bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Instrumental Justifications for Risky Heritage Protection
Authors: Frowe Helen , Matravers Derek 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores some existing arguments for heritage protection, drawing on influential views in the literature and current military practice, and considers their plausibility as justifications for risky heritage protection. These arguments are instrumental in character: for example, that protecting heritage prevents genocide, thwarts terrorist attacks, prevents economic harm, or promotes military success. Thus, according to these arguments, we ought to protect heritage because, and insofar as, doing so is a means to securing some further good that has no particular connection to the heritage itself. Correlatively, what justifies the imposition of risk in the course of protecting heritage is not the importance of heritage but rather the importance of the further good being sought—for example, the prevention of genocide. Being instrumental in character, these arguments offer only contingent protection for heritage, dependent upon the effectiveness of heritage protection in achieving these other goods. They are also markedly different to the rationale manifested in the Hague Convention. The Hague Convention assumes that risky heritage protection is justified by the value heritage has in its own right. If successful, this rationale might offer heritage more robust protection than instrumental alternatives. But it demands an account—that is currently lacking—of why and how the intrinsic value of heritage justifies the imposition of risk on persons.
Imposing Risks on Civilians
Authors: Frowe Helen , Matravers Derek 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 argues that the risks of harm that combatants typically impose on civilians in war exceed those that may be non-consensually imposed for the sake of protecting tangible heritage. The imposition of such risks can be justified only if the civilians consent to bear them and, as we argue, this means univocal consent. Civilians do not typically give univocal consent to bear those risks. This means that it is typically unjustified for combatants to impose such risks. It also argues that there are limits to the total harm that may be imposed on civilians for the sake of protecting heritage even if they univocally consent. Consent is necessary, but not sufficient, to justify harming. Our account thus secures a stringent prohibition on risking harm to civilians for the sake of protecting heritage.
Combatants, Consent, and Contracts
Authors: Frowe Helen , Matravers Derek 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 argues that the risks that combatants will typically bear or incur in protecting heritage exceed the risks that a person can ordinarily be required to incur to that end. This means that unless combatants have consented to bear or incur risks for the sake of heritage, it is impermissible to order them to incur more than low risks of serious harm to themselves to rescue heritage from some other threats. It is also impermissible to order them to incur moderate risks of serious harm to themselves to refrain from damaging heritage. The chapter argues that the majority of currently serving combatants have not consented to bear or incur the risks of combat quite generally and, therefore, have not consented to bear or incur risks for the sake of heritage. Moreover, combatants are often misled about the risks of heritage protection. Taking consent seriously poses a significant moral obstacle to implementing and enforcing the Hague Convention, along with any other law or policy that requires combatants to incur risks for the sake of protecting heritage. However, unlike with civilians, there are plausible routes to obtaining consent from combatants to incur what would otherwise be supererogatory risks. Most obviously, states could improve their recruiting practices to this end. If combatants consent to incurring increased risks for the sake of heritage, then it can be permissible to order them to do so.
Compensation for Damaged Heritage
Authors: Frowe Helen , Matravers Derek 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 9 considers how we ought to respond, post bellum, to damaged heritage—that is, what ought to be done with such heritage. We approach this question from the perspective of compensatory duties. When heritage is damaged in war, the primary victims of that damage—that is, those whose flourishing is significantly set back by the damage—are wronged and are owed compensation for that wrong. This raises a more familiar version of the ‘stones versus lives’ challenge: given that compensation demands scarce resources, is it ever permitted to use those resources to compensate for the loss of heritage rather than to meet people’s more basic interests? This chapter argues that since wrongdoers’ duties to compensate their victims ordinarily take precedence over their duties of assistance, wrongdoers can be under an obligation to compensate for damaging heritage even if those resources would do more good if they were directed towards poverty alleviation. However, innocent third parties do not incur duties to compensate for the damaging of heritage in war. Indeed, third-party states are under duties not to compensate for the loss of heritage, since such use of their citizens’ resources would not discharge their citizens’ duties to aid. It is, nonetheless, permissible for non-state third parties to provide compensatory resources for the loss of heritage. On the non-consequentialist view that we endorse, individuals who have discharged their duties to aid may use their remaining resources to pursue their own ends and projects, which can of course include heritage protection.
Conclusions
Authors: Frowe Helen , Matravers Derek 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 10 summarises the key claims of the book, identifying ways in which our account makes progress on some of the central issues concerning the permissible protection of heritage in war. It notes that our account secures what will likely be intuitively appealing restrictions on risking harm to civilians for the sake of protecting heritage. But these restrictions emerge from a broader moral framework that also limits what combatants may be ordered to do for the sake of protecting heritage. The chapter acknowledges that our account swims against the tide in various respects: at a time when most people are calling for greater protection of heritage in war, our account identifies a range of moral constraints on how this protection may be pursued, both within war and in its aftermath.
Lost, mislabeled, and mishandled surgical and clinical pathology specimens: A systematic review of published literature
Authors: Carmack Heather J , Lazenby Braidyn S , Wilson Kylie J , Bakkum-Gamez Jamie N , Carranza Leslie 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To perform a systematic review of published academic literature related to lost, mislabeled, and mishandled surgical and clinical pathology specimens during the preanalytical stage.

