bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vernakalant Hydrochloride: A NovelAtrial‐selective Agent for the Cardioversionof Recent‐onset Atrial Fibrillation in the Emergency Department
Authors: Stiell Ian G. , Dickinson Garth , Butterfield Noam N. , Clement Catherine M. , Perry Jeffrey J. , Vaillancourt Christian , Calder Lisa A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractObjectives:  Vernakalant is a relatively atrial‐selective antiarrhythmic agent that has been shown to successfully convert atrial fibrillation (AF) to normal sinus rhythm for some patients whose onset of dysrhythmia occurred less than 7 days previously. This study sought to evaluate the efficacy and safety of vernakalant for patients with recent‐onset AF.Methods:  This was a post hoc analysis of patients with recent‐onset AF (> 3 to ≤ 48 hours) enrolled in the double‐blind, placebo‐controlled Atrial arrhythmia Conversion Trial (ACT) I and the open‐label ACT IV trials. The studies enrolled adults presenting with AF to 78 emergency departments (ED) and cardiac clinics in six countries. Patients received a 10‐minute intravenous infusion of vernakalant or placebo, followed by an additional infusion if necessary. Efficacy assessments included conversion to sinus rhythm within 90 minutes and median time to conversion. Safety evaluations included telemetry, Holter monitoring, and adverse events (AEs).Results:  Of the 290 patients, 229 received vernakalant, 61 received placebo, and the overall mean age was 59 years. The vernakalant and placebo groups were similar. Of all patients given vernakalant, 136 (59.4%) converted to sinus rhythm within 90 minutes, compared with three (4.9%) placebo patients. The median time to conversion with vernakalant was 12 minutes (interquartile range = 7–24.5 minutes). Clinically significant bradycardia and hypotension were uncommon, and no cases of torsade de pointes or ventricular fibrillation occurred.Conclusions:  Vernakalant rapidly converted recent‐onset AF to sinus rhythm in over half of patients, was well tolerated, and has the potential to offer an important therapeutic option for rhythm control of recent‐onset AF in the ED.ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:1175–1182 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Hematological, hepatic, and renal evaluation in Aotus azarai infulatus
Authors: Takeshita R.S.C. , Monteiro F.O.B. , de Miranda Lins e Lins F.L. , da Silva G.A. , Faturi C. , Coutinho L.N. , Monteiro M.V.B. , Kugelmeier T. , de Castro P.H.G. , Muniz J.A.P.C. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBackground  Knowing the physiological ranges of certain hematological and biochemical parameters is necessary for understanding the alterations caused by pathogenic agents and establishing differences between states of health and disease. Hematological evaluations and clinical chemistry were performed on livers and kidneys from owl monkeys with different sexes and age ranges.Methods  Forty‐one healthy owl monkeys were evaluated (26 males and 15 females) in three different age groups (AG1 = 3 months to 1 year old; AG2 = 2–6 years old; AG3 = over 7 years old). The animals received physical exams, abdominal ultrasounds, and clinical laboratory tests.Results and conclusions  Significant differences were observed in hematocrit and hemoglobin values between males and females. The levels of alkaline phosphatase in the tissues were significantly influenced by age. There was also a sex influence on blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels. The results show that some hematological and clinical chemistry parameters in owl monkeys may be influenced by sex and age.
Macromolecular Crowding Effects on Reactions of TePixD (Tll0078)†
Authors: Toyooka Tsuguyoshi , Tanaka Keisuke , Okajima Koji , Ikeuchi Masahiko , Tokutomi Satoru , Terazima Masahide 
Published: November 2010

AbstractTo reveal macromolecular crowding effects on a chemical reaction of a BLUF (sensors of blue light using FAD) protein (PixD from a thermophilic cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP‐1 [TePixD, Tll0078]), the photoreaction was studied at various concentrations of the macromolecule Ficoll‐70 by UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy and the pulsed laser‐induced transient grating (TG) method. The absorption spectrum did not change with varying concentration of Ficoll‐70. The crowding did not affect the quantum yield of the spectral red shift reaction, recovery rate of the product, rate constant of the volume change reaction and the magnitude of the volume change. However, the magnitude of the TG signal representing the diffusion‐sensitive conformation change significantly increased on addition of Ficoll‐70. This dependence was attributed to the crowding effect on the TePixD decamer–pentamer equilibrium in the solution. This result indicates that the TePixD reaction is more efficient in cellular than in in vitro conditions.
