bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of mineral carriers on the simultaneous active and passive immunization of guinea-pigs against tetanus
Authors: Fulthorpe A. J. 
Published: May 2009

Guinea-pigs given two doses of 2–25 Lf of fluid tetanus toxoid at 28 days interval had very satisfactory antitoxin titres 10 days after the second dose of toxoid (g.m. 28–2 units/ml.). Similar groups of animals given 150 units of horse tetanus antitoxin simultaneously with the first dose of toxoid responded very badly (g.m. < 0·016).Interference by passive antitoxin occurred even when the antitoxin was given as late as 4 days after the first dose of toxoid.Interference by passively administered antitoxin was minimal when aluminium hydroxide-adsorbed toxoid was used. It was necessary to increase the dose of antitoxin from 150 to 2400 units before significant interference occurred.The route of administration of antitoxin did not significantly affect the results except when the antitoxin was given intravenously.When guinea-pigs were immunized and bled at regular intervals it was found that with both fluid and aluminium hydroxide-adsorbed preparations, titratable antitoxin was present on the 14th day. The increase in titre thereafter was more rapid with the adsorbed preparation, but after a second dose of toxoid there was no significant difference in titre.Passively administered antitoxin virtually abolished the active response to fluid toxoid, but with aluminium hydroxide-adsorbed preparations the primary response was not abolished but reduced and delayed and there was much individual variation.Horse serum-sensitive guinea-pigs given adsorbed toxoid with simultaneous passive horse antitoxin gave a better primary response to the toxoid than did unsensitive animals.The effectiveness of adsorbed tetanus toxoid in the simultaneous immunization procedure was directly related to the concentration of aluminium hydroxide or phosphate used: this concentration was critical and amounts below a certain level were ineffective. Calcium phosphate used as an adsorbent was unsatisfactory in this way, although it was an excellent adsorbent.Investigation of the adsorbent characteristics of aluminium hydroxide and phosphate and of calcium phosphate, showed that the calcium salt on a molar basis was the most effective and that aluminium phosphate was the least effective.Elution of toxoid from centrifuged precipitates of the three types of adsorbent showed that only 5% of toxoid was removed from the aluminium hydroxide, 13–18% from the calcium phosphate and 31–33% from the aluminium phosphate preparation when incubated with normal serum at 37° C.Aluminium hydroxide adsorptionin vitrointerfered with the ability of antitoxin to combine with toxoid and to a lesser extent calcium phosphate had the same effect; aluminium phosphate, however, did not appear to interfere at all in this wayHistological observations on the tissue response to aluminium phosphate and calcium phosphate indicated that the typical alum granuloma produced by aluminium phosphate was not produced by the calcium salt.
Dermatophyte lesions in the hedgehog as a reservoir of penicillin-resistant staphylococci
Authors: Smith John M. B. , Marples Mary J. 
Published: May 2009

An antibiotic substance biologically resembling penicillin G was produced by the growth ofTrichophyton mentagrophytesvar.erinacei, T. mentagrophytes var. granulareandT. mentagrophytesvar.interdigitalein Sabouraud's dextrose broth. An antibiotic concentration equivalent to 7 units/ml. penicillin G could be produced by var.erinaceiwhen grown in a suitable nutrient medium.Epidermophyton floccosumalso produced a substance which inhibited the growth of the Oxford staphylococcus. However, this substance was not completely inactivated by penicillinase. Noin vitroantibiotic production could be demonstrated withT. rubrum, T. concentricum, T. terrestreorMicrosporum canis.Penicillin production could be demonstrated in rabbit skin infected with T. ment-agrophytes var. erinacei. Pathogenic staphylococci falling on a var. erinacei guinea-pig lesion increased rapidly in the ringworm tissue. The inhibiting concentration of penicillin G for such staphylococci was shown to increase from 5·0 µg./ml. to above 20·0 µg./ml. as the ringworm progressed.The presence ofT. mentagrophytesvar.erinaceiin a high percentage of hedgehogs is considered the main reason why the skin is the primary site of staphylococcal multiplication in hedgehogs and why most of theStaphylococcias aureusstrains recoverable from these animals are penicillin resistant.
The epidemiology of the common cold IV. The effect of weather
Authors: Lidwell O. M. , Morgan R. W. , Williams R. E. O. 
Published: May 2009

