bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Family-related adverse childhood experiences as risk factors for
psychiatric disorders in Nigeria
Authors: Oladeji Bibilola D. , Makanjuola Victor A. , Gureje Oye 
Published: March 2010

BackgroundAdverse childhood experiences have been associated with a variety of
mental health problems in adult life.AimsTo examine whether this reported link between childhood experiences and
mental health disorders in adult life applies in a Sub-Saharan African
setting where cultural and family attributes may be different.MethodA multistage random sampling was used in the Nigerian Survey of Mental
Health and Well-Being (NSMHW) to select respondents for face-to-face
interviews. Assessments of family-related adverse childhood experiences
and lifetime mental health disorders were conducted with the Composite
International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0).ResultsAlmost half of the respondents had experienced an adverse childhood
experience within the context of the family before they were 16 years of
age. Associations between adverse childhood experiences and adult mental
health disorders were few and were attenuated when clustering of adverse
childhood experience and disorder comorbidities were accounted for. There
was an elevated likelihood of adult substance use disorders among
individuals who had experienced family violence and neglect or abuse.
Parental psychopathology was associated with a significantly increased
risk for developing mood disorders.ConclusionsAdverse childhood experiences reflecting violence in the family, parental
criminality and parental mental illness and substance misuse were more
likely to have significant mental health consequences in adulthood.
Superior temporal gyrus volume in antipsychotic-naive people at
risk of psychosis
Authors: Takahashi Tsutomu , Wood Stephen J. , Yung Alison R. , Walterfang Mark , Phillips Lisa J. , Soulsby Bridget , Kawasaki Yasuhiro , McGorry Patrick D. , Suzuki Michio , Velakoulis Dennis , Pantelis Christos 
Published: March 2010

BackgroundMorphological abnormalities of the superior temporal gyrus have been
consistently reported in schizophrenia, but the timing of their
occurrence remains unclear.AimsTo determine whether individuals exhibit superior temporal gyral changes
before the onset of psychosis.MethodWe used magnetic resonance imaging to examine grey matter volumes of the
superior temporal gyrus and its subregions (planum polare, Heschl's
gyrus, planum temporale, and rostral and caudal regions) in 97
antipsychotic-naive individuals at ultra-high risk of psychosis, of whom
31 subsequently developed psychosis and 66 did not, and 42 controls.ResultsThose at risk of psychosis had significantly smaller superior temporal
gyri at baseline compared with controls bilaterally, without any
prominent subregional effect; however, there was no difference between
those who did and did not subsequently develop psychosis.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that grey matter reductions of the superior
temporal gyrus are present before psychosis onset, and are not due to
medication, but these baseline changes are not predictive of transition
to psychosis.
Polyclinics and psychiatry: risks and opportunities
Authors: Gask Linda , Joseph Suresh , Hampson Michele 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThe arrival of the ‘polyclinic’ or ‘GP-led health centre’ has been signalled in the review of the National Health Service. A variety of options have been proposed for the way in which polyclinics will incorporate specialist services to work alongside primary care, and the relevance of these models to mental healthcare is considered. Polyclinics provide new opportunities but with those possibilities come potential threats and risks. Of key importance is the threat that they will re-institutionalise mental healthcare after many years of breaking down such barriers. Buildings provide shared space, but new working practices are more difficult to achieve.
Escapes and absconding from secure psychiatric units
Authors: Exworthy Tim , Wilson Simon 
Published: March 2010

SummaryA prominent radio news programme reported on escapes from secure psychiatric units in the UK and linked that with subsequent offending by psychiatric patients. The report cited did not distinguish between escapes and absconding but, it is argued here, these are very different activities. The acceptable rate both for escapes and absconding from secure psychiatric units is not defined. A certain level of absconding is a consequence of the therapeutic use of leave, which, as part of rehabilitation, is likely to be linked with a reduced reoffending rate post-discharge.
Recreational drugs and health information provided in head shops
Authors: Pillay Divina , Kelly Brendan D. 
Published: March 2010

