bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PRIVACY, PROTEST, AND THE REHNQUIST COURT
Authors: Whitney Sharon G. 
Published: August 2010

This article reviews and analyzes decisions of the Rehnquist Court involving the interpretation of constitutional rights applicable to both abortion access and antiabortion protest. By the mid‐1990s the Court was attempting to balance the rights of antiabortion protesters with the rights and interests of those seeking and performing abortions. In previous Terms the Rehnquist Court had reaffirmed the central holding in Roe v. Wade (1973). Nonetheless, conservatives on and off the Court continued to push for the overruling of Roe. Moreover, antiabortion activists persisted in their efforts to inhibit access to abortion clinics and their operations.The first part of this article develops a model of pragmatic jurisprudence and its application to privacy issues, with emphasis on abortion interests. The second part focuses on the abortion cases brought before the Rehnquist Court, with one section covering cases decided prior to the 1993 Term, and another section covering abortion protest cases decided during that Term. The article concludes with observations about alternative approaches in this complex area of political jurisprudence, giving particular attention to the views of Justice Scalia.
Comparison of Algal Penetration Through Rapid‐Gravity Filter Beds
Authors: WATSON ANNE 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTests OF FOUR types of filter media are presented, which show that granular activated carbon performs marginally less well than anthracite/sand or anthracite/sand/garnet in the removal of algae, particulate organic carbon, iron and turbidity. The lengths of run which are achieved by the two granular activated carbon filters are also shorter than those of the other two media. A three‐layer filter is better than the anthracite/sand filter for particulate organic carbon, iron and turbidity removal, and the filtrate contains lower mean concentrations of algae.
Kant's Debate with Herder about the Philosophical Significance of the Genius of Shakespeare
Authors: Cutrofello Andrew 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn this paper I suggest that one of Kant's motives in framing the account of artistic genius that he presents in the Critique of Judgment was to respond to Herder's veneration of Shakespeare. Kant agreed with Herder that Shakespeare was an exemplary artistic genius, but he disagreed with him about the relationship between genius and philosophy. Herder shared Kant's view that beautiful art should not infringe on the boundaries of the sciences, but in Kant's view Herder's own speculative metaphysics violated this principle. Kant accused Herder of allowing his genius to interfere with his philosophy – that is, of philosophizing in a Shakespearean manner. Instead of attempting to adjudicate this debate, I try to show how Herder could have defended his position by reading Kant through the lens of Shakespeare's Henry IV Part 1. I conclude by briefly indicating how the debate between Kant and Herder came to inform the analytic/continental division, which in light of this debate can be understood as a meta‐argument about the nature of philosophical arguments.
Attitude Reports: Do You Mind the Gap?
Authors: Brogaard Berit 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAttitude reports are reports about people's states of mind. They are reports about what people think, believe, know, know a priori, imagine, hate, wish, fear, and the like. So, for example, I might report that s knows p, or that she imagines p, or that she hates p, where p specifies the content to which s is purportedly related. One lively current debate centers around the question of what sort of specification is involved when such attitude reports are successful. Some hold that it is specification of the precise content of a mental state; others hold that it is specification of the content of a mental state only relative to a mode of presentation; yet others hold that it is merely a description or characterization of the content of a mental state. After providing a brief introduction to the traditional debate on attitude reports, this entry argues that for certain kinds of knowledge reports and for so‐called de re attitude reports, descriptive theories emerge as the most plausible. The entry concludes with a discussion of how the characterizing relation between attitude reports and mental states might be construed.
The Realism/Anti‐Realism Debate in Religion
Authors: McGraw Clare 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper sets out issues in the realist/anti‐realist debate in philosophy of religion. These include the existence of God and the meaning of prayer. The paper describes motivations for anti‐realism in religion such as the recognition of conflicting religious claims and a desire for tolerance. It explores instrumentalism and reductionism as possible anti‐realist strategies. Parallels between the debate in religion and the corresponding debate in philosophy of science are used to inform the discussion in the religious sphere. Shared aspects of science and religion feature in a pragmatic argument suggesting that the advantages of realism outweigh those of anti‐realism for religion.
