bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SCHOLARSHIP AND PERIODIZATION
Authors: Fasolt Constantin 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTDavis argues that the familiar periodization dividing European history into medieval and modern phases disguises a claim to power as a historical fact. It justifies slavery and subjugation by projecting them onto the “feudal” Middle Ages and non‐European present, while hiding forms of slavery and subjugation practiced by “secular” modernity. Periodization thus furnishes one of the most durable conceptual foundations for the usurpation of liberty and the abuse of power.In part I, devoted to “feudalism,” Davis traces the legal, political, and colonial struggles behind the development of the concept of “feudal law” in early modern France and England and unravels just how that concept hides colonial oppression while justifying European sovereignty. In part II, devoted to “secularization,” she demonstrates the failure of twentieth‐century critics of “secularization” like Carl Schmitt, Walter Benjamin, Karl Löwith, Hans Blumenberg, and Reinhart Koselleck to break out of the limits imposed by the medieval/modern periodization. Part II concludes with a look at conceptual alternatives in the writings of Amitav Ghosh and the Venerable Bede.Three limitations of this book are worth mentioning. It traces the political history hidden by the concept of “feudalism,” but does not trace the political history hidden by the concept of “religion.” It offers no answer to the question of how to break the link between scholarship and politics without ending up in a logical impasse or reinforcing the link. It does not address the possibility that answering this question may require breaking with the terms of professional historical inquiry. Perhaps the question could be answered in terms like those that led Wittgenstein to characterize his Philosophical Investigations as remarks on the natural history of human beings.
PHILOSOPHY AS PERPETUAL MOTION: PRAGMATISM MOVES ON
Authors: Jay Martin 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTTwo new books about the Pragmatist tradition, Richard Bernstein's The Pragmatic Turn and Colin Koopman's Pragmatism as Transition, represent respectively a summing up of the past half‐century of the tradition's history and a possible program for its future development. Bernstein ecumenically considers the achievements of a wide range of thinkers from Peirce, Dewey, and James to Brandom, Putnam, and Rorty, drawing valuable lessons from each, while not sparing criticism of their flaws. Koopman also tries to bridge the gap between what he calls “classicopragmatism” and “neopragmatism,” although he finds more to admire in Rorty than in his predecessors. Whereas Bernstein attempts to supplement the pragmatist tradition by turning to Habermas, Koopman finds his inspiration in Foucault. Both authors emphasize the historicist, evolutionary, and transitionalist implications of pragmatism, paying as a result insufficient attention to the historical possibilities of repetition, rupture, discontinuity, and the unexpected event. In terms of the political implications they draw, Koopman advocates a meliorist incrementalism that lacks any real bite, while Bernstein expresses dissatisfaction with the democratic pieties of Rorty's final work, but doesn't really provide a sustained alternative.
Governance and social security: Moving forward on the ISSA good governance guidelines
Authors: Musalem Alberto R. , Ortiz Maribel D. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractGovernments in many countries are redefining policies and strategies in order to respond to the profound and growing social security needs of their citizens. Good governance in social security administration is indispensable to achieve the desired results because new policies and strategies can only be as good as their implementation. The article focuses on good governance at two levels of authority: i) the social security organization, and ii) national Government. At the level of a social security organization, we discuss a stylized governance framework that provides an overview of what is involved in the implementation of a social security programme. The discussion is elevated to the national level in order to focus on the governance of a social security system. From a governance point of view, this article underscores the primary role of governments to facilitate national consensus on the overall objectives of the country's social security system. It argues for the designation of a national authority on social security to ensure the coherent implementation and development of the various programmes that comprise the country's social security system. Greater synchronization of social security policy with employment and labour market policies is important to ensure positive synergies and joint effectiveness in providing access to work opportunities in the formal sectors of the economy, which is key to tackling poverty and social exclusion and to enabling the poor greater access to more comprehensive forms of social security protection. Good governance will better ensure the sustained and lasting contribution of social security to national economic growth and development.
