bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les voi(e)x de l'ethnocritique
Authors: Drouet Guillaume 
Published: April 2010

Si l’ethnocritique reste fidèle à son principe fondateur – entendre la polyphonie culturelle des œuvres littéraires – sa définition a toutefois évolué. Elle tend en effet à moins se focaliser sur le folklorique et le populaire pour se penser plus largement comme l’étude des variations culturelles constitutives du texte. Ce pluriel culturel se manifeste dans des configurations diverses (culture orale/culture écrite, folklorique/officielle, profane/religieuse, scientifique/empirique, endogène/exogène, etc.). C’est cette évolution, révélatrice des enjeux théoriques, méthodologiques (et idéologiques) de la démarche – qui interroge également les relations entre littérature et savoirs ethnographiques – que notre article se propose d’analyser, à l’aide d’un exemple « filé », celui des Misérables de V. Hugo.
Le « pouvoir d'une description bien faite » : Charcot et Huysmans
Authors: Marquer Bertrand 
Published: April 2010

Cette contribution tente de cerner la voie esthétique d’une influence médicale, en prenant pour exemple révélateur la réutilisation, par Huysmans, de la Grande Hystérie définie par Charcot. Loin de se limiter à un corpus théorique, le savoir clinique de la Salpêtrière est en effet avant tout associé, pour les écrivains de la fin du siècle, à un « savoir-représenter », qualité éminemment esthétique que Charcot prête lui-même à la peinture démoniaque de Rubens, pour la convertir en une parfaite description clinique de la Grande Hystérie. Alors que la littérature naturaliste transpose l’analogie entre possession et hystérie en l’accompagnant de l’argumentaire anticlérical popularisé par la Salpêtrière, Huysmans choisit, pour des raisons idéologiques, un chemin de traverse, mais conserve au type pathologique de la Grande Hystérie sa pertinence, tout en en faisant l’indice d’un mystère signifiant la faillite de l’optique clinique. L’auteur de Là-bas semble ainsi ne conserver du savoir de la Salpêtrière que son aura esthétique, et prendre à la lettre le « pouvoir » que Charcot reconnaît à « une description bien faite ».
Entre (t) erreur et faute, trémulations de la langue et police du langage (1794-1870)
Authors: Saint-Gérand Jacques-Philippe 
Published: April 2010

De Desgrouais et ses Gasconismes corrigés (1768) aux ouvrages publiés autour de 1830, puis des Omnibus de langage aux autres Langage vicieux corrigé des années 1845- 1850, la définition et l’application d’une norme linguistique du français langue d’état sont dictées avant tout par des considérations politiques et socio-culturelles. Ces dernières procèdent de l’évolution historique, certes, mais ne se présentent jamais que comme les reflets d’un univers post-classique toujours travaillé par la spéculation primitive de la langue, dans le droit fil d’un académisme puriste converti aux lumières du XVIII e siècle en une quête du purisme originel. Derrière les dévoiements stigmatisés, la « Stabilité » idéale et souhaitée d’un système s’affirme et se perpétue dans l’inconscience de chaque locuteur. D’où l’affleurement permanent d’un sentiment épilinguistique qui fait réagir à la norme et au code de loi chaque sujet parlant et écrivant, et qui induit souvent des subtilités byzantines faisant plus appel à l’expérience des realia qu’aux principes du code.
« Nous tous, enfants perdus de cet âge critique » : la « génération de 1830 » par elle-même
Authors: Diaz José-Luis 
Published: April 2010

Il s’agit de comparer deux des primitives inventions que la génération de 1830 a proposées d’elle-même, dans les années 1830-1836 : celle des Jeunes-France, et celle de Musset. Une telle étude comparative évalue quels ont été, de part et d’autre, les énoncés porteurs , les images focalisantes, les personnages-types, les actes discursifs aussi qui ont favorisé la conscience générationnelle. Comparant ces deux inventions , l’étude pèse leurs atouts médiatiques respectifs. Elle montre comment l’action multiple de Musset par rapport à sa génération justifie le titre du présent volume. Qu’on prenne en considération la critique ou les imitateurs, Musset apparaît bien comme le poète-type. Considéré d’emblée comme le pivot de la mutation littéraire d’après 1830, c’est lui aussi qui reste l’emblème majeur de sa génération, éclipsant injustement Gautier et les Jeunes-France.
