bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The condensate polishing performance of powdered ion‐exchange resins
Authors: Bull Patrick S. , Evans John V. , Nicholson Frank D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe coating properties and ion‐exchange performance of powdered ion‐exchange resins were examined in a small test facility. Satisfactory resin coatings were obtained with cation : anion resin ratios in the range 1 : 1 to 3 : 1, but a 9 : 1 resin ratio resulted in a high pressure drop across the coating. The “settled resin volume” proved to be a reliable guide to the coating performance of resin slurries. The ion‐exchange capacity of the cation resin increased from 2.5 to 2.8 equiv./kg as the sodium concentration in the influent decreased from 49 to 0.5 mg 1−1. Within the ranges examined, resin ratio, resin loading and flowrate had no significant effect on cation capacity. The ion‐exchange capacity of the anion resin for chloride ions was 2.2 to 2.3 equiv/kg at ambient temperature but exposure of the resin for four days at 80 °C reduced the capacity to 1.6 equiv./kg; four days at 90 °C reduced the capacity to less than 1 equiv./kg. The thermal stability of the powdered anion resin was markedly less than that quoted elsewhere for anion bead resin. The stability of the floc was also investigated.
Kinetics of sintering of unsupported platinum catalyst in nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen atmospheres
Authors: Hassan Salah A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe sintering of platinum black catalyst in different atmospheres, namely, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen was studied in the temperature range 300‐600 °C.The rate of sintering was found to differ in different atmospheres; it is the least in oxygen, whereas in nitrogen the sintering seems to be much facilitated and in hydrogen the rapid de‐activation becomes much more pronounced.Analysis of the kinetic results showed that the sintering process follows the first order equation in nitrogen and in vacuo, and follows the second order equation in oxygen and hydrogen atmospheres.The activation energy of the sintering process, calculated from the Arrhenius equation, was found to be 2.9, 3.7 and 13 k cal/mol in hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen respectively, as obtained from the activity measurements, and 3, 3.5 and 12.5 respectively, as obtained from the surface measurements. An interpretation was given for the high activation energy of sintering in nitrogen in view of compound formation on the surface.
Studies on bitumen production from North Rumaila crude oil
Authors: Tripathi Raghunath P. , Bahl Jogindar S. , Purohit Ramesh C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the present investigation, the effect of three process variables viz., air rate, temperature and time of oxidation has been studied to determine the possibility of making paving bitumens from North Rumaila Crude Oil. In order to have flexibility in the choice of proper feedstock for bitumen production, the effect of these process parameters was studied on three different vacuum residues. Air rate and temperature of oxidation were optimised to produce a bitumen product having less temperature susceptibility. The composition studies of typical feeds and oxidised products indicate that mainly “saturates” components get converted to “asphaltics” on air blowing.
Disinfection by electrohydraulic discharges
Authors: Stirling Robert , Bettelheim Karl A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMany sterilisation techniques are available which rely on physical chemical processes, the final choice being dictated by the particular application. The electrohydraulic discharge technique was investigated with the aim of optimising bacterial inactivation in a variety of aqueous fluids. Discharges were produced between two submerged electrodes by the rapid release of electrical energy stored in a capacitor. Variations in optical density of the fluid undergoing treatment greatly influenced the degree of cellular inactivation and it is postulated that U.V. radiation from the discharge is the principal bactericidal agent.
Thermal decomposition, structural changes and surface properties of chromium oxide gel
Authors: Mikhail R. Sh. , Selim S. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStructural and phase changes of a prepared sample of chromium oxide gel were explored by differential thermal analysis and X‐ray diffraction analysis. Dehydration products were obtained at various temperatures up to 740 °C, by heating in air for 3 hours. Samples obtained by heating below 320 °C were amorphous to X‐rays whereas those obtained at 320 °C, and between 320 and 510°C proved to be a mixture of α‐ and γ‐Cr2O3. However, at temperatures above 510 °C, only one form, the stable α‐Cr2O3 exists. The glow phenomenon is attributed to the presence of excess oxygen, resulting from the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III), just prior to the conversion of the amorphous gel to the crystalline γ‐Cr2O3, which is accompanied by a release of energy.Surface area measurements were carried out by cyclohexane, methanol and water adsorption at 35 °C, and the areas were compared with those measured by nitrogen at liquid nitrogen temperature.Pore structure analysis for both micro‐ and mesopores were carried out. The low temperature samples are characterised by the presence of both types of pores, with the micropore fraction predominating acquiring thus the property of molecular sieves; the pores being accessible to water and nitrogen but not to cyclohexane or methanol. At temperatures above 320 °C, the microporosity collapses with the production of a heterogeneous assembly of mesopores. In the mean time the surface changes to be hydrophobic in nature; accordingly it cannot be measured from water adsorption.
