bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study of the principal factors affecting the establishment and development of the field bean (Vicia faba)
Authors: Soper M. H. R. 
Published: March 2009

1. A survey of bean crops was carried out in the Oxford area in the years 1947–9 with the object of studying farmers' methods, and the factors affecting establishment and development of the crop in the field.2. The season and the fertility status of the soil have a profound influence on the development of the crop, while plant density affects the growth of the individual plant.3. Hard winters cause crop losses which may amount to more than 50% of the plants. Mortality continues throughout the season.4. A warm dry spring and an equable summer temperature favour pod production more than hot, dry seasons.5. High plant densities cause: (1) a reduced rate of pod formation on each plant over a wide range of conditions, but a greater reduction on poor land than under good conditions; (2) a reduction in stem formation on low fertility fields (but not on high fertility land); (3) a significant increase in pod production per acre on high quality fields.6. A high level of fertility leads to significantly more pods/acre, owing to better plant survival and increased branching and podding.7. Under conditions favouring vegetative growth, there appears to be some competition between stem production and pod production, for the correlation between stems/plant and pods/plant found on low fertility land and in dry seasons no longer holds under good growing conditions.8. In an average crop, there is a very serious loss of flowers and partly matured pods, which may amount to 85% of the flowers formed.9. This wastage may be due to (1) unsatisfactory pollination or self-infertility, (2) inadequate availability of certain plant nutrients, (3) unsuitable environmental conditions, particularly low light intensity in dense crops.10. Botrytis cinerea can cause a high wastage of crop, but it did not figure prominently during the 3 years of the survey, and appeared to be associated with deficiency of potash and/or phosphate in the only two severe outbreaks that occurred.
Cytological studies of sterile bulls with spermhead abnormality
Authors: Slizynska Helena , Slizynski B. M. 
Published: March 2009

Cytological stvidies did not show any detectable structural changes which could be related to the spermhead deformity in a series of sterile bulls described by Hancock. The deformity according to Hancock consists of a deeply stained (in iron haematoxylin) area placed askew at the apex of the spermhead.In spermateleosis it is connected with persistence of the shallow apical groove of the nuclear membrane observed only in earlier stages of development in normal cases. There is also a formation of vacuoles in the developing spermheads in the region of the apex and of the equatorial belt. The apex of the abnormal spermhead treated with Feulgen reagent appears to be cut off askew.Formation of vacuoles in the developing spermheads may be related to some unknown changes in the nucleic acid metabolism of the spermhead. The absence of any chromosomal aberration, whether of quantitative or structural nature, may lead to the conclusion that the changes observed are due to a gene mutation.
The determination of the volatile fatty acids formed during the fermentation of grass/water mixtures
Authors: Barnett A. J. G. , Duncan R. E. B. 
Published: March 2009

1. The use of the technique of gas-partition chromatography in the investigation of the formation of volatile acids in minced grass/water slurries is discussed.2. Slurries kept anaerobically at 17, 37 and 62° for 13 weeks have been examined, and the amounts of the different volatile acids formed have been estimated. It has been noted that butyric acid forms most readily in the slurry at 37°, while in aerated slurries at 17°, the formation of volatile fatty acids is more speedy than under anaerobic conditions.3. Only acetic, propionic and butyric acids have been noted so far, and the highest concentrations of the acids observed in any slurry were 5, 1·25 and 4% respectively.
The calibration of a photo-electric absorptiometer for the rapid estimation of counts of spermatozoa in bull semen
Authors: Cox C. P. , Melrose D. R. 
Published: March 2009

1. An EEL mains-operated colorimeter has been calibrated to obtain rapid estimates of the concentration of spermatozoa in bull semen.2. A general linear calibration relationship has been calculated givingh, the estimated concentration of spermatozoa per ml. of the original semen, aswheredis the dilution factor andPdis the absorptiometer reading.3. Under the circumstances of the experiments described, the accuracy of estimates from the above relation was about 1%, and it is considered that the instrument may be effectively used in semen determinations for artificial insemination and in most cases where a rapid determination is required.4. Attention is drawn to the desirability of using standards and occasional check calibrations, and to the possibility that in routine use results may be slightly less accurate than those given above, which were obtained with laboratory determinations.
