bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE TESTIS OF GORILLA GORILLA BERINGEI
Authors: Hall‐Craggs E. C. B. 
Published: August 2010

A study was made of the gross anatomy and histological appearances of the testes in a free adult and adolescent Qorilla gorilla beringei. Macroscopically the testes were found to resemble the human testis. Microscopy revealed the presence of a large proportion of interstitial cells of Leydig in both adult and adolescent testes. In both testes spermatogenesis was active. The weight of the testes relative to the total body weight is found to be smaller than in other anthropoids. The histology is compared with that of captive animals. Spermatogenesis in the wild gorilla is compared with the so‐called sexual immaturity of captive gorillas, and to the age of dental and skeletal maturation.SummaryA macroscopic and microscopic description of the testes of free adult and adolescent specimens of Gorilla gorilla beringei is presented.The size of the testes in relation to the total body weight is the smallest among the anthropoid apes.The large proportion of testicular interstitial tissue found in captive animals is present in the two free gorillas, and is therefore a normal finding.The onset of spermatogenesis precedes dental and skeletal maturation in the free Gorilla gorilla beringei.
BEHAVIOURAL ASPECTS OF THE ECOLOGY OF PERINGIA (=HYDROBIA) ULVAE (PENNANT) (GASTEROPODA, PROSOBRANCHIA)
Authors: NEWELL RICHARD 
Published: August 2010

Many workers have reported that the adult population of the small prosobranch Peringia (=Hydrobia) ulvae reaches its maximum density on muddy‐sandy shores in a broad belt at approximately mid‐tide level. Yet it has also been reported that some float for at least part of the tidal cycle and at low tide burrow in the sand.Experiments in the laboratory and observations on the shore suggest that under natural conditions the animals float on the surface film of the water by means of a mucoua raft, which also acts as a food net. After a time, which is geared to the tidal oscillation, they submerge at mid‐tide level. When the tide has receded, the animals crawl about on the surface of the mud then burrow in the sand for several hours, resurface, and launch themselves on the surface film of the water between the ripple marks. By this time the tide is approaching mid‐tide level again and the cycle of behaviour is completed.Thus these animals, formerly regarded as mainly benthonic, spend part of their time as pelagic plankton feeders.
THE WARM‐WATER LUGWORMS OF THE WORLD (ARENICOLIDAE, POLYCHAETA)
Authors: WELLS G. P. 
Published: August 2010

It was recently shown, by observations made in the Woods Hole region, that the currently accepted definition of Arenicola cristata embraces in fact two species, A. cristata Stimpson and A. caroledna Wells. The distribution of these forms has now been studied. A. cristata is the dominant warm‐water lugworm on the shores of North America, extending northwards to Woods Hole, Massachusetts, and Humboldt Bay, California. A. caroledna dominates in China and Japan. But both species are very widely distributed round the world, and both show a tendency to differentiate into local varieties. Arenicola glasselli Berkeley and A. bombayensis Kewalramani et al. are intimately related to caroledm, but should be maintained, for the present at least, as separate species. The four species cristata, caroledna, glasselli and bombayensis form a compact, closelyrelated quartet, which monopolises the lugworm beaches of tropical and subtropical shores.In Bermuda, A. cristata was collected from purely calcareous “sand”, though elsewhere it occurs in more usual littoral sediments. Arenicola loveni Kinberg is a warm‐temperate form, not very closely related to the four named above, and found to the south of the zone which they occupy. The Australian specimens constitute a seperate subspecies from the African ones, even though the “septal gonad” on which the distinction was origmally based by Stach is probably a temporary local accumulation of germ cells associated with the act of spawning.During the work, two remarkable anomalous worms were noticed: a Neapolitan A. cristuta from which either the 5th or the 6th setiger seems to have disappeared without trace, and an A. bombayenais with two pairs of hearts.
A TUMOUR TISSUE ANALOGUE OF THE IMPLANTING MOUSE EMBRYO*
Authors: WILSON IAN B. 
Published: August 2010

