bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Naturally Occurring Biodegradable Polymers as the Basis of Chiral Gels for the Distinction of Enantiomers by Partially Oriented Nmr Spectroscopy
Authors: Büchler Silke S.D. , Kummerlöwe Grit , Luy Burkhard 
Published: March 2011

Introduction In modern, high resolution NMR spectroscopy, anisotropic parameters play an important role. They can be measured with the help of liquid crystalline mesophases or stretched polymer gels as so-called alignment media. Biologically occurring chiral polymers are of special interest as alignment media for this technique because they allow enantiomers to be distinguished. Methods Biopolymers have been studied by deuterium 1D and J-BIRDd,X-HSQC NMR experiments with respect to their ability to distinguish enantiomers and a summary of existing biopolymers for the task is given. Results Gelatin is shown to distinguish D-proline from L-proline and next to already known biopolymers, gellan gum is introduced as a novel biologically derived polymer that is able to partially align solute molecules. Conclusions Biologically occurring and biodegradable polymers are well suited as alignment media and in many cases are able to distinguish enantiomers. As the orienting properties are different for different media and solute molecules, the bandwidth of corresponding polymers will be further increased in the future.
The Book of Samuel: Its Composition, Structure and Significance as a Historiographical Source
Authors: Garsiel Moshe 
Published: March 2011

The book of Samuel contains ancient and original materials and both main versions were composed as early as the tenth century BCE. But the earlier of the two versions was edited and integrated within the latter enlarged one, and eventually lost its separate existence. Despite some late additions, minor changes, and even copyists’ errors; despite the slight and limited interventions of the Deuteronomistic editorial work; and despite the difference in the theological and social agenda of its two earlier authors, the book of Samuel in its last version still remains the earliest comprehensive source which integrates various original documents and testimonies of ancient time and especially of the transition from the period of the Judges to the period of the united monarchy.
State‐feedback stabilization for a class of more general high order stochastic nonholonomic systems
Authors: Zhao Yan , Yu Jiangbo , Wu Yuqiang 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis paper studies the problem of state‐feedback stabilization control for a class of high order stochastic nonholonomic systems with disturbed virtual control directions and more general nonlinear drifts. By using the backstepping approach, we develop a recursive controller design procedure in the stochastic setting. To get around the stabilization burden associated with nonholonomic systems, a switching control strategy is exploited in this procedure. The tuning function technique is applied in the design to avoid the disadvantage of overparameterization. It is shown that, under some conditions, the designed controller could ensure that the closed‐loop system is almost asymptotically stabilized in probability. It is noted that the obtained conclusion can be extended to multi‐input systems. A simulation example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Release Properties of Pressurized Microgel Templated Capsules
Authors: Schmidt Stephan , Fernandes Paulo A. L. , De Geest Bruno G. , Delcea Mihaela , Skirtach Andre G. , Möhwald Helmuth , Fery Andreas 
Published: March 2011

AbstractDirection‐specific release induced through osmotic pressure inside giant microcapsules is realized and monitored at high and low concentrations of encapsulated polymer. A clear correlation between the release kinetics upon opening the shell and encapsulated polymer concentration is observed. This has been independently confirmed by shell opening via nanoindentation and laser radiation. To quantify these observations, the internal pressure of the capsules is determined by analysis of mechanical tests performed via colloidal probe AFM. As expected, larger amounts of encapsulated material lead to increased internal pressures and enhanced release kinetics. The results show how drug release can be accelerated by encapsulation of osmotic pressure generating species. Such pressurized capsules systems show large ejection velocities and are envisioned as an inexpensive biolistic transfection device for in vitro applications.
