bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Overview of the Zinc Subsea Tree and Wellhead System
Authors: McInturff T.L. , Gist G.N. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Although deep water drilling systems and methods are already fairly welldeveloped as a result of exploration in deep water, as yet there is relativelylittle industry experience with deep water completions. The technical andeconomic challenges of deep water production systems are even greater whenmulti-well systems are involved.
Challenging too is the need to keep initial and subsequent costs as low aspossible. To this end it is beneficial to use proven technology where possible, as both initial design and fabrication costs are lower, and long-term costs areminimized due to greater reliability. The potential for avoiding high-costpost-installation interventions is further enhanced by building contingenciesinto the configuration of the equipment. These contingencies may includeredundant components, additional components specifically included to facilitatelow-cost intervention methods, and well thought-out arrangements of primarycomponents which allow for intervention flexibility. Where possible, theequipment design and configuration should be compatible with equipment andmethods that may reasonably be available within the design life of theproject.
The intent of this paper is to shed some light on the specifics of how thesechallenges were addressed in the design of the tree and wellhead system for theZinc Project.

The Zinc Prospect
The Zinc Prospect (MC-354) is located approximately 50 miles South of GrandIsle, Louisiana. The prospect lies beneath 1,460' of water in an old bed of theMississippi River. Though the seabed is relatively flat, the soil is veryunconsolidated to a depth of approximately 2,000', Numerous drilling problemswith discovery and delineation wells were encountered due to these soft soils. The Zinc reservoirs are expected to produce gas, some condensate, and varyingamounts of water. The use of methanol injection at various points is plannedfor hydrate prevention. The reservoirs are normally pressured. The platformwhich will serve to host the Zinc subsea system sits atop a subsea knoll in468' of water some six miles from the Zinc site.
Bioremediation of phenol by a novel partitioning bioreactor using cow dung microbial consortia
Authors: Singh Dipty , Fulekar M. H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA bioreactor has been designed and developed for partitioning of aqueous and organic phases with a provision for aeration and stirring, a cooling system and a sampling port. The potential of a cow dung microbial consortium has been assessed for bioremediation of phenol in a single‐phase bioreactor and a two‐phase partitioning bioreactor. The advantages of the two‐phase partitioning bioreactor are discussed. The Pseudomonas putida IFO 14671 has been isolated, cultured and identified from the cow dung microbial consortium as a high‐potential phenol degrader. The methods developed in this study present an advance in bioremediation techniques for the biodegradation of organic compounds such as phenol using a bioreactor. We have also demonstrated the potential of microorganisms from cow dung as a source of biomass.
Iron Salts in the Catalyzed Synthesis of 5‐Substituted 1H‐Tetrazoles
Authors: Bonnamour Julien , Bolm Carsten 
Published: March 2009

AbstractClicking iron: Cheap and environmentally friendly [Fe(OAc)2] is used for the catalysis of cycloadditions between aryl nitriles and trimethylsilyl azide to prepare substituted 1H‐tetrazoles in good yield (see scheme).magnified image
Parcellation of human temporal polar cortex: A combined analysis of multiple cytoarchitectonic, chemoarchitectonic, and pathological markers
