bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A framework for automatic modeling of underground excavations and optimizing three‐dimensional boundary and finite element meshes derived from them—framework
Authors: Hazegh Mohammad , Zsaki Attila M. 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYMany problems in mining and civil engineering require using numerical stress analysis methods to repeatedly solve large models. Widespread acceptance of tunneling methods, such as New Austrian Tunneling Method, which depend heavily on numerical stress analysis tools and the fact that the effects of excavation at the face of a tunnel are distinctively three–dimensional (3D), necessitates the use of 3D numerical analysis for these problems. Stress analysis of a practical mining problem can be very lengthy, and the processing time can be measured in days or weeks at times. A framework is developed to facilitate efficient modeling of underground excavations and to create an optimal 3D mesh by reducing the number of surface and volume elements while keeping the result of stress analysis accurate enough at the region of interest, where a solution is sought. Fewer surface and volume elements mean fewer degrees of freedom in the numerical model, which directly translates into savings in computational time and resources. The mesh refinement algorithm is driven by a set of criteria that are functions of distance and visibility of points from the region of interest, and the framework can be easily extended by adding new types of criteria. This paper defines the framework, whereas a second companion paper will investigate its efficiency, accuracy and application to a number of practical mining problems. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inverse analysis of viscoelastic pavement properties using data from embedded instrumentation
Authors: Levenberg Eyal 
Published: January 2012

SummaryThe paper deals with inferring the mechanical layer properties of pavement systems by way of inverse analysis. The proposed scheme is based on the availability of sensory gear embedded within the system ‐ collecting different types of response traces resulting from moving wheel loads. The inverse analysis task simultaneously exploits the readings from all available sensors and therefore formulated as a multicriterion optimization problem. Data from an experimental asphalt pavement are employed to demonstrate the scheme. A versatile and computationally efficient layered viscoelastic pavement model is offered and implemented as a forward solver. Recoverable layer properties, elastic and viscoelastic, are derived and also compared with laboratory values. Results and possible future uses of the work are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psoriasis in humans is associated with down‐regulation of galectins in dendritic cells
Authors: de la Fuente H , Perez‐Gala Silvia , Bonay Pedro , Cruz‐Adalia Aranzazu , Cibrian Danay , Sanchez‐Cuellar Silvia , Dauden Esteban , Fresno Manuel , García‐Diez Amaro , Sanchez‐Madrid Francisco 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe have investigated the expression and role of galectin‐1 and other galectins in psoriasis and in the Th1/Th17 effector and dendritic cell responses associated with this chronic inflammatory skin condition. To determine differences between psoriasis patients and healthy donors, expression of galectins was analysed by RT‐PCR in skin samples and on epidermal and peripheral blood dendritic cells by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. In the skin of healthy donors, galectin‐1, ‐3 and ‐9 were expressed in a high proportion of Langerhans cells. Also, galectins were differentially expressed in peripheral blood dendritic cell subsets; galectin‐1 and galectin‐9 were highly expressed in peripheral myeloid dendritic cells compared with plasmacytoid dendritic cells. We found that non‐lesional as well as lesional skin samples from psoriasis patients had low levels of galectin‐1 at the mRNA and protein levels, in parallel with low levels of IL‐10 mRNA compared with skin from healthy patients. However, only lesional skin samples expressed high levels of Th1/Th17 cytokines. The analysis of galectin‐1 expression showed that this protein was down‐regulated in Langerhans cells and dermal dendritic cells as well as in peripheral blood CD11c+ DCs from psoriasis patients. Expression of galectin‐1 correlated with IL‐17 and IL‐10 expression and with the psoriasis area and index activity. Addition of galectin‐1 to co‐cultures of human monocyte‐derived dendritic cells with autologous T lymphocytes from psoriasis patients attenuated the Th1 response. Conversely, blockade of galectin binding increased IFNγ production and inhibited IL‐10 secretion in co‐cultures of monocyte‐derived dendritic cells with CD4+ T cells. Our results suggest a model in which galectin‐1 down‐regulation contributes to the exacerbation of the Th1/Th17 effector response in psoriasis patients. Copyright © 2012 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemometric Classification of Morphologically Similar Umbelliferae Medicinal Herbs by DART‐TOF‐MS Fingerprint
