bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Musical Scene in Solo
Authors: Benamou Marc 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Chapter 1 sets the scene, providing a brief musical portrait of the city of Solo with some attention to history. Institutional (the royal court, the academies, the radio station) and noninstitutional contexts for gamelan music are contrasted, and some of the many kinds of music excluded from the study are outlined. Performance contexts, such as dance and wayang (shadow theater) accompaniment, are described, as well as the dramatis personae—the musicians whose words form the corpus of the book.
The Communication of Rasa, Part 1
Authors: Benamou Marc 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Chapter 6 consists mostly of lengthy excerpts from conversations with two noted musical experts: Rahayu Supanggah and Sudarsono Wignyosaputro. Following their lead, the chapter takes a philosophical turn about music and emotion. The two main questions they tackle are “What is the relationship between what people say they feel when listening to music and what they actually feel?” and “How much of musical rasa is in the piece, how much in the performance, and how much in the perception of the performance?”
Why Rasa Talk Matters
Authors: Benamou Marc 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The final chapter deals with the nature of musical meaning and with the relation between music and language about music. A defense is offered of the logocentric, aesthetico‐centric, and musician‐centric approach taken here, and some cautious conclusions are put forth. One such conclusion is that musical meaning is learned, just as linguistic meaning is, and is hence learnable. And, like linguistic meaning, it accrues through use. Partly as a result of this, at least some aspects of affective meaning can cross cultural boundaries, although this is very likely also the result of universal human psychological traits. Some similarities between “Western” and “Javanese” aesthetics (the two words are in quotes because they stand for something more limited) are pointed out, and, like musical meaning in general, these seem to be overdetermined (they can be explained by human nature and by cultural interaction).
Organ Parts To Mendelssohn's Oratorios and Choral Works
Authors: Little Wm. A. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows that Mendelssohn's organ part for St. Paul was the first of five separate organ parts that he composed for his own larger choral works. The other four are Lobgesang (Op. 52, 1840), Psalm 2 (Op. 78.1, 1843), Psalm 98 (Op. 91, 1843), and Elijah (Op. 70, 1846). The scores for his other choral works, such as Psalm 42 (1839) or Psalm 95 (1839), contain only minimal directions for organ (e.g., “col organo” or “senza organo”).
Organ Works, 1820–1835
Authors: Little Wm. A. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This chapter reviews Mendelssohn's organ works from 1820-35. Within a span of less than six weeks — from 28 November 1820, through 6 January 1821 — Mendelssohn composed his first works for the organ. A cluster of five pieces — a Praeludium, three fugues, and a fragmentary toccata — all attest to his early fascination and involvement with classic organ forms. The first of Mendelssohn's organ works written in 1823 — the untitled Andante in D Major — represents a sharp break with the classical forms and style that had earlier dominated his thinking. More importantly, however, it represents his first tentative — and remarkably successful — venture into the realm of musical romanticism.
Organ Works, 1838–1843
Authors: Little Wm. A. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This chapter reviews Mendelssohn's organ works from 1838-43. Mendelssohn believed that the fugue was the form preeminently suited for the organ. Quite possibly he associated the discipline of fugue with the discipline of organ-playing itself, or he may have feared the pitfalls of the Characterstück, or perhaps believed that fugues, as deliberate products of cerebration, demanded codification, whereas preludes, which could often be equated with improvisation, did not. Whatever the reason, Mendelssohn always harbored a proclivity toward fugue despite the fact that no other musical form caused him more anxiety and frustration. As the manuscripts of the three fugues written in July 1839 make abundantly clear, fugal writing had not become any easier for him over the years; indeed, each of these new fugues was created only with the greatest travail, and attempts to arrive at a definitive text for any of them is a frustrating and elusive undertaking.
Six Sonatas For The Organ (op. 65), 1844–1845
Authors: Little Wm. A. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This chapter reviews Mendelssohn's organ works from 1844-5. The 19 movements that make up Opus 65 were drawn from a total of 29 works that Mendelssohn composed or assembled as he developed his final plans for the makeup of his Organ Sonatas. His original drafts of movements that he considered potential components for Opus 65 are almost all contained in MN volumes 39 and 40, which were part of the composer's estate donated by the Mendelssohn family in 1878 to the Royal (i.e., State) Library in Berlin. Also in the Staatsbibliothek is MS. C, the Birthday Album Mendelssohn compiled for Fanny, which contains movements later incorporated into Opus 65.
