bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A weakly nonlinear mechanism for mode selection in swirling jets
Authors: Meliga Philippe , Gallaire François , Chomaz Jean-Marc 
Published: April 2012

AbstractGlobal linear and nonlinear bifurcation analysis is used to revisit the spiral vortex breakdown of nominally axisymmetric swirling jets. For the parameters considered herein, stability analyses single out two unstable linear modes of azimuthal wavenumber $m= \ensuremath{-} 1$ and $m= \ensuremath{-} 2$, bifurcating from the axisymmetric breakdown solution. These modes are interpreted in terms of spiral perturbations wrapped around and behind the axisymmetric bubble, rotating in time in the same direction as the swirling flow but winding in space in the opposite direction. Issues are addressed regarding the role of these modes with respect to the existence, mode selection and internal structure of vortex breakdown, as assessed from the three-dimensional direct numerical simulations of Ruith et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 486, 2003, pp. 331–378). The normal form describing the leading-order nonlinear interaction between modes is computed and analysed. It admits two stable solutions corresponding to pure single and double helices. At large swirl, the axisymmetric solution bifurcates to the double helix which remains the only stable solution. At low and moderate swirl, it bifurcates first to the single helix, and subsequently to the double helix through a series of subcritical bifurcations yielding hysteresis over a finite range of Reynolds numbers, the estimated bifurcation threshold being in good agreement with that observed in the direct numerical simulations. Evidence is provided that this selection is not to be ascribed to classical mean flow corrections induced by the existence of the unstable modes, but to a non-trivial competition between harmonics. Because the frequencies of the leading modes approach a strong $2$:$1$ resonance, an alternative normal form allowing interactions between the $m= \ensuremath{-} 2$ mode and the first harmonics of the $m= \ensuremath{-} 1$ mode is computed and analysed. It admits two stable solutions, the double helix already identified in the non-resonant case, and a single helix differing from that observed in the non-resonant case only by the presence of a slaved, phase-locked harmonic deformation. On behalf of the finite departure from the $2$:$1$ resonance, the amplitude of the slaved harmonic is however low, and the effect of the resonance on the bifurcation structure is merely limited to a reduction of the hysteresis range.
COAL MINES, THE PALACE, AND STRUGGLES OVER POWER, CAPITAL, AND JUSTICE IN THE LATE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Authors: Quataert Donald , Gutman David 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis article is based on a case file examining the allegedly corrupt behavior of the district governor (kaymakam) of Ereğli, located in the Black Sea coal district of the Ottoman Empire, before the 1908 Young Turk Revolution. It paints a vivid picture of the cronyism, greed, and demands for justice that abound in the testimonies and petitions of a diverse array of local actors that were included in the case file. These documents provide the opportunity to shed light on, among other things, the growing nexus between state power and capital in the late Ottoman Empire within a little-studied peripheral context. As the article shows, prospects of control over the region's burgeoning coal economy led to abuses among officials at various levels of the local and imperial bureaucracy, the impacts of which were felt (to varying degrees) by a wide cross-section of Ereğli society. The behavior of the district governor and his allies, along with the final decision made in the case, reveals much about power, wealth, and justice in the final years of the Abdülhamit regime.
BETWEEN CIVIC AND ISLAMIC OTTOMANISM: JEWISH IMPERIAL CITIZENSHIP IN THE HAMIDIAN ERA
Authors: Cohen Julia Phillips 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis article explores the responses of Sephardi Jews to two moments of heightened tension and politicized violence in the Ottoman Empire during the late 19th century—the massacres of Armenians in Istanbul in 1896 and the Greco–Ottoman War of 1897. It argues that many of the strategies of representation that Jewish elites employed during these moments speak to their ability and willingness to work within a framework of Islamic Ottomanism. Recognizing this pattern complicates scholarly assumptions about the relationship of religious minorities to the deployment of state religion in general and about the responses of non-Muslims to the Hamidian regime's mobilization of Islam more specifically. Identifying the pattern is not to celebrate it, however. Sephardi Jews' relationship with Islamic Ottomanism was in many cases deeply ambivalent. Finding themselves torn between civic and Islamic forms of imperial identification during this period, Ottoman Jews soon learned that both positions could entail uncomfortable choices and disturbing consequences.
