bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Western flower thrips resistance to insecticides: detection, mechanisms and management strategies
Authors: Gao Yulin , Lei Zhongren , Reitz Stuart R 
Published: February 2012

AbstractInsecticide resistance continues to be one of the most important issues facing agricultural production. The challenges in insecticide resistance and its management are exemplified by the situation with the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). This highly invasive pest has a great propensity for developing insecticide resistance because of its biological attributes, and cases of resistance to most classes of insecticides used for its management have been detected. To combat insecticide resistance in the western flower thrips, several insecticide resistance management (IRM) programs have been developed around the world, and these are discussed. Successful programs rely on non‐insecticidal tactics, such as biological and cultural controls and host plant resistance, to reduce population pressures, rotations among insecticides of different mode of action classes to conserve insecticide efficacy, resistance monitoring, sampling to determine the need for insecticide applications and education to assure proper implementation. More judicious insecticide use is possible with the development of well‐founded economic thresholds for more cropping systems. While growers will continue to rely on insecticides as part of western‐flower‐thrips‐ and thrips‐transmitted virus management, more effective management of these pests will be achieved by considering their management in the context of overall integrated pest management, with IRM being a key component of those comprehensive programs. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Enhancement of two‐dimensional electron gases in AlGaN‐channel high‐electron‐mobility transistors with AlN barrier layers
Authors: Hashimoto Shin , Akita Katsushi , Yamamoto Yoshiyuki , Ueno Masaki , Nakamura Takao , Takeda Kenichiro , Iwaya Motoaki , Honda Yoshio , Amano Hiroshi 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWe have demonstrated a high sheet carrier concentration in AlGaN‐channel high‐electron‐mobility transistors (HEMTs) with AlN barrier layer. We investigate the epitaxial structure of these HEMTs by X‐ray diffraction and reveal that the partial lattice relaxation occurs in the Al0.51GaN‐channel layers on the AlN buffer layers, and that the AlN barrier layer was coherently grown on the AlGaN channel layer. The sheet carrier concentration due to two‐dimensional electron gases of the AlN/Al0.51GaN HEMT is 2.8 × 1013 cm−2, which is enhanced owing to the use of AlN as the barrier layer. This value of the sheet carrier concentration agrees with the calculated value based on the model of partial lattice relaxation in AlGaN channel layer.
Effect of H2O2 in passivation of n‐ and p‐type 4H‐SiC surfaces
Authors: Palmieri Rodrigo , Radtke Cláudio , Boudinov Henri , da Silva Jr Eronides F. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractSilicon carbide (SiC) presents many advantageous properties for electronic devices designed to work under extreme conditions such as high‐temperature (300–600 °C), high‐frequency, and high‐power. In addition, the formation of an insulating oxide layer (SiO2) by thermal oxidation is an attractive property for the microelectronics industry. Nevertheless, large densities of interface states (Dit) at the SiO2/SiC interface degrade electrical properties of the resulting structure. Such states are responsible for undesirable effects which hamper the development of SiC‐based devices. These electrically active defects are partially assigned to compounds named silicon oxycarbides (SiCxOy), that must be passivated. In this work, SiO2 was thermally grow on n‐ and p‐type 4H‐SiC using O2 flux bubbled on hot hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which is a strong oxidizing agent, and acts in SiC surface converting SiCxOy in SiO2. Resulting structures were electrically characterized, and differences in Dit among n‐ and p‐type 4H‐SiC substrates were observed. To verify the H2O2 effects on SiC surface composition, oxidations of SiC using 18O as a marker were performed, followed by thermal treatment with H2O2. Samples underwent probing by nuclear reaction analysis and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Results shown a reduction in silicon oxycarbides induced by H2O2. Electrical and physico‐chemical data were related in order to explain differences among n‐ and p‐type samples.
