bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and characterization of 18 EST–SSR markers in Sonneratia caseolaris
Authors: Ouyang Jianhua , Yang Guili , Zhou Renchao , Chen Sufang , Guo Miaomiao , Wu Wei , Huang Yelin , Shi Suhua 
Published: April 2011

• Premise of the study: Sonneratia caseolaris, a typical mangrove species, is widely distributed in the Indo‐West Pacific region. EST–SSR markers were developed for this species to examine its genetic diversity.• Methods and Results: A total of 18 EST–SSR primer pairs were designed based on the transcriptome sequences of S. caseolaris. Thirteen primer pairs showed polymorphism with one to three alleles per locus when assessed in two populations from China and Australia. The observed heterozygosity and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0 to 0.5000, and 0 to 0.5217 in the Hainan population, and from 0 to 0.2500, and 0 to 0.4891 in the Queensland population, respectively. Thirteen of the 18 primer sets identified in S. caseolaris can be successfully applied to its congener S. alba, and a much lower level of polymorphisms was observed in this widespread species.• Conclusions: These polymorphic EST–SSR markers for S. caseolaris are likely to be useful for future genetic diversity studies.
Cross‐species amplification and development of new microsatellite loci for Taxus wallichiana (Taxaceae)
Authors: Liu Jie , Gao Lian‐Ming , Li De‐Zhu , Zhang De‐Quan , Möller Michael 
Published: April 2011

• Premise of the study: Previously published and newly developed microsatellite primers for Taxus species were screened for their potential transfer to Taxus wallichiana and to characterize the genetic diversity and population structure of this species.• Methods and Results: Twenty microsatellite markers that successfully PCR amplified showed polymorphisms when tested on T. wallichiana. Ten of these were obtained by cross‐species amplification. The remaining 10 markers were developed in the current study. These markers were characterized on 58 individuals from two T. wallichiana populations from China. Overall, the number of alleles per locus ranged from two to twelve. No significant linkage disequilibrium (LD) was detected between the comparisons of these loci.• Conclusions: The polymorphic microsatellite markers screened in this study will be useful for further investigations of the conservation genetics of the endangered species T. wallichiana.
Design Rules for Phase‐Change Materials in Data Storage Applications
Authors: Lencer Dominic , Salinga Martin , Wuttig Matthias 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPhase‐change materials can rapidly and reversibly be switched between an amorphous and a crystalline phase. Since both phases are characterized by very different optical and electrical properties, these materials can be employed for rewritable optical and electrical data storage. Hence, there are considerable efforts to identify suitable materials, and to optimize them with respect to specific applications. Design rules that can explain why the materials identified so far enable phase‐change based devices would hence be very beneficial. This article describes materials that have been successfully employed and dicusses common features regarding both typical structures and bonding mechanisms. It is shown that typical structural motifs and electronic properties can be found in the crystalline state that are indicative for resonant bonding, from which the employed contrast originates. The occurence of resonance is linked to the composition, thus providing a design rule for phase‐change materials. This understanding helps to unravel characteristic properties such as electrical and thermal conductivity which are discussed in the subsequent section. Then, turning to the transition kinetics between the phases, the current understanding and modeling of the processes of amorphization and crystallization are discussed. Finally, present approaches for improved high‐capacity optical discs and fast non‐volatile electrical memories, that hold the potential to succeed present‐day’s Flash memory, are presented.
