bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AN OVERVIEW OF AQUACULTURE RESEARCH IN THE SOUTHEAST FISHERIES CENTER'S GALVESTON LABORATORY1
Authors: Klima E. F. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe Aquaculture Program at the Galveston Laboratory of the National Marine Fisheries Service's Southeast Fisheries Center is divided into 2 phases, experimental and demonstration. The experimental phase includes maturation and reproduction, grow‐out and economical and biological evaluation. Positive economic and biological evaluation in the experimental phase will lead to phase 2, the demonstration of a pilot operation. Successful completion of the demonstration phase, which will be conducted in cooperation with industry, will eventually lead to commercial rearing of marine animals for either food, bait or seeding of wild stocks. The major thrust of this program has been to rear shrimp for bait, a research investment warranted by the demand for bait shrimp and prospects for success. Results to date indicate that shrimp can be reared in closed systems to a size suitable for sale in the northern Gulf of Mexico as bait shrimp. In addition, studies are being conducted to culture marine sea turtles, specifically loggerhead, and release the cultured juveniles into the wild in an attempt to increase wild populations of depleted, threatened or endangered species. Further, studies have been successful in rearing finfish in closed systems, and future work will be concentrated on the rearing of striped bass, redfish, and snapper for release in the marine environment as juveniles in an attempt to increase or augment wild populations.
CULTURING THE AMERICAN LOBSTER (Homarus americanus) USING A VERTICALLY STACKED CAGE SYSTEM1
Authors: Mickelsen R. W. , Infanger R. C. , Heckmann R. A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA vertically stacked cage system capable of supporting juveniles and adult lobsters in individual compartments has been designed and is being tested for commercial production of the American lobster Homarus americanus. Details are given for the construction and operation of the unit as well as techniques for feeding each animal. The modular unit is designed for lobsters ranging from the 4th stage to the adult size.
EFFECTS OF STOCKING DENSITY AND SUBSTRATE ON GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF CRAWFISH (Procambarus clarkii) GROWN IN A RECIRCULATING CULTURE SYSTEM1
Authors: Goyert J. C. , Avault J. W. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe growth and survival of crawfish (Procambarus clarkii) raised in a recirculating water system at 2 stocking densities (10/m2 and 40/m2) and 3 substrate configurations (surface area, hiding place and control) is described. Crawfish grown in the control and hiding place substrates grew larger at the high density (3.9 mm and 8.9 nun, respectively) than those at the low density. At a density of 40/m2. a shift from antagonistic to passive behavior among crawfish is theorized for explaining the higher growth. Crawfish raised with the surface area substrate exhibited the best growth and survival regardless of stocking density. Further research is recommended to determine the minimum spatial requirements for crawfish growth and the maximum carrying capacity of surface area type substrates.
THE DESIGN OF A NEW HIGH RATE NITRIFICATION FILTER FOR AQUACULTURE WATER REUSE
Authors: Brune D. E. , Gunther D. C. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA new design in a high rate nitrification system has been tested at the laboratory scale. Ammonia removal rates per unit of filter volume at influent ammonia levels of 0.02 mg NH3‐N were observed to be 5 to 10 times more rapid than rates observed in conventional field‐scale nitrification filters. At these levels 95 to 99% ammonia removal has been achieved with filter detention times as short as 3 minutes. The data are compared to data for various field units and the reasons for the observed high removal rates are discussed. The possibility of retaining these high efficiencies in scaled‐up filters is also discussed.
ION EXCHANGE SYSTEMS FOR WATER RECIRCULATION
Authors: Liao Paul B. , Kramer S. S. Lin 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSince the Bozeman Study in 1972, several pilot plants have been investigated to evaluate the application of the ion exchange systems for water recirculation in fish hatcheries. Pioneering work was made at the biological research laboratory of Kramer, Chin and Mayo, Inc., followed by a pilot plant testing at the Oregon Aqua Fish Hatchery in Newport, Oregon. In 1976, two 50‐gallon per minute capacity ion exchange bed systems were installed and tested at Dworshak National Fish Hatchery in Orofino, Idaho. Recently, water reuse is accomplished by pumping approximately 120 gallons per minute from the raceway and filtering it through the pressure sand filter and the clinoptilolite filters for the removal of ammonia in the Seattle Aquarium.The paper will discuss the physical and chemical properties of ion exchange materials, pilot plant test results, engineering design criteria and application, and economics as compared to conventional biological ammonia removal systems. In addition, discussion will also be made in the area of pretreatment prior to ion exchange bed and regeneration as well as operational procedure adjustment. Further works needed to be conducted to provide optimum operating conditions will be discussed.
PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF JUVENILE RED DRUM (Sciaenops ocellata) IN FRESH AND SALT WATER
Authors: Crocker Philip A. , Arnold Connie R. , Holt Joan D. , DeBoer James A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractHeretofore few quantitative studies on the tolerance of red drum (Sciaenops ocellata Linnaeus) to freshwater (FW) or dilute sea water have been conducted. In the laboratory we subjected larval and juvenile stages of red drum to dechlorinated FW for 96 hours and found 5% survival in larvae (23‐day‐old, 6.2 mm SL), 70% for postlarvae (34 and 47‐day‐old, 16.2 mm to 19.7 mm SL) and 95% for juveniles (57‐day‐old, 56.9 mm SL). Survival in control salinities of 10 ppt was 90% or greater. The results indicate that tolerance to dilute media is size dependent.In a separate experiment growth of juvenile red drum (52 mm SL) over a 30‐day period was compared in two raceways with flow‐through supplies of dechlorinated FW, and SW of ambient (35±2 ppt) salinity. SW fish grew significantly larger (P < .01) than those acclimated to FW. Within both treatments a large size differential developed with time. Food conversion efficiency was improved and appetite drive was enhanced in the SW treatment. Percent survival after 30 days was comparably high (93%) in both treatments.Fast growth and high survival of juvenile (>20 mm SL) red drum promote the feasibility of this valuable sport and commercial species in both FW and SW aquaculture. Its potential as a control fish in FW fishery management deserves further investigation.
MATURATION, REPRODUCTION, AND GROWTH OF Penaeus vannamei AND P. stylirostris FED NATURAL DIETS
Authors: Chamberlain George W. , Lawrence Addison L. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA variety of natural foods have been reported to induce ovarian maturation of penaeid shrimp. In this study, conducted from 19 June to 11 September 1980, four single‐food diets (clams, shrimp, squid, and worms) and one composite diet consisting of all four foods were fed to Penaeus vannamei in 3.7‐m diameter indoor circular tanks. The shrimp, averaging 28 g, were stocked at a rate of 6.9 m‐2 with a 1:1 male to female ratio. Unilateral eyestalk ablation was performed on half of the females in each tank. Tanks received one turnover of water volume daily and the water temperature and salinity averaged 27.0°C and 28.6 ppt, respectively. Daily photoperiod was maintained at 13 hours of light. Ovarian maturation, spawning, molting rate, and survival were monitored daily and growth and gonad size were measured at termination. The composite diet was the best overall diet, while squid was the best single‐food diet, followed by shrimp, worms, and clams. No maturation of unablated females was observed with the exception of one female that developed to stage 3. Although the size of the shrimp was considered marginal for spawning, 5 mated females were observed, but only one (squid treatment) produced viable nauplii. After termination of this study, all shrimp were fed the composite diet for 41 days. During this period, ovarian maturation and spawning occurred in the previously unproductive treatment receiving only clams, and growth rate of shrimp in all previously single‐food treatments increased 4 to 7 fold. The composite diet was also fed to two tanks of P. stylirostris (mean initial weight = 45.4 g) for a period of 118 days. During that time, 50 spawns were obtained with up to 3 spawns per female. A total of 4.3 × 105 P. stylirostris nauplii were produced.
THE EFFECTS OF FATTY ACID AND SHRIMP MEAL COMPOSITION OF PREPARED DIETS ON GROWTH OF JUVENILE SHRIMP, Penaeus stylirostris
Authors: Fenucci Jorge L. , Lawrence Addison L. , Zein‐Eldin Zoula P. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPelletized diets containing different amounts of sun‐dried shrimp meal and brewer's yeast were tested. A relationship was observed between the content of shrimp meal and brewer's yeast in the diets and increased growth of juvenile shrimp, Penaeus stylirostris. Data suggested that in feeds containing 5% squid meal, up to half the shrimp meal can be replaced by brewer's yeast. These feeds should thus contain at least 15% shrimp meal and less than 15% brewer's yeast. A quadratic correlation was found between the rate of growth of juvenile shrimp and the percentage of linoleic acid in the diets. The best nutritional response should be obtained in rations containing 14.5% linoleic acid. The same type of relation was observed for the ratio of the linolenic series (ω3)/linoleic acid (106) with the ratio of 1.18 giving the best nutritional response for the diets tested in this study.
