bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fiber Surface Treatment: Relevance to Interfacial Characteristics
Authors: Netravali Anil N. , Mittal Kashmiri L. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractFiber‐reinforced composites are used in many applications, particularly in replacing metals, because of their high specific strength and stiffness. Composite properties are not only a function of the fiber and the resin used but also the fiber/resin interfacial characteristics. In fact, some important properties such as transverse strength, fracture toughness, and even the modulus and flexural properties of the composites depend on how well the fiber is bonded to the resin. As a result, controlling the fiber/resin interfacial characteristics is important to obtain the desired composite properties. This article discusses the factors that control the fiber/resin interfacial shear strength (IFSS) and some of the methods currently used including plasma, laser, high power ion beam (HPIB), and coupling agents to modify the fiber surface characteristics such as topography, chemistry, and surface energy.
FRP
Prestressed Concrete Structures
Authors: Lignola Gian Piero , Di Ludovico Marco , Prota Andrea , Manfredi Gaetano 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Reinforced and prestressed concrete (RC and PC) structures are facing a worldwide problem, which is the corrosion of steel as a result of aging and aggressive environments. Steel corrosion leads to member degradation, endangers structural integrity, and may even cause catastrophic failures. Research has been carried out to find the solution for this problem. Fiber‐reinforced polymers (FRP) have been proposed for use in lieu of steel prestressing tendons in concrete structures. The promise of FRP materials lies in their high strength, lightweight and noncorrosive, nonconducting, and nonmagnetic properties.
The interest in the use of FRP composites in PC is mainly based on durability issues. Corrosion of prestressing steel tendons can cause severe deterioration of infrastructure. Properties such as high tensile strength and high resistance to corrosion make FRP composites good candidates for prestressed and posttensioned tendons. Moreover, unlike steel RC sections, members reinforced with FRP bars have relatively small stiffness after cracking. Therefore, serviceability requirements have also been examined. Furthermore, premature creep rupture and weak transverse properties of FRP tendons provide peculiar issues in prestressing application.
Vibration and Damping of Composite Structures
Authors: Paonessa Antonio 
Published: July 2012

AbstractToday the composite materials are more and more used to provide structure for several industrial applications. The aeronautic industry is coming the last in this material user community, but recently the use in aeronautic is increasing, in fact if in the past the composite (mainly, carbon fiber based) have been used for non critical structure components, like small doors or firings, today the use has been applied to wing and tail components, recently the use has been enlarged to the main fuselage structure. One of the important design requirements of this new structure is to comply with the very demanding constraints related to the vibration and correlated sound generation.There are many applications in which the vibration response of structures is important. These include, among others, noise and vibration control techniques applied to different structures: small, as an example, a tennis rackets or very large as an aircraft. In these examples, the dynamic properties of structures can contribute to excessive vibration, which produces high noise levels, fatigue failure, premature wear, operator discomfort, and unsafe operating conditions. Laminated composites can be effective in eliminating vibration and sound. This is a recent technological development, and this article provides an introduction and hopefully stirs the interest of engineers and other product development people. The process by which a polymer converts vibration energy to heat is known asdamping. The process by which a polymer, or anything else, is moistened by water is known asdampening. This article deals with the first of these terms.After reviewing the basic concepts and definitions of vibration, this article discusses methods of vibration analysis, which include macromechanical and micromechanical modeling. This is followed by an introduction to the experimental determination of composite vibration response. The effects of material variables and structural parameters on the composite vibration are discussed in a subsequent section. Finally, a section is devoted to a review of the application of vibration techniques and concepts to noise control, composite design, and nondestructive evaluation (NDE).
Styrenic Composites
Authors: McCarthy R. A. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
In this article several examples of styrenic composites are discussed. The first example discusses glass fiber reinforcement of polystyrene that was developed in the late 1940s to enhance the modest physical properties of this commodity plastic. After this date there was a continuous evolution of styrene composites. Styrene acrylonitrile (SAN) and terpolymer acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) were glass fiber reinforced and their properties and application are discussed in the article.
Finally the properties of styrenic composites developed to meet the requirement of structural applications, such as in the automotive industry, that continued to demand higher heat‐resistant materials with high tensile strength.
Systems Avionics Applications
Authors: Accardo Domenico 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

The adoption of composite materials for avionics applications is discussed here. The term
avionics
includes all electronic equipments installed onboard an aircraft. First, the typical architecture of onboard avionics is introduced, including the most common subsystems and interfaces. Subsequently, the avionics parts that are more frequently made with composite materials are presented, such as racks, electronics enclosures, and thermal planes (heat sinks). Finally, the most important issues involving the replacement of metallic parts with composite ones are discussed. In this framework, an in‐depth description of heat transfer (HT) and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) issues is reported since these are the ones that require distinctive solutions by designers with respect to metallic units.
