bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DEVELOPING HYDROPHILIC LENSES FOR CONTINUOUS WEARING
Authors: Carle John 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe history and development of hydrophilic contact lenses is described. The author continues with an account of his experiments to produce a lens with a higher water content and a higher oxygen flow rate through the lens. This has been achleved and many patients are now wearing lenses made from this material for over a year without removal.
Pro‐Indigenous Reforms in Bolivia: Is there an Andean Way to Escape Poverty?
Authors: Zoomers Annelies 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTNowadays, the old assumption that indigenous peoples should give up their cultural practices and identities in order to assimilate and ‘progress’, has been replaced by a more flexible and dynamic perception of indigeneity. This article — based on fieldwork carried out in the southern part of the Bolivian Andes between 1995 and 2004 — offers a micro‐level description of whatAndinidad, the Andean way of doing things, means for daily life. What are the particularities of Andean lives, what are the implications for livelihoods and social mobility? The central question is whether or not people in the rural Andes have a special way of building their livelihoods and, more specifically, whether and how distinct traditions help people to move out of poverty.
Transnational Migration and the Economy of Funerals: Changing Practices in Ghana
Authors: Mazzucato Valentina , Kabki Mirjam , Smith Lothar 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTMigrants are increasingly leading transnational lives, impacting the institutions that shape local economies both in their place of residence and in their home communities. One example of this is the institution of funerals in developing countries. Funerals are becoming multi‐sited events as migrants from developing countries play important roles in the organization, financing and practice of funeral ceremonies in their home countries. Funerals thus give rise to flows of money, goods and people across national borders, ultimately affecting different economies around the world. This article uses a multi‐sited research design to follow the flows associated with a funeral held in a village in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. Detailed data were collected simultaneously in four locations involved in the funeral, and a multiplier analysis was used to trace funeral spending in different locations and sectors. The analysis shows that funeral spending supports various economic sectors in Ghana and across the globe, reinforcing the nature of funerals as (partly) economic events, which should be included in economic analyses of remittances and migration. Funeral practices are modified in various ways to accommodate transnational elements. At the same time, funerals continue to act, even in a transnational context, as occasions for reaffirming ties and a sense of belonging; they form a way for home communities, both rural and urban, to keep migrants interested in them.
Confronting Conservation at Mount Elgon, Uganda
Authors: Norgrove Linda , Hulme David 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTNational parks remain at the centre of conservation efforts in Africa, although the long established strategy of conservation through law enforcement is now supplemented by participatory strategies such as community conservation. These new strategies have not changed the preservationist thrust of conservation policy and action. The relationships between parks and people are best understood as struggles in which ‘park neighbours’ use covert and overt ‘weapons of the weak’ to challenge the hegemony of conservation. This study of a national park in Uganda describes and analyses these forms of resistance.
Restoring the Shine to a Pearl: Recycling Behaviour in Penang, Malaysia
Authors: Meen‐Chee Hong , Narayanan Suresh 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTDespite serious waste management problems in Penang Island, a recycling campaign launched in 2001 has met with little success. This may be because the campaign was not backed up with knowledge about factors that motivate recycling. This article develops a simple economic framework to explain individual recycling behaviour. A logit model that utilizes survey data drawn from a sample of 760 respondents was used to test the insights gained from the framework. As predicted by the framework, recycling was negatively related to factors that increased the private costs of recycling, such as the lack of storage space and low income. Recycling increased among respondents who recognized its benefits: they include the environmentally conscious, those who were aware of the recycling campaign and respondents in the twenty‐five to thirty‐five year age category. Interestingly, neither gender nor distance to recycling centres were reliable predictors of recycling behaviour.
China and India: The Institutional Roots of Differential Performance
Authors: Saith Ashwani 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAt the start of the so‐called development race sixty years ago, China, showcasing revolutionary socialism, and India, boasting parliamentary democracy, had close similarities in economic structures and levels of development, but striking differences in terms of cultural cohesion, institutional flexibility and political orientation. The outcome of the race is unambiguous: the question is not who won, but why and how? It is argued here that a wide margin had already opened up in China's favour by the time of the systemic or policy‐regime switch‐points, 1978 in China, and shortly thereafter in India. The author seeks explanations for this differential performance in the divergent institutional configurations of the two societies and economies, especially in the rural sector in the pre‐reform period, and highlights the contrast between the power of the Chinese mass mobilization mode of transformation and the persistent institutional rigidities and obstacles in the Indian case. Post‐reforms, processes of ‘pervergence’— an emerging congruence in negative social features — appear to dominate over tendencies towards conventional convergence. The author reflects on the historical significance of the two development paths: did Nehruvian state‐led planned development and Maoist socialism serve essentially as pioneers of capitalism, leveraging the re‐launching of the two once‐powerful Asian giants back into the global capitalist game on dramatically revised terms of engagement?
