bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetic Properties of Cu2L2Cl2 (LH = N‐Salicylidene‐1,2‐ethanediamine) – A New S = 1/2 Spin–Liquid Candidate
Authors: Piovesana Olivo , Chiari Brunetto , Cinti Antonio , Sulpice André 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe synthesis, room temperature crystal and molecular structure, and magnetic properties are reported for the new compound Cu2L2Cl2, where L– is the tridentate anion of N‐salicylidene‐1,2‐ethanediamine. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 6.213(5) Å, b = 11.622(5) Å, c = 14.260(5) Å, β = 100.240(5)°, and Z = 2. The crystal consists of dichloro‐bridged binuclear molecules. The four‐membered Cu2Cl2 bridging unit is strictly planar owing to crystallographic inversion symmetry. The geometry at the copper(II) centers is approximately square pyramidal, with the base plane formed by the cis‐nitrogen atoms and the phenolic oxygen atom of the tridentate L– ligand and one chloride ion; the fifth, apical site is occupied by the basal chloride ligand of the neighboring copper center. The intradimer copper–copper separation is 3.271(1) Å. The out‐of‐plane Cu–Cl distance is 2.824(1) Å and the bridging Cu–Cl–Cu angle is 78.58(2)°. Unit a translations of the binuclear molecules generate ladder‐like chains of copper atoms parallel to [1 0 0]. Each dimer is connected to each of its two nearest neighbors by Cu–Cl···H–N–Cu and Cu–O···H–N–Cu H bonding interactions. Interladder Cu–N–C–H···Cl–Cu and Cu–N–C–H···O–Cu interactions give rise to a 3D, coupled two‐chain lattice. The dependence of the magnetization (M) on the applied magnetic field (H) up to 7.5 T at 1.7 K, and the temperature dependence of the inverse magnetic susceptibility (χ–1) between 1.7 K and 250 K show that the compound behaves as an ideal S = 1/2 paramagnet. This persisting spin disorder is tentatively attributed to the formation of an unusual spin–liquid state where ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic exchange interactions between the CuII centers cancel.
Friedel–Crafts‐Type Alkylation with Bromodifluoro(phenylsulfanyl)methane through α‐Fluorocarbocations: Syntheses of Thioesters, Benzophenones and Xanthones
Authors: Kuhakarn Chutima , Surapanich Nakin , Kamtonwong Siriporn , Pohmakotr Manat , Reutrakul Vichai 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBromodifluoro(phenylsulfanyl)methane undergoes a Friedel–Crafts‐type alkylation, through α‐fluorocarbocations, with activated aromatic compounds yielding thioesters and/or benzophenones. The methodology has been applied to the synthesis of naturally occurring xanthone derivatives.
Relevance of Social and Self‐standards in Eating Disorders
Authors: Gunnard Katarina , Krug Isabel , Jiménez‐Murcia Susana , Penelo Eva , Granero Roser , Treasure Janet , Tchanturia Kate , Karwautz Andreas , Collier David , Menchón José M. , Fernández‐Aranda Fernando 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the importance given to self/other standards by eating disorder (ED) patients and healthy controls.MethodsA total of 392 individuals (240 consecutively referred and 152 healthy controls) took part in this study. All subjects were diagnosed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision criteria and were female patients. Participants completed the Family Style, Self‐Expectations and Emotional related subscales of the Cross‐Cultural Questionnaire.ResultsThree domains (namely, family standards, self‐achievement and physical appearance) were associated with ED. Family standards scores discriminated for the presence of an ED (area under receiver operating characteristic curve equals 0.89), the main predictors being a higher level of importance of physical appearance (p < .001), family standards (p = .029) and conflicts with parents about physical appearance (p < .001). Higher self‐standards, in physical appearance, were more relevant in bulimia nervosa and ED not otherwise specified, whereas higher family standards were more associated with anorexia nervosa.ConclusionsHigh self‐standards and social standards are common features in ED. The parallelism that ED may establish between reaching them and their life success may have a crucial role as a developing and maintaining factor in ED. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Care at the end of life for people with dementia living in a care home: a qualitative study of staff experience and attitudes
Authors: Livingston Gill , Pitfield Catherine , Morris Jackie , Manela Monica , Lewis‐Holmes Elanor , Jacobs Hannah 
Published: August 2011

ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to examine barriers and facilitators to care home staff delivering improved end‐of‐life care for people with dementia.MethodIndividual qualitative interviews of 58 staff in a 120‐bed nursing home where the staff and the residents' religion differed were carried out. Interviews continued until a maximum variation sample was achieved and theoretical saturation was reached.ResultsThe staff felt warmly towards the residents and felt they could recognise when they were near death. Care staff, nurses and doctors did not see themselves as a team and communicated poorly with relatives about approaching death. The staff used opaque euphemisms and worried about being blamed. They were often unaware of or had concerns about the validity of advance care plans. They knew of the religious rituals around death but frequently misunderstood religious tradition.ConclusionThe staff require education and support about discussing and implementing plans around care at the end of life in dementia and about cultural issues around death to improve practice. This would enable the staff to implement advance care plans, knowing that they will be supported. Education would encompass communicating the complicated, unpredictable path of dementia near the time of death explicitly but sensitively, including recognising that people often do not hear difficult messages and are unable to take on large quantities of information at once. The staff need to know about the resident's religious and cultural ideas as well as ritual practice. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using MRI for the assessment of paraoxon‐induced brain damage and efficacy of antidotal treatment
Authors: Rosman Yossi , Eisenkraft Arik , Krivoy Amir , Schein Ophir , Makarovski Igor , Shrot Shai , Ramaty Erez , Shilderman Eugenia Bloch , Kapon Joseph , Gilat Eran , Kadar Tamar , Maier Stephan , Daniels Dianne , Shneor Ran , Salomon Sharona , Tamar Gregori , Last David , Mardor Yael 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTOrganophosphate intoxication induces neural toxicity as demonstrated in histological analysis of poisoned animals. Diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWMRI) enables early noninvasive characterization of biological tissues based on their water diffusion characteristics. Our objectives were to study the application of MRI for assessment of paraoxon‐induced brain damage and the efficacy of antidotal treatments. Seventy‐six rats were poisoned with paraoxon followed by treatment with atropine and obidoxime. The rats were then divided into five treatment groups consisting of midazolam after 1 or 30 min, scopolamine after 1 or 30 min and a no anticonvulsant treatment group. Five untreated rats served as controls. Animals underwent MRI on days 1, 8, 15, 29 and 50 post poisoning. Histological evaluation was performed on representative rat brains. Acute DWMRI effects, such as enhancement of temporal brain regions, and chronic effects such as ventricular enlargement and brain atrophy, depicted on T2‐weighted MRI, were significantly more prominent in late anticonvulsant treatment groups. There was no significant difference between the neuroprotective effects of midazolam and scopolamine as shown by DWMRI. Early MRI abnormalities were found to correlate significantly with histological analysis of samples obtained 15 days post treatment. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the feasibility of using DWMRI for depiction of early cytotoxic response to paraoxon and T2‐weighted MRI for later changes, thus enabling assessment of early/late brain damage as well as treatment efficacy in rats. The ability to depict these changes early and noninvasively may be applied clinically in the acute phase of organophosphate poisoning. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
N‐Alkyl‐PEI‐Functionalized Iron Oxide Nanoclusters for Efficient siRNA Delivery
Authors: Liu Gang , Xie Jin , Zhang Fan , Wang Zhiyong , Luo Kui , Zhu Lei , Quan Qimeng , Niu Gang , Lee Seulki , Ai Hua , Chen Xiaoyuan 
Published: August 2011

