bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monoclonal antibodies to recombinant Der f 2 and development of a two‐site ELISA sensitive to major Der f 2 isoallergen in Korea
Authors: Jeong K.Y. , Jin H.S. , Oh S.H. , Hong C.‐S. , Lee I.‐Y. , Ree H.‐I. , Yong T.‐S. 
Published: October 2010

Background: Der f 2 is a major sensitizing allergen in patients allergic to house dust mites worldwide. Isoforms of Der f 2 have been reported and are known to have different antigenicities. The aim of this study was to facilitate antigenic analysis and to develop an improved method for the detection of Der f 2 isoallergen, which is prevalent in Korea. Methods: A two‐site ELISA was developed with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) which were produced against recombinant Der f 2 (rDer f 2) and applied to assess Der f 2 in bedding samples. Results: A major isoform of Der f 2, found in Korea, was found to have amino acid variations especially at position 100 from lysine to glutamic acid, which is known to reduce significantly the binding affinity of mAbs when used to assess group 2 allergens. The detection limit of the developed two‐site ELISA was determined to be about 8 ng/ml with rDer f 2 and 1 µg/ml with Dermatophagoides farinae crude extract. The average amount of Der f 2 in dust obtained from bedding samples from 89 homes in Seoul was estimated to be 25.61 ± 10.70 µg/g dust. Conclusions:  Assays using mAbs for rDer f 2 could be useful for the assessment of environmental allergen exposure and mAbs could be used to further characterize the isoallergens of Der f 2.
Siberian hamster: a new indoor source of allergic sensitization and respiratory disease
Authors: Bertó J. M. , Peláez A. , Fernández E. , Lombardero M. , Ferrer M. 
Published: October 2010

Background: The identification of ‘unknown’ allergic sensitizations may determine the prognosis and treatment of patients with respiratory airway disease. Currently, the presence in homes of ‘exotic’ animals as pets is increasing. In this article the Siberian hamster or dwarf hamster (Phodopus sungorus) was identified as a new indoor source of aeroallergens and respiratory disease. Methods: The subjects were six outpatients who were treated for asthma and rhinitis. Siberian hamster hair extract was prepared with a standard wt/vol method, and patients were skin‐prick tested with the extract. Serum‐specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E against the Siberian hamster, common hamster (Cricetus cricetus) and golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) was determined. IgE‐immunoblotting was also performed for all six sera. Specific bronchial challenge was carried out with the Siberian hamster extract. Results:  Skin prick tests (SPT) with the Siberian hamster extract, and specific IgE‐antibodies against Siberian hamster, were strongly positive in all six patients. Determinations of specific IgE‐antibodies against C. cricetus and M. auratus were negative in all patients. IgE‐immunoblotting of the sera revealed two IgE‐binding fractions (MW 18 and 32 kDa) in five of the six sera. Specific bronchial provocation tests resulted in early asthmatic responses in the two patients who were challenged. Conclusions: The present study reveals the Siberian hamster to be able to induce both sensitization and disease, and this species of hamster should be taken into consideration as a cause of respiratory disease in exposed subjects. A noteworthy finding was the lack of sensitization in our patients to common hamster allergens (M. auratus and C. cricetus) that are usually tested when hamster allergy is suspected.
Effects of Long Term Exposure to High‐CO2 During Storage at 0°C on Biology and Infectivity of Botrytis cinerea in Red Chicory
Authors: Bertolini P. , Baraldi E. , Mari M. , Trufelli Lazzarin B., R. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe effects on Botrytis cinerea of prolonged exposures to CO2‐enriched atmospheres were studied in vitro and in vivo at 0°C. Mycelial growth on potato dextrose agar decreased linearly with increasing CO2 concentrations from 5, 10, 15 and 20% CO2. The growth reduction was greater after 30–40 days of incubation. A reduced production of sclerotia in air by the colonies formerly exposed to various CO2 concentrations was also detected. Conidial germination was delayed and the amount of germinated conidia decreased with increased CO2 and at 20% CO2 it was inhibited. Germ tube elongation was affected in the same way. In artificially inoculated red chicory, lesion area caused by B. cinerea decreased with increasing concentrations of CO2 up to 60 days storage, later only 10 and 15% CO2 were really effective, while in the final inspection after 120 days all the concentration tested showed a low efficacy. Similar results were obtained in naturally infected chicory where the severity of the disease decreased by increasing CO2 from 5 to 10%, higher values did not improve the suppressive effect or determined, after 150 days of storage, an increased vulnerability of the tissues to disease due to the phytotoxic effects of the gas. An atmosphere enriched with 10% CO2 is advised to suppress Botrytis rot during storage at 0°C of red chicory.
