bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-planar ion acoustic Gardner solitons in electron-positron-ion plasma with superthermal electrons and positrons
Authors: GHOSH DEB KUMAR , GHOSH UDAY NARAYAN , CHATTERJEE PRASANTA 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe properties of non-planar (cylindrical and spherical) ion acoustic solitary waves (IASWs) in an unmagnetized collisionless electron-positron-ion (e-p-i) plasma, whose constituents are inertial ions and superthermal/non-Maxwellian electrons and positrons (represented by the kappa (κ) distribution), are investigated by deriving the modified Gardner (MG) equation. The well-known reductive perturbation method is employed to derive the MG equation. The basic features of non-planar IA Gardner solitons (GSs) are discussed. It is seen that the properties of non-planar IAGSs (positive and negative) differ significantly as the value of spectral index kappa changes.
THE GROUND OF LOCKE'S LAW OF NATURE
Authors: West Thomas G. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis essay will show that Locke’s teaching on the law of nature is not based on divine revelation, or a juridical doctrine of individual rights, or self-ownership, or self-preservation, or reasoning from premises that are not rooted in the empirical world. I will argue, on the contrary, that the real ground is found in his understanding of the conditions of human happiness. This conclusion is far from evident on the surface of Locke’s writings. Locke draws his reader into an amazingly complex line of reasoning, scattered up and down in several of his books, leading finally to the real basis of his teaching on the law of nature. Locke engages the reader in a dialogue, in which initially plausible arguments are put forward, then implicitly questioned, leading to new arguments, which again are questioned, and so on. Locke says that “long and sometimes intricate deductions of reason” are necessary to discover the law of nature. Locke writes treatises, not Platonic dialogues. Nevertheless, a dialogical thread will take us from one of Locke’s books to another, until we put together all the relevant passages to show the complete picture of his argument.
MONTESQUIEU'S NATURAL RIGHTS CONSTITUTIONALISM
Authors: Rahe Paul A. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWhen Woodrow Wilson, in the course of his campaign for the Presidency in 1912, attacked Thomas Jefferson and Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu, he knew what he was about—for the constitutionalism articulated by the latter and embraced, in turn, by the Framers of the American Constitution was a systematic attempt to put into practice something very much like the first principles spelled out in the Declaration of Independence. Montesquieu was not a doctrinaire. He feared that, in his own country and elsewhere, revolution would eventuate in the establishment of a despotism, and so he gently, quietly promoted unobtrusive reform. But the cautious, prudential political science that he outlined in hisSpirit of Lawswas anything but value-free. If the American framers found his legislative science of use, it was because the hatred of despotism and love for liberty animating its author was grounded in an account of natural right closely akin to the one, espoused in John Locke’sTwo Treatises of Government, that had inspired their revolution.
Salmonella entericaserovar Enteritidis phage type 4 outbreak associated with eggs in a large prison, London 2009: an investigation using cohort and case/non-case study methodology
Authors: DAVIES A. R. , RUGGLES R. , YOUNG Y. , CLARK H. , REDDELL P. , VERLANDER N. Q. , ARNOLD A. , MAGUIRE H. 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYIn September 2009, an outbreak ofSalmonella entericaserovar Enteritidis affected 327 of 1419 inmates at a London prison. We applied a cohort design using aggregated data from the kitchen about portions of food distributed, aligned this with individual food histories from 124 cases (18 confirmed, 106 probable) and deduced the exposures of those remaining well. Results showed that prisoners eating egg cress rolls were 26 times more likely to be ill [risk ratio 25·7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 15·5–42·8,P<0·001]. In a case/non-case multivariable analysis the adjusted odds ratio for egg cress rolls was 41·1 (95% CI 10·3–249·7,P<0·001). The epidemiological investigation was strengthened by environmental and microbiological investigations. This paper outlines an approach to investigations in large complex settings where aggregate data for exposures may be available, and led to the development of guidelines for the management of future gastrointestinal outbreaks in prison settings.
The predictive significance of early caregiving experiences for symptoms of psychopathology through midadolescence: Enduring or transient effects?
