bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Application of Probation as a Non-Custodial Sentence under the Nigerian Administration of Criminal Justice Act 2015: Lessons from Kenya
Authors: Omodanisi Kemi Beatrice 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This article evaluates the application of probation orders in Nigeria. It offers a detailed discussion of international legal frameworks for probation and in particular discusses penal provisions that provide for probation, while noting innovations provided by the Administration of Criminal Justice Act 2015, the Administration of Criminal Justice Laws of States and the Nigerian Correctional Services Act 2019. The article highlights the benefits, terms and conditions and duties of a probation officer and the application of probation in Nigeria. Complementarily, it discusses Kenya as a jurisdiction, where judicial activism and other underpinning factors have occasioned a robust application of probation. The article also identifies noticeable gaps which hinder the robust application of probation in Nigeria and proffers solutions by way of recommendations.
Anthropogenic Disturbances Superimpose Climate Effects on Soil Organic Carbon in Savanna Woodlands of Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Jorge F. , Mutwale‐Mutale N. , Sandhage‐Hofmann A. , Braun M. , Cambule A. , Nhantumbo A. , Chabala L. M. , Shepande C. , Chishala B. , Lisboa S. , Matangue M. , Schmidt M. , Amelung W. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractSavanna ecosystems in sub‐Saharan Africa harbor substantial yet relatively unexplored reserves of soil organic carbon (SOC). Our study unravels for the first time the interplay between climate, reference soil groups, and anthropogenic disturbances in shaping SOC dynamics in these ecosystems. We analyzed SOC along climosequences in natural woodlands in Mozambique and Zambia, with mean annual temperature (MAT) of 20–24°C, and mean annual precipitation (MAP) of 365–1,227 mm. Anthropogenic disturbances were assessed through comprehensive field surveys and remote sensing of vegetation and indices change. MAT and evapotranspiration (PET) had no discernible effect on SOC. Bulk SOC, particulate organic matter, and mineral‐associated organic matter stocks in the topsoil (0–10 cm) increased with MAP, though this relationship was not significant for the subsoil. MAP explained only 35% of topsoil SOC variability, limited by anthropogenic disturbances, which raised SOC stocks in the dry savanna but resulted in SOC losses at >600 mm MAP, which even extended into subsoil. For sites with little disturbance in the past decades, there were soil group‐specific effects of MAP on SOC, explaining up to 85% of data variability. In disturbed sites, human presence altered the carbon (C) balance to an extent that, as rough estimate, could account for up to 2.6 Gt CO2‐C loss over 20 years in wetter sites, with another 2.4 Gt CO2‐C at risk as populations spread into these otherwise pristine environments. Accurate modeling of climate‐change effects on the C cycle must therefore include the transformative impacts of current human activities, such as wood harvesting and grazing.
Geographical Patterns and Determinants of Selenium Deficiency in Tibet: A Cross‐Sectional Study Based on Urinary Selenium Analysis
Authors: Yang Yi , Zhang Ru , Deji Yangzong , Li You , Li Yonghua 
Published: February 2025

AbstractSelenium is an essential micronutrient, yet its deficiency poses severe health risks, including Kashin‐Beck disease, a debilitating disorder endemic to selenium‐deficient regions like Tibet. Despite the known risks, the extent and drivers of selenium deficiency in Tibetan populations remain poorly characterized. Here, we present the first large‐scale assessment of urinary selenium levels across Tibet, based on 637 systematically collected samples, revealing an average concentration of 7.71 μg/L, far below adequate thresholds. Dietary patterns, particularly reliance on the red meat and vegetable diet, emerged as the dominant factor influencing selenium levels, while aging was associated with a marked decline in selenium status. Geographical factors were found to exert indirect but significant effects. These findings highlight critical selenium deficiencies among Tibetan residents and emphasize the urgent need for targeted interventions, including the introduction of selenium‐enriched foods, to mitigate health risks—especially for older populations most at risk.
Mercury Sources Between Zhongshan Station and Dome A, Eastern Antarctica Identified Using Mercury Stable Isotopes
Authors: Li Chuanjin , Chen Jiubin , Shi Guitao , Sun Ruoyu , Zheng Wang , Angot Hélène , Ding Minghu , Cai Hongming , Du Zhiheng , Guo Rui , Xiao Cunde , Sun Bo , Ren Jiawen , Qin Dahe 
Published: February 2025

