bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Compact Fluorescent Lights for Use by Patients with Photosensitive Conditions
Authors: Klein Rachel S. , Werth Victoria P. , Dowdy John C. , Sayre Robert M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractUltraviolet radiation (UVR) is hazardous to patients with photosensitive skin disorders, such as lupus erythematosus, xeroderma pigmentosum and skin cancer. As such, these patients are advised to minimize their exposure to UVR. Classically, this is accomplished through careful avoidance of sun exposure and artificial tanning booths. Indoor light bulbs, however, are generally not considered to pose significant UVR hazard. We sought to test this notion by measuring the UV emissions of 19 different compact fluorescent light bulbs. The ability to induce skin damage was assessed with the CIE erythema action spectrum, ANSI S(λ) generalized UV hazard spectrum and the CIE photocarcinogenesis action spectrum. The results indicate that there is a great deal of variation amongst different bulbs, even within the same class. Although the irradiance of any given bulb is low, the possible daily exposure time is rather lengthy. This results in potential daily UVR doses ranging from 0.1 to 625 mJ cm−2, including a daily UVB (290–320 nm) dose of 0.01 to 15 mJ cm−2. Because patients are exposed continually over long time frames, this could lead to significant cumulative damage. It would therefore be prudent for patients to use bulbs with the lowest UV irradiance.
Infrared Multiple Photon Dissociation of Chloromethyltrifluorosilane
Authors: Koshlyakov Pavel V. , Gorelik Sergey R. , Chesnokov Evgeniy N. , Aseev Oleg S. , Rakhymzhan Asylkhan A. , Petrov Alexander K. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractInfrared multiphoton absorption and dissociation of chloromethyltrifluorosilane molecules under the action of pulsed transversely excited atmospheric pressure CO2 laser were experimentally studied. Dissociation products were analyzed. The dissociation proceeds via chlorine atom transfer from carbon to silicone. High degrees of silicon isotope separation were achieved. The presence of α‐chlorine atom in a silicon organic compound brings about a significant improvement in multiple photon dissociation characteristics and an essential increase in isotopic selectivity.
siRNA‐mediated Knockdown of the Heme Synthesis and Degradation Pathways: Modulation of Treatment Effect of 5‐Aminolevulinic Acid‐based Photodynamic Therapy in Urothelial Cancer Cell Lines
Authors: Miyake Makito , Ishii Masazumi , Kawashima Kiyotaka , Kodama Tetsuro , Sugano Kokichi , Fujimoto Kiyohide , Hirao Yoshihiko 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPhotodynamic therapy mediated by 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA‐PDT) has been developed as a therapeutic modality for refractory superficial bladder cancers. Here, in experiments using urothelial cancer cell lines, we investigated the effects of siRNA modulating heme‐synthetic and degradation pathways for ALA‐PDT. Targeted knockdown of ferrochelatase (FECH) suppressed heme synthesis and significantly increased intracellular protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) accumulation, leading to enhanced phototoxicity in four of five cell lines. Heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) is recognized as important for cytoprotection against oxidative stress such as PDT. Targeted knockdown of HO‐1 leads to decreased intracellular PpIX accumulation, resulting in a failure to enhance ALA‐PDT effect in four cell lines. Knockdown of HO‐1 caused marked growth inhibition in UM‐UC‐2 overexpressing HO‐1, whereas no inhibitory effect was observed in UM‐UC‐3 lacking HO‐1 expression. Moreover, HO‐1 protein levels and (GT)n repeat polymorphism of the HO‐1 gene promoter region were examined with the implication that the constitutive expressions of HO‐1 protein were associated with a shorter (GT)n repeat. Our results suggested that (1) FECH siRNA improved the phototoxicity of ALA‐PDT, (2) overexpression of HO‐1 was associated with shorter (GT)n repeat of the promoter region, and (3) siRNA‐mediated knockdown of HO‐1 could suppress the growth of bladder cancer cells overexpressing HO‐1.
