bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of the STRV 1c and 1d mission based on the experiences of STRV 1a and 1b
Authors: Wells N S 
Published: April 2011

Following the successful launch in June 1994 and subsequent operations in the geosynchronous transfer orbit of the space technology research vehicle (STRV 1a and STRV 1b) spacecraft, the Defence Evaluation and Research Agency conducted a feasibility study and project definition phase for a follow-on mission. Having successfully completed these phases, the detailed design and construction of the STRV 1c and 1d spacecraft are now well advanced and a launch date is planned in early 2000. The mission objectives for the follow-on spacecraft are the same as they were for the initial mission, i.e. to enable international governments and industry to enhance operational space missions by proving new technologies in the highly stressing environment of the orbit aboard a low-cost, short time-scale series of small (>100 kg) satellites. The author provides a description of the design of the STRV 1c and 1d spacecraft and ground segment and discusses the necessary evolution from the first mission design.
Robot- and computer-assisted craniotomy (CRANIO): From active systems to synergistic man—machine interaction
Authors: Cunha-Cruz V , Follmann A , Popovic A , Bast P , Wu T , Heger S , Engelhardt M , Schmieder K , Radermacher K 
Published: April 2011

Computer and robot assistance in craniotomy/craniectomy procedures is intended to increase precision and efficiency of the removal of calvarial tumours, enabling the preoperative design and manufacturing of the corresponding implant. In the framework of the CRANIO project, an active robotic system was developed to automate the milling processes based on a predefined resection planning. This approach allows for a very efficient milling process, but lacks feedback of the intra-operative process to the surgeon. To better integrate the surgeon into the process, a new teleoperated synergistic architecture was designed. This enables the surgeon to realize changes during the procedure and use their human cognitive capabilities. The preoperative planning information is used as guidance for the user interacting with the system through a master—slave architecture. In this article, the CRANIO system is presented together with this new synergistic approach. Experiments have been performed to evaluate the accuracy of the system in active and synergistic modes for the bone milling procedure. The laboratory studies showed the general feasibility of the new concept for the selected medical procedure and determined the accuracy of the system. Although the integration of the surgeon partially reduces the efficiency of the milling process compared with a purely active (automatic) milling, it provides more feedback and flexibility to the user during the intra-operative procedure. Editor's note: This paper was commissioned for this Image Guided Surgery special issue, but has been published in an earlier issue. It can be found in Proc. IMechE, Part H: J. Engineering in Medicine, 2010, 224(H3), 441–452. DOI: 10.1243/09544119JEIM596.
Acute lupus myocarditis: Clinical features and outcome
Authors: Appenzeller S , Pineau CA , Clarke AE 
Published: April 2011

Background: Cardiomyopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may be secondary to myocardial inflammation (i.e. myocarditis) or to systemic complications such as hypertension. Symptomatic left ventricular dysfunction is the most common clinical presentation of cardiomyopathy and is potentially life threatening. Identifying the cause is critical as it dictates therapy. Methods: We present three cases of left ventricular failure suggestive of myocarditis in SLE patients followed in the Lupus Clinic of the Montreal General Hospital over a 5-year period. Results: The most frequent presentation is acute onset of a marked reduction of the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). All patients were treated with cardiac support, prednisone, and additional immunosuppressive medications. Improvement of symptoms and LVEF was observed in two of three patients. Conclusion: Myocarditis is a rare, but life-threatening, manifestation of SLE. With immunosuppressive medications and cardiovascular support, the long-term outcome is usually favorable.
Sintering of 316L stainless steels to high density via the addition of chromium—molybdenum dibromide powders Part 1: Sintering performance and mechanical properties
Authors: Becker B S , Bolton J D , Eagles A M 
Published: April 2011

Single and mixed additions of both chromium diboride and molybdenum diboride powders were effective in raising the sintered density of water-atomized 316L stainless steel to 98 per cent of the full density at sintering temperatures in the range 1250-1300°C. Chromium diboride was more effective than molybdenum diboride in reducing the sintering temperature. The mechanical properties in terms of tensile strength and ductility were superior to those obtained with normal sintered stainless steel and the alloys exhibited considerable ductility despite the presence of a grain boundary boride eutectic phase. Mixed additions of both chromium plus molybdenum diboride gave the best overall levels of strength and ductility.
Structural integrity—whose responsibility?
Authors: Miller K J 
Published: April 2011

