bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
γ-Enolase C-terminal peptide promotes cell survival and neurite outgrowth by activation of the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK signalling pathways
Authors: Hafner Anja , Obermajer Nataša , Kos Janko 
Published: January 2012

γ-Enolase, a glycolytic enzyme, is expressed specifically in neurons. It exerts neurotrophic activity and has been suggested to regulate growth, differentiation, survival and regeneration of neurons. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of γ-enolase in PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)/Akt and MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)/ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) signalling, the two pathways triggered predominantly by neurotrophic factors. Whereas the PI3K/Akt pathway, rather than the MAPK/ERK pathway, is involved in γ-enolase-enhanced cell survival, γ-enolase-stimulated neurite outgrowth requires both pathways, i.e. the activation of both PI3K and ERK1/2, leading to subsequent expression of the growth-cone-specific protein GAP-43 (growth-associated protein of 43 kDa). MEK (MAPK/ERK kinase) and PI3K inhibition blocked or attenuated the neurite outgrowth associated with dynamic remodelling of the actin-based cytoskeleton. We show that γ-enolase-mediated PI3K activation regulates RhoA kinase, a key regulator of actin cytoskeleton organization. Moreover, the inhibition of RhoA downstream effector ROCK (Rho-associated kinase) results in enhanced γ-enolase-induced neurite outgrowth, accompanied by actin polymerization and its redistribution to growth cones. Our results show that γ-enolase controls neuronal survival, differentiation and neurite regeneration by activating the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK signalling pathways, resulting in downstream regulation of the molecular and cellular processes of cytoskeleton reorganization and cell remodelling, activation of transcriptional factors and regulation of the cell cycle.
Coaxial multishell nanowires with high-quality electronic interfaces and tunable optical cavities for ultrathin photovoltaics
Authors: Kempa Thomas J. , Cahoon James F. , Kim Sun-Kyung , Day Robert W. , Bell David C. , Park Hong-Gyu , Lieber Charles M. 
Published: January 2012

Silicon nanowires (NWs) could enable low-cost and efficient photovoltaics, though their performance has been limited by nonideal electrical characteristics and an inability to tune absorption properties. We overcome these limitations through controlled synthesis of a series of polymorphic core/multishell NWs with highly crystalline, hexagonally-faceted shells, and well-defined coaxial

(
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intrinsic
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) diode junctions. Designed 200–300 nm diameter
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NW diodes exhibit ultralow leakage currents of approximately 1 fA, and open-circuit voltages and fill-factors up to 0.5 V and 73%, respectively, under one-sun illumination. Single-NW wavelength-dependent photocurrent measurements reveal size-tunable optical resonances, external quantum efficiencies greater than unity, and current densities double those for silicon films of comparable thickness. In addition, finite-difference-time-domain simulations for the measured NW structures agree quantitatively with the photocurrent measurements, and demonstrate that the optical resonances are due to Fabry-Perot and whispering-gallery cavity modes supported in the high-quality faceted nanostructures. Synthetically optimized NW devices achieve current densities of 17 mA/cm
2
and power-conversion efficiencies of 6%. Horizontal integration of multiple NWs demonstrates linear scaling of the absolute photocurrent with number of NWs, as well as retention of the high open-circuit voltages and short-circuit current densities measured for single NW devices. Notably, assembly of 2 NW elements into vertical stacks yields short-circuit current densities of 25 mA/cm
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with a backside reflector, and simulations further show that such stacking represents an attractive approach for further enhancing performance with projected efficiencies of > 15% for 1.2 μm thick 5 NW stacks.
