bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tourmaline as a petrogenetic indicator highlighted in a multicoloured crystal from the gem deposit of Mavuco, Alto Ligoña pegmatite district, NE Mozambique
Authors: Altieri Alessandra , Pezzotta Federico , Skogby Henrik , Hålenius Ulf , Bosi Ferdinando 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A rounded fragment of a multicoloured tourmaline crystal (2.5 cm diameter), collected from the secondary gem deposit of Mavuco, Alto Ligoña pegmatite district, Mozambique, has been investigated using a multi-analytical approach, with the objective of reconstructing its growth history. The sample represents a core-to-rim section, perpendicular to the c axis, of a crystal characterised by a variety of colours. These change from a black core to an intermediate zone with a series of colours, yellow, blue–green and purple, to a final dark-green prismatic overgrowth. These changes are the result of a wide variation in Fe, Mn, Ti and Cu concentrations and their redox state. The black core is characterised by enrichment in Fe and Mn, with iron present in its divalent state. The yellow zone shows a progressive depletion in Fe and its colouration is caused by Mn2+ and Mn2+-Ti4+ IVCT interactions. The progressive decrease in Mn coupled with the absence of Ti, and the lack of Fe, implies that Cu2+ acts as the only chromophore in the pale blue–green zone. The dominant colour-causing agent of the purplish zone is Mn3+, denoting a change in redox environment; however, even though the amount of Cu remains significant, its chromophore effect is obscured by Mn3+. The dark-green prismatic overgrowth, characterised by a sharp increase in Fe, Mn and also Ca, is interpreted as a late-stage partial re-opening of the geochemical system. This occurrence could potentially be related to mechanical instability of the cavity in which the crystal grew.
Evolutionarily stable payoff matrix in hawk–dove games
Authors: Király Balázs , Varga Tamás , Szabó György , Garay József 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Background
Classical matrix game models aim to find the endpoint of behavioural evolution for a set of fixed possible interaction outcomes. Here, we introduce an evolutionary model in which not only the players’ strategies but also the payoff matrix evolves according to natural selection.

Results
We start out from the hawk–dove matrix game and, in a way that is consistent with the monomorphic model setup of Maynard Smith and Price, introduce an evolving phenotypic trait that quantifies fighting ability and determines the probability of winning and the cost of losing escalated hawk–hawk fights. We define evolutionarily stable phenotypes as consisting of an evolutionarily stable strategy and an evolutionarily stable trait, which in turn describes a corresponding evolutionarily stable payoff matrix.

Conclusions
We find that the maximal possible cost of escalating fights remains constant during evolution assuming a separation in the time scales of fast behavioural and slow trait selection, despite the fact that the final evolutionarily stable phenotype maximizes the payoff of hawk–hawk fights. Our results mirror the dual nature of Darwinian evolution whereby the criteria of evolutionary success, as well as the successful phenotypes themselves, are a product of natural selection.
Ethylene promotes fruit ripening initiation by downregulating photosynthesis, enhancing abscisic acid and suppressing jasmonic acid in blueberry (Vaccinium ashei)
Authors: Wang Yi-Wen , Nambeesan Savithri U. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Background
Blueberry fruit exhibit atypical climacteric ripening with a non-auto-catalytic increase in ethylene coincident with initiation of ripening. Further, application of ethephon, an ethylene-releasing plant growth regulator, accelerates ripening by increasing the proportion of ripe (blue) fruit as compared to the control treatment. To investigate the mechanistic role of ethylene in regulating blueberry ripening, we performed transcriptome analysis on fruit treated with ethephon, an ethylene-releasing plant growth regulator.

Results
RNA-Sequencing was performed on two sets of rabbiteye blueberry (‘Powderblue’) fruit: (1) fruit from divergent developmental stages; and (2) fruit treated with ethephon, an ethylene-releasing compound. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from divergent developmental stages clustered into nine groups, among which cluster 1 displayed reduction in expression during ripening initiation and was enriched with photosynthesis related genes, while cluster 7 displayed increased expression during ripening and was enriched with aromatic-amino acid family catabolism genes, suggesting stimulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. More DEGs were apparent at 1 day after ethephon treatment suggesting its early influence during ripening initiation. Overall, a higher number of genes were downregulated in response to ethylene. Many of these overlapped with cluster 1 genes, indicating that ethylene-mediated downregulation of photosynthesis is an important developmental event during the ripening transition. Analyses of DEGs in response to ethylene also indicated interplay among phytohormones. Ethylene positively regulated abscisic acid (ABA), negatively regulated jasmonates (JAs), and influenced auxin (IAA) metabolism and signaling genes. Phytohormone quantification supported these effects of ethylene, indicating coordination of blueberry fruit ripening by ethylene.