Physiology of seed yield in field beans (Vicia faba L.): I. Yield and yield components
Authors: Ishag Hassan M. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe growth and yield of four varieties of field beans were studied in field experiments in 1967 and 1968.Seed yield of the varieties Albyn Tick, Herz Freya, Blue Rock and Maris Bead were similar (averaging 6600 kg/ha) in 1967, but in 1968 Albyn Tick and Herz Freya (averaging 6400 kg/ha) outyielded Maris Bead (5700 kg/ha). Yield in both seasons were substantially more than the national average yields for Britain (about 3000 kg/ha). In 1968, yields were 40% greater at 57 plants/m2 (7100 kg/ha) than at 36 plants/m2 (5100 kg/ha).Yield was closely correlated with number of pods/plant. The number of pods/node regulated this rather more than the numbers of nodes forming pods. Mean seed weight and seed number/pod varied little between plant densities but variety means were significantly different.Maximum numbers of immature pods were present in late June. By mid-July 35% of the immature pods had shed, mainly from the middle and top of the range of podbearing nodes.
Effects of kinetin on the growth and development of barley and its interaction with root size
Authors: Ruckenbauer P. , Kirby E. J. M. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryIn some plants the roots have been shown to be major sites of cytokinin production. The part they play in controlling growth and development of cereals was studied by spraying barley with kinetin solution and by changing the size of the root system. Two varieties of barley were grown in culture solution and kinetin was applied and root sexcised at the second-, third- or fifth-leaf stage. The kinetin in aqueous solution was sprayed on the leaves, and either most of the root-tips, or an equivalent weight of entire root strands, were removed. Kinetin increased both shoot apex development and the final ear size. The weights of the main shoot and the whole plant also wore increased, particularly by the later treatments. Removing entire root strands decreased the whole plant dry weight more than removing most of the root apices, but the main shoot weight was less affected. Kinetin interacted with root removal, though neither the interaction nor the main effect of root removal showed unequivocally that cereal roots are the site of cytokinin synthesis, possibly because new root tips were regenerated.
Observations on the effect of protein intake and stage of gestation on the proportion of urinary nitrogen excreted as urea in sheep
Authors: Robinson J. J. , Scott D. , Fraser C. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe effect of altering the level of protein intake on urea excretion in ewes was assessed in two separate experiments.In Expt 1, 14 pregnant (during the last 20 days of gestation) and 10 non-pregnant ewes were each offered a different level of digested N intake in the range 5–25 g/day. At all levels of protein intake urea N excretion was lower in pregnant than in nonpregnant ewes.In Expt 2, 21 pregnant ewe lambs were each offered one of three diets supplying mean intakes of 83 (T1), 113 (T2) or 147 (T3) g crude protein/day. During the last 100 days of gestation the mean levels of urea N excretion were 6·9, 11·0 and 15·2 g/day for T1, T 2 and T 3, respectively. The corresponding values for urinary N excretion were 9·3, 13·8 and 18·2 g/day. At all levels of protein intake urea N excretion was lower just prior to parturition than 95 days prepartum; the difference was correlated with lamb birth weight and maternal body-weight change.A notable feature of both experiments was the low level of urea N excretion by the pregnant ewes in late gestation, at low protein intakes. It would appear that when energy intake is adequate the decrease in urea N excretion associated with pregnancy is a direct result of an increased N requirement for maternal and/or foetal growth.