A Mesoporous Iron‐Based Fluoride Cathode of Tunnel Structure for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries
Authors: Li Chilin , Gu Lin , Tong Jianwei , Tsukimoto Susumu , Maier Joachim 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA fluoride‐based cathode (FeF3·0.33H2O) for lithium batteries, the synthesis of which has been reported recently (C. L. Li et al. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 3650), is described in terms of structure, morphology, and performance. A self‐assembled mesoporous morphology connected with a high specific surface area is obtained through the soft template role of the ionic liquid. The fluoride exhibits a one‐dimensional tunnel structure produced by continuous hexagonal cavities, in which hydration water molecules are located. The high Li‐intercalation activity of carbon‐free FeF3·0.33H2O is expected to be associated with various factors, including electrolyte‐infiltratable mesoporosity, wide Li+‐insertable channels, and medium conductivities. A single solid‐solution reaction mechanism is indicated by potentiostatic intermittent titration technique and ex situ X‐ray diffraction at different reactive potentials.
High‐Performance, Phosphorescent, Top‐Emitting Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with p–i–n Homojunctions
Authors: Wang Qiang , Tao Youtian , Qiao Xianfeng , Chen Jiangshan , Ma Dongge , Yang Chuluo , Qin Jingui 
Published: March 2011

AbstractHigh‐performance, green, orange, and red top‐emitting organic light‐emitting diodes (TOLEDs) with p–i–n homojunction are demonstrated. An excellent ambipolar host, 2,5‐bis(2‐(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)phenyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole (o‐CzOXD), which has good thermal and morphological stabilities, a high triplet energy level, and equally high electron and hole mobilities, is chosen as the organic host material for the homojunction devices. By electrical doping, the carrier injection and transporting characteristics are greatly improved. The optical structure is optimized in view of light emission of different colors to enhance the color purity and improve the view characte­ristics. As a result, high efficiency p–i–n homojunction TOLEDs with saturated intrinsic emission of the emitting materials and angular independence of the emission are realized. The performances of these p–i–n homojunction TOLEDs are even higher than the multi‐layer heterojunction bottom‐emitting devices using the same emitting layers.
Synthesis of α‐Diazo Carbonyl Compounds with the Shelf‐Stable Diazo Transfer Reagent Nonafluorobutanesulfonyl Azide
Authors: Chiara Jose Luis , Suárez José Ramón 
Published: March 2011

AbstractNonafluorobutanesulfonyl azide is a shelf‐stable, cost‐effective and general diazo transfer reagent for the efficient synthesis of α‐diazo carbonyl compounds in excellent yields and in very short reaction times, under mild conditions. The diazo products can be readily isolated in pure form after a simple aqueous extractive work‐up that avoids chromatographic purification in most cases. Because of its high efficiency and wide substrate scope, shelf‐stability, relatively low cost, and ease of product purification, nonafluorobutanesulfonyl azide offers an advantageous alternative to other commonly used diazo transfer reagents.
Plant shift ability evaluation for abnormal situation management
Authors: Noda Masaru , Nishitani Hirokazu 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe propose an evaluation method that utilizes the redundancy of operator assignments to improve plant shift ability under abnormal conditions. The redundancy of operator assignments is the total number of patterns of operator assignments to shifts, which are able to cope with a specified abnormal condition in a plant. By investigating abnormal situations with low redundancy levels, we can identify the bottlenecks in that particular shift. These bottlenecks can then be corrected with carefully planned educational programs. We concluded that evaluating the redundancy of operator assignments plays an important role in improving shift abilities under abnormal situations and results in safer, more robust operations. Copyright © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dissolved organic matters transformation and sludge characteristics in zeolite‐enhanced contact‐adsorption regeneration‐stabilization process
