bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Perspectives on the Migration of Skilled Professionals from Ghana
Authors: Asiedu Alex Boakye 
Published: June 2010

Abstract:In the last four decades, transnational movements of both skilled and unskilled labor from developing countries to the advanced industrial economies have witnessed an unprecedented growth. Motivated largely by deteriorating livelihood conditions in the developing world and increasing demand for wealthy and highly skilled professionals in the developed economies, these movements have attracted a great deal of research attention and inspired public policy debates on their implications and results. Like other countries, Ghana has had a long history of movement of her nationals to various parts of the world for various reasons. However, in terms of the goal of enhancing the benefits of such emigration for Ghana, there appears to be a policy void. This article contributes to filling this gap. It discusses the merits and problems associated with the transnational movements of Ghanaian health and educational professionals and proposes ways to enhance the benefits. It also suggests pathways for aiding future migration policy formulation in Ghana.
DNA sequencing errors in molecular diagnostics of filamin myopathy
Authors: Odgerel Zagaa , van der Ven Peter F.M. , Fürst Dieter O. , Goldfarb Lev G. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Background: Filamin myopathy is a neuromuscular disorder manifesting with predominantly limb-girdle muscle weakness and in many patients with diaphragm paralysis and cardiomyopathy, caused by mutations in the filamin C (FLNC) gene. Molecular diagnosis of filamin myopathy based on direct DNA sequencing of coding exons is compromised by the presence of a high homology pseudogene (pseFLNC) located approximately 53.6 kb downstream of the functional FLNC gene on chromosome 7q.

Methods: Molecular cloning, RT-PCR and real-time PCR methods were used to detect sequence differences between the FLNC and pseFLNC that are implicated in known or potential molecular diagnostic errors. Overall, 50 patients with a phenotype resembling filamin myopathy have been screened for mutations in FLNC.

Results:
FLNC sequence inconsistencies caused by the interference from pseFLNC were identified and diagnostic errors involving, in particular, the detection of the most frequent disease-causing FLNC p.W2710X mutation resolved. Mismatches between the FLNC and pseFLNC sequences were tabulated for future use.

Conclusions: We devise a strategy that allows one to discern mutations occurring in the functional FLNC from those harbored in pseFLNC, thus preventing possible complications in future research and patient genetic testing.
Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48:1409–14.
Oral Malodorous Compound Induces Osteoclast Differentiation Without Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor κB Ligand
Authors: Ii Hisataka , Imai Toshio , Yaegaki Ken , Irie Koichiro , Ekuni Daisuke , Morita Manabu 
Published: June 2010

Background: Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), the main component of halitosis, is one of the etiologic factors for periodontitis. We recently reported that H2S may induce pathologic changes in rat alveolar bone. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of H2S on osteoclast differentiation.Methods: Murine macrophage cells RAW264 were cultured in medium lacking nuclear factor κB ligand (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand) in 5% CO2 with air at 37°C for 24 hours; then 0.05, 0.5, or 5 ng/ml H2S was added to the CO2‐air mix for 4 days. The controls received the CO2‐air mix with no H2S. Cell differentiation was evaluated by counting the tartrate‐resistant acid‐phosphatase (TRAP)–positive cells. Extracellular signaling‐regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) and mitogen‐activated protein kinase p38 phosphorylation were examined by Western blotting. The bone‐resorption activity was determined with the resorption assay of calcium phosphate.Results: There were significantly more TRAP‐positive cells at a concentration of 0.05 ng/ml H2S than at the other concentrations (P <0.001). Cathepsin K protein, a specific marker for osteoclasts, was expressed in the H2S‐induced multinuclear cells. Resorption of calcium phosphate significantly increased in the H2S‐induced TRAP‐positive cells cultured on plates coated with calcium phosphate apatite (P <0.01). The phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 were accelerated by H2S, and increased with time. PD98059 and SB203580, specific inhibitors of ERK1/2 and p38, suppressed the activation of these enzymes and osteoclast differentiation by H2S.Conclusion: Results demonstrate that H2S at physiologic concentrations in mouth air induces osteoclasts from RAW264 cells.
La formation des salaires des cadres
Authors: Roustang Guy 
Published: July 2010

