bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strangling blondes: nineteenth-century femininity and Korngold's Die tote Stadt
Authors: Winters Ben 
Published: May 2012

AbstractResponses to Korngold's 1920 opera Die tote Stadt have long been filtered through the lens of his later Hollywood career. To do so, however, not only risks misunderstanding the relationship between these two different spheres of the composer's output, but also ignores the opera's complex positioning within the gender discourses of early twentieth-century Vienna. This article offers a corrective to the clichéd view of Korngold the ‘pre-filmic’ opera composer by arguing that, in its treatment of the characters Marie and Marietta, Die tote Stadt draws on a tradition of ‘strangling blonde’ imagery from the nineteenth century in order to critique the gender theories of Otto Weininger (1880–1903), which were still current in the 1920s. As such, in its concern with the nature of femininity, Die tote Stadt also draws our attention to the modern woman who had just entered the composer's life, Luise (Luzi) von Sonnenthal.
Caroline Carvalho and nineteenth-century coloratura
Authors: Parr Sean M. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis essay explores how the soprano Caroline Carvalho (néeMarie Félix-Miolan, 1827–95) perpetuated and extended the art of coloratura singing in the mid-nineteenth century. Creator of roles in sixteen operas, including five by Gounod, Carvalho achieved ‘superdiva’ status (Rutherford) by cultivating her voice – her ‘mécanisme prodigieux’ – to handle coloratura on a scale that explicitly invoked and rivalled the instrumental virtuosity of Paganini. In premièring the title role of Victor Massé'sLa Reine Topaze(1856), the soprano sang a variations aria based on the Carnival of Venice folk song and took one of the violinist's variations as a springboard to her own dazzling pyrotechnics. By allying her voice with the musical inventiveness of Paganini, who had achieved deific renown and artistic authority, Carvalho thereby acquired enough authority to catalyse a new genre, thevalse-ariette. The popularity of a little-known aria that Gounod arranged for Carvalho, ‘Ah! Valse légère’ (based on the waltz chorus, ‘Ainsi que la brise légère’, from Act II ofFaust, 1859), spurred a vogue for vertiginous waltz ariettes. Carvalho's association with this genre suggests even greater creative agency and indicates a shift in coloratura's signification from instrumentality to dance and the expressive body.
Nanoprobe Fourier-Transform Photoabsorption Spectroscopy Using a Supercontinuum Light Source
Authors: Ishibe Kiyoshiro , Nakada Satoru , Mera Yutaka , Maeda Koji 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA scheme of photoabsorption spectroscopy based on scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has been developed by using a supercontinuum light as the wideband light source of a Fourier transform interferometer for spectroscopic measurements. The performance was demonstrated for a sample of GaAs. The proof-of-concept test showed that the use of the supercontinuum light instead of halogen lamps greatly enhances the signal-to-noise ratio due to the high brilliance of the supercontinuum light emitted from a small core of the photonic crystal fiber that enables tight focusing of the spectroscopy light onto the sample beneath the STM tip.
Serotonin2C ligands exhibiting full negative and positive intrinsic activity elicit purposeless oral movements in rats: distinct effects of agonists and inverse agonists in a rat model of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Navailles Sylvia , Lagière Mélanie , Roumegous Audrey , Polito Marina , Boujema Méric B. , Cador Martine , Dunlop John , Chesselet Marie-Françoise , Millan Mark J. , De Deurwaerdère Philippe 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This study examined in naive or hemiparkinsonian rats the effect of various serotonin 2C (5-HT2C) receptor ligands differing in their intrinsic activity at 5-HT2C receptors on purposeless oral movements, a motor response integrated in the basal ganglia. Intraperitoneal administration of a non-selective [meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP) 0.1–3 mg/kg], preferential [S-2-(6-chloro-5-fluoroindol-1-yl)-1-methylethylamine, Ro60-0175, 0.1–3 mg/kg] or selective [(7bR,10aR)-1,2,3,4,8,9,10,10a-octahydro-7bH-cyclopenta-[b][1,4]diazepino[6,7,1hi]indole, WAY163909, 0.3–10 mg/kg] 5-HT2C agonists enhanced oral bouts in naive rats. The 5-HT2C inverse agonists SB206553 [1–20 mg/kg; 5-methyl-1-(3-pyridylcarbamoyl)-1,2,3,5-tetrahydropyrrolo[2,3-f]indole] and S32006 [1–20 mg/kg; N-pyridin-3-yl-1,2-dihydro-3H-benzo[e]indole-3-carboxamide], but not the 5-HT2C antagonist SB243213 [1–10 mg/kg; 5-methyl-1-[[2-[(2-methyl-3-pyridyl)oxy]-5-pyridyl]carbamoyl]-6-trifluoromethylindoline], likewise dose-dependently enhanced oral movements. The effects induced by preferential 5-HT2C agonists and inverse agonists, but not by the cholinomimetic drug pilocarpine (5 mg/kg), were abolished by SB243213 underpinning its specificity. S32006-induced oral bouts was unaffected by the 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine lesions of 5-HT neurons. Nigrostriatal dopaminergic lesions potentiated oral effects induced by the agonists Ro60-0175 (3 mg/kg) and WAY163909 (1 mg/kg), but not by the inverse agonist SB206553 (10 mg/kg). The effect of Ro60-0175 in dopamine-lesioned rats was suppressed by SB243213. These data show that 5-HT2C agonists and full inverse agonists (but not neutral antagonists) perturb oral activity in rodents, paralleling studies of common antidepressant, anxiolytic and antipsychotic properties. The differential sensitivity of their actions to depletion of dopamine suggests recruitment of different contrasting neural mechanisms in the basal ganglia.
Long‐term change of the Pacific North Equatorial Current bifurcation in SODA
Authors: Chen Zhaohui , Wu Lixin 
Published: May 2012

