bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Fossil Echinoidea of Cyrenaica
Authors: Gregory John Walter 
Published: October 2009

T
he
specimens were collected during the expedition of which the geological results have been recorded in the foregoing pages (572-615). The fossil Echinoidea collected in Cyrenaica during our journey include ten determinable species represented by over a hundred specimens. Many of them are imperfect, but were collected on account of the light which they might throw on the distribution of the species.

I have to express my thanks to Dr. F. A. Bather for having kindly compared some of the specimens of
Echinolampas
with specimens in the British Museum collection, and to M. J. Lambert for his careful examination of several of the species, as also for his valuable notes concerning their affinities.

The list of the chief echinoids collected is as follows:—
Description of the Species.

Clypeaster biarritzensis
Cotteau, 1873, var. Trotteri nov.

Clypeaster biarritzensis
Cotteau, 1873, in R. de Bouillé, ‘Pal. Biarritz,’ p. 10. [Not seen.]

Clypeaster biarritzensis
Cotteau, 1891, ‘Éch. Éoc., Pal. franc: Terr. Tort.’ vol. ii, p. 228 & pl. cclx.

Clypeaster biarritzensis
Flick, 1900, ‘Priab. en Tunisie’ C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, vol. cxxx, p. 149.

Clypeaster biarritzensis
Pervinquière, 1903, ‘Géol. Tunisie-Centrale’ Carte Géol. Tunisie, p. 199.

Characters.—Form and dimensions similar to those normal to the species. Petals of ambulacra shorter, and the distal ends less open than in the typical form.
Distribution.—Typical form: Upper Eocene; Lou Count near Biaritz. Gebel Batene, Tunisia.

Var.
trotteri
. In a pale-yellowish marly limestone containing many specimens of
Operculina libyca
.Half a mile east of the camp at Aint Sciachat
The Faulted Inlier of Carboniferous Limestone at Upper Vobster (Somerset)
Authors: Sibly Thomas Franklin 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
The faulted inliers of Carboniferous Limestone at Luckington, Upper Vobster, and Tor Rock, Vobster, respectively, are three small masses lying in the Coal Measures of the southernmost portion of the East Somerset Coalfield, at distances varying from about a mile and a quarter to half a mile north of the main outcrop of the Carboniferous Limestone in the Eastern Mendips.
The highly disturbed condition of the Carboniferous strata in this coalfield is well known. Throughout the district east of Nettlebridge, in which these inliers are situated, the strata of the Coal Measures are overfolded and in places greatly contorted, as was shown by Buckland & Conybeare in 1824.
The anomalous position of these masses of Carboniferous Limestone has given rise to much comment and speculation by geological writers. Since attention was drawn to two of them by Buckland & Conybeare, the inliers have been the subject of several papers, apart from many incidental references made to them. The contributions of Mr. H. B. Woodward and Mr. James McMurtrie are particularly noteworthy, on account of the conflicting theories advanced by these authors to explain the position of the masses. Mr. Woodward has invoked a fan-shaped anticline broken by faults to explain the phenomena. Mr. McMurtrie, strongly combating this explanation, has elaborated an ‘overthrow theory’ in its place. The latter writer has given descriptive notes on each of the three inliers, and recorded many important facts in regard to them.
Two papers by the Rev. H. H. Winwood, which give
The Gopeng Beds of Kinta (Federated Malay States)
Authors: Scrivenor John Brooke 
Published: October 2009

