bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation of Salmonella with the use of 100 ml of the R10 modification of Rappaport's enrichment medium
Authors: Vassiliadis P. , Trichopoulos D. , Kalapothaki V. , Sérié Ch. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryOne hundred and eighty samples of pork sausages were examined after preenrichment in buffered peptone water (P medium), for the presence of salmonellas. From each pre-enrichment four enrichments were made: (1) 0·1 ml of P medium was inoculated into 10 ml of Rappaport's medium, formula R10 (R10/43 °C), (2) 1 ml of the P medium was added to 100 ml of R10 broth (R10/100 ml/43 °C), (3) 1 ml of P medium was inoculated into 10 ml of Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate broth (MK medium) prepared in accordance with the International Standards Organization document ISO 3565 (MK/43 °C) and (4) 10 ml of P medium were added to 100 ml of MK broth (MK/100 ml/43 °C). All the enrichments were incubated at 43 °C for 48 h. Forty-six and 47 samples were found positive with the first two enrichment methods (R10/43 °C and R10/100 ml/43 °C), while only 16 samples were found positive with the method MK/43 °C, and 27 with the method MK/100 ml/43 °C. The superiority of either one of the two R10 procedures over either one of the two MK methods is statistically highly significant (paired χ2; P < 0·001 in all four comparisons). The superiority of procedure MK/100 ml/43 °C over the method MK/43 °C is also statistically significant (P < 0·005). Both R10/43 °C and R10/100 ml/43 °C procedures had a much stronger inhibitory effect on the competing organisms (lactose- and sucrosenegative) than the two MK methods.
Recombinants of influenza virus type B as potential live vaccine candidates: RNA characterization and evaluation in man
Authors: Lobmann M. , Delem A. , Jovanovic D. , Peetermans J. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryTwo recombinants (R22 and R75) of the attenuated B/USSR/69 strain Brigit and the virulent B/Hong Kong/5/72 and one recombinant (R5) of Brigit and the virulent B/Hong Kong/8/73 were selected for genotypic and phenotypic characterization. All three recombinants had the growth property of the attenuated parent Brigit. Analysis of their RNA's by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that, the strains R22 and R75 had derived all their genes from Brigit, those coding for haemagglutinin excepted. These recombinants were clinically evaluated and found to be attenuated and immunogenic. The recombinant R5 which derived, besides the gene coding for the haemagglutinin, several other genes from B/Hong Kong/8/73 was only partly attenuated since it induced influenza-like symptoms in one out of three volunteers.It is concluded that the strain Brigit can be used as a donor of genes for the attenuation of the B/Hong Kong/5/72 virus and that recombinants of influenza type B can be identified, like influenza type A recombinants, by their RNA pattern.
Correlation between uropathogenic properties ofEscherichia colifrom urinary tract infections and the antibody-coated bacteria test and comparison with faecal strains
Authors: Brooks Heather J. L. , Benseman Barbara A. , Peck Jayne , Bettelheim K. A. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryStrains ofEscherichia coliisolated from adult females with symptomatic urinary tract infection were found to possess the following properties significantly more frequently than faecal strains: (i) high K-antigen titre; (ii) haemolysin; (iii) type 1 pili; (iv) mannose-resistant haemagglutination; (v) fermentation of dulcitol and salicin; (vi) O serotype 2, 6 and 75; (vii) H serotype 1.E. coliisolated from urine specimens containing significant numbers of antibody-coated bacteria were richer in these seven properties than strains from urines without detectable antibody-coated bacteria.The O and H serotypes ofE. coliobtained from patients with urinary tract infection in two New Zealand cities were compared with those reported in the world literature and found to be similar.
