bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disturbing interference patterns in femtosecond stimulated Raman microscopy
Authors: Ploetz E. , Marx B. , Gilch P. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractFemtosecond stimulated Raman microscopy (FSRM) is an upcoming technique in nonlinear microscopy which facilitates rapid chemical mapping. It employs femtosecond white‐light pulses as probe pulses and intense picosecond pulses as pump pulses. Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) occurs at the focus of a scanning microscope. Chemical constituents in the sample are identified via their Raman signatures. In this article, disturbing interference patterns in FSRM are reported. They are caused by a broadening of the pump pulse due to nonlinear interactions in the focal region of the microscope and reduce the signal‐to‐noise ratio. The properties of these modulations are explored, and the methods to suppress them are presented. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aneurysmal bone cyst: The role of cryosurgery as local adjuvant treatment
Authors: Peeters S.P. , Van der Geest I.C.M. , de Rooy J.W.J. , Veth R.P.H. , Schreuder H.W.B. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackgroundAneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs) are most often treated with intralesional surgery (curettage) and additional bone grafting. There is debate on whether or not to use adjuvant therapy to decrease the local recurrence rate. This study is done to assess the outcome of curettage and cryosurgery as a treatment of ABC.MethodsWe analyzed 80 consecutive cases of ABC treated with curettage and cryosurgery. Patients were followed minimal 24 months after surgery (average 55 months, range 24–122 months) with physical examination and radiographs. Functional outcome was evaluated using the musculoskeletal tumor society score (MSTS).ResultsThe 80 patients were all treated with curettage and cryosurgery. Additional bone grafting was used in 73 patients, osteosynthesis in 12 and spondylodesis in 1 patient. Four local recurrences were found in this study, a recurrence rate of 5%. All local recurrences were treated successfully with curettage and cryosurgery again 7–33 months after the initial surgery. Postoperative one fracture, one wound infection, and three transient nerve palsy occurred. The average MSTS score was 29.2 at follow‐up.ConclusionsThe use of cryosurgery as adjuvant therapy results in a lower local recurrence rate when compared to other publications for the treatment of ABC and excellent functional results. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;100:719–724. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
AM‐111 prevents hearing loss from semicircular canal injury in otitis media
Authors: Grindal Tyler C. , Sampson Edith M. , Antonelli Patrick J. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:Iatrogenic semicircular canal (SC) transection during mastoidectomy for chronic otitis media often leads to profound hearing loss. AM‐111, an apoptosis inhibitor, has been shown to mitigate hearing loss resulting from a variety of inner ear injuries. The goal of this study was to determine if round window application of AM‐111 following SC transection in the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa otitis media (PA‐OM) may reduce the associated hearing loss.Study Design:Prospective, randomized, controlled study in an animal model.Methods:PA‐OM was induced bilaterally in 34 guinea pigs. After 3 days, both bullae were opened and the lateral SC of one ear was transected. AM‐111 or vehicle was applied topically to the round window of the ear that had undergone SC transection. Hearing was assessed with auditory brainstem responses.Results:The mean change in hearing thresholds was significantly less in transected ears treated with AM‐111 than those receiving vehicle alone when testing with clicks (22.1 dB vs. 35.0 dB; P = .019) and at 4kHz (11.3 dB vs. 40.0 dB; P = .021). A similar trend was shown with 16 kHz tone pips (27.7 dB vs. 41.1 dB; P = .119).Conclusions:AM‐111 prevents hearing loss from SC transection in the guinea pig model of PA‐OM. Laryngoscope, 2010
A Facile Approach to Modify Polyurethane Surfaces for Biomaterial Applications
Authors: Wu Zhaoqiang , Chen Hong , Huang He , Zhao Tieliang , Liu Xiaoli , Li Dan , Yu Qian 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn this communication, we introduce a facile and highly efficient approach for surface modification of polyurethane (PU). Double bonds were incorporated onto the PU surface using a unique monomer, methacryloyl isothiocyanate (MI). Several monomers, such as N‐isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAAm) and 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), were used to prove that the polymerization process can be carried out on a vinyl‐functionalized surface. The protein‐adsorption property of the grafted surfaces shows that protein adsorption was significantly reduced after grafting each polymer onto the PU surface. Moreover, this method can be applied to polyurethane materials with any shape, including tubes and scaffolds, for which plasma treatment and photoinitiation at the inner surface are difficult to perform.magnified image
