bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reactions on titanium dioxide: The photo‐oxidation of ammonia
Authors: McLean W. R. , Ritchie M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe adsorption at room temperature of small amounts of ammonia on precipitated titanium dioxide was accompanied by the release of water in unit molecular ratio. When titanium dioxide films were illuminated with light of wavelength 3650–4350 Å in the presence of ammonia and oxygen, photo‐oxidation of ammonia occurred, in which the oxygen used appeared mainly as water; small amounts only of nitrous oxide and of nitrite were found. Three molecules of ammonia reacted with two molecules of oxygen to give four molecules of water. Consideration of the amounts of oxygen separately photosorbed, of ammonia thermally adsorbed and photo‐oxidised, and of nitric oxide photo‐decomposed, leads to the conclusion that common reaction sites on the dioxide surface are concerned. These reactions and the photodecomposition of nitric oxide on an ammonia‐treated surface. are interpreted in terms of Lewis‐type reaction centres, involving water or ammonia.
Thermal decomposition of a blackband ironstone. I. Overall mass and energy balances
Authors: Gardiner S. P. , Long V. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA sample of blackband ironstone containing 31% iron and approx. 26% sapropelic coal was calcined in a small fixed‐bed under reducing conditions to give a solid residue, aqueous and tarry distillates and an inflammable gas. By observing weight‐loss and gas composition as a function of temperature, reaction was found to occur in two stages, the first (200–600°) involving decomposition of ferrous carbonate and coal, and the second (700–900°) further pyrolysis of the organic residue. From analyses and heats of combustion of the products, mass and energy balances have been set up, and an estimate of the heat of decomposition obtained.
Extraction of tar acids from low‐temperature tar oils by acetic acid
Authors: Nair C. S. B. , Sen D. K. , Basu A. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAqueous acetic acid has been found to be a good solvent for the extraction of tar acids from low‐temperature tar oils. Acetic acid 60% (w/w) at 25° in the solvent/feed ratio of 1 : 0.8 effects a recovery of more than 89% of the tar acids present in the tar oils in two extraction stages. Besides tar acids, the acetic acid also extracts tar bases and neutral oils present in the oil to some extent. Re‐extraction with light petroleum reduces the neutral oil carry‐over by about 50%.The phase‐equilibrium characteristics of the system tar acids‐(bases + neutral oils)‐60% aqueous acetic acid have been studied. It is seen that two theoretical extraction stages could effect the recovery of 96% of tar acids from a feed oil containing 45% of tar acids. Use of light petroleum could reduce the neutral oil contamination of the extract by 76.2%. The tar acids could be recovered from the extracts by distillation.
Chemical aspects of the production of television tube screens. II. The formation of the screen
Authors: Lines F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the manufacture of screens, the ‘wet adhesion’ of the screen has to withstand the pouring off of the settling liquid. Measurement with a liquid jet gave wet adhesion constants for the various types of screen, and by this means the factors controlling wet adhesion have been studied.Particle size of the phosphor powder and its surface area and charge determined whether a screen could form at all. The development of adhesion depended upon the rate of reaction between potassium silicate and barium nitrate (see Part I). At low reaction rates, no direct comparison between adhesion and flocculation was possible, but at higher reaction rates, the adhesion constant decreased as rate increased because reaction took place in solution rather than between particles in the screen.Using co‐ordinates of solution concentrations, lines of equal wet adhesion could be drawn, giving areas of adhesion higher than a given value in a given time. This provides an area of acceptable screen quality in production. Factors which increase flocculation tendency also decrease the size of this area, and so make settling a more critical process.
