bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BIT BY BIT: THE SILENT LIBERALIZATION OF THE CAPITAL ACCOUNT
Authors: Waibel Michael 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter explores the relationship between free transfer clauses and exchange restrictions. The transfer of funds provision is a common feature of bilateral investment treaties (BITs). The free transfer provision is particularly important in difficult economic times, when the host country faces complex policy trade-offs. It argues that over the past two decades, the rise of a new generation of BITs has led to a patchwork liberalization of the capital account. This liberalization is slow and gradual, but the general direction is clear: greater openness. Taken together, the universe of existing BITs and free trade agreements (FTAs) substantially limits countries' freedom to impose restrictions on the capital account. This liberalization does not appear to follow general principles other than increased openness. It risks undermining macroeconomic stability and complicating the resolution of future financial crises.
THE CANADIAN APPROACH TO INVESTMENT PROTECTION: HOW FAR WE HAVE COME!
Authors: Fortier L. Yves 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter has two main objectives. The first is to provide an overview of the evolution of Canada's approach to investment protection, with particular focus on dispute settlement. The second objective is to identify the essential elements that now underpin Canada's approach to investment protection. It argues that principles central to the Canadian legal system, such as procedural fairness and due process, are now incorporated as quasi sine qua nons in Canada's approach to investment protection. These principles are consonant with the ICSID Convention's objectives to settle investment disputes in an orderly manner and to protect, to the same extent and with the same vigour, the investor and the host State in the general interest of development.
CONFLICT OF NORMS STEMMING FROM INTRA-EU BITS AND EU LEGAL OBLIGATIONS: SOME REMARKS ON POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
Authors: Wierzbowski Marek , Gubrynowicz Aleksander 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter seeks to determine the extent to which obligations stemming from the EU legal order conflict with the norms of intra-EU BITs as well as to analyse possible solutions that could eventually be adopted to reconcile such conflicts. The chapter is divided into three different parts. Section B seeks to determine the causes as well as the principal areas where the norms stemming from the EU legal orders could eventually conflict with BIT clauses. Section C examines the relations between EU law and intra-EU BITs in the light of recent arbitration awards (mainly Eastern Sugar BV v Czech Republic). Section D offers a possible resolution, concluding that, taking into account the matter as it stands at present, the idea of a new institution that would help to stabilize the jurisprudence and to establish amicable and constructive relations with the European Court of Justice (ECJ) (working title: ‘the European Investment Court’) should be carefully examined.
JOINT TORTFEASORS IN INVESTMENT LAW
Authors: Wittich Stephan 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter addresses an issue of the law of international responsibility that arose in a well-known investment arbitration case, CME v Czech Republic. It shows the generally cautious attitude in theory and practice towards the principle of joint tortfeasors in international law. The main problem is the unclear contours of that principle. Joint tortfeasors may, in principle, play a useful role in a case where an internationally wrongful act was caused by several actors. In fact, it has frequently been invoked in the context of concurrent causes, in case of complicity or of a plurality of responsible persons, but the uncertain requirements of, and conditions inherent in, this principle have prevented the development of a generally applicable concept of joint tortfeasors.
INTERPRETING INVESTMENT TREATIES: EXPERIENCES AND EXAMPLES
Authors: Wälde Thomas W. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses on particular challenges in the interpretation of investment treaties before international tribunals. Interpretation of authoritative texts (divine, legal, or scholarly) is always difficult and apt to provoke engaged challenges. This is even more so if the community within which and for which application takes place does not share a widespread homogeneity of political, ideological, religious, or professional values. Investment arbitration by ad hoc tribunals is a novel and therefore unfamiliar form of international adjudication; as a result, it needs to make more effort to achieve political legitimacy — whatever the legal legitimacy founded on international treaties. The best approach is a resolutely technical and professional approach, that is, an approach that employs increasingly detailed drafting techniques in treaty-making, but also a predominantly textual approach linked to identifiable common elements of modern practice in interpretation.
CONTEMPORARY LAW OF FOREIGN INVESTMENT: REVISITING THE STATUS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
Authors: Dolzer Rudolf 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews the evolution of the intersection between procedure and substance from a contemporary perspective. For a long time, it was widely considered that the position expressed by the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) that ‘any contract which is not a contract between States in their capacity as subjects of international law is based on municipal law of some country’ might exclude the application of international law. The modern understanding accepts that the law of the host State will apply. It can today be added, however, that international law operates as a framework which domestic law must respect. The convergence of the parallel developments underlining the need for and acceptance of rules of international law has led to a renewed consensus.
