bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthetic Radical Photochemistry
Authors: Riguet Emmanuel , Hoffmann Norbert 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Photochemically induced radical reactions as key steps in organic synthesis are mainly reported. In this context, photochemical electron transfer plays an important role. Currently, many ruthenium‐complex photocatalyzed reactions are investigated. Such transformations have been combined with organocatalysis. Free radical intermediates are also generated in photochemical reactions of carbonyl compounds such as in the Norrish and related reactions. These transformations have also been applied in multistep synthesis. Intramolecular remote functionalization has been carried out most frequently with steroid derivatives. Application to the preparation of alkaloids has also been reported. Compounds processing sulfur‐containing functional groups play a central role in free radical chemistry. Corresponding reactions have also been induced under photochemical conditions. Tin compounds are frequently used as substrate or to induce radical chain reactions. The homolytic fragmentation of these compounds has also been carried out by UV irradiation. Particularly, hexaalkylditin derivatives are activated in this way.
Reliability of the novel 7‐joint ultrasound score: Results from an inter‐ and intraobserver study performed by rheumatologists
Authors: Ohrndorf S. , Fischer I. U. , Kellner H. , Strunk J. , Hartung W. , Reiche B. , Burmester G. R. , Walther M. , Schmidt W. A. , Backhaus M. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the inter‐ and intraobserver reliability of 26 rheumatologists when performing the 7‐joint ultrasound score (US7).MethodsSix patients with rheumatoid arthritis were examined by 26 sonographers in 12 rater groups who performed the US7 score. The US7 score includes the clinically dominant wrist, the second and third metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and proximal interphalangeal joints, and the second and fifth metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints, which were evaluated for synovitis, tenosynovitis/paratenonitis, and erosions from the dorsal side and palmar/plantar aspects by gray‐scale and power Doppler (PD) ultrasound. Additional lateral scans were performed at the MCP2 and MTP5 joints. All of the groups repeated the examination in 4 patients in order to calculate the intraobserver reliability. The results of one group that included 2 expert sonographers were considered as the reference standard. Kappa values, median agreement rates (interobserver), and P values (intraobserver evaluation) were calculated.ResultsThe median overall kappa value for detecting synovitis was 0.51, for tenosynovitis/paratenonitis was 0.57, and for erosions was 0.45. In detail, the best interobserver results were found for the detection of erosions in the MTP2 joint from the plantar aspect (κ = 1; median agreement rate 89.4%) and for PD signal detection in the palmar wrist region (κ = 0.79; median agreement rate 78.8%). Good agreement was found for detecting erosions in the MCP2 joint from the radial side (κ = 0.67; median agreement rate 77.3%).ConclusionThe inter‐ and intraobserver reliability of the US7 score shows moderate to substantial kappa values and good agreements. Therefore, this ultrasound score has the potential to be an important imaging tool, including multicenter analysis to assess structural changes.
Enhancing life after cancer in diverse communities
Authors: Kaur Judith S. , Coe Kathryn , Rowland Julia , Braun Kathryn L. , Conde Francisco A. , Burhansstipanov Linda , Heiney Sue , Kagawa‐Singer Marjorie , Lu Qian , Witte Catherine 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND:Although large numbers of cancer survivors exist in every community, including minority communities, there is a significant gap in knowledge about best practices for these patients.METHODS:The Community Networks Program, funded by the National Cancer Institute Center to Reduce Cancer Health Disparities, has developed and tested unique services for these communities. These programs have used community‐based participatory research techniques under a framework of diffusion of innovation and communications theory.RESULTS:This article describes some specifically tailored interventions that may be useful to a wide range of providers working with the underserved.CONCLUSIONS:Enhancing life after cancer can be achieved in underserved communities by supplementing local resources. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Trends in colorectal cancer screening with home‐based fecal occult blood tests in adults ages 50 to 64 years, 2000‐2008
Authors: Bandi Priti , Cokkinides Vilma , Smith Robert A. , Jemal Ahmedin 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND:National surveys have reported declines in rates of home‐based fecal occult blood test (FOBT) screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) in the last decade. However, socioeconomic status (SES) and racial/ethnic differences in FOBT trends and their changes relative to endoscopic CRC screening have not been evaluated.METHODS:Data on adults ages 50 to 64 years from the 2000, 2005, and 2008 National Health Interview Surveys were used. Weighted analyses and multivariate logistic regression were used to study trends in the use of FOBT and endoscopic CRC screening during this period.RESULTS:Between 2000 and 2008, significant declines in FOBT prevalence occurred in higher SES groups, but not in lower SES groups (uninsured and publicly insured, those without a usual source of care, lower educated, lower income, and immigrants to the United States) or Hispanics. Endoscopic CRC screening during the period studied consistently increased in all higher SES subgroups. In contrast, few lower SES subgroups (publicly insured, lower educated, near poor individuals, long‐term immigrants) and Hispanics experienced increases in CRC endoscopic screening, and these increases were smaller than those observed in higher SES subgroups.CONCLUSIONS:Socially and economically disadvantaged groups experienced little or no change in FOBT prevalence, and few of these groups experienced contemporaneous increases in CRC endoscopic screening. These trends suggest the continued availability and acceptance of FOBT in these groups. If national CRC screening goals are to be achieved in populations with lower access to colonoscopy, then annual high‐sensitivity FOBT should be promoted as an immediately accessible and viable alternative. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
