bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Getting ready for REDD+ in Tanzania: a case study of progress and challenges
Authors: Burgess Neil D. , Bahane Bruno , Clairs Tim , Danielsen Finn , Dalsgaard Søren , Funder Mikkel , Hagelberg Niklas , Harrison Paul , Haule Christognus , Kabalimu Kekilia , Kilahama Felician , Kilawe Edward , Lewis Simon L. , Lovett Jon C. , Lyatuu Gertrude , Marshall Andrew R. , Meshack Charles , Miles Lera , Milledge Simon A.H. , Munishi Pantaleo K.T. , Nashanda Evarist , Shirima Deo , Swetnam Ruth D. , Willcock Simon , Williams Andrew , Zahabu Eliakim 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe proposed mechanism for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) offers significant potential for conserving forests to reduce negative impacts of climate change. Tanzania is one of nine pilot countries for the United Nations REDD Programme, receives significant funding from the Norwegian, Finnish and German governments and is a participant in the World Bank’s Forest Carbon Partnership Facility. In combination, these interventions aim to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, provide an income to rural communities and conserve biodiversity. The establishment of the UN-REDD Programme in Tanzania illustrates real-world challenges in a developing country. These include currently inadequate baseline forestry data sets (needed to calculate reference emission levels), inadequate government capacity and insufficient experience of implementing REDD+-type measures at operational levels. Additionally, for REDD+ to succeed, current users of forest resources must adopt new practices, including the equitable sharing of benefits that accrue from REDD+ implementation. These challenges are being addressed by combined donor support to implement a national forest inventory, remote sensing of forest cover, enhanced capacity for measuring, reporting and verification, and pilot projects to test REDD+ implementation linked to the existing Participatory Forest Management Programme. Our conclusion is that even in a country with considerable donor support, progressive forest policies, laws and regulations, an extensive network of managed forests and increasingly developed locally-based forest management approaches, implementing REDD+ presents many challenges. These are being met by coordinated, genuine partnerships between government, non-government and community-based agencies.
Over-volted breakdown and recovery of short nitrogen spark gaps
Authors: Cai Xinjing , Zou Xiaobin , Wang Xinxin , Wang Liming , Guan Zhicheng , Jiang Weihua 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe characteristic of the over-volted breakdown and the gaseous recovery in short nitrogen gaps was experimentally studied. It was found that the breakdown voltage of the gap changes from shot to shot even with the same experimental conditions and obeys Gaussian distribution. The over-volted factor is reduced with an increasing pressure. With a 2.7-mm gap the over-volted factors are 4.53 for 0.1 MPa pressure and 1.74 for 0.4 MPa. The over-volted breakdown voltage depends individually on the gap spacing d and the gas pressure p, rather than on the product of pd. An empirical formula of the breakdown voltage as a function of p and d was derived. The time-dependent recovery of the breakdown voltage, RVb, was obtained using a two-pulse technique. The second breakdown voltage also obeys Gaussian distribution, but it is normally with a smaller standard deviation especially when the interpulse spacing of Δt is relatively short. As a whole, RVb rises with the increase of Δt. However, an intermediate plateau is always observed and it starts when the second breakdown voltage is a little bit higher than the static breakdown voltage of the gap. The first rising edge of the RVb curve corresponds to the recovery of the electro-neutrality and the density. The intermediate plateau and the following rising edge take the spark gap much longer time to recover. The processes governing these two latter phases are as yet not fully clear. It is attributed to the delayed recombination of the residual nitrogen atoms on the cathode to produce the initial electrons for the second breakdown. An increase in pressure has resulted in an upward shift of the intermediate plateau and a shortening in the recovery time of the gaps. The second spark generally does not follow the path of the first spark.
