bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les pirogues néolithiques de Paris-Bercy
Authors: Arnold Béat 
Published: February 2011

The excavation, between 1991-1992, ofa branch ofthe Seine in Paris revealed three neolithic dwellings on the south bank: two front the middle neolithic period and one front the end of the neolithic or chalcolithic period. Ten oak dugouts were discovered at the foot of these sites, together with neolitic objects in secondary position, six examples have already been dated using C14 analysis. The weight of the sediment covering these vestiges (which were substantially deformed) and their rather fragmented state, does not allow for a study of their forms. This can only be done at a later stage, after completion of the conservation and restoration process. However, it is essential to proceed with the analysis of the marks left by the tools (or workmanship traces) before this work due to their being barely visible and their superfìcial aspect.
The interest ο f these skiffs is not so much in their form (they are all incomplete) as in the building process. Three of them have carbonised traces protruding from the bottom which is, sometimes, exceptionally thin. This proves that the prehistoric people mastered the practice of hollowing out by fire from the beginning of the middle neolithic period (n° 1).
The use οf different techniques and tools for making the bottom and sides has also been noted. The first one has a szries of parallel lines with the longitudinal axis, made up of a succession of cupulas produced by hitting with an adze. The sides, however, bear oblique traces (n° 3, 7 and 8) sometimes in the form of a group of offset marks, the layout ο f which indicates the uses ο f axes (also confirmed by the space available for thè handle). Finally, occasionai cubie tenons (n° 4), long tenons (n° 3), cross reinforcement (n° 2) and in the case of the dugout 3, a cross groove have been observed. The latter could well correspond to an original means for controlling the thickness of the bottom during the last stage of hollowing out.
Thanks to the analysis of the workmanship traces, sometimes very unclear, the Paris-Bercy dugouts, although incomplete, open new perspectives with regards to their function and building techniques. This analysis would have been impossible, seeing the decomposed and fragmented state of the wood, without an excellent collaboration with the team responsible for the restoration work.
Conversion d'un navire de mer en navire de lac (lac Léman)
Authors: Blœsch Paul 
Published: February 2011

Lorenzo Dentale, a ship carpenter from Nice, was ordered in 1671 by the Duke of Savoy to build two merchant vessels on the lake of Genera. This shipbuilding programme was part οf an ambitions mercantilistic project aimed at shifting the trade routes from the city of Geneva to the specially built savoyan port and storehouse of Bellerive.
The transport barges then in use on the lake were considered unfitfor this great business, and it was therefore decided to have a lake version ofthe mediterranean lateen-rigged barca to be built.
It can be shown that the mediterranean moulding method allowed a skilled shipwright to conceive in his mind and to build a new ship type without having recourse to trial and error.
Les épaves grecques du VIe siècle av. J.-C. de la place Jules-Verne à Marseille
Authors: Pomey Patrice 
Published: February 2011

Several ancient wrecks were discovered during the excavation carried out in 1992-1993 in Marseille, place Jules-Verne, near the present « Vieux Port», on part of the ancient shore and its harbour installations. Among these, two Greek wrecks abandonned at the end of the 6th century BC were excavated in the summer ο f 1993.
The remains of the first are homogeneous over 5 m of length and 1,50 m of width, but one of the ends have totally disappeared. Its main interest is the System of assembly entirely done with lashing, some of which are still in place. From the quality of the remains, this little wreck is a perfect example of the ancient sewn boats of the Mediterranean and of the lashing assembly technique used in archaic times. The second is preserved over a length of 14 m and a width of 4,70 m. The hull is broken in many places but nevertheless has very complete forms (whole keel, forms of the ends known, wall conserved up to the third wale). Its most remarkable characteristic is its double assembly System consisting of « tenon and mortise » οf an even earlier type for the greater part ofthe hull planking, but also by the lashing for certain other parts. The frames are directly nailed to the hull. This ship, built according to transitional techniques shows, in an excep- tional way, the passage from the ancient archaic assembly method by lashing to the new « tenon and mortise » building technique which was to predominate later ail over the ancient Mediterranean.
Once excavated, the two wrecks were removed in order to be treated for conservation before being exhibited in the Musée d'Histoire de Marseille.
The sailing characteristics of Saxon ships
Authors: Gifford Edwin W. , Gifford Joyce 
Published: February 2011

