bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Descriptions and host ranges of the sorghum midge, Contarinia sorghicola (Coquillett) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), and of eleven new species of Contarinia reared from Gramineae and Cyperaceae in Australia
Authors: Harris K. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDetailed taxonomic studies of adult Cecidomyiidae reared from inflorescences and seed-heads of species of Gramineae and Cyperaceae during field surveys in Queensland and the Northern Territory of Australia in 1970–73 established that Contarinia sorghicola (Coq.) is restricted to non-indigenous crop and weed species of Sorghum section Sorghum that have been introduced to Australia by man and that three morphologically distinct species of Contarinia occur on native Australian grass species of Sorghum section Parasorghum. An earlier report that the wild grasses Dichanthium, Bothriochloa and Eriochloa serve as alternative hosts of C. sorghicola was not confirmed by detailed examination of long series of specimens reared from these hosts, nor was the pest species found on any other genera of Gramineae. It is therefore concluded that, in Australia, C. sorghicola has been spread (probably in contaminated seed) and maintained by grain and forage sorghums and that wild grasses are not potential sources of crop infestation. Eleven new species are described: C. roperi sp. n. and C. plumosi sp. n. from Sorghum plumosum; C. intrans sp. n. from S. intrans and S. stipoideum; C. sehimae sp. n. from Sehima nervosum; C. bothriochloae sp. n. from B. bladhii; C. dichanthii from D. annulatum var. fecundum and D. tenuiculum and possibly from D. affine and D. sericeum; C. passlowi sp. n. from D. annulatum var. fecundum; C. alloteropsidis sp. n. from Alloteropsis semialata; C. brevipalpis sp. n. from Eragrostis brownii; C. scirpi sp. n. from Scirpus lacustris and C. fimbristylis sp. n. from Fimbristylis bisumbellata. Characters of the female cerci were especially useful in diagnosing species, making it easier to identify females than males. Cecidomyiids of the genus Geromyia were reared from Setaria and cecidomyiids of the genus Lasioptera were reared from ten grass genera and one sedge genus during the surveys, but this material is not dealt with in detail. The needs for further field work and taxonomic studies are stressed and it is suggested that apertures on the dorsal surface of abdominal segment VIII in female C. sorghicola may be the openings of sex pheromone glands and would merit further detailed investigation.
Malathion resistance conferred by a carboxylesterase inAnopheles culicifaciesGiles (species B) (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Malcolm C. A , Boddington R. G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA strain ofAnopheles culicifaciesGiles (species B) originally collected from Aurangabad, Maharashtra State, India, showed highly specific resistance to malathion. Homogenates of one-day-old adults metabolized14C-labelled malathion at a level comparable with strains ofA. stephensiListon andA. arabiensisPatton known to possess the malathion carboxylesterase resistance mechanism and at a higher rate (6.4 and 7.8 times, respectively) than malathion-susceptible strains of these species. The major metabolite obtained was malathion dicarboxylic acid, a carboxylesterase product, which suggests that this may be the principal resistance mechanism in this strain. Levels of non-specific esterase activity in larvae and adults were similar to those shown by both the susceptible and resistant strains ofA. stephensi, implying that no quantitative increase in esterases had occurred. Microtitre plate assays on individual mosquitoes provided no evidence for the presence of the insensitive acetylcholinesterase resistance mechanism.
