bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wind energy relevant characteristics of turbulence over boreal forests
Authors: Arnqvist Johan , Olivares-Espinosa Hugo , Carlén Ingemar 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Turbulence statistics from three tall meteorological masts and LES in forested landscapes are compared to standard turbulence models used for wind turbine design. The comparison is split into different atmospheric conditions to highlight the impact of stratification on the character of turbulence. The aim of the work is to clarify to which extent standard turbulence models are accurate over forested regions. To this end, different spectral measures such as power spectra and coherence are examined as well as vertical profiles of turbulence characteristics relevant to the design and siting of wind turbines. The measurements are used to investigate vertically separated 2-point statistics and the LES to investigate laterally separated statistics. The results show that in neutral stratification and for smaller separation distances, in the order of half a radius, the standard turbulence models apply, but in non-neutral stratification, particularly in stable conditions and for larger separations the disparity between observations and standard turbulence grow. This effect is mainly attributed to the effect of stratification, while features in the turbulence statistics specifically related to the forest cover is absent at heights relevant to wind energy. The results of the study are expected to be of interest for turbine design purposes as well as wind resource estimation and wind modelling in forested areas.
Attribution of drought trends on the Mongolian Plateau over the past decades
Authors: Li Yulan , Gong Hainan , Chen Wen , Wang Lin 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The Mongolian Plateau (MP) has undergone a significant drought trend in recent decades, presenting a substantial threat to local ecosystems and environments. The debate persists on whether this observed drought trend stems from external forcings or is a result of internal variability. Utilizing the large-ensemble simulations of the climate model and dynamical adjustment method, we have identified that the atmospheric circulation anomalies are the main drivers of drought trends in MP. A zonal atmospheric wave train, triggered by internally-generated warming of the North Atlantic sea surface temperature (NAS), is responsible for nearly 57% of the drought trend observed in MP. While external forcings could potentially induce a moistening trend in MP via direct thermodynamic processes, the atmospheric circulation anomalies linked to the forced NAS warming can not only offset its direct effect but also further amplify the drought trend in MP, accounting for 43% of the drought trend observed in MP.
Maintaining Performance and Lifetime of Boiler Assets During Implementation of Cofiring and Coal Switching by Using Integrated Digital Boiler Combustion Tuning
Authors: Yudisaputro H , Gumbira D , Lubis R S , Saputra A T , Satyadi H 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Implementing coal switching and co-firing at the JPR coal-fired power plant significantly impacts life assets and plant performance, especially in the boiler. This phenomenon happens because low-calorie coal and biomass in Indonesia have a very high water content of up to 56%. According to the problem, an improvement based on a digital system was carried out to adjust the combustion pattern to achieve the operation parameter target for the main boiler equipment. This study was completed in three steps: first, the mixing characteristics of biomass and coal were validated; second, the combustion process was optimized through boiler tuning, which involves figuring out the best value for every fuel modification; and third, a digital platform was developed to make the process of controlling, monitoring, and optimizing combustion more straightforward. The work process begins with inputting daily operation planning data, and then the digital boiler system identifies fuel needs based on availability at the coal yard. Moreover, it also shows the recommendation for the baseline operating parameters executed by the plant operator. The system automatically warns if there is a difference between the actual operating pattern and the baseline. As a result, this study creates a symmetrical fireball concerning the combustion chamber and reduces SO2 and NOx emissions. Boiler performance indicators such as O2 outlet at 3-4 % and other indicators can operate within the baseline parameter. Boiler efficiency increased by 0,8 %, or equivalent to savings of $ 1.272.992,83, and decreased electricity generation cost to $ 0,000081/kWh. The pipe thickness rate is also reduced, preventing leakage in the boiler and, as an indication, increasing the boiler’s lifetime.
