bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Armor, Development of: Medieval to Modern
Authors: RICHARDSON THOM 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
By the time of the fall of the Roman Empire in the West a number of different fighting styles, and in consequence armor styles, had become established across the Eurasian landmass. In the West, hand‐to‐hand combat, mainly on foot with throwing weapons or spears and swords, the style of the Roman legions and their German opponents, was the preferred fighting style. Against this a combination of plate helmet, mail shirt, and wooden shield was the most popular form of armor. Across most of Asia the use of archery from horseback was the preferred fighting style, and the armor used reflected that, with lamellar becoming the dominant type.
China, Invasion of (1931, 1937–1945)
Authors: BJORGE GARY J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractJapan's invasions of China during the 1930s initiated and then expanded the largest war fought between two countries during the twentieth century. For Japan, this was a war fought for resources and geopolitical position. For China, it was a war for national survival. Japan possessed a powerful modern army and pursued a strategy of quick decisive victory. China responded with masses of soldiers and traded space for time in an attrition strategy. In the initial invasion of 1931, Japan rapidly gained control over the three northeastern provinces of China known as Manchuria. In the subsequent major thrust of 1937–1938, the Japanese overran most of northern and central China. Yet the Chinese refused to surrender and Japan found herself stuck in an unforeseen quagmire. Unable to extricate herself from this strategic predicament, Japan compounded her problems by responding to the outbreak of war in Europe in ways that eventually led to her decision to attack the United States. By this action, Japan made her war with China part of World War II, a war in which she met total defeat and was forced to surrender all she had gained in China since 1931 and more.
Pacifism
Authors: CEADEL MARTIN 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
“Pacifism” is a word used with at least three degrees of exactitude. It is still sometimes applied, in a loose and derogatory way, to any lack of enthusiasm for war or rearmament. But it was originally coined by a peace activist early in the twentieth century to refer, more precisely and respectfully, to the ideas of the organized peace movement as a whole. And within a few decades, particularly in the English‐speaking world, its principal meaning narrowed further, so as to apply only to the thinking of the absolutist wing of that movement, which completely rejected military force. These differing usages will now be discussed; then the two main strands within pacifism in the sense of peace‐movement thought will be analyzed in more detail.
Punic Wars (264–241, 218–201, 149–146 BCE)
Authors: HOYOS DEXTER 
Published: October 2011

Abstract

Three wars fought between Romans and Carthaginians (
Poeni
) between 264 and 146
BCE
. The first was one of the longest in history (264–241), the second (218–201) notable for the generalship of the Carthaginian Hannibal and the Roman Scipio, and the third (149–146) for the total destruction of Carthage by Scipio's adopted grandson and namesake.
Controlling Polarization Dependent Reactions to Fabricate Multi‐Component Functional Nanostructures
Authors: Conklin David , Park Tae‐Hong , Nanayakkara Sanjini , Therien Michael J. , Bonnell Dawn A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn spite of novel lithographic processes that enable new approaches to fabricating materials, directed assembly of multi‐component hybrid devices remains a challenge. Ferroelectric nanolithography exploits polarization dependent surface interactions to pattern nanoparticles, but the factors that control the particle size and distribution are not sufficiently well understood to produce hybrid nanostructures. Here the effects of photon energy, photon flux, and polarization vector orientation on ferroelectric domain specific photoreactions are quantified, leading to an understanding of the nanoparticle deposition mechanism. Patterned nanoparticle arrays functionalized with optically active porphyrin complexes are configured into optoelectronic devices.
