bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Costs of E-Learning Support
Authors: Kennedy Carol Kahan , Hinkley Maureen 
Published: May 2011

Understanding the costing of e-learning informs decision-making on how to support the development and implementation of teaching and learning technologies in higher education. This paper describes costings and processes in a central e-learning support service that is especially applicable to face-to-face universities that use e-learning in a blended or supplemental mode. We differentiate three types of costs: infrastructure costs that are less sensitive to variation in the complexity of e-learning strategies, and edevelopment and e-delivery coststhat are directly related to the nature of the strategies used. Using actual data from a three-year e-learningsupport project (e3Learning) with 139 sub-projects, the paper illustrates how the calculations promote an understanding of e-learning in the following four dimensions: 1) total cost of running an e-learning support service, 2) individual costs attributable to each of the sub-projects, 3) ‘price-tags’ of e-learning strategies, and 4) initial exploration of the cost-effectiveness issue.
Cost Effectiveness in Course Redesign
Authors: Kendrick David 
Published: May 2011

As Web-based technologies march forward, improved access to higher education by traditional and non-traditional student, alike, is a certainty, but such technologies as a mechanism for lowering costs are still subject for further exploration. Course redesign from traditional to electronic delivery serves not only to grant access or improve achievement for the student, but can offer a cost savings for the institution. Educational leaders in higher education may consider the Web-based redesign alternative as not only a learning instrument, but a means to cut instructional costs. An explanation and application of a cost-measuring instrument, as well as reviews of literature and Web-based instructional models or strategies, is at the heart of this examination of courseredesign. Educational content has become a commodity. Improved networks provide rapid and flexible dissemination of course content, opening up numerous options for organizing programs. Rather than designing content delivery around the schedule and resources of theprovider, the institution, it can be customized around theneeds of the recipient (Lovett, 1996). Courses, programs, and even degrees, can be organized around a combination of flexible course modules to accommodate particular student/client needs. Technology-mediated instruction, taken to its anywhere-anytime extreme, makes traditional academic calendars and curricular structures irrelevant or even a barrier to effective education.
Web Accessibility Policy for Students with Disabilities in U.S. Postsecondary Distance Education
Authors: Wilkes Heidi L. 
Published: May 2011

“Web accessibility” is the ability to access information online. In distance education, most instructional material is located online, and anything that prevents a person from accessing these materials becomes a barrier to distanceeducation. Demand for distance education is growing, and the Web is the most common mechanism for its delivery. Not all Websites are accessible, despite the availability of design guidelines. The purpose of this chapter is to informWeb accessibility policy decisions at U.S. postsecondaryinstitutions by increasing the awareness of Webaccessibility issues in distance education, examining societal implications, and discussing methods forimprovement. This chapter also reviews the current U.S.legal context and provides alternative cost-justification and cost-benefit frameworks for consideration by policymakers.
Web-Based Video for e-Learning
Authors: Snelson Chareen 
Published: May 2011

The recent explosive growth of Web-based video has expanded the repository of free content that can be tapped into for e-learning. Millions of video clips are now available online and more are uploaded each day. Since thecreation of YouTubeTM in 2005, a video clip phenomenonhas swept the Internet. Never before has it been so easy to locate, record, and distribute video online. This opens intriguing possibilities for teaching, learning, and course design for e-learning. This chapter introduces Web-basedvideo as a new form of educational motion picture, delvesinto technical aspects of Web 2.0 video tools, describes instructional strategies that integrate Web-based videoclips in e-learning, and examines barriers that could potentially inhibit its use. Future directions are also discussed.
A Rough Set Based Approach to Find Learners' Key Personality Attributes in an E-Learning Environment
Authors: Zheng Qinghua , Wu Xiyuan , Li Haifei 
Published: May 2011

One of the challenges in personalized e-learning research is how to find the unique learning strategies according to a learner’s personality characteristic. A learner’s personalitycharacteristic may have many attributes, and all of them may not have equal values. Correlation analysis, regression analysis, discriminator function, and educational psychology have been used to find solutions, but these methods have their shortcomings. This article proposes an improved approach based on rough set theory to find thekey personality attributes and evaluates the importance of these attributes. The approach has been successfully used in the actual e-learning environment for a major research university in China.
Development of a Web-Based System for Diagnosing Student Learning Problems on English Tenses
Authors: Hwang Gwo-Jen , Cheng Hsiang , Chu Carol H.C. , Tseng Judy C.R. , Hwang Gwo-Haur 
Published: May 2011

