bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heritability Estimates of Percentage Seed Protein and Available Methionine and Correlations with Yield in Dry Beans1
Authors: Kelly J. D. , Bliss F. A. 
Published: July 2010

Individual plant measurements of parental, F1, F2, BCP1 and BCP2 populations, F3, and F4 progenies of three crosses involving four bean strains (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were used to determine inheritance of percentage protein, percentage available methionine, available methionine as percent of protein, and the correlations among these traits and with seed yield. Broad‐sense heritability estimates for populations grown in Wisconsin ranged from 0.32 to 0.71, 0.43 to 0.56, and 0.38 to 0.60 for percentage protein, percentage available methionine, and available methionine as percent of protein, respectively.Narrow‐sense heritability estimates calculated by the standard unit regression analyses of F3 and F4 family means on F2 and F3 parental values, respectively, ranged from 0.63 to 0.79, 0.82 to 0.89, and 0.81 to 0.85 in the F3 generation and from 0.32 to 0.61, 0.52 to 0.87, and 0.51 to 0.81 in the F4 generation for the three traits. The moderately high heritability estimates and the apparent additive gene action indicated that selection within genetically variable populations should be effective.A low negative correlation (r = −0.30) between seed yield and percentage protein suggested that selection should be made initially for high yield. Within high‐yielding families, plants having the highest percentage protein should be identified for further selection and intermating. Absence of correlation between seed and yield and percentage available methionine indicated that selection for either trait could be made without adversely affecting the other, while the positive correlation (r = 0.33) between percentage protein and percentage available methionine suggested that both characters could be improved simultaneously.
Combining Ability Analysis of Near‐homozygous Lines Derived from a 12‐parent Diallel Cross in Oats1
Authors: Stuthman D. D. , Stucker R. E. 
Published: July 2010

Twelve oat (Arena sativa L.) genotypes, chosen primarily for high grain yield, were crossed in all combinations (except two) to determine the relative magnitude of general (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) as well as additive (δ2 Δ) and epistatic (δ2) genetic variance. Single seed descent was used to advance the material from F2 to F4. The test material consisted of 10 random F4‐derived lines from each of 64 crosses and was evaluated in the F6 and F7 generation at St. Paul, Minn., in 1972 and 1973. An analysis of variance for grain yield was computed to obtain among crosses and among lines‐in‐crosses sums of squares for individual and combined year data. The among crosses sums of squares was partitioned into general and specific combininga bility using least squares analysis.All sources of variation involving crosses including interactions with years were highly significant. Regarding estimates of genetic components of variance δ2 Δ and δ2 ΔΔ, only the estimates of δ2 ΔΔ exceeded twice their respective standard errors. Confidence intervals of δ2 Δ and δ2 ΔΔ did overlap, however. Several criteria based on halfsib family performance were compared to parental pexformance; the associations provedt o be of little use. The relatively large amount of epistatic variance is a likely explanation for these poor associations. If these results are representative of other oat breeding populations, prediction of superior crosses from only parental performance data will not be useful.
Comparison of Different Hill‐plot Designs for Evaluating Quantitative Response to Oat Crown Rust1
Authors: Patanothai Soontree , Michel L. J. , Simons M. D. 
Published: July 2010

Four hill‐plot field designs and a rod‐row design (plan 5) were compared for evaluation of the quantitative responses of five oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivars to two races of crown rust (Puccinia coronata Cda.) each at two levels of infection. In hill‐plot plan 1, test hills were planted in rows in a solid block. In plan 2, test hills were planted in rows alternating with rows of susceptible rust‐spreader hills. In plan 3, test hills were surrounded by barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) hills. In plan 4, single oat plants were grown in barley hills.Evaluation of response to rust was based on how the performance of rusted plots compared with the performance of corresponding unrusted control plots. Rust severity was highest in plan 1; intermediate in plans 2, 3, and 5; lowest in plan 4. A combined analysis of data from plans 1, 2, and 3 showed that cultivars, plans, rows, and levels of infection all significantly affected both yield and seed weight in terms of reduction due to rust infection. The plan ✕ cultivar interaction was significant for reduction in seed weight, but not for reduction in yield. However, in the four hill‐plot plans and the rod‐row plots, the cultivars ranked the same in order of reduction in seed weight. All correlation coefficients among the different plans for yield and seedweight reductions were significant. Coefficients of variation for these traits were lowest for the rod‐row plots; intermediate for plans 1, 2, and 3; and highest for plan 4. Plan 1 was most desirable for general use.
Phytophthora Root Rot in Seeding‐year Alfalfa as Affected by Management Practices Inducing Stress1
Authors: Pulli Seppo K. , Tesar Milo B. 
Published: July 2010

