with many of these criteria. Thus, a hypothesis is presented that B. parapertussis is a mutant of B. pertussis which appeared in nature probably by a selective pressure of antibiotics.
A study of acute respiratory disease in the community of Port Chalmers I. Illnesses within a group of selected families and the relative incidence of respiratory pathogens in the whole community
Authors: Jennings L. C. , MacDiarmid R. D. , Miles J. A. R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA study of respiratory diseases in the semi-isolated community of Port Chalmers, New Zealand, began in April 1973. The intensive surveillance of a selected group of 26 families involved the weekly reporting of illness, the collection of specimens for virus, Group A streptococci and Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolation and the collection of sera at 6-month intervals. A total of 956 illnesses were reported during 32 months. The median number of illnesses per year were: infants 4·4, children 2·5, female adults 2·4 and male adults 2·0. Of all these illnesses, 57% were upper respiratory, 31% were lower respiratory and 9% were enteric. The severity of these illnesses was not greater than would be expected in open communities. Surveillance by pathogen isolation only of the whole community through the patients in the general practice was carried out concurrently.A total of 640 nasopharyngeal swab specimens were collected from which 161 viruses, 47 Group A streptococci and 2 M. pneumoniae were isolated. The overall isolation rate was 33%. The similarities between the epidemiological patterns of respiratory disease in the open community and the isolated community are discussed.
The distribution ofBacteroides fragilisserotypes amongst clinical strains
Authors: Elhag K. M. , Tabaqchali Soad 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThree hundred and twenty-two strains ofBacteroides fragilisisolated from infected patients at three different hospitals were tested against 20 type specificB. fragilisantisera using the tube agglutination technique. Of these strains 41·3% were assigned to a single O-serotype, a further 20·5% were agglutinated by several antisera and could not be classified and the remainder showed no reactions. Three different serotypes were prevalent in the three hospitals and minor geographical variation was observed.No correlation was found between serotypes and the origin of infection, but those from the blood were the most readily typable strains. No correlation was found between serotypes and biotypes ofB. fragilis.
An investigation into the incidence and sources of klebsiella infections in hospital patients
Authors: Cooke E. Mary , Brayson Janet C. , Edmondson A. S. , Hall Diana 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYColiforms isolated from infections over a period of 22 months were examined and 16° were shown to be klebsiellas. The biochemical reactions and serotypes of these klebsiellas were determined and the relationship between species, serotype and type of infection investigated. Although no obvious outbreaks of infection occurred during this period a number of clusters of isolations of the same serotype of klebsiella were found.Using an enrichment method for the isolation of klebsiellas from faeces, sero and bacteriocin typing, and the examination of ten colonies, it was demonstrated that half of the patients carried a klebsiella of the same type in the bowel as caused the infection.
A bacteriological survey of washrooms and toilets
Authors: Mendes M. P. , Lynch D. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA survey of the bacterial flora present at various positions in 130 male and female washrooms and toilets is reported. Several bacteria of faecal origin were found in large numbers: the areas likely to be the most important sources of cross-infection from faecal contamination are indicated. The results are used to assess priorities for disinfection.
Age–sex distribution of various diseases with particular reference to toxoplasmic lymphadenopathy
Authors: Beverley J. K. A. , Fleck D. G. , Kwantes W. , Ludlam G. B. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAn account is given of some human diseases which affect one sex more than the other.An age–sex relationship has been noted among British patients with acquired toxoplasmic lymphadenopathy. This is compared with the findings of other European workers.A possible explanation is offered taking all these diseases into consideration together with some of the experimental work done in animals and some of the variations in immunological responses by man.
Mouse or man? Which are pertussis vaccines to protect?
Authors: Preston N. W. , Stanbridge T. N. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYType 1 strains ofBordetella pertussiscan infect mouse brain and have been recovered as type 1 organisms after death. When introduced into the naso-pharynx of the marmoset, they immediately acquired agglutinogen 2 or 3, and the resulting type 1,2 or 1,3 infection persisted for many weeks.As in the child, agglutinogens 2 and/or 3 appear to be essential for infection of the marmoset, whereas they are quite unnecessary in mouse brain. A vaccine (extract or whole cell) containing agglutinogen 1 may be sufficient to pass the mouse protection test but it may fail to immunize children. The mouse test is inadequate even for the screening of such extracts.
