bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Affinity, Antipathy and Political Participation: How Our Concern For Others Makes Us Vote
Authors: Loewen Peter John 
Published: September 2010

Abstract.Some citizens differ in their levels of concern for the supporters of various parties. I demonstrate how such concerns can motivate citizens to vote. I first present a simple formal model that incorporates concern for others and election benefits to explain the decision to vote. By predicting substantial turnout, this model overcomes the “paradox of participation.” I then verify the model empirically. I utilize a series dictator games in an online survey of more than 2000 Canadians to measure the concern of individuals for other partisans. I show how the preferences revealed in these games can predict the decision to vote in the face of several conventional controls. Taken together, the formal model and empirical results generate a more fulsome and satisfactory account of the decision to vote than an explanation which relies solely on duty.Résumé.Les citoyens ne se préoccupent pas tous des partisans des divers partis politiques. Je démontre comment de telles préoccupations peuvent motiver les citoyens à participer aux élections. Je présente d'abord un modèle formel qui explique la décision de voter en intégrant les préoccupations à l'égard des autres électeurs et les bénéfices associés à une élection. En prédisant une part substantielle de la participation, ce modèle surmonte le paradoxe de la participation électorale. Ensuite, le modèle est vérifié empiriquement. J'emploie à cette fin une série de jeux du dictateur insérés dans une enquête menée en ligne auprès de 2000 Canadiens afin de mesurer leur degré de préoccupation à l'égard des autres partisans. Je montre comment les préférences révélées dans ces jeux peuvent prédire la décision de voter. Ensemble, le modèle formel et les résultats empiriques produisent une explication plus éloquente et plus satisfaisante de la décision de voter lors d'une élection que les explications qui s'appuient seulement sur le sens du devoir.
Quality of life of children with sleep-disordered breathing treated with adenotonsillectomy
Authors: Powell S M , Tremlett M , Bosman D A 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjective:To assess the quality of life of UK children with sleep-disordered breathing undergoing adenotonsillectomy, by using the Obstructive Sleep Apnoea 18 questionnaire and determining score changes and effect sizes.Design:Prospective, longitudinal study.Setting:The otolaryngology department of a university teaching hospital in Northern England.Participants:Twenty-eight children for whom adenotonsillectomy was planned as treatment for sleep-disordered breathing, and who had either a clinical history consistent with obstructive sleep apnoea or a polysomnographic diagnosis.Main outcome measure:The Obstructive Sleep Apnoea 18 questionnaire, a previously validated, disease-specific quality of life assessment tool; changes in questionnaire scores and effect sizes were assessed.Methods:The Obstructive Sleep Apnoea 18 questionnaire was administered to each child's parent pre-operatively, then again at the follow-up appointment. Questionnaire scores ranged from 1 to 7. Score changes were analysed using the paired t-test; effect sizes were calculated using 95 per cent confidence intervals.Results:Complete data were obtained for 22 children (mean age, 61 months). Ten had undergone pre-operative polysomnography. Twenty-one children underwent adenotonsillectomy (one underwent tonsillectomy). Median follow up was eight weeks (interquartile range, six to 11 weeks). Following surgery, the overall mean score improvement was 2.6 (p < 0.0001) and the mean effect size 2.4 (95 per cent confidence interval 1.9 to 2.8). There were significant improvements in each of the individual questionnaire domains, i.e. sleep disturbance (mean score change 3.9, p < 0.0001), physical suffering (2.2, p < 0.0001), emotional distress (2.0, p = 0.0001), daytime problems (1.8, p = 0.0001) and caregiver concerns (2.6, p < 0.0001).Conclusion:In these children with sleep-disordered breathing treated by adenotonsillectomy, Obstructive Sleep Apnoea 18 questionnaire results indicated significantly improved mean score changes and effect sizes across all questionnaire domains, comparing pre- and post-operative data.
Molecular epidemiological investigation of a typhoid fever outbreak in South Africa, 2005: the relationship to a previous epidemic in 1993
Authors: KEDDY K. H. , SOOKA A. , ISMAIL H. , SMITH A. M. , WEBER I. , LETSOALO M. E. , HARRIS B. N. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYIn 2005, over 600 clinically diagnosed typhoid fever cases occurred in South Africa, where an outbreak had been previously described in 1993. Case-control and molecular investigations, including Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) isolates from that area from 1993, 2005 and later, were undertaken. Controls were significantly older than cases (P=0·003), possibly due to immunity from previous infection, and a significantly larger proportion had attended a gathering (P=0·035). Exposure to commercial food outlets and person-to-person transmission was not significant. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multi-locus tandem repeat analysis revealed common clusters of S. Typhi strains identified in 1993 and 2005 as well as in 2007 and 2009. This outbreak probably occurred in a non-immune population due to faecally contaminated water. S. Typhi strains appeared to be related to strains from 1993; failure to address unsafe water may lead to further outbreaks in the area if the current population immunity wanes or is lost.
Psychiatric disorders and stress factors experienced by staff members in cancer hospitals: A preliminary finding from psychiatric consultation service at National Cancer Center Hospitals in Japan
