bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Auditory Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) in Audiovisual Speech Perception
Authors: Pilling Michael 
Published: July 2009

Purpose
It has recently been reported (e.g., V. van Wassenhove, K. W. Grant, & D. Poeppel, 2005) that audiovisual (AV) presented speech is associated with an N1/P2 auditory event-related potential (ERP) response that is lower in peak amplitude compared with the responses associated with auditory only (AO) speech. This effect was replicated. Further comparisons were made between ERP responses to AV speech in which the visual and auditory components were in or out of synchrony, to test whether the effect is associated with the operation of integration mechanisms, as has been claimed, or occurs because of other factors such as attention.

Method
ERPs were recorded from participants presented with recordings of unimodal or AV speech syllables in a detection task.

Results
Comparisons were made between AO and AV speech and between synchronous and asynchronous AV speech. Synchronous AV speech produced an N1/P2 with lower peak amplitudes than with AO speech, unaccounted for by linear superposition of visually evoked responses onto auditory-evoked responses. Asynchronous AV speech produced no amplitude reduction.

Conclusion
The dependence of N1/P2 amplitude reduction on AV synchrony validates it as an electrophysiological marker of AV integration.
Safety of Electromagnetic Articulography in Patients With Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators
Authors: Joglar Jose A. , Nguyen Carol , Garst Diane M. , Katz William F. 
Published: July 2009

PurposeElectromagnetic articulography (EMA)uses a helmet to create alternating magnetic fields for tracking speech articulator movement. An important safety consideration is whether EMA magnetic fields interfere with the operation of speakers' pacemakers or implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). In this investigation, individuals with pacemaker/ICD devices were exposed to EMA fields under controlled conditions while potential interference was examined.MethodTwelve adults with pacemaker/ICD devices from 3 major manufacturers were assessed for device function before, during, and after exposure to magnetic fields from a Carstens AG100 EMA system. Potential interference was probed, with EMA transmitters positioned at varying distances from the implantable devices and with the EMA system set at different operating strengths.ResultsNo adverse affects in device operation were observed under any conditions. The only potential complication was temporary telemetry-link interference during device testing in some cases.ConclusionThe results suggest that EMA technology may be safely used with patients who have pacemakers and ICDs. However, the present findings do not rule out potential interference with other pacemaker/ICD manufacturers or with different articulography systems. Precautions are suggested for testing individuals with pacemaker/ICDs under EMA conditions.
The Diagnostic Accuracy of a New Test of Early Nonword Repetition for Differentiating Late Talking and Typically Developing Children
Authors: Stokes Stephanie F. , Klee Thomas 
Published: July 2009

Purpose
To assess the diagnostic accuracy of a new Test of Early Nonword Repetition (TENR) for 2-year-old children.

Method
232 British-English-speaking children aged 27 (±3) months were assessed on 3 standardized tests (receptive and expressive vocabulary and visual processing) and a novel nonword repetition (NWR) test. Parents completed a British adaptation of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory: Words and Sentences (CDI:WS–UK; Klee & Harrison, 2001). The diagnostic accuracy of two versions (1–3 syllables and 1–4 syllables) of a new NWR test was examined. Standard diagnostic accuracy measures of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios, and diagnostic odds ratios were generated.

Results
177 children (80%) completed the 1–3 syllable task, and 96 children (73%) completed the 1–4 syllable task. The 1–3 syllable version produced a positive likelihood ratio (LR+) of 7.8 (confidence interval [CI] = 4.5–13.6) and a negative likelihood ratio (LR–) of .28 (CI = .12–.65). The 1–4 syllable version of the NWR test produced a LR+ of 14.88 (CI = 6.1–36.2) and a LR– of .13 (CI = .02–.83).

Conclusion
The TENR could be useful for identifying 2-year-old children at risk of language impairment.
A Rat Excised Larynx Model of Vocal Fold Scar
Authors: Welham Nathan V. , Montequin Douglas W. , Tateya Ichiro , Tateya Tomoko , Choi Seong Hee , Bless Diane M. 
Published: July 2009

Purpose
To develop and evaluate a rat excised larynx model for the measurement of acoustic, aerodynamic, and vocal fold vibratory changes resulting from vocal fold scar.