Sorption studies of neutral red dye onto poly(acrylamide‐co‐maleic acid)‐kaolinite/montmorillonite composites
Authors: Abdel‐Aziz H. M. , El‐Zahhar A. A. , Siyam T. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn this study, a procedure for preparation of organic–inorganic composite was established. The procedure was based on gamma irradiation polymerization of polyacrylamide (PAAm) in presence of maleic acid (MA), clay minerals [kaolinite (K)], or [montmorillonite (M)] and methylenebisacrylamide (NMBA) as a crosslinker. The functionality of the produced adsorbents were assayed using FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, and XRD and were evaluated for sorption of neutral red (NR) dye from aqueous solutions via batch sorption experiments. Various factors influencing the sorption behavior (e.g., pH, sorbent dose, and dye concentration) were studied. The sorption data fitted well with Langmuir isotherm model. Batch kinetic experiments showed that the adsorption followed pseudosecond‐order kinetic model with correlation coefficients greater than 0.999. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
In situ hybridization and characterization of fibrous hydroxyapatite/chitosan nanocomposite
Authors: Zhang C. Y. , Chen J. , Zhuang Z. , Zhang T. , Wang X. P. , Fang Q. F. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractNano‐fibrous hydroxyapatite/chitosan (HA/CS) composites with HA contents of 0–70 wt % were prepared by in situ hybridization with a preprepared chitosan film as semipermeable membrane to slow down the hybridization process. The phase composition, microstructure, and morphology of the composites were characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy. It was found that the in situ prepared inorganic phase was hydroxyapatite nano‐fibers that were uniformly dispersed in the chitosan matrix. The average diameter of the fibers were about 3 nm, while the length of the fibers increases from 20 to 60 nm when the hydroxyapatite content increased from 10 to 70 wt %. The compressive strength and Young's modulus of these nano‐fibrous HA/CS composites increased with the increasing HA content and reached the highest values of 170 and 1.7 GPa, respectively, at the HA content of 50–70 wt %, which were much higher than the values of samples prepared by coprecipitation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Effects of argon plasma treatment on surface characteristic of photopolymerization PEGDA–HEMA hydrogels
Authors: Tan Guoxin , Chen Rong , Ning Chengyun , Zhang Lin , Ruan Xiongjie , Liao Jingwen 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe aim of this research was to determine the influence of argon plasma treatment condition on the surface properties of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA)–hydroxyethly methacrylate hydrogel films, a kind of scaffold materials for tissue engineering. The changes of surface properties have been evaluated by contact angles, X‐ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). From the contact angle measurements of different liquids, the surface free energy of the hydrogel was calculated according to approaches by Owens–Wendt–Kaelble. Results showed that the contact angle of the hydrogel to water decreased remarkably after argon plasma treatment, which was caused by the changes in morphology (SEM images) and chemical composition (XPS results) of the argon plasma‐treated surface. The surface free energy increased with the increase of the argon plasma treated time and power, and these increasing was mainly due to the increase of polar component. The XPS results confirmed that plasma oxidation reaction produced oxygen‐containing functional groups onto the surface. This functional group played an important role in increasing the hydrophilic properties of the hydrogel. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Effect of the molecular structure of polyurethane elastomers on the thermomechanical properties of PUE/PC blends
Authors: Tan Juanjuan , Jia Zhiyuan , Sheng Dekun , Liu Xiangdong , Yang Yuming 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPolyurethane elastomers (PUEs) based on 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), 1,4‐butanediol (BDO) and two kinds of aliphatic polycaprolactone (PCL) diols with molecular weight of 1000 Da and 2000 Da have been synthesized and melt‐blended with polycarbonate (PC). The compatibility of PC and PUEs was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PC decreased by 0–40°C when 0–10 wt % of PUEs incorporated into the PC matrix. Phase separation in the blends was not detected by means of DSC characterization, but measurements of DMA and SEM indicated that phase separation existed in the blends of PC and PUEs synthesized with 1000 Da PCL‐diol. As for PUEs/PC blend in which 2000 Da PCL‐diol as PUEs' soft segments, it turned from completely compatible to partially when the NCO/OH ratio for the PUEs prepolymer was increased from 2 : 1 to 4 : 1. The compatibilities of PC and PUEs were greatly influenced by the molecular weight of polyols and the ratio of NCO/OH in the PUE prepolymer, higher molecular weight of polyols and lower NCO/OH ratio resulted in better compatibility. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Electrical Resistivity Tomography Investigations of Multilayered Archaeological Settlements: Part II – A Case from Old Smyrna Höyük, Turkey
