bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Undesired behaviour in horses: A review of their development, prevention, management and association with welfare
Authors: Hothersall B. , Casey R. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryUndesired behaviours are a common problem amongst leisure and sporting horses in the UK and have a significant impact on the work of equine practitioners. In most cases, behaviours considered aberrant by owners are normal responses for their horses. Behaviours perceived as ‘naughtiness’ may in fact signify direct actions to avoid pain‐ or fear‐inducing stimuli. Examples that practitioners might deal with include trailer loading problems, avoidance of having saddlery equipment applied or reluctance to leave the yard. Even where no evidence of physical problems or pain can be detected, avoidance behaviours may reflect learnt responses that previously led to success in evading unpleasant consequences. Because owners often misunderstand the reason for such behaviours to develop in their horses, attempts at resolution often involve suppression or punishment based approaches. Although repeated subjugation of undesirable responses may ultimately appear to resolve the overt behavioural problem in some cases, in many others it can lead to a worsening of the problem, the development of alternative avoidance strategies or the horse learning that escaping the source of its pain or anxiety is impossible and ceasing to respond. Some horses develop abnormal or repetitive behaviours, which are not in the ‘normal’ behavioural repertoire. These stereotypic behaviours, sometimes termed ‘vices’, can indicate strategies to cope with a suboptimal environment. Indeed, their performance may serve to improve the situation for the animal. Attempts to suppress or prevent horses showing stereotypies, therefore, will generally exacerbate the underlying welfare problem. When dealing with either stereotypies or avoidance behaviours, it is important to recognise the role of learning in their development and maintenance. Resolution involves both understanding the underlying motivation for showing the behaviour and how it has become reinforced and established over time, for each individual case. The use of environmental change and/or behavioural modification techniques that are both successful and welfare compatible, are important in dealing with undesired behaviour in horses and selection of suitable professionals for referral an important responsibility for the equine practitioner.
Experimental Model of Tuberculosis in the Domestic Goat after Endobronchial Infection with Mycobacterium caprae
Authors: Pérez de Val Bernat , López-Soria Sergio , Nofrarías Miquel , Martín Maite , Vordermeier H. Martin , Villarreal-Ramos Bernardo , Romera Nadine , Escobar Manel , Solanes David , Cardona Pere-Joan , Domingo Mariano 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT

Caprine tuberculosis (TB) has increased in recent years, highlighting the need to address the problem the infection poses in goats. Moreover, goats may represent a cheaper alternative for testing of prototype vaccines in large ruminants and humans. With this aim, a
Mycobacterium caprae
infection model has been developed in goats. Eleven 6-month-old goats were infected by the endobronchial route with 1.5 × 10
3
CFU, and two other goats were kept as noninfected controls. The animals were monitored for clinical and immunological parameters throughout the experiment. After 14 weeks, the goats were euthanized, and detailed postmortem analysis of lung lesions was performed by multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and direct observation. The respiratory lymph nodes were also evaluated and cultured for bacteriological analysis. All infected animals were positive in a single intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin (SICCT) test at 12 weeks postinfection (p.i.). Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) antigen-specific responses were detected from 4 weeks p.i. until the end of the experiment. The humoral response to MPB83 was especially strong at 14 weeks p.i. (13 days after SICCT boost). All infected animals presented severe TB lesions in the lungs and associated lymph nodes.
M. caprae
was recovered from pulmonary lymph nodes in all inoculated goats. MDCT allowed a precise quantitative measure of TB lesions. Lesions in goats induced by
M. caprae
appeared to be more severe than those induced in cattle by
M. bovis
over a similar period of time. The present work proposes a reliable new experimental animal model for a better understanding of caprine tuberculosis and future development of vaccine trials in this and other species.
Characterization of Bacterial Communities in Venous Insufficiency Wounds by Use of Conventional Culture and Molecular Diagnostic Methods
Authors: Tuttle Marie S. , Mostow Eliot , Mukherjee Pranab , Hu Fen Z. , Melton-Kreft Rachael , Ehrlich Garth D. , Dowd Scot E. , Ghannoum Mahmoud A. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT

Microbial infections delay wound healing, but the effect of the composition of the wound microbiome on healing parameters is unknown. To better understand bacterial communities in chronic wounds, we analyzed debridement samples from lower-extremity venous insufficiency ulcers using the following: conventional anaerobic and aerobic bacterial cultures; the Ibis T5000 universal biosensor (Abbott Molecular); and 16S 454 FLX titanium series pyrosequencing (Roche). Wound debridement samples were obtained from 10 patients monitored clinically for at least 6 months, at which point 5 of the 10 sampled wounds had healed. Pyrosequencing data revealed significantly higher bacterial abundance and diversity in wounds that had not healed at 6 months. Additionally,
Actinomycetales
was increased in wounds that had not healed, and
Pseudomonadaceae
was increased in wounds that had healed by the 6-month follow-up. Baseline wound surface area, duration, or analysis by Ibis or conventional culture did not reveal significant differences between wounds that healed after 6 months and those that did not. Thus, pyrosequencing identified distinctive baseline characteristics of wounds that did not heal by the 6-month follow-up, furthering our understanding of potentially unique microbiome characteristics of chronic wounds.
Comparative Utility of Cytokine Levels and Quantitative RD-1-Specific T Cell Responses for Rapid Immunodiagnosis of Tuberculous Meningitis
Authors: Patel Vinod B. , Singh Ravesh , Connolly Cathy , Kasprowicz Victoria , Ndung'u Thumbi , Dheda Keertan 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT
The rapid diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is problematic. We found in 150 patients with suspected TBM that, similar to RD-1-specific quantitative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) T-cell responses, unstimulated CSF gamma interferon (IFN-γ) levels when used together with other rapid confirmatory tests (Gram stain and cryptococcal latex agglutination test) may allow the accurate and rapid diagnosis of TBM in a setting in which tuberculosis (TB) and HIV are endemic. In resource-poor settings, a clinical prediction rule (CPR) may be useful to clinicians, and thus the IFN-γ assay may potentially need to be used only when the clinical score is below a prespecified threshold. These preliminary findings will need to be confirmed in further studies.
Prevalence and Density-Related Concordance of Three Diagnostic Tests for Malaria in a Region of Tanzania with Hypoendemic Malaria
Authors: Schachterle Stephen E. , Mtove George , Levens Joshua P. , Clemens Emily G. , Shi Lirong , Raj Amirita , Munoz Beatrice , Reller Megan E. , West Sheila , Dumler J. Stephen , Sullivan David ,   and the PRET Project Team
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT

Accurate malaria diagnosis has dual roles in identification of symptomatic persons for effective malaria treatment and also enumeration of asymptomatic persons who contribute to the epidemiologic determinants of transmission. Three currently used diagnostic tests, microscopy, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), and real-time PCR, all have different sensitivities and specificities, which are parasite density dependent. Here, we compare their concordance among 451 febrile episodes in a cohort of 2,058 children and adults followed over 6 months in a region in central Tanzania with hypoendemic malaria. Microscopy, a histidine-rich protein-based RDT, and two different real-time PCR gene probes detected
Plasmodium falciparum
in 20, 54, 41, and 78 episodes of fever, respectively. They had complete concordance in only 9 episodes. Real-time PCR with an 18S probe was more sensitive than with a mitochondrial probe for cytochrome
b
despite higher copy numbers of mitochondrial DNA. Both PCR yields were increased 4-fold by glycogen/acetate precipitation with low-speed centrifugation. Duplicate PCR increases low-density malaria detection. RDT had the highest number of unique positives, presumably from persistent antigen despite the absence of parasites, although RDT did not detect 3 parasitemias with over 1,000 parasites/μl. In a latent class analysis, real-time PCR had significantly higher sensitivity than did microscopy or RDT. Agreement between real-time PCR, RDT, and microscopy was highest in March and April, when both the
P. falciparum
parasite rate and parasite densities are highest. Real-time PCR is more sensitive and specific than RDT and microscopy in low-prevalence, low-parasite-density settings.
Novel IS
711
Chromosomal Location Useful for Identification of Marine Mammal Brucella Genotype ST27, Which Is Associated with Zoonotic Infection
Authors: Cloeckaert Axel , Bernardet Nelly , Koylass Mark S. , Whatmore Adrian M. , Zygmunt Michel S. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT

We report a novel IS
711
chromosomal location that is specific for the
Brucella
genotype ST27 previously associated with Pacific marine mammals and human zoonotic infection in New Zealand and Peru. Our data support the previous observation that this peculiar genotype is distinct from those commonly isolated from the Atlantic and currently classified within the species
B. ceti
and
B. pinnipedialis
.
Lassa Virus Nucleoprotein Mutants Generated by Reverse Genetics Induce a Robust Type I Interferon Response in Human Dendritic Cells and Macrophages
Authors: Carnec Xavier , Baize Sylvain , Reynard Stéphanie , Diancourt Laure , Caro Valérie , Tordo Noel , Bouloy Michèle 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT

Lassa virus (LASV;
Arenaviridae
) is responsible for severe hemorrhagic fevers in Africa. LASV nucleoprotein (NP) plays important roles in regulating viral transcription and replication and in inhibiting type I interferon (IFN) production. The NP C-terminal domain contains a 3′-to-5′ exonuclease activity involved in suppressing IFN induction. We have established a murine polymerase (Pol) I reverse genetics system for LASV, showing that residues D389 and G392 of NP were critical for LASV viability, while the D389A/G392A and D389T/392A double mutants were severely altered in the ability to suppress IFN in macrophages and dendritic cells. Assessing their attenuation
in vivo
may open new perspectives in vaccinology.
Adaptive and Innate Transforming Growth Factor β Signaling Impact Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Latency and Reactivation
Authors: Allen Sariah J. , Mott Kevin R. , Wechsler Steven L. , Flavell Richard A. , Town Terrence , Ghiasi Homayon 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTInnate and adaptive immunity play important protective roles by combating herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a key negative cytokine regulator of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Yet, it is unknown whether TGF-β signaling in either immune compartment impacts HSV-1 replication and latency. We undertook genetic approaches to address these issues by infecting two different dominant negative TGF-β receptor type II transgenic mouse lines. These mice have specific TGF-β signaling blockades in either T cells or innate cells. Mice were ocularly infected with HSV-1 to evaluate the effects of restricted innate or adaptive TGF-β signaling during acute and latent infections. Limiting innate cell but not T cell TGF-β signaling reduced virus replication in the eyes of infected mice. On the other hand, blocking TGF-β signaling in either innate cells or T cells resulted in decreased latency in the trigeminal ganglia of infected mice. Furthermore, inhibiting TGF-β signaling in T cells reduced cell lysis and leukocyte infiltration in corneas and trigeminal ganglia during primary HSV-1 infection of mice. These findings strongly suggest that TGF-β signaling, which generally functions to dampen immune responses, results in increased HSV-1 latency.
A Common Evolutionary Origin for Tailed-Bacteriophage Functional Modules and Bacterial Machineries
Authors: Veesler David , Cambillau Christian 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARY

Bacteriophages belonging to the order
Caudovirales
possess a tail acting as a molecular nanomachine used during infection to recognize the host cell wall, attach to it, pierce it, and ensure the high-efficiency delivery of the genomic DNA to the host cytoplasm. In this review, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the various proteins constituting tailed bacteriophages from a structural viewpoint. To this end, we had in mind to pinpoint the resemblances within and between functional modules such as capsid/tail connectors, the tails themselves, or the tail distal host recognition devices, termed baseplates. This comparison has been extended to bacterial machineries embedded in the cell wall, for which shared molecular homology with phages has been recently revealed. This is the case for the type VI secretion system (T6SS), an inverted phage tail at the bacterial surface, or bacteriocins. Gathering all these data, we propose that a unique ancestral protein fold may have given rise to a large number of bacteriophage modules as well as to some related bacterial machinery components.
Evaluation of CYP2D6 and Efficacy of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene in Women Treated for Breast Cancer Chemoprevention: Results from the NSABP P1 and P2 Clinical Trials
Authors: Goetz Matthew P. , Schaid Daniel J. , Wickerham D. Lawrence , Safgren Stephanie , Mushiroda Taisei , Kubo Michiaki , Batzler Anthony , Costantino Joseph P. , Vogel Victor G. , Paik Soonmyung , Carlson Erin E. , Flockhart David A. , Wolmark Norman , Nakamura Yusuke , Weinshilboum Richard M. , Ingle James N. , Ames Matthew M. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Background: Controversy exists regarding the association between CYP2D6 enzyme activity and tamoxifen effectiveness in the adjuvant treatment of invasive breast cancer; however, this association in the primary prevention of breast cancer is unknown.
Methods: We conducted a nested case–control study in the context of the NSABP P1 and P2 prevention trials to determine the impact of CYP2D6 genotype, CYP2D6 inhibitor use, and metabolizer status (CYP2D6 genotype combined with CYP2D6 inhibitor use), on breast cancer events. Women who developed breast cancer (both noninvasive and invasive) while on 5 years of selective estrogen receptor modulators therapy (cases) were matched to controls free of breast cancer. Comprehensive CYP2D6 genotyping was conducted for alleles associated with absent (*3, *4, *5, and *6), reduced (*10, *17, and *41), and increased (*1XN and *2XN) enzyme activity. Information regarding the use of CYP2D6 inhibitors was recorded.
Results: A total of 591 cases were matched to 1,126 controls and DNA was genotyped in more than 97%. In patients treated with tamoxifen, there was no association of CYP2D6 genotype [OR (extensive/poor metabolizer): 0.90; 95% CI: 0.46–1.74, P = 0.74), use of a potent CYP2D6 inhibitor (OR 0.92; 95% CI: 0.575–1.486), or CYP2D6 metabolizer status (OR 1.03; 95% CI: 0.669–1.607) with breast cancer occurrence. Likewise, there was no association between any CYP2D6 metabolism parameter with breast cancer events in raloxifene-treated patients.
Conclusion: In the NSABP P1 and P2 clinical trials, alterations in CYP2D6 metabolism are not associated with either tamoxifen or raloxifene efficacy. Clin Cancer Res; 17(21); 6944–51. ©2011 AACR.
Body Fatness during Childhood and Adolescence, Adult Height, and Risk of Colorectal Adenoma in Women
Authors: Nimptsch Katharina , Giovannucci Edward , Willett Walter C. , Fuchs Charles S. , Wei Esther K. , Wu Kana 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The latest report by the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute of Cancer Research concluded that there is convincing evidence that adult height and obesity are risk factors for colorectal cancer. However, studies relating body fatness during early life to the risk of colorectal cancer or adenoma are scarce. In the Nurses' Health Study II, participants recalled adult attained height and body shape at ages 5, 10, and 20 years (using a 9-level pictogram: 1 = most lean body shape, 9 = most overweight body shape) at baseline. Among 32,707 women who had at least one lower bowel endoscopy between 1991 and 2005, 2,327 colorectal adenomas were documented. Adult height was positively associated with risk of colorectal adenoma (multivariate OR per 2 inch increment 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01–1.09). Comparing women who were overweight (body shape level 6 or higher) to women who were most lean (body shape level 1), ORs (95% CI, Ptrend) of colorectal adenoma for body shapes at ages 5, 10, and 20 years were 1.44 (1.04–1.99, 0.01), 1.21 (0.93–1.56, 0.05), and 1.03 (0.74–1.42, 0.58), respectively. Adjustment for adult body mass index did not change results substantially. The positive associations for body fatness at ages 5 and 10 years as well as adult height were restricted to distal adenoma, while not seen for proximal or rectal adenoma. Higher height and body fatness during childhood was associated with increased risk of distal adenoma later in life, independent of adult body weight. Cancer Prev Res; 4(10); 1710–8. ©2011 AACR.
Cryptotanshinone Inhibits Lymphatic Endothelial Cell Tube Formation by Suppressing VEGFR-3/ERK and Small GTPase Pathways
Authors: Luo Yan , Chen Wenxing , Zhou Hongyu , Liu Lei , Shen Tao , Alexander J. Steven , Zheng Shizhong , Lu Yin , Huang Shile 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Cryptotanshinone (CPT), isolated from the plant Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, is a potential anticancer agent. However, the underlying mechanism remains to be defined. Here, we show that CPT inhibited lymphangiogenesis in an in vitro model (tube formation). This effect was partly attributed to inhibiting expression of VEGF receptor 3 (VEGFR-3) in murine lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC), as overexpression of VEGFR-3 conferred resistance to CPT inhibition of the tube formation, whereas downregulation of VEGFR-3 mimicked the effect of CPT, blocking the tube formation. Furthermore, CPT inhibited phosphorylation of the extracellular signal–related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Overexpression of VEGFR-3 attenuated CPT inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, whereas downregulation of VEGFR-3 inhibited ERK1/2 phosphorylation in LECs. Expression of constitutively active MKK1 resulted in activation of ERK1/2 and partially prevented CPT inhibition of LEC tube formation. In addition, CPT also inhibited protein expression and activities of Rac1 and Cdc42 but not RhoA. Expression of constitutively active Rac1 and Cdc42 concurrently, but not Rac1 or Cdc42 alone, conferred resistance to CPT inhibition of LEC tube formation. Taken together, the results suggest that CPT inhibits LEC tube formation, in part, by inhibiting VEGFR-3–mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation and, in part, by inhibiting expression of the small GTPases. Cancer Prev Res; 4(12); 2083–91. ©2011 AACR.
STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF ELECTRICAL SOUNDlNG METHODS. PART I: EXPERIMENT DESIGN
Authors: Glenn W. E. , Ward S. H. 
Published: September 2011