Studies on goats: I. Effect of plane of nutrition on the reproductive performance of does
Authors: Sachdeva K. K. , Sengar O. P. S. , Singh S. N. , Lindahl I. L. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe project involved two breeds of Indian goats – Barbari and Jamunapari, three levels of energy and three levels of protein, making a total of 18 treatments. There being no specific recommendations for goats, the high, medium and low levels of energy (T.D.N.) and protein (D.C.P.) represented 125, 100 and 75% of Morrison's standard for sheep, respectively. A total of 97 Barbari and 87 Jamunapari does were allocated to the nine ration treatments and were bred within the breed naturally. The rations comprised a concentrate mixture (linseed cake and/or barley grain), dry roughage (gram bhusa), greens, mineral and trace-element mixtures and common salt. The effect of nutrition on reproductive performance, as revealed by the five and four kiddings completed in the Barbari and Jamunapari was as follows:While the first kiddings did not indicate a sizeable effect, the subsequent ones showed a significant effect of nutrition. Almost all the does in the low-energy groups, irrespective of the protein levels, did not kid for the last kidding under reference.The maximum percentage of twins was noted in high-energy-cum-high-protein (47·5%)and high-energy-cum-medium-protein (45·3%) groups of Barbari and Jamunapari respectively. The average twin-birth percentages, irrespective of nutrition, were 14·8, 37·3, 38·0 and 40·2 in Barbari and 9·0, 20·5 and 23·0 in Jamunapari respectively. Triplets, although rare, occurred within the Barbari but only one case occurred within the Jamunapari.On average Barbari and Jamunapari had 2·0 and 1·5 kids per doe per year in the high-energy-cum-medium-protein group compared with 1·0 and 0·4 in the low-energy ones, respectively. Furthermore, high- and medium-energy groups had shorter intervals between kiddings compared with the low-energy ones.
Effects of initial phosphate intensity and sorption or buffering capacity of soil on fertilizer requirements of different crops grown in pots or in the field
Authors: Salmon R. C. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryRates of added P required for maximum yields of ryegrass grown in pots and of field tobacco and maize were related to functions of P intensity (I) and capacity (AQ/AI, or C) in soils. It was found that log I alone was negatively correlated with optimum fertilizer for ryegrass and tobacco, but not for maize. Capacity alone had little relationship with P requirements of tobacco but was significantly correlated, although having opposite effects, with those of ryegrass (positive) and maize (negative). Optimum fertilizer rates for all crops were best accounted for by multiple regressions including intensity and a capacity term together, using log C when P requirements were increased (ryegrass in pots, R2 = 0.94) or √C when they were decreased by increasing capacity (field tobacco, R2= 0.96; and maize, R2 = 0.98). Inclusion of both capacity terms with log I in regression was of no advantage with ryegrass and tobacco, but with maize all three terms contributed significantly to the correlation, log C tending to increase and √C to decrease fertilizer needs.
Formic acid as a silage additive
Authors: Wilson R. F. , Wilkins R. J. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryPure swards of cocksfoot and perennial ryegrass cut on three occasions and of lucerne cut on two occasions were ensiled in test-tube silos after three treatments: (i) unwilted without additive, (ii) unwilted after the addition of formic acid at 0-23 % of fresh weight, and (iii) wilted to a water content of about 70 %, with no additive. Replicate silos were opened at intervals up to 105 days in order to follow the course of fermentation.Silages from the final sampling could be divided into two clearly defined groups. Those where the lactic acid content, expressed as a percentage of total fermentation acids (L %T), was over 60 (19 silages) were considered stable while those with a value less than 20 (5 silages) were considered unstable.The addition of formic acid resulted in a reduction in pH of the ensiled material from 5–86 + 0–12 to 4–60 ±0–11. This value changed little during the first 6 days after ensiling but then fell as lactic and acetic acids were formed. Stable silages made from unwilted crops without additive contained more lactic acid than those made with formic acid, but the converse was true for unstable silages. The ammonia content of silages made from unwilted material was always lower when formic acid had been applied. Wilting before ensiling gave stable silages from all crops.
On measuring nitrification and recovery of aqueous ammonia applied to grassland
Authors: Ashworth J. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryContour diagrams, computed from analyses of soil around bands of aqueous ammonia injected under grass, show the distribution of both NH4-N and nitrifying bacteria.When applied at 155 kg NH3-N/ha, either as 4·7 or 9·3 g N/m of injection slit, using knives spaced either 30 or 60 cm apart, aqueous NH3 was recovered and nitrified more slowly in the bands 60 cm apart. Cumulative yields of grass after 32 weeks were the same (715 ±30 g/m2) from plots injected at either spacing but growth was more even throughout the season from slits 60 cm apart.
