bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
156 Growth performance, energy, and nutrient digestibility of nursery pigs fed high-shear dry extruded corn and soymeal
Authors: Crome Thomas A , Gabler Nicholas K 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Altering the processing method via high-shear dry extrusion of both soybean meal and corn has been shown to improve diet energy and digestibility. The objective was to evaluate the effect using high-shear dry extruded corn and mechanically processed soymeal on growth performance, energy, and nutrient digestibility of nursery pigs. A total of 240 newly weaned pigs [initial body weight (BW) = 5.7 ± 1.3 kg] were assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments (n = 16 pens per treatment with 3 pigs per pen) in a complete randomized design for three dietary phases over a 6 wk study duration. Pigs were allowed a 7-d acclimation period where they were fed a common commercial medicated starter pellet diet (d 0-7, Phase 1). In phase 2 and 3, experimental diets included: 1) solvent-extracted soybean meal and conventional ground corn (Con), 2) solvent-extracted soybean meal and high-shear dry extruded corn (ECorn), 3) mechanically processed soymeal and conventional corn (ExSoy), 4) mechanically processed soymeal and high-shear dry extruded corn (same ME and Lysine as treatment 1 to 3; Comb), and 5) mechanically processed soymeal and conventional corn (energy floated with same Lys:ME; Comb+). The phase 2 mash test diets contained 0.40% titanium dioxide as a digestibility marker (d 8-21) and phase 3 test diets were fed from d 22-42. Pigs were individually weighed on d 0, 7, 21 and 42 and feed disappearance was recorded to calculate average daily feed intake (ADFI) and Gain:Feed within phase 1, 2 and 3, and overall (phase 2 and 3 combined). Data were analyzed using pen as the experimental unit. Compared with Cont, end BW did not differ in the ECorn and ExSoy treatment, while Comb and Comb+ pigs were 13 to 17% lighter (26.1, 24.2, 24.0, 22.6 and 21.5 kg, respectively, P = 0.004). Overall, the Con fed pigs had 30% greater average daily gain (ADG) and 12 to 21% increase in feed efficiency compared with either Comb or Comb+ treatments (P &lt; 0.001). Overall ADFI did not differ. During phase 3, Con and ECorn fed pigs observed increased ADG and feed efficiency compared with pigs fed either Comb treatment (Both P = 0.002, respectively). Compared with Cont, ECorn and Comb+ had greater GE ATTD coefficients, while ExSoy and Comb were less (82.1, 84.6, 86.9, 78.7 and 79.1%, respectively, P &lt; 0.001). Nitrogen ATTD coefficients were greatest in Comb+, followed by ECorn, Cont, ExSoy and Comb (84.4, 78.8, 77.9, 73.0 and 72.3%, respectively, P &lt; 0.001). In conclusion, substituting conventional corn or solvent-extracted soybean meal with extruded corn or mechanically processed soymeal resulted in equal pig growth performance. Further research is needed to determine the effects on the performance of nursery pigs fed diets including more than one high-shear dry extruded ingredients.
