bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring the effectiveness of offensive match‐play in professional soccer
Authors: Tenga Albin , Ronglan Lars T. , Bahr Roald 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe broader measures of offensive effectiveness, such as scoring opportunities and shots at goal, are commonly used as an alternative to goals scored due to the naturally low probability of scoring (about 1%) in soccer match‐play. These measures may enable soccer practitioners to objectively see behind single match results, which are often influenced by chance. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between broader measures (scoring opportunities and score box possessions) and the ultimate measure (goals scored) of offensive effectiveness. We analysed data from videotapes of 163 of 182 (90%) matches played in the Norwegian men's professional league during the 2004 season. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed very similar results when comparing the effectiveness of different offensive tactics, regardless of which outcome was used. For example, counterattacks were more effective than elaborate attacks in producing goals (odds ratio OR=2.07, 95% confidence interval: 1.40 to 3.05), scoring opportunities (OR=2.30, 95% confidence interval: 1.28 to 4.15), and score box possessions (OR=2.12, 95% confidence interval: 1.39 to 3.25). The receiver‐operating characteristic function statistical procedure was used to examine the association between each of the three measures of offensive effectiveness: scoring opportunities, score box possessions, and goals scored. No significant difference was observed between the area under the curve (AUC) for the broader measures (scoring opportunities and score box possessions) and the ultimate measure (goals scored) of offensive effectiveness. The 95% confidence interval of the AUC for both scoring opportunities (0.74–0.84) and score box possessions (0.68–0.76) includes the AUC for goals scored (0.74). Thus, the results are very similar regardless of which outcome measure for offensive effectiveness is used. This indicates that scoring opportunities and score box possessions (shooting opportunities) can be used as a proxy for goals scored when comparing the effectiveness of different playing tactics in soccer. Compared with goals scored, using scoring opportunities or score box possessions requires smaller match samples for meaningful analyses, and may therefore be more feasible alternatives.
Effective attacking strategies in rugby union
Authors: Wheeler Keane W. , Askew Christopher D. , Sayers Mark G. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractEvasive change‐of‐direction manoeuvres (agility skills) are a fundamental ability in rugby union. In this study, we explored the attributes of agility skill execution as they relate to effective attacking strategies in rugby union. Seven Super 14 games were coded using variables that assessed team patterns and individual movement characteristics during attacking ball carries. The results indicated that tackle‐breaks are a key determinant of try‐scoring ability and team success in rugby union. The ability of the attacking ball carrier to receive the ball at high speed with at least two body lengths from the defence line against an isolated defender promoted tackle‐breaks. Furthermore, the execution of a side‐step evasive manoeuvre at a change of direction angle of 20–60° and a distance of one to two body lengths from the defence, and then straightening the running line following the initial direction change at an angle of 20–60°, was associated with tackle‐breaks. This study provides critical insight regarding the attributes of agility skill execution that are associated with effective ball carries in rugby union.
LOX: inferring Level Of eXpression from diverse methods of census sequencing
Authors: Zhang Zhang , López-Giráldez Francesc , Townsend Jeffrey P. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSummary: We present LOX (Level Of eXpression) that estimates the Level Of gene eXpression from high-throughput-expressed sequence datasets with multiple treatments or samples. Unlike most analyses, LOX incorporates a gene bias model that facilitates integration of diverse transcriptomic sequencing data that arises when transcriptomic data have been produced using diverse experimental methodologies. LOX integrates overall sequence count tallies normalized by total expressed sequence count to provide expression levels for each gene relative to all treatments as well as Bayesian credible intervals.Availability: http://www.yale.edu/townsend/software.htmlContact: jeffrey.townsend@yale.edu
A highly accurate statistical approach for the prediction of transmembrane β-barrels
Authors: Freeman Thomas C. , Wimley William C. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Motivation: Transmembrane β-barrels (TMBBs) belong to a special structural class of proteins predominately found in the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts. TMBBs are surface-exposed proteins that perform a variety of functions ranging from nutrient acquisition to osmotic regulation. These properties suggest that TMBBs have great potential for use in vaccine or drug therapy development. However, membrane proteins, such as TMBBs, are notoriously difficult to identify and characterize using traditional experimental approaches and current prediction methods are still unreliable.
