bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptation to Climate Change in Regional Australia: A Decision‐Making Framework for Modelling Policy for Rural Production
Authors: Sposito Victor , Benke Kurt , Pelizaro Claudia , Wyatt Ray 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA decision‐making framework was developed and applied in regional Australia to identify adaptation issues arising in agricultural systems and rural production as a consequence of climate change. Australian agriculture is very susceptible to the adverse impacts of climate change, with major shifts in temperature and rainfall projected. An advantage of the framework is that it provides a suite of tools to aid in the formulation of strategies for sustainable regional development and adaptation. The decision‐making framework uses a participatory approach that integrates land suitability analysis with uncertainty analysis and spatial optimisation to determine optimal agricultural land use (at a regional scale) for current and possible future climatic conditions. It thus provides a robust analytic approach to (i) recognise regions under threat of productivity declines, (ii) identify alternative cropping systems better adapted to likely future climatic conditions and (iii) investigate policy actions to improve the sub‐optimal situations created by climate change. The decision‐making framework and its methods were applied in a case study of the South West Region of Victoria.
Practice and Economic Geography
Authors: Jones Andrew , Murphy James T. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractEconomic geography has over the last decade become increasingly interested in the role of practice, conceptualised as the regularised or stabilised social actions through which economic agents organize or coordinate production, marketing, service provision, exchange and/or innovation activities. Interest in practice is most clearly manifest in a growing body of research concerned to conceptualise how the regularized social relations and interactions linking economic actors (e.g. entrepreneurs, firms) shape the nature of economies, industries, and regional development processes. However, an emphasis on social practice faces significant challenges in that it lacks conceptual coherence, a clear methodological approach, and relevance for public policy. This article critically assesses the idea that practice‐oriented research might or should become a core conceptual or epistemological approach in economic geography. In doing so, we identify at least four distinct strands to economic geographical interest in practice: studies centred on institutions, social relations, governmentality and alternative economies respectively. We then argue however that this shift towards practice‐oriented work is less a coherent turn than a development and diversification of longstanding strands of work within the sub‐discipline.
Geographies of Corporate Decision‐Making and Control: Development, Applications, and Future Directions in Headquarters Location Research
Authors: Rice Murray D. , Lyons Donald I. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis article surveys the body of investigation related to the location of headquarters and other elite corporate decision‐making activities, a research field known as quaternary location studies. The discussion includes four main sections following an introduction. The first reviews the initial development of headquarters location research from the early 20th century to 1980. The second section discusses contemporary developments and criticisms of the field that have diversified the field beyond its early focus on large‐firm headquarters alone to examine the geography of all activities related to corporate decision making. We posit that incorporation of rapidly growing firms in quaternary research is a key element of this diversification. The third section examines the possibilities for further headquarters location research by making a connection between decision‐making location and the literature of techno‐economic paradigms. The article concludes by summarizing the current state of the field, and argues that a continued diversification of research interests and perspectives is vital to the advancement of quaternary location studies as an important contributor to improved corporate strategies and more effective public policy.
Desirable Difference: The Shadow of Racial Stereotypes in Creating Transracial Families through Transnational Adoption
Authors: Kubo Kazuyo 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe article analyzes how parents decide to adopt a child transnationally by detailing how the meaning of race is articulated in the formation of family. Drawing from my interviews with adoptive parents, I examine how they internalize ideas about different racial groups. For example, I investigate how what they have learned from the adoption agencies, their own perceptions of racial stereotypes, and their perceptions of the communities in which they reside influence their understanding of race. The article suggests that adoptive parents, when considering whether to adopt children from the U.S. or overseas, use a criteria dictated by racial stereotypes in understanding Asian Americans as the model minority, African‐Americans as a deficient group, and Latinos occupying an intermediary position.
