bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of porous poly(acrylamide) beads with macro‐ and micropores
Authors: Choi Sung‐Wook , Yeom Ji‐Yoon , Park Tae‐Joon , Lee Jun‐Young , Kim Jung‐Hyun 
Published: October 2011

AbstractOn the basis of an oil‐in‐water‐in‐oil emulsion, polyacrylamide (PAM) beads with a dual porous structure were fabricated using both an emulsion and polystyrene (PS) particles as templates. Uniform oil‐in‐water droplets dispersed in an oil phase (a sedimentation medium) were polymerized in a reaction glass column, where the water phase contained acrylamide and PS particles. Afterward, the cross‐linked PAM beads were immersed in n‐hexane and methanol to remove all of the oil phases and then in acetone and toluene to remove the PS particles, resulting in dual porous PAM beads. The PAM beads exhibited macropores (5–30 μm) and micropores (approximately 400 nm) that were developed by the removal of the inner oil phase and the PS particles, respectively. The employment of PS particles as templates resulted in a remarkable increase in the pore area from 2.2 to 6.3 m2/g. In addition, an increase in the volume ratio of the inner oil phase to the water phase for the primary oil‐in‐water emulsion led to an increase in the pore volume and a reduction in the pore area. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Review on Melt Cast Explosives
Authors: Ravi Pasupala , Badgujar Dilip M. , Gore Girish M. , Tewari Surya P. , Sikder Arun K. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA systematic overview of melt cast explosives is given. The research on melt cast explosives over several decades can be divided into three broad areas: (i) aromatic compounds with CCH3, NCH3, OCH3 CNO2, NNO2 and ONO2 groups, (ii) improved synthesis of compounds, which are currently used in formulations or which have shown promise for such use and (iii) the preparation of melt cast formulations with various compositions. Exudation, high volume change from liquid to solid, super cooling, irreversible growth, fragility and unpredictable sensitivity are the disadvantages of existing melt cast formulations.
Amphiphile replacement on carbon nanotube surfaces: Effect of aromatic groups on the interaction strength
Authors: Bluemmel Pascal , Setaro Antonio , Popeney Chris S. , Trappmann Britta , Haag Rainer , Reich Stephanie 
Published: October 2011

AbstractCarbon nanotubes (CNTs) were solubilized using akyl/polyglycerol amphiphiles. Similar cosurfactants, bearing different aromatic moieties between head and tail, were added to these samples. The interaction strength between these amphiphiles and CNTs changes depending on the inserted aromatic moieties. The insertion of a phenyl ring allows the amphiphile to replace the starting one indicating a higher interaction strength, while the insertion of a triazol pentagon does not, suggesting that the interaction strength is lower. The replacement was monitored via PLE mapping.magnified image
Electronic structure of EuO spin filter tunnel contacts directly on silicon
Authors: Caspers C. , Müller M. , Gray A. X. , Kaiser A. M. , Gloskovskii A. , Fadley C. S. , Drube W. , Schneider C. M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe present an electronic structure study of a magnetic oxide/ semiconductor model system, EuO on silicon, which is dedicated for efficient spin injection and spin detection in silicon‐based spintronics devices.A combined electronic structure analysis of Eu core levels and valence bands using hard X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy was performed to quantify the nearly ideal stoichiometry of EuO “spin filter” tunnel barriers directly on silicon, and the absence of silicon oxide at the EuO/Si interface. These results provide evidence for the successful integration of a magnetic oxide tunnel barrier with silicon, paving the way for the future integration of magnetic oxides into functional spintronics devices.magnified imageHard X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy of an Al/EuO/Si heterostructure probing the buried EuO and EuO/Si interface.(© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Barriers to prenatal detection of congenital heart disease: a population‐based study
