bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association Between Cognitive Function and Social Support with Glycemic Control in Adults with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Okura Toru , Heisler Michele , Langa Kenneth M. 
Published: August 2009

OBJECTIVES: To examine whether cognitive impairment in adults with diabetes mellitus is associated with worse glycemic control and to assess whether level of social support for diabetes mellitus care modifies this relationship.DESIGN: Cross‐sectional analysis.SETTING: The 2003 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) Mail Survey on Diabetes and the 2004 wave of the HRS.PARTICIPANTS: Adults aged 50 and older with diabetes mellitus in the United States (N=1,097, mean age 69.2).MEASUREMENTS: Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level; cognitive function, measured with the 35‐point HRS cognitive scale (HRS‐cog); sociodemographic variables; duration of diabetes mellitus; depressed mood; social support for diabetes mellitus care; self‐reported knowledge of diabetes mellitus; treatments for diabetes mellitus; components of the Total Illness Burden Index related to diabetes mellitus; and functional limitations.RESULTS: In an ordered logistic regression model for the three ordinal levels of HbA1c (<7.0, 7.0–7.9, ≥8.0 mg/dL), respondents with HRS‐cog scores in the lowest quartile had significantly higher HbA1c levels than those in the highest cognitive quartile (adjusted odds ratio=1.80, 95% confidence interval=1.11–2.92). A high level of social support for diabetes mellitus care modified this association; for respondents in the lowest cognitive quartile, those with high levels of support had significantly lower odds of having higher HbA1c than those with low levels of support (1.11 vs 2.87, P=.02).CONCLUSION: Although cognitive impairment was associated with worse glycemic control, higher levels of social support for diabetes mellitus care ameliorated this negative relationship. Identifying the level of social support available to cognitively impaired adults with diabetes mellitus may help to target interventions for better glycemic control.
Baseline and Follow‐Up Characteristics of Participants and Nonparticipants in a Randomized Clinical Trial of Multifactorial Fall Prevention in Denmark
Authors: Vind Ane B. , Andersen Hanne E. , Pedersen Kirsten D. , Jørgensen Torben , Schwarz Peter 
Published: August 2009

OBJECTIVES: To address the external validity of a trial of multifactorial fall prevention through an analysis of differences between participants and nonparticipants regarding socioeconomic and morbidity variables.DESIGN: Analysis of nonresponse in a randomized clinical trial.SETTING: Geriatric outpatient department.PARTICIPANTS: One thousand one hundred five community‐dwelling adults aged 65 and older who had sustained at least one injurious fall.MEASUREMENTS: Marital status, housing tenure, income, comorbidity, hospitalization, fractures, and drug use before invitation to participate in the trial. Fractures, hospitalization and death were measured for 6 months of follow‐up.RESULTS: Four hundred forty‐seven responding nonparticipants and 266 nonresponding nonparticipants were compared with 392 participants in the trial. Lower income (odds ratio (OR)=2.38, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.28–4.28) and more days of hospitalization during the previous 5 years (OR=1.96, 95% CI=1.15–3.33) predicted responding nonparticipation; independent predictors of being a nonresponding nonparticipant were unmarried status (OR=2.0, 95% CI=1.36–2.94), lower income (OR=4.74, 95% CI=2.30–9.78), more days of hospitalization (OR=3.49, 95% CI=1.99–6.11), and prior fractures (OR=1.56, 95% CI=1.02–2.38). Nonresponding nonparticipants were significantly more likely to die (OR=12.99, 95% CI=1.6–105.6) or be hospitalized (OR=2.66, 95% CI=1.7–4.1) than participants during 6 months of follow‐up.CONCLUSION: Nonresponding nonparticipants of a trial of multifactorial fall prevention differed significantly from participants in terms of socioeconomic and morbidity variables and were more likely to be hospitalized or die during 6 months of follow‐up. Because of the differences between the two populations, it is questionable whether results from this randomized trial can be generalized to people potentially eligible for participation.
