bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microglial activatory (immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based activation motif)‐ and inhibitory (immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based inhibition motif)‐signaling receptors for recognition of the neuronal glycocalyx
Authors: Linnartz Bettina , Neumann Harald 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMicroglia sense intact or lesioned cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and respond accordingly. To fulfill this task, microglia express a whole set of recognition receptors. Fc receptors and DAP12 (TYROBP)‐associated receptors such as microglial triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells‐2 (TREM2) and the complement receptor‐3 (CR3, CD11b/CD18) trigger the immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based activation motif (ITAM)‐signaling cascade, resulting in microglial activation, migration, and phagocytosis. Those receptors are counter‐regulated by immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based inhibition motif (ITIM)‐signaling receptors, such as sialic acid‐binding immunoglobulin superfamily lectins (Siglecs). Siglecs recognize the sialic acid cap of healthy neurons thus leading to an ITIM signaling that turns down microglial immune responses and phagocytosis. In contrast, desialylated neuronal processes are phagocytosed by microglial CR3 signaling via an adaptor protein containing an ITAM. Thus, the aberrant terminal glycosylation of neuronal surface glycoproteins and glycolipids could serve as a flag for microglia, which display a multitude of diverse carbohydrate‐binding receptors that monitor the neuronal physical condition and respond via their ITIM‐ or ITAM‐signaling cascade accordingly. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dorsal hippocampus is necessary for novel learning but sufficient for subsequent similar learning
Authors: Wang Szu‐Han , Finnie Peter S.B. , Hardt Oliver , Nader Karim 
Published: May 2012

AbstractOur current understanding of brain mechanisms involved in learning and memory has been derived largely from studies using experimentally naïve animals. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that not all identified mechanisms may generalize to subsequent learning. For example, N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate glutamate (NMDA) receptors in the dorsal hippocampus are required for contextual fear conditioning in naïve animals but not in animals previously trained in a similar task. Here we investigated how animals learn contextual fear conditioning for a second time—a response which is not due to habituation or generalization. We found that dorsal hippocampus infusions of voltage‐dependent calcium channel blockers or the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonist impaired the first, not the second contextual learning. Only manipulations of the entire hippocampus led to an impairment in second learning. Specifically, inactivation of either the dorsal or ventral hippocampus caused the remaining portion of the hippocampus to acquire and consolidate the second learning. Thus, dorsal hippocampus seems necessary for initial contextual fear conditioning, but either the dorsal or ventral hippocampus is sufficient for subsequent conditioning in a different context. Together, these findings suggest that prior training experiences can change how the hippocampus processes subsequent similar learning. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel effective approach for solving nonlinear heat transfer equations
Authors: Aminikhah H. , Hemmatnezhad M. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn this paper, a novel analytic technique, namely the Laplace transform new homotopy perturbation method (LTNHPM), is applied for solving the nonlinear differential equations arising in the field of heat transfer. This approach is a new modification to the homotopy perturbation method based on the Laplace transform. Unlike the previous approach implemented by the present authors for these problems, the present method does not consider the initial approximation as a power series. The nonlinear convective–radiative cooling equation and nonlinear equation of conduction heat transfer with the variable physical properties are chosen as illustrative examples. The exact solution has been found for the first case and for the others; results with remarkable accuracy have been achieved which verify the efficiency as well as accuracy of the presented approach. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.20411
Isotopic signature of nitrate in river waters of the lower Mississippi and its distributary, the Atchafalaya
Authors: BryantMason April , Xu Y. Jun , Altabet Mark 
Published: May 2012

