bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk of surgical delivery to deep nuclei: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Kimmelman Jonathan , Duckworth Katherine , Ramsay Tim , Voss Tiffini , Ravina Bernard , Emborg Marina Elena 
Published: May 2011

AbstractMany novel strategies aimed at neuroprotection or neurorestoration involve surgical delivery of agents to deep nuclei along multiple trajectories. Using intracerebral hemorrhage on a per‐trajectory basis as our primary end point, we quantified the level of surgical risk associated with agent delivery to deep nuclei. Secondarily, we quantified other event rates and examined relationships between intracerebral hemorrhage and 8 variables related to patient and practice characteristics. Meta‐analytic techniques were used to pool complication rates reported in published articles involving deep brain stimulator electrode implantation or infusion of vectors, tissues, or trophic factors. One hundred nine studies were included in our analysis, comprising 6237 patients and 9890 trajectories to deep nuclei. The estimated per‐trajectory intracerebral hemorrhage rate was 1.57% (95% confidence interval, 1.26%–1.95%). The proportion of trajectories leading to permanent or serious neurological deficits was 0.41% (0.28%–0.60%). The estimated mortality rate per trajectory was 0.14% (0.07%–0.29%). No relationship between intracerebral hemorrhage and sex, age, duration of disease, or exclusion of patients with surgical complications was observed; a significant positive relationship was observed with the use of microelectrode recording and a significant negative relationship with putamenal delivery. Our results show a significant difference in intracerebral hemorrhage rates between inoculations and electrode implantation. Our findings suggest that studies involving multiple trajectories to deep nuclei involve a high level of risk. However, inoculations may be significantly safer than electrode implantation. Our analysis has implications for the ethics of preclinical research, independent review of risk, subject selection, and adverse event reporting. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Body SAR study of the planar WWAN monopole slot antenna for tablet device application
Authors: Wong Kin‐Lu , Lin Wun‐Jian 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA study on the body SAR of the planar WWAN (wireless wide area network) monopole slot antenna for tablet device application is presented. The monopole slot antenna covers penta‐band WWAN operation in the 824∼960/1710∼2170 MHz bands with low near‐field emission such that its body SAR (specific absorption rate) values for 1‐g tissue in the bottom face, landscape and portrait orientations to the flat phantom meet the limit of 1.6 W/kg for practical applications. Effects of the monopole slot antenna disposed at various possible locations in the tablet device on the body SAR results are also analyzed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26094
kT‐points: Short three‐dimensional tailored RF pulses for flip‐angle homogenization over an extended volume
Authors: Cloos M. A. , Boulant N. , Luong M. , Ferrand G. , Giacomini E. , Le Bihan D. , Amadon A. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWith Transmit SENSE, we demonstrate the feasibility of uniformly exciting a volume such as the human brain at 7T through the use of an original minimalist transmit k‐space coverage, referred to as “kT‐points.” Radio‐frequency energy is deposited only at a limited number of k‐space locations in the vicinity of the center to counteract transmit sensitivity inhomogeneities. The resulting nonselective pulses are short and need little energy compared to adiabatic or other B‐robust pulses available in the literature, making them good candidates for short‐repetition time 3D sequences at high field. Experimental verification was performed on three human volunteers at 7T by means of an 8‐channel transmit array system. On average, whereas the standard circularly polarized excitation resulted in a 33%‐flip angle spread (standard deviation over mean) throughout the brain, and a static radio‐frequency shim showed flip angle variations of 17% and up, application of kT‐point‐based excitations demonstrated excellent flip angle uniformity (8%) for a small target flip angle and with sub‐millisecond durations. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Influence of Environmental Factors on the Development of Ultra‐Orthodox Preschool Boys in Israel
