bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mammographic Density Change with 1 Year of Aerobic Exercise among Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Woolcott Christy G. , Courneya Kerry S. , Boyd Norman F. , Yaffe Martin J. , Terry Tim , McTiernan Anne , Brant Rollin , Ballard-Barbash Rachel , Irwin Melinda L. , Jones Charlotte A. , Brar Sony , Campbell Kristin L. , McNeely Margaret L. , Karvinen Kristina H. , Friedenreich Christine M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Background: The Alberta Physical Activity and Breast Cancer Prevention (ALPHA) Trial examined the influence of aerobic exercise on biological factors that are associated with breast cancer risk. Mammographic density, a secondary outcome, is reported here.
Methods: The ALPHA Trial was a parallel group randomized controlled trial conducted between May 2003 and July 2007. Postmenopausal, sedentary women ages 50 to 74 years (n = 320) were evenly randomized to aerobic exercise (45 minutes, 5 days per week) or control (usual life-style) for 1 year. Dense fibroglandular tissue and nondense fatty tissue were measured from mammograms at baseline and 1 year using computer-assisted thresholding software for area measurements and a new technique that relies on the calibration of mammography units with a tissue-equivalent phantom for volumetric measurements.
Results: Nondense volume decreased in the exercise group relative to the control group (difference between groups = −38.5 cm3; 95% confidence interval, −61.6 to 15.4; P = 0.001). Changes in total body fat accounted for this decrease. Changes in dense area and dense volume, measures that have previously been associated with breast cancer risk, were not significantly different between the groups (P ≥ 0.26).
Conclusions: Achieving changes in mammographic measures may require more exercise or a study population with higher baseline levels of sex hormones or a wider range of mammographic density. The data from this study, however, suggest that the protective effect of exercise on breast cancer risk may operate through a mechanism other than mammographic density. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(4); 1112–21. ©2010 AACR.
Temporal Trends in Geographic Disparities in Small-Area Breast Cancer Incidence and Mortality, 1988 to 2005
Authors: Schootman Mario , Lian Min , Deshpande Anjali D. , Baker Elizabeth A. , Pruitt Sandi L. , Aft Rebecca , Jeffe Donna B. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackground: A goal of Healthy People 2010 was to reduce health disparities. We determined the extent of reductions in geographic disparities in five breast cancer screening indicators.Methods: We examined the extent of reductions in geographic disparities in five breast cancer screening indicators using data about women ages 40 years and older from 200 counties in the 1988 to 2005 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program database. County-level trends in five breast cancer indicators (in situ, stage I, lymph node–positive, locally advanced, and mortality) were summarized using the estimated annual percentage change. Observed county rates were smoothed using hierarchical Bayesian spatiotemporal methods to calculate measures of absolute and relative geographic disparity and their changes over time.Results: For in situ breast cancer, absolute disparity increased 93.7% during 1988 to 2005. Relative disparity declined 61.5% during the entire study period. Absolute and relative disparity for stage I breast cancer declined 18.5% and 41.4%, respectively. Absolute disparity for lymph node–positive breast cancer declined 37.9% during the study period, whereas relative disparity declined 17.6%. Absolute disparity for locally advanced breast cancer declined 66.5%, whereas relative disparity declined 17.8% during the study period. Absolute disparity in breast cancer mortality declined 60.5%, whereas relative disparity declined 19.8%.Conclusions: Absolute and relative geographic disparities narrowed over time for all breast cancer indicators except for in situ breast cancer.Impact: Progress has been made toward reducing geographic disparities in breast cancer outcomes, particularly in advanced-stage breast cancer incidence and mortality rates, although disparities remain. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(4); 1122–31. ©2010 AACR.
Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Nonsmoking Hospitality Workers before and after a State Smoking Ban
Authors: Jensen Joni A. , Schillo Barbara A. , Moilanen Molly M. , Lindgren Bruce R. , Murphy Sharon , Carmella Steven , Hecht Stephen S. , Hatsukami Dorothy K. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Secondhand smoke exposure is estimated to account for 3,000 cancer deaths per year. Although several countries and states in the United States have passed comprehensive smoke-free laws to protect all employees, a significant number of workers are still not protected. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of passing a comprehensive smoking ban that included bars and restaurants on biomarkers of nicotine and carcinogen exposure. The urines of nonsmoking employees (n = 24) of bars and restaurants that allowed smoking before the smoke-free law were analyzed before and after the law was passed in Minnesota. The results showed significant reductions in both total cotinine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (free plus glucuronidated) after the ban was instituted. These results provide further support for the importance of protecting employees working in all venues. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(4); 1016–21. ©2010 AACR.
Analgesic Use and Sex Steroid Hormone Concentrations in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Gates Margaret A. , Tworoger Shelley S. , Eliassen A. Heather , Missmer Stacey A. , Hankinson Susan E. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPrior epidemiologic studies suggest that regular use of analgesics may decrease risk of breast and ovarian cancer. We explored possible hormone-mediated mechanisms for these associations by examining the relationship between use of aspirin, nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), and acetaminophen and sex steroid hormone concentrations among 740 postmenopausal women in the Nurses' Health Study. All women reported their analgesic use in 1988 or 1990 and provided a blood sample in 1989 to 1990. We calculated adjusted geometric mean estrogen and androgen levels for each category of analgesic use and calculated the P value for trend with increasing frequency of use. There was no association between days of use per month of aspirin, nonaspirin NSAIDs, or acetaminophen in 1990 and hormone levels (all Ptrend ≥ 0.09). However, we observed significant inverse trends between the estimated number of aspirin tablets per month in 1988 and concentrations of estrone (Ptrend = 0.04) and estrone sulfate (Ptrend = 0.03). In analyses of total (aspirin and nonaspirin) NSAID use in 1990, women who used NSAIDs at least 15 days per month had significantly lower levels of estradiol compared with women with no NSAID use (Ptrend = 0.03). Frequency of use of all analgesics (aspirin, nonaspirin NSAIDs, and acetaminophen) in 1990 was inversely associated with concentrations of estradiol (Ptrend = 0.001), free estradiol (Ptrend = 0.01), estrone sulfate (Ptrend = 0.03), and the ratio of estradiol to testosterone (Ptrend = 0.04). Among postmenopausal women, regular users of aspirin and other analgesics may have lower estrogen levels than nonusers, which could contribute to a decreased risk of breast or ovarian cancer among analgesic users. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(4); 1033–41. ©2010 AACR.
Assessing the Amount of Unscheduled Screening (“Contamination”) in the Control Arm of the UK “Age” Trial
Authors: Kingston Nicola , Thomas Iyamide , Johns Louise , Moss Sue ,   the Trial Management Group
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The UK Age Trial of mammographic screening from age 40 has reported a nonsignificant 17% reduction in breast cancer mortality calculated on an “intention to treat” basis. High levels of ad hoc screening in the control arm could potentially have diluted the estimated effect.
Objectives: To estimate the level of unscheduled mammography in the control arm of the UK Age Trial.
Methods: Data were obtained from questionnaires sent to a random sample of 3,706 women at five centers in the control arm of this trial. Questions included in the Office for National Statistics Omnibus Surveys about the timing of and reasons for any breast screening provided comparable data. The overall response rate was 58.8%.
Results: Overall, 24.9% (95% confidence interval, 23.0-26.8) of Age Trial controls responding reported ever having had a mammogram, 18.2% reported a mammogram for symptomatic reasons, and 8.4% reported unscheduled mammography. Overall, 4.0% and 1.8% of women reported symptomatic and unscheduled mammography, respectively, within the previous 12 months. Results from the Omnibus surveys were similar, 14.2% of women reported previous mammography for symptomatic reasons or follow-up after breast cancer and 6.8% reported unscheduled mammography.
Conclusions: The level of contamination due to mammographic screening in the control arm of the Age Trial was low and will have had a minimal effect on the estimated reduction in mortality from breast cancer.
