bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protothecosis: A Report of Two Cases: Protothekose/Bericht über zwei Fälle
Authors: Thianprasit M. , Youngchaiyud U. , Suthipinittharm P. 
Published: July 2010

Summary: Two cases of protothecosis caused by Prototheca wickerhamii with different clinical features are reported. The first case had a severe infection due to impairment of humoral and cellular immunity from systemic lupus erythematosus treated with immunsuppressive agents, exhibiting disseminated ulcerative nodules on both legs. Amphotericin B was used with satisfactory result. The second patient who was healthy without known immunological defects, had only a single granulomatous skin lesion on the medial side of the left calf. Surgical removal of the lesions was performed with skin‐grafting and there was no recurrence after one year of follow‐up. The routes of infection in both cases were undetermined.Zusammenfassung: Bericht über zwei Fälle von Protothekose mit unterschiedlichem klinischen Bild, bei denen Prototheca wickerhamii als Erreger gefunden wurde. Der erste Patient hatte eine schwere Infektion, die auf einer Beeinträchtigung der humoralen und zellulären Immunität beruhte, die durch eine immunsuppressive Behandlung eines systemischen Lupus erythematodes hervorgerufen war. Dieser Patient zeigte disseminierte ulcerative Knoten an beiden Beinen. Amphotericin B konnte mit günstigem Ergebnis eingesetzt werden. Der zweite Patient, der an keinen immunologischen Beeinträchtigungen litt, hatte nur eine einzelne granulomatöse Hautläsion an der Innenseite des linken Unterschenkels. Bei diesem Patienten wurde der Knoten chirurgisch entfernt und der Defekt mit einem Transplantat gedeckt Während einjähriger Nachbeobachtung entstand kein Rezidiv. Der Infektionsweg blieb in beiden Fällen ungeklärt.
Effects of Two Stains on Blastoconidia of Candida albicans: Scanning Electron Microscope Studies. Wirkungen von zwei Farbstoffen auf die Blastosporen von Candida albicans: Untersuchungen mit dem Rasterelektronenmikroskop
Authors: Costa A. L. , Valenti A. , Ruggeri P. 
Published: July 2010

Summary:  The authors report observations using scanning electron microscopy (S.E.M.) of cell morphological alterations induced by two stains (crystal violet and malachite green) in cultures of Candida albicans. A marked ultrastructural polymorphism was found. Thus it is suggested that the two stains induced a cellular suffering of the mycete whose functions are then inhibited.Zusammenfassung:  Die Verfasser berichten über die morphologischen Veränderungen, die von den Farbstoffen Kristallviolett und Malachitgrün bei pathogenen Candida albicans‐Stämmen verursacht werden. Auffälliger ultrastruktureller Polymorphismus wurde bei den Sproßzellen festgestellt. Es wird angenommen, daß durch den Farbstoffkontakt die Sproßzellen biologisch inaktiviert werden.
Protective effects of lithium treatment for spatial memory deficits induced by tau hyperphosphorylation in splenectomized rats
Authors: Tan Wen‐Fei , Cao Xue‐Zhao , Wang Jun‐Ke , Lv Huang‐Wei , Wu Bin‐Yang , Ma Hong 
Published: July 2010

Summary1. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction has become more prevalent in recent years. We used a splenectomized rat model with postoperative spatial learning and memory deficits to investigate the role of tau hyperphosphorylation and glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK‐3β) within the hippocampus.2. Cognitive function was assessed in a Y‐maze 1 day before and 1, 3 and 7 days after surgery. We measured site‐specific phosphorylation of hippocampal tau (Thr‐205 and Ser‐396), GSK‐3β activity and expression of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) mRNA and protein as markers of inflammation. We also tested the effects of treatment with lithium chloride (LiCl), a GSK‐3β inhibitor.3. Splenectomy was associated with learning and memory impairment 3 days later, as well as a rapid and massive hyperphosphorylation of hippocampal tau at Thr‐205 and Ser‐396, activated GSK‐3β, and increased IL‐1β and TNF‐α expression. LiCl completely restored tau hyperphosphorylation to control levels.4. These data from the splenectomized rat model suggest that inflammatory factors affect tau pathology through the GSK‐3β signalling pathway and that LiCl is a promising treatment for postoperative cognitive deficits.