Seasonal variation in soil and plant water potentials in a Bolivian tropical moist and dry forest
Authors: Markesteijn Lars , Iraipi José , Bongers Frans , Poorter Lourens 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:We determined seasonal variation in soil matric potentials (ψsoil) along a topographical gradient and with soil depth in a Bolivian tropical dry (1160 mm y−1 rain) and moist forest (1580 mm y−1). In each forest we analysed the effect of drought on predawn leaf water potentials (ψpd) and drought response (midday leaf water potential at a standardized ψpd of −0.98 MPa; ψmd) of saplings of three tree species, varying in shade-tolerance and leaf phenology. ψsoil changed during the dry season and most extreme in the dry forest. Crests were drier than slopes and valleys. Dry-forest top soil was drier than deep soil in the dry season, the inverse was found in the wet season. In the moist forest the drought-deciduous species, Sweetia fruticosa, occupied dry sites. In the dry forest the short-lived pioneer, Solanum riparium, occupied wet sites and the shade-tolerant species, Acosmium cardenasii drier sites. Moist-forest species had similar drought response. The dry-forest pioneer showed a larger drought response than the other two species. Heterogeneity in soil water availability and interspecific differences in moisture requirements and drought response suggest great potential for niche differentiation. Species may coexist at different topographical locations, by extracting water from different soil layers and/or by doing so at different moments in time.
The Abyei Award: Fitting a Diplomatic Square Peg into a Legal Round Hole
Authors: BÖCKENFÖRDE MARKUS 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOn 22 July 2009 a Tribunal of five leading international lawyers rendered their award at the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA), thereby redrawing the boundaries of Abyei, a small patch of land in the centre of Sudan and source of violent conflict throughout recent years. The arbitration was initiated by the two signatories of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) that in 2005 brought an end to the longest civil war in Africa. Both parties, the government of Sudan and the Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement, expressed satisfaction with the award, which conceivably saved the CPA from potential collapse. This article examines the legal oddities which accompanied the settlement of the dispute over the Abyei area. It analyses both the referral of the dispute to the PCA through the lens of the Sudanese Constitution and the legal ambiguities of the award itself.
Provisional Measures of the International Court of Justice in Armed Conflict Situations
Authors: ZYBERI GENTIAN 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis article critically assesses the role of provisional measures indicated by the International Court of Justice in protecting populations during armed conflict situations and the legal consequences attached to the violation of such measures. A number of relevant cases, including the most recent Georgia v. Russia case, are dealt with. Provisional measures aimed at protecting populations affected by armed conflict have been increasingly requested in the last two decades by states finding themselves at a military disadvantage. Questions remain, however, with regard to the suitability of these incidental proceedings to deal with major political controversies resulting in armed conflict between states. That notwithstanding, it is submitted that although compliance with such orders of the Court remains unsatisfactory, in the long term provisional measures can eventually strengthen state compliance with commonly agreed international human rights and humanitarian law standards.
Victims' Rights and the International Criminal Court: Perceptions within the Court Regarding the Victims’ Right to Participate
Authors: WEMMERS JO-ANNE 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBased on interviews with 23 key figures at the International Criminal Court, this study represents an effort to go beyond the text of the Rome Statute. It tries to understand the different views or interpretations of the law regarding victim participation that exist within the organization and will ultimately shape how victims’ rights are applied in the Court. Rather than being a legal study, this research is rooted in organizational psychology.
The Question of Form: Methodological Notes on Dialectics and International Law
Authors: ÖZSU UMUT 
Published: July 2010

Emil Cioran often likened the experience of abandoning his native Romanian for French to submitting to a straitjacket. Indeed, the language in which he would go on to secure his reputation was itself, he wrote, best understood as ‘the combination of a straitjacket and a salon’. It was only by undergoing an ‘exercise in ascesis’, suspending his commitments to what he regarded as an earthier, less regimented tradition, that he had been able to don the garb of a French author, if still only as a ‘Balkan reject’. The rigour and crispness of his adopted tongue flew in the face of his desire. The severity of its lucidity stifled his passions, or simply channelled them along directions deviating from their natural path. ‘[Y]et’, Cioran went on to observe, ‘it is precisely on account of this incompatibility that I have attached myself to this language’. So much so that what caused him the greatest grief of all was to see that ‘[t]oday, when this language is in full decline, . . . the French themselves do not seem to mind.’
