bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Philosophical Motives in Wilhelm von Humboldt’s Defense of the Inflectional Superiority Thesis
Authors: Manchester Martin L. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Wilhelm von Humboldt, like many other linguists in the early 19th century, claimed that inflectional languages are superior to non-inflecting languages. This thesis waned in popularity after the middle of the century, and the reasons why the claim was made have become historically obscured. The tendency in many modern accounts is to view the inflectional superiority thesis (IST) as a cultural or literary prejudice typical of the nationalism and romanticism of Humboldt’s period (Sapir 1921, Hönigswald 1937). Against this account I argue that, in Humboldt’s case at least, the IST followed consistently from two philosophical assumptions that were axiomatic in his philosophy of language. (A) Humboldt distinguished between the conceptual constituents of thoughts (Gedankeneinheiten) and their grammatical inter-relationships. The former are the units of ‘meaning’, the latter only modifications of the former and thus in themselves ‘meaningless’ (bedeutungslos). (В) Grammatical relations, further, never stand alone in a thought but are always ‘attached’ to concepts. Operating with (A) and (B) Humboldt argued that the ideal symbolic (linguistic) representation of thought will indicate grammatical relations by affixes which are (A) meaningless in their own right, having no meaning beyond their grammatical significance, and (B) are always attached or ‘fused’ to the radical words being grammatically modified. Highly inflectional languages come closest to this ideal. They represent thought in a more isomorphic fashion than languages using other grammatical methods. Thus the IST, in Humboldt’s version, is a semiotic claim. As such it should be understood as a result not of nationalism or Indo-European cultural prejudice but rather of Enlightenment philosophy and psychology.
Benjamin martin the linguist
Authors: Tieken-Boon van Ostade Ingrid 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Benjamin Martin (1704–82) was a versatile character whose interests and abilities were varied and wide-spread; moreover, he was reasonably successful in practically everything he undertook. However, in a biography by John R. Millburn, Benjamin Martin: Author, Instrument-maker, and ‘Country Showman’ (Leyden, 1976), his linguistic career is not treated as fully as it might have been. In a period of almost 20 years (1748–66) Martin published one dictionary and two works on English grammar, all of which were later reprinted. Towards the end of his linguistic career he was still regarded as an authority on matters of lexicography, and his three works on language are discussed in several modern works on the history of linguistics. This paper, therefore, aims at completing the picture drawn by Millburn as far as Martin’s linguistic work is concerned but it also accounts for certain aspects about his workson language that have so far remained unexplained.
Materialisme et linguistique chez Leopardi
Authors: Piparo Franco Lo 
Published: November 2010

Résumé
Giacomo Leopardi (1798–1837), bien plus connu comme poète et homme de lettres que comme linguiste, dit dans plusieurs de ses lettres qu’il est en train d’écrire un livre sur la théorie et l’histoire du langage. Le titre en devait être: Parallelo delle cinque lingue. En fait, Leopardi ne rédigea pas l’ouvrage en question, mais il laissa un nombre considérable de notes dans son Zibaldone, journal intellectuel qu’il tint de 1817 à 1832. Notre article étudie les relations entre la théorie linguistique de Leopardi et sa philosophie matérialiste. Leopardi, qui connaissait les théories de Locke, Condillac et Destutt de Tracy, envisageait la formation des mots comme une partie, inséparable, de la formation des idées en tant que dérivant des sensations. A cet égard, le sensualisme et la théorie générale du langage partagent le même object: l’histoire philosophique et matérialiste de l’esprit. Dans cette histoire, le langage joue un rôle très important. Nous examinons ici les notes de Leopardi dans son Zibaldone, expliquant dans quelle mesure la matérialité du signe verbal constitue une aide pour le calcul, la mémoire et même les idées spirituelles et abstraites.