An evaluation of methods for testing hypotheses relating to two endpoints in a single clinical trial
Authors: Su Ting‐Li , Glimm Ekkehard , Whitehead John , Branson Mike 
Published: February 2012

The issues and dangers involved in testing multiple hypotheses are well recognised within the pharmaceutical industry. In reporting clinical trials, strenuous efforts are taken to avoid the inflation of type I error, with procedures such as the Bonferroni adjustment and its many elaborations and refinements being widely employed. Typically, such methods are conservative. They tend to be accurate if the multiple test statistics involved are mutually independent and achieve less than the type I error rate specified if these statistics are positively correlated. An alternative approach is to estimate the correlations between the test statistics and to perform a test that is conditional on those estimates being the true correlations.In this paper, we begin by assuming that test statistics are normally distributed and that their correlations are known. Under these circumstances, we explore several approaches to multiple testing, adapt them so that type I error is preserved exactly and then compare their powers over a range of true parameter values. For simplicity, the explorations are confined to the bivariate case. Having described the relative strengths and weaknesses of the approaches under study, we use simulation to assess the accuracy of the approximate theory developed when the correlations are estimated from the study data rather than being known in advance and when data are binary so that test statistics are only approximately normally distributed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐supervised learning to visually detect terrain surfaces for autonomous robots operating in forested terrain
Authors: Zhou Shengyan , Xi Junqiang , McDaniel Matthew W. , Nishihata Takayuki , Salesses Phil , Iagnemma Karl 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAutonomous robotic navigation in forested environments is difficult because of the highly variable appearance and geometric properties of the terrain. In most navigation systems, researchers assume a priori knowledge of the terrain appearance properties, geometric properties, or both. In forest environments, vegetation such as trees, shrubs, and bushes has appearance and geometric properties that vary with change of seasons, vegetation age, and vegetation species. In addition, in forested environments the terrain surface is often rough, sloped, and/or covered with a surface layer of grass, vegetation, or snow. The complexity of the forest environment presents difficult challenges for autonomous navigation systems. In this paper, a self‐supervised sensing approach is introduced that attempts to robustly identify a drivable terrain surface for robots operating in forested terrain. The sensing system employs both LIDAR and vision sensor data. There are three main stages in the system: feature learning, feature training, and terrain prediction. In the feature learning stage, 3D range points from LIDAR are analyzed to obtain an estimate of the ground surface location. In the feature training stage, the ground surface estimate is used to train a visual classifier to discriminate between ground and nonground regions of the image. In the prediction stage, the ground surface location can be estimated at high frequency solely from vision sensor data. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Context‐aware usage control for web of things
Authors: Bai Guangdong , Yan Lin , Gu Liang , Guo Yao , Chen Xiangqun 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTThe Web of Things (WoT), inherited from the Internet of Things (IoT), encapsulates functionalities into publishable services on the Web to enable the IoT a seamless integration with the Web. The openness of the Web, in turn, directly exposes WoT to existing attacks from the Web. In addition, WoT possesses characteristics of high security and privacy concerns, mobility, and limited capabilities, which require specific and additional security and privacy protection beyond existing mechanisms. More importantly, WoT is inherently connected to its context, so context information must be taken into account in its security and privacy measures.To address these challenges, we propose a context‐aware usage control model (ConUCON), which leverages the context information to enhance data, resource, and service protection for WoT. On the basis of ConUCON, we also design and implement a context‐aware usage control framework on the middleware layer in our ongoing SmartHome project, to provide security and privacy protection. ConUCON is designed specifically to express the context‐aware usage policy specification, such that security and privacy requirements can be easily specified and enforced with the proposed model and framework. Finally, we apply ConUCON to a remote appliance management prototype, as a case study, to demonstrates its feasibility in a real environment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toxicity and Cellular Uptake of Gold Nanorods in Vascular Endothelium and Smooth Muscles of Isolated Rat Blood Vessel: Importance of Surface Modification
Authors: Alkilany Alaaldin M. , Shatanawi Alia , Kurtz Timothy , Caldwell Ruth B. , Caldwell R. William 
Published: February 2012

AbstractGold nanorods (GNRs) have promising applications in drug delivery and cancer treatment and are generally administered via direct injection into the circulation. Thus it is necessary to evaluate their potential adverse effects on blood vessels. Herein, GNRs with various surface modifications are used to evaluate the toxicity and cellular uptake of GNRs into vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells of isolated rat aortic rings. Surfactant‐capped GNRs are synthesized and either coated with polyelectrolyte (PE) to prepare PE‐GNRs, or modified with thiolated polyethylene glycol (PEG) to prepare PEG‐GNRs. Using toxicity assays, small‐vessel myography, fluorescence microscopy, and electron microscopy, it is shown that therapeutic concentrations of PE‐GNRs but not PEG‐GNRs are toxic to the vascular endothelium, which leads to an impaired relaxation function of aortic rings. However, no toxicity to smooth muscles is observed. Moreover, electron microscopy analysis confirms the cellular uptake of PE‐GNRs but not PEG‐GNRs into the endothelium of exposed aortic rings. The difference in toxicity and cellular uptake of PE‐GNRs versus PEG‐GNRs is explained and linked to free surfactant molecules and protein adsorption, respectively. The results indicate that toxicity and cellular uptake in the vascular endothelium in blood vessels are potential adverse effects of systemically administered GNR solutions, which can be prevented by appropriate surface functionalization.
