bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Objective detection of sting jets in low‐resolution datasets
Authors: Martínez‐Alvarado Oscar , Gray Suzanne L. , Clark Peter A. , Baker Laura H. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSting jets are transient coherent mesoscale strong wind features that can cause damaging surface wind gusts in extratropical cyclones. Currently, we have only limited knowledge of their climatological characteristics. Numerical weather prediction models require enough resolution to represent slantwise motions with horizontal scales of tens of kilometres and vertical scales of just a few hundred metres to represent sting jets. Hence, the climatological characteristics of sting jets and the associated extratropical cyclones cannot be determined by searching for sting jets in low‐resolution datasets such as reanalyses.A diagnostic is presented and evaluated for the detection in low‐resolution datasets of atmospheric regions from which sting jets may originate. Previous studies have shown that conditional symmetric instability (CSI) is present in all storms studied with sting jets, while other rapidly developing storms of a similar character but no CSI do not develop sting jets. Therefore, it is assumed that the release of CSI is needed for sting jets to develop. While this instability will not be released in a physically realistic way in low‐resolution models (and hence sting jets are unlikely to occur), it is hypothesized that the signature of this instability (combined with other criteria that restrict analysis to moist mid‐tropospheric regions in the neighbourhood of a secondary cold front) can be used to identify cyclones in which sting jets occurred in reality. The diagnostic is evaluated, and appropriate parameter thresholds defined, by applying it to three case studies simulated using two resolutions (with CSI‐release resolved in only the higher‐resolution simulation). Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society and British Crown Copyright, the Met Office
A combination of in situ ESR and in situ NMR spectroelectrochemistry for mechanistic studies of electrode reactions: the case of p‐benzoquinone
Authors: Klod Sabrina , Dunsch Lothar 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA combined in situ NMR and in situ ESR spectroelectrochemical study of a reaction mechanism is presented detecting and describing the whole number of paramagnetic and diamagnetic intermediates and final products in an electrode reaction. While in situ NMR spectroelectrochemistry provides a powerful method for the study of structural or electronic changes of diamagnetic molecules in any electrochemical reaction mechanism, in situ ESR spectroelectrochemistry is the method of choice to detect paramagnetic structures and to characterise their electronic state via the g‐value and hyperfine splitting in redox reactions. To demonstrate the power of this combination of magnetic spectroscopies in electrochemistry, the reduction of p‐benzoquinone to hydroquinone is followed by both these spectroelectrochemical methods at selected pH values, thus considering the influence of the proton on the reaction mechanism. The results of both in situ spectroelectrochemical methods at the same redox system are used to get the complete reaction mechanism of p‐benzoquinone at electrodes in aqueous solutions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mit Klick zu neuen Liganden
Authors: Schweinfurth David , Deibel Naina , Weisser Fritz , Sarkar Biprajit 
Published: October 2011

AbstractFunktionelle Metallkomplexe mit substituierten 1,2,3‐Triazol liganden fanden in den letzten Jahren Anwendung in optoelektronischen Systemen, supramolekularen Verbindungen, magnetisch bistabilen Materialien, Metallionen‐Analytik und homogener Katalyse. Die wichtigste Ursache für diese Band breite ist der modulare synthetische Ansatz und die einfache Ligandenfunktionalisierung durch die Klick‐Reaktion.
Algen: Rohstoffe für Gesundheit, Schönheit und Energie
Authors: Griehl Carola , Bieler Simone 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAlgen sind einfach organisierte, schnell wachsende Wasserpflanzen. Als Phytoplankton oder Tange sind sie bedeutende nachwachsende Rohstoffe. Traditionell dienen Algen als Nahrungs‐ und Futtermittel oder Kosmetikbestandteil. Aktuell werden sie als alternative Energieträger erforscht.