Authors: Asai Mariko , Akizuki Nobuya , Akechi Tatsuo , Nakano Tomohito , Shimizu Ken , Umezawa Shino , Ogawa Asao , Matsui Yutaka , Uchitomi Yosuke 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjective:The purpose of this study is to identify psychiatric disorders and stress factors experienced by staff members in cancer hospitals who were referred to psychiatric consultation service, and to investigate the association between psychiatric disorders and stress factors.Method:A retrospective descriptive study using clinical practice data on staff members referred to psychiatric consultation service, obtained for 8 years, was conducted at two National Cancer Center Hospitals in Japan. Psychiatric disorders were identified according to DSM-IV. Stress factors were extracted from a chief complaint at the initial visit in medical charts, using a coding approach, and grouped as job stress or personal stress. The frequencies of the stress factors were determined by two coders who were unaware of the categorized procedure. Fisher's exact test was used to determine the association between psychiatric disorders and stress factors.Results:Of 8077 psychiatric consultations, 65 (1%) staff members were referred. The most common psychiatric disorder was adjustment disorder (n = 26, 40%), followed by major depression (n = 17, 26%). Eight stress factors were identified from 76 meaning units and were grouped into five job stresses and three personal stresses. Of the five job stresses, four were most frequently experienced in adjustment disorders, and “failure to adapt to job environmental change” was significantly associated (p = 0.014). Two of the three personal stresses were most frequently experienced in psychiatric disorders other than major depressive disorder and adjustment disorders, and “suffering from mental disease” was significantly associated (p = 0.001).Significance of results:We found that very few staff members were provided with psychiatric consultation service. A comprehensive support system for job stress might be needed to prevent adjustment disorders, as those are suggested to be the most common psychiatric disorders among staff members in cancer hospitals.
On “spirituality,” “religion,” and “religions”: A concept analysis
Authors: Lazenby J. Mark 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjective:With increasing research on the role of religion and spirituality in the well-being of cancer patients, it is important to define distinctly the concepts that researchers use in these studies.Method:Using the philosophies of Frege and James, this essay argues that the terms “religion” and “spirituality” denote the same concept, a concept that is identified with the Peace/Meaning subscale of the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy — Spiritual Well-being Scale (FACIT-Sp).Results:The term “Religions” denotes the concept under which specific religious systems are categorized.Significance of results:This article shows how muddling these concepts causes researchers to make claims that their findings do not support, and it ends in suggesting that future research must include universal measures of the concept of religion/spirituality in order to investigate further the role of interventions in the spiritual care of people living with cancer.
Spoken fluency revisited
Authors: McCarthy Michael 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAn important priority for the English Profile programme is to incorporate empirical evidence of the spoken language into the Common European Framework (CEFR). At present, the CEFR descriptors relating to the spoken language include references to fluency and its development as the learner moves from one level to another. This article offers a critique of the monologic bias of much of our current approach to spoken fluency. Fluency undoubtedly involves a degree of automaticity and the ability quickly to retrieve ready-made chunks of language. However, fluency also involves the ability to create flow and smoothness across turn-boundaries and can be seen as an interactive phenomenon in discourse. The article offers corpus evidence for the notion ofconfluence, that is the joint production of flow by more than one speaker, focusing in particular on turn-openings and closings. It considers the implications of an interactive view of fluency for pedagogy, assessment and in the broader social context.
A1–B2 vocabulary: insights and issues arising from the English Profile Wordlists project
Authors: Capel Annette 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe English Profile Wordlists provide a web resource showing the most common words and phrases in use by learners of English. Designed for use by language professionals from teacher trainers to examination writers, and with input from contributors and reviewers from around the world, the Wordlists document learner vocabulary through corpus-informed research. Vocabulary is graded according to the four Basic and Independent User levels of the Common European Framework of Reference (levels A1–B2) and is selected following a ‘can-do’ rationale – focussing on what learners do know rather than on what they should know. Preview versions of the British and American English Wordlists are available through public preview, offering detailed search functionality. There are further development opportunities to extend the Wordlists for young learners and for Business English, as well as to cover vocabulary at the C levels.
The Modern Languages Programme of the Council of Europe as a background to the English Profile Programme
Authors: Trim John L. M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe history of language teaching from the nineteenth century to the modern day is discussed including the initiatives of the Council of Europe following ratification of the Convention on Cultural Cooperation in 1954. It was this post-war initiative that paved the way for development of the Threshold level as a marker for language competency. More recently Waystage and Vantage levels have been added, and the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages now provides a six level framework for testing language proficiency. The English Profile Programme is an innovative undertaking to develop these achievements further.
Effects of racecadotril and loperamide on bacterial proliferation and on the central nervous system of the newborn gnotobiotic piglet
Authors: Duval‐Iflah Y. , Berard H. , Baumer P. , Guillaume P. , Raibaud P. , Joulin Y. , Lecomte J.M. 
Published: September 2010

