bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A developmental scale for perennial forage grasses based on the decimal code framework
Authors: Gustavsson A.‐M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAccurate descriptions of developmental stages in perennial forage grasses are important for management decisions during the growing season. It would be advantageous to have a scale and index equivalent to those for other grasses such as cereals. Similar scales would simplify the activities of people working with several crops and facilitate comparisons between perennial forage grasses and related crops (e.g. whole‐crop cereals). The objective of this paper is to develop a ‘forage grass decimal scale’, by adapting the universal decimal code framework already understood and used by many agricultural personnel. Furthermore, to improve harvest timing for high‐quality silage, new definitions, based on stem development, are used to improve upon the morphological precision of the universal code for the pre‐ and post‐booting periods. The code is adapted to describe individual tillers, while approaches to describe whole stands of forage grasses are also evaluated.
In vitro rumen simulated (RUSITEC) metabolism of freshly cut or wilted grasses with contrasting polyphenol oxidase activities
Authors: Lee M. R. F. , Cabiddu A. , Hou F. , Niderkorn V. , Kim E. J. , Fychan R. , Scollan N. D. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe study investigated in vitro simulated rumen metabolism of freshly cut and wilted cocksfoot [Dactylis glomerata; high polyphenol oxidase (PPO)] and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea; low PPO). A 16‐vessel RUSITEC was used with the four treatment combinations: cocksfoot wilted (Cw); cocksfoot fresh (Cf); tall fescue wilted (TFw) and tall fescue fresh (TFf). Rumen liquor was collected from four fistulated dairy cows maintained on permanent pasture. The experiment ran for 12 d with sampling of effluent for rumen parameters [volatile fatty acids (VFA) and NH3‐N] on days 10 and 11 at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 24 h intervals. On days 9–12, gas production and composition were measured using a plastic gas collection bag attached to the effluent bottle. At the end of day 12, the grass residue and effluent from the vessels were collected and analysed for digestibility and lipid fractionation. Lipolysis was calculated as the proportional loss of glycerol‐based membrane lipid between the forage and residue. Polyphenol oxidase was higher (P < 0·001) in Cf than the other treatments; Cw was higher than both TF treatments, with no difference between TFw and TFf. The level of protein‐bound phenol (product of oxidation reaction) tended to be higher for Cw and TFw than Cf and TFf, (P < 0·1) and was higher for cocksfoot than tall fescue (P < 0·001). As an average across the day, NH3‐N was lower (P < 0·001) in cocksfoot than tall fescue, despite the lower nitrogen concentration of tall fescue, and in fresh as opposed to wilted grass (P < 0·001). There was a trend (P < 0·1) for lipolysis to be lower in cocksfoot than tall fescue, and for both wilted treatments to be lower than the fresh (P < 0·05). Total VFA concentration was not different across treatments, although there were differences in molar proportions of individual VFA. Cocksfoot as opposed to tall fescue showed a small effect in lowering lipolytic and proteolytic activity (release of NH3‐N), although other differences between the grasses other than just PPO activity such as lipase activity, diphenol substrate content and digestibility may have greater effects between the grasses confounding the effect of PPO.
Effect of root canal sealers on bond strength of fibreglass posts cemented with self‐adhesive resin cements
Authors: Cecchin D. , Farina A. P. , Souza M. A. , Carlini‐Júnior B. , Ferraz C. C. R. 
