bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Behaviour of Larvae and Pupae of Aedes Aegypti (L.) in Light and Temperature Gradients
Authors: Omardeen T. A. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryExperiments with second-, third- and fourth-instar larvae of Aëdes aegypti (L.), as well as pupae, were carried out to determine their behaviour in temperature and light gradients in an experimental trough.When second-instar larvae are subjected to a temperature gradient from 42°C. at one end of the trough to 8°C. at the other, the majority of larvae aggregate over the range of temperature 23–32°C. Third- and fourth-instar larvae and pupae, however, show a marked preference for the range of temperature between 28–32°C.When subjected to a light gradient from 1·08 log foot-lamberts to log foot-lamberts, second- and third-instar larvae show no marked preference for any one light intensity. The majority of fourth-instar larvae, however, aggregate in the darkest region of the trough, and this negative phototactic reaction is very pronounced in the pupae. This behaviour is probably correlated with the development of sense organs as the larvae grow. In the case of light gradients, it is likely that the increasing negative phototactic reaction is due to the increasing sensitivity of the imaginal compound eye which starts developing in the early larval instars and reaches an advanced stage in the pupa.
Trials on the Underground Storage of Maize of high Moisture Content in Tanganyika
Authors: Swaine G. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryTrials were carried out, at two places in Tanganyika, on the underground storage in sealed pits of maize of high moisture content. The average moisture content of the maize when placed in the two pits was 16·9 and 14·8 per cent., whilst the general level of insect infestation was very light and fairly light, respectively. The predominant species was Calandra oryzae (L.); Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) and Tribolium castaneum (Hbst.) were also present.The maize was kept in the sealed pits for 144 and 374 days, respectively. Samples taken at intervals showed that the insect infestation died out early, and there was no increase in insect damage. Other changes, unconnected with insect infestation, took place, and conditioning and admixture of a more palatable maize was necessary before grain from the pits could be offered to the public.It is concluded that long-term underground storage of maize of high moisture content is not a practical proposition under tropical conditions owing to the deterioration that occurs in the grain.
New Genera and species of Cicadelloidea (Homoptera, Auchenorrhyncha) from economic Plants in India
Authors: Ghauri M. S. K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFollowing examination of Cicadelloidea off potato, castor, millets and berseem from Simla, India, and of some of Distant's type specimens, the genera Jilinga, Pseudosubhimalus and Sarejuia are described as new, and new combinations and synonymies given ; two new species are also described under Aconurella Ribaut and Sarejuia. Dio Distant, Erythridea Ribaut and Erythria Fieber are considered to be distinct, and a key to these genera is given.
The emission and form of spermatophores and the fine structure of adultEriophyes sheldoniEwing (Acarina, Eriophyoidea)
Authors: Sternlicht M. , Griffiths D. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe emission and form of the spermatophores ofEriophyes sheldoniEwing are described and illustrated. Glued to the substratum by a drop-like pad which varies in shape, they consist of a stalk with a basal stiff section and a distal flexible part ending in a strongly convex lens-like head, in which the sperm mass is kept. The fine structures of the adult integument, characteristic of this species, are described and illustrated.
Effect of diazinon selection upon two organophosphorus-resistant field strains of Lutilia Cuprina (Wied.) (Diptera, Calliphoridae)
Authors: Shanahan G. J. , Roxburgh N. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTwo field strains of Lucilia cuprina (Wied.) of different susceptibilities to diazinon were selected over 25 generations by immersion of first-instar larvae in aqueous emulsions of diazinon for five minutes ; the resistance of the larvae and adult females was compared with a standard laboratory susceptible strain. Resistance increased rapidly in both strains, reaching a maximum for adult females (R.F. = 5–6) in generation 3 and for larvae (R.F. = 46–60) in generation 6. After removal of selection pressure at generation 8 the resistance factor fell to 20–24 by generation 25. Because the resistance mechanisms are known to place their carriers at a disadvantage in the absence of selection pressure, the practical implications of the rapid increase in resistance must await results of experiments with known genotypes.
Systematic studies on Eulophidae of economic significance (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea)
Authors: Kerrich G. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAchrysocharis diplosidis reared from galls of the Cecidomyiid Hyperdiplosis eupatorii Felt in Trinidad and Brazil is described, A. pulcherrima Kerrich is recorded from Pakistan, and a key separating these two gall-associated species of Achrysocharis Girault is given. Larval or pupal parasites of Promecotheca cumingii Baly (Hispidae) in Sri Lanka are described as Cotterellia lankensis, and of Promecotheca spp. in New Britain, Admiralty Is. and New Guinea Territory as C. insularis; C. podagrica Waterston is redescribed, and a key is given to the three species of Cotterellia Waterston ; the generic relatives of Cotterellia are discussed and a key separating this genus from Platocharis Kerrich and Schizocharis Kerrich is given. Rekabia Cameron is placed in synonymy with Euplectrus Westwood, and notes are given on material for a classification of the relatives of Stenomesius Westwood.
The distribution and life-history of Milionia isodoxa Prout (Lepidoptera, Geometridae), a Pest of planted hoop pine in papua New Guinea
Authors: Wylie F. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMilionia isodoxa Prout is a serious defoliator of planted hoop pine, Araucaria cunninghamii, in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea. The insect has been found in seven mainland districts, and larvae have been collected from naturally occurring hoop pine in the Madang and Southern Highlands Districts. M. isodoxa is multivoltine, the life-cycle taking approximately eight weeks. The durations of the five larval instars are 4, 4, 4, 5 and 10 days, respectively, and of the pupal period approximately two weeks. The males feed primarily on organic solutes, the females on nectar, so that the sex ratio of adult M. isodoxa in the hoop pine plantations at Bulolo varies with the time of day and locality. Pupae may be attacked by two species of Ichneumonidae and one of Braconidae, and the ants Anoplolepis longipes (Jerd.) and Oecophylla smaragdina (F.) are particularly effective larval predators in the Bulolo plantations; some adults are killed by spiders. The fungus Beauveria bassiana is responsible for high pupal mortality in the Highlands. Frass-drop frequency studies of M. isodoxa larvae in the laboratory showed that feeding activity is greatest in the early instars, and is greater at night for all instars. Larvae reared at 21°C required 14 days more for development than did those reared under the normal daily fluctuation, 19–31°C.
The Anopheles barbirostris group (Diptera, Culicidae)
Authors: Reid J. A. 
Published: July 2009

