bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Delaware River Freshwater Tidal Wetlands in the Retention of Nutrients and Heavy Metals
Authors: Simpson Robert L. , Good Ralph E. , Walker Raymond , Frasco Barry R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTidal cycle budgets for June, July, August, September, and November 1979 showed that inorganic N was imported to the wetland from the Delaware River early in the growing season and exported late in the growing season. Nitrate and organic nitrogen were imported following macrophyte dieback. Reactive P was never lost from the marsh, and was actually imported on three dates. Total P was imported in July, September, and November, but otherwise exported. The metal present in the lowest concentration, Cd, was always exported; Ni, Cu, and Zn were imported on all but one date. Lead was imported late in the growing season and following macrophyte dieback. Nonpoint‐source inputs of Pb exceeded inputs from tidal waters.The vegetation played a major role in the retention of N, P, Cu, Pb, and Ni entering the wetland through the growing season. The litter retained significant quantities of all heavy metals following macrophyte dieback, but it serves only as a temporary storage vehicle because rates of decomposition are high. The soil showed no definite seasonal pattern of nutrient or heavy metal retention. Elevated Pb levels occurred at sites near storm drains reflecting rapid sedimentation and retention of this metal as storm waters entered the wetland. It is concluded that freshwater tidal wetlands play an important seasonal role in reducing nutrient and heavy metal loading in the upper Delware River estuary.
Fecal Coliform Release Patterns from Fecal Material of Cattle
Authors: Thelin Richard , Gifford Gerald F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe study examined the magnitude of a release of indicator bacteria (fecal coliform) from bovine fecal deposits that were rained on by a rainfall simulator at a rate of 6.1 ± 0.3 cm/h for 15 min, as affected by duration of rainfall and age of fecal deposits. Standard fecal deposits were placed on a platform and rained on with the runoff water being sampled at 5, 10, and 15 min. Samples were then examined by the most probable number (MPN) method for the presence of fecal coliforms.Results indicate the potential for bacterial pollution from bovine fecal deposits. An equilibrium in the concentration of fecal coliforms being released from the fecal deposit was reached within 10 min. Fecal deposits < 5 d of age released fecal coliforms on the order of millions/100 mL of water. Concentrations declined to 40,000/100 mL at 30 d of not‐rained on age. The decline followed a typical bacterial death curve.
Sewage Sludge Components Extractable With Nonaqueous Solvents
Authors: Strachan S. D. , Nelson D. W. , Sommers L. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOrganic components in sewage sludges were extracted with nonaqueous solvents (hexane and methanol) and characterized by chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. On the average, nonaqueous solvent soluble compounds represented 10.6% of sludge dry weight (24.8% of ash‐free dry weight) and contained 36% of the total organic C in sludge. Major compounds in nonaqueous solvent extracts included two different waxes, one phenolic fatty acid ester, and a glyceride fatty acid. Significant amounts of dibutyl phthalate, di(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate, and butyl benzyl phthalate were also present in sludges. The presence of fats, waxes, and oils was expected; however, the presence of phthalate esters in sludges has apparently not been previously reported. The types of phthalate esters in sludge suggest that they are derived from industrial inputs to the municipal sewage treatment system. Polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated biphenyls, or chlorinated hydrocarbons were not detected in any of the sludges examined.
Evaluating the Release of Soluble Components From Sediment
Authors: Avnimelech Y. , Yamamoto M. , Menzel R. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe evaluation of soluble components exchange between sediments and the pore or overlying water is essential for the quantitative description of sediment‐water systems. Lake and farm pond sediments differing in degree of nutrient enrichment were equilibrated with varying amounts of water. The extraction of soluble components is described as a function of a linear distribution of the soluble components between the solid and liquid phases and through mass‐balance considerations. The sizes of potentially available nutrient pools and the distribution coefficients were calculated for NH4+, organic N, and C. Ortho‐P release appeared to depend upon solubility consideration and did not follow the above‐mentioned model.
