bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE OSTRACODA AND UNIFORMITARIANISM. II. THE EARLIER RECORD: CRETACEOUS TO CAMBRIAN
Authors: NEALE J. W. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The application of Uniformitarian principles provides useful information on a wide variety of aspects concerning ostracod faunas from the Cretaceous back into the Cambrian. Even in the Cambrian, knowledge of the anatomy of Recent ostracods is essential for the interpretation of the appendages which have now been found preserved in early members of the group.
DEEP STRUCTURE AND ORIGIN OF THE NORTHUMBERLAND AND STAINMORE TROUGHS
Authors: BOTT M. H. P. , SWINBURN P. M. , LONG R. E. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

The Lower Carboniferous trough and block structures of northern England were discovered and delineated by geological and gravity observations. New information on the depth to the underlying basement comes from seismic refraction studies using quarry blasts, and from observations of the LISPB shots of 1974 along a north-south line of temporary stations from the Northumberland Trough to the Craven Basin (the NERL line). In agreement with earlier gravity interpretations, this new seismic evidence shows that the Northumberland Trough is about 3–4 km deep beneath north-eastern England, and that the Stainmore Trough is about 2.5 km deep across the Pennines. Seismic data from NERL and from the Rookhope array station indicate a 6.5 km s
−1
layer at about 12 km depth and the Moho at about 28 km depth. To within the accuracy attained, the Moho appears to be at the same depth beneath both blocks and troughs.