Flocculating agnets derived from kraft lignin
Authors: McKague A. Bruce 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Mannich reaction product, a dihydrooxazine and a quaternary ammonium salt were prepared in high yield from the model compound 4‐propylguaiacol. When these reactions were extended to the purified kraft lignin, Indulin AT, products were obtained which could remove up to 95% of the colour from kraft whole mill effluent. Flocculation with the lignin derivatives was more efficient at low pH. These materials were less efficient for colour removal than aluminum sulphate.
Activation energy and other thermodynamic parameters for the diffusion of surfactant cations through a sodium bentonite membrane
Authors: Srivastava Suresh K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe diffusion of surfactants, cetyl pyridinium bromide, dodecyl pyridinium bromide and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide through sodium bentonite membrane has been measured. It has been found to take place via exchange sites of the membrane and the permeability decreases with increase in size of the cation. The energy and entropy of activation, enthalpy and free energy change of the process have been calculated and the permeability has been explained in terms of these thermodynamic parameters.
Reactions of benzene and ammonia in a continuous‐flow microwave discharge reactor
Authors: Brooks Brian W. , Spearot Rebecca M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGaseous mixtures of benzene and ammonia have been passed through a continuous‐flow microwave discharge reactor. The principal reaction products were hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen, nitrogen and acetylene. Aniline and butadiene were produced in smaller amounts. At a pressure of 4 × 10−2 bar, no reaction occurred unless the molar ratio of ammonia to benzene exceeded 1 : 1. At 9.3 × 10 −2 bar, no reaction occurred unless the reactant ratio exceeded 2:1. The presence of nickel wire affected the distribution of reaction products. The conversions of benzene were less than those which had previously been found in pure benzene. The maximum conversions of ammonia were much higher than the conversions obtained in pure ammonia. The consumption of both benzene and ammonia were found to be zero order rate processes. The consumption rates of the reactants varied linearly with power absorption in the reactor.
The nature of pseudoboehmite and its role in the crystallisation of amorphous aluminium hydroxide
Authors: Bye G. C. , Robinson J. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPseudoboehmite samples were prepared by ageing the amorphous hydroxide obtained by the hydrolysis of aluminium s‐butoxide using water or aqueous ethanol. Further ageing resulted in the formation of a mixture of crystalline trihydroxides. The two re‐crystallisation stages are accompanied by similar but opposite changes in the volume of the aqueous suspension but pseudoboehmite can only be identified by X‐ray diffraction in a separated xerogel. Crystallinity of the latter was shown to be enhanced by preparation in 80% ethanol but at concentrations providing only a little more than the water needed for hydrolysis of the alkoxide a new modification of pseudoboehmite was observed.X‐ray line broadening and displacement indicated that it possessed an even greater degree of lattice strain than exists in the common form. The composition and specific surface of a number of pseudoboehmite xerogels suggest that the major part of the water, in excess of that in the basic structures AlOOH, is present in a surface monolayer with a minor amount responsible for lattice strain.
A study of asphalt‐aggregate interactions using inverse gas‐liquid chromatography
Authors: Barbour F. Alan , Barbour Richard V. , Peterson J. Claine 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAggregate surfaces were shown to interact strongly with many i.g.l.c. test compounds having chemical functional groups similar to those believed present in asphalt.Asphalt refers to the binder in road mixes. In many countries the binder is referred to as bitumen.
