bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of fish embryos to weathered crude oil: Part I. Low-level exposure during incubation causes malformations, genetic damage, and mortality in larval pacific herring (Clupea pallasi)
Authors: Carls Mark G , Rice Stanley D , Hose Jo Ellen 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Pacific herring eggs were exposed for 16 d to weathered Alaska North Slope crude oil. Exposure to an initial aqueous concentration of 0.7 parts per billion (ppb) polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) caused malformations, genetic damage, mortality, and decreased size and inhibited swimming. Total aqueous PAH concentrations as low as 0.4 ppb caused sublethal responses such as yolk sac edema and immaturity consistent with premature hatching. Responses to less weathered oil, which had relatively lower proportions of high molecular weight PAH, generally paralleled those of more weathered oil, but lowest observed effective concentrations (LOECs) were higher (9.1 ppb), demonstrating the importance of composition. The LOEC for more weathered oil (0.4 ppb) was similar to that observed in pink salmon (1.0 ppb), a species with a very different development rate; by inference, other species may be similarly sensitive to weathered oil. Our methods simulated conditions observed in Prince William Sound (PWS) following the Exxon Valdez oil (EVO) spill. Biological effects were identical to those observed in embryolarval herring from PWS in 1989 and support the conclusion that EVO caused significant damage to herring in PWS. Previous demonstration by our laboratory that most malformed or precocious larvae die corroborates the decreased larval production measured after the spill.
Ecological risk assessment in a large river-reservoir: 6. Bioindicators of fish population health
Authors: Adams S Marshall , Bevelhimer Mark S , Greeley Mark Stephen , Levine Daniel A , Teh Swee J 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Spatial distribution of contaminants in the sediments and biota of a large reservoir ecosystem were related to a variety of biological responses in fish populations and communities to determine possible relationships between contaminant loading in the environment and fish health. Much of the contaminant inventory in the Clinch River/Watts Bar Reservoir (CR/WBR) system has originated from three U.S. Department of Energy facilities on the Oak Ridge Reservation, which borders this system in its upper reaches. Fish sampled from areas of the CR/WBR system with the highest levels of contaminants in the sediments and biota, primarily mercury and PCBs, had the most dramatic bioindicator responses. The major changes observed were induction of detoxification enzymes, organ dysfunction, increased frequency of histopathological lesions, impaired reproduction, and reduced fish community integrity. Mercury, the dominant contaminant, displayed a decreasing concentration gradient from the upper reaches of Poplar Creek to the lower Clinch River, which was consistent with a downstream gradient in several of the biological responses. A multivariate analysis using all of the individual fish health responses at each site in a discriminant analysis procedure also revealed a downstream gradient in integrated fish health. In Poplar Creek where contaminant concentrations were the highest, statistical correlations were observed between individual bioindicator responses such as contaminant exposure indicators, organ dysfunction, histopathological damage, and reproductive impairment. Relationships between contaminant loading and fish community indices such as species richness and relative abundance, however, were more difficult to establish in Poplar Creek because of the possible dominating influence of food and habitat availability on fish community dynamics. Using a suite of bioindicators that encompass a range of levels of biological organization and response-sensitivity scales improves the probability of identifying cause (contaminant) and effect (biological response) and helps in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic sources of stress in aquatic ecosystems.
