bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical feasibility of monitoring m‐THPC mediated photodynamic therapy by means of fluorescence differential path‐length spectroscopy
Authors: Karakullukcu Baris , Kanick Stephen Chad , Aans Jan Bonne , Sterenborg Henricus JCM , Tan I. Bing , Amelink Arjen , Robinson Dominic J. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe objective quantitative monitoring of light, oxygen, and photosensitizer is challenging in clinical photodynamic therapy settings. We have previously developed fluorescence differential path‐length spectroscopy (FDPS), a technique that utilizes reflectance spectroscopy to monitor microvascular oxygen saturation, blood volume fraction, and vessel diameter, and fluorescence spectroscopy to monitor photosensitizer concentration. In this paper the clinical feasibility of the technique is tested on eight healthy volunteers and on three patients undergoing PDT of oral cavity cancers. Model‐based analysis of the measured spectra provide quantitative tissue parameters that are corrected for background tissue absorption, autofluorescence, and the transmission of the optical system; this method allows comparison of intra‐ and inter‐subject parameters. The FDPS correctly estimated the absence of m ‐THPC in volunteers and detected photobleaching in the areas receiving treatment light in patients undergoing PDT treatment. This study demonstrates the feasibility of monitoring clinical photodynamic therapy treatments using optical spectroscopy. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cosmological vacuum selection, metastable susy breaking and moduli
Authors: Dalianis I. , Lalak Z. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe discuss the thermal evolution of the spurion and messenger fields of ordinary gauge mediation models taking into account the Standard Model degrees of freedom. It is shown that for thermalized messengers the metastable susy breaking vacuum becomes thermally selected provided that the susy breaking sector is sufficiently weakly coupled to messengers or to any observable field. It is shown that large values of untwisted moduli help stabilize the spurion at the right value. We introduce the critical temper ature related to the thermal stability of the moduli sector.
Exploring the Formation of Focal Adhesions on Patterned Surfaces Using Super‐Resolution Imaging
Authors: Chien Fan‐Ching , Kuo Chiung Wen , Yang Zong‐Han , Chueh Di‐Yen , Chen Peilin 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe formation of focal adhesions on various sizes of fibronectin patterns, ranging from 200 μm to 250 nm, was systematically investigated by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and super‐resolution imaging. It was found that cells adhered to and spread on these micro/nanopatterns, forming focal adhesions. On a micrometer scale the shape of the focal adhesions was elongated. However, on the nanometer scale, the shape of focal adhesions became dotlike. To further explore the distribution of focal adhesion proteins formed on surfaces, a localization‐based super‐resolution imaging technique was employed in order to determine the position and density of vinculin proteins. A characteristic distance of 50 nm was found between vinculin molecules in the focal adhesions, which did not depend on the size of the fibronectin nanopatterns. This distance was found to be crucial for the formation of focal adhesions. In addition, the density of vinculin at the focal adhesions formed on the nanopatterns increased as the pattern size decreased. The density of the protein was found to be 425 ± 247, 584 ± 302, and 703 ± 305 proteins μm−2 on the 600, 400, and 250 nm fibronectin patterns respectively. Whereas 226 ± 77 proteins μm−2 was measured for the matured focal adhesions on homogeneous fibronectin coated substrates. The increase in vinculin density implies that an increase in mechanical load was applied to the focal adhesions formed on the smaller nanopatterns.
‘Facientibus quod in se est Deus non denegat gratiam.’ Robert Holcot, O.P. and the Beginnings of Luther's Theology
Authors: Oberman Heiko A. 
Published: August 2011

“In manu enim illius et nos et sermones nostri, et omnis sapientia et operum scientia, et disciplina.” Liber Sapientiae vii:16.When the English nominalist and Dominican friar Robert Holcot († 1349) reaches the sixteenth verse of the seventh chapter in his Wisdom commentary, he seizes the opportunity to underscore his main theme which he had so passionately presented on the preceding pages as well as in his Sentences commentary: Wisdom is a gift of God: man's claim therefore that he can have a natural knowledge of God is false.