Short ileal segment for orthotopic neobladder: A feasibility study
Authors: Aleksic Predrag , Bancevic Vladimir , Milovic Novak , Kosevic Branko , Stamenkovic Dusica M , Karanikolas Menelaos , Campara Zoran M , Jovanovic Mirko 
Published: July 2010

Objectives:  The objective of this study was to present the construction of a neobladder with a modified pouch technique using 25–35 cm of terminal ileum.Methods:  Thirty‐eight patients whose pouch was constructed from 25–35 cm of terminal ileum (short pouch [SP] group) were prospectively evaluated vs 41 patients whose pouch was constructed from 50–70 cm of terminal ileum (long pouch group). Pouch volume, post‐void residual (PVR) volume, need for catheterization, continence and voiding frequency were evaluated at 3 and 12 months after surgery.Results:  SP group patients had significantly smaller pouch capacity (440 vs 840 mL, P < 0.001) at month 12, and smaller PVR at postoperative months 3 (11 [0–43]vs 40 [0–147] mL, P < 0.001) and 12 (10 [0–90]vs 72 [0–570] mL, P < 0.001). SP group patients had significantly higher voiding frequency on postoperative month 3 (10 vs 9, P < 0.001) and 12 (7 vs 6, P < 0.005). Continence was significantly improved in the SP group compared with the long pouch group after 12 months (63.2% vs 34.1%, respectively, P = 0.034). Full continence improved significantly over time (P < 0.001) in the SP group, from 26.3% at month 3 to 63.2% at month 12.Conclusion:  A pouch constructed from 25–35 cm of terminal ileum provides adequate capacity, smaller PVR, satisfactory continence and a better 24‐h voiding frequency pattern during the first postoperative year.
Two respiratory enzyme systems in Campylobacter jejuni NCTC 11168 contribute to growth on l‐lactate
Authors: Thomas Marie T. , Shepherd Mark , Poole Robert K. , van Vliet Arnoud H. M. , Kelly David J. , Pearson Bruce M. 
Published: July 2010

Summary Campylobacter jejuni, a major food‐borne intestinal pathogen, preferentially utilizes a few specific amino acids and some organic acids such as pyruvate and l‐ and d‐lactate as carbon sources, which may be important for growth in the avian and mammalian gut. Here, we identify the enzymatic basis for C. jejuni growth on l‐lactate. Despite the presence of an annotated gene for a fermentative lactate dehydrogenase (cj1167), no evidence for lactate excretion could be obtained in C. jejuni NCTC 11168, and inactivation of the cj1167 gene did not affect growth on lactate as carbon source. Instead, l‐lactate utilization in C. jejuni NCTC 11168 was found to proceed via two novel NAD‐independent l‐LDHs; a non‐flavin iron–sulfur containing three subunit membrane‐associated enzyme (Cj0075c‐73c), and a flavin and iron–sulfur containing membrane‐associated oxidoreductase (Cj1585c). Both enzymes contribute to growth on l‐lactate, as single mutants in each system grew as well as wild‐type on this substrate, while a cj0075c cj1585c double mutant showed no l‐lactate oxidase activity and did not utilize or grow on l‐lactate; d‐lactate‐dependent growth was unaffected. Orthologues of Cj0075c‐73c (LldEFG/LutABC) and Cj1585c (Dld‐II) were recently shown to represent two novel families of l‐ and d‐lactate oxidases; this is the first report of a bacterium where both enzymes are involved in l‐lactate utilization only. The cj0075c‐73c genes are located directly downstream of a putative lactate transporter gene (cj0076c, lctP), which was also shown to be specific for l‐lactate. The avian and mammalian gut environment contains dense populations of obligate anaerobes that excrete lactate; our data indicate that C. jejuni is well equipped to use l‐ and d‐lactate as both electron‐donor and carbon source.
