bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glycemic Responses to Sweetened Dried and Raw Cranberries in Humans with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Wilson Ted , Luebke Justin L. , Morcomb Erin F. , Carrell Emily J. , Leveranz Megan C. , Kobs Lisa , Schmidt Travis P. , Limburg Paul J. , Vorsa Nicholi , Singh Ajay P. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract:  This study assessed the metabolic response to sweetened dried cranberries (SDC), raw cranberries (RC), and white bread (WB) in humans with type 2 diabetes. Development of palatable cranberry preparations associated with lower glycemic responses may be useful for improving fruit consumption and glycemic control among those with diabetes. In this trial, type 2 diabetics (n= 13) received WB (57 g, 160 cal, 1 g fiber), RC (55 g, 21 cal, 1 g fiber), SDC (40 g, 138 cal, 2.1 g fiber), and SDC containing less sugar (SDC‐LS, 40 g, 113 cal, 1.8 g fiber + 10 g polydextrose). Plasma glucose (mmol/L) peaked significantly at 60 min for WB, and at 30 min for RC, SDC, and SDC‐LS at 9.6 ± 0.4, 7.0 ± 0.4, 9.6 ± 0.5, and 8.7 ± 0.5, respectively, WB remained significantly elevated from the other treatments at 120 min. Plasma insulin (pmol/mL) peaked at 60 min for WB and SDC and at 30 min for RC and SDC‐LS at 157 ± 15, 142 ± 27, 61 ± 8, and 97 ± 11, respectively. Plasma insulin for SDC‐LS was significantly lower at 60 min than either WB or SDC. Insulin area under the curve (AUC) values for RC and SDC‐LS were both significantly lower than WB or SDC. Phenolic content of SDC and SDC‐LS was determined following extraction with 80% acetone prior to high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electronspray ionization‐mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) and found to be rich in 5‐caffeoylquinic cid, quercetin‐3‐galactoside, and quercetin‐3‐galactoside, and the proanthocyanidin dimer epicatechin. In conclusion, SDC‐LS was associated with a favorable glycemic and insulinemic response in type 2 diabetics.Practical Application:  This study compares phenolic content and glycemic responses among different cranberry products. The study seeks to expand the palatable and portable healthy food choices for persons with type 2 diabetes. The novel use of polydextrose as a bulking agent making possible a reduction in caloric content and potential glycemic response is also characterized in this study.
Diversity of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria in paddy soil and their response to elevated atmospheric CO2
Authors: Feng Youzhi , Lin Xiangui , Mao Tingting , Zhu Jianguo 
Published: October 2010

SummaryAerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (AAnPB) are recognized as an important group driving the global carbon cycling. However, the diversity of AAnPB in terrestrial environment remains largely unknown as well as their responses to the elevated atmospheric CO2. By using culture‐independent techniques, the diversity of AAnPB in paddy soil and the changes in response to the rising atmospheric CO2 were investigated within China FACE (Free‐air CO2 enrichment) platform. There was a phylogenetically diverse AAnPB community with large population size residing in paddy soil. The community structure of AAnPB in bulk and rhizospheric soils stayed almost identical, while the population size was higher in rhizospheric [2.0–2.5 × 108 copy number of pufM genes g−1 dry weight soil (d.w.s.)] than that in bulk (0.7–0.8 × 108 g−1 d.w.s.) soils. Elevated atmospheric CO2 appeared to significantly stimulate AAnPB abundance (up to 1.4–1.5 × 108 g−1 d.w.s.) and result in a higher AAnPB percentage in total bacterial community (from 0.5% up to 1.5%) in bulk soil, whereas no significant effect was observed in rhizospheric soil. Our results would extend the functional ecotypes of AAnPB and indicate that environmental changes associated with the rising atmospheric CO2 might affect AAnPB community in paddy soil.
