bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zur Problematik der sogenannten Implosive (On the Problems of the So-Called Implosives)
Authors: Merlingen W. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
After a short chronology of the investigation, the author discusses the nature of the implosives and the problems resulting from their complexity and ambiguity. One of the main problems is that of the production of voice; the most satisfactory solution is offered by the ‘active voice’ suggested by Husson. From certain phenomena it can be seen that the articulation is based upon the more or less modified movements of the second phase of the act of deglutition; wherein certain reflex-conditioned interdependencies play an important part. As a result, there is not merely one phonemic constituent to be called ‘implosion’, but two or three different ones, depending on the points of departure of articulation. ‘Implosion’ is one of the most ancient and archaic manners of articulation.
Eléments pour une phonétique linguistique plus adéquate (Elements of a More Adequate Linguistic Phonetics)
Authors: Marchal Alain , Tiffou Etienne 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Contemporary phonology, with its emphasis on phonetic features, needs an adequate linguistic phonetics. In this paper, we examine criteria of scientific truth and their implications for a scientific investigation of the speech chain. Recent progress in fundamental research requires that the features postulated should not only be sufficient but also adequate. With adequacy in mind, we explore the phonology of the syllable from a slightly different point of view. It seems to us that the phonetic output needs to be examined in a more refined and adequate manner. This is particularly true at what we shall show to be an intermediate level of contextually determined concatenation of phonemes.
Temporal Aspects of Articulatory Movements for /s/-Stop Clusters
Authors: Borden Gloria J. , Gay Thomas 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Cinefluorographic tracking of pellets on the tongue body, tongue tip, jaw, and lips of three subjects indicates that there are certain basic strategies used for initial /sp/, /st/ and /sk/ clusters. The data reveal an economy of effort in tongue movement, and support the concept of the tongue as a multiple articulator. In addition, the shorter fricative duration of /s/ before /p/ is seen to be a result of early lip closure relative to the occlusions for /st/ and /sk/, which are delayed due to tongue involvement with the /s/.
Lippenrundung bei schwedischen Vokalen (Liprounding in Swedish Vowels)
Authors: Traunmüller Hartmut 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Is there a steady transition between unrounded, ‘outrounded’, and ‘inrounded’ Swedish vowels, or are these distinct categories? By which articulatory parameters can these distinctions be described? These questions, actualised through confusion data in speech reading, are answered by means of articulatory measurements of lip-opening, lip protrusion, and jaw-lowering in 4 subjects. It is found, i.a., that rounded and unrounded vowels form clearly separated categories, and that unrounded vowels, including /o/, are distinguished from outrounded ones by their smaller lip-opening and, if long, by increased lowering of the jaw.
Intrusive Stops in Nasal-Fricative Clusters: An Aerodynamic and Acoustic Investigation
Authors: Ali Latif , Daniloff Ray , Hammarberg Robert 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
An aerodynamic investigation of the occurrence of intrusive stop consonants occurring in nasal-fricative consonant clusters in English revealed that intrusive stops were cued perceptually by silent gaps often followed by burst releases preceding the fricative consonant. In articulatory-aerodynamic terms, intrusive stops appear to result from a prolonged oral occlusion of the nasal stop which is released with a vigorous burst release just prior to complete formation of the following fricative slit constriction.
Identification of Novel Phonetic Segments by Children, Adolescents and Adults
Authors: Bond Z.S. , Adamescu Linda 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The ability of children, adolescents and adults to employ completely novel phonetic information was examined. Three groups of subjects were tested for their ability to identify minimal pairs contrasting voiced and implosive stops in syllable-initial position. Children’s performance on this task was significantly superior to both adolescent and adult performance.