Structural Integrity (SI) as a single distinct subject has now come of age. It has grown, sometimes painfully, through the activities of many different engineering and scientific disciplines, numerous professional institutions, separate industrial organizations, several university engineering departments and national and international societies. An accelerated impetus has been derived from severe engineering problems and accidents, some of which are briefly reviewed. In the UK and elsewhere the numerous but separate disciplines initially involved in SI have each made valuable contributions. Engineers and scientists attempted to solve practical problems, but without accurate knowledge of the applied stress levels. They were followed by metallurgists, who focused attention on a materials microstructure. Design engineers and manufacturers were unable to incorporate defects of the order of grain size, or less, into their calculations. All were eventually assisted by two important developments. First came the rapid advances in two-and three-dimensional finite element analyses of stress distributions in complex-shaped geometries, and second, the study of cracks by elastic and then elastic-plastic fracture mechanics. When combined, these computer-assisted developments focused attention on the all-important synergistic parameter a. En-route to this improved state of affairs several alternative approaches were investigated to quantify the SI of structures, components and materials, many of these alternatives effectively delaying progress for many years, at great cost. Although the UK has made numerous positive contributions to SI investigations, sometimes due to unfortunate although avoidable accidents, of which many recent incidents are well-documented, future pitfalls and false trails have to be avoided wherever and whenever possible. To achieve this, individual discipline approaches now need to be better integrated at national and international levels. The increasing complexity of engineering components and structures intended to work at higher temperatures, in more aggressive environments, and with greater efficiency, will demand a higher degree of synthesis of effort. Society will demand nothing less Failures due to inappropriate and/or incorrect SI assessments leading to increasing costs to the nation in terms of human, animal and plant life, environmental damage to land sea and air, disruption to societal activities, not to mention the associated Government-sourced budget losses, need to be dramatically reduced. By looking at some industry-university collaborations in SI studies, it is hoped that the issues raised in this lecture will help in plotting the way forward and answering the question ‘Structural Integrity-whose responsibility?’
Physically based damage models for laminated composites
Authors: McCartney L N 
Published: April 2011

The computing power that is available for engineering calculation continues to grow at a dramatic pace. Engineers in industry want to have seamless models that can be used to design across the scale range from atoms to structures, including simulation of the manufacturing process. A limited aspect of this wish is the requirement to deal effectively with the progressive growth of microstructural damage in composites and its effect on both property degradation and the catastrophic failure event. This paper reviews progress that is being made at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) with the development and validation of physically based damage growth models for laminated composites. The review includes: (a) prediction of undamaged ply properties determined from the properties of the fibre and the matrix, with emphasis on comparison of analytical models with each other, and with finite and boundary element solutions; (b) discussion of various stress transfer models, and their validation, that have been developed for application to the prediction of the properties of composite laminates having ply crack damage; (c) prediction of ply cracking in multiple-ply cross-ply laminates subject to triaxial loading (without shear) and bending; (d) prediction of ply cracking in general symmetric laminates subject to combined triaxial loading and in-plane shear loading; (e) consideration in a damage mechanics context of progressive ply crack formation in general symmetric laminates subject to thermal residual stresses and general in-plane loading, where an important new methodology is described that results from attempting to develop a continuum damage model from a physically based discrete ply cracking model based on energy concepts; (f) discussion of how the models might be integrated into finite element analysis (FEA) systems to enable strain softening in structures to be adequately modelled. The paper also includes statements concerning the status of the various models in relation to alternative approaches, and to model validation.
Transformation-induced creep and stress relaxation of TiNi shape memory alloy
Authors: Matsui R , Tobushi H , Ikawa T 
Published: April 2011

The subloop deformation behaviour of a TiNi shape memory alloy (SMA) under various loading conditions was investigated. Creep and stress relaxation were induced for stress-controlled subloop loadings. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: 1. In the case of subloop loading under stress-controlled conditions, strain increases under constant stress in the loading process and decreases in the unloading process. Creep and creep recovery appear owing to martensitic transformation (MT). 2. In the case of subloop loading under stress-controlled conditions, stress decreases under constant strain in the loading process and increases in the unloading process. Stress relaxation and stress recovery appear owing to martensitic transformation. 3. In the case of subloop loading under strain controlled-conditions with a low strain rate, the reloading stress-strain curve passes through the unloading start point. In the case of stress-controlled conditions, return-point memory does not appear. 4. The above behaviour of the return-point memory and pseudoviscoelastic behaviour of creep and stress relaxation appear according to the martensitic transformation and the reverse transformation, based on variations in stress and temperature.
Developing mental health social work for asylum seekers: A proposed model for practice
Authors: Masocha Shepard , Simpson Murray K 
Published: April 2011

