bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physiological responses and statistical models of the environmental niche: a comparative study of two co‐occurring Eucalyptus species
Authors: Austin Michael P. , Smith Thomas M. , Van Niel Kimberley P. , Wellington A. Bruce. 
Published: March 2009

Summary

Our objectives were as follows: (i) to quantify the realized environmental niche of two co‐occurring species and their differences and (ii) to examine whether differences in the species niches relate to differences in water and light use efficiency and growth responses to light and water.
Statistical models of the environmental niches of two Eucalyptus species were derived from presence/absence records and from environmental variables (mean annual temperature, mean summer rainfall, mean summer daily radiation) and three factors (topographic position, lithology and a nutrient index) for 10 577 plots from south‐eastern New South Wales, Australia. Generalized additive models (GAM) were fitted in a backwards stepwise procedure using Aikake's Information Criterion (AIC) for model selection.
Seedlings were used in two experiments: (i) a water supply gradient with 20 treatments from 10 mL per day to 1000 mL per day and (ii) a light gradient with five treatments from 3% to 100% (full) sunlight.
After controlling for lithology and nutrients, the principal differences in niche between species were as follows: (i) Eucalyptus mannifera was insensitive to mean summer daily radiation, (ii) it had a higher probability of occurrence in gullies and (iii) the two species differed in response shape and breadth of response to temperature, and temperature of maximum occurrence. Both species had a similar response to mean summer rainfall.
Eucalyptus mannifera showed a monotonic increase in total biomass along the water supply gradient, consistently outperforming Eucalyptus dives, which showed little further increase above 440 mL per day. Consistent differences between species were found for leaf area, specific leaf area and allocation to leaves and stems.
Diurnal measurements of conductance, transpiration, carbon dioxide assimilation and water use efficiency (WUE) showed differences between species along both the water and light gradients. Eucalyptus dives exhibits conservative responses to increasing resources and relatively higher WUE while E. mannifera has lower WUE.
Synthesis. Species differences in ecophysiological strategies are consistent with their co‐occurrence and with their realized environmental niche responses except for their temperature responses. The combination of statistical niche models and ecophysiological gradient experiments focuses attention on important unresolved environmental processes controlling distributions.
Geographical distribution of cryptic genetic types in the planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber
Authors: AURAHS RALF , GRIMM GUIDO W. , HEMLEBEN VERA , HEMLEBEN CHRISTOPH , KUCERA MICHAL 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe present SSU rDNA data resolving the seasonal and geographical distribution of ‘cryptic’ genetic types of the planktonic foraminifer morphospecies Globigerinoides ruber in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Analysis of 262 sequences revealed the presence of five genetic types belonging to two distinct lineages. Although the morphospecies G. ruber occurs throughout the investigated region, its constituent ‘cryptic’ genetic types show a pattern of widespread exclusion, which is difficult to reconcile with the concept of ubiquitous dispersal. One of the newly discovered genetic types was exclusively found at stations in the Mediterranean Sea, possibly representing the smallest‐scale example of endemism known in planktonic foraminifera. In general, our results suggest that the geographical scale of mutual exclusion between the genotypes is negatively correlated with their phylogenetic relatedness: the most similar and most recently diverged pair of siblings showed the strongest evidence for small‐scale competitive exclusion. This pattern is consistent with the concept of niche partitioning, implying decreasing level of competition between genetic types with increasing degree of genetic divergence.
Detection of selection signatures within candidate regions underlying trypanotolerance in outbred cattle populations
Authors: DAYO G.‐K. , THEVENON S. , BERTHIER D. , MOAZAMI‐GOUDARZI K. , DENIS C. , CUNY G. , EGGEN A. , GAUTIER M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBreeding indigenous African taurine cattle tolerant to trypanosomosis is a straightforward approach to control costs generated by this disease. A recent study identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying trypanotolerance traits in experimental crosses between tolerant N'Dama and susceptible Boran zebu cattle. As trypanotolerance is thought to result from local adaptation of indigenous cattle breeds, we propose an alternative and complementary approach to study the genetic architecture of this trait, based on the identification of selection signatures within QTL or candidate genes. A panel of 92 microsatellite markers was genotyped on 509 cattle belonging to four West African trypanotolerant taurine breeds and 10 trypanosusceptible European or African cattle breeds. Some of these markers were located within previously identified QTL regions or candidate genes, while others were chosen in regions assumed to be neutral. A detailed analysis of the genetic structure of these different breeds was carried out to confirm a priori grouping of populations based on previous data. Tests based on the comparison of the observed heterozygosities and variances in microsatellite allelic size among trypanotolerant and trypanosusceptible breeds led to the identification of two significantly less variable microsatellite markers. BM4440, one of these two outlier loci, is located within the confidence interval of a previously described QTL underlying a trypanotolerance‐related trait.Detection of selection signatures appears to be a straightforward approach for unravelling the molecular determinism of trypanosomosis pathogenesis. We expect that a whole genome approach will help confirm these results and achieve a higher resolving power.