A novel Cre/loxP system for mosaic gene expression in the Drosophila embryo
Authors: Nakazawa Naotaka , Taniguchi Kiichiro , Okumura Takashi , Maeda Reo , Matsuno Kenji 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackground: Mosaic analysis is used to assess gene function and cell autonomy in a subset of cells in an organism, and has been extensively applied in Drosophila studies. However, it is difficult to generate mosaic cells in Drosophila embryonic tissues using existing methods. Therefore, we developed a new method for generating genetic mosaic embryos using a modified Cre/loxP system. In this report, we also characterized the capabilities and limitations of this novel method. Results: We first constructed a novel cassette combining loxP with the Actin 5C enhancer and Gal4 cDNA, and generated a transgenic fly carrying this construct (Aloxg‐Gal4). In Aloxg‐Gal4, the activation of Gal4 expression is suppressed by the gypsy insulator. Once the gypsy insulator is removed, however, Gal4 is expressed when site‐specific recombination between loxP sites is induced by Cre recombinase. This system allowed the mosaic expression of Gal4 in Drosophila embryonic tissues (epidermis, amnioserosa, tracheal system, malpighian tubules, foregut, hindgut, midgut, and neuron), leading to the Gal4‐dependent activation of arbitrary genes under the control of the upstream activation sequence (UAS). Conclusions: This practical method can be used to generate mosaic cells in Drosophila embryonic tissues and can be applied to any gene without specialized equipment. Developmental Dynamics 241:965–974, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An efficient learning method for layered neural networks based on selection of training data and input characteristics of an output layer unit
Authors: Taguchi Isao , Sugai Yasuo 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis paper proposes an efficient learning method for a layered neural network based on the selection of training data and the input characteristics of an output layer unit. Compared to recent neural networks, pulse neural networks, and quantum neuro computation, the multilayer neural network is widely used due to its simple structure. When learning objects are complicated, problems such as unsuccessful learning or a significant time required in learning remain unsolved. The aims of this paper are to suggest solutions for these problems and to reduce the total learning time. The total learning time means the total computational time required to learn certain objects, including adjusting parameter values and restarting learning from the beginning. Focusing on the input data during the learning stage, we undertook an experiment to identify the data that create large errors and interfere with the learning process. Our method divides the learning process into several stages. In general, the input characteristics to an output layer unit show oscillation during the learning process for complicated problems. Focusing on the oscillatory characteristics, it is determined whether the learning will move on to the next stage or the learning will restart from the beginning. Computational experiments suggest that the proposed method has the capability for higher learning performance and needs less learning time compared with the conventional method. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 95(4): 57–67, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10365
Secondary Face‐to‐Face 2–2′ β‐Cyclodextrin Dimers Linked with Fluorescent Rigid Spacer Arms: A Cyclodextrin‐Based Ratiometric Sensor for Bile Salts
Authors: Martos‐Maldonado Manuel C. , Quesada‐Soriano Indalecio , Casas‐Solvas Juan M. , García‐Fuentes Luis , Vargas‐Berenguel Antonio 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe synthesis of a series of β‐cyclodextrin (CD) dimers in which the two macrocycle units are linked by rigid‐rod phenylene‐ethynylene tethers of different length and shape through the cyclodextrin secondary sides is reported. The synthesis involves Sonogashira coupling reactions for construction of the tethers and final grafting of the CD units by click chemistry. The self‐aggregation of the synthesized CD dimers in aqueous medium was investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy, isothermal titration calorimetry and dynamic light scattering. Rigid‐rod‐tethered cyclodextrin dimers formed polydisperse nanoparticles of 240 to 480 nm in water solution depending on the tether shape, and exhibited fluorescence. The binding and fluorescence sensing abilities of the CD dimers toward sodium cholate and deoxycholate were studied. As a result, the newly synthesized rigid‐rod‐tethered cyclodextrin dimers proved to be very sensitive fluorescent chemosensors. A new cyclodextrin‐based ratiometric fluorescence probe has thus been developed for the detection of bile salts such as sodium cholate and deoxycholate.
