bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Centre for Injury and Violence Prevention (Start)
Authors: Nurmi-Luthje I , Karjalainen K , Pauna M 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionThe purpose of the Centre for Injury and Violence Prevention is the regular compilation and monitoring of statistics on injuries, including self-harm and assaults, and the use of these statistical data in injury prevention.MethodsInjuries are recorded and monitoredOn the population level using the patient information system where an injury database (injury view) has been created. The data from the first visit following an accident are recorded in the emergency rooms.On the unit level using the Internet-based TAPE injury follow-up software in child day care, schools and in hospital departments and in home care, residential care and institutional care of the older people. The units are able to see their injury data in real time as graphs.The data are used for identifying the risk groups and implementing preventive interventions as well as for monitoring risk behaviour, treatment practices, and health and well-being. The intervention work has commenced with preventive interventions targeted at motorcyclist and cyclist injuries and falls involving senior citizens.ConclusionsThe injury follow-up system as well as the preventive methods that are proven to be effective, may be introduced anywhere. Health centres and hospitals may use the injury view solution. The TAPE software is a purchasable product. Continuous, systematic follow-up is a good representation not only of accidents but also of risk behaviour in a population and, on the other hand, a populations health and well-being and changes in them over a period of time.
Commercial driver accident research survey
Authors: Mir M U , Razzak J , Ahmad K 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundRoad traffic incidents (RTIs) are on the rise in Pakistan with a disproportionately higher number of accidents involving commercial vehicles.ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence of driver related causes potentially contributing to the occurrence of RTIs involving commercial vehicles in Pakistan, including driving behaviours, fatigue, sleep inadequacy, substance abuse and other risky practices while driving.MethodsA cross sectional survey in Rawalpindi using Time Location Cluster Sampling was done and 857 commercial vehicle drivers were interviewed after obtaining informed consent. Questions on driving behaviours, sleep, fatigue, marijuana and alcohol use while driving, vehicle maintenance and other health related issues were asked. Information was also collected from the drivers about having had an accident in the last 5 years. Weighted statistical analysis was performed using SAS v9.2.ResultsFactor analysis identified four driving behaviours, substance abuse, cautious/safe driving, aggression and confident driving. Alcohol was used by 9.9% of truckers and marijuana by 22.9% of drivers. Bad vehicle maintenance prevailed in 65.1% of vehicles, seatbelts were never used by 51.4%, 54.9% of the drivers reported being fatigued while working. Positive association was found with alcohol use (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.06 to 4.39)and bad vehicle maintenance (OR 3.44, 95% CI 1.68 to 7.05). Seat belt use was negatively associated with accident involvement (OR 2.73, 95% CI 1.32 to 5.64).ConclusionThere is a high prevalence of commercial drivers practicing unsafe driving habits on the roads of Pakistan which is potentially promoting RTIs. A multisectoral approach needs to be adapted for effective control of all the different factors.
Descriptive epidemiology of rhabdomyolysis in active duty US Army Soldiers, 2004–2007
Authors: Hill O T , Wahi M M , Carter R , Kay A B , Wallace R F 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionRhabdomyolysis (RM) is a skeletal muscle disorder resulting in severe cellular injury caused by vigorous physical activity (exertional) as well as other systemic aetiologies (non-exertional). The sparse peer-reviewed literature on RM has limitations (eg, small samples and specialised study populations). We identified all clinically presenting RM in the entire US Active Duty Army (ADA) (2004–2007) to examine descriptive characteristics associated with RM in soldiers.MethodsWe utilised the Total Army Injury and Health Outcomes Database, which contains ADA personnel and health data, to develop crude and stratified annual rates. A case of RM was any soldier having an ICD-9-CM diagnosis code of 728.88 within inpatient or outpatient clinical encounter records, consistent with prior administrative data research. Soldier characteristics examined included gender, age, race, marital status, education and length of service.ResultsAnnual rates of RM remained fairly stable, ranging from 53 to 66 RM cases per 100 000 soldiers. Subtle rate fluctuations were observed. Rates were highest for: African-Americans (AAs) (97–119 per 100 000), those with <1 year of service (<1 SVC) (88–128 per 100 000), males (54–71 per 100 000), those <20 years of age (50–92 per 100 000), single soldiers (58–75 per 100 000) and those without a high school diploma (56–103 per 100 000).ConclusionAAs and <1 SVC appear more susceptible to RM, in part due to the increased prevalence of sickle cell trait within AAs, as well as vigorous initial physical training. As soldiers at risk for RM are further identified, safety and injury prevention programmes should target these populations.