Giacomo Devoto 1898–1974
Authors: Ramat Paolo 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The paper essays to give a brief survey of the imposing and complex work of Giacomo Devoto (1897–1974), with particular emphasis on its principal traits seen both from the point of view of the history of linguistics and its scientific significance. Especial attention is drawn first of all to Devoto’s position vis-à-vis Benedetto Croce’s Idealism and the linguistic positivism of the first half of the 20th century. It seems possible to define Devoto’s position as a dialectic one between these two intellectual currents, which eventually led to an historicism, which actually was typical of the Italian linguistic tradition. From this viewpoint then Devoto’s understanding of language as an ‘institution’ is examined, including his intervention in the dispute between N. Ja. Marr and Stalin. After having dealt with his concept of a ‘stylistics of language’, which returns to regarding langue as an historicaland social institution, and its difference from a literary stylistics, Devoto’s Indo-European studies are examined. Here, the question of the relationship between linguistics and the other disciplines concerned with antiuqty is discussed, a relationship which Devotohad been obliged on several occasions to come back to. The ‘Devotian’ position is presented critically with the help of discussions which Devoto himself had entertained, with archaeologists and with linguists.
The Role of α-Glucosidase in Germinating Barley Grains
Authors: Stanley Duncan , Rejzek Martin , Naested Henrik , Smedley Mark , Otero Sofía , Fahy Brendan , Thorpe Frazer , Nash Robert J. , Harwood Wendy , Svensson Birte , Denyer Kay , Field Robert A. , Smith Alison M. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
The importance of α-glucosidase in the endosperm starch metabolism of barley (Hordeum vulgare) seedlings is poorly understood. The enzyme converts maltose to glucose (Glc), but in vitro studies indicate that it can also attack starch granules. To discover its role in vivo, we took complementary chemical-genetic and reverse-genetic approaches. We identified iminosugar inhibitors of a recombinant form of an α-glucosidase previously discovered in barley endosperm (ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE97 [HvAGL97]), and applied four of them to germinating grains. All four decreased the Glc-to-maltose ratio in the endosperm 10 d after imbibition, implying inhibition of maltase activity. Three of the four inhibitors also reduced starch degradation and seedling growth, but the fourth did not affect these parameters. Inhibition of starch degradation was apparently not due to inhibition of amylases. Inhibition of seedling growth was primarily a direct effect of the inhibitors on roots and coleoptiles rather than an indirect effect of the inhibition of endosperm metabolism. It may reflect inhibition of glycoprotein-processing glucosidases in these organs. In transgenic seedlings carrying an RNA interference silencing cassette for HvAgl97, α-glucosidase activity was reduced by up to 50%. There was a large decrease in the Glc-to-maltose ratio in these lines but no effect on starch degradation or seedling growth. Our results suggest that the α-glucosidase HvAGL97 is the major endosperm enzyme catalyzing the conversion of maltose to Glc but is not required for starch degradation. However, the effects of three glucosidase inhibitors on starch degradation in the endosperm indicate the existence of unidentified glucosidase(s) required for this process.
Rituximab in combination with CODOX‐M/IVAC: a retrospective analysis of 23 cases of non‐HIV related B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma with proliferation index >95%
Authors: Mohamedbhai Sajir G. , Sibson Keith , Marafioti Teresa , Kayani Irfan , Lowry Lisa , Goldstone Anthony H. , Linch David C. , Ardeshna Kirit M. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThe safety and efficacy of rituximab with CODOX‐M/IVAC (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, methotrexate/ifosfamide, etoposide, high dose cytarabine) was retrospectively analysed in 23 patients with non‐human immunodeficiency virus‐related B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma with proliferation index >95% [14 with classical Burkitt lymphoma (BL), five with B‐cell lymphoma unclassifiable, with features intermediate between diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and BL, and four with DLBCL]. Six (26%) low‐risk (LR) patients received three cycles of CODOX‐M and 17 (74%) high‐risk (HR) cases were assigned to four cycles of alternating CODOX‐M/IVAC. Rituximab 375 mg/m2 was infused on days 1 and 10 of each cycle. Toxicity was comparable to that reported with CODOX‐M/IVAC, with no treatment‐related death. Two patients developed grade 3 rituximab‐induced delayed neutropenia, with no adverse outcome. After completing treatment, 83% LR patients and 71% HR patients achieved CR by positron emission tomography–computerized tomography (PET–CT). Three (13%) patients received salvage treatment. At a median follow‐up of 34 months (range = 18–75), 19 (83%) patients (100% LR and 74% HR) were alive, including one case undergoing salvage for late relapse. Four HR patients (17%) had died, three from primary progressive disease and one from treatment‐refractory relapse 2 months after achieving CR. These results with R‐CODOX‐M/R‐IVAC compare favourably with existing data using CODOX‐M/IVAC and warrant further prospective studies. The potential pitfalls of PET–CT to assess response are highlighted.
