bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TDR Method for Compaction Quality Control: Multi Evaluation and Sources of Error
Authors: Lin Chun-Hung , Lin Chih-Ping , Drnevich Vincent 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The use of the time domain reflectometry (TDR) method, designated ASTM D6780 (ASTM D6780, 2005, “Standard Test Method for Water Content and Density of Soil in Place by Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR),” Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.09 ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA), to measure water content and soil density is relatively new with both successful and unsatisfactory results being reported. This paper reexamines the TDR method from various aspects, including laboratory investigation of the relation between TDR-measured electrical properties and soil phase parameters, full scale laboratory evaluation of the standardized methods, real world performance evaluation at construction sites of earth dams, and theoretical reexamination. Laboratory calibration reveals the effect of soil type on soil electrical properties, and its implication on the TDR method is discussed. The full scale laboratory evaluation supports the validity of both the one-step and two-step TDR methods. But the field evaluation at construction sites of earth dams indicates otherwise, particularly in the measurement of soil density. The errors in the two-step method are attributed to the penetration disturbance of the field multipole resonance probe (MRP). An additional source of error in the One-Step method is found to be a theoretical flaw in the current empirical adjustment process for correcting the variation of pore-fluid conductivity from the calibration test to field measurements. Remediation for the two-step method and updating of the ASTM D6780 to overcome the shortcomings of the one-step testing are in progress.
Time-Dependent Rheological Changes of Fly Ash Blended Cement Paste
Authors: Chen Wei , Shui Zhonghe , Fan Jianfeng 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Cement-based materials are known to be time-dependent, especially at early ages. The time-dependent flow-behavior change controls the workability and compactability of fresh concrete. This time-dependent nature of cement-based materials is associated with the cement hydration and the consequent microstructure development. Time-dependent rheological changes of fly ash blended cement paste are investigated in this study with the flow spread, needle penetration, and rheometer tests. Hydration of the fly ash blended cement paste is monitored continuously with the ultrasonic propagation method. The results show that the thixotropy of fresh cement paste is increased by lowering the water-to-binder ratios and is mitigated by replacing Portland cement with fly ash or adding superplasticizers. The yield stress changes of the cement paste are mainly affected by the curing time rather than the water-to-binder ratio and the fly ash proportions. On the other hand, the viscosity changes slightly with time. Viscosity of the fresh paste is the controlling factor on the flow spread, and the yield stress determines the needle penetration depth. Models show that the flow spread of fresh paste is related to its viscosity with a power function and the needle penetration depth is inversely related to the yield stress.
Evaluation of Epoxy Asphalt Concrete Damping Parameters Using Impact Resonance Test
Authors: Chen Leilei , Qian Zhendong , Zhang Lei 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
An evaluation of epoxy asphalt concrete (EAC) damping parameters based on the impact resonance test (IRT) is presented. The EAC beam specimens for the IRT were designed and tested under different temperatures. The damping parameters of EAC were then calculated via the logarithmic decrement method. The theoretical natural frequencies of the EAC beams were calculated and compared with the test results as a verification of the IRT, and the comparison results indicate that the IRT is an effective method for determining the damping parameters of EAC. Sensitivity analyses were conducted in order to evaluate the effect of load modes, structure types, and temperatures by means of IRT with different impulsive load modes under different temperatures for EAC beams with different support types. The results show that the damping parameters are not affected by the load modes and are affected little by the structural modes. However, they decrease significantly with increasing test temperature. The tested damping parameters can provide parameters for the accurate dynamic analysis of the EAC wearing course on bridge decks.
High-Temperature Viscosity Performance of Crumb-Rubber-Modified Binder With Warm Mix Asphalt Additives
Authors: Wang Hainian , Dang Zhengxia , You Zhanping , Cao Dongwei 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The application of crumb-rubber modifier (CRM) in asphalt mixtures has been proven to increase the viscosity of CRM binders. In recent years, warm mix asphalt (WMA) additives have been employed to CRM binders to lower their viscosity at high temperatures, allowing a decrease in the mixing and compaction temperatures. The objective of this research is to investigate the viscosity and storage stability of rubberized WMA binders with different tire rubber concentrations and WMA additives. The tire rubber of 40-mesh, with concentrations of 10 %, 15 %, 20 %, and 25 % by weight of a Superpave performance grade (PG) 64-22 asphalt binder, were used in this study along with the WMA additives, such as Sasobit, RH and Advera. Viscosity tests were conducted on the rubberized WMA binders using the rotational viscometer at four temperatures (135, 160, 177, and 190°C). The statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to quantify the respective effects of the influencing factors on the CRM binder’s viscosity. The test results indicated that the addition of crumb rubber could greatly increase the viscosity of asphalt binders, which could be improved continuously at increased crumb-rubber concentrations. However, when considering different WMA additives, the crumb rubber showed different effects on the viscosity of the binder. The three WMA additives could all reduce the viscosity of the CRM binder; in addition, RH had the most significant effect on viscosity reduction. It was also found that the CRM binders with WMA additives had good storage stability. For example, the viscosity of the CRM binder with 10 % rubber concentration and RH only increased by 3.8 % after being stored for 4.5 h.
A Study on Photo-thermal Coupled Aging Kinetics of Bitumen
Authors: Wang Hui , Feng Zhengang , Zhou Bo , Yu Jianying 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The effect of photo-thermal coupled aging on the viscosity of bitumen was investigated at three different temperatures and three different ultraviolet (UV) light intensities. The photo-thermal coupled aging kinetic model of bitumen was put forward based on the viscosity of bitumen under different photo-thermal coupled aging conditions. In order to evaluate the extent of aging in bitumen, kinetic parameters based on the aging kinetic model were calculated and compared. The results reveal that UV radiation and heat play a coupled role in accelerating the aging process of bitumen. Photo-thermal coupled aging has a greater influence on the aging rate of bitumen than single factor aging. A higher aging temperature and UV intensity have a more pronounced effect on the photo-thermal coupled aging, which leads to an obvious acceleration of the aging reaction rate.
Evaluating Laboratory Compaction of Asphalt Mixtures Using the Shear Box Compactor
