bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conservative and radiological management of simple renal cysts: a comprehensive review
Authors: Skolarikos Andreas , Laguna M. Pilar , de la Rosette Jean J.M.C.H. 
Published: March 2012

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Simple renal cysts are a common entity, which may need observation and follow‐up or treatment.The study, for the first time, systematically reviews the indications for follow‐up or radiological treatment of simple renal cysts.To review the conservative and radiological management of simple renal cysts a systematic literature review was performed. Simple renal cysts are commonly found in the adult population. Increasing age is highly associated with its incidence. When they remain asymptomatic they require neither treatment nor follow‐up. When the shape of the cyst is slightly irregular follow‐up is mandatory to exclude malignant progression. Symptomatic cysts require intervention. Ultrasound or computed tomography guidance have been effectively used for cyst puncture. However, simple fluid aspiration is ineffective leading to cyst recurrence. Aspiration should be accompanied with the injection of a sclerosing agent to destroy renal cyst epithelium. Several issues such as the ultimate technique and agent remain to be clarified. High rates of cyst disappearance and long‐lasting cyst volume reduction have been reported with the use of various sclerosants. Ethanol in high concentrations and multiple injections is more commonly used with new agents showing similar efficacy and better complication profile. Studies comparing radiological intervention to surgical excision are lacking. Simple renal cysts may not require treatment when asymptomatic. Radiological intervention with the use of sclerosants needs further evaluation and comparison with other treatment methods.
Vitamin supplementation and blood pressure in Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Jarvandi S. , Joseph L. , Gougeon R. , Dasgupta K. 
Published: March 2012

Diabet. Med. 29, 1253–1259 (2012)AbstractAims  Vitamin D levels are inversely related to blood pressure. Given that low sun exposure can create a greater reliance on dietary sources of vitamin D, we aimed to determine whether dietary vitamin D and blood pressure associations differ between periods of low and high sun exposure.Methods  Dietary intake, vitamin supplementation, blood pressure, and anthropometric parameters were assessed each season for 1 year (174 adults with Type 2 diabetes). Separate linear regression models were constructed for high and low sun exposure periods to examine associations of systolic blood pressure with dietary vitamin D intake and vitamin supplement use (adjusted for age, gender, BMI, ethnicity, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, antihypertensive medication and nutrient intake). Robustness of findings was confirmed with within‐subject repeated measures analysis, including an interaction term for sun exposure period.Results  Vitamin D intake from food sources was low year‐round and no conclusive association with blood pressure was identified during either period. Systolic blood pressure was 5.1 mmHg lower during the low sun exposure period (95% CI 0.5–9.7) in daily supplement users compared with non‐users. The interaction term between supplement use and sun exposure period was significant (low sun exposure* no supplement, P = 0.02). Systolic blood pressure was relatively stable in users (low and high sun exposure periods, respectively, mean ± SE: 135.2 ± 2.6 mmHg and 134.2 ± 2.5 mmHg), but not in non‐users (140.2 ± 2.7 mmHg and 130.5 ± 2.5 mmHg).Conclusions  Vitamin supplementation may stabilize systolic blood pressure in adults with Type 2 diabetes across seasons.
Comparison of cystatin C‐ and creatinine‐based estimation of glomerular filtration rate according to glycaemic status in Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Oh S. J. , Lee J. I. , Ha W. C. , Jeong S. H. , Yim H. W. , Son H. S. , Sohn T. S. 
Published: March 2012