Evolution of Strength and Homogeneity in a Magnesium AZ31 Alloy Processed by High‐Pressure Torsion at Different Temperatures
Authors: Huang Yi , Figueiredo Roberto B. , Baudin Thierry , Brisset François , Langdon Terence G. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractProcessing through the application of severe plastic deformation (SPD) is attractive because it produces significant grain refinement and high strength. The standard procedure for performing SPD processing is through the use of equal‐channel angular pressing (ECAP) but in practice it is difficult to perform ECAP on the magnesium AZ31 alloy at room temperature because the material cracks or exhibits segmentation. This difficulty was avoided in the present investigation by processing the alloy using high‐pressure torsion (HPT). The results show that HPT provides an excellent procedure for producing significant grain refinement in the AZ31 alloy. At temperatures of 296 and 373 K, the processed grain sizes are in the submicrometer range and there is an evolution toward microstructural homogeneity after 5 turns. By contrast, at the higher temperature of 473 K, which is a typical temperature for ECAP, the grains grow during the processing operation.
Printed and Electrochemically Gated, High‐Mobility, Inorganic Oxide Nanoparticle FETs and Their Suitability for High‐Frequency Applications
Authors: Dasgupta Subho , Stoesser Ganna , Schweikert Nina , Hahn Ramona , Dehm Simone , Kruk Robert , Hahn Horst 
Published: July 2012

AbstractSolution‐processed or printed n‐channel field‐effect transistors (FETs) with high performance are not reported very often in the literature due to the scarcity of high‐mobility n‐type organic semiconductors. On the other hand, low‐temperature processed n‐channel metal oxide semiconductor (NMOS) transistors from electron conducting inorganic‐oxide nanoparticles show reduced‐performance and low mobility because of large channel roughness at the channel‐dielectric interface. Here, a method to produce ink‐jet printed high performance NMOS transistor devices using inorganic‐oxide nanoparticles as the transistor channel in combination with a 3D electrochemical gating (EG) via printed composite solid polymer electrolytes is presented. The printed FETs produced show a device mobility value in excess of 5 cm2 V−1 s−1, even though the root mean square (RMS) roughness of the nanoparticulate channel exceeds 15 nm. Extensive studies on the frequency dependent polarizability of composite polymer electrolyte capacitors show that the maximum attainable speed in such printed, long channel transistors is not limited by the ionic conductivity of the electrolytes. Therefore, the approach of combining printable, high‐quality oxide nanoparticles and the composite solid polymer electrolytes, offers the possibility to fully utilize the large mobility of oxide semiconductors to build all‐printed and high‐speed devices. The high polarizability of printable polymer electrolytes brings down the drive voltages to ≤1 V, making such FETs well‐suited for low‐power, battery compatible circuitry.
“Heroic” Asylum Seekers from Around the World: Creating a Future from a Traumatic Past
Authors: Eisold Barbara 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper describes a multi‐national group of political asylum seekers, designated as “heroes” because they seem to have chosen to resist, when instead they might simply have moved elsewhere. Inspection reveals that they are also chosen by their families to continue a tradition of resistance, which has existed across generations. Once it is their turn, they endure repeated incidents of torture at the hands of oppressors, until finally they are threatened with death. Then, unlike their predecessors, they change course entirely and flee. This action is accomplished with considerable help from their families. Unlike two other resister groups, who tended to remain in the resistor role until they reached victory or death, “heroic” asylum seekers relinquish the thrill of the fight and take flight, seemingly because of a family mandate to do so, in order to move the family elsewhere. An attempt is made to understand the complex motivation behind these acts from a psychoanalytic perspective. What happens once they arrive here, however, is hard to predict. Brief follow‐up data indicates that successful adjustment is not guaranteed and will depend on a set of strengths similar to those required of all immigrants. These include a solid early attachment history, past adult experiences which have been affirming, and considerable local group support. In addition, access to services for the survivors of torture can be useful, although referral to these is (shockingly) happenstance. Thus, despite the peaceful trend their arrival may represent, many forces must come together if its goal is to be achieved. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved vaccines through targeted manipulation of the body's immunological risk‐assessment?
Authors: Sander Leif E. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractRecent advances have highlighted the outstanding role of the innate immune system for instructing adaptive immunity. Translating this knowledge into successful immunotherapies like vaccines, however, has proven to be a difficult task. This essay is based on the hypothesis that immune responses are tightly scaled to the infectious threat posed by a given microbial stimulus. A meticulous immunological risk‐assessment process is therefore instrumental for eliciting well‐balanced responses and maintaining immune homeostasis. The immune system makes fine distinctions, for example, between live and dead bacteria, or pathogenic and non‐pathogenic microorganisms. Here, I discuss recent evidence for some of the mechanisms underlying these distinctions and speculate on strategies for therapeutically targeting the immunological risk‐assessment machinery.
