bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiscale modeling of polymers at interfaces
Authors: Varnik Fathollah , Binder Kurt 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA brief review of modeling and simulation methods for a study of polymers at interfaces is provided. When studying truly multiscale problems as provided by realistic polymer systems, coarse graining is practically unavoidable. In this process, degrees of freedom on smaller scales are eliminated in favor of a model suitable for efficient study of the system behavior on larger length and time scales. We emphasize the need to distinguish between dynamic and static properties regarding the model validation. A model which accurately reproduces static properties may fail completely when it comes to the dynamic behavior of the system. Furthermore, we comment on the use of the Monte Carlo method in polymer science as compared to molecular dynamics simulations. Using the latter approach, we also discuss results of recent computer simulations on the properties of polymers close to solid substrates. This includes both generic features (as also observed in the case of simpler molecular models) as well as polymer specific properties. The predictive power of computer simulations is highlighted by providing experimental evidence for these observations. Some important implications of these results for an understanding of mechanical properties of thin polymer films and coatings are also worked out.
Molten salt synthesis and phase evolution of Ba(Cd1/3Nb2/3)O3
Authors: Deng Jinxia , Chen Jun , Yu Ranbo , Liu Guirong , Xing Xianran 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Ba(Cd1/3Nb2/3)O3 powder with an octahedral shape stacked by small particles was successfully synthesized by the molten salt synthesis method at a low temperature of 850 °C, which was much lower than the columbite method, two-step solid-state reaction process. Thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis curves combined with X-ray diffraction analysis determined the phase evolution of Ba(Cd1/3Nb2/3)O3 powder at relative high temperature. Furthermore, Raman results showed that the Ba(Cd1/3Nb2/3)O3 powder had a trigonal order structure. It was indicated that the “template formation mechanism” and crystal habit growth which obeyed the model of anion coordination polyhedral, play an important role in the formation and growth processes. The resulting ceramics exhibited favorable dielectric properties.
Investigation of fatigue fracture of generator-rotor fan blades
Authors: Sameezadeh Mahmood , Farhangi Hassan , Soltani Nasser , Ataei Peyman 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The failure of a rotating axial flow fan of a 123 MW electric power generator unit is analyzed. The fan was mounted on the generator-rotor at the turbine end. Initial investigations showed that three fan blades had fractured just about 11 h after resuming operation following the last overhaul, causing extensive damage to the unit. The failure of the blades was investigated using fractographic and microstructural characterization techniques as well as mechanical evaluations. Based on fractographic observations high cycle fatigue was identified as the failure mechanism. Formation of multiple primary cracks which coalesced during crack growth to form shallow and semi-elliptical crack geometry was indicative of the influence of additional bending stresses, probably resulting from excessive vibrations. Using fracture mechanics principles, the magnitude of the maximum stress at the time of final fracture of the first broken blade was estimated to be more than 3 times higher than the design operating stress. Furthermore, crack growth lifetime of the blades was evaluated using FRANC3D software. It was found that an operating period of just about one hour was required for small initial cracks to propagate to final failure under the action of excessive bending stresses.
Experimental study of phase relations in the ZrO2–La2O3–Y2O3system
Authors: Fabrichnaya Olga , Savinykh Galina , Schreiber Gerhard , Seifert Hans J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThermodynamic calculations in the ZrO2–La2O3–Y2O3system were used to select compositions for experimental investigations. The selected compositions were investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and differential thermal analysis after prolonged heat treatment at 1250, 1400 and 1600 °C. The X-ray diffraction investigations indicated stability of the La2O2–A + (La,Y)2O3–B + La2Zr2O7and (La,Y)2O3–B + La2Zr2O7+ LaYO3-perovskite phase fields at 1250 °C, which is contrary to results found in the literature. The differential thermal analysis of the ZrO2-45.8La2O3-20.8Y2O3composition heat treated at 1250 °C showed no transformations up to 1500 °C. Two peaks were indicated at temperatures above 1450 °C: the first peak at 1530 °C could be attributed to the processes of Y2O3dissolution and disordering in the pyrochlore phase and the second peak at 1580 °C to transformation of perovskite to monoclinic B phase. The solubility of Y2O3in pyrochlore phase occurs by Y+3substitution of both Zr+4and La+3ions.
Microstructure and properties of violin strings made of metastable austenitic steel
Authors: Haas Rüdiger , Degischer H. Peter , Pongratz Peter , Pyzalla Anke R. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The strings of musical instruments are frequently made of stainless steel wires. Samples taken from consecutive steps of wire drawing showed the kinetics of deformation-induced martensite formation from metastable austenitic feedstock. Stacking fault and twin formation were described by transmission electron microscopy. The progress of martensitic transformation was accompanied by an increase in defect density and in micro-strains determined by synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The initial fall in the Young's modulus determined by tensile tests was accompanied by a drastic reduction in domain size and in grain diameter. Texture and phase transformation at the wire surface were measured by X-ray diffraction. The deformation-induced martensite formation has been described in its nucleation, growth and saturation stages. These three stages were defined by the correlation of the evolution of the microstructural features in the course of the wire drawing process.
Microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V specimens produced by shaped metal deposition
Authors: Baufeld Bernd , Biest Omer van der , Gault Rosemary 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Shaped metal deposition is an innovative technology, which creates near-net shaped components by weld deposition and saves time and material due to the absence of further machining. For Ti alloys this is a big advantage, since these alloys are difficult to shape and also very expensive.
Ti alloys are very sensitive to the thermal history and shaped metal deposition introduces for each welding step an additional temperature gradient leading to different microstructures in different regions. Regions which were in the single β phase field during the last welding show a fine needle like microstructure, while regions within the α + β phase show coarser lamellae forming a Widmanstätten structure.
Surface tension of liquid Al–Cu binary alloys
Authors: Schmitz J. , Brillo J. , Egry I. , Schmid-Fetzer R. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Surface tension data of liquid Al–Cu binary alloys have been measured contactlessly using the technique of electromagnetic levitation. A digital CMOS-camera (400 fps) recorded image sequences of the oscillating liquid sample and surface tensions were determined from analysis of the frequency spectra.
Measurements were performed for samples covering the entire range of composition and precise data were obtained in a broad temperature range.
It was found that the surface tensions can be described as linear functions of temperature with a negative slope. Moreover, they monotonically decrease with an increase in the aluminium concentration. The observed behaviour with respect to both temperature and concentration is in agreement with thermodynamic model calculations using the subregular solution approximation.
Relative effects of Mo and B on ferrite and bainite kinetics in strong steels
Authors: Khare Sangeeta , Lee Kyooyoung , Bhadeshia H. K. D. H. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Well–designed cementite–free bainitic steels are important in contributing to unique combinations of strength, toughness and cost. We examine here the relative effects of molybdenum and boron on the kinetics of transformation of austenite particularly into allotriomorphic ferrite and bainite. There are some surprising results on the role of boron, which is found in some circumstances to accelerate the transformation to allotriomorphic ferrite. This, and other features of transformation behaviour are assessed in the context of phase transformation mechanisms.
An 11-year-old Boy with a Fever and Non-pruritic Rash
Authors: Zipkin Ronen , Moustafa Marwa , Rosenberg Shira 
Published: December 2009

