bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The electric birefringence anomaly in colloidal and micellar systems
Authors: Angel M. , Hoffmann H. , Krämer U. , Thurn H. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractRod‐like micelles of perfluorosurfactants in aqueous solution were examined by using the transient and dynamic electric birefringence method. Tetraethylammoniumperfluoroctanesulfonat shows in the overlap region of the rods between 5 mM and 15 mM up to three different relaxation times τ1, τ2 and τ3 between a few μs and several ms. A forth very long relaxation time τ4 (seconds) appears at higher concentrations. The relaxation processes with the time constants τ1, τ3 and τ4 have a negative birefringence, while τ2 has a positive sign. In the anomaly region the total birefringence can change sign as a function of the total surfactant concentration and of the field strength. The anomalous behaviour of the time and frequence dependence of the electric birefringence is explained on the basis of intermicellar interaction. It is assumed, that the external electric field induces an additional anisotropic Lorentz‐field, which changes dramatically the local Lorentz‐field around the micelles. As a result both the correlation of the center of masses and the correlation of the rodlike micelles changes. This gives rise to the processes τ1, τ2 and τ3. The largest relaxation time τ4 seems to be due to a deformation and relaxation of a temporary network, which is built by the rodlike micelles.
IR spectroscopic investigations during oscillations of the CO/NO and the CO/O2reaction on Pt and Pd catalysts I: Platinum
Authors: Schüth F. , Wicke E. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe CO/NO reaction on Platinum supported catalysts exhibits oscillatory behaviour at temperatures between 650 and 750 K and NO/CO ratios between 0.8 and 4. The oscillations are accompanied with large temperature variations which seem to be necessary to synchronize the instabilities at different crystallites. IR spectroscopic investigations reveal appreciable shifts of the position of the L —CO band on Pt. This leads to a model involving the hex ⇄ 1 × 1 surface transformation of the Pt(100) plane as the crucial step during an oscillation cycle. A comparison with results of other groups confirms this proposition. —Concerning the CO/O2reaction, however, no indication for the applicability of the hex ⇄ 1 × 1 model for oscillations at atmospheric pressures could be found by means of IR spectroscopy. Also oxidation‐reduction models could be excluded. The only mechanism discussed in the literature which is in agreement with our findings explains the oscillations by reversible microfacetting of the Pt(110) plane.
Laser induced shock wave lithotripsy
Authors: Thomas S. , Engelhardt R. , Meyer W. , Brinkmann R. , Hofstetter A. G. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractLaser induced shock wave lithotripsy has the potential to become a standard procedure in the endourologic management of urinary stone disease. To date, there are two fairly well established laser systems for laser induced shock wave lithotripsy in clinical practice, the Q‐switched Nd: YAG and the flashlamp pumped dye laser. —The Q‐switched Nd: YAG Laser (20 ns pulses) is distinguished by the high stone selectivity of its coupler systems, but the necessity of a coupler and its fairly small rate of conversion of light into mechanical energy present a grievous draw back. Furthermore, the minimal outer diameter of the transmission system is 1.8 mm, limiting its range of application. —By using longer pulses in the range of 1–2 μs that can be produced with both a flashlamp pumped dye or a low‐gain solid state laser with the same pulse energies (∽ 50 mJ) these disadvantages can be overcome. —Pulses of the dye laser can be passed through a highly flexible and uncomplicated 200 μm quarz fiber. Laser lithotripsy is performed with the bare fiber tip placed directly in contact with the stone at repetition rates of up to 10 Hz. The quality of the fiber tip in contact with the stone is uncritical. —Biological evaluation of damage caused by direct irradiation shows that both laser systems cause minor damage of different degree. —Our newest development is a optical feedback regulation system to avoid damage to adjacent tissue even under direct contact, enabling intracorporeal lithotripsy without endoscopic control.