• Summary: This article provides a critique of the epidemiological research that currently informs mental health social work with asylum seekers. Most of the literature that currently informs social work practice with asylum seekers with mental health difficulties comes from psychiatric studies which are largely underpinned by a medical model. • Findings: It is argued that aetiological accounts, predominantly deriving from psychiatry and based largely on biological causation, are untenable. A more comprehensive model is presented, which considers both biological causation and a social perspective and locates the mental health difficulties experienced by asylum seekers in a much wider context. The model is further divided into pre-, post- and migratory stress factors. • Application: The aim is to provide social work with a practical tool to make sense of the mental health difficulties faced by asylum seekers, help in the development of assessment tools, and help multidisciplinary agencies to define the roles and remit of staff as well as contribute towards the development of policy and practice.
Burnout among mental health care providers
Authors: Acker Gila M 
Published: April 2011

• Summary: The new mental health care delivery system in the USA strives to provide efficient quality care at a lower cost. This cost-effective approach and focus on short-term treatment modalities and measurable outcomes has created new challenges especially for those who work with clients with severe mental illness. This study explores the relationships between workplace conditions, role stress, burnout, and intent to quit. The direct and indirect effects of role stress on emotional exhaustion and emotional exhaustion on intent to quit are illuminated in order to better understand the complex process of becoming stressed and disillusioned with one’s work. • Findings: The results support the author’s expectations that role stress mediates the association between workplace variables and emotional exhaustion; and that emotional exhaustion mediates the association between role stress and intent to quit. • Applications: These results indicate that agencies and social work schools need to prepare students and new workers for the realistic aspects of mental health work, and provide them with the necessary skills required in order to balance the financial and the clinical aspects of mental health work. Supervisory support, peer support groups, and in-service training should also be considered as important interventions that can reduce workers burnout and its negative consequences.
‘Jack of all trades, master of none?’ Social work identity and homelessness in Australian cities
Authors: Zufferey Carole 
Published: April 2011

• Summary: Professional social work identity emerges from particular historical, sociopolitical and organizational contexts. This article examines social work practices and identities in the context of Australian social work responses to homelessness. It draws on historical and contemporary literature and a qualitative study that interviewed 39 social workers employed in the area of homelessness in Adelaide, Melbourne and Sydney, Australia. • Findings: The findings of this research indicate that social workers employed in the field of homelessness constructed their professional identities by drawing on historical debates in social work literature including structural and/or individual approaches to social problems, as well as by reflecting on the personal and professional tensions that arise from their practice contexts. It also found that professional social work identity is overshadowed by managerial organizational contexts, influencing social work practice in the field of homelessness. • Application: Debates have existed about social work identity since its inception. A critically informed approach to social work research, practice and literature provides significant insights into the challenges faced by social workers in this new and emerging area of practice and enables social workers to question social inequalities that disadvantage people experiencing homelessness. Further research is needed to identify differences and similarities between Australian and international social worker experiences in homelessness services.
Co-production in scholarly activity: Valuing the social capital of lay people and volunteers
Authors: Fenge Lee-Ann , Fannin Ann , Hicks Christina 
Published: April 2011

• Summary: Within the domains of health and social care the expertise of patients, service users, volunteers and carers is becoming increasingly recognized and valued. Their involvement in various aspects of research and service development is becoming more common through ‘co-production’, emphasizing the social capital of these groups in contributing to new types of knowledge and service development. This article develops the notion of ‘co-production’ further by discussing the value of involving lay people, volunteers, service users and carers in scholarly writing and dissemination activities, and will explore ways of achieving this. Bourdieu’s General Theoretical Framework is used to explore how the field of ‘higher education’ can embrace the social and cultural capital of those outside of the academy in both research and scholarly writing activities, and how volunteers and lay researchers can be supported in such activities. • Findings: In producing this article, two volunteers were asked to reflect on their experiences of becoming researchers, and their thoughts about disseminating the research findings through scholarly writing. The social capital of experts by experience can be valued within scholarly writing, and through this creative process different representations and understandings of the social world we live in begin to emerge. • Application: The importance of synthesizing alternate epistemologies within academic debate and discourse is centrally important when involving lay people and volunteers in research. This serves to stretch the boundaries of professional knowledge further, and contributes ‘insider’ perspectives to our understanding of social life.
Researching young people’s outcomes in children’s services: Findings from a longitudinal study
Authors: Wigley Veronica , Preston-Shoot Michael , McMurray Isabella , Connolly Helen 
Published: April 2011