« Une invasion de jeunes gens sans passé » Au croisement du paradigme éditorial et de la posture générationnelle
Authors: Thérenty Marie-Ève 
Published: April 2010

L'histoire littéraire, en se concentrant sur le phénomène Jeune-France, sur le petit Cénacle, c'est-à-dire sur le plus visible et le plus exceptionnel, n'a peut-être pas rendu son vrai visage à l'ensemble de la génération 1830. En se concentrant sur les petites revues, cet article met en évidence une identité d'écrivain fabriquée à la confluence de la posture générationnelle et du support éditorial et fait émerger toute une population d'écrivains de vingt ans. Quelques années plus tard, beaucoup de ces écrivains ont fait carrière comme Emmanuel Gonzalès ou Eugène Labiche dans les ateliers du feuilleton et surtout du vaudeville.
Tout est mort, tout vit Musset, Nerval : la double figure d'une génération
Authors: Séginger Gisèle 
Published: April 2010

Le 9 janvier 1831, Balzac écrit que le livre de Nodier appartient à « l’école du désenchantement », formule reprise par Paul Bénichou pour désigner un groupe d’écrivains, parmi lesquels Musset et Nerval. Ces deux écrivains définissent en effet un nouveau mal du siècle, différent de celui de Chateaubriand. Mais ils perçoivent aussi la grandeur de leur époque et l’intérêt d’une période d’effervescence où de nouvelles valeurs davantage liées à l’immanence peuvent être inventées. Musset, le libertin hédoniste fait de la légèreté un art de vivre et une éthique paradoxale. Nerval, le païen des temps modernes, spiritualiste et matérialiste, cherche à sauver la place du sentiment religieux. Deux réponses au désenchantement du siècle : entre Dieu et le néant, entre la fascination de l’infini et la brutalité d’un athéisme matérialiste, Musset et Nerval prennent la tangente.
Karl Girardet illustrateur chez Mame, ou le voyage pittoresque à destination de la jeunesse
Authors: Fièvre François 
Published: April 2010

Illustrateur pour Mame, maison d’édition tourangelle spécialisée dans les livres de prix et les ouvrages catholiques, l’artiste Karl Girardet (1813-1871) interprète le modèle esthétique du voyage pittoresque romantique, popularisé dans les années 1820 par le baron Taylor, aussi bien dans les ouvrages archéologiques du type de La Touraine , qui obtient tous les honneurs de l’Exposition universelle de 1855, que dans les collections dédiées à la jeunesse. Typiques de la monarchie de Juillet, ses illustrations anecdotiques de l’histoire et ses paysages pittoresques contribuent de manière divertissante à alimenter le goût pour l’histoire et les rêveries géographiques auprès de la jeunesse du Second Empire. À travers l’itinéraire d’un artiste et l’étude de certaines de ses contributions pour l’éditeur, c’est un pan de l’histoire de l’art, du goût et de l’éducation au milieu du XIX e siècle qui est décrit et mis en perspective.
APC Activation by IFN-α Decreases Regulatory T Cell and Enhances Th Cell Functions
Authors: Pace Luigia , Vitale Sara , Dettori Beatrice , Palombi Cecilia , La Sorsa Valentina , Belardelli Filippo , Proietti Enrico , Doria Gino 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Type I IFNs are central to a vast array of immunological functions. Their early induction in innate immune responses provides one of the most important priming mechanisms for the subsequent establishment of adaptive immunity. The outcome is either promotion or inhibition of these responses, but the conditions under which one or the other prevails remain to be defined. The main objective of the current study was to determine the involvement of IFN-α on murine CD4+CD25− Th cell activation, as well as to define the role played by this cytokine on CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cell proliferation and function. Although IFN-α promotes CD4+CD25− Th cells coincubated with APCs to produce large amounts of IL-2, the ability of these cells to respond to IL-2 proliferative effects is prevented. Moreover, in medium supplemented with IFN-α, IL-2–induced CD4+CD25+ Treg cell proliferation is inhibited. Notably, IFN-α also leads to a decrease of the CD4+CD25+ Treg cell suppressive activity. Altogether, these findings indicate that through a direct effect on APC activation and by affecting CD4+CD25+ Treg cell-mediated suppression, IFN-α sustains and drives CD4+CD25− Th cell activation.
