bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An assesment of the performance of sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) as an oil-seed in Ghana
Authors: Amable R. A. 
Published: March 2009

SummarySeven high-oil sunflower eultivars were grown in 1976 and 1977 at selected locations in Ghana, to evaluate the potential of sunflowers as an oil-seed crop for the lowland tropics. All eultivars flowered and matured earlier than observed under temperate conditions. Yields were between 75 and 1600 kg/ha at 9% moisture content. Oil contents ranged from 41 to 47% with a higher proportion of oleic acid (about 54%) than linoleic (about 38%). It is concluded that sunflower production is feasible and could become as important as that of existing annual oil seeds.
The susceptibility of potato varieties to internal rust spot
Authors: Collier G. F. , Wurr D. C. E. , Huntington Valerie C. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryIn tubers of ten potato varieties the incidence of internal rust spot lesions increased and the calcium concentration decreased when the concentration of calcium chloride supplied to the plants fell from 9 to 1 mM. A simple linear model relating the probit transformation of internal rust spot incidence to tuber calcium concentration for each variety showed that there were substantial differences in varietal susceptibility to internal rust spot which were not related to tuber calcium concentration.
The effects of rates of potassium application on the production arid quality of herbage from a perennial ryegrass sward receiving a wide range of nitrogen rates
Authors: Reid D. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe results are reported for an experiment in which nitrogen rates from 0 to 672 kg/ ha and potassium rates from 0 to 558 kg/ha were applied annually on an S. 24 perennial ryegrass sward. At each of the five crops cut annually the yields of herbage dry matter and crude protein, and the potassium content of the herbage dry matter were determined. The potassium content of the soil was also measured annually. Models relating each of these variates to the nitrogen and potassium rates were derived, and their validity is demonstrated with reference to the results from earlier experiments. The problems associated with determining the correct rate of potassium fertilizer to apply on swards receiving given rates of nitrogen fertilizer are discussed using the models to predict the effects of different nitrogen-potassium combinations. In order to relate the implications of this discussion more closely to practical grassland management, economic as well as biological criteria are taken into account by incorporating cost factors in the models.
Effect of confinement in a respiration chamber and changes in temperature and plane of nutrition on heat production of 25 kg pigs
Authors: Gray R. , McCracken K. J. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryA closed-circuit respiration chamber was used to study (a) the effect of confinement in a chamber on the heat production of pigs already accustomed to restraint in a metabolism cage; (b) changes in daily heat production of pigs following a reduction in the energy intake; and (c) the effect of increasing or decreasing the environmental temperature.An automatically recharged version of the oxygen burette used by Waring & Brown (1965) is described. During tests of the chamber and burette system the mean recoveries of carbon dioxide and oxygen were, respectively, 0·994 and 0·995.It is concluded that measurements of heat production on the first day of confinement were within the normal range of variation and provided valid estimates of energy expenditure.The minimum value for the respiratory quotient (RQ) occurred on the third day following a reduction in energy intake, and it is concluded that the direct effect of previously ingested nutrients was eliminated by the third day. However, there appeared to be a further decline in heat production until 6–7 days following the reduction in energy intake.The heat production of singly caged pigs fed almost to appetite was similar at 22 and 29 °C. Heat production increased at 15 °C, indicating that this was below the lower critical temperature of fed 25 kg pigs. The response of heat production to the low temperature continued for at least 18 days. Variations in heat production between animals and litters were as high as 15% in three experiments.
The development of the digestive system of the young animal II. Carbohydrase enzyme development in the young pig
Authors: Walker D. M. 
Published: March 2009

1. Forty Large White pigs varying in age from birth to 5 weeks were slaughtered and their carbohydrate digesting enzymes studied for any change in activity with increase in age.2. Pancreatic amylase, sucrase and maltase increased from low levels at birth to high levels at 5 weeks of age.3. The total amount of lactase present at birth and of small intestine amylase at 1-week-old was maintained at a constant level up to 5 weeks of age. The increased weight of the intestine with the growth of the pig made the quantity of these enzymes appear to decrease with age when the values were expressed per kg. body weight or per g. dry tissue.4. Anaemia had no marked effect on the activity of the enzymes though the rate of enzyme development appeared to be retarded in the case of maltase.5. The quantity of pancreatic amylase present in the pancreas was sufficient at all ages to digest the amounts of starch likely to be included in a synthetic diet. Maltase, on the other hand, appeared to be limiting in early life.
