bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three Ibrāhīms: Literary Production and the Remaking of the Tijāniyya Sufi Order in Twentieth-Century Sudanic Africa
Authors: Seesemann Rüdiger 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn terms of the number of followers, the Tijāniyya is the largest Sufi order in sub-Saharan Africa. Geographically, it is strongest in West Africa, but also plays a significant role in the Maghreb and Eastern Sudanic Africa. This article highlights the development of the Tijāniyya in three locations during the twentieth century by focusing on three of its leading figures, who all happen to be called Ibrāhīm: Ibrāhām Niasse (1900-1975) from Kaolack (Senegal), sharīf Ibrāhīm Sālih (born 1939) from Maiduguri (Nigeria), and sharīf Ibrāhīm Sīdī (1949-1999) from El Fasher (Sudan). Through a comparative analysis of their biographies and some of their writings, the paper shows how these three personalities were instrumental in adapting Tijānī doctrines and practices to changing contexts and circumstances that reflect both local conditions and global influences. The study is based on extensive fieldwork conducted by the author over an extended period of time and proposes to view Sufi communities as dynamic entities, rather than static expressions of “traditional Islam”, in order to explain the continuing relevance of Sufism in African Muslim societies. As the paper demonstrates, the process of remaking the Tijāniyya can lead to rather contradictory results.
Administration of Justice in the World Trade Organization: Did the WTO Appellate Body Commit 'Grave Injustice'?
Authors: Petersmann Ernst-Ulrich 
Published: November 2009

AbstractJudicial administration of justice through reasoned interpretation, application and clarification of legal principles and rules is among the oldest paradigms of 'constitutional justice'. The principles of procedural justice underlying WTO dispute settlement procedures, like the conformity of WTO dispute settlement rulings with principles of 'substantive justice', remain controversial. This contribution criticizes the recent, harsh condemnation of the WTO dispute settlement rulings in the Brazil Tyres case as 'committing grave injustice'. After recalling the customary law requirement of interpreting treaties and settling international disputes 'in conformity with principles of justice' and human rights, the contribution examines the WTO Appellate Body case-law from the perspective of diverse conceptions of 'conservative' and 'reformative justice', 'general' and 'particular justice', procedural and substantive justice, national and multilevel 'constitutional justice', and judicial protection of transnational rule-of-law for the benefit of citizens. The article concludes that the panel, appellate and arbitration reports in the Brazil Tyres dispute, like many other WTO Appellate Body reports, reflect a growing concern 'to administer justice' in WTO dispute settlement proceedings. WTO judges and investor-state arbitrators should follow the example of the ICJ and of European courts and clarify the 'principles of justice' justifying their settlement of international economic disputes so that 'justice is not only done, but also seen to be done', albeit subject to 'trial and error'. Legal practitioners should support – and, as part of the 'invisible college of international lawyers', hold accountable – the emergence of an 'international judiciary' as an 'epistemic community' committed to defending rule of law, peaceful settlement of disputes and 'principles of justice' in mutually beneficial economic cooperation among citizens across national frontiers.
Mediation by illness perceptions of the effect of personality and health threat communication on coping with the diagnosis of diabetes
Authors: Lawson V. L. , Bundy C. , Belcher J. , Harvey J. N. 
Published: November 2009

