bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of folding in the degradation of ballistic fibers
Authors: Holmes Gale A. , Kim Jae‐Hyun , Ho Derek L. , McDonough Walter G. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractResearch has indicated that the folding of ballistic fibers comprising soft body armor may be a factor in the performance deterioration that has been observed. To quantify the impact of this failure mechanism on body armor performance, an apparatus was designed and built to simulate the folding that may occur in the ballistic fibers while the vest is in use. This device systematically folds woven fabric and yarns of ballistic fibers to enable an assessment of the impact of folding on ballistic fiber properties. After cycling a piece of woven poly(benzoxazole) (PBO) fabric for 80,000 cycles, a 41% reduction in both the ultimate tensile strength and strain to failure of the PBO fibers was observed. These effects were also observable in data obtained from small angle x‐ray scattering (SAXS) where the long range order of the fiber structure is changed by the folding process. Preliminary failure analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on tested fibers also revealed changes in failure morphology. POLYM. COMPOS., 2010. Published 2010 by the Society of Plastics Engineers
Polarisation auf dem Schreibtisch. Experimente mit TFT‐Flachbildschirmen
Authors: Tillmanns Andrea , Blachowicz Tomasz 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn LCD‐Displays wird die Helligkeit jedes farbigen Sub‐Pixels durch die angelegte Spannung bestimmt. Diese legt die Ausrichtung der Flüssigkristallmoleküle in jedem Bildpunkt und damit die Wirkung auf das polarisierte Licht fest, das den Flüssigkristall durchdringt. TFT‐Displays, die zu den Aktiv‐Matrix‐Displays gehören, nutzen zur Verbesserung von Kontrast und Schaltzeiten Dünnschichttransistoren, mit deren Hilfe auf jedes Sub‐Pixel die gewünschte Ladung aufgebracht werden kann. Neben den ursprünglichen TN‐Displays existieren inzwischen weitere Varianten. Das Licht der TFT‐Displays lässt sich für allerlei Experimente mit polarisiertem Licht nutzen.
“Das schönste Denkmal des menschlichen Geistes”. Pierre‐Simon Laplace und die Darstellung des Weltsystems
Authors: Jacobi Manfred 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPierre Simon Laplace schuf mit seiner Darstellung des Weltsystems einen Klassiker der Wissenschaftsgeschichte. Das 1796 erstmalig erschienene Werk gestattet uns einen Einblick in das astronomische und physikalische Weltbild der damaligen Zeit. Es ist jedoch kein reines Astronomiebuch, geschrieben von einem Wissenschaftler, der selbst maßgeblich zu diesem Gebiet beigetragen hat. Vielmehr bietet es auch Einsichten in andere Disziplinen wie die Entstehung des metrischen Maßsystems. Berühmt geworden ist das Buch unter anderem durch die darin enthaltene Nebularhypothese, die eines der ältesten Modelle zur Entstehung des Sonnensystems bietet. Daneben hat Laplace bereits die Möglichkeit der Existenz Schwarzer Löcher in Betracht gezogen.
Spiele mit dem Schwerpunkt. Spielwiese
Authors: Ucke Christian , Schlichting Hans‐Joachim 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBei einigen Designer‐Haushaltsgegenständen hat das Spiel mit dem Schwerpunkt große Bedeutung. Die Salz‐ und Pfefferstreuer Ercolino haben die Form eines Stehaufmännchens und können deshalb nicht umfallen. Der Streuer Doublette kann nicht wegrollen, weil er die Form eines Zwei‐Scheiben‐Rollers besitzt. Ein Trinkbecher namens Balance steht in gefülltem Zustand gerade und neigt sich beim Austrinken durch Verschieben des Schwerpunktes zur Seite. Weinflaschen werden scheinbar schwebend gehalten.
