bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Putting the Interpretative Method to Work
Authors: James Susan 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBefore Spinoza can use his method to explain what the Bible teaches and show that its doctrine is compatible with the freedom to philosophise, he needs to clear away four errors defended by his theological opponents. Against the claim that scriptural doctrine was conveyed to the prophets by supernatural means, Spinoza argues that the Bible is a compilation written by many human authors over a long period of time. Against the view that the Pentateuch was written by Moses, he concludes that Moses was not the author of any surviving texts. Addressing an ongoing debate about the significance of the Masora, he dismisses the suggestion that these biblical annotations convey religious mysteries. Finally, despite appearances, the Apostles did not teach any speculative or philosophical doctrines. Throughout, however, Spinoza's aim is not to undermine the divinity of Scripture, but to separate its true teaching from superstitious misinterpretations.
The Role of Housing Tax Provisions
Authors: Hemmelgarn Thomas , Nicodeme Gaetan , Zangari Ernesto 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe 2008 financial crisis has been the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression of 1929. It has been characterized by a housing bubble in a context of rapid credit expansion, high risk-taking, and exacerbated financial leverage, ending in deleveraging and a credit crunch when the bubble burst. This chapter discusses the interactions between housing tax provisions and the financial crisis. In particular, it reviews the existing evidence on the links between capital gains taxation of houses, interest mortgage deductibility, and characteristics of the crisis.
Associations Between Law, Competitiveness, and the Pursuit of Self-Interest
Authors: J. Callan Mitchell , Kay Aaron C. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter will discuss and provide evidence for the idea that the law’s existence shapes social reality by implicitly fostering the sense that people are, and perhaps should be, competitive and untrustworthy. Drawing on research from social cognition and legal studies, it will argue that people tend to associate the law with self-interestedness due to their encounter with the legal system. Through legal socialization—the acquisition of legal knowledge through direct instruction, experience and popular media—people come to mentally associate the law with competitiveness. This chapter will argue that this is precisely due to the way the legal system operates, at least in societies adopting an adversarial legal system.
Attributions and Ideologies: Two Divergent Visions of Human Behavior Behind Our Laws, Policies, and Theories
Authors: Benforado Adam , Hanson Jon 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter describes a major rift extending across many important debates over our legal structures, policies, and theories of law. It argues that the divide is based, to a significant extent, on contrasting attributional tendencies: the less accurate dispositionist approach, which explains outcomes and behavior with reference to people’s dispositions (that is, stable personalities, preferences, and the like), and the more accurate situationist approach, which bases attributions of causation and responsibility on unseen influences within us and around us (that is, cognitive proclivities and structures and external environmental forces). As this chapter summarizes, research on the underlying motives and conceptual metaphors behind conservatism and liberalism help explain the vital connections between those attributional styles and political ideologies.
Preference, Principle, and Political Casuistry
Authors: Knowles Eric D. , Ditto Peter H. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTo say that someone is a person of principle is high praise; to declare that he or she is driven by personal preference is a damning critique. This chapter examines judgments of preference and principle from a social-psychological perspective, arguing that they reflect lay-psychological hypotheses concerning the causes of behavior. It is argued that judgments are rarely purely principled or purely preference-based. Rather, a hybrid or casuistic model is proposed, positing that principles (for example, general intellectual commitments) often guide judgments after having been selected to cohere with one’s preferences (or affective biases) concerning the outcome. Examples of casuistic judgments are examined from the domains of life-and-death decisions, legal reasoning, and racial thinking. The chapter closes with a discussion of the normative status of casuistic judgment.
Seeing Bias: Discrediting and Dismissing Accurate Attributions
Authors: Benforado Adam , Hanson Jon 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter explores the way in which dispositionism maintains its dominance as an attributional framework despite failing to capture accurately the causes of human behavior. The answer lies in a subordinate dynamic and discourse, naïve cynicism: the basic subconscious mechanism by which dispositionists discredit and dismiss generally more accurate situationist insights and their proponents. Without the operation of naïve cynicism, dispositionism would be far more vulnerable to challenge and change. Naïve cynicism is, thus, critically important to explaining how and why certain legal policies manage to carry the day. As a case study, the chapter considers the naïve cynical backlash against situationist accounts of the causes of prisoner abuses at Abu Ghraib, Guantanamo Bay, and other detentions centers.
