bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Coralliferous Series of Sind, and its Connexion with the last Upheaval of the Himalayas
Authors: Duncan P. Martin 
Published: October 2009

I.
Introduction
&c.

A Memoir by Grant, illustrated by Sowerby, which appeared in the ‘Transactions’ of the Geological Society (series 2, vol. v. 1837), first brought the countries west and east of the Indus under the notice of European geologists, fossils from Sind, Baluchistan, and Cutch were therein described; and the types were presented to the Society. But it is to Mr. Vicary that science owes the first attempt at a complete description of the geology of Sind. Written in 1847, the fossils which should have illustrated his paper, and some others collected by Lieut. Blagrove in Cutch, were handed over to MM. d'Archiac and Jules Haime for examination and publication. Their fine work, the ‘Description des Animaux Fossiles du groupe Nummulitique de l'Inde,’ was published in 1852. They only recognized one geological horizon, the Nummulitic, although Grant had expressed an opinion that there was more than one fossiliferous series. Messrs. Cook and Carter added to the knowledge of the Baluchistan area in 1860; and the last-named naturalist felt it necessary to give a Miocene age to some fossils which Sowerby had figured for Grant. On the other hand, MM. d'Archiac and Jules Haime severely criticised M. d'Orbigny for stating that some of their Sindian species were of Falunian age, and decided against Dr. Carter's grouping of some of the marine Tertiary beds as Miocene.
In 1863 Mr. Henry M. Jenkins, F.G.S., at that time Assistant-Secretary of this Society, and myself were endeavouring to learn something about Tertiary deposits situated
On
Astroconia Granti
, a new Lyssakine Hexactinellid from the Silurian Formation of Canada
Authors: Sollas W. J. 
Published: October 2009

By the great kindness of Lieut.-Col. Charles Coote Grant, I have received a valuable collection of fossil specimens from the Silurian strata of Hamilton, Ontario. I hope, as opportunity serves, to offer descriptions of the more interesting of these fossils, and in the following short paper make a beginning by describing an incompletely silicified specimen of chert, which by its remarkable similarity to the chalk-flints of Trimmingham arrested my attention when studying those bodies. The specimen in question is a small piece (1 inch cube) of greyish siliceous dolomite with a gritty granular texture; on one face it bears a carbonized Hydrozoon, on another a silicified Polyzoon, and on a third shows the opening of a long winding cavity which extends into the interior. From the sides of this cavity some long cylindrical rods, very suggestive of sponge-spicules, were seen conspicuously projecting: under the microscope by reflected light they were seen to be covered with an irregular crystalline deposit, which made the resemblance to spicules less striking than when examined by the unassisted eye. The specimen was now broken into two pieces, and the part containing the rods and cavity placed in dilute hydrochloric acid. Solution with faint effervescence took place; and after standing for twenty-four hours the supernatant liquor was poured off for subsquent examination, while the sediment and small piece of siliceous dolomite remaining were well washed and further examined.
From the sides of the cavity in the dolomitic chert, cylindrical rods were still seen projecting, and under
On the Order Theriodontia, with a Description of a new Genus and Species (
Ælurosaurus Felinus,
Ow.)
Authors: Owen R. 
Published: October 2009

Of Permian and Triassic Reptilia the most interesting, those that help to fill the hiatus separating the mammalian Marsupials from the cold-blooded Vertebrates, seem to me to be the extinct species constituting, or referable to, the Order
Theriodontia
.

To the characters of this Order given in my ‘Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of South Africa’†, viz. “Dentition of the Carnivorous type, incisors defined by position and divided from molars by a large laniariform canine on each side of both upper and lower jaws,” may now be added “dentition ‘monophyodont’”‡. At least I have not had evidence of an immature specimen showing a milk-series of teeth to be succeeded by a permanent series; but if such should be found in any of the extinct Reptiles of the present Order, such Order will be “Diphyodont,” like the Mammalian Carnivora; for there is no evidence of any third set of teeth to follow those which may have been preceded (though I doubt it) by a first or deciduous set. Of the adult dentition, whether it be “first” or “second,” the molars, as a rule, are inferior in size to the incisors, as both are markedly less than the canines. Add to these characters, “humerus perforated by an entepicondylar foramen”§.
The Reptiles sodistinguished or characterized are already referable to several genera; and although I fully recognize the artificial character of a more or less forward extension of the ossified ‘septum narium,’ there was a convenience in disparting the Theriodont genera known in 1876 into
Upper Greensand and Chloritic Marl, Isle of Wight
Authors: Parkinson C. 
Published: October 2009

