bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A U-Net-based self-stitching method for generating periodic grain structures
Authors: Ji Ye , Koeppe Arnd , Altschuh Patrick , Griem Lars , Rajagopal Deepalaxmi , Nestler Britta 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
When modeling microstructures, the computational resource requirements increase rapidly as the simulation domain becomes larger. As a result, simulating a small representative fraction under periodic boundary conditions is often a necessary simplification. However, the truncated structures leave nonphysical boundaries, which are detrimental to numerical modeling. Here, we propose a self-stitching algorithm for generating periodic structures, demonstrated in a grain structure. The main idea of our algorithm is to artificially add structural information between mismatched boundary pairs, using the hierarchical spatial predictions of the U-Net. The model is trained with 20,000 grain sample pairs simulated from multiphase field simulations, resulting in the successful generation of periodic grain structures as expected. Furthermore, we employ an energy-based metric, the local curvature, to highlight the quality of the generated samples. Through this metric, we determine that the optimum value of the width of the mask is 1/16 of the sample width. The algorithm provides an automatic and unbiased way to obtain periodic boundaries in grain structures and can be applied to porous microstructures in a similar way.
Higher order contribution to ion-acoustic Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) soliton in unmagnetized quantum plasmas with arbitrary degeneracy of electrons
Authors: Ur-Rehman Hafeez , Mahmood Shahzad 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The propagation of nonlinear ion-acoustic Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) solitons and dressed solitons (with higher order contribution term) in unmagnetized quantum plasmas with arbitrary degeneracy of electrons is investigated using quantum hydrodynamic model. The reductive perturbation method is used to derive the first order nonlinear ion-acoustic KdV equation and also higher order contribution of inhomogeneous differential equation is obtained for the dressed ion-acoustic wave soliton in arbitrary degenerate electron plasmas. Moreover, the higher order inhomogeneous differential equation is solved (nonsecular solution is obtained) using the renormalization method. The conditions for the validity of the higher order correction are also discussed in detail for ion-acoustic solitons in unmagnetized arbitrary degenerate electrons plasma case. The effects of chosen values of electron temperature, equilibrium fugacity and corresponding electron density of a physical quantum plasma system and quantum diffraction parameter H (for two conditions i.e., H < 2 or H > 2) on the amplitude and width of the KdV and dressed ion-acoustic wave solitons for both electrostatic potential hump (compressive) or dip (rarefactive) structures are investigated. The numerical plots are also presented for illustration with numerical values of a physical partially degenerate electrons plasma system exist in the astrophysical or laboratory conditions.
Invariant stationary vacuum solutions by symmetry analysis and Jacobi elliptic rational expansion method
Authors: Al-Khamaiseh Belal , Alkasasbeh Ahmad H , Ali Ahmad T 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In this paper, new explicit exact solutions for the stationary static Einstein’s vacuum field equation are obtained. Symmetry analysis, based on Lie point transformations, is used to derive different similarity solutions. These transformations are used to reduce the equation under investigation into solvable ordinary differential equations, and then some interesting invariant solutions are presented. In addition, some of the solutions are obtained as a result of applying the Jacobi elliptic function expansion method to one of the reduced systems. Graphical representations of the obtained solutions are also shown.
Chaotic behavior, bifurcations, sensitivity analysis, and novel optical soliton solutions to the Hamiltonian amplitude equation in optical physics
Authors: Hossain Md Nur , Miah M Mamun , Duraihem Faisal Z , Rehman Sadique , Ma Wen-Xiu 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This study, highlights the exact optical soliton solutions in the context of optical physics, centering on the intricate Hamiltonian amplitude equation with bifurcation and sensitivity analysis. This equation is pivotal in optics which underpins the understanding of optical manifestations, encompassing solitons, nonlinear consequences, and wave interactions. Applying an analytical expansion approach, we extract diverse optical solutions, having trigonometric, hyperbolic, and rational functions. Next, we utilize concepts from the principle of planar dynamical systems to investigate the bifurcation processes and chaotic behaviors present in this derived system. Additionally, we use the Runge–Kutta scheme to carry out a thorough sensitivity analysis of the dynamical system. It has been verified through this analytical process that small variations in beginning conditions have negligible effects on the stability of the solution using bifurcation analysis. Validation via Mathematica software ensures the accuracy of these findings. Furthermore, we employ dynamic visualizations, such as 2D, 3D, and contour plots, to illustrate various soliton patterns, including kink, multi-kink, single periodic, multi-periodic, singular, and semi-bell-shaped configurations. These visual representations provide a glimpse into the fascinating behavior of optical phenomena. The solutions obtained via this proposed method showcase its efficacy, dependability, and simplicity in comparison to various alternative approaches.
Hard X-ray emission from blazars associated with high-energy neutrinos
