bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal trends in mortality and effects of by-catch on common bottlenose dolphins,Tursiops truncatus, in southern Brazil
Authors: Fruet Pedro F. , Kinas Paul G. , da Silva Kleber G. , Di Tullio Juliana C. , Monteiro Daniele S. , Rosa Luciano Dalla , Estima Sérgio C. , Secchi Eduardo R. 
Published: December 2010

The mortality of the bottlenose dolphin,Tursiops truncatus, on the southern portion of Rio Grande do Sul State coast was investigated based on 914 beach surveys conducted between 1969 and 2006. A total of 188 stranded bottlenose dolphins were recorded during this period, indicating a 1.8M:1F sex-ratio of those animals sexed (N = 79). Mortality was low in calves, high in juveniles and sub-adults and slightly lower than in adults. The overall mortality was clearly seasonal overlapping with higher fishing efforts in the Patos Lagoon Estuary and adjacent coastal areas, where most individuals washed ashore. Analysis of a continuous 14-year long subset (1993–2006) of the data indicated relatively low levels of mortality between 1995 and 2000 and a marked increase between 2002 and 2005 followed by an apparent drop in 2006. By-catch was responsible for at least 43% of the recorded mortality between 2002 and 2006. Juvenile males were more susceptible to incidental catches. Among females, by-catch of adults represented 75%. Results of a potential biological removal analysis suggest that current levels of fishing-related mortality are unsustainable for the small resident population of bottlenose dolphins that inhabits the Patos Lagoon Estuary, and that this population may be declining.
New Type of Bacterium Expands Possibilities of Life, Scientists Indicate
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: December 2010

Leading up to NASA's 2 December news briefing about a new astrobiology finding, segments of the blogosphere had run wild with speculation that the agency would announce that it has found life elsewhere. Although some bloggers and readers may have been disappointed in the actual announcement, scientists at the briefing at NASA headquarters in Washington, D.C., said the finding of a bacterium that can grow by using arsenic instead of phosphorus is “phenomenal,” with broad implications for searching for life on Earth and elsewhere and for other areas of research on Earth.Felisa Wolfe‐Simon, a NASA Astrobiology Research Fellow in residence at the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park, Calif., led a team that discovered and experimented on the microbe, known as strain GFAJ‐1 of the common bacteria group Gammaproteobacteria. Noting that life is mostly composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus, she said, “If there is an organism on Earth doing something different, we've cracked open the door to what is possible for life elsewhere.”
AGU Council Undertakes Mission:Alignment Project
Authors: Finn Carol 
Published: December 2010

Over the past 2 years, AGU has undertaken two critical initiatives designed to better position the organization for continued success. The first was a full membership vote to restructure governance to better address how both the science and the business of AGU are conducted. The second was to create a new long‐term strategic plan based on broad input from a cross section of science perspectives.Now the newly configured AGU Council, which represents all constituent voices, is focusing on a key question: Given our strategic plan, stakeholder expectations of AGU, and what is being asked of science and our members, how does our science need to be organized, recognized and rewarded, disseminated, and promoted?
Transport properties of glass-forming liquids suggest that dynamic crossover temperature is as important as the glass transition temperature
Authors: Mallamace Francesco , Branca Caterina , Corsaro Carmelo , Leone Nancy , Spooren Jeroen , Chen Sow-Hsin , Stanley H. Eugene 
Published: December 2010

It is becoming common practice to partition glass-forming liquids into two classes based on the dependence of the shear viscosity η on temperature
T
. In an Arrhenius plot, ln
η
vs 1/
T
, a strong liquid shows linear behavior whereas a fragile liquid exhibits an upward curvature [super-Arrhenius (SA) behavior], a situation customarily described by using the Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann law. Here we analyze existing data of the transport coefficients of 84 glass-forming liquids. We show the data are consistent, on decreasing temperature, with the onset of a well-defined dynamical crossover
η
×
, where
η
×
has the same value,
η
×
≈ 10
3
Poise, for all 84 liquids. The crossover temperature,
T
×
, located well above the calorimetric glass transition temperature
T

g

, marks significant variations in the system thermodynamics, evidenced by the change of the SA-like
T
dependence above
T
×
to Arrhenius behavior below
T
×
. We also show that below
T
×
the familiar Stokes–Einstein relation
D
/
T
∼
η
-1
breaks down and is replaced by a fractional form
D
/
T
∼
η

