bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human papillomavirus in early laryngeal carcinoma
Authors: Baumann Jessica L. , Cohen Seth , Evjen Amy N. , Law Jonathan H. , Vadivelu Sangeetha , Attia Albert , Schindler Joshua S. , Chung Christine H. , Wirth Pamela S. , Meijer Chris J.L.M. , Snijders Peter J.F. , Yarbrough Wendell G. , Slebos Robbert J.C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:To examine the role of HPV status in the etiology, prognosis, and treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in early larynx malignancies.Study Design:Retrospective.Methods:Thirty‐eight cases of T1 or carcinoma in situ (CIS) laryngeal lesions were examined for the presence of human papilloma virus (HPV) using an inclusive polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/hybridization technique capable of identifying 37 HPV subtypes.Results:HPV DNA was detected in 6 (16%) of the 38 lesions, representing HPV types 16, 26, 31, 39, and 52, and p16 tumor suppressor protein expression was confirmed in 10 representative cases. This HPV prevalence is higher than that noted in many previous laryngeal cancer studies, possibly due to the relatively large panel of subtypes screened for in this study. Identification of HPV‐26, which has been associated with uterine cervical cancer, in an early laryngeal cancer specimen represents the first evidence of this subtype in a laryngeal carcinoma. Consistent with reports focusing on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) arising from other subsites within the upper aerodigestive tract, patients with HPV‐positive laryngeal carcinomas were of younger age and were somewhat less likely to have a history of tobacco use, although the latter of the two findings did not reach statistical significance.Conclusions:Our findings emphasize the presence of a broad spectrum of HPV types in a relevant proportion of early laryngeal cancers, and together with evidence of an association of HPV tumor status with a more favorable clinical course, provide a rationale for the routine HPV testing of small larynx lesions. Laryngoscope, 2009
Three‐dimensional femtosecond laser micromachining of photosensitive glass for biomicrochips
Authors: Sugioka K. , Hanada Y. , Midorikawa K. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractInternal modification of transparent materials such as glass can be carried out using multiphoton absorption induced by a femtosecond (fs) laser. The fs‐laser modification followed by thermal treatment and successive chemical wet etching in a hydrofluoric (HF) acid solution forms three‐dimensional (3D) hollow microstructures embedded in photosensitive glass. This technique is a powerful method for directly fabricating 3D microfluidic structures inside a photosensitive glass microchip. We used fabricated microchips, referred to as a nanoaquarium, for dynamic observations of living microorganisms. In addition, the present technique can also be used to form microoptical components such as micromirrors and microlenses inside the photosensitive glass, since the fabricated structures have optically flat surfaces. The integration of microfluidics and microoptical components in a single glass chip yields biophotonic microchips, in other words, optofluidics, which provide high sensitivity in absorption and fluorescence measurements of small volumes of liquid samples.
Real‐time three‐dimensional single‐particle tracking spectroscopy for complex systems
Authors: Montiel D. , Yang H. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractComplex systems are characterized by dynamical processes spread over multiple time and length scales. At a given instant, these systems can display spatial heterogeneities in which the local physical and chemical properties are nonuniform, depending on the location. They can also exhibit dynamical heterogeneities in which the local dynamical characteristics vary with time. These types of systems pose unique experimental challenges for their characterization and test of theoretical ideas. Recently, real‐time three‐dimensional (3D) single‐particle tracking spectroscopy has been developed to address these kinds of problems. With this approach, in principle, one can follow how a system evolves spatially as well as temporally. This article attempts to provide an introduction to this promising new technique by discussing the aims of studying a complex system and recent experimental advances towards this goal.
Erosion–corrosion characteristic of nano‐particulates reinforced Ni–Cr–Mo–Cu surface alloying layer in acidic flow and acidic slurry flow
Authors: Xu J. , Zhuo C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn order to improve the corrosion and erosion–corrosion resistance of 316L stainless steel in engineering application, two kinds of composite alloying layers were prepared by a duplex treatment, consisting of Ni/nano‐SiC and Ni/nano‐SiO2 predeposited by brush plating, respectively, and a subsequent surface alloying with Ni–Cr–Mo–Cu by double glow process. Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were performed on the two kinds of composite alloying layer using 10 wt% HCl solution to assess the corrosion behavior. Erosion–corrosion tests were carried out by erosion–corrosion test rig in acidic flow and acidic slurry flow for test time of 20 h at four different rotational speeds. Results of electrochemical tests indicated that the corrosion resistance of composite alloying layer with brush plating Ni/nano‐SiO2 particles interlayer approximated to that of single Ni‐based alloying layer, whereas the corrosion resistance of the composite alloying layer with brush plating Ni/nano‐SiC particles interlayer was apparently inferior to that of Ni‐based alloying layer in 10 wt% HCl solution at static state. Under the conditions of acidic flow and acidic slurry flow, the mass losses of tested samples increased with increase in the time of erosion–corrosion tests and the rotational speeds of samples. The mass losses of composite alloying layer with brush plating Ni/nano‐SiO2 particles interlayer were lower than that of single Ni‐based alloying layer at all rotational speeds, except at 1.88 m/s in acidic flow. The mass losses of composite alloying layer with brush plating Ni/nano‐SiC particles interlayer were higher than that of single Ni‐based alloying layer at all rotational speeds, but were obviously lower than that of AISI 316L stainless steel. The influences of second phase on the corrosion and erosion–corrosion of the two kinds of composite alloying layer were discussed in this paper.
