bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FORECASTING VOLATILITY IN THE PRESENCE OF MODEL INSTABILITY
Authors: Maheu John M. , Reeves Jonathan J. , Xie Xuan 
Published: May 2010

SummaryRecent advances in financial econometrics have allowed for the construction of efficient ex post measures of daily volatility. This paper investigates the importance of instability in models of realised volatility and their corresponding forecasts. Testing for model instability is conducted with a subsampling method. We show that removing structurally unstable data of a short duration has a negligible impact on the accuracy of conditional mean forecasts of volatility. In contrast, it does provide a substantial improvement in a model's forecast density of volatility. In addition, the forecasting performance improves, often dramatically, when we evaluate models on structurally stable data.
The additional yield of combined nerve/muscle biopsy in vasculitic neuropathy
Authors: Vrancken A. F. J. E. , Gathier C. S. , Cats E. A. , Notermans N. C. , Collins M. P. 
Published: May 2010

Background:  Vasculitic neuropathy can be confirmed by demonstrating vasculitis in a nerve biopsy, but it is uncertain to what extent combined (i.e. nerve/muscle) biopsy improves the yield.Methods:  A random‐effects meta‐analysis was performed to assess the additional yield of combined biopsy in vasculitic neuropathy. Medline, Embase, LILACS and ISI were searched from January 1980 until January 2009 for relevant articles on the yield of nerve, muscle or combined biopsy to diagnose vasculitic neuropathy. Fourteen (15%) studies were included. Methodological quality was scored using a modified Quality Assessment for Diagnostic Accuracy Studies tool.Results:  In patients clinically suspected of vasculitic neuropathy, the additional yield of definite vasculitis in combined biopsy was 5.1% (95% CI 1.1–9.2%; P = 0.013). In patients diagnosed with vasculitic neuropathy, the additional yield of definite vasculitis in combined biopsy was 15% (95% CI 2.1–28%; P = 0.023).Conclusions:  There is a modest additional yield of definite vasculitis in combined biopsy compared to nerve biopsy alone. Because of methodological flaws in analysed studies, the findings should be validated in a prospective study.
Enabling Housing Cooperatives: Policy Lessons from Sweden, India and the United States
Authors: GANAPATI SUKUMAR 
Published: May 2010

AbstractHousing cooperatives became active in urban areas in Sweden, India and the United States during the interwar period. Yet, after the second world war, while housing cooperatives grew phenomenally nationwide in Sweden and India, they did not do so in the United States. This article makes a comparative institutional analysis of the evolution of housing cooperatives in these three countries. The analysis reveals that housing cooperatives' relationship with the state and the consequent support structures explain the divergent evolution. Although the relationships between cooperatives and the state evolved over time, they can be characterized as embedded autonomy, overembeddedness and disembeddedness in Sweden, India and the United States respectively. Whereas the consequent support structures for housing cooperatives became well developed in Sweden and India, such structures have been weak in the United States. The article highlights the need for embedded autonomy and the need for supportive structures to enable the growth of housing cooperatives.Résumé Les coopératives de logement sont entrées en activité dans les zones urbaines de Suède, d’Inde et des États‐Unis entre les deux guerres. Or, après le second conflit mondial, elles se sont énormément développées dans toute la Suède et l’Inde, contrairement aux États‐Unis. L’article effectue une analyse institutionnelle comparée de l’évolution des coopératives de logement dans ces trois pays. Ce travail révèle que les rapports de ces coopératives avec l’État et les structures d’accompagnement expliquent la divergence d’évolution. Bien que les relations entre coopératives et État aient changé avec le temps, on peut les qualifier d’autonomie intégrée en Suède, de sur‐intégration en Inde et de sous‐intégration aux États‐Unis. Tandis que les structures d’accompagnement des coopératives de logement se sont épanouies en Suède et en Inde, elles manquent d’ampleur aux États‐Unis. L’article souligne la nécessité d’une autonomie imbriquée et le besoin de structures de soutien pour permettre l’essor des coopératives de logement.
‘How long are we able to go on?’ Issues faced by older family caregivers of adults with disabilities
Authors: Dillenburger Karola , McKerr Lyn 
Published: May 2010

Accessible summaryWhen sons and daughters with disabilities live with their parents all their lives, this can sometimes be difficult for the parents as well as the sons and daughters. We asked the parents what they like and dislike about having their sons and daughters living with them and what makes it easy and what makes it difficult. The parents who took part in this study told us that

They loved their sons and daughters very much and had much fun living together;
Sometimes they had difficulties getting help or services;
They worry a lot about the future and what will happen when they can no longer look after their sons and daughters with disabilities;
It is really important that families plan ahead so that everyone knows what will happen when parents get older and can no longer look after their sons and daughters with disabilities.