157 Effects of increasing dietary protein concentration on digestibility of amino acids by growing pigs
Authors: Lee Su A , Stein Hans H 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) by growing pigs is not influenced by dietary protein concentration if all AA are supplied by soybean protein isolate (SPI) or casein. In Exp. 1, cannulated pigs [n = 12; average body weight (BW) = 39.22 kg; SD = 3.96] were allotted to a replicated 6 × 3 Youden square design with the 6 diets and 3 periods. Five diets were formulated to contain 7 to 35% SPI. An N-free diet was also used. In Exp. 2, cannulated pigs (n = 24 average BW = 23.12 kg; SD = 2.89) were allotted a quadruplicated 6 × 2 Youden square design with the 6 diets and 2 periods. Five diets were formulated to contain 6.75 to 33.75% casein. An N-free diet was also used. Ileal digesta were collected and analyzed for dry matter (DM), Cr, and AA. The statistical models included diet as a fixed variable and square, animal, and period as random effects. Polynomial contrasts were used to test linear and quadratic effects of increasing dietary protein. Results from Exp. 1 indicated that the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of DM linearly (P = 0.001) decreased and the AID of all AA quadratically (P &lt; 0.05) increased as the inclusion of SPI increased in the diets (Table 1). The SID of His and Trp was not affected by the inclusion of SPI in the diets. However, the SID of Arg, Leu, Lys, Phe, Thr, and Val linearly (P &lt; 0.05) decreased, and the SID of Ile and Met tended to linearly (P &lt; 0.10) decrease as the inclusion of SPI in the diets increased. Results from Exp. 2 indicated that the AID of DM tended to linearly decrease (P = 0.089) as the inclusion of casein increased in the diets (Table 2). The AID of most AA increased quadratically (P &lt; 0.01) and the AID of Trp tended to increase (quadratic, P = 0.068) with increasing inclusion rate of casein. The SID of most AA was independent of casein levels. In conclusion, the anti-nutritional factors may have been increased in the diets as the inclusion of SPI increased and thus resulted in reduced SID values. However, the SID values were not influenced by increasing dietary protein if all AA were supplied by casein that does not contain anti-nutritional factors. Therefore, it is concluded that pigs have the capacity to absorb peptides and AA with the same efficiency if the protein concentration is 30% as if it is 6%. Dietary protein concentration itself, therefore, is not likely to limit AA absorption. However, even small amounts of anti-nutritional factors appear to negatively impact the SID of AA.
158 Nutrient digestibility in growing pigs fed a corn distiller’s dried grains with soluble-based diet with multi-enzyme supplementation
Authors: Halbur Joseph , Hong Jinsu , Llamas-Moya Sara , Duong Tri , Bertram Mark J , Petry Amy L , Weaver Eric 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Dietary enzyme supplementation may enhance the digestibility and utilization of non-starch components in fiber-rich feedtuffs which are increasingly used in swine diets. A xylanase/cellulase enzyme product (ENZ) was previously shown to increase the digestibility of nutrients and energy in growing pigs fed a corn-SBM diet with 30% corn dried distiller’s grains with solubles (cDDGS). To better elucidate the effects of ENZ on these components, further analysis was conducted on the fiber, non-starch polysaccharide, and ash components. A total of 12 ileal-cannulated pigs [initial body weight (BW) = 31.7 kg ± 3.04] were housed in individual metabolic crates for 21 d (period 1) and subsequently transferred to individual floor pens for an additional 28 d (period 2). These animals were assigned to 2 diets (n = 6) in a completely randomized design (CRD). The diets contained the main ingredients corn, soybean meal and cDDGS (30%) without (CON) or with ENZ supplementation. The inclusion rate of the ENZ (proprietary xylanase/cellulase product, Kerry Inc.) was 200 g/ton. Feed was formulated to 1.15% SID lysine and met or exceeded nutrient requirements for growing pigs (NRC, 2012). The diets were fed to pigs at three times maintenance energy requirement based on BW, which was assessed at 2 wk intervals throughout the study. The diets contained 0.3% titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker. In period 1, pigs had 14 d of adaptation, followed by 4 d of fecal and urine collection using the total collection method and 2 d of ileal digesta collection. In period 2, pigs had 23 days of adaptation, followed by 2 d of fecal collection and 2 d of ileal digesta collection. Data were analyzed as a CRD, using pig as the experimental unit and enzyme supplementation as the main effect. The ATTD of total NSP and galactose tended to improve in both periods 1 and 2. As consistent responses were observed in periods 1 and 2 and the ENZ X period interaction was not significant, the data from these time periods were combined for analysis. ENZ supplementation improved (P &lt; 0.05) the ATTD of total NSP and galactose. Also, ENZ tended to improve (P &lt; 0.10) the ATTD of cellulose and glucose from NSP. ENZ addition also increased the ATTD of calcium (P &lt; 0.05) and tended to increase the ATTD of phosphorus (P &lt; 0.10). In conclusion, supplementation of a corn-SBM-30% cDDGS diet with a multi-carbohydrase containing cellulase increased the ATTD of fiber, NSP and calcium in growing pigs. Novel enzymes represent a useful strategy to better utilize the nutrients in lower energy feedstuffs in monogastric animals.