The group of Anopheles barbirostris Wulp is shown to consist of some 11 closely similar species, five of which are described as new. Keys for identification are provided. The group is divisible into two parts, the subgroups of A. barbirostris and A. vanus Wlk.Two (or possibly three) species in the barbirostris subgroup are disease vectors.A. barbirostris sensu stricto is the commonest and most variable species of the group and has the widest range, occurring probably from India to the Moluccas excluding only Borneo and the Philippines. Larvae can be found in a variety of breeding places in still or slowly moving water. Throughout its range, except perhaps in the Celebes, it appears to be largely zoophilous and not a vector of disease.A. campestris sp.n. is very closely related to barbirostris. It appears to be confined to the alluvial plains of coasts and deltas, and may be limited to the mainland of Asia. It is common on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula where it is anthropophilous and an important vector of human (and possibly also simian) malaria, and of filariasis due to the periodic form of Brugia malayi. It is probably at least a minor vector of malaria and filariasis in the plains of Thailand.A. donaldi sp.n. is the principal member of the group in Borneo, and is locally common in Malaya where the larvae are usually found in more shaded places than those of barbirostris. In Borneo it is a minor vector of malaria and filariasis, and possibly in Malaya also.A. franciscoi sp.n. is the Philippine representative of the barbirostris subgroup.A. hodgkini sp.n. is widespread (Thailand, Indo-China, Malaya and Borneo), but seldom common. It is a species of the forest and forest edge.A. pollicaris sp.n. is an uncommon but easily recognised forest species only known at present from Malaya.The vanus subgroup consists for the most part of uncommon species having little contact with man and usually associated with forest. A. vanus sensu stricto occurs in the Celebes and Moluccas where it is common, and also in Borneo and the Philippines; A. barbumbrosus Strickl. & Chowd., replaces vanus in the western half of the archipelago and on the mainland; A. ahomi Chowd., is known from Assam; A. manalangi Mendoza is confined to the Philippines; finally there is an unnamed species in Ceylon with speckled legs which was previously identified wrongly as A. pseudobarbirostris Ludl.
Hofmannophila pseudospretella(Stnt.) (Lep., Oecophoridae), its status as a pest of woollen textiles, its laboratory culture and susceptibility to mothproofers
Authors: Cole J. H. 
Published: July 2009

