bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
URBAN TOURISM AND REGIONAL TOURISTS: SHOPPING IN JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: ROGERSON CHRISTIAN M. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTIn the international literature on urban tourism most research concentrates on cities and tourists from the global North. The patterns of urban tourism development unfolding in emerging destinations of the global South exhibit differences to the well‐documented experiences of cities in North America or Western Europe. One factor is the influence of regional tourists. It is evident South Africa's tourism economy is dominated by African tourists. Likewise, the urban tourism economy of Johannesburg is distinguished by regional tourists. This paper examines the role of ‘Southern’ tourists in urban tourism and of policy responses by Johannesburg authorities to promote shopping tourism as an element of local economic development planning.
A holistic view of adenosine in the control of intestinal neuromuscular functions: the enteric ‘purinome’ concept
Authors: Antonioli Luca , Fornai Matteo , Colucci Rocchina , Tuccori Marco , Blandizzi Corrado 
Published: June 2011

Adenosine is involved in the modulation of enteric neuromuscular functions, operating a fine tuning of smooth muscle contractility, peristaltic reflex and transit. In this issue of the BJP, Zizzo et al. report novel findings on the expression of adenosine receptors in mouse duodenum, extending our knowledge of their involvement in the control of spontaneous and neurogenic intestinal motility. In this study, particular attention was paid to the differential activation of adenosine receptors, as a result of their interplay with regulatory systems, modulating the availability of endogenous adenosine in a compartmentalised manner. This evidence will contribute to the holistic evaluation of the role played by adenosine in the regulation of intestinal motility, in accordance with the novel concept of the enteric ‘purinome’. This commentary discusses the role of the ‘purinome’ in the modulation of enteric neuromuscular activity, pointing out its involvement in the intestinal neuroplasticity associated with bowel dysmotility.LINKED ARTICLEThis article is a commentary on Zizzo et al., pp. 1580–1589 of this issue. To view this paper visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2011.01498.x
Plumbagin inhibits tumour angiogenesis and tumour growth through the Ras signalling pathway following activation of the VEGF receptor‐2
Authors: Lai Li , Liu Junchen , Zhai Dong , Lin Qingxiang , He Lijun , Dong Yanmin , Zhang Jing , Lu Binbin , Chen Yihua , Yi Zhengfang , Liu Mingyao 
Published: June 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEAngiogenesis‐based therapy is an effective anti‐tumour strategy and previous reports have shown some beneficial effects of a naturally occurring bioactive compound plumbagin (5‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐1, 4‐naphthoquinone). Here, we sought to determine the biological effects of plumbagin on signalling mechanisms during tumour angiogenesis.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHThe effects of plumbagin were evaluated in various in vitro assays which utilised human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) proliferation, migration and tube formation. Plumbagin was also evaluated in vivo using chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and mouse corneal micropocket models., Human colon carcinoma and prostate cancer xenograft mouse models were used to evaluate the effects of plumbagin on angiogenesis. Immunofluorescence, GST pull‐down and Western blotting were employed to explore the underlying mechanisms of VEGF receptor (VEGFR)2‐mediated Ras signalling pathways.KEY RESULTSPlumbagin not only inhibited endothelial cell proliferation, migration and tube formation but also suppressed chicken chorioallantoic membrane neovascularzation and VEGF‐induced mouse corneal angiogenesis. Moreover, plumbagin suppressed tumour angiogenesis and tumour growth in human colon carcinoma and prostate cancer xenograft mouse models. At a molecular level, plumbagin blocked the Ras/Rac/cofilin and Ras/MEK signalling pathways mediated by VEGFR2 in HUVECs.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSPlumbagin inhibited tumour angiogenesis and tumour growth by interference with the VEGFR2‐mediated Ras signalling pathway in endothelial cells. Our findings demonstrate a molecular basis for the effects of plumbagin and suggest that this compound might have therapeutic ant‐tumour effects.
TLS data denoising by range image processing
Authors: Smigiel Eddie , Alby Emmanuel , Grussenmeyer Pierre 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe work described in this paper deals with denoising of fine detail in terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) data for close‐range applications. In contrast to other denoising methods described in the literature, the method described here puts the problem back into two dimensions. In the proposed method, data from each instrument station is processed by denoising the range image as a 2D function. Then, after denoising, the registration process is applied to obtain the final 3D point cloud. Two image denoising methods are tested. Wavelet analysis and a “non‐local means” (NL‐means) algorithm are applied to archaeological objects of sizes described as medium (around one cubic metre) and small (around one cubic decimetre). The rich relief of these objects proves the efficiency of the method on all kinds of surface shape. The experience shows that the NL‐means method achieves good results: the standard deviation of 2 mm in the raw data is decreased to 1 mm. Besides, NL‐means denoising requires very few parameters to be set (generally two) whilst wavelet denoising requires many. Hence, the extreme simplicity of the NL‐means method makes it much more efficient and suitable for use by non‐specialists. The method, which slightly modifies the standard production process and inherits the algorithmic complexity of the classical 2D image processing schemes, allows the range of applications of TLS to be extended to small and finely detailed objects.
Calibrating and validating multispectral 3D imaging systems at a permanent test site—case study with an Intergraph DMC
Authors: Honkavaara Eija , Nurminen Kimmo , Markelin Lauri , Suomalainen Juha , Ilves Risto 
Published: June 2011