Modulated multiferroicity of Cr-doped orthorhombic polycrystalline YMnO3
Authors: Li S Z , Wang T T , Han H Q , Wang X Z , Li H , Liu J , Liu J-M 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
We synthesize a series of orthorhombic polycrystalline YMn1−x
Cr
x
O3 (o-YMCO, x < 0.3) samples using high-pressure sintering, and investigate the multiferroicity by various characterization techniques. It is identified that Cr doping remarkably enhances the ferromagnetism, and the ferroelectric polarization is also significantly modulated. The enhanced ferromagnetism is argued to originate from the ferromagnetic interactions between neighbouring Cr3+ spins and Mn3+ spins. While the microscopic mechanism for polarization generation remains to be clarified, it may be argued, based on the response of polarization against external magnetic field, that Cr doping induces a partial transition from the symmetric exchange striction mechanism in o-YMnO3 to the asymmetric exchange striction mechanism in o-YMCO for ferroelectricity generation.
Spatial distribution of metastable and resonance atoms in a low-pressure He–Xe discharge in spot mode
Authors: Golubovskii Yu B , Gorchakov S , Lange H , Timofeev A , Uhrlandt D , Winter J 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
A dc low-pressure discharge in a helium–xenon mixture with a hot spot on a flat oxide cathode is investigated. The zone around this cathode spot is an interesting source of excitation of metastable and resonance atoms and can be effectively used for the study of fundamental aspects, e.g. transport phenomena of these excited atoms. The method of laser atomic absorption spectroscopy is used to measure the spatial distribution of these atoms. Since excitation sources are significantly distinct from the diffusion and radiation fundamental modes there is a need for correct interpretation of the experimental results based on simultaneous solution of the diffusion equation and the equation of radiation transport. It is shown that the conventional method for the description of resonance radiation transport, which uses the effective lifetime approximation according to Holstein–Biberman, cannot reproduce the spatial distribution of excited atoms in this type of discharge. The influence of various transport mechanisms and of the collisional coupling between the two lowest excited states of xenon on the spatial distribution of these densities is analysed. It is found that the excited atoms appear on the discharge periphery mainly due to resonance radiation transport.
Pragmatic Modernism
Authors: Schoenbach Lisi 
Published: January 2012

AbstractModernism has long been understood as a radical repudiation of the past. Reading against the narrative of modernism-as-break, this book traces an alternative strain of modernist thought that grows out of pragmatist philosophy and is characterized by its commitment to gradualism, continuity, and recontextualization. It rediscovers a distinctive response to the social, intellectual, and artistic transformations of modernity in the work of Henry James, Marcel Proust, Gertrude Stein, Oliver Wendell Holmes, John Dewey, and William James. These thinkers share an institutionally-grounded approach to change which emphasizes habit, continuity, and daily life over spectacular events, heroic opposition, and radical rupture. They developed an active, dialectical approach to habit, maintaining a critical stance toward mindless repetitions while refusing to romanticize moments of shock or conflict. Through its analysis of pragmatist keywords, including “habit,” “institution,” “prediction,” and “bigness,” the book offers new readings of works by James, Proust, Stein, and Andre Breton, among others. It shows, for instance, how Stein’s characteristic literary innovation-her repetitions-aesthetically materialize the problem of habit; or how institutions in James’s novels-businesses, museums, newspapers, the law, and even the state itself-manage to shape and influence the subtlest of personal observations and private gestures. This study reconstructs an overlooked strain of modernism. In so doing, it helps us to reimagine the stark choice between political quietism and total revolution that has been handed down to us as modernism’s legacy.
Spell‐Out and the Minimalist Program
Authors: Uriagereka Juan 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSince Juan Uriagereka originated the multiple spell-out model in 1999 it has been one of the most influential lines of research in syntactic theorizing. The model simplified a crucial element of the minimalist account of language making it a more accurate reflection of syntax and its acquisition. This book explores important consequences of the multiple spell-out hypothesis and of the linked notion of cyclicity. It combines the latest thinking in linguistics with perspectives drawn from physics, biology, and animal behaviour, aiming thereby to advance the field first described by Noam Chomsky as biolinguistics. Without simplifying, this book seeks to present the issues and their broader biological significance. The subjects discussed include the linearization of structure, the punctuated nature of a derivation (the multiple spell-out model), cyclicity and its consequences for locality, and the definition of c-command and its relevance to various types of grammatical dependency. The book discusses the evolutionary implications of Uriagereka's work, considering, for example, whether the punctuated nature of the derivation is a resolution of conflicting demands that yield an equilibrium found in nature more generally.
