bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On four new species of cercariae. A contribution to Sewell's evolutionary scheme
Authors: D'Rozario A. M. 
Published: June 2009

1. Two new species of Xiphidiocercariae have been described. These two forms have been designated as C. lühei and C. gopyjungi.2. The flame-cell formula of C. lüheiis 2 × 3 × 3 = 18 and that of C. gopyjungi is 2 × 4 × 3 = 24.3. It is shown that C. gopyjungi has the characters of both the subgroups Polyadena (Cort) and Daswan (Sewell), and the group Cercariae armatae is redefined.4. Further, two new species of furcocercous cercariae have been described. They have been designated as C. ajmeri and C. anasagari.5. It has been pointed out that the types of excretory systems as met with in C. ajmeri and C. anasagari are of extreme importance from the evolutionary point of view and fill in gaps in Sewell's (1930) evolutionary scheme.6. The latter two species have been listed in their proper position in Miller's (1926) scheme of classification of the furcocercous cercariae.
The feeding mechanism of Ixodes ricinus L.
Authors: Arthur D. R. 
Published: June 2009

1. The structure of the capitulum of I. ricinus L. is described briefly.2. A stylet-like process is described in detail. Anteriorly it forms a distal attenuation, which widens out at its base near the point of attachment to the hypostome and is continued posteriorly as a distensible pouch overlying the pharynx. Anteriorly the stylet-like process is supported by a ventral sclerotized rod.3. The stylet-like process effects closure of the pharyngeal orifice during contraction of the pharynx and so prevents the reflux of blood into the wound. In this it is assisted by the closure of the hypostomal gutter.4. The stylet-like process appears to be a similar structure to that observed by Sen (1935) in three other species of Ixodid ticks and to be comparable in function to the tongue-like process described by Bertram (1939) in Ornithodorus spp.The writer wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to the Advisory Entomologist, Dr E. E. Edwards, in whose department the work was done; to Dr Alec Milne, Unit of Insect Physiology, Agricultural Research Council; Dr P. Tate, Molteno Institute of Parasitology, Cambridge, for reading the original script, for making many useful suggestions and modifications.
Some observations on the bionomics of Bunostomum phlebotomum, a hookworm of cattle
Authors: Sprent J. F. A. 
Published: June 2009

Investigations were carried out on the influence of the local environment on the preparasitic stages of B. phlebotomum and the following observations were made.1. The infective larvae are positively thermo-tropic and positively phototropic. These observations confirm those of Schwartz (1924). The larvae are not negatively geotropic and do not climb grass, but remain in the dung, gaining access to the host by adherence of the dung to the skin.2. Lack of air, such as would occur in tightly packed faeces; immersion of the faeces in water; temperatures below 10° C.; and lack of moisture, are all inhibitory to development. Infective larvae are resistant to at least 5 days‘ direct exposure to an atmosphere of relative humidity 75 at a temperature of 25° C.; in dry faeces they are resistant to 14 days‘ exposure to the same atmosphere.3. In Northern Nigeria desiccation is the most important inhibitory factor in development. The extreme dryness of the pastures in the dry season prevents development of the larvae and adherence of dung to the skin. Penetration of the skin of the host probably occurs only in the rainy season, maximal penetration probably occurring just after the rains are regularly established.4. The female lays 600 eggs in 12 hr. in the early rains, but the output of eggs by the females varies considerably throughout the year. It is greatest in the early rains and lowest in the later months of the dry season.5. The female hookworm burden of nomadic cattle fluctuates throughout the year. The maximum burden occurs in the later months of the dry season.6. Three factors, all probably bound up with a single factor, i.e. moisture, seem to influence the degree of pasture infectivity. (a) Inhibition of larval development; (b) failure of faeces to adhere to the skin; (c) fluctuation in the egg-laying rate of the female hookworms. The fluctuating pasture infectivity results in a fluctuating hookworm burden.7. The period of maximum hookworm burden in nomadic cattle more or less coincides with the period of incidence of a disease in Stock Farm cattle, associated with hookworm infestation.In the discussion an attempt is made to correlate these observations both in accounting for the seasonal incidence of ‘hookworm disease’ and in suggesting methods of control.This paper was written during the tenure of a Cooper Centenary Fellowship for which the author is indebted to the Council of the Veterinary Educational Trust. The writer's thanks are also due to his laboratory assistant in Nigeria, Mr R. A. O. Shonekan.
Digestion in Chrysops silacea Aust. (Diptera, Tabanidae)
Authors: Wigglesworth V. B. 
Published: June 2009

