bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SOCIAL CLASS (AS ESTIMATED BY OCCUPATIONAL PRESTIGE) AND MORTALITY IN AUSTRALIAN MALES IN THE 1970s
Authors: McMichael A.J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSocial class has been widely observed to bear on risk of disease and death. The mortality of Australian males aged 15–64 for the two peri‐censal periods 1970–72 and 1975–77 combined has been analysed for social class, using the Congalton 4‐point occupational prestige scale of social class. For all‐causes mortality and for each of the nine major cause‐of‐death groupings, excepting endocrine disorders, age‐standardised death rates were higher in the lower social classes. This inverse gradient was strongest for deaths from respiratory diseases, digestive diseases, mental disorders, and accidents. Of ten specific causes of death examined, cancers of the stomach and lung exhibited strong inverse gradients with social class, as did chronic respiratory disease and motor vehicle accidents. Mortality from stroke and ischaemic heart disease was weakly, inversely, associated with social class. By contrast, mortality from cancers of the colon and brain was highest in the higher social classes. Death rates from pancreatic cancer and diabetes mellitus were not obviously related to social class. The overall consistency of the inverse gradient between social class and mortality, both in Australia and overseas, suggests that both specific and more general social influences are operating.
FAMILY PLANNING IN ABORIGINAL COMMUNITIES
Authors: Gray Alan 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSurveys were taken of five Aboriginal communities in New South Wales, South Australia, Western Australia and Queensland, in co‐operation with community organizations and using locally‐engaged Aboriginal women as interviewers. The surveys reveal a patchwork of family planning methods in use. A comparison of the attitudes of Aboriginal women towards the provision of family planning services and the activities of health services in the communities was used to examine the mechanism of decline in Aboriginal birth rates.The comparison reveals that the views of Aboriginal women largely coincide with the aims of health services but what has been achieved is somewhat different. Extreme reticence on the part of Aboriginal people about the reproductive aspects of women's lives poses serious problems for the delivery of adequate health services. While health service personnel in Aboriginal communities are attuned to the sensibilities of their Aboriginal clients, they are not always aware of the reasons for these sensibilities or of their precise nature.
THE PATHWAY TO PSYCHIATRIC ADMISSION
Authors: Lindsay John S.B. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractLittle information is available about the pathway along which psychiatric admissions move from the community to residential care. A cohort of one year's admissions has been analysed in a Queensland provincial city recording the community situation in which their referral starts and the various agencies involved en route to the hospital bed. Those whose initiation process was started by self, by family members, by neighbours or significant others in the patient's life seemed to find the pathway easier. Others already in some contact with the non‐family professionals, welfare and other agencies, or who have no family resources, experienced more difficulties.
DO TERTIARY‐TRAINED NURSES SMOKE LESS THAN HOSPITAL‐TRAINED NURSES?
Authors: Harris Mary , Woodward Alistair , Bond Malcolm 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe prevalence of smoking among nurses is sometimes attributed to specific stressful conditions of work in the traditional hospital training program. Such conditions do not apply in recently introduced tertiary nurse training programs. In this study 204 final year student nurses from hospital‐based training programs and from a College of Advanced Education were questioned about their smoking behaviour. Thirty six per cent of the total sample were current smokers, 33 per cent had quit the habit and 32 per cent had never smoked. Over 75 per cent of current smokers began smoking before they started nurse training. No statistically significant differences in smoking behaviour were observed between the tertiary and hospital trained groups. This result should be interpreted with caution, because of the small number of nurses studied, and the limited number of institutions which were sampled. However, it is consistent with evidence from other sources, that the factors which lead most nurses to smoke lie in theirexperiences prior to nursing, and not in the nature or location of their training program. This issue has important implications for health promotion work with nurses, and warrants investigation on a larger scale.
ETHICS IN MEDICAL RESEARCH: AUSTRALIAN DEVELOPMENTS
Authors: Rutnam Romaine 
Published: August 2010

AbstractDecision‐making on medical research in Australia has, over the past fifty years, moved from the domain of individual researchers funded by small‐scale private philanthropy to that of large teams of scientists backed by multi‐million dollar enterprises which depend considerably on public funding. In recent years, the process of decision‐making has included an increasingly elaborate role for Ethics Committees. This paper provides an overview of the discipline of medical research ethics, and a history of its practice in Australia under the auspices of the National Health and Medical Research Council. This history has been distinguished by many developments that are unique among comparable countries. However, the Council's approach to medical research ethics has resulted in some important ethical issues, particularly those relating to the allocation of public resources, not receiving sufficient attention.
