bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Corallian Rocks of Upware (Cambs)
Authors: Wedd C. B. 
Published: October 2009

As any small addition to our knowledge of this interesting district may be acceptable, and as I have lately spent much time at Upware and had access to sources of information too seldom available in the district, it seemed advisable to put on record such new facts as have come to light. The Upware rocks have been so often described by different geologists, to all of whom I am under some obligation, that it is perhaps unnecessary for me to do more than express my especial indebtedness to the important work of Messrs. Blake & Hudleston on the Corallian Rocks of England, to that of Prof. Bonney, to that of the late Mr. T. Roberts, and to the maps and memoirs of the Geological Survey relating to Upware.
The well-known Corallian ridge of Upware is 3 miles long, as mapped by the officers of the Geological Survey, and less than a mile wide in the widest part, and is nearly surrounded by fen. There have long been two principal exposures of the rock: one, the Northern Quarry, in oolitic rock; the other, the Southern Quarry, in ‘Rag’ and oolite. Part of the intervening area on the western flank of the ridge is covered with Gault and Lower Greensand (see sketch-map, p. 612). Except a few ditch-sections in the lane between the two quarries, there have been till lately no other exposures of importance. The relation of the oolite of the Northern Quarry to the Rag of the other was long
Observations on the Geology of Franz Josef Land
Authors: Kœttlitz Reginald 
Published: October 2009

It is with great diffidence that I venture to communicate some observations on Franz Josef Land to the Geological Society because active labours in other fields of science have, until recently, prevented me from giving much attention to geology. A residence of three years in Franz Josef Land has, however, given me exceptional opportunities for geological investigation in that little-known region, and I venture, therefore, to hope that the following observations may not be without interest.
But, in the first place, I must take this opportunity to express my great indebtedness to Messrs. Newton & Teall for much kindness and most valuable help received by me from them; my thanks are also due to my comrades Messrs. A. B. Armitage, H. Fisher, W. S. Bruce, D. W. Wilton, J. F. Child, and J. W. Heyward, for the valuable information and assistance which they have ungrudgingly afforded me.

I. G
eneral
F
eatures
of the A
rchipelago
.

On approaching Franz Josef Land the observer is struck by the flat-topped, plateau-like aspect which is well known to be a leading feature of all districts largely composed of horizontal sheets of basaltic rock. Even at a distance of 40 miles the nearly horizontal upper edge of the basalt can be seen in the few exposures of rock which protrude through the widespread mantle of snow and ice. A nearer approach reveals the fact that the exposed headlands and rocky masses are formed of successive, sharplydefined tiers of basalt. The horizontal line of the upper sheet, though
Note on a Conglomerate near Melmerby (Cumberland)
Authors: Marr J. E. 
Published: October 2009

As the task of distinguishing ancient glacial deposits from those which have received structures resulting from earth-movements is one of considerable interest to the geologist at the present time, it may be worth while to record the occurrence of conglomeratic deposits in England which show indubitable effects of the action of earth-movement, not only on the included pebbles, but also on the upper surface of one of the deposits.
The section to be described is seen in a fell-lane west of Rampsmire Sike, about a mile east-south-east of the village of Melmerby, which is itself about 5½ miles north-east of Penrith. The deposits occur between the Carboniferous rocks and the Lower Palæozoic slates; they are spoken of as ‘Basement-beds’ and referred to the Carboniferous system on the Geological Survey map (New Series, Sheet 24), though represented with the chocolate colour used for Devonian rocks. There is little doubt that these deposits are homotaxial with those of the neighbourhood of Sedbergh, of the foot of Ullswater, and elsewhere in and around the Lake District, which have been described in the Geological Survey memoirs. As the conglomerates of the Carboniferous system containing small quartz-pebbles, which are low down in that system, appear to rest upon them unconformably, I see no reason why the underlying conglomerates should not be representatives of the Old Red Sandstone, with which they were originally compared. In ascending the fell-lane from a ford at the bottom oftheopen fe]l, the ‘Skiddaw Slates’ are seen in a much shattered condition,
On the Radiolaria in the Devonian Rocks of New South Wales
Authors: Hinde George Jennings 
Published: October 2009

