bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phase II study of weekly paclitaxel and sorafenib as second/third-line therapy in patients with adrenocortical carcinoma
Authors: Berruti Alfredo , Sperone Paola , Ferrero Anna , Germano Antonina , Ardito Arianna , Priola Adriano Massimiliano , De Francia Silvia , Volante Marco , Daffara Fulvia , Generali Daniele , Leboulleux Sophie , Perotti Paola , Baudin Eric , Papotti Mauro , Terzolo Massimo 
Published: December 2011

BackgroundThere is a strong rationale in the use of antiangiogenic therapy in the management of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). Metronomic administration of chemotherapy and antiangiogenic drugs can be synergistic in targeting endothelial cells.ObjectiveWe assessed the activity of sorafenib plus metronomic paclitaxel as second/third-line therapy in advanced ACC patients. We also tested the activity of sorafenib and paclitaxel against NCI-H295R in vitro.DesignMulticenter, prospective phase II trial.SettingReferral centers for ACC.MethodsTwenty-five consecutive metastatic ACC patients who progressed after mitotane plus one or two chemotherapy lines were planned to be enrolled. The patients received a combination of i.v. paclitaxel (60 mg/m2 every week) and oral sorafenib (400 mg twice a day) till progression. The primary aim was to measure the progression-free survival rate after 4 months and the secondary aims were to assess the objective response rate and toxicity.ResultsTumor progression was observed in nine evaluable patients at the first assessment. These results led to the premature interruption of the trial. The treatment was well tolerated. The most relevant toxicities were fatigue, being grade 2 or 3 in four patients, and hypophosphatemia, being grade 3 in three patients. In the in vitro study, sorafenib impaired the viability of H295R cells with dose–response and time–response relationships. The in vitro sorafenib activity was not increased in combination with paclitaxel.ConclusionsDespite the in vitro activity, sorafenib plus weekly paclitaxel is an inactive salvage treatment in patients with advanced ACC and should not be recommended.
A Systems View of Decision‐Making for Risky Technologies: From Global to Local and Local to Global
Authors: Poetz Anneliese 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe recent disaster at Japan's Fukushima nuclear power generation facility has caused concern on a global scale over the safety of nuclear power. In response to heightened risk perceptions caused by these crises, many stakeholders may find processes for voicing their concerns to be inadequate. For many years, an effective model for decision‐making which includes public input has been needed, a process that meets the needs of diverse stakeholders in a democratic setting. Many studies conclude that stakeholder interactions occur within a complex system, but do not articulate details of this system. This study combined case study with grounded theory methodology and utilized situational analysis. Data were mainly comprised of 30 one‐on‐one interviews with stakeholders involved in the decision‐making processes for the re‐licensing of two nuclear power generation facilities in Ontario, Canada. The purpose of this paper is to present findings from this qualitative study which illuminate the complex interactions between global, national, and local systems, such as the effect of nuclear incidents on global and local risk perceptions. The paper concludes with several recommendations for organizations concerned with protecting public safety.
Classifying Wildfire Risk at the Building Scale in the Wildland‐Urban Interface: Applying Spatial Video Approaches to Los Angeles County
Authors: Burkett Brice , Curtis Andrew 
Published: December 2011

