bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Willingness to pay for brands: a cross‐region, cross‐category analysis
Authors: Jin Yanhong H. , Zilberman David , Heiman Amir , Li Ying 
Published: September 2010

AbstractUsing survey data collected in multiple locations (California and Texas in the United States and Revohot in Israel), we quantify category‐ and location‐specific variations of consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for brand products after controlling for consumer characteristics. We find that consumers have a similar qualitative assessment of brand value in different product categories across different locations. That is, consumers have a stronger preference and higher WTP for brands in consumer electronics, followed by clothing and then processed food, and the lowest in fresh produce. Furthermore, we simulate price premiums and market shares of brands relative to generic products in different categories. Simulation results suggest that brands in fresh produce have the highest price premium but lowest market share. Despite the similarities, the magnitude of WTP for brands as well as the simulated price premium and the corresponding market share in the same product category are location variant. The similarities and dissimilarities suggest validity of having global brand strategies adapted to local conditions, that is, the so‐called “thinking globally and acting locally” strategy.
Is there a metallicity gradient in the Large Magellanic Cloud?
Authors: Feast Michael W. , Abedigamba Oyirwoth P. , Whitelock Patricia A. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
A small but significant radial gradient in the mean periods of Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) RR Lyrae variables is established from the OGLE-III survey data. This is interpreted as a metallicity gradient but other possibilities are also discussed. Data on the ratio of photometrically selected C- and M-type asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars in the LMC, kindly provided by M-R. L. Cioni, are reanalysed. Removing the effects of bias leads to conclusions strikingly different to the original ones. There is a slight gradient of the C/M ratio in the inner part of the LMC, which might be due to a very small mean metallicity gradient. In the outer part of the LMC the C/M ratio drops dramatically. The most likely reason for this is that the proportion of older stars increases in the outer regions. The mean metallicity of the inner AGB star population estimated from the C/M ratio is lower than for intermediate age LMC clusters and suggest that this population is in the mean older than the clusters and has a mean age which falls in the LMC cluster age gap.
AGN have underweight black holes and reach Eddington
Authors: King A. R. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Eddington outflows probably regulate the growth of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in active galactic nucleus (AGN). I show that effect of the Rayleigh–Taylor instability on these outflows means that SMBH masses are likely to be a factor of a few below the M–σ relation in AGN. This agrees with the suggestion by Batcheldor that the M–σ relation defines an upper limit to the black hole mass. I further argue that observed AGN black holes must spend much of their lives accreting at the Eddington rate. This is already suggested by the low observed AGN fraction among all galaxies despite the need to grow to the masses required by the Soltan relation and is reinforced by the suggested low SMBH masses. Most importantly, this is the simplest explanation of the recent discovery by Tombesi et al. of the widespread incidence of massive ultrafast X-ray outflows in a large sample of AGN.
Modeling Natural Attenuation of Total BTEX and Benzene Plumes with Different Kinetics
Authors: Suarez Monica P. , Rifai Hanadi S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractNatural attenuation has emerged as a potential alternative for remediation of sites contaminated with fuel hydrocarbons. This paper compares the results from modeling the natural attenuation of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene) at a coastal site to the results from a benzene model at the same site. Field data for total BTEX and benzene were used to develop model parameters for the Bioplume III site model. A first‐order kinetics expression was used for benzene and an instantaneous expression for BTEX. Modeling results showed shorter cleanup timeframes for benzene than for BTEX. Natural attenuation cleanup times using BTEX and assimilative capacity are 47% to 90% higher than those for benzene alone. Cleanup times for benzene of ∼100 years were estimated from model predictions, whereas predicted cleanup times for BTEX varied between 150 and 200 years.
Regional Trade Agreements and Democracy Promotion: Measuring the Influence of Democracy Requirements in Regional Trade Agreements
Authors: COLLINS STEPHEN D. 
