bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What works for whom, where, why, for what, and when? Using evaluation evidence to take action in local contexts
Authors: Gargani John , Donaldson Stewart I. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis chapter describes a concrete process that stakeholders can use to make predictions about the future performance of programs in local contexts. Within the field of evaluation, the discussion of validity as it relates to outcome evaluation seems to be focused largely on questions of internal validity (Did it work?) with less emphasis on external validity (Will it work?). However, recent debates about the credibility of evaluation evidence have called attention to how evaluations can inform predictions about future performance. Using this as a starting point, we expand upon the traditional framework regarding external validity that is closely associated with Donald Campbell. The result is a process for making predictions and taking action that is collaborative, systematic, feasible, and transparent. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Conflict of interest and Campbellian validity
Authors: House Ernest R. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe conflicting interests of evaluators are biasing the findings of some evaluations and experiments, even technically rigorous studies. One improvement would be to emphasize evaluator and investigator conflict‐of‐interest threats in conceptions of validity. Such discussions could suggest ways to assess and avoid conflicts of interest. I explore the possibilities in one highly regarded framework, the Campbellian conception of experimental validity. However, all evaluations and experiments, whatever their methods, are vulnerable, and all conceptions of validity should address such threats. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
The truth about validity
Authors: Shadish William R. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe chapters in Advancing Validity in Outcome Evaluation: Theory and Practice, like the literature on validity in general, are extremely diverse. They range from a narrow focus on particular criticisms of validity in one recent work in the Campbell tradition to very broad overviews of methods for improving the generalizability of evaluation results. The author reviews and comments on each chapter, and discusses some general themes prompted by this issue of New Directions for Evaluation. Those themes include the ambivalent treatment of randomized experiments within the American Evaluation Association (AEA), the need for fresh ideas about outcome evaluations from outside the AEA community, and the desirability of an empirical program of evaluation theory in which data play a central role in our validity recommendations. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Effects of self‐esteem on state and trait components of interpersonal dependency and depression in the workplace
Authors: Takagishi Yukihiro , Sakata Masatsugu , Kitamura Toshinori 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis longitudinal study was undertaken to clarify the relationships among self‐esteem, interpersonal dependency, and depression, focusing on a trait and state component of interpersonal dependency and depression. In a sample of 466 working people, self‐esteem, interpersonal dependency, job stressor, and depression were assessed at 2 points of time. A structural equation model (SEM) was created to differentiate the trait component of interpersonal dependency, depression and the state component of interpersonal dependency, depression. The model revealed that self‐esteem influenced trait interpersonal dependency and trait depression but not state interpersonal dependency or depression. Setting a latent variable as a trait component to differentiate trait and state in interpersonal dependency and depression in SEM was found to be effective both statistically and clinically. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 67:1–9, 2011.
Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of a new class of methyleneamine‐linked bis‐heterocycles
Authors: Reddy A. Babul , Hymavathi R. V. , Chandrasekhar T. , Naveen M. , Swamy G. Narayana 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA new class of methyleneamine‐linked bis‐heterocycles that exhibit antimicrobial activity was synthesized. Bromination of 1 followed by condensation with thiourea gave 3. The reaction of 3 with propargyl bromide in dry toluene under inert atmosphere led to the formation of 4. Its subsequent reaction with different aromatic azides 5 using CuSO4.5H2O‐sodiumascorbate system in a 2:1 mixture of water and tert‐butylalcohol yielded the title compounds 6a, 6b, 6c, 6d, 6e, 6f, 6g, 6h, 6i, 6j in good yields. The identities of these compounds were confirmed following elemental analysis, IR, 1H, 13C NMR, and mass spectral studies. All the title compounds exhibited pronounced in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Bio‐control and plant growth promotion potential of siderophore producing endophytic Streptomyces from Azadirachta indica A. Juss.
