bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EXAFS as Powerful Analytical Tool for the Investigation of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Materials
Authors: Gross Silvia , Bauer Matthias 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe potential and application of X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) for structural investigations of organic–inorganic hybrid materials, with a special emphasis on systems consisting of inorganic building blocks (clusters) embedded into polymer backbones, is extensively reviewed. In the first part of the paper, the main features of organic–inorganic hybrid materials, their classification, the synthetic approaches for their preparation, and their applications are concisely presented, whereas the particular issues related to their characterization are discussed in more detail. In the second section of the paper, the principles and the theoretical background of the XAS method, including experimental design, data reduction, evaluation, analysis, and interpretation are described and discussed. Examples of potentialities of the method for the short‐range structural investigation of inorganic nanostructures in hybrids are provided, and the state‐of‐the‐art in the field of hybrid materials is reviewed. In the third part, six different case studies belonging to our past and present experience in this field are presented and discussed, with a particular focus on their XAS investigation.
Gate‐Bias Controlled Charge Trapping as a Mechanism for NO2 Detection with Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Andringa Anne‐Marije , Meijboom Juliaan R. , Smits Edsger C. P. , Mathijssen Simon G. J. , Blom Paul W. M. , de Leeuw Dago M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractDetection of nitrogen dioxide, NO2, is required to monitor the air‐quality for human health and safety. Commercial sensors are typically chemiresistors, however field‐effect transistors are being investigated. Although numerous investigations have been reported, the NO2 sensing mechanism is not clear. Here, the detection mechanism using ZnO field‐effect transistors is investigated. The current gradually decreases upon NO2 exposure and application of a positive gate bias. The current decrease originates from the trapping of electrons, yielding a shift of the threshold voltage towards the applied gate bias. The shift is observed for extremely low NO2 concentrations down to 10 ppb and can phenomenologically be described by a stretched‐exponential time relaxation. NO2 detection has been demonstrated with n‐type, p‐type, and ambipolar semiconductors. In all cases, the threshold voltage shifts due to gate bias induced electron trapping. The description of the NO2 detection with field‐effect transistors is generic for all semiconductors and can be used to improve future NO2 sensors.
Efficient and Selective Aerobic Alcohol Oxidation Catalyzed by Copper(II)/2,2,6,6,‐Tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl at Room Temperature
Authors: Hossain Md. Munkir , Shyu Shin‐Guang 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA simple and efficient copper(II)/2,2,6,6,‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (TEMPO)‐catalyzed aerobic oxidation of both primary and secondary benzylic, allylic, and aliphatic alcohols to their corresponding aldehydes and ketones at room temperature using the copper(II) complex [Cu(μ‐Cl)(Cl)(phen)]2 as the Cu(II) source is reported. The conversion of both electron‐rich and electron‐neutral benzyl alcohols is smooth and faster than those of electron‐deficient ones. The chemoselectivity of a primary benzyl alcohol over the secondary alcohol is also observed. Alcohols regarded as difficult substrates for oxidation due to their coordinating ability with transition metal catalyst such as 4‐(methylthio)benzyl alcohol and 3‐pyridinemethanol are also oxidized easily. In addition, a lignin model alcohol is oxidized to the corresponding aldehyde in excellent yield. Conversions of benzylic and allylic alcohols are faster as compared to those of aliphatic alcohols in accordance with their CαH bond strengths. A plausible mechanism of the TEMPO‐based catalytic cycle is proposed.
Molybdenum(VI) Amino Triphenolate Complexes as Catalysts for Sulfoxidation, Epoxidation and Haloperoxidation
Authors: Romano Francesco , Linden Anthony , Mba Miriam , Zonta Cristiano , Licini Giulia 
Published: November 2010

AbstractTwo molybdenum(VI) complexes bearing a C3 symmetrical amino tris‐tert‐butylphenolate ligand have proved to be air‐ and water‐tolerant catalysts that efficiently catalyse, in high yields and selectivity, the oxidation of sulfides, olefins and halides. In particular high turnover frequencies and turnover numbers (TOF and TON) have been obtained for the cyclooctene epoxidation (catalyst loading down to 0.05%, TONs up to 88,000 and TOFs up to 7500 h−1).
