bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FM19G11 Favors Spinal Cord Injury Regeneration and Stem Cell Self-Renewal by Mitochondrial Uncoupling and Glucose Metabolism Induction
Authors: Rodríguez-Jiménez Francisco Javier , Alastrue-Agudo Ana , Erceg Slaven , Stojkovic Miodrag , Moreno-Manzano Victoria 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Spinal cord injury is a major cause of paralysis with no currently effective therapies. Induction of self-renewal and proliferation of endogenous regenerative machinery with noninvasive and nontoxic therapies could constitute a real hope and an alternative to cell transplantation for spinal cord injury patients. We previously showed that FM19G11 promotes differentiation of adult spinal cord-derived ependymal stem cells under hypoxia. Interestingly, FM19G11 induces self-renewal of these ependymal stem cells grown under normoxia. The analysis of the mechanism of action revealed an early increment of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 and 2 with an early drop of ATP, followed by a subsequent compensatory recovery with activated mitochondrial metabolism and the induction of glucose uptake by upregulation of the glucose transporter GLUT-4. Here we show that phosphorylation of AKT and AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) is involved in FM19G11-dependent activation of GLUT-4, glucose influx, and consequently in stem cell self-renewal. Small interfering RNA of uncoupling protein 1/2, GLUT-4 and pharmacological inhibitors of AKT, mTOR and AMPK signaling blocked the FM19G11-dependent induction of the self-renewal-related markers Sox2, Oct4, and Notch1. Importantly, FM19G11-treated animals showed accelerated locomotor recovery. In vivo intrathecal sustained administration of FM19G11 in rats after spinal cord injury showed more neurofilament TUJ1-positive fibers crossing the injured area surrounded by an increase of neural precursor Vimentin-positive cells. Overall, FM19G11 exerts an important influence on the self-renewal of ependymal stem progenitor cells with a plausible neuroprotective role, providing functional benefits for spinal cord injury treatment.
Human Serine Protease HTRA1 Positively Regulates Osteogenesis of Human Bone Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Mineralization of Differentiating Bone-forming Cells Through the Modulation of Extracellular Matrix Protein
Authors: Tiaden André N. , Breiden Maike , Mirsaidi Ali , Weber Fabienne A. , Bahrenberg Gregor , Glanz Stephan , Cinelli Paolo , Ehrmann Michael , Richards Peter J. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractMammalian high-temperature requirement serine protease A1 (HTRA1) is a secreted member of the trypsin family of serine proteases which can degrade a variety of bone matrix proteins and as such has been implicated in musculoskeletal development. In this study, we have investigated the role of HTRA1 in mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) osteogenesis and suggest a potential mechanism through which it controls matrix mineralization by differentiating bone-forming cells. Osteogenic induction resulted in a significant elevation in the expression and secretion of HTRA1 in MSCs isolated from human bone marrow-derived MSCs (hBMSCs), mouse adipose-derived stromal cells (mASCs), and mouse embryonic stem cells. Recombinant HTRA1 enhanced the osteogenesis of hBMSCs as evidenced by significant changes in several osteogenic markers including integrin-binding sialoprotein (IBSP), bone morphogenetic protein 5 (BMP5), and sclerostin, and promoted matrix mineralization in differentiating bone-forming osteoblasts. These stimulatory effects were not observed with proteolytically inactive HTRA1 and were abolished by small interfering RNA against HTRA1. Moreover, loss of HTRA1 function resulted in enhanced adipogenesis of hBMSCs. HTRA1 Immunofluorescence studies showed colocalization of HTRA1 with IBSP protein in osteogenic mASC spheroid cultures and was confirmed as being a newly identified HTRA1 substrate in cell cultures and in proteolytic enzyme assays. A role for HTRA1 in bone regeneration in vivo was also alluded to in bone fracture repair studies where HTRA1 was found localized predominantly to areas of new bone formation in association with IBSP. These data therefore implicate HTRA1 as having a central role in osteogenesis through modification of proteins within the extracellular matrix.
