bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaporation Front Compared with Crust Thickness in Potato Deep‐Fat Frying
Authors: Lioumbas John S. , Karapantsios Thodoris D. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract:  The various theoretical approaches that have been proposed for modeling heat and mass transport during deep‐fat frying of potatoes provide a rather ambiguous view of the relation between the propagation of the evaporation front inside the food and the evolution of crust thickness. This can be partly attributed to the unavailability of detailed experimental information concerning the temperature field inside the developing crust to validate the models. The objective of the present work is to experimentally study the relation between crust thickness evolution and evaporation front propagation and how this varies with frying conditions. To achieve this goal, a special device has been constructed that permits (1) only 1 side of a potato stick to be exposed to hot oil, and (2) accurate and stable placement of miniature thermocouples in prescribed positions under but very close to the potato surface. Temperature recordings inside the developing crust allowed identification of different heating regimes during frying and a rough estimation of the evaporation front propagation. In addition, crust thickness was determined at intermittent time intervals by 2 independent methods (1) microphotography and (2) a micrometer. Comparison of the evaporation front propagation with crust thickness evolution indicates an interrelationship roughly up to the end of the boiling regime (bubble‐end point). After this moment, the propagation of the evaporation front is faster than the evolution of crust thickness.Practical Application:  Understanding the role of parameters that determine crust formation is of paramount importance since crust characteristics such as thickness and texture dictate the sensory perception of fried foods. This study aims to quantify the relationship between such parameters (that is, crust evolution and the propagation of the evaporation front inside the food) and to examine how frying conditions (oil temperature and frying duration) affect it. In addition, the present findings may be of particular value to deterministic modeling efforts on the coupled heat and mass transfer phenomena during deep‐fat frying.
Rice Hull Smoke Extract Inactivates Salmonella Typhimurium in Laboratory Media and Protects Infected Mice against Mortality
Authors: Kim Sung Phil , Kang Mi Young , Park Jun Cheol , Nam Seok Hyun , Friedman Mendel 
Published: December 2011

Abstract:  A previously characterized rice hull smoke extract (RHSE) was tested for bactericidal activity against Salmonella Typhimurium using the disc‐diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of RHSE was 0.822% (v/v). The in vivo antibacterial activity of RHSE (1.0%, v/v) was also examined in a Salmonella‐infected Balb/c mouse model. Mice infected with a sublethal dose of the pathogens were administered intraperitoneally a 1.0% solution of RHSE at four 12‐h intervals during the 48‐h experimental period. The results showed that RHSE inhibited bacterial growth by 59.4%, 51.4%, 39.6%, and 28.3% compared to 78.7%, 64.6%, 59.2%, and 43.2% inhibition with the medicinal antibiotic vancomycin (20 mg/mL). By contrast, 4 consecutive administrations at 12‐h intervals elicited the most effective antibacterial effect of 75.0% and 85.5% growth reduction of the bacteria by RHSE and vancomycin, respectively. The combination of RHSE and vancomycin acted synergistically against the pathogen. The inclusion of RHSE (1.0% v/w) as part of a standard mouse diet fed for 2 wk decreased mortality of 10 mice infected with lethal doses of the Salmonella. Photomicrographs of histological changes in liver tissues show that RHSE also protected the liver against Salmonella‐induced pathological necrosis lesions. These beneficial results suggest that the RHSE has the potential to complement wood‐derived smokes as antimicrobial flavor formulations for application to human foods and animal feeds.Practical Application:  The new antimicrobial and anti‐inflammatory rice hull derived liquid smoke has the potential to complement widely used wood‐derived liquid smokes as an antimicrobial flavor and health‐promoting formulation for application to foods.
Optimization and Validation of an Extraction Method for the Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Chocolate Candies
Authors: Kumari Rupender , Chaturvedi Prashant , Ansari Nasreen G. , Murthy Ramesh C. , Patel Devendra K. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract:  Chocolate is a key ingredient in many foods such as milk shakes, candies, bars, cookies, and cereals. Chocolate candies are often consumed by mankind of all age groups. The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in chocolate candies may result in health risk to people. A rapid, precise, and economic extraction method was optimized and validated for the simultaneous determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in chocolate candy by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GS‐MS) as a confirmatory technique. The method was optimized by using different solvents for liquid–liquid extraction, varying volume of de‐emulsifying agent, and quantity of silica gel used for purification. The HPLC separation of 16 PAHs was carried out by C‐18 column with mobile phase composed of acetonitrile : water (70 : 30) in isocratic mode with runtime of 20 min. Limit of detection, limit of quantification (LOQ), and correlation coefficients were found in the range of 0.3 to 4ng g−1, 0.9 to 12ng g−1, and 0.9109 to 0.9952, respectively. The exploration of 25 local chocolate candy samples for the presence of PAHs showed the mean content of benzo[a]pyrene as 1.62 ng g−1, which representing the need to evaluate effective measures to prevent more severe PAHs contamination in chocolate candies in future.Practical Application:  Chocolate is one of the most favorite food items among people, especially children. Chocolate candies are often consumed by mankind of all age groups. Chocolate candies are often consumed by children in large quantities. The presence PAHs in chocolate candies may result in health risk to people. In the present study, a precise and cost effective rapid method was employed for the determination of PAHs, which can be employed for daily routine analysis of PAHs in chocolate products.
In vitro and in vivo characterization of silk fibroin/gelatin composite scaffolds for liver tissue engineering
Authors: YANG Zhao , XU Li Sha , YIN Fang , SHI Yong Quan , HAN Ying , ZHANG Lin , JIN Hai Feng , NIE Yong Zhan , WANG Jing Bo , HAO Xing , FAN Dai Ming , ZHOU Xin Min 
Published: December 2011

