bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brentuximab Vedotin in Transplant-Naïve Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Hodgkin Lymphoma: Analysis of Two Phase I Studies
Authors: Forero-Torres Andres , Fanale Michelle , Advani Ranjana , Bartlett Nancy L. , Rosenblatt Joseph D. , Kennedy Dana A. , Younes Anas 
Published: August 2012

Abstract

Background.
Brentuximab vedotin is an antibody-drug conjugate designed to selectively deliver monomethyl auristatin E, a microtubule-disrupting agent, to CD30-expressing cells. Brentuximab vedotin induces durable objective responses in patients with relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) after autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). The objective of this post-hoc analysis was to characterize the safety and efficacy of brentuximab vedotin for patients with relapsed or refractory HL who refused or were ineligible for ASCT.

Methods.
This case series included 20 transplant-naïve patients who were enrolled in two phase I multicenter studies. Patients received brentuximab vedotin intravenously every 3 weeks or every week for 3 out of 4 weeks.

Results.
The majority of patients were transplant-naïve because of chemorefractory disease. Median age was 31.5 years (range, 12–87 years). Treatment-emergent adverse events in &gt;20% of patients were peripheral neuropathy, fatigue, nausea, pyrexia, diarrhea, weight decreased, anemia, back pain, decreased appetite, night sweats, and vomiting; most events were grade 1 or 2. Six patients obtained objective responses: two complete remissions and four partial remissions. Median duration of response was not met; censored durations ranged from &gt;6.8 to &gt;13.8 months. Three of six responders subsequently received ASCT.

Conclusion.
Brentuximab vedotin was associated with manageable adverse events in transplant-naïve patients with relapsed or refractory HL. The objective responses observed demonstrate that antitumor activity is not limited to patients who received brentuximab vedotin after ASCT. The promising activity observed in this population warrants further study.
Effect of Biosolids Processing on Lead Bioavailability in an Urban Soil
Authors: Brown Sally , Chaney Rufus L. , Hallfrisch Judith G. , Xue Qi 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTThe potential for biosolids products to reduce Pb availability in soil was tested on a high Pb urban soil with biosolids from a treatment plant that used different processing technologies. High Fe biosolids compost and high Fe + lime biosolids compost from other treatment plants were also tested. Amendments were added to a Pb‐contaminated soil (2000 mg kg−1 Pb) at 100 g kg−1 soil and incubated for 30 d. Reductions in Pb bioavailability were evaluated with both in vivo and in vitro procedures. The in vivo study entailed feeding a mixture of the Pb‐contaminated soil and AIN93G Basal Mix to weanling rats. Three variations of an in vitro procedure were performed as well as conventional soil extracts [diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and Ca(NO3)2] and sequential extraction. Addition of the high Fe compost reduced the bioavailability of soil Pb (in both in vivo and in vitro studies) by 37 and 43%, respectively. Three of the four compost materials tested reduced Pb bioavailability more than 20%. The rapid in vitro (pH 2.3) data had the best correlation with the in vivo bone results (R = 0.9). In the sequential extract, changes in partitioning of Pb to Fe and Mn oxide fractions appeared to reflect the changes in in vivo Pb bioavailability. Conventional extracts showed no changes in metal availability. These results indicate that addition of 100 g kg−1 of high Fe and Mn biosolids composts effectively reduced Pb availability in a high Pb urban soil.
