bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antibiotic resistance and transmissible R-factors in the intestinal coliform flora of healthy adults and children in an urban and a rural community
Authors: Linton K. B. , Lee Patricia A. , Richmond M. H. , Gillespie W. A. , Rowland A. J. , Baker Valerie N. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYFaeces of healthy adults and of children under the age of 5, none of whom were attending hospital or receiving antibiotics, were examined for the presence of antibiotic resistant coliform bacilli.A higher proportion of children (67%) than of adults (46%) carried resistant strains and this difference was observed in both the rural and urban groups.Rural members of both age groups more often carried resistant organisms than urban members. Among rural adults, the incidence of drug-resistant strains was 63 % in those whose occupation involved close contact with farm animals, compared with 29 % in those with other occupations. The survey took place before the implementation of the Swann Report could have influenced the use of antibiotics in animal foodstuffs.Transmissible R-factors were demonstrated in 61 % of the resistant strains. The incidence of transmissible resistance was similar among adults and children in town and country.
Salmonellas in pigs and animal feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark: A Public Health Laboratory Service Working Group
Authors: Skovgaard Niels , Nielsen B. Brest 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA comparison has been made between the incidence of salmonellas in pigs and feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark. In Denmark there is veterinary legislation requiring the sterilization of imported and home produced feed ingredients of animal origin. There is no such legislation in England and Wales. In Denmark 0·3% of resterilized imported meat and bone meal was contaminated with salmonellas. This compared with 23% of meat and bone meal in England and Wales and 20–27% of other ingredients of animal origin. In England and Wales salmonellas were isolated from 7% of caecal samples and 6% of lymph node samples, while in Denmark they were isolated from 3% of caecal samples and 4% of lymph node samples. In England and Wales 25 serotypes were found in both pigs and feeds and these included nearly all the most prevalent human pathogens. In Denmark four of the six serotypes in pigs had been found in resterilized feed. One notable difference between the two studies was the very wide range of serotypes found in pigs in England and Wales and the narrow range in Denmark. A second was that Salmonella typhimurium formed 15% of all Salmonella strains isolated from pigs in England and Wales, and 60% of those in Denmark.It is concluded that sterilization of animal raw ingredients in Denmark has reduced pig infections with types other than S. typhimurium that are foundin England and Wales, but not with S. typhimurium. It is possible that this is because S. typhimurium once introduced into pigs is able to establish itself more easily than other serotypes.
Urban variation in infant mortality from birth injury and atelectasis in England and Wales in 1958–67
Authors: Stocks Percy 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYVariations in mortality attributed to birth injury and atelectasis in the 10 years 1958–67 have been investigated for each county borough of England and Wales. It became evident that diagnostic difficulties in separating these two causes must have been such that for statistical purposes they should be combined in a single rate.Variables likely to affect the local rates such as the sex ratio of births, and rates of illegitimacy and immaturity as an ill-defined cause of death appeared to affect the mortality levels in certain towns but not sufficiently to account for the wide variations apparent in those levels. It is concluded that local surveys are necessary in the towns with highest rates to uncover differences in numbers of births in hospital, in obstetric techniques and in quality of medical care.
Spontaneous magnitude estimation of thermal discomfort during changes in the ambient temperature
Authors: Wyon D. P. , Andersen I. , Lundqvist G. R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThermal comfort sensations are often studied in isolation, with the subjects' attention specifically directed towards their evaluation, both by instructions and by the recurrent act of questioning. A closer approach to the field situation, in which room temperature is at most a background stimulus, is made possible by the method of spontaneous magnitude estimation of thermal sensation. Thirty-six male and 36 female 17-year-old subjects in standard cotton uniforms (0·7 clo) were exposed in groups of 4 in a climate chamber to patterns of changing air temperature typical of conditions in occupied classrooms. Temperatures remained within the range 20–29° C. and did not increase more rapidly than 4° C./hr. Each individual recorded his thermal sensation on a dial voting apparatus, registering changes spontaneously as a secondary task while performing mental work during three successive 50 min. periods, with 10 min. breaks between. It was thus possible to obtain a measure of the time course of thermal discomfort sensations, including the extent to which they distracted attention. Significant differences were found between the responses of males and females, males in general feeling hotter and reacting more rapidly to changes in temperature. Response distributions are given in detail.
