bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification and characterization of cellular locus of limonin biotransforming enzyme in Pseudomonas putida
Authors: Verma Jay Prakash , Singh Siddhartha , Ghosh Moushumi , Srivastava Pramod Kumar 
Published: January 2010

SummaryLimonin is a highly oxygenated triterpene derivative of class of limonoids which causes delayed bitterness in citrus. Pseudomonas putida (P. putida) is able to reduce 47% and 63% of limonin from juice serum extract and standard limonin, respectively. Biochemical studies with P. putida indicate that probably two metabolic pathways viz. 17‐dehydrolimonoid and deoxylimonoid pathway exists in the test organism. Experimental results indicate that the enzyme limonoate dehydrogenase which is found to be localized in periplasmic space of P. putida plays a major role in conversion of limonin to 17‐dehydrolimonoate A‐ring lactone. Enzymatic studies have shown a 72% reduction in limonin. The experimental results show 9 folds reduction in limonin content in presence of NAD as cofactor. The molecular weight of one of its polypeptide is found to be 66 kDa. The optimum pH and temperature for enzyme activity is 8.5 and 30 °C, respectively.
Evolution of some physicochemical parameters of iodine fortified sunflower oil and margarine
Authors: Pop Flavia 
Published: January 2010

SummaryExperimental research were effectuated to establish the modalities of incorporation of the molecular iodine in sunflower oil double refined and deodorised of autochthon production. It was established that the iodisation of sunflower oil may be considered as an admissible method, which allows the incorporation of a considerable amount of iodine (1–100 μg mL−1) without modifying the physicochemical properties of the product. It should be noted that iodine value varied a little, even in the sample with a maximum content of iodine (1000 μg mL−1), its values did not exceed permitted limit. Research of quality indices variation of iodised oil during product storage (3 months), demonstrated that only in the case of maximum concentration of iodine (1000 μg mL−1) it was manifested a slight overcome of the maximum permitted limit caused by the free iodine presence. Iodised oil was used for the manufacture of iodised margarine in order to fortificate this product with iodine (1 μg iodine g−1 margarine). Physicochemical indices (moisture and volatile substances, melting point, free fatty acids content) of iodised margarine did not differ from the characteristics of the product without iodine.
Effects of different vanilla extraction methods on sensory and colour properties of vanilla ice creams during storage
Authors: Pardio Violeta T. , Waliszewski Krzysztof N. , Flores Argel 
Published: January 2010

SummaryThe effects of enzyme assisted vanilla extract (EAVE), traditional vanilla extract made from the same mature vanilla beans and commercial vanilla extract, adjusted to 0.1% vanillin concentration, on the sensory and colour properties of vanilla ice cream were studied. For the production of 1 kg of ice cream, vanilla extracts contributed 5 mg of vanillin but each extract contributed different amounts of non‐vanillin flavour compounds. Flavour and odour parameters of ice creams did not show changes during 3 weeks of storage while colour parameters decreased in ice cream made with EAVE from the first day of manufacture. When EAVE was used, it produced a whiter colour in the ice cream, which was found to be less stable from the second week of storage. This observation was confirmed with the measurement of L and chroma colour parameters.
Cold‐set whey protein gels induced by calcium or sodium salt addition
Authors: Kuhn Kátia Regina , Cavallieri Ângelo Luiz Fazani , Da Cunha Rosiane Lopes 
Published: January 2010

SummaryCold‐set whey protein isolate (WPI) gels formed by sodium or calcium chloride diffusion through dialysis membranes were evaluated by mechanical properties, water‐holding capacity and microscopy. The increase of WPI concentration led to a decrease of porosity of the gels and to an increase of hardness, elasticity and water‐holding capacity for both systems (CaCl2 and NaCl). WPI gels formed by calcium chloride addition were harder, more elastic and opaque, but less deformable and with decreased ability to hold water in relation to sodium gels. The non linear part of stress–strain data was evaluated by the Blatz, Sharda, and Tschoegl equation and cold‐set gels induced by calcium and sodium chloride addition showed strain‐weakening and strain‐hardening behaviour, respectively. The fractal structure of the gels indicated a weak‐link behaviour. For WPI gels results suggest intrafloc links, formed at heating step, which were more rigid than the interfloc links, promoted by salt addition.
Comparison of the effect of sugars on the viscoelastic properties of sweet potato starch pastes
Authors: Cho Sun‐A , Yoo Byoungseung 
Published: January 2010

