bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modèle français et modèle russe de socialisation juridique : la construction des attitudes à l'égard du Droit avant l'âge adulte
Authors: Kourilsky-Augeven Chantal , Zdravomyslova Olga , Arutjunjan Marina 
Published: December 2010

Legal socialization - a French model, and a Russian model : the development of attitudes to Law in pre-adulthood.
Following on a French-Polish research project concerned with the development, during childhood and adolescence, of individual views of the key-concepts utilized in law, and the values which legitimate them (RECEO. 1990, n° 3 and 1991, n° 4), the present article describes the results of a similar exercise carried out in 1993 in France and Russia. Individual conceptions of legality and subjective rights among French and Russian adolescents are based on fundamentally different views of Guilt, Freedom and Power which represent two opposing but complementary cultural patterns of socialization.
Convertibilité et spécialisation internationale dans les économies est-européennes en transition
Authors: Chavigny Régis 
Published: December 2010

Convertibility and international specialization in East European economies in transition.
In the Central and East European economies in transition, internal convertibility for routine transactions, and the restructuring of trade, are mutually linked. The return to convertibility affords the opportunity to decide which forms of production are profitable, on the basis of world prices, and points the way for the future specialization of East European economies. The choice of a speedy convertibility and the refusal to create an East European payments union have speeded up the geographical restructuring of trade.
In the short term, the specialization which the countries of central and eastern Europe inherited from the past conditions the choice of exchange rate level after the reintroduction of convertibility. Basing itself upon the example of the German monetary union, on the present structure of East European exports, on the prospects for convergence in respect of the States of the European Union, and on the clash between stabilization and restructuring, the article supports an undervaluation of the real rates of exchange at the beginning of the transitional period. In the longer term, as reforms are initiated and a new specialization develops, it would on the other hand be desirable for the actual exchange rate to appreciate, and to approach a level corresponding to the parity of purchasing power, thus allowing for some improvement in the living standards of the citizens of Eastern Europe.
La convertibilité du rouble et le choix d'un régime de change
Authors: Neuwly Danielle 
Published: December 2010

Depuis le Ie' juillet 1992, le rouble est convertible pour le règlement de transactions courantes par les résidents. Les conditions économiques internes ne paraissent cependant pas favorables au développement, si ce n'est même au maintien, de ce régime minimal. L'article s'interroge, après avoir rappelé que la convertibilité n'est pas seulement un objectif de la réforme des économies centralement planifiées, mais aussi un instrument de la dynamique de la transition, sur le rôle de la politique de change pour la consolidation de la convertibilité. Cette démarche conduit à démontrer la précarité de la convertibilité dans le régime actuel de flottement du rouble et à en dégager les causes. Puis, l'adoption de la fixité est discutée dans le cadre des relations monétaires de la Russie avec les pays occidentaux d'abord, avec les États de l'ex-U.R.S.S. ensuite.
Dans le premier cas, l'analyse se réfère au problème de la cohérence intertemporelle et de la crédibilité de la politique économique. Les particularités de l'économie en transition en font certes une bonne candidate à l'adoption d'un ancrage nominal, mais il n'en reste pas moins que, puisque l'ancrage ne se substitue pas à la stabilisation macroéconomique, l'argument théorique n'est guère convaincant. La discussion du choix du régime de change du rouble avec les nouvelles monnaies des États de l'ex- U.R.S.S. relève de la théorie de la zone monétaire optimale. La constitution d'une zone rouble ne satisfait que très partiellement les critères traditionnels d'optimalité, puisqu'elle ne s'appuie que sur l'intégration économique héritée de la planification socialiste. Par conséquent, il semble que, dans ce contexte également, il n'y ait pas de justification théorique satisfaisante pour l'adoption de la fixité des changes.
La Bulgarie dans les stratégies d'in ternationalisation des firmes occidentales
Authors: Maroudas Leonidas , Rizopoulos Yorgos 
Published: December 2010

Bulgaria, and the strategic approach of Western firms to internationalization.
The opening of the economies of Eastern Europe represents a new field of competition for the economies and enterprises of the West, a source of uncertainty at the same time with prospects of apportunity and danger. A study of the tactics of Western firms in Bulgaria is particularly useful for showing up the shadowy areas left unclear by an approach based on attractiveness. Indeed, what are the factors motivating the firms who become involved in what is globally a fairly unattractive market ?
The basic hypothesis is that internationalization involves a limiting dimension arising from the competitive postures and pressures which firms undergo on their home market. From this viewpoint, the intrisic attractiveness of a country would lie in the extent and degree of permanence and commitment, and not in the basic decision wether or not to show one's presence in the market in question. Thus, a weak attraction need not discourage an interest in Bulgaria, on the part of certain Western firms, but would fundamentally influence the kind of methods used for internationalizing the local production system. As for enterprises, it seems that Bulgaria largely attracts " followers" (large groups who are losing momentum on specific markets, or SMEs, not necessarily running at a loss, but relatively vulnerable and short of funds). At the same time, the number of active parties and opportunity schemes is considerable. The prime concern of these enterprises is to effect an entry into the market, and the process of internationalizing the Bulgarian economy seems, at the present stage, to be passing through the phase of trade rather than that of production.
Les entreprises d'État après le socialisme : pourquoi et comment les privatiser rapidement
Authors: Pelikan Pavel 
Published: December 2010

