bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rheological properties of starches from grain amaranth and their relationship to starch structure
Authors: Kong Xiangli , Kasapis Stefan , Bertoft Eric , Corke Harold 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAmaranth starch (Amaranthus cruentus L. and Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) in this investigation possessed a relatively small and uniform granule size of a type “A” pattern obtained by X‐ray diffraction, with the degree of crystallinity ranging from 24.5 to 27.9%. This was followed by work on steady and dynamic rheological properties on shear of seven native amaranth starches. Aqueous pastes (5% solids) exhibited shear‐thinning behavior, and the flow behavior was fitted with the Herschel–Bulkley equation (regression coefficients were over 0.99). Cultivar V69 showed much higher G′ (storage modulus) and G″ (loss modulus) than the other samples and produced a solid‐like gel, which could be attributed to the high amylose content of its network. Correlation analysis revealed that amylose content was positively correlated with G′ and negatively with the loss tangent (tan δ) of the material.
Migration in the context of vulnerability and adaptation to climate change: insights from analogues
Authors: McLeman Robert A. , Hunter Lori M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMigration is one of the variety of ways by which human populations adapt to environmental changes. The study of migration in the context of anthropogenic climate change is often approached using the concept of vulnerability and its key functional elements: exposure, system sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. This article explores the interaction of climate change and vulnerability through review of case studies of dry‐season migration in the West African Sahel, hurricane‐related population displacements in the Caribbean basin, winter migration of ‘snowbirds’ to the US Sun‐belt, and 1930s drought migration on the North American Great Plains. These examples are then used as analogues for identifying general causal, temporal, and spatial dimensions of climate migration, along with potential considerations for policy‐making and future research needs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Values‐Based Approach to Vulnerability and Adaptation
Climate justice and the international regime
Authors: Okereke Chukwumerije 
Published: May 2010

AbstractContestations over justice and equity in the climate regime provide the most striking evidence of the quest by relevant actors to ensure that institutions for global environmental governance are based on widely shared ethical standards of responsibility and fairness. This review article examines recent policy debates and literature on distributive justice and the climate regime and highlights some areas of key research. The review indicates that while discussions on climate justice have gained ascendency within the international regime circle with noticeable impacts, a lot remains to be clarified about the status of justice concepts and how to best design polices that reconcile moral ideals and power politics. Hence, although the current regime performs well in terms of recognizing the need for and incorporating concepts of distributive justice between the rich and poor countries; it has not provided a basis to sufficiently upset the underlying forces and abiding structures of global inequality. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:Policy and Governance > International Policy Framework
Effects of instrumentation changes on sea surface temperature measured in situ
Authors: Kent Elizabeth C. , Kennedy John J. , Berry David I. , Smith Robert O. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMeasurements of sea surface temperature (SST) are an important climate record, complementing terrestrial air temperature observations, records of marine air temperature, ocean subsurface temperature, and ocean heat content. SST has been measured since the 18th century, although observations are sparse in the early period. Historically, marine observing systems relied on observations made by seafarers and necessary information on measurement methods is often not available. There are many historical descriptions of observing practice and instrumentation, some including quantification of biases between different methods. This documentation has been used, with the available observations, to develop models for the expected biases, which vary according to how the measurements were made, over time and with the environmental conditions. Adjustments have been developed for these biases and some gridded SST datasets adjust for these differences and provide uncertainty estimates, including uncertainties in the bias adjustments. The modern in situ SST‐observing system continues to evolve and now includes many observations from moored and drifting buoys, which must be characterized relative to earlier observations to provide a consistent record of multi‐decadal changes in SST. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Modern Climate Change
Changes of Inflammatory Mediators in Obese Patients After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Authors: Vita Gaetano Di , Patti Rosalia , Famà Fausto , Balistreri Carmela Rita , Candore Giuseppina , Caruso Calogero 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBackgroundObesity is associated with the impairment of immunological functions. The aim of this study was to analyze some inflammatory mediators in obese subjects who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy.MethodsSeventeen consecutive female patients with a BMI ranging from 35 to 45 kg/m2 (obese) and 17 consecutive female patients with BMI ranging from 20 to 25 kg/m2 (nonobese) were included in the study. All patients were affected by symptomatic gallbladder stone disease and underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Changes in levels of leukocytes, neutrophils, IL‐6, IL‐10, leptin, and adiponectin were evaluated.ResultsWe observed a significant increase in leukocyte and neutrophil levels in the obese subjects compared to the nonobese subjects. The serum levels of leptin and IL‐6 were higher in the postoperative period (compared to the baseline values in both groups), and always higher in the obese. Both adiponectin and IL‐10 increased in the postoperative period in nonobese subjects and was always higher than in the obese.ConclusionsObese patients have a stronger acute inflammatory response than do nonobese subjects in reaction to surgical stress.
Evaluation of Sleep Position as a Potential Cause of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Preferred Sleep Position on the Side is Associated with Age and Gender
Authors: McCabe Steven J. , Xue Yuan 
Published: May 2010