Authors: Qiu J. , Li N. , Pramesti F. P. , van de Ven M. F.C. , Molenaar A. A.A. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Laboratory produced test specimens are usually obtained with devices like Marshall compaction, gyratory compaction, or roller compaction. However, with these methods it is difficult to control the sample-to-sample variation of the final density of the test specimens, which can strongly influence the results of performance testing. It is very important to have a repeatable and efficient production method of test specimens available in the laboratory. The shear box compactor was recently developed to simulate field compaction with a constant compressive force and a cyclic shear force with constant maximum shear angle applied to the asphalt mixture. The shear box compactor produces asphalt blocks with a size of 450 mm in length, 150 mm in width, and 145–185 mm in height. Test specimens like beams or cylinders can be obtained from the block for laboratory performance testing. In this paper, the compaction results with the shear box compactor are reported for asphalt mixtures with different gradations and binder types. Asphalt specimens with different mixture compositions, shapes, sizes, and sampling positions were investigated by volumetric properties. Finite element modeling was introduced to obtain more understanding of the compacting process of the shear box compactor. The results indicate that the decreasing of voids content of asphalt mixtures during compaction process is dependent on the gradation than the binder type. The asphalt mixture specimens obtained from the same asphalt mixture block has a variation in voids content of less than 1 %. Test specimens obtained from the upper part of the asphalt block are more compacted than specimens from the lower part. And the specimens obtained close to the side of the block are less compacted due to lack of shear stress. As a result, the shear box compactor provides a reliable means of sample preparation, making it very suitable for producing specimens with constant volumetric properties.
Suppressors, Screens, and Genes: An Educational Primer for Use with “A Network of Genes Antagonistic to the LIN-35 Retinoblastoma Protein of Caenorhabditis elegans”
Authors: De Stasio Elizabeth A 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
An article by Polley and Fay in this issue of GENETICS provides an excellent opportunity to introduce or reinforce concepts of reverse genetics and RNA interference, suppressor screens, synthetic phenotypes, and phenocopy. Necessary background, explanations of these concepts, and a sample approach to classroom use of the original article, including discussion questions, are provided.
A New Excimer-Laser-Annealing Method for Manufacturing Large OLED Displays
Authors: Im James S. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we present an example of a new generation of laser-crystallization approaches that can crystallize Si films for large active-matrix displays at drastically increased effective crystallization rates. The particular scheme presented in this paper is referred to as the advanced excimer-laser-annealing (AELA) method, and it can be readily configured for manufacturing large OLED TVs using various available and field-proven technical components. As in ELA, it is mostly a partial-/near-complete-melting-regime-based crystallization approach; AELA can, however, eventually achieve greater than one order of magnitude increase in the effective rate of crystallization over that of the conventional ELA technique utilizing the same laser source. We discuss in this paper how and why such a dramatic increase can be attained, and some strategical and technological benefits and options that can be entertained regarding, and as a result of the availability of, the AELA technique.
Effect of Film Thickness Variation on (100)-Surface Texturing of MPS Processed Polycrystalline Si Films
Authors: Chahal Monica , van der Wilt P. C. , Van Gestel D. , Limanov A. B. , Chitu A. M. , Im James S. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTWe have investigated the effect of varying the film thickness on the surface orientation texturing in polycrystalline Si films obtained via mixed-phase solidification (MPS) of initially a-Si precursor films on SiO2. It is found that, for a given number of MPS exposure cycles, the degree of (100)-surface texturing is reduced as the film thickness is increased. We discuss how this trend can be accounted for by the previously proposed thermodynamic model of MPS, wherein a decreasing local solid/liquid interface curvature with increasing film thickness is identified as the primary cause for decreasing the influence which anisotropic solid-Si/SiO2 interfacial energies have on the survivability of the grains. This, in turn, leads to other factors becoming more significant in determining the grains that survive the MPS cycle, thereby reducing the degree of (100)-surface texturing in the resulting films.
MEMS on LSI by Adhesive Bonding and Wafer Level Packaging
Authors: Esashi Masayoshi , Tanaka Shuji 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTResonators and switches are fabricated on LSI for advance wireless communication systems. In addition to surface micromachining, adhesive bonding has been applied for the fabrication. Lamb wave resonators are fabricated for multi-frequency oscillators by surface micromachining. Multi-band filters are formed by a MEMS process after bonding a Si wafer to a LSI wafer (wafer bonding first approach). SAW filters are made by bonding a MEMS wafer to a LSI wafer (wafer bonding last approach). Variable capacitors are fabricated on a piezoelectric LiNbO3 wafer. Wafer level packaging techniques are developed to encapsulate the MEMS on LSI. Open collaboration as shared wafer, prototyping facility and hands-on access fabrication facility are discussed to reduce a cost and a risk in the development of the MEMS on LSI.
Garnet-type Li7La3Zr2O12 Electrolyte Prepared by a Solution-Based Technique for Lithium ion battery
Authors: Tan Jiajia , Tiwari Ashutosh 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTHigh quality garnet-type Li7La3Zr2O12 solid electrolyte was synthesized using a solution-based technique. The electrolyte pellets were sintered at 900 oC, resulting in tetragonal phase, which then transformed to cubic phase after annealing at 1230 oC. The ionic conductivity of both phases was studied and revealed to be 3.67x10-7 S/cm and 1.67×10-4 S/cm, respectively. A proto-type cell comprising of Li7La3Zr2O12 electrolyte, LiCoO2 cathode and lithium metal anode was assembled. The cell made with the cubic phase electrolyte exhibited superior performance than the one made with the tetragonal phase electrolyte. The former cell possessed a very promising gravimetric discharge capacity of 3.4 mAh/g, which is the highest value obtained among similar setups.
Structure Characterization and Electrochemical Characteristics of Carbon Nanotube- Spinel Li4Ti5O12Nanoparticles
Authors: Sun Xiangcheng , Iqbal A. , Hosein I. D. , Yacaman M. J. , Tang Z. Y. , Radovanovic P. V. , Cui B. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTCarbon nanotube-spinel lithium titanate (CNT-Li4Ti5O12) nanoparticles have been synthesized by hydrothermal reaction and higher-temperature calcinations with LiOH·H2O and TiO2precursors in the presence of carbon nanotubes sources. The CNT-Li4Ti5O12nanoparticles have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high angle annular dark field (HAADF) images, and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The particles exhibited a spinel cubic crystal phase and homogenous size distribution, with sizes around 50-70 nm. HAADF imaging confirmed that carbon content exists on the surface of the CNT-Li4Ti5O12nanoparticles with graphitic carbon coating of 3-5 nm thickness under 800oC in the Ar gas. The graphitic carbon phase was further confirmed with Raman spectroscopy analysis on powder samples. Electrochemical characteristics were evaluated with galvanostatic discharge/charge tests, which showed that the initial discharge capacity is 172 mA·h/g at 0.1C. The nanoscale carbon layers uniformly coated the particles, and the interconnected carbon nanotube network is responsible for the improved charge rate capability and conductivity.
The Integration of the Ferromagnetic Inductors into the Standard CMOS Chip
Authors: Nizhnik Oleg , Vinluan Olinver M. , Higuchi Kohei , Sonoda Koji , Ishii Masatoshi , Maenaka Kazusuke 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTAn inductor in standard CMOS process having an inductance of 52 nH and a quality factor of 1.5 at frequency equal to 80 Mhz was fabricated. The polymer passivation layer of the standard CMOS inductor was etched out. The silicon substrate under the inductor, having a thickness of 280 μm was also etched out by deep reactive ion etching (DRIE). Ferrite material ZnFe2O4 and amorphous material Fe4.7Co70.3Si15B10 was then sputtered on top of the inductor sequentially. The same sputtering procedure was also performed into the bottom of the inductor. The result is an inductor that is sandwiched by multiple ferromagnetic layers. The inductance of the new ferromagnetic inductor has increased by 15% from 52 nH to 60 nH. The quality factor has also increased by 20% from 1.5 to 1.8.
Screw‐ Versus Cement‐Retained Restorations for Provisionalization of Implants
Authors: Ntounis Athanasios , Nguyen Michael , Pelekanos Stavros , O’Neal Sandra J. , Liu Perng‐Ru 
Published: August 2012

