bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Choice of Irrigation Timing Indicator for Narrow Row Cotton1
Authors: Bordovsky D. G. , Jordan W. R. , Hiler E. A. , Howell T. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis irrigation study was undertaken to compare water use efficiencies (WUE) resulting from three methods of timing water applications on narrow‐row cotton (Gossy‐pium hirsutum L.). Irrigation timing during the 1971 and 1972 growing seasons was accomplished using the soil water potential (SWP)‐fixed level, leaf water potential (LWP)‐fixed level, and stress day index (SDI)‐vari‐able level of LWP, based on crop sensitivities, as indicators. Specific levels of each indicator were selected so that nearly identical yields would result for all three timing indicators, thus making possible the valid comparison of WUE. With the SWP indicator as a basis for comparison, higher WUE were obtained with the LWP and SDI indicators in both years. At a plant population of 150,000 plants/ha, average increases in WUE (seed cotton yield divided by irrigation plus rainfall amounts) were 17 and 38% for the LWP and SDI indicators, respectively. Average increases when WUE was calculated as yield divided by irrigation amount only were 30 and 82%, respectively. The increases in WUE were due to reductions in irrigation amounts rather than increases in yield. These results demonstrate that significant benefits in stretching irrigation water supplies are possible when using plant‐based measurements and when plant sensitivities at different growth stages are quantitatively considered in timing irrigations.
Hail Damage to Upland Cotton1
Authors: Peacock H. A. , Hawkins B. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThere has been very little scientific data published on the effect of hail damage on Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) because of the nature of the problem and difficulty in setting up an appropriate, experimentally sound investigation.A hailstorm on June 26, 1971 made it possible to collect data on the effect of differential damage to individual Upland cotton plants. Three injury classes were established: 1) slight — some stem and leaf damage; 2) moderate — terminal bud lost plus some leaf and stem damage; 3) severe — terminal bud lost plus extensive stem and leaf damage. Effects of hail damage were determined by tagging 5 plants per injury class within each of 10 replications of 5 cultivars. Data were obtained from each of the five plants per injury class for each of the characteristics reported.An application of 47 kg/ha additional N after the hailstorm did not increase the yield of cotton. The lack of response to N, however, may have been caused by the 78 kg/ha N applied before the hail damage occurred. This amount of N is usually adequate for cotton grown on Cecil sandy loam. The number of productive plants was significantly higher in the slight‐ and moderate‐injury classes than in the severe class. As injury increased, individual plant yield decreased significantly in a ratio of 5:3:1 for the slight, moderate, and severe classes, respectively. Plants in the severe‐injury class had a lower lint percentage than plants in slight‐ or moderate‐injury classes. There was no significant effect on fiber length or strength, but finer fibers were produced by plants in the severe‐injury class.
Instrument for Measuring Forces and Energies Associated with Physical, Properties of Biological Materials1
Authors: Friesen James A. , Bilbro J. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn instrument that can accurately and rapidly measure the forces and energies associated with certain physical properties of biological materials (e.g., breaking strength of stems) was designed and built. Loading force applied to the material and movement of the force‐loading device are recorded simultaneously. From these measurements, energy quantities can be calculated. Means for readily changing force‐loading speeds and rapidly returning the force‐loading device to its starting position are provided.
Effects of Spacing and a Growth Regulator, Kylar, on Size and Yield of Fruit of Virginia‐Type Peanut Cultivars1
Authors: Wynne J. C. , Baker W. R. , Rice P. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe reduction in plant size of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) by genetic and chemical methods could result in increased productivity with the use of higher plant populations. The effects of increased plant populations on the yield and size of fruit of two Virginia‐type peanut cultivars, ‘NC 17’ and ‘NC 5,’ were investigated in factorial experiments by the use of four interrow and two intrarow spacing treatments and a growth regulator, Kylar. Interrow spacings less than 91.4 cm did not significantly increase the yield and had little effect on fruit size. The cultivars responded differently to Kylar. Seed and fruit size, and yield of NC 17 were reduced by the application of 1.121 kg/ha of Kylar. A similar application of Kylar to NC 5 reduced the fruit size but had no significant effect on yield or sound mature kernels. Both cultivars had higher yields at the 12.7‐cm than at the 25.4‐cm intrarow spacing. Increases in populations of plants reduced in size by genetic or chemical methods does not necessarily lead to an increase in productivity. Present methods of intra‐ and interrow spacings should not be changed for these two cultivars although plant size is reduced for NC 17 and can be reduced chemically for NC 5.