Polymer Cocktail: A Multitask Supported Ionic Liquid‐Like Species to Facilitate Multiple and Consecutive CC Coupling Reactions
Authors: Sans Victor , Gelat Fabien , Karbass Naima , Burguete M. Isabel , García‐Verdugo Eduardo , Luis Santiago V. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractPolymer‐supported ionic liquid‐like species (SILLPs) with different functionalities have been combined to obtain new catalytic systems (polymer cocktail) with improved properties towards their application for CC coupling reactions. The SILLPs have been synthesized in a simple way and combined to play different functions in the reaction medium. Those roles involve simultaneously (or consecutively) their actuation as supported reagents, precatalysts and scavengers of undesired reaction side‐products. The system has been tested by employing three different CC coupling reactions for 8 consecutive cycles. Moreover, different aryl bromides and iodides have proved to be efficiently transformed by the catalytic cocktail. Finally, the Heck reaction has been conducted in continuous‐flow conditions using a packed bed of this polymer cocktail and employing supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) as a solvent, which cannot be carried out with the use of soluble bases as this would lead to the clogging of the reactor. Finally, the SILLPs cocktail enables one to combine different reaction steps and purification in a single vessel, which represents a significant improvement in terms of process intensification and green chemistry. This is particularly true in the case of the use of scCO2 as this allows the direct production of crude materials not contaminated either by salts or by solvents.
Efficient Palladium‐Catalyzed Double Arylation of Phosphonoalkynes and Diarylalkynes in Water: Use of a Dinuclear Palladium(I) Catalyst
Authors: Sajna K. V. , Srinivas Venu , Kumara Swamy K. C. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA novel use of the dinuclear palladium(I) catalyst [(OCH2CMe2CH2O)P‐S‐Pd(PPh3)]2 in aqueous medium for the double arylation of phosphonoalkynes as well as diarylalkynes is reported. This double arylation requires both the iodoarene and arylboronic acid along with the catalyst. The structures of some key products have been proven by X‐ray crystallography.
Preparation and property evaluation of nanocomposites based on polyurethane‐modified epoxy/montmorillonite systems
Authors: Bakar M. , Kostrzewa M. , Hausnerova B. , Sar K. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractMontmorillonite nanoclay and polyurethanes obtained from polyethylene glycol (PUR 400) and polyoxypropylene diol (PUR 1002) were used to enhance the mechanical properties of an epoxy resin. Maximum impact strength improvement was obtained with compositions containing 2% nanoclay and 10% PUR 400 as well as that with 1% nanoclay and 15% PUR 400, corresponding to 110% and 75%, respectively, in relation to the unmodified epoxy resin. Moreover, a 10‐fold increase was observed with respect to the flexural strain at break for the composition containing 15% PUR 1002 and 2% nanoclay. SEM micrographs have indicated that the mechanism of mechanical property enhancement is associated with increased yield of the epoxy matrix. Moreover, FTIR results showed that some chemical reactions have taken place between the hydroxyl groups of epoxy resin and the isocyanate groups of polyurethane, explaining partly the improvement in the mechanical properties of the polymer matrix. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 29:237–248, 2010; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.20192
The selfish brain: Competition for energy resources
Authors: Peters Achim 
Published: November 2010

