bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Power, Boundaries and Institutions: Marriage in Ultra-Orthodox Judaism
Authors: Lehmann David , Siebzehner Batia 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe growth in the numbers and influence of ultra-Orthodoxy – the haredim – since the Second World War has changed Judaism worldwide, even though it remains a minority culture. Growth has occurred through the maximization of family size and through the movement oft'shuva(“return”), and it has benefited from state and private subsidies to the institutions of Torah learning (yeshivotand schooling generally), which have become one of the twin pillars of ultra-Orthodoxy. The other pillar is theshidduch, the system of concerted marriage which ensures that more or less everyone gets married, and strengthens the educational institutions which inculcate among prospective brides a preference for a learned husband engaged in full-time study, and for a life devoted to sustaining him.
On the Life History of the Lungworm, Synthetocaulus abstrusus, hitherto confused with that of Ollulanus tricuspis in Cats
Authors: Cameron Thomas W. M. 
Published: November 2009

In 1865, Leuckart described from the stomach of the domestic cat, a minute bursate worm which he named Ollulanus tricuspis. His original description was somewhat scanty, but it was amplified in later years (1867–1876). As this work is scattered throughout many pages, the following is a brief resumé of Leuckart's theory.He was struck by the fact, that being viviparous in habit, it resembled Trichinella spiralis, but recognised that several fundamental differences existed between them. Ollulanus never produced more than three larvae at a time from relatively large eggs, about 60μ to 120μ long; whereas Trichinella produced numerous larvae with small eggs about 35μ long. He found what he believed were the free larvae of Ollulanus, which measured about 320μ long by 15μ wide, had a truncated oral extremity and a short tail which ended in a short S-shaped tip (Fig. 1, a). The oesophagus was between one third and one half of the total length of the intestine; several transparent vesicles could be seen at its clubshaped posterior extremity. Although there are seldom more than three embryos inside the female, larvae were usually, found in large numbers throughout the whole intestinal tract of the host, as well as encysted (in cysts ·15 to ·2 mm. in diameter) on various internal organs. The cyst wall had a connective tissue-like structure of such thickness that it might be three or four times the diameter of the enclosed space.
Nematode Parasites of Sheep in Western Australia
Authors: Rogers W. P. 
Published: November 2009

Eighteen species of nematodes were found to parasitise sheep in Western Australia.Trichostrongylus rugatus and Trichostrongylus probolurus were found to be present in this State, and specimens of Ostertagia mentulata, a species new to Australian records, were found on two occasions.
On the Larval Migration of Syngamus trachea and its causal relationship to Pneumonia in young birds
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A. 
Published: November 2009

Larvae of Syngamus trachea pass from the intestine to the lungs of the definitive host via the blood stream. They have been recovered from blood taken from the auricles of the heart and from the posterior vena cava.The condition of the lungs heavily infected with larvae is described.A condition of ‘Syngamus pneumonia’ occurs in the wild state among poults of partridges and pheasants.
The Physiological Ageing of the Infective Larvae of Haemonchus contortus
Authors: Rogers W. P. 
Published: November 2009

At known periods the infectivity, fat content and activity of larvae of Haemonchus contortus aged at 7°C, 24°C. and 37°C, were examined.The relationship between fat content, activity and infectivity was found to be fairly close in rapidly aged larvae. In slowly aged larvae the infectivity fell more rapidly than the other factors.
Digestion in Parasitic Nematodes. II. The Digestion of Fats
Authors: Rogers W. P. 
Published: November 2009

Enzymes hydrolysing olive oil and ethyl butyrate (probably lipases and esterases) have been extracted from the intestines of Strongylus edentatus and Ascaris lumbricoides (pig strain).Maximum enzyme activity was obtained at pH 8·0.A. lumbricoides enzymes were assisted by sodium glycocholate. Sodium taurocholate had a retarding effect on the enzymes from both parasites.Enzymes extracted from A. lumbricoides were activated by the presence of NaHCO3 solutions whereas S. edentatus enzymes were not activated by this salt.Esterase action, relative to lipase action, was 2½ times greater in S. edentatus than in A. lumbricoides.
The Metabolism of Trichinosed Rats During the Early Phase of the Disease
Authors: Rogers W. P. 
Published: November 2009