Authors: Pinto N. M. , Keenan H. T. , Minich L. L. , Puchalski M. D. , Heywood M. , Botto L. D. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the extent and determinants of missed prenatal detection of congenital heart disease (CHD) in a population‐based setting.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study of cases with CHD, excluding minor defects, identified between 1997 and 2007 by a statewide surveillance program. We examined a comprehensive list of potential risk factors for which data were available in the surveillance database from abstracted medical charts. We analyzed the association of fetal, maternal and encounter factors with 1) whether a prenatal ultrasound was performed and 2) prenatal detection of CHD.ResultsCHD was detected prenatally in only 39% of 1474 cases, with no improvement in detection rate over the 10‐year period. Among the 97% (n = 1431) of mothers who underwent one or more ultrasound examinations, 35% were interpreted as abnormal; fetal echocardiography was performed in 27% of the entire cohort. Maternal and encounter factors increasing the adjusted odds of prenatal detection included: family history of CHD (OR, 4.3 (95% CI, 1.9–9.9)), presence of extracardiac defects (OR, 2.7 (95% CI, 1.9–3.9)) and ultrasound location i.e. high risk clinic vs clinic (OR, 2.1 (95% CI, 1.3–3.1)). Defects that would be expected to have an abnormal outflow‐tract view were missed more often (64%) than were those that would be expected to have an abnormal four‐chamber view (42%).ConclusionThe majority of CHD cases over the 10‐year study period were missed prenatally and detection rates did not increase materially during that time. The failure to detect CHD prenatally was related to encounter characteristics, specifically involving screening ultrasound examinations, which may be targeted for improvement. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cassettes for PCR‐mediated gene tagging in Candida albicans utilizing nourseothricin resistance
Authors: Milne Stephen W. , Cheetham Jill , Lloyd Deborah , Aves Stephen , Bates Steven 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn recent years a number of molecular tools have been reported for use in the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans, including PCR‐mediated approaches for gene disruption, conditional expression and epitope tagging. Traditionally these methods have utilized auxotrophic markers; however, the availability of auxotrophic markers can be limiting and in some instances their use may also impact on the interpretation of results. As a result, the use of positive selection markers has now become more commonplace. Here we report the development and validation of a set of cassettes for PCR‐mediated gene tagging and overexpression studies utilizing the nourseothricin resistance (CaNAT1) positive selection marker. In particular we have produced cassettes containing yeast‐enhanced GFP, YFP, CFP, RFP and a combined V5–6xHis epitope tag. The cassettes are engineered for use in PCR‐mediated gene tagging strategies where insertion is targeted to the 3′ end of the gene of interest. In addition, to facilitate protein functional analysis and genetic suppression studies through the use of overexpression, we have also constructed a promoter replacement cassette containing the ENO1 promoter which is known to be expressed at a high level. These cassettes expand on the range of molecular tools available for working with C. albicans and may also be used in other Candida species that display sensitivity to nourseothricin. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The origin of progesterone in blood when a bacterial solution is infused into the uterus of rats
Authors: Kaneko Kazuyuki , Takagi Nobuaki , Yamaguchi Shou , Yokoyama Mao , Shikita Mithuhiro , Takeuchi Yohoko , Sugimoto Kohoki , Sato Reiichiro 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPurposeThe infusion of a bacterial solution into the uterus of rats raises the progesterone (P4) concentration in serum and extends diestrus. To understand the origin of the P4, we investigated the change in the P4 concentration of seven groups of rats for 5 days after the infusion of a bacterial solution.MethodsThe rats were divided into 7 treatment groups as follows: OvxBac, AdxBac, Ovx, Adx, LapBac, Lap, and Cont. In OvxBac, rats received both ovariectomy and bacterial inoculation into their uterus. In AdxBac, rats received both adrenalectomy and bacterial inoculation into their uterus. In Ovx, rats received only ovariectomy. In Adx, rats received only adrenalectomy. In LapBac, rats received only bacterial inoculation into their uterus. In Lap, rats received only laparotomy. In Cont, rats did not receive any treatment and acted as controls.ResultsThe P4 concentration in all treatment groups was higher than in Cont on day 1 (the day following operation) and day 2. In Lap and LapBac, the P4 concentration was high on day 1 (>30 ng/mL) and maintained that value until day 2. In Adx and AdxBac, the P4 concentration was average on day 1 (approximately 25 ng/mL) and increased on day 2 to a value close to that of LapBac and Lap. In OvxBac, although the P4 concentration increased slightly on day 1 and day 2, it reached 22.5 ± 7.5 ng/mL on day 4. In AdxBac and LapBac, the P4 concentration on day 4 tended to be high.ConclusionThese results suggest that P4 is initially secreted from the ovaries and the adrenals in response to the surgical stress of laparotomy, and is later secreted from the adrenals due to the inflammatory reaction of the uterus.
