bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ZUR KENNTNIS DER KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA VIII
Authors: SJöGREN HENRIK 
Published: May 2009

ZusammenfassungDie Erfahrungen aus den letzten Jahren zusammen mit Untersuchungen aus früheren Jahren haben gezeigt, dass in den kranken Drüsen die kleinen Blut‐gefässe, d. h. Arteriole, Venolen und Kapillaren, mit Verdickung und fibrinöser Degeneration der Wände und schliesslicher Thrombosierung erkrankt sind.Alle diese Veränderungen sind auch in Fällen von chronischer Polyarthritis nachzuweisen. Man hat hier auch Neuritis erkannt, wo der angegriffene Nerv von Rundzellen umgeben ist, gleich wie in Fällen des Sicca‐Syndroms, sogar ohne Zeichen gleichzeitiger Arthritis. Man hat weiter oft Vasculitis und Rundzelleninfiltration rund um die kleinen Gefässen beobachtet. Ja, man hat solche Stätte auch in den Muskeln wie in den meisten inneren Organen angetroffen.Hierdurch erhält die Verbindung zwischen dem Sicca‐Syndrom und der chronischen Polyarthritis eine Erklärung.In meiner früheren Arbeit habe ich das Sicca‐Syndrom als einen Ausdruck für allgemeine Adenopathie auf autoimmuner Basis beschrieben. Dass die Veränderungen im Anfang der Drüsenkrankheit einen autoimmunen Prozess als Folge haben können, dürfte offenbar sein.Seit langem hat man im Blut LB‐Zellen nachweisen können, und seit ein paar Jahren sprechen deutsche Forscher von “Sjögren‐Zellen”, d.h. falsche LB‐Zellen, die im Blut beim Sicca‐Syndrom auftreten (Bäumer 1963, Urbaszek et al. 1970).Wir haben also gefunden:Fälle von chronischer rheumatischer Arthritis weisen oft Arteriolitis, Venolitis und Kapillaritis an verschiedenen Stellen und in verschiedenen Organen auf.Fälle von Sicca‐Syndrom leiden oft auch an Arthritis und haben dann auch die gleichen Veränderungen in den kleinen Gefässen.Fälle von Sicca‐Syndrom kommen nicht selten ohne irgendwelche Zeichen der Arthritis vor. Auch in solchen Fällen sind aber die gleichen Gefässveränderungen vorhanden.Die gleichen Gefässveränderungen treten also bei beiden Krankheiten auf, und können da sogar früher erscheinen als Veränderungen in Drüsen oder Gelenken.Infolge dessen betrachte ich die ätiologie des Sicca‐Syndroms als eine Kreislaufstörung in Verbindung mit autoimmunen Prozessen in den verschiedenen Drüsen.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE FORCES DETERMINING THE SIZE OF THE PUPIL
Authors: DAVANGER MARTIN 
Published: May 2009

The constricting effect of sphincter, and the dilating effect of dilatator, vary inversely proportionally to the size of the pupil.The forces of dilatator and sphincter, which determine the size of the pupil, may be considered as analogous to the forces determining the caliber of a cylindrical elastic vessel, namely the pressure in the vessel and the tension of its wall. The equation S=d · r is analogous to the law of Laplace T=P · r.The pupil is at rest when the force of dilatator is 2π times the force of sphincter. This relationship is the condition of equilibrium.If from a state of equilibrium the force of one or both muscles is changed, the pupil contracts or dilates until the condition of equilibrium, as stated above, is again established.
QUANTITATIVE AMOUNTS OF CONJUNCTIVAL MUCOUS SECRETION AND TEARS
Authors: EHLERS N. , KESSING S. VEDEL , NORN M. S. 
Published: May 2009