Mandible Height and Syllable-Final Tenseness
Authors: Fujimura Osamu , Miller Joan E. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Mandible movements in the vowel-to-consonant transition manifest consistent differences between /t/ and /d/ in syllable final position. Both mandible position at its peak value near the articulatory release of the stop and velocity of its ascending movement in the transition are found to be apparently relevant to the tense/lax distinction, even though the reliability of these criteria for categorizing t/d data somewhat varies depending on the speaker. Some related characteristics of lingual movements and similar mandible characteristics for the k/g distinction are mentioned. The data were obtained by the computer-controlled X-ray microbeam system in cooperation with the University of Tokyo group.
Articulatory Measurement and Synthesis
Authors: Heike Georg 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The relations between area functions of the vocal tract and the acoustic result are of phonetic interest only if they can be interpreted in articulatory terms. We show which problems may arise if two-dimensional configurations of the vocal tract are to be transformed into area functions, and which relations exist between articulatory variables, area functions, and formant frequencies in an articulatory model.
Final Voicing and Vowel Length in Welsh
Authors: Wells John C. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The great majority of Welsh word-final plosives are devoiced lenes (fully voiced before a following vowel or sonorant), with a long vowel preceding. There are also a certain number of words – nearly all borrowed – ending in a fortis plosive, voiceless in all circumstances, with a short vowel preceding. There are quite a few minimal pairs where a long vowel + lenis plosive is opposed to a short vowel + fortis plosive. Arguments for the primacy of voicing and of vowel length, respectively, are presented. A solution is put forward which specifies plosives with regard to voicing in the lexicon and which provides rules (a) doubling any voiceless plosive after a stressed vowel and (b) lengthening any stressed vowel in the context before up to one consonant. A number of exceptions are discussed. As a linguist, the author prefers a solution which requires the specifying of perhaps 60 or 80 exceptions as exceptional over one which would call for at least one extra feature specification for every word in the lexicon.
Complex Encoding in Word-Final Voiced and Voiceless Stops
Authors: Barry William J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The multifunctionality of vowel and closure duration is investigated in two experiments using the word pair ‘bag’-’back’. In experiment I, categorization of synthetic stimuli at three simulated rates of speech supports the notion of the vowel/vowel + closure quotient as a tempo-independent cue to the final ‘voiced’- ‘voiceless’ opposition. In experiment II, manipulated natural stimuli are tested at two rates of speech, sentence-medially and finally. In final position, the results of experiment I are confirmed though durational and nondurational properties interact. Medially, a specific context effect is found.
Some Relationships between Speech Production and Perception
Authors: Bell-Berti Fredericka , Raphael Lawrence J. , Pisoni David B. , Sawusch James R. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
EMG studies of the American English vowel pairs /i-ι/ and /e-ε”/ reveal two different production strategies: some speakers appear to differentiate the members of each pair primarily on the basis to tongue height; for others the basis of differentiation appears to be tongue tension. There was no obvious reflection of these differences in the speech waveforms or formant patterns of the two groups. To determine if these differences in production might correspond to differences in perception, two vowel identification tests were given to the EMG subjects. Subjects were asked to label the members of a seven-step vowel continuum, /i/ through /ι/. In one condition each item had an equal probability of occurrence. The other condition was an anchoring test; the first stimulus, /i/, was heard four times as often as any other stimulus. Compared with the equal-probability test labelling boundary, the boundary in the anchoring test was displaced toward the more frequently occurring stimulus. The magnitude of the shift of the labelling boundary was greater for subjects using a production strategy based on tongue height than for subjects using tongue tension to differentiate these vowels, suggesting that the stimuli represent adjacent categories in the speakers’ phonetic space for the former, but not for the latter, group.
Some Observations on Velar Movement in Plosives
Authors: Künzel Hermann J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Using a photoelectric device, velar movement of 6 subjects is continuously registered in test words containing /p, t, k, b, d, g/. There are differences in both timing and degree of velar movement patterns as a function of voicing, place of articulation, vocalic context, and mode of release. There is extensive coarticulation in both directions. A hierarchical relationship for the realization of velar height targets for vowels and consonants is found, leading to the supposition that there are two different kinds of coarticulation on the neuromotor level.
