bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some new oriental shoot-flies (Diptera: Muscidae, genus Atherigona) of actual or suspected economic importance
Authors: Pont A. C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFlies of the genus Atherigona spend their immature stages in decaying organic matter (species of the subgenus Acritochaeta) or in the young shoots of various Gramineae (species of the subgenus Atherigona). Descriptions are given of two and 12 new species in these two subgenera, respectively. Most of these species are from India, and are of actual or potential economic importance.
The Effect of perforated polyethylene sheeting on the alighting behaviour of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and their infestation of potato crops
Authors: Wilson Anne L. , Taylor L. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPotato plots in southern England were covered by polyethylene sheeting perforated by 9-mm slits that opened to permit expansion as the plants grew. The slits admitted rain and also some aphids. Covered plants received 93% less immigrant aphids than exposed plants. The greatest protection was from Myzus persicae (Sulz.) (99%), whilst noncolonising species were reduced by 77%. It is improbable that the barrier to movement presented by the polyethylene would differentiate between incoming species or that M. persicae, for which potato is a preferred host, would escape more readily once inside the cover. This suggests that the behavioural barrier to alighting is in response to the reflection of high wavelength light at the polyethylene surface which affected M. persicae more than other species. The method has potential in protection of crops from aphids.
Further studies on mating disruption of the red bollworm, Diparopsis castanea Hampson (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), with a microencapsulated mating inhibitor
Authors: Marks R. J. , Hall D. R. , Lester R. , Nesbitt B. F. , Lambert M. R. K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWater-based ultra-low volume (WULV) applications to cotton at fourday intervals of a 1% a.i. polyurea-based microencapsulated formulation of the pheromone inhibitor 9-dodecenyl acetate (E/Z 80:20) in a 0·2-ha field cage in Malawi resulted in an average reduction of 60·2% in nightly mating of females of Diparopsis castanea Hmps. A relatively constant level of inhibitor was maintained by spraying with 30 g/ha initially and decreasing by 10% with each successive spray. Examination of the mated status of 1712 female moths sampled on 88 occasions revealed that, in the presence of inhibitor, mating increased linearly with increasing population density from 22 to 2844 moths/ha (equal numbers of males and females). In an openfield trial, WULV applications of 30 and 60 g of 1 % a.i. microencapsulated inhibitor/ha to isolated cotton plots (0·4–1·2 ha) at seven- and 14-day intervals had no measurable disruptive effect on released populations of moths as measured by oviposition and larval infestation of the crop, although there was some reduction in egg fertility and catches of males in pheromone traps in the treated plots. Timeseries analyses by gasliquid chromatography (GLC) of the residual inhibitor on filterpaper discs and cotton leaves in the field gave similar results, and GLC measurement of inhibitor on filter papers removed at intervals from the test plots showed that inhibitor loss was very rapid, typically 60% within two days and almost 100% after six days. Loss of inhibitor was less rapid in the field cage and under laboratory conditions. Physical and chemical evaluation of microcapsule deposition on cotton plants revealed that spray droplets penetrated to all parts of the plant but that deposition was greatest on the upper laminae of the top leaves of the plant. Methodology for assessing the success of mating-disruption experiments is described and discussed, and the failure of the open-field experiments is attributed mainly to the rapid loss of inhibitor from the formulation in the field.
