bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ANNUAL VARIATIONS IN GROWTH AND DENSITY IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF FRESHWATER SNAILS IN THE WEST OF SCOTLAND
Authors: HUNTER W. RUSSELL 
Published: August 2010

Surveyed over nine years, stable populations of Ancylus fluviatilis, Physa fontinalis and Lymnaea peregra, all with annual cycles, showed variation from year to year in mean size and in population density at the breeding season. This variation in adult mean size is about twice as great in L. peregra (i.e. approximately ± 17.5 per cent) as in the other two species. Fluctuations in population densities at breeding can be five‐fold in Ancylus and L. peregra and three‐fold in Physa. Annual variations in assessed productivity (as volumes of molluscan tissue per unit habitat) can be over seven‐fold in Ancylus, more than three‐fold in Physa, and over eight‐fold in Lymnaea peregra.With exceptions, there is general agreement between the annual figures for the different species, and they can be correlated with certain of the weather conditions prevailing during the preceding year. Severity of the winter appears the most important climatic cause of these molluscan fluctuations, particularly in Physa and L. peregra. Annual variations in Ancylus seem more closely related to spring sunshine, and a possible trophic basis is suggested for this difference between the species.In relating this to other studies the interaction of external and endogenous factors in controlling life cycles is briefly considered. It is suggested that the plasticity in growth cycles and reproductive behaviour shown by freshwater snails is of fundamental selective value. Measurements of variations in growth and density in molluscan populations are proposed as a means of assessment of annual variations in total organic productivity of fresh waters.
HELMINTH INFECTION OF THE STARLING (STURNUS VULGARISL.) IN NORTHERN ENGLAND
Authors: OWEN R. WYNNE , PEMBERTON R. T. 
Published: August 2010

Although much information is available on the occurrence of helminth parasites, little is known concerning the composition, size and variability of parasite populations in a particular host species.Comprehensive data have been compiled from the examination of 135 juvenile and 223 adult starlings from Northern England over a period of nineteen months. Only four of the fifteen species recorded are found in more than 25 per cent of juveniles or adults.During the first quarter of the year the incidence of infection is low and the numbers of parasites are small, but in the second quarter the incidence and intensity of infection increase rapidly to their maximum levels. Newly fledged juveniles, when they first appear at the end of May, are also universally and heavily infected. The incidence and level of infection in both groups gradually decrease during the remaining six months of the year.The numbers of parasite species and individuals appear to be related to the incidence of infection. When the incidence is low infected birds always harbour small numbers of parasites; when it is high a large proportion of birds carry heavy or very heavy infections.
NOTES ON SOME INSECTIVORES AND BATS FROM UPPER BURMA
Authors: HILL J. E. 
Published: August 2010

Taxonomic notes are given for a number of rare or poorly known insectivores and bats from Upper Burma and the adjoining frontier regions of Tibet and Assam. Wherever possible, their taxonomic status has been evaluated and their current classification revised.SummaryTaxonomic studies are made of a number of rare or poorly known insectivores and bats from Upper Burma and the adjoining frontier regions of Tibet and Assam. These include an examination of the forms of Scaptonyx, Chimarrogale and Nectogale from this region: new material of Rhinolophus subbadius, Myotis montivagus and Myotis frater is recorded and discussed and a detailed study of the classification of the forms of Myotis (Selysius) in south‐east Asia made. Rhinolophus subbadius, Coelops frithi, Myotis montivagus montivagus, Myotis frater, Pipistrellus cadornae, Scotomanes ornatus imbrensis, Murina tubinaris and Murina huttoni rubella are recorded for the first time from the Burmese fauna.
THE SEXUAL, AGONISTIC AND DERIVED SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR PATTERNS OF THE WILD CHACMA BABOON, PAPIO URSINUS
Authors: HALL K. R. L. 
Published: August 2010