Dormancy of paddy seeds in relation to different moisture contents of grains and dates of harvests
Authors: Sikder H. P. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryTwo dormant varieties of rice were harvested three times at intervals of 7 days after grain development and the seeds were subjected to different sunning and controlled humidity storage treatments. Germination percentages and moisture contents of the grains were recorded at intervals of seven days after harvest.It was noted that the dormancy of the dormant rice seeds was broken early when the seeds were subjected to continuous sunning from sunrise to sunset, followed by the treatment where the seeds were preserved under 0 % humidity conditions at room temperature. There was no break of dormancy of rice seeds when the seeds were preserved under 94 % humidity conditions.It was further noted that when the age of the seeds at the time of a germination test remained the same, the earlier the harvest, the earlier was the break of dormancy; and when the lapse of time after harvest remained the same at the time of a germination test, the later the harvest, the better was the germination.It is suggested that dryness of the seeds helps in the early break of dormancy and wetness retards or completely stops the dormancy-breaking reactions. On drying, the kernels of rice seeds shrink in volume more than the glume covers resulting in an air-space between the glumes and the kernels. This air-space helps air-diffusion in and out of the seeds, resulting in quicker oxidation-reaction processes or possibly embryo respiration, and consequently the dormancy is broken early. Increase in temperature accelerates such reactions. It is further suggested that the dormancy of rice seeds depends on the interactions between the ‘embryo-sensitivity to inhibitors’ and the ‘state of oxidation-reaction processes’ inside the seeds.
The use of chromium sesquioxide to measure the digestibility of carotene by goats and cows
Authors: Chanda R. , Clapham Helen M. , McNaught Mary L. , Owen E. C. 
Published: March 2009

The digestibility of carotene in dried grass was measured by the Cr2O3method in both cows and goats. In the goats the direct method was simultaneously used for comparison with the Cr2O3method.The main conclusions were:1. When mixed with the concentrate portion of the ration of lactating goats, Cr2O3was recovered in the faeces in four experiments in amounts equal to 100·0, 99·1, 99·1 and 96·0% of the amount ingested.2. The apparent digestibility of carotene in the goat was measured both directly by the use of metabolism crates and indirectly by using Cr2O3as an indicator of equivalence of faeces and food. By the former method digestibilities of carotene in four goats were 68·7, 62·7, 61·8 and 59·6%. The corresponding digestibilities obtained from the same faeces samples by the Cr2O3 method were 67·4, 62·9, 61·8 and 58·9%.3. In six cows, on the diet similar to that of the goats, the Cr2O3method showed that 59·3, 54·0, 54·4, 54·4, 57·1 and 55·5% of carotene was apparently digested.4. Reasons for preferring the use of added Cr2O3to natural constituents of the food as a marker are discussed.5. The individual results from cows and goats have been statistically analysed to partition the various sources of variance, and it has been shown that fewer animals for a longer time give a more reliable result than more animals for a shorter time.
Effect of some pesticides and herbicides on the rumen micro-organisms of sheep
Authors: Akkada A. R. Abou , Hassan M. A. , Naga M. A. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryLower concentrations of the herbicide M15stimulated thein vitrocellulose digestion and V.F.A. production by rumen micro-organisms. The herbicide Cotoran enhanced cellulose digestion but had no effect on V.F.A. production. The herbicide Dalapon decreased cellulose digestion and had little effect on V.F.A. concentrations. The herbicide 2,4·D had little or no effect on thein vitrocellulose digestion and V.F.A. production. Thein vitromicrobial activity was inhibited by the pesticide DDT. The effects of M152,4·D and DDT on V.F.A. production decreased with time. When the rumen fluid was fractionated, the V.F.A. production by the bacterial fraction was not significantly altered by the addition of 2,4·D and M15, whereas the activity of protozoal fraction was greatly enhanced. The response of V.F.A. production by washed suspensions of rumen ciliate protozoa to the addition of pesticides and herbicides was remarkably similar to that of rumen contents. Feeding M15(60 ppm) increased the ruminal V.F.A. over those in the control sheep whereas 2,4·D had no or little effect.