Authors: Lee Sang Min , Kim Hye‐Jin , Jang Young Pyo 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTIntroductionIt needs many years of special training to gain expertise on the organoleptic classification of botanical raw materials and, even for those experts, discrimination among Umbelliferae medicinal herbs remains an intricate challenge due to their morphological similarity.ObjectiveTo develop a new chemometric classification method using a direct analysis in real time–time of flight–mass spectrometry (DART‐TOF‐MS) fingerprinting for Umbelliferae medicinal herbs and to provide a platform for its application to the discrimination of other herbal medicines.MethodologyAngelica tenuissima, Angelica gigas, Angelica dahurica and Cnidium officinale were chosen for this study and ten samples of each species were purchased from various Korean markets. DART‐TOF‐MS was employed on powdered raw materials to obtain a chemical fingerprint of each sample and the orthogonal partial‐least squares method in discriminant analysis (OPLS‐DA) was used for multivariate analysis.ResultsAll samples of collected species were successfully discriminated from each other according to their characteristic DART‐TOF‐MS fingerprint. Decursin (or decursinol angelate) and byakangelicol were identified as marker molecules for Angelica gigas and A. dahurica, respectively. Using the OPLS method for discriminant analysis, Angelica tenuissima and Cnidium officinale were clearly separated into two groups. Angelica tenuissima was characterised by the presence of ligustilide and unidentified molecular ions of m/z 239 and 283, while senkyunolide A together with signals with m/z 387 and 389 were the marker compounds for Cnidium officinale.ConclusionElaborating with chemoinformatics, DART‐TOF‐MS fingerprinting with chemoinformatic tools results in a powerful method for the classification of morphologically similar Umbelliferae medicinal herbs and quality control of medicinal herbal products, including the extracts of these crude drugs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solar energy support in the Asia–Pacific region
Authors: Avril Sophie , Mansilla Christine , Lemaire Thibault 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTThe transition to a sustainable energy system now seems to be inevitable. The role of renewable energy sources in this mutation will be crucial. Amongst these, photovoltaic electricity has recently grown due to strong national policy support. Indeed, it appears as a good solution to substitute conventional fossil fuel, especially in the Asia–Pacific region where reducing greenhouse gas emissions is a real challenge.This paper aims to review public support for photovoltaic energy by focusing on the policies of three emblematic developed countries of the Asia–Pacific region: Australia, Japan and Korea. The efficiency of these different policies is assessed by comparing their estimated total costs. These costs can have different origins: market incentives, demonstration programs and subsidies for research and development (R&D). The public investment was compared with installed capacities in order to evaluate the efficiency of the energy strategy.The point made by this study is that a well‐planned policy limiting unwanted side effects should be preferred. Even if expensive in the short term, innovative technologies are beneficial in the longer term, and thus R&D subsidies should be maintained. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A structural mechanism for dimeric to tetrameric oligomer conversion in Halomonas sp. nucleoside diphosphate kinase
Authors: Arai Shigeki , Yonezawa Yasushi , Okazaki Nobuo , Matsumoto Fumiko , Tamada Taro , Tokunaga Hiroko , Ishibashi Matsujiro , Blaber Michael , Tokunaga Masao , Kuroki Ryota 
Published: January 2012

AbstractNucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDK) is known to form homotetramers or homohexamers. To clarify the oligomer state of NDK from moderately halophilic Halomonas sp. 593 (HaNDK), the oligomeric state of HaNDK was characterized by light scattering followed by X‐ray crystallography. The molecular weight of HaNDK is 33,660, and the X‐ray crystal structure determination to 2.3 and 2.7 Å resolution showed a dimer form which was confirmed in the different space groups of R3 and C2 with an independent packing arrangement. This is the first structural evidence that HaNDK forms a dimeric assembly. Moreover, the inferred molecular mass of a mutant HaNDK (E134A) indicated 62.1–65.3 kDa, and the oligomerization state was investigated by X‐ray crystallography to 2.3 and 2.5 Å resolution with space groups of P21 and C2. The assembly form of the E134A mutant HaNDK was identified as a Type I tetramer as found in Myxococcus NDK. The structural comparison between the wild‐type and E134A mutant HaNDKs suggests that the change from dimer to tetramer is due to the removal of negative charge repulsion caused by the E134 in the wild‐type HaNDK. The higher ordered association of proteins usually contributes to an increase in thermal stability and substrate affinity. The change in the assembly form by a minimum mutation may be an effective way for NDK to acquire molecular characteristics suited to various circumstances.
