bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Nitrogen Fertility Level and Topping Method on Yield, Quality, and Storage Losses in Sugarbeets1
Authors: Akeson W. R. , Westfall D. G. , Henson M. A. , Stout E. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe recovery of sucrose from sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris L) has decreased in recent years while root yield has increased. Our objective was to determine the effect of N application rate and topping method on root yield and on the factors affecting recovery of sucrose‐sucrose content, purity, and storage loss.The effect of five N fertility levels (0, 67, 134, 202, and 269 kg/ha) on sugarbeet root yield, quality (percent sucrose and percent purity) and crown tissue size was investigated from 1975‐1977 in 10 field experiments in Colorado, Kansas, and Nebraska. Crown tissue, the portion of the sugarbeet above the lowest leaf scar, increased from 10.64 to 16.03% of the total root weight as the N application rate increased from 0 to 260 kg/ha. Total root yield increased from 45.2 to 54.4 metric tons/ha over the same N range, but much of the yield increase was due to increase in crown size. Sucrose content and clarified juice purity (CJP) decreased 1.42 and 1.97% units, respectivdy, as the N application went from 0 to 269 kg/ha. The decrease in quality offset the increase in yield so that increasing rates of N had no significant effect upon yield of recoverable sucrose per ha. The extractable sucrose per metric ton of beets was reduced from 144.5 kg/ton for the 67 kg N/ha application to 128.6 kg/ton for the 269 kg N/ha application. Crown removal significantly reduced yield of recoverable sucrose per hectare but only increased extractable sucrose per ton from 136.7 to 140.0 kg/ton.Quality (sucrose and CJP) was improved both by proper topping and by N management, however, N management has a more dramatic effect upon quality. Total sucrose yield is reduced by topping, but not significantly affected by N application rate.Three N fertility levels (0, 134, and 269 kg/ha) and three topping methods (flailed, half‐topped, and topped) were evaluated for their effect on sucrose and quality changes in sugarbeet roots during storage in nine experiments. Failed beets had 27.4 and 25.5% less gross sucrose and recoverable sucrose losses than regular topped beets and 17.3 and 15.7% less gross suaose and recoverable sucrose lass than half‐topped beets. Method of topping had a significant effect upon sucrose losses in beets grown in all Iri levels. Nitrogen application rate had no significant effect upon gross sucrose or recoverable sucrose losses.Beet quality (extractable sucrose per metric ton) was higher in topped beets than flailed beets at harvest, but no difference existed between topping treatments after storage. Sucrose production per acre and beet quality was maximized with the low fertility, flailed treatments before and after storage.
Root Distribution Patterns of Two Hybrid Grain Sorghums Under Field Conditions1
Authors: Zartman R. E. , Woyewodzic R. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSenscence is sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is manifested as pre‐mature shedding of the lower plant leaves. This process occurs during grain filling and is much more pronounced in senescent than in nonsenescent cultivars. Since roots are the plant organs responsible for water and nutrient accumulation, it is important to understand their relationship to total plant development. The root development of a senescent and a nonsenescent hybrid grain sorghum was investigated in the field. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of senescence on root distribution of two grain sorghum hybrids.Root samples were collected on approximately biweekly bases to measure their rate of growth and extent of distribution. Samples were collected on both sides of, and perpendicular to the row at 5‐, 15‐, 22.5‐, and 30‐cm intervals to a depth of 105 cm. Root distribution and density were similar for each hybrid 3 weeks after planting (3 June). The nonsenescent hybrid, represented by ‘ Pioneer 42004’, established its aventitious root system earlier than did the senescent hybrid, represented by ‘Pioneer 22516’. Differences were based on visual inspection of the roots and root diameter measurements. Root density of both hybrids increased until grain filling with the senescent cultivars generally exhibiting greater root density. From week 11 (5 August) to week 13 (19 August), both hybrids decreased in root density with a greater decrease noted for the senescent hybrid. The more dramatic decrease in density for the senescent hybrid was also reflected in a lesser grain yield.