In the past decades, English learning has received lots of attention all over the world, especially for those who are not native English speakers. Various English learning and testing systems have been developed on the Internet. Nevertheless, most existing English testing systems represent the learning status of a student by assigning that student with a score or grade. This approach makes the student aware of his/her learning status through the score or grade, but the student might be unable to improve his/her learning status without further guidance. In this paper, an intelligent English tense learning and diagnosticsystem is proposed, which is able to identify studentlearning problems on English verb tenses and to provide personalized learning suggestions in accordance with eachstudent’s learning portfolio. Experimental results on hundreds of college students have depicted the superiority of the novel approach.
A Novel Architecture for E-Learning Knowledge Assessment Systems
Authors: Gierlowski Krzysztof , Nowicki Krzysztof 
Published: May 2011

In this article we propose a novel e-learning system, dedicated strictly to knowledge assessment tasks. In its functioning it utilizes web-based technologies, but its design differs radically from currently popular e-learningsolutions which rely mostly on thin-client architecture. Our research proved that such architecture, while well suitedfor didactic content distribution systems is ill-suited forknowledge assessment products. In our design we employed loosely-tied distributed system architecture, strict modularity, test and simulation-based knowledge and skillassessment and an our original communications package called Communication Abstraction Layer (ComAL), specifically designed to support communication functions ofe-learning systems in diverse network conditions (including offline environment).The system was tested in production environment on Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Technical University of Gdansk with great success, reducing staff workload and increasing efficiency of didactic process. Tests also showed system’s versatility as the system was deployed in environments of classroom, remote, and blended learning.
Differential IT Access and Use Patterns in Rural and Small-Town Atlantic Canada
Authors: Bruce David 
Published: May 2011

Popular press and government rhetoric suggest that there has been steady progress in the extent to which individuals, households, businesses, organizations, and communities are using the Internet as part of their daily lives (Bruce, 1998, 1997). However, there is little empirical evidence to support this claim. In this chapter I argue that there has been slow and uneven penetration of Internet use in rural and small-town communities in Atlantic Canada, despite the best efforts of policies and programs. Drawing on evidence from a recent Internet use survey, suggestions are made for improving the performance of policies and programs aimed at increasing Internet access and use. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an empirical overview of differential Internet access and use patterns, using data collected from a January 1998 survey (Jordan, 1998; Bruce and Gadsden, 1999) of 1501 households in 20 different Atlantic Canadian communities grouped into five distinct “community categories.” (Reimer, 1997a, 1997b) Characteristics of users for purposes of this analysis include age, gender, household income, educational attainment, and employment status. This chapter also explores the extent to which Atlantic Canadians have taken formal or informal courses or training programs related to information technology between 1993 and 1998.
Development and Testing of a Non-interlocked Hoop Strength Layer for Unbonded Flexible Pipe
Authors: Kalman Mark Douglas , Yu Liang , Moosberg Duane , Johnson Don 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Conventional flexible pipe for high pressure applications generally employs a high lay angle, interlocked steel hoop strength layer to prevent blow through of the internal pressure sheath through gaps between adjacent wraps. The interlocked hoop strength layer is referred to as "pressure armour" in ISO 13628-2/API 17J [1]. The interlocking is designed to prevent large gaps from opening between adjacent wraps. The internal pressure sheath must span the gap under the internal pressure loading, and meet the ISO 13628-2/API 17J requirement of no greater than 30% thickness reduction at the gap location with the interlocking wraps in the fully extended position. To simplify the design of the hoop strength layer so that composite materials can be employed, a means of controlling the gap and preventing internal pressure sheath blow through between non-interlocked rectangular cross section hoop strength layer helical wraps has been developed. The non-interlocked design comprises an anti-extrusion and gap control layer applied between the internal pressure sheath and hoop strength layer. This paper presents the design of this new layer, the requirements to qualify the layer, tests which were conducted to verify qualification, and a validated model based on the test results for use in design of unbonded flexible pipe employing non-interlocked composite hoop reinforcement. The advantages of a non-interlocked composite hoop strength layer in unbonded flexible pipe include lighter weight structures, reducing risk and cost for installation and operation, and corrosion resistance making it ideal for deepwater and ultra-deepwater applications.