Justice
Authors: Cavill P. R. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Chapter 3 sets the enactment and enforcement of parliamentary legislation within the framework of the crown's responsibility to dispense justice and to uphold the law. It first discusses contextual factors that influenced the content and scope of royal law‐making. Next it identifies the problems law reform and discusses the remedies it designed in the light of theory and practice. Particular attention is paid to the judicial role of the royal council. Responses in parliament to reforms are interpreted through the principles of equity and due process. Then the crown's interest in enforcing the financial penalties laid down in statutory regulations is discussed. Particular notice is given to the role of informers. In conclusion, contemporary criticism of royal policy is considered.
Efficiently finding genome-wide three-way gene interactions from transcript- and genotype-data
Authors: Kayano Mitsunori , Takigawa Ichigaku , Shiga Motoki , Tsuda Koji , Mamitsuka Hiroshi 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Motivation: We address the issue of finding a three-way gene interaction, i.e. two interacting genes in expression under the genotypes of another gene, given a dataset in which expressions and genotypes are measured at once for each individual. This issue can be a general, switching mechanism in expression of two genes, being controlled by categories of another gene, and finding this type of interaction can be a key to elucidating complex biological systems. The most suitable method for this issue is likelihood ratio test using logistic regressions, which we call interaction test, but a serious problem of this test is computational intractability at a genome-wide level.
Results: We developed a fast method for this issue which improves the speed of interaction test by around 10 times for any size of datasets, keeping highly interacting genes with an accuracy of ∼85%. We applied our method to ∼3 × 108 three-way combinations generated from a dataset on human brain samples and detected three-way gene interactions with small P-values. To check the reliability of our results, we first conducted permutations by which we can show that the obtained P-values are significantly smaller than those obtained from permuted null examples. We then used GEO (Gene Expression Omnibus) to generate gene expression datasets with binary classes to confirm the detected three-way interactions by using these datasets and interaction tests. The result showed us some datasets with significantly small P-values, strongly supporting the reliability of the detected three-way interactions.
Availability: Software is available from http://www.bic.kyoto-u.ac.jp/pathway/kayano/bioinfo_three-way.html
Contact: kayano@kuicr.kyoto-u.ac.jp
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Corporate Social Responsibility in Developing Countries
Authors: Visser Wayne 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article maps out the crucial role and responsibilities for business in fighting poverty and acting responsibly in developing countries. It begins by proposing different ways to categorize the literature on corporate social responsibility (CSR) in developing countries. It then reviews the research which has been conducted at a global and regional level, before considering the main CSR drivers in developing countries. Finally, it proposes a model of CSR in developing countries, before concluding with a summary and recommendations for future research. What is clear from this article is that CSR in developing countries is a rich and fascinating area of enquiry, which is becoming ever more important in CSR theory and practice. And since it is profoundly under-researched, this enquiry also represents a tremendous opportunity for improving the knowledge and understanding about CSR.
Conclusion
Authors: Crane Andrew , McWilliams Abagail , Matten Dirk , Moon Jeremy , Siegel Donald S. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
As a field of inquiry, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is still in an embryonic stage. The study of CSR has been hampered by a lack of consensus on the definition of the phenomenon, unifying theory, measures, and unsophisticated empirical methods. Globalization has also added to the complexity of CSR issues to be addressed. Despite these concerns, there is still some excellent research on this topic, which has been gathered in this volume. Specifically, this volume contains findings from numerous experts in a wide variety of social science disciplines and fields in business administration, who have summarized the body of CSR literature and also outlined an agenda for additional research. It is important to note that CSR practices and product features are not always totally transparent and observable to the consumer and other stakeholders. This makes it difficult for consumers and other stakeholders to evaluate the firm's social performance.
Hormone- and Light-Mediated Regulation of Heat-Induced Differential Petiole Growth in Arabidopsis
Authors: van Zanten Martijn , Voesenek Laurentius A.C.J. , Peeters Anton J.M. , Millenaar Frank F. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPlants react quickly and profoundly to changes in their environment. A sudden increase in temperature, for example, induces differential petiole growth-driven upward leaf movement (hyponastic growth) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We show that accessions that face the strongest fluctuations in diurnal temperature in their natural habitat are least sensitive for heat-induced hyponastic growth. This indicates that heat-induced hyponastic growth is a trait subject to natural selection. The response is induced with kinetics remarkably similar to ethylene- and low light-induced hyponasty in several accessions. Using pharmacological assays, transcript analysis, and mutant analyses, we demonstrate that ethylene and the photoreceptor protein phytochrome B are negative regulators of heat-induced hyponastic growth and that low light, phytochrome A, auxin, polar auxin transport, and abscisic acid are positive regulators of heat-induced hyponastic growth. Furthermore, auxin, auxin polar transport, phytochrome A, phytochrome B, and cryptochromes are required for a fast induction of heat-induced hyponastic growth.