On the invitation of the authors of the foregoing paper, I very willingly consented to undertake an examination and description of the radiolaria occurring in the extensive series of Devonian rocks in New South Wales which they have recently brought to light, and accordingly they forwarded to me, in the spring of 1897, a box of hand-specimens of typical examples of the different kinds of radiolarian rocks, and these have been supplemented since by a few other specimens received during the present year. Microscopic sections have been prepared from them; and from such as contained the radiolaria in good preservation (as, for example, the dark siliceous limestones and some of the volcanic tuffs from Tamworth), numerous slides were made, so as to obtain as large a variety of the organisms as possible.
The rocks sent me were derived from the following four localities:—(1) Bingara and (2) Barraba: red jaspery cherts; (3) Jenolan Caves and vicinity: black chert; (4) Tamworth: black chert, dark siliceous limestone, siliceous claystone or shale, and volcanic tuff.

II. C
haracter of the
R
ocks and
M
ode of
P
reservation of the
R
adiolaria

Before describing the radiolaria, it will be desirable to refer to the character of the rocks of which they form so important a parb, and to their mode and condition of preservation.

(
a
) The Chert-rocks with Radiolaria.

The jaspery cherts of Bingara and Barraba are hard and flinty, of a brick-red tint, and fairly translucent in section. They are traversed in all directions by thin microscopic veins
Geology of the Great Central Railway (New Extension to London of the Manchester, Sheffield, & Lincolnshire Railway): Rugby to Catesby
Authors: Thompson Beeby 
Published: October 2009

In the Report of an Excursion of the Geologists' Association to Catesby in July 1896, I have already given an account of the geology of 6 miles of the new extension to London of the Manchester, Sheffield, & Lincolnshire Railway (since re-named the Great Central Railway), reaching from Catesby to a little beyond Woodford: that is, from the 62nd to the 68th mile. The sections exposed were chiefly in Middle and Upper Lias; but, at the northern end of the Catesby tunnel, the
capricornus
-zone of the Lower Lias was partly cut through, all the characteristic fossils of that zone being found.

The portion of the line which it is now proposed to describe, from Rugby to Catesby, extends from the 52nd to the 62nd mile. Two papers have already dealt with parts of it, but they necessarily left much detail to be filled in; indeed the new matter afforded by excavations made since the publication of those two papers would probably constitute a sufficient justification for a third.
I had seen no part of the sections about to be described until August 1896, and the exceptionally wet autumn of that year prevented a thorough examination of the slopes themselves, such as I fully intended to make. On renewing my acquaintance with the line, in the spring of 1897, I found some of the more southerly cuttings finished and grassed over. Fortunately the more northerly cuttings, towards Rugby, were developing their most interesting parts. I am much indebted to Mr. A.
The Permian Conglomerates of the Lower Severn Basin
Authors: King W. Wickham 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

B
etween
the River Severn and the village of Enville in South-east Shropshire, and again round the southern half of the South Staffordshire Coalfield, there are certain bands of rocks cemented and hardened by calcareous matter—namely, calcareous conglomerates, cornstones, and calcareous sandstones—which constitute parts of the group classified by the officers of the Geological Survey as Middle Permian. The object of this paper is to trace the materials composing these calcareous rocks to their sources.

The typical Permian sequence of the Shropshire type is, according to Prof. Hull, as follows, in descending order:—

Murchison stated that at Coton and Bowhills the calcareous horizons of the Middle Permian consist of ‘(
a
) coarse conglomerate, composed chiefly of fragments of Carboniferous Limestone, generally rounded ; . . . . some of them are of an oolitic structure . . . . (
b
) conglomerate, with fewer fragments of limestone, but pebbles of quartz, Old Red Sandstone, ere . . . . . and minute fragments of jasper.’ He pointed out that ‘the nearest known masses of similar [Carboniferous\ rock are in the Carboniferous Limestone of the Clee Hills.’