In a former paper describing the remarkable tourmaline-corundum rocks found on the western side of the Kinta Valley in Perak, I mentioned the fact that on the eastern side of the same valley, near Gopeng, sandy schists occurred, but no tourmaline-corundum rocks—although tourmaline alone was found, as also pieces of pure corundum (at Pulai). Since that paper was written, I have been chiefly engaged in detailed work in the neighbourhood of Gopeng, and have also carried out some prospecting work in the same locality by means of bores: with the result that, while the western side of the valley had afforded an interesting study in petrology, it was found that on the eastern side the geology was such as to throw into the shade all the information previously gained in the Federated Malay States, as regards both economic importance and scientific interest.
It is my object in the present paper to show that, in the neighbourhood of Gopeng, there are remains of an ancient Gondwanaland tin-field, older than the granite of the main range of the Peninsula, altered by it, and further enriched in tin-ore by it near the contact and in the vicinity of certain veins; that the beds composing this Gondwanaland tin-field were deposited under conditions that were connected with the action of glaciers or of masses of floating ice; and that these Gopeng Beds are probably on the same horizon as the Talchir Beds of Orissa, and therefore the probable equivalents of the Bacchus-Marsh and Murree marine
Late Glacial and Post-Glacial Changes in the Lower Dee Valley
Authors: Wills Leonard Johnston 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
This paper is the result of observations made in the Lower Dee Valley by myself and other members of H.M. Geological Survey, in the course of mapping in the Denbighshire Coalfield and neighbouring areas. My thanks are especially due to Mr. G. W. Lamplugh, F.R.S., for the help that his knowledge of Glacial geology has afforded me and for the generous way in which it has been offered; and also to Mr. D. A. Macalister and Mr. C. B. Wedd for observations relating to part of the Dee Valley.
Dr. Strahan's memoir on the Geology of Flint, Mold, and Ruthin, chapt. xii, appears to be the only work that has dealt directly with the post-Glacial history of the Dee. His observations relate to that part of its course which lies in the neighbourhood of Chester, and will be referred to in the sequel.
In § II of the present paper a general account of the Drift deposits of the critical area around Llangollen and Chirk is given; while § III deals with post-Glacial changes in the topography and in the drainage of the Dee from near the former place to its mouth.
II. The Composition of the Glacial Drifts.
The region in which the River Dee leaves its deep valley in the Welsh hills and enters the comparatively flat country formed by the Coal-Measures has been found to be a critical area in connexion with the post-Glacial history of the remainder of its course. In this district
On the Glacial Origin of the Clay-With-Flints of Buckinghamshire and on a Former Course of the Thames
Authors: Sherlock Robert Lionel , Noble Arthur Henry 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
During the years 1910 and 1911 we have surveyed on the 6-inch scale some 260 square miles in the counties of Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, Hertfordshire, and Middlesex, and have obtained some results which we believe to be new. Perhaps we can now explain the mode of formation of the Clay-with-Flints and superficial gravels, so long a puzzle to geologists.
This paper falls naturally into two parts—first, the origin of the Clay-with-Flints and associated gravels of our area; and, secondly, the origin of the gravels which have sometimes been called Plateau Gravels, and are high above the ordinary river-gravels, though at lower levels than those associated with the Clay-with-Flints. These Plateau Gravels we believe to be of Fluvioglacial origin, and their formation is inseparably connected with the former course of the Thames, at a time when the ice had not yet reached its southern limit of extension.
Our classification of the superficial deposits is somewhat different from that of the Old Series Survey Map. The brick-earth accompanying the clay with flints is usually a clay-gravel, and differs only from the deposits coloured as Gravel in that it is worked for brickmaking. We have, therefore, in these cases mapped it as a gravel. Also, the Pebble Gravel which caps certain hills does not differ in some cases from the Glacial Gravel. On the other hand, the Glacial Gravel of the old map has been divided into two divisions—one of Gravelly Drift, and the other of Fluvioglacial Gravels.
II. The Clay-with-flints and the
On a Late Glacial Stage in the Valley of the River Lea, Subsequent to the Epoch of River - Drift Man
Authors: Warren S. Hazzledine 
Published: October 2009

