bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hilbert‐Huang Transform Analysis of Hydrological and Environmental Time Series
Authors: Burr Tom 
Published: June 2009

Climatic and hydrologic time series often display periodicities, and thus Fourier spectral analysis sometimes is appropriate. However, time series that are nonstationary, and also perhaps nonlinear, are not well handled by standard Fourier spectral analysis.Methods to handle nonstationarity, such as moving‐time‐window Fourier spectral analysis, assume linearity and have known limitations regarding the combined frequency and time resolution. For example, if the time series is stationary, then it is well known that better frequency resolution can be achieved by observing a longer time series (more time points). However, if the time series is nonstationary, then shorter time windows are required to estimate the “local in time” spectrum, analogous to using short‐memory moving averages that use only the recent past few values to forecast the next value (P. Bloomfield, Fourier Analysis of Time Series: An Introduction, 2nd ed., John Wiley, 2000) because the mean value is changing over time. Therefore, in nonstationary time series analysis, there is a tension between the competing goals of time and frequency resolution. This tension is the reason that N. Huang et al. (Proc. R. Soc. A, 454, 903–995, 1998) introduced the Hilbert‐Huang Transform (HHT) as an alternative to moving‐time‐window Fourier spectral analysis (Bloomfield, 2000).
Development of the extended parametric meshless Galerkin method to predict the crack propagation path in two‐dimensional damaged structures
Authors: MUSIVAND‐ARZANFUDI M. , HOSSEINI‐TOUDESHKY H. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe parametric meshless Galerkin method (PMGM) enhances the promising features of the meshless methods by utilizing the parametric spaces and parametric mapping, and improves their efficiency from the practical viewpoints. The computation of meshless shape functions has been usually a time‐consuming and complicated task in the meshless methods. In the PMGM, the meshless shape functions are mapped from the parametric space to the physical space, and therefore, the necessary computational time to generate the meshless shape functions is saved. The extended parametric meshless Galerkin method (X‐PMGM) even improves the parametric property of the PMGM by incorporating the partition of unity concepts. In this paper, the development of the X‐PMGM is extended by incorporating a crack‐tip formulation in X‐PMGM for fracture analysis and prediction of crack propagation path in the damaged structures. In this formulation, meshless shape functions are enriched by discontinuous enrichment function as well as crack‐tip enrichment functions. The obtained results show that the predicted crack growth path is in good agreement with the experimental results.
The Völkisch Modernist Beginnings of National Socialism: Its Intrusion into the Church and Its Antisemitic Consequence
Authors: Poewe Karla , Hexham Lrving 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe main thesis of this paper is that Nazi religiosity has its origins in the pagan phenomenon called the völkisch movement. This movement consisted of uncountable religious‐cum‐political groups called Bünde whose leaders and followers were closely interconnected with one another and with the developing Nazi Party. From there völkisch thought penetrated the German Protestant Church and found followers among some Catholics. Given this development, an obvious question follows, namely, can National Socialism be blamed on Christianity and is Christian anti‐Judaism the ultimate source of the Holocaust?
On the Momentum Fluxes Associated with Mountain Waves in Directionally Sheared Flows
Authors: Teixeira Miguel A. C. , Miranda Pedro M. A. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The direct impact of mountain waves on the atmospheric circulation is due to the deposition of wave momentum at critical levels, or levels where the waves break. The first process is treated analytically in this study within the framework of linear theory. The variation of the momentum flux with height is investigated for relatively large shears, extending the authors’ previous calculations of the surface gravity wave drag to the whole atmosphere. A Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (WKB) approximation is used to treat inviscid, steady, nonrotating, hydrostatic flow with directional shear over a circular mesoscale mountain, for generic wind profiles. This approximation must be extended to third order to obtain momentum flux expressions that are accurate to second order. Since the momentum flux only varies because of wave filtering by critical levels, the application of contour integration techniques enables it to be expressed in terms of simple 1D integrals. On the other hand, the momentum flux divergence (which corresponds to the force on the atmosphere that must be represented in gravity wave drag parameterizations) is given in closed analytical form. The momentum flux expressions are tested for idealized wind profiles, where they become a function of the Richardson number (Ri). These expressions tend, for high Ri, to results by previous authors, where wind profile effects on the surface drag were neglected and critical levels acted as perfect absorbers. The linear results are compared with linear and nonlinear numerical simulations, showing a considerable improvement upon corresponding results derived for higher Ri.
Preferred ion diffusion pathways and activation energies for Ag in the crystal structure of stephanite, Ag5SbS4
Authors: Leitl M. , Pfitzner A. , Bindi L. 
Published: June 2009