Hofmannophila pseudospretella(Stnt.) is a very widespread and common omnivorous scavenger in Britain. It is able to digest keratin and, while rarely occurring in large infestations, has a nuisance value as a textile pest in dwellings. It is commonly found breeding in birds' nests and dry organic débris likely to be found in attics and roof spaces, and mature larvae wandering from the feeding site are probably the only cause of damage to domestic textiles which, according to our records, are principally carpets.A method of maintaining cultures in the laboratory and obtaining standardised larvae for mothproofing tests is described.Adequate protection against newly hatched larvae was given by 0·1 per cent. Dielmoth (25 per cent, dieldrin) and 1·0 per cent. Mitin FF (an unknown percentage of N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N′-2-(2-sulpho-4-chlorophenoxy)-5-chlorophenyl urea, sodium salt), while six-week-old larvae were not controlled by 0·15 per cent. Dielmoth or 1·0 per cent. Mitin FF. No protection against larvae in the wandering stage was given by Dielmoth in concentrations up to 0·63 per cent, or by 1·0 per cent. Mitin FF.Both six-week-old and wandering larvae were controlled by 5·0 per cent. Mystox B (20 per cent, pentachlorophenol) and the latter also by 4·0 per cent. Mystox LPL (100 per cent, commercial pentachlorophenyl laurate).
The evaluation of insecticides as soil and mound poisons against termites in agriculture and forestry in West Africa
Authors: Sands W. A. 
Published: July 2009

The termites most injurious to crops and trees in West Africa are subterranean or mound-building species of the Termitidae, mainly Macrotermitinae with some Amitermitinae and Nasutitermitinae. Insecticides for their control may be applied generally to the soil, locally around the plant or directly to the colony.In investigations in Northern Nigeria, dusts containing aldrin or dieldrin were mixed with the top six inches of soil of a type commonly cultivated (a slightly humic, brown, loamy sand), exposed to weathering in the field and tested for persistence of the insecticides by bioassay at intervals, using workers of Trinervitermes ebenerianus Sjöst., a locally common surface-foraging species. The concentration of the insecticide in the soil was measured in terms of the time in days taken for 50 per cent. of the insects to be killed (T50). After 33–34 months, between one-third and one-fifth of the insecticide remained in soil originally treated with 0·5, 2 and 5 lb. active ingredient (a.i.) per acre.T. ebenerianus proved very sensitive to dieldrin; the T50 value was 1·48–4·10 days for single samples, from each of five colonies, exposed to filter paper containing 0·0018 parts per million, as compared with 10–24 days for the controls. It is suggested that general soil treatments should be used with caution until more is known of their effects on termite populations, which are important in facilitating aeration, and penetration of water, in tropical soils.Application of dieldrin emulsion, at a dose equivalent to 1 lb. a.i. divided among the planting holes for one acre (1,225), during planting of one-year-old, root-pruned seedlings of Eucalyptus camalduensis, resulted in a mean survival after 2½ years of 60 per cent. of the young trees, as compared with 17 per cent. in untreated controls. Pot-grown seedlings of Eucalyptus spp. were similarly treated at 8 oz. a.i. dieldrin per 700 pots prior to setting out in the field, when they showed very low mortality due to termites over the next 1½ years, attack only occurring where too short a pot allowed access by Macrotermes natalensis (Hav.) to the tap root. Four hundred pot-grown cacao seedlings similarly treated with 4 oz. a.i. dieldrin showed only four deaths due to termites one year after planting out. Pre-treatment of potting soil for Eucalyptus seedlings at 5–10 oz. of 2 per cent, dieldrin dust per cubic yard (sufficient for 500 pots) has given promising preliminary results.Colonies of M. natalensis, which constructs large mounds, were successfully poisoned with 2½ fl. oz. of aldrin 40 per cent, emulsifiable concentrate in six gallons of water applied through three auger holes made into the central ‘ hive ’, containing the queen cell and associated chambers. It is considered that this dose could safely be reduced.
Notes on parasites of Pentatomidae and Scutelleridae (Hemiptera-Heteroptera) in Middle East countries, with observations on biological control
Authors: Brown E. S. 
Published: July 2009