Authors: Golos Anat , Sarid Miri , Weill Michal , Yochman Aviva , Weintraub Naomi 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe study objectives were: (a) to compare the prevalence of children at risk and/or with developmental delay (at risk/delayed) among the Ultra‐Orthodox community with the prevalence reported in the literature and (b) to compare the performance of Ultra‐Orthodox children in kindergarten versus that of children in preschool. To this end, motor, visual–motor integration and cognitive performance of 203 Ultra‐Orthodox boys from low socio‐economic status were assessed. We found a higher percentage of children who were at risk/delayed in gross motor and motor–cognitive skills as compared with the percentage reported in the literature. However, as opposed to expected, the results did not show that there was a higher percent of at‐risk/delayed children among the kindergarten group as compared with those among the preschool group. Our findings are consistent with the research literature suggesting that children's cultural background and economic constraints can affect their motor and cognitive development. Thus, occupational therapists and other health professionals should be more culturally competent and more aware of the specific values and practices of families of children with whom they work, which can impact their development. However, in this study, it is difficult to distinguish between the influence of the cultural factors and the influence of socio‐economic factors. Therefore, it is recommended to repeat this study among children from either low socio‐economic status or other cultural backgrounds. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A sequential treatment algorithm for infants with stage 4s neuroblastoma and massive hepatomegaly
Authors: Weintraub Michael , Waldman Elisha , Koplewitz Benjamin , Bloom Allan I. , Gross Eitan , Freeman Arnold I. , Revel‐Vilk Shoshana 
Published: May 2011

AbstractInfants with 4s neuroblastoma (NB) and massive hepatomegaly have a guarded prognosis and mortality approaches 30%. We report on eight patients with 4s NB and massive hepatomegaly treated with multiple modalities. One patient had spontaneous tumor regression. Three patients had progressive disease and responded to chemotherapy. Four patients progressed despite intravenous chemotherapy, of whom two died, and two were salvaged with hepatic intra‐arterial chemoembolization. Treatment of infants with stage 4s NB with massive hepatomegaly should be individualized based on disease course. A sequential approach with observation, intravenous chemotherapy, and intra‐arterial chemoembolization, may improve the outcome of these infants. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 182–184. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Validity of claims‐based definitions of left ventricular systolic dysfunction in Medicare patients
Authors: Li Qian , Glynn Robert J. , Dreyer Nancy A. , Liu Jun , Mogun Helen , Setoguchi Soko 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTPurposeEjection fraction (EF) is crucial information when studying the use and effectiveness of therapies in patients with heart failure (HF) and myocardial infarction (MI). We aimed to assess the validity of claims data‐based definitions of systolic dysfunction (SD).MethodsWe identified 1072 patients with EF recorded for an HF/MI hospitalization in Medicare linked with pharmacy data and national HF/MI registries in 1999–2006. Thirteen claims‐based definitions for SD were developed using a single or combination of ICD‐9 diagnosis codes and cardiovascular medications use. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values (PPVs) using recorded EFs as the gold standard.ResultsUsing an EF cutoff of 45%, the definitions based on digoxin use and no atrial fibrillation or flutter had the highest PPVs (76% to 84%) and specificity (>97%) but low sensitivity (6%–14%). As we varied the EF cutoff between 50% and 25%, the specificity decreased by 3%, but the PPVs decreased by 52%. We observed potential differences in the PPVs by patients' characteristics. In a hypothetical study assessing implantable defibrillator effectiveness, using our definition to identify patients with SD would underestimate the effectiveness by 3% to 24%. In another hypothetical study comparing two classes of angiotensin system blockers where SD was considered confounding, our definition introduced ~43% misclassification bias.ConclusionsClaims‐based definitions for SD had excellent specificity and good PPV but low sensitivity. The definitions with good PPV could be used for cohort identification or confounding adjustment by restriction and would result in relatively small misclassification bias albeit limited generalizability. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The national burden of E‐code‐identified adverse drug events among hospitalized children using a national discharge database
