bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is it time to regulate over-the-counter weight-loss formulations?
Authors: Hackett Alla , Krska Jane 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Many products claiming to promote weight loss are freely available to purchase over the counter and are used by a substantial proportion of the population in many countries, who are often seeking rapid weight loss without long-term lifestyle changes. While there are multiple outlets for these products, surveys in England and Australia have found that at least 70% of community pharmacies stock these products and they are also available through internet pharmacies. Since the products are formulated as tablets and capsules, consumers may regard them as medicines, particularly when sold from a pharmacy. Manufacturers often make extravagant claims for their products, suggesting they suppress appetite, increase metabolism, block absorption of fat or carbohydrates and/or bring about diuresis, but there is little robust evidence of efficacy. Most products contain a variety of herbal ingredients and are not without adverse effects. Since very few of the hundreds of products sold in pharmacies are licensed medicines, they are not subject to the controls required for over-the-counter medicines, in terms of efficacy, safety, quality or provision of a standardised patient information leaflet. Pharmacists themselves perceive these products to be unsafe, but have little knowledge about them, other than that supplied by manufacturers. The role of community pharmacy in supporting effective weight management is increasingly important, given the rise in obesity. We question the widespread supply through pharmacies of ineffective products with extravagant claims and suggest that tighter regulation of their promotion and supply may be required.
Lactate: A Metabolic Key Player in Cancer
Authors: Hirschhaeuser Franziska , Sattler Ulrike G.A. , Mueller-Klieser Wolfgang 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Increased glucose uptake and accumulation of lactate, even under normoxic conditions (i.e., aerobic glycolysis or the Warburg Effect), is a common feature of cancer cells. This phenomenon clearly indicates that lactate is not a surrogate of tumor hypoxia. Tumor lactate can predict for metastases and overall survival of patients, as shown by several studies of different entities. Metastasis of tumors is promoted by lactate-induced secretion of hyaluronan by tumor-associated fibroblasts that create a milieu favorable for migration. Lactate itself has been found to induce the migration of cells and cell clusters. Furthermore, radioresistance has been positively correlated with lactate concentrations, suggesting an antioxidative capacity of lactate. Findings on interactions of tumor metabolites with immune cells indicate a contribution of lactate to the immune escape. Furthermore, lactate bridges the gap between high lactate levels in wound healing, chronic inflammation, and cancer development. Tumor cells ensure sufficient oxygen and nutrient supply for proliferation through lactate-induced secretion of VEGF, resulting in the formation of new vessels. In summary, accumulation of lactate in solid tumors is a pivotal and early event in the development of malignancies. The determination of lactate should enter further clinical trials to confirm its relevance in cancer biology. Cancer Res; 71(22); 6921–5. ©2011 AACR.
The Phoenix that Could Not Rise: Politics and Rock Culture in Romania, 1960–1989
Authors: Dobrescu Caius 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article addresses the emergence and development of the rock scene under the very specifi c circumstances of Romanian communism. While pointing to the extension and complexity of this social-musical phenomenon, it tries to explain the paradox that the rock scene could coexist with what is currently perceived as one of the most repressive and unreformed social systems in communist Eastern Europe. The analytical part of the paper is centered around two case studies: 1) the artistic and intellectual evolution of the rock band Phoenix, from its 1962 beginnings to the 1977 spectacular escape to the West of most of its lineup, 2) and the strange combination of nationalist-Stalinist mobilizationism and flower power Woodstock-like poetry of the cultural activist Adrian Păunescu and his Flacăra Cénacle of the Revolutionary Youth, from the mid-1970s to the last part of the 1980s. Alluding to the name of the cult act Phoenix, the title of the paper suggests that, once dissipated under the impact of repressive and manipulative cultural policies, the overwhelming creative energies manifested in the Romanian youth culture of the second half of the 1960s were almost completely lost to the cause of a gradual, peaceful opening of the Romanian society.
A Perfect Price Discrimination Market Model with Production, and a Rational Convex Program for It
Authors: Goel Gagan , Vazirani Vijay V. 
Published: November 2011