Authors: Berge Meriç Aziz , Drahor Mahmut Göktuğ 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTTo determine the data acquisition and inversion capabilities of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), which is used in multilayered archaeological settlements, an ERT survey was carried out at the Old Smyrna Höyük site, in the city of İzmir, Turkey. This site dates from the third millennium bc and ERT applications were performed using five different arrays (Wenner–alpha, Wenner–Schlumberger, dipole–dipole, pole–pole and pole–dipole). The resistivity distribution of the subsurface was investigated by two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional inversion routines, which use data obtained along orthogonal lines. To test the inversion treatments, ‘semi‐fully three‐dimensional’ and ‘quasi‐three‐dimensional’ approaches were also investigated, and comparison indicated a clear distinction between them. The results show that the quasi‐three‐dimensional solution had insufficient resolution, whereas the semi‐fully three‐dimensional data sets provide interpretable images of the subsurface. In addition, the effects of electrode array type and line interval and orientation were tested to define suitable ERT survey strategies for multilayered archaeological settlements. The array investigations show that dipole–dipole, pole–pole and pole–dipole arrays presented better quality images than the others. The line orientation tests performed in two perpendicular directions (N–S and E–W oriented lines) show that the N–S oriented lines are more suitable in terms of defining the buried architectural plan of Old Smyrna Höyük according to depth‐slicing visualizations. However, the combination of the two perpendicular data sets could be useful if large between‐line intervals are used. Finally, this ERT study clearly revealed the layered stratigraphy of Old Smyrna Höyük. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Evaluation of UiO‐66 for Gas‐Based Applications
Authors: Wiersum Andrew D. , Soubeyrand‐Lenoir Estelle , Yang Qingyuan , Moulin Beatrice , Guillerm Vincent , Yahia Mouna Ben , Bourrelly Sandrine , Vimont Alexandre , Miller Stuart , Vagner Christelle , Daturi Marco , Clet Guillaume , Serre Christian , Maurin Guillaume , Llewellyn Philip L. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn addition to its high thermal stability, repetitive hydration/dehydration tests have revealed that the porous zirconium terephthalate UiO‐66 switches reversibly between its dehydroxylated and hydroxylated versions. The structure of its dehydroxylated form has thus been elucidated by coupling molecular simulations and X‐ray powder diffraction data. Infrared measurements have shown that relatively weak acid sites are available while microcalorimetry combined with Monte Carlo simulations emphasize moderate interactions between the UiO‐66 surface and a wide range of guest molecules including CH4, CO, and CO2. These properties, in conjunction with its significant adsorption capacity, make UiO‐66 of interest for its further evaluation for CO2 recovery in industrial applications. This global approach suggests a strategy for the evaluation of metal–organic frameworks for gas‐based applications.
Neue Konzepte im Holzbau mit Furnierschichtholz – Die Holztragkonstruktion des Metropol Parasol in Sevilla
Authors: Schmid Volker , Koppitz Jan‐Peter , Thurik Anja 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDer aus Sicht der Tragwerksplaner interessanteste und auch für die Besucher spektakulärste Teil des Projekts Metropol Parasol ist die 150 m lange und bis zu 28 m hohe, begehbare Holzkonstruktion aus mehrlagig verklebten Furnierschichtholzscheiben. Die Realisierung gelang nur dank einiger konstruktiver Innovationen, wie der 2 bis 3 mm dicken Polyurethan‐Beschichtung, montageoptimierten Verbindungsdetails und der weltweit erstmals im Holzbau eingesetzten Temperung des für das Einkleben der Gewindestangen verwendeten Epoxid‐Harzes. Außerdem erläutert der Bericht besondere Fragestellungen zur statischen Berechnung, der Herstellung und der Montage.New concepts in timber structures with LVL plates – The timber structure of Metropol Parasol in Seville. The most impressive part of the Metropol Parasol from a structural engineer’s point of view as well as from the visitor’s perspective is the 150 m long and up to 28 m high timber structure of the parasols made of multi‐glued laminated veneer lumber (LVL) panels. Realisation succeeded due to several constructive innovations like 2–3 mm thick polyurethane coating, easy to install node details and the world premiere of tempered epoxy resin for glued‐in rods in a timber construction. Beyond this, the article elucidates special questions concerning the structural design, production and assembly.