Methods
The authors used Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to search PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus for relevant articles published from January 1, 1990, to May 1, 2023.

Results
The authors screened 1313 articles and identified 44 peer-reviewed, English-language articles published between 1990 and 2021 for inclusion in the final systematic review. Most articles (n = 36) reported results from US-based facilities. Articles primarily focused on general clinical and general surgical pathology. Analysis of the articles revealed that articles reported a range of methodological approaches, including incident reports, implementation analyses, case studies, and commentary recommendations. Most articles focused on mislabeling errors (61.3%) and missing or lost specimens (18.2%), while several articles combined specimen errors (20.5%). Several implementation studies (22.7%) reported using multiple interventions to mitigate errors. Implementation efforts reported between 70% and 100% reduction in pathology errors.

Conclusions
The review highlights the limited research on the topic, with an average of 2 articles per year discussing lost, mislabeled, or mishandled specimens. Intervention studies addressed The Joint Commission’s patient safety goals for laboratory practice. More research is needed about error incidents and reporting in non-Western countries to gain a more global perspective on the topic.
Bayesian modelling of time series data (BayModTS)—a FAIR workflow to process sparse and highly variable data
Authors: Höpfl Sebastian , Albadry Mohamed , Dahmen Uta , Herrmann Karl-Heinz , Kindler Eva Marie , König Matthias , Reichenbach Jürgen Rainer , Tautenhahn Hans-Michael , Wei Weiwei , Zhao Wan-Ting , Radde Nicole Erika 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Motivation
Systems biology aims to better understand living systems through mathematical modelling of experimental and clinical data. A pervasive challenge in quantitative dynamical modelling is the integration of time series measurements, which often have high variability and low sampling resolution. Approaches are required to utilize such information while consistently handling uncertainties.

Results
We present BayModTS (Bayesian modelling of time series data), a new FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable) workflow for processing and analysing sparse and highly variable time series data. BayModTS consistently transfers uncertainties from data to model predictions, including process knowledge via parameterized models. Further, credible differences in the dynamics of different conditions can be identified by filtering noise. To demonstrate the power and versatility of BayModTS, we applied it to three hepatic datasets gathered from three different species and with different measurement techniques: (i) blood perfusion measurements by magnetic resonance imaging in rat livers after portal vein ligation, (ii) pharmacokinetic time series of different drugs in normal and steatotic mice, and (iii) CT-based volumetric assessment of human liver remnants after clinical liver resection.

