bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of the Oxidation Stability of Biodiesel Using a Modified Karl Fischer Apparatus
Authors: Jain Siddharth , Sharma M. P. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractOxidative stability is an important parameter in the characterisation of fats and oils. The determination of this parameter with a Rancimat apparatus is very costly. The alternative modified Karl Fischer (KF) apparatus works on the same principle as the Rancimat, i.e., a conductivity based determination of volatile degradation products and automatic plotting of the conductivity against time. The apparatuses were compared by taking five different samples of methyl esters at different temperature ranges. The results indicate that the modified KF apparatus can be used for the determination of oxidation stability of biodiesel with comparable values of sensitivity, repeatability and reproducibility.
Treatment outcome in the most severely affected Legg-Perthes patients, comparing prolonged traction in abduction with femoral varus derotation treatment
Authors: Wagenaar F. B. M. , Maathuis C. G. B. , van Erve R. H. G. P. 
Published: December 2010

Purpose Compare conservative and operative treatment in the most severely affected Legg-Perthes disease patients. Methods 29 patients (14 conservative and 15 operative) with 32 affected hips (16 conservative and 16 operative) were evaluated, all Catterall 3 or 4. The conservative group, with a median age-at-onset of 4.8 (range, 2.5–9.5) years, was treated by a rigorous regime of traction in abduction for an average of two years. Follow-up was performed at a median of 28.6 (range, 17.4–31.6) years with a median patient age of 34.1 (range, 19.9–39.3) years. The operative group, with a median age-at-onset of 4.7 (range, 2.0–7.8) years, was treated by femoral varus derotation osteotomy. Follow-up was performed at a median of 14 (range, 8–21.4) years, with a median patient age of 20.7 (range, 12.8–28) years. Results Median age-at-onset ( P = 0.16) and Catterall classification ( P = 0.29) were comparable. No differences could be found for the Stulberg classification ( P = 0.83), functional parameters (Harris Hip score and Merle d'Aubigné and Postel), and leg–length differences. Career choices were similar for both patient groups, as well. Conclusions Given methodological issues, femoral varus derotation osteotomy did not show apparent better results than the conservative containment regime in Catterall 3 and 4 patients with a median age-at-onset around 4.8 years. This result is fairly similar to recent literature suggesting a conservative approach in most severely affected patients with a young age-at-onset. However, based on unacceptable socioeconomic issues, the conservative regime evaluated in the present study cannot be justified, nowadays.
Statistical approaches for reconstructing neuro-cognitive dynamics from high-dimensional neural recordings
Authors: Durstewitz D. , Balaguer-Ballester E. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Recent advances in multiple single-unit re­cording and optical imaging techniques now routinely enable observation of the activi­ty from tens to hundreds of neurons simulta­neously. The result is high-dimensional mul­tivariate time series which offer an unprece­dented range of possibilities for gaining in­sight into the detailed spatio-temporal neu­ral dynamics underlying cognition. For in­stance, they may pave the way for reliable single-trial analyses, for investigating the role of higher-order correlations in neural coding, the mechanisms of neural ensemble forma­tion, or more generally of transitions among attractor states accompanying cognitive pro­cesses. At the same time, exploiting the infor­mation in these multivariate time series may require more sophisticated statistical meth­ods beyond the commonly employed rep­ertoire. Here we review, using specific ex­perimental examples, some of these meth­ods for visualizing structure in high-dimen­sional data sets, for statistical inference about the apparent structure, for single-trial analy­sis of neural time series, and for reconstruct­ing some of the dynamical properties of neu­ral systems that can only be inferred from si­multaneous recordings.
Do parents and peers matter? A prospective socio‐ecological examination of substance use and sexual risk among African American youth
Authors: Elkington Katherine S. , Bauermeister José A. , Zimmerman Marc A. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTWe examined the direct contribution of parent and peer risk and promotive factors on youth condom use trajectories, in addition to the indirect influence of these factors via youth's substance use over four years in a sample of urban, African American youth (N = 679; 51% female; M = 14.86 years; SD = 0.65). Growth curve modeling was used to estimate changes in substance use and sexual risk across adolescence and test their association with parent and peer factors. Parent and peer risk factors were strongly associated with increasing substance use as youth aged. Substance use and condom use were interrelated. Parent and peer risk factors were indirectly associated with youth condom use; parent and peer promotive factors were directly associated with condom use, after accounting for substance use. Findings suggest the value of considering multiple influences on youth risk behavior.
