bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1200-P: Effectiveness of Real-Time, Remote Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Adolescents with Poorly Controlled Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: CHOUDHARI POOJA , MARWA ALBARA , WHITE PERRIN C. , CHOUDHARY ABHA 
Published: June 2024

Introduction & Objective: Adolescents with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) have higher hemoglobin A1c (A1c) than other age groups. Poorly controlled diabetes increases the risk for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and other diabetic complications. We hypothesized that real-time, remote, continuous glucose monitoring with real-time coaching via two-way text messaging will improve the A1c of adolescents with poorly controlled T1D.
Methods: We are conducting a prospective, single-arm, pilot study. Phase 1 is a run-in phase using a continuous glucose monitor (CGM). Phase 2 consists of 3 months of real-time, remote, glucose monitoring (RTM) with two-way text messaging with a pediatric endocrinologist to provide coaching, glucose trend review and insulin dose adjustments. During the 3-month final phase, we assess A1c changes after cessation of RTM. We also follow psychosocial measures. Inclusion criteria include patients with T1D ages 13 to 18 years, with 30% annual risk of developing DKA or A1c ≥ 12%. Primary exclusion criteria include other types of diabetes and chronic conditions or use of glucocorticoids that affect glycemic control.
Results: Nine participants began the RTM phase. One participant had a malfunctioning phone, which adversely impacted CGM data sharing. Therefore, the corresponding data were not included in the results. Average baseline A1c was 11.4%. Following 3 months of RTM, A1c improved by 0.7% (p = 0.15). Alc increased after cessation of RTM. Time in range improved an average of 1.8% during RTM but decreased during Phase 3. Participants with greater correspondence frequency with the monitoring physician had greater improvement in A1c (decreased by 1.6-3%). During the study, no participants were admitted for DKA.
Conclusion: RTM and coaching improved the overall glycemic control of our pilot study participants. However, the improvement was not sustained without RTM. The level of return engagement might be associated with some level of improvement in A1c.

Disclosure
P. Choudhari: None. A. Marwa: None. P.C. White: Consultant; Provention Bio, Inc. Research Support; MannKind Corporation, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. A. Choudhary: None.

Funding
Children's Medical Center Foundation Dexcom, Inc provided CGMs (External study number IIS-2020-076)
1201-P: The Impact of Gender on Sleep, Glycemia, and Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: FIVEKILLER EMILY , SAKAMOTO CASEY , TAYLOR KASSERINE , PYLE LAURA , MELTZER LISA J. , PAUL WADWA R. , COBRY ERIN C. 
Published: June 2024

Sleep is key to health maintenance. Adolescents with T1D are at increased risk for sleep disruptions and shorter sleep duration. We examined differences between biological genders in sleep, glycemia and HRQOL outcomes for youth aged 11-17 yes with T1D.
70 youth (mean 14.5±1.8 yrs, 51% female, 76% Non-Hispanic White) participated in an observational study. Actigraphy data (sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset) and glycemic data from CGM (TIR (70-180mg/dL), time hyperglycemic (&gt;180mg/dL), time hypoglycemic (&lt;70mg/dL)) were collected for 1-week, followed by self-report surveys (PROMIS, Sleep-Related Disordered Breathing [SRDB], Fear of Hypoglycemia, Morningness/Eveningness).
No significant gender differences were found for demographics, actigraphic sleep, or glycemic outcomes. Statistically significant differences were found for psychological stress (p=0.01), anxiety (p=0.03), depressive symptoms (p=0.01), sleep-related impairment (p=0.03), and SRDB (p=0.03) with females reporting poorer outcomes (Table).
This study highlights gender differences in self-reported sleep and HRQOL among adolescents with T1D. Interventions to address poor sleep and psychological distress may benefit from a gender-specific lens. Further research is needed to elucidate gender differences and examine ways to improve sleep and glycemia for all adolescents.