153 Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids and concentration of metabolizable energy in three sources of corn protein fed to weanling pigs
Authors: Ruiz-Arias Nelson C , Lee Su A , Stein Hans H 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA), apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE), and concentrations of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) are not different among three sources of corn protein (i.e., new corn protein, ANDVantage 50Y, ANDVantage 40Y) when fed to weanling pigs. In Exp. 1, ileal-cannulated barrows [n = 8; initial body weight (BW) = 11.09 kg; SD = 0.46] were fed an N-free diet or three diets containing each corn protein as the sole source of AA. Pigs were allotted to a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 4 diets and 4 periods of 7 d in each square. Ileal digesta were collected for 2 d and the SID of AA was calculated. In Exp. 2, weanling pigs (n = 32; initial BW = 18.0 kg; SD = 1.21) were fed a corn-based basal diet or three diets containing corn and each source of corn protein. Pigs were housed individually in metabolism crates and feces and urine were quantitatively collected for 5 d after 7 d of adaptation. Concentrations of DE and ME in all diets were calculated and DE and ME in the three sources of corn protein were calculated by difference. Data from both experiments were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with pig as the experimental unit. In Exp. 1, the statistical model included diet as the fixed effect and square, pig, and period as random effects. In Exp. 2, the model included ingredient as the fixed effect. Results from Exp. 1 demonstrated that the SID of all indispensable AA except Arg and His in ANDVantage 40Y and ANDVantage 50Y were greater (P &lt; 0.05) compared with the new corn protein, but no differences were observed between ANDVantage 50Y and ANDVantage 40Y (Table 1). Results from Exp. 2 indicated that on a dry matter basis, concentration of DE in ANDVantage 50Y was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than in ANDVantage 40Y, the new corn protein, and corn, but ME in ANDVantage 50Y was not different from the ME in the new corn protein (Table 2). Concentration of ME in the new corn protein was not different from ME in corn, ANDVantage 40Y, or ANDVantage 50Y. In conclusion, the new source of corn protein had concentrations of AA that were not different from ANDVantage 50 Y, but this new corn protein had decreased digestibility of AA compared with other corn proteins. The new corn protein also had less DE compared with ANDVantage 50Y, but ME in the new corn protein was not different from corn, ANDVantage 40Y, or ANDVantage 50Y.
155 Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in soybean meal, fermented soybean meal, and soy protein concentrate fed to nursery pigs
Authors: Song Yoon Soo , Kim Beob Gyun 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Accurate information of amino acid (AA) digestibility in protein supplements is critical in formulating diets for nursery pigs. Soybean products are widely used in nursery pig diets due to the high crude protein (CP) concentrations. The objective of the present study was to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in soybean meal, 3 sources of fermented SBM (FSBM), and soy protein concentrate (SPC) fed to nursery pigs. Ten barrows with an initial body weight of 10.5 kg (standard deviation = 0.9) were surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum. The animals were assigned to a replicated 5 × 5 Latin square design with 10 animals, 5 experimental diets, and 5 periods to obtain 10 observations per diet. Five diets were prepared to contain SBM (48.5% CP), 3 sources of FSBM (A, B, and C; 52.6% CP, 55.1% CP, and 49.8% CP, respectively), or SPC (58.4% CP) as the sole source of AA. Each period consisted of 4 d of adaptation period and 3 d of ileal digesta collection period. The values of basal endogenous losses of AA reported in the literature were used to calculate the SID of AA by correcting the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) values. Additionally, a 2-step in vitro procedure modified for nursery pigs was conducted to determine the in vitro ileal disappearance of CP in the 5 ingredients. The AID of all indispensable AA except His and Lys in FSBM-A and FSBM-B was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than that in SBM, whereas AID values for all AA except Trp in SPC did not differ from the values in SBM. The SID of Leu and Trp in FSBM-A and FSBM-B was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than that in SBM or SPC. The SID of all AA in SPC was not different from that in SBM. In vitro ileal disappearance of CP in 3 sources of FSBM was greater (P &lt; 0.001) than that in SBM or SPC. In conclusion, in vitro ileal disappearance of protein was greater in fermented soybean meal compared with soybean meal or soy protein concentrate whereas the standardized ileal digestibility of most amino acids was comparable among the soybean-derived ingredients.