-
ζ

, with
ζ
≈ 0.85.
Determinants of extracellular matrix remodelling are differentially expressed in paediatric and adult dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Hsia Tain‐Yen , Ringewald Jeremy M. , Stroud Robert E. , Forbus Geoffrey A. , Bradley Scott M. , Chung Wendy K. , Spinale Francis G. 
Published: December 2010

AimsThe left ventricular phenotype of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) can appear similar in paediatric and adult patients. However, the aetiology of paediatric DCM is usually idiopathic, and often leads an aggressive clinical course. A structural underpinning of DCM is extracellular matrix changes, which are determined by a balance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs). This study tested the hypothesis that different MMP/TIMP profiles occur in paediatric and adult DCM patients.Methods and resultsLeft ventricular samples from paediatric (age 9 ± 5 years;n= 10) and adult (age 62 ± 3 years;n= 20) DCM (at time of transplant) were subjected to an MMP/TIMP multiplex array and immunoassay in order to measure the MMP subclasses; collagenases (MMP−8, −13), gelatinases (MMP−2, −9), stromelysin/matrilysin (MMP−3, −7), membrane type (MT1‐MMP), as well as for the four known TIMPs. MMP−8 and −9 levels increased by over 150% (P< 0.05), whereas MMP−3 and −7 levels decreased by over 30% (P< 0.05) in paediatric DCM when compared with adult DCM. TIMP−1 and −2 levels increased two‐fold (P< 0.05), but TIMP‐3 fell by 41% (P< 0.05) in paediatric DCM. Myocardial levels of specific interleukins (IL‐1beta, IL‐2, IL‐8) were increased by approximately 50% in paediatric DCM.ConclusionsThese unique findings demonstrated that a specific MMP/TIMP profile occurs in paediatric DCM when compared with adult DCM, and that local cytokine induction may contribute to this process. These distinct differences in the determinants of myocardial matrix structure and function may contribute to the natural history of DCM in children.
Tectonic implications of transtensional supradetachment basin development in an extension‐parallel transfer zone: the Kocaçay Basin, western Anatolia, Turkey
Authors: Sözbilir Hasan , Sarι Bilal , Uzel Bora , Sümer Ökmen , Akkiraz Serkan 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTThe Kocaçay Basin (KÇB) is a key area in western Anatolia – a well‐known extended terrane where regional segmentation has received limited attention – for investigating strike‐slip faults kinematically linked to detachment faults. In this paper, we present results of an integrated sedimentologic, stratigraphic, and structural study of Miocene alluvial fan/fan‐delta/lacustrine deposits that accumulated in the KÇB, a NE‐trending basin with connections to the Menderes Metamorphic Core Complex (MCC). We mapped and evaluated most of the key faults in the KÇB, many for the first time, and recognised different deformation events in the study area near the E margin of the MCC. We also present field evidence for kinematic connections between low‐angle normal and strike‐slip faults which were developed in an intermittently active basement‐involved transfer zone in western Anatolia. We find that the KÇB contains a detailed record of Miocene transtensional sedimentation and volcanism that accompanied exhumation of the MCC. Structural data reveal that the basin was initially formed by transtension (D1 phase) and subsequently uplifted and deformed, probably as a result of early Pliocene wrench‐ to extension‐dominated deformation (D2 phase) overprinted by Plio‐Quaternary extensional tectonics (D3 phase). These results are consistent with progressive deformation wherein the axis of maximum extension remained in the horizontal plane but the intermediate and maximum shortening axes switched position in the vertical plane. Combining our results with published studies, we propose a new working hypothesis that the KÇB was a transtensional supradetachment basin during the Miocene. The hypothesis could provide new insights into intermittently active extension‐parallel zone of weakness in western Anatolia.These results also suggest that the termination of low‐angle normal fault systems within an extension parallel transfer zone may have resulted in a transtensional depressions which are different from classical supradetachment basins with respect to the sedimentation and deformational pattern of the basin infills.
Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS): a clinical update and review of current thinking
Authors: Walsh S. A. , Creamer D. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Summary Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) describes a severe medication-induced adverse reaction, which has cutaneous, haematological and solid-organ features. It is one of the triad of life-threatening drug hypersensitivity dermatoses, along with acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) and Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN). In this article, we discuss several controversies that surround DRESS, including problems with nomenclature and the lack of consensus in diagnostic criteria.
Habitat or fuel? Implications of long‐term, post‐fire dynamics for the development of key resources for fauna and fire
Authors: Haslem Angie , Kelly Luke T. , Nimmo Dale G. , Watson Simon J. , Kenny Sally A. , Taylor Rick S. , Avitabile Sarah C. , Callister Kate E. , Spence‐Bailey Lisa M. , Clarke Michael F. , Bennett Andrew F. 
Published: December 2010

