bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soil conditioning with foam during EPB tunnelling /
Authors: Thewes Markus , Budach Christoph 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn order to extend the range of application of earth pressure balance (EPB) shields in closed mode, conditioning with foam has proved to be particularly effective in coarse‐grained soils. The properties of the soil‐foam‐mixture depend on the support pressure due to the high foam content. The production and dosage of foam up to now has mostly been based on practical experience from job sites. To improve the theoretical basis, research based on realistic foam production has been carried out at the Institute for Tunnelling and Construction Management at the Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany.Properties of foams and the particular properties of soilfoam mixtures with various injection ratios under atmospheric conditions were specified and analysed. The test results have helped to define operational parameters for foam and also for the first time the range of application of various types of foam generator.Um die Einsatzgebiete von Erddruckschilden im geschlossenen Modus zu erweitern, hat sich in grobkörnigen Lockergesteinen die Konditionierung mit Schaum als besonders effektiv erwiesen. Die Eigenschaften eines Boden‐Schaum‐Gemischs sind aufgrund des hohen Schaumanteils druckabhängig. Die Herstellung und Dosierung des Schaums erfolgt bislang vorwiegend auf der Basis praktischer Erfahrungen. Zur Verbesserung der theoretischen Grundlagen werden am Lehrstuhl für Tunnelbau, Leitungsbau und Baubetrieb der Ruhr‐Universität Bochum Untersuchungen durchgeführt, die eine realitätsnahe Schaumproduktion berücksichtigen.Es wurden sowohl Eigenschaften von Schäumen als auch maßgebliche Eigenschaften von bei unterschiedlichen Injizierraten konditionierten Lockergesteinen unter atmosphärischen Bedingungen bestimmt und ausgewertet. Aus den Versuchsergebnissen lassen sich Einsatzparameter verschiedener Schäume zur Konditionierung sowie erstmalig auch Einsatzbereiche für bestimmte Typen von Schaumgeneratoren ableiten.
Modulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis during myelin‐directed autoimmune neuroinflammation
Authors: Huehnchen Petra , Prozorovski Timour , Klaissle Philipp , Lesemann Anne , Ingwersen Jens , Wolf Susanne A. , Kupsch Andreas , Aktas Orhan , Steiner Barbara 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn chronic autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) such as multiple sclerosis (MS) clinical signs of cognitive dysfunction have been associated with structural changes in the hippocampus. Moreover, experimental studies indicate that inflammatory responses within the CNS modulate the homeostasis of newborn cells in the adult dentate gyrus (DG). However, it remained open whether such changes happen regardless of the primary immunological target or whether a CNS antigen‐directed T lymphocyte‐mediated autoimmune response may exert a specific impact. We therefore induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a common model of MS serving as a paradigm for a CNS‐specific immune response, by immunizing C57BL/6 mice with encephalitogenic myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) p35‐55. In EAE animals, we found enhanced de novo generation and survival of doublecortin (DCX)‐positive immature neurons when compared with controls immunized with CNS‐irrelevant antigen (ovalbumine). However, despite activation of neurogenesis, we observed a reduced capacity of these cells to generate mature neurons. Moreover, the high number of newly born cells retained the expression of the glial marker GFAP. These effects were associated with downregulation of pro‐neurogenic factors Neurogenin1 and Neurogenin2 and dysregulation of Notch, β‐catenin, Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling as suggested by altered gene expression of effector molecules. Thus, a CNS antigen‐specific immune response leads to an aberrant differentiation of neural precursors associated with dysbalance of signaling pathways relevant for adult hippocampal neurogenesis. These results may further extend our understanding of disturbed regeneration in the course of chronic inflammatory CNS diseases such as MS. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surgical salvage of persistent or recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma with maxillary swing approach — Critical appraisal after 2 decades