The Portuguese National Programme for Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention
Authors: von Amann G Paixo 
Published: March 2011

In Portugal, injuries kill almost 2500 persons, annually, further causing harm and disability to millions more. Unintentional injuries (ICD codes V01-X59) account for 52% of all deaths due to external causes. Moreover, mortality of young people aged between 5 and 24 represents 44% of the global rate. The standardisation of date displays a ‘picture’ of Portuguese injuries during the lifecycle.The Ministry of Health has long recognised injuries, as a public health problem. In 2009, a National Programme based on a prevention-oriented approach has been developed with representatives of both governmental and non-governmental organisations and stakeholders.The National Programme covers issues, such as data collection, prevention, capacity-building and advocacy. Strategies encompass the strengthening of community action with environmental change, legislative measures, support for the victims and their families, research, assessment and cooperation among the various sectors. This policy document, opened for public discussion, was subsequently enriched with critics and suggestions.Within the scope of the National Health Plan, the National Programme focus on safety promotion and injury prevention in specific settings, such as home, schools, workplaces, sports and leisure facilities, further explores environmental-related factors, and also highlights the interface among different sectors. In 2009, a national campaign on child injury prevention was launched, based on WHO posters and research on the effectiveness of a science-based teaching intervention was promoted. Finally, guidelines were produced to support surveillance and evaluation. The Ministry of Health shall take the leadership in the development of this Programme, up to 2016.
Cluster randomised trials in injury research: a how-to guide
Authors: DiGuiseppi C , Kendrick D , Coupland C 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionAre you thinking about conducting a cluster randomised trial (CRT) but feel unsure about what design issues you must consider? Do you read published CRTs and wonder if they were properly conducted? If so, this workshop is for you.BackgroundCRTs involve the random allocation of existing groups of individuals to intervention and control groups. They are particularly suited to group-level interventions commonly used for injury prevention, such as mass media campaigns or clinic- or school-based education. However, CRTs are more complex to design, implement and analyse than are individually randomised trials. Investigators must understand these complexities to successfully design and conduct CRTs.ObjectivesAfter this 90-min interactive workshop, participants will be able to:Justify use of a CRT design.Decide who should consent to participation, when additional input from cluster members is required, and how to address refusals and withdrawals.Address risks for selection, attention, dilution and information bias unique to CRTs.Identify an appropriate intracluster correlation coefficient and apply it to sample size estimation.Recognise the need to take clustering into account in data analysis.ApproachWorkshop coordinators will provide brief overviews of key methodological concepts. Participants will work in small groups, facilitated by workshop coordinators, to apply these concepts to trials proposed by participants and facilitators, or already published. An easy-to-use spreadsheet for estimating required sample size will be provided. Several laptops will be available; each participant is encouraged to bring a laptop and an idea for a CRT.
Accuracy of self-report of on-road crashes and traffic offences in a cohort of young drivers: the DRIVE study
Authors: Boufous S , Ivers R , Senserrick T , Stevenson M , Norton R , Williamson A 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundWhile surveys are widely used to measure the incidence of on-road crashes and offences, little is known about the validity of self-reports of these events, particularly among young drivers. This study examines the accuracy of self-report of on-road crashes and traffic offences among participants in the DRIVE study: a cohort study of 20 822 drivers aged 17–24-year-old, recently licensed in New South Wales, Australia.MethodsA total of 2991 DRIVE study participants who completed the follow-up questionnaire, approximately 2 years after joining the study, were asked whether they had been involved in an on-road crash or were convicted for a traffic offence during the year prior to the survey. This information was subsequently linked to police recorded crash and offence data to determine the level of accuracy of these self-reports.ResultsYoung drivers reported more crashes and traffic offences than those recorded in the police database during the 1 year study period. The findings showed a high level of accuracy in young drivers self-report of police recorded crashes (85.1%; 95% CI 78.2% to 92.1%) and of police recorded traffic offences (83.0%; 95% CI 79.4% to 86.6%).ConclusionsThe results suggest that surveys may be useful tools for estimating the incidence of traffic crashes and offences in young drivers. The findings are particularly relevant to jurisdictions where access to administrative data is limited.