Diabet. Med. 29, e121–e125 (2012)AbstractAims  The influence of hyperglycaemia on the performance of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimating equations remains to be determined. We compared the performance of creatinine‐based GFR with cystatin C‐based GFR in patients with Type 2 diabetes according to glycaemic status.Methods  In a cross‐sectional study of 210 patients with Type 2 diabetes, we staged glycaemic status by HbA1c tertiles [HbA1c≤ 75 mmol/mol (9.0%) (n = 70), HbA1c 76–95 mmol/mol (9.1–10.8%) (n = 70), HbA1c >95 mmol/mol (10.8%) (n = 70)] and measured GFR. Isotopic GFR was measured using renal dynamic imaging with 99mTc‐diethylene‐triamine‐penta‐acetic acid. Estimated GFR (eGFR) was measured using creatinine‐based formulae (Cockcroft–Gault‐eGFR, the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation‐eGFR and the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration formula‐eGFR) and a cystatin C‐based formula (cystatin C‐eGFR).Results  The isotopic GFR of all patients was 93.1 ± 34.1 ml min−1 1.73 m−2. All methods for estimating GFR underestimated isotopic GFR [Cockcroft–Gault‐eGFR (68.8 ± 38.6 ml min−1 1.73 m−2) (P < 0.05), Modification of Diet in Renal Disease‐eGFR (74.8 ± 31.3 ml min−1 1.73 m−2) (P < 0.05), Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration‐eGFR (72.9 ± 26.6 ml min−1 1.73 m−2) (P < 0.05) and cystatin C‐eGFR (83.5 ± 33.2 ml min−1 1.73 m−2) (P < 0.05)]. In all patient groups, cystatin C‐eGFR was less biased and more accurate than the creatinine‐based formulae, especially in the group with HbA1c > 95 mmol/mol (10.8%) where there was no difference between cystatin C‐eGFR and isotopic GFR.Conclusions  Performance of cystatin C‐eGFR was superior to creatinine‐based GFR in patients with Type 2 diabetes with HbA1c > 95 mmol/mol (10.8%).
Arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction independently and synergistically predict cardiovascular and renal outcome in patients with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Theilade S. , Lajer M. , Jorsal A. , Tarnow L. , Parving H.‐H. , Rossing P. 
Published: March 2012

Diabet. Med. 29, 990–994 (2012)AbstractAims  To evaluate whether pulse pressure alone or with placental growth factor as estimates of arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction, predicts mortality, cardiovascular disease and progression to end‐stage renal disease in patients with Type 1 diabetes.Methods  Prospective, observational study, median (range) follow‐up 8 (0–13) years, 900 patients with Type 1 diabetes, 458 with diabetic nephropathy, mean ± SD age 44 ± 11 years.Results  During follow‐up, we recorded 178 (20%) all‐cause deaths, 109 (12%) cardiovascular deaths, 213 (24%) cardiovascular events and 73 (16%) progressed to end‐stage renal disease. Elevated pulse pressure predicted all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality and cardiovascular events [Hazard Ratio (HR) (95% CI) per 10 mmHg increase]: HR 1.2 (1.1–1.3), 1.3 (1.2–1.5) and 1.2 (1.1–1.3), P < 0.001 (adjusted for sex, age, HbA1c, cholesterol, diastolic blood pressure, creatinine, smoking, previous cardiovascular disease and nephropathy status). Furthermore, pulse pressure predicted the development of end‐stage renal disease in patients with diabetic nephropathy: HR 1.2 (1.1–1.4), P = 0.011 (adjusted for sex, age, HbA1c, cholesterol, diastolic blood pressure, previous cardiovascular disease and glomerular filtration rate). In a two‐hit model, patients with pulse pressure and placental growth factor levels above the median vs. below the median had increased risk of all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality, cardiovascular events and progression to end‐stage renal disease: adjusted HRs 2.3 (1.2–4.2), 4.2 (1.6–11.0), 2.3 (1.3–4.1) and 3.5 (1.0–11.8),P < 0.05.Conclusions  Elevated pulse pressure independently predicts mortality, cardiovascular events and progression to end‐stage renal disease in patients with Type 1 diabetes. Placental growth factor adds to the predictive value of pulse pressure on cardiovascular and renal outcome.
Accuracy of glycated haemoglobin in screening for pre‐diabetes in Asian Indians—a community survey: the Chandigarh Urban Diabetes Study (CUDS)
Authors: Bhansali A. , Walia R. , Ravi Kumar P. , Ravi Kiran M. , Shanmugasundar G. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAim  To compare American Diabetes Association and International Expert Committee recommended cut‐off values of HbA1c for detecting the presence of pre‐diabetes against plasma glucose values obtained from oral glucose tolerance tests in Asian Indians.Methods  A cross‐sectional randomly sampled population survey involving 2368 adults, aged ≥ 20 years. HbA1c was measured on a Bio‐Rad 10 system in 1972 subjects.Results  Of the 1972 subjects studied, 329 were detected to have pre‐diabetes based on isolated impaired fasting glucose in 125 subjects (6.3%), isolated impaired glucose tolerance in 141 subjects (7.1%) and the presence of both in 63 subjects (3.2%). The HbA1c cut‐off of 34 mmol/mol (5.7%), as recommended by the American Diabetes Association for detecting the presence of pre‐diabetes, showed sensitivity of 62%, specificity 77%, with a positive predictive value of 34.7%, a negative predictive value of 89.5% and accuracy of 67.8%; whereas the HbA1c cut‐off recommended by the International Expert Committee of 42 mmol/mol (6%) had a sensitivity of 36%, specificity of 90%, positive predictive value of 42.7%, negative predictive of 85.4% and an accuracy of 77%. However, both these HbA1c cut‐offs underdiagnosed the presence of pre‐diabetes in 38 and 64% of these subjects, respectively.Conclusions  The American Diabetes Association and the International Expert Committee recommended HbA1c cut‐off values and oral glucose tolerance tests identify different pre‐diabetes cohorts. Long‐term prospective studies are required to define the usefulness of one over the other.
Preferences of people with diabetes for diabetic retinopathy screening: a discrete choice experiment
Authors: Yeo S. T. , Edwards R. T. , Fargher E. A. , Luzio S. D. , Thomas R. L. , Owens D. R. 
Published: March 2012