1:1 mobile inquiry learning experience for primary science students: a study of learning effectiveness
Authors: Looi C.‐K. , Zhang B. , Chen W. , Seow P. , Chia G. , Norris C. , Soloway E. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis paper presents the findings of a research project in which we transformed a primary (grade) 3 science curriculum for delivery via mobile technologies, and a teacher enacted the lessons over the 2009 academic year in a class in a primary school in Singapore. The students had a total of 21 weeks of the mobilized lessons in science, which were co‐designed by teachers and researchers by tapping into the affordances of mobile technologies for supporting inquiry learning in and outside of class. We examine the learning effectiveness of the enacted mobilized science curriculum. The results show that among the six mixed‐ability classes in primary (grade) 3 in the school, the experimental class performed better than other classes as measured by traditional assessments in the science subject. With mobilized lessons, students were found to learn science in personal, deep and engaging ways as well as developed positive attitudes towards mobile learning.
Imaging of human colon cancer cells using He‐Ion scanning microscopy
Authors: BAZOU D. , BEHAN G. , REID C. , BOLAND J.J. , ZHANG H.Z. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryDue to its low beam current and charge compensation mechanism He‐Ion scanning microscopy is a very promising tool for imaging biological cells. However, to obtain relevant information, the method used for sample preparation is also critical. In this work, we have used a Carl Zeiss Orion Plus helium‐ion microscope to study the effect of sample gold coating on the morphology of human colorectal adenocarcinoma Caco2 cells. The fixative glutaraldehyde was used and the selective gold coating of the samples was investigated. A comparative study with standard scanning electron microscopy is presented.
Functional characterisation of a complex mutation in the α(1,4)galactosyltransferase gene in Taiwanese individuals with p phenotype
Authors: Wang Y.‐C. , Chang C.‐F. , Lin H.‐C. , Lin K.‐S. , Lin K.‐T. , Hung C.‐M. , Lin T.‐M. 
Published: November 2010

Background and objective: Individuals with p phenotype lack P1, Pk and P antigens on red blood cells, presumably as a result of deficiency in the enzyme α(1,4)galactosyltransferase (A4GALT). The aim of this study was to explore the molecular background of a Taiwanese family with p phenotype. Materials and methods: Blood samples from two p siblings and seven family members were investigated. The coding region of the A4GALT gene was analysed by polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing. The wild‐ and mutant‐complementary DNAs (cDNAs) of A4GALT were cloned into an expression vector and transfected to Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Pk expression on the transfected cells was analysed by flow cytometry and the activities of A4GALT were measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Results: The two individuals with p phenotype were homozygous for the complex mutation, which was caused by a combined deletion and insertion between nt 418 and 428. No expression of Pk and no enzyme activity were observed in cells transfected with the mutant construct. Conclusion: The first case of p phenotype in Taiwan was caused by a non‐functional allele resulting from a homozygous complex mutation of A4GALT gene.
Moment of Addition of LH to the Culture Medium Improves In Vitro Survival and Development of Secondary Goat Pre‐antral Follicles
Authors: Silva CMG , Castro SV , Faustino LR , Rodrigues GQ , Brito IR , Saraiva MVA , Rossetto R , Silva TFP , Campello CC , Figueiredo JR 
Published: November 2010

ContentsThe present study investigated the effects of time of addition of luteinizing hormone (LH) to culture medium on the in vitro development of caprine pre‐antral follicles. Pre‐antral follicles (≥150 μm) were isolated from fragments of the goat ovarian cortex and individually cultured for 18 days in the absence (control) or presence of 100 ng/ml LH, added on days 0, 6 or 12 of culture. Follicular development was assessed based on antral cavity formation, increased follicular diameter as well as follicular and fully grown oocyte (>110 μm) viability. The results showed that after 18 days of culture, the percentage of surviving follicles in the control treatment was significantly lower when compared to other treatments (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in antrum formation, follicular diameter and oocyte viability. The addition of LH at D6 of culture significantly increased the rates of oocytes ≥110 μm and the resumption of meiosis (p < 0.05). In contrast, when LH was added at the onset of culture, only germinal vesicle oocytes were obtained. In conclusion, the moment of addition of LH to the culture medium affects the performance of in vitro culture of caprine pre‐antral follicles. The addition of LH to the medium from day 6 of culture onward improved the rates of follicular survival, as well as the ability of oocytes to resume meiosis. However, prolonged exposure to LH (addition at the onset of culture onward) showed detrimental effects for the meiotic resumption.