A life-history approach to predicting the recovery of aquatic invertebrate populations after exposure to xenobiotic chemicals
Authors: Sherratt Thomas N , Roberts Gilbert , Williams Penny , Whitfield Mercia , Biggs Jeremy , Shillabeer Nigel , Maund Stephen J 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA combined empirical and theoretical study was conducted to evaluate the degree to which an understanding of the life histories of different freshwater invertebrate taxa could improve our ability to predict their relative rates of recovery after a toxic perturbation. Two chemicals, cypermethrin and 3,4-dichloroaniline, were introduced separately into large freshwater tanks (mesocosms, 1.25 m diameter, 1.25 m depth) containing established freshwater invertebrate communities. Immigration was simulated in selected mesocosms by introducing particular taxa at predetermined intervals. For both chemical treatments, laboratory rank toxicity data successfully predicted the observed relative short-term mortalities of species, whereas the relative times taken for taxa to recover from cypermethrin exposure also correlated with their relative susceptibilities to this compound. Crucially, a significant component of residual variance in rank recovery to cypermethrin was explained by variation in overall rates of reproduction among taxa. A simulation model was therefore developed to allow us to integrate the disparate information on invertebrate life histories into a predictive model. This model was broadly supported, particularly for the cypermethrin exposure data, where observed and predicted rank recovery times were highly correlated. Overall, this study broadly confirms the importance of life-history characters in governing recovery and the validity of simple modeling approaches for predicting recovery.
A geometric mass‐preserving redistancing scheme for the level set function
Authors: Ausas Roberto F. , Dari Enzo A. , Buscaglia Gustavo C. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn this paper we describe and evaluate a geometric mass‐preserving redistancing procedure for the level set function on general structured grids. The proposed algorithm is adapted from a recent finite element‐based method and preserves the mass by means of a localized mass correction. A salient feature of the scheme is the absence of adjustable parameters. The algorithm is tested in two and three spatial dimensions and compared with the widely used partial differential equation (PDE)‐based redistancing method using structured Cartesian grids. Through the use of quantitative error measures of interest in level set methods, we show that the overall performance of the proposed geometric procedure is better than PDE‐based reinitialization schemes, since it is more robust with comparable accuracy. We also show that the algorithm is well‐suited for the highly stretched curvilinear grids used in CFD simulations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Velocity–pressure coupling in finite difference formulations for the Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Zogheib B. , Barron R. M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA new numerical procedure for solving the two‐dimensional, steady, incompressible, viscous flow equations on a staggered Cartesian grid is presented in this paper. The proposed methodology is finite difference based, but essentially takes advantage of the best features of two well‐established numerical formulations, the finite difference and finite volume methods. Some weaknesses of the finite difference approach are removed by exploiting the strengths of the finite volume method. In particular, the issue of velocity–pressure coupling is dealt with in the proposed finite difference formulation by developing a pressure correction equation using the SIMPLE approach commonly used in finite volume formulations. However, since this is purely a finite difference formulation, numerical approximation of fluxes is not required. Results presented in this paper are based on first‐ and second‐order upwind schemes for the convective terms. This new formulation is validated against experimental and other numerical data for well‐known benchmark problems, namely developing laminar flow in a straight duct, flow over a backward‐facing step, and lid‐driven cavity flow. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Voronoi‐based ALE solver for the calculation of incompressible flow on deforming unstructured meshes
Authors: Norris S. E. , Were C. J. , Richards P. J. , Mallinson G. D. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAn Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian method for the calculation of incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in deforming geometries is described. The mesh node connectivity is defined by a Delaunay triangulation of the nodes, whereas the discretized equations are solved using finite volumes defined by the Voronoi dual of the triangulation.For prescribed boundary motion, an automatic node motion algorithm provides smooth motion of the interior nodes. Changes in the connectivity of the nodes are made through the use of local transformations to maintain the mesh as Delaunay. This allows the nodes and their associated Voronoi finite volumes to migrate through the domain in a free manner, without compromising the quality of the mesh.An MAC finite volume solver is applied on the Voronoi dual using a cell‐centred non‐staggered formulation, with cell‐face velocities being calculated by the Rhie–Chow momentum interpolation. Advective fluxes are approximated with the third‐order QUICK differencing scheme.The solver is demonstrated via its application to a driven cavity flow, and the flow about flapping aerofoil geometries. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of 2D lid‐driven cavity flow with CLEARER algorithm on extremely highly skewed grids at high Reynolds numbers