Synthesis, Structure, and Photoluminescent Properties of a New 3D Metal‐Organic Framework with Unusual AgI Chains
Authors: Wang Ji‐Jiang , Cao Pei‐Xiang , Zhang Mei‐Li , Gao Lou‐Jun , Hou Xiang‐Yang 
Published: August 2012

AbstractA new 3D metal‐organic framework {[Ag4(btc)(bix)2]·H2O}n (1) [H4btc = biphenyl‐2, 2′,4, 4′‐tetracarboxylic acid, bix = 1, 4‐bis(imidazol‐1‐ylmethyl)benzene] was synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and luminescence studies. The most remarkable structural feature of 1 is that the 1D chain and 2D network interpenetrated structures are further linked by parallel aligned 1D AgI chains to generate 3D metal‐organic framework.
Homocysteine, progression of ventricular enlargement, and cognitive decline: The Second Manifestations of ARTerial disease‐Magnetic Resonance study
Authors: Jochemsen Hadassa M. , Kloppenborg Raoul P. , de Groot Lisette C.P.G.M. , Kampman Ellen , Mali Willem P.T.M. , van der Graaf Yolanda , Geerlings Mirjam I. ,   SMART Study Group
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundHomocysteine may be a modifiable risk factor for cognitive decline and brain atrophy, particularly in older persons. We examined whether homocysteine increased the risk for cognitive decline and brain atrophy, and evaluated the modifying effect of age.MethodsWithin the Second Manifestations of ARTerial disease‐Magnetic Resonance study—a prospective cohort study among patients with atherosclerotic disease—longitudinal analyses were performed in 663 patients (mean age: 57 ± 9 years; follow‐up: 3.9 ± 0.4 years). At baseline and follow‐up, brain segmentation on magnetic resonance imaging was used to quantify relative (%) cortical, ventricular, and global brain volumes, and z‐scores of memory and executive functioning were calculated. Linear regression analysis was used to estimate associations of homocysteine (per standard deviation increase) and hyperhomocysteinemia (HHCY) with brain volumes, memory, and executive functioning at follow‐up, adjusted for baseline brain volume, memory, and executive functioning, respectively, and age, sex, and vascular risk factors. Furthermore, interaction terms between homocysteine and age (continuous) were added.ResultsSignificant interactions were observed between total plasma homocysteine (tHcy) and age with cortical, ventricular, and global brain volume (for all three measures: P < .05), and between HHCY and age with executive functioning (P = .04), and results were stratified by age. In patients aged ≥65 years, increasing tHcy level and HHCY were significantly associated with progression of ventricular enlargement (B = 0.07%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.01% to 0.13% and B = 0.16%, 95% CI: 0.01% to 0.31%, respectively) and with a decline in executive function (B = −0.29, 95% CI: −0.54 to −0.04 and B = −0.84, 95% CI: −1.37 to −0.32, respectively).ConclusionElevated tHcy was related to progression of ventricular enlargement and increased the risk for a decline in executive functioning in older persons.
HOW BLOODY WASLA SEMAINE SANGLANTEOF 1871? A REVISION
Authors: TOMBS ROBERT 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTThe dominant memory of the Paris Commune has been of disproportionate violence wreaked on the Communards by a brutal government. However, accounts of the extent of the bloodshed rest on flimsy foundations. A range of archival evidence suggests that the death toll has been greatly exaggerated, and a revised estimate is here proposed. How and why the number of deaths became crucial to the history of the Commune from an early date is explored. If the killing was in reality on a far less apocalyptic scale, how does this affect the narrative of nineteenth-century French politics and its ‘memory’?
THE IRISH NATIONAL AID ASSOCIATION AND THE RADICALIZATION OF PUBLIC OPINION IN IRELAND, 1916–1918
Authors: DHÁIBHÉID CAOIMHE NIC 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTAt the 1918 general election, Sinn Féin overtook the Irish Parliamentary Party as the dominant political force within nationalist Ireland, a process that has its origins in the aftermath of the Easter Rising of 1916. This article argues that to understand better this shift in public opinion, from an initially hostile reaction to the Dublin rebellion to a more advanced nationalist position,1it is important to recognize the decisive role played by a political welfare organization, the Irish National Aid Association and Volunteer Dependents' Fund. The activities of the INAAVDF significantly shaped the popular memory of the Rising, but also provided a focus around which the republican movement could re-organize itself. In foregrounding the contribution of the INAAVDF to the radicalization of political life in Ireland between 1916 and 1918, the article argues that this understudied but important organization offers a useful way of charting popular responses to the Rising and its aftermath, as well as laying the foundations for a reinvigorated political and military campaign after 1917.
