bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vultures in Cambodia: population, threats and conservation
Authors: CLEMENTS TOM , GILBERT MARTIN , RAINEY HUGO J. , CUTHBERT RICHARD , EAMES JONATHAN C. , BUNNAT PECH , TEAK SENG , CHANSOCHEAT SONG , SETHA TAN 
Published: April 2012

SummaryAsian vultures have undergone dramatic declines of 90–99% in the Indian Subcontinent, as a consequence of poisoning by veterinary use of the drug diclofenac, and are at a high risk of extinction. Cambodia supports one of the only populations of three species (White-rumped VultureGyps bengalensis, Slender-billed VultureG. tenuirostrisand Red-headed VultureSarcogyps calvus) outside of South Asia where diclofenac use is not widespread. Conservation of the Cambodian sub-populations is therefore a global priority. This study analyses the results of a long-term research programme into Cambodian vultures that was initiated in 2004. Population sizes of each species are estimated at 50–200+ individuals, ranging across an area of approximately 300 km by 250 km, including adjacent areas in Laos and Vietnam. The principal causes of vulture mortality were poisoning (73%), probably as an accidental consequence of local hunting and fishing practices, and hunting or capture for traditional medicine (15%). This represents a significant loss from such a small population of long-lived, slow breeding, species such as vultures. Cambodian vultures are severely food limited and are primarily dependent on domestic ungulate carcasses, as wild ungulate populations have been severely depleted over the past 20 years. Local people across the vulture range still follow traditional animal husbandry practices, including releasing livestock into the open deciduous dipterocarp forest areas when they are not needed for work, providing the food source. Reducing threats through limiting the use of poisons (which are also harmful for human health) and supplementary food provisioning in the short to medium-term through ‘vulture restaurants’ is critical if Cambodian vultures are to be conserved.
Nutrient density score of typical Indonesian foods and dietary formulation using linear programming
Authors: Jati Ignasius Radix AP , Vadivel Vellingiri , Nöhr Donatus , Biesalski Hans Konrad 
Published: April 2012

AbstractObjectiveThe present research aimed to analyse the nutrient density (ND), nutrient adequacy score (NAS) and energy density (ED) of Indonesian foods and to formulate a balanced diet using linear programming.DesignData on typical Indonesian diets were obtained from the Indonesian Socio-Economic Survey 2008. ND was investigated for 122 Indonesian foods. NAS was calculated for single nutrients such as Fe, Zn and vitamin A. Correlation analysis was performed between ND and ED, as well as between monthly expenditure class and food consumption pattern in Indonesia. Linear programming calculations were performed using the software POM-QM for Windows version 3.SettingRepublic of Indonesia, 2008.SubjectsPublic households (n68 800).ResultsVegetables had the highest ND of the food groups, followed by animal-based foods, fruits and staple foods. Based on NAS, the top ten food items for each food group were identified. Most of the staple foods had high ED and contributed towards daily energy fulfillment, followed by animal-based foods, vegetables and fruits. Commodities with high ND tended to have low ED. Linear programming could be used to formulate a balanced diet. In contrast to staple foods, purchases of fruit, vegetables and animal-based foods increased with the rise of monthly expenditure.ConclusionsPeople should select food items based on ND and NAS to alleviate micronutrient deficiencies in Indonesia. Dietary formulation calculated using linear programming to achieve RDA levels for micronutrients could be recommended for different age groups of the Indonesian population.
VARIATIONS AROUND A PROBLEM OF MAHLER AND MENDÈS FRANCE
Authors: BUGEAUD YANN 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWe discuss the following general question and some of its extensions. Let (εk)k≥1 be a sequence with values in {0,1}, which is not ultimately periodic. Define ξ:=∑ k≥1εk/2k and ξ′:=∑ k≥1εk/3k. Let 𝒫 be a property valid for almost all real numbers. Is it true that at least one among ξ and ξ′ satisfies 𝒫?