Transplants of the Harding‐Passey melanoma will implant in the mouse uterus only if transferred on days 3–6 of normal pregnancy or pseudopregnancy. Should pregnancy or pseudopregnancy be accompanied by lactation, implantation of melanoma transplants is not delayed (though blastocyst implantation is delayed for about four days) but the period during which the transplants may implant is extended to at least day 8. Autografts of body‐wall muscle tissue will implant in the uterus within the same period as will melanoma transplants.Tumour cells injected in suspensions through the cervix tended to segregate into clumps more or less spaced out and implanted along the uterus. When the transplanted tissues or cell suspensions implanted, they did so invariably in the antimesometrial mucosa, at the site of normal blastocyst implantation.A decidual reaction was elicited only when the transplanted tissues remained free, or relatively so, in the uterine lumen (between days 3–6). If extensive invasion of the uterine mucosa occurred then there was no decidual reaction even though there was a strong inflammatory reaction to invasion.Decidual tissue “en bloc” is resistant to invasion by melanoma cells. Concurrently with melanoma invasion, pigment granules, from melanoma cell debris, were ingested by epithelial cells immediately adjacent to the invasion sites.
MUCUS SECRETION WITHIN THE SPINES OF OPHIUROID ECHINODERMS
Authors: BUCHANAN JOHN B. 
Published: August 2010

A histological examination has been carried out of the spines of ten species of ophiuroids. Eight species proved to have mucous glands in the spines. The glands were of two types (1) multicellular aggregations of pyriform cells with elongate necks (Amphiura filiformis, A. chiajei, Acrocnida brachiata), (2) glands of varying shape but with distinctly fibrillar contents (Amphipholis, Ophiactis, Ophiopholis, Ophiothrix). All of the glands exhibited the staining reactions of an acid mucopolysaccharide with the exception of the fibrillar glands in Ophiopholis which were strongly PAS positive but negative for acid mucopolysaccharide. Ophiopholis was unique in possessing scattered single pyriform acid mucopolysaccharide secreting cells in addition to the PAS positive fibrillar glands.The two species of Ophiura which were examined did not have glands in the spines. Possible functions of the gland secretions are discussed.
VICISSITUDES OF THE AFRICAN BIOMES IN THE LATE PLEISTOCENE
Authors: MOREAU R. E. 
Published: August 2010

During the last glaciation, for at least 50,000 years prior to 18,000 years ago, the temperature of Africa must have been lower than the present, probably by some 5° C at the glacial maxima. The corresponding reduction in evaporation would have increased the effectiveness of the rainfall.Owing to the surface relief of the continent the reduction in temperature would have enormously extended the area of the montane biomes of tropical Africa at the expense of the lowland, except west of the Cameroons. Continuous communication for montane species, which are at present reduced to isolated and small areas, would have been open from the Cameroon highlands to Abyssinia and South Africa.Changes of similar magnitude would be expected with each glaciation.Apart from these general effects there is geological evidence for sub‐regional fluctuations on a large scale; the dating and the relationship of some of them to the glacial variations remain to be established. The most important are the southward movement of Palaearctic communities at least 400 miles into the Sahara, the northward movements of the Sudanese climatic belts, bringing the Sahelian biome at least 300 miles north, on the last occasion around only 7,000 years ago, the extension of Lake Chad to about four times the size of Lake Victoria, which implies a northward movement of the equatorial rain‐belt over the southern edge of its basin, the southward movement of the Sudanese climatic belts, with fragmentation of the Upper Guinea forests, the fragmentation of the main Congo (Lower Guinea) forest prior to about 60,000 years ago and the desiccation of an area covering eastern Angola, the middle Zambesi and probably the south of the Congo basin as recently as 12,000 years ago.
THE HYOID OF NEOCERATODUS AND A CONSIDERATION OF ITS HOMOLOGY IN URODELE AMPHIBIA
Authors: FOX HAROLD 
Published: August 2010

The early development of the hyoid of Neoceratodus is described, and its structure and topography are compared with relevant components in various urodele larvae. These include; Hynobius nebulosus, Hynobius (Salamandrella) keyserlingii, Hynobiua retardatua, Cryptobranchus japonicus, Cryptobranchus alleghaniensis, Salamandra maculosa, Ambystoma mexicanum. Necturus maculatus, Desmognathus fuscus fuscus, Desmognathus quadrimaculatus, and Plelhodon cinereua.It is concluded that in Neoceratodus the stylohyale develops from the quadrate cartilage, and the otoquadrate cartilage derives from a pharyngohyale, which is recognized in urodeles as a post‐palatine cartilage. The columella (and stilus) of the latter co‐exists with a pharyngohyale, and thus may either derive from the hyoid blastema sui generic, or alternatively from an epihyale‐laterohyale component of an ancestral stock common to Dipnoi and Urodela.
THE LUGWORMS OF THE SOUTHERN COLD TEMPERATE ZONE
Authors: WELLS G. P. 
Published: August 2010