The sexual, social, and agonistic behaviour‐patterns of the Chacma baboon, P. ursinus, were the subject of field study chiefly in the Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve where intensive close‐range observation of a single group was possible. The mating system in this group was one in which the male dominant in terms of such criteria as frequency of aggressiveness and of social “attractiveness” (as shown by the number of animals presenting to him, and participating in grooming with him) tended to have a brief, exclusive relationship, with the female in full ocstrus. Other males would also mate with her, on the same day as the dominant male, before the stage of exclusion was reached. Data are presented on the frequency of occurrence of components of sexual behaviour. Presenting, grooming, mounting, and mating all tend to occur most frequently in the early part of the day. Social gestures, other than presenting and mounting, include a variety of greetings behaviour‐patterns which occurred repeatedly between a tame young male baboon released near the group and the young males and females of this group.Agonistic behaviour was analysed particularly in terms of frequency and intensity of occurrence within the group. Aggressive opisodes by the dominant male occurred, on average, about once in six hours of day‐time, except on the first occasion when the tame baboon accompanied the group on the whole of its day‐range. The dominant male was then repeatedly aggressive throughout the day. A high positive correlation was found between the frequency of mating per day by the dominant male and the frequency of aggression by females against females. Analysis suggests that the peak of mating in the dominant male results in a proportional increase in tension amongst the females which is directed partly at the oestrous female, partly at other females. Aggressive episodes, sometimes very noisy and rough‐looking, never resulted in visible injury to the victim, and mostly consisted of threats without physical contact. Supposed conflict‐expressions, such as yawning, are briefly described.Further progress in such field studies may come chiefly from systematic quantification of results, obtained at close range on identifiable individuals and from experimental variations of the social situation such as the introduction of strange baboons on two occasions described in the present paper.
THE ANATOMY RELATED TO THE FEEDING HABITS OF ARIXENIA AND HEMIMERUS (DERMAPTERA)
Authors: Popham Edward J. 
Published: August 2010

Arixenia esau (Dermaptera) feeds on the skin of bats of the genus Cheiromeles. The food material is collected by the maxillae, lifted through the cibarium by the hypopharynx and then pushed into the oesophagus by the orally directed setae on the mandibles. Arixenia jacobsoni has less specialised mouthparts and feeds upon insects inhabiting bat guano in a similar way to many carnivorous labidurid earwigs. Hemimerus talpoides (Hemimerina), which feeds upon the skin of the giant rats of the genus Cricetotnys, cuts off food particles from the host with the mandibles and then passes the food material through the cibarium into the oesophagus by means of the maxillae.The form of the head and neck of Arixenia can be derived from a pygidicranid or labidurid type and the apparently “primitive” features of the head of Arixenia can be explained as the result of a change of feeding habits from being carnivorous insects to external parasites of mammals. The head of Hemimerus so differs from those of the dermapteran types that this, together with consideration of other anatomical features, resulted in the Hemimerina having been regardod as a separate order of insects.
A RE‐EXAMINATION OF THE GLANDULAR ELEMENTS IN THE TUBE FEET OF SOME COMMON BRITISH OPHIUROIDS
Authors: BUCHANAN JOHN B. 
Published: August 2010

Previous work on the tube‐foot glands of ophiuroids is reviewed briefly and it is observed that there is some confusion concerning their nomenclature and functions. In Ophiothrix two different types of possible glandular elements have been reported. In the present paper these are designated “A” and “B” and their staining reactions are re‐examined and compared.In Ophiothrix and Ophiopholis elements “A” show none of the staining reactions expected of a protein‐carbohydrate complex. Elements “B” although weakly positive for acid‐mucopolysaccharides exhibit also the staining reactions of a protein‐carbohydrate complex which can be classified as a neutral mucopolysaccharide or a muco‐ or glycoprotein.In Ophiocomina glands are described which secrete an acid‐mucopolysaccharide.In Amphiura the staining reactions of the glands point to a mixed secretion consisting partly of an acid mucopolysaccharide and partly of another PAS positive protein‐carbohydrate complex.
REPRODUCTION AND LARVAL LIFE OF NERINE CIRRATULUS (DELLE CHIAJE) FAMILY SPIONIDAE
Authors: JOYNER A. 
Published: August 2010

