bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How to abuse biometric passport systems
Authors: Heimo Olli I. , Hakkala Antti , Kimppa Kai K. 
Published: May 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to show that most, if not all RFID/biometric passports have clear technical and social problems in their intended use and that there are clear problems with the databases into which biometric data are being collected, due to use of this data for other (publicly), non‐intended uses.Design/methodology/approachThe approach of this paper is both a meta‐study of the flaws in the technological specifications as well as the social implementation of RFID/biometric passports. Finland is used as a case, but the results extend beyond Finland in most, if not all the topics presented – not necessarily all results to all implementations, but all to some others.FindingsThe current implementations of RFID/biometric passports are lacking in both technical and social implementations and pose clear risks to their use, both due to lax implementation of the technology itself but specifically due to the social changes brought about. These problems cause both erosion of privacy and trust.Research limitations/implicationsFurther research into other potential social implications on a national level is required. The authors fear that the cases presented do not necessarily reflect all the potential problems, but just the most evident ones.Practical implicationsThe problems with the technological implications can be averted by using the best technological solutions, and thus the best technological solutions should be used instead of the ones proven to be lacking.Social implicationsThe social implications should at least be brought forth for public discourse and acknowledged, which currently does not seem to happen.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to the understanding of problems with current RFID/biometric passport implementations as well as inherent social problems that are hard, if not impossible to avoid. The problems belong under the category of critical eGovernment applications, and similar issues are visible in other eGovernment applications.
Revealing the commercialized and compliant Facebook user
Authors: Lilley Stephen , Grodzinsky Frances S. , Gumbus Andra 
Published: May 2012

PurposeFacebook users are both producers and consumers (i.e. “prosumers”), in the sense that they produce the disclosures that allow for Facebook's business success and they consume services. The purpose of this paper is to examine how best to characterize the commercialized and compliant members. The authors question the Facebook assertion that members knowingly and willingly approve of personal and commercial transparency and argue, instead, that complicity is engineered.Design/methodology/approachA survey of Facebook users was conducted between December 2010 and April 2011 at one private and four public universities. Respondents were questioned about: the level of their consumer activity on Facebook; their knowledge of Facebook advertiser data sharing practices and their attitude toward such; their use of sharing restrictions and the groups targeted; and their assessment of transparency benefits versus reputation and consumer risks.FindingsNo evidence was found to support the Facebook account of happy prosumers. Members reported that they avoided advertisements as much as possible and opposed data sharing/selling practices. However, many respondents were found to be relatively uneducated and passive prosumers, and those expressing a high concern for privacy were no exception.Research limitations/implicationsDue to the nonprobability sampling method, the results may lack generalizability.Practical implicationsTo avoid unwanted commercialization, users of social networking sites must become more aware of data mining and privacy protocols, demand more protections, or switch to more prosumer‐friendly platforms.Originality/valueThe paper reports empirical findings on Facebook members' prosumption patterns and attitudes.
A library is not the books: an ethical obstacle to the digital library
Authors: Donovan James M. 
Published: May 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that libraries do not inevitably arise from the aggregation of information, and to apply this result to critique the meaningfulness of the idea of a “digital library.”Design/methodology/approachThree independent arguments demonstrate that libraries are more than the sum of the books that they contain: first, the logical argument, which analyses the internal consistency of claims for the superiority of electronic formats; second, the semantic argument, which examines ordinary language to isolate the core requirements of what it means to be a “library”; and third, the ethical argument, which identifies the source of the unique phenomenological experience of encounter with the library.FindingsIt is found that the three arguments each refute the view that “library” is the collective noun for “book,” and argue instead that it is an emergent concept that offers to its community a reflection of the local cultural knowledge through the ordinary selection and organization practices that distinguish libraries from other book accumulations. Against that understanding the idea of a comprehensive and universal digital library fails on the essential criteria of selectivity and organization. While such products can be powerfully useful, they offer something distinct from libraries. When we lose sight of this difference we risk losing the inherent and irreducible values embodied by libraries.Originality/valueThe paper's arguments provide a reasoned infrastructure to several beliefs that are both common and unexamined.