Les principales conclusions auxquelles on peut aboutir, concernant la façon dont s'établit le prix du marché pour le travail des cadres diplômés, sont les suivantes. Pour les diplômés de l'enseignement supérieur, avec l'âge croît la responsabilité et par là même le salaire.
Cependant il faut que les variations de responsabilité dépassent un certain seuil pour être perçues et avoir un effet sur les salaires. Pour des raisons de commodité, l'âge est devenu un indicateur de responsabilité, aussi la relation âge-salaire devient la relation fondamentale à partir de laquelle se fixe le prix du marché du travail des cadres diplômés. Quant aux salaires des cadres non diplômés, ils sont probablement fixés à partir d'une comparaison sommaire de leurs responsabilités avec celles des diplômés.
Cette relation âge-salaire, qui fonde le prix du marché du travail des cadres, s'est renforcée au cours des années passées grâce aux multiples enquêtes donnant pour un diplôme et un âge donnés un salaire moyen, qui permet aux offreurs et aux demandeurs de travail de mieux connaître le prix du marché.
La forme de cette relation âge-salaire semble la même en France et en Angleterre, mais elle semble différente aux U.S.A. par rapport à ce qu'elle est dans ces deux pays.
Alphabétisation et idéologie en Russie soviétique
Authors: Werth Nicolas 
Published: July 2010

Literacy programs and ideology in Soviet Russia, Nicolas Werth.
Teaching people to read and write was one of the priorities of the Soviet revolution. Linked as of 1917 with indoctrination and politicisation, the education of the masses was meant to be carefully controlled. After a crash literacy program during the civil war period, done with the army's help, publishing was less rigidly watched over and shows the divergences between readers'tastes and those of the Party's guides. The tightening of the screws in the Stalinist period led to the " classic " book becoming an envied item, highly prized today on the black market.
Le drame des Harkis en 1962
Authors: Ageron Charles-Robert 
Published: July 2010

The ordeal of the Harkis, 1962, Charles-Robert Ageron.
On this particular drama of the Algerian war and its present aspects, not the detailed and critical study they deserve but a few still hidden historical truths, in figures and texts. Their acknowledgment would clarify the debate substantially. In particular, on the "cowardly abandonment" of the Harkis by France in 1962, and even the "genocide" they are said to have experienced.
Construction of an Interface Terminology on SNOMED CT
Authors: Ahmadian L. , Cornet R. , de Jonge E. , de Keizer N. F. , Bakhshi-Raiez F. 
Published: June 2010

Summary
Objective: To provide a generic approach for developing a domain-specific interface terminology on SNOMED CT and to apply this approach to the domain of intensive care.
Methods: The process of developing an interface terminology on SNOMED CT can be regarded as six sequential phases: domain analysis, mapping from the domain concepts to SNOMED CT concepts, creating the SNOMED CT subset guided by the mapping, extending the subset with non-covered concepts, constraining the subset by removing irrelevant content, and deploying the subset in a terminology server.
Results: The APACHE IV classification, a standard in the intensive care with 445 diagnostic categories, served as the starting point for designing the interface terminology. The majority (89.2%) of the diagnostic categories from APACHE IV could be mapped to SNOMED CT concepts and for the remaining concepts a partial match was identified. The resulting initial set of mapped concepts consisted of 404 SNOMED CT concepts. This set could be extended to 83,125 concepts if all taxonomic children of these concepts were included. Also including all concepts that are referred to in the definition of other concepts lead to a subset of 233,782 concepts. An evaluation of the interface terminology should reveal what level of detail in the subset is suitable for the intensive care domain and whether parts need further constraining. In the final phase, the interface terminology is implemented in the intensive care in a locally developed terminology server to collect the reasons for intensive care admission.
Conclusions: We provide a structure for the process of identifying a domain-specific interface terminology on SNOMED CT. We use this approach to design an interface terminology on SNOMED CT for the intensive care domain. This work is of value for other researchers who intend to build a domain-specific interface terminology on SNOMED CT.
Assessment of Pain Expression in Infant Cry Signals Using Empirical Mode Decomposition
Authors: Silva M. , Bergh Van den , Allegaert K. , Aerts J. M. , Berckmans D. , Huffel Van , Mijović B. 
Published: June 2010