Authors: Haltigan John D. , Roisman Glenn I. , Fraley R. Chris 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA fundamental question in the discipline of developmental psychopathology is whether early interpersonal experiences influence maladaptation in enduring or transient ways. We address this issue by applying a structural modeling approach developed by us to examine data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development on maternal sensitivity in the first 3 years of life and its association with symptoms of psychopathology through age 15. Results suggest that there may be enduring effects of early caregiving experiences on symptomatology as rated by teachers, although such effects were not found for maternal report. Additional analyses indicated that enduring associations found via teacher report could not be fully accounted for by continuity in caregiving experiences or by early contextual adversity.
Characterization of Oocyte Development in Hatchery-Reared Burbot
Authors: Foltz John R , Jensen Nathan R , Polinski Mark P , Ireland Susan C , Cain Kenneth D 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Burbot Lota lota are an emerging aquaculture species. To aid in predicting the natural and hormonal-manipulated timing of ovulation and for ensuring maximum viability of eggs at spawning, this study describes oocyte maturation of hatchery-reared burbot from vitellogenesis through ovulation. At a temperature of 4°C, visual polarization of the oil globule occurred 7–13 d preovulation. The lack of uniformity in individual oocyte development was observed and persisted until approximately 2 d before ovulation, at which point complete polarization was observed in all oocytes and a condensed blastomere was observed along the inner chorion. These preliminary observations imply that implantation of gonatotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) decreased the final maturation stage of oocyte development by 2–4 d and may aid in initiating the maturation process, the induction of which appeared to be a threshold for either a female's progression to ovulation or nonovulation and atresia. Although additional investigation may be needed to fully maximize egg fertilization success and optimize timing related to intensive spawning practices, this study lays a foundation for further investigations and provides a reference for assessing oocyte development and predicting ovulation for this species.
Defining Essential Fish Habitat for Atka Mackerel with Respect to Feeding within and Adjacent to Aleutian Islands Trawl Exclusion Zones
Authors: Rand Kimberly M. , Lowe Sandra A. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The distribution patterns of Atka mackerel Pleurogrammus monopterygius were examined, both seasonally and spatially, to identify essential feeding habitat and to add to existing knowledge of diet composition. The study focused on two local aggregations in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska: one at Seguam Pass and one near Amchitka Island. At each locale, we examined the mean stomach fullness (i.e., feeding intensity) and diet composition of randomly selected fish within and outside of trawl exclusion zones (TEZs). The trawl exclusion zones extend out 10–20 nm from Steller sea lion Eumetopias jubatus rookeries and haulouts; no trawling is allowed inside these zones. During four of the six periods examined, mean stomach fullness was higher inside the TEZ than outside it. At Seguam Pass, fish were distributed into northern and southern aggregations and diet composition varied by age, season, and location relative to the TEZs. Feeding intensity appeared to be greatest inside the TEZ in the northern portion of Seguam Pass near a productive frontal region characterized by a transition zone of well-mixed (upwelling) and stratified water. At Seguam Pass, piscivory occurred almost entirely inside the TEZ in June. Near Amchitka Island, feeding intensity was significantly higher inside the TEZ, which coincided with an increase in egg cannibalism in October. Based on these observations, we suggest that the areas of increased feeding activity in conjunction with diet composition at Seguam Pass and Amchitka Island represent essential feeding habitat for Atka mackerel.
Impacts of Interannual Environmental Forcing and Climate Change on the Distribution of Atlantic Mackerel on the U.S. Northeast Continental Shelf
Authors: Overholtz W. J. , Hare J. A. , Keith C. M. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The Northwest Atlantic stock of Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus is distributed from Cape Hatteras to Newfoundland and migrates great distances on a seasonal basis. Atlantic mackerel are sensitive to changes in temperature, preferring water greater than 5°C. Annual changes in the winter and early-spring distributions of Atlantic mackerel were investigated using satellite imagery, research trawl surveys, geographical information systems, and spatial and standard statistical analyses. During the past 40-plus years (1968–2008), the distribution of the stock has shifted about 250 km to the north and east. Also, a change has occurred in the depth distribution of the stock, from deeper off-shelf locations to shallower on-shelf ones. Areal and bathymetric changes in distribution are correlated with interannual temperature variability and gradual warming. These results have implications for U.S. commercial and recreational mackerel fisheries because, despite the current high abundance of the stock, the changes in distribution will probably make it more difficult to find and catch Atlantic mackerel in certain areas in the future.