Availability and implementation
The BayModTS codebase is available on GitHub at https://github.com/Systems-Theory-in-Systems-Biology/BayModTS. The repository contains a Python script for the executable BayModTS workflow and a widely applicable SBML (systems biology markup language) model for retarded transient functions. In addition, all examples from the paper are included in the repository. Data and code of the application examples are stored on DaRUS: https://doi.org/10.18419/darus-3876. The raw MRI ROI voxel data were uploaded to DaRUS: https://doi.org/10.18419/darus-3878. The steatosis metabolite data are published on FairdomHub: 10.15490/fairdomhub.1.study.1070.1.
Cryptorchidism and testicular cancer in the dog: unresolved questions and challenges in translating insights from human studies
Authors: Soto-Heras Sandra , Reinacher Lindsey , Wang Bensen , Oh Ji Eun , Bunnell Mary , Park Chan Jin , Hess Rex A , Ko CheMyong Jay 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Cryptorchidism, the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum, and testicular cancer show a strong correlation in both dogs and humans. Yet, long-standing medical debates persist about whether the location of undescended testes directly causes testicular cancer in humans or if both conditions stem from a common origin. Although testicular cancer is a prevalent disease in dogs, even less is known about its cause and correlation with testicular descent in this species. This review investigates the relation between these two disorders in dogs, drawing insights from human studies, and examines key biomarkers identified thus far. In addition, it explores potential causal links, including the impact of temperature on maturing testicular cells and a potential shared genetic origin. Notably, this literature review reveals significant differences between men and dogs in reproductive development, histological and molecular features of testicular tumors, and the prevalence of specific tumor types, such as Sertoli cell tumors in cryptorchid dogs and germ cell tumors in humans. These disparities caution against using dogs as models for human testicular cancer research and underscore the limitations when drawing comparisons between species. The paper concludes by suggesting specific research initiatives to enhance our understanding of the complex interplay between cryptorchidism and testicular cancer in dogs.
Low-intensity ultrasound ameliorates brain organoid integration and rescues microcephaly deficits
Authors: Li Xiao-Hong , Guo Di , Chen Li-Qun , Chang Zhe-Han , Shi Jian-Xin , Hu Nan , Chen Chong , Zhang Xiao-Wang , Bao Shuang-Qing , Chen Meng-Meng , Ming Dong 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Human brain organoids represent a remarkable platform for modelling neurological disorders and a promising brain repair approach. However, the effects of physical stimulation on their development and integration remain unclear.
Here, we report that low-intensity ultrasound significantly increases neural progenitor cell proliferation and neuronal maturation in cortical organoids. Histological assays and single-cell gene expression analyses revealed that low-intensity ultrasound improves the neural development in cortical organoids. Following organoid grafts transplantation into the injured somatosensory cortices of adult mice, longitudinal electrophysiological recordings and histological assays revealed that ultrasound-treated organoid grafts undergo advanced maturation. They also exhibit enhanced pain-related gamma-band activity and more disseminated projections into the host brain than the untreated groups. Finally, low-intensity ultrasound ameliorates neuropathological deficits in a microcephaly brain organoid model.
Hence, low-intensity ultrasound stimulation advances the development and integration of brain organoids, providing a strategy for treating neurodevelopmental disorders and repairing cortical damage.
Secondary oral squamous cell carcinoma following haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Zaki Faaris , Shephard Martina , Danby Robert , Pawson Rachel , Peniket Andy , Sheppard Katharine , Matin Rubeta N 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We report the cases of 10 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) post-haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). Median latency from HSCT to oral SCC diagnosis was 10 years (range: 4–17 years), with 90% (9/10) reporting a history of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) and 40% (4/10) exhibiting active severe manifestations of oral GvHD. Clinical findings at diagnosis included induration, ulceration, tenderness, bleeding, hyperkeratosis, speckling and lymphadenopathy. The tongue and buccal mucosa were the most common sites affected. The disease stage at presentation ranged from T1N0M0 to T4N2M0. Management included surgical resection in 90% (9/10) of patients with or without chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. The median follow-up for the cohort was 1 year, with a 50% (5/10) mortality rate. SCC-specific mortality was 30% (3/10). Our data highlight the importance of regular, active oral and cutaneous surveillance of patients post-HSCT in specialized dermatology clinics, irrespective of GvHD severity and length of iatrogenic immunosuppression.
An evaluation of ChatGPT compared with dermatological surgeons’ choices of reconstruction for surgical defects after Mohs surgery
Authors: Cuellar-Barboza Adrian , Brussolo-Marroquín Elizabeth , Cordero-Martinez Fanny C , Aguilar-Calderon Patrizia E , Vazquez-Martinez Osvaldo , Ocampo-Candiani Jorge 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background
ChatGPT is an open-access chatbot developed using artificial intelligence (AI) that generates human-like responses.