State-owned enterprises after socialism : why, and how to privatize them rapidly.
The problem of privatization appears to be the most controversial problem of post-socialist transition. There is still much disagreement on how and how fast to privatize the great number of state-owned enterprises, and there are even arguments claiming that these entreprises should not be privatized at all. This disagreement is seen to be caused by the lack of a clear and generally recognized analytical argument why firms should be owned privately, which leaves this problem to arbitrary ideological preferences. The paper provides such an argument and shows what it implies for the speed and the method of post-socialist privatization. The argument is based on the author's earlier study of scarce economic competence and the efficiency of its allocation in society. The well-known problem of allocation of scarce managerial talents is shown to raise the twin problem of allocation of scarce competence for ownership. It is for an efficient solution of this problem, shown to be crucial for social efficiency, that private and tradeable ownership of firms proves indispensable. The implications for the speed and the method of post-socialist privatizations are that all the state-owned enterprises should be privatized as rapidly as possible, and that a suitable privatization method is the one by investment vouchers with free entry for investment funds and unrestrained secondary trading with shares. Compared to the usual incentive arguments, the competence argument brings stronger support to private and tradeable ownership of firms, but is more favorable to income redistribution and social security, provided that this concerns persons and not firms.
Quelques remarques sur " Le divorce tchéco-slovaque"
Authors: Strmiska Zdenek 
Published: December 2010

Some comments on "The Czecho-Slovak divorce".
This article, which reviews Frédéric Wehrlé' s book entitled "The Czecho-Slovak divorce. Life and death of Czechoslovakia, 1918-1992", also presents the reviewer's personal reflections on the relatively conflictual relationship, past and present, between the Czech and the Slovak.
Les incertitudes de la réforme agraire en Russie
Authors: Jogoleva Elena , Kovalenko Vladimir 
Published: December 2010

The uncertain course of agrarian reform in Russia.
In Russia to-day, liberals and conservatives are agreed in the view that the agrarian reform is a failure. However the crisis is analysed, it is clear that the agricultural policy introduced by the liberals in December 1991 has, so to speak, foundered amid a confusion of aims. In the present article, the authors are first of all examining the principles underlying the reform, and then its implementation, before stopping to consider the nature of the obstacles which reduced to uncertainty the aims of these reforms, as stated by the authorities. However, it will be seen that a new socio-economic structure is taking shape in Russian agriculture, whose two poles are represented by the « farmers », a sector which attracts those who are at present able to be assimilated by the market, and, on the other hand, collective bodies which have been « reorganized ».
Les migrations dans la Russie post­soviétique : reflet du passé et miroir des changements en cours ...
Authors: Zajonckovskaja Žana 
Published: December 2010

Migration in post-soviet Russia : the past glimpsed and current changes reflected.
Migration can be seen as a population's reaction to a new situation. All the changes that occur in society are registered almost instantaneously, and in a tangible manner, in population movements. Thus, the case of Russia affords an unusual opportunity for analysing the latest migratory trends, occasioned by the sudden reform of the political and socio-economic system following on the collapse of the Soviet Union. In addition, a knowledge of migratory trends makes for a rapid grasp of the significant turning-points which have marked the life of the country.
Thus the first period was marked by a new direction in the migratory processes, and the appearance in 1990-92 of massive waves of refugees, reflecting the upheaval which the disintegration of the Union caused in the population. Subsequently, the resumption of "normal" migratory trends, and the return to evolutionary trends show that Russia is well on the way to a market economy, compared with most of the former republics. The further one distances oneself from the date of the collapse of the USSR, the more apparent the gulf among the new states which took shape on its territory, in respect of their political systems, the pace of economic reform, the drop in production and in populations' living standards, and in social stability. We are witnessing a re-definition of socio-economic alignments within the former USSR.
Anciennes et nouvelles inégalités économiques : le cas tchèque
Authors: Večerník Jirí 
Published: December 2010