Introduction
Unbonded Flexible Fiber Reinforced Pipe (FFRP®) is a new generation of flexible pipe designed for offshore oil and gas transportation. It is constructed from extruded polymer pressure barrier layers and fiberglass/epoxy reinforcement layers. The unique design of bonding multiple thin reinforcement tapes into reinforcement stacks with interlaminar adhesive allows the reinforcement material to work in both tension and compression.
Because of the high strength-to-weight ratio of the composite reinforcement material, FFRP is ideal for deepwater and ultra-deepwater service. Figure 1 provides an isometric view of the unbonded FFRP pipe structure. A brief functional description of each layer is provided in Table 1.
Two Years After First Oil Paraffin and Scale Flow Assurance Management - Lessons Learned
Authors: Wylde Jonathan James 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This paper describes the evaluation of paraffin and scale risk management based on real production samples, and how this differed to the assumptions made during the basis of design.
The production facility has two unmanned tiebacks with a field total of just under 20 wells. For first oil the paraffin and scale management strategy, like most of the flow assurance strategy, was based on pre-production samples. Two years after first oil, almost all the wells were sampled - the first such exercise of it's kind - gathering large and representative chemical free crude oil and produced water.
Produced water samples were analyzed enabling a system-wide scale review for production wells, departing pipelines and major processing vessels and equipment. Some scale had already been observed in the process, in the hydrocyclones and heat exchangers, and this evaluation helped to highlight the other key risk areas and develop appropriate mitigation strategies - not based on pre-production data and samples. This aided the operator in instigating a more robust scale inhibitor injection strategy, in particular for the subsea in-field flow lines.
The areas identified as having a paraffin deposition risk in the field were the fluids arriving from the subsea tiebacks where the arrival temperatures were lower than the cloud points. Cold finger testing identified that greater than 60% inhibition efficacy was realized when 10 to 50 ppm of the incumbent wax inhibitor was used.
Details are given on some of the shortcomings in the chemical injection system, capturing the lessons learned in control of wax and scale inhibitor distribution through the subsea injection system. Information is given on how this was countered using the most efficient and cost effective chemical mitigation strategy. Practical advice is then offered on how to better interpret pre-production samples to better predict and design flow assurance strategies prior to first oil.

Introduction
The field is an oil and gas asset development located in the Gulf of Mexico in water between 85 to 190 feet deep. It produces oil and gas with associated condensate. The designed processing capacity of the facility is 100 MBOPD and 280 MMcf/d of gas. The produced oil has a gravity between 28° to 34° API, and is low in sulfur and acid. The design anticipated the wells to produce up to 20% BS&W in late field life. Based on laboratory results, asphaltene deposition was not expected to be a concern; however, the pre-production crude samples had over 6% paraffin with a cloud point as high as 82°F. The crude oil export specification is 0.5% BS&W, and a TVP of 11.0 psia.
An Integrated Approach to Selecting and Optimizing Demulsifier Chemical Injection Points using Shearing Energy Analysis: A Justification for Downhole Injection in High Pressured Well
Authors: Opawale Adekunle Olutayo , Osisanya Samuel Olusola , Dulu Appah , Otakoro Solomon Ejaeta 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Chemical demulsifiers are routinely injected into the petroleum production system at several points to effectively resolve water-in-oil emulsion issues. Point of injection varies from downhole through wellhead and manifolds to stocktanks (Batch treatment). Selection of the best injection points during oilfield practices still remains a very challenging task for both operators and chemical vendors. Many researches have not been done on this subject matter, and hence remains the focus of this study.
In this paper, models to carefully analyze and study the relationship between shearing energy and pressure drops at various points in a production system is developed. It analyses the Shearing action as the reservoir fluid flows through formation pores, perforations, tubing, wellhead chokes and the surface flowline. This program determines the best injection points for demulsifier chemicals to ensure their adequate mixing, mobility and strong partitioning at the water-oil interfaces where their actions are needed. This novel approach applies to several well geometry and completions, ranging from open to cased wells. Developed models were tested and validated with real data from a known oilfield in Nigeria. Wellhead and downhole injection (through gas lift valves) appear to be one of the best practicable injection points selected by the program. This selection already considered the current conditions of the field and produced fluid and also the nature of demulsifier chemical in use, in terms of its residence time of action. Results obtained vary with changes in these factors as the reservoir becomes depleted and workover operations are performed.
This paper emphasises the impact of shearing energy and pressure drops on the effectiveness of demulsifier chemicals. Determination of appropriate injection points combats lots of operational and economical problems such as over-treating and re-emulsification. It reduces unnecessary high budgets for demulsifier chemicals as injection rates will be optimized. This paper also discusses the benefits that can be realized by breaking emulsions downhole, and contributes to the existing literature in the design and construction of production chemical injection program for a green field development. The authors anticipate that the new concept of shearing energy analysis presented in this paper would contribute more to improving the technology of chemical-demulsification.
Influencing and Shaping HSE Policy and Practice in Joint Ventures
Authors: Robertson Carl Alan , Tuan Dang Anh , Iversen Martin 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Dedicated focus on Health, Safety and Environmental (HSE) issues is a pre-requisite to successful operations in the Upstream Oil & Gas industry. The welfare of people - employees, contractors and stakeholders - is paramount, while ensuring mechanical integrity and containment and safe operations are critical as well. These issues become more complex in the context of a Joint Venture (JV) or Joint Operating Company (JOC) structure, and may be further complicated when multiple nationalities and corporate cultures are introduced into the mix.
This paper describes the historical safety performance and strategies and actions implemented by the Cuu Long Joint Operating Company (CLJOC) to create a positive HSE culture. CLJOC's exposure data will be broken down into the three major areas: Direct-hire Staff (DS), Operations, Maintenance & Drilling (OM&D) Contractors and Project Management (PM) Contractors. The data will be presented in the context of the growth of the Joint Operating Company and the impact of the Influence Model on the JOC safety performance will be shown.