Authors: Wei William I. , Chan Jimmy Yu Wai , Ng Raymond Wai Man , Ho Wai Kuen 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to report on our experience on salvage nasopharyngectomy using the maxillary swing approach for persistent or recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma after primary treatment.MethodsOver the past 2 decades, we have performed salvage nasopharyngectomies for 246 patients. Thirty‐seven patients (15%) had persistent disease and 209 (85%) had recurrent tumors.ResultsAll patients survived the operation with minimal morbidity. Negative resection margins were achieved in 191 patients (78%), and 55 patients (22%) had microscopic residual disease. The median follow‐up was 38 months. The 5‐year actuarial control of disease in the nasopharynx was 74%. The 5‐year disease‐free survival was 56%. Cox regression model identified the negative resection margin and the size of the tumor as 2 independent factors that affected local control of disease and survival.ConclusionMaxillary swing nasopharyngectomy is an effective salvage procedure for a small, persistent, or recurrent tumor in the nasopharynx after primary therapy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Optimal monetary policy using an unrestricted VAR
Authors: Polito Vito , Wickens Mike 
Published: October 2010

SUMMARYThis paper proposes a simple benchmark for monetary policy. Assuming the true model of the economy is unknown, it is based on an unrestricted vector autoregression (VAR). The key result is that instead of deriving optimal policy using the original VAR equations as the constraint, when no restriction is placed on the correlation structure of the VAR disturbances, the constraint should be formed from a transformation of the VAR. This method is applied to the USA, 1964–2009. Significant welfare gains are found compared with actual policy and using a Taylor rule. Incorporating a zero interest rate lower bound lowers output and inflation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interspecific variation of ontogeny and skull shape among porpoises (Phocoenidae)
Authors: Galatius Anders , Berta Annalisa , Frandsen Marie Schou , Goodall R. Natalie P. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAll extant members of Phocoenidae (porpoises) have been characterized as pedomorphic based on skeletal characters. To investigate the ontogenetic background for pedomorphosis and assess interspecific differences in ontogeny among phocoenids, samples of the six extant species were compared in terms of development of both epiphyseal and cranial suture fusion. Across all species, full maturity of the vertebral column was rare. Vertebral epiphyseal development did not progress so far in most Phocoena phocoena as in Phocoenoides dalli and Phocoena dioptrica. P. phocoena, Phocoena spinipinnis, Ph. dalli, and P. dioptrica, for which large series were available, were further compared in terms of ontogeny of cranial shape by three‐dimensional geometric morphometrics. Ph. dalli and P. dioptrica generally showed further development of cranial sutures than the other species. Postnatal skull shape development was similar for all species studied; the majority of interspecific shape differences are present at parturition. Smaller species had a higher rate of shape development relative to growth in size than Ph. dalli and P. dioptrica, but they still showed less allometric development due to less postnatal growth. Interspecific shape differences indicate phylogenetic relationships similar to that proposed based on morphology or convergent evolution of the two pelagic species, Ph. dalli and P. dioptrica, under the scenarios suggested by recent molecular studies. A shape trend coinciding with habitat preference was detected; in species with pelagic preference the position and orientation of the foramen magnum aligned the skull with the vertebral column; the rostrum showed less ventral inclination, and the facial region was larger and more concave in lateral aspect. J. Morphol., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigation of the pyrolysis products of methionine‐enkephalin‐Arg‐Gly‐Leu using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Meetani Mohammed A. , Zahid Osama K. , Michael Conlon J. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractLow‐temperature pyrolysis of methionine‐enkephalin‐Arg‐Gly‐Leu has been carried out and the non‐volatile residues have been analyzed. The fragments were separated and characterized by LC–UV/Vis–MS/MS. Two major types of pyrolysis products were identified by matching the experimental results with a theoretical list that contains the expected fragments. These products were mainly composed of cyclic oligopeptides and linear fragments produced from the peptide backbone. These fragments have preserved the sequence of amino acids in the peptide. In some cases, a complete or partial loss of an amino‐acid side group was observed. Tandem mass spectrometry and cyanogen bromide cleavage experiments were used to confirm the nature of the cyclic and linear pyrolysates, in addition to chromatographic and mass spectrometric data of actual standard synthetic cyclic peptides. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Survival and adherence of antimicrobial peptide ST4SA, produced by Enterococcus mundtii, at conditions found in the human gastro‐intestinal tract
