bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultraviolet resistant/antiwrinkle finishing of cotton fabrics by sol‐gel method
Authors: Zheng Chenghui , Chen Guoqiang , QI Zhenming 
Published: June 2011

AbstractNano titanium dioxide (TiO2) sols were prepared by sol‐gel method with tetrabutyl orthotitanate (TBOT) as precursors, citric acid (CA) as inhibitors. Ultraviolet resistant capacity of finished cotton fabrics are greatly improved with good wrinkle‐resistance, whiteness and tensile strength as well. The optimum molar ratio for preparing nano‐TiO2 sols in this study is n[C2H5OH] : n[H2O] : n[CA] : n[HCl] : n[TOBT] = 20 : 6 : 1.2 : 0.025 : 1, at ambient temperature. Particle size distribution analysis of the sol reveals that the curve is right tailed with an average diameter of 72.8 nm. Factors affecting the performance of finished cotton fabrics by TiO2 sols, such as concentration of sodium hypophosphite (SHP), triethanolamine (TEA) in finishing bath, curing temperatures and time lengths were investigated by orthogonal experiments. The optimum finishing results can be obtained with 3% SHP, 3% TEA, curing at 165°C for 3 min. Aggregated nano‐TiO2 particles on surfaces of finished cotton fibers both washed and unwashed were investigated by high resolution cold field emission scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometer. Esterification crosslinking between CA and cotton fibers were also demonstrated through infrared spectra. After a five‐time's wash, ultraviolet protection factor of finished cotton fabrics with nano‐TiO2 sols is up to 117.42 and dry crease recovery angles increase by 30.2° with slightly improved whiteness, while the breaking strength decreases by 18.8%. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Preparation of thermoplastic vulcanizates based on waste crosslinked polyethylene and ground tire rubber through dynamic vulcanization
Authors: Zhang Xinxing , Lu Canhui , Liang Mei 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAn environmental‐friendly approach called high‐shear mechanical milling was developed to de‐crosslink ground tire rubber (GTR) and waste crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE). The realization of partial devulcanization of GTR and de‐crosslinking of XLPE were confirmed by gel fraction measurements. Fourier transform infrared spectral studies revealed that a new peak at 1723.3 cm−1 corresponds to the carbonyl group (CO) absorption was appeared after milling. The rheological properties showed that the XLPE/GTR blends represent lower apparent viscosity after mechanical milling, which means that the milled blends are easy to process. Thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) could be prepared with these partially de‐crosslinked XLPE/GTR composite powders through dynamic vulcanization. The mechanical properties of the XLPE/GTR composites increased with increasing cycles of milling. The raw XLPE/GTR blends could not be processed to a continuous sheet. After 20 cycles of milling, the tensile strength and elongation at break of XLPE/GTR (50/50) composites increased to 6.0 MPa and 185.3%, respectively. The tensile strength and elongation at break of the composites have been further improved to 9.1 MPa and 201.2% after dynamic vulcanization, respectively. Re‐processability study confirmed the good thermoplastic processability of the TPVs prepared. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Spectroscopic, magnetic, and optical characterization of nanocomposite films of polyvinylpyrrolidone doped with cerium disulphate
Authors: Basha M. A. F. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractNew nanocomposite hybrid films of a well dispersed cerium disulphate Ce(SO4)2 nanoparticles into the polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) matrix were prepared by a casting technique. The nanostructural nature and complex formation were investigated using the transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and the Infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The magnetic measurements at room temperature, using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and the obtained magnetic parameters revealed that the investigated nanocomposites belong to a category of magnetically soft materials that find widespread applications in contemporary fine technologies. Optical absorption spectra were measured in the ultraviolet (UV)–visible region and the fundamental absorption edge Ea, the energy gap Eg and width of the tail of localized states Ee were evaluated and discussed in terms of the solid band theory. The monotonic increase of these optical parameters with the dopant concentration may be attributed to probable segregation effects occurring in the amorphous host matrix. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Encapsulation of Pyrene‐Functionalized Poly(benzyl ether) Dendrons into a Water‐Soluble Organometallic Cage
Authors: Pitto‐Barry Anaïs , Barry Nicolas P. E. , Zava Olivier , Deschenaux Robert , Therrien Bruno 
Published: June 2011

AbstractTwo generations of lipophilic pyrenyl functionalized poly(benzyl ether) dendrimers (P1 and P2) have been synthesized. The thermal properties of the two functionalized dendrimers have been investigated, and the pyrenyl group of the dendritic molecules encapsulated in the arene–ruthenium metalla‐cage, [Ru6(p‐cymene)6(tpt)2(donq)3]6+ ([1]6+) (tpt=2,4,6‐tri(pyridin‐4‐yl)‐1,3,5‐triazine; donq=5,8‐dioxydo‐1,4‐naphthoquinonato). The host–guest properties of [P1⊂1]6+ and [P2⊂1]6+ were studied in solution by NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopic methods, thus allowing the determination of the affinity constants. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of these water‐soluble host–guest systems was evaluated on human ovarian cancer cells.
