bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Massive Sulphide Deposits Related to the Volcano‐Passive Continental Margin in the Altay Region
Authors: Jingbin WANG , Jiniu DENG , Jinhong ZHANG , Kezhang QIN 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe Devonian volcano‐passive continental margin in southern Altay is a significant volcanogenic massive sulphide metallogenic belt. Acidic volcanism has been dominant on the inner side of the volcano‐passive continental margin, i.e., near the old land, resulting in a Pb‐Zn metallogenic sub‐belt, in which the ore deposits are hosted by sedimentary rocks in volcanic series, as represented by the large Koktal Pb‐Zn deposits. In the central part of the margin far away from the old land, bimodal volcanic formations are well developed, forming volcanics‐hosted Cu‐Zn metallogenic sub‐belts, e.g., the large‐scale Ashele Cu‐Zn deposit. The Qiaoxiahala sub‐belt on the outer side of the margin near the ocean ridge is located at the spreading central trough, where ophiolite suites are developed. This type of deposits is rich in gold and copper, similar to the Cyprus‐type Fe‐Cu‐Au metallogenic sub‐belt in metallogenic environment (represented by the Qiaoxiahala medium‐scale Fe‐Cu‐Au deposit). From the old land to the ocean, the mineralizing age becomes younger, i.e., from Early Devonian→Early and Middle Devonian→Middle Devonian, forming a complete metallogenic zoning series on the volcano‐passive continental margin. Comparative studies show that the massive sulphide deposits distributed on the volcano‐passive continental margin are different from those formed under a plate subduction regime and oceanic ridge environment; the former have their unique features and wide distributions, representing a new type of volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits—the Altay type.
Process of Rifting and Collision along Plate Margins of the Qinling Orogenic Belt and Its Geodynamics
Authors: Shaofeng LIU , Guowei ZHANG 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe Qinling orogenic belt underwent complicated processes of rifting and collision, as shown by the coexistence of 1 ocean extension and plate margin rifting and 2 subduction of the frontal oceanic crust and extension of the rear plate margin. These resulted in a basin‐mountain framework characterized by the coexistence of plates separated by the ocean basin and continental blocks demarcated by the rifting sea trough in the marginal region and the coexistence of subduction orogeny and ocean extension. Generally speaking, the plate marginal area between the North China plate and Yangtze plate continually rifted from north to south and the rifted micro‐plates continually accreted northwards. This especial orogenic process was probably controlled by two events of deep mantle geodynamic adjustment and mantle plume activities, which occurred in the Shangdan suture belt and Mianlüe suture belt from north to south respectively.
Pre‐collision Granites and Post‐collision Intrusive Assemblage of the Kelameili‐Harlik Orogenic Belt
Authors: Lianxing GU , Shouxi HU , Qiang CHU , Chunshui YU , Xinjian XIAO 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe main types of intrusive rocks in the Kelameili‐Harlik Hercynian orogenic belt include calc‐alkaline granites, diabase dykes, kaligranites and alkaline granites. Investigation in field geology, petrology, mineralogy and geochemistry shows that the calc‐alkaline granites belong to the syntexis‐type (or I‐type) and were formed in a pre‐collisional magmatic arc environment. In consideration of the fact that kaligranites have many features of alkaline granites with higher consolidation temperatures than the calc‐alkaline granites and show a discontinuity of minor element and REE evolution in respect to the calc‐alkaline granites, they could not have been derived by differentiation of magmas for the calc‐alkaline granites, but are likely to have been generated in an environment analogous to that for alkaline granites. The triplet of basic dyke swarms, kaligranites and alkaline granites could be regarded as a prominent indication of the initial stage of post‐collisional delamination and extension. These rocks might have originated from underplating and intraplating of mantle‐derived magmas at varying levels with varying degrees of partial melting, mixing, and interchange of crustal and mantle materials
Carboniferous Mixed Terrigenous Clastic, Carbonate and Sulphate Sediments in the Bachu Area, Xinjiang
Authors: Chuantao XIAO , Yuntang PAN 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe Carboniferous system in the Xiaohaizi area, Bachu County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, composed of typical mixed terrigenous clastic, carbonate and sulphate sediments, was mainly deposited in the tidal flat and lagoon environments. The mixed sediments occur as the following eleven types: 1. limestone intercalated with siltstone; 2. interbeds of shale and limestone; 3. gypsolyte interbedded with limestone; 4. gypsolyte intercalated with siltstone; 5. gypsolyte interbedded with shale; 6. gypsolyte intercalated with siltstone, limestone and dolomite; 7. siltstone interbedded with gypsolyte and limestone; 8. terrigenous detritus scattered in carbonate matrix; 9. carbonate as cement in clastic rocks; 10. mixed sediments of carbonate and terrigenous mud; 11. mixed sediments of carbonate grains with terrigenous sand. Based on the analysis of the dynamic mechanism of mixed sediments, it is believed that these types of mixed sediments in the study area were controlled by climate, sea level change and sources of sediments.
Features of the Early Palaeozoic Mantle beneath Langao County and Its Formation Mechanism
Authors: Xueyi XU , Yuehua HUANG , Linqi XIA , Zuchun XIA 
Published: October 2010