An investigation has been made of the association between weather and the numbers of colds reported on a given day. The seasonal trends were eliminated by working with the differences between the observed values on any day and the expected values derived from smooth curves fitted to the averages for the time of year.Examination of nine weather variables for the day on which the colds were reported and for each of the 29 preceding days showed that only two, mean day temperature and water-vapour pressure at 9 a.m., were significantly correlated with the numbers of colds. Partial correlation studies showed that the strongest association was with lowered mean day temperature between 2 and 4 days before the reported onset of symptoms.Regression analysis demonstrated that the magnitudes of the associations were sufficient to account for the greater part of the seasonal variation in the incidence of the common cold in both London and Newcastle. A small effect of atmospheric pollution appeared in this analysis.These results suggest that some effect of low outdoor temperature promotes transmission of the virus or the development of disease.
A survey of enteroviruses and adenoviruses in the faeces of normal children aged 0–4 years: A report of the Public Health Laboratory Service and the Society of Medical Officers of Health
Authors: Galbraith N. S. 
Published: May 2009

In a survey of enterovirus and adenovirus excretion in normal children in 1961–62, 25,600 faecal specimens were examined, 25,589 of them in cell culture and 17,596 in newborn mice.Polioviruses were isolated from 156 (0·86%) specimens before Sabin vaccination was introduced in February 1962 and from 389 (5·27%) specimens after this. Coxsackie A viruses were isolated from 894 (5·08%) specimens, Coxsackie B viruses from 196 (0·77%), echoviruses from 278 (1·09%) and adenoviruses from 128 (0·50%).The isolation rates of these viruses varied with sex, age, geographical area, type of local authority area and season.The isolation rate of polioviruses before the introduction of Sabin vaccination was the same as in a previous survey carried out in 1957–58, although the rate was lower in Salk vaccinated children than in unvaccinated children. After Sabin vaccination began the isolation rate increased and Type 3 virus replaced Type 1 virus as the most prevalent virus type.
The Zermatt typhoid outbreak in 1963
Authors: Bernard R. P. 
Published: May 2009

1. A description is given of the outbreak of typhoid fever in Zermatt in 1963.2. There were 437 cases and three deaths, a case fatality rate of 0·7%.3. Information from 260 tourists established that the initiation of infection was explosive and allowed the period of infection to be determined.4. The mean incubation period of various tourist fractions was probably between 16 and 18 days but was found to be significantly longer (20–21 days) for hotel employees.5. The evidence favours a waterborne outbreak. Studies of the water supply showed that the catchment area and the surface streams and their water were liable to contamination.6. One particular stream, the Zmuttbach, constituted a greater danger than the remainder.7. The water purification at the treatment station was inadequate; in particular the holding time for chlorination was too short, and the required concentration of 0·2 p.p.m. was not reached consistently. In addition, there were periods during which completely unchlorinated water reached the general supply.8. It was discovered, some months after the epidemic, that there was leakage of sewage, probably of long standing, into the chlorination tank. This seems to be the most likely source of the water contamination.9. The typhoid excretor responsible for the outbreak was not discovered.
The effect of sex and age on the response to warfarin in a non-inbred strain of mice
Authors: Rowe F. P. , Redfern R. 
Published: May 2009

1. A marked sex variation in susceptibility to warfarin was found in 6-month old L.A.C. Grey mice, males being more susceptible than females. No sex difference in response was evident in young mice 6 weeks old.2. Susceptibility to warfarin poisoning increased markedly with age in males but not in females.3. No significant increase in mortality following warfarin poisoning occurred in adult female mice given methyl testosterone.
Genetic marker studies of poliovirus: II. Strains isolated from cases of poliomyelitis associated with the administration of live attenuated vaccine
Authors: Cossart Yvonne E. 
Published: May 2009

