bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of borderline oxacillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Pediatric cystic fibrosis
Authors: Leahy Timothy Ronan , Yau Yvonne C.W. , Atenafu Eshetu , Corey Mary , Ratjen Felix , Waters Valerie 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA single‐center retrospective study was undertaken in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) to evaluate (1) risk factors for acquisition; (2) molecular epidemiology; and (3) impact on disease progression of borderline oxacillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (BORSA) versus mecA‐positive methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The study comprised of (1) identification of all children with at least one respiratory specimen positive for either BORSA or MRSA during the study period; (2) compilation of relevant clinical and epidemiological data from 12‐month period leading up to first positive (index) culture; (3) microbiological and molecular characterization of index isolates and (4) measurement of subsequent clinical outcome. Thirty‐eight children were identified with at least one positive isolate; 4 were excluded due to insufficient clinical or laboratory data. Eighteen children (53%) grew BORSA in their index culture. Children who acquired BORSA only (n = 16) were more likely to have had prior MSSA colonization (P < 0.0001). Usage of oral cephalexin (P < 0.01) and inhaled tobramycin (P < 0.03) prior to index culture was significantly and independently associated with acquisition of BORSA. The majority of BORSA isolates were hyper β‐lactamase producers and susceptible to a greater range of antibiotics. Strain relatedness was not evident within the BORSA group. There was no difference in disease progression between the two groups. This is the first study to demonstrate that a significant proportion of S. aureus isolates with methicillin resistance in the CF population are BORSAs that lack mecA. Antibiotic pressure may lead to the development of BORSA in CF patients. Prospective studies are needed to assess its clinical impact. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2011; 46:489–496. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
First principles prediction of structural and mechanical properties of the nanolaminate compound M4AlN3 (M = V, Nb, and Ta)
Authors: Li Chenliang , Wang Zhenqing 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe structural and mechanical properties of some new nanolaminate compounds M4AlN3 (M = V, Nb, and Ta) have been investigated using the first‐principles method. The results show that β‐Nb4AlN3 is formed more easily than others M4AlN3 compound, and β‐M4AlN3 are potential candidates for hard materials. The relationship between the mechanical properties and atomic number of the metal M is also discussed. The calculated Debye temperature θD show that these compounds are hard with a large wave velocity and have high thermal conductivity.
Antiviral responses induced by the TLR3 pathway
Authors: Matsumoto Misako , Oshiumi Hiroyuki , Seya Tsukasa 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAntiviral responses are successively induced in virus‐infected animals, and include primary innate immune responses such as type I interferon (IFN) and cytokine production, secondary natural killer (NK) cell responses, and final cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses and antibody production. The endosomal Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) and cytoplasmic RIG‐I‐like receptors (RLRs), which recognize viral nucleic acids, are responsible for virus‐induced type I IFN production. RLRs are expressed in most tissues and cells and are primarily implicated in innate immune responses against various viruses through type I IFN production, whereas nucleic acid‐sensing TLRs, TLRs 3, 7, 8 and 9, are expressed on the endosomal membrane of dendritic cells (DCs) and play distinct roles in antiviral immunity. TLR3 recognizes viral double‐stranded RNA taken up into the endosome and serves to protect the host against viral infection by the induction of a range of responses including type I IFN production and DC‐mediated activation of NK cells and CTLs, although the deteriorative role of TLR3 has also been reported in some virus infections. Here, we review the current knowledge on the role of TLR3 during viral infection, and the current understanding of the TLR3‐signalling cascade that operates via the adaptor protein TICAM‐1 (also called TRIF). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing SRI fund performance research: Best practices in empirical analysis
Authors: Chegut Andrea , Schenk Hans , Scholtens Bert 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWe review the socially responsible investment (SRI) mutual fund performance literature to provide best practices in SRI performance attribution analysis. Based on meta‐ethnography and content analysis, five themes in this literature require specific attention: data quality, social responsibility verification, survivorship bias, benchmarking, and sensitivity and robustness checks. For each of these themes, we develop best practices. Specifically, for sound SRI fund performance analysis, it is important that research pays attention to dividend yields and fees, incorporates independent and third party social responsibility verification, corrects for survivorship bias and tests multiple benchmarks, as well as analyzing the impact of fund composition, management influences and SRI strategies through sensitivity and robustness analysis. These best practices aim to enhance the robustness of SRI financial performance analysis. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Spatiotemporal surveillance methods in the presence of spatial correlation