Gibberellic acid and the growth of crop plants
Authors: Morgan D. G. , Mees G. C. 
Published: March 2009

1. Field trials with gibberellic acid on grass, wheat, potatoes, turnips, carrots, peas, runner beans, lettuce, celery, blackcurrants, kale and maize are described. The effects on plant growth and crop yield were determined.2. The experiments on grassland were carried out between July 1953 and June 1956, and included trials at four different centres. They all gave essentially similar results.3. 2 oz. per acre of gibberellic acid sprayed at 100 gal. per acre stimulated the growth of all components of the swards. The stimulation was most clearly seen in spring and autumn when the natural growth rate was slow. At these times gibberellic acid was able to produce a grazeable growth of grass more rapidly than nitrogenous fertilizers. The stimulation of growth was accompanied by yellowing of the grass, but recovery to a normal green colour was speeded up by applying a nitrogenous fertilizer at the same time as the gibberellic acid spray.4. The dry-matter yields at the first cut following a treatment with gibberellic acid were increased by 0·6–10·8 cwt. per acre. The crude protein yields were also increased by the treatment, but to a relatively smaller degree, and the protein content of the grass was reduced by between ½ and 2%. The contents of phosphorus, potassium, sodium, calcium, barium, magnesium, manganese, copper, aluminium and tin were not altered.
Estimates of genetic and phenotypic parameters of some weight and fleece traits in a coarse-wool breed of sheep
Authors: Guirgis R. A. , Afifi E. A. , Galal E. S. E. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA study using 1150 lambs to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters of some weight and fleece traits was carried out on coarse-wool Barki sheep. The weight traits were birth, weaning, yearling weights and daily gains whereas fleece traits included kemp score, staple length and greasy-fleece weight.Heritability estimates of weight traits were within the range 0·25–0·30. Those of fleece traits were 0·16, 0·21 and 0·43. The repeatability estimates of fleece traits were 0·18, 0·38 and 0·53 for staple length, greasy-fleece weight and kemp score respectively.Phenotypic correlations between body weight and fleece traits were mostly positive. Genetic correlations between greasy-fleece weight and body weights were mostly positive and of medium values. Those between kemp score and body weights were mostly negative, ranging from medium-high to high.
An investigation into the relationship between the metabolism of pyruvate in bull spermatozoa and fertility
Authors: Glew G. 
Published: March 2009

1. Two hundred and ninety-one samples of semen from seventy-four dairy bulls in use at seven artificial insemination centres and one bull-rearing centre were tested and graded according to the type of metabolic response under the experimental conditions described by Melrose & Terner (1953).2. Conception rates of bulls were obtained from the breeding records based on not less than 150 first inseminations. Since the mean conception rates of centres varied, the fertility of each bull was assessed in relation to the mean conception rate of the centre at which the bull was standing. Bulls were considered of ‘high’ fertility when their conception rates were above, and of ‘low’ fertility when their conception rates were below a dividing line 5% below the mean conception rate of the centre.3. A highly significant relationship (P< 0·001) was found between the groups of the metabolic responses and the fertility levels of the bulls. The practical application of the test in the assessment of the potential fertility of individual bulls is discussed.
Studies of the skeleton of the sheep: II. The relationship between calcium intake and resorption and repair of the skeleton in pregnancy and lactation
Authors: Benzie D. , Boyne A. W. , Dalgarno A. C. , Duckworth J. , Hill R. , Walker D. M. 