Interactions of Gold Nanoparticles with the Interior of Hollow Graphitized Carbon Nanofibers
Authors: La Torre Alessandro , Fay Michael W. , Rance Graham A. , del Carmen Gimenez‐Lopez Maria , Solomonsz William A. , Brown Paul D. , Khlobystov Andrei N. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractInteractions of free‐standing gold nanoparticles and hollow graphitized nanofibers in colloidal suspension are investigated, revealing the first example of the controlled arrangement of nanoparticles inside nano‐containers, as directed by their internal structure. The ordering is highly effective for small gold nanoparticles whose sizes are commensurate with the height of graphitic step‐edges in the graphitized carbon nanofibers and is less effective for larger gold nanoparticles. Studies aimed at understanding the role of the organic‐solvent surface tension, employed for the filling experiments, demonstrate that gold nanoparticles become preferentially anchored into the hollow graphitized carbon nanofibers under a mixture of pentane/CO2 in supercritical conditions. It is shown that a three‐step cleaning procedure enables effective removal of gold nanoparticles adsorbed on the exterior surface of graphitized carbon nanofibers, while ordered arrays of encapsulated nanoparticles are retained.
A Novel Process Control Model for Extracting Vanadium Semi‐Steel in Basic Oxygen Furnace Based on Steelmaking Mechanism
Authors: Chen Kai , Zheng Zhong , Gao Xiaoqiang 
Published: February 2012

AbstractA novel process control model for basic oxygen furnace (BOF) steelmaking is proposed based on metallurgy mechanism, with lower contents of carbon, manganese, silicon, and lower temperature in semi‐steel after extracting vanadium. According to mass balance and heat balance, a static control model is built up, with slagging model, temperature model, and oxygen supply model. When actual amount of oxygen supply reaches 85% of theoretical value calculated by static model, quasi‐dynamic control model is activated to predict carbon and temperature in later period of steelmaking. A steelmaking process control system for semi‐steel smelting on 120 tonne BOF is developed in a steelmaking plant in China. Based on test of three steel grades, this model acts a guide for BOF steelmaking with semi‐steel, not only providing tactic, but also pointing out a feasible method for BOF process control without sub‐lance or off‐gas analyzer.