At Whitstable in Kent, and in many other places where the distribution of Nerine cirratulus has been examined in detail, it shows a maximum density of population in a marrow zone just below mean high water mark of neap tides. It is therefore a suitable animal to use in investigating some of the factors affecting the maintenance of a population by an intertidal animal in a definite zone on the shore.The reproductive cycle of this polychaete was studied in an attempt to obtain larvae for experiments on larval settlement. In the course of this work records were obtained of the mean size of oöcytes extracted from adult females and of the quantity of coelomic gametes present in adult individuals of both sexes. These observations were made by sampling the adult population at Whitstable at regular intervals throughout the year. Additional information on the reproduction and larval life of N. cirratulus was obtained by conducting artificial fertilization experiments and by examining plankton samples for the pelagic stages. Recently settled worms were collected from the cirratulus zone at Whitstable by sieving substratum samples in seawater.The observations on the seasonal variation in the size of coelomic oocytes and the quantity of coelomic gametes present in both sexes, indicate that the reproductive period begins early in the year and that it is of long duration at Whitstable. The similarity between the early planktonic stages of Nerine cirratulus, Nerine foliosa (Audouin & M. Edwards) and Scolelepis ciliata (Keferstein) is stressed and the identification of the oöcytes and prototrochophores of these spionids is discussed. It is shown that the oöcytes and prototrochophores of N. cirratulus are larger than those of S. ciliata and smaller than those of N. foliosa. The pelagic stages of N. cirratulus are found in the Whitstable plankton between March and October. The development of the larva of N. cirratulus to the two‐setiger stage is described from an artificial fertilization experiment. An outline of the reproductive cycle is given. It is suggested that the length of pelagic life in N. cirratulus is rather more than thirty‐four days and that larval settlement can be postponed if conditions are unsuitable for settlement and metamorphosis to take place. Nectosomas between the seventeen and twenty two‐setiger stages of development were found in the Whitstable plankton. The smallest recently settled worm obtained from the cirratulus zone at Whitstable was a thirty‐four‐setiger individual and seventy‐five‐setiger worms of both sexes were found to contain coelomic gametes.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE COMMON DUIKER S YLVICAPRA ORIMMIA LINN., BASED ON MATERIAL COLLECTED FROM A TSETSE CONTROL GAME ELIMINATION SCHEME.
Authors: WILSON V. J. , CLARKE J. E. 
Published: August 2010

Material collected from duiker shot on a tsetse control game elimination scheme was studied and information of its breeding and feeding habits obtained from what is normally a wasteful operation.Previous theories of its breeding, which were based on rather scanty evidence, have been largely confirmed by the present investigation. The feeding habits of the duiker in the particular ma under consideration, based on the stomach contents of those destroyed, showed the duiker to be almost entirely 8 browser, having a much greater variety in the diet during the October to January period.
REPRODUCTION IN THE FEMALE HYRAX (DENDROHYRAX ARBOREA RUWENZORII)*
Authors: O*apos;DONOGHUE P. N. 
Published: August 2010

An investigation carried out on 58 female hyraxes from a collection (sex ratio 57·04±4·26 per cent) made in the Ruwenzori region of Uganda. The juvenile ovary is bean‐shaped and exhibits no sub‐surface crypts; the mature ovary is deeply lobed. Ovaries of all animals contain prominent interstitial tissue and very many follicles at all stages of development up to antrum formation. There is a high incidence of follicular atresia. The antrum appears when the follicle is 0·47 mm in diameter, and the size of the follicle immediately prior to rupture is 1·7 mm. From the initiation of antrum formation, the theca interna of all normal follicles is hypertrophied.The fully formed corpus luteum averages 1·6 mm in diameter, but if pregnancy follows, it grows on to 2·1 mm. It maintains this size and an appearance of activity throughout pregnancy. All corpora lutea are formed by ovulation, the average number being 1·49. There are no accessory corpora lutea, and all luteal tissue is derived exclusively from the thecae internae of ruptured follicles. Old corpora lutea are readily identifiable histologically and probably persist throughout life.One or two young are born at a time, and parturition is followed by a lactation anoestrus which is probably terminated by an infertile ovulation.The left ovary ovulates more frequently than the right, and there is evidence of intrauterine migration of ova. Prenatal mortality, calculated from fifteen animals is 9·5 per cent. There is some evidence of strains of potentially higher and lower fecundity in the population.There appears to be no definite breeding season, but there are probably more births in mid‐year than at other times.The structure of the bicornuate uterus is described, and the significance of the mode of formation of the corpus luteum discussed.
THE POST‐PHARYNGEAL GUT OF THE EARTHWORM LUMBRICUS TERRESTBIS L.
Authors: ARTHUR DON R. 
Published: August 2010

