bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overview of SCIAMACHY validation: 2002–2004
Authors: Piters A. J. M. , Bramstedt K. , Lambert J.-C. , Kirchhoff B. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. SCIAMACHY, on board Envisat, has been in operation now for almost three years. This UV/visible/NIR spectrometer measures the solar irradiance, the earthshine radiance scattered at nadir and from the limb, and the attenuation of solar radiation by the atmosphere during sunrise and sunset, from 240 to 2380 nm and at moderate spectral resolution. Vertical columns and profiles of a variety of atmospheric constituents are inferred from the SCIAMACHY radiometric measurements by dedicated retrieval algorithms. With the support of ESA and several international partners, a methodical SCIAMACHY validation programme has been developed jointly by Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium (the three instrument providing countries) to face complex requirements in terms of measured species, altitude range, spatial and temporal scales, geophysical states and intended scientific applications. This summary paper describes the approach adopted to address those requirements. Since provisional releases of limited data sets in summer 2002, operational SCIAMACHY processors established at DLR on behalf of ESA were upgraded regularly and some data products – level-1b spectra, level-2 O3, NO2, BrO and clouds data – have improved significantly. Validation results summarised in this paper and also reported in this special issue conclude that for limited periods and geographical domains they can already be used for atmospheric research. Nevertheless, current processor versions still experience known limitations that hamper scientific usability in other periods and domains. Free from the constraints of operational processing, seven scientific institutes (BIRA-IASB, IFE/IUP-Bremen, IUP-Heidelberg, KNMI, MPI, SAO and SRON) have developed their own retrieval algorithms and generated SCIAMACHY data products, together addressing nearly all targeted constituents. Most of the UV-visible data products – O3, NO2, SO2, H2O total columns; BrO, OClO slant columns; O3, NO2, BrO profiles – already have acceptable, if not excellent, quality. Provisional near-infrared column products – CO, CH4, N2O and CO2 – have already demonstrated their potential for a variety of applications. Cloud and aerosol parameters are retrieved, suffering from calibration with the exception of cloud cover. In any case, scientific users are advised to read carefully validation reports before using the data. It is required and anticipated that SCIAMACHY validation will continue throughout instrument lifetime and beyond and will accompany regular processor upgrades.
Correlation between traffic density and particle size distribution in a street canyon and the dependence on wind direction
Authors: Voigtländer J. , Tuch T. , Birmili W. , Wiedensohler A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. Combustion of fossil fuel in gasoline and diesel powered vehicles is a major source of aerosol particles in a city. In a street canyon, the number concentration of particles smaller than 300 nm in diameter, which can be inhaled and cause serious health effects, is dominated by particles originating from this source. In this study we measured both, particle number size distribution and traffic density continuously in a characteristic street canyon in Germany for a time period of 6 months. The street canyon with multistory buildings and 4 traffic lanes is very typical for larger cities. Thus, the measurements also are representative for many other street canyons in Europe. In contrast to previous studies, we measured and analyzed the particle number size distribution with high size resolution using a Twin Differential Mobility Analyzer (TDMPS). The measured size range was from 3 to 800 nm, separated into 40 size channels. Correlation coefficients between particle number concentration for integrated size ranges and traffic counts of 0.5 were determined. Correlations were also calculated for each of the 40 size channels of the DMPS system, respectively. We found a maximum of the correlation coefficients for nucleation mode particles in the size range between 10 and 20 nm in diameter. Furthermore, correlations between traffic and particles in dependence of meteorological data were calculated. Relevant parameters were identified by a multiple regression method. In our experiment only wind parameters have influenced the particle number concentration significantly. High correlation coefficients (up to 0.8) could be observed in the lee side of the street canyon for particles in the range between 10 and 100 nm in diameter. These values are significantly higher than correlation coefficients for other wind directions and other particle sizes. A minimum was found in the luff side of the street. These findings are in good agreement with theory of fluid dynamics in street canyons.