The histological changes in the gut of Chrysops silacea during the digestion of blood are the same as those described by Cragg in Tabanus.Digestive enzymes are confined to the posterior half of the mid-gut. They comprise an active invertase, a weak amylase and an active tryptase and peptidase. These results are compared with those in Glossina and Calliphora.The functions of the crop are discussed.
On the Structure and Relationships of the NematodeCapillaria[Hepaticola]hepatica(Bancroft)
Authors: Baylis H. A. 
Published: June 2009

1. Some account of the occurrence of“Hepaticola” hepaticain various hosts is given, and it is recorded from the wood-mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) in England.2. Some additions and corrections are made to the morphological des scription of“H.” hepatica, which is shown to possess characters (presence of “bacillary bands,” presence of a spicule in the male) the supposed absence of which had led to the erection of the genusHepaticolaas distinct fromCapillaria.3. The status of the generaHepaticola, Eucoleus, Thominx, CalodiumandLiniscusis discussed, and the conclusion is reached that these should all be suppressed as synonyms ofCapillaria, which is redefined.
A Parasitic Spiral Organism in the Stomach of the Cat
Authors: Lim R. K. S. 
Published: June 2009

1. A parasitic spiral organism averaging 4 to 8μ long, with regular, closely set spirals about 0·75μ broad, has been found in the stomach in eight cats, none of which showed any obvious signs of gastric disturbance. The organisms occurred in the lumina of ducts and glands throughout the stomach, and also within the oxyntic cells. They were not seen in any part of the intestines except the very beginning of the duodenum, or in any other organ.2. They are extremely active, and are readily stained by aniline dyes.3. The mode of passage from one animal to another is not known, but food and faeces may be eliminated as possible sources of infection.
On a Filaria, Loa Papionis n. Sp, Parasitic in Papio Cynocephalus
Authors: Treadgold C. H. 
Published: June 2009

Papio cynocephalus from French Guinea frequently harbours Loa papionis n.sp. The intermediate host is unknown. The larvae, in contradistinction to those of the human parasite Loa loa, show no diurnal periodicity.The occurrence of bacterial disease in adult L. papionis would seem to be a novelty; at any rate I could find no mention of diseased filariae in the literature.In so far as the biology of Microloa loa is concerned, I am inclined to doubt the correctness of the opinions expressed by Rodenwalt and Fülleborn concerning the structures they term “executory and genital cells”: the current hypotheses concerning the significance of these structures and of the “central viscus,” clearly need revision. Manson's “buccal apparatus” would seem to be nothing more than an optical illusion, while the “neck” or “shoulder” described by the older observers as existing in adult L. loa after fixation, was evidently due to imperfect technique.I have drawn attention to the desirability of standardising the technicalities which are such essential preliminaries to the accurate mensuration of micro-filariae, and have suggested a method which has certain advantages over those at present in use.Concerning the pathology of Loa infection, evidence both of the traumatic and toxic action of L. papionis on baboons, was obtained; moreover these parasites seemed definitely toxic for guineapigs, although the single experiment performed needs confirmation. The available evidence favours the supposition that adult baboons from an infected area possess a high degree of immunity both against L. papionis toxaemia and against reinfection by these parasites; but whether their serum is of therapeutic value for human beings infected with L. loa, requires further investigation.
The effects of environmental conditions on the accessibility of third stage trichostrongyle larvae to grazing animals
Authors: Rogers W. P. 
Published: June 2009