Comparison of Diurnal Drought Response of Selected Wheat Cultivars1
Authors: Sojka R. E. , Stolzy L. H. , Fischer R. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn a 2‐year field study in Sonora, Mexico, irrigated and water‐stressed wheat (Triticum aestivum and T. durum) was grown to test the hypothesis of the existence of a substantial physiological response plateau at midday, and to assess several water‐stress characterizing techniques for field comparison of cultivars. Cultivars used were: ‘Yecora 70’, ‘Gabo’, ‘Sonora 64’, ‘Cajeme 71’ (bread wheats), and ‘Cocorit 71’ (a spring durum). Parameters examined included xylem pressure potential (ψχ), diffusive resistance (Rs), leaf osmotic potential (ψπ), and relative turgidity (RT).Diurnal studies indicate ψχ of midday (maximum stress) observations do not change statistically from 1100 to 1600 hours under the conditions studied. Thus with sufficient replication and random sequence of sampling, large numbers of cultivars can be compared daily and seasonally for their response to water stress at midday.Studies of technique indicated that pressure chamber temperature rose only 5 C when pressurizing to 20.7 bar in 10 sec and only 3 C when pressurizing in 105 sec. ψχ of plant samples tended to drop when stored in moist plastic bags after as little as 5 min. Rapid pressure increase rates resulted in statistically lower observed ψχ in one comparison (−23.5 bars in 1 min vs. − 23.2 bars in 4 min). Diffusive resistances (Rs) of abaxial leaf surfaces were larger and more variable than those observed on adaxial surfaces.Diurnal observations of ψχ, ψπ and RT showed a high degree of correlation between ψπ, RT, and ψχ, pointing to ψχ as a good overall indicator of plant water status. Data indicate there may be a significant potential gradient between the terminal stem node and the flag leaf and/head.
Adhesive Increases Inoculation efficiency in White Clover1
Authors: Waggoner J. A. , Evers G. W. , Weaver R. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRelatively few fields in the southern USA contain sufficient numbers of Rhizobium trifolii to nodulate Trifolium species adequately. Thus, it is essential to know the extent to which current inoculation practices provide rhizobia for adequate nodulation. The nodulation of white clover (T. repens L.) grown from seed inoculated with a peat base inoculant using water or gum arabic as the adhesive was compared. The clover was sown in a Crowley sandy loam having a pH of 6.4. This soil contained fewer than 100 R. trifolii/g. Adequacy of inoculation was evaluated by determining plant dry matter production, percentage protein, nodule number and weight, and acetylene reduction. Inoculation with enough peat to supply 600 rhizobia/seed was adequate when applied with gum arabic, but not with water. Inoculation procedures normally supply approximately 200 rhizobia per seed. There was no significant difference between the uninoculated treatment and the inoculant treatment applied with water for any of the parameters used except for nodule weight at an early sampling date. When gum arabic was used, increasing the number of rhizobia from 600 to 3,000/seed did not significantly increase any parameter. Clover growth was nearly doubled by good inoculation.
Effect of Plant Arrangements and Densities on Yields of Dry Beans1
Authors: Kueneman E. A. , Sandsted R. F. , Wallace D. H. , Bravo A. , Wien H. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDry beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L., are commonly sown in wide rows (75 to 90 cm) because many of the mechanical planters and cultivars in use were designed or adjusted for maize (Zea mays L.) culture. More importantly, effective herbicides for weed control and machinery for harvesting beans grown in narrow rows have not been available until recently. New developments in herbicides and prospects of more flexible harvesting machinery being marketed warrant investigations to determine yield responses of dry beans to plant spacings.Eleven field experiments were conducted in New York State from 1966 to 1977 to determine effects of plant arrangements and densities on yields of dry beans. These experiments were at Aurora, N.Y., on soils of type Glossoboric hapludalfs, or at Ithaca, N.Y., on either Dystic flurentic entrochrepts or Typic dystrochrepts. Between row spacing effects were evaluated in nine experiments; narrow rows conditioned significantly higher (7% to 48%) yields in seven of the nine experiments. At a given density, plants in more equidistant arrangements significantly outyielded those in more rectangular arrangements. For example, plants spaced at 25✕25 cm yielded more than those at 76✕8 cm by 13%, plants spaced at 20✕20 cm yielded more than those at 76✕5 cm by 12% and yields averaged across five genotypes at 30✕10 cm were 48% larger than those at 60✕5 cm.Results of an on‐farm trial indicated that difficulty in harvesting beans grown in narrow rows is a major constraint to adoption by farmers of narrow‐row culture. Suggestions for further research include: 1) modification of bean pullers or direct harvesters to accommodate beans grown in narrow rows; 3) determination of the yield advantage associated with alternating between several narrow rows and a wide row to enable passage of a tractor through the field for the purpose of cultivating, spraying, and harvesting; 3) selection of bean cultivars that will maximize the yield advantage of narrow‐row culture.
