bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Manipulation of dietary short chain carbohydrates alters the pattern of gas production and genesis of symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Ong Derrick K , Mitchell Shaylyn B , Barrett Jacqueline S , Shepherd Sue J , Irving Peter M , Biesiekierski Jessica R , Smith Stuart , Gibson Peter R , Muir Jane G 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Reduction of short‐chain poorly absorbed carbohydrates (FODMAPs) in the diet reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). In the present study, we aimed to compare the patterns of breath hydrogen and methane and symptoms produced in response to diets that differed only in FODMAP content.Methods:  Fifteen healthy subjects and 15 with IBS (Rome III criteria) undertook a single‐blind, crossover intervention trial involving consuming provided diets that were either low (9 g/day) or high (50 g/day) in FODMAPs for 2 days. Food and gastrointestinal symptom diaries were kept and breath samples collected hourly over 14 h on day 2 of each diet.Results:  Higher levels of breath hydrogen were produced over the entire day with the high FODMAP diet for healthy volunteers (181 ± 77 ppm.14 h vs 43 ± 18; mean ± SD P < 0.0001) and patients with IBS (242 ± 79 vs 62 ± 23; P < 0.0001), who had higher levels during each dietary period than the controls (P < 0.05). Breath methane, produced by 10 subjects within each group, was reduced with the high FODMAP intake in healthy subjects (47 ± 29 vs 109 ± 77; P = 0.043), but was not different in patients with IBS (126 ± 153 vs 86 ± 72). Gastrointestinal symptoms and lethargy were significantly induced by the high FODMAP diet in patients with IBS, while only increased flatus production was reported by healthy volunteers.Conclusions:  Dietary FODMAPs induce prolonged hydrogen production in the intestine that is greater in IBS, influence the amount of methane produced, and induce gastrointestinal and systemic symptoms experienced by patients with IBS. The results offer mechanisms underlying the efficacy of the low FODMAP diet in IBS.
Comparison of transient elastography, serum markers and clinical signs for the diagnosis of compensated cirrhosis
Authors: Malik Raza , Lai Michelle , Sadiq Amama , Farnan Rory , Mehta Shruti , Nasser Imad , Challies Tracy , Schuppan Detlef , Afdhal Nezam 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBackground and Aims:  Non‐invasive diagnosis of compensated cirrhosis is important. We therefore compared liver stiffness by transient elastography, APRI score, AST/ALT ratio, hyaluronic acid and clinical signs to determine which modality performed best at identifying compensated cirrhosis.Methods:  Patients undergoing evaluation at a single center were recruited and had clinical, serological, endoscopy, radiological imaging, liver stiffness measurement and liver biopsy. Patients were stratified into cirrhotic and non‐cirrhotic.Results:  In 404 patients (124 cirrhosis), transient elastography was diagnostically superior to the other modalities yielding an AUC 0.9 ± 0.04 compared with hyaluronic acid (AUC 0.81 ± 0.04: P < 0.05), clinical signs (AUC 0.74 ± 0.04: P < 0.05), APRI score (AUC 0.71 ± 0.03: P < 0.05) and AST/ALT ratio (AUC 0.66 ± 0.03: P < 0.05). The optimum cut‐off for transient elastography was 12 kPa giving a sensitivity of 89% and specificity of 87% for cirrhosis. In 238 hepatitis C patients (87 cirrhosis), transient elastography yielded an AUC 0.899 ± 0.02 for cirrhosis and in 166 non‐HCV patients (37 cirrhosis) the results were similar with an AUC 0.928 ± 0.03; with transient elastography being superior to HA, APRI, AST/ALT and clinical signs for all etiologies of cirrhosis (P < 0.05 for all). Importantly, transient elastography was statistically superior at identifying cirrhosis in 38 biopsy proven Childs Pugh A cirrhotics with no clinical, biochemical or radiological features of cirrhosis or portal hypertension (AUC 0.87 ± 0.04).Conclusion:  Transient elastography accurately identified compensated cirrhosis; a liver stiffness of >12 kPa represents an important clinical measurement for the diagnosis of cirrhosis.