Authors: Verma V. C. , Singh S. K. , Prakash Satya 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThree endophytic actinomycetes strains recovered from surface sterilized root tissues of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae), plants were selected through tests for their potential as bio‐control and plant growth promoting agents. It was also observed that the seed treated with the spore suspension of three selected strains of Streptomyces, significantly promoted plant growth and antagonized the growth of Alternaria alternata, causal agent of early blight disease in tomato plant. It was observed that the three selected strains prolifically produce IAA and siderophores that play vital role in promotion of plant growth and in suppression of Alternaria alternata. Interestingly, Streptomyces strain AzR‐051 produced the highest amount of IAA at 13.73 μmol ml–1, compared to strains AzR‐049 and AzR‐010 9.22 μmol ml–1 and 10.43 μmol ml–1 respectively. It also produces siderophores higher than the other two strains. Thus these endophytic isolates have the potential as plant growth promoters as well as a bio‐control agent, which is a useful trait for crop production in nutrient deficient soils. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Variation in biofilm formation among symbiotic and free‐living strains of Vibrio fischeri
Authors: Chavez‐Dozal Alba , Nishiguchi Michele K. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractPersistence and survival under various environmental stresses has been attributed to the capacity of most bacteria to form biofilms. In aquatic environments, the symbiotic bacterium Vibrio fischeri survives variable abiotic conditions during its free‐living stage that dictates its ability to colonize the squid host. In the present study, the influence of different abiotic factors such as salt concentration, temperature, static/dynamic conditions, and carbon source availability were tested to determine whether biofilm formation occurred in 26 symbiotic and free‐living V. fischeri strains. Statistical analysis indicate that most strains examined were strong biofilm producers under salinity concentrations that ranged between 1–5%, mesophilic temperatures (25–30 °C) and static conditions. Moreover, free‐living strains are generally better biofilm formers than the symbiotically competent ones. Geographical location (strain origin) also correlated with biofilm formation. These findings provide evidence that abiotic growth conditions are important for determining whether mutualistic V. fischeri have the capacity to produce complex biofilms, allowing for increased competency and specificity during symbiosis. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Screening and characterization of potential cadmium biosorbent Alcaligenes strain from industrial effluent
Authors: Kumar Abhijit , Singh Cameotra Swaranjit , Gupta Saurabh 
Published: June 2011

AbstractCadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that is easily accumulated in the living organisms in connection with anthropogenic activities which may result in serious health problems. In the present study, five potential cadmium tolerant bacterial strains were isolated from industrial effluent with heavy metal contamination and were screened for biosorption potential with their active growth in different media. After growth in shake flasks containing mineral salt media and tryptone soya broth, cell pellet of AS‐5 removed by centrifugation sequestered almost 98% and 69% of cadmium (a.i. 25 mg/l Cd) respectively. Other strains accumulated variable amounts of Cd. 16S rRNA gene sequence of AS‐5 and its homology analysis using BLAST reveals its phylogenetic relationship with family β‐proteobacteriaceae and 98% homology with Alcaligenes sp., a facultative anaerobe. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Reproductive Ecology of American Black Bears in the Alleghany Mountains of Virginia, USA
