bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A histochemical study of the distribution of glycogen and oxidoreductase activity in Polymorphus minutus (Goeze, 1782) (Acanthocephala)
Authors: Crompton D. W. T. 
Published: June 2009

The distribution of glycogen has been studied in P. minutus by means of histochemical methods. The strongest staining for glycogen was detected in the proboscis, the radial layer of the body wall and the non-contractile parts of the muscles.Histochemical methods have also been used to study the localization of the activity of ten oxidoreductase enzymes. The enzymes are situated in the mitochondria of P. minutus, the distribution of which corresponds closely with that of glycogen.I am grateful to Dr P. Tate for helpful discussions, and to Drs D. L. Lee and F. P. B. Wooding for criticizing the manuscript. Thanks are also due to Mr D. Barnard for technical assistance.
The bionomics and parasitic development of Tripius sciarae (Bovien) (Sphaerulariidae: Aphelenchoidea), a nematode parasite of sciarid flies (Sciaridae: Diptera)
Authors: Poinar George O. 
Published: June 2009

After penetrating through the body wall into the haemocoel of Bradysia paupera, the fertilized female of Tipius sciarae increased in size and slowly expelled the enlarging uterine cells through the vulva.Within 7 days of penetration, the females were mature and began laying eggs into the haemocoel of the host. The eggs hatched in 3 days and, within 2 weeks, the host–s body was swarming with juvenile nematodes. The juveniles moulted three times in the body cavity of the host and 4th-stage forms emerged through ruptures in the intestine or body wall (in larval hosts) or were deposited on the surface of the soil (by adult female flies). They then moulted to adult forms while remaining ensheathed in their last juvenile cuticle, mated, and the fertilized infective females were ready to enter a new host.Most parasitized fly larvae died before reaching the pupal stage but some emerged as adults, still carrying the nematodes within them. All parasitized adult flies were sterile. Infested larvae had smaller fat bodies and adult histoblasts than normal larvae and took twice as long to develop.Preliminary tests suggested that this nematode may be useful in controlling sciarid gnats in glasshouses.T. sciarae (Bovien) and T. gibbosus (Leuckart) were compared.This work was done at Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts, England, while the author held a postdoctoral grant from the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. I thank Mr F. G. W. Jones for a place in the Nematology Department, Dr Audrey Shepherd for supplying the New Blue R stain, Dr J. B. Goodey for advice, and Dr K. Lindhardt, Denmark, for the loaning of the late Dr Bovien–s slides of T. sciarae.
On the bionomics ofCrepidostomum metoecus(Braun, 1900) andCrepidostomum farionis(Müller, 1784) (Trematoda: Allocreadiidae)
Authors: Awachie J. B. E. 
Published: June 2009

The life-cycles of the two species ofCrepidostomumoccurring in a stream in North Wales are investigated. Both species share the same arthropod and definitive hosts, viz.Gammarus pulexandSalmo trutta, respectively, but have different molluscan hosts, viz.:Lymnaea peregraforC. metoecusandPisidium casertanumforC. farionis.C. metoecusandC. farionishave annual cycles, hence periodicity of occurrence in their hosts. InC. metoecusthe dynamics of occurrence in the three hosts are correlated. The inverse relationship inG. pulexandS. truttaas well as the existence of a time-lag of 3–4 months between the establishment of this worm inG. pulexand inS. truttaare discussed.Neither premunition nor age-resistance occurs in the parasitization ofS. truttaandG. pulexbyC. metoecus. The increase in the rate and degree of infestation with the age and length of fish, except in the oldest and longest group, is shown to be due to trophic factors.C. metoecusis more abundant and widely distributed in the stream thanC. farionis. This fact is associated with the occurrence of their molluscan hosts.Experimental observations were made on the stages in the life-history ofC. metoecus, including the mode of emergence of the cercaria, invasion of shrimps and encystment, as well as development of the metacercariae inG. pulex.More cercariae are shed by day and at higher temperatures, and they live for about 5 days at 8 °C. The metacercaria undergoes considerable development before becoming infective.C. metoecusdoes extensive damage toL. peregra, has no observed ill-effect on trout, and apparently affects the life-span of shrimps adversely only in cases of very heavy infestations.The non-parasitization ofCottus gobioby the two flukes is probably due to the prevailing ecological factors.My thanks are due to Professor H. B. N. Hynes and Dr J. C. Chubb for many helpful criticisms at all stages of this study; to Miss Joan Venn for helping with the sampling programme; and the Commonwealth Scholarship Commission in the United Kingdom for financial support.
Undulatory locomotion of the plant parasitic nematodeMeloidogyne javanica
Authors: Wallace H. R. 
Published: June 2009

