bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Shock to Therapy
Authors: Kolodko Grzegorz W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe great transformation undertaken by the countries of the former communist bloc exhibits immense diversity and in terms of initial conditions, shifting target models, consistency, paths, speed, progress to date, and economic performance. This book studies the economics and politics of postsocialism. Many people writing on the reform process offer advice that is not really credible; as a member of the Polish government, and architect of the successful Polish reform, the author of this book actually solved many of the difficulties of transition, which allows him to come forward here with policy proposals and long-term forecasts. The treatment of the transition from plan to market as a historical process is an important feature of the book. The book claims that there is no historical fatality that sound policies in the present are more determining than the favourable or unfavourable legacies of the past. The aim is to create and maintain the conditions for sustainable growth and durable development.
Financial Reform and Policy
Authors: Kolodko Grzegorz W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe chapter talks about changes that occur in the financial industry. The discussion starts with the introduction of the fiscal system — a collection of techniques that regulates and checks on the expenses, revenues, and liabilities of the government. Next the chapter looks at reforms in social security as well as management and the advertisement of savings. Different exchange rate eras take place during these revolutionary processes. At least for trade transactions, countries need a uniform exchange rate so as to ensure sustained global competitiveness — both in imported and in exported goods and services — and eventually, this promotes expansion. At the end of the day, all trials and errors resulted in the development of the financial sector. Besides revolutionary actions to improve financial policies, systematic resource allocation and a strong tendency to save are essential indicators of overall growth.
The Redistribution of the Costs and Benefits of Transition
Authors: Kolodko Grzegorz W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractTwo risks are involved in privatisation: first, the requirement to come up with the highest possible revenue demands quick selling outcomes and the compromise of potentially long-run developments; and second, such endeavour might precipitate social pressures, economic controversies, and political tensions. Despite the positive contributions of privatisation to profit maximisation, cost minimisation, and other production and transaction concerns, another issue pertaining to the proper distribution of wealth are considered in this chapter. With all the strengths and weaknesses of privatisation, an individual or a firm may decide to slow down unless restructuring occurs. Other areas to consider consist of the methods of distribution, the allocation of income, the pursuance of increased business productivity, and the distinctions between equity and equality along with their corresponding target outputs.
The Internationalization of Postsocialist Economies
Authors: Kolodko Grzegorz W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn the attempt to supervise international revolutionary activities, international institutions are regarded as portraying a significant position. Emphasized here is the significance of international organisations such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in the appropriate flow of capital and other resources in the aim to recover from distressful conditions. These institutions coordinate with other agencies and market nations, specifically the G-7 Group or the most advanced market economies, which is comprised of United States, Canada, Japan, France, Italy, Great Britain, and Germany. While some observe collaborative efforts in employing structural reforms, there are postsocialist countries that do not. Such inattention is due to the notion that regional synchronisation is not vital or based on neo-liberalists and market fundamentalists along with the idea that teamwork can as well be facilitated by specific institutions within the bounds of a specific nation, thus, defying international coordination.
Doubts and Conclusions
Authors: Kolodko Grzegorz W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSubsequent to the conceptualisation of the ‘Washington consensus’, the following general policy conclusions are made. First, organisational structuring and sound income guidelines are essential indicators of sustainable growth, and not mere dependence on ‘natural’ market forces. Next, the state's capacity is less significant than the quality of the rules and regulations of governments and the way reforms are executed. Third, gradual implementation of institution-building, market-oriented goals in policy transformations, advancement of privately owned entities, and balance between stabilisation principles and development approaches must be observed. Then, the transfer of roles from the major administration to local governments determines the deregulation level in postsocialist communities. Fifth, considerable attention must be geared toward short-run capital liberalisation, which should be supervised and managed by fiscal and monetary bodies, and aided by international organisations. This is followed by the claim that international coordination must be accompanied by regional application of such endorsements. Lastly, a post-Washington consensus must include more constituents than just leading Washington-based institutions.
Palliative care social work
Authors: Napier Lindsey 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses palliative care social work. It sets out to understand and respond to the social dimensions of the experience of people with life-threatening illness. The chapter looks at the policy context and examines social work practice with respect to two levels of engagement with people with life-threatening illness and progressive disorders. It provides fragments of social work practice to form pictures of the social dimensions of ill people's experience and of the breadth of a social work response.