Objectives. (1) To examine the relationship of personality traits and diabetes health threat communication (DHTC) to the coping strategies of newly diagnosed diabetes patients; (2) to determine to what extent these postulated effects are mediated by illness representations (IRs).Design. A longitudinal prospective study based on the common sense model.Methods. Patients were assessed shortly after diagnosis and 2 years after the diagnosis of diabetes. Personality traits (Mini‐markers) were assessed at baseline. The DHTC Questionnaire was completed at baseline and 2 years. The Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire and the coping orientation to problems experienced were completed at 2 years. Mediation by IRs of the potential influence of personality and DHTC on coping behaviour was assessed by the method of Baron and Kenny.Results. Multiple regression analyses showed that educational level, agreeableness, openness/intellect, conscientiousness, and perceptions of a more reassuring health message since diagnosis were related to more adaptive coping (e.g., active coping, planning). The association of openness and perceived reassuring health message with active coping showed complete mediation by illness coherence and personal control. Openness led to seeking emotional support mediated by perceived personal control. Coherence associated with (partial mediation) the relation of openness to planning. Similarly, personal control and coherence mediated the relation of openness to positive reinterpretation and growth (PRG). Agreeableness had a direct relationship with active coping and PRG but led to planning and seeking instrumental support mediated by perceived treatment effectiveness. Perceptions of a threatening health message were associated with seeking instrumental and emotional support and this was mediated by symptom perception but threat had a direct relationship with planning.Conclusions. Both personality traits and health threat communication predict the way individuals cope with diabetes. The relationships of these factors are largely mediated through measurable IRs. The results suggest targets for intervention to achieve greater problem‐focused coping.
Shape-controlled synthesis of palladium nanocrystals by microwave irradiation
Authors: Yu Yanchun , Zhao Yanxi , Huang Tao , Liu Hanfan 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe controlled synthesis of Pd icosahedra in tetraethylene glycol (TEG) with H2PdCl4as a precursor and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) as a stabilizer in the presence of an appropriate amount of KOH under microwave irradiation was demonstrated. TEG served as both solvent and reducing agent, and stable Pd icosahedra with uniform sizes and well-defined shapes could be prepared in a yield of over 90 % by microwave heating for 60 s. The sizes of Pd icosahedra can be well controlled by adjusting the concentration of the precursor H2PdCl4.
Darwin and Genetics
Authors: Charlesworth Brian , Charlesworth Deborah 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Darwin's theory of natural selection lacked an adequate account of inheritance, making it logically incomplete. We review the interaction between evolution and genetics, showing how, unlike Mendel, Darwin's lack of a model of the mechanism of inheritance left him unable to interpret his own data that showed Mendelian ratios, even though he shared with Mendel a more mathematical and probabilistic outlook than most biologists of his time. Darwin's own “pangenesis” model provided a mechanism for generating ample variability on which selection could act. It involved, however, the inheritance of characters acquired during an organism's life, which Darwin himself knew could not explain some evolutionary situations. Once the particulate basis of genetics was understood, it was seen to allow variation to be passed intact to new generations, and evolution could then be understood as a process of changes in the frequencies of stable variants. Evolutionary genetics subsequently developed as a central part of biology. Darwinian principles now play a greater role in biology than ever before, which we illustrate with some examples of studies of natural selection that use DNA sequence data and with some recent advances in answering questions first asked by Darwin.
Study on Mold Filling Behaviors of Micro Channels in Injection Molding
Authors: Li J.-H. , Young W.-B. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Computational simulation model has been used extensively in studying the filling flow in injection molding process. Most of the models are based on the assumption of a no-slip boundary condition and are verified by the experiments of filing flow in macro scale. This study is to investigate the flow behaviors during the micro channel filling of an injection molding process. Flow distances were measured on products from series of short shots to understand the relationship between the injection pressure and flow distance. It was found that cavity size variation due to mold deformation is important in the micro injection molding. By adjusting the cavity size due to mold deformation, the C-Mold simulation provides reasonable results compared to the experimental data for cavity thickness in 150 μm or 200 μm. On the other hand, the simulation will not give accurate prediction of filling flow for a micro cavity that has a depth below 100 μm. The wall slip effect is believed to the major reason and must be considered in the analysis for a cavity size below 100 μm.
Core/shell pH‐sensitive micelles self‐assembled from cholesterol conjugated oligopeptides for anticancer drug delivery
