bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Two‐Step System for Revegetation of Surface Mine Spoils
Authors: Jones J. N. , Armiger W. H. , Bennett O. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA two‐step procedure for revegetating surface mine spoils was tested. It consists of: (i) establishment of a fast growing initial ground cover to minimize erosion, and (ii) chemical killing of this cover for use as an in situ mulch for establishment of persistent herbage of acceptable quality for pasturage or hay. Rye (Secale cereale L.) was drill‐seeded with fertilizer in September 1970 on spoil with pH 3.8 to 4.0. In May 1971, the rye was killed with a herbicide and then 3.6 metric tons of dolomitic limestone plus 56, 118, and 140 kg/ha of N, P, and K, respectively were broadcast as a blanket application. Selected forage legumes were surface seeded alone, and with a companion grass. Germination and seedling growth of the clovers and interseeded grasses were excellent. Over the 3‐year period, 1971–1973, herbage yields from red clovers averaged 3,000 kg/ha when established as a single species; with a companion grass, the combined yield increased to 4,400 kg/ha. Yields averaged 1,900 kg/ha for white clovers seeded alone, and 3,000 kg/ha with companion grasses. Highest yield in the third year was from crownvetch at 6,000 kg/ha. In the 0‐ to 7.6‐cm depth, pH ranged from 5.2 to 5.9 and in the 7.6‐ to 15.2‐cm depth, from 4.7 to 5.3. The results show that various forage legumes can be established on acid mine spoil and produce good ground cover and yields under this management system.
Municipal Sewage Sludge and Selected Element Applications to Soil: Effect on Soil and Fescue
Authors: Boswell Fred C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEffects of additions of sewage sludge from a highly industrialized area of Atlanta, Georgia, N‐P‐K inorganic fertilizers, selected heavy metals, and trace elements were made on 3 by 9 m plastic‐divided plots sodded to fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) to evaluate accumulations and movement patterns in the soil. Fescue yields and elemental content were also determined. Soil samples taken 17 weeks after the initial sludge treatment showed only slight increases in Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn content. One year later (72 weeks after the initial treatment), two additional applications of sewage sludge (a total of 16.8 metric tons/ha had increased the levels of these elements in the surface 7.5‐cm soil layer approximately 7, 3, 4, 4, and 5 times, respectively. The Zn content was the highest (88 ppm), followed by Pb (12 ppm), Cu (3.2 ppm), Cr (2.0 ppm), and Cd (1.4 ppm). Adding selected elements to the sewage sludge, even at relatively high levels, resulted in little movement of Zn lower than 30 cm and other heavy metals lower than 15 cm.Forage yields over the 2‐year period were increased, over control plots, approximately 30% by the sewage sludge and 150% by N‐P‐K fertilizer.The sewage sludge additions significantly increased the heavy metal and P contents in fescue, but not of K, Ca, and Mg. The greatest increase was from 33 to 1,419 ppm of Zn as an average of 8 sampling periods. No toxic or detrimental effects on fescue were noted.
The Availability of Sludge‐Borne Metals to Various Vegetable Crops
Authors: Dowdy R. H. , Larson W. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe uptake of metals by seven vegetable crops was studied after 0, 112, 225, and 450 tonnes/ha (110C basis) of sewage sludge was applied to a coarse, sandy soil. Sewage sludge additions did not adversely affect either potato yields or specific gravity. Generally, metal contents of the vegetative tissue were higher than those of the fruiting, root, and tuber tissue. In most edible tissue heavy metal accumulations did not increase more than two‐ or threefold as a result of amending the soil with 450 tonnes/ha sludge. Lettuce tissue was an exception, with increases from 21 to 225 ppm, 1.6 to 11.9 ppm, and 0.61 to 2.67 ppm for Zn, Cu, and Cd, respectively. Lettuce is an accumulator of metals, whereas potatoes and carrots are excellent nonaccumulators and may be very desirable crops for utilizing sludge‐amended soils. Approximately three times as much Zn accumulated in pea vine tissue as in the edible fruit. The increased accumulation was linear over the sludge application range studied. The Cd/Zn ratios for edible portions of radishes, potatoes, peas, and corn grown on sludge‐amended soil did not exceed that of the applied sludge (0.007).
