bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrocarbon source rocks, reservoir rocks and migration in the Orcadian Basin
Authors: Parnell John 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Rock-Eval pyrolysis data shows that the ORS is a viable source rock for hydrocarbons in the Orcadian Basin, and that generally the sequence is not highly mature at present. Solvent-extracted pyrolysis data indicate that migrated hydrocarbons only form a significant proportion of the total organic carbon content where this content is less than 1.5 %.
Hydrocarbons occur widely in mineral veins and fluviatile/aeolian sandstones. Hydrocarbon shows in sandstones are often adjacent to major faults, along which they may have migrated. Much porosity in the sandstone is secondary after calcite dissolution which may have been related to Permian deep weathering. Small volumes of hydrocarbons were generated by a late Permian intrusive igneous suite, but peak generation had probably occurred prior to this event.
The palaeogeography of the Middle Devonian Lower Eday Sandstone, Orkney
Authors: Astin T. R. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Sections through the topmost Rousay Group, and the Lower Eday Sandstone and Eday Flagstone Formations of the Eday Group can be correlated throughout eastern Orkney. The amalgamated sandstone unit of the Lower Eday Sandstone varies between 180 and 30 m in thickness. It was deposited in three interacting environments; sandy braided rivers, aeolian dunes and lake beaches.
There were two river systems; a northern, SE-flowing alluvial fan, and a southern, NE-flowing alluvial plain. The rivers prograded eastwards across the lake basin. At times when the lake was full, beach ridges formed on the alluvial surfaces at various heights above the lake floor. Dominantly NNW winds reworked the sands, locally building up a thick dune field on the western part of the alluvial fan. The distribution of the beach ridges constrains the depth range of the Orcadian lake when it was full, showing it rarely exceeded 20 m depth during the Lower Eday Sandstone.
Active extensional faulting during sedimentation had an important control on the palaeogeography, and on the subsidence pattern. This episode of extension gave rise to much of the present structure of the Orkneys.
The role of the Cruachan Lineament during Dalradian evolution
Authors: Graham Colin M. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Geological and geophysical evidence is reviewed for the existence of a trans-Caledonoid (NW–SE) lineament, the Cruachan Lineament, in the Scottish Caledonides, separating a high-density SW Highland block dominated by abundant late Precambrian Dalradian mafic rocks in which the Moine is absent from a low density Moine plus Dalradian Central Highland block poor in mafic rocks. Contrasted metamorphic P-T-time histories are predicted on opposite sides of the lineament.
An alternative model of early Dalradian evolution is proposed in which basaltic volcanism and sedimentation in the SW Scottish Highlands occurred in a quasi-oceanic trans-Caledonoid pull-apart basin bounded along its NE side by a major fault now identified as the Cruachan Lineament. The Dalradian basin(s) may have experienced right-lateral translation relative to the crustal block to the SE along a dextral transcurrent fault zone possibly in the vicinity of the Highland Boundary Fault during late Precambrian time. In this model, the Dalradian terrain may provide no evidence regarding the early history of the NW side of the lapetus Ocean.
Nodular carbonates in the Lower Carboniferous, Cementstone Group of the Tweed Embayment, Berwickshire: evidence for a former sulphate evaporite facies
Authors: Scott W. B. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
A small number of coarsely crystalline nodular carbonate beds of calcite and dolomite are intercalated within lacustrine sediments in the Lower Carboniferous Cementstone Group of the Tweed area. Textural and mineralogical features indicate that they represent former nodular anhydrite beds which developed in lake marginal sabkhas. The close association of these replaced sulphates with beds of cementstone (finely crystalline dolomites) favours a sabkha model for cementstone dolomitisation in which sulphate precipitation helps to promote the requisite Mg/Ca ratios in the dolomitising brines. Two main stages of diagenesis, each dominated by mineral replacement, appear to have affected the sulphate facies subsequent to its formation: initially the anhydrite was subject to partial gypsification and then, at a later stage of diagenesis, dolomite and calcite replacements of sulphate occurred.
