bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Translocator hunt comes full Cir‐Col
Authors: Kleanthous Colin 
Published: December 2009

SummaryThe ability of Escherichia coli to kill other E. coli using protein antibiotics known as colicins has been known for many years, but the mechanisms involved poorly understood. Recent progress has been rapid, however, particularly concerning events on either side of the outer membrane (OM). Structures of colicins bound to OM receptors have been determined and we have detailed mechanistic information on how colicins subvert the periplasmic complexes of TolQRAB/Pal or TonB/ExbB/ExbD to trigger cell entry. In this issue of Molecular Microbiology, Jakes and Finkelstein answer a long‐standing problem concerning the uptake mechanism of the pore‐forming colicin ColIa: How does the TonB box of the colicin cross the OM following high‐affinity binding of ColIa to its primary receptor, the siderophore transporter Cir? Through a series of chimeric protein constructions tested for their activity against a range of mutants and in cell death protection assays, the authors come up with the surprising observation that following binding of ColIa to Cir it recruits another Cir protein as its OM translocator. Not only does this settle various conundrums in the literature, but the translocation mechanism that stems from their study will likely be applicable to many TonB‐dependent colicins.
The Arabidopsis gene SIGMA FACTOR‐BINDING PROTEIN 1 plays a role in the salicylate‐ and jasmonate‐mediated defence responses
Authors: XIE Y.‐D. , LI W. , GUO D. , DONG J. , ZHANG Q. , FU Y. , REN D. , PENG M. , XIA Y. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTThe chloroplast‐localized SIB1 protein was previously identified by its interaction with SIGMA FACTOR 1 (SIG1), a component of the RNA polymerase machinery responsible for transcription of plastid genes. The physiological function of SIB1 is little known. We found that expression of SIB1 is induced by infection with Pseudomonas syringae, suggesting its possible involvement in the defence response. The sib1 loss‐of‐function mutation compromises induction of some defence‐related genes triggered by pathogen infection and the treatments with salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA), two key signalling molecules in the defence response. Conversely, constitutive over‐expression of SIB1 causes the plants to hyper‐activate defence‐related genes following pathogen infection or the SA and JA treatments, leading to enhanced resistance to infection by P. syringae. SIB1 is a member of the large plant‐specific VQ motif‐containing protein family, and might act as a link to connect defence signalling with chloroplast function.
Scanning electron microscopy and fungal culture of hoof horn from horses suffering from onychomycosis
Authors: Apprich Veronika , Spergser Joachim , Rosengarten Renate , Hinterhofer Christine , Stanek Christian 
Published: December 2009

AbstractHorn samples were taken from the hooves of eight horses with clinical signs of equine onychomycosis in at least one hoof capsule. None of the horses had a documented mycological history. The predominant alterations of the horn capsules were sand cracks, white line disease, brittleness (especially around the nail holes), parakeratosis and bruising. The horn samples were stored in sterile tubes for transportation and transferred onto Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and dermatophyte test agar for mycological examination within 6 h. Fungal cultures were incubated for 30 days at room temperature. Fungal identification was based on colonial morphology and microscopic examination of conidia. Horn samples were also stored at −80°C until used for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The fungal culture revealed that the hoof horn from all eight horses was infected with keratinophilic fungi. The keratinopathogenic fungiTrichophytonspp andScopulariopsis brevicauliswere also detected in six horses. SEM revealed severe alterations of the horn structure in horn samples infected with keratinopathogenic fungi compared to horn samples from a sound hoof. The most evident changes were deterioration of the tubular structure of the horn wall, disruption of the horny layers, superficial lysis of cornified cells and the presence of fungal elements. Samples without dermatophyte orScopulariopsisinfection, in contrast, were similar to healthy hoof horn.
Cold stress and acclimation – what is important for metabolic adjustment?
Authors: Janská A. , Maršík P. , Zelenková S. , Ovesná J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAs sessile organisms, plants are unable to escape from the many abiotic and biotic factors that cause a departure from optimal conditions of growth and development. Low temperature represents one of the most harmful abiotic stresses affecting temperate plants. These species have adapted to seasonal variations in temperature by adjusting their metabolism during autumn, increasing their content of a range of cryo‐protective compounds to maximise their cold tolerance. Some of these molecules are synthesised de novo. The down‐regulation of some gene products represents an additional important regulatory mechanism. Ways in which plants cope with cold stress are described, and the current state of the art with respect to both the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and crop plants in the area of gene expression and metabolic pathways during low‐temperature stress are discussed.