SummaryViscoelastic properties of sweet potato starch (SPS) pastes (5% w/w) were studied in the presence of various sugars (sucrose, glucose, fructose, and xylose) at different concentrations (0, 10 and 20%) by small‐deformation oscillatory measurements. Dynamic frequency sweeps at 20 °C indicated that all SPS–sugar mixtures were more elastic than viscous with storage moduli (G′) higher than loss moduli (G′′) at all values of frequency with a frequency dependency. Dynamic moduli (G′ and G′′) values increased with the increase in sugar concentration from 10 to 20%. Changes in the dynamic moduli were more pronounced with xylose in comparison to the control (no sugar) and other sugars. G′ values as a function of ageing time (10 h) at 4 °C continuously increased with time during ageing without a plateau region. In general, G′ values of SPS–sugar mixtures during ageing decreased in the following order: pentose (xylose) > hexose (glucose and fructose) > control > disaccharide (sucrose), indicating that the xylose had the greatest ability in retarding retrogradation of SPS.
Evaluation of pre‐heating and extraction solvents in antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of garlic, and their application in fresh pork patties
Authors: Park Sung Y. , Chin Koo B. 
Published: January 2010

SummaryThe objectives of this study were to screen the optimum conditions for antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of garlic as affected by pre‐heating and different extraction solvents, and to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of these extracts in ground meat during refrigerated storage. Methanol extracted garlic had a greater total phenolic content, 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)‐radical scavenging activity and reducing power than water extracted one (P < 0.05), whereas the latter had a greater yield and iron chelating ability than the former (P < 0.05). Moreover, water extract from fresh garlic (WEFG) and methanol extract from heated garlic (MEHG) produced an inhibition zone against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes. The addition of garlic extracts (WEFG, MEHG and their combinations WEFMEHG)) to pork patties decreased the pH, hunter a values (redness), thiobarbituric acid substances values and the number of total plate count and Enterobacteriaceae (P < 0.05), while the hunter b values (yellowness) increased (P < 0.05). Results of this study indicated that the use of the garlic extracts was able to control lipid oxidation and microbial growth in pork patties.
Main quality attributes and antioxidants in Hungarian sour cherries: identification of genotypes with enhanced functional properties
Authors: Papp Nóra , Szilvássy Blanka , Abrankó László , Szabó Tibor , Pfeiffer Péter , Szabó Zoltán , Nyéki József , Ercisli Sezai , Stefanovits‐Bányai Éva , Hegedűs Attila 
Published: January 2010

SummarySour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) cultivars native to Hungary and some of them grown worldwide, display great phenotypic variability. Eleven sour cherry cultivars were analysed for their main quality attributes including fruit weight, soluble solid content, acidity, pH, specific sugars (glucose and fructose), antioxidant capacity as well as total polyphenolic (TPC), total anthocyanin (TMAC) and vitamin C contents. Results showed wide variation in both fruit quality and antioxidant parameters of Hungarian sour cherries. The anthocyanin contents varied from 11.3 to 93.5 mg/100 g. An amarelle‐type cultivar, ‘Pipacs 1’ showed the highest antioxidant capacity (21.85 mmol AA L−1), TPC (49.04 mg GA L−1) and vitamin C (8.98 mg/100 g) content. Key enzymes in anthocyanin biosynthesis were expressed in both yellow‐coloured flesh and red skin of ‘Pipacs 1’ fruits at all ripening stages. The detected diversity presents a choice that can satisfy different consumer preferences, and meet specific nutritional requirements.
Region versus site variation in the population dynamics of three short‐lived perennials
Authors: Jongejans Eelke , Jorritsma‐Wienk Linda D. , Becker Ute , Dostál Petr , Mildén Mikael , De Kroon Hans 
Published: January 2010

