bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review of the literature on the effects of caring for a patient with cancer
Authors: Stenberg Una , Ruland Cornelia M. , Miaskowski Christine 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjective: To adequately help family caregivers (FCs) of cancer patients, clinicians need to understand the complexity of the problems and responsibilities associated with cancer patients illness that FCs experience.Methods: This systematic review identified the types of problems and burdens that FCs of cancer patients experience during the patient's illness. We also analyzed the language caregivers use to communicate their problems and responsibilities related to caregiving for the cancer patient.Results: Of 2845 titles identified, 192 articles met the inclusion criteria and are included in this review. Of these, 164 were research‐based. In addition to FC responsibilities and the impact of being a caregiver on daily life, a number of other physical, social, and emotional problems related to caregiving for these FCs were identified.Conclusion: A substantial evidence base supports the conclusion that FCs experience many difficult problems and increased responsibilities during and after the patient is undergoing treatment and rehabilitation for cancer. The insights gained from this review will help researchers and clinicians to understand the complexity of problems and responsibilities FCs experience. This understanding may encourage them to include support for FCs as part of total or holistic patient care. However, more research is needed to better understand the variations in caregiving experiences over time; how the caregiving perspective is influenced by different cultural, ethnic, or socioeconomic backgrounds as well as gender and age; and how problems and responsibilities related to caregiving interfere with daily life. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effectively surface‐passivated aluminium‐doped p+ emitters for n‐type silicon solar cells
Authors: Rauer Michael , Schmiga Christian , Hermle Martin , Glunz Stefan W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe present a detailed study on surface‐passivated screen‐printed aluminium‐alloyed emitters for back junction n‐type silicon solar cells. We investigated (i) two different commercially available aluminium pastes and (ii) two passivation layers both well suited for highly doped p+ silicon: plasma‐enhanced‐chemical‐vapour‐deposited amorphous silicon (a‐Si) and atomic‐layer‐deposited aluminium oxide (Al2O3). We show that for the formation of a homogeneous, non‐shunted emitter, a careful choice of the alloying conditions is essential. Moreover, for a most effective surface passivation, low emitter thicknesses have to be used. Combining these two aspects, we have achieved extraordinary high implied open‐circuit voltages of 673 mV for a‐Si‐ and 685 mV for Al2O3‐passivated Al‐alloyed emitters, corresponding to emitter saturation current densities of 128 and 55 fA/cm2, respectively.
Hydroxamic Acids Analogous Against Breast Cancer Cells: 2D‐QSAR and 3D‐QSAR Studies
Authors: Rajwade Ram Prakash , Pande Rama , Mishra K. P. , Kumar Amit , Pandey B. N. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe cytotoxicity of 19N‐aryl‐substituted hydroxamic acids has been tested in vitro towards human breast cancer MCF–7 cell lines by MTT assay. TheIC50values were found to be in the range from 61.94 to 337.54 μM. A total of 18 out of 19 molecules had higher inhibitory activities than hydroxyurea against MCF–7 cell. Five compounds withIC50values in micromolar range were 3‐ to 5‐folds more potent than hydroxyurea (IC50=307.15 μM). By partial least squares (PLS) regression, 2D‐QSAR model reported herein provide interesting insight in understanding hydrophobic, electronic, and structural requirements of antitumor activity among these set of the compounds. The cross‐validatedQ2cumvalues for optimal PLS model of hydroxamic acids is above 0.638 (remarkably higher 0.50), indicating good predictive abilities for log 1/IC50values of hydroxamic acids (HAs). Thek‐nearest neighbor molecular field analysis (kNN‐MFA) approach was used to generate three‐dimensional quantitative structure‐activity relationship (3D‐QSAR) models for these sets of molecules. Statistically stepwise variable selection k‐nearest neighbor molecular field analysis (SW‐kNN‐MFA) model is comparatively better as compared to the other two (i.e. simulated annealing k‐nearest neighbor molecular field analysis, SA‐kNN‐MFA, and genetic algorithmk‐nearest neighbor molecular field analysis, GA‐kNN‐MFA) with respect to both the internal (q2=0.7461) as well as external (pred_r2=0.6107) model validation and correctly predicts activity of ca. 74.61% and ca. 61.07% for the training and test set, respectively. It uses one steric and one electrostatic fields along with its 3knearest neighbor (k=3) to evaluate the activity of new molecules. The developed SW‐kNN‐MFA model field plot indicated that the positive steric and electric potential are favorable for the increase in the activity and hence more bulky substituent at 5‐position of phenyl ring connected at amide group and less electronegative substituent at 3‐position of phenyl ring connected to carboxyl group are favourable for the increase in the potency of the molecules.