Spatial Distribution of Pesticide Residues in a Former Apple Orchard
Authors: Veneman P. L. M. , Murray J. R. , Baker J. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDuring the period 1900–1950, considerable amounts of Pb arsenate pesticides were used in apple orchards. Many of these orchards are not in fruit production any longer and are used for home gardening, pasture, or forage and vegetable cropping. This paper examines the spatial distribution of inorganic pesticide residues in an abandoned orchard in central Massachusetts.Maximum Pb and As concentration in surface soils sampled in a grid‐like pattern, were 870 µg g−1 and 120 µg g−1, respectively. Areas high in contaminants were either former tree sites or low spots where spray residues collected. A transect through the approximate location of a former tree site showed Pb and As concentrations under the dripline of 1400 µg g−1 and 330 µg g−1, respectively, and lower values of 170 µg g−1 and 50 µg g−1 outside the periphery of the crown. Lead, arsenic, and zinc concentrations decreased with increasing depth, with maximum concentrations in the upper 5 cm. No evidence of significant leaching of Pb, As, Zn, or Cu was observed below the 20‐cm depth. The rather insoluble Pb orthoarsenate appeared to be the predominant species for the Pb and As residues.
Volatile Sulfur Compounds From a Redox‐controlled‐cattle‐manure Slurry
Authors: Beard W. E. , Guenzi W. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVolatile S compounds have been implicated as contributors to the odor problem from cattle‐feedlots. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of oxidation‐reduction potentials (Eh) on the type and amount of volatile S compounds released from cattle manure. The laboratory experiment utilized a manure slurry controlled at pH 7, 30°C, and at preselected Eh levels. The Eh of the slurry was initially controlled at +300 mV, and subsequently decreased in increments of 100 mV/week through −200 mV. Effluent gases from the incubation flask were trapped, and the S gases analyzed by gas chromatography. Carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbon disulfide (CS2) production was low (≤0.07 µg/g manure/d) at all redox levels. Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) were highest at 0 mV, while hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and methanethiol (MeSH) were greatest at −100 mV. The total amount of S volatilized from the manure slurry as each compound was: H2S, 155 µg; MeSH, 135 µg; DMS, 83 µg; DMDS, 27 µg; COS, 8 µg; and CS2, 3 µg; representing about 1.7% of the total manure S.
Fate of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in a Waste‐water Retention Reservoir Containing Aquatic Macrophytes
Authors: Reddy K. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPotential use of retention/detention reservoirs stocked with vascular aquatic macrophytes was evaluated, using a microcosm reservoir for reducing the N and P levels of agricultural drainage effluents (waste water). The treatments evaluated were reservoirs stocked with (i) pennywort (Hydrocotyle umbellata L.), (ii) water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes [Mart] Solms), (iii) cattails (Typha latifolia L.) and elodea (Egeria densa P), and (iv) control (no macrophytes). Labeled 15N was used to differentiate preferential uptake of 15NH4+ and 15NO3−, and to follow the fate of added 15NH4+ and 15NO3−.Results showed that 34 to 40% of the added inorganic 15N (15NH4+ + 15NO3−) was removed through plant uptake, while 45 to 52% of the added 15N was unaccounted for, presumably lost through NH3 volatilization and nitrification‐denitrification processes. In the control reservoir, algal biomass removed 4.4% of added 15N, while 41% of the added 15N was not accounted. Pennywort and cattail‐elodea systems were found to be most effective, with about 50% inorganic N removal in a 4‐day detention period. All aquatic macrophytes preferred 15NH4+ over 15NO3−, but the difference in uptake was not significant, except for pennywort and cattails, which removed 84 and 92% of the added 15NH4+ as compared to 16 and 8% of the added 15NO3−, respectively. About 25 to 29 d were required by the systems with macrophytes to remove 50% of the wastewater P. Plant removal of P was in the range of 3 to 65% of added P, while 7 to 87% of the added P was lost through precipitation and adsorption reactions.
The Impact of Sulfur Dioxide on Plant Sexual Reproduction: In Vivo and In Vitro Effects Compared
Authors: Du Bay Denis T. , Murdy William H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn Lepidium virginicum L., exposure of pollen to 0.6 ppm sulfur dioxide (SO2) for 4 h reduced pollen germination in vitro 94% from the control, whereas exposure to 0.6 ppm SO2 for 2, 4, and 8 h during flowering reduced pollen germination in vivo 50% from the control, but did not affect seed set. An interaction between SO2 and water may have caused the inhibition of pollen germination in a liquid culture medium, as well as on the moist surface of an intact stigma. However, the results suggest that the use of pollen germination and pollen tube elongation in vitro to assess the direct effects of SO2 on plant sexual reproduction in vivo is not valid.
