bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Pure LiPF6 Using Fluorine Gas at Room Temperature
Authors: Kim Jae-Ho , Umeda Hayato , Ohe Meguru , Yonezawa Susumu , Takashima Masayuki 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Pure lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) was successfully prepared at room temperature (23 °C) by introducing fluorine gas into a reactor containing LiF and P at −196 °C. The mass fractions of LiPF6 and LiF in products prepared at 23 °C were 1.00 and 0.00, respectively, by means of XRD-Rietveld analysis. Namely, the prepared LiPF6 was pure enough to be used as an electrolyte salt in lithium ion batteries.
Surface Segregation of Well-defied N-Substituted Hyperbranched Polyamides in Linear Polymer Matrix
Authors: Hirai Tomoyasu , Huan Liu , Ohta Yoshihiro , Yokozawa Tsutomu , Tanaka Keiji 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Surface segregation of well-defined N-substituted hyperbranched polyamides (HBPA) with various side chain lengths in linear polystyrene matrix was studied. To what extent HBPA was segregated at the surface was dependent on the side chain length, which regulated intermolecular interactions among HBPA molecules via steric hindrance.
Practical Synthesis of Diethyl Phenylsuccinate by Mg-promoted Carboxylation of Ethyl Cinnamate
Authors: Maekawa Hirofumi , Murakami Taro , Miyazaki Takeshi , Nishiguchi Ikuzo 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Mg-promoted reduction of ethyl cinnamate (1a) in the presence of carbon dioxide gave a mixture of β-carboxylated compound 2a and α,β-dicarboxylated compound 3a. Similar reductive carboxylation of 1a followed by acidic decarboxylation of one of the two geminal carboxyl groups of the generated 3a and esterification afforded selective formation of diethyl phenylsuccinate (2a) in good yield.
Patient expectations of total knee replacement and their association with sociodemographic factors and functional status
Authors: Yoo J. H. , Chang C. B. , Kang Y. G. , Kim S. J. , Seong S. C. , Kim T. K. 
Published: March 2011

We aimed to document the pre-operative expectations in Korean patients undergoing total knee replacement using an established survey form and to determine whether expectations were influenced by sociodemographic factors or pre-operative functional status. Expectations regarding 17 items in the Knee Replacement Expectation Survey form were investigated in 454 patients scheduled for total knee replacement. The levels and distribution patterns of summated expectation and of five expectation categories (relief from pain, baseline activity, high flexion activity, social activity and psychological well-being) constructed from the 17 items were assessed. Univariate analyses and multivariate logistic regression were performed to examine the associations of expectations with the sociodemographic factors and the functional status. The top three expectations were relief from pain, restoration of walking ability, and psychological well-being. Of the five expectation categories, relief from pain was ranked the highest, followed by psychological well-being, restoration of baseline activity, ability to perform high flexion activities and ability to participate in social activities. An age of < 65 years, being employed, a high Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis index function score and a low Short-form 36 social score were found to be significantly associated with higher overall expectations.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis of normal and torn rotator-cuff tendons
Authors: Chaudhury S. , Dicko C. , Burgess M. , Vollrath F. , Carr A. J. 
Published: March 2011

We have used Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to characterise the chemical and structural composition of the tendons of the rotator cuff and to identify structural differences among anatomically distinct tears. Such information may help to identify biomarkers of tears and to provide insight into the rates of healing of different sizes of tear. The infrared spectra of 81 partial, small, medium, large and massive tears were measured using FTIR and compared with 11 uninjured control tendons. All the spectra were classified using standard techniques of multivariate analysis.FTIR readily differentiates between normal and torn tendons, and different sizes of tear. We identified the key discriminating molecules and spectra altered in torn tendons to be carbohydrates/phospholipids (1030 cm−1to 1200 cm−1), collagen (1300 cm−1to 1700 cm−1and 3000 cm−1to 3350 cm−1) and lipids (2800 cm−1to 3000 cm−1).Our study has shown that FTIR spectroscopy can identify tears of the rotator cuff of varying size based upon distinguishable chemical and structural features. The onset of a tear is mainly associated with altered structural arrangements of collagen, with changes in lipids and carbohydrates. The approach described is rapid and has the potential to be used peri-operatively to determine the quality of the tendon and the extent of the disease, thus guiding surgical repair.
Retrieval analysis of 240 metal-on-metal hip components, comparing modular total hip replacement with hip resurfacing
Authors: Matthies A. , Underwood R. , Cann P. , Ilo K. , Nawaz Z. , Skinner J. , Hart A. J. 
Published: March 2011