• Summary: This article reports findings from a longitudinal study of outcomes for a sample of children who had become, or who were considered at risk of becoming looked after. Using a multi-case study design, two stages of the project are reported here. In Stage One, information was gathered from and relating to 21 young people. In Stage Two, semi-structured interviews were undertaken with 32 social workers, and 31 parents and carers regarding 52 children. Eleven of these young people also volunteered to be interviewed. Standardized measures were utilized including the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, Adolescent Well-Being Scale, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem and Self-Efficacy scale. • Findings: The study highlights the need for preventive multi-agency work with families with multiple risk factors and the importance of education and children’s social care working co-operatively together on behalf of children in need. The study demonstrates the ongoing challenges in providing low level emotional therapeutic work, building on young people’s prosocial relationships with peers, and finding effective ways of improving children’s self esteem and self efficacy. In this local authority children did not feel routinely involved in decision-making. Placement stability, meeting the short and longer-term needs of all placed children, and addressing the needs of foster carers and residential children’s home staff, also presented challenges. • Application: The study highlights the importance of the organizational context when meeting young people’s needs, including strong leadership, quality assurance, ongoing assessment and focused interventions.
Integrity of hybrid steel-to-composite joints for marine application
Authors: Boyd S W , Blake J I R , Shenoi R A , Kapadia A 
Published: April 2011

There are many instances where the use of weight-saving polymer composite material for an entire structure is either too complex, too expensive or unfeasible. In these circumstances the use of a hybrid structure can incorporate the benefits of traditional (e.g. steel) construction coupled with the advantages of composite materials [e.g. glass-reinforced polymers, glass-reinforced plastic (GRP)] in weight-critical areas. A number of studies have been carried out on the static strength of hybrid steel-to-composite joints. In the present study, an experimental investigation was undertaken into the fatigue life characterization of a hybrid steel-to-GRP joint. It was found that the fatigue data correlated well with the statistical-based Weibull cumulative distribution function. In addition, post fatigue (in-plane and out-of-plane) residual strength tests were undertaken to ascertain the joint structural performance after cyclic loading. Finite-element-based progressive damage analyses incorporating damage initiation and propagation characteristics, showed good correlation with experimental results.
Hamstring Injuries in Professional Football Players
Authors: Cohen Steven B. , Towers Jeffrey D. , Zoga Adam , Irrgang Jay J. , Makda Junaid , Deluca Peter F. , Bradley James P. 
Published: April 2011

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows for detailed evaluation of hamstring injuries; however, there is no classification that allows prediction of return to play. Purpose: To correlate time for return to play in professional football players with MRI findings after acute hamstring strains and to create an MRI scoring scale predictive of return to sports. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiologic study. Methods: Thirty-eight professional football players (43 cases) sustained acute hamstring strains with MRI evaluation. Records were retrospectively reviewed, and MRIs were evaluated by 2 musculoskeletal radiologists, graded with a traditional radiologic grade, and scored with a new MRI score. Results were correlated with games missed. Results: Players missed 2.6 ± 3.1 games. Based on MRI, the hamstring injury involved the biceps femoris long head in 34 cases and the proximal and distal hamstrings in 25 and 22 cases, respectively. When < 50% of the muscle was involved, the average number of games missed was 1.8; if > 75%, then 3.2. Ten players had retraction, missing 5.5 games. By MRI, grade I injuries yielded an average of 1.1 missed games; grade II, 1.7; and grade III, 6.4. Players who missed 0 or 1 game had an MRI score of 8.2; 2 or 3 games, 11.1; and 4 or more games, 13.9. Conclusions: Rapid return to play (< 1 week) occurred with isolated long head of biceps femoris injures with < 50% of involvement and minimal perimuscular edema, correlating to grade I radiologic strain (MRI score < 10). Prolonged recovery (missing > 2 or 3 games) occurs with multiple muscle injury, injuries distal to musculotendinous junction, short head of biceps injury, > 75% involvement, retraction, circumferential edema, and grade III radiologic strain (MRI score > 15). Clinical Relevance: MRI grade and this new MRI score are useful in determining severity of injury and games missed—and, ideally, predicting time missed from sports.