Response of Asparagus to Applications of Simulated Vegetable‐Processing Waste Water
Authors: Pearson George A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAsparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) might serve as a cash crop in fields to be used for food processing waste water treatment.An experiment was conducted to determine the suitability of asparagus in such a situation. Well water and simulated waste waters representative of pea (Pisum sativum L.), green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), corn (Zea mays L.), lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.), and steam‐peeled sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) processing waste waters were applied at rates of 6.4, 12.7, and 19.0 mm/day, 5 days per week. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) values of the simulated waste waters ranged from 534 to 7,144 mg/liter.Asparagus yield was adversely affected by the highest COD waste water applied at the highest rate only.
Dairy Cattle Manure—Its Effect on Yield and Quality of Coastal Bermudagrass
Authors: Lund Z. F. , Doss B. D. , Lowry F. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of year‐round disposal of dairy cattle manure on Coastal bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers.) yield and quality was evaluated on small plots. It was applied as a solid at rates of 45 and 90 metric tons ha−1 year−1 and as a liquid at rates of 45, 90, and 135 metric tons ha−1 year−1, dry weight basis. The manure was applied six times annually at approximately 2‐month intervals. Check plots received N, P, and K at the rate of 470, 225, and 470 kg ha−1 year−1 from mineral fertilizer during the growing season. The soils were Lucedale sandy loam and Dothan loamy sand.Yields were lower on the manure‐treated plots than on the mineral‐fertilized plots the first year except for the 90 and 135 metric tons ha−1 year−1 liquid manure treatments on the Dothan soil. Yields were lower on the solid‐manure treated plots than on plots treated with an equivalent rate of liquid manure on both test areas all 3 years except for the Dothan soil in 1973. The 90 metric tons ha−1 year−1 treatment yielded as much as the mineral‐fertilizer plots the second year on the Dothan soil, but this was not true until the third year on the Lucedale soil. The 90 metric tons ha−1 year−1 treatments, solid or liquid, outyielded the mineral fertilizer check by 25 to 40% on the Lucedale soil the second and third years.Nitrate N and organic N were highly correlated. Nitrate N was accumulated when organic N contents in the tissue were 2.5% or higher. Concentration of K in the plant tissue was high, but K/(Ca + Mg) ratios were not above 2.2, so the forage was not considered tetanic. Manure could be disposed of at rates of 45 to 90 metric tons ha−1 year−1 on Coastal bermudagrass and without impairing quality of forage.
Phosphorus Removal from Static Sewage Effluent Using Duckweed
Authors: Sutton David L. , Ornes W. Harold 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDry weights of a mixed population of duckweed (Lemna gibba L. and Lemna minor L.) grown for 2 weeks in 12 liters of 6, 12, and 25% concentrations of secondary treated sewage effluent were 16, 23, and 31% higher, respectively, than plants grown in pond water. Concentrations of sewage effluent > 25% did not increase dry weight production. A maximum yield of 28 g dry weight/m2 was estimated for 7 days beginning with the second week of an 8‐week period by removing weekly one‐half of the duckweed from containers filled with 760 liters of 100% sewage effluent held under static conditions. Yield dropped to 4.6 g/m2 during the last 7 days of the 8‐week growing period. A 97% decrease in orthophosphate phosphorus (P) in the sewage effluent occurred during this time. Phosphorus content of duckweed was directly related to the P content in the sewage effluent up to a concentration of 2.1 µg/ml. Crude protein content of duckweed tissue removed from solutions containing 50 and 100% sewage effluent was almost three times that of plants grown in the pond water. Duckweed harvested 1 week after being planted in the containers filled with 100% sewage effluent under static conditions contained almost four times the crude protein as compared to plants harvested at the end of the 8‐week growing period.
