bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of hexagonal structured wurtzite and chalcopyrite CuInS2 via a simple solution route
Authors: Sheng Xia , Wang Lei , Luo Yeping , Yang Deren 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWurtzite semiconductor CuInS2 [CIS] has been reported in recent years. As a kind of metastable structure, it is a great challenge to synthesize pure wurtzite CIS at low temperature. In this paper, via a simple and quick solution route, we synthesize both wurtzite- and chalcopyrite-structure CIS. Well-controlled wurtzite CIS hexagonal plates are obtained when an appropriate agent is added. The influence of the used agent triethanolamine [TEA] has also been studied, and it turns out that without TEA, chalcopyrite CIS with a kind of rare morphology is formed through this method.
Visceral Hyperalgesia Induced by Forebrain-Specific Suppression of Native Kv7/KCNQ/M-Current in Mice
Authors: Bi Yeping , Chen Hui , Su Jun , Cao Xu , Bian Xiling , Wang KeWei 
Published: November 2011

Background: Dysfunction of brain-gut interaction is thought to underlie visceral hypersensitivity which causes unexplained abdominal pain syndromes. However, the mechanism by which alteration of brain function in the brain-gut axis influences the perception of visceral pain remains largely elusive. In this study we investigated whether altered brain activity can generate visceral hyperalgesia. Results: Using a forebrain specific αCaMKII promoter, we established a line of transgenic (Tg) mice expressing a dominant-negative pore mutant of the Kv7.2/KCNQ2 channel which suppresses native KCNQ/M-current and enhances forebrain neuronal excitability. Brain slice recording of hippocampal pyramidal neurons from these Tg mice confirmed the presence of hyperexcitable properties with increased firing. Behavioral evaluation of Tg mice exhibited increased sensitivity to visceral pain induced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of either acetic acid or magnesium sulfate, and intracolon capsaicin stimulation, but not cutaneous sensation for thermal or inflammatory pain. Immunohistological staining showed increased c-Fos expression in the somatosensory SII cortex and insular cortex of Tg mice that were injected intraperitoneally with acetic acid. To mimic the effect of cortical hyperexcitability on visceral hyperalgesia, we injected KCNQ/M channel blocker XE991 into the lateral ventricle of wild type (WT) mice. Intracerebroventricular injection of XE991 resulted in increased writhes of WT mice induced by acetic acid, and this effect was reversed by co-injection of the channel opener retigabine. Conclusions: Our findings provide evidence that forebrain hyperexcitability confers visceral hyperalgesia, and suppression of central hyperexcitability by activation of KCNQ/M-channel function may provide a therapeutic potential for treatment of abdominal pain syndromes.
AUDocker LE: A GUI for virtual screening with AUTODOCK Vina
Authors: Sandeep Gaddam , Nagasree Kurre Purna , Hanisha Muppaneni , Kumar Muthyala Murali Krishna 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackgroundAUTODOCK Vina is an open-source program which is steadfast and authentic to perform docking simulations. Though, Auto Dock Tools can help perform docking simulations with Vina, it largely remains as a platform for docking single molecule at a time.Findings"AUDocker LE" is designed with an aim to develop a software tool as a front end graphical interface with C# language to perform docking experiments in Windows based computers. It helps users to perform automated continuous docking of large ligand databases into a set of predefined protein targets. It will also help the user to analyze the results to select promising lead molecules.ConclusionAUDocker LE provides a straight forward graphical interface which can be used in a standard personal computer with Microsoft Windows XP or Windows 7 as the operating system where Autodock Vina, Python 2.5 and .net frame work are preinstalled.