I.g.l.c. and infra‐red spectroscopy showed that fractions in the asphalt containing the more polar functional groups exhibited the stronger interaction with the aggregate surface. Asphaltenes separated by pentane show a reduced interaction of polar groups with the aggregate, probably because of agglomeration of the asphaltene molecules. Oxidation of the asphalt fractions produced polar functional groups which interacted strongly with aggregate surfaces. Aggregate surfaces were found to catalyse the oxidation of the more non‐polar fractions. Their catalytic effect on the more polar fractions is unknown. Of the two aggregates tested, limestone was found to interact more strongly than quartzite with the asphalt fractions, although quartzite was a more effective oxidation catalyst for the more non‐polar fractions. Carboxylic acids were found to be a major component formed on oxidation that is strongly adsorbed on the limestone surface.
The fermentative production of gentamicins by Micromonospora purpurea
Authors: Abou‐Zeid Abou‐Zeid A. , El‐Wahab Abd , Eissa I. , Salem Hassan M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFor fermentative production of gentamicins by Micromonospora purpurea it was necessary to adjust the initial pH value of the medium to 7.0–7.5. Glucose was the preferred carbon source. The production of gentamicins was performed in two steps. The first step was to grow the microbial cells and the second step was to inoculate the fermentation medium with the growing cell culture (6.0% v/v). The organism produced more antibiotic with organic nitrogen sources than with inorganic nitrogen source.Fodder yeast (50 and 40% total nitrogen) was a good nitrogen source both for microbial growth and the antibiotic production. The suitable concentrations of fodder yeast (50 and 40%) were 2 and 6 g/1 respectively.
The preparation of an immobilised glucose isomerase II. Immobilisation and properties of the immobilised enzyme
Authors: Kent C. A. , Emery A. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGlucose isomerase ex Lactobacillus brevis was successfully immobilised on microcrystalline cellulose, using the transition metal‐link method. Immobilisation could be performed over a pH range of 5 to 9, and usually resulted in an apparent specific activity increase.The immobilised glucose isomerase generally displayed properties similar to those of the soluble enzyme, with the exception of the following differences:

a pH optimum at pH = 6, an acid shift of 0.5 units on immobilisation;
an optimum reaction temperature at 50 °C, lower than that for the soluble enzyme;
on incubation at 4 °C, a retention of 53% of the initial specific activity, when stored in 0.02 M, pH = 7, Tris buffer, after 8 weeks, compared with an apparent activation of the soluble enzyme after 10 and 19 weeks' storage.
Storage properties of the immobilised enzyme at 4 °C in Tris were apparently improved by the presence of Mn++ and Co++, although associated with some protein release. Storage at 4 °C in water alone, as opposed to Tris, resulted in a more rapid activity loss.
The kinetics of anaerobic digestion of farm wastes
Authors: Hobson Peter N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe conversion of animal excreta and similar feedstocks to biogas in single‐stage, continuous‐flow anaerobic digesters running in steady‐state conditions can be described in terms of undegradable material and hydrolysis and fermentation of two solid components plus conversion of acid and hydrogen plus carbon dioxide to methane. These reactions, while linked in provision of substrates for the different bacterial groups, can be regarded as separate continuous‐cultures, each with one limiting substrate, but with nitrogen in excess. The substrate utilisations can then be described by simple kinetic equations applicable to bacterial growth in pure‐culture chemostats. The degradation of solids is the overall rate‐limiting reaction and the use of two biodegradable solids, distinguished more by particle size than by chemical composition, explains some apparent anomalies in solids degradation and gas production at different retention times. While the general principles apply to any waste, the values of constants used in the equations depend on the solids in a particular feedstock. Temperature effects on digestion are explained by using a recently‐suggested formula for modification of the maximum growth rates of the bacteria with temperature. This distinguishes between mesophilic and thermophilic digestions. Inhibitory effects of ammonia and high input solids concentrations can also be described by modification of maximum bacterial growth rates.