Ramsay collected from conglomerates, included by him in the Middle Permian, at Gatacre Hall and Four Ashes, near Enville, pebbles of
He states that ‘the Carboniferous Limestone pebbles by far predominate,’ and that ‘the nearest Carboniferous Limestone is that of the Titterstone Clee :Hills . . . . The Coalbrookdale limestone contains chert . . . . and in the same district occur igneous and
Geology of the Ashbourne & Buxton Branch of the London & North Western Railway:—Ashbourne to Crake Low
Authors: Arnold-Bemrose H. H. 
Published: October 2009

The railway from Ashbourne to Buxton, when completed, will cover a distance of about 20 miles. It runs nearly due north, passing near the villages of Fenny Bentley, Thorpe, Tissington, Parwich, and Alsop-en-le-Dale, and will enable visitors from the north to reach conveniently some interesting parts of the limestone-district, besides rendering the beauties of Dovedale more accessible to the tourist.
For the first 6 miles the railway runs on the Bunter Beds, Boulder Clay, and Yoredale rocks, and for the remaining 14 miles on the Mountain Limestone. The northern section, from Buxton to Parsley Hay, was completed several years ago, and I believe that no geological description of it was published. The southern section is now in progress of construction. The cuttings as far as Crake Low, about 6 miles from Ashbourne, are practically completed, but farther north there are several through which a passage has not yet been made. For this reason, I confine myself in the present paper to a description of the geology of the line from Ashbourne to Crake Low.
Undoubtedly the most interesting portions are the three cuttings near Tissington, Highway Close Barn, and Crake Low. Sir A. Geikie, speaking of the latest traces of volcanic activity in Derbyshire points out that ‘though no contemporaneous tufts have yet been found among the Yoredalo rocks, coarse agglomerates do traverse the Yoredalo group at Kniveton.' A careful examination of these cuttings has enabled me to fill this gap in our geological knowledge. The railway-excavations bring to view
On Limestone-knolls in the Craven District of Yorkshire and elsewhere
Authors: Marr J. E. 
Published: October 2009

I
t
is now many years since I began to pay attention to the frequent and often sudden expansion of masses of limestone associated with other deposits, and in the year 1888 I had the good fortune to examine some of the remarkable limestone-masses of the Craven district under the personal guidance of Mr. R. H. Tiddeman, to whom we owe our knowledge of the structure of these masses. Mr. Tiddeman has described and offered an explanation of these structures in a series of papers, which, though brief, are remarkable for their pithiness and lucidity, and reference to them will at once enable anyone to understand the structure of the irregular limestone-masses and the associated phenomena.

Mr. Tiddeman's earliest account of these structures appears in Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1889 (Newcastle-on-Tyne) p. 600, and further descriptions by him will be found in the Excursion-guide for the Leeds Meeting of the British Association in 1890 and that for the London Meeting of the Geological Congress. A brief summary of Mr. Tiddeman's views is published in an account of an excursion to the Winterburn Valley, and the substance of his presidential address to a Yorkshire scientific society, which largely deals with the limestone-masses, appeared in the ‘Craven Herald’ for Jan. 29th, 1892. I shall endeavour to give a summary of Mr. Tiddeman's work as published in these various papers, and shall refer to his explanation of the origin of the irregular masses of limestone and the accompanying breccias.
It is with regret that I
The Limestone-knolls below Skipton and Grassington in Craven
Authors: Dakyns J. R. 
Published: October 2009

A
band
of limestone runs from Cracoe (a few miles north of Skipton) in a north-easterly direction towards the River Wharfe. This band forms an anticlinal; for along its north-western flank the limestone is seen to dip north-westward beneath beds of shale, which have a similar dip; and on its south-eastern flank the limestone dips south-eastward under the shales and grits of Thorpe Fell, the top of the rock running from Butter Haw nearly along Thorpe Lane towards the northern end of Elbolton. In several places the top of the limestone is brecciated, and the overlying Bowland Shale contains fragments of limestone.

