bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gestational diabetes mellitus in a cohort of HIV‐1 infected women
Authors: González‐Tomé MI , Ramos Amador JT , Guillen S , Solís I , Fernández‐Ibieta M , Muñoz E , Almeda J , Rojano X , Rojo P , Nieto O ,   for the Spanish Cohort of HIV‐infected Mother–Infant Pairs
Published: September 2010

ObjectivesWe undertook a prospective study to estimate the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and associated risk factors in a cohort of 669 HIV‐1 infected women.MethodsThe O'Sullivan and glucose tolerance tests were performed during regular visits of 609 mothers.ResultsThe median age of the cohort was 30.7 years (range 16–44), with most women having had heterosexual contact (67%). The majority were in Centers for Disease Control (CDC) category A (71%) and 53% exhibited hepatitis C co‐infection. Median viral load and CD4 count at third trimester were 545 cells/μL (range 139–1690 cells/μL) and 1.9 log (range 1.7–5.4), respectively. Seventy‐four per cent of the patients were treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), of whom 41% received a protease inhibitor (PI). An above‐average prevalence of 7% [95% confidence interval (CI) 5.2–9.5] for positive GDM diagnosis was found. Risk factors associated with GDM in univariate analysis included older age, hepatitis C co‐infection, stavudine and PI exposure. However, only older age [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.09, 95% CI 1–1.1] and PI exposure (AOR 2.4, 95% CI 1–5.3) remained as independent risk factors for GDM development in multivariate analysis.ConclusionsIn our cohort, the prevalence of GDM appears to be increased, with older age and PI exposure contributing as significant independent risk factors.
Individualizing Japan: searching for its origin in first modernity
Authors: Suzuki Munenori , Ito Midori , Ishida Mitsunori , Nihei Norihiro , Maruyama Masao 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSince the mid‐1990s Japanese society has entered a period of major change. The previous patterns of social order and social integration have collapsed, and it has become increasingly difficult to envision a stable life course for oneself. The ‘secure’ foundation has been weakening and anxiety has spread at an accelerated pace. Japan could enter the age of second modernity, or reflexive modernization. In Japan's first modernity, the mechanism responsible for risk management, an integrated society, and stabilized social order, was, first, private corporations that guaranteed long‐term stability for employees and their families (company‐centrism) and, second, land development rapidly implemented under the guidance of bureaucrats (developmentalism). From the 1990s, these systems were fundamentally destroyed by globalization and neoliberal policies. Private corporations limited the groups that could benefit from the seniority wage system, undermining in‐house welfare benefits. The government abandoned its role of improving the industrial and economic conditions of surrounding areas through offering public works projects. After these risk‐stabilizing mechanisms were gone, two problems became conspicuous – poverty among young workers in urban areas and the collapse of the local community in marginal areas. As the seniority wage system and lifetime employment were substitutes for the public social security system, public measures to deal with poverty remain inadequate. Now, the individualization of the family has advanced somewhat under compulsion as the rate of unmarried people and the divorce rate have climbed. The Japanese have a tendency to seek ‘self‐realization’; at the same time, they also want ‘secure employment’. Thus, they are torn between individualization and the desire for security. What is now necessary is a more stable system that will ensure them adequate material and spiritual ‘elbowroom’ to allow them to make their own choices.
The stranded individualizer under compressed modernity: South Korean women in individualization without individualism
Authors: Kyung‐Sup Chang , Min‐Young Song 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSouth Korean families have functioned as a highly effective receptacle for the country's highly compressed conditions of modernity and late modernity. It is as much due to the success of South Korean families as an engine of compressed modernity as due to their failure that they have become functionally overloaded and socially risk‐ridden. Such familial burdens and risks are particularly onerous to South Korean women because of the fundamentally gender‐based structure of family relations and duties that has in part been recycled from the Confucian past and in part manufactured under industrial capitalism. Under these complicated conditions, South Korean women have had to dramatically restructure their family relations and duties as well as their individual life choices. Furthermore, under the most recent condition of what Beck calls second modernity, other institutions of modernity, such as the state, industrial economy, firms, unions, schools, and welfare systems, have become increasingly ineffective in helping to alleviate such (gender‐based) familial burdens and dilemmas. As a result South Korean women have experienced dramatic changes in marriage patterns, fertility, family relations, etc. South Korean women's individualization has thereby taken place primarily as a matter of practicality rather than ideational change. A brief analysis of the situation in the neighbouring societies of Japan and Taiwan reinforces the conclusion that individualization without individualism, particularly among women, is a region‐wide phenomenon in East Asia.