Summary 1. When range shifts or invasions of plant species are studied, it is important to know whether large‐scale spatial variation in a species’ demography can be ignored or approximated by variation observed over smaller spatial scales. 2. Here, we studied the population dynamics of three similar (as shown by elasticity analysis) short‐lived perennial plant species in multiple sites in different European countries over 2 years. We constructed a total of 40 transition matrices and analysed the spatio‐temporal variation in the projected population growth rate (λ) with spatially nested life table response experiments (LTRE). 3. All species (Carlina vulgaris, Tragopogon pratensis and Hypochaeris radicata) showed considerable life‐history variation among regions on top of variation among sites within regions. 4. Net variance contributions (NVC), a novel LTRE statistic, revealed that in each species, variation in one group of vital rates contributed most to variation in λ among regions as well as among sites. However, that most important type of vital rates differed between species: plant growth in C. vulgaris, flower head production in T. pratensis and establishment probability of seedlings in H. radicata. The rankings of the NVCs of other vital rates varied between site and region effects, suggesting that buffering through negative vital rate correlations varies over different spatial scales, while the identity of the main contributor to λ variation is more constant. 5. Temporal effects were smaller than spatial effects, but the LTREs showed strong interactions between time and space (region or site), suggesting that the effect of, e.g. climate fluctuations are not synchronized throughout the distribution of a species. 6. Synthesis. This study shows that the life histories of plant species are distinguishable even when mean elasticity values show only small differences, and that life histories vary over the distribution range of a species. Demographic differences over large spatial scales can therefore only be partly substituted by small scale spatial variation in modelling studies on the population dynamics of a species across its entire distribution.
Using experiments, demography and population models to estimate interaction strength based on transient and asymptotic dynamics
Authors: Maron John L. , Horvitz Carol C. , Williams Jennifer L. 
Published: January 2010

Summary 1. Despite a large literature documenting the effects of mutualists and/or antagonists on plant performance, we still have limited insight into the strength of these interactions, as this involves quantifying how one species influences the population dynamics of another. 2. Here, we use data from two example systems, Cynoglossum officinale and Calathea ovandensis, to illustrate how experiments, demographic data and stage‐based population models can be combined to estimate interaction strength of insect herbivores on plants. Because many plant populations may not be at equilibrium, we conduct transient analyses and contrast these results to more traditional asymptotic results. 3. We calculate three metrics of interaction strength, Δλasymptotic, the change in asymptotic annual per capita plant population growth rate resulting from herbivore exclusion, Δλ(t), the change in transient λ caused by herbivores at t = M (where M = the time of their maximum effect during the transient phase) and Δλtransient, a time‐averaged effect of consumers on λ across the entire transient phase. 4. Fairly strong impacts of insect consumers on plant fecundity do not translate similarly to Δλasymptotic. Results show that Δλ(t) can be larger (or smaller) than Δλasymptotic but in our examples Δλtransient was similar in magnitude to Δλasymptotic. 5. The transient effects of consumers on λ were driven by changes in the elasticity of fecundity across the transient phase. These effects were dynamic even though consumer impacts on demography and vital rates were held constant. The importance of particular stages and transitions to annual population growth vary during the transient phase. 6.
Synthesis. We describe three metrics of interaction strength, Δλasymptotic, Δλ(t) and Δλtransient. These metrics have several advantages over more commonly used trait or performance measures that quantify the outcome of interactions. We illustrate how the transient impacts of consumers on λ are dynamic, with the changing stage distribution of a population and transient elasticities driving these effects. More generally, this study shows that the impacts of animals on plant performance do not translate equivalently to plant population growth, thereby underscoring the importance of using population models to extend the inference of individual‐level experiments.
Integral Projection Models for trees: a new parameterization method and a validation of model output
Authors: Zuidema Pieter A. , Jongejans Eelke , Chien Pham D. , During Heinjo J. , Schieving Feike 
Published: January 2010