Published: January 2011

Cecchin D, Farina AP, Souza MA, Carlini‐Júnior B, Ferraz CCR. Effect of root canal sealers on bond strength of fibreglass posts cemented with self‐adhesive resin cements. International Endodontic Journal.AbstractAim  This study evaluated the effects of different root canal sealers on the bond strength of a fibreglass post cemented with self‐adhesive resin cements.Methodology  The root canals of 50 extracted maxillary single‐rooted canine teeth were prepared with the crown‐down technique and randomly divided into five groups according to the sealer used: group 1: control group, gutta‐percha points only (no sealer); group 2: AH Plus (resin‐based sealer); group 3: self‐etch Epiphany (resin‐based sealer); group 4: Sealer 26 (calcium hydroxide‐based sealer); and group 5: Endomethasone (zinc oxide eugenol‐based sealer). The root canals were filled with gutta‐percha, the cold lateral compaction technique, except for group 3 where Resilon was used. Post spaces were prepared, and fibreglass posts were cemented with the self‐adhesive cement RelyX Unicem. Bonded specimens were sectioned into 1‐mm‐thick slabs, and a push‐out test was performed in a universal machine. Failure modes were observed and classified into five types: (i) adhesive between the post and resin cement; (ii) mixed, with resin cement covering 0–50% of the post diameter; (iii) mixed, with resin cement covering 50–100% of the post surface; (iv) adhesive between resin cement and root canal; and (v) cohesive in dentine. Data of bond strength were submitted to anova and Tukey test (α = 0.05).Results  No significant difference was detected between control group, AH Plus, Epiphany and Sealer 26 (P > 0.05). The Endomethasone group had significantly lower bond strength values than the other sealers (P < 0.05). The prevalence of mixed fractures and adhesive cement‐dentine failure was verified in the eugenol‐containing sealer group; in the control group, the resin‐based and calcium hydroxide‐based sealer groups, the predominant mode of failure was the mixed type.Conclusion  Endomethasone interfered negatively with the bond to root dentine; however, AH Plus, Epiphany and Sealer 26 did not interfere in the bond strength of a fibreglass post cemented with self‐adhesive resin cements.
Analysis of four gutta‐percha techniques used to fill mesial root canals of mandibular molars
Authors: Marciano M. A. , Ordinola‐Zapata R. , Cunha T. V. R. N. , Duarte M. A. H. , Cavenago B. C. , Garcia R. B. , Bramante C. M. , Bernardineli N. , Moraes I. G. 
Published: January 2011

Marciano MA, Ordinola‐Zapata R, Cunha TVRN, Duarte MAH, Cavenago BC, Garcia RB, Bramante CM, Bernardineli N, Moraes IG. Analysis of four gutta‐percha techniques used to fill mesial root canals of mandibular molars. International Endodontic Journal.AbstractAim  To compare the percentage of gutta‐percha, sealer and voids and the influence of isthmuses in mesial root canals of mandibular molars filled with different techniques.Methodology  Canals in 60 mesial roots of mandibular first molars were prepared with ProTaper instruments to size F2 (size 25, 0.08 taper) and filled using a single‐cone, lateral compaction, System B or Thermafil techniques. An epoxy resin sealer was labelled with Rhodamine‐B dye to allow analysis under a confocal microscope. The percentage of gutta‐percha, sealer and area of voids was calculated at 2, 4 and 6 mm from the apex, using Image Tool 3.0 software. Statistical analysis was performed using nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn tests (P < 0.05). The influence of isthmuses on the presence or absence of voids was evaluated using the Fisher test.Results  At the 2 mm level, the percentage of gutta‐percha, sealer and voids was similar amongst the System B, lateral compaction and single‐cone techniques. The single‐cone technique revealed significantly less gutta‐percha, more sealer and voids in comparison with the Thermafil technique at the 2 and 4 mm level (P < 0.05). The analysis of all sections (2, 4 and 6 mm) revealed that more gutta‐percha and less sealer and voids were found in root canals filled with Thermafil and System B techniques (P < 0.05). The Fisher test revealed that the presence of isthmuses increased the occurence of voids in the lateral compaction group only (P < 0.05).Conclusion  Gutta‐percha, sealer filled area and voids were dependent on the canal‐filling technique. The presence of isthmuses may influence the quality of root filling.
The efficacy of pre‐operative oral medication of lornoxicam and diclofenac potassium on the success of inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with irreversible pulpitis: a double‐blind, randomised controlled clinical trial
Authors: Prasanna N. , Subbarao C. V. , Gutmann J. L. 
