bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Afterword: Mortgage Markets and the Urban Problematic in the Global Transition
Authors: DYMSKI GARY A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis afterword develops one argument about, and then engages in two dialogues with, this symposium on the subprime crisis and the mortgage market. First, it argues that these articles have a unifying theme: they all insist that any understanding of the evolution of the subprime crisis must take into account the role of the complex, racialized dynamics of social inequality in urban space. This perspective, which we term the ‘urban problematic’, is shared by the authors gathered here; however, it is notably absent from many other accounts of the origins of the subprime crisis. This leads to two dialogues with these articles. The first explores this question: if this problematic is so powerful, then why isn't it pervasive in all social‐scientific and economic discussions of the subprime crisis? The second dialogue then asks why there aren't richer ongoing exchanges between social scientists engaged in the urban problematic, on one side, and heterodox economists, on the other side? We suggest that it will be beneficial to deepen these interdisciplinary exchanges; and doing so will require making visible — and then overcoming — some hidden disjunctures in the ways that those working on these problems from different starting points frame and orient their work.RésuméAprès un argumentaire dans le cadre de ce symposium sur la crise dessubprimeset le marché des prêts hypothécaires, ce texte de clôture propose deux axes de dialogue. D’abord, ces articles ont un thème en commun: tous insistent sur le fait que, pour comprendre l’évolution de la crise dessubprimes, il fait tenir compte des dynamiques racialisées et complexes de l’inégalité sociale dans l’espace urbain. Cette optique, que nous appellerons ‘problématique urbaine’, est partagée par les auteurs réunis ici; toutefois, son absence est flagrante dans beaucoup d’autres versions des origines de cette crise. Il en découle deux axes de dialogue. Le premier part de l’interrogation suivante: si cette problématique est si forte, pourquoi n’imprègne‐t‐elle pas toutes les analyses de la crise dessubprimesen sciences sociales et en économie? Le second cherche pourquoi les échanges actuels ne sont pas plus riches entre les spécialistes en sciences sociales intéressés par la problématique urbaine d’un côté, et les économistes hétérodoxes de l’autre. Un renforcement des échanges interdisciplinaires serait bénéfique, ce qui impliquerait de donner une visibilité— puis une prépondérance —à certaines disjonctions sous‐jacentes dans les façons dont ceux qui traitent ces problèmes sous des angles différents élaborent et orientent leurs travaux.
Redlining Revisited: Mortgage Lending Patterns in Sacramento 1930–2004
Authors: HERNANDEZ JESUS 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDespite decades of government reform, the American housing credit system continues to mirror long‐standing patterns of racial segregation and inequality. Consistent with this trend, the current housing crisis reveals an unusually high concentration of subprime mortgage activity and property foreclosures in non‐white residential settlements across the nation. Given the generally accepted premise of market neutrality, this case study of lending patterns in Sacramento, California, questions why US housing market exchanges continue to produce racially disparate outcomes and seeks to identify the ideological practices in which race is deployed, informs state and private economic action and shapes contemporary credit market practices.Résumé Malgré des décennies de réformes gouvernementales, le système de crédit immobilier américain reflète toujours les anciens schémas de ségrégation raciale et d’inégalité. Conforme à cette logique, la crise du logement actuelle révèle une concentration étonnamment élevée de prêts hypothécaires à risque (subprime) et de saisies immobilières dans les quartiers résidentiels non‐blancs du pays. Considérant l’hypothèse communément admise de la neutralité du marché, cette étude de cas sur les schémas de prêts à Sacramento (Californie) analyse les raisons pour lesquelles les transactions immobilières continuent à produire des résultats distinctifs au plan racial; elle identifie également les pratiques idéologiques dans lesquelles la race intervient, guide l’action économique de l’État et du secteur privé, et façonne les pratiques contemporaines sur le marché du crédit.