Summary1. Managing fire to achieve hazard reduction while providing for biodiversity conservation is complex in fire‐prone regions. This challenge is exacerbated by limited understanding of post‐fire changes in habitat and fuel attributes over time‐scales commensurate with their development, and a paucity of empirical research integrating the effects of fire on these attributes.2. We used a 110‐year post‐fire chronosequence to investigate temporal development in habitat resources used by fauna, and fuels for fire in semi‐arid Mallee vegetation, south‐eastern Australia. Fire‐history mapping previously limited investigation to 35 years post‐fire. The patterns of temporal change over 110 years for 13 variables, representing key attributes of habitat and fuel, were explored using nonlinear mixed models and data from 549 sites.3. Most habitat and fuel attributes exhibited changes in abundance and rate of development over extended periods, emphasizing the importance of documenting post‐fire dynamics over long time‐frames. Further, developmental patterns were mostly nonlinear, indicating that a shorter temporal perspective (e.g. 20–30 years post‐fire) may obscure, or provide an inaccurate understanding of, long‐term changes.4. There were striking differences in the post‐fire dynamics of some habitat and fuel attributes. Leaf litter and spinifex grass Triodia scariosa, which function as both habitat and fuel, increased rapidly after fire followed by a plateau or slow decline after 20–30 years. In contrast, live tree stems were not predicted to develop hollows until 40 years, after which time the density of live hollow‐bearing stems, an important habitat feature, increased steadily.5. Synthesis and applications. Fire affects the development and abundance of resources over substantially longer periods than can be examined using fire‐mapping based on satellite imagery. Our results demonstrate that post‐fire changes in mallee vegetation influence fire hazard and faunal habitat in different ways. Critically, the cover/abundance of most primary fuel sources did not increase substantially beyond around 30 years post‐fire; whereas important habitat attributes changed in ways that affect faunal occurrence for over a century. Fire management must explicitly acknowledge the potential for fire to affect fauna and fuel differently, and for these effects to operate over time‐frames that may extend well beyond current understanding.
‘Better than nothing’ is not good enough: challenges to introducing evidence‐based approaches for traumatized populations
Authors: Clark James J. , Sprang Ginny , Freer Benjamin , Whitt‐Woosley Adrienne 
Published: December 2010

