bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Responses to Riparian Restoration in the Spring Creek Watershed, Central Pennsylvania
Authors: Carline Robert F. , Walsh Mary C. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Riparian treatments, consisting of 3‐ to 4‐m buffer strips, stream bank stabilization, and rock‐lined stream crossings, were installed in two streams with livestock grazing to reduce sediment loading and stream bank erosion. Cedar Run and Slab Cabin Run, the treatment streams, and Spring Creek, an adjacent reference stream without riparian grazing, were monitored prior to (1991–1992) and 3–5 years after (2001–2003) riparian buffer installation to assess channel morphology, stream substrate composition, suspended sediments, and macroinvertebrate communities. Few changes were found in channel widths and depths, but channel‐structuring flow events were rare in the drought period after restoration. Stream bank vegetation increased from 50% or less to 100% in nearly all formerly grazed riparian buffers. The proportion of fine sediments in stream substrates decreased in Cedar Run but not in Slab Cabin Run. After riparian treatments, suspended sediments during base flow and storm flow decreased 47–87% in both streams. Macroinvertebrate diversity did not improve after restoration in either treated stream. Relative to Spring Creek, macroinvertebrate densities increased in both treated streams by the end of the posttreatment sampling period. Despite drought conditions that may have altered physical and biological effects of riparian treatments, goals of the riparian restoration to minimize erosion and sedimentation were met. A relatively narrow grass buffer along 2.4 km of each stream was effective in improving water quality, stream substrates, and some biological metrics.
Regolith Strength, Water Retention, and Implications for Ripping and Plant Root Growth in Bauxite Mine Restoration
Authors: Kew Geoffrey A. , Mengler Faron C. , Gilkes Robert J. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract The lateritic bauxite in the Darling Range of Western Australia is approximately 4–6 m deep and is composed of caprock (duricrust) and underlying friable bauxite developed from highly weathered granite and dolerite. This paper investigates the impact of mine floor ripping operations on materials exposed after mining in relation to strength, water retention, and plant root growth. Deep ripping has been shown to create a structured rootzone and increase both recharge and plant available water. Material classified as quartz rich (Zm) lacks structural features for plant root growth, yet the material requires the least force to rip. These materials require deep pre‐ripping followed by contour or multi‐tine ripping for successful restoration. Materials that contain 50% or more coarse fragments (gravels, cobbles, and stones) increase the force required for pre‐ripping operations but only require contour or multi‐tine ripping; doleritic clay with a high coarse fragment content may be readily colonized by roots without pre‐ripping. Localized compression (smearing) of materials may occur during ripping due to the pre‐ripping tine working deeper than its critical depth of 1.0–1.5 m and/or ripping of materials at high moisture content. A relationship exists between the ratio of reactive silica to total silica and the clay content of regolith, both properties being determined from pre‐mining borehole samples. This ratio can be used to identify future mine floor materials from borehole data prior to mining and to target ripping operations to appropriate regolith types to enable the most effective and economical restoration practice.
Return of Ecosystem Function to Restored Bauxite Mines in Western Australia
Authors: Grant Carl D. , Ward Samuel C. , Morley Samantha C. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA critical aspect of reestablishing a self‐sustaining Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest ecosystem to bauxite‐mined areas is to ensure that vital ecosystem functions such as litter decomposition and nutrient cycling are returned. Significant research has been undertaken over the past 20 years relating to litter decomposition and nutrient cycling. Studies have shown that litter accumulates rapidly in restored areas (1–4 ton ha−1yr−1) and the accumulated litter tends to be richer in nitrogen due to intentionally elevated densities of nitrogen‐fixing species. This leads to a lower (carbon:nitrogen) C:N ratio (60:1 compared to 130:1 in unmined forest) that may promote mineralization of organic N to inorganic forms in restored areas. The major nutrient store in the unmined forest is in the soil and returning soil during the restoration process largely conserves this resource, particularly in relation to P. Short‐term plant macronutrient requirements for growth are readily restored by fertilizer application. Studies on the reaccumulation of nutrient pools in the successional development of restored areas have shown that pools equivalent to the unmined forest are established within 10–20 years. Ongoing research is focusing on the rates of cycling processes in burnt and unburnt restored areas, and comparing these to the unmined forest to ensure that key functions have been reestablished. To date, all measured ecosystem function parameters are indicating that restored areas have achieved or are on a trajectory toward a self‐sustaining Jarrah forest ecosystem.
