bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Successful Milling and Removal of a Permanent Bridge Plug With Electric-Line Tractor-Conveyed Technology
Authors: Stragiotti Stephen , Karlsen Ole Eddie 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
A new application of running wireline stroker technology in combination with wireline milling technology has been proven successful in the Norwegian Sector of the North Sea. In August 2008, on an offshore platform, a wireline stroker and wireline milling rotational unit were used to mill out and remove a permanent type bridge plug at 1,264m (approximately 4,147 ft) MD (50° deviation).
The 3.25" high expansion bridge plug was inadvertently set in the tubing in March 2008 at 1,264 m. It was decided to attempt to mill out the plug on electric wireline to regain production from the well. A study was initiated to evaluate if it would be feasible to develop a wireline conveyed stroker and milling system capable of removing the plug. During a two months design period, several different bits and milling tools where designed and tested. It was confirmed that by combining a wireline miller with a modified wireline stroker to act as feed control, it should be possible to mill out the retaining rings and collapsing the plug. The milling system included a control unit allowing the WOB (weight on bit) to be optimized for each application. In addition it also controls the reactive torque and force generated when the milling bit engages the plug.
The offshore operation was successfully completed in three days.
The milling tool has proven to be an effective solution to down hole problems that require milling of metal or hardened materials. The technical solution was developed within the design parameters and in accordance with the timeline set out for the project. This new method for milling well completion hardware and other well bore obstructions offers a cost-efficient alternative technology to existing methods using coil tubing or snubbing. The success of the milling operation is a significant milestone and has pushed the limits for what is possible to achieve on electric wireline.
By applying new technology, the well was quickly put back in production. The operation was conducted as a live well intervention without the need for using the drilling derrick.
This paper will examine the challenges and solution chosen in an operation of milling a bridge plug on electric wireline.
Engineering Development to Improve Tubular Cutting Ability in High-Ductility Metallurgy Strings With Low-Torque Motors
Authors: Guimaraes Zacarias , Barros Robledo , Franca Cicero , Costa Filipe , Camargos Wyvis , Gerena J. Alexander , Raulino F. , Henrique Afonso , Ponte Vitor , Teles J. Marcelo , Costa Necesio 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
During the restoration process of a high temperature gas producer well, offshore Brazil, it was detected that its production tubing was stuck due to scale deposition. An attempt to pull the string using an offshore completion rig was unsuccessful. The use of alternative methods like wireline chemical cutters, string shots and thru-tubing tools with elastomer rubbers was not possible due to the high bottom hole temperature of the well (363 °F). With this scenario, the solution was to use coiled tubing in order to cut the string above the free point.
The first challenge for this coiled tubing intervention was the production tubing metallurgy, Cr-22, which has highly ductile and carbides embedded in its matrix. These properties cause the adherence of chips on the cutter blades and contribute to accelerated wear on the mechanical cutter.
The second challenge was the constraint of having to use lower torque metal-metal motor, because the high torque (rubbers) stator for positive displacement motors, available in Brazil do not work over 300 °F.
In order to overcome all of these challenges and optimize the cutting process, tests were performed before the job in a similar Cr-22 tubing sample, using a standard two blades pipe cutter attached to a 2-1/8" metal-metal motor. After the failure in the first test, improvements in the pipe cutter were done until reaching an effective cutting system.
This paper presents in details all steps in the pipe cutter design development and summarizes the operational procedures executed in this successful job using 1-1/4 inch coiled tubing, metal-metal motor and optimized pipe cutter.
It will be of value to point out other (more expensive) options that the customer normally would have had to use, i.e. snubbing unit with spaghetti pipe.
