bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Scientific Grand Challenges of the 21st Century for the Crop Science Society of America
Authors: Lauer Joseph G. , Bijl Caron Gala , Grusak Michael A. , Baenziger P. Stephen , Boote Ken , Lingle Sarah , Carter Thomas , Kaeppler Shawn , Boerma Roger , Eizenga Georgia , Carter Paul , Goodman Major , Nafziger Emerson , Kidwell Kimberlee , Mitchell Rob , Edgerton Michael D. , Quesenberry Ken , Willcox Martha C. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTCrop science is a highly integrative science employing expertise from multiple disciplines to broaden our understanding of agronomic, turf, and forage crops. A major goal of crop science is to ensure an adequate and sustainable production of food, feed, fuel, and fiber for our world's growing population. The Crop Science Society of America (CSSA) identified key Grand Challenges which, when addressed, will provide the tools, technologies, and solutions required to meet these challenges. The Grand Challenges are: (i) Crop adaptation to climate change: Increase the speed with which agriculture can adapt to climate change by using crop science to address abiotic stresses such as drought and heat. (ii) Resistance to biotic stresses: Increase durability of resistance to biotic stresses that threaten yield and quality of major crops. (iii) Management for resource limited systems: Create novel crop cultivars and management approaches designed for problem soils and low‐input farming to increase economic prosperity for farmers and overcome world hunger. (iv) Crop management systems: Create novel crop management systems that are resilient in the face of changes in climate and rural demographics. (v) Biofuels: Develop sustainable biofuel feedstock cropping systems that require minimal land area, optimize production, and improve the environment. (vi) Bioresources: Genotyping the major crop germplasm collections to facilitate identification of gene treasures for breeding and genetics research and deployment of superior genes into adapted germplasm around the globe. These challenges are intended to be dynamic and change as societal needs evolve. Available funding and national prioritization will determine the rate that they will be addressed.
Using Low-Fidelity Simulation to Maintain Competency in Central Line Care
Authors: Taylor John T. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Purpose: Many healthcare facilities require staff nurses to complete annual competency assessments on central line care. However, the question arises, could simulation provide a better assessment of competency and possibly help nurses retain competence longer?
Review of Relevant Literature: A thorough review of the literature revealed that limited investigation has been done regarding the perception or effectiveness of simulation as a tool for competency evaluation. Multiple authors have identified simulation as an advantageous method for training health care providers in central line care. Several studies have linked simulation based training with decreased central line associated bacteremia rates. There is also evidence in the literature that simulation has great potential as a competency validation technique.
Discussion: A sample of staff nurses participated in one of four central line care scenarios in a simulation environment. The participants were asked to complete a demographics survey as well as a self-assessment on central line competency prior to the simulation experience. Debriefing followed the simulation, offering the participant feedback on performance and verification of correct and incorrect actions. The self-assessment was then repeated to measure participant perception post-simulation.
Implications for Clinical Practice: No significant difference of performance in the simulation was inferred from baccalaureate-prepared nurses versus diploma or associate-prepared nurses. Almost all participants rated their competence in caring for a central line as either “competent” or “highly competent.” However upon demonstration of central line skills in the simulation, all but two participants omitted a critical step. Omitting these steps places the patient at risk for infection or other complications.
Using Multi-objective Evolutionary Algorithms for Optimization of the Cooling System in Polymer Injection Molding
Authors: Fernandes C. , Pontes A. J. , Viana J. C. , Gaspar-Cunha A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The cooling process in polymer injection molding is of great importance as it has a direct impact on both productivity and product quality. In this paper a Multi-objective Optimization Genetic Algorithm, denoted as Reduced Pareto Set Genetic Algorithm with Elitism (RPSGAe), was applied to optimize both the position and the layout of the cooling channels in the injection molding process. The optimization model proposed in this paper is an integration of genetic algorithms and Computer-Aided Engineering, CAE, technology applied to polymer process simulations. The main goal is to implement an automatic optimization scheme capable of defining the best position and layout of the cooling channels and/or setting the processing conditions of injection moldings. In this work the methodology is applied to an L-shape molding with the aim of minimizing the part warpage quantified by two different conflicting measures. The results produced have physical meaning and correspond to a successful process optimization.