AbstractNovel photogrammetric sensors open up new possibilities for measuring the radiometric and geometric properties of the earth’s surface. To ensure optimal use of these complex, rapidly developing, diverse systems, it is becoming crucial to have a means of calibrating and validating complete imaging systems, and even production lines, in operational conditions. This paper presents a calibration and validation methodology based on a permanent test site (Sjökulla) and demonstrates its use in a calibration and validation campaign for a large‐format photogrammetric imaging system, the Intergraph DMC. The major objective of the campaign was to perform acceptance testing of the new camera system procured by the National Land Survey of Finland. The evaluation proved the high geometric and radiometric performance of the imaging system and demonstrated the potential of spectrodirectional photogrammetric 3D imaging. The usability aspects of test site calibration and validation from the point of view of a mapping organisation were also considered.
Low‐cost compact cameras: a medical application in CMT disease monitoring
Authors: Chong Albert K. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractRecently, the price of low‐cost compact cameras has fallen further, while in many brands and models the image pixel count has improved. These factors have increased their potential for photogrammetric measurement. In a recent event, there was a need for practitioners to have access to a photogrammetric technique for an application relating to Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) disease. In this investigation, a low‐cost multi‐camera imaging system was developed for use by health‐care practitioners. A case study of CMT disease of the upper limb was provided to demonstrate the suitability of the imaging system using these compact cameras. The objective of this paper is, therefore, to discuss the methodology and test results of an investigation into the suitability of these cameras for application in CMT disease. The imaging system was evaluated using four compact cameras, namely: Sony DSC‐S700; Fujifilm A170; Canon A495; and Canon A490. Twenty‐four calibrated slope distances were used for comparison of 3D measurement precisions with the different cameras used at two different object distances. The investigation showed that these compact cameras produced less precise measurements compared to the more expensive (above US$700) compact or SLR cameras. However, the current desired accuracy requirement for CMT disease applications is around 1 mm; hence these cameras are appropriate for the planned application.
Superior Mesenteric Artery Mycotic Aneurysm in Patients With Left Ventricular Assist Device Support and Intravenous Drug Abuse
Authors: Motomura Tadashi , Bruckner Brian , Leon‐Becerril Joel , Ayala‐Anayal Javier , de Rienzo‐Madero Beatriz , Bismuth Jean , Bunge Raquel , Irwin Suellen , Loebe Matthias 
Published: June 2011

