bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accommodative amplitude required for sustained near work
Authors: Wolffsohn James S , Sheppard Amy L , Vakani Sanjay , Davies Leon N 
Published: April 2011

Citation information: Wolffsohn JS, Sheppard AL, Vakani S & Davies LN. Accommodative amplitude required for sustained near work. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2011, 31, 480–486. doi: 10.1111/j.1475‐1313.2011.00847.xAbstractPurpose:  Many practitioners base the prescription of near vision additions on the assertion that only one half or two‐thirds of an individual’s amplitude of accommodation is sustainable for a prolonged period. To better understand how much eye focus needs to be restored for presbyopic corrections to be adequate, this study investigated the robustness of the pre‐presbyopic human accommodative system during a sustained and intensive near vision task.Methods:  Twenty‐one pre‐presbyopic volunteers (aged 26.1 ± 4.7 years) participated in the study. Binocular subjective amplitude of accommodation was measured before and after a prolonged reading exercise, using the RAF rule. During the 30 min reading task, the subject’s closest comfortable eye‐to‐text distance and pupil size was monitored. Accommodative accuracy to 0.2, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 D stimuli was determined objectively using a validated binocular open‐view autorefractor immediately before, and after the reading task.Results:  Amplitude of accommodation (p = 0.09) and accommodative accuracy (p > 0.05) were statistically unchanged following the intensive near task. The mean proportion of accommodation exerted throughout the near exercise was 80.6% (range 45.3 ± 3.7 to 96.6 ± 4.3%), which increased as the task progressed (F = 2.24, p = 0.02). The mean percentage of accommodation utilised increased with subject age (r = 0.517, p = 0.016).Conclusion:  The pre‐presbyopic human accommodative system is robust to fatigue during intense and prolonged near work. A greater proportion of one’s amplitude of accommodation may be continuously exerted than previously suggested.
Immediately Loaded Maxillary and Mandibular Dental Implants with Fixed CAD/CAM Prostheses Using a Flapless Surgical Approach: A Clinical Report
Authors: Bedi Abhayjit , Michalakis Konstantinos X. , Mariani Jr. Eugene J. , Zourdos Despina Mato 
Published: April 2011

AbstractImmediate implant loading is a viable treatment method for selected cases. One of the greatest advantages of this method is the virtual surgery, which precedes the actual clinical treatment and eliminates any need for last minute decisions. The actual surgery time is decreased, since all steps are predetermined. Additionally, no flaps have to be elevated, resulting in preservation of periimplant soft tissues, vascularization of the underlying bone, fewer postoperative complications, and minimal patient discomfort. This article presents a clinical approach made possible due to the evolution of modern scanning techniques and appropriate software.
An Investigation into the Role of Core Porcelain Thickness and Lamination in Determining the Flexural Strength of In‐Ceram Dental Materials
Authors: Alshehri Sharifa Abdullah 
Published: April 2011

Abstract Purpose: A biaxial flexure test was conducted to evaluate the effect of reducing the thickness of In‐Ceram core material and veneering with Vitadur α dentine porcelain on its flexural strength. Materials and Methods: Four groups of 10 discs were tested; group I discs were In‐Ceram discs with mean thickness of 1.58 ± 0.08 mm, group II discs were In‐Ceram discs with mean thickness of 1.0 ± 0.11 mm, group III discs were laminated In‐Ceram core porcelain/Vitadur α discs with a mean total thickness of 2.06 ± 0.15 mm and core porcelain thickness of 1.0 ± 0.11 mm; group IV discs were Vitadur α discs with a mean thickness of 2.08 ± 0.16 mm. Results: Mean flexural strength values decreased between groups: 436 ± 38 MPa for group I, 352 ± 30 MPa for group II, 237 ± 24 MPa for group III, and 77 ± 14 MPa for group IV. The result of ANOVA and Tukey tests indicated that the mean flexural strength of group II was significantly less than group I, indicating that thickness of the In‐Ceram core provides critical flexural strength to the final product. The addition of ≈ 1 mm of Vitadur α veneering porcelain to In‐Ceram core significantly (p= 0.05) reduced the flexural strength as compared to the nonveneered In‐Ceram core specimens (group II). The Vitadur α specimens (group IV) were significantly weaker than all the other groups. Conclusion: This study indicates that lamination should be avoided in areas where maximum strength is required for In‐Ceram all‐ceramic crowns and bridges.
Improved Activation Time Assignment of Unipolar Electrograms from Ischemic Canine Epicardium
Authors: CAREF EDWARD B. , NDREPEPA GJIN , TURITTO GIOIA , RESTIVO MARK , EL‐SHERIF NABIL 
Published: April 2011

