bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microelectromechanical Systems (
MEMS
)
Authors: Meyer Jonas , Bischoff Reinhard , Feltrin Glauco 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) sensors are small, generally low power, highly integrated, and, usually, very cheap. These qualities enable the deployment of structural health monitoring (SHM) systems with a large number of sensors, partly integrated into the structure, at affordable costs. MEMS sensors are often used in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), a monitoring technology that heavily bases its features and performance on low‐power sensors.
This article briefly describes a MEMS‐based wireless sensor network that is designed for long‐term structural health monitoring applications. Since WSN nodes are battery powered, in long‐term monitoring applications the power management of the network significantly influences the overall data handling processes. In WSN, data communication is the most energy‐consuming task, hence, transferring all the acquired raw data through the network would dramatically reduce the lifetime of the system. A significant data reduction, which has to be achieved on the nodes, is a challenging task, since it has to be performed with very limited computing power and memory resources, and in competition with other tasks like data communication, self‐organization, and time synchronization. These aspects are illustrated with tests on a cable stay bridge.
Lamb Wave‐BasedSHMfor Laminated Composite Structures
Authors: Soutis Constantinos 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article examines the application of low‐frequency Lamb waves for the detection of delaminations (interlaminar cracking) in thick composite laminates. Surface‐mounted piezoelectric devices are excited with a tone burst of a few cycles generating a stress wave that propagates along the structure. Experiments carried out on composite beam specimens are discussed where wave propagation distances over 2 m are achieved and delaminations as small as 1 cm2are successfully identified. The resonance spectrum method, which is based on the study of spectra obtained by forced mechanical resonance of samples using sine‐sweep excitation, is used for measuring theAoLamb‐mode phase velocity. Finite element (FE) analyses of wave generation and propagation in wide laminated plates are also presented. The feasibility of employing piezoelectric devices for the development of smart structures, where a small and lightweight transducer system design is required, is also demonstrated.
Construction Process Monitoring at the
N
ew
B
erlin
M
ain
S
tation
Authors: Helmerich Rosemarie 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The construction process of the New Berlin Main Station, the former Lehrter Bahnhof, has been monitored from the beginning. In this station, the main European east‐western railway connection crosses the north–south railway lines. Four east‐western bridges, built in the first construction phase, carry the platforms for international lines and suburban train tracks. The outer two bridges carry the supports of the relatively flat glass roof, too. Since the glass roof is very sensitive to vertical displacements, the authorities required a complex monitoring system. This case study describes long‐term measurements with classical and enhanced innovative sensors to monitor vertical displacements of neighboring glass roof supports. Additionally, traditional strain gauges were embedded parallel to long‐gauge length fiber‐optic strain sensors in the near‐surface concrete of the partial prestressed bridges to reliably survey possible changes.
The measurements on site go along with long‐term laboratory tests on prestressed concrete beams. Researchers study load effects and long‐term environmental influences on two large‐scale model beams, inside and outside the laboratory.
The monitoring system has been working stable as an early warning system for any changes of the structural conditions since 2002. All data are available on line for both the project team and the owner.
Surface Modification of Exfoliated Layered Gadolinium Hydroxide for the Development of Multimodal Contrast Agents for MRI and Fluorescence Imaging
Authors: Yoon Young‐su , Lee Byung‐Il , Lee Kyung Sig , Im Geun Ho , Byeon Song‐Ho , Lee Jung Hee , Lee In Su 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA novel method for modifying the surface of magnetic‐resonance‐contrasting layered gadolinium hydroxide (LGdH) is developed providing them with water‐ and bio‐compatibility and acid‐resistance, all of which are essential for medical applications. A stable colloid of exfoliated layers is synthesized by exchanging interlayer anions of LGdH with oleate ions. The delaminated layers are successively coated with phospholipids with poly(ethylene glycol) tail groups, and their effectiveness as a contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is demonstrated. The adaptability of this surface modification approach for incorporating functional molecules and fabricating a fluorescent colloid of LGdH, which has the potential utility as a multimodal probe, is also demonstrated. This result provides a novel approach for expanding the applications of layered inorganic materials and developing a new class of MRI contrast agents.