Suitability of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF1) as a Measure of Relative Growth Rates in Lingcod
Authors: Andrews Kelly S. , Beckman Brian R. , Beaudreau Anne H. , Larsen Donald A. , Williams Greg D. , Levin Phillip S. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The effectiveness of spatial management strategies is typically evaluated through traditional biological measurements of size, density, biomass, and the diversity of species inside and outside management boundaries. However, there have been relatively few attempts to evaluate the processes underlying these biological patterns. In this study, we take the first step toward developing a relative index of body growth for lingcod Ophiodon elongatus using plasma insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) with the ultimate goal of measuring spatial differences in relative growth rates. Insulin-like growth factor 1 is one of the principal hormones that stimulates growth at the cellular level in all vertebrates and shows significant relationships with body growth in many fishes. In the laboratory, we found that the level of IGF1 was related to the instantaneous growth of juvenile lingcod. In the field, we measured size, condition, and plasma IGF1 level in 149 lingcod from eight locations inside and outside marine protected areas in the San Juan Islands, Washington. The IGF1 levels in wild lingcod were highly variable from site to site for both genders, and we were able to detect differences in IGF1 across space in males. Multivariate analyses showed that the spatial patterns of IGF1 differed from those of traditional biological measurements. More work is needed to validate the relationship between IGF1 and growth in larger individuals, but our research shows the potential for IGF1 to be used as an ecological indicator.
Age, Growth, and Reproduction of Sheepsheads in South Carolina
Authors: McDonough C. J. , Wenner C. A. , Roumillat W. A. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The sheepshead Archosargus probatocephalus is a common estuarine and reef species that is found year round in South Carolina. Although not commercially important, the sheepshead is a significant recreational species, and most of the fishing pressure occurs in state waters. From 1990 to 2005, 5,692 sheepsheads were collected from fishery-dependent and fishery-independent monitoring programs in South Carolina. Fish ranged from 102 to 605 mm in fork length (FL) and were caught during every month of the year. Ages ranged from 0 to 19 years for males and from 0 to 23 years for females; the dominant age-classes were ages 2–5. Marginal increment analysis confirmed the formation of a single annulus per year, and annulus formation began in May. Males and females did not significantly differ in FL at age t(FLt) or total weight at age t (Wt); the pooled von Bertalanffy growth models were FLt = 498[1 − e−0.297(t + 1.10)] and Wt = 3,778[1 − e−0.165(t − 0.548)]2.997. Both males and females exhibited the first signs of sexual maturity at age 1, and 100% maturity was reached at age 4. Batch fecundity estimated late in the spawning season ranged from 18,400 to 738,500 oocytes/spawning event and averaged 235,000 oocytes/spawning event. Fork length, W, and age were positively correlated with fecundity. Although size was a better predictor of fecundity than age, the relationship was weak due to the high variability in size at age. Comparisons of growth parameters for sheepsheads studied in the southeastern United States indicated that South Carolina sheepsheads tend to have a larger maximum FL and a greater maximum age than fish found in the Gulf of Mexico.
