bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In-Situ Observation and Mechanical Criterion on Interface Cracking in Nano-Components
Authors: Kitamura T. , Sumigawa T. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTWe have investigated the criterion of interfacial crack initiation in nanometer-scale components (nano-components) by means of a loading facility built in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Three types of experiments are conducted in this project. (1) In order to clarify the applicability of conventional continuum mechanics to the nano-components, we prepare cantilever specimens with different size, which introduce different stress fields, containing an interface between a 20 nm-thick copper (Cu) thin film and a silicon (Si) substrate. These demonstrate the validity of the “stress” criterion even for the nano-scale fracture. (2) In order to examine the effect of microscopic structure on the mechanical property, we fabricate a bending specimen in the nano-scale with thin Cu bi-crystal (the thickness of about 100 nm) formed on Si substrate, of which understructure can be observed in situ by means of a TEM during the mechanical experiment. The initial plastic deformation takes place near the interface edge in a grain with a high critical resolved shear stress and expands preferentially in the grain. Then, the plasticity appears near the between Cu grain boundary and Cu/Si interface, and this development brings about the interfacial cracking from the junction. These indicate the governing influence of understructure on the mechanical property in the nano-components. (3) In order to investigate the fatigue behavior of metal in a nano-component, a cyclic bending experiment is carried out using nano-cantilever specimens with a 20 nm-thick Cu constrained by highly rigid materials (Si and SiN). The high strain region is in the size of 20-40 nm near the interface edge. The specimen breaks along the Cu/Si interface before the maximum load under the fatigue loading. The load-displacement curve shows nonlinear behavior and a distinct hysteresis loop, indicating plasticity in the Cu film. Reverse yielding appearing after the 2nd cycle suggests the development of a cyclic substructure in the Cu film. These indicate that the crack is caused by characteristic understructure owing to fatigue cycles.
Dynamic Structural and Chemical Responses of Energetic Solids
Authors: Wei Haoyan , Yoo Choong-Shik 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTUnderstanding the dynamic responses of energetic materials is central to evaluating the energetic and chemical performance as well as development of novel energetic solids. These include thermal, mechanical and chemical processes in a relevant temporal (ns-to-μs) and spatial (atomistic-to-micro) scales. In this paper, we describe our recent developments of time-resolved characterization techniques capable of probing real-time structural and chemical evolutions across single event, metal combustions and intermetallic reactions. The methods utilize highspeed microphotography, spectro-pyrometry, and synchrotron x-ray powder diffraction and determine in-situ the particle sizes, temperatures and structures in μs time resolution. These timeresolved data provide insights into the fragmentation dynamics, thermal history, phase transitions, reaction mechanisms, and chemical kinetics governing these exothermic metal combustions and intermetallic reactions.
Development of ultrafast spectroscopic techniques to study rapid chemical and physical changes in materials under extreme pressure and temperature conditions
Authors: Goncharov Alexander F. , Dalton D. Allen , McWilliams R. Stewart , Mahmood Mohammad F. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTIn the study of materials at extreme pressures and temperatures, there is an enduring need to extend the range of experiments to previously inaccessible regimes. To accomplish this, improvements in diagnostics for in situ material characterization at extremes must proceed in parallel with techniques used to generate extreme states. Simultaneously, there is a need to study material phenomena – e.g. phase transformations and chemical reactions triggered by the application of extreme conditions – on their natural timescales. Here we report on recent developments in the application of ultrafast laser spectroscopic techniques to high-pressure hightemperature experiments on materials confined in a diamond-anvil cell. Using a bright broadband source coupled to ultrafast detection to discriminate signal from high thermal and fluorescent backgrounds, we conducted broadband optical spectroscopy up to 60 GPa and 1560 K. By coupling the broadband source to a monochromatic pulse, nonlinear Coherent Anti- Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS) with high signal brightness was achieved. Optical absorption data in hot compressed O2 and CARS data in N2 at extreme pressures are reported.
