bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Exchangeable Potassium Level and Drying on Release and Fixation of Potassium by Soils as Related to Clay Mineralogy
Authors: Dowdy R. H. , Hutcheson T. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of exchangeable K level and drying over H2SO4 upon K release and fixation by six soil series was studied in the laboratory. Differences in behavior seemed to be related very closely to clay mineralogy of the soils. Illite appeared to be the source of K released by drying, whereas fixation at moisture levels higher than 4% was associated with vermiculite and fixation at lower moisture levels with montmorillonite.Further evidence indicates the moist K equilibrium value of these soils to be 0.45 ± 0.10 me. exchangeable K per 100 g. of soil. When exchangeable K values are above that level for field‐moist samples, K is fixed on drying, whereas it is released when the initial K level is lower. The magnitude of release or fixation appears to be directly related to the clay mineralogy.
A Characterization and Genetic Study of Two Modal Reddish Prairie Soils
Authors: Molthan H. D. , Gray Fenton 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Zaneis and Kingfisher series are both developed from Permian “Red Bed” deposits and occur primarily in the Reddish Prairie Provinces of Oklahoma, Kansas, and Texas.Four profiles of the Zaneis series and two profiles of the Kingfisher series were sampled in detail. Chemical and physical studies were made on each subhorizon. Clay mineralogical studies were made for each major horizon. The clay was separated into two fractions: 2 to 0.2µ and < 0.2µ. Ethylene glycol retention, nonexchangeable K, cation‐exchange capacity, differential thermal, and X‐ray diffraction analyses were made.Results show the clay fractions of all six profiles contain a high percentage of particles < 0.2µ in diameter. Montmorillonitic‐type minerals dominate the fine clays of all six profiles while illite, vermiculite, and kaolinite are dominant in the coarse clays. Very little evidence of weathering of clay minerals was found. Apparently the clay minerals present in the solum are, for the most part, inherited directly from the clay minerals present in the parent materials.The parent materials of the Kingfisher soils were found to differ in character from those of the Zaneis. The soil materials of the Kingfisher soil appear to have been deposited in brackish water; whereas, those of the Zaneis were deposited in more fresh water.
Vegetative and Nonvegetative Materials to Control Wind and Water Erosion
Authors: Chepil W. S. , Woodruff N. P. , Siddoway F. H. , Fryrear D. W. , Armbrust D. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFine, medium, and coarse gravel spread uniformly at rates of 20, 50, and 100 tons per acre, respectively, adequately controlled wind erosion of smooth, bare, Sarpy sandy loam where no traffic was involved.Resin emulsion sprayed at 600 gallons of concentrate per acre and asphalt emulsion and cutback asphalt sprayed at 1,200 gallons of concentrate per acre adequately controlled wind erosion on level Sarpy sandy loam at estimated respective costs of $213, $247, and $335 per acre on a carload basis, in drums, at Manhattan, Kansas. Under similar conditions, 4,000 pounds of wheat straw mulch per acre anchored with a rolling disk packer was equally effective at an estimated cost of $89 per acre.Quantities of latex emulsion sprayed at rates up to 225 gallons of concentrate per acre were not sufficient to control wind or water erosion on level or sloping ground. Starch treatments were also ineffective to control wind erosion under the conditions of the experiment.On a 3:1 construction slope, at least 1,200 gallons of asphalt emulsion per acre sprayed uniformly on the surface were needed to control rill erosion. The treatment cost $335 per acre. In previous experiments on a 3:1 construction slope, prairie hay mulch at 4,000 pounds per acre uniformly spread and anchored with 400 gallons of asphalt emulsion per acre was equally effective at a cost of about $200 per acre.