AbstractPhlogopite‐amphibole pyroxenite xenoliths contained in an Early Palaeozoic alkali subvolcanic lamprophyre complex in Langao County, Shaanxi Province, are metasomatized mantle xenoliths, composed mainly of clinopyroxene, amphibole, phlogopite, apatite, pervoskite, ilmenite and sphene with well‐developed subsolidus metamorphism‐deformation textures, such as “triple points” and “cataclastic boundaries”. Minerological studies indicate that clinopyroxene is rich in SiO2 and MgO and poor in TiO2 and Al2O3, which is notably different from magmatogenic deep‐seated megacrysts and phenocrysts formed in the range of mantle pressure. Amphibole and phlogopite have the compositional feature of mantle‐derived amphibole and phlogopite. Sm‐Nd isotope studies suggest that the metasomatized mantle beneath Langao County is the product of metasomatism of primitive mantle by melt (fluid) derived from the mantle plume, and the mantle metasomatism occurred 650 Ma ago. The process of mantle metasomatism changed from mantle metasomatism induced by CO2‐, H2O‐ and CH4‐rich fluid in the early stage to that induced by melt and P‐, Ti‐, Ca‐ and Fe‐rich fluid in the late stage.
Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H7N1) Transmission Between Wild Ducks and Domestic Ducks
Authors: Therkildsen O. R. , Jensen T. H. , Handberg K. J. , Bragstad K. , Jørgensen P. H. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryThis article describes a virological investigation in a mixed flock of ducks and geese following detection of avian influenza virus antibodies in domestic geese. Low pathogenic H7N1 was found in both domestic and wild birds, indicating that transmission of virus was likely to have taken place between these. The importance of implementing and maintaining appropriate biosecurity measures is re‐emphasized.
Taxation and State Building: Towards a Governance Focused Tax Reform Agenda
Authors: Prichard Wilson 
Published: October 2010

SummaryTaxation is fundamental to sustainable development, as it supports the basic functions of an effective state and sets the context for economic growth. More often overlooked is the role of taxation as a catalyst for the development of responsive and accountable government, and for the expansion of state capacity. Recent research has begun to focus on this broader relationship between taxation and state building, but the analysis has frequently remained relatively theoretical and abstract. This paper seeks to chart new territory by translating the findings of existing research into a practical agenda for action, focusing on the specific measures that governments, with the support of development partners, could be taking to strengthen the state building role of taxation. In short, this paper seeks to outline the core elements of a governance focused tax reform agenda.
Interactions between Auditory and Visual Semantic Stimulus Classes: Evidence for Common Processing Networks for Speech and Body Actions
Authors: Meyer Georg F. , Greenlee Mark , Wuerger Sophie 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Incongruencies between auditory and visual signals negatively affect human performance and cause selective activation in neuroimaging studies; therefore, they are increasingly used to probe audiovisual integration mechanisms. An open question is whether the increased BOLD response reflects computational demands in integrating mismatching low-level signals or reflects simultaneous unimodal conceptual representations of the competing signals. To address this question, we explore the effect of semantic congruency within and across three signal categories (speech, body actions, and unfamiliar patterns) for signals with matched low-level statistics. In a localizer experiment, unimodal (auditory and visual) and bimodal stimuli were used to identify ROIs. All three semantic categories cause overlapping activation patterns. We find no evidence for areas that show greater BOLD response to bimodal stimuli than predicted by the sum of the two unimodal responses. Conjunction analysis of the unimodal responses in each category identifies a network including posterior temporal, inferior frontal, and premotor areas. Semantic congruency effects are measured in the main experiment. We find that incongruent combinations of two meaningful stimuli (speech and body actions) but not combinations of meaningful with meaningless stimuli lead to increased BOLD response in the posterior STS (pSTS) bilaterally, the left SMA, the inferior frontal gyrus, the inferior parietal lobule, and the anterior insula. These interactions are not seen in premotor areas. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that pSTS and frontal areas form a recognition network that combines sensory categorical representations (in pSTS) with action hypothesis generation in inferior frontal gyrus/premotor areas. We argue that the same neural networks process speech and body actions.
Intention Processing in Communication: A Common Brain Network for Language and Gestures
Authors: Enrici Ivan , Adenzato Mauro , Cappa Stefano , Bara Bruno G. , Tettamanti Marco 
Published: October 2010