Published: September 2010

This article examines the capacity of regional trade agreements (RTAs) to assist and foster democracy in their respective regions. While the principal raison d'être of RTAs is to stimulate economic growth among its member states, several regional trade associations have embedded democratic requirements into their governance documents. These requirements elevate democracy to a fundamental value of the associations, and mandate (in most instances) that both current and candidate members possess and uphold democratic political systems and practices. This article examines the regional impact of democracy requirements in trade blocs by exploring four leading RTAs: the European Union, NAFTA Mercosur, and ASEAN. The article finds that the ability to promote democracy is impacted by three primary RTA characteristics: (1) the material benefits of membership; (2) the intensity of political and economic integration among member states; and (3) the level of democratic consolidation exhibited by member states.Este artículo examina la capacidad de los acuerdos comerciales regionales para ayudar y fomentar la democracia en sus respectivas regiones. Mientras que la principal razón de ser de los acuerdos comerciales es la de estimular el crecimiento económico entre sus estados miembros, muchas asociaciones comerciales regionales han incluido requerimientos democráticos dentro de sus documentos de gobierno. Estos requerimientos elevan a la democracia como un valor fundamental de las asociaciones, y ordenan que (en la mayoría de los casos) tanto los estados miembro como los candidatos, posean y mantengan los sistemas políticos democráticos y sus prácticas. Este artículo examina el impacto regional de los requerimientos de la democracia en bloques comerciales al explorar cuatro acuerdos comerciales regionales destacados: la Unión Europea, TLCAN, Mercosur, y ASEAN. El estudio encuentra que la habilidad de promover la democracia es influida por tres características de dichos acuerdos: (1) los beneficios materiales de la membresía; (2) la intensidad de la integración política y económica entre sus miembros; y (3) el nivel de la consolidación democrática demostrada por sus estados miembros.
Factors influencing the growth and survival of larval and juvenile echinoids
Authors: Kalam Azad Abul , McKinley Scott , Pearce Christopher M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractMany factors can influence the growth and survival of larval and juvenile echinoids (e.g. diet type, food ration, stocking density, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, water chemistry and settlement cues), but most of these factors have not been studied in detail with regard to most species targeted for commercial aquaculture production. This review summarizes the state of knowledge on factors influencing the growth and survival of larval and juvenile echinoids. Sea‐urchin larvae are typically reared with either Dunaliella tertiolecta Butcher or Chaetoceros spp. The optimum food ration is in the range of 3000–9000 cells mL−1 and 20 000–60 000 cells mL−1 for D. tertiolecta and Chaetoceros spp., respectively, the concentration depending on larval stage and stocking density. Larvae have been successfully cultured at densities of 0.25–5.00 individuals mL−1, but the optimum level appears to be 1–2 individuals mL−1. A variety of benthic diatom species, particularly Navicula spp., can serve as the initial food source for young juveniles. Older juveniles may be fed with various species of foliose macroalgae and/or prepared diets. Most research on larval and juvenile echinoids has been done using ambient salinity and temperature, but some work has shown the importance of temperature on growth rate.
Listeria monocytogenesPrsA2 Is Required for Virulence Factor Secretion and Bacterial Viability within the Host Cell Cytosol
Authors: Alonzo Francis , Freitag Nancy E. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTIn the course of establishing its replication niche within the cytosol of infected host cells, the facultative intracellular bacterial pathogenListeria monocytogenesmust efficiently regulate the secretion and activity of multiple virulence factors.L. monocytogenesencodes two predicted posttranslocation secretion chaperones, PrsA1 and PrsA2, and evidence suggests that PrsA2 has been specifically adapted for bacterial pathogenesis. PrsA-like chaperones have been identified in a number of Gram-positive bacteria, where they are reported to function at the bacterial membrane-cell wall interface to assist in the folding of proteins translocated across the membrane; in some cases, these proteins have been found to be essential for bacterial viability. In this study, the contributions of PrsA2 and PrsA1 toL. monocytogenesgrowth and protein secretion were investigatedin vitroandin vivo. Neither PrsA2 nor PrsA1 was found to be essential forL. monocytogenesgrowth in broth culture; however, optimal bacterial viability was found to be dependent upon PrsA2 forL. monocytogeneslocated within the cytosol of host cells. Proteomic analyses ofprsA2mutant strains in the presence of a mutationally activated allele of the virulence regulator PrfA revealed a critical requirement for PrsA2 activity under conditions of PrfA activation, an event which normally takes place within the host cell cytosol. Despite a high degree of amino acid similarity, no detectable degree of functional overlap was observed between PrsA2 and PrsA1. Our results indicate a critical requirement for PrsA2 under conditions relevant to host cell infection.