Modeling the crystallization of proteins and small organic molecules in nanoliter drops
Authors: Dombrowski Richard D. , Litster James D. , Wagner Norman J. , He Yinghe 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDrop‐based crystallization techniques are used to achieve a high degree of control over crystallization conditions in order to grow high‐quality protein crystals for X‐ray diffraction or to produce organic crystals with well‐controlled size distributions. Simultaneous crystal growth and stochastic nucleation makes it difficult to predict the number and size of crystals that will be produced in a drop‐based crystallization process. A mathematical model of crystallization in drops is developed using a Monte Carlo method. The model incorporates key phenomena in drop‐based crystallization, including stochastic primary nucleation and growth rate dispersion (GRD) and can predict distributions of the number of crystals per drop and full crystal size distributions (CSD). Key dimensionless parameters are identified to quickly screen for crystallization conditions that are expected to yield a high fraction of drops containing one crystal and a narrow CSD. Using literature correlations for the solubilities, growth, and nucleation rates of lactose and lysozyme, the model is able to predict the experimentally observed crystallization behavior over a wide range of conditions. Model‐based strategies for use in the design and optimization of a drop‐based crystallization process for producing crystals of well‐controlled CSD are identified. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Integrated synthesis and extraction of short‐chain fatty acid esters by supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Lubary Marta , Jansens Peter J. , ter Horst Joop H. , Hofland Gerard W. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe developed an efficient, integrated reaction‐extraction process for the production of short‐chain fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) from milk fat, using carbon dioxide as the only processing solvent. FAEE were synthesized using a short‐chain fatty acid selective lipase. The expansion of the liquid mixture of reactants by dense carbon dioxide enhanced the apparent lipase selectivity. In situ extraction of FAEE by a continuous flow of supercritical carbon dioxide proved to increase the lipase production rate. When the integrated process was operated with alternated periods of synthesis and product removal, the overall selectivity for short‐chain FAEE increased as well, as a result of the combination of the selectivities of lipase and extraction solvent. A two‐fold increase of the lipase productivity was achieved at these conditions, compared to a single batch reaction. The developed process enables the synthesis and isolation of high‐value fatty acid derivatives from a natural source such as milk fat. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
A neural network critical for spelling
Authors: Cloutman Lauren , Gingis Leila , Newhart Melissa , Davis Cameron , Heidler‐Gary Jennifer , Crinion Jennifer , Hillis Argye E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe aimed to identify neuroanatomical regions associated with deficits to the graphemic buffer, a working memory component of the spelling system that holds the sequence of letter identities during production. We evaluated 331 patients with left hemisphere ischemic stroke with various spelling tests and magnetic resonance diffusion‐weighted imaging and perfusion‐weighted imaging, within 48 hours of stroke onset. A voxel‐wise statistical map showed that ischemia in voxels in posterior and inferior frontal and parietal cortex, subcortical white matter underlying prefrontal cortex, lateral occipital gyrus, or caudate was associated with impairment in maintaining the sequence of letter identities while spelling. Ann Neurol 2009;66:249–253
Treatment disparities in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Dahodwala Nabila , Xie Ming , Noll Elizabeth , Siderowf Andrew , Mandell David S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe sought to identify racial disparities in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). We identified 307 incident PD cases using Pennsylvania State Medicaid claims, and extracted claims for medications, physical therapy, and healthcare visits for the 6 months after diagnosis. After controlling for age, sex, and geography, African‐Americans were four times less likely than whites to receive any PD treatment (odds ratio, 0.24; 95% confidence interval, 0.09–0.64), especially indicated medications. In a group with the same healthcare insurance, disparities in PD treatment exist. Physician and community awareness of these racial differences in PD treatment is the first step in addressing healthcare disparities. Ann Neurol 2009;66:142–145
Assessment drives learning: An unavoidable truth?