154 Reduction of particle size of field peas increases net energy and digestibility of starch when fed to growing pigs
Authors: Ibagon Jimena A , Lee Su A , Stein Hans H , Nyachoti Martin 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that particle size of field peas and location of production may affect the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of starch, the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA), and net energy (NE). One source of peas from the U.S., and two sources from Canada were procured. The U.S. peas were ground to 265, 457, or 678 µm, whereas the two Canadian peas were ground to 411 and 415 µm, respectively. A basal diet containing corn and soybean meal as the sources of energy, starch, and AA, and five diets containing corn and soybean meal and 50% of each source of peas were formulated. Pigs were fed the same diets in Exp. 1 and 2, but an N-free diet was also used in Exp. 1. In Exp. 1, barrows [n = 7; initial body weight (BW) = 60.6 kg; SD = 2.1] that had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were allotted to a 7 × 7 Latin square design with seven diets and seven periods. Ileal digesta were collected and analyzed for Cr and AA. In Exp. 2, pigs (n = 24; initial BW = 30.8 kg; SD = 1.0) were used in a 6 × 6 Latin square design with six calorimetry chambers and six periods. To determine NE, feces and urine were quantitatively collected and O2 consumption and CO2 and CH4 productions were measured. In both Exp. 1 and 2, the statistical model included diet as the main effect and pairwise comparisons were used to separate the means. Contrast coefficients were also used to determine linear effects of particle size within the U.S. peas. Results from Exp. 1 indicated that the SID of AA was not influenced by the origin of the peas or by particle size, except that the SID of Arg was linearly (P = 0.042) increased (Table 1) as particle size of U.S. field peas was reduced. The AID of starch in the U.S. peas ground to 265 µm was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than in the two Canadian sources, and the AID of starch and NE in diets were linearly (P &lt; 0.001) increased as particle size was reduced. The NE in U.S. peas ground to 678 µm was less (P &lt; 0.05) than in all other pea samples. In conclusion, AID of starch, SID of AA, and NE did not differ between field peas grown in Canada and peas grown in the U.S., but reducing the particle size of field peas resulted in improved digestibility of starch and energy by pigs.
198 Evaluation of zinc source and concentration on growth performance of nursery swine
Authors: Soto Jose A , Cemin Henrique S , Hart Morgan , Hansen Sharlie A , Hansen Ernie L 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Trace minerals (TM) supplementation in swine diets can negatively interact with other nutrients. Zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) mutually inhibit their intestinal absorption; thus, limiting their bioavailability. Recent peer-reviewed work has suggested that nursery pigs fed a diet supplemented with increased Zn experienced impaired Cu metabolism, negatively impacting growth performance. However, it has been demonstrated that mitigation of antagonisms might be possible with the use of organic TM supplemented at decreased concentrations. To validate these findings, a total of 2,629 pigs [initial body weight (BW) = 6.2 kg] were used in a 37-d experiment. Pens of 36 pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 8 dietary treatments with 9 replications per treatment. Dietary treatments were formulated to contain 1 of 4 Zn sources: Zn Sulfate, Zn Hydroxychloride A (Intellibond Zn [Micronutrients Inc., Indianapolis, IN), Zn Hydroxychloride B [Zn Hydroxychloride (Alltech, Inc., Nicholasville, KY)] or Organic Zn [Bioplex Zn (Alltech, Inc)] at 1 of 2 concentrations: 125 or 250 ppm. The concentrations utilized for Organic Zn treatment were 62.5 or 125 ppm per published recommendations. Experimental diets were fed in two phases: phase 1 from d 0 to 21 and phase 2 from d 22 to 37. Added Cu in both dietary phases was 10 ppm. At d 37, serum and liver samples (data not showed) were collected from 1 barrow per pen and submitted to Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory to determine Zn and Cu concentration. No significant source × concentration interactions were observed for growth performance in this study. From d 0 to 37, pigs fed the greatest Zn concentration had less (P = 0.040) average daily feed intake (ADFI) and marginally decreased (P = 0.060) average daily gain (ADG), despite Zn source (Table 1). In addition, a marginal improvement (P = 0.070) in gain to feed ratio (G:F) was observed in pigs fed diets containing Organic Zn, regardless of concentration. For mineral concentrations in serum, there was a marginally significant source × concentration interaction (P = 0.078), where pigs fed diets with 125 ppm of Zn Hydroxychloride B had one of the greatest Zn concentrations, yet it was drastically reduced when pigs were fed diets with 250 ppm. Furthermore, Cu concentration in serum was decreased (P = 0.045) in pigs fed the greatest concentration of Zn, despite source. In conclusion, these results suggest that greater dietary Zn concentration impaired Cu absorption, reduced feed intake, and marginally decreased growth. Organic Zn, included at 50% reduced concentrations, marginally improved feed efficiency.
