bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An experimental study on pool boiling of milk
Authors: Kumar Mahesh , Prakash Om , Kasana K.S. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis research paper reports the results for convective heat transfer coefficient and nucleate boiling heat flux for pool boiling of milk during khoa making. Various indoor experiments were conducted for different heat flux inputs varying from 9638.55 to 14457.83 W/m2. Experimental data obtained for pool boiling of milk were analyzed by using the Rohsenow correlation with the help of simple linear regression analysis. The convective heat transfer coefficients were estimated in the range of 334.48 to 837.78 W/m2 °C for the given heat inputs. The results for heat flux were found to be varying from 3344.8 to 8377.8 W/m2 at 10 °C excess temperature of the aluminum pot surface above the saturation temperature of the milk. The experimental errors in terms of percent uncertainty were also calculated. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20336
Microwave‐assisted expeditious synthesis of novel benzo[b][1,8]‐naphthyridine‐3‐carbonitriles
Authors: Singh Satish Kumar , Singh Krishna Nand 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA rapid and facile method for the synthesis of novel 5‐amino‐2‐sulfanyl tetrahydrobenzo[b][1,8]‐naphthyridine‐3‐carbonitrile derivatives has been developed by the treatment of 2‐amino‐3,5‐dicarbonitrile‐6‐sulfanyl pyridines with cyclohexanone in the presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride in dry dichloromethane under controlled microwave irradiation. J. Heterocyclic Chem., 00, 00 (2011).
Biaryl sulfonamides from O‐acetyl amidoximes: 1,2,4‐Oxadiazole cyclization under acidic conditions
Authors: Dosa Stefan , Daniels Jörg , Gütschow Michael 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA series of 4‐cyanobenzenesulfonamides (1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 1e, 1f, 1g, 1h) was converted to the corresponding O‐acetylated amidoximes (2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e, 2f, 2g, 2h). The reaction of 1a was exemplarily investigated with respect to the formation of a byproduct, which was identified as 1,2,4‐oxadiazole derivative 3a. This observation led to the development of an improved procedure for the preparation of 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e, 2f, 2g, 2h. Compounds 2 could be transformed to 1,2,4‐oxadiazoles 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3e, 3f, 3g, 3h in high yields and purity upon heating in acetic acid. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Selective substitution reactions of methoxycarbonylamino‐1‐(1‐benzotriazolyl)alkanes with active methylene compounds
Authors: Zhou Liejin , Lv Xin , Mao Hui , Wang Xiaoxia 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBenzotriazole adducts methoxycarbonylamino‐1‐(1‐benzotriazolyl)alkanes 1 were derived from the condensation of an aldehyde, benzotriazole, and methylcarbamate. The leaving tendency of methoxycarbonylamino group (MeOCONH) and benzotriazole group (Bt) was investigated by treatment of the adducts with active methylene compounds under either Lewis acid‐catalyzed or basic conditions. In the presence of SmI3, MeOCONH take priority over Bt in the leaving process, whereas in the presence of MeONa, the Bt was substituted in preference. Thus, the tunable substitution of the two leaving groups could be used for different synthetic purposes. J. Heterocyclic Chem., 00, 00 (2011).
The formation of 3‐ferrocenylpyrazole‐4‐carboxylates and alkylhydrazine insertion products from α‐ferrocenylmethylidene‐β‐oxocarboxylates
Authors: Klimova Elena I. , Klimova Tatiana , Alamo Marcos Flores , Stivalet José M. Méndez , Ramírez Lena Ruíz , Backinowsky Leon V. , García Marcos Martínez 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe reactions of α‐ferrocenylmethylidene‐β‐oxocarboxylates (1, 2, 3a, and 3b) with N‐methyl‐ and N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)hydrazines (5a, 5b) afford ethyl 1‐alkyl‐5‐aryl(methyl)‐3‐ferrocenylpyrazole‐4‐carboxylates (6a, 6b, 6c, 6d, 6e) (∼50%) and N‐alkylhydrazine insertion products, viz., ethyl (N′‐acyl‐N′‐alkylhydrazino)‐3‐ferrocenylpropanoates (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) (∼20%) and 1‐acyl‐2‐(N′‐alkyl‐N′‐ethoxycarbonylhydrazino)‐2‐ferrocenylethanes (8a, 8b, 8c, 8d, 8e) (∼10%). The structures of the compounds obtained were established based on the spectroscopic data and X‐ray diffraction analysis (for pyrazoles 6a and 6b). J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Non‐thermal internal energy distribution of ions observed in an electrospray source interfaced with a sector mass spectrometer
Authors: Rondeau David , Galland Nicolas , Zins Emilie‐Laure , Pepe Claude , Drahos László , Vékey Károly 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe internal energy distribution P(Eint) of ions emitted in an electrospray (ESI) source interfaced with a sector mass spectrometer is evaluated by using the experimental survival yield (SY) method including the kinetic shift. This method is based on the relationship between the degree of fragmentation of an ion and its amount of internal energy and uses benzylpyridinium cations due to their simple fragmentation scheme. Quantum chemical calculations are performed, namely at G3(MP2)//B3LYP and QCISD/MP2 levels of theory. The results show that the internal energy distribution of the ions emitted in the ESI source interfaced with a sector analyzer is very narrow. The MassKinetics software is used to confirm these observations. The P(Eint) is the parameter that allows to fit the experimental SY of each substituted benzylpyridinium cation with theoretical mass spectra generated by the MassKinetics software. The resulting internal energy distributions are similar to the ones obtained with the experimental SY method. This indicates that in the present experimental conditions, P(Eint) cannot be compared with a ‘thermal‐like’ Boltzmann distribution. In addition, it appears that with the sector analyzer, increasing the collision energy in the first pumping stage of the ESI source does not correspond to a warm‐up of the produced ions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Short or long fusion after thoracolumbar burst fractures does not alter selected gait parameters: a preliminary study