Objective
To evaluate the ChatGPT-4’s concordance with three dermatological surgeons on reconstructions for dermatological surgical defects.

Methods
The cases of 70 patients with nonmelanoma skin cancer treated with surgery were obtained from clinical records for analysis. A list of 30 reconstruction options was designed by the main authors that included primary closure, secondary skin closure, skin flaps and skin grafts. Three dermatological surgeons who were blinded to the real reconstruction, along with ChatGPT-4, were asked to select two reconstruction options from the list.

Results
Seventy responses were analysed using Cohen’s kappa, looking for concordance between each dermatologist and ChatGPT. The level of agreement among dermatological surgeons was higher compared with that between dermatological surgeons and ChatGPT, highlighting differences in decision making. In the selection of the best reconstruction technique, the results indicated a fair level of agreement among the dermatologists, ranging between κ 0.268 and 0.331. However, the concordance between ChatGPT-4 and the dermatologists was slight, with κ values ranging from 0.107 to 0.121. In the analysis of the second-choice options, the dermatologists showed only slight agreement. In contrast, the level of concordance between ChatGPT-4 and the dermatologists was below chance.

Conclusions
As anticipated, this study reveals variability in medical decisions between dermatological surgeons and ChatGPT. Although these tools offer exciting possibilities for the future, it is vital to acknowledge the risk of inadvertently relying on noncertified AI for medical advice.
Psychosocial comorbidities in patients with paediatric alopecia areata: a literature review
Authors: Sejdiu Zane , Hess Samantha , Jafferany Mohammad 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA), a chronic autoimmune disorder causing nonscarring hair loss, has a greater prevalence in the paediatric population. Like many visible dermatological disorders, AA can cause significant psychosocial impairment, particularly in children who are undergoing critical periods of psychosocial development. This paper investigates the psychosocial impact of AA on children. A systematic review was conducted using the PRISMA guidelines. The SCOPUS and PubMed databases were utilized with the terms ‘alopecia areata’, ‘pediatric’ and ‘psychosocial comorbidities’. Twelve articles were reviewed, with six meeting the inclusion criteria for detailed analysis. The review revealed prominent associations between AA and psychosocial comorbidities in children. Psychiatric conditions including anxiety, depression and obsessive–compulsive disorder were prevalent in paediatric patients with AA, with exacerbation due to increased disease severity. These negatively impacted the quality of life of the affected children. Additionally, the comorbidities extended beyond psychiatric diagnoses, impacting self-esteem, academic performance, peer relationships and body image satisfaction in children. This literature review highlights the significant impact of various psychosocial comorbidities in children with AA, emphasizing the need for early identification and intervention. Healthcare professionals, including psychiatrists, therapists and dermatologists, can play a significant role in treating paediatric patients with AA. Dermatologists can play a critical role in diagnosing AA, identifying psychosocial comorbidities that may arise, and referring patients to appropriate care. Future research should focus on elucidating effective screening tools for dermatologists to identify these comorbidities early, ultimately improving the overall wellbeing of children with AA.
Effectiveness of Double-Dose Dolutegravir in People Receiving Rifampin-based Tuberculosis Treatment: An Observational, Cohort Study of People With HIV From 6 Countries
Authors: Shah N Sarita , Kityo Cissy , Hughes Michael D , McCarthy Caitlyn , Wallis Carole L , Hosseinipour Mina C , Langat Deborah , Nyirenda Mulinda , Rassool Mohammed , Dawson Rodney , Joseph Yvetot , Some Fatma , Mngqibisa Rosie , Mukwekwerere Pamela Grace , Woolley Elizabeth , Godfrey Catherine , Manabe Yukari C , Mellors John W , Flexner Charles , Maartens Gary ,   ACTG A5381/Hakim Study Team, Jezile Vuyokazi S , Mwelase Thando , Louis Marie Jude Jean , François Daphie Jean , Siika Abraham , Kirui Viola , Madlala Penelope , Casey Petronella , Samaneka Wadzanai , Musodza Yeukai , Magengo Nadia , Moonsamy Suri 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background
Tenofovir-lamivudine-dolutegravir (TLD) is the preferred first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen. An additional 50-mg dose of dolutegravir (TLD+50) is required with rifampin-containing tuberculosis (TB) co-treatment. There are limited data on the effectiveness of TLD+50 in individuals with TB/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Methods
We performed a prospective, observational cohort study at 12 sites in Haiti, Kenya, Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. Participants starting TLD and rifampin-containing TB treatment were eligible. The primary outcome was HIV-1 RNA ≤1000 copies/mL at end of TB treatment.