Inheritance of the ability of strains of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to breed on split-pea (Pisum sativum)
Authors: Thind B. B. , Muggleton J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSitophilus oryzae (L.) is a pest of stored grain, hut most strains tested so far fail to breed on yellow split-peas (Pisum sativum) and these can be used in admixture to protect other grains from infestation by the weevil. However, seven strains of S. oryzae have been found to breed on yellow split-peas, and the inheritance of this ability was investigated in two of these strains, one from Lesotho and the other from Trinidad. In each strain, the pattern of inheritance showed that the ability to breed on split-peas was controlled by a single autosomal recessive gene. It was not possible to distinguish whether the same genetic locus was involved in each strain. Control is either by two alleles at the same locus or by functionally similar alleles at different loci. There was some evidence that the genetic background of the two strains is different and that the Lesotho strain carries a sex-linked lethal gene. The existence of a heritable ability of some strains of s. oryzae to breed on split-peas suggests that the usefulness of admixture of split-peas with other grain may be limited
Identification, distribution and host-plants of the pest species of Scirtothrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Authors: Mound L. A. , Palmer J. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNotes are given on the host range, distribution and recognition of the ten species of Scirtothrips recorded as pests: S. aurantii Faure on citrus in South Africa and bananas in Yemen; S. bispinosus (Bagn.) on tea in S. India; S. citri (Moult.) on citrus in California; S. dorsalis Hood on groundnuts in India, tea in Japan and strawberries in Queensland; S. inermis Priesn. on citrus in New Zealand; S. kenyensis Mound on tea in Kenya; S. longipennis (Bagn.) in glasshouses; S. mangiferae Priesn. on mango in Egypt and Israel; S. manihoti (Bondar) on cassava in Brazil; S. oligochaetus (Karny) on cotton in India. S. acaciae Moult, from Ghana is synonymised with S. aurantii Faure, and S. fragariae (Gir.) from Queensland is synonymised with S. dorsalis Hood. Drepanothrips reuteri Uzel, a grapevine pest from Europe and America which is very similar to Scirtothrips species, is newly recorded from Japan on Castanea.
Observations on the laboratory take-off behaviour of the desert locust,Schistocerca gregaria(Forskål) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Authors: Lambert M. R. K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObservations were made on crowded, laboratory-reared. 18–20-day-old males ofSchistocerca gregaria(Forsk.) taking off in a wind tunnel. Depending upon the time of day, take-off, which was usually upwind, particularly at higher wind speeds, was related to food availability. Few locusts with full foreguts took off, especially at low air temperatures (20°C), while at high temperatures (35°C), 95% of ones starved for 6 h took off. At 30°C, there was little further increase with starvation for 24–30 h. Females containing large oocytes took off less readily than those with small ones. Take-off was also sometimes initiated by decreases in wind speed and light intensity, and sudden changes in air temperature. A distinct passing shadow stimulated take-off, but not the flickering shadows of other flying locusts. A period of flight immediately beforehand inhibited take-off. The results are discussed in relation to field observations.
Insecticide drift and reinvasion of spray blocks in aerial spraying experiments against Glossina Morsitans Centralis Machado (Diptera: Glossinidae)
Authors: Davies J. E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe effect of insecticide drift on Glossina morsitans centralis Machado in Botswana was assessed using two-man fly-rounds downwind of the 1700–4000 km2 aerial spraying blocks. The blocks were subjected to sequential applications of endosulfan at between 6 and 12 g/ha with a droplet v.m.d. of 30 μm. Post-spray reinvasion of flies was assessed using two-man fly-round surveys across the edge of one spray block along ideal linear habitat. Each application had an effect on the flies outside the spray block, even at a distance of 20 km downwind. The first two applications of a series had a greater effect than later ones. Total reductions of G. m. centralis after a series of 5 or 6 applications were 92·5% 7 km outside a block sprayed in 1975, 98·3% 6–12 km outside a block sprayed in 1977 and 64·2% 10–20 km outside a block sprayed in 1978. Ageing studies showed that some females 10–20 km downwind of the sprayed area survived up to five applications, and three months after the final application the population there had recovered almost to pre-spray levels. The main front of fly encroachment after spraying across the downwind edge of the 1978 block travelled at about 0·8 km/month in the first 17 months after spraying, but small numbers of flies were found well ahead of the main front. It was concluded that the situation in the drift area could be ideal for the development of insecticide resistance and that adjacent blocks sprayed in consecutive years should overlap by 10 km.
