bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Support and Medical Therapy Reverse Heart Failure in Infants and Children
Authors: Zimmerman Hannah , Covington Diane , Smith Richard , Copeland Jack 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMost infants and children implanted with ventricular assist devices (VADs) go on to cardiac transplantation. Recovery of dilated cardiomyopathies with the combination left ventricular decompression with a VAD and treatment with maximal medical therapy has been possible in some adults, and may be more feasible in infants and children. We used pulsatile and continuous flow VADs and the total artificial heart (TAH) as bridges to transplantation or to recovery. Candidates for native heart recovery were treated with maximal medical therapy for congestive heart failure and short‐term dobutamine prior to weaning off device support. Since 1997, 28 infants and children, ages 1 month to 16 years, were implanted for durations of 3–107 days (mean 27). Eighteen received left VADs (LVAD), seven biventricular assist devices (BiVADs), and three TAHs. Device‐related mortality was 7/28 (25%), leaving 21/28 (75%) surviving to transplantation or weaning from device support and 20/28 (71%) discharged from the hospital and currently surviving for 2 months to 9 years. Ten of 11 transplant recipients (90%) have survived 2 to 9 years. All 10 with recovered hearts are alive and well for 2 months to 5 years. Eight of 12 (67%) LVAD patients with dilated hearts recovered. None of the recovery patients were over 6 years old. Infants and children who have failed inotropic therapy may be treated with an LVAD and medical therapy for congestive heart failure anticipating native heart recovery. A variety of devices have been tried. All small LVADs yielded comparable results. Larger and older children also have a chance of recovery, but our experience with them is too small except to note that they do well with larger devices and transplantation.
Do Limit Orders Alter Inferences about Investor Performance and Behavior?
Authors: LINNAINMAA JUHANI T. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTIndividual investors lose money around earnings announcements, experience poor posttrade returns, exhibit the disposition effect, and make contrarian trades. Using simulations and trading records of all individual investors in Finland, I find that these trading patterns can be explained in large part by investors' use of limit orders. These patterns arise mechanically because limit orders are price‐contingent and suffer from adverse selection. Reverse causality from behavioral biases to order choices does not appear to explain my findings. I propose a simple method for measuring a data set's susceptibility to this limit order effect.
Market Segmentation and Cross‐predictability of Returns
Authors: MENZLY LIOR , OZBAS OGUZHAN 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTWe present evidence supporting the hypothesis that due to investor specialization and market segmentation, value‐relevant information diffuses gradually in financial markets. Using the stock market as our setting, we find that (i) stocks that are in economically related supplier and customer industries cross‐predict each other's returns, (ii) the magnitude of return cross‐predictability declines with the number of informed investors in the market as proxied by the level of analyst coverage and institutional ownership, and (iii) changes in the stock holdings of institutional investors mirror the model trading behavior of informed investors.
Mutual Fund Incubation
Authors: EVANS RICHARD B. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTIncubation is a strategy for initiating new funds, where multiple funds are started privately, and, at the end of an evaluation period, some are opened to the public. Consistent with incubation being used by fund families to increase performance and attract flows, funds in incubation outperform nonincubated funds by 3.5% risk‐adjusted, and when they are opened to the public they attract higher flows. Postincubation, however, this outperformance disappears. This performance reversal imparts an upward bias to returns that is not removed by a fund size filter. Fund age and ticker creation date filters, however, eliminate the bias.
Complex Fractionated Electrograms and AF Nests in Vagally Mediated Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: OH SEIL , KONG HYOUN‐JOONG , CHOI EUE‐KEUN , KIM HEE CHAN , CHOI YUN‐SHIK 
Published: July 2010

Background: Catheter ablation targeting of complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAEs) is one of the techniques used for atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation. The ablation of sites showing a high‐frequency spectral component (HFC) during sinus rhythm, known as AF nests, has been introduced as an adjunct to conventional ablation. Known locations of some AF nests are similar to CFAE sites. However, it has not been systematically evaluated whether these two targets represent the same foci. The purpose of this study was to compare the anatomical locations of these sites using an animal model of vagally mediated AF.
Methods: Five anesthetized open‐chest dogs were evaluated. Atrial electrograms were obtained epicardially. AF was induced by burst atrial pacing with 20 Hz during vagal stimulation. A total of 15 sites (eight sites in right atrium and seven sites in left atrium) were evaluated in each animal. The CFAE was determined during AF according to the electrogram patterns. After sinus conversion, real‐time spectrum analysis was used for AF nest assessment at the same location.
Results: The CFAE was observed at the high and mid sulcus terminalis areas, pulmonary vein antrum, and mid portion of the coronary sinus. Among them, only 60% of the CFAE sites showed HFC during sinus rhythm. In addition, some of the non‐CFAE sites (22%) showed HFC during sinus rhythm.
