bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imaging and Nanofabrication With the Helium Ion Microscope of the Van Leeuwenhoek Laboratory in Delft
Authors: Alkemade Paul F. A. , Koster Emma M. , van Veldhoven Emile , Maas Diederik J. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryAlthough helium ion microscopy (HIM) was introduced only a few years ago, many new application fields are emerging. The connecting factor between these novel applications is the unique interaction of the primary helium ion beam with the sample material at and just below its surface. In particular, the HIM secondary electron signal stems from an area that is extremely well localized around the point of incidence of the primary beam. This makes the HIM well suited for both high‐resolution imaging and high‐resolution nanofabrication. Another advantage in nanofabrication is the low ion backscattering fraction, which leads to a weak proximity effect. The subnanometer probe size and the unique beam‐materials interactions have opened new areas of research. This review presents a selection of studies conducted on a single instrument. The selection encompasses applications ranging from imaging to nanofabrication and from fundamental academic research to applied industrial developments. SCANNING 34: 90‐100, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cobalt‐Mediated Crystallographic Etching of Graphite From Defects
Authors: Wang Rui , Wang Jiayi , Gong Hao , Luo Zhiqiang , Zhan Da , Shen Zexiang , Thong John T. L. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractHerein is reported a study of Co‐assisted crystallographic etching of graphite in hydrogen environment at temperatures above 750 °C. Unlike nanoparticle etching of graphite surface that leaves trenches, the Co could fill the hexagonal or triangular etch‐pits that progressively enlarge, before finally balling‐up, leaving well‐defined etched pits enclosed by edges oriented at 60° or 120° relative to each other. The morphology and chirality of the etched edges have been carefully studied by transmission electron microscopy and Raman analysis, the latter indicating zigzag edges. By introducing defects to the graphite using an oxygen plasma or by utilizing the edges of graphene/graphite flakes (which are considered as defects), an ability to define the position of the etched edges is demonstrated. Based on these results, graphite strips are successfully etched from the edges and graphitic ribbons are fabricated which are enclosed by purely zigzag edges. These fabricated graphitic ribbons could potentially be isolated layer‐by‐layer and transferred to a device substrate for further processing into graphene nanoribbon transistors.
Sustaining and Expanding Systems of Care to Provide Mental Health Services for Children, Youth and Families Across America
Authors: Miller Bethany D. , Blau Gary M. , Christopher Okori T. , Jordan Phillip E. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration has been instrumental in supporting the development and implementation of systems of care to provide services to children and youth with serious mental health conditions and their families. Since 1993, 173 grants have been awarded to communities in all 50 states, Puerto Rico, Guam, the District of Columbia, and 21 American Indian/Alaska Native communities. The system of care principles of creating comprehensive, individualized services, family‐driven and youth‐guided care and cultural and linguistic competence, supported by a well‐trained and competent workforce, have been successful in transforming the field of children's mental health and facilitating the integration of child‐serving systems. This approach has achieved positive outcomes at the child and family, practice and system levels, and numerous articles have been published using data collected from system of care communities, demonstrating the effectiveness of this framework. This article will describe lessons learned from implementing the system of care approach, and will discuss the importance of expanding and sustaining systems of care across the country.
Newborn screening programmes in Europe; arguments and efforts regarding harmonization. Part 2 – From screening laboratory results to treatment, follow‐up and quality assurance
Authors: Burgard Peter , Rupp Kathrin , Lindner Martin , Haege Gisela , Rigter Tessel , Weinreich Stephanie S. , Loeber J. Gerard , Taruscio Domenica , Vittozzi Luciano , Cornel Martina C. , Hoffmann Georg F. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIn a survey conducted in 2010/2011 data from the 28 EU member states, four EU candidate states (Croatia, FYROM, Iceland, Turkey), three potential EU candidate states (Bosnia Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia), and two EFTA states (Norway and Switzerland) were collected. The status and function of newborn screening (NBS) programmes were investigated from the information to prospective parents and the public via confirmation of a positive screening result up to decisions on treatment. This article summarises the results from screening laboratory findings to start of treatment. In addition we asked about the existence of feedback loops reporting the conclusions of confirmation of screening results to the screening laboratory and communication of long‐term outcome to diagnostic units and possibly existing central registries. Parallel to the description of actual practices of where, how and by whom the different steps of the programmes are executed, we also asked for the existence of guidelines or directives regulating the screening programmes, material to support information of parents about diagnoses and treatment and training facilities for professionals involved in the programmes. This survey gives a first comprehensive overview of the steps following a positive screening result in European NBS programmes. The 37 data sets reveal substantial variation of national screening panels, but also a lot of similarities. Analysis across all countries revealed that actual practice is often organised but not regulated by guidelines. Material to inform patients is available more often for explaining treatment (69 %) than explaining the necessity of confirmatory diagnostics (41 %). Training of professionals is rarely regulated by a guideline (2 %), but is offered for paediatricians (40 %) and dieticians (29 %) and only rarely for other professions (e.g. geneticists, clinical nurse specialists, psychologists). Registry‐based evaluation of long‐term outcome is as yet almost nonexistent (3 %).