Arsenic Distribution in Florida Urban Soils
Authors: Chirenje T. , Ma L. Q. , Szulczewski M. , Littell R. , Portier K. M. , Zillioux E. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTArsenic contamination is of concern due to its effect as a carcinogen. Understanding the distribution of arsenic in urban soils is important for establishing baseline concentrations from which anthropogenic effects can be measured. The soil cleanup target level (SCTL) for arsenic in Florida (0.8 and 3.7 mg kg−1 in residential and commercial areas, respectively) is lower than in most states and is near the arsenic background concentrations in Florida soils. The objective of this study was to characterize the distribution of arsenic in the soils of two Florida cities, Gainesville and Miami. More than 200 soil samples were collected from three land‐use classes in each city (residential, commercial, and public land), digested with USEPA Method 3051a, and analyzed with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Arsenic concentrations varied greatly in Gainesville, ranging from 0.21 to approximately 660 mg kg−1 with a geometric mean (GM) of 0.40 mg kg−1 (after discarding outliers), which was significantly lower than the GM of 2.81 mg kg−1 in Miami, although Miami samples ranged only from 0.32 to approximately 110 mg kg−1 Arsenic concentrations in 29 and 4% of the Gainesville soil samples and 95 and 33% of the Miami samples exceeded the Florida residential and commercial SCTL, respectively. This study is the first to provide information on arsenic distribution in urban soils of Florida, and the data are useful for assessing arsenic contamination and determining the need for remediation.
Effects of Organic Amendments on the Reduction and Phytoavailability of Chromate in Mineral Soil
Authors: Bolan N. S. , Adriano D. C. , Natesan R. , Koo B.‐J. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTIn this study, seven organic amendments (biosolid compost, farm yard manure, fish manure, horse manure, spent mushroom, pig manure, and poultry manure) were investigated for their effects on the reduction of hexavalent chromium [chromate, Cr(VI)] in a mineral soil (Manawatu sandy soil) low in organic matter content. Addition of organic amendments enhanced the rate of reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in the soil. At the same level of total organic carbon addition, there was a significant difference in the extent of Cr(VI) reduction among the soils treated with organic amendments. There was, however, a significant positive linear relationship between the extent of Cr(VI) reduction and the amount of dissolved organic carbon in the soil. The effect of biosolid compost on the uptake of Cr(VI) from the soil, treated with various levels of Cr(VI) (0–1200 mg Cr kg−1 soil), was examined with mustard (Brassica juncea L.) plants. Increasing addition of Cr(VI) increased Cr concentration in plants, resulting in decreased plant growth (i.e., phytotoxicity). Addition of the biosolid compost was effective in reducing the phytotoxicity of Cr(VI). The redistribution of Cr(VI) in various soil components was evaluated by a sequential fractionation scheme. In the unamended soil, the concentration of Cr was higher in the organic‐bound, oxide‐bound, and residual fractions than in the soluble and exchangeable fractions. Addition of organic amendments also decreased the concentration of the soluble and exchangeable fractions but especially increased the organic‐bound fraction in soil.
Correlation of Cadmium Distribution Coefficients to Soil Characteristics
Authors: Holm Peter E. , Rootzén Helle , Borggaard Ole K. , M⊘berg Jens Peter , Christensen Thomas H. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTCadmium (Cd) distribution between the soil solid phase and the soil solution is a key issue in assessing the environmental effect of Cd in the terrestrial environmental. Previous studies have shown that many individual minerals and other components found in soils can bind Cd, but most studies on whole soil samples have shown that pH is the main parameter controlling the distribution. To identify further the components that are important for Cd binding in soil we measured Cd distribution coefficients (Kd) at two fixed pH values and at low Cd loadings for 49 soils sampled in Denmark. The Kd values for Cd ranged from 5 to 3000 L kg−1 The soils were described pedologically and characterized in detail (22 parameters) including determination of contents of the various minerals in the clay fraction. Correlating parameters were grouped and step‐wise regression analysis revealed that the organic carbon content was a significant variable at both pH values. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) and gibbsite were important at the low pH (5.3) while iron oxides also were important at the high pH (6.7). None of the other clay minerals present in the soils (illite, smectite, kaolinite, hydroxy interlayered clay minerals [HIM], chlorite, quartz, microcline, plagioclase) were significant in explaining the Cd distribution coefficient.
