bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Boronic Acid‐Based Receptors
Authors: Fossey John S. , James Tony D. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract

The ability to monitor analytes within physiological, environmental, and industrial scenarios is of prime importance. As recognition events occur on a molecular level, gathering and processing the information poses a fundamental challenge. Therefore, robust chemical molecular sensors, known as “chemosensors,” with the capacity to detect chosen molecules selectively and signal this presence continue to attract considerable attention. Real‐time monitoring of saccharides is of particular interest, such as
D
‐glucose in blood. Toward that end, the covalent coupling interaction between boronic acids and saccharides has been exploited with some success to monitor the presence of such saccharides. The boronic acid–and Lewis acid base interaction is also suitable for the capture and recognition of anions. Anions are involved in fundamental processes in all living things. Our aim as synthetic chemists is to mimic nature s level of sophistication in designing and producing chemosensors capable of determining the concentration of a target analyte (i.e., saccharides and anions) in any medium.
Template Strategies in Self‐Assembly
Authors: Amabilino David B. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe use of templates in supramolecular science is one of the most universally applicable concepts, from the synthesis of large organic molecules to the preparation of nanomaterials. The review traces the uses of different types of template from the pioneering work with metal cations, the more recent anion‐directed syntheses, to the use of molecular and macromolecular templates. The concepts developed initially from solution‐based synthesis can be applied to the preparation of surface‐based supramolecular systems, which are so interesting as nanomaterials, and the preparation of macroscopic systems, which have a variety of applications, including porous materials of both organic and inorganic characters for sequestering and separation. It is demonstrated that supramolecular templates are essential for the preparation of these materials and many others and that a wide range of opportunities lie untapped still in the use of bottom‐up and top‐down techniques guided by the same underlying concepts that have led to such an advance in template‐directed synthesis.
Self‐Assembly of Coordination Compounds: Design Principles
Authors: Alvarez Santiago , Ruiz Eliseo 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe terminology and basic concepts of coordination chemistry are presented, in view of their potential application in the design of supramolecular systems based on transition metals. We describe the main features of the metal ions, mostly in relation to atomic size and oxidation state, and those of the ligands, such as denticity, topology, and flexibility. Polyhedra as stereochemical descriptors and the relationships of nested polyhedra are analyzed. The dependence of stereochemical preferences of the most common six‐ and four‐coordinate metal centers on the electron configuration is systematically studied, and a brief description of the common stereochemistries for other coordination numbers is presented. Finally, basic criteria for understanding the choice of coordination number by a particular combination of metal and ligands are discussed, and ways to describe the stereochemistries of coordination centers with ill‐defined coordination numbers are proposed.
Self‐Assembly of Coordination Chains and Helices
Authors: Imaz Inhar , Maspoch Daniel 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
When Robson introduced for the first time the design of coordination polymers (CPs) in 1989, nobody could imagine that this concept would open a fascinating new world in the field of chemistry, materials science, and nanotechnology. Although based on the very simple concept that “multifunctional organic molecules can connect metal ions through the space,” this synthetic strategy has become an invaluable source of new materials with exceptional structures, properties and applications. In fact, since 1989, the progress made on the design, synthesis, and characterization of CPs as well as on the study of their properties and applications has been spectacular. Today, chemists seem to do magic when they use coordination chemistry to connect metal ions through bridging organic ligands, allowing the continuous discovery of novel CPs. In addition, the coordination chemistry has not walked alone! The development of CPs has also been closely accompanied by the rapid evolution and sophistication of the supramolecular chemistry and the crystal engineering. Today, a CP cannot be considered as an isolated object. Their structures, shapes, and properties depend not only on the metal‐organic association but also on the supramolecular interaction, such as hydrogen bonds and π–π interactions, existing between each coordination entity. Among the highly diverse family of CPs, the one‐dimensional (1D) systems represent the simplest and undoubtedly one of the most abundant topologies in the literature. The simplicity of these topologies confers to these systems high degrees of freedom, and consequently, a large panel of interchains interactions and self‐association leading to original architectures with a variety of properties. Thus, in the last years, a large number of novel materials, such as chains and helices, based on the self‐assembly of 1D CPs have been reported. In this section, we attempt to give not an exhaustive but a representative overview of self‐assembled coordination chains and helices.
