bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neonatal Intensive Care: When and Where Is It Justified?
Authors: Svenningsen Nils W. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThere is a wide panorama of disorders in the newborn infant where neonatal intensive care has been proven effective in reducing mortality. Although modern neonatal intensive care can be very costly, shortand simple interventions for support and resuscitation still can be highly beneficial. In reviewing the field of neonatal intensive careduring the 1980s, it becomes evident that a major challenge for the future will be to apply physiological principles of great and provenvaluefor the newborn baby to more simple devices. Only thereby canthe technology of neonatal care defined as a complex of actions–not only equipment and techniques–become justified for future generations.
Volume and Outcome of Organ Transplantation
Authors: Banta H. David , Engel Gerard L. , Scherstén Tore 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn general, technically demanding medical procedures are associated with better outcomes when they are carried out in institutions and by physicians with higher volumes of practice. This paper examines the evidence for a volume–outcome relationship in the case of organ transplantation. Although few studies have been done on this subject, existing evidence is consistent with improved outcomes at higher volumes. Therefore, evidence supports policies that regionalize transplantation services.
A Methodology for Simulating the Impact of DNA-probe Services on the Outcomes of Pregnancies
Authors: Beech Roger , Rona Roberto J. , Swan Anthony V. , Wilson Oonagh M. , Mandalia Sundhiya 
Published: October 2009

AbstractFor certain single-gene disorders, DNA probes allow individuals to make more informed decisions about family size and the outcomes of pregnancies. They may also have important psychological effects. We present a method of assessing their impact on the outcomes of pregnancy. We conclude that the traditional approach, which focuses solely on the potential of prenatal diagnostic services to reduce affected births, is limited. It neglects the potential of such services to promote an increase in unaffected births by reducing the number of unnecessary terminations.
The Desired Field-Performance Characteristics of New Improved Vaccines for the Developing World
Authors: de Quadros Ciro A. , Carrasco Peter , Olivé Jean-Marc 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAlthough the vaccination initiatives undertaken during the past decade are the cornerstones for protecting the world's children and helping to ensure their survival and development, the vaccines currently being employed may become obstacles for further disease reduction or eradication. Their characteristics complicate or increase the burden on health care infrastructures to maintain or expand vaccine delivery systems. This paper examines an experience with the vaccine technologies that currently are being used by immunization programs in developing countries, illustrating the field problems and obstacles associated with their use. It discusses the advantages and benefits that would accrue if new or improved, heat-stable, multi-antigen vaccines that require only one or two, preferably oral, doses were to become available.
Maternal Immunization to Prevent Infectious Diseases in the Neonate or Infant
Authors: Insel Richard A. , Amstey Marvin , Woodin Kathleen , Pichichero Michael 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe approach of providing passive protection to young infants by immunizing pregnant women can bypass the problems of immunological immaturity in the neonate, avoid or delay active immunization of the infant in the first year of life, and prevent transmission of an infection from the mother to the neonate. Optimal vaccines for this approach should induce high immunoglobulin G antibody titers that quickly reach their maximum level after immunization and persist at protective levels for several years, thus providing passive protection in subsequent pregnancies. Specific applications of this approach include the worldwide practice of maternal immunization with tetanus toxoid vaccine and ongoing studies of maternal immunization to preventHaemophilus influenzaetype b, group B strepto-coccal, pneumococcal, meningococcal, and human immunodeficiency virus infection in the infant. Addressing the cultural, sociological, and legal aspects of maternal immunization will be required to ensure the success of this approach.
Genetic, environmental, and epigenetic factors in the development of personality disturbance
Authors: Depue Richard A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA dimensional model of personality disturbance is presented that is defined by extreme values on interacting subsets of seven major personality traits. Being at the extreme has marked effects on the threshold for eliciting those traits under stimulus conditions: that is, the extent to which the environment affects the neurobiological functioning underlying the traits. To explore the nature ofdevelopmentof extreme values on these traits, each trait is discussed in terms of three major issues: (a) the neurobiological variables associated with the trait, (b) individual variation in this neurobiology as a function of genetic polymorphisms, and (c) the effects of environmental adversity on these neurobiological variables through the action of epigenetic processes. It is noted that gene–environment interaction appears to be dependent on two main factors: (a) both genetic and environmental variables appear to have the most profound and enduring effects when they exert their effects during early postnatal periods, times when the forebrain is undergoing exuberant experience–expectant dendritic and axonal growth; and (b) environmental effects on neurobiology are strongly modified by individual differences in “traitlike” functioning of neurobiological variables. A model of the nature of the interaction between environmental and neurobiological variables in the development of personality disturbance is presented.