Economie inequalities, old and new : the Czech experience.
During the period of transition, the question of economic inequalities takes on, for a variety of reasons, a new importance and a new significance. There are a good many people for whom economic reform has meant considerable financial difficulty, or indeed poverty. At the same time, privatization, the restitution of property and the existence of private business undertakings create wealth : consequently, these factors call into question the earlier option of "supposed equality", and their legitimacy is challenged. In conditions of newly acquired political freedom, the problem of inequality can be openly discussed, and handled as a political issue.
In the present article, the intention is to analyse the root causes of the existing situation, and to list recent changes as they are reflected in the various forms of the phenomenon of inequality. The first part deals with the legacy of communist society, which was a mixture of equality and privilege. The second has to do with the order of the market, which has to be defined more broadly then as a fundamentally homogeneous system, satisfied with replacing an inequitable equality with an equitable inequality. The third part is concerned with new sources of wealth and poverty, and their impact on society. Finally, there is a comparison of the changes that have objectively come about in the context of economic inequality, and the view which people have of them. In conclusion, there will be an analysis of the situation and specific problems of the Czech Republic in relation to the other countries of Eastern Europe.
La stabilisation russe en 1995 : le pari de l'ancrage par le change
Authors: Barbé Sébastien , Zlotowski Yves 
Published: December 2010

Stabilizing Russia in 1995 : taking a chance on anchoring the rouble.
In 1995, the main instrument used for stabilizing the money supply in Russia was the exchange rate. Indeed, from July 1995, the movements of money in Russia were contained within limits of 4,300 and 4,900 roubles to the dollar in the second half of 1995, and then 4,550 and 5,150 roubles to the dollar from the 1st January, 1996. The lack of regulatory financial instruments - inoperative guidance rates, the central Bank's withdrawal of procedures for invitation to tender, a sizeable increase in reserve requirement - has left the exchange rate as one of the only operative instrument of disinflation. This policy is based upon a specific structure of foreign exchange markets which are closely monitored by central Bank : on the one hand, there exist stock exchange markets where the prime exchange rate of the rouble is determined, and, on the other, a mutually agreed interbank market where 80% of transactions are carried out. The rouble "corridor" has up till now been a clear success : it has allowed expectations to be stabilized, and therefore played its part in the steady disinflation which marked the second half of 1995. Observance of the "corridor" took place without any significant change in the level of currency reserves, which have stabilized at 7,5 billion dollars since the month of July. However, at the same time this policy carries with it certain risks, which may in the long run make it unworkable. On the one hand, the actual rise in the value of Russian currency makes exports less competitive. It is true that, at the moment, the trade balance is not adversely affected by the anchoring of the rouble, since it continues to show a healthy surplus. But an overvalued currency may hamper the development of a processing industry (at present in continuous decline) which alone could ensure the Russian economy reliable growth. As for monetary policy, the lack of instruments for monitoring banks liquidity, and the existence of an estimated 20 billion dollars' worth of savings lying idle mean that central Bank's sterilization efforts on the exchange market are doomed to failure. The anchoring of the rouble involves the prioritizing of objectives, with the exchange objective henceforth taking precedence over purely financial objectives. But above all, anchoring the rouble has effected only a conjunctural change in the demand for money. To ensure a return toward the rouble, this policy - admittedly necessary - will not suffice, so long as the shaky and overblown banking system fails to inspire confidence in the depositors. As such, an exchange policy, however stringent and well-intentioned, cannot avoid the necessity for a full-scale structural overhaul of the Russian financial system.
Corporate governance et réforme du système bancaire en Fédération de Russie
Authors: Mesnard Mathilde 
Published: December 2010

Corporate governance and reform of the banking system in the Russian Federation.
The establishment of a healthy and effective supervisory system for enterprises is running into considerable difficulties in the Russian Federation. Enterprises are controlled by insiders, and this constitutes a major obstacle to restructuring. Investment funds and banks ought to figure as major actors in the monitoring of enterprises, but in order to achieve this, they will require to upset the pattern of their relationship with the enterprise. They will need to free themselves of the dominance which the enterprise maintains over them, and introduce appropriate supervisory mechanisms. This involves complex changes, which, it is thought, will lead to the establisment of a new, and doubtless unique, model of corporate governance.
La France face aux déclarations d'indépendance Slovène et croate
Authors: Michels Patrick 
Published: December 2010

Dès les débuts de l'éclatement de l'État fédéral yougoslave, la politique française a généralement été qualifiée de pro-serbe. Les actions entreprises par le gouvernement dépendaient des analyses effectuées par les acteurs de la politique étrangère française. Or, le président de la République, ainsi que le ministre des Affaires étrangères ont surtout insisté sur les droits des minorités, droits qui, par exemple, n'étaient pas garantis par la Constitution de la République de Croatie avant que l'Allemagne ne promette de reconnaître cette dernière. En conséquence, pour la France, la reconnaissance des républiques sécessionnistes ne pouvait intervenir que lorsque ces droits seraient garantis. De plus, les responsables de la politique étrangère française estimaient qu'une reconnaissance des républiques fédérées voulant quitter la Fédération yougoslave ne pouvait qu'envenimer le conflit.
Les événements extérieurs à la Yougoslavie ont aussi joué un rôle. C'est seulement lorsque la fin de l'URSS fut perçue comme inéluctable que le président et le ministre des Affaires étrangères ont évoqué une possible reconnaissance. Enfin, et surtout, c'est pour maintenir "l'unité européenne" que la France a reconnu les républiques de Slovénie et de Croatie, l'Allemagne ayant initié le mouvement.
La mixité en ex-yougoslavie. Intégration ou ségrégation des nationalités ?
Authors: Mrdjen Snjezana 
Published: December 2010