A Study of Fiber Breakage during Compounding in a Buss Kneader
Authors: Ville J. , Inceoglu F. , Ghamri N. , Pradel J. L. , Durin A. , Valette R. , Vergnes B. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper is devoted to the study of fiber breakage during compounding with a polyamide matrix in a Buss kneader. Results showed a drastic decrease of glass fiber length during compounding, typically from 3500 to 350 μm. Fiber breakage depended on processing conditions: it increased with screw speed, but the effect of feed rate was less clear. Fiber breakage increased also with the severity of the screw profile. Characterizations of fiber length evolution along the screw profile have also been performed after dead-stop experiments. Generally speaking, fiber length evolution can be described using a modified Shon-Liu-White model, in which either the number of turns or the specific energy is considered.
Functionalization of Polystyrene with Cyclic Anhydrides and their Spectroscopic, Adhesive and Corrosive Characterizations
Authors: Onder I. L. , Okudan A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Polystyrene (PS) has been chemically modified with cyclic anhydrides such as glutaric anhydride (GA), citraconic anhydride (CA) and phthalic anhydride (PA) in the presence of BF3·O(C2H5)2 in chloroform and succinic anhydride (SA) in 1,2-dichloroethane. Some important reaction parameters were determined in order to optimize the acylation process. ATR FT-IR and 1H NMR studies indicate that the acylation reaction can introduce both carboxyl group and double bond (for only citraconic anhydride) onto pendant aromatic groups of the polymer. The adhesion properties and corrosion resistance of the acylated PS on metal surface under various conditions have been investigated.
Customer Service Quality Perception of Internet Banking
Authors: Hassan M. Taimoor , Mukhtar Aqeel , Ullah Rana Kaleem , Shafique Huzaifah , Rehmna Shafi Ur , Anwar Abia 
Published: April 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to find out the determinants that mainly affect the customer service quality perception of internet banking amongst genders and different age groups. Design/methodology/approach: Sample of 120 internet banking customers was used to gather data, which was further utilized to find out how 8 major determinants affect the customer service quality perception of internet banking. Findings: The research found that Web design, security, trust, product diversification, credibility, collaboration, access and communication strongly affect the customer perception about the quality of internet banking service. Research limitations/ implication: The data was gathered from the banks in Bahawalpur which limited the scope of this study particularly to this region so future research can be done to gathered data from all over the Pakistan so that the cross cultural factors could be identified clearly. Keywords: Service Quality Perception, Dimensions of Internet Banking, Bahawalpur.
Study of Request Strategies Employed By Libyan and Malay POSTGRADUATE Students at USM
Authors: Youssef Awad Mohamed S 
Published: April 2012

There has been considerable attention from the cross-cultural pragmatics literature towards the various strategies speakers use when performing the requesting speech act. Speech acts are often used when communicating verbally in either the first language or a second language. This paper presents a study into the similarities and differences in the request strategies by Malaysian and Libyan postgraduate students at USM. The study majorly uses information from existing literature on what other people have written on this topic. The study findings will give new insights to the directness and requesting behaviors within Libyan and Malaysian students and the challenges of cross-linguistic and cross-cultural communication. This study has cultural implications such as awareness of the request strategies used in one culture compared to another culture. This study tackles the ability of Libyan and Malay learners to apply requests in English. Furthermore, this study attempts to provide explanations for pragmatic errors that Libyan and Malay learners may perform. Keywords: Cross-Cultural, Strategies, Modifications, Linguistic.