AbstractMycotic aneurysm of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) is one of the complications associated with infective endocarditis. However, there are no previous case reports in the literature describing mycotic SMA aneurysm after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. We describe the case of a 31‐year‐old male diagnosed with congestive heart failure due to nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy who underwent LVAD implantation for bridge to heart transplantation. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient was maintained on anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy. There were no signs of pump failure or device‐related infections. However, 7 months post‐LVAD support, the patient complained of abdominal symptoms (nausea and vomiting) with low‐grade fever. Computed tomography identified an aneurysmal change of the SMA (2.2 × 1.8 cm). There was no evidence of thrombus or septic vegetation inside the heart. Aneurysm and segmental small bowel resection was performed. Pathological study revealed typical findings of mycotic aneurysm with significant infiltration of inflammatory cells. The patient, however, expired due to concurrent brain hemorrhage. Postmortem study indicated no sign of pump thrombus or septic emboli inside the pump or inflow/outflow conduit. This case report presents a rare mycotic aneurysm that developed in the SMA after chronic LVAD support.
The Prevalence of Mind–Body Dualism in Early China
Authors: Slingerland Edward , Chudek Maciej 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe present the first large‐scale, quantitative examination of mind and body concepts in a set of historical sources by measuring the predictions of folk mind–body dualism against the surviving textual corpus of pre‐Qin (pre‐221 BCE) China. Our textual analysis found clear patterns in the historically evolving reference of the word xin (heart/heart–mind): It alone of the organs was regularly contrasted with the physical body, and during the Warring States period it became less associated with emotions and increasingly portrayed as the unique locus of “higher” cognitive abilities. We interpret this as a semantic shift toward a shared cognitive bias in response to a vast and rapid expansion of literacy. Our study helps test the proposed universality of folk dualism, adds a new quantitative approach to the methods used in the humanities, and opens up a new and valuable data source for cognitive scientists: the record of dead minds.
Charge-exchange X-ray emission of M82: Ka triplets of OVII, Ne IX and Mg XI
Authors: Liu Jiren , Mao Shude , Wang Q. Daniel 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Starburst galaxies are primary feedback sources of mechanical energy and metals, which are generally measured from associated X-ray emission lines, assuming that they are from the thermal emission of the outflowing hot gas. Such line emission, however, can also arise from the charge-exchange X-ray emission (CXE) between highly ionized ions and neutral species. To understand the feedback of energy and metals, it is crucial to determine the origin of the X-ray emission lines and to distinguish the contributions from the CXE and the thermal emission. The origin of the lines can be diagnosed by the Kα triplets of He-like ions, because the CXE favours the intercombination and forbidden lines, while the thermal emission favours the resonance line. We analyse the triplets of O vii, Ne ix and Mg xi observed in the XMM—Newton reflection grating spectra of the starburst galaxy M82. The flux contribution of the CXE is 90, 50 and 30 per cent to the O vii, Ne ix and Mg xi triplets, respectively. Averaged over all the three triplets, the contribution of the CXE is ∼50 per cent of the total observed triplet flux. To correctly understand the hot outflow of starburst galaxies, it is necessary to include the CXE. Based on the measured CXE fluxes of the O vii, Ne ix and Mg xi triplets, we estimate the relative abundances of O, Ne and Mg of the outflow and find they are similar to the solar ratios.
Oil price changes and total productivity fluctuations in an oil‐exporting country
Authors: Kavand Hossein , Shahmoradi Asghar 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis paper estimates a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model to investigate how oil price changes can affect the technological fluctuations in an oil‐exporting country like Iran. Focusing on Iran as an example of a resource‐intensive emerging economy, the paper uses the Blanchard–Kahn approach and the Kalman filter method to estimate unobservable technological deviations from its steady state. The estimated model simulates the stylised facts of the comovement, standard deviation and persistence of the cyclical components of macroeconomic variables. Based on these results, there is a positive correlation between oil price changes and the estimated technological fluctuations. In addition, this positive relationship is stronger in the period of accumulated positive oil price shocks, such as during the March 2003 to April 2007 period. The results show that oil price changes can be used as an indicator to predict the technological fluctuations in this economy.
DNA barcoding of Canada’s skates
Authors: COULSON M. W. , DENTI D. , VAN GUELPEN L. , MIRI C. , KENCHINGTON E. , BENTZEN P. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractDNA‐based identifications have been employed across broad taxonomic ranges and provide an especially useful tool in cases where external identification may be problematic. This study explored the utility of DNA barcoding in resolving skate species found in Atlantic Canadian waters. Most species were clearly resolved, expanding the utility for such identification on a taxonomically problematic group. Notably, one genus (Amblyraja) contained three of four species whose distributions do not overlap that could not be readily identified with this method. On the other hand, two common and partially sympatric species (Little and Winter skates) were readily identifiable. There were several instances of inconsistency between the voucher identification and the DNA sequence data. In some cases, these were at the intrageneric level among species acknowledged to be prone to misidentification. However, several instances of intergeneric discrepancies were also identified, suggesting either evidence of past introgressive hybridization or misidentification of vouchered specimens across broader taxonomic ranges. Such occurrences highlight the importance of retaining vouchered specimens for subsequent re‐examination in the light of conflicting DNA evidence.
FACTORS EXPLAINING THE ACADEMIC SUCCESS OF SECOND‐YEAR ECONOMICS STUDENTS: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS
Authors: HORN PETRONELLA , JANSEN ADA , YU DEREK 
Published: June 2011