SummaryResearch‐informed policy and practice is needed for older caregivers of adult sons/daughters with disabilities. These caregivers are often under tremendous stress because of failing health, financial pressures, bereavement and worry about the future of their sons/daughters. Twenty‐nine older parents/caregivers of 27 adults with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities were interviewed to explore their views and experiences regarding long‐term care and service arrangements, health and psychological needs and ‘future planning’. Findings show a severe lack of support, respite care and future planning which causes high stress levels for caregivers. Policy makers and researchers working in this field need to take into consideration the needs of older caregivers when making future plans for adults with disabilities.
The ability of Clarias lazera (Pisces) to survive without air breathing
Authors: Abdel‐Magid A. M. 
Published: May 2010

The respiratory behaviour of Clarias lazera under different conditions was investigated.In water saturated with air but with the fish allowed access to the surface (Fig. 2) the respiratory movements were seen to increase before it surfaced. Once the fish had settled at the bottom of the aquarium, however, a marked drop in the frequency occurred (Fig. 4): The rate gradually built up, reaching a certain maximum before a revisit to the surface was made.At low oxygen concentrations but again with the fish allowed access to the surface (Fig. 2), diminution of the oxygen content of the water to critical value 4‐3 mg/l. resulted in a marked increase in the frequency of surfacing (Fig. 7(a)). This lasted for only a short period, however, before the fish became acclimated and showed a regular pattern of surfacing at a relatively lower rate (Fig. 7(b)). The frequency again is influenced by the activity of the fish.These results conflict with Moussa's (1957) findings and show that Clarias does not die if prevented from surfacing provided that the oxygen concentration in the surrounding water is sufficiently high. This condition, however, imposes on the fish a respiratory frequency higher than normal.It was concluded that surfacing in Clarias is rhythmic. It is affected in the first place by the activity of the fish and secondly influenced by the oxygen concentration in water. The fish surfaces to inhale air which comes in contact with the accessory respiratory organs where gaseous exchange takes place.
The food of some Australian anurans (Amphibia)
Authors: Pengilley R. K. 
Published: May 2010

Analysis of the stomach contents of adults of three species of the genus Pseudophryne (Anura: Leptodactylidae) occurring in south‐eastern New South Wales showed that the diet consists mainly of ants or termites. In P. corroboree differences in size and taxonomic categories of prey items were associated with the size of the predator. Seasonal variation in feeding activity of the adults, which was related to the seasonal change in temperature, was also revealed.Differences in diet of five species living in the same area were seen. Both P. corroboree and P. dendyi fed on similar food items. The stomach contents of Crinia signifera and juvenile P. corroboree were similar which suggested that they were feeding in the same zone. Hyla verreauxi, a large ground dwelling hylid appeared to feed on larger insect items.
A comparative study of the structure of the skin of certain air‐breathing fresh‐water teleosts
Authors: Mittal A. K. , Munshi J. S. Datta 
Published: May 2010

A comparative study of the skin, based on the micro‐anatomical investigation of skin fragments taken from a specific region of the body, has been made of three air‐breathing fishes, namely,Heteropneustes fossilis, Amphipnous cuchiaandMastacembelus pancalus.On the basis of their structure and histochemical nature, five types of skin glands have been distinguished in the epidermis of these fishes.The relative thickness of the epidermis (A. cuchia–119 μm (average value),H. fossilis– 98 μm (average value),M. pancalus–34 μm (average value)) and its vascularization has been considered and compared with other fishes and amphibians. The possibilities of cutaneous respiration in these air‐breathing fishes has been discussed.The presence of a well‐defined lymphatic system, comprising a series of lymph spaces containing small lymphocytes, in the stratum germinativum layer of the epidermis of these fishes has been established.The stratum laxum layer of the dermis inAmphipnousis characterized by the presence of definite areas containing “Substantia amorpha” having acidic mucopolysaccharides which may be related with the amphibious habit of the fishes. This is an adaptation against desiccation similar to that found in the Anura. InMastacembeluselliptical areas of the stratum laxum penetrate into the epidermis thus making these areas of the epidermis considerably thin (about 7 μm) for cutaneous respiration.There is an inverse relationship between the thickness of the stratum compactum and squamation.
Morphometric and functional studies on the stomach of the lizard Lacerta vivipara
Authors: Avery R. A. 
Published: May 2010

