bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An unusual case of pneumonia
Authors: Chaudhuri R. 
Published: July 2009

A 41-year-old European man presented with a 4-week history of increasing dyspnoea, left pleuritic chest pain, productive cough and 7 kg weight loss. He had smoked 60–70 cigarettes per day for many years, and he drank 3 pints of beer daily. He had had a myocardial infarction 5 years before, and had paranoid schizophrenia, well controlled on monthly flupenthixol injections.
On examination, he was pyrexial with signs of consolidation at the left lung base. There was no adenopathy. His fingers were heavily nicotine stained and his dental hygiene very poor. Investigations revealed a mild anaemia, elevated white blood cell count and ESR 100 mm/h.
Book reviews
Authors: Kohner Eva M. 
Published: July 2009

This book is a nicely prepared one, most of the illustrations coming from the University of Mainz in Germany. It is not clear whom the book is aimed at, but it is most likely for junior ophthalmologists during their residency training.
There are introductory pages about fluorescein, its use, the evaluation of angiograms and the appearance of normal retina and choroid. There is a short section at the end about complications of fluorescein injection and their management. The text was originally written in German and then translated, which results in a text difficult to read, with sentence structures left in their heavy Germanistic style.
Fracturing and stretching of angioplasty balloon catheters under bending with tension
Authors: Jeans W. D. , Blakeborough A. , Loose H. W. C. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Eight catheters from five manufacturers have been subjected to tests which combined bending and tension. Three failure mechanisms have been identified. These included separation of the balloon from its proximal attachment to the shaft, fracture of the shaft at its junction with the balloon, and undue ductility of the shaft. It is concluded that good catheter design should ensure that there is no sudden change in stiffness along the length of the catheter, and that the optimum relationship of ductility to stiffness has not yet been defined for catheters. Recommendations relating to these characteristics could be included in the British Standards relating to angioplasty balloon catheters.
An irldium-192 applicator for the treatment of stomal recurrence following tracheostomy for subglottic carcinoma
Authors: Jones R. D. , Clarkson D. G. , Symonds R. P. , McNee S. G. 
Published: July 2009

A 45-year-old man presented with a left-sided posterior triangle neck node and a history of sore throats for a year. At the time of presentation he had no other symptoms. An examination under anaesthetic was undertaken and revealed no abnormality of the larynx or pharynx but a suspicious area was seen in the nasopharynx. Biopsy of this region, however, was normal. Histology of the nodes dissected from the left side of the neck revealed anaplastic carcinoma and the appearances were in keeping with a primary from the nasopharynx or bronchus. Tonsillar biopsy was normal.
On clinical judgment the nasopharynx was thought to be the most likely primary site and so the patient was treated with radical radiotherapy to the neck and nasopharynx. The neck was treated with an anterior beam of MV photons from a linear accelerator with midline shielding (2 cm wide, 6 cm thick) to redbce the dose to the spinal cord (Ho, 1978).
Metastatic carcinoma to the male breast
Authors: Ramamurthy Lalitha , Cooper Richard A. 
Published: July 2009

A case of metastasis to the male breast from prostate carcinoma is reported. For proper treatment, it is important to differentiate primary from metastatic tumours.
Prostate-specific antigen screening should be strongly considered in all breast masses seen in patients with known prostatic carcinoma. One cannot assume that breast enlargement in these patients is solely due to oestrogen-induced gynecomastia.
There's more to it than meets the eye
Authors: Evans Sharon 
Published: July 2009

A 39-year-old Indian man presented to the Casualty Department with a 3-week history of headaches and nasal congestion, and a 3-day history of a painful swollen right eye. On examination, he was unwell and pyrexial with a sinus tachycardia. He had a tender right eye with a swollen upper eyelid and an obvious sixth nerve palsy with almost complete failure of abduction.
Computed tomographic (CT) head scan was performed which demonstrated the cause of his symptoms (Fig. 1). What is the diagnosis? How many abnormalities can you detect? What is the appropriate management?
High resolution slices 3 mm thick before and after administration of contrast medium were obtained using an axial plane of section parallel to the orbitomeatal line. No reformatting was considered necessary.
British Institute of Radiology Presidential Address, 1990
Authors: Hill C. R. 
Published: July 2009

