bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A facial approach to fabricate superhydrophobic aluminum surface
Authors: Chen Zhijun , Guo Yabing , Fang Shaoming 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA facial chemical etching method was developed for fabricating superhydrophobic aluminum surfaces. The resultant surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, water contact angle (WCA) measurement, and optical methods. The surfaces of the modified aluminum substrates exhibit superhydrophobicity, with a WCA of 154.8° ± 1.6° and a water sliding angle of about 5°. The etched surfaces have binary structure consisting of the irregular microscale plateaus and caves in which there are the nanoscale block‐like convexes and hollows. The superhydrophobicity of aluminum substrates occurs only in some structures in which the plateaus and caves are appropriately ordered. The resulted surfaces have good self‐cleaning properties. The results demonstrate that it is possible to construct superhydrophobic surface on hydrophilic substrates by tailoring the surface structure to providing more spaces to trap air. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A conceptual guide to natural history museum visitors' understanding of evolution
Authors: Evans E. Margaret , Spiegel Amy N. , Gram Wendy , Frazier Brandy N. , Tare Medha , Thompson Sarah , Diamond Judy 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMuseum visitors are an ideal population for assessing the persistence of the conceptual barriers that make it difficult to grasp Darwinian evolutionary theory. In comparison with other members of the public, they are more likely to be interested in natural history, have higher education levels, and be exposed to the relevant content. If museum visitors do not grasp evolutionary principles, it seems unlikely that other members of the general public would do so. In the current study, 32 systematically selected visitors to three Midwest museums of natural history provided detailed open‐ended explanations of biological change in seven diverse organisms. They were not told that these were evolutionary problems. Responses were coded as: informed naturalistic reasoning, featuring some understanding of key evolutionary concepts, novice naturalistic reasoning, featuring intuitive explanations that are also present in childhood, and creationist reasoning, featuring supernatural explanations. All visitors were mixed reasoners, using one or more of these patterns in different permutations across the seven organisms: 72% used a combination of informed naturalistic reasoning and novice naturalistic reasoning, while a further 28% added creationist reasoning to this mix. Correlational analyses indicated that for many visitors these reasoning patterns were coherent rather than fragmented. The theoretical model presented in this article contributes to an analysis of the developmental and cultural factors associated with these patterns. This could help educators working in diverse educational settings understand how to move visitors and students toward more informed reasoning patterns. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 47:326–353, 2010
Surgical technique: new advances for expanding indications and increasing safety in liver resection for HCC
Authors: Ishizawa Takeaki , Mise Yoshihiro , Aoki Taku , Hasegawa Kiyoshi , Beck Yoshifumi , Sugawara Yasuhiko , Kokudo Norihiro 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPurposeWe introduce recent advances in surgical techniques and perioperative management in liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).MethodsOur approaches to further enhancing the efficacy of resection for HCC, based on our presentation at “The 6th International Meeting of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Eastern and Western Experiences” held in Seoul in December 2008, are presented, along with a review of recent advances in this field reported from eastern Asia.ResultsIn our series, liver resection enabled a 5‐year overall survival rate of close to 60%, even among patients with multiple HCCs and those with portal hypertension in a background of Child‐Pugh class A cirrhosis. Favorable long‐term results were obtained by the precise evaluation of liver function using the indocyanine green (ICG) test and the application of perioperative treatments for gastroesophageal varices and severe thrombocytopenia. Furthermore, promising novel techniques have been applied to increase the efficacy of HCC resection, including the preoperative simulation of liver resection, using three‐dimensional computed tomography, a “peeling‐off” technique for resecting HCC with macroscopic portal venous tumor thrombus, ICG‐fluorescent imaging, predeposit autologous plasma transfusion, and laparoscopic liver resection.ConclusionsThe safety and accuracy of liver resection for HCC has been continuously enhanced by advances in surgical techniques and perioperative care. Given that the resection of HCC offers a satisfactory overall survival rate for patients with portal hypertension and those with oligonodular multiple tumors, the surgical indications can now be expanded to include such second‐best candidates.