Trichoderones A and B: Two Pentacyclic Cytochalasans from the Plant Endophytic Fungus Trichoderma gamsii
Authors: Ding Gang , Wang Hailou , Li Li , Chen Amanda Juan , Chen Lin , Chen Hong , Zhang Hongwu , Liu Xinzhong , Zou Zhongmei 
Published: March 2012

AbstractTwo new cytochalasans, trichoderones A (1) and B (2), and three known analogues, aspochalasins D (3), J (4), and I (5), were isolated from the endophytic fungus Trichoderma gamsii. Their structures were determined by analysis of their spectroscopic data. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were established by quantum chemical electronic circular dichroism calculations. Compounds 3 and 4 displayed cytotoxic activity against the HeLa cell line. Trichoderone A (1) possesses an unprecedented 7/6/6/5/5 pentacyclic system, whereas trichoderone B (2) contains the rare 6/5/6/6/5 pentacyclic skeleton with a 12‐oxatricyclo [6.3.1.02,7] moiety.
High performance chromium (VI) removal from water by polyacrylonitrile‐co‐poly (2‐ethyl hexylacrylate) and polyaniline nanoporous membranes
Authors: Bozkir Selcuk , Sankir Mehmet , Semiz Levent , Sankir Nurdan D. , Usanmaz Ali 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis article reports the chromium (VI) removal from water by preparing polyacrylonitrile‐co‐poly (2‐ethyl hexylacrylate) (PAN(92)‐co‐P2EHA(8)) and polyaniline (PANI) nanoporous membranes at various PANI loadings. It was observed that chromium (VI) rejections of nanoporous membranes are highly concentration and pH dependent. Almost complete chromium removal (99.9%) with higher flux values (120–177 L m−2 h−1) was observed for nanoporous membranes. Moreover, nanoporous membranes were also demonstrated as fouling resistant. Total flux loss was low and a part was attributed to reversible flux loss, which cannot cause any permanent hysteresis and easily overcome with simple washing. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies were performed for identifying cross sectional morphology. It was pointed out that pore size should be small enough for filtration and optimized for higher flux but pores should be functionalized for rejection. Chemical structure, swelling ratios, sheet resistivity, and fracture morphologies of nanoporous membranes were reported. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Supercritical CO2 as an exfoliating aid for nanocomposite preparation: Comparison of different processing methodologies
Authors: Thompson M.R. , Zhuang Z. , Liu J. , Rodgers W.R. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis article examines several new methods for compounding nanocomposite materials by twin screw extrusion that use supercritical CO2 as a processing aid to produce more highly exfoliated polyolefin‐layered silicate nanocomposites than conventional melt intercalation. These methods varied the manner in which the plasticizing behavior of CO2 influences the surfactant of an organoclay, the compatibilizer, and the matrix during preparation of a polyolefin nanocomposite. The results have shown that targeting CO2 to the organoclay‐compatibilizer interface can improve the extent of intercalation. However, reduced performance was observed when CO2 was introduced predominantly to the matrix or neat organoclay. In general, the different techniques of addition for CO2 did bring about greater structural changes to the organoclay, but the stiffness of the resulting materials was lower than simply following a conventional melt intercalation approach. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Mind matters in cancer survival