Traditional experiment design techniques, widely applied to both linear and nonlinear problems in many scientific fields, is applicable to the design of exploration geophysical surveys. The design technique is formulated using the mathematics of the generalized inverse and its construction via eigenvalue decomposition. The design technique is demonstrated by the designing of electromagnetic sounding surveys for a horizontal loop source. The experiment is designed whereby it is determined (1) which one of the electromagnetic field quantities, vertical and horizontal magnetic field amplitudes or phases, and polarization ellipse quantities, tilt angle, and ellipticity, and (2) which set of transmitter and receiver separations and transmitter frequencies, best resolve the conductivities and thicknesses of a given layered earth model. Model resolution is sensitive to the data error. As an example, for different assumed data errors, a model is best resolved in one instance by the phase of the two components of the magnetic field, while in another instance it is best resolved by tilt angle and ellipticity measurements. The best designs are obtained using field measurements made at several transmitter frequencies and at two or more transmitter and receiver separations. The functional relationship between the earth model parameters and the magnetic field quantities is nonlinear. The effect of this nonlinearity on the statistics applied in the method of experiment design has been reported in the literature and is reexamined here. Based on Beale's measure of nonlinearity, the models studied here exhibit adequate linearity to permit use of the linear statistics for experiment design. A study of the eigenvectors and information density matrix provide insight to model parameter correlations and measurement correlations which can be exploited for improving the design of an experiment.
STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF ELECTRICAL SOUNDING METHODS. PART II: APPLIED ELECTROMAGNETIC DEPTH SOUNDING
Authors: Ward S. H. , Smith B. D. , Glenn W. E. , Rijo L. , Inman J. R. 
Published: September 2011

Schlumberger resistivity and electromagnetic sounding data have been obtained over prehistoric Lake Bonneville sediments near Delta, Utah. Inverse interpretation of these data illustrates that vertical electric sounding with the Schlumberger array is superior, for this environment, to electromagnetic sounding with either a vertical magnetic dipole or a horizontal magnetic dipole. Combined parametric and geometric electromagnetic sounding using 84 data points is inferior to Schlumberger sounding using 21 data points. However, superiority in these contexts pertains to parameter resolution. The earth models obtained with all three soundings are virtually identical within the limits of resolution. The importance of percent parameter standard deviations, parameter correlations, and least‐squares residuals are all illustrated for a field example in this manuscript. Reparameterization in terms of the Dar Zarrouk parameters S and T reduces the parameter correlations as expected. A generalization of reparameterization beyond the Dar Zarrouk parameters is suggested.
How change comes: translating biological research into care
Authors: Gaughran Fiona , Kapur Shitij 
Published: September 2011

SummaryThousands of papers have been published on the biological associations with psychosis yet this has had a limited impact on the routine clinical care of people with psychosis. Cognitive dysfunction, genetics and neuroimaging are the research areas likely to integrate into clinical practice in psychosis most rapidly. Clinical and academic collaborations in partnership with patients and carers are necessary to make progress, along with an acceptance that not all new approaches will necessarily prove effective in the longer term. Most discoveries do not just jump from bench to bedside, but require active interactions between scientists and clinicians.