bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the suitablity of Plagihammus spinipennis (Thoms.) (Col., Cerambycidae) as an agent for control of weeds of the genus Lantana (Verbenaceae). I. Life-history and capacity to damage L. camara in Hawaii
Authors: Harley K. L. S. 
Published: July 2009

Plagiohammus spinipennis (Thorns.), a native of areas of Central and South America where rainfall exceeds 50 in. per annum, has been imported into Hawaii and Australia for the control of Lantana camara. The larvae girdle a stem of the host-plant and then tunnel extensively in the xylem tissues. In Hawaii multiple infestation of stems over 0-5 in. in thickness was found to be usual. Most attacks were within 25 in. of the ground and stems were killed or so severely weakened that they readily broke off, reducing tall plants to mutilated stumps eventually bearing small regrowth shoots. The life-cycle normally lasts one year.An annual rainfall of at least 50 in. appears to be necessary for the development of large populations, and the amount that falls before and during the oviposition period influences larval survival. It is concluded that the insect should be very useful as a biological control agent for L. camara.
A method for the continuous rearing of the cabbage root flyErioischia brassicae(Bch.) and some observations on its biology
Authors: Finch S. , Coaker T. H. 
Published: July 2009

A method for continuously rearing cabbage root fly,Erioischia brassicae(Bch.) is described.Adult flies fed on sucrose, brewers’ yeast and yeast hydrolysate laid an average of 220 eggs per female when caged together in large numbers and 376 eggs per female when caged singly. Egg viability was 86 per cent. Egg hatch was severely reduced by relative humidities of less than 90 per cent, and the embryo became more susceptible to desiccation as it matured. The larvae were reared on swede, and maximum survival was obtained when the swedes were inoculated with an optimum number of eggs calculated from the ratio of 1 egg: 1.6 g. of swede. Different ratios were obtained from turnip and winter radish indicating that survival was probably related to the nutritional value of the rearing medium as well as to its availability. An average of 68 per cent, of the eggs placed on swede produced pupae that were equivalent in size to wild pupae. The fecundity of the flies was directly related to pupal weight and to the availability of protein in their diet. Adult longevity was reduced more by mutual disturbance than by any other factor.
Attraction ofAedes aegypti(L.): responses to human arms, carbon dioxide, and air currents in a new type of olfactometer
Authors: Mayer M. S. , James J. D. 
Published: July 2009

A new type of olfactometer was designed to study the responses of mosquitos to various stimuli. Hosts could be displayed downwind as well as upwind from the mosquitos, and two hosts could be displayed simultaneously, one upwind from the other. Responses to radiations, if any, and to odours could be measured.Mosquitos were not attracted downwind to an arm displayed within 61 cm., even when they were stimulated by CO2(under an incident illumination of about 10 foot-candles). About half the mosquitos showed a positive anemotactic response (i.e., they left the end downwind compartment in which they were released) in a current of room air, which undoubtedly contained human emanations. Only 15 per cent, responded to filtered air. Carbon dioxide caused no increase in response to filtered air but increased the number responding to room air (76 per cent, left the end down-wind compartment). Equal numbers of mosquitos responded to an arm displayed upwind in room air and in filtered air,i.e., about 83 per cent, left the end compartment. Carbon dioxide caused no increase in the number of mosquitos responding to an arm but increased the number responding to attenuated emanations from an arm. A repellent (deet) eliminated most of the response to an arm; the addition of carbon dioxide increased upwind flight to the treated arm, but many of the mosquitos flew past it. Carbon dioxide therefore appears to have a synergistic action with arm odours in the attraction of females ofAedes aegypti(L.). However, this conclusion does not exclude other behavioural effects of carbon dioxide demonstrated by other investigators.Eesponses to arms in this new type of olfactometer were nearly identical to those obtained in another type previously used in a large-scale study. The testing confirmed earlier reports that mosquitos do not fly far in the same direction as wind-current and that host location was not possible through positive anemotaxis in the absence of light. Mosquitos were not attracted to a source of infra-red radiation.The new direct method of comparing the attractiveness of different subjects demonstrated that mosquitos would leave the vicinity of one arm and migrate further upwind to another that was more attractive. Water and acetone rinses of human arms reduced attraction; acetone appeared to be a better solvent for the attractant substance than water.
The behaviour of the adult ofAphodius tasmaniaeHope (Col., Scarabaeidae) in South Australia.
Authors: Maelzer D. A. 
Published: July 2009