Carbon Dioxide and Global Temperature: What the Data Show
Authors: Idso Sherwood B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAnalyses of data from a number of sources indicate that (i) there was a gradual increase in global atmospheric CO2 concentration from about 1860 to 1945, (ii) there has been a much more rapid rate of increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration from 1945 to the present, (iii) the most recent trend of global surface air temperature during this period of rapid CO2 increase has been downwards, which is in contradiction to the predictions of the most sophisticated general circulational models of the atmosphere in use today, (iv) this downward trend in surface air temperature has been most pronounced in northern latitudes, which is also in contrast to the model predictions, and (v) the downward temperature trend has been greater in summer than in winter, which is again in contradiction to the models. It is thus concluded that the theoretical numerical models of the atmosphere are grossly in error in their predictions of future CO2 effects on world climate, as is also suggested by several recent empirical studies. Consequently, since increasing global population requires more and more food, and since elevated CO2 concentrations have been documented to enhance crop productivity by increasing rates of photosynthesis, and water use efficiency by decreasing rates of transpiration, it is further concluded that increased levels of atmospheric CO2 may actually be beneficial to our future well‐being.
Behavior of Chromium in Soils. VI. Interactions Between Oxidation‐Reduction and Organic Complexation
Authors: James Bruce R. , Bartlett Richmond J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInitial oxidation rates of different forms of Cr(III) added to an Aquic Udorthent soil, and the maximum Cr(VI) levels observed, decreased in the order: freshly‐precipitated Cr(OH)3 > Cr‐citrate > aged Cr(OH)3 in citrate > aged Cr(OH)3. The oxidation of Cr(III) in tannery sewage sludge and in tannery effluent added to a Typic Eutrochrept soil also was studied as a function of time and loading rate. Amounts of Cr(VI) formed increased with Cr(III) added from 0.025 to 6.2 mmol/100 g soil (29 to 7,200 kg/ha) for sewage sludge Cr(III), and from 0.1 to 1.8 mmol/100 g soil (103 to 2,100 kg/ha) for the tannery effluent Cr(III). Levels of water‐soluble Cr(VI) increased for a month in most of the treatments, despite the presence of reducing agents in the soil and in the wastes. Adding citric acid to the soil along with the tannery wastes increased the amount of Cr(VI) formed at each treatment level, and decreased the Cr(III) loading rate required for observation of oxidation. Mutual facilitation of Cr(III) oxidation by chelation and of further chelation by oxidation was postulated as a possible mechanism for the continuous formation of Cr(VI) in a soil.The reduction of soluble Cr(VI) in unlimed (pH 5.3) and limed (pH 6.5) samples of an Ultic Hapludalf resulted in the formation of soluble organic complexes of Cr(III) if citric acid was added with the Cr(VI). During a 9‐d incubation period, more reduction of Cr(VI) occurred in unlimed than in limed samples, but higher levels of soluble Cr(III)‐chelate were measured in the limed treatments. Increasing the ratio of citrate to Cr(VI) increased the rate of reduction of the Cr(VI) in the Aquic Udorthent. Soluble Cr(III)‐chelate formed, and the length of time the Cr(III) remained soluble also increased with the citrate/Cr ratio.
Response of Spruce and Birch Foliage to Leaching by Acidic Mists
Authors: Scherbatskoy Timothy , Klein Richard M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeedlings of yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) were exposed to mists consisting of distilled water at pH 5.7, or sulfuric acid in distilled water at pH 4.3 or 2.8. Misting treatments, 4 h each, were applied once, twice, or three times, separated by 72 h. Leaf tissue chlorophyll concentrations were determined, and foliar leachate was analyzed for K+, Ca2+, NO3−, H2PO4−, total carbohydrate, total protein, and total amino acids. Decreased leaching of carbohydrate, protein, K+, and H2PO4− occurred with increasing number of mistings, indicating that these substances were not readily resupplied to leaching sites. Protein leaching was reduced by misting at pH 2.8. Leaching of amino acids, K+, and Ca2+ increased with decreasing mist pH, and leachate pH was higher than the pH of applied mists, suggesting that cation exchange plays a role in foliar leaching by acidic solutions. Amino acid leaching from birch increased with increasing number of mistings at pH 2.8. There was no strong effect on chlorophyll concentrations, and leaching of NO3− and H2PO4− did not vary with mist pH.
