bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An evaluation of the micronization process for preparing cereals for the growing pig. 2. Effects on growth rate, food conversion efficiency and carcass characteristics
Authors: Lawrence T. L. J. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARY1. In each of two 2 × 3 factorially designed experiments 72 pigs were individually- and scale-fed diets containing 86·5% of maize, wheat or barley in ground or micronized, flaked and ground (micronized) forms.2. In both experiments, the first between 17 and 20 kg and the second between 22 and 90 kg live weight, pigs offered the micronized maize and barley diets grew significantly faster and converted the dry matter of their diets significantly more efficiently than did pigs offered the ground maize and barley diets. There were no significant differences between the micronized and ground wheat diets in the first experiment but in the second experiment the micronized diet gave significantly inferior results.3. In pigs slaughtered at 90 kg live weight those fed all the micronizedbased diets had significantly higher killing-out percentages than those fed the diets based on the ground cereals. Other within-cereal significant differences were those of increased carcass length in pigs given micronized maize and increased fat deposition in pigs given micronized wheat.
A note on the effect of cyclical changes in energy intake on lactating dairy cows
Authors: Scrimgeour D. S. , Thompson J. K. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYTwelve Ayrshire cows which had reached or just passed peak lactation were selected and divided into two balanced groups. One group was fed strictly according to yield. The other was fed overall according to yield, but was subjected to a 4-day cycle of energy intake. For 2 days energy intake was 12·2% above calculated requirements and for the next 2 days intake was 12·2% below calculated requirements. The treatment was imposed for 10 weeks and milk yield and composition, body weight and blood composition were measured in both groups of cows. A significant variation in daily milk yield and daily solids-not-fat yield was found to follow the feed cycle. Blood composition showed no significant variation.
The intakes and growth rates of grazing border Leicester × Merino lambs weaned at 21, 49 and 77 days
Authors: Langlands J. P. , Donald G. E. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYWeaning increased forage intake and depressed live weight; differences in intakes and growth rates of lambs born to South Australian and Fine wool Merinos were small. At 21 days, sucking lambs received less than 2% of their digestible organic matter from pasture and half the lambs weaned at this age died but the survivors consumed twice as much forage as unweaned sheep in the 14 days following weaning. At 49 days, unweaned lambs obtained approximately 41% of their digestible organic matter from pasture, and weaning resulted in less mortality and a proportionally smaller increase in forage consumption.
Evaluation of performance at slaughter of twenty combinations of three-breed crosses of pigs
Authors: Fahmy M. H. , Holtmann W. B. , MacIntyre T. M. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYTwo castrated male pigs from each of 620 litters were fed ad libitum to 90 kg market weight at three stations. The pigs represented 20 three-breed crosses produced by mating Yorkshire, Landrace, Lacombe, Hampshire and Duroc sires to Landrace-Yorkshire, Hampshire-Landrace, Large Black-Lacombe, Large Black-Landrace, Duroc-Lacombe and Duroc-Yorkshire dams. The data on feed conversion, average daily gain, age at slaughter, backfat thickness and area of loin eye muscle were analysed by least-squares.Within breed cross of dam, pigs sired by Hampshire were consistently superior in feed conversion, carcass quality and in 3 crosses out of 5 had the fastest growth rate during the fattening period. They were, however, the oldest at 90 kg live weight. Pigs sired by Duroc ranked second in carcass quality and growth rate, whereas those sired by Landrace had the slowest growth rate. The pigs produced by Hampshire-Landrace sows were superior in carcass quality but inferior in feed conversion and growth to those from sows of the other five crosses.In descending order, the four highest ranking crosses based on an index combining average daily gain, backfat thickness and feed efficiency were Hampshire × (Landrace-Yorkshire), Hampshire × (Duroc-Lacombe), Duroc × (Landrace-Yorkshire) and Hampshire × (Large Black-Landrace).
A note on teat order and metabolic rate in piglets up to 57 days old
Authors: Meese G. B. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYAn investigation was carried out to determine whether teat order has any effect on metabolic rate in young pigs as determined by oxygen consumption in the thermoneutral zone. A total of six sows and their litters was examined. Metabolic rate was determined at 1 day old and thereafter at 7-day intervals up to 57 days of age. Teat order was determined by regular observations of the piglets suckling. There was considerable variation in metabolic rate both within and between litters but there was no detectable effect of teat order on metabolic rate expressed as ml O2/W0·75 per min.