Authors: Jiang Wei , Han Sung Won , Tsui Kwok‐Leung , Woodall William H. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractHealth surveillance involves collecting public health data on chronic and infectious diseases to detect changes in disease incidence rates in order to improve public health. Timely detection of disease clusters is essential in prospective public health surveillance. Most existing health surveillance research is based on the assumption that observations from different regions are independent. This paper proposes a set of multivariate surveillance schemes generalized from well‐known detection methods in multivariate statistical process control based on likelihood ratio tests. We use Monte Carlo simulations to compare these methods for health surveillance in the presence of spatial correlations. By taking advantage of correlations among regions,the proposed schemes are able to perform better than existing surveillance methods and provide faster and more accurate detection of outbreaks. An example of breast cancer in New Hampshire is presented to demonstrate the application of these methods when observations are spatially correlated counts. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast Bayesian scan statistics for multivariate event detection and visualization
Authors: Neill Daniel B. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe multivariate Bayesian scan statistic
(MBSS) is a recently proposed, general framework for event detection and characterization in multivariate space–time data. MBSS integrates prior information and observations from multiple data streams in a Bayesian framework, computing the posterior probability of each type of event in each space–time region. MBSS has been shown to have many advantages over previous event detection approaches, including improved timeliness and accuracy of detection, easy interpretation and visualization of results, and the ability to model and accurately differentiate between multiple event types. This work extends the MBSS framework to enable detection and visualization of irregularly shaped clusters in multivariate data, by defining a hierarchical prior over all subsets of locations. While a naive search over the exponentially many subsets would be computationally infeasible, we demonstrate that the total posterior probability that each location has been affected can be efficiently computed, enabling rapid detection and visualization of irregular clusters. We compare the run time and detection power of this ‘Fast Subset Sums’ method to our original MBSS approach (assuming a uniform prior over circular regions) on semi‐synthetic outbreaks injected into real‐world Emergency Department data from Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. We demonstrate substantial improvements in spatial accuracy and timeliness of detection, while maintaining the scalability and fast run time of the original MBSS method. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental friendly polysaccharide modification – microwave‐assisted oxidation of starch
Authors: Lukasiewicz Marcin , Bednarz Szczepan , Ptaszek Anna 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA “green” method for oxidized starch preparation was presented. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was used as the starch oxidant. Two main types of experiments were investigated: catalytic (by means of sodium tungstate – Na2WO4, the hydrogen peroxide activator) and non‐catalytic processes. The research covers low microwave level synthesis. Ninety and one hundred and ninety watts of microwave power were applied for the samples. All the microwave‐assisted reactions were compared to conventional ones carried out at 80 and 90°C, respectively. Reaction was monitored using manganometric determination of H2O2 consumption during the reaction progress. Obtained reaction products were tested by means of carbonyl and carboxyl group content. Additionally, molecular mass changes were investigated and a preliminary rheological study was done. The observed significant differences in the degree of oxidation (monitored by means of carboxyl and carbonyl group content) as well as the changes in molecular mass of polysaccharide comparing to those found at conventional conditions were showed and discussed.
The financial crisis and trade—key impacts, interactions, and outcomes
Authors: Curran Louise , Zignago Soledad 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe international financial crisis has been felt acutely in international trade. This article looks at the extent of the fall in trade and its impacts in major world exporters and sectors of industry. The article finds that the effects of the crisis have been far from homogeneous, with certain sectors more heavily impacted than others. In particular, electronics and transport equipment have seen large falls in trade, with base metals and machinery also strongly affected. Furthermore, certain countries have seen greater impacts than others. In particular, China saw relatively lower falls in trade than the other countries covered, contributing to an increase in the emerging world's share of global trade. Finally, the article looks at two key elements hypothesized as motors of the extensive trade fall—the fragmentation of production and the contraction in trade finance. It finds evidence that both were important to the impacts of the crisis on trade, although falls in GDP were the main driver. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using the Capital Assets Pricing Model for risk management—A tool for multinational corporation managers
Authors: Malul Miki , Rosenboim Mosi , Tarba Shlomo Yedidia 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn this article, using a theoretical model and empirical analysis, we show how multinational corporations (MNCs) can utilize the fundamentals of the Capital Assets Pricing Model (CAPM) to formulate a strategic risk management in a global economy. We show that MNCs with branches all over the world, specifically those that specialize in nontradable goods (e.g., McDonald's), should consider each country's beta as the appropriate measure of the relevant risk attached to the location in the country. Finally, using data from the most recent world economic crisis (the subprime crisis), we show that during a world economic crisis the loss of growth will be significantly higher in countries with higher betas, and lower in those with lower betas. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Four myths and a financial crisis