Autonomy, dignity, respect, and the patient-centred approach
Authors: Randall Fiona 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses other significant concepts in palliative care that are employed in the regulation of the professional–patient relationship. These concepts, which are widely used and are significant in other branches of health care and in society as a whole, are autonomy, dignity, choice, and respect. Concepts that are specific to health care, such as communication, competence, and consent to treatment, are also considered. All of these concepts can be summarized as patient-centred care approaches. The chapter also considers studies of the concept of dignity presented in the Canadian journal Journal of Palliative Care (JPC) and relates these to end-of-life care.
Control of symptoms and prolongation of life
Authors: Randall Fiona 
Published: October 2011

AbstractHealth care is governed by three aims: the relief of pain and other symptoms, the restoration of function, and the prolongation of life. In the context of terminal illness, the relief of pain and the restoration of function are rarely met by moral problems, whereas the prolongation of life is faced by many problems and moral dilemmas. Although in health care there is an underlying presumption in favour of providing life-prolonging treatments, this presumption is questioned if the patient is irreversibly dying. Furthermore, it appears that the effort to prolong life is inconsistent with the provision of treatment that may shorten life either unintentionally or intentionally. This chapter thus discusses the criticisms and moral issues arising from the three aims of palliative care, including their interpretation in the WHO philosophy. The first few sections chapter discuss the relief of suffering and the improvement and restoration of function. The final sections focus on the third aim of palliative care: the prolonging of life and the treatments that may shorten life or hasten death.
Resuscitation and advance statements
Authors: Randall Fiona 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a treatment aimed at lengthening and prolonging life. Its primary aim is to restore circulation and maintain ventilation. CPR is also designed to acquire independence from artificial means of prolonging life, and is distinct from other life-prolonging treatments particularly within the context of decision-making process. In every clinical context except in emergency departments, physicians and patients are assumed to make advance decisions regarding CPR. In the absence of an advance decision against CPR, it is the only treatment that will always be attempted. This is because CPR is assumed to be in the best interests of the patient. This chapter examines the existing decision-making process suggested by the professionals regarding CPR, with reference to some of the issues arising from it. Its focus is on the use of CPR within the context of palliative care. The chapter also proposes an alternative decision-making process that can be applied to, and employed by, patients in the palliative setting, and to those in an acute hospital setting. It furthermore discusses the arguments and problems arising from the existence of advanced statements in the palliative care.
Defining the State in Imperial Germany
Authors: Eley Geoff 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the concept of state in Imperial Germany. It attempts to determine what kind of a state the Imperial state was if it was neither a liberal state nor a straightforwardly aristocratic one. It suggests that most of the existing definitions of the Imperial state maintain a discrepancy between the state as a system of political domination and its role in the economy. It highlights the need for an alternative perspective in order to better understand the Imperial period.
Resilience and Bereavement: Part 1
Authors: Machin Linda 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines resilience during bereavement in the context of palliative care. It explains that in the field of bereavement greater recognition is being given to the possibilities for positive adaptation to grief and that though estimates vary there is a consensus among researchers that a large proportion of people ultimately recover from grief. There are three common elements that define resilience during bereavement. These include personal resourcefulness, positive life perspective, and social embeddedness.
Resilient communities
Authors: Kellehear Allan , Young Barbara 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the community resilience in the context of palliative care. It explains that the relationship between palliative care and the communities they serve is crucial to the successful support of both. This is because effective and supportive care during and after dying, death, and loss depend heavily not only on effective and timely medical and nursing services but also on the support from members of the broader community.
The Convention of 1950 and Key Features of its Subsequent Evolution
Authors: Bates Ed 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe chapter begins by reflecting on the significance of the ECHR from the perspective of international law in 1950. It closely examines the substantive text of the ECHR as well as the original scheme for its enforcement. There is a focus on the three institutions of control (the European Commission of Human Rights, the European Court of Human Rights, and the Committee of Ministers) and how they were expected to function in the 1950s. The second half of the chapter reflects on key aspects of the Convention's evolution over the period since the 1950s. Examined in turn are: the way the States ratified the Convention and accepted its optional clauses; the rate at which individual applications were received by the Commission, and judgments were delivered by the Court over the years; how the three institutions of control functioned, noting their interrelationships; the increased focus that was placed on the procedural position of the individual applicant over the years; the increasingly influence that the Convention had as a means of instituting law reform domestically; how the Court grew in stature and role so as to become a type of ‘quasi-constitutional’ court; the progress that was made over the years as to the incorporation of the Convention into domestic law by the States; and the creation of and the rate of acceptances of Protocols added to the ECHR.
