bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le devoir d'équité procédurale et le contrôle judiciaire ou quasi judiciaire de la procédure administrative
Authors: Garant Patrice 
Published: July 2012

The doctrine of « procedural fairness » is widening its scope of application to all kinds of administrative decisions. « Procedure » must, as a notion, therefore be clearly defined. The definitions given by the authors or by case-law make it difficult to distinguish between « procedure » and « merits ».
The jurisprudence of the Commission de la Fonction publique du Québec, an appeal Tribunal under the Quebec Civil Service Act, is quite relevant since section 77 of the Act gives to the Commission jurisdiction to hear appeals when « the verification procedure of eligibility of candidates or the selection procedure was irregular or illegal ».
The Commission, as a specialised expert appeal Tribunal, has adopted a very liberal approach of the concept of procedure. From that experience one may question the diserability of having the ordinary Courts of Justice control of the fairness of administrative procedure. If so, which of an Administrative Tribunal or a Superior Court is the appropriate forum to deal with procedural deficiencies within the administrative process? Up to now, Administrative Tribunals have done well in that field.
Processus décisionnels, justice naturelle et équité procédurale dans la jurisprudence comparée de la Cour fédérale et des cours ontariennes et québécoises
Authors: Robardet Patrick 
Published: July 2012

Natural justice and fairness (the « new natural justice ») are well known notions of administrative law. They constitute traditional and newer limits on administrative action. This article analyses these two principles, both as to their nature and the extent to which they are respected by administrative bodies and by government (the Crown and central departments). This latter aspect is illustrated by cases pertaining to the judicial control exercised by the Federal Court of Canada and the Ontario and Quebec superior courts.
The approach followed is a comparative one. The paper attempts to identify those judicial trends within the three systems studied which [emphasize] [differences and similarities] in their responses to the various practical issues raised by natural justice and fairness and their respect in administrative decision-making processes. Thus, the study attempts to retrieve from the case law considered those notional and methodological elements, or principles, which structure judicial control and judical reasoning in solving the issues raised by the processes in motion.
La Charte canadienne des droits et libertés et quelques leçons tirées de la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme
Authors: Tremblay Guy 
Published: July 2012

Many provisions of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms enacted as part of the Constitution Act, 1982 are couched in very broad terms. Comparative law provides useful guide-lines for ascertaining the probable ambit of the Charter. This article centers on the European Convention on Human Rights and on part of its case-law in areas where comparable solutions are likely to obtain in Canada.
Thus, in spite of the generality of the words used by Deschênes J. in the case respecting minority language educational rights in Quebec, it is fair to assume that section 1 of the Canadian Charter will permit denials as well as limitations of rights, in exceptional circumstances, but that it will not apply to certain rights, such as the right not to be subjected to cruel treatment.
More generally, the European Convention lays down the exhaustive limits that can apply to some rights and one may assume that no more restrictions would be permissible in Canada either. Finally, examples are given of cases which have been decided by the European Commission or the European Court of Human Rights and which pose problems likely to be raised under the Canadian Charter.
La Convention des Nations Unies sur les contrats de vente internationale de marchandises : Étude comparative des dispositions de la Convention et des règles de droit québécois en la matière
Authors: Samson Claude 
Published: July 2012

On April 11, 1980, the U.N. Diplomatic Conference held in Vienna approved the Convention on contracts for the International Sale of Goods. This paper deals with the most interesting aspects of the Convention, comparing them with the rules of the Civil Code and the Draft Civil Code of Quebec on this matter.
The provisions of this international uniform law are quite close to the rules and remedies existing in civil law juridictions. The major differences between the Convention and the Quebec Law are more technical than substantial.
The differences between the uniform law and the national law can also be explained by particular circumstances of international trade which require more celerity and security in the field of international business transactions.
The Meaning and Implications of « Unlawfull » in Canada's Abortion Law
Authors: Micallef Paul J. 
Published: July 2012