Disclosure
E. Fivekiller: None. C. Sakamoto: None. K. Taylor: None. L. Pyle: None. L.J. Meltzer: Consultant; Egetis Therapeutics, Harmony Biosciences, Zepp Health. R. Wadwa: Research Support; Dexcom, Inc. Other Relationship; Dexcom, Inc. Research Support; Eli Lilly and Company. Advisory Panel; Eli Lilly and Company, Provention Bio, Inc. Research Support; Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. Other Relationship; Eli Lilly and Company. E.C. Cobry: Advisory Panel; Dexcom, Inc. Other Relationship; Dexcom, Inc.

Funding
JDRF (5-ECR-2022-1179-A-N)
1208-P: Role of Galectin-9 in the Development of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)
Authors: ALBUAYJAN HAYA H. , SUGAWARA RYOSUKE , OI YUKIKO , YANG BOXUAN , TAHARA TOSHIHISA , NAKATSUKA ATSUKO , EGUCHI JUN , WADA JUN 
Published: June 2024

Introduction: Interactions between the trophoblast and NK cells is critical for the regulation of inflammation in placenta. Galectin-9 (Gal-9) induces apoptosis of Th1 and NK cells. Since Gal-9 is highly expressed in placenta, we aimed to investigate the role of Gal-9 in the development of GDM.
Methods: C57BL/6J (WT) and B6-Lgals9tm1glp (KO) female mice were assigned to standard fat diet (SFD) and high fat diet (HFD) and they were mated with WT and samples were obtained at gestational day 19. In the women with GDM, plasma at 2nd, 3rd trimester and after delivery, and placenta tissues were obtained. Mann-Whitney’s U test, one-way ANOVA with Tukey test, and Spearman correlation coefficient were used (IBM SPSS 23 and GraphPad Prism 10).
Results: In pregnant KO mice fed with HFD, the body weight was reduced compared to WT mice. Glucose tolerance tests demonstrated that blood glucose levels at 120 min were significantly higher (224 ± 22.5 mg/dL) compared to WT mice (199 ± 90.3 mg/dL) (P=0.032). The embryos from KO mice demonstrated macrosomia (1.30 ± 0.2 g) in comparison with WT mice (0.96 ± 0.2 g) (P=0.039). Gal-9 mRNA expression was upregulated in placenta from WT mice fed with HFD and Gal-9 was highly expressed in labyrinth layer. In placenta derived from KO mice fed with HFD, the number of apoptotic cells by TUNEL assay were reduced, while M1 and M2 macrophage, and NK cell markers were increased compared to WT mice. The women with GDM, plasma Gal-9 levels rapidly increased at 3rd trimester (2.01 ± 0.92 ng/mL) and immediately declined after birth (1.16 ± 0.48 ng/mL) (P=0.004). Plasma Gal-9 levels demonstrated negative correlation with HDL-C and LDL-C, and positive correlation with fasting plasma glucose and IRI.
Conclusions: Gal-9 deficiency promoted the development of GDM and Gal-9 may be involved in the maternal immune tolerance and suppression of the inflammatory process in placenta.

Disclosure
H.H. Albuayjan: None. R. Sugawara: None. Y. Oi: None. B. Yang: None. T. Tahara: None. A. Nakatsuka: Research Support; Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation. Speaker's Bureau; Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Novo Nordisk, Daiichi Sankyo, Kowa Company, Ltd., Otsuka Pharmaceutical. J. Eguchi: None. J. Wada: Research Support; Bayer Inc., Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc., Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Shionogi & Co., Ltd.
1219-P: Central Obesity, Independent of General Obesity, Is Associated with Risk of Gestational Diabetes and Postpartum Prediabetes or Diabetes
Authors: ZHU YEYI , CHEHAB RANA F. , CHEN LIWEI , NGO AMANDA , GREENBERG MARA , FERRARA ASSIAMIRA 
Published: June 2024