Evolution: Improving the Understanding of Undergraduate Biology Students with an Active Pedagogical Approach
Authors: Buckberry Sam , Burke da Silva Karen 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Students in a large introductory biology course at Flinders University, South Australia, were quizzed on misconceptions relating to evolution and their acceptance of evolutionary theory before and after completing the course. By providing students with a course featuring a multifaceted approach to learning about evolution, students improved their understanding and decreased their overall misconceptions. A variety of instructional methods and assessment tools were utilized in the course, and it employed an active and historically rich pedagogical approach. Although student learning and understanding of evolutionary theory improved throughout the course, it did not alter the beliefs of students who commented both before and after the course that religious theories provided adequate explanation for the diversity of life. Interestingly, students who maintained this belief scored more poorly on the final examination than students who considered evolution as the best explanation for the diversity of life.
Communication Skills Training to Address Disruptive Physician Behavior
Authors: Saxton Rebecca 
Published: April 2012

AbstractDisruptive behavior among health care providers has been linked to negative patient outcomes. High‐stress areas, including the perioperative setting, are especially prone to this behavior. The purpose of this study was to develop, implement, and evaluate an educational communication skills intervention aimed at increasing the perceived self‐efficacy of perioperative nurses to address disruptive physician behavior. Seventeen perioperative nurses participated in a two‐day communication skills program presented by a certified Crucial Conversations trainer. By using paired t test analysis, I found that there was a statistically significant increase in total mean self‐efficacy scores immediately after the intervention and four weeks after the intervention. In addition, four weeks after the intervention, participants reported the ability to address disruptive physician behavior 71% of the time. The results of this study suggest that one intervention strategy to address the serious threat of disruptive physician behavior to patient safety is to educate nurses in communication skills.
Clinical Issues—May 2012
Authors: Blanchard Joan C. , Denholm Bonnie 
Published: April 2012

This MonthReuse of single‐use devicesKey words: single‐use devices, resterilization, reuse, repurposing of single‐use devices.Use of long‐sleeved perioperative warm‐up jacketsKey words: perioperative attire, recommended practices for attire.Requirements for preoperative fastingKey words: NPO, surgical fasting, preoperative fasting.Necessity of medication orders for medications on the sterile fieldKey words: medication orders, perioperative medication use, ambulatory surgery.
The use of mental health services by adolescent smokers: A nationwide Israeli study
Authors: Shoval G. , Mansbach-Kleinfeld I. , Farbstein I. , Kanaaneh R. , Lubin G. , Krivoy A. , Apter A. , Weizman A. , Zalsman G. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIn this study, we aimed to evaluate the utilization of mental health services by adolescent smokers, the presence of untreated mental disorders in this young population and the associated emotional and behavioral difficulties. We performed a nationwide survey study of an Israeli representative sample of 906 adolescents and their mothers. Mental disorders were assessed using the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA) Inventory. Emotional and behavioral difficulties were evaluated using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Mental health services use and smoking habits were evaluated by relevant questionnaires. Adolescent smokers were using significantly more mental health services than non-smokers (79% vs. 63%, respectively, P < 0.001), independently of their mental health status or ethnic group. Adolescent smokers also reported more emotional and behavioral difficulties in most areas (P < 0.001), which are consistent with their mothers’ reports, except in the area of peer relationships. The treatment gap for the smoking adolescents was 53% compared to 69% in the non-smokers (P < 0.001). This is the first study characterizing the use of mental health services and the related emotional and behavioral difficulties in a nationally-representative sample of adolescents. The findings of a wide treatment gap and the rates of the associated emotional and behavioral difficulties are highly relevant to the psychiatric assessment and national treatment plans of adolescent smokers.
Neuronal correlates of appetite regulation in patients with schizophrenia: Is there a basis for future appetite dysfunction?
