bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neutrophils: key mediators of tumour angiogenesis
Authors: Tazzyman Simon , Lewis Claire E. , Murdoch Craig 
Published: September 2010

SummaryIt is now well known that most malignant tumours contain a significant amount of leucocytic infiltrates the presence of which has, on many occasions, been linked to poor patient prognosis. These leucocyte populations are recruited to tumours by chemotactic factors released by either viable or necrotic tumour cells, or by cells within the tumour stroma. In recent times, most studies have analysed the role that tumour‐associated macrophages (TAM) have on tumour progression. However, there is now increasing evidence to show that neutrophils also actively participate in this process. Whilst there are some data to suggest that neutrophil‐derived factors can promote genetic mutations leading to tumourigenesis, or secrete factors that promote tumour cell proliferation; there is now substantial evidence to show that neutrophils, like TAM, significantly affect tumour angiogenesis. In this review, we discuss the likely mechanisms by which neutrophils are recruited into the tumour and then elaborate on how these cells may induce tumour vascularization by the secretion of powerful pro‐angiogenic factors. We also discuss possible future chemotherapeutic strategies that are aimed at limiting tumour angiogenesis by inhibiting neutrophil recruitment.
Apoptosis, cell proliferation and modulation of cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor p21cip1 in vascular remodelling during vein arterialization in the rat
Authors: Borin Thaiz Ferraz , Miyakawa Ayumi Aurea , Cardoso Leandro , De Figueiredo Borges Luciano , Gonçalves Giovana Aparecida , Krieger Jose Eduardo 
Published: September 2010

SummaryNeo‐intima development and atherosclerosis limit long‐term vein graft use for revascularization of ischaemic tissues. Using a rat model, which is technically less challenging than smaller rodents, we provide evidence that the temporal morphological, cellular, and key molecular events during vein arterialization resemble the human vein graft adaptation. Right jugular vein was surgically connected to carotid artery and observed up to 90 days. Morphometry demonstrated gradual thickening of the medial layer and important formation of neo‐intima with deposition of smooth muscle cells (SMC) in the subendothelial layer from day 7 onwards. Transmission electron microscopy showed that SMCs switch from the contractile to synthetic phenotype on day 3 and new elastic lamellae formation occurs from day 7 onwards. Apoptosis markedly increased on day 1, while α‐actin immunostaining for SMC almost disappeared by day 3. On day 7, cell proliferation reached the highest level and cellular density gradually increased until day 90. The relative magnitude of cellular changes was higher in the intima vs. the media layer (100 vs. 2 times respectively). Cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs) p27Kip1 and p16INKA remained unchanged, whereas p21Cip1 was gradually downregulated, reaching the lowest levels by day 7 until day 90. Taken together, these data indicate for the first time that p21Cip1 is the main CDKI protein modulated during the arterialization process the rat model of vein arterialization that may be useful to identify and validate new targets and interventions to improve the long‐term patency of vein grafts.
High dietary methionine plus cholesterol stimulates early atherosclerosis and late fibrous cap development which is associated with a decrease in GRP78 positive plaque cells
Authors: Zulli Anthony , Hare David L. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryThe role of homocysteine, or its precursor methionine, in the formation of fibrous caps and its association with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is unclear. Homocysteine can stimulate collagen accumulation and upregulate the ER stress chaperone glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78). The aim of this study was to determine if high dietary methionine would increase fibrous caps, and that removal of an atherogenic diet would decrease the amount of ER stressed cells. New Zealand white rabbits were fed for 2, 4, or 12 weeks an atherogenic diet [1% methionine + 0.5% cholesterol (2MC, 4MC or 12MC)]; for 4 or 12 weeks a 0.5% cholesterol diet (4Ch, 12Ch); and to study plaque regression, an MC diet for 2 or 4 weeks accompanied by 10 weeks of a normal diet (2MCr, 4MCr). Endothelial function, atherosclerosis and GRP78 positive cells were studied. Endothelial function was abolished in 4MC and atherosclerosis increased 17‐fold (P < 0.05) compared with 4Ch. Fibrous caps composed 48% of total plaque area in 12MC vs. 10% in 12Ch (P < 0.01), and 12MC expressed less GRP78 plaque cells vs. 12Ch (P < 0.01). Four MCr had less plaque GRP78 cells than 12MC (P < 0.05) and less endothelial GRP78 cells (P < 0.01). In addition, GRP78 positive cells were the highest in 4MC, but decreased in all other groups (P < 0.01). GRP78 positive cells within the fibrous cap inversely correlated with cap size (r2 = 0.9). These studies suggest that high dietary methionine could be beneficial for plaque stabilisation, and a normal diet also stabilises plaque and decreases the number of stressed plaque cells.