Published: January 2011

Prasanna N, Subbarao CV, Gutmann JL. The efficacy of preoperative oral medication of lornoxicam and diclofenac potassium on the success of inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with irreversible pulpitis: a double‐blind, randomised controlled clinical trial. International Endodontic Journal.AbstractAim  To determine the effect of administration of pre‐operative lornoxicam (LNX) or diclofenac potassium (DP) on the success of inferior alveolar nerve blocks (IANB) in patients with irreversible pulpitis in a double‐blind randomised controlled trial.Methodology  One hundred and fourteen patients with irreversible pulpitis of a mandibular posterior tooth participated. Patients indicated their pain scores on a Heft Parker visual analogue scale, after which they were randomly divided into three groups (n = 38). The subjects received identical capsules containing 8 mg LNX, 50 mg DP or cellulose powder (placebo, PLAC), 1 h before administration of IANB with 2% lidocaine containing 1 : 200 000 epinephrine. Lip numbness was assessed after 15 min, following which the teeth were tested with cold spray and their responses (negative or positive) were recorded. Access cavities were then prepared and success of IANB was defined as the absence of pain during access preparation and root canal instrumentation. The data were analysed using chi‐squared tests.Results  The percentages of teeth giving a negative response to cold test were 42.8% (PLAC), 78.5% (LNX) and 67.8% (DP), with no significant differences amongst the groups (P > 0.05). The success rates for the IANB in descending order were 71.4% (LNX), 53.5% (DP) and 28.5 (PLAC). A significant (P < 0.001) difference was found between the LNX and the PLAC groups only.Conclusions  Pre‐operative administration of LNX significantly improved the efficacy of IANB in patients with irreversible pulpitis, whilst the effect of pre‐medication with DP was not significantly different from the PLAC.
A numerical method for predicting the bending fatigue life of NiTi and stainless steel root canal instruments
Authors: Cheung G. S. P. , Zhang E. W. , Zheng Y. F. 
Published: January 2011

Cheung GSP, Zhang EW, Zheng YF. A numerical method for predicting the bending fatigue life of NiTi and stainless steel root canal instruments. International Endodontic Journal.AbstractAim  To evaluate the bending fatigue lifetime of nickel–titanium alloy (NiTi) and stainless steel (SS) endodontic files using finite element analysis.Methodology  The strain‐life approach was adopted and two theoretical geometry profiles, the triangular (TR) and the square cross‐sections, were considered. Both low‐cycle fatigue (LCF) lifetime and high‐cycle fatigue (HCF) lifetime were evaluated.Results  The bending fatigue behaviour was affected by the material property and the cross‐sectional configuration of the instrument. Both the cross‐section factor and material property had a substantial impact on fatigue lifetime. The NiTi material and TR geometry profiles were associated with better fatigue resistance than that of SS and square cross‐sections.Conclusions  Within the limitations of this study, finite element models were established for endodontic files to prejudge their fatigue lifetime, a tool that would be useful for dentist to prevent premature fatigue fracture of endodontic files.
Electronic determination of root canal working length in primary molar teeth: an in vivo and ex vivo study
Authors: Beltrame A. P. C. A. , Triches T. C. , Sartori N. , Bolan M. 
Published: January 2011

Beltrame APCA, Triches TC, Sartori N, Bolan M. Electronic determination of root canal working length in primary molar teeth: an in vivo and ex vivo study. International Endodontic Journal, 44, 402–406, 2011.AbstractAim  To evaluate in vivo and ex vivo the accuracy of an electronic apex locator in primary molar teeth with or without root resorption.Methodology  Fifteen primary molar teeth with 30 root canals were divided into two groups: roots without resorption (n = 13) and roots with resorption (n = 17). Root canals were measured with the Root ZX apex locator in vivo, and then after tooth extraction, each canal was measured electronically ex vivo. The actual root canal length was measured visually, with the placement of a K‐file into the most cervical edge of either apical foramen or resorption. The Student’s t‐test was applied for statistical analysis at a 5% significance level.Results  The electronic apex locator was precise in 69% and 65% of the cases with and without root resorption, respectively (tolerance = ±0.5 mm), in vivo and 69% and 77%ex vivo. When the tolerance was ±1 mm, however, these figures increased to 92% and 94% for root canals with and without resorption, respectively, in vivo and ex vivo. No significant difference was observed between the resorbed and non‐resorbed root canals measured using the Root ZX.Conclusion  The Root ZX apex locator was accurate in determining in vivo and ex vivo the working length ±1 mm in primary molar teeth in over 90% of roots regardless of the presence of root resorption.
