bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
14 The Roles of Research at Universities and Public Labs in Economic Catch‐Up
Authors: Mazzoleni Roberto , Nelson Richard R. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter draws upon historical evidence from several countries and contemporary studies of national innovation systems to argue that indigenous systems of academic training and public research have been, in the past, important elements of the institutional structures supporting a country's economic catch-up. Recent changes in the international economic environment and the growing scientific basis for contemporary technologies will make those systems even more important in the future. The contributions of universities and public labs to the development of indigenous technological capabilities have taken different forms in different countries and economic sectors. However, in contrast with current emphasis on university-based embryonic inventions and fundamental research, effective research programs have predominantly occurred in the application-oriented sciences and engineering, and have been oriented towards problem-solving and the advancement of technologies of interest to a well-defined user-community.
6 Hesiod in classical Athens: Rhapsodes, orators, and Platonic discourse
Authors: Graziosi Barbara 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter places Plato's use of Hesiod in broader contexts, from rhapsodic performances to public speeches. It argues that Hesiodic poetry formed a battleground for sexual politics in the 4th century BC, and that Plato's reception of Hesiod is fundamentally bound up with ongoing debates about education. In this context, quotable lines from Hesiod could take on a life entirely of their own.
10 Plato's Hesiod and the will of Zeus: Philosophical rhapsody in theTimaeusand theCritias
Authors: Capra Andrea 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter takes the Timaeus-Critias as the basis for an exploration of the way in which Plato constructs his own, philosophical ‘epic’ by developing and improving Hesiodic rhapsody. It argues that two principles in particular guide Plato's creative reception of Hesiod: the ‘moralizing’ rule (exemplified in the justice of the operation of the ‘will of Zeus’ in Plato), and the ‘broadening’ rule (exemplified in the more comprehensive nature of the creation account of the Timaeus).
14 Hesiod, Plato, and the Golden Age: Hesiodic motifs in the myth of thePoliticus
Authors: El Murr Dimitri 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe central myth of the Politicus, concerning the cyclical nature of the cosmos, has been the subject of much exegetical controversy. This chapter explores the passage within the wider context of Greek Golden Age imagery (from Hesiod to Attic Comedy), and defends the view that Plato's myth describes two (not three) stages of cosmic development. Plato's message is that in neither state of the cosmos can the art of statesmanship be perfectly exemplified.
Federal Philosophies and the Structure of American Law
Authors: Schütze Robert 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The constitutional battle over the nature of sovereignty and federalism in America produced a compromise in the late nineteenth century: dual federalism. The philosophy of dual federalism suggested a particular constitutional structure for the idea of duplex regimen: the tasks of government would be divided between two - mutually exclusive – spheres. The federal government and the States were seen as “equal” and “co-ordinate” within their respective spheres. This constitutional solution appeased moderate “Nationalists” and “Statists” for more than a century. The shift away from dual federalism took place in the 1930s and is linked to the American “New Deal”. Modern “New Deal” jurisprudence abandons the conceptual duality between commerce versus police power. The demise of the exclusive spheres equally takes place at the legislative level. Federal pre-emption abandons automatic field pre-emption. The principal exception to the rise of cooperative federalism is foreign affairs. The exclusion of the States from international treaty-making preserves an enclave of dual federalism.
The Decline of Legislative Exclusivity
Authors: Schütze Robert 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The presence of shared competences within a federal order does not in itself signify a choice in favour of cooperative federalism. Various types of federal pre-emption have been recognized in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice: “field”, “obstacle” and “rule” pre-emption. The use of field pre-emption reflects a dual federalist rationale: the total exclusion of the national legislators supports the understanding of two mutually exclusive legislative spheres. Rule pre-emption, by way of contrast, will represent a cooperative federalist paradigm. In the search for the European Community’s federal philosophy, this chapter analyses two substantive policy areas that represent the core of the European Union: the Community’s harmonization policy and the common agricultural policy. As regards the former, the transition from the “old” to the “new” approach to harmonization is identified as a move from a dual to a cooperative federalism. The transition towards a more cooperative federal model can equally be seen in the recent reforms for the Common Agricultural Policy.
Cooperative Federalism Constitutionalized
Authors: Schütze Robert 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
In the last twenty years, the European Union has even constitutionalised the philosophy of cooperative federalism by means of two novel constitutional devises: the principle of subsidiarity and complementary competences. Subsidiarity was designed to safeguard legislative space for the Member States by restricting European legislation to situations, where “the objectives of the proposed action cannot be sufficiently achieved by the Member States and can therefore, by reason of the scale or effects of the proposed action, be better achieved by the Community”. The procedural dimension of subsidiarity has been the dominant perspective on recent reform proposals to strengthen the principle of subsidiarity. The darling option has thereby been to involve national parliaments as watchdogs of subsidiarity. But in addition to the procedural safeguards, European constitutionalism has already confirmed a substantive commitment for cooperative federalism. Instead of leaving the federal philosophy to the political safeguards of federalism, the European legal order has “constitutionalised” the phenomenon of co-operative federalism in the form of complementary competences.
