bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protestant Work Ethic
Authors: Christopher Andrew N. , Zabel Keith L. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The notion of the “Protestant work ethic” (PWE) has its roots in Max Weber's
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
, first published in 1904, in which he espoused that the success of capitalism and economic growth throughout Western Europe and North America was partly the consequence of Puritanical values such as a calling to one's work and frugality with one's resources. Although Weber's writings emphasized how the Protestant Reformation was responsible for the rise of modern capitalism, psychological research has focused on PWE endorsement irrespective of religious affiliation or depth of religious commitment. Certainly, the essence of the “Protestant” work ethic can be seen in other religious teachings. For instance, the Prophet Mohammed preached that hard work absolved sins and that “no one eats better food than that which he eats out of his own work.” Indeed, as illustrated in the two quotations that began this article, the Protestant work ethic is a socially ubiquitous phenomenon no longer tied directly to religion. Today, psychologists use the term to refer to a conglomeration of beliefs encompassing (a) the belief that hard work yields desirable outcomes; (b) the importance of work in one's daily life; (c) the avoidance of wasting time; (d) an abhorrence of idleness; (e) the delay of immediate rewards for future rewards; (f) an emphasis on self‐reliance; and (g) the importance of behaving morally and ethically. Although there are several measures of PWE, the most commonly used measure asks respondents the extent to which they agree or disagree (typically using a 1–7 response range) with statements such as “The credit card is a ticket to careless spending,” “Most people who do not succeed in life are just plain lazy,” and “Our society would have fewer problems if people had less leisure time.”
Psychological Warfare
Authors: DeGirolamo Silvia , Beech Deanna 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe concept of psychological warfare as a “means to effect an ends” pervades today's world culture. It is no longer only used to explain the intentional efforts to manipulate the enemy's will to fight. More recently it has been expanded to describe attempts to sway public opinion on contentious issues as well as the use of humanitarian aid as an extension of foreign policy.
Psychosocial Accompaniment of Victims of Political Violence
Authors: Rodríguez Stella Sacipa , Guerra Claudia Tovar 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The existence of victims of political violence, of their pain, their needs, and their rights, was first recognized in the mid‐twentieth century in Western Europe as a result of World War II. In Latin America the theme only emerged in the 1970s in countries of the Southern Cone such as Chile, as a result of the work of some psychologists and psychiatrists who, with the protection of the Catholic Church, initiated work with victims whose needs had been identified by the lawyers responsible for gathering testimonies concerning crimes committed by the state (Lira, 1984).
Questionnaires in Conflict Research, Use of
Authors: Nauta Aukje , Kluwer Esther 
Published: November 2011

AbstractConflict is omnipresent in social relationships and, given its often negative consequences, it is an important research topic. In organizations, conflict may hinder productivity and job satisfaction. In close relationships, conflict can be a threat to satisfaction, or even to the endurance of the relationship. It is therefore theoretically and practically important to study conflict by gathering data on its appearance, causes, and consequences and on the emotional, cognitive, motivational, and behavioral aspects that accompany it.
Racism
Authors: Duncan Norman 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
While it was first employed more than 80 years ago, the term racism remains one of the most difficult terms to define. This is undoubtedly a function of the complexity of the phenomenon of racism as well as its constantly changing dynamics and contours. However, while it is difficult to provide a comprehensive definition of racism, it is not that difficult to describe the phenomenon's key features. A discussion of some of these features of racism follows a brief but essential discussion of the related notion of “race.”
Refugee Mental Health
Authors: Philpot Catherine , Tipping Susannah 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThroughout history there has been war, forced displacement, and atrocities committed towards fellow humans (Summerfield, 1999). The deleterious effects of such traumas have long been acknowledged. In the last two decades, there has been an extraordinary increase in the number of publications focusing on refugee mental health and well‐being, including books, book chapters, entire journals, and articles in other relevant, non‐refugee focused journals. Changing social and political landscapes have influenced the foci and methodology of refugee mental health. More recently, the zeitgeist in refugee mental health has seen a shift away from biomedical and quantitative approaches to a more ecological perspective. This review of the literature reflects these changes, while emphasizing the key contributions made by different approaches.