Long‐Term Biosolids Application Effects on Metal Concentrations in Soil and Bermudagrass Forage
Authors: Gaskin Julia W. , Brobst Robert B. , Miller William P. , Tollner E. William 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTThe long‐term application of biosolids that periodically contained elevated metal concentrations has raised questions about potential effects on animal health. To address these concerns, we determined metal concentrations (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, Mo, Ni, Se, and Zn) in both soil and bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] forage from 10 fields in the following categories of biosolids application: six or more years (>6YR), less than six years (<6YR), and no applications (NS). Soil metal concentrations in all groups were similar to values reported for mineral soils in Georgia, and well below USEPA cumulative limits. Average metal concentrations in the forage were below the maximum tolerable level (MTL) for beef cattle, although two biosolids‐amended fields in the >6YR group produced forage that was at or near the MTL for Cd and Mo, and one field in the <6YR group produced forage above the MTL for Cd. The Cu to Mo ratios in forage decreased with increasing time of sludge application, with the average in the >6YR group at a proposed 5:1 Cu to Mo ratio limit to protect ruminant health. Sulfur concentrations in the forage from all three groups was near the MTL of 4 g kg−1 The study indicated that toxic levels of metals have not accumulated in the soils due to long‐term biosolids application. Overall forage quality from the biosolids‐amended fields was similar to that of commercially fertilized fields; however, due to the relatively high S and potential for a low Cu to Mo ratio, Cu supplements should be used to ensure ruminant health.
In Situ Treatment of Metals in Contaminated Soils with Phytate
Authors: Seaman John C. , Hutchison Jessica M. , Jackson Brian P. , Vulava Vijay M. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTBatch experiments were conducted to evaluate the ability of various forms of phytate, the hexaphosphoric form of myo‐inositol (IP6), to immobilize U, Ni, and other inorganic contaminants in soils and sediments. A Ca–phytate precipitate (Can–IP6), dodeca sodium–phytate (Na12–IP6), and hydroxyapatite (HA) were added to contaminated soil at rates of 0, 10, 25, and 50 g kg−1 and equilibrated in 0.001 M CaCl2 The samples were then centrifuged, the solution pH was measured, and the supernatants were filtered prior to analysis for dissolved organic carbon (DOC), U, Ni, P, and other inorganic contaminants, such as As, Cr, Se, and Pb. The residual sediments were air‐dried prior to characterization by analytical electron microscopy and extraction with the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP). The solubility of several metals (e.g., U, Pb, Cu) increased with increasing Na12–IP6 when compared with the nonamended control. In some cases immobilization was observed at the lowest Na12–IP6 application rate (10 g kg−1) with an increase in solubility observed at the higher rates, demonstrating the importance of metal to ligand ratio. In contrast, Can–IP6 and HA decreased the solubility of U, Ni, Al, Pb, Ba, Co, Mn, and Zn. For example, soluble U decreased from 2242 to 76 μg kg−1 and Ni from 58 to 9.6 mg kg−1 with the Can–IP6 addition, similar to the results observed for HA. Arsenic and Se solubility increased for HA and both forms of IP6, but to a much greater degree for Na12–IP6, suggesting that the increase in pH observed for HA and Na12–IP6, combined with added competition from PO4 and IP6 for sorption sites, resulted in the release of sorbed oxyanion contaminants. The analytical electron microscopy results indicated that metals such as U and Ni were closely associated with secondary Al‐rich precipitates in the HA‐treated soils, rather than unreacted HA. The analytical electron microscopy results were less definitive for the Can–IP6‐treated soil, although the residual P‐containing material was enriched in Al, with lesser amounts of U and Ni.
Identifying Relationships between Baseflow Geochemistry and Land Use with Synoptic Sampling and R‐Mode Factor Analysis
Authors: Wayland Karen G. , Long David T. , Hyndman David W. , Pijanowski Bryan C. , Woodhams Sarah M. , Haack Sheridan K. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTThe relationship between land use and stream chemistry is often explored through synoptic sampling of rivers at baseflow conditions. However, baseflow chemistry is likely to vary temporally and spatially with land use. The purpose of our study is to examine the usefulness of the synoptic sampling approach for identifying the relationship between complex land use configurations and stream water quality. This study compares biogeochemical data from three synoptic sampling events representing the temporal variability of baseflow chemistry and land use using R‐mode factor analysis. Separate R‐mode factor analyses of the data from individual sampling events yielded only two consistent factors. Agricultural activity was associated with elevated levels of Ca2+, Mg2+, alkalinity, and frequently K+, SO2−4, and NO−3 Urban areas were associated with higher concentrations of Na+, K+, and Cl− Other retained factors were not consistent among sampling events, and some factors were difficult to interpret in the context of biogeochemical sources and processes. When all data were combined, further associations were revealed such as an inverse relationship between the proportion of wetlands and stream nitrate concentrations. We also found that barren lands were associated with elevated sulfate levels. This research suggests that an individual sampling event is unlikely to characterize adequately the complex processes controlling interactions between land use and stream chemistry. Combining data collected over two years during three synoptic sampling events appears to enhance our ability to understand processes linking stream chemistry and land use.
