bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Système olfactif et neurobiologie
Authors: Holley André 
Published: November 2010

Les connaissances neurobiologiques sur l’odorat progressent désormais rapidement depuis la découverte des récepteurs des odorants, remarquables par leur grand nombre et leur diversité. Des réponses sont maintenant apportées aux questions posées par les propriétés originales de la perception olfactive dont beaucoup sont déterminées dès le niveau de l’organe olfactif, et sont fortement déterminées par la génétique. Les connaissances génétiques sur les récepteurs dévoilent une considérable réduction du nombre de gènes olfactifs fonctionnels dans l’espèce humaine et alimentent une réflexion sur l’évolution de l’odorat. Autre avancée riche de promesses : l’application à l’olfaction des méthodes d’imagerie cérébrale fonctionnelle commence à fournir des cartes détaillées de l’activation du cerveau chez des sujets humains engagés dans des tâches olfactives. Parmi les attributs des odeurs, c’est la valence affective qui paraît la plus sensible à l’influence des expériences sensorielles, de l’environnement et donc de la culture.
La nature des odeurs (remarques)
Authors: Lenclud Gérard 
Published: November 2010

Les odeurs s’offrent-elles à notre nez ? Non, il les fabrique en partie. Sont-elles détachables des objets qui les dégagent ? Non, il semble impossible de convoquer mentalement l’image d’une odeur qui ne serait pas l’odeur de quelque chose. Se souvient-on d’une odeur ? A proprement parler, non, on se souvient de l’avoir déjà sentie. Pouvons-nous décrire cette odeur ? Non, pas davantage que l’expression d’un visage ; on peut seulement en dire. Pourquoi ? C’est parce que nous avons conscience d’une odeur sous la seule forme de « l’effet que cela fait » de la sentir. Cela signifie-t-il qu’échappant à nos archives conceptuelles les odeurs jouent un rôle mineur dans l’activité de l’esprit humain ? Non, les odeurs possèdent, pour cette raison même, un puissant pouvoir évocateur. Leur symbolicité est remarquable.
La morale n’est pas le social
Authors: Baumard Nicolas 
Published: November 2010

Cet article s’appuie sur une synthèse des recherches contemporaines en psychologie pour montrer que les normes morales ne se confondent pas avec les normes sociales. Les situations morales – situations dans lesquelles l’intérêt individuel et l’intérêt collectif s’opposent – présentent un problème spécifique. À la différence des primates qui ne semblent pas coopérer entre eux, les humains ont résolu ce problème non pas par l’altruisme mais en s’aidant de leurs nouvelles capacités cognitives pour construire des institutions mutuellement profitables et culturellement variables. Une disposition morale permet aux humains de gérer ces situations, c’est-à-dire d’afficher leur adhésion aux institutions en ayant au niveau du vécu psychologique d’authentiques préoccupations morales tout en préservant leurs intérêts au niveau individuel. L’existence d’une disposition morale explique également que les normes morales ne s’imposent pas aux individus, en particulier aux enfants, mais sont évaluées en fonction de critères spécifiques, notamment de justice.
« Les gens des fleurs restent, les diplômés partent »
Authors: Strating Alex 
Published: November 2010

L’économie du village hollandais de Rijnsburg est dominée par le commerce des fleurs : on y trouve environ 400 petites entreprises. Les négociants sont des grossistes et ils effectuent eux-mêmes l’achat, le transport et la vente des fleurs. Leurs clients sont, en majorité, des fleuristes d’Europe occidentale et centrale. Pour mener leurs affaires, les négociants dépendent essentiellement de leurs réseaux de parenté. C’est dans le cadre de ces réseaux qu’ils apprennent les astuces du commerce, qu’ils recrutent de la main-d’œuvre et qu’ils ont accès aux informations et au capital. Les négociants de Rijnsburg réussissent parce qu’ils sont ancrés dans une communauté locale aux réseaux de parenté exceptionnellement étendus et solides, issus d’une préférence pour les mariages endogamiques locaux. Les gens qui vivent du commerce des fleurs ont tendance à se marier et à s’installer dans la communauté, à la différence de ceux qui optent pour une carrière différente. Ce processus, résumé par les gens du lieu par la phrase « les gens des fleurs restent, les diplômés partent », assure la reproduction des réseaux de parenté locaux et d’un commerce basé sur la parenté.
A propos de Café Müller
Authors: Vassas Claudine 
Published: November 2010

