bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased GABAergic Output in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus Contributes to Impaired Hypoglycemic Counterregulation in Diabetic Rats
Authors: Chan Owen , Paranjape Sachin , Czyzyk Daniel , Horblitt Adam , Zhu Wanling , Ding Yuyan , Fan Xiaoning , Seashore Margretta , Sherwin Robert 
Published: March 2011

OBJECTIVE
Impaired glucose counterregulation during hypoglycemia is well documented in patients with type 1 diabetes; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this defect remain uncertain. We reported that the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), in a crucial glucose-sensing region within the brain, the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), plays an important role in modulating the magnitude of the glucagon and epinephrine responses to hypoglycemia and investigated whether VMH GABAergic tone is altered in diabetes and therefore might contribute to defective counterregulatory responses.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We used immunoblots to measure GAD65 protein (a rate-limiting enzyme in GABA synthesis) and microdialysis to measure extracellular GABA levels in the VMH of two diabetic rat models, the diabetic BB rat and the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat, and compared them with nondiabetic controls.

RESULTS
Both diabetic rat models exhibited an ~50% increase in GAD65 protein as well as a twofold increase in VMH GABA levels compared with controls under baseline conditions. Moreover, during hypoglycemia, VMH GABA levels did not change in the diabetic animals, whereas they significantly declined in nondiabetic animals. As expected, glucagon responses were absent and epinephrine responses were attenuated in diabetic rats compared with their nondiabetic control counterparts. The defective counterregulatory response in STZ-diabetic animals was restored to normal with either local blockade of GABAA receptors or knockdown of GAD65 in the VMH.

CONCLUSIONS
These data suggest that increased VMH GABAergic inhibition is an important contributor to the absent glucagon response to hypoglycemia and the development of counterregulatory failure in type 1 diabetes.
Bispectral Index Monitoring (BIS) as a Guide for Intubation Without Neuromuscular Blockade in Office‐Based Pediatric General Anesthesia: A Retrospective Evaluation
Authors: Messieha Zakaria S , Guirguis Samuel , Hanna Sherine 
Published: March 2011

The Bispectral Index System is a useful guide for timing of adequate intubation conditions in office‐based pediatric general anesthesia without neuromuscular blockade. As the number of cases in the office‐based setting increase, many clinicians opt to intubate patients without neuromuscular blockade to avoid airway complications associated with skeletal muscle relaxation. Conventionally, this technique is conducted using the traditional monitoring criteria of vital signs, end‐tidal inhalation agents, as well as anesthesiologist timing and knowledge of the pharmacodynamics of the anesthetic agent to help determine the proper depth of anesthesia for adequate intubating conditions. This study retrospectively assesses the use of the Bispectral Index System (BIS) as a guide for timing of nonparalytic tracheal intubation in pediatric office‐based general anesthesia. Anesthetic records for 168 children, American Society of Anesthesiology physical status I and II, and ranging in age from 18 months to 17 years were retrospectively analyzed. Intubation outcomes were based on 6 preset criteria to reflect the adequacy of the technique. The mean BIS value during the time of intubation was 34.7. There were no complications encountered. A BIS mean value of 34.7 provided adequate intubation conditions without muscle relaxation in office‐based pediatric anesthesia without complications.
Inhabiting the solar system
Authors: Sherwood Brent 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe new field of space architecture is introduced. Defined as the “theory and practice of designing and building inhabited environments in outer space,” the field synthesizes human space flight systems engineering subjects with the long tradition of making environments that support human living, work, and aspiration. The scope of the field is outlined, and its three principal domains differentiated. The current state of the art is described in terms of executed projects. Foreseeable options for 21st century developments in human space flight provide a framework to tease out potential space architecture opportunities for the next century.
3D Shape description algorithms applied to the problem of model retrieval
Authors: Frejlichowski Dariusz 
Published: March 2011