Three-dimensional effects in polarization signatures as observed from precipitating clouds by low frequency ground-based microwave radiometers
Authors: Battaglia A. , Simmer C. , Czekala H. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. Consistent negative polarization differences (i.e. differences between the vertical and the horizontal brightness temperature) are observed when looking at precipitating systems by ground-based radiometers at slant angles. These signatures can be partially explained by one-dimensional radiative transfer computations that include oriented non-spherical raindrops. However some cases are characterized by polarization values that exceed differences expected from one-dimensional radiative transfer. A three-dimensional fully polarized Monte Carlo model has been used to evaluate the impact of the horizontal finiteness of rain shafts with different rain rates at 10, 19, and 30 GHz. The results show that because of the reduced slant optical thickness in finite clouds, the polarization signal can strongly differ from its one-dimensional counterpart. At the higher frequencies and when the radiometer is positioned underneath the cloud, significantly higher negative values for the polarization are found which are also consistent with some observations. When the observation point is located outside of the precipitating cloud, typical polarization patterns (with troughs and peaks) as a function of the observation angle are predicted. An approximate 1-D slant path radiative transfer model is considered as well and results are compared with the full 3-D simulations to investigate whether or not three-dimensional effects can be explained by geometry effects alone. The study has strong relevance for low-frequency passive microwave polarimetric studies.
Estimating the contribution of bromoform to stratospheric bromine and its relation to dehydration in the tropical tropopause layer
Authors: Sinnhuber B.-M. , Folkins I. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. The contribution of bromoform to the stratospheric bromine loading is estimated using the one-dimensional tropical mean model of Folkins and Martin (2005), which is constrained by observed mean profiles of temperature and humidity. In order to reach the stratosphere, bromoform needs to be lifted by deep convection into the tropical tropopause layer (TTL), above the level of zero radiative heating. The contribution of bromoform to stratospheric bromine then depends critically on the rate of removal of the degradation products of bromoform (collectively called Bry here) from the TTL, which is believed to be due to scavenging by falling ice. This relates the transport of short-lived bromine species into the stratosphere to processes of dehydration in the TTL. In the extreme case of dehydration occurring only through overshooting deep convection, the loss of Bry from the TTL may be negligible and consequently bromoform will fully contribute with its boundary layer mixing ratio to the stratospheric bromine loading, i.e. with 3 pptv for an assumed 1 pptv of bromoform in the boundary layer. For the other extreme that Bry is removed from the TTL almost instantaneously, the model calculations predict a contribution of about 0.5 pptv for the assumed 1 pptv of boundary layer bromoform. While this gives some constraints on the contribution of bromoform to stratospheric bromine, a key uncertainty in estimating the contribution of short-lived bromine source gases to the stratospheric bromine loading is the mechanism and rate of removal of Bry within the TTL.
Implementation of a Markov Chain Monte Carlo method to inorganic aerosol modeling of observations from the MCMA-2003 campaign – Part II: Model application to the CENICA, Pedregal and Santa Ana sites
Authors: San Martini F. M. , Dunlea E. J. , Volkamer R. , Onasch T. B. , Jayne J. T. , Canagaratna M. R. , Worsnop D. R. , Kolb C. E. , Shorter J. H. , Herndon S. C. , Zahniser M. S. , Salcedo D. , Dzepina K. , Jimenez J. L. , Ortega J. M. , Johnson K. S. , McRae G. J. , Molina L. T. , Molina M. J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. A Markov Chain Monte Carlo model for integrating the observations of inorganic species with a thermodynamic equilibrium model was presented in Part I of this series. Using observations taken at three ground sites, i.e. a residential, industrial and rural site, during the MCMA-2003 campaign in Mexico City, the model is used to analyze the inorganic particle and ammonia data and to predict gas phase concentrations of nitric and hydrochloric acid. In general, the model is able to accurately predict the observed inorganic particle concentrations at all three sites. The agreement between the predicted and observed gas phase ammonia concentration is excellent. The NOz concentration calculated from the NOy, NO and NO2 observations is of limited use in constraining the gas phase nitric acid concentration given the large uncertainties in this measure of nitric acid and additional reactive nitrogen species. Focusing on the acidic period of 9–11 April identified by Salcedo et al. (2006), the model accurately predicts the particle phase observations during this period with the exception of the nitrate predictions after 10:00 a.m. (Central Daylight Time, CDT) on 9 April, where the model underpredicts the observations by, on average, 20%. This period had a low planetary boundary layer, very high particle concentrations, and higher than expected nitrogen dioxide concentrations. For periods when the particle chloride observations are consistently above the detection limit, the model is able to both accurately predict the particle chloride mass concentrations and provide well-constrained HCl (g) concentrations. The availability of gas-phase ammonia observations helps constrain the predicted HCl (g) concentrations. When the particles are aqueous, the most likely concentrations of HCl (g) are in the sub-ppbv range. The most likely predicted concentration of HCl (g) was found to reach concentrations of order 10 ppbv if the particles are dry. Finally, the atmospheric relevance of HCl (g) is discussed in terms of its indicator properties for the possible influence of chlorine-mediated photochemistry in Mexico City.
