bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PUFA – An index of clinical consequences of untreated dental caries
Authors: Monse B. , Heinrich‐Weltzien R. , Benzian H. , Holmgren C. , Van Palenstein Helderman W. 
Published: December 2009

Monse B, Heinrich‐Weltzien R, Benzian H, Holmgren C, van Palenstein Helderman W. PUFA – An index of clinical consequences of untreated dental caries. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2010; 38: 77–82. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/SAbstract –  Rationale:  Dental caries is a global public health problem, especially in children. Most caries in developing countries remains untreated. Only limited data are available on the clinical consequences of untreated dental caries because there is no measure to quantify the prevalence and severity of oral conditions resulting from untreated dental caries.Objectives:  To present a new index to evaluate the prevalence and severity of oral conditions resulting from untreated dental caries. To validate the index within the Philippines National Oral Health Survey, 2006.Methods:  The PUFA index records the presence of severely decayed teeth with visible pulpal involvement (P/p), ulceration caused by dislocated tooth fragments (U/u), fistula (F/f) and abscess (A/a).Results:  Good kappa values show the reliability of the index. The prevalence of PUFA/pufa >0 was 85% and 56% for 6‐ and 12‐year‐olds, respectively. The mean number of teeth affected (PUFA/pufa) was 3.5 and 1.2 for 6‐ and 12‐year‐olds, respectively. In 6‐ and 12‐year‐olds, 40% and 41% of decayed teeth had progressed to odontogenic infections.Conclusion:  The PUFA index complements classical caries indices with relevant information for epidemiologists and health care planners.
Impact of social and economic characteristics on orthodontic treatment among children and teenagers in France
Authors: Germa A. , Kaminski M. , Nabet C. 
Published: December 2009