Authors: Vranceanu Radu 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe main driving force of the financial crisis of 2007‐2009 was a rapid deterioration of the trust of private agents in the quality of financial institutions. In turn, this loss of confidence entailed a sharp decline in many asset prices and brought to their knees several large financial institutions with centennial traditions. This article surveys the critical moments of the crisis, presents some of the shock‐amplifying mechanisms, and comments on the effectiveness of various policy measures. We point out four conceptual myths that did not survive this crisis. The conclusion opens the debate on what structural changes in the existing financial architecture are required to contain such crises in the future. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New waves of growth in the developed world
Authors: Purdy Mark , Davarzani Ladan , Peppes Athena 
Published: February 2011

AbstractFollowing the Great Recession, many commentators are already forecasting a bleak economic future for developed economies over the next decade. Our research suggests, however, that there are ample opportunities for new growth and jobs in mature economies. Policymakers and business leaders can mine rich seams of growth through imaginative responses to oft‐perceived challenges around aging populations, the transition to a low‐carbon future, rising demands for public services, new information‐based services, and growing demands in the emerging world for social and physical infrastructure. However, such growth will fail to materialize unless action is taken today to secure the necessary supply‐side foundations for longer‐term growth. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The global recession issue: Introduction—Part II
Authors: Shoham Amir 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe global economic crisis clearly highlighted that a multinational enterprise (MNE) must understand the national environment no less than its core business. Articles in this part deal with the impact of the crisis on five national economies: two small (Iceland and Israel), two developing (China and India), and one extremely poor (Bangladesh).This introduction also contains empirical research on the most important variable in the global crisis, the saving rate. Differences in savings between countries are not adequately explained in the current economic literature. As we show, culture variables from the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) study help explain the difference between saving rates in various countries. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dancing as fast as they can: Israeli high‐tech firms and the Great Recession of 2008
Authors: Almor Tamar 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis article shows that the Israeli economy weathered the Great Recession of 2008 rather well. Macroeconomic data show that Israel, with international trade that is highly dependent upon small, high‐tech multinationals, increased its outgoing foreign direct investment (FDI), outgoing greenfield investments, and exports during 2008 and attained good results compared to the European Union and the United States. The explanation offered is based on the predominance of high‐tech, born global companies and small high‐tech multinationals in Israel. Business strategies based on (1) size and flexibility, (2) focusing and tailoring, and (3) innovativeness and globalization allowed many of Israel's small, high‐tech multinationals to continue growing and attain their goals despite the Great Recession of 2008. Five case studies are presented to exemplify this argument. The continuing success of the high‐tech sector and its contribution to Israel's economy explains, among other things, why Israel was relatively unaffected by the crisis. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Defensive and expansion responses to environmental shocks in China: Interpreting the 2008 economic crisis
Authors: Bao Yongjian , Olson Bradley , Yuan Wenlong 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWe tested organizational actions as a result of interpreting the 2008 crisis with a sample of 80 firms in mainland China collected in 2009. Our findings indicate that threat and urgency interpretations positively affect defensive responses, while controllability and feasibility interpretations positively affect expansion responses. Moreover, we find that strategic flexibility and risk‐taking orientation moderate the relationships between controllability/feasibility interpretations and expansion responses. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Emerging economies and the global financial crisis: Evidence from China and India
Authors: Kshetri Nir 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe global financial crisis (GFC) spread from the US and the EU economies to the developing world. In this article, we seek to gain a better understanding of clear contexts, attendant mechanisms, and processes associated with the GFC in China and India. We identify and synthesize the available evidence on the size of the external shock, the cushioning effects, and responses associated with the GFC to propose a framework that enables us to analyze more deeply the antecedents and consequences of the GFC in these two economies. Because of differences in their economic, social, and political backgrounds, China and India have exhibited noteworthy differences in the impacts and responses to the GFC. The findings indicated that trade and investment linkages with the outside world and the degree of personal globalization affected the size of the external shock associated with the GFC. In China's case, a sound macroeconomic policy framework and the state's control on the economy provided a cushion effect, which acted as a buffer to protect the economy against the external shock. China's and India's responses to the GFC included a shift from export‐driven to domestic demand‐led growth and diversion and shift of economic links away from economies associated with the GFC. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Early fetal cystoscopy for first‐trimester severe megacystis