Photostability of UV Absorber Systems in Sunscreens†
Authors: Herzog Bernd , Wehrle Monika , Quass Katja 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSunscreens are used to protect the human skin against harmful UV radiation. Today there is a trend toward higher sun protection factors (SPF) and better UVA protection. Methods for the assessment of SPF and UVA protection involve irradiation of the product, and the photostability properties of the sunscreen have an influence on its performance. Sunscreens often contain more than one UV filter. Thus it is important to understand the photostability properties of the complete system. The filter combinations used may exhibit destabilizing, stabilizing or inert interactions. For that reason, besides assessment of the properties of the single filters, photostabilities of binary filter combinations are investigated. Destabilization occurs when two UV absorbers undergo a chemical reaction after absorption of UV radiation. Stabilization may be achieved when the optical density of the system is very high, giving rise to a self‐protection effect of the sunscreen film. Photounstable UV absorbers may be additionally stabilized by employing triplet quenchers. Being aware of these mechanisms and applying them for specific UV filter combinations can help in designing efficient sunscreens.
Photosensitized DNA Damage: The Case of Fluoroquinolones†
Authors: Lhiaubet‐Vallet Virginie , Bosca Francisco , Miranda Miguel Angel 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis review focuses on DNA damage photosensitized by the fluoroquinolone (FQ) antibacterial drugs. The in vivo evidence for photocarcinogenesis mediated by FQs is presented in the introduction. The different methods employed for detection of DNA‐photodamage mediated by FQs are then summarized, including gel electrophoresis (with whole cells, with isolated DNA and with oligonucleotides) and chromatographic analysis (especially HPLC with electrochemical and MS/MS detection). The chemical mechanisms involved in the formation of the reported lesions are discussed on the basis of product studies and transient spectroscopic evidence. In general, the literature coverage is limited to the last decade, although some earlier citations are also included.
Isolation and characterization of 12 microsatellite loci forRhamnus alaternus(Rhamnaceae)
Authors: ARROYO J. M. , RODRÍGUEZ R. , RIGUEIRO C. , HAMPE A. , JORDANO P. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTwelve polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed forRhamnus alaternususing an enriched‐library approach. We detected 69 alleles in 49 individuals genotyped (mean number of alleles per locus was 4.79) in two different populations. The values of observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.045 to 0.963 and 0.089 to 0.873 respectively. Levels of polymorphism and the exclusionary power of the developed markers render them readily applicable for studies of contemporary pollen and seed gene flow through parentage analyses.
Isolation and characterization of the first eight microsatellite loci in Gammarus fossarum (Crustacea, Amphipoda) and cross‐amplification in Gammarus pulex and Gammarus orinos
Authors: DANANCHER DELPHINE , CELLOT BERNARD , DOLÉDEC SYLVAIN , REYNAUD DOMINIQUE 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe characterized the first microsatellite markers for Gammarus fossarum. Eight loci gave satisfactory amplification patterns in two stream populations (Southern France) with number of alleles ranging from 2 to 10 and expected heterozygosity from 0.076 to 0.857. We performed cross‐amplification in two closely related gammarid species, Gammarus pulex and Gammarus orinos. Among the eight tested microsatellite loci, four correctly amplified in G. pulex and three in G. orinos.
Microsatellite loci for the Chinese bamboo rat Rhizomus sinensis
Authors: ZHAN XIANGJIANG , HU YIBO , YIN YANQIANG , WEI FUWEN , BRUFORD MICHAEL W. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe describe 19 polymorphic microsatellite loci for the bamboo rat Rhizomus sinensis. When tested with 20 samples from a single population, these loci exhibited a mean of 4.5 alleles per locus and a mean expected heterozygosity of 0.612. All loci were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and no evidence for linkage disequilibrium was detected between any loci. These loci will be useful for studying population genetic diversity and differentiation in the Chinese bamboo rat.
