bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Ephedra, the Hūm Plant and the Soma
Authors: Stein Aurel 
Published: January 2010

In choosing the subject for this short paper I am guided not solely by the fact that the archæological observations which first drew my attention to it were gathered in that field of my Central-Asian explorations with which I have fortunately been able to associate my old friend Professor Rapson as one of the earliest and most helpful of my collaborators. What invests certain curious finds among modest burial remains of the Lop desert with a special quasi-personal interest for me is the distant and puzzling relation they bear to a much discussed question of Vedic and Avestic research, that of the sacred Soma and Haoma.It is a question which was often touched upon in his lectures by that great scholar and teacher, Professor Rudolf von Roth, during the years 1881–4, when I had the good fortune, figuratively, to sit at his feet as an eager devoted pupil. The question as to the identity of the original Soma plant and its home which he had discussed just at that time in two short papers of masterly clearness, was not to be solved then, and still remains undecided. But Roth's main contention still holds good that a solution for it could be hoped for only by the study of relevant physical facts, if possible, on the ground of early Aryan occupation.
The verbal extensions in Southern Bantu languages: a descriptive and comparative classification
Authors: Westphal E. O. J. , Masiea J. R. , Tindleni S. M. , Jimba H. M. , Mzileni I. V. , Matiela M. T. 
Published: January 2010

At the beginning of this year (1973) members of the Department of African Languages at the University of Cape Town met in a daily seminar to discuss post-radical elements in predicatives [P] occurring in sentences [Ss] of the type:Ss → [(S) + P]where the subject [S] precedes a verbal predicate [Pv] … but not a copular predicate [Pc]. The topic of our discussions was in part the subject of Professor Whiteley's work on transitivity in Swahili, though we extended it to consider the relationship between the verbal extensions … which we will consider here … and certain syntactical preferences. In this work we were happily joined by Professor A. N. Tucker and it seemed to us that the subject of our labours was a fitting contribution to the memorial publication planned for Wilfred Whiteley by his colleagues at the School of Oriental and African Studies in the University of London. Even though my colleagues did not have the pleasure of knowing Wilfred Whiteley they wished to be joined in this tribute to a fellow Bantuist.
Further Poems by Po Chu-i, and an Extract from his Prose Works, together with two other T‘ang Poems
Authors: Waley Arthur 
Published: January 2010

In 170 Chinese Poems I have given an account of Po Chü-i's life and translations of over sixty of his poems.Here are twenty-two further poems, of which all but one are now translated for the first time. The exception is No. 19, of which Pfizmaier gives a very inaccurate version in Denkschr. d. K. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Wien, xxxvi (1888), p. 239.
A Selection from the T'ung Shu by Chou Tzu with Commentary by Chu Hsi
Authors: Bruce J. Percy 
Published: January 2010

I. Truth is the fundamental attribute of the Saint.II. It is said, “Great is the Principle of Origin indicated by Ch'ien, from it all things derive their beginning”; here Truth is presented to us as it is at its source.III. It is said, “It is the law of Ch'ien, by its changes and transformations to impart the Nature and Decree in their perfection to each individual thing”; here Truth is presented to us as it is in its accomplishment.IV. Thus Truth, in its beginning and in its consummation, is the pure and spotless, and the supremely good.
Sanskrit mā- ‘to approach, meet, join; (trans.) to bring to’
Authors: Burrow T. 
Published: January 2010

A recent article (BSOAS, XLIII, 2, 1980, 311–28) was devoted to distinguishing the Sanskrit root mā- ‘to make, produce, create’ from mā- ‘to measure’. By this the number of homonymous roots mā- was not exhausted. A survey of the passages in the Ṛgveda in which this root is found soon makes it evident that these two meanings account for only a portion of the usages. There are many passages in which neither of these meanings applies. Most notable are those passages in which the poet asks the gods to bring riches, etc., and uses the root mā- to express this action. Examples are as follows:nū no rayíṃ puruvīraṃ bṛhántaṃdásrā mímāthām ubháyeṣu asmé‘0 you two skilful gods, bring to both of us people (poets and patrons) great wealth associated with many men.’
Le da drag tibétain
Authors: Przyluski J. , Lalou M. 
Published: January 2010

