bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MARGINS AND MONSTERS: HOW SOME MICRO CASES LEAD TO MACRO CLAIMS1
Authors: CHIN CHUANFEI 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTHow do micro cases lead us to surprising macro claims? Historians often say that the micro level casts light on the macro level. This metaphor of “casting light” suggests that the micro does not illuminate the macro straightforwardly; such light needs to be interpreted. In this essay, I propose and clarify six interpretive norms to guide micro‐to‐macro inferences.I focus on marginal groups and monsters. These are popular cases in social and cultural histories, and yet seem to be unpromising candidates for generalization. Marginal groups are dismissed by the majority as inferior or ill‐fitting; their lives seem intelligible but negligible. Monsters, on the other hand, are somehow incomprehensible to society and treated as such. First, I show that, by looking at how a society identifies a marginal group and interacts with it, we can draw surprising inferences about that society's self‐image and situation. By making sense of a monster's life, we can draw inferences about its society's mentality and intelligibility. These will contest our conception of a macro claim. Second, I identify four risks in making such inferences — and clarify how norms of coherence, challenge, restraint, connection, provocation, and contextualization can manage those risks.My strategy is to analyze two case studies, by Richard Cobb, about a band of violent bandits and a semi‐literate provincial terrorist in revolutionary France. Published in 1972, these studies show Cobb to be an inventive and idiosyncratic historian, who created new angles for studying the micro level and complicated them with his autobiography. They illustrate how a historian's autobiographical, literary, and historiographical interests can mix into a risky, and often rewarding, style.
UNCERTAINTY AND THE HISTORY OF IDEAS
Authors: BLAU ADRIAN 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTIntellectual historians often make empirical claims, but can never know for certain if these claims are right. Uncertainty is thus inevitable for intellectual historians. But accepting uncertainty is not enough: we should also act on it, by trying to reduce and report it. We can reduce uncertainty by amassing valid data from different sources to weigh the strengths and weaknesses of competing explanations, rather than trying to “prove” an empirical claim by looking for evidence that fits it. Then we should report our degree of certainty in our claims. When we answer empirical questions in intellectual history, we are not telling our readers what happened: we are telling them how strong we think our evidence is—a crucial shift of emphasis. For intellectual historians, then, uncertainty is subjective, as discussed by Keynes and Collingwood; the paper thus explores three differences between subjective and objective uncertainty. Having outlined the theoretical basis of uncertainty, the paper then offers examples from actual research: Noel Malcolm's work shows how to reduce and report uncertainty about composition, and David Wootton's work shows how to reduce and report uncertainty about beliefs.
Employer attitudes towards social insurance compliance in Shanghai, China
Authors: Nyland Chris , Thomson S. Bruce , Zhu Cherrie J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractManaging employer social insurance compliance is a particularly difficult governance challenge in emerging economies that have weak regulatory regimes. Utilizing qualitative evidence from eight case studies conducted in Shanghai, the People's Republic of China, this article details how employers respond to attempts by the State to manage social insurance behaviour. Five concerns arose from employers' perceptions and responses to the established policies and regulatory structures: construction of an effective policy, level playing field, cost control, firm reputation, and recruitment and retention. Further, the findings indicate that there are three enterprise features that could affect compliance behaviour: risk factors, skill composition of the workforce, and form of ownership. It was anticipated that firm size may affect compliance behaviour, but no clear pattern emerged.
Computational modeling of epilepsy
Authors: Case Marianne , Soltesz Ivan 
Published: October 2011

SummaryWith the rapid rise in our knowledge about the structural and functional properties of neuronal microcircuits and the exponentially increasing power of computers, it has become possible to closely integrate experimental findings with large‐scale, anatomically and biophysically realistic computational simulations of control and epileptic neuronal networks with unprecedented precision and predictive power. In this paper, we discuss the biological basis of model development, and outline specific applications, including exciting new computational and experimental results concerning the roles of aberrant hyperconnected hub‐like neurons in seizures.