Aggressive Interrogation and Retributive Justice: A Proposed Psychological Model
Authors: Sood Avani Mehta , Carlsmith Kevin M. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe use of aggressive interrogation techniques on terrorism suspects is typically justified on utilitarian grounds. This chapter presents evidence that those who support such techniques are actually fuelled more by retributive motives. One experimental study conducted with a broad national sample of US residents found that interrogation recommendations are more sensitive to manipulation of the target’s history of bad acts than to manipulation of his likelihood of useful knowledge. Moreover, the desire for harsh interrogation is largely isomorphic with the desire to punish, and both effects are mediated by the perceived moral status of the target. A second study demonstrated conditions under which nationality and geographical proximity of the detainee make a difference to interrogation and morality judgments. The implications of our results are discussed with regard to national policy on torture-interrogation.
Two Social Psychologists' Reflections on Situationism and the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Ross Lee , Shestowsky Donna 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe criminal justice system relies on lay notions of culpability that are incompatible with contemporary social psychology, and arguably with reasonable standards of fairness and justice. A given wrongdoer’s actions are viewed in that field less as the product of stable disposition or “character” and more that of situation factors and their cumulative consequences than either lay or legal conceptions acknowledge. Moreover, the legal distinctions made between relevant and irrelevant mitigating factors are ones that social psychologists would deem uncompelling and even incoherent. While recognizing the impediments to dramatic systemic change, and the important role that public approval plays in maintaining the criminal justice system, this chapter questions whether justice can truly be served when the law’s theory of culpability is so fundamentally at odds with the lessons of social scientific research. It also considers the implications of a more enlightened view.
What’s Love Got to Do with It?: Stereotypical Women in Dispositionist Torts
Authors: Nicola Fernanda 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter explores how ideology influences legal change. In particular, it discusses how feminist ideologies, often allied with social conservative ones, have changed how lawyers and judges approach interspousal torts. Those changes, though limited in scale, are apparent in doctrine and damage assessments. More generally, they are shaping how our society understands the relationships between men and women. While legal reformers are allowing women's stories of abuse finally to be heard, they tend to hear only stereotypical stories. Those stories are fueling a dispositionist perspective that reinforces stereotyped gender narratives in which women are either helpless victims of abuse or heartless perpetrators of emotional abuse. This dispositionist approach to tort law looks to individual choices and stereotyped narratives to attribute responsibility and blame in a rational and straightforward way, and overlooks the situational influences and constraints of each character in a tort lawsuit.
Varieties Of Dualization?
Authors: Häusermann Silja , Schwander Hanna 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter demonstrates that the extent to which labor market segmentation leads to economic, social and political insider-outsider divides depends on the institutional context. Based on survey and income data, it shows that both the composition, as well as the economic and social situation of insiders and outsiders varies across countries and welfare regimes. The share of outsiders is highest in liberal and continental countries, followed by the Nordic and Southern European countries. In a comparative perspective, insider-outsider divides appear to be strongest in continental Europe, with regard to all three dimensions examined: labor market inequalities, welfare inequalities and political integration. The upshot of the chapter is that policies matter: they can compensate, reproduce or even deepen insider-outsider divides.
Labor Market Disadvantage and The Experience of Recurrent Poverty
Authors: Tomlinson Mark , Walker Robert 
Published: May 2012

AbstractPeople occupy different segments of the labor market. Those on the inside often have permanent contracts with training and personal development opportunities with their employers, while those in the periphery often have temporary or unstable contracts and less opportunity for advancement. These peripheral workers are often excluded from social arrangements taken for granted by other employees and are not only marginalized within the labor market, but in other areas as well. This paper analyses longitudinal individual data from Great Britain (the British Household Panel Survey) and Germany (The Socio-Economic Panel) from 1999 to 2005 and explores the relationship between segmentation in the labor market and its longer term implications for recurrent poverty experience. Statistical modelling is employed to show how being an outsider in the job market affects poverty in future years and how the effects differ between Germany and Great Britain.