Impact: Estimating the extent of screening in the control arm in randomized trials of screening is important to inform interpretation of the results. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(4); 1132–6. ©2010 AACR.
Assessment of Automated Image Analysis of Breast Cancer Tissue Microarrays for Epidemiologic Studies
Authors: Bolton Kelly L. , Garcia-Closas Montserrat , Pfeiffer Ruth M. , Duggan Máire A. , Howat William J. , Hewitt Stephen M. , Yang Xiaohong R. , Cornelison Robert , Anzick Sarah L. , Meltzer Paul , Davis Sean , Lenz Petra , Figueroa Jonine D. , Pharoah Paul D.P. , Sherman Mark E. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackground: A major challenge in studies of etiologic heterogeneity in breast cancer has been the limited throughput, accuracy, and reproducibility of measuring tissue markers. Computerized image analysis systems may help address these concerns, but published reports of their use are limited. We assessed agreement between automated and pathologist scores of a diverse set of immunohistochemical assays done on breast cancer tissue microarrays (TMA).Methods: TMAs of 440 breast cancers previously stained for estrogen receptor (ER)-α, progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), ER-β, and aromatase were independently scored by two pathologists and three automated systems (TMALab II, TMAx, and Ariol). Agreement between automated and pathologist scores of negative/positive was measured using the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) and weighted κ statistics for categorical scores. We also investigated the correlation between immunohistochemical scores and mRNA expression levels.Results: Agreement between pathologist and automated negative/positive and categorical scores was excellent for ER-α and PR (AUC range = 0.98-0.99; κ range = 0.86-0.91). Lower levels of agreement were seen for ER-β categorical scores (AUC = 0.99-1.0; κ = 0.80-0.86) and both negative/positive and categorical scores for aromatase (AUC = 0.85-0.96; κ = 0.41-0.67) and HER2 (AUC = 0.94-0.97; κ = 0.53-0.72). For ER-α and PR, there was a strong correlation between mRNA levels and automated (ρ = 0.67-0.74) and pathologist immunohistochemical scores (ρ = 0.67-0.77). HER2 mRNA levels were more strongly correlated with pathologist (ρ = 0.63) than automated immunohistochemical scores (ρ = 0.41-0.49).Conclusions: Automated analysis of immunohistochemical markers is a promising approach for scoring large numbers of breast cancer tissues in epidemiologic investigations. This would facilitate studies of etiologic heterogeneity, which ultimately may allow improved risk prediction and better prevention approaches. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(4); 992–9. ©2010 AACR.
Longitudinal Predictors of Nonadherence to Maintenance of Mammography
Authors: Gierisch Jennifer M. , Earp Jo Anne , Brewer Noel T. , Rimer Barbara K. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackground: Regular adherence to screening mammography, also known as maintenance of mammography, reduces breast cancer morbidity and mortality. However, mammography maintenance is uncommon and little is know about why women do not maintain regular screening schedules. We investigated longitudinal predictors of women not maintaining adherence.Methods: Participants were insured women enrolled in an intervention trial who had screening mammograms 8 to 9 months before study enrollment (n = 1,493). Data were collected from 2003 to 2008. We used discrete event history analysis to model nonadherence to mammography maintenance over three successive annual screening intervals (+ 2 months).Results: Most (54%) women did not maintain screening adherence over 3 years. Women who did not maintain adherence were more likely to be ages 40 to 49 years, rate their health fair or poor, be less satisfied with their last mammography experiences, report one or more barriers to getting mammograms, be less than completely confident about getting their next mammograms (lower self-efficacy), or have weaker behavioral intentions. The odds of not maintaining adherence decreased over time.Discussion: Although great strides have been achieved in increasing the proportion of women who have received mammograms, most women still are not maintaining regular mammography use over time. Our findings provide insights into targets for future mammography maintenance interventions. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(4); 1103–11. ©2010 AACR.