Recursive cosmopolitization: Argentina and the global Human Rights Regime
Authors: Levy Daniel 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis paper illustrates how varieties of cosmopolitanism are shaped through a mutually constitutive set of cultural dispositions and institutional practices that emerge at the interstices of global human right norms and local legal practices. Converging pressures of ‘cosmopolitan imperatives’ and the multiplicity of particularized manifestations are co‐evolving in the context ofintercrossingsduring which distinctive cosmopolitanisms are established. This complex relationship of global normative expectations and their local appropriations is elucidated through the dynamic ofrecursive cosmopolitization. Suggesting that, local problems are resolved with recourse to global prescriptions while local solutions are inscribed in international institutions consolidating the global Human Rights Regime. The Argentinean case carries conceptual and empirical weight as it underscores the recursivity of cosmopolitization by calibrating the tensions of universalism and particularism at the intersection of global, national and regional scales. Argentina is a paradigmatic instantiation for how cosmopolitanism can emanate in the periphery as local problems are globalized. This, in turn, has resulted in the institutionalization of a global Human Rights Regime which exercises normative and political–legal pressures on how states legitimately deal with human rights abuses. It is this cosmopolitan balance, rather than presuppositions of universalistic exogenous pressures or particularistic national exceptions, which is shaping the cultural and political relevance of human rights norms.
Beck, Asia and second modernity
Authors: Calhoun Craig 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe work of Ulrich Beck has been important in bringing sociological attention to the ways issues of risk are embedded in contemporary globalization, in developing a theory of ‘reflexive modernization’, and in calling for social science to transcend ‘methodological nationalism’. In recent studies, he and his colleagues help to correct for the Western bias of many accounts of cosmopolitanism and reflexive modernization, and seek to distinguish normative goals from empirical analysis. In this paper I argue that further clarification of this latter distinction is needed but hard to reach within a framework that still embeds the normative account in the idea that empirical change has a clear direction. Similar issues beset the presentation of diverse patterns in recent history as all variants of ‘second modernity’. Lastly, I note that ironically, given the declared ‘methodological cosmopolitanism’ of the authors, the empirical studies here all focus on national cases.
How should permeability be measured in fine‐grained lithologies? Evidence from the chalk
Authors: MALLON A.J. , SWARBRICK R.E. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractTwo chalk data sets from the Central North Sea (UK/Norway and Denmark) with a similar lithological classification and porosity values (5–20%) have a difference in permeability of up to three orders of magnitude. The method of measuring permeability was different for the two data sets: samples from UK/Norway were measured by transient pulse decay (TPD), while the Danish samples were measured by routine core analysis. Petrological and petrophysical characterization of samples from the two data sets have revealed that all samples display a similar range of rock properties; the differences are not due to regional facies variations. It is likely that the low permeability values reported by TPD have more validity than routine core analyses in measuring lower porosity and permeability chalk (5–20% porosity, <0.01 mD). The fact that large sections of North Sea chalk potentially have much lower permeability than previously reported has widespread implications for petroleum migration and entrapment, and overpressure generation.
Rumination in the laboratory: What happens when you go back to everyday life?
Authors: Ottaviani Cristina , Shapiro David , Fitzgerald Leah 
Published: September 2010

AbstractRumination has been suggested to mediate the physiological consequences of stress on health. We studied the effects of rumination evoked in the laboratory and subsequent changes over 24 h. Heart rate (HR) and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) were monitored in 27 male and 33 female participants during baseline, reading, an anger recall interview, and recovery. Half of the sample was assigned to a distraction condition. The lab session was followed by a 24‐hour ambulatory (A)HR and BP recording and self‐reports of moods and rumination. Rumination was associated with higher SBP, DBP, and HR and increased negative mood compared to distraction. Rumination during the day was a strong predictor of AHR, ABP, and mood. BP reactivity in the laboratory and increases in ABP during rumination were related. The effects of negative cognition on health go far beyond the recovery periods usually measured in the laboratory, thus playing a pathogenic role.
The Two Effects of District Magnitude: Venezuela as a Crucial Experiment*
Authors: SHUGART MATTHEW F. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTFollowing Duverger, low district magnitude (low number of seats per electoral district) produces a mechanical effect, the underrepresentation of small parties, and a psychological effect, discouraging voters from voting for small parties. The two effects usually occur together and cannot be tested separately. However, in Venezuela an experimental ‘control’ is provided by the requirement that voters simultaneously cast a vote for the same party in each of three legislative tiers (Senate, Chamber of Deputies, and State Assembly), each with a different district magnitude. Hence the psychological effect can exert itself on only one tier. In the other tiers exceptionally high or low deviations from proportional representation are observed. The separate effects of district magnitude are analysed by their consequences on the number of electoral parties and the deviation from proportional representation.