2 Beer Production, Profits, and Public Authorities in the Renaissance
Authors: Unger Richard W. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis chapter deals with a range of success-constraining problems which brewers faced during the Renaissance, despite a rapid growth in demand for beer and increasing sales. Technical changes led to higher average size of firms in the industry and so increased capital requirements. Governments at all levels took a greater interest in regulating and taxing brewing. The industry was largely urban and environmental degradation, in some cases caused by the ways of making beer, created pressure for more rules and more investment. Rising land costs along with rising prices of some principal raw materials also threatened the profitability of the industry. Eventually the hurdles proved too high and profits along with brewing stagnated or declined in the second half of the 17th century. Trends were all but universal in the beer-drinking regions of Europe.
8 Recent Economic Developments in the Import and Craft Segments of the US Brewing Industry
Authors: Tremblay Carol Horton , Tremblay Victor J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis chapter explores recent economic trends in the import and craft sectors of the U.S. beer market. In 1970, beer sales of imports and crafts (microbrewers, brewpubs, and regional craft brewers) made up only 1% of U.S. beer sales, compared to 17% today. The reasons for this impressive gain are investigated. The data documented in this study include trends in market share; profit-to-sales ratios for the largest craft brewers; imports, exports, and import share by leading brands; advertising for leading brands; and demographic characteristics of beer consumers. Income and the demand for variety, novelty, and prestige appear to be important drivers of the increasing popularity of import and craft beers in the U.S.
10 Competition Policy towards Brewing: Rational Response to Market Power or Unwarranted Interference in Efficient Markets?
Authors: Slade Margaret E. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
This chapter looks at general issues that competition authorities must face when designing a rational competition policy for any industry, and examines specific issues that arise when that industry is beer brewing. Both horizontal (i.e., firms in the same product market) and vertical (i.e., firms in a buying and selling chain) are considered, and the efficiency and market-power motives for common horizontal and vertical practices are assessed. These general issues are illustrated with two case studies, both from the UK beer industry. The horizontal case involves mergers among large brewers, whereas the vertical case involves the use of exclusive-dealing clauses and two-part tariffs in contracts between brewers and retailers.
Epidemiology: clues to the pathogenesis of Burkitt lymphoma
Authors: Magrath Ian 
Published: January 2012

SummaryThe two major epidemiological clues to the pathogenesis of Burkitt lymphoma (BL) are the geographical association with malaria – BL incidence relates to the malaria transmission rate – and early infection by Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). Both agents cause B cell hyperplasia, which is almost certainly an essential component of lymphomagenesis in BL. The critical event in lymphomagenesis is the creation of a MYC translocation, bringing the MYC gene into juxtaposition with immunoglobulin genes and causing its ectopic expression, thereby driving the proliferation of BL cells. It is highly likely that such translocations are mediated by the activation‐induced cytidine deaminase (AID) gene, which is responsible for hypervariable region mutations as well as class switching. Stimulation of the Toll‐like receptor 9 by malaria‐associated agonists induces AID, providing a mechanism whereby malaria could directly influence BL pathogenesis. EBV‐containing cells must reach the memory cell compartment in order to survive throughout the life of the individual, which probably requires traversal of the germinal centre. Normally, cells that do not produce high affinity antibodies do not survive this passage, and are induced to undergo apoptosis. EBV, however, prevents this, and in doing so may also enhance the likelihood of survival of rare translocation‐containing cells.
