bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tuberculosis at extremes of age
Authors: SCHAAF H. Simon , COLLINS Andrea , BEKKER Adrie , DAVIES Peter D.O. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTAlthough tuberculosis (TB) has its highest burden among young adults, especially since the advent of HIV infection, two other groups with low immunity, the very young (<1 year) with immature immunity and the elderly (>65 years) with waning immunity, are vulnerable groups not to be forgotten. This review describes the epidemiology, clinical aspects, public health aspects and outcome of TB in patients at the extremes of age. The epidemiology differs therein that TB in infants occurs in developing countries with high incidences of TB and HIV, while TB in the elderly occurs in developed countries with ageing populations. The clinical presentation may be non‐specific, history of contact with TB is often not known and TB is often not considered at these age extremes, and when the diagnosis is considered, disease progression may already be advanced. Anti‐TB treatment regimens are the same as in other age groups, but drug dosages may need adjustment according to weight, renal function, liver function and other potentially complicating factors. Adverse events are more difficult to observe and both the young and the elderly are reliant on others for adherence to treatment. Mortality at both age extremes is higher than in the general TB population. For all the above reasons, public health measures to: prevent transmission of infection; identify those infected and providing preventive therapy; high index of suspicion in order to make an early diagnosis; and timely initiation of treatment are important in both the very young and the elderly.
Global patterns in the vulnerability of ecosystems to vegetation shifts due to climate change
Authors: Gonzalez Patrick , Neilson Ronald P. , Lenihan James M. , Drapek Raymond J. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTAim  Climate change threatens to shift vegetation, disrupting ecosystems and damaging human well‐being. Field observations in boreal, temperate and tropical ecosystems have detected biome changes in the 20th century, yet a lack of spatial data on vulnerability hinders organizations that manage natural resources from identifying priority areas for adaptation measures. We explore potential methods to identify areas vulnerable to vegetation shifts and potential refugia.Location  Global vegetation biomes.Methods  We examined nine combinations of three sets of potential indicators of the vulnerability of ecosystems to biome change: (1) observed changes of 20th‐century climate, (2) projected 21st‐century vegetation changes using the MC1 dynamic global vegetation model under three Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emissions scenarios, and (3) overlap of results from (1) and (2). Estimating probability density functions for climate observations and confidence levels for vegetation projections, we classified areas into vulnerability classes based on IPCC treatment of uncertainty.Results  One‐tenth to one‐half of global land may be highly (confidence 0.80–0.95) to very highly (confidence ≥ 0.95) vulnerable. Temperate mixed forest, boreal conifer and tundra and alpine biomes show the highest vulnerability, often due to potential changes in wildfire. Tropical evergreen broadleaf forest and desert biomes show the lowest vulnerability.Main conclusions  Spatial analyses of observed climate and projected vegetation indicate widespread vulnerability of ecosystems to biome change. A mismatch between vulnerability patterns and the geographic priorities of natural resource organizations suggests the need to adapt management plans. Approximately a billion people live in the areas classified as vulnerable.
Ivory in World History – Early Modern Trade in Context
Authors: Chaiklin Martha 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIvory was the cause of the some of the oldest trading networks in human history. It is part of our cultural landscape yet ivory has commonly only been viewed through the lens of slavery or conservation. This article takes a broad look at the place of ivory in human history, from prehistoric times to the 19th century, with emphasis on the early modern world. Ivory trade is set against the backdrop of the environmental and evolutionary history of the elephant. It decouples the commodity from its adjuncts, to encourage a better understanding of the impact of ivory.
A Survey of the History of Science in New Zealand 1769–1992
Authors: Priestley Rebecca 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis article provides an overview of the history of science in New Zealand over the period 1769–1992. General histories of New Zealand often overlook science and scientists and their contribution to shaping the country. This broad overview of New Zealand’s science history is not so much a re‐interpretation of events through a history of science lens, but rather an introduction to the contribution of science to New Zealand’s history, and follows a narrative showing the progression of science from Enlightenment and colonial science through the emergence of state science and the recent commercialisation of science. Along the way some key scientific institutions, including the New Zealand Institute and the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, are introduced, along with some of the individuals who have made a contribution to science in New Zealand and its history in general.
‘The Great Prohibition’: The Expansion of Christianity in Colonial Northern Nigeria
Authors: Barnes Andrew E. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractHistorical research on the spread of Christianity in colonial Northern Nigeria has been hampered by a focus on the wrong issues. The population of thecolony waspredominantly Muslim, but the colonial territory created by the British contained large populations of African traditionalist peoples. During the colonial era the British government prohibited Christian proselytization of Muslims. Historical research had focused on the battle between colonial administrators and missionaries over entry into Muslim areas, a battle missionaries lost. But during the colonial era Christian missions experienced real success in Christianizing traditionalist peoples. The colonial government also sought to impede this development, significantly by using the same rules that prohibited the proselytization of Muslims to prohibit the proselytization of traditionalists. This article makes the case that the government’s efforts to halt the spread of Christianity to traditionalists, not Muslims, should become the focus of new research.
The Concentration Camp in Global Historical Perspective
Authors: Mühlhahn Klaus 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe global history of the concentration camp demonstrates the density and importance of multiple transnational links in the history of war and terror in the twentieth century. Concentration camps first emerged in the non‐Western world within the historical context of colonial rule – which both reinforced the myth of white racial superiority, justified the use of violence against colonized populations and proliferated ideas of ethnic and/or political cleansing. Global connections and transfers moved the concentration camp from the European colonial domains to the European continent itself where the implementation of those practices facilitated the shift to total war and also helped shape a new brutality displayed by European armies toward non‐combatants during and after World War I. From Europe those practices and concepts traveled further throughout the world to eventually manifest themselves in many conflicts in the non‐Western world. In their intention to seek potent strategies for ending resistance to their rule and enforcing discipline, various Chinese regimes, for instance, combed through the globally available stock of technologies of repression and violence and created concentration camp systems for dealing with their adversaries.
Clinical chemistry and hematology values in a Caribbean population of African green monkeys
Authors: Liddie Shervin , Goody Robin J. , Valles Rodrigo , Lawrence Matthew S. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackground  Hematology and clinical chemistry (HCC) reference values are critical in veterinary practice and in vivo pre‐clinical research, enabling detection of health abnormalities, response to therapeutic intervention or adverse toxicological effects, as well as monitoring of clinical management.Methods  In this report, reference ranges for 46 HCC parameters were characterized in 331 wild‐caught and colony‐bred African green monkeys. Effects of sex, weight and duration of captivity were determined by one‐way analysis of variance.Results  Significant sex differences were observed for several HCC parameters. Significant differences were also observed for select HCC variables between newly caught animals and those held in captivity for 1–12 months or longer.Conclusions  Comparison of this data with other non‐human primate species and humans highlights similarities and disparities between species. Potential causes of interpopulation variability and relevance to the use of the African green monkey as a non‐human primate model are discussed.
Interproximal access efficacy of three manual toothbrushes with extended, x‐angled or flat multitufted bristles
Authors: Stiller S , Bosma MLP , Shi X , Spirgel CM , Yankell SL 
Published: June 2010

