bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Segmenting destinations: in the eyes of the stakeholders
Authors: Tkaczynski Aaron , Rundle‐Thiele Sharyn 
Published: August 2011

PurposeThis paper aims to recommend a two‐step approach to destination segmentation that incorporates the views both of multiple stakeholders and of tourists.Design/methodology/approachStep one applies a case study approach incorporating semi‐structured interviews with 13 destination stakeholders. Step two involves segmenting tourists to the destination based on a questionnaire survey developed from the semi‐structured interviews. The study compares and contrasts the result with the current DMO approach.FindingsThe two‐step approach produces three segments for the destination under study using four segmentation bases and ten variables. The DMO approach also utilizes all four segmentation bases but produces six segments with five different variables. The DMO approach captures fewer tourists visiting the destination.Research limitations/implicationsThis study considers one regional Australian destination. Future research is recommended in a range of alternative destinations to further understand the two‐step segmentation approach. It is recommended that the two‐step approach should be extended to destination branding and positioning.Originality valueSegmentation guides positioning and branding strategies and the proposed two‐step approach may assist destination stakeholders to reach more of the types of tourists who are likely to visit the destination.
Sustainable tourism certification and state capacity: keep it local, simple, and fuzzy
Authors: Bowman Kirk S. 
Published: August 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the state of sustainable tourism certification in developing countries and to present methodological and practical critiques and improvements.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses methodological refinements of fuzzy logic and comparative analysis based on fieldwork in seven countries.FindingsSustainable tourism programs should be locally designed with local logos, largely performance‐based, and aggregation should be based on fuzzy logic concepts of necessary and jointly sufficient attributes of sustainable tourism.Originality/valueThe paper uses political science concepts of state capacity and methodological advances of fuzzy logic to provide keys for successful sustainable tourism certification programs in developing countries.
Conceptualization and anatomy of green destination brands
Authors: Insch Andrea 
Published: August 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to extend the concept of green brands to destinations and to examine the application and limitations of green destination brands for nations adopting this positioning strategy.Design/methodology/approachThe paper identifies characteristics of green destination brands, drawing on established concepts in corporate branding, destination branding and green marketing. The paper demonstrates the application and limitations of the concept through an in‐depth case study analysis of New Zealand's destination brand to explain the possibilities and problems of building green destination brands at a national level.FindingsThe findings suggest that a holistic, strategic approach to building a green destination brand which emphasizes and qualifies the green essence of a nation's brand is required to avoid the pitfalls, cynicism and criticisms of greenwashing.Research limitations/implicationsThe research findings are embedded in the context studied – New Zealand's destination brand. Additional case studies at multiple levels – nations, regions, cities – would offer a rich database to gain a better understanding of the concept and the implications of green destination branding.Practical implicationsBarriers to executing a credible green destination brand position are identified and the implications for destination marketing organizations and their stakeholders are discussed.Originality/valueA conceptualization of green destination brands is provided and the application and limitations of the concept are demonstrated through an in‐depth case study of a nation that has adopted this positioning strategy. Rather than taking a snapshot research approach, a historical perspective enabled the development of the destination's brand positioning strategy to be captured.
Tourist‐created content: rethinking destination branding
Authors: María Munar Ana 
Published: August 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between tourists' user‐generated content on the web and destination branding, as well as to discuss the online strategies used by destination management organizations.Design/methodology/approachThe research adopts an exploratory study of social media sites and destination brands, relying on qualitative research methods, content analysis and field research.FindingsTourists are largely contributing to destination image formation, while avoiding the use of the formal elements of the brands. The most popular strategies used by destination management organizations exhibit some crucial weaknesses. However, a strategy based on analytics brings new opportunities for destination branding.Originality/valueThe study provides an innovative analysis of tourist‐created content and its impact on destination branding and presents a theoretical model of generic web‐based strategies.
Building from scratch a marketing services giant by acquisition
Authors: Ghobadian Abby , O'Regan Nicholas 
Published: August 2011

