bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of a new detector for cathodoluminescence measurements in the wavelength range to 1.8 μm
Authors: Koschek G. , Kubalek E. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe energetic gap structure of semiconductors or insulators can strongly be influenced by the local appearance of inhomogenities, impurities, dopants or vacancies. A high spatial resolution cathodoluminescence (CL) measuring technique makes it possible to investigate this gap structure via spectral analysis of the emitted CL. This can lead to a detailed knowledge of the local defect distribution.The wavelength range which could be detected by CL measurements has, up to the present, been limited to values less than 1 μm, because no detectors were available for higher wavelengths. By use of a new germanium detector, the measuring range could be extended to 1.8 μm. This makes it possible to analyse the CL properties, both of materials with small gap energies and of deep impurities.The detector properties which are important for CL measurements are presented. The efficiency of the detector is demonstrated by CL investigations of barium titanate ceramics and silicon. The results are discussed and compared to results obtained using conventional detectors.
Thermal Modelling of the Ladle Preheating Process
Authors: Glaser Björn , Görnerup Mårten , Sichen Du 
Published: October 2011

AbstractTo predict the temperature distribution in the ladle wall during the preheating process a two dimensional model was developed. The model calculated the heat transfer and the velocity field in the gas phase inside the ladle as well as the heat transfer in the solid walls during the preheating process. Measurements of the temperature in an industrial lade were carried out using an infrared radiation (IR) camera. The measurements were made inside and outside the ladle. The model predictions were found to be in reasonably good agreement with the measured temperatures. It was found that the preheating time could be minimized when the working lining became thinner. The effect of the distance between the lid and the ladle was also studied by the model. The results indicated that there was no significant temperature change on the upper side wall of the ladle. On the lower side wall and bottom the temperature changed slightly. The temperature difference in the lower part of the ladle could be explained by the larger flame distance from the bottom layer.
Clinical and dimensional characteristics of euthymic bipolar patients with or without suicidal behavior
Authors: Parmentier C. , Etain B. , Yon L. , Misson H. , Mathieu F. , Lajnef M. , Cochet B. , Raust A. , Kahn J.-P. , Wajsbrot-Elgrabli O. , Cohen R. , Henry C. , Leboyer M. , Bellivier F. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe clinical and dimensional features associated with suicidal behaviour in bipolar patients during euthymic states are not well characterised.MethodsIn a sample of 652 euthymic bipolar patients, we assessed clinical features with the Diagnostic Interview for Genetics Studies (DIGS) and dimensional characteristics with questionnaires measuring impulsivity/hostility and affective lability/intensity. Bipolar patients with and without suicidal behaviour were compared for these clinical and dimensional variables.ResultsOf the 652 subjects, 42.9% had experienced at least one suicide attempt. Lifetime history of suicidal behaviour was associated with being a woman, a history of head injury, tobacco misuse and indicators of severity of bipolar disorder including early age at onset, high number of depressive episodes, positive history of rapid cycling, alcohol misuse and social phobia. Indirect hostility and irritability were dimensional characteristics associated with suicidal behaviour in bipolar patients, whereas impulsivity and affective lability/intensity were not associated with suicidal behaviour.LimitationsThis study had a retrospective design with no replication sample.ConclusionsBipolar patients with earlier onset, mood instability (large number of depressive episodes, rapid cycling) and/or particular addictive and anxiety comorbid disorders might be at high risk of suicidal behaviour. In addition, hostility dimensions (indirect hostility and irritability), may be trait components associated with suicidal behaviour in euthymic bipolar patients.
Current trends of 24-h urinary iodine excretion in German schoolchildren and the importance of iodised salt in processed foods
Authors: Johner Simone A. , Günther Anke L. B. , Remer Thomas 
Published: October 2011