Plasma Carboxymethyl‐Lysine, an Advanced Glycation End Product, and All‐Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in Older Community‐Dwelling Adults
Authors: Semba Richard D. , Bandinelli Stefania , Sun Kai , Guralnik Jack M. , Ferrucci Luigi 
Published: August 2009

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether older adults with high plasma carboxymethyl‐lysine (CML), an advanced glycation end product, are at higher risk of all‐cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality.DESIGN: Prospective cohort study.SETTING: Population‐based sample of adults aged 65 and older residing in Tuscany, Italy.PARTICIPANTS: One thousand thirteen adults participating in the Invecchiare in Chianti study.MEASUREMENTS: Anthropometric measures, plasma CML, fasting plasma total, high‐density and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, creatinine. Clinical measures: medical assessment, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke, cancer. Vital status measures: death certificates and causes of death according to the International Classification of Diseases. Survival methods were used to examine the relationship between plasma CML and all‐cause and CVD mortality, adjusting for potential confounders.RESULTS: During 6 years of follow‐up, 227 (22.4%) adults died, of whom 105 died with CVD. Adults with plasma CML in the highest tertile had greater all‐cause (hazard ratio (HR)=1.84, 95% confidence interval) CI)=1.30–2.60, P<.001) and CVD (HR=2.11, 95% CI=1.27–3.49, P=.003) mortality than those in the lower two tertiles after adjusting for potential confounders. In adults without diabetes mellitus, those with plasma CML in the highest tertile had greater all‐cause (HR=1.68, 95% CI=1.15–2.44, P=.006) and CVD (HR=1.74, 95% CI=1.00–3.01, P=.05) mortality than those in the lower two tertiles after adjusting for potential confounders.CONCLUSION: Older adults with high plasma CML are at higher risk of all‐cause and CVD mortality.
Force Needed to Separate Acrylic Resin from Primed and Unprimed Frameworks of Different Designs
Authors: Lee Grace , Engelmeier Robert L. , Gonzalez Maria , Powers John M. , Perezous Leticia F. , O’Keefe Kathy L. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract Purpose: Poor mechanical and chemical bondings at the interface between a framework and denture base resin have been responsible for many removable partial denture failures. This study tested the force necessary to separate acrylic resin bases from test frameworks using different acrylic retention designs (smooth metal plate, metal plate with bead retention, lattice retention, and mesh retention). The force needed to separate acrylic resin from primed test frameworks was also measured. Materials and Methods: Eighty chromium‐cobalt test frameworks were fabricated using preformed wax patterns and cast according to manufacturer's instructions. Half the specimens were primed prior to acrylic processing. The same base acrylic was used for all specimens. Separation forces that fractured acrylic resin from test frameworks were generated by a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 25 mm/min. Loads at failure and types of failure were recorded. Data were analyzed using ANOVA. Results: The mean separation force of acrylic resin from unprimed retention designs was highest for the metal plate with beads (3.1 kN), followed by mesh (2.8 kN) and lattice (2.1 kN), and lowest (0.1 kN) for the smooth metal plate. The mean separation force for primed acrylic retention designs was highest for the metal plate with beads (4.2 kN), followed by mesh (3.4 kN) and smooth metal plate (3.0 kN), and lowest for lattice retention (2.6 kN). Bond failure occurred both adhesively at the interface between metal and acrylic resin and cohesively within the acrylic resin. Cohesive bond failure increased when specimens were primed. The rate of cohesive bond failure remained the same for primed mesh retention specimens. Conclusions: Significantly increased force was necessary to separate the acrylic from each design of primed test specimens compared with unprimed specimens of the same design. The primed metal plate with beads exhibited significantly greater separation force than the other three designs. Primed mesh had significantly greater separation force values than primed lattice and smooth metal plate. Primed lattice was significantly less retentive than the other three primed designs. Except for the retentive mesh specimens, there was higher occurrence of cohesive failures in the acrylic resin when the frameworks were primed.