Received May 24, 2010; accepted July 26, 2011
Magnetic and electrical properties of ε-Fe3N on c-plane GaN
Authors: Fang Henan , Zhang Rong , Liu Bin , Tao Zhikuo , Wang Xuefeng , Xie Zili , Xiu Xiangqian , Zheng Youdou 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

ε-Fe3N films on c-plane GaN are fabricated through nitridation of amorphous Fe films. From x-ray diffraction, the structures of these ε-Fe3N films are found to consist of two crystal orientations of ε-Fe3N, i.e. (0 0 2) and (1 1 1). The binding energies of Fe ions in the samples are analysed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, both Fe–N and Fe–O–N peaks are observed. Scanning electron microscopy shows that the surface morphology of the ε-Fe3N films is island-like. In particular, these films are ferromagnetic at room temperature, with a coercivity of about 200 Oe according to the measured magnetic hysteresis loop. The ferromagnetism is further studied by ferromagnetic resonance spectra. With increasing angle between the incident field and the sample plane, the resonance magnetic fields of Fe and ε-Fe3N films exhibit different behaviours; the difference can be interpreted by Kittel's theory. In addition, the I–V curves and Hall measurement indicate that the ε-Fe3N films are good conductors at room temperature. On the whole, these magnetic and electrical properties demonstrate that the ε-Fe3N films are appropriate for GaN-based spintronic devices.
The Strange Surprising Adventures of Reading Balzac's
Louis Lambert
Authors: Acquisto Joseph 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

This article reads Balzac's
Louis Lambert
in the light of the history of rewritings of the Robinson Crusoe legend. Balzac participates in that history as one of the first figures of transition between early nineteenth-century popular rewritings of the Crusoe story for children and the many serious Crusoe-based novels for adults composed in the twentieth century. In
Louis Lambert
he makes subtle use of the Crusoe story, naming it only twice. Nevertheless, Balzac borrows and adapts structural patterns from Defoe's novel, eschewing literal travel adventure in favour of a philosophical focus. At the time when popular reworkings of Robinson Crusoe for children were at their height, Balzac paves the way for later novelists who will de-emphasize the story's moralistic aspect and inscribe it into a different set of aesthetic and philosophical concerns. Balzac and those who follow him foreground a philosophical escapade, solitary by nature, thus redrawing the map of self and world.
Gendered Constructions of the Nightmare in French Nineteenth-Century Medical Writing and Fantastic Fiction
Authors: Downing Lisa 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

This article considers the history of the nightmare and argues that the nineteenth century in France sees a particular efflorescence of discursive attempts, across medical and literary fields, to explain, classify, and describe experientially this phenomenological concept. The article begins with a brief pan-European prehistory of the modern notion of the ‘cauchemar’ that explores its demonological and medical origins and the sexual connotations presumed to underlie it. Then, theories and representations of the nightmare in nineteenth-century French alienism and the literary genre of the
conte fantastique
(1820–40) are examined. It is argued that specific nineteenth-century preoccupations with rationality, and the subject's potential for alienation from it, which are heavily bound up with gendered discourses and values, make the nightmare (as an exemplary experience of loss of control) a topic of fascination for physicians, writers, and thinkers. I examine the extent to which the loss of mastery experienced in the nightmare, perceived with anxiety in medical writings, becomes, in
contes fantastiques
, especially those by Théophile Gautier, a transgressive experiment with the erotic experience of liberation from expectations of socially and sexually agentic masculinity. In this way the article offers both an original interpretation of the genre of the French fantastic, and a brief cultural genealogy of a phenomenon that has a long history in demonology and medicine, drawing particular attention to its specifically French nineteenth-century dimensions.
‘En dehors de la fête’: entre présence et absence, pour une approche dialogique de l'identité dans
Les Années
d'Annie Ernaux
Authors: Hugueny-Léger Elise 
Published: July 2012

Résumé

Le postulat de cet article est que la conception de l'identité telle qu'elle est développée dans
Les Années
d'Annie Ernaux (2008) fonctionne sur un mouvement paradoxal de présence et absence du sujet (auteure, narratrice et personnage) ernalien. Ce mouvement, qui se réfère à une manière d'aborder à la fois le quotidien et l'écriture, et qui a été décrit par Ernaux comme la sensation d'être ‘hors de la fête’, peut se comprendre comme partie intégrante de son œuvre. Il trouve sa représentation la plus probante dans le motif même de la fête, occasion de faire mettre en jeu des interactions entre soi et autrui ainsi que des structures à la fois privées et institutionnalisées. En prenant ce motif comme point de départ, cet article propose une lecture d'Ernaux à travers les théories de Bakhtine sur le carnaval, la polyphonie et l'identité qui permettent de mettre en valeur le passage de la présence à l'absence, de soi aux autres, et le rôle de la parole d'autrui dans la constitution des
Années
. Il s'agit de comprendre comment ce texte peut être décrit comme un véritable ‘roman total’ dans le sens où il fait place à l'intertextualité, au dialogisme, où il met en lumière diverses structures sociales et laisse entrevoir une identité personnelle et narrative basée sur la question de l'altérité.
