bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Equity or Debt Financing: Does Good Corporate Governance Matter?
Authors: Mande Vivek , Park Young K. , Son Myungsoo 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTManuscript Type: EmpiricalResearch Question/Issue: We examine whether corporate governance plays a role in influencing a firm's choice of financing, i.e., equity versus debt. We hypothesize that the likelihood of equity financing increases with governance because of a reduction in agency costs between investors and managers in these firms. While the reduction in agency costs occurs for both equity and debt financing, we argue that there is a more significant effect on equity financing.Research Findings/Insights: Using a sample of over 2,000 US equity and debt issuances over the period 1998 to 2006, we find that our measures of corporate governance effectiveness have a positive impact on the likelihood of choosing equity compared to debt. This association is more pronounced in small firms where information asymmetry is higher between managers and investors.Theoretical/Academic Implications: Our findings refine and extend the pecking order hypothesis, which suggests that firms will issue equity as their last resort because of the high information asymmetry associated with equity financing. We provide some of the first evidence that the pecking order hypothesis can be mitigated by corporate governance. Specifically, we find that the likelihood of issuing equity increases as governance increases. Further, we find that where agency costs due to information asymmetry are greater, the positive impact of governance on the likelihood of equity financing is also greater. That is, in support of agency cost theory, we find that firms facing high agency costs benefit the most from investing in corporate governance mechanisms that lower the agency costs. We are not aware of any prior study, published or unpublished, that has documented this result.Practitioner/Policy Implications: From a practical perspective, our study suggests that firms wishing to access equity capital markets should pay attention to their corporate governance. Specifically, by investing in corporate governance systems, firms facing high agency costs may be able to obtain easier access to not just debt but also equity markets. From a practice standpoint, in the years prior to securing financing, firms should consider making improvements to their governance (e.g., changes to board structure and/or auditor), carefully weighing the costs of making these improvements against the benefits of securing better and cheaper access to equity markets.
Higher Education as a System: The English Experience
Authors: Filippakou Ourania , Salter Brian , Tapper Ted 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWith particular, although not exclusive, reference to England, this article explores the appropriateness of describing higher education as a system. It has two main purposes: to explore the grounds for labelling English higher education as a system and to argue that, because this is no longer an appropriate label, a different conceptualisation is required. The central argument is that the structure of higher education is formed through the interaction of the state, market and higher education institutions and is, therefore, a shifting political construct. Furthermore, it will be hypothesised that the English (indeed, the British) model of higher education is better described as an increasingly internally differentiated network of sectors rather than as a system.
A combined approach in characterization of an effective w/o hand cream: the influence of emollient on textural, sensorial and in vivo skin performance
Authors: Lukic M. , Jaksic I. , Krstonosic V. , Cekic N. , Savic S. 
Published: November 2011

SynopsisTo formulate a consumer‐acceptable cosmetic product, numerous demands have to be fulfilled, and as the most important, efficacy (both real and perceived), adequate aesthetic (visual perception) and all sensorial characteristics have to be achieved. In this study, four model water‐in‐oil creams intended for hand care, varying in one emollient component, were submitted to rheological, sensory and textural characterization, and their efficacy was evaluated in in vivo study on human volunteers. Our results indicate that certain alteration restricted to the oil phase induced a change in all investigated characteristics, showing that each instrumental measurement can be used as a sensitive tool in the characterization of cream samples. Regarding the correlation between physical measurements and certain sensory attributes, it is possible to formulate a product with specific sensory characteristics by using pre‐defined rheological or textural parameters. To obtain a complete sensory profile of a cosmetic product, a detailed sensory evaluation should be carried out according to the existing standard practices, which are both time‐ and money‐consuming. However, a modified sensory study could be useful for fast in‐line screening along with instrumental characterization of a novel cosmetic emulsion product and could be particularly helpful in the process of distinguishing a single formulation from several differing in one component.