Root rot (Phytophthora megasperma Drechs.) on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in the seeding year is associated with soil excessively wet for ten days or longer. The objective of this experiment was to determine the incidence of Phytophthora root rot (PRR) in October of the seeding year on tiled, well‐drained loam soil at East Lansing, Michigan. Samples were obtained on all combinations of the following: early (April 27) and late (May 19) seeding, irrigation (two 5‐cm applications) and no irrigation, Vernal and Saranac cultivars, two and three cuttings, and seven seeding rates — 2.2, 4.5, 9.0, 13.5, 18.0, 22.5, and 36.0 kg/ha.In this test, irrigation of 5 cm on July 29 and on August 15 increased Phytophthora root rot in alfalfa roots. The natural precipitation between April 1 and October 31 was 56 cm, 4.5 cm above normal. The cultivars Vernal and Saranac were similar in susceptibility to root rot under all treatments. Increasing cutting frequency from two to three cuttings in the seeding year resulted in more PRR under all conditions of seeding date or irrigation levels. Alfalfa seeded at below‐normal seeding rates of 2.2 and 4.5 kg/ha was significantly less diseased than at normal (9.0 or 13.5 kg/ha) or higher seeding rates. Most comparisons indicated a trend of more PRR in alfalfa seeded late on May 19 than earlier on April 27. Incidence and severity of Phytophthora root rot was increased by a combination of stress factors including high soil moisture levels, frequent cutting, high seeding rates, and late spring seeding.
Inheritance of Eight Agronomic Characters in a Winter Wheat Cross1
Authors: Ketata H. , Edwards L. H. , Smith E. L. 
Published: July 2010

Parents, F19, F29 and first generation backcrosses (B1 and B2) of a ‘Centurk’ ✕ ‘Bezostaia 1’ cross (Triticum aesti. vum L.) were grown in a space‐planted experiment to obtain genetic information pertaining to grain yield and seven other agronomic characters.The F1 deviated significantly from the midparent values for heading date, plant height, and kerneis/spikeiet indicating a sizable amount of nonadditive gene action for those traits. Narrow‐sense heritability estimates were very high for heading datea moderately high for kernel weight and plant height, moderate for number of tillers/plant, and low for spikeiets/spike, kernels/spike, kernels/spikelet, and grain yield. Several of those estimates were considered biased upwaxd as epistasis was found to contribute significantly to heading date, plant height, tiller number, kernels/spikelet, and grain yield. No epistasis was detected for spikelets/spike, kernels/spike, or kernel weight, indicating that estimates of gene effects for those characters were free from linkage bias. Duplicate epistasis was detected for heading date and grain yield, suggesting difficulty would be encountered in selecting for earlier maturity or higher yield in this cross. Additive effects were the main source of genetic variation forkernel weight, indicating that early generation selection for higher kernel weight should be effective in this material. The prospects for increasing tiller number were not as favorable as were those for kernel weight.
Inheritance of Sensitivity to Metribuzin in Soybeans1
Authors: Edwards C. J. , Barrentine W. L. , Kilen T. C. 
Published: July 2010

Two soybean [Glycine max (L.) Meir.] cultivars, ‘Semmes’ and ‘Hood,’ differing in sensitivity to the herbicide metribuzin [4‐amino‐6‐tert‐butyl‐3‐(methylthio)‐as‐triazine‐5(4H)one] were studied with their F1, F2, and backcross F2 generations to determine the inheritance of metribuzin sensitivity. The herbicide was added to the nutrient solution in which the plants were growing to insure uniform herbicidal treatment.The technique was effective for classifying segregating populations. The data gave good evidence that a single recessive gene controlled the metribuzin sensitivity expressed by the cultivar Semmes. The gene symbol hm is suggested for this reaction.
Relationship of Dwarfing and Hybrid Wheat Mechanisms1
Authors: Godoy Ramon J. , Welsch J. R. 
Published: July 2010