AbstractObesity and type 2 diabetes have become the major health problems in many industrialized countries. Here, I present the unconventional concept that a healthy organism maintains its systemic homeostasis by a “competent brain‐pull”, i.e., the brain's ability to properly demand glucose from the body, and that the underlying cause of obesity is “incompetent brain‐pull.” I describe the energy fluxes from the environment, through the body, toward the brain as the final consumer in a “supply chain” model. There is data‐based support for the hypothesis, which states that under conditions of food abundance incompetent brain‐pull will lead to build ups in the supply chain culminating in obesity and type 2 diabetes. There is also support for the related hypothesis, which states that under conditions of food deprivation, a competent brain‐pull mechanism is indispensable for the continuation of the brain's high energy level. To experimentally determine how the competent brain‐pull functions to demand for cerebral energy, healthy young men undergoing psychosocial stress were studied. It was found that the brain under stressful conditions demands for energy from the body by using a brain‐pull mechanism, which is referred to as “cerebral insulin suppression” and in so doing it can satisfy its excessive needs during stress. This article gives an overview about the recent work on the “Selfish Brain” theory dealing with the maintenance of the cerebral and peripheral energy homeostasis. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence of multiple congenital contractures including arthrogryposis multiplex congenita in Alberta, Canada, and a strategy for classification and coding
Authors: Lowry R. Brian , Sibbald Barbara , Bedard Tanya , Hall Judith G. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe population prevalence of multiple congenital contractures, many of which have either arthrogryposis multiplex congenita or amyoplasia congenita, ranges from 1/3300 to 1/56,000. Three other studies report a range of 1/4500 to 1/12,500. Classification and coding of these disorders in the International Classification of Diseases, tenth edition, (ICD‐10) is less than satisfactory, even when augmented by the Royal College of Pediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH). expansion.METHODSThe database of the Alberta Congenital Anomalies Surveillance System (ACASS) was used to review all cases (1980–2007) of the previously named disorders with special emphasis on the 1997–2007 cohort. The latter period was chosen because more complete ascertainment was likely due to the addition of terminations of pregnancy data beginning in 1997. This cohort was further analyzed into the three practical groups: I, limb only; II, limb plus non–central nervous system anomalies; and III, limb plus lethality, central nervous system anomalies, or both, with further syndrome identification in groups II and III. The ICD‐10–RCPCH classification and codes were reviewed.RESULTSThe prevalence for multiple congenital contractures in Alberta is 1/8700 for 1980‐1996 and 1/4300 for 1997‐2007. Rates for the three groups were calculated. Specific diagnostic categories were found in groups II and III of 43% and 65%, respectively. Mortality is high, especially in the first month of life (45% total losses). New classification and coding systems are proposed. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantification of oxyresveratrol analogtrans‐2,4,3′,5′‐tetramethoxystilbene in rat plasma by a rapid HPLC method: application in a pre‐clinical pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Lin Hai‐Shu , Choo Qiu‐Yi , Ho Paul C. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA rapid HPLC method was developed and validated for the quantification of oxyresveratrol analogtrans‐2,4,3′,5′‐tetramethoxystilbene (oxyresveratrol tetramethyl ether, OTE) in rat plasma. Chromatographic separation was achieved on an RP‐HPLC column, which was protected by a guard column through a 12 min gradient delivery of a mixture of acetonitrile–water at 50°C. The UV absorbance at 325 nm was recorded. The retention time of OTE andtrans‐stilbene (internal standard) was about 7.7 and 8.4 min, respectively. The calibration curves were linear (R2≥ 0.9986) with a lower limit of quantification of 15 ng/mL. The intra‐ and inter‐day variations, in terms of RSD, were all lower than 9.8% while the intra‐day and inter‐day bias ranged from −8.3 to +9.2%. The pharmacokinetics of OTE was assessed in rats using 2‐hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin as a dosing vehicle. After intravenous administration, OTE possessed a long terminal elimination half‐life (t1/2λz= 481 ± 137 min) and slow clearance (Cl= 29.1 ± 3.7 mL/min/kg). Upon oral administration, OTE was rapidly absorbed. However, it only displayed minimal plasma exposure and its absolute oral bioavailability (F) was as low as 4.5 ± 3.2%. Fortunately, the levels of OTE after single oral administration were sufficient to inhibit human cytochrome P450 1B1. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous multiresidue determination of 48 pesticides in Yeongsan and Sumjin River water using GC‐NPD and confirmation via GC‐MS