Density of the Vulnerable Sunda clouded leopard Neofelis diardi in a protected area in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo
Authors: Brodie Jedediah , Giordano Anthony J. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractPopulation density is an important parameter for monitoring and guiding conservation of small or threatened wildlife populations. Yet, despite the Vulnerable status of both species of clouded leopard Neofelis spp., and their disappearing tropical forest habitat, information on their population density is lacking from across their broad geographic ranges. Here we estimated population density of the Sunda clouded leopard N. diardi in the Maliau Basin Conservation Area in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo, one of the first such estimates for either species of clouded leopard. With 25 camera-trap stations, each operated for at least 81 trap-nights, we obtained 59 detections of four individual Sunda clouded leopards in undisturbed primary rainforest but only a single detection in logged forest, despite similar sampling effort. Using spatially-explicit mark–recapture models, we estimated a density of 1.9 individuals per 100 km2 (95% confidence interval 0.7–5.4) for primary forest and 0.8 per 100 km2 (0.2–2.6) for the entire study area (including logged forest). These results will contribute to a better understanding of clouded leopard status and serve as a reference for future assessments of the species.
Assessment of the effectiveness of South Africa's marine protected areas at representing ichthyofaunal communities
Authors: SOLANO-FERNÁNDEZ SOFÍA , ATTWOOD COLIN G. , CHALMERS RUSSELL , CLARK BARRY M. , COWLEY PAUL D. , FAIRWEATHER TRACEY , FENNESSY SEAN T. , GÖTZ ALBRECHT , HARRISON TREVOR D. , KERWATH SVEN E. , LAMBERTH STEPHEN J. , MANN BRUCE Q. , SMALE MALCOLM J. , SWART LIEZE 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYNational and international policies have encouraged the establishment of a representative network of marine protected areas (MPAs) in South Africa, with the aim of protecting marine biodiversity. The extent to which these marine and estuarine protected areas (EPAs) represent marine fish species and communities was assessed by comparing their species compositions with those of exploited areas, as sampled using four fishing techniques. Seven hundred fish species were sampled, representing one-third of South Africa's marine fishes. MPAs in coastal habitats scored c. 40% on the Bray-Curtis measure of similarity for species representativeness, but this score declined markedly for offshore ‘trawlable’ fishing grounds. The combined effects of sampling error, temporal variation and the effects of fishing on relative abundance suggest that 80% similarity would be the maximum achieveable. Forty-nine per cent of all fish species that were recorded were found in the 14 MPAs sampled. Redundancy in the MPA network was low, with fish species most commonly being represented in only one MPA or absent. There was greater redundancy in the 33 EPAs, with 40% of species being found in two or more EPAs, but many of these estuaries were adjacent to each other and embedded in large MPAs. Deep water fish communities (>80 m deep) and communities located on the west and south-east coasts of South Africa were most poorly represented by MPAs. Routine fishery surveys provide a robust and repeatable opportunity to assess species representativeness in MPAs, and the method used could form the basis of an operational definition of ‘representative’. In contrast to an assessment based on presence-absence data, this analysis of quantitative data presents a more pessimistic assessment of protection.
Reconciling conflict between the direct and indirect effects of marine reserve protection
Authors: SHEARS NICK T. , KUSHNER DAVID J. , KATZ STEPHEN L. , GAINES STEVEN D. 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYNo-take marine reserves directly promote the recovery of predatory species, which can have negative indirect effects on prey populations in reserves. When harvesting also occurs on prey species there is potential conflict between the direct and indirect effects of protection, and reserves may not have conservation benefits for prey species. For example, sea urchins are fished in many regions, but may decline in reserves due to increased predation rates. To investigate this potential conflict, this paper compares density, size, biomass and reproductive potential of both a harvested and an unharvested urchin species between a long-term reserve and unprotected sites in California. Consistent with density-mediated indirect interactions, densities of the unharvested species were 3.4-times higher at unprotected sites compared to reserve sites. However, for the harvested species, densities were comparable between reserve and unprotected sites. Both species were consistently larger at reserve sites, and the biomass and reproductive potential of the harvested species was 4.8- and 7.0-times higher, respectively, than at unprotected sites. This is likely due to differences in size-selectivity between harvesting and predators, and potential compensatory effects of predators. While the generality of these effects needs to be tested, these results suggest mechanisms whereby reserves can benefit both predator and prey species.
Infective endocarditis, thoracic aortitis, and mycotic aneurysm formation complicating balloon angioplasty of aortic coarctation
Authors: Aykan Ahmet Çağrı , Yıldız Mustafa , Özkan Mehmet 
Published: April 2012

AbstractCoarctation of the aorta is a rare congenital anomaly usually accompanying bicuspid aortic valve. Adult patients with aortic coarctation can be managed either with surgery or percutaneously. Here we present a case of percutaneously treated aortic coarctation complicated with infective endocarditis of the aortic valve, thoracic aortitis, and thoracic mycotic aneurysm.
Comparison between SuperDARN flow vectors and equivalent ionospheric currents from ground magnetometer arrays
Authors: Weygand J. M. , Amm O. , Angelopoulos V. , Milan S. E. , Grocott A. , Gleisner H. , Stolle C. 
