bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Approximate Practical Correlation of the Effect of Pressure on the Dew Point Temperature of Pipeline Natural Gases
Authors: Govier G.W. , Aziz K. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The dew point temperatures of normal pipeline gases are influenced not onlyby the hydrocarbon composition of the gas but also by the presence of traces ofcontaminants such as hydrate depressants and compressor oil. For this reasondew point temperatures calculated from gas analyses are frequently lower thanobserved dew points and the effect of pressure on dew point temperature is notthe same as for a pure hydrocarbon gas.
Actual dew point measurements on 16 gases were compared with calculated dewpoints and differences up to 50°F were observed. Notwithstanding these seriousdifferences the shape of the actual and the calculated dew pointtemperature-pressure curves were similar. This similarity has permitted thedevelopment of a practical correlation of the effect of pressure on the dewpoint temperature of the gases.
The correlation permits the estimation of the dew point temperature at anypressure within the range of 100 to 800 psi from its knowledge at anyonepressure within this range. The accuracy is about ±5°F for pressures in therange of 400 to 800 psi. The correlation, along with calculations of thetheoretical dew point, may also be used to estimate the degree of contaminationof pipeline gases.

Introduction
The contracts for the pipeline transportation of natural gas usually limitthe higher hydrocarbon content of the gas by specifying a maximum hydrocarbondew point. In Alberta contracts specify that the hydrocarbon dew point belimited to 15°F. up to the maximum operating pressure of the pipeline. In orderstrictly to comply with this specification the dew point temperature must bemeasured directly at the maximum operating pressure, Usually, however, thegases are available only at pressures below the maximum pipeline operatingpressure and a direct measurement is not practical. Under these conditions theengineer must either
(a) calculate the dew point at the desired higher pressure directly from theavailable gas analysis, or
(b) estimate the dew point at the higher pressure from dew pointmeasurements at some lower pressure.
A companion paper by Aziz and Govier has presented a semi-theoreticalcorrelation which facilitates the calculation. from gas analysis, ofhydrocarbon dew points of clean pipeline gases. The measured dew pointtemperatures of normal pipeline gases arc influenced not only by thehydrocarbon composition of the gas but also by the presence of traces ofcontaminants such as hydrate depressants and compressor oil. For this reason.dew point temperatures calculated from gas analyses are frequently lower thanthe observed dew points and the effect of pressure on the dew point temperatureis not the same as for a natural gas composed entirely of hydrocarbons.
Chemical-Tracer Method For Testing Segregation in Multiple - Completion Wells
Authors: Morrison A.G. , Bombardieri C.C. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
As a means of testing segregation in multiple-completion wells, pressuremeasurements have a number of drawbacks and efforts to develop alternativeeffective methods have been generally unsuccessful. This paper presents achemical-tracer method which has shown good results in three field tests and isnow being patented. Its main advantages are that it:

Introduction
Development wells in oil fields having overlying, vertically spacedproducing zones are generally completed so that each zone can be producedindependently. However, these multiple-completion wells often present certaindifficulties. Faulty cementing of the casing in the well bore, failure of theproduction packers, corrosion of the well-bore tubing or the development ofvertical fractures adjacent to the well bore may permit substantial quantitiesof oil to flow between zones When this happens, any zone may be producingconsiderably more or less oil than the production figures would show.
Such erroneous production data may result in the adoption of inefficientrecovery programs. Moreover, conservation regulations restrict the amount ofoil which can be produced from each zone of a multiple-completion well andimpose penalties in cases of over-production. This means that, to ensureaccurate production records, multiple-completion wells must be tested often todetermine whether adjacent zones are segregated from one another. Obviously, then, a reliable and practical method for making these tests is essential.
Methods for Testing Segregation
Pressure Method
Multiple - completion wells are usually tested for segregation by varyingthe production rate from one zone and recording the pressure in another. Anypressure variation in the second zone generally means that the two zones arenot completely segregated. This method is reliable and satisfactory in mostcases. However, it is difficult to use where the zones have large productivityindices, because then even large quantities of oil may flow from one zone toanother without producing any significant pressure change.
A Study of Low Temperature Cementing
Authors: Thorvaldson W.M. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Since 1957 Dowell of Canada has been conducting a survey, in the field andin the laboratory, of temperatures and cementing strengths encountered drillingin Western Canada. In an attempt to rectify the seemingly inadequate cementstrengths, several different corrective measures have been developed, testedand evaluated. This paper is designed to acquaint the industry with theinvestigation from the initial surveys to the successful cementing of a stringof casing wholly in perma frost.