A note on the pattern of concentrate feeding to ewes in late pregnancy
Authors: Rutter W. , Broadbent P. J. , Laird T. R. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYEighty pregnant ewes were housed in December in each of 2 yr approximately 14 weeks before lambing and offered grass silage. Four nutritional regimes were imposed during the final 7 weeks of pregnancy. They were (a) no concentrates given, and three other treatments each aiming to provide 25 kg concentrates on (b) a weekly ascending scale, (c) a level scale, or (d) a weekly descending scale. Concentrate feeding caused the anticipated improvement in performance particularly with respect to ewe live-weight loss and the live weight of multiple litters, but pattern of concentrate feeding appeared to have no significant effect on any performance parameter. It is concluded that a level pattern of concentrate feeding would be simpler and provide a more even distribution of feed among housed pregnant ewes, which vary in expected date of lambing, than the currently recommended ascending pattern of concentrate feeding.
A note on immunoglobulin concentrations in Scottish Blackface lambs born to 1- or 2-yr-old ewes
Authors: Halliday R. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYThe concentrations of maternal immunoglobulin in 2-day-old lambs born to Scottish Blackface ewes which had been mated when 6 to 7 mo old were significantly lower than in lambs born to these ewes a year later. But the mortality rates were almost identical. The concentrations in lambs born to the same ewes in successive years were significantly more highly correlated than the concentrations in lambs born to older females in successive years, examined in a previous study.
The effect of nutrient density of the diet and of a change in nutrient density on the performance of pigs fed ad libitum for bacon
Authors: Patterson D. C. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTA total of 56 individually-penned pigs, with equal numbers of boars and gilts, were fed ad libitum in an investigation of the effects of nutrient density in growing (17 to 35 kg) and finishing (35 to 82 kg) periods.Diets of high (H) and medium (M) nutrient density, with 13·8 or 12·6 MJ digestible energy (DE) per kg and 10·0 or 9·1 g lysine per kg, were used.In the growing period, diet H proportionately increased the rates of DE intake and live-weight gain by 0·17 (P < 0·001) and 0·24 (P < 0·001) respectively. While the nutrient density of the diets given in the growing period did not significantly affect the mean performance over the finishing period, carry-over effects were observed for about 4 weeks following the change with evidence of compensation in energy intake.In the finishing period, diet H proportionately increased the rates of consumption of DE and live-weight gain by 0·06 (P < 0·05) and 0·04 (P = 0·18) respectively. The consumption of energy was virtually identical for the two sexes.It is concluded that the change in nutrient density had only transitory effects on energy intake and growth rate and did not affect overall performance in the finishing period.
Effects of omitting lysine from diets conforming to Agricultural Research Council (1981) standards for pigs
Authors: Fuller M. F. , Cadenhead A. , Pennie K. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTEight diets based on barley and soya bean meal were formulated. Two basal diets, one of which included fish meal, were formulated to conform to the recommendations of the Agricultural Research Council (1981) for all amino acids except lysine. Four further diets were made by adding L-lysine to these diets, in two increments; the highest concentrations of lysine were also supplied in two further diets by the inclusion of a higher proportion of soya bean meal. Each diet was given ad libitum to 10 growing pigs, five castrated males and five females, which were housed and fed individually.Measurements of performance were made over the weight range 22 to 55 kg. Carcasses were appraised after slaughter at a mean weight of 75 kg.Addition of lysine, but not of soya bean meal, significantly increased daily food intake and carcass fatness. Daily growth and food conversion efficiency were not significantly affected. Because of the high food intake the daily lysine intakes on the basal diets greatly exceeded the suggested daily requirement and the results indicate that in such circumstances the response to the amino acid supplementation of an apparently inadequate protein may be negligible.
