bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mathematical modeling of chloroform adsorption onto fixed‐bed columns of highly siliceous granular zeolites
Authors: Abu‐Lail Laila , Bergendahl John A. , Thompson Robert W. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAdsorption of chloroform to granular ZSM‐5 zeolite in fixed‐bed columns was measured and the breakthrough curves predicted with a film‐pore and surface diffusion (FPSD) model. Parameters for the FPSD model were estimated from published correlations and from data taken from batch adsorption rate studies. It was found that the adsorption rate was enhanced with decrease in particle size, however, the total adsorption capacity using granular ZSM‐5 with different particle sizes remained constant. The FPSD model accounted for the effects of axial dispersion, external film transfer resistance, and intraparticle mass transfer resistances. Generally, good agreement between the simulated results and the experimental data was obtained. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to investigate the relative impact of kinetic parameters on the FPSD model predicted breakthrough profiles and showed that the model calculations were insensitive to either the effective pore diffusivity coefficient (Dp,e) or the axial dispersion coefficient (Ez), but were sensitive to the external mass transfer coefficient (kf). The large impact of kf on the results and the relatively low Biot numbers determined by the FPSD model indicated that under the experimental conditions employed in the study, film diffusion was the primary controlling mass transfer mechanism. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011
Osteosarcoma of the jaw in children and young adults
Authors: Huh Winston W. , Holsinger F. Christopher , Levy Alejandro , Palla F. Shana L. , Anderson Peter M. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBackgroundPediatric jaw osteosarcoma is uncommon, and data are scarce regarding clinical presentation, prognostic factors, and outcome.MethodsA single‐institution medical record review from 1983 to 2008 for 12 patients age ≤21 years was undertaken for this study.ResultsMedian diagnosis age was 16.3 years (range, 6.3–21.9). Nine patients had mandible tumors. Osteoblastic subtype was most common (4 patients). Most tumors were large (ie, T2; n = 8) and high‐grade (n = 8). Treatment characteristics were varied. Median follow‐up was 27.1 months (range, 8–252 months). Five patients had tumor necrosis <80% after chemotherapy. No deaths were observed.ConclusionJaw osteosarcoma outcome is better compared to extremity osteosarcoma, but further study is required regarding clinical prognostic factors. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Integrating Bayesian networks and geographic information systems: Good practice examples
Authors: Johnson Sandra , Low-Choy Sama , Mengersen Kerrie 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Bayesian networks (BNs) are becoming increasingly common in problems with spatial aspects. The degree of spatial involvement may range from spatial mapping of BN outputs based on nodes in the BN that explicitly involve geographic features, to integration of different networks based on geographic information. In these situations, it is useful to consider how geographic information systems (GISs) could be used to enhance the conceptualization, quantification, and prediction of BNs. Here, we discuss some techniques that may be used to integrate GIS and BN models, with reference to some recent literature which illustrate these approaches. We then reflect on 2 case studies based on our own experience. The first involves the integration of GIS and a BN to assess the scientific factors associated with initiation of Lyngbya majuscula, a cyanobacterium that occurs in coastal waterways around the world. The 2nd case study involves the use of GISs as an aid for eliciting spatially informed expert opinion and expressing this information as prior distributions for a Bayesian model and as input into a BN. Elicitator, the prototype software package we developed for achieving this, is also briefly described. Whereas the 1st case study demonstrates a GIS-data driven specification of conditional probability tables for BNs with complete geographical coverage for all the data layers involved, the 2nd illustrates a situation in which we do not have complete coverage and we are forced to extrapolate based on expert judgement. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2012; 8: 473–479. © SETAC
Integrated Bayesian network framework for modeling complex ecological issues
Authors: Johnson Sandra , Mengersen Kerrie 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
The management of environmental problems is multifaceted, requiring varied and sometimes conflicting objectives and perspectives to be considered. Bayesian network (BN) modeling facilitates the integration of information from diverse sources and is well suited to tackling the management challenges of complex environmental problems. However, combining several perspectives in one model can lead to large, unwieldy BNs that are difficult to maintain and understand. Conversely, an oversimplified model may lead to an unrealistic representation of the environmental problem. Environmental managers require the current research and available knowledge about an environmental problem of interest to be consolidated in a meaningful way, thereby enabling the assessment of potential impacts and different courses of action. Previous investigations of the environmental problem of interest may have already resulted in the construction of several disparate ecological models. On the other hand, the opportunity may exist to initiate this modeling. In the first instance, the challenge is to integrate existing models and to merge the information and perspectives from these