Published: March 2009

1. When Cheviot ewes were fed a daily ration containing about 5 g. of calcium during pregnancy and lactation there was a loss of 6·5% of skeletal mineral by mid-lactation. Two months after the end of lactation this loss was fully replaced.2. When the daily calcium allowance was about 2 g. the loss was 18·2% by mid-lactation and was not replaced by 2 months after the end of lactation. However, if the calcium intake was raised to about 5 g. at mid-lactation the skeleton was fully recovered by 2 months after the end of lactation.3. Resorption was always more marked in certain bones than others, the cervical vertebrae, skull and mandible being more sensitive than the ends of the radius and metacarpal and these ends more sensitive than the shafts. This follows the pattern of resorption reported in Part I of this series.4. In sheep on low calcium intakes the serum calcium levels rose in early lactation and then fell. If extra calcium was given from mid-lactation onwards serum calcium levels rose to normal. If extra calcium was not given the fall in serum calcium levels continued until the end of lactation, when they rose. Serum phosphate levels had a strong tendency to vary inversely with serum calcium levels.5. The differences in the mineral status of the skeletons, provoked by differences in dietary provision of calcium of the order used in this experiment, were readily seen in radiographs of flesh-free bone. Differences of this magnitude could not be accurately identified in radiographs of live animals.
The influence of pre- and post-anthesis periods on yields of winter barley varieties in southern Spain
Authors: Ramos J. M. , Moral L. F. Garcia Del , Recalde L. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYSix varieties of winter barley were grown during the years 1979, 1980 and 1981 in Granada (southern Spain). Grain yield variation in the 3 years studied was a function of the pre-anthesis period (especially as a determinant of number of ears/m2). In comparison leaf area duration and grain: leaf ratio from anthesis to ripening had far less influence on grain yield variation. Though these findings contrast with the generally accepted view, they can be explained by environmental conditions prevailing in southern Spain during grain filling.
Variation and correlations among agronomic characters in a collection of beans (Vicia fabaL.)
Authors: Salem S. A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYSixteen cultivars of beans (Vicia fabaL.) were evaluated in a triple lattice experiment over 2 years. Differences among and within minor and equina groups were significant for most of the measured traits. In general, among equina and minor groups, the variability of means for yield components was higher than the variability for seed yield per plant. Most European cultivars were lower in yield potential and in number of branches per plant, taller and later in maturity than North African cultivars.Significant positive correlations were found for seed yield per plant with weight of pods per plant and with number of pods per plant. These results indicate their value for improvement by indirect selection for seed yield. On the other hand, significant positive correlations were also obtained between number of seeds per pod and pod length and between number of seeds per pod and 100-seed weight. The correlation coefficients for height and number of days to maturity with seed yield per plant were negative but insignificant. Other correlation coefficients were also insignificant and low in magnitude.
Growth patterns in sheep: the effects of weight losses on compensatory growth and feed intake in Corriedale sheep
Authors: Butler-Hogg B. V. , Tulloh N. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe growth and feed intakes of Corriedale wether sheep when grown from 30 to 50 kg body weight by five different growth paths are described.Group A (control) grew continuously (fedad libitum). After reachingca;40 kg body weight, group B and C animals lost 21% of their initial body weight over 9 and 18 weeks and at 122 and 63 g/day, respectively, and began realimentation at 30 kg body weight. Group D and E animals wereca.50 kg body weight when weight loss was imposed and they lost body weight at similar rates (125 and 157 g/day) respectively. Animals in group D lost 34% of their initial body weight over 18 weeks and began realimentation at 30 kg body weight (the same as groups B and C). Group E animals lost 23% of their initial body weight over 9 weeks to begin realimentation at 35 kg body weight. Except during periods of weight loss, animals were fedad libitum. Compensatory growth was observed in all groups which had lost weight, with early recovery growth rates 1·6–1·8 times higher than control sheep of the same weight.Rate of body-weight loss did not induce any significant differences in response to realimentation but results (groups B and C) suggest that the more rapid the loss, the more rapid will recovery be during realimentation. When sheep at different body weights lost the same proportion of their initial body weights, the heavier sheep (group E) attained final slaughter weight quicker than the lighter sheep (group B). When the proportion of body weight lost to reach a particular lower body weight was varied (groups B and D), the greater weight loss was associated with higher and more persistent growth rates during realimentation.After weight loss,ad libitumdry-matter intake was significantly lower during the first 10 kg of gain during realimentation in all treatment groups (B, C, D, E) than in control group A. There were no differences between treatment groups in recovery of dry-matter intake.Gross efficiency in all treatment groups was higher than in the control group A during the first 10 kg of recovery of body weight, but it then declined rapidly. This increase in gross efficiency was considered to be due to a combination of increased growth rates, reduced feed intakes and lower maintenance requirements. When the complete growth paths from 30 to 50 kg were considered, there were no significant differences in total feed consumed by the sheep following the five different growth paths.
