bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age estimation of the White rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum)
Authors: Hillman‐Smith A. K. K. , Owen‐Smith N. , Anderson J. L. , Hall‐Martin A. J. , Selaladi J. P. 
Published: August 2010

Age estimation criteria for the southern White rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) are presented both for free‐ranging live animals and for cranial material. These are based on: (i) size appearance and horn development of live animals; (ii) stages of tooth eruption; (iii) tooth wear classes; (iv) attrition in height of the first molar tooth; (v) counts of cementum lines visible in tooth sections. Selected measurements are presented for live animals, skulls and horns.For live animals, eight size classes are distinguished, seven of these covering immature animals up to ten years of age. Sixteen tooth wear classes are established, based on eruption and surface wear of maxillary dentition. Chronological ages were assigned from individually known animals followed in the field, and from skulls from animals for which exact records of age were available, or which could be assigned to an age category from appearance at death. Cementum line counts corresponded approximately with age in years, despite difficulties in interpreting lines. Some variability was observed, possibly related to nutritional conditions.The maximum cementum line count obtained indicates a longevity of at least 40 years. Full body weight and socio‐sexual maturity are attained by males between 10 and 15 years of age, while females first give birth between six and eight years of age. Sequences and times of tooth eruption are similar to those reported for the Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis).Comparative cranial and body measurements are presented for the northern subspecies (Ceratotherium simum cottoni).
The influence of body condition on sexual development of male Brown long‐eared bats (Plecotus auritus) in the wild
Authors: Speakman J. R. , Racey P. A. 
Published: August 2010

The relationship between sexual maturity and body condition was examined in a sample of 57 male Brown long‐eared bats (Plecolus auritus) captured in autumn 1984 from nursery roosts in north‐east Scotland (57°N). A direct relationship was found between reproductive status, which was established by external examination of the genitalia, and body weight. No such relationship was established between reproductive status and forearm length. A strong direct relationship was found between reproductive status and an index of body condition (body weight/forearm length). Three of the males examined had distended epididymides, suggesting they were filled with spermatozoa, and that the bats concerned had recently undergone spermatogenesis.Reproductive status also varied between maternity roosts. Bats from roosts in areas with a high proportion of tree cover were more sexually developed, and in better body condition, than bats from roosts in areas with less tree cover.
Unique clockwork in photoreceptor of rat
Authors: Schneider Katja , Tippmann Susanne , Spiwoks‐Becker Isabella , Holthues Heike , Wolloscheck Tanja , Spatkowski Gabriele , Engel Lydia , Frederiksen Ute , Spessert Rainer 
Published: August 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 585–594.AbstractIn mammals, the retina contains a clock system that oscillates independently of the master clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and allows the retina to anticipate and to adapt to the sustained daily changes in ambient illumination. Using a combination of laser capture micro‐dissection and quantitative PCR in the present study, the clockwork of mammalian photoreceptors has been recorded. The transcript amounts of the core clock genes Clock, Bmal1, Period1 (Per1), Per3, Cryptochrome2, and Casein kinase Iε in photoreceptors of rat retina have been found to undergo daily changes. Clock and Bmal1 peak with Per1 and Per3 around dark onset, whereas Casein kinase Iε and Cryptochrome2 peak at night. As shown for Clock, Per1, and Casein kinase Iε, the oscillation of transcript amounts results in daily changes of the protein products. The in‐phase oscillation of Clock/Bmal1 with Pers and the rhythmic expression of Casein kinase Iε do not occur in molecular clocks of other tissues including the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Therefore, the findings presented suggest that the photoreceptor clock is unique not only in its position outside the clock hierarchy mastered by the suprachiasmatic nucleus, but also with regard to the intrinsic rhythmic properties of its molecular components.