Conclusion: The CFAE sites were not the same as the AF nests in this animal model of vagally mediated AF. Therefore, these two types of ablation methods appear to target different substrates of AF. (PACE 2010; 33:1497–1503)
Role of the Atrial Rate as a Factor Modulating Ventricular Response during Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: CLIMENT ANDREU M. , GUILLEM MARIA S. , HUSSER DANIELA , CASTELLS FRANCISCO , MILLET JOSÉ , BOLLMANN ANDREAS 
Published: July 2010

Background: During atrial fibrillation (AF), RR interval histograms show different populations of predominant RR (pRR) intervals. These pRR intervals have been suggested to be multiples of the refractory period of the atrioventricular (AV) node or caused by the existence of a dual AV node physiology. In this study, the hypothesis that pRR intervals are related to the dominant atrial fibrillatory rate is tested.
Methods: In this study, Holter electrocardiogram signals from 55 patients with persistent AF were analyzed. Number and position of pRR intervals were detected and compared with mean and standard deviation of the dominant atrial cycle length (DACL). In addition, effects of an enhancement of vagal activity and rate‐control treatments (β‐blockers and verapamil) were evaluated.
Results: In all patients with more than one pRR interval and in 47% with one pRR interval, RR interval populations were statistically related with multiples of the DACL. During night activities and during β‐blockers treatment, mean ventricular rate was decreased (P < 0.01). This change was associated with a variation in the percentage of occurrences of each pRR (P < 0.01), whereas no statistical differences were present in the mean DACL or in the position of pRR intervals. A variation of the DACL due to verapamil was associated with a consistent modification in the position of the pRR intervals.
Conclusion: The relation between pRR and multiples of the DACL during AF suggests that more probable RR intervals are caused by different conduction ratios of the atrial rate. (PACE 2010; 33:1510–1517)
Call sharing across vocal clans of killer whales: Evidence for vocal imitation?
Authors: Weiß Brigitte M. , Symonds Helena , Spong Paul , Ladich Friedrich 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn killer whales or orcas (Orcinus orca) vocal matching appears to be an important aspect of within‐group communication, but fish‐eating “resident” orcas frequently associate with whales that share little or none of their repertoire. The production of calls belonging to another group's repertoire would allow vocal matching in such contexts and has been observed in captive and free‐living orcas. However, reports were largely descriptive and neither structure nor usage of such “resemblance calls” have been investigated in detail. We analyzed resemblance calls in free‐living orcas when groups known to produce the respective call types were absent. In this context, they made up only 0.2% of the recorded calls. Time and frequency parameters of resemblance calls differed significantly from the “original” calls, and the accuracy of the resemblance calls ranged from rough renditions of a call type to the resemblance of call subtypes. Our results show that call sharing across vocal clans occurs in orcas but is rare and that shared calls are structurally distinguishable from original call types in the absence of the groups originally producing the calls. We discuss whether this call sharing represents cases of vocal imitation as suggested by previous, qualitative reports.
Individual vocal production in a sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) social unit
Authors: Schulz Tyler M. , Whitehead Hal , Gero Shane , Rendell Luke 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe vocal repertoires of group‐living animals may communicate individual or group identity. Female and juvenile sperm whales live in long‐term social units that can be assigned to vocal clans based on the pattern of clicks in coda vocalizations. An unusual set of circumstances allowed us to record the vocalizations of photo‐identified individuals within a single social unit over a 41 d period. Using click interpulse intervals, we were able to assign codas to individuals and investigate coda production at the individual level within a social unit for the first time. Adult females in the unit vocalized at approximately equal rates. A calf and juvenile, both male, vocalized less often than the adult females. Repertoires were indistinguishable for all unit members apart from a mother and her calf, which possessed significantly different repertoires—even from one another. We suggest that similarity among the coda repertoires of most unit members indicates a function in advertising unit identity. In contrast, the distinctive repertoires of the calf and its mother may facilitate reunions between these whales. We hypothesize that sperm whales may be able to vary their vocal repertoires as their reproductive status alters the trade‐off between the benefits of individual and group identification.