Conclusion
This study provides insights into the role of ethylene in blueberry fruit ripening. Ethylene initiates blueberry ripening by downregulating photosynthesis-related genes. Also, ethylene regulates phytohormone-metabolism and signaling related genes, increases ABA, and decreases JA concentrations. Together, these results indicate that interplay among multiple phytohormones regulates the progression of ripening, and that ethylene is an important coordinator of such interactions during blueberry fruit ripening.
Enhanced wheat productivity in saline soil through the combined application of poultry manure and beneficial microbes
Authors: Arshad Muhammad Junaid , Khan Muhammad Imran , Ali Muhammad Hayder , Farooq Qammar , Hussain Muhammad Iftikhar , Seleiman Mahmoud F. , Asghar Muhammad Ahsan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Background
Soil salinity is one of the major menaces to food security, particularly in dealing with the food demand of the ever-increasing global population. Production of cereal crops such as wheat is severely affected by soil salinity and improper fertilization. The present study aimed to examine the effect of selected microbes and poultry manure (PM) on seedling emergence, physiology, nutrient uptake, and growth of wheat in saline soil. A pot experiment was carried out in research area of Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Saline soil (12 dS m− 1 w/w) was developed by spiking using sodium chloride, and used in experiment along with two microbial strains (i.e., Alcaligenes faecalis MH-2 and Achromobacter denitrificans MH-6) and PM. Finally, wheat seeds (variety Akbar-2019) were sown in amended and unamended soil, and pots were placed following a completely randomized design. The wheat crop was harvested after 140 days of sowing.

Results
The results showed a 10–39% increase (compared to non-saline control) in agronomic, physiological, and nutritive attributes of wheat plants when augmented with PM and microbes. Microbes together with PM significantly enhanced seedling emergence (up to 38%), agronomic (up to 36%), and physiological (up to 33%) in saline soil as compared to their respective unamended control. Moreover, the co-use of microbes and PM also improved soil’s physicochemical attributes and enhanced N (i.e., 21.7%-17.1%), P (i.e., 24.1-29.3%), and K (i.e., 28.7%-25.3%) availability to the plant (roots and shoots, respectively). Similarly, the co-use of amendments also lowered the Na+ contents in soil (i.e., up to 62%) as compared to unamended saline control. This is the first study reporting the effects of the co-addition of newly identified salt-tolerant bacterial strains and PM on seedling emergence, physiology, nutrient uptake, and growth of wheat in highly saline soil.

Conclusion
Our findings suggest that co-using a multi-trait bacterial culture and PM could be an appropriate option for sustainable crop production in salt-affected soil.
Medical radiation exposure in inflammatory bowel disease: an updated meta-analysis
Authors: Lu Chao , Yao Xin , Yu Mosang , He Xinjue 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Background
There have been previous studies and earlier systematic review on the relationship between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and radiation exposure. With the diversification of current test methods, this study intended to conduct a meta-analysis to evaluate the IBD radiation exposure in recent years.

Methods
Three databases (PUBMED, EMBASE, and MEDICINE) for relevant literature up to May 1, 2023 were searched. The statistical data meeting requirements were collated and extracted.

Results
20 papers were enrolled. The overall high radiation exposure rate was 15% (95% CI = [12%, 19%]) for CD and 5% (95% CI = [3%, 7%]) for UC. The pooled result found that high radiation exposure rate was 3.44 times higher in CD than in UC (OR = 3.44, 95% CI = [2.35, 5.02]). Moreover, the average radiation exposure level in CD was 12.77 mSv higher than that in UC (WMD = 12.77, 95% CI = [9.93, 15.62] mSv). Furthermore, radiation exposure level of CD after 2012 was higher than those before 2012 (26.42 ± 39.61vs. 23.76 ± 38.46 mSv, P = 0.016), while UC did not show similar result (11.99 ± 27.66 vs. 10.01 ± 30.76 mSv, P = 0.1). Through subgroup analysis, it was found that disease duration (WMD = 2.75, 95% CI = [0.10, 5.40] mSv), complications (OR = 5.09, 95% CI = [1.50, 17.29]), and surgical history (OR = 5.46, 95% CI = [1.51, 19.69]) significantly increased the proportion of high radiation exposure.

