bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐frequency gamma oscillations coexist with low‐frequency gamma oscillations in the rat visual cortex in vitro
Authors: Oke Olaleke O. , Magony Andor , Anver Himashi , Ward Peter D. , Jiruska Premysl , Jefferys John G. R. , Vreugdenhil Martin 
Published: April 2010

AbstractSynchronization of neuronal activity in the visual cortex at low (30–70 Hz) and high gamma band frequencies (> 70 Hz) has been associated with distinct visual processes, but mechanisms underlying high‐frequency gamma oscillations remain unknown. In rat visual cortex slices, kainate and carbachol induce high‐frequency gamma oscillations (fast‐γ; peak frequency ∼ 80 Hz at 37°C) that can coexist with low‐frequency gamma oscillations (slow‐γ; peak frequency ∼ 50 Hz at 37°C) in the same column. Current‐source density analysis showed that fast‐γ was associated with rhythmic current sink‐source sequences in layer III and slow‐γ with rhythmic current sink‐source sequences in layer V. Fast‐γ and slow‐γ were not phase‐locked. Slow‐γ power fluctuations were unrelated to fast‐γ power fluctuations, but were modulated by the phase of theta (3–8 Hz) oscillations generated in the deep layers. Fast‐γ was spatially less coherent than slow‐γ. Fast‐γ and slow‐γ were dependent on γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptors, α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors and gap‐junctions, their frequencies were reduced by thiopental and were weakly dependent on cycle amplitude. Fast‐γ and slow‐γ power were differentially modulated by thiopental and adenosine A1 receptor blockade, and their frequencies were differentially modulated by N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors, GluK1 subunit‐containing receptors and persistent sodium currents. Our data indicate that fast‐γ and slow‐γ both depend on and are paced by recurrent inhibition, but have distinct pharmacological modulation profiles. The independent co‐existence of fast‐γ and slow‐γ allows parallel processing of distinct aspects of vision and visual perception. The visual cortex slice provides a novel in vitro model to study cortical high‐frequency gamma oscillations.
Maturation of Schaffer collateral synapses generates a phenotype of unreliable basal evoked release and very reliable facilitated release
Authors: Schiess Adrian R. B. , Scullin Chessa , Donald Partridge L. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractShort‐term synaptic plasticity undergoes important age‐dependent changes that have crucial implications during the development of the nervous system. Paired‐pulse facilitation is a form of short‐term synaptic plasticity by which the response to the second of two temporally‐paired stimuli is larger and more reliable than the response to the first stimulus. In this study, a paired‐pulse minimal stimulation technique was used to measure the probability and quantal amplitude of synaptic release at hippocampal synapses from 12–16‐day‐old (young) and 7–9‐week‐old (adult) rats. In order to assess the contribution of temperature‐dependent processes, we carried out experiments at both room temperature and at near physiological temperature. We report here that neither temperature nor maturation affected the low basal evoked release probability and quantal amplitude of release. However, the warmer temperature revealed a unique developmental increase in facilitated evoked release probability and quantal amplitude of release. As a result, although both basal evoked release and facilitated release are rather unreliable in synapses from young animals, the maturation process at near physiological temperature generates a phenotype with unreliable basal evoked release and highly reliable facilitated release.
Annotation and overview of the Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi NCPPB 3335 draft genome reveals the virulence gene complement of a tumour‐inducing pathogen of woody hosts
Authors: Rodríguez‐Palenzuela Pablo , Matas Isabel M. , Murillo Jesús , López‐Solanilla Emilia , Bardaji Leire , Pérez‐Martínez Isabel , Rodríguez‐Moskera Martín E. , Penyalver Ramón , López Maria M. , Quesada José M. , Biehl Bryan S. , Perna Nicole T. , Glasner Jeremy D. , Cabot Eric L. , Neeno‐Eckwall Eric , Ramos Cayo 
Published: April 2010

