bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uptake of adenosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate and isoproterenol by filarial parasites
Authors: Masood Khalid , Srivastava V. M. L. , Singh D. P. , Chatterjee R. K. , Sen A. B. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe filarial parasitesLitomosoides cariniiandDipetalonema viteaeboth show transcuticular uptake of adenosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate but isoproterenol is taken up byD. viteaeonly. The importance of this difference is discussed from the point of view of metabolic regulation. Inhibition of uptake by lectins indicates the involvement of surface sugar moieties in the transport processes.
Diagnostic Mr31/32 000 Schistosoma mansoni proteins (Sm31/32): Reaction with sera from Sudanese patients infected with S. mansoni or S. haematobium
Authors: Idris Mohamed A. , Ruppel Andreas 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTSera of Sudanese patients with active infections of Schistosoma mansoni or S. haematobium were tested in immunoblots for their reactivity with Mr31/32 000 proteins of adult S. mansoni (Sm31/32). All sera from patients with intestinal (n=123) and all but one from those with urinary schistosomiasis (n=35) had antibodies against Sm31/32. These and additional data suggest that both specificity and sensitivity of Sm31/32 to detect schistosome infections are close to 100%. Antibodies against these proteins developed also in monkeys after experimental infection with S. haematobium. Sm31/32 antigens reacted in immunoblots as a doublet with most S. haematobium-patient sera and as a broad band with many S. mansoni-sera suggesting that at least two components are present in the molecular weight region of Mr31/32 000. The data demonstrate the potential use of Sm31/32 from adult worms to diagnose patients with intestinal or urinary schistosomiasis in endemic areas.
Differential recoveries from faecal cultures of larvae of some gastro-intestinal nematodes of cattle
Authors: Berrie D. A. , East I. J. , Bourne A. S. , Bremner K. C. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTFaecal cultures were established using bovine faeces containing known numbers of eggs from either Oesophagostomum radiatum, Haemonchus placei, Cooperia pectinata or a mixture of all three. A substantially greater percentage of larvae was recovered from cultures of O. radiatum and C. pectinata than was recovered from cultures of H. placei. The same pattern was observed in mixed cultures although yields of larvae from all species in mixed cultures were significantly reduced (p<0·001). The lower recovery of H. placei was not associated with a lower viability of H. placei eggs. Of the three different methods of harvesting larvae, the jar and mesh recovery technique was the least effective and significantly fewer larvae were recovered with this technique than with the Baermann and inversion techniques (p<0·05). The results are discussed with reference to the use of faecal culture and larval differentiation in the diagnosis of mixed species nematode infections of cattle.
Dracunculus insignis: experimental infection in the ferret,Mustela putorius furo
Authors: Eberhard M. L. , Ruiz-Tiben E. , Wallace S. V. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe laboratory study of dracunculiasis has suffered from the lack of a suitable, readily available animal model. We have been able to experimentally infect ferrets,Mustela putorius furo, with the North American dracunculid,Dracunculus insignis. Ferrets were inoculated with 75 to 100 infective larvae and were necropsied 90 to 240 days later. Guinea worms were recovered from 10 (56%) of 18 ferrets. A total of 44 worms were recovered, for an average of 4.4 worms per infected ferret. Gravid female worms were recovered as early as 128 days postinoculation. Thirteen (87%) of 15 gravid female worms were recovered from the extremities. Living male worms were recovered at 200 days of age, indicating that not all male worms die shortly after mating. First-stage larvae recovered from gravid females as early as 200 days of age were found to be infective to the copepod.Acanthocyclops vernalis. These observations suggest that the ferret is an excellent laboratory animal for dracunculiasis research.
Effective pretreatment by cysteine proteinase inhibitor for improved analysis of protein components of trematodes on SDS-PAGE
Authors: Itoh M. , Sato S. , Moriyama A. , Sasaki M. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTSince Fasciola sp. contained proteolytic enzyme(s), it was confirmed that degradation took place in protein components in extracts of the liver flukes, which resulted in lack of clarity of sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Degradation was shown to occur mostly during a heating process of the extract samples. The proteolytic activity in the extracts was completely blocked and electrophoretic patterns were improved only by the use of cysteine proteinase inhibitor N-[N-(L-3-trans-carboxyoxiran-2-carbonyl)-L-leucyl]-agmatine (E-64). Great improvement was also noted in electrophoretic patterns of the extracts of other trematodes, such as Paragonimus westermani, P. miyazakii and Clonorchis sinensis, when their extracts were treated with E-64.
Effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) on the incorporation of32P-inorganic phosphate into phospholipids inHymenolepis diminuta(Cestoda)
Authors: Ip Y. K. , Khan M. M. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) (1, 2 and 5 mM) significantly stimulated the incorporation of radioactive inorganic phosphate (32Pi) into phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidyiethanolamine, phosphatidic acid and also total phospholipid fraction ofHymenolepis diminutaafter one hour of incubation. Such effect was both time and concentration dependent. In the presence of 5-HT early labelling of phosphatidylinositol was observed. Also, the percentage stimulation by 5-HT was the highest in this fraction under all experimental conditions. The inorganic, organic, total and phosphatidylcholine-bound phosphate ofH. diminutaincubated with 5-HT were not significantly different from those of the control under all incubation conditions. Results reported herein suggest that messenger molecules that are derived from phosphoinositides may be involved in the stimulatory mechanism of 5-HT inH. diminuta.
Variation in the morphology of the dorsal and dorso-lateral tegument of male Schistosoma haematobium from southern Africa
Authors: Kruger F. J. , Wolmarans C. T. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe teguments of Schistosoma haematobium males from three localities in the Eastern Transvaal and one in the eastern Caprivi were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy. Eastern Transvaal S. haematobium, which occurs sympatrically with S. mattheei, a bovine schistosome also infecting man and which hybridizes with S. haematobium, exhibited certain S. mattheei characteristics. The occurrence of these characteristics were neither related to the prevalence of human S. mattheei infections nor could they be attributed exclusively to phenotypic plasticity. The variation therefore may be geographical and possibly related to the phylogeny of the two species.
On an infection of a human eye with Parastrongylus (=Angiostrongylus) sp. in Sri Lanka
Authors: Durette-Desset M.-C. , Chabaud A. G. , Cassim M. H. S. , Ismail M. M. , Premaratne U. N. , Abeyewickreme W. , Dissanaike A. S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA metastrongyle worm extracted from the anterior chamber of the right eye of a patient in Sri Lanka belongs to the genus Parastrongylus and probably to a yet undescribed species, related to P. cantonensis well known to infect man. It is mostly a parasite of rodents, wandering in man and unadapted to this host. Evidence for this lack of adaptation are that the specimen is undergoing necrosis (teratological specimen) and is located in an organ with little immunological defences.
Studies on the karyotype and gametogenesis in Trichuris muris
Authors: Špakulová M. , Králová I. , Cutillas C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe cytological study of males and females of Trichuris muris (Schrank, 1788) revealed the diploid number of chromosomes to be 2n=6. The sex determining mechanism was XX♀/XY♂. All the chromosomes were subtelocentric. Sex chromosomes formed the smallest pair, but X and Y were difficult to distinguish morphologically. Chromosome changes during gametogenesis in both sexes followed a classical pattern except in the male prophase and metaphase I. Four male autosomes formed two bivalents, each with one proximal chiasma with strict localization, while sex chromosomes X and Y formed two univalents. Female chromosomes formed three rod bivalents type, which possessed three, two and two chiasmata.
Rhythmicity of egg production by Heligmosomoides polygyrus in wild wood mice, Apodemus sylvaticus
Authors: Brown E.D. , Macdonald D.W. , Tew T.E. , Todd I.A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe rhythmicity of egg production by Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Nematoda) in wild caught wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) was studied. Faecal production followed a 24 h cycle, with peaks at 0400 h and troughs at 1300–1900 h. The patterns in eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) and total eggs were similar to each other, though the former was more accentuated. Both of these followed a 24 h cycle, with peaks coinciding with troughs in faecal production and vice versa. Faecal weight was inversely correlated with EPG, but was not significantly correlated with total eggs. The pattern in EPG presumably reflected the effect of faecal production on the total eggs excreted in each 3 h period. The observed cycle in total eggs probably describes the pattern of egg production by the worm, although other factors, such as the host's intestinal rhythms, may contribute to this cycle.