Social dialogue and social security governance: A topical ILO perspective
Authors: Ghellab Youcef , Varela Nancy , Woodall John 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAmongst all the topics addressed in the world of work, none, perhaps, reflect the principles of tripartism and social dialogue better than social security. It is natural, therefore, to ask how effectively these key instruments of sound governance have been and are being used in addressing significant challenges presently facing social security systems in many countries. The process of social security reform, notably in pension provision, has been high on the agenda of many countries in recent decades, reflecting the impact of factors such as globalization and demographic ageing. More recently, fresh strains have arisen as a result of the global financial and economic crisis. The International Labour Office (ILO) has sought to analyse and understand these questions, and the ILO Departments of Social Dialogue and Social Security have jointly undertaken studies both before and in the aftermath of the crisis. The evidence shows mixed outcomes. In a range of countries with strong traditions of effective social dialogue, their value has been reiterated. Disappointingly, however, in other countries, often under the pressures of severe economic strains and urgent demands of the international financial institutions (IFIs) and other agencies, governments have acted unilaterally, sometimes with rather little heed of constitutional responsibilities. The authors conclude that there is both the need and scope for a renewed focus to secure an appropriate degree of political will and commitment to the process of tripartite social dialogue in addressing what are often complex and sensitive policy issues in the field of social security.
Wnt/β‐catenin signaling is critical for dedifferentiation of aged epidermal cells in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhang Cuiping , Chen Peng , Fei Yang , Liu Bo , Ma Kui , Fu Xiaobing , Zhao Zhili , Sun Tongzhu , Sheng Zhiyong 
Published: October 2011

SummaryAged epidermal cells have the capacity to dedifferentiate into stem cell‐like cells. However, the signals that regulate the dedifferentiation of aged epidermal cells remain unclear. Here, we provide evidence that Wnt/β‐catenin is critical for aged epidermal cell dedifferentiation in vivo and in vitro. Some aged epidermal cells in human ultrathin epidermal sheets lacking basal stem cells transplanted onto wounds dedifferentiated into stem cell‐like cells that were positive for CK19 and β1 integrin but negative for CK10. In addition, Wnt/β‐catenin pathway was activated during this process. There was increased expression of Wnt‐1, Wnt‐4, Wnt‐7a, β‐catenin, cyclin D1, and c‐myc. Secreted frizzled‐related protein 1, a Wnt/β‐catenin pathway inhibitor, blocked dedifferentiation in vivo. Then, the activator, a highly specific glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)‐3β inhibitor, of Wnt/β‐catenin pathway was added to the culture medium of aged epidermal cells. Surprisingly, we found that the activator induced higher expression of CK19, β1 integrin, Oct4, and Nanog proteins. The induced aged epidermal cells exhibited high colony‐forming efficiency, long‐term proliferative potential and could regenerate a skin equivalent (as do epidermal stem cells). These results suggested that activation of Wnt/β‐catenin pathway induced the dedifferentiation of aged epidermal cells, which suggest a new approach to generate epidermal stem cell‐like cells.
The ‘Nation’ in Indian Cinema
Authors: Gooptu Sharmistha 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIndian cinema studies, since the late 1990s, have witnessed a fast rising curve, and we now have a field which is almost saturated with the idea of ‘Bollywood’. ‘Bollywood cinema’ which is commonly understood as being a ‘national popular’ has come to occupy the central position in the scholarship on Indian cinema. While the term ‘Bollywood’ itself is contested, and has been the subject of debate among scholars, it has, more often than not, been used to signify the larger body of the Hindi cinema made in Bombay or Mumbai. This cinema has been identified as having certain attributes, which makes it the key arbiter (and for some the sole arbiter) of the ‘national’ filmic imaginary. More recently, however, there has evolved the paradigm of ‘pluralising’ the idea of a national cinema in India, and is evidenced in a deliberated turn to other Indian cinemas, like Tamil and Bengali. Scholars studying these other cinemas are attempting to demonstrate the complexities of the relation between the nationally dominant (but not ‘the national’) Hindi film and the other cinemas, indicating the interconnected and intersected nature of Indian cinemas, and problematizing the powerful trope of the nation in Indian cinema studies.