Second‐look endoscopy with thermal coagulation or injections for peptic ulcer bleeding: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Tsoi Kelvin KF , Chan Heyson CH , Chiu Philip WY , Pau Carol YY , Lau James YW , Sung Joseph J Y 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackground and Aims:  In the management of peptic ulcer bleeding, the benefits of second‐look endoscopic treatment with thermal coagulation or injections in controlling recurrent bleeding is unsure. This study set out to compare efficacy of routine second‐look endoscopy with treatment using either thermal coagulation or injections versus single endoscopy by pooling data from published work.Methods:  Full publications in the English‐language published work as well as abstracts in major international conferences were searched over the past 10 years, and six trials fulfilling the search criteria were found. Outcome measurements included: (i) recurrent bleeding; (ii) requirement of surgical intervention; and (iii) mortality. We examined heterogeneity of trials and pooled the effects by meta‐analysis. The quality of studies was graded according to the prospective randomization, methods of patient allocation, the list of exclusion criteria, outcome definitions and the predefined salvage procedures for uncontrolled bleeding.Results:  Among 998 patients recruited in these five randomized trials, 119 received routine second‐look endoscopy with thermal coagulation, and 374 received second‐look with endoscopic injection and 505 had single endoscopic therapy. Less recurrent bleeding was reported after thermal coagulation (4.2%) than single endoscopy (15.7%) (relative risk [RR] = 0.29; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.11–0.73), but no reduction was reported for the requirement of surgical intervention and all‐cause mortality. Injection therapy did not reduce re‐bleeding (17.6%) when compared to single endoscopy (20.8%; RR = 0.85; 95% CI = 0.63–1.14), requirement for surgery and mortality.Conclusion:  Routine second‐look endoscopy with thermal coagulation, but not injection therapy, reduced recurrent peptic ulcer bleeding. There is no proven benefit in reducing surgical intervention and overall mortality.
Qualitatively different modes of perirhinal–hippocampal engagement when rats explore novel vs. familiar objects as revealed by c‐Fos imaging
Authors: Albasser Mathieu M. , Poirier Guillaume L. , Aggleton John P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractExpression of the immediate‐early gene c‐fos was used to test for different patterns of temporal lobe interactions when rats explore either novel or familiar objects. A new behavioural test of recognition memory was first devised to generate robust levels of novelty discrimination and to provide a matched control condition using familiar objects. Increased c‐Fos activity was found in caudal but not rostral portions of the perirhinal cortex (areas 35/36) and in area Te2 in rats showing object recognition, i.e. preferential exploration of novel vs. familiar objects. The findings are presented at a higher anatomical resolution than previous studies of immediate‐early gene expression and object novelty and, crucially, provide the first analyses when animals are actively discriminating the novel objects. Novel vs. familiar object comparisons also revealed altered c‐Fos patterns in hippocampal subfields, with relative increases in CA3 and CA1 and decreases in the dentate gyrus. These hippocampal changes match those previously reported for the automatic coding of object–spatial associations. Additional analyses of the c‐Fos data using structural equation modelling indicated the presence of pathways starting in the caudal perirhinal cortex that display a direction of effects from the entorhinal cortex to the CA1 field (temporo‐ammonic) when presented with familiar objects, but switch to the engagement of the direct entorhinal cortex pathway to the dentate gyrus (perforant) with novel object discrimination. This entorhinal switch provides a potential route by which the rhinal cortex can moderate hippocampal processing, with a dynamic change from temporo‐ammonic (familiar stimuli) to perforant pathway (novel stimuli) influences.
Bending Modernity: Chairs, Psychoanalysis and the Rest of Culture
Authors: GAFIJCZUK DARIUSZ 
Published: December 2009

AbstractComing from the premise that in order to capture the social in action, we have to be able to re‐construct or re‐assemble reality through parallel histories, I propose to re‐examine the notion of modern subjective culture by focusing on a historically specific interaction of human and non‐human actors. The main vehicle of comparison utilized for this purpose is the cultural history of psychoanalysis and contemporary furniture design.Specifically, the bent‐wood furniture and its emblematic example, the Thonet chair, are used to recover a cultural history of design through bending. By cross‐referencing such design practice with the contemporaneous to it moment of psychoanalysis, I propose that the cultural logic of the fin de siècle, viewed through this particular configuration of the human and material cultures, rests on the practice of plasticity; a conditions which, since then, has become an indispensable component of modern individuality and its numerous identity “construction‐projects”.
Articulating Theories of States and State Formation
Authors: CARROLL PATRICK 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSome historical sociologists have, with some justification, described the development of the sub‐discipline in the language of three successive “waves.” This framing implies that each wave supercedes the other across time. Given that second and third waves map onto generational distinctions, the whole idea of waves has been met with consternation from second wavers who are not ready to be superseded. In addition, there is some debate, if not confusion, over the criteria that define the waves. In this paper I suggest that the language of successive waves frustrates the potential to articulate different approaches with the aim of a more comprehensive understanding of historical societies. This is particularly the case with our understanding of states and state formation, which is the focus here. Instead of the waves framing, I suggest a strategy for articulating research agendas on state formation by conceiving of such in terms of their “centers of gravity” (or COGs)1 rather than their boundaries. I pay particular attention to the body of work that can be said to have a concern with culture as its center of gravity, a body of work that while overlapping considerably is not co‐extensive with that identified as third wave. In this context I elaborate a broad conceptual architecture of culture, at the foundation of which is the distinction between meaning, practice, and materiality. This triangulated conceptualization of culture can, I argue, clarify some ambiguities in the literature and aid articulation of three COGs in state theory. In addition, I suggest that many questions taken to be theoretical are actually empirical. I conclude by briefly illustrating the approach in the case of science and modern state formation in Ireland.