A hypothesis is developed to explain how the nematode propels itself around in the egg before hatching. The normal reactions at the ends of the egg to the pressure exerted by the nematode are each equivalent to a force propelling the nematode around inside the egg and to a displacement force. A diagram of forces that satisfies the requirements for undulatory locomotion has an asymmetrical egg with ends of variable curvature. In such an egg the only effective forces acting on the nematode are the propulsive forces along the longitudinal axis of the nematode and frictional forces between the nematode and egg shell. A steady glide occurs when these two forces are equal. As the nematode moves around the ends of the egg, the muscles in contact with the shell come under tension and owing to the change in curvature of the shell they contract and release the potential energy necessary for propulsion.Measurements on the shape of eggs, the configurations of actively moving nematodes in the egg, ciné film of eggs and a model of a nematode in an egg do not disprove the hypothesis.Prior to hatching the surface area of the egg increases and increased force by the head of the nematode at one end of the egg produces a protuberance which eventually bursts under the influence of the mouth stylet which punctures the shell and the pressure from the nematode's head. Propulsive forces within the egg enable the larva to hatch.Nematodes at a root surface form waves of large amplitude with the result that the head and stylet often meet the root at right angles. The nematode then attaches itself to the root and active use of the mouth stylet makes the initial puncture in the plant's epidermis. Penetration to a depth of 100 μm occurs under the influence of propulsive forces developed by that part of the body outside the root. Thereafter, the section of the body within the root develops the necessary forces and the posterior part outside the root remains almost stationary. The nematode penetrates the root intermittently to a depth of 40–60 μm every 20–40 min corresponding to the penetration of a series of cell walls.The relationships between egg shape, movement in the egg, mode of hatching and site of hatching present a further interesting problem because it is possible that nematodes that hatch into an environment outside the host require some pre-hatch movement to bring the muscular system to a high level of efficiency. Nematodes that hatch within the host may not need such an adaptation.Thanks are due to Mr I. R. Dick for his help and useful discussion, to Mr K. W. J. Crocker for technical help and to Miss Colleen Hill who made the drawings.
The feeding processes of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus (Canestrini)
Authors: Tatchell R. J. , Moorhouse D. E. 
Published: June 2009

The development of the feeding lesions of the ixodid tick Boophilus microplus was followed throughout the parasitic life-cycle on cattle of both Zebu and European breeds, using histological techniques.The feeding lesion of this tick must be the result of an interaction between the tick and its host as it is neither the result of simple mechanical trauma, nor of lysis of the host tissues by salivary secretions of the tick alone, nor is it solely a result of an inflammatory response.The histological evidence suggests that the diet of the tick in each instar changes as the lesion develops; first, tissue fluids are available, then tissue fluids along with leucocytes which have infiltrated the lesion, and finally these two components along with whole blood.An early intense infiltration of eosinophils into the area of the mouthparts, typical of an immediate hypersensitive or anaphylactic response, was noted with European cattle on secondary and subsequent exposures to larvae. Hypersensitivity to tick infestation, which has been equated with resistance to infestation, was seen as an extreme of a normal spectrum of sensitization which results in an abnormal susceptibility.The definitive lesion was similar with all hosts studied. It consisted of a cavity containing leucocytes, predominantly neutrophils, some lymphocytes and erythrocytes in an area of heavily infiltrated collagen.It is concluded that this host-parasite relationship illustrates the concept of adaptation tolerance as proposed by Sprent (1962).It is with much pleasure that we acknowledge the continued generous financial support by the Australian Meat Research Committee (formerly the Australian Cattle and Beef Research Committee), which has made possible this project.
A new genus, Alainchabaudia (Nematoda: Spirurinae), from coraciform birds in Australia
Authors: Mawson Patricia M. 
Published: June 2009