Separation of trivalent actinides and lanthanides from simulated high-level waste using cobalt bis(dicarbollide) ion derivate substituted with diphenyl-N-tert.octyl-carbamoylmethylphosphine oxide
Authors: Selucký P. , Lučaníková M. , Grüner B. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
A derivative with cobalt bis(dicarbollide)(1−) ion covalently bonded with diphenyl-N-tert.octyl-carbamoylmethylphosphine oxide with a formula [(8-Ph2P(O)-CH2C(O)N-t-C8H17-(CH2-CH2O)2-(1,2-C2B9H10)(1´,2´-C2B9H11)-3,3´-Co]− (CMPO-COSAN) has been evaluated for actinides(III)/lanthanides(III) separation from high level liquid waste (HLLW) from PUREX reprocessing. The procedures for HLLW treatment by CMPO-COSAN dissolved in low polar mixture of hexylmethylketone and hydrogenated tetrapropylene (HMK/TPH, 1:1) or polar mixture of nitrobenzene/bromoform (NB/BF, 9:1) were proposed. The good separation of Am(III)/Ln(III) from bulk of fission products was achieved. The trivalent radionuclides were effectively stripped from the loaded organic phase by using ammonium citrate or solution of ammonium citrate and ammonium diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (DTPA). The co-extraction of some undesirable elements as Zr, Mo, Pd was suppressed using oxalic acid and HEDTA in extraction and a scrub steps. However, co-extraction of Ag has to be solved, yet.
Improved Metabolic Control in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Rosenbauer Joachim , Dost Axel , Karges Beate , Hungele Andreas , Stahl Anna , Bächle Christina , Gerstl Eva Maria , Kastendieck Christian , Hofer Sabine E. , Holl Reinhard W. ,   on behalf of the DPV Initiative and the German BMBF Competence Network Diabetes Mellitus
Published: November 2011

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the temporal trend of metabolic control and potential predictors in German and Austrian children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This study is based on a large, multicenter database for prospective longitudinal documentation of diabetes care in Germany and Austria. Data from 30,708 patients documented in 305 diabetes centers between 1995 and 2009 were analyzed. Generalized linear mixed regression models were used to adjust trend analysis for relevant confounders.

RESULTS
Unadjusted mean HbA1c decreased from 8.7 ± 1.8% in 1995 to 8.1 ± 1.5% in 2009. In multiple regression analysis, treatment year, age, sex, diabetes duration, migration background, BMI-SDS, and daily insulin dose were significant predictors of metabolic control (P &lt; 0.001). After multiple adjustment, mean HbA1c decreased significantly by 0.038% per year (95% CI 0.032–0.043%), average odds ratio (OR) per year for HbA1c &gt;7.5% (&gt;9.0%) was 0.969 (95% CI 0.961–0.977) (0.948, 95% CI 0.941–0.956). Intensified insulin regimen was associated with lower frequency of poor metabolic control (HbA1c &gt;9%; P = 0.005) but not with average HbA1c (P = 0.797). Rate of severe hypoglycemia and hypoglycemic coma decreased significantly (relative risk [RR] per year 0.948, 95% CI 0.918–0.979; RR 0.917, 95% CI 0.885–0.950) over the study period. Diabetic ketoacidosis rate showed no significant variation over time.

CONCLUSIONS
This study showed a significant improvement in metabolic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes during the past decade and a simultaneous decrease in hypoglycemic events. The improvement was not completely explained by changes in the mode of insulin treatment. Other factors such as improved patient education may have accounted for the observed trend.
Nuclear and chloroplast SSR markers in Paeonia delavayi (Paeoniaceae) and cross‐species amplification in P. ludlowii
Authors: Zhang Jin‐Mei , Liu Jing , Sun Hai‐Lu , Yu Jing , Wang Jian‐Xiu , Zhou Shi‐Liang 
Published: November 2011

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite primers were developed for Paeonia delavayi and P. ludlowii (Paeoniaceae) to study their population genetics and phytogeography.• Methods and Results: Nine polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci were isolated from an enriched library of P. delavayi and primers were designed. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 16; the observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.014 to 0.687 and 0.042 to 0.875, respectively. Six polymorphic chloroplast microsatellite loci were identified in P. delavayi and primers were provided. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to six and the polymorphic information content ranged from 0.08 to 0.716. Both nuclear and chloroplast primers were successfully applicable to P. ludlowii.• Conclusions: The markers developed here will facilitate analyses of genetic diversity, population genetic structure, phytogeographical patterns, and conservation for P. delavayi and P. ludlowii.
