bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Grain Size and Grain Orientation on Dislocations Structure in Tensile Strained TWIP Steel During Initial Stages of Deformation
Authors: Dini Ghasem , Ueji Rintaro 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe effects of grain size and grain orientation on substructure in Fe–31Mn–3Al–3Si TWIP steel at a true strain of 0.06 were investigated. The results of the TEM observations indicated that where the grain size was 18.4 µm, the dislocations structure showed orientation dependence so that the mixture of both planar and tangled dislocations structure can be found in the deformed structure before the mechanical twinning initiation. Regardless of the grain orientation, however, the dislocation entanglements were mainly observed in the case of 2.1 µm grain size. Additionally, the reason for the suppression of the mechanical twinning as a result of the grain refinement at higher strains was described by the change of dislocations structure during initial stages of deformation.
Parallel mutation testing
Authors: Mateo Pedro Reales , Usaola Macario Polo 
Published: March 2012

SUMMARYDespite the existing techniques to reduce the costs of mutation analysis, the computational cost to apply mutation testing with large applications can be very high. One effective technique to improve the efficiency of mutation without losing effectiveness is parallel execution, where mutants and tests are executed in parallel processors, reducing the total time needed to perform mutation analysis. This paper presents a study of this technique adapted to current technologies. Five algorithms to execute mutants in parallel are analysed with three studies that use different network configurations and different number of processors with diverse characteristics. The experiments are performed with Bacterio P, a tool that is also presented. Unlike previous studies about parallel mutant execution, which date from the mid‐1990s, in the studies in this paper, the communication time in parallel systems no longer acts as a bottleneck. Thus, dynamic strategies, which require more communication, combined with other mutant cost reduction techniques, are the best strategies to run mutants in parallel.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extracting human mobility and social behavior from location‐aware traces
Authors: Zignani Matteo , Gaito Sabrina , Rossi Gianpaolo 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTThe concepts of location and community are rapidly becoming key points in the design of new communication paradigms and in deploying emerging mobile computing services. The need of reliable and quantitative knowledge and predictions of some relevant information, such as which locations are enjoyed by people in their daily lives and how people aggregate within communities, advocates a realistic mobility model able to describe both the human mobility throughout locations and the human attitude to socialize within communities. Unfortunately, so far, neither the concept of location nor the concept of community has been univocally defined. In this paper, we approach the problem from the most basic of starting points, namely by analyzing the real Global Positioning System datasets of human mobility traces. On this elementary basis, the paper provides a few relevant contributions. We firstly derive a deep understanding of the term “location” and at the same time of the notion of community strictly related to it. Secondly, we merge the two concepts into what we call geo‐community. By proceeding from real spatial data rather than from a priori reasonings, we are able to quantitatively describe geo‐communities and infer the probability distributions of all the features of human behavior. Finally, not to lose social implications, we present the method to derive people sociality from geo‐communities. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Offshore wind farm electrical design: a review
Authors: Lumbreras S. , Ramos A. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTWind energy will be indispensable as Europe advances towards a low carbon energy future. Offshore locations in the North and Baltic seas are expected to host large arrays of wind farms that plan to export formidable amounts of electricity to the continent. The design of such plants is an intricate task where the electrical layout plays a crucial role. This complexity calls for the use of advanced optimization tools to support investment and operation decisions. This paper reviews the main approaches already developed in the literature and discusses their implications. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wind turbine performance in shear flow and in the wake of another turbine through high fidelity numerical simulations with moving mesh technique
Authors: Seydel Joseph , Aliseda Alberto 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTWe present numerical simulations of two horizontal axis wind turbines, one operating under the wake of the other, under an incoming sheared velocity profile. We use a moving mesh technique to represent the rotation of the turbine blades and solve the unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equations with a shear stress transport k − ω turbulence model. Temporal evolution of the lift and drag coefficients of the front turbine show a phase shift in the periodic cycle due to the non‐uniform incoming free stream velocity. Comparisons of the lift and drag coefficients for the back turbine with the unperturbed behaviour of the front demonstrate the complex non‐linear interactions of the blades with the wake, with a significant decrease in overall performance and two peaks at specific points in the cycle associated with local angle of attack modification in the wake. The vorticity field in the near wake shows tilting of the vortex lines in the wake due to the shear and a faster diffusion of the tip vortical signature compared with the uniform free stream velocity case. Observations of the wake–wake interaction show good agreement with recent studies that use different methodologies. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel xylanase with tolerance to ethanol, salt, protease, SDS, heat, and alkali from actinomycete Lechevalieria sp. HJ3
Authors: Zhou Junpei , Gao Yajie , Dong Yanyan , Tang Xianghua , Li Junjun , Xu Bo , Mu Yuelin , Wu Qian , Huang Zunxi 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
A xylanase-coding gene (xynAHJ3, 1,104 bp) was cloned from Lechevalieria sp. HJ3 harbored in a saline soil sampled from Heijing town, aka the “town of salt”, on the famous “Silk Route of the South”. The gene encodes a 367-residue polypeptide (XynAHJ3) with the highest identity of 74.0 % with the endoxylanase from Streptomyces thermocarboxydus HY-15. The coding sequence of the mature protein (without the predicted signal peptide from M1 to S22) of xynAHJ3 was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The activity of the purified recombinant XynAHJ3 (rXynAHJ3) was apparently optimal at 70 °C and pH 6.0, retained greater than 55 % xylanase activity at a concentration of 0.2–2.0 M Na+ and 26 % at 4.0 M Na+ (pH 7.5 20 °C), and showed 110.2 and 44.2 % xylanase activities in the presence of 100 mM SDS (pH 6.0 37 °C) and 10 % ethanol (pH 5.0 37 °C), respectively. rXynAHJ3 activity was stable at 50 °C and pH 4.0–11.0 for more than 60 min, in trypsin or proteinase K at 20 °C for 24 h (pH 7.5), in 10 % ethanol (v/v) (pH 5.0) at 30 or 37 °C for 72 h, in 80 % ethanol (v/v) for 1 h, and in 0.6 or 3 M NaCl (20 °C, pH 7.5) for 72 h. Compared with the majority of xylanases with tolerance to ethanol, salt, SDS, or protease (K m values of 1.42–15.1 mg ml−1), rXynAHJ3 showed a low K m value (0.8 mg ml−1) and showed only limited amino acid sequence identity with those other xylanases (less than 47 %).
Red recombinase assisted gene replacement in Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Wei Dong , Wang Min , Shi Jiping , Hao Jian 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The Red recombinase system, the most convenient genetic tool applied in Escherichia coli and other bacteria, was introduced for gene replacement in Klebsiella pneumoniae. The novel K. pneumoniae gene replacement system comprised the Red and FLP recombinases expression vector pDK6-red and pDK6-flp, and linear DNA fragments which encompassed a selective marker gene with target gene flanking extensions; the latter were PCR amplified using a plasmid DNA template obtained by in vivo recombination in E. coli. In this study, dhak1 gene, encoding a subunit of dihydroxyacetone kinase II, was deleted markerlessly at a transformation ratio of 260 CFU/μg DNA, i.e., 1,000-fold higher than that achieved in the native way. Our studies provide an efficient method with detailed protocol to perform gene replacement in K. pneumoniae and has great potential to be developed as a routine genetic approach for this important industrial microorganism.
Betaine reduces the expression of inflammatory adipokines caused by hypoxia in human adipocytes
Authors: Olli K. , Lahtinen S. , Rautonen N. , Tiihonen K. 
Published: March 2012

