bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biodiversity and Wetting of Climate Alleviate Vegetation Vulnerability Under Compound Drought‐Hot Extremes
Authors: Zhang Gengxi , Zhang Shuyu , Wang Huimin , Gan Thian Yew , Fang Hongyuan , Su Xiaoling , Song Songbai , Feng Kai , Jiang Tianliang , Huang Jinbai , Xu Pengcheng , Fu Xiaolei 
Published: May 2024

AbstractGlobal warming has intensified the intensity of compound drought‐hot extremes (CDHEs), posing more severe impacts on human societies and ecosystems than individual extremes. The vulnerability of global terrestrial ecosystems under CDHEs, along with its key influencing factors, remains poorly understood. Based on multiple remote sensing data, we construct a Vine Copula model to appraise vegetation vulnerability under CDHEs, and attribute it to climatic and biotic factors for five different vegetation types. High vulnerability is detected in central and southern regions of North America, eastern and southern regions of South America, Southern Africa, northern and western Europe, and northern and eastern Australia. The drier the climate, the higher will be the vulnerability. Furthermore, biodiversity and biomass are key biotic factors influencing the vulnerability of various vegetation types, such that ecosystems with richer biodiversity and higher biomass have lower vulnerability to CDHEs. The findings deepen understanding of terrestrial ecosystem response to CDHEs.
Disaggregating the Carbon Exchange of Degrading Permafrost Peatlands Using Bayesian Deep Learning
Authors: Pirk Norbert , Aalstad Kristoffer , Mannerfelt Erik Schytt , Clayer François , de Wit Heleen , Christiansen Casper T. , Althuizen Inge , Lee Hanna , Westermann Sebastian 
Published: May 2024

AbstractExtensive regions in the permafrost zone are projected to become climatically unsuitable to sustain permafrost peatlands over the next century, suggesting transformations in these landscapes that can leave large amounts of permafrost carbon vulnerable to post‐thaw decomposition. We present 3 years of eddy covariance measurements of CH4 and CO2 fluxes from the degrading permafrost peatland Iškoras in Northern Norway, which we disaggregate into separate fluxes of palsa, pond, and fen areas using information provided by the dynamic flux footprint in a novel ensemble‐based Bayesian deep neural network framework. The 3‐year mean CO2‐equivalent flux is estimated to be 106 gCO2 m−2 yr−1 for palsas, 1,780 gCO2 m−2 yr−1 for ponds, and −31 gCO2 m−2 yr−1 for fens, indicating that possible palsa degradation to thermokarst ponds would strengthen the local greenhouse gas forcing by a factor of about 17, while transformation into fens would slightly reduce the current local greenhouse gas forcing.
Statistical Survey of Thin Current Sheets in Earth's Magnetotail: MMS Observations
Authors: Zhang Zhibo , Lu San , Lu Quanming , Wang Rongsheng , Zhan Chenchen , Li Xinmin , Artemyev Anton V. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThin current sheets (TCS) formed in Earth's magnetotail and hosting magnetic field line reconnection are important element of magnetospheric dynamics. In this paper, a statistical survey of 163 TCS crossing events in Earth's magnetotail using observations by MMS during 2017–2020 is performed. We find that magnetotail TCSs typically have a very strong current density primarily carried by electrons, with a thickness of a few ion inertial lengths. Our statistical results reveal different characteristics between TCSs located on the duskside and dawnside. Specifically, we find that TCSs on the duskside have a smaller thickness, higher current density, and stronger Hall electric field than on the dawnside. Our results also show that there is a correlation between the TCS thickness and the Hall electric field magnitude, with a stronger Hall electric field present in thinner TCSs. Our statistics results confirm previously reported key TCS dawn‐dusk asymmetries, with the main advance of directly measurable plasma currents. TCS characteristics of the presented data set will be useful for initialization of realistic numerical simulations and theoretical investigations of TCS instabilities resulted in various dynamical models of the magnetotail.
Consistent Ground Surface Temperature Climatology Over China: 1956–2022
Authors: Wang Shengdi , Cao Bin , Hao Jiansheng , Sun Wen , Zhang Kun 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe ground surface represents the land‐atmosphere interface and plays a crucial role in exchanging energy, matter, and biochemical fluxes. The ground surface temperature (Ts) is hence widely investigated as an indicator to understand the thermal state of soil in a warming world. However, regular and continuous Ts measurements are rare worldwide, and the early Ts records were derived from snow surface measurements and are not comparable with the measurements of modern automatic systems. In this study, we reconstruct the Ts records of the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) for 1956–2022 by numerical simulation. The results show that the mean annual ground surface temperature (MAGST) during 1981–2010 ranged from 0.4 to 30.8°C at 632 stations. The MAGST was mainly controlled by air temperature and refined by snow depth. The overall MAGST increased by 0.20 ± 0.02°C dec−1 across China during 1956–2022 and showed pronounced interdecadal variability corresponding to the surface air temperature (0.23 ± 0.03°C dec−1). At the snow‐covered sites, the Ts warming was amplified by increased snow depth, leading to about 0.24°C dec−1 (or 70.6%) faster warming for Ts in winter compared to that of surface air temperature. Many of the early reported ground surface temperature studies based on CMA measurements did not consider the measurement inconsistency and likely overestimated the warming trend of ground surface temperature over China.
Insulin-like growth factor-1 effects on kidney development in preterm piglets
Authors: Zhong Jingren , Doughty Richard , Thymann Thomas , Sangild Per Torp , Nguyen Duc Ninh , Muk Tik 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background
Preterm birth disrupts fetal kidney development, potentially leading to postnatal acute kidney injury. Preterm infants are deficient in insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a growth factor that stimulates organ development. By utilizing a preterm pig model, this study investigated whether IGF-1 supplementation enhances preterm kidney maturation.