Germa A, Kaminski M, Nabet C. Impact of social and economic characteristics on orthodontic treatment among children and teenagers in France. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2010. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/SAbstract –  Objectives:  This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of orthodontic treatment in France among children and teenagers aged 8–18 years, by sex and by age, and to investigate the specific role of social and economic characteristics on use of orthodontic treatment.Methods:  We analyzed data from the cross‐sectional national health survey conducted in France in 2002–2003, which included a sample of 5988 children aged 8–18 years. All data were collected by interview including the question on orthodontic treatment. Other data used in our study were family social status and income, maternal educational attainment and place of birth, whether the child was covered by a supplementary health insurance and whether the residence was urban or rural. We also calculated the density of orthodontists in the district. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to study the relationships between these social and economic factors and orthodontic treatment.Results:  The prevalence of orthodontic treatment was 14% of all children aged 8–18, 15% for girls, and 13% for boys, and 23% in the 12 to 15‐year age group. Children were less likely to have orthodontic treatment when parents were service or sales workers compared with children whose parents were managers or professionals (aOR = 0.50; 95%CI: [0.34;0.76]), when family income was in the lowest, compared with highest quartile (aOR = 0,62; 95% CI: [0.45;0.85]), when children had no supplementary insurance compared with children covered by private insurance (aOR = 0.53; 95% CI: [0.34; 0.81]), or when they lived in rural compared with urban areas (aOR = 0.70; 95% CI: [0.54; 0.91]).Conclusion:  There are social inequalities in orthodontic treatment in France, associated mainly with social status, annual income, supplementary insurance, and the residence area.
Lack of effect on blood alcohol level of swabbing venepuncture sites with 70% isopropyl alcohol
Authors: Tucker Alicia , Trethewy Christopher 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjective:  It is standard practice to clean the skin using a non‐alcohol‐containing swab before forensic blood alcohol sampling, because of the belief that the use of an alcohol‐containing swab will contaminate the sample. The present study aimed to determine whether cleaning the skin with 70% isopropyl alcohol swabs, before venepuncture, alters measured blood alcohol level (BAL).Methods:  Volunteers aged >18 years had paired venous blood tests, which were drawn within 2 min of each other. One arm was swabbed with a 70% isopropyl alcohol swab and allowed to dry before venepuncture. The other was swabbed with saline, and these concurrent samples were used as controls. BAL was tested using the enzymatic method. Pathologists analysing the samples were blinded to the swabbing technique used. The mean differences and standard deviations of each of the paired samples were analysed using Student's t‐test.Results:  Fifty‐six paired venous blood samples were obtained from volunteers. Mean BAL in the isopropyl alcohol‐swabbed group was 3.27 mg/dL with a standard deviation of 1.14 mg/dL. Mean BAL in the saline‐swabbed group was 3.41 mg/dL with a standard deviation of 1.11 mg/dL. The mean difference was 0.14 mg/dL, with a standard error of 0.157. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups.Conclusions:  The present study demonstrated that the use of 70% isopropyl alcohol swabs does not significantly affect BAL when used before venepuncture. This has implications that challenge current forensic blood alcohol sample acquisition.
DETERMINATION OF FAT CONTENTS WITH SUPERCRITICAL CO2 EXTRACTION IN TWO COMMERCIAL POWDER CHOCOLATE PRODUCTS: COMPARISON WITH NP‐1719
Authors: MARQUES ANTÓNIO J.V. , COELHO JOSÉ A.P. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTFat content is an important variable in chocolate and cocoa powder production. Current Association of Official Analytical Chemists‐approved methods may require up to 18 h for determination of fat content data, like Portuguese Norma, NP ‐1719. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) extraction of fats from chocolate products eliminates solvent and solvent disposal costs and exposure to hazardous reagents.SC‐CO2 fluid extraction of extracts from samples of commercial powder milk chocolate, 5–6 g, was carried out in a modified commercial flow apparatus, at temperatures from 313.15 to 353.15 K, pressures up to 60.0 MPa and flow rates from 0.16 kg/h to 0.47 kg/h of CO2. Percent fat values were determined gravimetrically by collecting the extract into a preweighed trap.Recoveries using a 20‐ to 25‐min supercritical fluid extraction method were between 98 and 100% of NP‐1719 values with standard deviations on replicates ranging from 0.4 to 0.6%. The main compounds identified in the extracts were palmitic acid (28–30%), stearic acid (30–33%), oleic acid (29–30%) and linoleic acid (2–4%).The possibility of replacement of NP‐1719 method by a SC‐CO2 extraction was demonstrated.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSCarbon dioxide is the most used supercritical solvent for application in the food and related industries (mainly because it is noninflammable, cheap and nontoxic). With this solvent, it is possible to obtain solvent‐free extracts and to avoid the degradation of thermally labile components; therefore, the natural odor and aroma of the starting material are retained. The operational optimization studies and the important properties of the extracts expected to be present are lines of research. In this case study, with applications to the industry as analytical technique, we can improve the time required to determine the total fat content and characterize the components present in two different commercial powder chocolate products.
Evaluation of Larval Growth and Survival in Mexican Mojarra, Cichlasoma urophthalmus, and Bay Snook, Petenia splendida, Under Different Initial Stocking Densities
Authors: Jiménez‐Martínez Luis Daniel , Alvarez‐GonzÁlez Carlos A. , Contreras‐Sánchez Wilfrido M. , Márquez‐Couturier Gabriel , Arias‐Rodríguez Lenin , Almeida‐Madrigal José A. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the initial stocking density in larvae of Bay snook, Petenia splendida, and Mexican mojarra, Cichlasoma urophthalmus, using a recirculation system. Five initial stocking densities (0.5, 1, 5, 10, and 20 larvae/L) were evaluated by triplicate for 45 d. Weight and total length (TL) were measured every 15 d, and fish production was calculated for each density. The larvae stocked at the lowest densities (0.5 and 1 larvae/L) presented the highest growth for both species: C. urophthalmus (0.78 g and 45‐mm TL, and 0.76 g and 45‐mm TL, respectively) and P. splendida (0.80 g and 52‐mm TL, and 0.79 g and 49‐mm TL, respectively). However, lowest fish production was recorded (35 and 69 fish per tank, respectively, for C. urophthalmus and 34 and 70 fish per tank, respectively, for P. splendida) compared with those at densities of 5, 10, and 20 larvae/L (336, 584, and 604 fish per tank, respectively, for C. urophthalmus and 341, 679, and 912 fish per tank, respectively, for P. splendida). The polynomial model for biomass production related to the stocking density shows that the optimum stocking densities for C. urophthalmus and P. splendida are 12 and 14 larvae/L, respectively.
Stocking Density and its Influence on Growth of Spotted Wolffish, Anarhichas minor, in Shallow Raceways
Authors: Imsland Albert K. , Gunnarsson Snorri , Foss A. , Sigur?sson Benedikt , Sigur?sson Sindri 
Published: December 2009