Diseases of the adrenal medulla
Authors: Fung M. M. , Viveros O. H. , O’Connor D. T. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe adrenal glands are vital in the organism’s response to environmental stress. The outer cortex releases steroid hormones: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and sex hormones, which are crucial to metabolism, inflammatory reactions and fluid homeostasis. The medulla is different developmentally, functionally and structurally. It co‐releases catecholamines (primarily adrenaline and to some extent noradrenaline) as well as peptides by the all‐or‐none process of exocytosis from chromaffin granules, to aid in blood pressure and blood flow regulation, with regulated increments during the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. The co‐released peptides function to regulate catecholamine release, blood vessel contraction and innate immune responses. Pathology within the adrenal medulla and the autonomic nervous system is primarily because of neoplasms. The most common tumour, called phaeochromocytoma when located in the adrenal medulla, originates from chromaffin cells and excretes catecholamines, but may be referred to as secreting paragangliomas when found in extra‐adrenal chromaffin cells. Neoplasms, such as neuroblastomas and ganglioneuromas, may also be of neuronal lineage. We will also briefly discuss the catecholamine deficiency state.
ARTIFICIAL INCUBATION OF ALLIGATOR EGGS AND POST HATCHING CULTURE IN CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENTAL CHAMBERS
Authors: Joanen Ted , McNease Larry 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTOperational procedures for environmental chambers and methods of handling alligator eggs were tested for three years to determine hatching. success and to evaluate mortality factors. Eggs were collected from nests produced by captive and wild alligators no earlier than three weeks after. laying and as late as five weeks.Hatching success was determined for fourteen variables. The overall hatching rates for artificially incubated alligator eggs were greater than that reported for wild nests. Post hatching mortality was negligible under artificial conditions, averting high losses which occur in pens and especially in the wild.
POPULATION PROFILE DEVELOPMENT AND MORPHOTYPIC DIFFERENTIATION IN THE GIANT FRESHWATER PRAWN Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man)
Authors: Cohen Dan , Raanan Ziva , Brody Tom 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPost‐larval populations of Macrobrachium rosenbergii are characterized by a homogenous size distribution curve which changes, with time, to a positively skewed curve, with some individuals demonstrating a higher growth rate than the rest of the population. No morphotypic variation is observed at the post‐larval and juvenile stages, and the ratio of males to females is 1:1, equally distributed along the whole size distribution curve. Both the mean weight and the development of the skewed distribution curve are inversely affected by increasing density.In a mature population, three male morphotypes can be clearly differentiated by claw color, relative size within the population and the ratio of claw length to body length. The Small Male (SM) morphotype is characterized by short clear claws, while the two larger morphotypes are characterized by Orange Claws (OC) and Blue Claws (BC). Their relative occurrence in the population is SM 20–25%, OC 15–25%, and BC 5–10%. No apparent morphotypic variation exists in females and their size distribution is generally homogenous. Increased population density does not change the relative position, nor the relative proportions of the three male morphotypes and the females, however, the degree of skewness of the curve is inversely related to the density.
APPLICATIONS OF A NEW RADIOTRACER METHOD FOR INVESTIGATING PRAWN (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) ECOLOGY AND DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY
Authors: Pierce Barry A. , Laws Edward A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTWater stable, uniformly 14C radiolabeled, chemotactically‐active bacteria‐laden, artificial detritus was formulated by a rapid, simple method and used to follow the assimilation of bacterial macrommolecules into the foregut, midgut and tail tissue of aquarium‐acclimated freshwater prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) in time course experiments under conditions of starvation, heavy supplemental feeding and sudden crowding. Over a 24‐hour time course with starved prawns, the proportion of the label assimilated into lipid in the midgut and tail tissue increased 12.3% and 8.0%, respectively, with decreased proportions of the label in carbohydrate in the midgut and protein in the tail tissue. Starved prawns incorporated similar proportions of the label in carbohydrate and protein of the midgut as did heavily fed prawns but shunted a larger proportion of the label into lipid. Protein was catabolized in order to synthesize lipid and appeared to be used as an energy source. Suddenly crowded prawns greatly elevated the amount of radioactivity proportioned into carbohydrates and lipids of the midgut at the expense of greatly lowered protein activities.The formulation prepared here, which appears chemotactically and visually active as artificial “fish feces,” may have wide applicability in many aquaculture pond ecology and nutrition studies.