Restorative Justice
Authors: Nwoye Augustine 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Restorative justice is a recently popularized approach for promoting justice and reconciliation among parties or communities in conflict. It entails the exercise of helping to repair the harm inflicted upon victims at the hands of offenders. As a process of rebuilding peace and justice among individuals or communities in conflict, it is founded upon a theory of justice which argues that crime and wrongdoing is an offense not against the state but against the individual and those with whom s/he is connected. Hence, in the practice of restorative justice, the person who has harmed another takes responsibility for his or her actions and the person who has been harmed gains visibility as much as the one who has done harm. In this way, the fundamental ingredient of restorative justice consists of a “public encounter of perpetrator and victim accompanied by acts of confession and forgiveness and the possibility of amnesty and/or reparation” (Little, 2006, p. 173).
Restorative Justice: Some Archetypal Roots
Authors: Shearer Ann 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
One striking aspect of restorative justice is its appeal for authority to the justice systems of traditional societies. Its structures and philosophy have both been widely influenced by beliefs and practices that seek to restore a pre‐existent social order, whose ancient divine origins are still invoked. A justice that seeks to heal rather than punish and to re‐integrate erring individuals through the reparation of wrongs rather than to exclude them was once, some claim, universal: traditional societies still understand what European justice lost with the rise of the state and the gradual emergence of individual aspiration as more important than community cohesion.
Self‐Efficacy
Authors: Rodrigues Maria V. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Research stemming from Albert Bandura's social learning theory demonstrates that people who believe in their own ability to affect the world around them are more likely to attain their goals. According to Bandura (1992), self‐efficacy operates at the individual level of analysis and refers to individual differences in the extent to which individuals believe that they can achieve their goals. This suggests that efforts at promoting both negative peace (absence of violence) and positive peace (social justice) may well depend on the degree to which the individual has a sense of self‐efficacy. The psychological ability to set challenging goals for oneself and to actively pursue those goals in the face of adversity is rendered in large part by a strong belief in one's own agency. The belief in one's own agency was termed self‐efficacy by Bandura.
Social and Emotional Learning
Authors: Nelson Linden L. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Social and emotional learning (SEL) has been defined as “the process through which children and adults acquire the knowledge, attitudes, and skills to: recognize and manage their emotions, set and achieve positive goals, demonstrate caring and concern for others, establish and maintain positive relationships, make responsible decisions, and handle interpersonal situations effectively” (Payton et al., 2008, pp. 5–6). The term social and emotional learning was first introduced at a 1994 meeting hosted by the Fetzer Institute for the purpose of discussing the ineffectiveness of so many prevention and health promotion interventions for children and youth (Greenberg et al., 2003). SEL was proposed as a conceptual framework that could address the underlying causes of many individual and social problems that were previously targeted by a wide variety of different programs.
Social Dilemmas
Authors: Gifford Robert 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Consider a simple situation. A number of people sit around a large bowl, which contains a dozen walnuts. Once taken, the walnuts may be traded for something valuable — money or food, for example. The people are told that they may take as many walnuts out of the bowl as they wish at any time; turn‐taking is not required. They are ready to grab as many walnuts from the bowl as they can when they are given one more piece of information: If any walnuts remain in the bowl ten seconds after the start, I will place that many more walnuts in the bowl. How many walnuts
should
they take? How many
will be
taken?
Social Injustice
Authors: Opotow Susan 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Social justice, the fair distribution of resources and benefits to all members of a society, is an abstract ideal that applies the concept of justice broadly. Social injustice, its opposite, is the discrepancy between what is and what should be. Edmond Cahn (1949) describes social injustice as an emotionally laden construct provoking the “outrage, horror, shock, resenting, and anger … that prepare the human animal to resist attack” (p. 24). Social injustice, motivated by emotions evoked by morally laden cognitions about right and wrong, can motivate individuals, groups, and nations to take action, including violence and war, in order to right perceived wrongs.
Social Interdependence Theory
Authors: Johnson David W. , Johnson Roger T. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Ideally, the procedures used to establish and maintain enduring consensual peace would be based on validated social science theory. Guidelines for establishing peace are often derived from ideologies and other belief systems. There are relatively few procedures that are actually based on well‐established theory. The extent to which psychological theorizing results in more effective practice depends primarily on the relationship between theory, research, and practice. Ideally, theory guides and summarizes research, research validates or disconfirms theory (thereby leading to its refinement and modification), and effective practice is guided by validated theory, yet it reveals inadequacies that lead to further refinement of the theory and to new research studies. There have been very few procedures derived from theory that aimed to establish and maintain peace. Social interdependence theory is an exception. It provides a classic example of the interaction between theory, research, and practice, especially in regard to phenomena most closely related to peace.