Diabet. Med. 29, 869–877 (2012)AbstractAims  The ever‐increasing prevalence of diabetes places pressure on the provision of diabetic retinopathy screening services. As the first study of its kind, we aimed to determine preferences for diabetic retinopathy screening in people with diabetes and to examine the trade‐offs between frequency of screening and other service attributes.Methods  A questionnaire including a discrete choice experiment was administered to people (n = 198) attending diabetic retinopathy screening at eight clinics across Wales, United Kingdom. The discrete choice experiment contained eight pairwise choices in which screening provision was described by five attributes: frequency of screening; travel time; results time; ability of screening to detect other changes; and explanation of results. Data were analysed using logistic regression techniques.Results  We gained a response rate of 86.4% from the 198 questionnaires administered at clinics; 160 complete responses were analysed. Respondents valued four out of the five attributes [ability of screening to detect other changes (P = 0.000), explanation of results (P = 0.024), frequency of screening (P = 0.000) and travel time (P = 0.007)]. Results time was insignificant (P = 0.122). Respondents were willing to wait an additional 12, 2 and 1 month between screening tests to have a test that was able to detect additional changes, to have their results explained in person rather than by letter and to have a 15‐min reduction in travel time, respectively.Conclusions  Respondents were willing to accept a longer screening interval, as long as preferences for other attributes of service provision (ability of screening to detect other changes, explanation of results and travel time) were made available.
Impaired fasting glucose in combination with silent myocardial ischaemia is associated with poor prognosis in healthy individuals
Authors: Intzilakis T. , Mouridsen M. R. , Almdal T. P. , Haugaard S. B. , Sajadieh A. 
Published: March 2012

Diabet. Med. 29, e163–e169 (2012)AbstractAim  As both impaired fasting glucose and silent myocardial ischaemia are risk factors for cardiovascular disease and death, we hypothesized that these risk factors in combination would identify those subjects at the highest risk of adverse events.Methods  Healthy individuals without diabetes (n = 596, 55–75 years) were examined for silent myocardial infarction (≥ 1 mm ST‐interval during ≥ 1 min) by ambulant 48‐h continuous electrocardiogram monitoring and impaired fasting glucose (fasting plasma glucose 5.6–6.9 mmol/l).Results  After 6.3 years, 77 subjects met the endpoint of myocardial infarction and/or death. The prevalence of silent myocardial ischaemia at inclusion was 12.3% in subjects with impaired fasting glucose and 11.7% in subjects with normal fasting glucose, P = 0.69. Subjects with impaired fasting glucose/silent myocardial ischaemia more often met the endpoint (36%) than subjects with impaired fasting glucose/no silent myocardial ischaemia (15%), subjects with normal fasting glucose/silent myocardial ischaemia (12%), and subjects with normal fasting glucose/no silent myocardial ischaemia (10%), respectively, (P < 0.001). In a Cox model including these four study groups of interest, gender, age, smoking habits, blood pressure and total cholesterol, only subjects with impaired fasting glucose/silent myocardial ischaemia exhibited an increased risk of death or myocardial infarction (hazard ratio 2.5, P = 0.016).Conclusion  The combination of impaired fasting glucose and silent myocardial ischaemia was associated with the poorest prognosis in middle‐aged and older subjects without previously known glucose metabolic aberration and heart disease.
Haemoglobin A1c, acute hyperglycaemia and short‐term prognosis in patients without diabetes following acute ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Liu Y. , Yang Y.‐M. , Zhu J. , Tan H.‐Q. , Liang Y. , Li J.‐D. 
Published: March 2012