Movement of Methylene Blue Active Substances from Septic Tank Effluent through Two Coastal Plain Soils
Authors: Reneau R. B. , Pettry D. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMethylene blue active substances (MBAS) concentration as a function of distance and depth in soils with high perched water tables were monitored as part of a study, supported by the Virginia Department of Health, to determine movement of septic pollutants through natural soil systems. The soils studied were Varina and Goldsboro. Piezometers were placed at selected distances and depths from the drainfield in the direction of ground‐water flow to determine both vertical and lateral movement. Also, soil adsorption studies were conducted on selected horizons from these soils to determine the influence of adsorption on distance traveled and biodegradation. Horizontal movement of MBAS in both soils were generally limited to 3.0 m or less. In the Varina, decreases in MBAS above the plinthic horizon could be described adequately as a semilogarithmic function. MBAS in this zone decreased from 0.80 and 0.51 to 0.49 and 0.29 mg/liter from 0.15 to 3.0 m from the drainfield for the winter and summer seasons, respectively. At the 6.1 m distance, concentrations were reduced to 0.10 and 0.12 mg/liter, respectively. In the plinthic horizon, MBAS concentrations were greater adjacent to the drainfield, but decreased more rapidly with distance. The decrease in MBAS in this horizon could be described by a logarithmic function.At the Goldsboro location, MBAS was concentrated at the 152 cm depth sampled for both the winter and summer seasons. During the winter, concentrations at the 152 cm depth remained at approximately 0.50 mg/liter through 1.5 m distance then decreased significantly. During the summer MBAS concentrations were approximately three times higher and extended to the 3.0 m distance before decreasing significantly. There was no indication of movement of MBAS at the 432 cm depth in this soil.Soil adsorption studies indicated that these soils were capable of adsorbing large quantities of linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS), but inefficiently under saturated conditions as indicated by adsorption of approximately 65% of the original for all three levels employed.
Effects of Waterhyacinth Cover on Water Chemistry, Phytoplankton, and Fish in Ponds
Authors: McVea Charles , Boyd Claude E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWaterhyacinth [Eichhornia crassipes (Mort.) Solms] cover of 0, 5, 10, or 25% surface was established in fertilized ponds stocked with the fish, Tilapia aurea (Steindachner), at Auburn, Alabama. Measurements of water chemistry, phytoplankton density, and fish production were made during the 1973 growing season.Phytoplankton production was less in ponds with 10 and 25% cover by waterhyacinth than in ponds with 0 and 5% cover. Competition of waterhyacinth with phytoplankton involved shading and removal of phosphorus from the water.Concentrations of dissolved oxygen were lowest in ponds with 25% cover, but oxygen tensions in all ponds were adequate for survival and growth of fish.Reduction in phytoplankton growth in ponds with 10 and 25% cover resulted in much lower fish production. The presence of 5% cover by waterhyacinth did not significantly affect fish production.
Effect of Municipal Wastes on Crop Yields and Uptake of Heavy Metals
Authors: Giordano P. M. , Mortvedt J. J. , Mays D. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA field experiment was initiated in fall 1971 to compare 90‐, 180‐, and 360‐kg/ha rates of Zn supplied in ZnSO4 and in garbage compost or sewage sludge. The same treatments were reapplied to half of each plot in fall 1972. Forage yields of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) in 1972 and 1973 were higher with applied compost and sludge but were unaffected or reduced by ZnSO4 applications. Concentrations of Zn were much higher in forage with ZnSO4 than with the organic wastes; concentrations in grain were similar among all treatments. Reapplication of the treatments did not result in proportional increases in heavy metal concentrations in either forage or grain. However, concentrations of Cd in forage and grain were about threefold higher with compost and sludge.Bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), double‐cropped after sweet corn each year, were more sensitive to excessive Zn. All rates of ZnSO4 and sewage sludge depressed yields of mature pods, and dry matter yields of bean vines were lower with the high rate of ZnSO4 but relatively unaffected by sludge. Concentrations of Cd and Ni were slightly higher in vines and pods from sludge‐treated plots.
Losses of Diuron, Linuron, Fenac, and Trifluralin in Surface Drainage Water
Authors: Willis G. H. , Rogers R. L. , Southwick L. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDiruon [3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1,1‐dimethylurea], linuron [3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1‐methoxy‐1‐methylurea], fenac [(2,3,6‐trichlorophenyl)acetic acid], and trifluralin (α,α,α‐trifluoro‐2,6‐dinitro‐ N,N‐dipropyl‐p‐toluidine) were applied to plots designed for sampling surface runoff. Over a 3‐year period, highest concentrations in runoff were usually associated with rainstorms that occurred soon after application. Maximum seasonal losses were < 0.12, 0.30, 2.90, and 0.05% of the applied diuron, linuron, fenac, and trifluralin, respectively. The data suggest that with proper use on agricultural land in the lower Mississippi River Valley these herbicides pose little threat to adjacent aquatic areas.