Angiogenesis drives psoriasis pathogenesis
Authors: Heidenreich Regina , Röcken Martin , Ghoreschi Kamran 
Published: September 2010

SummaryPsoriasis pathogenesis is closely associated with disease‐inducing Th1 and Th17 cells. Yet, several studies suggest that aberrant keratinocyte or endothelial cell signalling significantly contributes to disease manifestation. Histological hallmarks of psoriatic skin include the infiltration of multiple immune cells, keratinocyte proliferation and increased dermal vascularity. Formation of new blood vessels starts with early psoriatic changes and disappears with disease clearance. Several angiogenic mediators like vascular endothelial growth factor, hypoxia‐inducible factors, angiopoietins and pro‐angiogenic cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)‐8 and IL‐17, are up‐regulated in psoriasis development. Contact‐ and mediator‐dependent factors derived from keratinocytes, mast cells and immune cells may contribute to the strong blood vessel formation of psoriasis. New technologies and experimental models provide new insights into the role of angiogenesis in psoriasis pathogenesis. Interestingly, many therapies target not only immune cells, but also protein structures of endothelial cells. Here we summarize the role of pro‐angiogenic factors in psoriasis development and discuss angiogenesis as a potential target of novel therapies.
Teacher factors associated with innovative curriculum goals and pedagogical practices: differences between extensive and non‐extensive ICT‐using science teachers
Authors: Voogt J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSecond Information Technology in Education Study (SITES) 2006 was an international study about pedagogical practices and the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in math and science classrooms. One of the findings of SITES 2006 was that – across educational systems – a proportion of the math and science teachers in the 22 countries researched in the SITES 2006 study were using ICT extensively and their pedagogy was oriented towards lifelong learning which is considered relevant for the 21st century. Starting from this finding, a secondary analysis has been conducted to explore differences between extensive and non‐extensive ICT‐using science teachers with respect to pedagogical orientation, ICT competencies and professional engagement. Based on selected questions from the SITES 2006 teacher questionnaire, indicators have been developed for these constructs. Differences between the two groups were calculated using simple t‐tests and effect sizes. The findings showed that both groups of science teachers had a pedagogical orientation that reflected traditionally important as well as lifelong learning curriculum goals and practices, but extensive ICT‐using science teachers, much more than their non‐extensive ICT‐using colleagues pursued curriculum goals and practices that are oriented towards lifelong learning. In addition, extensive ICT‐using science teachers appeared more confident about their ICT competencies and felt more professionally engaged; two factors that were also found in other studies to positively relate to a lifelong learning orientation towards teaching and learning.
Renal myxozoanosis in weedy sea dragons, Phyllopteryx taeniolatus (Lacepède), caused by Sinuolinea phyllopteryxa n. sp.
Authors: Garner M M , Atkinson S D , Hallett S L , Bartholomew J L , Nordhausen R W , Reed H , Adams L , Whitaker B 
Published: September 2010

AbstractRenal myxozoanosis was diagnosed histologically in 11 captive, wild caught, adult weedy (common) sea dragons, Phyllopteryx taeniolatus, from three separate public aquaria in the United States. Myxozoan spores were visible in wet mounts of kidney tissue and were associated with renal tubular dilatation and tubular epithelial cell hypertrophy. Light and electron microscopy revealed spore morphology consistent with the genus Sinuolinea. Spores were spheroidal, slightly dorso‐ventrally compressed, length (L) 17.1 × width (W) 16.4 × thickness (T) 15.6 μm, with two shell valves joined at a distinct, sinuous sutural ridge, and had two nearly spherical polar capsules, L 5.5 × W 5.0 μm, with five to seven turns of the polar filament. There were no extra‐valvular ridges or protrusions. DNA sequencing required the design of three new primers that yielded 1740 bp of 18S ribosomal DNA sequence. The parasite was determined to be novel based on morphological and molecular data, and was given the name Sinuolinea phyllopteryxa after its vertebrate host.
