bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Topographical Map of the Causal Network of Mechanisms Underlying the Relationship Between Major Depressive Disorder and Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Stapelberg Nicolas J. C. , Neumann David L. , Shum David H. K. , McConnell Harry , Hamilton-Craig Ian 
Published: April 2011

Objective: Major depressive disorder (MDD) and coronary heart disease (CHD) are both clinically important public health problems. Depression is linked with a higher incidence of ischaemic cardiac events and MDD is more prevalent in patients with CHD. No single comprehensive model has yet described the causal mechanisms linking MDD to CHD. Several key mechanisms have been put forward, comprising behavioural mechanisms, genetic mechanisms, dysregulation of immune mechanisms, coagulation abnormalities and vascular endothelial dysfunction, polyunsaturated omega-3 free fatty acid deficiency, and autonomic mechanisms. It has been suggested that these mechanisms form a network, which links MDD and CHD. The aim of this review is to examine the causal mechanisms underlying the relationship between MDD and CHD, with the aim of constructing a topological map of the causal network which describes the relationship between MDD and CHD. Methods: The search term ‘depression and heart disease’ was entered into an electronic multiple database search engine. Abstracts were screened for relevance and individually selected articles were collated. Results: This review introduces the first topological map of the causal network which describes the relationship between MDD and CHD. Conclusions: Viewing the causal pathways as an interdependent network presents a new paradigm in this field and provides fertile ground for further research. The causal network can be studied using the methodology of systems biology, which is briefly introduced. Future research should focus on the creation of a more comprehensive topological map of the causal network and the quantification of the activity between each node of the causal network.
The crossover stress, anisotropy and the ice flow law at Siple Dome, West Antarctica
Authors: Pettit Erin C. , Waddington Edwin D. , Harrison William D. , Thorsteinsson Throstur , Elsberg Daniel , Morack John , Zumberge Mark A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe used observations and modeling of Siple Dome, West Antarctica, a ridge ice divide, to infer the importance of linear deformation mechanisms in ice-sheet flow. We determined the crossover stress (a threshold value of the effective deviatoric stress below which linear flow mechanisms dominate over nonlinear flow mechanisms) by combining measurements of ice properties with in situ deformation rate measurements and a finite-element ice flow model that accounts for the effects of viscous anisotropy induced by preferred crystal-orientation fabric. We found that a crossover stress of 0.18 bar produces the best match between predicted and observed deformation rates. For Siple Dome, this means that including a linear term in the flow law is necessary, but generally the flow is still dominated by the nonlinear (Glen; n = 3) term. The pattern of flow near the divide at Siple Dome is also strongly affected by crystal fabric. Measurements of sonic velocity, which is a proxy for vertically oriented crystal fabric, suggest that a bed-parallel shear band exists several hundred meters above the bed within the Ice Age ice.
Measurement of vertical profiles of snow specific surface area with a 1 cm resolution using infrared reflectance: instrument description and validation
Authors: Arnaud L. , Picard G. , Champollion N. , Domine F. , Gallet J.C. , Lefebvre E. , Fily M. , Barnola J.M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe specific surface area (SSA), defined as the surface area of ice per unit mass, is an important variable characterizing the complex microstructure of snow. Its application range covers the physical evolution of snow (metamorphism), photochemistry and optical and microwave remote sensing. This paper presents a new device, POSSSUM (Profiler Of Snow Specific Surface area Using SWIR reflectance Measurement), designed to allow the rapid acquisition of SSA profiles down to ∼20 m depth and with an effective vertical resolution of 10–20 mm. POSSSUM is based on the infrared (IR) reflectance technique: A laser diode operating at 1310 nm illuminates the snow at nadir incidence angle along the face of a drilled hole. The reflected radiance is measured at three zenith angles (20°, 40° and 60°) each for two azimuth angles (0° and 180°). A second laser operating at a shorter wavelength (635 nm), which is almost insensitive to SSA, allows the distance to the snow face to be estimated. The reflected IR radiance and the distance are combined to estimate bidirectional reflectances. These reflectances are converted into hemispherical reflectances and in turn into SSA using a theoretical formulation based on an asymptotic solution of the radiative transfer equation. The evaluation and validation of POSSSUM’s SSA measurements took place in spring 2009 in the French Alps. The new method was compared with the methane adsorption technique and DUFISSS, another well-validated instrument based on the IR technique. The overall measurement error is in the range 10–15%.
Short-term surface ice motion variations measured with a ground-based portable real aperture radar interferometer