Retrospective Study: Ionized calcium concentrations in cats with septic peritonitis: 55 cases (1990–2008)
Authors: Kellett‐Gregory Lindsay M. , Mittleman Boller Elise , Brown Dorothy C. , Silverstein Deborah C. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObjective
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To report the prevalence of ionized hypocalcemia (iHCa) in cats with septic peritonitis, and to determine whether hypocalcemic cats had increased morbidity and mortality when compared with normocalcemic cats.Design
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Retrospective clinical study.Setting
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University teaching hospital.Animals –Fifty‐five client‐owned cats with septic peritonitis.Measurements
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Medical records of 55 cats with confirmed septic peritonitis meeting the study inclusion criteria were reviewed. Information obtained included signalment, cause of peritonitis, length of hospitalization (LOH), length of ICU stay, and outcome. Results from serum biochemical analysis, blood gas analysis, and coagulation testing from the time of diagnosis, and all ionized calcium (iCa) measurements during hospitalization were recorded. Systolic blood pressure, the presence of arrhythmias and administration of vasopressor agents, blood products, and sodium bicarbonate were documented. iCa concentration at the time of diagnosis and lowest recorded value during hospitalization were compared with LOH and length of ICU stay, survival to hospital discharge, and clinical and clinicopathologic data.Main Results
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iHCa (iCa<1.20 mmol/L) was found in 89% of cats (49/55) at the time of diagnosis of septic peritonitis and 93% (51/55) at any time during hospitalization. There was no association between the presence or severity of iHCa at diagnosis and survival to hospital discharge. LOH (P=0.046) and duration of ICU stay (P=0.026) were significantly correlated with the lowest iCa recorded during hospitalization. Failure to normalize iCa during hospitalization was associated with a decreased survival rate to discharge (P=0.029) in patients with iHCa. iHCa was not associated with an increased prevalence of hypotension, coagulopathy, arrhythmias, or evaluated therapies.Conclusions
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iHCa is more prevalent in cats with septic peritonitis than described previously. Failure of iCa to normalize during hospitalization may be a negative prognostic indicator. iHCa may be predictive of a longer LOH and ICU stay, but is not necessarily associated with a poorer prognosis.
Non‐Reciprocal Trade Preferences and the Role of Compliance Costs in the Agricultural Sector: Exports to the EU
Authors: Agostino Mariarosaria , Demaria Federica , Trivieri Francesco 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWe investigate whether non‐reciprocal preferential regimes granted by the European Union have an impact on agricultural export flows from beneficiary countries while accounting for the costs of compliance that may prevent exporters from taking full advantage of potential benefits. Compliance costs are heterogeneous and difficult to measure. We proxy their influence and specify a model that allows for a different preferential margin impact according to the proxy costs. Adopting the gravity framework and using a sample of 554 lines of agricultural products for 131 developing countries in 2002, we find that the costs of compliance play a role in making the schemes work: the lower the costs, the greater the impact of the preferential margins. Moreover, the estimated margin effect differs between different regimes.
The Influence of Geomorphological Heterogeneity on Biodiversity  I. A Patch‐Scale Perspective
Authors: Burnett Michael R. , August Peter V. , Brown James H. ,   Jr., Killingbeck Keith T. 
Published: August 2010

Landscapes composed of spatially heterogeneous abiotic conditions should provide a greater diversity of potential niches for plants and animals than do homogeneous landscapes. We tested this hypothesis in a deciduous forest ecosystem in the northeastern United States. We created an index that summarizes the collective variation in terrain and soil properties in 2‐ha study plots. We measured woody plant species richness and diversity in 20 study plots that had high geomorphological heterogeneity and 20 plots that had low geomorphological heterogeneity. The richness and diversity of trees and shrubs were significantly higher in sites with high geomorphological heterogeneity than in sites that exhibited little change in terrain or soil conditions. Variation in aspect and soil drainage were especially important predictors of biotic diversity. Our results demonstrate an intimate association between abiotic and biotic diversity and have significant implications for long‐term conservation strategies.Influencia de la Heterogeneidad Geomorfológica en la Biodiversidad I. Una Perspectiva a Escala de ParcelaLos paisajes compuestos de condiciones abioticas espacialmente heterogeneas deberían proveer una gran diversidad de nichos potenciales para plantas y animales comparados con los paisajes homogéneos. Probamos esta hipótesis en un ecosistema de bosque deciduo del noroeste de los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica. Creamos un índice que sumariza la variación colectiva de las condiciones del terreno y las propiedades del suelo en áreas de estudio de 2 ha. Medimos la riqueza de especies de madera y la divresidad de 20 áreas de estudio con una alta heterogeneidad geomorfológica y 20 con baja heterogeneidad geomorfológica. La riqueza y diversidad de especies de árboles y arbustos fue significativamente mayor en sitios con alta heterogeneidad geomorfológica en comparación con sitios que exhibieron pocos cambios en las condiciones del terreno o del suelo. Variaciones en el aspecto y drenaje del suelo fueron indicadores especialmente importantes de la diversidad biótica. Nuestros resultados demuestran que existe una asociación intima entre diversidad biótica y abiótica, teniendo implicaciones significativas en las estrategias de conservación a largo plazo.
