bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Prologue to Structural Reform of the Government of Canada
Authors: Engelmann Frederick C. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDespite a rash of proposals for structural change in the government of Canada, the constitutional changes of 1982 did not bring it about. There continues to be pressure for change, especially on the part of those desiring regional representation in a strengthened second chamber. The argument of the article is that only some changes, at the limit a Bundesrat-type chamber, are compatible with the majority principle on which parliamentary government is based. An elective Senate creates problems for parliamentary government in Australia and is basically incompatible with majority rule; the introduction of such a chamber may well require the adoption of something like the United States or Swiss model. A constitutional mini-convention is proposed to negotiate such a chamber, if desired, with the first ministers prior to the employment of the new amending process.
Changing Strategies, Technologies and Organization: The Continuing Debate on NORAD and the Strategic Defense Initiative
Authors: Sokolsky Joel J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe renewal of the Canada-US North American Aerospace Defence (NORAD) agreement in March 1986 will not end the debate on the relationship between NORAD and trends in American strategy, including the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). This article reviews and explains the various strains of that debate. It points out why some in Canada argue that participation in NORAD will inevitably lead to Canadian involvement in the ballistic missile defence objective of the SDI. It also notes, however, why the military and other observers are concerned that strategic and technological trends in the US may make it difficult for Canada to remain active in North American aerospace defence, and indeed, even to provide for its own air sovereignty.
The Mother's Milk of Politics: Political Contributions to Federal Parties in Canada, 1974–1984
Authors: Stanbury W. T. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAbstract. This study provides data to answer a number of important questions concerning the financing of the three main political parties at the federal level between 1974 and 1984. It analyzes both the regulated campaign expenditures by parties and candidates and the unregulated party expenditures outside official campaign periods. The main focus is on the importance of different sources of contributions to each party: individuals, corporations, trade unions, and interest groups. New details are provided on large contributions by individuals and corporations, and on the contributions of the largest 500 nonfinancial enterprises in Canada. Finally, the study notes that despite new federal legislation concerning political contributions and expenditures in 1974 the relationship between contributions and influence remains shrouded in secrecy.
Mixed Motives Revisited: Canada's Interest in Development Assistance
Authors: Nossal Kim Richard 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe heuristic model commonly used to explain Canada's interests in development assistance is the mixed-motives approach. These motives are assumed to be philanthropic, economic, and politico-strategic, though there is little agreement among students of Canadian development assistance about which of the three is the most important. The purpose of this article is to examine the orthodox model; it concludes that these motives have little utility in accounting for contemporary aid policies. Instead, drawing on realist and statist theory, this study advances an alternative set of motives that it is argued more accurately accounts for the level and nature of Canada's development assistance policies. Elaborating on “politico-strategic” motives, the article suggests that the Canadian state's interests in prestige, organizational maintenance and limiting real expenditures provide a more proximate explanation of aid policy.
Waiting for Grace: Philosophy and Politics in Plato's Republic
Authors: Christian William 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe traditional interpretation of Plato's Republic in the English-speaking world, expressed most sharply by Sir Karl Popper, was that it represented a serious proposal for political rule. However, Leo Strauss and Allan Bloom have argued that Plato's real concern was to protect the position of philosophy within the city. Influenced by Simone Weil, this article argues that even Strauss and Bloom do not express the extent of Plato's rejection of the political life. By examining Plato's handling of such themes as gold and nakedness, the article concludes that Plato's central concern in the Republic was to explore how a soul could strive for the Good, given that the human condition inescapably required social life.
Les parlementaires canadiens et le suffrage féminin: un aperçu des débats
Authors: Lamoureux Diane , Michaud Jacinthe 
Published: November 2009

RésuméLes femmes canadiennes ont acquis le droit de vote en 1918. Soit. Cela signifie-t-il pour autant que les parlementaires canadiens se sont ralliés, à cette occasion, au principe de l' égalité entre les sexes? À travers I'analyse des débats parlementaires, on peut aisément constater que les enjèux étaient constamment masqués, que d'autres principes étaient à l'oeuvre et que le débat de fond a été soigneusement évité. Ceci se vérifie autant en 1885 et 1918, où il y a quand même eu débat, qu'en 1898 et 1917, où l'on jouait à cache-cache avec la question. Quelles conséquences cela revêt-il en ce qui concerne la citoyenneté des femmes?