Development of a sensitive GC‐C‐IRMS method for the analysis of androgens
Authors: Polet Michael , Van Gansbeke Wim , Deventer Koen , Van Eenoo Peter 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTThe administration of anabolic steroids is one of the most important issues in doping control and is detectable through a change in the carbon isotopic composition of testosterone and/or its metabolites. Gas chromatography‐combustion‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC‐C‐IRMS), however, remains a very laborious and expensive technique and substantial amounts of urine are needed to meet the sensitivity requirements of the IRMS. This can be problematic because only a limited amount of urine is available for anti‐doping analysis on a broad spectrum of substances. In this work we introduce a new type of injection that increases the sensitivity of GC‐C‐IRMS by a factor of 13 and reduces the limit of detection, simply by using solvent vent injections instead of splitless injection. This drastically reduces the amount of urine required. On top of that, by only changing the injection technique, the detection parameters of the IRMS are not affected and there is no loss in linearity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volcano Relations for Oxidation of Hydrogen Halides over Rutile Oxide Surfaces
Authors: Toftelund Anja , Man Isabela C. , Hansen Heine A. , Abild‐Pedersen Frank , Bligaard Thomas , Rossmeisl Jan , Studt Felix 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWe investigate the heterogeneously catalysed oxidation of HX (X=Cl, Br and I) on the RuO2 (1 1 0) surface with DFT. We also solve a micro‐kinetic model of HX oxidation and compare oxidation activity at different coverages. We further establish linear energy relations for the reaction intermediates over a range of different rutile oxide surfaces. Based on the scaling relations, two descriptors are identified that describe the reactions uniquely. By combining scaling with the micro‐kinetic model, activity volcanoes for the three different oxidation reactions are derived. It is found that the commonly used RuO2 catalyst for HCl oxidation is closest to optimal for all three oxidation processes.
KLONOS: Similarity‐based planning tool support for porting scientific applications
Authors: Ding Wei , Hsu Chung‐Hsing , Hernandez Oscar , Chapman Barbara , Graham Richard 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYIn this paper, we propose a methodology to address an important aspect of software porting that receives little attention, namely planning support. When a scientific application consisting of many subroutines is to be ported, the selection of key subroutines greatly impacts the productivity and overall porting strategy because these subroutines may represent a significant feature of the code in terms of functionality, code structure, or performance. They may as well serve as indicators of the difficulty and amount of effort involved in porting a code to a new platform. The proposed methodology is based on the idea that a set of similar subroutines can be ported with similar strategies and result in a similar‐quality porting. By viewing subroutines as data and operator sequences, analogous to DNA sequences, we are able to use various bioinformatics techniques to conduct the similarity analysis of subroutines while mitigating NP‐complete challenges of other approaches. To the best of our knowledge, we are one of the first to explore this bio‐inspired view of program to target the porting planning problem. In this paper, we describe our methodology and present a tool called Klonos to facilitate the execution of the methodology, which integrates to well known bioinformatics tools. As a proof of concept, we use Klonos to conduct experiments to find strategies for porting of several scientific benchmarks and applications. We also have identified some of the advantages and limitations of the bio‐inspired view of a program code and the future work. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of AACVD Processing Parameters on the Growth of Greenockite (CdS) Thin Films using a Single‐Source Cadmium Precursor
Authors: Ehsan Muhammad Ali , Ming Huang Nay , Misran Misni , Arifin Zainudin , Tiekink Edward R. T. , Safwan Ahmad P. , Ebadi Mehdi , Basirun Wan J. , Mazhar Muhammad 
Published: July 2012

AbstractGreenockite (CdS) nanostructured thin films are deposited on soda and FTO conducting glass substrates by aerosol‐assisted (AA)CVD using a single‐source precursor bis‐(N,N‐dicylcohexyldithiocarbamato)(pyridine)cadmium(II), Cd[S2CNCy2]2.py (1), in pyridine, toluene, and THF solutions in the temperature range 350–450 °C. The precursor 1, characterized by physicochemical methods, undergoes facile thermal decomposition at 350 °C to give a stable residual mass of CdS. The thin films deposited from pyridine solution, and characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), UV‐vis spectroscopy, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) techniques, exhibit a band gap of 2.4 eV and a photocurrent density of 1.3 mA cm−2 at 0.4 V versus Ag/AgCl/3M KCl, suggesting their suitability for application in photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells.