Are the Stages of Change Socioeconomically Distributed? a Scoping Review
Authors: Adams Jean , White Martin 
Published: November 2011

Objective. To conduct a rapid scoping review to explore the hypothesis that socioeconomic affluence is associated with a more advanced stage of change for health behaviors. Data Source. Key-word searches of MEDline, Embase, PyschINFO, and www.google.com were conducted. Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria. Studies identified by the searches were included if they were published between 1982 and September 2003, written in English, and reported information on the distribution of the stages of change for any health behavior according to a marker of socioeconomic position (SEP). Data Extraction. Data on the behavior studied, the sample studied, the measure of SEP used, the definitions of the stages of change used, and the distribution of the stages of change according SEP were extracted by a single reviewer. Data Synthesis. As far as possible, data were reanalyzed by the chi-square test to determine if there was evidence that the distribution of the stages of change varied according to SEP. A formal meta-analysis was not appropriate. Results. Twenty-one studies reporting data on 30 samples and 188,850 individuals were included. Significant variations in the distribution of the stages of change were found according to SEP, in the expected direction, in 16 (53%) samples representing 171,183 (91%) individuals. Conclusions. There is substantial published evidence that more-affluent people tend to be in more-advanced stages of change than are more-deprived people.
Impact of Intervention Dose on Cancer-Related Health Behaviors among Working-Class, Multiethnic, Community Health Center Patients
Authors: Kaphingst Kimberly A. , Lobb Rebecca , Fay Martha E. , Hunt Mary K. , Suarez Elizabeth Gonzalez , Fletcher Robert H. , Emmons Karen M. 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. To examine the relationship between intervention dose and health behavior change in Healthy Directions–Health Centers, an intervention designed to reduce cancer risk factors. Design. Analysis of intervention condition participant data from a randomized controlled trial. Setting. Community health centers in Massachusetts. Subjects. Patients residing in low-income, working-class, multiethnic neighborhoods. Intervention. Components were clinician endorsement, in-person counseling session and four telephone counseling sessions with a trained health advisor, and social-contextual tailored materials. Measures. Intervention dose was number of six possible intervention components completed by each participant. Changes in fruit and vegetable consumption, red meat consumption, physical activity, and multivitamin intake between baseline (n = 1088) and 8-month follow-up (n = 967; 89% of baseline sample) were determined. Analysis. Bivariate and multivariate associations between intervention dose and change in health behaviors were examined. Results. In multivariate analysis, the association between intervention dose and increase in multivitamin intake approached significance (p < .07). Seventy percent of participants completed all intervention activities. In bivariate analysis, completion of four telephone counseling calls was associated with decrease in red meat consumption (p < .05). Conclusion. These findings indicate that future studies should examine the number, content, and length of contacts needed for behavior change. The results also suggest that health centers are a channel for reaching diverse populations, as shown by the high level of intervention implementation.
Environment and Active Living: The Roles of Health Risk and Economic Factors
Authors: Lee Chanam 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. This study examines the associations that a neighborhood's physical and social environments have with transportation and recreation physical activities, with an emphasis on the roles of health risk and economic factors. Design. It is a cross-sectional study with a hypothesis-testing approach. Setting. The study was conducted within the city of Seattle, Washington. Subjects. The subjects included 438 able-bodied, randomly selected adults. Measures. Physical activity and sociodemographic data came from a telephone survey (34% response rate). Environmental variables were measured subjectively as people's perceptions and objectively using the Geographic Information System. Bivariate analyses and the Structural Equation Model were used to test the overall theoretic framework and the relationships among latent and observed variables. Results. Lower-income populations lived in areas with more routine destinations and higher densities and were more active for transportation than higher-income populations. People with higher health risks were less active for both transportation and recreation purposes. The social environment—perception of people walking and biking in the neighborhood—was more strongly associated with recreational physical activities, while the physical environment was more strongly associated with transportation physical activities. Conclusion. Further investigation of different subpopulations and explicit distinction among different purposes of physical activities are needed in future research and interventions. This study is limited to urban areas and cross-sectional data.
