bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A conceptual framework for understanding global and transnational public goods for health
Authors: Sandler Todd , Arce M. Daniel G. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe paper presents two taxonomies for classifying global and transnational health‐promoting activities according to three parameters of publicness — non‐rivalry of benefits, non‐excludability of non‐payers and the aggregation technologies. Based on these taxonomies and their implications for efficiency and equity, this paper identifies the need for international cooperation in some, but certainly not all, areas concerning the provision of such health‐promoting activities. Additionally, institutional responses are evaluated in light of the various health‐promoting activities. The roles of multilaterals, non‐governmental organisations, foundations and nations are addressed. A host of current global health issues — for example, public‐private partnerships, international orphan drug legislature and patent protection — are addressed.
Following or Leading Public Opinion? Social Security Policy and Public Attitudes Since 1997
Authors: Hills John 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper examines New Labour's social security and related policies since 1997 in the light of evidence on public attitudes. The list of measures where policies have been in or have come into line with public attitudes is much longer than the list of measures where policies have been out of line with public attitudes or appear to have led them. One interpretation is that policy has been led by opinion surveys and focus groups, with opportunities lost to take more radical action and then persuade people of the need and justification for it. An alternative would be that policy has navigated with the grain of some of the more progressive parts of public opinion to achieve a result that has carried the public with it, in a way that would not have been sustainable if there had simply been an increase in the generosity of an unreformed social security system.
The Analysis of Welfare Effects of an Environmental Product Tax: An Application to the Taxation of Car Tyres in Hungary
Authors: Galarraga Ibon , Markandya Anil 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA sophisticated welfare analysis developed by Morris and Kis (1996) is presented here for the study of the effect of a product charge tax on the car tyre market in Hungary. The analysis is extended and complemented in this paper by, first, using the AIDS model and an algorithm developed by Galarraga and Markandya (2000) to estimate demand elasticities from limited data and, second, including the income effects into the analysis. The latter does not have much impact on the results but the generalisation of the model might be useful for the analysis of different goods where the proportion of income spent on them is more important.
Distributional Implications of Environmental Taxation in Denmark
Authors: Klinge Jacobsen Henrik , Birr‐Pedersen Katja , Wier Mette 
Published: August 2010

AbstractEnvironmental taxes have been introduced in many countries. However, few countries have reached the level of environmental taxation that is seen in Denmark today. This paper analyses the individual taxes as well as the combination of all these taxes and duties related to environmental concerns, including taxes on heating, transport fuels, electricity, water, waste, plastic bags, registration of cars, annual car use and pesticides.The distributional effect of taxes is examined in relation to household income, socio‐economic class, residential location and family status. The shifting of the tax structure from high marginal income tax to consumption‐based taxes, especially environmental taxes, might have distributional impacts that have not been considered part of the tax policy.The results suggest that in Denmark taxes on petrol and registration duties for cars are progressive, whereas most other environmental taxes are regressive, especially the green taxes on water, retail containers and CO2 emissions.
Tax Sensitivity in Electronic Commerce*
Authors: Scanlan Mark A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractEmpirical research into the impact of taxation on e‐commerce has concluded that there is a significant positive relationship between local sales tax rates and the likelihood that a person will shop online. This paper finds that the tax sensitivity for online purchases at the local level is much lower than previously estimated and is not significant under previous general models. However, by using a splined tax‐rate function, this paper finds that consumers living in counties with high sales tax rates are still sensitive to tax rates when deciding whether to shop online, while those in counties with low tax rates exhibit no significant sensitivity.
The Rotproofing of Viscose Rayon IndashTreatment of Viscose Rayon with Formaldehyde, and Formaldehyde‐containing Resins
Authors: Bell J. W. , Ramsey Mabgaret M. , Whewell C. S. 
Published: August 2010

Viscose rayon yam is treated with formaldehyde and a number of formaldehyde‐containing resins in an attempt to obtain a rotproof finish. The most outstanding result which emerges from the experiments is that halogenated phenoplasts are more efficient than either urea‐formaldehyde or phenol‐formaldehyde, and that a resin prepared from bromophenol and formaldehyde is exceedingly effective, a deposit of only 5% on the yarn being resistant to microorganisms under the most severe and prolonged test conditions. It also appears possible to improve the efficiency of urea‐formaldehyde resin by incorporating a small proportion of halogenated resin.Urea‐formaldehyde resin by itself is effective only if present in prohibitively high concentrations; below 15–20% the proof breaks down on prolonged testing. Formaldehyde alone is moderately effective, and appears to have little effect on the wet tensile strength of the viscose rayon; it may be of value where conditions highly favourable to the growth of microorganisms are not likely to be encountered.The experiments have shown that laboratory assessment of rotproofing should be carried out by more than one method; a treatment which confers a measure of resistance to microorganisms under one set of test conditions may be much less effective when tested by a different procedure. This confirms the findings of many other workers.
Relation between Physical State and Rate of Fading of Dyes
Authors: Baxter G. , Giles C. H. , Lewington W. J. 
Published: August 2010