Aims and methodTo determine which recreational drugs are most readily offered in ‘head shops’, and what safety information is provided; and determine sales assistants' knowledge about the mental health complications of cannabis. Researchers surveyed ten head shops in Dublin.ResultsSales assistants in all head shops described their products as legal and safe. Overall, 50% stated cannabis was generally not harmful, although 50% stated it might cause depression and 60% stated it might cause psychosis in susceptible people. Salvia was available in 90% of outlets, although sales assistants in 78% warned about its potency.Clinical implicationsLegal, psychoactive drugs, some of which are banned in other jurisdictions, are readily available in Dublin head shops. Enhanced awareness and effective regulation are required.
Fair Dynamic Routing in Large-Scale Heterogeneous-Server Systems
Authors: Armony Mor , Ward Amy R. 
Published: February 2010

In a call center, there is a natural trade-off between minimizing customer wait time and fairly dividing the workload among agents of different skill levels. The relevant control is the routing policy, that is, the decision concerning which agent should handle an arriving call when more than one agent is available. We formulate an optimization problem for a call center with heterogeneous agent pools, in which each pool is distinguished by the speed at which agents in that pool handle calls. The objective is to minimize steady-state expected customer wait time subject to a “fairness” constraint on the workload division. We first solve the optimization problem by formulating it as a Markov decision process (MDP), and solving a related linear program. We note that this approach does not in general lead to an optimal policy that has a simple structure. Fortunately, the optimal policy does appear to have a simple structure as the system size grows large, in the Halfin-Whitt many-server heavy-traffic limit regime. Therefore, we solve the diffusion control problem that arises in this regime and interpret its solution as a policy for the original system. The resulting routing policy is a threshold policy that determines server pool priorities based on the total number of customers in the system. We prove that a continuous modification of our proposed threshold routing policy is asymptotically optimal in the Halfin-Whitt limit regime. We furthermore present simulation results to illustrate that our proposed threshold routing policy outperforms a common routing policy used in call centers (that routes to the agent that has been idle the longest).
Optimal Selection of Customers for a Last-Minute Offer
Authors: Cominetti Roberto , Correa José R. , Rothvoß Thomas , Martín Jaime San 
Published: February 2010

We analyze a short-term revenue optimization problem involving the targeting of customers for a promotion in which a finite number of perishable items are sold on a last-minute offer. The goal is to select the subset of customers to whom the offer will be made available in order to maximize the expected return. Each client replies with a certain probability and reports a specific value that might depend on the customer type, so that the selected subset has to balance the risk of not selling all items with the risk of assigning an item to a low value customer. We show that threshold strategies, which select all those clients with values above a certain optimal threshold, might fail to achieve the maximal revenue. However, using a linear programming relaxation, we prove that they attain a constant factor of the optimal value. Specifically, the achieved factor is 1/2 when a single item is to be sold and approaches 1 as the number of available items grows to infinity. Also, for the single item case, we propose an upper bound based on a sharper linear relaxation that allows us to obtain a threshold strategy achieving at least 2/3 of the optimal revenue. Moreover, although the complexity status of the problem is open, we provide a polynomial time approximation scheme for the single item case.
The use of muscle flaps in the salvage of infected exposed implants for internal fixation
Authors: Tan K.-J. , Lim C.-T. , Lim A. Y.-T. 
Published: March 2010

The treatment of infected exposed implants which have been used for internal fixation usually involves debridement and removal of the implant. This can result in an unstable fracture or spinal column. Muscle flaps may be used to salvage these implants since they provide soft-tissue cover and fresh vascularity. However, there have been few reports concerning their use and these have concentrated on the eradication of the infection and successful soft-tissue cover as the endpoint. There is no information on the factors which may influence the successful salvage of the implant using muscle flaps. We studied the results and factors affecting outcome in nine pedicled muscle flaps used in the treatment of exposed metal internal fixation with salvage of the implant as the primary endpoint. This was achieved in four cases. Factors predicting success were age < 30 years, the absence of comorbid conditions and a favourable microbiological profile. The growth of multiple organisms, a history of smoking and the presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on wound cultures indicated a poor outcome. The use of antibiotic beads, vacuum-assisted closure and dressing, the surgical site, the type of flap performed and the time from primary surgery to flap cover were not predictive of outcome.
Timing of reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament in athletes and the incidence of secondary pathology within the knee
Authors: Kennedy J. , Jackson M. P. , O’Kelly P. , Moran R. 
Published: March 2010