Stable Carbon Isotope Ratio and Composition of Microbial Fatty Acids in Tropical Soils
Authors: Burke Roger A. , Molina Marirosa , Cox Julia E. , Osher Laurie J. , Piccolo Marisa C. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTThe soil microbial community plays a critical part in tropical ecosystem functioning through its role in the soil organic matter (SOM) cycle. This study evaluates the relative effects of soil type and land use on (i) soil microbial community structure and (ii) the contribution of SOM derived from the original forest vegetation to the functioning of pasture and sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) ecosystems. We used principal components analysis (PCA) of soil phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles to evaluate microbial community structure and PLFA stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) as indicators of the δ13C of microbial substrates. Soil type mainly determined the relative proportions of Gram positive versus Gram negative bacteria whereas land use primarily determined the relative proportion of fungi, protozoa, and actinomycetes versus other types of microorganisms. Comparison of a simple model to our PLFA δ13C data from land use chronosequences indicates that forest‐derived SOM is actively cycled for appreciably longer times in sugarcane ecosystems developed on Andisols (mean turnover time = 50 yr) than in sugarcane ecosystems developed on an Oxisol (mean turnonver time = 13 yr). Our analyses indicate that soil chronosequence PLFA δ13C measurements can be useful indicators of the contribution that SOM derived from the original vegetation makes to continued ecosystem function under the new land use.
Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Environment
Authors: Lee Wen‐Yee , Iannucci‐Berger William , Eitzer Brian D. , White Jason C. , Incorvia Mattina MaryJane 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTThe half‐lives of some persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in environmental compartments such as soil and air can be as long as decades. In spite of the hydrophobicity of many POPs, the literature contains reports of their uptake by, and translocation through, a variety of plants. Both these observations prompt the investigation of whether a vegetation‐based environmental compartment such as compost contains significant residues of POPs. Previous reports imply that residues of technical chlordane will be found in compost. Due to its physicochemical properties, technical chlordane provides insights into the fate of POPs in the environment, which are not accessible through determinations of other pollutants in this group. Accordingly, we undertook the first comprehensive examination of technical chlordane residues in a variety of composts, specifically, 13 commercial and 39 municipal compost products, to both characterize and quantify the magnitude of this point source of contamination. Using chiral gas chromatography interfaced to ion trap mass spectrometry, the concentration and the compositional and enantiomeric profiles of chlordane components were determined. Of the 13 commercial products, 9 contained detectable chlordane concentrations, ranging from 4.7 to 292 μg/kg (dry wt.), while all 39 municipal products contained chlordane residues ranging from 13.9 to 415 μg/kg (dry wt.). The residue concentrations and profiles suggest possible feedstock sources for the chlordane in the finished compost product. The data also support the conclusion that some composts contribute to anthropogenic cycling of POPs through the biosphere.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Soil Indicators Four Years after Manure and Compost Applications
Authors: Ginting Daniel , Kessavalou Anabayan , Eghball Bahman , Doran John W. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTUnderstanding how carbon, nitrogen, and key soil attributes affect gas emissions from soil is crucial for alleviating their undesirable residual effects that can linger for years after termination of manure and compost applications. This study was conducted to evaluate the emission of soil CO2, N2O, and CH4 and soil C and N indicators four years after manure and compost application had stopped. Experimental plots were treated with annual synthetic N fertilizer (FRT), annual and biennial manure (MN1 and MN2, respectively), and compost (CP1 and CP2, respectively) from 1992 to 1995 based on removal of 151 kg N ha−1 yr−1 by continuous corn (Zea mays L.). The control (CTL) plots received no input. After 1995, only the FRT plots received N fertilizer in the spring of 1999. In 1999, the emissions of CO2 were similar between control and other treatments. The average annual carbon input in the CTL and FRT plots were similar to soil CO2–C emission (4.4 and 5.1 Mg C ha−1 yr−1, respectively). Manure and compost resulted in positive C and N balances in the soil four years after application. Fluxes of CH4–C and N2O‐N were nearly zero, which indicated that the residual effects of manure and compost four years after application had no negative influence on soil C and N storage and global warming. Residual effects of compost and manure resulted in 20 to 40% higher soil microbial biomass C, 42 to 74% higher potentially mineralizable N, and 0.5 unit higher pH compared with the FRT treatment. Residual effects of manure and compost on CO2, N2O, and CH4 emissions were minimal and their benefits on soil C and N indicators were more favorable than that of N fertilizer.