The development of immune responses in Balb/c mice following inoculation with attenuated or virulentNeospora caninumtachyzoites
Authors: BARTLEY P. M. , WRIGHT S. E. , MALEY S. W. , BUXTON D. , NATH M. , INNES E. A. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryBalb/c mice were inoculated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with either 5 × 106live virulent (group 1) or 5 × 106live attenuated (group 2) tachyzoites, or Vero cells (group 3). Animals were killed at 0, 14, 28 and 42 days post‐inoculation (p.i.), with the remaining mice receiving a lethal challenge on day 48 p.i. Serum, spleen and brain samples were collected post‐mortem to examine humoral and cell‐mediated immune responses as well as pathological lesions and to quantify parasite loads. On day 14 p.i. group 2 (attenuated) demonstrated statistically significant (P < 0·001) lower levels of mean morbidity and weight loss, while also showing significantly (P = 0·01) higher levels of splenocyte proliferation and IFN‐γ production (P = 0·003), compared to group 1 (virulent). Histology of brain samples showed milder lesions and a lower incidence of positive immunohistochemistry, demonstrating tachyzoites and tissue cysts, and statistically significant (P = 0·03) lower mean burdens of parasite DNA in group 2 (attenuated) compared to group 1 (virulent). All mice in group 2 were protected following challenge on day 48 p.i. whereas naïve control mice succumbed to the challenge. No mice from group 1 (virulent) survived beyond day 24 p.i. so they were not included in the challenge.
Further evidence of an Amerindian contribution to the Polynesian gene pool on Easter Island
Authors: Thorsby E. , Flåm S. T. , Woldseth B. , Dupuy B. M. , Sanchez‐Mazas A. , Fernandez‐Vina M. A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAvailable evidence suggests a Polynesian origin of the Easter Island population. We recently found that some native Easter Islanders also carried some common American Indian (Amerindian) human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles, which probably were introduced before Europeans discovered the island in 1722. In this study, we report molecular genetic investigations of 21 other selected native Easter Islanders. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome markers showed no traces of an Amerindian contribution. However, high‐resolution genomic HLA typing showed that two individuals carried some other common Amerindian HLA alleles, different from those found in our previous investigations. The new data support our previous evidence of an Amerindian contribution to the gene pool on Easter Island.
Distribution of HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐Cw, and ‐DRB1 alleles and haplotypes in an isolated Han population in Southwest China
Authors: Yao Y. , Shi L. , Shi L. , Matsushita M. , Yu L. , Lin K. , Tao Y. , Huang X. , Yi W. , Oka T. , Tokunaga K. , Chu J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn this study, polymorphisms of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I (A, B, and Cw) and class II (DRB1) loci were analyzed in an isolated Han population living in Fengyandong in the Yunnan province of Southwest China (FYDH) using a high‐resolution polymerase chain reaction–Luminex typing method. A total of 13 A, 26 B, 15 Cw, and 23 DRB1 alleles of HLA were found in FYDH. The frequencies of A*1101, A*0207, A*2402, B*4601, B*1502, Cw*0102, Cw*0801, DRB1*0901, and DRB1*1202 were >10%. The following haplotypes were common with frequencies >5%: three A‐B, four Cw‐B, two B‐DRB1, two A‐B‐DRB1, three A‐B‐Cw, two B‐Cw‐DRB1, and two A‐B‐Cw‐DRB1 phylogenetic tree and multidimensional scaling analysis based on HLA‐A, ‐B, and ‐DRB1 allele frequencies of 18 Han populations suggested that FYDH was an isolated Han population, but the analytic result also provided a suggestion that FYDH was genetically related to Chinese Southern Han. According to the characteristics of the HLA allele and haplotype distributions and significantly reduced allelic and haplotypic diversity in FYDH, we deduced that genetic drift and/or selection and subsequent geographic isolation had influenced the distribution characteristics of the HLA gene in FYDH. In addition, significantly reduced allelic and haplotypic diversity in FYDH makes it an ideal homogenous population and very useful model for future investigations of issues related to immunogenetic diseases in the Han population.
