bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paper 7: Training in Engineering Practice in the Process Industry
Authors: Willetts J. R. 
Published: June 2010

The author, who is responsible for technical training in IMI (K), discusses the work of professional engineers in the process industry and describes how they may be trained. The schemes in his own company for the training of graduate mechanical engineers and sandwich students are given and their evolution is discussed. The value of practical experience in the process industry is emphasized and the author shows how this can be given whilst maintaining interest and intellectual challenge by including some training with foreign companies. The paper discusses the relative merits of the tutorial and project methods and shows how some of the advantages of each may be used. The author recommends some practical experience prior to entering full-time University courses for engineers in particular and applied scientists in general and considers, therefore, that ‘thin’ sandwich courses offer certain advantages over full-time University courses followed by practical training. The author considers that the successful training of graduates requires careful thought and attention, and close liaison with the trainees to ensure that their wishes and the needs of the company are considered.
Paper 10: Sandwich Courses
Authors: Tait James S. 
Published: June 2010

The Colleges of Advanced Technology exerted powerful influence on the Diploma in Technology Sandwich Courses. The effect of recent important developments should be investigated. The technological universities now offer degrees and have added to their range of interests. The National Council for Technological Awards has been replaced by the Council for National Academic Awards, and the Dip. Tech. by a degree. Industry was free to select A-level students and, with the agreement of the College, to enter them on a sandwich course. All entrants to a technological university must now apply through the Universities Central Council on Admissions in September, nine months before entering A-level examinations. This restriction does not apply to C.N.A.A. Colleges. The Industrial Training Act spreads the cost of industrial training and has other important repercussions. Government policy is restricting the numbers entering university to Robbins' figures. All these matters raise questions. Other important questions concern integration, liberal studies, the five-semester course and, in a fluid situation, others will arise over the next few months. There is much to discuss!
Paper 5: Valves for High Steam Pressures and Temperatures
Authors: Fuller J. A. 
Published: June 2010

The paper deals with steam valves as installed at large modern power stations. The types of valves dealt with are stop valves and safety valves.In considering the former category, reference is made to design principles and applicability as well as to mechanical and metallurgical factors affecting component design. The influence of quality control techniques and commissioning hazards are discussed.Safety valve design considerations are referred to, as are aspects of performance and noise, and also possible design trends.
Paper 21: Variations in Friction and Wear between Unlubricated Steel Surfaces
Authors: Earles S. W. E. , Powell D. G. 
Published: June 2010

Experiments have been conducted in a normal atmosphere using a 0·25-in diameter mild-steel pin specimen sliding on a 10-in diameter mild-steel disc. The ranges of normal force and speed are 0·5–10·4 lbf and 20–190 ft/s respectively. Initially the coefficient of friction is comparatively large, and the wear is of the severe metallic form. However, frictional heating causes rapid oxidation of the surfaces and, if the sliding distance is sufficient, the eventual retention of an oxide layer causes a rapid decrease in the coefficient of friction and the wear rate decreases by 3–4 orders of magnitude. At speeds above about 75 ft/s and loads below about 5 lbf the formation, after several hours' sliding, of a continuous oxide layer on the track causes a further reduction in the pin wear rate. At higher loads and/or lower speeds this track condition is not attained. At speeds of 75 ft/s and above there exists a critical load (the magnitude of which depends on speed) above which periodic removals of the surface film(s) occur producing metallic wear and high friction. However, the subsequent increase in oxidation allows conditions of mild wear to be re-established generally within a few seconds. The steady-state coefficient of friction has been observed to be a function of load1/2 × speed, and periodic surface breakdowns found to occur when load1/2 × speed exceeds 170 lbf1/2 ft/s, the frequency decreasing with increasing load or speed.
Paper 16: Recent Developments in Polytetrafluorethylene-Based Dry Bearing Materials and Treatments
Authors: Pratt G. C. 
Published: June 2010

The addition of bronze or certain phosphates to lead/polytetrafluorethylene (p.t.f.e.) mouldings can produce a high degree of wear resistance. Similar performance can be obtained from porous bronze or phosphated steel surfaces impregnated with lead/p.t.f.e. The effectiveness of lead or lead oxides in these ternary compositions is related to an exothermic reaction with p.t.f.e. It is postulated that during rubbing the reaction takes place at local hot spots and results in the formation of a chemically bonded p.t.f.e. layer on the mating surface. Polyethylene compositions have similar wear properties to p.t.f.e. compositions, but the response of polymers to the bronze+lead type of addition decreases as the molecular structure of the polymer deviates from the simple CF2 or CH2 type. The optimum bronze/lead ratio for maximum wear resistance depends on the rubbing conditions. For instance, it is not possible to combine in a homogeneous composition maximum dry wear resistance, when a low bronze content is required, and maximum wet wear resistance, which requires a higher bronze content.
Paper 12: Study of the Effects of Elevated-Temperature Lubricants on Materials for Rolling Elements
Authors: Scott D. , Blackwell J. 
Published: June 2010