Interseismic seafloor crustal deformation immediately above the source region of anticipated megathrust earthquake along the Nankai Trough, Japan
Authors: Tadokoro Keiichi , Ikuta Ryoya , Watanabe Tsuyoshi , Ando Masataka , Okuda Takashi , Nagai Satoru , Yasuda Kenji , Sakata Tsuyoshi 
Published: April 2012

We monitored seafloor crustal deformation using the GPS/acoustic seafloor geodetic observation technique at three sites on the Kumano Basin, off southwestern Japan, which is located immediately above the source region of the anticipated Tonankai megathrust earthquake. We directly measured landward crustal movements of ∼40 mm/y in the ∼N80°W direction with respect to the Amurian Plate on the seafloor. The directions were found to be the same as those measured at the on‐land GPS stations. The magnitudes of the velocity vectors indicated significant crustal shortenings of approximately 10–20 mm/y between the Kumano Basin and the southeastern coast of the Kii peninsula of the Japanese Islands. The present observational results show strong and direct evidence for interplate locking during the interseismic period. Coupling ratios were roughly estimated at ∼0.6–0.8 on the plate interface up to at least 10 km in depth.
The 2010 Mw 7.8 Mentawai earthquake: Very shallow source of a rare tsunami earthquake determined from tsunami field survey and near‐field GPS data
Authors: Hill Emma M. , Borrero Jose C. , Huang Zhenhua , Qiu Qiang , Banerjee Paramesh , Natawidjaja Danny H. , Elosegui Pedro , Fritz Hermann M. , Suwargadi Bambang W. , Pranantyo Ignatius Ryan , Li LinLin , Macpherson Kenneth A. , Skanavis Vassilis , Synolakis Costas E. , Sieh Kerry 
Published: April 2012

The Mw 7.8 October 2010 Mentawai, Indonesia, earthquake was a “tsunami earthquake,” a rare type of earthquake that generates a tsunami much larger than expected based on the seismic magnitude. It produced a locally devastating tsunami, with runup commonly in excess of 6 m. We examine this event using a combination of high‐rate GPS data, from instruments located on the nearby islands, and a tsunami field survey. The GPS displacement time series are deficient in high‐frequency energy, and show small coseismic displacements (<22 cm horizontal and <4 cm subsidence). The field survey shows that maximum tsunami runup was >16 m. Our modeling results show that the combination of the small GPS displacements and large tsunami can only be explained by high fault slip at very shallow depths, far from the islands and close to the oceanic trench. Inelastic uplift of trench sediments likely contributed to the size of the tsunami. Recent results for the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoko‐Oki earthquake have also shown shallow fault slip, but the results from our study, which involves a smaller earthquake, provide much stronger constraints on how shallow the rupture can be, with the majority of slip for the Mentawai earthquake occurring at depths of <6 km. This result challenges the conventional wisdom that the shallow tips of subduction megathrusts are aseismic, and therefore raises important questions both about the mechanical properties of the shallow fault zone and the potential seismic and tsunami hazard of this shallow region.
Two distinct overstretched DNA structures revealed by single-molecule thermodynamics measurements
Authors: Zhang Xinghua , Chen Hu , Fu Hongxia , Doyle Patrick S. , Yan Jie 
Published: April 2012

Double-stranded DNA is a dynamic molecule whose structure can change depending on conditions. While there is consensus in the literature about many structures DNA can have, the state of highly-stretched DNA is still not clear. Several groups have shown that DNA in the torsion-unconstrained B-form undergoes an “overstretching” transition at a stretching force of around 65 pN, which leads to approximately 1.7-fold elongation of the DNA contour length. Recent experiments have revealed that two distinct structural transitions are involved in the overstretching process: (
i
) a hysteretic “peeling” off one strand from its complementary strand, and (
ii
) a nonhysteretic transition that leads to an undetermined DNA structure. We report the first simultaneous determination of the entropy (Δ
S
) and enthalpy changes (Δ
H
) pertaining to these respective transitions. For the hysteretic peeling transition, we determined Δ
S
∼ 20 cal/(K.mol) and Δ
H
∼ 7 kcal/mol. In the case of the nonhysteretic transition, Δ
S
∼ -3 cal/(K.mol) and Δ
H
∼ 1 kcal/mol. Furthermore, the response of the transition force to salt concentration implies that the two DNA strands are spatially separated after the hysteretic peeling transition. In contrast, the corresponding response after the nonhysteretic transition indicated that the strands remained in close proximity. The selection between the two transitions depends on DNA base-pair stability, and it can be illustrated by a multidimensional phase diagram. Our results provide important insights into the thermodynamics of DNA overstretching and conformational structures of overstretched DNA that may play an important role in vivo.
