bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dose reduction in double contrast barium enema by use of low fluoroscopic current
Authors: Smiddy P F , Quinn A D , Freyne P J , Marsh D , Murphy J M 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Under standard conditions double contrast barium enema (DCBE) was carried out on a selected patient cohort using either standard (1.5 mA) or low (0.5 mA) fluoroscopic current. A statistically significant (p≤0.01) reduction in total dose was achieved by use of low screening current. This reduction was of the order of 40%. Fluoroscopic image quality was analysed both objectively and subjectively, and was found not to be significantly degraded when the lower current was used. On blinded evaluation all examinations were found to be of diagnostic quality. The use of low fluoroscopic current results in a reduction in patient dose, without compromising fluoroscopic image quality or diagnostic standard of the examination. Low fluoroscopic current technique has been adopted as the standard in our department.
Rupture and growth of adrenal myelolipoma in two patients
Authors: Wong K W , Lee I P O , Sun W H 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Two cases of pathologically confirmed adrenal myelolipoma are described in Chinese patients. The first patient presented with tumour rupture and perinephric haemorrhage. The second patient was operated on 18 months after the incidental discovery of the tumour, due to its large size and the interval growth.
Fast CT for aortic dissection
Authors: Small J H , Dixon A K , Coulden R A , Flower C D R , Housden B A 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Results were evaluated in 81 patients with suspected acute aortic dissection who were examined on a fast CT system capable of a 1 s data acquisition time. 17 patients had Type A and nine had Type B dissections. Radiological assessment provided 78 confident reports and expressed some uncertainty about the diagnosis in three patients. Overall sensitivity for aortic dissection was 96.2% and specificity was 96.4%. When 78 confident reports alone were considered, both sensitivity and specificity reached 100%. Reconstruction of data at 100 ms intervals allowed discrimination between artefacts in the ascending aorta and Type A dissections. CT can often be used as the single investigation prior to surgery for acute Type A dissections.
Does bowel preparation improve the quality of intravenous urography?
Authors: Bradley A J , Taylor P M 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Many radiology departments continue to use bowel preparation prior to intravenous urography (IVU) despite recent studies questioning its value. This prospective study was designed to test the hypothesis that bowel preparation does not affect the quality of IVU, the number of films taken, or the use of tomography 144 patients were randomized into three groups; 49 had no preparation, 48 received a mild stimulant laxative (Dulcolax), and 47 took an osmotic laxative (Citramag). The subsequent IVUs were then reviewed by two observers; the control and contrast films were scored for the presence of faecal residue, and the visibility of the renal tract, respectively. Patients were also questioned about the side effects of the two preparations.
There was no significant difference in the scores for renal tract visibility in those patients receiving stimulant laxative when compared with the unprepared group. Those receiving the osmotic laxative had significantly less faecal residue but this was at the expense of an increased amount of bowel gas. The osmotic laxative group had significantly higher scores, indicating better visualization of the urinary tract, than the other groups, but no significant reduction in the number of radiographs taken or the use of tomography. This group also reported more side effects.
Overall our results suggest that the routine use of a laxative prior to an IVU examination does not decrease the radiation dose and produces some patient inconvenience. The practice therefore cannot be routinely recommended.
Renal ultrasonic findings in sulphadiazine-induced renal failure
Authors: Kane D , Murphy J M , Keating S , Wilson G F , Mulcahy F M 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The increased incidence of cerebral toxoplasmosis in AIDS has led to a resurgence in the use of sulphadiazine. One complication of this is acute renal failure secondary to sulphadiazine-induced crystalluria. Three cases are described which demonstrate a spectrum of ultrasound findings ranging from echogenic foci in the renal parenchyma to echogenic material in both dilated and non-dilated collecting systems. In patients with AIDS having sulphadiazine treatment, these ultrasonic findings suggest that sulphadiazine is the cause of the renal failure.
