bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phase III Trial of Bevacizumab in Combination With Gemcitabine and Erlotinib in Patients With Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Van Cutsem Eric , Vervenne Walter L. , Bennouna Jaafar , Humblet Yves , Gill Sharlene , Van Laethem Jean-Luc , Verslype Chris , Scheithauer Werner , Shang Aijing , Cosaert Jan , Moore Malcolm J. 
Published: March 2009

Purpose Treatment with gemcitabine provides modest benefits in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer. The addition of erlotinib to gemcitabine shows a small but significant improvement in overall survival (OS) versus gemcitabine alone. Phase II results for bevacizumab plus gemcitabine provided the rationale for a phase III trial of gemcitabine-erlotinib plus bevacizumab or placebo. Patients and Methods Patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma were randomly assigned to receive gemcitabine (1,000 mg/m2/week), erlotinib (100 mg/day), and bevacizumab (5 mg/kg every 2 weeks) or gemcitabine, erlotinib, and placebo in this double-blind, phase III trial. Primary end point was OS; secondary end points included progression-free survival (PFS), disease control rate, and safety. Results A total of 301 patients were randomly assigned to the placebo group and 306 to the bevacizumab group. Median OS was 7.1 and 6.0 months in the bevacizumab and placebo arms, respectively (hazard ratio [HR], 0.89; 95% CI, 0.74 to 1.07; P = .2087); this difference was not statistically significant. Adding bevacizumab to gemcitabine-erlotinib significantly improved PFS (HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.61 to 0.86; P = .0002). Treatment with bevacizumab plus gemcitabine-erlotinib was well tolerated: safety data did not differ from previously described safety profiles for individual drugs. Conclusion The primary objective was not met. The addition of bevacizumab to gemcitabine-erlotinib did not lead to a statistically significant improvement in OS in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer. PFS, however, was significantly longer in the bevacizumab group compared with placebo. No unexpected safety events were observed from adding bevacizumab to gemcitabine-erlotinib.
Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance Technique to Monitor External Polymeric Pipeline Coatings
Authors: Papavinasam Sankara , Attard Michael , Revie R. Winston 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance (EQCM) can be used to monitor changes in several material properties, including mass, electrochemical, viscosity, adsorption, and deposition. In this paper, EQCM was evaluated to determine if it can monitor changes to the metal-coating interface well before any visible/physical changes to the coating. Modified cathodic disbondment (CD) experiments were carried out over a period of 14 months on 13 coatings used to protect the external surfaces of oil and gas pipelines. During the experiments, EQCM measurements were recorded by placing the quartz crystal at the coating-steel interface. After the experiments, the CD area was measured and compared with the EQCM measurements. Of the 117 panels of 13 different pipeline coatings tested, for 67 % of coatings EQCM correctly predicted the coating performance. Twenty-five percent of coatings performed better than that predicted from EQCM data. Only for 8 % of coatings EQCM measurements predicted better performance but the coatings disbonded during CD area measurement. Based on these observations it was concluded that microscopic changes to the metal-coating interface could be assessed from oscillation frequency of the EQCM crystal placed at the metal-coating interface. However, in order to obtain useful information, extreme care should be exercised in placing the fragile EQCM crystal at the metal-coating interface.
Developments in Softwood Plywood Design and Construction
Authors: Countryman D 
Published: March 2009

Developments within the softwood plywood industry which have affected applications of plywood in construction are reviewed. These include the activities of industry, through the Douglas Fir Plywood Assn., in developing quality standards. They also include the program of testing and research on design methods and structural applications carried on by the plywood industry and by the United States Forest Products Laboratory.
Available design procedures are mentioned and the development of working stresses traced. Application of these working stresses is outlined, using approximate design methods for tension, compression, flexure, and shear.
Common structural applications and construction practice are discussed for wall, roof, and floor sheathing, exterior applications, concrete forms, and overlaid plywood. Special structural applications for which plywood is commonly used are also listed, including shear diaphragms, built-up plywood beams, gusset plates for trusses and rigid frames, and stressed-skin panels. Several experimental types of roof structures are also mentioned, including hipped-plates, hyperbolic paraboloids, and elastic arches.
It is concluded that the availability of technical information and the development of adequate quality standards within the past two decades have contributed substantially to the acceptance of plywood as a construction material.
The Mechanics of Fine Sieving
Authors: Whitby KT 
Published: March 2009