Polymerization of ortho‐Substituted Phenylacetylenes with Well‐Defined Ruthenium‐Alkylidene Catalysts and Related Metathesis Initiators
Authors: Katsumata Toru , Shiotsuki Masashi , Sanda Fumio , Sauvage Xavier , Delaude Lionel , Masuda Toshio 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe polymerization of (2‐isopropoxyphenyl)acetylene was investigated using a wide range of well‐defined ruthenium‐alkylidene complexes and related olefin metathesis initiators. In view of its superior activity, the second generation Hoveyda–Grubbs catalyst was singled out for further studies. Only phenylacetylenes ortho‐substituted with alkoxy, ester, fluoro, and silyl groups afforded polymers with moderate molecular weights. They were characterized by various analytical techniques, and their properties were compared with those of samples prepared using Rh and W initiators. The Ru‐based polymers possessed high trans contents and took a helical conformation with predominantly one‐handed screw sense when chiral side‐chains were present.magnified image
Effect of Different Bicomponent Electrospinning Techniques on the Formation of Polymeric Nanosprings
Authors: Chen Shuiliang , Hou Haoqing , Hu Ping , Wendorff Joachim H. , Greiner Andreas , Agarwal Seema 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe effect of different bicomponent electrospinning techniques i.e., off‐centered coaxial electrospinning and side‐by‐side electrospinning, on the formation of tight nanocoils (nanosprings) was studied. Since right balance between the longitudinal compressive forces arising from the shrinking thermoelastic components and the rigidity emerging from the stiff component and conductivity is required for nanospring formation, conductive solutions of flexible and rigid components were used for the electrospinning. Under optimum conditions, nanofiber mats with almost 100% nanospring morphology were generated using off‐centered and side‐by‐side electrospinning techniques. Mechanical properties of aligned nanomats with and without nanosprings, produced at different collecting speeds are provided.magnified image
Consideration of Macromonomer Reactions in n‐Butyl Acrylate Free Radical Polymerization
Authors: Wang Wei , Nikitin Anatoly N. , Hutchinson Robin A. 
Published: October 2009

Abstractn‐Butyl acrylate (BA) starved‐feed solution semibatch experiments with varying final polymer content and monomer feed times were carried out at 138 °C. A full mechanistic model of the system implemented in Predici includes intermolecular chain transfer to polymer and macromonomer propagation as well as backbiting, chain scission, and midchain radical propagation and termination. The importance of macromonomer propagation under these conditions of industrial interest is illustrated by experiment and simulation, with the macromonomer reaction responsible for the significant increase in polymer weight‐average molecular weight () with time. Rate coefficients for macromonomer propagation (kmac) and β‐scission (kβ) of kmac/kp = 0.55 and kβ = 12 s−1 (with kp the rate coefficient for BA chain‐end propagation) provide a good representation of experimental and macromonomer end group data at 138 °C.magnified image
Solid‐state NMR spectroscopy of Pb‐rich apatite
Authors: Mason Harris E. , Hirner Joshua J. , Xu Wenqian , Parise John B. , Phillips Brian L. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPb‐containing hydroxylapatite phases synthesized under aqueous conditions were investigated by X‐ray diffraction and solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques to determine the Pb, Ca distribution. 31P and 1H magic‐angle spinning (MAS) NMR results indicate slight shifts of the isotropic chemical shift with increased Ca content and complex lineshapes at compositions with near equal amounts of Ca and Pb. 31P{207Pb} and 1H{207Pb} rotational‐echo double resonance (REDOR) results for intermediate compositions show that resolved spectral features cannot be assigned simply in terms of local Ca, Pb configurations or coexisting phases. 207Pb MAS NMR spectra are easily obtained for these materials and contain well‐resolved resonances for crystallographically unique A1 and A2 Pb sites. Splitting of the A1 and A2 207Pb resonances for pure hydroxyl‐pyromorphite (Pb10(PO4)6(OH)2) compared to natural pyromorphite (Pb5(PO4)3Cl) suggests symmetry reduced from hexagonal. We find that 207Pb{1H} CP/MAS NMR is impractical in Pb‐rich hydroxylapatites due to fast 207Pb relaxation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The signal/noise of an HMBC spectrum can depend dramatically upon the choice of acquisition and processing parameters