The rescuer who drowns
Authors: Franklin R C , Pearn J H 
Published: March 2011

There is no greater sacrifice than that made by a rescuer who throws it all on the line to rescue a drowning victim. However, in some instances the rescuer tragically drowns in the rescue attempt. This paper examines the circumstances surrounding the drowning deaths of rescuers.MethodsAll drowning deaths using data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics Deaths Registrar for the period 1 July 1992 to 30 June 2002 and the National [Australian] Coroners Information System for the period 1 July 2002 to 30 June 2009 were examined to identify an unselected complete subset of drowning incidents where a rescuer drowned in attempting to effect a save.ResultsThere were 98 victims who drowned while attempting a rescue. Of these 69% were male. The majority (61%) were aged between 25 and 49 years. Where data concerning the location of the aquatic incident was available (n=37) beaches (35%); rivers (21%); ocean (16%) were common. The summer (42%) was the season of most rescuer fatalities.DiscussionThe urge to leap into action to help someone in trouble is an altruistic impulse and often a source of pride in Australia. Sadly, a percentage (unknown) who attempt such a rescue do not return home. The drills and skills taught by lifesaving and water safety agencies provide a skill set which enables a potential rescuer to ensure both that they place themselves only at minimum risk commensurate with the circumstance; and have appropriate experience to undertake an effective rescue.
Political mapping study and a practical model presentation on pertaining to the State of road traffic injury in Iran 2008–2009
Authors: Soori H , Royanian M , Ainy E , Movahedinejad A , Movahedi M , Mahfouzpour S , Hatamabadi H R , Vafaee R , Massoudinejad M R 
Published: March 2011

Background and ObjectivePolitical mapping of road traffic injuries (RTIs) is not clear in Iran. This study aimed to assess the lead agency in Iran and present a practical model on pertaining to the state of RTIs.Materials and MethodsA phenomenological qualitative study was developed to explore and identify the share and roles of the stakeholders on RTI. In a gathering with university specialists, experts and traffic police stakeholders were identified. A validated and structured questionnaire was sent to international stakeholders. Library and Internet searching for selection of four countries from East Mediterranean countries, high countries and a country with high incidence of RTI was carried out.ResultsStakeholders were from 15 governmental and 11 non-governmental organisations. The majority percent for leading agency organization were traffic police and president structure 13%. Percentages of World Health Organization (WHO) approach for RIT, unspecified roles in organization, poor monitoring for RIT, amount of authority, lack of suitable legislation, appropriate laws and tasks definition and adequate budget were 31, 94, 39, 18, 21 and 25%, respectively.ConclusionIn comparison with other countries and on the basis of our findings, traffic police with the president support and a strong authority, appropriate legislation, defined tasks and adequate budget can play as a leading agency role on RTIs prevention in Iran. All the stakeholders, consistent with the WHO approach could have a protective role as consultant group in Iranian political mapping.
Minimising harm to older persons from heatwaves: a survey of the awareness, knowledge and practices of community-based health professionals and care providers in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Ibrahim J E , McInnes J A , Andrianopoulos N , Evans S 
Published: March 2011

Background and objectivesHeatwaves cause illness and death, and as a consequence of climate change, are likely to become more severe and frequent in the future. Minimising the health impact of heatwaves requires public health strategies targeted towards vulnerable groups, particularly older people. The purpose of this study has been to describe the awareness, knowledge and practices of health professionals and care providers regarding the minimisation of harm to older clients from heatwaves, in order to inform the development of effective harm minimisation practices and policies for Victoria, Australia.MethodsAn anonymous, cross-sectional survey of personnel from six health profession and care provider stakeholder groups that support the health of older people living in the community was conducted in Victoria in 2008. Descriptive statistics were derived through quantitative analysis.ResultsSurvey respondents showed a high level of awareness that heatwaves can be harmful for older people; however gaps in knowledge were identified regarding thermoregulation, risk factors for illness and death during heatwaves, high risk groups, heat-related illness and the use of fans. Few organisations were found to have existing heatwave response plans, and responses to previous heatwaves were mostly reactive and opportunistic, rather than proactive.ConclusionsDespite a broad level of understanding of the dangers of heatwaves, an opportunistic, reactive approach by health profession and carer personnel, in conjunction with gaps in knowledge, leaves vulnerable older people in Victoria at risk of significant preventable harm in the event of extreme hot weather.
Minimising harm to elderly Victorians from heatwaves: a qualitative study of the role of community-based health profession and carer organisations
Authors: McInnes J A , Ibrahim J E 
Published: March 2011

Background and objectiveHeatwaves pose a significant threat to public health and are very likely to become more frequent and severe in the future as a consequence of global warming. Older people are particularly vulnerable to harm from heatwaves. The purpose of this study has been to investigate the role of community-based health profession and carer organisations in Victoria, Australia, in minimising harm to older people from heatwaves.MethodA qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews was conducted from September 2007 to February 2008, in Victoria, Australia. Twelve people were interviewed, representing four professional groups that support the health of elderly Victorians who reside at home. Collected data was analysed using a thematic framework approach.ResultsAt the time of interview, none of the health profession and carer organisations was found to have formalised heatwave strategies, however their staff conduct a range of activities, as part of their normal duty of care, before and during heatwaves that may reduce harm to elderly clients. Interviewees discussed roles their organisations could play in a heatwave response plan, including coordination, identification of high-risk individuals and education. All saw a need for extra resources and training if more frequent responses to heatwaves were required. Gaps in capacity identified included a paucity of outreach programmes for the homeless.ConclusionIt may be feasible to utilise the existing expertise and infrastructure of community-based health profession and carer organisations operating in Victoria within a State-wide Heatwave Response plan, however this will require extra resources, training and coordination.