Fire and Silvicultural Management of Restored Bauxite Mines in Western Australia
Authors: Grant Carl D. , Norman Melanie A. , Smith Martin A. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract To be self‐sustaining in the longer‐term and meet defined completion criteria, it is important that the management of restored bauxite mines can be integrated with the surrounding unmined Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest. A number of research projects relating to fire management have been undertaken in restored areas over the past 15 years. The broad objectives of these studies have been to assess the resilience of different‐aged restored sites to fire and define the most suitable fire regime (season, intensity, and frequency) to utilize in the management of these areas. Restored areas were found to be a low fire risk up to five years of age because litter fuel was discontinuous and could not normally carry the fire. Between the ages of five and 12–15 years, restored areas were very susceptible to fire due to high fuel loads and a prominent midstory of senescent legume species. However, if burnt at this age, restoration areas were extremely resilient. Restored areas that are older than 12–15 years can be integrated with prescribed burning of the surrounding unmined forest because the midstory layer has collapsed and the overstory is now separated from the understory fuel. The most suitable fire regime to utilize in restored areas is low‐ to moderate‐intensity spring burns. Silvicultural management of restored areas has recently been investigated incorporating noncommercial thinning and commercial harvesting operations in association with prescribed burning. Restored areas of suitable ages appear to be able to be integrated with the management regimes commonly used in the Jarrah forest.
Synthesis: Is Alcoa Successfully Restoring a Jarrah Forest Ecosystem after Bauxite Mining in Western Australia?
Authors: Koch John M. , Hobbs Richard J. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract A range of reviews and technical reports have been presented in this volume that cover many components of the jarrah forest ecosystem and its restoration after bauxite mining in Western Australia. This synthesis reviews these papers and attempts to decide if the jarrah forest ecosystem has been restored. All ecosystem functions, including nutrient cycling and nutrient accumulation, appear to be successful or developing on an appropriate trajectory. Structural attributes of the restored vegetation are controlled by the floristic composition and growth of the vegetation and are developing favorably with time. Biodiversity measures show some deficiencies, which should be solved by time (e.g., lack of old rotting wood and tree hollows for fauna) or are the subject of ongoing research and development (e.g., imbalance of seeder/resprouter plant species). Various ways of measuring the success of Alcoa’s restoration are discussed and a numerical scorecard is presented. The overall scores were calculated as between 90 and 92% depending on the input parameters used. Such scores seem to agree with the overall subjective impression that Alcoa’s mine restoration is largely successful at restoring the jarrah forest ecosystem. A single measure of ecosystem restoration success, which acts as a surrogate for all others, does not exist, but the use of two such measures, soil organic carbon levels and floristic similarity, would adequately integrate all ecosystem components and could be used to determine the level of ecosystem restoration in this region.
Structure of Major Surface Determinants and DNA Diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii
Authors: NAKAMURA YOSHIKAZU , TANABE KIVOKATSU , EGAWA KOH.JI 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTPneumocystis carinii is a pathogen which, causes fatal pneumonia in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). To facilitate the basic study of P. carinii, we have analyzed its major surface proteins by both immunochemical and biochemical methods. The major protein components of both cysts and trophozoites are a group of proteins called “P115” with apparent masses of 105–120 kd. It includes 6 isoelcclric variants. A monoclonal antibody raised against cysts recognizes all 6 variants and reacts with epitopes located in the cell wall indicating that P115 is an immunorcactive surface component. The isoelectric variants contain identical or closely related protein components and they are mannose‐rich glycoproteins. The isoelectric variation may be due primarily to differences in glycosylation. The majority of sera from humans with diagnosed pneumocystosis that were tested reacted strongly with the P115 proteins. To develop probes for DNA diagnosis and to facilitate molecular studies, a genomic DNA library of P. carinii has been constructed. Some of these clones were used for DNA hybridization analysis of rat and human lungs.
Failure to Validate a Predictive Model for Refusal of Care to Emergency‐department Patients
Authors: Birnbaum Adrienne , Gallagher E. John , Utkewicz Mark , Gennis Paul , Carter Wallace 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT Objective:To determine whether previously developed triage criteria for refusal of care to patients presenting to an emergency department (ED) with nonurgent problems could be validated for an independent patient population. Methods:A convenience sample of 534 adults presenting to a municipal hospital ED between July 1, 1992, and October 15, 1992, who met preestablished criteria for refusal of care were entered into a prospective, observational, cohort study. The single target outcome variable was hospitalization. In order to optimize the criteria's performance, both the triage nurse and the physician caring for the patient had to agree that all criteria for “refusal of care” were specifically met. No patient was refused care, nor was a patient's management or disposition interfered with in any way by the investigators. All patients were followed until hospital admission or release from the ED. Results:Six (1.1%) of 534 patients (95% CI 0.4–2.4) who met the criteria for refusal of care were hospitalized. This represents a greater than 50‐fold difference in incidence of hospitalization when compared with that found by other investigators, who reported that only 0.02% (95% CI 0.0004–0.04) of those patients who were refused care subsequently required hospitalization (p < 10–7). Conclusion:The authors were unable to validate a previously developed predictive model for refusal of care to patients presenting to an ED. Refusal of care to selected ED patients based on current guidelines is not a viable solution to overcrowding. Alternative strategies must be sought.