Worldwide, the iodisation of salt has clearly improved iodine status. In industrialised countries, iodised salt added to processed food contributes most to iodine supply. Yet it is unclear as to what extent changes in the latter may affect the iodine status of populations. Between 2004 and 2009, 24-h urinary iodine excretions (UIE) were repeatedly measured in 278 German children (6 to 12 years old) of the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study (n707). Na excretion measurements and simultaneously collected 3-d weighed dietary records provided data on intakes of the most important dietary sources of iodine in the children's diet. Actual trends of UIE (2004–9) and contributions of relevant food groups were analysed by mixed linear regression models. Longitudinal regression analysis showed a plateau of UIE in 2004–6; afterwards, UIE significantly decreased till 2009 (P = 0·01; median 24-h UIE in 2004–6: 85·6 μg/d; 2009: 80·4 μg/d). Median urinary iodine concentration fell below the WHO criteria for iodine sufficiency of 100 μg/l in 2007–9. Salt, milk, fish and egg intake (g/d) were significant predictors of UIE (P < 0·005); and the main sources of iodine were salt and milk (48 and 38 %, respectively). The present data hint at a beginning deterioration in the iodine status of German schoolchildren. A decreased use of iodised salt in industrially produced foods may be one possible reason for this development. Because of the generally known risks for cognitive impairment due to even mild iodine deficits in children, a more widespread use of iodised salt, especially in industrially processed foods, has to be promoted.
Doing It for the Kids? The Determinants of Attitudes towards Public Childcare in Unified Germany
Authors: GOERRES ACHIM , TEPE MARKUS 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn order to explain why people differ in their attitudes towards public childcare, we present a theoretical framework that integrates four causal mechanisms: regime socialisation, political ideology, family involvement and material self-interest. Estimation results obtained from multivariate regressions on the 2002 German General Social Survey and replications on the 2008/9 European Social Survey can be condensed into three statements: (1) Regime socialisation is the single most important determinant of attitudes toward public childcare, followed by young age as an indicator of self-interest and political ideology. Family involvement does not have any sizeable impact. (2) Regime socialisation conditions the impact of some indicators of political ideology and family involvement on attitudes toward public childcare. (3) Despite a paradigmatic shift in policy, the dynamics of 2008 mirror those of 2002, highlighting the stability of inter-individual differences in support. The results suggest that the ‘shadow of communism’ still stretches over what people in the East expect from the welfare state and that individual difference in the demand for public childcare appears to be highly path-dependent.
Optimal independent contact regions for two-fingered grasping of polygon
Authors: Phoka Thanathorn , Vongmasa Pawin , Nilwatchararang Chaichana , Pipattanasomporn Peam , Sudsang Attawith 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYAs every real mechanical hand has a limited accuracy, the grasp planning process must be prepared to cope with unavoidable positioning errors. The concept of independent contact regions (ICRs) was proposed to deal with this issue by computing for each finger an ICR on the object's boundary such that each finger can be placed anywhere in its ICR to guarantee a force closure grasp. Existing methods for computing ICRs of a polygon requires that each ICR must lie on a single edge of the polygon. This constraint severely limits the size of computed ICRs, especially when the input polygon contains only small edges (e.g., when the polygon is used for representing a curve object). This paper proposes a method for computing the optimal ICRs for frictional two-fingered grasp of a polygon such that each ICR is allowed to extend across consecutive edges of the polygon. The time complexity of the method is O(n2log n), where n is the number of edges of the polygon. Implementation results using several test polygons are presented to exhibit effectiveness of the method.
Properties of Littlewood-Paley sets
Authors: Hare Kathryn E. , Klemes Ivo 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe give a combinatorial characterization of the known examples of intervals of ℤ having the Littlewood-Paley (LP) property. This leaves an interesting open problem. We also note that certain previously known necessary conditions are equivalent, and give two examples of intervals which are not LP but whose endpoints form thin sets (e.g. Sidon or Λ(p) for all p < ∞).
IDENTIFYING A FORGED MAYA MANUSCRIPT IN UNESCO'S WORLD DIGITAL LIBRARY
Authors: Eberl Markus , Prem Hanns J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAmong the original holdings of the recently opened World Digital Library was a Spanish manuscript on the Maya that supposedly dates to 1548 (initially available athttp://www.wdl.org/en/item/2961). It was given the titleEl modo de cómo hacían la pintura los indígenas(“How the Indians Made Their Paintings”) and contained an explanation of Maya culture accompanied by drawings of Maya glyphs and deities. Detailed analysis shows that thePinturamanuscript is a fake that belongs to the Canek group of forged manuscripts. It is written in the same hand as the Canek forgeries and shares the same stylistic characteristics with this group. Its drawings copy illustrations from the third English or the second Spanish edition of Sylvanus Morley'sThe Ancient Maya, and from theMadrid Codex. The World Digital Library aims to make significant primary materials from all UNESCO member countries available on the Internet. Forgeries like thePinturamanuscript undermine the trustworthiness and eminence of this project. While thePinturamanuscript was removed from the World Digital Library in August 2009, researchers may find useful the holistic approach that allowed identifying it as a forgery. A historical document is here examined from six angles. What are its physical makeup, its penmanship, and its linguistic properties? Authentic documents should have a traceable history of documentation (here termed a “pedigree”) and their content should be consistent with well-established sources and with culture- and time-specific conventions.
All about PSY DREAM. Psychiatric Drug Registration, Evaluation & All-inclusive Monitoring
Authors: Lehmann Peter 
Published: October 2011