A Successful Application of Fiber-Optic-Enabled Coiled Tubing With Distributed Temperature Sensing DTS Along With Pressures to Diagnose Production Decline in an Offshore Oil Well
Authors: Parta P. E. , Parapat A. , Burgos R. , Christian J. , Jamaluddin A. , Rae G. , Foo S. K. , Ghani J. , Musa M. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
In this paper, we present a field example where pressure and distributed temperature measurements enabled understanding of reservoir characteristics and fluid movement causing production hindrance in an offshore horizontal well. The field example comprises a horizontal well in the South China Sea that was completed as an openhole monobore oil producer using a slotted liner.The well began production with an initial oil rate of 1,800 bbl/d. Oil production quickly dropped to 1,000 bbl/d and gradually declined to 200 bbl/d. During this period, the gas oil ratio (GOR) steadily increased from 200 scf/bbl to 2,200 scf/bbl.To arrest production decline, a chemical treatment to remove suspected emulsions and polymers during drilling was conducted. Immediate post treatment, production increased to 2,200 bbl/d, but dropped dramatically and stabilized at pretreatment rates soon after. Formation of emulsions and asphaltenes were believed to be the cause of the production decline. However, with inadequate information, the diagnosis was inconclusive. Consequently, a fiber-optic-enabled coiled tubing string along with real-time bottomhole pressure and temperature gauges were used to acquire distributed temperatures and pressures of the entire horizontal section of the wellbore.
Results of the pressure survey revealed that the well was receiving insufficient pressure support from the water injector, which, in turn, was causing gas cap expansion. The distributed temperature survey indicated excessive gas production from the toe of the horizontal section as a result of this expansion, thus limiting liquid production. The combination of gas rates with oil and water production has also created tight emulsions, further hindering production performance.It was concluded that the high gas production from the toe could not be selectively shutoff or controlled in the horizontal openhole slotted liner completion to perform an effective stimulation program and treat the tight viscous emulsions.
Case History: Unique Method Using Hydraulic Workover Unit for Snubbing Operations Successfully Deploys Expandable Liner Hangers into Gas Storage Wells
Authors: Gregoire Nicolas , Ricaud Yves , Bossewinkel Wim , Dan De Clute-Melancon , De Vries Bert , Van Wonderen Marc 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
When wells exhibit fluid-loss problems, lower completion scenarios that employ conventional liner hangers and inflatable annulus packers often exhibit problems as well. These scenarios can include 1), the occurrence of gas migration through the cement, and 2), liner-top, packer-seal failure. To prevent these problems from occurring in two gas storage wells, expandable liner hangers (ELH) that can provide gas-tight seals without requiring liner cementation were suggested. The ELHs have elastomeric elements bonded to the hanger body to provide anchoring and sealing capacity. As the hanger body is expanded, the elastomeric elements are compressed in the annular space, eliminating the casing annulus and providing liner-top pressure integrity. This scenario would provide a more effective solution for the problems experienced with conventional methods.
The major challenges were how to deploy the two liner hangers into the two wells with a hydraulic work-over (HWO) unit and how to snub them into the hole with well pressure on the annulus.
This paper will describe how a conventional rotary drilling rig was used to drill into the top of the well, and a snubbing unit used to drill into the reservoir section and then used to deploy the expandable liner hangers.
To verify the adequacy of the deployment system design, a "Complete-the-Well-On-Paper" (CWOP) exercise was followed by a pre-job trial with the HWO unit. The ELHs were run through the unit to double check space out and potential for damage from the HWO slips with complete success. The next step was to run the equipment on location and into a live well.
The case history will describe how the challenge to deploy and set the two expandable liner hangers with an HWO unit was met successfully.
Improving Performance During Coiled Tubing Logging Operations With a Rugged, Modular, Stab-Through Tool System
Authors: Thomeer Hubertus V. , Burgos R. , Cardon Don Ray , Morbelli Diane , Senters Chad William 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Coiled tubing logging (CTL) or conveying electric logging tools with coiled tubing (CT) was first adopted as a technique during the late 1980s. With this technique, the rigidity of the CT allowed conventional logging tools to be pushed into highly deviated and horizontal wellbores, which were otherwise inaccessible at that time. The advent of wireline tractor technology has since provided an alternative to log some well profiles without employing CT at all.