Methods
Cesarean-delivered preterm pigs were treated systemically IGF-1 or vehicle control for 5, 9 or 19 days after birth. Blood, urine, and kidney tissue were collected for biochemical, histological and gene expression analyses. Age-matched term-born pigs were sacrificed at similar postnatal ages and served as the reference group.

Results
Compared with term pigs, preterm pigs exhibited impaired kidney maturation, as indicated by analyses of renal morphology, histopathology, and inflammatory and injury markers. Supplementation with IGF-1 reduced signs of kidney immaturity, particularly in the first week of life, as indicated by improved morphology, upregulated expression of key developmental genes, reduced severity and incidence of microscopic lesions, and decreased levels of inflammatory and injury markers. No association was seen between the symptoms of necrotizing enterocolitis and kidney defects.

Conclusion
Preterm birth in pigs impairs kidney maturation and exogenous IGF-1 treatment partially reverses this impairment. Early IGF-1 supplementation could support the development of preterm kidneys.

Impact

Preterm birth may disrupt kidney development in newborns, potentially leading to morphological changes, injury, and inflammation.

Preterm pigs have previously been used as models for preterm infants, but not for kidney development.

IGF-1 supplementation promotes kidney maturation and alleviates renal impairments in the first week of life in preterm pigs. IGF-1 may hold potential as a supportive therapy for preterm infants sensitive to acute kidney injury.
Macrophages communicate with mesangial cells through the CXCL12/DPP4 axis in lupus nephritis pathogenesis
Authors: Li Weiwei , Yao Chun , Guo Haixia , Ni Xi’an , Zhu Ran , Wang Yongjun , Yu Bin , Feng Xuebing , Gu Zhifeng , Da Zhanyun 
Published: May 2024

AbstractLupus nephritis (LN) occurs in 50% of cases of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and is one of the most serious complications that can occur during lupus progression. Mesangial cells (MCs) are intrinsic cells in the kidney that can regulate capillary blood flow, phagocytose apoptotic cells, and secrete vasoactive substances and growth factors. Previous studies have shown that various types of inflammatory cells can activate MCs for hyperproliferation, leading to disruption of the filtration barrier and impairment of renal function in LN. Here, we characterized the heterogeneity of kidney cells of LN mice by single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) and revealed the interaction between macrophages and MCs through the CXC motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12)/dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) axis. In culture, macrophages modulated the proliferation and migration of MCs through this ligand–receptor interaction. In LN mice, treatment with linagliptin, a DPP4 inhibitor, effectively inhibited MC proliferation and reduced urinary protein levels. Together, our findings indicated that targeting the CXCL12/DPP4 axis with linagliptin treatment may serve as a novel strategy for the treatment of LN via the CXCL12/DPP4 axis.
Nitrous oxide respiration in acidophilic methanotrophs
Authors: Awala Samuel Imisi , Gwak Joo-Han , Kim Yongman , Jung Man-Young , Dunfield Peter F. , Wagner Michael , Rhee Sung-Keun 
Published: May 2024