Wheat‐based biorefining strategy for fermentative production and chemical transformations of succinic acid
Authors: Lin Carol S. K. , Luque Rafael , Clark James H. , Webb Colin , Du Chenyu 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis contribution aims to provide an overview of various aspects of novel process strategies for biorefineries based on the production of succinic acid (SA) and its transformation into high added‐value derivatives. The focus is on recent developments of a wheat‐based biorefinery entailing upstream processing strategies to convert low cost raw materials into fermentable sugars as well as on key insights into the improvement of SA production (e.g. strain development, fermentation kinetics, and fermentation optimization). The incorporation of these processes in future biorefineries for the production of value‐added products and fuels will undoubtedly be an important contribution to the world's highest priority target of sustainable development. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Fenofibrate‐induced decrease of expression of CYP2C11 and CYP2C6 in rat
Authors: Večeřa Rostislav , Zachařová Alice , Orolin Jan , Strojil Jan , Škottová Nina , Anzenbacher Pavel 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThis short communication is aimed to investigate whether the widely used hypolipidemic drug fenofibrate affects CYP2C11 and CYP2C6 in rats, both counterparts of human CYP2C9, known to metabolise many drugs including S‐warfarin and largely used non‐steroidal antiinflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen, diclofenac and others. The effects of fenofibrate on the expression of rat liver CYP2C11 and CYP2C6 were studied in both healthy Wistar rats and hereditary hypertriglyceridemic rats. Both strains of rats were fed on diet containing fenofibrate (0.1% w/w) for 20 days. Fenofibrate highly significantly suppressed the expression of mRNA of CYP2C11 and less that of CYP2C6 in liver microsomes of both rat strains; this effect was associated with a corresponding decrease in protein levels. The results indicate that the combination of fenofibrate with drugs metabolised by CYP2C9 in humans should be taken with caution as it may lead, for example, to the potentiation of warfarin effects. This type of drug interaction has been observed previously and the results presented here could contribute to the explanation of their mechanism. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of the mental foramen and accessory mental foramen in Turkish patients using cone‐beam computed tomography images reconstructed from a volumetric rendering program
Authors: Kalender A. , Orhan K. , Aksoy U. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis study determined the occurrence and location of the mental foramen (MF) and accessory mental foramen (AMF) in Turkish patients using cone‐beam computed‐tomography (CBCT) with 3D‐imaging software. CBCT scans of 386 sites in 193 (92 male, 101 female) patients were retrospectively analyzed to determine MF and AMF occurrence, sizes, and locations. Digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) data were transferred to surface‐rendering software to generate 3D images. Distances between the MF and AMF and from both foramina to the alveolar ridge and to the closest tooth were measured. Differences in AMF incidence by sex, side, and location were evaluated using chi‐squared tests, and MF and AMF measurements were evaluated using Mann–Whitney U‐tests. AMFs were observed in 6.5% of patients and were most commonly in an anteroinferior location. Mean AMF size did not differ significantly by sex or side [males: horizontal = 1.5 mm (1.0–2.4 mm), vertical = 1.4 mm (0.8–2.4 mm); females: horizontal = 1.5 mm (0.8–3 mm), vertical = 1.3 mm (0.8–2.1 mm); P > 0.05]. Males showed significantly greater mean vertical and horizontal MF dimensions compared with females [males: horizontal = 3.9 mm (1.0–7.0 mm), vertical = 3.6 mm (1.2–7.0 mm); females: horizontal = 3.5 mm (1.3–5.6 mm), vertical = 3.3 mm (0.8–5.8 mm); P < 0.05]. Awareness of the AMF is important to avoid mental nerve damage during surgical intervention and anesthetic applications. CBCT is useful for AMF detection, distributes less ionizing radiation, and allows 3D imaging. Clin. Anat. 25:584–592, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Subdivision connectivity remeshing and its applications
