bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk and uncertainty in development
Authors: Loizou Pavlos , French Nick 
Published: March 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to deal with the appropriateness of using the Monte Carlo simulation as a technique to calculate risk in real estate development.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is divided into two interlinked segments. The first segment examines the general definition of risk and Monte Carlo simulation methodology as a tool to estimate risk. The second outlines the appropriateness of using Monte Carlo as a tool to model real estate development, given the lack of data quality and its inability to account for human relationships in the development process.FindingsIt is important that the Monte Carlo Simulation model is used as prescriptive model that builds on the original elicitation procedures; produces initial results; allows for detailed sensitivity analysis and then remodels as required. In short, to be fully effective, the Monte Carlo Simulation model needs to be used in a complementary fashion with an understanding of human judgement and decision making.Research limitations/implicationsA fuller analysis may include an examination of the uncertainties in each of the components of the appraisal and account for the appropriate distributions of each of these variables. This is generally referred to as a Monte Carlo simulation. The argument in favour of a Monte Carlo simulation is that it helps the appraiser have a better understanding of the possible outcomes for the development and the relative impact of each input in the pricing of the project.Practical implicationsA lot of work has been done looking at scenario modelling with probabilities and the results that ensue. However, it is important that these quantitative results are placed in the context of the heuristic and cognitive approaches adopted by the decision maker. In other words, the behaviour of the decision maker is as influential in the interpretation of the results as the numbers themselves. This paper looks at the advantages and disadvantages of using Monte Carlo simulation in this context.Originality/valueThis study contributes significantly to the practical application of probability‐based models to development appraisal. The findings of the study are useful for users of feasibility studies to understand the context in which a development feasibility is carried out, and for appraisers to extend the scope of their analysis when carrying them out.
Winning by thinking: how to create a culture of thought leadership in your organization
Authors: Gibbins‐Klein Mindy 
Published: March 2012

PurposeThe article was written to highlight the features within thought leadership, described within four subject headings, which can altogether contribute to developing a culture of thought leadership in any organization.Design/methodology/approachSet out in four easy steps, this article is designed to take the reader through the process of thought leadership and its development within an organization.FindingsThe article highlights the benefits of encouraging a thought leadership culture within an organization. It enhances the company name and it makes for more credibility and recognition.Practical implicationsCompanies cannot be strong without good thought leadership – therefore it is important to bring out your organization's best thought leaders for ultimate recognition.Originality/valueThis paper sets out a framework for individuals and organizations to plan how to gain recognition as “thought leaders” in their industry – a crucial capability as technology makes the world ever smaller.
From “necessary evil” to necessity: stakeholders' involvement in place branding
Authors: Kavaratzis Mihalis 
Published: March 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to focus on the role of stakeholders in the creation, development and ultimately ownership of place brands. The paper contributes towards laying the foundations of a participatory view of place branding. It establishes an urgent need to rethink place branding towards a more participation‐oriented practice. This is based on the centrality of stakeholders in the creation, development and ownership of place brands. The role of stakeholders goes well beyond that of customers/consumers as they are citizens who legitimize place brands and heavily influence their meaning.Design/methodology/approachThe paper highlights a turn towards stakeholder‐oriented place branding in recent literature. This is contrasted to a critical evaluation of place branding practice where stakeholders are paid “lip service” regarding their participation, rather than being given opportunities to get more fully involved in the development of their place brand.FindingsAn emerging discussion is identified on the significance of stakeholders. This is integrated with additional arguments for stakeholders' participation found in the political nature of place branding, in the concept of “participatory branding” and in the changes that on‐line communication has brought about.Practical implicationsThe participatory approach introduced here re‐evaluates the role of both stakeholders and place brand managers. It also implies a significant change in the perceived role of analysis within the place branding process. A re‐direction of branding budgets is also suggested.Originality/valueThe paper provides a clear description of the role of stakeholders in place branding. It brings together for the first time in an integrated manner several arguments for stakeholders' participation. These lead to the conclusion that effective place brands are rooted in the involvement of stakeholders and substantiate the call made here for participatory place branding.
