bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methane emissions from soils: synthesis and analysis of a large UK data set
Authors: Levy Peter E. , Burden Annette , Cooper Mark D. A. , Dinsmore Kerry J. , Drewer Julia , Evans Chris , Fowler David , Gaiawyn Jenny , Gray Alan , Jones Stephanie K. , Jones Timothy , McNamara Niall P. , Mills Robert , Ostle Nick , Sheppard Lucy J. , Skiba Ute , Sowerby Alwyn , Ward Susan E. , Zieliński Piotr 
Published: December 2011

AbstractNearly 5000 chamber measurements of CH4 flux were collated from 21 sites across the United Kingdom, covering a range of soil and vegetation types, to derive a parsimonious model that explains as much of the variability as possible, with the least input requirements. Mean fluxes ranged from −0.3 to 27.4 nmol CH4 m−2 s−1, with small emissions or low rates of net uptake in mineral soils (site means of −0.3 to 0.7 nmol m−2 s−1) and much larger emissions from organic soils (site means of −0.3 to 27.4 nmol m−2 s−1). Less than half of the observed variability in instantaneous fluxes could be explained by independent variables measured. The reasons for this include measurement error, stochastic processes and, probably most importantly, poor correspondence between the independent variables measured and the actual variables influencing the processes underlying methane production, transport and oxidation. When temporal variation was accounted for, and the fluxes averaged at larger spatial scales, simple models explained up to ca. 75% of the variance in CH4 fluxes. Soil carbon, peat depth, soil moisture and pH together provided the best sub‐set of explanatory variables. However, where plant species composition data were available, this provided the highest explanatory power. Linear and nonlinear models generally fitted the data equally well, with the exception that soil moisture required a power transformation. To estimate the impact of changes in peatland water table on CH4 emissions in the United Kingdom, an emission factor of +0.4 g CH4 m−2 yr−1 per cm increase in water table height was derived from the data.
Proximate composition and sensory evaluation of anthocyanin‐rich purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) wine
Authors: Ray Ramesh C. , Panda Sandeep K. , Swain Manas R. , Sivakumar P. Sethuraman 
Published: December 2011

SummaryPurple sweet potato (PSP) is a special type of sweet potato having high anthocyanin pigment in the root. The starch contents of PSP (root/water homogenised in 1:1 ratio) were enzymatically saccharified [using commercial thermostable enzymes Termamyl® (0.2%) and Dextrozyme®GA (1%)] to fermentable sugars, and the filtrate was ameliorated with cane sugar to achieve 20° Brix, for subsequent fermentation into a red wine using 2% yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as starter culture. The wine had the following proximate compositions: total soluble sugar (TSS), 2.25° Brix; starch, 0.15 g per 100 mL; total sugar, 1.35 g per 100 mL; TA, 1.34 g tartaric acid per 100 mL; phenol, 0.36 g (caffeic acid equivalent) per 100 mL; anthocyanin, 55.09 mg per 100 mL; tannin, 0.64 mg per 100 mL; lactic acid, 1.14 mg per 100 mL; ethanol, 9.33%(v/v); and pH, 3.61. 2, 2‐Diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity of the wine was 58.95% at a dose of 250 μg mL−1. Principal component analysis reduced the eleven original analytical and proximate variables (TSS, starch, total sugar, TA, phenol, anthocyanin, tannin, lactic acid, ethanol, pH, DPPH) to four independent components, which accounted for 76.65% variations. Sensory evaluation was carried out by sixteen trained panellists on various attributes such as clarity, colour, viscosity, odour, flavour, spritz and finish. Independent ‘t’ test confirmed that all the sensory attributes of the PSP wine scored closely (within 10% variation) to that of a commercial grape wine. The red wine produced contains essential antioxidants and acceptable sensory qualities.
