bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrate concentration changes at the groundwater‐surface water interface of a small Cumbrian river
Authors: Krause Stefan , Heathwaite Louise , Binley Andrew , Keenan Patrick 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFor an experimental field site at the River Leith, United Kingdom, the spatial and temporal distribution of nitrate was observed along the upwelling flow path from groundwater to surface water. The study was carried out during baseflow conditions for two successive years. For two contrasting stream reaches, the physical and chemical characteristics of streambed sediment cores were analysed together with observations of hydraulic head, dissolved oxygen, redox and nitrogen speciation using an array of nested streambed piezometers.Pressure head gradients in the streambed piezometers showed that upwelling flows dominated the exchange between groundwater and surface water throughout the observation period. Infiltration of surface water into the streambed was not evident at depths below 10 cm. Pore water collected from sediment cores and streambed piezometers showed spatially variable redox conditions and nitrogen speciation within up to 100 cm depth in the streambed. In particular, nitrate concentrations along upwelling flow paths appeared to follow two opposite trends, with both decreasing and increasing nitrate concentrations being observed at different points in the experimental reach. The observed changes of nitrate concentrations in the upwelling groundwater are restricted to the loose superficial sediments that overlay the sandstone bedrock and do not appear to coincide with surface water–groundwater mixing in the streambed. The magnitude of variation in nitrate concentration along the upwelling flow path to the streambed appears to be governed by the sediment structure and characteristics in the two contrasting field sites.The results suggest that changes in redox status and pore water nitrate concentrations in the hyporheic may occur at depths greater than surface water infiltration into the streambed and may call for new conceptual understanding of hyporheic nutrient transformations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Building channel networks for flat regions in digital elevation models
Authors: Zhang Hua , Huang Guohe 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDigital elevation models (DEMs) are data sources for distributed rainfall–runoff modelling in terms of providing the channel network for a watershed of interest. Assigning flow directions over flat regions is an important issue in the field of DEM processing and extraction of drainage features. Existing methods cannot fully incorporate the information of known drainage features and terrain surrounding the flat region. This study presented a hydrological correction method that integrates topographic information from different sources to interpolate a convergent surface. It employs radial basis function interpolation to determine elevation increment at every position, utilizes data of digital channel network, incorporates elevation in the surrounding terrain, and ensures a convergent channel network while minimizing the impact of correction on the original DEM. The method can be easily implemented in geographic information system (GIS) environment. It was applied to the DEM of the Heshui Watershed, China. The extracted channel network was visually inspected and quantitatively assessed through analysing the flow direction raster. Results showed that the channel network generated by the hydrological correction was consistent with the known drainage features and contained less parallel channels comparing with the results from two existing methods. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Association of HPV16 E6 variants with diagnostic severity in cervical cytology samples of 354 women in a US population
Authors: Zuna Rosemary E. , Moore William E. , Shanesmith Rebecca P. , Dunn S. Terence , Wang Sophia S. , Schiffman Mark , Blakey Gregory L. , Teel Travis 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIt has been suggested that DNA sequence variants of HPV16 contribute to differences in the behavior of individual cervical lesions. To address this question, we have analyzed the association of HPV16 variants with diagnostic severity in 354 HPV16‐positive Oklahoman women. HPV16 variant status was determined by PCR amplification and DNA sequencing of the E6 open reading frame. European sequences were identified in 86% of samples and 14% were non‐European. Of the 51 non‐European cases, 61% were Asian‐American, 23% African and 16% were Native American variants. European prototype and related variants were present in comparable numbers (43% each) but the relative proportion of each differed with diagnostic category. In general, the proportion of European variants and non‐European variants increased with diagnostic severity while the European prototype decreased. When adjusted for age and race (white, black or Hispanic), the increased risk for carcinoma/severe dysplasia for non‐European variants was statistically significant with an odds ratio of 3.8 (1.3–10.7). However, the analogous comparison for the European variants, although also showing increased association with carcinoma/severe dysplasia, did not reach statistical significance (OR = 1.6 (95% CI 0.7–3.6). Overall, HPV16 European sequences (both prototype and related variants), were predominant in Oklahoman women including those with cancers. This suggests that while there appear to be differences among the HPV16‐variant categories in risk for progression to invasive cancer, all variant categories are associated with the development of invasive cancer. © 2009 UICC
