bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Field and Data Compilation Methods Used in the Inventory of the Peatlands of New Brunswick, Canada
Authors: D Keys , Henderson RE 
Published: March 2009

The New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources has completed a detailed assessment of the peatlands of the Province. All peatlands exceeding 25 hectares have been investigated, except those within the boundaries of National Parks and military bases.
An airphoto study was followed by the field investigation of 21 000 sites between 1975 and 1981. The methods used are similar to those of the Geological Survey of Finland. Investigation sites were established at 100-m intervals along grid lines. The elevation of each site was determined. A sample core was recovered at each site using a Hiller auger. The botanical constituents and the decomposition (according to the von Post scale) of each interval were determined. Surface vegetation, bottom sediment, and other factors were also recorded at each site. One or two representative sites were selected on most major peatlands for determination of several physical and chemical characteristics. The peat type and decomposition of each sample were recorded to enable grouping of results. The determinations made are dependent on the utilization potential of the site.
Calculations were performed with the aid of a computer. Information can be retrieved at the site, bog, and regional levels. Over 600 variables can be used as grouping parameters at the regional level. Contoured peat isopach and elevation maps are produced for each peatland. Cross sections (profiles) displaying peat type and decomposition are drawn for each grid line. The inventory supplies multi-use information which enables assessment of utilization options by various disciplines and provides the basis for development of a long-term resource management plan.
Relationships Between Dry Density, Moisture Content, and Decomposition of Some New Brunswick Peats
Authors: Klemetti V , Keys D 
Published: March 2009

The New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources has carried out a detailed inventory of the peatlands in the Province. The compiled information includes estimates of the in situ volumes of peat in each deposit. When a peat mining development is being considered, it is often desirable to convert these “measured resource” estimates to tonnes of fuel peat or standard bales of horticultural peat. The quantity of dry solids for a given in situ volume (that is, dry density) should be known for reliable conversions to be made. In the present study the relationships between dry density, moisture content, and degree of humification (decomposition) have been investigated to determine the reliability of predicting dry density on the basis of these variables.
Representative sites for sample collection were selected using the inventory information. At each site a sample core was recovered for the entire thickness of the deposit and subdivided into intervals according to changes in botanical composition and degree of humification (von Post scale).
The results obtained were grouped according to dominating peat type and degree of humification. The relationships for both moisture content versus humification and dry density versus humification had relatively weak correlations. A strong correlation between dry density and moisture content was observed, the degree of humification having little influence on the relationship.
Corrosion-Fatigue Crack Growth Characteristics of Several HY-100 Steel Weldments with Cathodic Protection
Authors: Davis DA , Czyryca EJ 
Published: March 2009

The corrosion-fatigue crack growth properties of several types of HY-100 steel weldments were studied, primarily in an environment of seawater with cathodic protection by zinc anode. Shielded metal-arc (SMAW), gas metal-arc (GMAW) of both pulsed and spray are processes, and submerged-arc (SAW) weldments were included. The fatigue crack growth tests were conducted on compact specimens removed from the weldments to confine the path of the growing crack in all-weld metal. Constant-amplitude sinusoidal loads were applied at a frequency of 0.17 Hz with a load ratio (minimum-to-maximum) of 0.10.
In general, fatigue crack growth in weldments was considerably slower than that in HY-100 plate under the same conditions of load and environment, where the applied potential accelerated crack growth rate. The results showed minor differences among the weldments. It was suggested that the residual stress state along the weld centerline, the inhomogeneity of the weld metal with respect to the crack path, defects, and minor porosity all act to retard crack growth, especially at lower stress intensity levels. These factors tend to mask the environmental effects. However, weldments prepared with high heat input showed greater resistance to fatigue crack propagation than weldments prepared at low heat input. The corrosion fatigue crack growth exhibited by the HY-100 weldments was similar to that of HY-80 and HY-130 weldments where weld process, environment, and loading conditions were similar.
Corrosion Fatigue of Welded Steel Joints under Narrow-Band Random Loading
Authors: Booth GS 
Published: March 2009

The object of the work was to provide useful information regarding the fatigue behavior of offshore platforms. Fatigue tests were carried out on welded steel joints under environmental conditions representative of the North Sea. These tests were carried out under narrow-band random loading in an attempt to simulate the variable-amplitude loading experienced by a platform.
The joints were tested in seawater under freely corroding, intermittently immersed, and cathodically protected conditions. Two mean stress levels were studied. The results were assessed using linear cumulative damage procedures based on both the design S-N curve and experimental constant-amplitude data.
Fracture Mechanics: Fourteenth Symposium—Volume I: Theory and Analysis
Authors: Lewis JC , Sines G 
Published: March 2009