Changing Industry Trends
Recent trends, driven by resource access challenges, have favored the formation of JV or JOC structures in which National companies have a controlling position. Partners may be other State companies, major public companies or small entrepreneurial organizations. Well established major operators may be involved as minority or non-controlling participants in the JOC's, with their staff acting as mentors in positions of influence without formal authority.
The culture and structure of JV's and JOC's can differ greatly from the typical company as they may employ many nationalities from multiple cultures. Each culture may have a differing perception of risk, with some having a high tolerance and low awareness compared to those which have experienced a more sophisticated safety culture.
JOC's and JV's have independent identities in which participants have influence but no direct organizational control. Participants may have differing (and at times conflicting) priorities and the work and living environments can be a challenge. There is a strong need to maintain corporate governance and adhere to stringent HSE standards as each partner is responsible for the health and welfare of their dependents.

CLJOC Background
The Cuu Long Joint Operating Company was established on October 28, 1998 for the purpose of operating Block 15-1, offshore Vietnam. Co-venturers in Block 15-1 include PetroVietnam Exploration & Production Corp., Ltd., 50.00%, ConocoPhillips (UK) Cuu Long Ltd., 23.25%, Korea National Oil Corp., 14.25%, SK Energy Co. Ltd., 9.00% and Geopetrol Vietnam SA, 3.50%.
Block 15-1 is located at the north end of the Cuu Long basin, about 180km east-southeast of Ho Chi Minh City. Oil was discovered in October 2000 and production began in October 2003; there are now three fields producing on the block.
Introduction to Remotely Operated Vehicle Assisted Subsea Sampling
Authors: Mancini Christopher S. , Turnbull Joshua 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This paper introduces the reasoning, methods, and technology behind using a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) to obtain a sample of production fluids from offshore sub-sea installations. Subsea sampling in this context involves physically delivering equipment to sub-sea installations, connecting to said installations, obtaining a measure of the product in question, and returning said measure of fluid to the surface in a specified condition. Methods and technologies relating to the transport and laboratory analysis of the product once delivered to the surface are examined briefly, but not in great detail. An explanation of why the offshore oil and gas industry is increasingly interested in subsea sampling, and the value it brings to operating companies is presented.

What is Subsea Sampling?
Subsea Sampling is the act of retrieving a measure of production fluid from a subsea installation such as a production tree, manifold, or other junction for the purpose of testing and recording information about said fluid. The quantity and type of fluid that is retrieved depends on the information that is required from the sample. The information retrieved from samples includes but is not limited to chemical composition, pressure volume temperature (PvT) analysis, salinity, and density. The values obtained for the different attributes are used to calibrate subsea multiphase flow meters and manage reservoir production and intervention schedules. Obtaining samples from installations in deep water, 5000 feet or more necessitates the use of remote operated vehicles (ROVs) to carry and manipulate the sample gathering and transport equipment, or the use of down wire tooling packages. The focus of this paper is the former.

Why is Subsea Sampling Performed?
Offshore oil and gas producers perform, or plan to perform subsea sampling for two reasons. The first reason is to support the use of subsea multiphase flow meters. The second reason is gathering data to support reservoir management efforts.