Diverse effects of bacterial cell wall components on mast cell degranulation, cysteinyl leukotriene generation and migration
Authors: Wierzbicki Maciej , Brzezińska‐Błaszczyk Ewa 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTNowadays there is more and more evidence that mast cells take part in antibacterial defence. Mast cells have the ability to kill bacteria via phagocytose‐dependent or phagocytose‐independent ways and express antimicrobial peptides that can directly kill pathogens at their site of entry. What is more, mast cells are capable of processing bacterial antigens for presentation through class I and II MHC molecules. Some data indicate that these cells can release various proinflammatory mediators in response to activation with bacteria and/or their products, however this information is still far from complete. Therefore, in this study we examined the ability of PGN from Staphylococcus aureus, LPS from Eschericha coli and LAM from Mycobacterium smegmatis to stimulate mature rat mast cell degranulation as well as cysteinyl LT generation. We also studied the influence of these bacterial components on mast cell migration. We found that PGN, LPS and LAM all failed to induce mast cell degranulation and histamine release. At the same time, activation of mast cells with these bacterial antigens resulted in generation and release of significant amounts of LT. Moreover, we documented that, even in the presence of laminin, none of the bacterial antigens used stimulated mast cell migration. However, PGN did induce migration of RANTES‐primed mast cells, and LPS did stimulate mast cell migratory response after priming with IL‐6. Our results show that PGN, LPS and LAM might be among the important bacterial antigens involved in mast cell activation during bacterial infection.
Cost‐effectiveness of interventions to prevent alcohol‐related disease and injury in Australia
Authors: Cobiac Linda , Vos Theo , Doran Christopher , Wallace Angela 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTAims To evaluate cost‐effectiveness of eight interventions for reducing alcohol‐attributable harm and determine the optimal intervention mix.Methods Interventions include volumetric taxation, advertising bans, an increase in minimum legal drinking age, licensing controls on operating hours, brief intervention (with and without general practitioner telemarketing and support), drink driving campaigns, random breath testing and residential treatment for alcohol dependence (with and without naltrexone). Cost‐effectiveness is modelled over the life‐time of the Australian population in 2003, with all costs and health outcomes evaluated from an Australian health sector perspective. Each intervention is compared with current practice, and the most cost‐effective options are then combined to determine the optimal intervention mix.Measurements Cost‐effectiveness is measured in 2003 Australian dollars per disability adjusted life year averted.Findings Although current alcohol intervention in Australia (random breath testing) is cost‐effective, if the current spending of $71 million could be invested in a more cost‐effective combination of interventions, more than 10 times the amount of health gain could be achieved. Taken as a package of interventions, all seven preventive interventions would be a cost‐effective investment that could lead to substantial improvement in population health; only residential treatment is not cost‐effective.Conclusions Based on current evidence, interventions to reduce harm from alcohol are highly recommended. The potential reduction in costs of treating alcohol‐related diseases and injuries mean that substantial improvements in population health can be achieved at a relatively low cost to the health sector.
Species conservation on human‐dominated landscapes: the case of crowned crane breeding and distribution outside protected areas in Uganda
Authors: Olupot William , Mugabe Hamlet , Plumptre Andrew J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSpecies primarily dependent on habitats outside protected areas have to cope with the direct pressure of human utilization or harassment, and the indirect pressure of habitat modification. In Uganda, wetlands mainly used by cranes occur mostly outside protected areas. The country’s wetlands are however under heavy modification, and this and other pressures are thought to have reduced crane populations to 10–30% of the number in the early 1970s. From January 2005 to January 2006, we assessed the status of crane breeding and distribution in the country. Breeding and foraging sites were assessed through a nationwide newspaper survey, and visits to wetlands. We established occurrence of 21 nests during the study period, and crane use of 27 out of 30 districts surveyed. Crane harassment and trapping were common during breeding, as was crop damage by cranes. This is the first attempt to show the distribution of crane breeding outside protected areas throughout the country. In addition to maintaining suitable breeding habitat, survival of cranes in Uganda lies in part in community engagement and punishing crimes related to hunting and destruction of nests.
