Lymph node density for patient counselling about prognosis and for designing clinical trials of adjuvant therapies after radical cystectomy
Authors: Lee Eugene K. , Herr Harry W. , Dickstein Rian J. , Kassouf Wassim , Munsell Mark F. , Grossman H. Barton , Dinney Colin P. N. , Kamat Ashish M. 
Published: July 2012

Study Type – Therapy (case series)Level of Evidence 4What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Patients with positive lymph nodes at radical cystectomy have a poor prognosis. The actual outcome of patients varies based on many factors, among which lymph node density has emerged as being more informative than nodal status of TNM staging.We combined clinical data from two major cancer centres in the USA and identified patients with an adequate lymphadenectomy and no perioperative chemotherapy to understand the natural history of the disease. Using this information, we created prognostic tools incorporating lymph node density that can be used for risk stratification, patient counselling and clinical trial design.OBJECTIVETo develop a clinical tool based on lymph node density (LND) for patient counselling after radical cystectomy and for design of clinical trials of adjuvant therapies after radical cystectomy.PATIENTS AND METHODSUsing pooled data from two comprehensive cancer centres, we identified patients with lymph node metastases after radical cystectomy who received an adequate lymph node dissection according to existing literature (resection of eight or more nodes).Only patients who had not received neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy were included to ensure that prediction models were based on the natural course of the disease.Thresholds for LND ranging from 5% to 35%, in 5% increments, were used to dichotomize the study population. Within each set of two groups, the Kaplan–Meier product‐limit estimator was used to estimate disease‐specific survival (DSS) for each group, and Cox proportional hazards regression was used to test the significance of differences in DSS between the group with higher LND and the group with lower LND.Tables and graphs showing the relationship between LND categories and 2‐year and 5‐year estimated DSS were created to aid in clinical decision‐making.RESULTSLND was valuable as a tool for stratifying node‐positive patients into different risk groups based on expected survival.At each LND threshold from 10% to 35%, patients with higher LND had significantly worse DSS than patients with lower LND (P≤ 0.001).As expected, DSS in the higher‐LND group worsened with each 5% increase in LND threshold: patients with LND > 35% had a 5‐year DSS rate of 4%.Using our data as a tool, multiple cut‐offs can be employed to categorize patients into various risk groups with different risk. For example, patients with LND ≤ 10% have an estimated 5‐year DSS rate of 61.9%, whereas patients with LND > 15% have an estimated 5‐year DSS rate of 19.2%.CONCLUSIONSPatients with node‐positive bladder cancer have poor outcomes, and survival varies widely according to LND.Categorical LND should be used to risk‐stratify patients for counselling regarding prognosis.Furthermore, categorical LND should be used as a tool for designing and reporting on clinical trials of adjuvant therapies.