Using a simple laboratory test rig, the effects of different lubricants on elevated-temperature rolling elements have been investigated. The lives of various materials have been compared when lubricated with currently used elevated-temperature lubricants such as diesters and silicones and potentially suitable lubricants such as polyphenyl ethers. Rolling contact fatigue lives with different polyphenyl ether type lubricants have been assessed, and the effect of composition and purity of the lubricant on the wear experienced has been investigated. The nature of the lubricant has a dominant effect on the incidence of failure in rolling contact, and the deleterious effects of different lubricants vary with different materials. Examination of failed steel specimens revealed the influence of the lubricant on surface changes caused by rolling action, and afforded some insight into the mechanisms of failure.
Paper 11: Experiments in the Aerosol Lubrication of Power Gearing
Authors: Howell P. G. 
Published: June 2010

Aerosol lubrication has been most fully exploited in the field of rolling element bearings, notably for rolling mills but also in other machinery. The paper describes the application of an aerosol system to a power-transmission gearbox. The aerosol equipment was fitted to one gearbox of a 5-in-centres back-to-back rig so that either conventional sprays or the aerosol could be used. Involute test gears were made in through-hardened and nitrided case-hardened steels. Under aerosol lubrication the following points were noted: (1) because of the lower cooling capacity of the aerosol, operating temperatures were much higher than under spray lubrication; (2) the through-hardened gears failed by scuffing when their bulk temperature reached 90°C; (3) for the same temperature rise the nitrided gears transmitted 2·3 times the power, and operated at higher temperatures and powers without damage; and (4) no reduction could be detected in losses, suggesting that the losses attributable to churning of excess sprayed lubricant are balanced by an increase in tooth friction with aerosol. The experiments showed that power transmission gearing can be successfully lubricated by an aerosol, especially if the tooth surfaces are protected by nitriding.
Paper 20: Wire-Wool Type Bearing Failures: The Effect of Steel
Authors: Dawson P. H. , Fidler F. 
Published: June 2010

As part of an investigation into wire-wool type bearing failures 21 steels of different compositions and structures have been tested for susceptibility to failure at one moderate rubbing speed and with one turbine oil containing no extreme-pressure (e.p.) additives. It is shown that composition and, in particular, the chromium and manganese contents are the important factors. Heat treatment and metallurgical structure are of little importance. The critical chromium content would seem to lie between 1·3 and 2 per cent. The critical manganese content has not yet been determined, but it lies between 0·8 and 14 per cent. Some early results from a study of the failure initiation process suggest that the susceptibility of the chromium and manganese steels may be associated with their transfer characteristics in high-speed lubricated rubbing.
Paper 24: Influence of the Hardness of Abrasives on the Abrasive Wear of Metals
Authors: Nathan G. K. , Jones W. J. D. 
Published: June 2010

Abrasive wear tests were carried out using the abrasives carborundum, corundum, garnet, flint, and glass on a wide range of metals and alloys. The results obtained show that the abrasives each have an effective hardness which defines the maximum hardness of a metal which it will abrade; this value is different from its measured hardness. Further, a relationship has been derived of the form V = KWL log Ha/Hm which enables the volume V of abrasive wear of a metal to be calculated from a knowledge of its hardness Hm, the effective hardness of the abrasive Ha, the abrasive load W, and the length L of the abrasive path; the expression also involves a constant which is evaluated by experiment.
Paper 3: Recent Developments in Fluid Film Lubrication Theory
Authors: Lloyd T. , McCallion H. 
Published: June 2010

Developments in high-speed electronic computers have greatly influenced the progress in fluid film lubrication over the past ten years. Static and dynamic oil film parameters have been computed for a wide range of finite geometries, for hydrostatic and hydrodynamic bearings lubricated by compressible and incompressible lubricants. These are either sufficient in themselves or else act as a yardstick against which approximate formulas may be tested. Much use has been made of iterative finite difference schemes, which are particularly well suited to digital computers, and these methods are now more fully understood. Other methods of solution include direct inversion of finite difference matrices and solution by expression of the pressure by some infinite series, a finite number of terms of which give adequate representation. Besides the increase in design data available, there has been substantial progress through a re-examination of the effects of modifying some of the assumptions inherent in most of the available solutions of the Reynolds equation. These include the assumption of constant lubricant viscosity, of rigid surfaces and of laminar flow. Major progress has been witnessed in two fields. The interaction of the lubricant film with elastic boundaries has been shown to be of prime importance in highly loaded contacts such as gears. This has led to the development of the special topic of elastohydrodynamic lubrication theory. The applicability of gas bearings in such growing industries as computers, space vehicles and nuclear reactors has resulted in great activity and progress in this field.
Paper 25S: Sliding Noble Metal Electric Contacts
Authors: Antler Morton 
Published: June 2010

