bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prostate Cancer Screening: A Survey of Attitudes and Practices among Finnish Physicians in 1999 and 2007
Authors: Pogodin-Hannolainen Dimitri , Juusela Harri , Tammela Teuvo L J , Ruutu Mirja , Aro Jussi , Määttänen Liisa , Auvinen Anssi 
Published: May 2011

Objective To evaluate the attitudes and practices related to prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening for prostate cancer (PC) among Finnish physicians in 1999 and 2007. Materials and Methods The first questionnaire survey was conducted in 1999 with a mailing to 102 urologists, 679 community physicians and 684 occupational health physicians identified from the membership files of three medical associations. The area of residence was divided into the study area of the Finnish PC screening trial and the rest of Finland. The second survey was carried out in 2007 targeting 168 urologists, 1039 community physicians and 938 occupational health physicians. Results The response proportion was 48% in 1999 and 50% in 2007. In both rounds, urologists regarded PC as a more important public health issue than other physicians. On the other hand, the non-urologists considered early diagnosis and screening more important than the urologists PC was rated by all physicians as a less important public health problem in 2007 than in 1999. A smaller proportion of urologists found routine PSA testing indicated for asymptomatic men, compared with other physicians (40% versus 74-60% in 1999, P < 0.001 and 35% versus 44-37% in 2007, P = 0.005). The proportion of physicians reporting regular PSA screening in asymptomatic men was reduced from 1999 to 2007 (from 18% to 9%, P < 0.0001). Conclusion Based on reported practices of Finnish urologists, community physicians and occupational health physicians, popularity of PSA testing declined between 1999 and 2007. Urologists found PSA testing among asymptomatic men justified less frequently than the other physicians.
False-positive Mammographic Screening: Factors Influencing Re-attendance over a Decade of Screening
Authors: Fitzpatrick P , Fleming P , O'neill S , Kiernan D , Mooney T 
Published: May 2011

Introduction International studies on the effect of false-positive mammographic screening results on subsequent re-attendance at screening are inconsistent. Setting Breast Check, the national breast screening programme for the Republic of Ireland, screens women two-yearly. Re-attendance for subsequent screening is approximately 90%. Objectives and Methods The aim of this research was to quantify the impact of false-positive mammographic screening results on subsequent re-attendance, using the BreastCheck clinical database with a decade of screening and to determine if age group, assessment procedure, initial or subsequent screening, location of appointment for next screening round and time from recall to non-malignant diagnosis predicted re-attendance. Results From programme commencement in 2000 to the end of 2007, 13,352 screening tests resulted in assessment; 11,765 participants were aged 50-62 years and of these 9746 received false-positive results (positive predictive value 17.2%). Following a false-positive recall to assessment, re-attendance at subsequent screening differed significantly by procedure type (open biopsy 80.3%; core biopsy only 90.2%; no tissue sampling 91.4%; P < 0.0001). Re-attendance differed significantly by timing of false-positive assessment in a woman's screening history (first versus subsequent screening, 89.5% versus 93.5%, P < 0.0001) and by location of next screening appointment (screening centre 89.8% versus mobile unit 91.3%, P < 0.01). The longer the period between recall to assessment and non-malignant diagnosis the less likely women were to re-attend. After logistic regression, first screening, older age, open surgical biopsy, re-invitation to screening centre and a longer period between recall and non-malignant diagnosis were significant negative predictors of re-attendance. Conclusion Since April 2008 BreastCheck has employed full field digital mammography throughout the programme, with a resulting increase in recalls; re-attendance will be closely monitored.