THE FISCAL POLITICS OF SAVINGS AND SHARE OWNERSHIP IN BRITAIN, 1970–1980
Authors: MUNRO CLARE 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTBetween 1907 and 1984 unearned income in Britain was taxed at higher rates than wages and salaries, a bias that was supported intermittently by limiting shareholders’ dividends and attempting to tax capital wealth. Although apparently accepted as part of the fiscal order until 1979, Margaret Thatcher's government was able to complete the dismantling of the bias in favour of earned income by 1984. This article examines the events and politics of the 1970s to explain the volte-face. The article initially charts the role of political prejudice against rentiers in maintaining higher taxes on unearned income in the context of 1970s economic turmoil and inflation. The article then considers the 1970s fiscal shift from the perspective of equity shareholdings, juxtaposing the use of tax and dividend restraint as a mechanism for control of investment capital with pressure for wider share ownership, particularly for employees. Finally, Avner Offer's theories on prudent financial behaviour are imported as a backdrop for the trend away from tax relief for long-term, illiquid savings towards market-driven incentives. Ultimately, the article detects a change of approach in both main political parties which in turn creates a more stable environment for future policy formation.
RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION AND UNDER-FIVE MORTALITY IN MOZAMBIQUE
Authors: CAU BOAVENTURA M. , SEVOYAN ARUSYAK , AGADJANIAN VICTOR 
Published: August 2012

SummaryThe influence of religion on health remains a subject of considerable debate both in developed and developing settings. This study examines the connection between the religious affiliation of the mother and under-five mortality in Mozambique. It uses unique retrospective survey data collected in a predominantly Christian area in Mozambique to compare under-five mortality between children of women affiliated to organized religion and children of non-affiliated women. It finds that mother's affiliation to any religious organization, as compared with non-affiliation, has a significant positive effect on child survival net of education and other socio-demographic factors. When the effects of affiliation to specific denominational groups are examined, only affiliation to the Catholic or mainstream Protestant churches and affiliation to Apostolic churches are significantly associated with improved child survival. It is argued that the advantages of these groups may be achieved through different mechanisms: the favourable effect on child survival of having mothers affiliated to the Catholic or mainstream Protestant churches is probably due to these churches' stronger connections to the health sector, while the beneficial effect of having an Apostolic mother is probably related to strong social ties and mutual support in Apostolic congregations. The findings thus shed light on multiple pathways through which organized religion can affect child health and survival in sub-Saharan Africa and similar developing settings.
Deep divers in even deeper seas: habitat use of male southern elephant seals from Marion Island
Authors: Mcintyre Trevor , Bornemann Horst , Plötz Joachim , Tosh Cheryl A. , Bester Marthán N. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWe describe the habitat use of 22 male southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) satellite tagged at Marion Island between 2004 and 2008. While a few areas of increased utilization appeared to be associated with areas of shallower bathymetry (such as sea-floor ridges and fracture zones), seals in our study did not target other areas of shallow bathymetry within close proximity to Marion Island. Rather, most elephant seals foraged pelagically over very deep water where much variation was evident in diel vertical migration strategies. These strategies resulted in generally deeper and longer dives than what has been reported for male elephant seals from other colonies. No significant differences were recorded for dive durations or dive depths between adults and sub-adults. However, younger animals displayed a positive relationship between dive durations and age, as well as between dive depths and age, while these relationships became negative for older animals. Mixed model outputs suggested that seals increased their aerobic fitness as migrations progressed, enabling them to undertake longer dives. We conclude that Marion Island male elephant seals exhibit much variability in dive strategy and are seemingly capable of exploiting a range of different prey types occurring in various depth layers.