The regional and differential subsidence are both primarily attributed to stretching of the lithosphere (including crust) in a north-south direction. The lithospheric tension was probably mainly caused by the slabpull force (or trench suction?) resulting from subduction of the attached oceanic part of the plate which formed the closing Hercynian marginal sea to the south, supplemented in the continental crust by tension related to the crustal thickness. It is suggested that the ductile lower part of the lithosphere, including the lower continental crust, was stretched to a much greater extent than the strong and brittle uppermost layer as a result of resistance to subduction at shallow depth. The regional subsidence was partly the isostatic response to thinning of the lower ductile part of the continental crust; subordinate thermal subsidence probably contributed, but this was cut short by a new thermal event at the end of the Carboniferous. Differential subsidence is attributed to faulting in the upper continental crust in response to the tension. This allowed the buoyant granites to remain relatively stable as the intervening regions subsided, with the Moho shallowing regionally but not developing strong local variations in depth.
An investigation of the crustal structure of north-west England using quarry blasts as seismic sources
Authors: Banks R. J. , Gurbuz C. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Seismic refraction profiles have been established between quarries at Outscar and Oddendale (on the north-eastern margin of the Lake District), Holmepark (between Lancaster and Kendal), and Arcow (Ribblesdale). The profile between Outscar and Holmepark traverses the Shap granite intrusion and outcrops of Silurian meta-sedimentary rocks. The eastern line crosses the Ingleton Coal Measures basin and continues onto the Askrigg Block, where the basement is formed of Lower Ordovician (Ingletonian) metamorphic rocks. The P wave velocity, S wave velocity, and Poisson’s ratio of the Carboniferous Limestone were estimated to be 5.250 km s
−1
, 2.854 km s
−1
, and 0.290 respectively. The corrresponding values for Silurian rocks were 5.635 km s
−1
, 3.144 km s
−1
,0.274, and for Lower Ordovician metamorphic rocks on the Askrigg block were 5.984 km s
−1
, 3.326 km s
−1
, and 0.276. In addition, at the longer ranges, arrivals with a P velocity of 6.25 ± 0.15 km s
−1
were detected on both the profiles. Seismic models derived by ray tracing are compatible with the view that the pre-Silurian basement between the Lake District and the Askrigg block is of Lower Ordovician age, equivalent to the Ingletonian rocks on the block, and that it extends westwards to the point at which it is intruded by the granite batholith that underlies the Lake District.
The Clowne Seam, Marine Band, and overlying sediments in the Coal Measures (Westphalian B) of north Derbyshire
Authors: Rippon J. H. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Two differing mudstone suites, in places with an intervening non-sequence, overlie the Clowne Seam. The earlier suite is localised, and includes the Clowne Marine Band at its base. The overall succession represents an onlap relationship with the peat, commencing with near-marine creeks and bays and continuing with fresher waters containing a prolific ostracod and bivalve fauna. Total submergence of the Clowne peat was achieved during the deposition of the later suite, which has no marine affinities. This progressive flooding is related to thickness and petrographic variations in the underlying coal, which locally includes quartzitic lenses (‘
quarzlagen
’). The possible origins of these lenses are reviewed.
The methane content of some Carboniferous limestones from the northern Pennines and its relationship to mineralisation
Authors: Ferguson J. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Anomalous amounts of methane gas have been detected in Carboniferous limestones collected in an area to the south-east of Rookhope in the Northern Pennines. The significance of this discovery is discussed in relation to the geology of the area. Two origins for the gas are postulated: either it has been generated as a direct result of the mineralisation or it is a consequence of the prolonged existence of a high geothermal gradient in the area. It is argued that, since these two events are likely to be related, the location of methane anomalies might prove a useful technique for mineral exploration in similar geological settings.
An interpretation of regional geochemical drainage basin data from the Dent-Ingleton area of the Askrigg Block
Authors: Bateson J. H. , Johnson C. C. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Data obtained in a geochemical drainage basin survey of the Dent – Ingleton area of the Askrigg Block give a regional element distribution in which a zone of fluorine is identified with discontinuous peripheral zones of copper, lead and barium. This is a pattern seen elsewhere in the Pennines, and in the survey area a small negative Bouguer anomaly is coincident with the fluorine zone. It is suggested that the regional geochemical pattern is related to a small granite boss protruding from the larger Wensleydale granite.
Geochemistry and tectonic significance of the Lower Carboniferous Cockermouth lavas, Cumbria
Authors: MACDONALD R. , WALKER B. H. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Dinantian volcanism in the Cockermouth area was associated with the initiation of the Northumberland Basin and was related to crustal attenuation resulting from lithospheric stretching. The sequence consists mainly of basalts of tholeiitic (quartz-normative) affinity, with minor tholeiitic andesites. The basaltic magmas were generated by variable degrees of partial melting of homogeneous mantle source rocks followed by fractional crystallization and final equilibration at high crustal levels. The tholeiitic andesites probably indicate the establishment of high level magma chambers. The intrusive basalts of Little Mell Fell are confirmed on chemical grounds as likely outliers of the Cockermouth lavas. There are also close compositional similarities with Dinantian lavas in Derbyshire and south and central Scotland, and with the Whin Sill magma type, indicating that changing tectonic conditions during the Carboniferous are not reflected in magma compositions. There is no evidence in magma chemistry that the Iapetus suture underlies the Northumberland Basin.
An interpretation of the trace fossil
Cochlichnus kochi
(Ludwig) from the East Pennine Coalfield of Britain
Authors: Elliott R. E. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Cochlichnus kochi
is common in well-laminated mudstones in the Westphalian of the East Pennine Coalfield of Britain; 189 specimens were examined and 70 measured. This trace-fossil is a sinuous endichnial tunnel less than 1 mm diameter following a straightish repichnial path. Snake-like locomotion is reviewed and the geometry of
C. kochi
approximates to that of repeated clothoid curves, the transition curve of railway engineers. These curves allowed efficient propulsion through watery surface muds to an animal with a ‘hydrostatic skeleton’, probably a nematode.
Mid-Cretaceous stratigraphy of a cored borehole in the western part of the Central North Sea Basin
Authors: Lott G. K. , Ball K. C. , Wilkinson I. P. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
A borehole (81/40) drilled in the western part of the Central North Sea Basin cored a sequence of Cretaceous strata ranging from Barremian to Turonian in age. This succession of calcareous mudstones and chalks has been divided into six lithostratigraphical units, two of which include a number of thin volcanic tuff bands (bentonites) of Late Aptian to Early Albian age. The lithologies of each of these units are described, together with a preliminary biostratigraphy for the sequence based upon their diverse foraminiferal and ostracod assemblages. Range charts for the foraminifera and ostracods are presented and the regional significance of the sequence is discussed.
Fracture patterns related to volcanic necks and pipes in an Upper Limestone Group (Namurian) coal seam in the Kincardine Basin, West Fife, Scotland
Authors: BARNETT J. A. M. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
In the N.C.B’s Longannet mines, on the eastern flank of the Kincardine Basin, the Upper Hirst Coal Seam is disturbed by two sets of fractures. The earlier fractures are believed to have been induced by volcanism before the coal seam was fully compacted; they are on a small scale and are usually accompanied by minor intructions soft-sediment deformation. Some appear to be radial or concentric to a known neck at Bogside and all can be readily distinguished from the later and larger mainly E-W fractures, which resulted from end-Carboniferous tectonism
The detail provided by mining offers a unique opportunity to document such disturbances induced by pipe emplacement and their recognition can be put to practical use in predicting the location of other pipes ahead of the working areas.
An analysis of the aeolian dustfall on eastern Britain, November 1984
Authors: Wheeler D. A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