Authors: Park Jong Hyouk , Mamun Md. Iqbal Rouf , Abd El‐Aty A. M. , Na Tae Woong , Choi Jeong‐Heui , Ghafar M. W. , Choi Woo Jung , Kim Kap Soon , Kim Sang Don , Shim Jae‐Han 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn a continuation of our earlier work, a multiresidual analytical method using 48 frequently used neutral pesticides in a water matrix was developed and validated in this study. The samples were extracted with dichloromethane and the pesticides were analyzed via GC‐NPD followed by confirmation with GC‐MS. Good linearity was detected over a concentration range of 0.01–1.0 µg/mL with correlation coefficients (r2) in excess of 0.982. The recoveries were measured between 70.7 and 111.4% for the majority of the targeted pesticides with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of less than 20%. The LODs and LOQs were in ranges of 0.1–2 and 0.33–6.6 µg/L, respectively. A total of 66 water samples were collected from different locations in Yeongsan and the Sumjin River, Republic of Korea, and were analyzed in accordance with the developed method. None of the water samples were determined to contain any of the targeted pesticides. The method has been shown to be simpler, faster, and more cost‐effective than the method established by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of Irreversible Kinase Inhibitors by Directly Detecting Covalent Bond Formation: A Tool for Dissecting Kinase Drug Resistance
Authors: Klüter Sabine , Simard Jeffrey R. , Rode Haridas B. , Grütter Christian , Pawar Vijaykumar , Raaijmakers Hans C. A. , Barf Tjeerd A. , Rabiller Matthias , van Otterlo Willem A. L. , Rauh Daniel 
Published: November 2010

AbstractTargeting protein kinases in cancer therapy with irreversible small‐molecule inhibitors is moving to the forefront of kinase‐inhibitor research and is thought to be an effective means of overcoming mutation‐associated drug resistance in epidermal growth factor receptor kinase (EGFR). We generated a detection technique that allows direct measurements of covalent bond formation without relying on kinase activity, thereby allowing the straightforward investigation of the influence of steric clashes on covalent inhibitors in different resistant kinase mutants. The obtained results are discussed together with structural biology and biochemical studies of catalytic activity in both wild‐type and gatekeeper mutated kinase variants to draw conclusions about the impact of steric hindrance and increased catalytic activity in drug‐resistant kinase variants.
Lignin Depolymerization and Conversion: A Review of Thermochemical Methods
Authors: Pandey M. P. , Kim C. S. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe structure of lignin suggests that it can be a valuable source of chemicals, particularly phenolics. However, lignin depolymerization with selective bond cleavage is the major challenge for converting it into value‐added chemicals. Pyrolysis (thermolysis), gasification, hydrogenolysis, chemical oxidation, and hydrolysis under supercritical conditions are the major thermochemical methods studied with regard to lignin depolymerization. Pyrolytic oil and syngases are the primary products obtained from pyrolysis and gasification. A significant amount of char is also produced during pyrolysis. Thermal treatment in a hydrogen environment seems very promising for converting lignin to liquid fuel and chemicals like phenols, while oxidation can produce phenolic aldehydes. Reaction severity, solvents, and catalysts are the factors of prime importance that control yield and composition of the product.