The historical origin and continuing central raison d'être of the British Institute of Radiology is as an interdisciplinary forum for promoting the advance of radiological science. This preculiar, broad, generalist but scientifically inclined concept of an institution is one that many of us who are part of it cherish very warmly.
I certainly share this feeling, but I also believe that it behoves us from time to time to stand back and examine, from a wider perspective, what we are aiming to achieve, how we fit in to the contemporary cultural environment, and which way the scientific frontiers of our subject are likely to move in the foreseeable future.
An objective outsider even from no further away than somewhere like Calais might well wonder whether the BIR was not in the same class as driving on the left side of the road: one of those quaint, if endearing, British institutions in which, in our insularity, we persist because we have not noticed that the rest of the world has passed us by. Surely, like it or not, we now live in an age of specialists, where the frontiers of physics have receded beyond the comprehension of many radiologists, while physicists, correspondingly, are equally out of their depth in many aspects of modern medicine.
Specialization is affecting us not only at the scientific level but also in the form of professional differentiation.
Quantitative computed tomography for bone mineral measurement: technical aspects, dosimetry, normal data and clinical applications
Authors: Karantanas A. H. , Kalef-Ezra J. A. , Glaros D. C. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A single KVp quantitative CT (QCT) technique was used for measuring the spinal trabecular bone density. The trabecular bone equivalent density (TBED) was expressed as the density of a K2HPO4 solution that exhibits a linear attenuation coefficient identical to that of trabecular bone. A field non-uniformity correcting factor was obtained from experiments on phantoms. The effective equivalent dose of the whole examination (four sections and a scout view) is 370 μSv. The in vivo short-term precision (reproducibility coefficient of variation) ranges from 1.4% to 4.1% depending on the TBED values of the normal subjects. The TBED was measured in 206 normal Greeks aged 30–69 years. Average TBED decreased with increasing age for both sexes. Analysis considering separately each vertebra showed a tendency to a caudal spinal TBED reduction. No correlation was found between the TBED values and the body habitus, milk consumption, smoking habits in men, and number of full-term pregnancies. A significant difference (p &lt; 0.01) was found between the TBED values of the normals and those of 50 women suffering from post-menopausal osteoporosis, 37 alcoholic men, and 12 gastrectomized men (Billroth II). Quantitative CT has been established as a method of measuring TBED in health and disease, and the results from this study confirm these applications.
Combined tissue oxygen tension measurement and positron emission tomography studies on glucose utilization in oncogene-transformed cell line tumour xenografts in nude mice
Authors: Kallinowski F. , Brownell A.-L. , Vaupel P. , Brownell G. L. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Glucose utilization studies using high resolution positron emission tomography and tissue oxygenation measurements using microelectrode techniques were carried out in nude mice bearing oncogene-transformed (RatlpEJ6.6 and REFpneoMYCrasEpool) cell line tumours and a non-transformed (Ratl) cell line tumour to determine the correlation between glucose utilization, tissue oxygenation and tumour growth rate. Control measurements were performed in the subcutis of tumourfree animals. Accelerated growth rates were observed in both ras-transformed cell lines with tumour doubling times of 2.5–4 days while Ratl tumours had a doubling time of 28 days. Since rapid growth rates necessitate elevated consumption of oxygen and nutrients, severe tumour hypoxia was observed in tumours from both ras-transformed cell lines; median pO2 being 1–5 mmHg (tumour sizes ca. 400 mm3). Size-matched Ratl tumours exhibited a median pO2 value of 12 mmHg corresponding to the slow growth rate. Comparing both ras-transformed cell lines, RatlpEJ6.6 tumours had a more adequate vascularization than REFpneoMYCrasEpool tumours indicated by a better tissue oxygenation (5 mmHg versus 1 mmHg) and higher glucose metabolic rates (13.4 ± 2.2 μmol/min/100 cm3 versus 9.7 ± 1.3 μmol/min/100 cm3). At advanced growth stages, a reduction of tissue oxygen levels is obtained which is accompanied by a 30% elevation of glucose metabolic rate. The data presented here demonstrate for the first time an impact of well defined oncogenic alterations on the therapeutically relevant parameters of the micromilieu of malignant tumours.
Papillary cystic tumour of the pancreas: findings at computed tomography and ultrasound
Authors: Phillips G. W. L. , Chou S. T. , Mulhauser J. 
Published: July 2009