Detecting Invasive Round Goby in Wadeable Streams: A Comparison of Gear Types
Authors: Nett Joseph H. G. , Campbell Timothy B. , Mandrak Nicholas E. , Tiegs Scott D. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The invasion of round goby Neogobius melanostomus into tributaries of the Laurentian Great Lakes poses concerns for the conservation of native fish communities and the functioning of stream ecosystems. In streams, where standard methods for detection are lacking, development of sensitive sampling methods to identify round goby-invaded sites is a prerequisite for the implementation of effective management strategies. We sampled 34 stream sites that spanned a range of goby densities with two active gears (electrofishing and seining) and one passive gear (minnow traps) to compare gear efficiency at detecting invasive round goby. Naive occupancy, defined as the number of sites where goby were detected with each gear divided by the total number of sites, was 0.79 (27/34 sites) for seining, 0.68 (23/34) for electrofishing, and 0.50 (17/34) for traps. The probability of detecting a single round goby in a single pass (determined with single-season, constant-probability models) was 0.75 ± 0.065 (mean ± SE) for minnow traps, 0.69 ± 0.056 for seining, and 0.47 ± 0.075 for electrofishing. Mean ± SE catch per unit effort (CPUE; round goby/min) was 0.716 + 0.158 for seining, 0.137 ± 0.043 for electrofishing, and 0.078 ± 0.022 for minnow traps, seining being significantly more efficient than minnow traps and electrofishing. The CPUE did not differ between electrofishing and traps. Mean goby size did not differ among gear types, but a size bias was detected when data from a related study were included in the analysis, seining capturing smaller round goby. Based on the sensitivity and efficiency of seining, we conclude that when stream conditions allow, this gear is a practical means of detecting round goby and determining their abundance in streams.
Received August 11, 2011; accepted January 4, 2012
Synthesis of Y3Al5O12 : Ce3+ phosphors by a modified impinging stream method: a crystal growth and luminescent properties study
Authors: Zhou Zhi , Liu Suqin , Wang Fengchao , Liu Younian 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A Y3Al5O12 : Ce3+ (YAG : Ce3+) phosphor was successfully prepared by a modified impinging stream (IS) method at a temperature of 1200 °C. The as-obtained sample has perfect crystallinity, uniform morphology and good dispersion due to the added size classification (SC) process and low-temperature calcination. The mechanism of YAG : Ce3+ crystal growth was proposed based on the results of scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffractometry, which agreed with the Ostwald ripening process. The excitation and emission spectra revealed that the excitation band distributes between 310 nm and 520 nm and peaks at 342 nm and 460 nm, and the emission band covers from 470 nm to 650 nm and centres at 532.5 nm, respectively. White light can be obtained from the fabricated light-emitting diodes using the prepared phosphor, and the CIE coordinate, correlated colour temperature and luminescence efficiency are (0.312, 0.321), 7560 K and 80.7 lm W−1, respectively. All the results indicated that the modified IS method is a promising way to prepare the YAG : Ce3+ phosphor, and SC process is effective in producing the phosphor with uniform morphology, ideal size and size distribution. This method has a broad industrial prospect in phosphor manufacture.
O2 dissociation in Ar–O2 surface-wave microwave discharges
Authors: Kutasi Kinga , Sá Paulo A , Guerra Vasco 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A self-consistent model is developed in order to investigate the dissociation of O2 molecules in Ar–O2 surface-wave microwave discharges. The dissociation degree of O2 molecules ([O]/2[O2]0) is determined for surface-wave discharges generated in 0.5 cm and 2.8 cm diameter tubes with 2.45 GHz and 915 MHz microwave field frequencies, respectively, in the 0.5–25 mbar pressure range at different mixture compositions from pure O2 to 95%Ar–5%O2. The dissociation degree varies non-monotonically with pressure—it passes through a minimum—which is more pronounced in high Ar content mixtures. This behaviour is found to be a consequence of the electron collision processes, in particular the evolution of the non-Maxwellian shape of the electron energy distribution function with pressure. These changes make the electron impact dissociation coefficient follow the same non-monotonic trend with pressure, despite leading to the expected monotonic variation of the ionization rate coefficient. The minimum in dissociation is in correlation with the momentum transfer cross-section profiles of the mixture's components, and occurs approximately at the pressure that satisfies the condition νce = ω, which explains its dependence on ω.