AbstractInterest in three-dimensional shape retrieval is currently increasing, driven by two important reasons — the rapid increase of the amount of multimedia data and a noticeable advance in computer hardware and software during recent years. Presently, it is possible to retrieve complicated 3D models in a reasonable span of time thanks to the use of sophisticated 3D shape description algorithms, a feat which was unthinkable a few years ago. The main issue is the efficiency of the approaches, which must work both quickly and reliably. Hence, in this paper four 3D shape description algorithms — Extended Gaussian Image, Shape Distributions, Shape Histograms and Light Field Descriptor — were experimentally compared in order to determine which was most effective. As it turned out, the latter obtained the best retrieval result.
Development and evaluation of fast-dissolving tablets of meloxicam-β-cyclodextrin complex prepared by direct compression
Authors: Obaidat Aiman , Obaidat Rana 
Published: March 2011

Development and evaluation of fast-dissolving tablets of meloxicam-β-cyclodextrin complex prepared by direct compressionThe aim of this study was to prepare fast-dissolving tablets of meloxicam after its complexation with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and to investigate the effect of using different superdisintegrants on the disintegration and release of meloxicam from the tablets. A complex of meloxicam with β-CD was prepared by spray drying and then compressed in the form of tablets utilizing the direct compression technique. Three superdisintegrants were employed at various levels - sodium starch glycolate, croscarmellose sodium, and crospovidone. Co-spray dried micro-crystalline cellulose and mannitol (Avicel HFE-102) were used as diluents in the tablets. Prior to compression, the pre-compression parameters showed satisfactory flow properties. Post-compression parameters showed that all tablet formulations had acceptable mechanical properties. Wetting and disintegration times were prolonged by increasing the level of sodium starch glycolate in the tablets. This was attributed to the formation of a viscous gel layer around the tablets by sodium starch glycolate whereas this effect was not observed with croscarmellose sodium and crospovidone. Dissolution studies showed fast release of meloxicam except in tablets containing a high level of sodium starch glycolate. Complexation of meloxicam with β-CD significantly improved the solubility of the drug and improved the mechanical properties of tablets produced by direct compression.
Vingt groupes industriels français et le redéploiement
Authors: Bertrand Hugues , Mansuy Cyrille , Norotte Michel 
Published: March 2011

Twenty Major French Corporations and Redeployment,
by Hugues Bertrand, Cyrille Mansuy and Michel Norotte.
Economic restrictions, which have become tighter since 1974, have had a definite influence on corporate strategy. The narrowing of prospects has thus stimulated, even provoked what can justifiably be called the redeployment of forces of these corporations.
These same corporations, after a period of formation and diversification, now seem preoccupied with general restructuration at all levels. As seen from both the quantitative and qualitative aspects (despite the inherent risks in any interpretation), the study of twenty of the most powerful French corporations affords a more accurate look at the means of redeployment.
First is redeployment of sectors, showing how the corporations gave up their most solid holdings in order to concentrate on consolidating and broadening their activity in the most profitable sectors. Second is geographic redeployment aimed at greater penetration and implantation in foreign countries, especially in the developed nations. Lastly, a more reasonable management of the labor force considering the numerous problems due to overstaffing. At stake in these great maneuvers: the survival of a limited number of corporations in each industrial sector capable of holding on to particularly solid production and trade activities at the international level.
L'apport du monétarisme à l'analyse et à la politique économiques
Authors: Laffargue Jean-Pierre 
Published: March 2011