Regularized sliced inverse regression for determination of the percentage of crystallinity in FCC catalysts
Authors: Hernández Noslen , Talavera Isneri , Porro Diana , Dago Angel 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis paper proposes a new calibration model based on regularized sliced inverse regression (RSIR) for predicting the percentage of crystallinity of fluidized catalytic cracking catalysts (FCC) using Fourier transform mid‐infrared spectroscopy (FT‐MIR). RSIR is an effective dimension‐reduction tool that looks for a proper dimension‐reduction subspace without requiring a pre‐specified functional form for the relation between independent and dependent variables. Combinations of RSIR with linear and nonlinear learning algorithms like multiple linear regression (MLR) and Support vector regression (SVR) were applied to the preprocessed data set. A comparison of performance among the different approaches, including previous results reached using PLS, was done. RSIR–MLR achieved the highest prediction accuracy, leading to a simple calibration model. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation of Fluid Flow in Biogas Fermenters
Authors: Hennig Torsten , Dudlik Andreas , Deerberg Görge 
Published: November 2010

AbstractDie Erfüllung der Mischaufgabe durch die Rührwerkstechnik in Biogasanlagen ist eine wesentliche Voraussetzung für eine optimale Vergärung und einen hohen Biogasertrag. Anhand von CFD‐Simulationen wird ein dreistufiges Zentralrührwerk auf Basis der Kriterien Energieverbrauch, Fähigkeit zur stofflichen und energetischen Homogenisierung und Verhinderung der Bildung von Schwimm‐ und Sinkschichten untersucht. Die Auswertung anhand geeigneter Kennzahlen weist auf eine unzureichende Durchmischung im oberen Teil des Fermenters und eine ungleichmäßige Belastung der Rührerwelle hin. Konstruktive Veränderungen am Rührorgan führen zu verbesserten Ergebnissen.
Adsorption – a Successful and Versatile Separation Technique Continuously Improved at Linde
Authors: Belloni Aldo 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe current Linde adsorption processes, whether using pressure swing adsorption (PSA) operations for purifying hydrogen or methane, vacuum PSA for producing oxygen or temperature swing adsorption for H2O and CO2 retention in front of air separation plants, were developed from the first steps some 30 years ago to today's high standards of process maturity and reliability. Numerous experiences from plants worldwide, in conjunction with increasingly refined design and operation tools and high‐performance laboratory test units have helped to create an ever‐expanding set of improvements for adsorption plant concepts and process implementations.
Growth Factors and Cytokines in Acute Lung Injury
Authors: Deng Jane C. , Standiford Theodore J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractCytokines and growth factors play an integral role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis, the generation of protective immunity, and lung reparative processes. However, the dysregulated expression of cytokines and growth factors in response to infectious or noxious insults can initiate and perpetuate deleterious lung inflammation and fibroproliferation. In this article, we will comprehensively review the contribution of individual cytokines and growth factors and cytokine networks to key pathophysiological events in human and experimental acute lung injury (ALI), including inflammatory cell recruitment and activation, alveolar epithelial injury and repair, angiogenesis, and matrix deposition and remodeling. The application of cytokines/growth factors as prognostic indicators and therapeutic targets in human ALI is explored. © 2011 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol1:81‐104, 2011.
Nanosizing and Nanoconfinement: New Strategies Towards Meeting Hydrogen Storage Goals
Authors: de Jongh Petra E. , Adelhelm Philipp 
Published: November 2010

AbstractHydrogen is expected to play an important role as an energy carrier in a future, more sustainable society. However, its compact, efficient, and safe storage is an unresolved issue. One of the main options is solid‐state storage in hydrides. Unfortunately, no binary metal hydride satisfies all requirements regarding storage density and hydrogen release and uptake. Increasingly complex hydride systems are investigated, but high thermodynamic stabilities as well as slow kinetics and poor reversibility are important barriers for practical application. Nanostructuring by ball‐milling is an established method to reduce crystallite sizes and increase reaction rates. Since five years attention has also turned to alternative preparation techniques that enable particle sizes below 10 nanometers and are often used in conjunction with porous supports or scaffolds. In this Review we discuss the large impact of nanosizing and ‐confinement on the hydrogen sorption properties of metal hydrides. We illustrate possible preparation strategies, provide insight into the reasons for changes in kinetics, reversibility and thermodynamics, and highlight important progress in this field. All in all we provide the reader with a clear view of how nanosizing and ‐confinement can beneficially affect the hydrogen sorption properties of the most prominent materials that are currently considered for solid‐state hydrogen storage.