The emergence of human‐evolutionary medical genomics
Authors: Crespi Bernard J. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn this review, I describe how evolutionary genomics is uniquely suited to spearhead advances in understanding human disease risk, owing to the privileged position of genes as fundamental causes of phenotypic variation, and the ability of population genetic and phylogenetic methods to robustly infer processes of natural selection, drift, and mutation from genetic variation at the levels of family, population, species, and clade. I first provide an overview of models for the origins and maintenance of genetically based disease risk in humans. I then discuss how analyses of genetic disease risk can be dovetailed with studies of positive and balancing selection, to evaluate the degree to which the ‘genes that make us human’ also represent the genes that mediate risk of polygenic disease. Finally, I present four basic principles for the nascent field of human evolutionary medical genomics, each of which represents a process that is nonintuitive from a proximate perspective. Joint consideration of these principles compels novel forms of interdisciplinary analyses, most notably studies that (i) analyze tradeoffs at the level of molecular genetics, and (ii) identify genetic variants that are derived in the human lineage or in specific populations, and then compare individuals with derived versus ancestral alleles.
Past evolutionary tradeoffs represent opportunities for crop genetic improvement and increased human lifespan
Authors: Denison R. Ford 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe repeated evolution of complex adaptations – crop mimicry by weeds, for example, or CO2‐concentrating C4 photosynthesis – shows the power of natural selection to solve difficult problems that limited fitness in past environments. The sophistication of natural selection’s innovations contrasts with the relatively simple changes (e.g., increasing the expression of existing genes) readily achievable by today’s biotechnology. Mutants with greater expression of these genes arose repeatedly over the course of evolution, so their present rarity indicates rejection by natural selection. Similarly, medical interventions that simply up‐ or down‐regulate existing physiological mechanisms presumably recreate phenotypes also rejected by past natural selection. Some tradeoffs that constrained past natural selection still apply, such as those resulting from conservation of matter. But tradeoffs between present human goals and individual fitness in past environments may represent fairly easy opportunities to achieve our goals by reversing some effects of past selection. This point is illustrated with three examples, based on tradeoffs between (i) individual‐plant fitness versus whole‐crop performance, (ii) the fitness of symbionts (rhizobia) versus that of their legume hosts, and (iii) human fertility versus longevity in the context of environmental cues, such as consumption of ‘famine foods’, that predict trends in population size.
Toward a systematic approach for identifying conservation flagships
Authors: Verissimo Diogo , MacMillan Douglas C. , Smith Robert J. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractFlagship species are frequently used by conservation practitioners to raise funds and awareness for reducing biodiversity loss. However, uncertainty remains in the academic literature about the purpose of flagship species and little research has been conducted on improving the effectiveness of these campaigns. To reduce this problem, here, we suggest a new definition that further emphasizes their marketing role and propose an interdisciplinary framework to improve flagship identification, based on methodologies from social marketing, environmental economics, and conservation biology. This framework emphasizes that conservationists should specify the purpose of a campaign before working with the potential target audience to identify the most suitable species, and should monitor the success of their campaigns and feed this back into the marketing process. We then discuss the role of return on investment analyses to determine when funds are best spent on high‐profile flagships and when raising the profile of other species is more appropriate. Finally, we discuss how the flagship concept can be applied to other aspects of biodiversity, such as priority regions and species sharing specific traits. Thus, we argue for closer collaboration between researchers and marketing experts to ensure that marketing becomes a mainstream part of the interdisciplinary science of conservation.
Beneficial Effects of Electrostimulation Contingencies on Sustained Attention and Electrocortical Activity
Authors: Chen Max Jean‐Lon , Thompson Trevor , Kropotov Juri , Gruzelier John H. 
