bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isothermal dynamic thermal diffusivity studies of the reduction of NiO and NiWO4 precursors by hydrogen
Authors: Ahmed Hesham M. , Seetharaman Seshadri 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Thermal diffusivity measurements of uniaxially cold pressed NiO and NiWO4 were carried out in a dynamic mode in order to monitor the kinetics of hydrogen reduction of the above-mentioned materials using a laser flash unit. The calculated activation energy was found to be higher than that for chemically-controlled reaction obtained earlier by thermogravimetry. The difference has been attributed to physical changes occurring along with the chemical reaction. The activation energy of sintering of the products was evaluated to be 33 and 36 kJ · mol−1 for NiO and NiWO4, respectively. Thermal conductivities were calculated taking into consideration the change in heat capacity considering the compositional and the structural changes with the progress of the reaction. The potentiality of the laser-flash method as a complementary technique to thermogravimetry in understanding the mechanism of gas – solid reactions is discussed.
Heating rate effects on reverse martensitic transformation in a Cu – Zn – Al shape memory alloy
Authors: Lohan Nicoleta Monica , Pricop Bogdan , Bujoreanu Leandru-Gheorghe , Cimpoeşu Nicanor 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Different fragments of martensitic Cu-14.86 Zn-5.81 Al-0.5 Fe (mass.%) shape memory alloy were subjected to heating, up to 453 K, with different rates ranging from 1.66 ×10−2 K s−1 to 54.6 × 1.66 × 10−2 K s−1, performed by means of a differential scanning calorimeter. In all cases, during heating, an endothermic peak was observed which was associated with the martensite reversion to parent phase. By means of the differential scanning calorimeter charts the critical transformation temperatures of martensite reversion were determined using the tangent method. The effects of heating rate were evaluated from the point of view: (i) of variation tendencies of critical transformation temperatures; (ii) of deviations of experimental values from linear fit and extrapolation to zero heating rate; and (iii) of corroborating morphological changes of martensite (sub)plates with heat flow variation particularities. The results prove that there is an obvious tendency of critical transformation temperatures, of reverse martensitic transformation, to linearly increase with heating rate. The effectiveness of the linear relationships was checked for two heating rate values located inside and outside the above mentioned range, respectively and the difference between the experimental and calculated values of critical transformation temperatures fell within the range (−3 … +4) ‰.
Recovery stress and shape memory stability in Ni–Ti–Cu thin wires at high temperatures
Authors: Molnar Peter , Van Humbeeck Jan 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The recovery stress evolution during thermal cycling (heating, isothermal holding, cooling) to temperatures significantly above the austenite finish temperature in Ni – Ti – Cu thin wires was evaluated in a dynamic mechanical analyser DMA TQ800. Ni – Ti – Cu wires were annealed at four different temperatures (350 °C, 450 °C, 550 °C and 650 °C). It was observed that the maximum recovery stress significantly decreases with increasing annealing temperature. It was also observed that the recovery stress during four isothermal holdings shows similar behaviour for all annealing temperatures, i. e. stress relaxation occurs after initial stress increase during the first isothermal holding and no stress relaxation is observed during isothermal holdings in subsequent thermal cycles. The maximum recovery stress after each thermal cycle decreases and shows a tendency to saturate with increasing number of thermal cycles. It is found that even when the recoverable strain is significantly decreased during thermal cycling, Ni – Ti – Cu wires are still able to generate very high recovery stresses.