Authors: Cheng Y. P. , Lee T. S. , Sui Y. , Wang L. P. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIt is crucial to deal with the grid non‐orthogonality effectively in solving the flow in complex geometries, especially at high Reynolds numbers. In this study, the newly proposed Coupled and Linked Equations Algorithm Revised‐ER (CLEARER) algorithm is adopted to solve this problem successfully. In CLEARER algorithm the second relaxation factor is introduced in constructing the contravariant interface velocities, by setting it to a low value. CLEARER algorithm can overcome the severe grid non‐orthogonality and non‐linearity of equations effectively. After the numerical results with CLEARER are validated with the benchmark solutions, this algorithm is used to solve the lid‐driven flow in inclined cavity with inclination angles varying from 10 to 170∘, and Reynolds numbers varying from 5000 to 15 000. The streamlines and the centerline velocity distributions are provided in detail for all cases, which may offer some guidance for the study in this area. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transient two‐layer thin‐film flow
Authors: Pandher Ramanjit S. , Khayat Roger E. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe transient two‐layer thin‐film planar flow is investigated theoretically in this study. The interplay among inertia, viscous and surface/interfacial tension is emphasized. It is found that the film and interface profiles, as well as the flow field, are strongly influenced by the viscosity ratio, velocity and film thickness ratios at inception, and the surface‐to‐interfacial tension ratio. The nonlinear stability of the steady state reveals the formation of a solitary wave after flow inception, which propagates in the form of a convective instability, with the steady state recovered only in the tail (upstream) region of the wave. In the presence of surface/interfacial tension, surface modulation appears, which grows in wavelength and amplitude with position. The flow is found to be particularly stable for higher viscosity of the lower film layer. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A direct‐forcing pressure‐based lattice Boltzmann method for solving fluid–particle interaction problems
Authors: Lin San‐Yih , Lin Chin‐Tien , Chin Ya‐Hsien , Tai Yuan‐Hung 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA direct‐forcing immersed boundary‐lattice Boltzmann method (IB–LBM) is developed to simulate fluid–particle interaction problems. This method uses the pressure‐based LBM to solve the incompressible flow field and the immersed boundary method to handle the fluid–particle interactions. The pressure‐based LBM uses the pressure distribution functions instead of the density distribution functions as the independent dynamic variables. The main idea is to explicitly eliminate the compressible effect due to the density fluctuation. In the IB method, a direct‐forcing method is introduced to capture the particle motion. It directly computes an IB force density at each lattice grid from the differences between the pressure distribution functions obtained by the LBM and the equilibrium pressure distribution functions computed from the particle velocity. By applying this direct‐forcing method, the IB–LBM becomes a purely LBM version. Also, by applying the Gauss theorem, the formulas for computing the force and the torque acting on the particle from the flows are derived from the volume integrals over the particle volume instead of from the surface integrals over the particle surface. The order of accuracy of the IB–LBM is demonstrated on the errors of velocity field, wall stress, and gradients of velocity and pressure. As a demonstration of the efficiency and capabilities of the new method, sedimentation of a large number of spherical particles in an enclosure is simulated. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comments on ‘Adiabatic shock capturing in perfect gas hypersonic flows’
Authors: Tezduyar Tayfun E. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractSome comments are provided on the shock‐capturing techniques and stabilization parameters used in a recent paper (B.S. Kirk, Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids 2009; DOI: 10.1002/fld.2195) in conjunction with the SUPG formulation of compressible flows. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gas Diffusion Layers for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Using In situ Modified Carbon Papers with Multi‐walled Carbon Nanotubes Nanoforest
Authors: Stuckey P. A. , Lin J. F. , Kannan A. M. , Ghasemi‐Nejhad M. N. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractGas diffusion layers (GDLs) in the proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) enable the distribution of reactant gases to the reaction zone in the catalyst layers by controlling the water in the pore channels apart from providing electrical and mechanical support to the membrane electrode assembly (MEA). In the present work, we report the in situ growth of carbon nanotubes nanoforest (CNN) directly onto macro‐porous carbon paper substrates. The surface property as analysed by a Goniometer showed that the CNN/carbon paper surface is highly hydrophobic. CNN/carbon paper was employed as a GDL in an MEA using Nafion‐212 membrane as an electrolyte and evaluated in single cell PEMFCs. While the GDLs prepared by wire‐rod coating process have major performance losses at lower humidities, the in situ CNN/carbon paper, developed in this work, shows very stable performance at all humidity conditions demonstrating a significant improvement for fuel cell performance. The CNN/carbon‐based MEAs showed very stable performance with power density values of ∼1,100 and 550 mW cm–2, respectively, both using O2 and air as oxidants at ambient pressure.