Latency of Botrytis cinerea Pers.: Fr. and Biochemical Studies During Growth and Ripening of Two Grape Berry Cultivars, Respectively Susceptible and Resistant to Grey Mould
Authors: Pezet R. , Viret O. , Perret C. , Tabacchi R. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractLatency and development of Botrytis cinerea were assessed under field conditions and after artificial inoculation of two grape varieties, Gamay (susceptible) and Gamaret (resistant). When the percentage of latent Botrytis was the same for both varieties, severity of visible grey mould remained very low in Gamaret berries, while Gamay clusters were destroyed by the disease to a high percentage. Some biochemical parameters were measured in berries, such as constitutive and induced anti‐fungal compounds, polymeric proanthocyanidins and lipid peroxidation products as markers of senescence. Differences were observed in polymeric proanthocyanidins (PPRA) of Gamaret compared with those of Gamay. Concentration and mean degree of polymerization (mDP) of PPRA were always higher in the berries of the resistant variety. The inhibitory effect of Gamaret PPRA on enzyme activity remained until harvest whereas Gamay PPRA lost their inhibitory activity at the beginning of véraison. Based on these results, resistance to B. cinerea seems to be linked to the maintainance of the fungus in its latent form in berries, mainly due to the ability of Gamaret PPRA to inhibit macerating fungal enzyme activities.
Combination of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pochonia chlamydosporia for Control of Root‐Infecting Fungi in Tomato
Authors: Siddiqui I. A. , Shaukat S. S. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractA plant growth‐promoting rhizobacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain IE‐6, and a fungal antagonist, Pochonia chlamydosporia, were tested for their ability to inhibit mycelial growth of root‐infecting fungi under laboratory conditions including Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani and Rhizoctonia solani. Biocontrol effectiveness of the bacterium and the fungus alone or in combination was also determined for the control of root‐infecting fungi under field conditions. In a dual‐culture plate assay, the colonies of P. chlamydosporia and P. aeruginosa met each other and no further growth of either organism occurred. Against M. phaseolina, F. solani and R. solani, an ethyl acetate extract of the culture filtrates of P. aeruginosa inhibited fungal growth greater than the hexane extract, but against F. oxysporum the hexane extract caused greater inhibition of fungal growth. By contrast, against M. phaseolina, F. oxysporum and F. solani, the hexane extract of P. chlamydosporia was more effective in the inhibition of fungal growth than the ethyl acetate fraction. Ethyl acetate extracts of P. aeruginosa at 1.0 mg/ml not only inhibited the radial colony growth of R. solani but also lysed the fungal mycelium. P. aeruginosa produced siderophores and hydrogen cyanide under laboratory conditions. Field experiments conducted in 1997 and repeated in 1998 revealed that Pochonia chlamydosporia and P. aeruginosa significantly suppressed the root‐infecting fungi M. phaseolina, F. oxysporum, F. solani and R. solani and that the combination of the two caused greater inhibition of the fungal pathogens than either alone. Application of P. chlamydosporia and P. aeruginosa as a soil drench also resulted in enhanced growth of tomato plants.