Self‐Assembly of Coordination Cages and Spheres
Authors: Sato Sota , Murase Takashi , Fujita Makoto 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Self‐assembly employing coordination bonds provides symmetric, huge, hollow cages and spheres that are not attained by conventional synthetic methodologies based on covalent bonds. The self‐assembled architectures are not merely aesthetically attractive; they offer fruitful functions, which otherwise cannot be realized in normal bulk conditions. For example, self‐assembled host cages serve as nanometer‐sized molecular flasks where cavity‐directed chemical transformations are performed and as nanometer‐sized sealed chamber where reactive species are stabilized. The shell frameworks of hollow spherical complexes are versatile scaffolds for precisely accumulating functional groups outside/inside the spheres where the functional groups work cooperatively and thus new functions emerge. Therefore, the chemistry of coordination cages and spheres will further expand the skeleton toward much more large, complex systems; and the implanted functions through elaborated molecular designs will afford creative innovations based on the well‐defined structures.
Self‐Assembly of Organic Supramolecular Capsules
Authors: Scarso Alessandro , Borsato Giuseppe 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The present contribution is aimed at illustrating to the reader the state of the art on the construction of artificial, finite supramolecular assemblies characterized in solution by capsular shape held together by means of weak intermolecular noncovalent forces in solution, except metal‐ligand coordination. These supramolecular assemblies provide cavities of correct size and shape where molecules of guests present in solution can be hosted if the available space is appropriately filled. Guests within the cavity are held for lifetimes ranging from milliseconds to hours, depending on the number and quality of weak intermolecular forces and the number of subunits that compose the capsule.
The in–out process of exchange of guests influences their behavior profoundly, enabling a series of applications spanning from molecular recognition of one up to several guests at a time with creation of new forms of isomerism derived by guest–guest interactions to supramolecular catalysis, which is the ultimate goal of such kind of assemblies.
A further intriguing aspect of self‐assembled capsules is chirality that can be implemented in the subunits, that forms the capsule, or that can be the result of a particular arrangement of achiral units. In the latter case, the presence of strong attractive forces between the subunits enables to template the formation of enantiomerically enriched capsules with enantiopure guests based on achiral units via the chiral memory effect.
Self‐Assembly of Supramolecular Wires
Authors: Weiss Jean , Koepf Matthieu , Wytko Jennifer A. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
This review focuses on the strategies available for the construction of persistent linear species from monomers. The scope is mostly restricted to wires, but also includes some selected examples illustrating the fast developing area of fibers and tubular structures, given that their linearity is governed by supramolecular interactions. Strategies are primarily limited to those that are based on noncovalent assembly obtained by iterative interactions that range from coordination bonds to π‐interactions and hydrogen bonding. Each approach is illustrated by a selection of either pioneering or recent examples. The use of supramolecular templates to assemble molecules into linear wires, whose structures are sometimes covalently locked, is also briefly presented.
Organic Foldamers and Helices
Authors: Huc Ivan , Jiang Hua 
Published: February 2012

Abstract

This chapter gives an overview of the rapidly developing field of foldamers defined as artificial folded molecular architectures. Research in the field of synthetic foldamers aims at designing, preparing, and characterizing nonnatural oligomers that are able to adopt well‐defined conformations often inspired by, but not necessarily identical to, those of biopolymers. Hence, foldamers offer hope to rival their natural counterparts in terms of their functions and applications. Folding at the molecular level is a self‐process that is governed by a variety of internal and external parameters, including monomer structure, linkage orientation, local or remote intramolecular interactions, solvent effects, aggregation, and host‐guest complexation. Foldamers may form diverse secondary structures, in particular, helices, tertiary and even quaternary structures, and some
super
structures such as nanofibers. They show high potential as scaffolds for molecular recognition and catalysis; they also show potential for biological applications, though this latter aspect is not detailed here.
Self‐Assembly of Nucleic Acids
Authors: Carneiro Karina M. M. , Lo Pik Kwan , Sleiman Hanadi F. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
DNA has emerged as a powerful building block for the construction of supramolecular materials, because of its molecular recognition specificity, programmability through sequence selection, ease of functionalization, an array of enzyme‐assisted modifications, and automated synthesis. This molecule has been used to create a variety of constructs, ranging from extended materials, such as two‐dimensional (2D) lattices and networks and one‐dimensional (1D) fibers and nanotubes, to controlled and discrete three‐dimensional (3D) nanostructures, such as polygons and cages, and it has also been used to compose bulk materials such as hydrogels and crystals. This review focuses on the different approaches in DNA nanotechnology, the resulting 2D‐ and 3D‐DNA nanostructures, and their emerging applications in biology and materials science.