Long‐term shifts in abundance and distribution of a temperate fish fauna: a response to climate change and fishing practices
Authors: Last Peter R. , White William T. , Gledhill Daniel C. , Hobday Alistair J. , Brown Rebecca , Edgar Graham J. , Pecl Gretta 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTAim  South‐eastern Australia is a climate change hotspot with well‐documented recent changes in its physical marine environment. The impact on and temporal responses of the biota to change are less well understood, but appear to be due to influences of climate, as well as the non‐climate related past and continuing human impacts. We attempt to resolve the agents of change by examining major temporal and distributional shifts in the fish fauna and making a tentative attribution of causal factors.Location  Temperate seas of south‐eastern Australia.Methods  Mixed data sources synthesized from published accounts, scientific surveys, spearfishing and angling competitions, commercial catches and underwater photographic records, from the ‘late 1800s’ to the ‘present’, were examined to determine shifts in coastal fish distributions.Results  Forty‐five species, representing 27 families (about 30% of the inshore fish families occurring in the region), exhibited major distributional shifts thought to be climate related. These are distributed across the following categories: species previously rare or unlisted (12), with expanded ranges (23) and/or abundance increases (30), expanded populations in south‐eastern Tasmania (16) and extra‐limital vagrants (4). Another 9 species, representing 7 families, experienced longer‐term changes (since the 1800s) probably due to anthropogenic factors, such as habitat alteration and fishing pressure: species now extinct locally (3), recovering (3), threatened (2) or with remnant populations (1). One species is a temporary resident periodically recruited from New Zealand. Of fishes exhibiting an obvious poleward movement, most are reef dwellers from three Australian biogeographic categories: widespread southern, western warm temperate (Flindersian) or eastern warm temperate (Peronian) species.Main conclusions  Some of the region's largest predatory reef fishes have become extinct in Tasmanian seas since the ‘late 1800s’, most likely as a result of poor fishing practices. In more recent times, there have been major changes in the distribution patterns of Tasmanian fishes that correspond to dramatic warming observed in the local marine environment.
The Evolution of Russia's Pakistan Policy
Authors: BUDHRAJ VIJAY SEN 
Published: July 2010

SummaryMoscow's preoccupation in Eastern Europe in the late 1940's, the distorted image it had of Pakistan and its belief that the defeat of Chiang Kai‐shek would be followed by the spread of revolution through the Indian sub‐continent tended to discourage the Kremlin from establishing cordial relations with Pakistan.
Book Notes
Authors: Cannon Michael 
Published: July 2010

WHO'S MASTER? WHO'S MAN?: Australia in the Victorian Age. By Michael Cannon.THE FIRST GENERATION: School and Society in Early Australia. By John F. Cleverly.THE AUSTRALASIAN SKETCHER WITH PEN AND PENCIL 1880. Edited by MichaelBIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE VICTORIAN ABORIGINES: from the earliest manuscripts to 31 December 1970. By Aldo Massola.THE AUSTRALIAN THUNDERER: The Age after the Gold Rush 1854–1859. Edited byA COLONIAL AUTOCRACY: New South Wales under Governor Macquarie 1810–1821. By M. Phillips.THE INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT O F JUSTUS MOSER: The Growth of a German Patriot. By William F. Sheldon.LITERATURE AND POLITICS IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: Essays. Edited by John Lucas.TWICE ROUND THE CLOCK: Or the Hours of the day and night in London. By George Augustus Sala. Introduction by Philip Collins.MIDLOTHIAN SPEECHES 1879. By W. E. Gladstone. Introduction by M. R. D. Foot.THE GREAT LANDOWNERS OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. By John Bateman.REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION IN ITALY. By M. M. Watson.IMPERIAL CONTROL OF COLONIAL LEGISLATION, 1813–1865: A Study of British Policy towards Colonial Legislative Powers. By D. B. Swinfen.THE EMERGENCE OF BRITISH PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: The Passing of the Reform Acts of 1832, 1867, and 1884–1885. Edited by J. B. Conacher.THE PRICE REVOLUTION IN SIXTEENTH‐CENTURY ENGLAND. Edited by P. H. Ramsay.DOCUMENTS IN THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE EUROPEAN CONTINENT, 1815–1939. Edited by G. A. Kertesz.PROLOGUE: A documentary history of Europe, 1846–1960. Edited by M. Christine Walsh.ALLIANCES: Latent War Communities in the Contemporary World. Edited and introduced by Francis A. Beer.NATIONS AND MEN: An Introduction to International Politics. By Ivo D. Duchacek.THE POLITICS OF THE DEVELOPING AREAS. Edited by G. A. Almond and J. S. Coleman.DEMOCRACY. By D. Pickles.THE TRADING VOYAGES O F ANDREW CHEYNE 1841–1844. Edited by Dorothy Shineberg.SHIRLEY BAKER AND THE KING OF TONGA. By Noel Rutherford.SPEECHES AND DOCUMENTS ON NEW ZEALAND HISTORY. Edited by W. D. McIntyre and W. J. Gardner.THE OKINAWA PROBLEM: A Chapter in Japan‐US. Relations. By Akio Watanabe.THE ROLE OF THE OPPOSITION IN THE INDIAN PARLIAMENT. By H. S. Fartyal.AMERICAN DEMOCRACY. By R. K. Carr, M. H. Bernstein, W. F. Murphy, and M. N. Danielson.ESSAYS ON THE STATE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS. By D. G. Herzberg and J. Unruh.POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION AND EDUCATIONAL CLIMATES: A Study of Two School Districts. By Richard M. Merelman.MELBOURNE STUDIES IN EDUCATION, 1971. Edited by R. J. W. Selleck.
