bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface Decontamination by Photocatalysis
Authors: Wilbraham Richard J. , Boxall Colin , Taylor Robin J. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTCurrently in the nuclear industry, surface contamination in the form of radioactive metal or metal oxide deposits is most commonly removed by chemical decontamination, electrochemical decontamination or physical attrition. Physical attrition techniques are generally used on structural materials (concrete, plaster), with (electro)chemical methods being used to decontaminate metallic or painted surfaces. The most common types of (electro)chemical decontamination are the use of simple mineral acids such as nitric acid or cerium (IV) oxidation (MEDOC). Use of both of these reagents frequently results in the dissolution of a layer of the substrate surface increasing the amount of secondary waste which leads to greater burden on downstream effluent treatment and waste management plants. In this context, both mineral acids and MEDOC can be indiscriminate in the surfaces attacked during deployment, e.g. attacking in transit through a pipe system to the site of contamination resulting in both diminished effect of the decontaminating reagent upon arrival at its target site and an increased secondary waste management requirement. This provides two main requirements for a more ideal decontamination reagent: Improved area specificity and a dissolution power equal to or greater than the previously mentioned current decontaminants.Photochemically promoted processes may provide such a decontamination technique. Photochemical reduction of metal ion valence states to aid in heavy metal deposition has already been extensively studied, with reductive manipulation also being achieved with uranium and plutonium simulants (Ce). Importantly photooxidation of a variety of solution phase metals, including neptunium, has also been achieved. Here we briefly review existing decontamination techniques and report on the potential application of photo promoted oxidation technologies to metal dissolution (including process steels) and to the dissolution of adsorbed actinide contaminants.
Caries-preventive Activity of Fluoride-containing Resin-based Desensitizers
Authors: Sohn S , Yi K , Son HH , Chang J 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARY

Objective
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different desensitizing agents on the prevention of root caries when applied to root surfaces.

Materials and Methods
Thirty human roots were sectioned into quarters with a 3 × 4 mm window. A desensitizer (VX, Clinpro™ XT Varnish; SP, Seal & Protect®; or PB, Clearfil™ Protect Bond) was applied to three of the quarters in each window. Teeth were stored separately in water for one day, 30 days, or 60 days. The remaining quarter, without the application of desensitizer, served as a control. After storage in water, all specimens were subjected to pH cycling. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the demineralization bands created on the subsurface layer. The weight percentages of fluorine (F), silica, and calcium (Ca) were determined using electron probe microanalysis to quantify the elemental distributions in the root dentin. The concentrations of F released during a pH cycling were measured.

Results
For the control group, the average lesion depth was 18.92 ± 5.42 μm, and the average Ca loss was 15.66% ± 6.80% in the superficial layer and 30.44% ± 9.61% in the subsurface layer. No Ca loss occurred in the desensitizer-treated groups. All desensitizing agents remained intact for at least 60 days. F levels were increased in the hybrid layer but not in the subhybrid area. Outward release of F diminished with time.

Conclusion
The F-containing resin-based desensitizers protected exposed root surfaces from demineralization. F liberated from the desensitizers was detected only at minimal levels.
Effect of Ceramic Veneer Opacity and Exposure Time on the Polymerization Efficiency of Resin Cements
Authors: Archegas LRP , de Menezes Caldas DB , Rached RN , Soares P , Souza EM 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARY
The objective of this study was to determine the degree of conversion (DC), hardness (H), and modulus of elasticity (E) of a dual-cured resin cement, a light-cured resin cement, and a flowable resin cured through opaque or translucent ceramic with different exposure times. RelyX ARC (dual), RelyX Veneer (light-cured), and Filtek Z350 Flow resin specimens 0.5 mm thick were cured for 40, 80, and 120 seconds through 1-mm thick translucent or opaque feldspathic ceramic disks (n=10). The specimens were stored at 37°C for 24 hours. Half of each specimen was used to test the DC and the other half to test H and E. The DC was determined in a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer in absorbance mode at peaks of 1638 cm−1 and 1610 cm−1. H and E were determined using nanoindentation with one loading cycle and a maximum load of 400 mN. The data were analyzed with three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), the Games-Howell test, and the Pearson correlation test (α=0.05). Statistically significant differences were found for all three factors (material, opacity, and exposure time), as well as interaction between them. The opaque ceramic resulted in lower DC, H, and E than the translucent ceramic for an exposure time of 40 seconds. An exposure time of 120 seconds resulted in a similar DC for all materials, irrespective of the opacity of the ceramic. Materials cured for 120 seconds had higher H and E than those cured for 40 seconds. The exposure time and opacity of the ceramic exerted an influence on the DC, H, and E of the materials evaluated.
Proximal Contact Tightness Between Direct-composite Additions in the Posterior Dentition: An In Vitro Investigation
Authors: Wolff D , Hahn P , Ding P , Maier-Kraus T , Frese C , Doerfer C , Staehle HJ 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARY

Purpose
The aim of the study was to test whether a novel three-step matrix technique for posterior direct-composite additions creates sufficiently strong proximal contacts.

Materials and Methods
Contact tightness was measured between direct-composite additions and between original teeth on a model. Therefore, the frictional forces required to remove a straight, 0.05-mm-thick, metal matrix band inserted between adjacent teeth and held by a universal testing machine (Zwicki, Zwick GmbH, Ulm, Germany) were recorded. Measurements were taken at three time points to carry out reference analysis: at baseline, after removal of the maxillary right second premolar (tooth #15) to simulate a diastema, and after closure of the diastema by inserting two direct-composite additions with the three-step matrix technique on the maxillary right first premolar (tooth #14) and first molar (tooth #16). Measurements were performed in the maxillary right (first) and left (second) quadrants to document sagittal displacement.

Results
The original contact tightness values were between 1.65 ± 0.88 N and 3.05 ± 0.60 N in the first quadrant and between 1.23 ± 0.51 N and 2.18 ± 0.43 N in the second quadrant. After removal of tooth 15, values decreased significantly in the first quadrant and insignificantly in the second. After reconstruction, the contact tightness between teeth 14 and 16 was significantly stronger (tighter) (3.20 ± 0.80 N) than the originally measured contact tightness between teeth 14 and 15 (2.86 ± 0.64 N) and teeth 15 and 16 (1.65 ± 0.88 N) (p=0.006 and 0.001, respectively).

Conclusions
Within the limitations of an in vitro investigation, this study has shown that by using a novel, three-step matrix technique, direct posterior composite additions can form sufficiently tight proximal contacts.
Shear Bond Strength of Different Repair Systems to Titanium After Water Aging
Authors: Haneda IG , Fonseca RG , Abi-Rached FO , Adabo GL , Cruz CAS 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARY
This study evaluated the shear bond strength (SBS) and stability of commercially pure titanium (CP Ti)/repair material interfaces promoted by different repair systems. One hundred CP Ti cast discs were divided into five repair system groups: 1) Epricord (EP); 2) Bistite II DC (BT); 3) Cojet (CJ); 4) Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus (SB) (control group); and 5) Cojet Sand plus Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus (CJSB). The specimens were stored in distilled water for 24 hours at 37°C, thermal cycled (5000 cycles, 5°-55°C) and stored under the same conditions for either 24 hours or six months (n=10). SBS was tested and the data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test (α=.05). Failure mode was determined with a stereomicroscope (20×). The repair system, storage time, and their interaction significantly affected the SBS (p&lt;0.001). At 24 hours, CJSB exhibited the highest SBS value, followed by CJ. At six months, these two groups had similar mean SBS (p&gt;0.05) and higher means in comparison to the other groups. For both storage times, BT presented the lowest SBS, while the EP and SB groups did not differ significantly from one another (p&gt;0.05). There were no significant differences in SBS between the storage times for the groups EP and CJ (p&gt;0.05). The groups BT, SB, and CJSB showed 100% adhesive failure, irrespective of storage time. The CJSB group showed the highest SBS at both storage times. At six months, the CJ group exhibited a similar SBS mean value when compared to the CJSB group. Water storage adversely affected the groups BT, SB (control group), and CJSB. Considering SBS values, stability, and the failure mode simultaneously, the CJ group showed the best CP Ti repair performance.
Odd H-depth and H-separable extensions
Authors: Kadison Lars 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Let C
n(A,B) be the relative Hochschild bar resolution groups of a subring B ⊆ A. The subring pair has right depth 2n if C
n+1(A,B) is isomorphic to a direct summand of a multiple of C
n(A,B) as A-B-bimodules; depth 2n + 1 if the same condition holds only as B-B-bimodules. It is then natural to ask what is defined if this same condition should hold as A-A-bimodules, the so-called H-depth 2n − 1 condition. In particular, the H-depth 1 condition coincides with A being an H-separable extension of B. In this paper the H-depth of semisimple subalgebra pairs is derived from the transpose inclusion matrix, and for QF extensions it is derived from the odd depth of the endomorphism ring extension. For general extensions characterizations of H-depth are possible using the H-equivalence generalization of Morita theory.
Hardware-in-the-loop implementation for an active heave compensated drawworks
Authors: Muraspahic Sanin , Gu Peter , Farji Lawk , Iskandarani Yousef , Shi Peng , Karimi Hamid 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
This paper presents the setup and running of a hardware-in-loop (HIL) simulation for an active heave compensated (AHC) draw-works. A simulation model of the draw-works is executed on a PC to simulate the AHC draw-works with a physical PLC. The PLC (ET200S) is configured with a controller architecture that regulates the motor angular displacement and velocity through actuation of the servo valves. Furthermore, a graphical user interface is developed for operation of the AHC system. The HIL test allowed tuning of the physical controller in terms of heave stabilization and positioning. The conclusion after the testing is a PLC which is ready for operation without necessitating the use a physical prototype of the process.
Boxing and mixed martial arts: preliminary traumatic neuromechanical injury risk analyses from laboratory impact dosage data
Authors: Bartsch Adam J. , Benzel Edward C. , Miele Vincent J. , Morr Douglas R. , Prakash Vikas 
Published: February 2012