AbstractPeriodic summer hypoxia occurring in the Northern Gulf of Mexico has been attributed to large nutrient inputs, especially nitrate‐nitrogen, from the Mississippi–Atchafalaya River system. The 2008 Gulf Hypoxia Action Plan calls for river corridor wetland restoration to reduce nitrate loads, but it is largely unknown how effective riverine wetland systems in the lower Mississippi River are for nitrate removal. We carried out an intensive isotope study to address this question by comparing nitrate isotopic signatures of the well‐channelized Mississippi River with those of the Atchafalaya River, which has extensive floodplains and backwater swamps. We investigated changes in δ15NNO3 and δ18ONO3 for water samples collected biweekly to monthly over a 2‐year period at the Atchafalaya River outlets (Morgan City and Wax Lake) and on the Mississippi River at Baton Rouge. In addition, in situ water quality parameters including temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH were recorded for each sampling date. Waters from both rivers showed moderately high nitrate concentration (>1 mg l−1) and undetectable (< 0.01 mg l−1) nitrite throughout the study period. The Mississippi River had slightly, but significantly higher (p=0.01) mean nitrate concentrations (1.5 mg l−1) and higher δ15NNO3 (7.7‰) than the Atchafalaya (1.1 mg l−1, 7.0‰); while no difference in δ18ONO3 (4.6‰) was found between the rivers. Flux‐weighted mean isotope values were overall lower than mean values for both the Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers, with a greater difference between the two rivers (7.4‰ versus 6.5‰, respectively). River flooding and hurricane storm surge also appeared to affect nitrate isotopic values. The lack of large difference in isotopic values between the Atchafalaya and Mississippi Rivers suggests that the majority of nitrate is transported through the Atchafalaya River with relatively little processing, and that riverine floodplains and wetlands are not effective sinks for nitrate, as previously assumed, because of insufficient residence time and well‐oxygenated river waters. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The ERalpha/ERbeta ratio determines oxidative stress in breast cancer cell lines in response to 17Beta‐estradiol
Authors: Nadal‐Serrano Mercedes , Sastre‐Serra Jorge , Pons Daniel Gabriel , Miró Antonia María , Oliver Jordi , Roca Pilar 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe effects of 17beta‐estradiol (E2) are mediated through activation of estrogen receptors (ER): ERalpha and ERbeta. It is known that ERalpha/ERbeta ratio is higher in breast tumors than in normal tissue. Since antioxidant enzymes and uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial biogenesis regulators, our aim was to study the E2‐effect on oxidative stress, antioxidant enzyme expression, and UCPs in breast cancer cell lines with different ERalpha/ERbeta ratios. The lower ERalpha/ERbeta ratio T47D cell line showed low ROS production and high UCP5 levels. However, the higher ERalpha/ERbeta ratio MCF‐7 cell line showed an up‐regulation of antioxidant enzymes and UCPs, yet exhibited high oxidative stress. As a result, a decrease in antioxidant enzyme activities and UCP2 protein levels, coupled with an increase in oxidative damage was found. On the whole, these results show different E2‐effects on oxidative stress regulation, modulating UCPs, and antioxidant enzymes, which were ERalpha/ERbeta ratio dependent in breast cancer cell lines. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 3178–3185, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The synthetic purine reversine selectively induces cell death of cancer cells
Authors: Piccoli Marco , Palazzolo Giacomo , Conforti Erika , Lamorte Giuseppe , Papini Nadia , Creo Pasquale , Fania Chiara , Scaringi Raffaella , Bergante Sonia , Tringali Cristina , Roncoroni Leda , Mazzoleni Stefania , Doneda Luisa , Galli Rossella , Venerando Bruno , Tettamanti Guido , Gelfi Cecilia , Anastasia Luigi 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe synthetic purine reversine has been shown to possess a dual activity as it promotes the de‐differentiation of adult cells, including fibroblasts, into stem‐cell‐like progenitors, but it also induces cell growth arrest and ultimately cell death of cancer cells, suggesting its possible application as an anti‐cancer agent. Aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism underneath reversine selectivity in inducing cell death of cancer cells by a comparative analysis of its effects on several tumor cells and normal dermal fibroblasts. We found that reversine is lethal for all cancer cells studied as it induces cell endoreplication, a process that malignant cells cannot effectively oppose due to aberrations in cell cycle checkpoints. On the other hand, normal cells, like dermal fibroblasts, can control reversine activity by blocking the cell cycle, entering a reversible quiescent state. However, they can be induced to become sensitive to the molecule when key cell cycle proteins, e.g., p53, are silenced. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 3207–3217, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The clavicles of Smilodon fatalis and Panthera atrox (mammalia: Felidae) from Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles, California