Investigation of multifocal choroiditis with panuveitis by three‐dimensional high‐penetration optical coherence tomography
Authors: Yasuno Yoshiaki , Okamoto Fumiki , Kawana Keisuke , Yatagai Toyohiko , Oshika Tetsuro 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA single case of multifocal choroiditis with panuveitis (MFCPU) was investigated by a three‐dimensional (3‐D) high‐penetration optical coherence tomography. The HP‐OCT is based on a swept‐source OCT technology, uses a probe beam with a center wavelength of 1060 nm, and possesses a depth resolution of 10.4 μ min tissue. Two eyes of an MFCPU patient were involved in this study. The eyes were also examined by color fundus photograph, fluorescein angiography (FA), and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA). Findings in these four modalities are comparatively discussed. The OCT scans revealed the following characteristic properties of the lesion sites. Thinning of the retina, destructuring of the retinal layers, and disappearance of the junction of the inner and outer segments of the photoreceptor (IS/OS). Due to the high penetration of this OCT system, the following characteristic properties of the lesions were also observed: localized thinning of the choroid, occlusion of the choroidal vessels, and localized hyper‐reflectivity that may represent hyper‐pigmentation of the choroid. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
CHARMM general force field: A force field for drug‐like molecules compatible with the CHARMM all‐atom additive biological force fields
Authors: Vanommeslaeghe K. , Hatcher E. , Acharya C. , Kundu S. , Zhong S. , Shim J. , Darian E. , Guvench O. , Lopes P. , Vorobyov I. , Mackerell A. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe widely used CHARMM additive all‐atom force field includes parameters for proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. In the present article, an extension of the CHARMM force field to drug‐like molecules is presented. The resulting CHARMM General Force Field (CGenFF) covers a wide range of chemical groups present in biomolecules and drug‐like molecules, including a large number of heterocyclic scaffolds. The parametrization philosophy behind the force field focuses on quality at the expense of transferability, with the implementation concentrating on an extensible force field. Statistics related to the quality of the parametrization with a focus on experimental validation are presented. Additionally, the parametrization procedure, described fully in the present article in the context of the model systems, pyrrolidine, and 3‐phenoxymethylpyrrolidine will allow users to readily extend the force field to chemical groups that are not explicitly covered in the force field as well as add functional groups to and link together molecules already available in the force field. CGenFF thus makes it possible to perform “all‐CHARMM” simulations on drug‐target interactions thereby extending the utility of CHARMM force fields to medicinally relevant systems. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010
Brief report of community ownership of local coalitions: community members' perspectives
Authors: Cox Pamela J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAlthough community ownership has been described as critical to the long‐term effectiveness of local coalitions, a lack of consensus exists regarding what community ownership is and what exactly is being owned. This exploratory study examined community ownership of coalitions that address domestic violence from the perspective of community members who initiated and operated these coalitions. Qualitative data collection methods included interviews, observations, and archival review of coalition records. Findings expand current conceptualizations of what community ownership is and how it develops. Results may inform future research regarding how community ownership affects the effectiveness of a coalition's programs and how researchers and government agencies partner with coalitions to address health problems. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Frameworks: a community‐based approach to preventing youth suicide