Normal conjunctival mucous production amounts to about 2–3 μl/day in each eye, estimated from the goblet cell turn‐over and from the movement of the mucous thread in the inferior conjunctival fornix.Normal tear secretion is 2–3 ml/day in each eye, calculated from dyedilution tests and from corneal epithelial cell desquamation.The ratio between the amounts of mucous and serous secretion in the conjunctival fluid is on the order of 1 to 1000.
CORNEO‐CONJUNCTIVAL CHANGES IN UREMIA
Authors: EHLERS N. , HANSEN F. KRUSE , HANSEN H. E. , JENSEN O. A. 
Published: May 2009

The present study is based on a material comprising 78 patients. Fifty‐one patients had uremia, 8 had well functioning renal allografts, and 7 suffered from hyperparathyroidism. Twelve patients with corneo‐conjunctival changes but normal renal function and normal calcium metabolism served as a control group.Clinically and histopathologically the corneal changes resembled the limbus girdle of Vogt, while the conjunctival changes were those of a pinguecula with small whitish, amorphous or crystalline precipitates of Casalts, probably phosphates. Distinct changes were found in 50% of the patients with uremia. The occurrence could be correlated with the duration of the renal disease but not with the duration of the uremia or the nature of the renal disease. Within the group of patients with uremia no correlation with serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, serum calcium or alkaline phosphatase could be demonstrated. The degree of changes increased with increasing serum phosphate. The changes were not influenced by the number of hemodialyses, but a curative effect of renal transplantation was demonstrated.Finally, the nature and the pathogenetic possibilities of these changes are discussed, and it is concluded that except for the local presence of proteins and calcium, and the elevated serum phosphate concentration, nothing definite is known.
THE EFFECT OF HYALURONIDASE ON THE FACILITY OF OUTFLOW IN NORMAL AND BUPHTHALMIC RABBITS
Authors: BROWN JAMES L. , GEERAETS WALTER J. 
Published: May 2009

This study confirms the results of other investigators that hyaluronidase temporarily increases the facility of outflow most probably by its effect on a hyaluronic acid‐like substance covering the trabecular meshwork in normal rabbits.In demonstrating that intracameral hyaluronidase had essentially no effect on outflow facility in congenital buphthalmic rabbits, one might postulate that these rabbits have either a functionless trabecular meshwork or an overlying mucopolysaccharide layer that is unresponsive to hyaluronidase.
APPLANATION OF INTACT ENUCLEATED HUMAN EYES WITH SPECIAL REGARD TO DISPLACED INTRAOCULAR VOLUMES
Authors: LINNÉR ERIK 
Published: May 2009

The four factors, applanating force, applanated area, intraocular pressure and displaced intraocular volume were measured simultaneously and independently in enucleated human eyes. The experiments were carried out at constant intraocular pressure.The relationship between applanating force, intraocular pressure and applanated area was in good agreement with a straight line, but the applanated area was smaller than expected on the basis of the Imbert‐Fick law. The displaced intraocular volumes were larger than would be expected from the corneal applanation alone calculated as spherical segments and indicated additional deformation of the eyeball. The displaced intraocular volume can also be estimated directly from applanating force and intraocular pressure without including applanated areas.
DIFFRACTION AND VISUAL RESOLUTION
Authors: HALLDÉN ULF 
Published: May 2009

It is known that, when diffraction is the limiting factor of resolution, the resolution of two point sources of light and that of a grating are inversely proportional to the diameter of the aperture. Here it is shown that the same relation is valid for the visual resolution of the Landolt ring test object. A comparison of the resolution, when limited by diffraction, of the Landolt ring and of two point sources of light shows that the resolution of the former is much better. This explains the clinical observation that patients treated with miotics often have better visual acuity than would be expected from the diameters of their pupils.The visual resolution of two point sources of light is limited by diffraction when the diameter of the pupil is less than 2.5 mm; the corresponding value for the resolution of the Landolt ring is about 1 mm.
FUNDAL HAEMORRHAGES IN RUPTURED INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSMS
Authors: FAHMY J. A. 
Published: May 2009