La pièce Café Müller, de Pina Bausch, dont l’argument de départ fait de l’association posée entre « se mouvoir, se sentir, se toucher » l’une des propositions de la chorégraphe, conjugue ce rapport selon des acceptions multiples : déplacements « à tâtons » des interprètes, toucher des corps entre eux, rôle des objets dans un décor mouvant avec lesquels ils entrent en contact, construction singulière d’un espace « tenant aux corps », recherche d’un ressenti défini par Pina Bausch comme le lieu par où l’on touche et par où l’on « est touché », en rendant ce mot de l’âme à sa spatialité de corps.
Le mal et ses complots imaginaires
Authors: Frankfurter David 
Published: November 2010

Les récits d’abus rituels sataniques que les médias ont largement diffusés, aux États-Unis et au Royaume-Uni, entre le début des années 1980 et la fin des années 1990, soutenaient le parallèle avec les allégations avancées, durant l’Antiquité et au début des Temps modernes, contre les chrétiens, les hérétiques, les juifs ou les sorcières. Quelle est la nature de ces parallèles ? Cet article examine plusieurs types de modèles convoqués lors de diverses occurrences historiques des peurs paniques provoquées par les cultes maléfiques : modèle religieux (le phénomène des atrocités rituelles), modèle sociologique (le rôle des experts dans la définition du mal), modèle psychologique (le développement de la perversité dans l’acte d’imaginer le mal) et modèle historique (la construction du mal comme un aspect de la modernité). Le mal, enfin, est décrit comme un type de discours qui objective et réifie la malchance, dans le but de l’expier.
La dette des fils
Authors: Tornatore Jean-Louis 
Published: November 2010

Ce serait un texte à deux faces. Sur la première, l’esquisse située d’une réflexion sur la mémoire au carrefour de la dette et de la reconnaissance. Commentant des photographies et des extraits d’entretiens issus d’une enquête sur « l’espace de la mémoire de la “Lorraine sidérurgique” », et qui racontent des actions de fils œuvrant à la mémoire de leurs pères, l’auteur y voit la manifestation du jeu subtil entre continuité et rupture, entre intériorité et objectivation, constitutif du double travail du deuil et du souvenir en situation de perte. Sur la seconde, le questionnement, jusqu’alors centré sur la mémoire individuelle comme mobile d’engagement public, s’étend à la mémoire collective. Commentant les couvertures des deux éditions, à vingt ans d’intervalle, de l’ouvrage de Françoise Zonabend La Mémoire longue – un classique de l’ethnologie monographique –, et soulignant une similarité avec l’une des photographies de la première face, l’auteur décèle une même tension entre intériorité et extériorité. En d’autres termes, cette similarité invite à mesurer à la même aune l’opposition formalisée par l’ethnographie entre la mémoire longue des sociétés traditionnelles et la mémoire fragmentée des sociétés de la modernité. De ces deux faces d’un même objet – la présence du passé dans le présent – surgit la permanence d’une ambivalence de la mémoire : pour faire son deuil, il faut intérioriser la perte, pour soutenir la mémoire, il faut la déposer dans des objets.
Le procès Papon
Authors: Mouralis Guillaume 
Published: November 2010

Le procès Papon a été un événement médiatique considérable pour des raisons qui tiennent autant à sa place à part dans la « seconde épuration » qu’aux modifications de la compréhension globale du régime de Vichy qu’il a suscitées dans l’opinion publique. La catégorie juridique du crime contre l’humanité, en rompant avec la logique juridique traditionnelle sur plusieurs plans (temporalité, perspective individuelle), a sans aucun doute été un puissant vecteur dans la transformation du procès en événement : la définition de ce crime à part a favorisé l’intervention d’autres « usagers » du passé et a suscité des mobilisations collectives très diverses. Plus généralement, le procès Papon peut apparaître comme un événement « socio-historique » dans la mesure où il est le témoin de transformations décisives dans les rapports entre droit et société.
Effects of Oxybutynin Chloride Topical Gel on Health-Related Quality of Life in Adults with Overactive Bladder: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study
Authors: Newman Diane K. , Hanno Philip M. , Dmochowski Roger R. , Rudy Delbert C. , Thomas Heather , Caramelli Kim E. , Hoel Gary 
Published: November 2010