AbstractAerobic methanotrophic bacteria are considered strict aerobes but are often highly abundant in hypoxic and even anoxic environments. Despite possessing denitrification genes, it remains to be verified whether denitrification contributes to their growth. Here, we show that acidophilic methanotrophs can respire nitrous oxide (N2O) and grow anaerobically on diverse non-methane substrates, including methanol, C-C substrates, and hydrogen. We study two strains that possess N2O reductase genes: Methylocella tundrae T4 and Methylacidiphilum caldifontis IT6. We show that N2O respiration supports growth of Methylacidiphilum caldifontis at an extremely acidic pH of 2.0, exceeding the known physiological pH limits for microbial N2O consumption. Methylocella tundrae simultaneously consumes N2O and CH4 in suboxic conditions, indicating robustness of its N2O reductase activity in the presence of O2. Furthermore, in O2-limiting conditions, the amount of CH4 oxidized per O2 reduced increases when N2O is added, indicating that Methylocella tundrae can direct more O2 towards methane monooxygenase. Thus, our results demonstrate that some methanotrophs can respire N2O independently or simultaneously with O2, which may facilitate their growth and survival in dynamic environments. Such metabolic capability enables these bacteria to simultaneously reduce the release of the key greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, and N2O.
Centimeter-scale nanomechanical resonators with low dissipation
Authors: Cupertino Andrea , Shin Dongil , Guo Leo , Steeneken Peter G. , Bessa Miguel A. , Norte Richard A. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractHigh-aspect-ratio mechanical resonators are pivotal in precision sensing, from macroscopic gravitational wave detectors to nanoscale acoustics. However, fabrication challenges and high computational costs have limited the length-to-thickness ratio of these devices, leaving a largely unexplored regime in nano-engineering. We present nanomechanical resonators that extend centimeters in length yet retain nanometer thickness. We explore this expanded design space using an optimization approach which judiciously employs fast millimeter-scale simulations to steer the more computationally intensive centimeter-scale design optimization. By employing delicate nanofabrication techniques, our approach ensures high-yield realization, experimentally confirming room-temperature quality factors close to theoretical predictions. The synergy between nanofabrication, design optimization guided by machine learning, and precision engineering opens a solid-state path to room-temperature quality factors approaching 10 billion at kilohertz mechanical frequencies – comparable to the performance of leading cryogenic resonators and levitated nanospheres, even under significantly less stringent temperature and vacuum conditions.
A large-strain and ultrahigh energy density dielectric elastomer for fast moving soft robot
Authors: Feng Wenwen , Sun Lin , Jin Zhekai , Chen Lili , Liu Yuncong , Xu Hao , Wang Chao 
Published: May 2024

AbstractDielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) with large actuation strain and high energy density are highly desirable for actuating soft robots. However, DEAs usually require high driving electric fields (>100 MV m−1) to achieve high performances due to the low dielectric constant and high stiffness of dielectric elastomers (DEs). Here, we introduce polar fluorinated groups and nanodomains aggregated by long alkyl side chains into DE design, simultaneously endowing DE with a high dielectric constant and desirable modulus. Our DE exhibits a maximum area strain of 253% at a low driving electric field of 46 MV m−1. Notably, it achieves an ultrahigh specific energy of 225 J kg−1 at only‍‌ ‌‌40‍‌ MV m−1, around 6 times higher than natural muscle and twice higher than the state-of-the-art DE. Using our DE, soft robots reach an ultrafast running speed of 20.6 BL s−1, 60 times higher than that of commercial VHB 4910, representing the fastest DEA-driven soft robots ever reported.
Ventral pallidum GABA and glutamate neurons drive approach and avoidance through distinct modulation of VTA cell types
Authors: Faget Lauren , Oriol Lucie , Lee Wen-Chun , Zell Vivien , Sargent Cody , Flores Andrew , Hollon Nick G. , Ramanathan Dhakshin , Hnasko Thomas S. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe ventral pallidum (VP) contains GABA and glutamate neurons projecting to ventral tegmental area (VTA) whose stimulation drives approach and avoidance, respectively. Yet little is known about the mechanisms by which VP cell types shape VTA activity and drive behavior. Here, we found that both VP GABA and glutamate neurons were activated during approach to reward or by delivery of an aversive stimulus. Stimulation of VP GABA neurons inhibited VTA GABA, but activated dopamine and glutamate neurons. Remarkably, stimulation-evoked activation was behavior-contingent such that VTA recruitment was inhibited when evoked by the subject’s own action. Conversely, VP glutamate neurons activated VTA GABA, as well as dopamine and glutamate neurons, despite driving aversion. However, VP glutamate neurons evoked dopamine in aversion-associated ventromedial nucleus accumbens (NAc), but reduced dopamine release in reward-associated dorsomedial NAc. These findings show how heterogeneous VP projections to VTA can be engaged to shape approach and avoidance behaviors.
Copper(I)-nitrene platform for chemoproteomic profiling of methionine
Authors: Sahu Samrat , Emenike Benjamin , Beusch Christian Michel , Bagchi Pritha , Gordon David Ezra , Raj Monika 
Published: May 2024