Risk factors and treatment of childhood and adolescent Burkitt lymphoma/leukaemia
Authors: Miles Rodney R. , Arnold Staci , Cairo Mitchell S. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryBurkitt lymphoma/leukaemia is the most common (40%) form of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma that occurs in children and adolescents. The prognosis of advanced (disseminated) Burkitt lymphoma/leukaemia in children and adolescents three decades ago had a 5‐year event‐free survival (EFS) of <40%, and required combination chemotherapy and radiation therapy over a 1–2 year period. Currently, the prognosis for the same advanced stage has a 5‐year EFS of 85–90% with <6 months of chemotherapy only. Radiation therapy has been eliminated for children and adolescents with Burkitt lymphoma/leukaemia except in emergencies, such as superior vena cava syndrome and acute neurological impairment or in patients with relapse/progression. Current risk factors in the prognosis of childhood and adolescent Burkitt lymphoma/leukaemia include: lactate dehydrogenase level ≥ 2× the upper normal limit at diagnosis, bone marrow and central nervous system involvement, poor response to cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone reduction therapy and poor risk cytogenetics. New and novel therapeutic approaches include monoclonal antibody (anti‐CD20) therapy, targeted cellular immune therapy and small molecule inhibitors. Future strategies should include improved staging and risk classification, reduction of cytotoxic chemotherapy, the investigation of targeted therapy, an increased understanding of the underlying biology of Burkitt lymphoma/leukaemia, strategies for prevention and approaches to reduce acute and chronic toxicities.
Proliferation and differentiation potential of cryopreserved human skin‐derived precursors
Authors: Bakhtiari M. , Mansouri K. , Sadeghi Y. , Mostafaie A. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Objectives:  Skin‐derived precursors are recognized to be a potentially autologous and accessible source of neural precursor cells for drug screening or cell‐based treatments, in many neurological disorders. Thus, it is necessary to investigate appropriate methods for cryopreservation of such human skin‐derived precursors (hSKPs). The aim of this study was to evaluate different cryopreservation techniques for retention of hSKPs to discover an optimized protocol.
Materials and methods:  We cryopreserved hSKPs treated with 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% foetal bovine serum (FBS) and three concentrations of dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) 5%, 10% and 15%, with two different storage periods in liquid nitrogen (2 days: short‐term storage; and 2 months: long‐term storage). Then, we assessed survival and proliferation levels of the cells after freeze–thaw processes, by viability measurement and colony‐forming assay. For detecting hSKPs, we used immunocytochemistry and RT‐PCR assessments.
Results:  Our findings indicated that hSKPs cryopreserved in 5% DMSO without FBS, had better survival and proliferation potentials compared to other working formulations. With various concentrations of cryoprotectants over different time periods, hSKPs retained their differentiation potentiality and were able to differentiate into neurons (NFM and βΙΙΙ tubulin‐positive), glial cells (GFAP‐positive) and smooth muscle cells (SMA‐positive).
Conclusions:  Results revealed that in only 5% DMSO, hSKPs could be cryopreserved for long‐term storage with considerable survival and proliferation levels, without losing multipotency.
Securin predicts aneuploidy and survival in breast cancer
Authors: Karra Henna , Pitkänen Reino , Nykänen Marjukka , Talvinen Kati , Kuopio Teijo , Söderström Mirva , Kronqvist Pauliina 
Published: January 2012

Karra H, Pitkänen R, Nykänen M, Talvinen K, Kuopio T, Söderström M & Kronqvist P  (2012) Histopathology 60, 586–596 Securin predicts aneuploidy and survival in breast cancerAims:  Securin is known to participate in maintaining chromosomal integrity during the cell cycle through regulation of metaphase–anaphase transition, DNA damage repair, and apoptosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of securin in aneuploidy and prognosis in human breast cancer.Methods and results:  The study was based on 603 breast cancer patients with up to 20 years of follow‐up. DNA content was determined by image cytometry on cell imprints, and securin immunohistochemistry was performed on tissue microarrays of breast cancer tissue. We show, for the first time in human breast cancer, that high‐level securin expression predicts abnormal DNA content, with up to 9.8‐fold odds for aneuploid DNA content (P = 0.0007). Securin also shows strong independent prognostic value for disease‐specific survival, with a significant difference in survival time between patients with low‐level and high‐level securin expression.Conclusions:  The main result of the present study is the association of aneuploidy and securin expression. According to our results, securin immunohistochemistry is also a potential new prognosticator for treatment decisions concerning breast cancer patients.