I. The Discovery of the Arctic Bed
For some few years past the Great Eastern Railway Company have been obtaining remains of the Mammoth from a large ballastpit, known as the Pickett's Lock pit, at Ponder's End (Middlesex). Many of these remains, through the instrumentality of Mr. A. Atkins, of the Engineers' Department of the Company, have been carefully preserved, and are placed in the Board Room at Liverpool Street Station, the London terminus of the Great Eastern Railway.
The Pickett's Lock pit at Ponder's End is an extensive one, and it is situated in the Low-Level River-Drift of the Lea Valley. The surface of the ground lies at about 43 feet above Ordnance datum, and is but slightly raised (to an amount of 2 or 3 feet) above the present alluvial flood-plane of the river. The pit exhibits a very fine section, chiefly composed of gravel and sand, showing the effects of strong current-action. There is a subordinate capping of brickearth, which does not exceed 4 feet in thickness, and is usually less. The greatest total thickness of the Drift amounts, I believe, to 22 feet; but towards the western side of the pit the underlying floor of London Clay gradually rises, and the thickness of the Drift is much less.
When I first visited the pit, Mr. Guy Leonard, the engineer in charge of the works, pointed out to me a dark bed, from 1 to 2 feet thick, intercalated in the lower part of the section. Some
The Mollusca [from the Arctic Bed]
Authors: Kennard Alfred Santer , Woodward Bernard Barham 
Published: October 2009

The material on which the following notes are based was derived from two sources—(1) a large series sent by Mr. S. Hazzledine Warren, and (2) a number of examples collected by Messrs. A. S. Kennard & F. N. Haward, the result of washing several hundred-weight of the clay, the water in the pit being very convenient for that operation. Mr. Warren's collection consisted of four series marked ‘Upper Bed.’ ‘Middle Bed,’ ‘Lower Bed,’ and ‘General.’ We have considered it advisable to enumerate these separately, but we have incorporated our own series with the last.

It will be noted that the general list contains all the species from the three beds, with the exception of
Limnœa, stagnalis
.

Notes on the Species
Arion sp.

There are several granules representing the internal shell of this genus, but it is quite impossible to ascribe them to a given species. The northern limit of
Arion
is the isotherm of 8° C., but on the Alps its vertical limit is the isotherm of 3° to 4° C. It may here be observed that the isotherms quoted in this note are those for July.

Limax Arborum Bouch.-Chant
This species is common, but all the examples are dwarfed. Its northern limit is Iceland, lat. 66° 30′ N., with an isotherm of 8° C.; while in both Norway and Sweden its limit is the isotherm of 8° to 10° C. In the Alps its vertical range is the isotherm of 10°C.
Agriolimax Læ (Müll)
There are only four examples
The Mineral Composition of the Arctic Bed at Ponder's End
Authors: Davies George MacDonald 
Published: October 2009

I. Introductory.
During the visit of the Geologists' Association, on March 11th, 1911, to the Great Eastern Railway Company's ballast-pit at Ponder's End, I collected a sample of the late Pleistocene marsh-deposit known as the Arctic Bed, with a view to washing out the fossils. A casual examination of the sandy residue left after washing suggested that a more systematic study of the mineral composition of the deposit would be of some interest. The need of more material was met by Mr. S. H. Warren, who very kindly supplied six samples, weighing 16 pounds when received, selected from different parts of the bed. These six samples form the basis of the present note.
II. Method of Examination.
The method of examination employed was as follows:—The air-dried sample was broken into small pieces, and desiccated in a steam-oven until the weight became constant. It was then washed, the muddy water being poured through a 60-mesh wire sieve, which collected most of the vegetable matter. A final separation of the clayey particles from the sand was obtained by well boiling the material, after which the sandy residue was dried and weighed. For quantitative purposes, a 50-gramme sample of the sand was treated with bromoform of specific gravity 2·85, and the portion that sank was weighed. The rest of the sand was panned down, and the concentration completed by bromoform. As a precaution against contamination, no sieves were used until the heavy minerals had been separated from the sand. The portion heavier than
Insect-Remains from the Midland and South-Eastern Coal Measures
Authors: Bolton Herbert 
Published: October 2009

I am indebted to Dr. L. Moysey for the opportunity of describing an interesting series of insect-wings obtained by him from the Shipley Clay-pit, about a mile and a half north of Ilkeston (Derbyshire). They formed a part of a valuable and interesting suite of remains, most of which have been already described by Dr. Moysey.

The material in which the insect-wings are found is greyish-brown ironstone occurring in the form of nodules, which lie in bands in a yellow clay, probably about 30 or 40 feet below the Top Hard Coal (
op. cit.
p. 506). The nodules also contain comminuted fragments of plants.