Object
In spite of ample literature pointing to rotational and combined impact dosage being key contributors to head and neck injury, boxing and mixed martial arts (MMA) padding is still designed to primarily reduce cranium linear acceleration. The objects of this study were to quantify preliminary linear and rotational head impact dosage for selected boxing and MMA padding in response to hook punches; compute theoretical skull, brain, and neck injury risk metrics; and statistically compare the protective effect of various glove and head padding conditions.

Methods
An instrumented Hybrid III 50th percentile anthropomorphic test device (ATD) was struck in 54 pendulum impacts replicating hook punches at low (27–29 J) and high (54–58 J) energy. Five padding combinations were examined: unpadded (control), MMA glove–unpadded head, boxing glove–unpadded head, unpadded pendulum–boxing headgear, and boxing glove–boxing headgear. A total of 17 injury risk parameters were measured or calculated.

Results
All padding conditions reduced linear impact dosage. Other parameters significantly decreased, significantly increased, or were unaffected depending on padding condition. Of real-world conditions (MMA glove–bare head, boxing glove–bare head, and boxing glove–headgear), the boxing glove–headgear condition showed the most meaningful reduction in most of the parameters. In equivalent impacts, the MMA glove–bare head condition induced higher rotational dosage than the boxing glove–bare head condition. Finite element analysis indicated a risk of brain strain injury in spite of significant reduction of linear impact dosage.

Conclusions
In the replicated hook punch impacts, all padding conditions reduced linear but not rotational impact dosage. Head and neck dosage theoretically accumulates fastest in MMA and boxing bouts without use of protective headgear. The boxing glove–headgear condition provided the best overall reduction in impact dosage. More work is needed to develop improved protective padding to minimize linear and rotational impact dosage and develop next-generation standards for head and neck injury risk.
Physiology of seed yield in mungbean: growth and dry matter production
Authors: Mondal MMA , Fakir MSA , Islam M Nurul , Samad MA 
Published: February 2012