Wanderlust: Travel, Emigration and the Movement
Authors: Major Patrick 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Uses petitions to the Security section of the East German communist party to monitor the Wanderlust of East Germans seeking to take advantage of the travel reforms enacted in the wake of Ostpolitik in the early 1970s. The fact that only East Germans with western relatives could partake of these exceptions created a two‐tier mentality in the GDR, undermining egalitarian claims. The Stasi's involvement in vetting travellers is considered, and the paradox that ‘regime‐carriers' such as soldiers and teachers were least likely to be granted travel to the West, generating resentments against punishment for loyalty. The chapter then proceeds to the more serious step of applications to leave the country once and for all, and the Stasi's attempts to stifle what became a nascent civil rights movement in the 1980s. It concludes by considering the tensions which arose between emigration seekers and reformers who wanted to stay in the GDR to work from within—rifts which have left their mark in the historiography of East German dissidence.
Political Executive Power
Authors: Curtin Deirdre 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the political layer, the ‘political executive’, close to the top layer of the European Council, the Council of Ministers, and the Commission and associated actors (the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy). It is here that the tides of treaty reform have been most prominent and visible, and these are detailed if relevant. In addition, an impression is given of evolving inter-institutional practices in the relationships between different bodies — especially between the political institutions and the European Parliament.
Satellite Executive Power
Authors: Curtin Deirdre 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter introduces a further layer in institution-building and maps those institutions and actors who, on the whole, have been delegated powers by the political actors, often with the explicit intention of placing their rule-making activities at one remove from political decision-making. Such non-majoritarian agencies, as they are often referred to, have become in recent years an important part of the overall political and legal systems of the EU, without however being reflected at the treaty level.
Making Visible the Invisible
Authors: Curtin Deirdre 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter looks to the overall ecology of EU executive power and its relationship with its surrounding environment. The perspective adopted is, in the final analysis, one of the compound or composite nature of this power, in the sense not only of a shared and plural executive at the EU level but also of very often the same actors performing different roles and tasks at different governance levels without this being very clearly visible or generally understood. This fact, or perspective, is then further considered in the light of a number of the so-called ‘meta-principles’ of the overall political order (such as the principles of legitimacy and of democracy) as well as the arguably lower-level ‘organizing principle’ (at least in procedural terms) of accountability as quite succinctly and precisely defined and applied. The chapter encapsulates the broader narrative of this book, that is, to further contribute and analyze the process of making the invisible visible across the wide spectrum of executive power in the EU political system as a whole.
Chapter 2 Meta‐constitutional Orientations
Authors: Flinders Matthew 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The ‘Blair paradox’ reflects not a simple shift in orientations (i.e. from majoritarian power‐hoarding to consensual power‐sharing) but a multifaceted attempt to inject a new meta‐constitutional orientation, in terms of a set of core values, principles, and assumptions about the distribution of power and the relationship between political actors, within the existing version (i.e. bi‐constitutionalism).
Chapter 15 Bi‐constitutionalism
Authors: Flinders Matthew 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Updating Lijphart's analysis reveals that New Labour attempted to create a multi‐level polity based upon a more consensual model of democracy within an increasingly frail conception of the Westminster Model (i.e. modified majoritarianism) at the national level. A statecraft strategy based upon constitutional co‐existence and the parallel operation of markedly different models of democracy is likely to prove highly unstable within a unitary state.
Putting Metaphysics First
Authors: Devitt Michael 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe book has two parts: one metaphysical, the other epistemological. The metaphysical part is largely concerned with realism issues. It starts with realism about universals, dismissing Plato's notorious ‘one over many’ problem. Several chapters argue for a fairly uncompromisingly realist view of the external physical world of commonsense and science. Both the nonfactualism of moral noncognitivism and positivistic instrumentalism, and deflationism about truth, are found to rest on antirealisms about their subject matters that are hard to characterize. A case is presented for moral realism. Various biological realisms are considered. Finally, an argument is presented for an unfashionable biological essentialism. The epistemological part of the book argues against the a priori and for a Quinean naturalism. The intuitions that so dominate ‘armchair philosophy’ are empirical not a priori. There is an emphasis throughout the book on distinguishing metaphysical issues about what there is and what it's like from semantic issues about meaning, truth, and reference. Another central theme, captured in the title, is that we should ‘put metaphysics first’. We should approach epistemology and semantics from a metaphysical perspective rather than vice versa. The epistemological turn in modern philosophy and the linguistic turn in contemporary philosophy were something of disasters.
