bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tomato Fruit Photosynthesis Is Seemingly Unimportant in Primary Metabolism and Ripening But Plays a Considerable Role in Seed Development
Authors: Lytovchenko Anna , Eickmeier Ira , Pons Clara , Osorio Sonia , Szecowka Marek , Lehmberg Kerstin , Arrivault Stephanie , Tohge Takayuki , Pineda Benito , Anton Maria Teresa , Hedtke Boris , Lu Yinghong , Fisahn Joachim , Bock Ralph , Stitt Mark , Grimm Bernhard , Granell Antonio , Fernie Alisdair R. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Fruit of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), like those from many species, have been characterized to undergo a shift from partially photosynthetic to truly heterotrophic metabolism. While there is plentiful evidence for functional photosynthesis in young tomato fruit, the rates of carbon assimilation rarely exceed those of carbon dioxide release, raising the question of its role in this tissue. Here, we describe the generation and characterization of lines exhibiting a fruit-specific reduction in the expression of glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase (GSA). Despite the fact that these plants contained less GSA protein and lowered chlorophyll levels and photosynthetic activity, they were characterized by few other differences. Indeed, they displayed almost no differences in fruit size, weight, or ripening capacity and furthermore displayed few alterations in other primary or intermediary metabolites. Although GSA antisense lines were characterized by significant alterations in the expression of genes associated with photosynthesis, as well as with cell wall and amino acid metabolism, these changes were not manifested at the phenotypic level. One striking feature of the antisense plants was their seed phenotype: the transformants displayed a reduced seed set and altered morphology and metabolism at early stages of fruit development, although these differences did not affect the final seed number or fecundity. Taken together, these results suggest that fruit photosynthesis is, at least under ambient conditions, not necessary for fruit energy metabolism or development but is essential for properly timed seed development and therefore may confer an advantage under conditions of stress.
SCAR Mediates Light-Induced Root Elongation inArabidopsisthrough Photoreceptors and Proteasomes
Authors: Dyachok Julia , Zhu Ling , Liao Fuqi , He Ji , Huq Enamul , Blancaflor Elison B. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe ARP2/3 complex, a highly conserved nucleator of F-actin, and its activator, the SCAR complex, are essential for growth in plants and animals. In this article, we present a pathway through which roots of Arabidopsis thaliana directly perceive light to promote their elongation. The ARP2/3-SCAR complex and the maintenance of longitudinally aligned F-actin arrays are crucial components of this pathway. The involvement of the ARP2/3-SCAR complex in light-regulated root growth is supported by our finding that mutants of the SCAR complex subunit BRK1/HSPC300, or other individual subunits of the ARP2/3-SCAR complex, showed a dramatic inhibition of root elongation in the light, which mirrored reduced growth of wild-type roots in the dark. SCAR1 degradation in dark-grown wild-type roots by constitutive photomorphogenic 1 (COP1) E3 ligase and 26S proteasome accompanied the loss of longitudinal F-actin and reduced root growth. Light perceived by the root photoreceptors, cryptochrome and phytochrome, suppressed COP1-mediated SCAR1 degradation. Taken together, our data provide a biochemical explanation for light-induced promotion of root elongation by the ARP2/3-SCAR complex.
Effects of temperature on infection and subsequent development of clubroot under controlled conditions
Authors: Gossen B. D. , Adhikari K. K. C. , McDonald M. R. 
Published: October 2011