On the way to the ideal lithotripsy laser
Authors: Brinkmann R. , Meyer W. , Oehlert P. , Thomas S. , Engelhardt R. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe poster describes a possible way to the ideal lithotripsy laser including the problem of an ideal application system to minimize secondary effects to the patient. It summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of already established laser systems in term sof physical and clinical aspects. Furthermore it presents an optical feedback regulation system to avoid adverse tissue effects. Finally, an active Q‐switched Alexandrite laser is presented as an ideal LISL‐system.
Thermal origin during excimer laser interaction with tissue
Authors: Steinmetz M. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIt is discussed controversly whether the interaction of excimer laserlight (wavelengths in the UV‐region with short pulses and high fluence) with tissue is predominantly a photochemical or photothermal reaction. The results of current histological investigations suggest that the kind of reaction depends on the wavelengths, maintaining constant fluence and pulse length. In order to get more information on that point we measured pressure and temperature profiles during laser interaction in single laser pulse mode. For temperature measurements we developed a microthermocouple device with high spatial (μm) and temporal (μs) resolution based on thin film technique. —First results indicate that laser interaction even at a wavelength of 351 nm are predominantly photothermal processes: 1) the higher the heat capacity of the sample the higher the removal threshold, 2) once the removal threshold is exceeded, the temperature increases with increasing irradiance, 3) pressure waves can be generated in a light absorbing fluid without target, 4) characteristic thermal effects like tissue discoloration and smoke generation can be observed.
Laser in cytometry: Applications in flow cytogenetics
Authors: Cremer C. , Dölle J. , Hausmann M. , Bier F. F. , Rohwer P. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractFlow cytometry has become an important tool in biomedical research and clinical diagnosis. In particular, its ability to make multiple measurements of individual particles at a rate of up to 20000 particles per second allows the quantitative characterization (“flow karyotyping”) and sorting of isolated chromosomes. Major areas of application of “flow cytogenetics” are in molecular genetics, human genetics, and tumor cytogenetics. Several approaches to increase the resolution of one and two parameter flow cytometry of chromosomes will be discussed. On one hand different algorithms of flow cytometric data processing can be applied to achieve a better signal/apparent noise ratio. To obtain a more accurate evaluation of flow karyotypes they may be approximated as a sum of Gaussian distributions. On the other hand the flow cytometric resolution of specific chromosome types can be improved by chemical modifications of the chromosomal DNA, e.g. incorporation of base analogues or in situ hybridization in suspension with specific DNA probes.
Time resolved photoacoustics in biology
Authors: Braslavsky Silvia E. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractKinetic and calorimetric information on short‐lived species generated by laser pulses can be derived from the direct measurement of the heat delivered to the medium after the absorption of the pulse. In condensed matter the time evolution of the heat may be monitored, e.g., by recording with a piezoelectric element the pressure wave generated by the heat pulse (laser‐induced optoacoustic spectroscopy, LIOAS). This method is particularly appropriate for opaque or highly scattering samples, like those encountered often when working with biological samples or in vivo. LIOAS experiments yield the product ΔEp · ϕp, with ϕp the quantum yield of the product living longer than the time resolution of the method and having an energy content ΔEp. Provided one of the terms is known, the other is calculated. For laser pulses in the ps to ns range the time resolution of LIOAS in dilute samples is determined by the transit time of the acoustic wave through the laser beam diameter, and is in the range 30 ns —5 μs. LIOAS data was used to estimate an upper limit for the quantum yield of the photochemical primary process of the photochromic plant pigment phytochrome which yields within ps after excitation intermediates with lifetimes in the μs time range. The relative energy stored by the ion pairs formed within 1.4 μs of the excitation of Photosystem I and II particles from Synechococcus sp. could also be derived from LIOAS data. This allowed the evaluation of the midpoint potential between both partners of those ion pairs. Similarly, the measurement of the heat production in intact cells of Rhodospirillum rubrum S1 within microseconds after excitation yielded the relative energy content of the P+−880IQ−A ion pair formed 200 ps after excitation. Quantum yields of intersystem crossing and singlet molecular oxygen production for various sensitizers used in the photodynamic therapy of the malignous cells were also estimated from measurements of the heat stored after pulse excitation of the molecules. LIOAS is also suited to determine photophysical parameters of isomers with optical properties similar to those of the ground state, which renders optical measurements difficult. In the case of the sensitizer merocyanine 540, the measurement of the intersystem crossing yield by LIOAS led to the estimation of the absorption coefficient of the photoisomer formed within the laser pulse. —The lifetime of the species storing energy for a time in the range of or longer than the acoustic transit time can be evaluated either by deconvolution of the time profile of the pressure wave from that of a calorimetric reference (which delivers all the absorbed energy as heat within the acoustic transit time) or by measuring the heat evolved at various acoustic transit times obtained by varying the laser beam diameter.