Conclusion
This study found that radiation exposure level of IBD patients was high, which revealed the radiation risk in the process of diagnosis and treatment of IBD patients. In the future, longer follow-up and prospective studies are needed to reveal the relationship between high radiation exposure and solid tumorigenesis.
Appendicular lean mass and the risk of stroke and Alzheimer’s disease: a mendelian randomization study
Authors: Zhu Yueli , Zhu Feng , Guo Xiaoming , Huang Shunmei , Yang Yunmei , Zhang Qin 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Background
Appendicular lean mass (ALM) is a good predictive biomarker for sarcopenia. And previous studies have reported the association between ALM and stroke or Alzheimer’s disease (AD), however, the causal relationship is still unclear, The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether genetically predicted ALM is causally associated with the risk of stroke and AD by performing Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses.

Methods
A two-sample MR study was designed. Genetic variants associated with the ALM were obtained from a large genome-wide association study (GWAS) and utilized as instrumental variables (IVs). Summary-level data for stroke and AD were generated from the corresponding GWASs. We used random-effect inverse-variance weighted (IVW) as the main method for estimating causal effects, complemented by several sensitivity analyses, including the weighted median, MR-Egger, and MR-pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO) methods. Multivariable analysis was further conducted to adjust for confounding factors, including body mass index (BMI), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), low density lipoprotein-C (LDL-C), and atrial fibrillation (AF).

Results
The present MR study indicated significant inverse associations of genetically predicted ALM with any ischemic stroke ([AIS], odds ratio [OR], 0.93; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.89–0.97; P = 0.002) and AD (OR, 090; 95% CI 0.85–0.96; P = 0.001). Regarding the subtypes of AIS, genetically predicted ALM was related to the risk of large artery stroke ([LAS], OR, 0.86; 95% CI 0.77–0.95; P = 0.005) and small vessel stroke ([SVS], OR, 0.80; 95% CI 0.73–0.89; P < 0.001). Regarding multivariable MR analysis, ALM retained the stable effect on AIS when adjusting for BMI, LDL-C, and AF, while a suggestive association was observed after adjusting for T2DM. And the estimated effect of ALM on LAS was significant after adjustment for BMI and AF, while a suggestive association was found after adjusting for T2DM and LDL-C. Besides, the estimated effects of ALM were still significant on SVS and AD after adjustment for BMI, T2DM, LDL-C, and AF.

Conclusions
The two-sample MR analysis indicated that genetically predicted ALM was negatively related to AIS and AD. And the subgroup analysis of AIS revealed a negative causal effect of genetically predicted ALM on LAS or SVS. Future studies are required to further investigate the underlying mechanisms.
Prevalence of urinary tract infections in pregnant women and antimicrobial resistance patterns in women in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a retrospective study
Authors: Barnawi Yasmin , Alghamdi Ahlam , Ibrahim Alnada , Al-Anazi Lina , Alhumaida Ghada , Alotaibi Reema , Khan Mohammad , Baz Dareen , Alraey Mohammed , Alkazemi Afrah , Alqhatani Hajar , Waggas Hadeel 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Background
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common health problems worldwide and mainly affect women. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of UTIs in pregnant women and determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacterial pathogens isolated from pregnant and nonpregnant women in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Methods
This retrospective cohort study was conducted at an academic medical center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, from January to June 2022. The study included all urine cultures performed for adult women during the study period. We excluded urine culture performed for women on antibiotics prescribed for any infection, children, and men. Using the SPSS (version 27) package, descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used to analyze the data, and p < 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.