The crystal structure of stephanite fromthe type locality, Freiberg District, Saxony, Germany, was
refined in the space group Cmc21, up to a final R index of 0.0427. Unit-cell parameters are:
a 7.8329(6) Å, b 12.458(1) Å, c 8.5272(7) Å, V 832.1(1) Å3; Z = 4. The previously reported structural
model is confirmed, but a higher-precision refinement was achieved herein by the introduction of thirdorder
non-harmonic Gram-Charlier tensors for one Ag atom. In the structure of stephanite, Sb forms
isolated SbS3 pyramids, which typically occur in sulphosalts, and Ag occupies sites with coordination
ranging fromtriangular to almost tetrahedral. Both the Sb–S and Ag–S bond distances closely match
the values commonly observed in the structures of other Ag sulphosalts and sulphides.The use of non-harmonic parameters for Ag allowed a better description of the electron density related to Ag, which is usually difficult to refine in good ionic conductors. A careful analysis of the energy barriers between the Ag sites defines preferred ion-diffusion pathways within the crystal structure of stephanite. The diffusion of Ag ions occurs preferentially along the sites Ag1 and Ag2, giving rise to two-dimensional nets of Ag atoms in which the ion conduction probably takes place.
The mineralogy of efflorescence on As calciner buildings in SW England
Authors: Power M. R. , Pirrie D. , Camm G. S. , Andersen J. C. Ø. 
Published: June 2009

Arsenic is a very common by-product of the processing of Cu, Au and polymetallic ores worldwide, where the ore is roasted (calcined) to remove volatile elements. In southwest England, a diverse range of As-mineral species occur as efflorescent secondary mineral growths on historic calciner buildings. Gypsum occurs as abundant dendritic growths comprising either interlocking blades or tabular crystals. Ca-arsenate minerals are locally very abundant as white colloform masses. Positively identified Ca arsenates include pharmacolite, weilite and haidingerite. Other secondary minerals include arsenolite, scorodite, bukovskyite and an As-bearing potassium alum, together with a wide variety of unidentified minerals, including an Al-As-S phase and As-rich F-bearing phases. Gypsum contains As concentrations up to ~7 wt.%. Efflorescent growth at sites exposed to the prevailing weather systems is less abundant than at sheltered sites. This is interpreted as being due to ‘pressure washing’ of exposed sites by driving rain. Successive concentric growths of gypsum and Ca arsenate on masonry are interpreted as being the result of seasonal crystallization.Understanding both current and historicalmining and mineralprocessing methods is criticalin the evaluation of the potential impact on the modern environment. In particular, due to the abundance of As-bearing minerals in a wide range of ore types, many buildings worldwide are potentially significantly contaminated with As even though few are directly related to As production or handling. Characterizing the secondary As mineralspecies present at mine and mineralprocessing sites is critical in understanding the potentialheal th risk these sites might pose.
Aschamalmite (Pb6Bi2S9): crystal structure and ordering scheme for Pb and Bi atoms)
Authors: Callegari A. M. , Boiocchi M. 
Published: June 2009

