bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geldelijk of Geestelijk Gewin? Assyrische Bisschoppen Op De Loonlijst Van Een Amerikaanse Zendingspost
Authors: MURRE-VAN DEN BERG H.L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the forties of last century, American Protestant missionaries, sent forth by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, were working among the Assyrian (Nestorian) Christians in northwestern Iran. Nearly ten years after its beginnings, the 'Nestorian mission' went through a difficult period. Not only had the mission to cope with opposition from Roman Catholic missionaries and the Persian government, but also with internal quarrels about the preferred policy of the mission. The internal conflict concentrated on the employment of Assyrian bishops by the mission. Some of the missionaries were convinced that the earlier cooperation of the bishops with the mission was only to be attributed to the fact that they received salaries, rather than out of conviction. Even more, the mission's employment of the bishops could be understood as its approval of the episcopal organisation and various customs of the Assyrian Church. For some of the missionaries, these consequences were hard to accept. Their opponents within the mission greatly valued the positive aspects of the employment of the bishops: it provided the missionaries with good opportunities to preach among the Assyrians, at the same time showing the Assyrians that the Protestants' main aim was not to subvert their customs but to stimulate a revival within the Assyrian Church. In this article, I have argued that it were these opportunities for preaching among the Assyrians which constituted the main reason for Rufus Anderson to support the latter party, even if some aspects of their policy were not in line with the general policy of the American Board of that time. As to the reasons for the Assyrian bishops to work with the American missionaries, I assume that both 'spiritual' and 'material' aspects were involved; the main reason, however, not being the bishops' attraction to the Protestant faith as such, but to the process of modernization and emancipation which the Protestant mission was thought to represent.
Sursum Corda
Authors: VAN VEEN Mirjam G.K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe knowledge we have of the so called 'Nicodemites' is based on Calvin's polemical treatises against them. By 'Nicodemite' we mean someone who did not confess his-evangelical-faith openly but kept his conviction a secret in face of persecution. Calvin's treatise Response à un certain Holandois is remarkable, because it is his only work against a known Nicodemite: the Dutchman D.V. Coornhert. All his life Calvin combatted those who, in spite of evangelical opinions, did not break with the Roman Catholic Church. The arguments he used against them, were also used by Marcourt, Viret and Farel: They all stated that one should choose between God and Baal; one should follow the example of Daniel and his friends; and those who pretend not to know the Lord on earth, would not be known by Christ at the last judgement. The other arguments were aimed at the mass: the mass was idolatrous so therefore one should not attend. The central focus was the eucharist: Christ was in heaven at the right hand of the Father and not in the bread and wine; the mass had nothing to do with the true celebration of the Lord's supper; one should pray to the Lord in spirit and truth, not in physical things. Ceremonies belonged to the Mosaic law which is why they were abolished. These arguments had been used before by Oecolampadius. In 1560 Coornhert reacted against Calvin with his treatise Verschooninghe van Roomsche Afgoderye. He argued against ceremonies in general with the same arguments Calvin had used against the mass. Coornhert, inspired by S. Franck, defended a spiritualistic point of view. The external, visible things were unimportant, so one should not put one's life at risk for it. Ceremonies did not help the believer. On the contrary: they obstructed him. In the apostle Paul Coornhert saw the example of a spiritualistic man: one who was not bound anymore to the Old Testament ceremonies. Outwardly, corporal things did not count. All a believer had to do was to love the Lord and his neighbour. Coornhert blamed Calvin for bringing back his followers to the Mosaic law, and for making them suffer for 'childish things'. Supposing it was by some Dutch evangelicals, Calvin got Coornhert's Verschooninghe and wrote his last anti-Nicodemite work. The translation Calvin used must have been accurate. He maintained the arguments he had used before. There is one specific element in the controversy between Calvin and Coornhert and that is their focus on Saint Paul. The polemic between the two makes clear that the position of Calvin and his followers was not that easy. Arguments against an outward Roman Catholic religion, could be used to defend a spiritualistic point of view as well.