Ex situ TEM observation of localized attack on AA 6061
Authors: Sun D. M. , Jiang Y. M. , Xiang Q. W. , Zhong C. , Gong J. , Zhang L. H. , Li J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractEx situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used in conjunction with energy dispersed spectrometry (EDS) to monitor evolution near the pre‐selected inclusions during initial stages of localized dissolution on the aluminum alloy (AA) 6061 immersed in 0.1 M NaCl solution. On the alloy TEM foil, Mg2Si phase particles were observed to preferentially dissolve after 3 min immersion. Nevertheless, different dissolution behaviors were observed to form in the vicinities of the different structure Fe‐rich precipitates; the trenches were observed near the anorthic phase particle, but no obvious priority dissolution was detected in the vicinity of hexagonal phase particles. The preferential sites of alloy dissolution were found to depend on both the component and the structure of the intermetallics. The shift of electrochemical potential was found to relate the dissolution of the heterogeneous phases.
On the importance of using known reference materials for the calibration of analytical methods — with particular reference to chloride and sodium content in hardened concrete
Authors: Miller J. B. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis paper treats the importance of calibrating procedures and methods of chemical analysis against known reference materials, and gives examples of how even accredited laboratories return erroneous results, with particular reference to the determination of chloride and sodium in hardened concrete. It is pointed out that much standardised work on methods has been laid down, but this has little value if reference materials are not available. A scheme that has been used for the production of reference material for this latter purpose is detailed.
Use of SECM to study the electrochemical behavior of DIN 1.4575 superferritic stainless steel aged at 475 °C
Authors: Terada M. , Padilha A. F. , Simões A. M. P. , de Melo H. G. , Costa I. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn order to lower the excessive costs of metallic prosthesis materials alternatives to Ti and Ti alloys have been searched. In this study, the corrosion resistance of the DIN 1.4575 superferritic stainless steel, either solution annealed or solution annealed and aged at 475 °C for periods varying from 100 to 1080 h, was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization methods in Hanks' solution. The solution annealed and the aged for 1080 h samples were also tested using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) in a 0.1 mol/L NaCl solution at 25 °C. The EIS results showed that the corrosion resistance of the DIN 1.4575 steel decreases with heat treatment time at 475 °C probably due to alpha prime formation. Besides the diminution of the overall impedance values, the low frequency limit of the Nyquist diagrams show a progressive change from an almost capacitive response to a resistive behavior as the heat treatment time increases. Pitting corrosion resistance also decreased with aging time at 475 °C.
Amphiphilic Conetworks Based on End‐Linked Multiblock Copolymers of Different Numbers of Blocks and Constant Molecular Weight and Composition
Authors: Hadjiantoniou Natalie A. , Patrickios Costas S. , Thomann Yi , Tiller Joerg C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAmphiphilic conetworks based on end‐linked copolymers of the hydrophilic ionizable 2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate and the hydrophobic n‐butyl methacrylate bearing 3, 5, 7, and 9 blocks were synthesized using group transfer polymerization, and employing a bifunctional initiator and sequential addition of monomers and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate cross‐linker. All the linear precursors to the conetworks had the same molecular weight and composition, and differed only in their number of blocks. The aqueous degrees of swelling of the ionized conetworks increased with the number of blocks, manifesting the reduction of the driving force for nanophase separation, resulting from the reduction of the length of the hydrophobic segments. Reduction in the tendency for nanophase separation with increasing block number was also supported by atomic force microscopy on bulk conetworks, which indicated a decrease in the domain size as the number of blocks increased.magnified image
Effect of Sonication on Polymeric Aggregates Formed by Poly(ethylene oxide)‐Based Amphiphilic Block Copolymers
Authors: Zhao Junpeng , Pispas Stergios , Zhang Guangzhao 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe effect of sonication on the size and structure of polymeric aggregates formed by amphiphilic block copolymers was studied by the combination of dynamic and static light scattering. Poly(ethylene oxide)‐block‐polyisoprene, poly(ethylene oxide)‐block‐polystyrene diblock copolymers, and poly(ethylene oxide)‐block‐polyisoprene‐block‐poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer were used as typical polymeric amphiphiles. Sonication was found to be an effective method to break up inter‐micellar associations and split large polymeric aggregates, present initially in the aqueous solutions, into monodisperse micelles. The content and type of hydrophobic block, copolymer solution‐preparation protocol, and copolymer concentration were also investigated as co‐factors in conjunction to the effect of sonication time.magnified image
ICP‐MS‐Based strategies for protein quantification