Abstract We compared growth properties of spotted wolffish with initial mean weight (± SE) 3.65 (± 0.15) kg reared in shallow raceways at three different densities (50, 70, and 90 kg/m2, corresponding to approx. 170, 240, and 310 kg/m3) in a 447‐day‐long growth trial at ambient temperature (mean (± SD), 4.2 C ± 1.9). Growth in all three groups was comparable, but there was a trend toward higher growth at the highest density. Final mean weights (kg ± SE) were 4.90 (± 0.15), 4.80 (± 0.16), and 5.05 (± 0.11), at the 50, 70, and 90 kg/m2 density, respectively. Initially, growth rates were higher at the 90 kg/m2 density group compared to the two other densities, but overall growth rates were similar in all three groups. Feed conversion efficiency differed and was higher at the two highest densities compared to lowest density. The acid–base balance was influenced by the density treatment as there was a general trend toward higher partial pressure of CO2 and HCO

in the 90 kg/m2 group. Calculated productivity increased almost linearly with increasing stocking density and was found to be 24, 42, and 66 g/m2/day at 50, 70, and 90 kg/m2, respectively. The results show that the optimum density conditions for farming large spotted wolffish, both with respect to growth rate, feed conversion, and productivity are at densities equal to or higher than 90 kg/m2.
Sedation by Orally Administered Ketamine in Goldfish, Carassius auratus; Hybrid Striped Bass, Morone hybrid saxatilis×M. chrysops; and Ocellated River Stingray, Potamotrygon motoro
Authors: Raines Janis A. , Clancy Meredith M. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract With the continued popularity of pet aquaculture and concurrent demands for advances in veterinary medicine of fish species, a need exists for a reliable, safe, and environmentally noncontaminating method of sedation. With appropriate sedation, fish can be more safely transported or handled for veterinary care. Sedation can minimize stress or physical damage caused by handling and capture, and prepare fish for the deeper planes of anesthesia necessary for more extensive handling, longer transport, or invasive procedures. This study assessed the efficacy of ketamine as a sedative when administered orally to three species of fish: common goldfish, Carassius auratus, ocellated river stingray, Potamotrygon motoro, and hybrid striped bass, Morone saxatilis×Morone chrysops. A practical application opportunity that became available at the end of the study demonstrated the use of oral ketamine in the transport of a single arapaima, Arapaima gigas.
PCR Detection of Shiga Toxins, Enterohaemolysin and Intimin Virulence Genes ofEscherichia coliO157:H7 Strains Isolated from Faeces of Anatolian Water Buffaloes in Turkey
Authors: Şeker E. , Kuyucuoğlu Y. , Sareyyüpoğlu B. , Yardımcı H. 
Published: December 2009

SummaryThe aim of this study was to detect Shiga toxins (stx1andstx2), enterohaemolysin (EhlyA) and intimin (eaeA) virulence genes of 11Escherichia coliO157:H7 strains isolated from faecal samples of 300 clinically healthy Anatolian water buffaloes by PCR. Multiplex PCR was used for the detection ofstx1andstx2, and singleplex PCRs were used for the detection ofEhlyAandeaeAvirulence genes respectively. A total of three (27.3%) strains were determined to harbour both of thestx1andstx2genes, of these, one (9.1%) only harboured these two genes alone, one (9.1%) also contained theEhlyAgene and one (9.1%) additionally contained theEhlyAand theeaeAgenes.EhlyAgene was obtained from eight (72.7%) strains, six (54.5%) of these were alone.eaeAgene was positive in only one (9.1%) strain. Only one (9.1%) of the 11E. coliO157:H7 strains harboured all the four virulence genes. Two (18.2%) of the isolates had none of the virulence genes. Enterohaemolysin was found to be the most common virulence factor. In conclusion, the virulence factors ofE. coliO157:H7 strains isolated from the faeces of Anatolian water buffaloes were investigated and detected for the first time in Turkey.
No Evidence of Transmission of Bacteria Between Reptiles and a CF Patient – A Case Report of a Young Adult CF Patient and Reptiles
Authors: Maeda Y. , Stanley T. , Stirling J. , Griffiths M. , Calvert A. , Stuart Elborn J. , Cherie Millar B. , Goldsmith C. E. , Rendall J. , Loughrey A. , Rooney P. J. , Moore J. E. 
Published: December 2009