Authors: Ding Song‐Lin , Van Hoesen Gary W. , Cassell Martin D. , Poremba Amy 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAlthough the human temporal polar cortex (TPC), anterior to the limen insulae, is heavily involved in high‐order brain functions and many neurological diseases, few studies on the parcellation and extent of the human TPC are available that have used modern neuroanatomical techniques. The present study investigated the TPC with combined analysis of several different cellular, neurochemical, and pathological markers and found that this area is not homogenous, as at least six different areas extend into the TPC, with another area being unique to the polar region. Specifically, perirhinal area 35 extends into the posterior TPC, whereas areas 36 and TE extend more anteriorly. Dorsolaterally, an area located anterior to the typical area TA or parabelt auditory cortex is distinguishable from area TA and is defined as area TAr (rostral). The polysensory cortical area located primarily in the dorsal bank of the superior temporal sulcus, separate from area TA, extends for some distance into the TPC and is defined as the TAp (polysensory). Anterior to the limen insulae and the temporal pyriform cortex, a cortical area, characterized by its olfactory fibers in layer Ia and lack of layer IV, was defined as the temporal insular cortex and named as area TI after Beck (J. Psychol. Neurol. 1934;41:129–264). Finally, a dysgranular TPC region that capped the tip with some extension into the dorsal aspect of the TPC is defined as temporopolar area TG. Therefore, the human TPC actually includes areas TAr and TI, anterior parts of areas 35, 36, TE, and TAp, and the unique temporopolar area TG. J. Comp. Neurol. 514:595–623, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Soft Scorpionate Ligands Based on Imidazole‐2‐thione Donors
Authors: Spicer Mark D. , Reglinski John 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis review describes the development of the anionic soft scorpionate ligand hydrotris(methimazolyl)borate (TmMe), its N‐alkyl and N‐aryl congeners and draws comparisons where appropriate with its close relatives, the dihydrobis(methimazolyl)borates (BmR). Key features of the interaction of these species with metal centres, including bonding modes, electron‐donor properties, M···H–B interactions, ligand degradation and metallaboratrane formation are addressed and a summary of the coordination chemistry of these species with both main group and transition metals is given. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Effects of maternal phenylketonuria on the development of the offspring's eye
Authors: El‐Sayyad Hassan I. , Abou‐El‐Naga Amora M. , Bayomi Ahmed A. , Gad Abdo Ahmed M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPhenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by phenylalanine‐4‐hydroxylase (P‐4‐H) deficiency, which is a liver‐specific enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of l‐phenylalanine (Phe) to l‐tyrosine (Tyr). The deficiency of this enzyme leads to the accumulation of Phe in the tissues and plasma of patients. Among the clinical symptoms of this disease are mental retardation and other neurological features. The mechanisms of retinal cell damage are still poorly understood. In order to evaluate the damage in offspring of PKU mothers, fifty pregnant rats were used and arranged into two main groups, i.e., a control group and a group consisting of rats with experimentally induced PKU. Induction of PKU was carried out by daily intragastrical administration of 30 mg DL–alpha methylphenylalanine/150 g b.w. plus 60 mg/kg b.w. Phe at 12 h intervals throughout pregnancy till parturition as well as throughout lactation period till 14 days post‐partum. Morphometric analysis of retina in 1, 7 and 14‐day‐old pups of PKU mothers revealed a marked reduction of retinal thickness. Histological observations revealed numerical reduction of pigment cells. Apoptic cell death of retinal pigment cells, and of nuclear layer and ganglionic cells were observed. The nerve layer showed apparent vacuolar degeneration. At transmission electron microscope (TEM) level, pigment epithelium showed distortion of apical microvilli, vacuolation of cytoplasm and reduction of cytoplasm organelles. The Brush's membrane showed apparent thickening. In 7‐day‐old pups of PKU mothers, photoreceptor inner segment showed apparent degeneration. In 14‐day‐old pups of PKU mothers, both the inner and outer photoreceptor segment were degenerated and the stacked membrane of the outer segment appeared vacuolated and degenerated.