Aims: The present study attempts to develop an objective, statistically based set of criteria for activation time determination from unipolar electrograms (U‐EGMs) using a standard of activation related to biophysical theory.
Methods: A high‐resolution assembly of U‐EGMs obtained from the epicardial surface of the canine postinfarction heart were analyzed in order to achieve the best prediction of local versus distant activation. An activation time standard (ATS) consisted of three properties: (1) propagation of activation, evidenced by a linear temporal shift of waveforms from closely spaced U‐EGMs with little or no decay in amplitude; (2) cycle length‐dependent changes of those propagating waveforms; and (3) evidence of electrotonic deflections, seen as nonpropagating potentials having decaying amplitude with distance.
Results: A number of U‐EGM features were calculated and subjected to analysis by comparing their occurrence with the ATS. A discriminant function analysis incorporating multiple features (Voltage, −dV/dt and Ratio) of major U‐EGM deflections improved prediction of activation time of complex fractionated EMGs from ischemic canine epicardium to 90%.
Conclusion: A unique discriminant function based on sound biophysical principles markedly improved prediction of activation time of complex U‐EGMs from ischemic canine epicardium. A computerized version of the algorithm could be developed to provide more accurate activation maps for both basic and clinical use. (PACE 2011; 34:1105–1115)
Systematic Decrements in QTc between the First and Second Day of Contiguous Daily ECG Recordings under Controlled Conditions
Authors: BEASLEY, Jr. CHARLES M. , BENSON CHARLES , XIA JESSIE Q. , YOUNG S. STANLEY , HABER HARRY , MITCHELL MALCOLM I. , LOGHIN CORINA 
Published: April 2011

Background: Many thorough QT (TQT) studies use a baseline day and double delta analysis to account for potential diurnal variation in QTc. However, little is known about systematic changes in the QTc across contiguous days when normal volunteers are brought into a controlled inpatient environment.
Methods: Two separate crossover TQT studies included 2 days of no treatment lead‐in days with ECG collection preceding periods of drug treatment
. In the first study, there were two pairs of such contiguous days with 10 replicate electrocardiograms (ECGs) collected at six time points, and in the second study, there were four pairs of contiguous days with nine replicate ECGs collected at five time points. These lead‐in day pairs provided the opportunity to evaluate any systematic changes across contiguous first and second days of an inpatient environment. Within‐patient consistency of change across pairs of days as well as within day, diurnal variation could also be evaluated.
Results: Modest (4.2 ms [range 1.9–6.5 ms]) but consistent decreases (significant [P < 0.05] for all 32 comparisons) were observed (probability: ≤5.4 × 10−16). Although group behavior with respect to QTc was consistent, individual subjects demonstrated substantial variability across pairs of days. Evidence of diurnal variation was weak and inconsistent. Magnitude of any diurnal variation was less than magnitude of change across days.
Conclusions: Subjects show a systematic decrease in QTc from first day to second day of inpatient status and do not demonstrate a significant diurnal pattern. The magnitude of this systematic change is sufficient to influence QTc study interpretation. (PACE 2011; 34:1116–1127)
Impact of Relaxation Training on Patient‐Perceived Measures of Anxiety, Pain, and Outcomes after Interventional Electrophysiology Procedures
Authors: HINDOYAN ANTREAS , CAO MICHAEL , CESARIO DAVID A. , SHINBANE JEROLD S. , SAXON LESLIE A. 
Published: April 2011