SummaryAims — In this article the author – board-member of the European Network of (ex-) Users and Survivors of Psychiatry (ENUSP) -explains, what is needed to guarantee a minimal level of involvement of users and survivors of psychiatry into issues relating to psychiatric drugs. Methods – He reflects demands of their organisations, and compares these demands with the current involvement level. Considering the concrete circumstances in psychiatry, he reflects the risks and dangers of the administered drugs -especially the widely used neuroleptics –for example enhanced breast cancer risk in women, suicidal effects, receptor changes, tardive dyskinesia and other toxic reactions. Results – Considering the unique situation of psychiatric patients to receive treatment in general without informed consent and in a violent way or through bullying and threat, he argues for to provide their involvement in all aspects of psychiatric drug issues -especially registration and monitoring, for example by their involvement in creating and running a suicide register. And he argues for involvement in ethics committees, licensing processes and providing guidelines and decision making about effectiveness and reimbursement of costs. Conclusions – As first steps towards these aims he proposes independent and user-controlled research, independent and user-controlled education and independent and user-controlled information about the effects of psychiatric drugs.Declaration of Interest: the Author did not receive any grants and financial support for the study; any forms of financing (included pharmaceutical company support and any honoraria for consultancies or interventions in the last two years); any other involvements that might be considered a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article.
Mental health services in Central and Eastern Europe: current state and continuing concerns
Authors: Saraceno Benedetto , Saxena Shekhar 
Published: October 2011

SummaryAims – This paper attempts to examine the current state of mental health services in Central and Eastern Europe. Methods – Selected review of available literature has been done with emphasis on information complied by World Health Organization (WHO). Results – The magnitude and burden of mental disorders is high in Europe, the mental health services are inadequate in most Central and Eastern European countries and human rights situation is unsatisfactory. However, there are some positive recent developments worth noting. These include increased attention to human rights, cooperation and collaboration at subregional level and emergence of family and consumer associations. Conclusions – A concerted and systematic attempt needs to be made to respond to the challenge of providing adequate and human rights-based mental health services in Central and Eastern European countries. The framework developed by WHO can assist the countries in their initiatives aimed at improving mental health systems.Declaration of Interest: none
Mental Health Department accreditation. Classification and assessment criteria
Authors: Grassi Gaddomaria 
Published: October 2011

SummaryAims – To compare different accreditation categories in Italy and to suggest some criteria to assess them. Methods – The A. compare specific characteristics of different model of normative and professional accreditation and suggest some criteria to distinguish different type of accreditation programme and to assess quality and usefulness of an accreditation programme. Results and Conclusions – Different types of accreditation are attributed to some basic criteria: voluntary/by law, high/low stan- dard, assessment object. Criteria to assess the usefulness are: check list accuracy, support to quality improvement, documental bur- den, services impact.
Patterns of clinical course in persons with mental disorders: which impact on social disability and quality of life? A longitudinal study
Authors: Lasalvia Antonio , Bonetto Chiara , Santi Katia De , Ruggeri Mirella 
Published: October 2011