Crystal Structure Refinement
Authors: Müller Peter , Herbst-Irmer Regine , Spek Anthony L. , Schneider Thomas R. , Sawaya Michael R. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This book covers advanced aspects of practical crystal structure refinement, focusing on practical problems in the everyday life of a crystallographer. After an introduction to SHELXL in the first chapter, the second chapter provides a brief survey of crystal structure refinement. The next few chapters address the various aspects of structure refinement, from the treatment of hydrogen atoms to the assignment of atom types, to disorder, to non-crystallographic symmetry and twinning. One chapter is dedicated to the refinement of macromolecular structures and two shorter chapters deal with structure validation. In most chapters, the book gives refinement examples, based on the program SHELXL, describing every problem in detail.
Protein refinement
Authors: Schneider Thomas R. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Conceptually, the refinement of a protein structure at atomic resolution with SHELXL can be considered as the refinement of a huge organic molecule using small molecule techniques as explained in other chapters of this book. Thus, apart from technical issues, such a refinement of a macromolecule with SHELXL should not present a problem for an experienced small molecule crystallographer. For the macromolecular crystallographer, using the full repertoire of parameters, restraints, and constraints may be more of a challenge. This chapter approaches the refinement of protein structures with SHELXL more from a protein crystallographer's point of view. It describes typical steps of the refinement of a protein structure at atomic resolution using SHELXL. It discusses anisotropic displacement parameters, multiple discrete sites (disorder), hydrogens, solvent, standard uncertainties, and typical problems for each step.
Hydrogen atoms
Authors: Müller Peter 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Hydrogen atoms are important in chemistry, yet they are difficult to localize in X-ray structures. Electron density is measured by X-ray diffraction, and hydrogen has only one electron, which is not located at the nucleus. Therefore, hydrogen atoms are notoriously difficult to detect with X-ray diffraction methods. Especially for hydrogen atoms bound to carbon it is usually possible to calculate the hydrogen positions, while acidic hydrogen atoms, such as in N-H or O-H, should be detected in the experimental electron density. Particularly difficult to detect can be hydrogen atoms in heavy metal hydrides. This chapter explains the theory and gives three detailed examples of hydrogen atom refinements and describes how to calculate hydrogen bonds.
Disorder
Authors: Müller Peter 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Because of the periodicity of crystals, every object is regularly repeated in three-dimensional space, however in the case of disorder, the orientations of some atoms differ in different unit cells. The structure determined from the diffraction pattern is the spatial average over the whole crystal. In by far most cases, disorder only affects small parts of molecules like organic side chains or SiMe3-groups and the order predominates, especially when only two different conformations are present in the crystal. By means of five examples, this chapter introduces the various forms of disorder such as static and dynamic positional disorder as well substitutional disorder and bulk solvent. It describes in detail how to parameterize disorder in SHELXL, including the use of constraints, restraints, and free variables.
General remarks
Authors: Müller Peter 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This chapter contains general advice and illustrates several points that are important enough to be mentioned but did not quite fit into the context of the previous chapters, such as how many refinement cycles are necessary or what to do with ‘non-positive definite’ atoms, or how many restraints may be used in a structure. In addition, the chapter contains tables giving typical coordination geometries for common metal ions and standard single-, double- and triple-bond lengths for common elements as well as 2Θ versus resolution tables for molybdenum and copper radiation.
1 The Queen and the Hermit: the Tale of Hemetes (1575)
Authors: Heaton Gabriel 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the Tale of Hemetes, performed before Queen Elizabeth as part of the Woodstock entertainment of September 1575. It examines how the entertainment echoes in complex ways the circumstances and desires of Sir Henry Lee, Lieutenant of Woodstock, and his relationship with the Queen. The chapter then turns to the manuscript of the entertainment given to the Queen by the poet George Gascoigne at New Year 1576. This was one of the most elaborate presentation manuscripts presented to Elizabeth and in it Gascoigne appropriated the text for his own purposes, using it to develop his own relationship with the Queen.
2 Armed Address: The Elizabethan Tournament
Authors: Heaton Gabriel 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with entertainments in the Elizabethan tiltyard and the opportunities such occasions provided for performers to take on chivalric personae that sent nuanced messages to the watching Queen. It begins with Sir Henry Lee's tiltyard speeches and the beginnings of the Accession Day tournaments, and continues by examining other tournaments and their surviving texts including the 1581 Callophisus entertainment involving the Earls of Arundel and Oxford, and the 1595 Love and Self‐Love entertainment of the Earl of Essex.