Judicial Outcome for the Intoxicated Driver Admitted to a Regional Trauma Center
Authors: Evett John K. , Finley Christopher J. , Nunez Armida , Britt L. D. , Huff J. Stephen 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT Objective:To examine the judicial outcomes for intoxicated drivers who were admitted to regional trauma centers as a result of motor vehicle collisions (MVCs). Methods:A retrospective review of the trauma registry of a Level I trauma center was conducted for the period from January 1,1989, through December 31, 1990. Inclusion criteria for entry into the study were 1) identification of the patient as the driver involved in an MVC, 2) a blood alcohol content (BAC) above 0.10 g/dL, and 3) survival until discharge from the hospital. A total of 245 patients from the trauma registry met the inclusion criteria. The number of persons from the submitted list who were later convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) was obtained from the Department of Motor Vehicles (DM V) of the Commonwealth of Virginia. Results:Of the list submitted to the DMV, only nine individuals (3.7%; 95% confidence interval = 1.3–6.0%) were convicted of DUI during the MVCs that led to hospitalization during the study period. During the same time period, the statewide conviction rate for DUI‐cited drivers was 85%. Conclusion:Admission to the trauma service at a Level I trauma center may provide a refuge from legal consequences for intoxicated drivers involved in MVCs.
An Evaluation of Research Training in a Large Residency Program
Authors: Rydman Robert J. , Zalenski Robert J. , Fagan Joanne K. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT Objective: Evaluation of a research training program for emergency medicine residents. Methods: A cross‐sectional, descriptive analysis of knowledge and skill acquisition observed following the introduction of a resident research curriculum was performed at a university‐affiliated emergency medicine residency program within a large‐volume, inner‐city hospital. The didactic program was based upon a published SAEM model research curriculum and included tutorials in computer applications for research. Seventeen first‐year residents participated in the new curriculum and self‐assessment evaluation. The rate of research proposal preparation after curriculum implementation for the 17 course participants was compared with that of 26 historical control subjects from the same residency program. Results: Resident attendance for the sessions, offered twice annually, averaged 82%. Significant self‐perceived knowledge gains (p < 0.05) were found in the areas of study design and methods, journal selection, research planning, and two microcomputer application areas. There was a strong correlation between postcourse examination scores for many specific subject areas and attendance at the related sessions. Thirteen of the 17 participants (76%) completed an original (NIH PHS398‐formatted) research proposal within four months following the training program, compared with only six of 26 residents (23%) not exposed to such a curriculum in previous years (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Residents appeared satisfied with this level of training and made gains in their skills and knowledge of research activities. The rate of preparation of research proposals by course attendees surpassed that of former residents. This educational intervention may augment the standard practice of faculty mentorship of residents and fellows for research knowledge and skill acquisition.
Reproductive costs of mating with a sibling male: sperm depletion and multiple mating in Cephalonomia hyalinipennis
Authors: Pérez‐Lachaud Gabriela 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPolygynous parasitoid males may be limited by the amount of sperm they can transmit to females, which in turn may become sperm limited. In this study, I tested the effect of male mating history on copula duration, female fecundity, and offspring sex ratio, and the likelihood that females will have multiple mates, in the gregarious parasitoid Cephalonomia hyalinipennis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae: Epyrinae), a likely candidate for sperm depletion due to its local mate competition system. Males were eager to mate with the seven females presented in rapid succession. Copula duration did not differ with male mating history, but latency before a first mating was significantly longer than before consecutive matings. Male mating history had no bearing on female fecundity (number of offspring), but significantly influenced offspring sex ratio. The last female to mate with a given male produced significantly more male offspring than the first one, and eventually became sperm depleted. In contrast, the offspring sex ratio of first‐mated females was female biased, denoting a high degree of sex allocation control. Once‐mated females, whether sperm‐depleted or not, accepted a second mating after a period of oviposition. Sperm‐depleted females resumed production of fertilized eggs after a second mating. Young, recently mated females also accepted a second mating, but extended in‐copula courtship was observed. Carrying out multiple matings in this species thus seems to reduce the cost of being constrained to produce only haploid males after accepting copulation with a sperm‐depleted male. I discuss the reproductive fitness costs that females experience when mating solely with their sibling males and the reproductive fitness gain of males that persist in mating, even when almost sperm‐depleted. Behavioural observations support the hypothesis that females monitor their sperm stock. It is concluded that C. hyalinipennis is a species with a partial local mating system.