The lugworms of the cold temperate waters of the Southern Hemisphere all belong to the genus Abarenicola. This genus falls naturally into two sections, whose members respectively possess and lack statocysts.The cysted section is confined to the Southern Hemisphere. Its component forms have hitherto been described either as assimilis (Ehlers) or as assimilis var. affinis (Ashworth). This, however, is an oversimplification; the so‐called variety includes in fact a number of distinct forms.The characters which are useful in separating the forms are described and discussed. In particular, it is argued, contrary to the views of previous authorities, that valuable taxonomic information can be got from the nature of the statoliths in the cysted forms.According to the revised classification here presented, there are three species of cysted Abarenicola:(1) Abarenicola assirnilis (Ehlers) with five subspecies, assirnilis from Magellan Strait, Beagle Channel and South Georgia, brevior subsp. n. from Magellan Strait, Beagle Channel and the Falkland Islands, insularurn subsp. n. from Kerguelen, Macquarie, Auckland and Campbell Islands, devia subsp. n. from Victoria, Australia and New Zealand and haswelli subsp. n. from Tasmania. There are indications that additional local forms of this widely distributed species could be defined, given larger supplies of material.(2) Abarenicola an i s (Ashworth) with four subspecies, a#nis from New Zealand, clarki subsp. n. from Tasmania, africana subsp. n. from South Africa, and chiliensis subsp. n. from central Chile.(3) Abarenicola gilchristi sp. n. from South Africa.The cystless section of the genus is confined to the Northern Hemisphere. except for the species pusilla (Quatrefages) from central Chile. The only two available specimens of this species are redescribed, and reasons are given to explain why representatives of several other species have been incorrectly recorded as pusilla from time to time.The distributions of the forms are correlated with those of two of the coastal water types recently defined by Knox. Three nearly related forms (Abarenicola assirnilis assirnilis, A. a. brevior, and A. a. insularurn) occur in Sub‐antarctic Cold Temperate water, except for a single aberrant individual of A. a. assirnilis from Antarctic water. The other forms occur in the rather warmer and more saline Cold Temperate Mixed water.Temperature appears to be the most important factor controlling the geographical distribution of the caudate Arenicolidae.
THE FOOD AND FEEDING HABITS OF TEAL ANAS CRECCA
Authors: OLNEY P. J. S. 
Published: August 2010

The food and feeding habits of teal Anas crecca crecca are described. This study is based on the analysis of 456 viscera collected during the shouting seasons of 1956–60, and on field observations. The sample is sub‐divided into those 340 birds which were found to be feeding in saltmarsh or brackish‐water areas and to the 116 birds feeding in freshwater areas. The saltmarsh and brackish‐water feeding birds were further divided into two sections: the 234 birds collected from the Greenborough and Milfordhope Islands in the River Medway, Kent, and the other 106 birds collected from around the British coast.Teal feeding on saltmarshes were found to be feeding mainly on the scods of Suiicornia hilt also on the seeds of almost any of the common salt, marsh flowering plants except Spartinu touwscndii agg. and Nalinlione portulacoides. In certain areas and at certain times of the year Enferornorpha and the mollusc Sabunaea are important items of food. In brackish‐water areas, teal were found to be feeding mainly on the seeds of Scirpiis maritinius, S. fcihcrnuemontani anti Eleocharis spp. and to a lesser extent on the mollusc Hydrobicc jenkinsi.In freshwater areas alrnort any of the seed‐bearing plant's might be utiliscd, though there may be some limitation by size of seed. The most commonly owurring seeds within this sample mere those of Eleotharis pulirstris and Rarmnculirs repens. Chironomid larvae were also taken, probably whenever available, and probably more so during the summer and early autumn months.
EGG SIZE AND SHAPE IN THE KITTIWAKE (RISSA TRIDACTYLA) AND THEIR USE IN ESTIMATING AGE COMPOSITION OF POPULATIONS
Authors: COULSON J. C. 
Published: August 2010