Water Quality From Water‐Harvesting Systems
Authors: Frasier Gary W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWater harvesting is a technique used to supply animal and domestic drinking water in areas where more conventional methods cannot supply sufficient water. The water collected by a water‐harvesting system has the potential of being contaminated by deterioration by‐products of the materials used in constructing the system, from dust that is deposited on the catchment surface, or from impurities trapped in the rain. During a 3‐y period, runoff water samples were collected for water quality analyses from 10 types of catchment treatments on operational and experimental water‐harvesting systems in Arizona. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry techniques were used to determine the concentrations of Al, As, Cd, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mg, Hg, K, Na, V, and Zn in each water sample. There was no evidence that deterioration of the catchment treatments would cause a contamination of the runoff water. With the exception of As, most samples had significantly lower concentrations of these constituents than the maximum standards for animal or domestic drinking water supplies.Arsenic was the only chemical consistently found in the water samples at potentially hazardous concentrations for domestic drinking water supplies. Excessive As concentrations were not associated with any specific type of catchment treatment. The logarithm of As concentration in the runoff was positively correlated with the logarithm of the time since the previous rain, and negatively correlated with the logarithm of the total rainfall quantity. Apparently, As was deposited on the catchment surface as dryfall dust, and/or was washed from the atmosphere by the rainfall.
Municipal Sewage Sludge Compost‐Amended Soils: Some Spatiotemporal Treatment Effects
Authors: Darmody R. G. , Foss J. E. , Mc Intosh M. , Wolf D. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAmending soils with composted sewage sludge can be a useful way to both dispose of sewage sludge and improve the chemical and physical properties of soils. Composted, municipal sewage sludge was added to a Chester silt loam (fine‐loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludult) in a tree nursery at rates of 0,150, and 300 dry t/ha. Soils were sampled to a depth of 150 cm, in 25‐cm increments each year for the 3 y after compost addition, and analyzed for pH and extractable Ca, Mg, K, P, Cu, and Zn. Surface soil pH values and levels of Ca, K, P, Cu, Zn, and organic C increased, while bulk density values decreased with increased compost application. Surface soil levels of extractable K and P increased over 3 y after addition, while the other elements remained stable. Soil Mg content was not significantly changed by compost additions.With the exception of K, the extractable elements added by compost were found to be mobile. In the 300 t/ha plots, Ca was significantly increased to a depth of 50 cm and pH, P, Cu, and Zn was significantly increased to 75 cm. Depth of significant increase was less in the 150 t/ha plots. All the elements that increased at depth, except Cu, showed a gradual decline in concentration from the surface. In the 300 t/ha plots, Cu concentration gave a maximum in the B horizon.
Sorption and Release of Cadmium by Some Sewage Sludges
Authors: Riffaldi R. , Levi‐Minzi R. , Saviozzi A. , Tropea M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSorption and release of Cd were determined in nine sewage sludges from Tuscany, Italy. The Cd adsorption data were in agreement with both the linear sorption isotherm and the Langmuir equation. The average of calculated adsorption maxima was about 50% of the mean CEC value, indicating that exchangeable cations present in the sludges were more effective in competing with the Cd ion for exchange sites. The calculated Langmuir adsorption maxima were found significantly correlated with fulvic acid C content and carboxyl and phenolic hydroxyl groups of fulvic acids.The release of Cd retained at two initial concentrations as a function of different extraction solutions was indagated. Extraction experiments showed that Cd may be held in sludges by more than one type of site and that the strength of bonding decreases as the total Cd increases. Cadmium was retained mainly by exchange and complexing sites, the former assuming a relatively more important role as cadmium adsorption increased.The effect of different exchangeable cations on the sorption of Cd by sludges was also studied. The amounts of Cd sorbed on the sludge surfaces decreased in the order: Ca‐sludge > untreated sludge > Fe‐sludge = Al‐sludge.