The effect of method of breeding on reproductive performance in indigenous goats (Capra prisca) mated at the beginning of the breeding season
Authors: Zygoyiannis D. , Katsaounis N. , Karatzas G. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTNinety-nine indigenous Greek goats (Capra prisca) on natural pasture were used to study reproductive performance as affected by method of breeding. At the beginning of the breeding season oestrus was induced with 45 mg fluorogestone acetate-impregnated vaginal sponges and 300 to 500 i.u. PMSG, given on day 15. The animals were separated into groups of 33 for mating: (i) by natural service (natural mating); (2) by artificial insemination with fresh semen (AI fresh); and (3) by insemination with frozen semen (AI frozen). Alpine bucks and Alpine semen were used for natural mating and AI of does.No effect of method of breeding was found on gestation length and sex ratio. Reproductive performance was significantly affected by method of breeding; at 21 days after insemination, fertility of does bred with fresh semen (69·7%) was comparable with that obtained with natural mating (72·7%) but the fertility of does bred with frozen semen (48·5%) was much lower. This difference was statistically significant at kidding (P < 0·05). Litter size was 2·14 and 1·86 (P < 0·05) for the AI fresh and AI frozen groups, respectively, and was 1·96 for the natural mating group. More multiple litters were obtained with the AI fresh group (P < 0·05). It is concluded that, induction and synchronization of oestrus and ovulation at the beginning of the breeding season gave reproductive performance with fresh semen comparable to that obtained with natural service, but use of frozen semen gave unsatisfactory results.
Effect of growth rate on mineral retention and body composition of growing lambs
Authors: Wan Zahari M. , Thompson J. K. , Scott D. , Topps J. H. , Buchan W. , Pennie K. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTGroups of wether lambs were grown at different rates from about 24 kg live weight to 50 kg, by feeding them different amounts of the same concentrate diet. The slow growing lambs had higher contents of protein, ash, calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P), and less fat and magnesium (Mg) than other groups. Differences in composition were significant between slow (120 g/day) and fast growth (230 g/day; P < 0-05) but not always between intermediate (160 g/day) and other growth rates. The differences became small and insignificant when data were expressed on a fat-free basis except for Mg which decreased with slow growth. Ash, for example, increased from 47 g/kg fat-free gain with fast growing animals to 54 g/kg with slow growth. Mg decreased from 0·44 g/kg fat-free gain with fast growth to 0·24 g/kg with slow growth. The data support the view that the ratio of ash to fat-free empty-body increases only slightly with age.The basic diet contained 3·9 g Ca per kg dry matter and the effect of a substantial supplement of calcium carbonate on lambs growing at the fast rate was to increase their retentions of ash, Ca and P by a factor greater than 1·25. There are alternative explanations for this finding. One possibility is that the availability of Ca in the basic diet had been reduced by unknown factors. It is also possible that the supplementary carbonate altered the acid/base status of the animals and resulted in conditions which favoured skeletal mineralization.
The effect of chlortetracycline on growth of early-weaned calves
Authors: Preston T. R. , McLeod N. A. , Dinda P. K. 
Published: September 2010

1. Twenty-eight calves fed reconstituted buttermilk for 20 days and then concentrates, hay and water were allocated to 4 treatments consisting of the addition of chlortetracycline to both the buttermilk and the concentrate mixture, to the buttermilk alone, to the concentrates alone, or to neither.2. Live-weight gains from 3 to 28 days and the incidence of scouring were not affected significantly by any of the treatments.3. The addition of chlortetracycline to the concentrate mixture increased significantly: (a) rate of live-weight gain from 28 to 56 days and from 56 o t 84 days: (b) skeletal growth from 3 to 84 days: (c) the consumption of concentrates from 14 to 56 and from 14 to 84 days; and (d) the concentrate conversion rate.4. The addition of chlortetracycline to the buttermilk had no significant effect on any of the above measurements neither did it make any significant difference to the effect of adding chlortetracycline to the concentrate mixture.5. There was a direct relationship between quantity of concentrates consumed on the one hand, and rate of live-weight gain and efficiency of conversion of the concentrate, on the other. None of the treatment effects was significant after the data were corrected for differences in the quantities of concentrates consumed.6. From the results of this experiment and from evidence in the literature it is postulated that one of the effects of feeding antibiotics to calves is to reduce the fermentative activity of rumen bacteria and consequently the amount of gas produced in the rumen, the net result being that the antibiotic-fed animal eats more food and hence grows more quickly.