Electrical Properties of Magnesium Carbon Co-Sputtered Thin Films Applied Post Hydroxylation Treatment
Authors: Chiba Masafumi , Endo Daisuke , Maizono Mikihiko , Higashi Mikiteru , Kiyota Hideo 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTIndium oxide doped with tin oxide, or ITO, has been widely used as an electrode material for flat panel displays. However, the rare metal in ITO is a limited natural resource. We succeeded in developing a material composed solely of elements with abundant reserves. We present the results of analyzing the electronic structure of an Mg-based compound based on its electrical conductivity. Mg-C thin films were prepared by sputtering method. A new transparent and electrically conductive material, Mg(OH)2-C, was formed after reacting the Mg-C film with moisture in air. On average, its transmittance of visible light was 90%. The mechanism for the effect of carbon on the electrical conductivity of Mg(OH)2 was examined on the basis of XPS spectra and DV-Xa molecular orbital calculations. The value of the band gap shows that Mg(OH)2 is an insulator. It was revealed that a new orbital appears when the number of substituting carbon atoms increases in the Mg(OH)2 lattice. It was possible to measure the new orbital that consisted of C-2s and C-2p. In addition, a comparison between the calculated electronic state around the valence band and the result measured by XPS of the obtained film reveals that they are in extremely close agreement.
Photo-Thermal Spectroscopic Imaging of MEMS Structures with Sub-Micron Spatial Resolution
Authors: Furstenberg Robert , Kendziora Christopher A. , Papantonakis Michael R. , Nguyen Viet , McGill R. A. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTWe are developing a new non-contact and non-destructive imaging technique which requires no sample preparation and provides similar content information as FTIR or Raman spectroscopy while being immune to fluorescence and offers a potentially faster scan rate and/or higher spatial resolution. It utilizes photo-thermal heating of the sample with a quantum cascade laser (or other suitable infrared laser) and measuring the resulting increase in thermal emissions by either an infrared (IR) detector or a laser probe consisting of a visible laser reflected from the sample. The latter case allows for further increases in the spatial resolution from ∼10 μm to ∼1 μm or better, with suitable experimental conditions. Since the thermal emission signal is proportional to the absorption coefficient, by tuning the wavelength of the IR laser we can directly measure the IR spectrum of the sample. By raster scanning over the surface of the sample we can obtain maps of the chemical composition of the sample surface. We demonstrate this technique by imaging the surface of a micro-fabricated flow-through chemical vapor preconcentrator consisting of a silicon frame and a suspended-perforated polyimide membrane with a pair of platinum heater traces, coated with a custom sorbent polymer for selective sorption of analyte. We measure the spatial resolution of our photo-thermal imaging system as well as discuss the conditions under which the spatial resolution can be further increased from the far-field diffraction limited resolution given by the combination of the imaging optic and IR excitation laser wavelength.
Ti-TiOx-Pt Metal-Oxide-Metal Diodes Fabricated via a Simple Oxidation Technique
Authors: Dodd Linzi E. , Gallant Andrew J. , Wood David 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTThis work presents the successful production, via a simple oxidation process, of Ti-TiOx-Pt Metal-Oxide-Metal diodes with excellent electrical asymmetry. TEM analysis has been used to verify the oxide thickness. A thicker layer produces better diodes, although they are of a less uniform nature. The conduction mechanism in these diodes is still under investigation.