AbstractHuman communicative competence is based on the ability to process a specific class of mental states, namely, communicative intention. The present fMRI study aims to analyze whether intention processing in communication is affected by the expressive means through which a communicative intention is conveyed, that is, the linguistic or extralinguistic gestural means. Combined factorial and conjunction analyses were used to test two sets of predictions: first, that a common brain network is recruited for the comprehension of communicative intentions independently of the modality through which they are conveyed; second, that additional brain areas are specifically recruited depending on the communicative modality used, reflecting distinct sensorimotor gateways. Our results clearly showed that a common neural network is engaged in communicative intention processing independently of the modality used. This network includes the precuneus, the left and right posterior STS and TPJ, and the medial pFC. Additional brain areas outside those involved in intention processing are specifically engaged by the particular communicative modality, that is, a peri-sylvian language network for the linguistic modality and a sensorimotor network for the extralinguistic modality. Thus, common representation of communicative intention may be accessed by modality-specific gateways, which are distinct for linguistic versus extralinguistic expressive means. Taken together, our results indicate that the information acquired by different communicative modalities is equivalent from a mental processing standpoint, in particular, at the point at which the actor's communicative intention has to be reconstructed.
Attitudes and opinions of nursing and medical staff regarding the supply and storage of medicinal products before and after the installation of a drawer-based automated stock-control system
Authors: Ardern-Jones Joanne , Hughes Donald K , Rowe Philip H , Mottram David R , Green Christopher F 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Objectives
This study assessed the attitudes of Emergency Department (ED) staff regarding the introduction of an automated stock-control system. The objectives were to determine attitudes to stock control and replenishment, speed of access to the system, ease of use and the potential for future uses of the system. The study was carried out in the Countess of Chester Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (COCH) ED, which is attended by over 65 000 patients each year.

Methods
All 68 ED staff were sent pre-piloted, semi-structured questionnaires and reminders, before and after automation of medicines stock control.

Key findings
Pre-implementation, 35 staff (66.1% of respondents) reported that problems occurred with access to medicine storage keys ‘very frequently’ or ‘frequently’. Twenty-eight (52.8%) respondents ‘agreed’ or ‘strongly agreed’ that medicines were quickly accessed, which rose to 41 (77%) post-automation (P &lt; 0.001). Improvement was reported in stock replenishment and storage of stock injections and oral medicines, but there were mixed opinions regarding storage of bulk fluids and refrigerated items. Twenty-seven (51.9%) staff reported access to the system within 1 min and 17 (32.7%) staff reported access within 1–2 min. The majority of staff found the system ‘easy’ or ‘very easy’ to use and there was a non-significant relationship between previous use of information technology and acceptance of the system.

Conclusions
From a staff satisfaction perspective, automation improved medicines storage, security and stock control, and addressed the problem of searching for keys to storage areas. Concerns over familiarity with computers, queuing, speed of access and an improved audit trail do not appear to have been issues, when compared with the previous manual storage of medicines.
Evaluation of use of herbal medicines among ambulatory hypertensive patients attending a secondary health care facility in Nigeria
Authors: Olisa Nwako S , Oyelola Fakeye T 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Objectives
The aim was to evaluate use of herbal medicine among hypertensive patients.

Method
The study was carried out at a secondary health care facility in Maiduguri, Nigeria, between April and June 2007. Pretested questionnaires were administered to 500 ambulatory hypertensive patients attending the hypertension clinic after giving consent. Demographic data of respondents, information on reasons for use, sources of herbal medicines, co-administration with allopathic agents, effects observed, steps taken when adverse effects were observed and reasons for discontinuation of herbal medicines were obtained. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and χ2 at a significance level of P &lt; 0.05.

Key findings
One hundred and twenty respondents were found to be using herbal medicines. Increased age was associated with increased use of herbal medicines (P &lt; 0.05). Co-administration of herbal medicines with antihypertensive agents was done by 47.5% respondents, out of which herbs with antihypertensive activity were used by 33.33%. The majority of respondents, 71.15%, were using herbal medicines unbeknownst to their physicians. Clinically evident adverse effects due to co-administration of herbal medicines and allopathic agents were reported by 21.04% of the respondents. Side effects observed (3.79%), improvement in clinical conditions (3.03%), perceived inefficacy of the herbal medicine (1.52%) and instructions by the health care provider (21.15%) were reasons given for discontinuation of the herbal medicines. Reasons given for preferring herbal medicines were combinations of perceived failure of allopathic medicines (31.73%), relatively high cost of allopathic medicine (23.08%), socio-cultural practices/herbal knowledge (20.19%), poor accessibility to medical facilities (19.23%), safety concerns (9.62%) and uncaring attitudes of hospital staff when attending to respondents (6.73%).