Radiology in the neonatal intensive care unit: dose reduction and image quality
Authors: McParland B J , Gorka W , Lee R , Lewall D B , Omojola M F 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
This paper describes a prospective study of the diagnostic radiation doses received in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) for a representative radiological technique used at our institution for a number of years and a “low dose” technique similar to that recommended by the Commission of the European Communities (CEC). A 400 speed film–screen combination was used in both techniques A total of 363 anteroposterior (AP) chest and abdominal films of 77 neonates were accrued. For each radiograph, the entrance skin dose (ESD), energy imparted (EI) and mean whole body dose were determined For a neonatal AP chest, there was an 18% reduction in the mean ESD per radiograph from 20.0 μGy for the representative technique to 16.4 μGy for the low dose technique (p&lt;0.0005). The reduction in the mean EI per radiograph values for the two techniques from 7.9 μJ to 7.1 μJ (10%) was statistically significant at the p&lt;0.017 level, after compensating for the difference in mean field dimensions between the two patient cohorts. The mean whole body dose per radiograph reduction from 4.4 to 3.5 μGy (20%) was statistically significant at the p&lt;0.0028 level. It was determined that the ESD and EI could be fitted by an exponential function in the equivalent patient diameter, a single parameter indicative of neonate size Absolute excess childhood cancer mortality risk per film was estimated using risk factors derived for fetal exposures. A “worst case” absolute excess mortality risk per chest radiograph was estimated to be 1.40 × 10 −7 for the conventional technique and was further reduced to 1.11 × 10 −7 for the low dose technique. A blind comparison of patient-matched film pairs for each technique was performed by three radiologists using criteria similar to those specified by the CEC. No statistically significant difference in clinical image quality was found between the two techniques.
Radiographic skills learning: procedure simulation using adaptive hypermedia
Authors: Costaridou L , Panayiotakis G , Pallikarakis N , Proimos B 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The design and development of a simulation tool supporting learning of radiographic skills is reported. This tool has by textual, graphical and iconic resources, organized according to a building-block, adaptive hypermedia approach, which is described and supported by an image base of radiographs. It offers interactive user-controlled simulation of radiographic imaging procedures. The development is based on a commercially available environment (Toolbook 3.0, Asymetrix Corporation). The core of the system is an attributed precedence (priority) graph, which represents a task outline (concept and resources structure), which is dynamically adjusted to selected procedures. The user interface imitates a conventional radiography system, i. e. operating console, tube, table, patient and cassette. System parameters, such as patient positioning, focus-to-patient distance, magnification, field dimensions, tube voltage and mAs are under user control. Their effects on image quality are presented, by means of an image base acquired under controlled exposure conditions. Innovative use of hypermedia, computer based learning and simulation principles and technology in the development of this tool resulted in an enhanced interactive environment providing radiographic parameter control and visualization of parameter effects on image quality.
Bladder dose estimation during intracavitary brachytherapy for carcinoma of the cervix using a single line source system
Authors: Tan L T , Warren J , Freestone G , Jones B 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The estimation of maximum bladder doses from orthogonal radiographs is unreliable when triple source systems are used for intracavitary brachytherapy (BT) for gynaecological cancers. For single line source systems, the estimation of maximum bladder doses from radiographs should be more reliable due to the radial symmetry of the isodose distribution. A pilot study has been carried out to compare the estimated maximum bladder doses from standard radiographs with data obtained from CT for single line source BT treatments. 12 patients undergoing treatment for carcinoma of the cervix were selected for CT assessment of their bladder doses. For each patient, the dose rates at the International Commission of Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) bladder reference point B1 and a second reference point B2 2.5 cm cranially were computed from orthogonal radiographs and were compared with the maximum bladder dose rate as determined by CT scanning. Dose rates were computed for two different source loading patterns (1) a 6 cm line source with uniformly distributed linear activity along its length, (2) a 6 cm line source with increased activity in the central 2 cm segment. The mean ratio of the maximum CT bladder dose rate to the dose rate at the ICRU reference point B1 on orthogonal radiographs for the line source with uniform linear activity was 1.32 (range 0.62−2.43, SD = 0.54). When the dose rates at both reference points B1 and B2 were considered, the mean ratio of the maximum CT dose rate to the maximum dose rate from radiographs was only 1.05 (range 0.72–1.72, SD = 0.24) For the line source with increased activity in the central segment, the mean ratio of the maximum CT bladder dose rate to the dose rate at B1 was 1.38 (range 0.60−2.63, SD = 0.64) When both B1 and B2 were considered, the variation in the ratio of the maximum CT dose rate to the maximum dose rate from radiographs was considerably smaller (mean ratio = 1.07, range 0.69−1.76, SD = 0.26). For single line source systems, single point dose estimation using the ICRU reference point on orthogonal radiographs will underestimate the maximum bladder dose although the discrepancy is less than for triple source systems. If the ICRU reference point is used in conjunction with a second reference point 2.5 cm cranially, then underestimation of the maximum bladder dose is unlikely to occur as at least one of the points is likely to be a reasonable estimate of the maximum bladder dose.