Prospective evaluation of a clinical guideline recommending early patients discharge in bleeding peptic ulcer
Authors: Chaparro María , Barbero Almudena , Martín Leticia , Esteban Carlos , Espinosa Laura , De La Morena Felipe , Sánchez Argeme , Martín Irene , Santander Cecilio , Moreno‐Otero Ricardo , Gisbert Javier P 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBackground and Aim:  To validate an early discharge policy in patients admitted with upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) due to ulcers.Methods:  Patients with gastroduodenal ulcer or erosive gastritis/duodenitis were included in a previous study aiming to develop a practice guideline for early discharge of patients with UGIB. Variables associated with unfavorable evolution were analyzed in order to identify patients with low‐risk of re‐bleeding. After that, a one‐year prospective analysis of all UGIB episodes was carried out.Results:  A total of 341 patients were identified in the retrospective study. Variables associated with unfavorable evolution were: systolic blood pressure ≤ 100 mmHg, heart rate ≥ 100 bpm, and a Forrest endoscopic classification of severe. 10% of patients were immediately discharged; however, if predictive variables obtained in the multivariate analysis had been used, hospitalization could have been prevented in 34% of patients. A total of 77 patients were included in the prospective analysis. Although only 19.5% of patients were immediately discharged without complications, 29 patients (37.7%) were theoretically suitable for early discharge.Conclusions:  Patients with UGIB who have clean‐based ulcers and are stable on admission can be safely discharged immediately after endoscopy. Implementation of the clinical practice guideline safely reduced hospital admission for those patients.
Lafutidine prevents low‐dose aspirin and loxoprofen induced gastric injury: A randomized, double‐blinded, placebo controlled study
Authors: Kato Mototsugu , Kamada Go , Yamamoto Keiko , Nishida Urara , Imai Aki , Yoshida Takeshi , Ono Shouko , Nakagawa Manabu , Nakagawa Soichi , Shimizu Yuichi , Asaka Masahiro 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBackground and Aim:  The concomitant use of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs is a risk factor for low‐dose aspirin (LDA)‐associated upper gastrointestinal toxicity. Lafutidine is an H2‐receptor antagonist with gastroprotective activity, produced by acting on capsaicin‐sensitive afferent neurons. To evaluate the preventive effect of lafutidine on gastric damage caused by LDA alone and by the combination of both LDA and loxoprofen, we conducted a clinical study using healthy volunteers.Methods:  A randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled, crossover study was carried out. Sixteen healthy volunteers without Helicobacter pylori infection were randomly assigned to two groups. Both groups received 81 mg of aspirin once daily for 14 days (on days 1 to 14) and 60 mg of loxoprofen three times daily for the last 7 days (on days 8 to 14). Placebo or 10 mg of lafutidine was administered twice daily for 14 days in each group. After a 2‐week washout period, placebo and lafutidine were crossed over. Endoscopic findings of gastric mucosal damage were evaluated according to the modified Lanza score.Results:  The mean modified Lanza score was 2.19 ± 1.06 (SD) for aspirin plus placebo as compared with 0.50 ± 0.77 for aspirin plus lafutidine (P < 0.001), and 3.00 ± 1.56 for aspirin plus loxoprofen and placebo as compared with 1.25 ± 1.37 for aspirin plus loxoprofen and lafutidine (P < 0.01).Conclusions:  The addition of loxoprofen to LDA increases gastric mucosal damage. Standard‐dose lafutidine significantly prevents gastric mucosal damage induced by LDA alone or LDA plus loxoprofen in H. pylori‐negative volunteers. Larger controlled studies are needed to strengthen these findings.
Usefulness of magnifying endoscopy with narrow‐band imaging for determining gastric tumor margin
Authors: Kiyotoki Shu , Nishikawa Jun , Satake Masaaki , Fukagawa Yuki , Shirai Yasuyuki , Hamabe Kouichi , Saito Mari , Okamoto Takeshi , Sakaida Isao 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Magnifying endoscopy with narrow‐band imaging (ME‐NBI) enhances images of the irregular mucosal structures and microvessels of gastric carcinoma, and could be useful for determining the margin between cancerous and non‐cancerous mucosa. We evaluated the usefulness of ME‐NBI for determining the tumor margin compared with indigocarmine chromoendoscopy (ICC).Methods:  The subjects were 110 patients (with 118 lesions) who underwent endoscopic submucosal dissection for gastric tumors. They were randomized into ME‐NBI and ICC groups. Marking was carried out by electrocautery with the tip of a high‐frequency snare at the tumor margins determined by each observation. The distance from the marking dots to the tumor margin was measured histopathologically in the resected specimens. Marking was diagnosed as accurate if the distance was less than 1 mm.Results:  Of the 118 gastric lesions, 55 were allocated to the ME‐NBI group, and 63 to the ICC group. Seventeen lesions in the ME‐NBI group and 18 lesions in the ICC group were excluded because the distance from the marking dots to the tumor margin was immeasurable histopathologically. Thirty‐eight lesions in the ME‐NBI group and 45 lesions in the ICC group were evaluated. The rate of accurate marking of the ME‐NBI group was significantly higher than that of the ICC group (97.4% vs 77.8%, respectively; P‐value = 0.009).Conclusion:  Magnifying endoscopy with narrow‐band imaging can identify gastric tumor margins more clearly than ICC.