Biotite- and garnet-forming reactions in inverted metamorphic zones in the Balquhidder region of the Scottish Dalradian
Authors: Watkins Keith P. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Biotite and garnet zones in the west-central Scottish Dalradian are inverted; higher grade rocks overlying lower grade rocks. Structural and textural information indicates that inversion is not due to overfolding of metamorphic zones. Peak metamorphic conditions were attained in a negative thermal gradient. Biotite forms when phengite becomes sufficiently aluminous, by means of the grade-controlled tschermak substitution, for the chlorite-phengite-biotite three-phase field to enclose the composition of the host rock on an AKF diagram. The reaction is controlled by whole-rock Al-content and metamorphic grade and has the form: chlorite + phengite → muscovite + biotite + quartz + fluid. Garnet may form by any of three continuous reactions, each dependent on rock composition; the dominant reaction (incorporating the biotite-forming reaction) has the form: chlorite(1) + phengite(1) + plagioclase(1) + calcite(1) → chlorite(2) + phengite(2) + plagioclase(2) + calcite(2) + biotite + garnet + fluid. The reactions form garnet principally at the expense of chlorite but involve all phases in the rock. The amount of garnet formed depends critically on whole-rock Mn-content. Trends in rock and mineral compositions across the biotite and garnet zones reveal nothing unusual to illuminate the problem of metamorphic inversion. Although the absence of steps, or changes of gradient, in mineral-chemical trends renders syn- or post-metamorphic thrusting an unlikely solution.
The Main Rock Platform (Main Lateglacial Shoreline) in Ardnamurchan and Moidart, western Scotland
Authors: Dawson Alastair G. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The Main Rock Platform is recognised in Ardnamurchan and Moidart, western Scotland. This shoreline (the Main Lateglacial Shoreline) has a maximum altitude of circa 7 m O.D. in eastern Loch Ailort and passes below present sea-level in western Ardnamurchan. The shoreline is glacio-isostatically tilted and declines in altitude with a regional gradient of 0.18 m/km in the direction W5°N–E5°S. However, the Main Rock Platform is absent from considerable stretches of coastline. This isolated pattern of development of the Main Rock Platform is in marked contrast with that of the SW Highlands where the platform is almost continuously developed. It is argued that the restricted distribution of platform fragments yet their often considerable widths indicate a selectivity in the processes of cold climate shore erosion that took place during the Loch Lomond Stadial. The distribution of the Main Rock Platform also implies that Loch Ailort and Loch Moidart were not occupied by glacier ice during the Stadial.
Rockall Trough—Cretaceous or Late Palaeozoic?
Authors: Smythe David K. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The Rockall Trough is the most southerly and widest part of the pre-Tertiary ‘proto North Atlantic’ rift zone running from the Porcupine Bank region west of Ireland to the Vøring Plateau off central Norway. Although the northerly part of this rift is intra-continental, the southern part is quasi-oceanic in origin, but of uncertain age. The many arguments for Cretaceous sea floor spreading are evaluated in turn; the few apparently valid ones remaining are shown to relate not directly to the Rockall Trough, but to a newly-identified spreading phase of approximately mid-Cretaceous age which partially opened up the Hatton-Rockall Basin. The opening of the Rockall Trough predates this. Stratigraphic evidence suggests that the proto North Atlantic is pre-Cretaceous, and probably even pre-Jurassic, in age. The rival arguments for late Palaeozoic (late Carboniferous—early Permian) sea floor spreading are all consistent with an important phase of rifting at that time, but they provide no direct evidence for opening. No detailed arguments have yet been proposed for Jurassic, Triassic, or late Permian sea floor spreading. New modelling of the magnetic anomaly over Rosemary Bank by MV Wood supports a Triassic or earlier age, but the pre-Upper Cretaceous sedimentary infill of 2–3 km in the Trough seems to be rather thin for such an early age. However, by combining the pre-Cretaceous stratigraphic Constraint on the age of opening with the assumption that the major rifting episode was an immediate precursor of spreading, a tentative conclusion is that the Rockall Trough was initiated as a rift, and then opened by a quasi- sea floor spreading mechanism, during the late Carboniferous to early Permian.
