bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Artificial Intelligence and Judging
Authors: Niblett Anthony 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter canvasses academic literature on artificial intelligence (AI) and judging. While the idea of ‘robot judges’ has been discussed with derision and fear, there is great promise for AI to improve the judiciary, both in terms of expediting process and in terms of the improving the substantive decisions of human judges. But the use of AI by judges is highly controversial. While much of the academic literature on AI and judging is relatively recent, it is already vast. The chapter is divided into four main topics. It begins by defining what is meant in this chapter by AI, a notoriously fuzzy concept. The field is broad, and the definition is constantly changing. The author primarily focuses on tools of prediction, such as supervised machine learning. Second, the chapter discusses how scholars of judicial behaviour have used machine learning tools to make predictions of how judges will behave. It then explores how courts around the world have already begun to use machine learning predictions in their decisions. Finally, literature outlining concerns and risks if AI tools were to be used more widely by judges is covered. Topics such as transparency, explanations, trust, bias, and error are explored.
Ordinances and Rituals
Authors: Jankiewicz Darius 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Adventist practice Christian rituals such as baptism, the Lord’s Supper, foot washing, ordination, child dedication, and anointing of the unwell. A distinction is made between the rituals of sacraments and ordinances. Following the Baptist tradition, Adventists choose to observe only the latter. For Adventists, this distinction is more than semantics, as it is based on their understanding of salvation. While traditionally the word “sacrament” is closely associated with dispensing human salvation, Adventists participate in ordinances not to receive salvation but because they have already received the gift of salvation through grace and faith alone (sola gratia et fides). The chapter begins with a New Testament overview of the Christian rituals and continues with a brief history of sacramental theology, both Catholic and Protestant. The roots of the Adventist understanding of the Christian rituals are closely tied with the sixteenth-century Reformation and particularly with its radical branch, the Anabaptists.
Theological Roots of Seventh-day Adventism
Authors: Miller Nicholas P. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses four thematic, theological roots of Seventh-day Adventism, drawing from Methodist/Arminian, Reformed/Calvinist, and Baptist/Radical Reformation traditions and influences. Each of these pillars contributes an important element to Adventist identity, and each needs to be understood to grasp the larger system. The discussion proceeds as follows, moving from more general themes that Adventism shares with certain Protestant cousins and brothers, to themes and doctrines unique to Adventism: “(1) A God of Truths: The Words of God and Common-Sense Philosophy,” (2) “A God of Righteous Loves: The Atonement, the Sanctuary, and God’s Moral Government of Love” (3), “A God of Freedoms: Free Will and Religious Liberty,” (4) “A God of Creations: Sabbath, Human Wholism, and Stewardship.” Admittedly, this discussion of the theological roots of Adventism is incomplete. Given space constraints, it focuses on those that have either been overlooked, de-emphasized, or not made prominent elsewhere in this Handbook.
Adventists in Europe
Authors: Heinz Daniel 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The chapter explores the beginnings and progress of the Seventh-day Adventists in Europe, the first continent where American Adventists began their worldwide missionary expansion. Only when Adventists developed a peculiarly missionary strategy that was adapted to European culture were they able to accomplish a missional breakthrough. Just prior to the outbreak of World War I, European Adventists had the largest growth rate in membership worldwide. Later, after the catastrophe of the two world wars and a complete transformation of society—materialism, secularism, and postmodernism—the European mission was faced once again with entirely new challenges. Due to the cultural diversity and sensitivity as well as the economic prosperity, European Adventists make a significant contribution to Adventist world mission until today.
Millerite Revivalism and Post-Millerite Adventist Churches
Authors: Campbell Michael W. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the apocalyptic background of Adventism through the antebellum Millerite revival and traces some of the post-Millerite descendants. It begins by providing background to the rise of premillennial apocalypticism, in global context, with a specific focus on American interest in the eschaton. This movement took on a tangible form in American religious history through the work of William Miller and Henry Jones, among others, who with entrepreneurial Joshua V. Himes helped a series of localized revivals grow into a movement on the heels of the Second Great Awakening. As the movement grew, increasing attention centered on the date “about the year 1843,” and as the time drew nearer, October 22, 1844, as the focal point of “Great Anticipation.” Despite some fluidity about the date, ultimately Christ did not return as expected, leading to a profound sense of disappointment. This chapter concludes by describing the various groups left in its wake.
