bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiographic, high detail radiographic, microangiographic and histological findings of the distal portion of the tarsus in weanling, young and adult horses
Authors: LAVERTY S. , STOVER S. M. , BÉLANGER D. , O'BRIEN T. R. , POOL R. R. , PASCOE J. R. , TAYLOR K. , HARRINGTON T. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryClinical radiographic (LM and D35L‐P1MO views), high detail radiographic, microangiographic and histological findings of the distal portion of the tarsus of 16 horses (five weanling, four young and six adult), without known clinical histories, were evaluated to determine the sensitivity of clinical radiographs for the detection of abnormalities in the distal tarsus and the prevalence of abnormalities in this population. Clinical radiographic and high detail radiographic abnormalities were observed in at least 30 per cent of the tarsi examined. Statistical agreement between observations from clinical radiographs and corresponding post mortem high detail radiographs was not good for subchondral bone plate irregularities and joint margin changes. Three patterns of sclerosis of the medullary spongiosa were visualised on high detail radiographs: thickening of the subchondral bone plate was seen commonly in the weanling group, whereas arching and bridging patterns were more prevalent in the young and adult groups. Bone production on the dorsal cortex of the central and third tarsal bones did not increase with age. Abnormalities in vascular perfusion and articular cartilage histology were observed in association with subchondral bone plate irregularities and focal regions of osteopenia observed on high detail radiographs.
Bronchoalveolar lavage findings in horses with exercise intolerance
Authors: FOGARTY U. , BUCKLEY T. 
Published: April 2010

SummarySignificant differences were detected by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) between horses racing successfully and those showing exercise intolerance. Neutrophil percentage, haemosiderophage percentage and total bacterial numbers were significantly elevated in horses with exercise intolerance. BAL provided a more accurate indication of the incidence and extent of exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) than visual inspection.
Risk factors associated with injuries in Thoroughbred horses
Authors: MOHAMMED H. O. , HILL T. , LOWE J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA case‐control study was conducted on Thoroughbred horses to identify factors associated with the risk of breakdown on racetracks. A total of 310 cases (breakdowns) were identified from the Horse Identification Department records kept by the chief examining veterinarian of New York Racing Association. For each case, two control horses were selected randomly from the Daily Racing Form Inc. records. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify and quantify the risk of factors associated with breakdown, while simultaneously controlling for the effect of other putative factors. Factors associated with risk of breakdown were: track (horses raced on Saratoga racetrack were at a lesser risk of breakdown), track composition/condition (turf tracks had a lower risk compared to dirt), number of seasons in race, racing in a later race, number of starts per year, the total number of starts, season (summer had a higher risk than winter or spring) and age of the horse.
Mononuclear cell infiltration of the equine endometrium: immunohistochemical studies
Authors: WAELCHLI R. O. , WINDER N. CHRISTINE 
Published: April 2010

SummaryEndometrial sections from mares with varying degrees of mononuclear cell infiltration were examined for immunoglobulin (Ig)A‐, IgM‐, IgG(T)‐ and IgG(Fc)‐containing cells, luminal and glandular epithelial cell Igstaining and free interstitial Ig‐staining, using a peroxidase anti‐peroxidase technique. Mares with mild to moderate (Group 2) and mares with severe diffuse mononuclear cell infiltration, superimposed by acute endometritis (Group 3), had significantly higher numbers of Ig‐containing cells than genitally‐normal mares (Group 1). The differences between Groups 1 and 3 were significant for all four isotypes. In Groups 1 and 2, numbers of IgA‐containing cells were significantly larger than numbers of IgM‐ and IgG(T)‐containing cells. Generally, more glandular epithelial cells stained for IgA and IgM than for IgG(T) and IgG(Fc), and Ig‐staining for all isotypes increased from Group 1 to Group 3. Free interstitial staining did not appear to differ among the three groups, but IgG(Fc)‐ and IgG(T)‐staining generally was more intense than IgA‐ and IgM‐staining. The efficiency of uterine defence in the mare does not seem to depend solely on humoral factors, and defects involving other components of the defence system may contribute to failure of the uterus to clear infection.