The relationship of two equine mycoplasmas toMycoplasma mycoides
Authors: Lemcke R. M. , Ernø H. , Gupta U. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryTwo unidentified mycoplasmas, N3 and N11, isolated from the respiratory tract of horses, were found to cross-react with strains ofM. mycoidessubsp.mycoidesin indirect immunofluorescence tests, growth-inhibition tests carried out by the running drop/agar-well method, and in complement-fixation and double immunodiffusion tests. Serologically, the equine mycoplasmas were not completely identical with any of the reference strains ofM. mycoideswith which they were compared. Their cultural characteristics, ability to digest coagulated serum and casein, and survival at 45 °C, however, suggested that they were more closely related to strains ofM. mycoidessubsp.mycoides, such as Y-goat, which are found in goats, than to strains of that subspecies which are pathogenic for cattle.
Comparative effect of the three rodenticides warfarin, difenacoum and brodifacoum on eight rodent species in short feeding periods
Authors: Lund M. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryShort laboratory feeding tests were carried out with the anticoagulants warfarin, difenacoum, and brodifacoum on a number of European rodent species: Clethrionomys glareolus, Microtus agrestis, M. arvalis, Apodemus flavicollis, A. sylvaticus, Mus musculus, Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus. It was found that the toxicity to all species was highest with brodifacoum and lowest with warfarin, and that only 0·005% brodifacoum would give a complete mortality in most species after one day's feeding. The potential of this compound for the control of microtine field rodents is suggested.
Influenza B at Christ's Hospital: natural antibody to influenza B estimated by radial haemolysis
Authors: Grilli E. A. , Davies J. R. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThe technique of radial haemolysis (SRH) was used to assess the response to infection with different strains of influenza B virus, to determine the persistence of antibody following such infection and to examine sera from boys entering school at age 11 years. The technique detected 95 % of infections and in primary infection the antibody response was mainly to the infecting strain. Re-infections resulted in a broad response, both to the homotypic strain and to strains more distantly related. Antibody to the homotypic strain persisted for at least 3 years but in some individuals the reaction with heterotypic strains tended to become weaker – resulting in zones of incomplete lysis – or was lost. Examination of the sera collected on entry to the school showed that about 60 % of the boys bled before B/Hong Kong became widespread in the United Kingdom had antibody to strains representative of those isolated in the 1960s and few boys had antibody to B/Hong Kong. After 1974 antibody to B/Hong Kong and later strains became more common while antibody to earlier strains was less frequently detected. The significance of the results as an estimate of past experience is discussed.
Comparison of selenite F, Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate and Rappaport's medium for salmonella isolation from chicken giblets after pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water
Authors: Harvey R. W. S. , Price T. H. 
Published: March 2010

SummarySix hundred and eighty three samples of chicken giblets were examined for salmonellas. Three hundred and forty nine of these were neck and crop specimens and 334 were combined liver and heart samples. Two hundred and ten, in all, contained salmonellas.The technique of examination included pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water at 37 °C for 18 h and subculture to three enrichment media: Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate, selenite F and Rappaport's magnesium chloride malachite green broth. Inocula from buffered peptone water to 10 ml of tetrathionate and selenite were 1 ml in each case. The inoculum from the pre-enrichment medium to 10 ml of Rappaport was 0·005 ml. Tetrathionate and selenite were incubated at 43 °C for 48 h. Rappaport's medium was incubated at 37 °C for 48 h. Subcultures from all three enrichment broths were made at 24 h and 48 h to brilliant green MacConkey agar. Selective agars were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h.The most successful technique for salmonella isolation used Rappaport's medium, which was significantly more efficient than either tetrathionate or selenite. This finding reinforces results obtained using sewage polluted natural water as test material and it is suggested that routine examination of environment samples for salmonellas could be based on Rappaport's medium alone.If S. typhi, S. dublin or subgenus III salmonellas were likely to be present in the sample, the technique described here would require modification.
