bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immigration as Local Politics: Re‐Bordering Immigration and Multiculturalism through Deterrence and Incapacitation
Authors: GILBERT LIETTE 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSmall town governments in North America have, in recent years, posed the most aggressive challenge to national immigration policy and multiculturalism. Immigration‐related municipal ordinances were introduced by local officials to defend the rights of local residents from the adverse effects of (unauthorized) immigration. Municipal measures proposed to control im/migrants not only present a constitutional challenge to the federal pre‐emption in matters of immigration law (which ineptitude they purport to redress), they expand on what Didier Bigo called a ‘governmentality of unease’, where migration is increasingly rationalized as a security problem. Municipal measures are re‐bordering the inclusion/exclusion of (unauthorized) migrants by expanding the territorial and political rationality of immigration control from the border to the interior, and by imposing and dispersing new mechanisms of control into the everyday spaces and practices of im/migrants regarded as ‘illegal’ and undesirable. This article examines two immigration‐related municipal measures (Hazleton, PA and Hérouxville, QC) which impose a logic of immigration control and identity protection through deterrence and incapacitation strategies, and thus erode civil rights of im/migrants.Résumé Certaines petites municipalités nord‐américaines ont récemment bousculé les politiques d'immigration nationales et le multiculturalisme. Les autorités locales en question ont fait voter des arrêtés municipaux liés à l'immigration afin de défendre les droits de leurs concitoyens contre les perceptions néfastes de l'immigration (irrégulière). Tout en représentant un défi constitutionnel à l'égard de la préemption fédérale en matière de législation sur l'immigration (dont l'inadéquation est censée être corrigée), les propositions municipales de contrôler les (im)migrants prolongent ce que Didier Bigo a appelé une ‘gouvernementalité du malaise’ qui voit de plus en plus la migration comme un problème de sécurité. Les mesures municipales redessinent les limites de l'inclusion‐exclusion des migrants (irréguliers) en amenant, de la frontière jusqu'à l'intérieur, la logique territoriale et politique propre au contrôle de l'immigration, tout en imposant et en diffusant de nouveaux mécanismes de contrôle dans les pratiques et espaces quotidiens des (im)migrants jugés ‘illégaux’ et indésirables. L'article étudie deux mesures municipales liées à l'immigration (à Hazleton en Pennsylvanie et à Hérouxville au Québec), lesquelles dictent une logique de contrôle de l'immigration et de protection identitaire au travers de stratégies de dissuasion et de création d'incapacités; ce faisant, ces dispositions amoindrissent les droits civils des (im)migrants.
The Niche City Idea: How a Declining Manufacturing Center Exploited the Opportunities of Globalization
Authors: SCHLICHTMAN JOHN JOE 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis article examines a small city that forged a global service industry niche. Its leaders aligned the temporality of its historic downtown with that of the international furniture industry to make it the world's primary furniture merchandising node. This article overviews the radical transformation of the downtown, describes the ‘choreography’ of the area, and considers what the author feels are the important wider implications of what is, on the surface, a deceptively odd case. The author suggests that, in engaging this specific strategy, this very unique city portends a more general type of post‐industrialNiche City, a city that forges global centrality by creating an economic specialization in a specific segment of the global service economy.RésuméLa petite ville qui intéresse cet article a créé une niche dans le secteur international du service. Ses dirigeants ont mis en adéquation la temporalité de son centre historique et celle de l’industrie internationale du meuble pour en faire la principale plate‐forme de marchandisation de ces produits. L’article présente la transformation radicale subie par le centre‐ville, dépeint la "chorégraphie" de la région et s’attache aux aspects qui constituent, pour l’auteur, les grandes implications de ce qu’on pourrait considérer, à première vue, comme un cas particulier. En adoptant cette stratégie singulière, cette ville tout à fait unique annonce un type plus généralisé de ville‐niche post‐industrielle, c’est‐à‐dire une ville qui fabrique une polarité mondiale en créant une spécialisation économique sur un segment particulier du marché international de l’économie de service.