Mitochondrial function and pathology in status epilepticus
Authors: Bindoff Laurence A. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryThe mitochondrial respiratory chain is the final common pathway for energy production. Defects affecting this pathway can give rise to disease that presents at any age and affects any tissue. However, irrespective of genetic defect, epilepsy is common and there is a significant risk of status epilepticus. We have studied two types of mitochondrial disease: one arising from a defect in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) (MELAS) and one due to a nuclear gene mutation (POLG). These two disorders show similarities in their clinicopathologic evolution and in findings in postmortem samples. Our findings based on antemortem magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and postmortem studies suggest that the status epilepticus that is seen in both appears to be the result of cortical damage resulting from a common mechanism, namely energy failure.
Potentially pathogenic autoantibodies associated with epilepsy and encephalitis in children and adults
Authors: Vincent Angela , Irani Sarosh R. , Lang Bethan 
Published: October 2011

SummaryAutoantibodies to surface proteins that influence neuronal excitability are increasingly found in different forms of epilepsy or encephalitis in adults, and are also beginning to be identified in children. The conditions are often refractory to traditional antiepileptic drugs. Detection of these antibodies can help to identify forms of epilepsy that may respond to immunotherapies.
What is the evidence to use new intravenous AEDs in status epilepticus?
Authors: Trinka Eugen 
Published: October 2011

SummaryCurrent standard treatment of established status epilepticus after failure of benzodiazepines is intravenous phenytoin/fosphenytoin, phenobarbital, or valproate. Since 2006 two new antiseizure drugs have become available as intravenous formulation: levetiracetam (2006) and lacosamide (2008). Both drugs have been taken up very rapidly by the clinicians to treat acute seizures and status epilepticus, despite lack of evidence from randomized controlled trials. The favorable pharmacokinetic profile and the good tolerability, especially the lack of sedating effects of both drugs make them promising potential alternatives to the standard antiseizure drugs. Future randomized controlled trials are needed to inform clinicians better about the best choice of treatment in established status epilepticus. The experimental evidence as well as the current clinical experience with levetiracetam and lacosamide are summarized in this review.
Anesthestic agents and status epilepticus
Authors: Smith Martin 
Published: October 2011

SummaryThere is little evidence to guide the choice of intravenous anesthetic agent to treat refractory status epilepticus but midazolam, propofol, and barbiturates are widely used. It is impractical to use inhalational anesthetic agents in most circumstances and there is little experience with non‐GABA‐ergic agents such as ketamine. A more aggressive treatment approach, aiming for EEG suppression, is most likely to result in sustained cessation of seizure activity but this is associated with increased treatment‐related complications. Side effects of treatment, including hypotension, gastric paresis, and pneumonia, are common and contribute independently to poor outcome and death.
A prehospital randomized trial in convulsive status epilepticus
Authors: Navarro Vincent , Dagron Christelle , Demeret Sophie , An Kim , Lamhaut Lionel , Bolgert Francis , Baulac Michel , Carli Pierre 
Published: October 2011

SummaryTherapeutic strategies for patients with generalized convulsive status epilepticus (GCSE) need to be improved. We present the design of an add‐on, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, phase III clinical trial, to compare the efficacy for GCSE of intravenous levetiracetam in association with clonazepam versus clonazepam alone. In the therapeutic arm, 1 mg clonazepam is injected together with 2500 mg levetiracetam over 5 min. In the control arm, 1 mg clonazepam is injected together with a placebo over 5 min. This ongoing study is managed by prehospital physicians within emergency mobile units (SAMU). Adult patients with GCSE lasting more than 5 minutes are included in the study. The primary outcome measure is the percentage of patients with cessation of convulsions within 15 minutes of the onset of initial injections. Emergency medical consent is obtained from family members. An informed consent for continued participation is also obtained from patients when they wake. The study is currently recruiting participants.
