bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Citizenship Rules in Sudan and Post-Secession Problems
Authors: Abdulbari Nasredeen 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAffiliation with a political community or entity has throughout history been important for the purposes of protection and belonging. This article discusses the concept of citizenship in Sudan in light of the Sudanese and Southern Sudanese interim constitutions and relevant laws, taking into consideration the international norms in this regard. It also sheds light on the application of the law and possible scenarios when the South becomes an independent nation. It argues that a set of legal rules that organize nationality issues in Sudan and Southern Sudan are inconsistent with general nationality principles and that, if their provisions remain valid until the fragmentation of Sudan becomes a reality, many post-secession violations will be difficult to avoid. It suggests a series of measures that the main parties to the National Unity Government should take to avert such violations and secure peaceful and neighbourly relations in the years to come.
Capital Punishment Jurisprudence: A Critical Assessment of the Supreme Court of Uganda's Judgment in Attorney General v Susan Kigula and 417 Others
Authors: Sander Barrie 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe Ugandan Supreme Court's decision in Attorney General v Susan Kigula & 417 Others ended a ten year constitutional challenge against capital punishment. The attorney general was appealing the Constitutional Court's declarations that a mandatory death penalty and a delay on death row of more than three years violate Uganda's Constitution. The respondents cross-appealed the Constitutional Court's declarations that the death penalty is constitutional and that hanging is an appropriate and therefore constitutional method of execution. The Supreme Court dismissed both the appeals and cross-appeals. This article summarises the Supreme Court's findings and analyses the court's reasoning. It demonstrates that, while the court's reasoning is generally in line with the interpretations offered by international courts and human rights bodies, the court arguably missed an opportunity to take a bolder approach regarding the relationship between the death penalty and the prohibition on cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment, particularly in light of recent international trends.
Securities and Exchange Commission of Nigeria's Draft Revised Code of Corporate Governance: An Appraisal
Authors: Ofo Nat 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn furtherance of its role to entrench good corporate governance practice in Nigeria, the Securities and Exchange Commission of Nigeria published a draft revised Code of Corporate Governance. It is intended that this revised code will replace the country's current corporate governance code which came into force in 2003. This article sets out a thorough examination of the draft code with a view to appraising whether the final version of the code will be well-suited to meet its desired goals. Consequently, some of its provisions have been critically reviewed while others have been acclaimed. Furthermore, the article draws attention to the increased responsibility of the Securities and Exchange Commission in establishing good corporate governance practice and makes extensive suggestions in this regard.
Centre for Minority Rights Development (Kenya) and Minority Rights Group International on Behalf of Endorois Welfare Council v Kenya: A Landmark Decision from the African Commission
Authors: Ashamu Elizabeth 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis is the first judgment from the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights to address the rights of indigenous peoples and their claims to land and natural resources. It is also the first ruling by an international tribunal which finds a violation of the right to development. The Commission examined the Kenyan government's eviction of the indigenous Endorois community from their ancestral land around Lake Bogoria to establish a game reserve. Finding violations of the rights of the Endorois to religion, culture, property, natural resources and development, the Commission called for the recognition of Endorois ownership of their ancestral land and its restitution to the community. This case note describes the Commission's legal analysis of the Endorois case and explains how the decision establishes an important precedent for ensuring equity and participation in natural resource management and development on indigenous lands.
Cultivar effects on relationship between grain number and photothermal quotient or spike dry weight in wheat
Authors: LÁZARO L. , ABBATE P. E. 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYIn wheat, the photothermal quotient (Q, the ratio between mean incident solar radiation and mean temperature is greater than 4·5°C in the 30 days preceding anthesis), is a good estimator of grain number/m2(GN) and of yield. Previous investigations have not analysed in depth whether the responses of GN toQdiffer between wheat cultivars, or what is the cause of the eventual variation. In the present work, the results of field experiments carried out between 1994 and 2001 in various locations were used to test the following hypotheses: (i) the responses of GN toQdiffer between wheat cultivars; (ii) these differences are caused by differences in the spike fertility index (GN/g spike dry weight/m2at the beginning of grain filling (SDW)). The responses of GN toQwere compared for five wheat cultivars (four bread wheats and one durum wheat) and it was found that withQvalues above 0·3 MJ/m2/d°C, all responses of GN toQwere linear, positive and parallel. A method was then proposed to obtain cultivar-specific GN from a common relationship between GN andQ. This method would facilitate GN estimation in crops with changes in sowing dates, sites or years, starting from data of potential GN and yield that is relatively easy to obtain. Differences among cultivars in response toQwere due to differences in GN response at SDW. Similar SDW values produced different GN, depending on the spike fertility index of each cultivar. The cultivars did not differ in their responses of SDW toQ. The association between spike fertility index and SDW was strongly negative in bread wheat. At lower levels ofQor SDW, the spike fertility index increased in all cultivars, at least when changes in SDW orQwere caused mainly by intercepted solar radiation, but the present results demonstrate that differences between cultivars also exist in this relationship.