The limits of ultrahigh-resolution x-ray mapping: estimating uncertainties in thin-film and interface structures determined by phase retrieval methods
Authors: Zhou Hua , Pindak Ron , Clarke Roy , Steinberg David M , Yacoby Yizhak 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Capturing subtle details at the sub-Angstrom level is key to understanding the structural basis of many intriguing interfacial phenomena in epitaxial thin films and nanostructures. X-ray phase retrieval methods are ideally suited to this task but the usual approaches for determination of uncertainties, based on refining a parametrized model, are not applicable in this case. Here we describe a method to estimate the uncertainties of the system electron density, obtained by phase retrieval, and of parameters of interest obtained from it. The method is based on the bootstrap approach and it can be generally applied to surface x-ray scattering data. Several examples are given which illustrate the method's utility in determining uncertainties arising from random and systematic errors. The approach also provides a quantitative measure of the validity of structural solutions obtained by phase retrieval methods.
First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Golovinomyces biocellatus on Common Sage (Salvia officinalis) in Slovenia
Authors: Radisek S. , Ferant N. , Jakse J. , Javornik B. 
Published: April 2012

Common sage (Salvia officinalis) is a well known perennial and medicinal herb in the Lamiaceae family, which is widely planted in gardens and parks in Slovenia. In September 2007, symptoms of powdery mildew infection were observed on common sage plants grown in several gardens in the Savinja valley. White mycelium was present, principally on the upper leaf surface, but was also observed on stems. The disease progressed as spots coalesced and leaves become distorted and necrotic. Microscopic observations revealed septate and branched hyaline hyphae 4 to 7 μm wide. Conidiophores were cylindrical and septate and measured 40 to 90 × 9 to 12 μm. The foot cells of the conidiophores were straight, followed by one to three shorter cells. Conidia produced in chains (three to four conidia per chain) were hyaline and doliform in shape, measuring 27 to 35 × 14 to 20 μm and lacking fibrosin bodies. Cleistothecia were not observed in the collected samples. All of these characteristics were consistent with Golovinomyces biocellatus as described by Braun (2). For molecular identification of the pathogen, DNA was extracted from mycelia and conidia of infected plants, collected in two different gardens in the Savinja valley as representative samples (1GB-Sof and 2GB-Sof). Nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were amplified by PCR using the universal primers ITS4 and ITS5, and sequenced. Both samples yielded the same 532 bp sequence, which showed the highest identity (97 to 99%; E value = 0.0) to G. biocellatus ITS sequences in the NCBI GenBank (1). The nucleotide sequence has been assigned GenBank Accession No. JQ340358. Pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculation of 10 healthy plants of S. officinalis ‘Grower's Friend’ planted in pots. Plants were sprayed with a spore suspension (105 conidia/ml; 0.01% Tween 20) obtained from naturally infected leaves. Inoculated plants were covered with polyethylene bags for two days to maintain high humidity and incubated in a growing chamber at 22°C with a 12-h photoperiod. The first powdery mildew signs and symptoms developed on leaves 7 days after inoculation. Ten control plants sprayed with distilled water showed no symptoms. The fungus present on the inoculated plants was morphologically identical to that originally observed on diseased plants. Powdery mildew infections of common sage associated with G. biocellatus have been known in Argentina, Washington State (United States), and various countries in Europe (2,3,4). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of G. biocellatus on common sage in Slovenia. Voucher specimens are available at the culture collection of the Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing. References: (1) S. F. Altschul et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389, 1997. (2) U. Braun. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 89:1, 1987. (3) M. G. Cabrera et al. Mycosphere 1:289, 2010. (4) F. M. Dugan. North American Fungi 6:1, 2011.
First Report of Curvularia lunata Causing Leaf Spot on Lotus in China
Authors: Cui R. Q. , Sun X. T. 