Diabet. Med. 29, 1493–1500 (2012)AbstractAims  To assess the prognostic impact of HbA1c and blood glucose level in patients with acute ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction and without diabetes. The relationship between HbA1c and acute hyperglycaemia was also explored.Methods and results  We evaluated 4793 ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction patients with baseline HbA1c and three glucose measurements in the first 24 h. First, patients were stratified into quintiles by HbA1c and mean/admission glucose level. A total of 373 deaths (7.8%) occurred at 7 days, and 486 deaths (10.1%) occurred at 30 days. There were no significant differences in 7‐ and 30‐day mortality, and major adverse cardiovascular event rates across HbA1c quintiles (< 34.4 mmol/mol (5.3% ), 34.4 to < 37.7 mmol/mol (5.6%), 37.7 to < 41.0 mmol/mol (5.9% ), 41.0 to < 47.5 mmol/mol (6.5%), and ≥ 47.5 mmol/mol; P for trend > 0.05). The risks of mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events were significantly increased in patients with higher glucose quintiles and lower quintile compared with the middle quintile after multivariable adjustment (P < 0.001). Patients were then reclassified into four groups according to mean/admission glucose and HbA1c levels. The group with elevated glucose and non‐elevated HbA1c was associated with the highest mortality and major adverse cardiovascular event risk (P < 0.001).Conclusions  Unlike acute hyperglycaemia, an elevated HbA1c level was not a risk factor for short‐term outcomes in ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction patients without diabetes. Patients with acute hyperglycaemia and non‐elevated HbA1c were associated with the worst prognosis. That suggests chronic glycaemic control/HbA1c level may help to recognize stress‐induced hyperglycaemia and identify high‐risk patients.
College Students' Revenge Goals Across Friend, Romantic Partner, and Roommate Contexts: The Role of Interpretations and Emotions
Authors: McDonald Kristina L. , Asher Steven R. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractResidential college environments provide young people with distinctive relationship opportunities and challenges. A major purpose of the present study was to learn whether college students respond differently to conflict‐of‐interest vignettes in three different relationship contexts. Students were more likely to make negative interpretations about their romantic partner's behavior than they did about their friend's or roommate's behavior. They were also more likely to feel angry and hurt and to endorse hostile goals and strategies with romantic partners. A second major purpose was to learn about the types of interpretations and emotions associated with revenge goals in conflict‐of‐interest situations. Results indicated that interpreting the other person's actions as disrespectful and as rejecting was related to revenge goals and also predicted to revenge goals beyond the contributions of anger and hurt feelings.
Immunolocalisation of 11β‐HSD‐1 and ‐2, glucocorticoid receptor, mineralocorticoid receptor and Na+K+‐ATPase during the postnatal development of the rat epididymis
Authors: Gladstones Gwyneth H. , Burton Peter J. , Mark Peter J. , Waddell Brendan J. , Roberts Peter 
Published: March 2012

AbstractGlucocorticoids have been implicated in male reproductive function and 11β‐HSD‐1 and ‐2, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), all of which are known to modulate glucocorticoid action, have been localised in the adult rat epididymis, but their developmental expression has not been investigated. Na+K+‐ATPase activity, responsible for sodium transport, is induced by both mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids in the kidney and colon, and has been localised in epididymal epithelium. This study examined the immunolocalisation of 11β‐HSD‐1 and ‐2, GR, MR and Na+K+‐ATPase in rat epididymal epithelium (n = 5) at postnatal days (pnd) 1, 7, 15, 28, 40, 60, 75 and 104, and relative mRNA expression of 11β‐HSD‐1 and ‐2, and GR at pre‐puberty (pnd 28) and post‐puberty (pnd 75). 11β‐HSD‐1, GR and MR were localised in the epididymal epithelium from pnd 1, and 11β‐HSD‐2 and Na+K+‐ATPase reactivity from pnd 15. At pnd 28 there was maximal immunoreactivity for both the GR and MR and 11β‐HSD‐1 and ‐2. 11β‐HSD‐1 mRNA expression in the caput increased from pre‐ to post‐puberty, whereas 11β‐HSD‐2 mRNA expression fell over the same period (P < 0.01). GR mRNA expression was similar at pre‐ and post‐puberty in both caput and cauda. Developmental changes in expression of 11β‐HSD‐1 and ‐2 suggest that overall exposure of the epididymis to glucocorticoids increases post‐puberty, but cell‐specific expression of the 11β‐HSD enzymes still provides a capacity for intricate local control of glucocorticoid exposure.
The evolution of reproductive structures in seed plants: a re‐examination based on insights from developmental genetics
Authors: Mathews Sarah , Kramer Elena M. 
Published: March 2012