Papillary cystic tumour is a rare pancreatic neoplasm which occurs typically in young females and is of importance because of its good prognosis. We describe the computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound features correlated with pathological findings in a case where the tumour was discovered as an incidental finding.
A previously well 17-year-old female presented with right upper quadrant pain. A clinical diagnosis of cholecystitis was made and an ultrasound examination requested.
Interventional ultrasound
Authors: Holm H. H. 
Published: July 2009

During recent years interventional ultrasound has become widely used and has had a great impact on patient management with regard to diagnosis as well as therapy. Many surgical procedures have been replaced by more gentle and less time-consuming “needle therapy” to the benefit of the patient. Since material (in its broadest sense) can be removed from or deposited into the body under ultrasound guidance (for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes), “interventional ultrasound” includes a large number of different procedures. The first puncture transducer, which was based on the simple A-presentation principle, was described by Kratochwill in 1969 (personal communication). A few months later we performed abdominal needle biopsies guided by ultrasonic B-scanning using a “home-made” static scanner. The first punctures guided by dynamic scanning were performed sing a linear array scanner with a puncture attachment (Pedersen, 1977). Today a large number of dedicated puncture transducers exist, as well as puncture attachments for abdominal scanners and transluminal transducers.
The scanner is moved until the target is seen on the monitor, then angled until the target is transected by the electronic puncture-line. A needle inserted through the needle-guiding device will now hit the target. A relatively strong needle tip echo indicates the position of the needle tip on its way to the target. An alternative to this puncture method may be applied: a so-called “free hand” technique without the use of a needle guide.
Lymphography—current role in oncology
Authors: Moskovic E. , Fernando I. , Blake P. , Parsons C. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A review of the use of lymphography at this hospital, a major oncology centre, is presented. The advent of computed tomography has brought a dramatic reduction in the number of lymphograms currently performed for diseases such as lymphoma, testicular tumours and gynaecological malignancies. This study analyses the reasons for this decline, and concludes that valuable information can still be obtained from lymphography in certain selected groups of patients.
Intraperitoneal pseudocyst formation as a complication of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
Authors: Namasivayam J. 
Published: July 2009

