bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The sugars and albuminoids of oat straw
Authors: Collins S. H. , Thomas B. 
Published: March 2009

The newer knowledge of nutrition shows that cereals and seed products are deficient in calcium, sodium, chlorine, and unknown substances, called fat-soluble A and water-soluble B sometimes referred to as “vitamines” or “accessory food factors.”McCollum(1) in America, has gone the length of proving bj actual experiment that cows and their calves can be raised to perfection on nothing but the complete maize plant, although maize grain is well known as a very incomplete food. In spite of his demonstration, and in spite of the obvious fact that nothing could be more like grass than an entire cereal plant and therefore suited to herbivora, very few practical or theoretical agriculturists recognise that straw is the most likely thing in the world to correct for the deficiencies of grain feeding. The difficulty is to get straw that is eatable. The practical farmer, when he happens to get a good sample, accepts it as a gift of fate and is content to turn it into profit for himself as soon as he can. The object of the enquiry, or rather the series of enquiries of which this forms a part, is to adopt the more scientific mode of procedure and endeavour to find out what differences of feeding value naturally occur in oat straw, and which of the conditions needed for high feeding value could be repeated at will, and what light such investigation threw on the old question of why farmers in some districts can fatten cattle on swedes and straw whilst in other districts it is found impossible. Oat straw is plentiful in this country and is probably well supplied with the so-called food accessories, that is the things that the grains lack; the problem at issue is how to get more of the eatable kind and less of the uneatable kind. Provided that the straw is eaten in fair quantity, the possible diminution of growth power, by partial destruction of vitamines due to keeping straw in the stack, is of no practical importance because of the large amount of the straw.
The indirect estimation of the digestibility of pasture herbage III. Regressions of digestibility on faecal nitrogen concentration: effects of species and individuality of animal and of the method of determining digestibility upon the relationships
Authors: Langlands J. P. , Corbett J. L. , McDonald I. 
Published: March 2009

1. A 36-day continuous digestibility trial with three steers and three sheep fed fresh pasture herbage was carried out during May and June, 1960. For all animals the digestibilities of herbage organic matter (O.m.) were estimated both by collection of faeces and by administering standard quantities of chromium sesquioxide (Cr203) twice daily and determining concentrations of Cr203 in faeces. In a further 36-day trial during August and September 1960, three steers and three cows were used; with the steers, digestibilities were estimated by both methods but with the cows by the Cr203 method only.2. Regression equations were obtained relating O.m. digestibility to the percentage of nitrogen (N) in faecal O.m. When digestibilities were estimated by the same method the same regression coefficients could be fitted to the data from each of the steers and sheep in the spring trial. A similar result was found with the data from each of the steers and cows in the summer trial.3. In each equation different constant terms were required for each animal, which differed significantly between individuals but not between species or class of animal. Data obtained from an examination of the relationship of g. N excreted per 100 g. feed dry matter to g. N intake per 100 g. feed dry matter indicated that differences between the constant terms could be linked with variations between animals in the excretion of metabolic faecal N.
The regional distribution of cutaneous moisture vaporization in the Ayrshire calf
Authors: McLean J. A. 
Published: March 2009

1. Nine Ayrshire calves were subjected in a climatic room to temperatures in the range 15–41° C., and moisture vaporization rates were measured, by means of ventilated capsules, from various skin regions.2. The rise in moisture vaporization rate, during the early part of exposures to high temperatures, occurred in a series of steps. This was attributed to bursts in sweat gland activity.3. At low environmental temperatures the moisture vaporization rate was small and similar in all regions. At high temperatures evaporation differed widely between regions. The regional distribution was similar for all animals and agreed broadly with results that have been reported for other breeds.4. The regional distribution of moisture vaporization was not appreciably altered as animals aged from 10 to 34 weeks, but the evaporation from all regions increased during this period.
On the measurement of imbibitional water
Authors: Russell E. W. , Gupta R. S. 
Published: March 2009