The preparation of isopropyl silicate from chloro‐silanes obtained by reacting silicon with hydrogen chloride
Authors: Emblem H. G. , Hargreaves K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe object of this investigation was to find out if the hydrogen chloride by‐product formed in the preparation of isopropyl silicate from tetrachlorosilane might be recovered by reaction with silicon to give a chlorosilane mixture from which an isopropyl silicate having a silica content of about 40% could be prepared. The reaction between hydrogen chloride and silicon in the presence of a copper catalyst was, therefore, studied. The effect of flow rate of hydrogen chloride gas, particle size of the silicon, concentration of catalyst, and reaction temperature, on the yield and product of the reaction have been investigated. The reaction product is a mixture of tri‐ and tetra‐chlorosilane in various proportions, with a trace of dichlorosilane. Isopropyl silicate having a silica content of about 40%, and free of silane hydrogen, has been prepared in good yield from this reaction product and a mixture of water and isopropyl alcohol.
Adsorption in urine conversion
Authors: Quon J. E. , Grieves R. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe need for a selective method for the removal of urea from urine is enhanced by the success of electrodialysis for removing electrolytes from urine. An investigation has been made of the capacities of an activated charcoal and an ion‐exchange resin (Amberlite IR‐120) for removal of urea from aqueous solution and from urine. In the charcoal column studies, determinations were made of the service time, the shape and thickness of the wavefront, and adsorbent capacity.The values of the adsorbent capacity of 6–14 and 50–200 mesh activated carbon are approximately 0.027 g. of urea/cm.3 gross volume of carbon. For column lengths of the order of the thickness of the wavefront, approximately 0.6 of the capacity is used before the effluent urea concentration reaches 5% of the influent concentration. On the average, one chloride ion is removed from urine for each 1.3 molecules of urea adsorbed. The capacity of the activated carbon in removing urea from aqueous solution is approximately 10% greater than that for removal of urea from urine. The capacities of Amberlite IR‐120 ion‐exchange resin are 0.023 and 0.090 g. of urea/cm.3 gross volume of resin for removal of urea from urine and from aqueous solution, respectively.
Activation and deactivation studies with copper(II) ions on the soap flotation of quartz
Authors: Venkatachalam S. , Mallikarjunan R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractActivation of quartz by copper sulphate on the soap flotation has been studied by varying activator concentration, collector concentration and pH to find the equilibrium conditions of flotation and non‐flotation. The results are presented as contact curves. Increasing oleic acid raised the lower critical pH, but excess of oleic acid and of hydroxide depressed flotation. It is postulated that ‘hydroxyoleate of copper’ is responsible for flotation.Deactivation studies were made by complexing and sequestering the copper with amines, amino‐acids, etc. Increasing deactivator concentrations increase the lower critical pH due to the reduction in the concentration of cupric ions. The usefulness of a new reagent, ascorbic acid, for depression was studied.
Studies on desalination by reverse osmosis
Authors: Banks W. , Sharples A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe structure of cellulose acetate membranes used for desalination in the process of reverse osmosis has been examined. By means of a technique involving aqueous solutions of the stain Biebrich Scarlet, the membranes are shown to consist of two regions, one of which acts as a mechanical support for the much thinner desalinating layer. The phenomenon of asymmetric permeation across these membranes has been studied and shown to be a consequence of the two‐layer structure of the membrane.
Chelating polymers derived from polyvinyl alcohol and cellulose
Authors: Gibson G. K. J. , Packham D. I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHydrophilic chelating polymers have been prepared by the reaction of organic compounds containing both a reactive halogen and a chelating function, with cellulose and, more especially, polyvinyl alcohol or their alkali metal derivatives. Suitable organic compounds used to illustrate the general reaction included: 5‐chloromethyl‐8‐hydroxyquinoline, 5‐chloro‐8‐hydroxyquinoline, ethyl γ‐chloroacetoacetate and chloromethyl‐kojic acid. Subsequent reaction of the kojic acid‐polyvinyl alcohol polymer with diazotised o‐arsanilic acid to give a polymer containing the azo‐phenylarsonic acid group indicates further scope for these materials. Preliminary tests have shown that the polymers remove metal ions from aqueous solutions. Degradation occurred, however, when the polymers were regenerated with acids to elute adsorbed metal ions.