Eltern und Kinder: Gemeinsam ins Labor
Authors: Sommer Katrin , Russek Adrian , Kleinhorst Helma 
Published: October 2011

AbstractEltern beeinflussen die Interessensbildung ihrer Kinder wesentlich — und zwar besonders stark bis zu einem Alter von zehn Jahren. Die Eltern müssen also in den Blickpunkt der Didaktiker rücken, wenn sich Kinder verstärkt für Naturwissenschaften begeistern und interessieren sollen.
An improved SPH method for saturated soils and its application to investigate the mechanisms of embankment failure: Case of hydrostatic pore‐water pressure
Authors: Bui Ha H. , Fukagawa Ryoichi 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYThe method of smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) has recently been applied to computational geomechanics and has been shown to be a powerful alternative to the standard numerical method, that is, the finite element method, for handling large deformation and post‐failure of geomaterials. However, very few studies apply the SPH method to model saturated or submerged soil problems. Our recent studies of this matter revealed that significant errors may be made if the gradient of the pore‐water pressure is handled using the standard SPH formulation. To overcome this problem and to enhance the SPH applications to computational geomechanics, this article proposes a general SPH formulation, which can be applied straightforwardly to dry and saturated soils. For simplicity, the current work assumes hydrostatic pore‐water pressure. It is shown that the proposed formulation can remove the numerical error mentioned earlier. Moreover, this formulation automatically satisfies the dynamic boundary conditions at a submerged ground surface, thereby saving computational cost. Discussions on the applications of the standard and new SPH formulations are also given through some numerical tests. Furthermore, techniques to obtain the correct SPH solution are also proposed and discussed throughout. As an application of the proposed method, the effect of the dilatancy angle on the failure mechanism of a two‐sided embankment subjected to a high groundwater table is presented and compared with that of other solutions. Finally, the proposed formulation can be considered a basic formulation for further developments of SPH for saturated soils. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A virtual experiment technique on the elementary behaviour of granular materials with discrete element method
Authors: Li Xia , Yu Hai‐Sui , Li Xiang‐Song 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYMulti‐scale investigations aided by the discrete element method (DEM) play a vital role for current state‐of‐the‐art research on the elementary behaviour of granular materials. Similar to laboratory tests, there are three important aspects to be considered carefully, which are the proper stress/strain definition and measurement, the application of target loading paths and the designed experiment setup, to be addressed in the present paper. Considering the volume sensitive characteristics of granular materials, in the proposed technique, the deformation of the tested specimen is controlled and measured by deformation gradient tensor involving both the undeformed configuration and the current configuration. Definitions of Biot strain and Cauchy stress are adopted. The expressions of them in terms of contact forces and particle displacements, respectively, are derived. The boundary of the tested specimen consists of rigid massless planar units. It is suggested that the representative element uses a convex polyhedral (polygonal) shape to minimize possible boundary arching effects. General loading paths are described by directly specifying the changes in the stress/strain invariants or directions. Loading can be applied in the strain‐controlled mode by specifying the translations and rotations of the boundary units, or in the stress‐controlled mode by using a servo‐control mechanism, or in the combination of the two methods to realize mixed boundary conditions. Taking the simulation results as the natural consequences originated from a complex system, virtual experiments provide particle‐scale information database to conduct multi‐scale investigations for better understanding in granular material behaviours and possible development of the constitutive theories provided the qualitative similarity between the simulation results from virtual experiments and observations on real material behaviour. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Induced fabric under cyclic and rotational loads in a strain space multiple mechanism model for granular materials
