bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Property and Water
Authors: TAGGART MICHAEL 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter looks at the uncertainty surrounding the law as regarding subterranean water at the time the Bradford Waterworks legislation was being promoted in 1840. This may explain why the Bradford Water Company, and later the Corporation, did not secure rights to the continued flow of the water under East Many Wells Farm owned by Edward Pickles. The chapter also discusses the 19th-century development of water law in greater detail to put the decision in Pickles in a broader legal context. The absolute nature of the property right in underground water established in the case reverberates beyond the small corner of water law relating to appropriation of flowing underground water. The Bradford Waterworks Act 1842 is also considered, along with William Blackstone's treatment of water law and his conception of property, case law and literature between Blackstone and 1840, developments between the time of incorporation of the Bradford Waterworks in 1842 and the Pickles litigation in the 1890s, American law on water and property in the 19th century, legal category of subterranean water in a defined stream, pollution of percolating waters, and absolutism in property.
A World of Standards
Authors: Brunsson Nils , Jacobsson Bengt 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In the modern world, there is no shortage of people who know what is best for others. Self-appointed experts, consultants, and organizations try to convince states, corporations, and individuals that they would be better off if they only followed some specific rules about what to do. These rules are presented as being voluntary and advisory. They are standards, not mandatory directives, and they abound in modern life. Standards may concern what characteristics a telephone should have, how a company should report its financial transactions, how organizations should be managed, how states should treat their citizens, how children should be raised, and so forth. Even organizations as powerful as states and large corporations follow standards on how to organize, which policies to pursue, what kinds of services to provide, or how their products should be designed. Standards enable a higher degree of global order in the modern world than would exist without them. They facilitate coordination and cooperation even among people and organizations that are far apart. The book states that standardization is a much neglected area of social science — an area that has by no means received the attention it deserves in view of its importance to society. This book redresses the balance by providing an in-depth examination of a number of aspects of standardization, how it is formed, and what effects it has on the world in which we live.
The Contemporary Expansion of Standardization
Authors: Brunsson Nils , Jacobsson Bengt 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book discusses standards and standardization — the production of standards — as a form of regulation, and argues that standards generate a strong element of global order in the modern world. People and organizations all over the world follow the same standards. Standards facilitate coordination and cooperation on a global scale and create similarity and homogeneity even among people and organizations far apart from one another. Standards are instruments of control, and standardization is a form of regulation just as crucial as hierarchies and markets. This book looks at a number of aspects of standardization, how standards are created, and their consequences. Some examples of standardizers and standards as well as the adopters of the standards are given.
Selling Standards
Authors: Henning Roger 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter looks at three case studies of standardizers within the quality area as the basis for a discussion of how standardizers try to persuade others to follow their standards. All three standardizers are from Sweden: the Swedish Institute for Quality and its Swedish Quality Award, the national standards organization Standardization in Sweden and the International Organization for Standardization's (ISO) 9000 family of standards, and a consulting firm with its model of management by objectives. All three standards are intended to guarantee that production has been organized according to a number of structural elements which reflect certain minimum requirements.
Standardization and Fashion Trends
Authors: Brunsson Nils 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Great uniformity can exist across space but a small one across time. Many actors share similarities in each period but the characteristics that are similar are not stable. Instead, these characteristics are different in different periods. The combination of a high degree of uniformity in space and diversity or variation across time is commonly known as fashion. In this chapter, it is called fashion trend, which may refer to clothing style or car model and be ultimately concerned with aesthetics. Fashion trends also exist in other areas that are usually considered more technical, such as techniques used to achieve certain goals in business, politics, or child care. Fashion trends may result from standardization; change occurs when adopters of standards begin to do things differently after a time. The chapter discusses the cropping-up model of organizational forms, reforms, and discourse.