Biology of Bruchus dentipes Baudi (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) on Vicia faba and a method to obtain gravid females during the imaginal quiescence period
Authors: Tahhan O. , Van Emden H. F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBruchus dentipes Baudi was found to have four larval instars, and the sex ratio was very close to 1:1. Both sexes fed on pollen and nectar of faba beans (Vicia faba) for seven days before and throughout the oviposition period of the females, which was about 33 (range 26–40) days. The beginning and peak of oviposition were influenced by the phenology of the crop, particularly flowering and pod-setting dates, but also temperature. Females laid an average of 123 (range 28–310) eggs, and the end of the adult life in the field came in May when the pods had matured. In different years, peak oviposition occurred on different dates in April when the pods were still all green. During the quiescence period in the winter, females obtained from wetted seeds were fed with different diets in the laboratory, but only those supplied with faba bean flowers laid eggs. No major adult mortality occurred in seeds harvested in May and stored until the end of March of the following year, after which mortality rose steeply till all adults had died by early June. Therefore, storing seeds and delaying their planting till the following year will ensure 100% adult mortality. As the seeds remain viable, such storage is one method for reducing infestation in the field. Mortality of larvae in the stored seeds was from cannibalism when two larvae met at the same tunnel (10%), from the mite Pyemotes tritici (Lagrèze-Fossat & Montagné) (11%), from the braconid larval parasite Triaspis thoracicus (Curtis) (2%) and from unknown reasons (5%).
Resistance of faba bean, Vicia faba, to Bruchus dentipes Baudi (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)
Authors: Tahhan O. , Van Emden H. F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractField screening experiments for resistance of faba bean (Vicia faba) to Bruchus dentipes Baudi in Syria between 1982 and 1985 involved about 1000 accessions and indicated that only phenological resistance was present. Two accessions were chosen, on the basis of seed infestation with larvae, for further study. The two accessions (BPL33 and ILB1814) were tested against natural infestations as well as under four levels of bruchid infestation and at two different times of release of adults. BPL 33 maintained its resistance (about 50%) in relation to ILB1814 under these different conditions, except when adults were released at a time when both accessions carried pods simultaneously. This confirms that the resistance of BPL33 was phenological, related to late flowering and late pod setting. An intergrated control approach is there fore suggested.
Ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea) of the Yemen Arab Republic. II. The Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) group
Authors: Pegram R. G. , Zivkovic Danica , Jongejan F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTriks of the group of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) in 423 total monthly collections taken from camels, cattle, donkeys, sheep and goats between September 1978 and August 1979, and in a few miscellaneous collections, from the Yemen Arab Republic were examined. Adult ticks of three species in the group were identified: R. camicasi Morel, Mouchet & Rodhain, R. turanicus Pomerantsev and R. sanguineus s.s. Host relationships and ecological affinities were analysed. R. sanguineus s.s. occurred rarely, only on dogs. R. turanicus occurred on all host species including dogs but more frequently on cattle and camels. It was collected from both dry and wet habitats but was taken regularly at only one wetter site. R. camicasi, the most common species in the group, occurred at most collecting sites on all host species except dogs. Overall, the numbers of R. sanguineus group ticks were low throughout the country and no seasonal patterns could be detected.
Some factors affecting the reliability of pheromone traps for measurement of the relative abundance of Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren) and H. armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Wilson A. G. L. , Morton R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractExperiments were conducted in a cotton field in north-western New South Wales to determine the effect of pheromone trap design and placement on the catch of Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren) and H. armigera (Hübner) adults in paired traps. A cone trap design was found to give consistently larger catches of moths than two funnel trap designs. Furthermore, lower efficiency of catch of H. punctigera tended to bias relative catches in the funnel traps towards H. armigera. In comparison to the ratios of the two species in egg samples from the field, the cone trap did not show much bias to either species of moth. Traps located 40 m inside a cotton field showed larger catches and reduced variation compared with egg species ratios than traps placed at the edge of the field. Wind speed and direction and insecticide application also affected the catch in the traps. The catch data tended to become unreliable after the end of February, possibly due to changes in crop attractiveness for oviposition. It was found that the less numerous moth species at a given time still tended to be over-represented in pheromone traps in comparison to the ratios in egg counts. A linear time trend was introduced to compensate for the bias. The use of the traps shows promise in determining the relative abundance of the two species for use in resistance management strategies and other purposes.