The occurrence of fundal haemorrhages (FH) was correlated with the various ocular and neurological signs as well as with some factors with possible relation to the intracranial pressure. A positive association was found to papilloedema (P < 0.0005), unconsciousness (P < 0.005) and cerebral vascular sclerosis (P < 0.025).FH proved to be an important prognostic factor and occurred mostly among fatal cases and disabled survivors (P < 0.0005).Among all patients with FH, those with the severest changes (grade III) had the poorest prognosis (P < 0.05). This fact, among others, seems to justify a previous suggestion (Fahmy 1972 a, 1973 b) that FH classification, ought to be graded according to severity.
PTERIONAL ORBITAL DECOMPRESSION IN PROGRESSIVE OPHTHALMOPATHY OF GRAVES‘ DISEASE
Authors: ALGVERE P. , ALMQVIST S. , BACKLUND E.‐O. 
Published: May 2009

Twenty‐seven patients with Graves' disease and progressive ophthalmopathy in an advanced stage underwent a transtemporal orbital decompression. The short‐term results, i.e. within 2 months, of 48 operations are reported.Prior to the decompression, oral prednisolone, 20–60 mg daily, was given for 2 to 9 months to 15 patients. A minority of patients experienced temporary improvement during steroid administration. Cushing's syndrome was initiated in all patients. Prednisolone little altered the course of the progressive ophthalmopathy.Orbital decompression was followed by increasing visual acuity in 8/22 eyes with disturbed vision, a temporary decrease in 6 eyes, and unaltered visual acuity in the remaining 8 eyes. The decompression removed oedema of the optic disc in all eyes, cured glaucoma in 3 out of 5 patients, caused retraction of the eye bulbs by 5–6 mm in almost all operated cases, and increased compressibility of the orbital content from low (2–5 mm) to normal (6–10 mm) values. Surgery also relieved photophobia and lacrimation, but the effect on diplopia was uncertain. Generally, the decompression was followed by a rapid improvement of the orbital congestion and the patients recovered satisfactorily from the surgery.
PTERIONAL ORBITAL DECOMPRESSION IN PROGRESSIVE OPHTHALMOPATHY OF GRAVES‘ DISEASE
Authors: ALGVERE P. , ALMQVIST S. , BACKLUND E.‐O. 
Published: May 2009

Twenty‐seven patients with Graves' disease and progressive ophthalmopathy in an advanced stage underwent a transtemporal orbital decompression. The long‐term effects, i.e. after 11/2 2–7 years, are reported.As a rule, the beneficial results of the surgery were stable and long‐lasting. Visual acuity improved in 20 of 22 eyes in which it was reduced preoperatively. Regression of proptosis persisted in the majority of patients. The surgery permanently relieved photophobia in 17 patients and lacrimation in 18 of 27 patients.
LISSAMINE GREEN
Authors: NORN M. S. 
Published: May 2009

The present investigation comprised 171 eyes examined in the slit lamp and 99 specimens of mucous thread, epithelial scrapings, and conjunctival fluid subjected to microscopy after vital staining by lissamine green, in most cases combined with rose bengal.Lissamine green is suitable for vital staining of cornea and conjunctiva.The dye stains degenerate cells, dead cells and mucus. Its vital‐staining properties are almost identical with those of rose bengal.If used successively, the primarily employed component will predominate over the other.A mixture of lissamine green and rose bengal constitutes a blue, stable vital stain yielding mainly a blue colour, although green and red may also be seen.On the average, 70.5 % of the mucous thread is stained blue, 20.1 % green, and 9.3 % red, the zones of different colours alternating along the length of the thread.
PILOMATRIXOMA
Authors: KLEENER JøRGEN 
Published: May 2009