AbstractAlthough mercury (Hg) is a neurotoxic metal of global relevance, its Antarctic biogeochemical cycles are not well characterized. Here, we present the total Hg (THg) distribution and stable isotopic fractionation between the Zhongshan Station and Dome A (1,248 km), in eastern Antarctica, to characterize THg sources and controlling factors. Surface snow samples and snow blocks similarly exhibited higher THg concentrations in the coastal and interior sections than the intermediate section. From the THg distribution and stable isotopic fractionation (notably for 200Hg and 202Hg), we inferred an adjacent oceanic Hg source for the coastal section and primary oceanic sources at 63°S–55°S and 50°S–45°S for the intermediate and interior sections, respectively. Snow drifting and postdepositional effects also influenced THg concentrations and stable isotopic fractionation, particularly in areas with marked terrain slope variations. Finally, the stratospheric contribution of THg near Dome A was negligible, with a possible transport pathway through the lower troposphere.
Elevation‐Dependent Vegetation Greening and Its Responses to Climate Changes in the South Slope of the Himalayas
Authors: Mukhtar Hamza , Yang Yujia , Xu Mengjiao , Wu Jiujiang , Abbas Sawaid , Wei Da , Zhao Wei 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe South Slope of the Himalayas (SSH) is witnessing dynamic shifts in vegetation greenness driven by climatic conditions across elevation variability. Here, we analyzed greening patterns of natural vegetated surfaces along the elevational gradient and examined their connection to climate changes from 2000 to 2022. Over 50% area of SSH exhibited significant greening, with higher rates in Central Himalayas (CH) and Western Himalayas (WH) compared to Eastern Himalayas (EH). The relative change rate (RCR) showed a notable increasing vegetation greenness from ∼2,600 to ∼5,000 m, followed by a decreasing trend in all subregions. Results showed that air temperature promoted the vegetation greening significantly in the high mountains but caused heat stress in lowlands of CH and WH. Precipitation supported growth in the middle mountains across the region except EH, which faced waterlogging stress. These findings are valuable for understanding vegetation changes under future climate changes and advancing our knowledge of ecosystem responses.
Radiocarbon Fingerprinting Black Carbon Source History in the Himalayas
Authors: Wang Mo , Wang Hailong , Xu Baiqing , Li Zhen , Zhao Huabiao , Li Jiule , Cui Anning , Zhu Sanyuan , Li Jun 
Published: February 2025

AbstractBlack carbon (BC) is considered as an important contributor to the Himalayan glaciers melt in the past few decades. However, the long‐term source apportionment of BC remains unclear. Here we present the first radiocarbon (14C)‐based annual variation of BC source apportionment in an ice core spanning the period of 1959–2012 drilled from the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau, a receptor site of South Asia outflow. We find fossil fuel combustion is a major contribution (73% ± 5%), yet the biomass burning fraction (ƒbiomass) has grown from 24% ± 4% to 30% ± 4% since 1990. Intriguingly, we further find the ƒbiomass demonstrating a robust correlation with South Asian wildfires linked to climate oscillations. Thus, for mitigating BC impacts on Himalayan glaciers, South Asia's transition from fossil fuels to clean energy is a more efficient and urgent strategy than reducing residential biomass burning.
Deciphering Landslide Precursors From Spatiotemporal Ground Motion Using Persistent Homology
Authors: Mei Jiangzhou , Ma Gang , Guo Chengqian , Wu Ting , Zhao Jidong , Zhou Wei 
Published: February 2025