“Ostrich Nominalism” or “Mirage Realism”?
Authors: Devitt Michael , Devitt Michael 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter is concerned with the issue of realism about universals. In Nominalism and Realism, Armstrong carefully demolishes various nominalist responses to Plato's famous ‘One over Many’ problem but simply dismisses the Quinean response as ‘Ostrich Nominalism’. In response, the chapter argues for three theses. Firstly, Plato's problem is pseudo. So to ignore it is not to behave like an ostrich. Rather, to adopt realism because of this problem that isn't there is to be a ‘Mirage Realist’. Secondly, this problem is Armstrong's main reason for adopting realism but he is also motivated by some good reasons. So Armstrong is largely but not entirely a Mirage Realist. Thirdly, Quine does not ignore any real problem for nominalism and so he is not an ostrich nominalist.
Incommensurability and the Priority of Metaphysics
Authors: Devitt Michael , Devitt Michael 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter rejects ‘Incommensurability’ — the semantic doctrine attributed to Kuhn and Feyerabend, who also subscribe to the neo-Kantian metaphysical doctrine of ‘Constructivism’. According to Constructivism, we make ‘phenomenal’ worlds with our theories. Different theories make different worlds; the worlds we live in are theory-relative. Constructivism is clearly opposed to ‘Realism’. The chapter argues that the Incommensurability issue comes down to the Realism issue. On that issue, four arguments for Constructivism are rejected. Two Kantian arguments make the mistake of not putting metaphysics first: rather they proceed from an a priori epistemology or semantics to an a priori metaphysics. Two arguments by Hoyningen–Huene and co-authors support relativism but do nothing to support the Kantian core of Constructivism. Without Constructivism, Incommensurability is left unsupported. The chapter concludes by arguing against ‘meta-incommensurability’.
The Metaphysics of Nonfactualism
Authors: Devitt Michael 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe usual characterizations of nonfactualism are unsatisfactory. The problem partly comes from focusing on nonfactualism's special semantics instead of on the antirealist metaphysics that must motivate that semantics. The problem also comes from the genuine difficulty in characterizing this metaphysics. This chapter rejects the usual implicit characterizations: that there are no properties or facts in the problematic area. Using the examples of instrumentalism, noncognitivism, and deflationary truth, it argues for the characterization that, in the problematic area, there is no reality with a nature to be explained and with a causal-explanatory role. Finally, it rejects accounts of the special semantics of nonfactualism in terms of properties, facts, and truth conditions, but accepts ones that contrast the apparently descriptive or factual function of indicative sentences in the problematic area with their alleged function as expressive, prescriptive, or whatever.
Moral Realism A Naturalistic Perspective
Authors: Devitt Michael 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter argues for moral realism. What is moral realism? Standard answers in terms of truth and meaning are rejected. These answers are partly motivated by the phenomenon of noncognitivism. Noncognitivism does indeed cause trouble for a straightforwardly metaphysical answer but still such an answer can be given. Moral realism should be accepted because it is prima facie plausible and its alternatives are not. But what about the arguments against moral realism? The chapter looks critically at the argument from ‘queerness’, the argument from relativity, the argument from explanation, and epistemological arguments. But there is a major worry for moral realism: How can it be accommodated in a naturalistic world view? The chapter concludes with some brief and inadequate remarks in response to this question.
Chapter 6 The Welfare State and the Politics of Social Justice
Authors: Plant Raymond 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis is the first of two chapters which look at the policy implications of the neo‐liberal rejection of the social democratic ideal of social justice. This will look at the difference between rule‐based or nomocratic orders on the one hand and policy and outcome‐oriented views on the other. In order to make these ideas relevant to policy, there is an analysis of various conceptions of social justice and in the context of welfare provision, one based primarily on meeting needs. Most neo‐liberal thinkers (but not Menger) are critical of the idea that it is the job of the state to meet needs and the various reasons for this approach are analysed and explained. The chapter also looks at the way in which the provision of welfare has baleful consequences from a neo‐liberal perspective. It cannot be made compatible with the rule of law because of the degree of discretion which has to be left in the hands of welfare officials. It brings about the formation of interest groups and coalitions of such groups whose aim is to extract from government what they see from their own point of view as their just share of public provision. The chapter also looks at the extent to which neo‐liberal views also support the critique of welfare provision based on the alleged dependency which such a state creates.