Published: April 2012

Equivalent ionospheric currents obtained with the spherical elementary current systems (SECS) method and derived from nearly 100 ground magnetometers spread over North America and Greenland are compared with ionospheric flow vectors measured by the SuperDARN radars during both the summer and winter seasons. This comparison is done over a range of spatial separations, magnetic latitudes, magnetic local times, and auroral electrojet activity to investigate under what conditions the vectors are anti‐parallel to one another. Our results show that in general the equivalent ionospheric currents are anti‐parallel to the flows and the best results are achieved within the auroral oval during active geomagnetic conditions in the dawn, dusk and noon sectors in the northern hemisphere summer. These results indicate the best anti‐parallel alignment occurs when the currents and flows are large and well defined. Factors that may influence the alignment include ionospheric conductivity gradients and quiet time backgrounds. Our results can be used to approximate the macroscopic (∼1000 km) ionospheric convection patterns. The SECS maps represent a value‐added product from the raw magnetometer database and can be used for contextual interpretation; they can help with our understanding of magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling mechanisms using ground arrays and the magnetospheric spacecraft data, and they can be used as input for other techniques.
A comparative study of cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, and nanodiamond
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyong , Hu Wenbing , Li Jing , Tao Lei , Wei Yen 
Published: April 2012

AbstractInvestigations of the interactions between carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) and living organisms and their subsequent biological responses are of fundamental significance for toxicity assessment and further biomedical applications. In this work, the cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), graphene oxide (GO) and nanodiamond (ND) were examined and compared. We demonstrated that all of the CNMs were readily internalized by HeLa cells through nonspecific cellular uptake. Their cell uptake ratios showed significant differences in the following order: ND &gt; MWCNTs &gt; GO. A series of biological assays were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of CNMs. It was found that CNMs showed dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity to HeLa cells. However, cytotoxicity of CNMs was not associated with their cell uptake ratios. Among them, ND exhibited the highest cell uptake ratio and the least cytotoxicity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study which has quantitatively determined and compared the cell uptake ratios and cytotoxicities of MWCNTs, GO and ND. And we expect that these results described here could provide useful information for the development of new strategies to design efficient drug delivery nanocarriers and therapeutic systems as well as deep insights into the mechanism of CNMs' cytotoxicity.
Induction of plasma acetylcholinesterase activity and apoptosis in mice treated with the organophosphorus toxicant, tri-o-cresyl phosphate
Authors: Jiang Wei , Duysen Ellen G. , Lockridge Oksana 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds (OP) inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and cause cultured cells to undergo apoptosis. Live mice treated with OP have reduced AChE activity, but after a short recovery period, their AChE activity rebounds to levels that exceed baseline by more than 2-fold. To date no information is available on whether abnormally high AChE activity is characteristic of apoptosis in animals. Our goal was to determine whether induction of AChE activity is associated with apoptosis in live mice. For this purpose we treated mice with 1500 mg kg−1tri-o-cresyl phosphate. On day one after treatment their plasma AChE activity was inhibited by 50%. On day 4, plasma AChE activity rebounded to a level 2.2-fold higher than pretreatment activity and remained elevated for about two months. On day 4, AChE activity in the lung was 1.5-fold higher than in controls. Cells in lung sections that were positive in the apoptosis TUNEL assay, stained heavily for AChE activity. In conclusion, AChE activity and apoptosis are induced in mice treated with tri-o-cresyl phosphate. Unusually high AChE activity may be a marker of exposure to apoptosis-inducing substances.
EBV up‐regulates cytochrome c through VDAC1 regulations and decreases the release of cytoplasmic Ca2+ in the NPC cell line
Authors: Feng Xuesong , Ching Chi Bun , Chen Wei Ning 
Published: April 2012

AbstractEBV (Epstein—Barr virus) is considered to be a major factor that causes NPC (nasopharyngeal carcinoma), which is one of the sneakiest cancers frequently occurring in Southeast Asia and Southern China. Apoptosis and pro‐apoptotic signals have been studied for decades; however, few have extended the prevailing view of EBV to its impact on NPC in perspective of apoptosis. One of the important proteins named VDAC1 (voltage‐dependent anion protein 1) on the mitochondrial outer membrane controls the pro‐apoptotic signals in mammalian cells. The impact of EBV infection on VDAC1 and related apoptotic signals remains unclear. In order to study the VDAC1′s role in EBV‐infected NPC cells, we employ siRNA (small interfering RNA) inhibition to analyse the release of Ca2+ and Cyto c (cytochrome c) signals in the cytoplasm, as they are important pro‐apoptotic signals. The results show a decrease of Ca2+ release and up‐regulation of Cyto c with EBV infection. After siRNA transfection, the dysregulation of Cyto c is neutralized, which is evidence that the level of Cyto c release in virus‐infected NPC cells is the as same as that of non‐infected NPC cells. This result indicates that EBV infection changes the cytoplasmic level of Cyto c through regulating VDAC1. In summary, this study reports that EBV changes the release of Ca2+ and Cyto c in the cytoplasm of NPC cells, and that Cyto c changes are mediated by VDAC1 regulation.