La littérature romaine révèle que, vers 473 déjà, les Saxons utilisaient des bateaux à voile, mais nous ne disposons d'aucune indication concernant leur capacité. Pour en savoir plus à ce sujet, les auteurs ont construit des maquettes à échelle 1/2 des bateaux découverts en Angleterre. La première maquette, Ottor, est celle du navire marchand de 13,5 m du Xe s. trouvé à Graveney dans le Kent. La seconde, Sae Wylfing, représente le «navire long» royal de 28 m du vif s. découvert à Sutton Hoo près d'Ipswich.
Nous avons respecté la forme et la méthode de construction des bateaux originaux mais, par souci d'économie, le bordé a été réalisé en pin scié et les membrures en lamelle. Le gréement carré est basé sur les découvertes faites en Méditerranée car il est probable que les Saxons avaient acquis leurs talents de navigateurs auprès de la flotte romaine.
Les deux navires sont stables, marins, ils gouvernent et manœuvrent bien, leur comportement à la mer est prévisible, et ils ont de bonnes performances tant à la voile qu'à l'aviron. Par des vents de force 4, les vitesses suivantes ont été relevées:
Vent de travers et vent arrière En remontant au vent
Ottor
4.5 nœuds 1 nœud
Sas Wylfing
6 nœuds 1.5 nœud
Le Sae Wylfing devrait pouvoir atteindre la vitesse de 7 nœuds lors de prochaines expériences. Cela équivaut à 10 nœuds pour le bateau de taille réelle, et donnerait des vitesses de traversée moyennes de 6 nœuds par temps stable. Il serait ainsi possible de faire la traversée Ipswich-Canterbury par Wantsum Channel en un jour, et d'atteindre la France le lendemain. Le voyage aller-retour entre le Danemark et le Suffolk (Angleterre) pourrait se faire en trois jours en ligne droite à travers la mer du Nord.
Ces essais préliminaires sur les modèles à échelle 1/2 semblent indiquer que les Saxons avaient bien développé des navires rapides et marins dès le Ve s. de notre ère.
Les épaves de la bataille de la Hougue (Manche)
Authors: L'Hour Michel , Veyrat Elisabeth 
Published: February 2011

An important programme ofunderwater archaeological research has been led, since 1990, by the authors on the site of the wrecks from the battle of the Hougue, near the isle of Tatihou in the Channel. Discovered by a norman diver in 1985, the wrecks studied are those offive first-rate vessels setfire to in thè bay ofthe Hougue by enghsh fire-ships, after having participated on may 29, 1692, in a fight bringing together the french fleet and the anglo-dutch coalition off Barfleur. The réhabilitation of the isle of Tatihou and the project to create a departmental naval muséum there, has incited the « Conseil Général de la Manche » to finance an extensive archaeological programme on the remains of vessels conserved around the island. About a hundred searchers have totalized in five campaigns, almost 4500 hours of underwater work to perform this study.
The five first-rate vessels at Tatihou have a dual interest in providing construction dates extending over more than a quarter of a century, from 1664 to 1691, and coming from three royal naval shipyards: Toulon, Rochefort and Brest. They bear witness to the evolution of the building of large french ships ofthe Une in the last third of the 17th century. The characteristics ofeach archaeological entity have led up to the choice of four of the sites which appear both, the most preserved and the most likely to supply complementary information: the wrecks designated as A-B, C, E and F. The two first have the traditional Levant architecture based on a simple frame - this principle of construction shows a notable evolution between the two wrecks - whereas the third has already, a structure of double frames which tended to be predominant in the west, at the end of the century. The last one, presents a specifie structure of double frames which could be a middle technical solution between the traditional simple frame and the continuous double frames used in the 18th century. The comparison of the materia! with the written documents allowed us to specify for each wreck, its original identity. The observation ο f tool traces and woodwork techniques, the way it was all assembled and the insertion séquences of architectural pieces should enable us, at last, to obtain consistent data on the structural construction and design of vessels at the end of the 17th century.
Recent developments in shell-first construction
Authors: Riccardi Edoardo 
Published: February 2011