Published: October 2010

SUMMARYIntroduction: Chinese acupuncture therapy has been practiced for more than 3000 years. According to neuroimaging studies, electroacupuncture has been demonstrated to be effective via control of the frequency parameter of stimulation, based on the theory of frequency modulation of brain function. Aims: To investigate the following: (1) possible sustained effects of acustimulation in improving perceptual sensitivity in attention by comparing before, during, and 5 min following stimulation; (2) relations between commission errors and the motor inhibition event‐related potential (ERP) component measured with independent component analysis (ICA); (3) whether habituation would be demonstrated in the sham control group and would be militated by acustimulation in the experimental groups. Results: Twenty‐seven subjects were divided into three groups (n = 9). d‐Prime (d′) derived from signal detection theory was used as an index of perceptual sensitivity in the visual continuous performance attention test. Increased d′ was found during both alternating frequency (AE) and low frequency (LE) stimulation, but with no change in the sham control group (SE). However, only following AE was there a sustained poststimulation effect. Spatial filtration‐based independent components (ICs) in the AE group revealed significantly decreased amplitudes of the motor inhibition ICs both during and poststimulation. There was a significant habituation effect from task repetition in the sham group with decreased amplitudes of ICs as follows: the visual comparison component difference between go (correct response) and nogo cues (correct withheld response), the P400 action monitoring and the working memory component in the nogo condition, and the passive auditory component on control trials. Conclusion: The results showed associations between acustimulation and improved perceptual sensitivity with sustained improvements following AE, but not LE stimulation. Improvements in commission errors in the AE group were related to the motor inhibition IC. The activational effects of acustimulation apparently attenuated the across‐task habituation that characterized the control group.
Quantifying the relevance of intraspecific trait variability for functional diversity
Authors: de Bello Francesco , Lavorel Sandra , Albert Cécile H. , Thuiller Wilfried , Grigulis Karl , Dolezal Jiři , Janeček Štepán , Lepš Jan 
Published: October 2010

Summary1. Intraspecific trait variability is a crucial, often neglected, component of functional diversity (FD) in ecological communities. In particular, uncertainty remains as to the importance of intraspecific variability in the quantification of FD.2. To explore this uncertainty, we propose two methods addressing two critical and complementary, but largely unexplored, questions: (i) what is the extent of within‐ vs. between‐species FD in different communities? and (ii) to what extent is the response of FD to environment because of compositional turnover vs. intraspecific trait variability across habitats? The methods proposed to address these questions are built on a variance partitioning approach and have the advantage of including species relative abundance, therefore taking into account species dominance and rarity. For each of the questions, we illustrate one dedicated case study in semi‐natural grasslands with associated sampling strategies.3. The decomposition of total community variance into within‐ vs. between‐species effects can be implemented in a manner similar to the decomposition of quadratic entropy on pairwise individual dissimilarity. The approach can be applied with single and multiple traits, although it proves more informative for single traits. It can prove particularly useful when assessing the role of different sources of trait variability in the assembly of communities.4. The assessment of the relative contribution of intraspecific trait variability and species turnover to the response of FD to environment is based on a variance partitioning comparing FD indices computed (i) either using individuals measured in a specific habitat alone (FDhabitat) or (ii) all individuals measured across different habitats (FDfixed). This approach provides a more complete understanding of the response of FD to environment.5. We further propose a guide to apply these two methods and to choose the most suitable method for intraspecific trait measurements. Assessing the role of intraspecific trait variability should allow a more comprehensive understanding of the processes that link species and ecosystems.
Segregation of chromatic and luminance signals using a novel grating stimulus
Authors: Lee Barry B. , Sun Hao , Valberg Arne 
Published: October 2010

Non‐technical summarySignals leaving the retina must transfer information about the luminance and chromatic dimensions of the natural world. It has been suggested that, to optimize information transmission, these signals should be strictly segregated in different pathways, such as the parvocellular and magnocellular systems. Another suggestion is that signals about luminance and colour may be combined in the parvocellular pathway. We compared physiological and psychophysical responses to gratings that compound both luminance and colour to responses with pure luminance colour and gratings. The results strongly support the idea of strict segregation of luminance and chromatic signals in the afferent visual pathway.