Results
A total of 2,418 urine cultures performed during the study period were included (985 and 1,433 for pregnant and nonpregnant women, respectively). The overall prevalence of UTIs in pregnant women was 5% (95% CI 3.6–6.4); 10 (1%) women were symptomatic, and 40 (4%) women were asymptomatic. Of the entire cohort, 244 (10.1%) women were diagnosed with UTIs based on bacterial cultures. The predominant bacteria in both pregnant and nonpregnant women were Escherichia coli (134, 54.9%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (48, 19.6%).
The antibiotic susceptibility criteria for Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were as follows: nitrofurantoin (94% and 18.8%, respectively), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (82.8% and 70.8%, respectively), ciprofloxacin (65.7% and 83.3%, respectively), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (65.7% and 79.2%, respectively) and cephalothin (47% and 68.8%, respectively).

Conclusion
Compared to the findings of other similar studies, the prevalence of UTIs was lower in pregnant women. This may be because the patient population was composed of healthy and educated women who received prenatal education and underwent prenatal assessment as per institutional guidelines. Nitrofurantoin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid are recommended for use as an empirical therapy for UTIs in pregnant and nonpregnant women because bacteria have the least amount of resistance to these drugs.
Longitudinal changes in serum immunoglobulin G testing in patients with fibrotic avian hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Authors: Okuda Ryo , Takemura Tamiko , Misumi Toshihiro , Sekine Akimasa , Hagiwara Eri , Ogura Takashi 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Background
Evaluation of the antigen responsible for fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is challenging. Serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G testing against HP-associated antigens is performed. Although single-serum IgG testing has been investigated, multiple-serum IgG testing has not yet been studied.

Methods
This study included patients who underwent histopathological examination and positive inhalation challenge test as well as those with moderate or high HP guideline confidence level. Serum IgG testing against pigeon serum was conducted twice using two methods: enzyme linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and ImmunoCAP. The association between changes in serum IgG antibody titers and changes in forced vital capacity (FVC) and other parameters was investigated.

Results
In this study, 28 patients (mean age, 64.5 years; mean FVC, 85.3%) with fibrotic avian HP were selected, of whom 20 and 8 underwent surgical lung biopsy and transbronchial lung cryobiopsy, respectively. Of the 28 patients, 19 had been keeping birds for more than 6 months. A correlation was observed between the annual changes in serum IgG antibody titers by ELISA and changes in relative FVC (r =  − 0.6221, p < 0.001). Furthermore, there was a correlation between the annual changes in serum IgG antibody titers by ImmunoCAP and changes in relative FVC (r =  − 0.4302, p = 0.022). Multiple regression analysis revealed that the change in serum IgG antibody titers by both ELISA and ImmunoCAP also influenced the relative FVC change (p = 0.012 and p = 0.015, respectively). Moreover, 13 patients were given additional treatments between the first and second blood test; however, the additional treatment group was not significantly different in relative FVC change compared to the group with no additional treatment (p = 0.982).

Conclusions
In patients with fibrotic avian HP, the annual changes in serum IgG testing were correlated with FVC changes, highlighting the importance of serum IgG testing over time.
External fixator versus elastic stable intramedullary nail for treatment of metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction fractures of the pediatric distal femur: a case-control study
Authors: Wen Yuwei , Wang Qiang , Song Baojian , Feng Wei , Zhu Danjiang 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Background
Several methods have been used for the treatment of pediatric distal femoral fractures, such as elastic stable intramedullary nail (ESIN), external fixator (EF) and plate osteosynthesis, but there has been no consensus about the optimal method. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical outcome between EF and ESIN techniques used in metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction (MDJ) fractures of the pediatric distal femur.

Methods
We retrospectively analyzed operatively treated MDJ fractures of pediatric distal femur between January 2015 and January 2022. Patient charts were reviewed for demographics, injury and data of radiography. All of the patients were divided into EF and ESIN groups according to the operation techniques. Malalignment was defined as more than 5 degrees of angular deformity in either plane. Clinical outcomes were measured by Flynn scoring system.

Results
Thirty-eight patients were included in this study, among which, 23 were treated with EF, and 15 with ESIN. The mean follow-up time was 18 months (12-24 months). At the final follow-up, all of the fractures were healed. Although there were no statistical differences between the two groups in demographic data, length of stay, estimated blood loss (EBL), rate of open reduction, time to fracture healing and Flynn score, the EF was superior to ESIN in operative time, fluoroscopic exposure and time to partial weight-bearing. The EF group had a significantly higher rate of skin irritation, while the ESIN had a significantly higher rate of malalignment.