Although the Isle-of-Wight Greensands have been well explored by eminent geologists, such as Fitton, Mantell, Ibbetson, and Saxby, there yet remains ample work for palæontologists in the classification of the fauna characteristic of each horizon. Hitherto the fossils from different zones have not been clearly separated, the collections from the Malm rock being mixed with those of the upper cherts and rags, and the Chloritic Marl with both. In forming a collection illustrative of the above series, it has been the writer's aim to divide every zone and to define the extent of each.
At the base of the section a band of chert nodules is indicated,measuring 2 feet, which is possibly the trim junction of Gault and Greensand, although in the Memoir on the Geological Suryey of the Isle of Wight 50 feet of mieaceous sands below this point have been included in the Greensand ; this has also been done more recently by Dr. C. Barrels, of Lille. It was from this section, exposed on the St.-Lawrence beach, that Captain Saxby procured a species of Crayfish; and a second specimen has been found within the lasteighteen months in the same locality. The importance of this horizon has apparently been overlooked ; for quite recently a further valuable addition has been made to the fauna by the discovery of a Chelonian previously unknown to pal~eontologists. From CaptainSaxby's day to the present time the locality has been neglected.About a year Mr. Mark Norman, a well-known local geologist,noticed a huge boulder
On the Mode of Occurrence of some of the Volcanic Rocks of Montana, U.S.A.
Authors: Eccles James 
Published: October 2009

The volcanic district of the Yellowstone National Park, from which I obtained the various rock-specimens referred to in the foregoing paper, has been already described in detail by Dr. Hayden, Dr. A. C. Peale, and Prof. Bradley, in the reports of the U.S. Geological Survey of the Territories for the years 1871 and 1872.
In the autumn of 1878 I had the good fortune to accompany Dr. Hayden and other members of his survey in some parts of the district referred to; and although I have no intention of giving a detailed description of the volcanic phenomena which were observed, a short notice of the localities whence the specimens were obtained, and of the general mode of occurrence of the rocks, may be of some interest as a supplement to Mr. Rutley's description of their microscopic characters.
The Yellowstone National Park, within which are the head-waters of two of the great forks of the Missouri (the Yellowstone river and the Madison) and of the Snake river (one of the branches of the Columbia, comprises an area of about 3600 square miles, nearly the whole of which is covered up by volcanic rocks of great thickness.There are very few exposures of underlying sedimentary or other formations; and these are almost entirely limited to the extreme northern edge of the area. Some fifteen miles south of the southern boundary the extension of these volcanic rocks is seen to rest upon the northern spurs of the Teton range of mountains, at which point
On a new Species of
Plesiosaurus (P. Conybeari)
from the Lower Lias of Charmouth; with Observations on P.
megacephalus
, Stutchbury, and P.
brachycephalus
, Owen
Authors: Sollas W. J. 
Published: October 2009

The nearly complete and very fine specimen of
Plesiosaurus
(Pl. XXIII. fig. 1) which forms the subject of the present paper is the latest addition to the already large collection of fossil reptiles preserved in the Bristol Museum.

It was found over a year ago, by Samuel Clarke of Charmouth, on the north-west corner of Blackven Water, half a mile west of the river Char, where it lay in a “table-ledge” of the Lower Lias, some seven feet above the “boulder-bed.” From its position and the species of Ammonite still associated with it, we may conclude that its geological horizon is that of the zone of
Ammonites obtusus
.