An Audiometer to Monitor Progressive Hearing Change in School-aged Children
Authors: Liao Wen-Huei , Young Shuenn-Tsong , Lien Chiang-Feng , Wang Shyh-Jen 
Published: May 2011

Objective The purpose of this study was to develop a cost-effective and easy to use audiometer to monitor progressive hearing change in school-aged children. Design The hardware of the audiometer developed included a computer, an external sound blaster and a headphone The hearing screening software was developed to control the pure tone sound level with modulability in the range of 0-45 dB HL at 1, 2, 4 and 0.5 kHz frequencies. Thirty sixth-grade children, aged 12-13 years old, were randomly divided into two groups for a hearing test in a conference room. Testing for one group was performed by a person with experience and the other group was examined by a graduate student who was not familiar with the device. After the hearing test, all children were immediately screened using a clinical diagnostic audiometer in a soundproof room by an audiologist. Results Most of the threshold dB values obtained by the audiometer in a conference room (55 ears, 93.2%) were significantly greater than those obtained by the clinical audiometer in a soundproof room. Most of the differences between these two measurements were within 5 dB (94.9%). Only 5.1% had a discrepancy within the maximum range of 10 dB. The correlation and intraclass correlation coefficients between the two measurements were 0.861 and 0.929, respectively. The results also indicated that the experience level of the screening personnel did not affect the testing. Conclusion The newly developed audiometer is quite cost-effective and can be easily operated. The threshold dB values obtained by the audiometer developed in a conference room were comparable with the results of a clinical audiometer in a soundproof room. The audiometer developed could measure the hearing threshold values and, therefore, be useful in monitoring progressive hearing change in school-aged children.
‘A Mastectomy for Something That Wasn't Even Truly Invasive Cancer.’ Women's Understandings of Having a Mastectomy for Screen-detected Dcis: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Prinjha S , Evans J , Ziebland S , Mcpherson A 
Published: May 2011

Objectives To explore women's understandings of having a mastectomy for screen-detected ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Setting Participants recruited throughout the United Kingdom and interviewed in their own homes by an anthropologist. Methods Qualitative study using semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis. Thirty-five women with screen-detected DCIS were interviewed, of whom twenty had a mastectomy. Results A qualitative thematic analysis of women's understandings of having a mastectomy for DCIS identified four key themes: understandings of routine breast screening; uncertainty about DCIS and its natural progression; uncertainty about whether a mastectomy is justified for DCIS; information gaps and treatment decisions. Women were often concerned that a mastectomy for screen-detected DCIS was a ‘drastic’ treatment for an asymptomatic, precancerous condition of which they had been previously unaware. Some questioned why they were treated with such urgency, even suspecting that their clinicians were responding to targets. Conclusion Given the uncertainties about DCIS and its complexity, it is important that women have the information they need to make treatment decisions. Better information about the uncertainties and the rationale for using mastectomy as a treatment may help women to make better informed choices and feel more comfortable about their decisions.
‘A False Sense of Security’? Understanding the Role of the Hpv Vaccine on Future Cervical Screening Behaviour: A Qualitative Study of Uk Parents and Girls of Vaccination Age
Authors: Henderson Lorna , Clements Alison , Damery Sarah , Wilkinson Clare , Austoker Joan , Group Sue Wilson 
Published: May 2011

Objectives The UK Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programme was introduced in 2008 for girls aged 12-13. The vaccine offers protection against HPV types 16 and 18, which together cause about 70% of cervical cancers. Vaccinated girls will receive future invitations to the NHS Cervical Screening Programme, to prevent cancers associated with HPV types not included in the vaccine, and in case of prior infection with HPV 16 or 18. Little is known about parents’ and girls’ understandings of the protection offered by the vaccine, or the need for future screening. Design Qualitative interviews with twenty-six parents, and nine girls aged 12-13 who were offered HPV vaccination through a Primary Care Trust (PCT) in the South-east of England, UK. Setting Thirty-nine schools, and four general practices. Results Uncertainty about the level of protection offered by the HPV vaccine was evident among parents, and to a lesser extent among vaccination-aged girls. There was a lack of understanding among parents and girls that cervical screening would be required irrespective of vaccination status; some parental decisions to accept the vaccine were made on the misunderstanding that vaccination provided complete protection against cervical cancer. Conclusions Sufficient awareness of the issues related to screening is necessary for informed decision-making about whether or not to accept the HPV vaccine. Clearer information is needed concerning the incomplete protection offered by the vaccine, and that cervical screening will still be required. Future invitations for cervical screening should stress the necessity to attend regardless of HPV vaccination status, to ensure that high levels of prevention of cervical cancer through screening are maintained.