Molecular‐Level Investigation of Monoaromatic Compound Sorption to Suspended Soil Particles by Deuterium Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Zhu Dongqiang , Herbert Bruce E. , Schlautman Mark A. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTMolecular‐level sorption behavior of monoaromatic compounds in suspensions of water‐dispersable clay components was studied by measuring 2H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spin–spin relaxation times (T2). In general, decreased T2 values indicate stronger solute–sorbent interactions and increased sorption of the solute. A decreasing trend for T2 values in the order benzene > fluorobenzene > toluene (‐C6D5 moiety) was observed, which was probably caused by the hydrophobic effect. The T2 values for benzene and the ‐C6D5 moiety of toluene increased with increasing pH, whereas the trend with pH was much weaker and less consistent for fluorobenzene and the methyl group of toluene. Conversely, no clear relationship was found between T2 values and pH for dichloromethane. These contrasting results cannot be explained by the pH‐dependent self‐assembly and hydrophobicity of humics. Instead, directed specific forces, including hydrogen bonding, cation–π interactions, and aromatic–aromatic interactions, are proposed between the benzene ring of monoaromatic solutes and soil organic matter (SOM). Substituents of benzene affect these interactions by varying the π electron density. When the soil fraction was treated with NaOH to remove humic and fulvic acids, T2 values for the different monoaromatic solutes were surprisingly lower compared with those for the untreated soil fraction. This result is probably caused by the increased ratio of solutes adsorbed to “hard” or “glassy” SOM components, which leads to less mobile sorbed solute molecules, after removing NaOH‐extractable humics that contain more “soft” or “rubbery” SOM components.
Sorption and Desorption of Naphthalene by Soil Organic Matter
Authors: Gunasekara Amrith S. , Xing Baoshan 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTNonlinear isotherm behavior has been reported for the sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in soil organic matter (SOM), but the exact mechanisms are unknown. Our objective was to provide insight into the sorption mechanism of HOCs in SOM by studying the sorption–desorption processes of naphthalene in a mineral soil, its humic fractions, and lignin. Additionally, humin and lignin were used for studying the effects of temperature and cosolvent on HOC sorption. All isotherms were nonlinear. The humin and lignin isotherms became more linear at elevated temperatures and with the addition of methanol indicating a condensed to expanded structural phase transition. Isotherm nonlinearity and hysteresis increased in the following order: soil humic acid (HA) < soil < soil humin. Of the samples, aliphatic‐rich humin exhibited the largest degree of nonlinearity and had the highest sorption capacity for naphthalene. High nonlinearity and hysteresis in humin were most likely caused by its condensed structure. A novel aliphatic, amorphous condensed conformation is proposed. This conformation can account for both high sorption capacities and increased nonlinearity observed for aliphatic‐rich samples and can explain many sorption disparities discussed in the literature. This study clearly illustrates the importance of both aliphatic and aromatic moieties for HOC sorption in SOM.