Comme le titre le suggère, l'auteur analyse la signification et les implications de « illégalement » et « unlawfully » dans les versions française et anglaise du Code criminel du Canada, ce qui l'amène à mettre en doute la justesse du terme français. Il soutient qu'une traduction fidèle de « unlawfully » en français serait « sans autorisation légitime », et il poursuit en discutant des implications éthiques du terme dans le contexte de la législation canadienne sur l'avortement telle qu'était avant sa révision en 1969 et de son rôle possible dans la législation sur l'avortement.
Pour soutenir son argument, il recourt à l'Offences Against the Person Act britannique de 1861 et à l'affaire célèbre de Rex v. Bourne (1938), et à la manière dont ceux-ci furent appliqués dans les pratiques légale et médicale canadienne.
Finalement, l'auteur concentre son attention sur la supériorité du langage éthique au langage socio-économique ou médical dans une législation sur l'avortement, et il souscrit à une législation sur l'avortement exprimée en termes éthiques.
La responsabilité civile délictuelle des municipalités en matière de combat des incendies
Authors: McNicoll Micheline 
Published: July 2012

The delictual responsibility of a municipality for offences and quasi-offences committed by its fire department or brigade has been clearly acknowledged by Quebec Courts. This position, which some consider anachronistic, is the result of a long evolution whereby the private law rules of civil responsibility were gradually introduced in the normally closed field of public law.
The following article is a study of the most recent developments in this area, as well as an attempt by the author to ascertain the applicability of the civil law to the field of municipal delictual responsibility in general.
Vers une sociologie historique de la justice québécoise. Réflexion en marge d'un ouvrage récent sur la justice civile sous le régime français
Authors: Belley Jean-Guy 
Published: July 2012

Over the last decade a new trend has emerged in Quebec legal history of which professor J.A. Dickinson's recent book on civil justice under the French Regime is most typical. With quantitative analysis of judicial records as methodology, this research orientation intends to offer a genuine contribution to social history. While recognizing its merits on that account, this paper warns against minimizing the distorsion inherent to the reflection of social life found injudicial records. It is suggested that historical studies ofthat kind should be more properly considered — and with great theoretical benefits — as pertaining to an historical sociology of justice.
Vers une judiciarisation du Conseil des ministres?
Authors: Lemieux Denis , Savard Esther 
Published: July 2012

In Canada on the federal and provincial levels, the Cabinet plays a powerful role as the supreme administrative agency. Unlike its British counterpart, a more conventional body, Canadian cabinets are invested with wide-ranging statutory powers of decision.
In this capacity, the Cabinet makes decisions affecting the rights of individuals, groups and corporations. Under the duty to act fairly according to rules developed in British and Canadian caselaw, the Cabinet should, in such circumstances, be required to act quasi judicially.
However, as a political entity, the Cabinet can hardly be characterized as a tribunal and the courts hesitate to impose an adversary system upon such an institution.
Nevertheless, in several instances, Canadians have had the power to assert that the Cabinet act fairly when dealing with individual rights. The advent of charters of right is another incentive to treat the Cabinet as any agency of the Crown or other public authority bound by the principles of fundamental justice.
The authors submit that this legal development may modify cabinets' decision-making powers and make them more open to external representations.
Recent Reform of Social Security Adjudication in Great Britain
Authors: Bradley A. W. 
Published: July 2012