Authors: Bridges Andrew S. , Vaughan Michael R. , Fox Josephine A. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe studied reproduction of American black bears (Ursus americanus) in western Virginia from 1994 to 2003. We handled 326 ≥2‐year‐old female black bears 672 times during summer trapping and followed 176 of these individuals through 424 winter den seasons. We examined 183 litters consisting of 455 cubs. Primiparity occurred at mean and modal ages of 3.8 and 3 years, respectively. Composite mean litter size was 2.49 (SE = 0.06) cubs/litter; 3‐ and 4‐year‐olds had smaller litters than older bears. We tracked reproductive synchrony using 5 indices and documented a resetting of this synchrony, likely in response to hard‐mast failure. The amplitude of oscillations in synchrony indices dampened through time after the synchronizing events. Documentation and quantification of relationships between nutrient availability, reproduction and population dynamics can be used to inform population modeling efforts and more accurately forecast harvest. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Growth and characterization of N‐polar GaN and AlGaN/GaN HEMTs on (111) silicon
Authors: Keller Stacia , Dora Yuvaraj , Chowdhury Srabanti , Wu Feng , Chen Xu , DenBaars Steven P. , Speck James S. , Mishra Umesh K. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractSmooth, high quality N‐polar GaN‐on‐silicon films with treading dislocation densities comparable to Ga‐polar GaN‐on‐Si films and N‐polar GaN/AlGaN/GaN transistors were demonstrated by metal‐organic chemical vapour deposition on (111) Si substrates misoriented 3.5° toward [11$ \bar 2 $]. The N‐polarity was established through high magnesium doping during deposition of the AlGaN strain management layers. The results encourage future exploration of N‐polar (Al,Ga,In)N‐on‐silicon hetero‐structures. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ageing mechanisms of 420 nm GaN HBLED
Authors: Trivellin Nicola , Meneghini Matteo , Zanotto Alberto , Meneghesso Gaudenzio , Zanoni Enrico 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis paper analyzes the effects of ageing on 1 W 420 nm GaN LEDs. Devices have been subjected to 350 mA dc stress at fixed case temperatures (60‐100 °C). Results indicate that two different ageing mechanisms take place during ageing: (i) a fast decrease in capacitance well correlated with the increase in series resistance of the device; this effect is probably related with a rapid p‐type doping decrease caused by the flow of carrier through the Mg doped region, and (ii) a gradual but substantial increase of the low current optical output during the ageing; only slight decrease is instead detected in the high current region. A possible explanation could be the increase of injected current efficiency related to a decrease of low forward bias diagonal tunnelling (DT) during ageing. This hypothesis is supported by a variation of the charge distribution in the quantum well region during ageing. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Approaching the ultimate open circuit voltage in thiophene based single junction solar cells by applying diindenoperylene as acceptor
Authors: Hörmann Ulrich , Wagner Julia , Gruber Mark , Opitz Andreas , Brütting Wolfgang 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe efficiency of a photovoltaic cell is directly proportional to its open circuit voltage. This in turn is eventually set by the donor‐acceptor energy gap, i.e. the energy of the intermolecular charge‐transfer state in organic solar cells. In this letter we study diindenoperylene (DIP) as a new molecular acceptor. We show that planar heterojunctions of thiophene derivatives and DIP yield extraordinarily high open circuit voltages (Voc) of approximately 1.2 V for poly(3‐hexylthiophene) and almost 1.4 V for heat treated α‐sexithiophene. Those values are close to the maximum Voc attainable for these material systems.magnified image(© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Natural Environment Research Council - Data Policy
Authors: Thorley Mark 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) has a policy on data in order to:(a) Ensure the continuing availability of environmental data of long-term value for research, teaching, and for wider exploitation for the public good, by individuals, government, business and other organisations;(b) Support the integrity, transparency and openness of the research it supports;(c) Help in the formal publication of data sets, as well as enabling the tracking of their usage through citation and data licences;(d) Meet relevant legislation and Government guidance on the management and distribution of environmental information.