The merits of pooling claims revisited
Authors: Gatzert Nadine , Schmeiser Hato 
Published: May 2012

PurposeDefinitions of pooling effects in insurance companies may convey the impression that the achieved risk reduction effect will be beneficial for policyholders, since typically lower premiums are paid for the same safety level with an increasing number of insureds, or a higher safety level is achieved for a given premium level for all pool members. However, this view is misleading and the purpose of this paper is to reexamine this apparent merit of pooling from the policyholder's perspective.Design/methodology/approachThis is achieved by comparing several valuation approaches for the policyholders' claims using different assumptions of the individual policyholder's ability to replicate the contract's cash flows and claims.FindingsThe paper shows that the two considered definitions of risk pooling do not offer insight into the question of whether pooling is actually beneficial for policyholders.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to the literature by extending and combining previous work, focusing on the merits of pooling claims (using the two definitions above) from the policyholder's perspective using different valuation approaches.
Testing dominant theories and assumptions in behavioral finance
Authors: Alghalith Moawia , Floros Christos , Dukharan Marla 
Published: May 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to empirically test dominant theories and assumptions in behavioral finance, using data from the Standard & Poor's 500 index.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical analysis has three parts: to test the assumption of risk aversion; to examine the dominant theory that the optimal portfolio depends on risk preferences; and to test prospect theory that decision makers prefer certain outcomes over probable outcomes. Finally, an alternative model to test prospect theory is introduced.FindingsThe proposed model is more flexible than prospect theory since it does not a priori assume what value of the portfolio induces risk aversion/seeking, while it does not a priori preclude linear preferences. Empirical results show that: investors are risk seeking; a change in the sign of preferences does not necessarily imply a change in the sign of wealth/return and vice versa; and the optimal portfolio does not depend on preferences.Practical implicationsThese findings are helpful to risk managers dealing with models of behavioural finance.Originality/valueThe contribution of this paper is that it successfully tests fundamental theories and assumptions in behavioral finance by providing a better alternative to prospect theory in several ways.
What has changed? The development of corporate governance in Malaysia
Authors: Alnasser Sulaiman 
Published: May 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a mini review of corporate governance in Malaysia. The paper acts as an introduction to the history of corporate governance in Malaysia, from the starting point until the release of the new Blue Print.Design/methodology/approachThe paper adopts a browsing method that takes into consideration the review of the Malaysian Code of Corporate Governance. It also reviews the new blue print of the code of governance in Malaysia.FindingsAn extensive effort is being implemented to improve the corporate governance mechanisms in Malaysia and although Malaysia is following the UK style in designing the corporate governance code, it secured the 4th position among the world's top countries growing in the direction of attracting investors.Originality/valueThis is a review paper based on the guidelines of corporate governance in Malaysia.
The importance of theory in social enterprise research
Authors: Haugh Helen 
Published: May 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to review the importance of theory in social enterprise research.Design/methodology/approachThe article presents and relates previous work on theory borrowing, theory extension and theory generation to social enterprise research.FindingsTheoretical embeddeness and social relevance are important for the legitimacy of social enterprise research.Research limitations/implicationsSocial enterprise research offers a promising array of opportunities for theory extension and development.Practical implicationsIn the social sciences, practical relevance is important for good theory development. Better theories have the potential to improve practice.Originality/valueThe article applies previous research on theory borrowing, extension and development to the context of social enterprise research.
The Garnaut Review
Authors: Lodhia Sumit , Martin Nigel 
Published: May 2012

PurposeFollowing the Australian Government's Garnaut Climate Change Review (CCR), the implementation of a joint business and climate change agenda is weighing heavily on the minds of those executives whose firms fit within the Emissions‐Intensive Trade‐Exposed Industry (EITEI) sectors. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and explain the major concerns that confront EITEI firms as the government moves Australia towards a low carbon economy.Design/methodology/approachThe paper adopts an economic regulation perspective that focuses on public and private interests, coupled with the leximancer software package, which was used to analyse submissions made by EITEI firms to the Garnaut CCR.FindingsThe authors observed that the impact of costs on business and trade performance, future emissions trading schemes, investment in low emissions technologies, world greenhouse gas production levels in emissions‐intensive industries, and conflicting government policies form the foundations of serious corporate‐level concerns and uncertainties.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper highlights that private interests, as expressed in the analysed submissions, intersect with the public interest and need to be addressed seriously.Practical implicationsSuggestions for a cooperative approach to addressing climate change that would involve businesses and governments are also put forward.Originality/valueThe paper utilises an economic regulation perspective to explain a practical issue and has implications for future climate change policy development.
Enhancement and obfuscation through the use of graphs in sustainability reports
Authors: Cho Charles H. , Michelon Giovanna , Patten Dennis M. 