Background: Electrophysiology procedures vary in invasiveness, duration, and anesthesia utilized. While complications are low and efficacy high, cases are elective and patient experiences related to anxiety, pain, and perceived outcomes are not well studied. We sought to determine if a 30‐minute audio compact disc (CD) that teaches relaxation techniques and wellness perception prior to an elective procedure impacts validated measures of anxiety, pain, and procedural outcomes.
Methods: Sixty‐one patients were randomly assigned to a control group (CG) (NCG= 31) or interventional group (IG) (NIG= 30). Both groups answered a baseline Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS‐A) survey consisting only of anxiety assessment questions. The IG listened to the CD the night prior to their procedure. Heart rate and blood pressure were monitored on admission and prior to the procedure. Postprocedure, both groups completed two HADS‐A surveys as well as two Patient Experience Surveys (PES). There was no statistical difference in the demographics and the rate of procedural complications between the groups. The statistical significance of our data was determined using a Student's t‐test and χ2 test.
Results: At baseline, both groups had equal amounts of anxiety prior to their procedures (P = 0.2). The patients in the IG had lower systolic blood pressures during admission and prior the administration of analgesics in comparison to the CG. Postprocedure, results from administering the HADS‐A demonstrated that the IG had 33% lower anxiety (P = 0.02) than CG patients.
Conclusion: The implementation of basic relaxation teaching techniques prior to planned electrophysiology procedures lowers systolic blood pressure and postprocedural anxiety. (PACE 2011: 34:821–826)
Roll Stabilization with Short Wings
Authors: Segal Zelik , Segal Alexander 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe paper presents the description and results of model experiments carried out, at zero forward speed, for determining the roll‐damping qualities of continuous bilge keels and of short wings, installed in a staggered row along the ship. The damping qualities of the short wings roll stabilizer (SWIRS) were investigated also at forward motion of the ship, using additional experimental data and the more exact calculation method of the SWIRS effectiveness. The presented experimental results and the performed analysis of roll stabilizers can be useful in further investigations and design of new vessels.
Mindfulness‐Based Stress Reduction and Mindfulness‐Based Cognitive Therapy – a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Fjorback L. O. , Arendt M. , Ørnbøl E. , Fink P. , Walach H. 
Published: April 2011

Fjorback LO, Arendt M, Ørnbøl E, Fink P, Walach H. Mindfulness‐Based Stress Reduction and Mindfulness‐Based Cognitive Therapy – a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.Objective:  To systematically review the evidence for MBSR and MBCT.Method:  Systematic searches of Medline, PsycInfo and Embase were performed in October 2010. MBSR, MBCT and Mindfulness Meditation were key words. Only randomized controlled trials (RCT) using the standard MBSR/MBCT programme with a minimum of 33 participants were included.Results:  The search produced 72 articles, of which 21 were included. MBSR improved mental health in 11 studies compared to wait list control or treatment as usual (TAU) and was as efficacious as active control group in three studies. MBCT reduced the risk of depressive relapse in two studies compared to TAU and was equally efficacious to TAU or an active control group in two studies. Overall, studies showed medium effect sizes. Among other limitations are lack of active control group and long‐term follow‐up in several studies.Conclusion:  Evidence supports that MBSR improves mental health and MBCT prevents depressive relapse. Future RCTs should apply optimal design including active treatment for comparison, properly trained instructors and at least one‐year follow‐up. Future research should primarily tackle the question of whether mindfulness itself is a decisive ingredient by controlling against other active control conditions or true treatments.
Experiences in adding multiple‐choice questions to an objective structural clinical examination (OSCE) in undergraduate dental education
Authors: Näpänkangas R. , Harila V. , Lahti S. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn the University of Oulu, the competencies of fourth‐year dental students have traditionally been assessed with a written examination before they go to work for the first time as dentists outside the Institute of Dentistry. In 2009, the objective structural clinical examination (OSCE) modified with multiple‐choice questions was introduced as a tool for assessing clinical competencies. The aim of the study was to evaluate the validity of the modified OSCE (m‐OSCE) by measuring the attitude of examiners (teachers) and dental students towards the m‐OSCE and to evaluate whether the OSCE is preferred to the written examination in the assessment of knowledge and clinical skills. Additionally, the aim was to evaluate the reliability of the multiple‐choice examination. Altogether 30 students (86%) and 11/12 examiners (92%) responded to the questionnaire. Most of the students considered the multiple‐choice questions easy, but complained about the complex formulation of the questions. The test stations were easy for 87% of the students, but the time allocated was too short. Most of the students (73%) and examiners (91%) preferred the m‐OSCE to the written examination. All students and examiners found the immediate assessment of the tasks good. Based on the evaluations of m‐OSCE, it could be concluded that both students and examiners preferred the m‐OSCE to the pure written examination in assessment, which indicate that m‐OSCE had good face validity. Combining multiple methods in assessment of knowledge and clinical skills whilst simultaneously taking into account the feasibility and available resources provides more valid results.
Non‐fire induced seed release ina weakly serotinous pine: climatic factors, maintenance costs or both?
Authors: Espelta Josep Maria , Arnan Xavier , Rodrigo Anselm 
Published: April 2011