mtDNA and Y‐chromosome diversity in Aymaras and Quechuas from Bolivia: Different stories and special genetic traits of the Andean Altiplano populations
Authors: Gayà‐Vidal Magdalena , Moral Pedro , Saenz‐Ruales Nancy , Gerbault Pascale , Tonasso Laure , Villena Mercedes , Vasquez René , Bravi Claudio M. , Dugoujon Jean‐Michel 
Published: April 2011

AbstractTwo Bolivian samples belonging to the two main Andean linguistic groups (Aymaras and Quechuas) were studied for mtDNA and Y‐chromosome uniparental markers to evaluate sex‐specific differences and give new insights into the demographic processes of the Andean region. mtDNA‐coding polymorphisms, HVI‐HVII control regions, 17 Y‐STRs, and three SNPs were typed in two well‐defined populations with adequate size samples. The two Bolivian samples showed more genetic differences for the mtDNA than for the Y‐chromosome. For the mtDNA, 81% of Aymaras and 61% of Quechuas presented haplogroup B2. Native American Y‐chromosomes were found in 97% of Aymaras (89% hg Q1a3a and 11% hg Q1a3*) and 78% of Quechuas (100% hg Q1a3a). Our data revealed high diversity values in the two populations, in agreement with other Andean studies. The comparisons with the available literature for both sets of markers indicated that the central Andean area is relatively homogeneous. For mtDNA, the Aymaras seemed to have been more isolated throughout time, maintaining their genetic characteristics, while the Quechuas have been more permeable to the incorporation of female foreigners and Peruvian influences. On the other hand, male mobility would have been widespread across the Andean region according to the homogeneity found in the area. Particular genetic characteristics presented by both samples support a past common origin of the Altiplano populations in the ancient Aymara territory, with independent, although related histories, with Peruvian (Quechuas) populations. Am J Phys Anthropol 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Locomotor behavior of wild orangutans (pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) in disturbed peat swamp forest, Sabangau, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: Manduell Kirsten L. , Morrogh‐Bernard Helen C. , Thorpe Susannah K.S. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis study examined the locomotor behavior of wild Bornean orangutans (P. p. wurmbii) in an area of disturbed peat swamp forest (Sabangau Catchment, Indonesia) in relation to the height in the canopy, age‐sex class, behavior (feeding or traveling), and the number of supports used to bear body mass. Backward elimination log‐linear modeling was employed to expose the main influences on orangutan locomotion. Our results showed that the most important distinctions with regard to locomotion were between suspensory and compressive, or, orthograde (vertical trunk) and pronograde (horizontal trunk) behavior. Whether orangutans were traveling or feeding had the most important influence on locomotion whereby compressive locomotion had a strong association with feeding, suspensory locomotion had a strong association with travel in the peripheral strata using multiple supports, whereas vertical climb/descent and oscillation showed a strong association with travel on single supports in the core stratum. In contrast to theoretical predictions on positional behavior and body size, age‐sex category had a limited influence on locomotion. The study revealed that torso orthograde suspension dominates orangutan locomotion, concurring with previous studies in dipterocarp forest. But, orangutans in the Sabangau exhibited substantially higher frequencies of oscillatory locomotion than observed at other sites, suggesting this behavior confers particular benefits for traversing the highly compliant arboreal environment typical of disturbed peat swamp forest. In addition, torso pronograde suspensory locomotion was observed at much lower levels than in the Sumatran species. Together these results highlight the necessity for further examination of differences between species, which control for habitat. Am J Phys Anthropol 145:348–359, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Timely estrus in wild brown mouse lemur females at Ranomafana national park, southeastern Madagascar
Authors: Blanco Marina B. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe small‐bodied nocturnal mouse lemurs (genus Microcebus) occupy a variety of habitats in Madagascar. Gray (M. murinus) and brown (M. rufus) mouse lemurs have been widely studied both in the wild and captivity. Whereas captive studies revealed an endogenous regulation of reproduction entrained by photoperiod, field studies have suggested that reproductive activation could be affected by additional climatic, physical, or social conditions. I collected data on wild brown mouse lemur females at Ranomafana between 2004 and 2008 to determine: 1) the timing of estrus and estrous periodicities across multiple seasons, and 2) whether additional factors such as body mass, age, or rainfall are correlated with onset of reproduction. In mouse lemur females at Ranomafana, the first seasonal estrus occurs 3–4 weeks after the vernal equinox. I report ∼1 month's intra‐population variation in the timing of estrus and inter‐annual estrous intervals with periodicities of ∼365 days. There were significant differences between the onset of reproduction across years. Estrous onset was uncorrelated with body mass, but there was an apparent age effect. There was a significant negative correlation between August rainfall and onset of reproduction when 2004 data were removed from the analysis. Results from this study are consistent with the notion that timing of estrus is photoperiod‐dependent. As in captivity, intra‐population variation in estrous onset is ∼4 weeks in length. In the wild, variation in estrous onset and polyestry (multiple reproductive opportunities per year) appear to be favored under the highly unpredictable conditions of Madagascar's environments. In the wild, variation in estrous onset and polyestry (multiple reproductive opportunities per year) appear to be favored under the highly unpredictable conditions of Madagascar's environments. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Infant and juvenile growth in ancestral Pueblo Indians