Soil‐Moisture Depletion by a Hardwood Forest during Drouth Years
Authors: Fletcher Peter W. , Lull Howard W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDaily soil‐moisture readings were taken during two drouth years with fiberglas units installed on each of 8 plots at 8 depths in the upper 40 inches of soil in a polesize mixed oak and hickory stand, Butler County, Missouri. On two plots the trees were cut and removed and the litter burned (bare); on two the trees were cut and removed and litter was left intact (litter‐only); on two the litter was burned (trees‐only), and two plots were left undisturbed (trees‐and‐litter).The litter‐only plots remained wettest throughout both growing seasons, and bare plots occupied a position of medium wetness. The trees‐only plots and the trees‐and‐litter plots had driest and similar soil moisture contents. Daily rates of soil profile drying during rainless periods were linearly related to moisture contents of the 40‐inch depth for all but the litter‐only plots. Drying rates decreased with increasing profile depth. As compared with undisturbed forest soil at field capacity, litter removal increased soil drying rates about 10%; tree removal decreased them about two‐thirds. Removal of both trees and litter decreased soil drying rates about one‐third.
The Release of Nonexchangeable Soil Potassium to Cation‐Exchange Resins as Influenced by Temperature, Moisture and Exchanging Ion
Authors: Haagsma T. , Miller M. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe release of nonexchangeable potassium (K) from a Haldimand clay to H‐saturated Dowex 50‐W cation‐exchange resin was found to increase with increasing temperature although the increase in release was greater for a temperature increase from 50° to 80°C. than from 5° to 50°C. A decrease in moisture content decreased the rate of K‐release at the higher temperature range but had little effect at 5° and 25°C. The effect of moisture content apparently resulted from an influence on movement of K from the point of release to the resin particle rather than on the release of K from the soil particles.No release of nonexchangeable K to Na‐ or Ca‐saturated Dowex 50‐W resin occurred but the release increased linearly with the proportion of H‐saturated resin added in combination with Na‐ or Ca‐saturated resin. It appeared that the presence of the H+ ion was required for release. It could not be determined whether the mechanism of release involved an exchange of H+ or Al3+ for K in the mineral lattices or an acid decomposition of the K‐bearing minerals.
Biosynthesis of Soil Polysaccharides: I. Glucose and Alfalfa Tissue Substrates
Authors: Keefer R. F. , Mortensen J. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGlucose, galactose, mannose, arabinose, xylose, rhamnose, fucose, ribose (trace), uronic acid, and five unidentified sugars were chromatographically separated from hydrolysates of polysaccharides extracted from soil which had been incubated with glucose‐1‐C‐14 or C14‐alfalfa tissue. All sugars in the polysaccharide became labeled during the incubation period, but glucose, galactose, and mannose contained more carbon‐14 than other sugars. Xylose was present in greatest concentration. Concentrations of glucose, galactose, mannose, arabinose, and rhamnose were similar.
Effect of Placement on the Absorption of Rb86 and P32 from Soil by Corn Roots
Authors: Vasey E. H. , Barber Stanley A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPlacement of Rb86 and P32 in the soil affected their relative uptake by corn roots. Autoradiographic techniques were used to determine the uptake processes involved. Banding of the fertilizer rather than mixing with the soil affected Rb86 uptake more than P32 uptake. The diffusion rate for Rb86 in the soil was much larger than for P32. Also, Rb86 was translocated more extensively throughout the corn root than was P32.The greater uptake of Rb86 from band applications appeared to be due to both a greater facility for uptake by a small portion of the root and a greater diffusion of Rb86 out of the band.
Mineralogy of Soils on Basalt in North Queensland
Authors: Simonett David S. , Bauleke Maynard P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractData from X‐ray diffraction, elemental, differential thermal analyses, and differential dissolution were used to correlate the relationship between rainfall and clay mineral formation in the < 2 µ fraction of latosolic soils of North Queensland, Australia. Rainfall varied from 36 to 147 inches per year. Application of the weathering mean showed that the weathering intensity increased with increasing rainfall, being most pronounced in the surface layers. Poorly crystalline kaolinite is the dominant clay mineral (79 to 52%). Halloysite may be present in the higher rainfall areas. Total iron content moderately increased with rainfall (12 to 20%). No positive evidence for allophane was found. Gibbsite content varied (0 to 19%). The mineral composition of the silt fractions was also estimated.