‘… the state begins to wither away…’: Notes on the Interpretation of the Paris Commune by Bakunin, Marx, Engels and Lenin
Authors: FISCHER GERHARD 
Published: July 2010

Bakunin (1871): ‘Revolutionary socialism has just attempted its first demonstration, both splendid and practical, in the Paris Commune …. I am above all a supporter of it because it was a bold and outspoken negation of the state.’Marx (1871): ‘The Commune—that is the reabsorption of the state power by society as its own living forces instead of as forces controlling and subduing it, by the popular masses themselves, forming their own force instead of the organized form of their suppression.’Engels (1891): ‘Dictatorship of the Proletariat … Do you want to know what this dictatorship looks like? Look at the Paris Commune. That was the Dictatorship of the Proletariat.’Lenin (1919): ‘Only the Soviet organization of the State can really effect the immediate break‐up and total destruction of the old, i.e. bourgeois, bureaucratic and judicial machinery which has been … the greatest obstacle to the practical implementation of democracy for the workers and working people generally. The Paris Commune took the first epoch‐making step along this path. The Soviet system has taken the second.’
Perceived discrimination, psychological distress and health
Authors: Todorova Irina L.G. , Falcón Luis M. , Lincoln Alisa K. , Price Lori Lyn 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRacism and discrimination can have significant implications for health, through complex biopsychosocial interactions. Latino groups, and particularly Puerto Ricans, are an understudied population in the United States in terms of the prevalence of discrimination and its relevance to health. Participants in our study were 45‐ to 75‐year‐old (N = 1122) Puerto Ricans. The measures were perceived discrimination, depressive symptomatology (CES‐D), perceived stress (PSS), self‐rated health, medical conditions, blood pressure, smoking and drinking behaviours, demographics. Our findings show that 36.9 per cent of participants had at some time experienced discrimination, with men, those with more years of education, currently employed and with higher incomes being more likely to report it. Experiences of discrimination were associated with increased levels of depressive symptoms and perceived stress. When controlling for covariates, perceived discrimination was predictive of the number of medical conditions, of ever having smoked and having been a drinker, and having higher values of diastolic pressure. Depressive symptoms are a mediator of the effect of perceived discrimination on medical conditions, confirmed by the Sobel test: z = 3.57, p < 0.001. Mediating roles of perceived stress, smoking and drinking behaviours were not confirmed. Increased depressive symptoms might be the main pathway through which perceived discrimination is associated with a greater number of medical diagnoses.
Top‐predator control on islands boosts endemic prey but not mesopredator
Authors: Bonnaud E. , Zarzoso‐Lacoste D. , Bourgeois K. , Ruffino L. , Legrand J. , Vidal E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIntroduced predators on islands are responsible for numerous native species extirpations and extinctions. Predation by cats is particularly detrimental to seabirds and cat control or eradication is generally the best option to reduce their negative impacts on native fauna. However, potential cascading effects, such as mesopredator release effect, need to be monitored after cat removal. In Port‐Cros Island, a cat control campaign was undertaken to eliminate the strong and recurrent threat from feral cat predation to the small yelkouan shearwater Puffinus yelkouan population, without harming a neutered domestic cat population. To evaluate the conservation value of this campaign for an island endemic and endangered species, the diet and impact of the remaining domestic cats were studied through scat analysis and trap success. Moreover, to evaluate the recovery of the seabird population and detect any potential mesopredator release effect, shearwater and rat populations were monitored before, alongside and after the cat control. Only live traps were used, and most cats were trapped in the first year of cat eradication. The last incidence of cat predation on the yelkouan shearwater occurred the following year. The recovery of the shearwater population, occurring the first year of cat control, was mainly attributable to the settlement of new breeders in the colony. Rat population dynamics fluctuated widely but, even though the interactions between rats and shearwaters at breeding cavities increased, no evidence of rat predation on shearwaters was recorded. Thus, cat control on Port‐Cros Island was a success for native species conservation, proving that such management strategy can induce an increase in the population of the endemic species, here the yelkouan shearwater, without any evidence of a mesopredator release effect.
