bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Initial response to drugs in depressive illness and psychiatric and community adjustment a year later
Authors: Raskin Allen , Boothe Helvi , Reatig Natalie , Schulterbrandt Joy G. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThree hundred and sixty depressed in-patients initialy treated with imipramine, chlorpromazine or a placebo were re-evaluated a year later. Patients showing the poorest adjustment at one year were those who failed to show a good initial response to treatment and those who responded positively to a placebo.
Effects of certainty, modality shift and guess outcome on evoked potentials and reaction times in chronic schizophrenics
Authors: Verleger Rolf , Cohen Rudolf 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisEvoked potentials and reaction times were obtained from chronic schizophrenics and normal controls to light and sound stimuli presented in random order. In the ‘ certain’ condition subjects were told what the next stimulus would be, in the ‘uncertain’ condition they were asked to guess. Amplitudes were usually larger for normals than for schizophrenics, for ‘uncertain’ than for ‘certain’ conditions, and in cross- than in ipsimodal stimulus-sequences. The effect of certainty was stronger in normals across 4 leads; so was the effect of modality shift at vertex. While these findings replicate earlier results from acute schizophrenics, no condition x group interactions could be found in the reaction time measures.Two additional results were interpreted as showing basically different attitudes with respect to the predictability of events: (1) there was a slow positivity between the verbal information and the following stimuli which was largest for schizophrenics in the conditions of certainty; (2) while normals showed long-term habituation only in N1- but not in P3-amplitudes, the reverse was true for schizophrenics.
The endogenous—neurotic distinction as a predictor of response to antidepressant drugs
Authors: Raskin Allen , Crook Thomas H. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisAn inverse factor analysis of 880 depressed inpatients on 33 endogenous–neurotic variables yielded four patient types. Type 3 resembled the endogenous depressions and Type 2 the neurotic depressions. Type 3 patients responded well to both imipramine and chlorpromazine and did poorly on a placebo. Type 2 patients showed the greatest overall improvement at three weeks irrespective of treatment received, including a placebo.
Greeks, British Greek Cypriots and Londoners: a comparison of morbidity
Authors: Mavreas V. G. , Bebbington P. E. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThis paper reports the results of a comparison of the rates of psychiatric disorder from three general population surveys in which the PSE-ID-CATEGO system was used for case-definition. These surveys were of an English sample in Camberwell, London, and of two Greek samples, the first in Athens, the second of Greek Cypriot immigrants living in Camberwell. The results show that the rates of psychiatric disorders in both Greek samples were somewhat higher than those of the Camberwell population, the differences being accounted for by higher rates of anxiety disorders, especially in women. Comparisons in terms of syndrome profiles showed that Greeks reported more symptoms of generalized anxiety than their English counterparts who, in their turn, reported higher rates of obsessive symptoms, and symptoms of social anxiety. The higher rates in the Greek samples were possibly due to an increased frequency of non-specific neurotic symptoms like worrying and tension. The results of other European community surveys with the PSE suggest that there might be a genuine and general North-South difference in the expression of psychological distress. Cultural differences in terms of personality traits and culturally sanctioned child rearing practices might account for the findings.
The problems of people in long-term psychiatric day care; An introduction to the Camberwell High Contact Survey
Authors: Brugha T. S. , Wing J. K. , Brewin C. R. , MacCarthy B. , Mangen S. , Lesage A. , Mumford J. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe aims of the Camberwell High Contract Survey (CHCS) were to develop and test a systematic needs assessment procedure and use it to evaluate the services provided to long-term users of day centres and sheltered residential accommodation (excluding hospital wards). This paper describes the background to the study, the sample of 145 attenders and their characteristics, their clinical and social problems and the care provided for them.
The fate of the mentally ill in Germany during the Third Reich
Authors: Meyer Joachim-Ernst 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThis paper surveys the measures taken against mental patients in Germany during the National Socialist regime. It covers the eugenic sterilization programme, the killing of handicapped children, the so called Action T4 (the killing of adult psychiatric patients) and the second phase of Action T4 after its official termination, i.e. between 1941 and 1945. The possible social and political causes of these measures, and the attitude of German psychiatrists to them are discussed. In particular, attention is drawn to a prevalent fear of national degeneration, to social Darwinism, and the ideas of Binding & Hoche on ‘permission for the extermination of worthless life’.