Comparison of the Passivity between Cast Alloy and Laser‐Welded Titanium Overdenture Bars
Authors: Paiva Jose , Givan Daniel A. , Broome James C. , Lemons Jack E. , McCracken Michael S. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the fit of cast alloy overdenture and laser‐welded titanium‐alloy bars by measuring induced strain upon tightening of the bars on a master cast as well as a function of screw tightening sequence. Materials and Methods: Four implant analogs were secured into Type IV dental stone to simulate a mandibular edentulous patient cast, and two groups of four overdenture bars were fabricated. Group I was four cast alloy bars and Group II was four laser‐welded titanium bars. The cast alloy bars included Au–Ag–Pd, Pd–Ag–Au, Au–Ag–Cu–Pd, and Ag–Pd–Cu‐Au, while the laser‐welded bars were all Ti–Al–V alloy. Bars were made from the same master cast, were torqued into place, and the total strain in the bars was measured through five strain gauges bonded to the bar between the implants. Each bar was placed and torqued 27 times to 30 Ncm per screw using three tightening sequences. Data were processed through a strain amplifier and analyzed by computer using StrainSmart software. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test. Results: Significant differences were found between alloy types. Laser‐welded titanium bars tended to have lower strains than corresponding cast bars, although the Au–Ag–Pd bar was not significantly different. The magnitudes of total strain were the least when first tightening the ends of the bar. Conclusions: The passivity of implant overdenture bars was evaluated using total strain of the bar when tightening. Selecting a high modulus of elasticity cast alloy or use of laser‐welded bar design resulted in the lowest average strain magnitudes. While the effect of screw tightening sequence was minimal, tightening the distal ends first demonstrated the lowest strain, and hence the best passivity.
The Ideal Inflation‐Indexed Bond and Irving Fisher's Impatience Theory of Interest with Overlapping Generations*
Authors: Geanakoplos John 
Published: August 2009

Abstract  Irving Fisher long advocated inflation‐indexed bonds. But with what index? I prove in the context of a multicommodity CAPM world that the best welfare‐improving bond pays the minimum money needed to achieve the same utility, and not the minimum needed to buy an ideal commodity bundle.Irving Fisher also developed and advocated the impatience theory of interest. But in OLG economies, the rate of interest is determined by population growth, not impatience. I reconcile this contradiction by proving that in stationary OLG economies with land, the interest rate at the unique steady state does depend on impatience. Indeed, the proposition that greater impatience creates higher interest rates holds more generally in OLG with land than in Fisher's two‐period model, because then income effects and substitution effects naturally work in the same direction.
Perceptions of the Regulated Community in Environmental Policy: The View from Below
Authors: Pautz Michelle C. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractDiscussions in environmental policy often focus on the highest levels of decision making and action while paying scant attention to those individuals on the front lines. Among those frequently overlooked are the individuals at regulated facilities who interact with government regulators on a frequent basis. Interviews with nearly two dozen facility personnel in Virginia yield findings that challenge common perceptions of the relationships between facility personnel and inspectors. In particular, 86 percent of facility personnel, representing a range of regulated facilities from prisons to landfills to dry cleaners, said their interactions with inspectors were positive. Approximately 70 percent of them said that they trust inspectors and provided evidence of trust in their stories. The ramifications of these findings for environmental policy could be potentially significant because facility personnel are presumed to be adversarial, if not outright hostile, and this assumption impacts the design and implementation of environmental regulations.
Climate Change Policy Implementation: A Cross‐Sectional Analysis
Authors: Dolšak Nives 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWhy would countries invest resources to protect the global atmosphere, a global common‐pool resource? After all, this is an open‐access resource with no restrictions on appropriating its benefits. Furthermore, why would they do so under the aegis of a weak global regime (the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UNFCCC) that has virtually no provisions for sanctioning noncompliance and when the largest contributor to the problem is not participating in the regime? This article examines why a number of countries have implemented the UNFCCC. I hypothesize that countries implement UNFCCC because they corner domestic environmental benefits, namely reduction in local pollution. In my empirical analysis of 127 countries, employing an ordinal logistic regression model, I find that local air pollution is associated with higher levels of implementation of the UNFCCC. Thus, I conclude that the incentives to implement a relatively weak global regime can be found in the domestic political economy.
Developing Durable Infrastructures: Politics, Social Skill, and Sanitation Partnerships in Urban India1
Authors: Gopakumar Govind 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAccelerated national and international efforts to redress the acute lack of infrastructures in the developing world have focused on forging partnerships to spur infrastructure development. This article finds a sore lack in attempts to grasp how infrastructures implemented through multiactor partnerships within entrenched, often volatile, political environments, become durable. Durability is understood here through field analysis, an approach common within the “new institutional” literature. Two case studies of sanitation infrastructure‐making from cities in India are presented as empirical evidence. Failure of the first case and the success of the second in acquisition of durability clearly illustrate the vital role political strategy plays in making infrastructures durable.