Synthesis and Characterisation of Sulphonated Poly(arylene sulphone) Terpolymers with Triphenylphosphine Oxide Moieties for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Titvinidze G. , Kaltbeitzel A. , Manhart A. , Meyer W. H. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractFor application in fuel cells, a series of sulphonated poly(phenylene sulphone) terpolymers with triphenylphosphine oxide moieties as constitutional units in the polymer backbone have been prepared. The synthesis of the terpolymers represents a two‐step process including: (i) an aromatic nucleophilic substitution polycondensation of three difluoro monomers with varying ratios, i.e. 3,3′‐disulphonate‐4,4′‐difluorodiphenylsulphone, 4,4′‐difluorodiphenylsulphone and bis(4‐fluorophenyl)phenyl phosphine oxide (BFPPO), with 4,4′‐thiobisbenzenethiol yielding sulphonated poly(phenylene sulphide) terpolymers (sPPSPO) and (ii) their following oxidation with hydrogen peroxide in acidic solution to yield sulphonated poly(phenylene sulphone) terpolymers (sPPSO2PO). The structures and molecular compositions were confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The ion exchange capacity (IEC) was adjusted at will choosing the appropriate ratio of sulphonated and unsulphonated monomers. Terpolymers with 1.72 ≤ IEC ≤ 2.32 have been obtained. Sulphonated poly(arylene) ionomers containing only sulphone (–SO2–) linkages and phosphine oxide (–PO–) units rather than ether or sulphide in the backbone reveal a high thermal and oxidative stability. Membranes were cast either from dimethylformamide (DMF) or from dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) solutions. For all terpolymers some general characteristic trends were observed, such as an increase of the proton conductivity with increasing IEC, water uptake and temperature. The series of sPPSO2PO membranes offered high conductivities at high humidification, however, their performance strongly depends on the relative humidity.The mechanical properties of sulphonated poly(phenylene sulphone)s have been considerably improved by means of terpolymerisation with phenylene oxide moieties. Even under high humidification the terpolymers form clear, flexible membranes the stress at break of some membranes exceeds that of Nafion® under the same conditions by 40%.