A Note on Luke II 49
Authors: Smothers Edgar R. 
Published: August 2011

Ούκ ᾒδειτε ὃτι έν τοῖς τοῦ Πατρός μου δεῖ εἶναί με;Several recent translators of the New Testament prefer the rendering, in my Father's house, to the alternative, in the things of my Father, about my Father's business. They have very early precedent for this, in Tatian's Diatessaron and the Syriac versions.
The Date of Tatian's Oration
Authors: Grant Robert M. 
Published: August 2011

Various dates have been given for Tatian's Oration to the Greeks, ranging from 152 to 172. None of these dates is correct, since the treatise was written after the year 176, perhaps in 177 or 178.In the spring of 175 the Roman empire was shaken by the almost accidental revolt of Avidius Cassius, governor of Syria. Acting on the rumor that Marcus Aurelius had died, the governor proclaimed himself emperor. Egypt joined Cilicia, Syria, and Judaea; but the revolt was crushed in little more than three months. The emperor promised clemency (coins of the following year mention Clementia Aug.) and kept his promise. He then made a journey to the east with the empress Faustina and their son Commodus, passing through Syria but avoiding Antioch, the center of the revolt. Early in 176, after wintering in Alexandria, they visited Antioch and went on to Cappadocia, where Faustina's sudden death was followed by a magnificent funeral.
Divine Disguisings
Authors: Rose H. J. 
Published: August 2011

When recently going through the second edition of Nilsson's Geschichte der griechischen Religion, Volume I, I came across a passing remark which seems to me to raise an interesting question not merely of Homeric criticism but concerning the attitude of the Greeks, at the time when their classical tradition regarding the gods was in process of formation, towards the question of the shapes assumed by those gods when they partly reveal themselves to mankind. Nilsson is speaking of Odysseus when disguised as a beggar, and says (ed. 2, p. 370, taken over unaltered from ed. 1, P. 346),Kirke verwandelt Menschen in Bestien, und Athena den Odysseus in einen alten, armen Mann. Jenes ist echte Volkssage, dieses in Anlehnung daran geschaffen; denn in der älteren Form des Gedichts war Odysseus nicht verwandelt, nur verkleidet. So ist er noch bei der Fusswaschung, und der Freiermord und der Kampf mit Iros (σ 67 ff.) fordern dasselbe.
ΓΝΩΜΑΙ ΔΙΑΦΟΡΟΙ.: The Origin and Nature of Diversification in the History of Early Christianity
Authors: Koester Helmut 
Published: August 2011

I. The Crisis of the Historical and Theological Criteria.Already Walter Bauer, well known as a lexicographer, but unfortunately little known as a historian of the Ancient Church, in his ingenious monograph Rechtgläubigkeit und Ketzerei im ältesten Christentum (1934), had demonstrated convincingly that such Christian groups which were later labelled “heretical,” actually dominated in the first two or three centuries, both geographically and theologically. Recent discoveries, especially those of Nag Hammadi in Upper Egypt, have made it definitely clear that Walter Bauer was essentially right and that a thorough and extensive re-evaluation of early Christian history is called for.
