bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon Flux of Biological Soil Crusts Associated With Xeric Shrublands During Drying and Wetting Cycles
Authors: Flores‐Rentería Dulce , Guillen‐Cruz Gabriela , Ayala‐Niño Fernando , Campuzano Emmanuel F. 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTBackgroundBiological soil crusts (BSCs) play a pivotal role in arid ecosystems, influencing carbon (C) dynamics in response to changing conditions, especially water availability. Understanding their adaptability is crucial for ecosystem management.AimsThis study aims to elucidate the C dynamics of BSCs in regulated drying‐wetting cycles, exploring immediate responses across different temporal scales (hourly and daily) and their relationship with environmental factors (air temperature, relative humidity, and radiation).MethodsBSCs were collected at nine sites in the Chihuahuan Desert with preserved xeric shrublands. Samples were subjected to controlled drying‐wetting cycles, and C fluxes were measured at different daily and hourly periods. Environmental conditions (air temperature, relative humidity, and photosynthetically active radiation) were also monitored.ResultsFollowing wetting, significant BSC respiration was observed, with a quick decrease throughout the day, related to air temperature. In contrast, C uptake was less affected by wetting and showed a delayed response. C uptake was more sensitive to relative humidity.ConclusionsWe identified the potential role of BSCs in C dynamics (respiration and uptake) in xeric shrublands and the main controls. Our study reveals BSC adaptability to drying‐wetting cycles, emphasizing significant respiration and different metabolic activation.
Term infant formula macronutrient composition: An update for clinicians
Authors: Larson‐Nath Catherine , Bashir Anam , Herdes Rachel E. , Kiernan Bridget , Lai Joanne , Martin Nicole , Misner Nicole , Pandey Akash , Puri Kanika , Zong Wenjing , Duro Debora 
Published: February 2025

AbstractProtein, carbohydrates, and fats comprise the macronutrient components of infant formulas. While all infant formulas in the United States meet specific nutrition standards, the macronutrient composition of formulas is diverse. Each macronutrient in the formula may play a role in treating or managing the disease. In addition, many formulas are marketed as resembling the composition of human milk or improving symptoms such as colic and irritability. For these and other reasons, families are often interested in different formula properties. When choosing a formula for their infant families, they may reach out to clinicians for advice. Therefore, clinicians need to understand the macronutrient composition of the formulas their patients are using. This manuscript discusses the macronutrient composition of term infant formulas and indications of the use of different macronutrient components.
Incidence of biliary atresia in the United States before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Qwaider Yasmeen Z. , Amarin Justin Z. , Spieker Andrew J. , Hayek Haya , Chappell James D. , Halasa Natasha B. , Lovvorn Harold N. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractObjectivesThe etiology of biliary atresia (BA) is unclear and potentially involves viral triggers. We aimed to compare the incidence of BA in the United States before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic, focusing on potential associations with viral circulation disruptions caused by nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs).MethodsWe queried the Pediatric Health Information System® (PHIS) for all patients discharged with BA between January 1, 2010, and January 31, 2024. Using CDC WONDER, we calculated monthly and overall incidence rates of BA per 1,000,000 live births. We fit a Poisson regression model to assess the association between the widespread implementation of stay‐at‐home orders (using April 1, 2020, as the cutoff date) and the incidence of BA, accounting for national natality fluctuations.ResultsWe identified 3456 newborns with BA from 42 hospitals; 2997 (86.7%) were born before and 459 (13.3%) were born during the pandemic. The mean monthly number of newborns with BA was 24.0 (95% confidence interval, 23.0–25.0) for an overall incidence rate of 74.4 (71.5–77.4) per 1,000,000 live births. We did not identify a statistically significant year‐to‐year contrast in the incidence of BA before (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.995 [0.983–1.008]; p = 0.49) or after the cutoff date (IRR = 0.999 [0.895–1.116]; p = 0.99). In addition, we did not identify sufficient evidence that trends differed between the two periods (IRR = 1.00 [0.893–1.128]; p = 0.95).ConclusionsThe NPIs implemented during the COVID‐19 pandemic were not significantly associated with changes in the incidence or temporal pattern of BA.