Inoculation of hamsters with a temperature sensitive (ts) mutant of parainfluenza 3 virus
Authors: Zygraich N. , Lobmann Michèle , Huygelen C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe multiplication pattern of a temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant of bovine parainfluenza 3 virus was studied in hamsters and compared with that of a virulent virus strain. The ts mutant was recovered regularly from the nasal mucosa and not from the lungs, whereas the virulent virus multiplied in the lungs as well as in the nasal mucosa.The serological response induced by the mutant was comparable to that obtained after inoculation of the virulent virus.This ts mutant may be a potential candidate for a live intranasal vaccine against bovine parainfluenza 3 infection.
Polyethylene glycol purification of influenza virus with respect to aggregation and antigenicity
Authors: Polson A. , Keen A. , Sinclair-Smith C. , Furminger I. G. S. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYInfluenza virus may be precipitated and aggregated by polyethylene glycol into clusters comprising ten to many hundred virions per aggregate. These aggregates are sparingly soluble and may be freed of contaminating polymer by washing in the appropriate buffer at room temperature or by precipitation in 30 % (v/v) ethanol at subzero temperatures.Immunogenic studies in guinea-pigs of the virus in different states of dispersion revealed that the aggregated virus is the superior antigen to the virus in the monomeric form or in the dissociated state following treatment with ether.
The control by ventilation of airborne bacterial transfer between hospital patients, and its assessment by means of a particle tracer: III. Studies with an airborne-particle tracer in an isolation ward for burned patients
Authors: Hambraeus A. , Sanderson H. F. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAirborne-particle transfer has been studied in a burns unit using potassium iodide particles. The observed rates of transfer were in good agreement with the values predicted by a theoretical model.An estimate of the average transfer between rooms under conditions of normal activity and with correctly functioning ventilation showed that the isolation system was highly efficient, the proportion transferred being probably less than 1 in 105. However, the ventilation often did not function as designed and under these conditions the efficiency was reduced by a maximum of a factor of ten. These rates of transfer do not seem great enough to account for the high rate of cross-infection found in this unit.
Redox potential measurements for determining the disinfecting power of chlorinated water
Authors: Victorin K. , Hellström K.-G. , Rylander R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe kill ofEscherichia coliwithin 3 min. was studied in chlorine-demand-free water using sodium hypochlorite, monochloramine, dichloramine, halazone, chloramine T, cyanuric acid + sodium hypochlorite and cyanuric acid + monochloramine. The redox potential and the available chlorine were measured. The redox potential was found to be better correlated with the disinfecting property of the water than was the amount of available chlorine. For individual pure chlorine compounds, the measuring of available chlorine showed in general a somewhat better correlation with reduction of the bacteria than the redox potential showed.
An epidemic associated with echovirus type 18
Authors: Kennett Margery L. , Ellis Anne W. , Lewis F. A. , Gust I. D. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYDuring the period October 1968 to March 1969 echovirus type 18 was isolated from 83 patients investigated at Fairfield Hospital for Communicable Diseases, Melbourne. The illnesses most commonly associated with these isolations were aseptic meningitis, and fever with rash.We believe that this is the first report of an epidemic due to echovirus type 18 and the first occasion on which this virus has been shown to produce disease in adults.