Method

Twenty-four 4-month-old male Sprague–Dawley rats were assigned to 1 of 4 experimental groups: chronic vocal fold scar, chronic vocal fold scar treated with 100-ng basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), chronic vocal fold scar treated with saline (sham treatment), and unscarred untreated control. Following tissue harvest, histological and immunohistochemical data were collected to confirm extracellular matrix alteration in the chronic scar group; acoustic, aerodynamic, and high-speed digital imaging data were collected using an excised larynx setup in all groups. Phonation threshold pressure (
P

th

), glottal resistance (
R

g

), glottal efficiency (
E

g

), vibratory amplitude, and vibratory area were used as dependent variables.

Results

Chronically scarred vocal folds were characterized by elevated collagen Types I and III and reduced hyaluronic acid abundance. Phonation was achieved, and data were collected from all control and bFGF-treated larynges; however, phonation was not achieved with 3 of 6 chronically scarred and 1 of 6 saline-treated larynges. Compared with control, the chronic scar group was characterized by elevated
P

th

,
reduced
E

g

,
and intralarynx vibratory amplitude and area asymmetry. The bFGF group was characterized by
P

th

below control-group levels,
E

g

comparable with control, and vocal fold vibratory amplitude and area symmetry comparable with control. The sham group was characterized by
P

th

comparable with control,
E

g

superior to control, and vocal fold vibratory amplitude and area symmetry comparable with control.

Conclusions
The excised larynx model reported here demonstrated robust deterioration across phonatory indices under the scar condition and sensitivity to treatment-induced change under the bFGF condition. The improvement observed under the sham condition may reflect unanticipated therapeutic benefit or artifact. This model holds promise as a tool for the functional characterization of biomechanical tissue changes resulting from vocal fold scar and the evaluation of experimental therapies.
African American English–Speaking Students: An Examination of the Relationship Between Dialect Shifting and Reading Outcomes
Authors: Craig Holly K. , Zhang Lingling , Hensel Stephanie L. , Quinn Erin J. 
Published: July 2009

PurposeIn this study, the authors evaluated the contribution made by dialect shifting to reading achievement test scores of African American English (AAE)–speaking students when controlling for the effects of socioeconomic status (SES), general oral language abilities, and writing skills.MethodParticipants were 165 typically developing African American 1st through 5th graders. Half were male and half were female, one third were from low-SES homes, and two-thirds were from middle-SES homes. Dialect shifting away from AAE toward Standard American English (SAE) was determined by comparing AAE production rates during oral and written narratives. Structural equation modeling evaluated the relative contributions of AAE rates, SES, and general oral language and writing skills on standardized reading achievement scores.ResultsAAE production rates were inversely related to reading achievement scores and decreased significantly between the oral and written narratives. Lower rates in writing predicted a substantial amount of the variance in reading scores, showing a significant direct effect and a significant indirect effect mediated by measures of oral language comprehension.ConclusionThe findings support a dialect shifting–reading achievement hypothesis, which proposes that AAE-speaking students who learn to use SAE in literacy tasks will outperform their peers who do not make this linguistic adaptation.
Phonation Threshold Pressure Measurement With a Semi-Occluded Vocal Tract
Authors: Titze Ingo R. 
Published: July 2009

Purpose
The purpose of this article was to determine if a semi-occluded vocal tract could be used to measure phonation threshold pressure. This is in contrast to the shutter technique, where an alternation between a fully occluded tract and an unoccluded tract is used.

Method
Five male and 5 female volunteers phonated through a thin straw held between the lips. Oral pressure behind the lips was measured. Mathematical predictions of phonation threshold pressures were compared to the measured ones over a range of frequencies.

Results
It was shown that, for a 2.5-mm diameter straw, phonation threshold pressures were obtainable over a 2-octave range of fundamental frequency by all volunteers. In magnitude, the pressures agreed with the 0.2–0.5 kPa values obtained in previous investigations. Sensitivity to viscoelastic and geometric properties of the vocal folds was generally not compromised with greater oral impedance, but some differences were predicted theoretically in contrast to an open mouth configuration.