Changing dynamics in problematic personality: A multiwave longitudinal study of the relationship between shyness and aggressiveness from childhood to early adulthood
Authors: Hutteman Roos , Denissen Jaap J. A. , Asendorpf Jens B. , van Aken Marcel A. G. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe present longitudinal study investigated cascade effects linking the longitudinal trajectories of shyness and aggressiveness between age 4 and 23 and individual differences in this longitudinal relationship. Results demonstrated that there were cascade effects from shyness to adjacent measures of aggressiveness at three moments in time, and that the dynamics of these relationships changed over time. Children who were shy at age 6 became less aggressive at age 7 and the same effect was found between age 8 and age 10. From adolescence to early adulthood, the direction of the relationship changed and shy adolescents at age 17 became increasingly aggressive 5 years later. Interindividual differences were found in the latter cascade effect in that shyness at age 17 only predicted an increase in aggressiveness at age 23 for adolescents receiving low levels of support from their parents and for adolescents spending little time in part-time work. Together, findings suggest the importance of examining the development of normal variations in personality and personality disorders from a developmental perspective and taking into account person–environment interactions.
Antisocial behavior from a developmental psychopathology perspective
Authors: Frick Paul J. , Viding Essi 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis paper reviews research on chronic patterns of antisocial behavior and places this research into a developmental psychopathology framework. Specifically, research suggests that there are at least three important pathways through which children and adolescents can develop severe antisocial behaviors. One group of youth shows antisocial behavior that begins in adolescence, and two groups show antisocial behavior that begins in childhood but differ on the presence or absence of callous–unemotional traits. In outlining these distinct pathways to antisocial behavior, we have tried to illustrate some key concepts from developmental psychopathology such as equifinality and multifinality, the importance of understanding the interface between normal and abnormal development, and the importance of using multiple levels of analyses to advance causal theories. Finally, we discuss how this development model can be used to enhance existing interventions for antisocial individuals.
Does change in temperament predict change in schizoid personality disorder? A methodological framework and illustration from the Longitudinal Study of Personality Disorders
Authors: Lenzenweger Mark F. , Willett John B. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPersonality disorders (PDs) have been thought historically to be enduring, inflexible, and set in psychological stone relatively firmly; however, empirical findings from recent prospective multiwave longitudinal studies establish otherwise. Nearly all modern longitudinal studies of personality disorder have documented considerable change in PDs over time, suggesting considerable flexibility and plasticity in this realm of psychopathology. The factors and mechanisms of change in the PDs remain essentially opaque, and this area of PD research is just beginning to be probed using candidate predictors of change, such as personality systems. In this report, we investigate whether change in temperament dimensions (emotionality, activity, and sociability) predicts change in schizoid personality disorder. We present a latent growth framework for addressing this question and provide an illustration of the approach using data from the Longitudinal Study of Personality Disorders. Schizoid personality disorder was assessed using two different methodologies (structured psychiatric interview and self-report) and temperament was assessed using a well-known psychometric measure of temperament. All constructs were measured at three time points over a 4-year time period. To analyze these panel data, we fitted a covariance structure model that hypothesized simultaneous relationships between initial levels and rates of change in temperament and initial levels and rates of change in schizoid personality disorder. We found that rates of change in the core temperament dimensions studied do not predict rates of change in schizoid personality over time. We discuss the methodological advantages of the latent growth approach and the substantive meaning of the findings for change in schizoid personality disorder.
Reactivity and distortions in the self: Narcissism, types of aggression, and the functioning of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis during early adolescence
Authors: Bukowski William M. , Schwartzman Alex , Santo Jonathan , Bagwell Catherine , Adams Ryan 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA multisample, multistudy project aimed at understanding how individual differences in narcissism during early adolescence are related to distortions in the aggression, and the reactivity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis to negative and positive experiences. The findings indicate that individual differences in narcissism are a remarkably stable aspect of personality during early adolescence. It is predictably related to an inflated view of the self that is not warranted by objective indices of social functioning. Further evidence shows that it promotes the continuity of aggressive behavior and is more strongly related to reactive aggression than to proactive aggression and more strongly related to relational aggression than to physical aggression. Finally, there is evidence that distortions in the self may derive from the inadequate functioning of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, one of the body's main response system for dealing with stress. These findings are discussed in terms of the processes by which early adolescents react to threats and arousal in their daily functioning.