The relative potencies of heat-killed and acetone-killed vaccines against Salmonella typhimurium in mice
Authors: Cronly-Dillon Sujatha 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYMice were immunized against Salmonella typhimurium with graded doses of heat-killed (HK) and acetone-killed (AK) vaccines and then challenged by the oral or intraperitoneal routes with two doses of S. typhimurium. HK and AK vaccines gave good protection against an intraperitoneal challenge, but failed to protect against an oral challenge which is presumably the natural mode of infection. HK vaccine was as potent as AK vaccine in reducing the mortality rate among mice challenged by the intraperitoneal route but, unlike HK vaccine, AK vaccine was also able to reduce the infectivity rate. With a small intraperitoneal challenge dose it was observed that a gradual increase in vaccine dose is associated with a corresponding fall in mortality rate, but with a larger challenge dose an increase in vaccine dose was associated with a corresponding increase in mortality rates. It was concluded that the protective potency of this type of vaccine may partly depend upon the total amount of antigen in the animal, i.e. including both the vaccine and the challenge organisms, at a critical time after challenge.
Colonization resistance of the digestive tract of mice during systemic antibiotic treatment
Authors: van der Waaij D. , Berghuis J. M. , Lekkerkerk J. E. C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYDuring systemic treatment of mice with ampicillin or streptomycin, oral contaminations with exogenous bacterial species resulted in an abnormal colonization pattern. The contaminants persisted much longer and in much higher concentrations in the caecum of systemically treated mice than in control animals. Spread of the contaminant into the mesenteric lymph nodes and the spleen was found much more often in the antibiotic treated group. This, however, was only seen when the contaminant was ‘resistant’ to the antibiotic injected. The experiments suggest that the ‘CR-inducing species’ of the microflora live in close contact with the mucosa and therefore could be identical with the anaerobic tapered rods described by Savage & Dubos (1968).
Use of tartaric acid isomers and citric acid in the biotyping ofSalmonella typhimurium
Authors: Alfredsson G. A. , Barker Ruth M. , Old D. C. , Duguid J. P. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe colour-change and lead acetate tests for fermentation ofd–,l–andm–tartaric acids and citric acid used in the Kristensen scheme for biotypingSalmonella typhimuriumwere found to be unreliable because, whatever the conditions of culture, they gave different results in replicate tests of the same strains. Many genotypically non-fermenting strains gave inconsistent reactions due to the emergence of fermenting mutant bacilli in some of their test cultures. No reliable test was found for the fermentation of citric acid.A ‘turbidity’ test was found to give consistent and reliable results with the three tartaric acid isomers. It demonstrated fermentation by the significantly greater amount of growth obtained in a 24 hr. culture in Oxoid peptone water with added isomer than in a control culture without isomer. Lewis & Stocker's (1971) plate-inhibition test for fermentation ofm–tartrate, which identifiesm–tartrate-negative strains becausem–tartrate inhibits their growth on citrate- or glycerol-containing minimal medium, was found to be as reliable as, and easier to read than, the turbidity test.Use of the turbidity test ford–andl–tartrates and the plate-inhibition test form–tartrate in biotyping 1435 strains ofS. typhimuriumshowed that many strains had previously been mistyped by the lead acetate test and distinguished 16 new biotypes in addition to the 22 biotypes already recognized.
Experimental aspergillosis in mice: aspects of resistance
Authors: Smith G. R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYIntravenous inoculation ofAspergillus fumigatusspores was used to study experimentally induced and natural resistance. Slight resistance resulted in increased survival time and higher resistance produced in addition a decreased infection rate.Sublethal doses of living spores gave significant protection against challenge 3 weeks later, but large doses of heat-killed spores had no demonstrable effect.Mice from one source showed a single, dramatic decrease in dose response to a deep-frozen strain of the organism over a period of 34 months. The dose response initially resembled that described by Scholer (1959) in which one million spores killed the majority of mice. The change was almost certainly due to an increase in resistance of the mice due to environmental factors, and the resistance was probably also effective against other strains of the organism. Although not proved, it seemed likely that the resistance was due to increased natural contact withA. fumigatusor related fungi. Possibly for a similar reason, mice of the same stock bred on different premises differed in their susceptibility to infection. The results indicated that environmental resistance-producing factors may have been operating simultaneously on a number of premises housing laboratory animals in south-east England. These findings may have significance in relation to the occurrence of natural aspergillosis of mammals and birds.Of fiveA. fumigatusstrains, four were of closely similar virulence; the fifth strain grew more slowlyin vitroand was somewhat less virulent. Isolates from mice which died sporadically after small doses of spores were of no greater virulence than the inoculated strain. Although the susceptibility of mice aged 3 weeks was not uniform under all conditions, such animals were less resistant than young adult mice. Mice from six different sources showed only slight differences in susceptibility between each other, or from mice known to have developed a natural resistance.