The Fecundity of Ixodes Ricinus (L.) (Acarina: Ixodidae) and the Mortality of its Developmental Stages Under Field Conditions
Authors: Gray J. S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe egg production of females of Ixodes ricinus (L.) was found to be closely related to the engorged body weight. The relationship was due almost entirely to the size of the blood-meal. Smaller ticks seemed to be slightly more efficient than larger ones in converting their blood-meal to eggs. Ticks, especially larvae, that overwintered in diapause did not survive as well as those that fed and then moulted in the same year. Larvae that fed and entered diapause early in the autumn did not survive as well as those that fed later in the season. A very high proportion of tick eggs hatched, either in the same year as they were laid or after overwintering. Almost all nymphs and adults became active and climbed to the top of the tubes after moulting. Although most larvae appeared to become active, only about half of them reached the tops of the tubes. This is thought to be a reflection on the fact that larvae are adapted to parasitise small rodents. It is suggested that winter temperatures may play an important part in determining the mortality rate of larvae that overwinter in the engorged state.
An Analysis of Factors Affecting Catches of Insects in Light-Traps
Authors: Bowden John 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAnalysis of published data on catches of insects in light-traps with a variety of light sources and of different designs showed that all conformed to the previously proposed model describing the functioning of a light-trap: catch = constant × where W = trap illumination and I = background illumination. Light-trap catches in differing cloud conditions and in open and woodland situations also varied as predicted by the model. A table of correction factors for different amounts of cloud cover is provided. The results are discussed in relation to use of light-traps and interpretation of light-trap data.
Bionomics of Bracon ?hancocki (Wilkinson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a Larval Parasite of Cydia Ptychora (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Nigeria
Authors: Olaifa J. I. , Akingbohungbe A. E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBracon ?hancocki (Wlkn.) is a larval ectoparasite of Cydia ptychora (Meyr.), a major pest of cowpea at Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Parasitism occurred in the field all the year round, varying from 0 to 65·9% and with the highest incidence from September to February. In the laboratory, the fecundity of the parasite was low, averaging about six eggs per female. The life-cycle was completed in ten days. Mating occurred soon after emergence, and the preoviposition period lasted about 2–3 days. Unmated females rarely laid eggs, and their life-span averaged six days as compared to 14 days for mated females. The female:male ratio was 2:1. The parasite rarely attacked previously paralysed hosts, and the preferred hosts were the older, larger larvae. A description of the egg and larvae is given.
Oviposition by Diopsis macrophthalma Dalman (Diptera: Diopsidae) on different rice varieties and development of deadheart
Authors: Alghali A. M. , Osisanta E. O. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractStudies were carried out in Nigeria on oviposition and the deadhearts caused by Diopsis macrophthalma Dalm. on ten rice varieties. The varieties were divided into three groups according to the numbers of eggs recorded on them. Strong positive correlations existed between (a) the numbers of eggs and tillers, (b) the numbers of eggs and deadhearts, and (c) the numbers of deadhearts and tillers. Some varieties compensated for damage by the production of new tillers. In the variety Suakoko 8, most of the eggs were confined to the leaf blades in young plants and to the leaf sheaths as the plants grew older. Peak oviposition occurred 30–40 days after transplanting. Some implications of the results for a pest management programme are discussed.
Age-specific life-table data for the Eucalyptus boring beetle, Phoracantha semipunctata (F.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), in Malawi
Authors: Powell W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAge-specific life-table data were collected over a year for field and insectary populations of Phoracantha semipunctata (F.) on logs of Eucalyptus grandis in Malawi. Most mortality occurred in the larval stage, and the major mortality factor was intraspecific competition. Severe overcrowding led to a reduction in population density from one generation to the next. Overcrowding also led to a reduction in beetle size and to a shift in the sex ratio in favour of males. Elimination of potential breeding sites is recommended as an effective control measure for this pest.
