bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attending to emerging representations: the importance of task context and time of response
Authors: Hunt Amelia R. , van Zoest Wieske , Kingstone Alan 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter examines human attention as indexed by the time-to-respond-to-stimulus events and evaluates the use of this behavioural metric. It discusses the limitations of using reaction time (RT) to make inferences about attention and explains the results of experiences that extend this approach by examining changes in responses over time and across different response systems. The findings reveal that multiple stages and aspects of task performance can contribute to RT and that it is not always clear how exactly attention interacts with these various processes to produce faster responses.
A stream of thought: temporal organization of mental operations
Authors: Sigman Mariano 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter reviews behavioural and psychological refractory period (PRP) experiments, which provide evidence for the dynamic organization of two qualitatively different operations involved in a task. These operations are the slow, large-scale systems related to attention, conscious processing, and effortful mental operations, and the dedicated circuits that can very rapidly and in parallel execute stereotyped programs typically related to encoding and memory retrieval. It discusses the temporal organization of mental operations that suggests that a decision involves systematic coactivation of parietal and premotor regions of the brain.
Prior entry: attention and temporal perception
Authors: Spence Charles 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter examines the prior entry hypothesis and provides a brief review of the empirical literature investigating the effects of attention on multisensory temporal perception in humans. The findings suggest that most research has found convincing empirical evidence in support of the existence of the prior entry effect. The results also reveal that attention does indeed speed the relative latency of perceptual processing no matter the dimension or channel along which attention is oriented and no matter whether attention is directed in an endogenous or exogenous manner.
Timing, resources, and interference: attentional modulation of time perception
Authors: Brown Scott W. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter describes a research that investigated the attentional modulation of time perception. It explains that this research involved various techniques for modifying attention to time including manipulations of temporal awareness and variations in the nature of the distractor tasks. All of the different approaches produced a consistent set of findings which indicate that interval timing requires attentional resources and that time judgement performance is influenced strongly by the allocation of those resources.
Duration illusions and predictability
Authors: Eagleman David M. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter proposes a hypothesis which holds that the subjective duration assigned to a stimulus reflects the magnitude of the neural response to the stimulus. It evaluates whether attention alone can modulate subjective duration or whether the process involves stimulus predictability and the concomitant amplitudes of neural responses. The findings indicate that the subjective duration assigned to a stimulus parallels the magnitude of the neural response to the stimulus and that the explanation for this lies with predictability, not with attention.
Temporal dilation: the chronostasis illusion and spatial attention
Authors: Yarrow Kielan 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter examines the relation between chronostasis illusion and spatial attention. It discusses saccadic chronostasis which describes the temporal overestimation of a stimulus seen immediately following a saccade. The findings indicate that prior entry and attention-based temporal dilation are not particularly convincing explanations for the chronostasis illusion. However, there is some controversy regarding the spatial extent of chronostasis and its relationship with the shift of attention that precedes a saccade.
Space-time in the brain
Authors: Morrone Concetta , Burr David 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter reviews recent studies concerning the perception of event duration and the relation between space and time in the brain. It explains evidence showing that the perception of event duration is strongly linked to our perception of space. The results of the studies reviewed collectively show that space and time are intrinsically interconnected and that adaptation to duration is spatially selective while the temporal distortions that occur during saccades are closely linked to contemporaneous spatial distortions.
Excitatory and inhibitory motor mechanisms of temporal preparation
Authors: Burle Boris , Tandonnet Christophe , Hasbroucq Thierry 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter examines the excitatory and inhibitory motor mechanisms involved in temporal preparation. It discusses between-block manipulations and proposes new perspectives for deciphering the neural mechanisms underlying within-block designs. It describes complementary neurophysiological approaches related to temporal preparation and suggests that temporal preparation does not only involve an increase in neural activity but also varies as a function of a subtle interplay between response activation and inhibition.
Foreperiod and sequential effects: theory and data
Authors: Los Sander A. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter describes the sequential effect of foreperiod and explains how this may cast light on some fundamental properties of temporal attention. It discusses the results of studies concerning trace-conditioning and also talks about the dual-process views regarding the sequential effect of foreperiod. It suggests that the classical response time-foreperiod function conceals a highly robust source of variance embodied by the asymmetric sequential effect of foreperiod.
Attending to sound patterns and the role of entrainment
Authors: Jones Mari Riess 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter focuses on attention to sounds. It reviews tasks requiring judgements about time in the context of sound sequences and discusses evidence for listeners' sensitivities to temporal regularities in these events. It investigates issues about timing and attention in the context of entrainment and dynamic attending theory and evaluates the impact of implicit rhythmic timing on the ability to judge the pitch component of melodic sound sequences.
Temporal orienting in audition, touch, and across modalities
Authors: Lange Kathrin , Röder Brigitte 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter examines the possible role of temporal orienting of attention in modulating early perceptual processing. It discusses the results of four studies that provide evidence that explicit temporal orienting enhances early, perceptual stages of auditory processing. This chapter shows that early tactile processing stages are also enhanced by temporal attention and suggests that future related studies should focus on investigating the preconditions for enhancement of perceptual processing steps by temporal orienting.
Neurophysiology of temporal orienting in ventral visual stream
Authors: Anderson Britt , Sheinberg David L. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter examines the neurophysiological aspects of temporal orienting in the ventral visual stream. It analyses cellular events which might underlie enhanced perceptual performance and discusses the neurophysiological correlates of spatial attention. The findings reveal that whether visual stimulus is cued spatially or temporally, there are changes in neuronal firing rates, increases in the gamma band visual stimulus which are cued spatially or temporally, and increases in the spectral power of the local field potential (LFP).
Analysis of chlorophyll a concentration along the Galician coast: seasonal variability and trends
Authors: Alvarez I. , Lorenzo M. N. , deCastro M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Alvarez, I., Lorenzo, M. N., and deCastro, M. 2012. Analysis of chlorophyll a concentration along the Galician coast: seasonal variability and trends. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 728–738. The spatial and temporal distribution of chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration was analysed along the Galician coast from 1998 to 2007. Sea surface temperature and Ekman transport data were also used to investigate the relationship between the ocean–atmosphere conditions and Chl a formation and variability. The west coast showed the highest Chl a concentration, with three peaks of maximum values (February, April–May, and July–September). Along the central coast, the pattern was similar, with the highest concentrations measured during spring and summer, but with lower values. The north coast was the least productive, with much lower values. The high seasonal variability of Chl a was mainly related to upwelling events during spring and summer. During autumn and winter, Chl a variations depended on other factors such as the input of nutrients from land run-off. There was no clear seasonal trend in Chl a.
TT-301 Inhibits Microglial Activation and Improves Outcome after Central Nervous System Injury in Adult Mice
Authors: James Michael L. , Wang Haichen , Cantillana Viviana , Lei Beilei , Kernagis Dawn N. , Dawson Hana N. , Klaman Lori D. , Laskowitz Daniel T. 
Published: April 2012