Authors: Iai Susumu , Tobita Tetsuo , Ozutsumi Osamu 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYThe strain space multiple mechanism model idealizes the behavior of granular materials on the basis of a multitude of virtual simple shear mechanisms oriented in arbitrary directions. Within this modeling framework, the virtual simple shear stress is defined as a quantity dependent on the contact distribution function as well as the normal and tangential components of interparticle contact forces, which evolve independently during the loading process. In other terms, the virtual simple shear stress is an intermediate quantity in the upscaling process from the microscopic level (characterized by contact distribution and interparticle contact forces) to the macroscopic stress. The stress space fabric produces macroscopic stress through the tensorial average. Thus, the stress space fabric characterizes the fundamental and higher modes of anisotropy induced in granular materials. Herein, the induced fabric is associated with monotonic and cyclic loadings, loading with the rotation of the principal stress, and general loading. Upon loading with the rotation of the principal stress axis, some of the virtual simple shear mechanisms undergo loading whereas others undergo unloading. This process of fabric evolution is the primary cause of noncoaxiality between the axes of principal stresses and strains. Although cyclic behavior and behavior under the rotation of the principal stress axis seem to originate from two distinct mechanisms, the strain space multiple mechanism model demonstrates that these behaviors are closely related through the hysteretic damping factor. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved micromorph solar cells by means of mixed‐phase n‐doped silicon oxide layers
Authors: Veneri Paola Delli , Mercaldo Lucia V. , Usatii Iurie 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTA good light trapping scheme is necessary to improve the performance of amorphous/microcrystalline silicon tandem cells. This is generally achieved by using a highly reflective transparent conducting oxide/metal back contact plus an intermediate reflector between the component cells. In this work, the use of doped silicon oxide as alternative n‐layer in micromorph solar cells is proposed as a means to obtain high current values using a simple Ag back contact and no extra reflector between the component cells n‐doped silicon oxide layers with a wide range of optical and electrical properties have been prepared. The influence of different deposition regimes on the material properties has been studied. The main findings are the following: (i) when carbon dioxide is added to the gas mixture, sufficiently high hydrogen dilution is necessary to widen the transition region from highly conductive microcrystalline‐like films to amorphous material characterized by low electrical conductivity; (ii) lower refractive index values are found with lower deposition pressure. Optimal n‐doped silicon oxide layers have been used in both component cells of micromorph devices, adopting a simple Ag back contact. Higher current values for both cells are obtained in comparison with the values obtained using standard n‐doped microcrystalline silicon, whereas similar values of fill factor and open circuit voltage are measured. The current enhancement is particularly evident for the bottom cell, as revealed by the increased spectral response in the red/infrared region. The results prove the high potential of n‐doped silicon oxide as ideal reflector for thin‐film silicon solar cells. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydroxyl Radical and Hydrogen Peroxide are Primarily Responsible for Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma‐Induced Angiogenesis
Authors: Priya Arjunan Krishna , Morss Clyne Alisa 
Published: October 2011

AbstractNon‐thermal plasmas have recently been applied to biomedical challenges, including blood coagulation, sterilization and malignant cell apoptosis. We previously demonstrated that non‐thermal dielectric barrier discharge plasma promotes angiogenesis through reactive oxygen species‐induced fibroblast growth factor‐2 release. However, it remained unclear which plasma‐produced reactive species contributed to this effect. In this study, H2O2, OH•, O, and O2(1Δg) were measured in liquid and cells after plasma treatment using specific fluorescent probes. While all reactive species except O2(1Δg) increased with plasma dose in both liquid and cells, H2O2 and OH• were primarily responsible for plasma‐induced angiogenesis. This study will guide development of new plasma devices for angiogenesis in wound healing and tissue engineering.magnified image
Observations of Hg0.7Cd0.3Te epilayers by infrared cathodoluminescence detection
Authors: Myhajlenko S. , Edwards J.L. , Rowley K.L. , Roedel R.J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractExtension in wavelength detection of cathodoluminescence (CL) toward the infrared is an area attracting interest regarding its development potential. This article describes our progress in CL characterization of Hg1−xCdxTe epilayers intended for optoelectronic array applications in the 3–5 μm radiation window. We present a description of the equipment set‐up, experimental procedure, and difficulties encountered in this study. We present preliminary observations performed at liquid helium temperatures of CL contrast variations from liquid phase epitaxial layers of Hg0.7Cd0.3Te lattice matched to Cd0.96Zn0.04Te substrates.