Authors: Plavin A.V. , Burenin R.A. , Kovalev Y.Y. , Lutovinov A.A. , Starobinsky A.A. , Troitsky S.V. , Zakharov E.I. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Bright blazars were found to be prominent neutrino sources, and a number of IceCube events were associated with them. Evaluating high-energy photon emission of such blazars is crucial for better understanding of the processes and regions where neutrinos are produced. Here, we focus on hard X-ray emission observed by the SRG/ART-XC telescope, by the Swift/BAT imager, and by the INTEGRAL/IBIS telescope. Their energy range ≳10 keV is well-suited for probing photons that potentially participate in neutrino production by interacting with ultrarelativistic protons.
We find that neutrino-associated blazars tend to demonstrate remarkably strong X-ray emission compared to other VLBI blazars in the sky.
Both neutrinos and hard X-rays are found to come from blazars at cosmological distances z ∼ 1, and are boosted by relativistic beaming that makes it possible to detect them on Earth. Our results suggest that neutrinos are produced within compact blazar jets, with target X-ray photons emitted from accelerated jet regions.
Orthogonally polarized dual-wavelength Pr:LiGdF4 lasers in the green range
Authors: Chen Chong , Li Yongliang , Shangguan Jiawei , Feng Hailong , Guo Haoran 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We demonstrate a diode-pumped continuous-wave tunable orthogonally polarized dual-wavelength Pr:LiGdF4 laser in the green range. The excellent mode matching between the pump and green lasers is achieved under the consideration of thermally induced effects. We analyze the condition of gain-to-loss balance via an uncoated glass etalon to achieve the dual-wavelength operation. At an absorbed pump power of 17.9 W, a dual-wavelength laser operating at 546 nm in π-polarization and 538 nm in σ-polarization with 1.72 W of average output power was obtained. Orthogonally polarized dual-wavelength laser operation at shorter- or longer-wavelength pairs with lower average output power could also be realized for other output-coupling transmissions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work realizing orthogonally polarized dual-wavelength operation in Pr:LiGdF4 lasers.
Studies of the outer-off-midplane lower hybrid wave launch scenario for plasma start-up on the TST-2 spherical tokamak
Authors: Tsujii N. , Ejiri A. , Ko Y. , Peng Y. , Iwasaki K. , Lin Y. , Shinohara K. , Watanabe O. , Jang S. , Hidano T. , Shirasawa Y. , Tian Y. , Adachi F. , Moeller C.P. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Establishment of an efficient central solenoid (CS) free tokamak plasma start-up method may lead to an economical fusion reactor. CS-free start-up using lower hybrid (LH) waves has been studied on the TST-2 spherical tokamak. Plasma current of about a quarter of CS-driven discharges has been obtained fully non-inductively using the outer-midplane and top LH launchers. Recently, an outer-off-midplane LH launcher was developed to achieve higher plasma current by optimizing for core absorption and minimal fast electron losses. Using the (outer-)off-midplane launcher, fully non-inductive plasma current start-up up to about 8 kA was achieved. Coupled ray-tracing and Fokker–Planck simulation was performed on equilibria reconstructed with an extended MHD model. It was found that the experimentally observed plasma current was in reasonable agreement with the numerical simulation. The simulation predicted appreciable orbit losses for the off-midplane launcher driven discharge at the present parameters, which was consistent with the experimentally observed x-ray radiation characteristics. The simulation showed that the current density was saturated for the present off-midplane launcher discharges and higher density and higher LH power was necessary to achieve higher plasma current.
Creating negative ion beams from neutral gases using a negative hydrogen ion source
Authors: Paul A. , Melanson S. , Junginger T. , Dehnel M. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A typical method to produce negative ion beams uses alkali vapour as a medium for a double charge exchange to convert incident positive (1+) beams to negative (1-) beams. Alkali vapours pose a problem in ion production as they are flammable, explosive and cause vacuum surface contamination. Thus, it is advantageous to use non-metallic vapours for charge exchange as it will prevent hazards and the contamination of vacuum surfaces and targets in which the negative ion beams are incident upon. In this paper we will describe and demonstrate the process of creating negative ion beams by impinging a 15 keV to 30 keV beam from D-Pace's TRIUMF licenced H- volume-cusp ion source (1 mA to 15 mA) onto a volume of non-metallic neutral gas (X) resulting in a single or two-step charge exchange: H- + X → H + X- or H- + X → H + X + e → H + X-. The newly created X- ion beams will be accelerated by a (1 to 20) kV electrostatic accelerator and passed through a mass spectrometer system to separate the primary H- beam from the X- beam. The two gases studied are He and H2 and we will present the magnitude of the resultant beam currents after being separated from the incident H- beam by the mass spectrometer system.
A method of three-dimensional muon imaging using cosmic ray ground array
Authors: Song Sichen , Liu Jia , He Huihai 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Cosmic ray muon imaging technology is an effective
non-destructive imaging technique. It is currently used to survey
the internal structure of large-scale objects such as active
volcanoes, pyramids, and some buildings. Additionally, it is used to
detect high-Z materials in scenarios such as border security,
nuclear reactor monitoring, and container inspection. All
applications of cosmic ray muons require a detector to reveal and
measure the flux or angular variations of muons. However, detectors
may have specific characteristics for each application depending on
the detection requirements.