Summary 1. Matrix models are popular tools for plant demographic studies, but their application to long‐lived, slow‐growing species is hampered by the fact that (i) model output is highly sensitive to category width and (ii) growth variation between individuals can only be partially accounted for. Integral Projection Models (IPMs) – an extension of matrix models – offer a solution to these problems. 2. Here, we introduce a new method to parameterize IPMs for trees – the ‘integration method’– which allows constructing IPMs for long‐lived, slow‐growing species. This approach is more suitable than the ‘midpoint rule’, which is customarily used. 3. We built IPMs for six tree species from Vietnamese (sub)tropical forests. For four of these species, population growth rate (λ) was highly sensitive to the number of categories in the transition matrix. Population growth stabilized for IPMs with 100–1000 categories, corresponding to categories of 0.1–1 cm in trunk diameter. This preferred width is much narrower than the 10‐cm‐wide categories customarily used in tree models. 4. The distribution of elasticity values over transition types (stasis, progression to next and further categories) is also highly sensitive to matrix dimension in IPMs. In addition, elasticity distribution is influenced by including or excluding growth variation. 5. Age estimates obtained from IPMs were also highly sensitive to matrix dimension: an IPM with 1000 size categories yielded 2–4 times higher age estimates for large trees than one with 10 size categories. Observed ages obtained from tree ring analyses for four of the study species allowed validating these estimates. IPMs with 10 categories strongly underestimated age, while those with 1000 categories yielded slight age overestimates. Underestimating age in small matrices is caused by the occurrence of unrealistically fast pathways through the life cycle and is probably widespread among tree models with broad categories. Overestimating ages in IPMs with narrow categories may be due to temporally autocorrelated growth or errors in fitting growth curves. 6. Synthesis. IPMs are highly suitable tools to analyse tree demography. We recommend that tree IPMs (and classical matrix models) apply narrow diameter categories (0.1–1 cm width) to obtain reliable model output.
Life table response experiment analysis of the stochastic growth rate
Authors: Caswell Hal 
Published: January 2010

Summary 1. Life table response experiment (LTRE) analyses decompose treatment effects on a dependent variable (usually, but not necessarily, population growth rate) into contributions from differences in the parameters that determine that variable. 2. Fixed, random and regression LTRE designs have been applied to plant populations in many contexts. These designs all make use of the derivative of the dependent variable with respect to the parameters, and describe differences as sums of linear approximations. 3. Here, I extend LTRE methods to analyse treatment effects on the stochastic growth rate  log λs. The problem is challenging because a stochastic model contains two layers of dynamics: the stochastic dynamics of the environment and the response of the vital rates to the state of the environment. I consider the widely used case where the environment is described by a Markov chain. 4. As the parameters describing the environmental Markov chain do not appear explicitly in the calculation of  log λs, derivatives cannot be calculated. The solution presented here combines derivatives for the vital rates with an alternative (and older) approach, due to Kitagawa and Keyfitz, that calculates contributions in a way analogous to the calculation of main effects in statistical models. 5. The resulting LTRE analysis decomposes  log λs into contributions from differences in: (i) the stationary distribution of environmental states, (ii) the autocorrelation pattern of the environment, and (iii) the stage‐specific vital rate responses within each environmental state. 6. As an example, the methods are applied to a stage‐classified model of the prairie plant Lomatium bradshawii in a stochastic fire environment. 7. Synthesis. The stochastic growth rate is an important parameter describing the effects of environmental fluctuations on population viability. Like any growth rate, it responds to differences in environmental factors. Without a decomposition analysis there is no way to attribute differences in the stochastic growth rate to particular parts of the life cycle or particular aspects of the stochastic environment. The methods presented here provide such an analysis, extending the LTRE analyses already available for deterministic environments.
Context‐dependent pollinator limitation in stochastic environments: can increased seed set overpower the cost of reproduction in an understorey herb?
Authors: Horvitz Carol C. , Ehrlén Johan , Matlaga David 
Published: January 2010