The use of sugar cane stillage for single cell protein production
Authors: Cabib Gustavo , Silva Humberto J. , Giulietti Ana , Ertola Rodolfo 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStillage from cane molasses alcohol for SCP production was used for the growth of strains of Candida and Paecilomyces as SCP sources. The results of small and large scale experiments carried out with a Candida utilis strain with data on chemical composition, amino acid profile, vitamin content and biological value of the cell material are given.
A tubular bioreactor for photosynthetic production of biomass from carbon dioxide: Design and performance
Authors: Pirt S. John , Lee Yuan Kun , Walach Marek R. , Pirt Margaret Watts , Balyuzi Hushang H. M. , Bazin Michael J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA theory of photobioreactor design is developed. A photobioreactor was constructed in the form of a loop made from 52 m of glass tubing of 1 cm bore; the loop covered about 0.5 m2. The culture was illuminated with mercury halide lamps to reproduce sunlight. Computer control was used to maintain constant biomass concentration. The influence of radiation on the reactor temperature is quantitatively predicted. An air lift system was preferred to a liquid pump for culture recycle. The energy required for culture recycle in the loop with Reynolds number 2000 was 0.6 W m−2. The CO2 gas/liquid transfer rate achieved was sufficient to meet the maximum possible demand with solar irradiation. The O2 gas/liquid transfer rate was sufficient to meet the maximum respiration demand at night. The maximum algal biomass concentration achieved exceeded 20 g dry weight litre−1. A biomass concentration of 8 g dry weight litre−1 was found to be convenient for normal operation. The maximum uptake of light in the available wavelength range (400–700 nm) was 38 W m−2, this corresponds to utilisation of solar irradiation up to 89 W m−2. Below the maximum light uptake rate the efficiency of storage of light energy in the biomass corresponded to 16.6% of solar energy.
Computer control of an algal bioreactor with simulated diurnal illumination
Authors: Walach Marek R. , Balyuzi Hushang H. M. , Bazin Michael J. , Lee Yuan Kun , Pirt S. John 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDesign details are presented for the construction of a microcomputer based system to measure and control the growth of an algal population in a continuous‐flow bioreactor. Diurnal variation in the light intensity was simulated by computer control of a Venetian blind placed in front of the solar lamps. An indirect method of biomass estimation was based on balancing the amount of nitrogen (NH3) in and out of the system. The computer‐control system held the algal biomass at a constant concentration while fluctuations in CO2 partial pressure, turbulence and light intensity occurred. Under diurnal illumination, CO2 assimilation began without lag when illumination started, although there was a lag before ammonia utilisation began.
Invertase immobilised on activated clay: Properties and kinetic study
Authors: López‐Santín J. , Solà C. , París J. M. , Caminal G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInvertase was immobilised on activated ball clay. The immobilised enzyme showed maximum activity at pH 4.8–6. The thermal deactivation was significant at temperatures above 30°C. The kinetics of sucrose hydrolysis with free invertase showed substrate and product inhibition. Immobilised enzyme kinetics followed the same mechanisms. Modelling curves were plotted to explain the experimental results. The thermal deactivation followed first order kinetics. The characteristics of thermal deactivation of immobilised enzyme were studied in the range 25–50°C.
Detoxification of cyanide by immobilised fungi
Authors: Nazly Naheed , Knowles Christopher J. , Beardsmore Andrew J. , Naylor William T. , Corcoran Eugene G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCyanide detoxification was studied by immobilisation of fungal mycelia that had been induced to form cyanide hydratase (formamide hydrolyase) which is able to hydrolyse cyanide to formamide. The fungal pathogens of cyanogenic plants, Stemphylium loti, Gloeocercospora sorghi and Fusarium moniliforme were immobilised using polyelectrolyte flocculating agents. The effect of immobilisation on the enzymic properties of S. loti and G. sorghi were investigated. The apparent Km values increased from 21.0 mmol and 25.5 mmol KCN to 43.5 mmol and 71.0 mmol KCN, respectively. The pH profile for the two enzymes widened on immobilisation. The stoichiometry of 1:1 cyanide utilisation to formamide formation was retained on immobilisation, with complete conversion of 70 mmol KCN in 120 min by 0.12 g dry wt of S. loti and in 6 min by 0.13 g dry wt of G. sorghi. When the two fungi were stabilised by immobilisation, and tested in column reactors containing 1.2 g dry wt of S. loti and 1.3 g dry wt of G. sorghi, they completely converted cyanide (70 mmol; added continuously at 7.5 ml h−1) into formamide for 2 days and 30 days, respectively. Stability was enhanced by inclusion of 1.0 mmol glucose in the 70 mmol KCN solution, by a further 10 h for S. loti and an extra 10 days for G. sorghi. Operational stabilities of immobilised G. sorghi (1.3 g dry wt) and F. moniliforme (1.0 g wet wt) in column reactors, with 100 % cyanide conversion, at varying flow rates was investigated. G. sorghi was stable for 15, 10 and 2 days whereas F. moniliforme was only stable for 48, 20 and 10 h at 30, 60 and 120 ml h−1 flow rates respectively.