Introduction
Well temperatures exert a profound effect on the setting properties ofcement slurries. Consequently, cements must be carefully formulated so thatadequate thickening times are obtained for a proper placement of the slurry, yet WOC times are not unduly prolonged. In the Canadian oil fields, especiallyduring the winter months, low temperatures present a formidable problem, especially in setting surface casing, where the formation temperature is belowthe freezing point of water. Oddly enough, very few data are available onformation temperatures in the depth range of surface casing, or the effectsthat these temperatures have upon cementing practices.
The range of surface temperatures encountered is shown in Figure 1, whichshows the mean temperatures characteristic of this area. Assuming a liberaltemperature gradient of 2°F. per 100 feet and an average surface pipe depth of600 feet, it may be seen that the B.H.T. varies from approximately 50°F. in thesouth to 17°F. in the north. These temperatures, although modified by thepenetration of drilling fluids, are dangerously close to and often below theminimum temperature necessary for the setting of commonly used cements.
As an example of the formation temperatures usually encountered Figure 2shows the temperature profiles of two wells surveyed under static conditions.One of these wells was located at Resolute Bay, N.W.T., the other in northernAlaska. Both of these wells are in the continuous Perma-frost zone, indicatingfrom 1000 to 1500 feet of Perma-frost.
A Report on Gas Flow Measurement
Authors: Cleland N.A. , Aziz K. 
Published: March 2010

Preface
The Edmonton Study Group on Gas Flow Measurement was formed in February,1961, by the CIM-AIME Petroleum Engineering Section, Edmonton, to study gasmeasurement problems encountered during oil and gas production in Alberta. Thisstudy was specifically concerned with problems related to oil and gasproduction, and these problems are seldom experienced in gas plant and gasutility operations.
A number of groups had been considering various solutions to the problem ofgas measurement in automated oil and gas production facilities. In most caseseach group was considering a different solution so it was felt that aco-ordinating body, such as this study group, could do much to clarify theproblems associated with the project and provide a forum for the exchange ofopinions, ideas and field results.
At the inaugural meeting of the group, sixteen organizations concerned withgas measurement were represented. These included fourteen companies engaged inoil and gas production, gas transmission and gas utility operation. Theproducing companies, represented in the group, produce in the order of 50% ofall the oil in Western Canada. In addition, the University of Alberta and the Oil and Gas Conservation Board felt the project of sufficient value toparticipate. Mr. N. A. Cleland of Hudson's Bay Oil and Gas was appointedchairman at the group.
The objectives of the group were:To review all methods of gas flow measurement suitable for use in theoil and gas industry.To evaluate the instruments employing these methods.To determine who has tested and/or accepted these instruments.To determine the accuracy and dependability of these instruments underspecified conditions.To determine the relative economics of the use of these instruments.To draw up a list of criteria which could be used for determining thesuitability of methods and instruments tor gas flow measurement.
The Rimbey Gas Plant
Authors: Chmilar M.M. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The Rimbey Gas Plant was designed and constructed to serve two fields, theWesterose South (Dick Lake) field and the Homeglen Rimbey field. This is one ofthe largest gas plants in Canada, having a design capacity of 326 MM SCF perday of inlet gas. The layout and process design together with the uniquefeatures incorporated in this plant are presented. These include high pressuredemethanization for the reduction of recycle gas compression, centrifugalcompressors for propane refrigerant compression, and a hydraulic turbine forpower recovery from the rich high pressure amine solution.

Introduction
The Rimbey Gas Plant was designed and constructed to serve two fields, the Westerose South (Dick Lake) field and the Homeglen-Rimbey field. It is locatedbetween these two fields in Section 5, Township 44, Range 1, West of the 5th Meridian. This is one of the largest gas processing plants in Canada having adesign capacity of 326 MMSCFD of inlet gas - 200 MMSCFD from the WesteroseSouth field and 126 MMSCFD from the Homeglen-Rimbey field. At these designrates the plant will produce:
The plant is jointly owned by twenty-seven companies. The design, quantityand quality of gas to be processed from the respective field was used as abasis in determining the plant ownership between the two fields. The ownershipby the individual companies is based on their participation in the units ofeither or both fields. The California Standard Oil Company is the operator ofthe Homeglen-Rimbey Unit, while The British American Oil Company Limited is theoperator of the Westerose South Unit and of the Rimbey Gas Plant.
The Technical and Economic Aspects of Helium Production in Saskatchewan
Authors: Lee H. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The demand for helium in North America is expected to increase from thepresent rate of 600 million cubic feet per year to over two billion cubic feetper year by 1980. At the present time the United States Government virtuallycontrols all the production and distribution of helium and consumes over 75% ofthe helium produced in the free world.
The recent discovery of helium in Saskatchewan represents the firstsignificant find of this valuable gas outside of the United States. This studyindicates that development of these recently discovered reserves is bothcommercially feasible and desirable.
Once a helium industry is established in Saskatchewan, and hence, Canadianavailability and control of a valuable resource, it is expected that productioncan be increased considerably to meet both the demands of Canada and those of asizeable overseas export market. Output from the proposed helium plant wouldprobably have an initial capacity of 10 million cubic feet per year, withproduction increasing to upwards of 20 million cubic feet or more per year oncethe consumers realize that a reliable source of supply is assured.