Authors: Spiegel David 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjectiveThe very name “psycho‐oncology” implies interaction between brain and body. One of the most intriguing scientific questions for the field is whether or not living better may also mean living longer.MethodsRandomized intervention trials examining this question will be reviewed.ResultsThe majority show a survival advantage for patients randomized to psychologically effective interventions for individuals with a variety of cancers, including breast, melanoma, gastrointestinal, lymphoma, and lung cancers. Importantly, for breast and other cancers, when aggressive anti‐tumor treatments are less effective, supportive approaches appear to become more useful. This is highlighted by a recent randomized clinical trial of palliative care for non‐small cell lung cancer patients.There is growing evidence that disruption of circadian rhythms, including rest‐activity patterns and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis function, affects cancer risk and progression. Women with metastatic breast cancer have flatter diurnal cortisol patterns than normal, and the degree of loss of daily variation in cortisol predicts earlier mortality. Mechanisms by which abnormal cortisol patterns affect metabolism, gene expression, and immune function are reviewed. The HPA hyperactivity associated with depression can produce elevated levels of cytokines that affect the brain. Tumor cells can, in turn, co‐opt certain mediators of inflammation such as NFkB, interleukin‐6, and angiogenic factors to promote metastasis. Also, exposure to elevated levels of norepinephrine triggers release of vascular endothelial growth factor, which facilitates tumor growth.ConclusionsTherefore, the stress of advancing cancer and management of it is associated with endocrine, immune, and autonomic dysfunction that has consequences for host resistance to cancer progression.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of Size‐Dependent Plasmonic and Catalytic Properties of Metallic Nanocrystals Enabled by Size Control with HCl Oxidative Etching
Authors: Li Bo , Long Ran , Zhong Xiaolan , Bai Yu , Zhu Zijie , Zhang Xing , Zhi Min , He Jiawei , Wang Chengming , Li Zhi‐Yuan , Xiong Yujie 
Published: March 2012

AbstractParticle size is one important parameter of nanocrystals that need to be tightly controlled, owing to its versatility for tailoring the properties and functions of nanocrystals towards various applications. In this article, oxidative etching by hydrogen chloride is employed as a tool to control the size of metallic nanocrystals. As a result of the size control, investigations into the size‐dependent plasmonic and catalytic properties of metallic nanocrystals can be investigated. Given that the shape can be kept consistent when tuning the particle size in this system, it enables the systematic investigation of size‐dependent properties free of the influence of other factors such as shape effect.
Microfluorescence Analysis of Nanostructuring Inhomogeneity in Optical Fibers with Embedded Gallium Oxide Nanocrystals
Authors: Mashinsky Valery M. , Karatun Nikita M. , Bogatyrev Vladimir A. , Sigaev Vladimir N. , Golubev Nikita V. , Ignat'eva Elena S. , Lorenzi Roberto , Mozzati Maria Cristina , Paleari Alberto , Dianov Evgeny M. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractA spectroscopic protocol is proposed to implement confocal microfluorescence imaging to the analysis of microinhomogeneity in the nanocrystallization of the core of fibers belonging to a new kind of broadband fiber amplifier based on glass with embedded nanocrystals. Nanocrystallization, crucial for achieving an adequate light emission efficiency of transition metal ions in these materials, has to be as homogeneous as possible in the fiber to assure optical amplification. This requirement calls for a sensitive method for monitoring nanostructuring in oxide glasses. Here we show that mapping microfluorescence excited at 633 nm by a He-Ne laser may give a useful tool in this regard, thanks to quasi-resonant excitation of coordination defects typical of germanosilicate materials, such as nonbridging oxygens and charged Ge-O-Ge sites, whose fluorescence are shown to undergo spectral modifications when nanocrystals form into the glass. The method has been positively checked on prototypes of optical fibers—preventively characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy—fabricated from preforms of Ni-doped Li2O-Na2O-Sb2O3-Ga2O3-GeO2-SiO2 glass in silica cladding and subjected to heat treatment to activate gallium oxide nanocrystal growth. The method indeed enables not only the mapping of the crystallization degree but also the identification of drawing-induced defects in the fiber cladding.