From the pectoral to the pelvic girdle it is imbedded in a layer of hard impure limestone, thick enough to hold the parts securely together, but at the same time thin enough to let the skeleton be seen on both sides, dorsal as well as ventral. The head and neck were preserved chiefly in shale; so that, to ensure the safety of the neck, it has been found necessary to imbed it in plaster; but the head, being filled in and about with limestone, has been left free, and can be turned about, handled, and examined on all sides.
The ventral surface of the fossil (P1. XXIII. fig. 1) is exposed onthe upper surface of the imbedding limestone ; the coracoids lie side by side nearly in the position they would have occupied in the dead animal lying on its back, except
Notes on the Diamond-fields, South Africa, 1880
Authors: Dunn E. J. 
Published: October 2009

The mining-operations carried on during the last few years at the diamond-fields, South Africa, have brought to light some additional facts bearing on the formation of diamonds; the most interesting is the exposure, at all the old mines (Kimberley, De Beer's, Du Toit's Pan, and Bultfontein), of considerable deposits of black carbonaceous shale underlying the surface beds of grey shale.
By the removal of the diamond-bearing ground of the old volcanic “pipes” constituting the above mines, the wall or rim is left unsupported; after rain immense masses of this shale, or “reef,” as miners term it, fall into the excavated gulf, leaving excellent clean sections of the horizontal strata; for the bedding of the shales is horizontal, except where locally disturbed by intrusive rocks, or at the sides of the “pipes,” where they are turned upwards for a few feet, perhaps by the gabbro in the “pipes.”
At Kimberley mine the surface-shales, grey or, in places, pink or yellow, which contain remains of small Saurians, are from 40 to 50 feet thick; underneath are black carbonaceous shales, for the most part arenaceous, and more than 100 feet thick. So combustible are these shales that in a part of the mine where they were accidentally fired they have smouldered on for more than eighteen months and are still alight.
Time did not admit of a search for plant-remains; but a diligentsearch, especially in the finer and more argillaceous beds, would be almost certain of success. Thin seams of very impure coal
The Red Sands of the Arabian Desert
Authors: Phillips J. Arthur 
Published: October 2009

The Nefûd, or great red desert of Northern Arabia, commencing about four hundred miles east of Sinai, extends from the walls of Lina in the east to Teyma in the west, and from the edge of the Jôt basin in the north to the foot of Jebel Aja in the south. Its extreme breadth is 150 miles, and its greatest length 400 miles; but the whole of this area is not composed of continuous sands. The most eastern portion of this desert (and probably its most western extremity also) consists of a series of long parallel sand-drifts from half a mile to five miles in width, separated by intervening strips of solid plain.
Palgrave describes the Netûd as “an immense ocean of loose reddish sand unlimited to the eye, and heaped up in enormous ridges running parallel to each other from north to south, undulation after undulation, each swell two or three hundred feet in average height, with slant sides and rounded crests furrowed in every direction by the capricious gales of the desert. In the depths between, the traveller finds himself, as it were, imprisoned in a suffocating sandpit, hemmed in by burning walls on every side, while, at other times, while labouring up the slope, he overlooks what seems a vast sea of fire swelling under a heavy monsoon wind and ruffled by a crossblast into red-hot waters”.
On the Crag Shells of Aberdeenshire and the Gravel-beds containing them
Authors: Jamieson Thomas F. 
Published: October 2009

In the year 1860 I sent to the Geological Society a short notice of certain beds of sand and gravel on the eastern border of Aberdeenshire, which I had found to contain fragments of shells resembling those met with in the Crag strata of Norfolk. These shells are much broken and worn—most of them mere crumbs; and few are in a condition to enable even a skilful conchologist to pronounce with certainty as to their specific character, although it is sufficiently clear that they represent a considerable variety of forms. Nevertheless characteristic specimens distinct enough for identification are occasionally got.
The Messrs. Searles V. Wood, senior and junior, who twice examined my collection, confirmed my opinion as to the Crag character of several of the species; and Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys, who looked at them in passing here a good many years ago, came to the same conclusion. The shells have a decidedly older and more fossilized appearance than those from our Scotch glacial beds; and some of them are filled with a hard calcareous paste or concrete, which is another feature that serves to distinguish them.
On the two British Types of the Lower Cambrian beds, and the Conditions under which they were respectively deposited
Authors: Hull Edward 
Published: October 2009