The long‐term change of the North Equatorial Current (NEC) bifurcation in the Pacific Ocean is assessed based on the recently developed Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA, version 2.2.4). It is found that the NEC bifurcation latitude (NBL) has shifted southward over the past 60 years, although it displayed a slight northward migration from 1970 to 1992. This southward shift of the bifurcation latitude is associated with changes in the wind stress curl over the tropical Pacific Ocean between 10°N and 20°N, leading to the strengthening of the Kuroshio at its origin. The conclusion is further supported by simulations of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change models. It is demonstrated that the long‐term change of the seasonal south–north migration of the bifurcation is modulated by the southward shift of the mean position. Over the past 6 decades, the phase speed of first‐mode baroclinic Rossby waves (CR) at the latitude of the bifurcation increases from 13 cm s−1 in 1950 to 18 cm s−1 in 2005, and the corresponding seasonal amplitude increases (decreases) before (after) the mid‐1980s. Using a linear vorticity model, it is found that the long‐term modulation of the NBL seasonal migration amplitude is associated with the increase of CR in responses to the southward shift of the mean NBL. It is expected that the seasonal amplitude will decrease moderately in the following decades if the ocean continues warming.
Insulin research in China and the U.K.
Authors: Zhang Youshang 
Published: May 2012

Insulin has been extensively studied since it was discovered by Banting and Best in 1921. Early in 1934, Dorothy Crowfoot and John Desmond Bernal obtained the first X-ray diffraction photograph of an enzyme protein: pepsin. In 1935, they took another photograph of a protein hormone: insulin. The chemical structure of protein was unknown until the amino acid sequence of bovine insulin was solved by Fred Sanger and colleagues in 1955. In 1958, the chemical synthesis of bovine insulin started in China through a nationwide collaboration of three institutions: the Institute of Biochemistry in Shanghai, the Institute of Organic Chemistry in Shanghai and Beijing University. The total synthesis of bovine insulin in crystalline form was accomplished in 1965. The success of the synthesis of the first protein in vitro greatly encouraged young researchers in China. Not long afterwards, the project of structural analysis of insulin crystal was carried out in China through the collaboration of the Institute of Biophysics, the Institute of Physics and Beijing University, and succeeded in 1971. In Dorothy Hodgkin's laboratory in Oxford, X-ray diffraction studies of insulin crystals were resumed after about 30 years, and the structure of rhombohedral insulin crystal was solved in 1969. Through insulin research, the Institute of Biophysics in Beijing and the Institute of Biochemistry in Shanghai established scientific collaboration and personal friendship with Dorothy Hodgkin's laboratory in Oxford, and later Guy Dodson's laboratory in York and Tom Blundell's laboratory in London. In 1975, Dorothy Hodgkin wrote a short note, ‘Chinese work on insulin’ in Nature, anticipating closer scientific exchange between the East and the West. In 1982, a bilateral meeting between the Biochemical Societies in the U.K. and China was held in Oxford. Now, the second bilateral meeting held in Shanghai will further promote the collaboration between our two countries.
Phylogeny of whey acidic protein (WAP) four-disulfide core proteins and their role in lower vertebrates and invertebrates
Authors: Smith Valerie J. 
Published: May 2012