TIME TRENDS IN UPPER ALIMENTARY TRACT CANCER RATES AND ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO CONSUMPTION IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: McMichael A.J. , Puzio A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAlcohol consumption and tobacco smoking, particularly when combined, increase the incidence of cancers of the mouth, pharynx and oesophagus. Earlier analyses showed an upturn in mortality from these cancers since the 1950s in Australia, following a sustained upturn in consumption of both alcohol and tobacco from the 1930s onwards. In view of, first, the increase over recent decades in smoking by women relative to smoking in men, and, second, the slight downturn in per capita consumption of alcohol and tobacco since the mid‐1970s, it is of public health importance to examine recent trends in these cancers. Age‐specific mortality data are presented for 1910–86, supplemented by incidence data for South Australia for 1977–86. Mortality from mouth cancer has continued to increase above age 45 in both men and women, but has fallen recently at younger ages. Mortality from pharyngeal cancer has increased a little, most recently in women. The incidence of mouth and pharyngeal cancers combined has increased very slightly over the past decade, except in younger men. Oesophageal cancer mortality has plateaued in men, and is now falling in women below age 65; the incidence appears to still be rising in older women.
STEP BY STEP ON A PIECE OF STRING: AN ILLUSTRATION OF COMMUNITY WORK AS A SOCIAL HEALTH STRATEGY
Authors: McWaters Nancy , Hurwood Chris , Morton David 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis article describes the development of a community work approach to the problem of isolation within a semi‐rural and urban community. Reasons for adopting a community work emphasis within this community health service are explained. Two projects which illustrate ways in which the approach was put into practice are described and implications and issues for health workers are discussed using community participation, empowerment, and co‐ordination of services as a basis for discussion.
THE POLITICS OF EVALUATING ABORIGINAL HEALTH SERVICES
Authors: Moodie Rob 
Published: August 2010

AbstractEvaluation of Aboriginal Health Services (AHSs) has become a topic of importance to service providers and governments in recent years. This paper examines some of the difficulties AHSs have in conducting evaluation and presents an example of an inappropriate evaluation methodology as proposed by the Commonwealth Department of Aboriginal Affairs (DAA) in 1986.The paper examines the contradictory nature of the DAA proposal and the mistrust it has engendered in many AHSs. It then highlights some of the political difficulties in developing meaningful national and community health objectives as a basis for sound evaluation of health services.The paper concludes by identifying some of the processes whereby more appropriate evaluation methodologies might be developed and suggests that negotiation and consultation with the Aboriginal communities and their health services are imperative to successful evaluation.
HEALTH‐RELATED EXPENDITURE PATTERNS IN SELECTED MIGRANT GROUPS: DATA FROM THE AUSTRALIAN HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEY, 1984
Authors: Powles J. , Hage B. , Cosgrove M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAustralians born in Italy, Greece and East and South East Asia all have substantially lower mortality levels than those born in Australia, the British Isles or Holland and Germany. Using data from the 1984 Household Expenditure Survey, the health‐related consumption expenditure of these six groups was compared (excluding expenditure on medical care). The heterogeneity of household types was largely removed by confining attention to married couple households with dependent children.The two groups with mortality levels comparable to those of the Australian‐born (British Isles and Holland/Germany) also shared a similar pattern of consumption expenditures. There was a tendency (not always fully consistent), for the low mortality groups to spend more on fruits, vegetables, cereal products and fish and substantially less on alcohol. Patterns that might be ‘unexpected’ in low mortality groups are the (presumptively) substantial expenditures on tobacco among males (especially in the Greek group) and the substantial expenditures on red meat in all three groups.Analysis of available data sets such as this can provide useful descriptions of the distribution of health‐influencing behaviour in our population.
RECENT TRENDS AND SOCIO‐DEMOGRAPHIC DETERMINANTS OF EXERCISE PARTICIPATION IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Bauman Adrian , Owen Neville , Rushworth R. Louise 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAlthough sentiments about the positive health benefits of regular exercise have been expressed for many centuries, it is only in the past three decades that epidemiologic evidence has provided scientific support for the health benefits of being physically active. The evidence for the protective effect of physical activity is particularly strong with reference to cardiovascular disease, with the relative risk of being “inactive” compared to ‘active’ estimated to typically lie between 1.5 and 2.0. Despite the popular view that exercise participation has increased in recent years, estimates of trends in physical activity in Australian (and other) populations have been difficult to interpret because of the different measurements and surveys used. We examined data from population surveys using well validated, standardised methods to assess exercise participation, through National surveys between 1984 and 1987 conducted by the Commonwealth Department of the Arts, Sport, the Environment, Tourism and Territories (DASETT). Over the period in which the surveys were conducted, there appears to have been a slight increase in the proportion of Australians who participated in regular physical activity. There was a significant decline in the proportion who reported being totally sedentary ‐ from 32.9 per cent in 1984 to 25.4 per cent in 1987. The data from all of the surveys were then pooled to give an overall sample size of 17053, and socio‐demographic variables were examined in relation to exercise participation. Women, older people, the less well educated, and those on lower incomes were less likely to perform regular physical activity. Inequalities in the social distribution of exercise participation parallel those found for other health risk factors. Preventive health campaigns and programs should be planned and implemented with reference to the social and economic determinants of physical activity participation. Further research using population samples should examine in more detail the demographic, social and personal factors which influence peoples’ decisions to take part in exercise.
PSYCHOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO CANCER: A CASE FOR CANCER SUPPORT GROUPS
Authors: Hunt Roger W. , Bond Malcolm J. , Pater Graeme D. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis study investigates the responses of patients and their carers to the diagnosis of cancer. The reporting of stress by patients, using linear analogue scales, and their psychological distress, as measured by the General Health Questionnaire, indicated benefits for members of a community‐based cancer support group. The responses of carers revealed that the impact of the diagnosis was as great on them as on patients. Various mediators were considered and age was found to significantly influence the reporting of stress. The limitations and implications of the findings are discussed.
NURSING HOME ADMISSIONS: THE EFFECT OF A MULTIDISCIPLINARY ASSESSMENT TEAM ON THE FREQUENCY OF ADMISSION APPROVALS
Authors: Quartararo Maria , O'Neill Thomas J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn a study of nursing home applicants in the Lower North Shore Area of Sydney, the assessed requirement for nursing home care is compared with the Department of Community Services and Health's NH5 approval rate. A multidisciplinary team decided that only 62.6 per cent of 246 nursing home applicants required nursing home admission whereas 98.4 per cent had their applications approved by the Department. The findings suggest that by providing multidisciplinary assessment for nursing home applicants, the previously high approval rates for nursing home admission can be lowered and thus may reduce the number of inappropriate admissions that occur. However, the extent to which this reduction can be maintained will depend on how effective the alternative care options are in preventing or delaying nursing home admission.
THE FATE OF ELDERLY PATIENTS DISCHARGED FROM THE ACCIDENT AND EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT OF A GENERAL TEACHING HOSPITAL
Authors: Rosenfeld Tuly , Fahey Paul , Price Michael , Leeder Stephen 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper describes the experience of a cohort of elderly patients who were discharged after attending the accident and emergency department of a large Australian teaching hospital. Before‐and‐after comparisons of aspects of physical functioning revealed a considerable loss of independence in the period immediately after the visit to the hospital. Subsequent hospital admission or death was observed in 30 of the 90 patients studied. It is suggested that elderly patients discharged from the accident and emergency department are at risk and require special consideration and a high index of suspicion in terms of evaluation at the time of presentation. Before discharge, account should be taken of aspects of physical and mental function, social networks, and community supports available to each patient. A lowered threshold for admission is recommended on the basis of the high rate of return found in this study.
AIDS AND DENTISTRY IN AUSTRALIA: KNOWLEDGE, INFECTION CONTROL PRACTICES AND ATTITUDES TO TREATMENT IN A RANDOM SAMPLE OF AUSTRALIAN DENTISTS
Authors: Bray Fiona , Chapman Simon 
Published: August 2010

Abstract1130 dentists surveyed by mail from Australian capital cities (response rate 80%) answered a questionnaire on knowledge of clinical manifestations of AIDS and HIV, attitudes to treatment and referral of AIDS/HIV patients, infection control practices and personal risk factors for HIV. Despite a third of dentists being willing to treat HIV antibody‐positive patients and 22% being willing to treat AIDS patients, over 50% believe AIDS to be a major problem for dentists, with two thirds claiming that their staff would not treat AIDS patients and 55% believing they would lose patients if word spread that they were treating HIV/AIDS patients. The perhaps irreconcilable tension between variable willingness to treat and the concerns of staff and other patients suggests that a policy of improving the dental referral network among people with AIDS may be in the best interests of the dental health and well‐being of people with AIDS.
SELF‐EFFICACY IN RELATION TO LIMITED FLUID INTAKE AMONGST PORTUGUESE HAEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS
Authors: Lindberg Magnus , Fernandes Manuel Agostinho Matos 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYSelf‐efficacy is a temporary and influenceable characteristic, related to situations and tasks, mediating health‐promoting behaviours. This study aimed to evaluate psychometric properties of a Portuguese version of the Fluid Intake Appraisal Inventory, and to describe self‐efficacy in relation to limited fluid intake amongst Portuguese haemodialysis patients. Respondents were recruited from three dialysis units, and 113 of 155 eligible patients gave their informed consent. The translated scale was distributed and collected by the head nurses. Interdialytic weight gain was calculated as percentage of dry weight. Satisfactory psychometric properties were estimated in the Portuguese context. The participants’ self‐efficacy in relation to low fluid intake was asymmetrically distributed; the majority had moderately to high self‐efficacy while some patients had very low self‐efficacy to limited fluid intake. There was a significant difference in self‐efficacy to fluid restrictions; patients with a weight gain of 3.5% or less presented higher self‐efficacy scores than did patients exceeding the cutoff point.