General obesity measured by body mass index (BMI) is a major risk factor for gestational diabetes (GDM) and postpartum diabetes; however, the role of central obesity, assessed by waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist circumference (WC), is understudied. We examined the prospective associations of general and central obesity with the risk of GDM and postpartum prediabetes or diabetes. Among 3,055 pregnant individuals in the prospective PETALS cohort, BMI was assessed preconceptionally and waist and hip circumference were measured at gestational weeks 10-13. Modified Poisson and Cox regression models assessed the risk of GDM (by Carpenter and Coustan criteria) and postpartum prediabetes or diabetes (by lab, diagnosis, and/or medication), respectively, in association with general obesity (BMI: Asian ≥27.5, non-Asian ≥30.0 kg/m2) and central obesity (WHR ≥0.85 or WC ≥88cm), adjusting for cofounders including continuous BMI. In total, 304 individuals developed GDM and 631 developed postpartum prediabetes or diabetes (mean ± SD follow-up: 4.3 ± 2.5 years). Compared to individuals without general and central obesity (by WHR), GDM risk increased by 1.91 (95% CI 1.10-3.31), 2.39 (1.67-3.43), and 2.69 (1.75-4.13)-fold for those with general obesity and without central obesity, without general obesity and with central obesity, and with both general and central obesity; postpartum prediabetes or diabetes risk increased by 1.70 (1.17-2.47), 1.45 (1.15-1.82), and 1.98 (1.44-2.72)-fold, respectively. Associations were strongest in Hispanic followed by Black individuals. Similar results were observed for central obesity by WC. Central obesity was a stronger risk factor for GDM than general obesity and exhibited incremental risk beyond general obesity for both GDM and postpartum prediabetes or diabetes. Clinicians should recognize the importance of screening for central obesity to identify pregnant individuals at higher risk of future dysglycemia.

Disclosure
Y. Zhu: None. R.F. Chehab: None. L. Chen: None. A. Ngo: None. M. Greenberg: None. A. Ferrara: None.

Funding
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES019196), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL157666), National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (R01MD018459), and Kaiser Permanente Center for Upstream Prevention of Adiposity and Diabetes Mellitus (UPSTREAM).
1220-P: Management of Insulin Needs during the Menstrual Cycle in Females with Type 1 Diabetes—A Preliminary Analysis of the GLYMETY Study
Authors: BONHOURE ANNE , YARDLEY JANE E. , BOUDREAU VALERIE , MESSIER VIRGINIE , NGUYEN ELISABETH , BRAZEAU ANNE-SOPHIE , RABASA-LHORET RÉMI P.R. 
Published: June 2024

Introduction & Objective: In females living with T1D (FwT1D), the impact of the menstrual cycle on glucose fluctuations is not well known. Our aim is to examine the relationship between the menstrual cycle phases, glycemic fluctuations and insulin needs in FwT1D.
Methods: This is a preliminary analysis of observational data over 3 menstrual cycles in eumenorrheic FwT1D. The menstrual cycle was split into 3 phases: follicular, periovulatory, and luteal phases. Included participants (n=15) shared their CGM and daily insulin (total, basal and bolus) data. CGM data were used to calculate mean glucose, coefficient of variance (CV), and time below (TBR), in (TIR), and above (TAR) range. One-way repeated-measures ANOVAs with Bonferroni post-hoc tests were used to compare glycemia, glycemic variation and insulin doses across the 3 menstrual cycle phases.
Results: Of the 15 FwT1D, 14 (93%) did not use hormonal contraception. Participants were (mean ± SD) 37.2 ± 5.9 years old, with a BMI of 25.7 ± 4.6 kg/m2, an HbA1c of 6.5 ± 0.7%, and diabetes duration of 19.3 ± 10.6 years. Glycemic and insulinemic data across the 3 cycle phases can be found in Table 1.
Conclusion: In FwT1D, the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle is associated with higher glucose levels, more time spent in hyperglycemia, and greater insulin needs compared to the follicular and periovulatory phases.