Common or competing products? Towards supra‐national branding in BaltMet Promo
Authors: Andersson Marcus , Paajanen Malla 
Published: March 2012

PurposeSince early 2000s, several efforts have been initiated to market the Baltic Sea Region (BSR) globally, and the BaltMet Promo project is among them. Simultaneously, several other cases of supra‐national branding have emerged, e.g. the Greater Mekong region, Danube region, and Visegrad countries. Little attention has yet been paid in the literature to branding of supra‐national entities. The purpose of this paper is to discuss branding of BSR using the examples of supra‐national product building of the BaltMet Promo project (2010‐2011).Design/methodology/approachBranding BSR has faced criticism against its supra‐national perspective which may be seen as a direct competitor to city or nation branding. To shift from competition to cooperation BaltMet Promo acknowledged a bottom‐up approach and nine organisations from six countries created supra‐national products to promote tourism, talent attraction, and investments. Each product concept was built on intensive background research and transnational triple‐helix cooperation.FindingsThe case of BaltMet Promo shows that supra‐national branding benefits from a bottom‐up approach that uses concrete products and services as the core of the brand identity. To shift from competition to cooperation the partnership promoted BSR as a common region with a common work plan. Different scales of branding serve different markets. The more distant the market, such as Japan in the case of BaltMet Promo, the more cost effective supra‐regional branding becomes compared to more narrow scales of branding.Originality/valueThe paper introduces recent developments in supra‐national branding using data of the BaltMet Promo project. The analysis aims to contribute to product building, triple helix stakeholder cooperation, and policy making.
Population pharmacokinetic model of canrenone after intravenous administration of potassium canrenoate to paediatric patients
Authors: Suyagh Maysa , Hawwa Ahmed F. , Collier Paul S. , Millership Jeffrey S. , Kole Prashant , Millar Muriel , Shields Mike D. , Halliday Henry L. , McElnay James C. 
Published: February 2012

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• Little is known about the pharmacokinetics of potassium canrenoate/canrenone in paediatric patientsWHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• A population pharmacokinetic model has been developed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of canrenone in paediatric patients who received potassium canrenoate as part of their therapy in the intensive care unit.AIMS To characterize the population pharmacokinetics of canrenone following administration of potassium canrenoate to paediatric patients.METHODS Data were collected prospectively from 23 paediatric patients (2 days to 10 years of age; median weight 4 kg, range 2.16–28.0 kg) who received intravenous potassium canrenoate (K‐canrenoate) as part of their intensive care therapy for removal of retained fluids, e.g. in pulmonary oedema due to chronic lung disease and for the management of congestive heart failure. Plasma samples were analyzed by HPLC for determination of canrenone (the major metabolite and pharmacologically active moiety) and the data subjected to pharmacokinetic analysis using NONMEM.RESULTS A one compartment model best described the data. The only significant covariate was weight (WT). The final population models for canrenone clearance (CL/F) and volume of distribution (V/F) were CL/F (l h−1) = 11.4 × (WT/70.0)0.75 and V/F (l) = 374.2 × (WT/70) where WT is in kg. The values of CL/F and V/F in a 4 kg child would be 1.33 l h−1 and 21.4 l, respectively, resulting in an elimination half‐life of 11.2 h.CONCLUSIONS The range of estimated CL/F in the study population was 0.67–7.38 l h−1. The data suggest that adjustment of K‐canrenoate dosage according to body weight is appropriate in paediatric patients.