Detection and Molecular Characterization of a Phytoplasma Associated with Big Bud Disease of Tomatoes in Jordan
Authors: Anfoka Ghandi H. , Khalil Amjad B. , Fattash Isam 
Published: October 2010

AbstractTomato big bud was detected for the first time in tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in the eastern region (Al‐Mafraq) of Jordan. Infected plants showed proliferation of lateral shoots, hypertrophic calyxes and greening of flower petals. The presence of phytoplasmas in diseased tomato plants was demonstrated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. The amplified DNAs yielded products of 1.8 kb (primer pair P1/P7) and 1.2 kb (primer pair R16F2/R2) by direct and nested‐PCR, respectively. DNA from tomato isolates T1 and T2 could not be amplified in the nested‐PCR assays when the aster yellow‐specific primer pair R16(1)F1/R1 was used, suggesting that the phytoplasma in these isolates is not genetically related to the 16SrI (aster yellows) group. After restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses, using four endonuclease enzymes (HhaI, RsaI, AluI and Bsp143I) similar patterns were formed among the digested 1.2 kb PCR products of two tomato isolates suggesting that both isolates belonged to the same phytoplasma. Compared with the RFLP profile of the reference strains, no difference in the digestion pattern was found between the tomato isolates and that of the catharanthus phyllody agent from Sudan, indicating that the phytoplasma belongs to 16SrDNA VI (clover proliferation) group.
Lauric Acid Exhibits Antifungal Activity Against Plant Pathogenic Fungi
Authors: Walters D. R. , Walker R. L. , Walker K. C. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis study aimed at examining the effects of the saturated fatty acid lauric acid on mycelial growth of Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium ultimum and on infection of barley seedlings with Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. Mycelial growth of R. solani and P. ultimum in agar culture was significantly reduced by lauric acid at concentrations of 100 μm and above, while no fungal growth occurred in liquid culture at concentrations above 50 μm. Application of lauric acid at concentrations ranging from 250 to 1000 μm to barley leaves before or after inoculation with B. graminis f. sp. hordei led to significant reductions in infection. This study provides the first report of the activity of lauric acid against plant pathogenic fungi and indicates the need for investigation of its mechanism of action.
Integrated Control of Sclerotium rolfsii on Groundnut in South Africa
Authors: Cilliers A. J. , Pretorius Z. A. , Van Wyk P. S. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. causes disease of numerous crop plants worldwide, including groundnuts. Control of this pathogen is difficult as it produces sclerotia which overwinter in the soil to emerge as inoculum and cause disease the following season. Various chemical, biological and cultural control strategies have been suggested and implemented, some of which have reduced disease incidence in the field. No studies have yet been undertaken in South Africa to control this disease on groundnut, either chemically, biologically or by cultural practices. In this study, several strategies were investigated for the control of S. rolfsii on groundnuts. Difenoconazole was identified as a fungicide that could possibly be applied in combination with Trichoderma harzianum, a biological antagonist of S. rolfsii, above carbendazim and flusilazole, and chlorothalonil. Difenoconazole significantly reduced the growth rate of S. rolfsii but not of T. harzianum. The cultivation of infected fields with an inversion plough significantly reduced infection of groundnuts by S. rolfsii and also improved the quality of the produce, while yield was not increased. Lower plant density increased the incidence of disease in an infected field, and is therefore not considered to be a viable form of cultural control.
Plant Species, Host Age and Host Genotype Effects on Meloidogyne incognita Biocontrol by Pseudomonas fluorescens Strain CHA0 and its Genetically‐Modified Derivatives
Authors: Siddiqui I. A. , Shaukat S. S. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CHA0 and its antibiotic overproducing derivative CHA0/pME3424 repeatedly reduced Meloidogyne incognita galling on tomato, brinjal, mungbean and soya bean roots but not in chilli. An antibiotic‐deficient derivative, CHA89, did not reduce nematode invasion in any of the plant species tested. When plant species were compared, bacterial inoculants afforded better protection to tomato, mungbean and soya bean roots against root‐knot nematodes than to brinjal and chilli. Antibiotic overproducing strain CHA0/pME3424 markedly reduced fresh shoot weights of chilli and mungbean while antibiotic‐deficient strain CHA89 enhanced fresh shoot weights of mungbean. While strains CHA0 had no significant impact on fresh root weights of any of the plant species, strain CHA0/pME3424 consistently reduced fresh root weights of brinjal and mungbean. In none of the plant species the bacterial strains had an influence on protein contents of the leaves. Regardless of the plant species, the three bacterial strains did not differ markedly in their rhizosphere colonization pattern. However, colonization was highest in brinjal rhizosphere and lowest in the mungbean rhizosphere. A slight host genotype effect on the biocontrol performance of the bacterial inoculants was also detected at cultivar level. When five soya bean cultivars were compared, biocontrol bacteria exhibited best suppression of the root‐knot nematode in cv. Ajmeri. Antibiotic overproducing strain CHA0/pME3424 substantially reduced fresh shoot weights of the soya bean cultivars Centuray 84 and NARC‐I while strain CHA89 enhanced shoot weights of the cultivars Ajmeri, William‐82 and NARC‐II. Wild type strain CHA0 had no significant impact on fresh shoot weights of any of the soya bean cultivars. Strain CHA0/pME3424 reduced fresh weights of root of Century 84, NARC‐I and NARC‐II while strain CHA89 increased root weights. Bacterial rhizosphere colonization was highest in variety NARC‐I and lowest in variety Ajmeri. Plant age had a significant impact on the biocontrol performance of bacterial inoculants against nematodes. The biocontrol effect of all bacterial strains was more prominent during early growth stage (7 days after nematode inoculation). A strong negative correlation between bacterial rhizosphere colonization and nematode invasion in soya bean roots was observed.