Disclosure
A. Bonhoure: Consultant; Dexcom, Inc. J.E. Yardley: Speaker's Bureau; Dexcom, Inc. Research Support; LifeScan Diabetes Institute. V. Boudreau: None. V. Messier: None. E. Nguyen: None. A. Brazeau: Other Relationship; Dexcom, Inc. Research Support; Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF), Diabète québec, Fonds de recherche du Québec en Santé. R.P.R. Rabasa-Lhoret: Other Relationship; Abbott, AstraZeneca, Bayer Inc., Boehringer-Ingelheim, Dexcom, Inc. Research Support; Diabetes Canada. Other Relationship; Eli Lilly and Company. Research Support; Cystic Fibrosis Canada, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, FFRD - Fondation Francophone pour la Recherche du Diabète. Other Relationship; Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Research Support; Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF). Other Relationship; Novo Nordisk, GlaxoSmithKline plc. Consultant; HLS Therapeutics Inc., Insulet Corporation. Speaker's Bureau; CPD Networks. Other Relationship; Medtronic. Consultant; Pfizer Inc. Speaker's Bureau; Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. Other Relationship; Sanofi. Speaker's Bureau; Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated. Research Support; SFD - Société Francophone du Diabète.
1231-P: Decreased Complexity of Glucose Time Series Index Associated with Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in Patients with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus—A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: LIANG GUILING , LAI MENGYU , WANG YAXIN , LU JINGYI , ZHOU JIAN , WANG YUFAN 
Published: June 2024

Introduction & Objective: According to previous researches, the complexity of glucose time series index (CGI) may be a new indicator of glucose homeostasis. We aimed to investigate the relationship between the CGI during pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) patients.
Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, a total of 388 singleton-pregnant patients with GDM were recruited and underwent continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) at a median of 26.86 gestational weeks. The CGI was measured with refined composite multiscale entropy based on CGM data. Participants were categorized into tertiles according to CGI at baseline (CGI &lt;2.32; CGI: 2.32-3.10; CGI ≥3.10). Logistic regression was used to assess the association of the CGI with composite adverse outcomes and large for gestational age (LGA). The CGI’s discrimination performance was estimated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.
Results: Of the 388 GDM patients, 71 (18.3%) had LGA infants, and 63 (16.2%) had composite adverse outcomes. Compared to those with a high CGI (CGI ≥3.10), patients with a low CGI (CGI &lt;2.32) had higher risks of composite adverse outcomes (OR: 9.87, 95% CI: 3.76-25.88) and LGA (OR: 11.92, 95% CI: 3.88-36.59) after adjusting for confounders. In ROC analysis, the CGI showed significantly better performance than the HbA1c level, time in range and coefficient of variation in predicting adverse pregnancy outcomes (all p &lt; 0.05).
Conclusion: A lower CGI during pregnancy was associated with composite adverse outcomes and LGA. The CGI, a novel glucose homeostasis predictor, seems to be superior to conventional glucose indicators for predicting adverse pregnancy outcomes in GDM patients.

Disclosure
G. Liang: None. M. Lai: None. Y. Wang: None. J. Lu: None. J. Zhou: None. Y. Wang: None.

Funding
the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFC2501600, 2021YFC2501601); the Shanghai Science and Technology Commission Foundation (No. 21Y11904800; No. 23ZR1451500).
1239-P: Utilizing Continuous Glucose Monitoring for Early Detection of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in a Multiethnic Asian Population
Authors: LIM BETH , YANG QIAN , CHOOLANI MAHESH , GARDNER DAPHNE , SENG CHONG YAP , ZHANG CUILIN , CHAN SHIAO-YNG , LI LING-JUN 
Published: June 2024

