bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Guodian
Authors: Holloway Kenneth 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe Guodian manuscripts were buried with the teacher of the heir apparent to the Chu throne. The tomb was closed around 300 BCE shortly before one of the most significant period-defining events in ancient history, the Qin conquest of China. Unseen for two millennia, before their discovery in October 1993, these manuscripts challenge many assumptions about Chinese religion, philosophy, and Confucianism. Guodian texts are interested in unity, but this is not surprising from a time when many were becoming concerned that the First Emperor would soon succeed in his campaign of conquest. What is surprising is that in this time of crisis, unity could continue to be described as achievable only through individual empowerment. In the Guodian, the most important function of government is to assist in the harmonization of state and family relations. It sees the relationship between these two entities—the family and the collection of families that ultimately constitute the state—as being inherently problematic; they are conflicting social groupings. The Guodian posits an interesting solution: state and family disharmony can be overcome by developing a hybrid government that employs both meritocratic and aristocratic methods. The latter emphasize rulership that is based on the family and humanity; the former emphasize meritocratic methods that promote the good of the state and righteousness. This new understanding illuminates central issues of government, religion, and philosophy in early China that were overlooked prior to the discovery of Guodian.
Introduction
Authors: Kenneth W. Holloway 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter introduces the problem of recently excavated texts from Guodian being seen as nothing more than new ways to support old ideas about the glorious Chinese tradition. Sources of this problem are discussed first. Next is an overview of ways that this methodology skews our understanding of lost manuscripts. In particular, the evidence found in tombs is significantly different from the Han dynasty notion of Confucianism and Daoism as balkanized schools. Two texts from Guodian are highlighted: “The Five Aspects of Conduct” (“Wuxing Pian”) and the Laozi, or Dao De Jing. The last part of the introduction provides an overview of subsequent chapters.
Guodian and Traditional Views of China
Authors: Kenneth W. Holloway 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins by contrasting the binary logic of the Guodian text “The Five Aspects of Conduct” with the Analects of Confucius and the Mencius. This properly situates the Guodian texts as a new set of ideas that relate to but are separate from our former understanding of the tradition. The chapter continues with a critical overview of scholarship that is interested in connecting “The Five Aspects of Conduct” to transmitted texts. These scholars argue that “The Five Aspects of Conduct” was written by Confucius’s grandson Zisi. The theory of Zisi authorship is rooted in a single line of a single polemical passage of the Xunzi, which is vague and unsubstantial.
Attaining Unity in Guodian Texts
Authors: Kenneth W. Holloway 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter further considers the issue of interpersonal connectedness in the excavated version of the Laozi (Daode Jing) and “The Five Aspects of Conduct.” Both of these texts emphasize realizing a unity composed of binary opposites. Similar to the famous opposites of yin and yang, these texts emphasize harmonizing two sides without being judgmental as would be the case with good or evil. Unity is important to Guodian religion, since it involves a faith in the moral system that connects us. This issue of unity will also be shown to be central to other Guodian texts, including “Tang Yu zhidao” and “Taiyi shengshui.” Finding four texts that share a consistent concern for unity will provide a starting point for future research on early Chinese religion and philosophy.
Harmonizing Aristocracy and Meritocracy
Authors: Kenneth W. Holloway 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the social implications of unity in Guodian texts. It also discusses the application of unity to the question of royal succession by arguing that “Tang Yu zhidao” and “The Five Aspects of Conduct” similarly value a unity based on a hybrid composed of humanity and righteousness. Balancing humanity and righteousness entails unifying two competing centers of moral authority, the central government and the family (lineage group). The categories employed by the Guodian texts are comprehensive, so they pertain to more than simply the occasional selection of a sovereign. The balancing of humanity and righteousness will be shown to represent a religiously based political philosophy that is articulated with great clarity in Guodian.
Piety and Politics
Authors: Liow Joseph Chiyong 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis book challenges conventional wisdom by arguing that tectonic movements and subterranean shifts that underscore the gradual politicization of Islam and the rise of an Islamism in political and popular discourse based on conservatism and orthodoxy have long been at work in Malaysia, despite popular media representations of Malaysia as the epitome of moderate, progressive Islamic governance. While the opposition Islamist party is widely regarded as the main Islamist player in the drama, the book suggests that the ruling regime has proven equally strident in its Islamist predilections, at times to the extent that there is little differentiating the two. The net result of this “Islamization race” has been the increasing alienation of Malaysia’s non-Muslim population from mainstream politics that has increasingly come to be defined with decidedly Islamist referents. The book also explores two previously underexplored dimensions of Muslim politics in Malaysia. First, it investigates the role of Islamic civil society movements in negotiating and redefining the parameters of Islamism. This dimension has greater salience today given that Islamic civil society movements and coalitions have located themselves at the forefront of major debates over religious freedoms, civil liberties, constitutional rights, the sanctity of shari’a, and the nature and manifestation of the Islamic state. Second, it investigates Islamism as expressed in “netizen politics.” Both these dynamics underscore the rise of Muslim conservatism in Malaysia in general, and constitute major challenges to our traditional understanding of the nature of politics and political compromise in the country.