Dietary intake of trans fatty acids as a cardiovascular risk factor in a population of Italian teenagers
Authors: Sofi Francesco , Rapini Daniele , Innocenti Giulia , Abbate Rosanna , Gensini Gian Franco , Casini Alessandro 
Published: October 2009

AbstractTrans fatty acids are unsaturated fatty acids produced by the partial hydrogenation of polyunsaturated oils. Over the last few years, an increasing interest on these fatty acids has been shown because of their role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. To date, major scientific associations strongly recommend consuming a low intake of trans fatty acids for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, but data on the consumption of these fatty acids in the general population are still lacking. We conducted this observational study on a population of Italian teenagers in order to evaluate the consumption of trans fatty acids in the diet. We studied 81 Italian teenagers, 45 males and 36 females, with a median age of 16 years. To assess their consumption of trans fatty acids, we used the “High School Survey”, a questionnaire prepared by the Harvard Medical School. Total calories of the studied population were 2359.2 ± 591.5 kcal/day with a mean intake of trans fatty acids of 3.24 ± 1.48 g/day, corresponding to 1.23% of the total energy. A relevant proportion of subjects, namely 51 (62.9%), exceeded the limit contribution of 1% of energy from trans fatty acids. Their intake of total calories and trans fatty acids significantly increased according to their increasing age (p = 0.0003 for trend). Our data, therefore, obtained in a limited population of Italian adolescents, showed that a consistent proportion of adolescents does not follow the nutritional recommendations for intake of trans fatty acids, likely increasing their risk of cardiovascular diseases.
A novel method for mining highly imbalanced high-throughput screening data in PubChem
Authors: Li Qingliang , Wang Yanli , Bryant Stephen H. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Motivation: The comprehensive information of small molecules and their biological activities in PubChem brings great opportunities for academic researchers. However, mining high-throughput screening (HTS) assay data remains a great challenge given the very large data volume and the highly imbalanced nature with only small number of active compounds compared to inactive compounds. Therefore, there is currently a need for better strategies to work with HTS assay data. Moreover, as luciferase-based HTS technology is frequently exploited in the assays deposited in PubChem, constructing a computational model to distinguish and filter out potential interference compounds for these assays is another motivation.
Results: We used the granular support vector machines (SVMs) repetitive under sampling method (GSVM-RU) to construct an SVM from luciferase inhibition bioassay data that the imbalance ratio of active/inactive is high (1/377). The best model recognized the active and inactive compounds at the accuracies of 86.60% and 88.89 with a total accuracy of 87.74%, by cross-validation test and blind test. These results demonstrate the robustness of the model in handling the intrinsic imbalance problem in HTS data and it can be used as a virtual screening tool to identify potential interference compounds in luciferase-based HTS experiments. Additionally, this method has also proved computationally efficient by greatly reducing the computational cost and can be easily adopted in the analysis of HTS data for other biological systems.
Availability: Data are publicly available in PubChem with AIDs of 773, 1006 and 1379.
Contact: ywang@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov; bryant@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Extraction of β‐Glucan from Oat Bran in Laboratory Scale
Authors: Immerstrand Tina , Bergenståhl Björn , Trägårdh Christian , Nyman Margareta , Cui Steve , Öste Rickard 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTEffects of various enzymes and extraction conditions on yield and molecular weight of β‐glucans extracted from two batches of commercial oat bran produced in Sweden are reported. Hot‐water extraction with a thermostable α‐amylase resulted in an extraction yield of ≈76% of the β‐glucans, while the high peak molecular weight was maintained (1.6 × 106). A subsequent protein hydrolysis significantly reduced the peak molecular weight of β‐glucans (by pancreatin to 908 × 103 and by papain to 56 × 103). These results suggest that the protein hydrolyzing enzymes may not be pure enough for purifying β‐glucans. The isolation scheme consisted of removal of lipids with ethanol extraction, enzymatic digestion of starch with α‐amylase, enzymatic digestion of protein using protease, centrifugation to remove insoluble material, removal of low molecular weight components using dialysis, precipitation of β‐glucans with ethanol, and air‐drying.
Overexpression of SeveralArabidopsisHistone Genes IncreasesAgrobacterium-Mediated Transformation and Transgene Expression in Plants
Authors: Tenea Gabriela N. , Spantzel Joerg , Lee Lan-Ying , Zhu Yanmin , Lin Kui , Johnson Susan J. , Gelvin Stanton B. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe Arabidopsis thaliana histone H2A-1 is important for Agrobacterium tumefaciens–mediated plant transformation. Mutation of HTA1, the gene encoding histone H2A-1, results in decreased T-DNA integration into the genome of Arabidopsis roots, whereas overexpression of HTA1 increases transformation frequency. To understand the mechanism by which HTA1 enhances transformation, we investigated the effects of overexpression of numerous Arabidopsis histones on transformation and transgene expression. Transgenic Arabidopsis containing cDNAs encoding histone H2A (HTA), histone H4 (HFO), and histone H3-11 (HTR11) displayed increased transformation susceptibility, whereas histone H2B (HTB) and most histone H3 (HTR) cDNAs did not increase transformation. A parallel increase in transient gene expression was observed when histone HTA, HFO, or HTR11 overexpression constructs were cotransfected with double- or single-stranded forms of a gusA gene into tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) protoplasts. However, these cDNAs did not increase expression of a previously integrated transgene. We identified the N-terminal 39 amino acids of H2A-1 as sufficient to increase transient transgene expression in plants. After transfection, transgene DNA accumulates more rapidly in the presence of HTA1 than with a control construction. Our results suggest that certain histones enhance transgene expression, protect incoming transgene DNA during the initial stages of transformation, and subsequently increase the efficiency of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.