Authors: Lungu O. , Anselmo K. , Letourneau G. , Mendrek A. , Stip B. , Lipp O. , Lalonde P. , Ait Bentaleb L. , Stip E. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract:BackgroundGiven the undesired metabolic side effects of atypical antipsychotic medication it is important to understand the neuronal basis related to processing of appetite regulation in patients affected by schizophrenia.Methods:Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to assess brain activity in response to food cues and neutral stimuli in twenty patients with schizophrenia and eleven healthy individuals. In addition to clinical and dietary habits assessments, we collected, in patients, measurements of fasting glucose, ghrelin, leptin, insulin, prolactin and lipids blood concentration and we correlated the cerebral activity with clinical and metabolic measures.Results:Both groups engaged a common neuronal network while processing food cues, which included the left insula, primary sensorimotor areas, and inferior temporal and parietal cortices. Cerebral responses to appetitive stimuli in thalamus, parahippocampus and middle frontal gyri were specific only to schizophrenic patients, with parahippocampal activity related to hunger state and increasing linearly over time. Antipsychotic medication dosage correlated positively with a cognitive measure reflecting food cravings, whereas the severity of the disease correlated negatively with a cognitive measure indicating dietary restraint in eating habits. These cognitive variables correlated, in turn, with parahippocampal and thalamic neuronal activities, respectively.Conclusions:We identified a specific neural substrate underlying cognitive processing of appetitive stimuli in schizophrenia, which may contribute to appetite dysfunction via perturbations in processing of homeostatic signals in relation to external stimuli. Our results also suggest that both antipsychotic medication and the disease severity per se could amplify these effects, via different mechanisms and neuronal networks.
The Late Palaeozoic trilobites of Iran and Armenia and their palaeogeographical significance
Authors: LEROSEY-AUBRIL RUDY 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe Iranian territory is composed of a mosaic of tectonic units, several of which underwent in the Permian and Triassic periods a migration from northern Gondwana to southern Laurussia associated with the opening of the Neo-Tethys Ocean. Although this broad outline of Permo-Triassic palaeogeographical evolution of Iranian microplates is now widely accepted, the individual timing of migration of these blocks, and their biogeographical relationships, remain insufficiently known. Here I review the Late Palaeozoic record of trilobites in Iran and Armenia, and discuss their palaeobiogeographical affinities in an attempt to shed light on the Permian palaeogeographical evolution of Iranian and Armenian terranes. Seven Iranian or Armenian localities, representative of five tectonic units, have yielded Carboniferous and Permian trilobites. Ten species are recognized, including two new taxa,Persia praecoxgen. nov. sp. nov. andPseudophillipsia(s.l.)parviziisp. nov.P. praecoxis the only Carboniferous (Tournaisian) species. The others are Wordian to Wuchiapingian in age and can be separated into three morphological groups, probably representing clades. One is composed of representatives ofAcropyge, while the two others (armenica-group andpaffenholzi-group) comprise species ofPseudophillipsia. OnlyP.(s.l.)parviziisp. nov. from the Zagros Mountains (Arabian Plate) is not attributed to one of these groups. The distribution of trilobites in Iran and Armenia strongly suggests that the Alborz, Central Iran and Transcaucasia microplates represented a single biogeographical unit in Middle and Late Permian times. Special relationships of this biochore with South China can also be stressed.
Source memory errors in schizophrenia, hallucinations and negative symptoms: a synthesis of research findings
Authors: Brébion G. , Ohlsen R. I. , Bressan R. A. , David A. S. 
Published: April 2012

BackgroundPrevious research has shown associations between source memory errors and hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia. We bring together here findings from a broad memory investigation to specify better the type of source memory failure that is associated with auditory and visual hallucinations.MethodForty-one patients with schizophrenia and 43 healthy participants underwent a memory task involving recall and recognition of lists of words, recognition of pictures, memory for temporal and spatial context of presentation of the stimuli, and remembering whether target items were presented as words or pictures.ResultsFalse recognition of words and pictures was associated with hallucination scores. The extra-list intrusions in free recall were associated with verbal hallucinations whereas the intra-list intrusions were associated with a global hallucination score. Errors in discriminating the temporal context of word presentation and the spatial context of picture presentation were associated with auditory hallucinations. The tendency to remember verbal labels of items as pictures of these items was associated with visual hallucinations. Several memory errors were also inversely associated with affective flattening and anhedonia.ConclusionsVerbal and visual hallucinations are associated with confusion between internal verbal thoughts or internal visual images and perception. In addition, auditory hallucinations are associated with failure to process or remember the context of presentation of the events. Certain negative symptoms have an opposite effect on memory errors.