SummaryAims — To investigate in persons with mental disorders 1) the patterns of clinical course and their frequencies, 2) the impact of clinical course on two social dimensions of outcome, such as disability and quality of life. Methods — Study conducted with a longitudinal design in the “real world” of community mental health services. Clinical course was retrospectively assessed by using an instrument developed by our group, taking into account previous literature in this area; disability and quality of life were measured, respectively, with the WHO—Disability Assessment Schedule and the Lancashire Quality of Life Profile. Results — In patients with non affective psychosis, continuous and episodic course showed the same tendency to occur, whereas in subjects with affective disorders (either psychotic or neurotic) episodic course was more frequent. Continuous course was associated with higher levels of disability and lower quality of life in psychotic patients, while a poorer quality of life in some areas was associated with episodic course in patients with non psychotic disorders. Conclusions — The impact of clinical course on social disability and quality of life is different depending upon the specific diagnostic category. This suggests that specific and individualised interventions should be provided in order to prevent the negative impact of clinical course on life conditions of persons with mental disorders.Declaration of Interestthe study has been supported by a Grant from MURST 60% to Prof. Mirella Ruggeri and Fondi 1% per la Ricerca Sanitaria Finalizzata 2001 Ministry of Health, to Professor M. Tansella.
Morale of mental health professionals in Community Mental Health Services of a Northern Italian Province
Authors: Galeazzi Gian Maria , Delmonte Sara , Fakhoury Walid , Priebe Stefan 
Published: October 2011

SummaryAims — To explore morale of psychiatrists and psychiatric nurses working in Community Mental Health Centres (CMHC) in an Italian Province, and identify influential factors. Methods — Thirty psychiatrists and 30 nurses working in CMHCs in Modena completed questionnaires on burnout, team identity and job satisfaction. They also answered open questions about different aspects of their work. Answers were subjected to content analysis. Regression analyses were used to identify factors that predicted morale across groups. Results — Psychiatrists had higher scores on emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation. There were no significant differences between the two groups in job satisfaction and job or role perception. Professionals reported positive relationships with patients as the most enjoyable aspects of their job, whilst team conflicts and high workloads were seen as most difficult to cope with. Multivariate analyses showed that being a psychiatrist and perceiving team conflicts as a main cause of pressure in the job predicted higher burnout. Conclusions — Simple open questions coupled with quantitative measures appear a promising tool to investigate morale of mental health professionals and identify factors determining morale. Research, training and service development should focus on relationship aspects both with patients and within teams to reduce burnout in CMHCs.Declaration of InterestG.M.G. was employed by Modena local mental health service, but did not work in CMHCs. No other conflict of interest.
Costs of psychiatric services: a study performed in a public mental center in Lombardy Region, Italy
Authors: Fattore Giovanni , Percudani Mauro , Pugnoli Carla , Contini Agostino 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYObjective — The implementation of a simple methodology to estimate full costs of services provided by a public mental health centre. Setting. CPS (NHS Mental Centre) Ussl 35, Magenta, Lombardy Region. Method — To estimate full costs of 16 types of service we followed a two step procedure. The first step was to estimate all costs attributable to the CPS. In the second one, we allocated this estimate to each type of service provided. We attributed to the CPS the following cost items: personnel, utilities (telephone, electricity, water, heating and cleaning), land & building, transports (for services provided outside the clinic) and a share of general cost of the USSL to which the CPS belongs. Full cost of each service was then calculated on the base of the yearly number of services provided and the time spent by each health professional. Results — In 1995, the CPS provided 14, 562 services. Total costs amounted to L 1,356 million, and more than three quarters of this amount was attributable to the personnel working at the CPS. Unit costs ranged from L 5,300 (drug administration) to L 442,400 (family therapy involving two professionals for 90 minutes) The unit cost of psychiatric visits, psychologist consultations and nurse domiciliary visits were L 105,300, L 106,600 and L 78,000, respectively. Conclusions — This approach requires accessible data and is relatively simple to manage. Some refinements are required, especially to improve the methodology for the determination and the allocation of overheads. However, we are convinced that this cost accounting procedure provides acceptable estimates of the services provided by the CPS. These estimates suggest that charges to be used to fund NHS providers may be too low, especially if fee-for-service will be the main funding source.
Predicting length of stay in Italian Psychiatric Forensic Hospitals: a survival analysis
Authors: Fioritti Angelo , Ferriani Elisa , Rucci Paola , Melega Vittorio , Venco Cristina , Scaramelli Anna Rosa , Santarini Fabio 
Published: October 2011