This study compared component wear rates and pre-revision blood metal ions levels in two groups of failed metal-on-metal hip arthroplasties: hip resurfacing and modular total hip replacement (THR). There was no significant difference in the median rate of linear wear between the groups for both acetabular (p = 0.4633) and femoral (p = 0.0872) components. There was also no significant difference in the median linear wear rates when failed hip resurfacing and modular THR hips of the same type (ASR and Birmingham hip resurfacing (BHR)) were compared. Unlike other studies of well-functioning hips, there was no significant difference in pre-revision blood metal ion levels between hip resurfacing and modular THR. Edge loading was common in both groups, but more common in the resurfacing group (67%) than in the modular group (57%). However, this was not significant (p = 0.3479). We attribute this difference to retention of the neck in resurfacing of the hip, leading to impingement-type edge loading. This was supported by visual evidence of impingement on the femur. These findings show that failed metal-on-metal hip resurfacing and modular THRs have similar component wear rates and are both associated with raised pre-revision blood levels of metal ions.
Cartilage from the edge of a debrided articular defect is inferior to that from a standard donor site when used for autologous chondrocyte cultivation
Authors: Maličev E. , Barlič A. , Kregar-Velikonja N. , Stražar K. , Drobnič M. 
Published: March 2011

The aim of this study was to evaluate the cultivation potential of cartilage taken from the debrided edge of a chronic lesion of the articular surface. A total of 14 patients underwent arthroscopy of the knee for a chronic lesion on the femoral condyles or trochlea. In addition to the routine cartilage biopsy, a second biopsy of cartilage was taken from the edge of the lesion. The cells isolated from both sources underwent parallel cultivation as monolayer and three-dimensional (3D) alginate culture. The cell yield, viability, capacity for proliferation, morphology and the expressions of typical cartilage genes (collagen I, COL1; collagen II, COL2; aggrecan, AGR; and versican, VER) were assessed. The cartilage differentiation indices (COL2/COL1, AGR/VER) were calculated. The control biopsies revealed a higher mean cell yield (1346 cells/mg vs 341 cells/mg), but similar cell proliferation, viability and morphology compared with the cells from the edge of the lesion. The cartilage differentiation indices were superior in control cells: COL2/COL1 (threefold in biopsies (non-significant)); sixfold in monolayer cultures (p = 0.012), and 7.5-fold in hydrogels (non-significant), AGR/VER (sevenfold in biopsies (p = 0.04), threefold (p = 0.003) in primary cultures and 3.5-fold in hydrogels (non-significant)).Our results suggest that the cultivation of chondrocytes solely from the edges of the lesion cannot be recommended for use in autologous chondrocyte implantation.
Subcutaneous anthrax in three intravenous drug users
Authors: Knox D. , Murray G. , Millar M. , Hamilton D. , Connor M. , Ferdinand R. D. , Jones G. A. 
Published: March 2011

Anthrax is extremely rare in the western world but is endemic to areas of south and central Asia. In early 2010 an outbreak was identified in heroin-injecting intravenous drug users in the United Kingdom and Europe. Afghanistan is currently the principal source of heroin which reaches the United Kingdom. When anthrax occurs, cutaneous disease accounts for over 95% of cases. At least 47 cases with 13 deaths have been confirmed so far. We present three cases presenting during this time with marked swelling, one resulting in compartment syndrome but all with an absence of the expected cutaneous appearances. We suggest that rather than cutaneous anthrax, these patients represent a new subcutaneous presentation of anthrax.
Total knee replacement in patients with significant femoral bowing in the coronal plane
Authors: Huang T.-W. , Hsu W.-H. , Peng K.-T. , Hsu R. W.-W. 
Published: March 2011