The subject of this paper forced itself on my mind when drawing up anessay “On the Laurentian beds of Ireland;” and I had originally intended to place it as an appendix to that communication; but on further consideration I have thought it of sufficient interest to deserve separate treatment.
I propose to compare the Cambrian beds of the North-west Highlands of Scotland, which I shall call those of the “Caledonian type,” with their supposed representatives in South Britain and Ireland, which I shall call those of the “Hiberno-Cambrian type,” as regards both their petrological characters and their fossil contents, with the view of showing that they were formed respectively on either side of a ridge (or barrier) of Archæan rocks, which a recent examination of the north of Ireland enables me to trace along its whole course in the British Isles.
Before entering, however, on this special subject, I ought first to state the geological position of the beds I here call “Cambrian,” as the term is unfortunately rather widely applied at present amongst British geologists.
Additional Note on Certain Inclusions in Granites
Authors: Phillips J. Arthur 
Published: October 2009

In a paper which I had the honour of reading before this Society on November 19th, 1879, entitled “On Concretionary Patches and Fragments of other Rocks contained in Granite,” I called attention to the fact that a certain class of such inclusions, usually more or less ovoid in form and resembling imbedded pebbles, are essentially composed of a fine-grained variety of the granite in which they are severally enclosed. The proportion of dark-coloured mica in these patches is almost invariably greater than in the rock in which they occur, and imparts to them a darker colour than that of the general mass. It was further observed, when sections made through both pebble-like inclusions and the enclosing granite are examined under the microscope, that along their line of contact minute crystals are found to extend from the one into the other. These rounded inclusions sometimes enclose a second similar nodule, differing from the first either in colour or in fineness of grain only.
Such inclusions are sometimes porphyritic in structure, and enclose large crystals of the felspar characterizing the enclosing rock. Thus, when the felspar of the surrounding granite is either red or pink in colour, that which is porphyritically distributed through the inclusions will be correspondingly red or pink; if, on the contrary, white felspar be a characteristic of the normal granite, the porphyritic crystals of the inclusions will likewise be white. The angles of felspar crystals so enclosed in ovoid inclusions are often much rounded.
On the Upper Beds of the Fifeshire Coal-measures
Authors: Binney Edw. W. , Kirkby Jas. W. 
Published: October 2009

Overlying the profitable portion of the Fifeshire Coal-measures there is a series of red barren beds, of which we have not seen any description. Possibly Mr. Howell refers to similar measures, as occurring in Mid Lothian, in the Edinburgh memoir of the Geological Survey (pp. 110, 111); and since the date of that memoir an upper series of beds, evidently identical with that of Fife, has been recognized by the Geological Survey in Lanarkshire, and described as a separate subdivision (
d
5′) of the Coal-measures.

The best exposure of these red measures in Fife is on the coast from the mouth of the Leven to East Wemyss. Having somewhat carefully examined this section, we shall notice it briefly in detail —first as to the succession of strata, and afterwards as to the fossils found in them—and so give some account of the series.
The section in question forms part of the Wemyss coal-field, which, with the smaller adjoining fields of other lairds, is the most northerly piece of true Coal Measures existent in Britain. The dip of the strata is easterly, rarely exceeding 10°, generally less; and as the trend of the coast is north-east and south-west, a section in descending order is to be observed by traversing the shore from the Leven westward.
On the Cambrian (Sedgw.) and Silurian Rocks of Scandinavia
Authors: Marr J. E. 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The classification of Prof. Scdgwick is quite applicable to the older palæozoic rocks of Sweden.
The boundary at the base of the equivalents of the May-Hill beds is marked by three distinct kinds of events: first, there is a physical break, as indicated by the absence of several beds at the summit of the Cambrian in various localities, and by the occurrence of conglomeratic beds at the base of the Silurian, resting unevenly upon the older deposits ; secondly, there is a palæontological break, which is more especially marked in the case of the deep-water beds; for although the various deep-water beds of Cambrian times have often species in common, or closely allied representative species, as have those of the Silurian also, there are very few common to the two systems ; thirdly, the trend of the coast-line in early Silurian times seems to have been totally different from that which existed in late Cambrian times, thus giving rise to a considerable difference in the direction of migration of the shallow-water faunas of the two systems.
Is there any other break of equal importance to this one in Scandinavia? Several authors have drawn a boundary at the base of the Ceratopyge-limestone, on palæontological grounds: there is no physical break there; and the value of the palæontological break may be estimated from the following remark of Dr. Törnqvist (Öfv. af K. Vet.-Akad. Förh. 1879, no. 2, p. 66) :—“ In Scandinavia the resemblance between the fauna of the Ceratopyge-limestone and that of the underlying beds is so great, that we have much difficulty in drawing a boundery between the primordial fauna and that which is usually styled Lower Silurian.”
Report on some Rock specimens collected by Mr. George Attwood in Costa Rica
Authors: Hudleston W. H. 
Published: October 2009