Pedicle skin flaps in ponies: viable length is related to flap width
Authors: HINCHCLIFF K. W. , MACDONALD DIANE R. , LINDSAY W. A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe relationship between pedicle flap width and viable length was characterised for skin flaps of the flank in ponies. Four dorsally based, pedicle type skin flaps of 20 cm in length and 3, 6, 9 or 12 cm in width were created in a random sequence on one flank in each of 10 ponies. Flap survival length was assessed by skin texture and appearance, depilation of hair and wound healing at 14 days after surgery. There was considerable variation between animals in the viable length of flaps of the same width; however, a significant difference in the viable length of flaps of different widths was detected (P=0.002). The viable length of the 3 cm flaps was significantly different from that of the 12 cm flaps (9.69 ± 1.1 cm vs 12.97 ± 1.0 cm, mean ± se P<0.05). There was a positive correlation between flap width and viable length (r2= 0.141, P=0.017). There was no effect of flap order (cranial to caudal positioning relative to the other flaps) on viable length (P=0.286). The results of this study demonstrate a significant relationship between flap width and viable length, confirming a previously unsupported assumption that flap width and viable length are related. These findings suggest that the clinician should employ broad pedicles when using local flaps to reconstruct skin defects on the flank of the horse.
An evaluation of the effect of reagent modification on routine laboratory coagulation tests
Authors: GENTRY P. A. , FELDMAN B. F. , O'NEILL S. L. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of modifying commercial reagents for the laboratory evaluation of several haemostatic parameters in normal, non‐pregnant mares. The routine coagulation screening assays, namely, the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and the one‐stage prothrombin time (PT), and the specific coagulation assays for the determination of the biological activity of Factors VII, VIII:C and IX, are discussed.
Evaluation of the haemostatic profile in the Dre‐ and post parturient mare, with particular focus on the perinatal period
Authors: GENTRY P. A. , FELDMAN B. F. , O'NEILL S. L. , MADIGAN J. E. , ZINKL J. G. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryVarious haemostatic analytes were systematically evaluated for four months pre‐partum and five months post partum in 14 healthy mares. The plasma fibrinogen concentration and both Factor VIII:C and von Willebrand factor activity showed gradual increases from mid‐gestation and reached maximal, or near maximal activity at parturition. These increases were paralleled by an increase in plasma fibronectin concentration, the appearance of fibrinogen degradation products, and a modest rise in antithrombin III concentration. In contrast, the activity of Factor VII and Factor IX, and the one‐stage prothrombin (PT) time and the activated partial thromboplastin (APTT) time remained relatively constant throughout the pre‐ and post parturient period.
Preliminary studies on the vascular anatomy of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon
Authors: KRAUS‐HANSEN ANN E. , FACKELMAN G. E. , BECKER C. , WILLIAMS R. M. , PIPERS F. S. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe vascular and microvascular anatomy of normal equine superficial digital flexor tendons was studied by dissection of vinyl‐perfused specimens and by microangiography on high detail film. The presence of an extensive intratendinous vascular latticework was confirmed, and a ‘nutrient artery’ described closely associated with the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon (proximal check ligament). Circumferential stripping of the paratenon from the tendon to eliminate afferent vessels was performed bilaterally in three horses and unilaterally in a fourth, followed by a treadmill training regimen. No resulting intratendinous lesions could be documented on gross post mortem and histological examination at three, 10, or 35 days post operatively. There was mild paratendinous proliferation in all instances.In one horse, four intratendinous ligatures were placed within the medial and lateral borders of the contralateral tendon to isolate further from its blood supply a 10 cm segment. Gross lesions at 35 days post operatively included a marked paratendinous response involving the entire 10 cm segment, and a darkened, soft focus within the core of the tendon. Histopathology and electron microscopy demonstrated focal degeneration.It was concluded that the blood supply of the normal equine superficial digital flexor tendon is primarily intratendinous, rather than paratendinous as previously thought. The lesions in one horse similar to those in naturally occurring tendinitis supported a vascular aetiology of the disease, and set the groundwork for studies aimed at the development of a clinically relevant tendinitis model.