On solution uniqueness of the Dirichlet problem for a system of partial differential equations on one function in the unit ball
Authors: Beloglyadov Michail V. , Burskii Vladimir P. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
In the present paper we consider a system of equations given for one unknown function that have generalized D'Alambert representation of solutions. We establish necessary and sufficient conditions for nontrivial solvability of the Dirichlet problem for such system in the unit ball. A simple necessary condition is obtained which says: for any i and j the angle between the vectors ai
and aj
must be a π-rational number.
Identification problems for semilinear integro-differential hyperbolic equations with transformed arguments
Authors: Lorenzi Alfredo , Messina Francesca 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe aim of the present paper is to generalize the results in [Denisov, J. Inverse Ill-Posed Probl. 16: 837–848, 2008.] devoted to a one-dimensional semilinear wave equation and consisting of recovering a time-dependent functionαrepresenting the transformed argument. More exactly: (i) we will deal with a general semilinear integro-differential hyperbolicd-dimensional equation in divergence form (d= 1, 2, 3); (ii) the space-time set considered here is a smooth cylinder where surface boundary conditions are prescribed; (iii) the term with transformed arguments is allowed to contain integral operators; (iv) the additional information is of integral type.The existence and uniqueness results for our specific problem are deduced as consequences of similar results for an operator integro-differential identification problem in a Hilbert space.
Why a minimizer of the Tikhonov functional is closer to the exact solution than the first guess
Authors: Klibanov Michael V. , Bakushinsky Anatoly B. , Beilina Larisa 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Suppose that a uniqueness theorem is valid for an ill-posed problem. It is shown then that the distance between the exact solution and terms of a minimizing sequence of the Tikhonov functional is less than the distance between the exact solution and the first guess. Unlike the classical case when the regularization parameter tends to zero, only a single value of this parameter is used. Indeed, the latter is always the case in computations. Next, this result is applied to a specific coefficient inverse problem. A uniqueness theorem for this problem is based on the method of Carleman estimates. In particular, the importance of obtaining an accurate first approximation for the correct solution follows from Theorems 7 and 8. The latter points towards the importance of the development of globally convergent numerical methods as opposed to conventional locally convergent ones. A numerical example is presented.
Uniqueness for a hyperbolic inverse problem with angular control on the coefficients
Authors: Rakesh  , Sacks Paul 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Suppose qi
(x), i = 1, 2 are smooth functions on and Ui
(x, t) the solutions of the initial value problem , Ui
(x, t) = 0 for t < 0. Pick R, T so that 0 < R < T and let C be the vertical cylinder {(x, t) : |x| = R, R ≤ t ≤ T}. We show that if (U
1, U
1r
) = (U
2, U
2r
) on C then q1
= q2
on the annular region R ≤ |x| ≤ (R + T)/2 provided there is a γ > 0, independent of r, so that ∫|x| = r
| Δ
S
(q1
– q2
)|2
dSx
≤ γ ∫|x| = r
|q1
– q2
|2
dSx
for all r ∈ [R, (R + T/2)]. Here Δ
S
is the spherical Laplacian on |x| = r.