CTL still provides a superior solution for many well types and operations. Some of the advantages of the technique, which make it relevant even today, include the ability to pump while logging, efficacy in openhole environments, and overall robustness of the downhole system.
CTL, as a technique, however, comes with some complexities. Operationally, many of these complexities revolve around the logging head adapter, which is the component that connects the logging tools to the CT cable assembly. Over the years, tool designs have evolved to incorporate several feature upgrades, which are aimed at improving overall system performance and reliability.
A novel tool design, which addresses the significant downtime associated with building the logging head assembly during CTL operations was recently introduced into service. The rugged system, with its unique injector stab-through feature, can be used during CT-assisted well-logging and wired-perforating operations. Several case histories have demonstrated that the system results in improved overall performance through reduced operating time without compromising tool reliability and function.
Modeling the Affect of a Downhole Vibrator
Authors: Newman Ken , Burnett Timm , Pursell John , Gouasmia Ouahab 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Downhole vibration tools are becoming an accepted method of extending the reach of coiled tubing (CT) and jointed pipe (JP) in extended reach wells. They are being used in both well service and well drilling operations. Experimental work was done which shows how the energy generated by dynamic excitation mitigates a certain amount of friction. A tubing forces (torque and drag) model was modified to include friction mitigation due to the vibration. This modification to the model was much more complex than simply modifying the friction coefficient as has been done in the past. This paper will discuss the experimental work, the modifications to the model, and case histories in which a vibration tool was used. Model results will be compared to actual field results.
Insulin Therapy and Glycemic Control in Hospitalized Patients With Diabetes During Enteral Nutrition Therapy
Authors: Korytkowski Mary T. , Salata Rose J. , Koerbel Glory L. , Selzer Faith , Karslioglu Esra , Idriss Almoatazbellah M. , Lee Kenneth K.W. , Moser A. James , Toledo Frederico G.S. 
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVE
To compare two subcutaneous insulin strategies for glycemic management of hyperglycemia in non–critically ill hospitalized patients with diabetes during enteral nutrition therapy (ENT).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Fifty inpatients were prospectively randomized to receive sliding-scale regular insulin (SSRI) alone (n = 25) or in combination with insulin glargine (n = 25). NPH insulin was added for persistent hyperglycemia in the SSRI group (glucose &gt;10 mmol/l).

RESULTS
Glycemic control was similar in the SSRI and glargine groups (mean ± SD study glucose 8.9 ± 1.6 vs. 9.2 ± 1.6 mmol/l, respectively; P = 0.71). NPH insulin was added in 48% of the SSRI group subjects. There were no group differences in frequency of hypoglycemia (1.3 ± 4.1 vs. 1.1 ± 1.8%; P = 0.35), total adverse events, or length of stay.

CONCLUSIONS
Both insulin strategies (SSRI with the addition of NPH for persistent hyperglycemia and glargine) demonstrated similar efficacy and safety in non–critically ill hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes during ENT.
Evaluation of the effect of extracorporeal shock wave treatment on experimentally induced osteoarthritis in middle carpal joints of horses
Authors: Frisbie David D. , Kawcak Christopher E. , McIlwraith C. Wayne 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Objective—To assess the clinical, biochemical, and histologic effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) in the treatment of horses with experimentally induced osteoarthritis (OA).
Animals—Twenty-four 2- to 3-year-old horses without evidence of lameness.
Procedures—OA was induced arthroscopically in 1 middle carpal joint of each horse. Fourteen days after induction of OA, horses were treated with a sham ESWT probe (placebo; n = 8), polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (PSGAG) administered IM every 4 days for 28 days as a positive control treatment (8), or ESWT administered on days 14 and 28 with a focused shock wave unit (8). Evaluations included clinical assessments of degree of lameness every 2 weeks and weekly synovial fluid analyses. Horses were euthanized 70 days after induction of OA, and gross pathologic and histologic examinations of cartilage and synovial membrane specimens were performed at necropsy. A generalized linear mixed model was used to compare outcomes among treatment groups.