The effects of some organic acids and salts on the setting of gypsum plaster III. citrates
Authors: Combe E. C. , Smith D. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study has been made of the effects of citric acid, potassium citrate and calcium citrate on the setting of calcium sulphate hemihydrate plaster, in continuation of previous studies on this reaction.1,2 The citrates showed more complicated effects than the additives previously tested, and the following factors are taken into account in interpreting the experimental results: (i) formation of complexes, (ii) adsorption, (iii) metathesis and (iv) the accelerating effect of an alkali metal ion, if present.
The assessment of plutonium and fission product distribution in magnox cans from irradiated fuel elements
Authors: Hines G. F. , Reed D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMechanical sectioning and autoradiography have been used to establish the concentration profiles of fission products and plutonium in irradiated Magnox cans. The results obtained by the two methods were in good agreement and enabled an estimate to be made of 2—4x 1011 cm2sec−1 for the diffusion coefficient of plutonium in Magnox ZR55 at 400°. Progressive chemical dissolution methods were shown to be unsatisfactory for the determination of concentration profiles.
The physical toxicity of chemicals. VI. Relationships between the boiling points of liquids and the toxicities of their vapours
Authors: McGowan J. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe following equation gives the relation between the toxic concentration Ct of the vapour to the absolute boiling point TB of a physically toxic liquid: log10Ct (at 25°) = log10CB‐1.43 × 10−4Tb1.7‐EA+0.09 Here, CB is a measure of the intensity of the toxicity and EA accounts for any difference between molecular interaction in the vapour and in the biophase involved in the toxicity.The equation is useful for the estimation of toxicities and for the classification of toxic substances. It is deduced that compounds with boiling points (°K) above 509(EA ‐ log10CB+1.22)0.588 will show no physical toxicity.
Thermal decomposition of a blackband ironstone. II. Kinetics
Authors: Gardiner S. P. , Long V. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBlackband ironstone and siderite have been separately decomposed in a fluidised bed of sand in an atmosphere of nitrogen and the progress of reaction followed by a ‘volatile matter’ test. For the ironstone in the temperature range 370–570°, the residual volatile matter (VR) after a time (t) between 10 sec and 60 min. was given by the expression VR = A – B log t, where A and B are constants for a given temperature. The kinetics of decomposition of siderite at 455 and 485° were first‐order with an activation energy of 51 kcal. /mole. It is concluded that blackband ironstone appears to decompose by a large number of independent first‐order reactions having a range of activation energies showing a peak frequency near 50 kcal.
Distribution of adhesive drops within fibre bundles
Authors: Somer Tarik G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe motion of a drop along a fibre is studied to formulate a method by which adhesives could be distributed within fibre bundles. The drops had to be located at the cross‐points of fibres to provide strength and flexibility to the mat.Among the various methods of application, described in detail, only the solution method gave satisfactory results. An empirical relationship was derived to estimate the mass of the adhesives retained by the fibres.
Studies on desalination by reverse osmosis. III. Mechanism of solute rejection
Authors: Banks W. , Sharples A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe mechanisms by which cellulose acetate membranes can be effective in removing salt from aqueous solution have been considered in relation to available experimental data. It is proposed that diffusive flow is involved, through a pore‐free layer in the membrane, and that solute rejection occurs as a result of the high pressures used, and of the fact that the solute is present at relatively low concentration. The effect of pressure on the activity of a component present at low concentration is small, and consequently the flow of solvent is increased to a greater extent at high pressures than is the flow of solute. Rejection thus approaches 100% asymptotically, as the pressure on the system is increased.
Observations on the relatively high strength of a chalk‐aggregate concrete
Authors: Galwey A. K. , Jones K. A. , Beckett R. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt has been observed that concrete containing chalk aggregate had a higher compressive strength than other wise similar concrete which contained basalt aggregate, although the chalk rock had a lower compressive strength than the basalt. Measurements of the rates of development of hardness of concrete containing these aggregates, measurements of the surface areas of these aggregates and X‐ray examinations of the crystal phases in the set cement are reported and discussed. It was concluded that the relatively low strength of concrete containing basalt aggregate may be due to development of a phase, not chemically identified in the present work, which had a relatively weak bonding strength to the augite crystals in the basalt concrete.