The advantages of canopy seed retention (serotiny) for plants inhabiting fire‐prone ecosystems are well documented. However, very few species are completely serotinous and non‐fire induced opening of serotinous fruits is commonly observed (weak serotiny). Two non‐mutually exclusive causes are envisaged to contribute to this process: mechanical changes in serotinous fruits mediated by climatic conditions (e.g. drought) or the costs of maintenance for the plant of these long‐lasting structures. However, their relative contribution to the spontaneous opening of serotinous fruits remains elusive as well as the consequences for the build‐up of the canopy seed bank and inter‐individual differences in serotiny.In this study we monitored the dynamics of cone production and cone opening in the weakly serotinous Pinus halepensis for five years (2004–2008), including two severe drought episodes (2005, 2006). Drought decreased the production of conelets, increased the abortion of immature cones, reduced the seed quality in the cohorts of cones produced during these years, and increased the opening of serotinous cones. During the first drought episode, a higher proportion of serotinous cones opened in those pines bearing a larger crop of younger cones. This suggests that not only passive changes induced by drought but also competition among cones for resources (e.g. water) might be involved in this process.The opening of serotinous cones in pines bearing more cones made inter‐individual differences in the size of the canopy cone bank to narrow or even to reverse from 2004 to 2008. These results may help to understand the decrease in serotiny when pines grow and accumulate more cones and the large inter‐individual variability in the degree of serotiny observed in P. halepensis forests. In addition, the negative effects of drought episodes for the size of the canopy cone bank and the seeds contained can be an unexplored cause of post‐fire regeneration constraint.
Aripiprazole-induced tardive dyskinesia treated with quetiapine: a case report
Authors: Tomruk Nesrin B. , Saatcioglu Omer , Yildizhan Eren , Alpay Nihat 
Published: April 2011