It has been found for the nonsteady state conditions existing during test sieving on such machines as the standard Rotap sifter that the mechanism of sieving can be divided into two distinctly different regions with a transition region between.
Region 1 exists where there are many particles much less than the mesh size still on the sieve. An equation relating major sieving variables such as mesh size, particle size distribution, sieve loading, etc., was developed from experiments using four typical materials.
As particles much less than the mesh size are removed the mechanism changes and region 2 sieving begins. In region 2 all particles much less than the mesh size have been eliminated from the residue, and the particles remaining that can pass the sieve are very near mesh size. The cumulative percentage passing the sieve has been found to follow the log-normal law in region 2. From this fact an equation relating the major sieving variables in region 2 has been derived analytically and proven experimentally.
Using the laws developed for regions 1 and 2, the effects of material, sieve load, sieve motion, relative humidity and sieve material were investigated to a limited extent. These laws were also extended analytically to steady state sieving.
It is believed that the proposed sieving laws represent the best fit over the broadest range of conditions of any sieving laws that have been proposed to date.
Turbidimetric Particle Size Distribution Theory: Application to Refractory Metal and Oxide Powders
Authors: Michaels AI 
Published: March 2009

An industrial survey of particle size methods currently in use and a correlation study on a group of tungsten metal powders were conducted to establish the present state of affairs in the refractory metals industry. Results indicate a wide diversity of techniques and no correlation between measurements, and confirm the need for standardization in the measurement of the particle size distribution of refractory metal powders. The turbidimetric sedimentation technique is concluded to be most suitable for these powders.
The theories of turbidimetry, sedimentation, and turbidimetric sedimentation are thoroughly reviewed and the sources of error inherent in each are analyzed. The author concludes that the errors arising in the turbidimetric sedimentation analysis of refractory metal powders tend to compensate each other, giving a measured distribution which differs from the true value only by an overestimation of the per cent weight in the 1 to 8 μ size range.
The causes of poor correlation between measurements obtained on refractory metal powders by different laboratories are discussed. Various methods for deagglomeration and suitable sedimentation media are described.
The Determination of Particle Size by Adsorption Methods
Authors: Fries RJ 
Published: March 2009

This paper is essentially a survey of the methods and apparatus available for determining the particle size and surface area of finely divided solids by the adsorption of gases and liquids.
A general discussion of the calculation of particle size from surface area data is given, followed by a consideration of the effect of particle shape, porosity, and surface roughness on the validity of such a calculation.
The next section, dealing with gas adsorption methods, is devoted to a consideration of the evaluation of the monolayer capacity from the adsorption isotherm and the assignment of the area occupied by each adsorbate molecule. This is followed by a detailed discussion of the experimental techniques of gas adsorption and the various types of apparatus (volumetric and gravimetric, routine and research) which can be used.
A rather general discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of surface area determination methods based on adsorption from liquid solutions is then presented, followed by a brief discussion of heat of wetting methods.
Finally, data from the literature are shown comparing the results of adsorption methods of particle size determination with several other methods, particularly electron microscopy.
The Operation, Control and Application of the California Design Infrared Weathering Machine
Authors: Skog JB 
Published: March 2009

The problem of accelerated weathering of various construction materials is a subject equally important to consumers and producers. Research work has been handicapped by the lack of suitable laboratory equipment to simulate weathering.
The Materials and Research Dept. of the California Division of High-ways has developed a special unit, which employs infrared lamps as the principal agent for inducing change in the test material. This weathering unit is being used in a study of the durability of various types of asphaltic materials, especially the paving grade asphalts.
A description of the equipment and test procedure now in use is given, together with methods for operation. Test data are presented to show the ability of the apparatus to induce identical changes in specimens placed in any position in the machine. A description of the present research program involving the calibration of the unit in terms of field service time for paving grade asphalts is presented, together with a discussion of the difficulties encountered in such a calibration study.
Correlation Between Laboratories on Results of ASTM Tests for Asphalts
Authors: Zube E , Skog JB 
Published: March 2009

The accuracy of tests, performed for the purpose of determining compliance with specification requirements, is of primary concern to consumers and producers alike.
The California Division of Highways is the user of approximately 200,000 tons of various asphaltic products per year in the construction and maintenance of its state highways. These products are obtained from about twenty different oil refineries.
During the past ten years the Materials and Research Dept. has conducted, in cooperation with the producer laboratories, four rather extensive test series for the purpose of obtaining information on the precision and reproducibility of the various test methods. Different grades of asphaltic material have been used in the cooperative tests, and all normal specification tests have been included. A statistical analysis of each of the test series is presented, and a comparison is made between values obtained in these studies and ASTM accuracy requirements between laboratories. The Control Chart Method indicates that many laboratories are not within control limits in terms of reproducibility.
A complete study of penetration test results, obtained by sampling the transport truck at the producers loading rack and again at the job site, is also presented. During the past ten years, some 7 to 13 per cent of the job site samples have been found to be “off grade” and out of specification limits when tested for penetration at the Materials and Research Laboratory. The deviation determined from the normal routine testing procedure is considerably greater than that obtained in a carefully controlled cooperative test series.
Factors Affecting the Reproducibility of Oven Heat Tests for Paving Asphalts
Authors: Winniford RS 
Published: March 2009