Conclusion
Because phonation threshold pressure is always dependent on vocal tract interaction, it may be advantageous to choose an exact and fixed oral semi-occlusion for the measurement and interpret the results in light of the known acoustic load.
Laboratory Measurement of Yield and Composition of Dry‐Milled Corn Fractions Using a Shortened, Single‐Stage Tempering Procedure
Authors: Rausch Kent D. , Pruiett Larry E. , Wang Ping , Xu Li , Belyea Ronald L. , Tumbleson M. E. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTThe objective was to describe a laboratory‐scale dry‐milling procedure that used single‐stage tempering and determine the effect of hybrid on yields and fraction compositions in milled corn. Samples of 11 commercially available hybrids were processed through a laboratory dry‐milling procedure that used 1 kg samples of corn to produce milling fractions of large grits, small grits, fines, germ, and pericarp. Compositions of milling fractions (protein, neutral detergent fiber, ash, and crude fat) were determined. The procedure used a single‐stage tempering step that increased corn moisture from 15 to 23.5% wb during an 18‐min tempering period. Germ were separated from endosperm particles using a roller mill followed by screening over a sieve with 1.68‐mm openings. Coefficients of variability were small, indicating acceptable repeatability. Overall yield means were 39.2, 25.3, 13.8, 78.2, 14.3, and 6.8 g/100 g (db) for large grits, small grits, fines, total endosperm, germ, and pericarp, respectively. There were effects due to hybrid (P < 0.05) on fraction yields and compositions of milling fractions. Correlations (r) among endosperm fractions (large grits, small grits, and fines) ranged from 0.54 to |–0.92|. Correlations among endosperm fractions and germ and pericarp were <0.68. The developed dry‐milling method estimated milling yields among hybrids with low standard deviations relative to the means and should be a useful tool for research and industry in measuring dry‐milling characteristics.
Validity, prognostic value and optimal cutoff of respiratory muscle strength in patients with chronic heart failure changes with beta-blocker treatment
Authors: Frankenstein Lutz , Nelles Manfred , Meyer F. Joachim , Sigg Caroline , Schellberg Dieter , Remppis B. Andrew , Katus Hugo A. , Zugck Christian 
Published: July 2009

Background Training studies frequently use maximum inspiratory mouth occlusion pressure (PImax) as a therapeutic target and surrogate marker. For patients on β-blocker (BBL), prognostic data allowing this extrapolation do not exist. Furthermore, the effects of BBL, mainstay of modern chronic heart failure therapy, on respiratory muscle function remain controversial. Finally, no proper separate cutoff according to treatment exists. Design Prospective, observational inclusion of patients with stable systolic chronic heart failure and recording of 1 year and all-time mortality for endpoint analysis. Methods In 686 patients, 81% men, 494 patients on BBL, PImax was measured along with clinical evaluation. The median follow-up was 50 months (interquartile range: 26–75 months). Results Patients with or without BBL did not differ significantly for PImax, percentage of predicted PImax or other marker of disease severity. PImax was a significant (hazard ratio: 0.925; 95% confidence interval: 0.879–0.975; χ2: 8.62) marker of adverse outcome, independent of BBL-status or aetiology. Percentage of predicted PImax was not independent of PImax. The cutoff identified through receiver-operated characteristics for 1-year mortality was 4.14 kPa for patients on BBL and 7.29 kPa for patients not on BBL. When separated accordingly, 1-year mortality was 8.5 versus 21.4%, P = 0.02, for patients not on BBL and 4.3 versus 16.2%, P < 0.001, for patients on BBL. Conclusion This study fills the gap between trials targeting respiratory muscle on a functional basis and the resultant prognostic information with regard to BBL. BBL lowered the optimal PImax cutoff values for risk stratification without changing the measured values of PImax. This should be considered at inclusion and evaluation of trials and interpretation of exercise parameters.
Effects of a 14-month low-cost maintenance training program in patients with chronic systolic heart failure: a randomized study
Authors: Prescott Eva , Hjardem-Hansen Rasmus , Dela Flemming , Ørkild Bodil , Teisner Ane S. , Nielsen Henrik 
Published: July 2009