Authors: Burrow Timothy E. , Enriquez Raul G. , Reynolds William F. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe effect of various acquisition and processing parameters on the sensitivity of HMBC spectra for typical organic molecules has been systematically investigated. For molecules in the 200–600 molecular weight range, an acquisition time of 0.2 to 0.4 s, a recycle time of no more than 1.0 s, optimization for nJCH = 8 Hz and 512 time increments (with two‐ to fourfold linear prediction) are recommended. Some form of sine bell weighting along f2 and either Gaussian or sine bell weighting along f1 is suggested. The use of a 0.1‐s acquisition time and/or Gaussian or exponential weighting along f2 can result in dramatic sensitivity loss, particularly for correlation peaks involving protons with complex splitting patterns, and should be avoided. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
rNMR: open source software for identifying and quantifying metabolites in NMR spectra
Authors: Lewis Ian A. , Schommer Seth C. , Markley John L. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractDespite the extensive use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for metabolomics, no publicly available tools have been designed for identifying and quantifying metabolites across multiple spectra. We introduce here a new open source software tool, rNMR, which provides a simple graphics‐based method for visualizing, identifying, and quantifying metabolites across multiple one‐ or two‐dimensional NMR spectra. rNMR differs from existing software tools for NMR spectroscopy in that analyses are based on regions of interest (ROIs) rather than peak lists. ROIs contain all of the underlying NMR data within user‐defined chemical shift ranges. ROIs can be inspected visually, and they support robust quantification of NMR signals. ROI‐based analyses support simultaneous views of metabolite signals from up to hundreds of spectra, and ROI boundaries can be adjusted dynamically to ensure that signals corresponding to assigned atoms are analyzed consistently throughout the dataset. We describe how rNMR greatly reduces the time required for robust bioanalytical analysis of complex NMR data. An rNMR analysis yields a compact and transparent way of archiving the results from a metabolomics study so that it can be examined and evaluated by others. The rNMR website at http://rnmr.nmrfam.wisc.edu offers downloadable versions of rNMR for Windows, Macintosh, and Linux platforms along with extensive help documentation, instructional videos, and sample data. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Continuous Distribution Kinetics for Photopolymerization of Alkyl Methacrylates
Authors: Vinu Ravikrishnan , Madras Giridhar 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe photopolymerization of methyl, ethyl, butyl, and hexyl methacrylates in solution was studied. The effect of initial initiator and monomer concentrations on the time evolution of polymer concentration, , and PDI was examined. The reversible chain addition and β‐scission, and primary radical termination steps were included in the mechanism along with the classical steps. The rate equations were derived using continuous distribution kinetics and solved numerically to fit the experimental data. The regressed rate coefficients compared well with the literature data. The model predicted the instantaneous increase in and PDI to steady state values. The rate coefficients exhibited a linear increase with the size of alkyl chain of the alkyl methacrylates.magnified image
Relative Rates of Branching in Emulsion and Miniemulsion Polymerization
Authors: Schork F. Joseph , Lu Fujun 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis communication describes the potential advantages of using a miniemulsion rather than an emulsion process for the polymerization of synthetic rubbers in which the polymerization is ended (short‐stopped) considerably before full conversion in order to limit excessive branching brought on by a high polymer‐to‐monomer ratio in the polymer particles. Because the polymer‐to‐monomer ratio in the particle at low monomer conversion is much lower in a miniemulsion, a miniemulsion can be polymerized to a significantly higher conversion than a conventional emulsion while maintaining an equivalent degree of branching. Short‐stopping at a higher monomer conversion will result in substantially reduced processing costs associated with recovery and recycle of unpolymerized monomer.