Social Psychological Peace Research
Authors: Vollhardt Johanna Ray 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
From its beginning, social psychology as a field has been concerned with many issues related to peace and violence between and within groups. Influenced by political conflicts of the time, social psychologists have tackled issues such as prejudice, aggression, conflict between groups, or how obedience to authority can contribute to violence; but also how tools such as superordinate goals and intergroup contact can be used to ameliorate and overcome intergroup conflict. Thus, social psychology has examined both catalysts and obstacles to negative and positive peace, that is, the absence of violence and the presence of social justice, respectively (Cohrs & Boehnke, 2008). The overlap and influence are mutual — social psychological theories feed into peace psychology and conflict resolution, but issues related to peace and conflict also shape social psychology, constituting a substantial amount of research within social psychology that can be considered “social psychological peace research” (Vollhardt & Bilali, 2008).
Social Representations of Reconciliation
Authors: DeZalia Rebekah Phillips 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
After a conflict ends within a society, steps are usually taken by leaders to prevent future violence through the promotion of reconciliation among the previously warring parties. There are many overt methods of bringing reconciliation, such as conducting truth commissions or providing reparations to victims. However, there are also more subtle ways in which individuals within a society are guided towards reconciliation with their former enemies. One of these less obvious techniques is through the changing of social representations. By modifying the commonly held beliefs, myths, and values within a society, leaders try to prevent people from connecting with the representations that instigated previous violence and enforce representations that will bring peace.
Social Representations of War and Peace
Authors: Van der Linden N. , Licata L. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Wars are not only fought on battlefields. They are also fought in people's minds. Conducive to this state of affairs is the fact that an appeal to force alone is seldom considered sufficient. Wars require justification in the eyes of public opinion and/or the international community. As a consequence, leaders may need to insist on the virtues of war or assert that, in addition to other merits, it also serves the cause of peace. Such claims are usually contested by opponents of war who have developed and championed their own representations of war and peace. Hence, it can be argued that wars, in their preparation, execution, and remembering, are also wars of images and meanings.
Sport and Peace Psychology
Authors: Sachs Michael L. , Schweighardt Sherry L. , Buckle Michael E. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Exercise and sport psychology encompasses the application of the theory, research, and practice found within the discipline of psychology to behavior in exercise and sport. Some in our field would prefer to broaden our name to performance psychology because our work encompasses not only individuals who engage in exercise and sport (and almost any type of physical activity), but other areas of human endeavor which encompass performance, such as the performing arts (e.g., dance, theater, music), medicine (especially surgery), the military (especially special forces operations), astronautics, and so on. These are all areas where one's performance at a given moment matters, in some cases having life or death implications.
Storytelling as a Peacebuilding Method
Authors: Coburn Clare 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Storytelling, like restorative justice, mediation, and other peacebuilding approaches, has its antecedents in traditional culture. Stories have been employed for entertainment, as sources of wisdom and tradition, and educational material throughout history. The sharing of stories in indigenous and folk traditions acts as a way to pass on the culture, morals, traditions, and ethos of a particular group, tribe, nation, religion, or spiritual practice.
Suicide among War Veterans
Authors: Beara Vladan 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Veterans are people who have actively participated in war and survived. They carry within them the life‐changing experience of war, with which they also have to live after the war is over. Entering into war represents an extreme collapse of the dynamic balance between a human and his/her environment. This is a life change that is so massive and deep that for most warriors it leads to psychological crisis and requires a search for more adaptive coping mechanisms. “The term psychological crisis can only relate to a relatively intensive and often dramatic state of discrepancy in which the whole functioning of a person, life choices that person made, beliefs upon which they have constituted their lives, are disputed … a change that is not impartial and occasional but more or less whole and substantial” (Vlajković, 2005).
Suicide Terrorism
Authors: Noor Noraini M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractSuicide terrorism is characterized as the targeted use of self‐destructing humans against noncombatants, usually civilians, to bring about political change. While the goal of a suicide attack is to physically destroy an initial target, it is used primarily as a weapon of psychological warfare intended to influence the larger public audience. The main target is not those actually killed in the attack, but those who are made witness to it. The adversary's own media magnify the attack's effects on the target population.
Terror Management Theory: Why War?
Authors: Solomon Sheldon 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
An unflattering but arguably defining characteristic of humankind is a long‐standing disdain of and hostility towards other humans. Even a benevolent perusal of history reveals an appalling succession of genocidal atrocities and vicious subjugation of designated inferiors. Attila the Hun, Caligula, the Crusades, Ivan the Terrible, Peter the Cruel, Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, Viet Nam, Birmingham Alabama, Pol Pot, Saddam Hussein, Rwanda, Bosnia, Osama Bin Laden … The times, places, and people change, but “man's inhumanity to man” persists; and demonic despots are never exclusively responsible for hatred and violence. It takes “normal” people, doing “God's work,” their patriotic duty, or “just following orders,” to stoke the gas chambers at Auschwitz, sow the killing fields in Cambodia, or hone the horrors of Abu Ghraib. Increasingly potent weapons of mass destruction readily accessible to religious and secular apocalyptic governmental and ad‐hoc aggregations of zealots put humans in the discomfiting position of becoming the first species to exterminate itself willfully.