A multidisciplinary analysis of the Crypt of the Holy Spirit in Monopoli (southern Italy)
Authors: Leucci Giovanni , Masini Nicola , Persico Raffaele , Quarta Giovanni , Dolce Carmen 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTIntegrated geophysical surveys were undertaken in the Crypt of the Holy Spirit located in the Monopoli territory (Apulia region, southern Italy). The crypt is a remarkable example of a hypogeal church, sculptured in the rock. It is dated between the 12th and 13th century and underwent several architectural changes during the centuries. Geophysical surveys were performed in order to obtain information about the structural conditions of the crypt and to investigate the probable existence of features of archaeological interest (such as tombs) inside the crypt. Surveys were integrated into a comprehensive project for the restoration and the valorization of the crypt. Seismic (sonic and ultrasonic) and ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) methods were used. GPR investigations provided information on possible buried remains. Some of the anomalies were emphasized and enhanced by microwave inversion tomography. Seismic refraction tomography along with GPR was performed on the hypogeal vault of the crypt, to detect possible internal fractures.The columns of the crypt were investigated by ultrasonic and GPR techniques that demonstrated the presence of cracks and deteriorations. Finally, GPR prospection was performed on a wall in the presbytery. The GPR results allowed us to characterize a detachment phenomenon and to indentify a previous door opening.
Cosmovivencia Andina. Vivir y convivir en armonía integral – Suma Qamaña
Authors: Yampara Huarachi Simón 
Published: February 2012

This work discusses key concepts for the understanding of an Aymara epistemology as part of a decolonization process that equally affects the culture, politics, economy and the history of Bolivia. The frame in which the discussion of these matters takes place (an academic event in the United States) opens up a debate on the epistemological nature of the relations South-North.
THE PRICE OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND INDIVIDUAL DEMAND
Authors: Golpek Filiz 
Published: February 2012

The rise in the living standards in most of the world, the rise in population and schooling rates have increased the demand for higher education. The attribution of semi public property becomes determinant to decide whom will provide the supply and the production in semi public properties is realized by means of a supply and demand mechanism. The supply of higher education is mostly secured in accordance with the public demand as well as the resources available. In addition, the fact that higher education services have produced significant benefits has led to over demand. This situation relates to a simple economic rule that a commodity or service which costs almost nothing or little will increase until the mariginal benefit of its demand equals to 0 or almost 0. However, the educational supply and demand is difficult to identify in accordance to the supply and demand and balance of price as observed in the economic theory. The high profits that would be attracted in the future are significant factors influencing individual’s decisions for investment. The decision for investment depends on the possible return in the future, the cost of investment, and the current interest rates. Higher education with investment purposes is influenced by these three factors and higher education is demanded more and more by individuals on the expectation that they will gain high profits In theory, it is accepted that the basic factors identifying the demand for higher education are in harmony with empirical research results in several countries including Turkey.
RE-THINKING ENTREPRENEURSHIP, INTRAPRENEURSHIP, AND INNOVATION: A MULTI-CONCEPT PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Gundogdu Mehmet Cagrı 
Published: February 2012

This paper aims to show an understanding of the vague issues on the relations among the concepts of entrepreneurship, intrapreneurship and innovation. Some of the greatest intellectual challenges of our time are emerging from the huge study of business management and organization. Through these issues; creating and applying smart ideas that form the practice of business and management, namely entrepreneurial activities, have been noticeably stepping forward for more than three decades. An updated entrepreneurial view in business and management is crucial for reaching the aim of innovation; besides, as it’s mentioned above, this perspective deserves to be scrutinized deeply in order to obtain a full understanding of the key concepts of entrepreneurship, intrapreneurship, and innovation also to provide a lean conclusion, which is mainly based on the dual and multi-relations of the related terms. The approach taken in the literature, generally construes entrepreneurship as the main concept regarding entrepreneurial thought; intrapreneurship as its sub-concept; and considers innovation as redundant to include in some of the entrepreneurial definitions; though it’s not totally been ignored. However, the new economical framework has proven that a fresh insight is required from now on, in order to explain how to survive in this rapidly changing environment. From this perspective, the main questions of this paper are:Can the concepts of entrepreneurship, intrapreneurship and innovation be appraised in an integrative approach, contemporarily? In other words, can these concepts be united under the umbrella of a valid single term different from these?If yes, how should the new concept be discussed and what are the attributes of the new character emerging from this concept?