Wegener's granulomatosis presenting as meningitis
Authors: Thiel G , Shakeel M , Ah-See K 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackground:Wegener's granulomatosis is a rare but well recognised autoimmune necrotising vasculitis. Presentation of disease in the head and neck is common and mostly consists of nasal crusting, blockage and bloody discharge. Neurological presentation is very uncommon.Methods:We report a patient who presented to the medical emergency services with signs and symptoms of meningitis, but who was eventually diagnosed with Wegener's granulomatosis. A literature search on this topic was carried out using Medline and Embase (1996 to 2011), searching for ‘Wegener's granulomatosis’ and ‘meningitis’.Results:After thorough neurological and medical investigation, a combination of brain computed tomography, lumbar puncture, nasal biopsy and laboratory results refuted the diagnosis of meningitis and confirmed the diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis.Conclusion:To the best of our knowledge, this is the first English-language case report of a patient with Wegener's granulomatosis presenting with symptoms of meningitis unconfirmed on computed tomography and lumbar puncture.
Preschoolers' comprehension of pronouns and reflexives: the impact of the task
Authors: BERGMANN CHRISTINA , PAULUS MARKUS , FIKKERT PAULA 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTPronouns seem to be acquired in an asymmetrical way, where children confuse the meaning of pronouns with reflexives up to the age of six, but not vice versa. Children's production of the same referential expressions is appropriate at the age of four. However, response-based tasks, the usual means to investigate child language comprehension, are very demanding given children's limited cognitive resources. Therefore, they might affect performance. To assess the impact of the task, we investigated learners of Dutch (three- and four-year-olds) using both eye-tracking, a non-demanding on-line method, and a typical response-based task. Eye-tracking results show an emerging ability to correctly comprehend pronouns at the age of four. A response-based task fails to indicate this ability across age groups, replicating results of earlier studies. Additionally, biases seem to influence the outcome of the response-based task. These results add new evidence to the ongoing debate of the asymmetrical acquisition of pronouns and reflexives and suggest that there is less of an asymmetry than previously assumed.
Revision of food-based dietary guidelines for Ireland, Phase 1: evaluation of Ireland's food guide
Authors: Flynn Mary AT , O'Brien Clare M , Faulkner Gemma , Flynn Cliona A , Gajownik Magda , Burke Sarah J 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate Ireland's food-based dietary guidelines and highlight priorities for revision.DesignEvaluation with stakeholder input. Energy and nutrient intake goals most appropriate for Ireland were determined. Advice from Ireland's food guide was translated into 4 d food intake patterns representing age and gender groups from 5 to 51+ years. Nutritional content of the food patterns was compared with identified goals and appropriateness of food advice was noted. Feedback from stakeholders was obtained on portion size of foods within the Bread, Cereal and Potato group and of portion descriptors for meat and cereal foods.SettingGovernment agency/community.SubjectsGeneral population aged 5+ years, dietitians/nutritionists (n44) and 1011 consumers.ResultsGoals were identified for energy, macronutrients, fibre, Fe, Ca and vitamin D. Goals not achieved by the food patterns included energy, total fat, saturated fat, fibre and vitamin D. Energy content of food portions within the Bread, Cereal and Potato group varied widely, yet advice indicated they were equivalent. Dietitians/nutritionists agreed with the majority of consumers surveyed (74 %,n745) that larger portion sizes within the Bread, Cereal and Potato group were more meaningful. ‘Palm of hand’ as a descriptor for meat portions and a ‘200 ml disposable cup’ for quantifying cereal foods were preferred.ConclusionsRevision of the guidelines requires specific guidance on energy and vitamin D intakes, and comprehensive advice on how to reduce fat and saturated fat and increase fibre intakes. Advice should use portion descriptors favoured by consumers and enlarged portion sizes for breads, cereals and potatoes that are equivalent in terms of energy.