The Herman–Chomsky Propaganda Model: A Critical Approach to Analysing Mass Media Behaviour
Authors: Mullen Andrew , Klaehn Jeffery 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe Propaganda Model (PM), developed by Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky and published in Manufacturing Consent in 1988, sought to explain the behaviour of the mass media in the United States. Analysing the function, operation and effects of the media are essential to any understanding of contemporary societies and the article begins by sketching out the contours of the liberal‐pluralist vs. critical‐Marxist debate about the role of the media. The article then presents an overview of the PM, locates it within the field of media and communication studies, considers its reception, discusses a number of complementary methodological and theoretical approaches, and argues that the PM, more than 20 years after its formulation, continues to provide an invaluable tool for understanding the media within contemporary capitalist societies.
Dementia and Dementia Care: The Contributions of a Psychosocial Perspective
Authors: Harris Phyllis B. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe social sciences have and continue to play a unique role in the study of dementia and dementia care. For central to the social sciences, particularly the discipline of sociology is a history of critical inquiry that challenges long held societal assumptions, a concern for issues of social justice, social exclusion and the treatment of marginalized populations. All significant areas to consider when caring for a person with dementia. This chapter will trace the development of the study of dementia and dementia care starting with its biomedical roots, examine the contributions of the social sciences in furthering the conceptual development of the field, and suggest future areas where sociologists can play a critical role in the provision of quality dementia care.
Eino Kaila's Political Views: A Comment on Sven Ove Hansson's “A History ofTheoria”
Authors: MANNINEN JUHA , STRANG JOHAN 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis comment on Sven Ove Hansson's article on the history of the journalTheoriaelaborates and corrects Hansson's characterisation of the political standpoint of the Finnish philosopher Eino Kaila as “sympathetic towards the German regime”. Although not an easy question, particularly considering Kaila's unfortunate publications during the Second World War, it is argued that the characterisation is plainly wrong if it refers to the mid‐1930s.
Lag screw fixation of dorsal cortical stress fractures of the third metacarpal bone in 116 racehorses
Authors: JALIM S. L. , McILWRAITH C. W. , GOODMAN N. L. , ANDERSON G. A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:The effectiveness and best method to manage dorsal cortical stress fractures is not clear. This study was performed to evaluate the success of lag screw fixation of such fractures in a population of Thoroughbred racehorses.Hypothesis:Lag screw fixation of dorsal cortical stress fractures is an effective surgical procedure allowing racehorses to return to their preoperative level of performance.Methods:The records of 116 racehorses (103 Thoroughbreds) admitted to Equine Medical Centre, California between 1986 and 2008 were assessed. Information obtained from medical records included subject details, limb(s) affected, fracture configuration, length of screw used in repair and presence of concurrent surgical procedures performed. Racing performance was evaluated relative to these factors using Fisher's exact test and nonparametric methods with a level of significance of P<0.05.Results:Of 92 Thoroughbred horses, 83% raced preoperatively and 83% raced post operatively, with 63% having ≥5 starts. There was no statistically significant association between age, gender, limb affected, fracture configuration or presence of concurrent surgery and likelihood of racing post operatively or of having 5 or more starts. The mean earnings per start and the performance index for the 3 races following surgery were lower compared to the 3 races prior to surgery; however, 29 and 45% of horses either improved or did not change their earnings per start and performance index, respectively.Conclusions and potential relevance:Data show that lag screw fixation is successful at restoring ability to race in horses suffering from dorsal cortical stress fractures.
Frictional Characteristics of Atomically Thin Sheets
Authors: Lee Changgu , Li Qunyang , Kalb William , Liu Xin-Zhou , Berger Helmuth , Carpick Robert W. , Hone James 
Published: April 2010

Thin FrictionThe rubbing motion between two surfaces is always hindered by friction, which is caused by continuous contacting and attraction between the surfaces. These interactions may only occur over a distance of a few nanometers, but what happens when the interacting materials are only that thick?Leeet al.(p.76; see the Perspective byMüser and Shakhvorostov) explored the frictional properties of a silicon tip in contact with four atomically thin quasi–two dimensional materials with different electrical properties. For all the materials, the friction was seen to increase as the thickness of the film decreased, both for flakes supported by substrates and for regions placed above holes that formed freely suspended membranes. Placing graphene on mica, to which it strongly adheres, suppressed this trend. For these thin, weakly adhered films, out-of-plane buckling is likely to dominate the frictional response, which leads to this universal behavior.