Investigation of slagging-fouling tendency for high-sulfur coal and solid recovered fuel (SRF)
Authors: Ghazidin H , Suyatno  , Cahyo Nur , Ruhiyat A S , Prabowo  , Darmawan A 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
SRF can be utilized as co-firing fuel in power plants in order to provide more green energy and decrease the waste landfill. However, the characteristics of SRF with high potassium and chlorine need to be investigated first to avoid ash problem aspects in the future. This study aims to obtain initial prediction of slagging, fouling, abrasion, and corrosion for SRF and high-sulfur coal blend using empirical indices. This study used five slagging parameters, four fouling parameters, one abrasion parameter, and two corrosion parameters. The result shows that SRF contains high ash content, chlorine, Fe2O3, CaO, and K2O, that affects ash deposit formation like slagging, fouling, abrasion, and corrosion. Therefore, composition of 0-15 wt% SRF is more suitable than other compositions.
Effect of Fuel Substitution on Thermal Efficiency Using GateCycle
Authors: Ruhiyat A S , Prismantoko A , Luktyansyah I M , Abimanyu H , Adelia N , Prasetyo B T , Hartono J 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Biomass is a renewable energy source that can be used to substitute coal. However, in its utilization, the impact of several factors must be investigated. In this study, a simulation was conducted utilizing the GateCycle software to assess the impact of fuel composition modifications on the boiler’s operational efficiency. Simulation results show that changes in fuel composition do not significantly affect boiler efficiency. Co-combustion fuel, blended coal with 5% frond, has low total moisture and high fixed carbon, giving the highest boiler efficiency among other blended fuels. The steam output decreases by 3 - 7 t/h at the same pressure and temperature. Simulation results need to be validated by testing on existing boilers. It is also necessary to investigate the effect of fuel characteristics on slag fouling, which can lead to reduced boiler performance.
Xylitol Production from Aspergillus niger using Empty Fruit Bunches (EFBs) as a Substrate by Submerged Fermentation
Authors: Panjaitan G , Simanjuntak B , Martgrita M M 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Xylitol is a sugar alcohol that has five carbon chains and is one of the commercial products whose use is quite high in Indonesia, but its availability is still low. Xylitol is widely used in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. The production of xylitol can be carried out through fermentation using microorganisms and pure xylose as a substrate, but the use of pure xylose is quite expensive so it will increase production costs. Xylose can be replaced by hydrolysate xylose from agricultural waste. Empty Fruit Bunches (EFBs) is one of the agricultural wastes which has a high hemicellulose content, which is 35%. The high hemicellulose content from EFBs can be used as a substrate in the production of xylitol by submerged fermentation. This research was conducted to determine the effect of variations substrate concentration on xylitol production, evaluate the effect of Aspergillus niger growth rate on xylitol production, and determine the concentration of xylitol produced during the fermentation process. The concentration variations of the substrate were 14.28%, 28.57%, and 42.85%. The result of this research indicated that the substrate concentration increase led to increasing cell concentration, cell growth rate, xylitol concentration, and xylitol production rate. The highest substrate concentration resulted in a cell concentration of 0.0078 g/ml, a cell growth rate of 0.00014 cells/hour, a xylitol concentration of 189.00 mg/ml, and a xylitol production rate of 2.861 mg/hour.
Pyrolysis of oil palm trunk biomass using a fixed bed reactor to produce raw material for bio-carbon black
Authors: Raksodewanto Alfonsus Agus , Sudarmanta Bambang , Setiyawan Atok , Priyanto Unggul , Fariza Oni , Yarsono Samdi , Zufri Muhamad Fauzi , Puspitasari Santi 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The abundance of palm oil plantation waste in Indonesia can be utilized as a raw material for making carbon black, which currently relies on fossil fuel-based raw materials. Out of the five types of palm oil biomass waste, including empty fruit bunches (EFB), palm kernel shells (PKS), palm mesocarp fibers (PMF), oil palm fronds (OPF), and oil palm trunks (OPT), one will be chosen as the raw material for carbon black production. Palm oil biomass waste typically has a relatively high ash content. To reduce the ash content, the biomass must first undergo pyrolysis to transform it into pyrolysis oil. The higher the carbon content and the lower the oxygen content, the more the pyrolysis oil meets the criteria for replacing crude oil. Among the criteria mentioned, the lowest ash content is found in palm kernel shells (1.4%). The highest carbon content is in palm trunks (55.8%), while the lowest oxygen content is also in palm kernel shells (34.5%). Palm kernel shells are the best palm oil biomass that can be used as a raw material for carbon black. However, because palm kernel shells are commonly used as boiler fuel, the second choice is palm trunks due to their high carbon content. Pyrolysis experiments were conducted using palm trunk biomass to produce bio-oil, which would be further processed into carbon black. The palm trunks were divided into three parts: outer trunk, middle trunk, and core trunk. The biomass size was also varied, with sizes of 20 mesh and 40 mesh. The pyrolysis process used a fixed bed reactor with a heating rate of 3°C/minute, reaching a pyrolysis temperature of 600°C, and maintaining that temperature for 1.5 hours. The highest yield of bio-oil obtained was from the outer trunk with a biomass size of 40 mesh (36.8%). Similarly, for a size of 20 mesh, the highest yield was also from the outer trunk (35.7%).