Description
The Fourteenth National Symposium on Fracture Mechanics was held in Los Angeles, Calif., 30 June-2 July 1981. ASTM Committee E24 on Fracture Testing sponsored the symposium. J. C. Lewis, of the TRW Space and Technology Group, and George Sines, of the University of California at Los Angeles, served as symposium chairmen and edited this publication.
Properties of Flexible Pavement Materials
Authors: Emery JJ 
Published: March 2009

Description
Of great value to the paving engineer, this publication covers a wide range of flexible pavement materials, and their laboratory and field characterization. The themes of the book include: laboratory characterization of soils, aggregates, binders, and additives; characterization of mixes incorporating sulfur and sulfur binders; properties of asphalt mixes; and field characterization of flexible pavements.
Testing of Peats and Organic Soils
Authors: Jarrett PM 
Published: March 2009

Description
The Symposium on Testing of Peats and Organic Soils was held on 23 June 1982 in Toronto, Canada. ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock sponsored the event. The Peatlands Subcommittee of the Associate Committee on Geotechnical Research of the National Research Council of Canada was co-sponsor.
Vitamin D in relation to metabolic risk factors, insulin sensitivity and adiponectin in a young Middle-Eastern population
Authors: Gannagé-Yared Marie-Hélène , Chedid Rima , Khalife Simon , Azzi Emmanuel , Zoghbi Fernand , Halaby Georges 
Published: March 2009

ObjectivesSeveral studies suggest a link between circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and metabolic risk factors. However, this relation has been mainly studied in elderly and/or obese subjects. In addition, the relation between 25(OH)D and adiponectin is unclear. The purpose of this study is to look at these relations in non-obese young individuals.DesignWe investigated the relation between serum 25(OH)D and adiposity, blood pressure, glucose metabolism, lipid profile, and adiponectin in 381 randomly selected university students (201 males and 180 females, mean age 23.9±3.9).ResultsIn the overall population, 25(OH)D is significantly inversely correlated with body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), waist circumference (WC), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), insulin levels, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA index) and positively correlated with adiponectin and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (P<0.01 for all variables). In males, these correlations are still significant for BMI, SBP, WC, and adiponectin (P=0.02,P=0.01,P=0.04 andP=0.01 respectively); also, 25(OH)D is inversely correlated with low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol (P=0.007). In females, 25(OH)D is only inversely correlated with FPG and HOMA index (P<0.001 andP=0.03 respectively). In multivariate regression analysis models, after adjustment for sex and BMI, 25(OH)D is an independent predictor of FPG and SBP (P=0.032 andP=0.05 respectively) in the overall population, while in males 25(OH)D is a predictor of LDL-cholesterol and SBP independently of BMI (P=0.007 andP=0.035 respectively).ConclusionIn non-obese young subjects, we observe new relationships between 25(OH)D and several metabolic risk factors and adiponectin. Further research is needed to elucidate the gender differences and to look at the relation between 25(OH)D and adiponectin.
Obestatin/ghrelin cells in normal mucosa and endocrine tumours of the stomach
Authors: Tsolakis Apostolos V , Grimelius Lars , Stridsberg Mats , Falkmer Sture E , Waldum Helge L , Saras Jan , Janson Eva T 
Published: March 2009