Collisional Energy Transfer of Vibrationally Highly Excited Molecules. VI. Energy Dependence of 〈Δ E〉 in Azulene
Authors: Hippler H. , Otto B. , Troe J. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractVibrationally highly excited azulene (E ≤ 17000 cm‐1) was prepared by light absorption in the S1 band and subsequent fast internal conversion. Collisional energy transfer in 22 bath gases was measured in the temperature range 300–800 K. In the investigated energy range, the average energies 〈ΔE〉 transferred per collision nearly linearly depend on the excitation energy.
Vergleichende Strukturuntersuchungen an kristallin‐flüssigen Mischphasen vom smektischen Typ
Authors: Diele S. , Sackmann H. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe liquid crystalline smectic mixed phases in eight binary systems have been investigated by X‐ray methods. The mixed phases have orthogonal (sE, sB, sA‐phases) or tilted (sG, sF, s1‐phases) structures. Especially the thickness of the smectic layers d as a function of the concentration has been considered. In the orthogonal phases the function d(x) is related to an averaged molecular length T(x) = xAlA + xBlB, where lA and lB denote the molecular lengths of the compounds A and B in the most stretched all‐trans‐configuration. In the tilted phases besides T(x) the tilt angle β(x) is related to d(x). Adding the second compound the tilted molecular long axes arise within the layers.
Photochemistry of colloidal semiconductors 30. Reactions and fluorescence of AgI and AgI — Ag2S colloids
Authors: Henglein A. , Gutiérrez M. , Weller K. , Fojtik A. , Jirkovský J. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWhen Ag+ ions are precipitated with I− ions in the presence of poly (N‐vinyl pyrrolidone) or poly (vinyl alcohol) the AgI colloid forms slowly (during minutes or hours, depending on conditions), the changes in the absorption spectrum indicate the presence of unusual AgI structures during the first stages of particle growth. Size quantization effects are partly responsible for these changes. — AgI colloids with 10% excess of I− do not photolyse under continuous illumination. However, intermediates can be detected in flash photolysis experiments. In the presence of sulfite, silver is formed, the quantum yield lying in the 10−4 range. Greater yields of silver (10−3 to 10−2) are observed with solutions containing excess Ag+ ions. Less silver is produced in acidic solutions and the silver signal in the flash experiments decays more rapidly. These effects are attributed to the re‐oxidation of small silver clusters formed on the colloidal particles by H+ ions. — AgI colloids have a weak fluorescence close to the threshold of absorption. It is blue‐shifted with decreasing particle size (size quantization effect). The fluorescence is quenched by small amounts of silver deposited on the particles. It is also quenched by an Ag2S deposit. Under these circumstances a new fluorescence having three maxima in the red and infrared appears. This new fluorescence is red‐shifted with increasing size of the silver deposit (size quantization of Ag2S). The fluorescence is explained in terms of electron transfer from AgI (conduction band) to the hole captured at the AgI—Ag2S interface. Size quantization effects are also believed to play a role in the sulfursensitization of photographic plates.
An investigation of the reaction between CH3 radicals and methanol at high temperatures
Authors: Dombrowsky Ch. , Wagner H. Gg. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe reaction of methyl radicals with methanol was investigated behind incident shock waves at temperatures between 1200 and 1400 K. The kinetic data were obtained from time resolved absorption measurements of CH3 at the wavelength λ = 216.5 nm. The results suggest a curved Arrhenius plot, which can be extrapolated to real flame conditions. A comparison with other methyl radical reactions shows coherence in the temperature dependence of the rate coefficients.