MARINE AQUACULTURE IN DENMARK
Authors: Hoffmann Erik 
Published: August 2010

AbstractDuring the last five years marine aquaculture has developed rapidly in Denmark. Today the following species are used in mariculture either in laboratory scale or in commercial farms (underlined): Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), eel (Anguilla anguilla), lobster (Homarus vulgaris), the European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis), Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and blue mussel (Mytilus edulis).The marine production of rainbow trout in 1981 was approximately 405 tonnes with an expected rise to about 500 tonnes in 1982. Problems with Vibriosis and Furunculosis have occurred. A method of vaccination against Vibriosis by spray‐pistol has given promising results. Several new types of net cages have been constructed using a combination of traditional floating net‐cages and pound net poles placed in the sea bottom.Hatching and rearing of turbot and lobster have been successfully accomplished on a laboratory scale. Today turbot are found in two experimental fish farms which utilize heated effluent from power plants.The oyster Ostrea edulis has been extensively cultivated in the Limfjord area for about 100 years. The yearly production has varied between 100,000 and 4 million individuals with the lowest values in recent years. In 1978 Crassostrea gigas was introduced in Denmark. Culture beds for blue mussel have been established but at present the production cannot be estimated.
PRODUCTION, CHEMICAL QUALITY AND USE OF DUCKWEEDS (LEMNACEAE) IN AQUACULTURE, WASTE MANAGEMENT, AND ANIMAL FEEDS
Authors: Culley Dudley D. , Rejmánková Eliska , Květ Jan , Frye J. B. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe vascular plants known as duckweeds have been the subject of intense interest during the past decade as an aquacultural crop, part of waste management systems, and as a feed supplement for aquatic and terrestrial animal stocks. Yields in high nutrient lagoons in regions with nine‐month growing season average about 10 metric tons (dry)/hectare, with maximum yields of 12 metric tons projected from .04 hectare lagoons. Crude protein for duckweeds cultured on animal waste lagoons has ranged from 35 to 45% of the dry weight and all essential amino acids are present. Lysine is present in sufficient concentration to meet FAO reference standards for animal feeds, and methionine equals or exceeds recommended standards in specific clones of Lemna turionifera, L. minor, and Spirodela polyrrhiza. Minerals, fat, fiber, and carbohydrate levels are not excessive for most animal diets. Successful feeding trials have been conducted with several species of fish, ducks, swine, poultry, and cattle. A review of research indicates this family of plants holds high promise for producing high quality animal and human food world‐wide, but the technology for controlled production under full‐scale systems is incomplete.
THE TIME‐OF‐DAY GOLDFISH RECEIVE A SINGLE DAILY MEAL AFFECTS GROWTH
Authors: Noeske Teresa A. , Erickson David A. , Spieler Richard E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSix groups of goldfish, held on a 12L:12D photoperiod and 10°C, had access to food once daily at one of six different times of day. Appetite, somatic growth (weight and length), condition, and gonadal growth (females only) differed among the groups depending on the time‐of‐day of feeding.
POND REARING TRIALS WITH MALAYSIAN PRAWNS, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, BY PRIVATE GROWERS IN SOUTH CAROLINAl 19811
Authors: Smith Theodore I. J. , Sandifer Paul A. , Jenkins Wallace E. , Stokes Alvin D. , Murray Glenn 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTDuring 1981, pond culture trials with prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, were conducted with 7 private farmers in order to obtain information on the potential for prawn farming in South Carolina. Some farmers were able to control water quality while other farmers had little or no ability to modify pond environmental conditions. Seed stock, feed, management, and harvesting assistance were provided by research personnel, while daily monitoring of pond conditions and feeding were the responsibility of the farmers.Eight ponds (size range 0.04‐0.41 ha) were stocked with small juvenile prawns (mean weight 0.29 g) at densities of 4.3/m2 (43,000/ha) or 6.5/m2 (65,000/ha). An additional pond, containing hung webbing to increase habitat area, was used in a high density rearing trial and stocked at a density of 19.5/m2. Growing periods ranged from 125 to 173 days during which time most farmers encountered some serious problems (predators, competitors, low dissolved oxygen levels, etc.). In the lower density trials (4.3 and 6.5/m2) production averaged 573 kg/ha (range 155–900 kg/ha) while survival averaged 44.2% (range 13.4–67.9%). Feed conversions ranged from 1.84 to 7.40 and averaged 3.34. The high density trial resulted in a production rate of 1,902 kg/ha, a survival rate of 51.2%, and a feed conversion of 2.4.Disposition of the prawn crops included: 1) direct sales to customers; 2) marketing through a farmer‐owned restaurant; and 3) retention of a portion or all of the production to substitute for the purchase of marine shrimp. Direct sales to consumers offers a number of advantages and may be the most suitable market for the predicted near‐term level of production.