Evaluation of Cottonseed Hydration‐Chilling Treatments for Improving Seedling Emergence
Authors: Wanjura D. F. , Minton E. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStands of early season upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) are often reduced by low soil temperatures. Preplant treatments of acid‐delinted seed, consisting of either single or combined applications of hydrating and chilling, were evaluated for their effect on cottonseed germination and seedling emergence at different temperatures. Problems associated with metering hydrated cottonseed with vacuum and double‐run metering systems were identified. Preplant seed hydration increased germination rate as indicated by early seedling length measurements in germination tests. None of the preplant hydrate or hydrate‐chill treatments increased final germination or emergence compared to dry seed treated with a seed protectant fungicide for the cultivar ‘Paymaster 111.’ Decreased germination resulted from immediately planting seed that were either soaked for 6 hours at 30 C or given the combined treatment of soaking for 6 hours at 30 C and 24 hours at 5 C. Soak or soak‐chill treatments which were allowed to air‐dry 24 hours before planting resulted in increased percentage emergence over seeds planted immediately following soaking. Seed fragments that resulted from the disintegration of seed during rapid hydration decreased seeding rate by clogging the nozzles of the vaccum metering system. Hydrated seed required recalibration of the double‐run mechanical metering system to accommodate the increased seed size.
Residual Effects of Crop Rotations on Water Intake, Soil Loss, and Sorghum Yield1
Authors: Adams John E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe duration of the residual effects of crop rotations on the fertility and physical condition of montmorillonitic clay soil is not well established. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the residual effects of three crop rotations on water intake, soil loss, soil organic matter, and crop yield during five growing seasons of continuous grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) grown on Houston Black clay soil. Water intake and soil loss were evaluated in the laboratory by the application of water drops at the rate of 10.2 cm/hour from a height of 1 m to the surface of undisturbed soil cores.Oats (Avena sativa L.)‐grain sorghum and fescuegrass (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)‐grain sorghum rotations significantly (5% level) increased water intake and reduced soil loss for 20 months after the rotations were discontinued. The sweetclover (Melilotus alba Desr.)‐grain sorghum rotation had no effect on soil loss but had a significant (5% level) residual effect on water intake for 8 months after rotations were discontinued. Grain sorghum rotations with either fescuegrass or sweetclover caused significantly more (5% level) water stable aggregates. However, one growing season of grain sorghum following sweetclover reduced aggregation to near that of soil in continuous grain sorghum. There was no significant change in aggregation in fescuegrass rotation plots after 20 months.Most of the organic matter accumulated in 10 growing seasons of a sweetclover‐grain sorghum rotation was lost after 5 growing seasons of continuous grain sorghum. Soil organic matter in former grain sorghum rotations with fescuegrass or oats showed no significant change after 5 years of continuous forage sorghum. Grain sorghum yield was significantly greater (5% level) for four growing seasons on the former sweetclover‐grain sorghum plots than on the continuous grain sorghum plots. Nitrogen fertilizer had a significant (5% level) residual effect on continuous grain sorghum yield for 2 years.The residual effects of previous crop rotations can significantly affect (5% level) water intake and soil loss for 20 months and crop yield for 1 to 4 years after rotations are discontinued. Growing sorghum continuously for 5 years reduced water intake significantly and caused a continuous slow decrease in soil organic matter.
Error Mean Squares of Protein Yield of Alfalfa‐Grass Mixtures Computed by Five Methods1
Authors: Torrie J. H. , Smith Dale , Bellman Susan K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this statistical study was to compare the error mean squares of herbage protein yields per hectare computed in five different ways. Herbage yield and protein percentage data were obtained from an alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)‐grass mixture trial conducted at Arlington, Wisconsin. These comparisons were made to determine the precision of protein analyses made on herbage from a limited number of replications with that based on all four replications.Method A, using protein percentages and herbage yields from all plots of four replications, gave an unbiased estimate of experimental error for protein yields per hectare. Protein yield by method B was computed from the weighted average percentage protein of replicates 1 and 2 and of 3 and 4, and the herbage yields from all plots of replicates 1 and 2 and of 3 and 4, respectively. Protein yield by method C was computed by using the protein percentages and herbage yields of replicates 1 and 3 and the weighted average protein percentage of replicates 1 and 3 for all plots of replications 2 and 4. Methods B and C were biased and underestimated the experimental error of method A, but the underestimation was small.Protein yield by method D was computed from the weighted average percentage protein and herbage yields of replicates 1 and 2 and of replicates 3 and 4. By method E, protein yield was computed for each plot in replications 1 and 3 as described for method A. These two methods have only one‐third as many degrees of freedom to estimate experimental error as the other methods in the four‐replication experiment. As compared with method A, methods D and E have a larger standard error of the mean.