Two methods of determining the weight and one method of determining the volume of water imbibed by a soil have been discussed. The results of these methods have been shown to be concordant by an independent method.The tentative conclusion reached is that the weight of water a soil imbibes can be readily determined by Fisher's method or from the Keen-Raczkowski box, but that the volume of imbibed water cannot yet be directly determined accurately.
Studies in Crop Variation. VIII. An Application of the Resistance Formula to Potato Data
Authors: Kalamkar R. J. 
Published: March 2009

IV. Summary and ConclusionThe table of results given in the last section shows that for all experiments for which the Resistance Formula has been fitted the values of the constants are consistent, bearing in mind the standard errors to which these values are subject. The constants for nitrogen may be held to have been determined with some approach to precision, but those for potash are not so well determined. We find at Rothamsted, for example, that the crop responds to a moderate dressing of potash, but higher dressings do not usually improve the yields any further. This fact limits the precision of the formula. The reader is asked to refer at this point to the full descriptions as to the meaning to be attached to the constants of the formula given by Bh. Balmukand in the earlier paper(1). The constants an and ak, called the importance factors, are interpreted as determining the capacity of the crop to recover the particular nutrient out of the soil. The chemical analysis of the tubers grown under nitrogen and potash starvation conditions should, therefore, furnish us with values which should be of the same order of magnitude as obtained by the formula. The minimum nitrogen percentage figure is 0·204, which when reduced to our units is equivalent to 4·57 lb. of nitrogen per ton of potato. The values obtained from the Resistance Formula are as close as the standard errors allow us to expect, and are also of the same order of magnitude as the chemical composition of the tubers demands.
The susceptibility of cereal varieties to manganese deficiency
Authors: Gallagher Patrick H. , Walsh Thomas 
Published: March 2009

A comparison is made, under similar cultural conditions in pot experiments, of the behaviour of a number of varieties of wheat, barley, rye and oats on two soils on which oats had previously displayed pronounced symptoms of manganese deficiency.All of these cereals were found to develop disease symptoms on these soils, rapid recovery from which invariably took place after the plants had been sprayed with 1% manganese sulphate solution. Variations in deficiency symptoms in the different cereals are indicated and observations on the course of the disease throughout the season are recorded for some thirty-two varieties.
A technique for the study of oxygen availability to micro-organisms in soil and its possible use as an index of soil aeration
Authors: Webley D. M. 
Published: March 2009

1. In Part I of the paper details are presented of a new technique for the study of oxygen availability to bacteria added to soil. In essentials the technique consists of adding a washed suspension of bacterial cells together with excess of suitable oxidizable substrate to air dried, sieved soil contained in Warburg vessels. The rate of oxygen uptake is looked upon as a function of the aeration conditions within the soil. The results can be expressed by means of a conventional figure called the aeration factor (or A.F.).2. In Part II with the use of the technique it has been shown that two physical properties of soil which influence oxygen availability under the experimental conditions of the technique are (a) moisture content of the soil, (b) the amount of break-up of the soil crumbs. Since the A.F. measures the resultant effect produced by these factors it may be regarded as an index of soil aeration.
The effects of the addition to soil of alginic acid and of other forms of organic matter on soil aeration
Authors: Quastel J. H. , Webley D. M. 
Published: March 2009

1. A manometric technique for the assessment of soil aeration, described in a preceding paper by Webley (1947), has been used for comparing the effects of the incorporation into soil of alginic acid (as the ion) and other organic materials on soil airwater relationships. Some of the shortcomings of the technique, as well as its advantages are described.2. The addition of sodium alginate to a soil improves its crumb stability and its water-holding power. It is shown that the addition of 0-1 g. sodium alginate to 100 g. of the air-dried standard soil used in this work has a gross effect equivalent to an increase in the water-holding power of soil of 11%. The effect of the alginate rapidly increases to a maximum with increase of the concentration of the alginate. The incorporation of the relatively insoluble calcium alginate has but little effect on the soil airwater relationship. It is suggested that alginate confers hydrophilic properties on soil by its combination as an ion with one or more constituents of the soil particle, thereby presenting new surfaces with high water-holding powers.3. Incorporation into soil of cellulose acetate, methyl cellulose or of carboxymethyl cellulose improves its water-air relationships.
Chick Rearing I. The effect of diet on mortality with special reference to six-day disease
Authors: Mann T. Barton 
Published: March 2009