Objective Oxybutynin chloride topical gel (OTG) significantly improved overactive bladder (OAB)–related urinary symptoms and was well tolerated in a phase III double-blind, placebo-controlled trial ( ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00350636). This study further evaluated the effect of OTG on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in adults with OAB. Methods Adults aged 18 years or older with urge-predominant urinary incontinence were assigned randomly to OTG 1 g/day or matching placebo for 12 weeks. HRQoL was measured by the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ) and the King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ) at baseline and at weeks 1, 4, 8, and 12. Between-group differences in IIQ or KHQ score changes from baseline to week 12 or last observation were compared by analysis of covariance. Results Of 789 study participants (704 women, 85 men), 389 received OTG and 400 received placebo. Mean age was 59 ± 12 years. IIQ total score improved significantly more in participants treated with OTG ( P = 0.0005) than in those treated with placebo, as did scores on all four IIQ subscales: Emotional Health ( P = 0.0002), Social Relationships ( P = 0.0019), Travel ( P = 0.0068), and Physical Activity ( P = 0.0078). KHQ scores improved significantly more with OTG than with placebo in the more incontinence-specific domains: Incontinence Impact ( P = 0.0023), Symptom Severity ( P = 0.0024), Severity (Coping) Measures ( P = 0.0058), Sleep/Energy ( P = 0.0061), Role Limitations ( P = 0.0133), and Personal Relationships ( P = 0.0489). Conclusion Treatment with OTG resulted in significant HRQoL improvements in adults with OAB.
Commentary on “Effect of temperature on a granular pile”
Authors: Coniglio Antonio , Pica Ciamarra Massimo 
Published: November 2010

A Commentary on the paper by T. Divoux [Pap. Phys. 2, 020006 (2010)].Received: 10 November 2010, Accepted: 12 November 2010; Edited by: I. Ippolito; DOI: 10.4279/PIP.020007
Diagnosis and Detection
Authors: Staurenghi Giovanni , Invernizzi Alessandro , De Polo Laura , Pellegrini Marco 
Published: November 2010

Purpose. TO evaluate features of macular edema assessed by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and other imaging tools such as infrared, blue retinography and autofluorescence, and fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) in different pathologic conditions. Methods. The principal causes of macular edema were reviewed to evaluate its aspect in each pathology. Correlations between OCT and other imaging techniques were analyzed. Results. Optical coherence tomography and other imaging tools allowed the authors to confirm the existence of different macular edema patterns for different pathologies and to describe their characteristics; in particular, some conditions, like idiopathic macular telangiectasias and age-related maculopathy were found to present specific edema patterns. Conclusions. Simultaneous use of different imaging techniques allowed a better evaluation and follow-up of conditions causing cystoid macular edema.
Steroids and Macular Edema from Retinal Vein Occlusion
Authors: lacet-Bernard Agnès G , Coscas Gabriel , Zourdani Alain , Soubrane Gisèle , Souied Eric H. 
Published: November 2010