Nitrate, Phosphorus, and Sulfate in Subsurface Drainage Water
Authors: Baker J. L. , Campbell K. L. , Johnson H. P. , Hanway J. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMeasurements made over a 4‐year study of flow and NO3‐N, PO4‐P, total P, and SO4‐S content of subsurface drainage water from tile‐drained cropland indicate that annual nutrient losses are highly variable. Annual losses of phosphorus, SO4‐S, and NO3‐N ranged from 0 to 0.04, 0 to 32, and 0 to 93 kg/ha, respectively, being very dependent on the amount of water lost. Because of low concentrations of phosphorus, losses with subsurface drainage water were insignificant when compared with losses associated with surface runoff. Concentrations of SO4‐S and NO3‐N were seemingly inversely related. Tile drainage water with consistently high NO3‐N content relative to surface runoff (> 10 ppm even under the low‐fertility management of this study, 224 kg/ha of N over 5 years) is believed responsible for the high NO3‐N content sometimes found in a river draining central Iowa. The nitrate content of water from the saturated and unsaturated zones of the soil profile indicates that waves or pulses of water, with different NO3‐N concentrations, moving through the soil profile cause the observed variation of NO3‐N content of subsurface drainage water with time and flow rate. Such variations illustrate the difficulty of identifying water‐quality trends from limited data.
The Time Stability of Dissolved Mercury in Water Samples—I. Literature Review
Authors: Jenne E. A. , Avotins Peter 
Published: July 2010

AbstractConflicts in the published findings of adequacy of various preservation treatments for water samples intended for mercury analysis are common and appear to result from variations in (i) biological effects; (ii) initial concentrations of mercury; (iii) types of containers used; (iv) properties of the water or laboratory solution (particularly, the dissolved organic and reduced metal cation content); (v) duration of experiments; (vi) concentration of preservative; (vii) analysis, whether conducted in the original storage container or aliquots taken to another vessel; and (viii) the definition of adequacy employed. Of these variables, the biological effects have been overlooked by most investigators.
Yield and Metal Composition of Corn and Rye Grown on Sewage Sludge‐Amended Soil
Authors: Cunningham J. D. , Keeney D. R. , Ryan J. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA greenhouse experiment is reported which was designed to evaluate possible detrimental effects due to high loadings of waste water sludge from four Wisconsin municipalities. The sludges were selected because of abnormally high concentrations of Zn, Cu, Cr, or Ni, and were mixed, after being air‐dried, with a limed (pH 6.8) sandy loam soil at rates from 63 to 502 metric tons/ha (oven‐dry solids basis). The soils then were leached to remove soluble salts. Three crops [corn (Zea mays L.), rye (Seceale cereale L.), and corn] were then grown in succession on the sludge‐amended soils. Soil solution conductivity and soil pH were monitored at each cropping, and vegetative yield and tissue concentration of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn determined.One of the sludges was a high lime (pH 7.8) material, and this sludge raised soil pH to 7.4. At the high rates, the other sludges lowered pH somewhat. Also, soluble salts reached sufficient concentration at the higher rates to be detrimental to yield of the first corn crop. Significant positive yield responses, due to N, P, and K added by the sludges, occurred up to the 125 metric ton/ha rate. On all but the high pH sludge, crop yields were depressed at the high rate. The tissue concentration of metals increased with sludge rate, and significant differences between sludges were found with respect to tissue metal concentrations. Phytotoxic concentrations of Cu occurred most often. On the average, the tissue concentrations of the control were Cd, 0.4; Cr, 1.4; Cu, 7.4; Mn, 33; Ni, 1.7; and Zn, 38 ppm whereas at the 502 metric ton/ha rate of sewage sludge the values were Cd, 5; Cr, 6; Cu, 23; Mn, 346; Ni, 16; and Zn, 289 ppm.