Adventists and the Military
Authors: Burton Kevin M. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Seventh-day Adventist Church and its relationship with the state and its military around the globe. The first part analyzes the reinvention of Adventism in America by tracing its roots in radical dissenting politics in the abolition movement to its embrace of conscientious cooperation during the World War I era that culminated in the church-state alliance that produced Operation Whitecoat. The second part of this chapter explores the variety of challenges Adventists have faced around the globe in relation to the state and its military. Beyond the challenges of the draft and compulsory military service, attention is given to how denominational policy crafted in the American context has allowed Adventists to go to war with each other in international conflicts. Finally, this chapter documents the common narrative of state oppression that the global church has faced and the variety of Adventist responses to these challenges.
Ellen G. White’s Influence in the Development of Adventist Beliefs and Practices
Authors: Fortin Denis 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Seventh-day Adventists believe that Ellen White received a special end-time prophetic ministry. However, her influence on the development of distinctive Seventh-day Adventist doctrines was minimal in the early years of the denomination, but more so now in the maintaining of these beliefs. Her influence was more prominent in the development of its church organization and institutions, in particular its publishing houses, hospitals, and schools. She also left an impression on the church’s evangelistic and mission work. She also was a primary voice in advocating an Adventist lifestyle of vegetarianism, the abstinence from alcohol, tobacco, and other harmful substances, and an overall conservative social Christian behavior.
How Do the Rishonim Read the Talmud and the Geonim?
Authors: Kanarfogel Ephraim 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter seeks to sketch and describe the relationship between the Talmud and its geonic and other medieval interpreters known as the Rishonim. It does so via a case study involving aspects of apostasy from Judaism and reversion. The Talmud itself contains relatively little explicit material on these issues. It was the task of the Geonim and Rishonim to locate and carefully interpret this material, and to further expand and shape it to derive well-based legal opinions which could be applied to post-Talmudic periods. Through this discussion, the relationship between the writings of the Geonim and the corpus of the Rishonim is also clarified.
The History of Buddhism in the United States
Authors: Calobrisi Thomas 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The history of Buddhism in the United States is one whose brevity belies its complexity. This chapter provides a survey of that history, beginning in the mid-nineteenth century and leading up to the contemporary moment. It focuses on how Buddhists and Buddhist sympathizers have adapted and revised teachings and practices to create new cultural forms that can meet their spiritual needs. This tendency to adapt, revise, and collage Buddhist ideas and practices into new forms, this chapter argues, is not limited to the late twentieth century but is present in even the earliest American engagements with Buddhism. While the history of Buddhism in the United States coincides neatly with the transnational development of “Buddhist modernism,” the chapter concludes with a short reflection on the prospects and limitations of the recent postmodern turn in American Buddhism.
Tibetan Buddhism in America
Authors: Gayley Holly , Brallier Joshua 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis chapter explores Tibetan Buddhism in America as one vector in the global trajectory of Tibetan Buddhism, propelled by displacement and the conditions of exile. Eschewing the “western adaptation” model that collapses transformation into modernization and/or westernization, the authors center Tibetan agents, frameworks, and strategies for enacting the translation and transmission of Buddhist teachings and practices to new lands. Their case studies attend to the dynamic tension between continuity and adaptation as well as the transnational scope of Tibetan Buddhism and efforts to localize it geographically, institutionally, culturally, and linguistically in North America.
Buddhism and American Literature
Authors: Beek Kimberly 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Buddhism has long been a source of inspiration for American writers, and its teachings and principles have played a meaningful role in shaping the landscape of American fiction and poetry. From the Transcendentalists of the nineteenth century to the Beat poets of the mid-twentieth century, from Asian American authors and poets to postmodernist writers of the twenty-first century, this chapter explores the intersection of Buddhism and American fiction and poetry. Offering a concise, chronological survey, the author highlights key examples of Buddhism in American literature that illustrate the trajectory of Buddhist narratives in fiction and poetry from transnational stories about Buddhism in Asia rendered for an American audience, through mid-century narratives that portray Buddhism as a lived religion and describe how to live as a Buddhist in a diversity of ways, to contemporary Buddhist American literature that has embedded Buddhism into the American social imaginary. In doing so, the author suggests that the umbrella category label “Buddhism and American literature” is more accurately expressed as “Buddhist American literature.”