Altered Plasma Fibrin Clot Properties Are Associated With In-Stent Thrombosis
Authors: Undas Anetta , Zalewski Jaroslaw , Krochin Marek , Siudak Zbigniew , Sadowski Marcin , Pregowski Jerzy , Dudek Dariusz , Janion Marianna , Witkowski Adam , Zmudka Krzysztof 
Published: November 2009

Objectives—We sought to investigate whether patients with in-stent thrombosis (IST) display altered plasma fibrin clot properties.Methods and Results—We studied 47 definite IST patients, including 15 with acute, 26 subacute and 6 late IST, and 48 controls matched for demographics, cardiovascular risk factors, concomitant treatment and angiographic/stent parameters. Plasma clot permeability (Ks), which indicates a pore size, turbidity (lag phase, indicating the rate of fibrin clot formation, ΔAbsmax, maximum absorbance of a fibrin gel, reflecting the fiber thickness), lysis time (t50%) and maximum rate ofd-dimer release from clots (D-Drate) were determined 2 to 73 (median 14.7) months after IST. Patients with IST had 21% lower Ks, 14% higher ΔAbsmax, 11% lower D-Drate, 30% longer t50%(allP<0.0001) and 5% shorter lag phase compared to controls (P=0.042). There were no correlations between clot variables and the time of IST or that from IST to blood sampling. Multiple regression analysis showed that Ks(odds ratio=0.36 per 0.1 μm2,P<0.001), D-Drate(odds ratio=0.16 per 0.01 mg/L/min,P<0.001) and stent length (odds ratio=1.1 per 1 mm,P=0.043) were independent predictors of IST (R2=0.58,P<0.001).Conclusions—IST patients tend to form dense fibrin clots resistant to lysis, and altered plasma fibrin clot features might contribute to the occurrence of IST.
A Generalized Urban Air Pollution Model and Its Application to the Study of SO2 Distributions in the St. Louis Metropolitan Area
Authors: Shir C. C. , Shieh L. J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
A generalized urban air pollution model, based on numerical integration of the concentration equation, is developed for the study of air pollutant distributions over an urban area. The model computes the temporal and three-dimensional spatial concentration distributions resulting from specified multiple point and area sources by using currently available meteorological and source inventory data. A new method based on experiments and a turbulence transport model is used to estimate the turbulent diffusivity and atmospheric stability. Special treatments of the finite-difference scheme to accommodate the large variations of concentrations are discussed. An effort has been made to avoid any subjective analysis scheme for the preparation of the input data.
The model was used to study SO2 distributions in the St. Louis metropolitan area during 25 consecutive days in February 1965. The computed results were evaluated with respect to observed data by using various statistic methods. The computed results agree favorably with experimental measurements for both long-term and short-term average concentrations. Computations also indicate the model's capabilities and flexibilities for dealing with the rapid variations of atmospheric conditions. The advantages and limitations of the model are also discussed.
Can you hear me now? The experience of a deaf family member surrounding the death of loved ones
Authors: Kehl Karen A , Gartner Constance M 
Published: November 2009

Introduction: Individuals who are Deaf face challenges both similar and unique from those faced by hearing individuals when a family member is dying. This study was guided by the question, ‘‘What are the challenges faced by a Deaf family member when a loved one is dying?’’ Methods: This qualitative study is guided by critical theory and an interpretive perspective. Robert, a college-educated older adult who has been Deaf from birth was interviewed in American Sign Language using a death history format. Results: There are challenges for Deaf family members that affect communication with both the dying person and health care professionals. Patient-family communication issues included physical challenges and financial challenges. Lack of cultural competence concerning the Deaf community created challenges communicating with professionals. Decision-making was also a challenge. Conclusions: These findings provide a framework for future research concerning the needs of Deaf individuals facing the end of life and provide guidance for clinicians.
