bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Synopsis of the Ethiopian and Indo-Malayan Species ofMicrophanurus(Serphoidea, Scelionidae)
Authors: Nixon G. E. J. 
Published: July 2009

This paper brings together all the species ofMicrophanurusfrom the Ethiopian and Indo-Malayan regions that I have written about during the last eight years. I have found that the fauna of neither region could be studied in isolation if a proper understanding of the taxonomic relationships and host-preferences of the genus were aimed at.The key contains all the species from the regions concerned of which the types or at least authentically named specimens are in the British Museum. Two new African species are described.For the identification of the Hemipteron,Atelocera stictica, Westwood, and for other information I am much indebted to Mr. W. E. China.
An Investigation of the Changes in a Bin of stored Wheat infested by Insects
Authors: Howe R. W. 
Published: July 2009

One and a half tons of Plate wheat, of water content 12·9 per cent., infested by insects, especially the small form of C. oryzae, Rhizopertha, and Laemophloeus, were placed in an iron bin in May 1941. By the following November the wheat was heating near the surface and was extremely heavily infested in the 25 cm. surface layer. The carbon dioxide concentration beneath this layer exceeded 10 per cent.During December the hottest depth in the grain was nearer to the surface. The temperature reached 37°C, 27°C. above air temperature. Many weevils came to the surface in early December and walked off the grain. Then in mid December the grain temperature fell rapidly and reached air temperature by the end of the month. A week later many insects were still alive, but by March 1942 very few living insects were found. The carbon dioxide concentration fell rapidly but rose again in March, presumably due to the increased grain water content and the respiration of micro-organisms.In 1942, conditions became suitable for insect activities in April, and by May an infestation had started, this time predominantly C. granaria. Laemophloeus was also present, having apparently survived the winter in the bin, but neither C. oryzae nor Rhizopertha had survived. Insects were confined to the surface layers by the carbon dioxide present deeper in the bin. Consequently heating did not occur in 1942, and when the grain was moved in October 1942, its temperature was falling after reaching a maximum of 27°C. in August.The effect of the presence of insects upon grain is discussed. It is shown that the conditions arising in the bin resemble those in general storage, except that the use of an open topped bin with airtight sides and bottom caused a much greater accumulation of carbon dioxide than is usual.It is suggested that if the grains infested by weevils are buried in the bulk, heating is likely to occur, whilst if the infestation is superficial the grain may not heat. The part played by weevil larvae in the heating of grain is stressed.It is suggested that regular examination of samples of grain from deep in a bulk should be made for insects and that all bulks should be examined soon after being placed in position. Routine temperature and water content readings should be made at points deep in the grain and about 10–20 cm. below the surface.
New Braconid Parasites of Australian wood-boring Beetles with Notes on the Subfamily Hecabolinae (Hym., Braconidae)
Authors: Nixon G. E. J. 
Published: July 2009

This paper has been written in response to a request for determinations of certain parasites of wood-boring beetles in Queensland, Australia. The description of a new species of Monolexis entailed rather more research than was expected and has led to the expression of a few opinions of an exploratory nature on the status of the subfamily Hecabolinae. Altogether one new species in the Doryctinae and six (including one new genus) in the Hecabolinae are described.The types of all new species are in the British Museum.
The Culicine Mosquitos of Eritrea
Authors: Lewis D. J. 
Published: July 2009

A survey of the distribution of Aëdes aegypti and other Culicine mosquitos was made during the dry season of 1942, between 31st March and 15th May. The position of Eritrea gives it a particular interest in relation to the possible spread of yellow fever from Africa to the East. In the west it borders on the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, in parts of which yellow fever is endemic, and it has a Red Sea coast line of some 600 miles, near the centre of which is the port of Massawa. The Culicines hitherto found include six that are known to be potential vectors of yellow fever.The topography and climate of Eritrea have been described by Lega, Raffaele and Canalis (1937). The country may be divided into four areas, the eastern and western plains, the mountain slopes and the plateau. The latter, on which lie several of the towns, is from about 1,900 to 2,500 metres (some 6,200 to 8,200 feet) above sea level.
The Toxicity of DDT to the Housefly, Musca domestica, L.
Authors: Parkin E. A. , Green A. A. 
Published: July 2009

