bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les agriculteurs et les autres indépendants : comparaison des revenus
Authors: Malpot Jean-Jacques 
Published: October 2009

Farmers and other self employed individuals : income comparison
In comparison with other households, farming households have a reasonably good level of income. In the 1970s, total farming income decreased but the average farm's size increased. At the same time, farming households earned a growing portion of their income outside farming and received higher levels of welfare benefits. As a result, the relative position of farming households in the income distribution has remained stable. In contrast, for most farmers income derived strictly form farming is lower than the average earnings of other self-employed individuals. The gap between the two groups is even larger when the duration of work and the amount of invested capital are taken into account.
Réforme de la PAC : des aides plus favorables à l'élevage qu'aux grandes cultures ; vers une réduction des disparités géographiques de revenu
Authors: Desriers Maurice , Perrel Bernard , Strauss Jean-Paul 
Published: October 2009

<i>CAP reform : subsidies favourable to breeding than to general cropping
Toward a reduction of geographic disparities in income </i>
Production decline and price fall made up by direct subsidies , such are the main principles of CAP reform adopted since May 1992. As a whole, disregarding any hypothesis of farmers adaptation as well as changes due to economic conditions concerning products, the reform's impact would altogether be more or less nonexistent on the agricultural income at national level for its first year of application and slightly positive in current value in the 1995-1996 perspective. National accompanying measures would reinforce that tendency. However the impact would vary greatly depending on farm categories and regions. On the geographical level, an improvement in income would be noticed in breeding area while general cropping regions would be disadvantaged, which would result in a reduction in income disparities.
La réforme de la PAC et son importance pour les pays industrialisés
Authors: Josling Tim 
Published: October 2009

The reformed CAP and the industrial world
CAP reform has important implications for relations with countries outside the Commity. As a result of reform, the EC has found it possible to negociate new rules on agricultural trade in the Uruguay Round of GATT negotiations. The MacSharry compensation payments are sufficiently decoupled to fit into an "allowable" category of domestic policies, protected from challenge by trade partners. Tying compensation payments to hectares used, rather than output, should decrease yields. Breaking the link between farm output and income support brings the Community into line with a number of other countries.
Politique agricole et élasticité de l'offre dans les exploitations de la zone cotonnière au Cameroun
Authors: Madi Ali 
Published: October 2009

Price policy and elasticity of supply in cotton-based farms of Cameroun
The ajustment of agricultural supply in the cotton zone depends on the objective of production and the level of capitalization of farms. Nevertheless, in the case of the CFA devaluation, these farms can maintain the actual level of supply and even initiate a growth.
L'avenir à long terme des zones rurales fragiles apport des jeux de prospective à la réflexion stratégique
Authors: Piveteau Vincent 
Published: October 2009

How to think about the future of lagging regions contribution of policy exercices
Sustainable development of less favoured areas is a very high stake for next decades. Allowing such a political trend needs new integrated methods. This study investigates possibilities provided by policy exercises.
Dynamique et financement des filières agro-alimentaires : le cas des filières viande en Midi-Pyrénées
Authors: Coquart Dominique , Mazenc Lucien 
Published: October 2009

II s'agit d'analyser de façon détaillée les relations entre sphères réelle et financière dans le cas concret des filières viande et de la région Midi-Pyrénées.
Les auteurs montrent d'abord que les grosses difficultés économiques de l'activité d'élevage auxquelles s'ajoutent une situation financière fragile du secteur de gros, la régression de la boucherie artisanale, une solidarité financière intra-filière peu développée ainsi que le non-engagement financier des grandes et moyennes surfaces dans les activités locales sont autant de facteurs qui expliquent les difficultés des maillons régionaux des filières viande à assurer leur reproduction élargie.
Il est ensuite mis en évidence que dans le contexte actuel d'une concurrence exacerbée les différents maillons des filières viande présents en Midi-Pyrénées sont tous confrontés à des gros besoins d'investissement que ne satisfont pas les différents types d'apports financiers extérieurs malgré l'importance des aides publiques.
Les paiements directs aux agriculteurs dans l'Union européenne : politique communautaire ou politiques nationales?
Authors: Bontems Philippe , Bureau Jean-Christophe 
Published: October 2009

Direct payments to the agricultural sector in the European Union : national or european policies?
Some EU common policies could be more efficient if they were managed in a decentralised way by national agents (member states or regions) who are more able to fine-tune these policies to local conditions. This might, however, lead to a renationalisation of the CAP, generating competition distortions between countries. Delegation of EU policies to national agents is seen as a trade-off between information (efficiency of local management) and the risk of "conclusion" (i.e. a converging interests between States and producers for benefiting from EU funding). Recent contributions of economic theory of contracts and information are illustrated with the case of EU agri-environmental payments.
Politique agricole et alimentaire des États-Unis
Authors: E. Bredahl Maury , J. Bullock Bruce 
Published: October 2009