Growth rate of mungbean was very slow during the vegetative phase in all the four genotypes. A relatively smaller portion of total dry matter (TDM) was produced before flower initiation and the bulk of it after anthesis. The maximum crop growth rate (CGR) was observed due to maximum leaf area (LA) development during the pod filling stage in all the genotypes. LA and CGR contributed to the superior TDM production. It appeared that a high yielding mungbean genotype should possess larger LA, high TDM production ability, superior CGR at all the growth stages, high relative growth rate and net assimilation rate at the vegetative stage as superior yield components. Key words: Seed yield; Mungbean; Growth; Dry matter DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v40i2.9768 Bangladesh J. Bot. 40(2): 133-138, 2011 (December)
Improvement of carboxymethyl cellulase production from <i>Chaetomium cellulolyticum</i> NRRL 18756 by mutation and optimization of solid state fermenttion
Authors: Fawzi Eman M , Hamdy Hossam S 
Published: February 2012

Cellulase producing fungus Chaetomium cellulolyticum NRRL 18756 was subjected to various doses of gamma irradiation to enhance the production of the industrially important enzyme carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase). Among all the mutants tested, M-7 obtained through 0.5 KGy irradiation showed highest extracellular CMCase production which is 1.6-fold higher than that of the wild type. Optimal conditions for the production of CMCase by the mutant fungal strain using solid-state fermentation were examined. The optimized medium consisted of sugarcane bagasse supplemented with 1% (w/w) peptone, 2.5mM MgSO4, and 0.05% (v/w) Tween 80. Optimal moisture content and initial pH was 40% (v/w) and 5.0-6.5, respectively. The medium was fermented at 40° C for 4 days. The resulting CMCase yield was 4.0-fold more than that of the wild type strain grown on the basal wheat bran medium. Some characteristics of partially purified CMCase from the mutant and wild type of C. cellulolyticum were investigated. The partially purified mutant CMCase was more stable than the wild type CMCase. Thus, the higher thermostability of mutant CMCase makes it a potential candidate for commercial and industrial process. Key words: Chaetomium cellulolyticum; Carboxymethyl cellulase; Mutation; Optimization; Solid state fermentation DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v40i2.9769 Bangladesh J. Bot. 40(2): 139-147, 2011 (December)
Effects of soil water deficit on leaf nitrogen, chlorophylls and spad chlorphyll meter reading on growth stages of soybean
Authors: Ahmed Shakil Uddin 
Published: February 2012

Soybean leaf Nitrogen (N) status correlated linearly with the amount of chlorophylls and SCMR at flowering stage in response to water deficit levels. In addition, SCMR showed significant positive correlation with chlorophylls at flowering stage. Grain yield significantly correlated to the leaf nitrogen as well as to the chlorophylls and SCMR at flowering stage in response to water deficit levels. These relationships indicated that the water stress decreased leaf nitrogen, chlorophylls and SCMR which in turn caused decreased grain yield of soybean. The results from the study suggest that, flowering stage is the best time for prediction on the adverse effects of water stress on leaf nitrogen assimilation, chlorophylls and SCMR on potential yielding ability of soybean.Key words: Soil water deficit; Leaf nitrogen; Chlorophyll (a+b); Growth stages; Soybean DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v40i2.9773 Bangladesh J. Bot. 40(2): 171-175, 2011 (December)
Disease reaction of potato germplasms and true potato seeds against <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> Kuhn
Authors: Khandaker Md Maniruzzaman , Khair Abul , Bhuiyan Md Khurshed Alam 
Published: February 2012

Screening of 25 potato germplasms against Rhizoctonia solani BTB115 in artificially infested field condition were carried out. No germplasm was found resistant to R. solani. Only six germplasms appeared to be moderately resistant. Cardinal, Diamant and Heera were found as highly susceptible varieties. True potato seed BARI TPS1 was tested against two virulent isolates of R. solani DK64 and BTB115. Only 21% and 29% resistant seedlings against the DK64 and BTB115 isolates, respectively were obtained compared to 85% seedlings in control.Keywords: Germplasm; Potato; TPS; Rhizoctonia solani DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v40i2.9777 Bangladesh J. Bot. 40(2): 193-196, 2011 (December)
Tree diversity as affected by salinity in the Sundarban Mangrove Forests, Bangladesh
Authors: Ahmed Ashfaque , Aziz Abdul , Khan AZM Nowsher Ali , Islam Mohammad Nurul , Iqubal Kazi Farhed , Nazma M , Islam Md Shafiqul 
Published: February 2012