To cite this article:

Int J Dent Hygiene
8, 2010; 244–248 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601‐5037.2010.00453.x Stiller S, Bosma MLP, Shi X, Spirgel CM, Yankell SL. Interproximal access efficacy of three manual toothbrushes with extended, x‐angled or flat multitufted bristles.Abstract:Purpose:  This laboratory research study was conducted to evaluate three manual toothbrushes for their ability to remove artificial plaque from interproximal sites.Materials and methods:  Interproximal access efficacy (IAE) was evaluated using a pressure‐sensitive artificial plaque substrate placed around simulated anterior and posterior teeth with horizontal and vertical brushing motions. Efficacy was determined as the maximum width of artificial plaque removed from around the teeth. Testing was conducted on three manual toothbrushes with different bristle configurations coded as: Extended [Aquafresh® Between Teeth (also marketed as Dr. Best® Zwischenzahn®)], X‐angled (Oral‐B® CrossAction®) and Flat multitufted (Oral‐B® Indicator®). Twenty‐four tests on each toothbrush design were conducted, and the results were statistically analysed using two‐sample t‐tests, assuming unequal variances.Results:  The individual mean IAE values on anterior and posterior tooth shapes with vertical and horizontal brushing were significantly (P < 0.001) higher for the toothbrush with extended bristles (Aquafresh® Between Teeth) than for the other two toothbrush designs tested. When the data were combined to give an overall average, the IAE for the toothbrush with extended bristles (Aquafresh® Between Teeth) was significantly (P < 0.001) higher than the IAE value for the toothbrushes containing x‐angled (Oral‐B® CrossAction®) or flat multitufted bristles (Oral‐B® Indicator®).Conclusion:  Based on the demonstrated predictability of the IAE assay for clinical interproximal plaque removal, the manual toothbrush with extended bristles should be an effective brush for cleansing the dental interproximal sites.
Clinical correlates of oral impacts on daily performances
Authors: Andersson P , Hakeberg M , Karlberg G , Östberg A‐L 
Published: June 2010