Authors: Dicks Leon M. T. , Granger Monique , van Reenen Carol A. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe probiotic strain Enterococcus mundtii ST4SA, isolated from soy beans, produces a broad‐spectrum antimicrobial peptide. The aim of this study was to determine if peptide ST4SA could withstand conditions simulating those found in the gastro‐intestinal tract (GIT). Antimicrobial activity of peptide ST4SA has been monitored by growth inhibition of Enterococcus faecium on plates and leakage of β‐galactosidase from damaged cells. The ability of peptide ST4SA to adhere to target cells, which is the first step in cell destruction, has been determined by calculating the percentage of active peptide that remained in the cell‐free supernatant. Seventy‐five percent of peptide ST4SA adhered to E. faecium HKLHS at 37 °C, 88% adhered to the cells at pH 8.0 and 10.0, and 75% adhered to the cells at pH 4.0 and 6.0 at 37 °C. Complete adherence of peptide ST4SA to E. faecium HKLHS was recorded in the presence of 3.0%, 5.0% and 10.0% (v/v) pancreatic juice, 0.3%, 0.5% and 1.0% (v/v) oxbile and 1% (w/v) NaCl, MgCl2 and KCl. Peptide ST4SA survived conditions associated with the GIT and may be used to prevent or retard the growth of intestinal microbiota. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Reconstructing the Differentiation Niche of Embryonic Stem Cells Using Biomaterials
Authors: Dickinson Laura E. , Kusuma Sravanti , Gerecht Sharon 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe biochemical cues and topographical architecture of the extracellular environment extensively influence ES cell fate. The microenvironment surrounding the developing embryo presents these instructive cues in a complex and interactive manner in order to guide cell fate decisions. Current stem cell research aims to reconstruct this multifaceted embryonic niche to recapitulate development in vitro. This review focuses on 2D and 3D differentiation niches created from natural and synthetic biomaterials to guide the differentiation of ES cells toward specific lineages. Biomaterials engineered to present specific physical constraints are also reviewed for their role in differentiation.magnified image
A High‐Mobility Low‐Bandgap Copolymer for Efficient Solar Cells
Authors: Ding Ping , Chu Cheng‐Che , Liu Bo , Peng Bo , Zou Yingping , He Yuehui , Zhou Kechao , Hsu Chain‐Shu 
Published: October 2010

AbstractA new high‐mobility low‐bandgap polymer, PBDT‐DODTBT, based on benzodithiophene and 5,6‐bis(octyloxy)‐4,7‐di(thiophen‐2‐yl)benzothiadiazole has been synthesized through a standard Stille coupling reaction. The polymer is soluble in common organic solvents, such as chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, and chlorobenzene and has excellent film forming properties. Preliminary studies of the copolymer showed the charge mobility as high as 7.15 × 10−3 cm2 · V−1 · s−1 from SCLC measurement. Initial photovoltaic cells based on the composite structure of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PBDT‐DODTBT:αPC71BM (1:2)/Ca/Al showed an open‐circuit voltage of 0.76 V, a power conversion efficiency of 4.02%, and a short‐circuit current of 8.96 mA · cm−2. magnified image
Fabrication of Microropes via Bi‐electrospinning with a Rotating Needle Collector
Authors: Chang Guoqing , Shen Jianyi 
Published: October 2010

AbstractDouble helical microropes of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with diameters of less than 10 µm and lengths of up to 5 cm were fabricated using a new electrospinning technique. In contrast to the typical electrospinning set‐up, a negatively charged rotating collector tip was used in this work, so that the two jets from two positively charged spinnerets were induced to two bundles that met at the rotating collector tip, leading to the formation of microropes. The pitch of microropes could be monitored by simply adjusting the distance between the two spinnerets. magnified image
Improving reading comprehension of at‐risk high‐school students: The ART of reading program
Authors: McCallum R. Steve , Krohn Katherine R. , Skinner Christopher H. , Hilton‐Prillhart Angela , Hopkins Michael , Waller Steven , Polite Fritz 
Published: October 2010