Authors: Guo Xin Dong , Zhang Li Juan , Chen Yun , Qian Yu 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA doxorubicin (DOX) delivery system of pH‐sensitive micelles self‐assembled from cholesterol conjugated His5Arg10 (HR15‐Chol) and His10Arg10 (HR20‐Chol) has been described in this article. The amphiphilic molecules have low critical micelle concentrations of 17.8 and 28.2 μg/mL for HR15‐Chol and HR20‐Chol, respectively, even at a low pH of 5.0. The pH‐sensitive histidine segment of the polypeptide block is insoluble at pH 7.4 but becomes positively charged and soluble via protonation at pH lower than 6.0. The size and zeta potential of DOX‐loaded micelles increases with the decrease in pH. Coarse‐grained simulations were performed to verify the structure of DOX‐loaded micelles and pH sensitivity of HR15/20‐Chol. The in vitro DOX release from the micelles is significantly accelerated by decreasing pH from 7.4 to 5.0. Furthermore, DOX release from the micelles is controlled by a Fickian diffusion mechanism. These micelles have great potential applications in delivering hydrophobic anticancer drugs for improved cancer therapy. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
The effects of finite rectangular pulses in NMR: Phase and intensity distortions for a spin‐1/2
Authors: Gregory Rebecca M. , Bain Alex D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPulses in NMR spectrometers have a finite length, but the usual hard‐pulse assumption ignores it, and treats the pulse as a rotation of the frame of reference about the direction of the radiofrequency (RF) magnetic field. However, at frequency offsets comparable to the size of the RF field, there are substantial distortions, mainly in the phase of the signal. This effect is well known and can be easily calculated to show that, despite the complex geometry, the phase distortion is almost linear with the offset. This means that it can be corrected by a first‐order phase correction or by small corrections to pulse‐sequence timing. In this article, we give an analysis of these effects. The deviations from a linear phase correction are analyzed for a general rectangular pulse and illustrated with experimental spectra. The split‐operator approximation for the evolution of this system provides a mathematical foundation and a useful method for this analysis. Furthermore, the relationship between the exact behavior of a signal is compared to the Fourier transform of a rectangular pulse. For typical offsets, the match between these approaches is not good, but it improves as the offset increases. Overall, the detailed analysis of the finite pulse effects gives exact results of the response of a spin system, but also some mathematical and physical insights. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 34A: 305–314, 2009.
Medium to long‐term results after reconstruction of bone defects at the knee with tumor endoprostheses
Authors: Kinkel S. , Lehner B. , Kleinhans J.A. , Jakubowitz E. , Ewerbeck V. , Heisel C. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesLimb salvage and reconstruction with tumor endoprostheses is considered as therapeutic standard in the treatment of bone defects at the knee. Few studies report long‐term results so far.MethodsSeventy‐seven patients who had a cementless or cemented MUTARS® endoprosthesis implanted were followed‐up for a mean period of 46 months (3–128 months). The defects were due to primary tumor lesions in 69 cases or metastases in 8 cases. The distal femur (n = 49) or the proximal tibia (n = 28) was reconstructed predominantly with cementless implants (femur: 69%, tibia: 92%). The resection of the tumor was intraarticular in 46 and extraarticular in 31 patients.ResultsAfter 10 years probability of limb salvage was 92% with a recurrence rate of 3%. Complications were frequent with a revision rate of 58% and lead to a cumulative probability of survival of the initially implanted prosthesis of 57% after 5 years. Locking mechanism failure (n = 15) and aseptic loosening (n = 13) were the most frequent failure modes.ConclusionsRegardless of achieving a low recurrence rate and satisfactory functional results, we found a high complication rate after implantation of a megaprosthesis. This was particularly evident for extraarticular resections and cemented fixation, which should be avoided when possible. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;101:166–169. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Representing ontogeny through ontology: A developmental biologist's guide to the gene ontology
Authors: Hill David P. , Berardini Tanya Z. , Howe Douglas G. , Van Auken Kimberly M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDevelopmental biology, like many other areas of biology, has undergone a dramatic shift in the perspective from which developmental processes are viewed. Instead of focusing on the actions of a handful of genes or functional RNAs, we now consider the interactions of large functional gene networks and study how these complex systems orchestrate the unfolding of an organism, from gametes to adult. Developmental biologists are beginning to realize that understanding ontogeny on this scale requires the utilization of computational methods to capture, store and represent the knowledge we have about the underlying processes. Here we review the use of the Gene Ontology (GO) to study developmental biology. We describe the organization and structure of the GO and illustrate some of the ways we use it to capture the current understanding of many common developmental processes. We also discuss ways in which gene product annotations using the GO have been used to ask and answer developmental questions in a variety of model developmental systems. We provide suggestions as to how the GO might be used in more powerful ways to address questions about development. Our goal is to provide developmental biologists with enough background about the GO that they can begin to think about how they might use the ontology efficiently and in the most powerful ways possible. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 77: 314–329, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Trichostrongyle Genus Graphidioides
Authors: Cameron Thomas W. M. 
Published: November 2009