DDT (p,p'-dichlordiphenyl-trichlormethyl-methane) has been shown to be very toxic to the housefly, Musca domestica, L., when applied as a spray containing 0·1 per cent, w/v or more in kerosene. DDT at 1 per cent, gives an effective spray for practical use, but at lower concentrations the speed of knock-down is too slow. This disadvantage can be overcome by the admixture of a small amount of pyrethrum. A mixture of 0·03 per cent, w/v total pyrethrins and 0·1 per cent, w/v DDT in kerosene is recommended as a suitable fly spray for practical use. This mixture can be stored in glass bottles in the dark for at least 17 months at 27·5° C. without marked deterioration. Its toxicity may be increased by the incorporation of a suitable activator, e.g., sesame oil or isobutylundecylenamide.The impurities in crude preparations of DDT appear to exert no toxic effect on houseflies.DDT acts more slowly when dissolved in industrial methylated spirit than in kerosene.Attention is drawn to the residual film effect of DDT on walls, etc., and an example is given to show how this effect was employed in the control of a fly population in a kitchen.The symptoms of poisoning of flies by DDT are compared with those caused by pyrethrum. DDT is relatively slow in action; it is a severe irritant, causing the flies to buzz violently at one stage; it induces marked tremors during the coma preceding death; and, at death, it causes the legs to be tightly flexed at the femoro-tibial joint. When the pyrethrins and DDT are mixed in a spray, these constituents, so far as can be judged from the train of toxic symptoms, act independently, so that the rapid paralytic effect of the pyrethrins keeps the insects immobile until the slow lethal effect of the DDT supervenes.This work has been carried out as part of the programme of research of the Pest Infestation Laboratory, and this account is published by permission of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.
The Sandflies of Cyprus (Diptera)
Authors: Adler S. 
Published: July 2009

The sandflies of Cyprus have been examined. The following ten species were found: P. papatasii, P. perniciosus var. tobbi, P. chinensis (a local race), P. perfiliewi (rare), P. sergenti, P. alexandri, P. larroussei (rare), P. fallax cypriotica, var. n., P. azizi, sp. n., and P. parroti.Melanic forms of P. parroti were found. Melanism was associated with a reduction in the teeth of the pharynx in the female in the few specimens collected.The race of P. chinensis found on the island differs from those hitherto described.The general composition of the sandfly population of Cyprus is different from that of any other part of the Mediterranean examined.P. major which is common in Palestine, Syria and the Balkans was not found.Canine kala-azar is common on the island. P. perniciosus var. tobbi and a race of P. chinensis should be considered as possible carriers but this point must be determined experimentally.
Some East African Species ofLygus, with Notes on their Host Plants
Authors: Taylor T. H. C. 
Published: July 2009