This paper shows how oven design and procedural variations alter the severity of oven heat tests for paving asphalts and thus cause disagreement between laboratories. The tests studied are the ASTM Method D 62 and the thin film oven test.
The paper shows that the reproducibility of the tests can be improved by standardizing such oven design factors as the levelness of the rotating shelves and the rate of air circulation and air transfer in the ovens. Better standardization of procedures also improves reproducibility. The placement of the oven thermometer, the sample size, and the manner of oven operation are shown to affect the severity of the tests. A well-defined procedure for insuring sample uniformity and avoiding penetration changes, except in the actual oven test, may be expected to improve the repeatability of the tests and also the agreement between laboratories. The procedure for obtaining the penetration of test residues can also be profitably standardized.
The thin film oven test is shown to be a more sensitive measure of the changes in weight and penetration occurring in the ovens than is the ASTM Method D 6 for paving asphalts.
Effect of Shape, Size, and Surface Roughness of Aggregate Particles on the Strength of Granular Materials
Authors: Vallerga BA , Seed HB , Monismith CL , Cooper RS 
Published: March 2009

The influence of particle shape, size, and surface roughness on the strength of granular materials has been the subject of much discussion in the fields of soil mechanics and asphalt paving technology. A number of investigations have been conducted to determine the effect of variations in particle size and shape, but the results of these investigations have been somewhat varied and have led to conflicting conclusions; and although the effect of surface roughness has been the subject of much discussion, very few data are available to demonstrate its influence.
This paper presents the results of a laboratory investigation to provide further evidence of the influence of these factors in the hope that the results might serve to clarify some of the controversial aspects of their effects.
Identification of EMS-Induced Mutations inDrosophila melanogasterby Whole-Genome Sequencing
Authors: Blumenstiel Justin P , Noll Aaron C , Griffiths Jennifer A , Perera Anoja G , Walton Kendra N , Gilliland William D , Hawley R Scott , Staehling-Hampton Karen 
Published: March 2009