Stability‐type results for hereditary properties
Authors: Alon Noga , Stav Uri 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe classical Stability Theorem of Erdös and Simonovits can be stated as follows. For a monotone graph propertyP, lett≥2 be such thatt+1=min{χ(H):H∉∈P}. Then any graphG*∈Ponnvertices, which was obtained by removing at mostedges from the complete graphG=Kn, has edit distanceo(n2) toTn(t), the Turán graph onnvertices withtparts. In this paper we extend the above notion of stability to hereditary graph properties. It turns out that to do so the complete graphKnhas to be replaced by a random graph. For a hereditary graph propertyP, consider modifying the edges of a random graphG=G(n,½) to obtain a graphG*that satisfiesPin (essentially) the most economical way. We obtain necessary and sufficient conditions onP, which guarantee thatG*has a unique structure. In such cases, for a pair of integers (r, s), which depends onP,G*, has distanceo(n2) to a graphTn(r, s, ½) almost surely. HereTn(r, s, ½) denotes a graph, which consists of almost equal‐sizedr+sparts,rof them induce an independent set,sinduce a clique and all the bipartite graphs between parts are quasi‐random (with edge density ½. In addition, several strengthened versions of this result are shown. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 62: 65–83, 2009
The deep breathing test: Median‐based expiration–inspiration difference is the measure of choice
Authors: Löllgen Deborah , Müeck‐Weymann Michael , Beise Reinhard D. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractHeart rate variability (HRV) has become an important parameter for the assessment of autonomic function in many areas of medicine. In particular, respiratory sinus arrhythmia measured during the deep breathing test (DBT) is often used. Results are usually expressed in common time‐domain parameters. A “most preferred measure” has not yet been identified. We investigated the sensitivity of the DBT to the following anomalies: in‐test variance; shifts of mean heart rate; premature ventricular contractions; and breathing rate deviations. Frequency and magnitude of the anomalies were determined in a set of real DBTs (n = 514) and transferred to computer simulations to mimic realistic conditions. The sensitivity of standard deviation, mean circular resultant (MCR), root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), and four types of expiration–inspiration (E‐I) difference were quantified statistically. Median‐based E‐I differences, E‐I ratio, and MCR were most resistant to the anomalies. E‐I difference derived by median values should be used preferentially, providing the highest precision and independence from heart rate. Muscle Nerve 39: 536–544, 2009
Surface analysis of photolithographic patterns using ToF‐SIMS and PCA
Authors: Dubey, Manish , Emoto, Kazunori , Cheng, Fang , Gamble, Lara J. , Takahashi Hironobu , Grainger David W. , Castner David G. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTime‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) is a surface analysis technique well suited to detect and identify trace surface species. With the latest analyzers, ion sources and data analysis methods, imaging ToF‐SIMS provides detailed 2‐D and 3‐D surface reactivity maps. Coupling multivariate analysis methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) with ToF‐SIMS provide a powerful method for differentiating spatial regions with different chemistries. ToF‐SIMS and PCA are used in this study to image and analyze a two‐component photolithograph‐patterned surface chemistry currently published and commercialized for bioassays, bio‐chips and cell‐based biosensors. A widely used reactive surface coupling chemistry, N‐hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), and 2‐methoxyethylamine (MeO) were co‐patterned into adjacent regions on a commercial microarray polymer coating using standard photolithography methods involving deposition, patterning and removal of a routinely used photoresist material. After routine processing, ToF‐SIMS and PCA of the patterned surface revealed significant residual photoresist material remaining at the interface of the NHS/MeO patterns, as well as lower concentrations of residual photoresist material remaining within the MeO‐containing regions, providing spatial mapping and residue analysis not evident from other characterization techniques. As detection of surface photoresist residue remains an inherent challenge in photolithographic processing of a wide array of materials, the use of ToF‐SIMS coupled with PCA is shown to be a high‐resolution characterization tool with the high sensitivity and specificity required for surface quality control measurements following photolithography and pattern development relevant to many current processes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of temperature on CO2 corrosion of carbon steel
Authors: Yin Z. F. , Feng Y. R. , Zhao W. Z. , Bai Z. Q. , Lin G. F. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis work investigates the effect of temperature on the corrosion product layer of carbon steel exposed to a CO2‐containing solution. The measurement techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry, X‐ray diffraction, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, were used to systematically characterize the morphology and composition of the corrosion product layer. The corrosion rates were calculated by weight loss method. The corrosion mechanisms as a function of temperature are studied and discussed. The results showed that temperature is an important factor in the corrosion rate of carbon steel. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increased serum OPG in atrophic nonunion shaft fractures
Authors: Marchelli Daniele , Piodi Luca P. , Corradini Costantino , Parravicini Luca , Verdoia Cesare , Ulivieri Fabio M. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract

Background
Bone repair alteration is hypothesized for nonunion fracture pathogenesis. Since it is involved in osteoclast regulation, the RANK/RANKL/OPG system (receptor activator of nuclear factor kB/its ligand/osteoprotegerin) may play a role.