A surgical risk reduction approach to reduce global process safety risk: The “PSM gamma‐knife”
Authors: Vaughen Bruce K. , Kruger Pieter , Hauser Timothy A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBusinesses with more than one site strive to minimize operational variability across their entire organization. However, uniformly implementing company‐wide standards is difficult because each site maintains its own personality—its own culture. When a business strives to reduce its global process safety risk, a significant incident that exposes a particular site's weakness may result in a simple corporate decision forcing all sites to implement the same process safety improvement. This article shares the basic concept and the novel use of a risk minimization tool, commonly used to reduce financial risks in an investment portfolio, to help decision‐makers minimize their multisite, global process safety risk without adding undue stress on the rest of the organization. This approach helps quantify each individual site's process safety risks into a global business process safety risk model, uses a Monte Carlo simulation to determine which site‐specific factors contribute the most to the overall business risk, and then helps decision‐makers prioritize and choose site‐specific risk reduction efforts that minimizes the global risk. The global process safety risk reduction model used to show how to use this approach is based on a simplified risk equation containing site‐specific terms for frequency, consequence and operational discipline. Often the most contentious term in risk estimating is the frequency, especially with significant scenarios that have never happened before and, hence, have a very low likelihood. The beauty of the Monte Carlo simulation is that the user can account for the uncertainty in the frequency by choosing a frequency probability function based on a range of possible best‐ to worst‐case consequence scenarios. From the surgical perspective, a person (the whole organization) with cancer is often adversely affected when treated with chemotherapy. The results from this approach, using the image of a “PSM Gamma Knife,” show how selective site‐specific risk reduction treatments specifically address each site's process safety risk to help reduce the overall risk without adversely affecting the health of the whole organization. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2012
It's people, stupid!: Human factors in incident investigation
Authors: Broadribb Michael P. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPeople have inherent strengths and weaknesses that can affect their performance. Issues such as fatigue, emotional stress, and motivation can adversely affect performance. Their performance is also influenced by factors external to the individual, such as poor equipment design, inadequate training, excessive workload, and the work environment.Most incidents in the process and related industries involve human factors, often as a key causal factor. Understanding these performance‐shaping factors is essential for conducting good incident investigations. However, besides those involved in the actual incident, human factors can affect other aspects of the incident investigation process, especially when considering other stakeholders.The content of this article will raise awareness of how human factors can affect the success of the incident investigation process, and help others plan for improved investigations. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2012
Collective analysis of pharmaceutical dust explosion testing data
Authors: Richter Steven M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractDust explosions in the process industries have recently been highlighted due to a number of high profile incidents. These explosions can be very powerful and destructive, and the lack of awareness of the hazards is often cited as a root cause in incident investigations. Although specific test data about some widely handled dusts have been compiled in some references, the availability for most materials handled in the pharmaceutical industry is less common. Pharmaceutical powders are chemically rich for combustion, but quantities available for testing are often limited. This work summarizes some of the historical dust explosion data from samples tested at Abbott. Observations of this data provide insight into the explosion behavior of pharmaceutical dusts, provide a basis for equipment design and operational practices, and provide a data‐driven basis for highlighting awareness of dust explosion hazards in facilities that work with these materials. Although data collections such as this do not avoid the need to identify the explosive properties of any individual dust, this work demonstrates that viewing group trends and distributions can provide value from these expensive tests beyond the scope of an individual product.The aim of this work is to present data that has been collected at the Abbott Process Safety Laboratory over years to explore what “typical” dust explosivity properties for the types of pharmaceuticals and nutritional product powders that are normally handled in research and manufacturing. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2012
Target‐site mutation associated with glufosinate resistance in Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. ssp. multiflorum)
Authors: Avila‐Garcia Wilson V , Sanchez‐Olguin Elena , Hulting Andrew G , Mallory‐Smith Carol 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Studies were conducted to elucidate the mechanism of glufosinate resistance in an Italian ryegrass population.RESULTS: Glufosinate rates required to reduce growth by 50% (GR50) were 0.15 and 0.18 kg AI ha−1 for two susceptible populations C1 and C2 respectively, and 0.45 kg AI ha−1 for the resistant population MG, resulting in a resistance index of 2.8. Ammonia accumulation after glufosinate treatment was on average 1.5 times less for the resistant population than for the susceptible populations. The glufosinate concentrations (µM) required to reduce the glutamine synthetase (GS) enzyme activity by 50% (I50) were 31 and 137 for C1 and C2 respectively, and 2432 for the resistant population MG. One amino acid substitution in the plastidic GS2 gene, aspartic acid for asparagine at position 171, was identified in the resistant population.CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of glufosinate resistance in a weed species that involves an altered target site. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Color control in monolithic white light emitting diodes using a (Ga,In)N/GaN multiple quantum well light converter
Authors: Damilano B. , Trad N. , Brault J. , Demolon P. , Natali F. , Massies J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis work reports the electroluminescence (EL) properties of monolithic light emitting diodes (LEDs) with an integrated (Ga,In)N/GaN light converter. The samples are constituted by a blue LED optically pumping a green–yellow emitting light converter. A simple model is proposed that accounts for the observed EL intensity ratio between the pump and the converter. The internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of the light converter has a crucial effect on the LED color. Experimental results regarding monolithic LEDs with a pump wavelength of 420 nm and a variable converter wavelength are analyzed. Depending on the light converter IQE the LED color can be tuned from blue to white.