196 Effects of zinc source and level in low ABC-4 diets on nursery pig growth performance and fecal dry matter
Authors: Faccin Jamil , Riedmüller Jonathan , Monteiro Alessandra , Zentek Jürgen , DeRouchey Joel M , Gebhardt Jordan T , Goodband Robert D , Woodworth Jason C , Tokach Mike D 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Incorporating pharmacological levels of Zn in nursery pig diets is a well-recognized practice for reducing post-weaning diarrhea, enhancing growth performance, and enhancing gut health. We hypnotized that the use of a specific form of ZnO (small aggregates and agglomerated particles; SAAP), which provides a greater antibacterial property than standard ZnO, could be added at reduced levels without compromising piglet performance. This study aimed to explore the effects of different levels of SAAP Zn source (HiZox, Animine, France) in low ABC-4 diets with low or high CP content. A total of 360 weanling barrows [DNA 200 × 400, initial body weight (BW) = 5.9 ± 0.4 kg] were used in a 38-d experiment. Pigs were randomly assigned to pens (5 pigs/pen) and pens assigned to 1 of 6 treatments with 12 pens/treatment. The experiment consisted of phase 1 from d 0 to 10, phase 2 from d 11 to 24, and phase 3 from d 25 to 38. Treatments consisted in a negative control (NC), which had 150 ppm of Zn (HiZox) throughout the experiment and the remaining treatments were: positive control (PC) containing 3,000 ppm (phase 1) and 2,000 ppm (phase 2) of Zn provided by ZnO; low-HiZox containing 500 ppm (phase 1) and 300 ppm (phase 2) of Zn; low-HiZox-low-CP was similar to low-HiZox but contained less CP (19.3%) than the NC, PC, low and high-HiZox diets (21.3%); high-HiZox containing 800 ppm (phase 1) and 500 ppm (phase 2) of Zn; and high-HiZox-low-CP was similar to high-HiZox but contained 19.3% CP. In phase 3, all pigs were fed a common diet containing 150 ppm of Zn (HiZox) and high CP. For the experimental period (d 0 to 24), average daily gain (ADG; quadratic, P = 0.007) and average daily feed intake (ADFI; quadratic, P = 0.018) increased as HiZox increased (Table). Pigs fed high-HiZox-low-CP had poorer gain to feed ratio (G:F; P &lt; 0.05) than NC, PC, low-HiZox, and high-HiZox. Additionally, in both experimental and overall periods, pigs fed diets with low CP had decreased G:F (P = 0.043) than those fed the same Zn levels but with high CP. Overall, pigs fed high-HiZox-low-CP had decreased G:F than pigs fed high-HiZox only (732 vs. 761 g/kg, respectively; P &lt; 0.05), with other treatments intermediate. For fecal dry matter (DM), pigs fed low CP diets had greater (P = 0.008) DM compared with pigs fed high CP. Thus, the inclusion of HiZox at 800 and 500 ppm in phases 1 and 2, respectively, in a low-ABC-4 diet might be a strategy to reduce the use of pharmacological levels of Zn from ZnO in nursery diets.