Strains of poliovirus were obtained from 13 of the 18 persons in England and Wales with paralytic episodes after administration of oral vaccine in 1962. They have been studied using three marker tests: the R.C.T.40test, intratypic serodifferentiation and inhibition by dextran sulphate. For comparison a number of strains from subjects with non-paralytic vaccine-associated reactions and from patients with paralytic poliomyelitis not related to vaccine were also tested.Of the eight patients excreting type 1 strains seven came from South Wales where an outbreak was in progress. They all resemble naturally occurring strains from the outbreak in growing at 39·3° but not at 39·8° C.Only one subject excreted type 2 virus which was of vaccine type.The type 3 strains included a series from a family group where a range of results from vaccine to the wild range was obtained. Three other patients with vaccineassociated paralysis excreted type 3 strains with the characteristic of naturally occurring strains.
Immunogenicity of experimental trachoma vaccines in baboons: III. Experiments with inactivated vaccines
Authors: Collier L. H. , Blyth W. A. , Larin N. M. , Treharne J. 
Published: May 2009

Heating at 37° C. for 5 days completely abolished the capacity of a trachoma/inclusion conjunctivitis (TRIC) vaccine to protect baboons against conjunctival infection. Treatment with formalin also impaired or abolished immunogenicity.The rate of inactivation of TRIC agent by ultraviolet light was exponential, and was about 7 times faster than that of a suspension of vaccinia virus of comparable turbidity. By contrast with vaccinia, irradiation of TRIC agent with twice the dose of ultraviolet light needed to destroy infectivity resulted in loss of immunogenicity.The deleterious action of these inactivation procedures on the potency of TRIC vaccines may be explained in terms of damage to a protective antigen; alternatively, live vaccines may be more immunogenic because TRIC agents are capable of multiplying within primate hosts after parenteral injection.Unlike the same type of variant of another strain of inclusion conjunctivitis, the ‘fast-killing’ variant of MRC-4 was still pathogenic for the baboon conjunctiva.
Serological studies on infections by respiratory viruses of the inhabitants of Tristan da Cunha
Authors: Tyrrell D. A. J. , Peto M. , King N. 
Published: May 2009

Sera were obtained from about half of the Tristan da Cunha islanders on reaching Cape Town in October 1961, a few months after reaching Britain and before returning to the Island in 1963.After vaccination against current influenza A 2 and B serotypes antibodies were evoked against earlier serotypes, in particular against influenza A1 of 1951 with which the islanders had almost certainly been infected. Those who failed to develop antibody against A 2 and B after vaccination developed it later presumably owing to natural infection.Almost all islanders developed antibodies against parainfluenza 3 and 1 and some against parainfluenza 2 and coxsackie A 21 viruses. There were no antibody rises against reoviruses.
Transmission of infectious drug resistance from animals to man
Authors: Wells D. M. , James O. B. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe antibiotic resistance patterns of coliforms in faecal specimens from pigs and their human contacts were studied. The ability of the resistant coliforms to transfer their resistance in vitro to antibiotic-sensitive recipients was examined. The results showed that pigs which had received antibiotics carried more multiply-resistant, R-factor bearing coliforms than pigs which had not been given antibiotics. Human contacts of the antibiotic-treated pigs had a higher incidence of antibiotic-resistant coliforms with R-factors than human contacts of pigs which had not been given antibiotics. It is concluded that antibiotic treatment of farm, animals may lead to acquisition of antibiotic resistance by gut coliforms of man.
The sequential appearance of antibody and immunoglobins in nasal secretion after immunization of volunteers with live and inactivated influenza B virus vaccines
Authors: Downie Jean C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe sequential development of the immune response in nasal washings was studied in 54 volunteers immunized with either attenuated or inactivated influenza B/Eng/13/65 virus vaccines.Eleven of the 15 volunteers given the inactivated vaccine by deep subcutaneous inoculation showed no rise in nasal wash protein or immunoglobins due to the immunization procedure nor was specific neutralizing antibody detected in their nasal washings after immunization. Neutralizing antibody was detected in nasal washings of three volunteers in this group who also showed a 20-fold or greater increase in serum haemagglutinin-inhibiting antibody after immunization and in one volunteer who had antibody present in pre-trial nasal washings.Eleven of 15 volunteers who were successfully infected by the live attenuated vaccine showed a characteristic rise in protein and IgA and IgG immunoglobin concentrations in nasal washings 5–14 days after the administration of the live virus vaccine. Neutralizing antibody was detected in the nasal washings of these 11 volunteers and appeared at the same time as or 1–2 days after the initial rise of protein and immunoglobin. Neutralizing antibody was also detected in the nasal washings of one other volunteer who did not show a rise in protein or immunoglobin concentration in nasal washings after immunization.IgA was detected (⋟ 3 mg./lOO ml.) in the majority (84%) of nasal wash specimens which had a protein concentration of 0·2 mg./ml. or greater while IgG was not detected (⋟ 4·5 mg./lOO ml.) until the protein concentration rose to 0·4 mg./ml. or greater. The geometric mean concentration for normal nasal wash protein in this study was 0·3 + 0·1 mg./ml.Regression analysis indicated that the concentrations of both IgA and IgG immunoglobins were directly proportional to the protein concentration in nasal washings but that this relationship varied considerably between individuals.Absorption studies indicated that neutralizing and haemagglutinin-inhibiting antibodies in nasal secretion to influenza B/Eng/13/65 virus were predominantly associated with the IgA class of immunoglobin.
The effects of humoral, cellular and non-specific immunity on intracerebralBordetella pertussisinfections in mice
Authors: Dolby Jean M. , Dolby D. E. , Bronne-Shanbury Caroline J. 
Published: May 2009