To cite this article:

Int J Dent Hygiene
8, 2010; 219–226 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601‐5037.2010.00456.x Andersson P, Hakeberg M, Karlberg G, Östberg A‐L. Clinical correlates of oral impacts on daily performances.Abstract:Objectives:  The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between oral health measures and oral health‐related quality of life as captured by OIDP (oral impacts on daily performances).Methods:  The study was performed in three dental clinics in Sweden and included 204 patients, 43.8% men and 56.2% women (aged 20–86 years), consecutively recruited in connection with their routine dental examination. The patients were interviewed using the OIDP followed by a clinical examination. Four bite‐wing radiographs were taken in two of the clinics (n = 154). A self‐administered questionnaire provided information about socio‐economic data.Results:  Subjects ≥60 years had significantly more missing teeth, lesser maximal jaw opening, higher number of sites with alveolar bone loss and proportionally more filled teeth than younger individuals. Impacts related to the oral health that affected their daily life were reported in 39.7%. Multivariate logistic regressions analysis showed that missing teeth (≥10) and a limited jaw opening (<40 mm) were significantly associated with having one or more impact as measured with the OIDP [odds ratio (OR) 6.50, 95% CI 1.48–28.43 and OR 2.87, 95% CI 1.03–7.96, respectively].Conclusions:  Individuals with diminished functional oral health status (missing teeth and limited jaw opening) had significantly more often one or more oral impacts on daily life than those with fewer than 10 missing teeth and a jaw opening ≥40 mm. The OIDP instrument may be valuable for use in routine dental check‐ups in patients with related problems to determine possible oral impacts on daily life.
SLOW WALKER3, Encoding a Putative DEAD‐box RNA Helicase, is Essential for Female Gametogenesis in Arabidopsis
Authors: Liu Man , Shi Dong‐Qiao , Yuan Li , Liu Jie , Yang Wei‐Cai 
Published: June 2010

Abstract RNA helicases are adenosine tri‐phosphatases that unwind the secondary structures of RNAs and are required in almost any aspect of RNA metabolism. They are highly conserved from prokaryotic to eukaryotic organisms. However, their precise roles in plant physiology and development remain to be clarified. Here we report that the mutation in the gene SLOW WALKER3 (SWA3) results in the slow and retarded progression of mitosis during megagametogenesis in Arabidopsis. SWA3 is a putative RNA helicase of the DEAD‐box subfamily. Mutant megagametophyte development is arrested at four‐ or eight‐nucleate stages, furthermore, one of the synergids in about half of the mutant embryo sacs displays abnormal polarity, with its nucleus locating at the chalazal end, instead of the micropylar end in the wild‐type. Transmission of the mutation through female gametophytes is severely reduced in swa3. However, a small portion of mutant embryo sacs are able to develop into mature and functional female gametophytes when pollination was postponed. The SWA3 in Arabidopsis is a homolog of Dbp8 in yeast. Dbp8 interacts with Efs2 and is essential for biogenesis of 18S rRNA in yeast. Our data suggest that SWA3 may form a complex with AtEfs2 and take roles in ribosomal biogenesis as RNA helicase during megagametogenesis in Arabidopsis.
Evolutionary Frameworks for Language Change: The Price Equation Approach
Authors: Clark Brady 
Published: June 2010

AbstractModels and concepts from biology have informed the study of language change for several centuries. In this article, I take a comparative look across the disciplines of historical linguistics and evolutionary biology and ask if an evolutionary perspective on language change drawing on Darwin's theory of adaptation through natural selection can contribute in a substantive way to theorizing within the study of language change. This article discusses a framework for language change that borrows concepts from evolutionary theory, the framework presented inMufwene (2008). Building onJäger (2008), I suggest that George Price's “General Theory of Selection” provides a useful and precise framework in which to mathematically represent evolutionary frameworks for language change such as Mufwene's. In the final part of the paper, I propose that the Price equation approach to the levels of selection debate in biology can provide insight into the ways in which different levels of linguistic information interact during language change.
The Cartographic Enterprise in Syntax
Authors: Shlonsky Ur 
Published: June 2010