Reason in the City? Communicative Action, Media and Urban Politics
Authors: BRIDGE GARY 
Published: April 2009

AbstractFrom a pragmatist perspective this essay suggests how media practices as transactions (in terms of content, emotion, aesthetic power and in relation to everyday practices) might contribute to a dispersed form of communicative rationality which has implications for understanding urban democracy.Résumé D'un point de vue pragmatiste, ce texte indique comment les pratiques des médias en tant que transactions (en termes de contenu, d'émotion, de force esthétique et par rapport aux pratiques quotidiennes) pourraient participer à une forme dispersée de rationalité des communications ayant des implications sur la compréhension de la démocratie urbaine.
The City versus the Media? Mapping the Mobile Geographies of Public Address
Authors: IVESON KURT 
Published: April 2009

AbstractFrequently, efforts to establish the city's significance for the public sphere frame the city in opposition to the media. The city is imagined as a space of unmediated and co‐present publicness, while the media is imagined as a space of mediated and distantiated publicness. This essay argues against such an opposition. In place of it, the essay outlines an approach to the urban dimensions of public address which emphasizes the interaction of urban and media spaces and the mobility of public address. This approach is illustrated through a brief consideration of contestation over the governance of urban space in Sydney during the 2007 APEC Meeting.Résumé Les tentatives visant à déterminer l'importance de la ville dans la sphère publique conçoivent souvent la ville en opposition aux médias. La ville est imaginée comme un espace dont la nature publique est proche et non médiatisée, tandis que les médias sont imaginés en tant qu'espace dont la nature publique est distante et médiatisée. L'argument de l'auteur combat cette opposition. Il présente une approche des dimensions urbaines de la communication publique qui met en évidence l'interaction des espaces urbains et médiatisés ainsi que la mobilité de la communication publique. Cette approche est illustrée par une courte étude de la contestation soulevée par la gouvernance de l'espace urbain à Sydney lors du Sommet de l'APEC en 2007.
Mediating Urban Politics
Authors: RODGERS SCOTT , BARNETT CLIVE , COCHRANE ALLAN 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDespite the turn to relational vocabularies in urban theory, most work on urban politics acknowledging the importance of media has tended to reproduce a centred image of ‘the media’ and a functionalist account of mediation. This essay suggests, by contrast, that media might be understood more phenomenologically, as those technologies embedded in the dispersed practices of urban life, and as assemblages of integrative practices (i.e. ‘the media’), both of which identify and subject to action a range of issues that are problematized as ‘urban’. Such a focus on media‐in‐practices is an important shift in perspective for research hoping to bring together the shared political concerns of urban and media studies, and to take advantage of the converging spatial imaginations and reconfigured understandings of mediation emerging across both fields.Résumé Même si la théorie urbaine a adopté une terminologie du relationnel, la plupart des travaux de politique urbaine qui admettent l'importance des médias reproduisent plutôt une image centrifuge des ‘médias’ et une explication fonctionnaliste de la médiation. Ce texte suggère a contrario que l'on peut appréhender les médias sur un plan plus phénoménologique, en les considérant comme les technologies intégrées aux pratiques dispersées de la vie urbaine et comme des combinaisons de pratiques permettant l'agrégation (autrement dit, des ‘médias’), les deux aspects définissant, et exposant à une action, toute une série de problèmes qualifiés d'urbains. Un tel intérêt pour ‘les médias dans leurs pratiques’ constitue un important revirement de point de vue pour les recherches qui espèrent réunir les préoccupations politiques communes des études urbaines et des études sur les médias, tout en exploitant la convergence des imaginaires spatiaux et les reformulations de la médiation qui apparaissent dans les deux domaines.