Phase transformation and dehydration of calcium sulphate dihydrate in solution studied by SEM
Authors: Sirota I. S. , Dorozhkin S. V. , Kruchinina M. V. , Melikhov I. V. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe transformation of separate crystals of CaSO4·2H2O (DH) into CaSO4·O.5H2O (HH) in an aqueous solution of H3PO4 and H2SO4 at 90–97°C was studied using a JSM‐35CF SEM. The source DH and acids were reagent or commercial (taken from the production of H3PO4 by a wet process). DH was allowed to convert into HH and periodic samples of the suspension were drawn, filtered, and investigated in the solid phase by SEM. It was shown that the dehydration of reagent DH specimens occurred through the recrystallization mechanism, whereas the transformation of commercial DH into HH was basically topochemical and developed by a relay race mechanism without any phase transformation front. The observed difference between commercial and reagent DH specimens may be explained by differences in their crystalline structure, initial particle size and by the presence of impurities in DH and acids. It is established that chemical impurities can change the mechanism of the phase transformation of the crystals DH into HH.
Atomic force microscope imaging of the plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase reconstituted in phospholipids
Authors: Kasas S. , Hofmann R , Celio M. R. , Carafoli E. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe atomic force microscope (AFM) offers the possibility to obtain high‐resolution images of biological samples immersed in a liquid. This ability was exploited to image the erythrocyte plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase reconstituted in asolectin liposomes. The liposomes prepared in the presence of the Ca2+ ATPase exhibited particles protruding from their flat surface, which were absent in control preparations, (i.e., in liposomes prepared in the absence of the ATPase). Incubation of the liposomes containing the pump with IgM type monoclonal antibodies raised against the Ca2+ ATPase induces a 3–5‐fold increase in the size of the protruding particles, demonstrating that the protruding object observed is the reconstituted Ca2+ ATPase.
Use of image analysis in mathematical characterization of orientation data
Authors: Muhunthan B. , Alwail T. A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe mechanical behavior of particulate media is influenced to a great extent by their discrete nature. To date, however, few attempts have been made to quantitatively relate microfabric to the stress–strain characteristics of these media. Recent advances in image analysis have opened new avenues for the use of mathematical characterization of these materials in constitutive models. A technique for it is presented. A comprehensive description of geomaterials can be achieved via two measures: A scalar measure giving the mean value of a fabric descriptor, and a tensor measure giving its distribution in space. The technique is based on extension to the classical stereological principles for implementation in an image analyzer. Use of the technique is illustrated with observations of the microstructure of soils. The effect of fabric on the response of soils under one‐dimensional compression is quantified on the basis of the proposed characterization. The proposed technique may also prove useful in quantifying the microstructure of many other types of particulate materials and cellular arrangements.
Probing the Electromagnetic Field Distribution within a Metallic Nanodisk
Authors: Meneses‐Rodríguez David , Ferreiro‐Vila Elías , Prieto Patricia , Anguita José , González María U. , García‐Martín José M. , Cebollada Alfonso , García‐Martín Antonio , Armelles Gaspar 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA Co nanolayer is used as a local probe to evaluate the vertical inhomogeneous distribution of the electromagnetic (EM) field within a resonant metallic nanodisk. Taking advantage of the direct relation between the magneto‐optical activity and the electromagnetic field intensity in the Co layer, it is shown that the nonuniform EM distribution within the nanodisk under plasmon resonant conditions has maximum values close to the upper and lower flat faces, and a minimum value in the middle.
