bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary and oral hygiene intervention in secondary school pupils
Authors: Anttonen Vuokko , Seppä Liisa , Niinimaa Ahti , Hausen Hannu 
Published: August 2010

BackgroundTo enhance the well‐being of secondary school pupils by improving their eating habits, especially school‐based eating, a joint project, including oral health intervention, was conducted during the academic year 2007–2008.AimThe aim was to study the effect of a dietary intervention on schoolchildren’s eating habits and laser fluorescence (LF) values of teeth.MethodsTwelve schools in three cities, Finland, were randomly assigned to be intervention and control schools. Two of the intervention schools were further assigned in the instruction of oral hygiene. In 2007 and 2008, the pupils (n = 739 and 647, respectively) answered a questionnaire on dietary and oral health habits, and LF values on the occlusal surfaces of molars and premolars were determined.ResultsThe frequency of eating a warm meal and drinking water at school to quench thirst increased in the intervention schools but decreased in the control schools (P < 0.001 and P = 0.005, respectively). LF values in molars decreased in schools with dietary intervention only (P = 0.024).ConclusionsThe 1‐year dietary intervention was long enough to show improvement in eating habits and in habits for quenching thirst, and some decrease in the LF values of molars.
Association between interdental plaque acidogenicity and caries risk at surface level: a cross sectional study in primary dentition
Authors: Cagetti Maria Grazia , Campus Guglielmo , Sale Silvana , Cocco Fabio , Strohmenger Laura , Lingström Peter 
Published: August 2010

BackgroundIn schoolchildren the most commonly decayed primary teeth are molars affecting proximal adjacent surfaces especially.AimTo determine whether a more acidic plaque in response to sucrose challenge is detected in children with more carious lesions.DesignPlaque pH measurements, using the microtouch technique, were carried out in interproximal spaces between primary molars, in 157 high caries risk children (314 sites and caries status of the 628 proximal surfaces recorded). The area under the curve (AUC5.7 and AUC6.2) was analyzed.ResultsThe AUC5.7 and the AUC6.2 showed a statistically significant difference between plaque adjacent to proximal surfaces with or without caries. Differences for AUC5.7 and AUC6.2 were recorded between one decayed surface compared to two decayed surfaces (P < 0.01) whereas a statistical significant difference was only observed for AUC5.7, when the areas under the curve were obtained near one decayed surface compared to two sound surfaces (P = 0.04).ConclusionsThe higher acidogenicity of the dental plaque found in presence of a proximal carious lesion in primary maxillary molars represents an additional risk factor for the adjacent surface. This finding may help clinicians in treatment decisions.
Causes behind insect folivory patterns in latitudinal gradients
Authors: Björkman Christer , Berggren Åsa , Bylund Helena 
Published: August 2010

Summary 1. Adams and Zhang recently published one of the best studies so far of patterns of insect folivory along a latitudinal (climatic) gradient. They show clear negative trends in foliage loss in relation to temperature for certain groups of insect herbivores. 2. Although their suggestion that the plant–herbivore interaction may be more important in cooler climates could be valid, they did not bring up the complementary explanation that interactions between predators and herbivores could also vary with climate. There are indications that insect natural enemies may respond more positively than insect herbivores to an increase in temperature. We argue that higher predator pressure in warmer climates may partly explain the patterns observed by Adams and Zhang. 3. Synthesis.To further develop the important research concerning herbivory in a changing climate, both theoretically and empirically, plant ecologists and entomologists would mutually benefit from joining forces.
The role of dispersal in shaping plant community composition of wetlands within an old‐growth forest
Authors: Flinn Kathryn M. , Gouhier Tarik C. , Lechowicz Martin J. , Waterway Marcia J. 
Published: August 2010