A GENERALIZED MODEL OF ACTIVE MEDIA WITH A SET OF INTERACTING PACEMAKERS: APPLICATION TO THE HEART BEAT ANALYSIS
Authors: RYBALKO SERGEI , ZHUCHKOVA EKATERINA 
Published: March 2009

We propose a fairly general model of active media by considering of the interaction between pacemakers via their phase response curves. This model describes a network of pulse oscillators coupled by their response to the internal depolarization of mutual stimulations.First, a macroscopic level corresponding to an arbitrary large number of oscillatory elements coupled globally is considered. As a specific and important case of the proposed model, the bidirectional interaction of two cardiac nodes is described. This case is generalized by means of an additional pacemaker, which can be expounded as an external stimulator. The behavior of such a system is analyzed. Second, the microscopic level corresponding to the representation of cardiac nodes by two-dimensional lattices of pulse oscillators coupled via the nearest neighbors is described. The model is a universal one in the sense that on its basis one can easily construct discrete distributed media of active elements, which interact via phase response curves.
Auditory Spatial and Object Processing in the Human Planum Temporale: No Evidence for Selectivity
Authors: Smith Kevin R. , Hsieh I-Hui , Saberi Kourosh , Hickok Gregory 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Although it is generally acknowledged that at least two processing streams exist in the primate cortical auditory system, the function of the posterior dorsal stream is a topic of much debate. Recent studies have reported selective activation to auditory spatial change in portions of the human planum temporale (PT) relative to nonspatial stimuli such as pitch changes or complex acoustic patterns. However, previous work has suggested that the PT may be sensitive to another kind of nonspatial variable, namely, the number of auditory objects simultaneously presented in the acoustic signal. The goal of the present fMRI experiment was to assess whether any portion of the PT showed spatial selectivity relative to manipulations of the number of auditory objects presented. Spatially sensitive regions in the PT were defined by comparing activity associated with listening to an auditory object (speech from a single talker) that changed location with one that remained stationary. Activity within these regions was then examined during a nonspatial manipulation: increasing the number of objects (talkers) from one to three. The nonspatial manipulation modulated activity within the “spatial” PT regions. No region within the PT was found to be selective for spatial or object processing. We suggest that previously documented spatial sensitivity in the PT reflects auditory source separation using spatial cues rather than spatial processing per se.
Going Their Separate Ways: Dissociation of Hippocampal and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Activation during Episodic Retrieval and Post-retrieval Processing
Authors: Israel Sarah L. , Seibert Tyler M. , Black Michelle L. , Brewer James B. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Hippocampal activity is modulated during episodic memory retrieval. Most consistently, a relative increase in activity during confident retrieval is observed. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is also activated during retrieval, but may be more generally activated during cognitive-control processes. The “default network,” regions activated during rest or internally focused tasks, includes the hippocampus, but not DLPFC. Therefore, DLPFC and the hippocampus should diverge during difficult tasks suppressing the default network. It is unclear, however, whether a difficult episodic memory retrieval task would suppress the default network due to difficulty or activate it due to internally directed attention. We hypothesized that a task requiring episodic retrieval followed by rumination on the retrieved item would increase DLPFC activity, but paradoxically reduce hippocampal activity due to concomitant suppression of the default network. In the present study, blocked and event-related fMRI were used to examine hippocampal activity during episodic memory recollection and postretrieval processing of paired associates. Subjects were asked to make living/nonliving judgments about items visually presented (classify) or items retrieved from memory (recall–classify). Active and passive baselines were used to differentiate task-related activity from default-network activity. During the “recall–classify” task, anterior hippocampal activity was selectively reduced relative to “classify” and baseline tasks, and this activity was inversely correlated with DLPFC. Reaction time was positively correlated with DLPFC activation and default-network/hippocampal suppression. The findings demonstrate that frontal and hippocampal activity are dissociated during difficult episodic retrieval tasks and reveal important considerations for interpreting hippocampal activity associated with successful episodic retrieval.