Natural and human environments in areas undergoing wastewater irrigation.
Authors: Jiménez Cisneros B. E. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper is a review of the international literature concerning both the positive and negative effects on the environment and public health of the use of treated or non-treated wastewater for agricultural irrigation. It includes not only physical but also social and economic aspects. The extent of the use of treated and non-treated wastewater for agriculture is discussed along with its drivers. The data clearly show that non-treated wastewater is used more commonly than treated wastewater. This occurs mainly in around urban and peri-urban areas where municipal wastewater is produced that is better suited to this practice. The impacts observed on agricultural production, human health, the quality of the irrigation water, groundwater and surface water sources, food security, animal health, the local economy, reduction of poverty and food exports are presented, considering especially developing countries. These factors are further discussed to gain an understanding of how the practice, if well managed, contributes to sustainable development. Barriers to increasing the reuse of wastewater to irrigate are explained, considering the social perception in both developed and developing countries. The importance of reusing wastewater to reclaim water and nutrients are summarized. The positive and negative impacts resulting from the expected increase in the practice are discussed, together with control measures to obtain maximum benefits.
Grasshoppers in agrosystems: pest or food?
Authors: Cerritos R. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Each year, a large number of grasshopper species invade agrosystems worldwide, causing major economic losses and damages. Chemical and biological methods are used for controlling the population size of these species; however, the efficiency of these control methods is limited, as they usually lead to an increase in the size of the population, and they also cause drastic ecological damage. The ecological consequences that these control methods have on the environment are large and sometimes irreversible. An ideal alternative method for the control of these species is mechanical capture, where the removal of this biomass of insects can be used as human food, particularly because grasshoppers are edible and have a high nutritional value. This paper suggests a different strategy for the management of endemic pest species, as opposed to introduced pest species. With endemic species, it is necessary to simply reduce the population size; however, introduced species should be completely eliminated from agrosystems. This review discusses the advantages that the management strategy suggested here might have from an ecological, social and economic perspective. The central idea is to view these species as potentially sustainable resources for feeding human populations and not as pests.
Towards biodegradable wireless implants
Authors: Boutry Clémentine M. , Chandrahalim Hengky , Streit Patrick , Schinhammer Michael , Hänzi Anja C. , Hierold Christofer 
Published: April 2012

A new generation of partially or even fully biodegradable implants is emerging. The idea of using temporary devices is to avoid a second surgery to remove the implant after its period of use, thereby improving considerably the patient's comfort and safety. This paper provides a state-of-the-art overview and an experimental section that describes the key technological challenges for making biodegradable devices. The general considerations for the design and synthesis of biodegradable components are illustrated with radiofrequency-driven resistor–inductor–capacitor (
RLC
) resonators made of biodegradable metals (Mg, Mg alloy, Fe, Fe alloys) and biodegradable conductive polymer composites (polycaprolactone–polypyrrole, polylactide–polypyrrole). Two concepts for partially/fully biodegradable wireless implants are discussed, the ultimate goal being to obtain a fully biodegradable sensor for
in vivo
sensing.
Genetic analysis of multiple antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolated from diseased broilers in Egypt
Authors: Ahmed Ashraf M. , Shimamoto Tadashi 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTTo date, no information has been available on the molecular bases of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella spp. from poultry in Egypt or even in Africa. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze, at the molecular level, the mechanisms of multidrug‐resistance in isolates of Salmonella recovered from diseased broilers in Egypt. Twenty‐one Salmonella isolates were identified; 13 of these isolates were Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and eight Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. 17 (81%). Salmonella isolates displayed multidrug resistance phenotypes, particularly against ampicillin, streptomycin, spectinomycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. PCR and DNA sequencing identified class 1 integrons in nine (42.9%) isolates and class 2 integrons in three (14.3%) isolates. The identified resistance genes within class 1 integrons were aminoglycoside adenyltransferase type A, aadA1, aadA2 and aadA5 and dihydrofolate reductase type A, dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA12, dfrA15 and dfrA17. The β‐lactamase encoding genes blaTEM‐1 and blaCMY‐2 and florfenicol resistance gene floR were also identified. Furthermore, the tetracycline resistance gene tet(A) was identified in 14 (66.7%) Salmonella isolates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the molecular basis of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella spp. isolated from poultry in Africa.