Authors: Baber Kristine , Bean Gretchen 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFew youth suicide prevention programs are theory based and systematically evaluated. This study evaluated the pilot implementation of a community‐based youth suicide prevention project guided by an ecological perspective. One hundred fifty‐seven adults representing various constituencies from educators to health care providers and 131 ninth‐grade students received training and participated in the evaluation. Analysis of questionnaire data collected before and after the trainings indicated significant increases in knowledge about youth suicide and belief in the usefulness of mental health care among adults and students. Adults' preparedness to help youth also increased. Students' sense of responsibility to help their peers who might be at risk for suicide increased from pre‐ to posttraining, as well as the likelihood that these trained students would seek adult assistance immediately if they were concerned about a peer. The results of these analyses are discussed in the context of qualitative information collected through individual interviews with key community contacts. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improving middle school climate through teacher‐centered change
Authors: Rhodes Jean E. , Camic Paul M. , Milburn Michael , Lowe Sarah R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA collaborative school‐based intervention aimed at modifying relationships among administrators and teachers was implemented in three middle and junior high schools. Across the intervention schools, teachers were active collaborators in identifying problems and then articulating and implementing customized interventions to redress those problems. Analyses of both teacher (N=180) and student (N=2,631) data provide support for positive outcomes. Teachers' perceptions of school climate improved, and longitudinal models suggested that these improvements mediated the impact of treatment on teacher reports of affiliation and academic focus. In addition, the treatment had a positive impact on teachers' perceptions of principal support, which led to improvements in teacher attitudes. Furthermore, students in the intervention schools reported improvements in school climate relative to students in the comparison schools. Taken together, these results suggest that a strategy of encouraging and supporting teacher‐led interventions, customized to the needs and circumstances of each particular school, can successfully revitalize school settings, leading to improvements not only in school's climate, but also in the quality of interactions within the settings. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neighborhood‐specific and general social support: which buffers the effect of neighborhood disorder on depression?
Authors: Kim Joongbaeck , Ross Catherine E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIs neighborhood‐specific social support the most effective type of social support for buffering the effect of neighborhood disorder on depression? Matching theory suggests that it is. The authors extend the research on neighborhood disorder and adult depression by showing that individuals who have higher levels of both general and neighborhood‐specific social relationships, measured by social support and neighborhood social ties, are less vulnerable to negative effects of neighborhood disorder. Using the Community, Crime, and Health Survey, the authors found that neighborhood disorder's association with depression is lower for people with supportive social ties with neighbors and for people with more general social support. The latter conditional effect is stronger than the former, indicating that support in which the source of support matches the source of strain is not more effective than general support at buffering the effects of neighborhood strain. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Academic achievement among adolescents in Cambodia: does caregiver trauma matter?
Authors: Eng Sothy , Mulsow Miriam , Cleveland Harrington , Hart Sybil L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractHow will hostilities occurring around today's world influence future generations in affected areas? Cambodia may be one place where this question can be answered, and academic achievement is one way to measure these effects. Cambodian adolescent/caregiver dyads (n=288) were examined for links between caregiver trauma history and adolescent academic achievement, using self reports of adolescents' relationships with caregivers, caregivers' reports of trauma history and symptoms (Harvard Trauma Questionnaire), and school records of adolescents' academic achievement. Fourteen percent of caregivers met criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Overall, caregiver trauma predicted caregiver education, which then predicted caregiver warmth, but not adolescents' academic achievement. Adolescents' academic achievement was predicted by caregivers' brain‐related trauma, child gender, hours taking extra classes, and father's education. Implications for community health professionals are offered. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Separation and divergence: The untold story of James Robertson's and John Bowlby's theoretical dispute on mother–child separation