Entitled to Health? Social Protection in Chile's Plan AUGE
Authors: Dannreuther Charles , Gideon Jasmine 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTIn theory everyone has the right to health. However, in reality many low income households are unable to fully access health services and therefore cannot fully claim their rights. Recently, in an attempt to overcome these limitations, health reforms in Chile under the Plan AUGE have proposed a series of legal entitlements to health care that are available to everyone regardless of income level. While this is an important starting point in ensuring more universal access to health, the process has raised a number of important issues, particularly on how these entitlements have been defined and how far they will be able to transform (gender) inequalities within the health system. Looking at this from a gender perspective enables us to see that despite the shift from a health care system based on redistributive rights towards one based on the right of recognition, certain sectors of the population remain excluded. Decision‐making processes have remained technocratic, and women's groups have been marginalized from the debate around the reform. Moreover, health policy makers continue to ignore the role of the unpaid care economy in health care provision. The current reform has served to reinforce the gender roles around health care.
DEMOCRATIC VIRTUE, COMPARATIVE ETHICS, AND CONTEMPORARY ISLAM
Authors: Kelsay John 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThis essay illustrates the kind of moral analysis Jeffrey Stout advocates in Democracy and Tradition by way of examining a conversation among Muslims that took place between June and December 2002. Their debate centers on al‐Qaída's legitimacy as God's chosen defender of Islam, which is called into question due to the tension between al‐Qaída's military tactics and the concepts of honorable combat held within the Islamic tradition. This giving and taking of reasons in both defense and detraction of al‐Qaída's tactics demonstrates the living reality of Islamic tradition—the ongoing process of striving to discern God's will in light of communal agreements about the authority of certain texts and the validity of established rules for interpreting them.
COMMENTS ON SIX RESPONSES TO DEMOCRACY AND TRADITION
Authors: Stout Jeffrey 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper is a rejoinder to papers by Sabina Lovibond, Nicholas Wolterstorff, Sumner B. Twiss, G. Scott Davis, M. Cathleen Kaveny, and John Kelsay on the author's recent book Democracy and Tradition. The argument covers a host of topics, ranging from epistemology and methodology to human rights, the common law, and Islamic ethics.
EUDAIMONIA AND AGAPE IN MACINTYRE AND KIERKEGAARD'SWORKS OF LOVE
Authors: Mendham Matthew D. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThis essay explores connections and divergences between Alasdair MacIntyre's eudaimonistic ethic and Søren Kierkegaard's agapeistic ethic—perhaps the greatest proponents of these ethical paradigms from the past two centuries. The purpose of the work is threefold. First, to demonstrate an impressive amount of convergence and complementarity in their approaches to the transcendent grounds of an ethic of flourishing, the rigors necessary for a proper self‐love, and the other‐directed nature of proper social relations. Second, given the inapplicability of common dichotomies, to pinpoint more precisely where Kierkegaard departs from eudaimonism, and where MacIntyre departs from agapeism. Finally, to show that both Kierkegaard's and MacIntyre's grounds for departure are inadequate, and thus that the most central insights of eudaimonist and agapeist ethics can be harmonized to a greater extent than either Kierkegaard's or MacIntyre's framework can allow.
Munc18‐1 as a key regulator of neurosecretion
Authors: Han Gayoung A. , Malintan Nancy T. , Collins Brett M. , Meunier Frederic A. , Sugita Shuzo 
Published: August 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 1–10.AbstractMunc18‐1 plays essential roles in neurosecretion by interacting with syntaxin‐1 and controlling the formation of the soluble N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNARE) complex. At least three important functions of Munc18‐1 have been proposed: (i) molecular chaperone of syntaxin‐1 for appropriate localization and expression of syntaxin‐1, (ii) priming/stimulation of the SNARE‐mediated membrane fusion, and (iii) docking of large dense‐core vesicles to the plasma membrane. Similarly, at least two different binding modes have been proposed for the interaction between Munc18‐1 and syntaxin‐1: (i) binary binding to a ‘closed’ conformation of syntaxin‐1, and (ii) binding to the N‐terminal peptide of syntaxin‐1, which is thought to enable an interaction with the quaternary SNARE complex and/or further stabilize the binary interaction between Munc18‐1 and closed syntaxin‐1. Recent structural analyses have identified critical Munc18‐1 residues implicated in these different modes of binding. These have recently been tested functionally in rescue experiments using Munc18‐1 null neurons, chromaffin cells and Munc18‐1/‐2 knockdown PC12 cells, allowing remarkable progress to be made in the structural/functional understanding of Munc18‐1. In this review, we summarize these recent advances and attempt to propose an updated model of the pleiotropic functions of Munc18‐1 in neuroexocytosis.