Design and Implementation of a Reactor Setup for Combinatorial Anionic Synthesis of Block Copolymer Series with Well‐Defined Compositions
Authors: Pettau Robin , Erdelen Christian , Schmidt Hans‐Werner 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWe present a combinatorial approach to the synthesis of block copolymer series by anionic polymerization, utilizing a specially designed reactor setup. The setup features one main reactor and three secondary reactors to carry out anionic polymerizations on laboratory‐scale quantities at low temperatures. The implementation was demonstrated with three series of AB‐ and ABC‐block copolymers with identical A‐ and AB‐blocks, respectively. The B‐block in AB‐diblock copolymers and the C‐block in ABC‐triblock copolymers can be varied with respect to block length or chemical constitution. Well‐defined series of block copolymers are useful for advanced optimization of functional block copolymers in nanotechnology applications.magnified image
Prognostic relevance of DNA copy number changes in colorectal cancer
Authors: Poulogiannis George , Ichimura Koichi , Hamoudi Rifat A , Luo Feijun , Leung Suet Y , Yuen Siu T , Harrison David J , Wyllie Andrew H , Arends Mark J 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn a study of 109 colorectal cancers, DNA copy number aberrations were identified by comparative genomic hybridization using a DNA microarray covering the entire genome at an average interval of less than 1 Mbase. Four patterns were revealed by unsupervised clustering analysis, one of them associated with significantly better prognosis than the others. This group contained tumours with short, dispersed, and relatively few regions of copy number gain or loss. The good prognosis of this group was not attributable to the presence of tumours showing microsatellite instability (MSI‐H). Supervised methods were employed to determine those genomic regions where copy number alterations correlate significantly with multiple indices of aggressive growth (lymphatic spread, recurrence, and early death). Multivariate analysis identified DNA copy number loss at 18q12.2, harbouring a single gene, BRUNOL4 that encodes the Bruno‐like 4 splicing factor, as an independent prognostic indicator. The data show that the different patterns of DNA copy number alterations in primary tumours reveal prognostic information and can aid identification of novel prognosis‐associated genes. Copyright © 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparative study on camphorsulphonic acid modified montmorillonite clay based conducting polymer nanocomposites
Authors: Riaz Ufana , Ahmad Syed Aziz , Ahmad Sharif , Ashraf Syed M. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractNanotechnology has emerged as a subject of immense academic interest and excitement in the past few decades. The immediate goal of this science aims at the production of high performance nanomaterials. The present study reports comparative investigations on the in situ polymerization of polyaniline (PANI), and its derivatives poly(1‐naphthylamine) (PNA) and poly(o‐toluidine) (POT) within the camphor sulphonic acid (CSA) modified montmorillonite (MMT) layers. The polymerization as well as intercalation of the conducting polymers was confirmed by FT‐IR, UV‐visible spectroscopies, and XRD studies, whereas the morphology of the nanocomposites was analyzed by TEM studies. It was found that the PANI derivatives (PNA and POT) revealed higher intercalation as compared with PANI. The morphology of nanocomposites was found to be governed by the type of conducting polymer intercalated. A large variation in the morphology as well as particle size was observed between the nanocomposites of PANI and its derivatives. The conductivity was found to be in the range of 10−3–10−2 S·cm−1. POLYM. COMPOS., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Natural history of apparently isolated severe fetal ventriculomegaly: perinatal survival and neurodevelopmental outcome
Authors: Kennelly M. M. , Cooley S. M. , McParland P. J. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo review the prenatal diagnosis of apparently isolated severe ventriculomegaly (SVM) in a tertiary referral fetal medicine unit and report on perinatal and neurodevelopmental outcomes.MethodsAll cases of isolated SVM referred to Fetal Medicine at the NMH between 2000 and 2008 were identified. Outcome information was obtained from detailed telephone interviews with parents and paediatric records and histopathology in cases of stillborn fetuses.ResultsThirty‐six cases of SVM were referred, out of which 19 were diagnosed with ‘apparently’ isolated SVM. Macrocrania was present in 88% at 36 weeks (mean HC 439 mm). Cephalocentesis was performed in six cases with poor prognosis. All resulted in perinatal loss. The neurodevelopmental outcome of survivors with isolated SVM (ten live‐born survivors) showed major neurological morbidity in 50% (5/10) of the cases, mild morbidity in 40% (4/10) and a normal outcome in only one case.ConclusionIsolated SVM had a very poor perinatal outcome with neurological and physical disability in the overwhelming majority. Only one case of the 17 (6%) diagnosed initially with ‘apparently’ isolated SVM was born alive without handicap. Information from our series may aid couples in decision making about pregnancy interruption and the difficult decision of prenatal or intrapartum cephalocentesis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretical Evaluation and Experimental Validation of Performance Parameters of New Hypergolic Liquid Fuel Blends with Red Fuming Nitric Acid as Oxidizer