A clinical and histopathological study was made in 19 cases of pilomatrixoma (epithelioma calcificans Malherbe). Clinically the analysis confirmed that pilomatrixoma is often found in young females, usually above the palpebral fissure. Pilomatrixoma is a solid tumour adherent to the skin but not to the underlying tissue.The histological picture shows epithelial strands and islands of characteristic “shadow cells”. The stroma is characterized by granulation tissue with foreign body giant cells. Calcifications almost always occur. The tumour is benign. Malherbe stated that the lesion was developed from the sebaceous glands, but to‐day the tumour is believed to originate from hair matrix cells. The name pilomatrixoma was therefore suggested as a better term. In none of the present cases was the correct diagnosis made clinically. In view of the difficulty in diagnosis it is emphasised that every tumour removed should be referred for histological examination.
OPTIC AND DRUG PENALIZATION AND FAVOURING IN THE TREATMENT OF SQUINT AMBLYOPIA
Authors: GREGERSEN E. , PONTOPPIDAN M. , RINDZIUNSKI E. 
Published: May 2009

The authors report the experience of so‐called penalization methods (optic and drug inhibition and favouring) in the treatment of squint amblyopia in a material of 23 children who had proved resistant to conventional occlusion therapy of a mean duration of 8 months. The ineffective occlusion therapy had been performed continuously in three and periodically in 20 of the patients. The mean age of the patients was 5 years, and the mean duration of squinting was 4 years before penalization therapy was instituted.The unsuccessful occlusion was done by adhesive tape and in the majority of cases was given up by the patients and parents; in only three cases was it the doctor or orthoptist who decided to abandon the procedure. In our Clinic, occlusion therapy is rarely given up by the patient or the parents, so the present group represents exceptional cases.In 17 of the 23 patients a considerable visual gain was obtained, the mean visual acuity in the amblyopic eye increasing from 6/24 to > 6/9. Visual improvement was not obtained in patients in whom conventional occlusion therapy had been carried out correctly and permanently for a long time before being given up. The penalization therapy lasted for an average of 10 months and was easy to carry through (only three patients gave up).
CORNEAL AND FUNDUS CHANGES IN FAMILIAL LCAT‐DEFICIENCY
Authors: HØRVEN I. , EGGE K. , GJONE E. 
Published: May 2009

Two patients with Familial LCAT‐deficiency are presented. Deposits of minute, grayish dots in the cornea gave it a nebulous appearance. Near the limbus these dots increased in numbers and formed a grayish, circular band resembling an arcus lipoides. These bilateral changes have been apparent from early childhood. The presence of arcus lipoides corneae before puberty should make the clinician think about this disease.Fundus changes including retinal hemorrhages, disc protrusion and rupture of Bruch's membrane may be explained by deposits of pathological lipid material into these structures. Nervous manifestations have been found in other dyslipoproteinemias, but have not previously been described in Familial LCAT‐deficiency.
MALIGNANT LYMPHOMA OF THE EYE AND BRAIN Report of a case
Authors: HARSTAD HANS K. , ARNESEN KRISTEN 
Published: May 2009

A case of malignant lymphoma (reticulosarcoma) of the eye and brain is reported in a 66‐year‐old man presenting clinically as bilateral uveitis. In the brain, the tumor was confined to the perivascular spaces and in the retina, tumor tissue was found round the retinal vessels, diffusely in the retina, in the subretinal space and to a very limited extent round choroidal vessels. It is postulated that originally the eye tumor was located in the perivascular spaces of the retina with secondary breaks into the other localizations.It is suggested that this is a specific disease entity, different from the secondary affection of the eye in generalized lymphomas.The nomenclature should be brought into accordance with the classification of malignant lymphomas advocated by Rappaport (1966) and it is suggested that the condition be designated as perivascular malignant lymphoma, histiocytic type, confined to the eye and brain.
CAN BENIGN LYMPHADENOSIS (LYMPHOMATOSIS) OF THE ORBIT OCCASIONALLY BE A PARANEOPLASIA?
Authors: BÄFVERSTEDT BO 
Published: May 2009

