bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermoascus aurantiacus is a promising source of enzymes for biomass deconstruction under thermophilic conditions
Authors: McClendon Shara D , Batth Tanveer , Petzold Christopher J , Adams Paul D , Simmons Blake A , Singer Steven W 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

Background
Thermophilic fungi have attracted increased interest for their ability to secrete enzymes that deconstruct biomass at high temperatures. However, development of thermophilic fungi as enzyme producers for biomass deconstruction has not been thoroughly investigated. Comparing the enzymatic activities of thermophilic fungal strains that grow on targeted biomass feedstocks has the potential to identify promising candidates for strain development. Thielavia terrestris and Thermoascus aurantiacus were chosen for characterization based on literature precedents.

Results

Thermoascus aurantiacus and Thielavia terrestris were cultivated on various biomass substrates and culture supernatants assayed for glycoside hydrolase activities. Supernatants from both cultures possessed comparable glycoside hydrolase activities when incubated with artificial biomass substrates. In contrast, saccharifications of ionic liquid pretreated switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) revealed that T. aurantiacus enzymes released more glucose than T. terrestris enzymes over a range of protein mass loadings and temperatures. Temperature-dependent saccharifications demonstrated that the T. aurantiacus proteins retained higher levels of activity compared to a commercial enzyme mixture sold by Novozymes, Cellic CTec2, at elevated temperatures. Enzymes secreted by T. aurantiacus released glucose at similar protein loadings to CTec2 on dilute acid, ammonia fiber expansion, or ionic liquid pretreated switchgrass. Proteomic analysis of the T. aurantiacus culture supernatant revealed dominant glycoside hydrolases from families 5, 7, 10, and 61, proteins that are key enzymes in commercial cocktails.

Conclusions

T. aurantiacus produces a complement of secreted proteins capable of higher levels of saccharification of pretreated switchgrass than T. terrestris enzymes. The T. aurantiacus enzymatic cocktail performs at the same level as commercially available enzymatic cocktail for biomass deconstruction, without strain development or genetic modifications. Therefore, T. aurantiacus provides an excellent platform to develop a thermophilic fungal system for enzyme production for the conversion of biomass to biofuels.
Evolution of rural–urban health gaps in Morocco: 1992–2011
Authors: Abdesslam Boutayeb 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

Background
Moroccan authorities carry out regular surveys on population and family health (NSFFP 1980, NSPH 1992, SPFH 2004, NSPFH 2011). These surveys constitute valuable resources for monitoring socio-economic and health indicators. They provide an evidence base for health decision makers to help them to optimize health strategies in order to improve the health conditions of the whole population. They also provide updated measures on geographic disparities, socio-economic inequalities and health inequity. The most recent Moroccan population and family health survey (NSPFH 2011) was carried out between November 2010 and March 2011. The final report and the database are not yet accessible, but a preliminary report was released early March 2012. This report does not allow for a complete evaluation of the present health situation in Morocco. A partial equity analysis can, however, be devoted to the comparison of health indicators especially in terms of rural–urban gaps.

Results
The 2011 survey shows that Moroccan population is in the last phase of the demographic transition. The total fertility rate decreased from 5.6 children per woman in 1980 to 2.5 per woman in 2011. The mean age of first marriage increased from 24 years for men and 17.5 years for women in 1960 to 31.5 years and 26.3 years in 2011 for men and women, respectively. The age structure shows a trend of ageing population. A comparison with the 1992 NSPH indicates that adult illiteracy has decreased from 53% in 1992 to 37.6% in 2011.
During the same time period, women’s access to maternal care and health services improved significantly. For instance, the proportion of deliveries assisted by skilled health personnel increased from 31% in 1992 to 73.6% in 2011. Between 1992 and 2011, neonatal, postnatal, infant and under-five mortality rates were reduced by 44%, 65%, 54% and 64%, respectively.