I am indebted to Dr. Malcolm Burr, M.A., for the opportunity of examining the Coal-Measures cores from the Kent Coal Concessions Company's bores in the east of Kent, during which examination I found the blattoid wings and other wing-remains which are described later in this paper.
Only a portion of the wing is preserved. It has a length of 84 millimetres, and a width from the outer to the inner margin of 33 mm. The complete wing must have had a length of not less than 100 mm. (4 inches) and a width of 35 to 40 mm. The increased breadth given to the wing takes into account a slight inflexion of the costal margin. The whole insect had in all probability a span of wing measuring 25·5 centimetres (10 inches or more).
Description.—The outer third of the wing is differentiated from the rest by
The Geological Structure of Central Wales and the Adjoining Regions
Authors: Jones Owen Thomas 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
The region herein discussed is that portion of Wales which lies, roughly, between the River Dovey and Pembrokeshire; it is bounded on the west by the coast of Cardigan Bay, and on the east by an irregular line coinciding in part with the base of the Wenlock rocks and in part with the margin of the Upper Palæozoic rocks.
It comprises, therefore, the whole of Cardiganshire and a great part of Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire, together with portions of Montgomeryshire, Breconshire, and Radnorshire—an area exceeding 1800 square miles in extent. This tract is represented upon geological maps by ‘Lower Silurian’ colour, only diversified by small areas indicating igneous rocks, or by tracts of yellow dots indicating grits and sandstones.
Ever since the days when Sedgwick and Murchison laboured to introduce order among the old slaty and volcanic rocks of Wales the region defined above has always remained something of a geological puzzle: the apparent uniformity and unfossiliferous character of the strata over wide areas, and the compression which they have suffered by folding, faulting, and cleavage, combined to defy for a long time all attempts at unravelling its structure.
In more recent years the discovery of numerous fossiliferous beds among these strata has made possible the application of the zonal method, based in this case upon the range in time of various genera and species of graptolites. By this method, combined with close attention to the lithological characters of the rocks, attacks have been made upon this ‘geological wilderness,’
On an Inlier of Longmyndian and Cambrian Rocks at Pedwardine (Herefordshire)
Authors: Cox Arthur Hubert 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
The inlier under consideration occupies a small strip of country, about a mile in length, around the hamlet of Pedwardine, near Bramptou Bryan, a village situated on the Ludlow-Knighton road, 11 miles west of Ludlow and 6 miles east of Knighton.
Through the district in question passes the great north-east and south-west line of disturbance which, extending through Lilleshall, Church Stretton, and Old Radnor, brings up the older formations at so many points along its course.

The presence at Pedwardine of Cambrian shales with
Dictyonema
was first mentioned by Lightbody, who observed that at one point these shales are covered unconformably by ‘Llandovery.’ Their occurrence at this locality is also noticed by Murchison, Callaway, and La Touche, the last-named observer referring in addition to the ‘Cambrian grits and pre-Cambrian rocks’ seen in Brampton Bryan Park (
op. cit.
p. 25).

Despite these early records, no attempt appears to have been made to fix the boundaries of the Cambrian beds, or to ascertain their relations to the surrounding formations. Further, the name ‘Cambrian’ does not appear on the old 1-inch map of the Geological Survey. In that map the whole strip is coloured as ‘Llandovery’ succeeded conformably by Wenlock Shales on the east, and faulted against Ludlow beds on the west; but the word ‘Fossils,’ which is written across the strip, would appear to refer to the
Dictyonema
, which is abundant in the Cambrian shales.