Conclusion
EF and ESIN are both effective methods in the treatment of MDJ fractures of the pediatric distal femur. ESIN is associated with lower rates of skin irritation. However, EF technique has the advantages of shorter operative time, reduced fluoroscopic exposure, and shorter time to partial weight-bearing, as well as lower incidence of malalignment.

Level of evidence
Level III.
Foot and lower leg pain in children and adults with cerebral palsy: a population-based register study on 5,122 individuals
Authors: Jarlman Ebba , Hägglund Gunnar , Alriksson-Schmidt Ann I. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Background
Pain is common in individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) and the most reported pain site is the foot/lower leg. We analyzed the prevalence of pain in the foot/lower leg and the associations with age, sex, gross motor function, and clinical findings in individuals with CP.

Method
This was a cross-sectional register-study, based on data reported to the Swedish Cerebral Palsy Follow-up Program (CPUP). All participants in CPUP, four years-of-age or older, were included. Pearson chi-square tests and logistic regression were used to analyze the prevalence and degree of pain in the foot/lower leg.

Results
In total, 5,122 individuals were included from the CPUP database: 58% were males and 66% were under 18 years-of-age. Overall, 1,077 (21%) reported pain in the foot/lower leg. The odds ratios (ORs) of pain were higher in females (OR 1.31, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13–1.53), individuals who could ambulate (Gross Motor Function Classification System Level I (OR 1.84, CI 1.32–2.57) and II (OR 2.01, CI 1.46–2.79) compared to level V), and in individuals with decreased range of motion of the ankle (dorsiflexion 1–10 degrees (OR 1.43, CI 1.13–1.83) and ≤ 0 degrees (OR 1.46, CI 1.10–1.93) compared to ≥ 20 degrees). With increasing age the OR of pain increased (OR 1.02, CI 1.01–1.03) as well as the reported pain intensity (p < 0.001).

Conclusions
Pain in the foot and lower leg appears to be a significant problem in individuals with CP, particularly in those who walk. As with pain in general in this population, both pain intensity and frequency increase with age. The odds of pain in the foot and lower leg were increased in individuals with limited dorsiflexion of the ankle. Given the cross-sectional design causality cannot be inferred and it is unknown if pain causes decreased range of motion of the ankle or if decreased range of motion causes pain. Further research is needed on causal pathways and importantly on prevention.
Evaluating the reliability of the lateral femoral condyle measuring methods by different modalities for patients with lateral patellar dislocation
Authors: Zhou Yunlong , Yu Anqi , Wu Xiaoan , Yao Jinjiang , Tan Hao , Wang Huaao , Lian Chengjie , Zhou Aiguo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Background
A variety of measurement methods and imaging modalities are in use to quantify the morphology of lateral femoral condyle (LFC), but the most reliable method remains elusive in patients with lateral patellar dislocation (LPD). The purpose of this study was to determine the intra- and inter-observer reliability of different measurement methods for evaluating the morphology of LFC on different imaging modalities in patients with LPD.

Methods
Seventy-three patients with LPD were included. Four parameters for quantifying the morphology of LFC were retrospectively measured by three observers on MRI, sagittal CT image, conventional radiograph (CR), and three-dimensional CT (3D–CT). The intra-class correlation coefficient was calculated to determine the intra- and inter-observer reliability. Bland–Altman analysis was conducted to identify the bias between observers.

Results
The lateral femoral condyle index (LFCI) showed better intra- and inter-observer reliability on MRI and 3D–CT than on CR and sagittal CT images. The mean difference in the LFCI between observers was lowest on 3D–CT (0.047), higher on MRI (0.053), and highest on sagittal CT images (0.062). The LFCI was associated with the lateral femoral condyle ratio (ρ = 0.422, P = 0.022), lateral condyle index (r = 0.413, P = 0.037), and lateral femoral condyle distance (r = 0.459, P = 0.014). The LFCI could be reliably measured by MRI and 3D–CT.

Conclusion
The LFCI could be reliably measured by MRI and 3D–CT. The LFCI was associated with both the height and length of LFC and could serve as a comprehensive parameter for quantifying the morphology of LFC in patients with LPD.