Chinese Alternatives
Authors: HAILA ANNE 
Published: July 2009

AbstractUrban scholars have been privileged to follow the transformation of Chinese cities. In order not to produce just a new city‐based paradigm for urban studies it is important to discuss the theoretical frameworks, assumptions, concepts and theories we use in interpreting Chinese urban development. Given the length of the history of Chinese cities and the richness of their alternative developments, what surprises me is the uncritical adoption of a single framework — the framework of the property rights school and its assumptions of the tragedy of the commons and rent‐seeking. In my reply to the comments concerning my original paper I refer to some of these alternatives and alternative ways of seeing: protecting public property, social aspects of introducing a market mechanism, communal nature of property ownership, collectively owned land, experiments with zero priced housing land, and the comedy of the commons.Résumé La recherche urbaine a eu le privilège de suivre la transformation des villes chinoises. Si l'on veut éviter un paradigme supplémentaire fondé sur la ville et élaboré pour les études urbaines, il est important d'examiner les cadres théoriques, hypothèses, concepts et théories utilisés pour interpréter le développement urbain en Chine. Étant donnés le long historique des villes chinoises et la multiplicité de leurs évolutions alternatives, je me suis étonnée de l'adoption sans discussion d'un cadre de référence unique: celui de l'école des droits de propriété, avec ses postulats sur la tragédie des biens communs et sur le parasitisme (recherche de rente). Pour répondre aux commentaires soulevés par mon article initial, j'aborde certaines de ces alternatives et perspectives alternatives: protection de la propriété publique, aspects sociaux liés à l'introduction d'un mécanisme de marché, nature commune de la propriété immobilière, terrains en propriété collective, expériences de terrains d'habitation gratuits, et la ‘comédie’ des biens communs.
Against Institutionalism
Authors: LASH SCOTT 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis is a complement to Anne Haila's critique of institutionalism in Chinese urbanism. This is understood as an extension of Ronald Coase's transaction cost economics in urban space. The focus is well‐defined property rights which, extended to both urban land and intellectual property, allow monopoly competition and internalise public goods — whether social or environmental — into the logic of the neoliberal commoditized transaction. This (‘Washington‐Consensus’) notion of rights is contrasted to the blurred (‘Beijing‐Consensus’) property rights arrangements of today's China. Here property is a ‘bundle of rights’, in which different legal persons have rights in the same unit of urban space. In this property is not well defined but instead a ‘boundary object’. I draw on Francois Jullien to describe such relational property, which is coloured, less by individualism, than by Taoist‐like relations. These comprise a long‐time horizon, an ongoing never completed, never actualized character of transacting or exchange. They comprise rights‐sharing, obligation‐sharing and risk‐sharing. Parallels are drawn with, not Roman and Continental a priorist, but with English a posteriorist notions of property.Résumé À l’appui de la critique d’Anne Haila sur l’institutionnalisme dans l’urbanisme chinois, ce texte l’appréhende comme une extension, à l’espace urbain, de l’économie des coûts de transaction selon Ronald Coase. Le propos s’attache aux droits de propriété bien définis qui, étendus aux terrains urbains et à la propriété intellectuelle, permettent une concurrence monopolistique et une internalisation des biens publics, qu’ils soient sociaux ou environnementaux, dans la logique de la transaction néolibérale banalisée. Cette notion des droits (dans l’axe du Consensus de Washington) est opposée aux dispositifs flous (au sens d’un ‘Consensus de Beijing’) propres aux droits de propriété dans la Chine d’aujourd’hui. La propriété y est constituée d’un ‘lot de droits’, par lequel plusieurs personnes morales ont des droits dans la même unité d’espace urbain; la propriété n’y est pas définie avec précision, constituant plutôt un ‘objet‐frontière’. François Jullien éclaire la description de cette propriétérelationnelle, moins empreinte d’individualisme que de rapports d’inspiration taoïste; ceux‐ci correspondent à un type de transaction ou d’échange suivi, à longue échéance, jamais terminé, jamais actualisé– tout en englobant le partage des droits, des obligations et des risques. Par comparaison, cette conception de la propriété se rapproche, non pas des a priori de la notion romaine ou continentale, mais de l’a posteriori de la notion anglaise.
Are People with Intellectual Disabilities Represented in European Public Health Surveys?
