bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transparent and Conductive Polyethylene Oxide Film by the Introduction of Individualized Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Jung Yong Chae , Muramatsu Hiroyuki , Park Ki Chul , Shimamoto Daisuke , Kim Jin Hee , Hayashi Takuya , Song Sung Moo , Kim Yoong Ahm , Endo Morinobu , Dresselhaus Mildred S. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIt is demonstrated that an optically transparent and electrically conductive polyethylene oxide (PEO) film is fabricated by the introduction of individualized single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). The incorporated SWNTs in the PEO film sustain their intrinsic electronic and optical properties and, in addition, the intrinsic properties of the polymer matrix are retained. The individualized SWNTs with smaller diameter provide high transmittance as well as good electrical conductivity in PEO films.magnified image
Role of dietary patterns for dioxin and PCB exposure
Authors: Kvalem Helen E. , Knutsen Helle K. , Thomsen Cathrine , Haugen Margaretha , Stigum Hein , Brantsæter Anne Lise , Frøshaug May , Lohmann Nina , Päpke Olaf , Becher Georg , Alexander Jan , Meltzer Helle M. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractDietary patterns were related to intake and blood concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs), dioxin‐like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl‐PCBs) and selected non‐dioxin‐like‐PCBs (ndl‐PCBs). Intake calculations were based on an extensive food frequency questionnaire and a congener‐specific database on concentrations in Norwegian foods. The study (2003) applied a two‐step inclusion strategy recruiting representative (n=73) and high consumers (n=111) of seafood and game. Estimated median intakes of sum PCDD/PCDFs and dl‐PCBs of the representative and high consumers were 0.78 and 1.25 pg toxic equivalents (TEQ)/kg bw/day, respectively. Estimated median intakes of ndl‐PCBs (sum chlorinated biphenyl (CB)‐28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180) were 4.26 and 6.40 ng/kg bw/day. The median blood concentrations of PCDD/PCDFs/dl‐PCBs were 28.7 and 35.1 pg TEQ/g lipid, and ndl‐PCBs (sum of CB‐101, 138, 153 and 180) 252 and 299 ng/g lipid. The Spearman correlations between dietary intake and serum concentration were r=0.34 (p=0.017) for dl‐compounds and r=0.37 (p<0.001) for ndl‐PCBs. Oily fish was the major source of dl‐compounds and ndl‐PCBs in high and representative consumers. Four dietary patterns were identified by principal component analysis. Two were related to high intakes, one dominated by oily fish ((Ω‐3)), the other by fish liver and seagull eggs (“northern coastal”). Only the latter was closely associated with high blood concentrations of dioxins and PCBs.
Anticancer actions of natural and synthetic vitamin E forms: RRR‐α‐tocopherol blocks the anticancer actions of γ‐tocopherol
Authors: Yu Weiping , Jia Li , Park Sook‐Kyung , Li Jing , Gopalan Archana , Simmons‐Menchaca Marla , Sanders Bob G. , Kline Kimberly 
Published: October 2009

AbstractTwo naturally occurring dietary sources of vitamin E (i.e. RRR‐α‐tocopherol (αT) and RRR‐γ‐tocopherol (γT)), the manufactured synthetic form of vitamin E, all‐racemic‐α‐tocopherol (all‐rac‐αT), as well as a potent antitumor analog of vitamin E, RRR‐α‐tocopherol ether‐linked acetic acid analog (α‐TEA), were assessed for anticancer actions. Data showed that γT, all‐rac‐αT, and α‐TEA but not αT or αT+γT significantly inhibited tumor burden of human MDA‐MB‐231 cells in nude mice. Immunohistochemical analyses of tumor tissue showed that all‐rac‐αT and α‐TEA increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation in tumor cells while γT was associated with increased tumor cell apoptosis only. In vitro data showed α‐TEA and γT but not all‐rac‐αT or αT to inhibit colony formation and induce apoptosis. Anticancer actions of α‐TEA and γT involved death receptor 5 protein upregulation, Survivin protein downregulation and poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase cleavage, all of which were blocked by co‐treatment with αT. In summary, both γT and α‐TEA exhibited promising anticancer properties in vivo and in vitro, whereas all‐rac‐αT exhibited promising anticancer properties in vivo only. Importantly, αT not only failed to exhibit anticancer properties but it also reduced anticancer actions of γT in vivo and γT and α‐TEA in vitro.