The differentiation of parasitic nematodes using random amplified polymorphic DNA
Authors: Chacón M.R. , Rodriguez E. , Parkhouse R.M.E. , Burrows P.R. , Garate T. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractDNA from species and races of plant parasitic nematodes (Meloidogyne, Globodera and Heterodera) and a human parasitic nematode (Trichinella) were subjected to polymerase chain reaction amplification using one arbitrary primer (M-10). This technique results in relatively simple DNA profiles that include polymorphic markers known as random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPDs). The RAPD profiles of the plant nematode species of Meloidogyne made possible the identification of M. incognita and M. hapla, but no differences were found between the patterns of M. javanica, M. arenaria and M. graminicola. Moreover, the four races of M. incognita were indistinguishable by this primer. In contrast, when races of the plant nematode Globodera rostochiensis (Ro1 and Ro2/3) were studied under the same RAPDs conditions, a race specific profile allows these two most devastating races to be differentiated. When DNAs of eight Trichinella isolates were subjected to RAPD studies, four different patterns were identified, corresponding to the four Trichinella clusters previously defined by isozyme polymorphism.
Investigation into the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in the Agulu Lake area of Anambra State, Nigeria
Authors: Emejulu A.C. , Alabaronye F.F. , Ezenwaji H.M.G. , Okafor F.C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn epidemiological surveys for urinary schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma haematobium in communities around Agulu Lake, Anambra State, Nigeria, between 1990 and 1992, the infection was found to be endemic in the area, especially in three towns: Nri, Agulu, and Adazi Nnukwu. The prevalence rates varied between these communities and with the year. Inter-town prevalence rates ranged from 5.96% to 54.00%. Intravillage prevalence rates ranged between 5.50% to 96.43%. Prevalence rates were highest in villages very close to Agulu lake. There was no significant difference in prevalence between the schools. Host age, but not sex, was found to play a significant role in prevalence and intensity of infection. There was also a strong correlation between visible haematuria and egg count per 10 ml urine, but eggs could be isolated in urine samples of different shades of coloration. Analysis of incidence of infection in these communities shows that Schistosoma haematobium incidence is high in Nri (55.17%) and low at Adazi Nnukwu (5.26%). Both Bulinus globosus and B. truncatus were found in the lake and both shed mammalian bifid schistosome cercariae.
An attempt to implement the nematode-trapping fungus Duddingtonia flagrans in biological control of trichostrongyle infections of first year grazing calves
Authors: Wolstrup J. , Grønvold J. , Henriksen S.A. , Nansen P. , Larsen M. , Bøgh H.O. , Ilsøe B. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAn attempt was made to control Ostertagia ostertagi by feeding the nematode-trapping fungus Duddingtonia flagrans (DSM 6703) to grazing calves. One group of calves (group E) was fed the fungal material in the first two months of the grazing season while another group was a non-treated control group (group C). Group E showed significantly lower faecal egg count in August and September. On four occasions in July and September, the herbage larval counts were significantly lower on the plot with the fungal-treated group than those recorded on the control plot. The average abomasal larval and adult worm counts were significantly reduced in August in group E and the average total worm count in the abomasum of group E was reduced by 87% in August compared to the non-treated group C. In October, the difference in average abomasal worm counts between group E and C was insignificant. Due to weight loss at the end of the grazing season, the control group showed a significantly lower average weight increase.
Echinococcus granulosus: observations on strobilar development in in vitro monophasic culture
Authors: Gordo F. Ponce , Bandera C. Cuesta 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe in vitro cultivation technique of Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces usually states the necessity of a biphasic medium with a solid protein substrate for strobilar development to take place; otherwise, in a monophasic medium, protoscoleces follow a vesicular development. However, in some monocphasic cultures, the development of several strobilate individuals (in different quantities and stages of development, depending on the culture) were observed. The only known diference form cultures made previously and snice, where the development was vesicular, was the batch of foetal calf serum used in the constitution of the liquid medium, and this is presumed to be the cause of this unexpected strobilar development.