Tryptophan and nutritional status of patients with senile dementia
Authors: Thomas D. E. , Chung-A-On K. O. , Dickerson J. W. T. , Tidmarsh S. F. , Shaw D. M. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe nutritional status of 23 severely demented patients was compared with that of 23 similarly aged controls in the community. A 3-day weighed intake on all subjects showed lower mean intakes of energy, protein, ascorbic acid and nicotinic acid in the patient group. This group had lower levels of plasma ascorbic acid and red cell folate and of urinary N-methylnicotinamide excretion relative to creatinine. Over a third of both controls and patients had evidence of thiamin deficiency, as judged by a raised percentage erythrocyte transketolase activity. An earlier finding in patients with senile dementia of reduced fasting plasma concentrations of tryptophan was confirmed for total and protein bound fractions. With the possible exception of ascorbic acid, the data could not be explained satisfactorily in terms of intake. It is suggested that the association between the phenomena of ageing, senile dementia and nutritional status merits further investigation.
Hunger perceptions and satiety responses among normal-weight bulimics and normals to a high-calorie, carbohydrate-rich food
Authors: Chiodo June , Latimer Paul R. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe hunger perceptions and satiety responses to a high-calorie, carbohydrate-rich food among 10 normal-weight females who met the DSM-III criteria for bulimia were compared with 10 normal-weight females who denied a current or past history of eating or weight disorders. As indicated by self-report responses on the Hunger–Satiety Questionnaire, bulimics did not differ from the normals in their perceptions of hunger sensations. Differences, however, were detected the responses following eating. Most notably, the bulimics reported feelings of irritability, nervousness, tenseness and depression which persisted 30 minutes later. These findings and directions for future research are discussed.
Emotion recognition in autism: coordinating faces and voices
Authors: Hobson R. P. , Ouston J. , Lee A. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisAutistic and non-autistic mentally retarded adolescents and young adults were individually matched for age and verbal ability and were given tasks in which they chose photographs of faces for emotionally expressive voices, and photographs of non-emotional things or events to accompany recorded sounds. The results were that relative to control subjects, autistic individuals performed less well on the emotion tasks than on the non-emotion tasks. The findings suggest that autistic individuals have a disability in recognizing bodily expressions of emotion, and that there is a degree of task-specificity to this impairment.
Depression in torticollis: a controlled study
Authors: Jahanshahi M. , Marsden C. D. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisEighty-five patients with idiopathic, persistent spasmodic torticollis were compared to a control group of 49 patients with cervical spondylosis to assess (1) the prevalence of psychiatric disorder prior to and following the onset of their physical complaint, and (2) to establish the effect of torticollis on self-reports of depression on the Beck Depression Inventory, and self-rated hopelessness on the Hopelessness Scale. The prevalence of psychiatric disorder in the two groups did not differ. The torticollis patients had significantly higher mean scores on the Beck Depression Inventory, but did not differ from the control group in terms of hopelessness. Self-referent negative cognitions such as self-blame, self-accusation, self-punitive thoughts, and negative body-image emerged as the prominent component of depression in torticollis, which has implications for the management of depression in torticollis.
A comparative study of the psychiatric practice of a tantrik healer and a hospital out-patient clinic in the Kathmandu Valley
Authors: Skultans Vieda 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThis paper summarizes the information gathered from healer and hospital patients consulting for mental illness in the Kathmandu Valley. While the tantrik healer appeared to be emulating the hospital in the speed and impersonality with which patients were processed, healer patients appeared to enjoy a greater degree of family support than did hospital patients.
Scoring nonresponse on the Mini-Mental State Examination
Authors: Fillenbaum G. G. , George L. K. , Blazer D. G. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisAlternative procedures for coding nonresponse on the Mini-Mental State Examination (as error or as correct) results in different classification of 13% of a random sample of 1931 subjects aged 60 and over. Comparison of responders' and nonresponders' ability to perform activities of daily living, and examination of the relative difficulty level of omitted items indicates that, in epidemiological surveys, scoring nonresponse as error is more likely to be correct.
Application of survival analysis to the inception of dementia
Authors: Sturt Elizabeth 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe age at onset of dementia of the Alzheimer, Pick or senile type in relatives of probands with early onset dementia was examined using survival analytical techniques applied to data collected by Sjögren et al. (1952). Female relatives were found to have a higher risk of dementia than males, and there was a deficit of affected brothers compared with fathers of probands. In these comparisons due allowance was made for age at the last observation of each relative. Relatives of probable and definite Pick probands had a higher risk than relatives of probable and definite Alzheimer probands, but the difference was not significant and dementia did not occur at an earlier age to the former group.For the relatives as a whole, and for subgroups of relatives, the risk of dementia increased with age, at least up to age 80. It is hypothesized that the pattern of the age-related hazard of dementia is due to the nature of the dementing process; that this slow degenerative process is widespread; and that individual differences in the rate of the process are under the influence of genes. The statistical methods are explained in detail as they have rarely been applied to dementia before, though Chase et al. (1983) have used life tables and survival analysis in testing genetic hypotheses, with an application to Alzheimer's disease.