Shifting the Public-Private Mix
Authors: Seeleib-Kaiser Martin , Saunders Adam , Naczyk Marek 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWelfare dualism has always been a part of social protection arrangements in Liberal and Conservative welfare systems. Whereas Liberal welfare systems relied predominantly on means-tested policies for the poor and a combination of public and occupational welfare for the middle class, Conservative welfare systems provided social insurance benefits for workers and means-tested benefits for the poor. Although institutional welfare dualism was particularly evident in Liberal welfare systems, the proportion of social protection outsiders declined during the era of industrial welfare capitalism as more workers became entitled to occupational welfare. In Conservative welfare systems social insurance became more encompassing, making these systems nearly universal. With the onset of post-industrial welfare capitalism since the mid-1970s, however, the processes were reversed, leading to higher proportions of social protection outsiders within the workforce. These processes become fully evident only if we account for trends in both public and private social protection. Our analysis focuses on developments in France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States.
Insider-Outsider Politics
Authors: Lindvall Johannes , Rueda David 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter is concerned with the relationship between party strategies and the political be-havior of insiders and outsiders in the labor market, concentrating on the risk that outsiders may become politically alienated and marginalized. Taking the case of Sweden as our guide, we argue that labor market outsiders who perceive that they are being ignored by social de-mocratic parties become more likely to exit politics or to support more radical political alter-natives. We combine an analysis of election campaigns in the 1990s and 2000s with an analy-sis of survey data from the Swedish National Election Studies.
The Politics of Secularism
Authors: Hurd Elizabeth Shakman 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter describes two influential trajectories of secularism and explains why they are important to contemporary world politics: laicism, from the French laïcité, which distils a particular understanding of religion and bans it from politics, and “Judeo-Christian” secularism, which defines religion as a source of unity and identity within societies and civilizations and conflict between them. It draws attention to how secularism is constituted differently in different times and places, the contestation and challenges that surround and inhabit the various forms of secularism, and the lives that they take on in the world as they shape both analytic perspectives in social science and practical projects in politics and international affairs.
Religion, Terrorism, and Civil Wars
Authors: Toft Monica Duffy 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter has four main sections. It begins by discussing five anecdotes that highlight the role of religion in two types of large-scale violence: civil wars and terrorism. It then introduces key concepts, followed by important empirical facts about religious civil wars from 1940 to 2000. Finally, it examines religiously-inspired terrorism. Regarding both civil wars and terrorism, it is noted that religiously-inspired violence is, by and large, more deadly than violence justified by other means. In addition, it is shown that Islam has come to play a disproportionate role in violence: more than 80% of religious civil wars involve Islam, and religiously motivated incidents of terrorism involve Islam more than any other faith.
Faith, Gender, and International Affairs
Authors: Marshall Katherine 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter addresses the relationship between faith and gender in international affairs. The roles of women in religion have been the topic of considerable research and debate, yet analysis of, and reflection on, the relationships among the three—faith, gender, and international affairs—are quite meager. Drawing on scholarship on the various dimensions of the topic and on personal experience, the chapter focuses on policy implications of the issues raised more than on the broader questions about how religion affects gender relations and vice versa. Its starting point is to ask what we know and what we do not, and to highlight emerging issues and debates.
Old Monks, New Media, and the Limits of Soulcraft
Authors: Winston Diane 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn August 2007, the Burmese military junta raised the price of fuel by 500%, sparking panic in an already poverty-stricken nation. Subsequent reports of civilian protests were buried deep in international newspapers, but several weeks later when the nation's Buddhist monks joined in, the world took notice. A small trickle of wire service stories gave way to a tsunami of print, broadcast, and online coverage, including blogs, youtubes, and multi-media background pieces. Increased awareness of Burma's economic woes spurred world leaders, including United States' President George W. Bush, to initiate sanctions against the junta. On the grassroots level, thousands worldwide joined social networking sites where they could learn about the monks' campaign and support Burma's pro-democracy efforts. Why, how, and when did the American press take note of events in Burma and what role did religion play in capturing public attention? What was the impact of new media on the coverage and its reception? What role did Buddhism play in galvanizing public opinion? How did the story affect United States foreign policy, and what are the limits of “soulcraft,” the religious dimension of statecraft? This chapter examines events that occurred in Burma between mid-August and late September 2007, and in addition it looks at why Buddhism is central to understanding them.
God's Country?