In the lower South-East of South Australia, adults of Aphodius tasmaniae Hope, which is an economic pest of improved pastures, emerge from the soil 2–3 days after rain has fallen in summer. The females may lay two batches of eggs. The first batch (about 35 eggs) is developed at the expense of the fat-body and is laid 3–6 days after emergence; a second batch (about 20 eggs) can be developed and laid after the female has fed on dung.The beetles are crepuscular and fly after sunset if the weather is suitable for flight. The first batch of eggs may or may not be laid before flight, depending on the weather. Until the fat-body is largely depleted, beetles fly with the wind and are attracted to lights, but after that stage has been reached they fly upwind to dung and are not attracted to lights. After feeding on dung for a few days the females become gravid again, and apparently change their responses to light and wind once more. The distribution of larvae in the field suggested that adults aggregated and laid eggs in specific places. The factors which promote aggregations of adults were therefore studied.The survival-rate of the females and the number of eggs they laid in two soils, a sand and a clay loam, were related to the ‘available water’ in soil as measured by the pF scale. Females survived in largest numbers and laid most eggs in the range of pF 2·8–3·2 in both soils. Similarly, when given a choice of a number of water contents in soil, beetles aggregated in largest numbers within the range 2·8–3·2 in one soil and pF 2·8–3·5 in another. In the latter soil, however, the pF values that were tested were more widely spaced, and it is suggested that the combined data are only intelligible if there was an optimum range of pF within the vicinity of 2·8–3·2 in both soils. These and other experiments indicated that moisture in soil was the major factor capable of' promoting aggregations of adults.When water was not limiting, aggregations of beetles occurred on loose as opposed to compact surfaces. However, ‘shelter’ (dry grass stems broken off the parent plant, dung, etc.) was capable of promoting aggregations even if the soil underneath ordinarily inhibited burrowing. Aggregations of beetles also occurred on surfaces into which other beetles had previously burrowed; this was probably due not to any attraction of beetles to other beetles, but to loosening of the surface soil by the original beetles, which permitted later arrivals to burrow rapidly.It is probable that the patchy distribution of larvae in the field is due to the aggregation of the adults in the field mainly in relation to moisture in soil, type of surface and shelter. It is also suggested that aggregations of larvae that occur around conspicuous objects, such as trees, result from beetles colliding with these objects by chance when they are flying after dark, dropping to the ground and burrowing into the soil to lay eggs there.
Observations on emergence and life-span of wheat bulb fly, Leptohylemyia coarctata (Fall.), under field-cage conditions.
Authors: Dobson Ronald M. , Morris Marjory G. 
Published: July 2009

Emergence and life-span of wheat bulb fly, Leptohylemyia coarctata (Fall.), have been studied by the use of a field-cage-marking technique. Emergence was investigated by observing the numbers of flies emerging daily from an area of infested wheat enclosed by a cage of fine mosquito-netting, and life-span by making a daily census of marked and individually recognisable flies which had been liberated in the cage. Flies were handled only when being marked and in the later part of the work all observations were made without touching either them or the wheat.Flies were chilled to render them comatose for marking and under certain circumstances this and the marking was-harmful. Attempts were made to reduce these harmful effects.Emergence dates varied from year to year depending on the temperatures of spring and early summer, and there were also considerable differences between the emergence dates of populations of adjacent fields in the same year. Consistently, males appeared before females.The ratio of the number of flies seen to the number known to be alive on each day varied according to weather, flies being more difficult to find on windy days than on calm ones and on bright days than on dull ones.The observed life-spans of both sexes varied greatly, up to a maximum of 75 days for females and 55 days for males. An exact statement of mean life-span was not possible because there was a tendency for flies emerging later in the season to be less long-lived than those emerging earlier. Most flies of both sexes lived for over 30 days.The observed life-spans fall short of the true life-spans by amounts that depend on the proportions of living flies seen each day. Two methods are shown by which the mean unrecorded life-span can be calculated.
A new species of Dysmicoccus Ferris (Pseudococcidae, Homoptera) on banana.
Authors: Williams D. J. 
Published: July 2009