Authors: Schillaci Michael A. , Nikitovic Dejana , Akins Nancy J. , Tripp Lianne , Palkovich Ann M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe present study examines patterns of infant and juvenile growth in a diachronic sample of ancestral Pueblo Indians (AD 1300–1680) from the American Southwest. An assessment of growth patterns is accompanied by an evaluation of pathological conditions often considered to be indicators of nutritional deficiencies and/or gastrointestinal infections. Growth patterns and the distribution of pathological conditions are interpreted relative to culturally relevant age categories defined by Puebloan rites of passage described in the ethnographic literature. A visual comparison of growth distance curves revealed that relative to a modern comparative group our sample of ancestral Pueblo infant and juveniles exhibited faltering growth beginning soon after birth to about 5 years of age. A comparison of curves describing growth relative to adult femoral length, however, indicated reduced growth occurring later, by around 2 years of age. Similar to previous studies, we observed a high proportion of nonsurvivors exhibiting porotic cranial lesions during the first 2 years of life. Contrary to expectations, infants and juveniles without evidence of porotic cranial lesions exhibited a higher degree of stunting. Our study is generally consistent with previous research reporting poor health and high mortality for ancestral Pueblo Indian infants and juveniles. Through use of a culturally relevant context defining childhood, we argue that the observed poor health and high mortality in our sample occur before the important transition from young to older child and the concomitant initial incorporation into tribal ritual organization. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence for long‐term spatial displacement of breeding and pupping harbour seals by shellfish aquaculture over three decades
Authors: Becker Benjamin H. , Press David T. , Allen Sarah G. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Shellfish mariculture is increasing worldwide and often occurs adjacent to marine mammal breeding and feeding habitat. To better understand breeding pinniped vulnerability to potential shellfish mariculture disturbance and displacement effects in a US National Park, potential mechanisms were explored that may affect the proportion of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) selecting high quality haul‐out sites near shellfish aquaculture within a large colony, and overall seal utilization of that colony in relation to other regional colonies.
Seal haul‐out sites isolated from the mainland (no predator access) had higher pup:adult ratios, indicating they are generally more important for pupping. Short‐term human disturbance did not have a significant effect on spatial use, but rather spatial use was pre‐determined by general sandbar isolation. Using multiple competing hypothesis and an information‐theoretic approach, it was found that within the estuary, after removing effects of El Niño, the proportion of seals (total seals and pups only) hauled out near mariculture sites was 8 ± 2% lower during years of higher oyster harvest. Annual oyster harvest was used as a measure of aquaculture activity that could result in direct disturbance or indirect displacement of harbour seals.
At the regional scale, oyster harvest, seal counts at a nearby colony, and loss of a major haul‐out site within the estuary, best explained pup and total seal use compared with the region. Regional population size, short‐term human disturbance rate, and other factors were not important. Concurrent with higher oyster harvest, the proportion of regional seals using the estuary declined by 7 ± 2% for seal pups (–65 ± 18 total pups), and 5 ± 2% for total counts ( − 192 ± 58 total seals). These findings (both within the estuary and at the regional scale) were essentially identical whether modelling oyster harvest as either a continuous or categorical (low/high) variable and when using either frequentist or Bayesian statistical analyses.
Marine reserves set aside for wildlife may be less effective when the highest quality breeding and pupping sites are adjacent to regular aquaculture activities. These effects may not be detectable until additional natural variation lowers the quality of nearby habitats. Published in 2011. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Blocking Effect on Adsorption‐Controlled Electrochemiluminescence of CdSe Nanoparticles for Detection of the Neurotransmitter Serotonin
Authors: Jiang Hui , Wang Xuemei 
Published: April 2011

AbstractHerein, we have designed a special strategy for detection of the important neurotransmitter serotonin by coupling the electrodeposition of serotonin oxidative products with the adsorption‐controlled anodic electrochemiluminescent dynamics of the CdSe–triethylamine system. The stable electrochemiluminescent emission is found to decline in the presence of serotonin. This uncommon inhibition is attributed to the gradual accumulation of the electropolymerized serotonin products, which decrease the adsorbance of CdSe nanoparticles on the glass carbon electrode, as demonstrated by the scanning electron microscopic images (SEM) and the stripping voltammetric identification. Based on the inhibition effect, a facile strategy has been developed to sensitively detect the serotonin ranging from 0.2–10 μM, with a detection limit of 0.1 μM. The interference from the common species including ascorbic acid and uric acid has been investigated. The recovery rates in the spiked serum samples range from 94–112 %, thereby implicating its potential applications in the complex bioassays.