3 Publishing Praise: The Circulation of Elizabethan Entertainment Texts
Authors: Heaton Gabriel 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This chapter explores how the texts of Elizabethan country house entertainments were produced and circulated through the media of printed pamphlet and manuscript separate, the distinctive features of these media, and the roles of authors, patrons, scribes, publishers, and readers, in the production of texts. It provides an overview of Elizabethan entertainment texts and also looks in detail at the 1602 Harefield entertainment by John Davies. The multiple surviving manuscripts of this entertainment reveal much unique detail about the mechanics of how these texts were produced and circulated.
6 The Jacobean Masque: Jonson, Authorship, and Royal Address
Authors: Heaton Gabriel 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This chapter takes as its subject the development of Jacobean masques, Jonson's construction of himself as an author, and his relationship with royalty. There are two important royal presentation manuscripts by Jonson, of the Masque of Blacknesse and the Masque of Queenes, and they are considered alongside other relavant texts including printed prefaces and scenes from his early plays Cynthia's Revels and Poetaster. During the first half of James's reign there developed conventions for masque pamphlets, by Jonson, Samuel Daniel, and others, with Jonson in particular emphasising their literary nature, but this was followed by a significant shift in the way masque texts appeared in the second half of the reign, with pamphlets printed for limited circulation (known as pre‐performance quartos) and some masques circulating in manuscript.
Virtue Egoism
Authors: Hills Alison 
Published: September 2010

AbstractOne response to the challenge of Egoism is to deny that there is a distinction between reasons of self-interest and moral reasons. Aristotle, for instance, claimed that the good life, the life of eudaimonia, was also a life of virtue. A tradition of virtue ethics following Aristotle, recently exemplified by Foot and Hursthouse, agrees. This chapter sets out the distinctive claims of virtue ethics, which depends on a conception of the good life that is ‘moralized’, and of a parallel theory – virtue Egoism – which is based on an ‘unmoralized’ account of self-interest.
Disagreement
Authors: Hills Alison 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter sets out in detail another serious problem for modest vindications of morality: the problem of disagreement. When there is disagreement of a certain type over whether a proposition is true, it is epistemically rational to suspend judgement about its truth. There is disagreement of this type over the first premises of modest vindications of morality, so it is not rational for anyone to accept that premise, and no one can use the argument against Egoism. It is not possible to vindicate morality, even modestly. This problem of disagreement proves to be much more intractable than issues of cogency discussed in Chapter 6, and ultimately the defence of morality against this problem takes up the remainder of the book.
Epistemic Rationality
Authors: Hills Alison 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThere are some striking differences between the way in which we form beliefs about moral matters and the way we form beliefs about non-moral matters of fact. We do not suspend judgements about moral disagreements as we do in response to disagreements about non-moral matters. We do not trust moral testimony as we do testimony about non-moral matters. And there are no moral experts, as there are experts on non-moral matters. Is this treatment of moral questions epistemically rational? This chapter argues that there is a connection between the standards of epistemic rationality for beliefs and the function of those beliefs in action. The standards of epistemic rationality for non-moral beliefs are related to knowledge, because actions based on knowledge typically are successful.
Moral Understanding and Morally Worthy Action
Authors: Hills Alison 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWhat is it to understand why a moral proposition is true? Moral understanding, in this sense, differs from moral knowledge (both knowledge that p is true and knowledge why it is true). Moral understanding involves a number of related abilities and is more similar to ‘knowledge how’. Moral understanding is important, moreover, because it is a vital component of morally worthy action: doing the right thing on the basis of moral knowledge (even on the basis of knowledge why an action is right) is not sufficient for the action to have moral worth.
Against Egoism
Authors: Hills Alison 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSince it is typically not epistemically rational to suspend judgement in response to moral disagreements, someone who accepts common sense morality and therefore the premises of a modest vindication of morality is entitled to use that argument against Egoism, despite the disagreement of Egoists (and disputes about the form that premise should take). But whilst Egoists can devise modest vindications of Egoism, it is not open to most of them to accept their premises, because it is typically epistemically rational, given the function of those beliefs according to Egoism, to suspend judgement in response to disagreements with moral agents. In other words, it is not epistemically rational to believe the most plausible forms of Egoism.
Conclusion
Authors: Hills Alison 
Published: September 2010

AbstractCommon sense morality is in a better epistemic position than Egoism, for those who accept common sense morality can modestly vindicate it – they can defend it to their own satisfaction – whereas most Egoists cannot defend Egoism, even modestly. The key to this defence of morality is the importance of moral understanding. What are the implications of recognizing that the focus of moral epistemology should be moral understanding rather than moral knowledge? Moral philosophers already act as if they are aiming for moral understanding, but there are many unanswered questions about moral understanding that need to be addressed in the future.
