bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal Solvent Reflux and Thermal Solvent Hybrid Experiments
Authors: Ivory J. , Frauenfeld T. , Jossy C. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The experiments and numerical simulations described in this paper were performed to determine the effectiveness of the thermal solvent reflux and steam solvent hybrid processes and to determine the key parameters involved in these two processes.
Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) is the current technology of choice for Athabasca reservoirs. It is commercially proven and delivers high oil rates and high ultimate recoveries. However, it is energy intensive. In addition, steam injection may be limited by lack of water, by regulatory issues or by the fact that some reservoirs are water sensitive.
Vapour-assisted petroleum extraction (VAPEX) does not have the energy and water problems associated with SAGD. However, it is inherently slower than SAGD.
One solution to the above difficulties is to combine processes by heating the horizontal wellbores. The heat serves to initiate communication between the injector and the producer. In addition, it will increase the rate of diffusion of the solvent into the oil. Heat may be applied by electric heaters, with a closed steam or glycol loop, or by direct injection of steam. In the first three of four experiments described in this report, the wells were electrically heated. In the fourth experiment, steam was co-injected with the solvent.
Two experiments using Hillmond oil showed that similar results were obtained whether heating was obtained by electrically heating the wells (thermal solvent reflux process) or by direct steam injection (steam solvent-hybrid process). For these two experiments, the oil rate and recovery were similar. Numerical simulations were used to history match the experiments and effective diffusivity values were estimated.
Introduction
The objective of the thermal solvent reflux experiments was to develop a solvent-assisted process for recovery of heavy oil from thick, cold reservoirs such as Cold Lake and Athabasca.
The thermal solvent process concept (Figure 1) is
• Inject solvent and produce oil through horizontal wells
• Heat the injection and production wells to reboil the solvent in situ (solvent reflux) (i.e., in-situ recycle of solvent)
The advantages of the thermal solvent reflux process are
• Requires less heat than SAGD
• Less steam plant emissions
• Smaller solvent recycle plant on surface
• Smaller injection facility needed
• Does not inject water into the reservoir
• Suitable for reactive reservoirs
• No treatment of boiler feed water required
• Minimal water disposal
• Minimal oil/water separation facilities required
• Heat will speed mass transfer over cold VAPEX
Is High-Pressure Air Injection (HPAI) Simply a Flue-Gas Flood?
Authors: Montes A.R. , Gutierrez D. , Moore R.G. , Mehta S.A. , Ursenbach M.G. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
High-pressure air injection (HPAI) is an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) process in which compressed air is injected into a deep, light-oil reservoir, with the expectation that the oxygen in the injected air will react with a fraction of the reservoir oil at an elevated temperature to produce carbon dioxide.
Over the years, HPAI has been considered a simple flue-gas flood, giving little credit to the thermal drive as a production mechanism. The truth is that, although early production during a HPAI process is mainly due to re-pressurization and gasflood effects, once a pore volume of air has been injected the combustion front becomes the main driving mechanism.
This paper presents laboratory and field evidence of the presence of a thermal front during HPAI operations, and of its beneficial impact on oil production. Production and injection data from the Buffalo Field, which comprises the oldest HPAI projects currently in operation, were gathered and analyzed for this purpose. These HPAI projects definitely do not behave as simple immiscible gasfloods.
This study shows that a HPAI project has the potential to yield higher recoveries than a simple immiscible gasflood. Furthermore, it gives recommendations about how to operate the process to take advantage of its full capabilities.
Introduction
High-Pressure Air Injection (HPAI) is an emerging technology for the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) of light oils that has proven to be a valuable process, especially in deep, thin, low-permeability reservoirs(1-7).
A number of successful high-pressure air injection projects in light oil reservoirs have been documented in the literature(8-10). Most of these projects have been operating for many years, attesting to their technical and economic success.
The improvement in recovery of light oil by HPAI involves a combination of complex processes, each contributing to the overall recovery. These processes include flue gas sweeping, field re-pressurization, oil swelling, viscosity reduction, stripping of the lighter components of the oil, and thermal effects. Early production during the HPAI process is related to re-pressurization and gasflood effects; hence, the influence of the thermal zone is secondary during the early life of an injector. The oil displaced directly by the thermal front will depend on the effectiveness of the generated flue gas on oil displacement from outside the thermal region.
Mechanisms of Heavy Oil Recovery by Low Rate Waterflooding
Authors: Mai A. , Kantzas A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
At the conclusion of primary heavy oil production, significant volumes of oil still remain in the reservoir under depleted reservoir pressure. Waterfloods are often considered for additional oil recovery. It is accepted that conventional oil waterflooding theory is not applicable for heavy oil. However, there is a lack of understanding of how waterfloods should perform in these reservoirs, particularly after water breakthrough. In this study, waterfloods were performed at multiple rates in cores containing heavy oil and connate water. In some cores, oil was initially free of solution gas, and waterfloods were a primary recovery process. In other cores, waterfloods were performed after primary production. Experiments were performed in linear systems for a high-viscosity oil (11,500 mPa·s at 23°C), at different injection rates. The influence of viscous and capillary forces is studied in primary vs. secondary recovery systems. A common misconception is that capillary forces are negligible in heavy oil; however, this work shows that these forces are significant, and that water imbibition after water breakthrough can lead to improved oil recovery in both primary and secondary waterfloods.
Introduction
The Canadian deposits of heavy oil and bitumen are some of the largest in the world. Recent estimates by the Alberta Energy and Utilities Board(1) suggest that this resource could exceed 270 billion m³ in Alberta alone, with a significant portion of this oil located in reservoirs where energy-intensive thermal operations will not be economic. Heavy oil is a special class of this unconventional oil, which has viscosity ranging from 50 - 50,000 mPa·s (cp) and low API gravity. Heavy oil reservoirs are often high-porosity, high-permeability, unconsolidated sand deposits. Permeability of the sand averages in the range of 3D, but oil does not flow easily because of its high viscosity(2). The oil may contain dissolved solution gas at initial conditions; thus, a fraction of the oil can be recovered through solution gas drive. Primary production can recover around 5% of the oil in place(1), leaving significant oil volumes in the reservoir for potential secondary recovery.
Waterflooding is a common technique for secondary oil recovery in conventional oil reservoirs. In heavy oil systems, the extremely high oil viscosities lead to adverse mobility ratio conditions; thus, water will tend to "finger?? through the oil, and recoveries are expected to be extremely low(3,4). Despite the poor recoveries predicted theoretically, there have been numerous reports of heavy oil waterfloods performed in the literature(5-8). All of these studies report poor sweep efficiencies and low overall recovery. However, it is significant that in all cases some oil was still recovered, despite the highly adverse mobility ratios in the waterfloods.
Case Study of Multiple-Hydraulic-Fracture Completion in a Subsea Horizontal Well, Campos Basin
Authors: Neumann L.F. , Fernandes P.D. , Rosolen M.A. , Rodrigues V.F. , Silva Neto J.A. , Pedroso C.A. , Mendez A. , Torres D. 
Published: March 2010