Zilien: Mannschaftsspiel mit Molekularmotoren. Selbstorganisierte Selbstreinigung von Atmungswegen
Authors: Rička Jaro 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDie Atemwege sind mit einer Schleimschicht bedeckt, die wie eine Rolltreppe permanent Schmutzpartikel aus der Lunge befördert. Für den Antrieb sorgen Flimmerhärchen (Zilien), zu Tausenden koordiniert in einer kollektiven Wellenbewegung. Wie die Koordination dieser Molekularmotoren zustande kommt, ist bislang nicht geklärt. Die Biophysik vermutet hier ein Beispiel des weit verbreiteten Phänomens der Selbstorganisation, unterstützt durch externe Steuersignale, zum Beispiel mit Calciumionen. Ein einfaches Computermodell der Biophysiker der Universität Bern illustriert und unterstützt diese Hypothese.
Eine Trenneinrichtung für Quantenpaare
Authors: Schönenberger Christian 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDie Quantenmechanik erlaubt neben der Überlagerung von Zuständen auch deren Verschränkung. Das betrifft Teilchen mit Ruhemasse wie Elektronen ebenso wie masselose Photonen. Zwei Forscherteams ist es jüngst gelungen, verschränkte Elektronen in Form von Cooper‐Paaren als Quelle verschränkter Elektronen zu nutzen. Dies eröffnet neue Möglichkeiten für grundlegende Experimente zur Quantenmechanik und könnte den Weg zur Quanteninformation auf einem Chip ebnen.
Frequenzkamm beschleunigt die Spurensuche
Authors: Bernhardt Birgitta , Walz Henriette , Picqué Nathalie , Hänsch Theodor W. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSpurengase kommen ihrer Definition nach in extrem geringen Konzentrationen vor. Dennoch spielen sie in vielen Bereichen eine große Rolle, so zum Beispiel in der Klimaforschung, der Luftanalyse oder zukünftig auch beim Studium der Atmosphären von extrasolaren Planeten. In einer Kooperation mit der Universität Tokio hat unser Forscherteam am Max‐Planck‐Institut für Quantenoptik (MPQ) in Garching ein Gerät entwickelt, das Spurenstoffe besonders präzise und schnell nachweist. Hierin kommen Frequenzkämme zum Einsatz, für deren Entwicklung Theodor W. Hänsch 2005 den Physik‐Nobelpreis erhielt.
Faserlaser erzeugt einzelne Lichtschwingung
Authors: Krauss Günther , Sell Alexander , Huber Rupert , Leitenstorfer Alfred 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBeim Erzeugen immer kürzerer Lichtimpulse liefern sich Wissenschaftler weltweit seit Jahren ein Wettrennen. Unserer Gruppe an der Universität Konstanz ist mit der Realisierung einer einzigen Lichtschwingung im Frequenzbereich der Telekommunikation ein weiterer Durchbruch gelungen. Die Generation dieser Impulse öffnet die Tür zu vielen neuen Experimenten in der Ultrakurzzeit‐Physik.
Figuren aus Sand
Authors: Heering Peter 
Published: March 2010

AbstractErnst Florens Friedrich Chladni (1756 – 1827) wird meistens mit der Entwicklung der Akustik in Verbindung gebracht. Manche Menschen assoziieren seinen Namen aber auch mit dem Verständnis von Meteoriten als extraterrestrische Objekte. Was für eine Person konnte sich lange Jahre mit der Herstellung und Vorführung von Staubfiguren beschäftigen und gleichzeitig astronomische Überlegungen anstellen?
Raketenantrieb und ideale Form bei Wassertieren
Authors: Rolfs Claus 
Published: March 2010

Abstract“Er schwimmt wie ein Fisch im Wasser” sagt man manchmal zu einem besonders elegant schwimmenden Menschen. Dass Fische überhaupt so gewandt und schnell sind, verdanken sie unter anderem einem idealen Verhältnis von Länge zu Durchmesser. Der Tintenfisch hingegen weicht hiervon ab. Er bewegt sich stoßweise mit einem Raketenantrieb vorwärts.