Excellent outcome of matched unrelated donor transplantation in paediatric aplastic anaemia following failure with immunosuppressive therapy: a United Kingdom multicentre retrospective experience
Authors: Samarasinghe Sujith , Steward Colin , Hiwarkar Prashant , Saif Muhammad Ameer , Hough Rachael , Webb David , Norton Alice , Lawson Sarah , Qureshi Amrana , Connor Philip , Carey Peter , Skinner Rod , Vora Ajay , Pelidis Maria , Gibson Brenda , Stewart Graham , Keogh Steve , Goulden Nick , Bonney Denise , Stubbs Mathew , Amrolia Persis , Rao Kanchan , Meyer Stefan , Wynn Rob , Veys Paul 
Published: February 2012

SummaryWe retrospectively analysed the outcome of consecutive children with idiopathic severe aplastic anaemia in the United Kingdom who received immunosuppressive therapy (IST) or matched unrelated donor (MUD) haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The 6‐month cumulative response rate following rabbit antithymocyte globulin (ATG)/ciclosporin (IST) was 32·5% (95% CI 19·3–46·6) (n = 43). The 5‐year estimated failure‐free survival (FFS) following IST was 13·3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 4·0–27·8). In contrast, in 44 successive children who received a 10‐antigen (HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C, ‐DRB1, ‐DQB1) MUD HSCT there was an excellent estimated 5‐year FFS of 95·01% (95% CI 81·38–98·74). Forty of these children had failed IST previously. HSCT conditioning was a fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and alemtuzumab (FCC) regimen and did not include radiotherapy. There were no cases of graft failure. Median donor chimerism was 100% (range 88–100%). A conditioning regimen, such as FCC that avoids total body irradiation is ideally suited in children. Our data suggest that MUD HSCT following IST failure offers an excellent outcome and furthermore, if a suitable MUD can be found quickly, MUD HSCT may be a reasonable alternative to IST.
Understanding trait interactions and their impacts on growth in Scots pine branches across Europe
Authors: Sterck Frank J. , Martínez‐Vilalta Jordi , Mencuccini Maurizio , Cochard Hervé , Gerrits Pieter , Zweifel Roman , Herrero Asier , Korhonen Janne F.J. , Llorens Pilar , Nikinmaa Eero , Nolè Angelo , Poyatos Rafael , Ripullone Francesco , Sass‐Klaassen Ute 
Published: February 2012

Summary1. Plants exhibit a wide variety in traits at different organizational levels. Intraspecific and interspecific studies have potential to demonstrate functional relationships and trade‐offs amongst traits, with potential consequences for growth. However, the distinction between the correlative and functional nature of trait covariation presents a challenge because traits interact in complex ways.2. We present an intraspecific study on Scots pine branches and use functional multi‐trait concepts to organize and understand trait interactions and their impacts on growth. Branch‐level traits were assessed for 97 branches from 12 Scots pine sites across Europe.3. To test alternative hypotheses on cause–effect relationships between anatomical traits, hydraulic traits and branch growth, we measured for each branch: the tracheid hydraulic diameter, double cell wall thickness, cell lumen span area, wood density, cavitation vulnerability, wood‐specific hydraulic conductivity, the leaf area to sapwood area ratio and branch growth. We used mixed linear effect models and path models to show how anatomical traits determine hydraulic traits and, in turn, how those traits influence growth.4. Tracheid hydraulic diameter was the best predictor of cavitation vulnerability (R2 = 0·09 explained by path model) and specific conductivity (R2 = 0·19) amongst anatomical traits. Leaf area to sapwood area ratio had the strongest direct effect on branch growth (R2 = 0·19) and was positively associated with the tracheid hydraulic diameter (R2 = 0·22). A number of bivariate correlations between traits could be explained by these functional relationships amongst traits.5. The plasticity in tracheid hydraulic diameter (10.0–15.1 μm) and leaf area to sapwood area ratio (600–6051 cm2 cm−2) and the maintenance of a minimum leaf water potential (between −2 and −2·5 MPa) appear to drive the anatomical and hydraulic traits of Scots pine across Europe. These properties are major drivers of the functional trait network underlying the growth variation amongst pine branches and thus possibly contribute to the ecological success of pines at a local and continental scale.