A new genus, Alainchabaudia, is proposed, apparently close to Hartertia, but differing in the presence of modifications of the anterior end of the buccal capsule, which is prolonged dorsally and ventrally and ends in four submedian teeth. Two species are included: the type species, C. alcedinis sp.nov., from Halcyon sanctus (Queensland and South Australia) and Dacelo gigas (New South Wales); and A. aegotheles (Johnston & Mawson) syn. Habronema aegotheles J. & M., from Aegotheles cristata (South Australia).The specimens from Queensland were lent by Dr John Pearson of the School of Parasitology of the University of Queensland. The bodies of the other two birds were sent to me for dissection, Dacelo gigas by Mr H. J. de S. Disney, Curator of Birds in the Australian Museum, Sydney, and Halcyon sanctus by Mr H. Condon, Curator of Birds in the South Australian Museum, Adelaide. I am most grateful to these gentlemen for their assistance.
The protozoa occurring in the hind-gut of cockroaches
Authors: Hoyte H. M. D. 
Published: June 2009

The size and shape of the trophozoite ofNyctotherus ovalisin different species of cockroaches was found to vary considerably, and this was attributed chiefly to the presence or absence of large paraglycogen granules within the ciliate.The size and shape of the cysts ofN. ovaliswhich were passed in the faeces of the host on successive days were found to fluctuate around means which were more or less constant over a long period. The constants varied according to the species of the host: the largest and fattest cysts were found in the faeces fromBlatta, the smallest and most slender fromBlattella. Those fromBlaberuswere of theBlattella-type, butPeriplanetaharboured populations which gave rise either to theBlatta-type of cysts or to theBlattella-type.The constant size and shape of the cysts was not altered when the host moulted, but there was always a decrease in size and sometimes a change of shape when an infection was established in a new host. The cause of these changes is unknown. An increase in size was induced by an increase in environmental temperature, but the size declined during a subsequent period at lower temperatures. The work of other authors on changes in the sizes of protozoan cysts is discussed.The cyst wall ofN. ovalisconsists of four separate layers plus an outer membrane. They all seemed to be proteinaceous in nature. Treatment with various inorganic reagents and proteolytic enzymes revealed that the knob is the most easily destroyed part of the wall. A histochemical test for keratin showed that this is the chief constituent of the wall. The keratin appeared to be least organized in the knob, and hence the knob is the least impermeable part of the wall.This work was done during the tenure of a Research Studentship awarded by the Agricultural Research Council. I am deeply indebted to Dr P. Tate for his encouragement and counsel at all stages of the work.
Certain aspects of the host-parasite relationship ofNematospiroides dubius(Baylis). II. The effect of sex on experimental infections in the rat (an abnormal host)
Authors: Dobson Colin 
Published: June 2009

1. The male rat is more susceptible to infections ofNematospiroides dubiusthan the female. As the rat grows older the resistance of the female rat to infection increases at a greater rate than that of the male.2. The course of the infection is modified by the sex of the host.3. More larvae penetrated the intestinal mucosa to encyst in the male than in the female. More larvae, however, formed cysts in the female than in the male rat by the fifth day.4. The male harboured more adult worms than the female rat, although this difference was not significant in the immature animals.5. The sex resistance of the rat toN. dubiusinfections was removed by bilateral gonadectomy. Castration decreased the susceptibility of the male rat, while spaying increased it in the female compared with the susceptibility in the respective normal hosts.6. Subsequent replacement of the homologous sex hormone in the gonadectomized rat restores the sex resistance, and may even increase it (particularly in the immature animals). Oestradiol increased the resistance of the spayed female rat, while testosterone increased the susceptibility of the castrate male rat to infection.7. Oestradiol implanted in castrate male rats increased the resistance of these hosts to a greater level than was shown in the normal male rat.8. The rat shows a marked age resistance over which the sex resistance is superimposed.9. The relationship between the sex of the host and its resistance to infection is discussed.This work was done during the tenure of a Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Studentship. My thanks are due to Dr E. T. B. Francis for his helpful and critical supervision and to Professor I. Chester Jones, in whose department the work was done, for the facilities he provided.
Certain aspects of the host-parasite relationship of Nematospiroides dubius (Baylis). III. The effect of a milk diet on experimental infections in the adult male mouse
Authors: Dobson Colin 
Published: June 2009