The first single-crystal structure refinement of aschamalmite (Pb6Bi2S9) from Susa Valley (Piedmont, Italy) is reported. The mineral is monoclinic, C2/m, a = 13.719(1) Å, b = 4.132(1) Å, c = 31.419(3) Å, β = 90.94(1)º, V = 1 780.8(4) A ˚3, Z = 4. The Pb6Bi2S9 compound crystallizes also in an orthorhombic form as heyrovskyite (Cmcm) and our study is focused on understanding the reason leading to a change in symmetry. The aschamalmite structure forms because of ordering between Pb and Bi on the margins of the two octahedral layers that are symmetrically equivalent in heyrovskyite. The two alternate set of octahedral slabs are not related by a crystallographic mirror plane and the symmetry decreases to monoclinic. The cation ordering couples opposite sequences of Pb and Bi octahedra at the margins of slabs. In particular,the succession [Me4A]Bi-[Me5A]Pb-[Me4A]Bi-[Me5A]Pb faced to the series [Me4B]Pb- [Me5B]Bi-[Me4B]Pb-[Me5B]Bi occurs in about 70% of the unit-cells of the crystal,while the contrary sequence ([Me4A]Pb-[Me5A]Bi-[Me4A]Pb-[Me5A]Bi faced to [Me4B]Bi-[Me5B]Pb-[Me4B]Bi-[Me5B]Pb) occurs in the remaining unit-cells. The marginal octahedra have ideal populations (a.p.f.u.): [Me4A]1.40Bi+0.60Pb, [Me4B]1.40Pb+0.60Bi, [Me5A]1.40Pb+0.60Bi, [Me5B]1.40Bi+0.60Pb,in agreement with our structurerefinement results.The probable site populations for pure heyrovskyite have been proposed,as well as the reasons that prevent the formation of a completely ordered monoclinic phase.
Compulsivity in mouse strains homologous with chromosomes 7p and 15q linked to obsessive‐compulsive disorder
Authors: Kas Martien J.H. , Gelegen Cigdem , van Nieuwerburgh Filip , Westenberg Herman G.M. , Deforce Dieter , Denys Damiaan 
Published: June 2009

AbstractObsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) is a severe anxiety disorder characterized by obsessions and compulsions. The core symptom of OCD is compulsivity, the inability to stop thinking or acting when you want to, despite being aware of the uselessness of the content or the adverse consequences. To initiate a systematic search for genetic mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of compulsivity, a panel of chromosome substitution (CS) strains, derived from mice that suppress (C57BL/6J strain) or maintain (A/J strain) high levels of repetitive wheel running during 2 hr of daily limited food access, was screened for this compulsive behavior. Following the genetic screen, we found linkage between compulsive wheel running and mouse chromosomes 2, 6, and 7 that show overlap with recently identified human linkage regions for OCD on chromosomes 7p and 15q. In the overlapping (human/mouse) genomic region, the CRH receptor 2 (CRHR2) gene was tested in a human case–control study. An initial exploration in OCD cases versus controls failed to detect an association between four‐candidate CRH2R SNP's within this homologous linkage region and OCD. Genetic fine mapping of compulsivity in mice provides new opportunities to reveal mechanisms underlying this significant psychiatric trait. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sterile pyuria in a population of wild white‐handed gibbons (Hylobates lar)
Authors: Beaman Barbara A. , Hesemeyer Wyatt J. , Dominy Nathaniel J. , Savini Tommaso , Reichard Ulrich H. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractUrinalysis is an emerging method for monitoring the health and energy balance of wild primates. Here, we report the first urinalysis of wild gibbons. We used multi‐reagent test strips to monitor the health status of 52 individual white‐handed gibbons (Hylobates lar) inhabiting Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. Most urinary reference values were within normal ranges; however, regardless of age‐ and sex‐class or monthly fruit productivity, we found unexpectedly high rates of urinary leukocytes (50% and 90% of individuals in 2001–2003 and 2006, respectively). In contrast to previous studies of African apes, this finding is coupled with the near absence of urinary nitrites, demonstrating pervasive levels of sterile pyuria. This result is the first reported case of sterile pyuria in a population of wild primates. The etiology of human sterile pyuria is diverse, but in all cases it is diagnostic of systemic inflammation. We discuss the potential causes of sterile pyuria in the gibbons of Khao Yai. Am. J. Primatol. 71:880–883, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cycloadditionen in der Totalsynthese von Sporolid B
Authors: Li Pengfei , Menche Dirk 
Published: June 2009

AbstractRingschlüsse: Eine aktuelle Totalsynthese von Sporolid B durch Nicolaou et al. enthält zwei gewagte Cycloadditionen: Eine regioselektive [2+2+2]‐Cycloaddition liefert den halogenierten Arenring, eine [4+2]‐Cyclisierung mit einem ortho‐Chinon den Dioxanring und den Makrocyclus – ein für die Synthese komplexer Zielstrukturen attraktiver Ansatz.magnified image
Photochemistry of Organic Compounds.From Concepts to Practice. Postgraduate Chemistry Series. Von Petr Klán und Jakob Wirz.
Authors: Griesbeck Axel G. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractJohn Wiley & Sons, Hoboken 2009. 582 S., Broschur, 49.90 €.—ISBN 978‐1405161732magnified image
Innentitelbild: Bidirectional Chemo‐Switching of Spin State in a Microporous Framework (Angew. Chem. 26/2009)
Authors: Ohba Masaaki , Yoneda Ko , Agustí Gloria , Muñoz M. Carmen , Gaspar Ana B. , Real José A. , Yamasaki Mikio , Ando Hideo , Nakao Yoshihide , Sakaki Shigeyoshi , Kitagawa Susumu 
Published: June 2009