Authors: Riesen Patrick , Strozzi Tazio , Bauder Andreas , Wiesmann Andreas , Funk Martin 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe report measurements using a portable real aperture radar (Gamma Portable Radar Interferometer (GPRI)) for interferometric imaging of the surface ice motion on Gornergletscher, Switzerland, during the drainage of the adjacent ice-marginal lake Gornersee. The GPRI tracked the surface ice motion in line of sight over an area of ∼3 km2 down-glacier of Gornersee almost continuously during the drainage event. The displacement maps derived from the acquired interferograms capture the spatial distribution of the surface ice motion. Due to fast acquisition times of the microwave images, the GPRI was able to record sub-daily variations of the ice displacements, most likely caused by the impact of the Gornersee drainage on the ice motion of Gornergletscher. In situ point measurements of the ice displacement agree reasonably well with the results obtained by the GPRI and highlight the use of the GPRI for high-resolution measurements of glacier surface ice motion.
Snow isotope diffusion rates measured in a laboratory experiment
Authors: van der Wel L.G. , Gkinis V. , Pohjola V.A. , Meijer H.A.J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe diffusion of stable water isotopes in snow was measured in two controlled laboratory experiments. Two batches of snow of different isotopic composition were stacked alternately with varying layer thicknesses. The stack was stored in a freezer room at constant temperature for several months, and sampled at regular intervals to analyse the diffusion. Measured isotope profiles were fitted to a theoretical model with diffusion length as the fit parameter. In the first experiment, we observed a difference in diffusion rates between layers of different thicknesses, which is likely caused by layers of snow not being in proper contact with each other. In the second experiment we found very good agreement between measurements and model results. The measured diffusivity is compared with theory, in which we mainly focus on the temperature dependence of the ice–vapour fractionation factors. This temperature dependence is slightly different for the different isotopes of water, which leads to a difference in diffusion rates. We illustrate how our set-up can be used to measure the ratio between ice–vapour fractionation factors of oxygen-18 and deuterium, which determine the relation between the difference in diffusion and the firn temperature.
The statistical physics of iceberg calving and the emergence of universal calving laws
Authors: Bassis J.N. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDetermining a calving law valid for all glaciological and environmental regimes has proven to be a difficult problem in glaciology. For this reason, most models of the calving process are semi-empirical, with little connection to the underlying fracture processes. In this study, I introduce methods rooted in statistical physics to show how calving laws, valid for any glaciological domain, can emerge naturally as a large-spatial-scale/long-temporal-scale limit of an underlying continuous or discrete fracture process. An important element of the method developed here is that iceberg calving is treated as a stochastic process and that the probability an iceberg will detach in a given interval of time can be described by a probability distribution function. Using limiting assumptions about the underlying probability distribution, the theory is shown to be able to simulate a range of calving styles, including the sporadic detachment of large, tabular icebergs from ice tongues and ice shelves and the more steady detachment of smaller-sized bergs from tidewater/outlet glaciers. The method developed has the potential to provide a physical basis to include iceberg calving into numerical ice-sheet models that can be used to produce more realistic estimates of the glaciological contribution to sea-level rise.
Complete determination of ice crystal orientation using Laue X-ray diffraction method
Authors: Miyamoto Atsushi , Weikusat Ilka , Hondoh Takeo 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIce crystal orientation fabric data from ice cores contain important information concerning the internal structure and the flow behaviour of ice sheets. When ice cores are recovered from the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets, crystal orientation measurements are performed immediately to obtain fundamental physical property information. In the past, we have measured thec-axis orientation of ice crystals by a manual optical method using a universal stage. This method is very time-consuming, involving tedious work in a cold laboratory. Recently, automated systems have been developed that enable measurement ofc-axis orientation, grain size and other microstructures. However, in order to detect the full crystal orientation of an ice crystal, we also need information on itsa-axis orientation. A variety of other crystal orientation measurement methods have previously been discussed, but some shortcomings for ice-core studies cannot be neglected. We have developed a crystal-orientation analysing device using the Laue X-ray diffraction method. As this device can measure the orientations of all crystal axes with high accuracy, it is possible to obtain new microstructure information on natural ice crystals. For the first time, we are able to quantify very low subgrain misorientation angles in polar ice-core samples, allowing us to investigate micro-deformation features of individual crystals. Here we discuss the analysis process, which is customized to measure standard ice thin sections, and show preliminary results.
Combined Kerarings and Artisan/Artiflex IOLs in Keratectasia
Authors: Cakir Hanefi , Utine Canan Asli 
Published: April 2011