Type of Case: The fabrication of provisional prostheses is a treatment modality that is used to support and develop soft‐tissue contours and improved health of a dental implant site before final restoration. The use of a provisional restoration may improve the esthetics and allow evaluation of the crown anatomy and soft‐tissue interface. Developing the crown and soft tissue in the provisional phase allows the practitioner, patient, and laboratory technician to evaluate the potential for achieving the desired outcome. This paper contrasts the two predominant methods for fabricating provisional restorations and assesses their use in implant dentistry.Clinical Approach #1 (AN, MN, and SP): There is very limited evidence on selecting different types of connection for implant provisional restorations. Although basic restorative principles apply, the selection between screw‐ over cement‐retained provisional restorations is still based on empirical criteria. The use of cement‐retained provisional restorations provides superior esthetics, even when implant position is not favorable. Conversely, the use of screw‐retained provisionals eliminates the deleterious effects of cement. This approach aims to provide the indications for the different types of connection and to critically analyze their advantages and disadvantages.Clinical Approach #2 (SJO and P‐RL): Provisional restoration of implants in the esthetic zone improves the retention of hard and soft tissues and results in overall improved esthetic. Additionally, the fabrication of a provisional at the time of implant placement is a patient‐centered treatment and shortens duration of treatment. This approach identifies important objectives for fabrication techniques. Various methods for fabricating cemented provisional prostheses are discussed, including numerous commercially available prefabricated abutments. The advantages and disadvantages are presented for each technique. Inherent technique difficulties and recommendations to avoid cement retention and timely fabrication are presented. Clinical scenarios are used to illustrate the inherent advantage of cemented restorations over screw‐retained approaches
Traditional Risk Factors Alone Could Not Explain the Excess Mortality in Patients With Diabetes
Authors: Regidor Enrique , Franch Josep , Seguí Mateu , Serrano Rosario , Rodríguez-Artalejo Fernando , Artola Sara 
Published: August 2012