Sigma‐1 receptor chaperones regulate the secretion of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor
Authors: Fujimoto Michiko , Hayashi Teruo , Urfer Roman , Mita Shiro , Su Tsung‐Ping 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe sigma‐1 receptor (Sig‐1R) is a novel endoplasmic reticulum (ER) molecular chaperone that regulates protein folding and degradation. The Sig‐1R activation by agonists is known to improve memory, promote cell survival, and exert an antidepressant‐like action in animals. Cutamesine (SA4503), a selective Sig‐1R ligand, was shown to increase BDNF in the hippocampus of rats. How exactly the intracellular chaperone Sig‐1R or associated ligand causes the increase of BDNF or any other neurotrophins is unknown. We examined here whether the action of Sig‐1Rs may relate to the post‐translational processing and release of BDNF in neuroblastoma cell lines. We used in vitro assays and confirmed that cutamesine possesses the bona fide Sig‐1R agonist property by causing the dissociation of BiP from Sig‐1Rs. The C‐terminus of Sig‐1Rs exerted robust chaperone activity by completely blocking the aggregation of BDNF and GDNF in vitro. Chronic treatment with cutamesine in rat B104 neuroblastoma caused a time‐ and dose‐dependent potentiation of the secretion of BDNF without affecting the mRNA level of BDNF. Cutamesine decreased the intracellular level of pro‐BDNF and mature BDNF whereas increased the extracellular level of mature BDNF. The pulse‐chase experiment indicated that the knockdown of Sig‐1Rs decreased the secreted mature BDNF in B104 cells without affecting the synthesis of BDNF. Our findings indicate that, in contrast to clinically used antidepressants that promote the transcriptional upregulation of BDNF, the Sig‐1R agonist cutamesine potentiates the post‐translational processing of neurotrophins. This unique pharmacological profile may provide a novel therapeutic opportunity for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Synapse, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Proposing the hexagrid system as a new structural system for tall buildings
Authors: Mashhadiali Niloufar , Kheyroddin Ali 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYIn order to improve the efficiency of tube‐type structures in tall buildings, a new structural system, called hexagrid, is introduced in this paper. In comparison with diagrid system, it consists of multiple hexagonal grids on the face of the building. In this research, a set of structures using diagrid system having four various diagonal angles and hexagrid system were designed on a strength and stiffness‐based approach for buildings with 30, 50, 70 and 90 stories to withstand wind load. The impact of different geometric configurations of structural members on the maximum lateral displacement and architectural performance in both diagrid and hexagrid systems is compared. The stiffness sensitivity using a similar interior bracing system in both systems is also discussed. In this study, the seismic performance of a 30‐story diagrid structure and a hexagrid structure was evaluated using nonlinear static and dynamic analyses. According to the results, the hexagrid system has a better architectural view and more ductility and stiffness sensitivity, which are about three times than that of the diagrid system. And finally, in comparison with the diagrid system, the hexagrid system has enough potential to push the height limit. The guidelines discussed here are for architectural and structural engineers to improve freehand design. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
aMC@NLO predictions for Wjj production at the Tevatron
Authors: Frederix Rikkert , Frixione Stefano , Hirschi Valentin , Maltoni Fabio , Pittau Roberto , Torrielli Paolo 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWe use aMC@NLO to predict theℓν + 2-jet cross section at the NLO accuracy in QCD matched to parton shower simulations. We find that the perturbative expansion is well behaved for all the observables we study, and in particular for those relevant to the experimental analyses. We therefore conclude that NLO corrections to this process cannot be responsible for the excess of events in the dijet invariant mass observed by the CDF collaboration.
Biodiesel/Diesel Blends Classification with Respect to Base Oil Using NIR Spectrometry and Chemometrics Tools
Authors: Silva Gildo W. B. , Gomes Adriano A. , da Silva Priscila , Costa Gean B. , Fernandes David Douglas Sousa , Fontes Marcelo M. , Veras Germano 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIn this work, rapid and non‐destructive methodology is proposed for screening of biodiesel/diesel blends with respect to the base oil, using near infrared spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis, since for both pure biodiesel and blends, the biodiesel/diesel are targets for tampering. Blends of diesel with cotton, sunflower and soybean oils were employed in this study. Two approaches were evaluated in the building of the classification model, using full‐spectrum Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogy (SIMCA), and Principal Component Analysis–Linear Discriminant Analysis (PCA–LDA). The other approaches were the use of variable selection employing Genetic Algorithm (GA), Successive Projection Algorithm (SPA) and Stepwise all coupled with the LDA model. The results showed which preprocessed NIR spectra and chemometrics are a viable alternative the conventional methods that involve the consumption of large volumes of reagents. Multivariate data analysis methods using selected variables showed a better performance than the methods using a full spectrum.