Purpose:
To evaluate the results of combined intracorneal ring (Keraring, Mediphacos Ltd) and anterior chamber, iris-fixated, phakic intraocular lens (pIOL) (Artisan and Artiflex, Ophtec BV) implantation in patients with ectatic corneal conditions and secondary high myopic and astigmatic refractive error.

Methods:
Ten eyes of eight consecutive patients with different ectatic corneal diseases underwent sequential intracorneal Keraring and iris-fixated pIOL implantation. Two eyes with keratoconus, one eye with pellucid marginal degeneration, and one eye with iatrogenic corneal ectasia were implanted with the Artisan pIOL; six eyes with keratoconus were implanted with the Artiflex pIOL. Uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE), topographic findings, and complications were recorded.

Results:

Mean UDVA improved from 0.02±0.10 preoperatively to 0.11±0.06 after Keraring implantation and to 0.54±0.18 after pIOL implantation (
P
<.001 for all). Mean CDVA improved from 0.18±0.12 preoperatively to 0.39±0.13 after Keraring implantation and to 0.66±0.18 after pIOL implantation (
P
<.001 for all). Mean MRSE reduced from −12.50±6.31 D preoperatively to −12.08±5.17 D after Keraring implantation (
P
=.10) and to −0.10±0.84 D after pIOL implantation (
P
<.001). No intra- or postoperative complications were observed.

Conclusions:
Sequential intracorneal Keraring segments and Artisan/Artiflex pIOL implantation resulted in visual and refractive improvements in patients with different corneal ectatic conditions with high myopic refractive errors.
Use of a Six-dimensional Eye-tracker in Corneal Laser Refractive Surgery With the SCHWIND AMARIS TotalTech Laser
Authors: Arba Mosquera Samuel , Arbelaez Maria C. 
Published: April 2011

PURPOSE:
To evaluate intraoperative six-dimensional (6D) eye movements and postoperative outcomes among aberrated eyes that underwent LASIK treatments with 6D eye-tracking using the SCHWIND AMARIS platform (SCHWIND eye-tech-solutions).

METHODS:
Thirty-four patients (58 eyes) were enrolled in the study. Standard examinations and pre-and postoperative wavefront analyses with the Ocular Wavefront Analyzer (SCHWIND eye-tech-solutions) were performed. Treatments were planned using the Custom Ablation Manager and ablations (aspheric ablation [35 eyes] and ocular wavefront [23 eyes]) were performed using the SCHWIND AMARIS TotalTech laser. Laser in situ keratomileusis flaps were cut using the LDV femtosecond laser (Ziemer Group) in all cases. Eye movements were evaluated in terms of cyclotorsion, rolling, and axial movements. Clinical outcomes were evaluated in terms of predictability, refractive outcome, safety, wavefront aberration, and contrast sensitivity.