American Buddhism and Technology
Authors: Grieve Gregory Price , Veidlinger Daniel 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis chapter examines Buddhism and technology in America, from its beginnings in the mid-nineteenth century, when boats utilizing the latest navigation technologies brought Buddhist texts from Asia to American shores, until the most recent developments, such as the explosion of Buddhist phone apps. It covers Buddhism and radio, movies, television, drugs, medicine, computers, and the internet, and seeks to highlight the ways that Buddhists have utilized these technologies to strengthen their practice and their communities, and examines how Buddhist ideas have in turn contributed to developments in these technologies. The chapter also explores some of the perceived pitfalls of technology enunciated by critics, who believe that Buddhism should entail a lifestyle that eschews the trappings of modern technology, and in fact could even be threatened by it. While they see digital Buddhism as inauthentic and faddish, other critics see Buddhism as a strategic way to counter the menace of technology.
Nichiren Buddhism in America
Authors: Craig Ralph H. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the history of Nichiren Buddhism in the United States. Following a brief discussion of the thirteenth-century reformer Nichiren (1222–1282) and his core teachings, the chapter introduces the four main Nichiren Buddhist sects that came to the United States in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries: Nichirenshū, Nipponzan Myōhōji, Nichiren Shōshū, and Sōka Gakkai/SGI-USA, paying particular attention to the latter group. Finally, the chapter suggests three areas of future research that consider questions of identity, adherence and affiliation, and the study of chanting-based Buddhist communities in the United States. These future research avenues call for detailed studies of race and gender in US Nichiren Buddhist lineages; investigations of how belonging is understood in these lineages; and study of US Nichiren Buddhist lineages as examples of Buddhist communities whose practice centers on ritual and chanting, rather than seated meditation.
Indigenous Approaches to Contemporary Climate Change
Authors: Nelson Peter , Newland Michael 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Sea level rise, drought, mudslides, and other extreme conditions stemming from climate change are impacting and will increasingly impact ancestral places. Even though these impacts are increasing in severity at an alarming rate, the rush by agencies, archaeologists, and land managers to design and implement treatment plans to address this need should be done in collaboration with Indigenous communities. This chapter discusses examples from coastal California in the United States of America and the “caregiver” model as a framework for assessing the appropriateness of various technologies and strategies for stewarding ancestral places and cultural heritage. This model is rooted in community-engaged, Indigenous, and heart-centered research that aligns with the perspectives and desires of Indigenous communities within compliance and academic archaeologies. Essential to this model is the use of low-impact and noninvasive methods for stewarding Indigenous sites and ancestral places, including the use of technologies such as GPS/GIS, terrestrial LiDAR, and Ground Penetrating Radar.
Indigenous Hunting and Trapping Practice of Nagaland
Authors: Vasa Ditamulü , Changkiri Yabangri , Hodgins Elspbeth 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The Naga Indigenous trapping and snaring method is part of the life and culture of the Ao Nagas in the Mokokchung district of Nagaland. They are one of the major Naga groups of Naga Hills. Apart from agriculturally related activities, the communities’ livelihood has primarily depended upon the hunting, fishing, and trapping of animals and birds. This chapter centers on Changki village within the Mokokchung district inhabited by the Ao Nagas tribe. Hunting poses a significant threat to Nagaland’s wildlife; however, conservation strategies must acknowledge the importance of traditional activities to Ao Naga’s livelihoods and cultural well-being. This chapter provides a succinct record of Ao Naga traditional hunting techniques. It describes various trapping and snaring techniques and discusses how these hunting practices and people–land relationships at Changki village have changed in the face of conservation and animal protection legislation. This chapter also highlights the importance of maintaining traditional hunting practices and recognizing Indigenous knowledge systems. within approaches to sustainable land management and the maintenance of Indigenous cultural heritage.
Realism and Novel Ethics
Authors: Weinberger Christopher S. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
What good are novels? What responsibilities might they bear in representing others? Are readers ethically accountable for how they read fiction? Should one treat characters as if they were real people? During the rise of high literary theory in the twentieth century such questions were largely set aside as naive or ideologically complicit; they have once again risen to the fore of academic, creative, and popular literary concern after the “turn to ethics” in the early twenty-first century. This chapter traces some of the major developments in recent thinking about novel ethics. It begins by examining assumptions about realism underlying common claims about what makes a novel ethically good or bad. Once this groundwork has been laid, it focuses on what contemporary scholars have begun calling “the new ethics,” a shift in perspective on the value of the novel informed by late twentieth- and early twenty-first-century critical and creative practice.