Corporate Networks in Europe and the United States
Authors: Windolf Paul 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Corporate networks form part of the institutional structure of markets and the business environment, enabling firms to coordinate their behaviour and regulate competition. Networks perform a number of economic functions: they reduce information asymmetries and uncertainty, and facilitate the redistribution of risk between banks, firms, and investors. Within these networks, firms collectively monitor one another and owners supervise their managers. This book analyses comparative data on interlocking directorates and capital networks between large corporations in the United States and five countries in Europe: Germany, Great Britain, France, Switzerland, and the Netherlands. The structure of corporate networks is shaped by the traditions, culture, and institutions of a country. Corporate networks may be considered as a configuration of firms that are connected to one another by managers (interlocks), or as a configuration of managers who meet each other on the board of directors (network of the economic elite). The resources on which the dominance of the economic elite is based are bureaucratic power, property rights, and social capital. Bureaucratic control over a company is linked with property rights in the context of specific network configurations that vary between countries and lead to differing forms of managerial control. In the transitional economies, the type of capitalism that is evolving somewhat resembles Western managerial capitalism, but with certain significant differences. Privatization created a relatively high concentration of ownership. There is no clear-cut separation of ownership and control, but rather a balance of power between managers and owners.
2 The Structure of Corporate Networks
Authors: WINDOLF PAUL 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter offers a comprehensive analysis of corporate networks between major firms in the United States and five countries in Europe: Germany, Great Britain, France, Switzerland, and the Netherlands. It shows that the structure of networks can be compared with the dominant forms of intermediary interest representation found in each country. In Germany, the network between companies is dense, comprehensive, centralized, and corresponds in this regard with the corporatist structures also existing in the country. German corporate networks and capital networks overlap considerably, meaning that companies are not only linked together through interlocking directorates but also often through capital networks (ownership relationships). In Great Britain, the network is sparse, non-comprehensive (a large percentage of isolated companies), and non-centralized. The potential influence in this network is diffuse and not geared toward the organization of markets. This chapter looks at the relationship between markets and institutions, networks as part of the market order, regulation of competition through the so-called organization, differences in network structures, capital networks, and centrality of firms in the network.
The Manufacture and Distribution of Goods
Authors: Barron Caroline M. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the extensive manufacturing activities of medieval London: in particular cloth-working of all kinds, leather working, tailoring, and metalworking, especially the manufacture of pewter goods and high-quality gold and silver objects. It considers the key role played by Londoners in distributing throughout England their own manufactured goods as well as the numerous imported wares brought to the city, and also the process whereby the buying and selling of goods moved away from the great fairs into permanent shops in towns, especially in London.
Rulers and Raj
Authors: NEWBURY COLIN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Preservation of Indian princes under the Crown kept most states outside the jurisdiction of British India. Company precedents, rather than prescriptive regulations, influenced the role of political officers as envoys and advisers to maharajas and chieftains of client states. In practice, officers were brokers for more distant patrons located in regional presidencies — the central government's Foreign and Political Department and in the Viceroy's Council. Methods of supervision included creation of a network of clients of the resident and influencing state revenues through an appointed dewan (finance minister). Some states yielded resources through loans, railway and mineral concessions and regiments. As in all patron-client relations there was bargaining for advantage, willing loyalty, and sullen opposition. Some rulers were deposed. For others, imperial honours and improvement in the internal administration of patrimonial courts sheltered princes from the challenge of nationalist opposition. But official patronage could not secure for princes a constitutional role in an independent India.
Southern Africa
Authors: NEWBURY COLIN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In South Africa, there are some significant examples of alliance and imperial patronage by co-optation of Zulu chiefdoms for warfare, and in using client chiefs to bring about the downfall of King Cetschwayo in 1883. Lesotho, Botswana, and Swaziland, as High Commission territories, became imperial clients under traditional chiefs and assemblies, forming their own patron parties in the 1960s to protect traditional lineages that predominated over small educated elites in states that became nominally independent, 1965-66. Thus, in the former High Commission territories the politics of patronage triumphed over constitutional blueprints. There is also evidence that neo-traditonal forms of clientage have survived among Xhosa communities and in peri-urban slums in South Africa.