The effects of dwarfing genes on the fertility of hybrid wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) were studied in 36 topcrosses. Three spring wheat cultivars with pollen fertility restorer genes for Triticum timopheevi cytoplasm were crossed with 12 near‐isogenic height lines of the spring wheat cultivars ‘INIA 66’ and ‘Norteno 67.’ The 36 F1,'s were used to pollinate a ‘Noroeste 66’ male sterile line.The source of major dwarfing segregation used in the near‐isogenic lines came from the cultivar ‘Olesen’ dwarf. Segregation for both height and restoration genes in a male‐sterile cytoplasm was studied. The degree of restoration and sterility was measured by the number of seeds set in one spike/plant. Frequency distributions revealed a larger‐than‐expected proportion of sterile plants in the short height groups and a larger‐than‐expected number of fertile plants in the tall height groups. Correlation studies in seed‐bearing plants showed a weak but positive relationship between plant height and fertility.
Inheritance of Stem Length and its Components in Safflower1
Authors: Abel G. H. 
Published: July 2010

Mode of inheritance of two length zones of the stem and their components (internode length and node number) were studied in three crosses of safflower, Carthamus tinctorius L. The purpose was to analyze stem lengths and their components for genetic effects and for their relation to yield.The dwarf strains were used as females in separate crosses with the tall ones. Two of the tall parents did not differ in internode length or node number. The three dwarfs were similar in number of nodes for the two zones of the plant axis. One of the three dwarfs had slightly longer internodes.Except for lower stem node number, upper stem internode length, and total upper stem length, a simple additive‐dominance model could not explain the observed results. In those cases where an additive‐dominance model did not fit, the F1 and F2 means were outside the range of the parental means or large differences were observed between the F1 and F2 means. Possible explanations include heterotic effects that involve interactions between loci or variation in estimation of F1 means caused by small sample sizes in this generation. Heterosis, when it was present, tended to increase internode length, decrease node number, and increase stem length in both stem zonesCorrelations for yield with lower stem internode length and with upper stem node number were frequently significant; those for yield with upper stem internode length and lower stem node number were generally small and nonsignificant. The correlations indicated that selection for plant height could be conducted without altering yield.
Variations in Gossypol Concentation of Flower Buds of Cotton1
Authors: Yang H. C. , Davis Dick D. 
Published: July 2010

Gossypol concentration of flower buds (squares) from selected medium to high gossypol lines of upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., was studied both in greenhouse and field conditions.Gossypol concentration of 20‐day‐old squares generally rose and fell during the growing period. Two cycles of fluctuation occurred in a high gossypol line. The gossypol concentration was independent of square size in the high gossypol line, but was negatively correlated with square size in four medium gossypol lines. Gossypol concentration of squares from greenhouse‐grown plants were strongly correlated with those of squares from plants of the same genotype grown in the field. Samples of 3 to 5 squares/plant, collected during the same 12‐day interval, gave reliable comparisons of the relative gossypol concentration of all lines tested.
Chemical Control of Pollination in Wheat and Oats1
Authors: Johnson R. R. , Brown C. M. 
Published: July 2010