PurposeMergers and acquisitions are among the most intensely used strategic decisions. Yet research by both academics and consulting groups suggests that many mergers and acquisitions fail to add value. On the other hand there are many companies that successfully use mergers and acquisition to grow and add shareholder value. One such company is WPP. The aim of this paper is to explore why WPP has been successful in its acquisition strategy while so many other companies fail.Design/methodology/approachThe paper draws on documentary evidence and a semi‐structured interview with Sir Martin Sorrell – Chief Executive and founder of WPP.Research limitations/implicationsThe case study offers a unique insight into thinking of a successful acquirer and sheds light on how mergers and acquisitions are managed by WPP. However, because of its design the findings are not generalisable.Originality/valueThis case study sheds light on how mergers and acquisitions can be used to create a £9 billion company from a standing start. Furthermore, very few case studies offer insight into the thinking of entrepreneurial Chief Executives who established the business, grew it to become the largest and most profitable marketing services company in the world and engineered close to 300 acquisitions.
Cross‐border financial surveillance: a network perspective
Authors: Espinosa‐Vega Marco A. , Solé Juan 
Published: August 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to show how network analysis can be used for effective cross‐border financial surveillance, which requires the monitoring of direct and indirect systemic linkages.Design/methodology/approachThis paper illustrates how network analysis could make a significant contribution in this regard by simulating different credit and funding shocks to the banking systems of a number of selected countries. After that, the authors show that the inclusion of risk transfers could modify the risk profile of entire financial systems, and thus an enriched simulation algorithm able to account for risk transfers is proposed.FindingsFinally, the authors discuss how some of the limitations of the simulations are a reflection of existing information and data gaps, and thus view these shortcomings as a call to improve the collection and analysis of data on cross‐border financial exposures.Originality/valueThis paper is one of the very few to take a cross‐border perspective on financial networks. It is also unique in accounting for risk transfers and in proposing a methodology to include the analysis (and monitoring) of risk transfers into a network model.
Stock demand curves and TARP returns
Authors: Wilson Linus 
Published: August 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to determine if the US Treasury's at‐the‐market sales of 5.27 billion Citigroup shares in 2010 drove down the banks' share price. It attempts to use the evidence of Citigroup's stock returns to accept or reject competing hypotheses of larger stock sales.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses a geometric Brownian motion model to test if there were abnormal returns at various points in the US Treasury's highly publicized stock sale that lasted from 26 April to 6 December 2010.FindingsThere was a weakly significant drop in the stock price at the announcement of the sale and a weakly significant rise in the stock price just after it ended. This is evidence that the demand curve for the stock had a negative slope.Practical implicationsThe evidence from this study will influence policy makers and investors in the upcoming privatizations of large bailed‐out firms such as American International Group, Ally Financial, Chrysler, and General Motors. The evidence indicates that slow at‐the‐market sales may temporarily depress stock prices more than quicker, underwritten secondary offerings. Patient investors may experience modest abnormal returns from providing liquidity to the US Treasury as it privatizes its holdings.Originality/valueThis is the only paper to study the stock price impacts of the US Treasury's liquidation of its 27 percent stake in Citigroup in 2010. Because the stock sales were delegated to a third party and highly publicized, unlike most other large stock sales, the Citigroup privatization is an unprecedented opportunity to test if the demand curve for common stocks is perfectly elastic.
Ballarpur Industries Ltd: aligning marketing strategy in a turbulent environment
Authors: Thomas Joffi , Arora Ashok Pratap , Gupta Rajen K. 
Published: August 2011

Subject area
Transforming a production-oriented firm into a marketing-oriented firm; aligning marketing strategy of local companies in globalizing emerging markets; creating sustainable competitive advantage.

Student level/applicability
Post graduate management courses in marketing management, strategic marketing, international marketing, business strategy.

Case overview
This case is about how the leader in the Indian paper industry, Ballarpur Industries Ltd (BILT), is proactively transforming a production-oriented firm to a marketing-oriented firm to compete in the globalizing emerging market scenario, in the wake of economic liberalisation. It requires the participants to evaluate the impact of marketing initiatives made, and align BILT's marketing strategy to leverage it's strengths and help create sustainable competitive advantage.

Expected learning outcomes
To understand the need for local companies in emerging markets to proactively align marketing strategy to build competitive advantage in the globalizing industry.

Supplementary materials
Teaching notes.
Adult exposure influences offspring response to ocean acidification in oysters
Authors: Parker Laura M. , Ross Pauline M. , O'Connor Wayne A. , Borysko Larissa , Raftos David A. , Pörtner Hans‐Otto 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIt is essential to predict the impact of elevated Pco2 on marine organisms and habitats to anticipate the severity and consequences of future ocean chemistry change. Despite the importance of carry‐over effects in the evolutionary history of marine organisms, few studies have considered links between life‐history stages when determining how marine organisms will respond to elevated Pco2, and none have considered the link between adults and their offspring. Herein, we exposed adults of wild and selectively bred Sydney rock oysters, Saccostrea glomerata to elevated Pco2 during reproductive conditioning and measured the development, growth and survival response of their larvae. We found that elevated Pco2 had a negative impact on larvae of S. glomerata causing a reduction in growth, rate of development and survival. Exposing adults to elevated Pco2 during reproductive conditioning, however, had positive carry‐over effects on larvae. Larvae spawned from adults exposed to elevated Pco2 were larger and developed faster, but displayed similar survival compared with larvae spawned from adults exposed to ambient Pco2. Furthermore, selectively bred larvae of S. glomerata were more resilient to elevated Pco2 than wild larvae. Measurement of the standard metabolic rate (SMR) of adult S. glomerata showed that at ambient Pco2, SMR is increased in selectively bred compared with wild oysters and is further increased during exposure to elevated Pco2. This study suggests that sensitive marine organisms may have the capacity to acclimate or adapt to elevated Pco2 over the next century and a change in energy turnover indicated by SMR may be a key process involved.
Female plumage coloration is sensitive to the cost of reproduction. An experiment in blue tits
Authors: Doutrelant Claire , Grégoire Arnaud , Midamegbe Afiwa , Lambrechts Marcel , Perret Philippe 
Published: August 2011

