bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visits by human rights mechanisms as a means of greater protection for persons deprived of their liberty
Authors: Delaplace Edouard , Pollard Matt 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAlthough international humanitarian law and human rights law were originally intended to operate in different areas of competence, thirty years of visits by human rights mechanisms to places of detention in parallel with visits made by the International Committee of the Red Cross have shown that they are clearly complementary in several respects. First, there is complementarity in terms of action, in that different but not competitive visits are made. Secondly, through the formulation of increasingly precise legal rules there is complementarity in codification. Lastly, there is institutional complementarity through cooperation between the respective bodies. The result is broader and above all more effective protection for detainees — whatever the legal status assigned to them — which, if it cannot entirely eliminate the possibility of torture and cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment, can at least help to prevent and remedy such abuses.
Protection of detainees: ICRC action behind bars
Authors: Aeschlimann Alain 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe author describes the history and the premises and characteristics of the action of the ICRC in favour of persons deprived of liberty. He believes that the efficiency of its approach, in particular the visits to detainees, is closely linked to the respect of a constant and rigorous working method including the modalities of the visits and the confidentiality of the interventions to the authorities. Finally, the implication of the ICRC is to be inscribed in a large process and is complementary to the efforts of the authorities, other organizations and mechanisms as well as of the international community at large. Its approach however remains unique in several aspects.
A haunting figure: The hostage through the ages
Authors: Herrmann Irène , Palmieri Daniel 
Published: April 2010

AbstractDespite the recurrence of hostage-taking through the ages, the subject of hostages themselves has thus far received little analysis. Classically, there are two distinct types of hostages: voluntary hostages, as was common practice during the Ancien Régime of pre-Revolution France, when high-ranking individuals handed themselves over to benevolent jailers as guarantors for the proper execution of treaties; and involuntary hostages, whose seizure is a typical procedure in all-out war where individuals are held indiscriminately and without consideration, like living pawns, to gain a decisive military upper hand. Today the status of “hostage” is a combination of both categories taken to extremes. Though chosen for pecuniary, symbolic or political reasons, hostages are generally mistreated. They are in fact both the reflection and the favoured instrument of a major moral dichotomy: that of the increasing globalization of European and American principles and the resultant opposition to it — an opposition that plays precisely on the western adherence to human and democratic values. In the eyes of his countrymen, the hostage thus becomes the very personification of the innocent victim, a troubling and haunting image.
The influence of the Muslim religion in humanitarian aid
Authors: Krafess Jamal 
Published: April 2010

AbstractActs of humanitarianism are an essential element of religious practice for the Muslim. The Quranic and prophetic texts calling for humanitarian action, defining and ordering it are numerous. They are either of an obligatory or an inciting nature and do not exclude the non-Muslims from humanitarian aid. For the Muslim to undertake a humanitarian act is a way of receiving help from heaven, of erasing sins, and of meriting Paradise. The mechanisms established by the religion (e.g. zakat, waqf, kaffara) had an unprecedented impact on the lives of the population: the freeing of slaves, a significant support for the most vulnerable, and the expansion of the educational and health-care system. Nowadays faith based Muslim NGOs follow these texts to launch varied humanitarian programmes in different domains.
Complicity and beyond: International law and the transfer of small arms and light weapons
Authors: Boivin Alexandra 
Published: April 2010