Long-term Variation in Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration among Participants in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial
Authors: Hofmann Jonathan N. , Yu Kai , Horst Ronald L. , Hayes Richard B. , Purdue Mark P. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractMolecular epidemiologic studies of vitamin D and risk of cancer and other health outcomes usually involve a single measurement of the biomarker 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in serum or plasma. However, the extent to which 25(OH)D concentration at a single time point is representative of an individual's long-term vitamin D status is unclear. To address this question, we evaluated within-person variability in 25(OH)D concentrations across serum samples collected at three time points over a 5-year period among 29 participants in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Blood collection took place year-round, although samples for a given participant were collected in the same month each year. The within-person coefficient of variation and intraclass correlation coefficient were calculated using variance components estimated from random effects models. Spearman rank correlation coefficients were calculated to evaluate agreement between measurements at different collection times (baseline, +1 year, +5 years). The within-subject coefficient of variation was 14.9% [95% confidence interval (CI), 12.4-18.1%] and the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.71 (95% CI, 0.63-0.88). Spearman rank correlation coefficients comparing baseline to +1 year, +1 year to +5 years, and baseline to +5 years were 0.65 (95% CI, 0.37-0.82), 0.61 (0.29-0.81), and 0.53 (0.17-0.77), respectively. Slightly stronger correlations were observed after restricting to non-Hispanic Caucasian subjects. These findings suggest that serum 25(OH)D concentration at a single time point may be a useful biomarker of long-term vitamin D status in population-based studies of various diseases. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(4); 927–31. ©2010 AACR.
Subtype-Specific Risk of Testicular Tumors among Immigrants and Their Descendants in Sweden, 1960 to 2007
Authors: Beiki Omid , Granath Fredrik , Allebeck Peter , Akre Olof , Moradi Tahereh 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Background: Testicular cancer is the most common cancer among young male adults in several populations. We compared subtype-specific risk of testicular cancer among migrants and their descendants to that of Swedish-born men to elucidate importance of genetic and environmental factors in testicular cancer etiology and the potential timing of exposures.
Methods: We followed a nationwide cohort of 3.6 million men ages 15 to 54 years between 1960 and 2007 through linkage between Swedish National Registers. Incidence rate ratio (IRR) adjusted for age and calendar year with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was estimated using Poisson regression.
Results: A total of 5,801 cases of testicular cancer occurred during 80 million person-years of follow-up. Compared with Swedish-born men, first-generation immigrants from low-risk countries had a lower risk (IRR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.38-0.49) and first-generation immigrants from high-risk countries had a higher risk (IRR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.42-1.83) of testicular cancer. The risk among first-generation immigrants varied remarkably by birthplace, reflecting the risk in their countries of birth. The risk of seminomas was statistically significantly modified by age at immigration and duration of residence among immigrants born in high-risk areas. We observed a statistically significantly convergence of risk among second-generation immigrants toward the risk in Sweden (IRR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.93-1.12). The risk among second-generation immigrants was not affected by the duration of stay of their mothers in Sweden before pregnancy.
Conclusions: Our study provides evidence that life-style and environmental factors play an important role in the etiology of testicular cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(4); 1053–65. ©2010 AACR.