Abnormal diurnal weight gain among chronically psychotic patients contrasted with acutely psychotic patients and normals
Authors: Vieweg W. V. R. , Godleski L. S. , Mitchell M. , Hundley P. L. , Yank G. R. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisWe found diurnal weight gain to be abnormal among 28 institutionalized chronically psychotic patients. They were weighed daily for 15 days at 7 a.m. and 4 p.m. We normalized the diurnal weight gain (NDWG) as a percentage by subtracting the 7 a.m. weight from the 4 p.m. weight, multiplying the difference by 100, and then dividing the result by the 7 a.m. weight. NDWG was 2·8 ± 1·3% for the 28 study patients, 0·631 ±0·405% for 16 acutely psychotic controls, and 0·511 ±0·351 % for 29 normals. Ninety-three per cent of the study sample had NDWG values above the upper limit of normal. Sex, diagnosis, smoking, baseline weight, blood pressure, and pulse did not explain these observations. NDWG related (N = 28, r = 0·552, P = 0·002) to antipsychotic drug dose. The implications of our findings are discussed.
Psychiatric morbidity in the clients of social workers: clinical outcome
Authors: Huxley Peter , Raval Hitesh , Korer Jacky , Jacob Caroline 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisOut of 141 new referrals to a Social Services Department 101 were assessed at inception and twelve-month follow-up using the Present State Examination (PSE), the Social Maladjustment Schedule (SMS) and the Case Review Form (CRF). Mental illness, financial and housing problems were the three problems most frequently identified by the social workers. At inception 72 (51%) of the subjects were PSE cases (ID > 5) and 25% at follow-up. The type of social work help offered to cases and non-cases did not differ.Social and clinical data collected at inception and follow-up were used to classify (using discriminant function analysis) caseness at inception and follow-up and clinical change. Caseness at inception (82% of subjects were correctly classified) was associated with depression, subjective social problems and poverty. Caseness at follow-up (74% correctly classified) was associated with poor coping abilities at inception and clinical features of depression. Clinical change (worsening) (71% correctly classified) was associated with seeing a Community Psychiatric Nurse and poor coping abilities at inception. The ability to classify correctly cases and change was enhanced when additional data from follow-up interviews were used. In the PSE cases, only clinical worsening was correctly classified by a high GHQ score at inception, age and poor coping abilities. The last result is similar to that obtained in general practice by Mann et al. (1981).
Autobiographical memory. Sensitivity to age and education of a standardized enquiry
Authors: Borrini Giuseppina , Dall'Ora Paola , Sala Sergio Della , Marinelli Laura , Spinnler Hans 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA structured enquiry for assessing autobiographical memory is proposed. It is made up of three standardized time-cued sets of questions focusing on three life periods: adolescence, early and late adulthood, with five questions for each life period. Standardized testing procedure, checking for veracity and scoring methods are described. Normative data from 157 healthy individuals aged over 55 are converted into ‘equivalent scores’ for use with the enquiry and for diagnostic purposes. Education and ageing, but not sex, appear to be significant factors in the efficiency of retrieval from the autobiographic repertoire.
The General Health Questionnaire: a psychometric analysis using latent trait theory
Authors: Andrich David , Schoubroeck Lesley Van 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThis study examines the Likert-style successive integer scoring of Goldberg's (1972, 1978) General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) with a psychometric model in which the thresholds between successive categories within each item can be estimated. The model is particularly appropriate because the scoring of the successive categories, which are not named in the same way across items, by successive integers has received substantial discussion in the literature. Results from 1967 teachers in Western Australia who completed the 30-item form of the GHQ show that the items conform reasonably well to the model at a general or macro-level of analysis. In particular, the original ordering of categories is supported. However, as expected, there are systematic differences between distances among threshold within items and systematic differences among thresholds between items. The differences between positively and negatively orientated items confirm a suggestion in the literature that these two classes of items form sufficiently different scales so that they could be treated as separate, though reasonably correlated, scales.
Demonic possession and mental disorder in medieval and early modern Europe
Authors: Kemp Simon , Williams Kevin 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisWestern European belief in demonic possession as a cause of mental disorder has been traced through the medieval and early modern periods. Generally it appears that the range of disorders attributed to demonic possession has gradually narrowed. In any period, however, there seem to have been marked individual and cultural differences in outlook; some of these differences are still evident today in the survival of belief in demonic possession in pentecostal sects.