AbstractFactors influencing the academic success of first‐year economics students have been intensely researched. Lecture and tutorial attendance, age, gender, as well as matriculation results have been identified as significant in explaining academic performance. The academic success of senior students, however, has received less attention in South Africa. This paper presents the findings of an investigation into the academic performance of second‐year economics students at Stellenbosch University. Using a Heckman two‐step model, the study analyses whether the factors explaining first‐year academic success are applicable in the second year or if other factors are relevant. The results suggest that most matriculation subjects become statistically insignificant for second‐year students, whereas lecture and tutorial attendance remain important contributors to academic success. Furthermore, academic performance in the first year is an important determinant of success in the second year.
‘It was a freak accident’: an analysis of the labelling of injury events in the US press
Authors: Smith Katherine C , Girasek Deborah C , Baker Susan P , Manganello Jennifer A , Bowman Stephen M , Samuels Alicia , Gielen Andrea C 
Published: June 2011

ObjectivesGiven that the news media shape our understanding of health issues, a study was undertaken to examine the use by the US media of the expression ‘freak accident’ in relation to injury events. This analysis is intended to contribute to the ongoing consideration of lay conceptualisation of injuries as ‘accidents’.MethodsLexisNexis Academic was used to search three purposively selected US news sources (Associated Press, New York Times and Philadelphia Inquirer) for the expression ‘freak accident’ over 5 years (2005–9). Textual analysis included both structured and open coding. Coding included measures for who used the expression within the story, the nature of the injury event and the injured person(s) being reported upon, incorporation of prevention information within the story and finally a phenomenological consideration of the uses and meanings of the expression within the story context.ResultsThe search yielded a dataset of 250 human injury stories incorporating the term ‘freak accident’. Injuries sustained by professional athletes dominated coverage (61%). Fewer than 10% of stories provided a clear and explicit injury prevention message. Stories in which journalists employed the expression ‘freak accident’ were less likely to include prevention information than stories in which the expression was used by people quoted in the story.ConclusionsJournalists who frame injury events as freak accidents may be an appropriate focus for advocacy efforts. Effective prevention messages should be developed and disseminated to accompany injury reporting in order to educate and protect the public.
Anaemia in rheumatoid arthritis: can we afford to ignore it?
Authors: Bloxham E , Vagadia V , Scott K , Francis G , Saravanan V , Heycock C , Rynne M , Hamilton J , Kelly C A 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Anaemia is common in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Clinicians may focus on rheumatological issues and assume anaemia of chronic disease (ACD). This study challenged this assumption and investigated the causes of anaemia in a large cohort of RA patients to assess its implications.