SummaryA microbiological study was undertaken to assess the risk of infection to a CF patient from a collection of pet reptiles, particularly atypical mycobacteria. This study helped to verify that the reptiles under the care of the CF patient did not harbour bacterial organisms that would normally be pathogenic to CF patients. However, the chronic carriage of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other pathogens in the CF patient may constitute a greater risk of infection to the animals being handled. Therefore, we recommend stringent infection control precautions by CF patients and their pets, particularly adherence to hand washing and disinfection, when handling the animals, their litter or when working with their immediate environment, to potentially minimize the spread of bacterial and other pathogens from animal to human and vice versa. Detailed risk assessments therefore need to be undertaken by clinicians and veterinarians to detail working models that protect both animals and patients from pathogens originating from the other.
Reducing Campylobacter and Salmonella Infection: Two Studies of the Economic Cost and Attitude to Adoption of On‐farm Biosecurity Measures
Authors: Fraser R. W. , Williams N. T. , Powell L. F. , Cook A. J. C. 
Published: December 2009

SummaryTo date there has been little research in the UK on farmer adoption of biosecurity measures to control food‐borne zoonoses that have little or no impact on animal health or production but which threaten public health. Campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis are the two most common causes of food‐borne infectious intestinal disease in people in Great Britain, causing approximately 57 000 and 13 000 reported cases in 2007 respectively (Anon 2008a) with an important cost to society. Poultry are an important source of both infections, while pigs may also contribute to human salmonellosis. However, these infections in poultry and pigs seldom cause disease. Research has shown that improved farm biosecurity may reduce the prevalence of these infections in livestock and if the majority of farmers were prepared to enhance biosecurity then there could be an important impact on public health. This article reports on the findings of two studies of farmer attitudes to and cost of the adoption of on‐farm biosecurity measures to reduce the risk of animal diseases and therefore enhance food safety. One study, of Campylobacter infection among broiler flocks, is based on a survey of farmers faced with a hypothetical biosecurity intervention, while the other study, of Salmonella infection among pigs, is based on the participation of a group of farmers in an intervention study. In both cases, the results show a clear inverse relationship between the willingness of farmers to adopt a biosecurity measure and its estimated cost. This finding has implications for the success of on‐farm biosecurity‐enhancement policies based on voluntary adoption by farmers. In particular, financial inducements or penalties to farmers could be necessary to facilitate adoption of these measures.
Cessation ofTrichinella spiralisTransmission Among Scavenging Mammals After the Removal of Infected Pigs From a Poorly Managed Farm: Implications for Trichinae Transmission in the US
Authors: Hill D. E. , Pierce V. , Darwin Murrell K. , Ratliffe N. , Rupp B. , Fournet V. M. , Zarlenga D. S. , Rosenthal B. M. , Ray Gamble H. , Kelly K. , Dulin M. 
Published: December 2009

SummaryPigs infected with the zoonotic parasiteTrichinella spiraliswere detected on a farm in Maryland during an animal welfare investigation. Sera and/or tissues were collected from 49 pigs and three pig carcasses (7 weeks of age to adult, mixed sex). The tissues were tested for the presence ofT. spiralismuscle larvae (ML) by tissue digestion, and the sera were tested for the presence of anti‐Trichinellaantibodies by ELISA. Seventeen of 50 (34%) pigs were infected withT. spiralisbased on tissue digestion. Of these 17 pigs, sera were collected from 16; nine were serologically positive, three sera had OD values that were very close to the positive cut‐off (0.30), but were still negative, and four were negative (suggesting that they had become infected within a few weeks of testing). All pigs that tested negative by tissue digestion for ML were also ELISA negative. The farm was subsequently depopulated of pigs. Six months later, testing of trapped scavenging mammals in the farm environment demonstrated that 41% were infected withT. spiralis. After 12 months, 10% of trapped animals wereT. spiralispositive, and after 18 months,T. spiraliscould not be detected in the scavenging mammal population surrounding the farm. Results of the study suggest thatT. spiralis, typically transmitted in the peridomestic rat–pig–human cycle in the US, was not maintained in scavenging mammals in the absence of infected pigs.
A Retrospective Survey of Human Hydatidosis Based on Hospital Records During The Period 1990–2003 in Ngorongoro, Tanzania
Authors: Ernest E. , Nonga H. E. , Kynsieri N. , Cleaveland S. 
Published: December 2009