Materials and methods
Serum OPG, free RANKL, bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP), osteocalcin (OC), and urinary deoxypyridinoline (DPD) were determined in 16 male patients (20–39 years) with long bone atrophic nonunion fractures. Serum markers were also measured in 18 age-matched male controls who healed from the same type of fractures within six months, and in 14 age-matched male controls who were healing from the same fractures one month after injury. One-way ANOVA and Bonferroni’s test were used for statistical analysis.

Results
Only OPG was significantly higher (0.56 sd 0.11 ng/ml) in the patients compared to healed (0.26 sd 0.04 ng/ml; P < 0.001) and healing (0.29 sd 0.09 ng/ml; P < 0.001) controls. The patients’ DPD levels were normal. No correlations were found between bone markers and the characteristics of the subjects in all groups.

Conclusions
A normal steady state of bone metabolism seems to be present in patients with atrophic nonunion fractures, despite the high serum OPG. The reason for the inability of the patients’ OPG to inhibit osteoclastic activity is unknown. Osteoblast activity also appears normal, so another cellular source of OPG can be hypothesized.
Z‐palatopharyngoplasty for obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome
Authors: Yi Hong L. , Yin Shan K. , Zhang Yu J. , Chen Bin , Lu Wen Y. , Sun Xiao Q. , Cao Zhen Y. , Wu Hong M. , Guan Jian 
Published: March 2009

ObjectiveTo explore the feasibility, outcomes, and factors affecting the outcome of Z‐palatopharyngoplasty (ZP3) in the treatment of severe obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS).Study DesignCase series with chart review.MethodsZP3 was performed on 34 Friedman stage II/III OSAHS patients with a posterior airway space (PAS) ≥ 11 mm. Postoperative follow‐up was at least 6 months, and the differences between responders and nonresponders were analyzed.ResultsOn the basis of success criteria, defined as an apnea‐hypopnea index < 20 and a decrease > 50 percent, the success rate was 64.7 percent. The lowest oxygen saturation (LSaO2), percentage of time with an oxyhemoglobin saturation below 90 percent (CT90), mandibular plane angle (MPA), mandibular body length, position of the tongue, and Friedman clinical stage differed significantly between responders and nonresponders. The logistic regression analysis showed that MPA and Friedman stage were the key predictors of ZP3 surgical success. The best cutoff points for LSaO2, CT90, and MPA were 72 percent, 22.80 percent, and 29.40°, respectively.ConclusionsFactors affecting the outcome of ZP3 included LSaO2, CT90, MPA, mandibular body length, position of the tongue, and Friedman clinical stage. Of these, the MPA and Friedman clinical stage were most influential.
A Worldly Vernacular: Urdu at Osmania University
Authors: DATLA KAVITA 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTwinned as Urdu has become with the fate of India's largest religious minority, Muslims, and with the emergence of the independent state of Pakistan, for which Urdu is the official national language, the story of Urdu holds a peculiar place and a special significance in histories of the subcontinent. Stories of the Urdu language are dramatic, bound up as they are in questions of politics, the fate of Hindus and Muslims and the vicissitudes of both the Urdu and the Hindi languages. Though Hindi–Urdu language politics are an important part of these languages' colonial history, this article emphasizes another story. For, like the other vernaculars of south Asia, Urdu had to contend as much with English as with Hindi, and it is that story that is emphasized here. This article details how early-twentieth-century Hyderabad's Urdu educators engaged with questions of native education, language, and Western science. It highlights the discussions and disagreements that accompanied this educational project as Urdu advocates re-evaluated their language and its sources of authority, attempting to make the Urdu language a worldly vernacular, useful for more than the subcontinent's Muslim population.