The zero‐order kinetics of acetaldehyde thermal generation from polyethylene terephthalate
Authors: Halek G. W. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe thermal decomposition of polyethylene terephthalale has been examined by healing isothermally in a high‐mass reaction chamber and collecting the evolved acetaldehyde on a GC column for quantization. Kinetics were determined at lime intervals up to 1 h for temperatures 225°C, 240°C, 250°C, 260°C, 265°C, 270°C, 280°C, and 300°C. The rate of acetaldehyde evolution was found to be directly proportional to time of reaction at each temperature, thus fitting a zero‐order reaction. The Arrhenius plot of the data yielded a straight line above the melting point with a slope different from the straight line for reaction rates below the melting point. The change in slopes occurred around the crystalline melting point. The following thermodynamic values were found above and below the melting point, respectively: EA, 37.5 and 8.2 kcal/mol; ΔSA, + 1.5 and −54 e.u.; A, 0.68 × 1014 and 0.43 × 102 sec−1. Possible mechanistic implications are discussed.
High flex, ozone‐resistant polymers of higher α‐olefins
Authors: Lal Joginder , Sandstrom Paul H. , Senyek Michael L. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractOzone resistance and high flex life are some of the important features of elastomers needed in the rubber industry. EPDM, a terpolymer of ethylene, propylene, and small amounts of a nonconjugated diene, has a saturated carbon‐carbon backbone and therefore shows excellent resistance to ozone and aging, and good flex properties. However, butyl rubber (1IR) has a small amount of unsaturation in its carbon‐carbon backbone and consequently does not exhibit as good ozone resistance and aging characteristics as EPDM. We discovered a family of new rubbers named HexsynTM, which were synthesized by copolymerizing higher α‐olefins (C4‐C10) with a mixture of 4‐methyl‐ and 5‐methyl‐1,4‐hexadienes. One outstanding Hexsyn™ rubber is a copolymer of 4‐hexene and the 5‐methyl‐1,4‐hexadiene. This copolymer uniquely combines the useful properties of EPDM and butyl. Outstanding features are excellent flex life, excellent ozone resistance, good compression set resistance, and high damping.Due to its excellent flex life, HexsynTM((hexene copolymer) has been found useful in fabricating experimental pumping diaphragms of air‐driven artificial hearts of calves and also for left ventricle assist devices. This rubber has found application as a flexing element in artificial finger joints for damaged or diseased human fingers.
Quantitative evaluation of the ion‐binding characteristics of poly(4′‐vinylbenzo‐18‐crown‐6)
Authors: Chen Cindy C. , Smith Thomas W. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe have carried out an in‐depth study of the alkali metal ion binding characteristics of a model ionophoric macromolecule, poly(4′‐vinylbenzo 18‐crown‐6), P18C6. Ion selective electrode potentiometry has been utilized to determine stability constants for complexstion of K+, Na+, and Cs+ to P18C6 in methanol/water (80/20)w. Our results show that (he intrinsic binding constants, Kn, of P18C6 towards K+C1− and Na+Cl− are identical to that of the monomeric analog, benzo‐18‐crown‐6.In the absence of supporting electrolyte, the apparent binding constant of benzo‐18‐crown‐6 is greater than (hat of P18C6. At low tonic strength the binding of K+ to P18C6 depends strongly on the fraction of crown moieties bound. P18C6 binds K+C1− and Na+Cl− with a stoichiometry of 2 mol of crown per mole of M+ . This binding, however, is not sandwich mode. The binding of K+Cl−, K+NO3 and K+ClO4− to P18C6 in methanol/water differs significantly, with KN(K+ClO4−1 being nearly an order of magnitude greater than KN(K+Cl−). Cs+ is bound to P1SC6 with a stoichiometry of ∼3 mol of crown per mole of Cs+, and the ion is bound cooperatively in a sandwich geometry.
Mass spectrometric detection of cyclic sulfides in the polycondensation of dibromoalkanes with dithiols
Authors: Montaudo G. , Scamporrino E. , Puglisi C. , Vitalini D. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMS analysis was used to identify the cyclic oligomers formed in the polycondensation reactions of dibromoalkanes with dithiols. Cyclic oligomers with only an even number of repeating units are detected among the poly condensation reaction products.