Highly Persistent and Effective Prime/Boost Regimens against Tuberculosis That Use a Multivalent Modified Vaccine Virus Ankara-Based Tuberculosis Vaccine with Interleukin-15 as a Molecular Adjuvant
Authors: Kolibab Kristopher , Yang Amy , Derrick Steven C. , Waldmann Thomas A. , Perera Liyanage P. , Morris Sheldon L. 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT

Novel immunization strategies are needed to enhance the global control of tuberculosis (TB). In this study, we assessed the immunizing activity of a recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) construct (MVA/IL-15/5Mtb) which overexpresses five
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
antigens (antigen 85A, antigen 85B, ESAT6, HSP60, and Mtb39), as well as the molecular adjuvant interleukin-15 (IL-15). Homologous prime/boost studies showed that the MVA/IL-15/5Mtb vaccine induced moderate but highly persistent protective immune responses for at least 16 months after the initial vaccination and that the interval between the prime and boost did not significantly alter vaccine-induced antituberculosis protective immunity. At 16 months, when the
Mycobacterium bovis
BCG and MVA/IL-15/5Mtb vaccine-induced protection was essentially equivalent, the protective responses after a tuberculous challenge were associated with elevated levels of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), IL-17F, Cxcl9, and Cxcl10. To amplify the immunizing potential of the MVA/IL-15/5Mtb vaccine, a heterologous prime/boost regimen was tested using an ESAT6-antigen 85B (E6-85) fusion protein formulated in dimethyldiotacylammonium bromide/monophosphoryl lipid A (DDA/MPL) adjuvant as the priming vaccine and the MVA/IL-15/5Mtb recombinant virus as the boosting agent. When MVA/IL-15/5Mtb vaccine boosting was done at 2 or 6 months following the final fusion protein injections, the prime/boost regimen evoked protective responses against an aerogenic
M. tuberculosis
challenge which was equivalent to that induced by BCG immunization. Long-term memory after immunization with the E6-85-MVA/IL-15/5Mtb combination regimen was associated with the induction of monofunctional CD4 and CD8 IFN-γ-producing T cells and multifunctional CD4 and CD8 T cells expressing IFN-γ/tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), TNF-α/IL-2, and IFN-γ/TNF-α/IL-2. In contrast, BCG-induced protection was characterized by fewer CD4 and CD8 monofunctional T cells expressing IFN-γ and only IFN-γ/TNF-α and IFN-γ/TNF-α/IL-2 expressing multifunctional T (MFT) cells. Taken together, these results suggest that a heterologous prime/boost protocol using an MVA-based tuberculosis vaccines to boost after priming with TB protein/adjuvant preparations should be considered when designing long-lived TB immunization strategies.
Detection of Latin American Strains of
Histoplasma
in a Murine Model by Use of a Commercially Available Antigen Test
Authors: Allton David R. , Rivard Robert G. , Connolly Patricia A. , McCall Suzanne , Durkin Michelle M. , Boyd Tonya M. , Flanagan Joseph P. , Wheat L. Joseph , Hospenthal Duane R. 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT

During a
Histoplasma
outbreak in a colony of fruit bats at a southern United States zoo, it was observed that although
Histoplasma
was recovered in culture from multiple sites at necropsy, none of the samples collected from those bats tested positive for
Histoplasma
antigen (HAg). Five of the
Histoplasma
isolates from the bats were subsequently identified as Latin American (LA) clade A, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) class 6. These observations raised concern as to whether the commercially available HAg test could detect
Histoplasma
antigen not of the North American clade upon which the HAg test had been developed. To evaluate this concern, a murine model of disseminated histoplasmosis was established, and mice were infected with multiple LA
Histoplasma
isolates, including clinical isolates recovered from Brazilian AIDS patients (RFLP class 5 and class 6) and isolates recovered from the bats during the outbreak (RFLP class 6).