Although the general structure of the country is thus sufficiently plain, the details of the limestone are not easily made out. This rock forms five conspicuous hills, more or less conical, which stand up abruptly from the general level of the ground at the foot of the gritstone fell. Their names in order, beginning at the south-west and going round by north-east to east, are Skelterton, Butter Haw, Stebden Hill, Elbolton, and Keal Hill. They are all formed of massive limestone.
The beds on Skelterton have an easterly dip, and owing to rolls the top of the limestone runs in a curvilinear fashion to Butter Haw, which forms an anticlinal, and thence nearly along Thorpe Lane towards the northern end of Elbolton, leaving Stebden ]=Jill apparently as an island. On the north side of the last-named hill I found beds dipping north-westward at 40°, but no satisfactory dip
On Spinel and Forsterite from the Glenelg Limestone (Inverness-shire)
Authors: Clough C. T. , Pollard W. 
Published: October 2009

T
he
primary object of this communication is to describe the occurrence of two minerals—forsterite and true spinel—which are found in dose association in a limestone in Glenelg (Inverness-shire), but which do not appear to have been recorded hitherto in Scotland. Before tabulating the analyses, however, it may be well to mention what has been previously written about the limestone, and to describe to some extent its geological position and chief characters.

The exposure from which the minerals were obtained is on the southern side of the Big Glen, or Glenmore, of Glenelg, and it lies at a distance of rather more than 2/3 mile east of the top of Sgiath Bheinn (1-inch map 71, Inverness-shire 6-inch map 47). The limestone-band to which the exposure belongs can be traced, without any considerable interruption by faulting, for nearly a mile. Its general direction is slightly east of north, and the width of outcrop varies from a few yards up to 30 or 40. This limestone is one of a group of limestones which have long been known, and are noted for the variety of minerals that they contain.
Macculloch, in his description of Tiree, states that ‘sahlite, accompanied by tremolite and forming large nodules in Primary limestone,’ occurs in Tiree, Harris, and Glenelg, and that coccolite and mica, in small crystals of a talcose aspect, are found in the limestone in Tiree and Glenelg.
Murchison also speaks of the same limestone-group in his account of the ‘Succession of the Older Rocks
The Geology of the Davos District (Switzerland)
Authors: Jennings A. Vaughan 
Published: October 2009

T
owards
the east of Canton Graubünden lie the mountain-ranges which surround the Valley of Davos, a valley now so renowned for the healing value of its climatic conditions, but till lately both difficult of access and remote.

Those who know Davos only when the individuality of the surrounding mountains is lost in the white brilliancy of its wondrous winter may, naturally enough, never be led to think of the nature and origin of the walls of their splendid prison; but to the yearly-increasing number of those in comparative health who remain or arrive during the summer months there are features in the landscape which must attract attention if they do not excite enquiry. It is difficult for the most casual observer to avoid noticing the abrupt crags of the Cotschna ridge above Klosters, the steep-tilted slopes of the twin Schiahörner, the long level ridge of the Alteingrat, and in the southern distance the sharp silhouettes of the Tinzenhorn and the Piz Michel shutting off this mountain-valley from the western world.
Some explanation of the changing contours and the varied colours of these barrier-mountains may be of interest to those who have looked and wondered; but it is not only on such general grounds that a detailed description of the district is desirable.
There are problems in the structure of the district of the greatest interest to all geologists, and regarding the nature and relative date of the great earth-movements which have resulted in the Alps as now known, it is
Additional Notes on the Vertebrate Fauna of the Rock-fissure at Ightham (Kent)
Authors: Newton E. T. 
Published: October 2009

T
he
results obtained by Mr. Lewis Abbott's exploration of the Ightham rock-fissure were published by the Geological Society in 1894, but the investigation was continued by that gentleman with his usual energy, and many additional specimens were obtained, for the most part representing species already recorded. Before the end of 1896, however, five forms, new to the deposit, had been recognized, and were mentioned in Sir A. Geikie's Annual Report of the Geological Survey for that year (published 1897, p. 88). These forms were a large bat (probably
Vespertilio Bechsteini
), the shovellerduck, and some small passerine birds, closely allied to, if not identical with, the red-backed shrike, the chaffinch, and the hedge-sparrow. Subsequently remains of polecat, otter(?), and swallow were found.