Authors: Tundia Namita L. , Heaton Pamela C. , Kelton Christina M.L. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTPurposeThe purpose of this study was to provide a national‐level assessment of pediatric adverse drug events (ADEs), including types, frequencies, and burdens.MethodsDischarge data were obtained from the 2006 Kids' Inpatient Database. ADEs were identified by the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification and supplemental E codes as adverse effects (AEs), accidental poisonings (APs), or those involving neuropathy, dermatitis, and contact dermatitis. For ADEs occurring in the hospital, visits were matched, by all patient refined diagnostic‐related group, age, and gender, to one control visit without an ADE code. Burden was measured as excess length of stay and excess cost relative to the control. Using regression analysis, we obtained estimates on the effects of over 100 predictors on excess length of stay and excess cost of cases relative to the control.ResultsOut of 7 558 812 hospital discharges in 2006, there were 84 510 ADEs identified during 69 620 visits (0.9% of the total number of discharges); 55 285 (79.4%) visits involved an AE; and 13 630 (19.6%) involved an AP; 12 151 (17.5%) were characterized by an ADE (usually an AP) at admission. The national pediatric ADE burden was estimated at 104 230 days with direct costs of $252.9 million. The most common AEs occurred with antineoplastic and immunosuppressive drugs (20.4%) and adrenal corticosteroids (12.5%). The most common APs involved aromatic analgesics (13.7%), cardiovascular drugs (9.5%), antidepressants (8.6%), and benzodiazepine tranquilizers (8.0%).ConclusionBy identifying specific ADEs that occur most often and/or have the highest burden, physicians and hospital administrators can better target their strategies for reducing pediatric medication‐related harm. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Market withdrawal of new molecular entities approved in the United States from 1980 to 2009
Authors: Qureshi Zaina P. , Seoane‐Vazquez Enrique , Rodriguez‐Monguio Rosa , Stevenson Kurt B. , Szeinbach Sheryl L. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTPurposeEconomic factors, market dynamics, and safety issues are largely responsible for decisions to withdraw pharmaceutical products from the market. In this study, new molecular entities (NMEs) approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) were examined in the USA from 1980 to 2009.MethodsData were obtained from the FDA, Micromedex, Medline, and Lexis‐Nexis. Descriptive analyses were used to classify product discontinuations by therapeutic category, time frame for discontinuation, and reason for withdrawal.ResultsThere were 740 NMEs approved by the FDA during the study period. As of 1 December 2010, the number of drugs discontinued was 118 (15.9%). Discontinuations were the highest for antiparasitic products, insecticides, and repellents (6, 33.3% of approvals), systemic hormonal preparations excluding sex hormones and insulins (5, 33.3%), musculo‐skeletal system (11, 32.4%), diagnostic agents (16, 28.1%), and anti‐infectives for systemic use (27, 25.2%). Safety was the primary reason for withdrawing 26 drugs (3.5% of approvals).ConclusionsApproximately one in seven approved NMEs were discontinued from the market in the period of 1980–2009. Less than one‐quarter (22%) of the total withdrawals were attributed to safety reasons. An ongoing evaluation of new drugs throughout their product life cycle is important to determine their efficacy, safety, and value to society. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Filler exfoliation and dispersion in polypropylene/as‐received graphite nanocomposites via cryogenic milling
Authors: Hubert Paul J. , Kathiresan Krishna , Wakabayashi Katsuyuki 
Published: May 2011

AbstractNanocomposites from polypropylene and unmodified, as‐received graphite were fabricated via solid‐state cryogenic milling (cryomilling) process. Filler contents up to 10 wt% were studied with cryomilling cycles and postcryomill melt mixing option as processing parameters. Scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction of the cryomilled samples reveal that graphite filler particles are partially exfoliated into nanoplatelets, as well as fragmented in the lateral dimensions, when incorporated into the polymer matrix. Various physical performance, including polymer crystallization rate, thermomechanical response, oxygen barrier, and electrical conductivity, is closely dictated by the filler morphology. An increase in cryomilling time leads to a higher degree of exfoliation, resulting in an enhancement in stiffness/strength, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity. Postcryomill melt mixing disperses the partially exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets, raising stiffness/strength and thermal stability while reducing electrical conductivity and oxygen permeability. The percolation threshold occurs between 1 and 3 wt%, with an optimum content for most properties at ∼3 wt%. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
A facile pathway for the fast synthesis of colloidal crystal‐loaded hydrogels via frontal polymerization