A man with benign lymphadenosis of the orbit (published in this journal in 1956) remained free from symptoms after X‐ray treatment but subsequently died of liver metastases from a malignant epithelioma of unknown origin.Earlier experience of benign lymphadenosis of the skin indicates that this can appear in association with and probably secondary to malignant tumours in the skin or internal organs. It is postulated that the benign lymphadenosis of the orbit in the current case can have been such a paraneoplastic phenomenon.
INCREMENTAL THRESHOLDS OF THE OSCILLATORY POTENTIALS OF THE HUMAN ELECTRORETINOGRAM IN RESPONSE TO COLOURED LIGHT
Authors: WACHTMEISTER LILLEMOR 
Published: May 2009

On adaptation to white background light of different intensities the incremental threshold of the human ERG response was measured using monochromatic stimuli (Λ max = 450 nm and 579 nm, respectively).The curve of incremental thresholds of the oscillatory potentials is approximately linear with a slope of about 0.3 using blue (Λ max = 450 nm) as well as yellow (Λ max = 597 nm) stimuli. There was no sign of saturation i.e. rapid decrease in sensitivity of the oscillatory potentials on adaptation to the brightest background illumination used (2 times 105 photopic cd/m2). No Purkinje shift, i.e. increase of sensitivity to long wave‐length stimulus on light adaptation, was recorded. The change of sensitivity of the slow potentials (a‐ and b‐wave) on light adaptation to backgrounds of varying intensities differed from that of the oscillations.Thus, the results were interpreted as further evidence that the oscillations are an expression of an interaction of photopic and scotopic activity. The origin of the oscillatory potentials also seems to be separate from that of the slow potentials (a‐ and b‐wave).
THE FREQUENCY OF SENILE EXFOLIATION IN ICELAND
Authors: SVEINSSON KRISTJAN 
Published: May 2009

A total of 545 men and 521 women of 50 years and older were examined for senile exfoliation without discernible glaucoma. Here, as elsewhere, exfoliation mainly occurs after the age of 60. In male patients exfoliation without glaucoma was found to be more frequent than in women (2.9%:1.7%). In the material 214 patients with open‐angle glaucoma were examined, of whom 147 were men (average 76 years) and 67 women (average 77 years). There were 84 men (57%) and 31 women (46%) with senile exfoliation.When looking for the causes or effects of senile exfoliation in glaucoma afflicted eyes, I am led to believe that in most cases it is primarily caused by glaucoma simplex, the exfoliation being the result of a long‐standing increase of tension with ensuing degeneration. More specifically, that in the ciliary and iris epithelial layers, mucopolysaccharide or other unknown substances are developed and occur as exfoliation materials in the various tissues of the eye.
SCHLEMM'S CANAL AND SCLERAL SPUR IN NORMAL AND GLAUCOMATOUS EYES
Authors: NESTEROV A. P. , HASANOVA N. H. , BATMANOV Y. E. 
Published: May 2009

In 71 cases of primary open‐angle glaucoma and in 29 cases of angle‐closure glaucoma a sinus trabeculoectomy was performed and the biopsy specimens were studied by light microscopy. A control group included 100 cadaver eyes.The anterior position of Schlemm's canal prevailed in cases of open‐angle glaucoma (82%) and the posterior position of the canal was more common in cases of angle‐closure glaucoma (57%).In glaucomatous eyes, Schlemm's canal was narrowed and in some cases obliterated. In eyes with open‐angle glaucoma the mean diameter of scleral spur was 21.6 ± 4.22 microns as compared to 85.2 ± 2.76 microns in normal eyes and 70.5 ± 9.40 microns in eyes with angle‐closure glaucoma.In 100 eyes with open‐angle glaucoma and in 112 normal eyes the position of Schlemm's canal was estimated by gonioscopy. The anterior position of Schlemm's canal was found in 67% of all the cases with open‐angle glaucoma and in only 25% of normal eyes.
CORNEAL TEMPERATURE IN MAN AND RABBIT
Authors: RYSÄ P. , SARVARANTA J. 
Published: May 2009