Predictive 3D‐Quantitative Structure‐Activity Relationship for A1 and A2A Adenosine Receptor Ligands
Authors: Yuzlenko Olga , Drabczyńska Anna , Kieć‐Kononowicz Katarzyna 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe use of QSAR applications to develop adenosine receptor (AR) antagonists is not so common. A library of all xanthine derivatives, obtained at the Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, was created. Sixty‐three active adenosine A1 receptor ligands and one hundred thirty nine active adenosine A2A receptor ligands were used for 3D‐QSAR investigation. The 3D‐QSAR equations with a high predictive power in estimating the binding affinity values of potential A1 and A2A ARs ligands were derived. For the first time, hybrid shape‐property descriptors were used in 3D‐QSAR for xanthine ARs ligands. The obtained models were characterized by a high regression and cross‐validation coefficients. Two types of the model validation were tested – dividing the library into the training set for model development and external set for model validation and increasing the number of library components and checking the model by cross‐validated regression coefficient. The analysis of the results depicts that for the A1 AR binding activity it is important for ligands to possess R1‐propyl substituents along with the phenyl or benzyl substituents bearing halogen atom and phenethyl moiety. For A2A AR affinity it could be favorable to introduce phenethyl or phenyl substituent connected with the tricyclic ring by the alkoxy chain. The nature of R1 group may not significantly affect the A2A AR affinity. High predictive power of the equations suggests their use for further development of adenosine receptor antagonists within xanthine derivatives.
Use of Kernel Orthogonal Projection to Latent Structure in Modeling of Retention Indices of Pesticides
Authors: Jalali‐Heravi Mehdi , Ebrahimi‐Najafabadi Heshmatollah , Khodabandehloo Akram 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe gas chromatography retention indices of 168 pesticides were used to construct a robust quantitative structure–retention relationship (QSRR) model. After outlier detection by Cook's influence measurement, the remaining compounds were subjected to two different modeling strategies. The first one was stepwise multiple linear regression (stepwise‐MLR). Results of this method revealed that 81.7 percent of variances of the response could be explained by the model. The other strategy was kernel orthogonal projection to latent structure (KOPLS). R2 and RMSE values for the prediction set established by Monte Carlo cross validation of the KOPLS were 0.906 and 0.093, respectively. Y‐randomization technique was used to assess the chance correlation in the developed models. This technique indicated that there was no chance correlation in the KOPLS constructed model. From the results of this work one may conclude that KOPLS is superior over the stepwise‐MLR in term of predictability and can be used as an alternative method in quantitative structure–activity/–retention relationship (QSAR/QSRR) studies.
Bayesian Inference Network Significantly Improves the Effectiveness of Similarity Searching Using Multiple 2D Fingerprints and Multiple Reference Structures
Authors: Abdo Ammar , Salim Naomie 
Published: December 2009

AbstractRecent work in similarity searching have suggested that significant improvements in retrieval effectiveness can be achieved by combining results from multiple reference structures or multiple molecular descriptors. Recently, the Bayesian inference network model (BIN) has been introduced for performing molecular similarity searching using a single and multiple reference structures. One of the important characteristics of the inference network model is that it permits the combination of multiple reference structures and multiple molecular descriptors. This paper introduces an inference network model developed for molecular similarity searching that integrates into a single framework, multiple reference structures and multiple molecular descriptors. The inference network model of similarity, which was designed from this point of view, treats similarity searching as an evidential reasoning process where multiple sources of evidence about reference and compound content are combined to estimate similarity scores. Our results show that, the BIN with multiple descriptors is notably more effective than BIN with a single descriptor in searches for structurally diverse sets of actives molecules.
A community mental health survey and relief program in Taiwan after the great earthquake—implementation, clinical observation and evaluation
Authors: Lee I Hui , Chen Chwen Cheng , Yeh Tzung Lieh , Chen Kao Ching , Lee Chih Kuei , Chen Po See , Yang Yen Kuang , Lu Ru Band 
Published: December 2009

AbstractNo evidence‐based consensus has been reached regarding effective interventions in the immediate and midterm post mass trauma phases. Through a community survey, the mental health of 14,013 evacuees was assessed to assist in the delivery of mental health programmes 2 months after a major earthquake. Three months later, 241 high‐risk patients recruited in the second survey were actively served at mobile clinics, having been either identified through the first community survey or referred by mental health aides. The estimated psychiatric morbidity rate at the second month was 13.8 per cent. The sensitivity of the screening survey and the aide‐referral method were 76.6 and 61.0 per cent, respectively. Post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive episode and dysthymia were the three most prevalent psychiatric diagnoses at the fifth month. Among those with diagnosis of PTSD, 57 per cent had psychiatric comorbidity, and approximately 50 per cent had other anxiety or depressive disorders before the earthquake. The psychiatrically morbid subjects rarely use health services. The rate of help seeking improved because of this programme. A high risk of mental disorder was found among middle‐aged and nervous trait. According to our experience, in addition to development of a sensitive community screening tool, the implementation of programmes to mobilize local resources is critical. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Will it work both here and there? The AISP model in various institutional contexts
Authors: McClellan George S. , Eklund‐Leen Susan J. , Gatti Robert M. , Kindle Joan L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA number of assumptions inform the AISP model. This chapter identifies several of those and explores their implications for the application of the model in contemporary student affairs practice in a variety of institutional contexts.