Understanding mobile learning from the perspective of self‐regulated learning
Authors: Sha L. , Looi C.‐K. , Chen W. , Zhang B.H. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractCognizant of the research gap in the theorization of mobile learning, this paper conceptually explores how the theories and methodology of self‐regulated learning (SRL), an active area in contemporary educational psychology, are inherently suited to address the issues originating from the defining characteristics of mobile learning: enabling student‐centred, personal, and ubiquitous learning. These characteristics provide some of the conditions for learners to learn anywhere and anytime, and thus, entail learners to be motivated and to be able to self‐regulate their own learning. We propose an analytic SRL model of mobile learning as a conceptual framework for understanding mobile learning, in which the notion of self‐regulation as agency is at the core. The rationale behind this model is built on our recognition of the challenges in the current conceptualization of the mechanisms and processes of mobile learning, and the inherent relationship between mobile learning and SRL. We draw on work in a 3‐year research project in developing and implementing a mobile learning environment in elementary science classes in Singapore to illustrate the application of SRL theories and methodology to understand and analyse mobile learning.
Changing models for researching pedagogy with information and communications technologies
Authors: Webb M. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis paper examines changing models of pedagogy by drawing on recent research with teachers and their students as well as theoretical developments. In relation to a participatory view of learning, the paper reviews existing pedagogical models that take little account of the use of information and communications technologies as well as those that are focused more specifically on technology‐rich learning environments. A possible framework for understanding pedagogy is beginning to emerge, which can be applied to both face‐to‐face and online learning. This framework combines individual and group regulation of learning where pedagogical reasoning is transparent and shared between students, teachers, and others involved in students' learning. The framework needs to integrate the purposeful elements and sharing of roles characteristic of formative assessment in pedagogy as well as a learning culture that could enable supportive interaction.
Chronic care management for patients with COPD: a critical review of available evidence
Authors: Lemmens Karin M. M. , Lemmens Lidwien C. , Boom José H. C. , Drewes Hanneke W. , Meeuwissen Jolanda A. C. , Steuten Lotte M. G. , Vrijhoef Hubertus J. M. , Baan Caroline A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractRationale, aims and objectives  Clinical diversity and methodological heterogeneity exists between studies on chronic care management. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of chronic care management in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) while taking heterogeneity into account, enabling the understanding of and the decision making about such programmes. Three investigated sources of heterogeneity were study quality, length of follow‐up, and number of intervention components.Methods  We performed a review of previously published reviews and meta‐analyses on COPD chronic care management. Their primary studies that were analyzed as statistical, clinical and methodological heterogeneity were present. Meta‐regression analyses were performed to explain the variances among the primary studies.Results  Generally, the included reviews showed positive results on quality of life and hospitalizations. Inconclusive effects were found on emergency department visits and no effects on mortality. Pooled effects on hospitalizations, emergency department visits and quality of life of primary studies did not reach significant improvement. No effects were found on mortality. Meta‐regression showed that the number of components of chronic care management programmes explained present heterogeneity for hospitalizations and emergency department visits. Four components showed significant effects on hospitalizations, whereas two components had significant effects on emergency department visits. Methodological study quality and length of follow‐up did not significantly explain heterogeneity.Conclusions  This study demonstrated that COPD chronic care management has the potential to improve outcomes of care; heterogeneity in outcomes was explained. Further research is needed to elucidate the diversity between COPD chronic care management studies in terms of the effects measured and strengthen the support for chronic care management.