Feeding responses of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), to resistant and susceptible host-plants
Authors: Padgham D. E. , Woodhead S. , Rapusas H. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe feeding responses, growth and population development of Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) are quantified on a range of twelve susceptible or resistant host-plants. Paris of rice varieties carrying the Bph1, bph2 and Bph3 resistance genes are compared as hosts for N. lugens, and it is concluded that such notations do not adequately describe the diversity of plant resistance mechanisms. Evidence is presented for resistance mechanisms involving enhanced insect activity and gustatory responses to unacceptable phloem.
The responses of individual males in an isolated population of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) to pheromone-baited decoy ‘females’
Authors: Hall Martin J. R. , Langley Peter A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe responses of individually marked males of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood to decoys (9 × 3-mm rectangles of 2-mm-thick brushed nylon) baited with sex pheromone (15,19,23-trimethylheptatriacontane) were studied after their release onto an island in Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe. Some 45–60% of resighted flies were seen on decoys, the percentage being greater for flies released at an older age. For flies released on emergence, the mean age at first contact with decoys on a static screen was 6.6 days, an average of four days later than their first observed contact with a bait ox. There was great variability in the response towards decoys on successive contacts. In general, the intensity of the responses to decoys in the first minute after contact (the ‘pre-copulatory’ responses) decreased from one enounter to the next in a single 1–2-h observation session, but were restored to high levels after an interval of several hours. The intensity of responses towards decoys after this initial period (the ‘copulatory’ responses) were not affected by previous contacts. Neither previous sexual experience nor age at first contact affected the durations of response on decoys. There were no differences between the responses of wild flies and those from a laboratory colony. The results are discussed in relation to the use of decoys with chemosterilant for tsetse autosterilization. Over 60% of flies contacting decoys did so more than once, which would increase, cumulatively, the chances of their being sterilized.
Sexual responses of males of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen (Diptera: Glossinidae) to traps and targets in the field
Authors: Wall Richard 
Published: July 2009

AbstractStudies were conducted in Zimbabwe to determine the nature and degree of sexual responses of males of Glossina morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen around host animals, traps and targets. Males of both species, after being attracted, appeared to accumulate around a stationary bait. This was supported by observations of concentrations of unfed males of G. m. morsitans on bait animals and unfed males of G. pallidipes on the surrounding ground. Nutritional analysis confirmed that traps attract males with a range of hunger states but catch mainly hungry males of both species. Movement of electrified targets significantly increased the catches of both sexes of G. m. morsitans but not of G. pallidipes. Artificial female-mimicking decoys made from black felt sewn onto electrified targets significantly increased the numbers of G. m. morsitans males caught when the targets were stationary and of G. pallidipes males when they were moving. The electrified targets caught a higher proportion of males of both species than traps, most probably as a result of their killing the males accumulating around the target in search of virgin females. The results show that the behaviour of relatively well-fed males attracted to host animals, traps and targets does appear to have a sexual component in both G. m. morsitans and G. pallidipes and that it may be possible to exploit the sexual responses of males to increase capture efficiency further. However, targets may have far greater potential for such manipulation than traps.
Preliminary investigation of the mechanisms of DDT and pyrethroid resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) from Saudi Arabia
Authors: Amin A. M. , Hemingway J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractHigh levels (>1000-fold) of resistance to DDT, permethrin and deltamethrin were detected in Culex quinquefasciatus Say from Saudi Arabia. Biochemical enzyme and metabolic studies indicated that there is evidence for a metabolic basis to both the organochlorine and pyrethroid resistances. Electrophysiological studies indicated that there is no kdr-type mechanism conferring resistance to the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin neurophysiologically, although there is evidence of cross-resistance between DDT and the pyrethroids by bioassays. There was a change in the oxidase system in both the DDT- and permethrin-selected strains and an increase in glutathione transferase activity in the DDT-selected line. Metabolic studies indicated that both oxidases and glutathione transferases are involved with DDT resistance as DDA and DDE were the predominant metabolites after a 5-h in-vitro incubation period. Permethrin resistance is likely to involve an increase in oxidative degradation, but further metabolic studies are needed to confirm this.