A theoretical analysis of curves expressing the rate of fading of dyes in different physical forms is given, illustrated by typical examples of the fading of dyes in transparent films, measured spectrophotometrically. Molecularly dispersed dye fades according to an approximate first‐order law (exponential decrease of rate), and dye in large particles according to an approximate zero‐order law (constant rate). In aggregated particles fading probably occurs only at the surface. First‐order fading occurs with some water‐insoluble dyes in “solid solution” in a hydrophobic substrate (collodion), and some surface‐active dyes in a hydrophilic substrate (methylethylcellulose) appear to exist mainly as molecular dispersions, since they also give first‐order fades. In contrast, entirely aggregated dyes, e.g. water‐insoluble dyes prepared in substance and incorporated in hydrophilic films, show zero‐order fades.The form of the fading‐rate curves of most water‐soluble dyes, however, suggests that the dyes are present in both forms, i.e. as a heterogeneous mixture of single molecules and aggregated material, the proportion of each varying according to the physical properties of the dye. The heat generated during irradiation causes some of the larger aggregates to break up. This may lead to a slight initial rise in depth of colour or, in special cases, to a fading rate which increases with time.The forms of the appropriate fading‐rate curves show that a disaggregating agent (phenol) and a cationic surface‐active dispersing agent, when mixed with acid dyes in films, decrease the amount of dye aggregate present.The fading rates of the Procion (ICI) reactive dyes in cellulose film are of the same form as those of most water‐soluble dyes, and appear to demonstrate that most of the dye is in some form of aggregated state or is enmeshed in crystalline regions of the fibre.The results explain why the light‐fastness grading of dyed fabrics may differ with the extent to which fading has progressed when the assessment is made.
Migration during Convective Drying. II–Experimental
Authors: MCDOWELL W. , MILES L. W. C. 
Published: August 2010

In the convective drying of a solution of C. I. Acid Red 1 from the surface of a model capillary system, the concentration of solute has been measured as a function of time and distance from the surface. Analysis of the concentration profiles has shown (i) that they are of the expected form, (ii) that back‐diffusion is significant near the surface of evaporation, and (iii) that they can be approximately described by the equation—The practical significance of these observations is discussed briefly.
Molecular Mechanisms of Disperse Dyeing of Polyester and Nylon Fibres
Authors: Blacker J. G. , PATTERSON D. 
Published: August 2010

The kinetics of the dyeing of polyester fibres with disperse dyes have previously been discussed in terms of a model in which the only forces of interaction between dye and polymer are those that give rise to mutual solubility. The rate and extent of dyeing depend on the size and shape of the dye molecules and the detailed structure of the fibre. The concentration profiles of dye within single filaments of polyesters and nylons have now been determined by a new method termed ‘optical sectioning’, in which an image of a filament is scanned by a narrow slit. The dye distributions are found by comparing experimental transmission values with those calculated by a computer for a model system in which various parameters can be adjusted.For the polyester‐dye systems the rate constant of transfer of dye from dyebath to fibre (k1) was the same as the rate constant of diffusion away from the interface (k2). Some nylon‐dye systems, on the other hand, behaved as if k2 = k1, whereas others behaved initially as if k1 = k2 but later as if k2 > k1. Apparent diffusion coefficients were also derived from sorption measurements and were found to fall as the dye concentration in the fibre increased. Measurement of the orientation of the dye molecules by optical dichroism showed that the dye molecules entering the filaments late in the dyeing process were more highly orientated than the earlier ones. The decrease in diffusion coefficient has been interpreted in terms of the observed higher orientation, as resulting from a greater entropy of activation in the diffusion process.
Making Sense of Violence in the “Badlands” of Kenya
Authors: STRAIGHT BILINDA 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYIn this article, I situate violent conflict affecting pastoralists in northern Kenya in the context of media representations of violent incidents and the relationship that many Kenyans perceive between such incidents and election politics. I argue that media representations are implicated in cycles of violent conflict through erasure and misrecognition. Most crucially, media representations tend to focus on cultural stereotypes that tacitly legitimate ongoing violence by explaining it away as timeless and cultural. These unidimensional representations can distract from the culpability of political elites and from the role of economic and political disenfranchisement in sustaining violence. They can also mask the ways in which some elites benefit from the propagation of cultural stereotypes even while deliberately engaging in manipulation of ethnic fault lines. Finally, I argue that these already ubiquitous representations hinging on cultural stereotypes contribute to a global politics of marginalization, within which so‐called indigenous violence is simultaneously politically expedient, routine, and forgettable.
Matters of Morality: The Case of a Former Khmer Rouge Village Chief
Authors: ZUCKER EVE MONIQUE 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYIn a Khmer village located in Cambodia's southwest, an elderly man is blamed for the executions of his neighbors and extended kin. He is said to have killed these people when he worked as the village chief under the Khmer Rouge in the early 1970s. Using interviews and conversations with this man and others in his community, as well as observations and archival research, I speculatively examine villagers' accounts of the morality of his actions as a former Khmer Rouge village chief.
The Effects of Feature‐Label‐Order and Their Implications for Symbolic Learning
Authors: Ramscar Michael , Yarlett Daniel , Dye Melody , Denny Katie , Thorpe Kirsten 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSymbols enable people to organize and communicate about the world. However, the ways in which symbolic knowledge is learned and then represented in the mind are poorly understood. We present a formal analysis of symbolic learning—in particular, word learning—in terms of prediction and cue competition, and we consider two possible ways in which symbols might be learned: by learning to predict a label from the features of objects and events in the world, and by learning to predict features from a label. This analysis predicts significant differences in symbolic learning depending on the sequencing of objects and labels. We report a computational simulation and two human experiments that confirm these differences, revealing the existence of Feature‐Label‐Ordering effects in learning. Discrimination learning is facilitated when objects predict labels, butnotwhen labels predict objects. Our results and analysis suggest that the semantic categories people use to understand and communicate about the world can only be learned if labels are predicted from objects. We discuss the implications of this for our understanding of the nature of language and symbolic thought, and in particular, for theories of reference.
The Logical Problem of Language Acquisition: A Probabilistic Perspective
Authors: Hsu Anne S. , Chater Nick 
Published: August 2010