1. The suckling 10-day-old mouse harboured fewer worms than the weanling 15-day-old mouse after both 5 and 10 days' infection.2. The adult male mouse, however, harboured significantly more worms when fed on milk than when fed on rat cake after both 5 and 10 days' infection.3. These results were discussed in relation to the effects of diet and gut length on the susceptibility of the host.This work was done during the tenure of a Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Studentship. My thanks are due to Dr E. T. B. Francis for his helpful and critical supervision, and to Professor I. Chester Jones, in whose department the work was done, for the facilities he provided.
Rejection of the generic name Dendrocystis Rees, 1962, and its replacement by Arborocystis nov.nom. Protozoa: Gregarinomorpha
Authors: Rees B. , Howell M. J. 
Published: June 2009

Arborocystis nov.nom. is proposed to replace Dendrocystis Rees, 1962, a junior homonym of Dendrocystis Bather, 1889.The authors wish to thank Dr David L. Pawson, Division of Marine Invertebrates, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., for furnishing data from Barrande (1887).
Activity and the orthokinetic response of larval Trichonema to light
Authors: Croll N. A. 
Published: June 2009

Dark-adapted third-stage Trichonema larvae were orthokinetically stimulated by light. The response soon reached a maximum and then gradually decreased, the larvae then being inactive as long as they were kept in light. The rate of response was independent of intensity, and was a constant for any one age. Inactive larvae were activated by a mechanical stimulus, and were therefore only insensitive to light.The larvae needed 3 h adaptation in darkness before responding fully to a further light stimulus. Dark-adaptation required continuous darkness; larvae exposed to a flashing light responded as if in continuous light. The presence of a light-sensitive mechanism is postulated.I thank Professor B. G. Peters for discussion of this work, and for reading the manuscript.
The fine structure of the intestine and hind gut of the larva of Trichinella spiralis
Authors: Bruce R. G. 
Published: June 2009

The brush border of the intestinal cells of the infective larva of Trichinella spiralis is shown to consist of microvilli. It is suggested that large vesicular complexes in association with Golgi complexes may be responsible for the production of the mucopolysaccharide or mucoprotein filling the lumen of the intestine. Indirect evidence of a latent intranuclear virus infection is presented. The cuticle lining the hind gut, although continuous with the external cuticle, is not similar in structure.I would like to thank Dr D. L. Lee for instruction in all aspects of this work, Professor Boyd for the use of the Anatomy Department electron microscope and the Agricultural Research Council for financial support.
The chemical nature and evolutionary significance of monogenean attachment sclerites
Authors: Lyons Kathleen M. 
Published: June 2009

The chemical and physical nature of monogenean attachment sclerites has been investigated by chromatography, histochemistry, solubility studies and X-ray diffraction, and these sclerites have been shown to be scleroproteinaceous and not, as the bulk of the literature suggests, chitinous in composition.Hooks sclerites (i.e. marginal hooks and hamuli), which are the most primitive type of monogenean attachment sclerites and arise early on ontogeny, have been shown to be keratinous; clamp sclerites, accessory bars and the spines arming the pseudohaptors and squamodisks of certain genera which appear to have been acquired later in the phylogeny of the group to supplement the efficiency of the haptoral hooks, contain no cystine sulphur.While the chemical nature of the non-cystine-containing skeletal structures has not been fully elucidated, clamp substance was found to differ from that of the other scleroproteins with which it was compared, namely sclerotin, vertebrate elastin, reticulin, collagen and keratin. Clamp substance does not appear to be quinonetanned; acid proteins maybe important in the stabilization of this scleroprotein.Evidence for the occurrence of a variety of S–S bearing scleroproteins throughout the invertebrates has been collated and the problems involved in adequately defining a keratin have been discussed. The implications of the apparent affinity of monogenean hook protein to vertebrate keratins, which in general are intracellular and epidermal derivatives have been considered and some speculations have been made about the possible differences in the development of hook and clamp structures.Contrary to the prevalent opinion that monogenean sclerites are ‘cuticularizations’, evidence has been presented that these structures are in fact deeply seated and unlikely to be derivations of a superficial cuticle.The chemical differences elucidated between the median and lateral sclerites of the chimaericolid adhesive organ have encouraged speculation on the evolution of the different types of attachment organ throughout the polyopisthocotylineans.Outside the Monogenea, studies on the sulphur content of digenean spines and stylets and on the larval hooklets of the ‘cestodarians’Gyrocotyle, AmphilinaandArchigetes, and of eucestodes, have helped to substantiate the view that the cestodes and monogeneans are more closely related to each other than either of these groups is related to the digeneans.I wish to thank the Director and staff of the Plymouth Laboratory and in particular Mr J. E. Green, for invaluable assistance. I am also indebted to Dr R. W. H. Small for his guidance on X-ray diffraction technique, to Dr J. Morris of the M.R.C. Skin Unit for his advice on the chromatography and to Dr J. Llewellyn for his interest and helpful criticism throughout.
Some Microphallids collected in Kenya
Authors: Canaris Albert G. 
Published: June 2009