Risk Management for the Petrodiesel-Biodiesel Fuel Blend Supply Chain in Indonesia
Authors: Ardiansah Nur , Nyoman Pujawan I 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This research addresses the management of risks within inter-business unit networks, focusing on two key levels of risk mitigation: strategic and operational. Prior research primarily explored risk management within specific fuel industry units supplied by a single source. This study represents a novel approach, delving into dual-source fuel strategies and engaging various supply chain stakeholders to identify and mitigate operational risks accordingly. The research findings demonstrate that stakeholders can reduce risks through integrated planning and collaboration among business units, with government support further reducing inter-unit risks. This study’s main contribution is establishing a basis for future research in eco-friendly fuel supply chains, specifically examining the long-term viability of blending petrofuel with biofuel. This extends risk analysis to supply chain networks involving multiple business units. Moreover, this research emphasizes the significance of case studies covering end-to-end product flows in fuel blend supply, encompassing various supply chain functions. Additionally, it investigates stakeholder perceptions of operational risks associated with different business unit types, addressing potential domino effects. It highlights the importance of information technology in risk reduction through collaborative information exchange within the supply chain.
On-Stream Pipe Scale Inspection Using Gamma-Ray Tomography Technique: Field Experiment in Karaha Geothermal Power Plant, Indonesia
Authors: Azmi Bayu , Milyardi Indra , Stefanus Megy , Prasetyo Fajar Adi , Prasetio Rasi , Kuznetsov Mikhail S. , Dolmatov Oleg Yu. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Pipe scaling is a common problem in geothermal power plants. Currently, the pipeline withinside the Karaha Telaga Bodas geothermal subject is indicated to incorporate scale because of pressure anomalies. On-stream pipe scale inspection techniques are needed to maintain the production process. This research aims to apply the gamma-ray transmission tomography technique to pipelines in geothermal fields. The gamma-ray tomography system consists of a 137Cs (2.96 GBq) gamma radiation source, a scintillation detector, mechanical parts, control parts, and data acquisition. Scanning was performed at three predetermined points: brine pipe 1, two-phase pipe, and brine pipe 2. The system scans half of the pipe circumference (180°) and divides it into 32 projections (5.625°). Each projection performs a translational scan with a resolution of 4 mm. Three cross-sectional images of the pipe were obtained, showing the inside condition. Pipe scale was observed at three scanning points with a thickness of 12 mm-48 mm. Gamma tomography can potentially be a tool for examining pipe scale thickness in geothermal fields. The use of a single detector is a limitation that needs to be improved. Apart from that, the stability of the control and mechanical parts must also be improved.