LIFESTYLE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IS ASSOCIATED WITH LESS ARTERIAL STIFFNESS
Authors: Sarrias Maria , Diaz Ester , Escofet Rosa 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYCardiovascular disease is the major cause of mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Arterial stiffening is recognised as a critical precursor of cardiovascular disease. Available evidence indicates that lifestyle modifications are therapeutic interventions for preventing and treating arterial stiffening.Objective: To evaluate the influence of lifestyle modifications on the arterial vessel compliance in CKD patients not receiving renal replacement therapy (RRT). We measured the arterial vessel compliance in 50 CKD patients not receiving RRT (30 post‐transplant, 20 pre‐RRT). Noninvasive pulse wave analysis of radial artery was used to estimate large artery (C1) and small artery elasticity (C2) and was corrected for patients age. Renal transplant (RT) patients were younger than CKD patients. RT patients C1 normal in 13%. C2 lower than normal in 77% of cases and not associated with evaluated variables, but worse large artery compliance was observed. In CKD patients, C1 was normal in 55%. C1 was strongly associated with aerobic exercise. For CKD patients, exercise normalises large artery compliance. C2 was lower than normal in 90%. Small artery compliance was affected in majority of patients.
Revision of Some Lower PalæOzoic Sections of Central China
Authors: Grabau A. W. 
Published: August 2010

The main fact herein developed is the separation of the Canadian or Skiddavian from the Ordovician in China, the two being divided by the Petrovian Interpulsation Hiatus.The Canadian is represented by the Nanshan Shales with the trilobite Taihungshania, or by the underlying limestones (Ichang, Lunshàn) or the Meitan Shale with Phyllograptus. The shale which normally overlies the Petrovian disconformity is the true Neichia with the brachiopod Yangtzeella poloi.Sometimes only the Ordovician Neichia shale is present sometimes only the Canadian Nanshan shale. When both occur in a section the disconformity is usually masked, and they have both been identified as Neichia shale (Ordovician). Thus much confusion has arisen both in stratigraphy and in the age of the respective faunas.
Differentiation patterns in the Scutellaria albida group (Lamiaceae) in the Aegean area
Authors: von Bothmer Roland 
Published: August 2010

An experimental investigation of the mainly white‐flowered Scutellaria albida group in the Aegean area was carried out. Eight populations representing maximum morphological variation as well as geographic separation were chosen for crosses between populations. Strong sterility barriers were observed in the Cretean endemic species, S. sieberi Benth., which also deviated morphologically and is probably an ancient relic. Strong crossing barriers were also found in plants from Euboea, and, in spite of little morphological differentiation from S. albida L. s. str., they are treated as a separate species, S. goulimyi Rech. fil. Crossing barriers of intermediate strength were present in morphologically distinct material from N Sporades, which is also treated as a separate species, S. sporadum Bothmer sp. nov. All other populations showed high compatibility in crosses among themselves, viz. populations from Bulgaria, Thrace, Andros, Naxos, and Rodhos. These were treated as the same species, S. albida, having large local as well as clinal variation. Three subspecies are retained: ssp. albida in the north; ssp. perhispida (Bornm.) Bothmer in E Macedonia, Thrace and on the islands; and the mainly purple‐flowered, ssp. vacillans (Rech. fil.) Bothmer, endemic to the peninsula of Athos. Evolutionary pathways and phytogeographical patterns are discussed. S. sporadum is mainly inbreeding and, in S. sieberi, indications of a self‐incompatibility system were found. The other taxa have a more versatile system.
Remarks on three Hypobathreae (Rubiaceae) from Rodrigues, Seychelles and Sri Lanka
Authors: Tirvengadum Deva D. , Robbrecht Elmar 
Published: August 2010

Ramosmania (from Rodrigues Island, Mauritius), recently described by Tirvengadum & Verdcourt as a genus of uncertain position, is here shown to belong to the tribe Hypobathreae (subtr. Hypobathrinae). It is related to Morindopsis Hook. f.Two other rubiaceous genera previously placed in the tribe Gardenieae, viz. Para‐genipa Baillon, from the Seychelles, and Nargedia Beddome, from Sri Lanka, are also shown to belong to the tribe Hypobathreae. Paragenipa cervorum Baillon being conspecific with Randia lancifolia, (Boj. ex Bak.) Hemsl. the new combination Paragenipa lancifolia is made. From the anatomical point of view, Paragenipa is interesting on account of its remarkable seed‐coat (exotesta with several layers of fibres), unusual in most Rubiaceae. Nargedia is the first representative of the subtribe Lamprothamninae outside Africa.