Revision of food-based dietary guidelines for Ireland, Phase 2: recommendations for healthy eating and affordability
Authors: Flynn Mary AT , O'Brien Clare M , Ross Victoria , Flynn Cliona A , Burke Sarah J 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo revise the food-based dietary guidelines for Ireland and assess the affordability of healthy eating.DesignAn iterative process was used to develop 4 d food intake patterns (n22) until average intakes met a range of nutrient and energy goals (at moderate and sedentary activity levels) that represented the variable nutritional requirements of all in the population aged 5 years and older. Dietary guidelines were formulated describing the amounts and types of foods that made up these intake patterns. Foods required for healthy eating by typical households in Ireland were priced and affordability assessed as a proportion of relevant weekly social welfare allowances.SettingGovernment agency/community.SubjectsGeneral population aged 5+ years.ResultsFood patterns developed achieved energy and nutrient goals with the exception of dietary fibre (inadequate for adults with energy requirements <9·2 MJ) and vitamin D (inadequate for everyone). A new food group to guide on fats/oils intake was developed. Servings within the Bread, Cereal and Potato group were sub-categorized on the basis of energy content. Recommendations on numbers of servings from each food group were developed to guide on energy and nutrient requirements. Healthy eating is least affordable for families with children who are dependent on social welfare.ConclusionDaily supplementation with vitamin D is recommended. Wholemeal breads and cereals are recommended as the best source of energy and fibre. Low-fat dairy products and reduced-fat unsaturated spreads are prioritized to achieve saturated fat and energy goals. Interventions are required to ensure that healthy eating is affordable.
Fish consumption and CHD mortality: an updated meta-analysis of seventeen cohort studies
Authors: Zheng Jusheng , Huang Tao , Yu Yinghua , Hu Xiaojie , Yang Bin , Li Duo 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjectiveResults of studies on fish consumption and CHD mortality are inconsistent. The present updated meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the up-to-date pooling effects.DesignA random-effects model was used to pool the risk estimates. Generalized least-squares regression and restricted cubic splines were used to assess the possible dose–response relationship. Subgroup analyses were conducted to examine the sources of heterogeneity.SettingPubMed and ISI Web of Science databases up to September 2010 were searched and secondary referencing qualified for inclusion in the study.SubjectsSeventeen cohorts with 315 812 participants and average follow-up period of 15·9 years were identified.ResultsCompared with the lowest fish intake (<1 serving/month or 1–3 servings/month), the pooled relative risk (RR) of fish intake on CHD mortality was 0·84 (95 % CI 0·75, 0·95) for low fish intake (1 serving/week), 0·79 (95 % CI 0·67, 0·92) for moderate fish intake (2–4 servings/week) and 0·83 (95 % CI 0·68, 1·01) for high fish intake (>5 servings/week). The dose–response analysis indicated that every 15 g/d increment of fish intake decreased the risk of CHD mortality by 6 % (RR = 0·94; 95 % CI 0·90, 0·98). The method of dietary assessment, gender and energy adjustment affected the results remarkably.ConclusionsOur results indicate that either low (1 serving/week) or moderate fish consumption (2–4 servings/week) has a significantly beneficial effect on the prevention of CHD mortality. High fish consumption (>5 servings/week) possesses only a marginally protective effect on CHD mortality, possibly due to the limited studies included in this group.
Nutritional supplement use among Slovenian adolescents
Authors: Šterlinko Grm Helena , Stubelj Ars Mojca , Besednjak-Kocijančič Lilijana , Golja Petra 
Published: September 2011

AbstractsObjectiveLittle is known about the prevalence of nutritional supplement use in European adolescents. We conducted the present study to analyse the prevalence of nutritional supplement use and factors associated with this use among Slovenian adolescents.DesignThe nutritional supplementation practices of 818 adolescents were studied using an anonymous questionnaire. Information was sought on the type of supplements used, frequency of use and sources of information.SettingThe region of north-west Slovenia.SubjectsSchoolchildren from twenty primary schools and twelve secondary schools.ResultsSome 19·3% of all adolescents reported using at least one nutritional supplement and the prevalence of use was significantly higher in adolescents who were members of sports clubs. Multivitamins were the most common nutritional supplement. Older adolescents were significantly more likely to be supplementing with iron, protein and minerals. Less than 16 % of supplement users in our study sought information from health-care professionals. Nearly 62 % obtained information from parents and coaches, and many adolescents appear to decide on nutritional supplementation themselves, without advice. Older adolescents were significantly more likely to combine supplements than younger adolescents.ConclusionsOne-fifth of Slovenian adolescents use nutritional supplements. There are clear differences in supplement use between younger (age 12 years) and older (age 17 years) adolescents. Multiple use of supplements, coupled with self-managed supplementation in older adolescents, is concerning. Hence, there is an urgent need to provide accurate information regarding nutritional supplements, which will help adolescents, their parents and coaches to make informed choices about their use.
Water cycle dynamics in a changing environment: Improving predictability through synthesis
Authors: Sivapalan M. , Thompson S. E. , Harman C. J. , Basu N. B. , Kumar P. 