SNDlib 1.0—Survivable Network Design Library
Authors: Orlowski S. , Wessäly R. , Pióro M. , Tomaszewski A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis article describes the Survivable Network Design Library (SNDlib), a data library for fixed telecommunication network design available at http://sndlib.zib.de. In the current version 1.0, the library contains data related to 22 networks which, combined with a set of selected planning parameters, leads to 830 network design problem instances. In this article, we discuss the data concepts of SNDlib and describe a mathematical model for each design problem considered in the library. We also provide information on characteristic features and the origin of the SNDlib problem instances. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2010
IPM for fresh‐market lettuce production in the desert southwest: the produce paradox
Authors: Palumbo John C , Castle Steven J 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn the ‘Integrated Control Concept’, Stern et al. emphasized that, although insecticides are necessary for agricultural production, they should only be used as a last resort and as a complement to biological control. They argued that selective insecticide use should only be attempted after it has been determined that insect control with naturally occurring biotic agents is not capable of preventing economic damage. However, they concluded their seminal paper by emphasizing that integrated control will not work where natural enemies are inadequate or where economic thresholds are too low to rely on biological control. Thus, it is no surprise that insect control in high‐value, fresh‐market lettuce crops grown in the desert southwest have relied almost exclusively on insecticides to control a complex of mobile, polyphagous pests. Because lettuce and leafy greens are short‐season annual crops with little or no tolerance for insect damage or contamination, biological control is generally considered unacceptable. High expectations from consumers for aesthetically appealing produce free of pesticide residues further forces vegetable growers to use chemical control tactics that are not only effective but safe. Consequently, scientists have been developing integrated pest management (IPM) programs for lettuce that are aimed at reducing the economic, occupational and dietary risks associated with chemical controls of the past. Most of these programs have drawn upon the integrated control concept and promote the importance of understanding the agroecosystem, and the need to sample for pest status and use action thresholds for cost‐effective insect control. More recently, pest management programs have implemented newly developed, reduced‐risk chemistries that are selectively efficacious against key pests. This paper discusses the influence that the integrated control concept, relative to zero‐tolerance market standards and other constraints, has had on the adoption of pest management in desert lettuce crops. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Three‐level and mixed‐level orthogonal arrays for lean designs
Authors: Ma Chang‐Xing , Ai Ming‐Yao , Chan L. Y. , Goh T. N. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractOrthogonal arrays (OA's) are widely used in design of experiments. Each OA has a specific number of rows that is fixed by the number of factors in the OA and the number of levels in each factor. In a practical application of an industrial experiment, however, because of various operational constraints it could happen that the number of runs of the experiment cannot be set exactly equal to the number of rows of an OA. In this case, a lean design can be used. A lean design is obtained by removing some specific rows and columns from the extended design matrix formed from an OA, so that the resulting sub‐matrix still allows efficient estimation of the effects of some of the factors. Tables for 2‐level lean designs are already available in the literature. In this paper, the authors will investigate 3‐level lean designs and mixed‐level lean designs, and construct tables for such designs for convenient use. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust CUSUM charts for monitoring the process mean and variance
Authors: Reynolds Marion R. , Stoumbos Zachary G. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis paper considers the problem of obtaining robust control charts for detecting changes in the mean µ and standard deviation σ of process observations that have a continuous distribution. The standard control charts for monitoring µ and σ are based on the assumption that the process distribution is normal. However, the process distribution may not be normal in many situations, and using these control charts can lead to very misleading conclusions. Although some control charts for µ can be tuned to be robust to non‐normal distributions, the most critical problem with non‐robustness is with the control chart for σ. This paper investigates the performance of two CUSUM chart combinations that can be made to be robust to non‐normality. One combination consists of the standard CUSUM chart for µ and a CUSUM chart of absolute deviations from target for σ, where these CUSUM charts are tuned to detect relatively small parameter shifts. The other combination is based on using winsorized observations in the standard CUSUM chart for µ and a CUSUM chart of squared deviations from target for σ. Guidance is given for selecting the design parameters and control limits of these robust CUSUM chart combinations. When the observations are actually normal, using one of these robust CUSUM chart combination will result in some reduction in the ability to detect moderate and large changes in µ and σ, compared with using a CUSUM chart combination that is designed specifically for the normal distribution. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Cumulative Sum scheme for monitoring frequency and size of an event