ObjectiveObestatin and ghrelin are derived from the same gene and co-expressed in the same endocrine cells. Vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT-2), a marker for enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells, is considered to be expressed in ghrelin cells. The aim was to establish if the two peptides and the transporter are co-expressed, both in normal gastric mucosa and in gastric endocrine tumours.DesignAn immunohistochemical study was performed on gastric biopsy material and on surgical specimens from 63 patients with gastric endocrine tumours and from individuals with normal gastric mucosa. Cells displaying obestatin immunoreactivity were examined regarding co-localization with ghrelin and VMAT-2. Both single- and double-immunostaining techniques were applied. Obestatin concentration in blood was measured in a subgroup of these patients. The results were correlated to various clinico-pathological parameters.ResultsIn the normal mucosa, obestatin/ghrelin-immunoreactive cells rarely co-expressed VMAT-2. In most tumour tissue specimens, only a fraction of neoplastic cells displayed immunoreactivity to obestatin, and these cells always co-expressed ghrelin. Neoplastic obestatin-/ghrelin-IR cells invariably expressed VMAT-2, except for two ghrelinomas. The obestatin concentrations in blood were consistently low and did not correlate to clinico-pathological data.ConclusionsObestatin and ghrelin immunoreactivity always occurred in the same endocrine cells in the gastric mucosa but these cells only occasionally co-expressed VMAT-2, opposite to the findings in tumours. These results indicate that endocrine cells expressing obestatin and ghrelin mainly differ from VMAT-2 expressing cells (ECL-cells) and can develop into pure ghrelinomas. Plasma concentrations of obestatin did not correlate to cellular expression.
Radiation Damage Theory: Past, Present and Future
Authors: Barashev Alexander V. , Golubov Stanislav I. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTEfforts of many scientists for more than a half of a century have resulted in substantial understanding of the response of various materials to irradiation. The theory has contributed significantly to this process but has not acquired a status allowing it to play a decisive role in creating radiation-resistant materials. Moreover, some theoretical predictions are in contradiction with observations, which indicates that something important has escaped attention. In the present paper, the current theoretical framework and experimental data are analyzed to elucidate the reasons for such a situation. A way of developing a predictive theory is proposed.
Multicomponent 5V Cathodes for Li-ion Batteries
Authors: Gulbinska Malgorzata K. , Ravdel Boris , Trebukhova Svetlana , Hult Brian N. , Mukerjee Sanjeev 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTIn this study, the multicomponent electrode approach was used in an attempt to simultaneously improve the cell's specific energy values by shifting the cathode's voltage up to the 5V-region, combined with the increased specific capacity via addition of the second electrode component. The electrode materials were prepared by variety of synthetic methods (e.g. solid state, sol-gel, mechanical mixing etc.) and tested for lithium-ion intercalation properties. Structural properties and morphology of synthesized materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. The prospective 5V cathode materials were investigated as cathodes in the cells with lithium-metal counter electrode.
Formation of GaN Nanocrystal on Si and Its Photoelectrochemical Application
Authors: Fujii Katsushi , Kato Takashi , Sato Keiichi , Im In-Ho , Chang Ji-Ho , Yao Takafumi 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTGaN nanodots and nanorods were successfully grown on Si (111) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. Photocurrent densities of GaN nanodots were quite small compared with thick GaN layer grown by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy. The current density, however, increases with GaN nanodot density. The highest photocurrent density of the GaN nanodots was higher than that of the layer structure with similar thickness (up to 10 nm) to the nanodot height. GaN nanorods have much higher photocurrent density than that of GaN nanodots. Enough nanostructure size for light absorption is important to achieve good photoelectrochemical performance.
Nano-structured GeySi1-y:H Films Deposited by Low Frequency Plasma for Photovoltaic Application
Authors: Kosarev Andrey , Torres Alfonso , Zuniga Carlos , Adamo Marco , Sanchez Liborio 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTIn this work we present the study of fabrication, Ge incorporation, structure and electronic properties of nano-structured GeySi1-y:H films with y>0.5 prepared by low frequency (LF) PECVD. GeySi1-y:H films were deposited by LF PECVD at a frequency f= 110 kHz from SiH4+GeH4+H2 gas mixture. SiH4 and GeH4 flows were varied to fabricate the films in wide range of 0<y<l. Hydrogen dilution was varied in the range of RH =20 to 80. Structure of the films was studied by AFM and SEM with consequent image processing to extract statistical parameters such as grain distribution and mean values. Composition of the films was characterized by SIMS and EDX. Electronic properties were characterized by temperature dependence of conductivity, spectral dependence of optical absorption. Sub-gap absorption was characterized by Urbach energy, EU; and defect absorption, αD. We observed grain like nano-structure with Gauss distribution of grain diameters by both AFM and SEM measurements. The most interesting films had mean grain diameter<D> = 24.0±0.7 nm, dispersion D=11.0±0.2 nm and fill factor FF=0.313, Ge content y=0.96-0.97(by SIMS and EDS). These films showed also the lowest values of Urbach energy EU = 0.030 eV and low defect absorption αD = 5×102 cm −1 (at photon energy hv = 1.04 eV) indicating on low density of localized states in mobility gap. Doped films have been also fabricated and studied. Finally we shall discuss application of the above films in photovoltaic devices.