‘Comme des brebis au milieu des loups’: Biblical Ideas and Imagery in the Sermons and Pastoral Letters of the French Clergy, 1790–91
Authors: Thurston Benjamin 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

This article examines the role of biblical ideas and imagery in the ecclesiastical debates of 1790–91, primarily in the sermons and pastoral letters of the French bishops. These sermons and letters were among the most important means of mass communication at the end of the eighteenth century: they translated often complex ideas into a language that was accessible to millions of Frenchmen and women. The clergy of both the
Ancien Régime
and the new constitutional Church drew regularly on scriptural narratives in their doctrinal quarrels and personal feuds. These politico-theological polemics involved appeals to apostolic authority, exegeses of well-known parables, denunciations of idolatry from the Old Testament, and prophecies of Armageddon. This language reinforced antagonisms between the refractory and the constitutional clergy and contributed to the schism in the French Church.
Reproduction and dispersal in an ant‐associated root aphid community
Authors: IVENS A. B. F. , KRONAUER D. J. C. , PEN I. , WEISSING F. J. , BOOMSMA J. J. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractClonal organisms with occasional sex are important for our general understanding of the costs and benefits that maintain sexual reproduction. Cyclically parthenogenetic aphids are highly variable in their frequency of sexual reproduction. However, studies have mostly focused on free‐living aphids above ground, whereas dispersal constraints and dependence on ant‐tending may differentially affect the costs and benefits of sex in subterranean aphids. Here, we studied reproductive mode and dispersal in a community of root aphids that are obligately associated with the ant Lasius flavus. We assessed the genetic population structure of four species (Geoica utricularia, Tetraneura ulmi, Forda marginata and Forda formicaria) in a Dutch population and found that all species reproduce predominantly if not exclusively asexually, so that populations consist of multiple clonal lineages. We show that population viscosity is high and winged aphids rare, consistent with infrequent horizontal transmission between ant host colonies. The absence of the primary host shrub (Pistacia) may explain the absence of sex in three of the studied species, but elm trees (Ulmus) that are primary hosts of the fourth species (T. ulmi) occurred within a few km of the study population. We discuss the extent to which obligate ant‐tending and absence of primary hosts may have affected selection for permanent parthenogenesis, and we highlight the need for further study of these aphids in Southern Europe where primary hosts may occur close to L. flavus populations, so that all four root aphid species would have realistic opportunities for completing their sexual life cycle.
Th17/Treg imbalance in patients with liver cystic echinococcosis
Authors: TUXUN T. , WANG J.‐H. , LIN R.‐Y. , SHAN J.‐Y. , TAI Q.‐W. , LI T. , ZHANG J.‐H. , ZHAO J.‐M. , WEN H. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryEchinococcosis is a chronic parasitic infectious disease regulated by T‐cell subsets. CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3 +  regulatory T (Treg) cells and Th17 cells have been described as two distinct subsets and have the opposite effect on inflammation. Th17/Treg balance controls inflammation and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of immune evasion. To assess whether this balance was broken, we detected Th17/Treg functions in different levels including cell frequencies, related cytokines secretion and key transcription factors in patients with cystic echincoccosis and healthy controls. The results demonstrated that patients with cystic echinococcosis revealed significant increase in peripheral Treg number, related cytokines (IL‐10 and TGF‐β1) and transcription factor (Foxp3) levels and moderate decrease in Th17 number, related cytokines (IL‐17 and IL‐23) and transcription factor (RORγt) levels as compared with controls. Results indicated that Th17/Treg functional imbalance exists in patients with chronic cystic echinococcosis, suggesting a potential role for Th17/Treg imbalance in the pathogenesis of immune evasion in echinococcosis.