Solution‐Based Synthesis and Design of Late Transition Metal Chalcogenide Materials for Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR)
Authors: Gao Min‐Rui , Jiang Jun , Yu Shu‐Hong 
Published: October 2011

AbstractLate transition metal chalcogenide (LTMC) nanomaterials have been introduced as a promising Pt‐free oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts because of their low cost, good ORR activity, high methanol tolerance, and facile synthesis. Herein, an overview on the design and synthesis of LTMC nanomaterials by solution‐based strategies is presented along with their ORR performances. Current solution‐based synthetic approaches towards LTMC nanomaterials include a hydrothermal/solvothermal approach, single‐source precursor approach, hot‐injection approach, template‐directed soft synthesis, and Kirkendall‐effect‐induced soft synthesis. Although the ORR activity and stability of LTMC nanomaterials are still far from what is needed for practical fuel‐cell applications, much enhanced electrocatalytic performance can be expected. Recent advances have emphasized that decorating the surface of the LTMC nanostructures with other functional nanoparticles can lead to much better ORR catalytic activity. It is believed that new synthesis approaches to LTMCs, modification techniques of LTMCs, and LTMCs with desirable morphology, size, composition, and structures are expected to be developed in the future to satisfy the requirements of commercial fuel cells.
Babel and SOAP applications of extensible compilers
Authors: Scowen R. S. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis paper describes a method of writing compilers which can easily be extended or altered. Two applications of the method are described; the first is a conventional programming language called Babel and the second is a program called SOAP which documents ALGOL 60 programs. Two important features have made extensions practicable; the compiler has a modular construction and was initially written in ALGOL 60.
PEDANT: A computerized support to program modularity under limited memory conditions
Authors: Mosedale T. W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractExperience with conventional methods of defining subroutines shows that analytical algorithms lose generality once programmed, and can only be applied in new circumstances after laborious reprogramming; one consequence of this is the disparate abundance of existing program‐packages for mathematical statistics.Standard building‐blocks in modular form are therefore required, which are capable of embodying individual algorithms such that they can then be applied freely by a user unfamiliar with programming languages. This generalized approach presupposes the availability of a flexible switchboard for data between each building‐block. A system has been developed on this principle to facilitate the realization of composite technical calculations; it is based on a standard manner of supplying each conventionally programmed algorithm with data. The organization necessary for implementation in a typical batch operating‐system (Siemens DOS) is explained: This involves well‐defined data interfaces within each building‐block supported by standard software, which organizes the data transfer.
An analysis of the loop optimization scores in knuth's ‘empirical study of FORTRAN programs’
Authors: Hoaglin David C. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe optimization scores for Knuth's random sample of inner loops are analysed to provide a unified comparison of the five optimization levels. The techniques used are those of exploratory data analysis, and their role in the analysis is discussed. As a consequence of the analysis, five rough groups of programs with different optimization behaviour are identified and tentatively characterized.
Statistics for FORTRAN identifiers and scatter storage techniques
Authors: Lurié D. , Vandoni C. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractStatistical data is presented on the distribution of FORTRAN identifiers as a function of length and initial character. The performance of two hash coding algorithms is tested with random probing on a pool of actual FORTRAN identifiers. A significant gain in performance is observed relative to the theoretical case of random keys, which reinforces the case for hash coding for symbol table construction in FORTRAN compilers.
Improving the efficiency of direct‐memory‐access output operations
Authors: Cohn Charles Erwin 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe improvements in throughput expected from direct‐memory‐access channels are not realized with simple input/output routines. For output operations, the improvements can be realized through the provision of a separate data buffer area in memory that may be accessed by the peripheral while the primary buffer area is being manipulated by the program. The method may be extended to peripherals that require error checking after output.
Aspects of reference locality in list structures in virtual memory
Authors: Baecker H. D. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSome aspects of the problem of achieving reference locality within a virtual memory organization during the processing of list structures are discussed. We also describe a limited series of experiments to explore different techniques for the representation and allocation of list structures in a virtual memory. The experimental results tend to show that there are cost advantages in separating the organizational skeleton of a list from the data being structured. However, these results apply only to the cost factors inherent in the use of current hardware and may be altered by technological advances.