Authors: Hartstone‐Rose Adam , Long Ryan C. , Farrell Aisling B. , Shaw Christopher A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe Rancho La Brea collections at the George C. Page Museum in Los Angeles, California, contain the largest single inventory of Smilodon fatalis remains representing virtually every bone in the skeleton. Eighteen clavicles of two distinctive shapes have been recovered from historical and recent excavations at Rancho La Brea. In this study, we identify these specimens to species through comparison of their morphology and morphological variability with clavicles found in modern felids. This study includes a reevaluation of clavicles that have been previously assigned to S. fatalis, which are more likely to be those of Panthera atrox, and the description of pantherine cat clavicles. A previously undescribed sample of clavicles not only includes some of the same pantherine morph but also 10 specimens, herein assigned to S. fatalis, which are morphologically distinctive and significantly smaller than the previously described specimens. In addition, we report unexpected variations between clavicles of Panthera leo and P. tigris: the clavicles of P. leo closely resemble those of the large Rancho La Brea clavicle morph—which presumably belongs to P. atrox—thus supporting a P. leo/P. atrox clade. We report distinctive morphology of the clavicles of Acinonyx jubatus. Possible functional and phylogenic significance of felid clavicles is suggested. Diptera. J. Morphol. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The expression of genes involved in glucose metabolism is affected by N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor antagonism: A putative link between metabolism and an animal model of psychosis
Authors: Iasevoli Felice , Latte Gianmarco , Avvisati Livia , Sarappa Chiara , Aloj Luigi , de Bartolomeis Andrea 
Published: May 2012

AbstractPsychosis has been associated with glucose metabolism impairment. Here, we explored the gene expression of hexokinase 1 (Hk1) and glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) after the administration of a subanesthetic or a subconvulsant dose of ketamine in rats, considered to provide an animal model of psychosis. Indeed, Hk1 and GLUT3 are crucially involved in the glucose utilization in brain tissues and have also been implicated in the pathophysiology of psychosis. Quantitative brain imaging of transcripts was used to evaluate Hk1 and GLUT3 mRNA in rat brain regions related to ketamine‐induced behavioral abnormalities. Hk1 transcript was significantly increased by 50 mg/kg ketamine in cortical and subcortical areas, whereas 12 mg/kg ketamine affected Hk1 expression in the auditory cortex only. GLUT3 expression was increased by 12 mg/kg ketamine in the frontal cortex and decreased by 50 mg/kg ketamine in subcortical areas. The results show that Hk1 and GLUT3 are extensively and differentially affected by ketamine dose, supporting the view that glucose metabolism and psychosis may be causally related and suggesting that these molecules may play a role in the pathophysiology of ketamine‐induced behavioral abnormalities. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
EFFECTS OF GRAZING INTENSITY AND BUSH ENCROACHMENT ON HERBACEOUS SPECIES AND RANGELAND CONDITION IN SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
Authors: Angassa A. 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTGrazing intensity and bush encroachment are disturbance factors that may alter the floristic composition of herbaceous species. This paper investigates impacts of grazing (intensity) and bush encroachment on herbaceous species and rangeland conditions in Borana, southern Ethiopia. Herbaceous species richness and the abundance of each species were greater in the light‐ and moderate‐grazed areas than heavy‐grazed sampling plots. Similarly, herbaceous species richness was highest at an intermediate level of biomass and seems to decline as biomass increases. Among a total of 40 herbaceous species recorded, 20 per cent were tolerant of grazing, whereas the remaining 80 per cent were highly susceptible to heavy grazing. In both encroached and non‐encroached sampling plots, species richness varied from three to six species 0·25 m−2. Overall, herbaceous species richness and abundance, in relation to grazing gradient, might disclose a better picture of the effect of grazing on individual herbaceous species. As species richness seems to decline under heavy grazing intensity, low to intermediate grazing levels may promote and conserve key forage species in savanna grazing lands. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cationic Copolyelectrolytes: Online Monitoring of the Synthesis and Subsequent Copolymer Characterization
Authors: Li Zheng , Alb Alina M. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractKinetics of copolymerization reactions of diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC) and dimethyl acrylamide (DMA) in aqueous solvent is studied, with highlights on features that control many aspects of the polymeric materials behavior throughout and post‐synthesis. The aim of this study is twofold; first, to offer a method to study the impact of the incorporation of the cationic DADMAC on the composition drift, molecular mass of the copolyelectrolyte, and on the polyelectrolyte behavior by monitoring in real time the copolymerization reactions with a neutral monomer under different conditions. Additionally, it is meant to make the transition toward the next step, controlling the reaction kinetics during designed semi‐batch experiments designed to achieve the average mass and composition distributions desired.