Preservation of scientific and cultural heritage in Balkan countries
Authors: Tonta Yaşar 
Published: October 2009

PurposeThe peoples living in the Balkan Peninsula over centuries have created a very rich cultural heritage and the constant political upheavals in the region have affected the development and preservation of their cultures. This paper aims to review the internet infrastructure and networked readiness levels of the Balkan countries, which are conducive to scientific co‐operation and preservation of digitised cultural heritage. It also explores the destructive effects of wars on the cultural riches of the region.Design/methodology/approachThe internet facilities and the scientific production of the Balkan countries were identified using published sources and Thomson's Web of Science database. A game‐theoretic approach was used to expound the consequences of wars and the adverse effects of the nation‐building process on cultural heritage artefacts.FindingsBalkan countries lack sound internet infrastructures, hindering their contributions to the world of science and stifling scientific co‐operation among themselves in terms of joint papers. The co‐ordinated efforts have yet to exist to streamline the digital preservation of the unique cultural heritage of the Balkan countries.Originality/valueThis paper discusses the impact of the nation‐building process on cultural and scientific heritage artefacts using the concepts of the “game theory”. It reinforces the fact that destroying the cultural heritage artefacts during wars is not a “zero‐sum game” in which the dominant culture wins and the “other” culture loses. It is not even a “lose‐lose game” in which both parties lose. Rather, humanity loses part of its whole cultural heritage forever.
Library web sites in Pakistan: an analysis of content
Authors: Qutab Saima , Mahmood Khalid 
Published: October 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate library web sites in Pakistan, to analyse their content and navigational strengths and weaknesses and to give recommendations for developing better web sites and quality assessment studies.Design/methodology/approachSurvey of web sites of 52 academic, special, public and national libraries in Pakistan based on a 77‐item checklist.FindingsPakistani libraries have developed web sites over the past few years but these are few in number. No directory is available to locate library web sites and no scholarly literature has been written on this topic in Pakistan. No standards for content selection were considered in developing library web sites so they lack uniformity and often miss important features.Research limitations/implicationsThis research includes web sites of all types of libraries in Pakistan. Web sites with at least one independent page on a parent organisation's web site are included.Originality/valueThis study is the first of its kind ever conducted in Pakistan. The findings of this paper will be helpful in improving library web sites.
The challenges of internationalising national culture‐based hand‐crafted products
Authors: Cambra‐Fierro Jesus , Vazquez‐Carrasco Rosario , Centeno Edgar 
Published: October 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to illustrate how small to medium‐sized enterprise firms can develop internationalization processes successfully.Design/methodology/approachA case study is used to illustrate the milestones of the global process.FindingsThe paper finds that, although internationalization is a complicated task, the adequate management of resources allows firms to achieve their objectives.Originality/valueThe paper takes as reference a national culture‐based hand‐crafted product, which is really difficult to internationalize.
Marketing theory and practice: the case of the Egg Card
Authors: Madichie Nnamdi O. 
Published: October 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to review Egg Card's current marketing strategy, drawing on the recent media flurry over its disaffected customers. The paper also seeks to highlight the extent of Egg Card's contribution to the gap between marketing theory (i.e. marketing as an academic discipline) and practice (marketing in the real world) and to point out the implications this might have for the future of marketing as an academic discipline.Design/methodology/approachThe paper adopts a qualitative content analysis of academic, media, and other official company reports on the development of the gaps between marketing theory and practice.FindingsEgg Card's (post‐acquisition by Citigroup since May 2007) first‐mover response to the global economic downturn and ensuing credit‐crunch epitomizes the entrenched disconnection between how marketing is taught as an academic discipline and how it plays out in the real world.Originality/valueThe paper attempts to introduce a new concept – Jaymarketer – into the marketing literature in the hope that academics will become able to reconnect with the real world of marketing. Hopefully, this will set the stage for further research on how to bridge the dichotomies between marketing theory and marketing practice.