Factors influencing degradation of DNA and hormones in maned wolf scat
Authors: Vynne C. , Baker M. R. , Breuer Z. K. , Wasser S. K. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe ability to noninvasively detect the presence of species and assess physiological health by DNA and hormone analysis makes scat a valuable tool for ecology and conservation. We assessed factors associated with DNA and hormone degradation in a four‐season study that employed detection dogs to collect scats from maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) in the Brazilian Cerrado, a tropical savanna landscape mosaic. Fecal DNA sample viability was assessed by attempting polymerase chain reaction amplification of a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) locus (∼ 246 bp) and a nuclear DNA zinc finger protein gene (∼ 195 bp). We assessed how extraction method, environmental exposure, and amount of odor, moisture and diet items in the sample influenced DNA amplification and allelic dropout rates. Samples that amplified mtDNA were assayed for glucocorticoids and thyroid hormone. Amount of odor and moisture (indicating freshness) predicted mtDNA amplification success, as well as mean hormone levels. While factors related to sample condition were negatively correlated with lower mean hormone levels, samples comprised mainly of fruit had higher levels of glucocorticoids and lower levels of thyroid hormone, and we thus interpret this result as biologically meaningful. In summary, DNA and hormone degradation are predicted by measures of sample freshness, making the assessment of sample quality an important criterion for sample collection as well to manage measurement error in analyses of hormone concentration associated with environmental disturbance.
Burning Mouth Syndrome: A Therapeutic Approach Involving Mechanical Salivary Stimulation
Authors: de Souza Fabrício T. A. , Amaral Tânia M. P. , dos Santos Tálita P. M. , Abdo Evandro N. , Aguiar Maria C. F. , Teixeira Antônio L. , Kummer Arthur M. , Abreu Mauro H. N. G. , Silva Tarcília A. 
Published: November 2011

Objective.— The study aimed to evaluate the effects of salivary stimulation therapy on the salivary flow, quality of saliva, and symptoms in patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS).Background.— BMS is a chronic disorder characterized by a burning sensation. Some reports have proposed a role for saliva in the pathogenesis of BMS.Methods.— Twenty‐six BMS patients underwent treatment with salivary mechanical stimulation. Resting and stimulated saliva were collected before and after therapy. Salivary levels of total protein, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor, interleukin‐10, tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐6, and nerve growth factor were assessed before and 90 days after therapy by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.Results.— A significant reduction in the burning sensation and number of burning sites as well as an improvement of taste disturbances and xerostomia were observed after therapy. The salivary flow was not significantly modified. However, the therapy resulted in a significant decrease in salivary levels of total protein and an increase of tumor necrosis factor‐α.Conclusion.— Salivary mechanical stimulation therapy is effective in reducing clinical symptoms of BMS.
Effects of long‐term antiepileptic drug monotherapy on vascular risk factors and atherosclerosis
Authors: Chuang Yao‐Chung , Chuang Hung‐Yi , Lin Tsu‐Kung , Chang Chiung‐Chih , Lu Cheng‐Hsien , Chang Wen‐Neng , Chen Shang‐Der , Tan Teng‐Yeow , Huang Chi‐Ren , Chan Samuel H. H. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryPurpose:  Long‐term therapy with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) has been associated with metabolic consequences that lead to an increase in risk of atherosclerosis in patients with epilepsy. We compared the long‐term effects of monotherapy using different categories of AEDs on markers of vascular risk and the atherosclerotic process.Methods:  One hundred sixty adult patients who were receiving AED monotherapy, including two enzyme‐inducers (carbamazepine, CBZ; and phenytoin, PHT), an enzyme‐inhibitor (valproic acid, VPA), and a noninducer (lamotrigine, LTG) for more than 2 years, and 60 controls were enrolled in this study. All study participants received measurement of common carotid artery (CCA) intima media thickness (IMT) by B‐mode ultrasonography to assess the extent of atherosclerosis. Other measurements included body mass index, and serum lipid profile or levels of total homocysteine (tHcy), folate, uric acid, fasting blood sugar, high sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP), or thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS).Key Findings:  Long‐term monotherapy with older‐generation AEDs, including CBZ, PHT, and VPA, caused significantly increased CCA IMT in patients with epilepsy. After adjustment for the confounding effects of age and gender, the CCA IMT was found to be positively correlated with the duration of AED therapy. Patients with epilepsy who were taking enzyme‐inducing AED monotherapy (CBZ, PHT) manifested disturbances of cholesterol, tHcy or folate metabolism, and elevation of the inflammation marker, hs‐CRP. On the other hand, patients on enzyme‐inhibiting AED monotherapy (VPA) exhibited an increase in the levels of uric acid and tHcy, and elevation of the oxidative marker, TBARS. However, no significant alterations in the markers of vascular risk or CCA IMT were observed in patients who received long‐term LTG monotherapy.Significance:  Patients with epilepsy who were receiving long‐term monotherapy with CBZ, PHT, or VPA exhibited altered circulatory markers of vascular risk that may contribute to the acceleration of the atherosclerotic process, which is significantly associated the duration of AED monotherapy. This information offers a guide for the choice of drug in patients with epilepsy who require long‐term AED therapy, particularly in aged and high‐risk individuals.