On the Cauchy problem for operators with injective symbols in the spaces of distributions
Authors: Shestakov Ivan V. , Shlapunov Alexander A. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Let D be a bounded domain in the n-dimensional Euclidian space (n ≥ 2) having smooth boundary ∂D. We indicate appropriate Sobolev spaces with negative smoothness in D in order to consider the non-homogeneous ill-posed Cauchy problem for an overdetermined operator A with injective symbol. We prove that elements of the indicated Sobolev spaces have traces on the boundary. This easily leads to a weak formulation of the Cauchy problem and to the corresponding uniqueness theorem. We also describe solvability conditions of the problem and construct its exact and approximate solutions. Namely, we obtain the Carleman formula recovering a vector-function u from the indicated negative Sobolev class via its Cauchy data on an open connected set Γ ⊂ ∂D and values of Au on the domain D. Some instructive examples are considered.
Computational methods for ill-posed problems of gravitational gasodynamics
Authors: Vshivkov Vitaly A. , Lazareva Galina G. , Snytnikov Alexei V. , Kulikov Igor M. , Tutukov Alexander V. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
A new numerical model of a galaxy interaction in gasodynamical approach is considered. In this model the equations of a gas dynamics with a cold function and the Poisson equation for a gravity potential are solved. A total system of equations is illposed. It allows us to describe a gravitational instability of astrophysical processes. As an example, the results of the collapse simulation are presented. The gas dynamic system of equations is solved by the Fluids-in-Cell method with the energy balance correction. Using the 3D Cartesian simulation a rotation, a self-consistent gravitational field, a complex central body geometry and a gas temperature were taken into account. A parallel implementation of the method for the simulation of various galaxy interaction scenarios was used in the model. Also, a research of the numerical model application range for various collision velocities and a mass relation of gas and star components was made here.
Corrosion Measurement Techniques in Steel Reinforced Concrete
Authors: Poursaee A. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The main goal of this study was to evaluate different corrosion measurement techniques in order to determine the most accurate methods for measuring the corrosion rate of steel bars in reinforced steel concrete. For this purpose, reinforced concrete specimens were cast and exposed to salt solution and the corrosion activity of the bars was investigated by half-cell potential, potentiostatic linear polarization resistance, galvanostatic pulse polarization, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, potentiodynamic cyclic polarization, and galvanodynamic polarization. The results obtained by the aforementioned methods were then compared with the actual mass loss of the steel bars due to corrosion (gravimetry test) and it shows that techniques based on applying potential are more reliable measuring techniques compared to those based on applying current.
Bubble Dynamics and Heat Transfer in Pool Boiling on Wires at Different Gravity
Authors: Zhao Jian-Fu , Wan Shi-Xin 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
A series of experimental studies on bubble dynamical behaviors and heat transfer in pool boiling on thin wires in different gravity conditions have been performed in the past years, including experiments in long-term microgravity aboard the 22nd Chinese recoverable satellite RS-22, in short-term microgravity in the drop tower Beijing, and in normal gravity on the ground. Steady pool boiling of degassed R113 on thin platinum wires has been studied using a temperature-controlled heating method. A voltage-controlled heating method has also been used in normal gravity. A slight enhancement of nucleate boiling heat transfer is observed in microgravity, while dramatic changes of bubble behaviors are very evident. Considering the influence of the Marangoni effects, the different characteristics of bubble behaviors in microgravity have been explained. A new bubble departure model including the influence of the Marangoni effects has also been proposed, which can predict the whole observation both in microgravity and in normal gravity. The value of CHF (critical heat flux) in microgravity is lower than that in normal gravity, but it can be predicted well by the Lienhard–Dhir correlation, although the dimensionless radius, or the square root of the Bond number, in the present case is far beyond its initial application range. A further revisit on the scaling of CHF with heater radius in normal gravity, which is focused on the case of a small Bond number, has also been performed in our laboratory using different kinds of working fluids at different subcooling conditions. Interactions between the influences of the subcooling and heater radius will be important for the case of a small Bond number. In addition to the Bond number, there may exist some other parameters, which may be material-dependent, that play important roles in the CHF phenomenon with a small Bond number.