Recreational fishing depredation and associated behaviors involving common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Sarasota Bay, Florida
Authors: Powell Jessica R. , Wells Randall S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOdontocete depredation involves stealing or damaging bait or prey already captured by fishing gear. The increase in depredation is of concern for small stocks of cetaceans because interactions with fishing gear can lead to serious injury or mortality through entanglement or ingestion. Using long‐term data sets available for the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) community in Sarasota Bay, Florida, we investigated recreational fishing gear interactions by (1) examining temporal patterns in depredation and associated behaviors from 2000 to 2007; (2) quantifying the behavior of dolphins that depredate or engage in associated behaviors; and (3) identifying factors associated with the rise in depredation locally. The number of incidents of dolphins (primarily adult males) interacting with recreational anglers and boaters increased following 2004. Depredation and associated behaviors increased during red tide lags and tourist seasons during times of prey depletion and heightened angler and boater activity. Dolphins with a history of fishing gear interactions shifted away from natural activity patterns and were more likely to be within 50 m of fishing lines. Recreational fishing gear interactions were attributed to a two percent population decline in Sarasota Bay in 2006 and need to be considered along with other cumulative human impacts in the development of conservation measures for dolphins.
Replacement dolphins? Social restructuring of a resident pod of Atlantic bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, after two major hurricanes
Authors: Elliser Cindy R. , Herzing Denise L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEnvironmental variations can influence the structure of ecological communities that in turn alter the grouping and association patterns of social communities. This study compares the social structure of bottlenose dolphins in the Bahamas before and after two major hurricanes. Approximately 30% of regularly seen individuals disappeared after the hurricanes, with an equal number of immigrants arriving afterwards. The primary goal of this study was to quantitatively describe social structure changes occurring after this large‐scale emigration (or death) and subsequent immigration of individuals using the social analysis program, SOCPROG 2.3. The pre‐hurricane results revealed one community with association patterns that were consistent with previous work on this population as well as other well‐documented populations. Post‐hurricane associations revealed that the community split into two distinct units, whose members associated highly within, but rarely between units. Association patterns varied between units. Immigrants assimilated well into the population, especially males. Over half of the post‐hurricane associations involved immigrants, the majority between residents and immigrants, and primarily involving immigrant males. The costs/benefits of choosing to associate with an immigrant individual differ between males and females and may have been the driving force for the changes in social structure that occurred.
Growth under uncertainty: The influence of marine variability on early development of Galapagos sea lions
Authors: Mueller Birte , Pörschmann Ulrich , Wolf Jochen B. W. , Trillmich Fritz 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDevelopment implies a change in allocation of resources from somatic growth to reproduction. In a highly variable environment, growth can vary from year to year thereby influencing the long‐term life history perspective. The Galapagos sea lion (Zalophus wollebaeki) lives in a highly unpredictable marine environment in which food abundance varies not only seasonally, but also annually due to El Niño. Galapagos sea lions are restricted to a patch of cold upwelling waters surrounding the archipelago and are closely tied to land as nursing females alternate between foraging at sea and nursing ashore. Therefore, their offspring are especially vulnerable to ocean warming causing reduced food abundance. We found a significant correlation between sea surface temperature (SST) and early growth: Both mass at birth and linear growth within the first 2 mo of life correlated negatively with SST. Absolute mass gain was higher for males, but both sexes gained equally 1.9% of birth mass per day. Until the age of 3 yr male and female juveniles showed similar growth to an asymptotic mass of 40 and 35 kg, respectively. As a consequence of the highly variable environment, the plasticity in growth strategy of Galapagos sea lion juveniles appears wider than that of all other sea lions allowing them to cope with poor conditions.
Olfaction and brain size in the bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus)
Authors: Thewissen J. G. M. , George John , Rosa Cheryl , Kishida Takushi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlthough there are several isolated references to the olfactory anatomy of mysticetes, it is usually thought that olfaction is rudimentary in this group. We investigated the olfactory anatomy of bowhead whales and found that these whales have a cribriform plate and small, but histologically complex olfactory bulb. The olfactory bulb makes up approximately 0.13% of brain weight, unlike odontocetes where this structure is absent. We also determined that 51% of olfactory receptor genes were intact, unlike odontocetes, where this number is less than 25%. This suggests that bowheads have a sense of smell, and we speculate that they may use this to find aggregations of krill on which they feed.
Distribution of Hector's dolphin (Cephalorhynchus hectori) off the west coast, South Island, New Zealand, with implications for the management of bycatch
Authors: Rayment William , Clement Deanna , Dawson Steve , Slooten Elisabeth , Secchi Eduardo 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTo support decision making on placement of protected areas for Hector's dolphin on New Zealand's South Island west coast, we conducted three aerial surveys documenting the species’ distribution in this area. The first survey was designed to quantify alongshore distribution and abundance, and revealed a patchy distribution with a central zone of high density. Two further surveys, in summer and winter, focused on this central zone to quantify offshore distribution in detail. Dolphin density decreased with increasing distance offshore, with no dolphins sighted more than 6 nmi from the coast or in water deeper than 60 m. There was no significant difference in offshore distribution between summer and winter surveys conducted in 2003 (G= 2.15, df = 5, P= 0.83). Partial Mantel tests showed that dolphin distribution was best explained by distance from the coast, in both summer (rM= 0.088, P= 0.0001) and winter (rM= 0.054, P= 0.0004). Spatial contouring techniques showed that small (ca. 5 km) and medium scale (ca. 50 km) patterns of density in the central zone were remarkably consistent, suggesting year‐round residency. Based on these data, the current restrictions on commercial gillnetting protect 60% or less of the dolphin population for 3 mo of the year.