AbstractSmall‐interfering RNA (siRNA) is an emerging class of therapeutics, which works by regulating the expression of a specific gene involved in disease progression. Despite the promises, effective transport of siRNA with minimal side effects remains a challenge. In this study, a nonviral nanoparticle gene carrier is developed and its efficiency for siRNA delivery and transfection is validated at both in vitro and in vivo levels. Such a nanocarrier, abbreviated as Alkyl‐PEI2k‐IO, was constructed with a core of iron oxide nanoparticles (IOs) and a shell of alkylated polyethyleneimine of 2000 kDa molecualr weight (Alkyl‐PEI2k). It is found to be able to bind with siRNA, resulting in well‐dispersed nanoparticles with a controlled clustering structure and narrow size distribution. Electrophoresis studies show that the Alkyl‐PEI2k‐IOs could retard siRNA completely at N:P ratios (i.e., PEI nitrogen to nucleic acid phosphate) above 10, protect siRNA from enzymatic degradation in serum, and release complexed siRNA efficiently in the presence of polyanionic heparin. The knockdown efficiency of the siRNA‐loaded nanocarriers is assessed with 4T1 cells stably expressing luciferase (fluc‐4T1) and further, with a fluc‐4T1 xenograft model. Significant down‐regulation of luciferase is observed, and unlike high‐molecular‐weight analogues, the Alkyl‐PEI2k‐coated IOs show good biocompatibility. In conclusion, Alkyl‐PEI2k‐IOs demonstrate highly efficient delivery of siRNA and an innocuous toxic profile, making it a potential carrier for gene therapy.
Pancreaticoduodenectomy versus pylorus‐preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy: the clinical impact of a new surgical procedure; pylorus‐resecting pancreaticoduodenectomy
Authors: Kawai Manabu , Yamaue Hiroki 
Published: August 2011

AbstractPylorus‐preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (PpPD) has been performed increasingly for periampullary tumors as a modification of conventional pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) with antrectomy. Five randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and two meta‐analyses have been performed to compare PD with PpPD. The results of these trials have shown that the two procedures were equally effective concerning morbidity, mortality, quality of life (QOL), and survival, although the length of surgery and blood loss were significantly lower for PpPD than for PD in one RCT and in the two meta‐analyses. Delayed gastric emptying (DGE) is the major postoperative complication after PpPD. One of the pathogeneses of DGE after PpPD is thought to be denervation or devascularization around the pyloric ring. Therefore, one RCT was performed to compare PpPD with pylorus‐resecting pancreaticoduodenectomy (PrPD; a new PD surgical procedure that resects only the pyloric ring and preserves nearly all of the stomach), concerning the incidence of DGE. The results clarified that the incidence of DGE was 4.5% after PrPD and 17.2% after PpPD, which was a significant difference. Several RCTs of surgical or postoperative management techniques have been performed to reduce the incidence of DGE. One RCT for surgical techniques clarified that the antecolic route for duodenojejunostomy significantly reduced the incidence of DGE compared with the retrocolic route. Two RCTs examining postoperative management showed that the administration of erythromycin after PpPD reduced the incidence of DGE.
Drain management after pancreatic resection: state of the art
Authors: Giovinazzo Francesco , Butturini Giovanni , Salvia Roberto , Mascetta Giuseppe , Monsellato Daniela , Marchegiani Giovanni , Pederzoli Paolo , Bassi Claudio 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBackgroundPlacement of intraperitoneal drain (ID) after abdominal surgery is a common practice. Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF), incidence of which ranges from 2% to more than 30%, represents the most common major complication after pancreatic resection. The goal of this paper is to review the state of the art in ID management after pancreatic resection.MethodsData from randomized controlled trials (RCT) are reported together with data from our institution in the period before and after the start of the two reported RCTs.ResultsOne thousand five hundred eighty patients underwent surgical resection for pancreatic lesions at our institution from 1990 to 2010. The overall rate of POPF was 23% before and 19.5% after (p = 0.24) the performance of the RCTs. Both postoperative morbidity and average in‐hospital stay were higher in the period before the RCTs (13.6 ± 11.4 versus 13.4 ± 10.3 days, respectively).ConclusionsPOPF is a complex and multifactorial complication after pancreatic surgery. On the basis of the present results and review of the RCTs, the value of ID and its management after pancreatic surgery remain unclear.
Survival, but not maturation, is affected in neutrophil progenitors from GSD‐1b patients
Authors: Visser Gepke , de Jager Wilco , Verhagen Liesbeth P. , Smit G. Peter A. , Wijburg Frits A. , Prakken Berent J. , Coffer Paul J. , Buitenhuis Miranda 
Published: August 2011