Six specimens were carefully examined. Five of these are igneous rocks, having all the appearance of lavas; and although considerable differences exist between some of them, yet four out of the five, and perhaps all five, must come within the category of augite-andesites. The hand-specimens show a dark compact base with numerous crystals of felspars,
usually small
. Thus the general structure, viewed macroscopically, is micro-porphyritic. In most cases the felspars are inclined to be vitreous; but in one instance, where the crystals are rather larger, they are of a dull white.

The character of the ground-mass in thin section is seen to range from a trachydolerite, where there is a considerable development of microcrystalline matter, consisting for the most part of acicular prisms of triclinic felspar, to a rock in which the felsitic texture is in the ascendant and the tendency to doleritic texture is reduced to a minimum.
Generally speaking, the felspars are fresh, and polarize with considerable brilliancy. They are mostly triclinic, though not without orthoclase (sanidine) in some cases. Without analysis it is impossible to state positively what the triclinic felspars may be, though probably oligoclase is the most abundant. Judging from the analogy of similar rocks, andesine is also present; but the more basic varieties of felspar are probably rare or absent.
Geological Age of the Taconic System
Authors: Dana James D. 
Published: October 2009

A paragraph in the ‘Proceedings of the Geological Society’ for the 16th of November last, making part of an abstract of an address by Dr. T, Sterry Hunt sustaining the pre-Cambrian age of the Taconic schists, throws more doubt than is right on the stratigraphical observations that have been made in the region by different geologists. It does not present, as a reason for doubt, any facts from the authors personal investigation convicting these geologists of errors in their statements or conclusions, but simply mentions what the author regards as a possible source of error in any study of folded metamorphic strata, and urges this as a probable source in the present case.
The paragraph says:—“The speaker insisted upon the fact that where newer strata are in unconformable contact with older ones, the effect of lateral movements of compression, involving the two series, is generally to cause the newer and more yielding strata to dip towards, and even beneath the edges of the older rock, a result due to folds, often with inversion, sometimes passing into faults. This phenomenon throws much light on the supposed recency of many crystalline schists.”

The supposed recency of the Taconic schists, and the observations which have led to the inference that these schists
overlie
certain Lower Silurian strata, are among the points to which the paragraph is meant especially to apply. It implies that in any overlying, apparent or actual, it is
an overlying of newer strata, unconformably
.
The Rhætics of Nottinghamshire
Authors: Wilson E. 
Published: October 2009

At the Meeting of the British Association at York in 1881 I gave a summarized account of the Rhætic rocks of Nottinghamshire. In the present communication I propose to give a more detailed description of the same.
Rhætic rocks were first noticed in this district about fifteen years ago near Gainsborough, in Lincolnshire, by Mr. F. M. Burton, and were subsequently observed at Newark by the Rev. A. Irving and by Mr. Horace Woodward, and at Elton Station, on the Nottingham and Grantham line, by Mr. E. Etheridge. All these sections, however, were more or less incomplete, either above or below.
During the last five or six years several new and some complete sections of the Rhætic beds have been exposed on the eastern and southern borders of Notts, chiefly by new railway-works. Unfortunately these sections are now all covered up and grass-grown. Seeing, however, that they disclosed several interesting facts and some new features concerning this series, a brief record of them appears desirable.