RORC2 Is Involved in T Cell Polarization through Interaction with the FOXP3 Promoter
Authors: Burgler Simone , Mantel Pierre-Yves , Bassin Claudio , Ouaked Nadia , Akdis Cezmi A. , Schmidt-Weber Carsten B. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The process of Th cell differentiation toward polarized effector T cells tailors specific immunity against invading pathogens while allowing tolerance against commensal microorganisms, harmless allergens, or autologous Ags. Identification of the mechanisms underlying this polarization process is therefore central to understand how the immune system confers immunity and tolerance. The present study demonstrates that retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor C2 (RORC2), a key transcription factor in Th17 cell development, inhibits FOXP3 expression in human T cells. Although overexpression of RORC2 in naive T cells reduces levels of FOXP3, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of RORC2 enhances its expression. RORC2 mediates this inhibition at least partially by binding to two out of four ROR-responsive elements on the FOXP3 promoter. Knockdown of RORC2 promotes high FOXP3 levels and decreased expression of proinflammatory cytokines β form of pro-IL-1, IL-6, IL-17A, IFN-γ, and TNF-α in differentiating naive T cells, suggesting that the role of RORC2 in Th17 cell development involves not only induction of Th17-characteristic genes, but also suppression of regulatory T cell-specific programs. Together, this study identifies RORC2 as a polarizing factor in transcriptional cross-regulation and provides novel viewpoints on the control of immune tolerance versus effector immune responses.
Specificity of Staphylococcal Superantigen-Like Protein 10 toward the Human IgG1 Fc Domain
Authors: Patel Deepa , Wines Bruce D. , Langley Ries J. , Fraser John D. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Staphylococcal superantigen-like protein 10 (SSL10) is a highly conserved member of the SSL family secreted by Staphylococcus aureus that displays structural but not functional similarity to superantigens. SSL10 bound to fibrinogen and fibronectin from plasma and in addition displayed striking specificity toward the γ-1 subclass of human Igs. SSL10 also bound strongly to primate IgG but not to any other species tested, including rabbit, pig, guinea pig, cow, sheep, or mouse. A soluble form of the 12-kDa β-grasp C-terminal domain of SSL10 (SSL1095–197) retained fibrinogen and fibronectin binding but lost the ability to bind IgG1, indicating that SSL10 bound to IgG1 primarily through its N-terminal oligonucleotide binding fold domain. SSL10 blocked the binding of IgG1 to FcγRs on monocytes and neutrophil phagocytosis of IgG1-opsonized bacteria. Mutagenesis of human IgG1 at key sites significantly reduced SSL10 binding including Lys322 that is important for C1q binding, a combination of Leu234 and Leu235 that are important for FcγR binding, and a combination of Lys274 and Asp276 that together are unique to IgG1. These mutations suggest that the most likely site bound by SSL10 is the outer face of the Cγ2 domain in close proximity to both the FcγR and C1q binding sites. SSL10 is a potential virulence factor for S. aureus targeting IgG1-mediated immunity.
Reporter Alleles that Inform on Differences in Cre Recombinase Expression
Authors: Klinger Mark , Chmura Stephen A. , Killeen Nigel 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Alleles that express reporters after Cre recombination allow for fate-mapping studies when used in combination with appropriate cre alleles. In this study, we describe two fluorescent reporter alleles that differentially mark populations of cells as a function of their level of expression of Cre recombinase. Mice carrying these alleles were generated and used to demonstrate the usefulness of the reporter alleles for informing on prior Cre recombinase expression in lymphocytes. The alleles expand the range of genetic tools available for understanding how differences in gene expression result in divergent developmental fates during the development and differentiation of lymphocytes and other cells.
Switch Region Identity Plays an Important Role in Ig Class Switch Recombination
Authors: Bhattacharya Palash , Wuerffel Robert , Kenter Amy L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Ig class switch recombination (CSR) is regulated through long-range intrachromosomal interactions between germline transcript promoters and enhancers to initiate transcription and create chromatin accessible to activation-induced deaminase attack. CSR occurs between switch (S) regions that flank Cμ and downstream CH regions and functions via an intrachromosomal deletional event between the donor Sμ region and a downstream S region. It is unclear to what extent S region primary sequence influences differential targeting of CSR to specific isotypes. We address this issue in this study by generating mutant mice in which the endogenous Sγ3 region was replaced with size-matched Sγ1 sequence. B cell activation conditions are established that support robust γ3 and γ1 germline transcript expression and stimulate IgG1 switching but suppress IgG3 CSR. We found that the Sγ1 replacement allele engages in μ→γ3 CSR, whereas the intact allele is repressed. We conclude that S region identity makes a significant contribution to CSR. We propose that the Sγ1 region is selectively targeted for CSR following the induction of an isotype-specific factor that targets the S region and recruits CSR machinery.