Proportional Tenure vs Proportional Representation: Introducing a New Debate
Authors: TAYLOR PETER J. , LIJPHART AREND 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe argument for proportional representation (PR) rests on the assumption that the legislature should accurately reflect the opinions of the voters as a whole. An alternative, and more compelling, argument is that the government (executive) should faithfully reflect the voters’ opinions. When we apply this proportional tenure (PT) criterion to 87 political parties in 18 countries from 1945 to 1980, we find that neither PR nor plurality‐majority systems have performed very well. In PR systems, small centrist parties tend to be favoured, and large parties, especially those that are ideologically ‘extreme’, are discriminated against. Three types of constitutional‐electoral arrangements may be introduced in order to make government tenure more proportional: PT in each government that is formed: PT by consecutive governments; and majoritarian PT in which the largest party forms the government for a period proportional to the size of its share of the popular vote.
Application of Procedural Justice to Electoral Systems*
Authors: REYNOLDS DAVID R. , SHELLEY FRED M. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTConsiderable attention has been paid to the properties of electoral mechanisms used in Western democracies to determine who formally exercises political power. However, attempts to justify preferences among different electoral mechanisms are generally underdeveloped and piecemeal. What is needed is an explicit emphasis on procedural justice as a benchmark for determining the most appropriate means of electing democratic governments. In this paper, concepts of procedural justice are described and applied to electoral systems. It is argued that procedural justice demands recognition of the criteria of representativeness, proportionality, unbiasedness, correctability, and initiative. These criteria imply that constituencies for the election of legislators should be territorial, and that they should be drawn in accordance with communities of conflict, which afford candidates strong incentives to seek and articulate imaginative solutions to major conflicts. These properties of procedural justice are consistent with empirical evidence that citizens demand more decentralized and participation‐oriented approaches to representative democracy.
A Mathematical Model for Political Bipolarization
Authors: DE MEUR G. , GASSNER M. , HUBAUT X. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe problem of fair representation is studied in the case of cleavage according to one or two criteria. In the latter case we show that with minimal requirements of equity, a solution exists only if the two criteria are binary. This might explain an observed tendency to political bipolarization.
Terrestrial laser scanning for use in virtual outcrop geology
Authors: Buckley Simon J. , Enge Håvard D. , Carlsson Christian , Howell John A. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract This paper discusses the application of laser scanning and photo‐realistic modelling to aid the study of geological outcrops, using two examples from central and eastern Utah, USA, which are analogues to subsurface hydrocarbon fields. Terrestrial laser scanning point clouds were triangulated to obtain high‐resolution surface representations, which were combined with semi‐metric imagery to give texture‐mapped photo‐realistic models of the outcrops. Such models provide the basis for geological interpretation and were used to reconstruct the geometries of layers over the extent of the study area. The digitised geological layers were in turn used to build geocellular volumes that capture the properties of the geology. These models were built in subsurface reservoir modelling software and were used to simulate the flow of fluids through the reservoir analogue. In this way, the spatial information provided significantly more detailed quantitative data and greatly improved the outcrop studies compared to traditional field techniques.
Second‐Line Treatment for Helicobacter pylori Infection: 10‐day Moxifloxacin‐Based Triple Therapy versus 2‐week Quadruple Therapy
Authors: Kang Jung Mook , Kim Nayoung , Lee Dong Ho , Park Young Soo , Kim Yu Rim , Kim Joo Sung , Jung Hyun Chae , Song In Sung 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground and aim:  The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of 10‐day moxifloxacin‐based triple therapy versus 2‐week quadruple therapy for the second‐line treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection.Methods:  One hundred and ninety‐two patients who had failed previous H. pylori eradication on standard triple therapy were randomized to one of two regimens: 1, moxifloxacin (400 mg q.d.), amoxicillin (1000 mg b.i.d.), and esomeprazole (20 mg b.i.d.) for 10 days (the 10MEA group), or 2, esomeprazole (20 mg b.i.d.), tripotassium dicitrate bismuthate (300 mg q.i.d.), metronidazole (500 mg t.i.d.), and tetracycline 500 mg (q.i.d.) for 14 days (the 14EBMT group). The eradication rates, drug compliances, and side‐effect rates of these two regimens were compared.Results:  Eradication rates by intention‐to‐treat and per‐protocol analyses in the 10MEA and 14EMBT groups were 71.9% and 82.6%, and 71.7% and 90.5% (p = .973 and .321), respectively. The 10MEA group was significantly superior to the 14EMBT group in terms of side‐effect rates (12.2% vs. 39.6%, p = .001), and discontinuation rates due to side‐effects were lower in the 10MEA group than in the 14EMBT group (0.7% vs. 13.2%, p < .001). Moreover, compliance was higher in the 10MEA group (94.2% (131/139)) than in the 14EBMT group (83.0% (44/53)) (p = .014).Conclusion:  The 10‐day moxifloxacin‐based triple therapy was found to have a high eradication rate with few side‐effects and good drug compliance. These findings suggest that this regimen is a safe and effective second‐line treatment option for H. pylori infection in Korea.