Proteins containing WAP (whey acidic protein) domains with a characteristic WFDC (WAP four-disulfide core) occur not only in mammals (including marsupials and monotremes) but also in birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish. In addition, they are present in numerous invertebrates, from cnidarians to urochordates. Many of those from non-mammalian groups are poorly understood with respect to function or phylogeny. Those well characterized so far are waprins from snakes, perlwapins from bivalves and crustins from decapod crustaceans. Waprins are venom proteins with a single WAP domain at the C-terminus. They display antimicrobial, rather than proteinase inhibitory, activities. Perlwapins, in contrast, possess three WAP domains at the C-terminus and are expressed in the shell nacre of abalones. They participate in shell formation by inhibiting the growth of calcium crystals in the shell. The crustin group is the largest of all WFDC-containing proteins in invertebrates with the vast majority being highly expressed in the haemocytes. Most have a single WAP domain at the C-terminus. The presence and type of the domains between the signal sequence and the C-terminus WAP domain separate the different crustin types. Most of the Type I and II crustins are antimicrobial towards Gram-positive bacteria, whereas the Type III crustins tend to display protease inhibition. Expression studies show that at least some crustins have other important biological effects, as levels change with physiological stress, wound repair, tissue regeneration or ecdysis. Thus WAP domains are widely distributed and highly conserved, serving in diverse physiological processes (proteinase inhibition, bacterial killing or inhibition of calcium transport).
War and peace between WAP and HIV: role of SLPI, trappin-2, elafin and ps20 in susceptibility to HIV infection
Authors: Drannik Anna G. , Henrick Bethany M. , Rosenthal Kenneth L. 
Published: May 2012