ASPECTS ON THE GROWTH AND FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF CAGE‐POLYCULTURED MARINE FISH IN A HEATED WATER SYSTEM
Authors: Jones Fredrick V. , Strawn Kirk 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTStriped mullet (Mugil cephalus), black drum (Pogonias cromis), and Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) were cage‐polycultured in a cooling lake of a power plant near Baytown, Texas, from 1 September 1976 through 24 August 1977 to determine production rates and species interaction. Temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen were monitored daily. Fish were measured and weighed monthly to determine growth rates. Feeding behavior was checked bimonthly for each cage of fish.Survival in most cages ranged from 60 to 100% for all species until May 1977 when the majority of monocultured black drum died in one cage due to fouling and subsequent low dissolved oxygen. Total production ranged from 7.86 kg/m3 for monocultured striped mullet to 45.09 kg/m3 for black drum and Atlantic croaker in polyculture. Percent gains in weight were higher in polyculture for black drum and striped mullet over monoculture; however, growth rates were similar for Atlantic croaker between treatments. Black drum and Atlantic croaker had similar feeding behavior, but their aggressive feeding differed as to time of day. Striped mullet were non‐aggressive feeders and rarely consumed prepared feeds. Black drum‐striped mullet combinations provided the maximum yields with the least amount of aggression between species.
When Better Is Worse: Envy and the Use of Deception
Authors: Moran Simone , Schweitzer Maurice E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn this article, we describe how envy motivates deception. We find that individuals who envy a counterpart are more likely to deceive them than are individuals who do not envy their counterpart. Across both a scenario and a laboratory study, we explore the influence of envy in a negotiation setting. Negotiations represent a domain in which social comparisons are prevalent and deception poses a particularly important concern. In our studies, we induce envy by providing participants with upward social comparison information. We find that upward social comparisons predictably trigger envy, and that envy promotes deception by increasing psychological benefits and decreasing psychological costs of engaging in deceptive behavior. We discuss implications of our results with respect to negotiations and the role of emotions in ethical decision making.
MONITORING REGIONAL GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT TEAMS: ANALYSIS OF CLIENT FLOWS AND OUTCOMES
Authors: Dudgeon Paul , Howe Anna L. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe Commonwealth Government funding of the Geriatric Assessment Program began in 1984. The Program included an evaluation component, and this paper reports findings for three Regional Geriatric Assessment Teams (RGATs) in Victoria focusing on (1) the identification of different starting points in the flow of clients to the RGATs, (2) the relationships between different starting points and (3) recommended care plans, and the relationships between (2) and final outcome, particularly whether or not this involved admission to nursing home care.The role performed by RGATs is reviewed in the context of introducing mandatory assessment, the success of which will depend on the effectiveness of RGATs not only in differentiating need for and securing admission to nursing home care but also in assessing for, accessing and initiating alternative services.
Using blocks of linked single nucleotide polymorphisms as highly polymorphic genetic markers for parentage analysis
Authors: JONES BEATRIX , WALSH DANIEL , WERNER LILLIAN , FIUMERA ANTHONY 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSingle nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are plentiful in most genomes and amenable to high throughput genotyping, but they are not yet popular for parentage or paternity analysis. The markers are bi‐allelic, so individually they contain little information about parentage, and in nonmodel organisms the process of identifying large numbers of unlinked SNPs can be daunting. We explore the possibility of using blocks of between three and 26 linked SNPs as highly polymorphic molecular markers for reconstructing male genotypes in polyandrous organisms with moderate (five offspring) to large (25 offspring) clutches of offspring. Haplotypes are inferred for each block of linked SNPs using the programs Haplore and Phase 2.1. Each multi‐SNP haplotype is then treated as a separate allele, producing a highly polymorphic, ‘microsatellite‐like’ marker. A simulation study is performed using haplotype frequencies derived from empirical data sets from Drosophila melanogaster and Mus musculus populations. We find that the markers produced are competitive with microsatellite loci in terms of single parent exclusion probabilities, particularly when using six or more linked SNPs to form a haplotype. These markers contain only modest rates of missing data and genotyping or phasing errors and thus should be seriously considered as molecular markers for parentage analysis, particularly when the study is interested in the functional significance of polymorphisms across the genome.