Tomruk NB, Saatcioglu O, Yildizhan E, Alpay N. Aripiprazole-induced tardive dyskinesia treated with quetiapine: a case report.Background: Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a serious, potentially irreversible side effect of antipsychotics. Although the risk is smaller, atypical antipsychotics still pose a risk. Aripiprazole is an atypical antipsychotic with a unique mechanism of action. It has a partial agonistic effect on the presynaptic D2 dopamine autoreceptor and antagonistic effect at postsynaptic D2 receptors.Method: There have been a few case reports of aripiprazole-induced TD. A case of aripiprazole-induced TD successfully treated with another atypical antipsychotic, quetiapine, is described and discussed in line with the recent literature.Results: TD showed rapid improvement with discontinuation of aripiprazole and initiation of quetiapine.Conclusion: Further studies are needed to ascertain the differential effects and side effects of second-generation antipsychotics in terms of TD.
Species distribution models as a tool for forest management planning under climate change: risk evaluation of Abies alba in Bavaria
Authors: Falk Wolfgang , Mellert Karl H. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractQuestions: How can SDMs be adopted as a tool for forest management planning? Based on presence‐absence data, which modelling techniques are appropriate to determine species potential distribution for forest management planning under climate change? Do species distribution models (SDMs) agree with expert knowledge about species distribution and species traits? How can forest researcher deal with distribution data of a species whose distribution is heavily affected by human impacts?Location: Bavaria (Southern Germany).Methods: We used SDMs based on the Second National Forest Inventory from 2002 (4 × 4 km grid) containing presence‐absence data of tree species to identify species environment relationships (‘Grinnellian niche’). As an example, the distribution of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) was modelled. Site condition data of the plots were derived from solar radiation, climate and soil maps. Models applied were boosted regression trees (BRT) and generalised additive models (GAM). Model predictions were compared with an expert based evaluation of the potential natural vegetation and were run with a climate change scenario (WETTREG B1) to project future distribution of silver fir.Results: Both models discriminated well between presence and absence of silver fir but underestimated the potential distribution. The BRT model was more sensitive to local site conditions in the present data, but the GAM showed more generality. The truncated response curves and high uncertainties of predictions at the edge of the site spectrum indicated a low data density and that the data did not cover the whole niche space of silver fir. As indicated by validation with expert knowledge, the model output approached potential distribution by optimizing true positive predictions. The classification of SDMs output into risk classes allowed model evaluation and interpretation. Predictions of GAM and BRT under the climate change scenario showed high accordance and therefore, low uncertainty. Finally, large areas of Bavaria are described to have a high risk of silver fir cultivation in future.Conclusions: SDMs are especially interesting as a decision basis for forest management because some of the general limitations of static modelling approaches are not relevant in this context. Limitations of forest inventory data can be partially overcome by using information on the potential distribution of species. The transferability of the models to future scenarios strongly depends on the spectrum and range of the training data sets and the depicted functional relationships. In order to improve the models and reduce the uncertainties, we need to improve the soil data and cover the whole niche space of silver fir.
Prediction of hospital mortality from admission laboratory data and patient age: A simple model
Authors: Asadollahi Khairollah , Hastings Ian M , Gill Geoffrey V , Beeching Nicholas J 
Published: April 2011

AbstractObjective: To devise a simple clinical scoring system, using age of patients and laboratory data available on admission, to predict in‐hospital mortality of unselected medical and surgical patients.Methods: All patients admitted as emergencies to a large teaching hospital in Liverpool in the 5 months July–November 2004 were reviewed retrospectively, identifying all who died in hospital and controls who survived. Laboratory data available on admission were extracted to form a derivation dataset. Factors that predicted mortality were determined using logistic regression analysis and then used to construct models tested using receiver operating characteristic curves. Models were simplified to include only seven data items, with minimal loss of predictive efficiency. The simplified model was tested in a second validation dataset of all patients admitted to the same hospital in October and November 2004.Results: The derivation dataset included 550 patients who died and 1100 controls. After logistic regression comparisons, 22 dummy variables were given weightings in discriminant analysis and used to create a receiver operating characteristic curve with area under the curve (AUC) of 0.884. The model was simplified to include the seven most discriminant variables, which can each be assigned scores of 2, 3 or 4 to form an index predicting outcome; a validation dataset contained 4828 patients (overall mortality 4.7%), showed this simplified scoring system accurately predicted mortality with AUC 0.848, compared with an AUC of 0.861 in a model containing all 23 original variables.Conclusion: A simple scoring system accurately predicts in‐hospital mortality of unselected hospital patients, using age of patient and a small number of laboratory parameters available very soon after admission.
Removal of Doripenem During Hemodialysis and the Optimum Dosing Regimen for Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis
Authors: Tanoue Kazutaka , Nishi Kazuhiko , Kadowaki Daisuke , Hirata Sumio 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe removal of doripenem by hemodialysis was studied in six hemodialysis patients. Following an intravenous drip infusion of 0.5 g of doripenem, plasma concentrations of the drug were measured. The decrease in drug concentrations in plasma was observed during various periods of non‐hemodialysis, and hemodialysis accelerated the elimination of doripenem. For example, the calculated mean half‐life during hemodialysis was significantly shorter than that during non‐hemodialysis periods (P = 0.002). The calculated pharmacokinetic parameters indicated that the mean rate of decrease in plasma concentration due to hemodialysis alone was 56.12 ± 8.11%. Upon obtaining these results and several pharmacokinetic parameters, we attempted to optimize the dosing regimen of doripenem for hemodialysis patients. We recommend the use of 0.25 g of doripenem once a day in patients infected with viable bacteria, and in patients who are infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 0.5 g twice a day on the first day of administration, followed by 0.5 g once a day.