Despite tremendous advances in our understanding of HIV/AIDS since the first cases were reported 30 years ago, we are still a long way from understanding critical steps of HIV acquisition, pathogenesis and correlates of protection. Our new understanding of the importance of the mucosa as a target for HIV infection, as well as our recent observations showing that altered expression and responses of innate pattern recognition receptors are significantly associated with pathogenesis and resistance to HIV infection, indicate that correlates of immunity to HIV are more likely to be associated with mucosal and innate responses. Most of the heterosexual encounters do not result in productive HIV infection, suggesting that the female genital tract is protected against HIV by innate defence molecules, such as antiproteases, secreted mucosally. The present review highlights the role and significance of the serine protease inhibitors SLPI (secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor), trappin-2, elafin and ps20 (prostate stromal protein 20 kDa) in HIV susceptibility and infection. Interestingly, in contrast with SLPI, trappin-2 and elafin, ps20 has been shown to enhance HIV infectivity. Thus understanding the balance and interaction of these factors in mucosal fluids may significantly influence HIV infection.
YOU'RE NOT THERE TO MAKE THE WORLD ANY CLEANER
Authors: Abrantes Manuel 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT
Based on a review of contributions from labour sociology, gender studies and neighbouring areas, this article starts by describing the recent manners in which domestic work emerged as a topic of interest. Then, key difficulties underlying the subject in hand are discussed. It is argued that analysis should comprehend the link between the position of in-house services at the lower end of work value hierarchies and the political dynamics of knowledge societies, which requires attention to the role of mentality and ideology in mediating everyday interaction. Ethnic change, the singularity of private households as workplaces and the ambiguous bond between skill and emotional labour are central issues. Some particular perspectives of labour studies are bound to offer an improved lens in generating answers as to where the distribution of fatigue and indignity is actually being decided – and challenged.
Developing research‐informed practitioners – an organisational perspective
Authors: McDonnell Liz , Stratton Peter , Butler Sheila , Cape Nick 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackground: Two current trends are making it increasingly important for counsellors and psychotherapists to be more engaged with research. Evidence of effectiveness is being increasingly demanded by those who fund our therapies and also by our clients. Meanwhile therapy research is offering practicable ways for therapists to improve their practice. Therapy organisations have an opportunity, perhaps even a duty, to meet the research needs of their members. Methods: This paper reports on a survey conducted by the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP) to help it plan the activities of its Research Faculty. Findings: Key findings from the survey were that the most common ways of UKCP practitioners engaging with research were through reading, discussions with colleagues and doing research. Engaging with research collaboratively with other therapists, having more time, and access to user‐friendly web‐based research resources and updates, were the factors most commonly cited as supporting practitioner engagement with research. Conversely, lack of time, difficulties accessing resources and materials and feeling not competent were the major barriers to practitioner engagement with research. Discussion: Implications for therapists, for training, and for therapy organisations are considered.
Comparison of fisheries yield and oceanographic features at the southern boundaries of the western and eastern Subarctic Pacific Ocean
Authors: Kim Suam , Kang Sukyung , Zhang Chang-Ik , Seo Hyunju , Kang Minho , Kim Jung J. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Kim, S., Kang, S., Zhang, C-I., Seo, H., Kang, M., and Kim, J. J. 2012. Comparison of fisheries yield and oceanographic features at the southern boundaries of the western and eastern Subarctic Pacific Ocean. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: . The ecological characteristics of fish communities were compared at the southern boundaries of the eastern and western Subarctic Pacific, based on oceanography, fishery information, and ecological features. Sea surface temperature (SST) was higher in the western North Pacific (NP) than in the eastern NP, and changes in SST showed regional and temporal alternating patterns. Cool and warm SST regimes were observed in the western NP during the early 1980s and the early 2000s, respectively, compared with warm and cool regimes in the eastern NP. Increasing SSTs were more conspicuous in the western than in the eastern NP. Catches from commercial fisheries were higher in the western NP than in the eastern NP. Small pelagic fish were dominant in the western NP, whereas demersal behaviour was common for fish populations in the eastern NP. Changes in species composition also showed contrasting characteristics between the two regions. In the western NP during the early 1980s, landings were dominated (35.8%) by sardine. After two decades, however, landings consisted of a more diverse species group. In the eastern NP, five species appeared in similar percentages (∼10% each) during the early 1980s, but hake alone made up 36.3% of the landings in the early 2000s.
Effects of Pharyngeal Cooling on Brain Temperature in Primates and Humans
Authors: Takeda Yoshimasa , Hashimoto Hiroshi , Fumoto Koji , Danura Tetsuya , Naito Hiromichi , Morimoto Naoki , Katayama Hiroshi , Fushimi Soichiro , Matsukawa Akihiro , Ohtsuka Aiji , Morita Kiyoshi 
Published: May 2012

Background
Pharyngeal cooling decreases brain temperature by cooling carotid arteries. This study was designed to evaluate the principle of pharyngeal cooling in monkeys and humans.

Methods
Monkeys (n = 10) were resuscitated following 12 min of cardiac arrest. Pharyngeal cooling (n = 5), in which cold saline (5°C) was perfused into the cuff at the rate of 500 ml/min, was initiated simultaneously with the onset of resuscitation for 30 min. Patients (n = 3) who were in an intensive care unit were subjected to 30 min of pharyngeal cooling under propofol anesthesia.

Results
In the animal study, core brain temperature was significantly decreased compared with that in the control group by 1.9°C (SD = 0.8, P < 0.001) and 3.1°C (SD = 1.0, P < 0.001) at 10 min and 30 min after the onset of cooling, respectively. The cooling effect was more evident in an animal with low postresuscitation blood pressure. Total dose of epinephrine, number of direct current shocks, and recovery of blood pressure were not different between the two groups. The pharyngeal epithelium was microscopically intact on day 5. In the clinical study, insertion of the cuff and start of perfusion did not affect heart rate or blood pressure. Tympanic temperature was decreased by 0.6 ± 0.1°C/30 min without affecting bladder temperature. The pharynx was macroscopically intact for 3 days.

Conclusions
Pharyngeal cooling rapidly and selectively decreased brain temperature in primates and tympanic temperature in humans and did not have adverse effects on return of spontaneous circulation, even when initiated during cardiac arrest in primates.
Helical screw type magnetic structure of the multiferroic CaMn7O12 with low Cu-doping
Authors: Sławiński W. , Przeniosło R. , Sosnowska I. , Petříček V. 
Published: May 2012