Authors: Wang Meng , Feng Wei‐Yue , Zhao Yu‐Liang , Chai Zhi‐Fang 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn the post‐genomics era, proteomics has become a central branch in life sciences. An understanding of biological functions will not only rely on protein identification, but also on protein quantification in a living organism. Most of the existing methods for quantitative proteomics are based on isotope labeling combined with molecular mass spectrometry. Recently, a remarkable progress that utilizes inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) as an attractive complement to electrospray MS and MALDI MS for protein quantification, especially for absolute quantification, has been achieved. This review will selectively discuss the recent advances of ICP‐MS‐based technique, which will be expected to further mature and to become one of the key methods in quantitative proteomics. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 29:326–348, 2010
Linear quadrupoles in mass spectrometry
Authors: Douglas D.J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe use of linear quadrupoles in mass spectrometry as mass filters and ion guides is reviewed. Following a tutorial review of the principles of mass filter operation, methods of mass analysis are reviewed. Discussed are extensions of quadrupole mass filters to higher masses, scanning with frequency sweeps of the quadrupole waveform, operation in higher stability regions, and operation with rectangular or other periodic waveforms. Two relatively new methods of mass analysis the use of “islands of stability” and “mass selective axial ejection” are then reviewed. The optimal electrode geometry for a quadrupole mass filter constructed with round rods is discussed. The use of collisional cooling in quadrupole ion guides is discussed along with ion guides that have axial fields. Finally, mass analysis with quadrupoles that have large distortions to the geometry and fields is discussed. An Appendix gives a brief tutorial review of definitions of electrical potentials and fields, as well as the units used in this article. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 28:937–960, 2009
Deep brain stimulation in dystonia: Sonographic monitoring of electrode placement into the globus pallidus internus
Authors: Walter Uwe , Wolters Alexander , Wittstock Matthias , Benecke Reiner , Schroeder Henry W. , Müller Jan‐Uwe 
Published: June 2009

AbstractDeep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus internus (GPi) is an effective treatment in primary dystonia. Its success depends on the implantation accuracy of the DBS electrode into the targeted GPi. Discrepancies of up to 4 mm between the initial target, selected on preoperative MRI, and the final DBS lead location are caused mainly by caudal brain shift that occurs once the cranium is open. Nowadays, transcranial sonography (TCS) can display echogenic deep brain structures with higher image resolution compared to MRI under clinical conditions. Here, we demonstrate for the first time the use of a contemporary clinical high‐end TCS system for intraoperative monitoring of DBS electrode position. Herewith, a high‐resolution real‐time imaging of closely located microelectrodes and of the DBS lead through the intact skull is feasible. Simultaneous color‐coded sonographic imaging of arteries near the anatomical target allows further intraoperative refinement of DBS lead positioning, simultaneously preventing hemorrhages. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
Assimilating humidity pseudo‐observations derived from the cloud profiling radar aboard CloudSat in ALADIN 3D‐Var
Authors: Storto Andrea , Thomas Tveter Frank 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis paper describes an experimental procedure for assimilating CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) observations in ALADIN 3D‐Var through the use of humidity pseudo‐observations derived from a one‐dimensional Bayesian analysis. Cloud data are considered as binary occurrences (‘cloud’ vs ‘no‐cloud’), which makes the approach feasible to be extended to other cloudiness observations, and to any other binary observation in general. A simple large‐scale condensation scheme is used for projecting the prior information from a Numerical Weather Prediction model into cloud fraction space. Verification over a 1 month assimilation test period indicates a clear benefit of the pseudo‐observation assimilation scheme for the limited CloudSat CPR data set, especially in terms of improved skill scores for dynamical parameters such as geopotential and wind. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Copula‐based drought severity‐duration‐frequency analysis in Iran
Authors: Shiau J. T. , Modarres R. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractDrought is a complex and multi‐attribute natural hazard that has worldwide effects. Defined by a commonly used standardized precipitation index (SPI), each drought event is characterized by three correlated attributes: severity, duration and frequency. A probabilistic approach is developed to establish a drought severity‐duration‐frequency (SDF) relationship. Copulas are employed to construct the joint distribution function of drought severity and duration. Drought frequency, in terms of recurrence interval of drought events, is then related to the copula‐based distribution function via a conditional distribution function. The derived analytic drought SDF thus becomes a function of univariate distribution functions of drought severity and duration, a copula function which links the fitted univariate models, and the arrival rate of drought events. In this study, rainfall data for the period of 1954–2003 from two gauge stations in Iran, Abadan in the southwestern semi‐arid region and Anzali in the north humid region, are employed as an example to illustrate the proposed approach. From the derived drought SDF, drought severity in Anzali station is greater than those in Abadan station for given drought duration and recurrence interval. The results imply that the drought severity in humid region might be more severe if high rainfall fluctuations exist in that region. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Tautomerism of 3‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazole‐5‐one radical anions