Authors: Liu Si‐Si , Yu Zi‐Yi , Fang Yuan , Yin Su‐Na , Wang Cai‐Feng , Chen Li , Chen Su 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn this work, a dually sensitive colloidal crystal (CC)‐loaded hydrogel has been synthesized via frontal polymerization (FP) in a facile and rapid way. First, a polystyrene CC film was fabricated by vertical deposition on the inner wall of a test tube. Then, a mixture of acrylic acid (AAc), 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), and glycerol along with the initiator and crosslinker was added to this test tube to carry out FP, resulting in the formation of CC‐loaded hydrogel. The influence of the mass ratios of HEMA/AAc on front velocity and temperatures were studied. The swelling behavior, the morphology, and the stimuli‐responsive behavior of the CC‐loaded hydrogels prepared via FP were thoroughly investigated on the basis of swelling measurement, scanning electron microscopy, and reflection spectra. Results show that the as‐prepared CC‐loaded hydrogels exhibit excellent dual sensitivity to both methanol concentrations and pH values with very short response time, which can be observed visually without the aid of instruments. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Synthesis and characterization of temperature‐sensitive block‐graft PNiPAAm‐b‐(PαN3CL‐g‐alkyne) copolymers by ring‐opening polymerization and click reaction
Authors: Lee Ren‐Shen , Wu Ke‐Pu 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis study synthesized thermo‐sensitive amphiphilic block‐graft PNiPAAm‐b‐(PαN3CL‐g‐alkyne) copolymers through ring‐opening polymerization of α‐chloro‐ε‐caprolactone (αClCL) with hydroxyl‐terminated macroinitiator poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNiPAAm), substituting pendent chlorides with sodium azide. This was then used to graft various kinds of terminal alkynes moieties by means of the copper‐catalyzed Huisgen's 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition (“click” reaction). 1H NMR, FTIR, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was used to characterize these copolymers. The solubility of the block‐graft copolymers in aqueous media was investigated using turbidity measurement, revealing a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) in the polymers. These solutions showed reversible changes in optical properties: transparent below the LCST, and opaque above the LCST. The LCST values were dependant on the composition of the polymer. With critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) in the range of 2.04–9.77 mg L−1, the block copolymers formed micelles in the aqueous phase, owing to their amphiphilic characteristics. An increase in the length of hydrophobic segments or a decrease in the length of hydrophilic segments amphiphilic block‐graft copolymers produced lower CMC values. The research verified the core‐shell structure of micelles by 1H NMR analyses in D2O. Transmission electron microscopy was used to analyze the morphology of the micelles, revealing a spherical structure. The average size of the micelles was in the range of 75–145 nm (blank), and 105–190 nm (with drug). High drug entrapment efficiency and drug loading content were observed in the drug micelles. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
A cumulative dose, safety and tolerability study of arformoterol in pediatric subjects with stable asthma
Authors: Hinkle J. , Hinson J. , Kerwin E. , Goodwin E. , Sciarappa K. , Curry L. , Hanrahan J.P. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractPurposeShort‐acting β2‐agonists (SABAs) are recommended for treating acute pediatric asthma. The long‐acting β2‐agonist (LABA) arformoterol is approved for the maintenance treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Arformoterol acts rapidly, is delivered via nebulization, and, as such, raises concerns from the FDA over possible off‐label use in acute asthma in children. As a step to investigate this issue, this study evaluated the safety and tolerability of three consecutive doses of arformoterol administered over 1 hr in children with stable asthma.MethodsThis study consisted of a double‐blind, crossover period in which subjects (ages 2–11 years) with stable asthma were randomized to three consecutive nebulized doses of arformoterol (7.5 µg/dose) or levalbuterol (0.63 mg/dose) administered over 1‐hr (0, 30, and 60 min) followed by an open‐label period with three consecutive doses of arformoterol (15 µg/dose) administered over 1 hr. Endpoints were change in heart rate, blood pressure, and serum potassium and glucose levels. Other endpoints included adverse events and pulmonary function.ResultsThere were no clinically important mean changes from pre‐dose in heart rate, blood pressure, or serum glucose levels, across treatment groups. Substantial declines in serum potassium levels were observed both 2 and 6 hr post‐dosing. Two subjects had declines to 2.8 mEq/L and 2.9 mEq/L 2‐hr post‐dosing. Adverse events were infrequent and differences in forced expiratory volume in 1 sec and peak expiratory flow across treatment groups were not clinically meaningful.ConclusionIn this study, in children with stable asthma, three consecutive doses of arformoterol (7.5 and 15 µg) and levalbuterol were overall well tolerated. Nonetheless, serum potassium levels demonstrated substantial mean declines after dosing. These findings do not address or support the safety and tolerability of arformoterol use in acute exacerbations of asthma in children. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2011; 46:761–769. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Azotetrazolylfurazan and Nitrogenous Salt Derivatives