Method for Achieving CMOS MEMS Accelerometers with Excellent Built-in Thermal Stability and Reduced Charge Damage
Authors: Hsu Klaus Y. J. , Tan Siew Seong 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTCapacitive CMOS MEMS sensors are usually defined by anisotropic dry etching processes (RIE and DRIE). These processes can provide clean and vertical sidewall geometry. However, during the dry-etching processes, charges are added to the gate electrodes of the on-chip MOSFET’s through metal pads and micro-structures, and the voltage may be raised to the level of breaking down the gate oxide, which leads to large leakage current and fails the circuit. On another hand, the thin spring beams in capacitive CMOS MEMS accelerometers suffer from in-plane curling and out-of-plane curling caused by stress gradient. Furthermore, the stress in the layers of MEMS structure is a function of temperature. Therefore, the in-plane curling and out-of-plane curling vary with temperature, leading to varying electrode coupling area in the sensing beams. This in turn causes variation in the sensitivity and the DC offset of sensors, meaning that usually the thermal stability of CMOS MEMS capacitive accelerometers is very poor. To cope with these problems, this work develops a new wafer-level post-CMOS process for fabricating thermally stable capacitive accelerometers. The resultant MEMS structures have high aspect ratio (e.g. 2-2.5 μm gaps versus 57 μm depth) and are insensitive to residual stress as well as temperature change. Excellent thermal stability was achieved intrinsically by making the crystalline Si layer in the sensors thick. Moreover, this process totally avoids the charge damage problem during the dry-etching procedure. For demonstration, an accelerometer sensor was fabricated by using the proposed process and was integrated with an on-chip sensing circuit in commercial 0.35 μm 2P4M CMOS process. High detection sensitivity of 595 mV/g and very low thermal variation of 1.68 mg/°C were successfully achieved.
“Das bin ich...”: Corporeality and early German language education in (Slovak) kindergarten
Authors: Kaščák Ondrej , Pupala Branislav , Kovalčíková Iveta 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
This paper, based on ethnographically obtained data, discusses German language acquisition at an early age: the discovery of the interconnection between language and corporeality is the key component of the analysis based on videostudies. The body—conceived as an intermediary and content element of education, becomes an essential base for foreign language acquisition. This will be documented by tangible data and subsequent theoretical analysis with respect to relevant terminology of cultural anthropology (Körper and Leib). The principle of corporeality is further used as a means of perceiving German language education in the sense of the so called language propaedeutic concept and as a means of the legitimisation of particular qualification and the role of foreign language teachers in preschool institutions.
“I can’t speak German so I can’t communicate with them”: Language use in intergroup contact between Czechs and Germans
Authors: Petrjánošová Magda 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
The aim of this article is to present empirical findings about language use and attitudes in intergroup contact from one of the European borderlands along the former Iron Curtain more than twenty years after it fell. The data was collected as part of an international research project Intergroup attitudes and intergroup contact in five Central European countries, which concentrates on the interplay of intergroup contact and perceptions between members of neighbouring nations in the border regions of the Czech Republic and each of the neighbouring states—Slovakia, Poland, Austria and Germany. The main data collection method used is an online questionnaire with different attitude and evaluation scales, as well as a feeling thermometer of emotional relations and open statements (N=2900). In this text I use thematic and basic critical discursive analysis only on the open statements from the Czech (N=210) and German (N=152) borderlands about the situations of contact and the following evaluation of the Others. I show how the linguistic competence and also the interest in the language of the Other are distributed very unevenly; the implicit norm almost always being that the Czechs should speak German. Of course, this situation has in some cases strong emotional consequences.
What is this thing called love? A gender implication of the ontologico-epistemic status of love in an African traditional marriage system
Authors: Ukpokolo Isaac 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Though its actual nature and content remain debatable, the importance of love in human relations is indubitable. This paper attempts an exploration of the phenomenon of love in the institution of marriage in Esan traditional culture. It questions the reality or ontology of love or its epistemic content within the said culture. In other words, the question is, is there love in the Esan traditional marriage system? If there is none, then it is an ontological issue. And if there is, with what epistemological framework can it be accessed? To this end, the paper employs what could be regarded as a working definition of love which could include notions such as commitment, care, intimacy, and self-giving. With this understanding, the paper interrogates the doctrine of love among the Esan people and sets out how gender is implicated in the conception of love and marriage in traditional Esan society.