Published: May 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the use of graphs in corporate sustainability reports and attempt to determine, first, whether the use of graphs appears to be associated with attempts at impression management, and second, whether differences across three levels of reporting regulatory structure are associated with differences in the level of impression management.Design/methodology/approachBased on a sample of 120 sustainability reports issued by firms from six different countries, the authors empirically test for differences in presentation of favourable, as opposed to unfavourable, items (enhancement) and for differences in the direction of materially distorted graphs (obfuscation).FindingsFor the overall sample, substantial evidence was found of both enhancement and obfuscation in the graph displays. Also, more limited evidence was found that impression management differs across companies facing different regulatory structures.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors investigate graph use for only one year's reports and for a sample of large companies from only six different countries. Further, the enhancement findings are not evidence that the companies are necessarily providing misleading information. However, the results show that the way information is being provided in corporate sustainability reports appears to be manipulated by the firms to enhance a positive image and to obfuscate negative trends. The reports may thus be less about increasing corporate accountability across the social and environmental domains than about managing impressions. Hence, it may be beneficial for advocate organizations, such as the Global Reporting Initiative, to provide additional guidance on “how” information gets portrayed in sustainability reports.Originality/valueThe paper expands prior research into corporate manipulation of graphs to the domain of sustainability reporting and adds further evidence that the reporting needs to be carefully assessed.
Assurance of sustainability reports
Authors: Simnett Roger 
Published: May 2012

PurposeThe International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB) is currently in the process of revising International Standard on Assurance Engagements (ISAE) 3000. The purpose of this paper is to review the implications of this revision process for providing assurance on sustainability reports, and identify policy‐related research opportunities associated with this review.Design/methodology/approachThe paper takes the form of a conceptual and critical review of standards development, and archival analysis of ISAE 3000 exposure draft responses.FindingsIn the revision of ISAE 3000, concerns have been expressed by a number of parties around the distinction between reasonable and limited assurance, the procedures necessary in properly undertaking a limited assurance engagement and the structure and content of a limited assurance report. These concerns can be addressed by appropriate research initiatives which can inform these policy issues.Research limitations/implicationsResearch opportunities are identified, in particular the use of experimental design to examine implications of changing the requirements of the procedures for limited assurance on assurance practitioners and of changing aspects of the assurance report on the level of assurance conveyed by limited assurance reports.Practical implicationsThe paper contains a review of the standard‐setting process and has implications for assurance providers of sustainability reports, standard setters and regulators.Originality/valueThe paper provides an update of relevant standards for assurers of sustainability reports and review and appraisal of issues raised in the recent revision process of ISAE 3000.
On the topic of responsibility
Authors: Pesqueux Yvon 
Published: May 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to discuss the notion of “responsibility”.Design/methodology/approachDiscussing the notion of “responsibility” according to two main philosophers (Paul Ricoeur and Hans Jonas) and its legal conception.FindingsIn philosophy, the issue of responsibility appears as a second‐level question, thus pointing up the first‐level ones (e.g. action, liberty, causality, autonomy). As such, responsibility necessarily reduces the philosophical field, otherwise the issue becomes unmanageable – if the issue ever was manageable! The concept of responsibility is both recent and fuzzy. The most commonly associated word is obligation. The notion of responsibility raises the problem of its conditions of possibility with the issue of imputation and the binary: imputation and sanction. Self‐referentiality and the circumstances surrounding calculation (of sanctions) are key aspects.Research limitations/implicationsThe question arises: What is hidden behind the notion?Practical implicationsBeware of the performative aspects linked to the notion of “responsibility”.Social implicationsThe current meaning of responsibility is embedded in today's political ideology (the “liberal moment”).Originality/valueThe paper takes into account the philosophical background of a notion currently used in management.
Aspects of responsibility: how we handle actions and consequences
Authors: Widell Gill 
Published: May 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to discuss aspects of responsibility in relation to organizational contexts, the main focus being responsibility for consequences we cannot reach. Responsibility is a major underpinning of business administration and management and also an aspect of everyday life. Responsibility is about responding, to act as an answer to previous action/s, but we never know all consequences of our actions.Design/methodology/approachLiterature from management, HRM studies and from philosophy scholars is used to discover different perspectives of responsibility and a typology of responsibility handling is developed.FindingsIn total, three types of responsibility are suggested and discussed in relation to managerial and organizational practices. The main contribution is the typology of responsibility combined with the relational focus of managerial and organisational processes. Imagining, fantasy and care are shown as important for the developing of responsibility.Research limitations/implicationsThe suggested typology is theoretically developed without empirical studies behind.Practical implicationsA conclusion is that valuing of long‐term survival of humanity and nature must be built into our judgments and our assessments processes in everyday organizational life, if we should be able to act responsibly.Originality/valueThe concept of responsibility is currently intensively discussed, because of successes and disappointments of the CSR movements, because of global economy, and because of climate changes, etc. The suggestion of three types of responsibility in this paper can contribute to sorting out theoretical and practical possibilities in different contexts.