Authors: van der Horst Frank C. P. , van der Veer René 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe work of Robertson and Bowlby is generally seen as complementary, Robertson being the practically oriented observer and Bowlby focusing on theoretical explanations for Robertson's observations. The authors add to this picture an “untold story” of the collaboration between Robertson and Bowlby: the dispute between the two men that arose in the 1960s about the corollaries of separation and the ensuing personal animosity. On the basis of unique archival materials, this until now little known aspect of the history of attachment theory is extensively documented. The deteriorating relationship between Robertson and Bowlby is described against the background of different currents in psychoanalysis in Britain in the interbellum. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
(±)‐1,2‐Dialkyl‐5‐nitro‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐indoles by a tandem reductive amination‐SNAr reaction
Authors: Bunce Richard A. , Nago Takahiro , White Brian 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
magnified imageA tandem reductive amination‐SNAr reaction has been applied to the synthesis of (±)‐1,2‐dialkyl‐5‐nitro‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐indoles. Treatment of a series of 2‐fluoro‐5‐nitrobenzyl ketones with primary amines and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol at room temperature provided good yields of the target heterocycles. The reaction is sensitive to steric hindrance and proceeds best with less hindered ketone substrates using primary amines that are unbranched at the α carbon. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
Regiospecific synthesis of 3H‐pyrido[2,3‐b][1,4]diazepin‐4(5H)‐ones viahaloform reaction with the isolation of N3‐[3‐oxo‐4,4,4‐trichloroalk‐1‐en‐1‐yl]‐2,3‐diaminopyridine intermediates
Authors: Bonacorso Helio G. , Lourega Rogério V. , Porte Liliane M. F. , Deon Everton D. , Zanatta Nilo , Flores Alex F. C. , Martins Marcos A. P. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
magnified imageThe synthesis of a novel series of analogous intermediates N3‐[1‐alkyl(aryl/heteroaryl)‐3‐oxo‐4,4,4‐trichloroalk‐1‐en‐1‐yl]‐2,3‐diaminopyridines and N2‐(methanesulfonyl) [Cl3CC(O)CHCRNH(C5H3N)NHY], where R = H, Me, C6H5, 4‐FC6H4, 4‐ClC6H4, 4‐BrC6H4, 4‐CH3C6H4, 4‐OCH3C6H4, 4,4′‐biphenyl, 1‐naphthyl, 2‐thienyl, 2‐furyl, and Y = H, SO2Me, is reported. A new corresponding series of 2‐aryl/heteroaryl‐3H‐pyrido[2,3‐b][1,4]diazepin‐4(5H)‐ones obtained from intramolecular cyclization reaction of the first series of trichloroacetyl enamines or from the direct cyclocondensation reaction of 4‐methoxy‐1,1,1‐trichloalk‐3‐en‐2‐ones with 2,3‐diaminopyridine, under mild conditions, is also demonstrated. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
Developing an asset threshold using the consensual approach: Results from Mashonaland West, Zimbabwe
Authors: Mtapuri Oliver 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAlthough poverty lines have been constructed on the basis of an income threshold, this article defines a poverty line on the basis of an asset threshold using the consensual approach as postulated by Mack and Lansley. In this article, an asset threshold is defined using this approach, which is a European method in an African rural setting. The determination of the asset threshold—the Minimally Adequate Asset Level, which is context‐sensitive, fixed bundle of assets, is the major contribution of this article. This asset poverty line opens up possibilities for calculating asset‐based FGT measures as well as an asset‐gini‐coefficient. The article also shows that location matters in the perception of poverty as a consequence of differing lifestyles. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automated zone‐sampling dilution by coupling sequential injection analysis to high‐throughput HPLC for the direct determination of gemfibrozil
Authors: Tzanavaras Paraskevas D. , Themelis Demetrius G. , Rigas Pantelis 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA novel automated analytical scheme for the rapid determination of gemfibrozil in drug dissolution samples is reported. The procedure is based on direct coupling of a low pressure continuous flow technique such as sequential injection analysis (SI) to HPLC. SI performs automated dilution of the samples based on zone sampling and fills on‐line the loop of the high pressure injection valve. Rapid separation of the analyte from the samples' matrix can be achieved in less than 1.0 min, by using a short RP monolithic column (25×4.6 mm id) at a flow rate of 2 mL/min. The SI and HPLC parts of the setup operate independently: during HPLC separation the next sample is treated by SI. This way a maximum throughput of 60 samplesperhour is achieved allowing the complete analysis of a batch of six dissolution samples within 12–18 min based on the replicates. The proposed method was validated in terms of linearity, LOD and LOQ, precision, selectivity and accuracy. Its applicability was tested during quality control of four validation batches of a gemfibrozil‐containing formulation. The results were in good agreement with the HPLC method proposed by the US Pharmacopeia.