The occurrence of salmonellas and lactose-negative Arizonas in reptiles in The Netherlands, and a comparison of three enrichment methods used in their isolation
Authors: Koopman J. P. , Janssen F. G. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA survey was conducted in 1971 in healthy reptiles supplied to the Central Animal Laboratory of Nijmegen for experimental animal research. In order to determine which salmonella serotypes occur, and whether there are several serotypes per animal, several strains of each positive sample were typed.It was found that 160 of 169 samples contained salmonellas or lactose-negative Arizonas or both, and 95 different serotypes were isolated.Of 127 animals examined individually, 67 were carriers of more than one sero-type, 42 animals having two types, 21 three types and 4 animals four types.Three enrichment methods were compared. These were tetrathionate broth incubated at 37° C. (T37) and at 43° C. (T43), and selenite broth incubated at 37° C. (SB). All were incubated for 48 hr. before subculture on brilliant-green agar plates. The enrichment methods T37, T43 and SB produced 99, 125 and 123 positive samples respectively, when taken separately. The combinations of T 37 and T43, T37 and SB, and T43 and SB produced 145, 142 and 150 positive samples respectively.The yield of serotypes in comparable samples showed no difference between the three enrichment methods. With the use of two methods the yield increased by about 38 % compared with one method, and the combination of three methods showed an increase in serotype yield of about 64 % compared with one method. A distinct preference by serotypes for definite enrichment methods was not proved.
Studies on the microbial flora in the air of submarines and the nasopharyngeal flora of the crew
Authors: Morris J. E. W. , Fallon R. J. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryAirborne bacteria surveys in nuclear submarines show that the total microbial load was maintained at satisfactorily low levels during prolonged patrols despite factors which were expected to increase this form of pollution.The isolation rates ofStaphylococcus aureusandNeisseria meningitidisfrom nasal and nasopharyngeal swabs respectively, together with the serum antibody titres toMycoplasma pneumoniae, before and after patrols suggested that the transmission of these organisms between individuals was not much increased by patrol conditions. The finding of higher numbers of airborne gram-negative rods and bodily contamination by enterobacteria is frequently reported in submersibles but does not appear to cause major outbreaks of illness in nuclear submarine crews.
Dispersal and transfer ofStaphylococcus aureusin an isolation ward for burned patients
Authors: Hambraeus Anna 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe dispersal ofStaphylococcus aureusfrom burned patients, the relation between nasal carriage by the staff and exposure to airborneStaph. aureus, and the transfer ofStaph. aureus-carrying particles within the ward have been studied. The dispersal ofStaph. aureusfrom burned patients was correlated to the size of the burn wound. The median values varied from 21 c.f.u./m.2/hr. for patients with small burns to 453 c.f.u./m.2/hr. for extensively burned patients. The size of the dispersed particles appeared to be smaller than that usually found in hospital wards. Carriage of nasal strains by the staff was correlated to the air counts; the number of patient sources did not seem to be of great importance. The transfer ofStaph. aureuswithin the ward was at least 6 to 20 times that which would have been expected if transfer was due to air movement only.
A study of immunity to rubella in villages in the Fiji Islands using the haemagglutination inhibition test
Authors: Macnamara F. N. , Mitchell R. , Miles J. A. R. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryIn the villages of Fiji, apart from Viti Levu, rubella is a disease occurring solely in widely spaced epidemics. Some villages may not be infected for over 20 years and will then contain substantial numbers of susceptible women of child-bearing age.Evidence is produced that haemagglutination-inhibiting (H.I.) antibody to rubella is very long lasting in Fijians. The infectivity of the virus is discussed and it is suggested that, on the average, 50% of susceptibles are infected in a Fijian village during a rubella epidemic, but there are large variations.