AbstractLandslides are major natural disasters that pose significant challenges for prediction. Recent advances in monitoring tools have led to the accumulation of monitoring data with high spatiotemporal resolution, calling for new and robust methodologies to efficiently analyze these complex big data and accurately predict landslides. Here, we present a persistent homology‐based method that integrates the slope‐scale monitoring data from interferometric synthetic aperture radar with novel measures of spatiotemporal evolution of slope deformation to identify early warning precursors for impending landslides. Our proposed method can capture critical patterns of accelerated deformation evolution and generate warning signals long before the landslide occurrence. Six case studies confirm the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method in landslide prediction, with a leading time exceeding 100 days for the Xinmo and Mud Creek landslides. Strong spatiotemporal correlations of slope deformation underscore long‐range effective predictions. Our method offers a new, robust alternative to the conventional threshold‐based approach for understanding and predicting landslides in natural slopes.
Integrating the Interconnections Between Groundwater and Land Surface Processes Through the Coupled NASA Land Information System and ParFlow Environment
Authors: Maina Fadji Z. , Rosen Dan , Abbaszadeh Peyman , Yang Chen , Kumar Sujay V. , Rodell Matthew , Maxwell Reed 
Published: February 2025

AbstractUnderstanding the interactions between the atmosphere, the land, and the subsurface is fundamental to hydrology and is critical for a better assessment of the impacts of climate change and human management on hydrological systems. However, many land surface models simplify the subsurface hydrology and thereby these interactions. In this study, we couple the land surface model Noah‐MP included in the NASA Land Information System (LIS) with the integrated hydrologic model ParFlow (ParFlow‐LIS) using the Earth System Modeling Framework (ESMF) and the National United Operational Prediction Capability (NUOPC). This coupling improves the simulation of water and energy cycle processes by adding the three‐dimensional variably saturated and heterogeneous flow in the subsurface using sophisticated and nonlinear physics‐based equations as well as the advances in satellite remote sensing‐based data assimilation of the land surface, thereby benefiting the integrated hydrologic modeling and data assimilation community. We use the High Plains aquifer, located in the central United States, as a testbed to evaluate the coupled ParFlow‐LIS system. The new ParFlow‐LIS system accounts for the effects of topographically driven flows on the land surface, producing more fine‐scale patterns of land surface states and fluxes than standalone LIS. In addition, ParFlow‐LIS enables the consideration of the effect of subsurface water storage on evapotranspiration. This is particularly important in areas and times with dry soils, such as during drought conditions or in the presence of a cone of depression due to pumping.
The Rapid Transition From Shallow to Precipitating Convection as a Predator–Prey Process
Authors: Vraciu Cristian V. , Savre Julien , Colin Maxime 
Published: February 2025

AbstractProperly predicting the rapid transition from shallow to precipitating atmospheric convection within a diurnal cycle over land is of great importance for both weather prediction and climate projections. In this work, we consider that a cumulus cloud is formed due to the transport of water mass by multiple updrafts during its lifetime. Cumulus clouds then locally create favorable conditions for the subsequent convective updrafts to reach higher altitudes, leading to deeper precipitating convection. This mechanism is amplified by the cold pools formed by the evaporation of precipitation in the sub‐cloud layer. Based on this conceptual view of cloud–cloud interactions which goes beyond the one cloud equals one–plume picture, it is argued that precipitating clouds may act as predators that prey on the total cloud population, such that the rapid shallow–to–deep transition can be modeled as a simple predator–prey system. This conceptual model is validated by comparing solutions of the Lotka‐Volterra system of equations to results obtained using a high‐resolution large‐eddy simulation model. Moreover, we argue that the complete diurnal cycle of deep convection can be seen as a predator–prey system with varying food supply for the prey. Finally, we suggest that based on the present conceptual model, new unified cloud‐convection parameterizations can be designed which may lead to improved representations of the transition from shallow to precipitating continental convection.
Physiological responses to retinopathy of prematurity screening: indirect ophthalmoscopy versus ultra-widefield retinal imaging
Authors: Purohit Ravi , Usman Fatima , Ie Amanda , van der Vaart Marianne , Robinson Shellie , Buckle Miranda , Baxter Luke , Clee Michelle , Clifford Amanda , Adams Eleri , Slater Rebeccah , Patel Chetan K. , Hartley Caroline , Xue Kanmin 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Background/Aims
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening is vital for early disease detection in very premature infants but can cause physiological instability. This study compares the physiological response to binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy (BIO) with indentation and non-contact ultra-widefield (UWF) retinal imaging in non-ventilated neonates. The impact of the Dandle WRAP, a specialised swaddling aid, on UWF imaging was also assessed.