The stability of the serotypes ofBordetella pertussiswith particular reference to serotype 1,2,3,4
Authors: Bronne–Shanbury Caroline J. , Dolby Jean M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYStrains ofBordetella pertussisin which all the organisms contain agglutinogens 1 and 3 or 1, 2 and 4 are easy to identify as serotypes 1,0,3,0 and 1,2,0,4 respectively; and similarly, stable strains of serotype 1,0,3,4 are occasionally found. During repeated subcultures, passagein vivo, and lyophilization and preservation for many years, these serotypes do not change. Mixing 1,0,3,0 and 1,2,0,4 serotypes and culturing them togetherin vivoandin vitroproduces cultures from which organisms of the same two serotypes can be isolated.In contrast, strains which type as 1,2,3,4 are often a heterogeneous group. We have attempted to classify these as 'stable', 'variable' and 'mixed' cultures. Some strains comprise organisms all of which contain the four agglutinogens and are as easy to type as the strains described above. These we have called 'stable' 1,2,3,4 strains. Other 1,2,3,4 strains are made up of colonies possessing all four agglutinogens, as shown by agglutinin production, but in amounts varying from day to day so that direct typing is inconsistent. These we have called 'variable' 1,2,3,4 strains. The last category, 'mixed', is made up of organisms most of which give rise to stable 1,2,3,4 cultures; a few of the component organisms, however, have one or two of the four agglutinogens missing. The importance of the 'variable' cultures is emphasized for work on apparent change of serotype, e.g. during infection.
A quantitative comparison of the sensitivity of serological tests for bovine brucellosis to different antibody classes
Authors: Allan G. S. , Chappel R. J. , Williamson P. , McNaught D. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYBrucella-specific antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes were quantitatively evaluated with respect to their efficiency in serological tests for bovine brucellosis.IgM reacted more efficiently than IgG1and IgG2in both the Rose Bengal plate test and serum agglutination test. The complement fixation test was found to be slightly more sensitive to IgM than to IgG1and did not react to IgG2.IgM was, however, partly inactivated when heated at 60°C. in the presence of serum.
Studies of experimental rhinovirus type 2 infections in polar isolation and in England
Authors: Holmes M. J. , Reed Sylvia E. , Stott E. J. , Tyrrell D. A. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAfter five months of total isolation a wintering party of seventeen British Antarctic Survey (BAS) personnel was inoculated under double blind conditions with placebo, or rhinovirus type 2 which had been propagated in tissue culture. The clinical and virological responses of these subjects were compared with those of volunteers in England who received a similar dose of the same strain. The virus used was apparently partly attenuated for man; at the dosage used its effects in England were similar to a smaller dose of an unattenuated strain, but in the Antarctic it caused relatively severe infections. Both the symptoms and the laboratory evidence of virus infection appeared to be more pronounced in the BAS subjects than in the volunteers in England who received the same challenge. In the former group the infection readily spread to those who were originally given placebo. In the BAS subjects serum antibody titres were well maintained during the isolation period but a significant fall in nasal immunoglobulin concentration was recorded during the 5 months of isolation after the virus challenge. Possible mechanisms for the increased sensitivity to rhinovirus of subjects who have been totally isolated in a small closed community are discussed.
A comparison of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus infections among infants admitted to hospital with acute respiratory infections
Authors: Caul E. O. , Waller D. K. , Clarke S. K. R. , Corner B. D. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAmong 741 children under 5 years admitted to hospital with respiratory infections during two winters, infection with influenza A virus was diagnosed in 70 (9%), with influenza B virus in 8 (1%), and with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in 259 (35 %). Both influenza virus and RSV infections were diagnosed most frequently in children under the age of one year, and diagnosed more frequently in males than females. Influenza illnesses were more severe in boys than girls. Both infections occurred more often, but were not more severe, in children from a conurbation than in those from ‘rural’ areas. Convulsions were the cause of 36% of admissions with influenza A infections, but were rare in RSV infections. Bronchiolitis was the reason for 39% of admissions with RSV infections, but was rare in influenza infections. It is suggested that infants admitted to hospital are a good source of influenza virus strains for monitoring arttigenic variation.