Classification of EEG patterns in patients with impaired consciousness
Authors: Hirsch Lawrence J. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryThere is significant variability and controversy regarding the interpretation, nomenclature, and clinical implications of many EEG patterns seen in encephalopathic patients. The American Clinical Neurophysiology Society has attempted to create well‐defined, objective rules for naming these patterns in order to allow scientific investigation into their significance. After many revisions, clarifications in definitions, and Web‐based training modules, interrater reliability has improved. A perfect system for describing complex wave forms with words will never be perfect; scalp EEG itself has substantial limitations, as intracranial recordings in neurocritical care patients have shown. The latest version of the nomenclature is available at http://www.acns.org.
Cellular mechanisms underlying EEG waveforms during coma
Authors: Amzica Florin , Kroeger Daniel 
Published: October 2011

SummaryThis paper describes the various electroencephalographic (EEG) patterns expressed by the comatose brain, starting with the sleep‐like oscillations associated with light coma. Deeper coma generally displays a burst‐suppression pattern characterized by alternating episodes of isoelectric (flat) EEG and bursting slow waves. The latter are the result of cortical hyperexcitability, as demonstrated by intracellular recordings in anesthetized animals. Further deepening of the coma yields to continuous isoelectric EEG and eventually results in a newly discovered type of spiky waves that have been termed ν‐complexes. They originate in the hippocampus as a result of intrinsically generated oscillations (ripples) in the delta range.
Canine status epilepticus: A translational platform for human therapeutic trials
Authors: Leppik Ilo E. , Patterson Edward N. , Coles Lisa D. , Craft Elise M. , Cloyd James C. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryCurrent treatment of human status epilepticus (SE) relies on drugs developed for chronic treatment of epilepsy. Many potent compounds have been discovered in animal models of SE. But they may never be useful for chronic treatment of epilepsy and thus not available for human use. Naturally occurring canine SE may become a translational platform for evaluating these compounds for eventual use in human trials. A pilot study of levetiracetam in canine SE demonstrated a 56% response rate compared to 10% for placebo. Based on these results we have obtained an NIH R‐21 to further evaluate canine SE as a translational platform for developing new approaches for treating human SE.
The effect of abutment dis/reconnections on peri‐implant bone resorption: A radiologic study of platform‐switched and non‐platform‐switched implants placed in animals
Authors: Rodríguez Xavier , Vela Xavier , Méndez Víctor , Segalà Maribel , Calvo‐Guirado Jose L. , Tarnow Dennis P. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectives:The purpose of this animal study was to radiologically measure the influence of abutment disconnection on bone resorption and to compare this influence on platform‐switched vs. non‐platform‐switched implants.Methods:The study design included extraction of all mandibular premolars in five canines . After 2 months, six implants were placed in each dog. Four of them were platform‐switched (PS) implants and two were non‐platform‐switched (NPS) implants. Some or all of the abutments connected to the implants were disconnected at pre‐ordained post‐surgical intervals. Radiographs were taken at the time of implant placement and at every handling. The values for mesial (horizontal and vertical) and distal (horizontal and vertical) bone resorption were taken and compared for each implant at every abutment dis/reconnection.Results:The average vertical bone resorption around NPS implants after four dis/reconnections was 1.09 mm (SD 0.25 mm), and the average horizontal bone resorption was 0.98 mm (SD 0.27 mm). The average vertical bone resorption around PS implants after four dis/reconnections was 0.24 mm, (SD 0.08 mm) and the average horizontal bone resorption was 0.24 mm (SD 0.13 mm). The difference of the average horizontal and vertical bone resorption around NPS (site D) and PS (site A) implants was statically significant (P < 0.05). The average mesial and distal bone resorption values around PS (site A) implant adjacent to a tooth were compared, and statically significant differences were found (P < 0.05).Conclusions:Implants with a PS design show less peri‐implant bone resorption during the healing process and as their abutments are disconnected, than do comparably dis/reconnected NPS implants. The location of the PS implant next to a tooth may decrease radiographically visible peri‐implant bone resorption significantly.