Trichlorethylene-extracted palm-kernel meal is not an essential factor in the production of six-day disease.A comparison of the results of tests 1, 2 and 3 clearly indicates that under the same conditions and with similar chicks, some diets tend to produce six-day disease and some do not.
Chick Rearing IV. The mechanism of infection in six-day disease with special reference to intestinal putrefaction
Authors: Mann T. Barton 
Published: March 2009

Six-day disease of chicks is a disease of intestinal putrefaction, and may be fostered by any ration which contains the following:(a) Animal proteins which show evidence of putrefaction.(b) Excess of fibre, or sponge-like fibre such as palm-kernel meal or sugar-beet pulp, which assist in the proliferation of putrefactive microbes.(c) Residual oils which destroy vitamin A.(d) Starch or carbohydrate insufficient to maintain an acid reaction to the lower end of the intestines.
Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide on soil Organic Matter
Authors: McLean W. 
Published: March 2009

1. Six per cent. peroxide is found to be unsuitable as a reagent for the determination of the “degree of humification” of soil organic matter, as it oxidises not only compounds containing carbon and nitrogen but also a varying amount of a substance containing carbon but no nitrogen, this amount depending on the volume of reagent used and the total amount of carbon originally present in the quantity of soil employed.2. There are apparently two phases in the attack of peroxide on soil organic matter. In the first phase, material containing carbon and nitrogen is oxidised, whilst in the second phase the material oxidised consists solely of nitrogen-free carbon compounds.3. By the use of 3 per cent. peroxide (2 per cent, or less may be preferable for some soils) the attack on soil organic matter can be restricted to the first phase. The material thus oxidised appears to be built up by the association of a protein complex with a carbohydrate complex of high carbon content. Its carbon-nitrogen ratio is about 10:1.
Development of penis and sheath in young dairy bulls, and its relationship to age and body weight
Authors: Ashdown B. R. 
Published: March 2009

1. Eighty-six bull calves (fifty-two Friesian, twenty-two Ayrshire, twelve Shorthorn) were examined at intervals, during the first year of life, by a method which allowed classification of the degree of adherence between penis and sheath into five classes.2. Mean age and weight at which separation between penis and sheath commenced and was completed are recorded for each breed. Significant breed differences were found.3. The rate of separation accelerates as development proceeds.4. The relationships between age, body weight, and commencement and completion of separation in the Friesian bulls are analysed by correlation methods. These analyses suggest that both age and body weight are important in sexual development.5. An equation is given for the linear regression of age at completion of separation on age and weight at commencement of separation and weight at 10 weeks for the Friesian bulls.
The variations in milk yields caused by season of the year, service, age, and dry period, and their elimination: Part I. Season of the year
Authors: Sanders H. G. 
Published: March 2009

Although the primary object of recording cows' milk yields is to provide a means of comparing one individual with another, it is not satisfactorily achieved when the records have been obtained, since yields are influenced to a large extent by environmental factors which vary from cow to cow. The lactation record is the result of two sets of factors—genetic and environmental—and for purposes of selection and breeding it is important to be able to make accurate allowance for the one, so as to arrive at a good estimate of the other.Leaving aside the variation due to feeding and management (which, whilst undoubtedly large, is minimised for the cows of the same herd, and which it is hardly possible to study statistically in the existing data) the chief factors operating on the lactation yield (i.e. the measurable environmental factors) are the following:(1) Season of the year; the lactation yield is influenced to a certain extent by the month of the year in which the cow calves.(2) Service; i.e. the stage of the lactation at which the cow again becomes pregnant. The interval between calving and the next fertile service is here termed the Service Period (S.P.); thus if a cow calves on June 1st, and becomes pregnant again on July 1st, her S.P. for that lactation is 30 days.
“Single value” soil properties: a study of the significance of certain soil constants
Authors: Keen B. A. , Coutts J. R. H. 
Published: March 2009