Effects of secondary tuber harvest on populations of devil’s claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) in the Kalahari savannas of South Africa
Authors: Stewart Kristine M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDevil’s claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) is an internationally traded species that is harvested for its secondary tubers. Root extracts are used to treat arthritis and other inflammatory diseases. This study examined population structure, density, growth, mortality, and seed and fruit production in harvested and unharvested populations in the Kalahari savannas of South Africa over 4 years. Plant density and population structure differed significantly between overgrazed and grass‐dominated areas, suggesting that the differences may be due to competition for water and nutrients. Experimental removal of secondary tubers (harvest) was not a significant factor for mortality in any of the harvested size classes. Harvest also did not affect growth, although plants in the 3–4 cm size class grew more in both the harvested and unharvested populations. Fruit production was variable; fruits matured only after sufficient rains. Under the conditions of this study, the species appears to be resilient to harvest, with both harvested and unharvested plants surviving. After harvest, both groups recovered and grew (on average) at the same rate. Because of the spatially variable habitat and the plasticity of the plants themselves, a large number of plants over a wide area are required to better understand the species’ life history.
Performance of seedlings of the invasive alien tree Schinus molle L. under indigenous and alien host trees in semi‐arid savanna
Authors: Iponga Donald M. , Milton Suzanne J. , Richardson David M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe assessed the importance of host trees in influencing invasion patterns of the alien tree Schinus molle L. (Anacardiaceae) in semi‐arid savanna in South Africa. Recruitment of S. molle is dependent on trees in its invaded habitat, particularly Acacia tortilis Hayne. Another leguminous tree, the invasive alien mesquite (Prosopis sp.), has become common in the area recently, but S. molle rarely recruits under canopies of this species. Understanding of the association between these species is needed to predict invasion dynamics in the region. We conducted experiments to test whether: (i) seedling survival of S. molle is better beneath A. tortilis than beneath mesquite canopies; (ii) growth rates of S. molle seedlings are higher beneath A. tortilis than beneath mesquite. Results showed that growth and survival of S. molle did not differ significantly beneath the native A. tortilis and the alien Prosopis species. This suggests that microsites provided by canopies of mesquite are as good for S. molle establishment as those provided by the native acacia. Other factors, such as the failure of propagules to arrive beneath mesquite trees, must be sought to explain the lack of recruitment beneath mesquite.
Patterns of elephant impact on woody plants in the Hluhluwe‐Imfolozi park, Kwazulu‐Natal, South Africa
Authors: Boundja Roger Patrick , Midgley Jeremy J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis study identifies patterns of elephantLoxodonta africana africanaimpacts upon tree species and woody plant communities in Hluhluwe‐Imfolozi Park, a South African savannahs/woodlands area. Elephants were reintroduced there from 1981, following more than 80 years of absence. Data were collected in 2003 on elephant impact on woodland in the Park. Different vegetation types were susceptible to different types and levels of damage by elephants, suggesting that elephants will not homogenize the vegetation. Elephants targeted larger stems for all types of damage, with a strong preference for some of the less abundant species such asAlbizia versicolor(breaking and toppling) andCordia caffraandSchotia brachypetala(debarking). Elephant impacts tended to be distributed evenly across the park landscape, irrespective of stem density or proximity to permanent water. Overall, elephants have little impact on slowing or reversing the spread of undesirable woody species, but are having a marked impact on certain less common tree species and larger tree size‐classes in the Hluhluwe‐Imfolozi Park.
Synergistic association between alcohol intake and body mass index with serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferase levels in older adults: the Rancho Bernardo Study
Authors: LOOMBA R. , BETTENCOURT R. , BARRETT‐CONNOR E. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryBackground The association between body‐mass‐index (BMI), alcohol consumption and their joint effect in increasing the risk of elevated serum alanine (ALT) and aspartate (AST) is unclear in older community‐dwelling adults.Aim To determine the association between alcohol, BMI, and their combined effect with serum ALT and AST in older community‐dwelling adults in the United States.Methods A cross‐sectional, population‐based study in participants (n = 2364) from the Rancho Bernardo Study (54% women; mean age: 70 years, BMI: 25 kg/m2, alcohol users: 63%) who attended a research visit in 1984–87. BMI was recorded by a trained nurse and alcohol use ascertained by a validated questionnaire. Odds‐ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of elevated serum ALT and AST (defined as ≥30 U/L in men and ≥19 U/L in women) were calculated for alcohol and BMI separately and their joint exposure using logistic regression models.Results In multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for age, alcohol use, total cholesterol, serum triglycerides, fasting plasma glucose, systolic blood pressure, and diabetes mellitus, obesity independently increased the odds of elevated ALT in this cohort of older men and women by 3.0 (95% CI, 1.7–5.3) and 1.8 (95% CI, 1.1–2.7) respectively. Joint effects of consuming >3 alcoholic drinks/day and obesity raised the odds of elevated ALT by 8.9 (95% CI, 2.4–33.1) and AST by 21‐fold (95% CI, 2.6–170.1), demonstrating synergism. Obese participants had higher odds of elevated ALT even at 0 ≤ 1 drink/day.Conclusions In older men and women, the combination of obesity with alcohol is synergistic in increasing the risk of liver injury.