Authors: Hu Jianping , Liu Xiuping , Xie Qi 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a subdivision connectivity remeshing approach for closed genus 0 meshes. It is based on spherical parameterization and umbrella‐operator smoothing. Our main contribution lies in adopting a low‐distortion spherical parameterization approach to generate high‐quality subdivision connectivity meshes. Besides, a simple and efficient point location method on the sphere based on the uniform partition of the rectangle is presented, which is used to find the containing triangle in the spherical mesh for each point on the sphere rapidly. Our method can generate high‐quality subdivision connectivity meshes fast, which can be applied to level of detail and progressive transmission. All the application examples demonstrate that our remeshing procedure is robust and efficient. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Urolithin as a Converging Scaffold Linking Ellagic acid and Coumarin Analogues: Design of Potent Protein Kinase CK2 Inhibitors
Authors: Cozza Giorgio , Gianoncelli Alessandra , Bonvini Paolo , Zorzi Elisa , Pasquale Riccardo , Rosolen Angelo , Pinna Lorenzo A. , Meggio Flavio , Zagotto Giuseppe , Moro Stefano 
Published: October 2011

AbstractCasein kinase 2 (CK2) is a ubiquitous, essential, and highly pleiotropic protein kinase; its abnormally high constitutive activity is suspected to underlie its pathogenic potential in neoplasia and other relevant diseases. Previously, using different in silico screening approaches, two potent and selective CK2 inhibitors were identified by our group: ellagic acid, a naturally occurring tannic acid derivative (Ki=20 nM) and 3,8‐dibromo‐7‐hydroxy‐4‐methylchromen‐2‐one (DBC, Ki=60 nM). Comparing the crystallographic binding modes of both ellagic acid and DBC, an X‐ray structure‐driven merging approach was taken to design novel CK2 inhibitors with improved target affinity. A urolithin moiety is proposed as a possible bridging scaffold between the two known CK2 inhibitors, ellagic acid and DBC. Optimization of urolithin A as the bridging moiety led to the identification of 4‐bromo‐3,8‐dihydroxy‐benzo[c]chromen‐6‐one as a novel, potent and selective CK2 inhibitor, which shows a Ki value of 7 nM against the protein kinase, representing a significant improvement in affinity for the target compared with the two parent fragments.
A novel efficient power‐saving MAC protocol for multi‐hop MANETs
Authors: Hwang Ren‐Hung , Wang Chiung‐Ying , Wu Chi‐Jen , Chen Guan‐Nan 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYFollowing recent advances in the performance of ad hoc networks, the limited life of batteries in mobile devices poses a bottleneck in their development. Consequently, how to minimize power consumption in the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer of ad hoc networks is an essential issue. The power‐saving mode (PSM) of IEEE 802.11 involves the Timing Synchronization Function to reduce power consumption for single‐hop mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). However, the IEEE 802.11 PSM is known to result in unnecessary energy consumption as well as the problems of overheating and back‐off time delay. Hence, this study presents an efficient power‐saving MAC protocol, called p‐MANET, based on a Multi‐hop Time Synchronization Protocol, which involves a hibernation mechanism, a beacon inhibition mechanism, and a low‐latency next‐hop selection mechanism for general‐purpose multi‐hop MANETs. The main purposes of the p‐MANET protocol are to reduce significantly the power consumption and the transmission latency. In the hibernation mechanism, each p‐MANET node needs only to wake up during one out of every N beacon interval, where N is the number of beacon intervals in a cycle. Thus, efficient power consumption is achieved. Furthermore, a beacon inhibition mechanism is proposed to prevent the beacon storm problem that is caused by synchronization and neighbor discovery messages. Finally, the low‐latency next‐hop selection mechanism is designed to yield low transmission latency. Each p‐MANET node is aware of the active beacon intervals of its neighbors by using a hash function, such that it can easily forward packets to a neighbor in active mode or with the least remaining time to wake up. As a consequence, upper‐layer routing protocols can cooperate with p‐MANET to select the next‐hop neighbor with the best forwarding delay. To verify the proposed design and demonstrate the favorable performance of the proposed p‐MANET, we present the theoretical analysis related to p‐MANET and also perform experimental simulations. The numerical results show that p‐MANET reduces power consumption and routing latency and performs well in extending lifetime with a small neighbor discovery time. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.