AbstractMethionine plays a critical role in various biological and cell regulatory processes, making its chemoproteomic profiling indispensable for exploring its functions and potential in protein therapeutics. Building on the principle of rapid oxidation of methionine, we report Copper(I)-Nitrene Platform for robust, and selective labeling of methionine to generate stable sulfonyl sulfimide conjugates under physiological conditions. We demonstrate the versatility of this platform to label methionine in bioactive peptides, intact proteins (6.5-79.5 kDa), and proteins in complex cell lysate mixtures with varying payloads. We discover ligandable proteins and sites harboring hyperreactive methionine within the human proteome. Furthermore, this has been utilized to profile oxidation-sensitive methionine residues, which might increase our understanding of the protective role of methionine in diseases associated with elevated levels of reactive oxygen species. The Copper(I)-Nitrene Platform allows labeling methionine residues in live cancer cells, observing minimal cytotoxic effects and achieving dose-dependent labeling. Confocal imaging further reveals the spatial distribution of modified proteins within the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus, underscoring the platform’s potential in profiling the cellular interactome.
Original COVID-19 priming regimen impacts the immunogenicity of bivalent BA.1 and BA.5 boosters
Authors: Zaeck Luca M. , Tan Ngoc H. , Rietdijk Wim J. R. , Geers Daryl , Sablerolles Roos S. G. , Bogers Susanne , van Dijk Laura L. A. , Gommers Lennert , van Leeuwen Leanne P. M. , Rugebregt Sharona , Goorhuis Abraham , Postma Douwe F. , Visser Leo G. , Dalm Virgil A. S. H. , Lafeber Melvin , Kootstra Neeltje A. , Huckriede Anke L. W. , Haagmans Bart L. , van Baarle Debbie , Koopmans Marion P. G. ,   SWITCH-ON Research Group, van de Hoef Anna , Roders Isabelle Veerman , Tjon Nathalie , van Grafhorst Karenin , Nieuwkoop Nella , de Wilt Faye , Scherbeijn Sandra , Verstrepen Babs E. , Ferren Marion , Handrejk Kim , Schmitz Katharina S. , Wijnans Koen , Lamoré Aldert C. P. , Schnyder Jenny , Starozhitskaya Olga , Harskamp Agnes , Maurer Irma , Boeser-Nunnink Brigitte , Mangas-Ruiz Marga , Akkerman Renate , Beukema Martin , de Vries-Idema Jacqueline J. , Nijhof Sander , Visscher Frederique , Zuidema Jopie , Vlot Jessica , Spaargaren Eva , Olthof Naomi , van Wengen-Stevenhagen Annelies , de Vreede Anouk J. E. , Blokland Jytte , van Mill Simone , Slagter Vivian W. M. , Suijk-Benschop Kitty , Fehrmann-Naumann Jos , Bart Daphne , van der Hulst Elysia , van der Kuy P. Hugo M. , GeurtsvanKessel Corine H. , de Vries Rory D. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractWaning antibody responses after COVID-19 vaccination combined with the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineage led to reduced vaccine effectiveness. As a countermeasure, bivalent mRNA-based booster vaccines encoding the ancestral spike protein in combination with that of Omicron BA.1 or BA.5 were introduced. Since then, different BA.2-descendent lineages have become dominant, such as XBB.1.5, JN.1, or EG.5.1. Here, we report post-hoc analyses of data from the SWITCH-ON study, assessing how different COVID-19 priming regimens affect the immunogenicity of bivalent booster vaccinations and breakthrough infections (NCT05471440). BA.1 and BA.5 bivalent vaccines boosted neutralizing antibodies and T-cells up to 3 months after boost; however, cross-neutralization of XBB.1.5 was poor. Interestingly, different combinations of prime-boost regimens induced divergent responses: participants primed with Ad26.COV2.S developed lower binding antibody levels after bivalent boost while neutralization and T-cell responses were similar to mRNA-based primed participants. In contrast, the breadth of neutralization was higher in mRNA-primed and bivalent BA.5 boosted participants. Combined, our data further support the current use of monovalent vaccines based on circulating strains when vaccinating risk groups, as recently recommended by the WHO. We emphasize the importance of the continuous assessment of immune responses targeting circulating variants to guide future COVID-19 vaccination policies.
Enhancing in vivo cell and tissue targeting by modulation of polymer nanoparticles and macrophage decoys