HLA‐B is the best candidate of susceptibility genes in HLA for Japanese ulcerative colitis
Authors: Aizawa H. , Kinouchi Y. , Negoro K. , Nomura E. , Imai G. , Takahashi S. , Takagi S. , Kakuta Y. , Tosa M. , Mochida A. , Matsumura Y. , Endo K , Shimosegawa T. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractRecently, a genome‐wide association study for ulcerative colitis (UC) in the UK population was reported, and several susceptibility loci including the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region were identified. The strongest association in the HLA region was found at a 400 kb haplotype block containing HLA‐DRB1. In Japanese population, previous study suggested the association between UC and HLA‐B*52; however, HLA typing was determined using serotyping with the small sample size. The purpose of this study was to perform an association study in HLA‐B by genotyping. A total of 320 patients with UC and 322 healthy controls were recruited in this case–control study. All subjects were Japanese. Genotyping of HLA‐B was performed by polymerase chain reaction using a sequence‐specific primer. When the allele frequencies were compared, significant associations were found with B*52 [odds ratio (OR) = 3.65, P = 1.6 × 10−17, Pc = 3.7 × 10−16] and B*4002 (OR = 0.52, P = 0.00030, Pc = 0.0068). The allele frequency of B*52 was significantly higher in patients diagnosed before 40 years of age than in those diagnosed after 40 years (OR = 1.79, P = 0.010, Pc = 0.020). A combination association map of Japanese UC using our current and previous studies showed two equal peaks of association on HLA‐DRB1 and HLA‐B, indicating the possible existence of two casual variants in the HLA region inside and outside the 400 kb block found in UK. We conclude that HLA‐B contributes to the susceptibility to Japanese UC, especially cases with younger age of onset. The strength of association for HLA‐B was equal to that for HLA‐DRB1 in Japanese UC, in contrast to the UK population.
Using Graph Theory Metrics to Infer Information Flow Through Animal Social Groups: A Computer Simulation Analysis
Authors: Vital Cuauhcihuatl , Martins Emília P. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSingle individuals, termed ‘gatekeepers’, can have a profound impact on information flow in a group, whether that gatekeeper be a large male despot which strictly controls access to resources and mates, or an infant that is freely passed around among members of a social group. Graph theory offers powerful tools for considering larger aspects of social dynamics such as information flow, and their impact on phenomena such as social learning, social roles, foraging skills transfer and eavesdropping. Here, we use computer simulation to test the abilities of several social network metrics to estimate the proportion of gatekeepers in a social group with sample sizes and study designs typical of animal behavior studies. We find that most network metrics are sensitive to the amount of sampling (number of recorded interactions), and did not give good estimates when fewer than 10 interactions were recorded for each animal in the group. Metrics were also quite sensitive to variation in group size, yielding the full range of possible values for groups varying from 20 to 50 animals. We thus recommend against their use with animals that move in and out of groups seasonally. Individual values estimated by each of the metrics were often quite different from each other such that a combination of metrics chosen from each of the following groups provides the most comprehensive description of information flow: (1) Closeness or Degree Centrality, (2) Betweenness Centrality, (3) Density or Clustering Coefficient, and/or (4) Diameter, Average Degree or Information Centrality. Finally, we introduce a software package, SocANet, that can be used to conduct similar simulations to determine the best metrics for a particular group of animals and set of conditions.
The impact of temperature change on the activity and community composition of sulfate‐reducing bacteria in arctic versus temperate marine sediments
Authors: Robador Alberto , Brüchert Volker , Jørgensen Bo Barker 
Published: March 2009

SummaryArctic regions may be particularly sensitive to climate warming and, consequently, rates of carbon mineralization in warming marine sediment may also be affected. Using long‐term (24 months) incubation experiments at 0°C, 10°C and 20°C, the temperature response of metabolic activity and community composition of sulfate‐reducing bacteria were studied in the permanently cold sediment of north‐western Svalbard (Arctic Ocean) and compared with a temperate habitat with seasonally varying temperature (German Bight, North Sea). Short‐term 35S‐sulfate tracer incubations in a temperature‐gradient block (between −3.5°C and +40°C) were used to assess variations in sulfate reduction rates during the course of the experiment. Warming of arctic sediment resulted in a gradual increase of the temperature optima (Topt) for sulfate reduction suggesting a positive selection of psychrotolerant/mesophilic sulfate‐reducing bacteria (SRB). However, high rates at in situ temperatures compared with maximum rates showed the predominance of psychrophilic SRB even at high incubation temperatures. Changing apparent activation energies (Ea) showed that increasing temperatures had an initial negative impact on sulfate reduction that was weaker after prolonged incubations, which could imply an acclimatization response rather than a selection process of the SRB community. The microbial community composition was analysed by targeting the 16S ribosomal RNA using catalysed reporter deposition fluorescence in situ hybridization (CARD‐FISH). The results showed the decline of specific groups of SRB and confirmed a strong impact of increasing temperatures on the microbial community composition of arctic sediment. Conversely, in seasonally changing sediment sulfate reduction rates and sulfate‐reducing bacterial abundance changed little in response to changing temperature.