Oct4 and Klf4 Reprogram Dermal Papilla Cells into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Tsai Su-Yi , Clavel Carlos , Kim Soo , Ang Yen-Sin , Grisanti Laura , Lee Dung-Fang , Kelley Kevin , Rendl Michael 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Direct reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells by only four transcription factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc) has great potential for tissue-specific regenerative therapies, eliminating the ethical issues surrounding the use of embryonic stem cells and the rejection problems of using non-autologous cells. The reprogramming efficiency generally is very low, however, and the problems surrounding the introduction of viral genetic material are only partially investigated. Recent efforts to reduce the number of virally expressed transcription factors succeeded at reprogramming neural stem cells into iPS cells by overexpressing Oct4 alone. However, the relative inaccessibility and difficulty of obtaining neural cells in humans remains to be resolved. Here we report that dermal papilla (DP) cells, which are specialized skin fibroblasts thought to instruct hair follicle stem cells, endogenously express high levels of Sox2 and c-Myc, and that these cells can be reprogrammed into iPS cells with only Oct4 and Klf4. Moreover, we show that DP cells are reprogrammed more efficiently than skin and embryonic fibroblasts. iPS cells derived from DP cells expressed pluripotency genes and differentiated into cells from all germ layers in vitro and widely contributed to chimeric mice in vivo, including the germline. Our work establishes DP cells as an easily accessible source to generate iPS cells with efficiency and with less genetic material. This opens up the possibility of streamlined generation of skin-derived, patient-specific pluripotent stem cells and of ultimately replacing the remaining two factors with small molecules for safe generation of transplantable cells.
Multifunctional imaging nanoprobes
Authors: Jarzyna Peter A. , Gianella Anita , Skajaa Torjus , Knudsen Gitte , Deddens Lisette H. , Cormode David P. , Fayad Zahi A. , Mulder Willem J. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMultifunctional imaging nanoprobes have proven to be of great value in the research of pathological processes, as well as the assessment of the delivery, fate, and therapeutic potential of encapsulated drugs. Moreover, such probes may potentially support therapy schemes by the exploitation of their own physical properties, e.g., through thermal ablation. This review will present four classes of nanoparticulate imaging probes used in this area: multifunctional probes (1) that can be tracked with at least three different and complementary imaging techniques, (2) that carry a drug and have bimodal imaging properties, (3) that are employed for nucleic acid delivery and imaging, and (4) imaging probes with capabilities that can be used for thermal ablation. We will highlight several examples where the suitable combination of different (bio)materials like polymers, inorganic nanocrystals, fluorophores, proteins/peptides, and lipids can be tailored to manufacture multifunctional probes to accomplish nanomaterials of each of the aforementioned classes. Moreover, it will be demonstrated how multimodality imaging approaches improve our understanding of in vivo nanoparticle behavior and efficacy at different levels, ranging from the subcellular level to the whole body. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2010 2 138–150This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing
Changes in management of acute pancreatitis before and after the publication of evidence‐based practice guidelines in 2003
Authors: Sekimoto Miho , Shikata Satoru , Takada Tadahiro , Hirata Koichi , Yoshida Masahiro , Hirota Masahiko , Kitamura Nobuya , Shirai Kunihiro , Kimura Yasutoshi , Wada Keita , Amano Hodaka , Kiriyama Seiki , Arata Shinju , Gabata Toshifumi , Hirota Morihisa , Takeda Kazunori , Yokoe Masamichi , Mayumi Toshihiko 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe Japanese Guidelines for the Management of Acute Pancreatitis was published in 2003. However, the impact of the guidelines on physicians’ practice patterns has not been well known.MethodsTo examine the current clinical practices in the management of acute pancreatitis, we conducted a questionnaire survey with members of three societies involved in the treatment of pancreatic diseases and abdominal emergency medical care. Questions included diagnostic and treatment processes considered important in the management of acute pancreatitis in addition to demographic data, experience in medical care, and areas of specialty of respondents. We also examined changes in the treatment of acute pancreatitis before and after publication of the Guidelines.ResultsOf 1,000 society members to whom questionnaires were mailed, 590 responded. Respondents who had read the Guidelines also handled significantly more cases in the most recent 3 years. A variety of changes were observed in the performance of clinical practices before and after publication of the Guidelines. The use of amylase in the assessment of severity decreased significantly, while its use for determination of severity scores increased significantly after publication of the Guidelines. In treatment, use of a nasogastric tube in mild and moderate cases deceased after the Guidelines. The frequency of prophylactic use of antibiotics decreased with mild pancreatitis after publication of the Guidelines.ConclusionsAlthough it is difficult to attribute these changes to the direct influence of the Guidelines, several changes were observed in performance of clinical practices in accordance with recommendations of the Guidelines.