Published: April 2012

Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) is a flowering aquatic plant, and is widely planted as a vegetable and ornamental plant in China. In June 2011, a leaf spot was observed on lotus in Pingxiang City of Jiangxi Province, causing approximately 60% of leaves to die and leading to 10 to 15% yield loss. Initial symptoms were purple-brown spots emerging on the leaf surfaces with diameters ranging from 0.5 to 3 cm, which later developed grayish white centers and a black-brown banding pattern on the edges. Lesions often merged to form large necrotic areas, covering more than 70% of the leaf surface, which may have contributed to plant death. Small pieces (5 mm2) of symptomatic leaves were excised from the junction of diseased and healthy tissue, surface sterilized in 70% ethanol solution for 1 min and 0.1% mercuric chloride solution for 5 min, washed in three changes of sterile distilled water, and transferred to potato dextrose agar plates. Cultures were maintained in an incubator at 25°C for 5 to 7 days. After 7 days, six black-brown colonies were isolated, which developed dark brown septate conidiophores. Conidia were 20 to 25 × 9 to 13 μm, with three-horizontal septa, and curved at the third cell from the base that was longer and darker than the others. Cells at each end were subhyaline and intermediate cells were medium brown. These characteristics were consistent with Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijng (1,2,4). Molecular characterization was based on rDNA sequence. For two isolates, DNA was extracted using a CTAB protocol with 0.8% mercaptoethanol, then the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region was amplified with primers ITS1 (5′-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3′) and ITS4 (5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′) (3). PCR products were cloned and sequencing reactions were run on an AB3730 Stretch DNA sequencing system. On the basis of a comparison of 598 base pairs, both isolates had the same sequence (GenBank Accession No. JQ701798), which differed by one base pair from Cochliobolus lunatus NBRC 100173 (GenBank Accession No. JN943426) (conidial state: Curvularia lunata). Pathogenicity experiments were conducted by inoculating a conidial suspension (106 CFU/ml) on five newly matured leaves of healthy lotus. Plants inoculated with sterile water served as the noninoculated controls. Plants were incubated in the greenhouse at 20 to 25°C. All the inoculated leaves started showing disease symptoms (purple flecks) after 7 days and the noninoculated control plants remained asymptomatic. C. lunata was consistently recovered from all inoculated plants, except the control, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf spot caused by C. lunata on lotus in China. References: (1) M. B. Ellis. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England, 1971. (2) M. M. Hawa, et al. Plant Dis. 93: 971, 2009. (3) K. J. Martin and P. T. Rygiewicz. BMC Microbiol. 5:28, 2005. (4) F. B. Rocha et al. Austral. Plant Pathol. 33: 601, 2004.
First Report of Grapevine Leafroll-associated Virus 4 in Vineyards of Turkey
Authors: Kaya A. , Erilmez S. , Paylan I. C. , Erkan S. 
Published: April 2012

Turkey is one of the main grape producers in the world, with an annual production of about 4 million tons on approximately 500,000 hectares of viticulture areas, mainly in the Aegean, Southeast Anatolia, and Central Anatolia regions. Nearly 29% of the vineyards in Turkey are located in the Aegean region, with major growing districts including the provinces of Manisa and Izmir. Previous studies have shown that Grapevine leafroll-associated viruses (GLRaV-1, -2, -3, -5, -6, and -7), which cause Grapevine Leafroll Disease (GLD), were present in Turkish vineyards (1,2). Surveys in 2009 and 2011 were conducted to determine other viruses associated with this disease in commercial vineyards of the provinces of Manisa and Izmir. Leaves and young canes were randomly collected from individual symptomatic and symptomless grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) of red or white cultivars in late summer and autumn. Symptoms observed in plants were reddening and downward rolling of leaves in red cultivars and yellowing of leaf tissue between main veins and leaf curling in white cultivars. In addition, affected grapevines appeared to have reduced growth resulting in smaller canopies. Samples were analyzed first by double antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA using commercial diagnostic kits (Bioreba, Switzerland) to GLRaV-4-9 according to the manufacturer's instructions. The results from serological assays on 145 samples revealed that five samples of cv. Syrah and three of cv. Round seedless from Izmir-Menderes and from Manisa-Alasehir, respectively, reacted positively with specific antibodies to GLRaV-4-9. The identification of GLRaV-4 was confirmed by reverse transcriptase-PCR and total nucleic acids were extracted by a silica capture method from fresh, symptomatic plant samples (3). The synthesis of complementary DNA (cDNA) was performed by a Fermentas cDNA synthesis kit in accordance with the procedure specified by the manufacturer and specific primers (Forward: CCAACTGTCGTGGGTATAAGGAAT, Reverse: CCCAGACACCGGTCCTATACT) were used according to methods described by Maliogka et al. (4). An expected PCR product of approximately 200 nt was obtained from symptomatic samples that were GLRaV-4 positive in DAS-ELISA. GLRaV, comprising GLRaV-4 as quarantine pests, are under official control in Turkey. To our knowledge, this is the first report of natural GLRaV-4 infection of grapevines in Turkey. References: (1) B. Akbas et al., J. Phytopathol. 155:122, 2007. (2) N. Buzkan et al., J. Phytopathol. 158:448, 2010. (3) X. Foissac et al., Acta Hortic. 550:37, 2001. (4) V. I. Maliogka et al., J. Virol. Methods 154:41, 2008.