Utilization of All Hydrothermally Synthesized Red, Green, Blue Nanophosphors for Fabrication of Highly Transparent Monochromatic and Full‐Color Plasma Display Devices
Authors: Song Woo‐Seuk , Lee Ki‐Heon , Do Young Rag , Yang Heesun 
Published: February 2012

AbstractVisible transparency is one of the attributes pursued in the advancement of display devices. Such a transparency can be realized in a plasma display device simply by applying Y(V,P)O4:Eu red‐, Y(V,P)O4:Tm blue‐, and LaPO4:Ce,Tb green‐emitting nanophosphors with a controlled particle size and reasonable luminescence. The nanophosphors of three primary colors are all hydrothermally synthesized and annealed at appropriate conditions. Highly transparent, uniform emissive layers are deposited by screen‐printing the nanophosphor pastes. Using respective screen‐printed nanophosphor layers of red, blue, and green, monochromatic transparent test panels of plasma display are fabricated and characterized. Ultimately, a white‐luminescing full‐color transparent panel is successfully demonstrated by line‐patterning the individual nanophosphor layers. Furthermore, for an effort to extract more photons and thus improve the brightness of the test panel, polystyrene monolayer‐based 2D photonic crystal is introduced as a scattering medium on the outer surface of the panel and its usefulness was proved.
Flow regime maps and optimization thereby of hydrodynamic cavitation reactors
Authors: Kumar Peeush , Khanna Swati , Moholkar Vijayanand S. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractHydrodynamic cavitation reactors are known to intensify diverse physical and chemical processes. In this article, flow regime maps have been proposed that give an overview of the operation of hydrodynamic cavitation reactor for different combinations of design and process parameters. These maps are based on simulations of cavitating flow using mathematical model that couples continuum mixture model with diffusion limited model. Specific flow regimes have been identified depending on the energetics of the collapse of cavitation bubble as sonophysical, sonochemical, and stable oscillatory (no physical or chemical effect). The radial motion of the bubble in the cavitating flow is governed by the mean and turbulent pressure gradients, which in turn, are decided by the design parameters. An analysis of variations in the pressure gradients in the cavitating flow with design parameters has been given. The flow regime maps form a useful tool for identification of most optimum set of design parameters for hydrodynamic cavitation reactor for a physical or chemical process. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 3858–3866, 2012
Moderation of adult depression by the serotonin transporter promoter variant (5‐HTTLPR), childhood abuse and adult traumatic events in a general population sample
Authors: Grabe Hans Jörgen , Schwahn Christian , Mahler Jessie , Schulz Andrea , Spitzer Carsten , Fenske Kristin , Appel Katja , Barnow Sven , Nauck Matthias , Schomerus Georg , Biffar Reiner , Rosskopf Dieter , John Ulrich , Völzke Henry , Freyberger Harald Jürgen 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe impact of the promoter polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter (5‐HTTLPR) on mood has been studied by two‐way interaction models comprising one environmental factor and genotype variants. However, childhood abuse is assumed to be associated with different psychobiological long‐term effects than adult traumatic events. Both types of trauma may interact on an individual basis throughout the lifespan moderating the impact of the 5‐HTTLPR s allele on depressive disorders. Therefore, the hypothesis of a three‐way interaction among the 5‐HTTLPR, childhood abuse and adult traumatic experience was tested. Caucasian subjects (1,974) from the general population in Germany (Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)) were analyzed. Depressive symptoms were measured with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI‐II). Childhood abuse was assessed with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Adult traumatic events were derived from the SCID interview (DSM‐IV) on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Global three‐way interactions among the 5‐HTTLPR, adult traumatic experiences and childhood abuse (P = 0.0007) were found. Carriers of the ss or sl genotypes who had been exposed to childhood abuse and to more than two adult traumatic events had higher mean BDI‐II scores (16.0 [95% CI 8.4–23.6]) compared to those carrying the ll genotype (7.6 [4.5–10.7]). These results were supported using a second, more severe definition of childhood abuse (P = 0.02). No two‐way interactions were observed (P > 0.05). Childhood abuse and adult traumatic events may act synergistically in interaction with the s allele of the 5‐HTTLPR to increase the risk for depressive symptoms independently from the lifetime diagnosis of PTSD. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Support for involvement of glutamate decarboxylase 1 and neuropeptide y in anxiety susceptibility
Authors: Donner Jonas , Sipilä Tessa , Ripatti Samuli , Kananen Laura , Chen Xiangning , Kendler Kenneth S. , Lönnqvist Jouko , Pirkola Sami , Hettema John M. , Hovatta Iiris 
Published: February 2012