Vitamin D intake and serum vitamin D in ethnically diverse urban schoolchildren
Authors: Au Lauren E , Economos Christina D , Goodman Elizabeth , Must Aviva , Chomitz Virginia R , Sacheck Jennifer M 
Published: August 2012

AbstractObjectiveLow serum vitamin D, which largely affects ethnic minorities, is associated with obesity and other chronic diseases. Little is known about racial/ethnic differences in intake, particularly in children, or if any differences are associated with differences in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D). The objective of the present study was to determine whether racial/ethnic differences in dietary vitamin D intake exist and whether they explain differences in 25(OH)D.DesignVitamin D intakes (Block Kids 2004 FFQ) and 25(OH)D were measured. Race/ethnicity was parent-reported (white (37·9 %), Hispanic (32·4 %), black (8·3 %), Asian (10·3 %), multi-racial/other (11·0 %)). Multivariable analyses were conducted to examine the associations among dietary vitamin D and race/ethnicity, as well as 25(OH)D, independent of BMI Z-score and other covariates.SettingElementary/middle schools in Somerville, MA, USA, during January–April 2010.SubjectsSchoolchildren (n 145) in 4th–8th grade.ResultsOnly 2·1 % met the 2011 RDA (15 μg/d (600 IU/d)). Average dietary intake was 3.5 (sd 2.2) μg/d (140 (sd 89·0) IU/d). No racial/ethnic differences in intake were evident. Most (83·4 %) were 25(OH)D deficient (<20 ng/ml; 16·0 (sd 6·5) ng/ml). In ANOVA post hoc analyses, 25(OH)D levels were lower in Hispanics than whites (14·6 (sd 6·1) ng/ml v. 17·9 (sd 4·6) ng/ml; P < 0·01). Dietary vitamin D was associated with 25(OH)D overall (P < 0·05), but did not explain the racial/ethnic differences in 25(OH)D.ConclusionsMost children in this north-east US sample did not meet dietary recommendations for vitamin D and were vitamin D deficient. Dietary vitamin D did not explain the difference in 25(OH)D between Hispanic and white children. Further research is needed to determine if changes in dietary vitamin D by race/ethnicity can impact 25(OH)D levels.
Are transmissions to space dangerous?
Authors: Shostak Seth 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWe consider the suggestion that, as a matter of caution, the deliberate broadcast of signals to the cosmos should be proscribed. We explore the likely capabilities of extraterrestrial societies that might conceivably pose a threat to our species and show that this suggestion is without merit because even if followed, it would fail to keep our existence secret. In addition, trying to limit signalling activities would be a burden on our descendants, crippling their own activities for the indefinite future. A corollary to these considerations affects the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI): namely, it seems inarguable that technologically advanced beings will assume that other societies are capable of detecting their leakage. Consequently, the premise that SETI should expect to find deliberate beacons from other worlds may be mistaken.
Temporal and radial variation of the solar wind temperature‐speed relationship
Authors: Elliott H. A. , Henney C. J. , McComas D. J. , Smith C. W. , Vasquez B. J. 
Published: August 2012

The solar wind temperature (T) and speed (V) are generally well correlated at ∼1 AU, except in Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections where this correlation breaks down. We perform a comprehensive analysis of both the temporal and radial variation in the temperature‐speed (T‐V) relationship of the non‐transient wind, and our analysis provides insight into both the causes of the T‐V relationship and the sources of the temperature variability. Often at 1 AU the speed‐temperature relationship is well represented by a single linear fit over a speed range spanning both the slow and fast wind. However, at times the fast wind from coronal holes can have a different T‐V relationship than the slow wind. A good example of this was in 2003 when there was a very large and long‐lived outward magnetic polarity coronal hole at low latitudes that emitted wind with speeds as fast as a polar coronal hole. The long‐lived nature of the hole made it possible to clearly distinguish that some holes can have a different T‐V relationship. In an earlier ACE study, we found that both the compressions and rarefactions T‐V curves are linear, but the compression curve is shifted to higher temperatures. By separating compressions and rarefactions prior to determining the radial profiles of the solar wind parameters, the importance of dynamic interactions on the radial evolution of the solar wind parameters is revealed. Although the T‐V relationship at 1 AU is often well described by a single linear curve, we find that the T‐V relationship continually evolves with distance. Beyond ∼2.5 AU the differences between the compressions and rarefactions are quite significant and affect the shape of the overall T‐V distribution to the point that a simple linear fit no longer describes the distribution well. Since additional heating of the ambient solar wind outside of interaction regions can be associated with Alfvénic fluctuations and the turbulent energy cascade, we also estimate the heating rate radial profile from the solar wind speed and temperature measurements.