Results: A prediction method based on the physicochemical properties of experimentally characterized TMBB structures was developed to predict TMBB-encoding genes from genomic databases. The Freeman–Wimley prediction algorithm developed in this study has an accuracy of 99% and MCC of 0.748 when using the most efficient prediction criteria, which is better than any previously published algorithm.
Availability: The MS Windows-compatible application is available for download at http://www.tulane.edu/∼biochem/WW/apps.html
Contact: wwimley@tulane.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Rationale and design of the ‘aldosterone receptor blockade in diastolic heart failure’ trial: a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled, parallel group study to determine the effects of spironolactone on exercise capacity and diastolic function in patients with symptomatic diastolic heart failure (Aldo‐DHF)
Authors: Edelmann Frank , Schmidt Albrecht G. , Gelbrich Götz , Binder Lutz , Herrmann‐Lingen Christoph , Halle Martin , Hasenfuss Gerd , Wachter Rolf , Pieske Burkert 
Published: June 2010

AimsIncreasing evidence suggests that enhanced aldosterone signalling plays a key role in the onset and progression of diastolic heart failure (DHF). Aldo‐DHF will test the hypothesis that aldosterone receptor blockade by spironolactone will improve exercise capacity and diastolic function in patients with DHF.MethodsAldo‐DHF is a randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blinded, two‐armed, multicentre, parallel group study. Four hundred and twenty patients with DHF will be randomly assigned to receive spironolactone 25 mg per day or placebo. The main inclusion criteria are: age ≥ 50 years, New York Heart Association II/III, preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (≥50%), and echocardiographic evidence of diastolic dysfunction. The two primary endpoints are changes in exercise capacity (peak VO2, spiroergometry) and in diastolic function (E/é, echocardiography) after 12 months. Secondary endpoints include effects of spironolactone on additional parameters of exercise performance and diastolic as well as systolic function, neurohumoral activation, and quality of life. Morbidity and mortality as well as safety aspects will also be assessed.ConclusionAldo‐DHF is the first large‐scale clinical trial to evaluate the effects of aldosterone receptor blockade on exercise capacity and diastolic function in patients with DHF. Aldo‐DHF will provide important information about the clinical course of this condition and may have significant impact on treatment strategies and future trials in these patients.
Development of a Novel Aluminum Tolerance Phenotyping Platform Used for Comparisons of Cereal Aluminum Tolerance and Investigations into Rice Aluminum Tolerance Mechanisms
Authors: Famoso Adam N. , Clark Randy T. , Shaff Jon E. , Craft Eric , McCouch Susan R. , Kochian Leon V. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The genetic and physiological mechanisms of aluminum (Al) tolerance have been well studied in certain cereal crops, and Al tolerance genes have been identified in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). Rice (Oryza sativa) has been reported to be highly Al tolerant; however, a direct comparison of rice and other cereals has not been reported, and the mechanisms of rice Al tolerance are poorly understood. To facilitate Al tolerance phenotyping in rice, a high-throughput imaging system and root quantification computer program was developed, permitting quantification of the entire root system, rather than just the longest root. Additionally, a novel hydroponic solution was developed and optimized for Al tolerance screening in rice and compared with the Yoshida's rice solution commonly used for rice Al tolerance studies. To gain a better understanding of Al tolerance in cereals, comparisons of Al tolerance across cereal species were conducted at four Al concentrations using seven to nine genetically diverse genotypes of wheat, maize (Zea mays), sorghum, and rice. Rice was significantly more tolerant than maize, wheat, and sorghum at all Al concentrations, with the mean Al tolerance level for rice found to be 2- to 6-fold greater than that in maize, wheat, and sorghum. Physiological experiments were conducted on a genetically diverse panel of more than 20 rice genotypes spanning the range of rice Al tolerance and compared with two maize genotypes to determine if rice utilizes the well-described Al tolerance mechanism of root tip Al exclusion mediated by organic acid exudation. These results clearly demonstrate that the extremely high levels of rice Al tolerance are mediated by a novel mechanism, which is independent of root tip Al exclusion.