Résumé: En 1992, le centre de plongée de Madoogali (République des Maldives) a commandé la construction d'un «80 Safari Cruiser»
de 25 m de long et 8 m de large.
Le projet a été confié à l'architecte Ahmed Abbas de «Studio 1 », Maldives-Malè, et il a été réalisé dans un chantier naval local situé sur
l'île de Feridoo.
Le navire est construit «bordé premier» et réalisé selon la méthode de l'alternance; la membrure est moins importante que le bordé.
Contrairement au bateau «Dhoni», les chevilles en bois assurant la jonction des bordés sont remplacées par des clous en cuivre; les
couples sont composites et alternent avec des demi-couples.
Le résultat final est un bateau de croisière moderne construit selon une technique ancienne. Mon exposé décrit les différentes étapes de sa
construction.
Les reliefs d'érosion différentielle dans les massifs intrusifs de l'Ouest écossais
Authors: Le Cœur Charles 
Published: February 2011

RÉSUMÉ
L'analyse des formes d'érosion différentielle dans les complexes intrusifs tertiaires d'Ecosse montre que la variété de comportement des roches cristallines traduit les oppositions de composition et de mise en place : les reliefs granitiques circulaires correspondent à des corps intrusifs placés à des niveaux différents ; ils sont guidés par les enveloppes résistantes des coupoles emboîtées. Les masses basiques et ultrabasiques offrent des reliefs monoclinaux qui mettent en valeur les variations de composition associées au litage cristallin ; mais les injections successives peuvent altérer les paramètres de résistance. Les formes d'érosion ont été réaménagées au cours de l'évolution quaternaire, qui a accusé certains traits, sans modifier l'agencement des volumes.
Effect of Low-Level HCV Viraemia at Week 24 on HCV Treatment Response in Genotype 1 Patients
Authors: Baleriola Cristina , Rawlinson William D , Dore Gregory J , Chaverot Sandra , Stelzer-Braid Sacha , Yoshihara Motoko , Crawford Darrell , Sievert William , McCaughan Geoffrey , Weltman Martin , Cheng Wendy , Rizkalla Bishoy , Dubois Dwight , Thommes James , Roberts Stuart 
Published: February 2011

Background We examined the detection of low-level viraemia at week 24 as a predictor of sustained virological response (SVR) and viral relapse/breakthrough, and the agreement between the Roche Cobas TaqMan™ HCV RNA assay (TaqMan) and Roche Cobas® Amplicor HCV qualitative assay (Amplicor; both Roche Molecular Diagnostics, Pleasanton, CA, USA) for detection of low-level viraemia. Methods A total of 871 treatment-naive HCV genotype 1 patients participating in an induction-dose pegylated interferon therapy study had virological responses assessed using TaqMan. A total of 151 patients with HCV RNA levels ≤500 IU/ml had samples tested in parallel using the Amplicor and TaqMan assays. Results SVR was significantly lower and relapse/breakthrough significantly higher in patients with low-level residual viraemia at week 24 compared with those who had undetectable viraemia: SVR was 72%, 29% and 14% ( P<0.0001) and relapse/breakthrough 28%, 71% and 86% ( P<0.0001) in patients with viraemia that was undetectable, detectable <15 IU/ml and detectable 15–<50 IU/ml, respectively, at week 24. The negative predictive value (NPV) for a week-24 virological response for SVR was 86%, 90% and 90% using Taq-Man cutoffs of undetectable, <15 IU/ml and <50 IU/ml, respectively. The percentage agreement between Amplicor and TaqMan was similarly high for TaqMan cutoffs of 50 IU/ml and 15 IU/ml, but lower for undetectable viraemia (83%, 83% and 70%, respectively). Conclusions These data emphasize the importance of achieving undetectable HCV RNA during pegylated interferon therapy to maximize SVR; however, the current 24-week stopping rule of undetectable HCV RNA appears too stringent when using sensitive PCR assays given the observed lower NPV for SVR using the Taq-Man undetectable cutoff. Our data also suggest that a TaqMan <15 IU/ml result is comparable to an Amplicor-negative result (that is, below the assay cutoff value) when monitoring viral response.
Les villes allemandes du XVe au XVIe siècle
Authors: Rohmann Gregor 
Published: February 2011