1. It was found that larvae of the genera Trichostrongylus, Haemonchus, Ostertagia and Chabertia migrated upwards on the blades of sedge (Kylinga sp.) and of rye grass (Lolium perenne) in greatest numbers when subjected to a light of an intensity about 62 f.c.2. Moisture on the grass was found to favour laval migration. More than 0·12 ml. of water per sq. cm. of soil surface, however, retarded movement. More than 0·2 ml. per sq. cm. tended to prevent larval migration up the grass.3. Of the genera examined Ostertagia spp. were most favoured by the presence of moisture on the grass; Haemonchus contortus was most hindered by its presence.4. Increasing quantities of moisture in the soil up to 85% saturation assisted larvae to move on to the grass. Above this value larval migration was retarded.5. Ostertagia spp. were best able to migrate from wet soil while Haemonchus contortus was least able to migrate from wet soil.6. It was found that the presence of water on the soil surface tended to lessen the ability of larvae to move on to the grass.7. Haemonchus contortus was found to migrate on relatively dry grass at a faster rate than Trichostrongylus spp. and Ostertagia spp.8. In the temperature range examined larvae were found to move up the grass in largest numbers at 5 and 45° C.9. Haemonchus contortus was the most active species at higher temperatures.10. The cycle of larval movement during the day, under conditions approximating to those of the field, was investigated. The greatest number of larvae were recovered from the grass in early morning. Reactions in the evening were much less marked.
The penetration of pyrethrum through the cuticle of the tick, Ornithodorus moubata Murray (Argasidae)
Authors: Robinson G. G. 
Published: June 2009

1. Experiments are described in which various concentrations of pyrethrum in oil are tested for speed of stimulation of Ornithodorus larvae. There is a logarithmic relation between concentration and speed of stimulation, except with concentrated solutions (stronger than 0·015% by weight of pyrethrin I) in which there is a relative retardation of response.2. As larvae grow older they respond more slowly, and this is probably due to an increase in thickness of the cuticle in natural growth.3. Mineral oils induce much swifter penetration of the pyrethrum than any of the vegetable oils tested.My thanks are due to Prof. Buxton in whose department the work was done, and also, to Dr J. T. Martin of Rothamsted Experimental Station, who kindly analysed samples of Pyremist ‘L’ for pyrethrin I.
On the culturing of Rhabditis terrestris n.sp
Authors: Stephenson William 
Published: June 2009

1. A new species of the genus Rhabditis is described.2. The development of a standard method of culturing the species is outlined, and the effect on the nematode of varying the method of culturing is detailed and discussed.3. The relationships between the nematode and the bacteria and Protozoa of the cultures are discussed.The writer wishes to express his deep gratitude to Prof. A. D. Hobson, for his invaluable advice and assistance at all stages. Thanks are also due to King's College, the University of Durham, for financial assistance in the form of a Post-Graduate Studentship.
The anatomy of Cysticercus taeniae-taeniaeformis (Batsch 1786) (Cysticercus fasciolaris Rud. 1808), from the liver of Rattus norvegicus (Erx.), including an account of spiral torsion in the species and some minor abnormalities in structure
Authors: Rees Gwendolen 
Published: June 2009

1. The musculature and excretory and nervous systems of Cysticercus taeniae-taeniaeformis are described.2. The nervous system consists often longitudinal nerve cords in the strobila and of a brain and complicated system of nerves in the scolex. The nervous system of the scolex shows several variations on the earlier description by Bartels (1902).3. Minor abnormalities have been found in the form of multiplication of the lateral margins and duplication of the ventral excretory vessels.4. Three specimens showed spiral torsion of the internal organs involving the musculature and excretory and nervous systems of the strobila. The number of turns of the spiral and the positions of the chiasmata are variable. It is suggested that the spiral twisting occurs before growth and strobilation in the neck region has begun, the chiasmata being carried back as new segments are formed.
Sulphadiazine-resistance in Plasmodium gallinaceum and its relation to other antimalarial compounds
Authors: Bishop Ann , McConnachie Elspeth W. 
Published: June 2009