An outbreak of streptococcal sore throat and rheumatic fever in a Royal Air Force Training camp; significance of serum antibody to M-associated protein
Authors: Widdowson Jean P. , Maxted W. R. , Newrick C. W. , Parkin D. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA large outbreak of streptococcal sore throat in a Royal Air Force Training Camp resulted in five cases of rheumatic fever among the 16- to 18-year-old apprentices, and one case in a 33-year-old airman. The most prevalent type of group A streptococcus isolated from throat swabs was M-type 5 and there was serological evidence that at least four of the rheumatic fever (R.F.) cases were due to this type.Among the patients with uncomplicated throat infection the anti-streptolysin O (ASO) and anti-deoxyribonuclease B (anti-DNAase B) responses were in general rather low, even where there was evidence of protective antibody against type 5. However, a combination of the results of the ASO and anti-DNAase B tests gave an estimate of the extent of streptococcal infection 15–25% higher than did either test alone.The titres of antibody to M-associated protein (MAP) were ≥ 60 in all the r.f. patients, and in about 50% of the other patients with ASO titres ≥ 200. This figure is unusually high compared with data from several other outbreaks of streptococcal infection due to different serotypes and also greatly exceeds comparable figures for cases of sporadic sore throat and acute glomerulonephritis.
Cultivation of TRIC agents: a comparison between the use of BHK-21 and irradiated McCoy cells
Authors: Blyth W. A. , Taverne Janice 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYBHK-21 cells and HeLa cells were as sensitive as irradiated McCoy cells for titrating both fast- and slow-growing strains of TRIC agents. BHK-21 cells were as efficient as irradiated McCoy cells for isolating TRIC agents from trachoma and from the genital tract of patients with non-gonococcal urethritis. More inclusions were formed in BHK-21 than in irradiated McCoy cells.
Serological studies with purified neuraminidase antigens of influenza B viruses
Authors: Curry R. L. , Brown J. D. , Baker F. A. , Hobson D. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYNeuraminidase (N) can be extracted from virus particles of influenza B strains by treatment with trypsin, in a form which is free from the viral HA and has specific immunological activity. The N antigen of B/LEE/40 behaves differently from that of 1965–6 strains in gel diffusion and enzyme inhibition tests with animal antisera raised by infection or by artificial immunization with the homologous or heterologous strains. The frequency and titres of NI antibody detected in human sera by B/LEE antigen are different from those found with antigen from B/Eng/ 13/65. The latter antibody appears to contribute to the effect of serum HI antibody in protecting volunteers exposed to a deliberate intranasal challenge infection of the B/Eng/13/65 strain.
Differentiation of smallpox and camelpox viruses in cultures of human and monkey cells
Authors: Baxby Derrick 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe cytopathic effect of smallpox and camelpox viruses has been compared in cell cultures derived from human and monkey tissues. The two viruses could easily be distinguished in HeLa, GMK–AH1, BSC–1 and WISH cells, camelpox producing multinucleate giant cells and smallpox producing rounding up of individual cells. In other cells (LLC–MK2, HEK and 2RhK) the differences were not so marked, and in some (VERO, HEL, K and HuTh) no differences were seen.
Experimental study of a further attenuated live measles vaccine of the Sugiyama strain in Iran
Authors: Mirchamsy H. , Shafyi A. , Rafyi M. R. , Bahrami S. , Nazari P. , Fatemie S. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAfter encouraging results of the mass vaccination programme in Iran, in which 5 million children in rural areas were vaccinated with the Japanese Sugiyama strain at its 82nd passage in baby calf kidney, and a progressive decrease in the incidence of measles as well as a reduction of excessive infant mortality, a further attenuated vaccine, produced with the same strain, cloned in Japan, was compared in a field trial with the parent vaccine. The new strain caused fewer reactions than the original strain. Seroconversion with a geometric mean antibody titre of 6·1 was observed in 95% of susceptible children.