The effect of some soluble inorganic admixtures on the early hydration of portland cement
Authors: Edwards G. C. , Angstadt R. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of the soluble chlorides, bromides, nitrates, sulphates and acetates of Ca2+, Mg2+, Li+, Na+ and Zn2+ as well as the corresponding mineral acids on the early hydration of neat Portland cement pastes have been studied. Both the cations and anions are ranked according to their general effectiveness as accelerators of the hydration of the Ca3SiO5 phase: Ca2+>Mg2+>Li+>Na+>H2O>Zn2+ and OH− >Cl−>Br− >NO3−SO42∼H2O > CH3CO2−.
Analysis of mixtures of 14C‐labelled compounds by direct scanning of thin‐layer chromatograms
Authors: Moye C. J. , Goldsack R. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA critical examination has been made of the technique of studying complex reactions by radiochromatography on thin layers infinitely thick to the radiation emitted by the isotope.1 The technique has its limitations, but it provides a simple means of studying certain reactions which could not otherwise be readily examined.The reaction of fructose‐U*‐14C with acid in tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol solution illustrates the use of the technique.
The reactions occurring during the refining of toluene with concentrated sulphuric acid. the heterogenous sulphonation of toluene and of 2‐ and 3‐methylthiophens
Authors: Roberts D. , Gore P. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractResults have been obtained which show that the quantities of 2‐ and 3‐methylthiophens sulphonated in the two‐phase refining process of toluene increase almost linearly with rise in acid concentration. The 2‐isomer is sulphonated at a faster rate than the 3‐isomer. The loss of toluene, associated with a given removal of methylthiophens, can be reduced to a minimum by use of 92%—94% w/w sulphuric acid, but such a procedure would be inefficient in other respects.
The swelling of rubber in liquid and vapour (schroeder's paradox)
Authors: Musty J. W. G. , Pattle R. E. , Smith P. J. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPolymeric substances usually swell less when placed in the vapour of a liquid in a closed vessel than they do in the liquid itself. This is known as ‘Schroeder's Paradox’, and many attempts have been made to explain it. With lightly vulcanised rubber and carbon tetrachloride the paradoxical behaviour is caused by small differences in temperature (of order 0.1 °c) which exist under normal conditions between a liquid and its vapour in a closed vessel; the vapour is normally the warmer of the two. Strict temperature control abolishes the paradox.
Effect of chloride solutions on portland cement
Authors: Heller L. , Ben‐Yair M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExpansion of hardened normal Portland cement in chloride solutions exceeded that in distilled water, but specimens made of ground cement‐clinker were not appreciably affected by the presence of chloride ions. Addition of chloride ions to sulphate solutions caused increased expansion of cement pastes, but the combined effect of chloride and sulphate ions was less than that of the sum of the separate components. Magnesium and calcium chloride were more aggressive than sodium and potassium chloride. In chloride solutions, richer cement pastes were more strongly expanded than poorer ones, in contrast to their behaviour in sulphate solutions.The results are interpreted in terms of the rates of formation of calcium chloroaluminate, the effect of chloride ion on sulphoaluminate crystallisation, slight variations in composition of the chloride phase and leaching of some of the reaction products.
Reactive dyes: Preparation of substituted styrylpyrimidines and styryl‐s‐triazines
Authors: Hickmott P. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractReactive styrene dyes, in which a dichloropyrimidine or triazine group is incorporated with the reactive methylene component, have been prepared and evidence for their chemical reaction with polyamide fibre (nylon) given. The corresponding hydroxy‐, amino‐ and substituted‐amino‐styryl‐s‐triazines have been made. The diaminotriazinyl group has also been introduced into the aldehyde component, but attempts to hydrolyse this to give the corresponding dihydroxy derivative were unsuccessful.