The changes in protein digestion, crude fibre digestion and the chief urinary constituents found in four rats after experimental infection withTrichinella spiralisare detailed.Diarrhoea and anorexia occurred during the period 8 to 12 days after infection when protein digestion fell to its lowest point. It is suggested that this was due to antiproteases secreted by the adult parasites and to mechanical damage in the intestinal mucosa caused by their movements.Urinary N rose immediately after infection in “non-resistant” rats. This was followed by a period of decreased N output after which the excretion rate rose steeply.The urea output also rose immediately after infection in “non-resistant” rats. During the period 4 to 12 days from the time of infection urea excretion fell. Thereafter there was a great increase in its rate of output. Most of these changes have been attributed to toxins elaborated by the adult parasites for massive larval invasion of the tissues probably did not occur till after the experiments were terminated.Ammonia excretion rose as urinary urea decreased. The fall in urea N was not compensated by the rise in ammonia N + the fall in dietary N intake. The ammonia output returned rapidly to normal suggesting that the excess ammonia was not produced in response to acidosis when the urea excretion rate rose.Creatine excretion showed a marked fall during the period 4 to 12 days after infection. Urinary creatine and creatinine rose steeply following this period. Possible reasons for these variations are discussed.
On Heterodera cruciferae n.sp. of Brassicas, and on a Heterodera Strain infecting Clover and Dock
Authors: Franklin Mary T. 
Published: November 2009

Heterodera cruciferae n. sp., parasitic upon Brassicas and other Cruciferous plants, is described and compared with H. schachtii, the sugar beet eelworm.The new species differs from the sugar beet eelworm in its host range, in the reaction of the larvae to root excretions of sugar beet and in the time of hatching of the larvae. The cysts are somewhat shorter and rounder than in the sugar beet eelworm and differ in having attached to the vulva a mass of jelly-like substance containing eggs and sometimes one or two males. The larvae are shorter than in H. schachtii. The males are similar but tend to be smaller and with shorter stylets.The results of infection experiments with cysts from the roots of dock and of clovers indicate that these cysts are of the same race, and are probably a biological strain of the sugar beet eelworm H. schachtii.
Further Studies on the Development ofCysticercus fasciolarisandCysticercus pisiformis, with special reference to the Growth and Sclerotization of the Rostellar Hooks
Authors: Crusz Hilary 
Published: November 2009

The previous observations of the author and others on the development otCysticercus fasciolarisandC. pisiformishave been confirmed and amplified by experimental studies, and the developmental processes of the two forms are compared. While definite information has been obtained on the age of the various developmental stages, there is considerable variation due to the subtleties of the host-parasite relationship.The study of the development of the rostellar hooks of taeniids has been extended by the use of differential staining, histochemical tests and polarized light, and new facts, such as the chemical and optical differences existing between cuticle and hooklets and between blade and base of hooks, have been brought to light.
On a Redescription of Foleyella candezi Fraipont, 1882, from Meller's Chamaeleon (Chamaeleon melleri), from Nyasaland
Authors: Jayewardene L. G. 
Published: November 2009