Re‐examination of the gut of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris L. reveals that the oesophagus is divisible into three parts of which the wall of the anterior part is thrown into broad longitudinal folds, the second part strongly ciliated and the third part folded longitudinally. The relationship between the ciliated section and the secretion of microerystalline calcium carbonate is discussed.The folds of the crop, hitherto neglected from a functional standpoint, (a) play an integral part in regulating the rate at which the ingested material is passed on to the gizzard, (b) prevent regurgitation and (c) possibly assist the mixing of food with calcium carbonate, thus affecting flocculation of the ingested soil.The intestine is folded and divisible into four regions. The short first part bears sac‐like extensions which are continually dilating and contracting. These extensions are lacking from the second part, but in common with the first part have the typhlosolar intucking divided by a large number of transverse folds, which are separated from one another by grooves. Each “fold” consists of plications of the “lateral epithelium” of the typhlosole and the incorporation of the plicated epithelium of the dorso‐lateral wall of the tract. These epithelia are partly composed of glands that secrete an acid mucopolysaccharide, which forms the peritrophic membrane. The typhlosole in the third part of the intestine is a continuous, smooth intucking of the dorsal wall and lacks divisions into transverse folds, but it ceases at about two‐thirds the length of the intestine. In other respects it is similar to the second part. The fourth and terminal section of the intestine has no typhlosole, and in contrast to the anterior three parts lacks furrowed walls.
LIGHT‐AND DARK‐ADAPTATION IN THE EYES OF SOME CEPHALOPODS
Authors: YOUNG J. Z. 
Published: August 2010

In octopods there is a strip of long rhabdomes just above the equator of the retina. In Loligo, however, the rhabdomes are shortest at the contre of the eye and longest near the periphery. In Sepia there is a strip of longer rhabdomes above the equator but they are longer at the anterior and posterior ends of the strip than at the centre.In a dark‐adapted retina of Octopus the pigment is concentrated at the base of the rhabdomes. It emerges rapidly in the ventral region but only slowly in the central strip. The rhabdomes of all the species studied shorten under illumination.
STUDIES ON THE SCORPIONT NEBO HIEROCHONTICUS
Authors: ROSIN R. , SHULOV A. 
Published: August 2010

This is a study on the biology of a representative of the family Diplocentridae. It deals with: occurrence in Israel, biotope and burrow, observation on feeding, varnishing and burrowing, sexual biology including sexual dimorphism, male and female genital systems, the spermatophore and its opening mechanism, courtship, mating and parturition, the larva and its dorsal process, moulting, and regeneration in nymphs.Comparisons are made with other scorpions regarding morphological, biological and behavioural peculiarities of this species, and the main subjects are discussed.
THERMAL STRESS AND INTERRENAL TISSUE IN THE PERCH PERCA FLUVIATILIS (LINNAEUS)
Authors: WEATHERLEY A. H. 
Published: August 2010