Since Mr. Lewis Abbott's departure from Sevenoaks, the work of collecting from the Ightham fissure has been successfully carried on by Mr. Frank Corner and Mr. A. S. Kennard. The many specimens obtained have passed through my hands, and certain forms, new to this fissure, have been recognized, while among the numerous examples of species already recorded there were some which previously had been but sparsely represented.
In the following pages, mention will be made of all the forms new to the fissure that have been found since 1894, and notes will be given on certain other species, concerning which additional and important information has been obtained.
Nearly all the remains now to be recorded are those of species still living in the neighbourhood, and they give a modern
The Lower Palæozoic Bedded Rocks of County Waterford
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroductory
R
emarks
.

T
he
principal exposures of the Lower Palaeozoic and associated rocks are found in the sea-cliffs which extend for nearly 20 miles westward from Tramore to Ballyvoyle Head, and along the banks of the Suit near Passage. Inland the outcrops are much obscured by Drift, and consequently the best opportunity of determining the succession, etc. is afforded by the coast-sections, which will therefore be here described. The complexity of many of these sections is considerable, and is mainly caused by the intrusion of various later igneous rocks, as Sir A. Geikie has remarked.

Historical Summary.
The earliest geological account of the region was published by Thomas Weaver in 1821, in his paper on the ‘Geological Relations of the East of Ireland,’ but no details were given.
In 1824 the Rev. R. H. Ryland's ‘History, Topography, & Antiquities of the County & City of Waterford’ appeared, in which we find many references to the rocks and mines (pp. 255, 258, 273).
The paper by J. Hodgson Holdsworth 3 in 1833 on the ‘Geology of the District of the Knockmahon Mines’ is specially interesting from its record of the discovery of fossils in the ‘slate-rock’ near Knockmahon.
In 1837 Weaver 4 published a paper on the ‘Geological Relations of the South of Ireland,’ in which he gave an account of the ‘Transition rocks,’ enumerating the different lithological varieties and mentioning the occurrence of fossils in a cliff east of the Bonmahon river and also inland.
Sir R. Griffith mentioned the
Note on Drift-gravels at West Wickham (Kent)
Authors: Clinch George 
Published: October 2009

There are two deposits of Drift–gravel at West Wickham upon which I propose to offer a few remarks. The first occupies the bottom of a valley which winds round the southern and western sides of Hayes Common and thence to Bromley. This is shown on the Geological Survey map, but there it appears that the Drift–gravel terminates somewhat abruptly near Keston. The valley itself, however, runs much farther south, extending to the North Downs near Tatsfield and roughly coinciding with the direction of the boundary–line between Kent and Surrey, but following a course varying from
2 miles to ½ mile east of that boundary.
A fairly good section of the gravel in the bottom of this valley may be found in a pit at Gates Green, a point near the junction of the three parishes of West Wickham, Hayes, and Keston. The beds exposed consist of rolled flints, fragments of Chalk, and bands of sand containing minute fragments of flint and portions of Chalk–fossils, including a large proportion of foraminifera. The beds also contain a few rolled fragments of ferruginous sandstone, probably derived from the Lower Greensand. The character of these beds is precisely what might be expected from the destruction of Chalkbeds. The fragments from the Lower Greensand also go to show that these gravels have a definite, although perhaps not direct, relation to the forces which excavated and denuded the Wealden area. The bands of sand indicate, I would submit, periods of comparative tranquillity