Authors: Vakulskaya Tamara I. , Larina Lyudmila I. , Protsuk Nadezhda I. , Lopyrev Valentin A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe non‐degenerate tautomers of 3‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazole‐5‐one (NTO) radical anions were investigated for the first time by an ESR method during electrochemical reduction of NTO in an aprotic medium. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prospective real‐time correction for arbitrary head motion using active markers
Authors: Ooi Melvyn B. , Krueger Sascha , Thomas William J. , Swaminathan Srirama V. , Brown Truman R. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractPatient motion during an MRI exam can result in major degradation of image quality, and is of increasing concern due to the aging population and its associated diseases. This work presents a general strategy for real‐time, intraimage compensation of rigid‐body motion that is compatible with multiple imaging sequences. Image quality improvements are established for structural brain MRI acquired during volunteer motion. A headband integrated with three active markers is secured to the forehead. Prospective correction is achieved by interleaving a rapid track‐and‐update module into the imaging sequence. For every repetition of this module, a short tracking pulse‐sequence remeasures the marker positions; during head motion, the rigid‐body transformation that realigns the markers to their initial positions is fed back to adaptively update the image‐plane—maintaining it at a fixed orientation relative to the head—before the next imaging segment of k‐space is acquired. In cases of extreme motion, corrupted lines of k‐space are rejected and reacquired with the updated geometry. High‐precision tracking measurements (0.01 mm) and corrections are accomplished in a temporal resolution (37 ms) suitable for real‐time application. The correction package requires minimal additional hardware and is fully integrated into the standard user interface, promoting transferability to clinical practice. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accelerated spectroscopic imaging of hyperpolarized C‐13 pyruvate using SENSE parallel imaging
Authors: Arunachalam Arjun , Whitt David , Fish Kenneth , Giaquinto Randy , Piel Joseph , Watkins Ronald , Hancu Ileana 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe ability to accelerate the spatial encoding process during a chemical shift imaging (CSI) scan of hyperpolarized compounds is demonstrated through parallel imaging. A hardware setup designed to simultaneously acquire 13C data from multiple receivers is presented here. A system consisting of four preamplifiers, four gain stages, a transmit coil, and a four receive channel rat coil was built for single channel excitation and simultaneous multi‐channel detection of 13C signals. The hardware setup was integrated with commercial scanner electronics, allowing the system to function similar to a conventional proton multi‐channel setup, except at a different frequency. The ability to perform parallel imaging is demonstrated in vivo. CSI data from the accelerated scans are reconstructed using a self‐calibrated multi‐spectral parallel imaging algorithm, by using lower resolution coil sensitivity maps obtained from the central region of k‐space. The advantages and disadvantages of parallel imaging in the context of imaging hyperpolarized compounds are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrathin polymer gate buffer layer for air‐stable, low‐voltage, n‐channel organic thin‐film transistors
Authors: Tanida Shinji , Noda Kei , Kawabata Hiroshi , Matsushige Kazumi 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAn ultrathin poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) buffer layer was developed to improve the performance of n‐channel organic thin‐film transistors (OTFTs). The 8 nm‐thick PMMA film, prepared by spin‐coating, provided a very smooth surface and a uniform coverage on SiO2 surface reproducibly, which was confirmed by X‐ray reflectivity (XR) measurement. Then, we fabricated N,N′‐ditridecyl‐3,4,9,10‐perylenetetracarboxylic diimide (PTCDI‐C13) thin‐film transistors with and without this 8 nm‐thick PMMA insulating layer on SiO2 gate insulators and achieved one‐order increase of field‐effect mobility (up to 0.11 cm2/(Vs) in a vacuum), one‐half decrease of threshold voltage, and reduction of current hysteresis with the PMMA layer. Only TFTs with the PMMA layer displayed n‐channel operation in air and showed field‐effect mobility of 0.10 cm2/(Vs). We consider that electrical characteristics of n‐channel OTFTs were considerably improved because the ultrathin PMMA film could effectively passivate the SiO2 insulator surface and decrease interfacial electron traps. This result suggests the importance of the ultrathin PMMA layer for controlling the interfacial state at the semiconductor/insulator interface and the device characteristics of OTFTs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.