Clinical Use of GnRH Agonists in Canine and Feline Species
Authors: Fontaine E , Fontbonne A 
Published: November 2010

ContentsGnRH (gonadotrophin releasing hormone) is a key hormone of reproductive function in mammals; agonist forms have been largely developed, and data concerning their use in small animal reproduction are now abundant. GnRH agonists act by a two‐step mechanism. First, their agonist properties on the pituitary will cause marked LH (luteinizing hormone) and FSH (follicle‐stimulating hormone) secretion into the bloodstream, accompanied by an increase in the concentrations of sex steroid hormones. Then, in case of constant administration, GnRH agonists will lead to pituitary desensitization, and FSH and LH levels will collapse. These two effects have been widely documented, and these compounds have many potential benefits in a clinical context, capitalizing both on their stimulating and sterilizing effects.
Multiorgan Engraftment of Human Somatic Cells in Swine Foetuses After Intra‐Blastocyst Transplantation
Authors: Estrada J , Li P , Mir B 
Published: November 2010

ContentsAdult human stem cells, mainly from hematopoietic lineage, have been injected into developing pre‐immune animal foetuses, and xenogenic engraftment of liver and other organs has been reported. We isolated a rare cell population from adult human liver, fat and skin. Colonies with few cells became visible as early as 2–3 days, and a fully formed colony took 10–14 days to form. These colonies were named as liver‐derived cell lines (LDCs), fat‐derived cell lines (FDCs) and skin‐derived cell lines (SDCs). All these cells express few pluripotency markers like Klf4, c‐myc and Sox2. Pig blastocysts were injected with LDCs, FDCs and SDCs and transferred to recipient pigs. We achieved an overall pregnancy rate of 71.4% at day 35. The foetuses were analysed for human cell chimerism in liver, kidney and heart both by RT‐PCR and real‐time PCR using primers specific to human and pig mitochondrial DNA. The percentage of foetuses showing chimerism was 17.4% (4/23), 12.5% (2/16) and 11.1% (1/9) for LDCs, FDCs and SDCs, respectively. Of these, 42.9% (three out of seven) showed chimerism in liver and 71.4% (five out of seven) showed kidney chimerism. However, we did not detect any chimerism in the heart. The level of chimerism varied and was in the range of one human cell per one hundred thousand to one million pig cells.
The Stress Response of Frequently Electroejaculated Rams to Electroejaculation: Hormonal, Physiological, Biochemical, Haematological and Behavioural Parameters
Authors: Damián JP , Ungerfeld R 
Published: November 2010

ContentsElectroejaculation (EE) is a technique widely used to collect semen in ruminants, which produces a stress response with negative effects on animal welfare. The aim of this paper was to characterize the stress response during conventional EE in rams that have been frequently electroejaculated. Blood samples were collected since 20 min before and until 120 min after electroejaculating 10 rams. Electroejaculation affected hormone concentration, as cortisol increased, and testosterone decreased after EE. Heart and respiratory rate increased 10 min after EE. Several blood parameters, such as glycaemia, an increase in total protein and creatine kinase concentrations and a decrease in haematocrit, haemoglobin, red blood cell and alkaline phosphatase concentrations. The rams vocalized 13.8 ± 2.4 times, and the largest length of vocalizations during EE was associated with the numbers of pulses in which the rams ejaculated. In this paper, we provide a complete characterization of the stress response to EE in rams. We showed that although rams have been frequently electroejaculated, an important stress response including changes in respiratory rate, testosterone concentrations, haematological and biochemical parameters were observed, besides the changes in cortisol concentrations and heart rate, suggesting that rams were not habituated to EE. In addition, we described the main parameters of vocalizations and its relation with the moment of EE. The information displayed on the frequent use of EE in the rams should be considered in relation to the welfare implications.