EFFECTS OF FEEDING RATE AND FEEDING FREQUENCY ON PROTEIN DIGESTIBILITY IN THE FRESHWATER SHRIMP (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)
Authors: Taechanuruk Suchat , Stickney Robert R. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTNeither feeding rate nor feeding frequency appear to affect protein digestibility in the freshwater shrimp,Macrobrachium rosenbergii. A feeding frequency of twice daily resulted in a significant increase in food consumption compared to feeding once or 3 times daily. Apparent protein digestibility from a diet containing menhaden meal as the primary protein source ranged from 83.3% to 87.7% based on the chromic oxide method. Those values were within the ranges published on other crustacean species for fish meal and other proteins.
COMPARISON OF FRESHWATER PRAWN FARMING IN HAWAII AND IN THAILAND: CULTURE PRACTICES AND ECONOMICS
Authors: Shang Yung C. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTFreshwater prawn Farming in Thailand is relatively extensive, i.e., with low stocking rate and low yield, as compared to Hawaii. However, the cost of production per kg of marketable prawns is comparatively low due to inexpensive inputs. The low costs of production and current high price of prawn in Thailand resulted in a high profit. In Hawaii, despite the high yield, the profitability of prawn Farming is low at the present time because of the high costs of production.
GROWTH OF HYBRID TILAPIA FRY FED NITROGEN FIXING MARINE BLUE‐GREEN ALGAE IN SEAWATER
Authors: Murray Robert L. , Mitsui Akira 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTNinety‐one strains of nitrogen fixing marine blue‐green algae were tested for their nutritional value for seawater adapted hybrid tilapia fry (Tilapia mossambica females x Tilapia hornorum males) with initial weights of 0.2 to 1.3 g. The majority of these blue‐green algae were acceptable single ingredient feeds for the fish when the increase in wet body weight was used as a measure of food value. Twenty‐two of the marine blue‐green algal strains tested, belonging to the genera Nostoc, Anabaena and Calothrix, supported daily weight gains in excess of 10% when the fish were fed to excess in 5 to 7 day feeding trials. Fish fed to excess on several selected blue‐green algal strains had growth rates equivalent to those of fish fed to excess on a complete ration. Excellent food conversion ratios (dry weight blue‐green algae fed/wet weight gain) in the range of 1.48 to 1.81 were obtained when the fish were fed three selected nutritive blue‐green algal strains at a daily rate of 10% of the body weight.
POPULATION DENSITY EFFECTS ON THE BEHAVIOR AND FEEDING OF YOUNG STRIPED MULLET (Mugil cephalus) IN 37.8‐LITER AQUARIA
Authors: Carr Barbara A. , Aldrich David V. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe swimming and feeding behavior of striped mullet (Mugil cephalus), 40–60 mm SL, was observed in 37.8‐liter aquaria. Five of the most frequently observed behavioral acts were then chosen as representatives of “normally” occurring behavior under these experimental conditions. These behavioral acts were subsequently counted in the 37.8‐liter aquaria with population densities of 3, 6, 18, 30 and 60 mullet per aquaria, during swimming and feeding observations. More food bites were taken at densities of 18 and 30 than at the other densities. Mullet kept at a density of 30 per tank exhibited the lowest mean number of long traverses (a distance of more than one‐half the aquarium front). Perhaps at a density of 30 mullet per aquarium (0.79 mullet/liter or 231 mullet/m2), food was assimilated into biomass and less was burned for energy. Obtaining data in aquaria in this manner may prove an invaluable tool since it is less expensive than stocking ponds experimentally and can provide a useful basis for deciding efficient stocking densities for any size fish.
THE EFFECT OF FISH ON PHYTOPLANKTON GROWTH IN OUTDOOR TANKS
Authors: Ogle John T. , Beaugez Kathleen A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe presence of mullet in 4,000‐liter tanks used for rearing bull innows (Fundulus grandis) was noted to promote and prolong algal blooms compared to tanks of bull minnows containing no mullet. In separate studies utilizing 4‐liter cultures, algal concentrations were noted to be an average of 3 times as dense in containers with mullet as opposed to cultures with either no fish present or bull minnows present. Algal concentrations for all treatments were an average of 2 times denser for treatments that were fed as opposed to those that received no food.