The diminished incidence of Acarapis woodi (Rennie) (Acari: Tarsonemidae) in honey bees, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), in Britain
Authors: Bailey L. , Perry J. N. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractInvestigations showed that there is a highly significant linear dependence of the percentage of bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies detectably infested with Acarapis woodi (Rennie) on the number of colonies in England and Wales. A decline of infestation since 1947 corresponds to a decrease recorded in the number of colonies. The simplest explanation, based on current knowledge, is that the decrease has allowed the foraging activity of the remaining colonies to increase, so lessening the contact between old infested bees and young susceptible individuals sufficiently to hinder the spread and multiplication of mites within colonies.
In vitro rearing of Glossina palpalis palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Diptera: Glossinidae) on guinea-pig blood
Authors: Deloach J. R. , Taher M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe productivity of Glossina palpalis palpalis (R.-D.) reared in vitro via silicone rubber membranes on fresh guinea-pig blood equalled the productivity of flies fed in vivo on guinea-pigs. Over 50 days, the number of puparia per initial female was 3·0 in both cases. Puparial weights were greater than 31 mg throughout the four reproductive cycles. While fresh blood was an excellent diet for G. p. palpalis, freeze-dried guinea-pig blood was unsuitable; survival, reproduction and puparial weights were all low for flies fed on freeze-dried blood. The evidence lends support to the theory that there is no inherent nutritional deficiency caused by feeding on blood through a membrane.
Assessment of methods for estimating the numbers of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Cereals
Authors: Dewar Alan M. , Dean Godfrey J. , Cannon Ray 
Published: July 2009

AbstractVisual counting was found to be the most accurate method of estimating cereal aphid numbers in field studies in England. Vacuum sampling decreased in efficiency as aphid density increased, but could be a useful alternative to visual counts at very low aphid densities when the latter became too time-consuming. Cutting tillers for later washing in the laboratory was less efficient than visual counting as aphids, especially Metopolophium dirhodum (Wlk.), fell off the plants during sampling, but this method was useful in determining the proportion of different morphs of Sitobion avenae (F.) present at very high densities.
Further observations on the vertical distribution of flying mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in West African savanna
Authors: Snow W. F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe vertical distribution of flying mosquitoes was investigated in separate experiments in open savanna and over a fallow field system near Keneba Village in the tidal zone of the Gambia using suction traps located at seven levels (0·1, 0·25, 0·5, 1·0, 2·1, 3·9 and 7·9 m) on a scaffolding tower. Mosquito density declined progressively with height forAnopheles melasTheo.,An. pharoensisTheo.,An. squamosusTheo.,An. ziemanniGrünb.,Aedes dalzieli(Theo.),Ae. punctothoracis(Theo.),Culex tritaeniorhynchusGiles andMansoniaspp. Catches ofC. thalassiusTheo. andC. invidiosusTheo. increased with height to around 1 m and then decreased steadily although the 7·9–m trap consistently captured moreC. thalassiusthan the trap below, presenting a bimodal vertical distribution profile. Flight altitudes of the two most abundant species,An. melasandC. thalassius, declined as the night progressed, but wind speed and lunar phase had no clear or consistent effects on flight levels. A functional relationship between flight altitudes and dispersal patterns of mosquitoes is suggested.
Rainfall and outbreaks of the African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Tucker M. R , Pedgley D. E 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFrom estimates of the most likely egg–laying dates of 53 outbreaks of Spodoptera exempta (Wlk.) in East Africa, and from estimates of the likelihood of rainstorms (20 mm or more a day) at the outbreak sites around those dates, it is shown that concentrated laying by moths leading to outbreaks early in the season (January to March) in 1974–75 was associated with rainstorms at the time of oviposition. However, there was no such association in April and May. The mechanism of association is unknown; moths may be concentrated whilst airborne, or they may reach and stay in limited areas wetted by rain, where new grass growth might be expected.