RESULTS:
Registration rate was 100% for cyclotorsion, and 90% for rolling and axial movements. Static cyclotorsion was within ±4° in 69% of eyes. Dynamic cyclotorsion was within ±2° in 72% of eyes. Z-movement was within ±0.5 mm in 69% of eyes. At 3-month follow-up, 70% of eyes were within ±0.25 diopters (D) of emmetropia. Mean defocus was −0.12±0.17 D and astigmatism was 0.15±0.25 D. Corrected distance visual acuity improved in 19% of eyes.

CONCLUSIONS:
Laser in situ keratomileusis with active compensation of 6D eye-movements with a 6D eye-tracker using the SCHWIND AMARIS is safe, predictable, and yields excellent outcomes. Refraction and higher order aberrations were reduced to subclinical values postoperatively without applying additional nomograms.
Comparison of Immersion Ultrasound, Partial Coherence Interferometry, and Low Coherence Reflectometry for Ocular Biometry in Cataract Patients
Authors: Montés-Micó Robert , Carones Francesco , Buttacchio Antonietta , Ferrer-Blasco Teresa , Madrid-Costa David 
Published: April 2011

PURPOSE:
To compare ocular biometry parameters measured with immersion ultrasound, partial coherence interferometry, and low coherence reflectometry in cataract patients.

METHODS:
Measurements of axial length and anterior chamber depth were analyzed and compared using immersion ultrasound, partial coherence interferometry, and low coherence reflectometry. Keratometry (K), flattest axis, and white-to-white measurements were compared between partial coherence interferometry and low coherence reflectometry. Seventy-eight cataract (LOCS II range: 1 to 3) eyes of 45 patients aged between 42 and 90 years were evaluated. A subanalysis as a function of cataract degree was done for axial length and anterior chamber depth between techniques.

RESULTS:

No statistically significant differences were noted for the study cohort or within each cataract degree among the three techniques for axial length and anterior chamber depth (
P
>.05, ANOVA test). Measurements between techniques were highly correlated for axial length (R=0.99) and anterior chamber depth (R=0.90 to 0.96) for all methods. Keratometry, flattest axis, and white-to-white measurements were comparable (paired
t
test,
P
>.1) and correlated well between partial coherence interferometry and low coherence reflectometry (K1 [R=0.95), K2 [R=0.97], flattest axis [R=0.95], and white-to-white [R=0.92]).

CONCLUSIONS:
Immersion ultrasound, partial coherence interferometry, and low coherence reflectometry provided comparable ocular biometry measurements in cataractous eyes.
Experiences of Engagement in Occupations and Assertive Outreach Services
Authors: Hitch Danielle 
Published: April 2011

Aim: The purpose of this study was to describe the experience and meaning of engagement for staff and clients of assertive outreach teams. Method: Interpretative phenomenological analysis was selected for its flexibility and transparency. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews from a sample of five client and five staff participants (n = 10). The interviews were analysed idiographically, inductively and interrogatively. Findings: Four themes identified by both staff and client participants emerged: engagement as an interpersonal relationship, engagement in and through time, enabling and disabling factors and engagement in occupation. In addition, clients developed a theme around engagement as a means to self-actualisation. Staff also raised a specific theme around the role of engagement in mental health services. Conclusion: Staff and clients experienced engagement in broadly similar ways, but with differing emphases. Although all participants described it as both an invisible ‘means’ and a visible ‘end’, the staff related engagement only to mental health services whereas the clients experienced it in the context of both mental health services and occupations. Relevance: This study is relevant to all occupational therapists who work with people experiencing mental health problems.
Occupational Therapists' Perceptions of Their Role with People Who are Homeless
Authors: Grandisson Marie , Mitchell-Carvalho Morag , Tang Victoria , Korner-Bitensky Nicol 
Published: April 2011