Inbreeding and Extinction: Island Populations
Authors: Frankham Richard 
Published: August 2010

Island populations are more prone to extinction than mainland populations, with island endemic species having higher extinction rates than nonendemic species. Inbreeding depression is one possible explanation for this. Insular populations are expected to suffer increased inbreeding relative to mainland populations due to bottlenecks at foundation and to lower subsequent population sizes. Inbreeding coefficients for 182 nonendemic and 28 endemic island populations were estimated from allozyme and microsatellite heterozygosities in island and related mainland populations. Island populations were significantly inbred, with inbreeding coefficients significantly higher in endemic than nonendemic island populations. Many island populations showed levels of inbreeding associated with elevated extinction rates in domestic and laboratory species. Inbreeding depression cannot be excluded as a factor in the extinction proneness of island populations.Intracruza y Extinción: Poblaciones IsleñasPoblaciones Isleñas presentan una mayor tendencia a la extinció que las poblaciones continentales, teniendo las especies endémicas una mayor tasa de extinción que las especies no endémicas. La depresión por intracruza es una explicación posible a esto. Es de esperarse que poblaciones insulares sufran una intracruza relativemente mas alta que las poblaciones continentales debido a cuellos de botella a nivel de tamaño poblacional de fundación y subsecuentes tamaños poblacionales menores. Los coeficientes de intracruza para 182 poblaciones no endémicas y 28 poblaciones endémicas se estimaron mediante heterozigocidades de alozimas y microsatélites de poblaciones de islas y especies continentales relacionadas. Las poblaciones isleñas estuvieron significativamente intracruzadas, con coeficientes de intracruza signifiativamente mayores en poblaciones endémicas que en las poblaciones no endémicas. Muchas poblaciones isleñas mostraron niveles de intracruza asocidos con elevadas tasas de extinción en especies domesticas y de laboratorio. La depresión por intracruza no puede ser excluída como un factor en la tendencia a la extinción de especies isleñas.
Effects of Rock Climbing on Cliff Plant Communities at Joshua Tree National Park, California
Authors: Camp Richard J. , Knight Richard L. 
Published: August 2010

We compared the plant communities on cliffs used for rock climbing with cliffs not used for climbing. Eighteen cliffs in Joshua Tree National Park, California (six each with no climbing, moderate climbing, and intensive climbing) were sampled for plant diversity and community structure. Plants were sampled on cliff faces and at the base of cliffs. The dominant taxa were Quercus cornelius‐mulleri, Ericameria cuneata var. cuneata, and Bromus madritensis ssp. rubens. Plant species richness on cliff faces and at the base of cliffs was greater for cliffs with no evidence of climbing and lowest for cliffs with intensive use. Numbers of individual plants decreased with increased climbing use. Trees, shrubs, forbs, and cacti had greater relative abundances on cliffs without climbing than on cliffs with climbing. Plant cover on cliff faces decreased with increased climbing use. Adaptive management will be necessary to minimize the deleterious effects of rock climbing on plant communities associated with cliffs.Efectos de Alpinismo sobre las Comunidades de Plantas en Acantilados en el Parque Nacional Joshua Tree, CaliforniaComparamos las comunidades de plantas en acantilados usados para alpinismo contra acantilados no usados para esta actividad. Dieciocho acantilados del Parque Nacional Joshua Tree, California (seis con alpinismo, seis con alpinismo moderado y seis sin alpinismo) fueron muestreados para determinar la diversidad de plantas y la estructura de la comunidad. Las plantas fueron muestreadas en las caras y bases de los acantilados. Los taxones dominantes fueron Quercus cornelius‐mulleri, Ericameria cuneata var. cuneata y Bromus madritensis ssp. rubens. La riqueza de especies en las caras y bases de los acantilados fue mayor en aquellos sin evidencia de alpinismo y menor para aquellos acantilados con uso intensivo. Los números individuales de plantas disminuyeron con un incremento en el uso para alpinismo. Árboles, arbustos, pastos y cactus tuvieron una abundancia relativa mayor en acantilados sin alpinismo que en aquellos con alpinismo. La cobertura de las plantas en las caras de los acantilados disminuyó con un incremento en el alpinismo. Será necesario emplear un manejo adaptable para minimizar los efectos dañinos del alpinismo en roca sobre comunidades de plantas asociadas con acantilados.
The Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional Levels
Authors: Gärdenfors Ulf , Hilton‐Taylor Craig , Mace Georgina M. , Rodríguez Jon Paul 
Published: August 2010

This paper represents a work in progress by the World Conservation Union (IUCN). Earlier drafts of the work have appeared in IUCN publications, but the “International Issues” section of Conservation Biology seems an appropriate and important place to publish the penultimate version of the document. Comments on this issue in general or on the approach taken by the IUCN should be sent to the authors directly.Joshua Ginsburg
Lisuride in Cluster Headache
Authors: Raffaelli Edgard , Martins Orlando J. , Dágua Filho Américo dos Santos P. 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISTen patients with cluster headache of different types, treated previously with several kinds of drugs, received lisuride hydrogen maleate in doses varying from 2X0.025 mg to 16X0.025 mg.The results obtained with lisuride were quite satisfactory as compared to results with other drugs, and there were no side‐effects in this small group of patients.Comparatively to migraine, which requires low dosages of lisuride, cluster headache seems to require a higher dosage of the drug for better results.
Changes in EMG Power Spectra During Fatigue in Muscle Contraction and Migraine Headache Patients
Authors: Boxtel A. van , Goudswaard P. 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISMuscle contraction headaches are assumed to be associated with relative ischemia in head muscles due to sustained contractions of these muscles. The present study examined whether an abnormally high degree of relative ischemia occurs during such contractions which were experimentally induced in various types of headache patients. Sustained fatiguing contractions at 50% of the maximum EMG amplitude were carried out in the frontalis, corrugator supercilii, and temporalis muscles. The rate of change of the power spectrum of the surface EMG was measured during the contractions. This measure may be considered as an indirect indication of the degree of relative ischemia. Patients with muscle contraction headaches, migraine, or mixed muscle contraction‐migraine headaches did not show a faster spectral shift in any of the three muscles than a group of non‐headache control subjects. Muscle contraction and mixed headache patients even showed significantly slower spectral shifts in the frontalis muscle. These results suggest that muscle contraction headaches are not associated with an abnormally high degree of relative ischemia during the sustained contractions which are believed to underlie this type of headaches.
Tension Headache Patients: A Comparison of a Recruited Subject Sample and a Clinic‐based Subject Sample
Authors: Belar Cynthia D. , Sutton Elyse P. , Wilson Eugenie 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISTo assess comparability of research populations, tension headache sufferers recruited through advertisement or obtained from a medical psychology clinic were compared on relevant psychological and physiological variables. Differences in headache activity, personality profiles, and muscle tension were noted which may have implications for generalization of treatment results from recruited subjects to clinic patients.
Psychophysiological Characteristics of Migraine and Tension Headache Patients
Authors: Passchier J. , van der Helm‐Hylkema H. , Orlebeke J.F. 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISThere are few findings of increased stress responses of the vascular system and the (head) muscles in migraine and tension headache patients. However, several studies ignored the headache state of the patients during the experiment and differences in sex, or used small experimental groups. In this controlled study, physiological parameters in migraine patients, tension headache patients and non‐headache controls were investigated during conditions of stress and rest. Each group was composed of at least 25 subjects. Sex was included as an independent variable, and separate analyses were carried out on patients with pain during the measurements. There were no differences in vascular responding nor in muscular responding to stress between migraine patients, tension headache patients and controls. Male migraine patients showed enhanced activity in some indicators of sympathetic activity. No evidence was found for a discrete border separating the two headache types.
