bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Upper-air model of summer balance on Mount Rainier, USA
Authors: Rasmussen L.A. , Wenger J.M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn 2003–07 summer balance was measured at altitudes between 1700 and 3382 m a.s.l. on two glaciers on Mount Rainier, Washington State, USA (46.85° N,121.72° W; 4400 m a.s.l.): south-facing Nisqually Glacier and east-northeast-facing Emmons Glacier. Upper-air temperatures at the nearest gridpoint in the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis database are used in a distributed (over altitude) positive-degreeday (PDD) model. For each glacier the model used the same coefficients at all altitudes, for all years. The rms model error was 0.65 (r2= 0.87) and 0.78 m a−1w.e. (r2= 0.93) for Nisqually and Emmons Glaciers, respectively. Although PDD work generally uses different coefficients for snow and ice surfaces, and the duration of exposure of those surfaces varies with altitude, error in this single-coefficient model is nearly uncorrelated with altitude. Values of coefficients obtained are within the range of those found in other PDD work. The degree-day coefficient, however, differs markedly between the two glaciers, and is shown to be controlled by the difference between them in vertical gradient of measured summer balance. It is smaller for Nisqually Glacier, where solar radiation is a stronger contributor to melt; and larger for Emmons Glacier, where it is a weaker contributor. Over 1948–2007, when the model calibrated over 2003–07 was applied to the upper-air temperatures, estimated summer balance was ∼0.4 m a−1less negative over 1962–83 than before and ∼0.6 m a−1less negative than after, corresponding roughly with changes of the northeast Pacific sea-surface temperatures.
Intrusive trauma memory: A review and functional analysis
Authors: Krans Julie , Näring Gérard , Becker Eni S. , Holmes Emily A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractOur contribution to this special issue focuses on the phenomenon of intrusive trauma memory. While intrusive trauma memories can undoubtedly cause impairment, we argue that they may exist for a potentially adaptive reason. Theory and experimental research on intrusion development are reviewed and possible functions of intrusive trauma memory are explored. These functions include aiding emotional processing, preventing future harm and protecting the coherence of the self. The issue of intrusive images in other disorders than posttraumatic stress disorder is briefly addressed. This review suggests that the study of function is important for a nuanced view on the modulation of intrusive trauma memory in both experimental psychopathology and clinical treatment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
False memories: What the hell are they for?
Authors: Newman Eryn J. , Lindsay D. Stephen 
Published: September 2009

AbstractRecollecting the past is often accompanied by a sense of veracity—a subjective feeling that we are reencountering fragments of an episode as it occurred. Yet years of research suggest that we can be surprisingly inaccurate in what we recall. People can make relatively minor memory errors such as misremembering attributes of past selves and misremembering details of shocking public events. But sometimes these errors are more extreme, such as experiencing illusory recollections of entire childhood events that did not really happen. Why would the memory system fail us, sometimes very dramatically? We examine various false memory phenomena by first considering them to be a by‐product of a powerful and flexible memory system. We then explore the idea that a system that is capable of mentally revising the past serves a predictive function for the future. Finally, we consider the possibility that false memories meet self‐image and social needs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Fading affect bias: But what the hell is it for?
Authors: Walker W. Richard , Skowronski John J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article reviews research examining the fading affect bias (FAB): The finding that the intensity of affect associated with negative autobiographical memories fades faster than affect associated with positive autobiographical memories. The FAB is a robust effect in autobiographical memory that has been replicated using a variety of methods and populations. The FAB is linked to both cognitive and social processes that support a positive view of the self. Accordingly, we speculate that one function of the FAB may be to induce individuals to be positive and action‐oriented so that they may better face and master life challenges. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The eyewitness post‐identification feedback effect: What is the function of flexible confidence estimates for autobiographical events?