RIASSUNTOL'internamento in Ospedale Psichiatrico Giudiziario (OPG) costituisce un allontanamento dai circuiti assistenziali psichiatrici del Servizio Sanitario Nazionale e la sua durata può influire negativamente sulle possibilità di reinserimento nel territorio di provenienza. Metodo – I fattori predittivi della durata di degenza in OPG sono stati indagati mediante una analisi di sopravvivenza condotta su una coorte di 118 pazienti degenti nei tre OPG del Centro-Nord al 30.06.97, provenienti da tre Regioni (Emilia Romagna, Toscana, Friuli Venezia Giulia), prendendo in esame le dimissioni effettuate nei 18 mesi successivi. Risultati – Da analisi di sopravvivenza condotte sui singoli fattori sono emersi, come predittori di durata di internamento, il reato commesso (omicidio: tempo mediano di permanenza 706.6 settimane, rispetto alle 307.1 e 194.7 dei reati minori e delle lesioni; log-rank =31.8, p<0.001), la durata preventivata della misura di sicurezza (RR=0.98, CI 95% 0.97-0.99, p<0.001); la diagnosi di schizofrenia (621.9 settimane rispetto alle 389.9 settimane o meno delle altre diagnosi; log-rank = 5.83, p<0.01); i disturbi del pensiero alia BPRS (RR=0.89, CI 98% 0.81-0.98, p<0.01); OPG di internamento (314.6 settimane a Montelupo Fiorentino rispetto alle 706.6 di Reggio Emilia e alle 621.9 di Castiglione delle Stiviere; log-rank = 9.64, df=2, p<0.001). In un modello di regressione di Cox a più covariate solo il tipo di reato, la durata della misura di sicurezza e la diagnosi sono risultati significativi. Conclusioni – I fattori inerenti il sistema giudiziario sono determinanti nel predire la durata della degenza. La diagnosi di schizofrenia sembra aver un ruolo indipendente nel predire una degenza più lunga
Progress in the psychotherapy of mood disorders: studies from the Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
Authors: Frank Ellen , Novick Danielle 
Published: October 2011

RIASSUNTO— Durante gli ultimi tre decenni abbiamo assistito a significativi miglioramenti sia nei trattamenti psicosociali, sia in quelli farmacologici dei disturbi affettivi.Insieme ai progressi che i nuovi trattamenti farmacologici hanno prodotto, il trattamento psicosociale per la cura specifica del singolo disturbo ha ulteriormente migliorato la prognosi ed il decorso del disturbo bipolare e unipolare.Metodi— Rassegna delle nostre ricerche sul disturbo unipolare e bipolare e sul loro trattamento, in particolare la psicoterapia interpersonale (IPT) e le sue modificazioni.Risultati— Si fornisce la dimostrazione empirica che l'IPT à un trattamento per i disturbi affettivi efficace per la fase acuta e per il mantenimento. La nostra ricerca cumulativa e l'esperienza clinica suggeriscono che le relazioni interpersonali ed i ritmi circadiani e sociali influenzano i disturbi affettivi e che la psicoterapia pud aiutare a normalizzare i problemi in questi settori per i pazienti con disturbi affettivi.Conclusioni— Nonostante l'entusiasmo generato dai recenti progressi nella ricerca sui disturbi mentali e sul loro trattamento, dobbiamo ancora soddisfare l'impegno che l'enorme sviluppo delle conoscenze sulle farmacoterapie mirate e sulle psicoterapie sembrerebbero offrire. Per fare ulteriori progressi, dobbiamo continuare ad applicare rigore scientifico e riflessione per capire l'adattabilita delle attuali nomenclature, l'impatto delle malattie psichiche e mediche in comorbidità sulla manifestazione e sul trattamento dei disturbi affettivi e la praticabilita di un'ampia utilizzazione dei nuovi trattamenti.