Copidosoma graminis sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), a polyembryonic parasitoid of armyworms (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Australia
Authors: Noyes J. S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCopidosoma graminis sp. n., a polyembryonic encyrtid parasitoid of armyworm pests of gramineous crops and pasture in Australia, is described and compared with related species. The parasitoid plays an important role in the natural control of these pests in Australia.
Graft-transmissibility of resistance to cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae), in six highly antibiotic cowpea varieties
Authors: Ansari A. K. , van Emden H. F. , Singh S. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe use of six cowpea varieties highly resistant to Aphis craccivora Koch in grafts (as resistant scion and rootstock) with the susceptible variety Prima indicated the presence of a graft-transmissible chemical involved in the resistance. Wrapping the resistant part in light-proof foil indicated that photosynthesis is involved in the production of the chemical. In a third test, intergrafting is involved in the production of the chemical. In a third test, intergrafting the resistant part with and without leaves confirmed the importance of photosynthesis in the transfer of resistance. Finally, covering the resistance intergrafts with foil showed that the accumulation of the chemical in the stem before the foil was applied was the major source of the graft-transmissible resistance.
Laboratory colonization of the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes Austen (Diptera: Glossinidae) using an in vitro feeding method
Authors: Langley P. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAttempts to establish a laboratory colony of Glossina pallidipes Austen from adults and puparia of Uganda origin (Lugala) sent from a colony previously established in Amsterdam have been highly successful. Flies are maintained at 25 ± 0·5°C, L:D 12:12 and 85% RH. They are fed six days per week on whole defibrinated pig blood collected aseptically and irradiated at 1·5 kGy before storage at 4°C. The blood is presented through silicon rubber membranes at 37°C. Virgin female flies are mated when 7–9 days old with equal numbers of 9–12-day-old males in a 30 × 30 × 10-cm cage covered with white Terylene netting and illuminated with a fluorescent light from above, providing 300–500 lux on the cage bottom. The sexes are left together for 40–48 h, during which time they are offered food twice. After separation of the sexes, 30 females are housed in a cage 15 cm in diameter and two males are added. Flies are kept for 90 days before discarding. The establishment of this colony is discussed in terms of the mating behaviour of the species, highlighting differences in the laboratory between G. pallidipes from Uganda and Zimbabwe and between G. pallidipes and G. morsitans morsitans Westwood.
Associations between host-plant nitrogen and infestations of the sugarcane borer, Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Atkinson P. R. , Nuss K. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractInfestations of Eldana saccharina Walker in South Africa are higher in intensively-grown than in peasant-grown sugarcane, and are worse in water-stressed plants. Although field trials showed negligible increases in the incidence of the pest with applied nitrogen, the degree in which the degree of water stress could not be controlled. Pot-plant trials, in which the degree of water stress was controlled as well as the amount of fertilizer, showed that the combination of nitrogen with stress resulted in increased survival of larvae and greatly increased biomass with shortened development times. Adults did not appear to choose stressed or fertilized plants in preference to normal or unfertilized ones. In every case, whether in the field or in insectary trials, increased infestation levels were associated with increased stalk total nitrogen. Amino acid determinations showed that the balance of individual acids did not appear to alter but that the balance of individual acids did not appear to alter but that glyphosate ripener had a similar effect to water stress, increasing all amino acids together. Infestations in older cane were disproportionately higher than in younger cane, weight for weight, despite reduced levels of stalk nitrogen. This anomaly may be due to the presence of phenolic compounds in younger cane, or in cane tops. Levels of nitrogen are much higher in the feeding sites of the insect in natural host-plants than in cane stalks, and the fecundity of feral moths natural hosts appeared to be higher than that of moths from sugarcane. The insect appears to have invaded sugarcane when stalk nitrogen levels reached sufficiently high levels for its survival as a result of intensive cultivation.