Global estimation of burned area using MODIS active fire observations
Authors: Giglio L. , van der Werf G. R. , Randerson J. T. , Collatz G. J. , Kasibhatla P. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. We present a method for estimating monthly burned area globally at 1° spatial resolution using Terra MODIS data and ancillary vegetation cover information. Using regression trees constructed for 14 different global regions, MODIS active fire observations were calibrated to burned area estimates derived from 500-m MODIS imagery based on the assumption that burned area is proportional to counts of fire pixels. Unlike earlier methods, we allow the constant of proportionality to vary as a function of tree and herbaceous vegetation cover, and the mean size of monthly cumulative fire-pixel clusters. In areas undergoing active deforestation, we implemented a subsequent correction based on tree cover information and a simple measure of fire persistence. Regions showing good agreement between predicted and observed burned area included Boreal Asia, Central Asia, Europe, and Temperate North America, where the estimates produced by the regression trees were relatively accurate and precise. Poorest agreement was found for southern-hemisphere South America, where predicted values of burned area are both inaccurate and imprecise; this is most likely a consequence of multiple factors that include extremely persistent cloud cover, and lower quality of the 500-m burned area maps used for calibration. Application of our approach to the nine remaining regions yielded comparatively accurate, but less precise, estimates of monthly burned area. We applied the regional regression trees to the entire archive of Terra MODIS fire data to produce a monthly global burned area data set spanning late 2000 through mid-2005. Annual totals derived from this approach showed good agreement with independent annual estimates available for nine Canadian provinces, the United States, and Russia. With our data set we estimate the global annual burned area for the years 2001-2004 to vary between 2.97 million and 3.74 million km2, with the maximum occurring in 2001. These coarse-resolution burned area estimates may serve as a useful interim product until long-term burned area data sets from multiple sensors and retrieval approaches become available.
An exploration of ozone changes and their radiative forcing prior to the chlorofluorocarbon era
Authors: Shindell D. T. , Faluvegi G. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. Using historical observations and model simulations, we investigate ozone trends prior to the mid-1970s onset of halogen-induced ozone depletion. Though measurements are quite limited, an analysis based on multiple, independent data sets (direct and indirect) provides better constraints than any individual set of observations. We find that three data sets support an apparent long-term stratospheric ozone trend of -7.2 ± 2.3 DU during 1957-1975, which modeling attributes primarily to water vapor increases. The results suggest that stratospheric ozone depletion may have been roughly 50% more than is generally supposed. Similarly, three data sets support tropospheric ozone increases over polluted Northern Hemisphere continental regions of 8.2 ± 2.1 DU during this period, which are mutually consistent with the stratospheric trends. As with paleoclimate data, which is also based on indirect proxies and/or limited spatial coverage, these results must be interpreted with caution. However, they provide the most thorough estimates presently available of ozone changes prior to the coincident onset of satellite data and halogen dominated ozone changes. If these apparent trends were real, the radiative forcing by stratospheric ozone since the 1950s would then have been -0.15 ± 0.05 W/m2, and -0.2 W/m2 since the preindustrial. For tropospheric ozone, it would have been 0.38 ± 0.10 W/m2 since the 1950s, larger than current estimates since 1850 which are derived from models that are even less well constrained. Going back to the preindustrial, the radiative forcing would have been +0.7 W/m2, roughly double what is generally assumed, although even more uncertain than the late twentieth century trends. These calculations demonstrate the importance of gaining a better understanding of historical ozone changes.