Summary
Background:The presence of decoupling, i.e. the absence of coupling between fundamental frequency variation and intensity contour during phonetic crying, and its extent, reflects the degree of maturation of the central nervous system.
Objectives: The aim of this work was to evaluate whether Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) is a suitable technique for analyzing infant cries. We hereby wanted to assess the existence and extent of decoupling in term neonates and whether an association between decoupling (derived from EMD) and clinical pain expression could be unveiled.
Methods: To assess decoupling in healthy term neonates during procedural pain, 24 newborns were videotaped and crying was recorded during venous blood sampling. Besides acoustic analysis, pain expression was quantified based on the Modified Behavioral Pain Scale (MBPS). Fundamental frequency and the intensity contour of the cry signals were extracted by applying the EMD to the data, and the correlation between the two was studied.
Results: Based on data collected in healthy term neonates, correlation coefficients varied between 0.39 and 0.83. The degree of decoupling displayed extended variability between the neonates and also in different cry bouts in a crying sequence within an individual neonate.
Conclusion: When considering the individual ratio between the mean correlation of cry bouts during a crying sequence and their standard deviation, there seems to be a positive trend with increasing MBPS value. This might indicate that higher stressed subjects have less consistency in the investigated acoustic cry features, concluding that EMD has potential in the assessment of infant cry analysis.
Longitudinal tendon tear concurrent with bilateral medial luxation of the superficial digital flexor muscle tendon in a dog
Authors: Dupuis J. , Gatineau M. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryLuxation of the superficial digital flexor muscle tendon (SDFMT) is a rarely reported condition in dogs, and tendon tear concurrent with SDFMT luxation had never been reported. Abnormal conformation of both calcanei and strenuous activity were suspected as contributing factors in this case. Bilateral medial SDFMT luxation was surgically treated with bursa medial incision release, redundant lateral bursa excision and apposition to the edge of the SDFMT with nonabsorbable sutures. The unilateral longitudinal tendon tear of the SDFMT associated with medial SDFMT luxation was successfully treated with horizontal mattress sutures, and a good outcome was reported for both hindlimbs.
A review of the human and veterinary literature on local anaesthetics and their intraarticular use
Authors: Polis I. , Verschooten F. , Ryssen Van , Vynckt D. Van 
Published: June 2010