Dry Matter and Nitrogen Accumulation in Male‐Sterile and Male‐Fertile Soybeans1
Authors: Burton J. W. , Wilson R. F. , Brim C. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOne explanation for the rapid decline in N fixation of soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] during pod‐fill, is that deveioping seeds compete so strongly for photosynthate that inadequate amounts are available to nodules. Nitrogen fixation by nodulated legumes may be enhanced during the pod‐filling period by increased photosynthate supply to the root system. A reduced number of pod sinks presumably would allow more of the available photosynthate to be translocated to the root system and nodules. In the field, genetic male‐sterile (ms1) soybean plants naturally produce between 80% and 90% fewer pods than their fertile siblings. In addition, their leaves remain green until a killing frost which occurs usually well after their fertile siblings have completey matured. The objective of this study was to determine if these secondary effects of male sterility are also associated with dry matter and N accumulation patterns which are different from those of male‐fertile plants.Sterile and fertile plants from a population of the male‐sterile (ms1) maintainer line, N69‐2774, were sampled in a replicated experiment at 10day intervals from flowering to maturity. Dry weights and Kjeldahl N determinations were made on stems plus petioles, leaf blades, and pods.We found patterns of dry matter and N accumulation in sterile plants indicating that with reduced pod set, leaves, stems, and roots were sinks for N and photosynthate during the pod‐filling period. At peak N accumulation, 130 days after emergence (DAE), 70y0 of the total N in the aboveground portion of fertile plants was in the pods, 8% in stems plus petioles, and 22y0 in leaf blades. In sterile plants at 130 DAE, 11% of the N was in pods, 390/, in stems plus petioles, and 50y0 in leaf blades.Although the sterile plants had 87% fewer pods per plant than the fertile plants and did not show leaf yellowing, sterile and fertile plants showed little difference in the rate of dry matter accumuation per pod or in the total accumulation of plant dry matter. These genotypes also contained similar amounts of total N throughout the pod‐filling period. The results suggest that the retention of green leaves and increased carbohydrate supply to the roots may not increase N2 fixation in the absence of a strong seed sink.
Irrigation and Tillage Effects on Soybean Yield in a Coastal Plain Soil1
Authors: Martin C. K. , Cassel D. K. , Kamprath E. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTillage‐induced pans in many Atlantic Coastal Plain soils restrict soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) rooting. Consequently, one or more drought periods may reduce soybean yields. This study determined tillage and irrigation effects on soybean yields in one of these soils in a dry year.‘Ransom’ soybeans were planted on 19 May 1977 on Wagram loamy sand (Arenic Paleudult) which has a traffic induced pan at 25 cm. One half of each plot was conventionally tilled (moldboard plus three diskings); the other half was subsoiled to 45 cm and bedded. The date at which irrigation began was considered the whole plot and was replicated four times in a randomized block design. Irrigations were scheduled using tensiometers whenever the soil moisture tension in the 15 to 30‐cm depth reached 0.8 bars. A gradient with respect to the amount of water applied was established across each plot; no irrigation water reached the far side of the plots. Dates at which irrigation began were 23 June (early), 29 July (after flowering began), and 1 September (after pod set started). Once irrigation was initiated, each treatment was irrigated as needed throughout the growing season.Yields of conventionally tilled soybeans were 1,728, 2,063, 2,124, and 1,686 kg/ha for no irrigation and for full irrigation initiated on 23 June, 29 July, and 29 September, respectively. No significant yield increase or decrease was observed for the irrigated, subsoiled plots, regardless of the date irrigation began. Average yield of the subsoiled treatment was 37% higber than the 1,802 kg/ha overall average yield for conventionally tilled soybeans.The fact that the irrigated, conventionally tilled treatments did not achieve yields equal to those of the nonirrigated, subsoiled treatment suggest that some other benefit(s) accrue from the subsoil and bedding operation in addition to increasing water availability.