Migration of Salt from Feedlot Waste as Affected by Moisture Regime and Aggregate Size
Authors: Amoozegar‐Fard A. , Fuller W. H. , Warrick A. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe migration of salt from three different aggregate sizes of feedlot manure under three moisture regimes was evaluated. The three sizes were small (to pass a 40‐mesh sieve), medium (0.9 cm in diameter, 2.25 cm in length), and large (4.8 cm in diameter, 2.6 cm in length). The three moisture regimes were: (i) 12 hours saturation, 12 hours drainage by gravity, this step was repeated five times; (ii) 12 hours saturation, 12 hours drainage by gravity, 48 hours oven drying at 60C, also repeated five times; and (iii) continuous leaching for 60 hours at a constant rate. After each 12‐ hour saturation period the leachates were collected and the electrical conductivity (EC), pH, and concentrations of K, Na, Ca, Mg, NH4, NO3, Cl, S, P, and eight trace elements determined.The EC of the leachate for the first saturation period was highest for the small‐sized aggregates under all three moisture regimes (21.3, 21.2, and 19.3 mmhos/cm, respectively) and the lowest for the large‐sized aggregates under continuous leaching (8.3 mmhos/cm). During the later leaching periods, the EC of the leachate for the large aggregates was higher than the other two sizes. Continuous leaching resulted in a lower EC for the first and a greater EC for the later saturation periods compared to the other two treatments. As for the individual salts, the migration pattern for K, Na, S, and Cl was similar to that for EC, however, the pattern for the other ions was dissimilar.
Uptake of Cadmium—Its Toxicity, and Effect on the Iron Ratio in Hydroponically Grown Corn
Authors: Root Robert A. , Miller Raymond J. , Koeppe D. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe uptake of cadmium by corn roots (Zea mays L.) and shoots from hydroponic solutions was determined over time intervals from 3–12 days. This uptake from solutions containing 1–40 mg cadmium/liter of solution was correlated with leaf chlorophyll content, dry matter production, and tissue concentration of zinc and iron. Cadmium concentration in roots and shoots increased with increased time of treatment. Roots of plants treated for 12 days contained about twice the cadmium found in shoots (approximately 200–1,100 µg cadmium/g dry weight in roots and approximately 100–450 µg cadmium/g dry weight in leaves). The dry weight of both roots and shoots, and of leaf chlorophyll concentration, decreased with increased cadmium tissue concentrations. The zinc concentration decreased, but the iron concentration increased, in leaves and roots as the cadmium concentration increased. These data resulted in a linear relationship between the increase of tissue cadmium and the increasing iron/zinc ratio. While the chlorosis of cadmium‐treated leaves appeared to be comparable to that resulting from iron deficiency, the data presented indicate that an iron deficiency is not the cause of leaf chlorosis in cadmium‐treated plants. A more important factor in cadmium toxicity may be the apparent correlation between an increase in tissue cadmium concentrations and the corresponding increase in the iron/zinc ratio.
Deposition of Airborne Particulates onto Plant Leaves
Authors: Klepper Betty , Craig D. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn order to assess potential environmental hazards from foliar absorption of airborne pollutants released in stack effluents from industrial plants, it is necessary to measure deposition characteristics onto plant foliage. This paper describes an exposure chamber which permits highly toxic materials to be delivered to plant leaves under reproducible conditions of wind speed and aerosol concentration. An aerosol of a gold colloid labelled with 198Au and having an activity median aerodynamic diameter (AMAD) of about 0.8 µm was used in experiments with bean leaves (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. ‘Tendergreen’) and with inert surfaces. Measurements were made of leaf area, wind speed, and aerosol concentration and particle size distribution. Leaves oriented toward and away from winds of 0.42 cm/second showed similar deposition rates for particles with an AMAD of about 0.8 µm. Deposition velocities for leaves were similar to deposition velocities measured for upward facing inert surfaces which were an order of magnitude greater than downward facing inert surfaces for the aerosols and wind velocities used in these experiments.
The Time Stability of Dissolved Mercury in Water Samples‐II. Chemical Stabilization
Authors: Avotins Peter , Jenne E. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBacteria were found to be the principal cause of instability of mercury in laboratory solutions. The volatilization loss rate increased rapidly after a variable lag period and then leveled off with increasing time. The marked reduction in the loss rate of mercury is a result of its combination with bacterial cells and metabolites. Reagents which either oxidize or solubilize organics removed mercury most effectively from sample containers in which mercury‐bearing water had been stored. A small amount of mercury was found to have diffused into the polyethylene bottles. Solute mercury was most effectively stabilized in laboratory solutions and water samples with 0.05% KMnO4 without acidification.