Authors: Wormald Benjamin W. , Schoeman Scarpa , Somasunderam Arnold , Penn Michelle 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe debate around which factors drive medical students' learning is ongoing and controversial. What is the influence of an assessment's weighting on the motivation of students to study the particular subject? One medical school in London is in a unique position to investigate this question. At our institution, the weighting of Anatomy within the overall scheme of assessment has changed twice in recent years, a trend of increased weighting. This enabled a comparative investigation into the effect these changes have had on the students' motivation to learn Anatomy. A five‐point Likert‐scale questionnaire survey was used to evaluate students. A section within a broad survey of Anatomy teaching and learning at our institution was dedicated to the evaluation of the amount of weighting Anatomy received within the assessment structure and the effect this had on students' motivation toward learning the subject. Increasing Anatomy's weighting within the scheme of assessment produced a dramatic increasing trend toward students' motivation to learn Anatomy. The weighting of Anatomy has a profound effect on students' motivation to learn it. Although multifactorial and complex in nature, medical students' self‐reported drive to study a subject is directly influenced by the weighting of the subject in the overall scheme of assessment. Anat Sci Educ 2:199–204, 2009. © 2009 American Association of Anatomists.
Quantitative and qualitative changes in teaching histology by means of virtual microscopy in an introductory course in human anatomy
Authors: Husmann Polly R. , O'Loughlin Valerie Dean , Braun Mark W. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis study compares overall laboratory averages and individual test scores along with a student survey to determine the effects of using virtual microscopy in place of optical microscopes in a large undergraduate human anatomy course. T‐tests revealed that the first two laboratory examinations (of four) and the overall laboratory averages were significantly increased compared with the previous year. We hypothesize that this is due to students' ability to use and understand the technology quickly as opposed to learning how to maneuver an optical microscope. Students also responded positively in a survey about the virtual microscope, indicating that increased accessibility, ease of use, and the ability to understand the material were important components of the virtual microscope. In addition, an increase in student collaboration was noted because multiple students were able to view the image at a time. This level of acceptance of virtual microscopy has been reported in previous studies, though this level of increased examination scores is rare. We attribute this to differences between the medical students, with whom this technology has been researched in the past, and undergraduate introductory students. Anat Sci Educ 2:218–226, 2009. © 2009 American Association of Anatomists.
High‐performance liquid chromatographic analysis: applications to nutraceutical content and urinary disposition of oxyresveratrol in rats
Authors: Bertram Rebecca M. , Takemoto Jody K. , Remsberg Connie M. , Vega‐Villa Karina R. , Sablani Shyam , Davies Neal M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA high‐performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for the analysis of the stilbene, oxyresveratrol. This method involves the use of a Luna® C18 column with ultraviolet detection at 320 nm. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile, water and formic acid (30 : 70 : 0.04 v/v) with a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min. The calibration curves were linear over the range of 0.5–100.0 μg/mL. The mean extraction efficiency was between 98.9 and 109%. The precision of the assay was 0.069–18.4% (RSD%), and within 20% at the limit of quantitation (0.5 μg/mL). The bias of the assay was <15% and within 15% at the limit of quantitation. This assay was successfully applied to pre‐clinical pharmacokinetic samples from rat urine and to nutraceutical product analysis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of number of calibration standards within a defined range on pharmacokinetic disposition—case studies with omeprazole and clopidogrel carboxylic acid
Authors: D'Souza Henry John Baptist , Pai Balakrishna , Kumar Anil , Shekar Radha , Srinivas Nuggehally R. , Kristjansson Fjalar 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWhile the practice of using a smaller number of non‐zero standards (typically seven to eight) has not been entertained in routine bioanalytical work, it is important to innovate and be pragmatic about minimizing the number of calibration standards to promote cost‐effective and speedy assessment. In this exercise, two important compounds, omeprazole and clopidogrel carboxylic acid, were considered. Additionally, both analytes offered a 1000‐fold calibration curve range with eight non‐zero standards to permit a systematic evaluation. Accordingly various scenarios of post‐hoc analysis of the calibration data were formulated which included step‐wise reduction of the number of calibration standards from a maximum of n = 8 to a minimum of n = 3. In all the scenarios evaluated in this exercise, a calibration curve was reconstructed and both quality control samples and in vivo pharmacokinetics were calculated in each instance. Based on the data generated in this exercise, a minimum of three non‐zero calibration standards were adequate to predict the quality control samples with the predefined accuracy and precision estimates for both omeprazole and clopidogrel carboxylic acid. Additionally, the in vivo pharmacokinetic characterization of the chosen compounds was not hampered by the reduction of calibration standards (from n = 8 to n = 3). Hence, consideration for reducing number of calibration standards in bioanalytical work may provide a viable alternative in several situations such as formulation screening strategies, routine therapeutic drug monitoring and sparse sample analyses. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of intracellular glutathione and cysteine using HPLC with a monolithic column after derivatization with monobromobimane
Authors: Conlan Xavier A. , Stupka Nicole , McDermott Geoffrey P. , Francis Paul S. , Barnett Neil W. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAn optimized high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method is used to show that, as myoblasts differentiate into multinucleated muscle fibers, there is a shift to a more oxidized cell redox state. The HPLC method incorporated derivatization with monobromobimane for the determination of the reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) forms of glutathione and the reduced (Cys) and oxidized (CysSS) forms of cysteine. The derivatization was optimized to improve the sensitivity of the approach; the limits of detection for glutathione and cysteine were 3 × 10−8 and 5 × 10−8 M, respectively. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic modification of the marine‐derived yeast Yarrowia lipolytica with high‐protein content using a GPI‐anchor‐fusion expression system
Authors: Wang Fang , Yue Lixi , Wang Lin , Madzak Catherine , Li Jing , Wang Xianghong , Chi Zhenming 
Published: September 2009

AbstractYarrowia lipolytica SWJ‐1b isolated from the marine fish gut was found to contain 47.6 g of crude protein per 100 g of cell dry weight and had potential use as single cell protein. When the gene encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was inserted into the surface display plasmid pINA1317‐YlCWP110 and expressed in uracil mutant of Y. lipolytica SWJ‐1b, the corresponding protein was successfully displayed on the cell surface, and 100% of the yeast cells exhibited the anchored target proteins. We found that yeast cells displaying EGFP were similar to those of Y. lipolytica SWJ‐1b. Furthermore, C18:1 and C18:3 fatty acids biosynthesis in the marine yeast cells displaying the heterologous EGFP was weakly enhanced compared with that in its wild‐type. The results suggest that the marine‐derived Y. lipolytica SWJ‐1b can be armed with the heterologous protein by the genetic modification and further used as single cell protein. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009
Imaging chiroptical artifacts
Authors: Freudenthal John H. , Hollis Eva , Kahr Bart 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIt is well‐known that circular dichroism (CD) measurements of anisotropic media may contain artifacts that result from mixed linear anisotropies. Such artifacts are generally considered a nuisance. However, systematic artifacts, carefully measured, may contain valuable information. Herein, polycrystalline spherulites of D‐sorbitol grown from the melt were analyzed with a Mueller matrix microscope, among other differential polarization images devices. As spherulites grew into one another they developed strong apparent optical rotation and CD signals at the boundaries between spherulites. These signals are shown not to have a chiroptical origin but rather resultfrom the interactions of linear anisotropies in polycrystalline bodies. Such chiroptical artifacts should not be dismissed reflexively. Rather, they are comprehensible crystal‐optical effects that serve to define mesoscale structure. Chirality 21:E20–E27, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bile acids in asymmetric synthesis and chiral discrimination
Authors: Bortolini Olga , Fantin Giancarlo , Fogagnolo Marco 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAn overview on the use of bile acid‐based compounds able to catalyze transformations, control the stereochemical course of a given reaction, recognize and bind other molecules, is presented. The recent developments in inclusion discrimination of chiral and achiral guests and enantioselective recognition achieved by bile acid are described with suitable examples. Chirality 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Viscous behaviour of quaternary fluid solutions at 298.15 K
Authors: Shukla R. K. , Kumar Atul , Singh Neetu , Tiwari Uma Kanti 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAssuming a quaternary fluid solution to be made up of six binaries, a statistical approach of Flory has been extended to develop the expression for dynamic viscosity of multicomponent system using the concept of absolute rate and free volume approaches of liquid state. A reasonable agreement has been achieved between theory and the experiment for n‐hexadecane + carbon tetrachloride + benzene + n‐hexane quaternary system at 298.15 over a wide range of composition. An attempt has also been made to explain the nature of the molecular interactions, involved in the light of excess thermodynamic functions whose sign and magnitude depend upon the chain length and size of the component liquids.