A patient with an intraperitoneal pseudocyst occurring as a complication of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) for chronic renal failure is presented. The diagnosis was made pre-operatively by ultrasound. This has not been previously reported.
A 59-year-old man, with chronic renal failure maintained on CAPD for 1 year, presented with a painful tender mass in the left hypochondrium, which had increased rapidly in size over the previous 2 months. There was an associated history of weight loss, poor appetite and some impairment of ultrafiltration. At no stage did he complain of any bowel symptoms.
Quickscan: Doppler ultrasound emulation of angiography—its value prior to arteriography in peripheral vascular disease
Authors: deSouza N. M. , King D. H. , Pilgrim P. , Bates P. , Reidy J. F. , Gosling R. G. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The prevalence of peripheral vascular disease demands a quick, reliable, non-invasive technique for initial assessment. We have devised a new method which combines the two physical principles that (1) Doppler shift is proportional to blood velocity and (2) blood velocity is inversely proportional to arterial cross-section with the ability to track probe position using a noncontacting method. An image of the probe track and any arterial narrowing is shown superimposed on an outline of the patient. Pressure measurement, scan and graphics with final report take about 20 minutes. The accuracy of this system in peripheral vascular disease was evaluated. Thirty-one patients underwent quickscan (QS) and arteriography within an average time of 7 days. Abdominal aorta, common iliac-common femoral, superficial femoral and popliteal artery segments were graded independently as normal, significant stenosis (&gt; 50% of diameter) or occluded by both techniques. Of 197 segments, QS correctly assessed 106 normal, 22 stenosed and 28 occluded segments. Four equivocal angiographic stenoses were normal on QS and three severe stenoses were graded occlusion. Fifteen segments on angiography and five on QS were not assessed. For the iliac and superficial femoral artery segments, sensitivity and specificity averaged 77% and 86%, respectively, for all grades. Aortic statistics were invalid (only one significant lesion). Six out of eight popliteal occlusions were correctly diagnosed by QS, but no popliteal stenoses were detected out of six shown on arteriography. Low numbers may contribute to this discrepancy but an improved popliteal scanning method may be necessary. We find initial QS an invaluable aid to direct percutaneous angiography and to indicate potential sites for angioplasty.
Duplex sonography in splenomegaly
Authors: Jarvis L. , Cook P. G. , James C. M. , Rose M. , Prentice A. G. , Dubbins P. A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The aetiology of splenomegaly is seldom clear from either clinical or imaging assessment of the spleen. In the majority of cases sonographic assessment of the spleen produces a homogeneous enlargement of variable echodensity, but with very poor correlation with pathology. A study has been undertaken to assess the Doppler characteristics of the splenic artery in splenomegaly, excluding cases of portal hypertension in an attempt to provide further diagnostic information. Duplex assessment of 18 normal subjects and 10 patients with splenomegaly due to five different causes was undertaken. Analysis of waveform, peak frequency and pulsatility index were compared and failed to demonstrate any significant change. In the normal subject there is a broad systolic spectrum related to the tortuosity of the splenic artery, with persistence of forward flow throughout diastole, a reflection of the low peripheral resistance of the spleen. In splenomegaly the broad systolic spectrum is unchanged, since vessel tortuosity persists. Pathological and physiological assessment of the spleen in splenomegaly shows that a low resistance circulation persists, explaining maintenance of the diastolic flow pattern in splenomegaly. Increased blood flow to the spleen in splenomegaly occurs either as a result of an increase in vessel diameter or an increase in flow velocity, or a variable combination of the two which does not seem to be governed by specific pathology. An increase in peak frequency in some cases reflected some increase in flow velocity but provided no useful correlation. Analysis of the pulsatility index supported the above findings without adding further information.
The reduction in radiation dose for intra-oral radiographs by the use of thin K-edge filters
Authors: MacDonald-Jankowski D. S. , Lawinski C. P. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to reduce the radiation dose to patients undergoing intra-oral dental radiography by using thin K-edge filters in addition to the existing aluminium filter. The subject was a head phantom (a human skull embedded in tissue-equivalent material), which was exposed to X rays over a range of tube voltages (50–90 kVp) for each of the four filter systems. These were 2.7 mm aluminium alone (the existing total filtration) or with added 0.1 mm erbium, 0.1 mm yttrium or 0.05 mm niobium. The radiation dose was measured at four selected sites along the primary beam. These were the entrance skin dose, the exit skin dose and intra-orally both in front and behind the dental film packet. The exposure times and radiation doses required to produce an equivalent density (degree of blackening) on a radiograph of an upper molar tooth were determined. Within the usual diagnostic range of 60–80 kV the use of the thin K-edge filter resulted in a doubling of the exposure time (owing to the additional attenuation of the added filters). However, the skin dose and the total dose imparted to the patient were significantly reduced.
Quantitative assessment of a new dental imaging system
Authors: Walker A. , Homer K. , Czajka J. , Shearer A. C. , Wilson N. H. F. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The “Radiovisiography” dental imaging unit (Trophy UK Ltd) is a digital system using an intensifying screen and charge-coupled device in an intra-oral sensor. This paper presents a description of the system and an assessment of the original model in terms of patient dose (relative to film systems), resolution (limiting resolution and modulation transfer function), distortion and image noise (amplitude). The system does offer the possibility of reduced patient exposure and minimal distortion, although resolution and latitude are inferior to standard dental film.
Atypical skeletal tuberculosis mimicking neoplasm
Authors: Abdelwahab Ibrahim Fikry , Kenan Samuel , Hermann George , Lewis Michael , Klein Michael , Rabinowitz Jack G. 
Published: July 2009