Dynamic evolution of nearby galaxy clusters
Authors: Biernacka M. , Flin P. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA study of the evolution of 377 rich ACO clusters with redshift z < 0.2 is presented. The data concerning galaxies in the investigated clusters were obtained using FOCAS packages applied to Digital Sky Survey I. The 377 galaxy clusters constitute a statistically uniform sample to which visual galaxy/star reclassifications were applied. Cluster shape within 2.0 h–1 Mpc from the adopted cluster centre (the mean and the median of all galaxy coordinates, the position of the brightest and of the third brightest galaxy in the cluster) was determined through its ellipticity calculated using two methods: the covariance ellipse method (hereafter CEM) and the method based on Minkowski functionals (hereafter MFM). We investigated ellipticity dependence on the radius of circular annuli, in which ellipticity was calculated. This was realized by varying the radius from 0.5 to 2 Mpc in steps of 0.25 Mpc. By performing Monte Carlo simulations, we generated clusters to which the two ellipticity methods were applied. We found that the covariance ellipse method works better than the method based on Minkowski functionals. We also found that ellipticity distributions are different for different methods used. Using the ellipticity‐redshift relation, we investigated the possibility of cluster evolution in the low‐redshift Universe. The correlation of cluster ellipticities with redshifts is undoubtly an indicator of structural evolution. Using the t‐Student statistics, we found a statistically significant correlation between ellipticity and redshift at the significance level of α = 0.95. In one of the two shape determination methods we found that ellipticity grew with redshift, while the other method gave opposite results. Monte Carlo simulations showed that only ellipticities calculated at the distance of 1.5 Mpc from cluster centre in the Minkowski functional method are robust enough to be taken into account, but for that radius we did not find any relation between e and z. Since CEM pointed towards the existence of the e (z) relation, we conclude that such an effect is real though rather weak. A detailed study of the e (z) relation showed that the observed relation is nonlinear, and the number of elongated structures grows rapidly for z > 0.14 (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Light‐element abundance variations in globular clusters
Authors: Martell S.L. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractStar‐to‐star variations in abundances of the light elements carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and sodium have been observed in stars of all evolutionary phases in all Galactic globular clusters that have been thoroughly studied. The data available for studying this phenomenon, and the hypotheses as to its origin, have both co‐evolved with observing technology; once high‐resolution spectra were available even for main‐sequence stars in globular clusters, scenarios involving multiple closely spaced stellar generations enriched by feedback from moderate‐ and high‐mass stars began to gain traction in the literature. This paper briefly reviews the observational history of globular cluster abundance inhomogeneities, discusses the presently favored models of their origin, and considers several aspects of this problem that require further study (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The road to Earth twins – Karl Schwarzschild Award Lecture 2010
Authors: Mayor M. , Lovis C. , Pepe F. , Ségransan D. , Udry S. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA rich population of low‐mass planets orbiting solar‐type stars on tight orbits has been detected by Doppler spectroscopy. These planets have masses in the domain of super‐Earths and Neptune‐type objects, and periods less than 100 days. In numerous cases these planets are part of very compact multiplanetary systems. Up to seven planets have been discovered orbiting one single star. These low‐mass planets have been detected by the HARPS spectrograph around 30 % of solar‐type stars. This very high occurrence rate has been recently confirmed by the results of the Kepler planetary transit space mission. The large number of planets of this kind allows us to attempt a first characterization of their statistical properties, which in turn represent constraints to understand the formation process of these systems. The achieved progress in the sensitivity and stability of spectrographs have already led to the discovery of planets with masses as small as 1.5 M⊕ (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Accretion, jets and winds: High‐energy emission from young stellar objects – Doctoral Thesis Award Lecture 2010