Efficacy and Safety of Faropenem in Eradication Therapy of Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Ogura Keiji , Mitsuno Yuzo , Maeda Shin , Hirata Yoshihiro , Yanai Ayako , Shibata Wataru , Ohmae Tomoya , Yoshida Haruhiko , Kawabe Takao , Omata Masao 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAims:  While triple therapy with a proton pump inhibitor, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin is the standard therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication, it is ineffective against clarithromycin‐resistant strains. To seek a better regimen for eradication therapy, we assessed the sensitivity of clinical strains seen in Japan to faropenem and then evaluated the efficacy and safety of eradication therapy containing this antibiotic.Methods:  Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of faropenem were determined in 78 Japanese clinical H. pylori isolates using the agar dilution method. H. pylori‐positive patients were consecutively assigned to a 7‐day eradication therapy protocol with LAF (lansoprazole 60 mg/day, amoxicillin 2000 mg/day, and faropenem 600 mg/day), and then to a 14‐day protocol. The outcomes of the therapies were assessed by 13C‐urea breath tests.Results:  All 78 strains showed MICs of faropenem that were equal to or less than 0.2 µg/mL. The eradication rates according to intention‐to‐treat analyses were 46.5% with the 7‐day therapy (n = 43) and 62.5% with the 14‐day therapy (n = 32). No special measures were required to treat the adverse events observed in approximately one‐third of the patients.Conclusions:  Faropenem was found to have good antimicrobial action against H. pylori in vitro. The 14‐day LAF therapy successfully eradicated H. pylori in about two‐thirds of the patients although the incidence of adverse events was high.
Prevalence of Duodenal Ulcer‐Promoting Gene (dupA) of Helicobacter pylori in Patients with Duodenal Ulcer in North Indian Population
Authors: Arachchi H. S. Jayasinghe , Kalra Vijay , Lal Banwari , Bhatia Vikram , Baba C. S. , Chakravarthy S. , Rohatgi S. , Sarma Priyangshu M. , Mishra V. , Das Bimal , Ahuja Vineet 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground:   The duodenal ulcer (DU)‐promoting gene (dupA) of Helicobacter pylori has been identified as a novel virulent marker associated with an increased risk for DU. The presence or absence of dupA gene of H. pylori present in patients with DU and functional dyspepsia in North Indian population was studied by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and hybridization analysis.Materials and Methods:   One hundred and sixty‐six patients (96 DU and 70 functional dyspepsia) were included in this study. In addition, sequence diversity of dupA gene of H. pylori found in these patients was analyzed by sequencing the PCR products jhp0917 and jhp0918 on both strands with appropriate primers.Results:   PCR and hybridization analyses indicated that dupA gene was present in 37.5% (36/96) of H. pylori strains isolated from DU patients and 22.86% (16/70) of functional dyspepsia patients (p .05). Of these, 35 patients with DU (97.2%) and 14 patients with functional dyspepsia (81.25%) were infected by H. pylori positive for cagA genotype. Furthermore, the presence of dupA was significantly associated with the cagA‐positive genotype (p .02).Conclusion:   Results of our study have shown that significant association of dupA gene with DU in this population. The dupA gene can be considered as a novel virulent marker for DU in this population.
Failure of Sequential Therapy to Eradicate Helicobacter pylori in Previously Treated Subjects
Authors: Shehada Suhair , Srugo Isaac , Shaoul Ron 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground:  Recently, studies in adults and subsequently in children have demonstrated a very high success rate for sequential therapy as a primary therapy when compared to traditional therapy regimens.Methods:  We report our experience with a sequential therapy regimen for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori in five infected children and a young adult, whose conventional therapy regimens had been unsuccessful.Results:  Five patients failed the sequential therapy. All of them experienced between two and four failures of traditional therapy prior to the sequential treatment protocol. The only patient who succeeded on the sequential therapy had just one previous failure. All of our patients who had failed sequential therapy achieved eradication of the bacteria with quadruple therapy.Conclusions:  In view of our disappointing results, sequential therapy is unsuccessful as a therapy for children and young adults who have failed previous treatment regimens. At the present time, quadruple therapy is indicated for this group. Well‐designed placebo‐controlled trials are indicated to further characterize this group of patients.