An Improved
Thermoregulatory Model for Automatic Cooling Control Development in Liquid Cooling Garment
Systems
Authors: Westin Johan
K. , Kapat Jayanta S. , Chow Louis C. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Current state-of-the-art thermoregulatory models do not simulate body temperature responses with the accuracies that are required for the development of automatic cooling control in liquid cooling garment (LCG) systems. Automatic cooling control would be beneficial in a variety of space, aviation, military, and industrial environments. It would optimize cooling efficiency, aid in making LCGs as portable and practical as possible, alleviate the individual from manual cooling control, and improve thermal comfort and cognitive performance. In this study, we implement an available state-of-the-art thermoregulatory model in a LCG environment and compare the thermal model response with experimental data for a 700 W rectangular type metabolic rate schedule. We modify the blood flow dynamics of the thermoregulatory model and identify a new vasoconstriction signal, i.e., the rate of change of hypothalamus temperature weighted by the hypothalamus error signal, which governs the thermoregulatory response during conditions of simultaneously increasing core and decreasing skin temperatures. With this new vasoconstriction dependency, the thermoregulatory model simulates rectal and mean skin temperature responses with root mean square deviations of 0.10°C and 0.48°C, respectively, which results in 40% and 17% reductions in the mean and peak body heat storage errors, respectively. Although the new model’s mean body heat storage error is within the allowable by an 11% margin, the peak body heat storage error exceeds the allowable by 222%, indicating that further refinements are needed. With additional improvements to the set-point temperatures, the central blood pool formulation, and the LCG boundary condition, it seems possible to achieve the strict accuracy that is needed for the development of automatic cooling control in LCG systems.
Axisymmetric Vibrations of a Piezoelectric Spherical Shell Submerged in a Compressible Viscous Fluid Medium
Authors: Hu Juxi , Qiu Zhiping , Su Tsung-Chow 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Axisymmetric vibrations of a hollow piezoelectric sphere submerged in a compressible viscous fluid medium are investigated. The piezoelectric sphere is radially polarized. The differential equations governing the shell motion are obtained by the use of Hamilton’s principle. Based on the classical bending theory of shells, it is shown that all the piezoelectric contributions can be included in the in vacuo natural frequencies and their corresponding mode shapes. As such, the previous theory on elastic shell vibration becomes readily extendable. The flow field, determined by the boundary layer theory, is coupled to the shell motion through no-slip and no-penetrating conditions. It is found that the contribution of the piezoelectric parameters in the thin shell’s free vibration is of small order and is negligible. Natural frequencies and their associated vibration characteristics are numerically obtained and presented for a Polyvinglindene fluoride (PVDF) shell submerged in water. Dynamic responses of a submerged piezoelectric sherical shell, and the associated radiation of sound are investigated. The oscillations are harmonically driven by an axisymmetrically applied electric potential difference across the surface of the shell. The vibrational, fluid loading, and energy flow characteristics are derived and evaluated for a PVDF shell submerged in water. The essential feature of the modal response is determined by various critical frequencies, such as resonant frequencies and vibration-absorbing frequencies. Viscous effect is found noticeable in several cases.
Mode-of-Action Studies of the Novel Bisquaternary Bisnaphthalimide MT02 against
Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Menzel Thomas M. , Tischer Maximilian , François Patrice , Nickel Joachim , Schrenzel Jacques , Bruhn Heike , Albrecht Annette , Lehmann Leane , Holzgrabe Ulrike , Ohlsen Knut 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT

Screening of various bisquaternary bisnaphthalimides against a variety of human pathogens revealed one compound, designated MT02, with strong inhibitory effects against Gram-positive bacteria. The MICs ranged from 0.31 μg/ml against community-acquired methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) lineage USA300 to 20 μg/ml against
Streptococcus pneumoniae
. Radioactive whole-cell labeling experiments indicated a strong impact of MT02 on bacterial DNA replication. DNA microarray studies generated a transcriptional signature characterized by stronger expression of genes involved in DNA metabolism, DNA replication, SOS response, and transport of positively charged compounds. Furthermore, surface plasmon resonance and gel retardation experiments demonstrated direct binding of MT02 to DNA in a concentration-dependent, reversible, and non-sequence-specific manner. The data presented suggest that the bisquaternary bisnaphthalimide MT02 exerts anti-Gram-positive activity by binding to DNA and thereby preventing appropriate DNA replication.