Sliding electric contacts have the unique requirement of low and stable resistance without high friction and wear. Electrical breakdown of surface films, which can establish metallic contact between touching members, occurs only with appreciable circuit voltages. Consequently, noble metals alone are suitable for contacts that serve the low energy circuits of modern computer, communications and aerospace equipment. Approaches used by the engineer to reduce the friction and wear of noble contact metals include: design with low normal loads, careful selection of contact materials and lubrication. Gold coatings, generally as thin electrodeposits, have become the most widely used contact material for separable connector contacts, instrument slip rings and similar devices. The ‘prow formation’ wear mechanism dominates the dry sliding of most noble contact metals, particularly during the early stages of sliding where break-in phenomena occur. Recent work shows that there is a critical load-dependent roughness for prow formation. The wear mechanisms of gold electrodeposits may differ from those of the wrought metal because of their characteristic topographic and crystallographic orientations. Lubricants are often used for sliding noble metal contacts. Solid lubricants are effective only on rough surfaces. When contacts become burnished through use the lubricant reservoirs disappear and high wear commences. Thin films of lubricants having a fluid component, however, do not have this limitation, for they demonstrate hydrodynamic lift and self-healing qualities. Above a certain velocity, characteristic of the system, wear may be negligible with fluid-containing lubricants. Their ability to function on smooth surfaces is important, for the as-plated porosity of electrodeposited metals (which leads to deleterious contact corrosion) is directly related to roughness. Finally, coatings for thin gold-plated contacts have been developed which combine corrosion inhibitors and lubricants.
Paper 7: Hydraulic Vibrators in Automobile Testing with Special Reference to the Rootes Suspension Parameter Rig
Authors: Hodkin R. K. 
Published: June 2010

The principles of the conventional high performance hydraulic vibrator and its operating characteristics are described. An examination is made of the limitations involved and compared to the limitations of electro-magnetic and mechanical vibrators to show significant areas where the hydraulic vibrator has worthwhile advantages. Mention is made of typical applications of hydraulic vibrators to vehicle testing and development. However, a substantial part of the paper is devoted to a specific installation, being a rig primarily designed for the measurement and study of vehicle suspension. This suspension parameter rig essentially consists of four long stroke hydraulic vibrators set in substantial pedestals so that the tyre contact patches of a vehicle may be individually supported and fed vertical inputs. The rig and its associated instrumentation is described in some detail as are its various modes of use from static to dynamic testing up to around 100 Hz. Much of the work carried out on the rig is directly or indirectly associated with vehicle ride. In addition to the ability to feed in single and repetitive waveforms at different phase relationships, road inputs may be simulated.
Paper 12: Product Development Aspects of Motor Vehicle Testing
Authors: Stratton D. G. , Gallantree J. 
Published: June 2010

Vehicle testing is seen to have the dual purpose of ensuring customer satisfaction and increasing engineering design experience and knowledge. The techniques used vary in accordance with the objectives of the investigation. Research and development test methods are designed to assess the achievement of product performance objectives and to provide information to guide engineering design. Specific examples of tests, instrumentation and analysis used in relation to vehicle durability, noise, ride and handling, heating and ventilating systems, and engine cooling systems are included. Importance of overseas testing to evaluate vehicle behaviour in various environments is stressed. Production validation testing of vehicles built by production methods, prior to new model introduction date, is designed to ensure that performance specifications, vehicle reliability and quality targets are satisfied. Quality control testing is designed to ensure that product objectives are maintained. Test methods are simple and results are interpreted on a ‘Go/No-Go’ basis. Testing continues throughout the model life to assist in correlating warranty claims and customer complaints with the test methods used in product evaluation.
Paper 15: A Study of the Flow at Inlet to Gas Circulators for Nuclear Reactors
Authors: Lewis W. E. , Holmes M. J. 
Published: June 2010