The Implementation of Traceability and Ensuring Validity of Results at Testing Laboratories for Air and Exhaust Gas in Indonesia
Authors: Hamim N , Budiman H , Habibie M H , Basuki B 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Ensuring metrological traceability and result validity is a critical aspect of testing laboratories to obtain reliable results and ensure comparability. A survey was conducted in testing laboratories to assess the extent of traceability and result validity assurance through the utilization of certified reference materials and the implementation of quality assurance. The objective of this survey is to determine the necessary types of reference materials and proficiency tests, particularly for air and exhaust gas laboratories, in order to enhance the development of reference materials and proficiency testing services. The survey involved distributing a questionnaire regarding the utilization of certified reference materials and the implementation of quality assurance to accredited air and exhaust gas testing laboratories. The findings revealed that out of the 25 participating laboratories, a significant portion had not yet incorporated the use of certified reference materials in their testing processes. Although internal quality control measures were generally implemented across laboratories, only 40% had adopted external quality control methods, such as comparative and proficiency tests. Consequently, it is evident that there is an urgent need to develop reference materials for all parameters of air and exhaust gas testing, and there is a requirement for updated information for proficiency test providers.
Numerical investigations on Hydrofoil Performance due to Homogeneous Roughness
Authors: Aisyah Imaniar Fitri , Sutardi  
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Adding a foil system to catamaran shups, also known as Hydrofoil Supported Catamarans (hysucat), is one method of reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions. By taking advantage of the lifting force of the foil, the implementation of a foil system can efficiently decrease a vessel’s draft and consequently reduce the ship’s resistance. However, continually submerged areas of the ship’s hull will be vulnerable to biofouling. As biofouling grows, the hull becomes rough. As a result of increased frictional resistance, rough surfaces may lower the performance of a system, according to fluid mechanics. This study aims to investigate the impact of foil roughness on its work performance. To achieve this, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical method will be set up with a modified wall function employed for roughness modelling in simulation. The specified roughness height values (ks
) values, which range from 81.25 to 325.00 to 568.75 in µm, represent the general hull roughness. The results reveal that a rough surface may negatively affect the hydrofoil’s operational performance by raising the resistance significantly.
Hopf bifurcations of twisted states in phase oscillators rings with nonpairwise higher-order interactions
Authors: Bick Christian , Böhle Tobias , Omel’chenko Oleh E 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Synchronization is an essential collective phenomenon in networks of interacting oscillators. Twisted states are rotating wave solutions in ring networks where the oscillator phases wrap around the circle in a linear fashion. Here, we analyze Hopf bifurcations of twisted states in ring networks of phase oscillators with nonpairwise higher-order interactions. Hopf bifurcations give rise to quasiperiodic solutions that move along the oscillator ring at nontrivial speed. Because of the higher-order interactions, these emerging solutions may be stable. Using the Ott–Antonsen approach, we continue the emergent solution branches which approach anti-phase type solutions (where oscillators form two clusters whose phase is π apart) as well as twisted states with a different winding number.
Antibacterial and photo dye degradative ability of copper oxide nanoparticles from Pleurotus cystidiosus
Authors: S Kamakshi , P Anantha Lakshmi , R Shenbhagaraman , P Jenavio Maria Amirtham , R Siva , G Lakshmanan , J Selvakumari 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The present study deals with in vitro experiments for to develop synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles using Pleurotus cystidiosus. Mushroom-based nanoparticles, such as copper nanoparticles have become more significant because of potential biocatalytic properties, including antibacterial activity. The blue-to-brown color shift suggests CuONPs, as confirmed by absorbance maxima at 246 nm in ultraviolet spectroscopy. FTIR spectra reveal the existence of carboxyl, alcohol, and aldehyde carbon; the amine group represents the myco-synthesized copper nanoparticle. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) nanoparticles show spherical to oval nano aggregates of 80–110 nm in size. The EDX spectrum confirms the presence of Cu at 8.00 keV in myco-synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles. The antimicrobial efficacy of produced copper oxide nanoparticles on human pathogens showed a maximum zone of inhibition against coliform bacteria such as Enterococcus faecalis (32 ± 2), Enterobacter aerogenes (30 ± 1), E. coli (28 ± 1) and least zone of inhibition about 25 ± 1 mm recorded in Streptococcus mutans. The photocatalytic activity of Congo red dye, Malachite green dye, and Remazol blue dye by copper oxide nanoparticles from Pleurotus cystidiosus was investigated, and the results showed a maximum degradation efficiency of 99.2% in Congo red within 90 min. However, moderate degradation was noted in malachite green, and Remazol blue dye has a low degradation efficiency. Thus, myco-synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles from Pleurotus cystidiosus have potent antimicrobial and photocatalytic dye degradation efficacy.