Background
Microglial inhibition may reduce secondary tissue injury and improve functional outcome following acute brain injury. Utilizing clinically relevant murine models of traumatic brain injury and intracerebral hemorrhage, neuroinflammatory responses and functional outcome were examined in the presence of a potential microglial inhibitor, TT-301.

Methods
TT-301 or saline was administered following traumatic brain injury or intracerebral hemorrhage, and then for four subsequent days. The effect of TT-301 on neuroinflammatory responses and neuronal viability was assessed, as well as short-term vestibulomotor deficit (Rotorod) and long-term neurocognitive impairment (Morris water maze). Finally differential gene expression profiles of mice treated with TT-301 were compared with those of vehicle.

Results
Reduction in F4/80+ staining was demonstrated at 1 and 10 days, but not 28 days, after injury in mice treated with TT-301 (n = 6). These histologic findings were associated with improved neurologic function as assessed by Rotorod, which improved by 52.7% in the treated group by day 7, and Morris water maze latencies, which improved by 232.5% as a function of treatment (n = 12; P < 0.05). Similar benefit was demonstrated following intracerebral hemorrhage, in which treatment with TT-301 was associated with functional neurologic improvement of 39.6% improvement in Rotorod and a reduction in cerebral edema that was independent of hematoma volume (n = 12; P < 0.05). Differential gene expression was evaluated following treatment with TT-301, and hierarchical cluster analysis implicated involvement of the Janus kinase-Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription pathway after administration of TT-301 (n = 3/group).

Conclusions
Modulation of neuroinflammatory responses through TT-301 administration improved histologic and functional parameters in murine models of acute neurologic injury.
Awake Fiberoptic or Awake Video Laryngoscopic Tracheal Intubation in Patients with Anticipated Difficult Airway Management
Authors: Rosenstock Charlotte V. , Thøgersen Bente , Afshari Arash , Christensen Anne-Lise , Eriksen Claus , Gätke Mona R. 
Published: April 2012

Background
Awake flexible fiberoptic intubation (FFI) is the gold standard for management of anticipated difficult tracheal intubation. The purpose of this study was to compare awake FFI to awake McGrath® video laryngoscope, (MVL), (Aircraft Medical, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom) intubation in patients with an anticipated difficult intubation. The authors examined the hypothesis that MVL intubation would be faster than FFI.