AbstractCartography is a research program within the Principles & Parameters framework of syntactic theory. Its project is to draw detailed maps of syntactic configurations but its place lies in a broader research project, namely the study of functional (or grammatical) categories, their content, number and order. Cartography is inspired by and contributes to research in comparative syntax and typology. It adheres to the view that syntactic structures are uniform, locally simple and both necessary and sufficient to structurally represent the grammatical or functional information relevant for semantic/pragmatic interpretation. Like Minimalism, it attributes a cardinal role to features in syntax but whereas Minimalism focuses on the driving force of uninterpretable features, Cartography is concerned with the inventory of interpretable ones. Cartography contributes to a growing affinity between research in syntactic theory, semantics, discourse and information structure.
Searching for Belonging – An Analytical Framework
Authors: Antonsich Marco 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBelonging is a notion both vaguely defined and ill‐theorized. Scholars in various social disciplines often take this notion for granted, as if its meaning is somewhat self‐explanatory. Others tend to equate it with the notion of identity, citizenship, or both. By relying on a critical reading of an extensive literature across academic disciplines, this study aims to offer an analytical framework for the study of belonging. I argue that belonging should be analyzed both as a personal, intimate, feeling of being ‘at home’ in a place (place‐belongingness) and as a discursive resource that constructs, claims, justifies, or resists forms of socio‐spatial inclusion/exclusion (politics of belonging). The risk of focusing only on one of these two dimensions is to fall in the trap of either a socially de‐contextualized individualism or an all‐encompassing social(izing) discourse. The open question is whether the increasing cultural and ethnic diversification of contemporary societies can lead to the formation of communities of belonging beyond communities of identity.
Rural Economic Development: A Review of the Literature from Industrialized Economies
Authors: Ryser Laura , Halseth Greg 
Published: June 2010

AbstractOver the past 30 years, accelerating change has been one of the defining attributes of rural landscapes around the world. In response, there has been an increasing volume of rural economic development research and public/policy interest in that research. The purpose of this review article is not to provide a ‘state of the literature’ summary, but rather to highlight thematic directions, opportunities, and trends in the rural economic development literature over the past decade in industrialized economies. We review many of the longstanding research themes in rural economic development research: social and economic restructuring, barriers and challenges to economic development, community economic development, community capacity, governance, and policies and programs. We also explore a range of research issues that have (re‐) emerged over the past decade focusing on new approaches to understanding rural change and the deployment of development strategies in the context of the new rural economy.
China’s Changing National and Regional Innovation Systems and Regional Distribution of R&D
Authors: Zhang Fangzhu , Wu Fulong , Cooke Philip 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis article examines the transformation of China’s national and regional innovation systems. We review an emerging literature on innovation research on China, especially geographical studies of innovation, and argue that China’s national innovation system has become more enterprise‐centered since the economic reform started in 1979. This article systematically evaluates the strength and weakness of China’s national innovation system and argues that the new innovation system has a significant regional dimension demonstrated through attempts to establish regional innovation systems. R&Ds are concentrated in high‐tech development zones in China. However, these zones are more manufacturing oriented. In other words, there is more development than research. These regional systems, however, play a role in promoting economic competitiveness in their respective regions.
Modeling the Dynamics of Complex Spatial Systems Using GIS, Cellular Automata and Fuzzy Sets Applied to Invasive Plant Species Propagation
Authors: Dragićević Suzana 
Published: June 2010

AbstractGeographic processes are embedded within complex spatial systems containing multiple interacting variables. These processes have spatial and temporal dynamics that are difficult to represent and model with the standard tools of geographic information systems (GIS) software. Consequently, representing the dynamics of geographic process and accounting for uncertainties in variable measurements are key considerations when developing realistic spatial models. This article discusses an integrated GIS‐based cellular automata (CA) design that addresses spatial and temporal dynamics representation, and incorporates fuzzy sets for handling input spatial data uncertainties and errors. The integrated approach is demonstrated in the context of modeling the dynamics of invasive plant species in a simulated landscape. Using dynamic models as predictive tools can enable more targeted spatial decision making especially when resources are limited. In the case of invasive species, the GIS‐CA model can be used to predict species locations for improved control and management strategies.
Negotiating GIS and Social Theory in Population Geography
Authors: Walker Kyle E. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractPopulation researchers are increasingly giving attention to how geographic information systems (GIS)‐based analytical techniques can answer questions about the spatial aspects of demographic processes. This broader turn toward spatial demography, however, has occurred concurrently with concerns within population geography about the sub‐discipline’s position within human geography as it turns toward critical social theory. These developments create distinct tensions for population geographers who seek to engage with the growing interest in GIS and spatial analysis outside of geography, and remain relevant within an increasingly theoretical human geography. This article evaluates the challenges in incorporating insights from critical social theory into spatial demographic research, with attention to issues such as the social construction of space and scale and the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP). The article then assesses the potential of qualitative GIS as a methodological resolution to these challenges, and considers the prospects for theoretically informed spatial demographic research in population geography.