Authors: Ruano R. , Yoshisaki C. T. , Salustiano E. M. A. , Giron A. M. , Srougi M. , Zugaib M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjectivesTo report the feasibility of early fetal cystoscopy for the prenatal diagnosis and therapy of severe first‐trimester megacystis.MethodsBetween January 2008 and February 2010, early fetal cystoscopy at 16 weeks of gestation was offered to 15 patients whose fetuses presented with severe first‐trimester megacystis. All infants were followed up for 6–12 months after birth. Autopsy was always performed whenever fetal or neonatal deaths occurred.ResultsSeven patients decided to undergo fetal therapy, and eight elected to continue with expectant observation. One fetus died before early fetal cystoscopy was performed. Therefore, six fetuses underwent early fetal cystoscopy. Urethral atresia was diagnosed in three fetuses during fetal cystoscopy and confirmed at autopsy following termination of pregnancy at 19–20 weeks in all cases. Posterior urethral valves were diagnosed and successfully fulgurated by laser during early cystoscopy in three fetuses, two of which survived with normal renal and bladder function after birth; the remaining fetus had a postnatal diagnosis of megacystis‐microcolon intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome and died neonatally. In the expectantly managed group, no survivals were observed, even among cases with ‘isolated’ posterior urethral valves.ConclusionsPercutaneous early fetal cystoscopy is feasible for prenatal diagnosis and therapy of severe megacystis. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Male sexual development in utero: testicular descent on prenatal magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Nemec S. F. , Nemec U. , Weber M. , Kasprian G. , Brugger P. C. , Krestan C. R. , Rotmensch S. , Rimoin D. L. , Graham J. M. , Prayer D. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo visualize in utero male fetal testicular descent on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to correlate it with gestational age.MethodsThis retrospective study included 202 MRI examination results of 199 male fetuses (17–39 gestational weeks) with normal anatomy or minor congenital abnormalities, following suspicion of anomalies on prenatal ultrasound examination. Using a 1.5‐Tesla unit, multiplanar T2‐weighted sequences were applied using a standard protocol to image and identify the scrotal content. The relative frequencies of unilateral and bilateral testicular descent were calculated and correlated with gestational age.ResultsBetween 17 and 25 gestational weeks, neither unilateral nor bilateral testicular descent was visualized on MRI. Testicular descent was first observed at 25 + 4 weeks, in 7.7% of cases. 12.5% of 27‐week fetuses showed unilateral descent and 50% showed bilateral descent. Bilateral descent was observed in 95.7% of cases, on average, from 30 to 39 weeks.ConclusionsOur results chart the time course of testicular descent on prenatal MRI, which may be helpful in the identification of normal male sexual development and in the diagnosis of congenital abnormalities, including the early detection of cryptorchidism. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Physical Properties of the New Chain Alkalioxocuprate K3Cu2O4
Authors: Đuriš Katarina , Kremer Reinhard K. , Jansen Martin 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSingle crystals of K3Cu2O4 were prepared by the azide/nitrate route from respective stoichiometric mixtures of KN3, KNO3 and CuO, at 923 K, whereas powder samples were synthesised by solid state reaction of K2O, KCuO2 and CuO, sealed in gold ampoules and treated at 723 K. According to the single crystal structure analysis (Cmcm, Z = 4, a = 6.1234(1), b = 8.9826(2), c = 10.8620(2) Å, R1 = 0.044, R2 = 0.107), the main structural feature are undulating ${1}\atop{{\infty}}$CuO2 chains built up from planar, edge sharing CuO4 square units. From an analysis of the Cu–O bond lengths, the valence state of either +2 or +3 can be unambiguously assigned to each copper atom. The magnetic susceptibilities show the dominance of antiferromagnetic (AFM) interactions. At high temperatures, the magnetic behaviour can be fitted with the Curie–Weiss law (μeff = 1.84μB, Θ = –105 K). The experimental data can be very well described by a uniform Heisenberg chain with a nearest‐neighbour spin intrachain interaction (Jnn) of ~ 101 K.
Notiz über die magnetlsche Suszeptibilität von La2O3 und CeO2
Authors: Klemm W. , Hartlapp G. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractDie g‐Werte von La2O3 und CeO2 werden zu −0,150 bzw. + 0,075 10−6 ermittelt. Daraus leitet sich ein temperaturunabhängiger Paramagnetismus Mol von + 14 bzw. + 52 10−6 ab.
Die lonengewichtsbestimmung mit der Dialysenmethode
Authors: Brintzinger H. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractDie von H. Brintzinger1) ausgearbeitete Dialysenmethode und die mit ihr durchgeführten Messungen sind in den letzten Jahren das Ziel eines Angriffs2) gewesen. Es erscheint daher notwendig, das Grundsätzliche dieser Methode und die durch sie gewonnenen neuen Erkenntnisse, insbesondere über die Hydratation der Ionen, kurz zusammenfassend darzustellen und durch neues Tatsachenmaterial den Beweis für die Richtigkeit der früheren Messungen zu erbringen. Eine Kontrolle mancher auffallender Resultate, wie der zweischaligen komplexen Ionen, steht noch aus; hierüber wird später berichtet werden.