GOVERNMENT AS INVESTOR: TAX POLICY AND THE STATE
Authors: Macey Jonathan R. 
Published: February 2012

This article analogizes the state, in its role as tax collector, to
that of an investor, or to be more precise, that of a residual claimant on
the earnings of all of the people and firms subject to the taxing power of
the state. The relationship between modern democracy and its citizens
would be strengthened if this analogy were more widely acknowledged
because it recognizes citizen-taxpayers as contracting partners with the
state. Unlike other libertarian conceptions of the state's taxing
authority, the framework developed here does not jeopardize the state's
ability to collect the revenues it needs to provide for the protections of
its citizens.The state-as-investor framework developed in this Article leads to a
number of tax policy improvements. The framework suggests limits on the
government's ability to change people's tax status after they have already
embarked on careers and made the sunken, non-diversifiable investments in
human capital that such career training requires. The framework advanced
here also suggests that people should be able to make a once-in-a lifetime
payment in lieu of taxes to the state in order to discharge their tax
liability. This approach articulated here also seems superior to the
utopian suggestion offered by Ayn Rand that taxation be voluntary, as well
as to the unrealistic suggestion made by Nozick that income taxes are
violative of man's natural rights.
Transportation-Related Injuries and Fatalities among Emergency Medical Technicans and Paramedics
Authors: Maguire Brian J. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIntroduction: This is the first study using national data to evaluate transportation risks among emergency medical technicians (EMTs) and paramedics (to be referred to hereafter as “EMTs”) in the United States.Hypothesis: This epidemiological study compares the transportation risks for EMTs to the transportation risks for all workers in the US.Methods: The rates, relative risks, and proportions associated with the 1,050 injury cases with lost work days, and 30 fatalities resulting from transportation incidents occurring to EMTs in the US between 2006 and 2008 are described.Results: The risk of transportation-related injury for EMTs in the US is about five times higher than the national average. Females were the victims in 53% of the cases yet females only accounted for about 27% of employment in this occupation. Twenty percent of cases resulted in 31 or more lost work days. There were 30 transportation related fatalities.Conclusions: The US national EMS system is built on the premise of having an unlimited supply of 20 year olds interested in, and dedicated to, the provision of EMS care. Not only do we not have an unlimited supply of 20 year olds, we may be rapidly losing our current workforce through clearly preventable risks such as transportation incidents.Emergency medical services workers face a rate of occupational injury that is much higher than the national average and transportation-related events are a significant component of that risk. Resources must be devoted to further research, and to the development and evaluation of interventions designed to mitigate these transportation-related hazards.
The “Trauma Signature:” Understanding the Psychological Consequences of the 2010 Haiti Earthquake
Authors: Shultz James M. , Marcelin Louis Herns , Madanes Sharon B. , Espinel Zelde , Neria Yuval 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe 2010 Haiti earthquake was one of the most catastrophic episodes in history, leaving 5% of the nation’s population killed or injured, and 19% internally displaced. The distinctive combination of earthquake hazards and vulnerabilities, extreme loss of life, and paralyzing damage to infrastructure, predicts population-wide psychological distress, debilitating psychopathology, and pervasive traumatic grief. However, mental health was not referenced in the national recovery plan. The limited MHPSS services provided in the first eight months generally lacked coordination and empirical basis.There is a need to customize and coordinate disaster mental health assessments, interventions, and prevention efforts around the novel stressors and consequences of each traumatic event. An analysis of the key features of the 2010 Haiti earthquake was conducted, defining its “Trauma Signature” based on a synthesis of early disaster situation reports to identify the unique assortment of risk factors for post-disaster mental health consequences. This assessment suggests that multiple psychological risk factors were prominent features of the earthquake in Haiti. For rapid-onset disasters, Trauma Signature (TSIG) analysis can be performed during the post-impact/pre-deployment phase to target the MHPSS response in a manner that is evidence-based and tailored to the event-specific exposures and experiences of disaster survivors. Formalization of tools to perform TSIG analysis is needed to enhance the timeliness and accuracy of these assessments and to extend this approach to human-generated disasters and humanitarian crises.