In 1923, the writer in studying some species of the family Trichostrongylidæ, had occasion to create a new genus Graphidioides to receive the form previously known as Graphidium affine (Megnin, 1895), Railliet and Henry, 1909. This species differs from the type species of the genus Graphidium on the following points: absence of cervical papillæ, shape of bursa and disposition of ventro-ventral rays, shape of accessory piece and spicules, shape of the ovejectors and vagina and posterior extremity of the female. In an addendum on the remaining species of Graphidium, G. rudicaudatum the following statement was made:—“Graphidium rudicaudatus R. & H., 1909, from Viscacia viscacia from Argentina resembles G. affinis very closely. It differs mainly by its smaller size, equal ovejectors, sharply pointed externo-dorsal ray and absence of an accessory piece. Its affinities to Graphidioides are so close, that the latter point requires re-investigation. The other points are only of specific value, and it is proposed to include it in this new genus. Should the absence of an accessory piece be confirmed, its position would require re-determination.”
Observations on the Tropisms of Dorylaimus saprophilus and Rhabditis succaris
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A. 
Published: November 2009

(1) The reactions of Dorylaimus under ordinary conditions of life are noted, especially its mode of progression and its burrowing habit.(2) Some experiments were carried out with a view to finding out what physical and chemical stimuli are responsible for bringing about these reactions.(3) The possibility of hydrotropism, thermotropism, geotropism, stereotropism, heliotropism and chemotropism are considered.(4) The conclusion to be drawn from the data is, that taken on the whole, eelworms do not exhibit well marked tropic responses except in the case of stereotropism. It is obvious here, however, that they do everything in their power to put their body surface in contact with some solid object. This need explains why the worms are always found in the interstices of the zoogloeal film round the clinker. No other tropic response is needed to explain this habitat.
Observations on the Immunity Response in Experimental Ascariasis in Rabbits
Authors: Blackie W. K. 
Published: November 2009

1. A preliminary account is given of certain serological investigations carried out on a rabbit fed with the embryonated eggs of Ascaris megalocephala.2. By means of the complement-fixation test it has been shown that a definite immunity response occurs in the first five weeks of the infection.
Anguillulina dipsaci on onion seed and its control by fumigation with methyl bromide
Authors: Goodey T. 
Published: November 2009

Further investigations on the occurrence of Anguillulina dipsaci on onion seed are presented. It is shown by the examination of 2,000 seeds individually that the parasite is usually located on the seed in the region of the hilum. A given seed may have as many as 4·7 worms or only 1 worm attached to it.A method of seed fumigation with methyl bromide is described whereby the parasites attached to seeds are killed but the seed is unharmed. By the use of a test-bottle technique it has been found that a minimum dosage of 600, i.e. a concentration-time product of 600 involving an exposure to the fumigant of 18 to 24 hours at 24°C. is necessary for the destruction of the parasites attached to the seeds and in such flower-part débris as may be mixed with it.The fumigant has no harmful effect on the vitality of the seed at dosages sufficient to destroy the parasite nor at much higher dosages. There is thus a wide upper margin of safety in its use. Two practical methods for the fumigation of large quantities of seed are described.The probable origin of seed-borne infection from lightly infected parent bulbs is discussed. It is shown that at the present time seedborne infection is fairly widespread and has been found to occur on at least 9 different varieties of onion seed as distributed by seed merchants. Recommendations as to control are made which it is suggested would go far to reduce the incidence of the disease in this country.
Some Helminths from West Africa
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A. 
Published: November 2009