Summary Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi is a tumour‐inducing pathogen of Olea europaea L. causing olive knot disease. Bioinformatic analysis of the draft genome sequence of strain NCPPB 3335, which encodes 5232 predicted coding genes on a total length of 5856 998 bp and a 57.12% G + C, revealed a large degree of conservation with Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola 1448A and P. syringae pv. tabaci 11528. However, NCPPB 3335 contains twelve variable genomic regions, which are absent in all previously sequenced P. syringae strains. Various features that could contribute to the ability of this strain to survive in a woody host were identified, including broad catabolic and transport capabilities for degrading plant‐derived aromatic compounds, the duplication of sequences related to the biosynthesis of the phytohormone indoleacetic acid (iaaM, iaaH) and its amino acid conjugate indoleacetic acid‐lysine (iaaL gene), and the repertoire of strain‐specific putative type III secretion system effectors. Access to this seventh genome sequence belonging to the ‘P. syringae complex’ allowed us to identify 73 predicted coding genes that are NCPPB 3335‐specific. Results shown here provide the basis for detailed functional analysis of a tumour‐inducing pathogen of woody hosts and for the study of specific adaptations of a P. savastanoi pathovar.
Anatomical retro‐apical technique of synchronous (posterior and anterior) urethral transection: a novel approach for ameliorating apical margin positivity during robotic radical prostatectomy
Authors: Tewari Ashutosh K. , Srivastava Abhishek , Mudaliar Kumaran , Tan Gerald Y. , Grover Sonal , El Douaihy Youssef , Peters David , Leung Robert , Yadav Rajiv , John Majnu , Wysock James , Vaughan E. Daracott , Muir Sara , Amin Mahul B. , Rubin Mark , Tu Jiangling , Akthar Mohammed , Shevchuk Maria 
Published: April 2010

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4OBJECTIVETo describe a novel synchronous approach to apical dissection during robotic‐assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) which augments circumferential visual appreciation of the prostatic apex and membranous urethra anatomy, and assess its effect on apical margin positivity.PATIENTS AND METHODSPositive surgical margins (PSM) during RP predispose to earlier biochemical recurrence, and occur most frequently at the prostatic apex. Conventional apical transection after early ligation of the dorsal venous complex (DVC) remains suboptimal, as this approach obscures visualization of the intersection between prostatic apex and membranous urethra, leading to inadvertent apical capsulotomy and eventual margin positivity. A synchronous urethral transection commenced via a retro‐apical approach was adopted in 209 consecutive patients undergoing RARP by one surgeon (A.T.) between April to September 2009. The apical margin rates for this group were compared with those of 1665 previous patients who received conventional urethral transection via an anterior approach after DVC ligation. Outcomes were adjusted for differences in clinicopathological variables. All RP specimens were processed according to institutional protocols, and examined by dedicated genitourinary pathologists. The location of PSMs was identified as apex, posterior, posterolateral, bladder neck, anterior, base, or multifocal.RESULTSPatients receiving synchronous urethral transection had significantly lower apical PSM rates than the control group (1.4% vs 4.4%, P= 0.04). This marked improvement in the retro‐apical group occurred despite a significantly higher incidence of aggressive cancer (≥pT3a) documented on final specimen pathology (16% vs 10%, P= 0.027).Technical difficulty was encountered in three of 209 study patients, in whom urethral transection had to be completed using the classic anterior approach.CONCLUSIONImproved circumferential visualization of the prostatic apex, membranous urethra and their anatomical intersection facilitates precise dissection of the apex and its surrounding neural scaffold, and optimizes membranous urethral preservation. This has significantly ameliorated apical PSM rates in patients undergoing RARP, despite having to deal with more aggressive cancer on final specimen pathology.
‘Something to talk about’: notation and knowledge‐making among Central Slovak lace‐makers
Authors: Makovicky Nicolette 
Published: April 2010