Summary
This paper provides a case history of the first hydraulic fracture on a subsea horizontal well in the Quissama formation, a low-permeability limestone reservoir in Campos basin, Brazil.
The well was drilled in the direction of the expected fracture growth, thus evolving longitudinal fractures along the horizontal section. It is part of a research project to evaluate selective stimulation methods for subsea horizontal wells. Every aspect since the drilling, completion, and evaluation of the well was handled with the end in mind of hydraulically fracturing it in several stages.
Hydraulically fracturing a horizontal well has become a more accepted practice in our industry. The procedures used in fracturing vertical wells must be taken into consideration when fracturing a horizontal well, to avoid refracturing work. Near-wellbore (NWB) problems are usually the main reason that fracturing work is not completed. This paper describes hydraulic-fracture treatments with detailed discussion on analysis of calibration tests, fluid-efficiency tests (FETs), and lessons learned.
Results of the pumping work will be presented showing theory and how common practices played a key role for a successful application of techniques used. Laboratory tests performed with cores taken from the well itself, such as rock mechanics, proppant embedment, compaction measurements, and basic mineralogy, are presented.
Production results will be presented and compared to conventional methods used on other subsea horizontal wells in Campos basin.
Photo-Fenton and photo-Fenton-like processes for the degradation of methyl orange in aqueous medium: Influence of oxidation states of iron
Authors: Devi L. , Kumar S. , Anantha Raju K. , Eraiah Rajashekhar K. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDegradation of methyl orange (MO) was carried out by the photo-Fenton process (Fe2+/H2O2/UV) and photo-Fenton-like processes (Fe3+/H2O2/UV, Fe2+/S2O82−/UV, and Fe3+/S2O82−/UV) at the acidic pH of 3 using hydrogen peroxide and ammonium persulfate (APS) as oxidants. Oxidation state of iron had a significant influence on the efficiency of photo-Fenton/photo-Fenton-like processes. It was found that a process with a source of Fe3+ ions as the catalyst showed higher efficiency compared to a process with the Fe2+ ion as the catalyst. H2O2 served as a better oxidant for both oxidation states of iron compared to APS. The lower efficiency of APS is attributed to the generation of excess protons which scavenges the hydroxyl radicals necessary for degradation. Further, the sulfate ions produced from S2O82− form a complex with Fe2+/Fe3+ ions thereby reducing the concentration of free iron ions in the solution. This process can also reduce the concentration of hydroxyl radicals in the solution. Efficiency of the various MO degradation processes follows the order: Fe3+/H2O2/UV, Fe3+/APS/UV, Fe2+/H2O2/UV, Fe2+/APS/UV.
Synthesis, spectral and electrochemical study of coordination molecules Cu4OX6L4: 3-cyanopyridine Cu4OBrnCl(6−n)(3-CNpy)4 complexes
Authors: Ondrejovič Gregor , Kotočová Adela , Koman Marian , Segľa Peter 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSeven new 3-cyanopyridine Cu4OBrnCl(6−n)(3-CNpy)4 (n = 0–6) complexes were prepared and studied by infrared spectra, electronic spectra, and cyclic voltammetry. Infrared spectra revealed a distortion of the tetrahedral Cu4O core to C 2ν or C 3ν symmetries and a donor-acceptor vibrational coupling with the in-plane pyridine ring bending within the O-Cu-(pyridine ring)CN system involving the π-back bonding between Cu(II) atoms and 3-CNpy ligands. Bands of the electronic spectra and half-wave potentials of the complexes are consistent with the weak donor and strong acceptor behaviour of the 3-CNpy ligands. The results were compared with analogous complexes of pyridine, 3-substituted and 4-substituted pyridine ligands.
Mycotic keratitis in India: a five-year retrospective study
Authors: Tilak Ragini , Singh Abhisek , Maurya Om Prakash Singh , Chandra Abhishek , Tilak Vijai , Gulati Anil Kumar 
Published: March 2010