The effect of sowing date and season on growth and yield of oilseed rape (Brassica napus)
Authors: Scott R. K. , Ogunremi E. A. , Ivins J. D. , Mendham N. J. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryExperiments made between 1967 and 1970 tested the effects of sowing oilseed rape on different dates in autumn and spring. Much greater oil yields were obtained from autumn sowings, due to higher seed yields and oil content, but the effect varied considerably between experiments, varieties and seasons. Autumn-sown crops flowered in late April or early May, and by the time pods were developing rapidly in June the leaves had senesced almost completely. Spring-sown varieties followed a similar pattern but about a month later, and did not reach the same peak in pod growth.There was a major effect of sowing date, late-autumn sowings (after mid-September) giving lower yields than early-spring sowings. The best autumn sowings (early September) gave about 3 t/ha of seed, but late sowings less than half this; oil content also decreased with delay in sowing – from 45% to as low as 38%. Delayed sowing restricted growth, leaf area and pod production, and also had a slight effect on seed weight. Frost damage on flower buds appeared to be the cause of reduced yield from early sowing (August) in one experiment. In spring, the earliest sowing (late March) gave the best yields. Vigorous but late vegetative growth from the latest sowing (end of April) did not lead to high yields, possibly due to pest and disease effects.
Studies on particle size distribution in pig dietary constituents
Authors: Haigh P. M. , Eden A. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryStudies were made of particle size distribution in meals produced from typical ingredients used in pig diets and of dietaries formulated from such ingredients. Each meal was subjected to a sieving procedure through standard sieves and the fractions retained by the sieves were weighed. The modes of expressing the results included moduli of fineness and uniformity and cumulative totals of oversize material, the latter forming the basis of the system preferred. Preliminary investigations into factors of loading weight, time of shaking and reproducibility of results led to the ultimate adoption of a standard technique of mechanical shaking of 100 g loads for 10 min. The technique was used to study particle size distribution in various cereals, cereal by-products, animal and vegetable protein sources and mineral mixtures employed in pig dietary formulations. The studies also included the particle distribution pattern in barley milled at varying grist sizes and in replicated samples of a commercial pig meal.The suggested technique of characterizing particle size distribution should materially assist investigations into problems of pig health and productivity that appear to be associated with grist size of dietary meals.
Quantitative digestion of fresh herbage by sheep: I. The sites of digestion of organic matter, energy, readily fermentable carbohydrate, structural carbohydrate, and lipid
Authors: Ulyatt M. J. , Macrae J. C. 
Published: March 2009

SummarySheep prepared either with a rumen cannula, or with a rumen cannula plus re-entrant cannulae in the duodenum and ileum were fed fresh ‘Ruanui’ perennial ryegrass (R), ‘Manawa’ short-rotation ryegrass (M) and white clover (C) at dry-matter intakes ranging from 450 to 1000 g/24 h.The re-entrant cannulated sheep were given paper impregnated with chromic oxide (Cr2O3) once daily via the rumen fistula as a marker; recoveries of Cr2O3at the duodenum, ileum and faeces were approximately 75, 69 and 100% respectively. Regressions of Cr2O3-corrected digesta constituent flows (g/24 h) on intake were constructed and from these were calculated the sites of digestion of OM, gross energy, readily fermentable carbohydrate, structural carbohydrate and lipid between the stomach, small intestine and large intestine.There were differences between pasture species in partition of OM and energy digestion. With M, digestion in the stomach was significantly less (P< 0·01) and digestion in the small intestine was significantly more (P< 0·05) than with either R or C. These partitions of OM and energy digestion changed with level of feed intake. A substantial proportion (9–18%) of the digestible OM and energy was apparently digested in the large intestine with all three herbages.With all three herbages approximately 93% of the digestible readily fermentable carbohydrate and 90% of the digestible structural carbohydrate was digested in the stomach region.Reasons for differences in gross efficiency of utilization between the pasture species in the order C > M > R were examined.