What Does Premature Ejaculation Mean to the Man, the Woman, and the Couple?
Authors: Graziottin Alessandra , Althof Stanley 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The relational impact of male and female sexual dysfunction, and specifically premature ejaculation (PE), is an important consideration. Published findings are consistent in identifying the negative psychosocial impact of PE on the man. However, the effect of PE on the female partner, especially in relation to her sexual functioning, has been less well studied.

Aim
Provide an overview of the impact of PE on the man, the woman, and the couple.

Methods
Review of relevant literature.

Results
Female partners of men with PE report significantly greater sexual problems, with reduced satisfaction, increased distress and interpersonal difficulty, and more orgasmic problems than partners of non-PE men. Both men with PE and their partners feel control over ejaculation is the central issue in PE. For both, the lack of control leads to dissatisfaction, a feeling that something is missing from the relationship, and an impaired sense of intimacy. If left untreated, the situation can lead to increased irritability, interpersonal difficulties, and deepening of an emotional divide.

Conclusions
When treating a man with PE, the partner's participation should be encouraged to enable the physician to fully understand the extent of the problem, and consider other relevant factors, from her perspective. Identifying the best approach for the couple requires consultation with each person individually and together. In clinical practice, treatments for PE are likely to include a combination of pharmacological, psychological, sexological, and/or behavioral approaches for both the man and his partner. It is important that physicians regard PE as the couple's problem and endeavor to include the partner in its management where possible.
THE EFFECT OF pH ON THE EFFICIENCY OF VINIFICATION BY‐PRODUCT EXTRACTS TO INHIBIT LIPID PEROXIDATION IN A LECITHIN LIPOSOME MODEL MATRIX
Authors: KARVELA EVANGELIA , MAKRIS DIMITRIS P. , KALOGEROPOULOS NICK , KARATHANOS VAIOS T. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTA series of extracts from vinification by‐products, generated under specified, optimal conditions, were tested for their efficiency to inhibit lipid peroxidation in lecithin liposomes at various pH values. Lipid peroxidation was assessed by measuring the kinetics of CDV onset, which over a period of 6 days was found to obey zero‐order kinetics. As positive control samples the synthetic antioxidant, butylated hydroxytoluene and the natural quercetin were also considered. The results obtained showed that the most distinct inhibition as compared with control sample (no antioxidant added) was found upon addition of grape stem extract from the variety Vitis vinifera var. Moschofilero at pH 8, with the kinetics constant (k) being 6.6 × 10−2 CDV/d. By contrast, seed extract from the same variety at pH 2 was prominently prooxidant, with k = 50.7 × 10−2 CDV/d. Extracts from both stems and seeds exhibited large variations as a function of pH, with stem extracts being in general more efficient than seed extracts, but no consistent trend in response to pH was observed. This outcome clearly pointed to efficiency dependence upon both the composition of the extracts and pH.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSBecause the use of antioxidants in food industry is indispensable, the study of the efficiency of certain widely used plant extracts possessing antioxidant properties becomes imminent. This is because the deployment of natural antioxidants in food matrices has often been accompanied by major discrepancies concerning their efficiency to shield against rancidity. Thus, revealing details on the antioxidant behavior of natural extracts with regard to significant food characteristics, such as pH, is of undisputed importance in utilizing these extracts in a technologically rational way. The results from this study showed that extracts from vinification by‐products, and presumably other extracts from various plant sources, might have variable behavior with regard to inhibiting and/or promoting lipid peroxidation. As this might depend on the pH of the matrix used or other intrinsic factors, the antioxidant potency of a particular extract can be reliably assessed only by case experimentation.