The Influence of Oxygen Depletion and Photosensitizer Triplet‐state Dynamics During Photodynamic Therapy on Accurate Singlet Oxygen Luminescence Monitoring and Analysis of Treatment Dose Response
Authors: Jarvi Mark T. , Niedre Mark J. , Patterson Michael S. , Wilson Brian C. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractTo date, singlet oxygen (1O2) luminescence (SOL) detection was predictive of photodynamic therapy (PDT) treatment responses both in vitro and in vivo, but accurate quantification is challenging. In particular, the early and strongest part of the time‐resolved signal (500–2000 ns) is difficult to separate from confounding sources of luminescence and system noise, and so is normally gated out. However, the signal dynamics change with oxygen depletion during PDT, so that this time gating biases the 1O2 measurements. Here, the impact of gating was investigated in detail, determining the rate constants from SOL and direct pO2 measurements during meso‐tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (mTHPC)‐mediated PDT of cells in vitro under well‐controlled conditions. With these data as input, numerical simulations were used to examine PDT and SOL dynamics, and the influence of various time gates on cumulative SOL signals. It is shown that gating can underestimate the SOL at early treatment time points by ∼40% and underestimate the cumulative SOL signal by 20–25%, representing significant errors. In vitro studies with both mTHPC and aminolevulinic acid‐photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX demonstrate that rigorous analysis of SOL signal kinetics is then crucial in order to use SOL as an accurate and quantitative PDT dose metric.
Interpretation of RNFLT values in multiple sclerosis‐associated acute optic neuritis using high‐resolution SD‐OCT device
Authors: Serbecic Nermin , Beutelspacher Sven C. , Kircher Karl , Reitner Andreas , Schmidt‐Erfurth Ursula 
Published: November 2010

Abstract.Purpose:  Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has emerged as the technique of choice in measuring the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) quantitatively. It is suggested that RNFL reduction may correlate with lesion burden and diffuse axonal degeneration in the whole CNS of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, RNFL changes because of optic neuritis (ON) must be taken into account.Methods:  Twenty‐three patients with acute ON (46 eyes) associated with clinical definite MS (23 ON eyes, 23 fellow eyes) and 23 sex‐ and age‐matched healthy controls were studied. Retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (RNFLT) was measured at baseline, using a high‐resolution spectral domain OCT (SD‐OCT) applying circular, peripapillary OCT scans with a novel eye‐tracking mechanism.Results:  The internal OCT software was able to identify RNFL atrophy in three out of five of the acute ON eyes and one out of four of the fellow eyes with previous ON episodes. Retinal nerve fibre layer thickness of two ON (8.7%) and five fellow eyes (21.7%) was overestimated, thus located within the 95% and 5% confidence interval of the company standard values (not marked pathologic). In contrast, our comparison with age‐ and sex‐matched controls revealed RNFL atrophy suggestive of prior, clinically silent RNFL loss in ON and fellow eyes (30.4%).Conclusion:  Retinal nerve fibre layer thickness measurements at a single time‐point seem to have a limited role in detecting prior clinically silent optic nerve injury. Our data suggest that affected eyes should be compared with the fellow eyes and a sufficient number of age‐ and sex‐matched controls to allow the detection of even subtle RNFL changes at baseline. The role of OCT for disease monitoring of MS must be evaluated in detail, as ON is often the initial symptom of MS.