Summary 1. Dispersal ability can influence the importance of dispersal relative to other processes organizing metacommunities, such as species sorting among habitats along environmental gradients. 2. We compare plants with different dispersal modes and habitat affinities, evaluating the roles of environmental and spatial controls on plant community composition in 128 wetlands within 10 km2 of old‐growth maple–beech forest in southern Québec, Canada. 3. We address two hypotheses. First, we ask whether species with short‐distance dispersal mechanisms are more dispersal‐limited than species with adaptations for long‐distance dispersal. Second, because wetland habitats are more fragmented than upland habitats in this forested area, we test the hypothesis that wetland species are more dispersal‐limited than upland species growing in the same wetlands (e.g. on hummocks within a swamp). 4. Variation partitioning based on constrained ordinations showed that the distributions of species with short‐distance dispersal mechanisms related more strongly to spatial factors than the distributions of long‐distance dispersers, supporting the interpretation that these species are more dispersal‐limited. The distributions of short‐distance dispersers also showed finer‐scale spatial patterns than the distributions of long‐distance dispersers. 5. Distributions of wetland species related more strongly to environmental conditions than the distributions of upland species growing in the same wetlands, suggesting that wetland species are actually less dispersal‐limited than upland species. Wetland and upland species had similar patterns of spatial variation in community composition. 6. Synthesis. The processes of dispersal limitation and species sorting along environmental gradients have differential importance to plants that grow within the same communities, but differ in dispersal ability and habitat affinity. This result emphasizes the impact of dispersal ability on the organization of metacommunities.
A rapid staining‐assisted wood sampling method for PCR‐based detection of pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in Pinus massoniana wood tissue
Authors: Wang X. R. , Kong X. C. , Jia W. H. , Zhu X. W. , Ren L. L. , Mota M. M. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryFor reasons of unequal distribution of more than one nematode species in wood, and limited availability of wood samples required for the PCR‐based method for detecting pinewood nematodes in wood tissue of Pinus massoniana, a rapid staining‐assisted wood sampling method aiding PCR‐based detection of the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Bx) in small wood samples of P. massoniana was developed in this study. This comprised a series of new techniques: sampling, mass estimations of nematodes using staining techniques, and lowest limit Bx nematode mass determination for PCR detection. The procedure was undertaken on three adjoining 5‐mg wood cross‐sections, of 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.015 cm dimension, that were cut from a wood sample of 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.5 cm initially, then the larger wood sample was stained by acid fuchsin, from which two 5‐mg wood cross‐sections (that adjoined the three 5‐mg wood cross‐sections, mentioned above) were cut. Nematode‐staining‐spots (NSSs) in each of the two stained sections were counted under a microscope at 100× magnification. If there were eight or more NSSs present, the adjoining three sections were used for PCR assays. The B. xylophilus– specific amplicon of 403 bp (DQ855275) was generated by PCR assay from 100.00% of 5‐mg wood cross‐sections that contained more than eight Bx NSSs by the PCR assay. The entire sampling procedure took only 10 min indicating that it is suitable for the fast estimation of nematode numbers in the wood of P. massonina as the prelimary sample selections for other more expensive Bx‐detection methods such as PCR assay.
Characterization of the sperm‐associated body and its role in the fertilization of the chicken Gallus domesticus
Authors: Rabbani Mohammad Golam , Sasanami Tomohiro , Mori Makoto , Yoshizaki Norio 
Published: August 2010

The present paper aimed to characterize the substance forming the sperm‐associated body (SB), to find its producing sites, and to show its functions in the fertilization of chicken. The SB was found both in between the inner and outer layers of vitelline membranes around eggs and in the oviductal infundibulum. Material from which the SB is constructed (SB substance) was isolated from the vitelline membranes. It was a hydrophobic protein with a molecular size of 570 kDa. X‐ray microanalysis detected calcium in the aggregates of the SB substance. Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy showed that the substance was produced in secretory cells in the luminal epithelium of the oviductal infundibulum and was provided to the egg on and in its vitelline membrane. During incubation, the SB substance bound with spermatozoa in the posterior portion of their flagella. Holes and disks were found in the vitelline membranes of fertile eggs at a ratio of 1: 19–24. Over 94% of the holes were accompanied by SB. The presence of SB is necessary for fertile spermatozoa to make holes in the membrane and to enter the fertile egg.
Liver development and regeneration: From laboratory study to clinical therapy
Authors: Hata Shoji , Namae Misako , Nishina Hiroshi 
Published: August 2010