L'apport du monétarisme à l'analyse et la politique
économique,
par Jean-Pierre Laffargue.
Le monétarisme s'est d'abord développé aux Etats-Unis, pays où la conjoncture est peu dépendante de celle du reste du monde et a élaboré son analyse dans le cadre théorique d'une économie fermée. Sa démarche est essentiellement inductive. Ses études empiriques concluent que les fluctuations de l'offre de monnaie sont une cause essentielle de celles de l'activité économique et que l'augmentation du taux d'expansion monétaire a un effet positif mais transitoire sur le volume de la production et de l'emploi, avant de se traduire par un simple accroissement de l'inflation. Une interprétation théorique simple de ces résultats est possible à partir d'une fonction de demande de monnaie, stable en longue période, et d'une équation de Phillips. Enfin, le monétarisme conclut que la politique économique doit surveiller et contrôler l'évolution de la masse monétaire, ou même assurer une croissance de celle-ci à un taux constant, tout en évitant d'accorder trop d'importance aux mouvements des taux d'intérêt. Les Etats-Unis d'après 1 979 nous donnent une expérience monétariste récente riche d'enseignements.
Beaucoup d'économistes se sont interrogés sur la validité de ce monétarisme (développé par Friedman) pour des économies très ouvertes sur l'extérieur. En changes fixes tous sont d'accord pour admettre que dans le long terme les autorités d'un pays de petite taille n'ont aucun contrôle sur sa masse monétaire (en l'absence de dévaluation). Certains monétaristes ont prétendu qu'il en était de même dans le très court terme, mais cette opinion semble en contradiction avec les résultats des études empiriques. Pour un petit pays, la validité du monétarisme de Friedman serait un peu affaiblie mais resterait quand même largement valide. En changes flexibles, presque tous les économistes reconnaissent que les autorités d'un tel pays peuvent contrôler sa masse monétaire. Certains monétaristes ont proposé d'expliquer les fluctuations du taux de conversion entre deux devises à partir de celles de leurs offres respectives. Les vérifications empiriques ont cependant montré que cette explication était insuffisante et, depuis, elle a fusionné avec plusieurs autres, perdant ainsi sa spécificité. Ces analyses sont cette fois illustrées par l'expérience britannique d'après 1949.
Les échanges invisibles : éléments pour l'analyse et la prévision à partir des comptes nationaux
Authors: Ewenczyk Hélène , Régniez Jacques 
Published: March 2011

Les échanges invisibles : éléments pour l'analyse et la prévision à partir des comptes nationaux, par Hélène Ewenczyk et Jacques Régniez.
Les échanges invisibles (échanges de services, flux internationaux de revenus, consommation des ménages hors de leur pays de résidence) prennent une importance croissante dans les échanges extérieurs de la France. Leur prise en compte dans un modèle macroéconomique est une nécessité de moins en moins discutée. La Comptabilité nationale donne matière à une description complète et homogène des échanges extérieures dans le cadre comptable ad hoc qu'est le compte du Reste du monde. L'article d'Hélène Ewenczyk et Jacques Régniez présente des relations économétriques relatives aux échanges invisibles, destinées à intervenir dans le modèle Copain (modèle macroéconométrique de pas annuel utilisé à la Direction de la Prévision pour l'étude de variantes de politique économique). Ces relations concernent successivement les trois grands types d'échanges invisibles.
En ce qui concerne les échanges de services, exportations et importations en volume sont traitées séparément pour les « services rendus aux entreprises » d'une part, les « services de transport » d'autre part. Les variables explicatives qui interviennent sont essentiellement des grandeurs relatives aux échanges de marchandises (échanges dits « commerciaux») qui ont fait l'objet d'une présentation dans le numéro 50 d'Economie et Prévision. Les opérations de répartition et les relations qui les décrivent sont très diverses. Ces dernières présentent toutefois le point commun de faire intervenir des variables explicatives liées aux évolutions économiques intérieures. Enfin, l'analyse de la consommation des ménages hors de leur pays de résidence fait apparaître les déplacements internationaux des ménages comme un bien de consommation courante, doté d'une élasticité revenu unitaire.
Déséquilibre et modèles macroéconomiques
Authors: Bureau Dominique , Miqueu Didier , Norotte Michel 
Published: March 2011