Variation in Effectiveness of Supplemental Irrigation on Sweet Corn Yield Components
Authors: Andrew R. H. , Weis G. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSupplemental irrigation is of increasing importance in the production of processing sweet corn (Zea mays L.) in the humid Midwest. However, wide variation exists for efficiency of irrigation as related to uniformity and quality as well as yield of this crop. The present study was planned to measure the response of major sweet corn yield components to, and their interaction with, irrigation level as related to genotype, plant competition, and season and to provide guidelines for optimum production practice. Six hybrids were grown at three populations (39,000, 49,000, and 59,000 plants/ha) under low and high irrigation levels on droughty sand in central Wisconsin over a 9‐year period. Measurements were made of snapped weight, weight and number of usable husked ears, and percent of usuable ears expressed on a weight and number basis.There were wide yearly differences between irrigation levels for all yield components. Increase in production at high irrigation was greatest for snapped corn weight (34.3%), intermediate for usable corn weight (29.4%), and lowest for usable ear number (13.5%). The additional water provided by high irrigation increased snapped weight at an average rate of .52 metric tons/ha per centimeter of applied moisture and increased usable weight by .28 metric tons; the greatest effect was in dry seasons, the least in cool seasons. Record yields were achieved under high irrigation when August temperature was highest. Moisture during the period from 2 weeks prior to silking until harvest and from silking to harvest was significantly associated with yield. Under high irrigation snapped weight ranked first at the intermediate population while usable ear weight and number ranked first at the high population. Under low irrigation snapped and usable ear weight but not usable number decreased with population.Percent usable ears, by weight and number, was highest at the low irrigation with marked hybrid and population differences. The low population at high irrigation increased prolificacy, while the high population at low irrigation increased barrenness. Hybrid‐production practice combinations yielding most also had low coefficients of variability over years. Although high irrigation always increased production, the variation in degree of yield component response emphasizes that efficient production requires coordination of irrigation levels with population, genotype, and season.
Cultivar Differences Among Barley Plants Grown with Different Nutrient Treatments1
Authors: Nittler L. W. , Jensen H. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEven though cultivar purity determinations of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) can often be made using characteristics of grain or small seedlings, many cultivars are so similar that separation based on such characteristics is not possible. For this reason experiments were conducted to find additional plant characteristics useful for cultivar determinations. Seeds were planted in sand and plants were supplied with a complete nutrient solution or with a solution lacking nitrogen (—N) or phosphorus (—P) and were grown with continuous light. Because seedlings became chlorotic when they were grown without nitrogen or without phosphorus, the complete solution was used on the —N flats after the 14th day and on the —P flats after the 19th day. This permitted continued growth so observations could be made on internode length and tiller number. Five weeks after planting, cultivars differed significantly in length of internodes above first, second, third, fourth, and fifth leaf nodes. Length of first and second leaf internodes was affected greatly by nutrient treatments and cultivars differed markedly. Cultivars also differed significantly in tiller number per plant but not in stem diameter.Internode length and tiller number of plants grown with special nutrient treatments can be useful along with other characteristics in distinguishing spring barley cultivars.
Uptake and Translocation of a Nonionic Surfactant by Barley
Authors: Valoras N. , Letey J. , Osborn J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExperiments were conducted to determine if nonionic surfactants are taken up and translocated by plants growing in solution or soil containing the surfactant. The effect of surfactant on plant growth was concurrently determined. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and the surfactant 14C‐labeled Soil Penetrant 3685 were used in the study. Surfactant concentrations in solution ranged from 0 to 300 ppm, and the amount of 14C‐labeled surfactant measured in plant shoots increased as the solution concentration increased. There was also a decrease in plant growth as surfactant concentration application increased. Soils were wet with solutions containing 0 to 10,000 ppm surfactant. Surfactant was taken up and translocated from soil systems, but much higher concentrations had to be applied to the soil as compared to solution culture for equal uptake and/or plant damage. Highest concentrations of surfactant occurred in the older leaves and in the tip portion as compared to the base portion of the leaf. Increased plant damage appeared to be associated with increased surfactant concentration in the plant tissue, but a direct cause‐and‐effect relation could not be established from the study.