Authors: Kulkarni Suresh G. , Bagalkote Vrushali S. , Patil Sharawati S. , Kumar U. Pramodh , Kumar V. Anil 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA number of fuel blends based on 3‐carene, norbornadiene, furfuryl alcohol, ethylidene norbornene, and kerosene in different weight proportions have been developed as rocket fuels which exhibit synergistic hypergolic ignition with red fuming nitric acid (RFNA) as oxidizer with low ignition delays (IDs<40 ms). The optimum compositions of fuel blends were determined by measuring ID values of different blends at optimum O/F ratios. Eight selected fuel blends and one neat fuel (ethylidene norbornene) were theoretically evaluated for their performance parameters using NASA‐CEC‐71 software with RFNA as oxidizer at different O/F ratios and at chamber pressure of Pc, 2451.66 and 4903.33 (or 5197.52) kPa, keeping the exit pressure constant at 98.07 kPa. For experimental validation of performance parameters, static firing trials of these fuel blends with RFNA were carried out using 735.5 N thruster at 2451.66 kPa chamber pressure using doublet or triplet impinging stream type of injector. The experimental C* values were compared with theoretically determined C* values to predict combustion efficiencies which were found to be more than 95% in all the cases.
RNA Polymerase II Associated Factor 1/PD2 Maintains Self-Renewal by Its Interaction with Oct3/4 in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Ponnusamy Moorthy P. , Deb Shonali , Dey Parama , Chakraborty Subhankar , Rachagani Satyanarayana , Senapati Shantibhusan , Batra Surinder K. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) maintain self-renewal while ensuring a rapid response to differentiation signals, but the exact mechanism of this process remains unknown. PD2 is the human homolog of the RNA polymerase II-associated factor 1 (Paf1). The Paf1/PD2 is a member of the human PAF complex that consists of four other subunits, hCdc73, hLeo1, hCtr9, and hSki8, and is involved in the regulation of transcriptional elongation and further downstream events. Here, we show that Paf1/PD2 is overexpressed in mouse ESCs and is involved in the maintenance of mouse ESCs. The Paf1/PD2 knockdown and knockout ESCs grown under self-renewal conditions express substantially reduced levels of self-renewal regulators, including Oct3/4, SOX2, Nanog, and Shh. We observed that the level of Paf1/PD2 expression is much higher in self-renewing mouse embryonic carcinoma cells than in the differentiating cells. Knockout of Paf1/PD2 altered ESC phenotype by increasing apoptosis and decreasing the percentage of cells in S-phase of the cell cycle. Interestingly, we found that the key genes that regulate endodermal differentiation (Gata4, Gata6, and Fgf8) are induced in the Paf1/PD2 heterozygous knockout ESCs. This suggests that Paf1/PD2 plays a specific role in regulating early commitment of ESCs to endodermal differentiation. Furthermore, for the first time, we showed that Paf1/PD2 protein interacts with Oct3/4 and RNA polymerase II, and through this interaction Paf1/PD2 may regulate Oct3/4-mediated gene expression. Thus, the Paf1/PD2 protein is a newly discovered element of the interconnected regulatory network that maintains the self-renewal of mouse ESCs.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Adult presentations of medium‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCADD)
Authors: Lang T. F. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryMedium‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCADD) is an autosomal recessive disorder of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation which is usually diagnosed in infancy or through neonatal screening. In the absence of population screening, adults with undiagnosed MCADD can be expected. This review discusses 14 cases that were identified during adulthood. The mortality of infantile patients is approximately 25% whereas in this adult case series it was shown it to be 50% in acutely presenting patients and 29% in total. Therefore, undiagnosed individuals are at risk of sudden fatal metabolic decompensation with high mortality. This review illustrates the need to consider the possibility of a fatty acid oxidation defect in an adult who presents with unexplained sudden clinical deterioration, particularly if precipitated by fasting or alcohol consumption. A history of unexplained sibling death may also raise the index of suspicion. There also needs to be appropriate clinical support for those patients identified clinically or as a result of family studies (sibling or parent).