Methods The effects of 4 days of oral administration of different doses of two drugs, an enkephalinase inhibitor (the antisecretory agent, racecadotril) and a μ‐receptor agonist (loperamide), on intestinal growth of a bacterial nonpathogenic strain (Escherichia coli E 404) and on the central nervous system (CNS) were compared in newborn gnotobiotic piglets. Results The E. coli content of the proximal jejunum (segment S1) and the E. coli ratio of stomach:segment S1 were similar in the racecadotril (20 mg/kg b.d., n = 5) and control groups. In contrast, in the loperamide group (1 mg/kg b.d., n = 4), the E. coli content of segment S1 and the E. coli ratio stomach:S1 were both significantly higher than with racecadotril or control (P = 0.04 and 0.005, respectively, for E. coli content; P = 0.05 and 0.03, respectively, for stomach:S1). There were no clinical signs of neurotoxicity and no deaths with racecadotril given orally at a high dose of 130 mg/kg b.d. (n = 5) – nearly 60 times the paediatric dosage. In contrast, an equivalent high dose of loperamide (5 mg/kg b.d.) resulted in death in three out of four piglets. Conclusions In contrast to loperamide, racecadotril did not induce bacterial overgrowth and did not produce central neurotoxicity.
The Motivations of Blood Donors and Nondonors: A Community Survey
Authors: Oswalt R. M. , Hoff T. E. 
Published: September 2010