Pour les grammairiens tibétains, da drag (= faux d) est le nom d'un suffixe qui s'ajoute aux finales n, r, l.La loi d'euphonie du da drag exige au debut de la syllabe suivante: t, Č, p.On peut distinguer deux états du da drag:—(1) le d est écrit.(2) le d n'est pas écrit, mais la syllabe qui suit n, r, l, présente la forme qu'elle aurait si le da drag était écrit.
Notes on the Mureighan Inscription
Authors: Beeston A. F. L. 
Published: January 2010

Ry. 506 is an inscription of some importance for an otherwise obscure period of Arabian history. G. Ryckmans, in his editio princeps of the inscription,3 and J. Ryckmans in his comments thereon,4 have made very valuable contributions to the understanding of this far from easy text. A few notes may, I think, be nevertheless added.At the outset, one point to be remembered in dealing with this text is that Abraha, its author, is frequently referred to in the plural, as we see from sṭrw in line 2 here (with Abraha as the subject), as well as throughout C. 541. Consequently, plural verbs and the plural pronoun -hmw can refer to Abraha himself.Line 1. It is interesting to confront the form of titulature here used with that found in C. 541/4–8. The comparison allows us to make some deductions about the name or epithet zybmn (so spelt here, against zbymn in C. 541):—
Note
Authors: Daniels F. J. 
Published: January 2010

In a learned and thoughtful book by Professor Gelb, of Chicago (A Study of Writing: the Foundations of Grammatology2), which I am quite incompetent to review as a whole, there are a number of misleading statements in the section headed Japanese Syllabary. The excuse for drawing attention to them here is that if uncorrected they may put readers who are without a knowledge of Japanese onto false tracks.That the katakana, ‘ side kana’, is ‘so named because it appears chiefly in addition to the Chinese word signs’ (p. 159) is not the generally accepted explanation, nor does it seem very likely. The reason usually given for the name is that the katakana signs are parts, generally one or the other side, of Chinese characters.
The Nung-chia‘School of the Tillers’ and the origins of peasant Utopianism in China
Authors: Geaham A. C. 
Published: January 2010

Among the philosophical schools of ancient China, the Nung-chia ‘School of the Tillers’ is the one of which we know least. The surviving information has been assembled by Feng Yu-lan , who identifies it as the one school which reflects the aspirations of the peasants. He finds only one recognizable spokesman, Hsü Hsing, the teacher of ‘the words of Shen-nung’ who came with his followers to settle in the small state of T‘eng , probably about 315 B.C. A disciple named Ch‘en Hsiang visited Mencius, and we have a report of the conversation from the Confucian point of view. Ch‘en Hsiang says of the Duke of T‘eng:‘A worthy ruler feeds himself by ploughing side by side with the people, and rules while cooking his own meals. Now T‘eng on the contrary possesses granaries and treasuries, so the ruler is supporting himself by oppressing the people’.
Population Statistics of Ming China
Authors: van der Speenkel Otto Berkelbach 
Published: January 2010

In this study of the population statistics of Ming China I have relied almost exclusively upon figures from contemporary sources: theVeritable Records(Shih-lu) of the dynasty, theCollected Statutes(Ta-Ming Hui-tien), theImperial Topography(Ta-Ming Yi-t'ung-chih), theHuang-yü K'ao, and a number of provincial and local gazetteers.The first question that arises in using such works is that of the reliability of their figures and indeed of Chinese statistics in general. A great deal of scepticism has been, and still is, expressed on this point. To take a single example only: everyone who has researched in this field has experienced over and over again that where a Chinese text gives both a global total and an itemized breakdown of that total, the sum of the separate items usually amounts to something more than (or less than) the global figure, and hardly ever agrees exactly with it. A natural reaction from this unsatisfactory state of affairs is to reject all the figures concerned as unreliable. To do this, however, is tantamount to denying the possibility of quantitative investigation in Chinese economic and institutional history. Before coming to such an extreme conclusion it is at least advisable to see whether the figures are capable of rational emendation, and whether figures so emended will show a higher degree of internal consistency.
Vyavahāra: Light on a Vanished Controversy from an Unpublished Fragment
Authors: Derrett J. D. M. 
Published: January 2010