Methods
This retrospective study included 86 ROP screening events in 66 non-ventilated infants aged 35.3 weeks (range 30.6–44.6). Vital signs were continuously recorded, evaluating immediate (within 15 min) and longer-term (within 12 h) physiological responses.

Results
ROP screening significantly increased heart and respiratory rates and decreased oxygen saturation within 15 min of screening. No significant differences in physiological responses were found between BIO and UWF imaging, although there was a trend towards lower maximum heart rate with UWF imaging. The Dandle WRAP did not significantly alter physiological responses but improved the ease and speed of UWF imaging.

Conclusion
UWF imaging does not increase physiological instability compared to BIO in non-ventilated infants. Specialised swaddling aids may facilitate the imaging procedure.

Impact

ROP screening can be distressing for premature infants and induce physiological instability during and after the examination. We deployed non-contact ultra-widefield retinal imaging as the default method of ROP screening and show that it induces comparable physiological responses as traditional indirect ophthalmoscopy in non-ventilated babies. Dandle WRAP swaddling facilitated handling and speed of retinal imaging. The study demonstrates that imaging-based ROP screening is safe and efficacious in non-ventilated neonates, and continuous multimodal physiological recordings can provide detailed assessment of the effects of procedures and medications.
A pooled analysis evaluating prognostic significance of Residual Cancer Burden in invasive lobular breast cancer
Authors: Mukhtar Rita A. , Gottipati Soumya , Yau Christina , López-Tarruella Sara , Earl Helena , Hayward Larry , Hiller Louise , Osdoit Marie , van der Noordaa Marieke , de Croze Diane , Hamy Anne-Sophie , Laé Marick , Reyal Fabien , Sonke Gabe S. , Steenbruggen Tessa G. , van Seijen Maartje , Wesseling Jelle , Martín Miguel , del Monte-Millán Maria , Boughey Judy C. , Goetz Matthew P. , Hoskin Tanya , Valero Vicente , Edge Stephen B. , Abraham Jean E. , Bartlett John M. S. , Caldas Carlos , Dunn Janet , Provenzano Elena , Sammut Stephen-John , Thomas Jeremy S. , Graham Ashley , Hall Peter , Mackintosh Lorna , Fan Fang , Godwin Andrew K. , Schwensen Kelsey , Sharma Priyanka , DeMichele Angela M. , Cole Kimberly , Pusztai Lajos , Kim Mi-Ok , J van ’t Veer Laura , Cameron David , Esserman Laura J. , Fraser Symmans W. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Residual Cancer Burden (RCB) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is validated to predict event-free survival (EFS) in breast cancer but has not been studied for invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). We studied patient-level data from a pooled cohort across 12 institutions. Associations between RCB index, class, and EFS were assessed in ILC and non-ILC with mixed effect Cox models and multivariable analyses. Recursive partitioning was used in an exploratory model to stratify prognosis by RCB components. Of 5106 patients, the diagnosis was ILC in 216 and non-ILC in 4890. Increased RCB index was associated with worse EFS in both ILC and non-ILC (p = 0.002 and p < 0.001, respectively) and remained prognostic when stratified by receptor subtype and adjusted for age, grade, T category, and nodal status. Recursive partitioning demonstrated residual invasive cancer cellularity as most prognostic in ILC. These results underscore the utility of RCB for evaluating NAC response in those with ILC.
Effects of a marine heatwave associated with the Kuroshio Extension large meander on extreme precipitation in September 2023
Authors: Hirata Hidetaka , Kawamura Ryuichi , Nonaka Masami 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In 2023, the Kuroshio Extension (KE) exhibited an unusually large meander (LM) path, which caused a significant increase in sea surface temperatures, a marine heatwave (MHW), to the east of Japan. Although this MHW has the potential to influence heavy precipitation, it has not yet been examined. Here, we address this issue by examining an extreme precipitation event that occurred in Japan in September 2023 using high-resolution cloud-resolving numerical experiments. Results indicated that the MHW contributed to an increase in surface precipitation by ~ 300 mm, accounting for ~ 70% of the total precipitation. This precipitation intensification was attributed to the MHW-enhanced atmospheric instability and its influence on the formation and positioning of surface fronts. This research suggests that the KE-LM-induced MHW has elevated the risk of heavy precipitation in Japan, with significant societal implications. These findings could be applied to other regions such as the Northeastern United States.
Annealing-inspired training of an optical neural network with ternary weights
Authors: Skalli Anas , Goldmann Mirko , Haghighi Nasibeh , Reitzenstein Stephan , Lott James A. , Brunner Daniel 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) represent a fundamentally connectionist and distributed approach to computing, and as such they differ from classical computers that utilize the von Neumann architecture. This has revived research interest in new unconventional hardware for more efficient ANNs rather than emulating them on traditional machines. To fully leverage ANNs, optimization algorithms must account for hardware limitations and imperfections. Photonics offers a promising platform with scalability, speed, energy efficiency, and parallel processing capabilities. However, fully autonomous optical neural networks (ONNs) with in-situ learning are scarce. In this work, we propose and demonstrate a ternary weight high-dimensional semiconductor laser-based ONN and introduce a method for achieving ternary weights using Boolean hardware, enhancing the ONN’s information processing capabilities. Furthermore, we design an in-situ optimization algorithm that is compatible with both Boolean and ternary weights. Our algorithm results in benefits, both in terms of convergence speed and performance. Our experimental results show the ONN’s long-term inference stability, with a consistency above 99% for over 10 h. Our work is of particular relevance in the context of in-situ learning under restricted hardware resources, especially since minimizing the power consumption of auxiliary hardware is crucial to preserving efficiency gains achieved by non-von Neumann ANN implementations.
Clustering‐based recommendation method with enhanced grasshopper optimisation algorithm
Authors: Zhao Zihao , Xia Yingchun , Xu Wenjun , Yu Hui , Yang Shuai , Chen Cheng , Yuan Xiaohui , Zhou Xiaobo , Wang Qingyong , Gu Lichuan 
Published: February 2025