Purpose To test the hypothesis that an important step in a causative mechanism for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is sleeping in a lateral position (sleeping on the side), we designed a cross-sectional survey to measure the association between sleep position, age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). Methods and Findings We surveyed 247 patients in a primary care setting. Fifty percent of men and 73% of women prefer to sleep on their side ( p<.001; unadjusted odds ratio, 2.7). In addition, the proportion of women who prefer to sleep on their side increased with increasing age ( p<.001). There was no association between BMI and sleeping in a lateral position. Conclusions This study supports the hypothesis that sleeping on the side is an important step in a causal pathway for CTS.
Extra Virgin Olive Oil Components and Oxidative Stability from Olives Grown in Tunisia
Authors: Dabbou Samia , Brahmi Faten , Taamali Ameni , Issaoui Manel , Ouni Youssef , Braham Mohamed , Zarrouk Mokhtar , Hammami Mohamed 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe effects of the contents of lipids, pigments, α‐tocopherol and phenols were studied in relation to the antioxidant capacity of five virgin olive oils obtained from five olive cultivars planted in Tunisia (Arbequina, Koroneiki, Leccino, Oueslati and Chemchali). The antioxidant capacities were evaluated by two different radical scavenging activities: radical scavenging activity by the DPPH assay (RSA‐DPPH) and total antioxidant status by the ABTS test (TAA‐ABTS). The highest contents of antioxidant compounds (75.96, 10.34, 6.32, 15.39 and 241.52 mg kg−1 for oleic acid, O/L ratio, carotenes, chlorophylls and total phenols, respectively) were found for the Koroneiki cultivar except for α‐tocopherol and o‐diphenols, which had the highest contents (369 and 160.7 mg kg−1, respectively) in the Leccino and Chemchali cultivars (cvs). Furthermore, the highest antioxidant capacity in virgin olive oil was observed in the Koroneiki cultivar (0.24 mmol TE kg−1) followed by the Chemchali and Leccino cvs (0.22 and 0.13 mmol TE kg−1) for the TAA‐ABTS test. However, the RSA‐DPPH activity was higher for the Chemchali cultivar (19.9%) than for the Koroneiki and Leccino cvs (18.4 and 13.5%, respectively). Correlation between these capacities and the oil composition revealed that they were mainly influenced by the carotene content, followed by chlorophyll and phenolic contents where the ABTS test was more pronounced. Then, the antioxidant capacity of the virgin olive oils was correlated with polar components and the lipid profile which are important for its shelf life.
A Targeted Proteomics Approach for Biomarker Discovery Using Bilateral Matched Nipple Aspiration Fluids
Authors: Li Jinong , Zhou Junma , Trock Bruce , Tsangaris Theodore N. , Friedman Neil B. , Shapiro Deanna , Brotzman Michelle , Chan Daniel W. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract

Introduction
The objective of this study was to identify cancer-associated protein expression patterns in bilateral matched nipple aspiration fluids using nanoscale reciprocal Cy3/Cy5 labeling and high-content antibody microarrays. This novel platform allows the pair-wise comparisons of the relative abundance of 512 different antigens using minimal NAF sample containing 1 µg of total protein.

Material and Methods
Matched NAF samples from two normal controls and 18 patients with early stage breast cancer (stage I/II, 13; DCIS, 2) or precancerous lesions (ADH, 3) were studied. Self-to-self and left-to-right comparisons of the normal controls were performed to determine antigen variations due to normal experimental and biological variability. Based on these two experiments, a stringency filter of 15% was applied to eliminate noise. Antigens were considered differentially expressed if there were a consistent >15% change on relative Cy3/Cy5 signals on reciprocal slides.

Results and Discussion
The number of differentially expressed antigens varied between 10 and 72 in tumor associated NAF samples, and no single antigen can be used as a “universal” marker to identify all patients. Antigens that are elevated in at least four patients were selected for further evaluations, including NME1, PTK2B, ARRB1, MRIP, GFRA1, APC, HSPD1, and SLP76. The validity of the antibody array findings was affirmed by single immunoassay on western blot; elevated expression of four of the selected markers in NAF is supported by published immunohistochemistry studies on breast cancer tissues.