The modulated crystal structure and modulated magnetic ordering of the multiferroic CaCu
x
Mn7−x
O12 is studied by analysing neutron and synchrotron-radiation (SR) powder diffraction data with a model based on the magnetic superspace group R31′(00γ)ts. Both atomic position modulations and magnetic modulations are described with the modulation vector (0, 0, q). The magnetic ordering is a screw-type circular helix where the magnetic moments are perpendicular to the c direction. The temperature dependence of the modulation vector length and the ordered magnetic moments of Mn3+ and Mn4+ ions is given between T = 50 K and the Néel temperature T
N ≃ 90 K. The atomic position modulation length L
p and the magnetic modulation length L
m fulfil the relation L
m = 2L
p at all temperatures between 50 K and T
N.
Biochemical and functional characterisation of αPIX, a specific regulator of axonal and dendritic branching in hippocampal neurons
Authors: Totaro Antonio , Tavano Stefania , Filosa Giuseppe , Gärtner Annette , Pennucci Roberta , Santambrogio Paolo , Bachi Angela , Dotti Carlos G. , de Curtis Ivan 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackground informationPIX proteins are exchange factors for Rac and Cdc42 GTPases that are differentially expressed in the brain, where they are implicated in neuronal morphogenesis. The PIX family includes the two members αPIX and βPIX, and the gene of αPIX is mutated in patients with intellectual disability.ResultsWe have analysed the expression of PIX proteins in the developing brain and addressed their role during early hippocampal neuron development. Mass spectrometry identified several βPIX isoforms and a major p75 αPIX isoform in brain and hippocampal cultures. PIX proteins expression increased with time during neuronal differentiation in vitro. The PIX partners GIT1 and GIT2 are also found in brain and their expression was increased during neuronal differentiation. We found that αPIX, but not βPIX, was required for proper hippocampal neuron differentiation, since silencing of αPIX specifically hampered dendritogenesis and axonal branching. Interestingly, the depletion of GIT2 but not GIT1 mimicked the phenotype observed after αPIX knock‐down. Over‐expression of αPIX specifically enhanced dendritic branching, while both αPIX and βPIX over‐expression affected axonal morphology. Again, only over‐expression of GIT2, but not GIT1, affected neuritic morphology.ConclusionsThe results indicate that αPIX and GIT2 are required for neuronal differentiation, and suggest that they are part of the same pathway, while GIT1 and βPIX are dispensable for early hippocampal neurons development.
Geographic variation in vulnerability to climate warming in a tropical Caribbean lizard
Authors: Gunderson Alex R. , Leal Manuel 
Published: May 2012

Summary1. Rising global temperatures are predicted to impact organisms in diverse ways. For ectotherms, recent broad‐scale analyses have predicted global patterns of vulnerability to warming, with tropical species at higher risk of detrimental effects than temperate species. However, vulnerability results from complex interactions between environment, physiology and behaviour. For species that inhabit a diversity of habitat types, these interactions may change across their range.2. We measured operative thermal environments (Te) and body temperatures (Tb) of the tropical Caribbean lizard Anolis cristatellus at nine sites representing two habitat types: mesic and xeric forest. The thermal sensitivity of whole‐organism physiological performance (i.e. sprint speed) of one mesic and one xeric population was also measured. Thermal and performance data were integrated to determine how habitat thermal variation, behavioural thermoregulation and thermal physiology influence current physiological performance capacity in the field. We then evaluate if habitat suitability and physiological capacity would change assuming climate warming of 3 °C over the next century.3. The mean Te of the xeric habitat was 4·5 °C warmer than that of the mesic habitat. However, behavioural thermoregulation by xeric lizards led to lesser differences in Tb (3·5 °C) between habitat types. The thermal sensitivity of sprint performance was similar for mesic and xeric lizards, and lizards from both habitats maintain sprint capacities near 100%. Climate warming is predicted to influence mesic and xeric lizards differently. Xeric lizards currently live in a thermal environment near their upper temperature threshold, while mesic lizards do not. As a result, the number of suitable perch sites is predicted to decrease dramatically in the xeric but not the mesic habitat. In addition, the physiological capacity of mesic lizards is predicted to increase by approximately 4%, whereas a decrease of approximately 30% is predicted for xeric lizards.4. We characterized variation in the current biophysical and ecophysiological conditions experienced by A. cristatellus by integrating fine‐scale measurements of thermal microhabitats with data on body temperatures and physiological performance capacities. These data allowed us to explicitly demonstrate how variation in these parameters can influence population susceptibility to climate warming across a species range and highlight the utility of a mechanistic approach in studies of global climate change.