Isolation and quantification of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus from ovarian and seminal fluids of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.
Authors: Smail D A , Munro E S 
Published: September 2010

AbstractMethods for the isolation and quantification of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) from ovarian and seminal fluids of Atlantic salmon are described. Both have utility for the non‐lethal detection of IPNV in mature broodstock and for research into vertical transmission. Two experiments are described to check the efficiency of an elution method for the removal of IPNV from milt. The isolation rate for ovarian fluid of females was generally higher than that for seminal fluid of males from the same populations. In IPNV milt mixing experiments up to 99.98% of available IPNV adsorbed to Atlantic salmon spermatozoa and 20–100% of virus eluted using a variety of procedures. Titration of virus from naturally infected milt can be useful in estimating the relative vertical transmission risk from male broodstock.
The influence of salmon surface mucus on the growth of Flavobacterium columnare
Authors: Staroscik A M , Nelson D R 
Published: September 2010

Abstract Flavobacterium columnare is the causative agent of columnaris disease. The presence of lesions on the gills, skin and fins of diseased fish suggests that F. columnare is able to utilize fish skin mucus as a substrate for growth and that exposure to this material would alter the expression of genes involved in the colonization of the outer surfaces of the fish. Growth, biofilm formation, extracellular protease production and changes in protein expression of F. columnare strain C#2 cultured in media supplemented with juvenile Atlantic salmon skin mucus were compared with the same media without mucus. C#2 was able to grow by using mucus as the sole nutrient source. Growth in mucus‐containing media induced cells to grow as a biofilm and extracellular protease activity increased in mucus‐containing cultures. SDS‐PAGE protein profiles showed that expression of six extracellular proteins increased in mucus‐containing media. These results demonstrate that salmon surface mucus promotes the growth of F. columnare and that exposure to mucus alters the growth characteristics of this bacterium with regard to protease production and biofilm formation. Further characterization of mucus‐induced physiological changes will increase our understanding of the basis of virulence of this economically important fish pathogen.
Vaccination of turbot, Psetta maxima (L.), against the protozoan parasite Philasterides dicentrarchi: effects on antibody production and protection
Authors: Sanmartín M L , Paramá A , Castro R , Cabaleiro S , Leiro J , Lamas J , Barja J L 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe efficacy of a vaccine against the fish pathogen Philasterides dicentrarchi was evaluated in turbot by measuring the production of specific antibodies and duration of protection. Four groups of turbot were vaccinated twice, on days 0 and 30, with phosphate‐buffered saline, mineral oil adjuvant, antigen or antigen plus adjuvant. Specific serum antibodies were determined on day 0 and 1 month after the first and the second vaccinations. Protection was evaluated 1 month after the first vaccination and 1 and 5 months after the second vaccination. Serum antibody titres, measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and protection, assessed by challenges, increased significantly 1 month after the second vaccination in the group injected with antigen plus adjuvant and the protection lasted for at least a further 5 months in this group. The relative protection was 77% and 66% 1 and 5 months after the second vaccination, respectively. Administration of antigen or adjuvant separately had no effect on antibody response or protection. The results indicate that emulsion containing antigen plus adjuvant induced durable protection against P. dicentrarchi after the administration of the two vaccinations, and that this preparation can be used as a vaccine against the pathogen.