AbstractDas chemische Schalten des Magnetismus in zwei Richtungen wurde in einem mikroporösen Koordinationspolymer mit Spin‐Crossover‐Einheiten beobachtet. M. Ohba, J. A. Real, S. Kitagawa und Mitarbeiter stellten in ihrer Zuschrift auf S. 4861 ff. magnetische Messungen vor, die belegen, dass die meisten Gastmoleküle einen Übergang des Netzwerks vom diamagnetischen Low‐Spin‐ (rot) in den paramagnetischen High‐Spin‐Zustand (gelb) bewirken. Allein CS2 stabilisiert den Low‐Spin‐Zustand. Die induzierten Spinzustände werden auch nach Freisetzung der Gastspezies beibehalten.magnified image
Quantitative Assessment of Nanoparticle Single Crystallinity: Palladium‐Catalyzed Splitting of Polycrystalline Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Kim Hyunjin , Lee Myounghoon , Kim Youngki , Huh Jiyoung , Kim Heonjo , Kim Minsik , Kim Taekhoon , Phan Vu Ngoc , Lee Young‐Boo , Yi Gi‐Ra , Haam Seungjoo , Lee Kwangyeol 
Published: June 2009

AbstractCrystal gazing: A simple Pd‐catalyzed site‐specific nanoetching method was developed to visualize the polycrystalline nature of Fe3O4 (see picture), Fe2O3, MnFe2O4, CoFe2O4, and MnO nanoparticle systems. The technique relies on the very fast etching speed of the grain interface within bi‐ or polycrystalline nanocrystals.magnified image
Inside Cover: Bidirectional Chemo‐Switching of Spin State in a Microporous Framework (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 26/2009)
Authors: Ohba Masaaki , Yoneda Ko , Agustí Gloria , Muñoz M. Carmen , Gaspar Ana B. , Real José A. , Yamasaki Mikio , Ando Hideo , Nakao Yoshihide , Sakaki Shigeyoshi , Kitagawa Susumu 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBidirectional chemo‐switching of magnetism occurs in a microporous coordination polymer containing spin‐crossover subunits, as described by M. Ohba, J. A. Real, S. Kitagawa, and co‐workers in their Communication on page 4767 ff. In situ magnetic measurements reveal that most guest molecules transform the framework spin state from diamagnetic low spin (red) to paramagnetic high spin (yellow), whereas the guest CS2 stabilizes the low‐spin state. These induced spin states are retained as a memory effect after the release of the guest.magnified image
Properties and morphology of poly(lactic acid)/soy protein isolate blends
Authors: Fang Kun , Wang Biaobing , Sheng Kuichuan , Sun Xiuzhi Susan 
Published: June 2009