Disequilibrium theory and macroeconomic models, by Dominique Bureau, Didier Miqueu, Michel Norotte.
This paper is devoted to studying macroeconometric models in relation with recent developments of the fixed-price equilibria theory, in an attempt to find microeconomic foundations to macro-models. The fixed-price (or "disequilibriums") approach proved to be well adapted for analysing quantity equilibria and real dynamics of macro-models, but remained of little help as regards the coherence of a few econometric equation in such fields as prices, tensions on output capacities, or wages through the Phillips curve.
Dual Oxidase 1 Induced by Th2 Cytokines Promotes STAT6 Phosphorylation via Oxidative Inactivation of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes
Authors: Hirakawa Satoshi , Saito Rumiko , Ohara Hiroshi , Okuyama Ryuhei , Aiba Setsuya 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Although hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is better known for its cytotoxic effects, in recent years it has been shown to play a crucial role in eukaryotic signal transduction. In respiratory tract epithelial cells, the dual oxidase (DUOX) proteins 1 and 2 has been identified as the cellular source of H2O2. However, the expression of DUOX1 or DUOX2 has not yet been examined in keratinocytes. In this study, using a DNA microarray, we demonstrated that, of the seven NOX/DUOX family members in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK), IL-4/IL-13 treatment augments the expression of only DUOX1 mRNA. We next confirmed the IL-4/IL-13 induction of DUOX1 in NHEK at the mRNA and protein level using quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. In addition, we demonstrated that this augmented DUOX1 expression was accompanied by increased H2O2 production, which was significantly suppressed both by diphenyleneiodonium, an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, and by small interfering RNA against DUOX1. Finally, we demonstrated that the increased expression of DUOX1 in IL-4/IL-13–treated NHEK augments STAT6 phosphorylation via oxidative inactivation of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B. These results revealed a novel role of IL-4/IL-13–induced DUOX1 expression in making a positive feedback loop for IL-4/IL-13 signaling in keratinocytes.
Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor and CD74 Regulate Macrophage Chemotactic Responses via MAPK and Rho GTPase
Authors: Fan Huapeng , Hall Pam , Santos Leilani L. , Gregory Julia L. , Fingerle-Rowson Gunter , Bucala Richard , Morand Eric F. , Hickey Michael J. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) promotes leukocyte recruitment to sites of inflammation. However, whether this stems from a direct effect on leukocyte migration is unknown. Furthermore, the role of the MIF-binding protein CD74 in this response has not been investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the contributions of MIF and CD74 to chemokine-induced macrophage recruitment. Intravital microscopy studies demonstrated that CCL2-induced leukocyte adhesion and transmigration were reduced in MIF−/− and CD74−/− mice. MIF−/− and CD74−/− macrophages also exhibited reduced chemotaxis in vitro, although CD74−/− macrophages showed increased chemokinesis. Reduced CCL2-induced migration was associated with attenuated MAPK phosphorylation, RhoA GTPase activity, and actin polymerization in MIF−/− and CD74−/− macrophages. Furthermore, in MIF−/− macrophages, MAPK phosphatase-1 was expressed at elevated levels, providing a potential mechanism for the reduction in MAPK phosphorylation in MIF-deficient cells. No increase in MAPK phosphatase-1 expression was observed in CD74−/− macrophages. In in vivo experiments assessing the link between MIF and CD74, combined administration of MIF and CCL2 increased leukocyte adhesion in both MIF−/− and CD74−/− mice, showing that CD74 was not required for this MIF-induced response. Additionally, although leukocyte recruitment induced by administration of MIF alone was reduced in CD74−/− mice, consistent with a role for CD74 in leukocyte recruitment induced by MIF, MIF-treated CD74−/− mice displayed residual leukocyte recruitment. These data demonstrate that MIF and CD74 play previously unappreciated roles in CCL2-induced macrophage adhesion and migration, and they indicate that MIF and CD74 mediate this effect via both common and independent mechanisms.
Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain 1 Mediates Recognition of Clostridium difficile and Induces Neutrophil Recruitment and Protection against the Pathogen
Authors: Hasegawa Mizuho , Yamazaki Takashi , Kamada Nobuhiko , Tawaratsumida Kazuki , Kim Yun-Gi , Núñez Gabriel , Inohara Naohiro 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Clostridium difficile is a Gram-positive obligate anaerobic pathogen that causes pseudomembranous colitis in antibiotics-treated individuals. However, host immune protective mechanisms against C. difficile are largely unknown. In this study, we show that C. difficile possesses potent stimulatory activity for nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (Nod1), an intracellular pattern recognition molecule that senses bacterial peptidoglycan-related molecules. Nod1−/−, but not Nod2−/−, mice exhibited increased lethality in response to C. difficile intestinal infection despite comparable levels of intestinal damage and epithelial permeability in Nod1−/− and control mice. The enhanced lethality was accompanied by impaired C. difficile clearance, increased bacterial translocation, and elevated levels of endotoxin and IL-1β in the serum of Nod1−/− mice. Histological and flow cytometric analyses revealed that Nod1−/− mice had defective recruitment of neutrophils, but not macrophages, to the intestine after C. difficile infection. The reduced recruitment of neutrophils correlated with impaired production of CXCL1, but not CCL2, XCL1, and other cytokines/chemokines, in infected Nod1−/− mice. The influx of neutrophils also was reduced when C. difficile was administered i.p., suggesting that Nod1 directly recognizes C. difficile to induce the recruitment of neutrophils to the infected site. These results indicate that Nod1 regulates host susceptibility to C. difficile and suggest that Nod1-mediated neutrophil recruitment is an important immune response against the enteric pathogen.
Dream a Little Dream
Authors: Morris Mark 
Published: March 2011