SummaryThe study of developmental genetics is providing insights into how plant morphology can and does evolve, and into the fundamental nature of specific organs. This new understanding has the potential to revise significantly the way we think about seed plant evolution, especially with regard to reproductive structures. Here, we have sought to take a step in bridging the divide between genetic data and critical fields such as paleobotany and systematics. We discuss the evidence for several evolutionarily important interpretations, including the possibility that ovules represent meristematic axes with their own type of lateral determinate organs (integuments) and a model that considers carpels as analogs of complex leaves. In addition, we highlight the aspects of reproductive development that are likely to be highly labile and homoplastic, factors that have major implications for the understanding of seed plant relationships. Although these hypotheses may suggest that some long‐standing interpretations are misleading, they also open up whole new avenues for comparative study and suggest concrete best practices for evolutionary analyses of development.

Contents

Summary
910

I.
Introduction
910

II.
Transformation and transference in angiosperm developmental genetics
911

III.
Implications for understanding patterns of seed plant evolution
916

IV.
Understanding the origin of the flower
919

V.
Conclusions
920

Acknowledgements
921

References
921
A 21‐week bone deposition promoting exercise programme increases bone mass in young people with Down syndrome
Authors: GONZÁLEZ‐AGÜERO ALEJANDRO , VICENTE‐RODRÍGUEZ GERMÁN , GÓMEZ‐CABELLO ALBA , ARA IGNACIO , MORENO LUIS A , CASAJÚS JOSÉ A 
Published: March 2012

Aim  To determine whether the bone mass of young people with Down syndrome may increase, following a 21‐week conditioning training programme including plyometric jumps.Method  Twenty‐eight participants with Down syndrome (13 females, 15 males) aged 10 to 19 years were divided into exercise (DS‐E; n=14; eight females, six males mean age 13y 8mo, SD 2y 6mo) and non‐exercise (DS‐NE; n=14; five females, nine males mean age 15y 5mo, SD 2y 6mo) groups. Total and regional (hip and lumbar spine [L1–L4]) bone mineral content (BMC) and total lean mass were assessed by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry at baseline and after a 25‐minute training session performed twice a week. Repeated‐measures analyses of variation were applied to test differences between pre‐ and posttraining values for BMC and total lean mass. Differences between increments were studied with the Student’s t‐test. Linear regression models were fitted to test independent relationships.Results  After the intervention, higher increments in total and hip BMC, and total lean mass, were observed in the DS‐E group (all p<0.05). A time×exercise interaction was found for total lean mass (p<0.05). The increment in total lean mass, height, and Tanner stage accounted for almost for 60% in the increment in total BMC in the DS‐NE group (p<0.05).Interpretation  Twenty‐one weeks of training have a positive effect on the acquisition of bone mass in young people with Down syndrome.
Mesozoic Trachypachidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) from China
Authors: WANG BO , ZHANG HAICHUN , PONOMARENKO ALEXANDR G. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract:  Four well‐preserved beetles, attributed to Eodromeinae within Trachypachidae, are described from the Mesozoic of Inner Mongolia, China. Eodromeus robustus sp. nov., E. daohugouensis sp. nov. and Unda chifengensis sp. nov. are from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou. The diagnostic characters for the two genera are revised, and all species of these genera are keyed. A new genus and species, Sinodromeus liutiaogouensis gen. nov., sp. nov., is described from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Liutiaogou. The current fossil records of Trachypachidae from China are reviewed, and only five species (four described here) can be convincingly attributed to this family. The morphological disparity of Mesozoic Eodromeinae suggests that they evolved a broad spectrum of locomotory lifestyles.