OBJECTIVE:  To investigate the cytotoxicity of silk fibroin/gelatin (SF/G) composite scaffolds in vitro as well as their biocompatibility and degradation in vivo.METHODS:  The proliferation and relative growth rate of human hepatic QZG cells grown on different blends of two‐dimensional (2‐D) SF/G scaffolds were assessed using the 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate apoptotic rate of QZG cells on different blends of 2‐D SF/G scaffolds. The effect of silk protein materials on cell growth was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Three‐dimensional (3‐D) SF/G scaffolds of three different ratios (diameter 10 mm, thickness 1 mm) were implanted into subcutaneous pockets on male Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats. On the 7th, 14th and 30th day post‐implantation, the rats were sacrificed. The scaffold area including the surrounding tissues was retrieved. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed for observation under a light microscope.RESULTS:  Significant cell attachment and proliferation on the SF/G scaffolds were observed. As the increased gelatin concentration, SF/G scaffolds became more amenable to cell adhesion. After the subcutaneous implantation of the SF/G scaffolds in SD rats, immunological rejection tests showed only slight inflammation, measured by the presence of inflamed cells on day 7 and 14. By day 30, each scaffold had been completely infiltrated and organized by fibroblasts and inflamed cells. The greater the gelatin concentration in the scaffold, the faster the degradation rate.CONCLUSION:  Composite SF/G scaffolds are a promising candidate matrix for implantable bio‐artificial livers.
Using an Established Telehealth Model to Train Urban Primary Care Providers on Hypertension Management
Authors: Masi Christopher , Hamlish Tamara , Davis Andrew , Bordenave Kristine , Brown Stephen , Perea Brenda , Aduana Glen , Wolfe Marcus , Bakris George , Johnson Daniel 
Published: December 2011