The Malaysian State and the Bureaucratization of Islam
Authors: Liow Joseph Chinyong 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter investigates at closer analytical quarters the phenomenon of Islamization in Malaysia and the creation of institutions of Islamic governance by the UMNO-led Malaysian government in a process that can aptly be described as the “bureaucratization” of Islam. This process is important, for it effectively put in place the levers of Islamist governance in Malaysia, eventually facilitating the “Islamic state” proclamations by some of UMNO’s senior leaders. The chapter also identifies and discusses in greater detail two prevailing contradictions that arose out of this move to bureaucratize Islam, the first between federal and state administrations, and the second between civil and religious law.
Reconstructing and Reinforcing Islamism
Authors: Liow Joseph Chinyong 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter explores attempts to “reframe” Islamism in the 1990s by both PAS and UMNO by investigating the contours of the ongoing debate between PAS and UMNO, and within PAS itself, over the nature and expression of Islam as an organizing principle for society and politics in pluralist Malaysia. It also examines how Malaysia’s non-Muslim community has responded to this renovation and negotiation exercise that Malaysia’s main Islamist parties have been engaged in.
“Popular” Political Islam
Authors: Liow Joseph Chinyong 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter takes the discussion beyond the boundaries of mainstream party politics and systematically sets out the debates in the civil sphere that have both engaged and countered the discourse of Islamism in Malaysia as propounded by the main Islamic political parties. In particular, the chapter provides a survey of major civil society groups in Malaysia and netizen discourses that have engaged the Islamization debate in recent times from various angles, particularly in relation to legal issues such as Islamic family law, hudud, and apostasy. To capture the full range of positions, it discusses groups that span the spectrum from conservative to liberal, anti-establishment to pro-establishment, and also includes non-Muslim and fringe Muslim groups. The chapter also looks at popular discourses and representations of Islamism in Malaysia expressed in English, Malay, and Mandarin-language blogs, alternative media, and Internet chatrooms, which represent a separate source of “popular opinion” and space for debate, although one that has thus far eluded analytical attention.
“Securing” Islam in a Time of Turbulence
Authors: Liow Joseph Chinyong 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter explores expressions of Muslim militancy and extremism as they have emerged in Malaysia. While small in numbers and increasingly enervated as an ideology, militant extremism is nevertheless an important expression of Islamism that has occasionally surfaced in Malaysia and influenced thinking on trends and patterns. The chapter scrutinizes the Malaysian government’s confrontation with Islamic militancy in its domestic political sphere by investigating its operational and ideological countermeasures against the backdrop of an escalating Islamist political discourse. The chapter further discusses the Islamic factor in Malaysian foreign policy as another means by which the UMNO-led government bolsters its Islamic credentials, and it looks at how PAS has developed its own foreign policy agenda for similar purposes.
True Fictions and False Histories
Authors: Latham Sean 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A history of the roman à clef’s slow rise and abrupt decline, this chapter explores its invention in the 17th and 18th centuries, where it at once contested and facilitated the emergent novel’s claim to moral authority and aesthetic autonomy. Both narrative forms developed unique yet interrelated strategies for negotiating the expanding divide between history and fiction. The novel’s eventual rise, in fact, came to depend precisely on its ability to suppress and eventually supplant the far more disruptive—and innovative—energies of the roman à clef. This chapter first explores the ways in which the two genres became intertwined with one another in texts like Moll Flanders and Clarissa. It then traces the subtle ways in the novel eventually managed to incorporate elements of its shadowy double, which was, in turn, roundly denigrated as inartistic and insipid. The earlier genre did not disappear entirely, however, but continued to stalk the novel in works like Dickens’s Bleak House and Disraeli’s Coningsby. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the anarchic and innovative potential of the roman à clef, a genre whose energies had only been temporarily constrained rather than fully controlled.