Osteopenia and vitamin D deficiency in children with sickle cell disease
Authors: Chapelon E. , Garabedian M. , Brousse V. , Souberbielle J. C. , Bresson J. L. , De Montalembert M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractObjectives:  To assess the prevalence in children with sickle cell disease of low bone mineral density (BMD), a feature found in up to 82% of adults but not well known in children.Methods:  In 53 children (45 SS, 4 SC, 4 Sβ‐thalassemia) with a mean age of 12.8 ± 2.4 years, we assessed height; weight; sexual maturation; number of hospitalizations, painful crises, and transfusions in the last 3 years; calcium intake; steady‐state hemoglobin and leukocyte count; calcaemia, phosphataemia, and calciuria/creatinuria; serum 25‐(OH)D and PTH concentrations; and osteocalcin, urinary deoxypyridinoline, and the C‐terminal component of pro‐collagen type I. BMD was assessed using dual X‐ray absorptiometry.Results:  Mean lumbar spine Z‐score was −1.1 ± 1.3 (−3.9 to +1.8). The Z score was significantly lower in girls than in boys in the prepubertal subgroup (−1.74 ± 0.27 vs. −0.53 ± 0.31) (P = 0.0169), but not in the pubertal group (−1.15 ± 0.41 vs. −1.33 ± 0.70). BMD was not associated with any of the disease‐severity markers in girls but was unexpectedly associated with fewer vaso‐occlusive crises and hospitalizations in boys. BMD did not correlate with hemoglobin or leukocyte counts. Vitamin D deficiency [25‐(OH)D < 12 ng/mL] was found in 76% of patients and secondary hyperparathyroidism (PTH > 46 pg/mL) in 38%. BMD was not related to calcium intake, vitamin D status, osteocalcin, or bone resorption markers.Conclusion:  A slight BMD decrease was found in SCD children, starting before puberty and being more marked in females. The decrease was unrelated to disease severity, vitamin D deficiency, or bone hyperresorption, suggesting abnormal bone formation as the underlying mechanism.
Characterisation of hairy cell leukaemia by tiling resolution array‐based comparative Genome hybridisation: a series of 13 cases and review of the literature
Authors: Nordgren Ann , Corcoran Martin , Sääf Annika , Bremer Anna , Kluin‐Nelemans Hanneke C. , Schoumans Jacqueline , Grandér Dan 
Published: August 2009

AbstractLittle is known about the cytogenetic features and molecular mechanisms behind hairy cell leukaemia (HCL), despite the advances in diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, we used high‐resolution genome‐wide array‐based comparative genomic hybridisation (array‐CGH) and multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification (MLPA) to characterise copy number alterations (CNAs) in DNA from 13 cases of HCL. We also summarise CNAs and cytogenetic features in 109 HCL cases comprising our 13 cases and 96 cases from the literature. Genomic array‐CGH revealed imbalances in two out of 13 cases in addition to previously described copy number variants (CNVs) found in healthy individuals. In one case, a 700 kb deletion of 20q11.22 was detected encompassing ten characterised genes, among them the TP53INP2, DNCL2A and ITCH genes. In the second case, trisomy 5, and a deletion of 5p15.2 encompassing a non‐characterised gene AY328033 was found. Altogether only 20/81 (25%) of all cases studied by CGH or gene dose array revealed CNAs. The most common recurrent deletions and breakpoints were 14q22–32 (33%), 6q25 (16%), 2p12 (10%), 22q11 (10%), 17p11–13 (10%), 7q32–36 (9%), 18q11–13 (7%), 1q32–44 (6%), 8p22–23 (6%) and 7q11 (6%). Trisomy 5 occurred in 15%. In addition, several other recurrent breakpoints were identified. Although a number of genomic imbalances were identified in the HCL samples, the genome appeared remarkably stable.