Krüppel-Like Factor 2 Regulates Trafficking and Homeostasis of γδ T Cells
Authors: Odumade Oludare A. , Weinreich Michael A. , Jameson Stephen C. , Hogquist Kristin A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
γδ T cells are generated in the thymus and traffic to secondary lymphoid organs and epithelial surfaces, where they regulate immune responses. αβ T cells require sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor type 1 (S1P1) and CD62L for thymic emigration and circulation through secondary lymphoid organs. Both of these genes are regulated by the transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) in conventional αβ T cells. It is unclear if γδ T cells use similar mechanisms. In this study, we show that thymic γδ T cells express S1P1 and that it is regulated by KLF2. Furthermore, KLF2 and S1P1-deficient γδ T cells accumulate in the thymus and fail to populate the secondary lymphoid organs or gut, in contrast to the expectation from published work. Interestingly, KLF2 but not S1P1 deficiency led to the expansion of a usually rare population of CD4+ promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger+ “γδ NKT” cells. Thus, KLF2 is critically important for the homeostasis and trafficking of γδ T cells.
CO2 flux history 1982–2001 inferred from atmospheric data using a global inversion of atmospheric transport
Authors: Rödenbeck C. , Houweling S. , Gloor M. , Heimann M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. Based on about 20 years of NOAA/CMDL's atmospheric CO2 concentration data and a global atmospheric tracer transport model, we estimate interannual variations and spatial patterns of surface CO2 fluxes in the period 01/1982-12/2000, by using a time-dependent Bayesian inversion technique. To increase the reliability of the estimated temporal features, particular care is exerted towards the selection of data records that are homogeneous in time. Fluxes are estimated on a grid-scale resolution (~8º latitude x 10º longitude), constrained by a-priori spatial correlations, and then integrated over different sets of regions. The transport model is driven by interannually varying re-analyzed meteorological fields. We make consistent use of unsmoothed measurements. In agreement with previous studies, land fluxes are estimated to be the main driver of interannual variations in the global CO2 fluxes, with the pace predominantly being set by the El Niño/La Niña contrast. An exception is a 2-3 year period of increased sink of atmospheric carbon after Mt. Pinatubo's volcanic eruption in 1991. The largest differences in fluxes between El Niño and La Niña are found in the tropical land regions, the main share being due to the Amazon basin. The flux variations for the Post-Pinatubo period, the 1997/1998 El Niño, and the 1999 La Niña events are exploited to investigate relations between CO2 fluxes and climate forcing. A rough comparison points to anomalies in precipitation as a prominent climate factor for short-term variability of tropical land fluxes, both through their role on NPP and through promoting fire in case of droughts. Some large flux anomalies seem to be directly related to large biomass burning events recorded by satellite observation. Global ocean carbon uptake shows a trend similar to the one expected if ocean uptake scales proportional to the anthropogenic atmospheric CO2 perturbation. In contrast to temporal variations, the longterm spatial flux distribution can be inferred with lesser robustness only. The tentative pattern estimated by the present inversion exhibits a northern hemisphere land sink on the order of 0.4 PgC/yr (for 01/1996-12/1999, non-fossil fuel carbon only) that is mainly confined to North America. Southern hemisphere land regions are carbon neutral, while the tropical land regions are taking up carbon (e.g., at a rate of 0.8 PgC/yr during 01/1996-12/1999). Ocean fluxes show larger uptake in the Northern mid to high latitudes than in the Southern mid latitude regions, in contrast to the estimates by Takahashi et al. (1999) based on in-situ measurements. On a regional basis, results that differ the most from previous estimates are large carbon uptake of 1 to 1.5 PgC/yr by the Southern temperate Pacific ocean region, weak outgassing from the Southern ocean, and a carbon source from eastern Europe.