Evasion of the immune response: survival within low responder individuals of the host population
Authors: Wakelin D. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYIt is proposed that, for many species of parasites, evasion of the host immune response may be achieved passively through enhanced survival within host individuals that have a genetically determined low responsiveness to infection. Evasion by this means may contribute significantly to continued transmission of infection in man and domestic animals and influence the severity of pathology. Low responsiveness plays an important role in determining over-dispersion of parasites within host populations, and the common occurrence of this form of distribution is seen as supporting evidence for the proposition, although few of the examples available provide conclusive proof. The extensive individual and strain variation in response to parasitic infection in laboratory strains of mice is tak as a homologue of the natural situation and allows analysis of the mechanisms underlying low responsiveness. Two examples are considered in detail. InLeishmaniainfections both non-H-2 and H-2-linked genes influence resistance, but the primary expression of genetically determined low response is at the level of the macrophage. Genetic influences upon acquired immunity regulate macrophage–T-cell interactions. InTrichinella spiralisH-2-linked and non-H-2 genes influence development of the intestinal responses necessary for expulsion of the adult worm, the former through the response of helper T-cells to worm antigen and the amplification of this response through other T-cells, the latter through an effect upon the response of myeloid stem cells to T-cell signals. Modification of genetically determined low responsiveness is discussed in terms of (a) improving host responsiveness through vaccination or non-specific immunostimulation and (b) altering host genotype through selective breeding or the introduction of resistance alleles into a population.
Pathophysiology of parasitic infections
Authors: Holmes P. H. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYParasites can have a wide range of pathophysiological effects on the host. This review describes those associated with some parasites of major importance in man and animals. Haemoprotozoan diseases such as trypanosomiasis and malaria are primarily associated with anaemia. Such anaemias have a complex aetiology involving various mechanisms responsible for red cell destruction as well as possible defects in red cell production. In addition to these haematological effects these diseases are associated with marked disturbances in heart function and the nervous, immune and urinary systems. The other major groups of parasitic diseases are those associated with the gastrointestinal tract. The most advanced studies have been conducted on the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal nematode parasites of sheep and have revealed significant effects on feed intake, gastrointestinal function, and protein and energy metabolism. Similar studies have yet to be conducted in other hosts and parasitic diseases. There is also a need to examine in greater detail the factors which can modulate pathophysiological responses by the host to parasitic infections.
The Wellcome Trust Lecture: Mechanisms of molecular trafficking in malaria
Authors: Sherman I. W. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYThe asexual stages ofPlasmodiumliving within the erythrocyte result in growth-related changes in the permeability properties of the red cell for substances such as glucose, amino acids, purine nucleosides, sodium, potassium, calcium, zinc, iron and several antimalarial drugs such as chloroquine, amodiaquine and mefloquine. In most cases such changes do not appear to be due to a modification in the affinity or specificity of red cell transporters; indeed, for most substances the membrane-associated transporters are either unaffected or are partially inactivated. In malaria-infected erythrocytes, where a striking increase in influx has been observed, it has been attributed to the insertion of parasite-encoded transporters into the red cell membrane or the formation of aqueous leaks and/or pores. Leak formation, in the vast majority of cases, does not appear to be dependent on the insertion of plasmodial proteins into the red cell membrane. However, since the data presently available are less than satisfactory for discriminating amongst the various possible transport mechanisms future studies will require painstaking efforts and carefully controlled conditions to discriminate amongst the various transport systems which are operational in the malaria-infected red cell and the parasite.
The interactions between drugs and the parasite surface
Authors: Chappell L. H. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYThe interrelationships between drugs and parasite surfaces are considered under the headings of (a) effects on membrane transport, (b) drug uptake mechanisms and (c) effects on surface morphology and function: praziquantel is discussed under a separate heading. The range of chemotherapeutic compounds that cause permeability changes and concomitant morphological disruption is discussed in terms of mode of drug action. Interpretation of the available data renders it difficult to identify the primary mode of action in the drugs considered. Drug uptake mechanisms are known for relatively few compounds; drug resistance as a function of drug acquisition is discussed. The role of the parasite surface as a specific drug target is argued.