Hydrogen sulfide attenuates intestinal ischemia‐reperfusion injury when delivered in the post‐ischemic period
Authors: Henderson Peter W , Weinstein Andrew L , Sohn Allie M , Jimenez Natalia , Krijgh David D , Spector Jason A 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBackground and Aim:  To investigate whether pharmacologic post‐conditioning of intestinal tissue with hydrogen sulfide (HS) protects against ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI).Methods:  In vitro, enterocytes were made hypoxic for 1, 2, or 3 h, treated with media containing between 0 and 100 µM HS 20 min prior to the end of the hypoxic period, then returned to normoxia for 3 h. An apoptotic index (AI) was determined for each time point and (HS). In vivo, jejunal ischemia was induced in male Sprague‐Dawley rats for 1, 2, or 3 h; 20 min prior to the end of the ischemic period animals were given an intravenous injection of NaHS sufficient to raise the bloodstream concentration to 0, 10 µM, or 100 µM HS. This was followed by jejunal reperfusion for 3 h, histologic processing, and measurement of villus height.Results:  In vitro, there was a significant decrease in AI compared with non‐HS‐treated control at all time points after treatment with 10 µM HS, and at the 2 h time point with 100 µM HS (P < 0.017). In vivo, after 1 h ischemia, qualitative reduction of injury was noted with 10 µM and 100 µM; after 2 h ischemia, reduction was noted with 10 µM but not 100 µM; and after 3 h ischemia, there was no injury reduction. HS treatment resulted in significant quantitative preservation (P < 0.05) of villus height at all time points and doses, except for 3 h ischemia and delivery of 100 µM (P = 0.129).Conclusions:  Hydrogen sulfide provides significant protection to intestinal tissues in vitro and in vivo when delivered after the onset of ischemia.
Expression and modulation of Na+/H+ exchanger 1 gene in hepatocellular carcinoma: A potential therapeutic target
Authors: Yang Xuekang , Wang Desheng , Dong Wei , Song Zhenshun , Dou Kefeng 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Na+/H+ exchanger 1 (NHE1), a regulator of intracellular pH (pHi), plays a significant role in regulating tumor cell growth and apoptosis. In the present study, we determined its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Methods:  Immunohistochemistry was carried out to detect NHE1 expression in HCC tissue for the correlation of NHE1 with clinicopathological data from patients. NHE1‐siRNA and 5‐ (N‐ethyl‐N‐isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA, highly specific inhibitor of NHE1) were used to assess the function of NHE1 in HCC cells by using gene transfection, methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT), flow cytometry, and nude mouse xenograft assays as well as fluorescence spectroscopy.Results:  We found that NHE1 expression was increased in HCC tissues and cells in which its expression was associated with the increased tumor size, venous invasion and advanced tumor stages. However, suppression of NHE1 expression by using NHE1‐siRNA and EIPA reduced growth, but induced apoptosis of HCC cells. EIPA also inhibited tumor growth in nude mouse xenografts of HCC cells.Conclusions:  The data from our current study demonstrates that NHE1 was overexpressed in HCC and that inhibition of NHE1 could be a potential therapeutic target for HCC.
Simpler score of routine laboratory tests predicts liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Zhou Kun , Gao Chun‐Fang , Zhao Yun‐Peng , Liu Hai‐Lin , Zheng Rui‐Dan , Xian Jian‐Chun , Xu Hong‐Tao , Mao Yi‐Min , Zeng Min‐De , Lu Lun‐Gen 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBackground and Aim:  In recent years, a great interest has been dedicated to the development of noninvasive predictive models to substitute liver biopsy for fibrosis assessment and follow‐up. Our aim was to provide a simpler model consisting of routine laboratory markers for predicting liver fibrosis in patients chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) in order to optimize their clinical management.Methods:  Liver fibrosis was staged in 386 chronic HBV carriers who underwent liver biopsy and routine laboratory testing. Correlations between routine laboratory markers and fibrosis stage were statistically assessed. After logistic regression analysis, a novel predictive model was constructed. This S index was validated in an independent cohort of 146 chronic HBV carriers in comparison to the SLFG model, Fibrometer, Hepascore, Hui model, Forns score and APRI using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.Results:  The diagnostic values of each marker panels were better than single routine laboratory markers. The S index consisting of γ‐glutamyltransferase (GGT), platelets (PLT) and albumin (ALB) (S‐index: 1000 × GGT/(PLT × ALB2)) had a higher diagnostic accuracy in predicting degree of fibrosis than any other mathematical model tested. The areas under the ROC curves (AUROC) were 0.812 and 0.890 for predicting significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in the validation cohort, respectively.Conclusions:  The S index, a simpler mathematical model consisting of routine laboratory markers predicts significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic HBV infection with a high degree of accuracy, potentially decreasing the need for liver biopsy.