Authors: Günther H.M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis article summarizes the processes of high‐energy emission in young stellar objects. Stars of spectral type A and B are called Herbig Ae/Be (HAeBe) stars in this stage, all later spectral types are termed classical T Tauri stars (CTTS). Both types are studied by high‐resolution X‐ray and UV spectroscopy and modeling. Three mechanisms contribute to the highenergy emission from CTTS: 1) CTTS have active coronae similar to main‐sequence stars, 2) the accreted material passes through an accretion shock at the stellar surface, which heats it to a few MK, and 3) some CTTS drive powerful outflows. Shocks within these jets can heat the plasma to X‐ray emitting temperatures. Coronae are already well characterized in the literature; for the latter two scenarios models are shown. The magnetic field suppresses motion perpendicular to the field lines in the accretion shock, thus justifying a 1D geometry. The radiative loss is calculated as optically thin emission. A mixture of shocked and coronal gas is fitted to X‐ray observations of accreting CTTS. Specifically, the model explains the peculiar line‐ratios in the He‐like triplets of Ne IX and O VII. All stars require only small mass accretion rates to power the X‐ray emission. In contrast, the HAeBe HD 163296 has line ratios similar to coronal sources, indicating that neither a high density nor a strong UV‐field is present in the region of the X‐ray emission. This could be caused by a shock in its jet. Similar emission is found in the deeply absorbed CTTS DG Tau. Shock velocities between 400 and 500 km s–1 are required to explain the observed spectrum (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Bar and Spiral Structure Legacy (BeSSeL) survey: Mapping the Milky Way with VLBI astrometry
Authors: Brunthaler A. , Reid M.J. , Menten K.M. , Zheng X.‐W. , Bartkiewicz A. , Choi Y.K. , Dame T. , Hachisuka K. , Immer K. , Moellenbrock G. , Moscadelli L. , Rygl K.L.J. , Sanna A. , Sato M. , Wu Y. , Xu Y. , Zhang B. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAstrometric Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observations of maser sources in the Milky Way are used to map the spiral structure of our galaxy and to determine fundamental parameters such as the rotation velocity (Θ0) and curve and the distance to the Galactic center (R0). Here, we present an update on our first results, implementing a recent change in the knowledge about the Solar motion. It seems unavoidable that the IAU recommended values for R0 and Θ0 need a substantial revision. In particular the combination of 8.5 kpc and 220 km s–1 can be ruled out with high confidence. Combining the maser data with the distance to the Galactic center from stellar orbits and the proper motion of Sgr A* gives best values of R0 = 8.3 ± 0.23 kpc and Θ0 = 239 or 246±7 km s–1, for Solar motions of V⊙ = 12.23 and 5.25 km s–1, respectively. Finally, we give an outlook to future observations in the Bar and Spiral Structure Legacy (BeSSeL) survey (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Stellar forensics with the supernova‐GRB connection – Ludwig Biermann Award Lecture 2010
Authors: Modjaz M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractLong‐duration gamma‐ray bursts (GRBs) and type Ib/c supernovae (SNe Ib/c) are amongst nature's most magnificent explosions. While GRBs launch relativistic jets, SNe Ib/c are core‐collapse explosions whose progenitors have been stripped of their hydrogen and helium envelopes. Yet for over a decade, one of the key outstanding questions is what conditions lead to each kind of explosion in massive stars. Determining the fates of massive stars is not only a vibrant topic in itself, but also impacts using GRBs as star formation indicators over distances up to 13 billion light‐years and for mapping the chemical enrichment history of the universe. This article reviews a number of comprehensive observational studies that probe the progenitor environments, their metallicities and the explosion geometries of SN with and without GRBs, as well as the emerging field of SN environmental studies. Furthermore, it discusses SN2008D/XRT 080109 which was discovered serendipitously with the Swift satellite via its X‐ray emission from shock breakout and which generated great interest amongst both observers and theorists while illustrating a novel technique for stellar forensics. The article concludes with an outlook on how the most promising venues of research – with the many existing and upcoming large‐scale surveys such as PTF and LSST – will shed new light on the diverse deaths of massive stars (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Impact of accuracy and effort feedback and goals on adaptive decision behavior