AbstractContinued development in the wildland‐urban interface presents several challenges with regards annual wildfire risk. One of those challenges is how to mitigate against this hazard. This paper will present a method for fine scale data collection that can be used to inform mitigation efforts by identifying spatial patterns of within neighborhood wildfire vulnerability. These visual data are used to develop fire risk classification maps for seven communities in three cities of Los Angeles County. Each of these test locations has been selected in collaboration with the Los Angeles County Fire Department due to the combination of a previous burn history, but no wildfire in the past 20 years. A spatial video system is used to capture aspects of the home which are traditionally thought to increase risk within the ignition zone. The resulting maps not only illustrate risk in association with proximity to vegetation at the border of communities, but also how variation in home vulnerability results in some interior properties being at‐risk to firebrands. The paper describes how spatial video data can be used to enhance current wildfire simulation efforts, especially evacuation scenarios, while an accompanying geonarrative by ride‐along community stakeholders could provide place specific insight on behavior.
Incorporation of Potential Climate Change Impacts into Local Disaster Risk Management in Costa Rica
Authors: Hori Tsuneki , Shaw Rajib 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn recent years, Costa Rica has faced various natural hazards and experienced increasing economic loss from numerous small‐scale local climate events. This growing trend of losses is triggered by, among other factors, global climate change. In order to meet the challenge of reducing local vulnerabilities, it is necessary to incorporate the potential impacts of climate change into DRM planning. The present study identifies opportunities and challenges for improving incorporation of climate change impacts into DRM planning at the local level in Costa Rica by applying a checklist to 17 municipalities. The study found overall unsatisfactory progress in DRM planning at the municipality level. However, results indicated that local governments' experiences and small actions related to climate change, based on their own needs and taken independently of the national policy priorities, are a key element in improving DRM at the local level. This study also identifies four challenges to further improving local level DRM.
Two Patterns of Adipokine and Other Biomarker Dynamics in a Long-Term Weight Loss Intervention
Authors: Blüher Matthias , Rudich Assaf , Klöting Nora , Golan Rachel , Henkin Yaakov , Rubin Eitan , Schwarzfuchs Dan , Gepner Yftach , Stampfer Meir J. , Fiedler Martin , Thiery Joachim , Stumvoll Michael , Shai Iris 
Published: December 2011

OBJECTIVE
Long-term dietary intervention frequently induces a rapid weight decline followed by weight stabilization/regain. Here, we sought to identify adipokine biomarkers that may reflect continued beneficial effects of dieting despite partial weight regain.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We analyzed the dynamics of fasting serum levels of 12 traditional metabolic biomarkers and novel adipokines among 322 participants in the 2-year Dietary Intervention Randomized Controlled Trial (DIRECT) of low-fat, Mediterranean, or low-carbohydrate diets for weight loss.

RESULTS
We identified two distinct patterns: Pattern A includes biomarkers (insulin, triglycerides, leptin, chemerin, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and retinol-binding protein 4) whose dynamics tightly correspond to changes in body weight, with the trend during the weight loss phase (months 0–6) going in the opposite direction to that in the weight maintenance/regain phase (months 7–24) (P &lt; 0.05 between phases, all biomarkers). Pattern B includes biomarkers (high molecular weight adiponectin, HDL cholesterol [HDL-C], high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hsCRP], fetuin-A, progranulin, and vaspin) that displayed a continued, cumulative improvement (P &lt; 0.05 compared with baseline, all biomarkers) throughout the intervention. These patterns were consistent across sex, diabetic groups, and diet groups, although the magnitude of change varied. Hierarchical analysis suggested similar clusters, revealing that the dynamic of leptin (pattern A) was most closely linked to weight change and that the dynamic of hsCRP best typified pattern B.

CONCLUSIONS
hsCRP, HDL-C, adiponectin, fetuin-A, progranulin, and vaspin levels display a continued long-term improvement despite partial weight regain. This may likely reflect either a delayed effect of the initial weight loss or a continuous beneficial response to switching to healthier dietary patterns.
La non-actualité de la guerre
Authors: Goudineau Yves 
Published: December 2011

Résumé L’irruption des guerres, annoncées de longue date ou soudaines, leur déroulement, l’explication des causes, le compte des forces en présence, leurs conclusions, définitives ou provisoires, font l’objet de déclarations, d’enquêtes, d’analyses médiatisées. Puis, plus ou moins vite, laissant la place à d’autres, elles disparaissent de l’actualité du monde, semblent se refermer sur un espace et un temps propres, et sont laissées aux recherches des historiens. Pourtant, la fin d’un conflit, guerre internationale ou guerre civile, pour peu qu’elle puisse être clairement établie, amène rarement le retour à un ordre antérieur. Le plus souvent, les situations de guerre, ou du moins leurs effets, se pérennisent : prolongements de la violence sous d’autres formes, mouvements de population, recompositions sociales, constructions identitaires nouvelles, mutations culturelles... Quand même la guerre n’est plus actuelle au regard d’un certain ordre international, les sociétés continuent de la vivre dans leur être social, dans leurs corps, dans leur mémoire.
Dette de paix, parole de guerre en Mélanésie (Maré, îles Loyauté, Nouvelle-Calédonie)
Authors: Illouz Charles 
Published: December 2011