Mechanistic aspects of biotransformations by the monooxygenase system of Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b
Authors: Jezequel S. G. , Higgins I. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMechanistic aspects of the mode of action of the soluble monooxygenase system of Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b have been investigated. The hydroxylation of 4‐deuteroanisole in the 4‐position was shown to proceed via an NIH shift with a deuterium retention of 66 %, indicative of an epoxide intermediate. Isotopic studies using ethylbenzene and ethylbertzene‐d10 showed an isotopic effect, kH/kD = 4.5 for benzylic hydroxylation, and an inverse isotopic effect, kH/kD = 0.75 for arene hydroxylation. It is suggested that a stepwise mechanism (hydrogen abstraction and hydroxylation) could be involed.
Production and purification of a maltose‐producing amylase from Bacillus subtilis IMD 198
Authors: Fogarty William M. , Bourke Edward J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA strain of Bacillus subtilis (IMD 198) isolated from peat degraded starch to maltose with little production of glucose and other products. Highest levels of enzyme were achieved in a salts medium containing soya bean meal and starch. The enzyme was purified by precipitation with isopropanol, adsorption on calcium phosphate gel and fractionation on DEAE‐and CM‐cellulose ion‐exchange resins. The latter chromatographic procedure removed a contaminating activity that produced dextrins as end‐products from starch or amylose. The action pattern of the purified, major enzyme activity indicates that it may be β‐amylase.
Analysis of process dynamics in bioreactors
Authors: Meiners Marinus , Rapmundt Werner , Wania Wolfgang , Gleis Joachim , Isernhagen Rolf 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe dynamic behaviour of bioreactors was analysed by means of experimental process identification using correlation analysis with pseudo‐random binary input signals (PRBS) for excitation of the process. Agitation speed and airflow were used as input signals. The correlation with oxygen partial pressure in the liquid and oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in the exhaust gas were calculated. Results of the computation are: degree of a linear differential equation and coefficients of the equation, which can then be used to design adaptive controllers. The dead time of the system can be found by comparing the least squares of different models. The variation of the parameters during process time are shown for a low order adaptive controller.
Bioprotein production from the waste products of olive oil extraction
Authors: Karapmar M. , Worgan J. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAfter the expression of the oil from olive fruits, two principal residues, namely the press‐cake and the vegetable water (black liquor), remain. These by‐products of olive processing have little economic significance, despite studies carried out to evaluate them.1‐4 In this study, growth of Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus niger, Sporotrichum pulverulentum and Trichoderma viride on the solid waste was examined in shake flasks. The press‐cake contains a proportion of tissue which is resistant to microbial attack. Microbial growth on the original solid waste was poor and did not decrease the cellulose content appreciably, even after alkali treatment. Therefore the press‐cake was milled in a hammer mill and larger particles were separated by sieving. The protein content of the product was about 19–24%, and about 52% of the cellulose present in the sieved residue was degraded.
Extraction of proteins from shrimp processing waste
Authors: Bataille Marc P. , Bataille Pierre F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUp to 70% of the theoretical protein content of shrimp waste was recovered by a boiling water extraction method. Digestion time, volume and concentration of calcium hydroxide were varied to optimise the yield of dry matter recovered on processing the shrimp waste. Amino acid analysis was carried out to characterise the protein content of the dry matter.