When mice were injected intracerebrally with doses ofBordetella pertussisvaccine greater than 5 ImD50 and challenged intracerebrally 14 days later with virulentB. pertussisthere was an immediate reduction in the numbers of organisms. An analysis of thisin vivobactericidal effect has shown that large doses of an unrelated vaccine,Salmonella typhosa, equivalent in cell mass to about 50 ImD 50 ofB. pertussisvaccine can achieve this effect, so for such doses the effect must be partly non-specific. This action is not maintained and so is not ultimately protective. Local immunoglobulin was also demonstrable 14 days after 300 ImD 50 ofB. pertussisvaccine but following smaller doses of 10–20 ImD 50 it could not be found until after the mice had been infected and the blood–brain barrier impaired.A similar immediate reduction in the numbers of infecting organisms inoculated 1 day after vaccination has been shown to follow very small, non-protective doses of vaccines unrelated toB. pertussisand to be achieved with lipopolysaccharide and endotoxin isolated fromB. pertussis.Brains were not sterilized and only in mice receiving protectiveB. pertussisvaccine was the lowering of infection maintained beyond 2 days and the brains eventually sterilized.The antibody passively protecting mice against intracerebral infection was found in the 19 S and 11 S globulin fractions of the serum of once-vaccinated mice and in the 11 S and 7 S fractions of the serum of rabbits and ascitic fluid of mice receiving repeated doses of vaccine. The IgM probably eliminated infections by immediate sterilization but had to be present locally to do so since it was unable to pass from the circulation into the brain, and was therefore inactive when injected intraperitoneally. The IgA and IgG were not so restricted and both the 11 S and 7 S globulins were capable of exerting an immediate suppressive effect on infecting organisms. The 7 S globulin was also capable of a maintained or delayed suppressive effect.Lymphocytes from fully protected once-vaccinated mice, transferred 2–3 weeks after intraperitoneal vaccination, were able to confer some protection when injected intraperitoneally or intracerebrally into recipient mice infected 2 weeks after transfer. Homologous, non-concentrated antiserum from once-vaccinated mice, injected intraperitoneally 1 hr. before infection sometimes augmented the transferred immunity, whereas alone it was inactive.
Laboratory evaluation of gophacide as a rodenticide for use against Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus
Authors: Redfern R. , Greaves J. H. , Tinworth H. 
Published: May 2009