Effects of Small Grain Stubble Height and Mulch on No‐Tillage Soybean Production1
Authors: Hovermale C. H. , Camper H. M. , Alexander M. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLittle data are available on the increasing popular practice of no‐tillage planting soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.) in small grain stubble. To determine the effects of three small grain stubble heights and three straw mulch rates in branching height, plant height, lodging, population, and yield of no‐till planted soybeans, field studies were conducted at Warsaw and Suffolk, Va. for 3 years. Straw mulch treatments were normal amount (✕), twice the normal amount (2✕), and all straw removed (0). The three stubble heights were “Low” (10.2 cm), “Medium” (20.3 cm), and “High” (35.6 cm at Warsaw and 40.6 cm at Suffolk). Neither mulch rate nor stubble height affected final plant stand significantly, but there was a tendency toward fewer plants in the heaviest mulch rate. Mature plants at Warsaw were tallest in the high stubble with no difference between the low and medium stubble; the same trend was shown at Suffolk. Soybean plants grown in the ✕ and 2✕ mulch at Warsaw and the ✕ mulch at Suffolk were taller than those grown in the other mulch treatments. Lodging and pod height followed the same trend as plant height. Seed yield was highest in the medium stubble and ✕ mulch rate.It is concluded that harvesting small grain to leave a 20‐cm stubble produces optimum soybean yields and the addition of mulch shows no benefit.
Greenhouse Alfalfa Yields with Single and Split Applications of Deproteinized Alfalfa Juice1
Authors: Volenec Jeff , Smith Dale , Soberalske R. M. , Ream H. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA greenhouse study was initiated to observe the response of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to single and split applications of deproteinized alfalfa juice (DAJ) at surface depths of 1.25, 1.88, and 2.30 cm in a Piano silt loam (Typic Argiudoll) soil mixture containing 20% sand. Total alfalfa herbage yields (three harvests) increased significantly over the control with single applications of 1.25 cm of DAJ; were similar to the control with 1.88 cm of DAJ; and were reduced significantly below the control with 2.50 cm of DAJ where plants were killed. Total herbage yields were higher with split than single DAJ applications, but significantly higher only with 1.88 and 2.50 cm. The highest total herbage yields were obtained with split applications at 1.25 and 1.88 cm. It is concluded that above 1.25 cm, DAJ should be applied to alfalfa in split rather than in single applications.
Optimum Crown Temperatures for Maximum Alfalfa Growth1
Authors: Evenson P. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractReported effects of soil or root zone temperatures on alfalfa growth have not separated the temperature effects on roots and crowns. The optimum crown temperature for maximum top, crown, and root growth was determined in this investigation. Alfalfa growth was measured at various crown temperatures while root and shoot temperatures were held constant.Two similar growth chamber experiments were conducted on ‘Vernal’ alfalfa. In the first experiment, crown temperatures of 25, 28, 34, and 36 C were used. Maximum predicted top growth occurred at a 32 C crown temperature. Average shoot length and number of trifoliate leaves per plant were the major variables that correlated with topgrowth.Top and root growth were influenced in an opposite manner (r = —0.51) by crown temperatures of 23, 31, 36, and 40 C in the second experiment. Crown weights were not significantly influenced by these temperatures. Therefore, total plant weights were evaluated. The maximum predicted‐ and actual‐total‐plant weight was at 36 C. The most topgrowth and least root growth occurred at 40 C. However, topgrowth was abnormal in appearance, and cortical cells had collapsed hi the roots. Excluding results at 40 C, the maximum top growth occurred at 31C.Optimum crown temperature is much higher than the reported‐optimum‐root temperatures for maximum alfalfa growth.