Authors: Linehan Christine , Walsh P. N. , Van Schrojenstein Lantman‐de Valk H. M. J. , Kerr M. P. , Dawson Frances ,   on behalf of the Pomona‐1 Group
Published: July 2009

Background  Evidence suggests that people with intellectual disabilities experience secondary health conditions and report inequities in health status and access to health systems. Reliable information is essential to identify health disparities. A review of health interview and health examination surveys conducted in 17 European countries was undertaken to determine whether people with intellectual disabilities were represented.Method  Using the online HIS HES database, 123 health surveys were scrutinized to determine whether they contained questions relevant to the Pomona 18 indicator set, and whether data could be extracted specifically on behalf of respondents with intellectual disabilities.Results  Findings reveal that while items relating to 16 of the Pomona 18 health indicators were found in 123 of the surveys scrutinized, only nine surveys were identified as having potential to extract data on respondents with intellectual disabilities.Conclusion  These findings have implications for those charged with the collection of comparable information about population health.
Development of motor speed and associated movements from 5 to 18 years
Authors: GASSER THEO , ROUSSON VALENTIN , CAFLISCH JON , JENNI OSKAR G 
Published: July 2009

Aim  To study the development of motor speed and associated movements in participants aged 5 to 18 years for age, sex, and laterality.Method  Ten motor tasks of the Zurich Neuromotor Assessment (repetitive and alternating movements of hands and feet, repetitive and sequential finger movements, the pegboard, static and dynamic balance, diadochokinesis) were administered to 593 right‐handed participants (286 males, 307 females).Results  A strong improvement with age was observed in motor speed from age 5 to 10, followed by a levelling‐off between 12 and 18 years. Simple tasks and the pegboard matured early and complex tasks later. Simple tasks showed no associated movements beyond early childhood; in complex tasks associated movements persisted until early adulthood. The two sexes differed only marginally in speed, but markedly in associated movements. A significant laterality (p<0.001) in speed was found for all tasks except for static balance; the pegboard was most lateralized, and sequential finger movements least. Associated movements were lateralized only for a few complex tasks. We also noted a substantial interindividual variability.Interpretation  Motor speed and associated movements improve strongly in childhood, weakly in adolescence, and are both of developmental relevance. Because they correlate weakly, they provide complementary information.
Clinical assessment of the lower tear meniscus height
Authors: García‐Resúa Carlos , Santodomingo‐Rubido Jacinto , Lira Madalena , Giraldez Maria Jesus , Vilar Eva Yebra‐Pimentel 
Published: June 2009

AbstractPurpose:  Different values of the lower tear meniscus height (TMH) can be obtained depending on the method and technique of measurement employed. This study aimed to assess (1) differences between the absolute (TMH‐A), reflex (TMH‐R) and fluorescein (TMH‐F) lower tear meniscus heights, (2) differences between the central (TMH‐R), nasal (TMH‐RN) and temporal (TMH‐RT) reflex lower tear meniscus heights and (3) the amount of fluorescein present in the lower tear meniscus, 5 min after fluorescein instillation (TMH‐FV).Methods:  Thirty four young healthy subjects were included in the study. The lower tear meniscus height (TMH) was measured using an eye piece graticule inserted into a slit‐lamp.Results:  Mean ± S.D. values of TMH‐A, TMH‐R, TMH‐RN, TMH‐RT, TMH‐F and TMH‐FV of 0.25 ± 0.08, 0.13 ± 0.05, 0.23 ± 0.06, 0.21 ± 0.05, 0.27 ± 0.11 and 0.004 ± 0.001 mm, respectively were found. The TMH‐R was significantly lower than the TMH‐A and the TMH‐F (p < 0.0001). The TMH‐RN and TMH‐RT were significantly higher than the TMH‐R (p < 0.0001). The TMH‐F was significant higher than the TMH‐FV (p < 0.0001). No significant differences were found between the TMH‐A and TMH‐F (p = 0.2), and between the TMH‐RN and TMH‐RT (p = 0.36).Conclusion:  Careful instillation of fluorescein does not affect normal TMH values. Fluorescein is washed out from the lower tear meniscus 5 min after instillation. Higher values of the TMH can be found at nasal and temporal locations compared to the center of the lower eye lid.