Myosoma nyanzaensis sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitic on the stem-borer pest Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Kenya
Authors: Quicke Donald L. J. , Wharton Robert A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMyosoma nyanzaensis sp. n. is described and illustrated, and is distinguished from the only other known Old World species, M. chinensis (Szépligeti) comb. n. (= Bracon chinensis Szépligeti). M. nyanzaensis is the first species of the genus to be described from the Afrotropical Region, where it has been reared as a gregarious ectoparasitoid of larvae of the pyralid moth Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) infesting maize and sorghum.
The influence of adult size and protein diet on the human-oriented behaviour of the bush fly, Musca vetustissima Walker (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: Tyndale-Biscoe Marina 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAdults of Musca vetustissima Walker that were caught when attracted to humans in the field responded positively in a later test when a hand was inserted in a cage, both in terms of proportion responding and time spent on the hand. Flies with a similar adult diet, whether of culture origin or the first-generation offspring of field-caught flies, responded similarly to the hand in the cage provided they were of similar size. A larger proportion of small flies than of large ones came to the hand, and stayed for longer periods. Large protein-deprived and dung-fed (suboptimal protein) flies had a nuisance value between 28 and 35 times as great as large blood-fed flies, while small blood-fed flies had a nuisance value 18 times as great. The nuisance value of small protein-deprived and dung-fed flies was between 61 and 67 times as great. Residence period on the hand increased with time in large protein-deprived flies but not in flies in the other categories tested. Few flies responded to the hand during the first 15 day-degrees C post eclosion, or when gravid or nearly gravid; the most responsive flies were in ovarian stages 0B, 1, 2 and 3. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of the fly nuisance levels experienced in south-eastern Australia.
Population dynamics of the sugarcane borer, Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in Natal, South Africa
Authors: Atkinson P. R. , Carnegie A. J. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractInfestations of the sugarcane pest Eldana saccharina Walker have been consistently serious in one part of the cane-growing belt of Natal, South Africa. Mortality in this region over seven years was estimated from moth catches in light traps, checked against population change measured from extensive larval counts, and plotted against climatic indices. The object was to construct a predictive model to illustrate mortality in other regions of the cane belt, to which infestations have spread in recent years. The spread southwards along the coast did not seem to have resulted from a decrease in natural mortality, but the spread to higher altitudes appeared to be due to lower mortality associated with warmer and drier years. The phenology of the insect and the effect of the annual harvesting cycle on phenology are discussed.
The responses of Glossina pallidipes Austen (Diptera: Glossinidae) to odourbaited traps and targets in Somalia
Authors: Torr S. J , Parker A. G , Leigh-Browne G 
Published: July 2009

AbstractStudies were carried out at Jilaal Moogi, south-eastern Somalia, of the responses of Glossina pallidipes Austen to traps and targets. F3 traps caught three times as many tsetse as a biconical trap. Baiting F3 traps with acetone (released at 5–50 000 mg/h), butanone (10–50 mg/h) or octenol (0·05–5 mg/h) either alone or as mixtures did not affect the catch significantly. The catch was increased by 1·6 times (P<0·05) by releasing a mixture of 4–methylphenol (at 0–2 mg/h) and 3-n-propylphenol (0·04 mg/h), and by four times by releasing a mixture of acetone (500 mg/h), octenol (0·5 mg/h) and the two phenols. Baiting a target enclosed in an electric net with the combination of acetone, octenol and phenols increased the catch only 1·3 times, (P>0.05). Baiting an electric net plus target with natural ox odour increased the catch 1·8 times (P<0·05). A pthalogen blue (peak reflectivity = 40% at 450 nm) target caught 1·7 times as many tsetse as a black target (P<0·01) and a standard blue (reflectivity = 29%) target caught 7·4 times the catch of a yellow one (P<0·001). The results are compared with published data from Zimbabwe, Kenya and Mozambique, and it is noted that the level of response of G. pallidipes in Somalia to host odours is lower than elsewhere.