Stomach volumes of the lizard Lacerta vivipara were determined by injection with water to a pressure of 40 mm mercury. The relation between stomach volume and body weight is isometric. Food consumption per unit of body weight, however, decreases with increasing size. It is concluded that stomach volume is not the main factor which determines food consumption.Food is lost from the stomach at an exponential rate. At normal temperatures, the stomach is nearly empty at the beginning of the morning activity period.
Growth and life‐span of Octopus cyanea (Mollusca: Cephalopoda)*
Authors: Heukelem WilliamF. Van 
Published: May 2010

The growth of Octopus cyanea was followed from 67 to 6500 g in captivity on an ad libitum diet of live crabs. Females spawning in captivity always die after the eggs hatch. Males may mate many times with several different females but do not appear to outlive females. The species spawns throughout the year; the time of spawning is probably determined by the age of the female. Males stop growing after suckers at the edge of the web enlarge and gradually lose weight until their death, about two or three months after maximum sucker enlargement. The life‐span of O. cyanea appears to be between 12 and 15 months from settlement.A growth curve is presented for the species from settling to maximum size and compared with experimental data on captive and marked, free‐living animals. Free octopuses grew at rates similar to captives fed ad libitum, indicating that food was not limiting to growth in the field, and that a reasonable estimate of age could be obtained from the weight at capture.A method of marking animals by branding is described which gives lifetime scars making it possible to study the growth of individual animals released in the field.
Quantitative estimation of the daily ingestion of phytoplankton by Tilapia nilotica and Haplochromis nigripinnis in Lake George, Uganda
Authors: Moriarty Christine M. , Moriarty D. J. W. 
Published: May 2010

A direct method has been used to estimate the amount of phytoplankton ingested per day by herbivorous fish in Lake George, Uganda. The quantities ingested are linearly related to the weight of the fish, as given by the following regression equations: for Tilapia nilotica: y= 271+13.3 x and for Haplochromis nigripinnis: y=–29.6+21.9 x, where y is the dry weight of phytoplankton (mg) ingested per day and x is the wet weight of the fish (g).Summary Tilapia nilotica and Haplochromis nigripinnis have a diurnal feeding cycle. They start feeding shortly before dawn and feed continually until about dusk. They do not feed during the night. Although there is some individual variation, a linear increase in the average dry weight of stomach contents from dawn to dusk, and a linear decrease from dusk until about midnight is generally observed. The dry weight of algae passing into the intestine increases steadily until the first algae eaten in the morning reach the end of the intestine. The rates of change in these weights are used to estimate the total amount of food ingested over 24 hours. It was found that the rate of passage of algae from the stomach to intestine was greater during feeding than after feeding had stopped. The quantities ingested are linearly related to the weight of the fish, as given by the following regression equations: T. nilotica y= 271+13.3 x H. nigripinnis y=–29.6+21.9 xwhere y is the dry weight of phytoplankton (mg) ingested per day and x is the wet weight of the fish (g).
Growth in the Antarctic fur seal Arctocephalus gazella
Authors: PAYNE M. R. 
Published: May 2010

The growth of the Antarctic fur seal Arctocephalus gazellaat South Georgia is described from 556 specimens whose age was determined. The following parameters are described: standard length, body weight, foreflipper length, hindflipper length, neck girth, axillary girth and blubber thickness. Data are also presented on absolute and relative sizes of the following organs in new‐born pups, pups near weaning, two‐year‐olds and adults: thyroids, adrenals, heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, spleen and brain.The growth of the pup within the 110–115 day suckling period is estimated as 98 g/day for males and 84 g/day for females. No other species of fur seal grows so rapidly at this time. Subsequent growth is compared with that of the other species of fur seal to inhabit polar water, Callorhinus ursinus. A. gazellagrows more rapidly up to age three, and although adult males are smaller, females are slightly larger. This more rapid initial growth, and earlier breeding, may be related to the large reduction in the Antarctic stocks of baleen whales which eat the same food.The mean weights of males, females and all individuals in the population are calculated as 54‐8,25‐3 and 39‐3 kg respectively. The number in the population at the end of the breeding season is 41 times the number of pups born, equivalent to a total population in March 1976 of 369,000 seals with a biomass of 14,500 tonnes and an annual food consumption of about 350,000 tonnes.
Growth and LDH isozyme patterns in the pectoral and cardiac muscles of the Japanese Lesser horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus cornutus cornutus from the standpoint of adaptation for flight
Authors: YOKOYAMA KEIICHI , OHTSU RYUICHI , UCHIDA TERU AKI 
Published: May 2010