OBJECTIVE
Individuals with diabetes have an excess mortality compared with people without diabetes. This study used a national cohort of older Spanish adults to identify possible factors explaining the relation between diabetes and excess mortality.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A cohort of 4,008 people ≥60 years of age was selected in 2000–2001 and followed prospectively until 2008. At baseline, data were collected on diabetes and major risk factors for mortality: social network, diet, physical activity and other lifestyle factors, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and previous cardiovascular disease and cancer. Analyses were conducted with Cox regression with progressive adjustment for mortality risk factors.

RESULTS
In the study cohort, 667 people had diabetes. A total of 972 deaths occurred during follow-up. The hazard ratio (HR) and 95% CI for mortality in diabetic versus nondiabetic subjects, adjusted for age, marital status, education level, social class, medical consultation, and treatment with statins, angiotensin II antagonists, or aspirin, was 1.40 (1.11–1.76) in men and 1.70 (1.37–2.10) in women. Adjustment for additional risk factors produced little change in the HR. After adjustment for all risk factors, including cardiovascular disease and cancer, the mortality HR in diabetic versus nondiabetic individuals was 1.43 (1.12–1.82) in men and 1.67 (1.34–2.08) in women. The inclusion of lifestyles and diseases occurring during follow-up also produced little change in the relation between diabetes and mortality.