Telephone interviews elicited information on motivational responses of blood donors and nondonors from a completely random sample of an entire community. Results indicated that more males than females are current donors and that 63 per cent of the males and 89 per cent of the females who have donated previously have become nondonors. Most donors express no fears before donating and state direct appeal, convenience, and peer pressure as the motivational aspects that caused them to donate in the first place, and altruism as the major reason for continuing to donate. The two largest categories mentioned by nondonors for inhibiting their donating were medical disqualification and fear.When both donors and nondonors made suggestions for improving blood donor recruitment, they tended to mention publicity (including education), emergency appeal, and personal solicitation. The first two were not mentioned by actual donors as to what motivated them to give blood initially. Blood procurement agencies should, therefore, be aware of a distinction between actual motivating factors and those that are only hypothetical.
Effects of Donor Recruitment Methods on Population Responses
Authors: Ford G. T. , Wallace E. L. 
Published: September 2010

It is important to know the preferences of blood donors and nondonors as to 1) the method of contact of the prospective donor by the recruiter, 2) the character of the relationship between the recruiter and the recruit, 3) the recruitment message used by the recruiter, and 4) the logistics of the collection. Interviews with almost 2,000 blood donors and nondonors in the Buffalo region were done to provide information on these preferences.Results of the studies include evidence that face‐to‐face recruiting is over three times as effective as is recruiting by the telephone. The relationship between recruiter and recruit is important primarily to first‐time donors. The recruitment message should include all of the reasons for donating. Replacement donors are a good source of future volunteers, and the logistics of blood collection, particularly selection of donor sites and overall time required to donate, are crucial in determining donor responses.
A Computer‐Based Frozen Blood Inventory and Information System
Authors: Roberts S. C. , Ruess D. T. , Camp F. R. 
Published: September 2010

A computer‐based, time‐sharing data processing system was developed to assist in maintaining information regarding units of red blood cells frozen for eventual transfusion. An automated system has been programmed to compile and retrieve data concerning stored units, prepare shipping documents as required, and maintain transfusion records in a retrievable manner for thawed or shipped units.Requests for frozen red blood cells are processed through this system. Units are selected by the computer to meet requirements specified by the operator of a keyboard terminal. These requirements include method of cryopreservation, specific antigenic characteristics required, and the number of units requested. The computer prints out on the keyboard terminal the units meeting the requirements and the keyboard operator then indicates to the computer the name of the requesting facility, if these units are to be shipped. This input initiates a programmed routine that generates a shipping invoice and a new file for these units in a permanent transfusion record which can be accessed by either donor number or the frozen blood cell code.
Blood Storage XXII. Improvement in Red Blood Cell 2,3‐DPG Levels at Six Weeks by 20 mM PO4 in CPD‐Adenine‐Inosine
Authors: Dawson R. B. , Hershey R. T. , Myers C. , Holmes S. 
Published: September 2010

Inorganic phosphate has been known to assist red blood cell maintenance of ATP and in the presence of inosine to assist in the maintenance of 2,3‐DPG. High concentrations of phosphate, while helping ATP maintenance, were found to be deleterious to 2,3‐DPG maintenance in CPD‐adenine preservatives. However, in the presence of inosine, concentrations of phosphate as high as 10 mM were advantageous to 2,3‐DPG maintenance. The present study extends the observations on ATP and 2,3‐DPG maintenance in CPD‐adenine‐inosine preservatives from the previous 10 mM to 20 mM phosphate.A high phosphate (20 mM) effect has been seen as improved maintenance of 2,3‐DPG levels during the fifth and sixth weeks of storage of whole blood at 4 C. This supports the previously reported observation of improved maintenance of 2,3‐DPG in a 10 mM phosphate preservative. This is ten times the 2 mM phosphate concentration in CPD‐adenine. In the low phosphate preservative (2 mM), 2,3‐DPG maintenance is less than that in all of the higher phosphate preservatives after the second week of storage. ATP concentrations in this experiment show good maintenance throughout six weeks of storage.
Characterizing the dynamics of functionally relevant complexes of formate dehydrogenase
Authors: Bandaria Jigar N. , Dutta Samrat , Nydegger Michael W. , Rock William , Kohen Amnon , Cheatum Christopher M. 
Published: September 2010