Child home injury mortality in Europe: a 16 country analysis
Authors: Sengoelge M , Hasselberg M , Laflamme L 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundChild injury mortality and morbidity are a public health concern in European countries and data are scarce. Cross-national efforts are needed to identify high-risk groups, follow trends and assist in establishing European-wide safety legislation. This study investigates fatal child injuries in the home, as compared to those in transport in European countries.MethodsInjury mortality was extracted from the WHO Mortality Database for the years 2002–2004. The mortality per 100 000 population was calculated by age group for 16 contributing countries, grouped by their economic level of development.ResultsFatal home injuries were highest in children under five and then sharply decreased, as opposed to road traffic injuries which increased with age. The majority of the upper middle economy countries tended to have higher home injury incidence rates compared to the high income countries. The top five injury causes all countries aggregated were drowning/submersion, thermal injuries, poisoning, falls and homicide, all of which account for almost 90% of home injury deaths.ConclusionHome injuries were the leading cause of injury death in children under five in the countries under study and the inequalities found among the countries indicate potential for improvement. Evidence-based interventions exist to prevent these injuries and the barriers to their implementation ought to be determined and addressed.
The magnitude of the motor vehicle crashes in the United Arab Emirates during the period 1978–2007
Authors: Al Hosani Y , Stevenson M , El Sadig M 
Published: March 2011

The WHO indicates that annually over one million people die and between 20 and 50 million people are injured in motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) worldwide (Pedenet al, 2004).In the United Arab Emirates (UAE) motor vehicle crashes are the second leading cause of death accounting for 12.3% of all deaths in 2007 (Ministry of Health (MOH), 2007).A retrospective analysis was conducted based on secondary data obtained from the UAE Ministry of Interior (MOI), Abu Dhabi Police and MOH official reports during the period 1977–2007.During the period 1977–2005, more than 400 000 motor vehicle crashes occurred in the UAE, resulting in 15 236 deaths and 233 111 injured persons (MOI, 1977–2005).Drivers accounted for 49% and 25%, passengers for 44% and 44% while pedestrians accounted for 23% and 12% of MVC fatalities and injuries, respectively. More than 41% of deaths occurred among the age group 18–45 years.Although there was a threefold increase in the number of MVC deaths and injuries during the period 1978–2007, the death rate/100 000 population declined by 40% from 37 in 1978 to 22 in 2007 and death rate per 100 000 registered vehicle declined by 86% from 382 to 55 during the same period.The road traffic safety situation in the UAE is unacceptable when compared to high income countries (Bener and Alwash, 2002). Thus, serious steps with a bundle of comprehensive, multifaceted interventions that have been shown to be effective elsewhere should be adapted and implemented.
Academic formation and conceptions of accident and injury among non-English speaking students: a geometric data analysis hard look at terminologisation and injury notions
Authors: Blank D , Agranonik M , Marzola N R , Goldani M Z 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveTo assess how the passage of Portuguese speakers through selected undergraduate university courses relates to conceptions of the words accident and injury.MethodsWeb-based survey of first and last-year students of medical, law, communication and education schools; investigation of associations/correspondence between attributes and conceptions through geometric data analysis.ResultsStudy sample comprised 1450 subjects. Perceptual maps evidenced significant variation of conceptions of accident and injury according to different courses and stages. Subjects unanimously associated injury with moral damage; medical students were in stark opposition to others in associating injury with physical damage. The word lesion evoked equivalent conceptions of physical, moral and material damage. Law students associated accident with negligence and defamation. Education students associated accident with death. The word accident evoked the notion of preventability to 85.1% of subjects, foreseeability to 50.3%, death to 15.1% and intentionality to 2.3%. First-year students associated accident with non-previsibility; last-year students were significantly distinct.ConclusionsWithin the injury field, geometric data analysis efficaciously evinces correspondences and denotes significant associations among categorical variable modalities. A conceptual framework of injury as a nosologic entity should acknowledge the terminologisation of the word injury in the medical realm, and concede the subtleties of lay signification of the word accident as an anteceding, unintentional, and preventable event, potentially causing injury. In Portuguese medical language, there is a definition of specific semantic spaces for the terms lesion (with the acception of anatomopathological damage without external causation) and injury (with the acception of physical damage, with or without lesion).