Experiments indicate 30–31°C as the upper thermal limit for perch since, irrespective of the level of their temperature acclimatization, they cannot survive hotter conditions for more than a few hours. Perch that were gradually heated in lethal temperature tests indulged in agitated exploratory behaviour as they neared their lethal levels of temperature. Just below the lethal, balance and coordination became seriously impaired, and the final phases of activity were marked by violent and disoriented swimming.Among other changes, atrophy of the interrenal tissue accompanied exposure to various levels of temperature. These changes were related to severity of thermal stress, being most marked when high temperature was prolonged during acclimatization at 28–30°C, when hyperplasias could also occur, or when temperature was raised rapidly to exceed the animal's thermal tolerance in lethal tests. At moderately high temperatures it sometimes appeared that interrenal cell hypertrophy could take place. Changes in other tissues—viz. renal tubules, head kidney, liver, muscle—generally only occurred at the higher levels of prolonged exposure. While the changes varied in character between tissues all are considered essentially degenerative, and due to some kind of breakdown of the body's normal defences against stress.To test the postulated function of interrenal tissue in combating various forms of stress, perch were chilled, made anoxic, and placed in diluted sea water, as well as heated. These experiments, with others in which perch received mammalian ACTH (both to test its general histological effects and in an attempt to influence lethal temperature) indicate an important function for interrenal tissue in offsetting stress.It is tentatively suggested that the complex of histological changes observed considerably resembles that of the “General‐Adaptation‐Syndrome” of mammals, that most of the histological changes are due to either adaptive or maladaptive adjustments of the perch's organ systems or tissues, and that interrenal tissue occupies a similar functional position in the perch to that of adrenocortical tissue in mammals in opposing stress, including the stress of heat.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE NAMATODE CUTICLE
Authors: INGLIS WILLIAM G. 
Published: August 2010

The nematode cuticle is shown to consist, grossly, of three layers; an outer layer—the cortical layer, an intermediate layerMdashthe matrix layer and an inner layerMdashthe basal layer. With these layers is associated a punctation canal component. The cortical layer carries externally a wholly sclerotized layerMdashthe epi‐cortex. The inner part of the basal layer is modified as a basal lamella for the attachment of the hypodermis, from which it is not sharply delimited, and the body musculature. The punctation canal component is most prominent in members of the Chromadorida where it is responsible for all the punctation patterns characteristic of this Order. The system consists of columnar elements in the simplest forms, for example in the Cyatholaimidae, and a series of interlocking transversely fused units in the more complex, for example Euchromadora. In the Desmodoridae and similar “annulate” forms, the punctation canal component forms the major part of the cuticle and appears to be produced by the transverse fusion of punctation canals. In these groups the gross structure of the cuticle is easily established and it is demonstrated that the same system of layering can be identified throughout the Nematoda. It is shown that all modifications of the cuticle can be interpreted as based on and built around a system of punctation canals. The functional requirements of the nematode body are considered and it is demonstrated that the cuticular modifications are developed to meet the necessity for an anisometric cuticle which is flexible longitudinally and strong radially. Thus, the annulate cuticle of the desmodorids and the strongly patterned cuticle of Euchromadora have been developed to meet the functional demands which have been met in forms such as Ascaris, Enoplus, Mermis and Dorylaimus by the development of a series of spirally arranged fibre layers. In many forms thematrix layer is plasticMdashthat is, easily distortedMdashwhile the cortical and basal layers are fairly rigid although probably elastic. The high degree of organization of the cuticle is shown not only by the massive elaboration occurring in some forms but also by the birefringence of many of the modified component layers. It is argued that the prominent amphids occurring in many of the free‐living marine forms act as mechano‐stretch receptors. The suggestion is advanced that the punctation canal system evolved originally as a method of allowing the cuticle to grow by the incorporation of additional materials from processes of the hypodermis and it was only later that it became the basis for the many modifications of the cuticle and probably for moulting. The inevitable consequences of the hydrostatic‐skeleton: longitudinal muscle system on the nematode body form are discussed and it is stressed that most of the characters considered diagnostic of the Nematoda are functionally determined. Attention is drawn to the opportunities which must result for convergence during the evolution of the group and the difficulties which this introduces in attempting to classify the Nematoda.
THE GREY LONG‐EARED BAT PLECOTUS AUSTRIACUS IN ENGLAND AND THE CHANNEL ISLANDS
Authors: CORBET G. B. 
Published: August 2010

Plecotus austriacus (Fischer) is recorded from England on the basis of a single old specimen from Hampshire in the British Museum (Natural History). Other specimens, previously determined as P. auritus, are recorded from Jersey, Channel Islands andseveral other European localities. A summary is given of the principal diagnostic characters of the two species.