Analysis of the tropical tropopause layer using the Nonhydrostatic Icosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM): 2. An experiment under the atmospheric conditions of December 2006 to January 2007
Authors: Kubokawa H. , Fujiwara M. , Nasuno T. , Miura M. , Yamamoto M. K. , Satoh M. 
Published: August 2012

The roles of deep convection and generated waves in the Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL) are investigated using a global nonhydrostatic model, the Nonhydrostatic Icosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM), which runs on the Earth Simulator with a horizontal spacing of 7 km. The model data, which successfully simulated a Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) event for the period between 15 December 2006 and 15 January 2007, are analyzed. The frequency of deep convective clouds that reach the TTL is one of the key diagnostics for dehydration and transport. The present results revealed that the proportion of cumulus clouds that penetrate the lapse‐rate tropopause and the bottom boundary of the TTL (defined as the lapse rate minimum) is ∼0.5% and ∼20%, respectively, in the region between 5°S and 5°N. This result is reasonably consistent with atmospheric observations. Deep convective activity that reaches the TTL was observed over southern Africa, the Indian Ocean, the Indonesian maritime continent, the western Pacific, and southern America. Deep convection over the continents was most active during the local evening period. Over the oceans, high clouds reaching the tropopause were seen over the Indian Ocean and the seas around Java, where two tropical cyclones were generated. Prominent diurnal variations in tropopause temperature associated with deep convection occurred over the Indonesian maritime continent. These diurnal variations were superimposed on large, low‐frequency temperature variations associated with equatorial Kelvin waves generated by the MJO convection. Probably because of coarse vertical resolution, temperature variations simulated by the NICAM are larger than those in the real atmosphere. The two tropical cyclones caused relatively large tropopause temperature variations with a cyclone scale (∼500 km horizontally). The gravity waves generated by tropical cyclones cause small tropopause temperature variations that extend for 1000 km from the cyclone. We conclude that the Kelvin waves associated with the MJO convection cause the largest amplitude of temperature variations in the TTL and that tropical cyclones and diurnal variations of convective activity have large local impacts on temperature variations in the TTL.
Spectral lines behavior of Be I and Na I isoelectronic sequence in Debye plasma environment
Authors: Chaudhuri Rajat K. , Chattopadhyay Sudip , Sinha Mahapatra Uttam 
Published: August 2012

We report the plasma screening effect on the first ionization potential (IP) and [He]2s2 (1S0)→[He]2s2p/2s3p allowed (P11) and inter-combination transitions (P31) in some selected Be-like ions. In addition, we investigate the spectral properties of [Ne]3s (2S1/2)→[Ne]np (2P1/2 and P23/2 for n = 3, 4) transitions in Ca X and Fe XVI ions (Na I isoelectronic sequence) and [He]3s(2S1/2)→[He]np (2P1/2 and P23/2 for n = 2, 3) transitions in Li, B II, and N IV (Li I isoelectronic sequence) under plasma environment. The state-of-the-art relativistic coupled cluster calculations using the Debye model of plasma for electron-nucleus interaction show that (a) the ionization potential decreases sharply with increasing plasma strength and (b) the gap between the [He]2s2 (1S0)→[He]2s2p(1,3P1) energy levels increases with increasing plasma potential and nuclear charge. It is found that the [He]2s2 (1S0)→2s3p (1,3P1) transition energy decreases uniformly with increasing plasma potential and nuclear charge. In other words, the spectral lines associated with 2s-2p (i.e., Δn=0, where n corresponds to principle quantum number) transitions in Be I isoelectronic sequence exhibit a blue-shift (except for Be I, B II, and the lowest inter-combination line in C III, which exhibit a red-shift), whereas those associated with 2s-3p (i.e., Δn≠0) transitions are red-shifted. Similar trend is observed in Li I and Na I isoelectronic sequences, where spectral lines associated with Δn=0 (Δn≠0) are blue-shifted (red-shifted). The effect of Coulomb screening on the spectral lines of ions subjected to plasma is also addressed.