Risk Factors for Complications of Endoscopic Sinus Surgery for Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Asaka Daiya , Nakayama Tsuguhisa , Hama Takanori , Okushi Tetsushi , Matsuwaki Yoshinori , Yoshikawa Mamoru , Yanagi Kiyoshi , Moriyama Hiroshi , Otori Nobuyoshi 
Published: January 2012

Background Patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) are at risk of complications because of the close proximity of the sinuses to the orbit and anterior skull base. The aim of this study was to evaluate the complications of ESS and to identify patient characteristics that were risk factors for the complications. Methods We conducted a prospective study of 706 patients who underwent ESS for chronic rhinosinusitis. Patients completed preoperative examinations that included computed tomography, endoscopic observation for nasal polyps, and tests for comorbidities including asthma and vascular disease. Perioperative complications were evaluated based on information provided by the surgeons. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify patient characteristics that were risk factors for complications. Results Overall, perioperative complications occurred in 41 patients (5.8%). A major complication, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, occurred in one patient (0.1%). Minor complications occurred in 40 patients (5.7%), with the most common being intraoperative hemorrhage (n = 18). Multivariate analysis indicated that presence of asthma and the total polyp score correlated significantly with the occurrence of complications. Conclusion The risk factors for perioperative complications were asthma and the polyp score. We conclude that the surgeon should confirm whether the patient has lower airway disease, especially asthma, before operating. The surgeon should also determine the grade of nasal polyps.
The MCP-1 (CCL2) -2518 GG genotype is associated with protection against pulmonary tuberculosis in Moroccan patients
Authors: Arji Naima , Busson Marc , Iraqi Ghali , Bourkadi Jamal Eddine , Benjouad Abdelaziz , Boukouaci Wahid , Lahlou Ouafae , Ben Amor Jouda , Krishnamoorthy Rajagopal , Charron Dominique , El Aouad Rajae , Tamouza Ryad 
Published: January 2012

Introduction: Both monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), also designated officially as chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), and interleukin-12 p40 (IL-12 p40) molecules, encoded by polymorphic genes, are central components of the immune response to infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Their genetic diversity has previously been associated with the outcome of tuberculosis (TB) infection. We investigated whether the MCP-1 -2518 A/G and the IL-12B (p40) +1188 A/C polymorphisms influence susceptibility to or resistance against pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in a Moroccan population group. Methodology: Genomic DNA from 337 patients along with 204 healthy controls were genotyped for the above-mentioned genetic variations using polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. Results: We found a higher prevalence of homozygous MCP-1 -2518 G allele in healthy individuals than in patients (pc = 0.04; odds ratio = 0.35; 95% confidence interval = 0.13 - 0.86), suggesting a potential protective effect, whereas analysis of IL-12B +1188 variation failed to reveal any such association. Conclusion: Our results are in agreement with recent findings in Ghanaian patients, complying with the known genetic admixture of the Moroccan population.
L'imagination en morale dans la philosophie contemporaine de langue anglaise
Authors: Chavel Solange 
Published: January 2012

Résumé Un grand nombre de philosophes contemporains de langue anglaise accordent un rôle éminent à l’imagination dans le raisonnement moral. S’inspirant de sources historiques variées ou des développements récents de la psychologie de l’empathie, ces auteurs cherchent à élargir la conception de la rationalité morale et de ce qui compte légitimement comme un argument. Cet article précise deux usages fondamentaux de la notion d’imagination : se mettre à la place d’autrui et imaginer l’avenir. Tout en soulignant la fécondité de la notion d’imagination morale, on en relève également les limites épistémologiques et morales : processus exigeant, coûteux en temps et toujours faillible, l’imagination permet de comprendre pourquoi la narration et la fiction sont des ressources morales véritables mais de portée limitée.
Nietzsche and the Romans
Authors: Bett Richard 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT
This article examines Nietzsche's interest in and appeal to the Romans in both his published and unpublished work. In most cases he shows little interest in specific figures from ancient Roman politics or military history, literature, or philosophy. Julius Caesar is the conspicuous exception among politicians and generals; he figures among Nietzsche's very short list of truly great human beings. In the literary and philosophical sphere, the major exceptions are Horace and Petronius, but the latter only at the end of his working life. He admires both writers, Petronius especially, and this attitude is connected in some ways with his general estimation of the Romans. His attitude to the Romans in general becomes increasingly positive, and they serve in his writing increasingly as a foil for Christianity, over the course of his career, culminating in The Antichrist.