West Nile virus circulation in Veneto region in 2008–2009
Authors: BUSANI L. , CAPELLI G. , CECCHINATO M. , LORENZETTO M. , SAVINI G. , TERREGINO C. , VIO P. , BONFANTI L. , POZZA M. DALLA , MARANGON S. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYWest Nile virus (WNV) was detected in Italy, in late summer 2008 in horses and birds in the Po valley. As a consequence, an intense WNV surveillance was implemented in that area involving Emilia-Romagna, Veneto and Lombardy. This paper presents the results of the September 2008–November 2009 surveillance on equines, mosquitoes, wild birds, dogs and cattle in Veneto. WNV was detected in equines and dogs, and, to a lesser extent in cattle and wild birds. Simultaneous circulation of Usutu virus was detected by testing wild birds found dead. Usutu virus but not WNV was also found in mosquitoes monitored during 2009. Equine practices monitoring allowed the definition of an area of WNV circulation and the 2008–2009 westward and northward spread of the infection. Although a relatively low number of human cases and a low virus circulation in vectors and birds detected in Veneto region could be considered favourable conditions for a limited risk of human exposure, it remains difficult to predict the possible evolution of the epidemiological situation.
The Episcopal Church in Jordan: Identity, Liturgy, and Mission
Authors: Miller Duane Alexander 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe article begins with a brief review of the history of the diocese of Jerusalem. By interviewing eight members of the diocesan clergy in Jordan, the researcher desires to explore how the concepts in the title are related to each other within the Jordanian context. Is there a unique identity of Jordanian Anglicans? What is the desirability and/or feasibility of revising the prayer book? Given the declining demographics of Christians in the region, what avenues are open to these ministers to sustain their congregations? Specific care is paid to the topic of incorporating Muslim converts into existing congregations. Also included are some theological reflections on the meaning of liturgy within the Jordanian context and the diocesan policies for the formation of future priests, which have important implications for the future of the diocese.
ExpressionView—an interactive viewer for modules identified in gene expression data
Authors: Lüscher Andreas , Csárdi Gábor , Morton de Lachapelle Aitana , Kutalik Zoltán , Peter Bastian , Bergmann Sven 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Summary: ExpressionView is an R package that provides an interactive graphical environment to explore transcription modules identified in gene expression data. A sophisticated ordering algorithm is used to present the modules with the expression in a visually appealing layout that provides an intuitive summary of the results. From this overview, the user can select individual modules and access biologically relevant metadata associated with them.
Availability: http://www.unil.ch/cbg/ExpressionView. Screenshots, tutorials and sample data sets can be found on the ExpressionView web site.
Contact: sven.bergmann@unil.ch
Transcriptional-Metabolic Networks in β-Carotene-Enriched Potato Tubers: The Long and Winding Road to the Golden Phenotype
Authors: Diretto Gianfranco , Al-Babili Salim , Tavazza Raffaela , Scossa Federico , Papacchioli Velia , Migliore Melania , Beyer Peter , Giuliano Giovanni 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Vitamin A deficiency is a public health problem in a large number of countries. Biofortification of major staple crops (wheat [Triticum aestivum], rice [Oryza sativa], maize [Zea mays], and potato [Solanum tuberosum]) with β-carotene has the potential to alleviate this nutritional problem. Previously, we engineered transgenic “Golden” potato tubers overexpressing three bacterial genes for β-carotene synthesis (CrtB, CrtI, and CrtY, encoding phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase, and lycopene β-cyclase, respectively) and accumulating the highest amount of β-carotene in the four aforementioned crops. Here, we report the systematic quantitation of carotenoid metabolites and transcripts in 24 lines carrying six different transgene combinations under the control of the 35S and Patatin (Pat) promoters. Low levels of B-I expression are sufficient for interfering with leaf carotenogenesis, but not for β-carotene accumulation in tubers and calli, which requires high expression levels of all three genes under the control of the Pat promoter. Tubers expressing the B-I transgenes show large perturbations in the transcription of endogenous carotenoid genes, with only minor changes in carotenoid content, while the opposite phenotype (low levels of transcriptional perturbation and high carotenoid levels) is observed in Golden (Y-B-I) tubers. We used hierarchical clustering and pairwise correlation analysis, together with a new method for network correlation analysis, developed for this purpose, to assess the perturbations in transcript and metabolite levels in transgenic leaves and tubers. Through a “guilt-by-profiling” approach, we identified several endogenous genes for carotenoid biosynthesis likely to play a key regulatory role in Golden tubers, which are candidates for manipulations aimed at the further optimization of tuber carotenoid content.