Histoplasma
antigen was detected in all infected mice in our experiments, even when
Histoplasma
was not recovered in culture. Because the currently available HAg test is able to detect
Histoplasma
antigen in mice infected with Latin American isolates, this suggests that bat host factors rather than differences among
Histoplasma
RFLP classes were responsible for the inability to detect HAg in infected bats.
Positive Deamidated Gliadin Peptide Antibodies and Negative Tissue Transglutaminase IgA Antibodies in a Pediatric Population: To Biopsy or Not To Biopsy
Authors: Parizade Miriam , Shainberg Bracha 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT
Reports from our clinical laboratory database show that 75% of children <2 years old tested for celiac serology who were found positive for deamidated gliadin peptide (DGP) antibodies had negative results for tissue transglutaminase IgA. DGP levels were shown to decline and disappear without a gluten-free diet. This observation questions DGP's specificity for diagnosis of celiac disease.
Synergic Effect of Genotype Changes in Pertussis Toxin and Pertactin on Adaptation to an Acellular Pertussis Vaccine in the Murine Intranasal Challenge Model
Authors: Komatsu Eiji , Yamaguchi Fuminori , Abe Akio , Weiss Alison A. , Watanabe Mineo 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT

The
Bordetella pertussis
pertussis toxin and pertactin (Prn) are protective antigens and are contained in acellular pertussis vaccines. Polymorphisms in the A subunit of pertussis toxin (PtxA) and pertactin have been proposed to mediate vaccine resistance and contribute to pertussis reemergence. To test this hypothesis, previous studies compared clinical isolates expressing different alleles for the proteins. However, other virulence factors or virulence factor expression levels also may vary, confounding the analysis. To overcome these limitations, we constructed isogenic mutants of
B. pertussis
Tohama expressing the alleles
ptxA1
or
ptxA2
and
prn1
or
prn2
and compared the efficacies of an acellular pertussis vaccine against the mutants in a mouse model. While the vaccine was effective against all of the
B. pertussis
strains regardless of the allele expression pattern, the strain expressing
ptxA1
and
prn2
displayed a survival advantage over the other strains. These results suggest that an allele shift to the
ptxA1 prn2
genotype may play a role in the emergence of pertussis in vaccinated populations.
Multicenter Evaluation of a New Shortened Peptide Nucleic Acid Fluorescence
I
n
S
itu
Hybridization Procedure for Species Identification of Select Gram-Negative Bacilli from Blood Cultures
Authors: Morgan Margie , Marlowe Elizabeth , Della-Latta Phyllis , Salimnia Hossein , Novak-Weekley Susan , Wu Fann , Crystal Benjamin S. 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT

A shortened protocol for two peptide nucleic acid fluorescence
in situ
hybridization (PNA FISH) assays for the detection of Gram-negative bacilli from positive blood cultures was evaluated in a multicenter trial. There was 100% concordance between the two protocols for each assay (368 of 368 and 370 of 370 results) and 99.7% (367 of 368 and 369 of 370 results) agreement with routine laboratory techniques.
Legionella feeleii
Serotype 2 Pneumonia in a Man with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: a Challenging Diagnosis
Authors: Siegel Marc O. , Fedorko Daniel P. , Drake Steven K. , Calhoun Leslie B. , Holland Steven M. 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT

Legionella feeleii
has rarely been reported as causing pneumonia in patients with hematologic malignancies. We present a case of
Legionella feeleii
serotype 2 pneumonia with empyema in a man with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and describe the methods of identifying this organism using both standard methods and newer diagnostic techniques.