Results—No adverse treatment-related events were detected in any horse. The degree of lameness in horses treated with ESWT improved significantly, compared with the degree of lameness in placebo- or PSGAG-treated horses. No disease-modifying effects were evident in results for synovial fluid, synovial membranes, or cartilage from the ESWT- or PSGAG-treated horses.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although a disease-modifying effect of ESWT was not detected, the significant clinical effect of ESWT suggested that this modality should be considered for treatment of horses with OA in combination with another modality that does affect the disease process.
Agreement between echocardiographic techniques in assessment of the left ventricular myocardial performance index in rabbits
Authors: Moura Cláudia , Fontes-Sousa Ana Patrícia , Teixeira-Pinto Armando , Areias José Carlos C. , Leite-Moreira Adelino F. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Objective—To report reference values and examine the agreement in the myocardial performance (Tei) index of the left ventricle (LVTI) as measured by tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), pulsed-wave Doppler imaging (PWD), and M-mode echocardiography in clinically normal rabbits.
Animals—26 clinically normal male New Zealand White rabbits.
Procedures—Echocardiographic examinations that included TDI, PWD, and M-mode echocardiography were performed. Rabbits were sedated by SC administration of ketamine and midazolam. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to measure absolute agreement among the 3 echocardiographic techniques. Intraclass correlation coefficients were computed for values a and b and for the equation (a – b)/b used to determine LVTI; value a equals the sum of isovolumic contraction time, ejection time, and isovolumic relaxation time, and value b equals the left ventricular ejection time. Values of ICC > 0.75 indicated good agreement between 2 echocardiographic techniques.
Results—For value a, Pearson correlation coefficients between pairs of techniques were all high (r r 0.7). However, only the septal TDI and the lateral wall TDI had good agreement (ICC, 0.86). For value b, correlations were generally low with the exception of the correlation between the septal and the lateral wall TDI. For value b, TDI was the only technique with good agreement (ICC, 0.77). For LVTI, only TDI techniques had a significantly positive correlation. All the other correlations were close to zero with a paradoxic moderate negative correlation between PWD-determined LVTI and lateral wall TDI–determined LVTI.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—For LVTI, the absolute agreement was poor between all pairs of techniques.
Effects of anticoagulant on pH, ionized calcium concentration, and agonist-induced platelet aggregation in canine platelet-rich plasma
Authors: Callan Mary Beth , Shofer Frances S. , Catalfamo James L. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Objective—To compare effects of 3.8% sodium citrate and anticoagulant citrate dextrose solution National Institutes of Health formula A (ACD-A) on pH, extracellular ionized calcium (iCa) concentration, and platelet aggregation in canine platelet-rich plasma (PRP).
Sample Population—Samples from 12 dogs.
Procedures—Blood samples were collected into 3.8% sodium citrate (dilution, 1:9) and ACD-A (dilution, 1:5). Platelet function, pH, and iCa concentration were evaluated in PRP. Platelet agonists were ADP, γ-thrombin, and convulxin; final concentrations of each were 20μm, 100nM, and 20nM, respectively. Washed platelets were used to evaluate effects of varying the pH and iCa concentration.
Results—Mean pH and iCa concentration were significantly greater in 3.8% sodium citrate PRP than ACD-A PRP. Platelet aggregation induced by ADP and γ-thrombin was markedly diminished in ACD-A PRP, compared with results for 3.8% sodium citrate PRP. Anticoagulant had no effect on amplitude of convulxin-induced platelet aggregation. In washed platelet suspensions (pH, 7.4), there were no differences in amplitude of platelet aggregation induced by convulxin or γ-thrombin at various iCa concentrations. Varying the pH had no effect on amplitude of aggregation induced by convulxin or γ-thrombin, but the aggregation rate increased with increasing pH for both agonists.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Aggregation of canine platelets induced by ADP and γ-thrombin was negligible in ACD-A PRP, which suggested an increase in extraplatelet hydrogen ion concentration inhibits signaling triggered by these agonists but not by convulxin. Choice of anticoagulant may influence results of in vitro evaluation of platelet function, which can lead to erroneous conclusions.
