bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and Application of Pressure Systems Integrity Management through Risk Based Inspection Audits in Abadan Refinery
Authors: Hashemi Seyed Javad , Javadpour Sirus , Bajestani Mohammad Nazarnezhad , Zahiri Mohammad Reza 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Abadan Refinery was completed in 1912 and until 1980 this refinery was known as the largest refinery in the world. A large number of aging oil refining facilities are operating in this refinery. Older distillation plants built in the late 1950s are approaching the end of their design life. The company is facing the challenge of optimizing the return on inspection efforts in a period of time when more production is required and operating costs have to be minimized. Therefore, implementation of the latest inspection and maintenance strategies become a part of the company integrity management policy. This paper describes the methodology, analysis and results of a Risk Based Inspection (RBI) study conducted on a fifty-year-old distillation plant that was the first effort of this kind in Iran.
As a part of developing and implementing a Best Practice Integrity Management System, a multipurpose software was designed and developed by RBI team that can conduct Level 2 Fitness-For-Service assessment procedures (as defined by API RP 579) to evaluate pressurized components containing flaws or damage, and develop a comprehensive inspection program for each equipment analyzed, following the procedure and guidelines given in API 580/581 resource documents.
This paper summarizes the experiences in developing and implementing a risk based inspection strategy and the value of the RBI approach in terms of its contribution to the company's business drivers. The study has resulted in numerous benefits for the plant, which include safety and compliance issues, cost savings, and focused inspection plans using the latest NDE technology, and will assist management in making informed, defensible operational decisions.
Finally, some useful lesson learned are included to prevent common problems from recurring, to stimulate the application of better practice and where possible to prevent or reduce the failure.
Training and Development Case History: Evolution of Open-hole Logging Applications from Post-Drilling to While Drilling Requires a New Generation of Geoscientist
Authors: Hearn F. P. , Trichel K. , Thanabalasingam K. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Traditionally in the oil and gas industry, expertise in the geoscience disciplines has been built largely upon the acquisition, interpretation, and post-processing of measurements obtained from wireline-conveyed logging instruments after the well was drilled. However, the recent shift in acquisition strategies toward logging while drilling (LWD) and the evolution of while drilling applications require a new generation of geoscientist equipped with a new set of skills. An in-depth understanding of the latest LWD technology combined with knowledge of the dynamic drilling environment is essential for successful integration of while drilling applications.
A new competency management system has been implemented to facilitate the accelerated development of geoscientists in company core competencies to more effectively adapt to today's while drilling environment. The system consists of a drilling and evaluation competency framework with core disciplines, skills specific to each, and common skills that bridge these disciplines.
Mentors assigned to each geoscientist assess skills and skill gaps, provide guidance and accelerate development through direct knowledge transfer. The competency development system also includes a formal certification process and tracking system that ensures each geoscientist meets or exceeds development expectations.
There are 12 primary geoscience and drilling certifications and six advanced certifications in areas of drilling, geology, geomechanics, formation evaluation and petrophysics, reservoir engineering, reservoir navigation, integrated pressure management, wellbore integrity, and completions and production. The certification process also provides the direct link between competency development, required peripheral training (technical and non-technical), and the career ladder for geoscientists and application engineers.
Managing Downhole Parameters During Re-entry and Intervention to Improve Operational Efficiency
Authors: Joppe Lambertus , McNicol Jim 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
As well complexity increases, re-entry and intervention operations are becoming increasingly ambitious in both their objectives and their risk profile. At the same time, intervention and service tool operating parameters downhole are traditionally controlled by making surface adjustments based on surface readings of hook load, rpm, torque, etc. A system has been developed that measures all the physical parameters downhole at the intervention tool itself, and transmits them to surface for rig site and remote viewing, enabling real time control of intervention operations.
The new system has been used with fishing tools, sidetracking systems, and a variety of different service tools. The system captures and computes all the service tool operating parameters downhole, then uses a measurement-while-drilling (MWD) tool to send selected and critical parametric information to surface. Furthermore, bi-directional capability allows parameter formats to be updated throughout the job.
A great deal of learning has been acquired from operating the new system, mostly in the form of parameter detection, quantification, and job management; such as: detecting delicate and ultra-light events; quantifying actual torque and drag; managing helical lock-up, untoward vibration events, and exit window trajectory and quality. In conclusion, a significant number of runs have shown that surface and remote viewing of actual operating parameters in real time has enabled improvements in operational efficiency by improved decision-making that led to reduced job times. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate this learning through multiple case histories.