US food and agricultural policies
The forces for change - the trade and fiscal deficit, the perceived infairness of agricultural policies and the shift in politival power to the Repiblicans - overcame the vested self- interests of farmers and their political allies and so lead to a dramatic change in US food and agricultural policies. Direct payments were decoupled from market prices ant the level of supply, as farmers will receive fixed annual payments for the next seven years. In turn, farmers will not face supply restrictions and will have almost complete freedom to plant whatever they choose, and so will respond to market forces. The stance that the Us will take in international forums will reflect its domestic programs, wich suggest increased confrontations with the European Union.
Le rôle des marchés dans la transformation à long terme de l'agriculture ouest-africaine
Authors: Pradelle Jean-Marc , Snrech Serge 
Published: October 2009

The role of markets in the long term transformation of west african agriculture
African agriculture is presently in the middle of a transformation process, from a situation dominated by self-sufficiency strategies (risk aversion, low capital investment, priority to economic diversification) to a situation where agriculture is more diversified, more intensive and more integrated in the overall economy. Although the most visible part of this transition is the development of export crops, the main factor behind this evolution is urbanization, which gives rise to a local commercial demand for agricultural products, resulting from the local division of labor. Urbanization should provide the largest contribution to agricultural growth in the next decades, as export markets remain uncertain. World markets influence this local division of labor by dumping their unmarketable products in the region. These products compete both with local food and crafts production, the workers of which constitute the principal market of peasants.
Une typologie d'exploitations spatialisées : outil de diagnostic régional de l'agriculture
Authors: Joulie Isabelle , Perichon Catherine , Pons Yves , Steyaert Patrick 
Published: October 2009

A spatiaused typology of farm systems :a tool of regional diagnosis of agriculture application to the cereal farms of the west Marshlands
The spatialisation of a typology of functioning was made through the regional diagnosis of the cereal farms of the Rochefort and Poitou marshlands. The realised typology is based on different strategies of management, and particularly on marketing. The distribution of these types in the space is not homogeneous but depends on two main criteria : physical background and economic environment Linking territory to typologies of functioning seems particularly interesting. Indeed, it permits to take in account the notion of potentialities of evolution of the farm (linked to its type and to its territory). Moreover, this tool of regional diagnosis permits to treat problems needing collective solutions.
Agriculture et environnement : pour une sociologie des dispositifs
Authors: Mormont Marc 
Published: October 2009

Agriculture and environment : toward a sociology of the institutional settings
This paper aims at providing an analytical model of the environmental regulations of agriculture. These firstly can be distinguished according the object, the underlying meaning of environment, the incentives, the scale and mode of implementation. But some case-studies show that regulation have to solve technical/scientific uncertainties and economic/social ones as well: this can only be done by mobilizing and coordinating hererogeneous elements. Considering these processes a new typology of institutional settings is drawn up. It emphasizes the double constraint of any regulation : it has to fit in the logic of one institutional setting and has to be developed within a communicational process that gives credibility and reliability to each involved actor.
Le syndicalisme agricole dans la Loire. Un demi-siècle entre unité et pluralité
Authors: Vercherand Jean 
Published: October 2009

Farmers ' trade-unionism in Loire (France) : a half-century between unity and plurality
This article describes briefly one half-century of farmers ' trade-unionism in a region of France which took an important part in the national debates. Key periods are emphasized : the creation of unitary trade-unionism during the Vichy's government and the Liberation period, the trade-unionism revival in the early sixties, the growth of a new farmers ' left- wing - against the unitary trade-unionism - in the seventies and eighties and its failure to change the agricultural policy.
Entrepreneurs et créateurs d'activités en milieu rural
Authors: Gerbaux Françoise 
Published: October 2009

Entrepreneurship in rural areas : diversification as a way of setting up
Diversification is no longer a specificity of the agricultural world. It is practised by urban people, in activities such as services and tourism. This article identifies the motivations of the corresponding decisions, as well as the difficulties encountered in their implementation. A statistical analysis, based on the declared income, emphasizes that this kind of occupation is far from being secondary.
Les accords européens et l'élargissement de l'Union européenne aux PECO
Authors: Duponcel Marc 
Published: October 2009

The Europe agreements and accession of CEECS to the EU : the case of hungarian agriculture
Our paper is based on an assessment of the trade impact, with respect to agricultural products, of the European Agreement signed by Hungary and the European Union (EU). The paper focuses on Hungarian exports to the EU. Assessment of the agreement shows a very weak impact for Hungarian agricultural trade. Detailed analysis of the trade preferences and analysis of the Hungarian agricultural situation provide elements to explain such weak results. We then review different ways to improve the implementation and impact of the preferences which could be applied during the second period of the agricultural part of the agreement (1996-2001). The second section of the paper is devoted to lessons that can be drawn from implementation of the EA in the agricultural sphere for accession of Hungary to the EU. First, the role of EA in the convergence of legislation is underlined. Second, the necessity of increasing Hungarian agro- food industry competitiveness is stressed. Potential support of the eu in this endeavour is finally discussed.
Dynamiques et compétitivités agro-alimentaires dans les peco
Authors: Pouliquen Alain 
Published: October 2009