The Pedon and the Polypedon
Authors: Johnson William M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOne of the great difficulties in soil classification is that soils rarely exist as discrete individuals with clear boundaries. Instead, they grade to other soils across broad transition belts and their boundaries are determined by definition. Two new concepts, the pedon and the soil individual, have been proposed to help clarify relations between the soil continuum and soil taxonomic classes.Pedons are real, natural soil volumes just large enough to show all the soil horizons present and their relationships. Boundaries of pedons do not depend on reference to any taxonomic scheme. A soil individual (polypedon) is also a real soil body; it is a parcel of contiguous pedons all of which have characteristics lying within the defined limits of a single soil series.Pedons may be considered as building blocks that make up both soil taxonomic classes and soil mapping units. Most pedons are too small to exhibit all the characteristics of a soil individual; for example, usually they do not show shape of the soil nor nature of its boundaries with other soils.Soil individuals (polypedons) are the subject of soil taxonomy; they are the real objects that are classified. They are comparable to individual pine trees, individual fish, and individual men.
The Nomenclature of Soils, or What's In A Name?
Authors: Heller John L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA discussion of the principles to be followed in the assignment of names to any new object or series of objects and of the difficulties experienced by those who devised the nomenclature of the Seventh Approximation. The use of elements drawn from the classical languages is defended, and some of the compromises made in their selection and combination are explained. Suggestions for improvement are welcomed, provided they fit the requirements of the system.
Accumulation of Organic Matter and Soil Nitrogen Beneath A Plantation of Red Alder and Douglas‐Fir
Authors: Tarrant Robert F. , Miller Richard E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil nitrogen accumulation beneath a plantation of red alder and Douglas‐fir was compared with that under a pure fir segment of the same 30‐year‐old stand on the Wind River Experimental Forest in southwestern Washington.Beneath the mixed plantation, there were significantly greater amounts of nitrogen in the forest floor and in the upper 24 inches of the mineral soil. Organic matter content in the upper 12 inches of mineral soil was also greater and bulk density at 0 to 3 inches was significantly less. Beneath the alder‐fir stand, the carbon‐nitrogen ratio was less, both in the forest floor and at 0 to 3 inches.There were 938 pounds more N per acre to a depth of 36 inches under the alder‐fir plantation. Consequently, an average of 36 pounds more soil N per acre per year has accumulated beneath the mixed stand than under pure fir.
Diffusion Theory Applied to Water Flow Data Obtained Using Gamma Ray Absorption
Authors: Ferguson Hayden , Gardner Walter H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUnsaturated water flow data obtained using gamma ray equipment were not fit by the equation x = 2η (θ) t½. Thus, the data could not be used in the ordinary differential equation obtained by combination of x = 2η (θ) t½ and the second‐order differential equation of diffusion. The discrepancy between the data and x = 2η (θ) t½ was not great over much of the range; thus, it is possible that this equation could be used in much unsaturated flow work. The data did indicate that diffusivity was a function of water content alone over much of the time of water flow. The relationship between diffusivity and water content followed a nonexponential, curvilinear relationship. The data also suggest that a minimum gradient may be essential in order for unsaturated flow to occur.
Factors Affecting the Lime Requirements of Wisconsin Soils
Authors: Keeney D. R. , Corey R. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil factors which have been reported to affect lime requirement were measured on 26 Wisconsin Soils, and the importance of these factors in predicting lime requirement was determined by use of linear and multiple regression. The lime requirement was taken as the amount of < 200‐mesh dolomitic limestone necessary to raise the soil pH to 6.5 after 12 months of equilibration. Organic matter (% OM) was found to be significantly related to lime requirement (r = 0.620), and a function of a pH‐organic matter interaction, (pH 6.5 − soil pH) × (% OM) also correlated well (r = 0.884). Clay content, ranging from 5 to 27%, did not appear to be an important factor in determining lime requirement. Exchangeable Al contents were too low in these soils to contribute significantly, and pH 4.8 NH4OAc‐extractable Al did not appear to be an important factor. Lime requirement as indicated by the new buffer developed by Shoemaker, McLean, and Pratt was very highly correlated with lime requirement (r = 0.949), while the Woodruff buffer did not correlate as well (r = 0.818).