Standardization of Factor VIII I. CALIBRATION OF BRITISH STANDARDS FOR FACTOR VIII CLOTTING ACTIVITY
Authors: Barrowcliffe T. W. , Kirkwood T. B. L. 
Published: July 2010

Summary.Calibration of successive British Standards for Factor VIII clotting activity against the International Standard (concentrate) has brought to light substantial discrepancies among laboratories and between assay methods. These discrepancies were less in assays of concentrate standards than in calibration of plasma standards. Standardization of reagents in the two‐stage assays substantially improved agreement among laboratories using this method. Standardization of the phospholipid reagent and haemophilic substrate separately had little effect on variation among laboratories performing one‐stage assays. Standardization of reagents did not alter the basic discrepancy (approximately 20%)) between the one‐stage and two‐stage assay methods. Omission of the aluminium hydroxide adsorption step from the two‐stage method reduced the discrepancy between the two methods to less than 10%. Discrepancies did not occur when one plasma standard was assayed against another. Improvements in the stability of VIII: C in freeze‐dried plasma now make it feasible to establish a long‐term plasma reference standard.
Activation‐dependent proteolytic degradation of polymorphonuclear CD11b
Authors: Davey Penelope C. , Zuzel Mirko , Kamiguti Aura S. , Hunt John A. , Aziz Khalil A. 
Published: July 2010

CD11b/CD18 is the principal integrin of polymorphonuclear (PMN) leucocytes and is involved in their adhesion, migration and phagocytosis. In quiescent cells, the receptor is stored in intracellular granules from where it is translocated to the cell surface in response to a variety of stimuli. In this study, we demonstrated that strong stimulation of PMNs not only leads to the upregulation of CD11b surface expression, but also to the subsequent time‐dependent apparent loss of this receptor, as detected by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS) using a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against an N‐terminal CD11b epitope. This epitope loss was observed following either direct stimulation of protein kinase C (PKC) with phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA) or after multiple receptor stimulation using a combination of the agonist N‐formylmethionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine (FMLP) and the priming agents granulocyte macrophage‐colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) and platelet factor (PF) 4. However, upregulation following weak stimulation with FMLP alone was not followed by subsequent epitope loss of the receptor. The increases and subsequent decreases in CD11b expression induced by PMA were paralleled by an increase and a decrease in PMN adhesion to CD11b‐specific ligands, fibrinogen and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)‐1. Sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) and Western blot analysis showed that this epitope loss of PMN CD11b was the result of proteolytic degradation of the N‐terminal region of the molecule. The use of a range of proteinase inhibitors indicated that this CD11b degradation involves a cell‐associated serine proteinase. This is the first demonstration of the proteolytic alteration of CD11b in response to strong PMN stimulation. Given the central role of CD11b/CD18 in all aspects of PMN function, this alteration of the CD11b molecule and its effect on PMN adhesion are probably of considerable pathophysiological importance.