Immigrants and refugees: the importance of dispersal in mediating biotic attrition under climate change
Authors: Anderson Alex S. , Reside April E. , VanDerWal Jeremy J. , Shoo Luke P. , Pearson Richard G. , Williams Stephen E. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractMontane tropical rainforests are critically important areas for global bird diversity, but are projected to be highly vulnerable to contemporary climate change. Upslope shifts of lowland species may partially offset declines in upland species but also result in a process of lowland biotic attrition. This latter process is contingent on the absence of species adapted to novel warm climates, and isolation from pools of potential colonizers. In the Australian Wet Tropics, species distribution modelling has forecast critical declines in suitable environmental area for upland endemic birds, raising the question of the future role of both natural and assisted dispersal in species survival, but information is lacking for important neighbouring rainforest regions. Here we use expanded geographic coverage of data to model the realized distributions of 120 bird species found in north‐eastern Australian rainforest, including species from potential source locations in the north and recipient locations in the south. We reaffirm previous conclusions as to the high vulnerability of this fauna to global warming, and extend the list of species whose suitable environmental area is projected to decrease. However, we find that expansion of suitable area for some species currently restricted to northern rainforests has the potential to offset biotic attrition in lowland forest of the Australian Wet Tropics. By examining contrasting dispersal scenarios, we show that responses to climate change in this region may critically depend on dispersal limitation, as climate change shifts the suitable environmental envelopes of many species south into currently unsuitable habitats. For lowland and northern species, future change in vegetation connectivity across contemporary habitat barriers is likely to be an important mediator of climate change impacts. In contrast, upland species are projected to become increasingly isolated and restricted. Their survival is likely to be more dependent on the viability of assisted migration, and the emergence and persistence of suitable environments at recipient locations.
Improving in sacco incubation technique to evaluate fresh forage for selecting fast‐degrading perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)
Authors: Sun X. Z. , Waghorn G. C. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractGrasses with fast fibre degradation are required by intensive pasture‐based animal production systems to maximize intakes and productivity. To select fast‐degrading elite cultivars, a repeatable, rapid and inexpensive screening method should be developed, so large numbers of samples can be evaluated. This study refined the experimental procedure for the in sacco incubation technique using fresh (not dried) perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Pre‐ruminal incubation treatment and ratio of forage weight to the surface area of the in sacco bag have been tested to evaluate their effects on ryegrass degradation kinetic parameters in the bovine rumen. The timing of sampling and the number of sampling time points were also examined. Results indicated that warming the bags in water prior to incubation led to a faster dry‐matter (DM) degradation in the first 12 h. If ratio of forage to bag surface area was between 26 and 45 mg DM cm−2, degradation parameters were not affected by bag fill. Sampling between 9 and 12 h was critical for determining degradation rate. From these results, an improved in sacco incubation procedure is recommended for screening of ryegrasses used for cultivar selection. The principles demonstrated here for ryegrass may be applicable to other forages, although the critical sampling times for measuring degradation rate are likely to differ.