Chemical characteristics assigned to trajectory clusters during the MINOS campaign
Authors: Traub M. , Fischer H. , de Reus M. , Kormann R. , Heland J. , Ziereis H. , Schlager H. , Holzinger R. , Williams J. , Warneke C. , de Gouw J. , Lelieveld J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. During the Mediterranean Intensive Oxidant Study (MINOS) in August 2001 a total of 14 measurement flights were performed with the DLR Falcon aircraft from Heraklion, Crete. One objective of this campaign was to investigate the role of long-range transport of pollutants into the Mediterranean area. An analysis of 5-day back trajectories indicates that in the lower troposphere (0–4 km) air masses originated from eastern and western Europe, in the mid-troposphere (4–8 km) from the Atlantic Ocean region and in the upper troposphere (8–14 km) from North Artlantic Ocean/North America (NAONA) as well as South Asia. We allocated all back trajectories to clusters based on their ending height and source region. The mixing ratios of ozone, nitrogen oxide, total reactive oxidized nitrogen (NOy), formaldehyde, methanol, acetonitrile, acetone, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and methane measured along the flight tracks are examined in relation to the different cluster trajectories. In the lower troposphere the mean gas mixing ratios of the eastern Europe cluster trajectories were significantly higher than that from western Europe. Considering 2-day instead of 5-day trajectories the relative differences between the concentrations of these two clusters increased. In the upper troposphere relatively high concentrations of O3 and NOy, combined with low CO of the NAONA trajectories indicate mixing with stratospheric air masses.
Evaluation of the vertical diffusion coefficients from ERA-40 with 222Rn simulations
Authors: Olivié D. J. L. , van Velthoven P. F. J. , Beljaars A. C. M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. Boundary layer turbulence has a profound influence on the distribution of tracers with sources or sinks at the surface. The 40-year ERA-40 meteorological data set of the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts contains archived vertical diffusion coefficients. We evaluated the use of these archived diffusion coefficients instead of off-line diagnosed coefficients based on other meteorological parameters archived during ERA-40 by investigation of the effect on the distribution of the radioactive tracer 222Rn in the chemistry transport model TM3. In total four different sets of vertical diffusion coefficients are compared: (i) 3-hourly vertical diffusion coefficients archived during the ERA-40 project, (ii) 3-hourly off-line diagnosed coefficients from a non-local scheme based on Holtslag and Boville (1993), Vogelezang and Holtslag (1996), and Beljaars and Viterbo (1999), (iii) 6-hourly coefficients archived during the ERA-40 project, and (iv) 6-hourly off-line diagnosed coefficients based on a local scheme described in Louis (1979) and Louis et al. (1982). The diffusion scheme to diagnose the coefficients off-line in (ii) is similar to the diffusion scheme used during the ERA-40 project (i and iii). The archived diffusion coefficients from the ERA-40 project which are time-averaged cause stronger mixing than the instantaneous off-line diagnosed diffusion coefficients. This can be partially attributed to the effect of instantaneous versus time-averaged coefficients, as well as to differences in the diffusion schemes. The 3-hourly off-line diagnosis of diffusion coefficients can reproduce quite well the 3-hourly archived diffusion coefficients. Boundary layer heights are also available for the sets (ii) and (iii). Both were found to be in reasonable agreement with observations of the boundary layer height from Cabauw in the Netherlands and from the FIFE-campaign in the United States. Simulations of 222Rn with the TM3 model using these four sets of vertical diffusion coefficients are compared to surface measurements of 222Rn in Freiburg, Schauinsland, Cincinnati and Socorro in order to evaluate the effect of these different sets of diffusion coefficients on the tracer transport. It is found that the daily cycle of the 222Rn concentration is well represented using 3-hourly diffusion coefficients. Comparison with observations of 222Rn data with the station in Schauinsland which is situated on a hill shows that all considered schemes underestimate the amplitude of the daily cycle of the 222Rn concentration in the upper part of the atmospheric boundary layer. We conclude that the 3-hourly archived diffusion coefficients from ERA-40 are well suited for use in chemistry transport models.