Nature and Convention in Book V of the Republic
Authors: Nendza James 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn Book V of the Republic Socrates appears to abandon one of the most fundamental characteristics of Socratic philosophy, that is, the attempt to understand what makes human beings distinct, in favour of an understanding of human life in terms of the activity of animals. This suggests that the purpose of Book V is not to present the best political order as Socrates understands it but rather to illustrate the dangers of any attempt to understand political life from a perspective which, in simplifying the complexities of human life, distorts that life. As the drama of Book V indicates, such proposals are dangerous because of their appeal to those whose desire for control can lead them to embrace radical but simplistic reforms.
The Social Sources of Political Knowledge
Authors: Lambert Ronald D. , Curtis James E. , Kay Barry J. , Brown Steven D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe study explored the sources of political knowledge using data from the 1984 Canadian National Election Study. Two dimensions of political knowledge were measured: factual knowledge, in which respondents were asked to name the 10 provincial premiers; and conceptual knowledge, in terms of respondents’ abilities to define and use the concepts of left and right. The authors tested four explanations of people's levels of political knowledge; these dealt with education, political participation, media effects and region, with controls for income, residency in several provinces, age and sex. Education was significantly associated with both forms of knowledge, but especially with conceptual knowledge. Reading about politics in newspapers and magazines was strongly related to the two knowledge variables. The effects of reliance on television for political information, however, were much weaker. There were significant effects for region, with the patterns depending on the type of knowledge. The study concludes with some observations about the role of knowledge in political behaviour.
Canadian Confederation and the Influence of American Federalism
Authors: Smith Jennifer 
Published: November 2009

AbstractHow did the Fathers of Canadian Confederation understand United States federalism? What lessons did they presume to draw from it and how did they apply them to the Confederation project? In this article, James Madison's comprehensive test of federalism, as set out in the thirty-ninth paper ofThe Federalist, is used as a tool to examine the Canadians' views of American federalism, particularly in relation to the questions of state sovereignty and the role of an upper chamber. The article suggests that their preoccupation with the threat of state sovereignty led them to concentrate on division of powers issues and, as a result, to pay little attention to the federal possibilities of a second chamber. And it concludes that, because they were working with a parliamentary model of government, not a republican one, these possibilities were not—and are not now—as promising as some political scientists suggest.
Comment on “Mandatory Retirement: Intergenerational Justice and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms” by Samuel LaSelva
Authors: Drummond Robert J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractSamuel LaSelva has challenged the argument that mandatory retirement is a form of age discrimination and, as such, is unjust and unconstitutional. However, the alternative view that justice requires mandatory retirement seems incompatible with a liberal conception of justice. Moreover, the argument that liberal justice permits mandatory retirement, because of a conflict between rights of different generations, requires a balancing of those rights against one another, and hence against the consequences of their infringement. Such an assessment leads to the conclusion that mandatory retirement is neither constitutional nor just.
Left or Centre? The Canadian Jewish Electorate, 1953–1983
Authors: Laponce J. A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe partisan preferences of Canadian Jews are compared with those of Catholics and Protestants using a sample of 218,738 electors obtained by merging 235 Gallup surveys from the period 1953–1983. The hypothesis guiding the analysis, that Jews are more likely to support left and centre parties (specifically the NDP and the Liberals), is derived from theories that seek to explain Jewish political inclinations. Controlling for the influence of education, province of residence (Quebec or not) and family union membership, this hypothesis is confirmed. Moreover, it is found that in Quebec Jews concentrate their votes to a greater degree than Protestants or Catholics and that the Liberals are the beneficiaries of that concentration; outside Quebec, Catholics and Jews have similar preferences that are markedly distinct from those of Protestants. The Jewish vote is best explained by combining left/right and centre/periphery models.
Egerton Ryerson's Canadian Liberalism
Authors: Pearce Colin D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis article seeks to provide an overview of the political thought of Egerton Ryerson (1803–1882), the influential political controversialist and educational reformer of nineteenth-century Upper Canada. It attempts to unravel Ryerson's thought in such a way as to go beyond earlier interpretations which have insisted that, despite the presence of certain countervailing reformist tendencies in his politics, Ryerson was at bottom a thorough conservative. In contrast to this view it is argued here that Ryerson was a thoroughly modernist thinker who accepted the basic teachings of the liberal tradition. It is also suggested that Ryerson was aware of certain key problems which a society premised on these teachings must inevitably face, problems such as narrow selfishness, private individualism and vulgar materialism. The article concludes that it was Ryerson's intention to correct these strong tendencies in liberal society by emphasizing the centrality of public spirit, moral cultivation and religious belief to a free polity's well-being.