Pituitary Hormones as Neurotrophic Signals: Update on Hypothalamic Differentiation in Genetic Models of Altered Feedback2
Authors: Phelps Carol J. , Hurley David L. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract.Studies of mutant mice that are growth hormone (GH)‐ and prolactin (PRL)‐deficient have provided evidence that these pituitary hormones have trophic, as well as dynamic, feedback effects on the hypothalamic neurons that regulate GH and PRL secretion (1). This review examines further evidence, from those animals and from recent transgenic models, for GH and PRL effects on neuronal differentiation. Characterization of the Ames dwarf (Prop‐1〈df〉) mutation and discovery of other genes important to pituitary differentiation reveal an expression sequence of transcription factors, Hesx1 (Rpx) to P‐Lim to Prop‐1 to Pit‐1, that heralds influence on hypothalamic differentiation. Occasional expression of GH and PRL in the Ames dwarf pituitary may result from the “partial loss of function” nature of the Ames Prop‐1 mutation. In transgenic mice with moderately or extremely elevated GH levels, neurons that regulate GH exhibit respective maximum and minimum expression and cell number in inhibitory somatostatin (SRIH) and in stimulatory GH‐releasing hormone (GHRH). The phenomenon is inverted in GH‐lacking dwarfs, and patterns of SRIH underexpression and GHRH overexpression are established early in postnatal development. The differentiation of PRL‐inhibiting dopaminergic (DA) neurons is supported not only by PRL, but by human GH, which is lactogenic in rodents. Transgenic mice with peripherally expressed hGH have increased numbers of DA neurons, as opposed to the decreased DA population in PRL‐deficient dwarf mice. Rats engineered to express hGH in GHRH neurons do not show this increase, whereas spontaneously GH‐deficient dwarf rats show increased DA neuron number. These findings may be explained by feedback on neurons that co‐express GHRH and DA. Current studies suggest that Snell (Pit‐1〈dw〉) dwarf mice show a more severe and earlier DA neuron deficiency than Ames dwarfs, and that PRL feedback must occur prior to 20 days of postnatal age to maintain the DA neuronal phenotype. Insights into the mechanisms of GH and PRL effects on hypophysiotropic neurons include receptor localization on identified neuronal phenotypes, including intermediate neurons that mediate dynamic feedback, and elucidation of signal transduction pathways for GH and PRL in peripheral cell types. New transgenic models of altered GH, PRL, or receptor expression offer further study of neurotrophic effects.
Effect of Genistein on Steroid Hormone Production in the Pregnant Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Harrison Richard M. , Phillippi Patricia P. , Swan Kenneth F. , Henson Michael C. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract.Genistein is a phytoestrogen found in soy beans. Phytoestrogens have been reported to cause reproductive problems in sheep and rats. This research was conducted to determine the effects of genistein fed to rhesus monkeys during pregnancy, with specific interest on fetal growth and steroidogenesis in the maternal‐fetoplacental unit. Two groups of five monkeys each were selected in early stages of pregnancy. One group was administered genistein in a fruit treat each weekday until Cesarean section 10 days prior to term. The second, control group, received fruit treats without genistein. Maternal blood samples were collected on Tuesday and Friday of each week. At delivery, samples were collected from the maternal peripheral circulation, uterine veins, uterine‐ovarian veins, and the fetal heart. Comparisons between control and genistein‐treated monkeys revealed no differences in the maternal weight gained during pregnancy, or in fetal weights or placental weights at delivery. Serum was assayed by radioimmunoassay (RIA) for estradiol, progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA‐S), and estrone. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were noted in progesterone or DHEA‐S levels at delivery or during the pregnancy; however, estradiol levels were higher (P < 0.05) in the four areas studied at delivery and in the maternal blood with advancing gestation. Additionally, estrone levels tended to increase more rapidly (P = 0.057) in the maternal blood of monkeys receiving genistein than in untreated controls, suggesting that genistein may stimulate the deconjugation of estrone in the gut, thus allowing its reabsorption into the peripheral circulation and conversion to estradiol.
Female House Mice Develop a Unique Ovarian Lesion in Colonies That Are at Maximum Population Density
Authors: Chapman John C. , Christian John J. , Pawlikowski Mary Ann , Yasukawa Norie , Michael Sandra D. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Colonies of house mice reach maximum population density in 120–180 days, irrespective of cage size and initial number of colonizing animals. Reproduction ceases because the females become aggressive and unreceptive to mating. The aggressive behavior is correlated with elevated levels of testosterone (T) and corticosterone (B) (Chapman et al., Phys Behav 64:529–533, 1998). In two of seven strains of mice, females developed ovarian lesions. The occurrence of the lesion in one strain was correlated with the age of the animal and duration of the study. In the second strain, cage size was the determining factor. Lesioned ovaries weighed significantly more than nonlesioned ovaries. The lesion consisted of accumulations of luteal membrane and organelle fragments, and other cellular debris, suggestive of incomplete and prolonged luteolysis. Electron microscopic (EM) analyses revealed the presence of deposits of permanganate‐resistant congophilic amyloid fibrils in the intima and smooth muscle cells of luteal thecal arteries.Population females had thymus glands and uteri that weighed significantly less than the same organs from females housed in the breeding colony, whereas the adrenal glands from the population females weighed significantly more.It is proposed that the female aggression is due to high levels of T. It is also proposed that the high levels of B suppress the immune cells involved in normal luteolysis and contribute to the incomplete and prolonged luteolysis.