Do-It-Yourself:
Authors: Dawkins Nicole 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT
Drawing on limited ethnographic fieldwork conducted in 2009 and 2010, this article analyzes how the idioms of “craft” and “handmaking” are being evoked and (re)imagined in Detroit. Because of a recent flurry of journalistic accounts of artists, makers, and entrepreneurs flocking to the city’s industrial ruins, Detroit has reemerged in the public imaginary as a utopic “blank canvas”: an empty space waiting to be inscribed and transformed by the arrival of a new (and predominately white) creative class. In this narrative of transforming the “Motor City” into “Maker City,” the future of the not-quite-postindustrial city rests in the hands of those willing and able to do-it-themselves. While urban farming, artist collectives, hackerspaces, and business start-ups are all part of this narrative, here I focus primarily on the gendered domestic arts (knitting, sewing, needlepoint, and so on), craft fairs, and in particular the work of an all-female grassroots collective of makers called Handmade Detroit. Interrogating the intersections between postfeminist and post-Fordist subjectivities that emerge in and through the narratives, spaces, and practices of the “indie” crafting community in Detroit, I argue that pleasure and self-fulfillment are often exchanged for what might otherwise be felt to be unstable, precarious, and even exploitive work. Finally, this article explores how the transformative rhetoric of DIY often espouses values of pleasure, autonomy, and (consumer) choice, reproducing neoliberalist rationalities and limiting the political potential of craft and community activism in Detroit.
Determination of Sialylated and Neutral Oligosaccharides in Urine by Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Clements Peter R. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis protocol describes a method to allow for the detection of specific oligosaccharide fragments in urine by tandem mass spectrometry. The detection of fragments with specific masses indicates the presence of one of a number of diseases where the deficiency of lysosomal enzymes involved in the degradation of the glyco‐ moieties of glycoproteins is present in the patient. This method describes the derivatization of oligosaccharides present in urine with phenyl‐1‐methylpyrazolone, which renders them hydrophobic, thus allowing desalting with Combi cleanup columns prior to injection. This method allows the detection of storage of oligosaccharides, which may indicate the presence of one of the infantile Pompe disease, α‐mannosidosis, Gm1‐gangliosidosis, Sandhoff disease, sialidosis, galactosialidosis, I‐cell disease, and aspartylglucosaminuria. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 72:17.10.1‐17.10.14 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Interviewing Techniques for Darwinian Facial‐Composite Systems
Authors: D. Frowd Charlie , Nelson Laura , Skelton Faye , Noyce Rosie , Atkins Rebecca , Heard Priscilla , Morgan David , Fields Steve , Henry Joanne , McIntyre Alex , Hancock Peter J. B. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryEyewitnesses are often asked to describe the appearance of an offender's face, normally as part of a cognitive interview (CI), and then to construct a facial composite of it by selecting hair, eyes, nose, and so on. Recent research indicates that facial composites of this type are rendered much more identifiable when constructors focus on global character (holistic) judgements of the face after having recalled it in detail. Here, we investigated whether components of this so‐called holistic CI (H‐CI) were applicable to newer ‘evolving’ (Darwinian) methods of face construction. We found that the face description component of the interview promoted better‐quality composites than the holistic component, but the most identifiable composites emerged when both components were used together in the same interview as an H‐CI. Composites were also more identifiable following description of all features of the face than an alternative involving description of hair. Implications are discussed for real‐world face construction using evolving systems. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Palladacycle‐Catalyzed Tandem Allylic Amination/Allylation Protocol for One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Allylanilines from Allylic Alcohols
Authors: Chen Ke , Li Yongxin , Pullarkat Sumod A. , Leung Pak‐Hing 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAn efficient methodology involving the predominant formation of CC bonds is described for the first direct synthesis of 2‐allylanilines from allylic alcohols via a one‐pot tandem allylic amination/allylation protocol catalyzed by a palladacycle under mild conditions without the requirement for additional activators.