Numerous attempts have been made to devise an experimental method that, applied to a variety or a series of soils, enables them to be placed in an order closely reflecting their field behaviour or their most important physical characteristics. They are called “single-value” determinations as they endeavour to specify the soil by a single number, in distinction to the group of figures obtained, for example, from a mechanical analysis. A number of these methods are discussed in the present paper which contains an account of a detailed investigation on 39 soils of certain single value determinations.The methods selected for study were chosen because (i) they required only simple apparatus, and (ii) they appeared to be related to some distinct soil characteristic.The list of measurements was as follows:Percentage of clay.Moisture content of soil in equilibrium with atmosphere of 50 per cent, relative humidity (the ordinary “air-dry moisture content” which was also determined, is close to this value).
The pre-natal development of the coat of the New Zealand Romney lamb
Authors: Galpin Nancy 
Published: March 2009

V. SummaryFor the purpose of describing the development of the Romney lambs’ coats it was found convenient to divide the skin into six areas, A, B, C, D, E and F, each being formed by the grouping of all regions that develop at the same time and rate.These areas are determined by the following methods:1. All regions whereXandYfollicles begin growth at the same time belong to the same area.2. All regions attaining the trio stage of development at the same time belong to the same area.
A note on the effect of lime and calcium carbonate supplementation on the nutritive value of paddy (Oryza sativa) straw
Authors: Nath K. , Sahai K. , Kehar N. D. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn an experiment on nine Kumaoni bullocks, the effect of supplementing paddy straw rations with calcium carbonate or lime was studied. The digestion coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract and total carbohydrates and balances of nitrogen and phosphorus were not significantly affected by such supplementation; the calcium balances were significantly improved. It is concluded that supplementation of paddy straw rations with calcium carbonate (which is cheap and easier to handle), or with slaked lime, can be used with advantage in combating the problem of negative calcium balances frequently encountered on paddy straw rations. Incorporation of a small quantity of wheat bran (about 4 oz) helps in meeting the phosphorus requirement of adult animals.
A widespread occurrence of xanthin calculi in sheep
Authors: Easterfield T. H. , Rigg T. , Askew H. O. , Bruce J. A. 
Published: March 2009