Summary1.A growing number of studies suggest that female ornaments are linked to maternal quality and influence male mate choice. These findings challenge the traditional male‐biased view of sexual selection and the hypothesis that female ornaments are the outcome of a genetic correlation with male ornaments. To further test the hypothesis that female traits have a function, it is now essential to investigate their honesty and to determine how signalling and reproduction interact in females. If female traits are honest indicators of quality, then they are likely to have a specific signalling function.2.We investigated whether carry‐over effects of reproduction might ensure the honesty of plumage colour signalling of a bird species with conspicuous UV‐blue and yellow coloration, the blue titCyanistes caeruleus. Reproductive effort was manipulated by removing clutches, thereby forcing both sexes to reproduce twice and to raise chicks later in the breeding season when food is less abundant. In the year following this manipulation, we investigated the change in plumage in experimental and control males and females. The change was measured in the two putative feather ornaments, the UV‐blue cap and the yellow breast, and another feather trait probably less likely to be sexually selected: the wing length. We also tested whether higher‐quality females had their coloration less affected by the experiment.3.We found that control but not manipulated males and females increased their signal towards UV. In addition, in the manipulated group, females that were able to lay more eggs had their UV‐blue coloration less affected by the treatment. For yellow coloration, we found that manipulated yearlings but not manipulated adults decreased their yellow chroma in comparison with control. Lastly, our results show that the condition of the manipulated females tended to be positively correlated with yellow chroma.4.These results show that the trade‐offs between reproduction and signalling can ensure the honesty of conspicuous plumage traits in female and male blue tits. In addition, they suggest that female traits have the potential to evolve under sexual selection in this and other bird species.
The more stems the merrier: advantages of multi‐stemmed architecture for the demography of understorey trees in a temperate broadleaf woodland
Authors: Tanentzap Andrew J. , Mountford Edward P. , Cooke Arnold S. , Coomes David A. 
Published: August 2011

Summary1. Multi‐stemmed trees are an understudied but common component of temperate broadleaf forests that can provide insight into how plants persist and regenerate within communities. In particular, multi‐stemmed architecture may be an important trait for the growth and survival of trees in forest understoreys that have to cope with low light levels, but this idea has been rarely tested using long‐term individual‐level data.2. We use measurements of 8527 individual woody stems from 1985, 1996 and 2008 to model the growth, survival and recruitment of hazel (Corylus avellana) and hawthorn (Crataegus laevigata and C. monogyna) trees as a function of neighbourhood competition in the understorey of a minimum‐intervention, mixed‐ash woodland in England. We test the effects of browsing by deer (Muntiacus reevesi) on woodland dynamics by comparing demographic rates during a period of high deer densities (1985–1996) with rates recorded from 1996 to 2008, when sustained culling substantially reduced deer densities.3. Growth and survival of hazel and hawthorn trees increased with the number of stems they possessed, demonstrating clear benefits to multi‐stemmed architecture. Surviving trees continued to accumulate basal area and stems without any clear upper limit after 23 years. However, increasing numbers of stems generally reduced the growth and recruitment of stems within multi‐stemmed trees.4. Temporal differences in deer browsing appeared to influence the strength of intra‐specific (i.e. inter‐stem) competition and, consequently, the growth, survival and recruitment of multi‐stemmed trees. Most notably, stem survival declined with the number of stems in a tree only after deer culling, but not during a period of high deer densities, suggesting that intense deer browsing reduced resource competition among stems. Inter‐specific neighbourhood competition had no detectable effect on hazel or hawthorn demography.5.
Synthesis. Multi‐stemmed architecture is an advantageous trait for understorey trees in temperate woodlands relative to the allocation of resources towards the growth of a single stem. We suggest that the low light levels of forest understoreys favour ‘persistence’, through multi‐stemmed growth, rather than ‘regeneration’ niches (i.e. periodic recruitment through seed), with the advantage of this life‐history strategy influenced by herbivory and intra‐specific competition.
Can observers link dream content to behaviours in rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder? A cross‐sectional experimental pilot study
Authors: VALLI KATJA , FRAUSCHER BIRGIT , GSCHLIESSER VIOLA , WOLF ELISABETH , FALKENSTETTER TINA , SCHÖNWALD SUZANA V. , EHRMANN LAURA , ZANGERL ANJA , MARTI ISABELLE , BOESCH SYLVIA M. , REVONSUO ANTTI , POEWE WERNER , HÖGL BIRGIT 
Published: August 2011