The Legacy of Minimum Legal Drinking Age Law Changes: Long‐Term Effects on Suicide and Homicide Deaths Among Women
Authors: Grucza Richard A. , Hipp Pamela R. , Norberg Karen E. , Rundell Laura , Evanoff Anastasia , Cavazos‐Rehg Patricia , Bierut Laura J. 
Published: November 2011

Background:  Prior to the establishment of the uniform drinking age of 21 in the United States, many states permitted legal purchase of alcohol at younger ages. Lower drinking ages were associated with several adverse outcomes, including elevated rates of suicide and homicide among youth. The objective of this study is to examine whether individuals who were legally permitted to drink prior to age 21 remained at elevated risk in adulthood.
Methods:  Analysis of data from the U.S. Multiple Cause of Death files, 1990 to 2004, combined with data on the living population from the U.S. Census and American Community Survey. The assembled data contained records on over 200,000 suicides and 130,000 homicides for individuals born between 1949 and 1972, the years during which the drinking age was in flux. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate whether adults who were legally permitted to drink prior to age 21 were at elevated risk for death by these causes. A quasi‐experimental analytical approach was employed, which incorporated state and birth‐year fixed effects to account for unobserved covariates associated with policy exposure.Results:  In the population as a whole, we found no association between minimum drinking age and homicide or suicide. However, significant policy‐by‐sex interactions were observed for both outcomes, such that women exposed to permissive drinking age laws were at higher risk for both suicide (OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.18, p = 0.0003) and homicide (OR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.25, p = 0.0028). Effect sizes were stronger for the portion of the cohort born after 1960, whereas no significant effects were observed for women born prior to 1960.
Conclusions:  Lower drinking ages may result in persistent elevated risk for suicide and homicide among women born after 1960. The national drinking age of 21 may be preventing about 600 suicides and 600 homicides annually.
How Do I Code for Black Fingernail Polish? Finding the Missing Adolescent in Managed Mental Health Care
Authors: Lester Rebecca J. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn this article, I examine clinical dilemmas in treating adolescents with eating disorders under theU.S. managed healthcare system. Managed care is built on a rational choice model of human behavior with little room for considering developmental processes. In this model, adolescents figure as little more than failed adults. This poses significant problems: if treatment providers prioritize developmental issues over quantifiable behavioral milestones, they risk jeopardizing continued coverage for their clients. If they prioritize quantifiable behavioral change without attending to underlying developmental concerns, they risk not affecting lasting change. Through a case study of a client in treatment for an eating disorder, I illustrate how this dilemma frames everyday encounters and negatively impacts client care, while at the same time missing developmentally meaningful opportunities for healing. An outline for a proposed applied psychiatric anthropology is presented, together with specific recommendations for adolescent mental health policy, research, and practice.
Commentary: Toward Collaboration and Case Management in College Mental Health
Authors: Heitzmann Dennis 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn response to the challenges posited by Eileen P. Anderson‐Fye and Jerry Floersch in their article on college student mental health, a psychologist and counseling center director reflects on the implications for university counseling and psychological service centers. Among other things, issues related to high‐risk students, the developmental barriers to help‐seeking behavior, the increasing utilization of psychotropic medications, and the broadening mandate of campus mental health providers are addressed. Finally, interdisciplinary collaboration in service to university students is encouraged.