A new system provides the ability to view actual downhole parameters of fishing tools, service tools, exit tools, etc. in real time, and remotely, during re-entry and intervention operations. The system is shown to have a significant impact in removing uncertainty and driving improvements in operational efficiency.
Seeking the Hidden Threat: Applications of a New Approach in Pipeline Leak Detection
Authors: Elliott Jack , Fletcher Richard , Wrigglesworth Mike 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Prompt leak detection is an essential element of the integrity management process for any hazardous materials pipeline. If leaks are not detected at an early stage, they will result in progressively worse damage to the environment and can endanger the local population. Ultimately they can grow into a far more serious failure of the pipeline if not repaired in a timely manner. Therefore a variety of leak detection and/or leak prevention systems are used, including monitoring flow and pressure levels, surface monitoring and networks of sensors located along the line. However, no single system is able to detect and accurately locate all small leaks when they first occur, and many require installation and maintenance of substantial levels of costly equipment on the pipeline. For this reason, the industry is interested the in advancement of alternative approaches in leak detection. Figure 1Illustration of SmartBall™ During Operation
SmartBall is a radical new technology that has been successfully deployed in water transmission pipelines since 2004. It is now offered as a solution to the problem of leak detection in oil and gas lines too. It is a spherical acoustic device that travels through the pipeline propelled by the product flow and will detect the acoustic signature of any release of pressurized product to the environment (i.e. a leak). Its low cost, ease of deployment and the ability to immediately locate pinhole leaks to within a meter offer major benefits to pipeline integrity managers worldwide.
The paper discusses a number of case histories from the early deployment of SmartBall. The complexities of transferring the technology from a water environment to the hydrocarbons industry are addressed.
Measurement of the Volumetric Temperature Distribution in Bulk Liquid Tanks
Authors: Nguyen T. , Stojcevski A. , Veljanovski R. , Chandran J. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
In this paper, we present findings from a study of the vertical and horizontal temperature distribution in a water tank to simulate a bulk petroleum tank. The temperatures were measured using discrete integrated circuit temperature sensors in a multiplexed sensor network. The experimental study found that there was a variation in the horizontal and vertical temperature profiles of up to 0.7 °C and 4.3 °C respectively. The horizontal temperature profile can be attributed to heating of the equator-facing surface from solar radiation. The temperature profile presents an uncertainty in the measurement of tank content volume and can cost tank owners many thousands of dollars.
Rehabilitating Marine Jetty with Cathodic Protection
Authors: Siddiqui Mohammed S. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The application of cathodic protection in concrete is different from that in soil, because of varying concrete conductivity, and for the fact that any discontinuities in the reinforcement can result in stray current corrosion. The paper highlight the challenges in retrofitting impressed current cathodic protection in marine structures where concrete damage and rebar corrosion had already been detected in previous underwater inspections.
Ideally the embedded bars are a good match with concrete with respect to their thermal expansion, as well as due to the protective passive film formed in the alkaline cement. However corrosion of the reinforcing bars begins when the concrete does not fully cover the steel, and when the chloride ions present in the sea water penetrate the cement. The corrosion products occupy greater volume than the original steel, generating expansive forces and resulting in cracking, delamination and spalling of concrete cover. Installation of CP is very cost effective repair option for the concrete that is contaminated with chloride but with sufficient remaining strength.
Anode material suitable for the complicated jetty structure is a combination of internal discrete anodes and conductive meshes to achieve optimum current distribution. With the marine environment conditions, a high current density of 8-20mA/m2 is required. For effective CP, the individual areas need to be classified into zones to take care of the variation in cover and geometry of the structure. Each zone has individual power supplies, reference cells and controls on the current, voltage, potential and depolarization.
The automatic monitoring system has data storage facility, control units and softwares that can download data over a suitable time period that depends on the variations in the environment. Tests like the 24 hour depolarization (100mV criteria) can be used to assess the protection levels of the marine structure.
Improving Oil In Place Estimation through an Improve Water Saturation Prediction – A Case Study in the Middle East
Authors: Hammadi Mohamed Al , Al-Maskari Shamsa , Radwan El-Sayed 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Accurate predictions of water saturation were achieved through an integrated process involving Petrophysics and core analysis. During reservoir evaluation, log derived water saturation inaccuracies were found due to inconsistency with production data. The conventional resistivity methods for calculating water saturation did not fully resolve this inconsistency and hence a different approach was required. The inaccuracies associated with Sw prediction from Archie's resistivity are due to a number of factors including mud invasion, presence of a dual pore system and resistivity tools physics.