Inheritance of hydrocephalus in horses
Authors: OJALA M. , ALA‐HUIKKU J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryFrom 1974 to 1979, seven stillborn foals with internal hydrocephalus were encountered from one Standardbred trotter stallion which sired 239 registered foals. An hydrocephalic foal was also aborted by a daughter of the same stallion. One affected foal from Standardbred trotters and one from a Finnish Horses were also reported. In some cases, the condition caused severe dystocia. Based on field data, possible causes of the defect could neither be proved nor specifically overruled in individual cases. Hydrocephalus was obviously not an autosomal recessive single‐locus defect, nor was it X‐linked. A dominant mutation in the germ line in one of the parents or in any embryo seemed the most likely explanation for the occurrence of internal hydrocephalus in horses.
Arrhythmias in newborn Thoroughbred foals
Authors: YAMAMOTO K. , YASUDA J. , TOO K. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryFoetal electrocardiograms (ECG) were obtained from 39 of 50 Thoroughbred foaling mares close to delivery. The 50 newborn foals were studied electrocardiographically during their adaptive period, immediately after birth. In 48 foals there were paroxysmal arrhythmias or mixed arrhythmias. The most common arrhythmias were sinus arrhythmias including wandering pacemaker (32/50) and atrial premature contraction (30/50). The others observed were atrial fibrillation (15/50), ventricular premature contraction (10/50), partial atrioventricular block (7/50), ventricular tachycardia (4/50), atrial tachycardia (3/50) and idioventricular rhythm (1/50). The duration of the arrhythmias was approximately 5 min, and in all cases the arrhythmia disappeared within 15 min of birth. From foetal ECG recordings, no indication of the likelihood of neonatal arrhythmias was detected. With the exception of 2 cases, all foals have continued to grow and develop normally.These arrhythmias are considered normal physiological processes in newborn Thoroughbred foals during the adaptive period to extra‐uterine life. High vagal tone and hypoxaemia at birth are probably the main contributing factors.
Pathological aspects of Australian Stringhalt
Authors: SLOCOMBE R. F. , HUNTINGTON P. J. , FRIEND S. C. E. , JEFFCOTT L. B. , LUFF A. R. , FINKELSTEIN D. K. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryNine horses with clinical signs of Australian Stringhalt were killed and tissues collected for a detailed pathological study. Lesions were limited to peripheral nerves and muscles. The most severely affected nerves were the superficial and deep peroneal, distal tibial, plantar digital, volar and recurrent laryngeal nerve with changes characterised by a selective loss of large diameter myelinated fibres with various degrees of demyelination, fibrosis, Schwann cell proliferation and onion‐bulb formation. A routine evaluation of the brain and spinal cord by light microscopy failed to reveal any consistent abnormalities. Morphometric analysis of deep peroneal and recurrent laryngeal nerves confirmed the reduced number of large diameter myelinated axons. Teased fibre preparations of these nerves did not show any abnormalities in internodal distance. The most severe muscle lesions were in the long and lateral digital extensors, cranial tibial, dorsal cricoarytenoid, gracilis and lateral deep digital flexor with extensive atrophy of fibres and diffuse fibrosis. Histochemical evaluation of the long digital extensor from 3 affected horses showed an abnormally wide distribution in fibre size and a reduction in type II fibres compared with controls. These lesions are consistent with a distal axonopathy leading to neurogenic muscle atrophy. The distribution of neuromuscular lesions in Australian Stringhalt may be explained by the susceptibility of longer, larger myelinated nerve fibres to injury, but the cause for this distal axonopathy remains unknown.