An unusual kinetics of anionic polymerization of four‐membered lactams
Authors: Šebenda J. , Hauer J. , Svetlik J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe anionic polymerization of α,α‐disubstituted four‐membered lactams (3‐hexyl‐3‐methyl‐2‐azetidinone, I and 3‐butyl‐3‐methyl‐2‐azetidinone, II) was found to follow a more complicated kinetics than could be expected. The apparent order of polymerization with respect to the monomer was not constant and increased from zero at the beginning of polymerization to two towards its end. Therefore, it is justified to correlate only the initial rate of polymerization with the concentrations of reactants.
Expression and function of phosphodiesterases in nitrofen‐induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia in rats
Authors: van der Horst Irene W.J.M. , Morgan Beverly , Eaton Farah , Reiss Irwin , Tibboel Dick , Thébaud Bernard 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackgroundCongenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is an anomaly associated with pulmonary hypoplasia and pulmonary hypertension (PH). The limited efficacy of current approaches to treat PH in CDH, including inhaled nitric oxide (NO), drives the search for other therapies. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) degrade cyclic nucleotide second messenger cAMP and cGMP downstream of NO thereby limiting the vasodilatory response to NO.ObjectiveTo identify therapeutic targets by cataloguing the expression and function of PDE isoforms in the pulmonary vasculature in nitrofen‐induced CDH in fetal rats.Methods/ResultsQuantitative RT‐PCR revealed PDE1–5 and PDE9 mRNA expression in pulmonary arteries (PAs) of control and nitrofen‐induced CDH term fetal rats. In this order of potency, the PDE inhibitors Sildenafil (PDE5) > EHNA (PDE2) > Rolipram (PDE4) > Cilostamide (PDE3) all dilated isolated third generation PA after pre‐constriction with the thromboxane analog U46619. Hyperoxic pre‐incubation of PAs significantly attenuated vasodilatation induced by the PDE5 inhibitor Sildenafil (65% vs. 33%,P < 0.004). CDH PAs dilated significantly less to PDE2 inhibitor EHNA compared to control (51% vs. 72%,P < 0.05). Subsequently PDE2 protein expression was higher in PAs of CDH animals.ConclusionMost PDE isoforms exist in the PAs of fetal rats and their inhibition causes pulmonary vasodilatation. PDE5 inhibition was the most potent vasodilator, however, there were no differences between groups. PDE5‐induced vasodilatation was attenuated by hyperoxic pre‐incubation. PDE inhibitors might be considered therapeutic targets in combination with iNO in neonates with CDH. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010; 45:320–325. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A flexible docking scheme to explore the binding selectivity of PDZ domains
Authors: Gerek Z. Nevin , Ozkan S. Banu 
Published: March 2010

AbstractModeling of protein binding site flexibility in molecular docking is still a challenging problem due to the large conformational space that needs sampling. Here, we propose a flexible receptor docking scheme: A dihedral restrained replica exchange molecular dynamics (REMD), where we incorporate the normal modes obtained by the Elastic Network Model (ENM) as dihedral restraints to speed up the search towards correct binding site conformations. To our knowledge, this is the first approach that uses ENM modes to bias REMD simulations towards binding induced fluctuations in docking studies. In our docking scheme, we first obtain the deformed structures of the unbound protein as initial conformations by moving along the binding fluctuation mode, and perform REMD using the ENM modes as dihedral restraints. Then, we generate an ensemble of multiple receptor conformations (MRCs) by clustering the lowest replica trajectory. Using ROSETTALIGAND, we dock ligands to the clustered conformations to predict the binding pose and affinity. We apply this method to postsynaptic density‐95/Dlg/ZO‐1 (PDZ) domains; whose dynamics govern their binding specificity. Our approach produces the lowest energy bound complexes with an average ligand root mean square deviation of 0.36 Å. We further test our method on (i) homologs and (ii) mutant structures of PDZ where mutations alter the binding selectivity. In both cases, our approach succeeds to predict the correct pose and the affinity of binding peptides. Overall, with this approach, we generate an ensemble of MRCs that leads to predict the binding poses and specificities of a protein complex accurately.