SummaryA 13‐year (1990–2003) retrospective study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of cystic echinococcosis (CE) in patients at Wasso hospital in Ngorongoro district, Tanzania. Hospitalization records were reviewed and confirmed cases of CE were classified according to ward of residence, age, sex, cyst location and type. A total of 171 hydatidosis patients were diagnosed and operated giving an average of 13 cases per year, equivalent to approximately 10 cases per 100 000 people per year. Cystic echinococcosis affected more females (59.1%) than males (40.9%). A significantly higher number of CE cases were recorded in individuals <30 years of age (22.8–30.4%) than in those >30 years of age (2.3–9.4%) (P < 0.05). High proportion of CE (81.5%) occurred in the liver than in other sites, and more females had higher hepatic cysts (47.4%) than males (31.0%). Solitary cysts and single organ involvement were noted in 81.5% cases and multiple cysts in 18.5% cases. Higher multiple organ infections (14.1%) and cyst recurrences (5.3%) were also recorded in females. Orgosorok ward had the highest number (18.7%) of CE cases, while Nainokanoka had the lowest (1.2%). It was concluded that CE infection occurs frequently in humans in Ngorongoro district and female and youths are those most affected. These findings merit for more extensive epidemiological investigations of CE in human to better determine the prevalence, economic impact and risk factors for the disease in this district and other areas of Tanzania.
Development of an Allele-Specific PCR for Detection of the K65R Resistance Mutation in Patients Infected with Subtype C Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1
Authors: Toni Thomas A. , Brenner Bluma G. , Asahchop Eugene L. , Ntemgwa Michel , Moisi Daniella , Wainberg Mark A. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTThe selection of drug-resistant variants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is an impediment to the efficiency of antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. We have developed an allele-specific real-time PCR assay to explore the presence of K65R minority species among treated HIV-1 subtype B and C infections. Thirty HIV-1 subtype C- and 26 subtype B-infected patients lacking K65R as determined by conventional sequencing methods were studied, and viral minority species were found in four HIV-1 subtype C samples.
Antiviral Efficacy of the Novel Compound BIT225 against HIV-1 Release from Human Macrophages
Authors: Khoury Gabriela , Ewart Gary , Luscombe Carolyn , Miller Michelle , Wilkinson John 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT

Building on previous findings that amiloride analogues inhibit HIV-1 replication in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), Biotron Limited has generated a library of over 300 small-molecule compounds with significant improvements in anti-HIV-1 activity. Our lead compound, BIT225, blocks Vpu ion channel activity and also shows anti-HIV-1 activity, with a 50% effective concentration of 2.25 ± 0.23 μM (mean ± the standard error) and minimal
in vitro
toxicity (50% toxic concentration, 284 μM) in infected MDM, resulting in a selectivity index of 126. In this study, we define the antiretroviral efficacy of BIT225 activity in macrophages, which are important drug targets because cells of the monocyte lineage are key reservoirs of HIV-1, disseminating virus to the peripheral tissues as they differentiate into macrophages. In assays with acutely and chronically HIV-1
Ba-L
-infected MDM, BIT225 resulted in significant reductions in viral integration and virus release as measured by real-time PCR and a reverse transcriptase (RT) activity assay at various stages of monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation. Further, the TZM-bl assay showed that the
de novo
virus produced at low levels in the presence of BIT225 was less infectious than virus produced in the absence of the compound. No antiviral activity was observed in MDM chronically infected with HIV-2, which lacks Vpu, confirming our initial targeting of and screening against this viral protein. The activity of BIT225 is post-virus integration, with no direct effects on the HIV-1 enzymes RT and protease. The findings of this study suggest that BIT225 is a late-phase inhibitor of the viral life cycle, targeting Vpu, and is a drug capable of significantly inhibiting HIV-1 release from both acute and chronically infected macrophages.