Responsibility in a globalised environment: a charter of human responsibilities
Authors: Opdebeeck Hendrik 
Published: May 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore how one can prevent the flaws or dark sides of the globalisation process from leading to ever‐greater decay of responsibility. By decay of responsibility, is meant the threat that globalisation poses to what is referred to by philosophers such as David Harvey, John McMurtry and Paul Ricoeur, as the longing for being and solidarity with the other(s).Design/methodology/approachTo put a stop to the decay of responsibility, the urgency of a broader ethical dimension in globalisation is more apparent than ever before. The threat the globalisation process poses to the longing for being and solidarity with the other(s), increasingly necessitates an appropriate responsible global institution.FindingsOf central importance are the principles of merit and need as possible basis of a responsible institution. The intrinsic logic of the merit principle incorporated in the growth process of globalisation, induces a series of impermissible side effects. Therefore, the traditional correction of democracy giving priority to the principle of need instead of merit, no longer appears to counteract the market economy to be able to provide guarantees for a responsible globalisation process.Research limitations/implicationsPolitics needs to assure the survival of the social community, all the more so if its future is under considerable threat. The acceptance of responsibility implies also the care for the most fragile.Practical implicationsThe paper explains the need of an ethics of responsibility that transcends the excessive ego‐centric globalised society. Therefore, participatory or responsible justice is considered to be of the utmost importance. Participation should be broadly interpreted and include policy makers, environmentalists, scientists, economists, lawyers, ethicists, consumers, farmers and other representatives of civil society.Originality/valueThe present worldwide economic, social and ecological crises have created fertile ground for claiming the need for an internationally recognized charter setting out human responsibilities. The concept of a Charter of Human Responsibilities can be an original elaboration of the concern with institutionalising responsibility.
Clozapine use in women with borderline personality disorder and co‐morbid learning disability
Authors: Fajumi Tolulope , Manzoor Maryam , Carpenter Katie 
Published: May 2012

PurposeThe aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that Clozapine reduces rates of self injury and the use of restraint in a medium secure setting in female patients who have a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and mild learning disability.Design/methodology/approachA retrospective method of data collection was used with a requirement of six months baseline data on rates of self injury and the use of restraint. Patients were required to remain on Clozapine for a minimum of six months.FindingsThe mean number of incidents of self injury in the six months prior to Clozapine was 20.75 (SD 8.8) and 13.5 (SD 4.51) in the six months following Clozapine, a reduction of 35 per cent. The mean number of incidents of restraint in the six months prior to Clozapine was 17.75 (SD 6.86) compared with 9.25 (SD 4.96) in the six months following commencement of Clozapine therapy, a reduction of 48 per cent. The results were analysed using the paired t‐test and the difference between the means (self injury and use of restraint) was not statistically significant. This study demonstrates a reduction in the rates of self injury and use of restraint in women with a diagnosis of BPD when treated with Clozapine which was clinically significant although not statistically significant.Originality/valueThe authors are not aware of any published articles on the use of Clozapine in women with BPD and co‐morbid learning disability.
The development and accreditation of a treatment model for prisoners with a learning disability and personality disorder
Authors: Taylor Jon , MacKenzie Judy , Bowen Julie , Turner Kirk 
Published: May 2012

PurposeThe paper's aim is to describe the development of a therapeutic community for prisoners with a learning disability and suggested methods for increasing responsivity of the programme for this population.Design/methodology/approachThis is a technical paper providing a descriptive account of the development of a new service provision for prisoners with a learning disability.FindingsNo research findings are presented, but the paper seeks to illustrate that programme responsivity can be enhanced by incorporating flexibility into the design and delivery of programmes.Originality/valueWith the exception of the adapted sex offender treatment programme there have been few available interventions for offenders with a learning disability in the criminal justice system. This paper provides an overview of both the process of accreditation and the development of the current accredited TC model for this population.