Laboratory tests were carried out to assess the efficacy of gophacide as a rodenticide against the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) and the house mouse (Mus musculus). Results of feeding tests with wild animals suggest that the compound would be more useful against mice than rats, and that 0.3% would be a near optimal concentration for field trials for both species.The hazards of using gophacide as a rodenticide are discussed.
Subtypes of hepatitis B antigen among patients and symptomless carriers
Authors: Green Helen T. , Turner G. C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA study of the distribution of subtypesadandayamong sera from hepatitis B antigen-positive subjects in North West England and North Wales revealed a marked contrast between symptomless carriers among whomadpredominated and patients with acute hepatitis the majority of whom wereay.Those with hepatitis associated with drug addiction or other forms of ‘needle transmission’ were almost all of subtypeay.On the other hand in cases of ‘sporadic’ hepatitis without evidence of parenteral exposure subtypesadandayare about equally distributed.These findings are similar to those reported from other countries in Northern Europe and North America. Although geographical and social factors clearly affect the distribution of the two subtypes it is suggested that the virus of subtypeaymay be more readily transmitted than subtypeadby parenteral routes involving small amounts of blood.
Warmth and comfort in the subtropical winter: a study in Brisbane schools
Authors: Auliciems A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYWinter thermal sensations of secondary and primary school-children in Queensland are related to air temperature. Neutrality is estimated by regression analysis of over 6000 assessments and a lower comfort limit is suggested to include 80% of the children. Cold discomfort is seen as the main problem, and comparison is made to an earlier study in England.
Pseudomonas aeruginosainfection in hospital: a comparison between ‘infective’ and ‘environmental’ strains
Authors: Al-Dujaili A. H. , Harris D. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYOne hundred and fifty-six infections or episodes of infection associated withPseudomonas aeruginosain six hospitals over 14 months were investigated. Pyocine typing and serotyping suggested that 145 distinct episodes had occurred, caused by 78 different strains. During this period 15 distinct strains were isolated from the environment at one of the hospitals; 12 of these were apparently un-associated with infection in the same ward during the period, and 4 were of types not encountered in infective processes at any hospital. There appeared to be a rather higher proportion of unclassifiable pyocine inhibition patterns among the environmental strains; in general these strains also produced smaller amounts of haemolysin. If failure to produce haemolysinin vitrois correlated with lack of virulencein vivo, this may partially explain the sporadic nature of hospital infection withPs. aeruginosa, despite the prevalence of strains of this species in the environment.
The diagnosis of salmonella abortion in cattle with particular reference toSalmonella dublin.A review
Authors: Hinton M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe diagnosis of abortion in cattle caused bySalmonella dublindepends upon the isolation of the organism from either the products of conception, uterine discharges, vaginal mucus or milk together with serological evidence of active infection.S. dublinmay be isolated when an active or a latent carrier cow aborts but in these cases an active infection will not be demonstrable. The retrospective identification of a case ofS. dublinabortion may prove difficult as excretion of the organism is usually transient and the serum agglutinating antibodies frequently fall to low titres soon after the abortion.
Virulence factors ofFrancisella tularensis
Authors: Hood A. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe mechanism causing viableFrancisella tularensisto lose virulence in aerosols has been investigated. Fully virulent organisms were found to be encapsulated and avirulent organisms from aged aerosols, decapsulated. Capsules were also removed by suspension ofF. tularensisin hypertonic sodium chloride. The resulting naked, but viable, organisms were predominantly avirulent for guinea-pigs challenged intraperitoneally. Capsular material and cell walls were found to contain large amounts of lipid, about 50 and 70% (w/w) respectively, and to differ in lipid and sugar composition. Isolated capsular material was not found to contain a lethal toxin for mice or guinea-pigs, or to induce an immunological response in these animals to fully virulentF. tularensis.
Bacterial contamination control mats: a comparative study
Authors: Meddick H. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe ability of six different types of contamination control mats currently in use at the entrances to theatre suites and other clean areas to remove bacteria-carrying particles from theatre trolley wheels was compared. Marked differences in the effectiveness of this property were obtained; and all mats showed some disadvantages. Modification of one of the mats has resulted in improved efficiency under working conditions.