Diabetic hepatosclerosis: a 10‐year autopsy series
Authors: Chen Guilan , Brunt Elizabeth M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackground: Diabetic hepatosclerosis (DHS), recently described in liver biopsies in insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus, is characterized by dense perisinusoidal collagen.Aims: To evaluate prevalence of DHS in an autopsy series of diabetic patients.Methods: Liver slides and clinical charts from autopsied diabetics from 1997 to 2007 were reviewed. Exclusions were nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, cirrhosis of any cause, cardiac sclerosis and marked autolysis.Results: Of 976 autopsies in the 10‐year period, 254 had DM, and 159 met criteria for inclusion. Nineteen cases (12%) met criteria of DHS. In contrast to the findings in the recently published series of 14 clinically indicated biopsies, the affected autopsy patients were more often men than women (14:5), were older (mean age 56.4 vs 45.8 years), and had less commonly recorded retinopathy and elevated alkaline phosphatase (16 and 32% vs 42 and 83%), respectively, but diabetic nephropathy was equally common (89 vs 83%). Compared with an age‐ and gender‐matched group of autopsied diabetic patients without DHS, the DHS group had a significantly higher percentage of diabetic nephropathy (89 vs 47%, P<0.05); no other statistically significant clinical differences were found between these two groups.Conclusions: DHS may represent a hepatic form of microvascular disease in DM; the prevalence of 12% in the autopsy series suggests it is not uncommon, but in the majority of the cases, it was clinically silent.
Strain coupling between upper mantle and lower crust: natural example from the Běstvina granulite body, Bohemian Massif
Authors: MACHEK M. , ULRICH S. , JANOUŠEK V. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractStrain patterns within mantle rocks and surrounding coarse‐grained felsic granulites from the Kutná Hora Crystalline Complex in the Variscan Bohemian Massif have been studied in order to assess their strain coupling. The studied rock association occurs within low‐strain domains surrounded by fine‐grained granulite and migmatite. The Doubrava peridotite contains closely spaced and steeply dipping layers of garnet clinopyroxenite, which are parallel to the NE–SW‐striking, high‐temperature foliation in nearby granulites, while the Úhrov peridotite lacks such layering. The Spačice eclogite is not associated with peridotite and shows upright folds of alternating coarse‐ and fine‐grained varieties bearing NE–SW‐striking axial planes. Electron back‐scattered diffraction measurements revealed full strain coupling between clinopyroxenites and coarse‐grained granulites in the S1 fabric that is superposed on the S0 fabric preserved in peridotites. The B‐type olivine lattice preferred orientation (LPO) characterizes the S0 fabric in peridotites and its reworking is strongly controlled by the presence of macroscopic clinopyroxenite layering. The S1 in clinopyroxenites and coarse‐grained granulites is associated with the LS‐type clinopyroxene LPO and prism <c> slip in quartz respectively. While the S1 fabric in these rock types is accompanied invariably by a sub‐vertical stretching lineation, the S1 fabric developed in reworked Úhrov peridotite is associated with strongly planar axial (010) type of olivine LPO. The peridotites with the S0 fabric are interpreted to be relicts of a fore‐arc mantle wedge hydrated to a various extent above the Saxothuringian subduction zone. The prograde metamorphism recorded in peridotites and eclogites occurred presumably during mantle wedge flow and was reaching UHP conditions. Strain coupling in the S1 fabric between clinopyroxenites and granulites at Doubrava and upright folding of eclogites at Spačice document a link between tectonic and magmatic processes during orogenic thickening, coeval with intrusions of the arc‐related calcalkaline suites of the Central Bohemian Plutonic Complex (c. 360–345 Ma). Juxtaposition of peridotites and granulites could be explained by a rheological heterogeneity connected to the development of clinopyroxenite layering in the upper mantle and a previously published model of a lithospheric‐scale transpressional arc system. It invokes vertical shearing along NE–SW trending, sub‐vertical foliations in the upper mantle that could have led to an emplacement of mantle bodies into the granulitized, orogenic root in the sub‐arc region. Clearly, such a transpressional arc system could represent an important pathway for an emplacement of deep‐seated rocks in the orogenic lower crust.