From the point of view of adaptation for flight in bats, we compared growth and LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) isozyme patterns in the pectoral and cardiac muscles of the Japanese Lesser horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus cornutus cornutus. In the pectoral muscles, the four LDH isozyme bands were recognized throughout life. In the embryo and newborn young the predominant isozyme was LDH‐3 and the relative amount of LDH‐1 was very low. The predominant isozyme of the infant in the flying stage was LDH‐1.Moreover, the percentage of B subunit of LDH isozymes in the pectoral muscles increased remarkably during the transition period from the flapping to flying stage. Thus, it is concluded that there is a reversal of LDH isozyme activity toward more anodal side (cardiac muscle type) during the transition period, which is regarded as an adaptation to the metabolic requirement at isozyme level of the pectoral muscles for an adult. This species has a highly manoeuvrable flight with low speed, like that of a butterfly. On the other hand, most of the activity in the cardiac muscles, even in the embryo, was concentrated in more anodal isozymes with LDH‐1 and LDH‐2, and consequently the percentage of B subunit showed a considerably higher value, which continued to increase gradually until the adult stage.
Fluoxetine prevents stimulation‐dependent fatigue of synaptic vesicle exocytosis in hippocampal neurons
Authors: Henkel Andreas Wolfram , Welzel Oliver , Groemer Teja Wolfgang , Tripal Philipp , Rotter Andrea , Kornhuber Johannes 
Published: May 2010

J. Neurochem.(2010)114, 697–705.AbstractEffects of the antidepressant fluoxetine on stimulation‐dependent synaptic vesicle exocytosis were examined in cultured primary hippocampal neurons. Synaptic vesicles were fluorescently labeledin vitrowith FM1–43, washed and subsequently destained in two consecutive cycles. Exocytosis was triggered by electric field stimulation and imaged by fluorescence microscopy. In control preparations, the second staining‐destaining cycle caused a significant reduction of relative fluorescence loss, number of active synapses and half‐decay time (t50). These fatigue effects were largely prevented by short‐term administration of 1 μM fluoxetine, which was present before and during the second stimulation cycle. Fluoxetine concentrations above 10 μM inhibited exocytosis almost completely but showed no other toxic effects on neurons. Stressed neurons, grown under hyperosmotic conditions, were even more fatigue‐protected by fluoxetine. These observations support the idea that therapeutic concentrations of fluoxetine enhance the recovery of neurotransmission from exhausting stimuli in healthy and in hyperosmotically stressed neurons as well.
Dopamine stimulation of postnatal murine subventricular zone neurogenesis via the D3 receptor
Authors: Kim Yongsoo , Wang Wei‐Zhi , Comte Isabelle , Pastrana Erika , Tran Phuong B. , Brown Jennifer , Miller Richard J. , Doetsch Fiona , Molnár Zoltán , Szele Francis G. 
Published: May 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 114, 750–760.AbstractWe investigated the expression and role of the dopamine receptor 3 (D3R) in postnatal mouse subventricular zone (SVZ). In situ hybridization detected selective D3R mRNA expression in the SVZ. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) of adult SVZ subtypes using hGFAP‐GFP and Dcx‐GFP mice showed that transit amplifying progenitor cells and niche astrocytes expressed D3R whereas stem cell‐like astrocytes and neuroblasts did not. To determine D3R’s role in SVZ neurogenesis, we administered U‐99194A, a D3R preferential antagonist, and bromodeoxyuridine in postnatal mice. In vivo D3R antagonism decreased the numbers of newborn neurons reaching the core and the periglomerular layer of the olfactory bulb. Moreover, it decreased progenitor cell proliferation but did not change the number of label‐retaining (stem) cells, commensurate with its expression on transit amplifying progenitor cells but not SVZ stem cell‐like astrocytes. Collectively, this study suggests that dopaminergic stimulation of D3R drives proliferation via rapidly amplifying progenitor cells to promote murine SVZ neurogenesis.
Selective lesion of the developing central noradrenergic system: short‐ and long‐term effects and reinnervation by noradrenergic‐rich tissue grafts
Authors: Coradazzi Marino , Gulino Rosario , Garozzo Sebastiano , Leanza Giampiero 
Published: May 2010