The free and bound forms of Lpp occupy distinct subcellular locations in Escherichia coli
Authors: Cowles Charles E. , Li Yongfeng , Semmelhack Martin F. , Cristea Ileana M. , Silhavy Thomas J. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryThe lipoprotein Lpp is the most numerically abundant protein in Escherichia coli, has been investigated for over 40 years, and has served as the paradigmatic bacterial lipoprotein since its initial discovery. It exists in two distinct forms: a ‘bound‐form’, which is covalently bound to the cell's peptidoglycan layer, and a ‘free‐form’, which is not. Although it is known that the carboxyl‐terminus of bound‐form Lpp is located in the periplasm, the precise location of free‐form Lpp has never been determined. For decades, it has been widely assumed that free‐form Lpp is associated with bound‐form. In this work, we show that the free and bound forms of Lpp are not largely associated with each other, but are found in distinct subcellular locations. Our results indicate that free‐form Lpp spans the outer membrane and is surface‐exposed, whereas bound‐form Lpp resides in the periplasm. Thus, Lpp represents a novel example of a single lipoprotein that is able to occupy distinct subcellular locations, and challenges models in which the free and bound forms of Lpp are assumed to be associated with each other.
Characterization of DsbD in Neisseria meningitidis
Authors: Kumar Pradeep , Sannigrahi Soma , Scoullar Jessica , Kahler Charlene M. , Tzeng Yih‐Ling 
Published: January 2011

SummaryProper periplasmic disulfide bond formation is important for folding and stability of many secreted and membrane proteins, and is catalysed by three DsbA oxidoreductases in Neisseria meningitidis. DsbD provides reducing power to DsbC that shuffles incorrect disulfide bond in misfolded proteins as well as to the periplasmic enzymes that reduce apo‐cytochrome c (CcsX) or repair oxidative protein damages (MrsAB). The expression of dsbD, but not other dsb genes, is positively regulated by the MisR/S two‐component system. Quantitative real‐time PCR analyses showed significantly reduced dsbD expression in all misR/S mutants, which was rescued by genetic complementation. The direct and specific interaction of MisR with the upstream region of the dsbD promoter was demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and the MisR binding sequences were mapped. Further, the expression of dsbD was found to be induced by dithiothrietol (DTT), through the MisR/S regulatory system. Surprisingly, we revealed that inactivation of dsbD can only be achieved in a strain carrying an ectopically located dsbD, in the dsbA1A2 double mutant or in the dsbA1A2A3 triple mutant, thus DsbD is indispensable for DsbA‐catalysed oxidative protein folding in N. meningitidis. The defects of the meningococcal dsbA1A2 mutant in transformation and resistance to oxidative stress were more severe in the absence of dsbD.
Signal production and detection specificity in Vibrio CqsA/CqsS quorum‐sensing systems
Authors: Ng Wai‐Leung , Perez Lark J. , Wei Yunzhou , Kraml Christina , Semmelhack Martin F. , Bassler Bonnie L. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryQuorum sensing is a process of bacterial cell–cell communication that enables populations of cells to carry out behaviours in unison. Quorum sensing involves detection of the density‐dependent accumulation of extracellular signal molecules called autoinducers that elicit population‐wide changes in gene expression. In Vibrio species, CqsS is a membrane‐bound histidine kinase that acts as the receptor for the CAI‐1 autoinducer which is produced by the CqsA synthase. In Vibrio cholerae, CAI‐1 is (S)‐3‐hydroxytridecan‐4‐one. The C170 residue of V. cholerae CqsS specifies a preference for a ligand with a 10‐carbon tail length. However, a phenylalanine is present at this position in Vibrio harveyi CqsS and other homologues, suggesting that a shorter CAI‐1‐like molecule functions as the signal. To investigate this, we purified the V. harveyi CqsS ligand, and determined that it is (Z)‐3‐aminoundec‐2‐en‐4‐one (Ea‐C8‐CAI‐1) carrying an 8‐carbon tail. The V. harveyi CqsA/CqsS system is exquisitely selective for production and detection of this ligand, while the V. cholerae CqsA/CqsS counterparts show relaxed specificity in both production and detection. We isolated CqsS mutants in each species that display reversed specificity for ligands. Our analysis provides insight into how fidelity is maintained in signal transduction systems.