We reviewed a single-surgeon series of 300 athletic patients who had undergone reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament in order to establish the relationship between the timing of the reconstruction and the incidence of meniscal and chondral pathology. The patients were divided into five groups according to the time from their injury to surgery as follows: less than two months, two to six months, six to 12 months, 12 to 18 months and more than 18 months. The presence of meniscal tears was recorded and chondral pathology was scored according to the system of the French Society of Arthroscopy. There was a significantly higher chance of a medial meniscal tear occurring in patients undergoing reconstruction after one year from their injury (odds ratio (7.99, p = 0.004). The odds of having a lateral meniscal tear did not change significantly with an increasing interval to reconstruction. The chance of patients developing degenerative changes was found to be significantly higher in the groups operated on after six months from injury (odds ratio 4.04, p = 0.005). We advocate that patients with deficiency of the anterior cruciate ligament should be counselled that there is a significant relationship between the duration of the instability of their knee and the subsequent incidence of both chondral changes and meniscal tears. In order to minimise these risks, we recommend that reconstruction be performed within the first year from injury.
Infantile developmental thoracolumbar kyphosis with segmental subluxation of the spine
Authors: Tsirikos A. I. , McMaster M. J. 
Published: March 2010

We report five children who presented at the mean age of 1.5 years (1.1 to 1.9) with a progressive thoracolumbar kyphosis associated with segmental instability and subluxation of the spine at the level above an anteriorly-wedged hypoplastic vertebra at L1 or L2. The spinal deformity appeared to be developmental and not congenital in origin. The anterior wedging of the vertebra may have been secondary to localised segmental instability and subsequent kyphotic deformity. We suggest the term ‘infantile developmental thoracolumbar kyphosis with segmental subluxation of the spine’ to differentiate this type of deformity from congenital displacement of the spine in which the congenital vertebral anomaly does not resolve. Infantile developmental kyphosis with segmental subluxation of the spine, if progressive, may carry the risk of neurological compromise. In all of our patients the kyphotic deformity progressed over a period of three months and all were treated by localised posterior spinal fusion. At a mean follow-up of 6.6 years (5.0 to 9.0), gradual correction of the kyphosis was seen on serial radiographs as well as reconstitution of the hypoplastic wedged vertebra to normality. Exploration of the arthrodesis was necessary at nine months in one patient who developed a pseudarthrosis.
Psychometric Evaluation of the FACT Colorectal Cancer Symptom Index (FCSI-9): Reliability, Validity, Responsiveness, and Clinical Meaningfulness
Authors: Colwell Hilary H. , Mathias Susan D. , Turner Michelle P. , Lu John , Wright Nicola , Peeters Marc , Cella David , Devercelli Giovanna 
Published: February 2010

Abstract

Background.
Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are essential for evaluating treatment effects on health-related quality of life and symptoms from the patient's perspective. This study sought to evaluate the psychometric properties of the nine-item Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy/National Comprehensive Cancer Network Colorectal Cancer Symptom Index (FCSI-9) in a metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) population.

Methods.
The FCSI-9 and EQ-5D were administered every 2–4 weeks to mCRC subjects in a phase III clinical trial. Three hundred ninety-one mCRC subjects completed the questionnaires at baseline and at least one follow-up assessment. Internal consistency reliability, test–retest reliability, construct validity, known groups validity, responsiveness, and the minimum important difference (MID) of the FCSI-9 were evaluated.

Results.
The internal consistency and test–retest reliability of the FCSI-9 were acceptable (0.81 and 0.76, respectively). Construct validity was supported based on moderate correlations with the EQ-5D. Known groups validity was evaluated by examining the FCSI-9 scores of subjects categorized by their Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (PS) score. Subjects with better PS scores reported significantly higher FCSI-9 scores than those with lower PS scores at both baseline and week 8. Responsiveness, as measured by Guyatt's statistic, was 0.77 from baseline to week 8 and 0.60 from week 4 to week 12. Considering all data together, the MID of the FCSI-9 is estimated to be in the range of 1.5–3.0 points.