Authors: Wu Zhang , Liu Yafen , He Zhen , Khoo Michael B. C. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis article proposes a Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) scheme, called the TC‐CUSUM scheme, for monitoring a negative or hazardous event. This scheme is developed using a two‐dimensional Markov model. It is able to check both the time interval (T) between occurrences of the event and the size (C) of each occurrence. For example, a traffic accident may be defined as an event, and the number of injured victims in each case is the event size. Our studies show that the TC‐CUSUM scheme is several times more effective than many existing charts for event monitoring, so that cost or loss incurred by an event can be reduced by using this scheme. Moreover, the TC‐CUSUM scheme performs more uniformly than other charts for detecting both T shift and C shift, as well as the joint shift in T and C. The improvement in the performance is achieved because of the use of the CUSUM feature and the simultaneous monitoring of T and C. The TC‐CUSUM scheme can be applied in manufacturing systems, and especially in non‐manufacturing sectors (e.g. supply chain management, health‐care industry, disaster management, and security control). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fitting spending functions
Authors: Anderson Keaven M. , Clark Jason B. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractGroup sequential monitoring is used to provide guidance on stopping a clinical trial in progress based on interim evaluation of its efficacy objectives. A trial could stop because an experimental regimen (1) is efficacious, (2) lacks any sign of efficacy, or (3) is specifically less efficacious than a control. Group sequential methods using α‐ and β‐spending functions (Biometrika 1983; 70:659–663) are often used to create stopping boundaries for test statistics for efficacy hypotheses computed at interim analyses. This paper explores fitting α‐ and β‐spending functions that have specific values at specific interim analyses. Commonly used one‐parameter families may not provide an adequate fit to more than one desired critical value. We define new one‐ and two‐parameter families to provide additional flexibility along with examples to demonstrate their usefulness. The logistic family is one of these two‐parameter families, which has been applied in several trials. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Site‐Specific Self‐Assembled Liquid‐Gated ZnO Nanowire Transistors for Sensing Applications
Authors: Pachauri Vivek , Vlandas Alexis , Kern Klaus , Balasubramanian Kannan 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA scalable bottom‐up solution‐based approach for the site‐specific realization of ZnO nanowire (ZnO‐NW)‐based field‐effect transistors for sensing applications in liquids is reported. The nanowires are grown across predefined electrodes patterned by photolithography. Site specificity is attained by the use of nanoparticles acting as seeds. Using integrated on‐chip microchannels and microfabricated gate electrodes, electrochemically gated ZnO‐NW network transistors functioning in liquids are demonstrated. The optimized devices are rendered sensitive to pH through chemical functionalization. The unique combination of the sensitivity, site specificity, scalability, and cost effectiveness of the technique opens up avenues for the routine realization of one‐dimensional nanostructure‐based chemical and biosensors for analytical and diagnostic applications.
Venture capital secondary funds—the third exit option
Authors: Swildens Hans 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis article highlights some of the challenges associated with investing in private equity and, specifically, venture capital, as well as the opportunities presented by the availability of secondary market solutions. Today, the secondary market allows venture capital investors to align liquidity solutions with investment objectives similar to those used in other established markets like real estate and lending. Over the last ten years, it has become clear that exit opportunities for venture‐backed portfolio companies
correlate strongly with the state of the economy and its ability to support merger‐and‐acquisition (M&A) and initial public offering (IPO) market activity. Due to their experience and specialization, secondary funds know how to assess quickly potential investments and offer tailored investment solutions. Moreover, these funds offer an attractive exit option that is compelling not only in down economic cycles but also during periods of economic expansion. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sovereign wealth funds: National security risks in a global free trade environment
Authors: Hemphill Thomas A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe proliferation of sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) has resulted in an unstable political, legal, and regulatory environment for this form of foreign direct investment (FDI). This article explains SWF growth over the last half‐century; discusses issues surrounding SWF “transparency” and host‐country national security risk; reviews the legal and regulatory structures governing FDI in major national economies; examines proposed regulatory approaches to structure the FDI environment; and concludes with a discussion of SWF regulatory policy recommendations addressing corporate governance principles, national security restrictions on equity investment, and investment reciprocity, and suggests recommendations for executives considering engaging an SWF investment partner. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modification of waterproofing asphalt by PVC packaging waste
Authors: Fang Changqing , Zhou Shisheng , Zhang Maorong , Zhao Shijie 
Published: October 2009

AbstractRecycled packaging waste poly(vinyl chloride), instead of an ordinary polymer modifier, was adopted for the modification of an asphalt waterproofing membrane. The physical performance of the membrane was studied. Results showed that the softening point of the modified asphalt was increased, while the penetration degree was reduced. Also, under natural aging conditions, the tension, the retention of extension under the greatest tension, and the retention of low‐temperature flexibility were all improved significantly. At the same time, the resistance to acid, alkali, and salt corrosion of the modified waterproofing membrane was improved. The mechanism of the modification was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and microstructure analysis. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Innovationsmanagement der Gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung
Authors: Panke Joan Elisabeth 
Published: October 2009

Einleitung
Innovationen in der Medizin bringen manchmal, aber nicht immer, einen wirklichen Fortschritt für den Patienten. Die Notwendigkeit, eine fundierte Entscheidung darüber zu treffen, ob eine Neuerung für Patienten, aber auch für das Gesundheitssystem insgesamt Vorteile bringt, ist eine aktuelle Herausforderung für das deutsche Gesundheitssystem.