BCG vaccination of children against leprosy in Uganda: final results
Authors: Stanley Susan J. , Howland C. , Stone M. Mary , Sutherland I. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryA total of 19200 children, all contacts or relatives of known leprosy patients, and all free of visible leprosy lesions, were included in a controlled trial of BCG vaccination against leprosy in Uganda between 1960 and 1964. They were followed for an average of 8 years, during which time 261 developed early leprosy lesions. A less comprehensive follow-up was carried out for a further 5 years, when 8 more cases of leprosy were identified.In the main intake, between 1960 and 1962, 16150 tuberculin-negative or weakly tuberculin-positive (Heaf Grades O-II) children were allocated by an effectively random process to either a BCG-vaccinated or an unvaccinated control group. Both groups were seen and examined in an identical fashion for leprosy at approximately 2-year intervals, and precautions were taken to ensure unbiased assessment of new cases of leprosy. After 8 years, 41 cases of leprosy had been identified in the BCG-vaccinated group, and 201 in the control group, a percentage reduction in the BCG-vaccinated group compared with the control group of 80%. The percentage reduction was similar for those initially tuberculin-negative, and for those initially weakly positive, and did not depend upon the age at vaccination. It was also similar for both sexes, for contacts of lepromatous and contacts of non-lepromatous leprosy, for children having contact with one or more than one patient, and for differing grades of physical contact and genetic relationship with a patient. The protective effect of BCG vaccination continued over the 8-year period, although it may have fallen off slightly at the end.In a group of 1074 strongly tuberculin-positive (Heaf Grades III-IV) children followed in parallel with the other two groups a total of 16 cases of leprosy were identified. When adjusted for age, this incidence is 58% lower than that in the unvaccinated control children who were initially tuberculin-negative, indicating a protective effect against leprosy of naturally-acquired strong tuberculin sensitivity.Between 1970 and 1975, one new case of leprosy was identified in a child who had initially been strongly tuberculin-positive and had therefore not been vaccinated, one in a BCG-vaccinated child, and 6 in control children. Although the follow-up in this period was less comprehensive than that in the main part of the trial, the ascertainment of cases was unlikely to have been biased towards either vaccinated or control children. These results indicate a continuing protective effect of BCG up to 12–13 years after vaccination.
Change of drug resistance patterns and genetic properties of R plasmids inSalmonella typhimuriumof bovine origin isolated from 1970 to 1979 in northern Japan
Authors: Makino S. , Ishiguro N. , Sato G. , Seno N. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryA total of 321Salmonella typhimuriumstrains of bovine origin obtained in northern Japan during the period 1970–1979 were tested for drug resistance and detection of conjugative R plasmids. Three hundred and eighteen (99·1 %) of these strains were resistant to one or more drugs. The isolation frequency of multiply drug-resistant strains tended to increase year by year. Two hundred and thirty-seven (74·5%) of these resistant strains carried conjugative R plasmids. A total of 308 R plasmids including 174 (56·5 %) thermosensitive (ts) R plasmids were derived from the 237 drug-resistant strains, indicating that 71 (30·0%) strains have two different conjugative R plasmids in a single host cell. Of the 308 R plasmids examined for fertility inhibition (fi), 167 ts and 131 non-ts R plasmids werefi−. Of the 60 ts R plasmids examined for incompatibility, 50 were classified into H1 group and 10 into H2 group. Of the 52 non-ts R plasmids examined, 35 were classified into the Iα group and the remaining plasmids were untypable in our tests. Mercury resistance marker was found in about 20% of H1 R plasmids coding for multiresistance, and all of H2 R plasmids coded for resistance to tellurite. The clonal distribution of anS. typhimuriumstrain which carried an H1 R plasmid coding for resistance to six drugs and mercury was recognized in 1978 and 1979.
Corynebacterium haemolyticum infections in Sri Lanka
Authors: Wickremesinghe R. S. B. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryCorynebacterium haemolyticum infections are described for the first time in Sri Lanka. In a period of 2 years from 1978–80 C. haemolyticum was isolated from the pharynx of 9 patients with tonsillitis and from local septic lesions in 7 other patients. Association with other pathogens was common. No patients had a rash. The properties of the isolates are described.