Single‐stage repair of subglottic stenosis using the radial forearm free flap as a vascularized carrier
Authors: Prasad Kumar G. , Varvares Mark A. , Odell Michael J. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBackground.We present a case report of a patient with history of subglottic carcinoma who underwent chemoradiation and subsequently developed subglottic stenosis (SGS).Methods and Results.She was treated with an anterior cricoid split maintained by septal cartilage wrapped in a partially deepithelialized radial forearm free flap (RFFF). To date, with a follow‐up of 6 months, the patient has been fully decannulated and has not experienced airway collapse or any other complications.Conclusions.Upper airway reconstruction using a single‐stage autogenous cartilage graft wrapped in a vascularized carrier is a real option for those patients with extensive SGS in the setting of an irradiated and devascularized tissue bed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Outcome of sinonasal melanoma: Clinical experience and review of the literature
Authors: Roth Thomas N. , Gengler Carole , Huber Gerhard F. , Holzmann David 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBackground.Primary sinonasal malignant melanoma (SNMM) is a rare clinical entity. There is neither a classification nor a staging system nor an evidence‐based treatment concept established. Our objective was to find potential risk factors predicting the outcome.Methods.Twenty‐five patients with histologically confirmed SNMM were consecutively included and retrospectively analyzed. Staging methods were nasal endoscopy, CT, MRI, and positron emission tomography (PET) scan. Patients were selected for a curative or palliative concept. All patients had postoperative follow‐up with control‐MRI at 3 and 6 months. Restaging was performed when local recurrence occurred.Results.Nineteen patients underwent primary surgery with curative intention; in 16 cases with tumor free margins. Thirteen patients (68%) had transnasal endoscopic surgery, 4 lateral rhinotomy, and 2 transfacial approach with orbital exenteration. Six patients (32%) had palliative therapy and 7 patients (37%) had adjuvant radiotherapy. Despite radical operations, 6 patients (37%) showed local recurrence and 8 patients (50%) developed distant metastasis. In 2 patients with incomplete surgery, regional metastasis was noted. The median disease‐free interval was 18 months, and the median overall survival rate was 23 months.Conclusion.SNMMs of the ethmoid and maxillary sinuses have a worse prognosis than other localizations in the nasal cavity; infiltration into the skull base, orbit, or facial soft tissue correlates with a very poor outcome corresponding to the palliative situations. Furthermore, local recurrence insinuates aggressive disease with short survival rate. A main difference from its cutaneous counterpart seems to be a primary tendency to hematogenic spread. Further research is needed to confirm these findings. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Correlation between reduced expression of the spindle checkpoint protein BubR1 and bad prognosis in tonsillar carcinomas
Authors: Hannisdal Kirsten , Burum‐Auensen Espen , Schjølberg Aasa , De Angelis Paula M. , Clausen Ole Petter F. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBackground.Spindle checkpoint proteins such as Mad2 and BubR1 are important for chromosome segregation during mitosis. The aim of the present study was to examine their possible impact on prognosis in tonsillar carcinomas and their relation to clinical variables, the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV), p53 status, and Ki‐67 positivity.Methods.We examined the expression of Mad2 and BubR1 by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays from 105 patients with tonsillar carcinomas.Results.BubR1 and Mad2 were both expressed in tonsillar carcinomas. Expression of BubR1 was a significant prognostic factor in univariate survival analysis. In multivariate analyses, BubR1 was a significant prognostic factor together with stage, age, and HPV statusp< .01), whereas Mad2 did not show any significant correlations.Conclusion.We have shown that BubR1 expression is a novel and strong prognostic factor in tonsillar carcinomas, giving additional information to the TNM stage and other known prognostic factors. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Misses and near‐misses after postoperative radiation therapy for head and neck cancer: Comparison of IMRT and non‐IMRT techniques in the CT‐simulation era
Authors: Chen Allen M. , Farwell D. Gregory , Luu Quang , Chen Leon M. , Vijayakumar Srinivasan , Purdy James A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBackground.The purpose of this study was to compare the patterns of failure focusing on the distribution of local‐regional recurrence among patients treated postoperatively with conventional radiotherapy (RT) and intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for head and neck cancer.Methods.The records of 130 patients treated by surgery and postoperative radiation therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were reviewed. Seventy‐eight patients (60%) were treated using conventional RT and 52 patients (40%) were treated using IMRT.Results.The 3‐year estimates of local‐regional control were 70% and 73% among patients treated by conventional RT and IMRT, respectively (p = .33). Among the local‐regional recurrences in the IMRT group, 9 were in‐field recurrences occurring within the physician‐designated clinical target volume (CTV), and 4 were marginal recurrences involving the contralateral neck adjacent to the spared parotid gland (3 patients) and the retropharyngeal/retrostyloid lymph node region (1 patient).Conclusion.Our study showed that conventional RT and IMRT result in similar rates of local‐regional control. The implications for CTV design are discussed herein. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010