Authors: Wu Zhichao , Zhang Xinying , Wang Zhiwei , Wei Tianye , An Ying , Wang Xu 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTDissolved organic matters (DOM) transformation and sludge characteristics were studied in a new‐type modified process, i.e. the zeolite‐enhanced contact‐adsorption regeneration‐stabilization (ZCS) process. The techniques such as three‐dimensional excitation–emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy, gel filtration chromatography and Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy were used to gain a deep understanding of organic pollutants removal patterns and sludge characteristics in the process. Three peaks were readily identified from the EEM fluorescence spectra of DOM in each treatment unit, which were related to aromatic protein‐like substances, tryptophan protein‐like substances and visible fulvic acid‐like substances, respectively. It was found that the molecules with molecular weight < 10 kDa were significantly degraded. Compared to conventional‐activated sludge (CAS) system, the sludge in the ZCS system showed a good settling ability, with lower ratio of loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (EPS)/tightly bound EPS and lower ratio of polysaccharides/proteins. In FT‐IR spectra of sludge in the ZCS system, there were a sharper band at 1033 cm−1 and two new bands at 783 and 459 cm−1, related to the addition of zeolite. Other bands were weaker, but at similar locations with the CAS system, indicating similar organic composition and structure of the two kinds of sludges. © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation and thermal analysis of the filling stage in the injection molding process: Role of the mold‐polymer interface
Authors: El Otmani Rabie , Zinet Matthieu , Boutaous M'hamed , Benhadid Hamda 
Published: March 2011

AbstractComputer simulation is one of the most efficient ways to assist engineers to find a good design solution and to produce high quality plastic parts. The prediction of the parameter evolution during material forming requires a fair understanding of the interaction between the material properties and the process. One of the problems encountered in numerical simulation of the injection molding process is the tracking of the polymer‐air front or interface during the filling stage (Haagh et al., Int Polym Proc 1997, 12, 207). This article presents a numerical simulation of a nonisothermal molten polymer flow in a cavity as in the injection molding process. The continuity and complete Navier‐Stokes equations are coupled with the level set convective equation to predict the flow front and the fountain flow effect. The fluid behavior is modeled by the Cross‐Arrhenius model. Thanks to the use of the level set method, a special focus is made on the polymer‐mold interfacial heat transfer, and the effect of a variable thermal contact resistance is thoroughly investigated. A new interpretation of the flow marks defect causes, based on the interfacial heat flux analysis, is then suggested. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Shear properties of acrylic under high strain rate loading
Authors: Gelu Tamrat Abishu , Joshi S. S. , Naik N. K. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAcrylic is being used in structural applications because of its higher resistance to projectile impacts. High strain rate shear loading is one of the critical conditions. In the present study, properties of typical acrylic under high strain rate shear loading are presented. Torsional Split Hopkinson Bar apparatus was used for the studies in the shear strain rate range of 290 per sec to 791 per sec. Thin‐walled tubular specimens with hexagonal flanges were used for the experimental studies. Details of specimen configuration, data acquisition, and processing are presented. Shear strength is presented as a function of shear strain rate. It is observed that the shear strength at high strain rate is enhanced up to 25% compared with that at quasi‐static loading in the range of parameters considered. Comparison of torque versus time behavior derived from signals obtained from strain gauges mounted on incident bar and transmitter bar is also presented. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Boron removal by glucamine‐functionalized hydrogel beads in batch fashion
Authors: Ersan Hülya Yavuz , Pinarbasi Sila 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn this study, poly(hydroxypropyl methacrylate) gel beads were synthesized, then it was functionalized to yield glucamine carrying hydrogel beads as a sorbent for boron uptake. The batch‐mode sorption studies were performed to obtain the optimum resin concentration and pH for boron removal. The results showed that percent of boron removal increased with increasing amount of resin and reached 98% at 12 mg‐resin/mL‐solution. The boron removal did not effected much with the change of pH between 4 and 9. The boron adsorption isotherm is in good accordance with the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. The equilibrium adsorption amount of boron is 13.5 mmol g−1 at optimum conditions which is 5 to 50 times higher than the other boron selective adsorbents recorded in literature. Desorption studies showed that 100% elution is possible with HCl. As a conclusion the glucamine carrying hydrogel beads can be effectively used for uptake of boron from aqueous solutions because of their high boron adsorption capacity and reusability. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Effects of UV curable urethane acrylate resins treatments on the physical properties of medium‐ and small‐diameter softwoods