AbstractNatural language is full of patterns that appear to fit with general linguistic rules but are ungrammatical. There has been much debate over how children acquire these “linguistic restrictions,” and whether innate language knowledge is needed. Recently, it has been shown that restrictions in language can be learned asymptotically via probabilistic inference using the minimum description length (MDL) principle. Here, we extend the MDL approach to give a simple and practical methodology for estimating how much linguistic data are required to learn a particular linguistic restriction. Our method provides a new research tool, allowing arguments about natural language learnability to be made explicit and quantified for the first time. We apply this method to a range of classic puzzles in language acquisition. We find some linguistic rules appear easily statistically learnable from language experience only, whereas others appear to require additional learning mechanisms (e.g., additional cues or innate constraints).
Splenectomy in Haematology Indications, Results, and Complications in 41 Cases
Authors: Christensen B. Egelund , Hansen L. Kuld , Kristensen J. Kvist , Videbæk Aa. 
Published: August 2010

The indications for, effect of, and immediate complications of splenectomy are reported on the basis of 41 patients followed for from 3 months to 3 years after the operation.There is a general indication for splenectomy in hereditary spherocytosis, but in other cases of haemolytic anaemia splenectomy appears to presuppose proof that the spleen is playing the main role in the erythrocyte sequestration.In chronic lymphatic leukaemia splenectomy may evidently be advised on the basis of fairly simple clinical findings: Disease activity that calls for treatment, e.g. weight loss, a tendency to sweating as well as anaemia, thrombocytopenia, combined with considerable splenomegaly as the predominant focus. The time of splenectomy should not be delayed as long as possible, as decisive items of risk appear to increase with the duration of the disease.For instance, pronounced splenomegaly gives rise to special problems, and long‐lasting cytostatic and corticoid medication as well as progression of the basic disease will increase the incidence of postoperative complications. Haemorrhage from the splenic bed and infection, most often with a pulmonary focus, were recorded as the most common operative complications. Their incidence was particularly high in operations on patients having chronic lymphatic leukaemia.
Corticosteroids and Experimental Intravascular Coagulation
Authors: Gerrits W. B. J. , Prakke Elisabeth M. , Meer J. van der , Feltkamp‐Vroom Thea M. , Vreeken J. 
Published: August 2010

In view of the fact that septic shock is treated with high doses of corticosteroids, the influence of prednisolone administration on the course of experimental diffuse intravascular coagulation in rabbits was studied.Administration of a moderate dose of prednisolone for 5 d prior to thrombin infusion in rabbits inhibited reactive fibrinolysis. This resulted in a higher mortality, which could be prevented by synchronous infusions of streptokinase. No significant inhibition of fibrinolysis could be demonstrated after a single high dose of prednisolone, as used in the treatment of septic shock.
Serum Ferritin and Bone Marrow Haemosiderin in Patients with Malignancies and in Healthy Controls
Authors: Jakobsen E. , Engeset A. , Sandstad B. , Aas M. 
Published: August 2010