The objective of this work was to determine if foliar sprays of 3‐(p‐chlorophenyl)‐6‐methoxy‐s‐triazine~2,4‐(1H,3H) dione, triethanolamine salt (DPX 3778) were effective pollen control agent for spring oats (Avena sativa L.) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The effect of rate and stage of application was examined in green‐house and field environments. In the greenhouse, treatment with 9 kg/ha active ingredient of DPX 3778 at the early boot stage essentially prevented seed set on six of 11 spring wheat cultivars that were bagged to prevent outcrossing. Treated plants produced pollen that failed to dehisce from the anthers.‘Protor’ spring wheat or ‘Noble’ spring oats were treated with 0, 4.5, 9, 18, and 27 kg/ha in the field at different growth stages. Increasing chemical rate decreased plant height and reduced seed set on bagged spikes. DPX 3778 at or above 9 kg/ha on Protor wheat appeared sufficient largely to prevent pollen shed when applied at early or late boot. Testcrosses at the 9 kg/ha rate indicated no noticeable adverse effect on female fertility. Seed set on Noble oats was not totally prevented at any rate although 27 kg/ha reduced seed set to less than 10% of the control when applied at early heading or in a split application at early boot plus early heading. In one experiment phytotoxicity was observed on Noble oats at the 18 and 27 kg/ha rates, but 18 kg/ha did not affect this cultivar in a second experiment.A field experiment revealed genotypic differences in chemical response. Plant height and pollen shed of wheat cultivars were generally reduced more than in oat cultivars. DPX 3778 delayed anther exsertion and floret opening. A sufficient number of wheat cultivars exhibited adequate pollen control to suggest that DPX 3778 may be of potential use in a wheat breeding program.
Effects of Emasculation on Boll Set in Three Stocks of Cultivated Gossypium1
Authors: Brown William , Lee J. A. 
Published: July 2010

Flowers of two stocks of Gossypium barbadense L., AS‐2 Sea Island and Pima S‐4,' and one of G. hirsutum L., ‘Carolina Queen,’ were emasculated using two procedures: i) anthers were plucked away through a slit in the corolla, and ii) the corolla and the anthers were stripped away with an emasculating device. After hand pollination percent fruit set was recorded.Fruit set of Carolina Queen and Pima S‐4 did not differ significantly between treatments and selfed controls. Removal of the corolla significantly reduced fruit set in AS‐2. The average number of seeds per boll did not differ among treatments for any entry.A drop of gibberellic acid solution, 100 ppm aqueous, applied at the base of the androecium the day before anthesis increased fruit set in AS‐2 after drastic emasculation.
Influence of Indeterminate Growth Habit on Yield and Irrigation Water‐use Efficiency in Upland Cotton1
Authors: Quisenberry J. E. , Roark Bruce 
Published: July 2010

Based on their growth habit, 12 cultivars of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) were placed in four groups designated as 1) High Plains‐determinate, 2) High Plains.moderately determinate, 3) High Plains‐indeterminate, and 4) non High Plains‐indeterminate. These cultivar groups were grown at three moisture levels at Lubbock, Texas, and evaluated for their degree of indeterminate growth habit, earliness of crop maturity, lint yield, and irrigation water‐use efficiency. The purpose of our study was to determine the relationships between indeterminacy, lint yield, and irrigation water‐use efficiency.The indeterminate groups of cultivars had higher lint yields at all moisture levels than did the determinate groups. Irrigation water‐use efficiency of all cultivars was higher at the intermediate moisture level (preplant irrigation) than at the higher moisture level (full irrigation). At the intermediate moisture level, the indeterminate cu]tivars had a higher irrigation water‐use efficiency than did the determinate cultivars. The determinate cultivars had a higher irrigation water‐use efficiency than the indeterminate cultivars at the higher moisture level. Correlation analyses between individual cultivar indeterminacy values and lint yield and irrigation wateruse efficiency suggested that a cotton cultivar with a relatively inteterminate growth habit is better adapted in an environment with seasonally limited soil moisture than a cotton cultivar with a relatively determinate growth habit.
Estimates of Combining Ability and Heterosis in Converted Exotic Sorghums1
Authors: Laosuwan Paisan , Atkins R. E. 
Published: July 2010

The agronomic performance and breeding behavior of 11 restorer lines (R‐lines) derived from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) conversion program materials were evaluated in four environments in Iowa. Data for grain yield and the primary components of yield were obtained from single crosses and three‐way hybrids involving the R‐lines as male parents.For both types of hybrids, general combining ability (g.c.a.) effects of the R‐lines accounted for the largest portion of the variation expressed for grain yield, heads/plant, 100‐seed weight, and seeds/head. Significant tfcts for g.c.a. (females) were expressed for all characters in the single crosses, but this effect was significant only for seeds/head in the three‐way hybrids. Variation attributable to specific combining ability (s.c.a.) effects provided the smallest contribution to the inheritance of all traits in both types of hybrids.Heterosis for grain yield was greater than that for any of the components of yield. Mean heterosis and hetcrobeltiosis for yield in the single crosses averaged 49 and 37%. In average performance with all females, the single crosses with 10 of the 11 R‐lines exceeded the mean yield of the check hybrid ‘RS 610’.
Utilization of Nitrogen to Sulfur Ratio for Evaluating Sulfur‐Containing Amino Acid Concentrations in Seed of Glycine max and G. soja1
Authors: Radford R. L. , Chavengsaksongkram C. , Hymowitz T. 
Published: July 2010