Monitoring trypanosomiasis in space and time
Authors: Rogers D. J. , Williams B. G. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYThe paper examines the possible contributions to be made by Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to studies on human and animal trypanosomiasis in Africa. The epidemiological characteristics of trypanosomiasis are reviewed in the light of the formula for the basic reproductive rate or number of vector-borne diseases. The paper then describes how important biological characteristics of the vectors of trypanosomiasis in West Africa may be monitored using data from the NOAA series of meteorological satellites. This will lead to an understanding of the spatial distribution of both vectors and disease. An alternative, statistical approach to understanding the spatial distribution of tsetse, based on linear discriminant analysis, is illustrated with the example ofGlossina morsitansin Zimbabwe, Kenya and Tanzania. In the case of Zimbabwe, a single climatic variable, the maximum of the mean monthly temperature, correctly predicts the pre-rinderpest distribution of tsetse over 82% of the country; additional climatic and vegetation variables do not improve considerably on this figure. In the cases of Kenya and Tanzania, however, another variable, the maximum of the mean monthly Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, is the single most important variable, giving correct predictions over 69 % of the area; the other climatic and vegetation variables improve this to 82 % overall. Such statistical analyses can guide field work towards the correct biological interpretation of the distributional limits of vectors and may also be used to make predictions about the impact of global change on vector ranges. Examples are given of the areas of Zimbabwe which would become climatically suitable for tsetse given mean temperature increases of 1, 2 and 3 °Centigrade. Five possible causes for sleeping sickness outbreaks are given, illustrated by the analysis of field data or from the output of mathematical models. One cause is abiotic (variation in rainfall), three are biotic (variation in vectorial potential, host immunity, or parasite virulence) and one is historical (the impact of explorers, colonizers and dictators). The implications for disease monitoring, in order to anticipate sleeping sickness outbreaks, are briefly discussed. It is concluded that present data are inadequate to distinguish between these hypotheses. The idea that sleeping sickness outbreaks are periodic (i.e. cyclical) is only barely supported by hard data. Hence it is even difficult to conclude whether the major cause of sleeping sickness outbreaks is biotic (which, in model situations, tends to produce cyclical epidemics) or abiotic. The conclusions emphasize that until we understand more about the variation in space and time of tsetse and trypanosomiasis distribution and abundance we shall not be in a position to benefit from the advances made by GIS. The potential is there, however, to re-introduce the spatial and temporal elements into epidemiological studies that are currently often neglected.
A cost-effectiveness study of the community-based intervention ‘10 000 Steps Ghent’
Authors: De Smedt Delphine , De Cocker Katrien , Annemans Lieven , De Bourdeaudhuij Ilse , Cardon Greet 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the European community-based project ‘10 000 Steps Ghent’, an intervention that resulted in a significant decrease in sedentary time and a significant increase in step counts (896 steps/d) and self-reported walking (66 min/week).DesignAn age- and gender-dependent Markov model, with a time horizon of 20 years and a cycle length of 1 year, estimating the development of diabetes, cardiovascular events and colorectal cancer.SettingAll individuals started in a health state free of events. The effect of the intervention was based on published risk reductions related to increased walking time. Costs and utility decrements related to events were obtained from published literature. The impact of the uncertainty of the parameters on incremental costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALY) were assessed with one-way sensitivity analyses and a Monte Carlo analysis.SubjectsCohort representing the population reached by the intervention (266 adults aged 25–75 years with a mean age of 48·2 (sd13·1) years, 45·6 % men, 64·6 % highly educated, 70·0 % employed).ResultsImplementing the community-based programme increased average QALY by 0·16 and 0·11 for men and women, respectively. The total costs decreased by approximately 576€ and 427€, respectively. Hence, for both genders the intervention programme was dominant. The sensitivity analyses did not change the conclusion of dominance.ConclusionThe community-based ‘10 000 Steps Ghent’ campaign is a dominant intervention. Sensitivity analyses have proved the robustness of the results; hence implementing this intervention on a population-based level could lead to improved health outcomes and reduced costs.