Regioselective, Unconventional Pictet–Spengler Cyclization Strategy Toward the Synthesis of Benzimidazole‐Linked Imidazoquinoxalines on a Soluble Polymer Support
Authors: Chen Chih‐Hau , Kuo Jaren , Yellol Gorakh S. , Sun Chung‐Ming 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA novel strategy for an unconventional Pictet–Spengler reaction has been developed for the regioselective cyclization of the imidazole ring system at the C2 position. The developed strategy was utilized to develop a diversity‐oriented parallel synthesis for bis(heterocyclic) skeletal novel analogs of benzimidazole‐linked imidazoquinoxalines on a soluble polymer support under microwave conditions. Condensation of polymer‐immobilized o‐phenylenediamines with 4‐fluoro‐3‐nitrobenzoic acid followed by nucleophilic aromatic substitution with an imidazole motif affords bis(heterocyclic) skeletal precursors for the Pictet–Spengler reaction. The unconventional Pictet–Spengler cyclization with various aldehydes was achieved regioselectively at the C2 position of the imidazole ring to furnish rare imidazole‐fused quinoxaline skeletons. During the Pictet–Spengler cyclization, aldehydes bearing electron‐donating groups afford 4,5‐dihydro‐imidazoquinoxalines, which then auto‐aromatize into benzimidazole‐linked imidazo[1,2‐a]quinoxalines. However, interestingly, aldehydes bearing electron‐withdrawing groups directly provide aromatized imidazo[1,2‐a]quinoxalines, which unexpectedly afford novel benzimidazole‐linked 4‐methoxy‐4,5‐dihydro‐imidazo[1,2‐a]quinoxalines after polymer cleavage.
The HP1a Disordered C Terminus and Chromo Shadow Domain Cooperate to Select Target Peptide Partners
Authors: Mendez Deanna L. , Kim Daesung , Chruszcz Maksymilian , Stephens Gena E. , Minor Wladek , Khorasanizadeh Sepideh , Elgin Sarah C. R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDrosophila melanogasterheterochromatin protein 1a (HP1a) is essential for compacted heterochromatin structure and the associated gene silencing. Its chromo shadow domain (CSD) is well known for binding to peptides that contain a PXVXL motif. Heterochromatin protein 2 (HP2) is a non‐histone chromosomal protein that associates with HP1a in the pericentric heterochromatin, telomeres, and the fourth chromosome. Using NMR spectroscopy, fluorescence polarization, and site‐directed mutagenesis, we identified an LCVKI motif in HP2 that binds to the HP1a CSD. The binding affinity of the HP2 fragment is approximately two orders of magnitude higher than that of peptides from PIWI (with a PRVKV motif), AF10 (with a PLVVL motif), or CG15356 (with LYPLL and LSIVA motifs). To delineate differential interactions of the HP1a CSD, we characterized its structure, backbone dynamics, and dimerization constant. We found that the dimerization constant is bracketed by the affinities of HP2 and PIWI, which dock to the same HP1a homodimer surface. This suggests that HP2, but not PIWI, interaction can drive the homodimerization of HP1a. Interestingly, the integrity of the disordered C‐terminal extension (CTE) of HP1a is essential for discriminatory binding, whereas swapping the PXVXL motifs does not confer specificity. Serine phosphorylation at the peptide binding surface of the CSD is thought to regulate heterochromatin assembly. Glutamic acid substitution at these sites destabilizes HP1a dimers, but improves the interaction with both binding partners. Our studies underscore the importance of CSD dimerization and cooperation with the CTE in forming distinct complexes of HP1a.
