bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Memory: Reconstructive
Authors: Peterson Tiamoyo , Loftus Elizabeth F. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Remembering is a reconstructive process; each time we seek to recall an event, we are piecing it together anew. Since we are reconstructing the event with each fresh recall, we often fill in details and embellish our memory reports without realizing that we have done so. Remembering is the final step in a three‐stage process, which begins with the acquisition of a memory. The acquisition phase is followed by retention, and ultimately retrieval. This process provides opportunities for error at every step. Errors can occur when events are not fully encoded, when the retention period is sufficiently long enough to allow for decay of the original memory, or when the memory is retrieved. Despite the popularity of the analogies, memory does not function as a computer or video camera faithfully cataloging and storing all of the events in our lives. Although remembering might subjectively feel like simple recall, we rarely recall events exactly as they occurred and are often unaware of the inaccuracies in our memory reports.
Expert Opinion: Appeal
v
. Trial
Authors: Moenssens Andre 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Forensic scientists familiar with the American legal system know well that opinion testimony is offered mainly during trials, though they are aware that such evidence is also frequently offered as an incident to pretrial hearings. They also know that no testimony is taken before appellate courts, but are less familiar with the concept that such practices are by no means universal. In the United Kingdom, for instance, witnesses may be summoned to provide testimony before appeals tribunals. This article explains the place of opinion evidence during various stages of the judicial process.
Judicial Notice of Scientific Principles and Facts
Authors: Moenssens Andre 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn adversary system jurisdictions, courts may recognize judicially the inherent credibility of certain facts and information by taking “judicial notice” of them. When a court takes judicial notice, the litigants are relieved of the burden of presenting proof of these facts. Courts are permitted to take judicial notice of different categories of information: legislative acts, constitutions, state statutes, case law, and official body regulations. In addition to the above, courts are also permitted to judicially note certain adjudicative facts, including scientific principles, facts capable of certain verification, and some matters of common knowledge. This article explains how the judicial notice principle works in American courts as well as the limitations placed upon its use.
Learned Treatises as Evidence
Authors: Moenssens Andre 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article explains the circumstances under which learned treatises, specialized papers and periodicals, and other professional publications may be introduced in evidence in adversary system jurisdictions for the purpose of cross‐examining a testifying expert, or as substantive evidence of the publications' content. The litigant who seeks to present such testimony in court must first lay a foundation for their introduction by establishing their acceptance as standard publications in the field to which they pertain. The rule and its requirements have no applicability in civil law jurisdictions.
Diatoms
Authors: Thakar Mukesh Kumar , Singh Rajvinder 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Forensic botany is one of the subbranches of forensic biology, which plays a crucial role in the investigation of cases related to drowning. The frequency of drowning cases remains very high, particularly in the areas where there are large number of water bodies like ponds, lakes, rivers, and canals. They provide scope for the homicidal, suicidal, and accidental drowning. A very significant evidentiary clue, which can confirm that the death is due to drowning, is the population of diatoms. Among the other important findings in drowning cases, the presence of diatoms in the vital body organs of a drowned deceased is not only a sign of drowning but also plays an important role in deciding whether the death is due to antemortem or postmortem immersion. Diatoms are not always present in all the drowning cases but if they are present (particularly in organs like bone marrow of the sternum and femur) in abundance they can confirm antemortem immersion as a cause of drowning. Earlier, the utility of diatom test to diagnose the drowning cases was debated and challenged, but various studies have shown it to be one of the better evidences in drowning cases. The use of diatomology in forensic science contributes significantly not only in determining the mode of death but also in determining the site of drowning.