The First Does the Work, But the Third Time's the Charm: The Effects of Massed Repetition on Episodic Encoding of Multimodal Face–Name Associations
Authors: Mangels Jennifer A. , Manzi Alberto , Summerfield Christopher 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn social interactions, it is often necessary to rapidly encode the association between visually presented faces and auditorily presented names. The present study used event-related potentials to examine the neural correlates of associative encoding for multimodal face–name pairs. We assessed study-phase processes leading to high-confidence recognition of correct pairs (and consistent rejection of recombined foils) as compared to lower-confidence recognition of correct pairs (with inconsistent rejection of recombined foils) and recognition failures (misses). Both high- and low-confidence retrieval of face–name pairs were associated with study-phase activity suggestive of item-specific processing of the face (posterior inferior temporal negativity) and name (fronto-central negativity). However, only those pairs later retrieved with high confidence recruited a sustained centro-parietal positivity that an ancillary localizer task suggested may index an association-unique process. Additionally, we examined how these processes were influenced by massed repetition, a mnemonic strategy commonly employed in everyday situations to improve face–name memory. Differences in subsequent memory effects across repetitions suggested that associative encoding was strongest at the initial presentation, and thus, that the initial presentation has the greatest impact on memory formation. Yet, exploratory analyses suggested that the third presentation may have benefited later memory by providing an opportunity for extended processing of the name. Thus, although encoding of the initial presentation was critical for establishing a strong association, the extent to which processing was sustained across subsequent immediate (massed) presentations may provide additional encoding support that serves to differentiate face–name pairs from similar (recombined) pairs by providing additional encoding opportunities for the less dominant stimulus dimension (i.e., name).
Memory Repression: Brain Mechanisms underlying Dissociative Amnesia
Authors: Kikuchi Hirokazu , Fujii Toshikatsu , Abe Nobuhito , Suzuki Maki , Takagi Masahito , Mugikura Shunji , Takahashi Shoki , Mori Etsuro 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Dissociative amnesia usually follows a stressful event and cannot be attributable to explicit brain damage. It is thought to reflect a reversible deficit in memory retrieval probably due to memory repression. However, the neural mechanisms underlying this condition are not clear. We used fMRI to investigate neural activity associated with memory retrieval in two patients with dissociative amnesia. For each patient, three categories of face photographs and three categories of people's names corresponding to the photographs were prepared: those of “recognizable” high school friends who were acquainted with and recognizable to the patients, those of “unrecognizable” colleagues who were actually acquainted with but unrecognizable to the patients due to their memory impairments, and “control” distracters who were unacquainted with the patients. During fMRI, the patients were visually presented with these stimuli and asked to indicate whether they were personally acquainted with them. In the comparison of the unrecognizable condition with the recognizable condition, we found increased activity in the pFC and decreased activity in the hippocampus in both patients. After treatment for retrograde amnesia, the altered pattern of brain activation disappeared in one patient whose retrograde memories were recovered, whereas it remained unchanged in the other patient whose retrograde memories were not recovered. Our findings provide direct evidence that memory repression in dissociative amnesia is associated with an altered pattern of neural activity, and they suggest the possibility that the pFC has an important role in inhibiting the activity of the hippocampus in memory repression.
Rapid Detection of Emotion from Human Vocalizations
Authors: Sauter Disa Anna , Eimer Martin 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The rapid detection of affective signals from conspecifics is crucial for the survival of humans and other animals; if those around you are scared, there is reason for you to be alert and to prepare for impending danger. Previous research has shown that the human brain detects emotional faces within 150 msec of exposure, indicating a rapid differentiation of visual social signals based on emotional content. Here we use event-related brain potential (ERP) measures to show for the first time that this mechanism extends to the auditory domain, using human nonverbal vocalizations, such as screams. An early fronto-central positivity to fearful vocalizations compared with spectrally rotated and thus acoustically matched versions of the same sounds started 150 msec after stimulus onset. This effect was also observed for other vocalized emotions (achievement and disgust), but not for affectively neutral vocalizations, and was linked to the perceived arousal of an emotion category. That the timing, polarity, and scalp distribution of this new ERP correlate are similar to ERP markers of emotional face processing suggests that common supramodal brain mechanisms may be involved in the rapid detection of affectively relevant visual and auditory signals.