Controlled‐environment studies were conducted on two Brassica crops (canola, Brassica napus; and Shanghai pak choi, B. rapa subsp. chinensis var. communis) to examine the effects of temperature on infection and subsequent development of clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae. In the first experiment, canola seedlings were grown in infested soil for 3 weeks at 14–26°C to assess the impact on primary and secondary infection and transferred to 20°C for 3 weeks to assess symptom development under uniform conditions, or started at 20°C for 3 weeks and then placed at the treatment temperatures for the final 3 weeks to assess the impact of temperature on symptom development. A second experiment examined a wider range of temperatures (10–30°C). Similar experiments were also conducted on Shanghai pak choi. The studies demonstrated that clubroot severity was affected by temperature during both infection and vegetative development of the crop. Both early and late in crop development, little or no clubroot developed at temperatures at or below 17°C, and development was slower above 26°C than at 23–26°C for both crops throughout the study. In canola, the high levels of inoculum used in the study resulted in a high incidence of clubroot irrespective of temperature, but in pak choi incidence showed the same pattern as severity. This is the first study to demonstrate under controlled conditions that temperature during vegetative growth of the crop affects symptom development of clubroot.
Criteria for prick test using soy sauce
Authors: Sugiura Keiji , Sugiura Mariko 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackground  We previously reported four cases of soy sauce allergy and noted that new criteria are necessary for the prick test. Soy sauce contains histamine and often causes false‐positive reactions in the skin tests. It is important to discuss how to interpret the results of prick tests.Materials and methods  Eight female patients with soy sauce allergy and four female volunteers as controls were given the prick test using 15 sauces and were evaluated according to nine criteria. The volume of histamine in 15 sauces was determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography.Results  The conventional criteria resulted in nine different reactions. Some of the control subjects showed false‐positive reactions according to the conventional criteria. Histamine was detected in 11 sauces and was not detected in four sauces. The positive ratios of these four sauces were low; there were no positive reactions in controls according to the new criteria. Regardless of patients or controls, the positive ratio evaluated using the conventional criteria was higher than that evaluated using the new criteria in the sauces containing histamine.Discussion  It is difficult to evaluate the results of the prick test using soy sauce with the conventional criteria because the results were different depending on each criterion. Our new criteria are more suitable for evaluating the results of the prick test using soy sauce than the conventional criteria, and they could decrease the number of false‐positive reactions. Common diagnostic criteria are needed for prick testing using pseudoallergens.
The Decisional Balance Sheet to Promote Healthy Behavior Among Ethnically Diverse Older Adults
Authors: Geller Karly S. , Mendoza Ilora D. , Timbobolan Jasah , Montjoy Holly L. , Nigg Claudio R. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectiveThe rising health care costs and increasing older adult population in the United States make preventive medicine for this age group especially crucial. Regular physical activity and fruit and vegetable consumption may prevent or delay the onset of many chronic conditions that are common among older adults. The decisional balance sheet is a promotional tool targeting the perceived pros and cons of behavior adoption. The current study tested the efficiency and effectiveness of a single‐day decisional balance sheet program, targeting increased physical activity and fruit and vegetable intake among older adults.Design and SampleParticipating adults (N = 21, age = 72.2) who represented a diverse population in Hawaii (Japanese = 5, Filipino = 4, Caucasian = 4, Native American = 1, Native Hawaiian = 1, Hispanic = 1, and Others = 5) were recruited from housing communities and randomized to a decisional balance sheet program adapted for physical activity or fruit and vegetable consumption.MeasuresPhysical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) short form, and daily fruit and vegetable intake with the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey single item instrument. Baseline and follow‐up data were collected.ResultsBoth programs were implemented efficiently, and participants in both groups improved their daily physical activity. The decisional balance sheet for fruit and vegetable consumption appeared less effective.ConclusionsSpecific suggestions for similar programs are reported.
Ambition Gone Awry: The Long‐Term Socioeconomic Consequences of Misaligned and Uncertain Ambitions in Adolescence
Authors: Sabates Ricardo , Harris Angel L. , Staff Jeremy 
Published: October 2011