Introduction
Considerable attention is currently focused on the recent discoveries ofhelium in Saskatchewan. In recognition of this keen interest both within Canadaand elsewhere, the Department of Mineral Resources' engineering division hascarried out a study regarding the technical and economical aspects ofestablishing a plant for the production of helium in this province.
In addition to investigating the low temperature helium extraction process, data are also presented on the promising, but comparatively new"diffusion-through-glass" process. Both processes have advantages anddisadvantages. The low temperature process has been tried and proven by manyyears of operation, but the latter process has the advantage of being veryflexible and possibly lower in capital cost. However, this process has not beenproven beyond the experimental stage.
A Computer Model for Evaluating the Impact of Fossil Fuel Transportation Research
Authors: Hodgson G.W. , Mansfield R.J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The distribution of fossil fuels in a large country such as Canada where thesources of coal, gas and oil are remote from the principal thermal energymarkets poses many complex problems, most of which centre upon the matter oftransportation. Even the matter of transportation of such competing fuelspresents a remarkably complex inter-play of a large number of major and minorvariables. In the present study, a computer model was devised to examine theeffect of the principal variables, on-site costs, growth rates and time, and tointerpret these in terms of the results which would be expected to arise fromscientific and technological advances over and above those to be expected inthe ordinary year-to- year developments in the transportation industry. To dothis, a reference distribution for the three competing fuels was established byselecting specific values for the several variables on the basis of pasthistory and considered judgment. This was then projected three decades into thefuture. The effect of the several variables was examined, and apparently themost significant were the on-site cost of crude oil and natural gas, and thegrowth rates for the same costs. The reference picture indicated a Steadytakeover of the thermal energy market by coal, with the coal market extendingover a 2,000-mile radius within about twenty years. Evaluation of hypotheticalresearch advances over and above the normal year-to-year advances indicatedthat only in the field of coal transportation was there likely to be a markedresponse to these advances. Therefore, special funds and energies might well bedirected toward this area of transportation research, but only on the clearunderstanding that successful research would only hasten the establishment ofan energy market pattern which is likely to come about in due course, in anycase.
Recent Achievements With the Formation Tester in Canada
Authors: Banks K.M. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Since its introduction in Canada, the wire-line Formation Tester has provento be valuable in evaluating prospective oil- and gas-bearing formations. Inthis paper, firstly, the procedures presently used in interpreting FormationTester results will be reviewed. Then, a method will be discussed fordetermining formation permeability from Formation Tester recovery and log data.For both of these, illustrative field examples are given.
In addition, an empirical technique is proposed for estimating gasproduction rates in gas wells. Field examples are presented which illustratethe procedures involved and show some typical results that have beenobtained.

Introduction
The wire-line Formation Tester is used extensively throughout Western Canadafor the evaluation of prospective oil- and gas-bearing formations. Since itsintroduction in Canada, approximately 1,300 successful tests have been made.The primary purpose of these tests is to determine the fluid content andpressure of the formation. The information derived has allowed refinements ofthe existing interpretation techniques.
Some present techniques for interpreting formation fluid content are coveredin this paper. In addition, methods are discussed whereby Formation Tester dataare used to determine formation permeability and to estimate gas productionrates.
Interpretation of Recovery
Field experience with the wire-line Formation Tester run on logging cable, and comparison of recoveries obtained with production data, have furnished thebasis for several methods of determining formation fluid content. Althoughthese interpretation techniques may vary somewhat from area to area, dependingupon local conditions, they are basically the same. Fundamentally, allwire-line Formation Tester interpretations depend upon the amounts and thenature of gas, oil, and water that are recovered. Recovery of free gas and/oroil usually indicates a good probability that the tested zone will producehydrocarbons upon completion.
The Role of Technology in the Conservation of Oil and Gas
Authors: Hocott C.R. 
Published: March 2010