Chapter 11 Social Justice and Neo‐liberalism: A Critique
Authors: Plant Raymond 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe have seen that the neo-liberal sees social justice as the mistaken and illusory value distinctively pursued by Social Democrats. In this chapter the details of the neo‐liberal critique are examined in detail and again are found to be wanting. The argument of the chapter is that there is no reason at all to reject the ideal of social justice whether for philosophical reasons as set out in Chapter 4 or for reasons of its alleged baleful effects set out in Chapters 6 and 7. If the critique of social justice fails, as this chapter argues that it does, then the critique of Social Democracy is equally undermined.
Chapter 13 Concluding Reflections
Authors: Plant Raymond 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis concluding chapter seeks to review the whole argument of the book to sustain the polemical claim made in the book that neo‐liberalism in fact does not possess the intellectual coherence to distinguish itself clearly from Social Democracy which in the twentieth century was one of the main aims of neo‐liberals. There is a clear distinction between neo‐liberalism and libertarianism but not between neo‐liberalism and Social Democracy. This chapter seeks to underpin this claim not just be reviewing the arguments set out thus far in the book, but also by considering further points at issue, particularly for example ideas about power and the contrast which turns out to be important between power over and power to and the relationship between power and markets in these two dimensions.
2 Some Background
Authors: Lowrie Michèle 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Analysis of mediality in Callimachus, Ennius, Lucretius, and Catullus maps the traditions inherited by the Augustan poets. While Callimachus embraces song and its association with divine inspiration but still presents his writing practices realistically, the early Roman poets assume that they are writers and gradually adopt song when reaching for greater sublimity. A discussion of the reception of the disputed carmina conuiualia in Horace and Vergil concludes this section on background.
3 The Performance of Horatian Lyric: The Limits of Reference
Authors: Lowrie Michèle 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The performance of Horace's Odes offers a test case for determining the interrelation between a poet's own self-definition and the actual reception of his poetry. Debate has raged in the 20th century over whether the language of song in this body of poetry is literal or metaphoric. Speech act theory starting with J. L. Austin offers a tool that helps understand the problematics of referentiality, but cannot in the end determine whether any particular utterance means what it says.
5 At the Limits of Performativity: The Carmen saeculare
Authors: Lowrie Michèle 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The performance of Horace's Carmen saeculare by a chorus of youths and maidens at the ludi saeculares celebrated by Augustus in 17 BCE offers an occasion for asking why it matters if a poem was actually performed. This poem and the inscription of the acta of the festival are both highly concerned with the media of their own production and recording. Analysis and commentary emerge as acts as socially important as ritual performance. Horace's claims that the chorus' prayers will actually be answered by the gods is a gesture of performative empowerment.
15 Inscription and Testimony: Propertius 4. 11
Authors: Lowrie Michèle 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
In elegy 4. 11, Propertius uses the death of Cornelia, a member of Augustus' family, as an occasion to make a statement about the law and representation under Augustus. He deploys many of the strategies outlined throughout this book. He presents an impossible speech situation that spans various performance media and writing; he puns on lex and legere; he presents Cornelia as an exemplum in many ways like Augustus himself. The typical elegiac twist is that she is not the emperor, but rather a woman whose public dimension is entirely subsumed within her familial role.
16 The Pragmatics of Literature: Ovid
Authors: Lowrie Michèle 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
In Tristia 2, Ovid makes a case to Augustus for his return from exile. The poem's pragmatic aim ostensibly failed and the poet was never recalled. But Ovid does more than try to change his fate. His systematic punning on lex and legere invites comparison between the powerlessness of his own written discourse to the power of Augustus' ability to determine the law. But we should not end with a picture of powerful orality versus impotent writing. The end of the Metamorphoses makes it clear that the poet wins out in the end. He is the one to control Augustus' representation in his poetry — even against the emperor's will — and a future readership will retain the freedom of interpretation. Ovid's strong claim about the power of reading and writing to resist the anger of the powerful despite its pragmatic force is a fitting conclusion to this book.
8 The Impact of UK Devolution
Authors: McLean Iain 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Devolution to Scotland since 1707. Church patronage 1707–1874. The Disruption 1843. The Jacobite risings. The Scottish Enlightenment. Revival of devolution since the 1960s. The shotgun conversion of Scottish Labour 1974. Failure 1974–9; success 1989–99. The Claim of Right (1689 and) 1989. Devolution to Northern Ireland since 1920. A Protestant Parliament in a Protestant state. The Troubles. The Good Friday Agreement. Constitutional framework. Devolution to Wales since 1964. ‘And to a lesser extent Wales.’ The weakest territorial department: Aberfan. Constitutional issues arising out of devolution. The Barnett Formula. The West Lothian Question, true and false. ‘English votes on English laws.’ Authority of subordinate parliaments. Formal (but empty) Diceyanism of the devolution statues. The Sewel Convention.