AbstractPoly(lactic acid) (PLA)/soy protein isolate (SPI) blends with and without modifier were melt compounded in a intensive mixer. Tensile strength of PLA/SPI simple blends decreased more than pure PLA because the dispersed SPI granules acted as the stress concentration; tensile strength was improved by loading of sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3). At 0.5 wt % NaHSO3 loading, the blend gave 43.9 MPa of tensile strength. Blends containing both methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and NaHSO3 displayed a significant improvement in tensile strength, which increased by 38% at 4 wt % MDI, compared with the PLA/SPI/NaHSO3 blend. The scanning electron microscopic observation demonstrated that incorporating NaHSO3 and MDI improved compatibility between PLA and SPI. The differential scanning calorimetry indicated that SPI induced and accelerated cold crystallization of PLA in the blends, which was also affected by the presence of NaHSO3 and MDI. The PLA/SPI blend containing both NaHSO3 and MDI displayed higher water resistance than the PLA/SPI/NaHSO3 blend. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Swelling kinetics of linseed oil‐based nanocomposites
Authors: Sharma Vinay , Banait J. S. , Kundu P. P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe solvent‐resistance properties of the montmorillonite‐filled conjugated linseed oil‐based nanocomposites are studied in tetrahydrofuran through equilibrium swelling method at different temperatures. The values of “n” in solvent transport equation are found to be below “0.5,” showing the non‐Fickian diffusion in the polymer. The dependence of the diffusion coefficient on the composition, percentage of clay, and temperature has been studied for nanocomposite samples. The diffusion coefficient increases with an increase in the clay contents and temperature. The crosslink density of the nanocomposites ranges from 101.07 to 237.46 × 106 mol/cm3. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Modification of conductivity of P3HT by addition of endometallo fullerene
Authors: Roy Debmalya , Tripathi N. K. , Saraiya A. , Ram K. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractGermanium endometallo fullerene was synthesized by arcing Ge‐impregnated graphite rod as anode and pure graphite rod as cathode. Photoluminescence (PL) and resistance measurements suggest that there are effective interactions at the interface of Ge endometallo fullerene and poly 3‐hexyl thiophene (P3HT). Four‐fold enhancement of conductance has been found by adding just one weight percentage of Ge endometallo fullerene in the P3HT matrix at room temperature. However, at lower and higher temperatures, the enhancement in conductivity is low compared with room temperature, indicating the efficient charge transfer across the interface at the temperature range of 300–350 K. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images also confirm the fact that temperature makes the more ordered heterojunctions between P3HT and Ge endohedral metallofullerene, which, in turn, trigger charge separation across interfaces. A sharp quenching in PL intensity of P3HT at room temperature by adding Ge endometallo fullerene indicates a strong interaction between the two and this composite material can be useful in photovoltaic cell. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
A novel strategy to branched polyacrylonitrile via one‐pot RAFT copolymerization of acrylonitrile and an asymmetrical divinyl monomer
Authors: Liu Xiao‐Hui , Zhang Gui‐Bao , Li Bai‐Xiang , Bai Yun‐Gang 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBranched polyacrylonitriles were prepared via the one‐pot radical copolymerization of acrylonitirle and an asymmetric divinyl monomer (allyl methacrylate) that possesses both a higher reactive methacrylate and a lower reactive allyl. RAFT technique was used to keep a low‐propagation chain concentration via a fast reversible chain transfer euilibration and thus the cross‐linking was prevented until a high level of monomer conversions. This novel strategy was demonstrated to engenerate a branched architecture with abundant pendant functional vinyl and nitrile groups, and controlled molecular weight as a behavior of controlled/living radical polymerization characteristics. The effect of the various experimental parameters, including temperature, brancher to monomer molar ratio, and chain transfer agent to initiator molar ratio, on the control of moleculer dimension (molecular weight and polydispersity indices) and the degree of branching were investigated in detail. Moreover, 1H NMR and gel permeation chromatography confirm the branched architecture of the resultant polymer. The intrinsic viscosity of the copolymer is also lower than the linear counterpart.© 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Studies on the atmospheric air–plasma treatment of PET (polyethylene terephtalate) woven fabrics: Effect of process parameters and of aging
Authors: Takke V. , Behary N. , Perwuelz A. , Campagne C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe effect of process parameters and of aging on the atmospheric air–plasma treatment of polyethylene terephtalate (PET) woven fabric were studied using surface analysis methods: wettability/capillarity method as well as tapping mode atomic force microscopy imaging. Treatment time and plasma power have significant effect on the variation in fabric capillary weight, surface water contact angle and surface topography. Plasma treatment of PET surface with plasma species not only degrades the surface but also causes surface restructuring as the speed is lowered and the power is increased. An optimal treatment of the PET fabric samples, in terms of increased hydrophilicity both inside and on the PET fabric, is achieved at 60 KJ/m2 and at a lower speed of 1–2 m/min: water contact angle decreasing from 81° to 40° and capillary weight increasing from 55 to 380 mg. Aging experiments show that, the plasma‐treated surface is degraded to a more disordered structure without light, whereas in presence of light a more eroded but organized structure is observed. Indeed wettability/capillarity test shows that light degrades the plasma treatment both at and inside the fabric structure. However, in absence of light, although aging is very slow at the fabric surface, a decrease in capillary uptake by the fabric is detected. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009