The following species taken in London on imported bananas has been submitted recently for identification and has proved to be a new species of Dysmicoccus Ferris.On checking some unidentified material in the British Museum (Natural History), the same species has come to light on imported bananas collected in London earlier. As some of these were labelled “from Canary bananas”, a check was made of all the material in the British Museum (N. H.) of mealybugs from the Canary Islands and it is evident that the species is widespread there but has been misidentified as Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuw.). Furthermore, it has been misidentified as this species on other occasions on imported bananas in England and Egypt and although some of the preparations concerned are labelled as from Canary bananas, it is not possible to determine whether all have come from this source.
The effect of a residual house-spraying campaign in East Africa on species balance in the Anopheles funestus group. The replacement of A. funestus Giles by A. rivulorum Leeson.
Authors: Gillies M. T. , Smith A. 
Published: July 2009

In the course of an experiment in malaria control in an inland region of Kenya and Tanganyika, by the use of house spraying with dieldrin, routine catches were maintained of mosquitos resting in artificial outdoor shelters. During the 18 months of the pre-spraying period, catches in the South Pare district of Tanganyika mainly consisted of the principal vectors, Anopheles gambiae Giles and A. funestus Giles, together with small numbers of A. rivulorum Leeson.During the three years following the spraying, A. funestus disappeared almost completely from the catches, while A. rivulorum showed an increase of about seven times above its former level.
The eradication of Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newst. and Glossina tachinoides Westw. in part of a river flood plain in Northern Nigeria by chemical means. Part III.
Authors: Davies H. , Blasdale P. 
Published: July 2009

An account is given of work carried out during the third year to eradicate Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newst. and G. tachinoides Westw. from an elongated fly-belt situated in the Sudan savannah vegetational zone of Northern Nigeria, which is an important cattle-raising area.The total area of the fly-belt, which is isolated as far as G. morsitans is concerned, measures about 120 miles in length and extends, in places, up to almost 10 miles in width. The country involved forms the flood plains and adjacent uplands of the Komadugu Gana river.Sixty-nine sq. miles were sprayed with DDT during the 1957–58 dry season(between end of January and end of April 1958), and 18 months after completion of work no tsetse has been found in the treated area. These 69 sq. miles formed the dry-season habitat of the fly on this section of the river, and the cost of insecticide and labour involved amounted to approximately £86 per sq. mile. As the zone infested in the wet season greatly exceeded this dry-season concentration area, reclamation costs per sq. mile, when applied to the amount of grazing land made safe for cattle, amounted to much less than the figure quoted.Successful continuation of this project is ascribed to three salient features of the technique employed: —(a) A single application only, of a 3·75 per cent, aqueous suspension of DDT from a wettable powder, is sufficient for complete eradication.(b) A high degree of discriminative or selective spraying is possible: for the elimination of G. morsitans, spraying can be mostly confined to larger tree trunks, in shade, up to a hei ght of about 5 ft.(c) Artificial or natural barriers to isolate each season's work, and so prevent re-invasion, are not necessary where the fly-belt is of a comparatively narrow and elongated nature. Spraying the re-infested area during the following season is more economical.
The white coffee borer, Anthores leuconotus Pasc., and its control.
Authors: Tapley R. G. 
Published: July 2009