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Explain the differential diagnosis of a patient with rash and fever.

2.
Identify the typical presentation of murine typhus.

3.
Discuss the management of a patient with murine typhus.
Posterior Thigh Compartment Syndrome as a Result of a Basketball Injury
Authors: Mallo Gregory C. , Stanat Scott J.C. , Al-Humadi Mohaned , Divaris Nicholas 
Published: December 2009

Acute compartment syndrome of the thigh is a serious although rare occurrence that was sparsely documented in the orthopedic literature until Schwartz et al reported on a series of 21 cases. Although classically associated with high-energy femur fracture, thigh contusion, or the use of military anti-shock trousers, compartment syndrome of the thigh has recently been diagnosed in seemingly low-energy injuries.
A complete hamstring avulsion from its ischial origin during routine ambulation and rupture of the quadriceps tendon after a low-energy fall have been shown to result in compartment syndrome. In light of the potential medicolegal ramifications surrounding the diagnosis of compartment syndrome, emergency room consultations to rule out compartment syndrome are on the rise. Specifically, the time to fasciotomy was found to be linearly related to indemnity payment, and a fasciotomy performed within 8 hours was uniformly associated with a successful defense.
This article describes a case of a 29-year-old healthy man who developed posterior thigh compartment syndrome as a result of an intrasubstance tear of the biceps femoris muscle sustained while attempting a lay-up during a recreational basketball game. His posterior thigh compartment pressure measured 70 mm Hg and he required emergent posterior thigh compartment fasciotomy.
Total Knee Arthroplasty in a Patient With Hardcastle Syndrome
Authors: Jamil Wiqqas , Allami Mohammad K. , Mbakada Nikita , Kluge Wolfram 
Published: December 2009