European Ancestry Is Positively Associated with Breast Cancer Risk in Mexican Women
Authors: Fejerman Laura , Romieu Isabelle , John Esther M. , Lazcano-Ponce Eduardo , Huntsman Scott , Beckman Kenneth B. , Pérez-Stable Eliseo J. , González Burchard Esteban , Ziv Elad , Torres-Mejía Gabriela 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The incidence of breast cancer is 35% lower in Hispanic women living in the San Francisco Bay Area than in non-Hispanic White women. We have previously described a significant association between genetic ancestry and risk for breast cancer in a sample of U.S. Hispanics/Latinas. We retested the association in women residing in Mexico because of the possibility that the original finding may be confounded by U.S. specific unmeasured environmental exposures. We genotyped a set of 106 ancestry informative markers in 846 Mexican women with breast cancer and 1,035 unaffected controls and estimated genetic ancestry using a maximum likelihood method. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for ancestry modeled as a categorical and continuous variable were estimated using logistic regression and adjusted for reproductive and other known risk factors. Greater European ancestry was associated with increased breast cancer risk in this new and independent sample of Mexican women residing in Mexico. Compared with women with 0% to 25% European ancestry, the risk was increased for women with 51% to 75% and 76% to 100% European ancestry [odds ratios, 1.35 (95% CI, 0.96-1.91) and 2.44 (95% CI, 0.94-6.35), respectively; P for trend = 0.044]. For every 25% increase in European ancestry (modeled as a continuous variable), there was a 20% increase in risk for breast cancer (95% CI, 1.03-1.41; P = 0.019). These results suggest that nongenetic factors play a crucial role in explaining the difference in breast cancer incidence between Latinas and non-Latina White women, and it also points out to the possibility of a genetic component to this difference. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(4); 1074–82. ©2010 AACR.
Genetic Susceptibility Variants for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Slager Susan L. , Goldin Lynn R. , Strom Sara S. , Lanasa Mark C. , Spector Logan G. , Rassenti Laura , Leis Jose F. , Camp Nicola J. , Kay Neil E. , Vachon Celine M. , Glenn Martha , Weinberg J. Brice , Rabe Kari G. , Cunningham Julie M. , Achenbach Sara J. , Hanson Curtis A. , Marti Gerald E. , Call Timothy G. , Caporaso Neil E. , Cerhan James R. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Background: There is strong and consistent evidence that a genetic component contributes to the etiology of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). A recent genome-wide association study of CLL identified seven genetic variants that increased the risk of CLL within a European population.
Methods: We evaluated the association of these variants, or variants in linkage disequilibrium with these variants, with CLL risk in an independent sample of 438 CLL cases and 328 controls.
Results: Of these seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), six had P trend &lt; 0.05 and had estimated odds ratios (OR) that were strikingly comparable to those of the previous study. Associations were seen for rs9378805 [OR, 1.47; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 1.19-1.80; P trend = 0.0003] near IRF4 and rs735665 near GRAMD1B (OR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.14-1.89; P trend = 0.003). However, no associations (P &gt; 0.05) were found for rs11083846, nor were any found for any SNP in linkage disequilibrium with rs11083846.
Conclusions: Our results confirm the previous findings and further support the role of a genetic basis in the etiology of CLL; however, more research is needed to elucidate the causal SNP(s) and the potential manner in which these SNPs or linked SNPs function in CLL pathogenesis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(4); 1098–102. ©2010 AACR.
Standard Preanalytical Coding for Biospecimens: Defining the Sample PREanalytical Code
Authors: Betsou Fotini , Lehmann Sylvain , Ashton Garry , Barnes Michael , Benson Erica E. , Coppola Domenico , DeSouza Yvonne , Eliason James , Glazer Barbara , Guadagni Fiorella , Harding Keith , Horsfall David J. , Kleeberger Cynthia , Nanni Umberto , Prasad Anil , Shea Kathi , Skubitz Amy , Somiari Stella , Gunter Elaine ,   International Society for Biological and Environmental Repositories (ISBER) Working Group on Biospecimen Science
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Background: Management and traceability of biospecimen preanalytical variations are necessary to provide effective and efficient interconnectivity and interoperability between Biobanks.
Methods: Therefore, the International Society for Biological and Environmental Repositories Biospecimen Science Working Group developed a “Standard PREanalytical Code” (SPREC) that identifies the main preanalytical factors of clinical fluid and solid biospecimens and their simple derivatives.
Results: The SPREC is easy to implement and can be integrated into Biobank quality management systems and databases. It can also be extended to nonhuman biorepository areas. Its flexibility allows integration of new novel technological developments in future versions. SPREC version 01 is presented in this article.
Conclusions and Impact: Implementation of the SPREC is expected to facilitate and consolidate international multicenter biomarker identification research and biospecimen research in the clinical Biobank environment. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(4); 1004–11. ©2010 AACR.