Peptide Self‐Assembly
Authors: Cavalli Silvia , Robson Marsden Hana , Albericio Fernando , Kros Alexander 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The formation of well‐ordered nanostructures by a process of self‐association in aqueous media or at interfaces represents the core of modern nanotechnology. Processes of molecular recognition and self‐assembly direct the way in which relatively simple building blocks recognize each other, associate, and form ordered one‐, two‐, and three‐dimensional structures with a wide range of applications in nanoscience. The manner in which molecules self‐assemble and their interaction energies, shapes, and ultimate functions can be programmed at the molecular level by a careful and rational design. Peptides are among the most powerful building blocks available for constructing “smart” well‐ordered nanostructures in a “bottom‐up” approach, as they possess the biocompatibility and chemical diversity that are commonly found in proteins, but they are much more stable and robust and can be readily synthesized on a large scale. In this chapter, the main categories of peptide amphiphiles are discussed for their ability to spontaneously associate to form a variety of nanostructures (e.g., tubes, spheres, fibrils, tapes, and hydrogels at the nanometerscale) and some key features of this processes are outlined by describing a selection of relevant published works.
Photoprocesses of Relevance to Supramolecular Chemistry
Authors: Spänig Fabian , Haefele Alexandre , Castellano Felix N. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
This contribution focuses exclusively on the application of photophysical methods that can be applied toward signaling a variety of supramolecular chemistry events using examples from the recent literature. It is not intended to be comprehensive but rather to illustrate how specific photo techniques can be used to glean insight into supramolecular phenomena. Given the widespread availability of fluorescence technologies worldwide, the current study reflects its dominant usage in supramolecular chemistry while exemplifying a range of techniques within the discipline. Nondestructive transient absorption spectroscopy is also discussed in light of how it can be utilized in conjunction with supramolecular photochemistry, specifically in the identification of intermediates that cannot be interrogated otherwise. Relevant aspects of molecular photochemistry and photophysics are briefly introduced below and developed further where necessary. Given the number of comprehensive reviews in the general area of supramolecular photochemistry and photophysics, we attempt to highlight only recent examples using a conceptual framework most relevant to the authors of this contribution, largely involving combinations of metal‐ and organic‐based chromophores.
Photoinduced Electron Transfer Processes in Biological and Artificial Supramolecules
Authors: Fujitsuka Mamoru , Majima Tetsuro 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIn this chapter, we introduce the photoinduced electron‐transfer processes in supramolecular systems and related biological systems that display phenomena of self‐assembly, namely, photosynthesis system and DNA. Photoinduced energy and electron‐transfer processes in natural photosynthesis systems are reviewed at first on the basis of the structure and kinetic parameters. Then, artificial photosynthesis systems, which convert light energy to chemical products such as ATP and molecular oxygen or electronic current in solar cell, are introduced. In addition, molecular machines based on electron transfer, which convert light energy to machinery motions, are also discussed. Next, chemosensors for ion and molecule detection and sensing are described using selected examples. In the following part, the photoinduced electron transfer in DNA is reviewed. The oxidative and reductive electron transfers in DNA are introduced on the basis of the kinetic parameters. Finally, sensing of base sequence in DNA on the basis of the electron‐transfer process is introduced.
Molecular Logic Gates
Authors: de Silva A. Prasanna 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
A wide diversity of molecular structures, chemical phenomena, and mechanisms can be marshalled to produce a large range of molecular logic operations according to the Boolean blueprint. Since the blueprint has produced society‐changing semiconductor‐based information technology, we can hope that molecular logic gates can interface with the venerable information handlers of biology especially at the cellular level. In the meantime, good progress is being made in the generalization of molecular logic. Some examples of the molecular‐level implementation of single‐input logic gates such as YES and NOT are outlined. This is followed up with molecular versions of double‐input logic gates such as AND, OR, NOR, NAND, INHIBIT, and XOR. A half‐adder is discussed as a prototypical number‐processing system.
Single‐Molecule Electronics
Authors: Metzger Robert M. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Electronic devices at the single‐molecule level (<3 nm in all directions) may provide the fastest possible electronic components, whose excited states would decay by photons, while comparably sized Si‐based components must decay by phonons, and require enormous heat dissipation methods. Progress in unimolecular rectification is reviewed, with particular emphasis on the two possible ground states (Zwitterionic or quinonoid) of quinolinium tricyanoquinodimethanide, which depend crucially on intermolecular forces. Other lively issues (metal– organic interface, future three‐ and four‐probe devices) are briefly introduced.