AbstractRationale Focus group data were generated by a larger, mixed‐methods investigation on treatment practices among therapists working with significantly traumatized populations in a primarily rural, underdeveloped region of the USA. This paper explores reasons behind low utilization of evidence‐based practices (EBPs) that putatively would benefit poor communities where these behavioural health care providers serve.Methods Eight focus groups of 45 licensed and certified behavioural health professionals were conducted over a 6‐month period of time in 2006. Sites were selected based on Beale code designations with representation from urban, rural, and rural with urban influence providers. Potential respondents were selected from licensing board membership rosters and invited to participate in the study. Focus groups were facilitated by trained interviewers using a semi‐structured interview schedule that focused on how participants defined, assessed, and understood trauma, as well as the information therapists utilized to determine interventions for clients with trauma histories.Results Focus group transcripts were analysed using qualitative data reduction methods and six major themes emerged regarding the limited use of EBPs: complexity of trauma identification, issues with manualized assessment, role of treatment settings, conditions for innovation success and failure, untangling cultural effects, and defining successful treatment outcomes.Conclusion These findings shed light on the endurance of insufficient behavioural health infrastructures despite therapists' access to scientifically validated treatments for trauma spectrum and co‐morbid mental disorders suffered by children and adults. Such insights have implications for the success of global dissemination of validated behavioural health interventions.
Taxonomy, distribution and biology of lettuce powdery mildew (Golovinomyces cichoracearum sensu stricto)
Authors: Lebeda A. , Mieslerová B. 
Published: December 2010

This paper reviews the taxonomy, biology, importance, host–pathogen interactions and control of lettuce powdery mildew. The main causal agent of this disease, Golovinomyces cichoracearum s.s., is an important powdery mildew pathogen of many members of the family Asteraceae. The pathogen is distributed worldwide and occurs on Lactuca sativa as well as wild Lactuca spp. and related taxa (e.g. Cichorium spp.). Powdery mildew of lettuce can be a major problem in production areas with favourable environmental conditions for disease development (dry, hot weather). The fungus grows ectophytically and appears as white, powdery growth on both the upper and lower sides of leaves. There is rather limited information on the geographic distribution of powdery mildew on wild Lactuca spp. Most L. sativa cultivars have been found to be susceptible. Large variability in virulence was confirmed and existence of different races is supposed. Resistance in L. sativa and some related wild Lactuca spp. is characterized by race‐specificity, but the genetic background of resistance is poorly understood. Sources of resistance are known in L. saligna and L. virosa. Lettuce powdery mildew can be effectively controlled by common fungicides (e.g. sulphur, myclobutanil, quinoline, strobilurins, etc.) and protective compounds (e.g. extract of neem oil, Reynoutria sachaliensis extracts). However, fungicide resistance may arise. Non‐fungicidal activators of plant systemic acquired resistance (SAR) had no direct effect on the causal agent. Future issues regarding lettuce powdery mildew research are summarized.
The plant ADH gene family
Authors: Strommer Judith 
Published: December 2010

SummaryThe structures, evolution and functions of alcohol dehydrogenase gene families and their products have been scrutinized for half a century. Our understanding of the enzyme structure and catalytic activity of plant alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH‐P) is based on the vast amount of information available for its animal counterpart. The probable origins of the enzyme from a simple β‐coil and eventual emergence from a glutathione‐dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase have been well described. There is compelling evidence that the small ADH gene families found in plants today are the survivors of multiple rounds of gene expansion and contraction. To the probable original function of their products in the terminal reaction of anaerobic fermentation have been added roles in yeast‐like aerobic fermentation and the production of characteristic scents that act to attract animals that serve as pollinators or agents of seed dispersal and to protect against herbivores.
Risk factors for relapse of visceral leishmaniasis in Georgia
Authors: Kajaia Maia , Morse Dale L. , Kamkamidze George , Butsashvili Maia , Chubabria Giulen , Zenaishvili Otar , Kokaia Nora , McNutt Louise‐Anne 
Published: December 2010