HEAT SHOCK REDUCES BOTH CHILLING INJURY AND THE OVERPRODUCTION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES IN YELLOW PITAYA (HYLOCEREUS MEGALANTHUS) FRUITS
Authors: NARVÁEZ‐CUENCA CARLOS‐EDUARDO , ESPINAL‐RUIZ MAURICIO , RESTREPO‐SÁNCHEZ LUZ‐PATRICIA 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTYellow pitaya fruits were heat‐shocked (25C/24 h), stored at 2C for 14 days and then held for 13 days at 18C. Chilling injury (CI), respiration rate, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion radical (O2•‐) and lipid peroxidation product (LPP) levels were measured. Pitting and browning were detected in the control fruit when moving from 2 to 18C. Minor CI symptoms were found in the treated fruit. There was a rapid increase in the levels of H2O2, O2•‐ and LPP in the control fruits when moved to 18C. At the end of the storage, the levels of these compounds were 4.5‐, 4.9‐ and 6.2‐fold higher, respectively, in the control than in the treated fruit. The results suggest that the reactive oxygen species levels in the heat‐shocked fruit were adequate for normal ripening, while the levels in the control group were excessively high, inducing CI symptoms.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSRefrigeration is a technique that can be used to extend shelf life of yellow pitaya fruit. Nevertheless, these fruits are susceptible to chilling injury. This research was developed to study the effect of heat shock treatment on the preservation of whole yellow pitaya fruit during refrigeration. Preheating fruit at 25C for 24 h before storage at 2C for 14 days prevented chilling injury during shelf life at 18C. Thus, the combination of heat shock and refrigeration delays the senescence of yellow pitaya fruit and therefore improves its shelf life. Furthermore, this treatment could be useful during quarantine treatments of fruit fly‐infested fruit.
Comparison of Photosynthetic Components of Wheat Genotypes Under Rain‐fed and Irrigated Conditions
Authors: Khamssi Nahid Niari , Najaphy Abdollah 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe major environmental factor limiting the range of adaptation for wheat is drought. Fourteen wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) were grown under two environments (irrigated and rain fed) to determine physiological and photosynthetic responses to drought. Combined analysis of variance of the data showed that the environment was a significant source of variation for leaf chlorophyll content (LCC), stomatal conductance (gs) and grain yield (GY). Wheat genotypes differed significantly for LCC, gs and GY. All the measured traits under water‐stress conditions except maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) were lower than those under nonstress conditions. Mean GY in rain‐fed conditions was 11.26% lower than that in irrigated conditions. The genotypes number 13 (Marvdasht) and 8 (M‐81‐13) exhibited the highest GY per unit area in both irrigation and rain‐fed conditions. It was concluded that the higher LCC and gs under drought‐stress conditions could possibly be the proper criteria for screening the drought‐tolerant wheat genotypes under field conditions.
Effects of sample size, number of markers, and allelic richness on the detection of spatial genetic pattern
Authors: LANDGUTH ERIN L. , FEDY BRADLEY C. , OYLER‐McCANCE SARA J. , GAREY ANDREW L. , EMEL SARAH L. , MUMMA MATTHEW , WAGNER HELENE H. , FORTIN MARIE‐JOSÉE , CUSHMAN SAMUEL A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe influence of study design on the ability to detect the effects of landscape pattern on gene flow is one of the most pressing methodological gaps in landscape genetic research. To investigate the effect of study design on landscape genetics inference, we used a spatially‐explicit, individual‐based program to simulate gene flow in a spatially continuous population inhabiting a landscape with gradual spatial changes in resistance to movement. We simulated a wide range of combinations of number of loci, number of alleles per locus and number of individuals sampled from the population. We assessed how these three aspects of study design influenced the statistical power to successfully identify the generating process among competing hypotheses of isolation‐by‐distance, isolation‐by‐barrier, and isolation‐by‐landscape resistance using a causal modelling approach with partial Mantel tests. We modelled the statistical power to identify the generating process as a response surface for equilibrium and non‐equilibrium conditions after introduction of isolation‐by‐landscape resistance. All three variables (loci, alleles and sampled individuals) affect the power of causal modelling, but to different degrees. Stronger partial Mantel r correlations between landscape distances and genetic distances were found when more loci were used and when loci were more variable, which makes comparisons of effect size between studies difficult. Number of individuals did not affect the accuracy through mean equilibrium partial Mantel r, but larger samples decreased the uncertainty (increasing the precision) of equilibrium partial Mantel r estimates. We conclude that amplifying more (and more variable) loci is likely to increase the power of landscape genetic inferences more than increasing number of individuals.