Conclusion
This paper shows that average health indicators improved noticeably during the last two decades but rural–urban disparities are still a challenge for health decision makers. Socio-economic indicators, like illiteracy rate and unemployment, also demonstrate large gender inequalities. This preliminary analysis is designed to assist Moroccan health authorities to evaluate the current health situation in order to adopt cost-effective strategies that improve “health for all” and reduce the gaps between advantaged and disadvantaged populations.
Water-compatible Cascade Reaction: An Efficient Route to Substituted 2,3-Dihydrofurans
Authors: Zhang Ya-Ru , Luo Fang , Huang Xu-Jiao , Xie Jian-Wu 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
A highly efficient domino Michael addition–alkylation reaction of 1,3-dicarbonyl derivatives with 2-nitroacrylates was developed in water. The procedure tolerates a series of functional groups such as methoxy, bromo, chloro, and heteroaromatic groups, providing three types of 2,3-dihydrofuran derivatives in moderate to good yields.
Enantioselective Borohydride Reduction of Aliphatic Ketones Catalyzed by Ketoiminatocobalt(III) Complex with 1-Chlorovinyl Axial Ligand
Authors: Tsubo Tatsuyuki , Chen Hsiu-Hui , Yokomori Minako , Fukui Kosuke , Kikuchi Satoshi , Yamada Tohru 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
For the enantioselective borohydride reduction of aliphatic ketones, the optically active ketoiminatocobalt(II) catalysts was successfully designed based on their axial ligand. Instead of chloroform for the aryl ketone reduction, various axial ligand precursors were examined for the aliphatic ketone. Consequently, 1,1,1-trichloroethane was found to be the most effective activator of the cobalt(II) complexes to generate the corresponding 1-chlorovinyl cobalt(III) derivatives as the reactive intermediate. Several aliphatic ketones were successfully reduced to afford the corresponding secondary alcohols with high enantioselectivities.
Arthroscopic partial limbectomy for labral injury of the hip
Authors: Nakamura Y. , Ohishi H. , Kishiya M. , Toh S. 
Published: July 2012

Although good to excellent short-term results of arthroscopic partial limbectomy of the hip have been reported, there is little information on the long-term outcome of the procedure. We report a case with a 16-year follow-up. A 34-year old woman presented with a three-month history of severe pain and limitation of movement of the hip. Plain radiographs and arthrography showed no abnormality. MRI showed an effusion and a deformity of the anterosuperior part of the labrum. This was confirmed as an inverted labral tear that was debrided arthroscopically. At 16 years post-operatively, she remained symptom-free. Plain radiographs showed no abnormality and MRI suggested that the sealing effect of the scar tissue prevented articular damage and degeneration.
Changes in bone mineral density of the acetabulum, femoral neck and femoral shaft, after hip resurfacing and total hip replacement
Authors: Penny J. O. , Brixen K. , Varmarken J. E. , Ovesen O. , Overgaard S. 
Published: July 2012

It is accepted that resurfacing hip replacement preserves the bone mineral density (BMD) of the femur better than total hip replacement (THR). However, no studies have investigated any possible difference on the acetabular side. Between April 2007 and March 2009, 39 patients were randomised into two groups to receive either a resurfacing or a THR and were followed for two years. One patient’s resurfacing subsequently failed, leaving 19 patients in each group. Resurfaced replacements maintained proximal femoral BMD and, compared with THR, had an increased bone mineral density in Gruen zones 2, 3, 6, and particularly zone 7, with a gain of 7.5% (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.6 to 12.5) compared with a loss of 14.6% (95% CI 7.6 to 21.6). Resurfacing replacements maintained the BMD of the medial femoral neck and increased that in the lateral zones between 12.8% (95% CI 4.3 to 21.4) and 25.9% (95% CI 7.1 to 44.6). On the acetabular side, BMD was similar in every zone at each point in time. The mean BMD of all acetabular regions in the resurfaced group was reduced to 96.2% (95% CI 93.7 to 98.6) and for the total hip replacement group to 97.6% (95% CI 93.7 to 101.5) (p = 0.4863). A mean total loss of 3.7% (95% CI 1.0 to 6.5) and 4.9% (95% CI 0.8 to 9.0) of BMD was found above the acetabular component in W1 and 10.2% (95% CI 0.9 to 19.4) and 9.1% (95% CI 3.8 to 14.4) medial to the implant in W2 for resurfaced replacements and THRs respectively. Resurfacing resulted in a mean loss of BMD of 6.7% (95% CI 0.7 to 12.7) in W3 but the BMD inferior to the acetabular component was maintained in both groups. These results suggest that the ability of a resurfacing hip replacement to preserve BMD only applies to the femoral side.
The effect of surgical factors on early patient-reported outcome measures (PROMS) following total knee replacement
Authors: Baker P. N. , Deehan D. J. , Lees D. , Jameson S. , Avery P. J. , Gregg P. J. , Reed M. R. 
Published: July 2012

Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are increasingly being used to assess functional outcome and patient satisfaction. They provide a framework for comparisons between surgical units, and individual surgeons for benchmarking and financial remuneration. Better performance may bring the reward of more customers as patients and commissioners seek out high performers for their elective procedures. Using National Joint Registry (NJR) data linked to PROMs we identified 22 691 primary total knee replacements (TKRs) undertaken for osteoarthritis in England and Wales between August 2008 and February 2011, and identified the surgical factors that influenced the improvements in the Oxford knee score (OKS) and EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D) assessment using multiple regression analysis. After correction for patient factors the only surgical factors that influenced PROMs were implant brand and hospital type (both p < 0.001). However, the effects of surgical factors upon the PROMs were modest compared with patient factors. For both the OKS and the EQ-5D the most important factors influencing the improvement in PROMs were the corresponding pre-operative score and the patient’s general health status. Despite having only a small effect on PROMs, this study has shown that both implant brand and hospital type do influence reported subjective functional scores following TKR. In the current climate of financial austerity, proposed performance-based remuneration and wider patient choice, it would seem unwise to ignore these effects and the influence of a range of additional patient factors.
Early induction of hypothermia for evacuated intracranial hematomas: a post hoc analysis of two clinical trials
Authors: Clifton Guy L. , Coffey Christopher S. , Fourwinds Sierra , Zygun David , Valadka Alex , Smith Kenneth R. , Frisby Melisa L. , Bucholz Richard D. , Wilde Elisabeth A. , Levin Harvey S. , Okonkwo David O. 
Published: July 2012

Object
The authors hypothesized that cooling before evacuation of traumatic intracranial hematomas protects the brain from reperfusion injury and, if so, further hypothesized that hypothermia induction before or soon after craniotomy should be associated with improved outcomes.

Methods
The National Acute Brain Injury Study: Hypothermia I (NABIS:H I) was a randomized multicenter clinical trial of 392 patients with severe brain injury treated using normothermia or hypothermia for 48 hours with patients reaching 33°C at 8.4 ± 3 hours after injury. The National Acute Brain Injury Study: Hypothermia II (NABIS:H II) was a randomized, multicenter clinical trial of 97 patients with severe brain injury treated with normothermia or hypothermia for 48 hours with patients reaching 35°C within 2.6 ± 1.2 hours and 33°C within 4.4 ± 1.5 hours of injury. Entry and exclusion criteria, management, and outcome measures in the 2 trials were similar.

Results
In NABIS:H II among the patients with evacuated intracranial hematomas, outcome was poor (severe disability, vegetative state, or death) in 5 of 15 patients in the hypothermia group and in 9 of 13 patients in the normothermia group (relative risk 0.44, 95% CI 0.22–0.88; p = 0.02). All patients randomized to hypothermia reached 35°C within 1.5 hours after surgery start and 33°C within 5.55 hours. Applying these criteria to NABIS:H I, 31 of 54 hypothermia-treated patients reached a temperature of 35°C or lower within 1.5 hours after surgery start time, and the remaining 23 patients reached 35°C at later time points. Outcome was poor in 14 (45%) of 31 patients reaching 35°C within 1.5 hours of surgery, in 14 (61%) of 23 patients reaching 35°C more than 1.5 hours of surgery, and in 35 (60%) of 58 patients in the normothermia group (relative risk 0.74, 95%, CI 0.49–1.13; p = 0.16). A meta-analysis of 46 patients with hematomas in both trials who reached 35°C within 1.5 hours of surgery start showed a significantly reduced rate of poor outcomes (41%) compared with 94 patients treated with hypothermia who did not reach 35°C within that time and patients treated at normothermia (62%, p = 0.009).