Human recombinant granulocyte‐macrophage colony stimulating factor (hrGM‐CSF) improves double hemibody irradiation (DHBI) tolerance in patients with stage III multiple myeloma: A pilot study
Authors: Troussard X. , Macro M. , Vie B. , Batho A. , Peny A. M. , Reman O. , Tabah I. , Leporrier M. 
Published: March 2012

Summary. Double hemibody irradiation (DHBI) is an alternative treatment of stage III multiple myeloma (MM) in patients aged over 55 years. Toxic side‐effects such as myelosuppression are a severe limiting factor to its use. We performed DHBI associated with human recombinant granulocyte‐macrophage colony stimulating factor (hrGM‐CSF) as support therapy in 10 patients with stage III MM to improve the tolerance to this treatment.Ten patients received subcutaneously 5 μg/kg/d of hrGM‐CSF during 2 weeks after each course of hemibody irradiation. All these patients had stage III MM: eight previously received chemotherapy, six of them were regarded as patients with refractory MM and two with relapse. Two patients received DHBI as first‐line treatment.hrGM‐CSF increased safety and tolerance of DHBI. GM‐CSF support reduced the mean time between upper body irradiation (UBI) and lower body irradiation (LBI): 41v108d in a cohort of 32 patients previously treated without growth factor support. Overall there was no lethal infection with hrGM‐CSF or granulocytopenia (5.0 × 109/1 v 0.4 × 109/l at day 15 in patients without growth factor). hrGM‐CSF also reduced stomatitis grading and thrombocytopenia (90 × 109/l v 45 × 109/l at day 15). Furthermore, hrGM‐CSF increased blood colony forming unit‐granulocyte macrophage (CFU‐GM) and was well tolerated in all but one patient.hrGM‐CSF reduces toxic side‐effects of DHBI, thus providing an effective treatment in patients with advanced and resistant MM.
The fate of assimilated nitrogen in streams: an in situ benthic chamber study
Authors: O’BRIEN JONATHAN M. , HAMILTON STEPHEN K. , PODZIKOWSKI LAURA , OSTROM NATHANIEL 
Published: March 2012

Summary1. Nitrogen (N) processing in streams has been investigated using whole‐stream 15N addition experiments that, in general, have found that a large proportion of added nitrate removed from the water column appears to be assimilated by the stream benthos. The long‐term fate of this retained N is unknown, and of particular interest is the possibility that it becomes denitrified through coupled mineralisation–nitrification–denitrification processes (indirect denitrification).2. We used in situ chambers to produce highly 15N‐enriched benthic biofilms and removed the chambers to allow biofilms to interact with ambient stream conditions. Nitrogen assimilation and direct denitrification were estimated from the first chamber deployment. Chambers were periodically reinstalled over 4 weeks to measure tracer 15N in ammonium (), nitrate () and dinitrogen (N2), from which we estimated subsequent rates of biotic N transformations, including N mineralisation (ammonification), nitrification and indirect denitrification. We also estimated rates of depuration of 15N tracer from benthic biomass compartments.3. Nitrate uptake was roughly equivalent in the sand and cobble habitats that dominated the stream. Direct denitrification (denitrification of from the water column) was an order of magnitude higher in cobble habitats than in sand habitats, accounting for c. 26 and 2% of total nitrate uptake in cobble and sand, respectively.4. Mean residence times of actively cycling organic N in stream benthos (algae and microbes) were 16 days in cobble habitats and 9 days in sand habitats. The difference between habitat types was driven by the influence of N residence time in epilithic biofilms (18 days) on cobbles.5. Release of enriched 15 was the primary flux of remineralised N, while release of enriched 15 was an order of magnitude less. We detected slight 15N enrichment in dissolved nitrogen gas (N2) in post‐enrichment sampling, indicating that indirect denitrification was taking place. However, indirect denitrification accounted for <0.1% of the assimilated N.6. These experiments agree with results of whole‐stream 15N additions, in that most added N was assimilated rather than directly denitrified. Assimilation was primarily a short‐term N retention mechanism in this stream, and indirect denitrification of assimilated N accounted for only a minor proportion of the observed 15N loss over time.7. Remaining possible fates include export of N as particulate organic matter, which may lead to additional storage of assimilated N in downstream habitats, and consumption by grazers.