Ethnically mixed families in former Yugoslavia. Integration or segregation of nationalities ?
There are two indicators, i.e. mixed marriages and the nationality of children born of such marriages, which serve to clarify interethnic relationships in Yugoslavia. Following a rapid increase after the Second World War, the rate of exogamous marriages in the former Yugoslavia has slowed down, revealing, as with other demographic constructions, certain regional variations : the North exogamous, the South endoga- mous. Although the number of exogamous marriages is highest in Voivodina, it is Slovenia which has the best record for assimilation of national minorities in its territory. In Kosovo, which has the highest rate of endogamy in the former Yugoslavia, the position is reversed. In Bosnia-Herzegovina, there are many fewer exogamous marriages than one might expect. In families of this type, national feeling among the parents is not strong, and the children for the most part are registered as Yugoslav.
In mixed marriages, the children mainly take the nationality of their parents, and mostly that of their father ; they only proclaim themselves Yugoslav in 12 % of cases. As in the case of interethnic marriages, the North-South divide is apparent, with patrili- near and matrilinear types coexisting in the North, while in the South the patrilinear type predominates.
L'Europe idéale de l'Allemagne
Authors: Deubner Christian 
Published: December 2010

Germany's ideal Europe.
Germany's ideal Europe, and the place of Central and Eastern Europe in it, is being analysed in looking at five of its central elements : (a) the economic Union with its tension between order and liberalism, (b) the political union, with its tension between Bundesstaat or Staatenbund, (c) the EU' s relation to Central and Eastern Europe, with the perspective of Enlargement and Mittellage for Germany, (d) economic growth and aid from EU to the CEECs as the one principal field of action, and (e) Security as the second one, in this important relationship. These five elements are passed under review in three steps : 1) in the form they took in the strongly pro-federalist- and quick- enlargement-demands of politicians and academics for a revision of the Maastricht treaty from 1992 to 1994, 2) in taking into account the contradictions and resistances to these demands, resulting out of the increasing German debate, and out of the growing insight into the difficult situation as it presents itself, 3) in the form they take in the German propositions for the ongoing Intergouvemmental Conference and the upcoming entry negotiations for the CEECs, so far as they can already be perceived. This review shows a passage from an unrealist and idealist position to a much more modest, disillusioned and realist German idea of the Europe it will have to cooperate with for the coming years.
L'Europe centrale et les Unions européennes : la double différenciation
Authors: Foucher M. 
Published: December 2010

Central Europe and European Unions : The double differentiation.
The commitment to enlarge the EU by taking in a second group of 15 member- states from central, eastern and southern Europe is sometimes far ahead of its actual, rapid and widespread implementation at this turn of a new century. True, everything seems to fit into the agreed-upon calendar. And most political leaders present this doubling of the number of member-states as something to be taken for granted - to the point that any doubts about the feasibility of such a tremendous geopolitical transformation on the continent seem unwarranted. But some factors call for caution : the real economic and (especially) political situation in certain applicant countries ; and the serious questions that such changes raise about the nature and operation of the EU itself. We should not make a mistake about the sources of quite real difficulties. In each case, we must identify the options that depend on the EU and the variables that depend on the states applying for membership. Sorting out the various factors is a prerequisite for analyzing the system of complex interaction that the Europe for tomorrow already forms today.
Une analyse dynamique du rôle de l'investissement direct étranger dans les restructurations industrielles des pays d'Europe centrale et orientale
Authors: Moulins Franck 
Published: December 2010

A dynamic analysis of foreign direct investment in restructuring central and eastern European industries.
The aim of this paper is to analyze the evolution of foreign direct investment (FDI) in central and eastern Europe. Since the economic transition started, FDI has been concentrated in certain sectors in Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic. The study of the industries restructured thanks to such investments provides evidence about how firms have adapted to new market conditions. It should also help us assess the prospects for economic restructuring. Although FDIs have mainly been made in some industries and regions, and even though they initially fell disappointingly below capital requirements, they did, nonetheless, speed up changes in management in the firms benefiting from them. During a second phase, they should have indirect effects on enterprises in these sectors.