Authors: Wells Gary L. , Quinlivan Deah S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSuggesting to eyewitnesses who mistakenly identify someone from a lineup that they identified the right person leads them to recall having been more certain, having a better view during witnessing, and having paid closer attention during witnessing. The post‐identification feedback effect is robust and has profound forensic implications because the courts relay on witnesses' answers to these questions to make decisions about the reliability of the identification. The effect seems to occur because there is not an accessible memory trace formed about these retrospective judgments, thereby making witnesses rely on an inference process that responds to the feedback. We speculate on the function served by a cognitive system that does not form accessible memory traces for these judgments. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘So that we might have roses in December’: The functions of autobiographical memory
Authors: Kihlstrom John F. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAutobiographical memory is not merely declarative and episodic in nature. It also entails explicit self‐reference, chronological organization and causal relations. It entails conscious recollection, in terms of remembering, knowing, feeling or believing. Its functions may be agentic or nonagentic, but all are assigned, not intrinsic, and thus are observer‐relative features of reality. Questions about function risk committing the adaptationist fallacy. Intrapersonally, autobiographical memory is a critical component in the mental representation of self. Interpersonally, autobiographical memory provides a basis for establishing and maintaining social relationships. Autobiographical memory is an individual right, and it may also be an ethical obligation. The popularity of memoir as a literary genre indicates that it is also a means of making money. In a future world of artificial minds with infinite capacity for data storage, there still will be no substitute for the human capacity to remember what really matters and forget what does not. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Twenty years after Baddeley (1988): Is the study of autobiographical memory fully functional?
Authors: Pillemer David B. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractTwenty years after Baddeley admonished memory researchers to examine the real‐world relevance of their findings, research has informed a wide range of practical issues and it is increasingly guided by analyses of memory functions. Although broadly defined social, self and directive functional categories have provided an initial organizational framework for autobiographical memory research, the functional agenda will benefit from conceptual and methodological refinements and innovations. An especially valuable research strategy targets specific functions in carefully defined experimental and practical contexts. Promising research directions include comparing functions served by positive versus negative memories, tracking the early development of memory functions, and exploring individual and group differences. Although reconstructive memory processes contribute to inaccuracies in reproducing the past, functional analysis instead highlights the adaptive value of a flexible and constructive memory system. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Urban Flux
Authors: Gandy Matthew 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn the 21st century, why does the type of poverty and human exploitation most readily associated with Dickensian London or the ‘dark Satanic Mills’ of Victorian England still persist today? Matthew Gandy, Professor of Geography at University College London, and Director of the UCL Urban Laboratory, lifts the lid on the unevenness of global development, revealing why contemporary urban space continues to be characterised by landscapes of neglect interspersed with areas of intense investment and consumption. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cities Gone Wild
Authors: Manaugh Geoff 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAs the world has undergone the largest wave of urban growth in human history, is the city slipping out of control? Geoff Manaugh paints an emerging picture of metropolitan wildness in which an increasing number of cities become the sites of military conflicts and political, economic and social decay. Could the city be reverting to a medieval model in which illiterate power ‐ criminals, gangs and urban warlords ‐ predominate over rational politics and legitimate government?