An emerging player in the adaptive immune response: microRNA-146a is a modulator of IL-2 expression and activation-induced cell death in T lymphocytes
Authors: Curtale Graziella , Citarella Franca , Carissimi Claudia , Goldoni Marina , Carucci Nicoletta , Fulci Valerio , Franceschini Debora , Meloni Francesca , Barnaba Vincenzo , Macino Giuseppe 
Published: November 2009

AbstractActivation of the T cell–mediated immune response has been associated with changes in the expression of specific microRNAs (miRNAs). However, the role of miRNAs in the development of an effective immune response is just beginning to be explored. This study focuses on the functional role of miR-146a in T lymphocyte–mediated immune response and provides interesting clues on the transcriptional regulation of miR-146a during T-cell activation. We show that miR-146a is low in human naive T cells and is abundantly expressed in human memory T cells; consistently, miR-146a is induced in human primary T lymphocytes upon T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation. Moreover, we identified NF-kB and c-ETS binding sites as required for the induction of miR-146a transcription upon TCR engagement. Our results demonstrate that several signaling pathways, other than inflammation, are influenced by miR-146a. In particular, we provide experimental evidence that miR-146a modulates activation-induced cell death (AICD), acting as an antiapoptotic factor, and that Fas-associated death domain (FADD) is a target of miR-146a. Furthermore, miR-146a enforced expression impairs both activator protein 1 (AP-1) activity and interleukin-2 (IL-2) production induced by TCR engagement, thus suggesting a role of this miRNA in the modulation of adaptive immunity.
Comparison of gene expression profiles between human and mouse monocyte subsets
Authors: Ingersoll Molly A. , Spanbroek Rainer , Lottaz Claudio , Gautier Emmanuel L. , Frankenberger Marion , Hoffmann Reinhard , Lang Roland , Haniffa Muzlifah , Collin Matthew , Tacke Frank , Habenicht Andreas J. R. , Ziegler-Heitbrock Loems , Randolph Gwendalyn J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBlood of both humans and mice contains 2 main monocyte subsets. Here, we investigated the extent of their similarity using a microarray approach. Approximately 270 genes in humans and 550 genes in mice were differentially expressed between subsets by 2-fold or more. More than 130 of these gene expression differences were conserved between mouse and human monocyte subsets. We confirmed numerous of these differences at the cell surface protein level. Despite overall conservation, some molecules were conversely expressed between the 2 species' subsets, including CD36, CD9, and TREM-1. Other differences included a prominent peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) signature in mouse monocytes, which is absent in humans, and strikingly opposed patterns of receptors involved in uptake of apoptotic cells and other phagocytic cargo between human and mouse monocyte subsets. Thus, whereas human and mouse monocyte subsets are far more broadly conserved than currently recognized, important differences between the species deserve consideration when models of human disease are studied in mice.
The sterol carrier protein 2/3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase (SCPx) is involved in cholesterol uptake in the midgut of Spodoptera litura: gene cloning, expression, localization and functional analyses
Authors: Guo Xing-Rong , Zheng Si-Chun , Liu Lin , Feng Qi-Li 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Background
Sterol carrier protein-2/3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase (SCPx) gene has been suggested to be involved in absorption and transport of cholesterol. Cholesterol is a membrane component and is a precursor of ecdysteroids, but cannot be synthesized de novo in insects. However, a direct association between SCPx gene expression, cholesterol absorption and development in lepidopteran insects remains to be experimentally demonstrated.