Variation in skin and environmental survival of hospital gentamicin-resistant enterobacteria
Authors: Hart C. A. , Gibson Marjorie F. , Buckles Andrea M. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryDuring a period when 245 patients were infected by or harboured gentamicinresistant enterobacteria, random sampling showed hand carriage in 33% of affected patients but in only 5 % of attendant staff. Only klebsiellae were isolated from the latter. Recovery was commoner from the hands of bed-ridden patients or faecal carriers and significantly more frequent for klebsiellae (37 %) and enterobacter (33 %) than citrobacter (5·6 %) andE. coli(5·0 %). Similarly, survival on forearms of volunteers was much longer for klebsiellae and enterobacter than for citrobacter orE. coli(means respectively were 70, 45, 10 and 13 min), and on dry surfaces (means respectively were 28, 26, 3 and 7h). Klebsiellae were isolated from 17 of the 56 dry environmental surfaces sampled. The presence of plasmid resistance determinants had no effect on survival times, either on the skin or following drying onto formica surfaces. On dry surfaces 9·5% ofE. colibut only 1·3% of klebsiellae lost resistance to gentamiein. These findings accord well with recent experience in which gentamicin-resistant klebsiellae have been involved to a much greater extent than other resistant enterobacteria in hospital infection.
Comparison of the Microbact-12E and 24E systems and the API-20E system for the identification ofEnterobacteriaceae
Authors: Mugg P. , Hill A. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThe Microbact-24E and the Microbact-12E systems are two new miniaturized identification systems for the identification of organisms belonging to the familyEnterobacteriaceae. These two systems were compared to the API-20E system for the identification of 352 fresh clinical isolates ofEnterobacteriaceae. All three systems were easy to use and came complete with computerized profile registers to assist with final identification of the isolates. The Microbact-24E identified 98 %, the API-20E and MB-12E identifying 94·3% and 88·6% respectively. Where different identifications were obtained with the Microbact-24E and API-20E conventional biochemical tests, motility and serology were performed. The Microbact-24E system proved to be a very accurate and convenient means of identifying members of the familyEnterobacteriaceae.
Comparison of four methods of differential typing of isolates ofShigella sonnei
Authors: Helgason S. , Old D. C. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryAn epidemiological study of Sonne dysentery in Dundee during the years 1971–6 was made by examining, in respect of 1420 isolates ofShigella sonnei, the discriminating power of colicine typing, antibiogram testing, biotyping and resistotyping and the stability of the markers they provided.Colicine typing identified nine colicine types, including four not previously described. However, because types 4 and 4 var., determined bycolIb, and type U, producing no colicines, accounted for 96 % of the isolates, discrimination with colicine typing was poor. In antibiotic sensitivity tests, 13 different antibiogram patterns were noted. Less than 1 % of the isolates were sensitive to all of the eight antibiotics tested; most were multiply drug-resistant. Resistance to kanamycin, neomycin and paromomycin (KNP) was apparently due to a single resistance determinant, widely distributed in a majority (53%) of the isolates. When definitive times were chosen for reading each biotyping test, only maltose and rhamnose of the 13 ‘sugars’ tested differentiated isolates into prompt- and late-fermenting types. Though the ability to ferment rhamnose was a stable property, it discriminated only 1·5% of the minority, late-fermenting type. Resistotyping with six chemicals discriminated eight epidemiologically valid resistotypes, including three new types. However, 93 % of the isolates belonged to only three resistotypes.Analysis of the data for isolates from 286 epidemiologically distinct episodes showed that the variability of colicine and antibiogram characters, found among isolates within, respectively, 40 and 28 % of the episodes, was generally associated with loss or gain of a plasmid (‘colIb-KNP’) which determined production of colicine Ib and KNP resistance. These characters varied bothin vivoandin vitro. Variability of resistotype characters, on the other hand, was observed in only 28 (9%) episodes, 14 of which possibly represented examples of mixed or sequential infections.For accurate epidemiological tracing of strains ofSh. sonneiin a community, resistotyping, the technique showing the greatest discrimination and least variability of the four tested, should be included as the principal typing method.
Reducing the endotoxic activity of pertussis vaccine
Authors: Bannatyne R. M. , Cheung Rose 
Published: March 2010

SummaryUnadsorbed, regular production pertussis vaccine was treated with polymyxin B sulphate at concentrations of 25,50 and 100 μg/ml. The toxic activity of treated and untreated vaccines was compared using both the limulus amoebocyte lysate test and the mouse-weight-gain test. Protective efficacy was also assessed by the mouse protection test. No discernible effect on either toxicity or efficacy of the pertussis vaccine was observed. When the vaccine was treated with 5000 μg/ml of polymyxin, endotoxic activity assessed by the limulus lysate test appeared to be abolished.