Malignant mesothelioma of tunica vaginalis testis presenting with spinal metastasis—report of two cases
Authors: Mathew B S , Jyothirmayi R , Nair M K 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Malignant mesotheliomas of tunica vaginalis testis (TVT) are rare tumours with a tendency to disseminate by lymphatic and haematogenous routes. Osseous metastasis is extremely uncommon. We report two cases of malignant mesothelioma of TVT presenting with spinal metastasis.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa bronchopulmonary infection in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease
Authors: Traill Z C , Miller R F , Ali N , Shaw P J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is increasingly reported as a respiratory pathogen in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. We retrospectively reviewed the chest radiographic appearances of 29 HIV-infected adults with bronchopulmonary infection in whom Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the sole respiratory pathogen isolated. The commonest radiographic abnormality was a diffuse reticular (11 patients) or reticulonodular (9 patients) infiltrate in the pulmonary interstitium. Alveolar opacification was seen in seven patients. Cavitation was rare (2 patients), as was ground-glass opacification (2 patients). Five patients had pleural effusions. No patient had mediastinal or hilar lymphadenopathy. Normal chest radiographs were seen in eight patients. Although the radiographic appearances of Pseudomonas bronchopulmonary infection in HIV-infected patients are non-specific, an interstitial infiltrate is a common finding. Pseudomonas aeruginosa should be considered along with the commoner pathogen Pneumocystis carinii in the differential diagnosis of an interstitial infiltrate in this group of patients.
CT appearances of intrathoracic Kaposi's sarcoma in patients with AIDS
Authors: Traill Z C , Miller R F , Shaw P J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Although there have been many studies of the plain radiographic appearances of intrathoracic Kaposi's sarcoma in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the computed tomography (CT) findings are less well established. We performed a retrospective review of the thoracic CT findings of 15 patients with tracheobronchial Kaposi's sarcoma diagnosed at bronchoscopy in whom concurrent respiratory infection had been excluded. The commonest CT finding was the presence of ill-defined nodules, seen in all patients. In eight patients more than 20 nodules were seen. Small areas of ground-glass attenuation surrounded one or more nodules in 11 patients. Bilateral perihilar infiltrates were seen in 14 patients, extending into the pulmonary parenchyma along bronchovascular bundles. Interlobular septal thickening was seen in 13 patients and fissural nodularity in 15 patients. To our knowledge this latter finding has not been described before. Discrete areas of ground-glass attenuation were seen in six patients. Small bilateral pleural effusions occurred in six patients; four patients had a pericardial effusion. Shotty mediastinal lymphadenopathy occurred in six patients, and mediastinal nodes greater than 1 cm were present in four patients. None of the patients had CT evidence of chest wall or bone involvement. Although none of these findings are specific, the combination of poorly defined nodules, fissural nodularity and a bronchovascular distribution of perihilar opacities on CT is highly suggestive of pulmonary Kaposi's sarcoma.