The material described consists of two small collections. One composed mainly of helminths from birds, was collected by Major T. A. Cockburn, M.D., D.P.H., on the Gold Coast in 1943. The other was collected from mammals by Dr. K. Morris, of the medical department, Kumasi, in 1939. To both of these collectors and to Dr. R. T. Leiper, C.M.G., F.R.S., who kindly put the material at my disposal, I am much indebted.The bird material contained 8 different genera, of which one is a tremtftode, three are cestodes and the others are nematodes. The Acanthocephala are not represented.A Squacco Heron, Ardeola ralloides, yielded a number of specimens of the trematode Clinostomum complanatum (Rud., 1814), Braun, 1899. They were taken from the oesophagus where they were actively moving about at the post-mortem examination. It is a small worm between 3 and 4 mm. long, strongly muscular with comparatively large suckers. The vitellaria are abundant and so deeply staining as somewhat to obscure the other organs. It has previously been recorded as a parasite of Ardea cinerea and Nycticorax griseus in Europe, but apparently both this host and this geographical distribution are new records. The vector is a fish; Ciurea in 1911 having implicated Perca fluviatilis.
The Effect of Light on the Emergence of Cercaria pygocytophora, a Furcocercaria from Planorbis carinatus
Authors: Frankland Helga M. T. 
Published: November 2009

C. pygocytophora emerges from P. carinatus predominantly in the dark, independently of the time of day, and in the absence of temperature variation.C. Pygocytophora shows strong negative phototaxis.
Hymenolepis miniopteri n.sp., (Cestoda), from an Australian Bat, Miniopterus blepotis (Temminck, 1840)
Authors: Sandars Dorothea F. 
Published: November 2009

A new species, Hymenolepis miniopteri is described. The specimens studied were recovered from the ileum of the bat, Miniopterus blepotis (Temminck, 1840) from South Queensland.The type and cotype specimens are lodged in the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Australia.
Immunological Studies on Experimental Infection of Pigs with Ascaris suum Goeze, 1782. V.—The Antibody Response to the Oral Administration of Third- and Fourth-Stage Larvae
Authors: Taffs L. F. 
Published: November 2009

Following the oral administration of third- and fourth-stage A. suum larvae, which had previously completed nine or ten days somatic migration in guineapigs, rabbits or a pig, six out of eight pigs showed a rise of serum antibody titre, as measured by the conglutinating complement absorption test using a saline extract of Ascaris worm as antigen. Four of these pigs had negative titres before infection, and in these animals antibodies were first detected between the 14th and 20th days. Maximum serum antibody concentration was reached between the 14th and 34th days of infection, and antibodies were detected for at least as long as 68 days.Larvae were recovered from the faeces on the 23rd and 29th days of infection, and in two pigs out of eight the larvae reached maturity, eggs first being seen in the faeces on the 42nd day.The results suggest that (1) Ascaris larvae, on their return to the intestine, release antigenic substances which are then absorbed by the gut wall to stimulate the production of antibodies; (2) the secondary antibody rise, which occurs about the sixth or seventh week of an infection with Ascaris eggs, is due to the absorption of this larval antigen; and (3) the moulting process (fourth moult) is not only an important stage for stimulating this further antibody production, but is also the time when maturing larvae are affected by the immune mechanisms of the host.On reinfection with Ascaris eggs the phenomenon of “self-cure” was noticed. A fall in the faecal egg count, which became negative on the 21st day, was accompanied by a sharp rise in antibody titre. An increase in the number of infertile eggs in the faeces, rising from 11% on the day of reinfection to 100% on the 14th day, was also observed.