Meta‐analysis of the effectiveness of chronic care management for diabetes: investigating heterogeneity in outcomes
Authors: Elissen Arianne M. J. , Steuten Lotte M. G. , Lemmens Lidwien C. , Drewes Hanneke W. , Lemmens Karin M. M. , Meeuwissen Jolanda A. C. , Baan Caroline A. , Vrijhoef Hubertus J. M. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractPurpose  The study aims to support decision making on how best to redesign diabetes care by investigating three potential sources of heterogeneity in effectiveness across trials of diabetes care management.Methods  Medline, CINAHL and PsycInfo were searched for systematic reviews and empirical studies focusing on: (1) diabetes mellitus; (2) adult patients; and (3) interventions consisting of at least two components of the chronic care model (CCM). Systematic reviews were analysed descriptively; empirical studies were meta‐analysed. Pooled effect measures were estimated using a meta‐regression model that incorporated study quality, length of follow‐up and number of intervention components as potential predictors of heterogeneity in effects.Results  Overall, reviews (n = 15) of diabetes care programmes report modest improvements in glycaemic control. Empirical studies (n = 61) show wide‐ranging results on HbA1c, systolic blood pressure and guideline adherence. Differences between studies in methodological quality cannot explain this heterogeneity in effects. Variety in length of follow‐up can explain (part of) the variability, yet not across all outcomes. Diversity in the number of included intervention components can explain 8–12% of the heterogeneity in effects on HbA1c and systolic blood pressure.Conclusions  The outcomes of chronic care management for diabetes are generally positive, yet differ considerably across trials. The most promising results are attained in studies with limited follow‐up (<1 year) and by programmes including more than two CCM components. These factors can, however, explain only part of the heterogeneity in effectiveness between studies. Other potential sources of heterogeneity should be investigated to ensure implementation of evidence‐based improvements in diabetes care.
Vertical and horizontal photobiont transmission within populations of a lichen symbiosis
Authors: DAL GRANDE F. , WIDMER I. , WAGNER H.H. , SCHEIDEGGER C. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractLichens are widespread symbioses and play important roles in many terrestrial ecosystems. The genetic structure of lichens is the result of the association between fungal and algal populations constituting the lichen thallus. Using eight fungus‐ and seven alga‐specific highly variable microsatellite markers on within‐population spatial genetic data from 62 replicate populations across Europe, North America, Asia and Africa, we investigated the contributions of vertical and horizontal transmission of the photobiont to the genetic structure of the epiphytic lichen Lobaria pulmonaria. Based on pairwise comparisons of multilocus genotypes defined separately for the mycobiont and for the photobiont, we inferred the transmission mode of the photobiont and the relative contribution of somatic mutation and recombination. After constraining the analysis of one symbiont to pairs of individuals with genetically identical symbiotic partners, we found that 77% of fungal and 70% of algal pairs were represented by clones. Thus, the predominant dispersal mode was by means of symbiotic vegetative propagules (vertical transmission), which dispersed fungal and algal clones co‐dependently over a short distance, thus shaping the spatial genetic structure up to distances of 20 m. Evidence for somatic mutation generating genetic diversity was found in both symbionts, accounting for 30% of pairwise comparisons in the alga and 15% in the fungus. While the alga did not show statistically significant evidence of recombination, recombination accounted for 7.7% of fungal pairs with identical algae. This implies that, even in a mostly vegetatively reproducing species, horizontal transmission plays a role in shaping the symbiotic association, as shown in many coral and other symbioses in nature.
Membrane translocation of diphtheria toxin fragment A exploits early to late endosome trafficking machinery
Authors: Lemichez Emmanuel , Bomsel Morgane , Devilliers Ginette , van der Spek Johanna , Murphy John R. , Lukianov Evgenij V. , Olsnes Sjur , Boquet Patrice 
Published: February 2012

SummaryAfter reaching early endosomes by receptor‐mediated endocytosis, diphtheria toxin (DT) molecules have two possible fates. A large pool enters the degradative pathway whereas a few molecules become cytotoxic by translocating their catalytic fragment A (DTA) into the cytosol. Impairment of DT degradation by microtubule depolymerization does not block DT cytotoxicity. Therefore, DTA membrane translocation into the cytosol occurs from an endocytic compartment located upstream of late endosomes. Comparisons between early endosomes and endocytic carrier vesicles in a cell‐free translocation assay have demonstrated that early endosomes are the earliest endocytic compartment from which DTA translocates. DTA translocation is ATP‐dependent, requires early endosomal acidification, and is increased by the addition of cytosol. Cytosol‐dependent DTA translocation is GTPγS‐insensitive but is blocked by anti‐βCOP antibodies.