Partisan Preference and Income Redistribution: Cross-National and Cross-Sexual Results
Authors: Frohlich Norman , Boschmann Irvin 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe relationships between attitudes toward income redistribution and partisan preferences are examined and contrasted in Canadian and American samples of college students. In both samples evidence is found that there is a strong relationship between the variables among males and an absence of a relationship among females. In Canada, support for income redistribution is strongly positively correlated with support for the New Democratic party, positively correlated with support for the Liberal party, and strongly negatively correlated with support for the Progressive Conservative party. In the United States support for income redistribution is strongly positively correlated with support for the Democratic party and strongly negatively correlated with support for the Republican party. Cross-national differences are also found between Canadian and American subjects, Canadian subjects having significantly lower variance among party supporters regarding this issue. Some implications of the results for research in the area of sex differences in politics and the influence of economic concerns on political behaviour are discussed briefly.
Relative Autonomy Revisited: The Origins of Canadian Unemployment Insurance
Authors: Pal Leslie A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe concept of “relative autonomy” is now routinely used by Marxist and non-Marxist students of public policy to describe the state's independence from class forces. A rare attempt to use the concept empirically is Carl J. Cuneo's work on Canadian unemployment insurance (UI) in the 1930s. This article argues that Cuneo focusses too narrowly on class struggle, and thus misses important aspects of Canadian UI policy. Relative autonomy must be more broadly conceived in terms of the state's administrative expertise, fiscal capacity, and jurisdictional divisions. It is constituted within, not outside, the state. The article illustrates these internal forces through a re-examination of the evolution of Canadian UI in the 1930s.
Constitutional Change and Public Policy: The Impact of the Resource Amendment (Section 92A)
Authors: Chandler Marsha A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis article examines the effect of the resource amendment (section 92A) on Canada's political economy. The analysis of the consequences of section 92A moves beyond the immediate changes in the distribution of legislative jurisdiction to examine the broader political implications. It is argued that the resource amendment is politically significant in several respects. It removes certain irritants from federal-provincial relations. By augmenting and clarifying provincial powers, the provinces' role in resource development is strengthened. The expansion of provincial legislative capacity gives the provinces more legitimacy and power at the political bargaining table.
Diffusion, Development and Democratization: Enfranchisement in Western Europe
Authors: Freeman John R. , Snidal Duncan 
Published: November 2009

Diffusion, développement et démocratisation: Le processus d'admission au droit de vote en l'Europe de l'ouestL'extension du droit de vote est un point central de la démocratisation. Mais il n'existe aucune explication « systématique » du processus d' admission au droit de vote. Cette etude expose l'amplitude de la reforme du droit de suffrage. Le tableau lustorique de l'admission du droit de vote se percoit comme un besoin pour l'elite dejustifier sa legitimite gouvernementale, cette legitimite provenant du peuple en echange du droit de vote. Le besoin de légitimité de l'elite et le support populaire à cette légitimité sont touchés, en retour, par l'expansion historique du rôle de l'Etat et par l'émergence des espoirs de démocratisation.La validite de l'explication s'établit mathématiquement à travers l'étude des implications analytiques et statistiquement dans la comparaison entre le modèle formel et les expériences de neuf pays de l'Europe de l'ouest. Le résultat principal de ces recherches montre que même si le taux de diffusion (développement) des attentes démocratiques est le même dans ces neufpays de l'échantillon, le processus d'extension du droit de vote dépend des variations dans les conditions initiates de démocratisation.
Insurance, Human Rights, and Equality Rights in Canada: When is Discrimination “Reasonable?”
Authors: Flanagan Thomas 
Published: November 2009

AbstractInsurance classifications that rely on demographic information are often accused of being discriminatory. There is a strong movement, based on human rights legislation as well as the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, to abolish them. However, analysis shows that the common criticisms of these classifications are self-contradictory and also apply in large measure to the behavioural criteria most commonly proposed as substitutes. Whether current practices are “reasonable” in the sense of the Charter will be an important question for determining the scope of the “equality rights” of section 15 of the Charter.