A number of observations were made on parasites of certain Pentatomoids (sunn pest) attacking wheat in Middle East countries, during the course of other work on these pests. The principal host species studied were Eurygaster integriceps Put., E. maura (L.) and Aelia rostrata Boh. The data concern both Dipterous (Tachinid) endoparasites of the adult bugs, and also Hymenopterous (Scelionid) egg-parasites; the observations were made principally in central Turkey, and in the Varamine district of Iran. A few observations on predators were made also.The data concerning Tachinids consist of host records for six species of parasites. In no case observed by the author did these parasites appear to be of great importance in reducing the numbers of sunn pest; the same is true of the few instances of predators recorded.Observations were made on six species of Scelionid egg-parasites (five species of Asolcus and one of Hadronotus), five of which were bred from eggs of four species of Pentatomoid hosts collected in the field. The species concerning which the most comprehensive data were obtained were Asolcus rufiventris (Mayr), A. semistriatus (Nees) and A. vassilievi (Mayr). Egg-parasites are well known to be more efficacious in reducing sunn-pest populations, and A. semistriatus has been extensively used in Iran as a biological control agent. The data obtained enabled some ideas which are of importance for the use of egg-parasites in biological control to be formed and discussed. These concern principally (a) the susceptibilities of different hosts to parasitisation; (b) host selection by parasites; (c) the selection of a species of parasite most suitable for biological control in a particular area.
Control of Aleuroglyphus ovatus (Troupeau) in flea cultures
Authors: Sternberg S. , Tahori A. S. 
Published: July 2009

In tests of acaricides for the control of a Tyroglyphid mite, Aleuroglyphus ovatus (Troupeau), infesting cultures of the oriental rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis (Roths.), in jars provided with linen covers and containing Purina dog food in sand as the rearing medium, Tedion and Kelthane proved ineffective, but light infestations (100 cc. of medium inoculated with 500 mites) were satisfactorily controlled by chlorobenzilate at 0·2 p.p.m. in the rearing medium or as a 0·05 per cent, solution in acetone painted on to the inner wall of the jar and used to soak the linen cover for three seconds. Heavy infestations (100 cc. medium inoculated with 2,000–3,000 mites) were controlled by chlorobenzilate at 20 p.p.m. in the medium or as a 0·5 per cent, solution applied to both the linen cover and the inner rim of the jar; a combination of both treatments (using 2 p.p.m. and a 0·5 per cent, solution) gave adequate control for 30 days.The flea larvae were unaffected by 2 p.p.m. chlorobenzilate in the rearing medium; 20 p.p.m. killed larvae, but not adults. Neither stage was affected by treating the linen cover and inner rim of the breeding jar with a 0·5 per cent, solution of chlorobenzilate.Measures are recommended for maintaining flea cultures free from mites, based on these experimental results and on a year's practice.
The susceptibility of tsetse flies to topical applications of insecticides. III.—The effects of age and pregnancy on the susceptibility of adults of Glossina morsitans Westw
Authors: Burnett G. F. 
Published: July 2009

Solutions of dieldrin, γ BHC, p, p′DDT and Baytex were applied topically to pregnant females of Glossina morsitans Westw. and also, in most cases, to fertilised flies over 21 days old and not noticeably pregnant, to virgin flies over 21 days old, and to males over 18 days old. Pregnant flies required about nine times as much dieldrin as young flies for comparable mortalities, and non-pregnant fertilised flies about four times as much. It was not possible to determine proper regression lines for other insecticides and classes of flies but significant increases in tolerance, as compared with that of young flies, were shown by pregnant flies to γ BHC and DDT, by old virgins to dieldrin and DDT but not γ BHC, and by fertilised flies to γ BHC and DDT. Pregnant flies and virgins showed no increased tolerance to Baytex, and old males showed none to dieldrin, γ BHC or DDT.These results are discussed in relation to aerial spraying of tsetse habitats and it is suggested that they explain some unexpected past results.
The susceptibility of tsetse flies to topical applications of insecticides. IV.—Wild-caught adults of Glossina swynnertoni Aust.
Authors: Burnett G. F. 
Published: July 2009