This paper describes experimental work on scale models of the intakes to gas circulators for gas-cooled reactors. One model was of a geometry suitable for the older type of reactor in which the boilers were outside the main pressure vessel while the other was associated with the more recent concrete pressure vessel concept. In both models the flow was through a complex annular bend into the blade annulus in which the flow distribution was measured. In one case the bend was axisymmetric and turned the flow through 180° from one annulus into a concentric inner one. In the other model the geometry was much more complex with flow from a near hemispherical chamber being diverted into the blade annulus by a bend of more than 90° at the top of the intake and 180° at the bottom. The tests showed that the original design of the first model gave a satisfactory performance but the other model required considerable development work.
Paper 5: Services in Relation to Building Design and Environment
Authors: Wise A. F. E. 
Published: June 2010

Engineering services nowadays account for between 20 and 60 per cent of the cost of construction, and are a major factor in operating costs of buildings. They must be provided as economically as possible and in proper relation to the design of the building and the needs of the users. The paper explores this theme from two aspects (1) thermal conditions, and plant sizing in relation to building design and (2) standardization of services for specific building types. The general effects of structural mass and window design are first discussed briefly and it is shown how these factors affect the temperature within naturally ventilated buildings in summer. Nominally sealed buildings are then considered and the size of refrigeration plant required for an office is discussed in terms of similar factors and in relation to the design conditions. Such relationships should be taken into account during sketch plan design. The paper considers service cores in multi-storey buildings, where the plan of the building lends itself to a measure of standardization in the services. This theme is developed with particular reference to mechanical ventilation for the service cores in a 17-storey block of flats. Some details of this installation are given and used as a basis for discussing standardized services. Greater use of such systems, designed on a once-for-all basis and catalogued, would reduce the effort devoted year by year to similar design situations. The examples used are drawn from current work of the Building Research Station.
Paper 12: Implications of Flexibility on Maintaining an Internal Environment
Authors: Shave R. E. J. , Vincent G. S. 
Published: June 2010

In the application of heating and ventilating systems to building projects widely varying performance and installation demands can be created by the needs of flexibility in the use of a building. Planning flexibility may require space that can be divided by various methods on a linear basis or, alternatively, on a two-dimensional basis, which lead to various forms of modular system design. The planning requirement may be further complicated by a range of performance requirements to meet a range of different uses. The paper deals with the evaluation of the problem and discusses the various approaches to service distribution, and how the problems of flexibility influence the distribution systems and the controllability required. The problem is particularly relevant to university buildings, and the paper describes how consideration of the same basic problem has led to two very different solutions with respect to two universities that have been designed, and indicates other factors which have influenced the resultant decisions.
Paper 6: Some Basic Considerations in the Practice of Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning
Authors: Eccleston W. H. 
Published: June 2010

This paper covers some of the basic considerations associated with the practice of heating, ventilating and air-conditioning in temperate climates.A diagrammatic representation of heat loss and gain for a room appears to provide a key to more accurate forecasting of fuel consumption for whole buildings.Further, the smaller the thermal capacity of the system and, therefore, the quicker the response rate, the larger is the possible scope for fuel savings.As far as space heating is concerned water systems are classified and there is reference to the more commonly used heat emitters and some of their characteristics. There is some reference to boiler power both for hot-water heating and steam generation.Ventilation is discussed in the context of terminal points; there is also a brief reference to noise attenuation in ducts and to balancing of systems.Air-conditioning is defined and the better known distribution methods are classified. Packaged water chillers are briefly examined and there are some suggestions regarding ‘mixing-units’. In addition there are some comments on cooling towers.In conclusion there is a plea for standardization and in this particular instance reference is made to specifications for mechanical services works.
Paper 7: Selection and Testing of Automobile Heating and Ventilating Systems
Authors: Taylor S. R. G. 
Published: June 2010

The aims of automobile heating and ventilating are summarized qualitatively. Objective acceptance tests for these aspects are outlined and quantitative targets stated as far as possible. Possible means of achieving the aims are discussed under the headings of heat supply, heat transfer, control, air movement and air distribution. Certain research and development tests used to supplement the objective acceptance tests are discussed including rig tests, velocity surveys and cold-room and hot-room tests. Mention is made of tests in territory and of quality control tests. It is concluded that the conventional system, using the engine waste heat rejected to a liquid coolant as the heat source, forced convection as the mode of heat transfer and ram plus an electrically driven fan to propel the fully fresh air for both heating and ventilating, has proved best able to meet most of the conditions encountered.
Review Paper 2: Basic Principles of Dry Friction Testing
Authors: Childs T. H. C. , Tabor D. 
Published: June 2010

Friction is the force resisting relative motion between surfaces in contact. The coefficient of friction is the ratio of the frictional force to the normal load. Consequently the measurement of friction involves measurement of a normal load, movement of a surface, and measurement of a tangential force. The first part of this review paper deals with the basic principles of the friction process. The second part is concerned with experimental methods of measuring the friction.