We conducted a retrospective study to investigate the effect of femoral bowing on the placement of components in total knee replacement (TKR), with regard to its effect on reestablishing the correct mechanical axis, as we hypothesised that computer-assisted total knee replacement (CAS-TKR) would produce more accurate alignment than conventional TKR. Between January 2006 and December 2009, 212 patients (306 knees) underwent TKR. The conventional TKR was compared with CAS-TKR for accuracy of placement of the components and post-operative alignment, as determined by five radiological measurements. There were significant differences in the reconstructed mechanical axes between the bowed and the non-bowed group after conventional TKR (176.2° (sd 3.4) vs 179.3° (sd 2.1), p < 0.001). For patients with significant femoral bowing, the reconstructed mechanical axes were significantly closer to normal in the CAS group than in the conventional group (179.2° (sd 1.9) vs 176.2° (sd 3.4), p < 0.001). Femoral bowing resulted in inaccuracy when a conventional technique was used. CAS-TKR provides an effective method of restoring the mechanical axis in the presence of significant femoral bowing.
Effect of Sample Size on the Behavior of Granular Materials
Authors: Hu Wei , Dano Christophe , Hicher Pierre-Yves , Le Touzo Jean-Yves , Derkx François , Merliot Erick 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Natural soils or coarse granular materials containing large particles such as rockfill or ballast are often an issue for geotechnical projects. However, since it is usually complicated or impossible to set up a big enough experimental apparatus to test these materials, their mechanical behavior remains poorly known. To circumvent this difficulty, we have developed a set of triaxial cells of various sizes to study the experimental behavior of granular soils containing particle sizes of up to 160 mm. This paper presents the first results of a two-part experimental study. The first part consists of triaxial tests on sand samples of different sizes in order to examine specimen scale effects. Pre-peak behavior is not affected by the specimen size, whereas post-peak behavior depends on the test conditions that control the development of strain localizations. In the second part, we present drained triaxial compression tests on large samples of calcareous rockfill materials that have parallel grain size distributions. The results show a nonstandard evolution of the friction angle in relationship to grain size if compared to similar studies on coarse granular materials. Although grain crushing occurs during compression, the strain-stress curves of the different materials with different grain sizes do remain close. We explain this phenomenon by the strength evolution of the individual grains with respect to their sizes.
Association of plasma aldosterone with the metabolic syndrome in two German populations
Authors: Hannemann Anke , Meisinger Christa , Bidlingmaier Martin , Döring Angela , Thorand Barbara , Heier Margit , Belcredi Petra , Ladwig Karl-Heinz , Wallaschofski Henri , Friedrich Nele , Schipf Sabine , Lüdemann Jan , Rettig Rainer , Peters Jörg , Völzke Henry , Seissler Jochen , Beuschlein Felix , Nauck Matthias , Reincke Martin 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to analyze the potential association of the plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components in two German population-based studies.MethodsWe selected 2830 and 2901 participants (31–80 years) from the follow-ups of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)-1 and the Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA) F4 respectively. MetS was defined as the presence of at least three out of the following five criteria: waist circumference ≥94 cm (men (m)) and ≥80 cm (women (w)); high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol <1.0 mmol/l (m) and <1.3 mmol/l (w); blood pressure ≥130/85 mmHg or antihypertensive treatment; non-fasting glucose (SHIP-1) ≥8 mmol/l, fasting glucose (KORA F4) ≥5.55 mmol/l or antidiabetic treatment; non-fasting triglycerides (SHIP-1) ≥2.3 mmol/l, fasting triglycerides (KORA F4) ≥1.7 mmol/l, or lipid-lowering treatment. We calculated logistic regression models by comparing the highest study- and sex-specific PAC quintiles versus all lower quintiles.ResultsMetS was common with 48.1% (m) and 34.8% (w) in SHIP-1 and 42.7% (m) and 27.5% (w) in KORA F4. Our logistic regression models revealed associations of PAC with MetS, elevated triglycerides, and decreased HDL cholesterol in SHIP-1 and KORA F4.ConclusionsOur findings add to the increasing evidence supporting a relation between aldosterone and MetS and suggest that aldosterone may be involved in the pathophysiology of MetS and lipid metabolism disorders.
Epidemiology of subtypes of hyperthyroidism in Denmark: a population-based study
Authors: Carlé Allan , Pedersen Inge Bülow , Knudsen Nils , Perrild Hans , Ovesen Lars , Rasmussen Lone Banke , Laurberg Peter 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveFew population-based studies have described the epidemiology of subtypes of hyperthyroidism.DesignA prospective population-based study, monitoring two well-defined Danish cohorts in Aalborg with moderate iodine deficiency (n=311 102) and Copenhagen with only mild iodine deficiency (n=227 632).MethodsA laboratory monitoring system identified subjects with thyroid function tests suggesting overt hyperthyroidism (low s-TSH combined with high s-thyroxine or s-triiodothyronine). For all subjects, we collected information on medical history, thyroid scintigraphy and thyroid hormone receptor antibody (TRAb) measurement. Information was used to disprove or verify primary overt hyperthyroidism and to subclassify hyperthyroidism into nosological disorders.ResultsFrom 1997 to 2000 (2 027 208 person-years of observation), we verified 1682 new cases of overt hyperthyroidism. The overall standardized incidence rate (SIR) per 100 000 person-years was 81.6, and was higher in Aalborg compared with Copenhagen (96.7 vs 60.0,P<0.001), giving an SIR ratio (SIRR (95% confidence interval (CI))) between moderate versus mild iodine-deficient areas of 1.6 (1.4–1.8). Nosological types of hyperthyroidism (percentage/SIRR (95% CI)): multinodular toxic goitre (MNTG) 44.1%/1.9 (1.6–2.2), Graves' disease (GD) 37.6%/1.2 (0.99–1.4), solitary toxic adenoma (STA) 5.7%/2.4 (1.3–3.5), ‘mixed type’ hyperthyroidism (TRAb-positive, scintigraphicly multinodular) 5.4%/6.0 (3.0–12), subacute thyroiditis 2.3%/0.9 (0.4–1.4),postpartumthyroid dysfunction 2.2%/1.6 (0.8–3.0), amiodarone-associated hyperthyroidism 0.8%/7.1 (1.1–65), hyperthyroidism after thyroid radiation 0.7%/12.3 (0.8–50), lithium-associated hyperthyroidism 0.7%/0.97 (0.4–4.8) and hyperthyroidism caused by various other factors 0.7%. Lifetime risk for overt hyperthyroidism was 10.5%/6.5%/2.4% (females/all/males).ConclusionHyperthyroidism was common in Denmark with MNTG and GD as dominating entities. The higher incidence of hyperthyroidism in the most iodine-deficient region was caused by higher frequency of MNTG, ‘mixed-type’, STA and amiodarone-associated hyperthyroidism.
Coexistence of Sleep and Feeding Disturbances in Young Children
Authors: Tauman Riva , Levine Arie , Avni Hadas , Nehama Haim , Greenfeld Michal , Sivan Yakov 
Published: March 2011