Newly discovered parasitic Turbellaria of opisthobranch gastropods
Authors: Sudo Kosuke , Hirano Yoshiaki J. , Hirano Yayoi M. 
Published: December 2010

An endoparasitic platyhelminth from six species of sacoglossan opisthobranchs was collected at several localities of temperate to subtropical waters in Japan. Poecilostomatoid copepods (all species of Splanchnotrophidae and several species of Philoblennidae) and a few digenean flukes had been the only endoparasitic metazoans known for opisthobranch hosts. The newly discovered parasite was 1 to 15 mm in length and had no eyes, mouth, pharynx, or intestine. It had no external organs for parasitic life (e.g. attachment organs) and inhabited the haemocoel of the host. When mature, it emerged from the host and secreted a silky substance around itself to form a cocoon. The cocoon contained egg capsules with 19–42 eggs. Larvae, hatched from the capsule, had a ciliated body and a pair of eye spots. They were negatively phototactic and capable of invading suitable hosts. These morphological and life history features suggest this parasitic worm may belong to the family Fecampiidae (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria), one of a few obligate parasite taxa in Turbellaria. Molluscan hosts which are common for parasitic Platyhelminthes have not previously been known for this family. The newly discovered parasite may be important for understanding the evolution of parasitism in Platyhelminthes.
Outbreak of acute gastroenteritis caused by adenovirus type 41 in a kindergarten
Authors: GONÇALVES G. , GOUVEIA E. , MESQUITA J. R. , ALMEIDA A. , RIBEIRO A. , ROCHA-PEREIRA J. , SÃO JOSÉ NASCIMENTO M. 
Published: December 2010

SUMMARYIn response to an alert due to epidemic gastroenteritis in children in a kindergarten, an outbreak investigation was carried out in a Portuguese municipality. The objectives were to establish an aetiological diagnosis, assess vaccine efficacy if possible, and to take corrective measures if necessary. The warden at the kindergarten was interviewed, and we visited the premises. The overall attack rate was 11·4% and most cases were mild. Stool samples from three symptomatic children were collected and screened for the presence of noroviruses, rotaviruses and adenoviruses. High vaccination coverage against rotaviruses was recorded in children aged <2 years. We initially thought that noroviruses and rotaviruses were more likely to have been the aetiological cause of the disease, but the outbreak was caused by infection with adenovirus 41. These viruses should not be overlooked in the laboratory protocol in the study of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks.
Epidemiological changes in hepatitis B prevalence in an entire population after 20 years of the universal HBV vaccination programme
Authors: SHEN L. P. , ZHANG Y. , WANG F. , ZHANG S. , YANG J. Y. , FANG K. X. , YU T. , WANG X. Y. , ZHANG W. Y. , BI S. L. 
Published: December 2010

SUMMARYA universal hepatitis B vaccination programme has been conducted in Long An county since 1986. To investigate the epidemiological changes in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection we conducted a serosurvey there in 2005. A total of 4686 subjects were enrolled and vaccination history and blood samples collected. HBV infective markers were determined by radioimmunoassay. The results were compared with the data of 1985. Our results show that the overall HBsAg prevalence was 7·5%, less than half of the prevalence reported in 1985. HBsAg and anti-HBc antibody prevalence in people born after 1985 decreased markedly. The gender difference in HBsAg prevalence was abolished in subjects aged <20 years. The administration of a first dose of vaccine within 24 h could reduce the HBsAg prevalence by half. In conclusion, the marked epidemiological changes in HBV prevalence found in this serosurvey indicate that the implementation of HBV vaccination was highly successful.