Conclusion.
Results provide preliminary evidence of the reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the FCSI-9.
Coupling between subtidal prey and consumers along a mesoscale upwelling gradient in the Galápagos Islands
Authors: Witman Jon D. , Brandt Margarita , Smith Franz 
Published: March 2010

Our understanding of how communities are regulated diminishes with increasing spatial scale. Because oceanographic processes supply food, transport propagules, and set abiotic conditions across broad areas, they may explain metacommunity and food web functioning on large scales. Here we test for bottom‐up manifestations of an oceanographic process, upwelling, through production of barnacle (Megabalanus spp.) prey to top‐down control by whelks, fish, and urchins across a mesoscale (125 km) gradient of 28–68% upwelling at 12 subtidal rock wall sites in the Galápagos from 2002 to 2005. Multivariate analysis of in situ flow measurements and the occurrence of the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) distinguished weak (WUP), intermediate (IUP), and strong upwelling (SUP) site groups. Barnacle cover and recruitment were significantly higher at SUP than at WUP sites and decreased with depth from 6 to 15 m. High barnacle recruitment was a persistent feature of SUP sites from 2002 to 2004. This recruitment was significantly related to larval concentrations, vertical flow speeds, and to a lesser extent, onshore offshore flow speeds, while growth rates of barnacles were highest at three SUP and one IUP site. Three‐dimensional (3‐D) flow explained 39% of the variation in growth. Therefore, bottom‐up effects of upwelling occurred via prey production as recruitment and growth of barnacles. Vertical flow was the most important component of the upwelling regime predicting these dynamics.Evidence of population level predator–prey coupling was provided by significant linear relationships between densities of the whelk, Hexaplex princeps, and both the cover and recruitment of barnacle prey. In a mesoscale predation intensity experiment 33–100% of barnacles were eaten by Hexaplex and fish, linking bottom‐up and top‐down effects. Significantly more barnacles were consumed at SUP than at WUP sites. The broader spatial context for upwelling and predator–prey coupling documented here was provided by the topography of the sea floor offshore, as the maximum depth and bottom slope within 15 km of the sites predicted 40% of upwelling duration. Eighty percent of the SUP sites were close to steep slopes and deep (>1100 m) water where upwelling from internal waves and the EUC is likely.
Identities in the Commons: The Dynamics of Norms and Social Capital
Authors: Bulte Erwin , Horan Richard D. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This paper provides a formal analysis of the evolution of cooperation in the management of common property resources. We develop a dynamic model that includes moral norms or a sense of 'identity,' and show that cooperation may  but need not  be an equilibrium outcome in the absence of intervention by a managing agency or punishment by peers. We demonstrate that outside intervention has ambiguous effects when identity matters  it may reduce welfare of the agents harvesting the stock.
Effects of domperidone on digital laminar microvascular blood flow in clinically normal adult horses
Authors: Castro José R. , Adair Henry S. , Radecki Steven V. , Kiefer Virginia R. , Elliot Sarah B. , Longhofer Susan L. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Objective—To determine effects of domperidone and acepromazine maleate on microvascular blood flow in digital laminae of clinically normal adult horses.
Animals—8 clinically normal adult horses (4 mares and 4 geldings).
Procedures—In a 4-period crossover study, domperidone was administered PO at 1.1 mg/ kg and 5.5 mg/kg and IV at 0.2 mg/kg; acepromazine was administered IV at 0.04 mg/kg. The washout period between treatments was 1 week. A 3-minute measurement of laminar microvascular blood flow (LMBF) was obtained with laser Doppler flowmetry. Baseline measurements were obtained at −2, −1, and 0 hours prior to administration of drugs. Post-treatment measurements were obtained at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, and 12 hours. Percentage change from baseline values in LMBF for each treatment was subsequently calculated.
