bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tipping the Noxa/Mcl-1 Balance Overcomes ABT-737 Resistance in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Tromp Jacqueline M. , Geest Christian R. , Breij Esther C.W. , Elias Judith A. , van Laar Jacoline , Luijks Dieuwertje M. , Kater Arnon P. , Beaumont Tim , van Oers Marinus H.J. , Eldering Eric 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Purpose: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells in lymph nodes (LN), from which relapses are postulated to originate, display an antiapoptotic profile in contrast to CLL cells from peripheral blood (PB). The BH3 mimetic ABT-737 antagonizes the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-XL and Bcl-2 but not Mcl-1 or Bfl-1. Previously, it was shown that CD40-stimulated CLL cells were resistant to ABT-737. We aimed to define which antiapoptotic proteins determine resistance to ABT-737 in CLL and whether combination of known antileukemia drugs and ABT-737 was able to induce apoptosis of CD40-stimulated CLL cells.
Experimental Design: To mimic the LN microenvironment, PB lymphocytes of CLL patients were cultured on feeder cells expressing CD40L and treated with ABT-737 with or without various drugs. In addition, we carried out overexpression or knockdown of pro- and antiapoptotic proteins in immortalized primary B cells.
Results: Upon CD40 stimulation patient-specific variations in ABT-737 sensitivity correlated with differences in levels of Mcl-1 and its antagonist Noxa. Knockdown of Noxa, as well as Mcl-1 overexpression, corroborated the importance of the Noxa/Mcl-1 ratio in determining the response to ABT-737. Inhibition of NF-κB resulted in increased Noxa levels and enhanced sensitivity to ABT-737. Interestingly, increasing the Noxa/Mcl-1 ratio, by decreasing Mcl-1 (dasatinib and roscovitine) or increasing Noxa levels (fludarabine and bortezomib), resulted in synergy with ABT-737.
Conclusions: Thus, the Noxa/Mcl-1 balance determines sensitivity to ABT-737 in CD40-stimulated CLL cells. These data provide a rationale to investigate the combination of drugs which enhance the Noxa/Mcl-1 balance with ABT-737 to eradicate CLL in chemoresistant niches. Clin Cancer Res; 18(2); 487–98. ©2011 AACR.
Spectral and Temporal Reduction as Stress Cues in Dutch
Authors: van Heuven Vincent J. , de Jonge Mirjam 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Although much has been written on the relative importance of acoustic correlates of linguistic stress for the listener, the role of spectral expansion/reduction has been much understudied. The present article is the first to study the role of spectral expansion/reduction in a two- parameter study together with temporal structure exploiting systematic variation of both parameters in a 7 × 7 stimulus space. We used a single minimal stress pair in Dutch, a language in which all classic acoustic correlates of stress were shown earlier to be relevant in singleparameter studies, i.e. pitch movement, intensity (loudness), temporal organization and spectral expansion/reduction. The results of our study reconfirmed that temporal organization is a strong cue to stress perception when target words are presented out of focus (i.e. without a pitch accent on the target). Spectral expansion/reduction was a very weak stress cue; its effect was noticeable only when temporal structure was ambiguous between initial and final stress. These results suggest that spectral expansion/reduction is indeed the weakest of the four cues traditionally identified in the literature, at least in stress-accent languages such as English and Dutch.
The Tragedy of the Margins: Land Rights and Marginal Lands in Vietnam (c. 1800-1945)
Authors: Kleinen John 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
This article deals with aspects of official land registers in pre-colonial and colonial Vietnam and their relationship with marginal lands since the eleventh century and especially since the beginning of the nineteenth century. The changing pattern of land ownership and control is studied in detail in one specific village in the Red River Delta of northern Vietnam. Several practices of land use and land distribution are discussed, as are various efforts in parts of Vietnam to expand agricultural land, in particular near rivers and coasts, especially as a result of land reclamation. The study of marginal lands is focused on alluvial lands, which were seen originally as empty or waste lands but gradually developed into safety nets for the poor. The traditional social function of these communal waste lands, managed by village elites, was eroded and became a tool for manipulation in the hands of state and village authorities.
Land Rights and the Environment in the Indonesian Archipelago, 800-1950
Authors: Boomgaard Peter 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
This article has two basic aims. First, I discuss several notions regarding long-term changes in land-tenure arrangements, mainly in what is now Indonesia. I argue that the character of these changes is often badly understood, partly because the older literature has been misrepresented, partly because the older literature was wrong, and partly because many scholars implicitly or explicitly appear to believe in “stages theories” (best known among scholars under the German term Stufentheorie), which posit fairly uniform and unidirectional stages of land-tenure development across the board. Second, this article deals with environmental causes and effects of long-term land-tenure developments in the Indonesian Archipelago.