Results
An SCPx cDNA (Sl SCPx) cloned from the common cutworm, Spodoptera litura, was characterized. The Sl SCPx cDNA encoded a 535-amino acid protein consisting of a 3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase (SCPx-t) domain and a SCP-2 (SCPx-2) domain. Sl SCPx mRNA was expressed predominately in the midgut, while Sl SCPx-2 mRNA was detected in the midgut, fat body and epidermis and no Sl SCPx-t mRNA was detected. A 58-kDa full-length SCPx protein and a 44-kDa SCPx-t protein were detected in the midgut of sixth instar larvae when the anti-Sl SCPx-t antibody was used in western blotting analysis; a 16-kDa SCP-2 protein was detected when anti-Sl SCPx-2 antibody was used. Sl SCPx protein was post-translationally cleaved into two smaller proteins, SCPx-t and SCPx-2. The gene appeared to be expressed into two forms of mRNA transcripts, which were translated into the two proteins, respectively. Sl SCPx-t and Sl SCPx-2 proteins have distinct and different locations in the midgut of sixth instar larvae. Sl SCPx and Sl SCPx-t proteins were detected predominately in the cytoplasm, whereas Sl SCPx-2 protein was detected in the cytoplasm and nuclei in the Spli-221 cells. Over-expression of Sl SCPx and Sl SCPx-2 proteins enhanced cholesterol uptake into the Spli-221 cells. Knocking-down Sl SCPx transcripts by dsRNA interference resulted in a decrease in cholesterol level in the hemolymph and delayed the larval to pupal transition.

Conclusion
Spatial and temporal expression pattern of this Sl SCPx gene during the larval developmental stages of S. litura showed its specific association with the midgut at the feeding stage. Over-expression of this gene increased cholesterol uptake and interference of its transcript decreased cholesterol uptake and delayed the larval to pupal metamorphosis. All of these results taken together suggest that this midgut-specific Sl SCPx gene is important for cholesterol uptake and normal development in S. litura.
Status epilepticus affects the gigantocellular network of the pontine reticular formation
Authors: Baracskay Péter , Kiglics Viola , Kékesi Katalin A , Juhász Gábor , Czurkó András 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe impairment of the pontine reticular formation (PRF) has recently been revealed to be histopathologically connected with focal-cortical seizure induced generalized convulsivestatus epilepticus. To elucidate whether the impairment of the PRF is a general phenomenon duringstatus epilepticus, the focal-cortical 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) application was compared with other epilepsy models. The presence of "dark" neurons in the PRF was investigated by the sensitive silver method of Gallyas in rats sacrificed at 3 h after focal 4-AP crystal or systemic 4-AP, pilocarpine, or kainic acid application. The behavioral signs of the developing epileptic seizures were scored in all rats. The EEG activity was recorded in eight rats.ResultsRegardless of the initiating drug or method of administration, "dark" neurons were consistently found in the PRF of animals entered the later phases ofstatus epilepticus. EEG recordings demonstrated the presence of slow oscillations (1.5-2.5 Hz) simultaneously with the appearance of giant "dark" neurons in the PRF.ConclusionWe argue that the observed slow oscillation corresponds to the late periodic epileptiform discharge phase ofstatus epilepticus, and that the PRF may be involved in the progression ofstatus epilepticus.
The effect of psychological stress on iron absorption in rats
Authors: Chen Jianbo , Shen Hui , Chen Chengjie , Wang Wanyin , Yu Siyu , Zhao Min , Li Min 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Background
Psychological stress (PS) is recognized as an important pathogenic factor which leads to metabolism disorder in many diseases. Previous studies have shown that systemic iron homeostasis in mammalians was changed under specific stress conditions.

Methods
In present study, we used communication box to create psychological stress model and investigated the iron apparent absorption, iron accumulation in the apical poles of villous enterocytes and protein expressions of ferroportin 1 (FPN1), ferritin, divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1).

Results
Our study showed that iron apparent absorption decreased and iron significantly accumulated in the apical poles of villous enterocytes in 3 d and 7 d PS groups. The expression of intestinal FPN1 in 3 d and 7 d PS groups was lower than that of control, while the change of intestinal ferritin was opposite. However, the expression of DMT1 did not change.

Conclusion
These results demonstrate that PS can decrease iron absorption in rats, which might be related to regulation expression of iron transporters.