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich).The objective of this study was to determine whether a videoconference‐based telehealth network can increase hypertension management knowledge and self‐assessed competency among primary care providers (PCPs) working in urban Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs). We created a telehealth network among 6 urban FQHCs and our institution to support a 12‐session educational program designed to teach state‐of‐the‐art hypertension management. Each 1‐hour session included a brief lecture by a university‐based hypertension specialist, case presentations by PCPs, and interactive discussions among the specialist and PCPs. Twelve PCPs (9 intervention and 3 controls) were surveyed at baseline and immediately following the curriculum. The mean number of correct answers on the 26‐item hypertension knowledge questionnaire increased in the intervention group (13.11 [standard deviation (SD)]=3.06) to 17.44 [SD=1.59], P<.01) but not among controls (14.33 [SD=3.21] to 13.00 [SD=3.46], P=.06). Similarly, the mean score on a 7‐item hypertension management self‐assessed competency scale increased in the intervention group (4.68 [SD=0.94] to 5.41 [SD=0.89], P<.01) but not among controls (5.28 [SD=0.43] to 5.62 [SD=0.67], P=.64). This model holds promise for enhancing hypertension care provided by urban FQHC providers.
The When and How of Evaluative Readiness: A Social Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective
Authors: Ferguson Melissa J. , Wojnowicz Michael T. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn this article we consider the phenomenon of evaluative readiness, whereby the activation in memory of a goal leads to an unintentional increase in positivity toward stimuli that can facilitate the goal. We review four lines of work that together address the question of when goals lead to this kind of automatic shift in people’s attitudes. We then consider how contemporary models of cognition might explain this effect. We review whether dual systems models and single interacting system models can explain the phenomenon of evaluative readiness. Based on recent work in cognitive psychology and computational neuroscience, we then argue for the potential explanatory value of turning to a multiple interacting systems framework for explaining the phenomenon of evaluative readiness.
A Critical Look at Critical Community Psychology
Authors: Montero Maritza 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis paper presents some questions directed to: (1) problematise researchers, practitioners and students, about ideas and practices in Community Psychology (CP), that are becoming naturalized as the perfect o the best models and processes; (2) allowing traditional practices to be sheltered under the name of critical, transforming, participatory and liberating CP. Critical questions about two types of issues are asked: Those related to horizon, limits, and theoretical scope of CP, and those related to the canonization of PC methods and techniques. The distinction between what is radical and what is critical is argued. Reflexive discussion in order to find how a theoretical or methodological conception introduces forms of oppression, or exclusion, as well as deconstruction of ways to ignore values and principles, even in the name of a transforming, liberating, participatory CP, is concluded.
Towards a Cultural–Clinical Psychology
Authors: Ryder Andrew G. , Ban Lauren M. , Chentsova‐Dutton Yulia E. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractFor decades, clinical psychologists have catalogued cultural group differences in symptom presentation, assessment, and treatment outcomes. We know that ‘culture matters’ in mental health – but do we know how it matters, or why? Answers may be found in an integration of cultural and clinical psychology. Cultural psychology demands a move beyond description to explanation of group variation. For its part, clinical psychology insists on the importance of individual people, while also extending the range of human variation. Cultural–clinical psychology integrates these approaches, opening up new lines of inquiry. The central assumption of this interdisciplinary field is that culture, mind, and brain constitute one another as a multi‐level dynamic system in which no level is primary, and that psychopathology is an emergent property of that system. We illustrate cultural–clinical psychology research using our work on depression in Chinese populations and conclude with a call for greater collaboration among researchers in this field.
Transitional Societies in Eastern Europe: Moving Beyond the Washington Consensus Paradigm in Transitology
Authors: Kokushkin Maksim 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPost‐communist transitions are generally thought to be a part of the past. However, most students of those transitions now acknowledge that the processes of transition in the countries in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union are far from over. Instead of reaching a point where all countries converge towards normal capitalism, the experiences of the countries from the region are extremely diverse. This article surveys the literature on post‐communist transitions and argues that transitologists have experienced a shift from viewing transitions as mostly similar and converging to viewing transitions as uniquely complex and diverging. To advance this argument, the article: (i) systematizes the literature along methodological lines; (ii) uses a policy paradigm (namely, the Washington Consensus) as a metaphor to illustrate the tensions in the literature; and (iii) connects the shift away from one‐size‐fits‐all policies with the evolution in the literature from being formally prescriptive and abstract to being context‐sensitive and emphasizing complexity.
Oil revenues and macroeconomic volatility in Norway
Authors: Boye François 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIt is conventional wisdom that Norway is the role model for oil‐producing countries; its sensible policies and transparency in the management of its oil revenues have resulted in macroeconomic stability, which most oil producing countries from Africa and Latin America, hobbled by cycles of boom and bust or a Dutch disease, have always been denied.This paper does not take this conventional wisdom for granted given that the Norwegian government's fiscal policy has remained aligned with the cycles of the international oil market. To test whether the Norwegian economy is stable, this paper considers whether the famous 2001 stabilisation policy reform, meant to spread the spending of oil revenues over time, has ushered in a period of lower volatility in Norway. Its results are negative: (i) volatility in Norway's macroeconomic variables has increased after 2001; (ii) that the behaviour of either the Central Bank or the macroeconomy has changed after 2001 is not robust to modelling techniques; and (iii) had it been fully implemented, the 2001 stabilisation policy package would have had destabilising effects. In other words, Norway's volatility is not as insignificant as expected.
What explains risk premiums in crude oil futures?*
Authors: Melolinna Marko 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis paper studies the existence of risk premiums in crude oil futures prices with simple regression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models. It also studies the importance of three main risk premiums models in explaining and forecasting the risk premiums in practice. While the existence of the premiums and the validity of the models can be established at certain time points, it turns out that the choice of sample period has a considerable effect on the results. Hence, the risk premiums are highly time‐varying. The study also establishes a model, based on speculative positions in the futures markets, which has some predictive power for future oil spot prices.
Short wavelength light filtering by the natural human lens and IOLs – implications for entrainment of circadian rhythm
Authors: Brøndsted Adam Elias , Lundeman Jesper Holm , Kessel Line 
Published: December 2011