No one interested in the Classical Hindu Law could read Dr. S. K. Belvalkar's Critical Note to Śāntiparva, Adhyāya 121, śl. 14 and ff., without experiencing a great curiosity. The important account given by Bhīṣma of the nature and purpose of Daṇḍa (Punishment) incidentally produces an Indian counterpart to the Roman jus naturale, the full implications of which deserve investigation elsewhere. Amongst the details we find a description of Daṇḍa as follows:—nīlōtpala-dala-śyāmaś=caturdaṃṣṭraś=caturbhujaḥaṣṭapān=naikanayanaś=śankukarṇōrdhvarōmavānjaṭī dvi-jihvas tāmrāsyō mṛja-rāja-tanucchadaḥ ētad-rūpaṃ bibharty=ugraṃ Daṇḍō nityaṃ durāvaraḥ.
Mongol Place-Names in Mukri Kurdistan
Authors: Minorsky V. 
Published: January 2010

My article written some twenty years ago had a twofold purpose: to insist on the importance of a systematic study of the toponymy of Persia and, by way of example, to examine the Mongolian stratum of placenames in the southernmost area of the Persian province of Azarbayjan.Much of what I said in the first part of the original draft has happily become superfluous in view of the appearance of a very welcome series of volumes which, in the years 1328–32/1949–53, was published by the Persian Army Survey, under the title of Farhang-i joghrāfiyāyi-yī Irān. The production of this series is chiefly due to the enlightened endeavours of the former chief of the Survey, General Hosayn ‘Ali Razmārā (brother of the assassinated premier).
Prizes for Books in African Languages
Authors: R.S.G.  
Published: January 2010

There are men and women among many African peoples who enjoy books in their own language and who are also capable of writing books in their own tongue. The International Institute of African Languages and Cultures desires to help and encourage such people in their efforts, as it is the pride of every nation to possess a literature in its own language.The Institute has, therefore, decided to offer prizes for the best books in African languages.
Early Hindi and Urdu Poetry.No. IV.
Authors: Bailey T. Grahame 
Published: January 2010

Banārsī dās of Jaunpūr belonged to the Jain community and was born in 1586. The following charming extracts are taken from his most famous work, Arddh Kathānak, an autobiography completed in 1641.His wonderful power of word painting is exemplified in these passages. The first describes the commotion in Jaunpūr when the news of Akbar's death was received in 1605. We feel the spell of the description, and tremble with the frightened populace. This picture should be compared with Zaṭallī's account of the turmoil after the death of Aurangzeb. (See below.)The second tells of the Black Death, bubonic plague, in Agra during 1616, the first time the city was visited by that pestilence. Anyone who has been in India during a plague epidemic will realize the force of his words, the rats dying, the spread of the disease among the people, the glandular swellings, the sudden deaths, the mortality among the physicians, the despair and flight of the townsfolk afraid even to partake of food.
References to Alchemy in Buddhist Scriptures
Authors: Waley A. 
Published: January 2010

(1) Avataṁsaka Sūtra. Nanjio 88. Translated in A.D. 695–9 by Śikshānanda.“ There is a drug-juice called Hataka. One liang of it will turn a thousand liangs of bronze into pure gold.” Taishō Tripitaka, vol. x, p. 432, col. 2.(2) Mahāprañāpāramitopadeśa (Chih Tu Lun). Nanjio 1169. Translated by Kumārajīva in A.D. 402–5.(a) “ By drugs and incantations one can change bronze into gold.” Taishō Trip., vol. xxv, p. 178, col. 1.(b) “ By skilful use of drugs silver can be changed into gold, and gold into silver.” Ibid., p. 195, col. 3.(c) “ By spiritual power a man can change pottery or stone into gold.” Ibid., p. 298, col. 2, end.(d) “ One measure of stone-juice can change a thousand measures of bronze into gold.” Ibid., p. 401, col. 1.(3) Mahāyāna-samgraha-bhāshya. Nanjio 1171 (4). Translated by Hsüan-tsang, c. 650.“ They can turn earth into gold or other precious substances just as they please.” Taishō Trip., vol. xxi, p. 358, col. 2.(4) Abhidharma Mahāvibhāshā. Nanjio 1263. Translated by Hsüantsang, A.D. 656–9.
A Miniature in an Autoǵraph of Shihāb al-dīn Ibn Fadlallāh al-'Umari
Authors: Rice D. S. 
Published: January 2010