Artists, Tourists, and the State: Cultural Tourism and the Flamenco Industry in Andalusia, Spain
Authors: AOYAMA YUKO 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn this article, I seek to demonstrate how research on cultural industries and tourism combined yields insights into the contemporary dynamics of cultural survival in the age of globalization. Tourism is increasingly an important economic force that facilitates cultural mobility and promotes cultural consumption, and in turn contributes to the growth of a regionally embedded cultural industry. I take the example of flamenco music and dance in southern Spain and focus on three agents that help shape this art complex — the cultural industry, the tourists and the state. I analyze how these agents interact, and show how their engagements at multiple geographic scales result in a distinctive and successful cultural tourism in Seville, Andalusia. The flamenco art complex survives and thrives today through the combination of resilient local talent closely linked to identity maintenance, domestic and foreign tourists that engage in cultural consumption, and the government subsidizing the artists through state‐sponsored spectacles.RésuméCe travail montre comment la recherche sur les industries culturelles et le tourisme combinés peut apporter des perspectives sur les dynamiques contemporaines de survie culturelle à l'ère de la mondialisation. Le tourisme devient une force économique considérable qui facilite la mobilité culturelle et favorise la consommation culturelle, ce qui contribue à la croissance d'une industrie culturelle inscrite au plan régional. Prenant le cas de la musique et de la danse flamenco dans le sud de l'Espagne, l'article s'intéresse à trois agents qui participent à la conformation de ce complexe artistique : l'industrie culturelle, les touristes et l'État. Il analyse les modalités d'interaction entre ces agents, et montre comment l'engagement de ceux‐ci à plusieurs échelons géographiques se traduit par un tourisme culturel spécifique et couronné de succès à Séville, en Andalousie. Le complexe artistique du flamenco subsiste et prospère aujourd'hui grâce à un talent local vivace, étroitement liéà la préservation d'une identité, alliéà des touristes nationaux et étrangers qui prennent part à la consommation culturelle, ainsi qu'au gouvernement qui finance les artistes à travers des spectacles subventionnés par l'État.
Spatial and temporal patterns in the diet of the Andean condor: ecological replacement of native fauna by exotic species
Authors: Lambertucci S. A. , Trejo A. , Di Martino S. , Sánchez‐Zapata J. A. , Donázar J. A. , Hiraldo F. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe development of conservation strategies to protect viable populations of scavenging birds requires the existence of adequate and safe food supplies in the wild. Early reports on Andean condors Vultur gryphus diet recorded guanacos and rheas, the dominant herbivores since the Pleistocene, as their main food in Patagonia. However, in the past century, guanaco and rhea populations have notably decreased as a consequence of introduced livestock, and other exotic mammals have colonized the region. We study the spatial and temporal variation of the condors' diet to determine which species are being consumed by condors, and to test whether native herbivores still have a role as a food source. We analysed 371 pellets (517 prey items), collected along 500 km in northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Our study shows that the Andean condor depends heavily (98.5%) on exotic herbivores. Their diet was made up of c. 51% sheep/goat, 24% hare/rabbit, 17% red deer and 6% cow/horse, with only 2% other mammal species. Samples from locations surveyed after 12–15 years showed a diet shift coincident with the local tendencies in the food source. The diet composition of condors using roosts within the same zone was very similar, which suggests that they may be feeding from the same area. Thus, unhealthy carcasses could impact the entire local populations. Our results show the abundance of the invasive species in northwestern Patagonia and support the idea that native mega‐herbivores are ecologically extinct in this area. Exotic species management can have a decisive impact on scavenger's survival. It is necessary to apply a strategy that includes public environmental education about the problems of scavengers (e.g. use of poison, veterinary medicines and lead bullets), and a serious productive plan, including native species as a suitable source of economic development.
Maternal anthropometrics are associated with fetal size in different periods of pregnancy and at birth. The Generation R Study
Authors: Ay L , Kruithof CJ , Bakker R , Steegers EAP , Witteman JCM , Moll HA , Hofman A , Mackenbach JP , Hokken‐Koelega ACS , Jaddoe VWV 
Published: April 2009

Objective  We aimed to examine the associations of maternal anthropometrics with fetal weight measured in different periods of pregnancy and with birth outcomes.Design  Population‐based birth cohort study.Setting  Data of pregnant women and their children in Rotterdam, the Netherlands.Population  In 8541 mothers, height, prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain were available.Methods  Fetal growth was measured by ultrasound in mid‐ and late pregnancy. Regression analyses were used to assess the impact of maternal anthropometrics on fetal weight and birth outcomes.Main outcome measures  Fetal weight and birth outcomes: weight (grams) and the risks of small (<5th percentile) and large (>95th percentile) size for gestational age at birth.Results  Maternal BMI in pregnancy was positively associated with estimated fetal weight during pregnancy. The effect estimates increased with advancing gestational age. All maternal anthropometrics were positively associated with fetal size (P‐values for trend <0.01). Mothers with both their prepregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain quartile in the lowest and highest quartiles showed the highest risks of having a small and large size for gestational age child at birth, respectively. The effect of prepregnancy BMI was strongly modified by gestational weight gain.Conclusions  Fetal growth is positively affected by maternal BMI during pregnancy. Maternal height, prepregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain are all associated with increased risks of small and large size for gestational age at birth in the offspring, with an increased effect when combined.