Application of an April top-dressing of nitrogen to winter wheat in a spray with 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
Authors: Thorne Gillian N. 
Published: March 2009

1. A spring top-dressing of 0·5 cwt.nitrogen/acre was applied to winter wheat as urea or ammonium nitrate in a single spray at 30 gal./acre or as solid fertilizer applied to the soil. A weed-killer, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, was applied in the nitrogen spray or separately in spray to plots that received solid fertilizer.2. Uptake of nitrogen by the crop from solid fertilizer was about twice that from fertilizers applied in sprays. Solid fertilizer increased yield slightly more than did sprays.3. Ammonium nitrate and urea had the same effects, both when applied in sprays and when applied as solid to the soil.4. 2,4-D decreased the amount of weed slightly, but had no effect on yield of wheat.5. The interactions between weed-killer and method of applying nitrogen were small; the response to nitrogen in dry weight of straw, including weeds, in one experiment, and of shoots in another experiment, was decreased by 2,4-D when nitrogen was applied in spray but not when it was applied as solid fertilizer.
Effect of rams on the onset of breeding activity in Clun Forest ewe lambs
Authors: Dýrmundsson Ó. R. , Lees J. L. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYFifty Clun Forest ewe lambs with uniform birth dates were randomly stratified into two groups (A and B) of 25 each according to date of birth and body weight at 23 August 1971. On 26 August Group A (control) was joined with rams whilst Group B remained completely isolated from any contact with rams until 18 October.The sudden introduction of rams to ewe lambs in the transition from non-breeding to breeding activity resulted in a high degree of synchronization of first matings in Group B. However, it did not affect the mean date of onset of oestrous activity.
The yield and composition of the milk of Finnish Landrace × Blackface ewes: I. Ewes and lambs maintained indoors
Authors: Peart J. N. , Edwards R. A. , Donaldson Elizabeth 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYTwenty-two Finnish Landrace × Blackface ewes suckling either single, twin, triplet or quadruplet lambs were maintained indoors during a 12-week lactation period. Milk production was estimated at weekly intervals by hand milking following oxytocin administration. Milk was collected from each ewe in four similar volumetric portions which were retained in order of withdrawal and analysed for maj or constituents. Weighted volumes of milk from each of the four portions were bulked to give a single sample for analysis. Estimated mean total milk production over a 12-week period from parturition was 134, 205, 212 and 218kg for single-, twin-, triplet- and quadruplet-suckled ewes respectively. Most of the difference in total yield between multiple-suckled groups of ewes occurred during the first 3 weeks of lactation, and the data indicate that the number of lambs born, or the total weight of concepta, influences the initial quantity of milk available to the lambs. Regression analysis showed significant evidence for difference between the linear components of the regression of milk yield, fat, protein, lactose and Gross Energy on the stage of lactation for all suckling groups. The concentration of all constituents other than lactose and ash was higher in colostral milk, but was significantly higher only in respect of fat, protein and Gross Energy. Substantial differences found between suckling groups in respect of fat and protein, content of the milks indicate an influence on these constituents due to the number of lambs suckled. The mean growth rates of the triplet- and quadruplet-suckled groups of lambs were each significantly lower than each of the single- and twin-suckled groups. The food intake of the ewes in relation to shape of lactation curves and consequent lamb growth is discussed.