Purpose. The possibility of applying long-lasting steroids, such as triamcinolone and subsequently dexamethasone implant, directly in the eye, without the systemic side effects observed after their oral or intravenous administration, aroused great enthusiasm among ophthalmologists. Methods and Results. The SCORE study, a multicenter clinical trial, compared the efficacy and safety of 1-mg and 4-mg doses of preservative-free intravitreal triamcinolone with observation in central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) participants with macular edema secondary to perfused CRVO. This study marked a turning point in the management of retinal vein occlusion (RVO), since it was the first report on an effective treatment of macular edema due to CRVO. But in branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), the SCORE study showed no difference in visual acuity for the standard care group compared with the triamcinolone groups; however, the rates of adverse events (particularly elevated intraocular pressure and cataract) were highest in the 4-mg group. The authors concluded that laser grid photocoagulation should remain the benchmark against which other treatments should be compared. The Geneva Study, a randomized, controlled, clinical trial, conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of an intravitreal implant that delivers sustained levels of dexamethasone (Ozurdex™), studied the largest group of RVO patients with macular edema (1267 patients), including 35% CRVO and 65% BRVO. The study demonstrated that this slow-release device could both reduce the risk of vision loss and improve the speed and incidence of visual improvement in eyes with macular edema secondary to CRVO and BRVO, with fewer side effects, such as elevation of intraocular pressure or cataract. Other ongoing studies evaluate the safety and efficacy of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injection; preliminary results showed that these therapies are effective in decreasing macular edema and improving visual acuity, with fewer ocular adverse effects, but their duration of action seems limited. Conclusions. These recent studies result in a great change in the management of macular edema from RVO. Unfortunately, long-term studies on safety and efficacy are not yet available, and further studies will have to show whether the short-term benefits are only transient or may finally lead to a long-lasting improvement in vision.
Reproductive toxicity in male mice caused by organic extracts in tap water from the Jialing River in Chongqing, China
Authors: Zhao Qing , Ren Qian , Chen Ji‐An , Qiu Zhi‐Qun , Cao Jia , Shu Wei‐Qun 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: Recently, male reproductive disturbances caused by organic pollutants have aroused particular public concern about the safety of drinking water. The aim of this study was to investigate the toxicity of organic extracts (OE) in tap water from the source of the Jialing River in China on the reproductive system of male mice. METHODS: Kunming male mice were randomly divided into four groups, which included a solvent control (dimethylsulfoxide), a low‐, mid‐, and high‐dose of OE (12.5, 25, and 50 l/kg bw/day, respectively) treated groups. Mice were administered intraperitoneal injections of OE at different doses for five consecutive days. On the 15th day, after treatments, the mice were sacrificed. RESULTS: The results showed that the number of epididymal sperm in the high OE group was decreased significantly (p<0.05); however, the frequency of sperm abnormalities in all treated groups were increased significantly (p<0.05). In addition, serum testosterone and follicle‐stimulating hormone levels in the treated groups were also decreased significantly (p<0.05), and mid‐ and high‐doses of OE resulted in a significant decrease in the activity of acid phosphatase and increased activity of γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase (p<0.05). Histological changes were observed in the mid‐ and high‐dose OE‐treated groups. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that mid and high doses of OE could disturb the male reproductive system in mice. The potential adverse effects of these compounds on the male reproductive system are worthy of further study. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 92:1–9, 2010. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extremely low frequency magnetic field effects on metabolite of Aspergillus niger
Authors: Gao Mengxiang , Zhang Jialan , Feng Hao 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe effect of the extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic field on citric acid and cellulase production by Aspergillus niger using liquid Charles culture medium was studied during shake flask culture. The cellular suspension was exposed to a magnetic field (t = 4 h, B = 1 mT, and f = 50 Hz). The dependence of yield of citric acid and activity of cellulase on time of exposure and on the value of the magnetic field induction B was measured. Both yield of citric acid and activity of cellulase increased with increasing exposure time and/or induction B, but the quantity of the effect was dependent on the chemical structure of metabolites. The metabolism of citric acid was more sensitive to the magnetic field than that of cellulase. From the measurement of the metabolism dynamics we concluded that the increase in the citric acid and activity of cellulase started immediately after the magnetic field was switched on. Bioelectromagnetics 32:73–78, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pulsed magnetic fields enhance the rate of recovery of damaged nerve excitability
Authors: Gunay Ismail , Mert Tufan 
Published: November 2010

AbstractPulsed magnetic fields (PMFs) have well‐known beneficial effects on nerve regeneration. However, little research has examined the nerve conduction characteristics of regenerating peripheral nerves under PMF. The main goal of this study was to examine the conduction characteristics of regenerating peripheral nerves under PMFs. The sucrose‐gap recording technique was used to examine the conduction properties of injured sciatic nerves of rats exposed to PMF. Following the injury, peripheral nerves were very sensitive to repetitive stimulation. When the stimulation frequency was increased, the amplitude of the compound action potential (CAP) decreased more at 15 days post‐crush injury (dpc) than at 38 dpc. PMF treatment for 38 days after injury caused significant differences in the conduction of CAPs. Moreover, application of PMF ameliorated the abnormal electrophysiological activities of nerves such as hyperpolarizing afterpotentials and delayed depolarizations that were revealed by 4‐aminopyridine (4‐AP). Consequently, characteristic findings in impulse conduction of recovered nerves under PMF indicate that the observed abnormalities in signaling or aberrant ion channel functions following injury may be restored by PMF application. Bioelectromagnetics 32:200–208, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Toxicity and complications of preoperative chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer
Authors: Swellengrebel H A M , Marijnen C A M , Verwaal V J , Vincent A , Heuff G , Gerhards M F , van Geloven A A W , van Tets W F , Verheij M , Cats A 
Published: November 2010

Abstract

Background
Capecitabine is an attractive radiosensitizer. In this study acute toxicity and surgical complications were evaluated in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer following total mesorectal excision (TME) after preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) with capecitabine.