Conclusions
Nipple aspiration fluid is a rich source of breast cancer biomarkers. This targeted proteomics approach for biomarker discovery is proven effective for clinical samples with limited protein content.
Anti‐allodynic effect of the flavonoid myricetin in a rat model of neuropathic pain: Involvement of p38 and protein kinase C mediated modulation of Ca2+channels
Authors: Hagenacker Tim , Hillebrand Imke , Wissmann Andreas , Büsselberg Dietrich , Schäfers Maria 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFlavonoids are increasingly ingested by the population as chemotherapeutic and anti‐inflammatory agents. Myricetin is a naturally occurring flavonoid known for its anti‐neoplastic and anti‐inflammatory effects. Recently, behavioral studies indicate a potential analgesic effect in animal models of pain. Pilot studies suggest a flavonoid‐induced modulation of intracellular protein kinases and interactions with voltage activated calcium channels.The aim of this study was to investigate the analgesic effect of myricetin in a neuropathic pain model (spinal nerve ligation, SNL) in rats. To identify potential mechanisms of action, in vitro whole cell patch‐clamp recordings of isolated rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons were performed to analyze the modulation of voltage activated calcium channel currents (ICa(V)) and the influence of intracellular kinase phosphorylation such as p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (p38) or protein kinase C (PKC).In vivo, a single injection of myricetin (0.1–10 mg/kg i.p.) reduced SNL‐induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia lasting for several hours. In vitro,ICa(V)(depolarization from −80 to 0 mV) were reduced (10–56%) by low (0.1–5 μM) concentrations of myricetin. This decrease was abolished by blockade of PKC (20 μM chelerythrine for 30 min), but not of p38 (10 μM SB203580 for 30 min). In contrast, higher (10–100 μM) concentrations of myricetin induced an increase ofICa(V)(20–40%), which was blocked by inhibition of p38, but not of PKC.We conclude that myricetin transiently reduces established neuropathic pain behavior. This analgesic effect may be related to its PKC‐induced decrease ofICa(V)in DRG neurons.
Kakistocracy Or the True Story of What Happened in the Post-Soviet Area
Authors: Abadjian Vahram 
Published: May 2010

The article ‘Kakistocracy or The true story of what happened in the post-Soviet area’ argues that the countries, emerged after the collapse of the Soviet Empire, chose three distinct models of development: the Baltic model, when Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania joined the Euro-Atlantic security structures; the Belarusian model, when the country opted for an authoritarian rule with a possible transition from the communist totalitarianism to an open society; and the Russian model, when under the slogans of democracy and market economy a new type of regime was established in Russia and a number of post-Soviet countries. To characterize this new type of regime the definition of ‘kakistocracy’ has been introduced, which means a merger between the state structures and the oligarchic elements as a result of the systematic plunder of national assets and establishment of a rule of lawlessness and illegal usurpation of power under the slogans of democracy and market economy. Furthermore, the split of the CiS and the formation of two groups of countries, respectively the GUAM and the CSTO, have been considered from the viewpoint of their different strategic goals and orientations. A section is devoted to the cardinal differences between the strategic visions of Yeltsin and Putin. The latter's policy can be formulated as the Putin's doctrine aimed at restoring Russia's influence through centralization of power, internally, and demonstration of military force and energetic blackmail, externally. The kakistocratic regimes lead to a political and socio-economic collapse, triggering popular unrest. This exactly was the reason of the ‘orange’ revolutions, which in most of the cases are the only way to topple kakistocratcy. In conclusion, it is suggested that the other way of getting rid of kakistocracy would be a cardinal change in Russia's policy. While the strategic goal of the country should remain restoring its international influence and authority, the means should shift from heavily relying on military power and energetic resources toward focusing on the Russian spiritual values and potential for facing new threats and challenges to international peace and security.
THE ROLE OF WATER IN THE GROWTH OF THE TEA (CAMELLIA SINENSIS) CROP: A SYNTHESIS OF RESEARCH IN EASTERN AFRICA. 2. WATER PRODUCTIVITY
Authors: CARR M. K. V. 
Published: May 2010

SUMMARYWith a focus on eastern Africa, the results of research on the water requirements and responses of tea to irrigation and drought are reviewed. In particular, work undertaken at the Ngwazi Tea Research Station (formerly Unit) in southern Tanzania is synthesized. Topics covered include: crop water use, yield responses to water for mature and immature tea, comparisons between clones (including composite plants), plant density/water availability interactions, dry matter production and partitioning, drought mitigation, crop modelling and irrigation systems. Emphasis is placed on the practical aspects of the work and its relevance to the tea industry it serves. A companion paper reviews our understanding of the water relations of the tea plant and, in particular, the mechanisms responsible for the responses observed in the field.
FATHERS' EDUCATIONAL NEEDS FOR PERINATAL CARE IN URBAN IRAN: A QUALITATIVE APPROACH
Authors: SIMBAR MASOUMEH , NAHIDI FATEMEH , TEHRAN FAHIMEH RAMEZANI , RAMEZANKHANI ALI 
Published: May 2010