Photosynthesis of Peanut Canopies as Affected by Leafspot and Artificial Defoliation1
Authors: Boote K. J. , Jones J. W. , Smerage G. H. , Barfield C. S. , Berger R. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCercospora sp. leafspot and defoliating arthropods are major pests which reduce the yield of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) in the southeastern United States by decreasing the amount and effectiveness of photosynthetic surfaces. Nevertheless, in the past, yield reductions have been empirically predicted from season‐end yields without considering the intermediate effects of leafspot or defoliation on canopy photosynthesis. Information on short and long term responses of crop growth processes to these pests is vital to the development of croppest management models which dynamically simulate crop and insect interaction. Our objective was to determine canopy photosynthesis and characteristics of peanut foliage layers in response to leafspot, defoliation, and combinations of disease and defoliation. Measurements from a field experiment included canopy C exchange rate (CER), photosynthetic uptake of 14CO2, leaf area, and light interception by leaves in three canopy layers.The upper 42% of the canopy leaf area intercepted 74% of the light and fixed 63% of the total 14CO2 taken up by intact canopies. Removal of 25% of the total leaf area, primarily from the upper half of the canopy, reduced 14CO2 uptake by 30% and canopy CER by 35%. In 1977, severe leafspot damage reduced leaf area index (LAI) by 80%, 14CO2 uptake by 85%, and canopy CER by 93%. Canopy CER values measured in 1978 were reduced 35 and 65% for medium and high leafspot damage treatments, respectively. Photosynthesis of diseased canopies was reduced not only by loss of leaves which abscissed as a result of infection, but also because diseased leaves which remained on the plants were less efficient in fixing CO2.Modeling the effects of insect defoliation and leafspot on peanut plant growth will require the fraction of LAI lost relative to LAI of 3 or 4, as well as the location and photosynthetic rate of the leaves remaining after insect defoliation or disease.
Steer Performance on AP‐2 Phalaris and ‘Kentucky 31’ Tall Fescue Pasture1
Authors: Hoveland C. S. , Haaland R. L. , King C. C. , Anthony W. B. , McGuire J. A. , Smith L. A. , Grimes H. W. , Holliman J. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSteer performance on tall fescue (Festuca arundinaca Schreb.) pasture without supplemental feeding has generally been poor. The new Auburn Univ. experimental phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) cultivar, ‘AP‐2,’ appeared promising in preliminary clipping tests but no information was available on animal performance. The objective of this study was to determine steer performance on pastures of ‘Kentucky 31’ tall fescue and AP‐2 phalaris. The two grass species were grown in west central Alabama on replicated 1.2 ha paddocks containing two calcareous soils, Sumter clay (Rendolic Eutrochrept, fine silty, carbonatic, thermic) and Houston clay (Typic Chromudert, very fine montmorillonitic, thermic). They were fertilized annually with 224 kg N/ha and grazed with yearling steers from 17 October to 26 December and 7 March to 19 June for 3 consecutive years. Tall fescue furnished 602 animal days/ha, produced 488 kg gain/ha, and an average daily gain (ADG) of 0.81 kg. Phalaris furnished 499 animal days/ha, 389 kg gain/ha, and ADG of 0.78 kg. Carrying capacity was higher on tall fescue than on phalaris, 3.53 and 3.15 steers/ha respectively. Steers had excellent appearance from the standpoint of hair coat and degree of finish at end of each grazing season. Dry matter digestibility of both grasses averaged 59% for the season. Calcium content of tall fescue herbage was higher than for phalaris, 0.72% and 0.58% respectively. The ADG of steers on both tall fescue and phalaris was similar to that on small grain pastures and much higher than usually obtained on tall fescue in other experiments. These results suggest that tall fescue has the potential for excellent animal performance which is not now being generally realized in the southeastern U.S. Phalaris furnished relatively high ADG but had a lower carrying capacity and was less persistent under grazing than tall fescue.