Cet article expose les transformations qu'a subies en 1984 le système des tribunaux administratifs de la sécurité sociale en Grande-Bretagne.
Ce système avait jusqu'alors comme caractéristique principale la répartition du contentieux des prestations de sécurité sociale entre deux réseaux de tribunaux locaux. Les uns étaient chargés d'entendre les appels relatifs aux prestations, pour la plupart contributives, prévues par le Social Security Act 1975, tandis que les autres avaient compétence en matière d'aide sociale (supplementary benefits,).
L'élément majeur de la réforme de 1984 est la fusion de ces deux réseaux. Les nouveaux tribunaux locaux de la sécurité sociale se distinguent de leurs prédécesseurs par leur composition : ils seront obligatoirement présidés par un juriste, exerçant cette fonction à temps partiel mais encadré au niveau national et régional par un état-major permanent constitué d'un juge et d'avocats ; les autres membres ne seront plus désignés selon le système paritaire syndicats-patronat qui avait traditionnellement prévalu en matière d'assurances sociales. Le renforcement de la présence des juristes prolonge l'évolution amorcée par les réformes antérieures du régime d'aide sociale. Celles-ci favorisaient à la fois la judiciarisation de la procédure et la réduction du pouvoir discrétionnaire de l'administration par le développement de la réglementation. L'unification des tribunaux administratifs avait également été amorcée dès 1980, par l'attribution aux Social Security Commissioners de la compétence de dernier ressort relativement à la plupart des prestations sociales.
L'auteur commente cette réforme en fonction des objectifs qu'elle prétend servir : la qualité des décisions, l'indépendance des juridictions, ïaccessibilité d'une instance d'appel unique, la rapidité des décisions. Il fait observer que la réforme n'a rien fait pour simplifier et assouplir la procédure, ou pour rendre l'aide juridique accessible aux prestataires. Il note que les tribunaux administratifs spécialisés chargés du contentieux médical de la sécurité sociale n'ont pas été visés par la réforme, en dépit de la contestation dont ils font l'objet, et que l'aide au logement échappe également à la compétence des tribunaux de la sécurité sociale. Enfin, il fait valoir que le développement de l'encadrement réglementaire des prestations de sécurité sociale ne garantit en rien ni la rapidité du processus juridictionnel, ni la qualité des rapports entre décideurs et prestataires ; par ailleurs, il accroît le contrôle du gouvernement sur la mise en oeuvre de sa politique sociale.
Effets civils et organisation conventionnelle de l'union homosexuelle
Authors: Allard Serge 
Published: July 2012

The recent Family Law Reform in Quebec makes no mention of non-traditional unions. No formal legal regime regulates the economic responsibility of homosexual partners.
The author studies the most flagrant pecuniary consequences of the inability of a homosexual couple to marry and explores the possible effects of such a union on the property rights of the partners.
A contractual agreement that does not necessarily off end public order and good morals may appear to be a solution to the aspirations of certain couples.
Cabinet Action and the CRTC: An Examination of Section 23 of the Broadcasting Act
Authors: Kaufman Donna Soble 
Published: July 2012

L'article 23 de la Loi sur la radiodiffusion prévoit que le gouverneur en conseil peut annuler ou renvoyer au Conseil de la radiodiffusion et des télécommunications canadiennes, pour un nouvel examen ou une nouvelle audition, l’attribution, la modification ou le renouvellement de toute licence de radiodiffusion. Cette disposition manque de précision et la procédure suivie par le Cabinet reste obscure. En effet l'on ne sait trop si des parties intéressées peuvent s'adresser au Cabinet, ou si leur demande l'atteindra effectivement.
Cet article analyse la législation pertinente, les situations dans lesquelles le Cabinet est intervenu (quelques-unes dans lesquelles il s'est abstenu), et les mécanismes de la procédure. Cette dernière partie est basée sur des interviews menées auprès de personnes participant à cette procédure, et elle en démontre le caractère possiblement inéquitable.
L'auteur conclut que le pouvoir de révision du Cabinet devrait être maintenu mais que sa mise en oeuvre devrait être orientée par des normes.
Faute lourde and the Perfectly Drafted Exclusion Clause: A « civil» Response to a « Common » Problem with Special Reference to Contracts for the Provision of Security Services
Authors: Crothers John D. 
Published: July 2012