Authors: Mead Walter Russell 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter discusses how contemporary changes in Protestantism are starting to affect U.S. foreign policy. The growing influence of evangelicals has affected U.S. foreign policy in several ways; two issues in particular illustrate the resultant changes. On the question of humanitarian and human rights policies, evangelical leadership is altering priorities and methods while increasing overall support for both foreign aid and the defense of human rights. And on the question of Israel, rising evangelical power has deepened U.S. support for the Jewish state, even as the liberal Christian establishment has distanced itself from Jerusalem.
America's International Religious Freedom Policy
Authors: Farr Thomas F. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAmerican diplomacy continues to insist that Afghanistan achieved religious freedom. Whatever the State Department meant by that term, it did not appear to exclude illiberal religious practices that were destructive of religious freedom and incompatible with the consolidation of democracy. What accounts for these anomalies in U.S. foreign policy, and in particular its approach to advancing international religious freedom? What have been the goals of international religious freedom (IRF) diplomacy, and what has been its relationship to broader policy purposes, including the “soft power” aspects of democracy promotion? This chapter explores these and other questions in assessing the policy mandated by the 1998 International Religious Freedom Act (IRFA). It begins with a brief discussion of the legislative campaign that produced the IRFA and follows with an exploration of the law's operation during the period 1998–2008. It then turns to the critics of the new initiative, who emerged from all sides of the American ideological spectrum. The chapter concludes with an assessment of U.S. IRF policy after its first decade.
Identification of functional CNV region networks using a CNV-gene mapping algorithm in a genome-wide scale
Authors: Park Chihyun , Ahn Jaegyoon , Yoon Youngmi , Park Sanghyun 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Motivation: Identifying functional relation of copy number variation regions (CNVRs) and gene is an essential process in understanding the impact of genotypic variations on phenotype. There have been many related works, but only a few attempts were made to normal populations.
Results: To analyze the functions of genome-wide CNVRs, we applied a novel correlation measure called Correlation based on Sample Set (CSS) to paired Whole Genome TilePath array and messenger RNA (mRNA) microarray data from 210 HapMap individuals with normal phenotypes and calculated the confident CNVR–gene relationships. Two CNVR nodes form an edge if they regulate a common set of genes, allowing the construction of a global CNVR network. We performed functional enrichment on the common genes that were trans-regulated from CNVRs clustered together in our CNVR network. As a result, we observed that most of CNVR clusters in our CNVR network were reported to be involved in some biological processes or cellular functions, while most CNVR clusters from randomly constructed CNVR networks showed no evidence of functional enrichment. Those results imply that CSS is capable of finding related CNVR–gene pairs and CNVR networks that have functional significance.
Availability: http://embio.yonsei.ac.kr/~ Park/cnv_net.php.
Contact: sanghyun@cs.yonsei.ac.kr
Supplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The Arabidopsis Ortholog of Rice DWARF27 Acts Upstream of MAX1 in the Control of Plant Development by Strigolactones
Authors: Waters Mark T. , Brewer Philip B. , Bussell John D. , Smith Steven M. , Beveridge Christine A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractStrigolactones (SLs) are carotenoid-derived plant hormones that regulate shoot branching, secondary growth, root development, and responses to soil phosphate. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), SL biosynthesis requires the sequential action of two carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases, MORE AXILLARY GROWTH3 (MAX3) and MAX4, followed by a cytochrome P450, MAX1. In rice (Oryza sativa), the plastid-localized protein DWARF27 (OsD27) is also necessary for SL biosynthesis, but the equivalent gene in Arabidopsis has not been identified. Here, we use phylogenetic analysis of D27-like sequences from photosynthetic organisms to identify AtD27, the likely Arabidopsis ortholog of OsD27. Using reverse genetics, we show that AtD27 is required for the inhibition of secondary bud outgrowth and that exogenous application of the synthetic SL GR24 can rescue the increased branching phenotype of an Atd27 mutant. Furthermore, we use grafting to demonstrate that AtD27 operates on a nonmobile precursor upstream of MAX1 in the SL biosynthesis pathway. Consistent with the plastid localization of OsD27, we also show that AtD27 possesses a functional plastid transit peptide. We demonstrate that AtD27 transcripts are subject to both local feedback and auxin-dependent signals, albeit to a lesser extent than MAX3 and MAX4, suggesting that early steps in SL biosynthesis are coregulated at the transcriptional level. By identifying an additional component of the canonical SL biosynthesis pathway in Arabidopsis, we provide a new tool to investigate the regulation of shoot branching and other SL-dependent developmental processes.