Observations on the Sphingidae (Lepidoptera) of Trinidad
Authors: Stradling D. J. , LEGG C. J. , Bennett F. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSpecies records of Sphingidae taken in Trinidad were kept from 1968 to 1979. Seventy–five species and one subspecies were taken, including several new records for the island. The numbers of sphingids taken in Robinson light–traps equipped with 125–watt mercury–arc lamps were recorded over a period of eight years at St. Augustine, Trinidad, and the data analysed. The species abundance distribution was found to be well–fitted by the log–normal series. Data were examined for trends and periodicities, and the variance was found to be largely accounted for by three principal factors. A long–term decline in catch was observed in one trap due to the growth of screening vegetation. Annual variation in catch was found to correlate with the annual pattern of precipitation, with higher catches during the rainy season, although some species differences were detectable. Monthly variation in catch was found to correspond with the cycle of lunar illumination, being significantly depressed with increasing brightness. Interspecific differences in the response to moonlight were also detected. The influence of screening effects on the observed periodicities is discussed in relation to the siting of the traps. Times of commencement of flight activity were recorded, and the relationship between time of capture and activity is discussed. Apart from one species, the sex ratio of captured sphingids was significantly male-biased. Data from three traps were compared with each other and with those from other tropical locations.
The effect of aeration on the vertical distribution of grain beetles (Coleoptera) in wheat
Authors: Armitage D. M. , Day P. G. , Lewis G. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn order to see if aeration causes grain beetles to become peripherally distributed in bulks of grain, the positions of adults were recorded 7–10 days after they had been placed in the middle of vertical columns of wheat 1200 mm long and 80 mm in diameter. The columns were held at 10 or 25°C, and a downward current of air was passed through half of them. At 10°C, there were more adults of Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) at the ends and fewer at the centre of aerated than unaerated tubes when a high airflow was used, and at 25°C, a similar difference occurred when aeration caused cooling, dampening or drying of the grain. Dampening at 10°C and drying at 25°C caused there to be fewer adults of Sitophilus granarius (L.) at the ends and more at the centre of aerated than unaerated tubes. However, vibration at 10°C encouraged the dispersion of weevils. Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) scarcely moved at 10 or 25°C under either aerated or unaerated conditions.
Estimates of natural mortality related to environmental factors in a population of citrus red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Dias-pididae)
Authors: Atkinson P. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBiological control of Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.) is notoriously difficult in the hot lowlands of Swaziland and the eastern Transvaal. In view of resistance to organophosphates in populations elsewhere in the Transvaal, there is renewed interest in the commercial application of integrated pest management on citrus. Accordingly, data from a population of A. aurantii on orange trees in the Swaziland lowlands were examined to answer questions about biological control of the pest in this climatic region. Sections of the population on twigs and fruit were treated separately, and that on the leaves was ignored as not contributing much to the economy of the whole. The infestation of fruit each year depended largely on the size of the infestation on twigs in November (early summer), when crawlers from twigs first colonised the fruitlets. Mortality on twigs was estimated, checked from predictions of the recruitment rate and related to indices of climatic and biotic factors; 73% of the variation was described by mean predator intensity, mean minimum temperature and excess rainfall above the long-term mean, all measured over the generation time. On fruit, 32% of the variation in mortality was described by mean maximum saturation deficit in the generation time, the relationship being inverse. The dryness of the lowland climate appeared to be its favourable characteristic. The population appeared to be regulated about a mean level which was unacceptably high. Predators were the most effective natural enemies, probably followed by parasitoids (Aphytis spp.) on fruit. Endoparasitoids were probably ineffective.
Integration of insect sterility and insecticides for control of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Tanzania. IV. Application of endosulfan as an aerosol prior to release of sterile males
Authors: Williamson D. L. , Dame D. A. , Lee C. W. , Gates D. B. , Cobb P. E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAs part of a programme to test the sterile insect technique against Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. in Tanzania, two aerial applications of endosulfan were applied to a 195-km2 test area. The applications were made with a 28-day interval to provide an initial reduction in the target species prior to the release of sterile males. A Cessna 310 aircraft equipped with a rotary atomiser and operating at night was used to apply the insecticide at a dosage of about 20 g/ha. Flyround surveys within 48 h following the spraying operations indicated that a 100% reduction of G. m. morsitans adults was achieved in both applications, while G. pallidipes Aust. was reduced by 91 5% in the first and 100% in the second.