Authors: Leonard Philip W. , Chavez David E. , Pagoria Philip F. , by X‐ray studies  , Parrish Damon L. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe synthesis of (E)‐1,2‐bis(4‐(1H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)‐1,2,5‐oxadiazol‐3‐yl)diazene (AzTF) and its high nitrogen salts is described. Compounds were tested for sensitivity to impact, spark, and friction and heats of formation were determined through bomb calorimetry. The calorimetry results coupled with density measurements by gas pychnometry were used to predict explosive output using the Cheetah thermochemical code. Of the four compounds tested AzTF itself has the most promise as an explosive due to TATB‐like performance and high thermal stability, while the triaminoguanidinium salt (TAG2AzTF) may find favor as a high‐nitrogen gas generant in regard to the low overall sensitivity and very high nitrogen content of the molecule.
Mutational analysis of domain antibodies reveals aggregation hotspots within and near the complementarity determining regions
Authors: Perchiacca Joseph M. , Bhattacharya Moumita , Tessier Peter M. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractHigh‐affinity antibodies are critical for numerous diagnostic and therapeutic applications, yet their utility is limited by their variable propensity to aggregate either at low concentrations for antibody fragments or high concentrations for full‐length antibodies. Therefore, determining the sequence and structural features that differentiate aggregation‐resistant antibodies from aggregation‐prone ones is critical to improving their activity. We have investigated the molecular origins of antibody aggregation for human VH domain antibodies that differ only in the sequence of the loops containing their complementarity determining regions (CDRs), yet such antibodies possess dramatically different aggregation propensities in a manner not correlated with their conformational stabilities. We find the propensity of these antibodies to aggregate after being transiently unfolded is not a distributed property of the CDR loops, but can be localized to aggregation hotspots within and near the first CDR (CDR1). Moreover, we have identified a triad of charged mutations within CDR1 and a single charged mutation adjacent to CDR1 that endow the poorly soluble variant with the desirable biophysical properties of the aggregation‐resistant antibody. Importantly, we find that several other charged mutations in CDR1, non‐CDR loops and the antibody scaffold are incapable of preventing aggregation. We expect that our identification of aggregation hotspots that govern antibody aggregation within and proximal to CDR loops will guide the design and selection of antibodies that not only possess high affinity and conformational stability, but also extreme resistance to aggregation. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maintenance mechanisms for the early‐morning maximum summer rainfall over southeast China
Authors: Huang Wan‐Ru , Chan Johnny C. L. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractDuring the summer months, diurnal rainfall variation over southeast China is frequently characterized by a major peak in the afternoon and a minor peak in the early morning. While the afternoon rainfall maximum is generally recognized to be mainly modulated by the diurnally varying wind introduced by land–sea and mountain–valley differential heating, causes of the early‐morning rainfall are not well documented. In this study, variation in the semi‐diurnal harmonic of rainfall is found to be more important than variation in the diurnal harmonic of rainfall for determining the timing of the early‐morning rainfall peak. Diagnoses of the atmospheric thermodynamic conditions indicate that late‐night vertical differential thermal advection and semi‐diurnal variation in land–sea differential radiative heating/cooling are the major reasons for reduction in stability in the early morning and, in turn, facilitate the formation of an early‐morning maximum in rainfall. Computation of the water vapor budget suggests further that the early‐morning maximum over southeast China is mainly maintained by the semi‐diurnal harmonic of water vapor flux transported from the South China Sea. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society