Antioxidant Effects of Berry Phenolics Incorporated in Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions with Continuous Phase β‐Lactoglobulin
Authors: Salminen Hanna , Heinonen Marina , Decker Eric A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of berry phenolics, in this case, black currant (Ribes nigrum) anthocyanins and raspberry (Rubus idaeus) ellagitannins, in the presence of continuous phase β‐lactoglobulin (β‐Lg), on the oxidative stability of Brij 35‐stabilized corn oil‐in‐water emulsions. The extent of lipid oxidation in emulsions was measured by determining the formation of lipid hydroperoxides and hexanal, and extent of protein oxidation by monitoring the loss of tryptophan and cysteine residues in the continuous phase β‐Lg. Berry phenolics at concentration levels of 20 and 50 μM were able to prevent lipid oxidation with and without β‐Lg in the aqueous phase. The results show that a combination of β‐Lg and berry phenolics was more efficient in inhibiting hexanal formation than either component alone. Synergistic effects on antioxidant activity toward hexanal were observed only at the 20 μM levels of berry phenolics in combination with continuous phase β‐Lg. The berry phenolics were also able to inhibit the oxidation of tryptophan and cysteine residues of β‐Lg. The results show that the amino acid residues were oxidized prior to the propagation of lipid oxidation. This suggests that these amino acids were able to inhibit fatty acid scission. The information gained from this study would be useful in protecting emulsion‐based food products from oxidative deterioration.
Cytotype regulation by telomericPelements inDrosophila melanogaster: variation in regulatory strength and maternal effects
Authors: THORP MICHAEL W. , CHAPMAN ERIC J. , SIMMONS MICHAEL J. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryStrains carrying the X-linked telomericPelementsTP5orTP6varied in their ability to repress hybrid dysgenesis. The rank ordering of these strains was consistent across different genetic assays and was not related to the type of telomericPelement (TP5orTP6) present. Strong repression of dysgenesis was associated with weak expression of mRNA from the telomericPelement and also with a reduced amount of mRNA from a transposase-producingPelement contained within a transgene inserted on an autosome. A strictly maternal component of repression, transmitted independently of the telomericPelement, was detected in the daughters but not the sons of females from the strongest repressing strains. However, this effect was seen only when dysgenesis was induced by crossing these females to males from a P strain, not when it was induced by crossing them to males homozygous for a single transposase-producingPelement contained within a transgene. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the P cytotype, the condition that regulatesPelements, involves an RNA interference mechanism mediated by piRNAs produced by telomericPelements such asTP5andTP6and amplified by RNAs produced by otherPelements.
Accuracy of genomic selection using stochastic search variable selection in Australian Holstein Friesian dairy cattle
Authors: VERBYLA KLARA L. , HAYES BEN J. , BOWMAN PHILIP J. , GODDARD MICHAEL E. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryGenomic selection describes a selection strategy based on genomic breeding values predicted from dense single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data. Multiple methods have been proposed but the critical issue is how to decide whether an SNP should be included in the predictive set to estimate breeding values. One major disadvantage of the traditional Bayes B approach is its high computational demands caused by the changing dimensionality of the models. The use of stochastic search variable selection (SSVS) retains the same assumptions about the distribution of SNP effects as Bayes B, while maintaining constant dimensionality. When Bayesian SSVS was used to predict genomic breeding values for real dairy data over a range of traits it produced accuracies higher or equivalent to other genomic selection methods with significantly decreased computational and time demands than Bayes B.
Further Observations on Occurrence and Incidence of Helminths in British Partridges
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A. 
Published: November 2009