models. In the second instance, the challenge is to include different aspects of the environmental problem incorporating both the scientific and management requirements. Although the paths leading to the combined model may differ for these 2 situations, the common objective is to design an integrated model that captures the available information and research, yet is simple to maintain, expand, and refine. BN modeling is typically an iterative process, and we describe a heuristic method, the iterative Bayesian network development cycle (IBNDC), for the development of integrated BN models that are suitable for both situations outlined above. The IBNDC approach facilitates object-oriented BN (OOBN) modeling, arguably viewed as the next logical step in adaptive management modeling, and that embraces iterative development. The benefits of OOBN modeling in the environmental community have not yet been fully realized in environmental management research. The IBNDC approach to BN modeling is described in the context of 2 case studies. The first is the initiation of blooms of Lyngbya majuscula, a blue-green algae, in Deception Bay, Australia where 3 existing models are being integrated, and the second case study is the viability of the free-ranging cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) population in Namibia where an integrated OOBN model is created consisting of 3 independent subnetworks, each describing a particular aspect of free-ranging cheetah population conservation. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2012; 8: 480–490. © 2011 SETAC
Reactivity of Redox‐Active Guests Trapped Inside Molecular Capsules
Authors: Qiu Yanhua , Kaifer Angel E. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractInclusion of guests inside molecular capsules may have pronounced effects on their chemical reactivity. This article provides a quick summary of research on the electrochemical reactivity of encapsulated redox‐active guests. A brief account of the results obtained with simple hosts, such as cyclodextrins and cucurbiturils, starts the article. However, these hosts can only provide partial encapsulation. Most of the article is devoted to the results obtained by the authors’ group on the inclusion of ferrocene, cobaltocenium, and tetrathiafulvalene in molecular capsules formed by cavitand‐type ligands, which give rise to supramolecular assemblies that provide full encapsulation. In general terms, trapping of redox‐active centers inside molecular capsules leads to a substantial attenuation of their electrochemical kinetics, which results in electrochemically silent properties in extreme cases. However, the magnitude of this kinetic attenuation cannot be rationalized by simple criteria based on the overall size of the supramolecular assembly.
Unanticipated products from reductive and oxidative cleavages of 1‐substituted 3,3‐diphenyl‐1′‐methylspiro[azetidine‐2,3′‐indoline]‐2′,4‐diones
Authors: Singh Girija S. , Luntha Patrick M. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractTitled spiroazetidinones 1a, 1b undergo reductive cleavage on treatment with excess lithium aluminum hydride forming 3‐benzhydryl‐1‐methylindole as the main product together with a γ‐amino alcohol depending upon the substituent present on the azetidin‐2‐one ring. Treatment of 1a with Ce(IV) ammonium nitrate affords 2‐hydroxy‐N‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐2,2‐diphenylacetamide besides the anticipated N‐unsubstituted 2‐azetidinone, whereas a similar treatment of 1‐benzhydryl‐3,3‐diphenyl‐2‐azetidinone 1b affords the ring expansion product 1,3‐oxazolidin‐4‐one. The products have been characterized on the basis of satisfactory analytical and spectral (IR, 1H and 13C‐NMR, DEPT, HMBC) data and their formation is discussed. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Synthesis of some new 1H‐benzimidazole‐2‐carboxamido derivatives and their antimicrobial activitiy
Authors: Özden Seçkin , Usta Figen , Altanlar Nurten , Göker Hakan 
Published: August 2011

Abstract5,6‐Dichloro‐2‐hydroxymethyl‐1H‐benzimidazole (1) was prepared by the cyclization of 4,5‐dichloro‐o‐phenylenediamine with glycolic acid, then, alcohol group of 1 was converted to carboxylic acid (2). The final products 5,6‐dichloro‐1H‐benzimidazole‐2‐carboxamides (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14) were prepared by the amidification of compounds 2 with several amines by using O‐(benzotriazol‐1‐yl)‐N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate. Compound 12 was prepared by the reaction of compound 6 with methanolic HCl. The relations between the tautomer and nontautomer types of imidazole moiety are discussed with NMR spectroscopy. The in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity of the synthesized compounds against S. aureus, E. coli, B. subtilis, and C. albicans were evaluated with the disc diffusion techniques. The synthesized compounds were more active against the bacteria than fungi. Compound 3 exhibited best inhibitory activity against S. aureus. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Optimization of the Suzuki coupling reaction in the synthesis of 2‐[(2‐substituted)phenyl]pyrrole derivatives
Authors: Alešković Marija , Basarić Nikola , Mlinarić‐Majerski Kata 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA facile three‐step synthesis of 2‐(2‐aminophenyl)pyrrole (1) and 2‐[(2‐aminomethyl)phenyl]pyrrole (2) is reported by use of Suzuki coupling of N‐Boc‐pyrrol‐2‐yl boronic acid (3) and o‐substituted aryl halogenides, followed by hydrogenation. The Pd‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reaction is optimized to be applicable to a wide range of substitued aryl halogenides, with electron‐donating and electron‐withdrawing substituents, 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e, 5f, 5g. Moreover, Pd‐catalyzed coupling of o‐bromoaniline and 3 could be applied for the one‐step preparation of pyrrolo[1,2‐c]quinazolin‐5(6H)‐one (8). J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