Notational systems are useful devices for recording the movements of craftspeople, dancers, and artists. Because of the predominantly haptic nature of their skills, these practitioners experience difficulty in verbalizing descriptions of their work and instructions to fellow artisans. For lace‐makers, notation is an effective way of sharing information about the ways a given design is made across generations and community boundaries. But because notation separates procedure from practice and extricates craftwork from its geographical, social, and historical context, it has direct consequences for the ways lace‐makers understand skill, proficiency, and design composition. By making craft practice the subject of conversation, notation implicates lace‐making in a political economy of knowledge that assigns differential values to different stages of the production process, thereby elevating some ways of knowing above others. Indeed, notation and codification call into question the very agency of the craftswomen as professionals and carriers of local cultural tradition. Based on continuing ethnographic fieldwork among lace‐makers in Central Slovakia, this paper analyses the impact of notational use on lace‐makers' thinking about their craft knowledge and skill, and, by extension, issues of local style and cultural heritage.RésuméLes systèmes de notation sont des instruments utiles pour enregistrer les mouvements des artisans, des danseurs et des artistes. De par la nature principalement haptique de leurs compétences, ces praticiens ont des difficultés à verbaliser leur travail et leur instructions à leurs collègues. Chez les dentellières, la notation est un moyen efficace de partager des informations sur la manière de réaliser un dessin donné, d’une génération à l’autre et au‐delà des limites de la communauté. Mais parce qu’elle sépare la procédure de la pratique et extrait l’artisanat de son contexte géographique, social et historique, la notation a des conséquences directes sur la manière dont les dentellières comprennent la compétence, la maîtrise et la composition des dessins. En faisant de la pratique artisanale un sujet de conversation, la notation implique la dentellerie dans une économie politique des connaissances qui attribue des valeurs différenciées aux différentes étapes du processus de production et élève ainsi certaines manières de savoir au‐dessus des autres. De fait, la notation et la codification remettent en question l’agencéité même des artisanes en tant que professionnelles et porteuses d’une tradition culturelle locale. Basé sur un travail de terrain ethnographique en cours chez les dentellières du centre de la Slovaquie, l’article analyse l’impact de l’utilisation de la notation sur la façon dont les dentellières pensent leur savoir et leurs compétences et, par extension, sur les questions de style local et de patrimoine culturel.
Learning to weave; weaving to learn ... what?
Authors: Venkatesan Soumhya 
Published: April 2010

This paper places the anthropology of learning in conversation with the anthropology of work by unpacking the interrelationship between the processes by which a skill is learned and knowledge about the skill, its possibilities and ramifications. The paper's ethnographic focus is the Labbai mat‐weavers of Pattamadai town in South India, who are ambivalent about being weavers. It contrasts this ambivalence with the excitement that weaving generated in a development practitioner who sought to promote the weaving industry and who also learned how to weave. The same skill is approached differently by different kinds of persons: they understand and learn different things. Learning and knowing cannot be easily separated. By focusing on the various purposes and modes of learning, on the social production of knowledge, and on instances of communication and miscommunication, the paper explores the embodied and historicized production of knowledge by different kinds of person: the mat‐weavers, the development professional, and, to a certain extent, an anthropologist.RésuméLe présent article confronte l’anthropologie de l’apprentissage à l’anthropologie du travail en révélant les relations entre les processus d’acquisition d’une compétence et la connaissance de cette compétence, de ses possibilités et de ses ramifications. Le sujet ethnographique de l’article concerne les tisserands de tapis Labbai de la ville de Pattamadai, dans le Sud de l’Inde, qui ont une attitude ambivalente vis‐à‐vis de leur statut de tisserands. L’auteur met en regard cette ambivalence et l’intérêt éveillé par le tissage chez un intervenant en développement qui cherchait à promouvoir l’artisanat du tissage et avait même appris à tisser. La même compétence est approchée différemment par différentes sortes de personnes : celles‐ci voient et comprennent des choses différentes. L’apprentissage et la connaissance ne peuvent pas être facilement dissociés. En se concentrant sur les différents buts et modes de l’apprentissage, sur la production sociale de connaissance et sur des cas de communication bien et mal menée, l’article explore la production incorporée et historicisée de connaissances par différentes sortes de personnes : les tisserands, le professionnel du développement et, dans une certaine mesure, l’anthropologue.
Reflections on knowledge practices and the problem of ignorance
Authors: Dilley Roy 
Published: April 2010