Have we hit the JAK‐pot? Success of selective JAK 1 inhibitor following failure of pan‐JAK inhibitor in refractory pediatric ulcerative colitis
Authors: Black Jessica A. , Pasternak Brad 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe treatment options available for pediatric ulcerative colitis (UC) are challenging due to few with Federal Drug Administration approval. Newer medications approved for adults include additional biologics with differing mechanisms of action and small molecule drugs, such as Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors. Our case outlines a patient with refractory UC who failed mesalamine, adalimumab, tofacitinib, and vedolizumab. She was evaluated for colectomy, but upadacitinib was trialed. She achieved rapid clinical remission and avoided surgery. This case demonstrates the failure of a pan‐JAK inhibitor (tofacitinib) and response to a more selective JAK 1 inhibitor (upadacitinib).
Identification of nutritional characteristics of Haliotis discus hannai in different China sea areas and health risks of heavy metal accumulation
Authors: Li Quanquan , Chang Yajie , Lu Jie , Wu Jinxia , Feng Liubin , Shen Guiping , Feng Jianghua 
Published: February 2025

AbstractBackgroundThe nutritional compositions of abalones (Haliotis discus hannai) vary with geographical origins and environmental factors. Traceability is an important part of food safety, and the heavy metals in the aquatic environment pose a threat to living organisms. Therefore, we present a comparative analysis of the nutrient and heavy metal content in abalones from three different sea areas in China: the Bohai Sea, East China Sea, and South China Sea. This study uniquely addresses the correlation between nutrient composition and heavy metal accumulation. By employing weighted gene co‐expression network analysis, we reveal the biological implications of heavy metal exposure, specifically focusing on chromium, copper (Cu), manganese, zinc, arsenic (As), cadmium, and lead.ResultsBetaine, glycine, and glycogen appeared in three comparisons. The abalone in the East China Sea had the highest content of betaine, and the abalone in the South China Sea had the highest contents of glycine and glycogen. Among the measured metals, the heavy metals accumulated in the viscera were significantly higher than that in the muscle, except Cu, and As showed a high target hazard quotient and carcinogenic risk.ConclusionBetaine, glycine, and glycogen might be important indicators for origin traceability of abalone. Abalones from the South China Sea provide higher nutritional value. Cu had different accumulation patterns and As showed high health risks, and heavy metals brought oxidative stress to abalone. Our findings not only contribute to the understanding of abalone safety and quality but also provide a novel approach to assessing impact of heavy metals on marine food sources. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.
Ultrasonographic Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter Technical Pitfalls and Imaging Artifacts
Authors: Hirzallah Mohammad I. , Sarwal Aarti , Dentinger Aaron M. , Robba Chiara , Valaikienė Jurgita , Lochner Piergiorgio , Schlachetzki Felix , Mills David M. , Ertl Michael , Hakimi Ryan , Bhise Shreya , Pansell Jakob 
Published: February 2025

Ultrasonographic optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) is a non‐invasive intracranial pressure (ICP) surrogate. This article discusses the effect of ultrasound settings and imaging artifacts on ONSD assessment. Ultrasound settings that may affect ONSD assessment include gain, dynamic range, frequency, harmonic imaging, and focal zones. Artifacts can be related to imaged structures (acoustic shadowing, enhancement, comet tail, and speckle artifacts) or to beam properties (partial volume and refraction artifacts). In addition, optic nerve sheath (ONS) properties such as echogenicity changes based on ICP or ONS kinking are discussed.
Ultrasound Evaluation of the Changes of Ophthalmic Artery Doppler and Optic Nerve Sheath in Pregnant Women With FGR
Authors: Chen Yunqi , Lv Xiaoli , Yang Lijuan , Wang Mingmin , Hu Dan , Ren Min 
Published: February 2025

ObjectivesThis study aimed to compare changes in ultrasonic Doppler parameters, particularly the peak ratio (PR) of the ophthalmic artery (OA) and optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD), in pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction (FGR). Furthermore, it sought to evaluate differences in these parameters across various subgroups and analyze the cut‐off value of PR for predicting delivery within 1 week in pregnancies complicated by FGR.MethodsA total of 62 pregnant women in the mid‐to‐late stages of gestation were enrolled, comprising 31 participants in the FGR group and 31 in the control group. The general conditions, pregnancy outcomes, Doppler parameters of the OA, and ONSD were compared between the two groups. Comparative analysis was performed to investigate differences in OA Doppler parameters and ONSD across FGR subgroups. The predictive value of PR for delivery within 1 week was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.ResultsThe PR of the OA was significantly elevated in the FGR group compared to the control group, demonstrating a statistically significant difference. The threshold PR value for predicting delivery within 1 week was 0.565, with a sensitivity of 0.88 and a specificity of 0.58.ConclusionsThe PR value of the OA in pregnant women with FGR is significantly increased and may serve as a reliable predictor for pregnancies complicated by FGR.