Involvement of Auxin and Brassinosteroid in the Regulation of Petiole Elongation under the Shade
Authors: Kozuka Toshiaki , Kobayashi Junko , Horiguchi Gorou , Demura Taku , Sakakibara Hitoshi , Tsukaya Hirokazu , Nagatani Akira 
Published: June 2010

AbstractPlants grown under a canopy recognize changes in light quality and modify their growth patterns; this modification is known as shade avoidance syndrome. In leaves, leaf blade expansion is suppressed, whereas petiole elongation is promoted under the shade. However, the mechanisms that control these responses are largely unclear. Here, we demonstrate that both auxin and brassinosteroid (BR) are required for the normal leaf responses to shade in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The microarray analysis of leaf blades and petioles treated with end-of-day far-red light (EODFR) revealed that almost half of the genes induced by the treatment in both parts were previously identified as auxin-responsive genes. Likewise, BR-responsive genes were overrepresented in the EODFR-induced genes. Hence, the auxin and BR responses were elevated by EODFR treatment in both leaf blades and petioles, although opposing growth responses were observed in these two parts. The analysis of the auxin-deficient doc1/big mutant and the BR-deficient rot3/cyp90c1 mutant further indicates that auxin and BR were equally required for the normal petiole elongation response to the shade stimulus. In addition, the spotlight irradiation experiment revealed that phytochrome in leaf blades but not that in petioles regulated petiole elongation, which was probably mediated through regulation of the auxin/BR responses in petioles. On the basis of these findings, we conclude that auxin and BR cooperatively promote petiole elongation in response to the shade stimulus under the control of phytochrome in the leaf blade.
The role of micronucleus scoring in fine needle aspirates of ductal carcinoma of the breast
Authors: Samanta S. , Dey P. , Nijhawan R. 
Published: June 2010

S. Samanta, P. Dey and R. NijhawanThe role of micronucleus scoring in fine needle aspirates of ductal carcinoma of the breastAims and objectives: Micronucleus (MN) scoring was carried out in benign (fibroadenoma) and malignant (infiltrating ductal carcinoma) breast lesions to evaluate the role of MN as a biomarker in breast carcinomas. We also compared MN scores among different cytological grades of breast carcinoma.Materials and methods: A total of 31 archival cases of fibroadenoma (FA) and 40 cases of infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) were selected. The best May‐Grünwald–Giemsa (MGG) stained fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) smear of each case was selected. The MN scoring was carried out independently by two observers on 1000 epithelial cells in oil immersion magnification (100× objective). The MN scores in FA and IDC were compared. The IDC cases were graded and the MN scores in different cytological grades of IDC were compared.Results: The mean MN scores (± standard deviation) in FA and IDC were 0.6 (± 1.1) and 13.6 (± 12.8), respectively, which were significantly different (P < 0.0001). There were seven grade 1, 13 grade 2, and 20 grade 3 IDCs. The mean MN scores (± standard deviation) of grade 1, 2 and 3 IDC were 4.3 (± 2.3), 11.95 (± 9.2) and 21.1 (± 16.7), respectively. An analysis of variance (anova) test showed a significant difference in MN score between all the grades of IDC (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between fibroadenoma and grade 1 IDC. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient showed positive correlations between MN scoring in the different grades of IDC.Conclusions: MN scoring on routinely stained smears of IDCs was significantly higher than in fibroadenoma and was relatively easy, reliable and reproducible. As MN scoring of grade 1 IDC was similar to fibroadenoma, a larger study should be conducted to compare grade 1 IDC with other benign breast lesions.