Growth rate enhancement of liquid phase deposited nickel oxide film on ITO/glass under UV photo‐irradiation
Authors: Lee Ming‐Kwei , Fan Cho‐Han 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe growth of nickel oxide film grown on indium–tin oxide/glass substrate by liquid phase deposition is enhanced under ultraviolet photo‐irradiation was studied. α‐Ni(OH)2 dominates the composition of as‐grown NiO film. After thermal treatment at 300 °C, α‐Ni(OH)2 is transformed into NiO. For thermally treated NiO under ultraviolet photo‐irradiation, the recrystallization and the colored and bleached transmittance after 50 times electrochromic test were improved. Both improvements come from fluorine passivation.
Transparent conductive Ga‐doped ZnO films fabricated by MOCVD
Authors: Behrends Arne , Wagner Alexander , Al‐Suleiman Mohamed Aid Mansur , Lugauer Hans‐Jürgen , Strassburg Martin , Walter Robert , Weimar Andreas , Waag Andreas , Bakin Andrey 
Published: January 2012

AbstractTransparent conductive oxides (TCOs) are used for a variety of different applications, e.g., in solar cells and light emitting diodes (LEDs). Mostly, sputtering is used, which often results in a degradation of the underlying semiconductor material. In this work we report on a “soft” method for the fabrication of ZnO films as TCO layers by using metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) at particularly low temperatures. The MOCVD approach has been studied focusing on the TCO key issues: fabrication temperature, morphology, optical, and electrical properties. Very smooth ZnO films with rms values down to 0.8 nm were fabricated at a substrate temperature of only 300 °C. Ga‐doping is well controllable even for high carrier concentrations up to 2 × 1020 cm−3, which is above the Mott‐density leading to metallic‐like behavior of the films. Furthermore all films show excellent optical transparency in the visible spectral range. As a consequence, our MOCVD approach is well suited for the soft fabrication of ZnO‐based TCO layers.
Photoluminescence from SiOx layers containing amorphous silicon nanoparticles
Authors: Nesheva D. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe article summarizes the main results of a systematic study on the preparation of amorphous SiOx thin films with various contents (1.1≤ x ≤1.7) by thermal evaporation of SiO in vacuum, growth of amorphous Si nanoparticles by furnace annealing at 973 K for various times (5–200 min) and investigation of photoluminescence (PL) from the annealed films. Infrared (IR) transmission measurements prove the annealing‐induced phase separation. Raman scattering data indicate the formation of pure amorphous Si phase. Intense room‐temperature PL is detected from films with x ≥ 1.5, visible with a naked eye. Two PL bands are resolved, peaked at around 2.3 eV and in the range 1.6–2.2 eV. The former does not shift appreciably with varying annealing time and initial film composition. It is related to radiative recombination via defect states at the a‐Si/SiOx interface. The maximum of the low‐energy band shows a gradual red shift with decreasing x and increasing annealing time, i.e., with increasing nanoparticle size. This is related to carrier recombination in amorphous Si nanoparticles. Investigations of thermal quenching of the PL confirm the last assumption.magnified image
Room‐temperature PL spectra of SiOx films with four different compositions annealed in an Ar atmosphere at 973 K for 60 min. The dash‐dot spectrum was measured on a film with x = 1.15 annealed for 30 min at 523 K.
Overview of the Development of a Numerical Model for an Inflatable Paper Dunnage Bag
Authors: Venter Martin Philip , Venter Gerhard 
Published: January 2012

This paper presents the development of a numerical model for an inflatable paper dunnage bag. Dunnage bags are used to fill the voids between cargo, securing the cargo in place. The presented numerical model is developed as a design tool for investigating trends associated with new or modified bags. Modelling considerations are outlined, including the effects of material, geometry and boundary condition non‐linearity. An emphasis is placed on the material properties of paper and the material model chosen for this model is discussed.First, the development of a stable generic model is described in detail. The effects of the timescale factor, the load application, the analysis time, global damping, mesh refinement, the Poisson ratio and mass scaling are investigated. Next, the development of a representative model follows, where the process of including the inflation valve, glued seam lines, void constraint size and material model are discussed.Physical testing was performed, and the results were used to validate the numerical model. The validation results indicate that the presented numerical model is accurate enough to be used as a design tool for investigating trends associated with new or modified paper dunnage bags.Numerical modelling of the inflation and static testing of paper dunnage bags are non‐trivial operations and have, to the best knowledge of the authors, not been reported in the literature. A secondary goal of this paper is to provide a guideline for future designers that are interested in numerical modelling of paper dunnage bags. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.