AKIRA: Deep learning tool for image standardization, implant detection and arthritis grading to establish a radiographic registry in patients with anterior cruciate ligament injuries
Authors: Lu Yining , Yang Linjun , Mulford Kellen , Grove Austin , Kaji Ellie , Pareek Ayoosh , Levy Bruce , Wyles Cody C. , Camp Christopher L. , Krych Aaron J. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractPurposeDeveloping large‐scale, standardized radiographic registries for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries with artificial intelligence (AI) tools can enhance personalized orthopaedics. We propose deploying Artificial Intelligence for Knee Imaging Registration and Analysis (AKIRA), a trio of deep learning (DL) algorithms, to automatically classify and annotate radiographs. We hypothesize that algorithms can efficiently organize radiographs based on laterality, projection, identify implants and classify osteoarthritis (OA) grade.MethodsA collection of 20,836 knee radiographs from all time points of treatment (mean orthopaedic follow‐up 70.7 months; interquartile range [IQR]: 6.8–172 months) were aggregated from 1628 ACL‐injured patients (median age 26 years [IQR: 19–42], 57% male). Three DL algorithms (EfficientNet, YOLO [You Only Look Once] and Residual Network) were employed. Radiograph laterality and projection (anterior‐posterior [AP], lateral, sunrise, posterior‐anterior, hip–knee–ankle and Camp‐Coventry intercondylar [notch]) were labelled by a DL model. Manually provided labels of metal fixation implants were used to develop a DL object detection algorithm. The degree of OA, both as measured by specific Kellgren–Lawrence (KL) grades, as well as based on a binarized label of OA (defined as KL Grade ≥2), on standing AP radiographs were classified using a DL algorithm. Individual model performances were evaluated on a subset of images prior to the deployment of AKIRA to registry construction using all ACL radiographs.ResultsThe classification algorithms showed excellent performance in classifying radiographic laterality (F1 score: 0.962–0.975) and projection (F1 score: 0.941–1.0). The object detection algorithm achieved high precision–recall (area under the precision‐recall curve: 0.695–0.992) for identifying various metal fixations. The KL classifier reached concordances of 0.39–0.40, improving to 0.81–0.82 for binary OA labels. Sequential deployment of AKIRA following internal validation processed and labelled all 20,836 images with the appropriate views, implants, and the presence of OA within 88 min.ConclusionAKIRA effectively automated the classification and object detection in a large radiograph cohort of ACL injuries, creating an AI‐enabled radiographic registry with comprehensive details on laterality, projection, implants and OA.Study DesignCross‐sectional study.Level of EvidenceLevel IV.
Pilot Study of Speech and Ventilation Quality of Life After Cleft Palate Repair in Chinese Patients
Authors: Sui Hao , Liu Weilong , Wu Min , Yin Heng , Du Meijun , Chen Jiali , Zhang Shiming , Huang Hanyao , Shi Bing , Lu Yong 
Published: February 2025

Objective (s)This pilot study aimed to assess the quality of life (QoL) in Chinese patients with velopharyngeal competence (VPC) after primary cleft palate surgery or after secondary posterior pharyngeal flap (PPF) surgery.MethodsA two‐center cross‐sectional study was conducted in two stomatological hospitals in China between December 2021 and December 2022. A total of 68 patients and healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study, categorized into the control group, the group of patients with VPC after primary cleft palate repair, and the group of patients with VPC after secondary PPF. The Velopharyngeal Insufficiency (VPI) Effects on Life Outcomes (VELO) instrument and the Quebec Sleep Questionnaire (QSQ) were used for the assessment of speech‐related QoL and ventilation‐impairment‐related QoL.ResultsHealthy subjects had better VELO total scores (speech‐related QoL) than patients with VPC. Patients who reached VPC by secondary PPF surgery had better VELO scores in the domain of perception by others, compared with patients who reached VPC after the primary cleft palate surgery. Ventilation‐impairment‐related QoL assessment showed that patients who underwent secondary PPF surgery had worse QSQ total scores and domain scores than those who only had primary surgery. Surgical age only had a negative correlation with VELO scores of swallowing problems in patients who underwent PPF surgery.ConclusionsDespite achieving VPC after both primary and secondary surgery, patients could still exhibit worse speech‐related QoL than healthy individuals. Among patients with VPC, patients who underwent secondary PPF could have worse ventilation‐impairment‐related QoL than those who only had primary cleft palate surgery.Level of Evidence3 Laryngoscope, 2025