Role of MIBI breast scintigraphy in evaluation of palpable breast lesions
Authors: Lam W W M , Yang W T , Chan Y L , Stewart I E T , King W , Metreweli C 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The sensitivity and specificity of MIBI breast scintigraphy, conventional mammography and ultrasound in differentiating malignant and benign palpable breast lesions was compared in 48 women. MIBI breast scintigraphy had a sensitivity of 97%, a specificity of 69%, a positive predictive value of 87.5% and a negative predictive value of 91.7%. Ultrasound and mammography had comparable results with accuracy rates of approximately 93%. We conclude that MIBI breast scintigraphy may have a complementary role in the evaluation of palpable breast lesions, but is not specific enough to replace current imaging modalities.
Performance of Chromogenic In Situ Hybridization on Testing HER2 Status in Breast Carcinomas With Chromosome 17 Polysomy and Equivocal (2+) HercepTest Results
Authors: Gong Yun , Sweet William , Duh Yi-Jing , Greenfield Larry , Tarco Emily , Trivedi Smita , Symmans W. Fraser , Isola Jorma , Sneige Nour 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
This study specifically addressed the performance of chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) on HER2 testing in 66 breast carcinomas with chromosome 17 polysomy and 49 carcinomas with an equivocal HercepTest (DakoCytomation, Carpinteria, CA) score by comparing CISH with corresponding FISH results at 2 test sites and evaluating intersite agreement of CISH results. For tumors with chromosome 17 polysomy, when using the manufacturers’ criteria, the concordance values between CISH and FISH at site A, site B, and intersite CISH agreement were 95.8%, 95.5%, and 93.5%, respectively; when using the American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists (ASCO/CAP) criteria, the values were 100.0%, 100.0%, and 100.0%, respectively. For tumors with an equivocal HercepTest score, when using the manufacturers’ criteria, the concordance values between the 2 methods at site A, site B, and intersite CISH agreement were 88.2%, 95.1%, and 91.1%, respectively; when using the ASCO/CAP criteria, the values were 96.7%, 97.3%, and 97.4%, respectively. These results indicate that CISH is reliable for testing these 2 types of tumors, especially when the ASCO/CAP criteria are used.
Usefulness of Cytokeratin 5/6 and AMACR Applied as Double Sequential Immunostains for Diagnostic Assessment of Problematic Prostate Specimens
Authors: Trpkov Kiril , Bartczak-McKay Joanna , Yilmaz Asli 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
We evaluated the usefulness of double immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratin (CK)5/6 and α-methylacyl coenzyme A racemase (AMACR) applied sequentially on 1 slide by assessing 223 foci in 110 consecutive prostate specimens. Double-chromogen reaction was used to visualize the antibodies: brown for CK5/6 and red for AMACR. Staining was scored as diffuse, focal, or negative. To establish the diagnosis, CK5/6 and AMACR were correlated with the morphologic features. All cancers lacked CK5/6 staining (100% specificity). AMACR showed diffuse or focal positivity in cancer, high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and atypia in 96.8% (120/124), 85% (22/26), and 80% (16/20) of cases, respectively. In atypical cases, diagnosis was because of non–immunohistochemical staining reasons in 80% of cases. In adenosis (n = 14), AMACR was diffusely positive in 4 cases (29%). Double immunohistochemical staining for CK5/6 and AMACR is a simple assay to perform and may be used as an alternative to antibody cocktails for routine evaluation of problematic prostate specimens.
Macroalgal (Boodlea composita) bloom at Kure and Midway Atolls, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
Authors: Vroom Peter S. , Asher Jacob , Braun Cristi L. , Coccagna Edmund , Vetter Oliver J. , Cover Wendy A. , McCully Kristin M. , Potts Donald C. , Marie Amarisa , Vanderlip Cynthia 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The first recorded macroalgal bloom to occur at Kure and Midway Atolls in the highly protected Northwestern Hawaiian Islands was observed during summer 2008 on shallow water reefs. The native green macroalga Boodlea composita formed dense mats centimeters in thickness in select areas and formed decomposing masses on beaches at Kure Atoll. Mild oceanographic conditions during winter 2008 likely weakened lagoonal flushing systems, and when coupled with weeks of low wind and warm sea surface temperatures during the proceeding summer months, physical conditions within the lagoons of each atoll fostered rapid growth of this normally non-blooming alga.