Much anthropological literature regards ‘knowledge’ as an unproblematic accumulation of what people claim to know about the world, their social relations, cosmology, and practices. The flip‐side to knowledge, namely ignorance, however, is rarely considered. To speak of knowledge deprived of its relation to ignorance is like speaking of velocity devoid of a notion of distance. The paper explores what an anthropological conception of ignorance might look like. It reflects on the problem of ignorance in anthropological theories of knowledge, and illustrates the issues with a case study of the knowledge practices of Senegalese craftspeople and French colonial officers and administrators in West Africa.RésuméUne grande partie de la littérature anthropologique considère les « connaissances » comme une accumulation de ce que les gens disent savoir du monde, de leurs relations sociales, de leur cosmologie et de leurs pratiques, et cette accumulation ne pose aucune difficulté. Le revers de la médaille, à savoir l’ignorance, est pour sa part rarement étudié. Or parler des connaissances en les privant de leur relation à l’ignorance équivaut à parler de vitesse sans notion de distance. L’article explore ce que pourrait être une conception anthropologique de l’ignorance. Il questionne la problématique de l’ignorance dans les théories anthropologiques de la connaissance et illustre son propos par une étude de cas des pratiques du savoir chez les artisans sénégalais et les officiers et administrateurs coloniaux français en Afrique de l’Ouest.
The impact of the global financial crisis on social protection in developing countries
Authors: McCord Anna 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe global financial crisis has had a devastating effect on poverty levels in developing countries, and the social protection response to date, in the form of social assistance, has been limited, constrained by the weak systems and low coverage of pre‐existing provision. Developing countries have struggled to honour pre‐crisis social protection policy commitments due to declining revenues, and in this context the potential for expanding coverage to assist those further impoverished and the “new poor” are remote. Despite the expansionary fiscal stance adopted by many developing countries, the focus of policy responses to the crisis has been on protecting and stimulating growth. The focus has not been on social protection provision to assist the poor directly. Where social protection interventions have been made they have, in many cases, been limited to ad hoc and often regressive interventions such as generalized food or fuel subsidies, rather than more systemic and pro‐poor interventions. However, there may be some scope for optimism, as the crisis has stimulated a number of initiatives to promote donor coordination and programming coherence, which may result in improvements in the efficiency and impact of future social protection programming.
Social security in times of crisis
Authors: Bonnet Florence , Ehmke Ellen , Hagemejer Krzysztof 
Published: April 2010

AbstractTo counter the negative social consequences of the present crisis, States must take measures to provide income support and new employment opportunities to affected workers and their families. This article reviews crisis responses in a number of countries with respect to support from unemployment programmes, the branch of social security most directly affected by economic downturn. It also discusses the trade offs that all social security schemes face during economic crises, when revenues from contributions or taxes earmarked to finance programmes fall and expenditures on benefits rise. In turn, concerns about pension policies receive special attention. The article concludes by discussing the initiative, launched by the United Nations, for a global “social protection floor”: to extend, at the very least, basic social protection to the large majority of the world's population who are currently without and who remain vulnerable to all economic and social risks.
Skin improvement and stability ofEchinacea purpureadermatological formulations
Authors: Yotsawimonwat S. , Rattanadechsakul J. , Rattanadechsakul P. , Okonogi S. 
Published: April 2010