Authors: Creyer Elizabeth H. , Bettman James R. , Payne John W. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of accuracy feedback, effort feedback, and emphasis on either a goal of maximizing accuracy relative to effort or minimizing effort relative to accuracy on decision processes. Feedback on the accuracy of decisions leads to more normative‐like processing of information and improved performance only in the most difficult problems, i.e., decisions with low dispersion in attribute weights. Explicit effort feedback has almost no impact on processing or performance. The impact of the goal manipulation on decision processes was found to be consistent with the shift in strategies predicted by an effort/accuracy model of strategy selection. In particular, a goal of emphasizing accuracy led to more normative‐like processing, while emphasis on effort led to less extensive, more selective, and more attribute‐based processing and poorer performance. These results provide perhaps the clearest evidence to date of the effect of goals on processing differences. Complex interactive relationships between types of feedback and goal structures suggest the need for additional study of feedback and goals on adaptive decision behavior.
Uncertainty and conflict: Combining conflict analysis and strategic choice
Authors: Bennett Peter , Cropper Steve 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis paper examines the presumptions behind, and methods within, two approaches toward the analysis of decision problems – Conflict Analysis and Strategic Choice. These offer complementary perspectives, based respectively on particular notions of conflict and uncertainty. It is suggested that these perspectives can usefully be combined in order to provide more effective ways of helping with complex decision problems, and some preliminary forms of decision model are proposed.
A Lens model analysis of covariation research
Authors: Lipe Marlys Gascho 
Published: June 2011

AbstractResearchers have obtained conflicting results regarding which of the four cells of a two‐by‐two information matrix affect covariation judgments. Here published covariation studies are used as data in a lens model study. Regression models were estimated for actual correlation and subjects' judged correlation, with the four cells used as independent variables in the models. It was concluded that all four cells affected covariation judgments in this meta‐analysis and that the complex Pearson's phi was well approximated by a linear model. Additionally, aggregated judgments of covariation matched phi better than they matched the linear model of phi. Additional analyses were conducted to test whether cell usage results differed when data sets with negative correlation were deleted (they did not), whether experimenter emphasis on cells affected subjects' use of cell data (it appears likely), and to test whether the match with Pearson's phi was an artifact of using aggregated data (it appears likely).
Murder and (of?) the likelihood principle: A Trialogue
Authors: Edwards Ward , Schum David A. , Winkler Robert L. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe Likelihood Principle of Bayesian inference asserts that only likelihoods matter to single‐stage inference. A likelihood is the probability of evidence given a hypothesis multiplied by a positive constant. The constant cancels out of simple versions of Bayes's Theorem, and so is irrelevant to single‐stage inferences.Most non‐statistical inferences require a multi‐stage path from evidence to hypotheses; testimony that an event occurred does not guarantee that in fact it did. Hierarchical Bayesian models explicate such cases. For such models, the Likelihood Principle applies to a collection of data elements treated as a single datum conditionally independent of other similar collections. It does not necessarily apply to a single data element taken alone. This has unfortunate implications; in particular, it does not permit the inputs to Bayesian arithmetic at all levels to be likelihood ratios.These issues are sorted out in the context of a trial in which one author is accused of murdering another, with the third as a key witness.