Mr. A. Chester Beatty has recently acquired a shigle leaf which comes from a fourteen-century MS. and is interesting in more than one respect. I am greatly indebted to him for permission to give an account of it here.This isolated folio, measuring 13 × 18 cm. (Pis. 22–3), slightly damaged and torn at the edges, is the last leaf of a work entitled “ ThexTear of the Weeper” (Dam'at al-bākī). This information is supplied by the colophon, which also makes it clear that it was written by the well-known author, Ibn Fadlallah al-'Umarī, at Damascus in 745/1345. With the help of this leaf, it will be possible to identify any other Surviving MSS. and notes in the handwriting of Ibn Fadlallah. Furthermore, it constitutes a good palseographic specimerfof the hand of a cultured man of the mid-fourteenth century, writing not an official document but for his own enjoyment. The leaf is especially interesting for the fact that at the bottom, taking the place of a vignette, there figures an attractive miniature which, as will be seen, is contemporary with the colophon. The fragment sets various problems which deserve to be examined in a wider context.
Studies in the Morphology of Bodic Verbs
Authors: Shafer Robert 
Published: January 2010

In certain types of Old Bodish transitive verbs (Types 2, 7, 8), the initial of the imperative is regularly aspirated and would correspond to what Li believed to be the primitive form of the verb except for morphophonic change.But aspiration of these stems does not occur in the imperative in West Bodish, as it does in Old and Central Bodish. Citable examples from Sbalti and Burig are almost wanting. For Burig, Francke gives the imperative tog, corresponding to O.B. t'ogs “fasten!”, and Bailey has tsăt-“awake”, im. tsot. The last might have been aspirated if aspiration were characteristic of the West Bodish imperative; however, the only related form in Old Bodish is sod-pa, sad-pa. But it is significant that neither Read, pp. 46–7, nor Bailey, p. 17, in their discussion of the changes occurring in the West Bodish imperative, mention any alteration of the initial. Nor does Jäschke in his Tibetan Grammar. On the contrary, Jaschke does provide some positive proof that aspiration does not occur hi the West Bodish imperative in the few West Bodish (Ladwags or Lahul dialect) imperative forms in his grammar (99–101), and still more in his dictionary:—
Notes on the Pronunciation of Pashto
Authors: Morgenstierne G. , Llyod-James A. 
Published: January 2010

The authors of these notes had an opportunity of observing the pronunciation of Naqibullah, son of Nairullah, a Bumba Khel Pathan from the village Dhudiyal, north of Mansehra in the Hazara district, during some eight sittings at the School of Oriental Studies in May, 1927.Naqibullah, who was for several years a sailor, has settled down in London, where he keeps a boarding-house for Asiatic sailors. Being married to an Englishwoman he does not speak Pashto with his family; but his boarding-house is very much frequented by Pathan sailors, Peshawaris, Chhachhis, and Bangashes. The Peshawar and Chhachh dialects may have influenced his pronunciation slightly; but he is an intelligent.person, and appeared to be quite conscious of the difference between Peshawari forms and those belonging to his own dialect, even in cases where he would generally be inclined to employ the former ones. He reads and writes Hindostani, and to some extent English, but not Pashto.
A Chapter from the liger-n Dalai
Authors: Yoshitake S. 
Published: January 2010

The Buddhist Birth-Stories have spread widely among the Mongols chiefly in two collections: the liger-n Dalai (The Ocean of Parables) and the Altan Gerel (Golden Gleam). The former, according to Professor Berthold Laufer, is an adaptation of the mDzans-blun, the Tibetan translation contained in the Kandzur of the Chinese S M M, which has been edited and translated into German by I. J. Schmidt under the title Dzanglun oder Der Weise und der Tor. In the preface of his work Schmidt points out that while the two versions, Tibetan and Mongolian, agree in the main, the tales in the Mongolian text have been amplified and paraphrased, often with supplementary matter not found in the Tibetan version, although in the latter are found in places short passages which the Mongolian version has not.Professor J. Takakusu, on the other hand, is inclined to doubt the Tibetan origin of the Mongolian text on the ground that in the second chapter of the liger-n Dalai the phrase thousand princes is erroneously given as ten princes , and that such a mistake can only arise from a mis-reading of the Chinese character =f- as -J-.
On the expression fu yen
Authors: Lau D. C. 
Published: January 2010

The ‘Analects of Confucius’ 1/13 records a saying of Yu Tzu which begins as follows:The meaning of yen k'efu yeh has never, to my knowledge, been satisfactorily explained. Any acceptable explanation, it seems to me, must furnish satis-factory answers to three questions. (1) What does the wordfu mean in this context ? (2) What is the construction of the sentence ? (3) What is the point of the saying ?
The Great Inscription of Sāpūr
Authors: Henning W. B. 
Published: January 2010