The Granitisation Of China
Authors: Teilhard de Chardin P. 
Published: August 2010

If they are separated according to their geological age and reported on a map, the post‐Palaeozoic granites of China seem to betray a regular distribution in space and time. They emerge along a definite net of tectonic fissures; and they shift gradually eastward toward the pacific margin of the land.This peculiar distribution suggests that granitisation is a specific and perennial geological process, possibly playing a fundamental part in the building of continents.
Stratigraphical Development in Kwangsi
Authors: CHAO KINGKOO 
Published: August 2010

In summarizing the geological events, it is revealed that the main structur in Kwangsi, the Epsilon structure, was not accomplished to its present status in one orogeny, but in successive periods. The early stages, although rudimentary, served a postive controlling factor on sedimentation. Eight stages can be recognized in the history of development:1. Caledonian Movement. Elevation of the Kiangnania in northern Kwangsi (part) and the depression of the Cathaysian geosyncline. The southern end of the Kiangnania is responsible for the formation of the backbone of the Kwangsi system.,2. Liukiang Movement. First appearence of the western wing as a barrier in the Tuyang range and a similar land trending east and west in north central Kwangsi.3. Huainan Movement. Uplift ot the western and southern regions of Kwangsi along the positions of the western and frontal parts of the arc structure.4. Tungwu Movement. Formation of the basin in central Kwangsi and the elevation of western part of the province, as has happened in the Huainan Movement.5. Suwan Movement. Repetation of the Huainan and Suwan Movements, but more conspicuous.6. Huaiyang Movement. Rejuvenation of the preceding movement and the formation of basins inside of the arc.7. Nanhsiang Movement. Strong folding.8. Yenshan Movement. The chief and final orogeny. Formation of the Epsilon structure to its present status.
How to critically appraise and apply meta‐analyses in clinical practice
Authors: HO Roger C. M. , ONG Hatta S. , KUDVA Kundadak G. , CHEUNG Mike W. L. , MAK Anselm 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAim:  Prompted by a clinical question, we critically appraised a meta‐analysis of efficacy and safety of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) versus cyclophosphamide (CYC) in the treatment of proliferative lupus nephritis.Methods:  Systemic reviews and a meta‐analysis are introduced to the reader in the perspective of a clinical scenario that raises questions about applicability of certain treatment options in clinical practice. Critical appraisal of meta‐analysis addresses three questions. (i) What are the results? (ii) Are the results valid? (iii) How can I apply the results to my patient care?Results:  A meta‐analysis paper titled ‘Mycophenolate mofetil is as efficacious as, but safer than, cyclophosphamide in the treatment of proliferative lupus nephritis: a meta‐analysis and meta‐regression’by Mak et al. (2009) was selected. Our critical appraisal identified several strengths of the paper, such as having a clearly focused clinical question, considering clinically important outcomes, using appropriate inclusion criteria to select primary studies, assessing quality of selected papers, good reproducibility in the assessment of primary studies and performing sensitivity analysis and meta‐regression to account for heterogeneity. Nevertheless, we also identified several weaknesses, such as possibly missing out other relevant studies, possible selection bias, low quality of some primary studies used and lack of data on cost effectiveness.Conclusion:  Meta‐analyses have an important role in the implementation of evidence‐based practice and shaping of future research. Despite the undoubted advantages, meta‐analyses are no panacea. Caution, therefore, has to be applied when using the results of meta‐analyses in clinical practice, due to methodological limitations of the meta‐analyses and limitations in the primary studies used.