A novel Internet‐based blended learning programme providing core competency in clinical research
Authors: Tsugihashi Yukio , Kakudate Naoki , Yokoyama Yoko , Yamamoto Yosuke , Mishina Hiroki , Fukumori Norio , Nakamura Fumiaki , Takegami Misa , Ohno Shinya , Wakita Takafumi , Watanabe Kazuhiro , Yamaguchi Takuhiro , Fukuhara Shunichi 
Published: December 2011

AbstractRationale, aims and objectives  We developed a novel Internet‐based blended learning programme that allows busy health care professionals to attain core competency in clinical research. This study details the educational strategies and learning outcomes of the programme.Method  This study was conducted at Kyoto University and seven satellite campuses from September 2009 to March 2010. A total of 176 health care professionals who had never attempted to attain core competency in clinical research were enrolled. The participants were supplied with a novel programme comprising the following four strategies: online live lectures at seven satellite campuses, short examinations after each lecture, an Internet‐based feedback system and an end‐of‐course examination. We assessed the proportion of attendance at the lectures as the main outcome. In addition, we evaluated interaction via the feedback system and scores for end‐of‐course examination.Results  Of the 176 participants, 134 (76%) reported working more than 40 hours per week. The mean proportion of attendance over all 23 lectures was 82%. A total of 156 (89%) participants attended more than 60% of all lectures and were eligible for the end‐of‐course examination. A total of the participants accessed the feedback system 3564 times and asked 284 questions. No statistically significant differences were noted in the end‐of‐course scores among medical doctors, pharmacists, registered nurses and other occupations.Conclusions  We developed an Internet‐based blended learning programme providing core competency in clinical research. Most busy health care professionals completed the programme successfully. In addition, the participants could attain the core competency effectively, regardless of their occupation.
Standard procedures for adults in accredited sleep medicine centres in Europe
Authors: FISCHER JÜRGEN , DOGAS ZORAN , BASSETTI CLAUDIO L. , BERG SØREN , GROTE LUDGER , JENNUM POUL , LEVY PATRICK , MIHAICUTA STEFAN , NOBILI LINO , RIEMANN DIETER , PUERTAS CUESTA F. JAVIER , RASCHKE FRIEDHART , SKENE DEBRA J. , STANLEY NEIL , PEVERNAGIE DIRK 
Published: December 2011

SummaryThe present paper describes standardized procedures within clinical sleep medicine. As such, it is a continuation of the previously published European guidelines for the accreditation of sleep medicine centres and European guidelines for the certification of professionals in sleep medicine, aimed at creating standards of practice in European sleep medicine. It is also part of a broader action plan of the European Sleep Research Society, including the process of accreditation of sleep medicine centres and certification of sleep medicine experts, as well as publishing the Catalogue of Knowledge and Skills for sleep medicine experts (physicians, non‐medical health care providers, nurses and technologists), which will be a basis for the development of relevant educational curricula. In the current paper, the standard operational procedures sleep medicine centres regarding the diagnostic and therapeutic management of patients evaluated at sleep medicine centres, accredited according to the European Guidelines, are based primarily on prevailing evidence‐based medicine principles. In addition, parts of the standard operational procedures are based on a formalized consensus procedure applied by a group of Sleep Medicine Experts from the European National Sleep Societies. The final recommendations for standard operational procedures are categorized either as ‘standard practice’, ‘procedure that could be useful’, ‘procedure that is not useful’ or ‘procedure with insufficient information available’. Standard operational procedures described here include both subjective and objective testing, as well as recommendations for follow‐up visits and for ensuring patients’ safety in sleep medicine. The overall goal of the actual standard operational procedures is to further develop excellence in the practice and quality assurance of sleep medicine in Europe.
Callosciurus squirrels: worldwide introductions, ecological impacts and recommendations to prevent the establishment of new invasive populations
Authors: Bertolino Sandro , Lurz Peter W. W. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Rodents are traded as pet species, a practice that frequently results in new introduced populations. This is particularly true for tree squirrels where, often, only a few founders can establish viable colonies.
Here, we review the worldwide introductions, ecology and impacts of two tree squirrel species, Callosciurus erythraeus and Callosciurus finlaysonii, and discuss the elements of a strategy to reduce squirrel introductions and settlements.
C. erythraeus has established viable populations in Argentina, France, The Netherlands, Hong Kong and Japan. An introduction to Belgium may have been stopped successfully. C. finlaysonii has been introduced to Italy, Singapore and Japan. After 1950, the mean number of introduction events was one every two years.