Microbial Necromass Nitrogen Accumulation and Its Response to Soil Multifunctionality Following Plantation Restoration in a Subtropical Karst Region
Authors: Lei Junjie , Peng Yuanying , Dang Peng , Gao Xiaoqian , Chen Xiaoyong , Yan Wende 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTMicrobial necromass nitrogen (MNN) is increasingly recognized as a major source of soil N, playing a crucial role in N sequestration and sustaining N balance. However, quantitative data on the contribution of MNN to total N and its relationship with soil multifunctionality (SMF) in karst plantation ecosystems remain lacking. In this study, MNN (measured via amino sugar analysis) and SMF (calculated using the mean value method) were determined across five plantations and unafforested land (control) in the Wuling Mountains of subtropical China. The soil MNN content ranged from 1.02 to 1.67 g kg−1, contributing 53.8% to 75.4% of the total N, with Cinnamomum camphora pure forest exhibiting the highest values among all stand types and control. The afforestation of Cinnamomum camphora enhanced soil nutrient provision, microbial activity, and biomass, increasing SMF by 54% compared to the control. The soil functional parameters were generally higher in the organic horizon than in the topsoil and subsoil, and the contribution of MNN to total N was greater in the subsoil. Enzyme stoichiometry ratios indicated that microbial P limitation was prevalent in both plantation and control soils, with MNN content positively correlated with C/P and N/P ratios (p < 0.001). Increases in MNN were closely associated with SMF, encompassing nutrient provision, microbial activity, and biomass, with available N (AN) being a key predictor of MNN accumulation. The partial least squares path model revealed that nutrient provision contributed positively to MNN accumulation, and AN had a direct effect path coefficient of 0.72 on it (p < 0.01). This work underscored the critical role of MNN in contributing to N sequestration and its potential to support ecosystem functioning in the karst region.
Recovery from drought‐induced dieback may lead to modified salt marsh vegetation composition
Authors: Yang Zhicheng , D'Alpaos Andrea , Marani Marco , Blount Tegan , Alber Merryl , Murray Brad , Silvestri Sonia 
Published: February 2025

AbstractSalt marshes are vital but vulnerable ecosystems. However, our understanding of disturbance‐induced dieback and recovery processes in multi‐specific marshes remains limited. This study utilized remote sensing data (2001–2021) to analyze a dieback event and subsequent recovery in the multi‐specific San Felice marsh within the Venice lagoon, Italy. A significant dieback of Spartina maritima (Spartina) was identified in 2003, likely triggered by a drought event and heat stress. This resulted in a conversion of 4.6 ha of marsh predominantly colonized by Spartina (fractional cover of Spartina > 50%) in 2001 to bare soil in 2003. These bare areas were then gradually encroached by vegetation, indicating the occurrence of the recovery. Despite gradually gaining ground, Spartina only dominated 6.4 ha marshes in 2021, significantly lower than its pre‐dieback area (21.3 ha). However, other species also encroached on the dieback area, such that the aboveground biomass returned to pre‐dieback levels, indicating that the shift in marsh species composition that occurred as a consequence of the event compensated for this ecosystem service. Vegetation recovery, spanning from 1 yr to more than 18 yr, was found to be slowest in areas of lowest elevation. This study provides evidence that dieback and recovery can modify the species composition of multi‐specific marshes over decades. These insights contribute to a better understanding of marsh resilience to drought and elevated temperature, both of which are likely to increase in the future.