AbstractGlycogen storage disease type 1b (GSD 1b) is caused by mutations in the Glucose‐6‐phosphate transporter and is characterized by impaired glucose homeostasis. In addition, GSD‐1b is associated with chronic neutropenia resulting in recurrent infections and inflammatory bowel disease. It is unclear whether the neutropenia is solely due to enhanced apoptosis of mature neutrophils or whether aberrant neutrophil development may also contribute. Here we demonstrate that hematopoietic progenitors from GSD‐1b patients are not impaired in their capacity to develop into mature neutrophils. However, optimal survival of neutrophil progenitors from GSD‐1b patients requires high glucose levels (> 200 mg dl−1), suggesting that even under normoglycemic conditions these cells are more prone to apoptosis. Furthermore, analysis of cytokine levels in peripheral blood suggests an inflammatory state with an inverse correlation between the level of inflammation and the number of neutrophils. Finally, in some patients, with low numbers of peripheral blood neutrophils, high numbers of neutrophils were observed in the intestine. Together, these results suggest that the neutropenia observed in GSD‐1b patients is not caused by impaired maturation, but may be caused by both increased levels of apoptosis and egress of neutrophils from the blood to the inflamed tissues.
Mixture enhances productivity in a two‐species forest: evidence from a modeling approach
Authors: Perot Thomas , Picard Nicolas 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe effect of mixture on productivity has been widely studied for applications related to agriculture but results in forestry are scarce due to the difficulty of conducting experiments. Using a modeling approach, we analyzed the effect of mixture on the productivity of forest stands composed of sessile oak and Scots pine. To determine whether mixture had a positive effect on productivity and if there was an optimum mixing proportion, we used an aggregation technique involving a mean‐field approximation to analyze a distance‐dependent individual‐based model. We conducted a local sensitivity analysis to identify the factors that influenced the results the most. Our model made it possible to predict the species proportion where productivity peaks. This indicates that transgressive over‐yielding can occur in these stands and suggests that the two species are complementary. For the studied growth period, mixture does have a positive effect on the productivity of oak‐pine stands. Depending on the plot, the optimum species proportion ranges from 38 to 74% of oak and the gain in productivity compared to the current mixture is 2.2% on average. The optimum mixing proportion mainly depends on parameters concerning intra‐specific oak competition and yet, intra‐specific competition higher than inter‐specific competition was not sufficient to ensure over‐yielding in these stands. Our work also shows how results obtained for individual tree growth may provide information on the productivity of the whole stand. This approach could help us to better understand the link between productivity, stand characteristics, and species growth parameters in mixed forests.
The Interactions Between Rapeseed Lipoxygenase and Native Polyphenolic Compounds in a Model System
Authors: Dwiecki Krzysztof , Siger Aleksander , Czubiński Jarosław , Nogala‐Kałucka Małgorzata , Lampart‐Szczapa Eleonora 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe focus of the present research was to study inhibition of lipoxygenase activity by rapeseed native polyphenols and the interactions between those compounds and the enzyme. The enzyme and polyphenolic compounds (polyphenols, phenolic acids) were extracted from rapeseed (Brassica napus) varieties Aviso and PR45DO3. The total phenolic compounds concentration in tested rapeseed was 1,485–1,691 mg/100 g d.m. (dry matter) and the free phenolic acids content in both rapeseed varieties was about 76 μg/100 g d.m. The isolated proteins showed lipoxygenase activity. Prooxidant properties of phenolic compounds in the presence of lipoxygenase and linoleic acid were observed rather in the case of extracts containing a relatively high concentration of miscellaneous polyphenols. Antioxidant properties were recorded in the case of phenolic acid extracts which contain only 1.4–1.9% of phenolics present in raw phenolic extracts. We propose that the prooxidant effect of phenolic compounds comes from quinone and oxidized polyphenols formation. The observed antioxidant activity of phenolic acid extracts is probably due to their ability to scavenge free radicals formed from linoleic acid. However, reduction of lipoxygenase ferric to ferrous ions, which prevent the activation of the enzyme and inhibited its activity, was also observed.
Knock‐down of SOX11 induces autotaxin‐dependent increase in proliferation in vitro and more aggressive tumors in vivo
Authors: Conrotto Paolo , Andréasson Ulrika , Kuci Venera , Borrebaeck Carl A.K. , Ek Sara 
Published: August 2011