Using an infra‐red camera AGA 680 the temperature of the cornea of men and rabbits was measured with a precision of ±0.1°C. The subjects were moved from normal room temperature into a cold chamber with temperatures of 0°C and ‐10°C.The material was divided and mean corneal temperatures were recorded at various times as follows:The frequency of blinking is low in rabbit compared to that of man.On the basis of present data it is obvious that the corneal temperature is a function not only of the ambient temperature, but also of body temperature and blinking.It is supposed that there is an additional factor responsible for more rapid cooling in the human cornea than in a rabbit's. This factor might be the smaller amount of aqueous humor behind the cornea, in which case the corresponding thermal capacity will also be smaller.Using a test animal lacks the advantage of co‐operation during the test. The physical nature of using the infra‐red camera in measuring the temperature of the cornea is briefly discussed.
BENIGN MUCOUS MEMBRANE PEMPHIGOID
Authors: ANDERSEN S. RY , JENSEN O. A. , KRISTENSEN E. BJØRN , NORN M. S. 
Published: May 2009

Conjunctival biopsy specimens were taken from the inferior fornix of 16 eyes affected with benign mucous membrane pemphigoid (BMMP). Biopsy revealed in all cases metaplasia changing the normal columnar epithelium into squamous epithelium, with parakeratinization in eight specimens and keratinization as well, in four. Correlation was noticed between keratinization and reduced secretions of both tears and mucus.Mucus‐producing goblet cells were remarkably scarce in eight cases and totally absent in the remaining eight. This corresponds approximately to the result of an estimation of the mucus secretion by measuring the mucous thread after vital staining with a tetrazolium‐alcian blue mixture. Four of the 16 biopsies revealed fibrosis of the submucous connective tissue. The connective tissue was found to contain relatively few neutrophilic granulocytes. In two cases eosinophilic granulocytes were present in small numbers, while several lymphocytes and plasma cells were seen, in five, even an adenoid layer. Neither bullae nor acantholysis were demonstrated. Such cytological methods as examinations of smears and quantitative pipette samples can disclose epithelial changes, and examination of the mucous thread can be used as a goblet cell function test. Hence these methods can, to a certain extent, replace the procedure for estimating the goblet cell content in a conjunctival biopsy specimen. Taking biopsy specimens has the disadvantages of causing pain, tissue damage and additional cicatricial shrinkage. Furthermore, a small biopsy specimen is not always representative.
ALIZARIN RED Vital Staining of Cornea and Conjunctiva
Authors: NORN M. S. 
Published: May 2009

A total of 206 eyes have been subjected to vital staining with 1% alizarin red (in 64 cases followed by staining with a mixture of rose bengal and fluorescein and in 104 cases by a mixture of alizarin red and lissamine green).Forty‐seven preparations have been examined in the microscope.The investigation disclosed that alizarin red partly effects specific staining of calcareous deposits (in the mucous thread of the conjunctival fornix, in slaked lime corrosion, and in meibomian gland infarcts), and partly causes staining resembling a weak rose bengal staining (degenerate cells, dead cells, and mucus).Vital staining with the alizarin‐lissamine mixture gives calcium a red colour (alizarin alone), while cells and mucus are stained blue (both components) or green (lissamine alone).
SCLERAL PREPLAQUES AND PLAQUES IN ESKIMOS
Authors: NORN M. S. 
Published: May 2009

Examination of the eyes of 519 Eskimos in West Greenland revealed preplaques (grey, ill‐defined, translucent bands on the sclera anterior to the insertion site of the horizontal recti) in 4% and scleral plaques (well‐defined, greyish translucency of the sclera) in 2%. The incidence was found to rise with increasing age.Preplaques are more rarely present in Eskimos than in Copenhagen Caucasians, where the incidence of plaques is the same. The cause of this ethnic difference is discussed.