Grass snakes exploit anthropogenic heat sources to overcome distributional limits imposed by oviparity
Authors: Löwenborg Kristin , Shine Richard , Kärvemo Simon , Hagman Mattias 
Published: June 2010

Summary 1. A lack of warm nest‐sites prevents oviparous reptile species from reproducing in cool climates; such areas are dominated by viviparous species because sun‐seeking pregnant females can maintain high temperatures for their developing offspring. 2. Our field and laboratory studies show that one oviparous species (the grass snake, Natrix natrix) escapes this cold‐climate constraint (and hence, extends much further north in Europe than do other oviparous taxa) by ovipositing in a thermally distinctive man‐made microhabitat (manure heaps on farms). 3. In the field, temperatures inside manure heaps averaged 30·7 °C, much higher than compost heaps (20·6 °C) or potential natural nest‐sites under logs and rocks (15·5 °C). 4. In the laboratory, higher incubation temperatures not only hastened hatching, but also increased hatching success and modified the body sizes, colours, and locomotor abilities of hatchlings. Incubation temperatures typical of manure heaps (rather than alternative nest‐sites) resulted in larger, faster offspring that hatched earlier in the season. 5. Thus, anthropogenic activities have generated potential nest‐sites offering thermal regimes not naturally available in the region; and grass snakes have exploited that opportunity to escape the thermal limits that restrict geographic distributions of other oviparous reptile taxa.
Application of microseismic multiplet analysis to the Basel geothermal reservoir stimulation events
Authors: Dyer B.C. , Schanz U. , Spillmann T. , Ladner F. , Häring M.O. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTThe stimulation of a geothermal well in Basel, Switzerland produced a distribution of microseismic event locations with an overall alignment in the direction of the maximum horizontal stress. Fault plane solutions of individual larger events indicated movements on fracture planes at an angle to the maximum horizontal stress that could not be reliably interpreted from the event locations. To obtain higher resolution images of the microseismic event locations, events with similar waveforms have been identified by multiplet analysis. A number of receivers were used in the multiplet processing to ensure each multiplet is represented by a unique group of waveforms. The location accuracy within each multiplet has been significantly improved using cross‐correlation to refine the shear‐wave traveltime picks. The distribution of events within each multiplet can be interpreted as being due to movements on a single fracture or a number of near parallel fractures. It is shown that whilst the overall distribution of events is around the direction of the maximum horizontal stress, the individual multiplets representing fracture planes have a variety of azimuths and dips.
Weed flora and dormant‐season cover crops have no effects on arbuscular mycorrhizae of grapevine
Authors: BAUMGARTNER K , FUJIYOSHI P , SMITH R , BETTIGA L 
Published: June 2010

Baumgartner K, Fujiyoshi P, Smith R & Bettiga L (2010). Weed flora and dormant‐season cover crops have no effects on arbuscular mycorrhizae of grapevine. Weed Research50, 456–466.SummaryWe tested the hypothesis that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) diversity and colonisation of grapevine increase with increasing frequency and diversity of mycorrhizal hosts on the vineyard floor. The vineyard floor cover was manipulated by cover cropping (rye, triticale) inter‐rows, and implementing weed control treatments in intra‐row areas. Weed control treatments were the standard practice of pre‐emergence applications of oxyfluorfen or simazine, and alternatives of post‐emergence applications of glyphosate or oxyfluorfen, and cultivation. Grapevine mycorrhizal colonisation and frequency, diversity and richness of mycorrhizal weeds were examined for 3 years, after which AMF diversity was evaluated using PCR. Canonical correspondence analyses showed that weed control, but not cover crops, affected weed composition; cultivation and post‐emergence treatments were dominated by mycorrhizal weeds (Sonchus oleraceus and Conyza canadensis respectively), pre‐emergence treatments were dominated by non‐mycorrhizal Cyperus esculentus. Weed frequency varied among treatments; cultivation was less effective than both herbicide treatments in the first year, and both cultivation and post‐emergence herbicide were least effective in the last year. Therefore, the alternative weed control methods may not be as effective as the pre‐emergence herbicide. Weed control had a significant interaction with year on frequency, diversity and richness of mycorrhizal weeds, none of which correlated with grapevine mycorrhizal colonisation. Our finding of no effect of weed control on grapevine mycorrhizae, despite significant effects on weeds, provide no support our hypothesis, but rather suggest that mycorrhizal hosts on the vineyard floor have no influence on grapevine mycorrhizae.