In my recent paper on “Lygus simonyi, Reut., as a Cotton Pest in Uganda”*, I referred in the introductory notes to the fact that I had studied the male genitalia and other characters of about 20 species ofLygusin order to determine reliably all specimens collected in the course of the field work on which I was then engaged. In the present paper all of these species are described. Only a few of them occur commonly on cotton, and only one, which must now be calledL. vosseleri, Popp., is a major pest of cotton, but the others were encountered, in most cases very frequently, in connection with an investigation of the alternative host plants of the cotton-frequenting species, and two are common on coffee (withL. coffeae, China, which belongs to a different group of species and is therefore not included here). Some of them bear a very close resemblance toL. vosseleriand often occur with it on the same plants and in the same localities; consequently considerable confusion had existed previously as to the identity of the various species collected.In connection with field work it is often necessary to identify large numbers of specimens rapidly and without adequate facilities for the examination of genitalia. Consequently, the object of my study of the external genitalia of the males was not only to separate the species on the basis of these structures but also to test by means of them the reliability for diagnostic purposes of the few differences, such as those of colour and markings, that occur in both sexes and are readily visible with a hand lens. I concluded that the male genitalia afford the best characters for determination whenever they can be examined, but that colour and markings can suffice in both sexes for this purpose, despite the great variation which occurs in most species. The only other characters that are of value for the separation of species, within the group with which I have dealt, are size and (occasionally) length of rostrum. There is, in fact, a remarkable uniformity throughout this species group, so that in the absence of males or of facilities for examining genitalia, determination must depend upon a combination of a few simple characters, two of which, colour and markings, are variable, often difficult to describe, and can be utilised satisfactorily only after experience has been gained of many species and specimens from numerous localities and plants.The species described in this paper constitute what may be called thesimonyigroup ofLygusand have the following features in common:—1. A smooth, semi-shiny appearance (never very shiny because of slight pubescence and minute punctation).2. The whole of the dorsal surface, including the hemelytra, and also the ventral surface, rather sparsely covered with very fine, short decumbent hairs directed backwards.3. The whole of the dorsal surface, including the hemelytra, indistinctly and minutely punctate; the scutellum and (to a lesser extent) the pronotum very slightly rugose transversely.
The Use of Bamboo Pots to indicate Aëdes Prevalence
Authors: Hocking K. S. 
Published: July 2009

1. The method used is founded on those of Dunn (1927) and Harris (1942).2. Results are given for 1943, 1944 and 1945 from areas in Kenya, Tanganyika and Madagascar.3. An attempt is made to interpret these results in the light of the theoretical meanings of the Pot Index and the House Larval Index. This demonstrates that these two indices together can be used to assess the fluctuations in an Aëdes population and hence the efficiency of control measures.4. Finally, the practical value of the Pot Index is discussed.
An arsenic-resistant Tick and its Control with Gammexane Dips
Authors: Whitnall A. B. M. , Bradford B. 
Published: July 2009

During the past 30 years, at least seven species of injurious insects are known to have evolved strains that are more difficult to kill with recognised chemical insecticides than are the normal populations of these pests.In 1939 it was reported from the East London area that farmers were experiencing difficulty in controlling the one host blue tick, B. decoloratus, by regular dipping in the recognised 7-day strength arsenical wash. Field observations confirmed this.A technique for treating ticks in the laboratory is discussed in detail. This technique has been put to exhaustive test and some 15,000 adult female blue ticks have been subjected to in vitro treatments with remarkably consistent results.Experiments are discussed that suggest that arsenic kills ticks by contact. It is further claimed that by using the technique described it has been possible to furnish proof that an arsenic-resistant strain of B. decoloratus does exist in South Africa. It would seem that when once the arsenic-resistant tick has established itself on any farm, the continued dipping of cattle in arsenical washes results in an unintentional artificial selection of those varieties within the tick population that are resistant to arsenic. Continued dippings in arsenic thus aggravate the position and some insecticide other than arsenic should be used to combat this arsenic-resistant strain of B. decoloratus.Gammexane was experimented with and it is shown that 0·005 per cent. is sufficient to kill adult females of the arsenic-resistant tick and could be taken as a basis for further experiments. Oil base preparations and water suspensions of Gammexane are twenty times more toxic to the tick than are dust preparations.
A new Species of Erythroneura from Fiji (Homoptera, Jassidae)
Authors: Evans J. W. 
Published: July 2009

Length, 2·9 mm. General coloration pale yellow. Width of head, across the eyes, 0·7 mm. Tegmen with a brown marking as shown in fig. 1b. Male genitalia as in fig. la.Type ♂ from Suva, Fiji, collected by R. A. Lever 14. viii. 1943, on bean.According to Mr. Lever, E. leveri is a vector of a leaf-crinkle on leaves of Madagascar beans (Phaseolus Iwnatus) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) in Fiji.
The Mosquitos of the Jebel Auliya Reservoir on the White Nile
Authors: Lewis D. J. 
Published: July 2009