1. Raillietina cesticillus, Amoebotaenia cuneata and Harmostomum commutatum are recorded from Perdix perdix for the first time.2. Some remarks are made on the factors influencing infestation with T. tennis, Choanotaenia infundibulum and Hymenolepis phasianina in the partridge and Hymenolepis microps and Davainea urogalli in the grouse.
On the Incidence of the Abomasal Parasites in the Lambs of South-West Britain
Authors: Davey D. G. 
Published: November 2009

An account is given of the incidence of the abomasal parasites in the lambs of South-West Britain. Some 600 lambs were examined, and counts of the parasites were conducted in 100 cases.It is suggested that to explain the constancy of infection with Ostertagia, and the great difference between these “healthy figures” and the pathogenic figures (10,000) of other authors, it is necessary to assume a resistance to the accumulation of the parasite present within the sheep.
Digestion in Parasitic Nematodes. III. The Digestion of Proteins
Authors: Rogers W. P. 
Published: November 2009

Tryptic-like enzymes have been extracted from the intestines and intestinal contents of Ascarts lumbricoides and Strongylus edentatus. The action of these enzymes, in relation to hydrogen ion concentration, has been examined.The parasite trypsins resembled pancreatic trypsin in that the relative production of “free acid” and “formaldehyde acid” was similar, but though acting only on the alkaline side of the isoelectric points of the substrate proteins, optimum action on gelatin, blood-albumin and casein was obtained at pH 6·2.The amount of protease extracted from a given weight of S. edentatus tissue was far greater than that from a similar amount of A. lumbricoides. Thus Strongylus digested 4·9 to 8·3 times as much gelatin, 12·5 to 40·9 times as much casein and 2·5 to 5·2 times as much blood-albumin as Ascaris.Spectroscopic examination of the process of digestion of oxyhaemoglobin showed, first, the formation of reduced haemoglobin and then the formation of haematin. These changes took place most rapidly at higher hydrogen ion concentrations.
Dilution Egg-Counts and the Poisson Series
Authors: Peters B. G. 
Published: November 2009

Researches involving dilution egg-counts, recently carried out by members of the staff of this Institute, have shown that the error variance, i.e. that between parallel counts, approximates more or less closely to the mean count. The following examples illustrate this point:—The counts were all made by the same technique, and it is fair to total them in order to observe the average effect. This agreement between variance (or mean square) and mean is a feature of the Poisson distribution, and it has been assumed that dilution counts are in fact distributed according to the terms of that series, in all cases where the technique is adequate. Reasonable agreement between mean and error variance becomes, indeed, a criterion of the accuracy of the sampling technique. The purpose of the present note is to enquire a little further into the theoretical basis of this assumption, doubts having arisen as to whether high counts (say, up to 100) can be expected to conform to the Poisson series.The essence of the McMaster (Gordon & Whitlock) technique is that one counts the eggs lying under a centimetre square engraved on a coverglass which is supported 0·15 cm. above a slide, i.e. the eggs contained in 0·15 cc. of faecal suspension. Since the suspending liquid is a half-saturated solution of salt, the eggs float up into one optical plane immediately below the coverglass, this making for ease in counting.
Anguillulina dipsaci in the inflorescence of onions and in samples of onion seed
Authors: Goodey T. 
Published: November 2009

Disease in onions due to the stem eelworm, Anguillulina dipsaci, causing a soft rot of the bulb and a general stunting of the plant, commonly called “bloat,” has been known for many years. Its symptoms and pathology were fairly fully described and figured by Bos (1888–92). More recently a considerable amount of investigation on the disease has been carried out in U.S.A., particularly by Newhall and Chitwood [see Newhall & Chitwood (1940), Chitwood, Newhall & Clement (1940), Newhall (1941) and (1943)]. It is not intended to discuss this work here but merely to indicate that our knowledge of the disease set up both in the seedling plant and in the grown bulb is now fairly full and detailed.Certain gaps in out knowledge of the bionomics of the disease have, however, remained, particularly those relating to its sporadic incidence in areas where onions have' not previously been grown or have not been grown for many years. One possibility which needed exploration was whether the parasite could be seed-borne. Bos (1889, ṕ. 346) provided a note on this matter. He said that in seed harvested from a diseased crop of onions and sent to him in the spring of 1886, he was able on close examination to see that some of the seed contained eelworms but only in small quantity.
The Eggs of Schistosoma bovis, S. mattheei and S. haematobium
Authors: Alves William 
Published: November 2009