The most evident damage caused by these species is bark stripping that can be severe and may significantly impact trees and timber plantations. Data on negative impacts to native species are reported but have not yet been formally quantified. Both squirrel species carried with them parasites from the native range into the new habitats, leading to the introduction of other species.
The ability of tree squirrels to establish themselves successfully, often from only a few founders, combined with their human appeal make them high‐risk species, and the pet trade should be considered as a high‐risk pathway for new introductions. A proactive approach to preventing new introductions should therefore include trade restrictions, and should be combined with public education initiatives at national and European scales.
Tree squirrels represent an ‘alien species conundrum’. Experience from the UK and Italy has shown that if action is delayed until introductions are recognized as a problem, it is generally too late to control populations effectively, due to logistic, legal or economic reasons, or due to lack of public support. In the case of new populations, a rapid response mechanism is therefore critical. Once established, populations may become invasive and difficult or impossible to control.
Resilience of Mediterranean shrubland to a severe drought episode: the role of seed bank and seedling emergence
Authors: del Cacho M. , Lloret F. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractExtreme climate events, such as severe drought episodes, may induce changes in vegetation if they induce species‐specific adult mortality and changes in the seedling recruitment pattern. In 2005 a severe drought occurred in Doñana National Park (south Spain) causing extensive shrubland mortality. Over the following years we monitored the soil seed bank and seedling emergence via a gradient of canopy dieback induced by the drought episode. The canopy dieback corresponded to an increase in emergence of seedlings of woody species in 2007, probably because of the reduced competition induced by canopy loss. The soil seed bank of woody species sampled in 2008 was less abundant on plots with a higher proportion of dead vegetation, probably because of depletion of the seed bank as a result of the increased germination in the previous year and also as a result of a reduction in seed supply in these sites. Accordingly, in 2009 we detected reduced emergence of woody species on plots that had suffered the greatest shrub mortality. We failed to find any significant changes in patterns of the soil seed bank and seedling emergence of short‐lived herbaceous species, indicating greater resilience in these types of species. This study highlights the resilience of Mediterranean shrublands to climate fluctuations at one extreme of the variability characteristic of these ecosystems. An increase in the frequency of severe drought episodes – increasingly probable under the new climate conditions – does have the potential, however, to induce changes in vegetation, especially in woody communities that need more time to replenish their seed banks.
Interspecific and annual variation in pre‐dispersal seed predation by a granivorous bird in two East Asian hackberries, Celtis biondii and Celtis sinensis
Authors: Yoshikawa T. , Masaki T. , Isagi Y. , Kikuzawa K. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPre‐dispersal seed predation by granivorous birds has potential to limit fruit removal and subsequent seed dispersal by legitimate avian seed dispersers in bird‐dispersed plants, especially when the birds form flocks. We monitored pre‐dispersal seed predation by the Japanese grosbeak, Eophona personata, of two bird‐dispersed hackberry species (Cannabaceae), Celtis biondii (four trees) and Celtis sinensis (10 trees), for 3 years (2005, 2007 and 2008) in a fragmented forest in temperate Japan. Throughout the 3 years, predation was more intense on C. biondii, which, as a consequence, lost a larger part of its fruit crop. Grosbeaks preferred C. biondii seeds that had a comparatively lower energy content and lower hardness than C. sinensis, suggesting an association between seed hardness and selective foraging by grosbeaks. In C. biondii, intensive predation markedly reduced fruit duration and strongly limited fruit removal by seed dispersers, especially in 2007 and 2008. In C. sinensis, seed dispersers consumed fruits throughout the fruiting seasons in all 3 years. In C. biondii, variation in the timing of grosbeak migration among years was associated with annual variation in this bird’s effects on fruit removal. Our results demonstrate that seed predation by flocks of granivorous birds can dramatically disrupt seed dispersal in fleshy‐fruited plants and suggest the importance of understanding their flocking behaviour.