Knowledge about various contraceptive methods in young women with and without eating disorders
Authors: Hicks Caitlin W. , DeMarsh Samantha , Singh Harjoat , Gillespie Laura A. , Worley Sarah , Rome Ellen S. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjective:To determine if young women with eating disorders (EDs) have altered views about the risks/benefits of different forms of birth control than the general population.Method:Data was collected using a cross‐sectional, survey‐based study of postmenarchal women aged 13–25 years with a diagnosed ED (n = 50) or no history of disordered eating patterns (n =57).Results:Despite having a higher level of education (p = 0.04) and no differences in sexual history (p = 0.16), ED patients were less knowledgeable than controls about the health risks and benefits, effectiveness in preventing HIV, and effectiveness in preventing pregnancy of various methods of birth control (p≤ 0.05).Discussion:ED patients may be incorrectly presumed to be asexual while working on recovery; physicians may need to take extra time to educate ED patients about their personal risks of unintended pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, and the benefits that different methods of contraception can provide. © 2012 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2013)
Proposal on modeling of pressure rise and propagation due to short‐circuit fault arc on a CVT cable installed in a protective pipe
Authors: Tadokoro Tomo , Ohtaka Toshiya , Amakawa Tadashi 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn underground distribution systems, a CVT (cross‐linked polyethylene insulated PVC sheathed triplex) cable is installed in a protective pipe. When a fault arc occurs on the CVT cable, the pressure instantly increases due to the high temperature of the arc, then propagates in the pipe. The pressure rise and its propagation may seriously damage the pipe and connected power equipment. There are many different sizes of pipes and cables depending on the installation situation, and fault arcs occur under various conditions. Therefore, the simulation technique is effective for examining such pressure rise and propagation in addition to short‐circuit tests. The objective of this paper is to present a CFD (computational fluid dynamics) modeling that can be used to evaluate the characteristics of the pressure rise and propagation due to a fault arc in the protective pipe. The pressure‐rise waveforms obtained by CFD analysis were found to be similar to those from short‐circuit test results. In addition, the dependence of the maximum pressure rise on the size of the CVT cable and on the arc current was simulated well. Therefore, CFD modeling is sufficient for study of the pressure rise and its propagation in a protective pipe. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 181(3): 9‐18, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22291
A grounded theory study of training transfer among army noncommissioned officers
Authors: Foxworth Lorinzo 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe researcher used a qualitative grounded theory research process to analyze and code data collected on leaders' ability to influence training transfer in Army units. Participants in the current study consisted of 18 senior Army noncommissioned officers (NCOs) assigned to an Army recruiting battalion located in Atlanta, Georgia. NCOs participated in the research based on interest in addressing problems related to the lack of documented training‐transfer practices that could be used to improve training processes with subordinates at Army units. Participants were asked five open‐ended questions on how they valued Army school training, what behaviors and practices they used on return from leadership training, how commissioned officers assisted them on their return from training, what long‐term continuous activities were implemented on return, and what their perspectives were on applying newly gained knowledge after attending leadership courses. Findings indicated the utilization of five primary influences that effectively influence training‐transfer practices and behaviors to enhance performance, which led to the core phenomenon of training transfer. Through constant comparison and coding of collected data, five influences—leadership practices, perceived value of training, continuous and quality learning, operational support, and shared leadership knowledge—emerged as key behaviors and practices that supported the Leadership Competence and Support Application model, which depicts how senior NCO leaders use training‐transfer practices and effective leadership to ensure team development.