Anthores leuconotus Pasc., indigenous in East, South-East, South and South-West Africa, is an important ring-barking and wood-boring pest of the main stem and root of arabica coffee. The duration of the life-cycle ranges from 12 to 25 months, with most individuals requiring 16–20 months. Thus beetles developed from eggs laid during the long rains (April–June) of one year will mostly emerge during the short rains (Nov.–Jan.) of the following year, with some appearing during the rains preceding and others during the ensuing rains.If the mean life-cycle is taken to be 18 months, the approximate duration of each stage is as follows:— eggs require 21–23 days for eclosion; larvae in the
first five instars ring-bark the tree for 4 months, and those in the final two instars bore into the wood for 12 months; the pupal period lasts about 4½ weeks, and the beetle remains in the tree for a further two weeks before emerging.
The behaviour and specificity of Monoctonus paludum Marshall (Hym., Braconidae), a parasite of Nasonovia ribis-nigri (Mosley) on lettuce.
Authors: Griffiths D. C. 
Published: July 2009

A survey of the parasites of aphids that occur on lettuce was made in two localities, in the Midlands and northern England, respectively, and a list of these parasites compiled.A study was made of the Braconid parasite, Monoctonus paludum Marshall, in relation to its host, Nasonovia ribis-nigri (Mosley), on lettuce. Techniques for observing the parasite's behaviour towards various species of aphids are described and methods of conducting experiments on breeding success in species other than N. ribis-nigri are given.
Observations on Rate of Growth, Coloration, and the abnormal Six-instar Life-cycle in Locusta migratoria migratorioides, R. &. F.
Authors: Key K. H. L. 
Published: July 2009

1. All material was reared under constant conditions of temperature, light intensity and relative humidity. Two relative humidities were used—very wet and very dry. In some cases various coloured backgrounds were used. All material was solitaria, and was kept isolated.2. Average weights were calculated from weighings made at all periods within the stadia, and thus represent the weights at the mid-points of the stadia.3. The figures could not be fitted to the theory of a progression factor of 2.4. Females are on the average 50 per cent, heavier than males even in the third instar; the sexes can probably be distinguished in this way much earlier.5. The first three stadia are of about the same length; the fourth is longer, the fifth much longer.6. The percentage rate of growth between the mid-points of successive stadia is of the same order for all pairs, though somewhat lower for the first and last pairs.7. Hoppers kept in a very dry atmosphere are much lighter than those kept wet —proportionally more so in the later than in the earlier instars; on the other hand each stadium is lengthened—proportionally more so in the earlier than in the later stadia; the percentage rate of growth is just half that of hoppers kept wet.8. The findings of Faure in regard to the causes of differences in coloration were fully confirmed.9. The occurrence of a sixth instar in the females is due to an inherited factor.10. This “ extra ” instar may represent an extra morphological third instar or an extra morphological fourth instar.
Investigations on Trichogramma lutea, Gir., as a Parasite of the Cotton Bollworm, Heliothis obsoleta, Fabr.
Authors: Parsons F. S. , Ullyett G. C. 
Published: July 2009

Some of the problems involved in the estimation of parasitism in populations of Heliothis eggs are discussed:—(a) Effective parasitism of the “active fraction” of eggs as laid in situ is denned.(b) The habits of the egg-laying moth in point of the duration of oviposition on individual crops and diversion of moth activity from one host to another are discussed in relation to releases of Trichogramma lutea. Data are given on the distribution of bollworm eggs in a crop and associated factors.(c) Investigations on the dispersion of liberated parasites are described. Dispersion was found to be rapid and widespread; concerted activity by large numbers in given areas did not apply.Investigations in rain-grown crops are described and results are quoted from a typical experiment in maize, wherein the percentages of parasitism recorded in a large number of equal sections of the crop are regressed on proportionate larval survival. Although the egg parasitism ranged from 21·2 per cent, to 82·3 per cent., differences in larval populations were inappreciable. An explanation for this is offered in an analysis of the effect of various mortality factors.The parasite was relatively ineffective in cotton crops. The low degrees of parasitism found are assigned to the growth-habit of the plant, the scattered manner of egg deposition thereon and the impediment offered to the insect by the dense hair processes of the plant at many sites where eggs are commonly placed.Investigations on irrigated (cool season) market-garden crops and citrus orchards are described. These form the principal breeding sources of summer bollworm. Oviposition is extensive and sustained for three to four months on these crops, thereby affording opportunity for continuous parasite activity and the cumulative participation of progeny bred in the field. In nature Trichogramma lutea does not, however, appear until the latter end of the egg-laying by Heliothis and the authors were unable to establish laboratory-bred representatives at an earlier period.Another egg parasite, Phanurus ullyetti, is prevalent before Trichogramma appears and accomplishes much that was hoped for from the attempted earlier introduction of Trichogramma. In effect, the latter, as seen from diagrams furnished with the paper, becomes substituted for Phanurus toward the close of the winter season. It is probable that temperature is a determining factor in the biology of both parasites, although other causes for the observed relations are suggested.Further investigations are needed on the subject of exploiting T. lutea in the cool season.
Assessment of a Tsetse Population
Authors: Lloyd Ll. 
Published: July 2009