Introduction: The needs of individuals who are homeless are often unmet. This study identifies the potential role of occupational therapy with adults who are homeless. Method: This was a qualitative study of occupational therapists working in Montreal, Québec, Canada, consisting of two survey modes: focus group and self-administered questionnaires. A moderate inductive strategy was used in the analysis of the responses. Findings: Twenty-two occupational therapists participated. The traditional roles of assessing, treating and conducting research were discussed, as well as the emerging role of occupational therapists as case managers, outreach workers and advocates. The challenges to implementing services included health care structures and processes. The potential facilitators included active leadership and advocacy by occupational therapists regarding the needs of those who are homeless. Implications: There is a clear and pertinent role for occupational therapy services with those who are homeless. The traditional process of service delivery presents challenges that must be addressed. The topic of homelessness and role-emerging practice placements with this population should be included in the occupational therapy curriculum.
Contextual Factors That Have an Impact on the Transitional Experience of Newly Qualified Occupational Therapists
Authors: Morley Mary 
Published: April 2011

Many newly qualified occupational therapists (NQOTs) experience difficulties when moving into practice, with limited opportunities to co-work with colleagues. In 2005, a preceptorship programme designed to ease these transitional challenges was piloted. The programme was evaluated using mixed methods within a realist framework in order to understand the contextual factors that have an impact on the transitional experience of NQOTs and their engagement with the programme. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with four pairs of NQOTs and supervisors at 6 and 12 months into the programme. The findings suggest that the demands placed on new practitioners are increasing, with early expectations of autonomy within an interprofessional context. Strategies that assist transition include co-working, role modelling and informal support. The preceptorship programme facilitates the provision of these. The study highlights the importance of situated learning theories and communities of practice as frameworks to prepare therapists to analyse the complexities of the workplace and to facilitate negotiated access to the multidisciplinary communities.
Occupational Therapy Risk Assessment in Forensic Mental Health Practice: An Exploration
Authors: Cordingley Kevin , Ryan Susan 
Published: April 2011

Forensic occupational therapists are one of the members of the multidisciplinary team who participate in the risk assessment process. However, the forensic occupational therapy risk assessment literature is largely descriptive and experience based, with little empirical research. This study investigated forensic occupational therapists' ideas about risk assessment and what risks they assess. A qualitative approach, using three focus groups of therapists working in different forensic settings, provided the data. The analysis of the data found that four themes emerged: risk perceptions and interpretations, fundamental information, risk behaviours and occupations, and environments. These themes support a number of aspects of risk assessment in the forensic occupational therapy literature and could be categorised under the components of the person, the environment and occupational performance and participation. There was, however, limited evidence in the literature and in this study about the risks associated with occupations and about client-centred approaches to risk assessment. Further research of these aspects, and a comparison between forensic occupational therapy risk assessment and multidisciplinary risk assessment, is recommended.
Activity and Social Participation in the Period following a First Episode of Psychosis and Implications for Occupational Therapy
Authors: Krupa Terry , Woodside Harriet , Pocock Karen 
Published: April 2011

Purpose: The study advances a conceptual understanding of activity and social participation in the period following the first episode of psychosis. Method: A constructivist, grounded theory approach was used. Data were collected from 25 primary participants who had experienced a first episode of psychosis in the previous 5 years; 15 secondary participants, such as family and friends, with knowledge of the activity and social experiences of primary participants, personal records and documents; and six key informants. Findings: The first episode of psychosis was highly disruptive and even damaging to activity and social participation. Recovering from this fall-out, to maintain engagement in activities and social participation, included the need to create new plans, adjust to affective disconnection, develop balanced lifestyles, match participation to abilities, learn new skills, and participate under new and constraining social conditions. Conclusion: The period following the first episode of psychosis is a time of high risk for disengagement from activity and social participation. Occupational therapists have an important role to play in enabling activity and social engagement. The findings offer examples of how occupational therapy services might address critical tasks for activity and social engagement.