A screening procedure using the ratio of total N to total S (N/S) was developed for indexing methionine and cystine concentrations in seed of soybeans—Glycine max (L.) Merrill—and its putative ancestor G. soja Sieb. and Zucc. Percent N was determined by the standard micro‐Kjeldahl procedure. Total S was analyzed by reducing SO4‐S (from nitric acid‐perchloric acid digestion) to H2S and then percent S was determined by titration with HgCl2 using dithizone as an indicator.The N/S values found in the soybean genetic type collection ranged from 24.5 to 15.4 with the mean being 18.3. The N/S values found in plant introductions of G. max that were formerly known as G. gracilis Skvortz. ranged from 20.1 to 16.3 with the mean being 18.4. The N/S values found in plant introductions of G. soja ranged from 21.5 to 12.5 with the mean being 17.5.Results from a 2‐year investigation on the effect of growing seasons on the N/S ratios in seed revealed that the N/S ratios were quite stable from year to year in G. max and somewhat less stable in G. gracilis and G. soja. Attempts to identify the source of variation indicated that the variation in N/S values in seed of G. gracilis and G. soja largely were due to N content.The reasonably high correlation coefficients between mg of methionine and cystine with percent S (r = 0.846) and g methionine and cystine/16 g N with N/S ratios (r = 0.787) suggest that rapid screening for N and S Glycine germplasm would be helpful in directing investigators to lines that warranted further study.
Fall Dormancy of Five F1Medicago sativa L. Populations, Two Reciprocal F1 Populations, and Respective Parents1
Authors: Knipe W. J. , Stockton L. M. 
Published: July 2010

When crossing alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) possessing different favorable agronomic traits but different fall dormancies it would be desirable to accurately predict the relative fall dormancy of the F1. This requires knowledge of inheritance of fall dormancy.Five dormant cultivars were crossed to one of two nondormant cultivars and the seven parent populations were intracrossed. Reciprocal crosses were made in two cases. One hundred plants from each intracross and intercross were spaced planted into the field and growth of each plant was measured in late August, October, and December. Plant growth was used to estimate dormancy response.Most F1 populations closely resembled their respective midparent values; however, some did not. When these deviations occurred, non‐dormant growth habit appeared dominant in some crosses and recessive in others. These F1 deviations from the midparent were not consistent across dates. Reciprocal effects were significant on some dates but were also not consistent.
Effect of Ammonium and Nitrate Nitrogen upon Photosynthate Supply and Nitrogen Fixation by Soybeans1
Authors: Latimore Mark , Giddens Joel , Ashley D. A. 
Published: July 2010

The N required by soybeans [Glycine max L.) Merr.] is furnished by soil and by symbiotically fixed N. The latter is associated with available photosynthate. A determinate soybean cultivar, ‘Bragg’, was grown in sand in the greenhouse in 1974 and outdoors in 1975 to further evaluate the effect of growth stages and NH4+‐N and NO3‐‐N on 14C translocation, N fixation as measured by acetylene reduction by intact nodules, and accumulation of dry matter and nitrogen.Plants exported very little 14C to the nodules from photosynthesis of 14CO2, and acetylene reduction was very low when significant sink demand by pods became evident. Inorganic N supplied throughout the season or 10 days prior to sampling reduced 14C in nodules and acetylene reduction by nodules. NO3‐‐N generally decreased acetylene reduction more than NH4+‐N. 14C transport to plant parts other than nodules was not influenced by inorganic N. There is indication that in the determinate cultivar of soybeans used, more photosynthate was transferred to nodules during the vegetative and early reproductive stages than that reported previously for indeterminate cultivars. The data further emphasize the high demand for N at the pod‐fill stage where 333 mg N per plant (23% of total) was required during a 20‐day period, mid‐pod to late pod fill stage, and at the same time N fixation was declining.