The Pahlavi inscription discovered in 1936 by the expedition of the Oriental Institute of Chicago is perhaps the most important document of the Sasanian empire. It was found at the eastern wall of the so-called “ Kaaba of Zoroaster ” which was probably a Firetemple, in front of the Achsemenian tombs at Naqšl-i-Rustam.We owe our thanks to Professor Sprengling, of Chicago, who unhesitatingly undertook the task of publishing this very difficult inscription although previously Pahlavi was not among the numerous fields of his researches. As early as January, 1937, a preliminary transcript of the text together with a short commentary was published1; this edition was closely followed by a further contribution of Professor Sprengling2which was accompanied by a photograph of the inscription, thus facilitating the participation of other scholars in the interpretation of the new monument3; for much remains to be done.
A Theological Miscellany.
Authors: Tritton A. S. 
Published: January 2010

Manuscripts from the Yemen mention this sect. The following account of it is taken from works in the British Museum; possibly further details could be found in manuscripts in Berlin. It is said that these heretics are to be found in most countries. One writer declares tantalizingly that their errors are too many for him to mention them all. By their show of devotion to the family of the prophet they spread error in Islam, making men think that it was the teaching of the family. They studied their creed in their conventicles. 1 They are called ṭabī‘īya, which D. B. Macdonald translates as deistic naturalists.They taught2 that God has forty names; they are he and he is they and they are eternal as he is. Therefore they are worse than the Christians in the proportion of forty to three. Nature is outside the power of God though living beings are within it. Such phenomena as creation, the means of livelihood (rizḳ), death, life, growth, and decrease do not come from God but are due to chajiges of bodies and the effects of natures. Therefore sickness and pain do not come from God (one account makes them come from the devil), while storms and hail are the result of chance. God has no grace, no power to give good things to men; the believer gets the means of livelihood as a reward, the unbeliever takes them by force.
Plurality, Polarity, and Unity in Hindu Thought: A Doxographical Study
Authors: Heimann Betty 
Published: January 2010

The following is a contribution to the study of one general philosophical problem, that of unity, by pointing out—more doxographically than historically in the Western sense—what special viewpoints towards it are preferably taken by the Indian philosophers.As I tried to prove in my Eigenart indischen Denkens and again in my Indian and Western Philosophy, a Study in Contrast, and as a student of mine emphasized in her thesis “The Concrete Expression of Abstract Ideas ”—-Indian philosophy as a whole takes its starting point from the Concrete, and even in its later apparently abstract deductions never loses sight of the Concrete (from Latin: con-crescere, the grown-together), as continually forced upon the Indian by the environing dynamic forces of a mainly tropical nature such as India's. The concept of unity, however, is a deduction or a postulate of human reasoning, never directly to be grasped from the Concrete, from the manifold phenomena of everyday life.
The Perfect Tense Ending K(-) in the Spoken Arabic of Ta'izz
Authors: Prochazka Theodore 
Published: January 2010

The occurrence of -k- in the conjugation of the verb in the perfect, instead of the expected -t- which marks the 2s., 2 pl., and 1s. in other Arabic dialects, was noted and discussed in two studies by Ettore Rossi. His aim was to offer a general classification of the Yemeni dialects, and he treated the occurrence of the personal suffixes in -k- in terms of their geographical extent. He found these suffixes in the area of the western slope of the Yemen plateau, and the parts stretching southward to Aden. As an illustration he gave for the dialect of Raymah:This type of suffixation, as Rossi noted, falls into line with that of Ethiopic, and the Modern South Arabian languages, such as Mahri and Socotri.
The non-occurrence of a t- prefix in certain Jibbāli verbal forms
Authors: Johnstone T. M. 
Published: January 2010

In an earlier issue of BSOAS I published some notes on an interesting feature of the Socotri language, namely that certain imperfect forms lack the t-prefix which marks 2nd and certain 3rd person forms in Semitic languages.The J(ibbāli), or Śherí, language of Dhofar also exhibits this negative feature, and in much the same series of forms; principally the indicative, subjunctive, and conditional forms of causative verbs, intensive-conative verbs, quadriliteral verbs and passive verbs.