J. Neurochem.(2010)114, 761–771.AbstractThe possibility to selectively remove noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus/subcoeruleus (LC/SubC) complex by the immunotoxin anti‐dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase (DBH)‐saporin has offered a powerful tool to study the functional role of this projection system. In the present study, the anatomical consequences of selective lesions of the LC/SubC on descending noradrenergic projections during early postnatal development have been investigated following bilateral intraventricular injections of anti‐DBH‐saporin or 6‐hydroxydopamine to immature (4 day old) rats. Administration of increasing doses (0.25–1.0 μg) of the immunotoxin produced, about 5 weeks later, a dose‐dependent loss of DBH‐immunoreactive neurons in the LC/SubC complex (≈ 45–90%) paralleled by a similar reduction of noradrenergic innervation in the terminal territories in the lumbar spinal cord. Even at the highest dose used (1.0 μg) the immunotoxin did not produce any detectable effects on dopaminergic, adrenergic, serotonergic or cholinergic neuronal populations, which, by contrast, were markedly reduced after administration of 6‐hydroxydopamine. The ≈ 90% noradrenergic depletion induced by 0.5 and 1.0 μg of anti‐DBH‐saporin remained virtually unchanged at 40 weeks post‐lesion. Conversely, the ≈ 45% reduction of spinal innervation density estimated at 5 weeks in animals injected with the lowest dose (0.25 μg) of the immunotoxin was seen recovered up to near‐normal levels at 40 weeks, possibly as a result of the intrinsic plasticity of the developing noradrenergic system. A similar reinnervation in the lumbar spinal cord was also seen promoted by grafts of fetal LC tissue implanted at the postnatal day 8 (i.e. 4 days after the lesion with 0.5 μg of anti‐DBH‐saporin). In these animals, the number of surviving neurons in the grafts and the magnitude of the reinnervation, with fibers extending in both the grey and white matter for considerable distances, were seen higher than those reported in previous studies using adult recipients. This would suggest that the functional interactions between the grafted tissue and the host may recapitulate the events normally occurring during the ontogenesis of the coeruleo‐spinal projection system, and can therefore be developmentally regulated. Thus, the neonatal anti‐DBH‐saporin lesion model, with the possibility to produce graded noradrenergic depletions, holds promises as a most valuable tool to address issues of compensatory reinnervation and functional recovery in the severed CNS as well as to elucidate the mechanisms governing long‐distance axon growth from transplanted neural precursors.
Functional ‘glial’ GLYT1 glycine transporters expressed in neurons
Authors: Raiteri Luca , Raiteri Maurizio 
Published: May 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 114, 647–653.AbstractGlycine transporter 1 (GLYT1) and GLYT2 are the glycine transporters in CNS. While GLYT2 is largely expressed in glycinergic neurons, GLYT1 has long been considered to be exclusively present in glial cells. There is increasing evidence that significant amounts of the ‘glial’ transporter also exist on neurons, particularly on pre‐synaptic nerve endings of glutamatergic neurons. The functions of ‘neuronal GLYT1’ may be manifold and are discussed in this review. Of major interest are the interactions between neuronal GLYT1 and glutamatergic receptors of the NMDA type the activity of which is modulated not only by astrocytic GLYT1 but also by neuronal GLYT1. Pathophysiological roles and therapeutic implications of neuronal GLYT1 are emerging from recent studies with genetically modified mice, particularly with animals lacking forebrain neuron‐specific GLYT1 transporters. These mutant mice exhibit promnesic phenotypes reflecting enhancement of NMDA receptor function, as it occurs following administration of GLYT1 inhibitors. Inactivation of neuronal GLYT1 in the forebrain may represent an effective therapeutic intervention for the treatment of schizophrenia.