THE CASE FOR AID IN FISCALLY CONSTRAINED TIMES: MORALS, ETHICS AND ECONOMICS
Authors: Sumner Andy , Tribe Michael 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAid [Official Development Assistance (ODA)] is under pressure as fiscal constraints mount in OECD countries following the 2008–2009 global financial and economic crisis. The arguments in favour of ODA commitments from donor countries have been articulated by several writers over the years but have consistently been challenged. This paper briefly and critically assesses the main arguments in favour of, and against, continuing substantial international aid programmes and makes a distinction between arguments relating to the short‐term and to the long‐term. The long‐term is considered in the context of the cases for and against sustained ODA programmes. The short‐term is discussed in the context of potential adjustments in ODA volumes because of economic decline, reduced tax revenue and public expenditure cuts in OECD countries. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM AS ETHICAL DEVELOPMENT?: RECONCILING EMISSIONS TRADING AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Boyd Emily , Goodman Michael K. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis paper examines the ethics of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in its architecture, processes and outcomes and its potential to allocate resources to the poor as ‘ethical development’. Two specific examples of CDM projects help us to explore some of the quandaries that seem to be quickly defining operating procedure for the CDM in its efforts to bring entitlementsto the poor. The paper concludes with reflections on the normative and social complications of the CDM and closes with three key areas of further investigation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical analysis of laser transmitter nonlinearity compensation technique for radio over fiber system
Authors: Neo Y. S. , Alifah S. , Idrus S. M. , Rahmat M. F. , Kassim N. M. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYThe task of reducing the noise and distortion generated by a laser transmitter has always been a challenge to improve the performance of radio over fiber systems. This paper presents a compensation system for nonlinear distortion of a laser transmitter supporting 5.2 GHz radio transmission over fiber employing a feed‐forward linearization technique. The nonlinearity of the laser diode is modeled using Volterra series analysis. The proposed linearization system is also simulated using commercial optical system software. The novel design has achieved 30 dB nonlinearity reduction considering 800 MHz modulation bandwidth. As an addition, this work also analyzes the effect of transmission length towards distortion reduction of the proposed system. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carter's factor calculation using domain transformations and the finite element method
Authors: Calixto Wesley Pacheco , Alvarenga Bernardo , Coimbra A. Paulo , Alves Aylton Jose , Martins Neto Luciano , Wu Marcel , da Silva Wander G. , Delbone Edval 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYThe main purpose of this work is to present a methodology to calculate Carter's factor using the actual air‐gap geometry, that is, without simplifications of the slot geometry. The methodology is based on the finite element method, and its results are compared with some traditional procedures used for Carter's factor calculation and also with a domain transformation technique. It is shown that the finite element method and the domain transformation methodologies present similar results, which are different from the results obtained with traditional procedures. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How sensitive are probabilistic precipitation forecasts to the choice of calibration algorithms and the ensemble generation method? Part II: sensitivity to ensemble generation method
Authors: Ruiz Juan J. , Saulo Celeste , Kalnay Eugenia 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn this work the sensitivity of summer Probabilistic Quantitative Precipitation Forecasts (PQPF) to alternative ensemble generation methods over southeastern South America is examined. A perturbed initial condition ensemble using the breeding technique, a multimodel ensemble and a pragmatic ensemble based on spatial shifts of the forecast fields have been used to generate calibrated PQPF over the selected region and the results were evaluated using the Brier Skill Score. Results show that calibrated PQPF quality exhibits sensitivity to the ensemble system used and this sensitivity is mainly related with the resolution component of the Brier Skill Score. For the 24 h lead time, the pragmatic approach shows surprisingly good results while for the 48 h lead time, the best results are obtained with the multimodel ensemble. The combination of the spatial shift technique with the multimodel and with the perturbed initial conditions ensemble has also been evaluated and resulted in an increase of the PQPF skill at all lead times. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
How sensitive are probabilistic precipitation forecasts to the choice of calibration algorithms and the ensemble generation method? Part I: sensitivity to calibration methods
Authors: Ruiz Juan J. , Saulo Celeste 
Published: August 2011