Affect and the Global Politics of Emotion in German Realism
Authors: Malakaj Ervin 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Drawing on recent work in formalist literary studies, which posits that the realist novel conceptualizes the building blocks of social relations and even imagines new ones, this chapter turns to the rhythms of social life as conceptualized in German realist fiction with the aim to inflect the analysis through a consideration of how form relates to affect. Its case study is the three-volume novel Hulda or The Deliverer (Die Erlöserin, 1873) by the German-Jewish writer Fanny Lewald (1811–1889). The novel’s investment in social patterns makes legible how regulated sociability burdens women’s lives in different contexts. Here, realist form (i.e., mimetic thick description) meets emplotment strategies by which the felt experience of oppression articulates sites of solidarity among different women. The chapter then argues that Hulda casts the recurrence of this variety of negative affect as a vital site for women’s emancipation, linking German struggles to international ones.
Singing for Singing’s Sake?
Authors: Balsnes Anne Haugland 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores singing in educational contexts in Norway from historical and contemporary perspectives. It is a metastudy that draws from several empirical sources, including historical and current curricula, a nationwide survey of singing in schools, case studies of selected schools, and a survey concerning the experiences of students of education and their attitudes toward singing. As a point of departure, the following question was developed: What role or position has singing had in the Norwegian school system throughout its history, from the earliest statutory education in the 18th century until today? The analysis focuses on how singing is used and legitimized both by means of curricula and the actions and views of educators. Theoretical perspectives from the field of music education illuminate the analysis. The aim of the study is to acquire knowledge about school singing, historically and today.
Singing into a Smartphone
Authors: McDaniel Byrd 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In the years alongside the rise of Web 2.0, beginning in the early 2000s, apps have proliferated that enable people to make music via online platforms. These include Smule, AutoRap, Triller, Vocalo, Groovepad, Beat Roller, and TikTok, and they represent some of the most popular amateur music practices in the world. These apps invite various kinds of user input, from rhythmic finger tapping to visually stunning dance routines to expressive singing performances. This chapter explores music apps that revolve around singing, enabling users to participate in virtual communities with their smartphones. Employing a participant-observation methodology, the author considers two music apps: Smule and TikTok. Both apps encourage users to perform with pre-recorded media and circulate these performances in digital worlds. The chapter explores how these apps encourage collaboration—both with other people and with sound recordings. By using collaboration as a point of departure, the author demonstrates how these apps raise new and longstanding questions about participation in singing communities and models some of the ways media studies and ethnomusicology can offer complementary tools for examining digital cultures.
Singing, Suffering, and Liberation in the Concentration Camps of the South African War
Authors: Johnson-Williams Erin 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the political implications of communal singing in the concentration camps of the South African War, 1899–1902. In these spaces, spontaneous, communal hymn singing emerged as a form of ethnic and religious expression. Eye-witness accounts (diaries, medical and newspaper reports) of prison life in Afrikaner concentration camps reveal that the singing of Dutch psalm tunes and hymns occurred spontaneously at moments of personal and communal grief, as well as more formally in concentration camp funerals and prayer meetings. The texts were Calvinist, often providing parallels between the plight of the Afrikaner people and that of the Israelites. This sacred repertoire was in aesthetic and theological tension with the evangelical, English-language hymns that British soldiers and missionaries disseminated among the prisoners. Drawing on the themes of “sounding biopolitics,” “audible incarceration,” and “de-incarceration and liberation,” the author proposes that the experience of communal singing in the context of imperial incarceration created cultures of separatism in which the act of collective singing shaped expressions of both oppression and resistance.
Selectively Staging the “Beloved Community”
Authors: Karlsberg Jesse P. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Folk festival organizers and Black and white Sacred Harp singers collaborated to present community singing from The Sacred Harp tunebook (1844) at the Newport Folk Festival in 1964 and the Smithsonian Festival of American Folklife in 1970 and 1976. As they planned and executed these events, singers and organizers worked at cross purposes in ways that revealed their competing priorities and divergent understandings of race, place, and politics. At these events, organizers characterized the presence of Black and white singers together as serving civil rights protest and later as evidence of the movement’s successes. Singers brought altogether different priorities to these encounters, hoping to find fame, proselytize, and attract new audiences to this historical form of community shape-note singing. Meanwhile, continued racial inequality affected singers’ participation and audience members’ reception of their performances. These encounters among singers, organizers, and audiences illustrate the conflicts and misunderstandings that undergirded the conscription of culture bearers and other participants to present the folk music movement as promoting the civil rights struggle.