Acute effects of weight training on glycaemia in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Chisholm John , Kilbride Lynn , Charlton Jacqui , John McKnight  
Published: May 2012

AbstractExercise is regarded as a potential strategy to assist in the management of blood glucose in people with type 1 diabetes. However, currently there is little evidence‐based information detailing the acute effects weight training has on glycaemia in type 1 diabetes. The aim of this review is to identify studies investigating the acute effects of weight training on blood glucose levels in type 1 diabetes.A search of Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane, Medline and SPORTDiscus databases was conducted. A systematic review of these studies was undertaken to address the issue.After fulfilling the inclusion criteria, eight articles were retrieved. The individual studies reported comparatively different results.Study findings from this review are inconclusive regarding the acute glycaemic response to weight training exercise. Analyses of the intervention studies highlight that weight training may increase, minimally affect or decrease post‐exercise glycaemia in type 1 diabetes. It is likely that the heterogeneity regarding the weight training methods used among the studies, as well as the pre/post‐exercise insulin and carbohydrate intake of the study participants have impacted on the findings.There remains a gap in the evidence base to inform health care professionals of the likely acute glycaemic response to weight training exercise. Problems in managing patient glycaemia may arise due to erroneous insulin and carbohydrate alterations based on unfounded and anecdotal‐based guidance. The studies highlighted in this review have reported some of the potential effects that weight training may have on glycaemia. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons.
Synthesis of graft terpolymers by addition reaction of amino‐terminated polyether to poly(methacrylate)s bearing five‐membered cyclic dithiocarbonate moieties and application of the graft terpolymers as modifiers for wool
Authors: Hirata Mitsuhiro , Watanabe Takeshi , Ochiai Bungo , Endo Takeshi 
Published: May 2012

AbstractGraft terpolymers bearing polyether side chains and poly(methacrylate) stems were synthesized by the graft‐onto reaction of monoamino‐terminated poly(PO9‐co‐EO1) to poly{[5‐(methacryloyloxy)methyl‐1,3‐oxathiolane‐2‐thione]‐co‐n‐butyl methacrylate} [poly(DTCMMA‐co‐BuMA)]. The grafting reaction proceeded via the nucleophilic addition of the terminal amino groups to the five‐membered cyclic dithiocarbonate moieties giving thiol moieties, although the grafting efficiency was low (9–34%) due to the steric hindrance of the side chains. The Tg values of the poly{[DTCMMA‐graft‐poly(PO9‐co‐EO1)]‐co‐BuMA} ranged 27–47 °C, depending on the amounts of flexible poly(PO9‐co‐EO1) chains introduced lowering the Tg values. Poly{[DTCMMA‐graft‐poly(PO9‐co‐EO1)]‐co‐BuMA}s bearing thiol groups were applied for the modification of wool via the disulfide exchange reaction. The modified wool had better dye ability toward a pigment from safflower than the original wool owing to the hydrophilic nature of poly{[DTCMMA‐graft‐poly(PO9‐co‐EO1)]‐co‐BuMA} introduced. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
How do young firms manage product portfolio complexity? The role of absorptive capacity and ambidexterity
Authors: Fernhaber Stephanie A. , Patel Pankaj C. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBuilding a complex portfolio of products can be beneficial for young firms due to increased sales growth and competitiveness. Yet, the benefits from product portfolio complexity (PPC) are often outweighed by rising costs, leading to an inverted U‐shaped relationship between PPC and performance. Recent research has called for an increased understanding of how firms are able to better manage higher levels of PPC. We suggest that absorptive capacity and ambidexterity are vital to enhancing the benefits and mitigating the costs of increasing PPC. Using a sample of 215 young high technology firms, we find support for positive moderating effects of absorptive capacity and ambidexterity on the inverted U‐shaped relationship between PPC and firm performance. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Starch of diverse Mexican rice cultivars: physicochemical, structural, and nutritional features