Chemical Regulation of Grass Growth. II. Greenhouse and Field Studies with Intensively Managedd Turfgrasses1
Authors: Elkins D. M. , Tweedy J. A. , Suttner D. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChemical growth retardant treatments have been used on a limited scale to decrease vegetative growth and reduce mowing maintenance requirements of turfgrasses. A number of experimental chemical retardants have been developed recently. Three greenhouse experiments and five field studies were conducted from 1970 to 1972 at Southern Illinois University to evaluate experimental and commercial chemical growth retardants on several species and varieties of intensively managed turfgrass. Seven chemical retardants were tested in the greenhouse with potted Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and in field studies with Kentucky bluegrass and other species. Treated grasses were evaluated weekly as to growth reduction, and on selected dates as to color maintenance, stand losses, and weed infestations.MON‐820 (N‐phosphonomethylimini‐diacetic acid) retarded growth of Kentucky bluegrass more than Slo‐Gro (diethanolamine salt of 6‐hydroxy‐3‐(2H)‐pyridazinone; maleic hydrazide or MH). However, losses of the green color often were greater with MON‐820 treatments than with MH treatments. The responses of MBR‐6033 (3‐trifluoromethyl‐sulfonamido‐p‐acetotoluidide) and MON‐845 [N,N‐Bis (phosphonomethyl) glycine] were similar to those of MON‐820 and MH. MON‐139 (phosphonomethylglycine, isopropylammonium salt) and MON‐464 (phosphonomethylglycine, calcium salt) were phytotoxic and caused pronounced color losses and grass stand reductions. High rates of C‐19490 (chemical configuration not released by CIBA GEIGY Corp.) were required to retard grass growth.Pronounced color losses of the grass, serious stand reductions, and resulting weed infestations occured after use of higher rates of several chemicals. A concurrent herbicide application may be necessary to control weeds in Kentucky bluegrass plots treated with certain growth retardants.Residual chemical‐retarding effects were noted in autumn‐treated plots when they were evaluated in early spring of the next year. However, few effects were observed in autumn evaluations of spring‐treated plots.MON‐820 treatments evoked marked growth reduction of a number of Kentucky bluegrass varieties and with varieties of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.), and zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.). Differential varietal and species responses were noted with a given rate of MON‐820. These responses complicate the process of recommending a general chemical rate for a wide array of turfgrasses.Most experimental and commercial growth retardants tested showed some degree of phytotoxicity on several intensively managed turfgrasses. Their use would be more useful on rough turfgrass areas such as highway roadbanks than on home lawns and similar areas.
Nutritive Characteristics of Kleingrass at Various Stages of Maturity. I. Chemical Evaluations of Experimental Synthetic Varieties1
Authors: Rouquette F. M. , Holt E. C. , Ellis W. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPreviously selected plants for improved lines of kleingrass (Panicum coloratum L.) were evaluated for growth and seed production characteristics. At the initiation of this test, 13 experimental synthetic varieties were available for chemical comparisons of forage quality. This study was conducted to determine if differences existed in percent of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and NDF components within the available synthetic varieties of kleingrass. The effects of five stages of plant maturity on NDF and its components were also evaluated for each variety. Since kleingrass has an indeterminate type of growth form, plants collected as initial and regrowth forage were harvested when a certain percent of the seed on the most mature kleingrass tillers reached the soft dough stage, but prior to the time of seed maturation. Previously nonharvested cumulative forage was collected at the same chronological age as the regrowth forage. At each of the maturity‐stage dates, plant samples were separated into leaf laminae and stems. Each plant part was analyzed for its neutral detergent solubles:neutral detergent fiber ratio (NDS:NDF). The NDF was then sequentially partitioned into hemicelluloses (HEM), cellulose (CEL), lignin (LIG), and ash. The hemicelluloses were further divided into easily hydrolyzable (EHH) and difficulty hydrolyzable hemicelluloses (DHH). Kleingrass varieties differed in NDS:NDF and NDF components. Leaf:stem ratios ranged from 1:1 to 1:4. By harvesting at a morphological stage prior to seed maturation, the NDS: NDF ratio of leaves and stems in regrowth forage did not vary throughout the study period. Leaf laminae contained approximately 34% HEM and 24% CEL; whereas, stems contained approximately 34% HEM and 34% CEL. With advancing maturity, HEM of leaf laminae increased at the expense of CEL. However, the HEM: CEL ratio of stems remained at approximately 1:1 throughout the collection period. The EHH:DHH ratio changed significantly with plant age as percent EHH increased and DHH decreased. The percent of LIG in both leaves (3.2%) and stems (6.6%) changed with plant age but the buildup of LIG was greatest in stems. Acid‐insoluble ash was influenced by the stage of growth only in leaf laminae and the leaves, with an average of 2.4%, contained four to eight times more ash than did stem sections.