Ketotifen in the Treatment of Chronic Cluster Headache
Authors: Split Wojciech , Szmidt Miroslaw , Prusinski Antoni , Rozniecki Jerzy 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISBased on observations indicating histamine release in cluster headache, Ketotifen was given to 15 patients suffering from a chronic form of this disease. The drug shows a mast cell membrane stabilizing action which proved effective in the treatment of bronchial asthma. It was administered in dosage of 1 mg 3 times daily for 8 weeks. Full remission was achieved in 8 patients. A considerable improvement was noted in 2 cases, a moderate improvement in 3, and only a slight improvement in 2 cases.
Case Report: Chronic Cluster Headache with Unusual High Frequency of Attacks
Authors: Bogucki Andrzej , Niewodniczy Aleksander 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISA case of chronic cluster headache with unusually frequent attacks (up to 30 per day) is discussed. Such numerous attacks are usually observed in chronic paroxysmal hemicrania only. The patient did not respond to indomethacin therapy, but rapid improvement during lithium treatment was observed.
Caffeine Consumption, Withdrawal and Cerebral Blood Flow
Authors: Mathew Roy J. , Wilson William H. 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISRegional cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements were conducted under resting conditions and after twenty‐four hours of caffeine abstinence in groups of high and low caffeine users. CBF was also measured thirty minutes after the oral administration of 250 rag. of caffeine in the high caffeine users and after a placebo in the low caffeine users. Caffeine administration was associated with significant CBF reduction and caffeine abstinence with significant frontal flow increases in the high caffeine group. The low caffeine group showed no differences between the resting, post‐placebo and post‐caffeine abstinence CBF values.
Migraine and Cerebral Infarction; Three Case Studies
Authors: Carneiro A. Leite , Monteiro J.M Pereira , Lima A.F. Bastos , Lopes J.R. Castro 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISThe authors describe three female patients, ages 30, 23 and 18, with migraine and cerebral infarction, selected from a series of 51 young patients with stroke. All of them were submitted to an extensive clinical and laboratory protocol that included angiography and computer tomography (C.T.), in order to exclude other etiologies for cerebral infarction (C.I.). All patients had episodes of hemispheric cerebral ischemia or infarction and the C.T. scan showed cerebral infarction in each case. The angiograms were normal (except in the first case which showed a transient spasm of the extracranial internal carotid arteries). The first patient has a residual motor deficit but the others recovered completely in a few days. The data analysis suggest a close relationship between migraine and cerebral infarction in our three cases.
Slow Wave Photic Stimulation in the Treatment of Headache ‐ a Preliminary Report
Authors: Solomon Glen D. 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISThe Dzidra Glass is a battery powered, self‐contained eyeglass using two liquid crystals to cast shadows on the closed or open eyelids at a rate of 1 to 3 hz. They are designed to induce relaxation through slow wave photic stimulation with one to five minutes of use, without concomitant medications or prior relaxation training. This study reports the preliminary experience with this modality in the treatment of headache.Fifteen patients with acute muscle‐contraction type headache, six patients with chronic muscle‐contraction type headache, three patients with headache associated with acute sinusitis, and four patients with migraine were treated with the Dzidra glasses for five minutes. Fourteen of fifteen patients with acute muscle‐contraction type headache and five of six patients with chronic muscle‐contraction type headache and five of six patients with chronic muscle‐contraction type headache noted complete relief after treatment. One patient with chronic muscle contraction type headache and all patients' with headache associated with acute sinusitis and migraine headache noted no relief after treatment. Four patients with acute muscle‐contraction type headache were treated in a placebo‐controlled trial. None of the four responded to placebo, but all responded to treatment with slow wave photic stimulation.We conclude that in this preliminary report, slow wave photic stimulation appears to be effective in the treatment of acute and chronic muscle‐contraction type headache.