In an effort to determine the true in situ water saturation and make more accurate predictions of oil in place a special study was performed. Such study involved: Cutting low invasion core in the reservoir.Using a tracer in the drilling mud to help differentiate formation water from invasion fluidsTaking Dean-Stark vertical plugs from the cores at the rig site and preserving them for laboratory analysis.Analyzing the fluids in the plugs to determine the degree of invasion.Use of plug analysis results to predict more accurate water saturation.Use vertical and horizontal resistivity measurements to identify the resistivity anisotropy and therefore, provide more accurate water saturation as compared to the conventional resistivity approach.Aquire RST-sigma log to help in data integration.Improved oil in place estimations.
The tracer allowed the core analysis to determine the percentage of invaded fluids in the plug sample and more accurately predict the true in situ saturation state of the reservoir. The results showed that the dual pore system and layering have played an important role in the invaded fluid distribution and quantity. The new saturation model allowed for corrections to log measurements providing a better representation of the reservoir properties. The use of vertical resistivity was found to be important to correct for layering and allowing to obtain results closer to the direct core measurements. The new model estimates were in much closer agreement with production test data and this resulted into improved oil in place estimations.
This paper, will discuss the methodology and data integration of Sw determination and how it lead into critical development decisions.
Onshore Multiple Attenuation Study on Abu Dhabi Seismic Data Successful at Removing Unwanted Noise
Authors: Jenaibi M. S. Al , Nahhas M. S. Al , Soroka W. L. , Cogan M. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Multiple attenuation was successfully performed on land seismic data in the difficult Abu Dhabi sand dune and sabkha environment. The keys to success were careful analysis plus selection and application of carefully designed data-adaptive multiple attenuation workflows. The demultiple success on the South East Abu Dhabi seismic data described in this paper was the result of a unique workflow developed specifically for this survey. Development of the workflow depended on rigorous analysis and consistent feedback from interpreters and geophysics specialists.
Multiples with similar prestack moveout with offset to the primary events were successfully modeled and removed from seismic data to produce higher quality final seismic images. Onshore seismic data from the high sand dune South-Eastern Abu Dhabi area suffers from strong ambient noise and multiples that make exploration efforts difficult. Although a variety of techniques and algorithms exist for modeling and removing multiples from seismic data, there is no single method that is appropriate for all cases. Successful projects for the most difficult onshore multiple problems are often the result of careful analysis, selection and application of the right technology and the use of an appropriate data-adaptive workflow. The demultiple success on the South East Abu Dhabi seismic data demonstrates that with the proper tools and feedback it is possible to developed a workflow that can attenuate even the most difficult multiple noise.
Compositional and PVT Analysis for Determining Liquid Dropout in Pipelines
Authors: Esmaiel T. E. H. , Qallaf A. A. A. Al 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
A lot of equipment is not designed to handle liquids in the operations of a gathering center or gas booster station. In the study area some compressors were having vibration problems due to amounts of liquid condensate in the flow-line caused by sudden changes in pressure and temperature.
The primary objectives of this study are to determine under what pressure and temperature conditions liquids occur and to determine the proper operating conditions. The process involves the collecting of samples in the field, lab analysis, computer EOS modeling of the fluids, and analysis of the phase regions.
Samples were collected at two different locations in the gas line. The samples were sent to the lab for compositional and PVT analysis where physical properties were measured. Compositional analysis was performed on the gas and the condensate samples and liquid dropout tests were performed on the samples.
An EOS simulator was used to characterize the samples and was tuned to match the PVT data. The tuned simulator was used to perform flash calculations calculate VLE for the samples. The simulator was used to develop phase envelopes and physical properties of the gas to determine the amount of liquid dropout at the current operating conditions. These phase envelopes were used to determine new operating conditions to avoid liquid dropout. The primary solution as anticipated was an increase in the pressure in the line to avoid the two phase region.
Sharing Patented Technology on Disposal of Oily Effluents - An Ideation, Innovation and Implementation Experience
Authors: Kapoor S , Jain A , Panwar M L 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Globally, the oil majors are establishing their future environmental and social responsibility benchmarks as restructuring to their newer outlook. These concerns call for better control of emissions & releases from their operations and finally handling of decommissioning of oil / gas installations etc. The national oil company ONGC, currently produces about 0.12 million m3 per day of water from its various on land & offshore oil assets. Oil field waters contain highly toxic organic and inorganic substances, which have deleterious effect on local flora and fauna. The various conventional methods currently in vogue are less satisfactory as being less environment friendly, less cost effective and more energy demanding. The petroleum industry has made enormous strides in improving its environmental operations.