The importance of stromal inflammation in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue
Authors: Lundqvist Lotta , Stenlund Hans , Laurell Göran , Nylander Karin 
Published: November 2011

J Oral Pathol Med (2012) 41: 379–383Background:  Histological risk assessment evaluating worst pattern of tumour invasion (WPOI), and lymphocytic response (LR), has previously been shown to be of prognostic significance in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (SCCHN). SCCHN is a heterogeneous group of tumours including tumours located in the oral cavity, of which the majority is located in the tongue.Methods:  Haematoxylin/eosin–stained slides from diagnostic biopsies from 94 cases of SCC on the tongue were evaluated for WPOI and LR. Within the inflammatory infiltrate, the percentage of eosinophilic granulocytes was also estimated. Results were correlated with clinical data such as response to treatment and recurrence.Results:  For WPOI the majority of patients, 84%, showed small invasive tumours islands with a size <15 cells (grade 4). No correlation with survival, response to treatment or recurrence was seen for WPOI. More than half of the patients showed a dense lymphocytic infiltrate, a factor that was significantly correlated with complete response to radio therapy. Of the patients with dense lymphoid infiltrate, the majority, 63%, did not either have a recurrence. No significant correlation with recurrence, response to treatment or any other factor was seen for presence of eosinophils.Conclusions:  Data clearly showed that tongue tumours have a split invasive growth pattern and an intense inflammatory response at the tumour interface. Results also indicated that evaluation of the intensity of the inflammatory infiltrate at the tumour interface in tongue SCC could provide information of potential importance for choice of treatment and prognosis.
Local Group progenitors: Lyman Alpha bright?
Authors: Dayal Pratika , Libeskind Noam I. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
We present a novel approach of identifying the Milky Way (MW) and Andromeda (M31) progenitors that could be visible as Lyman Alpha emitters (LAEs) at z ∼ 6: we couple a snapshot from the Constrained Local UniversE Simulations (CLUES) project, which successfully reproduces the MW and M31 galaxies situated in their correct environment, to a LAE model. Exploring intergalactic medium (IGM) ionization states ranging from an almost neutral to a fully ionized one, we find that including (excluding) the effects of clustered sources the first Local Group progenitor appears as a LAE for a neutral hydrogen fraction . This number increases to five progenitors each of the MW and M31 being visible as LAEs for ; the contribution from clustered sources is crucial in making many of the progenitors visible in the Lyα for all the ionization states considered. The stellar mass of the Local Group LAEs ranges between 107.2 and 108 M⊙, the dust mass is between 104.6 and 105.1 M⊙ and the colour excess E(B−V) = 0.03–0.048. We find that the number density of these LAEs is higher than that of general field LAEs (observed in cosmological volumes) by about two (one) orders of magnitude for . Detections of such high LAE number densities at z ∼ 6 would be a clear signature of an overdense region that could evolve and resemble the Local Group volume at z = 0.
In vitro comparison of three suture techniques for anastomosis of the equine small intestine
Authors: AULETTA L. , LAMAGNA F. , UCCELLO V. , LAMAGNA B. , PASOLINI M. P. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryReasons for performing study: The equine small intestine can be affected by a variety of disorders that may require some form of bypass or anastomosis. Many suture patterns have been used in equine anastomoses to minimise post operative complications, which include leakage from the anastomosis site, stenosis and adhesions. Because of the critical condition of horses undergoing colic surgery, it is imperative this is performed as quickly as possible.Objectives: To evaluate, in vitro, differences in the time of execution and leakage pressure between the Lembert single layer, Gambee and Lembert double layer suture patterns for intestinal anastomosis in the horse and correlate the time taken to complete the anastomosis and hemicircumference of the anastomotic siteMethods: Small intestinal loops were anastomosed with one of the 3 suture patterns. The intestines, immersed in polyionic solution, were insufflated via a flexible rubber hose, connected to a sphygmomanometer bulb, inserted into the lumen at one end and fixed at 25 cm from the anastomosis site with a locking clip. A tube fixed in the same manner at the other end, connected to a pressure gauge, was used to evaluate the pressure at which leakage from the anastomosis site, revealed by the presence of bubbles, was present.Results: The time spent in the execution of the Lembert single layer was significantly less than that for both Gambee and Lembert double layer. The leakage pressure of Lembert single layer was significantly higher than that recorded for both Gambee and Lembert double layerConclusions and potential relevance: This study shows that the continuous Lembert single layer pattern takes less time to execute and fails at higher pressures than the Lembert double layer or Gambee patterns.