Prevalence, incidence, and clinical characteristics of epilepsy—A community‐based door‐to‐door study in northern Tanzania
Authors: Winkler Andrea S. , Kerschbaumsteiner Kerstin , Stelzhammer Brigitte , Meindl Michael , Kaaya John , Schmutzhard Erich 
Published: July 2009

SummaryPurpose:  The main aim of this door‐to‐door‐study was to determine the prevalence, incidence, and clinical characteristics of epilepsy in northern Tanzania.Methods:  A total of 7,399 people were screened with a standardized questionnaire using “multistage random sampling.”Results:  The prevalence rate of epilepsy was 11.2/1,000 [95% confidence interval (CI) 8.9–13.9/1,000] and the age‐adjusted prevalence rate was 13.2/1,000. The prevalence of active epilepsy was 8.7/1,000 (95% CI 6.7–11/1,000). There was a preponderance of women. The average retrospective incidence including the last 5 years was 81.1/100,000 (95% CI 65–101/100,000). Fifty‐four percent (45 of 83) of the people with epilepsy had generalized seizures without any identifiable cause; 71% (59 of 83) of the epilepsy patients had not visited health institutions prior to the study and 76% (63 of 83) had never received treatment.Discussion:  Our study shows that the prevalence and incidence of epilepsy in northern Tanzania are higher compared to developed countries and that the majority of people with epilepsy do not access treatment.
Doublecortin expression in focal cortical dysplasia in epilepsy
Authors: Srikandarajah Nisaharan , Martinian Lillian , Sisodiya Sanjay M. , Squier Waney , Blumcke Ingmar , Aronica Eleonora , Thom Maria 
Published: July 2009

SummaryPurpose:  Doublecortin (DCX) is a microtubule‐associated protein with regulatory roles in radial and tangential migration of neurons during cortical development. In normal adult cortex there is restricted expression, and DCX is widely used as a marker of neurogenesis. Imperfect corticogenesis is thought to underpin many focal cortical pathologies in epilepsy surgical series, including focal cortical dysplasia (FCD). The aim was to study DCX expression patterns in such lesions compared to normal developing and mature cortex.Method:  Cases of FCD types Ia (13) and IIb (4), pediatric hippocampal sclerosis (HS) (5), temporal lobe sclerosis (5), glioneuronal tumors (5), gray matter heterotopia (3), and control tissues (16) from a wide age range [20 gestational weeks (GW) to 85 years] were studied using immunohistochemistry to DCX.Results:  In controls and all epilepsy cases, perinuclear labeling of small round cells (SRCs) and satellite perineuronal cells was observed in both postmortem and surgical tissues. In FCD Ia up to the age of 4 years, prominent DCX‐positive (DCX+), immature cells were present along the junction of layers I and II, with processes extending into the molecular layer. These cell types were not a significant feature in other pathologies, which showed multipolar DCX+ cells or labeling of dysmorphic cells throughout the cortex.Discussion:  Persistent cellular DCX expression is confirmed in normal adult cortex. Characteristic expression patterns in layer II of FCD Ia could indicate delayed or abnormal cortical maturation rather than ongoing cytogenesis. This could be indicative of enhanced local cortical plasticity as well as a potential diagnostic feature of this type of pathology.
Patients with epilepsy: Cognitively compromised before the start of antiepileptic drug treatment?
Authors: Taylor Joanne , Kolamunnage‐Dona Ruwanthi , Marson Anthony G. , Smith Philip E. M. , Aldenkamp Albert P. , Baker Gus A. ,   on behalf of the SANAD study group
Published: July 2009

SummaryPurpose:  To compare the cognitive profile of newly diagnosed untreated epilepsy patients with healthy volunteers using a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery.Methods:  A total of 155 untreated patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy, and no known brain pathology, were assessed before the start of treatment with antiepileptic medication. Their scores across the neuropsychological measures were compared with 87 healthy volunteers from the general population equated for age and sex.Results:  After adjusting for age, sex, and education, patients with epilepsy performed significantly worse than healthy volunteers on 6 of 14 cognitive measures, particularly in the domains of memory and psychomotor speed. Cognitive performance was not related to the number of seizures, type of epilepsy, or mood. When an impairment index was calculated, 53.5% patients had a least one abnormal score [>2 standard deviations (SD) below the control mean] on the test battery compared with 20.7% of healthy volunteers.Discussion:  Newly diagnosed untreated patients with epilepsy are cognitively compromised before the start of antiepileptic drug medication. The domains most affected are memory and psychomotor speed. More than one‐half of the patients had at least one abnormal test score across the test battery. There were no differences in epilepsy‐related or mood variables between those who demonstrated dysfunction and those that did not.