OBJECTIVE:Behavioral insomnia and feeding difficulties are 2 prevalent conditions in healthy young children. Despite similarities in nature, etiology, prevalence, and age distribution, the association between these 2 common disorders in young children has not been examined thus far.PATIENTS AND METHODS:Children aged 6 to 36 months with either behavioral insomnia or feeding disorders were recruited. Children aged 6 to 36 months who attended the well-care clinics were recruited and served as controls. Sleep and feeding were evaluated by using a parental questionnaire.RESULTS:Six hundred eighty-one children were recruited. Fifty-eight had behavioral insomnia, 76 had feeding disorders, and 547 were controls. The mean age was 17.0 ± 7.6 months. Parents of children with feeding disorders considered their child's sleep problematic significantly more frequently compared with controls (37% vs 16%, P = .0001 [effect size (ES): 0.66]). They reported shorter nocturnal sleep duration and delayed sleep time compared with controls (536 ± 87 vs 578 ± 88 minutes, P = .0001) and 9:13 ± 0.55 pm vs 8:26 ± 1.31 pm, P = .003). Parents of children with behavioral insomnia described their child's feeding as “a problem” more frequently compared with controls (26% vs 9%, P = .001 [ES: 0.69]). They reported being more concerned about their child's growth (2.85 ± 1.1 vs 2.5 ± 1.0, P = .03) and reported higher scores of food refusal compared with controls (3.38 ± 0.54 vs 3.23 ± 0.44, P = .04).CONCLUSIONS:Problematic sleep and feeding behaviors tend to coexist in early childhood. Increased awareness of clinicians to this coexistence may allow early intervention and improve outcome.
Epithelioid Sarcoma and Unclassified Sarcoma with Epithelioid Features: Clinicopathological Variables, Molecular Markers, and a New Experimental Model
Authors: Sakharpe Aniket , Lahat Guy , Gulamhusein Taher , Liu Ping , Bolshakov Svetlana , Nguyen Theresa , Zhang Pingyu , Belousov Roman , Young Eric , Xie Xianbiao , Rao Priya , Hornick Jason L. , Lazar Alexander J. , Pollock Raphael E. , Lev Dina 
Published: March 2011