Anti–Placental Growth Factor Reduces Bone Metastasis by Blocking Tumor Cell Engraftment and Osteoclast Differentiation
Authors: Coenegrachts Lieve , Maes Christa , Torrekens Sophie , Van Looveren Riet , Mazzone Massimiliano , Guise Theresa A. , Bouillon Roger , Stassen Jean-Marie , Carmeliet Peter , Carmeliet Geert 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Treatment of bone metastases is largely symptomatic and is still an unmet medical need. Current therapies mainly target the late phase of tumor-induced osteoclast activation and hereby inhibit further metastatic growth. This treatment method is, however, less effective in preventing initial tumor engraftment, a process that is supposed to depend on the bone microenvironment. We explored whether bone-derived placental growth factor (PlGF), a homologue of vascular endothelial growth factor-A, regulates osteolytic metastasis. Osteogenic cells secrete PlGF, the expression of which is enhanced by bone-metastasizing breast tumor cells. Selective neutralization of host-derived PlGF by anti-mouse PlGF (αPlGF) reduced the incidence, number, and size of bone metastases, and preserved bone mass. αPlGF did not affect metastatic tumor angiogenesis but inhibited osteoclast formation by preventing the upregulation of the osteoclastogenic cytokine receptor activator of NF-κB ligand in osteogenic cells, as well as by blocking the autocrine osteoclastogenic activity of PlGF. αPlGF also reduced the engraftment of tumor cells in the bone and inhibited their interaction with matrix components in the metastatic niche. αPlGF therefore inhibits not only the progression of metastasis but also the settlement of tumor in the bone. These findings identify novel properties of PlGF and suggest that αPlGF might offer opportunities for adjuvant therapy of bone metastasis. Cancer Res; 70(16); 6537–47. ©2010 AACR.
Gene Array and Fluorescence In situ Hybridization Biomarkers of Activity of Saracatinib (AZD0530), a Src Inhibitor, in a Preclinical Model of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Arcaroli John J. , Touban Basel M. , Tan Aik Choon , Varella-Garcia Marileila , Powell Rebecca W. , Eckhardt S. Gail , Elvin Paul , Gao Dexiang , Messersmith Wells A. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of saracatinib (AZD0530), an oral Src inhibitor, in colorectal cancer (CRC) and to identify biomarkers that predict antitumor activity.
Experimental Design: Twenty-three CRC cell lines were exposed to saracatinib, and baseline gene expression profiles of three sensitive and eight resistant cell lines in vitro and in vivo were used to predict saracatinib sensitivity in an independent group of 10 human CRC explant tumors using the gene array K-Top Scoring Pairs (K-TSP) method. In addition, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunoblotting determined both Src gene copy number and activation of Src, respectively.
Results: Two of 10 explant tumors were determined to be sensitive to saracatinib. The K-TSP classifier (TOX&gt;GLIS2, TSPAN7&gt;BCAS4, and PARD6G&gt;NXN) achieved 70% (7 of 10) accuracy on the test set. Evaluation of Src gene copy number by FISH showed a trend toward significance (P = 0.066) with respect to an increase in Src gene copy and resistance to saracatinib. Tumors sensitive to saracatinib showed an increase in the activation of Src and FAK when compared with resistant tumors.
Conclusions: Saracatinib significantly decreased tumor growth in a subset of CRC cell lines and explants. A K-TSP classifier (TOX&gt;GLIS2, TSPAN7&gt;BCAS4, and PARD6G&gt;NXN) was predictive for sensitivity to saracatinib. In addition, increased activation of the Src pathway was associated with sensitivity to saracatinib. These results suggest that FISH, a K-TSP classifier, and activation of the Src pathway have potential in identifying CRC patients that would potentially benefit from treatment with saracatinib. Clin Cancer Res; 16(16); OF1–12. ©2010 AACR. Clin Cancer Res; 16(16); 4165–77. ©2010 AACR.