Land tenure and conservation are hotly debated at present, but the historical substance in such debates is meagre, usually going back no further than the 1950s or 60s. Nor does there seem to be much interest in the environmental roots of land-tenure arrangements, perhaps because the participants in the land-tenure-and-the-environment debate are mainly anthropologists and environmentalists, who might find such topics of antiquarian importance only. As an historian I cannot share this view.
Survival, Conversion and Restoration: Reflections on the Redaction History of the Book of Zephaniah
Authors: Hadjiev Tchavdar S. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Understanding the redaction history of a biblical book helps us to see how the community of faith received, applied and reinterpreted the prophetic words. There are a number of places in the book of Zephaniah that can be recognized as secondary in their present literary context. Analysis of their style and content shows that they are the result of three subsequent reworkings of the prophetic scroll: a ‘restoration of the remnant’ redaction (2:7, 9b-10 and 3:11-13 plus the phrase ‘all the humble of the earth who do his justice’ in 2:3); a ‘salvation of the nations’ redaction (2:11 and 3:9-10) and a ‘salvation of Judah’ redaction (3:14-20). These redactions focused exclusively on the issue of salvation beyond judgment but gave very different answers to the questions ‘who is going to be saved?’ (the remnant, all the nations, Judah) as well as ‘what ushers the age of salvation?’ (repentance or the grace of Yahweh).
St. Augustine on Time, Time Numbers, and Enduring Objects
Authors: Carter Jason W. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Throughout his works, St. Augustine offers at least nine distinct views on the nature of time, at least three of which have remained almost unnoticed in the secondary literature. I first examine each these nine descriptions of time and attempt to diffuse common misinterpretations, especially of the views which seek to identify Augustinian time as consisting of an un-extended point or a distentio animi. Second, I argue that Augustine’s primary understanding of time, like that of later medieval scholastics, is that of an accident connected to the changes of created substances. Finally, I show how this interpretation has the benefit of rendering intelligible Augustine’s contention that, at the resurrection, motion will still be able to occur, but not time.
The Authority of Early Hebrew Scripture Texts
Authors: Tov Emanuel 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Our investigation begins with an analysis of the abstract and tangible aspects of Scriptural authority after the first century ce, thus laying the foundation for a discussion of this topic in earlier times. It is much more difficult to define authority at that early stage than in later periods, because Scripture was still in the making. We avoid an analysis of canonization, focusing on ancient scrolls, but realize that scrolls were only copied after a book had obtained an authoritative status. Among the textual witnesses of Scripture, we assume textual plurality, which is particularly noticeable at Qumran, across the board, while the proto-rabbinic movement adhered only to the proto-MT texts, and the Samaritans only to their own Torah. We describe different kinds of Scripture scrolls, assuming that Scripture-like scrolls such as liturgical, excerpted and partial scrolls had no authoritative status, while all other scrolls did. These scrolls were authoritative throughout ancient Israel in spite of the differences between them, although it is unclear which source other than tradition granted that authority. We provide some tentative criteria for assuming an authoritative status.
A Narratological Approach to Witchcraft Trial: A Scottish Case
Authors: Willumsen Liv Helene 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
This article is a microstudy of a Scottish witchcraft document from 1662, focusing of the case of a woman accused of witchcraft in Bute. It emphasizes the various “voices” that are possible to “hear” in the material—for example, the voice of the scribe, the witnesses, or the accused person. It argues on linguistic grounds that the way the story was told by the scribe influences the interpretation of this document, since the scribe had the authority over the contents of the text. This narratological analysis is finally put in a broader historical context, adding factual information about the woman accused of witchcraft and her final fate. Methodologically, this article crosses the border between literature and history, working in a new way with regard to interpretation of historical documents and is an empirical example of the fruitfulness of cross-cultural studies.
The Relevance of Economic and Political Conditions for Protection under Investment Treaties
Authors: Kriebaum Ursula 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Some treaty standards for the protection of investments, like national treatment and MFN, are variable. They depend upon standards granted to the host State's nationals or to investors from third States. By contrast, standards like fair and equitable treatment and full protection and security provide fixed reference points. The question arises whether these reference points are the same for all states regardless of their level of development and their economic, social and political circumstances at the time of the investment.