Determination of the Optimal Concentration of Several Selective Drugs Useful for Generating Multi‐Transgenic Porcine Embryonic Fibroblasts
Authors: Sato M , Ohtsuka M , Miura H , Miyoshi K , Watanabe S 
Published: December 2011

ContentsPorcine embryonic fibroblasts (PEFs) are widely used as donor cells for somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in pigs. Transfection of PEFs with exogenous DNA is essential for producing genetically modified (GM; transgenic or knockout) pigs via SCNT. In this case, selectable markers are strictly required selecting and enriching stably transfected cells. The most frequently used selective drug for this purpose is a neomycin analogue (G418/geneticin); neo has been widely used as a selectable marker gene in the genomic manipulation of pigs. However, little is known about optimal concentrations of other selection drugs. This often hampers functional analysis of the porcine genome and development of individual GM pigs. This study explores the optimal concentrations of selective drugs, other than neomycin, that can be used for the selection of transfected PEFs. Porcine embryonic fibroblasts were incubated in media containing different concentrations of drugs for up to 10 days, to determine the optimal drug concentrations fatal for PEFs. The following concentrations were found to be optimal selective concentrations for use with PEFs: G418/geneticin, 400 μg/ml; blasticidin S, 8 μg/ml; hygromycin B, 40 μg/ml; puromycin, 2 μg/ml; and zeocin, 800 μg/ml. Repeated transfections with plasmids carrying selectable markers resulted in the generation of multidrug‐resistant swine transfectants. Furthermore, these markers were found to be independent. The present information will be useful for the production of SCNT‐mediated GM piglets that express multiple transgenes.
RETHINKING HISTORICAL DISTANCE: FROM DOCTRINE TO HEURISTIC
Authors: PHILLIPS MARK SALBER 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTIn common usage, historical distance refers to a position of detached observation made possible by the passage of time. Understood in these terms, distance has long been regarded as essential to modern historical practice, but this conception narrows the idea of distance and burdens it with a regulatory purpose. I argue that distance needs to be re‐conceived in terms of the wider set of engagements that mediate our relations to the past, as well as the full spectrum of distance‐positions from near to far. Re‐imagined in these terms, distance sheds its prescriptiveness and becomes a valuable heuristic for examining the history of historical representation. When distance is studied in relation to the range of mediations entailed in historical representation, it becomes evident that the plasticities of distance/proximity are by no means limited to gradients of time; rather, temporality is bound up with other distances that come from our need to engage with the historical past as (simultaneously) a realm of making, of feeling, of doing, and of understanding. Thus for every historical work, we need to consider at least four basic dimensions of representation as they relate to the problem of mediating distance: 1. the genres, media, and vocabularies that shape the history's formal structures of representation; 2. the affective claims made by the historical account, including the emotional experiences it promises or withholds; 3. the work's implications for action, whether of a political or moral nature; and 4. the modes of understanding on which the history's intelligibility depends. These overlapping, but distinctive, distances—formal, affective, ideological, and conceptual—provide an analytic framework for examining changing modes of historical representation.
Consumer perceptions of risks of chemical and microbiological contaminants associated with food chains: a cross‐national study
Authors: Kher Swaroop V. , De Jonge Janneke , Wentholt Meike T.A. , Deliza Rosirez , de Andrade Juliana Cunha , Cnossen Hilde J. , Luijckx Niels B. Lucas , Frewer Lynn Jayne 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe development and implementation of effective systems to identify vulnerabilities in food chains to chemical and microbiological contaminants must take account of consumer priorities and preferences. The present investigation attempted to understand consumer perceptions associated with chemical and microbiological contaminants in four specific food chains (drinking water, farmed salmon, chicken and milk powder). To this end, ten focus group discussions were held in five different countries (Poland, Ireland, the Netherlands, France and Brazil). Consumers expressed higher concerns about chemical, as compared with microbial, contaminants. Chemical contaminants were more strongly associated with the potential for severe consequences, long‐term effects and lack of personal control. Traceability was considered by consumers as a useful tool that offers the potential to improve consumer confidence in food safety.