Methods
Ninety-three adult patients with anticipated difficult intubation were randomly allocated to awake FFI or awake MVL, patients were given glycopyrrolate, nasal oxygen, topical lidocaine orally, and a transtracheal injection of 100 mg lidocaine. Remifentanil infusion was administered intravenously to a Ramsay sedation score of 2-4. Time to tracheal intubation was recorded by independent assessors. The authors also recorded intubation success on the first attempt, investigators' evaluation of ease of the technique, and patients reported intubation-discomfort evaluated on a visual analog scale.

Results
Eighty-four patients were eligible for analysis. Time to tracheal intubation was median [interquartile range, IQR] 80 s [IQR 58-117] with FFI and 62 s [IQR 55-109] with MVL (P = 0.17). Intubation success on the first attempt was 79% versus 71% for FFI and MVL, respectively. The median visual analog scale score for ease of intubation was 2 (IQR 1-4) versus 1 (IQR 1-6) for FFI and MVL, respectively. The median visual analog scale score for patients' assessment of discomfort for both techniques was 2, FFI (IQR 0-3), MVL (IQR 0-4).

Conclusions
The authors found no difference in time to tracheal intubation between awake FFI and awake MVL intubation performed by experienced anesthesiologists in patients with anticipated difficult airway.
ATP-Binding Cassette B4, an Auxin-Efflux Transporter, Stably Associates with the Plasma Membrane and Shows Distinctive Intracellular Trafficking from That of PIN-FORMED Proteins
Authors: Cho Misuk , Lee Zee-Won , Cho Hyung-Taeg 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Intracellular trafficking of auxin transporters has been implicated in diverse developmental processes in plants. Although the dynamic trafficking pathways of PIN-FORMED auxin efflux proteins have been studied intensively, the trafficking of ATP-binding cassette protein subfamily B proteins (ABCBs; another group of auxin efflux carriers) still remains largely uncharacterized. In this study, we address the intracellular trafficking of ABCB4 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root epidermal cells. Pharmacological analysis showed that ABCB4 barely recycled between the plasma membrane and endosomes, although it slowly endocytosed via the lytic vacuolar pathway. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analysis revealed that ABCB4 is strongly retained in the plasma membrane, further supporting ABCB4’s nonrecycling property. The endocytosis of ABCB4 was not dependent on the GNOM-LIKE1 function, and the sensitivity of ABCB4 to brefeldin A required guanine nucleotide exchange factors for adenosyl ribosylation factor other than GNOM. These characteristics of intracellular trafficking of ABCB4 are well contrasted with those of PIN-FORMED proteins, suggesting that ABCB4 may be a basic and constitutive auxin efflux transporter for cellular auxin homeostasis.
What predicts high risk acute graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) at onset?: identification of those at highest risk by a novel acuteGVHDrisk score
Authors: MacMillan Margaret L. , DeFor Todd E. , Weisdorf Daniel J. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryTo define high‐risk acute graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) at onset, we examined the initialGVHDstage and grade of 864 patients at theUniversity ofMinnesota who received uniform therapy with prednisone 60 mg/m2 per d. We compared the prognostic utility of theMinnesota (MN; modified fromConsensus)versusCenter forInternationalBlood andMarrowTransplantResearch (CIBMTR)GVHDorgan stage‐derived grading systems. As neitherGVHDgrading system optimally predicted outcomes, a novel acuteGVHDrisk score was devised by combining theMNandCIBMTRsystems. Using multiple regression analysis, we could dichotomize patients into high risk (HR,n = 86) acuteGVHDwith initial gradeIIIC,IIIDorIVDwho were less likely to respond to steroid therapy by day 28 [relative risk (RR), 0·3,P < 0·001] and had a higher risk for transplant‐related mortality (RR, 2·0,P < 0·001) than patients with standard risk (SR, initial gradeIA–IIIB,n = 778)GVHD. Using this novel acuteGVHDRisk Score,HR GVHDis either skin stage 4, lower gastrointestinal (GI) stage 3+, liver stage 3+, or skin stage 3 and lowerGIor liver stage 2+GVHD. Patients withHRacuteGVHDhave a poor prognosis, require alternative initial therapy and should be the focus of novel therapeutic trials.
Is there sufficient evidence to consider the use of 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibition in children?
Authors: Fürst‐Recktenwald Sabine , Dörr Helmuth G. , Quinkler Marcus , Dötsch Jörg , Stewart Paul M. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryManifestations of the metabolic syndrome [obesity, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, blood glucose derangements including prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)] in juvenile populations are becoming increasingly prevalent throughout the world and are at the point of being a global public health concern. Derangements in cortisol regeneration seem to be involved in the pathophysiology. Treatment with selective 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β‐HSD1) inhibitors could be a therapeutic strategy in paediatric patients with manifestations of the metabolic syndrome. Based on preclinical and clinical data regarding development of the 11β‐HSD1 enzyme, it appears that maturation occurs within the first year of life. Different changes in biomarkers for assessing the efficacy and safety of 11β‐HSD1 inhibitors are to be expected in paediatric patients compared to adults, reflecting differences in metabolism. The effect of 11β‐HSD1 treatment in children on bone differentiation and development as well as adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), circulating and local cortisol tissue concentrations, androgens and respective stress response is not yet known. Based on current literature, the concept of inhibition of 11β‐HSD1 is considered a potentially effective mean to regulate local cortisol levels in the paediatric population, and 11β‐HSD1 inhibitors may provide a valuable target and treatment option for the metabolic syndrome in paediatric patients. However, the uncertainty over effects on the developing skeleton combined with mild increases in adrenal androgen levels raises potential concerns regarding growth as well as onset of puberty as to their future use in children. Future clinical studies are needed to thoroughly assess the risks and benefits of this new class of drugs in the paediatric population.
Wrong place, wrong time: climate change‐induced range shift across fragmented habitat causes maladaptation and declined population size in a modelled bird species
Authors: Cobben Marleen M. P. , Verboom Jana , Opdam Paul F. M. , Hoekstra Rolf F. , Jochem René , Smulders Marinus J. M. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractMany species are locally adapted to decreased habitat quality at their range margins, and therefore show genetic differences throughout their ranges. Under contemporary climate change, range shifts may affect evolutionary processes at the expanding range margin due to founder events. In addition, populations that are affected by such founder events will, in the course of time, become located in the range centre. Recent studies investigated evolutionary changes at the expanding range margin, but have not assessed eventual effects across the species' range. We explored the possible influence of range shift on the level of adaptation throughout the species' total range. For this we used a spatially explicit, individual‐based simulation model of a woodland bird, parameterized after the middle spotted woodpecker (
Dendrocopos medius) in fragmented habitat. We simulated its range under climate change, and incorporated genetic differences at a single locus that determined the individual's degree of adaptation to optimal temperature conditions. Generalist individuals had a large thermal tolerance, but relatively low overall fitness, whereas climate specialists had high fitness combined with a small thermal tolerance. In equilibrium, the populations in the range centre were comprised of the specialists, whereas the generalists dominated the margins. In contrast, under temperature increase, the generalist numbers increased at the expanding margin and eventually also occupied the centre of the shifting range, whereas the specialists were located in the retracting margins. This was caused by founder events and led to overall maladaptation of the species, which resulted in a reduced metapopulation size and thus impeded the species' persistence. We therefore found no evidence for a complementary effect of local adaptation and range shifts on species' survival. Instead, we showed that founder events can cause local maladaptation which can amplify throughout the species' range, and, as such, hamper the species' persistence under climate change.
Significance of liver histology in HBsAg‐positive, IgM anti‐HBc‐negative acute hepatitis B virus‐related hepatitis
Authors: Delladetsima Ioanna , Papatheodoridis George V , Tiniakos Dina G , Hatzakis Angelos , Tassopoulos Nikolaos C 
Published: April 2012