AbstractGenetic mapping efforts have identified putative susceptibility genes for human anxiety disorders. The most intensively studied genes are involved in neurotransmitter metabolism and signaling or stress response. In addition, neuropeptides and targets of anxiolytics have been examined. It has become apparent that gene × environment interactions may explain individual variation in stress resilience and predisposition to mental disorders. We aimed to replicate previous genetic findings in 16 putative anxiety susceptibility genes and further test whether they modulate the risk for developing an anxiety disorder in adulthood after childhood stress exposure. We tested 93 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for genetic association to anxiety disorders in the Finnish population‐based Health 2000 sample (282 cases and 575 matched controls). In addition, we examined by logistic regression modeling whether the SNP genotypes modified the effect of the number of self‐reported childhood adversities on anxiety disorder risk. The most significant evidence for association was observed in glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1) with phobias (P = 0.0005). A subsequent meta‐analysis (N = 1985) incorporating previously published findings supported involvement of a single GAD1 risk haplotype in determining susceptibility to a broad range of internalizing disorders (P = 0.0009). We additionally found that SNPs and haplotypes in neuropeptide Y (NPY) modified the effect of childhood adversities on anxiety susceptibility (P = 0.003). In conclusion, we provide further support for involvement of mainly GAD1, but also NPY in determining predisposition to anxiety disorders. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Early pleistocene human humeri from the gran dolina‐TD6 site (sierra de atapuerca, spain)
Authors: Bermúdez de Castro José María , Carretero José Miguel , García‐González Rebeca , Rodríguez‐García Laura , Martinón‐Torres María , Rosell Jordi , Blasco Ruth , Martín‐Francés Laura , Modesto Mario , Carbonell Eudald 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIn this report, we present a morphometric comparative study of two Early Pleistocene humeri recovered from the TD6 level of the Gran Dolina cave site in Sierra de Atapuerca, northern Spain. ATD6‐121 belongs to a child between 4 and 6 years old, whereas ATD6‐148 corresponds to an adult. ATD6‐148 exhibits the typical pattern of the genus Homo, but it also shows a large olecranon fossa and very thin medial and lateral pillars (also present in ATD6‐121), sharing these features with European Middle Pleistocene hominins, Neandertals, and the Bodo Middle Pleistocene humerus. The morphology of the distal epiphysis, together with a few dental traits, suggests a phylogenetic relationship between the TD6 hominins and the Neandertal lineage. Given the older geochronological age of these hominins (ca. 900 ka), which is far from the age estimated by palaeogenetic studies for the population divergence of modern humans and Neandertals (ca. 400 ka), we suggest that this suite of derived “Neandertal” features appeared early in the evolution of the genus Homo. Thus, these features are not “Neandertal” apomorphies but traits which appeared in an ancestral and polymorphic population during the Early Pleistocene. Am J Phys Anthropol 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rates of malignancy associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and its treatment
Authors: Beukelman Timothy , Haynes Kevin , Curtis Jeffrey R. , Xie Fenglong , Chen Lang , Bemrich‐Stolz Christina J. , Delzell Elizabeth , Saag Kenneth G. , Solomon Daniel H. , Lewis James D. ,   Safety Assessment of Biological Therapeutics Collaboration
Published: February 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the relative rates of incident malignancy among children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) with respect to treatment as compared to children without JIA.MethodsUsing national Medicaid data from 2000 through 2005, we identified cohorts of children with JIA and without JIA according to the diagnosis codes used by their physicians and the medication prescriptions that were dispensed. Study followup began after a 6‐month lag period to exclude prevalent and misdiagnosed malignancies. Treatment with methotrexate (MTX) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors was categorized as ever exposed or never exposed. Malignancy outcomes were identified using an adapted version of a previously validated algorithm. Incident malignancies were categorized as possible, probable, or highly probable based on a comprehensive review of all claims. Malignancy rates were standardized to the age, sex, and race distribution of the overall JIA cohort. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated using children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (n = 321,821) (one of two comparator groups included) as the referent group.ResultsThe JIA cohort included 7,812 children with a total followup time of 12,614 person‐years; 1,484 of these children contributed 2,922 person‐years of TNF inhibitor exposure. For all children with JIA versus children without JIA, the SIR was 4.4 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.8–9.0) for probable and highly probable malignancies. For those taking MTX without TNF inhibitor use, the SIR was 3.9 (95% CI 0.4–14). Following any use of TNF inhibitors, no probable or highly probable malignancies were identified (SIR 0 [95% CI 0–9.7]).ConclusionChildren with JIA appeared to have an increased rate of incident malignancy compared to children without JIA. The treatment for JIA, including TNF inhibitors, did not appear to be significantly associated with the development of malignancy.