Development and Characterization of Edible Films Based on Mucilage of Opuntia ficus‐indica (L.)
Authors: Espino‐Díaz Miguel , De Jesús Ornelas‐Paz J. , Martínez‐Téllez Miguel A. , Santillán Carlos , Barbosa‐Cánovas Gustavo V. , Zamudio‐Flores Paul B. , Olivas Guadalupe I. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:  Mucilage of Opuntia ficus‐indica (OFI) was extracted and characterized by its composition and molecular weight distribution. Mucilage film‐forming dispersions were prepared under different pHs (3, 4, 5.6, 7, and 8) and calcium concentration (0% and 30% of CaCl2, with respect to mucilage's weight), and their particle size determined. Mucilage films with and without calcium (MFCa and MF, respectively) were prepared. The effect of calcium and pH on mucilage films was evaluated determining thickness, color, water vapor permeability (WVP), tensile strength (TS), and percentage of elongation (%E). The average molecular weight of the different fractions of mucilage was: 3.4 × 106 (0.73%), 1 × 105 (1.46%), 1.1 × 103 (45.79%), and 2.4 × 102 Da (52.03%). Aqueous mucilage dispersions with no calcium presented particles with an average size d(0.5) of 15.4 μm, greater than the dispersions with calcium, 13.2 μm. MFCa films showed more thickness (0.13 mm) than the MF films (0.10 mm). The addition of calcium increased the WVP of the films from 109.94 to 130.45 gmm/m2dkPa. Calcium and pH affected the mechanical properties of the films; the largest TS was observed on MF films, whereas the highest %E was observed on MFCa films. The highest differences among MF and MFCa films were observed at pHs 5.6 and 7 for TS and at pHs 4 and 8 for %E. No effect of pH and calcium was observed on luminosity and hue angle. Chroma values were higher for MF when compared with MFCa, and increased as pH of the films increased.Practical Application:  In this study mucilage from nopal was extracted and characterized by its ability to form edible films under different pHs, and with or without the addition of calcium. Opuntia ficus‐indica mucilage had the ability to form edible films. In general, it can be considered that mucilage films without modification of pH and without the addition of calcium have the best water vapor barrier properties and tensile strength. Mucilage from nopal could represent a good option for the development of edible films in countries where nopal is highly produced at low cost, constituting a processing alternative for nopal.
Viscosity and Non‐Newtonian Features of Thickened Fluids Used for Dysphagia Therapy
Authors: O’Leary Mark , Hanson Ben , Smith Christina 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:  Thickening agents based primarily on granulated maize starch are widely used in the care of patients with swallowing difficulties, increasing viscosity of consumed fluids. This slows bolus flow during swallowing, allowing airway protection to be more properly engaged. Thickened fluids have been shown to exhibit time‐varying behavior and are non‐Newtonian, complicating assessment of fluid thickness, potentially compromising efficacy of therapy. This work aimed to quantify the flow properties of fluids produced with commercial thickeners at shear rates representative of slow tipping in a beaker to fast swallowing. Results were presented as indices calculated using a power‐law model representing apparent viscosity (consistency index) and non‐Newtonian nature of flow (flow behavior index). Immediately following mixing, 3 fluid thicknesses showed distinct consistency indices and decreasing flow behavior index with increasing thickener concentration. An increase in consistency index over 30 min was observed, but only for samples that were repeatedly sheared during acquisition. Three‐hour measurements showed changes in consistency index across fluids with the largest being a 25% rise from initial value. This may have implications for efficacy of treatment, as fluids are not always consumed immediately upon mixing. Flow behavior indices were comparable across thickeners exhibiting similar rises over time. The indices were a more complete method of quantifying flow properties compared with single viscosity measurements, allowing an increased depth of analysis. The non‐Newtonian nature of fluids perhaps renders them particularly suitable for use as dysphagia therapies, and such analysis may allow the possibility of altering these properties to optimize therapeutic efficacy to be explored. Practical Application: Effective treatment of swallowing disorders relies upon the appropriate choice and subsequent reproduction of drinks thickened to one of a number of predetermined levels. Currently there are no agreed methods of measuring the thickness of these drinks in use and the specifications are subjective, relying on descriptions such as “syrup” thick. This research aims to further understanding of the flow properties of thickened drinks and bring a quantified measure of thickness closer to being a practical reality.