Allelic Designation
Authors: Krane Dan E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractShort tandem repeat (STR)‐based DNA profiling is an exceptionally sensitive analytical technique that is often used to obtain results at the very limits of its sensitivity. The first step in the DNA profiling process, once PCR‐amplification products are separated on the basis of their size, is to attempt to establish whether a bump on the graph is really a peak at all, and whether it is in the appropriate place to count as an allele—this is “allelic designation”. Deciding what is and is not a “real” peak, and where it lies on the graph, is often not a trivial exercise. Some peaks are visible but not very large or not of the expected shape. Many laboratories have subjective, “by eye”, methods to establish whether a peak is a true allele or not. These peaks, regardless of the uncertainty associated with their designation, are treated as if they are certainties for the purpose of generating match statistics.Minimum thresholds established during laboratory validation studies have become thede factofirst line of defense against confusing noise/technical artifacts as being signal originating from DNA associated with a sample. These minimum peak height thresholds generally fail to consider variability in the sensitivity of instruments, reagents, and the skill of human analysts involved in the DNA profiling process over the course of time. Adaptation of an analytical chemistry approach to distinguishing between signal and noise, specifically a limit of detection (the average amount of background noise plus three standard deviations) or quantitation (the average amount of background noise plus 10 standard deviations), provides a statistically based means of objectively determining run‐specific thresholds for use in forensic DNA casework. Means of reducing or at least identifying most common technical artifacts such as stutter, pull‐up, spikes, and blobs are known or could be developed when their levels do rise above a laboratory's peak height threshold. Some method must be found to decide whether a peak is caused by the random variation within the machine or amplification process, or is caused by the presence of a piece of DNA. The work (among others) of Gilderet al.(2007) is directed at a solution to this question in the context of DNA profiling.
Expert Witness: Who Is?
Authors: Moenssens Andre 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
To be designated an expert in a forensic discipline requires that a person be trained to such a level that he may be considered qualified to offer opinion evidence in court. This article explains what the distinction is between ordinary fact witnesses and witnesses who possess a special understanding of a professional matter that will be helpful to the court and who will therefore be permitted to assist the tribunal by offering opinion evidence that is relevant to the issues before a court.
Biological Agents
Authors: Roffey Paul E. , Morrish Bronwyn C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBioterrorism is among the most feared of all crimes. This is understandable given human history is peppered with descriptions of disease epidemics, which have killed millions of people at a time; plague and mallpox are probably the most notable of all epidemic causing agents. Not surprisingly, these organisms feature high on the list of potential biological agents that could be used for acts of bioterrorism and biocrime. This article examines a range of biological agents that may be used, the technologies available for the detection and identification of bioagents, and the science behind the forensic investigation of such crimes.
Nuclear Forensics
Authors: George Koperski J. , Abbondante Serena F. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Nuclear forensics seeks to examine the nature, use, and origin of nuclear and radioactive materials. It produces a characteristic “signature” for the material, thus providing major evidence for nuclear attribution. It assists in the fight against illicit trafficking of those materials in order to prevent their use for terrorist or criminal purposes. Such use may take the form of an improvised nuclear device (IND), a radiological dispersion device (RDD), or a radiological emission device (RED). Nuclear forensic analysis involves physical characterization and interpretation of the material. The former determines chemical and physical signatures of the material. The latter matches analytical data to existing information about the origin of similar types of materials, the production and processing techniques, as well as identifying potential similarities with previously investigated cases involving the illicit use of materials. Nuclear attribution is divided into source attribution and route attribution. It enables the identification of sources of an interdicted nuclear or radioactive material in order to determine its origin, intended or original use, the routes of transfer between the point where legitimate control over the material was lost and the point where the material was intercepted, and the perpetrators responsible for the illicit dealings with the material.
Deception: Truth Serum
Authors: Edwards Carl N. , Miles Samuel I. , Piper August 
Published: September 2009

Abstract“Truth” substances are one member of a class of techniques and technologies that maximize suggestibility and facilitate persuasion. Although these all may make a subject or suspect more talkative or tractable, there is no scientific basis for the belief that statements made under their influence are necessarily true. Truth and memory are complex topics, and involve fragile mental processes. There is also no basis for believing that memories of distant events reflect historical truth or can be “recovered” from the subconscious. Although “truth” drugs can lower inhibition and reduce cognitive control, these effects are not the same as loss of self‐control. Subjects can still lie, fantasize, and even provide deliberately misleading information, although they can also be more easily manipulated into telling falsehoods by an interviewer's suggestions and cues. The use of these substances is considered torture under international law, and evidence obtained through or as a result of their use is legally inadmissible in virtually all courts of law.