MIGRATION, TRANSLOCAL NETWORKS AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STRATIFICATION IN NAMIBIA
Authors: Greiner Clemens 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTRural–urban migration and networks are fundamental for many livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa. Remittances in cash and kind provide additional income, enhance food security and offer access to viable resources in both rural and urban areas. Migration allows the involved households to benefit from price differences between rural and urban areas. In this contribution, I demonstrate that rural–urban networks not only contribute to poverty alleviation and security, but also further socio-economic stratification. This aspect has been ignored or neglected by most scholars and development planners. Using ethnographic data from Namibia, I have adopted a translocal perspective on migration and stratification, focusing on the resulting impact in rural areas where modern urban forms of stratification, induced by education and income from wage labour, are on the increase.
LOCAL REFORMERS AND THE SEARCH FOR CHANGE: THE EMERGENCE OF SALAFISM IN BALE, ETHIOPIA
Authors: Østebø Terje 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTSince 1991 Salafism has gained renewed strength in Ethiopia, spurred increased tensions within the Muslim community, and created concern among the Christian population. This contribution focuses on the early emergence of Salafism in the area of Bale, currently one of the movement's strongholds. It discusses its initial arrival in south-eastern Ethiopia, and pays particular attention to the developments in Bale during the 1960s. Challenging the notion that treats Islamic reform as seemingly homogeneous and as ‘foreign’ – distinctly separated from ‘local’ Islam – the contribution explores the arrival of the Salafi teaching from Saudi Arabia, and follows the process of reform embodied in an emerging group of local merchants and in graduates returning from studies in Saudi Arabia. The contribution highlights how socio-economic changes and developments of infrastructure facilitated the emergence of new groups of actors, transcending local boundaries and actively generating novel discourses about religious symbols and practices. It also demonstrates how a diversified body of situated actors was crucial for the appropriation and domestication of the Salafi message, and points to the trajectory of reform as a dialectical process of moulding that related such influences to the local context.
Voluntary ingestion of wood shavings by obese horses under dietary restriction
Authors: Curtis Gemma C. , Barfoot Clare F. , Dugdale Alexandra H. A. , Harris Patricia A. , Argo Caroline McG. 
Published: October 2011

Dietary restriction for the weight-loss management of obese horses limits the natural trickle-feeding behaviour. During feed restriction, wood shavings are often advised as bedding to prevent dietary supplementation from non-feed sources. Data from twelve overweight/obese horses and ponies of mixed breed and sex, bedded on wood shavings during 16 weeks of feed restriction, were retrospectively evaluated. DM intake (DMI) was restricted to 1·25 % of body mass (BM) daily. Animals were randomly assigned to one of two diets (hay/chaff, n 6; hay/balancer meal, n 6). BM was recorded weekly. Feeding behaviour was recorded by continual observation over 24 h during week 15. The apparent digestibility (gross energy (GE), acid-detergent fibre (ADF) and DM) of feed was determined for all animals by total faecal collection (72 h, week 16). Rates of weight loss were independent of diet type, DM (R2 0·15), GE (R2 0·20) and ADF digestibilities (R2 0·18). Despite similar DMI, faecal DM ranged between 0·52 and 1·16 % of BM daily and was associated with wide ranges in apparent digestibility (GE − 11·34 to 53·08 %; ADF − 50·37 to 42·83 % and DM 2·14 to 57·32 %), which were improbably low for some animals. Apparent digestibilities were associated with DM output (GE R2 0·96; ADF R2 0·99 and DM R2 0·99) and time spent feeding (GE R2 0·62; DM R2 0·61 and ADF R2 0·59), indicating that feed intake was supplemented with wood shavings in at least five of the twelve animals. Quantities of wood shavings ingested (negligible to >3·0 kg/d) were back-calculated from predicted feed digestibilities. All animals remained healthy. Implications of ‘feed-bulking/energy dilution’ for feed-restricted animals need further consideration.
Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma metastasis to the submandibular gland
Authors: Naidu T K , Naidoo S K , Ramdial P K 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIntroduction:This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of submandibular gland metastases in cases of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma.Methods:Sixty-nine patients treated between 1 January 2004 and 30 June 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were treated with wide local excision of the primary tumour, plus simultaneous neck dissection and reconstruction if required.Results:Of 69 submandibular glands from 46 men and 23 women (mean age, 58 years), 43 (62.3 per cent) had advanced, tumour stage three or four lesions. Histopathological reappraisal of all submandibular glands demonstrated an absence of metastatic spread. Only 2/69 (2.9 per cent) submandibular glands demonstrated ipsilateral contiguous tumour involvement.Conclusion:This study demonstrated an absence of metastasis to the submandibular gland from oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Patients with early stage oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma and with a pre-operative node stage zero neck may be candidates for preservation of the submandibular gland during neck dissection.
Multinodular thyroid goitre causing obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome
Authors: Gutierrez T , Leong A C , Pang L , Chevretton E , Jeannon J-P , Simo R 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackground:Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome has been linked to obesity, nasal obstruction and adenotonsillar hypertrophy, but rarely to large thyroid goitres.Objective:To study the possible association between multinodular retrolaryngo-pharyngeal or retrosternal goitres and obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome.Subjects and methods:Retrospective case series at a tertiary referral centre (2000–2010). Study parameters included body mass index, Epworth sleep score and polysomnographic index.Results:Five patients were diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and managed with nasal continuous positive airway pressure ventilation. Computed tomography showed a retrolaryngo-pharyngeal or retrosternal goitre with significant tracheal compression, displacement and laryngeal oedema. After total thyroidectomy, obstructive sleep apnoea resolved in all patients.Conclusion:Large, multinodular goitres with retrolaryngo-pharyngeal extension can cause obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome due to laryngeal compression and oedema. In such cases, total thyroidectomy enables resolution of symptoms. Patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome should be screened for thyroid goitre.
Social and linguistic input in low-income African American mother–child dyads from 1 month through 2 years: Relations to vocabulary development
Authors: SHIMPI PRIYA M. , FEDEWA ALICIA , HANS SYDNEY 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThe relation of social and linguistic input measures to early vocabulary development was examined in 30 low-income African American mother–infant pairs. Observations were conducted when the child was 0 years, 1 month (0;1), 0;4, 0;8, 1;0, 1;6, and 2;0. Maternal input was coded for word types and tokens, contingent responsiveness, and directiveness. Children's outcome measures included productive vocabulary at 1;6 and 2;0. Patterns of social and linguistic input were highly consistent over time. Significant positive relations were found between linguistic input measures and child vocabulary development. Findings for social input measures included positive relations between directive input and child word types, which differs from previous research with European American middle-class samples.
The role of language skills in learning to read: The case of bilingualism in French overseas departments
Authors: NEGRO ISABELLE , GENELOT SOPHIE 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThis study aims to explain how the practice of two languages (French and Creole) in French overseas departments affects the first educational competencies acquired by children. The students’ performance in both languages was investigated at the beginning of kindergarten, and their reading capacities were measured at the end of Grade 1. The data analysis shows that the practice of Creole has no negative impact on success at reading in French. Furthermore, it appears that the students who performed the best in reading were those who were either more competent in French than in Creole, or those who were equally competent in both languages, according to their assessed reading competence. Thus, also discussed is the necessity of early exposure to a language's written code and the contribution that bilingualism makes to learning processes of reading.