Authors: Lu Kun‐Tsung , Wu Jun‐Wei 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis study analyzed the effects of ultraviolet curable urethane acrylate resin (UV resin) treatments on surface homogeneity, dimensional stability, and change in colors of medium‐ and small‐ diameter softwoods produced in Taiwan. The UV resins were formulated with urethane acrylate oligomer/methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer by the weight ratio of 50/50, 60/40, 70/30, 80/20, and 90/10, and 3% of photoinitiator (benzil dimethyl ketal) by the total weight of UV resins was added, respectively. Four kinds of softwoods, including Taiwanina, China fir, Taiwan incense cedar and Japanese fir with a diameter of 10–15 cm were obtained from Hui‐Sun Forest Station, Taiwan. Results show that the oligomer derived from 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2‐HEMA) and polymeric toluene diisocyanate (PTDI) by the molar ratio of NCO/OH = 1.0 could be readily synthesized and the prepared UV resin were also easily applied to the woods at room temperature and normal pressure. The surface hardness and moisture excluding efficiency (MEE) of woods were markedly enhanced and correlated with the increased in oligomer content of the UV resins as well as the homogeneity of softwood surfaces were also improved. According to the antiswelling efficiency (ASE), the increased in dimensional stability of woods were achieved; especially for the lower specific gravity China fir had the greatest improved efficiency of 60.68% at oligomer/MMA ratio of 80/20. In addition, a massive, colorful, and warm feeling in sense of sight on UV resin‐treated wood, which would appeal to most people, was also obtained. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Structure and properties of poly(butylene succinate) filled with lignin: A case of lignosulfonate
Authors: Lin Ning , Fan Dongkuan , Chang Peter R. , Yu Jiahui , Cheng Xiaochun , Huang Jin 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA new kind of blend material was prepared by the incorporation of lignosulfonate calcium (LS), as the filler, into biodegradable poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), as the polymeric matrix, with the process of melt mixing and subsequent compression molding. The nucleation of LS improved the crystalline properties of the PBS component in the blends. Combined with the rigidity nature of the LS filler, the Young's modulus values of the blends were enhanced. Furthermore, the introduction of LS in this biodegradable polyester slightly increased the hydrophilicity of the blends, shown as higher values of water uptake at equilibrium; this might facilitate the biodegradation of hydrophobic polyesters. Consequently, this study opened one way of enhancing the rigidity and decreasing the cost of biodegradable PBS‐based polymeric plastics. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Morphologies and properties of nanocomposite films based on a biodegradable poly(ester)urethane elastomer
Authors: Cho Tae Woong , Kim Seong Woo 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBiodegradable poly(ester)urethane (PU) elastomer‐based nanocomposite films incorporated with organically modified nanoclay were prepared with melt‐extrusion compounding followed by a casting film process. These films were intended for application as biodegradable food packaging films, with their enhanced gas barrier, mechanical, and thermal properties and good flexibility. From both X‐ray diffraction measurements and transmission electron microscopy observations, the coexistence of intercalated tactoids and exfoliated silicate layers in the compounded PU/clay nanocomposite films was confirmed. In addition, the morphology exhibited a clay dispersion state in the matrix and was influenced by the incorporated nanoclay content. The effects of the nanoclay loading level on the thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties of the compounded nanocomposites were also investigated. As a result, it was revealed that the addition of nanoclay up to a certain level resulted in a remarkable improvement in the thermal properties in terms of thermal stability and the degree of thermal shrinkage; mechanical properties, including dynamic storage modulus and tensile modulus; and oxygen/water‐vapor barrier properties of the nanocomposite films. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Preparation of well‐defined block copolymer having one polystyrene segment and another poly(styrene‐alt‐maleic anhydride) segment with RAFT polymerization