SummaryMen's participation in perinatal care (PNC) is a promising strategy for improving maternal health. This study aimed to assess the educational needs of men for their participation in PNC. This is a qualitative research study using focus group discussions. These were performed with eight groups of men and women in selected hospitals of Shahid Beheshti Medical Science University, Iran. Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis methodology. The majority of participants gave the ‘emotional support of women’ as the most appropriate form of men's participation in PNC, and the ‘long working hours of men’ as the main barrier. The majority would prefer men's education to be about ‘emotional support’, ‘physiological changes’ and ‘signs of risks’ during pregnancy. The participants emphasized the need to consider couples' requirements when selecting the place, time and duration of education.
Inshallah: Religious invocations in Arabic topic transition
Authors: Clift Rebecca , Helani Fadi 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe phraseinshallah‘God willing’ is well known, even to non-Arabic speakers, as a mitigator of any statement regarding the future, or hopes for the future. Here we use the methods of conversation analysis (CA) to examine a less salient but nonetheless pervasive and compelling interactional usage: in topic-transition sequences. We use a corpus of Levantine (predominantly Syrian) Arabic talk-in-interaction to pay detailed attention to the sequential contexts ofinshallahand its cognates across a number of exemplars. It emerges that these invocations are used to secure possible sequence and topic closure, and that they may engender reciprocal invocations. Topical talk following invocations or their responses is subsequently shown to be suspended by both parties; this provides for a move to a new topic by either party. (Arabic, religious expressions, conversation, conversation analysis, topic)*
Post Market Monitoring of GM Herbicide-Tolerant Crops
Authors: Dewar Alan 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAs soon as humans adopted agriculture as the principle means of feeding themselves, they have had an effect on the environment, and by implication, also on biodiversity. It is not possible to grow crops in an intensive manner without doing so, but it is necessary to do so to feed the population. In this respect, the use of herbicides or other weed control practices (e.g. hand-hoeing) inevitably will have an effect on biodiversity, whether those methods are used in conventional, organic or genetically modified herbicide-tolerant (GMHT) crops. Recent literature from the UK following the Farm Scale Evaluations (FSE) of the environmental impact of GMHT oilseed rape, maize and sugar beet suggests that the recommended weed management techniques applied in the cultivation of GMHT crops caused indirect effects on non-target organisms by affecting the biodiversity of plants within a field and the creatures which depend on them. Reductions in the number of weeds in glufosinate-treated HT-oilseed rape, and glyphosate-treated HTsugar beet compared to conventionally managed crops resulted in significant reductions in weed biomass (as might be expected from a superior treatment) and subsequent weed seed production later in the season and in following crops. In contrast, weed biomass and seeds were increased in glufosinate-treated HT-maize crops, leading to higher numbers of some invertebrates that fed on or were associated with the greater mass of decaying plant matter present. These effects were entirely related to the efficacy of weed control by the different herbicide regimes, and were not a feature of the HT crops themselves. They would occur with any herbicide/crop combination that changed the spectrum and density of weeds present. A much greater effect on biodiversity was seen between crops than between herbicide regimes, with non-GM maize having the greatest adverse effect on biodiversity compared to oilseed rape and sugar beet. Thus it is the growing of crops in the first place that is likely to have the greatest impact on the environment not whether it is GM or not. In this context, how is it possible to devise methods of post-market monitoring of GMHT crops? What should be the baseline against which environmental impact is measured? How can this be done simply without incurring the huge costs of studies such as the FSE in the UK? This presentation will present a personal view of the FSE and other research results that could provide guidelines for future introductions of GMHT crops in Europe.
Experienced Speech-Language Pathologists' Responses to Ethical Dilemmas: An Integrated Approach to Ethical Reasoning
Authors: Kenny Belinda , Lincoln Michelle , Balandin Susan 
Published: May 2010

Purpose
To investigate the approaches of experienced speech-language pathologists (SLPs) to ethical reasoning and the processes they use to resolve ethical dilemmas.

Method
Ten experienced SLPs participated in in-depth interviews. A narrative approach was used to guide participants' descriptions of how they resolved ethical dilemmas. Individual narrative transcriptions were analyzed by using the participant’s words to develop an ethical story that described and interpreted their responses to dilemmas. Key concepts from individual stories were then coded into group themes to reflect participants' reasoning processes.

Results
Five major themes reflected participants' approaches to ethical reasoning: (a) focusing on the well-being of the client, (b) fulfilling professional roles and responsibilities, (c) attending to professional relationships, (d) managing resources, and (e) integrating personal and professional values. SLPs demonstrated a range of ethical reasoning processes: applying bioethical principles, casuistry, and narrative reasoning when managing ethical dilemmas in the workplace.

Conclusions
The results indicate that experienced SLPs adopted an integrated approach to ethical reasoning. They supported clients' rights to make health care choices. Bioethical principles, casuistry, and narrative reasoning provided useful frameworks for facilitating health professionals' application of codes of ethics to complex professional practice issues.