Children’s Educational Progress: Partitioning Family, School and Area Effects
Authors: Rasbash Jon , Leckie George , Pillinger Rebecca , Jenkins Jennifer 
Published: May 2010

SummarySchool effectiveness analyses have largely ignored the role of the family as an important source of variation for children’s educational progress. Sibling analyses in developmental psychology and behavioural genetics have largely ignored sources of shared environmental variation beyond the immediate family. We formulate a multilevel cross-classified model that examines variation in children’s progress during secondary schooling and partitions this variability into pupil, family, primary school, secondary school, local education authority and residential area. Our results suggest that about 50% of what has been labelled as pupil variation in school effectiveness models is really between-family variation and that about 22% of the total variance is due to shared environments beyond the immediate family.
Darwin, Galton and the Statistical Enlightenment
Authors: Stigler Stephen M. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryOn September 10th, 1885, Francis Galton ushered in a new era of Statistical Enlightenment with an address to the British Association for the Advancement of Science in Aberdeen. In the process of solving a puzzle that had lain dormant in Darwin’s Origin of Species, Galton introduced multivariate analysis and paved the way towards modern Bayesian statistics. The background to this work is recounted, including the recognition of a failed attempt by Galton in 1877 as providing the first use of a rejection sampling algorithm for the simulation of a posterior distribution, and the first appearance of a proper Bayesian analysis for the normal distribution.
Fatigue and excessive daytime sleepiness in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease differently correlate with motor symptoms, depression and dopaminergic treatment
Authors: Valko P. O. , Waldvogel D. , Weller M. , Bassetti C. L. , Held U. , Baumann C. R. 
Published: May 2010

Background and purpose:  A comprehensive study of both fatigue and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in association with Parkinson’s disease (PD)‐related symptoms and treatment has not been performed yet. To assess the frequency and severity of fatigue and EDS in patients with idiopathic PD and to study their relation to motor and non‐motor symptoms and dopaminergic treatment.Methods:  We prospectively assessed Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) scores, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) scores, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores, severity (Unified PD Rating Scale, UPDRS, part III; Hoehn & Yahr staging) and duration of the disease, and the current dopaminergic treatment in 88 consecutive patients with idiopathic PD.Results:  Fatigue was found in 52 (59%), EDS in 42 (48%), and both complaints in 31 (35%) patients. Fatigued patients had higher UPDRS III scores (23.5 ± 11.1 vs. 18.6 ± 7.6, P = 0.03), higher Hoehn & Yahr staging (2.4 ± 0.9 vs. 2.1 ± 0.7, P = 0.03), and higher BDI scores (13.4 ± 7.1 vs. 9.1 ± 5.8, P = 0.004) than non‐fatigued patients. In contrast, UPDRS III, Hoehn & Yahr, and BDI scores did not differ between patients with or without EDS. However, the type of dopaminergic treatment (levodopa monotherapy versus combination of levodopa/dopamine agonists) was associated with significant differences in ESS (8.5 ± 5.2 vs. 10.8 ± 4.3, P = 0.04), but not FSS scores (4.1 ± 1.5 vs. 4.3 ± 1.5, P = 0.55). Disease duration correlated with ESS scores (r = 0.32, P = 0.003), but not with FSS scores (r = −0.02, P = 0.82).Conclusions:  In PD, there is a significant overlap of fatigue and EDS, but the two symptoms are differently correlated with the severity of motor symptoms, disease duration, depression, and dopaminergic treatment.
The age‐related white matter changes scale correlates with cognitive impairment
Authors: Xiong Y. , Mok V. , Wong A. , Chen X. , Chu W.C.W. , Fan Y. , Soo Y. , Wong K. S. 