Impact of awareness of the Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top on eating behaviour
Authors: Takaizumi Kanae , Harada Kazuhiro , Shibata Ai , Nakamura Yoshio 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate whether awareness of the Japanese Food Guide (JFG) can promote changes in eating behaviour.DesignA longitudinal study was conducted in 2007 and 2009 by means of an Internet-based survey. Awareness status of the JFG and a sixteen-item scale for calculating eating behaviour scores were obtained.SettingJapan.SubjectsIn total, 787 Japanese adults (20–59 years) who registered with an Internet research service organization were included in the study. The respondents were divided into three groups. The respondents who were aware of the JFG in 2007 were categorized into Group 1. Those who were not aware of the JFG in 2007 were categorized into either Group 2 or Group 3. Group 2 became aware of the JFG by 2009, and Group 3 was not aware of the JFG in 2009.ResultsIn Group 2, the eating behaviour score increased significantly by 0·8 points from 4·7 in 2007 to 5·5 in 2009 (P = 0·004). The eating behaviour score of Group 1 (6·5 points in 2007; 6·3 points in 2009) and Group 3 (3·8 points in 2007; 4·1 points in 2009) did not change significantly from 2007 to 2009.ConclusionsAwareness of the JFG promoted eating behaviour change in the Japanese population. The results indicate that awareness of nutrition information from sources such as the JFG would promote healthy eating.
Exploring school and home food environments: perceptions of 8–10-year-olds and their parents in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Authors: Briggs Laura , Lake Amelia A 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo use an innovative mixed-method approach to analyse and describe 8–10-year-olds’ home and school food environments.DesignA mixed-method approach to collect qualitative and quantitative data was used, in which pupils took photographs over four days to record their food intake and food environment. The photographs were discussed in focus groups. A combination of lunchtime observations and questionnaires completed by parents were used to build up a picture of the children's home and school food environments.SettingA primary school in a suburb of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.SubjectsTwenty-seven children aged 8–10 years consented to take part in the study. Twenty-four returned cameras, and eighteen parents completed questionnaires.ResultsPhotographs illustrated a range of locations throughout the home where children consumed food. Children's photographs revealed they ate less often with family and more often in front of the television than reported in parental questionnaires. Emergent themes during focus group discussions revealed a strong preference for packed lunches and dissatisfaction with school dinners. In this small sample, children's eating habits and preferences showed few associations with either gender or the deprivation level of the area in which they lived.ConclusionsThe children's home food environments showed a great deal of variation, with parents being key moderators of food availability and consumption. While the school's food provisions met national nutritional standards, the social aspects of having a packed lunch appeared to be a positive aspect of eating at school.
Positive impact of a pre-school-based nutritional intervention on children's fruit and vegetable intake: results of a cluster-randomized trial
Authors: De Bock Freia , Breitenstein Luise , Fischer Joachim E 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the short-term impact of a nutritional intervention aimed at reducing childhood overweight in German pre-school children.DesignUsing a cluster-randomized study design with waiting-list controls, we tested a 6-month intervention administered once weekly by a nutrition expert consisting of joint meal preparation and activities for children and parents such as tasting and preparing nutritious, fresh foods. At baseline, 6 and 12 months, a parent-completed questionnaire assessed fruit and vegetable intakes (primary outcomes) and water and sugared drinks consumption (secondary outcomes). Direct measurement assessed BMI, skinfold thickness and waist-to-height-ratio. An intention-to-treat analysis used random-effects panel regression models to assess the intervention effect, adjusted for each child's age, gender, immigrant background and maternal education.SettingEighteen pre-schools from three south German regions.SubjectsHealthy children aged 3–6 years.ResultsThree hundred and seventy-seven (80 %) eligible pre-school children participated in the study. Of these, 348 provided sufficient data for analysis. The sample mean age was 4·26 (sd0·78) years; the majority (53·2 %) were boys. Children's fruit and vegetable intakes increased significantly (P< 0·001 andP< 0·05, respectively); no significant changes in the consumption of water, sugared drinks or anthropometric measurements were noted.ConclusionsNutritional interventions in pre-schools have the potential to change eating behaviours in young children, which in the long term might reduce risk for developing overweight.