DSM‐5 reduces the proportion of ednos cases: Evidence from community samples
Authors: Machado Paulo P.P. , Gonçalves Sónia , Hoek Hans W. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjective:Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS) constitute the most common eating disorder among those seeking treatment at eating disorder facilities; they are even more common among persons with eating disorders the community. This study compares the impact of applying the revised diagnostic criteria proposed by the DSM‐5 workgroup, and the broad categories for the diagnosis of eating disorders (BCD‐ED) proposed by Walsh and Sysko on the prevalence of EDNOS.Method:In two nationwide epidemiological studies the prevalence of eating disorders among female high school (n = 2,028) and university students (n = 1,020) was examined using DSM‐IV criteria. We used a two‐stage design, administering a questionnaire in the first stage and an interview in the second stage.Results:In the combined samples 118 cases of eating disorders (DSM‐IV) were detected, of which 86 were diagnosed as EDNOS (72.9%). Application of the DSM‐5 criteria reduced the number of EDNOS cases to 60 (50.8%) or to 52 (44%), when using a BMI <18.5 as cutoff for “significantly low weight” criterion in AN; with the use of BCD‐ED criteria, only 5 (4.2%) cases of EDNOS remained.Discussion:Proposed criteria set for DSM‐5 substantially reduce the number of EDNOS cases. However, the BCD‐ED scheme further reduces its proportion, almost eliminating it. © 2012 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2013)
The genetics of phenotypic plasticity.XI. Joint evolution of plasticity and dispersal rate
Authors: Scheiner Samuel M. , Barfield Michael , Holt Robert D. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn a spatially heterogeneous environment, the rate at which individuals move among habitats affects whether selection favors phenotypic plasticity or genetic differentiation, with high dispersal rates favoring trait plasticity. Until now, in theoretical explorations of plasticity evolution, dispersal rate has been treated as a fixed, albeit probabilistic, characteristic of a population, raising the question of what happens when the propensity to disperse and trait plasticity are allowed to evolve jointly. We examined the effects of their joint evolution on selection for plasticity using an individual‐based computer simulation model. In the model, the environment consisted of a linear gradient of 50 demes with dispersal occurring either before or after selection. Individuals consisted of loci whose phenotypic expression either are affected by the environment (plastic) or are not affected (nonplastic), plus a locus determining the propensity to disperse. When dispersal rate and trait plasticity evolve jointly, the system tends to dichotomous outcomes of either high trait plasticity and high dispersal, or low trait plasticity and low dispersal. The outcome strongly depended on starting conditions, with high trait plasticity and dispersal favored when the system started at high values for either trait plasticity or dispersal rate (or both). Adding a cost of plasticity tended to drive the system to genetic differentiation, although this effect also depended on initial conditions. Genetic linkage between trait plasticity loci and dispersal loci further enhanced this strong dichotomy in evolutionary outcomes. All of these effects depended on organismal life history pattern, and in particular whether selection occurred before or after dispersal. These results can explain why adaptive trait plasticity is less common than might be expected.
Fuel model development for the Greek East‐Mediterranean forest litter layer
Authors: Boboulos Miltiadis , Purvis Michael R.I. , Penchev Stanimir Ivanov 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYIn order to develop fuel models used as input in wildland fire propagation models, it is necessary to determine relevant vegetation properties concerned with the prediction of the combustion process. This research considers property measurements of two biomass species, namely Pinus halepensis and Pinus brutia. Both species are commonly found in Greece and other Eastern Mediterranean countries. The physical application of the biomass properties relates to the structure of pine forest litter. Measurements have been recorded of the characteristics of the litter layer in situ, and common fuel properties have been determined in the laboratory using samples of the two litter species. In addition, DTA, TG and DTG analysis were performed of the two litter species. The results of the measurements are presented in a format suitable for input in fire propagation models. Comparisons of data have been made with those from other literature sources. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of coupling conditions in water way intersections
Authors: Herty Michael , Seaïd Mohammed 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYWe present a numerical assessment of coupling conditions in T‐junction for water flow in open canals. The mathematical model is based on the well‐established shallow water equations for open channel flows. In the present work, the emphasis is given to the description of coupling conditions at canal‐to‐canal intersections. The accurate prediction of these coupling conditions is essential in order to achieve good performance and reliable numerical simulations of water canals in networks. There exist several theoretical results for coupling conditions in a reduced geometry. The purpose of our work is to numerically verify these conditions for different water flow regimes. More precisely, we consider a local zooming of the T‐junction resulting in a two‐dimensional flow problem at the canals intersection. A high‐order non‐oscillatory method is used for solving the governing two‐dimensional equations, and the water flow solutions are space‐averaged over the junction areas. The obtained are thereafter, used for verification and comparison with the theoretical results. Verifications are conducted for two types of junctions, namely the 1‐to‐2 and 2‐to‐1 situations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.