Apolipoprotein Measurements: Is More Widespread Use Clinically Indicated?
Authors: Davidson Michael H. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractApolipoprotein (apo) B may be a more sensitive measure of atherogenicity than low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) and a better index for assessing cardiovascular risk. The refined risk assessment provided by apo B may be important in patients at high cardiometabolic risk such as those with diabetes mellitus or metabolic syndrome, as these conditions are often associated with normal LDL‐C values but increased numbers of small, dense low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) particles (indicating increased levels of apo B). Although apo B is not currently a treatment target in the United States cholesterol‐lowering guidelines, a consensus conference endorsed by the American Diabetes Association and the American College of Cardiology recently recommended that apo B be added as a therapeutic target in patients at high cardiometabolic risk and in patients with clinical cardiovascular disease or diabetes. Suggested target goals are < 90 for high risk and < 80 mg/dL for highest risk patients. Current clinical data indicate that intensive statin therapy can lower apo B to meet this aggressive goal. While the proatherogenic/antiatherogenic ratio of apo B/apo A‐I is a better risk discriminator than the single proatherogenic measurement (apo B), clinical trial data are lacking regarding the impact of increasing apo A‐I and high‐density lipoprotein on outcomes. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evolving Cardiovascular Disease Prevalence, Mortality, Risk Factors, and the Metabolic Syndrome in China
Authors: Zheng Yixiu , Stein Richard , Kwan Tak , Yu Christine , Kwan Joanne , Shao‐liang Chen , Hu Dayi 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe rapid growth transformation of China from a rural agrarian society to an industrial society with increased wealth has impacted the cardiovascular health of the entire population. The increasing prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CVD risk factors mirror in some regards the disease prevalence in western industrialized countries and in other areas present unique public health issues. This article reviewed recent population surveys, reports, and clinical trials conducted in China. It was found that the prevalence of CVD and many of the risk factors such as hypertension, obesity, and diabetes contributing to disease mortality are increasing in China. However, compared with the United States, disease mortality is lower. Also, cerebrovascular disease is far more common than ischemic heart disease in China. The low prevalence of disease may suggest a reduced role of diagnostic imaging studies as compared with the US, while the increased percentage of strokes may point to the need for widely available emergent computed tomography (CT) imaging in hospitals in China. This article also discusses the occurrence of metabolic syndrome, obesity, glucose intolerance, diabetes, and their unique features in the Chinese population. Of interest, compared with the Caucasian cohort of the same body mass index (BMI), the Chinese had a higher percentage of body fat. Metabolic syndrome was found to be associated with increased cardiovascular mortality rate. With one fifth of the world's population, China can anticipate a dramatic rise, in absolute numbers, of CVD. It is imperative that national and regional programs are initiated to detect and treat the disease. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.