A note on the effect of level of husbandry at lambing on lamb viability and subsequent performance
Authors: Ducker M. J. , Fraser J. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYThree trials involving 68 Greyface and 31 Dorset Horn ewes were carried out to investigate the effect of intensity of husbandry at lambing time on the viability and subsequent performance of lambs. The results showed that the level of husbandry at lambing could have a large effect on the quantity of immune globulin absorbed by lambs. There was an indication that the quantity of immune globulin absorbed was related to the susceptibility of lambs to neonatal disease. A low level of husbandry at lambing appeared to have increased lamb mortality.
Pelleted dried grass and rolled barley diets for lactating dairy cows
Authors: Khalifa H. A. A. , Prescott J. H. D. , Armstrong D. G. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARY1. Pelleted grass and a concentrate containing 90% rolled barley and 10% soya bean meal were offered to cows in three combinations, 25: 75, 50: 50 and 75: 25 respectively, together with a constant low level of coarse roughage.2. The experiment was carried out in two stages, in early lactation as a randomized block design involving 18 Jersey cows fed to appetite and in mid-lactation as a 3 × 3 Latin square change-over design involving 12 cows, rationed according to milk yield.3. There were no significant between-treatment differences in either milk yield or milk fat content in either stage of the experiment.
An evaluation of performance-testing of rams using artificial rearing
Authors: Owen J. B. , Brook Lesley E. , Read J. L. , Steane D. E. , Hill W. G. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTIn two trials, male Suffolk sheep were weaned at birth and reared artificially. Animals were ranked on weight at about 90 days and groups comprising the fastest- and slowest-growing animals were selected. The selected rams were subsequently progeny-tested to the same age, with some progeny reared with their dams in normal field conditions and others reared artificially.In Trial I, performance tests were obtained on 35 rams and progeny tests of seven of these (three low and four high), with records on 34 artificially reared and 144 naturally reared progeny on one farm. The regressions of progeny on sire 90-day weight were 0·29 ± 0·12 and 0·19±0·09, respectively.In Trial II, performance tests were obtained on 86 rams, sampled from five source flocks. Rams were selected in pairs of high and low performance from each source, and both members of the pair sent to the same one of seven farms for progeny testing. Ten pairs had progeny tests, comprising 62 artificially reared and 567 naturally reared progeny. The regressions of progeny on sire weight were, respectively, 0·05 ± 0·06 and 0·13 ± 0·03 if source of sire was fitted in the model, and little different, 0·06 ±0·05 and 0·14 ± 0·03 if source of sire was ignored. Progeny from a 2nd year from some sires in Trial II gave rather smaller regression coefficients: 0·06 or 0·09, with source of sire fitted or ignored, respectively.Taking the two main trials together the pooled estimates (ignoring source of sire) of doubled progeny-on-sire regression for 90-day weight were 0·20 ± 0·10 for artificial rearing (a heritability estimate) and 0·30 ± 0·06 for natural rearing. These results suggest that early weaning is an effective method of selecting sires for growth rate.
Comparative methods for inducing and measuring non-shivering thermogenesis in newborn lambs
Authors: Slee J. , Simpson S. P. , Wilson S. B. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThirty-one newborn lambs were allocated to four treatments involving subcutaneous or slowly administered intravenous injections of noradrenaline (a natural predominantly a-agonist) or isoprenaline (a synthetic pure ($-agonist). The thermogenic effect of these treatments, attributed to brown adipose tissue, was assessed by changes in metabolic rate and rectal temperature. The objective was to define the optimum treatment for studying genetic variation between lambs in the thermogenic activity of brown adipose tissue. After all treatments, metabolic rate increased significantly by about 7 W/kg to a peak averaging 2·3 times the resting metabolic rate. Rectal temperature increased significantly by about 1°C. Both drugs administered at 150 [ig/kg were similar in potency with noradrenaline producing slightly, but not significantly, greater responses; subcutaneous injections gave significantly larger and more prolonged responses than intravenous injections. Subcutaneous isoprenaline produced the longest sustained response with peak metabolism difficult to define. Subcutaneous noradrenaline injections provided the simplest satisfactory treatment for large scale experiments.