Si, du XV e au XVII e siècle, une multitude de chroniques urbaines et de livres de familles (familienbücher) furent écrites dans l’Allemagne du Sud, cette tradition était bien moins vivace en Allemagne du Nord. Les chercheurs ont tenté d’expliquer cela par les structures économiques différentes entre les centres du capitalisme naissant, comme Nuremberg ou Augsbourg, et les villes de la Ligue hanséatique, formées par le commerce maritime. Une comparaison fine entre Augsbourg et Hambourg révèle des différences plus profondes : alors que la métropole souabe avait adopté la structure familiale agnatique et patrilinéaire, celle du lignage, les dignitaires marchands de Hambourg (Kaufmannshonoratioren) maintenaient la filiation cognatique et bilatérale, celle de la parentèle, comme matrice sociale dominante. Ce caractère cognatique de la structure de parenté influe sur l’écriture domestique de trois manières : premièrement, il empêche le développement d’une identité généalogique ancrée dans le temps long ; deuxièmement, les structures de parentèles sont variables et donc difficilement transcriptibles sur les registres ; troisièmement, ils freinent la transmission des écrits des générations précédentes. Ainsi, les registres historiques et généalogiques sont un phénomène étroitement lié à des structures spécifiques de parenté. Lorsqu’au XVI e siècle, les élites hambourgeoises commencèrent à écrire l’histoire de leur famille, cela indiquait, et en même temps renforçait, le processus d’adoption du nouveau modèle du « lignage ».
Du communisme national au national-communisme
Authors: Gridan Irina 
Published: February 2011

Résumé Cet article analyse le retour en force du national dans la Roumanie des années 1960 comme une réaction à la soviétisation. Les dirigeants roumains exploitent alors habilement les sentiments russophobes de la population, dans le cadre d’une stratégie de légitimation interne et externe. Politique nationale de développement économique dans un premier temps, le communisme national évolue au milieu de la décennie vers un nationalisme d’État, à la fois politique et culturel, maniant une rhétorique ouvertement antisoviétique et tendant vers une définition de la nation en termes ethniques. L’analyse de cette maturation du national-communisme permet de voir que le cas roumain n’est nullement une exception à l’échelle du bloc soviétique. Par ailleurs, l’étude souligne que le ferment nationaliste de la politique menée dans les années 1960 par Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej puis Nicolae Ceauşescu n’est pas radicalement innovant ; il mobilise au contraire des processus de construction identitaire et des éléments fédérateurs déjà expérimentés par le nationalisme roumain du 19e siècle, puis celui de l’entre-deux-guerres.
Transnationalisme social-démocrate et dissidents de l'Est pendant la guerre froide
Authors: Boel Bent 
Published: February 2011

Résumé La dissidence dans les pays de l’Est confronta les partis sociaux-démocrates occidentaux à un dilemme : comment manifester sa solidarité avec les opprimés de l’Est tout en œuvrant pour la Détente entre les deux blocs ? Alors que certains observateurs soulignent l’indifférence social-démocrate, d’autres pensent pouvoir identifier une « double stratégie », les dirigeants focalisant sur les rapports avec les gouvernements, les niveaux plus subalternes s’occupant des relations avec les dissidents. S’il est clair qu’une approche « réaliste » des relations internationales a poussé les sociaux-démocrates à donner la priorité aux relations avec les régimes communistes, il n’y en eut pas moins des efforts de la part de certains pour entretenir des relations avec les dissidents. Cela vaut aussi bien par rapport aux exilés de l’Est, que pour les oppositionnels en Pologne, en Tchécoslovaquie ou en RDA.
Les jeunes, l'Ouest et la police secrète tchécoslovaque
Authors: Huguenin Duane 
Published: February 2011