Background: Mycotic keratitis is a fungal infection of the cornea. This infection is difficult to treat and it can lead to severe visual impairment or blindness. It is worldwide in distribution, but is more common in the tropics and subtropical regions. Trauma is the major predisposing factor, followed by ocular and systemic defects, prior application of corticosteroids, and prolonged use of antibiotic eye-drops. The objective of this study was to determine causative agents and to identify the predisposing factors of mycotic keratitis. Methodology: Corneal scrapings from 90 corneal ulcer patients with suspected fungal etiology were subjected to direct examination by 10% KOH mount, Gram stain and culture. Results: This study included 90 subjects with corneal ulcers, based on clinical suspicion, of whom 41 cases were diagnosed with mycotic keratitis in the laboratory. Among these 41 cases, culture showed fungal growth only in 36 cases whereas the remaining five cases were positive only by potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation. Males were more commonly affected and were mostly in the age group of 31-40 years. Aspergillus flavus was the most common fungus isolated followed by fusarium solani. Conclusion: Rapid diagnosis and early institution of antifungal therapy is necessary to prevent ocular morbidity and blindness. Although culture helps in definite diagnosis and identification, direct microscopic detection of fungal structures in corneal scrapes or biopsies permits a rapid presumptive diagnosis.
Osteomyelitis in leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1 syndrome
Authors: Jabbari Azad Farahzad , Ardalan Maryam , Hoseinpoor Rafati Ali , Sotoudeh Soheila , Pourpak Zahra 
Published: March 2010