Abstract.Purpose:  Photoentrainment of circadian rhythm begins with the stimulation of melanopsin containing retinal ganglion cells that respond directly to blue light. With age, the human lens becomes a strong colour filter attenuating transmission of short wavelengths. The purpose of the study was to examine the effect the ageing human lens may have for the photoentrainment of circadian rhythm and to compare with intraocular implant lenses (IOLs) designed to block UV radiation, violet or blue light.Methods:  The potential for photoentrainment of circadian rhythm was computed for 29 human donor lenses (18–76 years) and five IOLs (one UV, two violet and two blue light blocking) based on the transmission properties of the lenses and the spectral characteristics of melanopsin activation and two of it′s physiological outcomes; melanopsin‐driven pupillary light reponse and light‐induced melatonin suppression.Results:  The potential for melanopsin stimulation and melatonin suppression was reduced by 0.6–0.7 percentage point per year of life because of yellowing of the natural lens. The computed effects were small for the IOLs and did not exceed that of a 22.2‐year‐old natural lens for the blue‐blocking IOLs.Conclusion:  The results show that photoentrainment of circadian rhythm may be significantly impaired in older subjects because of the colour filtering characteristics of the human lens, whereas the effects were small for all three types of IOLs studied. Consequently, the ageing process of the natural lens is expected to influence the photoentrainment of circadian rhythm, whereas IOLs are not expected to be detrimental to circadian rhythm.
Do personality traits matter when choosing a group therapy for early psychosis?
Authors: Beauchamp Marie‐Chantal , Lecomte Tania , Lecomte Conrad , Leclerc Claude , Corbière Marc 
Published: December 2011

Objectives. This study aimed at determining the predictive value of personality traits, based on the Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality, on therapeutic outcomes according to specific group treatments for first episode psychosis: cognitive‐behavioural therapy (CBT) or skills training for symptom management (SM).Methods. Individuals experiencing early psychosis were recruited to participate in a randomized‐ controlled trial (RCT). Participants were randomized to one of two group treatments or to a wait‐list control group. Measures included a personality inventory (NEO‐FFI) and outcome measures of symptomatology (BPRS‐E) and coping strategies (CCS). Pearson correlation analyses were conducted on 78 individuals and linear regression analyses on 66.Results. Links were found between personality traits, symptoms, and coping outcome measures, according to specific group treatments. Personality traits were particularly linked to therapeutic changes in active coping strategies, with Conscientiousness accounting for 14% of the variance in the CBT group, Extraversion accounting for 41% of the variance in the SM group, and Openness to experience accounting for 22% of the variance in the control group.Conclusions. Individual differences in personality traits for people experiencing early psychosis should be considered when offering psychosocial treatments, since it appears that those with specific traits might benefit more than others in specific group interventions, particularly for interventions that do not solely aim at improving symptoms.
Survival of Host-Associated Bacteroidales Cells and Their Relationship with Enterococcus spp., Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium, and Adenovirus in Freshwater Microcosms as Measured by Propidium Monoazide-Quantitative PCR
Authors: Bae Sungwoo , Wuertz Stefan 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACT

The ideal host-associated genetic fecal marker would be capable of predicting the presence of specific pathogens of concern. Flowthrough freshwater microcosms containing mixed feces and inocula of the pathogens
Campylobacter jejuni
,
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium, and adenovirus were placed at ambient temperature in the presence and absence of diurnal sunlight. The total
Enterococcus
DNA increased during the early periods (23 h) under sunlight exposure, even though cultivable
Enterococcus
and DNA in intact cells, as measured by propidium monoazide (PMA), decreased with first-order kinetics during the entire period. We found a significant difference in the decay of host-associated
Bacteroidales
cells between sunlight exposure and dark conditions (
P
value < 0.05), whereas the persistence of host-associated
Bacteroidales
DNA was comparable. The 2-log reduction times of adenovirus were 72 h for sunlight exposure and 99 h for dark conditions with similar decay rate constants (
P
value = 0.13). The persistences of fecal
Bacteroidales
cells and
Campylobacter
cells exposed to sunlight were similar, and host-associated
Bacteroidales
DNA and waterborne pathogen DNA were degraded at comparable rates (
P
values > 0.05). Overall, the ratio of quantitative PCR (qPCR) cycle threshold (

C
T

) values with and without PMA treatment was indicative of the time elapsed since inoculation of the microcosm with (i) fecal material from different animal sources based on host-associated
Bacteroidales
and (ii) pure cultures of bacterial pathogens. The use of both PMA-qPCR and qPCR may yield more realistic information about recent sources of fecal contamination and result in improved prediction of waterborne pathogens and assessment of health risk.
Green Fluorescent Protein-Labeled Monitoring Tool To Quantify Conjugative Plasmid Transfer between Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria
Authors: Arends Karsten , Schiwon Katarzyna , Sakinc Türkan , Hübner Johannes , Grohmann Elisabeth 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACT

On the basis of pIP501, a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged monitoring tool was constructed for quantifying plasmid mobilization among Gram-positive bacteria and between Gram-positive
Enterococcus faecalis
and Gram-negative
Escherichia coli
. Furthermore, retromobilization of the GFP-tagged monitoring tool was shown from
E. faecalis
OG1X into the clinical isolate
E. faecalis
T9.