CTCF terminal segments are unstructured
Authors: Martinez Selena R. , Miranda JJ L. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe human CCCTC‐binding factor, CTCF, organizes and regulates transcription of the genome by colocalizing distant DNA elements on the same and even different chromosomes. This protein consists of 11 zinc fingers flanked by polypeptide segments of unknown structure and function. We purified recombinant terminal fragments and observed that both are extended, monomeric, and predominantly consist of unordered content. We thus speculate that the role of the terminal extensions, and perhaps all of CTCF, is to act as a scaffold for the assembly of other proteins on a specific binding site.
Solution structure of LC5, the CCR5‐ derived peptide for HIV‐1 inhibition
Authors: Miyamoto Kazuhide , Togiya Kayo , Kitahara Ryo , Akasaka Kazuyuki , Kuroda Yoshihiro 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe synthetic peptide fragment (LC5: LRCRNEKKRHRAVRLIFTI) inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) infection of MT‐4 cells. In this study, the solution structure of LC5 in SDS micelles was elucidated by using the standard 1H two‐dimensional NMR spectroscopic method along with circular dichroism and fluorescence quenching. The peptide adopts a helical structure in the C‐terminal region (residues 13–16), whereas the N‐terminal part remains unstructured. The importance of Phe17 in maintaining the structure of LC5 was demonstrated by replacing Phe17 with Ala, which resulted in the dramatic conformational change of LC5. The solution structure of LC5 elucidated in the present work provides a basis for further study of the mechanism of the inhibition of HIV‐1 infection. Copyright © 2010 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure‐activity relationship of indolicidin, a Trp‐rich antibacterial peptide
Authors: Ando Setsuko , Mitsuyasu Keitarou , Soeda Yoshitake , Hidaka Mariko , Ito Yuki , Matsubara Kouki , Shindo Mitsuno , Uchida Yoshiki , Aoyagi Haruhiko 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA series of Trp and Arg analogs of antibacterial indolicidin (Ind) was synthesized and the antimicrobial and hemolytic activities were investigated. [L9]Ind, [L11]Ind, [K8,L9]Ind and [K6, 8,L9]Ind showed desirable characteristics, exhibiting negligible hemolytic activity while keeping strong antibacterial activity. The results indicated that the Trp residue at position 11 essentially contributes to both activities and one can not be exchanged for the other, whereas the Trp residues at positions 4 and 9 play important roles in antimicrobial and hemolytic activities, respectively. The Trp residues at positions 6 and 8 play no important roles in biological activities. We then found that the retro analog of Ind showed higher antibacterial activity than Ind against both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria but remarkably lower hemolytic activity than that of Ind. Copyright © 2010 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of disulfated peptides corresponding to the N‐terminus of chemokines receptors CXCR6 (CXCR61–20) and DARC (DARC8–42) using a sulfate‐protecting group strategy
Authors: Ali Ahmed M. , Taylor Scott D. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTyrosine sulfation is a post translational modification that occurs on integral membrane and secreted proteins, and is required for mediating crucial biological processes. Until recently the synthesis of sTyr peptides, especially those containing multiple sTyr residues, were among the most challenging peptides to prepare. We recently described an efficient strategy for Fmoc‐based solid phase synthesis of sTyr peptides in which the sulfate group in the sTyr residue(s) is protected with a DCV group (FmocTyr(SO3DCV)OH, 1). After cleavage of the peptide from the support the DCV group is removed by hydrogenolysis. Here we demonstrate that sTyr peptides containing Met or Trp residues can be prepared using our sulfate‐protecting group strategy by preparing peptides corresponding to residues 1–20 of chemokine receptor CXCR6 and 8–42 of chemokine receptor DARC. Removing the DCV groups at the end of the syntheses was readily achieved, without any reduction of the indole ring in Trp, by performing the hydrogenolysis in the presence of triethylamine. These