The occurrence of xanthin calculi in the kidneys of sheep on certain poor pastures on the Moutere Hills in the Nelson district is reported and described. The incidence of xanthin calculi is associated with poor stock results over large areas. Poor lambing returns, high mortality of stock in certain seasons, low milk yields and inability to fatten stock are common features of many farms on the Moutere Hills soil. On one small farm, grazing 120 sheep, no less than 12 sheep which have died or have been killed during the last six months have had calculi in the kidneys.The Moutere Hills soil type is shown to be highly deficient in both lime and phosphate. Great increase in crop production invariably accompanies the application of lime and phosphate to the land.
The Effect of Irrigation on Soil Salts at the Gezira Research Farm, Wad Medani, Sudan
Authors: Greene H. , Peto R. H. K. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryIn order to ascertain whether subsoil salts moved upwards under the influence of irrigation an elaborate investigation was carried out at the Gezira Kesearch Farm, Medani. It wasfound that the small apparent changes which occur under normal irrigation and cultivation are largely due to swelling and shrinking of the surface soil occasioned by changes in moisture content and to mechanical disturbance and settling which depend on cultivation. Apart from these apparent changes there may be a small downward movement of salt through the soil material; there is no upward movement.
High level cereal diets for the growing/finishing pig: III. A comparison with a control diet of diets containing high levels of maize, flaked maize, sorghum, wheat and barley
Authors: Lawrence T. L. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn a randomized block experiment, seventy-two Large White type weaner pigs (thirty-six hogs and thirty-six gilts) were individually and restrictedly fed to 200 lb live weight six diets (as wet mashes). Five of these diets contained high levels (85 % in the starter diets and 90 % in the finisher diets) of either maize, flaked maize, sorghum, wheat or barley. The sixth diet, which acted as the control diet for the experiment, was similar to the barley diet except that 25 % of weatings replaced a similar percentage of barley. A further three groups of six litter-mate hog pigs per group were used to measure the digestibility of these diets.For the starter diets the maize diet had the highest digestible energy content, for the finisher diets the highest values were for the wheat and sorghum diets which in turn were similar to each other. The digestible energy content of the flaked maize diet was higher than the contents of the barley and control diets but lower than the contents determined for the other three diets.Three of the pigs fed the sorghum diet developed leg weaknesses and this affected growth rate and food conversion efficiency. The symptoms suggested a pantothenic acid deficiency but the results of assays carried out on all the diets indicated that the condition was not necessarily due to a deficiency of this vitamin. Growth rates in the starter period (up to 115 lb) did not differ significantly between diets but food conversion for the maize and barley diets was significantly superior to that for the wheat and sorghum diets. In the finisher period growth rate and food conversion efficiency for the maize and wheat diets was significantly superior compared with that for the other four diets. Overall, from start to slaughter, the maize diet was significantly superior to the flaked maize, sorghum and control diets in both these parameters of performance. The energetic efficiencies of growth tended to be poorer for those diets with the better food conversion ratios, the best efficiency being for the control diet.Carcass length differences were not significant but backfat thickness and eye muscle area differences followed closely the pattern found for lean and fat content of the carcass. In this context the highest percentages of lean were found first in the control and, secondly, in the barley treatment carcasses. Some differences were found in the development of anatomical regions and tissues within these regions. In particular, and relative to the five other diets, there were in the control diet carcasses (1) higher percentages formed by the leg and shoulder and (2) a higher percentage of lean in the middle.
Mineralizable-N in the soil under various leys and its effect on the yields of following wheat
Authors: Gasser J. K. R. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYSoil samples taken in the autumn after ploughing ryegrass, clover, and ryegrass/clover leys were used to measure the mineral-N (ammonium-N + nitrate-N) in the fresh soil (mineral-Nfresh), the increase in mineral-N on incubating the fresh soils (Δmineral-Nfresh), and the increase in mineral-N on incubating the re-wetted air-dry soils (Δmineral -Nair-dry). Mineral-Nfresh and Δ mineral-Nair-dry were measured on further soil samples taken the following spring. Values of Δmineral-Nair-dry, not only correlated best with grain yields and N uptakes by wheat without fertilizer-N, but also with yield responses and fertilizer-N recovered from fertilizer-N applied to the winter wheat.Treatment of the ley altered measurements on samples taken in the autumn but not those taken the following spring.Soil samples taken in the autumn 1960 from under three-year grass leys were used to measure mineral-Nfresh, Δ mineral-Nfresh and Δ mineral-Nair-dry Spring wheat was grown in 1961 followed by spring barley in 1962. Further soil samples were taken in spring 1962 after cultivations were complete and before the barley was sown or fertilizers applied.A mineral-Nair-dry was the best measurement to use on soils from under grass leys. Values depended on grass species, and were increased by N applied to the ley. Differences had largely disappeared 18 months later. A mineral-Nalr.dry was positively correlated with grain yields of spring wheat grown both with and without fertilizer-N, and with the yield response or the nitrogen recovered from, a dressing of 56 lb N/acre.With fertilizer-N yields of winter wheat after the mixed leys tended to the same maximum value independently ofmineralizable-N in the soil. After grass leys maximum yields of spring wheat given fertilizer-N increased with increasing mineralizable-N in the soil.