Estimation of heritabilities, genetic correlations, and breeding values of four traits that collectively define hip dysplasia in dogs
Authors: Zhang Zhiwu , Zhu Lan , Sandler Jody , Friedenberg Steven S. , Egelhoff Jill , Williams Alma J. , Dykes Nathan L. , Hornbuckle William , Krotscheck Ursula , Moise N. Sydney , Lust George , Todhunter Rory J. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Objective—To estimate heritabilities and genetic correlations among 4 traits of hip joints (distraction index [DI], dorsolateral subluxation [DLS] score, Norberg angle [NA], and extended–hip joint radiograph [EHR] score) and to derive the breeding values for these traits in dogs.
Animals—2,716 dogs of 17 breeds (1,551 dogs in which at least 1 hip joint trait was measured).
Procedures—The NA was measured, and an EHR score was assigned. Hip joint radiographs were obtained from some dogs to allow calculation of the DI and DLS score. Heritabilities, genetic correlations, and breeding values among the DI, DLS score, NA, and EHR score were calculated by use of a set of multiple-trait, derivative-free, restricted maximum likelihood computer programs.
Results—Among 2,716 dogs, 1,411 (52%) had an estimated inbreeding coefficient of 0%; the remaining dogs had a mean inbreeding coefficient of 6.21%. Estimated heritabilities were 0.61, 0.54, 0.73, and 0.76 for the DI, DLS score, NA, and EHR score, respectively. The EHR score was highly genetically correlated with the NA (r = −0.89) and was moderately genetically correlated with the DI (r = 0.69) and DLS score (r = −0.70). The NA was moderately genetically correlated with the DI (r = −0.69) and DLS score (r = 0.58). Genetic correlation between the DI and DLS score was high (r = −0.91).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Establishment of a selection index that makes use of breeding values jointly estimated from the DI, DLS score, NA, and EHR score should enhance breeding programs to reduce the incidence of hip dysplasia in dogs.
Experimental primary ocular canine herpesvirus-1 infection in adult dogs
Authors: Ledbetter Eric C. , Dubovi Edward J. , Kim Sung G. , Maggs David J. , Bicalho Rodrigo C. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Objective—To characterize clinical ocular disease, viral shedding, and serologic response associated with primary canine herpesvirus-1 (CHV-1) ocular infection in naïve adult dogs.
Animals—12 specific pathogen-free adult Beagles.
Procedures—Dogs were topically inoculated in the right eye with CHV-1 (infection group; n = 8) or virus-free medium (control group; 4). Dogs were inoculated with or without corneal microtrephination and subconjunctivally administered corticosteroids. Conjunctiva, buffy coat, and serum samples for real-time PCR assay, virus isolation, and serum neutralization (SN) antibody titers were collected until postinfection day (PID) 224, and general physical and ophthalmologic examinations were performed.
Results—Dogs in the infection group developed bilateral, mild to moderate conjunctivitis that reached maximal intensity on PIDs 7 to 10. Ocular viral shedding was detected in all dogs in the infection group between PIDs 3 and 10. Infected dogs developed CHV-1 SN antibody titers, beginning at PID 7 and peaking on PID 21. All buffy coat PCR assay results were negative. Corneal microtrephination and subconjunctival corticosteroid administration did not significantly affect clinical disease or viral shedding. Following recovery from primary infection, dogs remained clinically normal, did not shed virus, and had slowly decreasing SN antibody titers. Dogs in the control group did not develop conjunctivitis, shed virus, or develop CHV-1 SN antibody titers.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Primary ocular infection of adult dogs with CHV-1 was associated with self-limiting conjunctivitis and ocular viral shedding, which was evident in the absence of clinically detectable keratitis or systemic disease. Features of this infection resembled herpes simplex virus primary ocular infection in humans.