Applied Error Analysis of Written Production of English Essays of Tenth Grade Students in Ajloun Schools, Jordan
Authors: Zawahreh Firas Ali Suleiman 
Published: April 2012

The objective of this study was investigating the written English errors of tenth grade students in females and males schools in Ajloun, Jordan. It was conducted on purpose of identifying the written errors of English committed by the tenth grade, estimating the predominant errors and the least ones and explaining the causes of the written errors of English committed by the tenth grade students The sample of study consisted of 350 students selected randomly from group of schools in Ajloun. The students were asked to write a free essay about " A journey to the ancient city of Jerash in Jordan" in an ordinary English language exercise in the class. Then the essays collected and analyzed depending on a table of errors adopted from a Ph.D. of ( wakkad,1980).The findings were: First, the most predominant errors among tenth grade students in Ajloun schools within morphology were errors of lack of agreement between subject and the main verb. Second, the most predominant errors among tenth grade students in Ajloun schools within function words were errors of insertion of prepositions. Third, the most predominant errors among tenth grade students within syntax were errors of omission of the main verb. Fourth, the most predominant errors among tenth grade students within tenses were errors of using present instead of past. Fifth, the most predominant errors among tenth grade students within lexical items were errors of lexical items wrongly used in place of others.
Retinal involvement in nephrotic syndrome secondary to minimal change disease
Authors: De Benedetto Umberto , Pastore Marco R. , Parodi Maurizio Battaglia , Bandello Francesco , Pierro Luisa 
Published: April 2012

Purpose Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by loss of different plasmatic proteins resulting in different peripheral tissue edemas. No ocular complications have been reported in nephrotic syndrome secondary to primary glomerular disease. Methods A 24-year-old woman was referred to emergency service for acute generalized edema, associated with bilateral visual impairment and metamorphopsia. A diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome was made. The patient was treated with diuretic therapy. Results At first ophthalmologic evaluation, the woman presented best-corrected visual acuity of 20/32 in the right eye and 20/40 in the left eye and a dome-shaped bilateral neurosensorial retinal detachment and macular edema studied with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. The patient underwent furosemide treatment. At follow-up evaluation 6 days later, best-corrected visual acuity improved to 20/20 in both eyes and restoration of normal retinal anatomy was demonstrated. Conclusions Sequestration of interstitial fluids, which leads to classic generalized edema in nephrotic syndrome, could be the origin of interstitial accumulation of fluids in the retinal layers.
Simultaneous Determination of Atorvastatin Calcium, Ezetimibe, and Fenofibrate in a Tablet Formulation by HPLC
Authors: Patel Archita , MaCwana Chhaya , Parmar Vishal , Patel Samir 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
An accurate, simple, reproducible, and sensitive HPLC method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of atorvastatin calcium, ezetimibe, and fenofibrate in a tablet formulation. The analyses were performed on an RP C18 column, 150 × 4.60 mm id, 5 μm particle size. The mobile phase methanol–acetonitrile–water (76 + 13 + 11, v/v/v), was pumped at a constant flow rate of 1 mL/min. UV detection was performed at 253 nm. Retention times of atorvastatin calcium, ezetimibe, and fenofibrate were found to be 2.25, 3.68, and 6.41 min, respectively. The method was validated in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, LOD, LOQ, and robustness. The response was linear in the range 2–10 μg/mL (r2 = 0.998) for atorvastatin calcium, 2–10 μg/mL (r2 = 0.998) for ezetimibe, and 40–120 μg/mL (r2 = 0.998) for fenofibrate. The developed method can be used for routine quality analysis of the drugs in the tablet formulation.