Authors: Yao Zhen , Zhang Jiang‐Shan , Chen Mu‐Lang , Li Ben‐Ju , Lu Ying‐Ying , Cao Kun 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBlock copolymers, polystyrene‐b‐poly(styrene‐co‐maleic anhydride), have been prepared by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization technique using three different approaches: 1‐phenylethyl phenyldithioacetate (PEPDTA) directly as RAFT agent, mediated polystyrene (PS) block as the macromolecular PS‐RAFT agent and mediated poly(styrene‐maleic anhydride) (SMA) block with alternating sequence as the macromolecular SMA‐RAFT agent. Copolymers synthesized in the one‐step method using PEPDTA as RAFT agent possess one PS block and one SMA block with gradient structure. When the macromolecular RAFT agents are employed, copolymers with one PS block and one alternating SMA block can be produced. However, block copolymers with narrow molecular weight distribution (MWD) can only be obtained using the PS‐RAFT agent. The MWD deviates considerably from the typical RAFT polymerization system when the SMA is used as the RAFT agent. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Evolution of the Muscles of Facial Expression in a Monogamous Ape: Evaluating the Relative Influences of Ecological and Phylogenetic Factors in Hylobatids
Authors: Burrows Anne M. , Diogo Rui , Waller Bridget M. , Bonar Christopher J. , Liebal Katja 
Published: March 2011

AbstractFacial expression is a communication mode produced by facial (mimetic) musculature. Hylobatids (gibbons and siamangs) have a poorly documented facial display repertoire and little is known about their facial musculature. These lesser apes represent an opportunity to test hypotheses related to the evolution of primate facial musculature as they are the only hominoid with a monogamous social structure, and thus live in very small groups. Primate species living in large groups with numerous social relationships, such as chimpanzees and rhesus macaques, have been shown to have a complex facial display repertoire and a high number of discrete facial muscles. The present study was designed to examine the relative influence of social structure and phylogeny on facial musculature evolution by comparing facial musculature complexity among hylobatids, chimpanzees, and rhesus macaques. Four faces were dissected from four hylobatid species. Morphology, attachments, three‐dimensional relationships, and variation among specimens were noted and compared to rhesus macaques and chimpanzees. Microanatomical characteristics of the orbicularis oris muscle were also compared. Facial muscles of hylobatids were generally gracile and less complex than both the rhesus macaque and chimpanzee. Microanatomically, the orbicularis oris muscle of hylobatids was relatively loosely packed with muscle fibers. These results indicate that environmental and social factors may have been important in determining morphology and complexity of facial musculature in the less social hylobatids and that they may not have experienced as strong selection pressure for mimetic muscle complexity as other, more social primates. Anat Rec, 294:645–663, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Cecal Appendix: One More Immune Component With a Function Disturbed By Post‐Industrial Culture
Authors: Laurin Michel , Everett Mary Lou , Parker William 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis review assesses the current state of knowledge regarding the cecal appendix, its apparent function, and its evolution. The association of the cecal appendix with substantial amounts of immune tissue has long been taken as an indicator that the appendix may have some immune function. Recently, an improved understanding of the interactions between the normal gut flora and the immune system has led to the identification of the appendix as an apparent safe‐house for normal gut bacteria. Further, a variety of observations related to the evolution and morphology of the appendix, including the identification of the structure as a “recurrent trait” in some clades, the presence of appendix‐like structures in monotremes and some non‐mammalian species, and consistent features of the cecal appendix such as its narrow diameter, provide direct support for an important function of the appendix. This bacterial safe‐house, which is likely important in the event of diarrheal illness, is presumably of minimal importance to humans living with abundant nutritional resources, modern medicine and modern hygiene practices that include clean drinking water. Consistent with this idea, epidemiologic studies demonstrate that diarrheal illness is indeed a major source of selection pressure in developing countries but not in developed countries, whereas appendicitis shows the opposite trend, being associated with modern hygiene and medicine. The cecal appendix may thus be viewed as a part of the immune system that, like those immune compartments that cause allergy, is vital to life in a “natural” environment, but which is poorly suited to post‐industrialized societies. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.