Résumé À la fin des années 1950, à l’instar de l’ensemble des pays européens, le régime communiste tchécoslovaque se trouve confronté à une occidentalisation croissante de la jeunesse du pays, notamment sous l’influence de la culture américaine. Ce phénomène inquiète suffisamment le parti communiste pour que la police secrète, la StB, soit mobilisée. Elle a pour mission de lutter contre cette « diversion idéologique » qui risque de ruiner les espoirs que le régime place dans la jeune génération. Néanmoins, ceci ne se traduit pas par une utilisation massive de la répression. Au contraire, dans son action envers les jeunes, la police secrète tchécoslovaque est constamment tiraillée entre deux impératifs : protéger une jeunesse vue comme vulnérable et lutter contre une influence occidentale considérée comme criminelle. Cette ambivalence de l’action policière persiste tout au long des années 1960 et empêche le régime communiste de saisir la portée de l’agitation qui règne alors parmi les jeunes.
Effect of Vulcanization on Rubber Structure. A Problem in Probabilities
Authors: Busse Warren F. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
In Goodyear's day, the problem of understanding the process of vulcanization could be expressed by the question: “Why does heating rubber with sulfur keep it from getting soft and tacky on a hot summer day, and hard and boardy in cold winter weather?” The deceptive simplicity of this question probably inspired the hope, which has come down almost to the present day, that the secrets of vulcanization and even of the elasticity of rubber could be explained in terms of the properties and reactions of simple organic molecules, such as the reactions of sulfur with simple olefins. The vast increase in the knowledge of giant molecules during the past decade has shattered any basis there may have been for such a hope, but occasional articles show that this desire for simplicity continues to live and to color our thinking on this problem. This paper discusses some of the inherent limitations of the old, simpler pictures of vulcanization and the structure of rubber, and some of the implications of the present view that crude rubber is built up of giant molecules. Probably there are not merely one or two or half a dozen reactions, but rather there are literally millions of possible vulcanization reactions, each of which may influence the physical properties of the rubber. The study of these reactions will require new and far more sensitive methods of physical and chemical analysis than have been available heretofore, as well as new points of view in interpreting the data.
Effect of Rubber Variability on Vulcanization
Authors: Hastings J. D. , Rhodes Edgar 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
It is hoped that the results given will have indicated that the effect of variation on vulcanizing properties is well recognized by the producers and that they are not apathetic towards the consumers' requirements. Variability, however, is a problem which does not appear to have an immediate solution because it seems to be caused, for the most part, by inherent variations in latex; these variations are the result of differences in the trees themselves, in the soil and other environmental conditions under which they are growing, or in the methods used on the estate. Such differences are either outside of human control or are a necessary consequence of economic conditions. The conclusion expressed by Sackett that the consumer must bear the burden of eliminating most of the variation by blending is unfortunately still a true statement of the position.
Tensile Properties of Rubber Compounds at High Rates of Stretch
Authors: Roth Frank L. , Holt William L. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Stress-strain relationships and the work of extension for four rubber compounds were studied for a rate of stretching of the order of 1,000 per cent per second. This rate is sufficiently great so that the test may be considered to approach adiabatic conditions. A comparison of these data with similar data for a rate of stretching which lies in the range of speeds common to the usual routine tests shows that increased speed of stretching affects the observed tensile properties as follows: (1) the stresses' are increased at elongations up to about 500 per cent for the loaded compounds and up to 600 per cent for the pure-gum compound, the maximum increases ranging from 75 pounds per square inch for the pure-gum compound to 245 pounds per square inch for the clay compound; (2) the stresses in the carbon-black compounds are decreased slightly at elongations near rupture; (3) the work of extension to rupture is increased for the pure-gum and clay compounds and decreased for the carbon-black compounds, and (4) the work of extension for a given elongation is increased for all the compounds. The stresses and the work of extension at the higher speed reveal no information indicative of resistance to abrasive wear that cannot be gained from similar studies of data obtained in stretching the specimen slowly.
Effect of Petroleum Products on Neoprene Vulcanizates. I. Effect of Lubricating Oils
Authors: Fraser Donald F. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The aniline point and the viscosity-gravity constant of petroleum derived oils may be used as criteria of the swelling effect of the oils on Neoprene vulcanizates. One or other of the constants should be used to describe or identify any oil to be used as a testing medium in swelling tests forming part of control or purchase specifications for Neoprene fabricated parts. Such a step will insure comparable results between different laboratories, and will enable samples of oils to be duplicated insofar as their swelling action is concerned. The aniline point and the viscosity-gravity constant are equally reliable, except in the case of high viscosity index hydraulic oils (containing polybutene), where the aniline point is preferred. The dark color of some oils may dictate the use of the viscosity-gravity constant. Other things being equal, the aniline point is preferred because of the ease of determination and lack of specialized apparatus.