Correlation between different genotypes of human cytomegalovirus and Epstein‐Barr virus and peri‐implant tissue status
Authors: Jankovic S , Aleksic Z , Dimitrijevic B , Lekovic V , Milinkovic I , Kenney B 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackground:  The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of different genotypes of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) in peri‐implantitis and mucositis sites, and to evaluate the correlation between herpesvirus presence and clinical parameters.Methods:  A total of 80 dental implants (mean time of loading, 4.16 ± 1.8 years) were evaluated during the course of the study (30 peri‐implantitis, 25 mucositis and 25 healthy peri‐implant sites). The following clinical parameters were assessed: visible plaque index, bleeding on probing, suppuration and probing depth. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used to identify the presence of different HCMV and EBV genotypes in peri‐implant tissue plaque samples.Results:  HCMV‐2 was detected in 53.3% and EBV‐1 in 46.6% of the 30 peri‐implantitis sites evaluated. By contrast, HCMV‐2 was not detected in healthy periodontal sites and EBV‐1 was detected in one healthy site. A statistically significant correlation was found between the presence of HCMV‐2 and EBV‐1 genotypes and clinical parameters of peri‐implantitis.Conclusions:  The results from the present study confirmed the high prevalence of HCMV‐2 and EBV‐1 in the peri‐implant tissue plaque of peri‐implantitis sites and suggests a possible active pathogenic role of the viruses in peri‐implantitis.
Assessing biodiversity in forests using very high‐resolution images and unmanned aerial vehicles
Authors: Getzin Stephan , Wiegand Kerstin , Schöning Ingo 
Published: October 2011

Summary1. Structural diversity and niche differences within habitats are important for stabilizing species coexistence. However, land‐use change leading to environmental homogenization is a major cause for the dramatic decline of biodiversity under global change. The difficulty in assessing large‐scale biodiversity losses urgently requires new technological advances to evaluate land‐use impact on diversity timely and efficiently across space.2. While cost‐effective aerial images have been suggested for potential biodiversity assessments in forests, correlation of canopy object variables such as gaps with plant or animal diversity has so far not been demonstrated using these images.3. Here, we show that aerial images of canopy gaps can be used to assess floristic biodiversity of the forest understorey. This approach is made possible because we employed cutting‐edge unmanned aerial vehicles and very high‐resolution images (7 cm pixel−1) of the canopy properties. We demonstrate that detailed, spatially implicit information on gap shape metrics is sufficient to reveal strong dependency between disturbance patterns and plant diversity (R2 up to 0·74). This is feasible because opposing disturbance patterns such as aggregated and dispersed tree retention directly correspond to different functional and dispersal traits of species and ultimately to different species diversities.4. Our findings can be used as a coarse‐filter approach to conservation in forests wherever light strongly limits regeneration and biodiversity.
‘Chipping in’: Clinical psychologists’ descriptions of their use of formulation in multidisciplinary team working
Authors: Christofides Stella , Johnstone Lucy , Musa Meyrem 
Published: October 2011

Objectives. To investigate clinical psychologists’ accounts of their use of psychological case formulation in multidisciplinary teamwork.Design. A qualitative study using inductive thematic analysis.Methods. Ten clinical psychologists working in community and inpatient adult mental health services who identified themselves as using formulation in their multidisciplinary team work participated in semi‐structured interviews.Results. Psychological hypotheses were described as shared mostly through informal means such as chipping in ideas during a team discussion rather than through explicit means such as staff training or case presentations that usually only took place once participants had spent time developing their role within the team. Service context and staff's prior experience were also factors in how explicitly formulation was discussed. Participants reported that they believed that this way of working, although often not formally recognized, was valuable and improved the quality of clinical services provided.Conclusions. More investigation into this under‐researched but important area of clinical practice is needed, in order to share ideas and support good practice.