Time‐Domain Probabilistic Risk Assessment Method for Interdependent Infrastructure Failure and Recovery Modeling
Authors: Baker George H. , Mo Charles T. C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractFor critical infrastructure, survivability and recovery in all‐hazard environments are issues of concern, and pose extremely difficult modeling challenges. Model capabilities must encompass cascading failures of interdependent, interconnected infrastructures. A major recent research emphasis on community resiliency has emerged due to the recognition that it is not enough to model the initial failure of infrastructure systems. To understand and improve system resilience, it is also necessary to model the postfailure, recovery phase of infrastructure debilitation. A method that holds great promise for such modeling involves extending the probabilistic risk analysis technique into the time domain. The method computes the time evolution of overall mission failure probability by evaluating initial mission failure probability, effects onset times, and system repair times for single or combinations of critical infrastructure systems. The approach involves the aggregation of scenario and facility functional diagram inputs into an overall evaluation of system viability. A bottom‐up fault‐tree analysis is used. The approach is unique in that time evolution of the probability of outage is built‐in as a stochastic finite difference equation with initial deterministic and stochastic conditions, and includes subsystem damage threshold probability distributions and time constants of effects and repairs. Output is provided in the form of system mission conditional outage probability versus time. The approach is useful for identifying high consequence infrastructure system failure points and the most effective system protection measures in terms of limiting both the incidence and duration of system debilitation. The method can also be used to evaluate the efficacy of alternative system recovery options.
Defending Against Malevolent Insiders Using Access Control
Authors: Murray Dale W. , Biringer Betty E. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Determining the insider adversary potential or insider threat spectrum is the first step in designing or evaluating the effectiveness against insider adversaries of an access control system. An insider adversary has knowledge, access, and authority that is not available to the outsider adversary. The single malevolent insider, the most probable insider threat, may be active or passive, violent or nonviolent, and motivated by a broad variety of drivers. Access control allows authorized individuals into a secured area while preventing entry by unauthorized individuals. Two primary tools of access control, contraband detection and tamper‐indicating devices, are directed to thwarting insider adversaries as they are deployed in restricted areas accessible only to authorized and identified personnel. Additional elements of access control systems that reduce the likelihood of insider adversary success include entry/exit logs, antipassback features, two‐person rule enforcement, and compartmentalization. These features can deter, deny, or dramatically reduce the effect of the malevolent insider. The unique characteristics of the insider threat and the access control features that are likely to affect this adversary are discussed.
Challenges to
CBRN
Medical Countermeasures Development
Authors: Meyerhoff Andrea 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The public health threat of biological and chemical agents has persisted for centuries; that of radiation‐emitting and nuclear agents for more than a half‐century. But it is only in the past decade that the pace of efforts to address these threats has accelerated to the point where we might now take a step back and evaluate what has been accomplished and, based on what we have learned, how we might proceed. This article first recognizes the unique challenges presented by the need for medical countermeasures against chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) agents and then examines early twenty‐first century efforts to develop them. Because of both the 2001 occurrence of an anthrax release in the United States and the subsequent robust investment in medical countermeasures for this and other biothreat agents, a focus on biodefense will provide useful examples. Nonetheless the issues raised, with necessary modifications, pertain equally to other threat agents as well. The subsequent discussion of future directions for CBRN drugs and vaccine research is based on unanswered questions regarding countermeasure safety and efficacy.
The Eden Homeland Security Project: Educational Opportunities in Food and Agrosecurity
Authors: Cain Steve 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The Extension Disaster Education Network (EDEN) Homeland Security Project provides research, materials, and education courses to enhance Extension's abilities to deliver disaster and emergency management education. This article offers an overview of those efforts, provides insight into key issues, and information on who helped EDEN Homeland Security information and educational products. Eden reduces the impact of disasters through education and provides Extension nationwide with a network of specialists and a shared database of educational tools. Since 1993, EDEN, as a collaborative multistate effort, has improved delivery of services to citizens affected by disaster. EDEN primarily functions as a network of professionals with more than 75 subject matter specialties, ranging from human development to crop and livestock development.
Cyber Security Education, Training, and Awareness
Authors: Kissel Richard , Wilson Mark 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Cyber security education, training, and awareness (ETA) program is a critical component of a cyber security program. It is
the
vehicle for disseminating cyber security information that the workforce, including managers, need to do their jobs. In terms of the total security solution, the importance of the workforce in achieving cyber security goals and the importance of learning as a countermeasure cannot be overstated. Establishing and maintaining a robust and relevant ETA program as part of the overall cyber security program is the primary conduit for providing the workforce with the information and tools needed to protect an organization's vital information resources. These programs will ensure that personnel at all levels of the organization understand their cyber security responsibilities to properly use and protect the information and resources entrusted to them.