Contrast‐enhanced computed tomography and myelography in six horses with cervical stenotic myelopathy
Authors: MOORE BONNIE RUSH , HOLBROOK T. C. , STEFANACCI J. D. , REED S. M. , TATE L. P. , MENARD MONICA C. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe cervical spines of 6 horses with cervical stenotic myelopathy (CSM) were examined using myelography and contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (CECT). Histopathology of the spinal cord of these horses identified 10 neurologically significant compressive lesions. Myelography and CECT were both able to demonstrate all 10 spinal cord compressive lesions, but myelography falsely identified 2 sites and CECT falsely identified 1 site as compressive lesions of the spinal cord which were not supported by histopathology. Additional qualitative information was obtained by CECT regarding the source, severity and location of spinal cord compression. Computed tomography identified stenosis of the vertebral canal with circumferential loss of contrast agent and documented lateral compressive lesions of the spinal cord due to malformed articular facets. Compression of the peripheral nerve roots by malformed articular facets encroaching on the intervertebral foramen was easily identified by CECT in the axial plane. No compressive lesions were identified in 3 unaffected horses by either method. Minimum sagittal diameter (MSD) values obtained from CECT images were strongly correlated with necropsy measurements, validating CECT as an accurate method of obtaining MSD values. The MSD values in the CSM‐affected horses were significantly narrowed (P<0.05) from C3C6regardless of the site of spinal cord compression, when compared with the unaffected controls. This finding supports previous reports suggesting that generalised stenosis of the vertebral canal is an important feature in the pathogenesis of cervical stenotic myelopathy.
Effects of WEB 2086, an antagonist to the receptor for platelet‐activating factor (PAF), on PAF‐induced responses in the horse
Authors: FOSTER A. P. , LEES P. , ANDREWS M. J. , CUNNINGHAM F. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryPlatelet‐activating factor (PAF) causes oedema and neutrophil accumulation when injected into the skin of normal horses. PAF is also known to induce aggregation of horse plateletsin vitro. The selective PAF receptor antagonist WEB 2086 has now been used to determine whether these effects are mediated by PAF receptor activation. Addition of WEB 2086 to equine plateletsin vitroinhibited PAF‐induced aggregation in a competitive reversible manner (pA2= 7.14). Inhibition ofin vivoinflammatory responses to PAF occurred after local administration of WEB 2086: wheal formation induced by 0.1 μg PAF/site was reduced by 1–10 μ WEB 2086/site. PAF (1 μg/site)‐induced neutrophil accumulation was also inhibited by co‐administration of 10 μg WEB 2086/site. Systemic administration of WEB 2086 (3 mg/kg iv) to 4 normal ponies inhibited PAF‐induced wheal formation andex vivoplatelet aggregation. At 30 min after drug administration the concentration of PAF required to produce a half maximal aggregation response was increased 496 ± 137 fold. At 6 h the degree of inhibition was markedly reduced and responses had returned to pre‐treatment values by 24 h. PAF‐induced increases in cutaneous vascular permeability were also reduced by 80% as early as 30 min after iv administration of WEB 2086 in these animals, the inhibition persisting for at least 6 h. These results suggest thatin vitroandin vivoresponses to PAF in the horse are mediated via activation to PAF receptors. WEB 2086 will therefore be a useful agent for studying the role of PAF in the pathogenesis of equine inflammatory conditions.