London After the Rain
Authors: Clear Nic 
Published: September 2009

AbstractImagine London amid the ruins, an Arcadian ghost town in which the derelict skyline of Canary Wharf is set in the city's natural landscape of rolling hills. Here Nic Clear presents the eerie but strangely beautiful vision that Ben Marzys created as the collage storyboards for his film. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Sound Stage
Authors: Thomson George 
Published: September 2009

AbstractFor George Thomson, JG Ballard's 1960 short story ‘The Sound‐Sweep’ provided the essential springboard for a short animated film centred around the M25 and Bluewater. The super‐regional shopping centre is transformed, after a series of targeted attacks, into the Great London Sewer. The narrative is told through the medium of sketchbooks, produced by the Old Man of this lost community surviving in no‐man's land. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent History ‐ Art In Ruins
Authors: Vowles Hannah , Banks/Art in Ruins Glyn , Clear Nic 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSome two decades on, guest‐editor Nic Clear returns to the work of Hannah Vowles and Glyn Banks of collaborative art practice Art in Ruins. As cited by Brian Hatton on their behalf in 1989: ‘in the city of the future everything will be historical (ie visited) for fifteen minutes’. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Snøhetta
Authors: Merkel Jayne 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIt is not unusual for a practice to take off after winning a major competition. But Snøhetta was founded to enter one. Jayne Merkel explains that the Oslo‐based firm flourished almost immediately after winning the international competition to design the Alexandria Library in Egypt in 1989. Ten years later, a victory in a blind international competition for the New National Opera in their home city paved the way for Snøhetta's practice today, which is largely devoted to cultural centres. And although the democratic lifestyle of the office is distinctly Scandinavian, the architects and designers who work there and the projects they work on now span the globe. There is even a New York office in the heart of Wall Street. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scaleable Technology for Smart Spaces
Authors: Croci Valentina 
Published: September 2009

AbstractLiving up to its name, Tinker.it! undertakes constructive fiddling. Valentina Croci describes how this Anglo‐Italian practice is working in such a way as to open up new potential applications and to refine the user's experience. This has already been shown in work for the likes of Alfa Romeo and the museum at the University of Arizona Science Center, which is intended for permanent installation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Archetype Cationic Iridium Complexes and Their Use in Solid‐State Light‐Emitting Electrochemical Cells
Authors: Costa Rubén D. , Ortí Enrique , Bolink Henk J. , Graber Stefan , Schaffner Silvia , Neuburger Markus , Housecroft Catherine E. , Constable Edwin C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe archetype ionic transition‐metal complexes (iTMCs) [Ir(ppy)2(bpy)][PF6] and [Ir(ppy)2(phen)][PF6], where Hppy = 2‐phenylpyridine, bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine, and phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline, are used as the primary active components in light‐emitting electrochemical cells (LECs). Solution and solid‐state photophysical properties are reported for both complexes and are interpreted with the help of density functional theory calculations. LEC devices based on these archetype complexes exhibit long turn‐on times (70 and 160 h, respectively) and low external quantum efficiencies (∼2%) when the complex is used as a pure film. The long turn‐on times are attributed to the low mobility of the counterions. The performance of the devices dramatically improves when small amounts of ionic liquids (ILs) are added to the Ir‐iTMC: the turn‐on time improves drastically (from hours to minutes) and the device current and power efficiency increase by almost one order of magnitude. However, the improvement of the turn‐on time is unfortunately accompanied by a decrease in the stability of the device from 700 h to a few hours. After a careful study of the Ir‐iTMC:IL molar ratios, an optimum between turn‐on time and stability is found at a ratio of 4:1. The performance of the optimized devices using these rather simple complexes is among the best reported to date. This holds great promise for devices that use specially‐designed iTMCs and demonstrates the prospect for LECs as low‐cost light sources.
Transistor Paint: Environmentally Stable N‐alkyldithienopyrrole and Bithiazole‐Based Copolymer Thin‐Film Transistors Show Reproducible High Mobilities without Annealing
Authors: Liu Junying , Zhang Rui , Osaka Itaru , Mishra Sarada , Javier Anna E. , Smilgies Detlef‐M. , Kowalewski Tomasz , McCullough Richard D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractNew solution processable 4‐(2‐hexyldecan)‐4H‐bisthieno[2,3‐d:3′,2′‐b]pyrrole and 4,4′‐dialkyl‐2,2′‐bithiazole‐based copolymers (PBTzDTPs) are synthesized with excellent FET performance. These novel copolymers have considerable potential in printable electronics as they have high charge carrier mobilities, excellent air stability, good solution processibility, and no requirement for post‐deposition thermal annealing, all requirements for this field of application. The thin film transistors fabricated from PBTzDTPs achieve field effect mobilities as high as 0.14 cm2 V−1 s−1 with current on/off ratios up to 106 without thermal annealing. In addition, the devices exhibit stable performance in air, showing no significant degradation over 60 days. Moreover, the polymers described here provide an excellent example of the systems in which higher mobility performance does not require higher crystalline, long‐range ordered structures. Such a system appears to be particularly promising for rapid fabrication techniques, where kinetic conditions usually prevent the development of long‐range order.