African representatives in the family Microphallidae (Trematoda) are recorded, and descriptions of five new species are given. Collections made on the Kenya coast showed: (Aves) Crocethia alba infected with Microphallus kenyensis sp.nov.; Encocotyle africanus sp.nov., and Maritrema sethsmithi sp.nov.; Tringa hypoleucos and Numenius phaeopus infected with Diacetabulum curvicolon Belopolskaia, 1952; (Reptilia, Scincidae) Ablepharus boutonii africanus infected with Levinseniella heardi sp.nov., Maritrema sethsmithi sp.nov. and Maritreminoides ablephari sp.nov.Patti Hirst and Alma Smith assisted with preparation of the plates. R. W. Heard III and S. Deblock loaned material and made helpful comments on the reproductive structures in the genus Levenseniella.
Studies on gut ultrastructure and digestive physiology in Cosmocerca ornata (Nematoda: Ascaridida)
Authors: Colam J. Barry 
Published: June 2009

Histological, histochemical and ultrastructural methods have been used to study gut structure and digestive physiology in Cosmocerca ornata (Dujardin, 1845). The nematode is parasitic in the small intestine and rectum of Rana temporaria, and feeds solely upon the gut contents of the host, primarily bacteria and cellular debris rather than fluid material.Only a small buccal capsule is present and no host tissue is ingested. Rigid channels at the tips of the oesophageal radii and a spiral arrangement of the corpus lumen are probably concerned in expressing any fluid in the food while retaining the particulate matter. The latter is then shredded by three large valvular flaps projecting into the lumen of the posterior oesophageal bulb. One gland is present in each sector of the bulb. There is some evidence that two secretions are produced in each subventral sector, an electron-dense one posteriorly which is released into the lumen below the valve flaps, and an electron-lucid one synthesized more anteriorly which is released in the anterior region of the bulb. Only one secretion is produced in the dorsal gland, similar to that in the anterior subventral sector, and which is poured into the lumen of the posterior corpus. The intestine is not differentiated into distinct regions and contains no gland cells. A prominent striated border of microvilli is present, varying from 25 μm in the foregut to 0·5 μm in the hindgut. They have a prominent core composed of minute fibrils and an outer glycocalyx covering.Digestion is entirely extracellular, bacteria and cellular debris in the ingesta being broken down by a C-esterase present in the oesophageal gland secretions. It is completed by a process of contact digestion with the same enzyme adsorbed on to the glycocalyx. Acid phosphatase, also produced by the oesophageal glands and present on the microvilli, may be concerned in the absorption of the resultant digestion products and any simple solutes in the food made available by host extracellular enzymes. GER and free ribosomes present in the distal regions of the gastrodermis are probably concerned in the assimilation of the absorbed materials into glycogen which is stored in large quantities in the gastrodermis.This investigation was supported in part by Research Grant AI 06295 of the United States Public Health Service. The final manuscript was prepared during the tenure of a Postdoctoral Fellowship from the British Egg Marketing Board.