The potential for femtosecond to picosecond time-scale motions to influence the rate of the intrinsic chemical step in enzyme-catalyzed reactions is a source of significant controversy. Among the central challenges in resolving this controversy is the difficulty of experimentally characterizing thermally activated motions at this time scale in functionally relevant enzyme complexes. We report a series of measurements to address this problem using two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy to characterize the time scales of active-site motions in complexes of formate dehydrogenase with the transition-state-analog inhibitor azide (

). We observe that the frequency–frequency time correlation functions (FFCF) for the ternary complexes with NAD
+
and NADH decay completely with slow time constants of 3.2 ps and 4.6 ps, respectively. This result suggests that in the vicinity of the transition state, the active-site enzyme structure samples a narrow and relatively rigid conformational distribution indicating that the transition-state structure is well organized for the reaction. In contrast, for the binary complex, we observe a significant static contribution to the FFCF similar to what is seen in other enzymes, indicating the presence of the slow motions that occur on time scales longer than our measurement window.
Structural basis for the autoprocessing of zinc metalloproteases in the thermolysin family
Authors: Gao Xiang , Wang Jue , Yu Da-Qi , Bian Fei , Xie Bin-Bin , Chen Xiu-Lan , Zhou Bai-Cheng , Lai Lu-Hua , Wang Zhi-Xin , Wu Jia-Wei , Zhang Yu-Zhong 
Published: September 2010

Thermolysin-like proteases (TLPs), a large group of zinc metalloproteases, are synthesized as inactive precursors. TLPs with a long propeptide (∼200 residues) undergo maturation following autoprocessing through an elusive molecular mechanism. We report the first two crystal structures for the autoprocessed complexes of a typical TLP, MCP-02. In the autoprocessed complex, Ala205 shifts upward by 33 Å from the previously covalently linked residue, His204, indicating that, following autocleavage of the peptide bond between His204 and Ala205, a large conformational change from the zymogen to the autoprocessed complex occurs. The eight N-terminal residues (residues Ala205-Gly212) of the catalytic domain form a new β-strand, nestling into two other β-strands. Simultaneously, the apparent
T

m

of the autoprocessed complex increases 20 °C compared to that of the zymogen. The stepwise degradation of the propeptide begins with two sequential cuttings at Ser49-Val50 and Gly57-Leu58, which lead to the disassembly of the propeptide and the formation of mature MCP-02. Our findings give new insights into the molecular mechanism of TLP maturation.
Right-handed double-helix ultrashort DNA yields chiral nematic phases with both right- and left-handed director twist
Authors: Zanchetta Giuliano , Giavazzi Fabio , Nakata Michi , Buscaglia Marco , Cerbino Roberto , Clark Noel A. , Bellini Tommaso 
Published: September 2010

Concentrated solutions of duplex-forming DNA oligomers organize into various mesophases among which is the nematic (
N
∗
), which exhibits a macroscopic chiral helical precession of molecular orientation because of the chirality of the DNA molecule. Using a quantitative analysis of the transmission spectra in polarized optical microscopy, we have determined the handedness and pitch of this chiral nematic helix for a large number of sequences ranging from 8 to 20 bases. The B-DNA molecule exhibits a right-handed molecular double-helix structure that, for long molecules, always yields
N
∗
phases with left-handed pitch in the μm range. We report here that ultrashort oligomeric duplexes show an extremely diverse behavior, with both left- and right-handed
N
∗
helices and pitches ranging from macroscopic down to 0.3 μm. The behavior depends on the length and the sequence of the oligomers, and on the nature of the end-to-end interactions between helices. In particular, the
N
∗
handedness strongly correlates with the oligomer length and concentration. Right-handed phases are found only for oligomers shorter than 14 base pairs, and for the sequences having the transition to the
N
∗
phase at concentration larger than 620 mg/mL. Our findings indicate that in short DNA, the intermolecular double-helical interactions switch the preferred liquid crystal handedness when the columns of stacked duplexes are forced at high concentrations to separations comparable to the DNA double-helix pitch, a regime still to be theoretically described.