Introduction & Objective: Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) proves reliable glycemic monitoring in subjects with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) during pregnancy. Therefore, we further explored the early GDM prediction potential of CGM in the first trimester.
Methods: We recruited 113 overweight or obese multi-ethnic Asian pregnant women (BMI ≥ 23 kg/m2) from a hospital-based, prospective cohort. Blinded CGM devices were worn for 10-14 days at gestation week 11-13 and universal GDM screening was performed at 24-28 week of gestation. EasyGV software was used to derive CGM parameters, including average glucose and glycemic variability parameters (e.g., liability index [LI], mean amplitude of glycemic excursions [MAGE], mean of daily differences [MODD], J-index, % in coefficient variability [% CV]) were assessed between GDM and non-GDM subjects. Forward stepwise logistic regression among 50 multiple imputation datasets identified parsimonious models for traditional risk factors and novel CGM parameters. We compared the predictive value of GDM using both sets of variables.
Results: Twenty-one GDM cases (18.6%) were ascertained using IADPSG criteria. Mothers with GDM had significantly higher values in mean glucose, time-above-range duration and all glycemic variability parameters mentioned above (all p&lt;0.001). The novel CGM prediction Model (average glucose, LI & J-index) demonstrated better sensitivity (0.762 vs. 0.600), specificity (0.859 vs. 0.815), AUC (0.870 vs. 0.665), and superior R2 (0.332 vs. 0.058, p=0.021) for incident GDM prediction, compared with the traditional risk model (maternal age, baseline BMI & baseline systolic blood pressure).
Conclusion: Our pilot data suggested CGM's potential clinical utility in early pregnancy for predicting GDM, particularly in individuals at risk due to BMI concerns.

Disclosure
B. Lim: None. Q. Yang: None. M. Choolani: None. D. Gardner: None. Y. Chong: None. C. Zhang: None. S. Chan: Research Support; Nestlé Health Science. L. Li: None.

Funding
Singapore NMRC CSAINV/002/2021
1240-P: Effects of Maternal Body Mass Index and Gestational Weight Gain upon Pregnancy Outcomes in Women with Type 1 Diabetes—A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: ATTA NOORIA , EZEOKE ANULI , KUSINSKI LAURA C. , MEEK CLAIRE L. 
Published: June 2024

Pregnant women with type 1 diabetes have a higher risk of perinatal complications. Maternal hyperglycaemia is a key modifiable risk factor for perinatal complications, but it is unclear if maternal body mass index (BMI) and excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) also contribute to the risk in this population.
Objective: We assessed the association of maternal BMI and GWG with perinatal complications in women with type 1 diabetes.
Research Design and Methods: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochran databases to identify studies examining the association between periconception BMI and GWG and perinatal complications (defined by a core outcome set) in women with type 1 diabetes and conducted random effects meta-analyses.
Results: We screened 209 studies and included 24 studies (11,655 pregnancies which occurred between 1978 and 2019) in the meta-analyses. Periconception BMI and excessive GWG were associated with increased odds of perinatal complications overall (OR 1.06, 95%CI 1.03-1.10 and OR 1.35, 95%CI 1.21-1.51 respectively). BMI was associated with preeclampsia (OR 1.27, 95%CI 1.11-1.45), macrosomia (OR 1.06, 95%CI 1.02-1.11), Neonatal-Intensive-Care-Unit (NICU) admission (OR 1.08, 95%CI 1.03-1.13) and congenital malformation (OR 1.22, 95%CI 1.02-1.47). Excessive GWG was associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia (OR 1.10, 95%CI 1.04-1.16), Caesarean delivery (OR 1.70, 95%CI 1.28-2.25), large-for-gestational-age (OR 1.74, 95%CI 1.38-2.18) and macrosomia (OR 1.87, 95%CI 1.26-2.79).
Conclusions: Maternal BMI and GWG are modifiable determinants of perinatal complications in type 1 diabetes. Addressing maternal BMI pre-pregnancy and preventing excessive GWG should be key clinical priorities in women with type 1 diabetes.