Silage Corn Uptake of Sludge‐Applied Zinc and Cadmium as Affected by Soil pH
Authors: Pepper I. L. , Bezdicek D. F. , Baker A. S. , Sims J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLiming is often recommended to control metal uptake in plants. In western Washington, where silage corn (Zea mays L.) is often fed to dairy cattle, studies were conducted to determine the effect of liming on the uptake of Zn, and especially Cd from land‐applied sewage sludge. Two soils, a Sultan silt loam and a Puyallup fine sandy loam were amended annually for 2 y with anaerobically digested sewage sludge, and seeded to silage corn. Half of the plots were limed, which increased soil pH from 4.6 to 6.5 for both soils. In general, liming reduced Zn uptake in most corn tissues, whereas Cd uptake was generally unaffected. Concentration of Zn and Cd in corn leaves from both soils increased significantly with increased sludge rate. Liming significantly lowered leaf Zn, although leaf Cd was not significantly decreased by liming. In fact, at higher sludge application rates, leaf Cd was greater from limed than unlimed plots for the Puyallup soil in 1976. Kernel Zn and Cd concentrations for both soils generally increased with sludge rate. For the Sultan soil, kernel Cd concentration at silage harvest was similar, regardless of lime treatment, whereas Cd values for the limed Puyallup soil increased significantly over those from unlimed soil in 1976. For both soils, Cd and Zn concentrations followed the order: leaves > stover > cobs > kernels. Leaf and DTPA‐extractable Zn/Cd ratios from limed plots were lower than those from unlimed plots. These results suggest that liming to pH 6.5, as recommended in a number of sludge application guides, would not reduce Cd uptake by corn in the soils studied.
Managing Runoff from a Small, Paved Beef Feedlot
Authors: Edwards W. M. , Owens L. B. , White R. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEach year for 3 y, 56 steer calves were fed to market weight on a corn‐silage and shelled‐corn ration in a 243‐m2 paved lot. Storm runoff was measured and sampled as it left the feedlot, and again after it passed through a shallow, concrete settling basin and two consecutive 30 m long by 4.5 m wide sod filter strips.Storm runoff amounts and transport of TS (total solids), COD (chemical oxygen demand), BOD5 (5‐d biological oxygen demand), N (total nitrogen), and P (total phosphorus) were smaller during the fall and winter months, when the steers were small and being fed silage than during May through July, when the animals were larger and eating shelled corn. The settling basin reduced transport of TS and COD by about 55%, while retaining only 35–40% of the BOD5, N, and P. Total reduction of all parameters was increased to 80–90% in the filter strips. The basin was more effective in large storm events, and the filter strips were more effective when the basin was slowly drained after settling of the settleable solids. Rainfall on the filter strips reduced the concentration of all parameters during large storms, and infiltration during other events reduced transport to downstream areas.
Forage‐Corn Response to Rice‐Mill Wastes and Fertilizer
Authors: Omaliko C. P. E. , Agbim N. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method for disposing of rice‐mill wastes is needed to avoid their pollution and fire‐hazard potential. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effects of rice shavings and rice husks on forage‐corn (Zea mays L.) production in two soils.In Experiment I, rice (Oryza sativa L.) shavings were applied at rates of 0, 75 000, and 150 000 kg/ha with or without additions of nitrogen (N), nitrogen and potassium (NK), nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK), or poultry droppings (PD). The residual effects of these treatments, involving in some cases a further application of N, were also evaluated.Corn top and root yields were at least doubled with rice shavings application. Highest yields were obtained with rice shavings plus NPK or PD applied at a rate equivalent to 100 kg/ha. Additions of either N or K only did not affect yield. Although yields differed on the two soils, the responses to treatments were similar.In Experiment II, rice husks and shavings were compared in the presence or absence of N and NPK fertilizers. In the absence of fertilizer, there were no yield differences between the two; otherwise, rice husks at 150 000 kg/ha were superior to rice shavings.These results suggest that under the conditions of this study, the rice waste‐soil system had enough N to support an initial cropping to corn, and P was the major limiting nutrient. Poultry droppings were as good as any of the feritlizer combinations used. Although not investigated, a significant component in the yield improvement may have resulted from the effects of these wastes on the soils' physical properties. The use of these wastes for corn production would, in addition to increasing yield, eliminate waste disposal problems without creating environmental hazards.