Asymmetric Synthesis of α,β‐Diaminophosphonic Acid Derivatives with a Catalytic Enantioselective Mannich Reaction
Authors: Momo Robert Djiokeng , Fini Francesco , Bernardi Luca , Ricci Alfredo 
Published: September 2009

AbstractOptically active α,β‐diaminophosphonic acid derivatives were obtained from the catalytic enantioselective Mannich reaction of phosphoglycine Schiff bases with N‐Boc‐imines, generated in situ from α‐amido sulfones.
Productive Asymmetric Styrene Epoxidation Based on a Next Generation Electroenzymatic Methodology
Authors: Ruinatscha Reto , Dusny Christian , Buehler Katja , Schmid Andreas 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe have established a novel and scalable methodology for the productive coupling of redox enzymes to reductive electrochemical cofactor regeneration relying on efficient mass transfer of the cofactor to the electron‐delivering cathode. Proof of concept is provided by styrene monooxygenase (StyA) catalyzing the asymmetric (S)‐epoxidation of styrene with high enantiomeric excess, space‐time yields, and current efficiencies. Highly porous reticulated vitreous carbon electrodes, maximized in volumetric surface area, were employed in a flow‐through mode to rapidly regenerate the consumed FADH2 cofactor required for StyA activity. A systematic investigation of the parameters determining cofactor mass transfer revealed that low FAD concentrations and high flow rates enabled the continuous synthesis of the product (S)‐styrene oxide at high rates, while at the same time the accumulation of the side‐products acetophenone and phenylacetaldehyde was minimized. At 10 μM FAD and a flow rate of 150 mL min−1, an average space‐time yield of 0.35 g L−1 h−1 could be achieved during 2 h with a final (S)‐styrene oxide yield of 75.2%. At two‐fold lower aeration rates, the electroenzymatic reaction could be sustained for 12 h, albeit at the expense of lower (59%) overall space‐time yields. Under these conditions, as much as 20.5% of the utilized current could be channeled into (S)‐styrene oxide formation. In comparison with state‐of‐the‐art electroenzymatic methodologies for the same conversion, (S)‐styrene oxide synthesis could be improved up to 150‐fold with respect to both reaction time and space‐time yield. These productivities constitute the most efficient reaction reported for asymmetric in vitro epoxidations of styrene.
Construction of Heterocycle Scaffolds via Transition Metal‐ Catalyzed sp2 CH Functionalization
Authors: Zhang Ming 
Published: September 2009

AbstractRecently, the CH functionalization strategy for the construction of heterocycles has received substantial attention because of its economic, sustainable and environmentally benign features. Many kinds of heterocycles have been synthesized via transition metal‐catalyzed sp2 CH functionalization. The new strategy for the construction of heterocycle scaffolds includes intramolecular cyclizations and intermolecular cyclizations, namely multicomponent reactions (MCRs) that achieve the formation of multiple bonds in one operation. This review introduces the synthesis of carbazoles, benzoxazoles, benzimidazoles, 2‐substituted benzothiazoles, 3‐aryl/alkylindazoles, indoles, oxindoles, indolines, benzolactams, phthalimides, dibenzofurans and bridgehead unsaturated bicyclic enamines by the new strategy. The orientation of the cyclizations depends mainly on steric factors in cases where two regioisomers can be obtained. The regioselectivity of cyclizations is high in most cases, the cyclizations are even exclusive to give one sole product without the regioisomer in some cases. The functional group tolerance is good in most cases, halogen atoms and even iodine atoms are tolerated by the new strategy in some cases, providing a handle for further functionalization. The described strategy is being rapidly developed. Versatile features of the strategy have emerged, this review tries to classify the reported methods and inspire further investigations.