Fold basins in Late–Devensian glacimarine sediments at Shieldhall, Glasgow
Authors: McMillan A. A. , Browne M. A. E. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The paper describes fold basins (non-diastrophic centroclinal folds) at least 80 metres long, 50 metres wide and 10 metres deep developed in a Late–Devensian glacimarine sequence consisting of sea-bed clays and silts with underlying submarine glacial outwash sands. The bedding of the sediments dips centroclinally at angles generally ranging from 15° to 45°. Locally near basin margins, dips in excess of 70° are recorded. Two modes of origin for the basins are discussed. Firstly, they may represent the sites of kettle holes formed when ice, buried in the sands for a long period during which the clays were deposited, finally melted. Secondly, they may have formed during broad scale deformation which resulted from extensive loading of rapidly deposited clays into underlying mobile sands. Basin formation involving the development of kettle holes is favoured. Water from the melting ice and interstitial pore water, trapped initially in the sands by the overlying thick seal of cohesive deposits, escaped upwards during downwarping of the basins. This may have caused diapiric movement of the sands and resulted in local oversteepening of basin margins.
Further evidence for a single polarity and a common source for the quartz-porphyry intrusions of the Arran area
Authors: Mussett A. E. , Dagley P. , Skelhorn R. R. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
New evidence supports the proposition that all the Tertiary quartz-porphyry intrusions of Arran and Bute, which have a geographic span of 35 km, are normally magnetised. This is the only known correlation between magnetic polarity and petrography in the British Tertiary Igneous Province. It is most easily explained by a single magma source supplying all the quartz-porphyry bodies. The bodies were probably intruded during a single normal magnetic interval lasting about 1/2 Ma, about 58 Ma ago.
This significant correlation between petrography and polarity could help to erect the Tertiary igneous succession of Arran by use of the quartz-porphyry intrusions as a ‘marker horizon’.
Older Granites in the South-eastern Scottish Highlands
Authors: Robertson S. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Sillimanite grade metamorphism and pervasive migmatisation of upper Argyll Group and Southern Highland Group Dalradian metasediments in the South-east Highlands overlapped a major episode of recumbent folding, D3. Granites were emplaced before and after D3. Tectonic, metamorphic and magmatic events related to D3 were particularly complex in this region.
Trilobites from Kilbucho and Wallace’s Cast and the location of the Northern Belt of the Southern Uplands during the late Ordovician
Authors: Owen A. W. , Clarkson E. N. K. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Fifteen trilobite species are recorded from the Kirkcolm Formation in the Northern Belt of the Southern Uplands at Kilbucho and Wallace’s Cast, some 12 km apart along the regional strike. Both faunas are from mudstones which overlie a fossiliferous conglomerate. All of these sediments may have been deposited following episodes of mass flow from the north and the faunas were displaced from shallower water habitats. Thirteen of the trilobite taxa can be recognised below family level and eight of these are identical to or very closely allied to species in the early to mid-Caradoc at Girvan and at Pomeroy, Co. Tyrone to the north of the Southern Uplands Fault. This strong faunal similarity suggests, contrary to some tectonic models, that there may have been no more than a few hundred kilometres of strike-slip displacement (possibly much less) along the Southern Uplands Fault.
Glaciotectonic structures on altered dolostones in the Isle of Skye, western Scotland
Authors: Le Coeur C. , Kuzucuoglu C. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
A river section, located near the Eastern Red Hills of Skye, shows a glaciotcctonic structure resting upon altered dolostones. Alteration of the Cambrian dolostones along a dyke results from hydrothermal processes associated with the Tertiary regional igneous activity. The argillaceous substratum is disturbed and sheared by a moraine deposit related to a local ice advance. Incorporation of clay elements into the moraine sole is explained by powerful and abundant subglacial water pressure.
The sedimentology of the Neoproterozoic Grampian Group and the significance of the Fort William Slide between Spean Bridge and Rubha Cuil-cheanna, Inverness-shire
Authors: Glover B. W. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The Neoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks between Spean Bridge and Rubha Cuil-cheanna in the Central Highlands of Scotland form part of the Grampian and Appin Groups of the Caledonides. The oldest strata, the Fort William Formation comprise an outer shelf, storm-dominated, muddy (semi-pelitic) sequence, with minor shallowing events represented by thinner arkosic (psammitic) intercalations. Infrequent dropstone deposits are interpreted as evidence of glacial influences. The transition into the overlying Inverlair Formation records a basin shoaling event which resulted in coastal (?estuarine) sedimentation. Deposition of the overlying Spean Viaduct Quartzite (Appin Group) reflects slower subsidence rates and greater (tidal?) sediment reworking.