Drought advances spring growth phenology of the Mediterranean shrubErica multiflora
Authors: Bernal M. , Estiarte M. , Peñuelas J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractCurrent climate projections predict drier and warmer conditions in the Mediterranean basin over the next century. While advanced spring growth due to warming has been described in the literature, few data are available on the effects of drought on phenology. Hence, the phenology and growth of two Mediterranean shrubs,Erica multifloraandGlobularia alypum, was studied in a rainfall exclusion field experiment to simulate spring drought in a natural shrubland. We estimated the onset of growth in spring by monitoring the appearance of new stems, and the end of growth in summer by following the elongation of stems. Drought treatment caused earlier onset of the spring growing season inE. multiflora,whereas no advance was observed inG. alypum. However, growth cessation was not affected inE. multiflora. Drought reduced the growth of both shrubs, as reflected in less stem elongation. The results show that a drier climate might affect not only growth but also spring phenology of some Mediterranean species. We suggest that a reduction in the cooling effect of transpiration may have analogous effects to warming and might advance the start of growth inE. multiflora,a species whose phenology has been described as warming‐sensitive. The lengthening of the growing season resulting from advanced growth did not imply higher productivity, as growth was restricted by drought.
Evidence for Rapid Changes in the Population Genetic Structure of Magnaporthe oryzae in Southern Spain
Authors: Lara‐Á lvarez Isaac , Tharreau Didier , Aguilar‐Portero Manuel , Castejón‐Muñoz Mercedes 
Published: June 2010

AbstractPrevious studies of European populations of the blast fungus (Magnaporthe oryzae) have shown the existence of five clonal lineages. Three of them were common to different countries, whereas one was specific to Hungary and another was specific to Spain. But these studies were carried out on a limited number of individuals and pointed out a need for more extensive studies in each European rice‐growing area. In addition, temporal evolution of M. oryzae populations is also poorly documented. In this study, we focused on Guadalquivir delta region in southern Spain. A total of 186 M. oryzae isolates were collected from various farmer and experimental fields, on diverse cultivars, over the period 1999–2003, and characterized for their genotypic and pathotypic diversity. Five lineages were identified, one of which was detected for the first time in Europe (E6). The E6 lineage, which was collected over the period 2000–2003, became dominant in 2000. Pathotyping confirmed previous results of a narrow diversity for virulence spectrum in European lineages. Five dominant pathotypes were identified, each one corresponding to a single pathotype. Drastic changes in lineage relative frequencies were observed from one year to another. The origin of such changes is discussed.
Ultrastructure of the Initial Interaction ofPuccinia arachidisandCercosporidium personatumwith Leaves ofArachis hypogaeaandArachis stenosperma
Authors: De Macedo Leal‐Bertioli Soraya Cristina , De Farias Marcelo Picanço , Silva Pedro Íalo Tanno , Guimarães Patricia Messenberg , Brasileiro Ana Cristina Miranda , Bertioli David John , De Araujo Ana Claudia Guerra 
Published: June 2010

AbstractCultivated peanut,Arachis hypogaeaL., is an economically important species. It is very susceptible to different stresses to which wild species are mostly resistant. Foliar diseases, such as late leaf spot (LLS) caused by the fungusCercosporidium personatum, and rust caused by the fungusPuccinia arachidis, are responsible for decrease in plant growth and productivity. The peanut wild relativeArachis stenospermaaccession V10309 was identified as resistant to a number of pests and diseases, including LLS and rust. Aiming to better understand the mechanisms of resistance ofA. stenospermatoC. personatumandP. arachidis, determine initial key steps of the plant–pathogen interaction and to contribute for studies on genes involved in this interaction, ultrastructural analysis was performed on leaves ofA. stenospermaV10309 (wild, resistant) andA. hypogaeacv. IAC‐Tatu (cultivated, susceptible) inoculated withC. personatumorP. arachidis. For both fungal species, adhesion, germination of spores and hyphal proliferation occurred in both species but was more limited and later inA. stenospermathan inA. hypogaea, and no successful penetration was observed in the former. These data suggest that inA. stenosperma, infection is hampered at the stage of penetration. This is the first morphological description of the first hours of the interaction of plant pathogenic fungi and the resistant wild speciesA. stenosperma.