Association between peer relationship problems and childhood overweight/obesity
Authors: Boneberger Anja , Von Kries Rüdiger , Milde‐Busch Astrid , Bolte Gabriele , Rochat Mascha K. , Rückinger Simon ,   for the GME Study Group
Published: August 2009

AbstractAims:  To assess the association between peer relationship problems and childhood overweight and obesity.Methods:  Data on 4718 preschool children were obtained at the obligatory school entry health examination in Bavaria. Parentally reported peer relationship problems (‘normal’, ‘borderline’ or ‘abnormal’) were assessed from the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Overweight and obesity were defined according to age‐ and gender‐specific BMI cut‐off points. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to control potential confounders.Results:  The prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher among children with ‘borderline’ or ‘abnormal’ peer relationship problems compared to ‘normal’ children. The association of ‘abnormal’ peer relationship problems was still significant in the final logistic regression model for girls [odds ratio (OR) for overweight 2.0; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4–3.0; OR for obesity 2.6; 95% CI: 1.3–5.0]. Among boys the adjusted odds ratio were lower and no longer significant.Conclusion:  The significantly increased prevalence of overweight and obesity among preschool children with peer relationship problems could not be explained by confounding. It seems evident that there is a relevant co‐morbidity of peer relationship problems and obesity in pre‐school children pointing to the need of interventions focusing on both physical as well as psychosocial health.
Is Aquinas a Foundationalist?
Authors: Williams A. N. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis essay surveys a range of claims that Aquinas is a foundationalist, along with the rarer position that he is not. It suggests the arguments for holding he is a foundationalist are fundamentally flawed, and that he cannot be considered to hold a foundationalist epistemology, although for reasons more radical than those hitherto suggested. It examines the account of scientia and sacred doctrine in Summa theologiae I.1, with particular attention to its account of metaphor. Sacred doctrine, often taken to be based on scripture, is in fact based on God's self-knowledge, which is mediated by scripture. Aquinas acknowledges that scripture is riddled with figurative language and that metaphor is necessary to sacred doctrine. He emphasises the propensity for human reasoning to go astray, and in virtue of its processes of inference, to be incapable to representing the simplicity of divine knowledge with complete accuracy. Both with respect to its structures of argumentation and the figurative base from which it argues, Aquinas’ account of sacred doctrine is remote from foundationalist accounts of knowledge. Aquinas’ account of sacred doctrine, the most sure of all scientiae, emphasises its fragility and provisionality; its purpose is not to provide certitude, but to provoke reflection.
Syndactyly lethal: New mutation with multiple malformations occurring in Sprague Dawley rats
Authors: Fujii Sakiko , Yabe Kaoru , Kimura Yuki , Ito Yukie , Rokukawa Masumi , Furukawa Masatoshi , Ito Kouta , Matsuura Masao , Kiguchi Masao 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTWe previously found newborns exhibiting syndactyly of both fore‐ and hindlimbs in a litter from a pair of Sprague Dawley rats. Continuous breeding of the parental animals yielded pups with the same anomaly in following litters, suggesting that the syndactyly was genetic in origin. In the present study, as all the syndactylous pups died on postnatal day 0, we conducted genetic analyses using 30 phenotypically normal female progeny and the sire. The females were subjected to caesarean section on day 20 of gestation and the fetuses were examined for the phenotypes. The results of the mating experiments suggest that the mutant phenotype is caused by a single autosomal recessive gene at a homozygous condition. As homozygous mutants are lethal at the neonatal stage, the mutant gene was named syndactyly lethal, gene symbol syl. The mutant rats have multiple abnormalities, such as syndactyly, micrognathia, fused/absent/small lung lobes, absent kidney and ureter, small spleen, small uterus, fused phalanges, sternoschisis, absent/detached rib, and splitting/fused/absent/small thoracic vertebra, some of which must be the cause of death on postnatal day 0. This mutant is considered to be useful for investigating the mechanisms and/or pathogenesis of syndactyly, as well as the accompanying malformations.
Role of interleukin‐15 in the development of mouse olfactory nerve
Authors: Umehara Tsuyoshi , Udagawa Jun , Takamura Kaoru , Kimura Mitsuhiro , Ishimitsu Ryotaro , Kiyono Hiroshi , Kawauchi Hideyuki , Otani Hiroki 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTInterleukin (IL)‐15 interacts with components of the IL‐2 receptor (R) and exhibits T cell‐stimulating activity similar to that of IL‐2. In addition, IL‐15 is widely expressed in many cell types and tissues, including the central nervous system. We provide evidence of a novel role of IL‐15 in olfactory neurogenesis. Both IL‐15 and IL‐15Rα were expressed in neuronal precursor cells of the developing olfactory epithelium in mice. Adult IL‐15Rα knockout mice had fewer mature olfactory neurons and proliferating cells than wild‐type. Our results suggest that IL‐15 plays an important role in regulating cell proliferation in olfactory neurogenesis.