The Distribution of Substances in Eggs of Limnaea Stagnalis L. Centrifuged Immediately Before Cleavage 1)
Authors: Raven Chr P. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract1. La distribution des substances dans les oeufs de Limnaea stagnalis, centrifugés dans les dernières vingt minutes avant le début de la segmentation, était étudiée. 2. La segmentation des oeufs centrifugés montrait quelques anomalies. Spécialement, la zone centripète semble mettre obstacle à la formation des sillons. 3. L'oeuf centrifugé montre une stratification en 3 couches: une zone centripète à protoplasme alveolaire; une couche intermédiaire à granules-α; et une zone centrifuge à protoplasme dense contenant les granules-β. Le plasme polaire animal des oeufs normaux n'est pas visible dans les oeufs centrifugés. 4. Dans les premières 2 heures après la centrifugation, les granules-α, amassés dans la couche intermédiaire, se dispersent dans l'oeuf, enfin ils s'accumulent au pôle animal, comme dans les oeufs normaux. 5. Les granules-β, au contraire, demeurent dans la position qu'ils occupent après la centrifugation. La ligne de démarcation entre la partie centrifuge vitelline et la partie centripète sans vitellus reste assez nette. Cette distribution inégale des granules-β n'empêche pas le développement normal jusqu'au stade gastrula ou trochophore jeune. 6. Au stade morula avancé, dans les cellules de la moitié centripète une nouvelle catégorie de granules parait, qui ressemblent aux granules-β dans leur coloration. La formation de ces granules indique un transport de substances protéiques en forme soluble à travers les parois des cellules. 7. Au stade blastula, la coloration des granules protéiques change de l'acidophilie à la basophilie.
An Analysis of the Functional Differences Between the Contractions of the Adductor Muscles in the Thoracic Legs of the Lobster Homarus Vulgaris L.1
Authors: Wiersma C.A.G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe different thoracic legs of the lobster Homarus vulgaris have been compared with regard to the contractions caused in the closer muscles on one and more impulses in the "fast" nerve fiber. It was found that small twitches occurred in the fresh preparations especially in the second and third legs; that the cutter claw, the fourth and fifth leg showed sometimes a very small contraction on a single shock, but that in the crusher claw more than two closely spaced impulses are necessary before a visible contraction occurs. Two closely spaced impulses in the second, third and fourth leg lead to a stronger twitch, which increases considerably in strength on further impulses. In the cutter claw two such impulses lead to a very strong twitch, which increases but little with a greater number of impulses. Muscle action potentials lead from the muscle with external leads
Derrida’s Flair (For the Animals to Follow...)
Authors: Naas Michael 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis essay traces the history of Jacques Derrida’s engagement with the question of the animal and the methodology Derrida follows in his 2008 The Animal That Therefore I Am. As Derrida demonstrates, the history of philosophy is marked from its inception by an attempt to draw a single, indivisible line between humans and all other animals by attributing some capacity to humans (e.g., language, culture, mourning, a relationship to death) and denying it to animals. Derrida thus begins by questioning the supposed fact that animals do not have such and such a capacity or attribute but then quickly turns to questioning the principle by which philosophers have claimed that humans do. In all his work on the animal, therefore, Derrida questions the confidence with which humans attribute certain capacities to themselves while denying them to animals, all in the name of a pervasive and yet repressed violence against the animal world.
Animal Ethics: Toward an Ethics of Responsiveness
Authors: Oliver Kelly 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe concepts of animal, human, and rights are all part of a philosophical tradition that trades on foreclosing the animal, animality, and animals. Rather than looking to qualities or capacities that make animals the same as or different from humans, I investigate the relationship between the human and the animal. To insist, as animal rights and welfare advocates do, that our ethical obligations to animals are based on their similarities to us reinforces the type of humanism that leads to treating animals—and other people—as subordinates. But, if recent philosophies of difference are any indication, we can acknowledge difference without acknowledging our dependence on animals, or without including animals in ethical considerations. Animal ethics requires rethinking both identity and difference by focusing on relationships and responsivity. My aim is not only to suggest an animal ethics but also to show how ethics itself is transformed by considering animals.
A Social Function of Coram Deo in the Thought of Kierkegaard
Authors: Lee Seung-Goo 
Published: July 2010

AbstractKierkegaard's explanation of human equality is often understood as merely spiritual equality. By analyzing Two Ages and Works of Love, Seung-Goo Lee claims that Kierkegaard's emphasis is on true equality between people. The only way we can see people without any discrimination is to see them in the presence of God. Only in the presence of God is there 'eternal equality' between person and person. If everyone has this vision of seeing people in the presence of God, then there could be a fundamental transformation of the world.
A Search for Karl Barth's 'Public Theology': Looking into Some Defining Areas of his Work in the post-World War II Years
Authors: Laubscher Martin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis article wishes to examine some defining areas of Karl Barth's theology in the post-World War II period, and to see in what regard his theology may help in the discussion on public theology. As some characteristics may grow from our search, a definite distinction will appear between the specific intention and manner of his theology in and towards public life. A thorough appreciation of the public intention in his theology, as well as critique on the shortcomings towards the manner he proposes to go in and towards public life, will be offered at the end of our examination.
Jesus and the Church as Vulnerable Strangers
Authors: van de Beek Abraham 
Published: July 2010

AbstractReferring to Marinus de Jonge, the author calls Jesus a stranger from heaven—he is the king of the kingdom of heaven. Christians are his members and share his life. As strangers on earth, they do not have an enduring city in the world (Heb. 13:14). They are not foreigners somewhere, but they are principally foreigners. They do not strive for earthly power, but participate in the life of foreigners. Due to this position, they feel acquainted with foreigners. They share the experience of exclusion, and, by consequence, strangers share their community—they believe by their exclusion.