Threat, Kinds and Effects of
Authors: Tausch Nicole 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Threat, a central concept in theories of ethnocentric behavior and intergroup conflict, is probably one of the most important factors underlying intergroup hostility or war. Threat can be most broadly defined as the anticipation of negative consequences or loss, either for oneself or one's group, and can involve challenges to power and status, well‐being and security, beliefs and values, or self‐esteem. Threats can originate from an outgroup or from within an ingroup, as well as from more abstract factors in the environment such as economic insecurity or climate change. Psychological analyses of the role of threat emphasize the subjective nature of threat rather than objective threatening conditions. Thus, it is
perceived
rather than actual threat that affects how people think, feel, and behave. In the context of intergroup relations, experiences of threat often result in negative perceptions of and attitudes toward outgroups, as well as avoidant or confrontational behavioral tendencies. Social psychological research has demonstrated that both threats directed at an ingroup as a whole as well as threats directed at the individual can be consequential for intergroup relations.
Tolerance for Diverse Groups
Authors: Vollhardt Johanna Ray 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
For many centuries, tolerance for diversity has been considered crucial for maintaining peace — both by decreasing the likelihood of violence and discrimination, and by fostering social justice among diverse groups. While once the emphasis was exclusively on tolerance for religious diversity, in the last decades the focus has shifted to also include tolerance for diverse ethnic groups — immigrants as well as those native to a country. Within our increasingly multicultural and diverse societies, tolerance can be considered a key element in maintaining cultures of peace (Vollhardt, Migacheva, & Tropp, 2008).
Transitional Context
Authors: Bar‐Tal Daniel , Sharvit Keren 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe concept of transitional context can be viewed as a layer that is situated between short‐lived situations and the stable long‐lasting cultural context (Bar‐Tal & Sharvit, 2008). Proposing a distinction between cultural contexts and short‐lived situations, Ashmore, Deaux, and McLaughlin‐Volpe (2004) defined situation as “a particular concrete physical and social setting in which a person is embedded in any one point in time.” Conversely, they defined cultural context as a “general and continuing multilayered and interwoven set of material realities, social structures, and shared belief system that surround any situation” (p. 103). A cultural context is constructed through years, shaped by the cumulative experiences of each society. It includes tangible and nontangible products such as symbols, scripts, habits, rules, narratives, concepts, and knowledge relating to one's group and other social categories. One critical aspect of the cultural context of social groups is shared societal beliefs, which represent the shared psychological repertoire that provides meaning and rules of practice to society members. In contrast, transitional context is based on the premise that social contexts are dynamic and changing, even when the broad structural and cultural characteristics of a society remain relatively stable over a long period of time.
Trust and Distrust
Authors: Kramer Roderick M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPeace scholars and conflict theorists alike have long recognized the vital role that trust plays in facilitating constructive relationships, both within and between interdependent groups and nations (Kahn & Zald, 1990). Trust has been shown, for example, to facilitate the willingness of groups or nations to work toward more cooperative solutions to their problems.
Truth and Reconciliation Commissions, Psychological Impact of
Authors: Hamber Brandon 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Most of the wars, either civil or intrastate, in the last century have affected civilians as well as combatants. Entire societies are victimized, institutions destroyed, and the social fabric severely damaged. Dealing with the aftermath of such conflict requires strategies of social transformation aimed at rebuilding the shattered political, economic, and social relationships characteristic of prolonged strife. Processes such as truth commissions have been identified as helping in this task by exposing the full magnitude of the destruction, assisting victims of violence, building intergroup reconciliation, and breaking the silences of repression. Truth commissions, however, are only one strategy within the broad panoply of transitional justice.
Violence, Youth
Authors: Greene Michael B. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
A great deal of progress has been made during the past 20 years in our understanding of the etiology and dynamics of youth violence and in creating effective youth violence prevention and intervention programs. In this article, violence will be defined, methods of measuring youth violence will be described, key epidemiological data on youth violence in the United States will be highlighted, and four conceptual models that have influenced and shaped efforts to create effective violence prevention and intervention programs will be discussed.