Militant Protestants: British Identity in the Jacobean Period, 1603–1625
Authors: WHITE JASON C. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe ‘new British history’ still has a great deal to offer when it comes to understanding the formation and conceptualization of British identity before the advent of the British state. This article focuses on the aftermath of the 1603 ‘union of crowns’ under James VI and I. Up to now it has been the consensus among historians that British identity was mostly limited to James himself and that he, rather clumsily, attempted to impose the idea of Britain on his unwilling subjects in England and Scotland. However, by paying more attention to the thoughts and aspirations about Britain, a different kind of British identity can be discerned. There were many individuals in both Scotland and England who believed that the union of crowns created one of the most powerful Protestant kingdoms in Europe. For these individuals British identity was a militant Protestant identity. They embraced the idea that Britain should be an active protector of Protestantism and that it should use this combined military might to extirpate the papal Antichrist. While the militant Protestant version of British identity was always a minority opinion, its existence reveals that there were alternative ways to thinking about Britain that did not necessarily originate with James VI and I, nor was it limited to or inhibited by traditional antagonisms between England and Scotland.
The Air Marshal versus the Admiral: Air Marshal Sir Hugh Dowding and Admiral of the Fleet Sir Charles Morton Forbes in the Pantheon
Authors: CUMMING ANTHONY J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis article assesses two military commanders who would have played key roles defending the nation had Germany invaded Great Britain in 1940. It challenges Air Marshal Sir Hugh Dowding's enviable public reputation as the man most responsible for preventing invasion by winning the air campaign misleadingly known as the Battle of Britain. By contrast, it rescues Admiral of the Fleet Sir Charles Forbes who led the Royal Navy's most important tactical force in home waters. Previously, their reputations have been largely pegged to misleading public perceptions of the defence contributions of their service branches between the wars and during the early phases of the Second World War. These perceptions mainly stemmed from propaganda requirements for gaining essential American support, but it is argued here that the performance of Dowding and the Royal Air Force fell significantly short of the Battle of Britain legend. Instead, mainly because of an overwhelmingly powerful British fleet and Forbes's decimation of the German Kriegsmarine around Norway, the German planners came to believe that even with air superiority, invasion was not a viable operation. It concludes that the maligned Forbes and the Royal Navy should now be recognized as the real winners of the wider Battle of Britain.
Contesting Property Development in Coastal New Zealand: A Case Study of Ocean Beach, Hawke's Bay
Authors: COLLINS DAMIAN 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis article considers the contested process of coastal development in New Zealand and the implications of both governmental regulation and public concern for understanding property. Its empirical focus is a proposal for a substantial, new urbanist development at Ocean Beach, located in the Hawke's Bay region of the North Island. Three key sources of data inform the research: published reports; public submissions to council; and interviews with a sample of those involved in the planning process. Opposition to development is explained in terms of three broad areas of concern: the dramatic physical and social changes that would accompany subdivision and construction; fears of a loss of control over a valued local landscape; and a morally informed sense of propriety. The article finds that the ownership model of property is not especially powerful at Ocean Beach; rather, there is a broad consensus that private property rights exist within a public planning framework. It is this framework that contributes, in large part, to ensuring that voices of community opposition to property development at Ocean Beach (and elsewhere along the coast) are heard. Nevertheless, private property rights are rarely dismissed completely.Résumé Cet article porte sur une démarche contestée d'aménagement côtier en Nouvelle‐Zélande, ainsi sur les incidences de la réglementation gouvernementale et de l'inquiétude de la population, pour mieux comprendre le sens de la propriété. Sur le plan empirique, il s'intéresse à une vaste urbanisation nouvelle proposée sur le site d'Ocean Beach situé dans la région de Hawke's Bay dans l'île du Nord. L'étude tire ses données de trois sources principales: rapports publiés, soumissions publiques auprès du conseil, et entretiens avec un groupe représentatif de personnes impliquées dans le processus d'aménagement. L'opposition au complexe s'articule autour de trois grands domaines de préoccupation: les changements physiques et sociaux radicaux qu'occasionneraient subdivision et construction; les craintes de perdre la maîtrise d'un paysage local prisé; un sens de la propriété reposant sur des valeurs morales. Le modèle de propriété immobilière ne s'impose pas particulièrement à Ocean Beach; on y trouve plutôt un large consensus pour que les droits de propriété privée existent dans un cadre d'aménagement public. C'est ce cadre qui contribue en grande partie à garantir que soient entendues les voix de la communauté opposées à l'aménagement immobilier d'Ocean Beach (ou sur tout autre site côtier). Néanmoins les droits de propriété privée sont rarement complètement rejetés.