Regulation of the ovarian reserve by members of the transforming growth factor beta family
Authors: Pangas Stephanie A. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractGenetic or environmental factors that affect the endowment of oocytes, their assembly into primordial follicles, or their subsequent entry into the growing follicle pool can disrupt reproductive function and may underlie disorders such as primary ovarian insufficiency. Mouse models have been instrumental in identifying genes important in ovarian development, and a number of genes now associated with ovarian dysfunction in women were first identified as causing reproductive defects in knockout mice. The transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) family consists of developmentally important growth factors that include the TGFBs, anti‐Müllerian hormone (AMH), activins, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and growth and differentiation factor 9 (GDF9). The ovarian primordial follicle pool is the source of oocytes in adults. Development of this pool can be grossly divided into three key processes: (1) establishment of oocytes during embryogenesis followed by (2) assembly and (3) activation of the primordial follicle. Disruptions in any of these processes may cause reproductive dysfunction. Most members of the TGFB family show pivotal roles in each of these areas. Understanding the phenotypes of various mouse models for this protein family will be directly relevant to understanding how disruptions in TGFB family signaling result in reproductive diseases in women and will present new areas for development of tailored diagnostics and interventions for infertility. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 79: 666–679, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Light stau phenomenology and the Higgs γγ rate
Authors: Carena Marcela , Gori Stefania , Shah Nausheen R. , Wagner Carlos E. M. , Wang Lian-Tao 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

Recently, an excess of events consistent with a Higgs boson with mass of about 125 GeV was reported by the CMS and ATLAS experiments. This Higgs boson mass is consistent with the values that may be obtained in minimal supersymmetric extensions of the Standard Model (SM), with both stop masses less than a TeV and large mixing. The apparently enhanced photon production rate associated with this potential Higgs signal may be the result of light staus with large mixing. Large stau mixing and large coupling of the staus to the SM-like Higgs boson may be obtained for large values of tan β and moderate to large values of the Higgsino mass parameter, μ. We study the phenomenological properties of this scenario, including precision electroweak data, the muon anomalous magnetic moment, Dark Matter, and the evolution of the soft supersymmetry-breaking parameters to high energies. We also analyze the possible collider signatures of light third generation sleptons and demonstrate that it is possible to find evidence of their production at the 8 TeV and the 14 TeV LHC. The most promising channel is stau and tau sneutrino associated production, with the sneutrino decaying into a W boson plus a light stau.
Reception Theory, H. R. Jauss and the Formative Power of Scripture
Authors: Thiselton Anthony C. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractFormation constitutes the key link between reception theory, Jauss and scripture. The Bible shapes readers by showing them what lies beyond the self. Hans Robert Jauss (1921–97) remains the effective founder of reception theory or reception history. He was a literary theorist, who specialised in romance literature. Following Hans-Georg Gadamer, he insisted that texts carry ‘a still unfinished meaning’, and focused on their historical influence. The exposition of how communities or thinkers have received texts includes de-familiarisation; sometimes the ‘completion’ of meaning, as in much reader-response theory; and instances of when a text ‘satisfies, surpasses, disappoints, or refutes the expectations’ of readers. Reception theory can often trace continuity in the reception of texts, as well as disjunctions, reversals and surprises. It offers a more disciplined approach to scripture than most reader-response theories. Clearly horizons of expectation play a major role in the interpretation of biblical texts. I suggest six direct parallels with biblical interpretation. (1) Like Francis Watson and others, Jauss rejects any value-neutral objectivism in interpretation. (2) The readers’ horizon of expectation derives partly from earlier readings of the text. (3) Horizons can move and change, and thus transform readers as these change. (4) Biblical genres display all of Jauss’ accounts of the responses of readers. For example, parables of reversal may surpass what the Christian believer expects, or disappoint the unbeliever. (5) Like Gadamer, Jauss emphasises the importance of formulating constructive questions in approaching texts. (6) Jauss’ ‘levels of reading’ correspond closely with Bakhtin's notion of polyphony. I compare Ormond Rush's work on reception and otherness, and Luther's insistence that the Bible often confronts us as our adversary to judge and to transform us. Finally, we illustrate the history of reception from Ulrich Luz on Matthew, from Childs on Exodus, and from my commentaries on 1 Corinthians and 1 and 2 Thessalonians.