An interactive, visual approach to developing and applying parametric three-dimensional spatial grammars
Authors: Hoisl Frank , Shea Kristina 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSpatial grammars are rule based, generative systems for the specification of formal languages. Set and shape grammar formulations of spatial grammars enable the definition of spatial design languages and the creation of alternative designs. Since the introduction of the underlying formalism, they have been successfully applied to different domains including visual arts, architecture, and engineering. Although many spatial grammars exist on paper, only a few, limited spatial grammar systems have been computationally implemented to date; this is especially true for three-dimensional (3-D) systems. Most spatial grammars are hard-coded, that is, once implemented, the vocabulary and rules cannot be changed without reprogramming. This article presents a new approach and prototype implementation for a 3-D spatial grammar interpreter that enables interactive, visual development and application of grammar rules. The method is based on a set grammar that uses a set of parameterized primitives and includes the definition of nonparametric and parametric rules, as well as their automatic application. A method for the automatic matching of the left hand side of a rule in a current working shape, including defining parametric relations, is outlined. A prototype implementation is presented and used to illustrate the approach through three examples: the “kindergarten grammar,” vehicle wheel rims, and cylinder cooling fins. This approach puts the creation and use of 3-D spatial grammars on a more general level and supports designers with facilitated definition and application of their own rules in a familiar computer-aided design environment without requiring programming.
A family of skeletons for motion planning and geometric reasoning applications
Authors: Eftekharian Ata A. , Ilieş Horea T. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe task of planning a path between two spatial configurations of an artifact moving among obstacles is an important problem in practically all geometrically intensive applications. Despite the ubiquity of the problem, the existing approaches make specific limiting assumptions about the geometry and mobility of the obstacles, or those of the environment in which the motion of the artifact takes place. We present a strategy to construct a family of paths, or roadmaps, for two- and three-dimensional solids moving in an evolving environment that can undergo drastic topological changes. Our approach is based on a potent paradigm for constructing geometric skeletons that relies on constructive representations of shapes with R-functions that operate on real-valued half-spaces as logic operations. We describe a family of skeletons that have the same homotopy as that of the environment and contains the medial axis as a special case. Of importance, our skeletons can be designed so that they are “attracted to” or “repulsed by” prescribed spatial sites of the environment. Moreover, the R-function formulation suggests the new concept of a medial zone, which can be thought of as a “thick” skeleton with significant applications for motion planning and other geometric reasoning applications. Our approach can handle problems in which the environment is not fully known a priori, and intrinsically supports local and parallel skeleton computations for domains with rigid or evolving boundaries. Furthermore, our path planning algorithm can be implemented in any commercial geometric kernel, and has attractive computational properties. The capability of the proposed technique are explored through several examples designed to simulate highly dynamic environments.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Working Memory and Response Inhibition in Children with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Krivitzky Lauren S. , Roebuck-Spencer Tresa M. , Roth Robert M. , Blackstone Kaitlin , Johnson Chad P. , Gioia Gerard 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe current pilot study examined functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activation in children with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) during tasks of working memory and inhibitory control, both of which are vulnerable to impairment following mTBI. Thirteen children with symptomatic mTBI and a group of controls completed a version of the Tasks of Executive Control (TEC) during fMRI scanning. Both groups showed greater prefrontal activation in response to increased working memory load. Activation patterns did not differ between groups on the working memory aspects of the task, but children with mTBI showed greater activation in the posterior cerebellum with the addition of a demand for inhibitory control. Children with mTBI showed greater impairment on symptom report and “real world” measures of executive functioning, but not on traditional “paper and pencil” tasks. Likewise, cognitive testing did not correlate significantly with imaging results, whereas increased report of post-concussive symptoms were correlated with increased cerebellar activation. Overall, results provide some evidence for the utility of symptom report as an indicator of recovery and the hypothesis that children with mTBI may experience disrupted neural circuitry during recovery. Limitations of the study included a small sample size, wide age range, and lack of in-scanner accuracy data. (JINS, 2011,17, 1143–1152)