How does the accuracy of fisher knowledge affect seahorse conservation status?
Authors: O'Donnell K. P. , Pajaro M. G. , Vincent A. C. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDespite a growing interest in incorporating fisher knowledge into quantitative conservation assessments, there remain practical impediments to its use. In particular, there is some debate about the accuracy of fisher knowledge. In this study, we report an attempt to quantify assumptions about how accurately fishers report past events (retrospective bias). Then we examine how the assumption we make about retrospective bias affects the characterization of changes in the fishery and extinction risk. We link fisher interviews and fisher logbooks to establish a catch rate (catch per unit of effort) trend for the history of a data‐poor, small‐scale seahorse fishery in the Philippines. We find that fishers perceive historic declines in fishing rate that are not apparent in more recent logbook trends, and the extent of the decline (and therefore extinction risk) hinges on assumptions we make about the accuracy of fisher recall. Scenarios that ignore retrospective bias result in the most severe declines and the most worrying extinction risk classifications. Furthermore, the historic baseline set by interviews suggests that relying on recent decades of data alone may underestimate extinction risk for our study species, and others that have been historically exploited. Attempting to link interviews with logbooks also illustrates differences between fisher‐derived datasets: retrospective interviews may exaggerate early fishing rates and capture less variability than logbooks. In addition to being the first seahorse fishery reconstruction, our work contributes to the emerging interest in how fisher knowledge can guide conservation assessment. Future studies that incorporate fisher knowledge into quantitative assessments require (1) clearly stated assumptions about fisher knowledge bias; (2) clear criteria to compare fisher knowledge collected with different methods; (3) evaluation of the impact of assumptions on assessments.
Microtubule dysfunction precedes transport impairment and mitochondria damage in MPP+‐induced neurodegeneration
Authors: Cartelli Daniele , Ronchi Cristina , Maggioni Maria G. , Rodighiero Simona , Giavini Erminio , Cappelletti Graziella 
Published: July 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 247–258.AbstractDysfunction of the microtubule (MT) system is an emerging theme in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. This study was designed to investigate the putative role of MT dysfunction in dopaminergic neuron death induced by the neurotoxin 1‐methyl‐4‐phenylpiridinium (MPP+). In nerve growth factor‐differentiated PC12 cells, we have analyzed post‐translational modifications of tubulin known to be associated with differently dynamic MTs and show that MPP+ causes a selective loss of dynamic MTs and a concomitant enrichment of stable MTs. Through a direct live cell imaging approach, we show a significant reduction of MT dynamics following exposure to MPP+ and a reorientation of MTs. Furthermore, these alterations precede the impairment of intracellular transport as revealed by changes in mitochondria movements along neurites and their accumulation into varicosities. We have also analyzed activation of caspase 3 and mitochondrial injury, well‐known alterations induced by MPP+, and found that they are noticeable only when MT dysfunction is already established. These data provide the first evidence that axonal transport impairment and mitochondrial damage might be a consequence of MT dysfunction in MPP+‐induced neurodegeneration, lending support to the concept that alterations of MT organization and dynamics could play a pivotal role in neuronal death in Parkinson’s disease.
STEREOSCOPIC VISION APPLIED TO PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Wright W. D. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTIn Part I the visual processes involved in depth perception are briefly described and discussed, while in Part II their application in stereo plotting and allied observations is considered. Reference is made to the visual axis, the need for and nature of eye movements, the conception of the horopter space within which fusion of the binocular images occurs and objects are seen in three‐dimensions, and the tolerances for fusion implied by the existence of Panum's areas. Monocular clues make an important contribution to the perception of depth, and the apparent location of an object in space is determined by the factors of retinal disparity, convergence, angular size, perspective, motion parallax, elevation, aerial haze, etc. The following problems are then discussed: The significance of the horopter in relation to the general contour in a stereo photograph; the fusion of the images in a stereo plotting machine; the arguments for and against some convergence of the eyepiece axes; the special problems of spectacle wearers; the functions of field stop. An analysis of the visual task in contour plotting is attempted, but a more complete analysis would be possible if records were available of the observer's eye movements while plotting. Finally, chromatic aberration in relation to the Multiplex system is considered, and also in connection with the stereoscopic effect observed with differently coloured objects lying in a plane.