Authors: Chávez‐Murillo Carolina E. , Méndez‐Montealvo Guadalupe , Wang Ya‐Jane , Bello‐Pérez Luis A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractStructure‐function relationship of rice starch is scarce in the literature. Starch was isolated from diverse Mexican rice varieties and their swelling power (SP), soluble solids (ss), thermal and pasting properties, XRD pattern, in vitro starch digestibility, and AP chain‐length distribution were evaluated. Rice starches with low SP at 60°C had higher temperature and enthalpy of gelatinization. The peak viscosity of rice starches ranged between 2426 and 3519 cP, and the samples presented high values for setback due to the AM content. Rice starches presented the typical A‐type XRD pattern with crystallinity values between 32.7 and 36.3%. Rice starches presented high amounts of short chains (A and B1), and differences were found among the cultivars. AM content for rice starches ranged between 18.4 and 22.9%, and the main fraction recorded by HPSEC was the Fraction III (short chains) with values around 60%. The uncooked rice starch samples presented high values of slowly digestible starch (SDS) and rapidly digestible starch (RDS), and differences were found among the cultivars. In cooked samples decreased SDS and increased RDS and RS. Onset temperature and enthalpy of gelatinization were correlated with the percentage of A‐chains and an opposite pattern was found with the percentage of B1 chains. AP structural characteristics affect the functional, physicochemical, and digestibility properties of rice starches.
Exosome-Mediated Transfer of miR-133b from Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells to Neural Cells Contributes to Neurite Outgrowth
Authors: Xin Hongqi , Li Yi , Buller Ben , Katakowski Mark , Zhang Yi , Wang Xinli , Shang Xia , Zhang Zheng Gang , Chopp Michael 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have potential therapeutic benefit for the treatment of neurological diseases and injury. MSCs interact with and alter brain parenchymal cells by direct cell-cell communication and/or by indirect secretion of factors and thereby promote functional recovery. In this study, we found that MSC treatment of rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) significantly increased microRNA 133b (miR-133b) level in the ipsilateral hemisphere. In vitro, miR-133b levels in MSCs and in their exosomes increased after MSCs were exposed to ipsilateral ischemic tissue extracts from rats subjected to MCAo. miR-133b levels were also increased in primary cultured neurons and astrocytes treated with the exosome-enriched fractions released from these MSCs. Knockdown of miR-133b in MSCs confirmed that the increased miR-133b level in astrocytes is attributed to their transfer from MSCs. Further verification of this exosome-mediated intercellular communication was performed using a cel-miR-67 luciferase reporter system and an MSC-astrocyte coculture model. Cel-miR-67 in MSCs was transferred to astrocytes via exosomes between 50 and 100 nm in diameter. Our data suggest that the cel-miR-67 released from MSCs was primarily contained in exosomes. A gap junction intercellular communication inhibitor arrested the exosomal microRNA communication by inhibiting exosome release. Cultured neurons treated with exosome-enriched fractions from MSCs exposed to 72 hours post-MCAo brain extracts significantly increased the neurite branch number and total neurite length. This study provides the first demonstration that MSCs communicate with brain parenchymal cells and may regulate neurite outgrowth by transfer of miR-133b to neural cells via exosomes.