Review of Family-centered Interventions to Enhance the Health Outcomes of Children With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: McBroom Leesa A. , Enriquez Maithe 
Published: March 2009

Purpose The purpose of this systematic literature review was to examine family-centered interventions that enhance the health outcomes of children with type 1 diabetes. The review summarizes the interventions and outcome measures that consisted of A1Cs, family relationships, and family conflict. Methods Multiple electronic databases were searched from their start date to September 2008 for reports of studies that examined family-centered interventions among children with type 1 diabetes. Results Nine publications, all randomized controlled trials, were located that investigated the effectiveness of family-centered interventions. Findings indicated that family-centered interventions significantly improved A1Cs, enhanced family dynamics, and decreased family conflict. Conclusions Family-centered interventions targeting children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes appear to be effective in enhancing health outcomes. These interventions focused on traditional 2-parent families, and many did not report race or ethnicity. Given the increasing number of single-parent households and divorced parents, a need exists to explore and develop family-centered interventions that target nontraditional family structures as well as addressing cultural differences.
Neuromyelitis optica in Brazil: a study on clinical and prognostic factors
Authors: Bichuetti DB , Oliveira EML , Souza NA , Rivero RLM , Gabbai AA 
Published: March 2009

Objectives To describe the clinical characteristics of patients with relapsing neuromyelitis optica (NMO) from a tertiary care center in Brazil and compare the groups with normal and abnormal brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods Retrospective review of 41 patients followed at the Neuroimmunology Clinic of the Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil, from 1994 to 2007. Results All patients had relapsing-remitting optic-spinal disease, long extending spinal cord lesions, and brain MRI not meeting Barkhof criteria for multiple sclerosis (MS), thus fulfilling the 1999 and 2006 Wingerchuck criteria for NMO. Mean follow-up time was 52 months; mean age of onset was 32.6 years. The mean relapse rate (RR) and progression index (PI) were 1.0 and 0.9, respectively. Twenty-four patients had brain lesions not compatible with MS on MRI, and there were no statistical differences on PI and RR between patients who had brain lesions and patients who did not. Incomplete recovery, but not the type of first relapse, correlated with a worse prognosis. Seventeen patients were tested for NMO-IgG (anti-aquaporin-4 antibody) with 41% positivity. Conclusions In this series, we did not find a statistical difference of disease progression between patients with and without brain lesions, suggesting that the presence of brain abnormalities is not a marker of disease severity.
Serum IgG repertoire in clinically isolated syndrome predicts multiple sclerosis
Authors: Zéphir H , Lefranc D , Dubucquoi S , de Seze J , Boron L , Prin L , Vermersch P 
Published: March 2009

ObjectiveWe previously showed that serum IgG repertoires distinguished multiple sclerosis (MS) patients from healthy subjects and from patients with other inflammatory neurological diseases (OIND). We questioned whether the serum IgG repertoire of patients presenting a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) could predict MS.MethodsThe global IgG immune responses against brain antigens in sera from 50 CIS patients were evaluated by immunoblotting. The IgG reactivities were compared with those from MS sera ( n = 82), healthy sera ( n = 27), and sera from OIND ( n = 42). A linear discriminant analysis (LDA) defined a score for each individual.ResultsAbout 78% of scores obtained from CIS patients were located in the “MS area.” During the follow-up (3.5 ± 1.3 years), 28 patients fulfilled the McDonald criteria for MS, 15 patients remained CIS, and 7 patients developed OIND. Among the patients with an LDA score in the “MS area,” 61.5% converted to MS.DiscussionOur results suggest that a pathological distortion of the self-reactive IgG repertoire occurs early so that immunomodulating treatment should be started as early as possible; they also highlight the early involvement of B cells in the physiopathological process in MS.