Election and the Pattern of Exchange in Karl Barth's Doctrine of the Atonement
Authors: McMaken Travis 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBruce McCormack has described Barth's doctrine of the atonement as even more forensic than the traditional Protestant account due to the role played therein by his doctrine of election. The content of this election is fleshed out by the covenant of grace. This essay gives attention to the place of one aspect of that covenant of grace—the pattern of exchange—as it is found in Barth's account of the atonement, arguing that a mutually constitutive relation of unity-in-distinction obtains between the pattern of exchange and election in Barth's treatment of the atonement, with an asymmetrical priority given to election.
Negotiation Pedagogy: International Relations
Authors: Zartman I. William 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNegotiation is less taught than might be expected in International Relations (IR) programs. Yet an upper-level university course is needed to address three audiences: future citizens, diplomats, and scholars. Since there is no single theory of negotiations, such a course needs to address the various conceptual approaches, grouped as Behavioral, Processual, Integrative, Structural, and Strategic. Conceptual presentations need to be supplemented with practitioners’ testimonies, simulations, and case studies, the latter using participants’ accounts as well as analyses. Games and a sample syllabus are presented.
Training the Warrior-Diplomat: Enhancing Negotiation and Conflict Management Skills through Experiential Learning
Authors: Suransky Leonard , Mans Ulrich , Shimshon Gideon 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDespite the wealth of experience among simulation scholars, there is still little consensus on how to link gaming attributes to specific learning objectives. This article aims to contribute to this discussion and argues that specific simulation design can lead to reaching predefined learning objectives. The authors present a teaching project developed and executed for the Netherlands Defense Academy, how it was set up in 2005, and the way it evolved over time. The authors discuss how the methodology fits into the academic debate on the strengths of experiential learning. The simulation methodology used is rooted in experiential learning and typically supports standard learning goals and styles. When dealing with a specific target group, it is possible to pinpoint one specific, overarching learning objective. This allows trainers to link each individual aspect of the simulation design to that particular learning goal and, in turn, provides a valuable framework to develop, run and evaluate simulation exercises. The authors discuss how two innovative elements in simulating gaming can help to make such an approach work: combining closed and open scenarios, and new communication software that allows for continuous supervision during the game. The conclusions discuss how students respond to the challenges during the game and what the data from debriefings tells us about the methodology’s learning appeal for a military target group.
Case Study
Authors: Goergen Andreas , Bobot Lionel 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe European Union is probably the most complex political and institutional decision-making structure known to humankind. Nowadays, scholars increasingly agree that no single theory can explain all the mechanisms at work in the system of EU governance and decision-making at all levels in any satisfactory way. Even for trained experts and specialists, the complexity of the EU machinery is extremely difficult to grasp. The extensive academic debate in this area is an indicator for both the sophistication of the scholarly discussion and the uncertainty of those who are trying to understand and explain the European integration project. For students who are just learning about the field, trying to untangle that complexity is even more challenging. The difficult task for teachers and instructors is finding ways to introduce students to the institutional framework and the related legislative processes of EU decision-making, and thereby help to facilitate their understanding of the nature of the Union. The purpose of this study is to suggest an alternative teaching method. The simulation “EU Chocolate Directive,” can provide participants with the tools necessary to negotiate more effectively at the EU level.
TWAIL: An Epistemological Inquiry
Authors: Parmar Pooja 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper argues that a particular critical conceptualization based on a focus on Third World peoples, their resistance and their histories offered by TWAIL holds immense potential for formulating alternative international legal theories, in general, and human rights theories in particular. However, it further argues that this potential remains unexplored and cannot be realized unless the search for alternative epistemologies also becomes an integral part of TWAIL.
The Future of Women's Rights from a TWAIL Perspective
Authors: Fagbongbe Mosope 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInternational human rights law has yet to deliver on its promise to Third World women. This short essay focuses on the challenges that the concerns of Third World women pose to TWAIL scholars. Considering the continuing marginalisation of many women, the essay suggests the need to strengthen critical feminist TWAIL perspectives in order to contribute significantly to the overall TWAIL agenda and international human rights law.
e Historical Jesus and Oaths: A Response to Donald A. Hagner and Jonathan Klawans
Authors: Meier John 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis essay responds to the evaluations of the essay, 'Did the Historical Jesus Prohibit All Oaths?' by John P. Meier, published in two parts in JSHJ 5.2 (2007) and 6.1 (2008). Agreement is found in the conclusion that the historical Jesus did prohibit all oaths. Points of disagreement are explored.