The heavy fall of dust, probably of Saharan origin, that occurred during early November 1984 was the most recent of a number of such events in Britain. Analysis of a sample of dust from north-east England produced results similar to those obtained for previous falls. The dust displayed a median particle size of 9
μ
m, which, though not diagnostic, is emerging as characteristic of such material; much larger ‘aggregate’ grains were also encountered. The predominance of illite clays and iron-stained quartz grains is also consistent with earlier findings.
The distribution of platform conodonts, corals and foraminifera from the Black Rock Limestone (late Tournaisian and early Viséan) of Tears Point, Gower, South Wales
Authors: Mitchell M. , Strank A. R. E. , Thornbury B. M. , Sevastopulo G. D. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The distribution of platform conodonts, corals and foraminifera from the Black Rock Limestone of the Tears Point section, Gower, is recorded. These faunas show that the limestones are of late Tournaisian and early Viséan age.
An occurrence of tungsten mineralisation in the Eskdale Intrusion, west Cumbria
Authors: Young B. , Fortey N. J. , Nancarrow P. H. A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Scheelite-ferberite-chalcopyrite mineralisation occurs in quartz veins in granodiorite at Buckbarrow Beck on Corney Fell, west Cumbria. In the principal vein scheelite is common and ferberite (Fe/(Fe+Mn)=0.85) is a minor constituent. Besides goethite and copper secondaries, supergene minerals include russellite, bismutoferrite and cuprotungstite, the latter recorded here for the first time in Britain. Microprobe analyses of russellite suggest the formula Bi
3
(V,Fe,Cu,As,U)
1
W
1
O
9
(SO
3
, P
2
O
5
, Cl
2
, H
2
O)
x,
where x was not determined. Shearing of wallrock and strain deformation of the vein quartz accompanied chloritic wallrock alteration and it is inferred that mineralisation was coeval with these events. The mineralisation was part of a minor episode of hydrothermal activity related either to emplacement of the early Silurian Eskdale Granite or to the end-Silurian Caledonian orogenic event.
The stratigraphy of the Lower Cretaceous Speeton Clay Formation in a cored borehole off the coast of north-east England
Authors: Lott G. K. , Fletcher B. N. , Wilkinson I. P. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
A fully cored stratigraphical borehole in the Southern North Sea Basin at 54°39′N, 0°14′E encountered a succession of Lower Cretaceous clays and mudstones, representing part of the Speeton Clay Formation of the Cromer Knoll Group, resting on Upper Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay.
The Lower Cretaceous beds comprise a basal phosphatic pebble-bed (equivalent to bed E, the Coprolite Bed, at Speeton) overlain by c.90m of marine clays ranging from Ryazanian to Barremian (equivalent to beds D8 – LB6 at Speeton) and include seven thin bentonite horizons. The three uppermost bentonite horizons lie within the Valanginian to Hauterivian, an interval from which no bentonites have previously been recorded in the European area. Six of the seven bentonite horizons recorded in the borehole have now been recognised in the type section at Speeton, Yorkshire.
The borehole succession yielded rich microfaunal assemblages, which have enabled a detailed correlation to be made with the beds of the type locality at Speeton. The sequence cored in the borehole demonstrates a remarkable similarity to the Speeton sequence, despite an 80-kilometre separation of the localities.
A biofacies analysis of the Gastrioceras cumbriense Marine Band (Namurian) of the central Pennines
Authors: Wignall P. B. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