Probabilistic Prediction of Crack Growth Based on Creep/Fatigue Damage Accumulation Mechanism
Authors: Wei Zhigang , Yang Fulun , Cheng Henry , Nikbin Kamran 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
In this paper a deterministic creep/fatigue accumulation model from simple sequential and repetitive creep and fatigue crack growth mechanisms for creep-brittle materials is developed. In the model the maximum stress intensity factor and stress intensity factor range can be used to describe, respectively, the creep and fatigue crack growth behaviors. The probabilistic behavior of the combined creep-fatigue can be calculated by direct integration of a joint log-normal probability density function or other methods. The Monte Carlo simulation method is used in this paper to analyze the probabilistic behavior of the derived deterministic creep-fatigue model and to estimate the reliability of a creep-fatigue correlation as introduced by the uncertainties in both creep and fatigue lives. Predicted results from this new crack growth method are compared with the bi-linear creep-fatigue interaction models as adopted by ASME Code Case N-47 and API579/ASME FFS, and the results are discussed.
Optical Measurement of Sand Deformation around a Laterally Loaded Pile
Authors: Liu Jinyuan , Yuan Bingxiang , Mai Van Thien , Dimaano Ralph 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
A sand displacement field around a laterally loaded pile is measured using an image processing technique called digital image correlation. An optical system consisting of a camera, a loading frame, and a computer is developed to capture soil movement during laterally loading the pile. Two images, before and after a deformation, are used to calculate the soil displacement field. Two kinds of piles are used in the tests: one squared-section pile and the other a circular one. Dry loose sand samples are used to simplify the problem. The displacement and strain fields obtained in this study are similar to the ones reported from the field. A trapezoidal strain wedge is measured in sand in front of the laterally loaded pile. The strain wedge develops from the pile edges. The failure planes form an angle with the horizontal, which varies between approximately two-thirds of the frictional angle of soil for the square pile and three-fourths for the circular pile.
Effect of Specimen Size on Static Strength and Dynamic Increase Factor of High-Strength Concrete from SHPB Test
Authors: Wang Shasha , Zhang Min-Hong , Quek Ser Tong 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This paper presents an experimental study on effect of specimen size on the static strength and dynamic increase factor (DIF) of plain and fiber reinforced high-strength concrete determined from Split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) tests. Four types of specimens were used to determine the static strength of the concrete including (i) cylinders with the same size as that used for SHPB test (diameter (D)=77 mm and length (L)/D ratio=0.5), (ii) cylinders with the same diameter as that of SHPB but with L/D=2, (iii) standard cylinders of D100×200-mm, and (iv) 100-mm cubes. Results indicate that cylinders with the same diameter as those of the SHPB but with L/D=2 are suitable for determining the static strength to be used in DIF computations based on the stress state and failure patterns.
Psychosocial Functioning in Adults with Congenital Craniofacial Conditions
Authors: Roberts R.M. , Mathias J.L. 
Published: May 2011

Objective To examine the psychosocial functioning of adults with congenital craniofacial conditions relative to normative data. Design Single sample cross-sectional design. Setting The Australian Craniofacial Unit, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, which is one of the main craniofacial treatment centers in Australia. Participants Adults ( N = 93) with congenital craniofacial conditions (excluding cleft lip/palate) who were treated in the Australian Craniofacial Unit. Main Outcome Measures All participants completed self-report scales assessing health-related quality of life (SF-36); life satisfaction, anxiety, and depression (HADS); self-esteem (Rosenberg); appearance-related concerns; perceived social support; and social anxiety. Results Overall, participants were very similar in psychosocial function to the general population. However, adults with craniofacial conditions were less likely to be married and have children (females), were more likely to be receiving a disability pension, and reported more appearance-related concerns and less social support from friends. They also reported more limitations in both their social activities, due to physical or emotional problems, and usual role activities, because of emotional problems, as well as poorer mental health. Conclusions These results give cause to be very positive about the long-term outcomes of children who are undergoing treatment for craniofacial conditions, while also identifying specific areas that interventions could target.