The General Food Law Regulation (GFLR) and Transparency Amendment
Authors: Schebesta Hanna , Purnhagen Kai 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter outlines the main EU food law umbrella harmonization measure, the General Food Law Regulation (GFLR). The adoption of the general food law and the GFLR’s modification through the Transparency Regulation are discussed in detail (section 5.2). It looks at the aims and objectives of the Regulation and defines its scope of application (section 5.3). The chapter also explains the role of the GFLR as an overarching framework of principles valid for all EU secondary food law, in particular in terms of the principles it lays down, that is, science-based risk analysis, the precautionary principle, transparency, and protection of consumers’ interests; section 5.4). The general requirements on food trade, in particular the prohibition on placing unsafe food on the market, and the corresponding duties of food business operators (FBOs) when placing food on the market (sections 5.5. and 5.6) are discussed. The GFLR also establishes the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA; section 5.7), and lays down the Rapid Alert System, Crisis Management procedures (section 5.8). Lastly, the GFLR covers procedural aspects (section 5.9). The chapter concludes with a reflection on the GFLR in general (section 5.10).
Genetically Modified Food
Authors: Schebesta Hanna , Purnhagen Kai 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers the EU’s regulatory system on genetically modified (GM) food. It outlines the legal framework, its foundation, objectives and primary goals (sections 8.2 and 8.2.1), as well as the scope (section 8.2.2), and main requirements (section 8.3) of the GMO deliberate release and GM food and feed framework. It also discusses the authorization procedures of GMOs, specifically its content (section 8.3.1) and process, looking at risk assessment (section 8.3.2), management (section 8.3.3), and validity and renewal (section 8.3.4). The specific traceability and labelling requirements are listed (section 8.4), followed by a discussion on the current EU GM food legislation (section 8.6).
Hygiene Legislation and Microbiological Criteria for Food
Authors: Schebesta Hanna , Purnhagen Kai 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers the biological dimension of food safety. It discusses the EU hygiene legislation for food (section 10.2) on the basis of Regulation (EC) 852/2004—the General Hygiene Regulation (section 10.3) and Regulation (EC) 853/2004—the Hygiene Regulation for Animal Origin (section 10.4). General and specific principles and requirements of hygiene, such as the hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) principles (section 10.3.1), are explained, as is the importance and functioning of guides to good practice and the notion of an integrated food safety management system (FSMS) (section 10.3.2.). In addition, the chapter deals with the microbiological criteria for foodstuffs (section 10.5).
Food Contact Materials
Authors: Schebesta Hanna , Purnhagen Kai 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers the EU legislation on food contact materials (FCM). It outlines the regulatory framework by discussing Regulation 1935/2004 on FCM (section 12.2) as well as Regulation (EC) 2023/2006 on good manufacturing practices (GMPs) (section 12.3). In addition to examining the general regulations, the chapter also looks in more detail at the EU legislation on the use (section 12.4) and restriction (section 12.5) of specific materials, namely ‘virgin’ plastic materials (section 12.3.1), active and intelligent materials (section 12.4.2), recycled plastic materials (section 12.4.3), ceramics (section 12.4.4), and regenerated cellulose film (section 12.4.5). It concludes with a debate on the reform of the FCM Regulatory Framework (section 12.6).
Food Information to Consumers Regulation
Authors: Schebesta Hanna , Purnhagen Kai 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses the provisions of the Food Information Regulation. Given the high level of detail of the provisions, the focus is on explaining the structure of the legal instruments, and illustrating the main rules with examples. After a general introduction of its legal basis, scope, and major definitions (section 13.3), the basic, horizontally applicable principles of EU food information law (section 13.4) and fair information practices (section 13.5) are introduced. The chapter then discusses the regulations for mandatory food information (section 13.5), as well as the rules on voluntary food information section (section 13.7).