A Study of the Equilibria Between Three Categories of Potassium in an Illitic Soil
Authors: Bolt G. H. , Sumner M. E. , Kamphorst A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe release of K from K‐Ca‐illites by repeated extraction with 0.5 N solutions of various salts was determined. From comparison between the action of NH4 ions and Na ions it could be deduced that the rapidly exchangeable K occupies two types of sites, which were named “planar” sites and “edge‐interlattice” sites, respectively. The very high preference for K of the edge‐interlattice sites explains why, e.g., Na ions and Ca ions are very ineffective in removing K from these sites as long as the released K ions are not removed from the system. NH4 ions are, in contrast, highly competitive for the edge‐interlattice sites, but their action is kept within bounds by the fact that the mineral lattice remains fairly well closed during the penetration of NH4 ions. An analysis of the exchange curve against Na ions yielded an estimate of the distribution and properties of the different types of sites, viz about 500 µeq. per g. rapidly exchangeable sites, of which 96% is situated on the external planar side of the lattice (preference factor for K about 2 in comparison to Ca ions), and 4% is located on the edges (preference factor for K about 500 in comparison to Na ions). In addition to this the illite studied contained about 700 µeq. K per g. in interlattice positions, which will lead to a very slow release of K if the chemical potential of K in solution is maintained at a low level.
Longevity and Efficiency of Rhizobial Cultures
Authors: Means Ura Mae , Erdman Lewis W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMore than 1,200 strains of legume bacteria from 225 species of leguminous plants are stored in the legume bacteria collection at Beltsville, Maryland. Observations were made on longevity and effectiveness of strains of Rhizobium stored under different conditions: (a) stored in a refrigerator on yeast‐mannitol agar; (b) stored under oil; and (c) lyophilized. Vegetative tests on 126 refrigerated strains acquired from 1911 to 1930 showed them viable and still able to fix at least some nitrogen (N). However, over a period of years many other strains had lost their ability to fix N and were discarded. After 7 years' storage under oil 190 of 620 strains were viable but they varied markedly by cross‐inoculation groups in survival and N fixation. Cross‐inoculation groups also showed variation in survival under lyophilization. Rank correlation coefficients for age of strain and decreasing N fixing ability were computed for 16 strain efficiency tests and the results showed a positive correlation only when a large number of new strains were being evaluated.
Effect of Alfalfa on the Nitrogen and Phosphorus Requirements of Crops
Authors: Carlson C. W. , Grunes D. L. , Haise H. R. , Alessi J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of N and P fertilization on crop yields under irrigation was evaluated in a nonlegume rotation (barley, corn, potatoes), and in a legume rotation (barley, alfalfa, alfalfa, alfalfa, corn, potatoes), on Gardena loam at Upharn, N. Dak. In the nonlegume rotation all crops responded to N. Phosphorus alone decreased yields of corn forage. However, with adequate N, P increased yields of barley, corn and potatoes.In the legume rotation, the major effect of alfalfa was to supply available N. Added N fertilizer increased the yields of all nonlegume crops, but P additions increased yields of all crops. Phosphorus was available to potatoes 5 years after it had been added on the barley crop.Yields of barley and corn tended to be higher in the legume rotation than in the nonlegume rotation, regardless of the fertilizer treatment. At the highest N fertilizer rate, yields of potatoes were similar in the two rotations. Higher yields in the legume rotation resulted mainly from the available N contributed by the alfalfa, but other factors also appear to be involved. Alfalfa, grown only in the establishing year, contributed available N to the succeeding corn crop in an amount comparable to alfalfa grown for a longer time.
Use of Soil Management Groups and Related Information in Evaluation of Farmlands and Their Utilization
Authors: Priest T. W. , Whiteside E. P. , Heneberry W. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil management groups and related information were used in Eaton County, Michigan to arrive at equitable evaluations of farmlands. These values were then compared with values determined by assessors, another appraisal procedure, and with farmers' estimated land values. This method of farmland evaluation avoids the common tendency of assessors to overvalue low‐valued properties. The computed land values averaged 112% of the other appraised values and averaged 97% of the farmers' estimated land values. Other uses of this method and the need for land classification in addition to soil classification are discussed.