conditions were found to be particularly efficient for removing the DCV group and superiour to our original conditions using H2, ammonium formate, Pd/C. The presence of Met was found not to interfere with the removal of the DCV group. The use of pseudoproline dipeptides and N‐backbone protection with the 2,4‐dimethoxybenzyl group were found to be very effective tactics for preventing aggregation and aspartimide formation during the synthesis of these peptides. We also report an alternative and more cost effective synthesis of amino acid 1. Copyright © 2010 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of band gap engineered PbXCd1–XSe thin films: A study on their optical, electrical, structural and localized mechanical properties
Authors: Mukherjee Nillohit , Khan Gobinda Gopal , Sinha Arijit , Mondal Anup 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn this work, we report a novel electrochemical technique to prepare band gap engineered IV–II–VI type ternary solid solution system of PbxCd1–xSe. This technologically important material is prepared using this method for the first time. We have used a self sufficient modified electrochemical cell made up of Pb anode and a transparent conducting oxide (TCO) coated glass cathode, containing Pb(CH3COO)2, Cd(CH3COO)2, H2SeO3 and Na2EDTA solutions with proper concentrations as the working electrolyte. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) pattern analysis confirms the formation of highly crystalline PbxCd1–xSe, whereas, scanning electron micrograms (SEM) reveals a uniform deposition with compact surface morphology. This ternary system showed band gap energy (Eg) of about 1.4 eV, which is in between CdSe (1.77 eV) and PbSe (0.3 eV) and reasonably good for solar energy absorption. Good rectifying behaviour of the TCO/ PbxCd1–xSe hetero‐junction was established from the current–voltage measurements, which indicate the p‐type conduction nature of the deposited ternary compound. Mechanical properties of such thin films were measured by nano‐indentation.
The effect of (Li,Ce) doping in Aurivillius phase material (Na0.52K0.42Li0.06)0.5Bi2.5(Nb1.88Sb0.06Ta0.06)O9
Authors: Gai Zhi‐Gang , Feng Yuan‐Yuan , Wang Jin‐Feng , Zhao Ming‐Lei , Zheng Li‐Mei , Wang Chun‐Ming , Zhang Shujun , Shrout Thomas R. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe effect of (Li,Ce) substitution for A‐site on the properties of [(Na0.52K0.42Li0.06)Bi]0.5Bi2 (Nb1.88Sb0.06Ta0.06)O9‐based ceramics was investigated. The piezoelectric activity of [(Na0.52K0.42Li0.06)Bi]0.5Bi2 (Nb1.88Sb0.06Ta0.06)O9‐based ceramics is significantly improved by the modification of lithium and cerium. The Curie temperature (TC) gradually decreases from 625 to 605 oC with increasing the (Li,Ce) modification. The piezoelectric coefficient d33 of the [(Na0.52K0.42Li0.06)Bi]0.44(Li,Ce)0.03[]0.03Bi2(Nb1.88Sb0.06Ta0.06)O9 ceramic was found to be 28 pC/N, the highest value among the [(Na0.52K0.42Li0.06)Bi]0.5Bi2(Nb1.88Sb0.06Ta0.06)O9‐based ceramics, also almost 50% higher than the reported d33 values of other Bismuth layer‐structured ferroelectric (BLSF) systems (∼5–19 pC/N). The planar coupling factor kp and kt were found to be 7.0 and 28.0%, together with the high TC (∼610 °C) and stable piezoelectric properties, demonstrating that the (Li,Ce) modified [(Na0.52K0.42Li0.06)Bi]0.5Bi2(Nb1.88Sb0.06Ta0.06)O9‐based material a promising candidate for high temperature applications.
Soft X‐ray emission spectroscopy of low‐dimensional SiO2/Si interfaces after Si+ ion implantation and ion beam mixing
Authors: Zatsepin D. A. , Kaschieva S. , Zier M. , Schmidt B. , Fitting H.‐J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAn X‐ray Si L2,3‐emission spectroscopy study of a SiO2/n‐Si heterostructure containing a thin oxide layer of d = 20 nm thickness implanted by Si+ ions with an energy 12 keV is reported. The maximum concentration of implanted Si+ ions is located close to the SiO2–Si interface at a depth of 18 nm leading to an ion‐beam mixed SiO2/Si interface layer in this region, consisting of a non‐stoichiometric SiOx matrix. The possible mechanisms of these processes are discussed by atomic collision cascades (knocking‐off and knocking‐on processes) during ion implantation, associated by partial phase separation into silicon precipitates and SiO2.