Diaphyseal medullary stenosis is a rare skeletal dysplasia of unknown etiology with potential autosomal dominant genetic inheritance. A variant of diaphyseal medullary stenosis has been associated with a high risk of malignant transformation, specifically in the form of malignant fibrous histiocytoma. This potential combination of diaphyseal medullary stenosis and malignant fibrous histiocytoma is known as Hardcastle syndrome.
This article presents a case of a 32-year-old man with osteoarthrosis of the knee as a consequence of Hardcastle syndrome for which he underwent a total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with a satisfactory outcome. Our case demonstrates pathological and radiological signs of skull involvement, which has not previously been reported in the literature as a manifestation of this condition.
We discuss the differential diagnoses of diaphyseal dysplasia that should be considered in such cases and advocate the use of a triad of preoperative radiological investigations, including early thallium isotope bone, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography. We also discuss the use of long-stemmed prostheses, extramedullary femoral alignment, and the concerns of using Computer Assisted Surgery for total knee arthroplasty in patients with diaphyseal medullary stenosis.
With the short-term success of TKA in Hardcastle syndrome, we found that TKA could be considered as an alternative treatment option in symptomatic patients. However, due to the fact that the potential for malignant transformation in this syndrome is unchanged by a TKA, the patient should remain under close clinical and radiological follow-up.
Solitary Pelvic Osteochondroma Causing L5 Nerve Root Compression
Authors: Kim Whoan Jeang , Kim Kap Jung , Lee Sang Ki , Choy Won-Sik 
Published: December 2009

Osteochondroma is the most common benign bone tumor, accounting for more than one-third of all benign bone tumors. It usually develops at the metaphysis of the long bones, especially the distal femur and proximal tibia. Approximately 40% of osteochondromas are found around the knee. Osteochondroma commonly presents as a painless mass and is incidentally identified via plain radiographs. Thus, surgical excision is not routinely recommended unless the tumor causes clinical symptoms or cosmetic distress.
Osteochondroma located in the pelvis is unusual. Spinal nerve root compressions due to pelvic osteochondroma are also rarely reported. We assessed the solitary pelvic osteochondroma of a 33-year-old man mimicking spinal disease. An exostotic bony projection composed of dense calcification of the cartilaginous cap arose from the iliac crest, which was located just lateral to the right sacroiliac joint in the paravertebral area, L5 level. Magnetic resonance imaging showed an irregular, exophytic outgrowing calcified mass with cartilage cap and exostotic mass compressed to the proximal part of the right L5 nerve root lateral to the nerve root foramen. The L5 nerve root was focally compressed and thinned.
En bloc excision, the treatment of choice of symptomatic osteochondroma, was performed. The patient had complete resolution of symptoms postoperatively, and other neurologic symptoms may be expected to improve over time.
Symptomatic Loose Bodies of the Knee Located in a Popliteal Cyst
Authors: Froelich John M. , Hillard-Sembell Diane 
Published: December 2009

Locating loose bodies in a knee arthroscopically can be challenging. Common locations for loose bodies to hide include the lateral and medial gutters as well as under the menisci. In 1986, Fergusson and Burge reported a single case of a loose body intermittently traveling between the intracapsular space and an extracapsular popliteal cyst. This article describes a similar event involving a 22-year-old man.
Our patient experienced recurrent symptomatic loose bodies in the knee requiring previous knee arthroscopies. Most recently the patient had a radiographically documented and clinically symptomatic intra-articular knee loose body prior to surgery. Initial basic diagnostic knee arthroscopy did not reveal the loose body. On further arthroscopic evaluation of the posteromedial compartment of the knee, a capsular opening to a popliteal cyst was discovered. An accessory posteromedial portal was then used to directly visualize the contents of the cyst. Three loose bodies capable of traveling between the cyst and the joint were discovered. Transillumination allowed for safe localization of the cyst and subsequent percutaneous removal of the loose bodies under direct arthroscopic visualization.
We recommend direct arthroscopic visualization of the posteromedial and posterolateral compartments of the knee when a known loose body cannot be located during basic diagnostic knee arthroscopy.
Extraskeletal Myxoid Chondrosarcoma: Rare Presentation in the Knee Joint Space
Authors: Alexander Gerald E. , Henderson Eric R. , Rodriguez Alexa R. , Bui Marilyn M. , Cheong David , Letson G. Douglas 
Published: December 2009

Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma is a malignant cartilage tumor that rarely presents in the joint space. This article presents a case of a man who presented with a 1-year history of continuous growth of a mass over the medial aspect of his right knee. Radiographs demonstrated osteoarthritis, and arthroscopy was performed for degenerative joint disease. At the time of surgery, an intra-articular mass was encountered and an unplanned biopsy was performed. Pathological analysis revealed the mass to be a primary extraskeletal, intra-articular chondrosarcoma. He had no history of malignancy. He underwent extra-articular resection of the lesion and reconstruction with endoprosthesis. The patient's clinical course required multiple re-operations, and pulmonary metastases developed. A gastrocnemius flap was performed for wound coverage in proximity to the resected arthroscopy portals.
This case emphasizes the importance of proper preoperative imaging and planning for lesion biopsies. Proper initial management may have led to lesser overall morbidity. Review of the literature reveals that this is the only reported case of a primary intraarticular extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma.
The scholarly exchange of knowledge in Operations Management
Authors: Linderman Kevin , Chandrasekaran Aravind 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA number of studies have investigated the quality of journals in Operations Management. This research steps back from these studies and investigates the exchange of ideas within Operations Management journals and between other management disciplines (Management, Marketing, and Finance) during the last decade (1998–2007). Journal citation metrics provide a measure for the exchange of scholarly ideas. Operations Management (OM) journals show a willingness to cross‐pollinate ideas with other management disciplines. But, they also tend to have a higher level of self citations and lower level of within discipline citation exchanges when compared to other management disciplines. As a result, Operations Management journals may reflect methodological silos in the field that could potentially dampen scholarly exchange. In general, increasing the diversity of scholarly exchanges within Operations Management, and conducting more cross‐disciplinary research with other management disciples should improve the scholarly development of Operations Management.
Simulating the effects of grassland management and grass ensiling on methane emission from lactating cows
Authors: BANNINK A. , SMITS M. C. J. , KEBREAB E. , MILLS J. A. N. , ELLIS J. L. , KLOP A. , FRANCE J. , DIJKSTRA J. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARYA dynamic, mechanistic model of enteric fermentation was used to investigate the effect of type and quality of grass forage, dry matter intake (DMI) and proportion of concentrates in dietary dry matter (DM) on variation in methane (CH4) emission from enteric fermentation in dairy cows. The model represents substrate degradation and microbial fermentation processes in rumen and hindgut and, in particular, the effects of type of substrate fermented and of pH on the production of individual volatile fatty acids and CH4as end-products of fermentation. Effects of type and quality of fresh and ensiled grass were evaluated by distinguishing two N fertilization rates of grassland and two stages of grass maturity. Simulation results indicated a strong impact of the amount and type of grass consumed on CH4emission, with a maximum difference (across all forage types and all levels of DMI) of 49 and 77% in g CH4/kg fat and protein corrected milk (FCM) for diets with a proportion of concentrates in dietary DM of 0·1 and 0·4, respectively (values ranging from 10·2 to 19·5 g CH4/kg FCM). The lowest emission was established for early cut, high fertilized grass silage (GS) and high fertilized grass herbage (GH). The highest emission was found for late cut, low-fertilized GS. The N fertilization rate had the largest impact, followed by stage of grass maturity at harvesting and by the distinction between GH and GS. Emission expressed in g CH4/kg FCM declined on average 14% with an increase of DMI from 14 to 18 kg/day for grass forage diets with a proportion of concentrates of 0·1, and on average 29% with an increase of DMI from 14 to 23 kg/day for diets with a proportion of concentrates of 0·4. Simulation results indicated that a high proportion of concentrates in dietary DM may lead to a further reduction of CH4emission per kg FCM mainly as a result of a higher DMI and milk yield, in comparison to low concentrate diets. Simulation results were evaluated against independent data obtained at three different laboratories in indirect calorimetry trials with cows consuming GH mainly. The model predicted the average of observed values reasonably, but systematic deviations remained between individual laboratories and root mean squared prediction error was a proportion of 0·12 of the observed mean. Both observed and predicted emission expressed in g CH4/kg DM intake decreased upon an increase in dietary N:organic matter (OM) ratio. The model reproduced reasonably well the variation in measured CH4emission in cattle sheds on Dutch dairy farms and indicated that on average a fraction of 0·28 of the total emissions must have originated from manure under these circumstances.
In vitromanipulation of gene expression in larvalSchistosoma: a model for postgenomic approaches in Trematoda
Authors: YOSHINO TIMOTHY P. , DINGUIRARD NATHALIE , DE MORAES MOURÃO MARINA 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARYWith rapid developments in DNA and protein sequencing technologies, combined with powerful bioinformatics tools, a continued acceleration of gene identification in parasitic helminths is predicted, potentially leading to discovery of new drug and vaccine targets, enhanced diagnostics and insights into the complex biology underlying host-parasite interactions. For the schistosome blood flukes, with the recent completion of genome sequencing and comprehensive transcriptomic datasets, there has accumulated massive amounts of gene sequence data, for which, in the vast majority of cases, little is known about actual functions within the intact organism. In this review we attempt to bring together traditionalin vitrocultivation approaches and recent emergent technologies of molecular genomics, transcriptomics and genetic manipulation to illustrate the considerable progress made in our understanding of trematode gene expression and function during development of the intramolluscan larval stages. Using several prominent trematode families (Schistosomatidae, Fasciolidae, Echinostomatidae), we have focused on the current status ofin vitrolarval isolation/cultivation as a source of valuable raw material supporting gene discovery efforts in model digeneans that include whole genome sequencing, transcript and protein expression profiling during larval development, and progress made in thein vitromanipulation of genes and their expression in larval trematodes using transgenic and RNA interference (RNAi) approaches.