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1 (LAD-1) is a rare, inherited immunodeficiency that affects one per million people yearly and usually presents with recurrent, indolent bacterial infections of the skin, mouth, and respiratory tract and impaired pus formation and wound healing. A 13-year-old girl diagnosed LAD-I at the age of 7 years was brought to the Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, because of a draining plaque on the left leg for 2.5 years. She had recurrent skin infections and had been treated with repeated courses of different antibiotic combinations, with temporary responses, since 5 years of age. Examination revealed a 7 × 8 cm minimally erythematous hyperpigmented plaque with multiple draining sinuses on the left leg. Tissue culture yielded Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Flow cytometry showed CD18 (18.79%), CD11a (51.59%), CD11b (18.61%) and CD11c(10.60%). A plain radiography of the left leg revealed osteomyelitis. It is highly suggested that patients diagnosed mild to moderate LAD-1 with recurrent skin infection and simultaneous weak response to conventional therapy undergo (BMT) marrow transplant to prohibit subsequent life-threatening complications.
Correlation of Trichomonas vaginalis to bacterial vaginosis: a laboratory-based study
Authors: El Sayed Zaki Maysaa , Raafat Douaa , El Emshaty Wafaa , Azab Manar Sobh , Goda Hossam 
Published: March 2010

Background: This study aimed to define the occurrence of different organisms causing vulvovaginitis; to evaluate different laboratory methods used for diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis); and to evaluate the direct score system and clue cell method compared with culture for diagnosis of bacterial and T. vaginalis vaginosis. Methodology: Clinical and laboratory evaluations were performed for 110 patients. Laboratory methods used for bacteriological diagnosis were direct Gram staining for clue cells and scoring by Nugent score system and bacterial culture. T. vaginalis was identified by wet mount microscopic examination, culture, direct Gram, Giemsa staining and acridine orange (AO). Results: The Nugent score method revealed that the sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of vaginal discharge by direct rapid microscopic methods were 30% and 80% and for clue cells sensitivity and specificity were 37% and 75% respectively for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis compared to culture. For diagnosis of T. vaginalis, the Nugent score method revealed that the sensitivity and specificity were 60% and 90% respectively, and for clue cells 75% and 80% respectively. For microcopic methods used for T. vaginalis only, the Gram stain and Giemsa stain sensitivities were poor (15.2% and 48.5%, respectively). Wet mount showed reasonable sensitivity of 75.8%. Acridine orange sensitivity was 93.9% and specificity was 97.5%, Conclusion: Prevalent pathogens associated with vaginitis were (Gardnerella vaginalis) G. vaginalis, T. vaginalis and Mycoplasma hominis (M. hominis). Wet mount microscopic examination, acridine orange, and high Nugent score were found as rapid and sensitive methods for diagnosis of T. vaginalis.
High prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a tertiary care hospital in Tehran, Iran
Authors: Mehrgan Hadi , Rahbar Mohammad , Arab-Halvaii Zohreh 
Published: March 2010

Background: Extended-spectrum beta (β)-lactamase (ESBL)-producing enterobacteria are major emerging pathogens in nosocomial infections. Methodology: The combination disk synergy test was used to evaluate 202 consecutive non-repeated Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumonia) strains for ESBL production. The strains were isolated from various clinical specimens of hospitalized patients over the period from July 2005 to March 2007. Their antibiotic susceptibility pattern was also determined by the disk diffusion method. Demographic and medical data of the patients were recorded using a questionnaire. Results: One hundred and fifty-seven (77.7%) of the isolates were confirmed as ESBL-producers. By univariate analysis, young age, stay in intensive care unit (ICU)/medical wards, recent stay in ICU, and number of days of ICU stay were found to be risk factors for acquisition of resistant bacteria (χ2 and Mann-Whitney U tests, P < 0.05). However, binary logistic multivariate regression analysis confirmed that stay in ICU [Odds ratio (OR) 6.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.36-15.72; P < 0.001] or medical wards [OR 3.72, 95% CI 1.42-9.75; P = 0.007] were significantly associated with ESBL production. Imipenem, ofloxacin, cefoxitin and norfloxacin (against urinary isolates) were found to be highly active against ESBL-producing isolates in vitro (100%, 75.2%, 69.4% and 66.7% susceptibility, respectively). In addition to most β-lactams, they showed co-resistance with other antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, aminoglycosides, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline. Conclusion: Our results showed a high prevalence of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae in our hospital setting. As the available treatment options are limited, antibiotic control policies together with the implementation of infection control measures remain of high importance.
The TV: an educational tool in the context of the family
Authors: Guerra-Liaño Sonsoles 
Published: March 2010