Regulating Contracts
Authors: Collins Hugh 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Using an interdisciplinary approach involving economics, sociology, and law, this book explores fundamental questions about the purposes and effects of legal regulation of contractual relationships. What kind of social relations do contracts create, or, more precisely, how do contracts govern social interaction. How are contractual relations, or more generally, markets constructed? Does the law play a significant role in particular practices, and in particular, what do lawyers, courts, and legal sanctions contribute to the contractual social order? For what distributive purposes does the law attempt regulation? The controversial conclusions of this study suggest that the law plays an insignificant role in the construction of markets, and that law and lawyers could provide better assistance by using indeterminate regulation that permits the recontextualization of legal reasoning. Legal regulation of contracts concerned with redistributive tasks, such as redressing unfairness, countering unjust power relations, and improving access to justice, is evaluated both with respect to the objectives of regulation and the search for the most efficient and efficacious form of regulation. The argument in the book is that control of unfairness is both desirable and practicable, that power relations should be modified for the sake of efficiency, and that better access to justice is unhelpful to the resolution of contractual disputes.
Contract as Thing
Authors: Collins Hugh 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers the role played by the law in the construction of certain types of financial transactions. It focuses on two types of financial instruments: negotiable instruments and futures contracts. These transactions have considerable importance in commerce, but they present the almost intractable problems in both their creation and their legal regulation. These problems are so intense that it is argued that private law has proved incapable of providing any productive assistance in the construction or regulation of these transactions, and that the legal system as a whole is almost irrelevant to these trading relations.
Power and Governance
Authors: Collins Hugh 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the reasons for the construction of relations of domination and subordination through contracts in three diverse contexts: consumer purchases under standard form contracts, the employment relation and other types of agency, and in networks of contracts that amount to inchoate organizations. In each context, the possible objects of regulation, and how those objects might by accomplished efficiently and effectively, are considered. It is argued that the objective should not be simply to attempt to combat relations of domination, but rather to improve the efficiency of these types of contract by revising their structures and market contexts.
Cyrene: Typical or Atypical?
Authors: MITCHELL BARBARA 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the history of the Theran colony of Cyrene during the two centuries or so from its foundation about 630 bc to the end of the Battiad monarchy. It discusses how far politically it was similar to or differed from other contemporary Greek colonies. Its especially distinguishing feature is the long-lasting Battiad monarchy, which will be the central focus.
Aristotle and the Mixed Constitution
Authors: LINTOTT ANDREW 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In the Politics Aristotle appears in more than one guise — as an analyst of the nature of the polis and political activity and as the proponent of an ideal polis. The detailed examination of existing constitutions in books 2-6 mixes analysis with recommendations to lawgivers and statesmen in the various types of city. Aristotle here acts as a sort of political consultant and indeed proffers advice to political leaders in cities of whose constitutions he does not approve. However, he also manifests preferences of his own for constitutions that in his view are correct: his touchstone is that they should be oriented towards the exercise of virtue and the common interest. The most problematic and intriguing of these is the so-called politeia, which is the correct form of democracy. As expounded by him, it is a mixed or blended constitution. Although this was a rarity in actual fact, both then and later, the notion of the mixed constitution was to play an important part in political theory both in the ancient world and more recently, from about AD 1500 to the time of the American Revolution. This chapter look closely at its Greek origins.
12 Space, Hierarchy, and Community in Archaic and Classical Macedonia, Thessaly, and Thrace
Authors: ARCHIBALD ZOSIA HALINA 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Detailed spatial exploration and analysis have been successfully applied by archaeologists in parts of north-west Europe, providing a great deal of information about the nature of socio-economic interaction within and between given regions, information which can also be used to infer socio-political relationships. The analysis of spatial relations has rarely been used by classical archaeologists as a method of understanding intercommunity contacts of a socio-economic or political kind, despite the successful application of such methods by geographers. Yet such methods are particularly appropriate in the study of ethnos-dominated regions. This chapter explores how we might begin to examine the interplay of spatial with other factors in Thessaly, Macedonia, and Thrace.