1. A thirty-two-fold increase in resistance to sulphadiazine has been induced in Plasmodium gallinaceum in chicks by treatment with that drug.2. No loss in resistance to sulphadiazine occurred in the resistant strain during cyclical passage through Aëdes aegypti.3. The sulphadiazine-resistant strain was resistant also to sulphathiazole, sulphanilamide and sulphapyridine, but not to mepacrine, quinine or pamaquin. An increase in sensitivity to pamaquin was observed.4. The sulphadiazine-resistant strain was resistant to paludrine and its methyl homologue M 4430.5. In strains maintained in a state of acute infection and treated with sulphadiazine, resistance to paludrine developed more rapidly than resistance to sulphadiazine, and in one strain a high degree of resistance to paludrine was obtained before any increase in resistance to sulphadiazine could be detected.6. Resistance to paludrine as induced by sulphadiazine, develops rapidly and extends at once over the full range of doses which the chick will tolerate, whereas resistance to paludrine as induced by that drug itself, develops more slowly and by stages.7. Whereas resistance to paludrine is induced readily by treatment with sulphadiazine, resistance to sulphadiazine is induced by paludrine only after treatment with high doses of the drug for a prolonged period.8. In latent infections of Plasmodium gallinaceum resistance to paludrine or sulphadiazine was not induced by sulphadiazine during the period of the experiment (49–75 days), though the aggregate dosage of drug used was much greater than that with which resistance was induced in strains maintained in an acute state.9. It is not considered probable that cross-resistance between sulphadiazine and paludrine is due to a similar mode of action of these drugs, as whereas sulphadiazine is antagonized by p-amino-benzoic acid paludrine is not.
Abnormal material bearing on the development of the terminalia of male calypterate cyclorrhaphous Diptera
Authors: Thomas H. T. 
Published: June 2009

This paper describes the terminalia of two abnormal males of the genus Sarcophaga Meigen (Sarcophaga similis Meade and S. hirtipes Wiedemann var. orchidea Böttcher) which appear to throw light on the interrelationships of the inverted, curvilinear and circumverted types of terminalia in Diptera. The specimens resemble certain stages described by Crampton (1944) in his comparative study of the morphology of the terminalia, and may perhaps represent stages in the pupal development of normal calypterate cyclorrhaphous Diptera.From a study of the pregenital plate in these forms it seems probable that, in Sarcophaga at least, it represents two fused sclerites—probably sternites 7 and 8.
An experimental study ofEntamoeba muris(Grassi, 1879); its morphology, affinities and host-parasite relationship
Authors: Neal R. A 
Published: June 2009

1. A description of the morphology and life history (excluding metacystic development) ofEntamoeba murisis given.2. The descriptions of species of amoebae found in rats (Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus) and mice (Mus musculus) by previous authors are critically discussed, and it is concluded that one species,Entamoeba muris, is present.3 Experiments on cross-infection of rats and mice withE. murisare described, together with observations on the course of these infections.4. The transference of an amoeba morphologically similar toE. murisfromCricetus auratusto rats and mice is described.5. An account is given of unsuccessful attempts to establish an infection ofEntamoeba coliin rats and mice.6. Observations on the incidence and hostrestriction ofE. murisare discussed.7. The affinities ofE. coliandE. murisare discussed and it is concluded that, although E. muris resemblesE. colimorphologically, it differs fromE. colion physiological grounds.
On a sporozoon in the coelomic corpuscles of Phascolosoma minutum Keferstein (Sipunculoidea)
Authors: Etherington D. 
Published: June 2009

1. A description is given of a sporozoan parasite occurring in the coelomic fluid of P. minutum.2. The four stages described include two types of schizonts (each enclosed in a tough envelope), merozoites, trophozoites, and encysted gamonts. The schizonts occur in the haematids of the coelomic fluid, the ‘cysts’ in amoebocytes.3. The life history and possible affinity of the parasite with the Haemogregarinidea are discussed.4. Attempts to verify the suggested life history by experimental means are described.
Pseudotrichonympha sertaneja n.sp. (Protozoa, Mastigophora), from the intestine of a new termite (Rugitermes sp.) collected in Brazil
Authors: Froilano De Mello Col. I. 
Published: June 2009