Presence of Pomphorhynchus laevis in Salamandra salamandra
Authors: Veith M. , Erpelding G. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractInfection of Salamandra salamandra larvae (Amphibia: Urodela) with the fish acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus laevis was detected in a fish-free mountain brook. Gammarus fossarum was found to be the intermediate host. The parasites were probably inadvertently introduced through fish breeding practices. Evidence was obtained that Pomphorhynchus laevis persists, at least for several months, in postmetamorphic fire salamanders.
The diagnostic value of haematuria and proteinuria in Schistosoma haematobium infection in southern Nigeria
Authors: Nwaorgu O. C. , Anigbo E. U. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTHaematuria and proteinuria as detected by chemical reagent strips correlated moderately (r=0·7) with prevalence and intensity of infection with Schistosoma haematobium in an area of Anambra State, Nigeria. Differences attributable to age and sex were also reflected in a similar pattern, all peaks occurring in the 5–14 year age group. The differences observed with varying levels of intensity and haematuria at both 10 and 50 erythrocytes/μl (p<0·001) and proteinuria at 0·3 g/dl (p<0·01) were statistically significant. At a proteinuria level of 1 g/dl, the observed differences were however not statistically significant (p>0·5). The percentage of specimens from children (1–14 years) positive for S. haematobium eggs and with at least traces of haematuria and proteinuria (63·4% and 95%, respectively) was higher than in adults (33·3% and 80·2%, respectively). All individuals with more than 50 eggs/10 ml of urine were correctly identified using both indices either separately or in combination. For egg counts of less than 50 egg/10 ml of urine, false diagnosis occurred in only 5% of all specimens examined. The sensitivity and specificity of haematuria and proteinuria at trace quantities was very high, hut haematuria had a higher predictive value for a positive test (PvPt) and was considered the overall better indicator. A combination of both indices did not significantly increase the PvPt. When trace haematuria and moderate proteinuria were combined, both the sensitivity, specificity and PvPt were all above 90%, giving the best overall values in all the combinations made.
The effects of crowding on adults of Philophthalmus nocturnus grown in domestic chicks
Authors: Swarnakumari V. G. M. , Madhavi R. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe effects of crowding on growth, reproduction, rate of recovery and site of infection of Philophthalmus nocturnus were investigated by infecting various groups of day-old chicks with 25, 50,75, or 100 excysted metacercariae and examining them at 10 or 25 days post-infection. Considerable reduction in the body length and the size of the gonads was noticed in flukes grown under crowded conditions. Crowding also caused some change in the habitat of flukes, but had no effect on their rate of recovery. Very few flukes reached the ovigerous stage under overcrowded conditions and none reached the embryonated larval stage.
Immunodiagnosis of human trichinellosis using excretory-secretory (ES) antigen
Authors: Mahannop Pakpimol , Chaicumpa Wanpen , Setasuban Prasert , Morakote Nimit , Tapchaisri Pramuan 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTInfective first stage larvae ofTrichinella spiraliswere recovered from muscles of laboratory infected mice by digesting the muscles with 1% HC1–1% pepsin and collecting the larvae by modified Baerman's method. The larvae were cultivated in a serum-free medium for 18 h. The ES antigen obtained from the culture medium was used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting IgG antibodies toT. spiralisin serum samples collected from three groups of individuals. The individuals of the first group were parasitologically confirmed trichinellosis patients, while those of group 2 were patients with other helminthiasis and group 3 were healthy, parasite-free individuals. The specificity of the assay was 100%. The sensitivity of the test was also 100% when performed on sera of group I collected at days 57 and 120 after infection. Sera collected earlier (day 23) and those collected 700 days after infection had negligible reactivity. Thus IgG-ELISA using ES antigen of the L1was useful not only for diagnosis but also in evaluation of cure. Western blot analysis revealed that specific antigens ofT. spiraliswere 94, 67, 63, and 39 kilodalton components.