Lymphovascular space involvement in early stage well‐differentiated endometrial cancer is associated with increased mortality
Authors: O’Brien DJ , Flannelly G , Mooney EE , Foley M 
Published: April 2009

Objective  To study the relationship between lymphovascular space involvement (LVSI) in stage 1a or 1b well‐differentiated endometrial cancer and survival.Design  Retrospective study consisting of a search of an oncology database to identify women with endometrial cancer between January 1990 and December 2004.Setting  Tertiary referral centre, Dublin, Ireland.Sample  Women who had well‐differentiated stage 1a or 1b endometrial cancer.Methods  During the period 1990–2004, 226 patients with endometrial cancer were treated in the National Maternity Hospital, Dublin. We looked at all patients who had well‐differentiated endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the endometrium with invasion of <50% thickness of the myometrium. Forty‐one patients fulfilled these inclusion criteria. The presence or absence of LSVI was determined by review of haematoxylin and eosin sections. Patients were followed for 5 years or till death if earlier. Mortality was calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher’s exact test. An odds ratio and 95% confidence interval was calculated using fixed effect Mantel–Haenszel model.Main outcome measures  Death from recurrence of endometrial cancer.Results  Of the 41 patients, five (12%) were found to have (LVSI). Of the five patients with LVSI, three (60%) patients died of recurrence. All patients with recurrence died of disease and none of the patients without LVSI died (0 of 36). Overall, the survival rate was 92.7%. The presence of LVSI was a highly significant predictor of recurrence (P < 0.001).Conclusion  In patients with early stage well‐differentiated adenocarcinoma of the endometrium, the presence of LVSI is associated with a high risk of death.
Radiofrequency ablation of retained placenta accreta after conservative management: preliminary evaluation in the pregnant ewe and in normal human placenta in vitro
Authors: Morel O , Monceau E , Tran N , Malartic C , Morel F , Barranger E , Côté JF , Gayat E , Chavatte‐Palmer P , Cabrol D , Tsatsaris V 
Published: April 2009

Objective  To evaluate radiofrequency (RF) efficiency and safety for the ablation of retained placenta in humans, using a pregnant sheep model.Design  Experimental study.Setting  Laboratory of Surgery School, Nancy, France.Population/sample  Three pregnant ewes/ten human placentas.Methods  Various RF procedures were tested in pregnant ewes on 50 placentomes (individual placental units). Reproducibility of the best procedure was then evaluated in a further 20 placentomes and on ten human term placentas in vitro after delivery.Main outcome measures  Placental tissues destruction, lesions’ size, myometrial lesions.Results  Low power (100 W) and low target temperatures (60°C) lead to homogenous tissue destruction, without myometrial lesion. No significant difference was observed in terms of lesion size and procedure duration for in the placentomes of pregnant ewe in vivo and in human placentas in vitro. The diameter of the ablation could be correlated with the tines deployment.Conclusion  The placental tissue structure is very permissive to RF energy, which suggests that RF could be used for the ablation of retained placenta, providing optimal control of tissue destruction. These results call for further experimental evaluations.