Some arbitral tribunals have been prepared to consider the social, economic and political situation prevailing in the host country when assessing the threshold for the violation of investment protection standards or the level of compensation required by BITs. This article addresses the question whether and how tribunals have made use of the flexibility in the legal standards in investment law to take account of the different economic and political conditions across nations. It concludes by considering what the implications of this flexibility might be and how far it should go.
The Reform of the United Nations Administration of Justice System: The United Nations Appeals Tribunal after One Year
Authors: Otis Louise , Reiter Eric H. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
This article surveys some emerging issues in the jurisprudence of the new United Nations Appeals Tribunal. Through an analysis of both procedural and substantive questions that the tribunal has faced in its first year (for example specific performance, production of documents, and whistleblower protection), the article offers an assessment of the implementation of the reform of the formal justice system of the United Nations. The developing jurisprudence of the tribunal will be an important indicator of the success or failure of the implementation of an independent system of justice within the United Nations.
Developments at the International Criminal Court
Authors: McCausland Julieta Solano , Rojo Enrique Carnero 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
This column covers the activity of the International Criminal Court during the second third of 2010. The Court has continued investigating situations in five countries (the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Sudan, the Central African Republic and Kenya) and has started one new case. The judicial activity of the Court has remained stable, with three accused persons undergoing trial and one more waiting for his trial to start. Several Chambers have continued to develop the rules applicable to pre-trial and trial proceedings, confirming their previous decisions, including on the issue of victim participation during the trial. Moreover, the Court has adopted its first decision charging a suspect with allegations of genocide and has ruled on the admissibility of the third of its cases to proceed to trial. All in all, during the period of time covered in this column, the Court has continued the conduct of its investigations and trials.
The right to education of Roma children in Romania: European policies and Romanian practices
Authors: Moisa Florin , Roth Maria 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAfter a long history of living in Europe, latterly in democracies governed with reference to human, and children's, rights, Roma children still have a very low education status and very low school participation rates. The aims of this article are to review the current state of participation of Roma children in education in European countries, with a special focus on Romania, and to discuss some issues about how the right to education is, or is not, respected in the region. Data accumulated in the last decade are revisited and educational policies are analyzed. Particular attention is given to issues of segregation in education, scrutinized through the lens of Romanian and international education practices. The article recommends a number of policy responses, including the value of added cash transfers, as well as action to ensure quality standards in all education settings frequented by Roma children.
A love couple revealed, Jacob Adriaensz Backer's so called David en Bathsheba identified as Isaac and Rebecca
Authors: Kok Erna 
Published: November 2011

AbstractJacob Backer signed and dated (1640) a history piece that until now was entitled David and Bathsheba and is located in Tokyo. The image however, lacks the traditional iconographical motifs from which we can recognize this old biblical story.
In this article I propose that the painting is a portrait historié of the wealthy Amsterdam couple Marinus Lowysse and Eva Ment represented as Isaac and Rebecca. Backer modelled his biblical love couple after Rafael's fresco Isaac and Rebecca spied upon by Abemelich in the Vatican. Backer must have known that image from Sisto Badalocchio's print of 1607 in Historia del Testamento Vecchio - this collection of fifty prints was reprinted in Amsterdam in 1638.
The identification as Isaac and Rebecca does not show at first sight in the present painting. Therefore, we have to take in consideration that the current image is heavily over painted and the canvas is reduced by almost 65 %. Fortunately a drawing in Braunschweig – that was convincingly attributed by Peter van den Brink as a modello by Backer - offers a clear idea of the monumental standing format of the original painting and it's explicit erotic content. This is particular notable in the slung-leg motif that contemporaries undoubtedly would have recognized as the act of making love. The erotic allusions, the rare subject, and the unusual huge standing format are indicative of a commission.
The identification of the commissioners derives from the striking likeness, in features and clothing, that the man in the Tokyo painting shows with the portrait of Marinus Lowysse, that he – as we know - commissioned from Backer in the same year of 1640, a Portrait historié of Marinus Lowysse en Eva Ment, with their children, presenting the history of Christ and the Canaanite Woman, now in Middelburg. Recently an unknown painting of Backer turned up at the art market, which is very likely another portrait of Marinus Lowysse; apparently he was an important client of Backer.