Two species of nematodes were recovered from the Meller's chamaeleon from Nyasaland, which died at the London Zoo. They comprised ten females and eight males of Foleyella candezi from the axilla and peritoneal cavity, and two adult females of Abbreviata sp. from the gut. Specific determination was not possible for the latter species, owing to the paucity of the material.The females are thread-like and very slightly flattened dorso-ventrally. They have an average length of 94.8 mm. and range from 73 to 124 mm. The width is more or less uniform, average 0.5 mm. but becomes narrow at 1 mm. from the tip of the tail. The anterior end is bluntly rounded and in some specimens has a slightly bulbous appearance when observed from the lateral aspect. This is due to a slight narrowing at the junction of the oesophagus and intestine.The tail is more attenuated than the anterior end and it is slightly curved ventrad and marked by a shallow groove running ventrally from the anus to the tip where it is flanked by two minute papillae-like structures.The shallow stoma is somewhat oval in shape and surrounded by ten minute papillae, six of which form an inner circle and four an outer circle. The mid-dorsal and mid-ventral papillae of the inner circle are more conspicuous than the others.
On Some Spirurid and Filariid Nematodes of Birds in Pakistan
Authors: Sarwar M. M. 
Published: November 2009

1. A new species, Stellocaronema buckleyi, is described from the Indian Red-wattled Lapwing (Lobivanellus indicus indicus) from Sheikhupura district of the Punjab province of Pakistan.2. The following species are recorded from new hosts and for the first time from Pakistan: Hadjelia truncata and Dispharynx spiralis from the Indian Magpie (Pica pica); Acuaria anthuris from the Rosy Pastor (Pastor roseus); Acuaria brevispicula and Diplotriaena nochti from the Indian Mynah (Acridotheres ginginianus).3.It is contended that Diplotriaena tricuspis of Canavan (1931) and Mazhar (1933) are identical with Diplotriaena nochti, and that Diplotriaena acridotheres (Karve, 1934) and Diplotriaena nagpurensis (Karve, 1934) should also be treated as synonyms of D. nochti4.Acuaria brevispicula Maplestone, 1932 has been redescribed and certain discrepancies in Maplestone's description, due to insufficient material, have been made good. It is contended that A. kungi Singh, 1948 should fall as a synonym to A. brevispicula.
Observations on the Larval Stages of Muellerius capillaris within the Intermediate Hosts Agriolimax agrestis and A. reticulatus
Authors: Rose J. H. 
Published: November 2009

1. The rate of development of the larvae of M. capillaris is slowed down as the temperature is lowered; at 25°C. the infective stage is reached after 8 days; at 5°C. after 98 days.2. The differences between “pre-infective” and “infective” larvae, as described by Gerichter (1948), have been confirmed.3. Larvae at the “infective” stage can withstand artificial digestion, but “pre-infective” larvae are unable to do so.4. The infective larvae can survive for long periods within the foot of the intermediate host.5. Pre-infective larvae can survive for seven days after the death of the intermediate host; infective larvae can live for sixteen days.6. Naturally-infected slugs were found throughout the greater part of the year. 13.5 per cent of the slugs collected were infected but in most instances only a few larvae were present in any one slug.
On a New Whipworm from theSteinbokwith a Revision of the SubfamilyBuckleyurinaeSarwar, 1959
Authors: Tadros G. 
Published: November 2009

1—A description is given ofBuckleyuris buckleyin.sp. from the steinbok, which is a new host for the genus.2—The genusSalamiaSarwar, 1959 is synonymised with the genusBuckleyurisSarwar, 1959.3—A key of the different species of the genus is given.
Immunological Studies on Experimental Infection of Pigs with Ascaris suum Goeze, 1782. III.—The Antibody Response and Acquired Immunity
Authors: Taffs L. F. 
Published: November 2009