A novel role for retrograde transport of microtubules in the axon
Authors: Baas Peter W. , Mozgova Olga I. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractShort microtubules move within the axon in both directions. In the past, it had been assumed that all of the short moving microtubules are oriented with their plus‐ends distal to the cell body, regardless of their direction of movement. The anterogradely moving microtubules were posited to play critical roles in the establishment, expansion, and maintenance of the axonal microtubule array. There was no known function for the retrogradely moving microtubules. In considering the mechanism of their transport, we had assumed that all of the short microtubules have a plus‐end‐distal polarity orientation, as is characteristic of the long microtubules that dominate the axon. Here we discuss an alternative hypothesis, namely that the short microtubules moving retrogradely have the opposite polarity orientation of those moving anterogradely. Those that move anterogradely have their plus‐ends distal to the cell body while those that move retrogradely have their minus ends distal to the cell body. In this view, retrograde transport is a means for clearing the axon of incorrectly oriented microtubules. This new model, if correct, has profound implications for the manner by which healthy axons preserve their characteristic pattern of microtubule polarity orientation. We speculate that pathological flaws in this mechanism may be a critical factor in the degeneration of axons during disease and injury, as well as in neuropathy caused by microtubule‐active drugs. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Druckfestigkeit von Ziegelmauerwerk – aktuelle Auswertungen zur Festlegung von charakteristischen Mauerwerkdruckfestigkeiten in DIN EN 1996
Authors: Brameshuber Wolfgang , Graubohm Markus , Meyer Udo 
Published: February 2012

AbstractDas Institut für Bauforschung der RWTH Aachen (ibac) hat im Auftrag der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Mauerziegel in mehreren Projekten die in Deutschland vorliegenden Versuchsergebnisse zur Druckfestigkeit von Ziegelmauerwerk auf der Grundlage der aktuell definierten Randbedingungen neu ausgewertet. Für Hochlochziegel HLzB mit Normalmauermörtel zeigte die Auswertung rund 10 % höhere Werte als bislang in DIN 1053 definiert. Für Planziegel nach E DIN 105‐6:2011‐04 wurden erstmalig Werte vorgeschlagen, die die Basis für die Aufnahme dieser Produkte bei der nächsten Überarbeitung der DIN EN 1996 bilden werden.Compressive strength of clay unit masonry – current evaluations concerning the definition of characteristic masonry compressive strength values in DIN EN 1996. By order of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Mauerziegel, the Institute of Building Materials Research (ibac) of RWTH Aachen University has evaluated the available German results of clay masonry compressive strength tests based on the current boundary conditions. The evaluation for hollow clay units (HLzB) combined with general purpose mortar resulted in about 10 % higher values compared to the regulations in DIN 1053. For high precision clay units according to E DIN 105‐6:2011‐04, compressive strength values were proposed for the first time, which will be the basis for the consideration of these products within the revision of DIN EN 1996.