Among enlightened citizens, conservation of the nation's natural resourcesis a patriotic obligation. The great stakes of the nation in a continuous, ample supply of oil and gas make it imperative that the various groups of oursociety work cooperatively to promote and to maintain a sound, vigorous policyof oil conservation. One difficulty in maintaining effective conservationprogrammes derives from the different connotations of the word "conservation"itself. To many people, conservation means simply the act of hoarding orpreserving. Although Webster gives this as a common definition, the very natureof a natural resource obviates such a meaning when applied to it. In naturalresource industries, conservation has come as a matter of course to meanefficient, non-wasteful operating practices. This principle is readilyunderstood in the realm of human resources. For instance, we know that a mancannot conserve his strength through inactivity. Under such a condition hisstrength will atrophy. It is only by careful use and frequent exercise thatstrength is conserved. Somewhat similarly, the health and vigour of a naturalresource industry is promoted by efficient development and production of theresource. Wasteful practices not only decrease the quantity of a resourceavailable for public consumption but also increase unit costs. Cost increasesin turn tend to discourage consumption. The over-all effect, then, of thefailure of an industry to practice sound conservation policies strikes at thevery heart of the industry itself as well as at the public interest.
The nature of conservation varies quite widely among different resourceindustries. For instance, an industry dealing in a replenishable resource maywell attempt to perpetuate the supply. Gigantic reforestation programmesprovide one outstanding example of how the far seeing lumber industry has metthis problem of maintaining a continuous supply.
Distribution and Behaviour of Oil and Water in Mississippian Limestone Reservoirs, Southeastern Saskatchewan
Authors: Edie Ralph W. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
In the Mississippian of southeastern Saskatchewan, variations in performanceof individual wells or segments of limestone oil fields commonly result frommarked lateral variations in the amount and type of porosity together with thepresence of numerous impermeable barriers within the reservoir unit.
Porosity in limestones is classified asinterparticulate,vuggy andfracture.
Interparticulate porosity includes intergranular (characteristicof calcarenites) and intercrystalline (typical of secondary dolomites). Vugsare cavities that are distinctly larger than the size of particles comprisingthe rock matrix.
Unfractured, well sorted calcarenites finer than the Wentworth fine grainsize invariably have insufficient permeability for an effective oil reservoir.In contrast, the minimum crystal size for an effective unfractured sucrosicdolomite reservoir falls in the Wentworth very fine size range.
Interstitial water content of Mississippian limestone oil reservoirs ofsoutheastern Saskatchewan exhibiting good interparticulate porosity commonlyrange from 20 to 40%. However, where the limestone is characterized by vugsassociated with dense lime mudstone matrix, interstitial water saturations aregenerally much higher despite the presence of relatively good permeability. Thehigh interstitial water content of such vuggy rocks is due to inability of oilacting under much of the water, as many vugs are not connected from beneath.Water trapped in the bottom of such vugs is free to move laterally duringdrillstem and production tests.
Interstitial water is commonly at a minimum along the axes ofanticlinal noses and increases markedly along the flanks even where thereservoir bed is structurally above the free oil-water contact. The increasedwater saturation along flanks of anticlinal structures is believed due tonatural oil flooding which, at the time of oil accumulation, proceeds from thecrests of the anticinal nose laterally down the flanks and has an efficiencysomewhat similar to that of induced water flooding, as considerable water isby-passed in the reservoir.
Geochemical Studies of Natural Gas Part III. Inert Gases in Western Canadian Natural Gases
Authors: Hitchon Brian 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
In natural gases, the stratigraphic and geographic variations in thecontents of both nitrogen and helium are of geochemical interest, although onlyhelium is of commercial importance. Nitrogen may originate from a great varietyof sources, including air, either originally trapped in the sediments orintroduced dissolved in percolating groundwaters, the denitrification ofnitrogenous compounds or the decay of certain radioactive minerals.
In contrast, there exist radioactive sources for all natural helium, andthus the problem of the migration and accumulation of helium in rocks differsfrom that of the other components of natural gases. Helium owes its originmainly to the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium, and its accumulation tothe differential rates of upward diffusion through the sedimentary strata fromthe basement rocks. The geochemical evidence gives credence to a mathematicalmodel of the diffusion process, with special reference to helium.
Contents of nitrogen ranging from about 8 per cent to 85 per centcharacterize natural gases in southern Alberta from strata ranging in age fromUpper Devonian to Lower Cretaceous. In strata of the Middle Devonian Elk PointGroup, the amount of nitrogen in natural gases increases to a maximum of nearly20 per cent as the depositional edge in the Peace River region is approached.Elsewhere, in other stratigraphic units, concentrations are generally less than10 per cent. Concentrations of helium generally over 0.1 per cent are foundpredominantly in natural gases from the Peace River arch, the Sweetgrass archand the hinge belt of the Alberta basin. Contents in the range of 1.0 to 1.9per cent helium have been found in the commercial gas occurrences in UpperCambrian strata in southern Saskatchewan.

Introduction
This paper is the third and final part of a series concerned with thegeochemistry of natural gas in Western Canada.