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Characterize and compare the clinical behavior and outcome of patients with epithelioid sarcoma and unclassified sarcoma with epithelioid features.Identify differentiation and other tumor-related molecular markers in human ES and USEF specimens described in this study.
This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com

Background.
Epithelioid sarcoma (ES) and unclassified sarcoma with epithelioid features (USEF) are clinically and therapeutically unresolved. We compared ES and USEF patients' clinical behavior, treatment, outcome, and molecular marker expression. Furthermore, preclinical ES study models were developed to enable comprehensive benchside investigations.

Patients and Methods.
A database of ES and USEF patients (n = 116) treated since 1992 was created. A clinically annotated ES–USEF tissue microarray (TMA) was assayed for tumor-related markers. Newly established human and commercially available ES cell lines were characterized and tested in vivo.

Results.
ES and USEF patients presenting with localized disease exhibited 22% and 25% local recurrence rates, 35% and 19% nodal metastasis rates, and 41% and 53% distant metastasis rates (median follow-up, 54 months and 39 months, respectively). The 5- and 10-year disease-specific survival rates were 88% and 43% and 52% and 42% (ES and USEF, respectively). TMA immunohistochemistry identified integrase interactor (INI)-1 loss, cancer antigen 125, and p53 nuclear expression as significantly more common in ES than USEF cases. Both cell lines preserved ES morphological and biochemical characteristics in vitro and in vivo; loss of INI-1 was shown to occur in both lines.

Conclusions.
Enhanced knowledge of ES and USEF clinical behavior, marker expression, and molecular determinants, extended via experimental models, will hopefully accelerate development of urgently needed effective targeted therapies for ES and USEF.
Wellbore Positioning Practices and Challenges in Africa
Authors: Skinner Gary 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Understanding the subsurface geometric position of a wellpath is critical as this data is relied upon by different functional groups throughout the entire life of the field. This paper will highlight challenges that exist in while-drilling wellbore surveying techniques and collision management, with focus on their application in Africa.
A factor encountered in onshore drilling in Africa is survey cost as a percentage of drilling budget. This is especially common in vertical hole sections where inclination-only single-shot surveying is standard practice. The paper will explain the benefits of more thorough directional surveying, illustrated by improved knowledge of geology, allowing wells to be drilled more safely with closer spacing.
Offshore West and North Africa, more comprehensive surveying practices are generally employed, but further improvement opportunities exist through application of advanced algorithms to enhance wellbore positioning accuracy. Some operators, especially in deepwater Angola, for example, drill wells that would be geometrically undrillable without the application of advanced wellbore placement services. Even in situations where the need is not so extreme, use of advanced practices can reduce operational risk and further improve understanding of complex geological structures for little additional cost.
East Africa's oil fields are largely unexplored. Through the use of advanced wellbore placement services from the start, it should be possible to build and maintain improved geological models of this area to maximise development potential.
The large technology and budget differential between the North Africa land market and the deepwater activity off the west coast of Africa results in a 40-year spread of positioning techniques.
The paper will describe what can be learned from experience to date in all areas of Africa and to provide surveying techniques that maximize the full value of each wellbore drilled.