In vitro excystment of the metacercaria of Cryptocotyle concavum from the common goby Pomatoschistus microps
Authors: El-Mayas H. , Kearn G.C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe metacercaria of the heterophyid digenean Cryptocotyle concavum (Creplin, 1825) Lühe 1899, as seen by light and transmission electron microscopy, from the common goby (Pomatoschistus microps) is enclosed within a rigid cyst wall composed of four layers of parasite origin surrounded by a host-derived capsule. The encysted parasite contains anterior glands with secretion-filled ducts opening at the anterior extremity of the ‘head’. Excystment in vitro occurred most readily at 40–42°C on treatment with alkaline bile salts following pretreatment with acid pepsin. After 1 min in pepsin, the metacercaria became intermittently active, periods of rotation lasting 1–3 sec alternating with quiescent periods of 20–40 sec. Metacercariae excysted, some in less than 1 min, after transfer to bile salts. The metacercaria emerged through a hole, which appeared in the cyst wall at the site of application of the ‘head’ of the parasite. Some of the anterior gland ducts of excysted metacercariae were empty, indicating that their secretions are involved in penetrating the cyst wall. Following pretreatment in acid pepsin, no excystment occurred in EBSS (Earle's balanced salt solution) ranging in pH from 2.0 to 4.0, but above pH 4.0, excystment increased, reaching a maximum between pH 7.5 and 8.5. Pepsin and bile salts were not essential for excystment and metacercariae emerged, although less readily, in alkaline EBSS with or without acid EBSS pretreatment. Some emerged in distilled water with no pretreatment. Although no excystment occurred in acid pepsin or in EBSS at pH 2.0 and already-excysted metacercariae were rapidly killed by acid (pH 2.0), acid pepsin pretreatment enhanced excystment in alkaline bile salts.
Trichinellainfections in arctic foxes from Greenland: studies and reflections on predilection sites of muscle larvae
Authors: Kapel C.M.O. , Henriksen S.A. , Berg T.B. , Nansen P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractStudies were carried out to determine the predilection sites ofTrichinella nativamuscle larvae in arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) caught in Greenland. The highest number of larvae per gram of tissue was found in the muscles of the eyes and the legs. With regard to predilection sites no significant differences were demonstrated either between age groups or between foxes with high and low total parasite burdens. Predilection sites were comparable with those recorded earlier in experimentally infected caged foxes and in other carnivorous species. Hypotheses on predilection sites ofTrichinellamuscle larvae are discussed.
The effect of temperature on infection, development and reproduction of heterorhabditids
Authors: Mason J.M. , Hominick W.M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe effect of temperature on infection, development and reproduction of five Heterorhabditis isolates was examined in Galleria mellonella larvae. Infectivity was examined at six temperatures (5,10, 15,20,25 and 30°C). The proportion of Galleria infected remained relatively constant, only dropping at extremes of the temperature range tested. However, the mean number of nematodes per host produced a different trend, with each isolate displaying optimal infectivity at 25°C. The temperature range over which the juveniles could infect differed between the isolates. This is thought to be related to the geographic origins of the species. Development and reproduction occurred over a slightly narrower temperature range than that allowing infection to occur. Differences between the isolates at which development and reproduction occurred were noted. There were also differences in the mean number of juveniles produced per cadaver following either infection in sand (10 nematodes/larva) or the injection of one juvenile per larva, suggesting that reproduction is tightly regulated by density-dependent constraints.
Histological and histochemical studies on the paraoesophageal glands in cercariae and metacercariae of Echinostoma revolutum and E. trivolvis
Authors: Humphries J.E. , Fried B. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractHistological and histochemical studies were made on the excysted metacercariae and cercariae of Echinostoma revolutum and E. trivolvis. The paraoesophageal glands of the cercariae of both echinostome species stained positively with the intravital dyes, neutral red and nile blue sulphate. The paraoesophageal glands of excysted metacercariae of E. revolutum did not display positive staining with the intravital dyes. Some excysted metacercariae of E. trivolvis displayed positive staining of the paraoesophageal glands, while others displayed either a negative reaction or reduced staining. The lack of staining with intravital dyes, of paraoesophageal glands of excysted metacercariae of E. revolutum, suggests that the glands play a role in either the final stages of encystment, or in excystation in E. revolutum.