Published: September 2011

Key Points

There is much to learn from comparative hydrology
We need a synthesis of Newtonian and Darwinian approaches to science
Hydrologic change predictions require a broadening of hydrology
Gender Effect on the Relation between Diabetes and Hospitalization for Heart Failure
Authors: Seghieri C. , Francesconi P. , Cipriani S. , Rapanà M. , Anichini R. , Franconi F. , Del Prato S. , Seghieri G. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractCardiovascular risk among diabetic patients is at least twice as much the one for non-diabetic individuals and even greater when diabetic women are considered. Heart failure (HF) is a common unfavorable outcome of cardiovascular disease in diabetes. However, since the comparison among sexes of heart failure prevalence in diabetic patients remains limited, this study is aimed at expanding the information about this point.We have evaluated the association between diabetes and HF by reviewing the medical records of all subjects discharged from the Internal Medicine and Cardiology Units of all hospitals in the Tuscany region, Italy, during the period January 2002 through December 2008. In particular we sought concomitance of ICD-9-CM codes for diabetes and HF.Patients discharged by Internal Medicine were on average older, more represented by women, and had a lesser number of individuals coded as diabetic (p<0.05 for all). Relative risk for HF (95% CI) was significantly higher in patients with diabetes, irrespective of gender 1.39 (1.36–1.41) in males; 1.40 (1.37–1.42) in females. When the diabetes-HF association was analyzed according to decades of age, a “horse-shoe” pattern was apparent with an increased risk in 40–59 years old in female patients discharged by Internal Medicine.Although there is not a difference in the overall HF risk between hospitalized male and female diabetic patients, women have an excess risk at perimenopausal age.
Distal Symmetric Polyneuropathy in Diabetes. Differences between Patients with and without Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Mondelli M. , Aretini A. , Baldasseroni A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractTo demonstrate whether in distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSPN) in diabetes there are differences between patients with and without neuropathic pain and whether pain is associated with demographic, clinical and electrophysiological variables.We prospectively enrolled 154 consecutive patients (mean age 67 years, 64% men) in an electromyography (EMG) lab. The differences were calculated between DSPN patients with (no.78) and without neuropathic pain (no.76) relating to age, sex, BMI, type, duration, treatment and complications of diabetes, HbA1c, type and duration of DSPN symptoms, DSPN clinical severity score (with Diabetic Neuropathic Index-DNI), electrophysiological findings of lower limb muscles and nerves.The differences between DSPN patients with and without pain included the presence of symptoms (burning and weakness), DNI score and neurographic findings of all nerves and neurogenic EMG. But in the logistic regression models enter only the following variables: DNI score, neurogenic EMG, and among symptoms “burning-.The presence of pain in DSPN is associated with DSPN clinical severity, neurogenic EMG and presence of “burning- symptom but not with demographic or neurographic findings, or diabetes related variables. Therefore, the neuropathic pain in DSPN does not associate with the degree of involvement of large diameter sensory fibres or diabetes severity.
Why a Global Carbon Policy Could Have a Dramatic Impact on the Pattern of the Worldwide Livestock Production
Authors: Avetisyan Misak , Golub Alla , Hertel Thomas , Rose Steven , Henderson Benjamin 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe taxation of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) represents an efficient means of achieving climate change mitigation, and this is often the starting point in any discussion of long run global GHG reduction. However, the direct effects of such a tax, or equivalently, an emissions trading scheme, will vary across countries and sectors according to the emissions intensity of the sector. We report, for the first time, estimates of such livestock emissions intensities for all regions of the world and decompose the intensities to understand the sources of regional variation. Our findings indicate that most of the variation is due to differences in the value of output per animal in different regions, which in turn is due to regional differences in output per animal (yield) and dollar per unit output (price). Animals with relatively low annual output values tend to be characterized by higher economic emissions intensities. We find this to be the case in many developing countries. Livestock activity in these high emissions intensity regions are hit especially hard by an emissions tax, resulting in disproportionate reductions in output and consumption in many regions already suffering from malnutrition.
High-dimensional bolstered error estimation
Authors: Sima Chao , Braga-Neto Ulisses M. , Dougherty Edward R. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Motivation: In small-sample settings, bolstered error estimation has been shown to perform better than cross-validation and competitively with bootstrap with regard to various criteria. The key issue for bolstering performance is the variance setting for the bolstering kernel. Heretofore, this variance has been determined in a non-parametric manner from the data. Although bolstering based on this variance setting works well for small feature sets, results can deteriorate for high-dimensional feature spaces.
Results: This article computes an optimal kernel variance depending on the classification rule, sample size, model and feature space, both the original number and the number remaining after feature selection. A key point is that the optimal variance is robust relative to the model. This allows us to develop a method for selecting a suitable variance to use in real-world applications where the model is not known, but the other factors in determining the optimal kernel are known.
Availability: Companion website at http://compbio.tgen.org/paper_supp/high_dim_bolstering
Contact: edward@mail.ece.tamu.edu