Authors: Piotrowski-Daspit Alexandra S. , Bracaglia Laura G. , Eaton David A. , Richfield Owen , Binns Thomas C. , Albert Claire , Gould Jared , Mortlock Ryland D. , Egan Marie E. , Pober Jordan S. , Saltzman W. Mark 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe in vivo efficacy of polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) is dependent on their pharmacokinetics, including time in circulation and tissue tropism. Here we explore the structure-function relationships guiding physiological fate of a library of poly(amine-co-ester) (PACE) NPs with different compositions and surface properties. We find that circulation half-life as well as tissue and cell-type tropism is dependent on polymer chemistry, vehicle characteristics, dosing, and strategic co-administration of distribution modifiers, suggesting that physiological fate can be optimized by adjusting these parameters. Our high-throughput quantitative microscopy-based platform to measure the concentration of nanomedicines in the blood combined with detailed biodistribution assessments and pharmacokinetic modeling provides valuable insight into the dynamic in vivo behavior of these polymer NPs. Our results suggest that PACE NPs—and perhaps other NPs—can be designed with tunable properties to achieve desired tissue tropism for the in vivo delivery of nucleic acid therapeutics. These findings can guide the rational design of more effective nucleic acid delivery vehicles for in vivo applications.
Strong microwave squeezing above 1 Tesla and 1 Kelvin
Authors: Vaartjes Arjen , Kringhøj Anders , Vine Wyatt , Day Tom , Morello Andrea , Pla Jarryd J. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractSqueezed states of light have been used extensively to increase the precision of measurements, from the detection of gravitational waves to the search for dark matter. In the optical domain, high levels of vacuum noise squeezing are possible due to the availability of low loss optical components and high-performance squeezers. At microwave frequencies, however, limitations of the squeezing devices and the high insertion loss of microwave components make squeezing vacuum noise an exceptionally difficult task. Here we demonstrate direct measurements of high levels of microwave squeezing. We use an ultra-low loss setup and weakly-nonlinear kinetic inductance parametric amplifiers to squeeze microwave noise 7.8(2) dB below the vacuum level. The amplifiers exhibit a resilience to magnetic fields and permit the demonstration of large squeezing levels inside fields of up to 2 T. Finally, we exploit the high critical temperature of our amplifiers to squeeze a warm thermal environment, achieving vacuum level noise at a temperature of 1.8 K. These results enable experiments that combine squeezing with magnetic fields and permit quantum-limited microwave measurements at elevated temperatures, significantly reducing the complexity and cost of the cryogenic systems required for such experiments.
High spin axion insulator
Authors: Li Shuai , Gong Ming , Li Yu-Hang , Jiang Hua , Xie X. C. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractAxion insulators possess a quantized axion field θ = π protected by combined lattice and time-reversal symmetry, holding great potential for device applications in layertronics and quantum computing. Here, we propose a high-spin axion insulator (HSAI) defined in large spin-s representation, which maintains the same inherent symmetry but possesses a notable axion field θ = (s + 1/2)2π. Such distinct axion field is confirmed independently by the direct calculation of the axion term using hybrid Wannier functions, layer-resolved Chern numbers, as well as the topological magneto-electric effect. We show that the guaranteed gapless quasi-particle excitation is absent at the boundary of the HSAI despite its integer surface Chern number, hinting an unusual quantum anomaly violating the conventional bulk-boundary correspondence. Furthermore, we ascertain that the axion field θ can be precisely tuned through an external magnetic field, enabling the manipulation of bonded transport properties. The HSAI proposed here can be experimentally verified in ultra-cold atoms by the quantized non-reciprocal conductance or topological magnetoelectric response. Our work enriches the understanding of axion insulators in condensed matter physics, paving the way for future device applications.