AbstractMomentum is growing around a proposed treaty governing the international transfer of small arms and light weapons. Those promoting the new instrument emphasize the existing obligations of States, under the law of State responsibility, not to aid or assist another State in violating international law. This article explores the extent to which the prohibition of “complicity” is a sufficient basis for requiring States to consider the end-use of the weapons they transfer. It offers suggestions for strengthening the effectiveness of the current draft treaty in a way that places respect for international humanitarian law and human rights at its core.
Neurobiology: A case study of the imminent militarization of biology
Authors: Wheelis Mark , Dando Malcolm 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe revolution in biology, including advances in genomics, will lead to rapid progress in the treatment of mental illness by advancing the discovery of highly specific ligands that affect specific neurological pathways. The status of brain science and its potential for military application to enhance soldier performance, to develop new weapons and to facilitate interrogation are discussed. If such applications are pursued, they will also expand the options available to torturers, dictators and terrorists. Several generic approaches to containing the malign applications of biology are shown, and it is concluded that success or failure in doing so will be significantly dependent on the active involvement of the scientific and medical communities.
Magnetic resonance imaging of oscillating electrical currents
Authors: Halpern-Manners Nicholas W. , Bajaj Vikram S. , Teisseyre Thomas Z. , Pines Alexander 
Published: April 2010