Gene Discovery and Tissue-Specific Transcriptome Analysis in Chickpea with Massively Parallel Pyrosequencing and Web Resource Development
Authors: Garg Rohini , Patel Ravi K. , Jhanwar Shalu , Priya Pushp , Bhattacharjee Annapurna , Yadav Gitanjali , Bhatia Sabhyata , Chattopadhyay Debasis , Tyagi Akhilesh K. , Jain Mukesh 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is an important food legume crop but lags in the availability of genomic resources. In this study, we have generated about 2 million high-quality sequences of average length of 372 bp using pyrosequencing technology. The optimization of de novo assembly clearly indicated that hybrid assembly of long-read and short-read primary assemblies gave better results. The hybrid assembly generated a set of 34,760 transcripts with an average length of 1,020 bp representing about 4.8% (35.5 Mb) of the total chickpea genome. We identified more than 4,000 simple sequence repeats, which can be developed as functional molecular markers in chickpea. Putative function and Gene Ontology terms were assigned to at least 73.2% and 71.0% of chickpea transcripts, respectively. We have also identified several chickpea transcripts that showed tissue-specific expression and validated the results using real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Based on sequence comparison with other species within the plant kingdom, we identified two sets of lineage-specific genes, including those conserved in the Fabaceae family (legume specific) and those lacking significant similarity with any non chickpea species (chickpea specific). Finally, we have developed a Web resource, Chickpea Transcriptome Database, which provides public access to the data and results reported in this study. The strategy for optimization of de novo assembly presented here may further facilitate the transcriptome sequencing and characterization in other organisms. Most importantly, the data and results reported in this study will help to accelerate research in various areas of genomics and implementing breeding programs in chickpea.
General kinetic and dynamic principles and their application to continuous infusion anaesthesia
Authors: SEAR J. W. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryThe use of intravenous anaesthetic agents by continuous infusion requires knowledge of their pharmacokinetic properties. In this article, the general pharmacokinetic principles behind the use of infusions of intravenous agents are presented and the literature with regard to the individual drugs used in this way is reviewed.
Pharmacokinetics as applied to total intravenous anaesthesia
Authors: SCHÜTTLER J. , SCHWILDEN H. , STOEKEL H. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryIn six patients undergoing gynaecological surgery computer assisted total intravenous anaesthesia (CATIA) was performed using etomidate and alfentanil. Constant plasma levels of etomidate (0.3 μg/ml) from the very beginning onwards were achieved using the so called B.E.T. infusion scheme. Alfentanil plasma concentrations of 0.45 μg/ml were maintained by the same infusion scheme beginning with skin incision until 20 minutes prior to the end of surgery. The proposed concept of CATIA provided an adequate analgesic and hypnotic effect during anaesthesia for abdominal surgery with a recovery period of short duration.
Treatment options for carcinoma in situ testis
Authors: Mortensen M. S. , Gundgaard M. G. , Daugaard G. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryCarcinoma in situ testis (CIS) is known as the precursor of germ cell cancer of the testis. International guidelines on diagnosis and treatment are inconsistent. Some countries offer routine biopsies of the contralateral testicle in relation to orchidectomy for testicular cancer, whereas other countries only offer this to high‐risk patients. The treatment options range from orchidectomy and chemotherapy to radiotherapy and in rare cases surveillance. Results of the different treatment strategies are presented in this review. The optimal radiation dose is still not clarified. Most patients have been treated in the dose range of 16–20 Gy. Higher doses involve a higher risk of androgen insufficiency. Radiotherapy is recommended in patients with contralateral CIS. Orchidectomy should be offered in extragonadal germ cell cancer and CIS in one testicle, whereas patients with bilateral CIS should be offered radiation therapy. Patients who have undergone chemotherapy for testicular cancer are still at risk of developing CIS and we also recommend radiotherapy to the affected testicle in these patients. Cryopreservation should be offered before treatment is initiated and all patients should have their androgen status measured on a regular basis to find those cases where hormone substitution is needed.
Biogenic ammonia modifies antibiotic resistance at a distance in physically separated bacteria
Authors: Bernier Steve P. , Létoffé Sylvie , Delepierre Muriel , Ghigo Jean‐Marc 
Published: June 2011

SummaryBacteria release low‐molecular‐weight by‐products called secondary metabolites, which contribute to bacterial ecology and biology. Whereas volatile compounds constitute a large class of potential infochemicals, their role in bacteria–bacteria interactions remains vastly unexplored. Here we report that exposure to gaseous ammonia released from stationary‐phase bacterial cultures modifies the antibiotic resistance spectrum of all tested Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria. Using Escherichia coli K12 as a model organism, and increased resistance to tetracycline as the phenotypic read‐out, we demonstrate that exposure to ammonia generated by the catabolism of l‐aspartate increases the level of intracellular polyamines, in turn leading to modifications in membrane permeability to different antibiotics as well as increased resistance to oxidative stress. We show that the inability to import ammonia via the Amt gas channel or to synthesize polyamines prevent modification in the resistance profile of aerially exposed bacteria. We therefore provide here the first detailed molecular characterization of widespread, long‐range chemical interference between physically separated bacteria.