The Urban Built Environment and Obesity in New York City: A Multilevel Analysis
Authors: Rundle Andrew , Roux Ana V. Diez , Freeman Lance M. , Miller Douglas , Neckerman Kathryn M. , Weiss Christopher C. 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. To examine whether urban form is associated with body size within a densely-settled city. Design. Cross-sectional analysis using multilevel modeling to relate body mass index (BMI) to built environment resources. Setting. Census tracts (n = 1989) within the five boroughs of New York City. Subjects. Adult volunteers (n = 13,102) from the five boroughs of New York City recruited between January 2000 and December 2002. Measures. The dependent variable was objectively-measured BMI. Independent variables included land use mix; bus and subway stop density; population density; and intersection density. Covariates included age, gender, race, education, and census tract–level poverty and race/ethnicity. Analysis. Cross-sectional multilevel analyses. Results. Mixed land use (Beta = 2.55, p < .01), density of bus stops (Beta = −.01, p < .01) and subway stops (Beta = −.06, p < .01), and population density (Beta = −.25, p < .001), but not intersection density (Beta = −.002) were significantly inversely associated with BMI after adjustment for individual- and neighborhood-level sociodemographic characteristics. Comparing the 90th to the 10th percentile of each built environment variable, the predicted adjusted difference in BMI with increased mixed land use was −.41 units, with bus stop density was −.33 units, with subway stop density was −.34 units, and with population density was −.86 units. Conclusion. BMI is associated with built environment characteristics in New York City.
Spatial Measures Associated with Stair Use
Authors: Nicoll Gayle 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. Although stair use in workplaces can provide an accessible means of integrating physical activity into work routines, there is little information available on how building design influences stair use. Design. This cross-sectional study assessed the relationship between stair use and the design and location of stairs. Setting. Ten three- or four-story academic buildings on two university campuses. Sample. The buildings contained a total of 38 stairs and 12 elevators. Measures. Stair use was measured using infrared monitors. Eighteen environmental variables that operationalized the appeal, convenience, comfort, legibility, and safety of stairs were measured. Results. Regression analysis identified eight spatial variables associated with stair use: travel distances from stair to nearest entrance and the elevator, effective area or occupant load of each stair, accessibility of each stair, area of stair isovist (a graphic representation of the horizontal extent of a person's visual field from a specific point of reference within a building floor plan), number of turns required for travel from the stair to closest entrance, and the most integrated path (MIP). Three variables (effective area, area of stair isovist, and number of turns for travel from the MIP), explained 53% of stair use in the 10 buildings. Most variables operationalizing the appeal, comfort, and safety of stairs were not statistically influential. Conclusions. This study suggests that the spatial qualities that optimize the convenience and legibility of stairs may have the most influence on stair use in buildings.
Using Objective and Subjective Measures of Neighborhood Greenness and Accessible Destinations for Understanding Walking Trips and BMI in Seattle, Washington
Authors: Tilt Jenna H. , Unfried Thomas M. , Roca Belen 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. Examine the influence of destinations within walking distance of a residence and vegetation on walking trips and body mass index (BMI). Design. Cross-sectional analysis of data from residences with varying accessibility and greenness. Setting. Seattle, Washington. Subjects. Stratified random sample of residents, stratified by accessibility and greenness. Response rate: 17.5%, 529 respondents. Measures. Accessibility and greenness were measured objectively by Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Network Analysis and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), respectively. Self-reported destinations, natural features, walking trips, BMI, and importance of destinations were measured through a postal survey. Results. Objective accessibility were related to walking trips per month (r2 = .110, p < .0001), as was subjective greenness (r2 = .051, p < .0001), although objective measures of actual greenness were not. In areas with high accessibility, BMI was lower in areas that had high NDVI, or more greenness (r2 = .129428, model p < .0001; t-test of interaction p = .0257). Low NDVI areas were associated with overestimation of the number of destinations within walking distance (F1, 499 = 11.009, p < .001). Conclusions. Objective and subjective measurements of accessibility and greenness led to an understanding of variation among walking trips and BMI in different neighborhoods.