A botanical expedition to the Sundarban Mangrove Forests (SMF) in March, 2010 was made to study the tree diversity and their abundance as affected by salinity gradient. In six quadrats of 25m × 25m each, distributed in all four Ranges, a total of eight tree species were recorded. A maximum number of five species occurred in relatively low saline sites. Tree zonation dynamics of the forests along salinity gradient revealed an increase in the number of Ceriops decandra (goran), a salt tolerant plant in the north-eastern parts of the SMF which was dominated by Heritiera fomes (sundri), a freshwater loving plant in 1960’s. Highest importance value index (IVI) was recorded for C. decandra, which was present in all sites, except Moroghodra, a freshwater zone in Nalianala (Khulna) Range. Comparison of the Landsat images of Nalianala and Chandpai Ranges during 1989, 2000 and 2010 revealed a decreased tendency of dominance of H. fomes in the two Ranges but increased tendency of Bruguiera sexangula (kankra), Excoecaria agallocha (gewa) and Sonneratia apetala (keora). Total tree cover in 2010 decreased by about 3% from that of 1989. The changes in the tree composition have been attributed to increased salinity. The changes in the physiography and tree composition of the two Ranges between 2000 - 1989 were considerable. Key words: Tree zonation; Salinity; Remote Sensing; GIS; Heritera fomes; Ceriops decandra DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v40i2.9778 Bangladesh J. Bot. 40(2): 197-202 , 2011 (December)
Mayak Workers Study Cohort
Authors: Azizova T. V. , Fedirko V. , Tsareva Y. , Tretyakov F. , Funch Lassen C. , Friis S. , Schüz J. 
Published: February 2012

Summary
Background: The cause-of-death register at the Southern Urals Biophysics Institute (SUBI), Ozyorsk, Russia, was established to document the number and causes of deaths in the Mayak workers cohort, which includes all persons (N = 22,377) employed at Mayak nuclear facility between 1948 and 1982. Most workers were occupationally exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation and have been shown to have increased risks of various chronic diseases including cancer.
Objectives: To investigate the quality of cause of death coding in the SUBI register.
Methods: A random sample of 246 deaths (~1% of the total) was coded independently at the SUBI and the Danish Cancer Society using the International Classification of Diseases 9 (ICD-9). Proportions of matching codes were calculated.
Results: Overall, 233 deaths (95%) were identically classified using the ICD-9 main category matching. Excluding mismatches that were considered to be incorrectly coded during validation, the validity of the register increased to 98%. Using the specific ICD-9 first three-digit matching, 182 deaths were identically coded (74%) and the respective validity of the register was 85%. There were also some non-resolvable discrepancies demonstrating limitations of assigning one code for each death or using language-adapted ICD-9 version.
Conclusions: This validation study was an important quality check of a register used for mortality follow-up in a highly influential epidemiological study on radiation-related health effects. The results of the inter-institutional comparison were generally favourable; however, since the comparison revealed individual mismatches and some systematically differing coding practices, it is essential to repeat it on a regular basis in order to maintain a high quality.
Les inversions mentales de l'informatique
Authors: Berry Gérard , Deshayes Christophe 
Published: February 2012

Résumé La génération qui vient sera celle des digital natives, qui fonctionnent de façon très différente de nous. Sommes-nous prêts à leur confier ce monde qui n’est déjà plus tout à fait le nôtre et de plus en plus le leur ?
Successor characteristics, change in the degree of firm internationalization, and firm performance: The moderating role of environmental uncertainty
Authors: Lin Wen-Ting , Liu Yunshi 
Published: February 2012

AbstractOur study examines the relationship among successor characteristics, post-succession firm change in the degree of internationalization, and firm performance. We use the upper echelon, organization change, and contingency perspectives to frame our conceptual arguments. Based on data from 187 succession observations for listed companies in Taiwan between 2000 and 2005, we find that firms will opt for higher levels of change in their degree of internationalization when they experience outside succession and that the negative impact of change in the degree of firm internationalization on subsequent firm performance is relatively low. We extend the industrial environment, explaining the moderating effect of chief executive officer succession on change in the international strategy model. Outsider successors foster a greater degree of change in the level of firm internationalization when the industrial environment is munificent or complex.