Stratospheric water vapour as tracer for Vortex filamentation in the Arctic winter 2002/2003
Authors: Müller M. , Neuber R. , Fierli F. , Hauchecorne A. , Vömel H. , Oltmans S. J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. Balloon-borne frost point hygrometers measured three high-resolution profiles of stratospheric water vapour above Ny-Ålesund, Spitsbergen during winter 2002/2003. The profiles obtained on 12 December 2002 and on 17 January 2003 provide an insight into the vertical distribution of water vapour in the core of the polar vortex. The water vapour sounding on 11 February 2003 was obtained within the vortex edge region of the lower stratosphere. Here, a significant reduction of water vapour mixing ratio was observed between 16 and 19 km. The stratospheric temperatures indicate that this dehydration was not caused by the presence of polar stratospheric clouds or earlier PSC particle sedimentation. Ozone observations on this day indicate a large scale movement of the polar vortex and show laminae in the same altitude range as the water vapour profile. The link between the observed water vapour reduction and filaments in the vortex edge region is indicated in the results of the semi-lagrangian advection model MIMOSA, which show that adjacent filaments of polar and mid latitude air can be identified above the Spitsbergen region. A vertical cross-section produced by the MIMOSA model reveals that the water vapour sonde flew through polar air in the lowest part of the stratosphere below 425 K, then passed through filaments of mid latitude air with lower water vapour concentrations, before it finally entered the polar vortex above 450 K. These results indicate that on 11 February 2003 the frost point hygrometer measured different water vapour concentrations as the sonde detected air with different origins. Instead of being linked to dehydration due to PSC particle sedimentation, the local reduction in the stratospheric water vapour profile was in this case caused by dynamical processes in the polar stratosphere.
Heavy hydrogen in the stratosphere
Authors: Röckmann T. , Rhee T. S. , Engel A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. We report measurements of the deuterium content of molecular hydrogen (H2) obtained from a suite of air samples that were collected during a stratospheric balloon flight between 12 and 33 km at 40º N in October 2002. Strong deuterium enrichments of up to 400 permil versus Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW) are observed, while the H2 mixing ratio remains virtually constant. Thus, as hydrogen is processed through the H2 reservoir in the stratosphere, deuterium is accumulated in H2 . Using box model calculations we investigated the effects of H2 sources and sinks on the stratospheric enrichments. Results show that considerable isotope enrichments in the production of H2 from CH4 must take place, i.e., deuterium is transferred preferentially to H2 during the CH4 oxidation sequence. This supports recent conclusions from tropospheric H2 isotope measurements which show that H2 produced photochemically from CH4 and non-methane hydrocarbons must be enriched in deuterium to balance the tropospheric hydrogen isotope budget. In the absence of further data on isotope fractionations in the individual reaction steps of the CH4 oxidation sequence, this effect cannot be investigated further at present. Our measurements imply that molecular hydrogen has to be taken into account when the hydrogen isotope budget in the stratosphere is investigated.
Sensitivities in global scale modeling of isoprene
Authors: von Kuhlmann R. , Lawrence M. G. , Pöschl U. , Crutzen P. J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. A sensitivity study of the treatment of isoprene and related parameters in 3D atmospheric models was conducted using the global model of tropospheric chemistry MATCH-MPIC. A total of twelve sensitivity scenarios which can be grouped into four thematic categories were performed. These four categories consist of simulations with different chemical mechanisms, different assumptions concerning the deposition characteristics of intermediate products, assumptions concerning the nitrates from the oxidation of isoprene and variations of the source strengths. The largest differences in ozone compared to the reference simulation occured when a different isoprene oxidation scheme was used (up to 30-60% or about 10 nmol/mol). The largest differences in the abundance of peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) were found when the isoprene emission strength was reduced by 50% and in tests with increased or decreased efficiency of the deposition of intermediates. The deposition assumptions were also found to have a significant effect on the upper tropospheric HOx production. Different implicit assumptions about the loss of intermediate products were identified as a major reason for the deviations among the tested isoprene oxidation schemes. The total tropospheric burden of O3 calculated in the sensitivity runs is increased compared to the background methane chemistry by 26±9 Tg( O3) from 273 to an average from the sensitivity runs of 299 Tg(O3). % revised Thus, there is a spread of ± 35% of the overall effect of isoprene in the model among the tested scenarios. This range of uncertainty and the much larger local deviations found in the test runs suggest that the treatment of isoprene in global models can only be seen as a first order estimate at present, and points towards specific processes in need of focused future work.