Background Exercise training is known to be beneficial in chronic heart failure (CH F) patients but there is a lack of studies following patient groups for longer duration with maintenance training programs to defer deconditioning. Methods Study base consisted of all patients diagnosed with CHF in a 3-year period. Sixty-six patients with systolic CHF (ejection fraction < 45, New York Heart Association II-III) were randomized to 12 months of either usual care or home-based maintenance exercise with group training sessions every 2 weeks after an initial 8-week training program. The primary endpoint was maximum workload; secondary endpoints were 6-min walk test, incremental shuttle walk test, sit-to-stand test, quality of life, and serological markers. Results Six patients died and 43 completed the study. The initial 8-week training was associated with small but significant improvement in all of the functional tests. In both groups there was a significant decline in the maximum workload the next 12 months ( P = 0.03 and P < 0.001, respectively) but after an adjustment for difference between groups in baseline characteristics, maintenance intervention reduced the decline in the maximum workload by 8.0W (95% CI: 3.0–13.0, P = 0.002). No effect of maintenance intervention was observed for 6-min walk test, incremental shuttle walk test, sit-to-stand test, or quality of life. After 14 months changes in most markers of inflammation, endothelial damage, and glycemic control were more beneficial in the intervention group. Conclusion A low-cost maintenance intervention in CHF patients reduced the decline in the maximum workload compared with usual care but not in other measures of physical function. Results suggest beneficial effects of long-term maintenance training on glycemic control, inflammation, and endothelial function.
Guideline-oriented ambulatory lipid-lowering therapy of patients at high risk for cardiovascular events by cardiologists in clinical practice: the 2L cardio registry
Authors: Gitt Anselm K. , Juenger Claus , Jannowitz Christina , Karmann Barbara , Senges Juergen , Bestehorn Kurt 
Published: July 2009

Background Lipid-lowering treatment has been proven to decrease the rate of cardiovascular events in high-risk patients with manifest coronary artery disease (CAD) or CAD equivalent risk profile. Current treatment guidelines recommend low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) less than 100 mg/dl (optional < 70 mg/dl) as the target level for this high-risk population. Little is known about the ambulatory treatment of high-risk patients in clinical practice and the achievement of guideline recommended target values. Methods and results In the ‘2L cardio’ registry in Germany, 295 cardiologists enrolled 6711 consecutive patients with known CAD, and/or diabetes mellitus, peripheral arterial disease (summarized as ‘coronary risk equivalent’, CE), on chronic statin treatment. They recorded actual LDL-C values at entry, probable changes in therapy, and the expected LDL-C values using a lipid calculator based on an earlier observational study in a similar setting. The three groups comprised 2618 patients with CAD plus CE (39.0%; median LDL-C 112 mg/dl), 3436 patients with CAD only (51.2%; median LDL-C 108 mg/dl), and 657 with CE only (9.8%; median LDL-C 124 mg/dl). They had LDL-C levels less than 100 mg/dl in 36.2% [95% confidence intervals (CI): 34.3–38.1], 39.7% (CI: 38.0–41.4), and 27.2% (CI: 23.7–30.7), respectively. Statin doses at entry were usually in the lower to intermediate range (e.g. simvastatin median 25 mg/day). Cardiologists switched to another statin in 10.1% (9.4–10.8), increased the dose of statins (if same drug) in 22.2% (CI: 21.1–23.2) and/or added a cholesterol absorption inhibitor in 23.7% (CI: 22.7–24.7) of the patients. The cardiologists’ intervention improved expected LDL-C levels in the total cohort by a mean of 9.0 mg/dl, but the 100 mg/dl LDL-C target was only reached in 51.3% (CI: 50.0–52.5) of the total cohort. CE patients appeared undertreated in terms of antiplatelet drugs. Discussion Through infrequent increases in statin doses and mainly through add-on of a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, cardiologists improved target level attainment. Compared with earlier studies in the outpatient setting, the treatment to target for LDL-C of high-risk CAD patients has improved, but is not satisfactory.
Impact of different diagnostic criteria on the prevalence and prognostic significance of exertional oscillatory ventilation in patients with chronic heart failure
Authors: Ingle Lee , Isted Aaron , Witte Klaus K. , Cleland John G.F. , Clark Andrew L. 
Published: July 2009