An Overview of the Convention’s Evolution from the 1950s to the Early 1970s
Authors: Bates Ed 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter analyses the early history of the Convention, focusing as it does on the situation of the Strasbourg institutions in the 1950s, 1960s, and up to the early 1970s. It starts by discussing the period up until 1965, when, it seems, there seemed little hope that the Convention system would flourish. The chapter includes an in-depth analysis of the importance of the early case law: Greece v United Kingdom; Lawless v Ireland; De Becker v Belgium, and the ‘Belgian Linguistics’ case. With these cases the Strasbourg institutions revealed their potential to become, in effect, quasi-constitutional bodies. The chapter examines the background to the United Kingdom's decision to accept the Convention's optional clauses in 1966, and then it addresses some of the most important case law that arose after that, most notably the ‘East African Asians’ case. The Court's case law in the late 1960s and early 1970s is also considered for its significance. The concluding section reflects upon the importance of these early years, in that they set the foundations to the subsequent evolution of the Convention. It suggests that by the early 1970s there was a mood developing, manifested in various statements made by outside commentators, that it was time for the Strasbourg institutions to take a more activist approach to their functions. The last section of the chapter discusses the significance of the two best known ‘inter-state’ cases from this period: the ‘Greek’ case and Ireland v United Kingdom.
Goods from the East
Authors: Berg Maxine 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Projectors, ships' captains, and trading companies followed the routes to China through the seventeenth and 18th centuries, initially seeking an oriental treasure trove, but finding the key goods which would transform the consumer cultures of Europe's elites and middling classes, and ultimately even of its artisans and labourers. In the process, European manufacturing practice was changed in response to the reception of Asia's tea, porcelain, and textile fabrics. This was a phenomenon which affected the whole of Europe, and not just Britain; the trade in those Eastern goods must be a wider European story. The great Asian manufactures which entered Europe on a large scale brought a new kind of semi-luxury to world trade. These were novelty consumer goods, exotic in provenance and style, but domestic and endowed with the variety to display taste and individuality.
Glass and Chinaware: The Grammar of the Polite Table
Authors: Berg Maxine 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The most celebrated imitative commodities of the later seventeenth and 18th centuries were glass, ceramics, and printed textiles. Many European countries developed their own imitations of Asian printed calicoes and porcelain. Britain later scooped the insatiable markets for colourful printed calicoes by pursuing the high-speed development of a native cotton industry. Moreover, it was British glass, especially flint glass and British earthenware, which introduced a whole new British style of modern consumer goods to middle and upper-class markets at home as well as in Europe and the colonies.
Metal Things: Useful Devices and Agreeable Trinkets
Authors: Berg Maxine 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Luxury goods made in metals held an intrinsic symbolic and aesthetic appeal in ancient and early modern material cultures. Crafted in gold and silver, they were goods in precious metals, used otherwise as stores and measures of value. British exceptionalism has always emphasised an expertise in working in metals. Historians have investigated superior British versatility in iron processing, in adapting a wide range of industrial techniques to the use of metals, especially iron and steel. Metals had become part of Britain's defining industrial identity by the time of the Victorians. The decorative metalwares were also fashion items. This is where their markets were made and spread across social classes. Ephemeral clothing items such as wigs, buckled shoes, and polished metal buttons eventually faced their own fashion threats. During the Revolution and the wars with France, consumer patriotism was economic as well as political.
Managing Global Customers
Authors: Yip George S. , Bink Audrey J.M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractMultinational companies need to manage their relationships with multinational customers with a globally integrated approach. This book provides a systematic framework for developing and implementing such global customer management programmes. It draws on in-depth research at over twenty major US and European multinational companies, such as ABB, Bechtel, BP, Bosch, British Airways, Carrefour, Daimler–Chrysler, Hewlett–Packard, HSBC, IBM, Schlumberger, Shell, Siemens, Tesco, Unilever, Vodafone, Wal–Mart, and Xerox. The book teachers how to think about managing global customers in the context of their overall global strategy, develop effective global customer management programmes, overcome barriers to implementation and success, build better relationships with important customers, and get the entire company to engage with managing global customers. This book takes a strategic, total business, and not just sales, approach to managing global customers. It also takes a customer as well as a supplier perspective. The book provides guidance on both strategy and implementation. It takes a systematic and logic driven approach, yet provides many creative insights and practical advice. The book highlights the rewards of taking a step beyond global account management to create a Global Customer Management approach, integrating globally all aspects of the relationship between supplier and customer. The book gives a framework that guides international companies in using their relationships with global customers to their full potential.