Disclosure
N. Atta: None. A. Ezeoke: None. L.C. Kusinski: None. C.L. Meek: Research Support; Dexcom, Inc.
1243-P: Continuous Glucose Monitoring Metrics in Gestational Diabetes—Relationship with Neonatal Outcomes and Postpartum Glucose Metabolism
Authors: ELKIND-HIRSCH KAREN , ARMATTA MISSY , VEILLON EDWARD , SCHIAVON SARA , CAPPON GIACOMO 
Published: June 2024

Objective: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has shown to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes in diabetic pregnancies. We investigated the use of CGM-derived metrics and normally monitored glucose measures in women with gestational diabetes (GDM) to study maternal and neonatal outcomes and postpartum glucose metabolism.
Methods: Sixty women with GDM were recruited prior to scheduled labor induction or caesarean section (C-section). A blinded Dexcom G6 Pro CGM was used for 10 days, starting 1-3 days predelivery. A 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was administered at 6-24 weeks postpartum with a subset of participants (n=28) using an additional blinded CGM for 10 days.
Results: Thirty-three participants had a vaginal delivery, 13 an unplanned (primary)C-section and 14 a repeat C-section. Infants of women having either an induction (25/33; 75.8%) or primary C-section (10/13;76.9%) were significantly more likely than repeat C-section-(4/14; 28.6%) to have neonatal hypoglycemia (χ²test= 10.7; p=0.005). Mothers treated with medication during pregnancy had a higher rate of large for gestational age (LGA) neonates and neonatal hypoglycemia (28/39; 72%) compared to diet alone (11/21; 52%) (p=.048). No direct association was demonstrated between the CGM-derived metrics prior to delivery and the postnatal glucose adaptation in the newborn. While there was only a slight positive relationship of mean glucose and glycemic variability in early postdelivery and postpartum OGTT values, there were strong linear associations of postpartum OGTT-derived estimates (mean OGTT) and postpartum CGM metrics (MBG r=.72, P&lt;0.001; TITR r=-.74, p &lt;0.001; MAGE r=.82 p&lt;0.001).
Conclusion: GDM is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, including LGA and neonatal hypoglycemia. Further larger studies are needed to assess pre- and postpartum CGM metrics and their relationship with delivery in women with GDM, neonatal outcomes, and OGTT.

Disclosure
K. Elkind-Hirsch: Research Support; Novo Nordisk A/S, Dexcom, Inc. Consultant; Dexcom, Inc. Advisory Panel; Lilly Diabetes. M. Armatta: None. E. Veillon: None. S. Schiavon: None. G. Cappon: None.

Funding
Dexcom, Inc. (IIS-2021-120)
1250-P: Racial and Ethnic Disparities Associated with Diabetes and Pregnancy in a Large Health Care System
Authors: LANE RASHON , FARROKHI FARNOOSH , GUO YIAN , SCOTT ALEXANDRA , KERR DAVID 
Published: June 2024

Introduction: In the United States, healthcare and social inequities produce disproportionate diabetes rates for racial and ethnic minoritized groups, including gestational diabetes (GDM). Addressing risk factors for GDM could help mitigate and improve maternal and neonatal health disparities. This study aims to compare differences in established risk factors associated with GDM and adverse maternal and fetal outcomes during pregnancy among different racial and ethnic groups.
Methods: Clinical and demographic data of pregnant women with diabetes who gave birth at Sutter Health - a large, integrated health delivery system in Northern California, were stratified (using ICD-10 codes) by diabetes diagnosis and race/ethnicity.
Results: A total of 11,916 deliveries between 1/1/2021 and 8/31/2023 were associated with diabetes; 25% were White, 26% Asian, 35% Hispanic/Latino, 4.7% Black African American (BAA), 1.1% American Indian, Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander (AIAN/NHOPI). AIAN/NHOPI and BAA had higher preconception BMI, higher rates of hypertension and higher average HbA1c in the first and third trimesters (Table).
Conclusion: Pre-existing risk factors and diabetes during pregnancy vary by race and ethnicity. Culturally tailored and appropriate policies and interventions are needed to reduce health disparities and improve maternal and fetal outcomes.

Disclosure
R. Lane: None. F. Farrokhi: None. Y. Guo: None. A. Scott: None. D. Kerr: Advisory Panel; Abbott Diagnostics. Consultant; Sanofi, Better Therapeutics, Inc. Stock/Shareholder; Glooko, Inc.