Authors: Oken Fuad , Yildirim Ozgur , Oken Oznur , Gulcek Murat , Yavuzer Gunes , Ucaner Ahmet 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWe evaluated the gait characteristics of patients who had short or long‐segment fusion after thoracolumbar burst fractures. The study included 12 patients (5 male, 7 female) who had vertebral fusion after traumatic thoracolumbar region (T12‐L2) burst fractures. Patients were divided into two groups based on fixation type (short or long segment). Twelve healthy age and sex‐matched subjects (seven male, five female) served as controls. Quantitative gait data, including all time‐distance (walking velocity, cadence, step time, step length, double support time), kinematic (joint rotation angles of pelvis, hip, knee, and ankle), and kinetic data (moments of hip in sagittal and coronal plane) were collected. Three patients had a T12, six patients an L1, and three patients had an L2 lesion. Patients in the two groups were similar in terms of age, sex, and time since operation. No significant differences were found in the time‐distance, kinematic, and kinetic gait characteristics between the two groups. This preliminary study reveals that the gait characteristics of patients with short and long‐segment fusion after thoracolumbar burst fractures were similar to those of healthy subjects and did not differ from each other. However, the present results should be interpreted with caution due to the small sample size. Future studies with larger groups are needed to provide additional data to validate these findings. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:915–918
Anterior border of the tibia as a landmark for extramedullary alignment guide in total knee arthroplasty for varus knees
Authors: Fukagawa Shingo , Matsuda Shuichi , Mitsuyasu Hiroaki , Miura Hiromasa , Okazaki Ken , Tashiro Yasutaka , Iwamoto Yukihide 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA disadvantage to using extramedullary alignment guides of the tibia for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is difficulty in correctly identifying the ankle center. The anterior border of the tibia is easily palpable, as it is not covered by muscles and its shape is convex anteriorly. We hypothesized that appropriate points exist along the anterior border that can be used as landmarks for extramedullary guides. Prior to TKA, computed tomographic images of the entire tibia were obtained from 101 osteoarthritic knees with varus deformities. The relationship between the lines connecting two points on the anterior border and the mechanical axis was evaluated using 3D imaging software. The mean angles between each of 10 determined axes and the mechanical axis varied from 3.2° varus to 2.1° valgus in the coronal plane. In the sagittal plane, all axes referencing the anterior border of the tibia showed anterior inclination to the mechanical axis. The line connecting the medial one‐third of the patellar tendon attachment and the distal one‐fourth of the anterior border, however, was highly consistent and parallel to the mechanical axis in the coronal plane. This axis can be effectively used as a landmark for extramedullary guides during TKA. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:919–924
Cryoinsult parameter effects on the histologically apparent volume of experimentally induced osteonecrotic lesions
Authors: Goetz Jessica E. , Robinson Duane A. , Pedersen Douglas R. , Conzemius Michael G. , Brown Thomas D. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractInvestigation of femoral head osteonecrosis would benefit from an animal model whose natural history includes progression to bony collapse of a segmental necrotic lesion. The bipedal emu holds attraction for systematic organ‐level study of collapse mechanopathology. One established method of experimentally inducing segmental lesions is liquid nitrogen cryoinsult. Four cryoinsult parameters—hold temperature, freeze duration, freeze/thaw repetition, and thaw duration—were investigated to determine their individual and combined effects on resulting necrotic lesion morphology. 3D distributions of histologically apparent osteocyte necrosis from 24 emus receiving varying cryoinsults were used to develop univariate and multivariate linear regression models relating resulting necrotic lesion morphology to particular cryoinsult input parameters. These models were then applied to predict lesion size in four additional emus receiving differing input cryoinsults. The best multivariate regression model predicted lesion volumes that were accurate to better than 8% of overall emu femoral head volume. The hold temperature during cryoinsult was by far the most influential cryoinsult input parameter. The utility of this information is to enhance the consistency and predictability of cryoinsult‐induced segmental lesion size for the purposes of systematic laboratory studies at the whole‐organ level. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:931–937
Surveying the ‘empty land’ in selected South African landscape postcards