Obesity is characterised by a state of chronic low-grade inflammation and the elevated circulating and tissue levels of inflammatory markers, including inflammation-related adipokines, released from white adipose tissue. The expression and release of these adipokines generally rises as the adipose tissue expands and hypoxic conditions start to develop within the tissue. Here, the effect of betaine, a trimethylglycine having a biological role as an osmolyte and a methyl donor, on the expression of inflammation-related markers was tested in human adipocytes under hypoxia. Differentiated adipocytes were cultivated under low (1 %) oxygen tension for 8–20 h. The expression of different adipokines, including IL-6, leptin, PPARγ, TNF-α and adiponectin, was measured by quantitative PCR by determining the relative mRNA level from the adipocytes. Hypoxia, in general, led to a decrease in the expression of PPARγ mRNA in human adipocytes, whereas the expression levels of leptin and IL-6 mRNA were substantially increased by hypoxia. The cultivation of adipocytes under hypoxia also led to a reduction in the expression of TNF-α mRNA. The results showed that hypoxia increased the relative quantification of leptin gene transcription, and that betaine (250 μmol/l) reduced this effect, caused by low oxygen conditions. Under hypoxia, betaine also reduced the mRNA level of the pro-inflammatory markers IL-6 and TNF-α. These results demonstrate that the extensive changes in the expression of inflammation-related adipokines in human adipocytes caused by hypoxia can be diminished by the presence of physiologically relevant concentrations of betaine.
The Rights Discourse and the Obligation of States to Admit Immigrants
Authors: Gans Chaim 
Published: March 2012