Genetic and Pathogenic Variation Among Tobacco Black Shank Strains of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae from the Main Tobacco Growing in China
Authors: Zhang X. G. , Sun W. X. , Guo L. , Yu J. F. , Chang C. J. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractPathogenic and genetic variability among seven populations of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae from individual tobacco fields (Yunnan, Shandong, Henan, Heilongjiang, Shanxi, Fujian and Sichuan provinces) were investigated using pathogenicity and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses; 63 strains were isolated from different fields of seven tobacco growing regions, using tobacco cv. Hongda as a baiting host. Pathogenic variability was evaluated in greenhouse studies using five tobacco cultivars that have different levels of resistance to tobacco black shank; 75 and 73% of the strains were pathogenic on M3 and M4, 29 and 33% on M1 and M2, and 94% were pathogenic on M5, respectively. Disease severity incited by different strains varied significantly on individual tobacco cultivars. The percentage of strains pathogenic on different cultivars varied among locations. Genotypic variation among 63 strains was evaluated by RAPD analysis. Ten primers detected 89 polymorphic bands. Cluster and principal coordinates analysed cluster groups. the minor group contained 26 strains, and major group contained 37 strains. Estimates of genetic diversity based on RAPD analysis ranged from 0.24 to 0.34 within populations to 0.36 among all strains from all populations. Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae populations were genotypically and phenotypically variable, but no distinct genotypic differences were identified among populations from the seven locations.
Characterization of New Highly Virulent German Isolates of Bremia lactucae and Efficiency of Resistance in Wild Lactuca spp. Germplasm
Authors: Lebeda A. , Zinkernagel V. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractFour German isolates (FS1, SR2, SAW1 and DEG2) of Bremia lactucae originating from lettuce cultivars with R‐factors R18 and Dm6 + R36 were used for detailed characterization of virulence factors (v‐factors) and for the study of the resistance efficiency in wild Lactuca spp. germplasm. The highest complexity of v‐phenotype was recognized in isolate DEG2, which overcomes resistance in cv. Mariska (R18) and line CS‐RL (L. serriola × L. sativa, R18 + ?), until now known as resistant to all known races of B. lactucae in Europe. However, some sparse sporulation also occurred on cv. Titan (Dm6 + R36). The isolates SR2 and SAW1 overcome the resistance based on the gene R36, but are avirulent to R18. The v‐phenotype of SR2 is highly complex with the most important v‐factors being present except for v14 and v18. The isolate FS1 is the first in Germany originating from a cultivar with R18 (cv. Samourai). The search for efficient sources of resistance in 64 accessions of 11 wild Lactuca spp. and primitive forms of L. sativa showed broad variation in accession–isolate interactions. Expression of race‐specific resistance in wild Lactuca spp. (L. serriola, L. viminea, L. virosa) was recorded frequently. Lactuca indica and L. saligna could be considered as the most efficient sources of resistance against isolates FS1, SR2 and SAW1. The isolate DEG2 showed the highest level of virulence. On seedlings of L. saligna, which is considered as a most important source of resistance against B. lactucae, there was frequently recorded limited sporulation, however this response cannot be considered as a susceptible. Except for some L. saligna accessions (CGN 05310 and CGN 05315), the resistance to all studied isolates was only observed in one accession of L. serriola (PI 253467).