Near‐Unity Internal Quantum Efficiency and High Thermal Stability of Sr3MgGe5O14: Cr3+ Phosphor for Plant Growth
Authors: Lin Qiuming , Wu Xiaozhong , Peng Jiaqing , You Weixiong , Ye Xinyu , Huang Decai 
Published: February 2025

AbstractNear‐infrared phosphor‐converted light‐emitting diodes (NIR pc‐LEDs) are regarded one of the most promising light sources for food analysis, plant growth, bioimaging, night vision, and so on. Cr3+‐activated NIR phosphors have garnered increasing attention due to their exceptional photoluminescence properties for NIR pc‐LED. However, most of them suffer from poor thermal stability or low efficiency which limits their large‐scale application. Herein, a novel Sr3MgGe5O14: Cr3+ (SMGO: Cr3+) NIR phosphor is presented, which exhibits a broadband NIR emission ranging the range of 650–1000 nm with a peak at 735 nm. SMGO: 0.005Cr3+ phosphor demonstrates an almost near‐unity internal quantum efficiency (99.4%) and excellent thermal quenching performance (I423 K/I298 K = 86%). First‐principles theory calculation indicates that Cr3+ ions preferentially occupy the [Ge2/MgO4] and [Ge3O4] sites at high doping concentration within the SMGO host, illustrating the concentration quenching mechanism. Furthermore, a NIR pc‐LED is manufactured by utilizing SMGO: 0.005Cr3+ with a 445 nm blue LED chip, and the NIR output power is 140.5 mW with a photoelectric conversion efficiency of 15.5% at 300 mA. Potential applications of plant growth and the detection of several mental ions are also demonstrated, which demostrates its promising application in plant growth.
Self‐Healing Waterborne Polyurethane Elastomers Based on Multiple Reversible Bonds with Good Mechanical Performance for Composite Conductors
Authors: Wu Jiajia , Ren Mengqing , Chen Ming , Liu Xuanyu , Jin Tao , Wu Lili 
Published: February 2025

AbstractAs a functional material, polyurethane elastomers have a wide range of applications in fields such as flexible wearable devices and healthcare but are prone to damage during use. As a result, they are often incorporated with self‐healing properties to prolong their service life. The preparation of polyurethane elastomers with excellent mechanical and self‐healing properties has become crucial to addressing this issue. In this study, a new self‐healing system with excellent mechanical properties is developed by reacting butanedione oxime (DMG) and gallic acid (GA) with isocyanate (─NCO) to introduce oxime‐carbamate bonds and phenol‐carbamate bonds into waterborne polyurethane. The triple dynamic reversible synergistic network formed through multiple reversible covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds enhances the mechanical and self‐healing properties of the waterborne polyurethane elastomers. The results demonstrate that the synthesized polyurethane elastomer films exhibit excellent mechanical properties (strength of 41.02 MPa, elongation at break of 955.9%, toughness of 112.17 MJ m−3) and self‐healing properties (healing efficiency of 91.21%). In addition, the composite conductor (DG‐WPU‐CNTs) prepared by incorporating this polyurethane elastomer with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) exhibits excellent sensitivity, stability, and self‐healing properties, providing a basis for its application in flexible wearable devices.
The Stab Resistance of Bombyx Mori Silk Cocoons
Authors: Rehman Ateeq Ur , Koutsos Vasileios , Alam Parvez 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThis study considers the mechanical response of Bombyx mori silk cocoons to knife stabbing, a simple but controlled way of simulating predaceous penetration. Here, we stab test both entire cocoons (EC) and cocoon wall segments (CWS) statically and dynamically, and note that the process can be broken down in three stages. The first stage involves material deflection, the second is knife penetration, and the third is knife perforation. It is found that ca. 95 % of the kinetic energy is lost during the penetration stage. There are noticeable differences in strain between the equatorial ( = 13 %) and meridional ( = 1.5 %) directions before and after the stabbing of EC specimens (p <0.001). The apparent area of the cocoon is noted to be on average 7 % lower after stabbing than it is prior to being stabbed (p <0.01). It is found that while compression of the cocoon from stabbing results in equatorial expansion (with a Poisson's ratio, ν = 0.25), in the meridional direction the cocoon contracts (ν = ‐0.05) thus displaying auxetic behavior. Force‐deflection curves are different in CWS specimens as compared to EC specimens, and this is attributable to natural curvatures in CWS specimens remaining even after a being flattened for mounting and testing. Differences between EC and CWS specimens are also noticeable in the sizes of the stab footprints, with EC samples exhibiting 33 % smaller footprints than CWS samples (p < 0.001). It is concluded that testing whole cocoon structures provides a more accurate understanding of their properties as compared to cut and flattened structures. This is because flattening cocoon wall specimens induces delamination and multiple failure zones, reducing the natural stab resistance of the material.