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to investigate whether misaligned or uncertain ambitions in adolescence influence the process of socioeconomic attainment.MethodsUsing 34 years of longitudinal data from the British Cohort Study (BCS70), we considered whether youth with (1) misaligned ambitions (i.e., those who either over‐ or underestimate the level of education required for their desired occupation), (2) both low occupational aspirations and educational expectations (low‐aligned ambitions), and (3) uncertainty with regard to their future occupations (uncertain ambitions) at age 16 experienced more unemployment spells, lower educational attainment, and lower hourly wages in adulthood compared to youth with high occupational aspirations and educational expectations (high‐aligned ambitions).ResultsYouth who hold misaligned or uncertain aspirations show long‐term deficits in employment stability and educational attainment, which in turn leads to lower wage attainments at age 34.ConclusionMisaligned and uncertain ambitions in adolescence compromise the construction of life paths and the realization of long‐term educational and occupational goals.
Comparing the Ethical Attitudes of Business and Criminal Justice Students
Authors: Segal Lydia , Gideon Lior , Haberfeld M. R. 
Published: October 2011

ObjectivesTo compare and explain differences in the ethical attitudes of criminal justice (CJ) and business students, and explore their ethical malleability.MethodsStudents rated the ethical acceptability of 25 scenarios using a self‐administered survey. A cross‐sectional comparison of the ethical responses of sophomores and seniors measured their ethical malleability.ResultsBusiness students were less willing to condemn unethical conduct than were criminal justice students, but were more receptive to corporate charity. Business students were also moderately receptive to the inculcation of ethical principles.ConclusionsSelf‐selection and socialization are important factors explaining, respectively, ethical differences between CJ and business students and the latter's ethical malleability. However, the assumption underlying many studies that business attracts morally compromised individuals because it is immoral cannot easily accommodate conflicting findings such as that businesspeople can be charitable and ethically malleable. A more nuanced understanding of how self‐selection works in business is proposed.
Why the Giant Sleeps So Deeply: Political Consequences of Individual‐Level Latino Demographics
Authors: de la Garza Rodolfo O. , Jang Seung‐Jin 
Published: October 2011

ObjectivesWe seek to examine what common characteristics Latino voters share distinctively from nonvoting Latinos and how they differ from those of non‐Latino voters.MethodsWe use the method of classification tree to find what variables best describe the shared characteristics of Latino and non‐Latino voters.ResultsThe results indicate that age, the strength of partisanship, and the level of education characterize both Latino and non‐Latino voters. However, there is a sharp difference in how age interacts with other the two variables. In the Latino sample, the overwhelming majority of younger people do not turn out to vote, and it is among older Latinos that education and partisanship play an important role in distinguishing voters and nonvoters. By contrast, among non‐Latinos, it is younger people whose participation is sensitive to the level of education or strength of partisanship, while the older are overwhelmingly voters regardless of other factors.ConclusionsAt the individual level, Latinos in the United States still face substantial barriers in political incorporation: in contrast to non‐Latinos, they do not seem to develop the habit of voting even after they have aged enough, unless they are helped by higher levels of education or stronger partisanship. At the aggregate level, the pool of Latino likely voters is relatively small, which in turn emphasizes the potential significance of the GOTV campaigns in increasing participation rates among Latinos.
Pathophysiology, staging and therapy of severe sepsis in baboon models
Authors: Taylor Fletcher B. , Kinasewitz Gary T , Lupu Florea 
Published: October 2011

Introduction

Modeling the shock/disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) variant of severe sepsis using the LD100 baboon model of E. coli sepsis

‐ Principles arising from the studies carried out in the LD100E. coli model

Studies of severe sepsis‐induced organ failure using the LD50 baboon model of E. coli sepsis
‐ Ischemia‐reperfusion and oxidative stress as drivers of the second stage
‐ Therapeutic targets during the second stage of sepsis
‐ Complement activation
‐ Circulating histones