Lanthanum Oxide Supported on Carbon Nanofibers as Solid Base Catalysts
Authors: Frey Anne Mette , Bitter Johannes Hendrik , de Jong Krijn Pieter 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBulk lanthanum oxide and lanthanum oxide supported on carbon nanofibers were studied as solid base catalysts. The impact of synthesis parameters on the supported catalysts, deposition method, aging, washing, and heat treatment temperature were investigated and evaluated by studying the catalytic activities in the self‐condensation reaction of acetone to diacetone alcohol. The initial activity of the carbon nanofiber (CNF) supported lanthanum oxide catalysts (48 mmolDAA h−1 gcatalyst−1, DAA=diacetone alcohol) was up by one order of magnitude compared to the activity of the bulk lanthanum oxide (4.4 mmolDAA h−1 gcatalyst−1). The most active catalyst reported here was 12 wt % La2O3/CNF, prepared from a lanthanum nitrate precursor by precipitation with ammonia, followed by washing, drying, and heating at temperatures between 600–700 °C in nitrogen to activate the catalyst. Initial enthalpies for CO2 adsorption, determined by using micro calorimetry, are approximately 155 kJ mol−1 (CO2 uptake 0–5 μmol g−1) for supported samples with 12 wt % La2O3. TEM revealed well‐distributed and small (≈4 nm) lanthanum oxide particles on the support.
Mechanism of Cytotoxicity and Cellular Uptake of Lipophilic Inert Dinuclear Polypyridylruthenium(II) Complexes
Authors: Pisani Michelle J. , Fromm Phillip D. , Mulyana Yanyan , Clarke Ronald J. , Körner Heinrich , Heimann Kirsten , Collins J. Grant , Keene F. Richard 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe accumulation, uptake mechanism, cytotoxicity, cellular localisation of—and mode of cell death induced by—dinuclear ruthenium(II) complexes ΔΔ/ΛΛ‐[{Ru(phen)2}2{μ‐bbn}]4+ (Rubbn), where phen is 1,10‐phenanthroline, bbn is bis[4(4′‐methyl‐2,2′‐bipyridyl)]‐1,n‐alkane (n=2, 5, 7, 10, 12 or 16), and the corresponding mononuclear complexes containing the bbn ligands, were studied in L1210 murine leukaemia cells. Cytotoxicity increased with linker chain length, and the ΔΔ‐Rubb16 complex displayed the highest cytotoxicity of the series, with an IC50 value of 5 μM, similar to that of carboplatin in the L1210 murine leukaemia cell line. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry studies indicated that the complexes accumulate in the mitochondria of L1210 cells, with the magnitude of cellular uptake and accumulation increasing with linking chain length in the bbn bridge of the metal complex. ΔΔ‐Rubb16 entered the L1210 cells by passive diffusion (with a minor contribution from protein‐mediated active transport), inducing cell death via apoptosis. Additionally, metal‐complex uptake in leukaemia cells was approximately 16‐times that observed in healthy B cells highlighting that the bbn series of complexes may have potential as selective anticancer drugs.
Mechanistic Photodissociation of Glycolaldehyde: Insights from Ab Initio and RRKM Calculations
Authors: Cui Ganglong , Fang Weihai 
Published: April 2011

AbstractHerein we report a theoretical study on mechanistic photodissociation of glycolaldehyde, HOCH2CHO. Equilibrium structures, transition states, and intersection structures for the α‐CC and ‐CH bond fissions and the β‐CO bond fission in the excited states are determined by the complete active space self‐consistent field (CASSCF) method. Based on the CASSCF optimized structures, the potential energy profiles for the dissociations are refined by performing single‐point calculations using the multi‐state multi‐reference CASSCF second order perturbation (MS‐MR‐CASPT2) method. With a low excitation energy of 280–340 nm, the T1 α‐CC and β‐CO bond fissions following intersystem crossing from the S1 state are the predominant and comparable channels, whereas the α‐CH bond fissions both in the S1 and in the T1 states are nearly prohibited due to the relevant high barriers. The rate constants for the T1 α‐CC and β‐CO bond fissions are also calculated by RRKM theory. Furthermore, the S0 reactions can occur as a consequence of intersystem crossing via T1/S0 intersection points resulting from the T1 CC and CO bond cleavages. This photodissociation mechanism is consistent with recent experimental studies.