Surface Treatment of TiAl with Fluorine for Improved Performance at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Donchev A. , Masset P.J. , Schütze M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAlloys based on aluminium and titanium are possible materials for several high temperature applications. The use of TiAl would increase the efficiency of e.g. aero turbines, automotive engines and others due to their properties, among others low specific weight and good high temperature strength. The oxidation resistance is low at temperatures above approximately 800°C so that no long term use of TiAl-components is possible without improvement of the oxidation behaviour. Small amounts of halogens in the surface zone of TiAl-samples lead to a dramatic improvement of the oxidation resistance at temperatures up to 1100°C for more than 8000 hours in air. In this paper results of the work on the halogen effect over the last years are presented. The results of thermogravimetric measurements, thermocyclic oxidation tests of small coupons and thermodynamic calculations for different atmospheres (e.g. air, H2O, SO2) are shown and the halogen effect mechanism is discussed. The postulated mechanism is in good agreement with the results of the oxidation tests. The limits of the halogen effect will also be mentioned. Predictions for the halogenation of TiAl-components can be given so that the processing can be planned in advance.
A New Azimuthal Gamma at Bit Imaging Tool for Geosteering Thin Reservoirs
Authors: Pitcher J. , Schafer D. , Botterell P. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
A new, azimuthally sensitive gamma-at-bit imaging tool has been designed for use in geosteering and to provide gamma measurements very close to the bit while drilling. It uses binned azimuthal measurements from four scintillation gamma ray detectors spaced at ninety degrees around the collar. Continuous image logs are recorded and telemetered to the main LWD string and ultimately in compressed form to the surface, whether the tool is sliding or rotating. When rotating, data can be recorded in quadrants, octants, or hexadecants. When sliding, quadrant data is recorded. Typically, quadrant data is compressed and sent to the surface in real time, although other data densities are possible. These features are lacking in traditional gamma tools.
This paper discusses the newly released gamma-at-bit imaging tool and its incorporation in an adjustable bent housing motor. Methodology and experiences are discussed for transmitting the data back to the main logging-while-drilling (LWD) string and to the surface. A field example is presented to demonstrate the geosteering capabilities of this system in a thin reservoir within a complex geological environment. The natural gamma ray image is also discussed as a valuable descriptor of the reservoir. The new geosteering tool exemplifies the success that can be achieved with a high-quality gamma ray image, close to the bit, to address the vital necessity for wellbores to enter a thin reservoir and to remain within it for an extended reach.
Quantitative Formation Damage Evaluation Using Dynamic/Static Drill-In Fluid Filtration Tests Data
Authors: Jin L. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Quantifying near well-bore formation damage by drilling and completion fluids at dynamic and static conditions is very important for a field development drilling and completion concept selection. This paper presents an evaluation methodology that combines results from dynamic/static filtration tests, returned permeability tests, and SEM tests on real cores with actual exposure time to fluids during drilling and completion into a well performance model to establish an invasion profile along the open hole section to quantify the impact on the productivity of the well.
A systematic laboratory test was conducted to evaluate the tolerance of a gas reservoir to damage by various mud systems. One water based system (WBM), two invert emulsion systems (OBM), a pure oil mud, a pure oil, and a pure oil emulsion were tested on real gas reservoir cores.
The water-based mud gave high return permeability, suggesting that filter cake lift-off alone is sufficient for the well clean up. This was supported by the good productivity from two appraisal wells that used a WBM. Test results showed that the OBM is more damaging due to the wettability change. This hypothesis is further strengthened as pure oil and pure old mud both provided good return permeability. SEM tests on the damaged cores indicate no particle invasion. Modeling results indicate that the well can tolerate the invasion by self-lifting off the mud cake. The WBM was therefore selected.
It is demonstrated that the methodology empowers the quantitative evaluation of near wellbore formation damage. As an example, the Changbei gas wells drilled with WBM can be self-cleaned-up that is confirmed by better than expected well performance.
Trials and Tribulations of a Long-Reach Well in the Deepwater GOM
Authors: Day Ron , Fisher Ramsey , Plutt Louise Jacobsen , Pardo Nesny , Jebutu Segun , Freitag Hans-Christian 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Where the water-bottom topography is irregular, sub-sea infrastructure can often be placed in only a few locations above an offshore field. This can constrain access to reservoir targets, particularly when there are drilling challenges above the reservoir, like pressure ramps or layers with unstable lithologies. Given the size of this field, long stepouts are required. This paper presents the strategies implemented to successfully drill and access reservoirs in a large faulted anticline in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico (GOM).
The well in question faced three challenges. First, the well would be the longest stepout (~7,400 ft of lateral stepout over ~10,000 ft of vertical depth) drilled to date in the field. Second, the well would target a fault block in a portion of the field that was poorly constrained due to limited offset well control and a poorer-than-normal quality seismic image. Third, the well would face several wellbore integrity challenges in the form of two pressure ramps, an interval prone to borehole instability and one pressure regression.
Wellbore integrity management made use of real-time equivalent circulating density (ECD) and bulk-density to optimize drilling, monitor borehole stability and limit formation damage. After drilling to total depth (TD), log formation pressure and imagelog (dipmeter) data would confirm that the well had crossed an unexpected fault in the targeted reservoir section, which caused one of the target reservoirs to be absent. The team quickly reacted to the result, evaluated a recently acquired seismic dataset, updated the structural model, examined the options and successfully drilled a sidetrack.
Utilizing long step-out wells, though challenging, is the only viable alternative to access difficult-to-reach deepwater reservoir targets. Improved wellbore placement was achieved at reduced drilling risk based on real-time formation evaluation, informed decisions on optimal drilling parameters, and the continuous evolution of the reservoir model while drilling.