Action of micro‐organisms on bituminous materials. II. Composition of low molecular weight asphaltic fractions determined by microbial action and infra‐red analyses
Authors: Traxler R. W. , Robinson J. A. , Wetmore D. E. , Traxler R. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAssay of narrow fractions from three asphalts designated 1A, 3A, and 6A indicates the chemical nature of some of the asphaltic constituents utilised by Mycobacterium ranae and Pseudomonas 196Aa. These organisms were tested with pure hydrocarbons for growth response. The results indicated that Ps. 196A utilised n‐alkanes containing 6—22 carbon atoms, some alkenes and fatty acids but none of the aromatic hydrocarbons tested. M. ranae utilised substituted benzene compounds, but not benzene, alkenes or most alkanes. Using asphalt fractions obtained by thermal diffusion, infra‐red data were correlated with microbial results. The two approaches support each other in partial elucidation of the structures of the asphalt fractions.
Vinyl acetate monomer—a pilot plant study
Authors: Goyal Hari B. , Garg M. O. , Rao K. R. , Srivastava R. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe kinetics of the reaction of acetic acid and acetylene over zinc acetate‐activated carbon catalyst was investigated over a wide range of process variables in a pilot reactor. Although various catalytic reaction mechanisms were postulated, the rate of reaction was most satisfactorily correlated by a mechanism of surface reaction between charged adsorbed acetic acid and acetylene, which assumes that the rate controlling step was the irreversible charged adsorption of acetylene and acetic acid.
The neuropsychological profile of galactosaemia
Authors: Doyle Claire M. , Channon Shelley , Orlowska Danuta , Lee Philip J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLong‐term follow‐up studies of individuals with galactosaemia have indicated that despite a strict galactose‐free diet, cognitive functioning is often below average. This study was designed to examine the neuropsychological profile of individuals with galactosaemia in terms of IQ, memory, executive functioning, perceptual abilities and educational outcome. Twenty‐eight people with classic galactosaemia and no comorbid neurological or psychiatric disorder took part. A battery of clinical neuropsychological tests was performed. Overall, findings were consistent with previous literature in showing galactosaemia to be linked to below‐average functioning across a range of cognitive measures when mean scores were examined. Thus, the mean overall scores for verbal and performance IQ, memory, and executive functions were in the low average range. However, a range of ability was represented across individuals, with some achieving average or above scores and education to A level or above. Further work using longitudinal methodology is needed to address the issue of factors mediating any cognitive weaknesses and to establish the extent of any possible decline in functioning over time.
Early initiation of enzyme replacement therapy improves metabolic correction in the brain tissue of aspartylglycosaminuria mice
Authors: Dunder Ulla , Valtonen Pirjo , Kelo Eira , Mononen Ilkka 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAspartylglycosaminuria (AGU) is a lysosomal storage disease caused by deficient activity of glycosylasparaginase (AGA), and characterized by motor and mental retardation. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) in adult AGU mice with AGA removes the accumulating substance aspartylglucosamine from and reverses pathology in many somatic tissues, but has only limited efficacy in the brain tissue of the animals. In the current work, ERT of AGU mice was initiated at the age of 1 week with three different dosage schedules of recombinant glycosylasparaginase. The animals received either 3.4 U of AGA/kg every second day for 2 weeks (Group 1), 1.7 U/kg every second day for 9 days followed by an enzyme injection once a week for 4 weeks (Group 2) or 17 U/kg at the age of 7 and 9 days (Group 3). In the Group 1 and Group 3 mice, ERT reduced the amount of aspartylglucosamine by 34 and 41% in the brain tissue, respectively. No therapeutic effect was observed in the brain tissue of Group 2 mice. As in the case of adult AGU mice, the AGA therapy was much more effective in the somatic tissues than in the brain tissue of the newborn AGU mice. The combined evidence demonstrates that a high dose ERT with AGA in newborn AGU mice is up to twofold more effective in reducing the amount of the accumulated storage material from the brain tissue than ERT in adult AGU animals, indicating the importance of early detection and treatment of the disease.