Managing risk and vulnerability in Asia: A (re)study from Thailand, 1982–83 and 2008
Authors: Rigg Jonathan , Salamanca Albert 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn the 1980s, rural settlements in the Northeast of Thailand were farming focused, and strategies of living were structured around the need to secure subsistence in the face of a capricious environment and a weak developmental state. More than half of households in the region lived below the poverty line, and the immediate prospects for ‘development’ were not bright. Drawing on a 25‐year longitudinal study of two villages in Mahasarakham, the paper describes and reflects on how risk and vulnerability have been re‐shaped during a quarter of a century of profound economic and social change. From largely environmental and local, the pattern of risk and opportunity have become increasingly economic and non‐local as external events wash across the shores of rural settlements like Ban Non Tae and Ban Tha Song Korn.
Renewed authoritarianism in Southeast Asia: Undermining democracy through neoliberal reform
Authors: Springer Simon 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn the wake of the Asian Crisis, cases studies from Southeast Asia often reinforced the perception that neoliberalism is thriving in authoritarian states. Processes of intensive neoliberalisation in the region have now been ongoing for over a decade, yet attempts at democratic consolidation have been tenuous, fragile and incomplete at best, calling into question the supposed nexus between democracy and neoliberal reform. Accordingly, there is need for a moment of pause, to take stock of the neoliberalising process in the region, and importantly, to reframe the question and reflect on how and why authoritarianism is continuing to thrive in the neoliberalising Southeast Asian state.
Musical work in a university town: The shifting spaces and practices of DJs in Dunedin
Authors: McGregor Andrew , Gibson Chris 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIncreasing attention is being paid to how workers in the creative industries negotiate transitions from amateur to professional status and seek opportunities for work and spaces for expression that suit artistic desires. The settings have usually been large cities with populations that can support diverse and specialised audiences and subcultural scenes. In this paper, we discuss research where we participated in a music scene, and talked to dance music disc jockeys and venue owners in a small, regional university city – Dunedin. In Dunedin opportunities for musical work are comparatively plentiful but are constrained in a number of ways. Disc jockeys negotiate audience demands, distances from key musical centres and associated infrastructure, and the shifting venues available for performance. We emphasise the importance of an ethnographic perspective to the study of musical work that remains attuned to the manner in which urban spaces are created, transformed, challenged and remade in the musical nightlife economy.
Committing to regional cooperation: ASEAN, globalisation and the Shin Corporation – Temasek Holdings deal
Authors: Anwar Sajid , Doran Christine , Sam Choon Yin 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis paper investigates the relationship between regional and national identities in the age of globalisation, with particular reference to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). For members of ASEAN, economic integration is seen as a necessary step forward in order to (i) reduce reliance on Western countries during times of economic crisis and (ii) speed up the recovery process in the aftermath of a crisis. The concept of an ASEAN Economic Community represents a step towards achieving this goal. However, by means of a case study, this paper demonstrates that the idea of an ASEAN Economic Community does not yet have sufficiently solid foundations. Cracks appear when member states act in response to national interest. Given the frequency of friction between member nations, and the fact that ASEAN members are quite diverse in both economic and cultural respects, there is still much more to be done to realise the objective of forming an effective and credible regional economic group. In this paper some suggestions are offered that might assist with the achievement of this goal.
Homegardening as a panacea: A case study of South Tarawa
Authors: East Andrew J. , Dawes Les A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe Republic of Kiribati is a small, highly infertile Pacific Island nation and is one of the most challenging locations to attempt to support dense urban populations. Kiribati, like other nations in the Pacific, faces an urban future where food insecurity, unemployment, waste management and malnutrition will become increasing issues. Homegardening is suggested as one way to address many of these problems. However, the most recent study on agriculture production in urban centres in Kiribati shows that, in general, intensive cultivation of homegardens is not a common practice. This disparity between theory and practice creates an opportunity to re‐examine homegardening in Kiribati and, more broadly, in the Pacific. This paper examines the practice of homegardening in urban centres in Kiribati and explores reasons why change has or has not occurred through interviews with homegardeners and government/donor representatives. Results show that homegardening has increased significantly in the past five years, largely because of the promotion of homegardens and organic composting systems by donor organisations. While findings further endorse homegardening as an excellent theoretical solution to many of the problems that confront urban settlements in Kiribati and the Pacific, it raises additional questions regarding the continuation of homegarden schemes beyond donor support programmes.