Escherichia coliin gastroenteritis of children in Auckland, New Zealand
Authors: Goldwater P. N. , Bettelheim K. A. , Ellis-Pegler R. B. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryA study of stoolEscherichia coliin 60 children with gastroenteritis and 18 control children was carried out in Auckland, New Zealand in 1977. Toxigenic strains, heat labile and heat stable, predominated in the stools of only three children, all of whom had concomitant rotavirus. Classical enteropathogenicE. coli(EPEC) were found in patients and controls. Only one patient had many EPEC in the stool (086. H2), they were variably toxigenic and rotavirus was also present. No toxigenic serotype was isolated. Two potential pathogens were sometimes found. Overall there was no evidence for a substantial causative role for disease producingE. coliin these children.
Ecological aspects of the epidemiology of infection with leptospires of the Ballum serogroup in the black rat (Rattus rattus) and the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) in New Zealand
Authors: Hathaway S. C. , Blackmore D. K. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryEpidemiological aspects of infection with leptospires of the Ballum serogroup in black rats (Rattus rattus) and brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) are described. Rats inhabiting a variety of habitats were investigated and isolates identified as belonging to the Ballum serogroup were obtained from 21 of 61 black rats (34%) and 63 of 243 brown rats (26%). The high level of endemic Ballum serogroup infection in these species reported here has not been described in other countries.A statistical relationship was shown between the prevalence of infection in brown rat populations and population density but this was not evident for black rats. Epidemiological data indicates that the black rat is a maintenance host for leptospires of the Ballum serogroup in New Zealand. The brown rat does not appear to be an efficient maintenance host for these leptospires, however endemic infection can be maintained in high-density populations inhabiting synanthropic foci.An hypothesis of ‘competitive exclusion’ (preferential maintenance of a particular serovar by a host species) is introduced with regard to leptospiral infection in brown rats. It is concluded that the establishment and maintenance of an endemic focus of leptospirosis is dependant on: introduction of a particular serovar; a suitable host; and a suitable host habitat. Within a maintenance population direct transmission appears to be more important than indirect transmission via the environment.
Observations on the antigenic differences between the so-called SC and LC strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides
Authors: Smith G. R. , Oliphant Janet C. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThe so-called SC (small colony) and LC (large colony) strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides are said to be indistinguishable by the in vitro serological tests generally used in mycoplasmology. In mice the immunity given by a single dose of killed LC-strain vaccine against challenge with SC strains is – unlike that given by SC-strain vaccine – only partial.When multiple doses of killed or living vaccines were given, the majority of 13 LC strains still failed to immunize completely against a SC strain. This suggests that, although some protective antigens are shared between both types of strain, at least one of importance is present in the SC strains but absent from the majority of LC strains. The difference between the protective-antigen content of SC and most LC strains is thus qualitative, and not merely quantitative.
Hepatitis in dialysis units in the United Kingdom: a Public Health Laboratory Service Survey
Authors: Polakoff S. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryA prospective study of hepatitis that began in 1968 and continues to include more than half the dialysis units in the United Kingdom shows that type B infection has been completely controlled in such units since the last outbreak ended in 1973. Though occasionally a single patient has developed hepatitis B surface antigenaemia in the course of dialysis or after transplantation, the infection has not spread to other patients or staff in the survey units.A detailed analysis of the results in 1974–75 shows clustering of patients with raised aminotransferase levels in about one-fifth of the units but, unlike past outbreaks of hepatitis B, these clusters are not accompanied by clinical hepatitis among staff. The possibility that some of the clusters are caused by hepatitis viruses other than type A or B is discussed. It is concluded that, when reliable tests for type non-A non-B infections become available, the continued existence of the survey will allow prompt assessment of any viral hepatitis problems that may still exist in UK units.