Silencing GhNDR1 and GhMKK2 compromises cotton resistance to Verticillium wilt
Authors: Gao Xiquan , Wheeler Terry , Li Zhaohu , Kenerley Charles M. , He Ping , Shan Libo 
Published: January 2011

SummaryCotton is an important cash crop worldwide, and is a significant source of fiber, feed, foodstuff, oil and biofuel products. Considerable effort has been expended to increase sustainable yield and quality through molecular breeding and genetic engineering of new cotton cultivars. Given the recent availability of the whole‐genome sequence of cotton, it is necessary to develop molecular tools and resources for large‐scale analysis of gene functions at the genome‐wide level. We have successfully developed an Agrobacterium‐mediated virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) assay in several cotton cultivars with various genetic backgrounds. The genes of interest were potently and readily silenced within 2 weeks after inoculation at the seedling stage. Importantly, we showed that silencing GhNDR1 and GhMKK2 compromised cotton resistance to the infection by Verticillium dahliae, a fungal pathogen causing Verticillium wilt. Furthermore, we developed a cotton protoplast system for transient gene expression to study gene functions by a gain‐of‐function approach. The viable protoplasts were isolated from green cotyledons, etiolated cotyledons and true leaves, and responded to a wide range of pathogen elicitors and phytohormones. Remarkably, cotton plants possess conserved, but also distinct, MAP kinase activation with Arabidopsis upon bacterial elicitor flagellin perception. Thus, using gene silencing assays, we have shown that GhNDR1 and GhMKK2 are required for Verticillium resistance in cotton, and have developed high throughput loss‐of‐function and gain‐of‐function assays for functional genomic studies in cotton.
Transpositional landscape of the rice genome revealed by paired‐end mapping of high‐throughput re‐sequencing data
Authors: Sabot François , Picault Nathalie , El‐Baidouri Moaine , Llauro Christel , Chaparro Cristian , Piegu Benoit , Roulin Anne , Guiderdoni Emmanuel , Delabastide Mélissa , McCombie Richard , Panaud Olivier 
Published: January 2011

SummaryTransposable elements (TEs) are mobile entities that densely populate most eukaryotic genomes and contribute to both their structural and functional dynamics. However, most TE‐related sequences in both plant and animal genomes correspond to inactive, degenerated elements, due to the combined effect of silencing pathways and elimination through deletions. One of the major difficulties in fully characterizing the molecular basis of genetic diversity of a given species lies in establishing its genome‐wide transpositional activity. Here, we provide an extensive survey of the transpositional landscape of a plant genome using a deep sequencing strategy. This was achieved through paired‐end mapping of a fourfold coverage of the genome of rice mutant line derived from an in vitro callus culture using Illumina technology. Our study shows that at least 13 TE families are active in this genotype, causing 34 new insertions. This next‐generation sequencing‐based strategy provides new opportunities to quantify the impact of TEs on the genome dynamics of the species.
Artesunate/mefloquine paediatric formulation vs. artemether/lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum in Anonkoua kouté, Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Toure Offianan A. , Kouame Menan G. , Didier Yapi J. , Berenger Ako A. A. , Djerea Khali , Genevieve Gomez O. , Penali Louis K. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryObjectives  To test the hypothesis that Artesunate–mefloquine paediatric (AS+MEF) is as effective as Artemether–lumefantrine (AL) in treating acute uncomplicated malaria in children.Methods  In an open label, randomized controlled clinical trial, children aged 6–59 months were randomized to receive AS+MEF or AL. Both drug regimens were given for 3 days, and follow‐up was for 28 days. The primary endpoint was the 28‐day cure rate and was defined as proportion of patients with PCR‐corrected cure rate after 28 days of follow‐up.Results  One hundred and fifty‐six patients with confirmed uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria were randomly assigned to receive AS+MEF (n = 77) or AL (n = 79). PCR‐corrected day 28 cure rates for per protocol (PP) populations were 99% for AS+MEF and 97% (P = 1) for AL. For the intention to treat (ITT) population, cure rates were 96% for AS+MEF and 92% (P = 0.49) for AL. Both regimens were well tolerated.Conclusion  AS+MEF is as effective as AL, and both combinations were efficacious and safe.