I argue in this Article that states have two types of moral duties with regard to their intake of immigrants. First, they have a duty to accept quotas of immigrants who have no individual rights to entrance prior to the determination of specific immigration criteria applicable in their case. Second, they have a duty to admit immigrants who are entitled to enter as individuals, namely, refugees and immigrants, who wish to enter the state for family reunification. However, under certain conditions, states could be justified in limiting the entrance of refugees and family reunification immigrants, who might eventually be eligible for naturalization by means of various qualifications and even quotas.Initially, I defend the complex thesis stated above by rejecting two positions supported by contemporary liberal immigration theorists. One position advocates a cosmopolitan human right to immigration, namely, every single individual's right to immigrate into any country of his/her choosing. The other position claims that states have a universal right to lock their gates to immigration. Finally, I argue for the middle-ground position stated above.
Rules and Standards in the Application of International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Cohen Amichai 
Published: March 2012

Many scholars have written about the changes in international law in recent years. Many have seen this change in the environment of international humanitarian law as a result of greater application of human rights in this area of law (IHL). This Article approaches the changes in international humanitarian law from a different perspective, that of law and economics.The main claim in this Article is that recent changes in international humanitarian law can be seen as a change from a rule based normative system, to a standard based one. The difference between a rule system and a standard system rests not in the complexity of the norms, but by whom and when changes are made. In a rule—decisions are made before the fact, and in a standard—decisions are made after the fact. This Article then evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of this move from rules to standards, and offers observations and future avenues of research.
Toward Participatory Equality: Protecting Minority Rights under International Law
Authors: Jabareen Yousef T. 
Published: March 2012

The principal claim made by this Article is that the realization of full and effective equality for all citizens and residents within a multi-ethnic state requires “participatory equality.” Creating a system of participatory equality entails, for most states, making drastic and fundamental changes to the state's legal system, public spaces, social and economic structures, and funding and space provided for ethnic, cultural, and religious institutions; however, this type of transformation is the only means of respecting human dignity and ensuring peace. This claim is first made as a normative moral claim based on principles of justice and dignity; as this Paper will show, a broad and effective interpretation of international law concerning minority rights supports the same normative claim.This Article first reviews existing international law and other legal frameworks regarding national minority rights, including discussions of the specific case of indigenous peoples'rights and the intersection between individual and collective rights. The bulk of the Paper proposes a universal model, building upon existing legal frameworks, for building participatory equality for all members of a society, which requires the full and equal sharing of its resources in three primary domains: the public, the internal, and the historical domain. The need for such a model is all the more so for indigenous and minority groups of substantial size living under systems that cater to a majority based on ethnicity, religion, race or other dominant traits. Only when a nation's legal system secures the rights of all citizens to share equally in all of these domains can that nation fulfill the purpose of international minority rights legal bodies and deliver substantive equality to majority and minority concerns, both in law and practice.
Constitutional Rights and their Relationship with International Human Rights in Ghana
Authors: Kludze A. Kodzo Paaku 
Published: March 2012

Particularly in developing nations, the movement has been toward the articulation of elaborate provisions in constitutions which guarantee the basic human and peoples' rights of the citizenry. In many cases these are reflections of the immediate past history of the young nations which were strewn with ugly spectacles of dictatorships on their path to democracy. The history of Ghana is unfortunately an illustrative example. The Ghana Independence Constitution of 1957—a very brief document—was brief to a fault and bereft of any provision for human rights. It is clear that the experience of years of abuse of human, political, and civil rights in Ghana explains many of the current constitutional guarantees of basic rights spelt out in the 1992 Constitution in order to protect citizens against future abuses.In the past, treaty obligations under municipal laws of Ghana were such that even ratification of human rights treaties did not directly confer enforceable legal rights in the domestic courts of Ghana and implementing legislation was necessary to make a treaty right justiciable. In the 1992 Constitution of Ghana, the provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, as well as others, are entrenched as constitutional provisions, are to be interpreted as such, and enforceable under the laws of Ghana. To the extent that drafters of the Ghana Constitution relied on the principles of the international human rights law enshrined in treaties and declarations, there are many similarities between the domestic law and some principles of international human rights law.
The Law Applicable to Non-Occupied Gaza: A Comment on Bassiouni v. The Prime Minister of Israel
Authors: Shany Yuval 
Published: March 2012

Although Israel no longer effectively controls Gaza, Israel's overwhelming physical dominance over Gaza, coupled with the historical links of dependence, were likely central to the balancing formula applied by the High Court of Justice inBassiouni v. The Prime Minister.The proposed solution—Israel assumes obligations that go beyond the requirements of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) in situations of siege but that fall short of the requirements applicable in situations of occupation—is the “basic humanitarian needs” standard.The main weakness of the Court's decision is not the final outcome it prescribes but the underdeveloped legal analysis of the alternative grounds for imposing obligations on the Israel. This unnecessarily complicates attempts to grasp the full implications of the decision and to identify its precedential value. However, the judgment should be viewed as endorsing the need to step outside IHL and look for additional legal norms governing humanitarian interests which may reflect our moral sensibilities and contemporary needs in a more appropriate manner than the traditional rules of IHL.
Expropriations of Private Land of Arab Citizens in Israel: An Empirical Analysis of the Regular Course of Business
Authors: Sandberg Haim 
Published: March 2012