The liver has an unusual capacity to regenerate after a loss of mass and function caused by surgical resection or toxic liver injury. Over the last 10 years there have been major advances in our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying liver development and regeneration. The numerous factors crucial to these phenomena have been identified mainly by using knockout mice. Forward‐genetics studies using zebrafish and medaka have also generated many mutants with liver disorders or defects in liver formation. Our goal is to translate knowledge gained from laboratory work and animal models into novel therapies for human liver diseases. Exciting progress has been achieved using human partial liver transplantation and autologous cell therapy.
Comparison of characteristics of cultured limbal cells on denuded amniotic membrane and fresh conjunctival, limbal and corneal tissues
Authors: Baharvand Hossein , Ebrahimi Marzieh , Javadi Mohammad Ali 
Published: August 2010

This study aimed to evaluate proposed molecular markers related to eye limbal stem cells (SC) and to identify novel associated genes. The expression of a set of genes potentially involved in stemness was assessed in freshly prepared limbal, corneal and conjunctival tissues. PAX6, AC133, K12 and OCT4 were detected in all the tissues and p63+/K3−/K12+/Nodal+/Cx43+were expressed in conjunctival, p63−/K3+/K12+/Nodal−/Cx43+in corneal, and p63+/K3−/K12−/Nodal−/Cx43−in limbal tissues. Limbal explants were cultured on human amniotic membrane for 21 days. The cells expressed p63 but not K3, K12, Nodal and Cx43, however, the expression of K3, K12 and Cx43 was detected, and p63 and the high BrdU‐labeling index decreased with more culture. Ultrastructure analysis of the cultured cells showed typically immature organization of intracellular organelles and architecture. Our data suggest that limbal, corneal and conjunctival tissues are heterogeneous with some progenitors. Also, the expression of traditional SC markers may not be a reliable indicator of limbal SC and there is an increasing need to determine factor(s) involved in their stemness.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Comparison of the distribution of citations received by articles published in high, moderate, and low impact factor journals in clinical medicine
Authors: Falagas M. E. , Kouranos V. D. , Michalopoulos A. , Rodopoulou S. P. , Batsiou M. A. , Karageorgopoulos D. E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBackground: Whether the journal impact factor (JIF) indicator reflects the number of citations to an average article of a journal in different subject categories is controversial. We sought to further investigate this issue in general and internal medicine journals.Methods: We selected to evaluate three journals of the above subject category, in each of three different JIF levels (high: 15.5–28.6, moderate: 4.4–4.9 and low: 1.6). Using the Scopus database, we retrieved the original research articles (after detailed screening) and review articles (as classified by Scopus) that were published in the selected journals in 2005 along with the number of citations they received in 2006 and 2007. We pooled the citations for articles of the same type in journals with the same JIF level into distinct variables.Results: There was no marked association between the distribution of citations per article published in general medical journals and their JIF. All distributions studied were skewed to the right (higher number of citations). Specifically, 16–22% of the original research articles accounted for 50% of the total citations to this type of article for all three categories of studied journals; 34–37% of original research articles accounted for 75% of citations. The respective values for review articles were 12–18% and 29–39%.Conclusion: The distribution of citations received by articles published in high, moderate and low impact factor journals in clinical medicine seems similar. The JIF is not an accurate indicator of the citations the average article receives; articles published in low impact factor journals can still be highly cited and vice versa.
BRIEF COMMUNICATION: Rapid and sequential desensitization to both aspirin and clopidogrel
Authors: Fernando S. L. , Assaad N. N. A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractHypersensitivity reactions to aspirin and clopidogrel are 2.5% and 1%, respectively. Dual anti‐platelet therapy with these drugs is effective in preventing thrombosis following deployment of stents for cerebrovascular and cardiovascular syndromes. Desensitization therapy with both aspirin and clopidogrel may be required for patients undergoing stent implantation that have experienced hypersensitivity to these agents. We report the case of a 58‐year‐old woman who developed urticaria and angioedema following aspirin therapy for ischaemic cerebrovascular disease. She developed an identical reaction after clopidogrel was subsequently administered. Investigations revealed the presence of an internal carotid artery aneurysm that required deployment of a stent. Rapid desensitization to aspirin over 5.5 h followed 3 days later by rapid desensitization to clopidogrel over 2.5 h was successfully performed prior to stenting. After 4 months she has tolerated this dual anti‐platelet therapy without any adverse reaction. Rapid and sequential desensitization to both aspirin and clopidogrel can be successfully performed for patients who require stent deployment but have hypersensitivity to both these anti‐platelet agents.