Dieldrin, γ BHC, DDT, Telodrin and Baytex have been applied topically in oil solutions to G. swynnertoni Aust. caught as wild adults. The order of toxicity of these compounds was the same as that to laboratory-emerged G. morsitans Westw. and all were relatively more effective. Wild females were 2–3 times as tolerant of the chlorinated hydrocarbons as the males, and pregnant females required nine times as much DDT as the males. Greater tolerance to Baytex did not exceed the difference in body weights between the sexes. These results confirm those obtained with G. morsitans and are attributed to the increased tolerance to chlorinated-hydrocarbon insecticides shown by females as they age and become fertilised and pregnant.There is no such increase in tolerance of females to Baytex and the importance of this in planning practical control measures is indicated.
The pregnancy rate in Glossina palpalis (R.-D.) in southern Nigeria
Authors: Jordan A. M. 
Published: July 2009

Females of Glossina palpalis (R.-D.) were dissected and examined for pregnancy at the Ugbobigha field station of the West African Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research in southern Nigeria between January 1958 and October 1959. Of 2,490 females dissected, 46 (2%) were virgin; 764 (31%) had an egg in utero and 221 (9%) a larva in utero. Highest pregnancy rates were found in months with heaviest rainfall and lowest mean temperature, saturation deficit and evaporation rate.The pregnancy rate in G. palpalis near Kaduna, in Northern Nigeria, was nearly twice that found at Ugbobigha, the major difference being in the number of females with a larva in utero. It is suggested that in the Ugbobigha area an adverse factor operates in the late egg or early larval stage, causing abortion; this is probably not a direct effect of climate or of insufficient food but may partly be related to the possible inability of females to obtain a blood-meal at just the right stage in gestation. Low pregnancy rates may, at least in part, explain the low densities of G. palpalis commonly found in the forest belt of West Africa, despite the wide distribution of the species in such areas.
The productivity of grasslands in England for Oscinella frit (L.) (Chloropidae) and other stem-boring Diptera
Authors: Southwood T. R. E. , Jepson W. F. 
Published: July 2009

Dissections of over 93,000 grass stems obtained by random core-sampling of natural grasslands at a site in Berkshire largely confirm earlier conclusions regarding the associations of different species of dipterous stem borers and grasses. Allowing for the number of stems of each grass species per unit area, the densities of larvae were greatest in Anthoxanum odoratum, Poa and Lolium and lowest in Dactylis glomerata. Oscinella frit (L.) was less abundant than Cetema spp. and Opomyza germinationis (L.); it was not found in D. glomerata but was most abundant in Lolium and Festuca. Sampling showed that overwintering larvae of O. frit suffer at least 50 per cent, mortality between September–December and January–March.Previous studies have largely concentrated on populations in different species of grasses, but it is advantageous to consider the production of O. frit in terms of short (grazed or regularly mown) grasslands and long grasslands (hay fields, uncut commons and rough grazing); comparisons of figures obtained by core-sampling for larvae and emergence traps for adults indicate a production from short grassland and long grassland of about 11 and under 1 overwintered adult per sq. yd., respectively. Having regard to the greater productivity of common leys, dominated by Lolium and Poa, a national average for the first figure would be 15. There is little increase from generation to generation in grassland populations during the year, in contrast with the situation in oats.From tentative estimates of the acreages and productivities of the different sources of O. frit in England and Wales as a whole, it is clear that the majority of the adults of O. frit are produced by grasslands in the spring and summer and by the oat panicles in the autumn, the latter population being much the greater. As O. frit is a migratory insect, such a conclusion is especially significant and indicates that during the autumn the ‘ population pressure ’ in the grasslands will be very different to that during other seasons.