Avian Use of Wetlands in Reclaimed Minelands in Southwestern Indiana
Authors: Mulyani Yeni A. , DuBowy Paul J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWe studied the use of mineland wetlands by birds and the relationship between avian communities and wetland characteristics. Data were collected from 20 wetlands in Pike County, Indiana, and included wetland size, depth, water conductivity and salinity, aquatic macroinvertebrate abundance, vegetation, and bird use. Principal component analysis showed that physical variables could be explained by two principal component scores and that wetlands could be grouped on the basis of size and conductivity. Principal component analysis could not reduce vegetation variables to fewer principal component scores, meaning that wetland vegetation characteristics were independent of one another and did not show any trend. Most wetlands had low invertebrate density, and wetlands with higher invertebrate density had low invertebrate diversity. Wetlands with similar habitat characteristics (physical, vegetative, and invertebrate) did not necessarily show similarities in bird assemblages. Bird similarity index values ranged from 0 to 59%, implying that each wetland has its own bird community. Stepwise multiple regression analysis (α= 0.05) relating bird use and habitat characteristics showed that bird species richness increased with the species richness of submergent vegetation and was correlated negatively with the species richness of emergent vegetation. There was no significant relationship between bird species richness or bird species diversity and wetland size. The number of species within different avian guilds correlated with different habitat characteristics. The species richness of submergent plants was a factor that correlated positively with the number of species of several guilds (dabblers, wading birds, and plunge divers). Wetland age was not a factor that determined bird use.
Soil Moisture, Native Revegetation, andPinus lambertianaSeedling Survival, Growth, and Mycorrhiza Formation Following Wildfire and Grass Seeding
Authors: Amaranthus Michael P. , Trappe James M. , Perry David A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractGrass seeding is widely used for erosion control, but its consequences for soil and regeneration following fire have been measured only infrequently. This study investigates the effect of grass seeding on the type and extent of plant cover; soil moisture percentage; and moisture stress, survival, growth, and root‐tip and mycorrhiza formation ofPinus lambertiana(sugar pine) seedlings in a clearcut intensely burned by wildfire. One‐year‐old containerized sugar pine seedlings were planted in seeded and nonseeded areas in Spring 1988 and 1989 in the Longwood Fire area of southwest Oregon. In 1988, tree seedlings in grass‐seeded plots experienced intense competition from the grass, reduced root‐tip and mycorrhiza formation, low levels of soil moisture to meet evapotranspirational demand, high levels of mortality, and reduced growth. In 1989, however, the opposite was true: tree seedlings in nonseeded plots experienced competition from invading native annuals and perennials, low levels of soil moisture in summer, and higher levels of mortality. The studies we report here further indicate that, in an area characterized by extended summer drought, annual ryegrass impeded regeneration of sugar pine during the first season following the fire. Native species cover and richness have been significantly reduced in the seeded area and may affect long‐term soil stability, productivity, and conifer restoration. Seeding of annual ryegrass at high rates under these conditions would seem ill advised.
Prioritizing Watersheds in Oregon for Salmon Restoration
Authors: Nehlsen Willa 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper describes an ecosystem approach (the Bradbury framework) to prioritizing watersheds for watershed restoration and salmon recovery, and gives an example of its application. The framework was applied at three spatial scales (in descending urder) to prioritize (1) river basins within the north coast geographic area of Oregon (USA), (2) watersheds within the Tillamook Bay basin, and (3) restoration activities at the watershed level, Implementing the framework identified the Nehalem and Tillamook Bay basins as high priority for the north coast of Oregon. Within the Tillamook Bay basin, the Wilson, Kilchis, and Trask river watersheds emerged as high priority. Preliminary analysis indicated that controlling sediment sources by addressing upland road conditions and allowing floodplain and riparian ecosystems to recover are highest priority protection and restoration activities within the Tillamook Bay basin. The sample application demonstrates that an ecosystem approach (the Bradbury framework) is particularly advantageous where data are limited, although previous identification of relatively intact areas is required. Implementing the framework is intended to lead to restoration of native species, but it may not provide immediate assistance for some species or populations of concern.