Teaching Therapeutic Assessment for self‐harm in adolescents: Training outcomes
Authors: Ougrin Dennis , Zundel Tobias , Ng Audrey V. , Habel Batsheva , Latif Saqib 
Published: November 2011

Objectives. To describe the teaching programme of Therapeutic Assessment (TA), a brief intervention at the point of initial assessment for adolescents with self‐harm; to describe trainees’ preferences and choices regarding their use of specific aspects of TA.Design. This is a comparative study investigating the differences in the TA skills before and after training. This design was chosen to establish whether or not TA training is efficacious.Methods. Twenty‐four clinicians volunteered to participate in five half‐day TA training sessions. Their scores on the Therapeutic Assessment Quality Assurance Tool (TAQAT, primary outcome measure) were compared before and after training. Satisfaction with training and therapeutic strategy choices as well as ability to perform TA in an RCT were investigated.Results. Clinicians who participated in TA training had significantly increased scores on TAQAT after training. The clinicians who achieved the required quality of TA post assessments were likely to be able to carry out TA in an RCT with high fidelity. In addition, prior to training, significant differences in the quality of assessments as measured by TAQAT were identified depending on the experience of the clinician. This discrepancy was no longer present post training. Therapeutic strategy based on solution‐focused brief therapy (SFBT) was the option of choice post training.Conclusions. TA training is feasible and associated with improved quality of self‐harm assessment.Practitioner points

TA is a brief intervention associated with improved treatment engagement.

TA training is feasible and is associated with improved quality of self‐harm assessment.

SFBT‐based exit is the most commonly used strategy in TA.
Regulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase Genes by E2F Transcription Factors: Rb–Raf-1 Interaction as a Novel Target for Metastatic Disease
Authors: Johnson Jackie L. , Pillai Smitha , Pernazza Danielle , Sebti Saïd M. , Lawrence Nicholas J. , Chellappan Srikumar P. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The retinoblastoma (Rb)–E2F transcriptional regulatory pathway plays a major role in cell-cycle regulation, but its role in invasion and metastasis is less well understood. We find that many genes involved in the invasion of cancer cells, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), have potential E2F-binding sites in their promoters. E2F-binding sites were predicted on all 23 human MMP gene promoters, many of which harbored multiple E2F-binding sites. Studies presented here show that MMP genes such as MMP9, MMP14, and MMP15 which are overexpressed in non–small cell lung cancer, have multiple E2F-binding sites and are regulated by the Rb–E2F pathway. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed the association of E2F1 with the MMP9, MMP14, and MMP15 promoters, and transient transfection experiments showed that these promoters are E2F responsive. Correspondingly, depletion of E2F family members by RNA interference techniques reduced the expression of these genes with a corresponding reduction in collagen degradation activity. Furthermore, activating Rb by inhibiting the interaction of Raf-1 with Rb by using the Rb–Raf-1 disruptor RRD-251 was sufficient to inhibit MMP transcription. This led to reduced invasion and migration of cancer cells in vitro and metastatic foci development in a tail vein lung metastasis model in mice. These results suggest that E2F transcription factors may play a role in promoting metastasis through regulation of MMP genes and that targeting the Rb–Raf-1 interaction is a promising approach for the treatment of metastatic disease. Cancer Res; 72(2); 516–26. ©2011 AACR.