Variability in aggressiveness of Quambalaria pitereka isolates
Authors: Pegg G. S. , Shuey L. S. , Carnegie A. J. , Wingfield M. J. , Drenth A. 
Published: June 2011

Quambalaria shoot blight, caused by the fungal pathogen Quambalaria pitereka, is a serious disease of eucalypt plantations in Australia. The aggressiveness of four Q. pitereka isolates was compared on a range of host genera, species, provenances and clones. Isolates differed substantially in their aggressiveness, with two consistently showing higher levels of aggressiveness based on incidence and severity of disease and lesion size. Isolates derived from Corymbia citriodora subsp. variegata (Ccv) and C. torelliana were shown to have a relatively restricted host range, with lesions but no sporulation found on Eucalyptus species, Angophora species other than A. costata and Corymbia species other than Ccv, the host of origin. The level of aggressiveness toward the different provenances of spotted gum and C. torelliana varied between isolates and there was evidence of some isolate × host interaction within provenances of Ccv. The two methods of inoculation used in this study, spray and spot inoculation, gave similar results. However, the fact that the spot inoculation method was labour‐intensive was a disadvantage limiting the numbers of isolates and hosts that can be tested.
Expression and clinical significance of lung‐specific X protein mRNA in bronchial brushing specimens from patients with or without lung cancer
Authors: LV MING , WU MING‐ZHE , ZHAO YU‐JIE , YANG DI , WANG EN‐HUA , WU GUANG‐PING 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTBackground and objective:  The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic utility of lung‐specific X protein (LUNX) mRNA expression in bronchial brushing specimens from patients with lung cancer.Methods:  LUNX mRNA levels were assessed by performing RT‐PCR on liquid‐based cytology bronchial brushing specimens from patients with lung cancer (n = 104) or benign lung disease (n = 91).Results:  LUNX mRNA expression was significantly more frequent in patients with all carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, as well as patients with central, peripheral and diffuse carcinomas (P < 0.01), and non‐small cell lung carcinomas (P < 0.05) compared with patients with benign disease. The diagnostic performance of RT‐PCR analysis of LUNX mRNA was significantly better than that of cytology in terms of sensitivity (93.3 ± 4.8% vs 64.4 ± 9.2%), negative predictive value (91.6 ± 6.0% vs 71.1 ± 7.9%) and accuracy (88.7 ± 4.4% vs 81.0 ± 5.5%), whereas specificity (83.5 ± 7.6%) and positive predictive value (86.6 ± 6.3%) were lower than those of cytology (100%).Conclusions:  Liquid‐based cytology and RT‐PCR can be performed to detect LUNX mRNA expression in bronchial brushing specimens, and this technique may be a useful adjunct to cytological diagnosis of lung cancer. The sensitivity of the technique was greater than that of cytology but its lower specificity should be taken into account.
Soft tissue metastasis of an immature teratoma of the ovary
Authors: Chun Byun Jae , Jung Choi Il , Seok Han Myoung , Cheol Lee Seung , Sook Roh Mee , Seok Cha Moon 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn patients with immature teratoma of the ovary, blood‐borne metastasis to organ parenchyma, such as the lungs, liver, or brain, are uncommon. Moreover, soft tissue metastasis is extremely rare. We describe a 31‐year‐old woman with an immature teratoma of the left ovary, which metastasized to soft tissue of the right thigh after surgery. Because of the rarity of this condition, we report the results of treatment and review the literature.