The effect of time of feeding upon rumination
Authors: Gordon John G. 
Published: March 2009

1. Two adult sheep were housed and fed once a day. The time of feeding was advanced round the clock by 4 hr. periods, one advance was made each week. The jaw movements of both sheep were simultaneously recorded for 48 hr. after the sheep had become accustomed to each time of feeding.2. The time when rumination occurred was found to be independent of any time-relationship with eating.
Vitamin B12and protein utilization in the chick
Authors: Brown W. O. , Baskett R. G. 
Published: March 2009

The literature specifically related to the effect of vitamin B12on methyl group synthesis and its relationship to protein utilization in experimental animals is discussed.The techniques and results of nitrogen balance experiments on control A.P.F.-deficient chicks and vitamin B12-treated chicks are presented.Results show that vitamin B12administration does not result in any direct effect on nitrogen retention or efficiency of utilization when control and B12-supplemented chicks are pair-fed. This finding is discussed in relation to the response of A.P.F.-deficient chicks to vitamin B12and the significance of appetite as a factor in the response is suggested.
Fruiting and abscission patterns in cashew
Authors: Subbaiah C. C. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe variation in setting fruit and immature fruit abscission at successive nodes of an individual panicle, and in panicles at different directions of the canopy in an individual tree, were studied in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). The numbers of perfect flowers and fruits set increased from the proximal to the distal end with the maximum yield at the fifth or sixth nodes in a panicle of 8–10 branches. The productivity of an entire inflorescence or a whole fruiting branch was related to its orientation with respect to the sun. The numbers of nodes and fruits set and the percentage of fruit retained were maximal in panicles located on the western and southern sides of the canopy. Tea mosquito damage was also less on these sides of the canopy but the physiological disorder of ‘apple’ cracking was higher here than on the eastern and northern sides. These variations are discussed in relation to the differences in the incident photosynthetically active radiation on these sides.
Genetic control of a branching peduncle mutant of cow pea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.
Authors: Fawole Iyiola , Afolabi N. O. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA branching peduncle individual was observed in a population of cow pea Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. cv. Ife Brown. Normal plants have unbranched peduncles with flowers arranged in alternate pairs at distal ends of the peduncles. However, the mutant plant has branched peduncles with flowers arranged in pairs alternately along the branches as well as at the ends of the branches. The branches arise in the axils of stipulate trifoliate leaves which develop on the peduncles. The normal plant has between one and four pods per peduncle, whereas the mutant is capable of carrying between two and ten pods per peduncle. The branching trait is under genetic control, involving a single gene with the normal peduncle completely dominant over the mutant. Evidence for the genetic control and its possible usage is discussed. Data on some agronomic properties of the mutant are also presented.
The utilization of dietary energy by steers during periods of restricted food intake and subsequent realimentation
Authors: Ledger H. P. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYAn investigation was carried out to determine the daily energy intakes necessary to maintain, the live weights of ‘maintenance-stabilized’ steers (i.e. those held at constant live weight in pens for not less than 15 weeks) when walked at 5 km/h for distances of 5, 10 and 15 km/day.The experiment utilized groups of Boran Zebu and Hereford × Boran Zebu steers at live weights of 275 and 450 kg.Fed a standard diet of energy concentration 10·477 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg D.M. it was found that the Hereford × Boran steers required significantly less food per day, at both live weights, than did the Borans to maintain live weight when walking distances of 15 km/day.Based on the data relating to the total distance walked of 1120 km in 133 days it was calculated that the additional energy cost of maintaining live weight when walking was close to 4·184 kJ ME/kg/km walked. The efficiency of conversion of ME for walking was 50%.For ‘maintenance-stabilized’ steers it was calculated that the 275 kg steers required 24, 49 and 73% more daily D.M. intake and the 450 kg steers 34, 69 and 97% more daily D.M. intake when walked 5, 10 and 15 km/day respectively than would have been the case if they had been kept inactive in pens.