New Viruses fromLacerta monticola(Serra da Estrela, Portugal): Further Evidence for a New Group of Nucleo-Cytoplasmic Large Deoxyriboviruses
Authors: Alves de Matos António Pedro , da Silva Trabucho Caeiro Maria Filomena Alcobia , Papp Tibor , da Cunha Almeida Matos Bruno André , Correia Ana Cristina Lacerda , Marschang Rachel E. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractLizard erythrocytic viruses (LEVs) have previously been described inLacerta monticolafrom Serra da Estrela, Portugal. Like other known erythrocytic viruses of heterothermic vertebrates, these viruses have never been adapted to cell cultures and remain uncharacterized at the molecular level. In this study, we made attempts to adapt the virus to cell cultures that resulted instead in the isolation of a previously undetectedRanavirusclosely related to FV3. TheRanaviruswas subsequently detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the blood of infected lizards using primers for a conserved portion of theRanavirusmajor capsid protein gene. Electron microscopic study of thenew Ranavirusdisclosed, among other features, the presence of intranuclear viruses that may be related to an unrecognized intranuclear morphogenetic process. Attempts to detect by PCR a portion of the DNA polymerase gene of the LEV in infected lizard blood were successful. The recovered sequence had 65.2/69.4% nt/aa% homology with a previously detected sequence from a snake erythrocytic virus from Florida, which is ultrastructurally different from the studied LEV. These results further support the hypothesis that erythrocytic viruses are related to one another and may represent a new group of nucleo-cytoplasmic large deoxyriboviruses.
The Heart Failure Revascularisation Trial (HEART)
Authors: Cleland John G.F. , Calvert Melanie , Freemantle Nick , Arrow Yvonne , Ball Stephen G. , Bonser Robert S. , Chattopadhyay Sudipta , Norell Michael S. , Pennell Dudley J. , Senior Roxy 
Published: December 2010

AimsRevascularization is frequently advocated to improve ventricular function and prognosis for patients with heart failure due to coronary artery disease, especially when there is evidence of extensive myocardial viability.Methods and resultsPatients with heart failure, coronary artery disease, and a left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction <35%, who had a substantial volume of viable myocardium with contractile dysfunction assessed by any standard imaging technique, were randomly assigned to a strategy of conservative management vs. angiography with the intent of percutaneous or surgical revascularization. Patients requiring revascularization for angina or too frail for surgery were excluded. Only 138 of the planned 800 patients were enrolled because of withdrawal of funding due to slow recruitment. Also, a larger trial (The Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart Failure Trial) addressing a similar question became available, which investigators were encouraged to join. Of 69 patients assigned to the invasive strategy, 6 refused angiography, 2 died as a result of the diagnostic procedure, 14 were considered unsuitable for revascularization, 2 refused surgery, and 45 had revascularization. After a median follow‐up of 59 (inter‐quartile range: 33–63) months, there were 51 (37%) deaths; 25 (37%) in those assigned to the conservative strategy, and 26 (38%) in those assigned to the invasive strategy, 13 (29%) of whom had been revascularized.ConclusionA conservative management strategy may not be inferior to one of coronary arteriography with the intent to revascularize in patients with heart failure, LV systolic dysfunction, and extensive myocardial viability. However, this study was underpowered and, further, larger trials are required to settle this issue.Clinical trials Registration No: ISRCTN86284615
SIZ1 Regulation of Phosphate Starvation-Induced Root Architecture Remodeling Involves the Control of Auxin Accumulation
Authors: Miura Kenji , Lee Jiyoung , Gong Qingqiu , Ma Shisong , Jin Jing Bo , Yoo Chan Yul , Miura Tomoko , Sato Aiko , Bohnert Hans J. , Hasegawa Paul M. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Phosphate (Pi) limitation causes plants to modulate the architecture of their root systems to facilitate the acquisition of Pi. Previously, we reported that the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) SUMO E3 ligase SIZ1 regulates root architecture remodeling in response to Pi limitation; namely, the siz1 mutations cause the inhibition of primary root (PR) elongation and the promotion of lateral root (LR) formation. Here, we present evidence that SIZ1 is involved in the negative regulation of auxin patterning to modulate root system architecture in response to Pi starvation. The siz1 mutations caused greater PR growth inhibition and LR development of seedlings in response to Pi limitation. Similar root phenotypes occurred if Pi-deficient wild-type seedlings were supplemented with auxin. N-1-Naphthylphthalamic acid, an inhibitor of auxin efflux activity, reduced the Pi starvation-induced LR root formation of siz1 seedlings to a level equivalent to that seen in the wild type. Monitoring of the auxin-responsive reporter DR5::uidA indicated that auxin accumulates in PR tips at early stages of the Pi starvation response. Subsequently, DR5::uidA expression was observed in the LR primordia, which was associated with LR elongation. The time-sequential patterning of DR5::uidA expression occurred earlier in the roots of siz1 as compared with the wild type. In addition, microarray analysis revealed that several other auxin-responsive genes, including genes involved in cell wall loosening and biosynthesis, were up-regulated in siz1 relative to wild-type seedlings in response to Pi starvation. Together, these results suggest that SIZ1 negatively regulates Pi starvation-induced root architecture remodeling through the control of auxin patterning.