A Wholly Non-Aristotelian Universe: The Molossians as Ethnos, State, and Monarchy
Authors: DAVIES J. K. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The history of the Molossians features all too rarely in the textbooks. Yet the increase in relevant epigraphic documentation, and the quality of loving scholarly attention which it has recently been receiving, have combined to shed such extra light on the region's affairs and political articulation that it is becoming possible to recognize that it provides a valuable case study of the themes and preoccupations of the present volume. This chapter brings the evidence before a wider audience which may not be fully aware of recent and current work, especially that of Nicholas Hammond and Pierre Cabanes. It focuses on the 4th century bc rather than on Epirus in Pyrrhus' time or on its 3rd-century vicissitudes and the shift to republic c.232, since it seems to have been in the late 5th and the 4th centuries that the main work of political creativity in the region was being carried forward.
The Emergence of Public Credit:War, Revenue, and High Politics, 1643–1721
Authors: ASHWORTH WILLIAM J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
By the early 19th century, piercing commentary on the corrupting and wasteful effects of war, the expansion of the state, and the intense consumptions of public funds had spread across the country. This chapter discusses the events during the 18th century that led to such epidemic and widespread concern among the population. The starting point to answering this question is the 17th-century relationship between the crown and parliament with respect to the question of revenue.
Liberty, Property, and the Excise
Authors: ASHWORTH WILLIAM J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Robert Walpole's appointment as First Lord of the Treasury enabled him to recapture public confidence in the credibility of the government's financial dealings and preserve the central aim of the South Sea Company's scheme, namely, the conversion of a large portion of the long-term national debt into a redeemable stock. From now on the most important elements of future dealings were social as well as economic budgeting, which involved the skilful management and courtship of the money market and ensuring the efficient gathering of revenue. Walpole was adept at this important aspect of political maneuvering, which, in turn, enabled a long period of financial consolidation and relative stability. This chapter shows that at the heart of Walpole's administrative fiscal policy was the excise.
Delusion? Trust, Credit, and the Excise
Authors: ASHWORTH WILLIAM J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
England's success in maintaining its credit was the marvel and envy of the 18th century, which contributed to its rise as a major commercial, military, and industrial power. The dominant consensus among ruling ranks during the late 17th and early 18th centuries was characterized by a prevalent anti-consuming mentality sunk within a classical notion of civic politics. This chapter shows that, ultimately, this view could not combat the implicit contradiction and inevitability that a hunger for state revenue had to encourage greater consumption of any product that could be profitably taxed.
‘His leering eyes gives such a look’: The World of Excise
Authors: ASHWORTH WILLIAM J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of the work of excise officers. It then discusses excise training and method. The first available manual for excise gauging was written by excise commissioner Thomas Everard. He also developed a slide rule based on logarithmic scale to enable officers to solve various gauging problems.
Managing the Dissemination of Competences
Authors: Stein Johan , RidderstrÅle Jonas 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on knowledge management processes involved in the dissemination of organizational competence. It offsets rationalistic economic models that implicitly assume that people actively direct their attention to those who are supposed to ‘know more’; immediately understand (that is, interpret correctly) what an expert is saying; assimilate objectively better knowledge without losing any of its content, either quantitatively or qualitatively; diffuse this knowledge to colleagues in a similar manner and for the benefit of the firm. Such simplistic models contradict many findings of cognitive psychology and sociology and overlook ways in which a social context often hampers processes of knowledge dissemination. Empirical studies substantiate that people often shift between states of ‘knowing more than they can say’, ‘saying more than they know’, and ‘hearing things different from what is said’. To manage such practical problems, some managers are devising new strategies to improve the efficiency of competence dissemination processes. These include socialization and education, compensation and documentation, toleration and motivation, communication and rotation, communication and reflection, correction and selection, and socialization and standardization.
Towards A Knowledge-Based Framework of Competence Development
Authors: Raub Steffen P. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The theory of competence-based competition emphasizes the importance of strategic learning and knowledge management for the development of organizational competence. This approach presents an opportunity for linking the literature on competence-based competition with the existing body of research on organizational learning and knowledge management. This chapter discusses elements of a knowledge-based framework of competence development. Based on an in-depth case study of various ecology-related projects in a large Swiss retailing company, competence development is described as a sequence of imagination, implementation, and integration activities. The knowledge-related processes in each stage are analyzed by observing the role of know-what, know-why, and know-how, as well as the links between these different levels of organizational knowledge. The conclusion suggests implications of this framework for further research on competence-based competition.