Established Status Epilepticus Treatment Trial (ESETT)
Authors: Cock Hannah R. ,   on behalf of the ESETT Group
Published: October 2011

SummaryPhenytoin (PHT) has been the standard treatment for convulsive status epilepticus (SE) where initial benzodiazepines have failed for many years, despite that it has many limitations in the emergency situation. Valproate (VPA) and levetiracetam (LEV) are emerging as potentially superior alternatives, and there is an urgent need for an adequately powered comparative randomized controlled trial (RCT). An international group, having not succeeded in obtaining funding from the United Kingdom in 2010, is now preparing a revised proposal for submission to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) to undertake a blinded comparative RCT using an adaptive design. This will be necessarily international and multicenter, requiring up to 1,500 patients from over 50 centers, and if successful will commence recruiting in 2012. The primary outcome, agreed from the 2009 SE workshop as pragmatic, generalizable, and clinically meaningful, will be cessation of seizures without need for other drug or sedation, and without serious adverse events, maintained for at least 2 h.
The potential of brain stimulation in status epilepticus
Authors: Walker Matthew C. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryThere is a long history of the use of brain stimulation in the treatment of epilepsy but relatively little experience for its use in status epilepticus. Electroconvulsive therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, subcortical and cortical stimulation have all been tried with varying degrees of success in single cases or small case series. It remains unclear, however, which brain areas should be stimulated and the parameters that should be used. Moreover, the aim (stopping status epilepticus) is different from preventing seizures and so the brain areas and parameters that are useful in epilepsy may not directly translate to the treatment of status epilepticus.
What is the value of hypothermia in acute neurologic diseases and status epilepticus?
Authors: Rossetti Andrea O. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryPatients with status epilepticus that proves refractory to anesthetic agents represent a daunting challenge for treating clinicians. Animal data support the neuroprotective action of brain hypothermia, and its efficacy in status epilepticus models. This approach, targeting a core temperature of about 33°C for at least 24 hours together with pharmacological sedation, has been described in adults and children. However, although relatively safe if concomitant barbiturates are avoided, it seems that mild hypothermia rarely allows a sustained control of ongoing status epilepticus, since seizures tend to recur in normothermia. Conversely, mild hypothermia has a high‐evidence level and is increasingly used in postanoxic encephalopathy, both in newborns and adults. Due to the paucity of available clinical data, prospective studies are needed to assess the value of hypothermia in status epilepticus.
Anatomic variations and lesions of the maxillary sinus detected in cone beam computed tomography for dental implants
Authors: Pelinsari Lana Juliana , Moura Rodrigues Carneiro Pollyanna , de Carvalho Machado Vinícius , Eduardo Alencar de Souza Paulo , Ricardo Manzi Flávio , Campolina Rebello Horta Martinho 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the presence of anatomic variations and lesions of the maxillary sinus in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) of the maxilla required for dental implant planning.Material and methodsThis transversal prevalence study evaluated a sample of 500 consecutive CBCT exams. The inclusion criteria were CBCT exams of the maxilla required for dental implant planning. The CBCT exams were independently evaluated by two oral and maxillofacial radiologists who assessed the presence of anatomic variations and lesions of the maxillary sinus. As most of the CBCT exams did not allow the evaluation of the area close to the maxillary sinus roof, anatomic variations that take place at this site were not assessed.ResultsThe anatomic variations detected were pneumatization (83.2%), antral septa (44.4%), hypoplasia (4.8%), and exostosis (2.6%). The identified lesions were mucosal thickening (≤3 mm in 54.8% and >3 mm in 62.6%), polypoid lesions (21.4%), discontinuity of the sinus floor (17.4%), air‐fluid level (4.4%), bone thickening of the maxillary sinus wall (3.8%), antroliths (3.2%), discontinuity of the sinus lateral wall (2.6%), sinus opacification (1.8%), and foreign body (1.6%).ConclusionAnatomic variations and lesions of the maxillary sinus were common findings in CBCT exams of the maxilla required for dental implant planning. As some of these conditions can modify dental implant planning and must require specialized treatment, its recognition is noteworthy in dental practice, and especially in implantology. The amount and significance of the anatomic variations and lesions detected in this study reinforces the importance of computed tomography in preoperative dental implant planning.