Design Considerations in Development and Application of Chemical and Biological Agent Detectors
Authors: Shandle Donna C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe up‐front systems analysis including consideration or development of a use concept as related to the threat of interest is essential in the initiation of the acquisition process for a detector for chemical and/or biological warfare agents. The analysis must address not only the application of a given technology, but also topics such as the employment concept, human factors considerations, and the performance envelope specifically focused on the threat. The analysis results in a series of requirements against which the system can be evaluated for effectiveness and utility. This case study will discuss the differences in design considerations of a handheld point chemical vapor detector and a man‐portable, vehicle‐mounted standoff chemical vapor detector as developed for the uniformed services of the Department of Defense as compared to the application for use by Homeland Security personnel. The article will focus on the differences and similarities in requirements and performance testing to illustrate how the intended use influences design and system qualification.The essential initial step in the development of any system is requirements definition. In this study, the primary discussion pertains to design, development, testing, production, and fielding of threat chemical vapor detectors. However, it is a significant point to make that development of any piece of equipment begins with an accurate requirements definition. The process is initiated when a user identifies a need in the field. In the case of equipment for Homeland Security, the “field” is wherever the user employs the equipment, such as at an airport security checkpoint, on a civil support team, or special team assigned to protect a unique asset. The need could be defined in terms of a complete void of capability, additional performance required as a result of a new threat, or perhaps a lower detection limit of a given material, for example. Several chemical agent detection systems fielded by the Department of Defense have immediate application to the Homeland Security mission. However, in order to ensure that the current system performance envelopes satisfy the requirements of the Homeland Security, the considerations such as use scenarios, detection limits, response to potential interferents, target materials detected, and life cycle costs must be addressed against the Homeland Security‐unique requirements. The involvement of the developer with the customer, tester/evaluator, and any additional parties that influence requirements is the key to ensuring that the end product will provide the desired capability.
Hybrid ZnAl‐LDH/CNTs nanocomposites: Noncovalent assembly and enhanced photodegradation performance
Authors: Wang Hui , Xiang Xu , Li Feng 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn this article, we reported a facile and effective strategy for assembling hybrid ZnAl‐layered double hydroxide/carbon nanotubes (ZnAl‐LDH/CNTs) nanocomposites through noncovalent bonds, for the first time, in the presence of L‐cysteine molecules. The materials have been characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (TG‐DSC), X‐ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) and specific surface area measurement. The results indicate that L‐cysteine as bridging linker plays a key role for enhancing both adhesion and dispersion of LDH nanocrystallites onto the surface of CNTs matrix through the interfacial interaction, and effectively inhibits the in situ growth of LDH crystallites, thus resulting in remarkably reduced LDH crystallite sizes; the Eu(III) fluorescence quenching in intercalated‐Eu(III)complex LDH/CNTs nanocomposite can occur because of the interaction between LDH crystallites and CNTs matrix. Furthermore, it is found that as‐assembled hybrid LDH/CNTs nanocomposites exhibit excellent performance for photodegradation of methyl orange molecules under UV irradiation, which is closely related to the unique hybrid nanostructure and composition of composites. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Efficient synthesis of ethanol and acetic acid from methane and carbon dioxide with a continuous, stepwise reactor
Authors: Huang W. , Sun W. Z. , Li F. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe synthesis of C2‐oxygenates such as ethanol and acetic acid accomplished by CH4 dissociation and subsequent CO2 insertion onto methyl radicals, named the stepwise reaction technology, has been demonstrated to be both feasible and efficient through initial experiments conducted in microreactor units. This article describes the development of this technology, highlighting the aforementioned stepwise technology using a dual‐reactor system, which can ensure that two raw gases enter the reactor uninterruptedly and are not mixed after reaction. The system productivity for acetic acid and ethanol displayed efficiencies greater than 5–10 times that of previous microreactor units. The investigation of mechanism indicates that acetic acid arises from insertion of CO2 into MCHx, while ethanol is formed either by hydrogenation of acetic acid or by hydration of C2H4, which results from homo‐coupling of CH4. The latter route is the preferred of the two. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010