Libel
Authors: Latham Sean 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Despite the often heroic narratives of modernism’s campaign against antiobscenity laws, writers in the period were much more likely to run afoul of libel suits sometimes brought successfully by plaintiffs entirely unknown to them. This chapter surveys the surprisingly rich yet almost entirely unexplored intersection between literature and libel in the period by providing a broad overview of key cases and legal decisions. As writers increasingly experimented with the roman à clef, judges, juries, and eventually legislators in Great Britain struggled to maintain a clear legal conception of fiction—and the consequences were broad and far-reaching. Publishers demanded sometimes vast changes to manuscripts and the inherent conservatism of libel law became, in the words of one commentator, a “terror to authorship.” Following the particularly far-reaching case of E. Hulton & Co. v. Jones in 1909, the novel itself seemed to teeter on the edge of illegality as the courts proved almost incapable of meeting both the legal and aesthetic challenged posed by the roman à clef’s ability to broach the public sphere. The chapter concludes with a short digest of key acts and legal decisions in Britain and Ireland.
The Novel at the Bar
Authors: Latham Sean 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter explores the way James Joyce and Wyndham Lewis negotiated the legal consequences of their narrative experiments with libel and defamation in key romans à clef like Ulysses and The Apes of God. Both drew heavily on their own lives—as well as those of nearly everyone they knew—to launch a deliberate critique of the moral, aesthetic, and legal divide between fact and fiction. This forms, in fact, a fundamental aspect of their high modernist aesthetics. The interpenetration of world and text in their major works, however, also led both men into often grave legal trouble, putting their books in limbo and, in Lewis’s case, leading to a seemingly endless string of crippling lawsuits. Far from purely extraliterary events, these legal entanglements are instead an organizing component of the works themselves: the core element of a largely forgotten modernism structured around social, aesthetic, and legal contests between fiction and reality. Forged and circulated in this complex field of force, this chapter examines the ways these experimental texts not only exploit the ambiguities of libel law but are themselves inevitably constrained by its potent ability to adjudicate fact and thereby define the limits of fiction.
Religion
Authors: Pyysiäinen Ilkka 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents the ideas of agency, intentionality, and teleo-functional reasoning. Agency is something we infer from the regular patterns we observe in an entity’s behavior. Such patterns trigger assumptions about animacy (liveliness, self-propelledness) and may also lead to attribution mentality (beliefs and desires) to the behaving entity. Agency is something that is inferred; therefore it is immaterial and detached from a bodily implementation. Observing regular patterns also in purely natural events may trigger assumptions about invisible agents responsible for this apparent order. Such proclivity to “promiscuous teleology” makes concepts of supernatural agents salient and easy to adopt. Supernatural agents are also believed to have open access to all minds and thus to know everybody’s thoughts. Such omniscience is explained by combining Tylor’s idea of religion as belief in spirits with Durkheim’s idea of religion as the social “glue” that ties a group of people together.
Mind Your Heads
Authors: Pyysiäinen Ilkka 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSupernatural agent representations are mental concepts, whereas texts, uttered words, and so forth are extramental, public representations. They express mental representations. Public representations also trigger mental representations. Knowledge is called “shared” when ideas in individual minds can be seen as differing versions of each other. Traditions, cultures, and religions are abstractions based on the observed overlap in mental and public representations. They are not entities with an essence. “Religions” are abstractions based on the observed overlap in both mental and public representations, not classes with an essence.
Souls, Ghosts, and Shamans
Authors: Pyysiäinen Ilkka 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBeliefs about personalized spirits do not belong to more “advanced” cultures only (contra R. R. Marett). Humans have always been capable of understanding both the idea of impersonal forces and of personal agency. Traditional beliefs about souls and spirits express the folk-psychological understanding of the liveliness of the body as well as of various cognitive-emotional functions. As pure mentality is difficult to imagine, mentality is often combined with something apparently physical: a “subtle” body resembling mist, the house where a dead agent keeps on haunting, and so forth. Spirit possession is based on the belief that agency is separable from a given biological body and can invade a new body. Like shamanism, also possession beliefs are used as a means of maintaining social order. Shamans and possession specialists make shared knowledge explicit by interpreting the will of the spirits.
Buddhist Supernatural Agents
Authors: Pyysiäinen Ilkka 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn the Buddhist tradition, buddhas are regarded as omniscient in the sense that everything is directly reflected in the mind of a buddha. In certain “Hindu” schools, the ideas of karma and rebirth seem to have developed as “folk-genetic” explanations of the observed fact that offspring resemble their parents. Problems involved in explaining all states of affairs in the world as based on the past actions of isolated individuals were solved by postulating a God who saw the merits of individuals and fixed their future correspondingly. In Buddhism, both the ideas of an immutable self and God were rejected; all things and events were considered to arise from purely mechanical processes. The Buddha’s mentality now lives in the doctrine which is regarded as the Dharma-body of the Buddha. Relics and Buddha images are used as a means of giving a concrete form to the Buddha’s agency after his death.