Adowa (Adwa, Adua), Battle of (1896)
Authors: Vandervort Bruce 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
On March 1, 1896, outside Adowa, a market town in the Ethiopian province of Tigray, some 200 km from the Red Sea, an Italian army blundered into a battle with a much larger Ethiopian force and was decimated. Nearly 50 percent of the Italian soldiers were killed, making Adowa the bloodiest battle fought during the nineteenth century wars of imperial conquest. The defeat brought to an end the first Italo‐Ethiopian War, which had begun in 1894. In Italy, it brought down the government of the day and instilled in some Italians a desire for revenge that would mature in the 1930s in a second, and this time temporarily successful, invasion of Ethiopia by the Fascist army of Benito Mussolini. For Ethiopians, March 1 henceforth would be celebrated as “Adowa Day,” the country's national holiday.
Aerial warfare
Authors: Gentile Gian P. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAerial warfare, like warfare in general, encompasses a lot, so it will help to start with a definition. Aerial warfare means the art—or activity—of waging war from the air. It is the application of destructive force from things that fly in the sky. Of course, in war in general, lots of things fly through the sky to kill, or destroy, or observe other things on the ground. For example, in 1225 at the famous Battle of Agincourt, Henry V's English longbowmen loosed flurries of arrows that flew through the sky and struck their French enemies: the arrows were objects intended to destroy, falling from the sky to pierce French armor. However, that was not aerial warfare. What makes aerial warfare distinctive is that the things that fly through the sky—bombs, bullets, missiles, etc.—are generally launched from a platform that is also in the sky. Those platforms over time have consisted of such things as kites, hot air balloons, aircraft, and today the possibility of satellites in outer space.
Aguinaldo, General Emilio (1869–1964)
Authors: Angeles J. Amiel 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Emilio Aguinaldo was born on March 22, 1869, in the town of Kawit in the Cavite province of the Philippines. His father Carlos Aguinaldo was mayor of Kawit, and came from a wealthy and influential family. His mother was Trinidad Famy y Valero from Noveleta, Cavite, who also came from a similarly positioned family. Emilio Aguinaldo went to Manila for his higher education, but had to cut short his studies upon his father's death. Aguinaldo spent the next few years as a trader, until he was elected as
capitan
municipal (or mayor) of Kawit in 1895.
Alexander Nevsky, Saint (ca. 1220–1263)
Authors: Lind John 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAlexander was the oldest son of Prince Iaroslav Vsevolodich, hereditary prince of Pereiaslavl'‐Zalesskii and elected prince of the rich city‐republic of Novgorod. In 1236 Iaroslav decided to leave Novgorod to become prince of Kiev. By then Iaroslav must already have persuaded the Novgorodians to adopt his young son Alexander as their new prince: in contrast to other Russian principalities, princes in Novgorod were on contract and could be discharged with short notice. In doing so the city leaders doubtless counted on continued aid from Iaroslav, one of Novgorod's longest‐serving princes, should a military threat against Novgorod arise. The main role of the prince in Novgorod was to provide the city‐state with a professional army in addition to its town militia.
Ammianus Marcellinus (ca. 330–395)
Authors: Tucci Jim 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Ammianus Marcellinus was the last major historian of antiquity to write in Latin, and his work is the best source extant from the fourth century
CE
. As a soldier and man of letters, he continued the tradition of ancient men of action who also wrote history, a tradition running from Thucydides in the fifth century
BCE
to Procopius in the sixth century
CE
. Ammianus' writings, though not without their stylistic and philological problems, remain one of the most important historical works of late antiquity.
Anglo‐Scottish Wars (1296–1328, 1332–1357)
Authors: Brown Michael 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe sixty years after 1296 witnessed sustained attempts by the kings of England to conquer Scotland and incorporate the northern kingdom into their dominions. On three occasions, in 1296, 1304, and 1333, they appeared to be close to achieving this goal but their forces were expelled from Scotland by renewed opposition led by William Wallace, Robert Bruce, and other Scottish leaders. These wars involved a number of major developments. Both sides appealed to a sense of national identity to recruit and motivate their troops. The English crown began to experiment with paying for military service and raising armies through contracts. Though major battles were rare, the clashes at Falkirk in 1298, Bannockburn in 1314, and Dupplin Moor and Halidon Hill in 1332 and 1333 each demonstrated important tactical lessons involving the use of massed infantry.