Authors: van Eeden Jeanne 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis paper adds to the discourse around picture postcards by looking at a number of South African postcards and photographs from about the 1940s to the 1970s wherein the object of the gaze is the supposedly empty landscape. These postcards simultaneously reveal and conceal the political and social realities of South Africa at that time by only showing white people gazing at the land. It is argued that the accessible and portable nature of postcards made them an ideal medium by which white peoples' relationship with the land was rehearsed and enacted during a decisive period of South African history. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adhesion of Preosteoblasts and Fibroblasts onto Poly(pentafluorostyrene)‐Based Glycopolymeric Films and their Biocompatibility
Authors: Babiuch Krzysztof , Becer C. Remzi , Gottschaldt Michael , Delaney Joseph T. , Weisser Jürgen , Beer Birgitt , Wyrwa Ralf , Schnabelrauch Matthias , Schubert Ulrich S. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAn efficient and metal‐catalyst free method of glycopolymer synthesis via thiol/para‐fluorine “click” reaction was used to graft acetylated 1‐thio‐β‐D‐glucopyranose and 1‐thio‐β‐D‐galactopyranose onto a homopolymer of pentafluorostyrene (PFS) as well as onto a block copolymer of styrene and PFS. Subsequent deprotection of the carbohydrate moieties yielded well‐defined, sugar‐modified polymers (PDI < 1.2). The prepared polymers were not cytotoxic against 3T3 fibroblasts and MC3T3‐E1 preosteoblasts. Furthermore, the water‐insoluble copolymers were drop‐cast and examined as synthetic biocompatible coatings on poly(propylene) substrates for culturing the investigated cell types. Both fibro‐ and preosteoblasts showed stable adhesion and proliferation on the glycopolymer‐coated surfaces. magnified image
Synthesis of High‐Molecular‐Weight Tulipalin‐A‐Based Polymers by Simple Mixing and Heating of Comonomers
Authors: Agarwal Seema , Kumar Rimpu 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe preparation of a polymer based on Tulipalin A with degradable ester linkages and high glass transition temperature with good processability, and solubility in various organic solvents is reported. The reaction was performed by mixing Tulipalin A and 2‐methylene‐1,3‐dioxepane (MDO) at high temperatures (70 °C and above) in the entire composition range without any initiator. The polymerization mechanism is found to be different from mere thermal initiation at high temperature. It was a combination of ionic and radical mechanism as proved by different methods. Microstructure analysis was done by 1D and 2D NMR techniques. The reactions were also tuned for different structures with varied properties by adding either the radical trapping agent or radical generators in the system. magnified image
Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization Derived Polymers as Photoresists: Making Use of Thiol‐ene Chemistry
Authors: Wolfberger Archim , Rupp Barbara , Kern Wolfgang , Griesser Thomas , Slugovc Christian 
Published: January 2011

AbstractRing opening metathesis polymerization derived poly(norbornene) films and aggregates were crosslinked via photo chemically induced thiol‐ene chemistry using a multifunctional thiol and the double bonds present in the polymer backbones. The presented method was illustrated by the description of a negative‐toned photoresist formulation based on above mentioned ingredients. magnified image
Dual Stimuli‐Responsive Polymeric Micelles Exhibiting “AND” Logic Gate for Controlled Release of Adriamycin
Authors: Wei Chuan , Guo Jia , Wang Changchun 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA new controlled release polymer micelle was designed and synthesized based on the concept of the “AND” logic with two orthogonal molecular triggers, namely pH and reduction, for intracellular drug delivery. Specifically, a hydrazine functionalized PEO‐b‐PMAA block copolymer was used to attach adriamycin (ADR) through the formation of hydrazone, then the as‐prepared ADR‐conjugated block copolymer micelles could be crosslinked by dithiodiethanoic acid. ADR was found to release most efficiently under both the low pH and the reductive conditions. This smart device is therefore equipped with two triggers with the “AND” logic for the releasing action, which is suitable for more complicated physiological conditions because the “ON” state is only realized under the simultaneous presence of the dual signal stimuli. magnified image
The prevalence and clinical characteristics of punding in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Spencer Ashley H. , Rickards Hugh , Fasano Alfonso , Cavanna Andrea E. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackground: Punding (the display of stereotyped, repetitive behaviors) is a relatively recently discovered feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). Little is known about the prevalence and clinical characteristics of punding in PD. Methods: In this review, four large scientific databases were comprehensively searched for literature in relation to punding prevalence and clinical correlates in the context of PD. Results: Prevalence was found to vary greatly (between 0.34 to 14%), although there were large disparities in study populations, assessment methods, and criteria. We observed an association between punding, dopaminergic medications, and impulse control disorder. Other characteristics, which may be more common among punders, include a higher severity of dyskinesia, younger age of disease onset, longer disease duration, and male gender. Discussion: More research in large clinical datasets is required in many areas before conclusions are drawn. The pathophysiology behind the punding phenomenon is also poorly understood at present, rendering it difficult to develop targeted therapy. The current mainstay of treatment is the reduction in the dose of dopaminergic medications, the evidence for other suggested therapies being purely empirical. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Flat and Easy: 2D Depiction of Protein‐Ligand Complexes