Although the radiographic features of skeletal tuberculosis are well described, little has been written regarding tuberculous involvement of the shaft of tubular bones. In general, para-articular regions are mainly affected. Only 10% of cases spare the joint, and the majority of these are metaphyseal. Diaphyseal disease is rare and the radiographic features are variable and at times confusing. Pulmonary tuberculosis with subsequent skeletal tuberculosis is being encountered with increasing frequency (DHHS, 1988). Our recent experience with two unusual presentations prompted this report.
Two patients, both women, were diagnosed with focal bone tuberculosis. The lesion involved the left tibia in a 40-year-old woman of Chinese extraction and the pubic ramus in a 46-year-old black woman. Conventional radiography, bone scanning and computed tomography (CT) were performed on both patients. In addition, angiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were also performed on the second patient. The diagnosis was established in both patients by open biopsy. Paraffin sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin as well as with acid-fast and fungal stains. Smears were made of the fresh material in each case for both Gram's and acid-fast staining. Some of the fresh material from each case was cultured for organisms, including acid-fast bacilli and fungi. Although the sections did not reveal acid-fast organisms, culture for acid-fast bacilli was positive in the two patients.
Physical examination revealed a woman in severe distress, limping and having difficulty walking. There was swelling with skin erythema over the anteromedial aspect of the middle part of the left leg.
A dense problem
Authors: O'Keeffe D. , Adams J. E. 
Published: July 2009

A 30-year-old woman with infertility and endometriosis, who was about to commence ovarian suppression therapy with a gonadotrophin releasing (GnRH) agonist, Nafarelin, was referred for measurement of bone mass by quantitative computed tomography (QCT) as a participant in a research study assessing the effects of GnRH agonists on bone.
The patient was asymptomatic; the only past history of note was an isolated episode of unexplained left loin pain 3 years previously. Investigations performed at that time, including an intravenous urogram, had been reported as normal. Her father was hypertensive.
Authors' reply—Perfomance of a commercially available field flatness device
Authors: Plane J. H. 
Published: July 2009

Hermes, a commercially available field flatness device (manufactured by Precitron AB, UK agents Graytech Ltd), has been used to measure the value of field flatness of radiotherpay treatment fields including γ-rays (cobalt 60), X rays (55 kV to 8 MV) and electrons (5 MeV to 14 MeV). A secular variation has been observed over a period of 12 months use. It is postulated that this may be partly attributable to radiation damage.
The device contains 10 P type semiconductor diode detectors, nine of which are strategically placed for the measurement of field flatness and one for measurement of depth dose.
Energy imparted to the patient during fluoroscopy using magnified fields of view
Authors: Kotre C. J. , Marshall N. W. , Faulkner K. 
Published: July 2009

Most textbooks on radiological equipment contain the information that the gain of an X-ray image intensifier is proportional to the ratio of the areas of its input and output phosphors, but the practical implications of this in terms of dose to the patient appear to be less well known.
For the normal practice of performing fluoroscopy under automatic dose rate control, when switching to a magnified field of view the dose rate would be expected to increase in inverse proportion to the change in gain of the intensifier if a constant signal-to-noise ratio in the image is to be maintained. At the same time an automatic change in collimation should take place so that the radiation beam size is restricted to cover only the active portion of the intensifier input phosphor (NRPB, 1988).
Book review
Authors: McGann B. M. , Valentine A. R. 
Published: July 2009

Intraoperative ultrasound (US) has been available since the early eighties, but increasingly sophisticated equipment and more adventurous interventional techniques have allowed a recent expansion of its applications. This compact, well presented volume is aimed mainly at neurosurgeons and radiologists with little experience of US in theatre, although radiographers performing US will also find it of interest.
The first chapter, written by a radiologist, deals mainly with the physics of US. Whilst not making ideal bedtime reading, a difficult topic is dealt with lucidly and in appropriate detail.