Devant la reconnaissance judiciaire accrue des clauses d'exonération clairement rédigées, il est devenu pratiquement impossible d'écarter l’application de telles clauses aux litiges en responsabilité. L'auteur affirme que le monde commercial a besoin de ces clauses, mais souligne qu'il faut également protéger la bonne foi entre les co-contractants afin d'assurer des normes minimales de rendement dans l'exécution des contrats. A cet égard, l'auteur pose le problème suivant : supposons que le demandeur engage une compagnie de sécurité pour protéger son usine contre les risques de vol et de feu. Une clause d'exonération parfaitement rédigée protège la défenderesse, la compagnie de sécurité, contre la responsabilité qu'elle pourrait encourir par sa négligence ou celle de ses préposés dans la garde des lieux. Un gardien de sécurité met feu intentionnellement à l'usine. Est-ce que la compagnie de sécurité est protégée par la clause ? Selon la jurisprudence des provinces canadiennes de common law et celle d'Angleterre, la réponse est affirmative, l'arrêt de principe (Photo Productions v. Securicor) est étudié à cet égard. Au Québec, selon l'auteur, la réponse serait négative : la responsabilité de la compagnie de sécurité serait engagée.
L'auteur prétend que cette différence substantielle s'explique par l'histoire et les conceptions théoriques de base qui ont donné lieu aux deux systèmes de droit. L'auteur examine la division retrouvée en common law entre le droit délictuel (tort) et contractuel (contract) par rapport à l'unité théorique de « responsabilité civile » du droit civil québécois. Il constate ensuite que les clauses d'exonération ont été facilement acceptées dans le droit des « contracts » de la common law mais qu'elles ont été jugées sévèrement en droit civil québécois en utilisant la notion de bonnes moeurs et d'ordre public.
Malgré les différences entre la common law et le droit civil québécois, les deux systèmes reconnaissent aujourd'hui les clauses de non-responsabilité. L'auteur soumet, cependant, que le droit civil québécois offre la meilleure réponse au problème exprimé ci-haut. Selon lui, lorsque l'exécution négligente d'une obligation contractuelle équivaut à un manque de bonne foi, elle doit donner lieu à la responsabilité civile malgré la clause d'exonération, vu la notion de « faute lourde » développée par la jurisprudence québécoise. Cette notion est comparée favorablement aux notions de fundamental breach de la common law et celle de l'obligation essentielle du droit civil.
Après avoir examiné et discuté de la notion de « faute lourde » en étudiant les arrêts québécois avec référence particulière aux contrats de sécurité/surveillance, l'auteur termine son étude en proposant que la common law a besoin de ce genre d'analyse pour redresser le problème des clauses de non-responsabilité parfaitement rédigées en évoluant vers une théorie générale des obligations et de la responsabilité civile.
Méthodologie conflictuelle et protection de l'incapable étranger
Authors: Glenn H. Patrick 
Published: July 2012

The question of the law applicable to the protection of incapable foreign domiciliaries has generated much controversy in private international law. Arguments have favoured application either of the law of the foreign domicile or of the local law, yet neither solution has been consistently adopted. The author is of the view that such controversy amongst proponents of competing yet justifiable solutions is immanent in law and that both solutions must be seen as representing the private international law of incapable persons. He therefore argues in favour of a disjunctive reference of such questions to one or the other of the two laws in conflict, depending on which best serves the objective of protection of the incapable. Such a solution is incompatible with the unilateral application of the law of the forum, and notions of governmental interest or laws of « immediate application » are therefore inapplicable.
L'objet des droits constitutionnels à l'égalité
Authors: Proulx Daniel 
Published: July 2012