Determination of Streptomycin Residue in Cucumber and Chinese Cabbage by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Postcolumn Derivatization and Fluorometric Detection
Authors: Chen Benjing , Zhang Hongyan , Lin Baoxiang , Ge Jing , Qiu Lihong 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A sensitive and accurate method was developed for the determination of streptomycin using HPLC followed by postcolumn derivatization and fluorometric detection. The analyte was extracted, using aqueous solution from cucumber and Chinese cabbage, by a two-step SPE procedure. The extraction, cleanup, and chromatography conditions were optimized, and the performance of the analysis method was evaluated. The conditions of chromatography were as follows: the separation was performed on a C18 column; the isocratic mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and a mixed solution containing 10 mM sodium 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate and 0.4 mM sodium 1-heptanesulfonate (25 + 75, v/v); and the flow rate was 1 mL/min. The fluorescence detector was set at an excitation wavelength of 263 nm and an emission wavelength of 435 nm. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 50–2000 ng/mL, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9995. The LOD and LOQ were 10 and 30 ng/g, respectively, in both cucumber and Chinese cabbage. The method was validated for selectivity, linearity, precision, and accuracy. The intraday and interday precision and accuracy were within 10%. The mean recoveries from spiked samples were more than 75%, with RSD lower than 10%.
Impact of the Analytical Blank in the Uncertainty Evaluation of the Copper Content in Waters by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: de Oliveira Elcio Cruz , Monteiro Maria Inês Couto , Pontes Fernanda Veronesi Marinho , Almeida Marcelo Dominguez de , Carneiro Manuel Castro , da Silva Lílian Irene Dias , Neto Arnaldo Alcover 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Chemical analysts use analytical blanks in their analyses, but seldom is this source of uncertainty evaluated. Generally, there is great confusion. Although the numerical value of the blank, in some situations, can be negligible, its source of uncertainty cannot be. This article discusses the uncertainty contribution of the analytical blank using a numerical example of the copper content in waters by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The results indicate that the uncertainties of the analytical blank can contribute up to 50% when the blank sample is considered in this analysis, confirming its high impact. This effect can be primarily observed where the analyte concentration approaches the lower range of the analytical curve. Even so, the blank is not always computed. Therefore, the relevance of the analytical blank can be confirmed by uncertainty evaluation.
Study of High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Technology as a Replacement for Tandem Mass Spectrometry in the Field of Quantitative Pesticide Residue Analysis
Authors: Kaufmann Anton , Dvorak Veronika , Crüzer Claudio , Butcher Patrick , Maden Kathryn , Walker Stephan , Widmer Mirjam , Schürmann Andreas 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A validated LC/MS/MS-based multiresidue pesticide method was converted to an LC high-resolution MS single-stage Orbitrap platform. No changes regarding the cleanup and LC were made. Optimization of high-resolution MS-specific parameters and interface settings was kept at a minimum. The aim was to explore the capability of current Orbitrap technology to substitute for LC/MS/MS technology. The test included the quantitative performance (sensitivity, selectivity, linearity, accuracy, and precision) of some 240 analytes in three different matrixes. The LC/MS/MS instrumentation was operated at the edge of its technical limitations. A further extension of the number of analytes for LC/MS/MS would require the use of even narrower dwell times, significantly reducing sensitivity and reproducibility of measurement. No such limitations exist for the high-resolution technology. Similar performance was observed for both technologies. A current drawback of the high-resolution technology is the speed of data processing, which took significantly longer than for LC/MS/MS data due to the limited capabilities of the software.
Method for the Determination of Catechin and Epicatechin Enantiomers in Cocoa-Based Ingredients and Products by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Single-Laboratory Validation
Authors: Machonis Philip R , Jones Matthew A , Schaneberg Brian T , Kwik-Uribe Catherine L 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A single-laboratory validation study was performed for an HPLC method to identify and quantify the flavanol enantiomers (+)- and (–)-epicatechin and (+)- and (–)-catechin in cocoa-based ingredients and products. These compounds were eluted isocratically with an ammonium acetate–methanol mobile phase applied to a modified β-cyclodextrin chiral stationary phase and detected using fluorescence. Spike recovery experiments using appropriate matrix blanks, along with cocoa extract, cocoa powder, and dark chocolate, were used to evaluate accuracy, repeatability, specificity, LOD, LOQ, and linearity of the method as performed by a single analyst on multiple days. In all samples analyzed, (–)-epicatechin was the predominant flavanol and represented 68–91% of the total monomeric flavanols detected. For the cocoa-based products, within-day (intraday) precision for (–)-epicatechin was between 1.46–3.22%, for (+)-catechin between 3.66–6.90%, and for (–)-catechin between 1.69–6.89%; (+)-epicatechin was not detected in these samples. Recoveries for the three sample types investigated ranged from 82.2 to 102.1% at the 50% spiking level, 83.7 to 102.0% at the 100% spiking level, and 80.4 to 101.1% at the 200% spiking level. Based on performance results, this method may be suitable for routine laboratory use in analysis of cocoa-based ingredients and products.