From Promise to Practice? The Legal Significance of the Responsibility to Protect Concept
Authors: Orford Anne 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAccording to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon, the challenge facing the international community is to transform the responsibility to protect concept from 'promise to practice' or from 'words into deeds'. This article argues that the legal significance of the concept lies not in its capacity to transform promise into practice, but rather in its capacity to do the reverse – that is, to transform practice into promise, or deeds into words. The responsibility to protect concept offers a coherent normative framework for the practices of international executive rule that have developed to maintain order and protect life in the decolonised world since the 1950s. In that sense, the appeal to 'responsibility' does not function to impose new duties and obligations upon legal subjects or international actors. Rather, the language of 'responsibility' serves a different normative function – it works to allocate jurisdiction, confer power of a public nature and provide international officials with legal authorisation for certain kinds of activities. This article concludes by suggesting why it is useful to think about the responsibility to protect concept in these terms.
Reconsidering Theory: Power, the Learning Body, and Cultural Change during Early American Colonization
Authors: Spady James O'Neil 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis essay participates in recent calls for more direct engagement with theory in research and teaching within History and Early American Studies. Over the last decade voices have gathered for a reconsideration of fundamental theoretical concepts in the historiography of culture. This essay reconsiders theory on semiotics, learning, and the body to reopen a conceptual problem in early American cultural historiography: the relationships between organized power and individual agency. I suggest an approach to power and agency specifically tuned to the conditions of early America colonization, which was more intimate and diverse while possessing fewer institutions and less communications-saturation than a focus on myth, ideology, or discursive formations might assume. Reconsidering semiotics as embodied allows a conception of the body as a learning entity creatively mediating discourses and social constructions and thereby generating new historical identities and relations of power. The argument draws on studies on gender/sexuality, Native Americans, and the enslaved and takes cues from the work of Gyatri Spivak, Ann Laura Stoler, Michel Foucault, Lev Vygotsky, and Charles Sanders Peirce.
Christian Cypriot perceptions of Muslim Cypriots, 1878-1931: an interpretation of the sources
Authors: Pophaides Irene 
Published: November 2011

AbstractChristian Cypriot perceptions of Muslim Cypriots went through several transformations in the period 1878-1931. This procedure, located in the context of the development of the Greek Cypriot nationalist movement, the political activity of the British administrators and the Church of Cyprus, the attempts of the Greek state to communicate the notion of the Megali Idea in the island, the shift in the allegiances of the Muslim Cypriot community as well as of international events the ramifications of which were experienced in Cyprus, can be vividly revealed through the sources. In exposing it, this article will suggest another interpretative tool which can enlighten the complex evolution of Greek Cypriot nationalism in the island.
Reflective Knowledge and Intellectual Assurance
Authors: Fumerton Richard 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn this discussion of Sosa's second volume on reflective knowledge, I focus on the question of whether Sosa's account of knowledge is flawed for failing to capture a connection between possessing knowledge and gaining assurance of truth. In particular, I worry that if there is no more to reflective knowledge than apt belief about apt belief, where the understanding of aptness is the same at both the first and the second level, Sosa hasn't given us a way of gaining philosophically satisfying knowledge.
Epistemic Circularity: Vicious, Virtuous and Benign
Authors: Greco John 
Published: November 2011

Abstract Sosa's work on epistemic circularity has significance beyond his own brand of virtue epistemology, with its characteristic distinction between animal and reflective knowledge. On the contrary, it demonstrates the necessity of embracing foundationalism and externalism in epistemology, while at the same time answering various charges (some perennial) against epistemology in general. This paper distinguishes six kinds of epistemic circularity that are discussed in Sosa's work: two virtuous, two vicious, and two benign. This framework is used to reconstruct Sosa's responses to various problems involving charges of epistemic circularity. In particular, we look at Sosa's response to e Problem of the Criterion.
Boghossian's Refutation of Relativism
Authors: Amini Majid , Caldwell Christopher M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn Fear of Knowledge, Paul Boghossian presents a series of arguments against epistemic relativism and constructivism, doctrines that he considers to have exerted an overly unjustified influence over the human and social sciences in the past two decades. In the presentation of his arguments, Boghossian charts out a terrain that closely identifies relativism with skepticism. Yet, the relationship between the two does not seem to be a simple matter of entailment or implication. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the landscape surrounding relativism and skepticism and thereby to highlight their difference(s). The implications of such a clarification will include illustrating (1) that some arguments thought to be against relativism are actually against skepticism, (2) that there are very different ways of understanding the relationship between relativism and skepticism, and (3) that a commitment to either relativism or skepticism does not entail commitment to the other. The overall objective is to show that Boghossian's conception of the terrain is incorrect and to offer an explanation for this pervasive misconception about the connection between relativism and skepticism.