SynopsisEchinacea purpureacontains many beneficial constituents for protection of skin from oxidative stress and for improving hydration of skin. This study aimed to investigate the stability and dermatological efficacy ofE. purpureacream and gel.Echinacea purpureaextract was incorporated into suitable cream and gel bases. Stability of the extract in the formulations was investigated by determining its residual total phenolic content and antioxidant activity after storage at 4°C, 30°C and 40°C for 6 months. The effect of those formulations on skin irritation, hydration level and wrinkle reduction was evaluated in 10 healthy volunteers, aged 25–40 years. The shelf lives ofE. purpureacream and gel in terms of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were only 2 and 4 months respectively at 4°C and could be extended up to 7 months by incorporation of α‐tocopherol or disodium editate. The corneometer hydration indices increased up to 10.6 AU and 11.4 AU, and the wrinkles decreased 9.47% and 14.92% because of the application ofE. purpureacream and gel for 1 month. Both formulations showed no irritation to skin.Echinacea purpureacream and gel developed in this study were effective in improving skin hydration and reducing wrinkle, but showed low storage stability.
Behenamidopropyl Dimethylamine: unique behaviour in solution and in hair care formulations
Authors: Minguet M. , Subirats N. , Castán P. , Sakai T. 
Published: April 2010

SynopsisThe rise of ecological awareness among consumers and industry has impacted the cationic surfactants market. The most used cationic surfactants present some drawbacks in this sense. Therefore, new molecules are being studied and developed which fulfil eco‐toxicological requirements without losing performance. One of these surfactants is Behenamidopropyl Dimethylamine (BAPDMA). This biodegradable amidoamine, which converts into a cationic surfactant at acidic pH, shows outstanding water solubility, despite its very long alkyl chain. Its behaviour in solution has been exhaustively studied. The conditioning performance of this product is superior to that of commonly used cationic surfactants, providing a superior sensorial profile and improved combing force reductions on hair. Moreover, other applications for this product in the non‐ionic form have been studied, such as conditioning agent in 2 in 1 shampoos, where it also shows colour protection effects, and as gelling agent in hair colouration creams. This multifunctional and high performance profile, together with an improved biodegradation and aquatic toxicity compared with currently used cationic surfactants, make this product a very interesting eco‐friendly alternative for the hair care market.
Five‐ to six‐year outcome and its prediction for children with ODD/CD treated with parent training
Authors: Drugli May Britt , Larsson Bo , Fossum Sturla , Mørch Willy‐Tore 
Published: April 2010

Background:  While short‐term effects of parent training (PT) have been extensively evaluated, long‐term outcome and present predictors of a diagnosis for children with ODD/CD treated with parent training are very limited.Method:  In the present study, diagnostic status as outcome and predictors of treatment response were examined in a 5–6‐year follow‐up. Out of 99 children who had been treated in a randomised controlled trial evaluating the effects of The Incredible Years parent training (PT) or combined parent training and child treatment (PT+CT) programme, 54.5% participated in the 5–6‐year follow‐up study. Their diagnostic status was determined with the Kiddie‐SADS interview.Results:  While all children qualified for a diagnosis of ODD/CD before treatment, 5–6 years later, two‐thirds no longer received such a diagnosis, the same proportion as found at the 1‐year follow‐up. The most powerful pre‐treatment predictors of diagnostic status at the 5–6‐year follow‐up were living with mother only and being a girl. At post‐treatment the most powerful predictor was found to be high levels of child externalising problems.Conclusion:  The findings of the study support the maintenance of positive long‐term results for young children treated with parent training because of serious conduct problems, and identify characteristics of children and families in need of added support to parent training programmes.
The Changing Fortunes of Early Medieval Bavaria to 907 ad
Authors: Couser Jonathan 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis essay surveys the political historiography of the early medieval principality of Bavaria, particularly in three periods; that of the Bavarians’ emergence in the sixth century, the time of a complex interrelationship between Bavarians and Franks and their Agilolfing and Carolingian ruling houses in the eighth century, and the transitions of power from Charlemagne’s takeover of Bavaria in 788 and the transfer to a new Luitpolding duchy in 907. The Bavarian case serves as a useful counternarrative to those of larger peoples like the Franks or Lombards, and illustrates that the inheritance of Roman tradition, the relationship between rulers and ruled, and the creation and maintenance of ethnic identities could be flexible and complex in the early Middle Ages.