Delladetsima I, Papatheodoridis G V, Tiniakos D G, Hatzakis A & Tassopoulos N C  (2012) Histopathology 61, 881–888Significance of liver histology in HBsAg‐positive, IgM anti‐HBc‐negative acute hepatitis B virus‐related hepatitisAims:  The natural course of HBsAg‐positive, IgM anti‐HBc‐negative acute hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐related hepatitis is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of histological features and hepatic expression of HBV antigens in such patients.Methods and results:  Fifty patients with HBsAg‐positive, IgM anti‐HBc‐negative acute hepatitis B who underwent liver biopsy during the acute hepatitis episode were studied [HBeAg seroconversion (n = 16), persistently positive for HBeAg (n = 9), and persistently negative for HBeAg (n = 25)]. Twenty‐six cases had features of typical acute hepatitis only (group A), and 24 cases had changes suggesting pre‐existing chronic hepatitis (group B). HBcAg and/or HBsAg immunoreactivity was detected less frequently in group A than in group B (31% versus 79%, P = 0.01). HBsAg clearance was observed in 24% of patients, almost exclusively in cases with HBeAg seroconversion. HBsAg loss was significantly more frequent in group A than in group B (52% versus 0%, P < 0.001), and in cases without rather than with immunohistochemical expression of HBV antigens (55% versus 0%, P < 0.001). In group A, HBsAg clearance was observed in 80%, 54% and 0% of patients with mild, moderate or severe acute hepatitis, respectively (P = 0.034).Conclusions:  Histological information is very important for the prognosis of HBsAg‐positive, IgM anti‐HBc‐negative acute hepatitis B. HBeAg seroconversion with underlying typical acute hepatitis changes of mild to moderate severity without hepatic expression of HBV antigens strongly predicts subsequent HBsAg loss.