Lessons learned from the baboon models of sepsis

We review our baboon models of Escherichia coli sepsis that mimic, respectively, the shock/disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and organ failure variants of severe sepsis, and analyse the pathophysiologic processes that are unique to each. The multi‐stage, multi‐factorial characteristics of severe sepsis develop as a result of the initial insult, which – depending on its intensity – activates components of the intravascular compartment leading to overwhelming shock/DIC; or initiates a sequence of events involving both the intra‐ and extravascular (tissues) compartments that lead to organ failure. In the latter case, the disorder passes through two stages: an initial inflammatory/coagulopathic intravascular first stage triggered by E. coli, followed by an extravascular second stage, involving components unique to each organ and triggered by ischemia/reperfusion (oxidative stress and histone release). Although a myriad of overlapping cellular and molecular components are involved, it is the context in which these components are brought into play that determine whether shock/DIC or organ failure predominate. For example, inflammatory and thrombotic responses amplified by thrombin in the first case whereas similar responses are amplified by complement activation products in the second. Rather than blocking specific mediators, we found that attenuation of the thrombin and complement amplification pathways can effectively reverse the shock/DIC and organ failure exhibited by the LD100 and LD50 E. coli models of severe sepsis, respectively. Translation of these concepts to successful intervention in the respective baboon models of E. coli sepsis and the application to their clinical counterparts is described.
Duodenal expression of iron transport molecules in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis or iron deficiency
Authors: Dostalikova‐Cimburova Marketa , Kratka Karolina , Balusikova Kamila , Chmelikova Jitka , Hejda Vaclav , Hnanicek Jan , Neubauerova Jitka , Vranova Jana , Kovar Jan , Horak Jiri 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDisturbances of iron metabolism are observed in chronic liver diseases. In the present study, we examined gene expression of duodenal iron transport molecules and hepcidin in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis (HHC) (treated and untreated), involving various genotypes (genotypes which represent risk for HHC were examined), and in patients with iron deficiency anaemia (IDA). Gene expressions of DMT1, ferroportin, Dcytb, hephaestin, HFE and TFR1 were measured in duodenal biopsies using real‐time PCR and Western blot. Serum hepcidin levels were measured using ELISA. DMT1, ferroportin and TFR1 mRNA levels were significantly increased in post‐phlebotomized hemochromatics relative to controls. mRNAs of all tested molecules were significantly increased in patients with IDA compared to controls. The protein expression of ferroportin was increased in both groups of patients but not significantly. Spearman rank correlations showed that DMT1 versus ferroportin, Dcytb versus hephaestin and DMT1 versus TFR1 mRNAs were positively correlated regardless of the underlying cause, similarly to protein levels of ferroportin versus Dcytb and ferroportin versus hephaestin. Serum ferritin was negatively correlated with DMT1 mRNA in investigated groups of patients, except for HHC group. A decrease of serum hepcidin was observed in IDA patients, but this was not statistically significant. Our data showed that although untreated HHC patients do not have increased mRNA levels of iron transport molecules when compared to normal subjects, the expression is relatively increased in relation to body iron stores. On the other hand, post‐phlebotomized HHC patients had increased DMT1 and ferroportin mRNA levels possibly due to stimulated erythropoiesis after phlebotomy.
Ten‐year longitudinal study of gingival recession in dentists
Authors: Matas Francesc , Sentís Joan , Mendieta Carlos 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAimTo assess the prevalence and progression/regression of gingival recession in a population sample with a high standard of oral hygiene and broad knowledge of the role of traumatic tooth brushing in the aetiology of gingival recession.Material & MethodsForty dental students in their final year at Dental School were examined for gingival recession in 1994 and 10 years later by the same examiner. Tooth brushing habits were ascertained in a questionnaire. Clinical parameters recorded for each recession were: recession height, probing depth, width of keratinized gingiva and bleeding on probing. Full‐mouth plaque index was recorded using the modified Quigley & Hein index.ResultsThe prevalence of gingival recession was 85% and did not change after 10 years. A total of 210 recessions found at the initial examination and 299 at the second were valid for longitudinal evaluation. Statistical differences between recessions at both examinations were found in several clinical parameters. Subjects had a significant increase in the plaque index at the second examination despite very few changes in their oral hygiene habits (p < 0.0001).ConclusionsIn dentists, after 10 years, mean number of gingival recession per person and mean recession height increased while plaque control decreased.
Analysis of patch test referrals: influence of appropriateness of referrals on sensitization rate
Authors: Corazza Monica , Borghi Alessandro , Mantovani Lucia , Virgili Annarosa 
Published: October 2011