Published: May 2010

Background and purpose:  Age‐related white matter changes (ARWMC) are closely associated with cognitive impairment. Although the ARWMC scale has been widely used to grade white matter changes (WMC) severity, the correlation between this scale and cognitive impairment has not been studied. We aimed to validate the ARWMC scale against cognition in patients with stroke.Methods:  We determined the severity of WMC for 172 patients with stroke on MRI by volumetric quantification and the ARWMC scale. Two scores (total score and global score) were derived from the ARWMC scale. We assessed executive function and global cognition using the Mattis dementia rating scale‐initiation/perseveration subset (MDRS I/P) and mini‐mental state examination (MMSE), respectively. We investigated the association between the three WMC measures (volume, total score, and global score) and clinical variables with cognitive impairment using multivariate regression analysis.Results:  Even after adjusting for other clinical variables, total score and global score of ARWMC scale were independently associated with MDRS I/P (beta = −0.248, P = 0.001 and beta = −0.218, P = 0.005, respectively) and MMSE (adjusted odds ratio 1.181, 95%CI [1.038–1.343] and adjusted odds ratio 1.740, 95%CI [1.063–2.847], respectively).Conclusion:  The ARWMC scale correlates well with cognitive impairment in patients with stroke.
nNOSα and nNOSβ localization to aggresome‐like inclusions is dependent on HSP90 activity
Authors: Corso‐Díaz Ximena , Krukoff Teresa L. 
Published: May 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 114, 864–872.AbstractNitric oxide (NO) is a highly reactive gas that participates in many physiological processes including neuroplasticity and neuronal survival. In brain neurons, NO is produced by two variants of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), nNOSα and nNOSβ. The activity of nNOSα is tightly regulated at the transcriptional and post‐transcriptional levels. Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) regulates nNOSα activity by facilitating heme insertion into the nNOSα monomer, resulting in increased NO production. HSP90 also regulates nNOSα degradation through the proteasome pathway. Here, we show in vitro that inhibition of HSP90 with geldanamycin increases nNOS mobility and induces formation of aggresome‐like inclusions containing both nNOSα and nNOSβ in primary cortical neurons. We also report the formation of endogenous nNOS‐containing aggresome‐like inclusions in healthy, untreated, mature primary cortical neurons. We propose that nNOS aggregation may be an additional mechanism for regulating nNOS activity, as has been proposed for inducible nitric oxide synthase. These findings reveal a new role for HSP90 in regulating nNOS sub‐cellular localization and underscore the complexity of nNOS regulatory mechanisms.
Migratory connectivity in a declining bird species: using feather isotopes to inform demographic modelling
Authors: Reichlin Thomas S. , Hobson Keith A. , Wassenaar Leonard I. , Schaub Michael , Tolkmitt Dirk , Becker Detlef , Jenni Lukas , Arlettaz Raphaël 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAim  Conservation programmes for endangered migratory species or populations require locating and evaluating breeding, stopover and wintering areas. We used multiple stable isotopes in two endangered European populations of wrynecks, Jynx torquilla L., to locate wintering regions and assess the degree of migratory connectivity between breeding and wintering populations.Location  Switzerland and Germany.Methods  We analysed stable nitrogen (δ15N), carbon (δ13C) and hydrogen (δD) isotopes from wing feathers from two populations of wrynecks to infer their wintering origins and to assess the strength of migratory connectivity. We tested whether variation in feather isotopic values within the Swiss population was affected by bird age and collection year and then considered differences in isotopic values between the two breeding populations. We used isotopic values of summer‐ and winter‐grown feathers to estimate seasonal distributions. Finally, we calculated a species‐specific δD discrimination factor between feathers and mean annual δD values to assign winter‐grown feathers to origin.Results  Bird age and collection year caused substantial isotopic variation in winter‐grown feathers, which may be because of annually variable weather conditions, movements of birds among wintering sites and/or reflect asynchronous moulting or selection pressure. The large isotopic variance in winter‐grown feathers nevertheless suggested low migratory connectivity for each breeding population, with partially overlapping wintering regions for the two populations.Main conclusions  Isotopic variance in winter‐grown feathers of two breeding populations of wrynecks and their geographical assignment point to defined, albeit overlapping, wintering areas, suggesting both leapfrog migration and low migratory connectivity. On this basis, integrative demographic models can be built looking at seasonal survival patterns with links to local environmental conditions on both breeding and wintering grounds, which may elucidate causes of declines in migratory bird species.