Risk of malnutrition in a sample of acute and long‐stay NHS Fife in‐patients: an audit
Authors: Ruxton C. H. S. , Gordon J. , Kirkwood L. , McMillan B. , Ryan E. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground  Hospital malnutrition (undernutrition) continues to attract concern. The implementation of standards for food and fluids in Scotland provided the stimulus for an audit of current practices in NHS Fife hospitals in order to provide baseline data with which to evaluate progress.Methods  One hundred and fifty in‐patients were recruited from wards likely to yield those with a high risk of malnutrition. Using patient records and anthropometry, data were collected on weight, weight change, body mass index (BMI), mid‐upper‐arm circumference (MUAC), dietetic referral, therapeutic diets and patients’ perceptions of nutritional status. Malnutrition was estimated by comparing BMI, weight change and MUAC with the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) and standards published by the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN).Results  Depending upon the standard used, the minimum risk of malnutrition varied from 14 to 25%. The prevalence was lower than that reported previously, although methods were not directly comparable. Obesity was also evident with 42% of patients having a BMI > 25. Mean weight change from admission to audit was +0.4 kg, with a wide range (−11 kg to +13 kg). Most patients identified as malnourished were referred to the dietitian or given nutritional support.Conclusions  Fewer patients were at risk of malnutrition than expected. However, improving the provision of food and fluids remains a priority in Fife as malnutrition and eating problems can occur across the entire BMI spectrum.
Qualitative similarities in cognitive impairment associated with 24 h of sustained wakefulness and a blood alcohol concentration of 0.05%
Authors: Falleti Marina G. , Maruff Paul , Collie Alexander , Darby David G. , McStephen Michael 
Published: September 2010

SummaryPrevious studies that have quantified fatigue‐related cognitive impairment as blood alcohol concentration (BAC) equivalents have been limited by two issues: the effect of practice on tests of cognition and, more importantly, the statistic used to quantify change in cognitive performance. The current study addressed these issues by adopting an ABACA design, which allowed for the adequate control of practice effects, and by using effect size metrics, which enabled direct comparisons to be made in performance impairments as a result of fatigue (i.e. sustained wakefulness of 24 h) and alcohol (i.e. BAC of 0.05%). Cognitive performance under the fatigue and alcohol conditions required the use of the CogStateTM battery. It was demonstrated that fatigue caused greater impairment than alcohol on the speed of continuous attention and memory and learning, and on the accuracy of complex matching. Alcohol was more detrimental than fatigue only on the accuracy of memory and learning. Performances on the remaining tasks were the same for both the fatigue and alcohol conditions. These differences and similarities in performance impairment are discussed emphasizing the deleterious cognitive effects of relatively short periods of sustained wakefulness.
The Social Vole Microtus socialis in the Near East
Authors: Kryštufek B. , Kefelioǧlu H. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe Social Vole Microtus socialis differs from non‐socialis voles from Iran by its smaller size and relatively broader inter‐orbital region. Discriminant Function Analysis based on 14 cranial measurements classified all Iranian specimens into their actual group (i.e. socialis or non‐socialis). A dotted distribution map of M. socialis is provided for Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq and Iran. Isolated records from Khorassan and Fars, both in Iran, are discussed. Inter‐locality variations were significant in dimensions of the tooth‐row, diastema, rostrum, bullae and braincase breadth. The postero‐internal loop of the second upper molar was either absent or rare; only in voles from Lebanon and Syria was the incidence of this morphotype observed in about one‐third of the specimens. Marginal populations seemed to be morphologically most distant.
Upper gastrointestinal motility changes following spinal cord injury
Authors: Gondim F. A. A. , De Oliveira G. R. , Thomas F. P. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract  Spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with severe autonomic dysfunction in both the acute and chronic phases. Upper gastrointestinal (GI) motor dysfunction has been previously reported in humans and rats. Gastric emptying (GE) of a solid meal – as measured by the [13C]‐octanoic acid breath test – is delayed in the first 3 weeks after either spinal cord transection (SCT) or contusion (SCC) in rats. This is one of the main findings of a new paper by Qualls‐Creekmore et al. in the current issue of this journal. Previous studies in rats only reported impairment of GE, intestinal and GI transit of liquid after SCI, but the authors observed that the delay of the GE of solid was more prominent after SCT than SCC. Recovery of the delay of GE of solid occurred at 6 weeks after SCC, but not after SCT. However, gastric motility changes persisted despite the functional normalization of the GE in rats with SCC. Bowel dysfunction is a major physical and psychological burden for SCI patients. Collaborative efforts, like the development of international standards to evaluate autonomic function after SCI will likely clarify the mechanisms of dysfunction and lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies.