An inhibitor of the toxicity of tumour necrosis factor in the serum of patients with sarcoidosis, tuberculosis and Crohn's disease
Authors: FOLEY N , LAMBERT C , MCNICOL M , JOHNSON N , ROOK G A W 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARY
The activated macrophages present in the T cell-dependent granulomata of sarcoidosis and tuberculosis are primed for enhanced release of cytokines including tumour necrosis factor (TNF or cachectin). Release of this cytokine can induce an acute-phase response, fever, and necrosis in suitably prepared sites of inflammation; if chronic, its presence may contribute to weight loss. These clinical features are characteristic of tuberculosis, but not of sarcoidosis, though alveolar macrophages from both diseases release large quantities of TNF in vitro. We therefore postulated the presence in sarcoidosis patients of an inhibitor of TNF. We have studied levels of TNF inhibitory activity by determining the quantity of TNF required to give 50% kill of 1929 cells in the presence of 20% heat-inactivated serum derived from various disease states (37 sarcoidosis, 13 tuberculosis, 13 Crohn's disease. 17 healthy donors). Normal sera used in this way do not inhibit significantly, but inhibition of TNF loxicity is caused by most sera from both sarcoidosis and tuberculosis. Used at 20%, five out of 37 sarcoidosis sera and one out of 13 tuberculosis sera caused complete inhibition of TNF, even when the latter was added at 100 times the concentration required to give 50% kill in control wells. This inhibitor may have an important physiological role.
Relation between the increase of circulating CD3+ CD57+ lymphocytes and T cell dysfunction in recipients of bone marrow transplantation
Authors: IZQUIERDO M , BALBOA M A , FERNANDEZ-RASADA J M , FIGUERA A , TORRES A , IRIONDO A , LÓPEZ-BOTET M 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYSome patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation (BMT) persistently present increased proportions of circulating CD57+ T cells. We analysed the cell surface phenotype in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 69 allogeneic and 11 autologous BMT recipients. In parallel samples from 49 patients, the proliferative response to T cell mitogens was assessed, either in the presence or absence of exogenous interleukin-2 (IL-2). PBMC samples from long-term allogeneic BMT patients with increased proportions of CD57+ cells displayed significantly (P &lt; 0.001) lower proliferative responses, compared with samples from patients with normal proportions of CD57+ cells and from healthy subjects. Elimination of the CD57+ population by C′-dependent lysis did not normalize the proliferative response. After positive selection by cell sorting. CD57+ cells responded poorly, but in the presence of IL-2 the proliferation appeared to be similar to that displayed by the CD57- subset and still suboptimal compared with normal controls. These data suggest that the hyporesponsiveness to mitogenic stimuli in the presence of exogenous IL-2 of PBMC from allogeneic BMT recipients cannot be simply attributed either to the putative suppressor activity of CD57+ cells, or to a poor proliferative capacity of this subset. Supporting this notion we report that PBMC from long-term autologous BMT recipients containing high proportions of CD57+ T cells respond normally to T cell mitogens.
Quantitative measurement of cytomegalovirus-specific IgG and IgM antibodies in relation to cytomegalovirus antigenaemia and disease activity in kidney recipients with an active cytomegalovirus infection
Authors: VAN DER GIESSEN M , VAN DEN BERG A P , VAN DER BIJ W , POSTMA S , VAN SON W J , THE T H 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARY
In a longitudinal investigation 103 kidney recipients were studied with respect to the development of cytomegalovirus (CMV) specific antibodies of the IgG and IgM class, in relation to the detection of CMV antigenaemia (immediate early antigen. IEA), in weekly obtained blood samples during the first 3 months after transplantation. In 15 out of 49 (31%) seronegative patients a primary infection occurred, which was characterized by a quick rise in IgM antibody followed by a slower production of IgG antibody, high maximum numbers of IEA+ cells, and a CMV syndrome in 11 patients, ln 35 out of 54 (65%) seropositive patients a secondary infection occurred. After a post-operative fall in the IgG antibody, which was also found in patients without an active infection and which was accompanied by a similar drop in scrum albumin and IgG, a second dip in IgG antibody was found 6 days before the first IEA+ leucocyte appeared in the blood. This was followed by a significant increase, indicative of an active immune response in consequence of the infection. 18 days later. In 31 of these 35 patients an IgM response was found. This could be ascribed to the presence of rheumatoid factor activity in 20 of them. Eight patients who showed a transient rise in IgG antibody between the two dips could be distinguished from the remaining ones by a lower maximum number of IEA+ cells and less severe disease symptoms. The described results suggest that (i) an adequate humoral immune system may prevent symptomatic CMV disease in secondary infections; and (ii) CMV-specific antibodies may be removed from the circulation by antigens present in infected tissues before CMV antigenaemia becomes detectable.