Introduction Exertional oscillatory ventilation (EOV) occurs in many patients with chronic heart failure. Two different definitions of EOV have been proposed by Corrá and Leite. We aimed to compare the prevalence of EOV and its prognostic significance in patients with chronic heart failure using the two diagnostic approaches. Methods Patients underwent a symptom-limited, treadmill-based exercise test with metabolic gas exchange measurements using the modified Bruce protocol. EOV was defined (i) as cyclic fluctuations in ventilation lasting for more than 60% of exercise duration, with an amplitude of greater than 15% of the average amplitude of cyclic fluctuations at rest (Corrá) and/or (ii) as three or more regular oscillations with regularity defined if the standard deviation of three consecutive cycle lengths was within 20% of the average coupled with a minimal average amplitude of ventilatory oscillation of 5I (Leite). Results Two hundred and forty patients (mean age 59 ± 13 years; 73% males; left ventricular ejection fraction 34 ± 6%; peak VO2 21.0 ± 4.6 ml/kg per min; VE/VCO2 slope 35 ± 9) were included in the study. The prevalence of EOV was 25% using the Corrá method and 31% using the Leite method. Fifty percent of patients diagnosed with EOV by the Corrá criteria and 58% diagnosed by the Leite criteria had died at 12-month follow-up. EOV (Corrá) was a predictor of mortality independent of peak VO2, VE/VCO2 slope, left ventricular ejection fraction, age, and 6-min walk test distance. A hazard ratio (HR) of 6.3 ( P < 0.0001; 95% confidence interval = 1.6–25.2) was evident for the Corrá method, which was higher than for the Leite method (HR = 4.9; P < 0.0001; 95% confidence interval = 2.6–18.2). Conclusion The prevalence of EOV was between 25 and 31% depending on the criteria used to define it. The presence of EOV was a powerful predictor of adverse outcome, and diagnosed with the Corrá criteria was associated with a higher HR than the Leite criteria.
Body mass index and outcome in patients with coronary, cerebrovascular, or peripheral artery disease: findings from the FRENA registry
Authors: Barba Raquel , Bisbe Josep , Pedrajas José Nicolas Alcalá , Toril Jesús , Monte Rafael , Muñoz-Torrero Juan Francisco Sánchez , Monreal Manuel ,   the FRENA Investigators∗
Published: July 2009

Background The relationship between body mass index (BMI) and mortality in patients with established arterial disease remains controversial. Methods FRENA is an ongoing, observational registry of consecutive outpatients with coronary artery disease (CAD), cerebrovascular disease, or peripheral artery disease (PAD). We examined the prognostic importance of accepted BMI categories on outcome among patients in the FRENA registry. Results In April 2008, 2274 patients (mean age, 66 years) had been enrolled, of whom 14 (0.6%) were underweight; 533 (23%) normal; 1051 (46%) overweight; and 676 (30%) were obese. Over a mean follow-up of 14 months, the incidence of major cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, or critical limb ischemia) per 100 patient-years was: 7.1 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.4–35]; 11 (95% CI: 8.4–14); 6.9 (95% CI: 5.6–8.5); and 8.5 (95% CI: 6.6–11), respectively. Their cardiovascular mortality was: 7.1 (95% CI: 0.4–35); 4.1 (95% CI: 5.9–11); 1.3 (95% CI: 0.9–2.3); and 1.5 (95% CI: 1.4–3.5), respectively. On multivariate analysis, the hazard ratio for cardiovascular mortality was: 2.2 (95% CI: 0.3–17); 1.0 (reference); 0.37 (95% CI: 0.20–0.69); and 0.37 (95% CI: 0.18–0.73), respectively. Survival benefit was only found in patients with CAD or PAD. Weight loss had little influence on outcome. Conclusion Patients with CAD or PAD (not those with cerebrovascular disease) have an inverse correlation between BMI and cardiovascular mortality, even after adjusting for confounding variables.