This research tries to contribute with some information, reflections and proposals on television, and its main goal is to explore the possibilities that television offers as an educational tool in the family, orientated to the education of their children. Therefore, the reception and impact on the families of the region of Cantabria of the program of television «Home from school» was evaluated as an initiative of the Marcelino Botín Foundation. The results obtained with the questionnaire to the families who saw the programs show that television is a tool at the disposal of parents, a resource that helps them to educate their children.
Este trabajo de investigación pretende aportar algunas informaciones, datos, reflexiones y propuestas sobre la televisión. El principal objetivo de la investigación es indagar acerca de las posibilidades que la televisión ofrece como herramienta educativa en la familia, como un recurso más, orientado a la educación de los hijos. Para ello se evaluó la acogida e impacto, entre las familias de Cantabria, del programa de televisión «Del Cole a Casa», iniciativa de la Fundación Marcelino Botín dentro de su programa «Prevenir para vivir» emitido durante el curso 2004/ 2005 por la cadena local cántabra Canal 8 DM. Los resultados obtenidos a través del cuestionario realizado a las familias que vieron los programas muestran, entre otros, a la televisión como una herramienta a disposición de los padres y madres a la hora de contactar con un recurso que les ayude a educar a los hijos.
The impact of the screen codes
Authors: Martínez-Rodrigo Estrella 
Published: March 2010

The increasing influence of television on childhood is unfortunately not always in accordance with the established values, principles and behaviours practised at home. This research endeavours to highlight the fundamental role played by the family in their members´ upbringing. Not only by establishing the place, times and form of exposure to the television screen, but also by promoting a more critical and reflexive attitude to the messages they receive. This way, television could become a help in the children´s education.
La influencia de los contenidos televisivos en los niños es cada vez mayor y no siempre acorde con los valores y las pautas de conducta establecidas en su hogar. El presente trabajo pretende destacar el papel fundamental de la familia en la formación de sus miembros, tanto controlando el lugar, el modo y el tiempo de exposición ante la pantalla, como realizando actividades que fomenten una actitud más crítica, reflexiva y significativa ante los códigos de los mensajes que reciben, de manera que la televisión refuerce la educación que pretenden inculcar a sus hijos.
A descriptive study of TV consumption in children in Primary and High schools
Authors: López-Romero Laura , Monedero-Morales Carmen del Rocío 
Published: March 2010

This paper shows the results of a study on TV consumption at home that has been developed both in state and private Primary and High schools. This paper tries to emphasize the need for media literacy at home, including parents and tutors and taking into account the results of this study.
Esta comunicación expone los resultados obtenidos a raíz de un estudio realizado en colegios públicos y privados-concertados, en particular, a alumnos de la enseñanza primaria y secundaria, sobre el consumo televisivo desde los hogares. Mediante esta comunicación los autores pretenden enfatizar en la necesidad de una alfabetización audiovisual por parte de los progenitores o tutores de los alumnos tomando como punto de referencia los resultados cuantitativos obtenidos.
TV is not Mary Poppins
Authors: Comín-Oliver Mar 
Published: March 2010

TV has a great power as an educational tool for children. Teachers, politicians, directors, parents and general public should join forces to take advantage of TV as an instrument for learning. Governments, families and schools should work together on making of TV a good educational tool and not the opposite. Because even though TV is a handy and convenient nanny, TV is not Mary Poppins, not at all (...).
Educadores, políticos, ejecutivos, padres y público en general deben de tener claro que para que se aproveche plenamente el potencial de la televisión como medio de comunicación a favor del desarrollo de los niños, es necesario un esfuerzo conjunto. Gobierno, familia y escuela deben de cooperar para que la televisión eduque y no maleduque. Porque aunque cómoda y muy económica, la tele no es Mary Poppins, ni mucho menos (…).