Eyewitnesses and the Oral Jesus Tradition
Authors: Dunn James 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDunn responds to critiques by Birger Gerhardsson and Richard Bauckham of his thesis in Jesus Remembered (2003) regarding the early oral Jesus tradition. He agrees with Gerhardsson's emphasis on the oral Jesus tradition as taught, but questions his unwillingness to recognize the character of the 1st century oral Palestinian culture and of the Jesus tradition. He agrees with Bauckham's emphasis on eyewitnesses to explain especially the beginning of the traditioning process, but questions the extent to which the tradition was explicitly attributed to eyewitnesses, and argues that his own thesis also covers the cases where the oral Jesus tradition was being passed on by teachers at some remove from the eyewitnesses. The starting point remains the character of the Synoptic tradition, as 'same yet different', and the challenge remains to explain that character in the most historically responsible way.
Morton Smith as M. Madiotes: Stephen Carlson's Attribution of Secret Mark to a Bald Swindler
Authors: Pantuck Allan , Brown Scott 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn 1960, Morton Smith announced that he had discovered in the Mar Saba monastery tower library a fragment of a previously unknown letter of Clement of Alexandria containing excerpts from a longer version of the Gospel of Mark that Smith called the 'Secret Gospel of Mark'. Controversial since its publication in 1973, this discovery has recently been criticized in print as both an academic hoax and a malicious forgery. This paper uses newly discovered manuscript photographs and archived documents to refute a claim found in Stephen C. Carlson's The Gospel Hoax, namely that Smith invented a pseudonymous twentieth-century individual named 'M. Madiotes' as an elaborate and deliberate clue that he himself had forged the letter of Clement.
Textual Criticism and the Historical Jesus
Authors: Bird Michael 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study argues that historical Jesus research needs to pay greater attention to the field of textual criticism and study of early Christian manuscripts. It is accordingly argued that the field of textual criticism impacts historical Jesus studies in at least three ways: (1) the textual integrity of the New Testament and the possibility of historical Jesus research; (2) the significance of the agrapha; and (3) text-critical contributions to historical issues in life of Jesus research.
On Proving Too Much: Critical Hesitations about Richard Bauckham's Jesus and the Eyewitnesses
Authors: Catchpole David 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRichard Bauckham's book, Jesus and the Eyewitnesses, while breaking new ground in many details, sets up an a priori approach to the Gospel traditions which has difficulty in coping with the textual phenomena which form the basis of an a posteriori approach. Discussion of selected examples suggests the vulnerability of the hypothesis and the necessity of a less trusting, more critical and firmly tradition-historical perspective.
Jesus' Resurrection in a Social-Scientific Perspective: Is There Anything New to be Said?
Authors: Craffert Pieter 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRecent overviews confirm that for decades the scholarly debate about Jesus' resurrection have centred on the question whether or not it refers to an actual event in history. Despite an endless stream of publications no real new answers have been found by those affirming and those denying a literal, bodily resurrection. A social-scientific perspective is described as that approach informed by historical consciousness and the affirmation of multiple cultural realities. From this point of view, the textual data on the visionary encounters are taken as evidence for the reality of Jesus' resurrection as a cultural event but without claiming universal validity. Like many examples of intentional objects, constituting cultural reality for subjects sharing a cultural system, it is suggested that Jesus' resurrection should be seen as such a reality. Thus it is suggested that a social-scientific perspective offers an alternative framework for understanding the resurrection, and consequently for a renewal of the scholarly debate.
Printing, Patronage and Prayer: Art Historical Issues in Three Responsa
Authors: Mann Vivian , Chazin Daniel 
Published: July 2010

Abstract"Printing, Patronage and Prayer: Art Historical Issues in Three Responsa" presents texts from 16th-century Italy, 17th-century Bohemia, and 20th-century Russia that explore the following issues: the impact of the new technology of printing on Jewish ceremonial art and limits to the dedication and use of art in the synagogue.
Jewish Art, Jewish art
Authors: Wharton Annabel Jane 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAs the Jews have always produced art, the question arises, why is the notion of a Jewish Art so problematic? No effort is made in this paper to review or summarize the arguments for or against "Jewish Art." Rather, it attempts a modest shift in the terms of the debate. The essay addresses the question by considering the historiography of Jewish art in relation to both the End-of-Art debates and the Holocaust industry.This paper offers a provisional answer to the question: Why has Jewish art never managed to become Jewish Art? The End of Art debate conditions the discussion; the institutions of Jewish art provide its substance.
Palaces of Time: Illustration of Sifre Evronot
Authors: Carlebach Elisheva 
Published: July 2010

AbstractJewish computus manuscripts in the early modern period were illustrated with a rich, original and unique iconographic program. These images have not previously been understood nor systematically interpreted. This article introduces the genre and provides a survey of its illustrations. It argues that the images complemented the messages in the text, particularly those concerning the antiquity and sanctity of the calendar and the valorization of the Jewish calendar above others.