A rabbit model of age‐dependant ocular hypertensive response to topical corticosteroids
Authors: Qin Yi , Lam Shi , Yam Gary Hin Fai , Choy Kwong Wai , Liu David Tai Li , Chiu Thomas Yee Hang , Li Wai Ying , Lam Dennis Shun Chiu , Pang Chi Pui , Fan Dorothy Shu Ping 
Published: November 2010

Abstract.Objective:  To investigate the ocular hypertensive response to topical dexamethasone (DEX), rimexolone (RIM), loteprednol etabonate (LOT) and fluorometholone (FML) in rabbits of different ages.Methods:  Seventy‐five rabbits of three age groups (7 weeks, 6 months and 1‐year old) received topical administration of 0.1% DEX, 1% RIM, 0.5% LOT, 0.1% FML or balanced salt solution four times daily for 1 month. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was monitored at regular time intervals. After a month, eyes were harvested for histological study with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E), periodic acid Schiff and Masson trichrome staining. Trabecular meshwork changes were graded by masked ocular pathologists.Results:  Topical DEX caused the greatest increase in IOP, followed by RIM and FML. LOT caused the least IOP increase. Similar pattern of IOP response to the four corticosteroids was observed in the three studied age groups. Young rabbits (7 week) were the most responsive to corticosteroids among the age groups. Extracellular matrix thickening in the trabecular meshwork region and loss of trabecular meshwork cells were observed after DEX, FML or RIM treatments.Conclusion:  Young rabbits are more susceptible to steroid induced increase in IOP, even for milder steroids such as fluorometholone and rimexolone.
Effect of Residual Elements on Fracture Characteristics and Creep
Ductility of Type 308 Stainless Steel Weld Metal
Authors: Stiegler J. O. , King R. T. , Goodwin G. M. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Previous studies had shown that conventional type 308 stainless steel weld metal can have low creep ductility (&lt; 1 percent total elongation) at 650 deg C. This paper demonstrates that the low ductility results from internal cracks that develop at austenite-sigma phase boundaries and propagate under the test conditions. The sigma phase is formed from ferrite present in the as-deposited weld metal. Type 308 stainless steel weld metal containing controlled amounts of the residual elements B, P, and Ti also contains sigma phase, but phase boundary cracking has not been observed even after 5000 hr. The controlled residual element weld metal is significantly more ductile (&gt; 10 percent total elongation) than the conventional weld metals for which data are available.
Influence of Specimen Features on the Strength of
Boron/Epoxy-Reinforced Metal
Authors: Herakovich C. T. , Renieri M. P. , Davis J. G. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Experimental results are presented which indicate that the ultimate tensile strength of aluminum reinforced with boron/epoxy composite may be significantly affected by the configuration of the specimen, and whether it was individually laid-up or cut from a larger piece of material. Coupon specimens which were individually laid-up exhibited strengths close to that predicted by theory. However, specimens cut from large plates had strengths about 36 percent of predicted values. All specimens had a one-half inch (12.7 mm) wide gage section. For individually laid-up specimens, it was found that specimens which were loaded through fiberglass tabs yielded higher ultimate tensile strengths than modified dogbone specimens with load introduction through stepped load-transfer regions. Machining along the edges was found to have little influence on the strength of the specimens used in this study.