Resources, population and migration in the Pacific: Connecting islands and rim
Authors: Opeskin Brian , MacDermott Therese 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis article examines international migration in the Pacific and argues that there should be still greater opportunities for the people of Pacific countries to migrate between their home states and the developed states of the Pacific Rim. The case for borders that are more permeable to human migration is based in part on the common Pacific predicament of poor resource endowments, rapidly growing populations, depletion and degradation of existing resources, and threats posed by anthropogenic climate change. Coupled with this is a history of colonisation that has left some Pacific peoples with liberal access to economic opportunities in developed states by virtue of their citizenship or preferential visa status, while others have no such opportunities. Both New Zealand and the United States have been reasonably generous in facilitating migration from Polynesia and Micronesia. It is Australia that stands out as the Pacific neighbour with the greatest capacity to develop new migration streams. The seasonal worker scheme announced by the Australian Government in August 2008 takes a cautious but valuable step along this path, yet there is scope for further expanding Pacific access by broadening the geographical, temporal and material scope of existing migration arrangements.
Severe childhood encephalopathy with dyskinesia and prolonged cognitive disturbances: evidence for anti‐N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor encephalitis
Authors: POLONI CLAUDIA , KORFF CHRISTIAN M , RICOTTI VALERIA , KING MARY D , PEREZ ELIANE ROULET , MAYOR‐DUBOIS CLAIRE , HAENGGELI CHARLES‐ANTOINE , DEONNA THIERRY 
Published: December 2009

Aim We report four cases of acquired severe encephalopathy with massive hyperkinesia, marked neurological and cognitive regression, sleep disturbance, prolonged mutism, and a remarkably delayed recovery (time to full recovery between 5 and 18mo) with an overall good outcome, and its association with anti‐N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (anti‐NMDA) receptor antibodies.Method We reviewed the four cases retrospectively and we also reviewed the literature.Results Anti‐NMDA receptor antibodies (without ovarian teratoma detected so far) were found in the two children tested in this study.Interpretation The clinical features are similar to those first reported in 1992 by Sebire et al.,1and rarely recognized since. Sleep disturbance was not emphasized as part of the disorder, but appears to be an important feature, whereas coma is less certain and difficult to evaluate in this setting. The combination of symptoms, evolution (mainly seizures at onset), severity, paucity of abnormal laboratory findings, very slow recovery, and difficult management justify its recognition as a specific entity. The neuropathological substrate may be anatomically close to that involved in encephalitis lethargica, in which the same target functions (sleep and movement) are affected but in reverse, with hypersomnolence and bradykinesia. This syndrome closely resembles anti‐NMDA receptor encephalitis, which has been reported in adults and is often paraneoplastic.
Lack of association between schizophrenia and polymorphisms in dopamine metabolism and transport genes
Authors: Álvarez Santi , Mas Sergi , Gassó Patricia , Bernardo Miquel , Parellada Eduard , Lafuente Amalia 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe investigated the relationship between several functional polymorphisms in genes coding for dopamine metabolism and transport enzymes (MAO‐A VNTR; MAO‐A 941T>G; DAT VNTR; DAT ‐67A/T; CYP2D6*3; CYP2D6*4; CYP2D6*5; CYP2D6*6) and the frequency of schizophrenia. Participants in the study were 242 subjects diagnosed with schizophrenia and related disorders and 290 hospital‐based controls. Genomic DNA was isolated from whole blood and genotyped by several methods. However, there was no association between schizophrenia and the alleles, genotypes or diplotypes that were studied or their interactions. Polymorphisms in genes coding for dopamine metabolism and transport enzymes did not predispose to or protect from schizophrenia and related disorders.
Human microvascular imaging: a review of skin and tongue videomicroscopy techniques and analysing variables
Authors: Awan Z. A. , Wester T. , Kvernebo K. 
Published: December 2009

SummaryImaging techniques are increasingly important in clinical diagnostic work. Microcirculation is essential for function and survival of all tissues, but imaging techniques for microvascular monitoring of patients have only been used to a limited extent in clinical practice. The microcirculation is complex with its static and dynamic feature, and only skin and oral mucosa are readily accessible for microscopic examination. In addition, there is a no general agreement on which microvascular parameters and analysing techniques that could be useful. The aim of this article is to give an overview of techniques for human intra‐vital microscopy and to describe software and variables used to analyse pictures and film sequences of human microcirculation. We also present clinical examples where microvascular examinations have been shown to be of diagnostic value. Improved techniques for assessing microvascular morphology and physiology will probably become important tools in clinical work in many disciplines in the near future.