AbstractDoes the protocell require too great a leap in scalar imagination for architects? A detail of a building is manageable but what about something smaller than the microscopic? Mark Morris encourages designers to scale down to the diminutive level of the nanoscale by providing them with some inspiring precedents in architectural theory and popular culture. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capacity expansion planning through augmented Lagrangian optimization and scenario decomposition
Authors: Li Zukui , Ierapetritou Marianthi G. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractStochastic programming is a typical method for addressing the uncertainties in capacity expansion planning problem. However, the corresponding deterministic equivalent model is often intractable with considerable number of uncertainty scenarios especially for stochastic integer programming (SIP) based formulations. In this article, a hybrid solution framework consisting of augmented Lagrangian optimization and scenario decomposition algorithm is proposed to solve the SIP problem. The method divides the solution procedure into two phases, where traditional linearization based decomposition strategy and global optimization technique are applied to solve the relaxation problem successively. Using the proposed solution framework, a feasible solution of the original problem can be obtained after the first solution phase whereas the optimal solution is obtained after the second solution phase. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is verified through a numerical example of two stage stochastic integer program and the capacity expansion planning examples. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Design and control of an ideal reactive divided‐wall distillation process
Authors: Wang San‐Jang , Huang Hsiao‐Ping , Yu Cheng‐Ching 
Published: March 2011

AbstractReactive distillation and divided‐wall distillation are two promising technologies achieving substantial economical benefits from process intensification. In this study, a novel reactive divided‐wall distillation process, procuring technical advantages from both reactive distillation and divided‐wall distillation, is designed with different degrees of thermal coupling to achieve possible energy saving for an ideal quaternary reaction system with the least favorable relative volatility ranking under excess‐reactant design. Simulation results demonstrate that reactive divided‐wall distillation can provide better energy efficiency than reactive distillation without thermal coupling. Energy efficiency increases with the degree of thermal coupling.Proper selection and pairing of controlled and manipulated variables chosen for three control objectives are determined by using steady‐state analysis. Temperature control in the reactive distillation column is used to maintain reactant inventory in the process. Product purities are maintained by the temperature control loops in the divided‐wall column. Stage temperatures that have modest sensitivity to manipulated variables and have little variations with respect to throughput rate changes are selected as controlled variables. Dynamic tests show that the proposed control scheme can maintain high product purity and stoichiometric balance between the reactant feeds for throughput rate changes. Copyright © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.