Escherichia coliO 27 in adult diarrhoea
Authors: Hobbs Betty C. , Rowe B. , Kendall Margaret , Turnbull P. C. B. , Ghosh A. C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYEscherichia coliO 27 H 7 was found in 16 stool samples submitted during a Caribbean cruise (CruiseZ) by 29 patients reporting with diarrhoea. A retrospective search revealedE. coliO 27 H 7 in 11 of 20 and 2 of 14 stool cultures from patients on two previous cruises (YandXrespectively) and in a culture from fresh cream (CruiseY). The repeated occurrence ofE. coliO 27 H 7 in the absence of any other apparent cause suggested that this serotype may have been responsible for the diarrhoea. The results of pathogenicity tests suggested that this strain elaborated heat-stable (ST) enterotoxin.The possibility that food may have been the vector is discussed.
Laboratory evaluation of WBA 8119 as a rodenticide for use against warfarin-resistant and non-resistant rats and mice
Authors: Redfern R. , Gill J. E. , Hadler M. R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYFeeding tests were carried out in the laboratory to evaluate WBA 8119 as a potential new rodenticide against wild common rats (Rattus norvegicus), ship rats (R. rattus) and house mice (Mus musculus). The results obtained are compared with data previously obtained for difenacoum, another member of the same series of 4-hydroxycoumarin anticoagulants.With warfarin-resistant and non-resistant common rats, complete kills were obtained using a concentration of 0·0005% for 2 days, or 0·001 % for 1 day: a 1-day test at 0·0005% killed 6 out of 10 and 17 out of 20 of the two types respectively. At 0·005% complete kills of resistant ship rats were obtained after 2 days exposure and of resistant house mice after 1 day, but at 0·002% for 2 days there was some survival. Non-resistant ship rats and house mice were all killed after 2 days feeding on 0·002% bait.In 2-day palatability tests, R. norvegicus showed no significant aversion to the poison at 0·002% and 100% mortality was obtained. The poison was significantly unpalatable to R. rattus at 0·005% and to M. musculus at 0·005% and 0·002 %, although with the last species these concentrations gave complete kills.It is concluded that WBA 8119 has greater activity than other known anticoagulants against the three commensal species examined. The laboratory results suggest that concentrations between 0·0005% and 0·002% would be suitable for field use against common rats, and between 0·002% and 0·005% for ship rats and house mice.
Bacteriostasis ofEscherichia coliby milk: II. Effect of bicarbonate and transferrin on the activity of infant feeds
Authors: Dolby Jean M. , Stephens Susan , Honour Pauline 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYFresh human and bovine milk are bacteriostaticin vitrofor only some (milk-sensitive) strains ofE. coli.The addition of bicarbonate to the test system potentiates the bacteriostasis so that otherwise milk-resistant strains are inhibited. By titration of the bicarbonate in the milk, it is possible to determine the minimum concentration that will activate milk against a milk-resistant strain but be ineffective in boiled milk, i.e. it potentiates a heat-labile system in milk and does not merely exert a direct toxic effect. This concentration is lower for human milk than for cows‘ milk and can be reduced even further by the addition of more iron-binding protein.Lactoferrin and bicarbonate may be present in the gut of the newborn. In an attempt to imitate conditions in the infant gut, we therefore reinvestigated,in vitroand in the presence of added bicarbonate and transferrin, the bacteriostatic activity againstE. coliof fresh breast-milk, commercial bottle-milk, and mixtures of these as fed to infants in this study. The results, and information about eventsin vivodeduced from the ratio of milk-sensitive to milk-resistant strains ofE. coliisolated from babies‘ stools, suggest that neonatal intestinal secretions may contribute to the bacteriostatic activity of their feeds so that (1) in fully breastfed babies all strains ofE. coliare inhibited to the same extent; there is no selection on the basis of milk sensitivity and equal numbers of strains resistant and sensitive to milk are found in the stools; (2) in fully bottle-fed babiesE. coliis not inhibited since the milk is non-bacteriostatic and again there is no selection; (3) in babies fed at the breast but bottle-milk supplemented, only milk-sensitive strains are inhibited; milk-resistant strains are not, and preferentially colonize the large intestines.