Chemische, elektrochemische und Struktureigenschaften von endohedralen Metallofullerenen
Authors: Chaur Manuel N. , Melin Frederic , Ortiz Angy L. , Echegoyen Luis 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSeit dem ersten Fund von endohedralen Metallofullerenen (EMFs) hat sich die Suche nach Kohlenstoffkäfigen mit eingeschlossenen Metallen oder kleinen Molekülen rasch zu einem sehr aktiven Forschungsgebiet entwickelt. EMFs weisen besondere elektronische und Struktureigenschaften auf und finden vielfache Anwendungsmöglichkeiten. Noch mehr Potenzial bieten funktionalisierte EMFs, die besser löslich sind und durch Röntgenkristallographie und andere Techniken leicht charakterisiert werden können. Wir geben hier eine Übersicht über das allgemeine Gebiet der EMFs und insbesondere der funktionalisierten EMFs. Wir befassen uns in diesem Aufsatz mit der Struktur und den (elektrochemischen) Eigenschaften dieser faszinierenden Verbindungen und werden auch auf Anwendungen eingehen.
A review of the importance of freshwater inflow to the future conservation of Lake St Lucia
Authors: Whitfield A. K. , Taylor R. H. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Lake St Lucia, the oldest formally protected estuary in the world is under threat from historic and present manipulation of freshwater supplies to the system.
Constraints to the functioning of the ecosystem began in 1914 with the commencement of draining and canalization of the Mfolozi Swamp to open up the swamp and river floodplain for sugar cane cultivation. Warner's Drain was completed in 1936 and the sediment filtering capability of the swamp on river floodwaters was effectively removed. This resulted in exceptionally high sediment loads from the Mfolozi River entering directly into the St Lucia system and the river was therefore diverted southwards and provided with a separate estuary mouth. This deprived St Lucia of its single largest freshwater supply.
During the past 50–60 years, increasing freshwater abstractions from the Mkhuze, Mzinene, Hluhluwe and Nyalazi rivers have contributed to the increasingly severe salinity extremes experienced by Lake St Lucia. In the past decade, desiccation of large areas of False Bay, North and South Lake has occurred, due primarily to natural estuary mouth closure combined with a prolonged drought and unnaturally low freshwater inflows during the closed phase. These events have pushed the system into an extreme state that has not been recorded previously and would not have occurred if Mfolozi River water had been available to the St Lucia system over this drought period.
Forestry plantations have further exacerbated the freshwater supply situation, although recent removal of pine plantations on the eastern and western shores of the lake are likely to help restore groundwater flows to the system.
This review explores the possibility of relinking the Mfolozi River, once the Mfolozi floodplain swamp has been re‐established, to the St Lucia system, thereby bringing urgently needed fresh water to this threatened World Heritage Site. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
False positive reporting of Hirschsprung's disease in Alaska: An evaluation of Hirschsprung's disease surveillance, birth years 1996–2007
Authors: Schoellhorn Janine , Collins Sandra 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBACKGROUNDHirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is a potentially fatal congenital intestinal obstruction syndrome. For birth years 1996–2002, reported HSCR prevalence in Alaska was approximately six times higher than the national estimate of two per 10,000 live births. In 2008 we completed a case verification study of HSCR reported to the Alaska Birth Defects Registry (ABDR) to verify prevalence and evaluate sensitivity and predictive value of HSCR surveillance.METHODSWe abstracted medical records for children reported with HSCR who were born in 1996–2007 and matched to an Alaska birth certificate. We categorized reports as confirmed, ruled out, or inconclusive. ABDR sensitivity was validated by cross‐referencing hospital discharge data with confirmed HSCR cases.RESULTSOverall sensitivity of the ABDR was 94.4%, and positive predictive value (PPV) was 31.1%. Following case verification, HSCR prevalence was three per 10,000 live births statewide and 5.6 and 2.1 per 10,000 live births for Alaska Natives and non‐Natives, respectively. Positive predictive value was twice as high for the Alaska Native population as the non‐Native population.CONCLUSIONSMultiple‐source passive surveillance methodology resulted in high sensitivity for HSCR ascertainment; however, case verification was required to rule out false‐positive reports, which obscured the true distribution of Alaska Native versus non‐Native HSCR cases. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.