Identification of Two Blast Resistance Genes in a Rice Variety, Digu
Authors: Chen X. W. , Li S. G. , Xu J. C. , Zhai W. X. , Ling Z. Z. , Ma B. T. , Wang Y. P. , Wang W. M. , Cao G. , Ma Y. Q. , Shang J. J. , Zhao X. F. , Zhou K. D. , Zhu L. H. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBlast, caused by Magnaporthe grisea is one of most serious diseases of rice worldwide. A Chinese local rice variety, Digu, with durable blast resistance, is one of the important resources for rice breeding for resistance to blast (M. grisea) in China. The objectives of the current study were to assess the identity of the resistance genes in Digu and to determine the chromosomal location by molecular marker tagging. Two susceptible varieties to blast, Lijiangxintuanheigu (LTH) and Jiangnanxiangnuo (JNXN), a number of different varieties, each containing one blast resistance gene, Piks, Pia, Pik, Pi‐b, Pi‐kp, Pi‐ta2, Pi‐ta, Pi‐z, Pi‐i, Pi‐km, Pi‐zt, Pi‐t and Pi‐11, and the progeny populations from the crosses between Digu and each of these varieties were analysed with Chinese blast isolates. We found that the resistance of Digu to each of the two Chinese blast isolates, ZB13 and ZB15, were controlled by two single dominant genes, separately. The two genes are different from the known blast resistance genes and, therefore, designated as Pi‐d(t)1 and Pi‐d(t)2. By using bulked segregation method and molecular marker analysis in corresponding F2 populations, Pi‐d(t)1 was located on chromosome 2 with a distance of 1.2 and 10.6 cM to restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers G1314A and G45, respectively. And Pi‐d(t)2 was located on chromosome 6 with a distance of 3.2 and 3.4 cM to simple sequence repeat markers RM527 and RM3, respectively. We also developed a novel strategy of resistance gene analogue (RGA) assay with uneven polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to further tag the two genes and successfully identified two RGA markers, SPO01 and SPO03, which were co‐segregated toPi‐d(t)1 and Pi‐d(t)2, respectively, in their corresponding F2 populations. These results provide essential information for further utilization of the Digu's blast resistance genes in rice disease resistance breeding and positional cloning of these genes.
Chromosome Polymorphism of the Obligate Biotrophic Parasite Plasmodiophora brassicae
Authors: Graf H. , Fähling M , Siemens J. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractElectrophoretic karyotypes of different isolates of Plasmodiophora brassicae, the causative agent of clubroot of cabbage, using contour‐clamped homogeneous electric field gel electrophoresis (CHEF) revealed chromosome polymorphism in this obligate parasite. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes have been localized on three chromosomes (I, IV and V) of P. brassicae of the 16 chromosomal bands, which can be distinguished for the single‐spore isolate ‘e3’. In comparison with this isolate three other single‐spore isolates showed chromosome polymorphism by size of chromosomal bands and by hybridization pattern with rRNA gene fragments and other Plasmodiophora‐specific DNA fragments.
An Allele‐specific PCR Assay for Detecting Azoxystrobin‐resistant Alternaria Isolates from Pistachio in California
Authors: Ma Z. , Michailides T. J. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAlternaria late blight caused by Alternaria spp. in the alternata, tenuissima and arborescens species‐groups is one of the most common fungal diseases of pistachio in California. A single point mutation resulting in the replacement of a glycine by an alanine at codon 143 (G143A) in the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) has been found in all azoxystrobin‐resistant isolates of these three species from California pistachio. In this study, a pair of allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers was developed to detect this point mutation. The allele‐specific PCR assay coupled with a rapid DNA extraction method could detect azoxystrobin‐resistant Alternaria isolates in a few hours. The allele‐specific PCR method was also reliable for detecting azoxystrobin‐resistant Alternaria directly in both laboratory‐inoculated and naturally infected pistachio leaves.