Measurements of 500 eggs respectively of S. bovis, S. mattheei and S. haematobium were made. These measurements included length, maximum breadth, and breadth at a point 50 microns from the non-spiked end of the egg. Statistical analysis of the results shows that it is possible, to differentiate between the three groups of eggs.Reasons are adduced for suggesting that the statement that S. mattheei cannot infect man is not well founded; the question is under active investigation by the author.
Nutritional Factors affecting the Rate of Development of Fasciola hepatica in Limnaea truncatula
Authors: Kendall S. Brian 
Published: November 2009

This paper describes some hitherto unrecorded aspects of trematode development in a molluscan host.It is shown that the rate of development of Fasciola hepatica in its host Limnaea truncatula is influenced not only by temperature but by the amount of food assimilated by the snail and by the number of rediae which are in competition within a single host.The most rapid development of the parasite will occur in hosts which have access to ample supplies of food and in which moderate numbers of rediae become established. At laboratory temperatures, infection with a single miracidium rarely leads to the establishment of more than 40 rediae, a number which is apparently adjusted to the economy of the host, since it allows development at a maximum rate.
On a New Anoplocephalid Cestode, Pulluterina nestoris gen. et sp. nov., from the Kea (Nestor notabilis)
Authors: Smithers S. R. 
Published: November 2009

The following description is based upon a specimen which was evacuated from a Kea, Nestor notabilis, kept in captivity in the London Zoological Gardens. The Kea, a member of the Psittacciformes, has a very limited distribution, occurring only in South Island, New Zealand. This particular bird had arrived from New Zealand and had been living in the Zoo six months before the cestode was evacuated.It is believed that this cestode represents a genus new to science, and the name Pulluterina is proposed, with the specific name P. nestoris after the host.
A Modification of the Baermann Funnel Technique for the Collection of Nematodes from Plant Material
Authors: Staniland L. N. 
Published: November 2009

The Baermann funnel technique is now well known to nematologists, but the modification here described was devised to facilitate the collection of large numbers of nematodes in a small volume of water with the minimum of plant debris present. The method has proved very satisfactory in obtaining nematodes for toxicity tests, for example, from “tulip-rooted” oats infested with stem eelworm. It is often a lengthy procedure to remove nematodes from a relatively large bulk of water such as is contained in a full watch-glass, particularly if much fine plant debris is also present. By means of the modification described an almost “pure culture” of nematodes is obtained, the amount of water being very little greater in volume than the nematodes.The apparatus is shown diagrammatically in Fig. 1:—The funnel, f, has resting in it a small metal sieve, s, which may easily be made by cutting off a section about ¾-in. deep from a piece of copper pipe of from 2½–8-in. diameter. Fine copper wire mesh, wm, is then soldered on to the bottom rim. This wire mesh need not be fine enough to retain all fragments of plant material, since a circle of fine bolting silk, bs, is laid within the sieve on top of the wire mesh, so that it fits exactly within the inside of the sieve. No bolting silk has yet been found which will retain living nematodes. The bolting silk, however, retains all plant material and is easily removed and cleaned.
A New Method for: Estimating the Cyst Contents of the Potato-root EelwormHeterodera rostochiensisWollenweber
Authors: Bijloo J. D. 
Published: November 2009

Research on cysts of the potato-root eelworm is handicapped by the fact that the cyst contents vary considerably in quantity. So it is impossible to characterize the infectivity of a soil sample by determining only the number of cysts present. Though not all larvae are hatched from the cysts in one season, a better impression of the infectivity is got when we know how many living eggs and larvae are present in the cysts.Oostenbrink (1950) estimates the number of living eggs and larvae by crushing each cyst separately under the microscope. Especially when a large number of cysts is present, this technique takes much time. During our research this estimation appeared to be very subjective; it was almost impossible to get a clear impression of the viability of the cysts, especially when many mouldy or empty eggs were found.Fenwick (1952) developed the bleaching powder technique in which the presoaked cysts are dissected by means of a Hagedorn-needle (Reid, 1952) and for 80 minutes are exposed to a nominal 1 per cent, solution of bleaching powder. This solution helps to break up the egg masses within the cut cysts and to free the larvae from their egg shells. Thus the larvae and eggs may be counted. Using this method some difficulties have been met with. Working with three samples of filtered bleaching powder solution, several cysts were found containing a large number of unseparated eggs, thus giving counts which were too low.
On the Occurrence of Ostertagia pinnata Daubney, 1933, in Association with Ostertagia trifurcata Ransom, 1907 in India and Great Britain
Authors: Sarwar M. M. 
Published: November 2009