A fairly common premise in academic research about Israel is that the State of Israel has expropriated large tracts of land from Arabs, whether citizens or Palestinian refugees. This premise does not distinguish between the taking of property, which was expropriated from Arab refugees during the War of Independence, and the expropriation of land during the State's “regular course of business.” Blurring the distinction between land belonging to refugees and land belonging to citizens creates the impression that the State of Israel has expropriated large tracts of land as a regular “course of business.” This research isolates and clarifies the extent of “regular” expropriations on the national level according to the Lands (Acquisition for Public Purposes) Ordinance 1943—the main and permanent tool for large scale expropriations in Israel It shows that the common premise about expropriation of Arab citizens ‘land is highly exaggerated. The Arab population's share in the burden of expropriation was fairly small in absolute terms and is not significantly greater than the Jewish population's share.While a quantitative analysis of the expropriations cannot in itself produce a conclusion about harmful and unjustified influences of the expropriations on Arab citizens, a quantitative analysis of each expropriation may produce information on which to make such a conclusion. Moreover, arguing against all expropriation of lands—which actually results in the transfer of resources from Arabs to Jews, irrespective of its scope and circumstances—may entail an a priori negation of Israel's right to use land resources and police powers to answer real public needs of the Jewish majority and can entail an a priori negation of the nature of Israel as a Jewish and democratic State—rather than a legitimate criticism on the merits of each expropriation.
DIET AMONG PEOPLE IN THE TERAI REGION OF NEPAL, AN AREA OF MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCY
Authors: PARAJULI RAJENDRA P. , UMEZAKI MASAHIRO , WATANABE CHIHO 
Published: March 2012

SummaryIn the Terai region, despite its ecological richness, the people have long suffered from a deficiency of micronutrients such as vitamin A, iron and zinc. The aim of this study was to investigate dietary and nutritional intakes among people in the Terai region of Nepal. The results were compared by sex and ethnicity. Food consumption surveys (one-day weighed records) were conducted among 114 people (55Musharand 59Tharu). Nutritional intakes were calculated using Nepali food composition and other tables. The diet in the Terai region was characterized by a large amount of rice consumed with a tiny amount of curry ordalas a side dish. Intakes of vitamin A, iron, riboflavin and selenium were less than 50% of the recommended daily allowance irrespective of ethnicity or sex (with the exception of iron intake amongTharumales). Intakes of thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, phosphorus and zinc were higher among theTharuthan theMushar, while intakes of selenium and iodine were higher among theMusharthan theTharu. The nutritional significance of these differences was slight. Protein intake (per kg body weight) was lower in females than in males, while the energy-adjusted micronutrient intakes did not differ by sex. Intakes of vitamin A, iron, riboflavin and selenium were deficient among the participants. Intervention projects such as the introduction of kitchen gardens or fish farming may be effective, but will increase the degree of inequality between the two ethnic groups.
Compressions and Probably Intersecting Families
Authors: RUSSELL PAUL A. 
Published: March 2012

A familyof sets is said to beintersectingifA∩B≠ ∅ for allA,B∈. It is a well-known and simple fact that an intersecting family of subsets of [n] = {1, 2, . . .,n} can contain at most 2n−1sets. Katona, Katona and Katona ask the following question. Suppose instead⊂[n] satisfies || = 2n−1+ifor some fixedi> 0. Create a new familypby choosing each member ofindependently with some fixed probabilityp. How do we chooseto maximize the probability thatpis intersecting? They conjecture that there is a nested sequence of optimal families fori= 1, 2,. . ., 2n−1. In this paper, we show that the families [n](≥r)= {A⊂ [n]: |A| ≥r} are optimal for the appropriate values ofi, thereby proving the conjecture for this sequence of values. Moreover, we show that for intermediate values ofithere exist optimal families lying between those we have found. It turns out that the optimal families we find simultaneously maximize the number of intersecting subfamilies of each possible order.Standard compression techniques appear inadequate to solve the problem as they do not preserve intersection properties of subfamilies. Instead, our main tool is a novel compression method, together with a way of ‘compressing subfamilies’, which may be of independent interest.
2-Cancellative Hypergraphs and Codes
Authors: FÜREDI ZOLTÁN 
Published: March 2012

A family of sets(and the corresponding family of 0–1 vectors) is calledt-cancellativeif, for all distinctt+ 2 membersA1,. . .,AtandB,C∈,Letct(n) be the size of the largestt-cancellative family onnelements, and letct(n,r) denote the largestr-uniform family. We improve the previous upper bounds,e.g., we showc2(n) ≤ 20.322n(forn>n0). Using an algebraic construction we show thatc2(n, 2k) = Θ(nk) for eachkwhenn→ ∞.