Healing outcomes at implants installed in grafted sites: an experimental study in dogs
Authors: De Santis Enzo , Lang Niklaus P. , Scala Alessandro , Viganò Paolo , Salata Luiz A. , Botticelli Daniele 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAimTo evaluate the integration of implants installed using a surgical guide in augmented sites with autologous bone or deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) blocks, concomitantly with a collagen membrane.Material and methodsMandibular molars were extracted bilaterally in six Labrador dogs, the buccal bony wall was removed, and a box‐shaped defect was created. After 3 months, flaps were elevated, a bony graft was harvested from the ascending ramus, and secured to the lateral wall of the defect by means of screws. In the left mandibular side, a DBBM block was fixed into the defect. A resorbable membrane was applied at both sides, and the flaps were sutured. After 3 months, flaps were elevated, and a customized device was used as surgical guide to prepare the recipient sites in the interface between grafts and parent bone. One implant was installed in each side of the mandible. After 3 months, biopsies were harvested, and ground sections were prepared for histologic evaluation.ResultsOne autologous bone block graft was lost before implant installation. The width of the alveolar crest at the test sites (DBBM) was 5.4 ± 1.2 mm before, 9.4 ± 1.2 mm immediately after grafting, and 9.3 ± 1 mm at implant installation. At the control sites (autologous bone), the corresponding values were: 5.2 ± 1, 9 ± 1.2, and 8.7 ± 0.9 mm, respectively. All implants installed were available for histologic evaluation (n = 5). The autologous bone grafts, rich in vessels and cells, were integrated in the parent bone, and only little non‐vital bone was found. The BIC% was 56.7 ± 15.6% and 54.2 ± 13.2% at the buccal and lingual aspects, respectively. At the test sites, the DBBM appeared to be embedded into connective tissue, and very little newly formed bone was encountered within the grafts. The BIC% was 5.8 ± 12.3% and 51.3 ± 14.2% at the buccal and lingual aspects, respectively.ConclusionsAutologous bone blocks used to augment the alveolar bony crest horizontally allowed the complete osseointegration of implants installed after 3 months of healing. However, similar blocks of DBBM did not promote osseointegration, although the installed implants were stable owing to the osseointegration in the sites of the parent bone.
MODELING OF PREHEAT TREATMENT OPTIMIZATION APPLIED TO FRESH‐CUT “ROCHA” PEAR
Authors: ABREU MARTA , ALEGRIA CARLA , GONÇALVES ELSA M. , PINHEIRO JOAQUINA , MOLDÃO‐MARTINS MARGARIDA , EMPIS JOSÉ 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTResponse surface methodology based on a five‐level, three‐variable central composite rotatable design was used for modeling the effects of preheat treatments on fresh‐cut “Rocha” pear quality. Studied variables were time (t: 0–150 min), temperature (T: 20–50C) and posttreatment storage time (St: 0–20 days, 5C). The quality‐affecting parameters including color, firmness, pH, soluble solid content, and total ascorbic acid content were the monitored dependent variables. Results provide reasonable estimation of the impact of preheat treatments on the quality of fresh‐cut “Rocha” pear and its shelf life. The time–temperature range of 33–41C during less than 20 min was selected as the conditions that best provided surface browning control, without impairing other studied quality parameters, with an estimated 8‐day shelf life period. The achieved kinetic changes of polyphenoloxidase, partial reduction in enzyme activity (ca. 23%) and depletion of phenolic content (ca. 11%) could be responsible for the browning control.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSMinimal processing, namely cutting operations, triggers physiological reactions which limit fresh‐cut Rocha pear shelf life. Superficial browning is one of the major concerns to this industry, and new “clean” methodologies aiming at the inhibition of such reaction and maximization of the product shelf life will benefit not only from product marketability but also will respond to the consumers' demand of “chemical free” products. Heat treatments have been used to improve fresh‐cut commodities' browning resistance. The present work evaluated the use of preheat treatments against this physiological disorder during storage. Results will provide an optimized preheat treatment that grants high‐quality fresh‐cut Rocha pear with suitable shelf life.