Influence of the ice growth rate on the incorporation of gaseous HCl
Authors: Domine F. , Rauzy C. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. Ice crystals were grown in the laboratory at −15°C, at different growth rates and in the presence of a partial pressure of HCl of 1.63×10−3 Pa, to test whether the ice growth rate influences the amount of HCl taken up, XHCl, as predicted by the ice growth mechanism of Domine and Thibert (1996). The plot of HCl concentration in ice as a function of growth rate has the aspect predicted by that mechanism: XHCl decreases with increasing growth rate, from a value that depends on thermodynamic equilibrium to a value that depends only on kinetic factors. The height of the growth steps of the ice crystals is determined to be about 1.5 nm from these experiments. We discuss that the application of these laboratory experiments to cloud ice crystals and to snow metamorphism is not quantitatively possible at this stage, because the physical variables that determine crystal growth in nature, and in particular the step height, are not known. Qualitative applications are attempted for HCl and HNO3 incorporation in cloud ice and snowpack crystals.
Evaluation of SHADOZ sondes, HALOE and SAGE II ozone profiles at the tropics from SAOZ UV-Vis remote measurements onboard long duration balloons
Authors: Borchi F. , Pommereau J.-P. , Garnier A. , Pinharanda M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. Long series of ozone profiles from 6 to 28 km at the Southern Tropics have been obtained from solar occultation measurements at twilight using a SAOZ spectrometer borne by long duration balloons. Two flights have been performed from Bauru in Brazil both in the summer, in February and March 2001 and 2003, from where the balloons are moving westward at almost constant latitude (20°±5° S). The flight in 2001 passed right over Reunion Island where the SAOZ measurements could be compared to those of both tropospheric and stratospheric ozone lidars. In the stratosphere, compared to that of SAOZ, the measurements of the SHADOZ ozonesondes network, and the HALOE and SAGE II instruments in orbit are found a little noisier (2–3% for SAGE II, 3–4% for HALOE, 4–5% for the sondes), and of insignificant or small high biased (SAGE II). No differences in altitude could be found between SAOZ and SAGE II at all levels, and HALOE above 22 km. But the ozonesondes appear to be systematically displaced upwards by some 400–700 m at all levels, and the HALOE profiles do show an increasing altitude bias at decreasing altitude below 22 km. In the upper troposphere, the SAOZ measurements are found consistent with those of the sondes at Reunion Island and high biased on average over the Western Pacific, at American Samoa and Fiji. Compared to SAOZ, SAGE II shows a 50–60% low bias similar to that already found with the ozonesondes, and a 2–2.5 times larger zonal variability, suggesting a degradation of its precision below the tropopause. Finally, the unrealistic large offsets and variability in the HALOE data compared to all others suggest that its measurements are no reliable in the tropical troposphere below 17 km.
Observations of oxidation products above a forest imply biogenic emissions of very reactive compounds
Authors: Holzinger R. , Lee A. , Paw U K. T. , Goldstein A. H. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. Measurements of volatile organic compounds in a pine forest (Central California, 38.90° N, 120.63° W, 1315 m) reveal large quantities of previously unreported oxidation products of short lived biogenic precursors. The emission of biogenic precursors must be in the range of 13–66 µmol m−2 h−1 to produce the observed oxidation products. That is 6–30 times the emissions of total monoterpenes observed above the forest canopy on a molar basis. These reactive precursors constitute the largest fraction of biogenic emissions at this site, and are not included in current emission inventories. When oxidized by ozone they should efficiently produce secondary aerosol and hydroxyl radicals.