A technique coined as electroflotation has been developed for the separation of hydrocarbons from oil field waters. A regulated low direct current is passed through identified electrodes to treat the effluent resulting in separation of oil. The designed tiny bubbles of hydrogen & oxygen (~ 50 micron) through strategic electrode stacking produced during electrolysis of water accelerate its migration to surface. The oil droplets coalesce at the surface to form an oily layer, which is skimmed off. Various parameters governing the process were optimized on bench scale followed by its validation at pilot level. A total of nearly 200 m3 effluent for over 250 hours was treated through this technique in an oil field of Indian Western on land oil province. Nearly 200 chemical assays of inlet and outlet water were estimated for total oil content. The oil content of treated effluents was less than 10 PPM that met the laid standards. The system has additional advantage, due to bubbling out of oxygen during process, which improves the BOD & COD of the treated effluent.
The technique holds wider potential for its application in treating oily water produced during field operations and is also accredited with patent # 209854 & SPE update -21 Nov 2007 (Facilities (PFC), Production (PO), Central Asia). This innovative technology is ready to open new doors for its application to treat oily effluents in both upstream & downstream segments of oil sector & ready for commercialization. Acouple of global techno-economic enquries have also generated business interest.
Utilizing Real Time Logging While Drilling Resistivity Imaging to Identify Fracture Corridors in a highly fractured Carbonate Reservoir
Authors: Gezeery Taher El , Saqran Fawaz Al , Archibong Ekpo Ita , Al-Radhi Somaya 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The Minagish structure in southwest corner of Kuwait is a multi reservoir field. One of the potential reservoirs is the Mishrif formation. Developed as a limestone, sedimented in a mid-ramp environment, it generally consists of fine-grained packstones to wackstones that is highly bioturbated. The average thickness is about 300 ft with an average Net of 170ft in the upper layers. An average porosity value will be around 15% and permeability ranges between 0.001-17 mD. The oil in the Mishrif is highly viscous and production is normally enhanced by fractures in the upper Mishrif layers as they act as the main permeability conduit for the main storage below.
The second Mishrif layer unit 2 (M9 & M8) is a fairly high porous peloidal packstone to grainstones sequence that is highly fractured at the upper 15 feet of the layer's "dual porosity system". The fracture corridors within the layer improve permeability, thereby making it a good potential for horizontal well placement. It was impossible to reach the observed production rates from matrix without one or two major fluid conductive fracture corridors.
The main storage Mishrif layer unit 3 (M7 & M6) is within a 15% porosity layer that is 10–15 ft thick and contains a large volume of oil.
Previous wireline image studies carried out identified these layers and their corresponding fractures, but because most of the studied wells were vertical, the fracture corridors could not be properly related to presence of faults in the field.
This paper aims at showing how effective Logging While Drilling (LWD) resistivity images based on laterolog principle were useful in real time to identify the different layers within the Mishrif reservoir and establish the relationship between the fracture corridors and the intersected faults in a long horizontal well that posed a risk to data acquisition with standard wireline pipe conveyed logging.
Health Reporting System in the Oil & Gas Business
Authors: Zappador Claudio , Gomez Guillermo , Madera Angelo , Uberti Filippo 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Eni E&P Division is strongly committed to achieve excellence in managing the health of its employees in all operative activities. For this purpose a Health Management System (HMS) has been developed according to the OHSAS 18001 regulation and international health standards and best practice.
To build the Health reporting system, Eni E&P have selected an appropriate set of Health KPI (Key Performance Indicators) representing a critical step for ensuring the continuous improvement of health performance. A growing demand for improved health management come from many stakeholders (e.g. financial investors, NGO, etc) and complies the natural desire of all citizens to be informed on the prevention of health risks that may raise from operations. Currently there is no globally applied set of performance indicators in the Oil & Gas industry and updated guidelines have been issued by OGP/IPIECA only recently.
A list of "Reactive" and "Proactive" indicators has been implemented for monitoring the implementation of HMS and the overall health performance worldwide. A sustainability analysis has been introduced and allowed us to identify better the critical areas of improvement to be supported with a more defined set of KPI. A training program has been developed for spreading awareness and improving the accuracy of health reporting process.
The implementation of Health Reporting System has been established in the following steps: –Identification of representative KPI (in line with international and Eni guidelines)–Company Standard for Health Reporting & Performance Assessment;–Systematic Health Reporting from Business units;–Performance monitoring;–Sustainability analysis and identification of critical KPI;–Training program;–Feed back: Sustainability/HSE report; Annual Objectives and HSE planning.–Future: Benchmarking internal/external KPI; new KPI; improved data analysis.