This paper contains a discussion of the generic and specific characters of Tricho-nympha and Pseudotrichonympha, with a detailed account of the morphology of P. sertaneja n.sp. from a new species of Rugitermes.The basic generic and specific characters of each organelle of Pseudotrichonympha are considered in detail. The genus Pseudotrichonympha has been separated from Trichonympha by the absence of the rostral articulation (citartrosi) and parabasal body. But in at least two species of Pseudotrichonympha a parabasal body has been found, and as Grassi himself believed that citartrosi, however feebly developed, must exist in all Pseudotrichonympha, the taxonomic position of Pseudotrichonympha needs further investigation.The morphology of P. sertaneja n.sp. has the basic generic characters. The specific characters are discontinuous myonemes, oblique instead of longitudinal leiotropic striae, flagella of the first series covering not only the neck but the upper portion of the body, flagella of the second series confined to the basal part of the anterior triangular area of the body, flagella of the third series very short and of uniform size and simple outline of the ectoplasm.The flagellate is regarded as a new species, named P. sertaneja n.sp. The host is a new species of Rugitermes from São Paulo, Brazil.
On a new species of Stephanonympha (Protozoa, Mastigophora) from the intestine of the Brazilian termite, Neotermes hirtellus
Authors: Froilano De Mello Col. I. 
Published: June 2009

An illustrated account of a new species of Stephanonympha from the Brazilian termite, Neotermes hirtellus Silvestri, is given.An historical introduction provides concise accounts of the previously described species of Stephanonympha.The morphology of the new Stephanonympha is described in detail and illustrated.Differential characters from previously described species of Stephanonympha are noted, the conclusion being that the Stephanonympha, of Neotermes hirtellus is a new species from a new host, to which the name Stephanonympha campinae n.sp. is given.
Breeding the Indian house-fly (Musca domestica nebulo Fabr.) for experimental studies
Authors: Deoras P. J. 
Published: June 2009

1. A technique is described for the laboratory breeding of Musca domestica nebulo Fabr. the Indian house-fly.2. Methods are described for the transferring of the flies from cages to appliances for testing insecticides and for close observation.I am very thankful to Mr E. B. Raj-der-ker who kindly donated the B. K. Raj-der-ker insect breeding station for our work. I owe a debt of gratitude to the authorities of the Indian Law Society, Poona, who have placed land and building facilities at our disposal for this research. Prof. S. P. Agharkar placed all the facilities of the Research Institute of the Maharashtra Association for the Cultivation of Science at my disposal, and Mr D. R. Ranade voluntarily supervised the breeding at Poona.
The duration of residual immunity following spontaneous cure of Plasmodium berghei in rats
Authors: Draper C. C. 
Published: June 2009

1. In intact rats infected with P. berghei spontaneous eradication of infection has occurred by about 4 months after the day of inoculation.2. These recovered rats show a strong residual immunity to reinfection with a heterologous strain, but this has begun to wane by 15–18 months after cure of the initial infection.I owe many thanks to Miss W. J. Wall and Miss J. Wrugh of the Ross Institute for maintenance of the rats and assistance with the blood films.
On a New Bothriocephalus and a New Genus of Proteocephalidae from Indian Fresh-water Fishes
Authors: Woodland W. N. F. 
Published: June 2009

1. A new species ofBothriocephalus—B. pycnomerus—is described from the intestine ofOphiocephalus maruliusHam. Buch., from the Ganges and Jumna at Allahabad, India.2.B. pycnomerusclosely resemblesB. histiophorus(Shipley 1901; from the marine sword-fishHistiophorus) in structure but differs chiefly in the possession of an armed scolex and its crowded indistinct segmentation.3. Lühe's definition of the genusBothriocephalusmust be amended to include forms with armed scolices and forms in which the ventral uterine apertures are a-median and irregularly alternate.4. Two new species of Proteocephalidae are described which possess armed muscular rostella, and for these a new genusGangesiais created and defined. The definitions of the Order Tetraphyllidea (Lühe 1910) and of the Family Proteocephalidae (La Rue 1914) must be amended to include forms possessing muscular rostella, armed or unarmed.5. These two new species—Gangesia wallagoandG. macrones—were found in the intestines ofWallago attuBleek andMacrones seenghalaSykes (both Siluroids) respectively, from the Ganges and Jumna at Allahabad.6. Southwell's “Ophryocotyle bengalensis,” fromOphiocephalus striatus, Labeo rohitaandWallago attu, is probably identical withGangesia wallago.