REVIEW—Review of Flow Interference Between Two Circular Cylinders in
Various Arrangements
Authors: Zdravkovich M. M. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
There are infinite numbers of possible arrangements of two parallel cylinders positioned at right angles to the approaching flow direction. Of the infinite arrangements, two distinct groups may be identified: in one group, the cylinders are in a tandem arrangement, one behind the other at any longitudinal spacing; and in the second group, the cylinders face the flow side by side at any transverse spacing. All other combinations of longitudinal and transverse spacings represent staggered arrangements. The tandem arrangement will be treated first. A critical survey of previous research revealed some “odd” features which had been observed and overlooked by various authors. The discontinuity of vortex shedding implies that a similar discontinuity should be expected for the drag force on both cylinders. The measurements of the front (gap) pressures of the downstream cylinder and the base pressures of both cylinders at various spacings reveal a discontinuous “jump” at some critical spacing. The discontinuity is caused by the abrupt change from one stable flow pattern to another at the critical spacing. A new interpretation is given for the existing data on the drag force for both cylinders. The effects of Reynolds number and surface roughness are treated in some detail. Following this, two cylinders arranged side by side to the approaching flow are considered. All the available data on measured forces are compiled together with additional measurements in the range of intermittent changes of drag and lift forces. The bistable nature of the asymmetric flow pattern around each cylinder produces two alternative values of the drag force coupled with two alternative values of the lift force. The introduction of the interference force coefficient exposes the physical origin of two different forces experienced by the cylinders when arranged side by side. Finally, the least reported arrangement of two staggered cylinders is reviewed. The various arrangements are grouped into classes according to the sign of the lift force, or whether the drag force is greater or less than that for a single cylinder. The measurements of drag and lift forces for various arrangements reveal two different regimes for the lift force. In one regime, the lift force directed toward the wake of the upstream cylinder is due to the entrainment of the flow into the fully developed wake of the upstream cylinder. The lift force in this regime reaches a maximum value when the downstream cylinder is near to the upstream wake boundary. In the second regime, at very small spacings, the lift force becomes very large due to an intense gap flow which displaces the wake of the upstream cylinder. The maximum lift force occurs with the downstream cylinder near to the horizontal axis of the upstream cylinder. A discontinuity in the lift force for some staggered arrangements is found and attributed to the bistable nature of the gap flow.
Quasi-Three-Dimensional Laminar Boundary-Layer Separations in
Supersonic Flow
Authors: Vatsa V. N. , Werle M. J. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
A numerical algorithm is presented for solving laminar, steady, supersonic interacting boundary-layer flows for quasi-three-dimensional configurations. The interaction problem is treated as a boundary-value problem and a salient feature of the scheme is the direct implementation of the downstream boundary condition. Solutions are presented for axisymmetric and swept (yawed) compression ramps for both adiabatic and heat transfer conditions over a Mach number range of 2–6. The results are in good agreement with experimental data and existing theories for axisymmetric cases. For the swept (yawed) configurations, lack of experimental data makes a direct comparison impossible, but the present solutions are found to be in qualitative agreement with earlier studies. In addition, it is shown that the trends obtained for the sweep effects are well predicted by a simple extension of a two-dimensional asymptotic theory.
Interaction Between an Oscillating Bubble and a Free
Surface
Authors: Chahine G. L. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Interaction between a collapsing bubble and a free surface is investigated theoretically and experimentally using high speed photography. A limit value for the distance from the free surface to the center of the bubble reported to its radius is found. Under this limit the free surface is not disturbed before the end of the collapse in the first approximation. Only in this case, the method of images can be used and the free surface be replaced by an image-source, symmetrical with respect to the free surface, to the sink representing the bubble. Above this limit, precise measurements of bubble deformation and motion are given. Just after the collapse of the bubble begins, observations show a singular perturbation on the free surface, with the formation of a thin spike directed towards the air. In all cases, buoyancy has no time to take effect, and the bubble is repelled from the free surface while the re-entering jet, formed during collapse, is oriented away from it.
A Method for the Construction of Flow Nozzles and Wind Tunnel
Contraction Sections
Authors: Eichhorn R. , Fox T. S. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
A method is described for forming a flow nozzle whose cross section varies smoothly from one shape to another. The flow passage consists of fiber glass cloth saturated with epoxy resin cast in place about an elastic water filled rubber diaphragm. An example of such a nozzle, with a circular inlet section and a rectangular exit section was constructed and incorporated in a wind-tunnel design. The flow distribution, excluding the exit boundary layer, is uniform to within 0.5 percent. The exit boundary layer is laminar and steady and the discharge coefficient is 0.989.