Conclusions
Induction of hypothermia to 35°C before or soon after craniotomy with maintenance at 33°C for 48 hours thereafter may improve outcome of patients with hematomas and severe traumatic brain injury. Clinical trial registration no.: NCT00178711.
Mobile anesthesia: Ready, set, pack, and go
Authors: Khayata Issam , Bourque Jesse 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Introduction: Although we get into the habit of thinking that anesthesia cannot be safely delivered without the availability of all equipments available in a state of the art Operating room, we find ourselves faced with situations where the availability and mobility of all this equipment is limited ; this results in the impetus to start a thought process of how we can perform mobile anesthesia with less technology. Disaster situations, such as earthquakes, floods, or armed conflicts, might happen in areas where access of a regular operating room might be hours away or not available at all. Golden Hour: Delivering mobile Anesthesia during the golden hour can be a totally different experience from customary anesthesia practices in a regular operating room.It requires setting up a field/forward surgical teams with its organization and structure. Total Intravenous anesthesia gained popularity in crisis and combat situations and has been documented as a safe method in crisis situations.Anesthesia configured medic bag: Is a modified medic bag that can be utilized to contain the most commonly used Anesthesia supply material in a portable way. Conclusion: In reviewing the knowledge of how to provide anesthesia in crisis and disaster situations we conclude that there is evidence that anesthesia can be safely and efficiently delivered in a remote areas with limited tools and technology.
QUANTITATIVE MICROSTRUCTURAL INVESTIGATION OF CARBON-BLACK-FILLED RUBBERS BY AFM
Authors: Morozov I. A. , Lauke B. , Heinrich G. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
A new technique is proposed for analysis of the microstructure of carbon-black-filled rubbers using atomic force microscopy (AFM) images for data processing. The idea consists of segmenting the continuous relief of an AFM scan into isolated fragments that reflect the filler network in rubber. Two structural states of filler are defined: aggregates (small-sized, branched fragments of the relief) and micropellets (dense, round-shape structures). All the information regarding the geometry and coordinates of fragments is stored in computer memory. Based on observations of the relative position of the fragments within a relief, separate aggregates are assembled into secondary structures—agglomerates. The microstructure of five polymers (SBR or IR) filled with N220 carbon black (10, 30, and 50 phr) was investigated. Two materials were loaded in tensile tests to examine the microstructure of extended samples. A comparative analysis of the following microstructure parameters is presented: character of distribution and dispersion of filler in the matrix, fractal characteristics of aggregates and agglomerates, aggregate size distribution, micropellets mass fraction and sizes, and the variation of orientation of the filler, its sizes, and the distance between the neighboring pairs of aggregates in materials subjected to tension.
Photocorrosion by Oxygen Uptake in Aqueous Cadmium Sulphide Suspensions
Authors: Meissner Dieter , Memming Rüdiger , Shuben Li , Yesodharan Seguna , Grätzel Michael 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPhotouptake of oxygen in aqueous CdS suspensions loaded with RuO2 or Rh2O3 leads to the formation of sulphate and cadmium ions following the stoichiometry

This reaction constitutes also the dominant pathway in bare CdS suspensions. In the latter case, hydrogen peroxide is formed as a byproduct.
A New Theoretical Approach for Predicting Excess Properties of Alkanol/Alkane Mixtures
Authors: Heintz Andreas 
Published: July 2012