Background. Few studies have addressed the frequency and the consequences of the appropriateness of referrals for patch testing.Objectives. To analyse the appropriateness of referrals for patch testing among patients seen in the Allergy Unit, University of Ferrara, and to evaluate whether this selection influences the results of the test.Patients and methods. One thousand six hundred and twenty‐seven consecutive patients were enrolled, and 1528 patients were patch tested. On the basis of the history and clinical picture, the appropriateness of referrals for patch testing was judged.Results. Of the patients, 82.30% attended the Allergy Unit with a clinical presentation and/or history considered to be an appropriate indication for patch testing. The rate of appropriate referrals for patch testing from dermatologists was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than that for referrals from other physicians. The sensitization rate was significantly higher among the appropriate referrals than among the inappropriate ones, both in the entire sample (p < 0.001) and in atopic patients (p = 0.012).Conclusions. Clinical experience was seen to be crucial for the appropriate selection of patients. Furthermore, appropriate referral for patch testing was shown to influence the sensitization rate.
Analysis of the Potential Role of Apolipoprotein E Polymorphism in Genetic Predisposition to Spontaneous Abortion
Authors: Rynekrova Jitka , Kasparova Dita , Adamkova Vera , Fait Tomas , Hubacek Jaroslav A. 
Published: October 2011

Citation Rynekrova J, Kasparova D, Adamkova V, Fait T, Hubacek JA. Analysis of the potential role of apolipoprotein E polymorphism in genetic predisposition to spontaneous abortion. Am J Reprod Immunol 2012; 67: 179–183Problem  Up to 20% of pregnancies end in the first trimester by spontaneous abortion, but a significant number remains unexplained. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of variants within the gene for apolipoprotein E (APOE) in the genetic determination of spontaneous abortions.Method of study  We collected DNA from 410 tissue samples of spontaneous abortions, and APOE was genotyped by PCR–RFLP method. The frequencies were compared with a population sample of adults (N = 2606) and with a positive control (1060 women with at least two children).Results  The frequencies of the APOE genotypes in abortions (APOE2E2 + E3E2 = 0.132; APOE3E3 = 0.661; APOE3E4 + E4E4 = 0.195; APOE4E2 = 0.012) did not significantly differ (P = 0.604) from the frequencies in analyzed adult population study (APOE2E2 + E3E2 = 0.132; APOE3E3 = 0.686; APOE3E4 + E4E4 = 0.169; APOE4E2 = 0.014) or from the positive control (APOE2E2 + E3E2 = 0.133; APOE3E3 = 0.691; APOE3E4 + E4E4 =0.166; APOE4E2 = 0.010; P = 0.592).Conclusion  Our study suggests that APOE may not be associated with spontaneous abortions in Caucasians.
VALIDATING A GRAPH THEORETIC SCREENING APPROACH TO FOOD ITEM COMBINATIONS
Authors: NESTRUD MICHAEL A. , ENNIS JOHN M. , FAYLE CHARLES M. , ENNIS DANIEL M. , LAWLESS HARRY T. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTTools from the mathematical field of graph theory potentially allow the consumer scientist to efficiently analyze large numbers of combinations of food items, such as components on a salad. In this study, we tested the validity of such an approach. We began by asking subjects whether or not pairs of ingredients would be appropriate to combine on a salad. Next, using graph theoretic methods, we predicted which combinations of 3–8 components should go together, and perhaps more importantly, which combinations should not. Subjects were then asked whether or not particular combinations were appropriate to combine on a salad. A paired Wilcoxon test between the predicted and nonpredicted combinations was significant for all combination sizes.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSA consumer‐driven graph theory methodology provides a screening tool to quickly and efficiently reduce a vast number of combinations of food items down to a reasonable number, which can then be evaluated by the consumer scientist using suitability criteria together with more traditional tools. In the case of salads, we screened over 1.7 million combinations and determined all but a handful were unsuitable. This methodology has potential in menu development, portfolio design and individual product formulations. The advantage to the researcher is that the method can be inexpensively performed, is nonbiased and is comprehensive. This study validates the use of this approach in a particular screening application.