Methods
Between 2004 and 2008, consecutive patients with clinical tumour category (cT) 3–4 (with a threatened circumferential resection margin or cT3 within 5 cm of the anal verge) or clinical node category 2 rectal cancer were treated with preoperative CRT (25 × 2 Gy, capecitabine 825 mg/m2 twice daily, days 1–33). TME followed 6 weeks later. Toxicity was scored according to the Common Terminology Criteria (version 3.0) and Radiation Therapy Oncology Group scoring systems. Treatment-related surgical complications were evaluated for up to 30 days after discharge from hospital using the modified Clavien–Dindo classification.

Results
Some 147 patients were analysed. The mean cumulative dose of capecitabine was 95 per cent and 98·0 per cent of patients received at least 45 Gy. One patient died from sepsis following haematological toxicity. Grade 3–5 toxicity developed in 32 patients (21·8 per cent), especially diarrhoea (10·2 per cent) and radiation dermatitis (11·6 per cent). There were no deaths within 30 days after surgery. Anastomotic leakage and perineal wound complications developed after 13 of 47 low anterior resections and 23 of 62 abdominoperineal resections. Surgical reintervention was required in 30 patients. Twenty-seven patients (19·6 per cent) of 138 patients who had a laparotomy were readmitted within 30 days after initial hospital discharge.

Conclusion
Preoperative CRT with capecitabine is associated with acceptable acute toxicity, significant surgical morbidity but minimal postoperative mortality.
Pushing the limits forward: Transradial superficial femoral artery stenting
Authors: Trani Carlo , Tommasino Antonella , Burzotta Francesco 
Published: November 2010

AbstractPercutaneous revascularization of superficial femoral artery (SFA) is increasingly carried out to treat patients with peripheral vascular disease and either intermittent claudication or critical limb ischemia. Transradial vascular access is increasingly adopted for invasive procedures due to reduced access‐site complications and improved patient's comfort, compared with transfemoral. However, compared with coronary interventions, the adoption of transradial access in peripheral procedures is limited. Concerning SFA interventions, transradial access is usually prevented by the distance between the vascular access and the target lesion, which extends over the length of the currently available devices. Thanks to technical improvements, resulting in specifically dedicated low‐profile equipment with adequate shaft length availability, transradial access is now feasible for the treatment of selected SFA lesions. We report the first two cases of SFA stenting performed by transradial access with a new specifically developed self‐expanding nitinol stent with extended delivery system length. This report suggests that, with proper technique and specifically dedicated equipment, transradial SFA stenting is feasible. Treatment of SFA disease by transradial route, allowing for immediate post‐procedure walking and simultaneous bilateral interventions, may represent an alternative for effective treatment of selected patients with SFA lesions. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Convergent Assembly and Surface Modification of Multifunctional Dendrimers by Three Consecutive Click Reactions
Authors: Ledin Petr A. , Friscourt Frédéric , Guo Jun , Boons Geert‐Jan 
Published: November 2010

AbstractMultifunctional dendrimers bearing two or more surface functionalities have the promise to provide smart drug delivery devices that can for example combine tissue targeting and imaging or be directed more precisely to a specific tissue or cell type. We have developed a concise synthetic methodology for efficient dendrimer assembly and heterobifunctionalization based on three sequential azide–alkyne cycloadditions. The methodology is compatible with biologically important compounds rich in chemical functionalities such as peptides, carbohydrates, and fluorescent tags. In the approach, a strain‐promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) between polyester dendrons modified at the focal point with an azido and 4‐dibenzocyclooctynol (DIBO) moiety provided dendrimers bearing terminal and TMS‐protected (TMS=trimethylsilyl) alkynes at the periphery. The terminal alkynes were outfitted with azido‐modified polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains or galactosyl residues by using CuI‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloadditions (CuAAC). Next, a one‐pot TMS deprotection and second click reaction of the resulting terminal alkyne with azido‐containing compounds gave multifunctional dendrimers bearing complex biologically active moieties at the periphery.