Perinatal mortality and morbidity in a nationwide cohort of 529 688 low‐risk planned home and hospital births
Authors: de Jonge A , van der Goes BY , Ravelli ACJ , Amelink‐Verburg MP , Mol BW , Nijhuis JG , Gravenhorst J Bennebroek , Buitendijk SE 
Published: April 2009

Objective  To compare perinatal mortality and severe perinatal morbidity between planned home and planned hospital births, among low‐risk women who started their labour in primary care.Design  A nationwide cohort study.Setting  The entire Netherlands.Population  A total of 529 688 low‐risk women who were in primary midwife‐led care at the onset of labour. Of these, 321 307 (60.7%) intended to give birth at home, 163 261 (30.8%) planned to give birth in hospital and for 45 120 (8.5%), the intended place of birth was unknown.Methods  Analysis of national perinatal and neonatal registration data, over a period of 7 years. Logistic regression analysis was used to control for differences in baseline characteristics.Main outcome measures  Intrapartum death, intrapartum and neonatal death within 24 hours after birth, intrapartum and neonatal death within 7 days and neonatal admission to an intensive care unit.Results  No significant differences were found between planned home and planned hospital birth (adjusted relative risks and 95% confidence intervals: intrapartum death 0.97 (0.69 to 1.37), intrapartum death and neonatal death during the first 24 hours 1.02 (0.77 to 1.36), intrapartum death and neonatal death up to 7 days 1.00 (0.78 to 1.27), admission to neonatal intensive care unit 1.00 (0.86 to 1.16).Conclusions  This study shows that planning a home birth does not increase the risks of perinatal mortality and severe perinatal morbidity among low‐risk women, provided the maternity care system facilitates this choice through the availability of well‐trained midwives and through a good transportation and referral system.
The statistics of refractive error maps: managing wavefront aberration analysis without Zernike polynomials
Authors: Iskander D. Robert , Nam Jayoung , Thibos Larry N. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe refractive error of a human eye varies across the pupil and therefore may be treated as a random variable. The probability distribution of this random variable provides a means for assessing the main refractive properties of the eye without the necessity of traditional functional representation of wavefront aberrations. To demonstrate this approach, the statistical properties of refractive error maps are investigated. Closed‐form expressions are derived for the probability density function (PDF) and its statistical moments for the general case of rotationally‐symmetric aberrations. A closed‐form expression for a PDF for a general non‐rotationally symmetric wavefront aberration is difficult to derive. However, for specific cases, such as astigmatism, a closed‐form expression of the PDF can be obtained. Further, interpretation of the distribution of the refractive error map as well as its moments is provided for a range of wavefront aberrations measured in real eyes. These are evaluated using a kernel density and sample moments estimators. It is concluded that the refractive error domain allows non‐functional analysis of wavefront aberrations based on simple statistics in the form of its sample moments. Clinicians may find this approach to wavefront analysis easier to interpret due to the clinical familiarity and intuitive appeal of refractive error maps.
Limits of spherical blur determined with an adaptive optics mirror
Authors: Atchison David A. , Guo Huanqing , Fisher Scott W. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe extended an earlier study (Vision Research, 45, 1967–1974, 2005) in which we investigated limits at which induced blur of letter targets becomes noticeable, troublesome and objectionable. Here we used a deformable adaptive optics mirror to vary spherical defocus for conditions of a white background with correction of astigmatism; a white background with reduction of all aberrations other than defocus; and a monochromatic background with reduction of all aberrations other than defocus. We used seven cyclopleged subjects, lines of three high‐contrast letters as targets, 3–6 mm artificial pupils, and 0.1–0.6 logMAR letter sizes. Subjects used a method of adjustment to control the defocus component of the mirror to set the ‘just noticeable’, ‘just troublesome’ and ‘just objectionable’ defocus levels. For the white‐no adaptive optics condition combined with 0.1 logMAR letter size, mean ‘noticeable’ blur limits were ±0.30, ±0.24 and ±0.23 D at 3, 4 and 6 mm pupils, respectively. White‐adaptive optics and monochromatic‐adaptive optics conditions reduced blur limits by 8% and 20%, respectively. Increasing pupil size from 3–6 mm decreased blur limits by 29%, and increasing letter size increased blur limits by 79%. Ratios of troublesome to noticeable, and of objectionable to noticeable, blur limits were 1.9 and 2.7 times, respectively. The study shows that the deformable mirror can be used to vary defocus in vision experiments. Overall, the results of noticeable, troublesome and objectionable blur agreed well with those of the previous study. Attempting to reduce higher‐order aberrations or chromatic aberrations, reduced blur limits to only a small extent.