AbstractNext-generation methods for rapid whole-genome sequencing enable the identification of single-base-pair mutations in Drosophila by comparing a chromosome bearing a new mutation to the unmutagenized sequence. To validate this approach, we sought to identify the molecular lesion responsible for a recessive EMS-induced mutation affecting egg shell morphology by using Illumina next-generation sequencing. After obtaining sufficient sequence from larvae that were homozygous for either wild-type or mutant chromosomes, we obtained high-quality reads for base pairs composing ∼70% of the third chromosome of both DNA samples. We verified 103 single-base-pair changes between the two chromosomes. Nine changes were nonsynonymous mutations and two were nonsense mutations. One nonsense mutation was in a gene, encore, whose mutations produce an egg shell phenotype also observed in progeny of homozygous mutant mothers. Complementation analysis revealed that the chromosome carried a new functional allele of encore, demonstrating that one round of next-generation sequencing can identify the causative lesion for a phenotype of interest. This new method of whole-genome sequencing represents great promise for mutant mapping in flies, potentially replacing conventional methods.
Is Reverse Osmosis Effective for Produced Water Purification: Viability and Economic Analysis
Authors: Muraleedaaran Shanker , Li Xinhua , Li Liangxiong , Lee Robert 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The ultimate goal of produced water management is to remove dissolved components and use the desalinated water for beneficial uses that can effectively alleviate environmental impact and water shortage. Presently, many of the efforts have been focused on membrane technologies including reverse osmosis and electrodialysis. Unfortunately, no large scale implication of produced water desalination by membranes has been reported. The main obstacle against the deployment of desalination technologies for produced water purification has always been the complicated chemical composition and associated high operating cost. Membrane technologies are generally believed to be energy efficient due to single-phase operation comparing to thermal-based desalinations. However, the presence of dissolved organics and scale deposition on membrane surfaces require sophisticated pretreatment and frequent membrane replacement, adding to the water treatment costs.
Reverse osmosis membranes including polymeric membranes and molecular sieve zeolite membranes were investigated for ion removal from produced water by a cross-flow RO process. Considerable flux decline with elapsed operation time was observed from 11.5 to 6.8 L/m2.h at a transmembrane pressure of 3.5 Mpa. Pretreatments including nanofiltration and adsorption by active carbon were studied for their influence on the RO performance and impact on the overall desalination cost. Both polymeric membranes and molecular sieve zeolite membranes have been tested for actual produced water from oilfield and coalbed methane site. The study has revealed that (1) most of permeation tests lasted less than 3 months due to serious fouling and drastic flux decline (&gt;30%), (2) scale precipitation and organic sorption are the major fouling mechanisms of membranes, (2) multistage pretreatment is crucial to extend membrane lifetime, and (3) nanofiltration is the only effective process tested that can extend the life of a RO membrane to over 6 months. But periodic chemical cleaning, typically twice a week, is necessary to maintain the desired water flux. The economical efficiency of these processes was discussed from the aspects of produced water chemistry, energy consumption, and water treatment capacity. Considering small to mid-sized water treatment capacity (50 m3/day), the cost of produced water desalination by RO membranes is around $3.7/m3 including nanofiltration pretreatment. Pretreatment and membrane replacement are the major factors that increases the operation cost and limits the economic efficiency of membrane technology for produced water desalination.
Optimum Tertiary Steam-Injection Strategies for Oil-Wet Fractured Carbonates
Authors: Akin Serhat , Celebioglu Demet , Kalfa Ulker 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Steam injection in naturally fractured formations has drawn considerable interest recently. It is believed that the steam or water heats the rock, which then undergoes a thermally induced wettability reversal. Hot water can then spontaneously imbibe into the water wet rock matrix, resulting in favorable oil recoveries. In this study, the applicability of steam injection in an oil wet fractured carbonate previously flooded with carbon dioxide (CO2) through multi-component thermal simulations is discussed. A numerical sector model calibrated with 47 years of historical data and data from vintage pre 1970's steam pilot carried out in south east Turkey was used to study optimum operating conditions such as continuous steam injection, cyclic steam injection, steam alternating CO2 injection (SAC) and steam injection with additives such as naphta and CO2. It was observed that for both operating strategies key oil production mechanism is heat transport through the fractures and the matrix suggesting that the success of the process is directly related with fracture spacing and fracture-matrix transfer. Sensitivity studies carried out for differing fracture densities indicated a threshold fracture spacing (7 ft matrix blocks) below which process efficiency significantly decreased. It was further observed that addition of limited amounts of naphta to steam may improve the process; however, CO2 presence adversely affects the heat transport such that too much CO2 limits the heat transfer along the fractures.
Well Placement in a Mature California Field
Authors: Okafor Z. M. , Moore E. E. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
In mature fields, accurate well placement is critical in avoiding collisions with existing wells. This paper reviews the procedures developed to help avoid well collisions in the Wilmington Townlot Unit in Long Beach, California.
The field has over 2,500 existing wells. The spacing of the wells is managed to avoid well collisions and prevent making future slots unusable. These considerations lead to complexities in well design and execution. To limit the risk of incidents that can lead to personal injury, environmental damage, and significant financial loss, specific procedures were developed for well planning and execution. This paper presents the results from multiple wells managed by this process. The risk assessment approach and the team work between the operator and the directional drilling services company produces consistently good results in managing the well collision risks associated with drilling these difficult wells.
Thaw Front Dynamics and Super Insulated Well for Thermal Recovery in Cold Environments
Authors: Marques C. , Castanier L. M. , Kovscek A. R. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Thermal recovery methods such as steam injection or in-situ combustion are preferred for heavy oil. In cold environments, wellbore heat losses are significant and limit the applicability of thermal recovery. Therefore, it is essential to insulate the well effectively and economically.
Our study focuses primarily on the problem of wells penetrating thick layers of frozen earth (i.e., permafrost). The experimental component determines thermal conductivity versus temperature of nanomaterials fashioned into insulation (socalled black and white silica aerogels that are 90-99.8% air), fiberglass, thermolastic insulation, and carbon fibers. A comparator thermal conductivity apparatus as well as direct measurements using heat flux sensors were developed. A simplistic experimental simulation explored the role of mechanical stress due to thermal cycling.
Semianalytical and numerical models were also developed to design a superinsulated well. The models incorporate various composite insulations. Computations include wellbore heat losses, wellbore temperature and the permafrost temperature. Different processes were simulated including an injector well with constant fluid temperature. Well failure/stability is inferred from the rate of thaw front propagation. A key parameter is the insulation thermal conductivity versus temperature that is measured directly.
Results show agreement of conductivity with literature values at ambient temperature. Aerogels (0.012-0.025 W/m K) are half as conductive as fiberglass (0.03-0.045 W/m K) and three to four times less conductive than thermolastic insulation and carbon fibers (0.04-0.067 W/m K) for temperatures between 40 and 140 °C. Moreover, aerogels and carbon fibers have good mechanical resistance in comparison to fiberglass. The wellbore heat loss and thaw front propagation model indicates that aerogels alone or aerogels in a composite with more conductive insulation may meet the requirements to avoid well failure, even for very high temperature fluids and over long periods.
Thus, alone or in combination with active subcooling of the permafrost, aerogel insulations appear to provide effective thermal isolation to insure well integrity. Although aerogel insulations alone are not as effective as active refrigeration, their moderate cost and their ease of use encourage further investigation.