Animal models of psychogenic cardiovascular disorders: what we can learn from them and what we cannot
Authors: Nalivaiko Eugene 
Published: November 2010

Summary1. Epidemiological and clinical studies from the past 50 years provide unequivocal evidence for a close association and causative links between psychological stresses and cardiovascular dysfunction in humans. Not surprisingly, numerous animal experiments have been undertaken in an attempt to clarify underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. The present review focuses on animal models that provide insight into the mechanisms of stress‐induced cardiovascular dysfunction.2. Great success was achieved in elucidating the neural pathways and neurotransmitters responsible for the cardiac consequences of acute stressors, such as stress‐induced ventricular arrhythmias and stress cardiomyopathy. These disturbances were reproduced successfully in canine and rodent models. The most important finding from these animal models is that these disturbances are mediated by elevated sympathetic outflow to the ventricular myocardium.3. In contrast, attempts to induce psychogenic hypertension in rodents produced inconsistent and contentious results. More recent studies using biotelemetry raised serious doubts regarding the validity of earlier results obtained with the tail‐cuff method and it remains unclear whether chronic stress can lead to sustained hypertension in animal models.
Parents' estimate of food allergy prevalence and management in Italian school‐aged children
Authors: Caffarelli Carlo , Coscia Alessandra , Ridolo Erminia , Povesi Dascola Carlotta , Gelmett Chiara , Raggi Vera , Volta Elio , Vanell Maurizio , Dall'Aglio Pier Paolo 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBackground:  Despite the increasing prevalence of food allergy, few studies have assessed the prevalence of perceived food‐induced symptoms among school‐aged children. There is also a paucity of data on how children with food reactions are managed. We investigated the frequency and characteristics of perceived food reactions in school‐aged children.Methods:  Children aged 5–14 years were included in this cross‐sectional study. A standardized self‐administered questionnaire on food reactions was handed out to 900 parents.Results:  We achieved a response rate of 69%. The lifetime prevalence of parental perceived allergic reactions to food was 10.5%; the point prevalence was 1.6%. Medical care included a call to a general practitioner in 54% of cases, self‐management in 37%, an emergency call in 6%, and hospitalization in 3%. Antihistamines were administered in 45% of food reactions, topical steroids in 24%, oral or parenteral steroids in 16%, and epinephrine in 1.5%. In children who reported food reactions, skin prick tests for foods were performed in 54% of cases; the oral food challenge test was performed in 7.5%.Conclusion:  Parent perception of food allergic disorders is common in school‐aged children. Few children have undergone diagnostic tests to ascertain clinical food hypersensitivity. This is warranted to avoid unnecessarily restricted diets. Efforts should be made to train primary care physicians to manage food‐allergic children.
Conservative resection and adjuvant plaque brachytherapy for early‐stage conjunctival melanoma
Authors: Karim Rushmia , Conway R Max 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBackground:  To describe the outcome of patients treated by conservative surgical excision followed by adjuvant plaque brachytherapy for early‐stage primary or recurrent conjunctival melanoma.Design:  Retrospective, non‐comparative, interventional case series.Participants:  We reviewed 19 eyes in 19 consecutive patients presenting with biopsy proven conjunctival melanoma with pathologic stage pT1c or less.Methods:  Patients with primary or recurrent early‐stage conjunctival melanoma were identified and treated using a conservative resection technique (tractional micro‐dissection) involving avoidance of deep dissection and modest lateral clearance followed by adjuvant plaque brachytherapy.Main Outcome Measure:  Local recurrence and ocular complications.Results:  Mean age was 55.2 years and male : female (8:11). Mean follow up was 43.1 months (range 30.1–54.3 months). All patients were treated by conservative resection followed by adjuvant Iodine‐125 plaque brachytherapy. The treatment dose was 100 Gy to a depth of 1.5–3.0 mm. Outcomes: median visual acuity and intraocular pressure were unchanged after surgery. Six patients experienced corneal ulceration in the immediate postoperative period. No patients experienced recurrence at the treatment site or metastases. Three patients experienced new lesions distant from the treatment site.Conclusions:  Conservative resection and adjuvant plaque brachytherapy is an effective and well‐tolerated modality for the management of patients with early‐stage conjunctival melanoma.