Integrating GCM with Global Strategy and Organization
Authors: Yip George S. , Bink Audrey J. M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractChapter 2 examined how a supplier should decide whether to adopt a global customer management (GCM) programme. This chapter discusses how to evaluate the GCM drivers in both the customer's and the supplier's industry, and how to integrate the GCM programme into the supplier's overall global strategy and global organization.
Introduction
Authors: Vessey Mark 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter provides a background to the study on Augustine. With respect to the scholarship since Marrou, two tendencies were formed from the essays composed for a conference on ‘Augustine and the Disciplines’ held at Villanova University in November 2000. The first is an interest in placing Augustine's work as unceremoniously as possible within a long history of ancient systems of the arts and their medieval-modern successors. The second is an intuition that his texts both radically revise traditional disciplinary structures and participate in the formation of a Christian biblical culture. This book is arranged in three parts which broadly recapitulate Augustine's personal experience from his schooldays in the 360s and 370s to the simultaneously retrospective and prospective vision of his Confessions, around 397, when he set aside the first draft of De Doctrina Christiana.
Parts
Authors: Simons Peter 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe relationship of part to whole is one of the most fundamental there is. This book shows that mereology, the formal theory of part and whole, is essential to ontology. This book surveys and criticises previous theories, especially the standard extensional view, and proposes a more adequate account which encompasses both temporal and modal considerations in detail. This has far-reaching consequences for our understanding of such classical philosophical concepts as identity, individual, class, substance and accident, matter, form, essence, dependence, and integral whole. The book offers new solutions to long-standing problems surrounding these concepts, such as the Ship of Theseus Problem and the issue of mereological essentialism. The book shows by its use of formal techniques that classical philosophical problems are amenable to rigorous treatment, and the book represents a synthesis of issues and methods from the analytical tradition and from the older continental realist tradition of Franz Brentano and the early Edmund Husserl.
Integral Wholes
Authors: SIMONS PETER 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn his well-known criticisms of the uses of the terms Gestalt and Ganzheit in the 1930s, Moritz Schlick argues that there is no ontological difference between sums on the one hand and Ganzheiten on the other, but simply a difference between two modes of representation of the same objects, so it is not possible for Ganzheit theorists to use the opposition to distinguish two kinds of object, mere sums or aggregates on the one hand, and the essentially different (and usually more interesting) unities, wholes, or totalities on the other. That the distinction between sums and non-sums — known as complexes — is an ontological one may be seen by comparing their existence conditions. For sums these are minimal: the sum exists just when all the constituent parts exist. By contrast, a complex constituted of the same parts as the sum only exists if a further constitutive condition is fulfilled.
Explanation and Normativity
Authors: Price Carolyn 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter sets outs the difficulties that a successful account of the theory of functions will need to overcome. It analyses the dispositional theory and the aetiological theory and argues that neither theory is successful in its basic form. It provides an account of the ‘common-sense’ notion of function or the notion that is in play when people engage in everyday talk about biological items and investigates the nature of common-sense intentional explanations of human behaviour.
Making Maps and Forming Plans
Authors: Price Carolyn 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines a system that is capable of a rather more sophisticated form of spatial representation, particularly a system that enables an organism to find its way about by forming a topographic map of the surrounding environment. It discusses a topographic mapping system and suggests that it is able to identify particular places in a way that is quite distinct from the capacity to keep perceptual track of them. The chapter also evaluates a claim that an organism that possesses a topographic mapping system must be able to represent itself.
Utility and Truth
Authors: Price Carolyn 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the possibility that doxastic systems, unlike special-purpose systems, are capable of representing an environment that extends beyond the subject's practical reach. It suggests that it is the capacity to form simple theories of perception and agency that underlies the capacity for objective representation. It argues that neither the capacity to engage in general-purpose representation nor the capacity to form theories is sufficient to secure the kind of objectivity required for utility-transcendent truth.