Agrofood dynamics and competitiveness in the ceecs : implications for the E.U. enlargement
In 1994, some prominent western assessments expressed no doubt on the actual and foreseeable agrofood competitiveness of the CEECS, compared to the EU. This lead to dramatize the risk of more excess supplies after enlargement, hence the need for radical further step of CAP reform. Carefully re-visiting and updating relevant evidence lead us to different views. For a core of basic products and Central European countries, the EU 15 would likely draw durable net trade advantage from mutual de-protection. Meanwhile, such a scenario requires : further cap reform for removing quantitative self-limitation to net trade expansion eastward, and significant pre- (and post) accession structural supports by the eu to the CEECS.
Case report: Ocular malformation with a ′double globe′ appearance
Authors: Kim Usha R , Arora Vipul , Shah Akash D , Srinivasan KG 
Published: October 2009

AbstractColobomatous cyst of the orbit is a rare congenital cystic malformation associated with ocular maldevelopment. Usually, the cyst is associated with a microphthalmic globe. We present a rare case of a unilateral large colobomatous cyst associated with a normal-sized globe, giving the appearance of a double globe on imaging.
Case Report: Magnetic resonance imaging in rabies encephalitis
Authors: Rao Arekapudi Subramanyeswara , Varma Dandu Ravi , Chalapathi Rao Mamidi Venkata , Mohandas Surat 
Published: October 2009

AbstractRabies encephalitis is an invariably fatal disease characterized by typical clinical symptoms. Although the diagnosis of this condition can be made on the basis of the patient′s history and the classical clinical presentation, neuroimaging may still play a role, especially for establishing an early diagnosis in cases with atypical presentations or when the history of animal bite is not forthcoming. We report the MRI findings in a case of furious rabies encephalitis and describe the utility of diffusion imaging in its diagnosis.
Case Report: Intracranial peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor - Ewing′s sarcoma of dura with transcalvarial-subgaleal extension: An unusual radiological presentation
Authors: Bano Shahina , Yadav Sachchida Nand , Garga Umesh Chandra 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe occurrence of the intracranial, peripheral, primitive, neuroectodermal tumor, Ewing′s sarcoma (pPNET-ES) of the dura, is very rare. Immunophenotypical as well as genetic analyses play key roles in its diagnosis and differentiation from central PNET. We describe here the CT scan and MRI findings of an interesting case of intracranial pPNET-ES arising from the anterior falx cerebri with a trancalvarial-subgaleal extension.
The influence of violent and nonviolent computer games on implicit measures of aggressiveness
Authors: Bluemke Matthias , Friedrich Monika , Zumbach Joerg 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWe examined the causal relationship between playing violent video games and increases in aggressiveness by using implicit measures of aggressiveness, which have become important for accurately predicting impulsive behavioral tendencies. Ninety‐six adults were randomly assigned to play one of three versions of a computer game that differed only with regard to game content (violent, peaceful, or abstract game), or to work on a reading task. In the games the environmental context, mouse gestures, and physiological arousal—as indicated by heart rate and skin conductance—were kept constant. In the violent game soldiers had to be shot, in the peaceful game sunflowers had to be watered, and the abstract game simply required clicking colored triangles. Five minutes of play did not alter trait aggressiveness, yet an Implicit Association Test detected a change in implicit aggressive self‐concept. Playing a violent game produced a significant increase in implicit aggressive self‐concept relative to playing a peaceful game. The well‐controlled study closes a gap in the research on the causality of the link between violence exposure in computer games and aggressiveness with specific regard to implicit measures. We discuss the significance of importing recent social–cognitive theory into aggression research and stress the need for further development of aggression‐related implicit measures. Aggr. Behav. 36:1–13, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metastable Copper‐Phthalocyanine Single‐Crystal Nanowires and Their Use in Fabricating High‐Performance Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Xiao Kai , Li Rongjin , Tao Jing , Payzant Edward A. , Ivanov Ilia N. , Puretzky Alex A. , Hu Wenping , Geohegan David B. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis paper describes a simple, vapor‐phase route for the synthesis of metastable α‐phase copper‐phthalocyanine (CuPc) single‐crystal nanowires through control of the growth temperature. The influence of the growth temperature on the crystal structures, morphology, and size of the CuPc nanostructures is explored using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), optical absorption, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). α‐CuPc nanowires are successfully incorporated as active semiconductors in field‐effect transistors (FETs). Single nanowire devices exhibit carrier mobilities and current on/off ratios as high as 0.4 cm2 V−1 s−1 and >104, respectively.
Delivery of Nucleic Acids through the Controlled Disassembly of Multifunctional Nanocomplexes
Authors: Elsabahy Mahmoud , Wazen Nada , Bayó‐Puxan Núria , Deleavey Glen , Servant Marc , Damha Masad J. , Leroux Jean‐Christophe 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn this study, novel pH‐responsive polyion complex micelles (PICMs) were developed for the efficient delivery of nucleic acid drugs, such as antisense oligonucleotide (AON) and short interfering RNA (siRNA). The PICMs consisted of a poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer–nucleic acid core and a detachable poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐poly(propyl methacrylate‐co‐methacrylic acid) (PEG‐b‐P(PrMA‐co‐MAA)) shell. The micelles displayed a mean hydrodynamic diameter ranging from 50 to 70 nm, a narrow size distribution, and a nearly neutral surface charge. They could be lyophilized without any additives and stored in dried form. Upon redispersion in water, no change in complexation efficiency or colloidal properties was observed. Entry of the micelles into cancers cells was mediated by a monoclonal antibody fragment positioned at the extremity of the PEG segment via a disulfide linkage. Upon cellular uptake and protonation of the MAA units in the acidic endosomal environment, the micelles lost their corona, thereby exposing their positively charged endosomolytic PAMAM/nucleic acid core. When these pH‐responsive targeted PICMs were loaded with AON or siRNAs that targeted the oncoprotein Bcl‐2, they exhibited a greater transfection activity than nontargeted PICMs or commercial PAMAM dendrimers. Moreover, their nonspecific cytotoxicity was lower than that of PAMAM. The pH‐responsive PICMs reported here appear as promising carriers for the delivery of nucleic acids.
Capsosomes with Multilayered Subcompartments: Assembly and Loading with Hydrophobic Cargo
Authors: Hosta‐Rigau Leticia , Städler Brigitte , Yan Yan , Nice Edouard Collins , Heath Joan K. , Albericio Fernando , Caruso Frank 
Published: October 2009