Efficacy of D‐RaCe and ProTaper Universal Retreatment NiTi instruments and hand files in removing gutta‐percha from curved root canals – a micro‐computed tomography study
Authors: Rödig T. , Hausdörfer T. , Konietschke F. , Dullin C. , Hahn W. , Hülsmann M. 
Published: January 2012

Rödig T, Hausdörfer T, Konietschke F, Dullin C, Hahn W, Hülsmann M. Efficacy of D‐RaCe and ProTaper Universal Retreatment NiTi instruments and hand files in removing gutta‐percha from curved root canals – a micro‐computed tomography study. International Endodontic Journal, 45, 580–589, 2012.AbstractAim  To compare the efficacy of two rotary NiTi retreatment systems and Hedström files in removing filling material from curved root canals.Methodology  Curved root canals of 57 extracted teeth were prepared using FlexMaster instruments and filled with gutta‐percha and AH Plus. After determination of root canal curvatures and radii in two directions, the teeth were assigned to three identical groups (n = 19). The root fillings were removed with D‐RaCe instruments, ProTaper Universal Retreatment instruments or Hedström files. Pre‐ and postoperative micro‐CT imaging was used to assess the percentage of residual filling material as well as the amount of dentine removal. Working time and procedural errors were recorded. Data were analysed using analysis of covariance and analysis of variance procedures.Results  D‐RaCe instruments were significantly more effective than ProTaper Universal Retreatment instruments and Hedström files (P < 0.05). Hedström files removed significantly less dentine than the rotary NiTi systems (P < 0.0001). D‐RaCe instruments were significantly faster compared to both other groups (P < 0.05). No procedural errors such as instrument fracture, blockage, ledging or perforation were detected in the Hedström group. In the ProTaper group, four instrument fractures and one lateral perforation were observed. Five instrument fractures were recorded for D‐RaCe.Conclusions  D‐RaCe instruments were associated with significantly less residual filling material than ProTaper Universal Retreatment instruments and hand files. Hedström files removed significantly less dentine than both rotary NiTi systems. Retreatment with rotary NiTi systems resulted in a high incidence of procedural errors.
The reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (W‐DEQ) with pregnant women
Authors: KORUKCU O. , KUKULU K. , FIRAT M. Z. 
Published: January 2012

Accessible summary
The reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire suggests that the Turkish version of the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire has good comprehensibility, internal consistency and validity and is an adequate and useful instrument for the evaluation of fear of childbirth in Turkish pregnant women.
AbstractThis methodological study was planned to translate the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (W‐DEQ) into Turkish and to investigate its reliability for both nulliparous and parous women in Turkish population. A total of 660 healthy women with normal pregnancies at gestational ages of between 28 and 40 weeks were recruited. The internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's α) was used for determining the reliability of the W‐DEQ. Construct validity was also determined utilizing the known‐groups method. In this study, independent sample t‐tests were used to compare the nulliparous and parous groups differing in known fear status. In order to test the construct of the W‐DEQ, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale and Brief Measure of Worry Severity scales were chosen as these scales are expected to correlate with the W‐DEQ. Analysis of the construct validity of the W‐DEQ version A using Pearson's correlation coefficients was performed for both nulliparous and parous women separately. All the scales in both groups showed a statistically significant correlation with the W‐DEQ. The alpha coefficient (0.89) is well above the 0.70 criterion for internal consistency reliability. Turkish form of Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire Version A was fixed as reliable and valid means to measure the level of fear of childbirth among Turkish pregnants.