SummaryMotor activity in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) has been linked to dream content. Systematic and controlled sleep laboratory studies directly assessing the relation between RBD behaviours and experienced dream content are, however, largely lacking. We aimed to investigate whether a link can be established between RBD behaviours and dream content when both are systematically sampled in a controlled setting. We investigated six patients with Parkinson syndrome and RBD who underwent 2–3 nights of video–polysomnographic recording during which they were awakened from REM sleep (10 min after the onset of the second and successive REM periods). Spontaneous free‐worded dream reports and a structured dream questionnaire were obtained. Video recordings of motor manifestations were each combined with four dream reports, and seven judges had to match the video clip with the correctly reported dream content from a choice of four possibilities. Of the 35 REM sleep awakenings performed, a total of 17 (48.6%) motor‐behavioural episodes with recalled dream content were obtained. The mean of correctly identified video‐dream pairs was 39.5% (range 0–100%). Our data showed that reported dream content can be linked to motor behaviours above chance level. Matching accuracy was affected mainly by the clarity of dream reports and the specific nature of movements manifest in video recordings.
Glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide: from pathophysiology to therapeutic opportunities in obesity‐associated disorders
Authors: Paschetta E. , Hvalryg M. , Musso G. 
Published: August 2011

SummaryGlucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is a hormone secreted from the intestinal K‐cells with established insulin‐releasing actions. However, the GIP receptor is widely distributed in peripheral organs, including the adipose tissue, gut, bone and brain, where GIP modulates energy intake, cell metabolism and proliferation, and lipid and glucose metabolism, eventually promoting lipid and glucose storage. In diabetes and obesity, the incretin effect of GIP is blunted, while the extrapancreatic tissues keep a normal sensitivity to this hormone. As GIP levels are normal or elevated in obesity and diabetes, mounting evidence from chemical or genetic GIP deletion in animal models of obesity‐related diabetes suggests that GIP may have a pro‐obesogenic action and that a strategy antagonizing GIP action may be beneficial in these conditions, clearing triglyceride deposits from adipose tissue, liver and muscle, and restoring normal insulin sensitivity. Emerging evidence also suggests that the metabolic benefits of bypass surgery are mediated, at least in part, by surgical removal of GIP‐secreting K‐cells in the upper small intestine.
Kynurenine metabolism predicts cognitive function in patients following cardiac bypass and thoracic surgery
Authors: Forrest Caroline M. , Mackay Gillian M. , Oxford Lynn , Millar Keith , Darlington L. Gail , Higgins Michael J. , Stone Trevor W. 
Published: August 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 119, 136–152.AbstractCardiac surgery involving extra‐corporeal circulation can lead to cognitive dysfunction. As such surgery is associated with signs of inflammation and pro‐inflammatory mediators activate tryptophan oxidation to neuroactive kynurenines which modulate NMDA receptor function and oxidative stress, we have measured blood concentrations of kynurenines and inflammatory markers in 28 patients undergoing coronary arterial graft surgery and, for comparison, 28 patients undergoing non‐bypass thoracic surgery. A battery of cognitive tests was completed before and after the operations. The results show increased levels of tryptophan with decreased levels of kynurenine, anthranilic acid and 3‐hydroxyanthranilic acid associated with bypass, and a later increase in kynurenic acid. Levels of neopterin and lipid peroxidation products rose after surgery in non‐bypass patients whereas tumour necrosis factor‐α and S100B levels increased after bypass. Changes of neopterin levels were greater after non‐bypass surgery. Cognitive testing showed that the levels of tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenic acid and the kynurenine/tryptophan ratio, correlated with aspects of post‐surgery cognitive function, and were significant predictors of cognitive performance in tasks sensitive to frontal executive function and memory. Thus, anaesthesia and major surgery are associated with inflammatory changes and alterations in tryptophan oxidative metabolism which predict, and may play a role in, post‐surgical cognitive function.