Unlike single-point track detectors, we propose using ground array
detectors to investigate how ground array detection technology can
be used for 3D reconstruction of objects. We use ground array
detection technology for simulation studies and apply the Iterative
Correction Algorithm (ICA) to reconstruct two-dimensional
projections and obtain three-dimensional images of density
distribution. We have also addressed the convergence problem and
analyzed and optimized some parameters that may affect the detection
results. The advantages of using ground arrays include their ability
to simultaneously measure the transmittance flux data of muons in
different directions, achieve multi-angle detection, and have a
large field of view, enabling the collection of sufficient data for
more accurate detection results.

To verify the feasibility of our new method, we conducted a simple
experimental validation on a cylindrical cement building located in
the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). By
comparing the experimental results with the cement building in the
array, we found that their shape structure and density information
are basically consistent, demonstrating the effectiveness of our
method.
Tackling the focal shift effect for metalenses
Authors: Ali Farhan , Yazdaanpanah Ramin , Aksu Serap 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We present a theoretical analysis aimed at comprehending and mitigating the focal shift phenomenon in planar dielectric metalenses. To conduct this analysis, we introduce metalens designs consisting of silicon and germanium nanoblocks on a calcium fluoride substrate, operating in the mid-IR frequency range. The lensing performance of these metalenses is investigated using the finite-difference time-domain method, and they operate at wavelengths of 3 and 4 µm with a polarization conversion efficiency close to unity. Our findings indicate a strong correlation between the focal shift phenomena on dielectric metalenses and the numerical aperture (NA), revealing that increasing the Fresnel number is not always an effective approach to minimizing the focal shift. In contrast to previous studies, we define a critical NA, independent of the lens size, where the focal shift reaches a minimum, resulting in a symmetric focal intensity distribution and ultimately yielding a better-performing metalens. We demonstrate that for NAs greater than the determined critical value, a positive focal shift is observed on planar metalenses, diverging from the conventional negative shift predicted by existing models. Additionally, we show that by selecting a metalens within a specific NA range and with smaller diameters, high focusing efficiencies can be achieved. The focusing efficiency of the studied metalenses is measured as high as 70%, marking one of the best values reported for the IR range to date. These results serve as a guide for improving the agreement between experimental and designed metalens features, enhancing their practical applications.
The dynamical degrees of rational surface automorphisms
Authors: Kim Kyounghee 
Published: May 2024

The induced action on the Picard group of a rational surface automorphism with positive entropy can be identified with an element of the Coxeter group associated to