Plasma potassium and lactate concentrations in Thoroughbred horses during exercise of varying intensity
Authors: HARRIS PAT , SNOW D. H. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryTo investigate the effect of moderate to high intensity exercise of up to 6 min duration on plasma potassium and lactate concentrations, 6 Thoroughbred horses were studied using a treadmill at a 5° incline. Each test consisted of an 8‐min standardised warm‐up followed by an exercise bout at 8, 9, 10 or 12 m/sec. The horses were galloped at each speed for up to a maximum of 6 min or until signs of fatigue were present. The horses were then walked at 0° incline. Carotid arterial blood samples were taken during and after the exercise. At 8, 9 and 10 m/sec there was a general pattern of an initial rise in potassium to a peak around 1.5 min of exercise with the concentration then slowly decreasing. At 12 m/sec there was a continuous rise to a peak at the end of exercise in all horses. Immediately after exercise there was a rapid return (within 3–4 min) to the potassium concentrations recorded at the end of the warm‐up period. Plasma lactate peaked around the end of exercise at all speeds.At the highest intensity of exercise the mechanisms for the re‐uptake of potassium did not appear to be able to match the rate of efflux. In contrast, at less intense work loads, the rate of re‐uptake appeared to be similar to or slightly greater than the rate of efflux. It is possible that a disturbance in this balance between efflux and re‐uptake could result in a disturbance in normal neuromuscular function during exercise.
Standardised imaging technique for guided M‐mode and Doppler echocardiography in the horse
Authors: LONG KAREN J. , BONAGURA J. D. , DARKE P. G. G. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryEighteen echocardiographic images useful for diagnostic imaging, M‐mode echocardiography, and Doppler echocardiography of the equine heart were standardised by relating the position of the axial beam to various intracardiac landmarks. The transducer orientation required for each image was recorded in 14 adult horses by describing the degree of sector rotation and the orientation of the axial beam relative to the thorax. Repeatable images could be obtained within narrow limits of angulation and rotation for 14 of the 18 standardised images evaluated.Twenty‐seven National Hunt horses were subsequently examined using this standardised technique. Selected cardiac dimensions were measured from two‐dimensional and guided M‐mode studies. Satisfactory results were achieved in 26 of the 27 horses. There was no linear correlation between any of the measured cardiac values and bodyweight. There was no significant difference between measurements taken from the left and the right hemithorax. Six horses were imaged on three consecutive days to assess the repeatability of the measurements. No significant difference was found between measurements obtained on different days.This study demonstrates a method for standardised echocardiographic evaluation of the equine heart that is repeatable, valuable for teaching techniques of equine echocardiography, applicable for diagnostic imaging and quantification of cardiac size, and useful for the evaluation of blood‐flow patterns by Doppler ultrasound.
An association between complete and incomplete stress fractures of the humerus in racehorses
Authors: STOVER SUSAN M. , JOHNSON B. J. , DAFT BARBARA M. , READ D. H. , ANDERSON M. , BARR B. C. , KINDE H. , MOORE JANET , STOLTZ J. , ARDANS A. A. , POOL R. R. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryTwenty‐one horses had a complete unilateral humeral fracture during race training or racing at a California racetrack during the period 24 February 1990 to 10 July 1991. Fractures occurred approximately equally in left and right limbs, and in males and females. Most fractures occurred during training, and in 2‐ and 3‐year‐old horses. Only 5 of 16 Thoroughbred horses with known racing records had previously raced more than once, and their mean time between races was less than the time between their last race and fracture (P = 0.07). Ten of 13 humeri studied further had gross evidence of periosteal callus bridging one portion of the fracture line, indicative of a pre‐existing stress fracture.
Clinical and radiographic features, treatment and outcome in 15 horses with fracture of the medial aspect of the patella
Authors: DYSON SUE , WRIGHT I. , KOLD S. , VATISTAS N. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA sagittal fracture of the medial aspect of the patella was identified in 15 horses, 2 of which had been kicked and 12 of which had hit a fixed fence while jumping. Eight horses showed concurrent fragmentation of the base of the patella, and 2 had sustained a concurrent fracture of the distal end of the lateral trochlear ridge of the femur. A cranioproximal‐craniodistal oblique radiographic view was essential to identify the site of the medial patellar fracture and to determine its configuration. Fourteen horses were treated by surgical removal of the medial patellar fracture fragment(s). Of 12 horses (83%) without evidence of pre‐existing degenerative joint disease, 10 were treated successfully with return to full athletic function.