Molecular Redox Sensors
Authors: Tucker James H. R. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
This review focuses on supramolecular receptors designed for the detection of guest species in solution by virtue of their incorporation of a redox‐active group, which is able to electrochemically respond to a binding event. The redox‐active group is normally covalently attached in close proximity to the binding site in order to maximize the redox response to complexation. The sensing process makes use of voltammetric techniques, for example, cyclic voltammetry and the sensors typically target analytes that are not electrochemically active themselves. An overview of the literature is given with a description both of various redox‐active groups that have been incorporated into receptors and also the range of targets studied, including cationic, anionic, and neutral species. Recent developments are highlighted that include the development of chiral sensors and receptors that are immobilized at various surfaces, for example, as polymeric species or as self‐assembled monolayers.
Colorimetric Sensors
Authors: Maeda Hiromitsu , Anzenbacher Pavel 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis chapter is devoted to colorimetric sensors and sensors that utilize changes in absorption of light in general as a signal output to provide the evidence for sensor‐analyte association. First, the photophysical processes associated with absorption of light and the molecular orbital reasons for color change are discussed. The following sections give a brief explanation of typical molecular architectures used in colorimetric sensor design as well as a typical instrumentation used in such studies. The following sections describe colorimetric sensors for cations, anions, and electroneutral molecules or zwitterions such as amino acids. Finally, alternative approaches utilizing, for example, hybrid organic‐inorganic materials, self‐signaling polymers, and materials utilizing changes in structural color output are also briefly discussed.
Luminescent Sensing
Authors: Kitchen Jonathan A. , Parkesh Raman , Veale Emma B. , Gunnlaugsson Thorfinnur 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe development of luminescent sensing has been central to the field of supramolecular chemistry. Herein, we give a some insight into some of the developments that have taken place in recent times, focusing most of our effort on the discussion of luminescent sensors for cations, anions, and neutral molecules, by presenting a selected number of examples from this fast, broad, and ever expanding research field. We also demonstrate how the use of luminescent sensors has helped in the development of contrast and imaging agents, and in particular show examples of their use in cellular imaging and sensing within competitive biological environments.
Supramolecular Chemistry in Medicine
Authors: Faulkner Stephen , Kenwright Alan M. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Supramolecular chemistry lies at the very heart of medicine, and interactions between molecules play a vital role in almost all aspects of medicinal chemistry. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the current role of supramolecular chemistry in medicine and perhaps encourage others to think about a wider range of medicine‐related research in terms of supramolecular chemistry. In the process, we discuss the role of supramolecular chemistry in drug action and delivery, and describe how supramolecular interactions also play a role in assay and diagnosis.
Supramolecular Chemistry for Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Troshin Pavel A. , Sariciftci Niyazi S. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIn this chapter, we focus on the supramolecular and interface chemistry of organic semiconducting materials used to create the active layers in organic solar cells. The most important types of organic solar cells, typical photoactive materials, device architectures, and operation principles are discussed. A short overview of supramolecular assembling effects in dye sensitized organic solar cells is given. The photoelectrochemical cells based on covalently and noncovalently linked donor/acceptor molecular architectures are described. Special attention is paid to the supramolecular ordering in solar cells based on small molecules, diblock copolymers, and fullerene/polymer blends. A detailed analysis of interface effects on the anode and cathode side of the photovoltaic device is presented.
Crystal Engineering
Authors: Tiekink Edward R. T. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractCrystal engineering is an emerging discipline whereby practitioners aim to arrange molecules, both organic and metalorganic, in the crystalline phase by rational design. This challenge requires the exploitation of well‐known supramolecular glues such as hydrogen bonding and coordinate bonding. These are augmented by a myriad of nominally weaker and less directional noncovalent interactions that, increasingly, are being demonstrated as important in crystal structure design. Applications in fields as diverse as pharmaceuticals, photoluminescent materials, and metalorganic frameworks for gas storage are some of the motivations for crystal engineering that draw together scientists from a wide range of disciplines. This illustrated overview summarizes factors that dictate the ways molecules aggregate in the solid state, including a description of the diverse types of noncovalent interactions and other crystal packing principles that have being identified as being important in stabilizing crystal structure. Applications of crystal engineering drawn from both the organic and metalorganic realms are discussed. These include cocrystal formation, solid‐state reactions, and metalorganic framework structures. Furthermore, the importance ofin silicostudies and data mining as they relate to crystal engineering is highlighted throughout.