The Novel Cyst Nematode Effector Protein 19C07 Interacts with the Arabidopsis Auxin Influx Transporter LAX3 to Control Feeding Site Development
Authors: Lee Chris , Chronis Demosthenis , Kenning Charlotte , Peret Benjamin , Hewezi Tarek , Davis Eric L. , Baum Thomas J. , Hussey Richard , Bennett Malcolm , Mitchum Melissa G. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPlant-parasitic cyst nematodes penetrate plant roots and transform cells near the vasculature into specialized feeding sites called syncytia. Syncytia form by incorporating neighboring cells into a single fused cell by cell wall dissolution. This process is initiated via injection of esophageal gland cell effector proteins from the nematode stylet into the host cell. Once inside the cell, these proteins may interact with host proteins that regulate the phytohormone auxin, as cellular concentrations of auxin increase in developing syncytia. Soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) Hg19C07 is a novel effector protein expressed specifically in the dorsal gland cell during nematode parasitism. Here, we describe its ortholog in the beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii), Hs19C07. We demonstrate that Hs19C07 interacts with the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) auxin influx transporter LAX3. LAX3 is expressed in cells overlying lateral root primordia, providing auxin signaling that triggers the expression of cell wall-modifying enzymes, allowing lateral roots to emerge. We found that LAX3 and polygalacturonase, a LAX3-induced cell wall-modifying enzyme, are expressed in the developing syncytium and in cells to be incorporated into the syncytium. We observed no decrease in H. schachtii infectivity in aux1 and lax3 single mutants. However, a decrease was observed in both the aux1lax3 double mutant and the aux1lax1lax2lax3 quadruple mutant. In addition, ectopic expression of 19C07 was found to speed up lateral root emergence. We propose that Hs19C07 most likely increases LAX3-mediated auxin influx and may provide a mechanism for cyst nematodes to modulate auxin flow into root cells, stimulating cell wall hydrolysis for syncytium development.
Lupus and pregnancy: integrating clues from the bench and bedside
Authors: Ruiz‐Irastorza Guillermo , Khamashta Munther A. 
Published: December 2010

Eur J Clin Invest 2011; 41 (6): 672–678AbstractAdequate pregnancy care of women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) rests on three pillars: a coordinated medical‐obstetrical care, an agreed and well‐defined management protocol and a good neonatal unit. Pregnancy should be planned following a preconceptional visit for counselling. Women with severe active disease or a high degree of irreversible damage, such as those with symptomatic pulmonary hypertension, heart failure, severe restrictive pulmonary disease or severe chronic renal failure should best avoid pregnancy. Treatment is based on hydroxychloroquine, low‐dose steroids and azathioprine. Patients with antiphospholipid antibodies/syndrome should receive low‐dose aspirin +/− low molecular weight heparin. The addition and the dose of heparin depend on the clinical profile of the patient, i.e. a previous history of miscarriage, foetal loss, placental insufficiency or thrombosis. A close surveillance, with monitoring of blood pressure, proteinuria and placental blood flow by Doppler studies helps the early diagnosis and treatment of complications such as preeclampsia and foetal distress. Postpartum follow‐up is important.
The sucrose transporter family in Populus: the importance of a tonoplast PtaSUT4 to biomass and carbon partitioning
Authors: Payyavula Raja S. , Tay Kate H.C. , Tsai Chung‐Jui , Harding Scott A. 