Ostertagia trifurcata was first described by Ransom (1907) from sheep and goats in United States. It has since been reported from various other countries and appears to have a world wide distribution. This species is recorded from India for the first time, in the present paper.In Great Britain, O. trifurcata was first recorded by Boulenger (1914) but his record seems to have been overlooked by Travassos (1987). It has also been reported from sheep and goats in different parts of Great Britain by Morgan (1925), Jones (1926) and Oldham and Morgan (1984). All these workers report the occurrence of this species in association with Ostertagia circumcincta. Elsewhere, the association of O. circumcincta and O. trifurcata has been reported by Tetley (1984) from New Zealand, Ransom (1911) from United States, Gebauer (1982) from Germany and Saquenet (1946) from Algeria. In my collection from India (Kangra District), O. trifurcata,is present in small numbers together with O. circumcincta which is always the predominant species. In a collection of helminths from Cyprus in the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine a few O. trifurcata were found in association with a large number of O. circumcincta.
On Some Helminths from British Small Mammals, with a Re-description ofEchinorhynchus rosaiPorta, 1910
Authors: James Phyllis M. 
Published: November 2009

The geographical and host distribution of 32 specíes of helmínths found in a survey of 254 carcases of 13 species of British small mammals is given.A description ofEchinorhynchus rosaiPorta, 1910 from three specimens found encysted in the liver and mesentery of a hedgehog,Erinaceus europaeus, corresponds in most respects with that originally given by Porta. Comments are made on the unusual location of the parasites and on other species from the same host.
Observations on Races of Ditylenchus dipsaci Infesting Bulbs
Authors: Southey J. F. 
Published: November 2009

The results obtained in the tests described above are summarized in the following table :—Matricaria matricarioides (Less.) Porter, self-sown in one of the inoculated pots, is an addition to the known weed hosts of narcissus races of D. dipsaci and a new host record for the species.Seinhorst (1952) has emphasized the need for caution in interpreting the results of host tests with D. dipsaci. Exposure to heavy infestations will often result in invasion and local necrosis of the tissues of plants which are not true hosts of the race concerned. Seedlings may easily be killed outright in this way. The present tests lead to similar conclusions as shown, for example, by the results obtained with red clover and oat seedlings. Even deposition of eggs in the tissues cannot be taken as evidence that the eelworms have established themselves. It is considered, however, that a plant may be regarded as a true host when it is clear that the eelworms are breeding freely in the tissues, i.e. when eelworms in all stages of development are present with numerous eggs, and when infestation is able to persist during the normal life of the plant. With bulbous plants, the establishment of an infestation in the new bulbs after the leaves and flowers had died down was taken as evidence that the plant was a true host. The typical effects of D. dipsaci on the tissues of its hosts, e.g. hypertrophy of parenchyma tissues, enlargement and loosening of the cells and dry, mealy rotting, are also useful criteria, but some of these effects may be produced occasionally after invasion of non-hosts, as was found in a few of the inoculated clover seedlings.
Filaricidal properties of a wild herb, Andrographis paniculata
Authors: Dutta Anita , Sukul Nirmal C. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTWater decoction of the leaves of Andrographis paniculata killed in vitro the microfilaria of Dipetalonema reconditum in 40 min. Three subcutaneous injections of the extract into infected dogs at 0·06 ml per kg bodyweight reduced the number of microfilariae in blood by more than 85%. The larvae were not totally eliminated with more infections but the reduced microfilarial level persisted. No toxiceffect of the extract was observed in rabbits. The treated dogs became lethargic initially for a week, probably due to the mass killing of microfilariae.