Practical Reason and its Virtues
Authors: Garcia J. L. A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter argues that the instrumentalist's conception of practical reasoning favoured by consequentialists is inadequate. Despite Amartya Sen's formidable defence of consequentialism, it is argued that consequentialism is incapable of protecting one from the moral horrors of the twentieth century, which almost always arise from its affinity to a kind of sympathy for humanity as a whole. The chapter offers an alternative to the moral life. It is constituted by four planks: (i) moral features derive from one's role-relationships to other people; (ii) it is virtue based, that is, it makes judgments of attitudinal responses deemed either virtuous or vicious; (iii) it is patient focused, that is, the fundamental attitudes of virtues are those directed towards the persons with whom the agent is related in the relevant role; and (iv) it is input-driven, that is, the moral status of an act is determined by its motivational input, not its consequential output.
Knowledge as Credit for True Belief
Authors: Greco John 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter argues that by attending to the illocutionary force of knowledge attributions — specifically, that they serve to give credit to the believer for getting things right — fallibilists can assuage two problems plaguing their concept of knowledge: namely, the lottery problem and the Gettier problem. Borrowing work from Joel Fienberg on blaming, an account of credit attribution is developed that stresses the relationship between causal salience and causal responsibility. Because causal salience is context sensitive, resolutions to the lottery problem and the Gettier problem contain a significant contextual element. Just as an agent must be causally responsible in order to receive credit for athletic feats, so too must an agent's cognitive character or intellectual virtue be a necessary element to explain why an agent is deserving of credit for obtaining a true belief. This account is tested against cases relative to the above problems and ends with how this account can explain the value of knowledge.
Intellectual Motivation and the Good of Truth
Authors: Zagzebski Linda 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter explores the problem of what makes knowledge more valuable than mere true belief. Otherwise known as the value problem, it distinguishes four ways a belief can possess value by evaluating its relation to truth: (i) a belief can have value because truth is its consequence; (ii) a belief can have teleological value in the Aristotelian sense — that is, the kind of value attributable to that which is a necessary component of a good natural end; (iii) assuming true beliefs are good, a belief can be valuable in that truth is its end in the sense of an aim; and (iv) a belief can be good in virtue of arising from a good motive — namely, valuing truth or disvaluing falsehood. Ultimately, the fourth way is superior to the first three because a belief that is motivated by valuing truth has the kind of value which makes knowledge better than mere true believing.
Knowing Cognitive Selves
Authors: McKinnon Christine 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter argues that the standard epistemological requirements of impartiality on the part of the knower, and passivity on the part of the thing under investigation, exclude from the purview of epistemology a very important kind of knowledge, namely: knowledge of persons. Feminist philosophers have focused on problems in explaining knowledge of other persons, but the same considerations require a reorientation in the way we think of knowledge of oneself. Because of the subjectivity of the knower and reflexive nature of the investigation involving self-knowledge, one's inquiry is affected in a way that challenges the accuracy of what is learned. The chapter's response is to treat the procedural methods used to obtain knowledge of oneself as continuous with the methods of acquiring knowledge of other persons via knowing their moral and cognitive characters. It highlights the intersection between virtue ethics and virtue epistemology.
The Science of Political Right: II
Authors: Loughlin Martin 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter examines the second of Rousseau's accounts of the political pact — that described in his Discourse on Inequality. This is a historical, rather than philosophical, account in which the basic pact is treated as a deceptive and fraudulent device drafted by the wealthy to exploit the poor and to consolidate and legitimate the rule of the few over the many. It is shown how Rousseau's more sociologically informed account influences the work of Fichte and Hegel. Hegel breaks with the fiction of the political pact and founds the science of political right on the inherent rationality of the state and the struggle for recognition.
State Formation
Authors: Loughlin Martin 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter first outlines the main features of recent scholarly work on European state-building with a view to determining whether there are any general explanatory laws of the European state-building process. Drawing on this general approach, it then offers an explanation of the development of the particular form of the English/British state. It argues that notwithstanding the contemporary peculiarities of the British constitution, the English system of parliamentary government has generally functioned within the European mainstream. Divergence is a relatively recent phenomenon, a consequence of the modern practice of constitution-making.
Constitutional Rights
Authors: Loughlin Martin 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter examines the influence of the idea that the modern system of government exists to protect the interests of the rights-bearing individual. It considers in particular the various claims made of these rights — as natural rights, civil rights, constitutional rights — and then examines how these basic rights given institutional status and protection through the constitutional arrangements of the modern state. It argues that as a consequence of modern constitutional development, rights are no longer conceived as defining a zone of individual autonomy but are treated as objective organizational principles of constitutional ordering.