Determination of Folate in Infant Formula and Adult/Pediatric Nutritional Formula by Optical Biosensor Assay: First Action 2011.05
Authors: Fonterra Harvey Indyk , Dowell Dawn 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
After a review of data from a single-laboratory validation (SLV) study published in the International Dairy Journal 21, 783–789 (2011), a method for folate in infant formula and adult/pediatric nutritional formula was submitted for consideration of adoption by AOAC as an automated assay that is rapid and simple. The method uses an optical biosensor assay to quantitate total folate content in milk and milk-based pediatric and adult nutritional products. The assay uses folate binding protein and a functionalized sensor surface. The SLV showed an instrumental LOD of 0.1 ng/mL (equivalent to 2.5 μg/100 g for a typical infant formula). The method detection limit was 6.5 μg/100 g with a repeatability of 3.48% and an intermediate reproducibility of 4.63% RSD.
Determination of Vitamin A in Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals by UPLC-UV: First Action 2011.07
Authors: Trisconi Marie-José , Campos-Gimenez Esther , Audzems G Regj , Owell Awn 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Vitamin A, a fat-soluble vitamin, is essential for health and plays an important part in vision, bone growth, reproduction, regulating the immune system, cell function, and skin health. Due to the advances in technology and the expansion of its uses, LC technologies are being studied for effectiveness in detecting and quantifying vitamin A in an effort to help determine the amount of vitamin A in various types of samples. For this reason, an Expert Review Panel agreed on June 29, 2011, at the “Standards Development and International Harmonization: AOAC INTERNATIONAL Mid-Year Meeting,” to approve “Determination of Vitamin A in Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals by UPLC-UV” as AOAC Official MethodSM 2011.07. To move from First to Final Action status, it was recommended that additional information be generated for all types of infant formulas and adult nutritional formula matrixes at varied concentration levels, as indicated in the standard method performance requirements. International units or retinol equivalents typically represent the concentration of vitamin A in food and supplements. However, for the purpose of this method, the concentration represented is presented in μg/100 g.
Application of Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/ Tandem Mass Spectrometry for the Measurement of Vitamin D in Infant Formula and Adult/Pediatric Nutritional Formula: First Action 2011.11
Authors: Huang Min , Winters Doug , Sullivan Darryl , Dowell Dawn 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In an effort to measure vitamin D, ultra-high- performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was applied to samples. The use of UHPLC-MS/MS decreased the run time by 50%. The UHPLC-MS/MS achieved equal or better separation efficiency with complex food matrixes compared to HPLC-MS/MS. It was also observed that under the optimized conditions of UHPLC, all previtamins of vitamin D3, D2, and isotope-labeled vitamin D3 were baseline- separated from their corresponding vitamins. The sterol isomers found in complex food matrixes that interfere in the analysis were well separated from the analytes. The accuracy of the method was evaluated by analyzing National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Material 1849 infant reference material. The average vitamin D3 concentration was 0.251 ± 0.012 μg/g. This showed excellent agreement with the certified value of 0.251 ± 0.027 μg/g. The spike recovery study of a commercial infant formula matrix showed a range of recovery from 100 to 108%. The LOQ values determined were 0.0022 and 0.0028 μg/g for vitamins D3 and D2, respectively; LOD values were 0.00065 and 0.00083 μg/g for vitamins D3 and D2, respectively.