Two experiments are described in which antibodies against A. suum were detected in the circulation of infected pigs by means of the conglutinating complement absorption test. The pattern and nature of the antibody response was studied. In 21 out of 24 cases the sera antibody titres rose after test doses of infective eggs were given, and on 18 of these occasions a rise in titre was observed within seven days. Following infection two peaks of antibody were detected. At three to four weeks the antibody content of the serum reached its highest concentration, and a further rise was apparent between the 37th and 56th days.The phenomenon of “self-cure” was demonstrated following reinfection. This was manifested by a depression of the egg count and the elimination of Ascaris worms from the intestine, with a concomitant rise in the antibody content of the serum.In three out of five pigs which were initially infected, the infection became patent between the 51st and 58th days. On only one occasion out of thirteen were any superimposed larvae able to reach maturity.Pigs which had been previously infected exhibited resistance to a challenge dose. This was shown by (1) the absence of clinical signs, (2) a resistance to larval migration, and (3) an inhibition of larval growth. In this demonstration of an active acquired immunity to A. suum infection in pigs, a correlation between resistance and high sera titres was observed.
Habitat specificity of the acanthocephalan Acanthocephalus clavula (Dujardin, 1845) in eels Anguilla anguilla (L)
Authors: Kennedy C. R. , Lord D. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTThe habitat specificity of the acanthocephalan Acanthocephalus clavula in the alimentary tract of eels was studied in natural infections and in fish maintained experimentally under different regimes. The parasite exhibited a preference for a particular region (55 to 65%) of the alimentary canal which did not differ in different species of host, but habitat specificity was not very precise as there was considerable variation between individual hosts and A. clavula was capable of surviving and maturing in all regions of the intestine. The mean position of males was slightly anterior to that of females, and the over-all sex ratio was in favour of females. At high levels of infection the range of the parasites was extended and the mean position was significantly more anterior when compared to single worm infections. The parasite remains in the same site throughout the course of an infection: there was no posterior migration and gravid females occurred in the same proportion in all regions of the intestine. The mean position of the parasite did not change when the host was starved, or maintained in 100% sea water or with reduced aeration or at high temperatures. The results were compared with the habitat specificity exhibited by other species of freshwater fish acanthocephalans, and it was concluded that A. clavula was as adaptable and hardy as its present host, the eel.
Preliminary experiments on the in vitro cultivation of an amphistome Orthocoelium scoliocoelium (Trematoda: Digenea)
Authors: Sharma A. N. , Sharma P. N. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTA medium containing inorganic salts, vitamins and amino-acids is described for the in vitro cultivation of the amphistome, Orthocoelium scoliocoelium, from the rumen of buffalo. Based on the properties of rumen fluid, this medium promoted and sustained normal egg production, at 37°C temperature and pH 7·4 to 7·8 for 15 days. In contrast to other media used, no patho-physiological alterations except abnormal cytoplasmic lipid, were detected. Since the parasites produced normal eggs, it is concluded that this medium is suitable for short-term cultivation of the parasites.
Protein composition of various developmental stages ofDipetalonema viteae(Filarioidea)
Authors: Prüsse A. , Diesfeld H. J. , Vollmer S. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTThe protein composition of various developmental stages ofDipetalonema viteaewas analysed on polyacrylamide slab gels in the presence of sodium-dodecylsulphate. When the total proteins of adult male and female parasites, microfilariae, eggs, and third-stage larvae were compared, apparent qualitative similarities between mature and immature filariae were observed. However, several stage specific components were also identified.
Spirometra mansonoides: effects of plerocercoid infection on glycogen deposition in rats
Authors: Phares C. K. , Ai Nguyen Duy 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTThe effects of infection with plerocercoids ofSpirometra mansonoideson tissue glycogen deposition of rats was determined. Hypophysectomized rats infected for two days had higher liver glycogen concentrations than controls and this effect was greatest after one week. Elevated liver glycogen associated with plerocercoid infection was observed in fed animals both at the beginning and at the end of the light period as well as after an overnight fast. Glycogen phosphorylase (1,4αD glucan: orthophosphate α glucosyltransferase EC 2.4.1.1.) was inhibited but glucose-6-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.9) was unaffected in the livers of infected hypophysectomized rats. While this effect is similar to actions of both growth hormone and insulin, plerocercoid infection had no influence on glycogen of cardiac or skeletal muscle at any time. Plerocercoid infection had no effect on the glycogen concentration of any tissue of intact rats.