An experiment is described in which G. tachinoides in an isolated secondary focus was marked with distinct colours during thirteen successive weeks and the fate of the groups studied by recaptures. The population was known to be declining from moderate density to great scarcity through the dry season and the wastage in the colour groups on the average proved to be 11½ per cent, per diem, rather more, probably, than the wastage in unmarked flies. Following Jackson's method of assessment the population is shown to fall from 6,000 at the end of October to 400 by mid-January. The ratio of the boy-hour rate to these numbers is worked out for each collection and it is found that when the boy-hour rate is above 50 it is not relative to population, but below 50 the rate falls as the population, allowing for the influence of weather on rate of catching.It is shown that under the conditions of the experiment there is an almost complete change of fly population each 5 or 6 weeks, though an occasional fly may survive 11 weeks. The proportion of male flies in the catches fell with increasing age from an initial 57 per cent, to 23 per cent, in the 6th week and no male fly surviving this period was caught.
The Relationship between the Maximum Temperature and the Seasonal Longevity of Glossina submorsitans, Newst., and G. tachinoides, Westw., in Northern Nigeria
Authors: Nash T. A. M. 
Published: July 2009

1. There is considerable seasonal variation in the longevity of G. submorsitans and G. tachinoides, and these variations are negatively correlated with the fluctuations in the maximum temperature curve, i.e., as the temperature rises longevity decreases, as the temperature falls so longevity increases.2. The cycle is as follows:—The rains commence and temperature falls, longevity increases and remains high throughout the rains. The wet season ends, temperature rises and longevity descreases. The cold spell intervenes and longevity becomes maximal. The cold weather ends, the temperature soars up and longevity becomes minimal, remaining low until the new rains commence.3. Maximum temperature is considered to be the dominant factor; favourable humidity cannot increase longevity unless the maximum temperature is favourable.4. The oldest individuals occur in the rains, but the average longevity is highest in the cold season, when both temperature and humidity are favourable.5. In both species females tend to live longer than males.6. In the field G. tachinoides males appear to live rather longer than the males of G. submorsitans.7. It is doubtful whether wild flies of either species live much more than 2½ to 3 months under the most favourable conditions; it is probable that in the hottest weather longevity is curtailed to a month or less, and that the production of puparia is seriously affected when the rains are late and the hot weather is prolonged.
The Jamaican Species ofHippelatesandOscinella(Diptera, Chloropidae)
Authors: Kumm Henry W. 
Published: July 2009

1. Fifteen species ofChloropidaewere taken in a survey of Jamaica.2.H. pallipes, Loew, was found in greater numbers and in more localities than any other species.3.H. peruanus, Becker, was readily attracted to traps baited with decaying dead animal matter whereasH. pallipescame but rarely to such traps.4.H. pallipeswas most prevalent at elevations ranging from 101 to 1,500 feet above sea-level.H. curraniwas frequent somewhat lower down, andH. pusioandH. illiciswere most common quite close to the sea.5. A key with explanatory diagrams has been prepared for identifying the adult Chloropid flies of Jamaica.6. Also the distribution records of all species captured during the island survey have been tabulated.7. Two new species ofHippelatesflies have been described.8. Three photomicrographs of the immature stages ofH. pallipeswhich were taken are briefly discussed.