Conclusions
Herbal medicines were often co-administered with allopathic agents by hypertensive patients, and health care givers need to be vigilant and include questions about use of herbal medicines when taking a patient's drug medication history.
The influence of continuing professional development portfolio records on pharmacy practice
Authors: Kostrzewski Andrzej J , Dhillon Soraya , Goodsman Danë , Taylor Kevin M G 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of this study was to undertake an in-depth investigation of the influence of continuing professional development (CPD) portfolios on pharmacy practice in the hospital setting. The objectives were to explore the views of pharmacists regarding the contribution of CPD records to professional practice and examine the influence of time and experience on pharmacists' views of recording professional practice.

Method
A qualitative design was used to explore the views of pharmacists over 12 months. Pharmacists were stratified according to years of practice in the UK National Health Service (NHS). The methods used involved semi-structured in-depth face-to-face interviews. The interviews were undertaken at three time points. The pharmacists were gathered into three focus groups to test the consistency of the interviews. A purposive sampling method used nine NHS Teaching and Non-Teaching hospital pharmacists in the London area.

Key findings
The participants included four males and five females, who had been qualified for between 0.1 and 21 years. Three key themes emerged for how CPD records contribute to practice: (1) lack of contribution to practice, (2) tacit contribution and (3) mentality. Overall, the recording process made little if any change in professional practice. The more experienced participants were less likely to be able to explain any changes in practice and there were no consistent changes in the views expressed over time.

Conclusions
The contribution of CPD recording to enhancing practice in hospital pharmacists was difficult to demonstrate. This study has also illustrated the power relationships involving control mechanisms used by the NHS, and the UK pharmacists' regulatory body, which are discussed in the context of the Panopticon model of self-regulated behaviour. Further research is needed to establish the value of CPD recording.
Research skills training for the Doctor of Pharmacy in US Schools of Pharmacy: A descriptive study
Authors: Fuji Kevin T , Galt Kimberly A 
Published: October 2010

AbstractObjectivesAs the practice of pharmacy grows increasingly complex, graduates are expected to possess a comprehensive set of skills enabling them to provide optimal patient care. Thus, research skills are becoming increasingly valuable and a necessary part of pharmacist training globally. However, training opportunities for improving research skills have not been well explored in the literature. This study examines how research skills are currently being offered in various Doctor of Pharmacy curricula in US Schools of Pharmacy.MethodsA five-question survey was e-mailed to key individuals at 95 Colleges of Pharmacy in the USA and Puerto Rico. Responses were aggregated and then stratified by research project requirements, as well as by school type (public or private; Carnegie Foundation classification).Key findingsSeventy-nine respondents provided usable surveys for an 83% response rate. Respondents encompassed a representative population of school types. Although most schools do not require completion of a research project (75%), the majority of research skills listed were taught in various forms in over half of the responding institutions. There did not appear to be a significant distinction in research skills training provided based upon school type. However, schools requiring students to complete a research project in order to graduate provided the most comprehensive research skills training.ConclusionsResearch skills training has greatly increased over the past 10 years. However, more study needs to be done in a number of areas, including determining the most effective way to offer research skills training, determining its post-graduate impact and determining its overall effect on the profession of pharmacy.
Cardiovascular drug use prior to diagnosis of diabetes: A pilot study in community pharmacy
Authors: Simoens Steven , De Coster Sandra , Dethier Marleen , Lenie Jan , Meuwissen Paul , Laekeman Gert 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Objectives
The literature indicates that cardiovascular drug use is higher during the years prior to diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. As there are pharmaco-epidemiological and economic consequences of enhanced medication use prior to diagnosis of diabetes, there is a need for a comparative analysis of the drug-use pattern by patients with a subsequent diagnosis of diabetes and control patients. This pilot study aimed to investigate cardiovascular drug use in patients with a subsequent diagnosis of diabetes using data extracted from 200 community pharmacies in the Belgian township of Hasselt.

Methods
Based on community pharmacy data, a retrospective case-control study compared the drug use of patients with a subsequent diagnosis of type 2 diabetes (cases) with patients without a subsequent diagnosis (controls). Cases were identified if patients started taking metformin (and possibly other drugs used in diabetes) during the 2004–2006 study period. Drug use was expressed as a binary variable, reflecting whether or not a patient took drugs belonging to a specific cardiovascular subclass.

Key findings
Our dataset consisted of 158 cases with a subsequent diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and 632 control patients. Patients with a subsequent diagnosis of type 2 diabetes had a higher propensity to take cardiovascular drugs prior to diagnosis than control patients. This trend was observed across all cardiovascular drug classes, except for calcium-channel blockers, and was statistically significant for β-blocking agents and agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system.

Conclusions
A positive association was observed between cardiovascular drug use and subsequent diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. This study emphasizes the potential role for community pharmacy in early identification of diabetes using more targeted screening based on cardiovascular drug use as derived from pharmacy databases.