AbstractDifferent techniques for obtaining probabilistic quantitative precipitation forecasts (PQPFs) over South America are tested during the 2002–2003 warm season. They have been applied to a regional ensemble system which uses the breeding technique to generate initial and boundary conditions perturbations. This comparison involves seven algorithms and also includes experiments to select an adequate size for the training period. Results show that the sensitivity to different calibration strategies is small with the exception of the rank histogram algorithm. The inclusion of the ensemble spread or the use of different ensemble members for the computation of probabilities shows almost no improvement with respect to probabilistic forecasts computed using the ensemble mean. This is basically due to the strong relationship between precipitation error and its amount. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Breaking wave‐induced response and instability of seabed around caisson breakwater
Authors: Ulker M. B. C. , Rahman M. S. , Guddati M. N. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYBreaking‐wave‐induced dynamic response and instability of seabed around a caisson breakwater are investigated. A seabed‐rubble‐breakwater system is modeled using finite elements. The impact response of the porous seabed and rubble foundation is assumed to be governed by the coupled Biot equations, and three possible formulations are considered with respect to the inclusion of inertial terms. The response is presented in terms of shear stress and pore pressure distributions at three locations underneath the breakwater. The effect of seabed and wave parameters and the inertial terms on the impact response is investigated through parametric studies. Analyses show that usually partly dynamic formulation yields the largest response amplitudes as compared to the fully dynamic formulation, which is the most complete form. The instability of seabed and rubble mound as a result of instantaneous liquefaction is also studied. Breaking wave‐induced pressures in some cases are found to cause liquefaction in the rubble and the seabed. The effect of some parameters on the instability is found to be significant. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transglutaminase 1 and its regulator tazarotene‐induced gene 3 localize to neuronal tau inclusions in tauopathies
Authors: Wilhelmus Micha MM , de Jager Mieke , Rozemuller Annemieke JM , Brevé John , Bol John GJM , Eckert Richard L , Drukarch Benjamin 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP‐17), and Pick's disease (PiD) are commonly known as tauopathies. Neurodegeneration observed in these diseases is linked to neuronal fibrillary hyperphosphorylated tau protein inclusions. Transglutaminases (TGs) are inducible enzymes, capable of modifying conformational and/or structural properties of proteins by inducing molecular cross‐links. Both transglutaminase 1 (TG1) and transglutaminase 2 (TG2) are abundantly expressed in the brain and are associated with fibrillary hyperphosphorylated tau protein inclusions in neurons of AD, so‐called neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). However, other data obtained by our group suggested that tau pathology in the brain may be primarily related to TG1 and not to TG2 activity. To obtain more information on this issue, we set out to investigate the association of TG1, TG2, and TG‐catalysed cross‐links with fibrillary hyperphosphorylated tau inclusions in tauopathies other than AD, using immunohistochemistry. We found strong TG1 and TG‐catalysed cross‐link staining in neuronal tau inclusions characteristic of PSP, FTDP‐17 with mutations in the tau gene (FTDP‐17T), and PiD brain, whereas, in contrast to AD, TG2 was only rarely observed in these inclusions. Furthermore, using a biochemical approach, we demonstrated that tau is a substrate for TG1‐mediated cross‐linking. Interestingly, we found co‐localization of the TG1 activator, tazarotene‐induced gene 3 (TIG3), in the neuronal tau inclusions of PSP, FTDP‐17T, and PiD, but not in NFTs of AD cases, indicating that these tau‐containing protein aggregates are not identical. We conclude that TG1‐catalysed cross‐linking, regulated by TIG3, might play an important role in the formation of neuronal tau inclusions in PSP, FTDP‐17T, and PiD brain. Copyright © 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome leads to reduced ratio of ACE/ACE2 activities and is prevented by angiotensin‐(1–7) or an angiotensin II receptor antagonist
Authors: Wösten‐van Asperen Roelie M , Lutter René , Specht Patricia A , Moll Gert N , van Woensel Job B , van der Loos Chris M , van Goor Harry , Kamilic Jelena , Florquin Sandrine , Bos Albert P 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAcute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a devastating clinical syndrome. Angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) and its effector peptide angiotensin (Ang) II have been implicated in the pathogenesis of ARDS. A counter‐regulatory enzyme of ACE, ie ACE2 that degrades Ang II to Ang‐(1–7), offers a promising novel treatment modality for this syndrome. As the involvement of ACE and ACE2 in ARDS is still unclear, this study investigated the role of these two enzymes in an animal model of ARDS. ARDS was induced in rats by intratracheal administration of LPS followed by mechanical ventilation. During ventilation, animals were treated with saline (placebo), losartan (Ang II receptor antagonist), or with a protease‐resistant, cyclic form of Ang‐(1–7) [cAng‐(1–7)]. In bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of ventilated LPS‐exposed animals, ACE activity was enhanced, whereas ACE2 activity was reduced. This was matched by enhanced BALF levels of Ang II and reduced levels of Ang‐(1–7). Therapeutic intervention with cAng‐(1–7) attenuated the inflammatory mediator response, markedly decreased lung injury scores, and improved lung function, as evidenced by increased oxygenation. These data indicate that ARDS develops, in part, due to reduced pulmonary levels of Ang‐(1–7) and that repletion of this peptide halts the development of ARDS. Copyright © 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.