The Gastrioceras cumbriense Marine Band (G
1b
) is the highest marine horizon in the Namurian Series of the central Pennines and does not generally exceed 60cm in thickness. In the present paper local variations are examined at six sections along a 60km distance from west Yorkshire to south Lancashire. The initial onset of marine conditions is recorded by
Lingula
-bearing grey shales in the central Pennines, but by the productoid facies (Calver 1968) to the west in south Lancashire. This is interpreted as reflecting a slight shallowing of the sea towards the west, a palaeotopography that persisted throughout the marine phase. The deepest water conditions, which occurred at the acme of the incursion, produced a marked change in cephalopod and bivalve species ratios and an associated change to a black shale lithology. Euxinic conditions appear to have occurred only temporarily.

Over the whole of northern England the basal marine shales record a series of distinct faunal profiles, with fully marine faunas recorded to the west of the area. The regression appears to have been more rapid than the advance, and retreat faunal facies are more sporadically developed.
A silver-nickel-cobalt mineral association at Tynebottom Mine, Garrigill, near Alston, Cumbria
Authors: Ixer R. A. , Stanley C. J. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

Tynebottom Mine, Garrigill, lies in a silver-rich area of the Alston Block, northern Pennines. Two specimens of ore are described and analyses are given for the opaque minerals. One specimen contains an unusual silver-nickel-cobalt assemblage which includes the silver minerals argentopyrite, sternbergite, pyrargyrite, stephanite, acanthite, with unnamed AgFeS
2
and AgFe
8
S
11
species. These are associated with the nickel and cobalt arsenides chloanthite, rammelsbergite and safflorite and with löllingite and chalcopyrite. The other specimen carries nickel-cobalt arsenides and sulpharsenides including skutterudite, nickeline, gersdorffite, and cobaltite, associated with pyrite, marcasite and bravoite. The silver assemblage is thought to have formed at approximately 150–180°C. The mineralogy of silver, nickel and cobalt in the Alston Block and the possible role of the Whin Sill in their genesis is discussed.
A new, giant xiphosurid from the lower Namurian of Weardale, County Durham
Authors: Siveter Derek J. , Selden Paul A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

One of the largest xiphosurid specimens known from the fossil record, found in the lower Namurian strata of Weardale, is described as
Xaniopyramis linseyi
gen. et sp. nov. It is referred to the Limuloidea, Moravuridae Přibyl, 1967.
Xaniopyramis
was probably a burrowing form and a poor swimmer; it is the first xiphosurid body fossil recorded from the British Namurian and supports the idea of a marine faunal connection at this time with the central-eastern European area.
Serpierite and devilline from the Northern Pennine Orefield
Authors: Bridges T. F. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

The rare supergene minerals serpierite, Ca(CuZn)
4
(SO
4
)
2
(OH)
6
. 3H
2
0, and devilline, CaCu
4
(SO
4
)
2
(OH)
6
. 3H
2
0, have been identified for the first time from the Northern Pennine Orefield at Tynebottom Mine, Garrigill [NY 739 418] and Smallcleugh Mine, Nenthead [NY 788 430].
Upper Jurassic stratigraphy of four shallow cored boreholes in the U.K. sector of the southern North Sea
Authors: Cox B. M. , Lott G. K. , Thomas J. E. , Wilkinson I. P. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Four shallow cored boreholes (81/41, 81/43, 81/47 and 81/49) in the southern North Sea area (U.K. Quadrants 42 and 47) proved Upper Jurassic mudstone sequences which compare closely in lithological and macrofaunal detail with the well known Kimmeridge Clay succession of southern and eastern England. Although together the boreholes do not give complete stratigraphical coverage, all the Kimmeridgian standard ammonite zones from Baylei to Hudlestoni are represented; in Borehole 81/43, beds of the Hudlestoni Zone are unconformably overlain by Lower Cretaceous strata. Thicknesses in boreholes 81/41 and 81/43 are comparable with those proved on the onshore East Midlands Shelf, but those in 81/47 and 81/49 appear to be two or three times thicker; these relationships fit the known disposition of the Sole Pit Basin. Borehole 81/41 also cored 21.1m of Middle to Upper Oxfordian strata. The ostracod faunas and dinoflagellate cyst floras are discussed and range charts of selected taxa presented. The foraminifera are also considered.
Dinoflagellate cyst stratigraphy of the Nettleton Bottom Borehole (Jurassic: Hettangian to Kimmeridgian), Lincolnshire, England
Authors: Riding J. B. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