Résumé L’organisation sociale et territoriale des chefferies de Maré est historiquement établie sur des alliances militaires. L’île fut longtemps secouée par des guerres acharnées qui aboutirent au renversement des anciennes chefferies vers le début du xix e siècle. Elles se poursuivirent dans le contexte colonial d’évangélisation jusqu’au tout début du xx e siècle. Les conditions sociales d’une telle inclination guerrière sont créées par la muette reconnaissance d’une dette qui unit, au cœur de la parenté, un cadet obligé à son aîné. La paix dure tant que la dette n’est pas contestée. « La tenue en respect » des cadets relève alors de magies meurtrières que des dignitaires, seuls qualifiés ce faisant pour prendre la parole, maîtrisent. La guerre donne alors l’occasion aux cadets valeureux et méprisant la mort d’accéder au statut de « grand guerrier ». Libérés de la foi inquiète qui réduit un cadet au silence, ils récusent la dette qui pèse sur eux, pour jouir à leur tour d’une parole souveraine.
La maladie chronique, manifestation d'un mode de vie dans la guerre
Authors: Makdessi-Raynaud Yara 
Published: December 2011

Résumé	Durant les périodes de guerre endémique, l’état de santé des populations tend progressivement à se dégrader. L’article traite un aspect précis de l’état de santé, à savoir le développement des maladies de type chronique et leur lien avec l’état de guerre. L’analyse porte sur la ville de Beyrouth qui a connu une décennie et demie de violences entre 1975 et 1990. Une augmentation des différentes maladies chroniques durant la seconde moitié de la guerre (1983-1992) est constatée dans toutes les générations, et des correspondances se dessinent entre cette évolution et les événements de la guerre. Les discours des personnes rencontrées sur le terrain décrivent la maladie comme une réponse à la situation de violences et de crise sociale et économique. Une réflexion sur la maladie dans la guerre est ici engagée avec pour axes directeurs le vécu dans la guerre et ses effets sur l’individu, et la signification de la maladie chronique dans ce contexte particulier.
Coca et violence : le témoignage du Alto Huallaga au Pérou
Authors: Chamba Franco Valencia , Alvarado J. Ríos , Tourrand Jean-François , Piketty M. G. 
Published: December 2011

Résumé Après la Colombie et avant la Bolivie, le piémont andin péruvien a été façonné par l’alliance entre le narcotrafic et le terrorisme. L’histoire du Alto Huallaga montre comment l’agriculture familiale a basculé à la fin des années soixante-dix dans une production massive de coca, et comment s’est constituée une filière organisant les migrations de paysans depuis la Sierra et de la Costa vers l’Amazonie, pour y être planteurs de coca, et exportant vers le premier monde le produit fini. Cela fut aussi favorisé par la transformation de la guérilla du Sentier lumineux en mouvement terroriste à la solde du narcotrafic et par la forte implication dans le système mafieux de leaders politiques comme du système bancaire national et international. Puis, dans les années quatre-vingt-dix, l’État s’est lancé dans une guerre impitoyable contre le narcotrafic, détruisant plus de 80 % des surfaces de coca. La violence des affrontements a été telle qu’aujourd’hui chaque famille compte des morts, tandis que l’espace est en grande partie déforesté et les terres très dégradées. Pourtant, rien n’est joué, et d’autres cultures illicites ne demandent qu’à remplacer la coca, utilisant des filières similaires.
Le temps comme concept hybride
Authors: Wolff Francis 
Published: December 2011