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: A quantity survey of intravenous administration of metronidazole in its different forms in a tertiary teaching hospital
Authors: Lee L. L. , Rowland J. , Ling C. H. Y. , Fiakos E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to examine the prescribing patterns and cost of various formulations of metronidazole in a hospital setting over a 3‐month period. Oral metronidazole has high bioavailability (98.9%) with peak plasma concentrations averaged at 2.3 h after dosing. Despite the high bioavailability of oral metronidazole, many patients continue to receive metronidazole intravenously when they are suitable for oral preparation. An audit of 120 consecutive patients prescribed metronidazole was conducted at the Liverpool Hospital, NSW, from March to July 2005. There were 65 men and 55 women (age 18–93). Of the 120 patients, 16 were on oral, 1 on rectal and 103 were on intravenous metronidazole. Treatment was initiated based on clinical diagnoses. Potential pathogens were subsequently identified on only 21 occasions. The use of metronidazole as an oral preparation was contraindicated in 27 patients (22.5%) who were nil‐by‐mouth. Of these, rectally administered metronidazole was contraindicated in only eight patients. The average course of intravenous metronidazole was 8.0 ± 9.7 days (mean ± SD). The total number of intravenous metronidazole treatment days was 824. Oral metronidazole would have been possible in 618 out of the 824 days. The estimated cost to administer each dose of oral, suppository and intravenous forms of metronidazole is $A0.11, $A1.34 and $A6.09 respectively. Thus, substantial savings could be achieved if oral metronidazole were to be administered whenever possible. The early use of oral or rectal metronidazole should be encouraged when there are no clinical contraindications.
CLINICAL PERSPECTIVES: Management strategies for recurrent vasovagal syncope
Authors: Vaddadi G. , Corcoran S. J. , Esler M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractVasovagal syncope (VVS) is the commonest cause of recurrent syncope and has a high level of morbidity in both young and elderly patients. Diagnosis and treatment are often unsatisfactory despite the fact that syncope has a lifetime cumulative incidence of 35%. A detailed history can often yield an accurate diagnosis in most young patients. Older patients are more likely to present in an atypical manner and although the yield is low, a more comprehensive diagnostic assessment may be needed. It is important to identify patients with low supine systolic blood pressure who are prone to recurrent VVS. These patients represent a distinct subtype of VVS and may respond to a tailored therapeutic approach. Treatment options for VVS are limited because of a paucity of randomized trials. The backbone of therapy is educating the patient, avoiding precipitating factors, maintaining hydration and the application of physical counter‐pressure manoeuvres. Drug therapy is rarely warranted; however, fludrocortisone, α‐agonists, such as midodrine and dihydroergotamine, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors may be helpful in some patients. Permanent cardiac pacing is rarely needed and randomized trials do not support its use.
Comparative proteomics and activity of a green sulfur bacterium through the water column of Lake Cadagno, Switzerland
Authors: Habicht Kirsten S. , Miller Mette , Cox Raymond P. , Frigaard Niels‐Ulrik , Tonolla Mauro , Peduzzi Sandro , Falkenby Lasse G. , Andersen Jens S. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryPrimary production in the meromictic Lake Cadagno, Switzerland, is dominated by anoxygenic photosynthesis. The green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium clathratiforme is the dominant phototrophic organism in the lake, comprising more than half of the bacterial population, and its biomass increases 3.8‐fold over the summer. Cells from four positions in the water column were used for comparative analysis of the Chl. clathratiforme proteome in order to investigate changes in protein composition in response to the chemical and physical gradient in their environment, with special focus on how the bacteria survive in the dark. Although metagenomic data are not available for Lake Cadagno, proteome analysis was possible based on the completely sequenced genome of an isolated strain of Chl. clathratiforme. Using LC‐MS/MS we identified 1321 Chl. clathratiforme proteins in Lake Cadagno and quantitatively compared 621 of these in the four samples. Our results showed that compared with cells obtained from the photic zone, cells collected from the dark part of the water column had the same expression level of key enzymes involved in carbon metabolism and photosynthetic light harvesting. However, most proteins participating in nitrogen and sulfur metabolism were twofold less abundant in the dark. From the proteome analysis we were able to show that Chl. clathratiforme in the photic zone contains enzymes for fixation of N2 and the complete oxidation of sulfide to sulfate while these processes are probably not active in the dark. Instead we propose that Chl. clathratiforme cells in the dark part of the water column obtain energy for maintenance from the fermentation of polyglucose. Based on the observed protein compositions we have constructed possible pathways for C, N and S metabolism in Chl. clathratiforme.
The Impact of Organizational and National Cultural Differences on Social Conflict and Knowledge Transfer in International Acquisitions
Authors: Vaara Eero , Sarala Riikka , Stahl Günter K. , Björkman Ingmar 
Published: August 2010