Resistance Against Cavitation Erosion of 14 Chromium
Steels
Authors: Tichler J. W. , van den Elsen J. B. , de Gee A. W. J. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
For 14 chromium steels of different composition and structure, cavitation-erosion damage has been studied and interpreted in terms of structure and strength properties. The use of chambered cylindrical specimens ensured a uniform attack from the very beginning of the erosion process and, thus, highly reproducible wear values. As could be expected on the basis of existing evidence, the duration of the incubation period is a function of the initial condition of the surface, as determined by the finishing process. The reciprocal rate of volume loss, occurring during the first steady-state period (which is characterized by a uniform attack of the surface, without formation of deep craters) (Rc), turned out to be a linear function of the “true” tensile strength, measured at maximum load. It does not depend on grain size, structure and elongation properties of the material. On the other hand, the tendency toward the formation of craters in the surface and the ratio Rc/R∼, in which R∼ is the reciprocal rate of volume loss, during the second, and final, steady-state period, are shown to be exclusively determined by structural parameters.
An Engineered Methanogenic Pathway Derived from the Domains
Bacteria
and
Archaea
Authors: Lessner Daniel J. , Lhu Lexan , Wahal Christopher S. , Ferry James G. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT

A plasmid-based expression system wherein
mekB
was fused to a constitutive
Methanosarcina acetivorans
promoter was used to express MekB, a broad-specificity esterase from
Pseudomonas veronii
, in
M. acetivorans
. The engineered strain had 80-fold greater esterase activity than wild-type
M. acetivorans
. Methyl acetate and methyl propionate esters served as the sole carbon and energy sources, resulting in robust growth and methane formation, with consumption of >97% of the substrates. Methanol was undetectable at the end of growth with methyl acetate, whereas acetate accumulated, a result consistent with methanol as the more favorable substrate. Acetate was consumed, and growth continued after a period of adaptation. Similar results were obtained with methyl propionate, except propionate was not metabolized.

IMPORTANCE
The fragile interactions of multispecies food chains converting complex biomass to methane are easily disrupted, a major impediment to efficient and reliable conversion of renewable biomass as an alternative to fossil fuels. The hybrid pathway, derived by combining catabolic pathways from a methanogen of the domain
Archaea
and a strictly aerobic species of the domain
Bacteria
, catalyzes the complete conversion of an industrial solvent that is also a naturally occurring compound to methane and carbon dioxide. The engineered pathway expands the exceptionally narrow range of substrates utilized by methanogens, exemplifying the simplification of food chains leading to the more-efficient conversion of complex biomass to methane.
Air pollution and exhaled nitric oxide in Dutch schoolchildren
Authors: Graveland Haitske , Van Roosbroeck Sofie A H , Rensen Wilhelmina M , Brunekreef Bert , Gehring Ulrike 
Published: November 2010

BackgroundShort-term changes in air pollution exposure in children may be associated with transient increases in exhaled nitric oxide (NO), a marker of airway inflammation. Also, children living in areas with high air pollution levels and/or high traffic densities appear to have chronically increased levels of exhaled NO. No studies have simultaneously addressed the long-term and short-term associations between traffic-related air pollution and exhaled NO.ObjectivesTo investigate associations between exhaled NO in school children and both short-term changes in outdoor PM10and long-term traffic exposures.MethodsOffline exhaled NO measurements were conducted in 812 children from nine Dutch schools within 400 m of motorways. Daily levels of particulate matter with a 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm (PM10) were obtained from background monitoring stations. Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution was assessed using specific traffic-related characteristics such as total, car and truck motorway traffic and the distances of the children's homes and schools from the motorway.ResultsA positive association was found between ambient PM10concentrations on the day of exhaled NO measurement and exhaled NO (adjusted geometric means ratio (95% CI) 2.24 (1.37 to 3.65)) over the range of daily PM10concentrations of 44 μg/m3), which was largely attributable to a pollution peak associated with high particulate matter emissions from traditional Easter fires. There were suggestive associations between exhaled NO and traffic counts only in children with asthma, which were not statistically significance.ConclusionsShort-term changes in ambient PM10largely attributable to biomass burning are associated with increased levels of exhaled NO.