Exogenous Colonialism: Java Sugar between Nippon and Taikoo before and during the Interwar Depression, c. 1920–1940
Authors: KNIGHT G. ROGER 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis paper discusses the commercial history of the Java sugar industry in the interwar decades of the 1920s and 1930s. Java's late colonial industry had a uniquely exogenous character, in that, amongst the world's major producers of cane sugar in the late colonial era, it was singularly devoid of metropolitan or quasi-metropolitan markets. Instead, it sought its markets pre-eminently on the Asian ‘mainland’ to its north and northwest. The Indian subcontinent formed one such market, but East Asia formed the second, and it is the Java industry's fortunes in China and Japan that provide the focus of the present paper. This focus highlights the extent to which the partial collapse of the industry in the mid-1930s related to factors altogether more complex than a simple fall in consumption and drop in prices associated with the interwar Depression. Fundamentally, it was evolving economic autarchy throughout east Asia, encouraged by Depression conditions, which lay at the heart of the Java sugar industry's problems in this sector of its market. Key factors were Java's ambivalent relationship with an expanding but crisis-ridden Japanese sugar ‘empire,’ and the effect on its long-standing links with British sugar refineries in Hong Kong because of the latter's increasing difficulties in the China market. In tandem, they underscored the commercial hazards inherent in Java sugar's exogenous situation.
Central bankers as good neighbours: US money doctors in Latin America during the 1940s
Authors: Helleiner Eric 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis article analyses a set of financial advisory missions led primarily by Robert Triffin of the US Federal Reserve Board to Latin American countries during the 1940s. These missions developed a new approach to international ‘money doctoring’ that rejected both the content and style of the better-known US financial advisory missions led by Edwin Kemmerer during the 1920s. The missions were driven by a number of motivations that emerged from the politics of the New Deal and the Good Neighbour policy. The episode highlights the diversity of international money doctoring experiences, the importance of the financial dimensions of the Good Neighbour policy, and the wider geographical impact of a new kind of financial internationalism that emerged in US foreign policy in the wake of the 1930s.
Weavers of profit: terminating building societies in Lancashire, 1780–1840
Authors: Hart Rosine 
Published: March 2009

AbstractNumerous handloom weavers' cottages in Lancashire were constructed by terminating building societies. Given their numbers, it is evident that the role of such societies in the regional socio-economic context has been understated. Identifying their membership reveals that these were not self-help schemes to enable artisans to own their own homes, but rather that they offered opportunities for those with surplus income to invest in tenanted properties at a time when the skills of the handloom weaver were at a premium. This provision was vital to Lancashire's burgeoning economy, and offered subscribers an additional source of income.
The Neural Control Mechanisms Underlying Memory-Guided Attention
Authors: Gould Ian , Stokes Mark , Atherton Kathryn , Nobre Anna 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe control mechanisms that guide selective attention are typically examined in response to explicit attentional cues. In everyday life, however, the focus of attention is more typically guided according to past experiences than direct instruction. We therefore developed a novel behavioural paradigm to examine the neural substrate of memory-guided attentional orienting. Participants first learn the location of target stimuli hidden within naturalistic scenes. After the target locations have been learned, participants then perform an attention-orienting task. Each experimental trial begins with a cue stimulus, consisting of the memory scene presented without the target stimulus. A test scene is then presented, with a 50% probability of a target stimulus being present at the remembered location. Participants are instructed to use their memories to guide the focus of attention. In a previous fMRI study (Summerfield et al., 2006, Neuron), trials involving memory-guided attention were shown to engage activity in the same dorsal frontoparietal network that is typically associated with explicitly cued shifts of spatial attention, and in the hippocampus. However, it was not possible to isolate target-related processes from cue-related processes. In the present study, we tested and verified the roles of dorsal frontoparietal cortex and hippocampus activity in the neural control of memory-guided attention, by dissociating mnemonic cue-related activity from target-related activity. These results provide additional insights into the functional neural architecture of memory-guided attention, broadening the neuroscientific foundations for a more generalised account of attentional control during real-world behaviour.
3 Split intransitives, experiencer objects, and ‘transimpersonal’ constructions: (re‐)establishing the connection
Authors: Malchukov Andrej 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
This chapter shows that a number of split intransitive languages have developed from re-analysis of transimpersonal experiencer object constructions. More generally, it is argued that split intransitive systems emerge through the interaction of universal functional pressures with language particular structural conditions.