The district is dominated on the western side by the eastward-facing Ludlow escarpment, which ranges north
The Glaciation of the Black Combe District (Cumberland)
Authors: Smith Bernard 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
Black Combe—a long whale-backed ridge of slate rising to a height of 1969 feet—is situated a few miles south of the mouth of Eskdale, and dominates the southward-trending extremity of Cumberland, which is separated from Lancashire by the Duddon valley and estuary. The coast-line of Cumberland, from St. Bees Head to Furness, is in the same latitude, and occupies a somewhat similar position—with the exception of its trend—, as the Cleveland shoulder of Yorkshire.
While working upon the solid formations of this area four or five years ago, my attention was diverted to the study of the superficial deposits, dry rock-valleys, and other signs of glacial activity, which presented many problems of great interest. The relations, for example, between the Lake-District Ice and the Irish-Sea Ice are well exhibited, and many of the glacial phenomena of the Isle of Man are here repeated.
My thanks are due to Mr. Herbert H. Thomas, Dr. J. E. Marr, Mr. G. Barrow, and Mr. G. W. Lamplugh for valuable suggestions and encouragement; also to Mr. E. L. Guilford, who accompanied me in the field, and placed many of his photographs at my disposal.
Between 1869 and 1878 several valuable papers dealing with the drifts of North-West Lancashire and parts of Cumberland were contributed by D. Mackintosh to the Geological Society and the ‘Geological Magazine’ Most of his remarks on the Black Combe district are confined to the distribution of the granitic drift, but he also describes a traverse through the Whicham
Description of some New Forms of Trepostomatous Bryozoa from the Lower Carboniferous Rocks of the North-Western Province
Authors: Munro Madeline 
Published: October 2009

Stenophragma, gen. nov.
Zoarium ramose or irregular, lobate and folded; branches generally hollow and lined by an epizoarium; zoœcia of varying size, the largest sometimes occupying distinct monticules at the surface; periodical thickening of the walls in the mature region well marked in many species; diaphragms present in the mature region, incomplete and very narrow, only attached to the proximal walls; acanthopores present or absent; no mesopores, but cells much smaller than the average are observed occasionally.
Zoarium composed of one to three layers, each having a thickness of 1 to 2·5 mm., epizoarium strong and wrinkled; branches hollow, irregularly lobate or folded, having a diameter of from 5 to 20 mm.; zoœcial apertures usually polygonal, sometimes subcircular; three to four ordinary zoœcia occupy 1 mm.; monticules quite conspicuous, each occupied by eight or more zoœcia nearly half as broad again as the rest, the centres of these groups being at distances of 4 to 5 mm. from one another. Zoœcial tubes thin-walled and oblique at first, then making an angle of about 120° they proceed directly to the surface, the walls at the same time becoming much thicker and the tubes broader; the walls are periodically constricted. The numerous narrow crescentic diaphragms arise at very constant levels in neighbouring zoœcia, and always from what were the proximal or lower walls of the zoœcial tubes (assuming, as seems probable, that the branches were erect); most of the diaphragms are curved inwards and even back towards the lower walls; usually they
On the Geology and Palæontology of the Warwickshire Coalfield
Authors: Vernon Robert Douglass 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
Warwickshire, the nearest of the Midland coalfields to London, with an annual output of coal exceeding 3,500,000 tons, is of considerable economic importance. The potential value of this coalfield is also very great, because within recent years the coal-producing area has been nearly doubled, and it is still rapidly extending.

During the preparation of the reports by the Royal Commission on Coal Supplies, both in 1871 and in 1905, great difficulty was experienced by the Commissioners in estimating the coal-resources of Warwickshire, because the geology of the coalfield, especially with regard to the relationship of the so-called ‘permian’ to the Coal Measures, was not fully understood. Again, as recently as 1008, Dr. Walcot Gibson (08) expressed the opinion that ‘it would appear advisable, before making more ambitious attempts at development in the Triassic areas, to first determine the exact geological position and character of the so-called Permian.’ (
Op. cit.
p. 189.) It may be added that the current geological memoir and maps of the Warwickshire Coalfield were published more than fifty years ago; and further, until quite recently, there were no records of fossils from the Carboniferous rocks of the county. Thus, from the points of view of stratigraphy, of palæontology, and of economics, there was a clear need for research-work on this coalfield.

In 1909, on my election to a scholarship awarded by the Royal Commissioners for the Exhibition of 1851 ‘for research-work bearing upon industry,’ I was enabled to begin this investigation, which has been prosecuted