Conclusion
Authors: Pyysiäinen Ilkka 
Published: May 2009

AbstractFocusing on human intuitions about agency and intentionality helps understand beliefs about spirits, gods, and buddhas. Supernatural agents are beings with animacy and mentality, combined with a nonstandard bodily form. In transcending individual corporeal boundaries, supernatural agents represent the shared knowledge of a group (my beliefs about your beliefs about our beliefs …) Durkheim’s view of religion as the “social glue” thus is possibly only because of spirit beliefs. Reflective ideas about gods and buddhas are highly elaborated spirit beliefs. They are culture-specific versions of the cross-culturally recurrent pattern of a “promiscuous teleology,” the tendency to see everything as happening for a purpose. This phenomenon is based on hyperactive agency detection (HAD), hyperactive understanding of intentionality (HUI), and hyperactive teleological reasoning (HTR). Supernatural agent concepts are contagious because they resonate with an innate tendency to understand more or less everything in teleological terms.
Applying the Framework to Family Ties Benefits
Authors: Markel Dan , Collins Jennifer M. , Leib Ethan J. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter applies the normative framework in Chapter 2 to a number of the family ties benefits discussed in Chapter 1. It examines how some of the benefits from Chapter 1 fare under the normative approach. It briefly explores how evidentiary privileges, harboring fugitive exemptions, violence within the family, pretrial release, sentencing, and prison practices should be analyzed in light of the normative framework. In most cases, the framework adds new insights into how policymakers, judges, and citizens should think about family ties benefits.
A Survey of Family Ties Burdens
Authors: Markel Dan , Collins Jennifer M. , Leib Ethan J. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter identifies practices characterized as family ties burdens. These include parental responsibility laws imposing liability on parents because of crimes or misdeeds committed by their children, omissions liability for failing to prevent harm to family members, and criminal liability for nonpayment of child or parental support. Defendants are also burdened on account of their family status when they face prosecutions for incest, adultery, and bigamy. In all seven of these instances, in the absence of the particular familial status of the defendant, the actions or omissions at issue would largely be ignored by the criminal justice system or, in some cases, treated more leniently.
A Normative Framework for Family Ties Burdens
Authors: Markel Dan , Collins Jennifer M. , Leib Ethan J. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter presents a normative framework for analyzing whether and how family ties burdens can be justified. First, it explains why this book adopts a defendant-centered perspective despite the fact that when other perspectives are introduced, family ties burdens could be thought of as bringing benefits to the family as an institution or to particular family members other than the defendant. It then revisits some of the normative costs of family ties benefits explored earlier in the book to ascertain whether any retain applicability in the context of family ties burdens. Finally, the chapter highlights the voluntary caregiving feature seen in the structure of many family ties burdens.
Coda
Authors: Markel Dan , Collins Jennifer M. , Leib Ethan J. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter presents some concluding thoughts. It argues that family ties benefits and burdens should be viewed with skepticism for two reasons. First, they undermine the core functions of a fair and attractive criminal justice system within a liberal democracy. Second, using the criminal justice system to reflect and constitute traditional ideals of the family is ineffective at best and, more often, plainly and perniciously discriminatory. The chapter points to how the frameworks developed within the book might be used to analyze the difficult problem of domestic violence in the household.
Hugh of Saint Victor
Authors: Rorem Paul 
Published: May 2009

AbstractHugh of St. Victor (c.1096–1141) left a large and influential corpus of works on all aspects of theology, as well as the liberal arts broadly defined. This book introduces Hugh within his community in twelfth-century Paris and summarizes his major works according to his own threefold conception. First comes the pedagogical foundation (Didascalicon), including the historical sense of sacred scripture, then the (allegorical) framework of scriptural doctrine (especially creation and restoration in De sacramentis), and finally the tropological or spiritual finale of personal appropriation of the biblical message (the ark treatises and the Soliloquy). Hugh’s encyclopedic interests include grammar and geometry, philosophy and all of theology, history and eschatology, Job and Mary, the sacraments broadly and narrowly defined, spirituality, and the Dionysian Celestial Hierarchy. How he held all this together in his thought and corpus is a challenge to modern (and postmodern) readers.
Creation and History
Authors: Rorem Paul 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter introduces and summarizes On Grammar, On Practical Geometry, On the Formation of Novices (De institutione novitiorum), and the Notes (Notulae) on the Octateuch. It covers Hugh’s concepts of the good creation and biblical history, including the books of Genesis and Job, as well as the education and overall formation of Victorine novices.
Preface and prologue
Authors: Rorem Paul 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter introduces and summarizes the Preface and Prologue of Hugh’s major work of doctrinal theology, De sacramentis (On the Sacraments). It also covers other smaller works, such as a Dialogue on the sacraments, Sentences on Divinity, and On the Three Days (De tribus diebus), with discussions of scripture, creation, salvation, and restoration.