Published: December 2010

SummaryPlasma membrane, proton‐coupled Group II sucrose symporters (SUT) mediate apoplastic phloem loading and sucrose efflux from source leaves in Arabidopsis and agricultural crop species that have been studied to date. We now report that the most abundantly expressed SUT isoform in Populus tremula × alba, PtaSUT4, is a tonoplast (Group IV) symporter. PtaSUT4 transcripts were readily detected in conducting as well as mesophyll cells in stems and source leaves. In comparison, Group II orthologs PtaSUT1 and PtaSUT3 were very weakly expressed in leaves. Both Group II and Group IV SUT genes were expressed in secondary stem xylem of Populus. Transgenic poplars with RNAi‐suppressed PtaSUT4 exhibited increased leaf‐to‐stem biomass ratios, elevated sucrose content in source leaves and stems, and altered phenylpropanoid metabolism. Transcript abundance of several carbohydrate‐active enzymes and phenylalanine ammonia‐lyases was also altered in transgenic source leaves. Nitrogen‐limitation led to a down‐regulation of vacuolar invertases in all plants, which resulted in an augmentation of sucrose pooling and hexose depletion in source leaves and secondary xylem of the transgenic plants. These results are consistent with a major role for PtaSUT4 in orchestrating the intracellular partitioning, and consequently, the efflux of sucrose from source leaves and the utilization of sucrose by lateral and terminal sinks. Our findings also support the idea that PtaSUT4 modulates sucrose efflux and utilization in concert with plant N‐status.
A founder BRCA2 mutation in non‐Afrikaner breast cancer patients of the Western Cape of South Africa
Authors: van der Merwe NC , Hamel N , Schneider S‐R , Apffelstaedt JP , Wijnen JT , Foulkes WD 
Published: December 2010

van der Merwe NC, Hamel N, Schneider S‐R, Apffelstaedt JP, Wijnen JT, Foulkes WD. A founder BRCA2 mutation in non‐Afrikaner breast cancer patients of the Western Cape of South Africa.Founder mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 have been reported in many different populations. We studied 105 Coloured and 16 Black Xhosa women residing in the Western Cape of South Africa diagnosed with breast cancer. We screened these patients using our standard panel of six previously reported SA Afrikaner and Ashkenazi Jewish BRCA1/2 mutations and identified only two Afrikaner mutations. Further screening by the protein truncation test (BRCA1 exon 11, and BRCA2 exons 10 and 11) revealed an additional four deleterious mutations (BRCA1 c.1504_ 1508del,p.Leu502AlafsX2, BRCA2 c.2826_2829del,p.Ile943LysfsX16, c.6447_6448dup,p.Lys2150IlefsX19 and c.5771_5774del,p.Ile1924Argfs X38). The latter, also known in Breast Cancer Information Core nomenclature as 5999del4, was identified in 4 of 105 (3.8%) Coloureds and 4 of 16 (25%) Xhosa women, which makes it a frequent founder mutation in the Western Cape Province. Although this mutation was previously reported to occur in the Netherlands, haplotype analysis indicated two distinct origins for the Dutch and South African mutations, excluding the possibility of a common Dutch ancestor and suggesting gene flow from the indigenous tribes such as the Xhosa to the Coloured population instead. Further studies to determine the carrier rate of this variant in the Xhosa and other SA populations are warranted.
83 Ma rhyolite from Mindoro – evidence for Late Yanshanian magmatism in the Palawan Continental Terrane (Philippines)
Authors: Knittel Ulrich 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe discovery of a low‐grade meta‐rhyolite with an age of 83 ± 1 Ma documents a so‐far unknown episode of magmatism in northern Mindoro Island, which is located at the northeastern edge of the Palawan Continental Terrane. This terrane is thought to have rifted from Southeast China in the Oligocene as a result of the opening of the South China Sea. Rhyolite volcanism was widespread in southeastern China in the Cretaceous; hence this discovery provides the first direct link between the geological evolution of the Palawan Continental Terrane and Southeast China in Cretaceous time. In addition, it provides further evidence that the northeastern part of Mindoro is indeed part of the Palawan Continental Terrane and not part of the Philippine Mobile Belt to the east, a previously contentious issue.