False-Positive IgM Serology in Coccidioidomycosis
Authors: Kuberski Tim , Herrig Judith , Pappagianis D. 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT
The clinical observation has been made that there might be an unacceptable number of false-positive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) test results for IgM among persons suspected of having coccidioidomycosis. Patients with a positive result for IgM by EIA are thought to have a diagnosis of acute coccidioidomycosis. However, this study found that 82% of patients with an IgM-positive and IgG-negative EIA result did not have coccidioidomycosis.
Viral Entry Inhibitors Targeted to the Membrane Site of Action
Authors: Porotto Matteo , Yokoyama Christine C. , Palermo Laura M. , Mungall Bruce , Aljofan Mohamad , Cortese Riccardo , Pessi Antonello , Moscona Anne 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT
The fusion of enveloped viruses with the host cell is driven by specialized fusion proteins to initiate infection. The “class I” fusion proteins harbor two regions, typically two heptad repeat (HR) domains, which are central to the complex conformational changes leading to fusion: the first heptad repeat (HRN) is adjacent to the fusion peptide, while the second (HRC) immediately precedes the transmembrane domain. Peptides derived from the HR regions can inhibit fusion, and one HR peptide, T20 (enfuvirtide), is in clinical use for HIV-1. For paramyxoviruses, the activities of two membrane proteins, the receptor-binding protein (hemagglutinin-neuraminidase [HN] or G) and the fusion protein (F), initiate viral entry. The binding of HN or G to its receptor on a target cell triggers the activation of F, which then inserts into the target cell and mediates the membrane fusion that initiates infection. We have shown that for paramyxoviruses, the inhibitory efficacy of HR peptides is inversely proportional to the rate of F activation. For HIV-1, the antiviral potency of an HRC-derived peptide can be dramatically increased by targeting it to the membrane microdomains where fusion occurs, via the addition of a cholesterol group. We report here that for three paramyxoviruses—human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3), a major cause of lower respiratory tract diseases in infants, and the emerging zoonotic viruses Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV), which cause lethal central nervous system diseases—the addition of cholesterol to a paramyxovirus HRC-derived peptide increased antiviral potency by 2 log units. Our data suggest that this enhanced activity is indeed the result of the targeting of the peptide to the plasma membrane, where fusion occurs. The cholesterol-tagged peptides on the cell surface create a protective antiviral shield, target the F protein directly at its site of action, and expand the potential utility of inhibitory peptides for paramyxoviruses.
Interplay of RNA Elements in the Dengue Virus 5′ and 3′ Ends Required for Viral RNA Replication
Authors: Friebe Peter , Harris Eva 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACTDengue virus(DENV) is a member of theFlavivirusgenus of positive-sense RNA viruses. DENV RNA replication requires cyclization of the viral genome mediated by two pairs of complementary sequences in the 5′ and 3′ ends, designated 5′ and 3′ cyclization sequences (5′-3′ CS) and the 5′ and 3′ upstream of AUG region (5′-3′ UAR). Here, we demonstrate that another stretch of six nucleotides in the 5′ end is involved in DENV replication and possibly genome cyclization. This new sequence is located downstream of the AUG, designated the 5′ downstream AUG region (5′ DAR); the motif predicted to be complementary in the 3′ end is termed the 3′ DAR. In addition to the UAR, CS and DAR motifs, two other RNA elements are located at the 5′ end of the viral RNA: the 5′ stem-loop A (5′ SLA) interacts with the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and promotes RNA synthesis, and a stem-loop in the coding region named cHP is involved in translation start site selection as well as RNA replication. We analyzed the interplay of these 5′ RNA elements in relation to RNA replication, and our data indicate that two separate functional units are formed; one consists of the SLA, and the other includes the UAR, DAR, cHP, and CS elements. The SLA must be located at the 5′ end of the genome, whereas the position of the second unit is more flexible. We also show that the UAR, DAR, cHP, and CS must act in concert and therefore likely function together to form the tertiary RNA structure of the circularized DENV genome.