CONCLUSIONS
The excess risk of mortality in diabetic versus nondiabetic individuals cannot be explained by mortality risk factors or by the presence of cardiovascular disease or cancer.
Progression of Vascular Calcification Is Increased With Statin Use in the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT)
Authors: Saremi Aramesh , Bahn Gideon , Reaven Peter D. ,   for the VADT Investigators
Published: August 2012

OBJECTIVE
To determine the effect of statin use on progression of vascular calcification in type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Progression of coronary artery calcification (CAC) and abdominal aortic artery calcification (AAC) was assessed according to the frequency of statin use in 197 participants with T2DM.

RESULTS
After adjustment for baseline CAC and other confounders, progression of CAC was significantly higher in more frequent statin users than in less frequent users (mean ± SE, 8.2 ± 0.5 mm3 vs. 4.2 ± 1.1 mm3; P &lt; 0.01). AAC progression was in general not significantly increased with more frequent statin use; in a subgroup of participants initially not receiving statins, however, progression of both CAC and AAC was significantly increased in frequent statin users.

CONCLUSIONS
More frequent statin use is associated with accelerated CAC in T2DM patients with advanced atherosclerosis.
Alternative Markers of Hyperglycemia and Risk of Diabetes
Authors: Juraschek Stephen P. , Steffes Michael W. , Miller Edgar R. , Selvin Elizabeth 
Published: August 2012

OBJECTIVE
Fructosamine, glycated albumin, and 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) are of interest for monitoring short-term glycemic control in patients with diabetes; however, their associations with diabetes risk are uncharacterized.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We used Cox proportional hazards models to examine the associations of fructosamine, glycated albumin, and 1,5-AG with incident diabetes in 1,299 participants, from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study (2005–2006), who had no history of diagnosed diabetes at baseline. Incident diabetes was self-reported during annual telephone calls.

RESULTS
There were 119 new cases of diabetes during a median follow-up of 3.3 years. When compared with the lowest quartile, the fourth quartiles of fructosamine and glycated albumin were significantly associated with diabetes risk (hazard ratio [HR] 3.99 [95% CI 1.93–8.28] and 5.22 [2.49–10.94], respectively). The fourth quartile of 1,5-AG was associated with a significantly lower diabetes risk (0.27 [0.14–0.55]). Associations were attenuated but still significant after adjustment for hemoglobin A1c (A1C) or fasting glucose.

CONCLUSIONS
Fructosamine, glycated albumin, and 1,5-AG were associated with the subsequent development of diabetes independently of baseline A1C and fasting glucose. Our results suggest these alternative biomarkers may be useful in identifying persons at risk for diabetes.