abstractThe purpose of this paper is to elucidate the effects of organizational and national cultural differences on international acquisitions. We argue that cultural differences prompt social identity building that leads to ‘us versus them’ thinking and thereby creates the potential for social conflict. We also maintain that the same cultural differences can contribute to learning in terms of knowledge transfer. We develop a structural equation model to test these hypothesized effects on a sample of related international acquisitions. Our analysis shows that cultural differences at the organizational level are positively associated with social conflict, but that national cultural differences can decrease social conflict. Furthermore, both organizational and national cultural differences are positively associated with knowledge transfer. This analysis shows the importance of disentangling the various effects that cultural differences have on international acquisitions. It also suggests that national cultural differences are less of a problem in international acquisitions than is usually assumed.
Money in Marriage: How Patterns of Allocation Both Reflect and Conceal Power
Authors: Burgoyne Carole B. 
Published: August 2010

This paper examines perceptions of money within marriage, focusing upon the concepts of control and ownership. It considers the criteria involved in Pahl's (1983; 1989) typology for the allocation of income, and their ability to capture the dynamic perceptual elements associated with change. These issues were explored by means of data from semi-structured interviews, using mainly middle-class couples (thirteen women and nine of their partners) in the 30–50 year age-range. Most of the women were in the process of returning to the labour market following an absence of at least eight years. The findings demonstrate, on the one hand, that Pahl's revised typology (1989), which includes an emphasis on the person possessing overall control, can be used to trace major shifts in the balance of economic power as a function of the life-cycle and associated changes in the source of income. On the other hand, the findings also show that a couple's report of their financial arrangements, concerning the ‘pooling’ of income, can yield the erroneous impression that resources are equally shared. In particular, the ‘rights’ of ownership associated with having earned the income may remain hidden, and lead to patterns of overall control with potential consequences for a non-earning, dependent partner.
ETHNOGRAPHY, ANTHROPOLOGY, AND COMPARATIVE RELIGIOUS ETHICS: Or Ethnography and the Comparative Religious Ethics Local
Authors: Lewis Thomas A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTRecent ethnographic studies of lived ethics, such as those of Leela Prasad and Saba Mahmood, present valuable opportunities for comparative religious ethics. This essay argues that developments in philosophical and religious ethics over the last three decades have supported a strong interest in thick descriptions of what it means to be human. This anthropological turn has thereby laid important groundwork for the encounter between these scholars and new ethnographic studies. Nonetheless, an encounter it is. Each side brings novel questions to the other. The second part of the essay focuses on one of these questions: How, exactly, are these ethnographic studies to inform normative reflection on ethical questions?