Results
We enrolled 91 participants with TB/HIV: 75 (82%) ART-naive participants starting TLD after a median 15 days on TB treatment, 10 (11%) ART-naive participants starting TLD and TB treatment, 5 (5%) starting TB treatment after a median 3.3 years on TLD, and 1 (1%) starting TB treatment and TLD after changing from efavirenz-lamivudine-tenofovir. Median age was 37 years, 35% were female, the median CD4 count was 120 cells/mm3 (interquartile range, 50–295), and 87% had HIV-1 RNA &gt;1000 copies/mL. Among 89 surviving participants, 80 were followed to TB treatment completion, including 7 who had no HIV-1 RNA result due to missed visits. The primary virologic outcome was assessed in 73 participants, 69 of whom (95%; 95% confidence interval, 89%–100%) had HIV-1 RNA ≤1000 copies/mL. No dolutegravir resistance mutations were detected among 4 participants with HIV-1 RNA &gt;1000 copies/mL.

Conclusions
In programmatic settings, concurrent rifampin-containing TB treatment and TLD+50 was feasible, well tolerated, and achieved high viral suppression rates in a cohort of predominantly ART-naive people with TB/HIV.
Spectrum of Treg and self-reactive T cells: single cell perspectives from old friend HTLV-1
Authors: Ono Masahiro , Satou Yorifumi 
Published: May 2024

Summary
Despite extensive regulatory T cell (Treg) research, fundamental questions on in vivo dynamics remain to be answered. The current study aims to dissect several interwoven concepts in Treg biology, highlighting the ‘self-reactivity’ of Treg and their counterparts, namely naturally-arising memory-phenotype T-cells, as a key mechanism to be exploited by a human retroviral infection. We propose the novel key concept, Periodic T cell receptor (TCR)-signalled T-cells, capturing self-reactivity in a quantifiable manner using the Nr4a3-Timer-of-cell-kinetics-and-activity (Tocky) technology. Periodic and brief TCR signals in self-reactive T-cells contrast with acute TCR signals during inflammation. Thus, we propose a new two-axis model for T-cell activation by the two types of TCR signals or antigen recognition, elucidating how Foxp3 expression and acute TCR signals actively regulate Periodic TCR-signalled T-cells. Next, we highlight an underappreciated branch of immunological research on Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) that precedes Treg studies, illuminating the missing link between the viral infection, CD25, and Foxp3. Based on evidence by single-cell analysis, we show how the viral infection exploits the regulatory mechanisms for T-cell activation and suggests a potential role of periodic TCR signalling in infection and malignant transformation. In conclusion, the new perspectives and models in this study provide a working framework for investigating Treg within the self-reactive T-cell spectrum, expected to advance understanding of HTLV-1 infection, cancer, and immunotherapy strategies for these conditions.