Risk of injury on third-generation artificial turf in Norwegian professional football
Authors: Bjørneboe John , Bahr Roald , Andersen Thor Einar 
Published: September 2010

BackgroundArtificial turf is used extensively in both recreational and elite football in areas with difficult climatic conditions.ObjectiveTo compare the risk for acute injuries between natural grass (NG) and third-generation artificial turf (3GAT) in male professional football.Study designProspective cohort study.MethodsAll injuries sustained by players with a first-team contract were recorded by the medical staff of each club, from the 2004 throughout the 2007 season. An injury was registered if the player was unable to take fully part in football activity or match play.ResultsA total of 668 match injuries, 526 on grass and 142 on artificial turf, were recorded. The overall acute match injury incidence was 17.1 (95% CI 15.8 to 18.4) per 1000 match hours; 17.0 (95% CI 15.6 to 18.5) on grass and 17.6 (95% CI 14.7 to 20.5) on artificial turf. Correspondingly, the incidence for training injuries was 1.8 (95% CI 1.6 to 2.0); 1.8 (95% CI 1.5 to 2.0) on grass and 1.9 (95% CI 1.5 to 2.2) on artificial turf respectively. No significant difference was observed in injury location, type or severity between turf types.ConclusionNo significant differences were detected in injury rate or pattern between 3GAT and NG in Norwegian male professional football.
STABLE STATIONARY STATES OF NON-LOCAL INTERACTION EQUATIONS
Authors: FELLNER KLEMENS , RAOUL GAËL 
Published: September 2010

In this paper, we are interested in the large-time behaviour of a solution to a non-local interaction equation, where a density of particles/individuals evolves subject to an interaction potential and an external potential. It is known that for regular interaction potentials, stable stationary states of these equations are generically finite sums of Dirac masses.For a finite sum of Dirac masses, we give (i) a condition to be a stationary state, (ii) two necessary conditions of linear stability w.r.t. shifts and reallocations of individual Dirac masses, and (iii) show that these linear stability conditions imply local non-linear stability. Finally, we show that for regular repulsive interaction potential Wεconverging to a singular repulsive interaction potential W, the Dirac-type stationary states [Formula: see text] approximate weakly a unique stationary state [Formula: see text]. We illustrate our results with numerical examples.
In vivo Imaging of Tumor Transduced with Bimodal Lentiviral Vector Encoding Human Ferritin and Green Fluorescent Protein on a 1.5T Clinical Magnetic Resonance Scanner
Authors: Kim Hoe Suk , Cho Hye Rim , Choi Seung Hong , Woo Ji Su , Moon Woo Kyung 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
A combination of reporter genes for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and optical imaging can provide an additional level of noninvasive and quantitative information about biological processes occurring in deep tissues. We developed a bimodal lentiviral vector to monitor deep tissue events using MRI to detect myc-tagged human ferritin heavy chain (myc-hFTH) expression and fluorescence imaging to detect green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression. The transgene construct was stably transfected into MCF-7 and F-98 cells. After transplantation of the cells expressing myc-hFTH and GFP into mice or rats, serial MRI and fluorescence imaging were performed with a human wrist coil on a 1.5T MR scanner and optical imaging analyzer for 4 weeks. No cellular toxicity due to overexpression of myc-hFTH and GFP was observed in MTT and trypan blue exclusion assays. Iron accumulation was observed in myc-hFTH cells and tumors by Prussian blue staining and iron binding assays. The myc-hFTH cells and tumors had significantly lower signal intensities in T2-weighted MRI than mock-transfected controls (P ≤ 0.05). This is direct evidence that myc-hFTH expression can be visualized noninvasively with a 1.5T clinical MR scanner. This study shows that MRI and fluorescence imaging of transplanted cells at molecular and cellular levels can be performed simultaneously using our bimodal lentiviral vector system. Our techniques can be used to monitor tumor growth, metastasis, and regression during cell and gene-based therapy in deep tissues. Cancer Res; 70(18); 7315–24. ©2010 AACR.