The transcription factor SOX11 is a novel diagnostic marker for mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), distinguishing this aggressive tumor from potential simulators. Recent data also show that the level of SOX11 correlates to in vitro growth properties in MCL, as well as the clinical progression. We have previously shown that MCL‐associated pathways, such as Rb‐E2F, are dysregulated leading to decreased proliferation upon overexpression of SOX11, emphasizing the impact of SOX11 on MCL‐specific gene expression and growth control. However, it remains to be determined which growth regulatory pathways that are induced upon SOX11 knock‐down, leading to an increased cellular growth. Consequently, we established a model cell line with constitutive down‐regulation of SOX11. The highly proliferative features of this cell line were investigated by gene expression analysis, proliferation assay, cell cycle distribution and potential to induce tumors in NOD‐SCID mice. Our in vitro studies demonstrated a SOX11‐dependent regulation of MCL‐specific gene expression. In addition, we identified autotaxin (ATX) to be regulated by SOX11. Our results clearly showed a correlation between SOX11 level and cellular growth rate, which was dependent on ATX, as well as a direct relation between the level of SOX11 in tumorigenic cells and the growth rate of these tumors in NOD‐SCID mice.
Origen, Celsus, and the Resurrection of the Body
Authors: Chadwick Henry 
Published: August 2011

There were indeed many respects in which Christianity was objectionable to Celsus. But perhaps no doctrine was so peculiarly nauseating to him as the Jewish-Christian doctrine of the resurrection of the body. At the beginning of the fifth book of the contra Celsum Origen is dealing with Celsus' attacks on the pride shown by the Jews in supposing that they were the chosen people of God. Celsus is contending that the Jewish belief in angels is merely a manifestation of this (5.6). They believe they have a particularly privileged position in God's sight on the ground of the angelic messengers sent to them by God (cf. 5.41), and this fantastic conceit is equally manifested in their selfcentered conception of the resurrection which is nothing more than the outcome of their delusion that they are the center of the universe and that the world was made entirely for their benefit (4.74–99). It is in this context that he continues:It is foolish also of them to suppose that, when God applies the fire (like a cook!), all the rest of mankind will be thoroughly burnt up, and that they alone will survive, not merely those who are alive at the time, but also those long dead who will rise up from the earth possessing the same bodies as before. This is simply the hope of worms.
The “Divine Hero” Christology in the New Testament
Authors: Knox Wilfred L. 
Published: August 2011

[I am deeply indebted to Professor A. D. Nock for his kindness in reading this paper in its first draft and for his invaluable criticisms and suggestions.]In the Christology of the New Testament we are faced with two distinct methods of expressing the belief of the Church as to the person of the historical Jesus of Nazareth. Of the belief that He was merely a great human teacher we find no trace; the Church would never have come into being, if it had not believed that He had risen from the dead. As we all know, the Christology that prevailed was that which saw in Him the Incarnation of the divine Word or Wisdom, which was at once the divine and living pattern of the cosmos, the agent by which the cosmos was created, and the divine mind immanent in the cosmos and more particularly in the mind of man. It was inevitable that this cosmogony should triumph in the end, since it was the only one which could, with whatever difficulty, be formally reconciled with Jewish monotheism; moreover it transferred the Lord from the realm of eschatology, which meant nothing to the Greek convert, into the sphere of cosmogony which was one of the central problems of the semi-Gnostic philosophy and theology of the hellenistic age, as we meet it in the Corpus Hermeticum.
Divine Names in Classical Greece
Authors: Rose H. J. 
Published: August 2011

Herodotos (ii, 52) gives us the following theory, which I quote in the charming translation of Mr. J. E. Powell:And formerly the Pelasgians in all their sacrifices prayed unto The Gods. … but they gave none of them any name or surname; for they had not yet heard thereof. … But when a long time afterwards they learned from Egypt the names of all the gods except Dionysus, whose name they learned much later, they consulted the oracle at Dodona concerning the names. … And when the Pelasgians consulted the oracle at Dodona, asking if they should receive the names which came from the barbarians, the oracle answered that they should use them. And so from that time forward, when they sacrificed, they used the names of the gods. And the Greeks received them afterwards from the Pelasgians.
Irenaeus: Mostly Prolegomena
Authors: Enslin Morton S. 
Published: August 2011

Toward the end of the fourth book of his indispensable Church History Eusebius remarked:At this time there flourished in the church Hegesippus, whom we know from former narratives, and Dionysius, bishop of the Corinthians, and Pinytus, another bishop of the Cretans, and in addition to them Philip and Apolinarius and Melito and Musanus and Modestus and, above all, Irenaeus, and their correct opinions on the sound faith of the apostolic tradition have come down to us in writing.