Schizophrenic syndromes, cognitive performance and neurological dysfunction
Authors: Liddle Peter F. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisIn a sample of chronic schizophrenic patients, a group of symptoms which included poverty of speech and lack of spontaneous movement was found to be associated with poor performance in tests of conceptual thinking, object naming and long-term memory, and also with cortical neurological signs. A second group of symptoms which included formal thought disorder and inappropriate affect was associated with poor performance in tests of concentration, immediate recall and word learning, and with cortical neurological signs. The findings suggest that these two syndromes are associated with dysfunction at two different sites within the frontal lobes. A third group of symptoms, comprising various delusions and hallucinations, was associated with poor figure-ground perception, and might reflect temporal lobe dysfunction.
The Scale of Emotional Arousability: bridging the gap between the neuroticism construct and its measurement
Authors: Braithwaite V. A. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThis paper outlines and evaluates a newly developed measure of neuroticism, the Scale of Emotional Arousability (SEA). The 15-item scale is economical to use, avoids the consistent pattern of negatively worded items that plagues the neuroticism (N) Scale of the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) and comprises of items that focus specifically on emotional arousability, thereby bringing the measurement of neuroticism in line with Eysenck&s (1967) original conceptualization. The SEA shows every indication of being psychometrically sound and correlates with related constructs in much the same way as the N Scale of the EPI. The SEA is recommended as an alternative to the EPI for research purposes, particularly where there is a need to measure independently such related constructs as neurosis, self-esteem and private self-consciousness.
Perceptual and physiological dysfunction in depression
Authors: Blackburn I. M. , Roxborough H. M. , Muir W. J. , Glabus M. , Blackwood D. H. R. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISP300 responses to emotive words of different hedonic tones were assessed in depressed patients (unipolar major), patients recovered from the same type of depression and normal controls. Depressed patients showed a smaller amplitude of P300 in response to negatively toned words than to positive words; normal controls showed the opposite pattern and recovered patients showed a pattern of response which resembled that of depressed patients. The experimental trials comparing responses to negative and positive stimuli in relation to neutral words showed significant differences for negative as compared with neutral stimuli, but not for positive as compared with neutral stimuli. Latencies of P300 did not differentiate depressed patients from normal controls. The results are discussed within the context of the ‘expectancy’ theory of information processing.
Direct and indirect memory performance in patients with senile dementia
Authors: Partridge Fiona M. , Knight Robert G. , Feehan Michael 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThe performance of patients with a presumptive clinical diagnosis of Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type was compared to that of a group of normal elderly on several memory and neuropsychological tasks. The patients were impaired on tasks of free and cued recall, but exhibited normal performance on a word-completion procedure similar to that used by Graf et al. (1984). Reasons for the discrepancy between these findings and those from related research which reports impairment of word completion in patients with Alzheimer's Disease are discussed. Of particular interest is the role the orientating task plays in word-completion performance.
The effect of aircraft noise on the mental health of a community sample: a pilot study
Authors: Tarnopolsky A. , Barker S. M. , Wiggins R. D. , McLean E. K. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISResults of the investigation of a sample of size N = 200, half of whom live in the vicinity of a main airport, are reported. Three health indicators were examined: (1) annoyance reactions measured with a scale which did not include symptoms; (2) a symptom score, obtained with a screening instrument which identifies possible psychiatric cases; and (3) confirmed psychiatric cases identified with a traditional diagnosis after an interview by a psychiatrist. Noise was undoubtedly associated with annoyance. An association between noise and psychiatric measures was only present in a subgroup of respondents of high education. There was a marked association between annoyance and psychiatric measures. An attempt was made to clarify the nature of this relationship. Hypersensitivity to noise was associated with a high frequency of psychiatric symptoms and should be considered among the high risk factors for psychiatric illness.
The behavioural actions of the hypothalamic peptides: a review
Authors: Donovan B. T. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISRecent work has shown that the hypothalamic peptides commonly associated with the control of pituitary function have important behavioural actions of possible psychiatric significance. Thus, vasopressin, ACTH and like peptides may influence memory processes, and ACTH and MSH given intracranially induce a peculiar stretching and yawning syndrome accompanied by penile erection and ejaculation. Thyrotrophic hormone-releasing factor potentiates behavioural excitation, somatostatin is depressive, while luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone facilitates sexual behaviour and the newly identified endorphins are markedly opioid in character. These and other activities of the hypothalamic peptides are reviewed and assessed alongside the clinical information available.
Ethnic factors in voluntary and compulsory admissions
Authors: Owens D. , Harrison G. , Boot D. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISSocio-demographic and clinical aspects of compulsory and informal admissions to general adult psychiatry wards over a two-year period are compared. In addition, Afro-Caribbean patients are compared with white UK-born patients. Relative rates of admission are examined. The study confirms other reports of greater than expected compulsory admissions of Afro-Caribbean patients and pays particular attention to the circumstances preceding compulsory entry to hospital and the persons and agencies involved in that process.