SummaryLameness in dogs is often a diagnostic challenge. In many cases it is difficult to determine the exact localisation of lameness because of the absence of palpable changes, or because of unreliable pain response due to high pain tolerance, stress or aggression of the dog. In horses and humans, intra-articular administration of local anaesthetics is commonly used for diagnostic purposes. In this review, information from human and veterinary studies on different local anaesthetic agents and their application for diagnostic intra-articular anaesthesia is given. Based on this information, a protocol for diagnostic intra-articular anaesthesia in the dog can be developed and evaluated in future studies.
Fixin internal fixator: Concept and technique
Authors: Urizzi A. , Verdonck B. , Jaeger G. , Petazzoni M. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThis report describes the Fixin internal fixator systema, a fracture fixation device characterised by a locking conical coupling between screw heads and titanium alloy inserts that are screwed into a stainless steel plate construct. The mechanical principles, implants, instruments and surgical technique are discussed.
Description of the type of chemical restraint used by French veterinarians to perform hip dysplasia screening radiographs
Authors: Maitre P. , Remy D. , Carozzo C. , Arnault F. , Buttin P. , Viguier E. , Fau D. , Genevois J.-P. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe objective of this study was to investigate the type of chemical restraint used by French practitioners to perform official hip screening radiographs, to determine the proportion of dogs under general anesthesia versus dogs under sedation, and to search for a difference in hip dysplasia (HD) prevalence between the two groups. From September 2005 to August 2008, 3302 conventional ventrodorsal hip extended radiographs sent for official scoring to the same panellist were selected because information related to the type of chemical restraint had been provided. There were 2825 dogs under general anesthesia and 477 were sedated. Chemical restraint used by French veterinarians to perform HD screening radio-graphs is mainly based on general intra-venous anesthesia with an α2 agonist associated with ketamine. A single injection of α2 agonist is also mostly used for dogs which are radiographed while under sedation. A very low (1.7%) difference in HD prevalence was noted between the anesthetized and the sedated group. Except for acepromazine, which has been demonstrated to provide insufficient muscle relaxation to show evidence of hip laxity, the protocols seem acceptable as regards the Federation Cynologique Internationale requirements for HD screening.
Combustion Chemistry
Authors: Fernandes Ravi 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Temperature Dependence of Rate Coefficients