The ‘Fort William Slide’, previously interpreted as tectonic in origin, is here regarded as a localised intra-Appin Group unconformity. This cuts out much of the Grampian Group and the Lochaber Subgroup toward s Rubha Cuil-cheanna and represents the culmination of basin shoaling initiated during Grampian Group times. There was no significant tectonic movement along the unconformity due to its unsuitable orientation. Above the unconformity Ballachulish Subgroup strata on-lap towards the south. To the east of the area (e.g. Glen Spean) continuous sedimentation may have occurred throughout Appin Group times.
Geochemistry of a Silurian metabentonite and associated apatite from the North Esk Inlier, Pentland Hills
Authors: Batchelor R. A. , Clarkson E. N. K. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Geochemical data are presented for an important metabentonite horizon within the Upper Llandovery and early Wenlock succession of the North Esk Inlier of the Pentland Hills. The metabentonite marks a horizon of rapid faunal change, with a rich assemblage below and an impoverished assemblage above. Characterizing the metabentonite and its constituent apatite crystals on the basis of rare earth and other trace elements has allowed two separate outcrops to be correlated locally and the source magma type identified. In addition, these apatite data provide a chemical fingerprint with which to correlate this horizon with similar occurrences elsewhere in northern Europe.
Geophysical investigation of the Blane Valley Pleistocene deposits
Authors: Doody Jonathan J. , Smythe David K. , Watts Doyle R. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Shallow geophysical surveys undertaken within the Blane Valley, floored by Loch Lomond Stadial proglacial lake deposits, show that the Pleistocene sequence is significantly thicker than previously suspected. Seismic refraction, resistivity and gravity data demonstrate that the depth to the Upper Old Red Sandstone bedrock varies from 30–100 m, suggesting significant relief on the submerged bedrock surface. The Pleistocene sequence extends to about 80 m below Ordnance Datumn.
The first Middle Jurassic dinosaur from Scotland: a cetiosaurid? (Sauropoda) from the Bathonian of the Isle of Skye
Authors: Clark N. D. L. , Boyd J. D. , Dixon R. J. , Ross D. A. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The limb bone of a dinosaur was discovered from the Valtos Sandstone Formation (Bathonian, Middle Jurassic) near Valtos, Isle of Skye. The bone preserves the eroded proximal and distal ends and is missing the mid-shaft. It represents the first unequivocal Middle Jurassic dinosaur bone from Scotland. The bone is of a sauropod dinosaur and may be the femur of a cetiosaurid.
The first Lower Jurassic dinosaur from Scotland: limb bone of a ceratosaur theropod from Skye
Authors: Benton M. J. , Martill D. M. , Taylor M. A. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
A partial right tibia of a carnivorous dinosaur is reported from the Lower Jurassic Broadford Beds Formation of southern Strath, Skye. The bone consists of the proximal end and shaft of a tibia, and this shows characteristic features of the ceratosaur theropods, a group of medium-sized predatory dinosaurs that were widespread during the Early Jurassic. This tibia, and a partial sauropod tibia from the Middle Jurassic of Skye, represent the first clear records of dinosaur body fossils from Scotland.
On the origin of a reddened interflow bed within the Palaeocene lava field of north Skye
Authors: Bell B. R. , Williamson I. T. , Head F. E. , Jolley D. W. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis

A reddish brown to reddish orange interflow bed from the Palaeocene lava field of north Skye at Lochan nan Dunan is considered to be of epiclastic origin, with features which distinguish it from
in situ
palaeosols and solely volcaniclastic deposits. It has sharp upper and lower contacts, is clay matrix-supported, and is dominated by clasts of lateritic rock, together with clasts of somewhat altered basaltic rock and siltstone. Also present are: crystals of fresh clinopyroxene (Wo
46.26–47.35
En
45.29–45.91
Fs
6.85–8.18
), plagioclase (An
70–75
) and alkali feldspar (Or
30–50
Ab
50–70
An
<1
); shards of hawaiitic glass; and secondary hydrothermal minerals in a variety of associations.

The clasts of lateritic rock and the fine-grained matrix of the bed were both derived from a previously developed palaeosol and the clasts of volcanic and sedimentary material were also derived from considerably weathered material. The crystals and glass shards are considered to have been derived either from primary ash eruptions or from contemporaneous, unaltered ash deposits. Palynological investigations reveal that the bed is devoid of pollen and spores, and contains only fragments of inertinite, indicating that it was exposed at the Earth’s surface for a relatively short time interval, and confirms that the reddening ‘event’ occurred prior to deposition of the bed.