Unpacked and packed fluid milk consumption patterns and preferences in Turkey
Authors: Akbay Cuma , Tiryaki Gulgun Yildiz 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe objective of this study is to investigate unpacked and packed fluid milk consumption patterns and preferences among Turkish households by using cross‐sectional survey data from 18,278 households. Based on the data, 47.8% of the households consume unpacked milk, 29.3% consume sterilized milk, and 7.9% consume pasteurized fluid milk at least once a month. Results of the multinomial logit model for fluid milk consumption behavior suggest that unpacked fluid milk preference is related positively to household size, income and age of the household head, and negatively to education level of the household head and status of the household wife. Similarly, pasteurized and sterilized fluid milk preferences are related positively to income and the education level of the household head, and negatively to household size and age of the household head. Results from these analyses are used to suggest techniques for marketing fluid milk products to specific segments of the consumer population.
Empowering rural people for their own development
Authors: Binswanger Hans P. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis Elmhirst lecture first discusses the factors that allow rural people in low‐income countries to design, plan, and implement their own rural development. These are divided into two broad groups: the institutional environment for rural development (the private sector, communities, civil society, local government, and sector institutions) and the factors governing profitability of investment in agriculture. While in many poor countries the institutional environment has improved over the last 20 years, the most poorly performing countries still have by far the poorest environment for local government in the world. Within an empowering institutional environment, the rate of agricultural and rural development is determined by investments of many different types that in turn depend primarily on the profitability of agriculture. Among the many factors that determine profitability few are under the direct control of farmers or agricultural sector institutions, but depend on governance and investments in other sectors such as trade and transport. In many of the poorest countries there has been considerable improvement in macro‐economic management and sector policies over the past 20 years, but progress in international and intra‐regional trade policies, in agricultural trade policies, in transport infrastructure, and in agricultural research and extension has been limited.
The economics of natural disasters: implications and challenges for food security
Authors: De Haen Hartwig , Hemrich Günter 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA large and growing share of the world's poor lives under conditions in which high risk of natural hazards coincides with high vulnerability. As a result natural disasters hit the poor disproportionately. In the last decade, natural disasters claimed 79,000 lives each year and affected more than 200 million people, with damages amounting to almost US$70 billion annually. Experts predict that disasters will become even more frequent and their impact more severe, expecting a 5‐fold global cost increase over the next 50 years, mainly due to climate change and a further concentration of the world's population in vulnerable habitats. The article argues that in order to mitigate disaster impact on poor population groups, development policy and disaster management need to become mutually supportive. Focusing on challenges disasters pose to food security, it proposes that in disaster‐prone locations measures to improve disaster resilience should be an integral part of food security policies and strategies. It expands the twin‐track approach to hunger reduction to a “triple‐track approach,” giving due attention to cross‐cutting disaster risk‐management measures. Practical areas requiring more attention include risk information and analysis; land use planning; upgrading physical infrastructures; diversification and risk transfer mechanisms. Investments in reducing disaster risk will be most needed where both hazard risk and vulnerability are high. As agriculture is particularly vulnerable to disaster risk, measures to reduce this vulnerability, i.e., protecting agricultural lands and water and other assets, should get greater weight in development strategies and food security policies. Investing in disaster resilience involves trade‐offs. Identifying the costs, benefits, and trade‐offs involved will be a prominent task of agricultural economists.
Food safety as a global public good
Authors: Unnevehr Laurian J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractGlobalization of the food system increases the shared risks from food safety, making it a global public good. Globally shared food safety risks include microbial pathogens, pesticide residues, or mycotoxins. Food safety is addressed as a global public good through improved private sector information, institutional innovations such as the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards Agreement under the World Trade Organization, and trade capacity building to improve food safety in developing country exports. Although meeting standards for high‐income consumers motivates trade facilitation, there could be large positive spillovers for developing country consumers from such investments.
Tariff line analysis of U.S. and international dairy protection
Authors: Grant Jason H. , Hertel Thomas W. , Rutherford Thomas F. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractGeneral equilibrium (GE) models have been criticized because of policy aggregation issues. Partial equilibrium (PE) models can be more disaggregated but do not account for the economy‐wide effects from trade reform. In this article, we illustrate a methodology that combines a fully disaggregated, subsector (PE) model with a standard GE framework permitting us to extend GE analysis to the tariff line. We offer some insight into the aggregation errors implicit in standard GE analyses by comparing our PE/GE approach to that of GE only under a global dairy liberalization experiment. Our PE/GE approach allows for a comprehensive treatment of tariff rate quotas at the sub‐sector level across narrowly defined product lines.