Pressure Dependence of Rate Coefficients

Experimental Techniques in Elementary Gas‐Phase Kinetics

Shock Tubes

Detection Techniques in Combustion Kinetics

Low‐Temperature Chemistry and Auto‐Ignition

Chemistry of Pollutant Formation in Combustion

Formation of Soot from Aliphatic Fuels

Formation of

NO

x

Thermal
NO
Route

Prompt
NO

The
N
2
O
Route to

NO

x

Fuel Nitrogen Route to
NO

Outlook

Summary

Acknowledgments
Combustion Physics
Authors: Burluka Alexey 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Combustion is a multidisciplinary phenomenon often involving complicated chemical, physical, mathematical, environmental, economical, and social factors. It is by far the largest means of the energy conversion, and well in excess of 90% of the world's energy needs are satisfied by devices and processes employing some combustion regime. Examples of combustion range from an open campfire somewhere in a remote tropical jungle to the intense flames in Voulcain rocket engine of the Ariane‐5 launcher consuming several hundreds of kilograms of hydrogen and oxygen every second. Despite the large variety in its manifestations, combustion involves relatively few physical factors; more often than not, it is the physical aspects of combustion that determine the feasibility of a given energy conversion device. The aim of this chapter is to provide some basic information and guidance where further information may be found about physics of combustion.
Ignition: New Applications to Combustion Studies
Authors: Golovitchev Valeri I. , Kärrholm Fabian P. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn this chapter, the “state of art” in the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of ignition and after ignition processes based on the detailed chemical approach is discussed. Initially, attention is paid to simulate the ignition of gaseous hydrogen/air mixtures with regards to problems of turbulent flame acceleration in closed compartments. The modeling capabilities are then illustrated by the results of liquid fuel injections into the combustion volume. In this case, the ignition processes are complicated by a presence of sprays, droplet formation, and evaporation. The autoignition of pure gaseous mixtures, considered as a fragment of the complete problem formulation, is also analyzed. In this case, different chemical mechanisms were constructed and validated for fuels used in the automotive industry, namely diesel oil, gasoline, ethanol, and some biofuels (methyl esters, e.g., rapeseed methyl ester) based on the concept of fuel surrogates. The tools used in this study are three‐dimensional CFD, KIVA3V rel.2 and FOAM, codes. The near‐identical numerical and physical models were formulated for both codes, for a test case of autoignition processes, when the liquid sprays were injected into the constant volume vessel, and numerical results compared between themselves and experimental data on the flame lift‐off lengths and autoignition times. The flame lift‐off phenomenon was interpreted as a consequence of the ignition process. The spark ignition process was then simulated for the spark‐ignition gasoline engine boosted by a direct ethanol injection. Finally, the ignition and combustion of solid aluminum was analyzed in water/steam and carbon dioxide environment, with the application to advanced energy generation systems.
Thermochemistry
Authors: Goos Elke , Burcat Alexander 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
In this chapter, the roots of thermochemistry will be presented, as well as the individual properties interrelations and their connection to chemical kinetic properties. Methods used to calculate the thermochemical properties from spectroscopic data are described, and sources for thermochemical data listed. An outline is provided of the uses of thermochemistry in research and industry for combustion and related processes, together with an overview of the future of thermochemistry and its developments.
Modeling of Turbulent Combustion
Authors: Merci Bart , Mastorakos Epaminondas , Mura Arnaud 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn turbulent combustion, spatial and temporal fluctuations always play a predominant role. Along with the strong nonlinearity in combustion physics and chemistry, for example, in expressions for reaction rates in terms of species concentrations and temperature (and pressure), this results in a nontrivial closure problem. In this chapter, turbulence modeling and turbulent scales are first briefly discussed, after which details of the two extreme combustion configurations – premixed combustion and nonpremixed combustion – are outlined. Finally, some issues are noted on partially premixed combustion. The text is restricted to single‐phase combustion and, for turbulent premixed combustion, the relevant time and length scales are discussed in typical turbulent flame structures. Based on this, the combustion regime diagram is introduced, turbulent flame speed is discussed, and progress variable formalism described. Fast chemistry and finite rate chemistry effects, with associated closure issues, are also considered. For nonpremixed combustion, the eddy break‐up model and the eddy dissipation concept are introduced, after which the mixture fraction approach is explained. The preassumed probability density function (PDF) method is introduced, the laminar flamelet concept discussed, and the importance of the scalar dissipation rate highlighted. Finite rate chemistry effects are also discussed. Finally, the transported PDF and conditional moment closure (CMC) frameworks are introduced.
Modeling and Simulation of Droplet and Spray Combustion
Authors: Gutheil Eva 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
This chapter provides a survey on both droplet and spray models, as droplet heating, evaporation and motion are the underlying processes of both nonreacting and reacting spray flows. Attention is focused on the modeling and simulation of turbulence and turbulent mixing, as well as the interaction of evaporation with the turbulent flow field and chemical reactions. The principal approaches to modeling sprays in a turbulent flow field, such as Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes equations (RANS), direct numerical simulation (DNS), and large eddy simulation (LES) are addressed. Details of the Reynolds stress models (RSM) and probability density function (PDF) models are also presented and discussed. These approaches may serve both as general spray models and subgrid models for LES. In order to address environmental concerns, detailed chemical kinetics must be considered to account for the prediction of pollutant emission, and its reduction. Appropriate methods such as direct closure and (spray) flamelet models for turbulent spray flames are addressed, together with reduced chemical mechanisms. It is shown that most often, gas flame models are not appropriate for spray flame modeling, because of the major impact that spray dynamics and evaporation have on spray combustion. The chapter also compares, by example, numerical results using different models and experimental data, mainly of research burners, with an aim to evaluate the present models, and also to identify future areas of research.
Conventional and Innovative Spray Generation for Combustion Applications
Authors: Ragucci Raffaele , Milton Brian 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe atomization and dispersion of fuel is a fundamental stage in any combustion process involving liquid fuels. Atomization quality and efficient coupling with the airflows plays a key role in determining the performance and pollutant emissions from such systems. This chapter introduces the basic concepts of liquid atomization, and provides an overview of the dependence of the relevant processes on the combustion system parameters and the liquid properties. The main implications of theory on the practical aspects of atomization are reviewed and discussed. A conceptual classification of atomizers used in combustion systems is also presented. Practical atomization techniques and devices are presented in relation to the most important applications for energy production and propulsion. Brief details are also provided of selected innovative atomization techniques, with particular emphasis on high‐pressure combustion systems used in propulsion applications. Among the cited literature, books and reviews have been generally preferred as these already include selected bibliographies on specific topics, and represent a good starting point for more detailed studies.