Robotik in der Pflege – Entwicklungstendenzen und Potenziale
Authors: Klein Barbara , Cook Glenda 
Published: October 2009

Einleitung
Robotik in der Pflege umfasst eine Spannbreite an Entwicklungen und Potenzialen. Einsatzmöglichkeiten der Robotik können in der Prävention z.B. bei der Unterstützung eines selbstständigen Lebens, in der Rehabilitation bei der Wiedererlangung körperlicher Funktionen, bei der Unterstützung von Pflegekräften durch Hol- und Bringedienste sowie in der Förderung der Kommunikation und sozialen Interaktion bei pflegebedürftigen Menschen sein.
Elektronisches Berufsregister für Gesundheitsfachberufe
Authors: Hübner Ursula , Staemmler Martin 
Published: October 2009

Einleitung
Das Thema elektronischer Heilberufsausweis (HBA) ist nicht neu. Bereits in den 90er Jahren gab es im Rahmen von EU Projekten erarbeitete Konzepte (Blobel, 2000) und Ende der 90er Jahre in Deutschland eine technische Spezifikation. Ein HBA fungiert als Nachweis der Zugehörigkeit zu einem Beruf und dient in elektronischer Form zur Authentifizierung, z.B. für den Zugriff auf Daten, und mit einer qualifizierten Unterschriftsfunktion zur Generierung von rechtssicheren digitalen Signaturen.
Evolution Without Progress? Humanitarianism in a World of Hurt
Authors: Barnett Michael 
Published: October 2009

AbstractMany theories of international relations contain a narrative of progress and explain that progress with reference to evolutionary imagery. This article examines critically: the relevance of Darwinian and Lamarckian models of international relations to the evolution of international ethics and institutions; and the possibility that the ethics and norms are likely to be more consistent with existing world orders than challengers to it. Specifically, this article draws from evolutionary social science and organizational theory to develop a framework to explore the initial diversity of the meaning and practices of humanitarianism; how the combination of environmental mechanisms and organizational culture led many humanitarian agencies to adapt to their environment in ways that incorporated politics; and the subsequent countermovement by some agencies who wanted to purify humanitarianism. I then apply this framework to explain the recent history of four international aid agencies. I conclude with several observations regarding how the model as applied to these cases allows us to examine critically the selection mechanisms that do and do not account for ethical change and how scholars of international norms, ethics, and progress should be attentive to how principled actors are creatures of the world they want to transform.
Sharing the Burden of Collective Security in the European Union
Authors: Dorussen Han , Kirchner Emil J. , Sperling James 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis article compares European Union (EU) burden-sharing in security governance distinguishing between assurance, prevention, protection, and compellence policies. We employ joint-product models and examine the variation in the level of publicness, the asymmetry of the distribution of costs and benefits, and aggregation technologies in each policy domain. Joint-product models predict equal burden-sharing for protection and assurance because of their respective weakest-link and summation aggregation technologies with symmetric costs. Prevention is also characterized by the technology of summation, but asymmetry of costs implies uneven burden-sharing. Uneven burden-sharing is predicted for compellence because it has the largest asymmetry of costs and a best-shot aggregation technology. Evaluating burden-sharing relative to a country's ability to contribute, Kendalltau-tests examine the rank-correlation between security burden and the capacity of EU member states. These tests show that the smaller EU members disproportionately shoulder the costs of assurance and protection; wealthier EU members carry a somewhat disproportionate burden in the provision of prevention, and larger EU members in the provision of compellence. When analyzing contributions relative to expected benefits, asymmetric marginal costs can largely explain uneven burden-sharing. The main conclusion is that the aggregated burden of collective security governance in the EU is shared quite evenly.
Paying for Market Quality
Authors: Anand Amber , Tanggaard Carsten , Weaver Daniel G. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractMany financial markets, including electronic limit order markets, assign designated liquidity providers (LPs). We study the experience of the Stockholm Stock Exchange, where listed firms contract directly with LPs. Our analysis offers insights regarding situations where designated liquidity provision may be beneficial. In addition, we consider the form of liquidity provision contracts, including affirmative obligations required of the LP and compensation for LP services. We find that low current trading activity, wide spreads, and higher information asymmetry increase the attractiveness of contracted liquidity provision. The evidence indicates that LPs trade against market movements and in times of wide spreads. On balance, firms contracting with LPs experience a decreased cost of capital and significant improvements in market quality and price discovery.