Novel Compounds Containing Multiple Guanide Groups That Bind the HIV Coreceptor CXCR4
Authors: Wilkinson Royce A. , Pincus Seth H. , Shepard Joyce B. , Walton Sarah K. , Bergin Edward P. , Labib Mohamed , Teintze Martin 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT
The G-protein-coupled receptor CXCR4 acts as a coreceptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, as well as being involved in signaling cell migration and proliferation. Compounds that block CXCR4 interactions have potential uses as HIV entry inhibitors to complement drugs such as maraviroc that block the alternate coreceptor CCR5 or in cancer therapy. The peptide T140, which contains five arginine residues, is the most potent antagonist of CXCR4 developed to date. In a search for nonpeptide CXCR4 ligands that could inhibit HIV entry, three series of compounds were synthesized from 12 linear and branched polyamines with 2, 3, 4, 6, or 8 amino groups, which were substituted to produce the corresponding guanidines, biguanides, or phenylguanides. The resulting compounds were tested for their ability to compete with T140 for binding to the human CXCR4 receptor expressed on mammalian cells. The most effective compounds bound CXCR4 with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 200 nM, and all of the compounds had very low cytotoxicity. Two series of compounds were then tested for their ability to inhibit the infection of TZM-bl cells with X4 and R5 strains of HIV-1. Spermine phenylguanide and spermidine phenylguanide inhibited infection by X4 strains, but not by R5 strains, at low micromolar concentrations. These results support further investigation and development of these compounds as HIV entry inhibitors.
PA-824 Exhibits Time-Dependent Activity in a Murine Model of Tuberculosis
Authors: Ahmad Zahoor , Peloquin Charles A. , Singh Rajendra P. , Derendorf Hartmut , Tyagi Sandeep , Ginsberg Ann , Grosset Jacques H. , Nuermberger Eric L. 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT

PA-824 is one of two nitroimidazoles in phase II clinical trials to treat tuberculosis. In mice, it has dose-dependent early bactericidal and sterilizing activity. In humans with tuberculosis, PA-824 demonstrated early bactericidal activity (EBA) at doses ranging from 200 to 1,200 mg per day, but no dose-response effect was observed. To better understand the relationship between drug exposure and effect, we performed a dose fractionation study in mice. Dose-ranging pharmacokinetic data were used to simulate drug exposure profiles. Beginning 2 weeks after aerosol infection with
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
, total PA-824 doses from 144 to 4,608 mg/kg were administered as 3, 4, 8, 12, 24, or 48 divided doses over 24 days. Lung CFU counts after treatment were strongly correlated with the free drug
T
>MIC
(
R
2
= 0.87) and correlated with the free drug AUC/MIC (
R
2
= 0.60), but not with the free drug
C
max
/MIC (
R
2
= 0.17), where
T
>MIC
is the cumulative percentage of the dosing interval that the drug concentration exceeds the MIC under steady-state pharmacokinetic conditions and AUC is the area under the concentration-time curve. When the data set was limited to regimens with dosing intervals of ≤72 h, both the
T
>MIC
and the AUC/MIC values fit the data well. Free drug
T
>MIC
of 22, 48, and 77% were associated with bacteriostasis, a 1-log kill, and a 1.59-log kill (or 80% of the maximum observed effect), respectively. Human pharmacodynamic simulations based on phase I data predict 200 mg/day produces free drug
T
>MIC
values near the target for maximal observed bactericidal effect. The results support the recently demonstrated an EBA of 200 mg/day and the lack of a dose-response between 200 and 1,200 mg/day.
T
>MIC
, in conjunction with AUC/MIC, is the parameter on which dose optimization of PA-824 should be based.