Decisional deprivation and its linkages: A Study of MBA program directors
Authors: Gomolka Eugene G. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis study extends previous research on decisional participation by including additional variables for consideration, and by focusing on another occupational group. Seven hypotheses were formulated to assess the linkages of variables to decisional deprivation. Results from a survey of 256 MBA Directors indicate that the extent of decisional deprivation was strongly related to affective responses and stress reactions; moderately related to demographic, job characteristic, and organizational characteristic variables; but not related to career plans.
Perceived control in a multistage decision task
Authors: Huber Oswald , Debeutz Andrea , Pratscher Judith , Quehenberger Ingrid 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis experiment investigates the influence of individual differences in perceived control on decision behavior in a multistage decision task. Forty subjects were asked to breed as many lizards of an endangered species as possible. The independent variable was the probability of winning (successful breeding): 1/2 and 2/3. The subject variable was the decision maker's perceived control. Because the task was new to the subjects, Rotter's concept of generalized locus of control was applicable. Persons with external locus of control (externals) expect mainly other forces (e.g. chance) to control the outcome of an action, whereas persons with internal locus (internals) attach responsibility to their own actions. Internals differed from externals on various dependent variables. In general, internals were more flexible and adaptive in their decision behavior, and bet higher stakes. Internal decision makers, however, were not more successful generally than external ones. Forty percent of them exterminated the lizards totally.
Wet‐chemical preparation of Ce3+‐activated K2LaX5 (X = Cl, Br or I) phosphors
Authors: Ingole D. K. , Joshi C. P. , Moharil S. V. , Muthal P. L. , Dhopte S. M. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTThere has been a renewed interest in Ce3+‐activated halide phosphors due to applications as scintillation detectors, especially for positron emission tomography. For K2LaCl5, the light yield increases and the energy resolution (FWHM) improves with increasing Ce3+ doping. K2LaX5 compounds are also important as laser hosts for the mid‐IR range. K2LaCl5:Nd crystals show bright mid‐IR luminescence, which makes them a candidate for IR laser materials. Efficient emission in the IR range has also been reported in K2LaCl5:U3+. A one‐step, wet chemical process for preparing Ce3+‐activated K2LaCl5 phosphor is described. Intense luminescence of Ce3+ can be observed in the as‐prepared powders without any heat treatment. The availability of such powders opens up several exciting possibilities, such as growing single crystals without going to the high temperatures required for melting the constituent chlorides, or even obtaining processed, transparent, Ce3+‐activated materials without taking recourse to crystal growth. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Folic acid fortification: Why not vitamin B12 also?
Authors: Selhub Jacob , Paul Ligi 
Published: June 2011

AbstractFolic acid fortification of cereal grains was introduced in many countries to prevent neural tube defect occurrence. The metabolism of folic acid and vitamin B12 intersect during the transfer of the methyl group from 5‐methyltetrahydrofolate to homocysteine catalyzed by B12‐dependent methioine synthase. Regeneration of tetrahydrofolate via this reaction makes it available for synthesis of nucleotide precursors. Thus either folate or vitamin B12 deficiency can result in impaired cell division and anemia. Exposure to extra folic acid through fortification may be detrimental to those with vitamin B12 deficiency. Among participants of National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey with low vitamin B12 status, high serum folate (>59 nmol/L) was associated with higher prevalence of anemia and cognitive impairment when compared with normal serum folate. We also observed an increase in the plasma concentrations of total homocysteine and methylmalonic acid (MMA), two functional indicators of vitamin B12 status, with increase in plasma folate under low vitamin B12 status. These data strongly imply that high plasma folate is associated with the exacerbation of both the biochemical and clinical status of vitamin B12 deficiency. Hence any food fortification policy that includes folic acid should also include vitamin B12.