AbstractTherapeutic artificial cells or organelles are nanoengineered vehicles that are expected to substitute for missing or lost cellular function. The creation of capsosomes, polymer carrier capsules containing liposomal subcompartments, is a promising approach towards constructing such therapeutic devices using the layer‐by‐layer assembly method. Herein, the assembly of intact, nonaggregated capsosomes containing multiple liposome layers is reported. It is also further demonstrated that thiocoraline, a hydrophobic model peptide with antitumor activity, can be efficiently loaded into the membrane of the liposomal subcompartments of the capsosomes. Cell viability assays verify the activity of the trapped antitumor cargo. It is also shown that pristine capsosomes do not display inherent cytotoxic effects. The ability to tune the number of liposome layers and hence the drug loading in capsosomes as well as their noncytotoxicity provide new opportunities for the creation of therapeutic artificial cells and organelles.
Analysis of a continuous rotary‐drum filtration system
Authors: Davis H. Ted , Caretta Raul A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe equation traditionally used to analyze a rotary‐drum vacuum filtration system is strictly valid only for flat filters immersed during the filtration cycle. In this article we derive the equation appropriate for a rotary‐drum filter and find that the results of calculated areas differ by a factor 5 from the fully immersed filter result. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Quantitative analysis of alternative transcripts of human PCDH11X/Y genes
Authors: Ahn Kung , Huh Jae‐Won , Kim Dae‐Soo , Ha Hong‐Seok , Kim Yun‐Ji , Lee Ja‐Rang , Kim Heui‐Soo 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe Protocadherin 11X/Y (PCDH11X/Y) gene pair has been proposed as a carrier of the variation relating to cerebral asymmetry and psychosis on the ground that the Y gene was generated by duplication at 6 million years (close to the chimpanzee–human separation) and there is a case for an X/Y determinant of cerebral asymmetry. The present article investigated the patterns of alternative splicing and expression of the PCDH11X/Y genes. Twelve alternative transcripts of PCDH11X/Y genes were presently identified by in silico analysis. To investigate the biological roles of alternative transcripts of PCDH11X/Y genes, the transcripts were analyzed by real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction amplification. A total of 31 normal tissues including 11 different regions of human brain were used to investigate a wide spectrum of expression profiles. Dominant expression patterns were identified in several tissues (Tx1‐fetal liver; Tx3‐adult brain; Tx4‐adult brain and kidney; Tx5‐bone marrow; Ty1‐fetal brain; Ty2‐adrenal gland). Tx4 transcripts showed specific expression patterns in olfactory tissues. The findings can guide functional investigation of neuropsychiatric disorders. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.