This article is exclusively devoted to enquiring into the purpose of equality rights guaranteed by sections 15 and 28 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. By first retracing the concept of equality from both a legal and philosophical perspective, the author comes to the conclusion that the juxtaposition of values of human dignity and social justice has brought on the most powerful change in the concept of equality. By invoking these two values in unison, authoritative writings, legislators and the courts have on the one hand, come to recognize the insufficiency of formal legal equality and thereby integrate the principle of substantial equality and have, on the other, conceived equality not merely with regard to individuals alone, but also by taking into account groups that society tends to neglect or dominate due to the existence of tenacious prejudices.
The author then specifically examines the Canadian legal and socioeconomic context in search of the purpose of equality rights enshrined in the Charter of rights and shows that the addition of section 28 and the enumeration of grounds of discrimination to equality rights in s.s. 15(1) has as its purpose to provide additional protection to women and members of certain underprivileged groups. This special protection is indicative, in the author's view, of a clear constitutional choice in favour of a substantial conception of equality taking into account the collective dimension of discrimination.
Aperçu du statut des Territoires du Nord-Ouest et du Yukon en droit constitutionnel canadien
Authors: Melançon Dominique 
Published: July 2012

The 1987 Constitutional Accord between the prime minister and the ten provincial premiers has caused discontent amongst the Northwest Territories and Yukon governments. They object to various elements in the Accord which do not confer on them rights identical to those of the provinces, to other elements which are likely to affect their future political evolution and to the fact that the Accord was concluded without their participation. By challenging the Accord before the courts, they have drawn national attention to their status within Confederation.
Furthermore, some progress in the status of the Territories was made by the signing of a boundary and constitutional agreement by the Constitutional Assembly of the Western Region and that of Nunavut in Iqaluit on January 15, 1987 for purposes of dividing the Northwest territories. Although the agreement could not be ratified by referendum, it contains the basic principles for guiding the drafting of respective constitutions for the two new entities that will be created.
Within the framework of recent events, the author first presents the main stages in the evolution of governmental organization in the Territories and then goes on to analyse their present legal status. This study makes it possible to see if recent evolution will cause the territorial governments increasingly to resemble provincial governments. Nonetheless, in many ways they still remain in a state of dependency vis-à-vis federal authorities. In conclusion, the author observes that the evolution of the Territories with regard to legislative and executive powers and bodies does not mean that they will necessarily obtain provincial status. Their accession to greater political autonomy could possibly become a reality by the implementation of original solutions, distinct from those of southern Canada and better adapted to the specific needs of the North and its important native population.
La suprématie législative et l'édiction d'une charte des droits britannique
Authors: Tremblay Guy , Bellavance Sylvain 
Published: July 2012

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that the enactment of a Bill of Rights in the United Kingdom is probable but that the constitutional entrenchment of the rights involved is not contemplated. It is submitted that the model proposed for the United Kingdom is very appropriate in a democratic society. The bills which are analysed incorporate international standards in British law, they operate upon Acts of Parliament and they preserve a normal margin of discretion for the political branches of the State. The authors conclude that in Canada the protection of fundamental rights has been more technicalized and that we should pause and reevaluate our approach in this respect. In particular, the repeal of section 33 of the Canadian Charter — which permits express exceptions to certain rights — would be a step in the wrong direction.
Le locus standi dans les actions d'intérêt public et la relator action : l'empire de la common law en droit québécois
Authors: Gélinas Fabien 
Published: July 2012

The duality of the sources of Quebec law poses special problems for the jurist who must determine the juridical norm applicable to a given situation. He must work within the appropriate body of norms and, at the same time, propose a solution which is acceptable in practice. The authority of common law in Quebec extends to limits which are not well-established and not likely soon to be clarified.
Starting from the vexed question of standing in public interest actions, the author elaborates on the applicability of common law with respect to the Quebec Code of Civil Procedure. The article first discusses briefly the principles of common law which have traditionally governed standing in public interest actions, together with the corresponding legislative framework established in Quebec. Emphasis is given to the rights and duties of the Attorney General, especially in the area of relator proceedings. The author questions the soundness of interpreting the Code of Civil Procedure as if it were an ordinary statute in a common law system. Bearing in mind its underlying purpose, he proposes a protectionist interpretation of the Code of Civil Procedure, less susceptible to the infiltration of common law.