Failure of nude (athymic) rats to become resistant to reinfection with the intestinal coccidian parasite Eimeria nieschulzi or the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis
Authors: ROSE M. ELAINE , OGILVIE BRIDGET M. , HESKETH PATRICIA , FESTING M. F. W. 
Published: September 2010

Summary The course of each of three successive infections with Eimeria nieschulzi in nude (athymic) rats was the same as the primary infection in nu/+ animals, with the production of more oocysts. This indicates that resistance to reinfection with this parasite is mediated by T lymphocytes but that these cells do not control the duration of the life cycle, since oocyst production was not prolonged in the nu/nu rats.After the three infections with E. nieschulzi, the rats were exposed twice to the intestinal nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, and the nu/nu were completely susceptible even to the second infection. Egg production by both infections in the nu/ nu animals was similar and continued at a high plateau level for 28 days before falling to a low level. It appears that the strain of N. brasiliensis used in this study is unable to sustain high egg production for more than 4 weeks in T cell deficient rats.
Lymphocyte, antibody and cytokine responses during concurrent infections between helminths that selectively promote T‐helper‐1 or T‐helper‐2 activity
Authors: HEŘMÁEK J. , GOYAL P.K. , WAKELIN D. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYThe injuence of Trichinella spiralis on infections with Trichuris murk was studied in non‐responder B10. BR mice. Mice infectedonly with T. muris were unable to expel parasites and had many adult worms 35 days later. Infection with 300 larvae of T. spiralis, given seven or 14 (but not 28) days after T. muris, enabled mice to expel up to 90% of T. muris; expulsion of T. spiralis was not altered. Concurrently infected mice produced less T. murisspecijic IgG2a antibody than mice infected with T. muris only, andshowed higher proliferative responses when spleen and mesenteric lymph node cells were cultured in vitro with T. murk antigens. When T. spiralis was present mucosal mast cells were generated in T. muris‐infected mice, whereas almost no mast cells were seen with only T. muris. Lymphocytes from doubly‐infected mice produced significantly more interleukin 4 and 5 (IL‐4, IL‐5) and significantly less interferon‐gamma (IFN‐y) when stimulated in vitro with Concanavalin A (Con‐A) than cells from mice infected with T. murk only. These data demonstrate that BI0.BR mice, which in single infections produce a Thl response to T. muris and develop no protective immunity, can mount a protective T‐helper‐2 (Th2) response and expel T. murk when concurrently infected with the ‘Th2 inducing’ nematode T. spiralis.
Immunologic activity of schistosomal and bacterial TLR2 ligands in Gabonese children
Authors: RETRA K. , VAN RIET E. , ADEGNIKA A. A. , EVERTS B. , VAN GEEST S. , KREMSNER P. G. , VAN HELLEMOND J. J. , VAN DER KLEIJ D. , TIELENS A. G. M. , YAZDANBAKHSH M. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARY Schistosomes carry lipid moieties that interact with the immune system. To understand the consequence of interactions in terms of polarizing the cytokine profiles, the effect of two Toll‐like receptor‐2 (TLR2) activating schistosomal lipid fractions was studied on whole blood from Gabonese children living in a schistosomiasis endemic area. One fraction contained lysophosphatidylserine [monoacylglycerophosphoserine (lysoGPSer)] plus diacylphosphatidylserine [diacylglycerophosphoserine (GPSer)] while the other contained lysoGPSer and only a trace of GPSer. The effect of these schistosomal lipid fractions was compared with the known bacterial TLR2 ligands PAM3CSK4 and MALP‐2. PAM3CSK4 and MALP‐2 had preferential IL‐10‐activating capacities, while the fraction containing lysoGPSer plus GPSer had a strong TNF‐α‐inducing capacity. The fraction containing lysoGPSer was neutral with respect to pro‐ vs. anti‐inflammatory effects. When Th1 and Th2 cytokines were analysed, the schistosomal lipid fraction containing lysoGPSer plus GPSer showed a stronger Th2 response compared to PAM3CSK4, MALP‐2 and lysoGPSer alone. Therefore, the study indicates that not only TLR2 ligands derived from bacteria or from parasites can generate distinct cytokine profiles but also that the composition of lipid entities reaching the immune system can be important in leading to different immune outcomes. This information may be important for exploitation of immune modulatory molecules.