The size and shape of kittiwake eggs are influenced by several factors, in particular by the position of the egg in the laying sequence, the breeding experience of the female and a possible inherited effect which tends to make the same female lay similar eggs in successive years. The adult kittiwake becomes larger towards the north of its range (Bergman's Rule) and probably as a consequence of this, the eggs also tend to be larger towards the north.In general, as female kittiwakes become older, their eggs become shorter and broader while the shape index (breadth × 100/length) and volume also tend to increase. These changes become less marked as the birds become older but there is no indication of the breadth and egg volume becoming smaller in older birds although very few birds over eight years of breeding age were studied.It is shown that several Laridae laying clutches of three eggs lay a final egg which differs markedly from the first two in both shape and size. In the Kittiwake, this difference (as nieasured by the variance) increases with age but no such difference occurs in clutches of two eggs.The use of the egg characteristics as a means of determining the age composition of breeding females in populations or colonies is discussed and applied to two colonies of kittiwakes where the age composition was unknown. It is suggested that, according to the species and the clutch size, the shape index and the variance of the breadth within a clutch are probably the most useful characters for such a method.
THE FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE BUCCAL MASS OF THE LIMPET (PATELLA VULGATA)
Authors: GRAHAM ALASTAIR 
Published: August 2010

The buccal mass of the limpet is protruded by dorsal, lateral and ventral protractor muscles originating on the body wall and inserted on a posterior pair of radular cartilages. The radula and subradular membrane are pulled outwards by protractor muscles orginating on radular cartilages, on the shell muscle and in the pedal musculature. After being set on the substratum the radular teeth are pulled over it in a longitudinal direction collecting food, and are then withdrawn into the buccal cavity by the contraction of a powerful retractor muscle. The protractor and retractor muscles are responsible for opening the mouth and lips during the early and late stages respectively of each act of feeding. They also press the jaw against the buccal mass, an action which is responsible for pressing the buccal mass against the substratum, which controls the opening of the radula and which helps in the retraction of the buccal mass. Tensor muscles are also involved in this activity. All muscles are striped and contain haemoglobin. Turgor due to blood pressure is an essential part of the mechanism and the circulation through the head is described. Five pairs of cartilages support the buccal mass, bound together by muscles. There is no erection of the radular teeth at the bending plane.The buccal mass of Patella is compared with that of Monodonata and that of Neopilina
CYSTIC BONE DISEASE IN SOUTH AMERICAN PRIMATESNdashII
Authors: T.‐W.‐FIENNES R. N. 
Published: August 2010

The incidence and symptoms of cystic bone disease in New World monkeys are described. It is suggested that the condition is of infectious origin and resembles a disease in Cercopithecus aethiops which had been injected with material from a Burkitt's lymphoma.
A PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTION OF A NEW MAMMAL FROM THE UPPER TRIASSIC OF SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: CROMPTON A. W. 
Published: August 2010

The discovery of a new Upper Triassic mammal (Erythrotherium parringtoni, gen. et sp. n.) from the upper Red Beds of the Stormborg series in Basutoland is reported. The remains consist of an apparently complete, but crushed skull. No posteranial remains were found in association with the skull.A preliminary description of the internal view of the lower jaw and the outer view of one upper postcanine is given.It is compared with the other known Triassic mammals, Morganucodon, Diarthrognathus and Sinoconodon. It is concluded that Erythrotherium is closely related to Morganucodon. Diarthrognathus has to date been found only in the younger Cave Sandstone and is quite distinct from Erythrotherium. It is suggested that the lower jaw attributed to Sinoconodon could perhaps be that of an advanced cynodont.
ON FOSSIL GIANT WOMBATS AND THE IDENTITY OF SCEPABNODON RAMSAYI
Authors: STEPHENSON N. G. 
Published: August 2010