Investigations of transfer factor activity in resistance toTrichostrongylus colubriformisinfections in guinea-pigs
Authors: Ross J. G. , Halliday W. G. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTResistance to challenge infection withTrichostrongylus colubriformiswas studied in an outbred strain of guinea-pigs. Resistance was conferred by previous infections of 50 or 100 infective larvae and by intraperitoneal, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration of dialysed transfer factor prepared from guinea-pigs infected withT. colubriformis, by intraperitoneal administration of transfer factor prepared from the blood of sheep infected withT. colubriformisand on one of three occasions using transfer factor prepared from guinea-pigs which had not been infected withT. colubriformis. No significant resistance was transferred by administration of antigen prepared from adultT. colubriformis, or by non-dialysed transfer factor, or by dialysed transfer factor prepared fromT. colubriformis-infected guinea-pig tissue which had been stored for several months at −20°C.
S-Adenosyl-l-methionine restores photoreceptor function following acute retinal ischemia
Authors: MOXON-LESTER LEITH , TAKAMOTO KEI , COLDITZ PAUL B. , BARNETT NIGEL L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe survival and function of retinal neurons is dependent on mitochondrial energy generation and its intracellular distribution by creatine kinase. Post ischemic disruption of retinal creatine synthesis, creatine kinase activity, or transport of creatine into neurons may impair retinal function. S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAMe) is required for creatine synthesis, phosphatidylcholine and glutathione synthesis, and transducin methylation. These reactions are essential for photoreceptor function but may be downregulated after ischemia due to a reduction in SAMe. Our aim was to determine whether administration of SAMe after ischemia could improve retinal function. Unilateral retinal ischemia was induced in adult rats by increasing the intraocular pressure to 110 mm Hg for 60 min. Immediately after the ischemic insult, SAMe was injected into the vitreous (100μm), followed by oral administration (69 mg/kg/day) for 5 or 10 days. Retinal function (electroretinography), histology, and creatine transporter (CRT-1) expression were analyzed. Photoreceptoral responses (RmP3,S), rod and cone bipolar cell responses (PII), and oscillatory potentials were reduced by the ischemia/reperfusion insult. Although SAMe treatment ameliorated the ischemia-induced histological damage by day 5, there was no improvement in retinal function and the intensity of CRT-1 labeling in ischemic retinas was markedly reduced. However, 10 days after ischemia, a recovery in CRT-1 immunolabeling was evident and SAMe supplementation significantly restored photoreceptor function and rod PII responses. In conclusion, these data suggest that creatine transport and methylation reactions, such as creatine synthesis, may be compromised by an ischemic insult contributing to retinal dysfunction and injury. Oral SAMe supplementation after retinal ischemia may provide an effective, safe, and accessible neuroprotective strategy.
Determining marketing costs and returns in alternative marketing channels
Authors: Hardesty Shermain D. , Leff Penny 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDirect marketing is a popular marketing practice among smaller producers in the United States. We conducted detailed case studies of three organic farming operations of different sizes and compared their marketing costs and profitability in alternative marketing channels. We classified marketing-related activities into three categories: packing and storage, transportation, and selling and administration. By measuring the costs for labor, purchased goods and services, and capital assets associated with these marketing activities, we determined that there are significant variations in marketing costs across marketing channels. For each of our three case-study farms, marketing costs per dollar of revenue were lowest in the wholesale channel and highest in the farmers' market channel. Significant labor costs for the selling activity and transportation expenses offset the higher prices and minimal packaging costs associated with farmers' markets. Profitability can also be significantly affected by marketing factors, such as packing and grading standards, and product that is used for sampling and consumer premiums. Our research demonstrates that the higher prices that producers earn from direct marketing rather than wholesaling are not pure profit; the price premiums are compensation for the costs they incur when direct marketing their produce. Direct marketing channels, such as farmers' markets and Community Supported Agriculture (CSAs), can enable smaller farmers to build financially viable operations, by gaining access to markets, growing their farming operations and reducing their marketing risk. However, to achieve this success, farmers must manage their marketing costs as well as their production costs.