The bed contains valuable information about pyroclastic material and phenocryst-bearing magmas not preserved elsewhere in the lava field, and the fresh nature of this material indicates that the time intervals between eruption of the ash, deposition of the bed, and the eruption of the overlying lava flow(s) were relatively short.
Palaeoenvironmental significance of marine and terrestrial Tertiary sediments on the NW Scottish shelf in BGS borehole 77/7
Authors: Evans D. , Morton A. C. , Wilson S. , Jolley D. , Barreiro B. A. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
BGS borehole 77/7, located to the north of Scotland, drilled through Quaternary deposits into Neogene and Palaeogene sediments before terminating in Lewisian basement. The pre-Quaternary rocks have been analysed using a variety of petrological, geochemical and bio-stratigraphical techniques. The basement comprises amphibolite schist, and has a deeply weathered surface which, it is argued, is likely to have developed during the early Eocene. Overlying terrestrial lignitic deposits are palynologically dated as upper Oligocene; they were deposited in a forest swamp environment at a time of hinterland uplift, and are comparable with sediments of similar age and character found in basins along the length of western Britain. Following a rise in sea level, marine conditions prevailed during the Miocene, as recorded by glauconitic siltstones which are of a facies that is extensively developed on the outer shelf and slope NW of Scotland.
New evidence for the origin of the Buchan Ridge Gravel, Aberdeenshire
Authors: Bridgland D. R. , Saville A. , Sinclair J. M. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Archaeological excavations of prehistoric flint-extraction sites at Skelmuir Hill and Den of Boddam, Aberdeenshire, have provided opportunities for detailed study of the Buchan Ridge Gravel, which provided the source of the flint. Remnant bedding structures and rounded ‘ghost clasts’ have been observed, combining with the roundness of the flint cobbles to suggest that the deposit was once a clast-supported marine gravel that has suffered extensive weathering of non-durable clasts. The occurrence of naturally flaked flints, shaped by battering in a high-energy environment, provides important new evidence in support of a beach origin. The degree of weathering is suggestive of a pre-Quaternary age, as is the implication of a high relative sea level, with marine gravels preserved at above 120 m OD.
Ice-rafted sediments of Loch Lomond Stadial age in western Scotland
Authors: Peacock J. D. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
At two former oil platform sites (Portavadie and Ardyne) in the Clyde estuary, several metres of very poorly sorted gravelly and cobbly silt and sand of the Portavadie Formation were deposited during the Loch Lomond Stadial. The sediments are thought to have been ice-rafted from the shore nearby, and part of the mud fraction removed by tidal currents and wave action, either at the time of deposition or at a later date. It is suggested that the rafting process is an intensification of that present throughout the earlier Windermere Interstadial, and may account for near-shore supposedly glaciomarine gravel-, cobble- and boulder-rich deposits of Lateglacial age elsewhere.
Subglacial meltwater erosion at Loch Treig
Authors: Glasser Neil F. , Nicholson Frank H. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Reports of small scale features of glacial erosion by meltwater are rare in Scotland. During the spring of 1996 unusually low water levels in the Loch Treig reservoir revealed an assemblage of exceptionally well-preserved glacial erosion forms sculpted in bedrock, including a suite of meltwater erosion forms. Within the assemblage of landforms at Loch Treig, there is a predominance of forms created by the flow of subglacial meltwater and limited evidence of glacial abrasion. The Loch Treig features are therefore classed as subglacial meltwater erosion forms (s-forms and not p-forms). As such they are probably unique in Scotland. The meltwater forms described from this site include scallops, chutes, chute pools, potholes, and the less specific ‘undulose smoothing’ of bedrock surfaces. Large groups of 1–1.5 m-diameter scallops are interpreted as phreatic (formed below the water table) in origin. The potholes range from 0.5 m to over 3 m in diameter, with the larger potholes usually occurring in a series with interconnecting chutes. Chutes, chute pools and potholes are interpreted as vadose (formed above the water table) in origin. This interpretation of the suite of features accords well with the established Loch Lomond Stadial events in the area, which suggests that a substantial active glacier was still present in the north end of Glen Treig after the drainage of an ice dammed lake at 260 m in the Spean–Laggan area.