The mosquitos of the reservoir area have been studied mainly with the object of planning suitable methods of controlling malaria. This paper is an account of the work done so far.The diversity of conditions in the area, which is of such length that it has been divided into three sections, is described with special reference to the river and reservoir levels, predacious fishes, breeding places of mosquitos and water plants among which mosquitos breed.The mosquito fauna of the area is described and observations on the breeding places and adult habits of the principal species are recorded. The large proportion of “ripe” females among Anophelines dissected is noted.The probable effects of the reservoir conditions on the mosquitos are discussed.Notes are given on certain species, and the relation of A. rufipes and A. pharoensis to malaria are discussed from circumstantial evidence. The former is provisionally regarded as a vector.Control measures are described with particular reference to A. funestus (in the south), A. gambiae and A. rufipes, the latter being a vector of malaria expensive to control in the larval stage. The value of insecticidal dusts in the area is discussed.
The Type of Phlebotomus mascittii Grassi (Diptera, Psychodidae)
Authors: Hertig Marshall 
Published: July 2009

Examination of Newstead's specimen has confirmed the substantial accuracy of his description and drawings, with the exception of the genital pump. The form of the aedeagus alone leaves no possibility of confusion with P. perniciosus, of which there has been available an adequate series of Italian specimens for comparison. The view of Adler and associates that the sixth spines are aberrant is thoroughly reasonable. P. mascittii is therefore an easily recognizable species, as to the male, from existing descriptions and drawings, and represented by the sole known cotype in the British Museum, which is hereby designated the lectotype.The question of the distinguishing characters of the female is bound up with the whole matter of the identity of P. mascittii and P. larroussei. The evidence already published, involving both males and females, certainly constitutes a strong case for the identity of these two species. There may be cited: (a) the character of the wing venation which seems to be constant in both sexes; (b) the general agreement as to the male genitalia; (c) the fact that one of Saccà's specimens was caught within a few hundred metres of the type locality and the others in the same city. In the absence of any contrary evidence there is no reason to doubt the soundness of the view shared by Saccà and Parrot that these two species are identical.
Mosquito Control: An Investigation of natural surface Films in Relation to the Spreading of larvicidal Oils upon Water
Authors: Toms B. A. 
Published: July 2009

The spreading of larvicidal oils is hindered by the presence of natural films upon the surface of standing water. The film pressure, which measures the resistance offered to the spreading of oil, can be determined in the field by a simple method depending on the use of standard spreading liquids.It seemed reasonable to suppose that by making tests on the waters at many different places it should be possible to estimate the optimum spreading properties required in a larvicidal oil before its distribution began in a particular district. An attempt to do this was made in a part of the Gold Coast in 1944 and the investigation showed that in that region, and at that time, the spreadability of an oil with spreading pressure equal to 30 dynes/cm., approximately, would have been adequate for larvicidal purposes. It was also found that the natural films, which could be either visible or invisible, were of two physical types distinguishable as “uniform” and “non-uniform” according to the observed variation of the film pressure at a single site.
Pupation Habits of Sheep Blowflies in Relation to Parasitism by Mormoniella vitripennis, Wlk. (Hym., Pteromalid.)
Authors: Ullyett G. C. 
Published: July 2009