Age and Properties of Peorian Loess and Buried Paleosols in Southwestern Wisconsin
Authors: Hogan J. D. , Beatty M. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeaton silt loam in southwestern Wisconsin was found to have formed in the coarser textured windward portions of the same loess deposit as have Fayette and Tama silt loams. This loess is as much as 19 feet thick on ridge crests and is underlain by two paleosols at some localities. The upper paleosol is a silt loam which resembles Farmdale loess or silt both in morphology and in stratigraphy, and which contains fragments of spruce charcoal with a radiocarbon age of 29,400 ± 700 years before present. The lower paleosol is truncated and the B horizons which remain are reddish clays underlain by dolomite. The dense uppermost B horizon contained 7.82% free Fe2O3 and the lower B possessed strongly developed fine angular blocky structure. Mass wasting has occurred extensively on ridge flanks.X‐ray diffraction analyses show the silt loam upper paleosol to be more highly weathered than the overlying calcareous loess, and the lower paleosol to be more vermiculitic than residual clay derived from the same bedrock formation at other localities.The radiocarbon date of the spruce charcoal is somewhat older than dates obtained from Farmdale deposits in Illinois or Iowa, and is also older than ages of overlying loess calculated by G. H. Robinson from depth of carbonate leaching.
Characterization of Soil Temperature Distribution from Various Tillage‐Induced Microreliefs
Authors: Burrows W. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil temperature was measured where three tillage systems produced a ridge and furrow microrelief and a smooth soil surface. Corn was planted on ridges, in furrows, and on a smooth surface and with rows running in an east‐west or north‐south direction. During early growth, corn seedlings were in the warmest soil when the seed was placed in ridges running in an east‐west direction and in coolest soil when the seed was placed in a furrow such as that produced by a listing tillage system.
Potassium Uptake by Cation‐Exchange Resin Amberlite IR‐120 from Fithian Illite
Authors: Kalovoulos J. M. , Paxinos S. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe rate of K uptake by the hydrogen form of Amberlite IR‐120 from Fithian illite was studied. Resin‐illite ratio, time in contact of illite with the resin, temperature, and repeated treatment effect on the release of K were investigated. The amount of released K increased as the resin‐illite ratio, time in contact, and temperature increased. It seems probable that amberlite IR‐120 attacks mainly the surface parallel to the c‐axis of illite crystals. Thus, even after a long treatment of illite with the hydrogen form of amberlite, illite keeps its cation‐exchange capacity value, crystal structure, and almost all of its K content. X‐ray graphs of the resin‐treated illite samples after their Mg saturation and ethylene glycol solvation do not present any clear evidence of alteration of illite to expanding lattice type clay minerals.
Mineralogy of Soil Separates and Alkali‐Ion Exchange‐Sorption
Authors: le Roux F. H. , Cady J. G. , Coleman N. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractX‐ray and petrographic examination of a number of California soils derived from granite‐diorite sedimentary material showed the presence of biotite weathering products which appeared to include slightly altered biotite, vermiculite, and a regularly interstratified biotite‐vermiculite. Magnetic and specific gravity separations of fine sand‐ and silt‐size material from a Hanford soil yielded relatively pure minerals giving rational series of X‐ray reflections from 25, 14.48, or 10Å. spacings when Mg‐saturated; 23.5, 12.25, or 10Å, when Na‐saturated; and 10Å. when K‐saturated. Cation‐exchange capacities of vermiculite, hydrobiotite, and biotite separated from 100‐ to 200‐mesh material were 0.95, 0.40, and 0.15 me. per g., respectively. Tagged rubidium sorbed on exchange sites was displaced by 0.1N NaCl to the extent of 10% from vermiculite, 20% from hydrobiotite, and 42% from biotite fractions. Soil vermiculite and hydrobiotite had smaller cation‐exchange capacities than similar separates from the Libby, Montana, vermiculite deposit, and the reversibility of the Rb‐sorption reaction was less for the soil minerals.Vermiculite‐hydrobiotite‐biotite appeared to be the predominant clay mineral in all size fractions from the Hanford soil except the < 0.5µ clay. Cation‐exchange capacities of coarse clay and silt were relatively large (0.35 to 0.0067 me. per g.) and sorbed Rb was only around 50% exchanged by 0.1N NaCl. Rubidium could be almost completely displaced from < 0.5µ clay. It is concluded that vermiculite and hydrobiotite in the coarse clay, silt, and fine sand fractions account for around 40% of the cation‐exchange capacity of the soil and for essentially all of its capacity to sorb Rb or K irreversibly.