SummaryThe number of relapses in patients treated for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has increased, thus identifying prognostic factors may aid decisions on treatment. Demographic and clinical information was abstracted from medical records of patients diagnosed and treated in Georgia from 2002 to 2004. The 300 persons with VL were primarily children <5 years (73.3%), and ∼44% had delays in diagnosis of more than 30 days from symptom onset. All patients received standard therapy with pentavalent antimony (20 mg/kg/day), most for 20–25 days. Factors significantly associated with VL relapse were delay in diagnosis for >90 days (RR = 4.21, 95% CI: 1.58, 11.16), haemoglobin level <60 g/l (RR = 11.96, 95% CI: 4.12, 34.76) and age <1 year (RR = 2.36, 95% CI: 0.96, 5.80). Physician and public education is needed to reduce delays in diagnosis. Prolonging treatment for 30 days (e.g. WHO recommendation) or implementing new regimens may reduce the number of relapses.
Regulatory interplay of the Sub1A and CIPK15 pathways in the regulation of α‐amylase production in flooded rice plants
Authors: Kudahettige N. P. , Pucciariello C. , Parlanti S. , Alpi A. , Perata P. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractRice (Oryza sativa L.) can successfully germinate and grow even when flooded. Rice varieties possessing the submergence 1A (Sub1A) gene display a distinct flooding‐tolerant phenotype, associated with lower carbohydrate consumption and restriction of the fast‐elongation phenotype typical of flooding‐intolerant rice varieties. Calcineurin B‐like interacting protein kinase 15 (CIPK15) was recently indicated as a key regulator of α‐amylases under oxygen deprivation, linked to both rice germination and flooding tolerance in adult plants. It is still unknown whether the Sub1A‐ and CIPK15‐mediated pathways act as complementary processes for rice survival under O2 deprivation. In adult plants Sub1A and CIPK15 may perhaps play an antagonistic role in terms of carbohydrate consumption, with Sub1A acting as a starch degradation repressor and CIPK15 as an activator. In this study, we analysed sugar metabolism in the stem of rice plants under water submergence by selecting cultivars with different traits associated with flooding survival. The relation between the Sub1A and the CIPK15 pathways was investigated. The results show that under O2 deprivation, the CIPK15 pathway is repressed in the tolerant, Sub1A‐containing, FR13A variety. CIPK15 is likely to play a role in the up‐regulation of Ramy3D in flooding‐intolerant rice varieties that display fast elongation under flooding and that do not possess Sub1A.
Brain angiotensin AT1receptors as specific regulators of cardiovascular reactivity to acute psychoemotional stress
Authors: Mayorov Dmitry N 
Published: December 2010

Summary1. Cardiovascular reactivity, an abrupt rise in blood pressure (BP) and heart rate in response to psychoemotional stress, is a risk factor for heart disease. Pharmacological and molecular genetic studies suggest that brain angiotensin (Ang) II and AT1receptors are required for the normal expression of sympathetic cardiovascular responses to various psychological stressors. Moreover, overactivity of the brain AngII system may contribute to enhanced cardiovascular reactivity in hypertension.2. Conversely, brain AT1receptors appear to be less important for the regulation of sympathetic cardiovascular responses to a range of stressors involving an immediate physiological threat (physical stressors) in animal models.3. Apart from threatening events, appetitive stimuli can induce a distinct, central nervous system‐mediated rise in BP. However, evidence indicates that brain AT1receptors are not essential for the regulation of cardiovascular arousal associated with positively motivated behaviour, such as anticipation and the consumption of palatable food. The role of central AT1receptors in regulating cardiovascular activation elicited by other types of appetitive stimuli remains to be determined.4. Emerging evidence also indicates that brain AT1receptors play a limited role in the regulation of cardiovascular responses to non‐emotional natural daily activities, sleep and exercise.5. Collectively, these findings suggest that, with respect to cardiovascular arousal, central AT1receptors may be involved primarily in the regulation of the defence response. Therefore, these receptors could be a potential therapeutic target for selective attenuation of BP hyperreactivity to aversive stressors, without altering physiologically important cardiovascular adjustments to normal daily activities, sleep and exercise.