Highly cross‐linked polymeric capillary monoliths for the separation of low, medium, and high molecular weight analytes
Authors: Lubbad Said H. , Buchmeiser Michael R. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractHighly rigid capillary monoliths with low swelling propensity were prepared within the confines of 200 μm ID fused silica capillaries via thermally induced free radical polymerization of tetrakis(4‐vinylbenzyl)silane (TVBS) in the presence of 1‐dodecanol and toluene. α,α′‐Azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) was used as initiator. The resulting monoliths were optimized for the separation of low, medium, and high molecular weight analytes. The microstructure and porosity of the monoliths prepared were studied by SEM and inverse size‐exclusion chromatography (ISEC). The porosity of the monolithic supports was tuned by varying the amount of initiator (i. e. AIBN) between 0.5 and 2 wt%. All monoliths were tested for a series of low molecular weight compounds including alkylbenzenes, amines, carboxylic acids, phenols, carbonyl compounds, and β‐blockers, as well as for the separation of medium molecular weight analytes such as peptides and high‐molecular weight analytes such as proteins. Due to the microporous structure, the novel monoliths displayed high efficiency and performance particularly in the separation of low molecular weight analytes. Relevant chromatographic parameters including permeability, swelling propensity, and height equivalents to theoretical plates were determined.
Effect of temperature during photopolymerization of capillary monolithic columns
Authors: Szumski Michal , Buszewski Boguslaw 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPolymeric monolithic capillary columns were synthesized using butyl methacrylate (BMA), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA), and 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) as monomers and 1,4‐butanediol, 1‐propanol, and water as a porogen mixture. The synthesis was performed over a wide temperature range from –15°C to +70°C using UV radiation to trigger the polymerization process initiated by benzoin methyl ether (BME). The columns exhibited different hydrodynamic properties (permeability) as well as efficiency. The most efficient and the most permeable columns were those polymerized at low temperatures (–15°C to +10°C). The columns photopolymerized at higher temperatures (T ⪈ 30°C) were completely useless because of low permeability or efficiency. The presented results indicate that temperature can be another factor which allows control of porosity during the preparation of monoliths by photopolymerization.
Layer‐by‐Layer Assembled Nanotubes as Biomimetic Nanoreactors for Calcium Carbonate Deposition
Authors: He Qiang , Möhwald Helmuth , Li Junbai 
Published: June 2009

AbstractEnzyme‐loaded magnetic polyelectrolyte multilayer nanotubes prepared by layer‐by‐layer assembly combined with the porous template could be used as biomimetic nanoreactors. It is demonstrated that calcium carbonate can be biomimetically synthesized inside the cavities of the polyelectrolyte nanotubes by the catalysis of urease, and the size of the calcium carbonate precipitates was controlled by the cavity dimensions. The metastable structure of the calcium carbonate precipitates inside the nanotubes was protected by the outer shell of the polyelectrolyte multilayers. These features may allow polyelectrolyte nanotubes to be applied in the fields of nanomaterials synthesis, controlled release, and drug delivery.magnified image
Synthesis and structure elucidation of three series of nitro‐2‐styrylchromones using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Barros Ana I. R. N. A. , Silva Artur M. S. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract2‐Styrylchromones, although scarce in nature, constitute a group of oxygen heterocyclic compounds which have shown significant biological activities. New nitro‐2‐styrylchromones have been synthesised by the Baker–Venkataraman method, and the structure elucidation was accomplished using extensive 1D (1H, 13C) and 2D NMR spectroscopic studies (COSY, HSQC and HMBC experiments). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.