Résumé Contrairement à ce que l’on soutient souvent, la notion de présent, et par conséquent aussi celles de passé et de futur, ne sont pas subjectives ni dépendantes des conditions de leur énonciation. Elles sont aussi objectives que celles d’antériorité ou de simultanéité. Si le concept de réalité est un prédicat de deuxième ordre, celui de présent est un prédicat de troisième ordre. On en conclut que notre concept de temps est hybride et que notre schème conceptuel nécessite autant le « temps-série » (relation d’ordre entre événements) que le « temps-devenir » (passage du présent au passé).
An Assessment of Re-Directing Breeding Waterfowl Conservation Relative to Predictions of Climate Change
Authors: Loesch Charles R. , Reynolds Ronald E. , Hansen LeRoy T. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has a long history of habitat conservation in the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of the United States that has focused on migratory birds, particularly waterfowl. The ongoing acquisition program of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Wildlife Refuge System has conserved approximately 1.1 million hectares of critical breeding waterfowl habitat. Results of recent predicted future climate scenarios are being used to suggest that waterfowl conservation be shifted away from currently important areas in the western and central portions of the U.S. PPR eastward, to locations where wetland and climate models suggest may become more conducive for providing wetland habitat for breeding ducks in the future. We used 24 years of breeding waterfowl and wetland monitoring data collected by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Wildlife Refuge System in the PPR of North and South Dakota and northeast Montana, along with land value and restoration cost data to conduct an economic assessment of the biological risk of refocusing waterfowl conservation efforts eastward due to recent projections of climate change. We considered the immediate risk of the loss of existing wetland and grassland resources in the western portion of the U.S. PPR, their current carrying capacity and production potential, the financial cost of protection vs. restoration relative to current conservation priorities, and the uncertainty of climate change effects on waterfowl habitat distribution. Because unprotected wetland and grassland habitats exist in the western and central portions of the PPR that are important for maintaining current waterfowl carrying capacity and productivity, and climate change effects are highly uncertain, maintaining the current focus of habitat protection appears to be the most cost effective approach for waterfowl habitat conservation efforts. Additionally, continued intensive monitoring activities designed to detect changing waterfowl populations and upland and wetland habitat as they relate to anthropogenic impacts (e.g., pattern tile drainage, grassland conversion) and climatic changes (e.g., wetland hydro-period), should provide more precise results to inform and adapt management and conservation activities accordingly should spatial and temporal changes in wet-dry cycles occur in the future.
Hydrocyanation of Alkenes and Alkynes
Authors: Rajanbabu T. V. (Babu) 
Published: December 2011