Evolution of complex amplitudes ratio in weakly anisotropic plasma
Authors: KRAVTSOV YURY A. , BIEG BOHDAN 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe equation for evolution of the complex amplitudes ratio (CAR) ζ = Ey/Ex in weakly anisotropic inhomogeneous media is derived on the basis of quasi-isotropic approximation (QIA) of the geometrical optics method. This equation is convenient for the description of electromagnetic wave polarization in magnetized plasma of thermonuclear reactors like the ITER. The equation for the CAR is in agreement with other approaches, analyzing polarization evolution in weakly anisotropic media, in particular, with the equation for complex polarization angle and, via QIA equations, with the Segre equation for Stokes vector evolution. Simple analytical solutions for the CAR, which relates to normal mode propagation in homogeneous and weakly inhomogeneous plasma, are obtained. Besides, the equation for the CAR is solved numerically to describe the phenomenon of normal wave conversion in magnetized plasma in the vicinity of the orthogonality point between the ray and the static magnetic field. In distinction to the line-averaged measurements in traditional plasma polarimetry, the phenomenon of normal wave conversion opens the way for measuring the local plasma parameters near the orthogonality point.
A post-colonial patriarchy? Representing family in the Indian nation-state
Authors: NEWBIGIN ELEANOR 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThat the transition to self-governance under a nation-state has not been accompanied by the greater focus on Indian citizens’ welfare which many expected, has been the source of much confusion and disappointment. Looking at late-colonial debates about property rights under Hindu personal law, this paper seeks to explain why people assumed that independence could change the relationship between the state and Indian society, and also why this has not come about. It argues that, from the latter half of the nineteenth century, economic, social, and political changes placed pressure on the very hierarchical structures of joint-family patriarchy that colonial rule had hitherto depended on. Calls for family reform seemed, at certain moments, to critique patriarchal control and social order more generally, creating the intellectual space to rethink the place of women within the family, and the state more widely. Yet, while couched in the language of women's rights, underpinning these reform debates was an interest to change men's property rights and enhance their individual control over the family. Thus, the interwar years witnessed not just a breaking down of an old colonial patriarchal order, but also the establishment of a new, post-colonial patriarchy based around the authority of the propertied husband.
An empirical potential based quasicontinuum theory for structural prediction of water
Authors: Raghunathan A. V. , Aluru N. R. 
Published: November 2009

An empirical potential based quasicontinuum theory (EQT) is proposed to predict the structure, concentration, and various potential profiles of water in confined environments. EQT seamlessly unifies the continuum theory given by the Nernst–Planck equation and the atomistic theory governed by interatomic potentials. In particular, the interatomic potentials describing various interactions in water are directly incorporated into the Nernst–Planck theory. We introduce a new empirical potential to compute electrostatic interactions in water. The results from the EQT formalism are compared with molecular dynamics simulations and a good match is observed for channels with widths ranging from 2σow to 20σow, where σow is the water-oxygen Lennard-Jones distance parameter. While molecular dynamics can be limited to small length scales, EQT can be used at various length scales to effectively and accurately capture both the interfacial structure and bulk properties of water making it a robust and fast method that can predict properties in widths ranging from the macroscale down to the nanoscale.
At the request of the authors and editor, this article is being retracted effective 26 March 2010.
Host plant trichomes and the advantage of being big: progeny size variation of the pipevine swallowtail
Authors: FORDYCE JAMES A. , DIMARCO ROMINA D. , BLANKENSHIP BONNY A. , NICE CHRIS C. 
Published: November 2009

1. Plants possess numerous traits that confer resistance against insect herbivores, and herbivores, in turn, can evolve traits to ameliorate the effectiveness of these traits. The pipevine swallowtail, Battus philenor, is an extreme specialist on plants in the genus Aristolochia. The only host plant available to the California population of B. philenor is A. californica. Aristolochia californica is distinct from most other B. philenor host plants in that it is pubescent.2. The progeny of B. philenor are larger in California compared with populations examined in Texas. Size differences persist throughout larval development.3. Regardless of maternal host plant, population differences in progeny size persist, and crosses between California (large progeny) and Texas (small progeny) B. philenor populations resulted in offspring producing intermediate sized progeny, indicating a heritable component to progeny size variation.4. California neonate caterpillars more easily overcame the trichomes of A. californica compared with Texas neonates. When trichomes were removed from A. californica, time to feeding establishment was reduced for caterpillars from both populations. Texas caterpillars established feeding sites on A. californica with trichomes removed, in the same time required to establish feeding on their non‐pubescent host plant, A. erecta.5. This study shows that plant trichomes might impose selection pressure on progeny size.