Invasive potential of Kappaphycus alvarezii off the south coast of Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil: a contribution to environmentally secure cultivation in the tropics
Authors: Castelar Beatriz , Reis Renata Perpetuo , Moura Ana Luísa , Kirk Rodrigo 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The carragenophyte Kappaphycus alvarezii has been introduced into tropical regions, including Brazil, for aquaculture purposes. Our study estimated the biomass loss of farmed cuttings, the establishment of cuttings outside the rafts, the occurrence of spores, and evaluated the invasive potential of K. alvarezii at three sites in Rio de Janeiro state. Temperature, salinity, water transparency, wind velocity and direction (hydrodynamic indicator) and solar radiation (irradiance availability indicator) varied spatially. We found no spores in cultivated cuttings and no verified spore recruitment on artificial substrata. Biomass loss of cuttings varied temporally; however, it was restricted to the cultivation management area of one site and was low compared to native algal biomass. The establishment of cuttings was apparently limited by herbivory at Ilha Grande Bay and controlled by water transparency, hydrodynamics and temperature at Sepetiba Bay. The invasive potential of K. alvarezii was considered remote. However, the use of environmental protocols for cultivation activities is necessary to prevent environmental impacts, mainly in tropical regions.
Mercury-selenium compounds and their toxicological significance: Toward a molecular understanding of the mercury-selenium antagonism
Authors: Khan Mohammad A.K. , Wang Feiyue 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe interaction between mercury (Hg) and selenium (Se) is one of the best known examples of biological antagonism, yet the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This review focuses on the possible pathways leading to the Hg-Se antagonism, with an emphasis on the potential Hg-Se compounds that are responsible for the antagonism at the molecular level (i.e., bis[methylmercuric]selenide, methylmercury selenocysteinate, selenoprotein P-bound HgSe clusters, and the biominerals HgSexS1−x). The presence of these compounds in biological systems has been suggested by direct or indirect evidence, and their chemical properties support their potentially key roles in alleviating the toxicity of Hg and Se (at high Hg and Se exposures, respectively) and deficiency of Se (at low Se exposures). Direct analytical evidences are needed, however, to confirm their in vivo presence and metabolic pathways, as well as to identify the roles of other potential Hg-Se compounds. Further studies are also warranted for the determination of thermodynamic properties of these compounds under physiological conditions toward a better understanding of the Hg-Se antagonism in biota, particularly under real world exposure scenarios.
Organochlorine Contaminants in Fishes from Coastal Waters West of Amukta Pass, Aleutian Islands, Alaska, USA
Authors: Miles A. Keith , Ricca Mark A. , Anthony Robert G. , Estes James A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Organochlorines were examined in liver and stable isotopes in muscle of fishes from the western Aleutian Islands, Alaska, in relation to islands or locations affected by military occupation. Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis), and rock greenling (Hexagrammos lagocephalus) were collected from nearshore waters at contemporary (decommissioned) and historical (World War II) military locations, as well as at reference locations. Total (Σ) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) dominated the suite of organochlorine groups (ΣDDTs, Σchlordane cyclodienes, Σother cyclodienes, and Σchlorinated benzenes and cyclohexanes) detected in fishes at all locations, followed by ΣDDTs and Σchlordanes; dichlorodiphenyldi-chloroethylene (p,p′DDE) composed 52 to 66% of ΣDDTs by species. Organochlorine concentrations were higher or similar in cod compared to halibut and lowest in greenling; they were among the highest for fishes in Arctic or near Arctic waters. Organochlorine group concentrations varied among species and locations, but ΣPCB concentrations in all species were consistently higher at military locations than at reference locations. Moreover, all organochlorine group concentrations were higher in halibut from military locations than those from reference locations. A wide range of molecular weight organochlorines was detected at all locations, which implied regional or long-range transport and deposition, as well as local point-source contamination. Furthermore, a preponderance of higher-chlorinated PCB congeners in fishes from contemporary military islands implied recent exposure. Concentrations in all organochlorine groups increased with δ15N enrichment in fishes, and analyses of residual variation provided further evidence of different sources of ΣPCBs and p,p′DDE among species and locations.