AbstractHydrogen cyanide is an abundantly available feedstock that is useful for the synthesis of organonitrile intermediates, which serve as precursors for amines, amides, isocyanates, carboxylic acid, and esters. Many of these compounds are used in the manufacture of polymers, agrichemicals, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Hydrogen cyanide itself is relatively unreactive, but in the presence of a catalyst HCN adds to carbonyl compounds, alkenes, and alkynes offering a direct and economical way to such organonitrile intermediates.This chapter focuses primarily on the metal‐catalyzed hydrocyanation of alkenes or alkynes. Acetone cyanohydrin and trimethylsilyl cyanide (TMSCN), both commercially available reagents, can be used for thein‐situgeneration of HCN. In some transition‐metal catalyzed additions, TMSCN acts as a surrogate for HCN, giving products where the TMS group replaces the hydrogen. Preparatively, these reagents provide some advantages since the handling of toxic HCN is avoided. Reactions of these reagents are included here under appropriate substrate and direct comparison of yield and selectivity can be made.
Intermolecular C–H Insertions of Carbenoids
Authors: Davies Huw M. L. , Pelphrey Phillip M. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe metal‐catalyzed reactions of diazo compounds have broad utility in organic synthesis. The resulting high‐energy metal carbenoid intermediates are capable of a range of useful transformations, including cyclopropanation, ylide formation, and C‐H insertion.The intermolecular C‐H insertion by metal carbenoids is the most versatile reaction to date for stereoselective C‐H functionalization. This chapter covers the historical background of C‐H insertions and describes how the utilization of new catalysts and more stabilized carbenoids has resulted in major advances in the field. Now that highly diastereoselective and enantioselective C‐H functionalization can be achieved, the method can be effectively applied to the synthesis of pharmaceutical agents and natural products. This chapter focuses exclusively on intermolecular C‐H insertions of metal carbenoids in sp3‐hybridized C‐H bonds. The carbenoids can be classified into three major classes: 1, acceptor‐substituted carbenoids; 2, acceptor/acceptor‐substituted carbenoids; and 3, donor/acceptor‐substituted carbenoids
Oxygen Surface Exchange at Grain Boundaries of Oxide Ion Conductors
Authors: Lee Wonyoung , Jung Hee Joon , Lee Min Hwan , Kim Young‐Beom , Park Joong Sun , Sinclair Robert , Prinz Fritz B. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe role of grain boundaries on oxygen surface exchange in an oxide ion conductor is reported. Atomic‐scale characterization of the microstructure and chemical composition near the grain boundaries of gadolinia‐doped ceria (GDC) thin films show the segregation of dopants and oxygen vacancies along the grain boundaries using the energy dispersive spectroscopy in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM‐EDS). Kelvin probe microscopy is employed to verify the charge distribution near grain boundaries and shows that the grain boundary is positively charged, indicating a high concentration of oxygen vacancies. AC impedance spectroscopy on polycrystalline GDC membranes with thin interfacial layers with different grain boundary densities at the cathodes demonstrated that the cells with higher grain boundary density result in lower electrode impedance and higher exchange current density. These experimental evidences clearly show that grain boundaries on the surface provide preferential reaction sites for facilitated oxygen incorporation into the GDC electrolyte.
Synthesis, characterization, and enzymatic degradation of starch‐grafted poly(methyl methacrylate) copolymer films
Authors: Li Mei‐Chun , Lee Jae Kwang , Cho Ur Ryong 
Published: December 2011

AbstractGraft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) onto the corn starch (CS) backbone was carried out in an aqueous medium using ceric ammonium nitrate as an initiator under nitrogen atmosphere. The weight ratio of CS/MMA varied with their composition, as 7/3, 6/4, 5/5, 4/6, and 3/7 were used in this study of the graft efficiency and graft percentage (GP); thus, five different GP CS‐g‐PMMA copolymers were obtained. The molecular weight of CS‐g‐PMMA copolymers were measured by using gel permeation chromatography. The structure of CS and CS‐g‐PMMA copolymer were confirmed by infrared spectra. CS and CS‐g‐PMMA copolymers were characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Horowitz‐Metzger and Broido methods were applied to investigate the thermal decomposition kinetics of CS‐g‐PMMA copolymers. The effect of GP on the activation energy of decomposition, crystallization behavior, and morphology was investigated. In addition, the biodegradability of CS‐g‐PMMA films were also studied by α‐amylase treatment with different times. The weight loss of CS‐g‐PMMA films after α‐amylase treatment were calculated. Finally, the morphology of CS‐g‐PMMA films before and after α‐amylase treatment were observed by SEM photograph. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Dynamic mechanical properties and structure of in situ cured polyurethane/hydrogenated nitrile rubber compounds: Effect of carbon black type
Authors: Šebenik Urška , Karger‐Kocsis József , Krajnc Matjaž , Thomann Ralf 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA peroxide‐curable hydrogenated nitrile rubber (HNBR) was modified by in situ crosslinked polyurethane (PU) in a 1 : 1 weight ratio. PU was formed from solid PU precursors, polyester polyol, and blocked polyisocyanate incorporated in the HNBR during the curing of the latter. HNBR/PU blends containing carbon black (CB) of different types (N234, N330, and N550) were prepared in this work. Thirty parts of CB per hundred parts of polymer matrix (HNBR and PU) were used. The curing of PU was followed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Information of the phase structure was derived from DSC and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) tests. DMA results suggested that a quasi‐interpenetrating network structure developed in the HNBR/PU blend. This was confirmed also by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy inspections. The partition of CB between the PU and HNBR was assessed by TEM. It was established that CB was exclusively located in the HNBR phase. CB N234 proved to be more efficient reinforcement than N330 and N550. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012