AbstractIn the era of big data, personalised recommendation systems are essential for enhancing user engagement and driving business growth. However, traditional recommendation algorithms, such as collaborative filtering, face significant challenges due to data sparsity, algorithm scalability, and the difficulty of adapting to dynamic user preferences. These limitations hinder the ability of systems to provide highly accurate and personalised recommendations. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a clustering‐based recommendation method that integrates an enhanced Grasshopper Optimisation Algorithm (GOA), termed LCGOA, to improve the accuracy and efficiency of recommendation systems by optimising cluster centroids in a dynamic environment. By combining the K‐means algorithm with the enhanced GOA, which incorporates a Lévy flight mechanism and multi‐strategy co‐evolution, our method overcomes the centroid sensitivity issue, a key limitation in traditional clustering techniques. Experimental results across multiple datasets show that the proposed LCGOA‐based method significantly outperforms conventional recommendation algorithms in terms of recommendation accuracy, offering more relevant content to users and driving greater customer satisfaction and business growth.
Analytical model for ring winding axial flux permanent magnet motor using Schwarz–Christoffel conformal mapping
Authors: Bapiri Mohammad , Vahedi Abolfazl , Azizi Moghaddam Hossein 
Published: February 2025

AbstractRecently, there has been a growing interest in new permanent magnet (PM) motor topologies. However, these newly developed PM motors are still in their early design stages and face various challenges. In order to overcome these drawbacks, further development of these motor topologies is necessary. One such new motor topology is the ring winding axial flux permanent magnet (RWAFPM) motor. Enhancing the performance of this motor requires optimising its geometry, which can be a time‐consuming process when using the three‐dimensional (3D) finite element method (FEM). It is essential to propose a two‐dimensional model that offers faster processing but lower accuracy to address this issue compared to 3D FEM for this motor. Due to the three‐dimensional structure of ring‐winding axial flux machine|axial flux motors, creating a two‐dimensional (2D) model for this motor presents a significant challenge. In this article, while studying the RWAFPM motor, the simplifications to the motor's geometry have been proposed in order to create a 2D model that provides sufficient accuracy as a substitute for 3D FEM. To validate our findings, the Schwarz–Christoffel conformal mapping technique has been employed to extract the modelling results. Finally, these findings have been compared with the outcomes obtained from the 3D simulation. Validation. Validation of 3D finite element results has been done by experimental results.