The depth and habits of pupation, shown by the three main species of sheep blowflies (Lucilia sericata, Chrysomyia chloropyga, and C. albiceps) are discussed in relation to parasitism by the Pteromalid, Mormoniella vitripennis.Experimental series showed that the majority of Lucilia larvae pupate in situations which are inaccessible to the parasite, a result which agrees with field observations; whereas the two species of Chrysomyia have a large proportion of their pupal populations exposed freely to attack by the parasite. The degree of protection thus sought by the larvae appears to be directly proportional to the suitability of the puparia of the species as hosts for the parasite.Because of this difference in pupation habits, a large proportion of the Lucilia population which survives the competition for food and the predatory attacks of C. albiceps on the carrion will produce adult flies; whereas the more exposed C. albiceps and C. chloropyga populations will be further reduced and in a proportionate manner by parasitism. This explanation is put forward as one of the main reasons for the comparative success shown by field populations of Lucilia and the unexpectedly small field populations observed in the case of C. albiceps.It is pointed out that this phenomenon is a disadvantage where natural control of the primary flies is concerned since C. albiceps is an important controlling factor in larval populations of Lucilia.
An Arsenic-resistant Tick and its Control with “Gammexane” Dips.—Part II
Authors: Whitnall A. B. M. , Bradford B. 
Published: July 2009

The rapid spread of the single host arsenic-resistant blue tick, B. decoloratus, a transmitter of piroplasmosis and anaplasmosis, seriously affected a large and important cattle ranching area in South Africa.Biological tests, using the laboratory technique described in an earlier paper, enabled the most effective “Gammexane” preparations to be rapidly selected from numbers of experimental dips. The technique was also employed as a supplement to chemical analyses of dip wash samples where only the total hexachlorocyclohexane and not gamma isomer was estimated. Twenty-thousand adult female ticks were used in these in vitro tests. Oil emulsions seemed more active than dispersible powders or pastes, but all tests indicated that 50 parts per million “Gammexane” should satisfactorily control the tick in the field.Laboratory tests with larvae of the blue tick showed that “Gammexane” had a persistent action and was very toxic to this stage of the tick. Excellent control of
larval ticks could be anticipated in the field.In vitro tests indicated that “Gammexane” was effective against the two- and three-host ticks, R. evertsi, R. appendiculatus, A. hebraeum, H. silacea and Hyalomma spp., but hand dressing and shorter dipping intervals might be necessary to control these ticks in the field. The sheep paralysis tick, I. pilosus, seemed to be resistant to “Gammexane” but was readily killed by arsenic.
Responses of Pests to Fumigation. III.—The Fumigation of Wheat containing Calandra spp.(Curculionidae) with three Fumigants, under Reduced Pressure
Authors: El Nahal A. K. M. 
Published: July 2009

Wheat of three moisture contents was fumigated with ethylene oxide, methyl bromide and hydrogen cyanide. Both chemical and biological assays were used to follow the changing distribution of the fumigant when applied with sustained vacuum, in a vacuum fumigation with simultaneous admission of air and fumigant, or at atmospheric pressure.As these various factors were altered, in a multifactorial experiment, the changes in the fumigant distribution were also recorded chemically, and then analysed statistically. Changes in the mortality of both species of Calandra, either buried in a one-cwt sack of wheat or in the free-space, were estimated so that that part of the changes which was associated with the altered fumigant distribution was segregated by a covariance analysis and the remainder formed an estimate of the direct influence of the experimental Conditions on the susceptibility of the weevils to the fumigants.When either ethylene oxide or methyl bromide is used as a fumigant for wheat, vacuum fumigation with simultaneous admission of air and fumigant gives results, in terms of the control of Calandra spp., which are almost indistinguishable from those obtained at atmospheric pressure under comparable conditions. When hydrogen cyanide is the fumigant, atmospheric fumigation is superior, quite apart from the capital expense and other practical disadvantages of fumigations at reduced pressures.
Studies on Theraptus sp. (Coreidae); the Cause of the Gumming Disease of Coconuts in East Africa
Authors: Way M. J. 
Published: July 2009

Theraptus sp. is widespread in the coastal region of British East Africa where it severely damages developing coconut fruits.The female may lay over 100 eggs. There are five nymphal instars and, in the field, it is probable that about nine generations are produced each year.Damage to coconuts is similar to that caused by Amblypelta cocophaga China in the Solomon Islands. Female coconut flowers and young nuts may be destroyed by a single feeding puncture. Damaged 10–16-week-old nuts may reach maturity but are undersized and often distorted by lesions from which gummy material exudes.