Summary 1. In the understorey herb Lathyrus vernus seed production is pollen limited, but increased reproduction results in a lower probability of remaining reproductive. Putting these two results together, previous research reported that population growth rate λ was negatively impacted by high pollination. 2. Thus, costs and benefits have to be translated into the common currency of their respective effects on population dynamics to determine whether populations are truly pollen limited or whether they are already at an optimal level of pollination. 3. Also, when pollinators and demography vary from year to year we require a framework that examines reproductive benefits and demographic costs in the context of a variable environment. Whether or not additional pollination will increase the stochastic population growth rate λS depends upon the balance of stochastic elasticities of the costs and benefits. 4. In constant environment models, where seed survival, germination and seedling survival were increased, we found that the high cost of reproduction could be offset by improvements in seed survival and germination, but not by improvements of seedling survival. 5. In variable environment models, where changes in the sequence and frequencies of high‐ and low‐pollination years mixed with occasional high‐germination years were modelled, we found that increasing the frequency of high‐germination conditions could offset the cost of reproduction, and the offset was even greater if high‐germination years occurred after a high‐pollination year or if high pollination was accompanied by high‐germination conditions in the same year. 6. Both deterministic λ and stochastic λS were less sensitive to perturbation of reproduction than to perturbation of the probability for flowering plants to remain reproductive. In other words, a small change in the parameter which is related to the ‘cost’ of reproduction had a bigger effect than a small change in the parameter which is related to the ‘benefit’ of increased pollination for Lathyrus. 7.
Synthesis. Stochastic environment‐specific elasticities for reproduction and stasis of flowering plants differ in their response to environmental context. The cost–benefit relationships, the ultimate fitness consequences of supplemental pollen, are influenced by the frequency and sequence of years differing in pollen availability and recruitment conditions.
Boom or bust? A comparative analysis of transient population dynamics in plants
Authors: Stott Iain , Franco Miguel , Carslake David , Townley Stuart , Hodgson Dave 
Published: January 2010

Summary 1. Population dynamics often defy predictions based on empirical models, and explanations for noisy dynamics have ranged from deterministic chaos to environmental stochasticity. Transient (short‐term) dynamics following disturbance or perturbation have recently gained empirical attention from researchers as further possible effectors of complicated dynamics. 2. Previously published methods of transient analysis have tended to require knowledge of initial population structure. However, this has been overcome by the recent development of the parametric Kreiss bound (which describes how large a population must become before reaching its maximum possible transient amplification following a disturbance) and the extension of this and other transient indices to simultaneously describe both amplified and attenuated transient dynamics. 3. We apply the Kreiss bound and other transient indices to a data base of matrix models from 108 plant species, in an attempt to detect ecological and mathematical patterns in the transient dynamical properties of plant populations. 4. We describe how life history influences the transient dynamics of plant populations: species at opposite ends of the scale of ecological succession have the highest potential for transient amplification and attenuation, whereas species with intermediate life history complexity have the lowest potential. 5. We find ecological relationships between transients and asymptotic dynamics: faster‐growing populations tend to have greater potential magnitudes of transient amplification and attenuation, which could suggest that short‐ and long‐term dynamics are similarly influenced by demographic parameters or vital rates. 6. We describe a strong dependence of transient amplification and attenuation on matrix dimension: perhaps signifying a potentially worrying artefact of basic model parameterization. 7.
Synthesis. Transient indices describe how big or how small plant populations can get, en route to long‐term stable rates of increase or decline. The patterns we found in the potential for transient dynamics, across many species of plants, suggest a combination of ecological and modelling strategy influences. This better understanding of transients should guide the formulation of management and conservation strategies for all plant populations that suffer disturbances away from stable equilibria.