ASSIMILATION OF NUTRIENTS BY CULTURED HYBRID LOBSTERS (Homarussp.) FED EXPERIMENTAL DIETS1
Authors: Bordner Clark E. , D'Abramo Louis R. , Conklin Douglas E. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTIndirect calorimetry and the chromic oxide indicator method were employed to investigate the digestibility and assimilation of nutrients by cultured lobsters (Homarussp.) growing on experimental diets. Starved and fed lobsters were compared by observing food and oxygen consumption and fecal and urinary excretions in a closed, recirculating metabolic chamber. Apparent digestible and metabolizable energy and nitrogen were determined for 2 diets, which differed in the type and level of protein and carbohydrate. The apparent digestibility of diet 79F, a purified ration containing 46.8% crude protein, was 68.8% on an as‐fed basis, with an apparent digestibility of energy of 88.1%. For diet SM25B, which contained 61.1% crude protein including shrimp meal, apparent digestibility was 66.2% as‐fed and the apparent digestibility of energy was 91.3%. Metabolizable energy values of 4.59 and 4.65 kcal/g dry weight were obtained for diets 79F and SM25B respectively. Growth on the two diets was similar but lobsters fed 79F consumed and excreted significantly more than those fed SM25B. For both diets protein and lipid were better than 90% digested, but the carbohydrate fraction was only about 65% digestible. The apparent higher nutritive value of SM25B for lobsters may be related to protein quality and improved efficiency of utilization.
SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF Penaeus setiferus L. AND Penaeus aztecus IVES LARVAE FED Artemia BEGINNING AT THE PROTOZOEA‐TWO SUBSTAGE VERSUS THE MYSIS‐ONE SUBSTAGE
Authors: Kuban Frank D. , Wilkenfeld Joshua S. , Lawrence Addison L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe following experiments compared survival and growth of shrimp larvae fed Artemia nauplii beginning at either the protozoea 2, protozoea 3 or mysis 1 substage. Experiment one compared survival and growth of larval Penaeus setiferus, from the protozoea 2 substage to three‐day‐old postlarvae, fed algae and either freshly hatched Artemia nauplii, decapsulated Artemia cysts or ultraviolet killed Artemia nauplii beginning at the protozoea 2 or mysis 1 substage. Survival was better for those postlarvae fed all three Artemia food types beginning at the protozoea 2 rather than the mysis 1 substage. Post‐larval dry weights were similar, regardless of Artemia food type or the larval substage at which Artemia was introduced.Experiment two compared survival and growth of larval P. aztecus, from the protozoea 2 substage to two‐day‐old postlarvae, fed algae and live Artemia nauplii beginning at either the protozoea 2, protozoea 3 or mysis 1 substage. Controls were only fed algae. Survival was significantly better for those postlarvae fed Artemia beginning at the protozoea 2 substage. Post‐larval dry weights increased with the introduction of Artemia nauplii beginning at the protozoea 2 substage. The potential effects of these results on current hatchery procedures are discussed.
EXPERIMENTS ON LARVAL REARING OF THE CALIFORNIA MUSSEL (Mytilus californianus)
Authors: Trevelyan George A. , Chang Ernest S. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTSpawning, larval rearing, and settlement of Mytilus californianus were performed over a one‐year period at the University of California, Bodega Marine Laboratory in northern California. A combination of shell scraping followed by a 30 to 60 min immersion in 30 or 60 mM hydrogen peroxide was the most successful spawning stimulus tested. Larvae fed a diet of Isochrysis galbana grew significantly faster than did larvae fed Dunaliella sp. Larval growth rate was significantly more rapid at 20°C than at either 14 or 17°C and no significant differences in mortality rates between these three temperatures were detected. At 17 and 20°C, larvae fed a diet of 80 Isochrysis cells/μ1 daily grew significantly faster than those fed 20 Isochrysis cells/μ1 daily. Mortality of pedi‐veligers was high, but survivors settled and metamorphosed on byssal threads cut from adult M. californianus. Plantigrades had a mean growth rate of 7.8 μm/day between days 15 and 33 following settlement. In this study, a temperature of 20°C, a diet of Isochrysis galbana of at least 80 cells/μ1 daily, and a settlement substrate of byssal threads were the most successful conditions for artificial spat production of this potentially valuable bivalve mollusc.