Discovery and Canine Preclinical Assessment of a Nontoxic Procaspase-3–Activating Compound
Authors: Peterson Quinn P. , Hsu Danny C. , Novotny Chris J. , West Diana C. , Kim Dewey , Schmit Joanna M. , Dirikolu Levent , Hergenrother Paul J. , Fan Timothy M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA critical event in the apoptotic cascade is the proteolytic activation of procaspases to active caspases. The caspase autoactivating compound PAC-1 induces cancer cell apoptosis and exhibits antitumor activity in murine xenograft models when administered orally as a lipid-based formulation or implanted s.c. as a cholesterol pellet. However, high doses of PAC-1 were found to induce neurotoxicity, prompting us to design and assess a novel PAC-1 derivative called S-PAC-1. Similar to PAC-1, S-PAC-1 activated procaspase-3 and induced cancer cell apoptosis. However, S-PAC-1 did not induce neurotoxicity in mice or dogs. Continuous i.v. infusion of S-PAC-1 in dogs led to a steady-state plasma concentration of ∼10 μmol/L for 24 to 72 hours. In a small efficacy trial of S-PAC-1, evaluation of six pet dogs with lymphoma revealed that S-PAC-1 was well tolerated and that the treatments induced partial tumor regression or stable disease in four of six subjects. Our results support this canine setting for further evaluation of small-molecule procaspase-3 activators, including S-PAC-1, a compound that is an excellent candidate for further clinical evaluation as a novel cancer chemotherapeutic. Cancer Res; 70(18); 7232–41. ©2010 AACR.
Ligand-Independent Toll-like Receptor Signals Generated by Ectopic Overexpression of MyD88 Generate Local and Systemic Antitumor Immunity
Authors: Hartman Zachary C. , Osada Takuya , Glass Oliver , Yang Xiao Y. , Lei Gang-jun , Lyerly H. Kim , Clay Timothy M. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Although critical for initiating and regulating immune responses, the therapeutic use of individual cytokines as anticancer immunotherapeutic agents has achieved only modest clinical success. Consequently, many current strategies have focused on the use of specific immunotherapeutic agonists that engage individual receptors of innate immune networks, such as the Toll-like receptor (TLR) system, each resulting in specific patterns of gene expression, cytokine production, and inflammatory outcome. However, these immunotherapeutics are constrained by variable cellular TLR expression and responsiveness to particular TLR agonists, as well as the specific cellular context of different tumors. We hypothesized that overexpression of MyD88, a pivotal regulator of multiple TLR signaling pathways, could circumvent these constraints and mimic coordinated TLR signaling across all cell types in a ligand-independent fashion. To explore this hypothesis, we generated an adenoviral vector expressing MyD88 and show that Ad-MyD88 infection elicits extensive Th1-specific transcriptional and secreted cytokine signatures in all murine and human cell types tested in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, in vivo intratumoral injection of Ad-MyD88 into established tumor masses enhanced adaptive immune responses and inhibited local tumor immunosuppression, resulting in significantly inhibited local and systemic growth of multiple tumor types. Finally, Ad-MyD88 infection of primary human dendritic cells, tumor-associated fibroblasts, and colorectal carcinoma cells elicited significant Th1-type cytokine responses, resulting in enhanced tumor cell lysis and expansion of human tumor antigen–specific T cells. Thus, Ad-MyD88 initiated robust antitumor activity in established murine tumor microenvironments and in human contexts, suggesting its potential effectiveness as a clinical immunotherapeutic strategy. Cancer Res; 70(18); 7209–20. ©2010 AACR.
AACR Special Conference on Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Cancer Progression and Treatment
Authors: Roussos Evanthia T. , Keckesova Zuzana , Haley John D. , Epstein David M. , Weinberg Robert A. , Condeelis John S. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a developmental program implicated in cancer progression and was the subject of the 2010 AACR meeting on the topic of EMT and Cancer Progression and Treatment held on February 28 to March 2 in Arlington, Virginia. A review of the involvement of EMT in gastrulation, organogenesis, carcinogenesis, and metastatic progression elucidated the overlap of EMT in these physiologic and pathologic conditions. Both novel and traditional markers of cells undergoing EMT were discussed and compared with features used to define cancer stem cells. Importantly, these defining characteristics of cells undergoing EMT were discussed in the context of therapeutic and prognostic developments. Cancer Res; 70(19); 7360–4. ©2010 AACR.
Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Subsequent Risk of Specific Invasive Breast Cancer Subtypes in the California Teachers Study
Authors: Saxena Tanmai , Lee Eunjung , Henderson Katherine D. , Clarke Christina A. , West Dee , Marshall Sarah F. , Deapen Dennis , Bernstein Leslie , Ursin Giske 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground: Although it is well established that combined estrogen-progestin therapy (EPT) increases breast cancer risk, questions remain regarding the effect of different formulations of hormones, whether certain women are at particularly high risk, and whether risk varies by tumor subtype.Methods: We investigated hormone therapy (HT) use in relation to breast cancer risk in the California Teachers Study cohort; after a mean follow-up of 9.8 years, 2,857 invasive breast cancers were diagnosed.Results: Compared with women who had never used HT, women who reported 15 or more years of estrogen therapy (ET) use had a 19% greater risk of breast cancer (95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.37), whereas women using EPT for 15 or more years had an 83% greater risk (95% confidence interval, 1.48-2.26). Breast cancer risk was highest among women using continuous combined EPT regimens. Risks associated with EPT and ET use were increased with duration of HT use for women with a body mass index (BMI) of &lt;29.9 kg/m2 but not for women with BMI of ≥30 kg/m2. Elevated risks associated with EPT and ET use were confined to tumors that were positive for both estrogen and progesterone receptors and those that were HER2+ but were slightly diminished for HER2− tumors.Conclusions: Breast cancer risks increased with longer duration of ET and EPT use, and risks were highest for continuous-combined EPT use. Furthermore, risks varied by BMI and tumor subtype.Impact: These findings underscore the need for personalized risk-benefit discussions with women contemplating HT use. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(9); 2366–78. ©2010 AACR.
Epigenetic Modifications in Double-Strand Break DNA Damage Signaling and Repair
Authors: Rossetto Dorine , Truman Andrew W. , Kron Stephen J. , Côté Jacques 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Factors involved in the cellular response to double-strand break (DSB) DNA damage have been identified as potential therapeutic targets that would greatly sensitize cancer cells to radiotherapy and genotoxic chemotherapy. These targets could disable the repair machinery and/or reinstate normal cell-cycle checkpoint leading to growth arrest, senescence, and apoptosis. It is now clear that a major aspect of the DNA damage response occurs through specific interactions with chromatin structure and its modulation. It implicates highly dynamic posttranslational modifications of histones that are critical for DNA damage recognition and/or signaling, repair of the lesion, and release of cell-cycle arrest. Therefore, drugs that target the enzymes responsible for these modifications, or the protein modules reading them, have very high therapeutic potential. This review presents the current state of knowledge on the different chromatin modifications and their roles in each step of eukaryotic DSB DNA damage response. Clin Cancer Res; 16(18); 4543–52. ©2010 AACR.
Diet-Induced Obesity Accelerates Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Progression in Two Murine Models
Authors: Yun Jason P. , Behan James W. , Heisterkamp Nora , Butturini Anna , Klemm Lars , Ji Lingyun , Groffen John , Müschen Markus , Mittelman Steven D. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObesity is associated with an increased incidence of many cancers, including leukemia, although it is unknown whether leukemia incidence is increased directly by obesity or rather by associated genetic, lifestyle, health, or socioeconomic factors. We developed animal models of obesity and leukemia to test whether obesity could directly accelerate acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) using BCR/ABL transgenic and AKR/J mice weaned onto a high-fat diet. Mice were observed until development of progressive ALL. Although obese and control BCR/ABL mice had similar median survival, older obese mice had accelerated ALL onset, implying a time-dependent effect of obesity on ALL. Obese AKR mice developed ALL significantly earlier than controls. The effect of obesity was not explained by WBC count, thymus/spleen weight, or ALL phenotype. However, obese AKR mice had higher leptin, insulin, and interleukin-6 levels than controls, and these obesity-related hormones all have potential roles in leukemia pathogenesis. In conclusion, obesity directly accelerates presentation of ALL, likely by increasing the risk of an early event in leukemogenesis. This is the first study to show that obesity can directly accelerate the progression of ALL. Thus, the observed associations between obesity and leukemia incidence are likely to be directly related to biological effects of obesity. Cancer Prev Res; 3(10); 1259–64. ©2010 AACR.