Functional MRI has become an important tool of researchers and clinicians who seek to understand patterns of neuronal activation that accompany sensory and cognitive processes. However, the interpretation of fMRI images rests on assumptions about the relationship between neuronal firing and hemodynamic response that are not firmly grounded in rigorous theory or experimental evidence. Further, the blood-oxygen-level-dependent effect, which correlates an MRI observable to neuronal firing, evolves over a period that is 2 orders of magnitude longer than the underlying processes that are thought to cause it. Here, we instead demonstrate experiments to directly image oscillating currents by MRI. The approach rests on a resonant interaction between an applied rf field and an oscillating magnetic field in the sample and, as such, permits quantitative, frequency-selective measurements of current density without spatial or temporal cancellation. We apply this method in a current loop phantom, mapping its magnetic field and achieving a detection sensitivity near the threshold required for the detection of neuronal currents. Because the contrast mechanism is under spectroscopic control, we are able to demonstrate how ramped and phase-modulated spin-lock radiation can enhance the sensitivity and robustness of the experiment. We further demonstrate the combination of these methods with remote detection, a technique in which the encoding and detection of an MRI experiment are separated by sample flow or translation. We illustrate that remotely detected MRI permits the measurement of currents in small volumes of flowing water with high sensitivity and spatial resolution.
DendroPy: a Python library for phylogenetic computing
Authors: Sukumaran Jeet , Holder Mark T. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Summary: DendroPy is a cross-platform library for the Python programming language that provides for object-oriented reading, writing, simulation and manipulation of phylogenetic data, with an emphasis on phylogenetic tree operations. DendroPy uses a splits-hash mapping to perform rapid calculations of tree distances, similarities and shape under various metrics. It contains rich simulation routines to generate trees under a number of different phylogenetic and coalescent models. DendroPy's data simulation and manipulation facilities, in conjunction with its support of a broad range of phylogenetic data formats (NEXUS, Newick, PHYLIP, FASTA, NeXML, etc.), allow it to serve a useful role in various phyloinformatics and phylogeographic pipelines.
Availability: The stable release of the library is available for download and automated installation through the Python Package Index site (http://pypi.python.org/pypi/DendroPy), while the active development source code repository is available to the public from GitHub (http://github.com/jeetsukumaran/DendroPy).
Contact: jeet@ku.edu
The Sterol Methyltransferases SMT1, SMT2, and SMT3 Influence Arabidopsis Development through Nonbrassinosteroid Products
Authors: Carland Francine , Fujioka Shozo , Nelson Timothy 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPlant sterols are structural components of cell membranes that provide rigidity, permeability, and regional identity to membranes. Sterols are also the precursors to the brassinosteroid signaling molecules. Evidence is accumulating that specific sterols have roles in pattern formation during development. COTYLEDON VASCULAR PATTERNING1 (CVP1) encodes C-24 STEROL METHYLTRANSFERASE2 (SMT2), one of three SMTs in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). SMT2 and SMT3, which also encodes a C-24 SMT, catalyze the reaction that distinguishes the synthesis of structural sterols from signaling brassinosteroid derivatives and are highly regulated. The deficiency of SMT2 in the cvp1 mutant results in moderate developmental defects, including aberrant cotyledon vein patterning, serrated floral organs, and reduced stature, but plants are viable, suggesting that SMT3 activity can substitute for the loss of SMT2. To test the distinct developmental roles of SMT2 and SMT3, we identified a transcript null smt3 mutant. Although smt3 single mutants appear wild type, cvp1 smt3 double mutants show enhanced defects relative to cvp1 mutants, such as discontinuous cotyledon vein pattern, and produce novel phenotypes, including defective root growth, loss of apical dominance, sterility, and homeotic floral transformations. These phenotypes are correlated with major alterations in the profiles of specific sterols but without significant alterations to brassinosteroid profiles. The alterations to sterol profiles in cvp1 mutants affect auxin response, demonstrated by weak auxin insensitivity, enhanced axr1 auxin resistance, ectopically expressed DR5:β-glucuronidase in developing embryos, and defective response to auxin-inhibited PIN2-green fluorescent protein endocytosis. We discuss the developmental roles of sterols implied by these results.
Erosive Wear Model of Slurry Pump Impeller
Authors: Batalović Veselin 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Erosion wear is a serious problem that constantly accompanies the operation of the system for hydraulic transportation of solid materials. The consequences are the loss of material (steel), loss of work element’s working capacity, great operational expenses, etc. The choice of new materials for working elements, improvements in construction, and optimization of the slurry flow are all various ways of softening the consequences of erosion wear that reflects on the working life of the hydraulic transportation pump’s elements. Data, which would be used for acquiring the above mentioned goals, are mainly acquired through testing in laboratory or semi industrial conditions. It has been proved that numerous influential and time effected values, complex and long term research, etc., make this job an expensive one, and the results are often solely applicable to specific operating conditions. To resolve this problem, the author suggests a combined approach: shorthand experimental researches and mathematical modeling of erosion wear. The suggested model, used for defining the mass loss of the working element affected by solid particles in the slurry, offers the possibility of introducing a greater number of influential values, some of which have a coincidental character. Through the realization of this model, wear intensity data is acquired, which are practically noncoincidental values with a great degree of reliability, and which greatly coincide with the results acquired through measurements conducted on the test facility.
Embryonated Eggs as an Alternative Infection Model To InvestigateAspergillus fumigatusVirulence
Authors: Jacobsen Ilse D. , Große Katharina , Slesiona Silvia , Hube Bernhard , Berndt Angela , Brock Matthias 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACTInfection models are essential tools for studying microbial pathogenesis. Murine models are considered the “gold standard” for studyingin vivoinfections caused byAspergillusspecies, such asA. fumigatus. Recently developed molecular protocols allow rapid construction of high numbers of fungal deletion mutants, and alternative infection models based on cell culture or invertebrates are widely used for screening such mutants to reduce the number of rodents in animal experiments. To bridge the gap between invertebrate models and mice, we have developed an alternative, low-cost, and easy-to-use infection model forAspergillusspecies based on embryonated eggs. The outcome of infections in the egg model is dose and age dependent and highly reproducible. We show that the age of the embryos affects the susceptibility toA. fumigatusand that increased resistance coincides with altered chemokine production after infection. The progress of disease in the model can be monitored by using egg survival and histology. Based on pathological analyses, we hypothesize that invasion of embryonic membranes and blood vessels leads to embryonic death. Defined deletion mutant strains previously shown to be fully virulent or partially or strongly attenuated in a mouse model of bronchopulmonary aspergillosis showed comparable degrees of attenuation in the egg model. Addition of nutrients restored the reduced virulence of a mutant lacking a biosynthetic gene, and variations of the infectious route can be used to further analyze the role of distinct genes in our model. Our results suggest that embryonated eggs can be a very useful alternative infection model to studyA. fumigatusvirulence and pathogenicity.
Characterization of the Specific Interaction between Sialoadhesin and Sialylated
Campylobacter jejuni
Lipooligosaccharides
Authors: Heikema Astrid P. , Bergman Mathijs P. , Richards Hannah , Crocker Paul R. , Gilbert Michel , Samsom Janneke N. , van Wamel Willem J. B. , Endtz Hubert P. , van Belkum Alex 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT

In
Campylobacter jejuni
-induced Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), molecular mimicry between
C. jejuni
lipooligosaccharide (LOS) and host gangliosides leads to the production of cross-reactive antibodies directed against the peripheral nerves of the host. Currently, the presence of surface exposed sialylated LOS in
C. jejuni
is the single known bacterial pathogenesis factor associated with the development of GBS. Using a unique, well-characterized strain collection, we demonstrate that GBS-associated
C. jejuni
strains bind preferentially to sialoadhesin (Sn, Siglec-1, or CD169), a sialic acid receptor found on a subset of macrophages. In addition, using a whole-cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA),
C. jejuni
strains with sialylated LOS bound exclusively to soluble Sn. Mass spectrometry revealed that binding was sialic acid-linkage specific with a preference for α(2,3)-linked sialic acid attached to the terminal galactose of the LOS chain as seen in the gangliosides GD1a, GM1b, and GM3. This molecular interaction was also related to functional consequences as a GBS-associated
C. jejuni
strain that bound Sn in a whole-cell ELISA adhered to surface-expressed Sn of Sn-transfected CHO cells but was unable to adhere to wild-type CHO cells. Moreover, a sialic acid-negative mutant of the same
C. jejuni
strain was unable to bind Sn-transfected CHO cells. This is the first report of the preferential binding of GBS-associated
C. jejuni
strains to the Sn immune receptor (
P
= 0.014). Moreover, because this binding is dependent on sialylated LOS, the main pathogenic factor in GBS progression, the present findings bring us closer to unraveling the mechanisms that lead to formation of cross-reactive antibodies in GBS disease.
Role of High-Mobility Group Box 1 Protein and Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1 Degradation inChlamydia trachomatis-Induced Cytopathicity
Authors: Yu Hangxing , Schwarzer Katja , Förster Martin , Kniemeyer Olaf , Forsbach-Birk Vera , Straube Eberhard , Rödel Jürgen 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACTAs intracellular bacteria, chlamydiae block the apoptotic pathways of their host cells. However, the infection of epithelial cells causes the loss of cell membrane integrity and can result in nonapoptotic death. Normally, cells undergoing necrosis release high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) that acts as an important proinflammatory mediator. Here, we show that inChlamydia trachomatis-infected HeLa cells HMGB1 is not translocated from the nucleus to the cytosol and not released from injured cells in increased amounts. At 48 h after infection, degradation of HMGB1 was observed. In infected cells, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1), a DNA repair enzyme that also regulates HMGB1 translocation, was found to be cleaved into fragments that correspond to a necrosislike pattern of PARP-1 degradation. Cell-free cleavage assays and immunoprecipitation using purified proteolytic fractions from infected cells demonstrated that the chlamydial-protease-like activity factor (CPAF) is responsible for the cleavage of both HMGB1 and PARP-1. Proteolytic cleavage of PARP-1 was accompanied by a significant decrease in the enzymatic activity in a time-dependent manner. The loss of PARP-1 function obviously affects the viability ofChlamydia-infected cells because silencing of PARP-1 in uninfected HeLa cells with specific small interfering RNA results in increased cell membrane permeability. Our findings suggest that theChlamydia-specific protease CPAF interferes with necrotic cell death pathways. By the degradation of HMGB1 and PARP-1, the pathogen may have evolved a strategy to reduce the inflammatory response to membrane-damaged cellsin vivo.
Helicobacter pylori
Virulence Factor Genotypes in Children in the United States: Clues about Genotype and Outcome Relationships
Authors: Yamaoka Yoshio , Reddy Rita , Graham David Y. 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT

The most common
Helicobacter pylori
genotype among 37 U.S. children was
cagA
positive,
vacA
s1m1, and
oipA
“on” (
n
= 17, 45.9%), followed by
cagA
negative,
vacA
s2m2, and
oipA
“off” (
n
= 8, 21.6%), similar to the pattern in adults.
cagA
positivity was more common in blacks than in whites (i.e., 100% versus 56.5%,
P
= 0.032).
Probiotics and Intestinal Colonization by Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci in Mice and Humans
Authors: Vidal Magali , Forestier Christiane , Charbonnel Nicolas , Henard Sandrine , Rabaud Christian , Lesens Olivier 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT

We investigated the impact of probiotics on the intestinal carriage of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). Administration of
Lactobacillus rhamnosus
Lcr35 but not
Escherichia coli
Nissle reduced, although not significantly, the density of VRE colonization in a murine model. No effect of Lcr35 was observed in a double-blind placebo randomized study, involving nine patients.
Streptococcus bovis
Meningitis and Hemorrhoids
Authors: Smith Adam Hewitt , Sra Harminder K. , Bawa Sandeep , Stevens Richard 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT

We report a case of
Streptococcus bovis
(
Streptococcus gallolyticus
subsp.
pasteurianus
) meningitis, a rare cause of central nervous system (CNS) infection in an adult, and comment on the importance of investigation of the lower gastrointestinal tract to identify a portal of entry in cases of systemic
Streptococcus bovis
infection.
Understanding the dynamics of information management costs
Authors: Tallon Paul P. 
Published: April 2010

Introduction

Over the past decade, the mountains of data accumulating within firms - expanding at an annual rate of 30-50% and fueled in part by recent legislation such as
SEC Rule 17a-4
mandating the retention of electronic communications (for example, email and instant messaging) in financial services firms for periods of up to three years - has forced information technology (IT) executives to ask how should this data deluge be managed. Intel, whose data warehouse is currently estimated at over 30 petabytes has increased its data storage by an average of 35% annually with the expectation that, if current trends continue, its data center could expand to 165 petabytes by 2014. Yet even as data volumes climb, causing data centers to double in size every other year, an innovation-led drop in annual per-gigabyte storage costs of between 35-45% (see Figure 1) has failed to halt the rise in storage spending.

With organizing and utilizing data now seen as one of the most critical issues facing firms worldwide, IT executives note that non-discretionary IT spending - 25% of which covers information management costs and storage infrastructure, in particular - has now reached a point where strategic IT initiatives are at risk. Hence, CIOs have a pressing need to understand the dynamics of information management costs and their ability to control these costs through carefully chosen policies governing data collection and retention. Knowing how these costs behave, CIOs can continue to support the data needs of their firms without limiting their IT goals.
To begin this process, we examine a tiered information framework that, by considering the value of information, allows CIOs to comprehend the interplay of market forces that shape information costs. Lastly, we review several challenges posed by our framework that future academic research can help to resolve.
Roles of the external IT project manager
Authors: Reich Blaize Horner , Sauer Chris 
Published: April 2010

Introduction

IT projects are increasing in scope and complexity, fuelled by intense business competition, ever improving technology, and complex organizational structures and processes. In many cases, companies turn to suppliers of IT services -- systems integrators, consulting project managers, and software solutions providers -- to deliver their tough projects. There are many reasons to look for outside help, including staff shortages, risk reduction, and access to specialized industry or technical knowledge. External project managers are expected not only to successfully deliver against targets, but also to help the organization realize value for money.
To understand how external IT project managers can perform successfully, two questions need to be asked:
• What roles (beyond those of traditional project management) must external project managers fulfil?
• How can they prepare themselves for these roles?
We conducted a set of interviews with leading external project managers (see box for details of the study), focusing on those who manage transformational IT projects.
Their answers take us beyond previous discussions of the need for a project team management role and an external business-facing role.
This article first explains the research study (see the exhibit) and then discusses the roles and skills required of today's external IT project manager. Selected quotes from interviewees are shown as italicized text. It concludes with recommendations about personal and professional development for those entering into external project manager roles.