Authors: Stierand Katrin , Rarey Matthias 
Published: January 2011

AbstractVisualization of molecular complexes is commonly used to support the investigation of interaction patterns formed between the members of a molecular complex ensemble. Similar to the representation of single small molecules as structure diagrams, a schematic two‐dimensional design of molecular complexes features several advantages. This visualization mode enables the peer to scan large numbers of complexes in short time, originating for example from a virtual screening or de novo design campaign, and to get an impression of their quality. In addition, the diagrams can be printed on hardcopies without information loss and are therefore well suited for publications and talks. We will give an overview of the existing algorithms for the automatic generation of two‐dimensional complex diagrams. The reduction of dimensions from three to two is a quite difficult task since the resulting layout has to be more or less free of overlaps and has to follow esthetical guidelines. All programs proceed on input being composed of the three‐dimensional ligand and receptor coordinates. Due to the lack of guiding principles, the algorithms and resulting diagrams of the different available tools substantially differ in graphical styles, level of detail, and information content.
National Children's Study: Update in 2010
Authors: Hirschfeld Steven , Songco David , Kramer Barnett S. , Guttmacher Alan E. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe National Children's Study will examine the effects of the environment and genetics on the growth, development, and health of children across the United States; it will follow participants from before birth until age 21 years. The goal of the study is to improve the health and well‐being of children and contribute to understanding the roles various factors play in health and disease. Findings from the study will be made available as the research progresses, making potential benefits known to the public as soon as possible. A robust pilot study, or Vanguard Study, is underway to generate data for designing the subsequent Main Study. The goals of the Vanguard Study are feasibility, acceptability, and cost, and the goals of the Main Study will be exposure‐response relationships and biological, environmental, and genetic interactions. The initial Vanguard Study experience among 7 study centers was successful in many ways, including delineating the topics to explore for the next phase of the Vanguard Study. Three different recruitment strategies are under evaluation to determine what approach to use for the Main Study. The organization of National Children's Study operations is currently based on a new decentralized business model. Mt Sinai J Med 78:119–125, 2011. © 2011 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
On semi‐analytical probabilistic finite element method for homogenization of the periodic fiber‐reinforced composites
Authors: Kamiński Marcin 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe main aim of this paper is a development of the semi‐analytical probabilistic version of the finite element method (FEM) related to the homogenization problem. This approach is based on the global version of the response function method and symbolic integral calculation of basic probabilistic moments of the homogenized tensor and is applied in conjunction with the effective modules method. It originates from the generalized stochastic perturbation‐based FEM, where Taylor expansion with random parameters is not necessary now and is simply replaced with the integration of the response functions. The hybrid computational implementation of the system MAPLE with homogenization‐oriented FEM code MCCEFF is invented to provide probabilistic analysis of the homogenized elasticity tensor for the periodic fiber‐reinforced composites. Although numerical illustration deals with a homogenization of a composite with material properties defined as Gaussian random variables, other composite parameters as well as other probabilistic distributions may be taken into account. The methodology is independent of the boundary value problem considered and may be useful for general numerical solutions using finite or boundary elements, finite differences or volumes as well as for meshless numerical strategies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐quality surface remeshing using harmonic maps—Part II: Surfaces with high genus and of large aspect ratio
Authors: Marchandise E. , de Wiart C. Carton , Vos W. G. , Geuzaine C. , Remacle J.‐F. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis paper follows a previous one that was dealing with high‐quality surface remeshing using harmonic maps (Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng 2010; 83:403–425). In (Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng 2010; 83:403–425), it has been demonstrated that harmonic parametrizations can be used as input for surface meshers to produce high‐quality triangulations. However, two important limitations were pointed out, namely surfaces with high genus and/or of large aspect ratio. This paper addresses those two issues. We first develop a multiscale version of the harmonic parametrization of (Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng 2010; 83:403–425) and then combine it with a multilevel partitioning algorithm to come up with an automatic remeshing algorithm that overcomes the above‐mentioned limitations of harmonic maps. The overall procedure is implemented in the open‐source mesh generator Gmsh (Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng 2009; 79(11): 1309–1331). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.