E
n

,
n
≥
10

E_n, n\ge 10

diagram. It follows that the set of dynamical degrees of rational surface automorphisms is a subset of the spectral radii of elements in the Coxeter group. This article concerns the realizability of an element of the Coxeter group as an automorphism on a rational surface with an irreducible reduced anticanonical curve. For any unrealizable element, we explicitly construct a realizable element with the same spectral radius. Hence, we show that the set of dynamical degrees and the set of spectral radii of the Coxeter group are, in fact, identical. This has been shown by Uehara [Ann. Inst. Fourier (Grenoble) 66 (2016), pp. 377–432] by explicitly constructing a rational surface automorphism. This construction depends on a decomposition of an element of the Coxeter group. Our proof is conceptual and provides a simple description of elements of the Coxeter group, which are realized by automorphisms on anticanonical rational surfaces.
Performing Pastoral Care Through Letters
Authors: Searle Alison 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
For Puritan ministers in early modern England and Scotland, pastoral care required attending to the intellect, body, and emotions of their parishioners. Frequent changes in civil and ecclesiastical governance, such as the reintroduction of Episcopalianism in Scotland under James I and the Act of Uniformity in England following Charles II’s restoration, meant that Puritan ministers were often unable to continue their pastoral vocation within the state church. This was the case for the Scottish Covenanter, Samuel Rutherford (c. 1600–1661), who was exiled from his parish of Anwoth to Aberdeen in 1630 for nonconformist activities. Similarly, in 1660, Richard Baxter (1615–91) was unwilling to subscribe to the new English church settlement following the Restoration and thus had to leave his successful Interregnum ministry in Kidderminster. Through a close reading of selected surviving correspondence, this chapter assesses how Rutherford and Baxter continued to exercise pastoral care by writing letters to a diverse range of correspondents.
Spiritual Inwardness, Religious Antiformalism, and Puritan Polemic in Paradise Lost
Authors: Loewenstein David 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that the radical Puritan poet of Paradise Lost is more conflicted in his responses to Restoration culture and state religion than commentators have suggested. Defiant in his convictions, he continues to engage vigorously in religious controversy, while also expressing the impulse to withdraw inwardly from ‘a World perverse’ (11.701) in which the righteous few find themselves under assault for daring to ‘utter Odious truth’ (704) and for rejecting a religious culture of ‘outward Rites and specious formes’ (12.534). Tensions in the poem, including its radical Puritan polemicism in relation to its increasing spiritual inwardness, give us a more genuine sense of Milton’s complex, creative, and diverse responses to the sharp religious conflicts and trauma generated by the Restoration settlement and its attempt to impose the state church, with its forms and rituals, upon all Puritans.
Doubly robust proximal synthetic controls
Authors: Qiu Hongxiang , Shi Xu , Miao Wang , Dobriban Edgar , Tchetgen Tchetgen Eric 
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACTTo infer the treatment effect for a single treated unit using panel data, synthetic control (SC) methods construct a linear combination of control units’ outcomes that mimics the treated unit’s pre-treatment outcome trajectory. This linear combination is subsequently used to impute the counterfactual outcomes of the treated unit had it not been treated in the post-treatment period, and used to estimate the treatment effect. Existing SC methods rely on correctly modeling certain aspects of the counterfactual outcome generating mechanism and may require near-perfect matching of the pre-treatment trajectory. Inspired by proximal causal inference, we obtain two novel nonparametric identifying formulas for the average treatment effect for the treated unit: one is based on weighting, and the other combines models for the counterfactual outcome and the weighting function. We introduce the concept of covariate shift to SCs to obtain these identification results conditional on the treatment assignment. We also develop two treatment effect estimators based on these two formulas and generalized method of moments. One new estimator is doubly robust: it is consistent and asymptotically normal if at least one of the outcome and weighting models is correctly specified. We demonstrate the performance of the methods via simulations and apply them to evaluate the effectiveness of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on the risk of all-cause pneumonia in Brazil.
If We Know What Works, Why Aren't We Doing It?
Authors: Spencer Margaret , Tarleton Beth , Collings Susan , McIntyre Gillian , Turney Danielle 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
High rates of child removal from parents with learning disabilities persist despite substantial evidence that parents with learning disabilities can provide their children with satisfactory care given appropriate support. Child welfare interventions disproportionality based on disability status presents a compelling social issue deserving urgent attention. Co-operative inquiry was used to analyse attitudinal and structural barriers that perpetuate inequitable treatment of parents with learning disabilities and their children, drawing on policy and practice examples from Australia and the UK. Bacchi’s ‘What is the problem represented to be?’ approach to social policy issues was used to answer the question: if we know what works to support parents with learning disabilities, why aren’t we doing it? This commentary contends that the pervasive representation of parents with learning disabilities as inherently deficient in the requisite skills (‘parenting capacity’) needed for safe caregiving has been difficult to shift due to systematic ableism. Neoliberal policies stigmatise a need for support (‘dependence’) as an individual failing and recast assessments of long-term support needs as an unsustainable burden on support services/systems. We conclude that for outcomes to change for parents with learning disabilities and their children a social model of child protection that addresses attitudinal and structural barriers and is based on principles of interdependence, relationality, and ethics of care is required.
Unemployment: a hidden source of wage inequality?
Authors: Mooi-Reci Irma , Liao Tim F 
Published: May 2024

AbstractAlthough unemployment plays a central role in the emergence of labour market disparities, rarely any studies have linked its dynamics with the overall level of wage inequality. This study addresses this gap by assessing how unemployment is associated with both between- and within-group wage disparities. Hypotheses derived from labour market theories are tested using comprehensive longitudinal data from the Dutch OSA Labour Supply Panel spanning 1985–2008. Results from newly developed variance function panel regression models demonstrate that wages of previously unemployed workers are both lower and more dispersed compared to the wages of continuously employed workers. We also found that wage disparities were more pronounced among previously unemployed men than women. The results also demonstrate the usefulness of the variance function panel regression as a method for analyzing sources that drive wage inequality within persons and over time.