Improving Plasticity of Milk Fat for Use in Baking by Fractionation
Authors: Yella Reddy S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMilk fat is soft with a low solids content at all temperatures up to 37 °C, which makes its usage limited. To extend its usage, the fat was fractionated to obtain stearin (St) with a 50–55% yield by dry fractionation. The stearin was found to contain an increased solids content at all temperatures and to have improved plasticity compared to its native fat. The physical properties of St were found to be similar to those of commercial bakery shortenings or vanaspati. The melting profiles and the solidification properties of milk fat St are similar to those of commercial bakery shortening. Also, St does not require extended stabilization or tempering, as it transferred to the most stable form quickly like commercial bakery fat. Milk fat St showed higher proportions of saturated fatty acids including those with short chains, compared to commercial vanaspati, the later having a high trans fatty acid content (15%). The olein obtained could also be used as a cooking medium or as a salad oil since it contains a lower solids content at ambient temperatures compared to its parent milk fat.
Antioxidant Activity of Tannin Fractions Isolated from Buckwheat Seeds and Groats
Authors: Karamać Magdalena 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPhenolic compounds were extracted with 80% (v/v) aqueous acetone from buckwheat seeds and groats. Tannin fractions were obtained from the crude extracts by Sephadex LH‐20 column chromatography. Total phenolic contents of isolated fractions from buckwheat seeds and groats were 477 and 371 mg catechin equiv/g, respectively. The analyzed samples were characterized by electrophoretic separations using capillary zone electrophoresis. Both fractions exhibited strong antioxidant activity. The tannin fraction of buckwheat seeds reduced 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radicals (DPPH·) and [2,2′‐azinobis‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid)] diammonium salt radical cations (ABTS·+) stronger than the fraction of buckwheat groats. The EC50 values amounted to 0.019 and 0.020 mg while Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity values were 4.06 and 3.55 mmol Trolox equiv/g for tannin fractions of buckwheat seeds and groats, respectively. Similarly, antioxidant activity of the tannin fraction of buckwheat seeds measured by photochemiluminescence assay, was higher than antioxidant activity noted for the fraction obtained from groats. However, both fractions inhibited oxidation to the same extent in applied lipid models: β‐carotene‐linoleic acid emulsion and l‐α‐lecithin liposomes. In β‐carotene‐linoleic acid emulsion system, 1 mg of tannin fractions exhibited similar antioxidant activity to 0.5 mg butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA).
Glycan gene expression signatures in normal and malignant breast tissue; possible role in diagnosis and progression
Authors: Potapenko Ivan O. , Haakensen Vilde D. , Lüders Torben , Helland Åslaug , Bukholm Ida , Sørlie Therese , Kristensen Vessela N. , Lingjærde Ole C. , Børresen-Dale Anne-Lise 
Published: December 2009

AbstractGlycosylation is the stepwise procedure of covalent attachment of oligosaccharide chains to proteins or lipids, and alterations in this process have been associated with malignant transformation. Simultaneous analysis of the expression of all glycan‐related genes clearly gives the advantage of enabling a comprehensive view of the genetic background of the glycobiological changes in cancer cells. Studies focusing on the expression of the whole glycome have now become possible, which prompted us to review the present knowledge on glycosylation in relation to breast cancer diagnosis and progression, in the light of available expression data from tumors and breast tissue of healthy individuals. We used various data resources to select a set of 419 functionally relevant genes involved in synthesis, degradation and binding of N‐linked and O‐linked glycans, Lewis antigens, glycosaminoglycans (chondroitin, heparin and keratan sulfate in addition to hyaluronan) and glycosphingolipids. Such glycans are involved in a number of processes relevant to carcinogenesis, including regulation of growth factors/growth factor receptors, cell–cell adhesion and motility as well as immune system modulation. Expression analysis of these glycan‐related genes revealed that mRNA levels for many of them differ significantly between normal and malignant breast tissue. An associative analysis of these genes in the context of current knowledge of their function in protein glycosylation and connection(s) to cancer indicated that synthesis, degradation and adhesion mediated by glycans may be altered drastically in mammary carcinomas. Although further analysis is needed to assess how changes in mRNA levels of glycan genes influence a cell's glycome and the precise role that such altered glycan structures play in the pathogenesis of the disease, lessons drawn from this study may help in determining directions for future research in the rapidly‐developing field of glycobiology.