Results—Oral administration of domperidone at 1.1 mg/kg and 5.5 mg/kg significantly increased LMBF, compared with baseline values, beginning 4 hours after administration, and this effect persisted for at least 8 hours. Intravenous administration of domperidone at 0.2 mg/kg significantly increased LMBF, compared with baseline values, at 10 and 12 hours after administration. Administration of acepromazine (0.04 mg/kg, IV) significantly increased LMBF, compared with baseline values, at 3, 5, 8, and 10 hours after administration. No adverse effects of drugs were detected in any horse.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Domperidone may be useful for preventing vasoconstriction and reduction in LMBF believed to occur in horses with laminitis, but additional research of the drug's effects in horses with laminitis is required.
Effect of semen in urine specimens on urine protein concentration determined by means of dipstick analysis
Authors: Prober Laurie G. , Johnson Cheri A. , Olivier N. Bari , Thomas Jennifer S. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Objective—To determine the effect of semen in urine specimens on urine protein concentration measured by means of dipstick analysis.
Sample Population—14 urine samples from 3 adult castrated male dogs and 14 semen samples from 7 adult sexually intact male dogs.
Procedures—Serial dilutions of the whole ejaculate or spermatozoa-free seminal fluid in urine were created, and unaltered and diluted urine samples were analyzed by means of a commercially available dipstick; pH and specific gravity of the samples were also measured. Spermatozoa and WBC counts of the semen samples and protein concentration of the seminal fluid were determined.
Results—Protein concentrations determined by means of dipstick analysis of urine samples to which whole ejaculate (dilutions of 1:1, 1:2, 1:16, 1:64, and 1:256) or seminal fluid (dilutions of 1:1, 1:2, 1:16, and 1:64) had been added were significantly higher than concentrations in unaltered urine samples. All 13 samples to which whole ejaculate was added at a dilution of 1:2 and 10 of 12 samples to which seminal fluid was added at a dilution of 1:2 were positive for blood on dipstick analysis. There was no significant linear correlation between spermatozoa or WBC count of the semen sample and protein concentration of the spermatozoa-free seminal fluid.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that regardless of whether spermatozoa were present, semen contamination could result in false-positive results for protein and blood during dipstick analysis of urine samples from sexually intact male dogs.
Myoelectric activity of the ileum, cecum, proximal loop of the ascending colon, and spiral colon in cows with naturally occurring cecal dilatation-dislocation
Authors: Kunz-Kirchhofer Christine , Schelling Esther , Probst Sylvie , Brechbühl Monika , Steiner Adrian , Meylan Mireille 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Objective—To analyze myoelectric activity of the ileum, cecum, proximal loop of the ascending colon (PLAC), and spiral colon in cows with naturally occurring cecal dilatation-dislocation (CDD) and compare findings with those in healthy cows.
Animals—8 CDD-affected and 6 healthy control cows.
Procedures—Immediately after diagnosis, CDD-affected cows underwent surgery; control cows underwent a similar surgical procedure. Before completion of surgery, 8 bipolar silver electrodes were implanted in the ileum (n = 2), cecum (1), PLAC (1), and spiral colon (4) of each cow. Beginning the day after surgery, intestinal myoelectric activity was recorded daily (8-hour period) for 4 days; data were analyzed by use of specialized software programs. Quantitative variables of myoelectric activity were compared between groups.
Results—Cows of both groups recovered without complications after surgery. In control cows, physiologic myoelectric activity was recorded in all intestinal segments on all days after surgery. Apparently normal myoelectric activity was evident in the ileum of CDD-affected cows on the first day after surgery, but myoelectric activity patterns in the cecum, PLAC, and spiral colon were variable with no organized cyclic myoelectric patterns, incomplete or normally organized migrating myoelectric complexes, and slow normalization over time.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—After surgery for CDD, normal myoelectric patterns were disrupted in the large intestine of cows, especially in the spiral colon. Clinical recovery with effective transit of ingesta occurred before normalization of myoelectric activity in the large intestine. Therapeutic protocols for restoration or normalization of spiral colon motility should be developed for treatment of CDD-affected cattle.