Effect of shearing and level of concentrate feeding on the performance of finishing lambs
Authors: Black H. J. , Chestnutt D. M. B. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe response of finishing Blackface lambs (mean initial live weight 29·6 kg) to shearing and level of concentrate supplementation on a silage-based diet was examined in two experiments. Silage intake decreased as concentrate level increased at mean rate of 0·13 and 0·26 g silage dry matter (DM) per g concentrate DM, in experiments 1 and 2 respectively, with no significant differences between unshorn and shorn lambs. Lambs gained 36, 97, 135, 193 and 224 g/day (s.e. 9·1; P < 0·001) in experiment 1 and 97,133,170,185 and 222 g/day (s.e. 9·9; P < 0·001) in experiment 2 when 0, 200, 400, 600 g/day and concentrate ad libitum were offered respectively. Shearing increased silage DM intake from a mean of 0·50 to 0·56 kg/day (s.e. 0·016; P < 0·05) in experiment 1, and from 0·80 to 0·90 kg/day (s.e. 0·013; P < 0·001) in experiment 2. There was no interaction between shearing and the level of concentrate offered. Despite higher DM intakes by shorn lambs, their live-weight gains were lower than those of unshorn lambs. Gains of unshorn and shorn lambs averaged 153 and 120 g/day (s.e. 5·8; P < 0·001) in experiment 1 and 162 and 161 g/day (s.e. 5·7; P > 0·05) in experiment 2 respectively. This appears to have resulted because shorn lambs could not fully compensate for their increased energy requirements after shearing, by increasing their DM intake. Shearing did not significantly influence carcass characteristics.It was calculated that with lambs gaining 150 g/day, concentrate requirement was increased from 286 to 335 g/day and total DM intake from 965 to 1107 g/day as a result of shearing.
The effect of pattern of food supply on performance, compensatory growth and carcass composition of Beulah and Welsh Mountain lambs
Authors: Iason G. R. , Mantecon A. R. , Milne J. A. , Sim D. A. , Smith A. D. M. , White I. R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSeventy-eight Beulah (BH) and 78 Welsh Mountain (WM) wether lambs (mature live weights (MLW) 60 and 70 kg respectively), were used to investigate genotypic differences in performance and compensatory growth during the post-weaning period. After an initial slaughter of 12 of each breed, a complete straw-based pelleted diet (122 g crude protein and 10·4 Mj metabolizable energy per kg dry matter (DM)) was offered ad libitum to a further 29 of each which were slaughtered at a range of live weights between proportionately 0·35 andl -00 of ML W. As well as these groups undergoing normal growth (NG), the remaining lambs were given the same diet at a level sufficient to maintain constant live weight (LW) for 3 months. Eight of each breed were then slaughtered and the remaining 29 of each offered the diet ad libitum for a period of post-restricted growth (PRG); these 29 were also slaughtered between 0·35 and 1·00 of MLW. During the periods of ad libitum food supply, voluntary food intake was greater in BH than WM lambs (BH: 38·3, WM: 35·3 g DM per kg LW, P < 0·01) and during PRG as compared with NG although this result was due to a response only in WM lambs (NG - BH: 38·0, PRG-BH: 38·5, NG - WM: 33·3, PRG - WM: 37·2 g DM per kg LW, breed × pattern of food supply interaction, P < 0·05). Daily live-weight gain (LWG) was greater during PRG than NG in both breeds (NG: 3·15, PRG: 4·80 g/kg LWper day, P < 0·05). This effect was greatest in the first 8 weeks of growth but persisted into the period 16 weeks to maturity. WM lambs had overall slightly leaner carcasses and a lower proportion of protein in the fleece-free empty body than BH when compared at the same proportion of MLW; particularly during PRG. The protein in the carcass-weight gain (CWG) was greater in WM lambs during PRG than during NG (NG: 98, PRG: 123 g/kg, P < 0·05), but did not differ significantly in BH (NG: 106, PRG: 118 g/kg). The proportion of fat in CWG was concomitantly smaller during PRG. There are thus breed differences in the performance and carcass composition of lambs during compensatory growth. Genotypes to be finished by continuous feeding or a regimen incorporating food restriction should be carefully chosen for date offinishing in relation to desired carcass composition.