AbstractParticipants (115 low‐socioeconomic‐status [SES], inner‐city, high‐school students) were exposed to three reading conditions: (1) a control condition in which students silently read brief selected passages; (2) an experimental condition in which students were prompted to perform a three‐part (Ask, Read, and Tell [ART]) comprehension enhancement exercise before, during, and after reading the selected passages; and (3) another experimental condition in which ART was followed by peer discussion (PD) of the reading. Students answered 10 comprehension questions after reading passages under each condition, which served as the dependent variable. Results of a repeated‐measures analysis of variance revealed a significant main effect, and follow‐up analysis showed significantly higher levels of comprehension on ART + PD passages relative to either the control or ART passages. Discussion focuses on using PD to enhance comprehension and future research to determine which combination of intervention components are necessary to occasion enhanced comprehension. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Plasma Induced Grafting Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube with Chitosan and Its Application for Removal of UO, Cu2+, and Pb2+ from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Shao Dadong , Hu Jun , Wang Xiangke 
Published: October 2010

AbstractMultiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have attracted multidisciplinary interest because of their special physicochemical properties. Herein, chitosan (CS) was grafted onto the surfaces of MWCNTs by using plasma technique. The CS grafted MWCNTs (MWCNT‐g‐CS) were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), UV–Vis spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) in detail. The prepared MWCNT‐g‐CS were used to remove ${\rm UO}_{{\rm 2}}^{{\rm 2 + }} $, Cu2+, and Pb2+ ions from large volumes of aqueous solutions under ambient conditions, and the results showed that MWCNT‐g‐CS has much higher adsorption capacity than MWCNTs in the removal of heavy metal ions. MWCNT‐g‐CS are suitable materials in the preconcentration and solidification of heavy metal ions from large volumes of aqueous solutions. magnified image
Benefit of gluten‐free diet in idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis in association with celiac disease
Authors: Sethi Gulshan R. , Singhal Kamal K. , Puri Amarender S. , Mantan Mukta 
Published: October 2010

AbstractLane–Hamilton syndrome refers to the uncommon co‐occurrence of idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis and celiac disease (CD). Three children aged between 7 and 14 years with IPH were detected to have co‐existing non‐diarrheal CD. Institution of gluten‐free diet in each of the three children resulted in amelioration of the pulmonary symptoms along with improvement of anthropometric parameters and hemoglobin over a short‐term follow‐up period of 8–17 months. Inhaled/oral steroids and immunosuppressants could be weaned off after dietary exclusion therapy in each of the three children. Gluten free diet should be instituted in all patients diagnosed with Lane–Hamilton syndrome. It ameliorates both the pulmonary as well as the intestinal symptoms although the precise mechanism of the pulmonary response is as yet unclear. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2011; 46:302–305. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Helmet‐delivered heliox‐CPAP in severe upper airway obstruction caused by PHACES syndrome
Authors: Vivanco‐Allende A. , Mayordomo‐Colunga J. , Coca‐Pelaz A. , Rey C. , Medina A. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe present the case of a 4‐month‐old girl with PHACES syndrome and severe upper respiratory airway obstruction secondary to multiple subglottic and tracheal hemangiomas effectively treated with heliox‐CPAP delivered by helmet (HH‐CPAP). Pediatr Pulmonol. 2011; 46:306–308. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Socioeconomic status and risk of hospitalization among individuals with cystic fibrosis in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Stephenson Anne , Hux Janet , Tullis Elizabeth , Austin Peter C. , Corey Mary , Ray Joel 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBackgroundSocioeconomic status (SES) is a strong predictor of outcomes in cystic fibrosis (CF); however, there are no published studies evaluating this relationship in Canadians with CF. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of SES on annual hospitalization rates in a large cohort of pediatric and adult CF subjects under a universal health care system.MethodsA population‐based longitudinal study was completed in Ontario from 1993 to 2002 using a comprehensive CF registry containing patient‐level data, linked to provincial health care administrative databases. Income quintiles were derived at the neighborhood level using postal code information and Statistics Canada census data. The effect of income quintile on the annual hospitalization rate for respiratory‐related illness was estimated by Poisson regression using generalized estimating equations, and was expressed as a rate ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). The analysis was adjusted for age, sex, lung function, nutritional status, the presence of diabetes, area of residence, and distance between the subject's residence and the reporting CF centre.ResultsA total of 1,174 participants over the age of 6 years contributed 8,444 patient‐years of data. No statistically significant differences in annual hospitalization rates for respiratory‐related causes were found between the lowest and highest income quintiles (adjusted RR 1.17 [95% CI 0.96–1.43]). The effect of income quintile remained non‐significant across a majority of markers of CF disease severity and across a range of subgroups.ConclusionsAfter adjusting for important covariates, no SES‐disparities in hospitalization rates were found in a large Canadian pediatric and adult CF cohort. It may be the distinctive combination of universal health care, a national network of specialty CF clinics, and drug and travel coverage available in Ontario that results in similar hospitalization rates regardless of SES. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2011; 46:376–384. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and physical properties of the hollandite‐type titanium oxide KxTi8O16
Authors: Muraoka Yuji , Noami Kengo , Wakita Takanori , Hirai Masaaki , Yokoya Takayoshi , Kayo Yukako , Muro Takayuki , Tamenori Yusuke 
Published: October 2010

AbstractPolycrystalline sample of hollandite‐type titanium oxide KxTi8O16 has been prepared and studied by magnetization and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Room temperature ferromagnetic behaviour is observed in the magnetic hysteresis measurements. XPS measurements of the Ti 2p3/2 core‐level finds that the titanium ions take a mixed valence of Ti4+ and Ti3+. In addition, the valence band spectrum reveals that the 3d electrons tend to local‐ize on Ti3+ ions in the hollandite‐type TiO2 lattice. Also, analysis of the valence band spectrum shows that the prepared sample is a wide‐gap oxide with a band gap of 3.6 eV. These results indicate that the present hollandite‐type KxTi8O16 sample can be classified as a TiO2‐based wide‐gap semiconductor with Curie temperature above room temperature (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Theoretical investigations of the polytypism in silicon carbide: Contribution of the vacancy formation
Authors: Ito Tomonori , Kondo Tomoyuki , Akiyama Toru , Nakamura Kohji 
Published: October 2010

AbstractSiC polytypes in bulk form is systematically investigated using ab initio pseudopotential approach for the total energy calculations with/without vacancy in four structures such as 3C (zinc blende), 6H, 4H, and 2H (wurtzite) structures. Our calculated results reveal that 3C and 4H are favorable for SiC in contrast with 3C for Si and 2H for AlN. Furthermore, the energy differences ΔE among four structures for SiC are very small without explicit dependence on the hexagonality in contrast with the ΔE for AlN and Si without polytypes. The ΔE for SiC with vacancy reveals the most stable structures such as 6H with Si‐vacancy and 4H with C‐vacancy. This qualitatively agrees well with experimental results where 3C appears at low temperatures while 6H and 4H are favored at high temperatures enhancing vacancy formation. Furthermore, the calculated vacancy formation energies suggest that C‐rich condition prefers 6H whereas 4H is favored under Si‐rich condition. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Relationship between a nitrogen‐related hole trap and ionized acceptors density in p‐type GaAsN grown by chemical beam epitaxy
Authors: Bouzazi Boussairi , Suzuki Hidetoshi , Kojima Nobuaki , Ohshita Yoshio , Yamaguchi Masafumi 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe relationship between a nitrogen (N)‐related hole trap and the density of ionized acceptors (NA) in p‐type GaAsN grown by chemical beam epitaxy (CBE) is investigated using deep level transient spectroscopy and temperature dependence of the junction capacitance. As results, NA at room temperature is found to be in linear dependence with N concentration. Further, a N‐dependent sigmoid increase of the junction capacitance in a specific range of temperature, between 70 and 100 K, is observed. Such behavior is explained by the thermal ionization of a N‐related like‐acceptor hole trap; located at approximately 0.15 eV above the valence band maximum of GaAsN. The density of this trap determines in great part the magnitude of NA and causes the high background doping in unintentionally doped p‐type GaAsN grown by CBE. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)