Serum ferritin has been analysed and bone marrow haemosiderin evaluated in 306 patients with malignancies, mostly lymphomas, and in 46 healthy controls. Also haemoglobin, serum iron, transferrin and liver enzymes were analysed simultaneously.60% of the patients had serum ferritin above normal values and 20% had values above 1000 μg/1.There was a good correlation between serum ferritin and bone marrow iron both in the patients and in the controls, r = 0.67 and r = 0.77, respectively. There was a negative correlation between serum ferritin and haemoglobin concentration in the patients and a positive correlation in the controls. In patients with Hodgkin's disease serum ferritin was related to the stage of the disease.
Abnormal EBV immune status in oral lichen planus
Authors: Pedersen A 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: To investigate any possible association between oral lichen planus (OLP) and the humoral immune response to Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV). MATERIAL AND METHODS The population consisted of 22 patients with histologically verified OLP and 22 healthy sex‐ and age‐matched controls without any oral mucosal diseases. Specific serum IgG antibodies (Ab) towards EBV early antigen (EA) and nuclear antigen‐I (EBNA) and IgM Ab towards EBV EA were determined by ELISA.RESULTS: The optometric density (OD) IgG anti‐EA Ab levels were significantly higher in OLP patients than in controls and a significantly negative correlation between duration of symptoms from OLP and IgG anti‐EA OD Ab values was demonstrated. IgM anti‐EA and IgG anti‐EBNA OD Ab levels were not significantly different between the two groups.CONCLUSION: The hypothesis of any possible association between EBV and OLP has never been tested but the present results seem to lend support for an aberration in the humoral response to EBV in OLP patients.
Expression of p53 in oral mucosal hyperplasia, dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Kerdpon D. , Rich AM , Reade PC 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: To assess p53 expression in a range of oral mucosal lesions and to relate the results to the clinical outcome in patients with dysplastic oral mucosal lesions and oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC).MATERIALS AND METHODS: Archival tissue was available for eight cases of normal oral mucosa, 50 cases of oral mucosal hyperplasia, 41 cases of oral mucosal dysplasia and 48 cases of OSCC. The monoclonal antibody DO‐7, reactive to p53 protein, was applied to paraffin‐embedded sections using microwave pretreatment and immu‐nohistochemical techniques.RESULTS: The results showed that normal oral mucosa did not express p53.Positive nuclear staining was found in 18/50 (36%) cases of hyperplasia, 35/41 (85%) cases of dysplasia and 45/48 (94%) cases of OSCC.None of the p53 negative dysplasias progressed, while 19% of p53 positive cases of dysplasia recurred following excision and 11% of the cases underwent neoplastic transformation. Five out of 10 (50%) cases of severe dysplasia which were p53 positive resolved.CONCLUSION: The proportion of cases with positive p53 expression increased from hyperplasia to dysplasia to OSCC. These results may indicate an involvement of p53 in neoplastic transformation as well as in proliferative events although the presence or absence of p53 staining could not be used to predict the outcome of potentially malignant oral mucosal lesions.
Comparison of cytopathic changes in oral hairy leukoplakia with in situ hybridization for EBV DNA
Authors: Greenspan JS , de Souza YG , Regezi JA , Daniels TE , Greenspan D , MacPhail LA , Hilton JF 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: It has been observed that the cytopathic changes in hairy leukoplakia (HL) correlate with ultra‐structural evidence of intra‐keratinocyte herpes‐type viral particles. In situ hybridization is considered to be the definitive confirmation of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐induced HL. This study evaluated the consistency of histopathological findings, which many believe to be diagnostic, with in situ hybridization for EBV‐DNA in 60 patients with lesions clinically suggestive of HL.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)‐stained sections were reviewed independently by three oral pathologists who did not know the hybridization results. The presence in keratinocytes of nuclear inclusions and/or homogenization, believed to be specific for EBV in these lesions, was used as an indicator for infection. Cytoplasmic changes were evaluated separately.RESULTS: With in situ hybridization, 48 cases were positive and 12 were negative. When the two methods were compared, pathologist concurrence ranged from 83% to 92%. False negatives ranged from 6% to 19%, and false positives ranged from 8% to 25%. Cytoplasmic ballooning, homogenization, and perinuclear clearing were evident in all cases of hybridization‐confirmed HL; however, these changes were also noted in 75% (9/12) of the cases with negative hybridization results. Most confirmed HL cases exhibited both nuclear homogenization and inclusions, although the former was more consistently seen.CONCLUSION: Cytoplasmic changes did not agree well with EBV‐DNA hybridization results, whereas nuclear changes demonstrated good, but not complete, agreement. In appropriate clinical settings, the finding of nuclear inclusions and/or homogenization may be of diagnostic value. However, because the potential for false positives and negatives is high, H&E cytopathology should not be used as a substitute for in situ hybridization in the definitive diagnosis of oral hairy leukoplakia.