Methods
The hospital where the study was conducted monitors regular full blood count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) monthly in all RA patients on disease modifying drugs to assess efficacy and safety. A computerised system identifies and records abnormal results. The database for 2009 was interrogated to find all patients with two consecutive haemoglobin values &lt;11 g/dl. Using a proforma, patients were defined as having iron deficiency anaemia (IDA), ACD, macrocytic anaemia (MCA) or another cause. All results of further tests investigating the anaemia were recorded.

Results
Among 2000 RA patients on the system, 199 (10%) were identified as having anaemia over a year. Of these, 90 had IDA, 78 had ACD, 25 had MCA, and 6 had postoperative anaemia. Among 90 patients with IDA, investigations were performed in 53, with 23 normal. An explanation for IDA was found in 30: gastrointestinal bleeding in 25, gynaecological blood loss in 3, and urinary bleeding in 2. Among 78 patients with ACD, response to intensification of RA treatment occurred in 45, but erythropoietin therapy was required in 9. Within the 25 patients with MCA, 12 had unrecognised vitamin B12 deficiency, 4 drug induced changes, 3 myeloid malignancy, 2 hypothyroidism, and 2 alcoholism.

Conclusions
Anaemia in RA is common, multifactorial, and potentially both serious and correctable. Established malignancy was present in 10 patients and premalignancy in a further 10 (10% of total). Treatable causes were commonly identified. Clinicians need to investigate the nature and cause of persistent anaemia, and must not assume it to be simply ACD without evidence.
GENERAL ALGORITHMS FOR TESTING THE AMBIGUITY OF FINITE AUTOMATA AND THE DOUBLE-TAPE AMBIGUITY OF FINITE-STATE TRANSDUCERS
Authors: ALLAUZEN CYRIL , MOHRI MEHRYAR , RASTOGI ASHISH 
Published: June 2011

We present efficient algorithms for testing the finite, polynomial, and exponential ambiguity of finite automata with ε-transitions. We give an algorithm for testing the exponential ambiguity of an automaton A in time [Formula: see text], and finite or polynomial ambiguity in time [Formula: see text], where |A|E denotes the number of transitions of A. These complexities significantly improve over the previous best complexities given for the same problem. Furthermore, the algorithms presented are simple and based on a general algorithm for the composition or intersection of automata. Additionally, we give an algorithm to determine in time [Formula: see text] the degree of polynomial ambiguity of a polynomially ambiguous automaton A and present an application of our algorithms to an approximate computation of the entropy of a probabilistic automaton. We also study the double-tape ambiguity of finite-state transducers. We show that the general problem is undecidable and that it is NP-hard for acyclic transducers. We present a specific analysis of the double-tape ambiguity of transducers with bounded delay. In particular, we give a characterization of double-tape ambiguity for synchronized transducers with zero delay that can be tested in quadratic time and give an algorithm for testing the double-tape ambiguity of transducers with bounded delay.
The Role of a Strong Corporate Mission for Knowledge Management
Authors: Magnier-Watanabe Rémy , Senoo Dai 
Published: June 2011

This research, using large questionnaire data collected from a Japanese pharmaceutical company, attempts to examine the impact of organisational culture, leadership, and reporting styles on knowledge management, which can support innovation, assessing the significance of levels of comprehension and implementation of the corporate mission. Those with a better understanding and consistent realisation of the corporate mission were found to spend significantly more time on knowledge management activities, suggesting that the organisation should better communicate the corporate mission to employees and translate it into clear objectives.Moreover, these results have revealed discriminate enablers of knowledge management among employees with higher levels of comprehension and implementation of the corporate mission and those with lower levels. In the former group, time spent on knowledge management activities was solely the result of organisational culture, while in the latter, involvement in knowledge management was the product of both high open-mindedness and more inclusive reporting. These findings suggest first that a strong mission shared and put into practice among the workforce is a powerful driver of knowledge management, and second, that open-mindedness and more inclusive reporting can substitute for a strong corporate mission and support knowledge management activities.