A palynological investigation of the Hettangian to Upper Kimmeridgian strata penetrated by the Nettleton Bottom Borehole yielded 56 genera and 80 species of dinoflagellate cysts, many of which are of biostratigraphical significance. The large stratigraphical extent of the borehole enables the principal changes in dinoflagellate cyst floras throughout the Jurassic System of the East Midlands to be demonstrated. Comparison of the dinoflagellate cyst assemblages with those reported from Europe and other areas, principally Arctic Canada, illustrates marked global provincialism during the Middle Jurassic. Two new species,
Endoscrinium asymmetricum
sp. nov. and
Meiourogonyaulax planoseptata
sp. nov. are described from the Upper Bathonian to Lower Callovian and Lower Callovian respectively.
Supergene cadmium mineralisation in the Northern Pennine Orefield
Authors: Young B. , Bridges T. F. , Ineson P. R. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Samples of yellow cadmium sulphide encrustrations on sphalerite have been collected from several mines in the orefield. From two localities greenockite has been positively identified. As the majority of the free CdS found in the orefield appears to be amorphous, it is probable that it has formed by the supergene leaching of cadmium-bearing sphalerite.
A new specimen of
Steneosauraus
(Mesosuchia, Crocodilia) from the Toarcian of the Yorkshire coast
Authors: Walkden G. M. , Fraser N. C. , Muir J. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

A new specimen of a Mesosuchian crocodile is described from a loose boulder found on the foreshore north of Port Mulgrave on the Yorkshire coast. From a consideration of the associated ammonite and bivalve fauna, the provenance of the boulder is shown to be the top of the Jet Rock (
Harpoceras elegans
horizon, upper one third of the
exaratum
Subzone). The vertebrate material is disarticulated and incomplete, and is referred to
Steneosaurus bollensis.
Although the species is well known from the equivalent horizon in the classic Toarcian faunas of Holzmaden, south-west Germany, most Yorkshire crocodilian material comes from well above this level and this is the first properly documented record of a crocodile from the Jet Rock (lower part of the Jet Rock Member) of the Yorkshire Coast. The specimen is described in detail and the taxonomy of Liassic teleosaurs is discussed.
S. brevoir
is considered to be a possible synonym of
S. bollensis,
but
S. gracilirostris
can still be regarded as a separate species.
Some geophysical aspects of the deep geology of eastern England
Authors: Evans C. J. , Allsop J. M. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
A review of the geophysical data available in the East Midlands, in particular gravity and magnetic data, confirms the influence of major basement structures on the formation of Carboniferous ‘blocks’ and ‘basins’. Two profiles were selected over two negative gravity anomalies. The first – over the Widmerpool Gulf, containing a proven thick Carboniferous sedimentary sequence; the second – in the Newark area, over an anomaly of uncertain geological origin. Modelling of the Widmerpool Gulf, with good geological control, provides a suitable fit to the observed gravity field. The uncertain origin and lack of geological control prevents a definitive gravity interpretation of the Newark anomaly either as a sedimentary basin or as an igneous intrusion. Both models provide a reasonable correlation with the observed profile.

A compilation of available seismic refraction lines provide an assessment of basement topography, but there may still be ambiguities in the interpretation in some areas where massive Dinantian limestone is present. Interpreted velocities increase northwards from the Suffolk/Essex region, where Devonian and Ordovician rocks have velocities less than 5 km s
−1
, to Norfolk, where Precambrian and Cambrian rocks whose velocities always exceed this value.

Recently acquired seismic data from East Anglia suggest that there may be anisotropic variations in basement velocities depending on the directions of the refraction lines relative to the regional cleavage/foliation trend (WNW-ESE), the maximum velocity values occurring on lines parallel to this direction.