Fossil wombats exceeding in size the recent species are re‐examined and compared. Type specimens in the British Museum, Australian Museum (Sydney) and South Australian Museum (Adelaide) are discussed.A history of the controversy concerning the identity of Sceparnodon ramsayi (Owen), known from upper incisor teeth described by Owen in 1884, is given. Morphological problems arising from the suggested identity of Sceparnodon ramsayi and Phascolonus gigas are discussed and it is concluded that the restoration by Stirling (1913), which has been generally accepted, is erroneous.A comparison is made between the upper incisors of Sceparnodon ramsayi and those of certain representatives of the Diprotodontidae. The view is put forward that the Sceparnodon ramsayi teeth do not belong to Phascolonus gigas but should be ascribed to another marsupial family, the Diprotodontidae. It is suggested that they belong to a small, otherwise unknown form related to Diprotodon.
TGF‐β and LPS modulate ADP‐induced migration of microglial cells through P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptor expression
Authors: De Simone Roberta , Niturad Cristina Elena , De Nuccio Chiara , Ajmone‐Cat Maria Antonietta , Visentin Sergio , Minghetti Luisa 
Published: August 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 450–459.AbstractNucleotides act as early signals for microglial recruitment to sites of CNS injury. As microglial motility and activation can be influenced by several local factors at the site of the lesion, we investigated the effects of interferon‐gamma, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) addition to mixed glial cell cultures, on microglial migration in response to ADP, P2Y12 and P2Y1 mRNA expression as well as on the expression of an array of genes associated with the process of microglial activation. First, we demonstrated, by pharmacological inhibition and by using small interfering RNAs, that in addition to P2Y12, P2Y1 is involved in ADP‐stimulated microglial migration. The ability of specific agonists to induce Ca2+ mobilization further confirmed the expression of functional P2Y receptors in microglia. Then, we found that migratory capability and expression of both P2Y receptors were abrogated in microglial cells from LPS‐stimulated mixed glial cultures, while TGF‐β increased ADP‐induced migration and the expression of P2Y12 and P2Y1 receptors. Interferon‐gamma did not influence receptor expression or microglial migration. Finally, the patterns of gene expression induced in microglia by LPS or TGF‐β treatment of mixed glial cultures were clearly distinct. LPS induced a set of classical pro‐inflammatory genes, whereas TGF‐β increased the expression of genes associated with atypical microglial phenotype, namely arginase‐1 and TGF‐β genes. These results imply that both P2Y1 and P2Y12 may guide microglia toward the lesion. They also suggest that the modulation of microglial purinergic receptors expression by local factors, through direct and/or astrocyte‐mediated actions, may represent a novel mechanism affecting neuroinflammatory response.
Platelet Integrin GPIIb/IIIa: Structure‐Function Correlations. An Update and Lessons from Other Integrins2
Authors: Calvete Juan J. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract.Glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa complex (integrin αIIbβ3) is the most abundant platelet receptor. It serves as an inducible receptor for adhesive proteins and is the best‐studied member of the integrin family. Its major global structural features have been elucidated mainly during the last decade. Since 1995, there has been a substantial increase in structural information on adhesion molecule domains. The crystal structures of isolated integrin I domains have been solved. Although a high resolution picture of a whole integrin molecule is not yet available, the crystal structures together with biochemical, mutagenesis and modeling data provide a useful framework for interpreting current experimental evidence on structure‐function correlations of integrin molecules and for guiding further experiment. The aim of this minireview is to update a previous one summarizing recent (1995–98) functional and structural data of GPIIb/IIIa and other integrins in the perspective of an emerging model of the structure, and bidirectional signaling mechanism through, integrin αIIbβ3.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: HIEMKE H. W. 
Published: August 2010

Book reviewed in this article:RIVETING AND ARC WELDING IN SHIP CONSTRUCTION, by Commander H. E. Rossell, (CC), U. S. N., Professor of Naval ConstructionKNOTS, TIES AND SPLICES.—A Handbook for All Who Handle Ropes. Originally by J. Tom Burgess
MATERIALS FOR HIGH PRESSURE‐HIGH TEMPERATURE STEAM SERVICE
Authors: Chadwick Guy 
Published: August 2010

The Design Engineer was in a hurry. He unrolled a drawing, spread it on the desk of the Materials Engineer and pointed.Design Engineer. That piece will run pretty hot, and it must stand high pressure. What shall I make it of?Materials Engineer. Grade A should do, but Grade B might be better.D. E. How about welding?M. E. You will have to use Grade C for welding, but that would require heat treatment.D. E. Heat treatment would throw the whole works out of line.M. E. Then use Grade D, but make it twice as thick.D. E. Say, how long would it take you to collect all the information about materials for high temperatures?M. E. About six months, but I am busy developing new information.D. E. Shucks!The Design Engineer returned to his board. He had neglected to mention scale resistance.