AbstractQuasichemical models and association theories have successfully been applied in literature to describe the excess Gibbs energy GE and the excess enthalpy HE of alkanol/alkane mixtures. These theories, however, are unable to predict the excess volume VE because of the restriction to the rigid lattice model. A derivation of a new approach based on a partition function is given in this work which combines the Kretschmer‐Wiebe association model with an equation of state developed by Flory et al. for nonpolar molecules of chainlike structure. The combined model contains two adjustable mixing parameters. It leads to a simultaneous description of GE, HE, and VE which is in good agreement with experimental GE and HE data of alkanol/alkane mixtures tested for mixtures of ethanol, propanol, hexanol, octanol, decanol, and dodecanol + hexane and nonane respectively. Experimental data of VE of the different alkanol/alkane systems ranging from strong positive over S‐shaped to negative concentration dependence are described correctly in qualitative respect. In some cases even quantitative agreement can be obtained.
Electric Field Induced Anisotropic Concentration Fluctuations in Solutions Containing 2‐Butanol, 1‐Butanol or 2‐Methyl‐1‐Propanol, Water and Ionic Surfactant
Authors: Illini P. , Platz G. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA T‐jump cell with light scattering detection for scattering angles from 30° to 120° perpendicular or 90° parallel to the direction of the electric field of the high voltage pulse was used for the investigation of solutions, whose compositions are in the neighbour hood of plait points and which consist of water, ionic surfactants and alkanols. The application of an electric field to solutions containing 2‐butanol, water and anionic surfactant yields an anisotropic scattering behaviour. The intensity increases strongly in direction of the field. Perpendicular to the field almost no field effect is observed. It is shown that the anisotropic scattering depends on anisotropic concentration fluctuations which are induced by the external electric field. The local microscopic dielectric constant remains isotropic. The temperature dependence of the field effect may be well understood in terms of critical phenomena. The relaxation time of the scattering intensity is the same as the relaxation time of the intensity correlation function which is measured by dynamic light scattering inside the T‐jump cell. The most striking result is the fact that cationic surfactants show much smaller or no field effects. The scattering relaxation amplitudes in solutions containing 1‐butanol or 2‐methyl‐1‐propanol are essentially smaller than in solutions with 2‐butanol. The scattering effects depend on fluctuations of the water alkanol composition. This is shown by the phase diagrams which were investigated at 25° C and 15° C for the ternary systems water, surfactant and alkanol.
State to State Photodissociation Experiments in Pulsed Nozzle Beams
Authors: Andresen Peter 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe photodissociation of jet cooled H2O in the first absorption band is studied at 157 nm with an F2 excimer laser. The nascent OH product state distributions are analyzed by LIF. A highly selective, strong j‐dependent Λ‐doublet population is found. A quantitative explanation of the A‐doublet selectivity is given in terms of orientation effects of the unpaired pπ‐lobe in OH. The strong inversion between the Λ‐doublet states yields a pumpmechanism for astronomical OH‐masers.
Study of Hydroxyl Reactions with Methanol and Ethanol by Laser‐induced Fluorescence
Authors: Meier U. , Grotheer H. H. , Riekert G. , Just Th. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractTemperature dependences of the overall rate constants were measured for the reactions CH3OH + OH (1) and C2H5OH + OH (2) from 300 to 1000 K. Branching ratios for reactions (1) and (2) were determined at 298 K and secondary reactions of the product radicals were investigated. A rate constant for the combined reaction/deactivation of OH (v = 1) by CH3OH was derived.
Radical Association Reactions in Gases at High Pressures
Authors: Borrell P. , Cobos C. J. , Croce De Cobos A. E. , Hippler H. , Luther K. , Ravishankara A. R. , Tree J. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe pressure dependence of the reactions NO3 + NO2 + M → N2O5 + M, NO2 + NO2 + M → N2O4 + M, H = O2 + M → HO2 + M, CH3 + O2 + M → CH3O2 + M, CH3 + M → C2H6 + M, O2 + O + M → SO2 + M was studied in the fall‐off range approaching the high pressure limit. N2 and other bath gases were used at pressures mostly up to 200 bar. Limiting high and low pressure rate constants k∞ and k0 are reported. The problem of underestimating k0 in extrapolations based only on data from the lowest part of the fall‐off range is demonstrated. Possibilities of the analysis of k∞ are shown by an example for the corresponding specific rate constants k(E, J), which allow comparisons with results from trajectory calculations on ab initio potential surfaces.
NMR Relaxation of 7Li in the Molten (LiCs)NO3 System
Authors: Nakamura Yoshio , Shimokawa Shigezo 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe spin‐lattice relaxation time of 7Li in the molten (LiCs)NO3 system has been measured as a function of composition and temperature. The observed relaxation rates increase with increasing concentration of CsNO3. This behavior is explained in terms of the anion polarization effect due to the introduction of foreign cations with different ionic radius.
A Nonlinear Bridge between Irreversible Macrodynamics and Reversible Microdynamics
Authors: Schuch D. , Chung K.‐M. , Hartmann H. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA new method for the connection of irreversible macrodynamics and reversible microdynamics is described. Starting from the phenomenological macroscopic level, in a first step a classical nonlinear Schrödinger‐type field equation for the description of dissipative systems is obtained. Properties of the logarithmic nonlinearity taking into account the irreversible behaviour of the system are discussed. In order to reach the reversible microscopic level, the nonlinearity has to be removed which can be achieved via a nonunitary transformation. Similarities with other theories aiming at connecting the two levels of description starting from reversible microdynamics are shown.