The Hedgehog and the Fox: Form and Meaning in the Prologue of Herodotus
Authors: Węcowski Marek 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe paper focuses on Herodotus' authorial self-representation, and on the problem of the intellectual tradition and genre(s) behind theHistories. The main assumption is that the opening sections of the work are a natural place to present its subject and principles to the public. Despite and beyond the notoriously loose grammatical structure of the first sentence, this paper offers a formal analysis of the whole ‘extended preface’ (incipitthrough 1.5.4), a carefully organized large-scale ‘pedimental composition’. A detailed examination of this structure yields the following results: (1) the stories about the abductions of women form an ironic attack against a peculiar model of causality of some contemporary Greek poets and writers, whose pragmatic outlook deprives the world of its ethico-religious dimension. (2) Conversely, Herodotus himself propounds a symbolic view of the world and seeks a monistic principle encompassing the past and the whole range of human experience. He ultimately finds it in the idea of the ‘cycle of human affairs’. This idea is the carefully stated subject of theHistories. (3) Although he belongs to the agonistic and display-oriented intellectual world of the sophistic era, Herodotus poses as a ‘sage’ capable of penetrating the whole variety of ‘all things’. Thus, he refers his reader to the tradition of wisdom literature. (4) Not unlike Thucydides, Herodotus' research into the greatest military conflict thus far forms in his view the best possible paradigmatic diagnosis of the human condition – much better than that of his fellow wise men (poets, philosophers, etc.) because based on the firm ground of verifiable historical data. (5) Although Herodotus is intent upon seeing the world from the standpoint of a single organizing principle, one of the most salient features of theHistoriesis the notion of the ‘marvellous’ (thômaston), which clearly elicits the pragmatic or factual attitude of the thinkers he dislikes. Many problems we experience when interpreting this author are due to the tension between the two attitudes. (6) This inherent breach in Herodotus' mind should be seen as a result not of a development or evolution of his work and thought, but of the contemporary debate between two diametrically opposed types of knowledge,viz.between the exponents ofpolymathiê, orVielwisserei, and those ofsophiê, or ‘wisdom’. Herodotus' contemporaries active in the field ofarkhaiologia(including mythography, genealogy, etc.) andperiêgêsis(geography, ethnography, etc.) were widely considered ‘polymaths’. Herodotus' ambition to apply the monistic (and symbolic) bent of wisdom literature to the subject-matter dominated thus far by the ‘pluralistic’ (and pragmatic) way of thinking was at least partly responsible for this discontinuity in his thought, but also accounts for the originality of theHistories.
Myth and thepolisin Bacchylides' Eleventh Ode
Authors: Cairns Douglas 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBacchylides' eleventh epinician ends not with renewed praise of the victor but with an extension to the ode's main myth which forges a link between the Arcadian cult of Artemis founded by Proetus and his daughters and the foundation of the victor's home city of Metapontum by Achaean colonists identified with the heroic captors of Troy. The culmination of the ode in praise of a successful colonial foundation, it is argued, is the key to the principles on which Bacchylides has selected and moulded the mythological elements that he deploys in the rest of the ode. Proetus' foundation of Tiryns resolves the civil strife which threatened to destroy Argos and commends colonization as a means of social and political progress; while the cult of Artemis at Lousoi, founded to expiate the Proetids' offence against Hera, emphasizes the role of marriage in maintaining the strength and solidarity of the community. The emphasis in both these myths on the divine intervention which rectifies human error links them to the experience of the victor and to the theme of the proper cultivation of the gods that is emphasized in the ode's conclusion. In constructing mythical narratives that are exemplary for the victor and his community, Bacchylides departs from mythological tradition in significant respects and in ways which suggest that the ode's argument reflects both the victor's status in the community and perhaps also the circumstances of its own performance.
Protector of the city, or the art of storage in early Greece
Authors: Ebbinghaus Susanne 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIn the Late Geometric and Orientalizing periods, storage vessels with elaborate relief decoration were produced in several Aegean islands, most notably the northern Cyclades, Crete and Rhodes. This article interprets the amphora-shaped reliefpithosas a function of prevailing social, economic and living conditions. It is argued that rather than being inspired by funerary or votive uses, the reliefpithoiof the Tenian-Boeotian group are the material expression of the vital importance of food storage, which not only ensured subsistence but was an essential prerequisite for social differentiation. Reliefpithoiwere a form of conspicuous storage. Against this background, the unique iconography of the Tenian-Boeotianpithoiis revisited and the enigmatic fallen warrior on the MykonosPithosidentified as a possible role model for seventh-century aristocrats.