Recent results showing PPAD-completeness of the problem of computing an equilibrium for Fisher's market model under additively separable, piecewise-linear, concave (PLC) utilities have dealt a serious blow to the program of obtaining efficient algorithms for computing equilibria in “traditional” market models, and has prompted a search for alternative models that are realistic as well as amenable to efficient computation. In this paper, we show that introducing perfect price discrimination into the Fisher model with PLC utilities renders its equilibrium polynomial time computable. Moreover, its set of equilibria are captured by a convex program that generalizes the classical Eisenberg-Gale program, and always admits a rational solution. We also give a combinatorial, polynomial time algorithm for computing an equilibrium. Next, we introduce production into our model, and again give a rational convex program that captures its equilibria. We use this program to obtain surprisingly simple proofs of both welfare theorems for this model. Finally, we also give an application of our price discrimination market model to online display advertising marketplaces.
Clean-Up of Wastes from the Textile Industry Using Anionic Clays
Authors: Flores Jorge , Lima Enrique , Maubert Marisela , Aduna Enrique , Rivera Jose Luis 
Published: November 2011

AbstractToxic dyes must be removed from waste water coming from the textile and paint industries. Adsorption is one possible method of removing dyes under ‘soft’ conditions, without the generation of secondary hazardous materials. The present study used the carbonate-containing layered double hydroxides (LDH), Mg-Al and Mg-Zn-Al (with a M2+/M3+ ratio of 3), as adsorbents to remove two industrial colorants, Astrazon Remazol Brilliant Blue and Direct Red, present in low concentrations in aqueous solutions. The physicochemical properties of adsorbents at the surfaces of LDH, as well as the properties of the solutions containing the dyes control how the colorants are removed. Both fresh and calcined LDH were effective in the removal experiments, with effectiveness ranging from 50 to 100%. Analysis of kinetic data demonstrated that the adsorption process fitted the pseudo-second-order model better than the pseudo-first order model, information which is useful for system design in the treatment of wastes from the textile industry. Parameters such as pH of solutions and concentration of dye in solution influenced mainly the initial adsorption rate.
Grammatical patterns in Spanish: verbs of existence and appearance
Authors: Ferrero Carmen López 
Published: November 2011

In this paper,22 The research presented in this paper was carried out in the framework of the competitive national project ‘Las categorías de verbo y adverbio en el DAELE’ (reference HUM2006–06982), awarded by the Spanish Dirección General de Enseñanza Superior e Investigación Científica, and directed by Dr Paz Battaner Arias at the Pompeu Fabra University. I describe the grammatical patterns of a set of Spanish verbs that are frequently used in specialised discourse to provide structure, organise information in the text and function as connectors. The verbs selected for the study are the following unaccusative verbs of existence and appearance: ocurrir (‘occur’), suceder (‘happen/take place’), existir (‘exist’), aparecer (‘appear’) and resultar (‘turn out’).The grammatical and lexico-graphical description of these verbs is compared with the results provided by consulting the Corpus de Referencia del Español Actual (CREA) database of the Real Academia Española in three thematic fields: Science and Technology, Economics and Finance, and Law. The results of the research highlight three specific patterns of use for the unaccusative verbs of existence and appearance studied in specialised texts, placing particular emphasis on the constructions that contribute to the texture of discourse. I propose that these patterns should be incorporated into dictionaries of use (‘codifiers’) as lexicographical data that may enrich the information given about these words, whose meanings are clearly diffuse.
Acetylene
Authors: Pässler Peter , Hefner Werner , Buckl Klaus , Meinass Helmut , Meiswinkel Andreas , Wernicke Hans‐Jürgen , Ebersberg Günter , Müller Richard , Bässler Jürgen , Behringer Hartmut , Mayer Dieter 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties3.1.Industrially Important Reactions3.2.Other Reactions; Derivatives4.Production4.1.Thermodynamic and Kinetic Aspects4.2.Partial Combustion Processes4.2.1.BASF Process (Sachsse‐Bartholome)4.2.2.Other Partial Combustion Processes4.2.3.Submerged Flame Process4.2.4.Partial Combustion Carbide Process4.3.Electrothermic Processes4.3.1.Production from Gaseous and/or Gasified Hydrocarbons (Hüls Arc Process)4.3.2.Production from Liquid Hydrocarbons (Plasma Arc Process)4.3.3.Production from Coal (Arc Coal Process)4.3.4.Production from Calcium Carbide4.3.4.1.Wet Generators4.3.4.2.Dry Generators4.3.4.3.Acetylene Purification4.4.Other Cracking Processes4.4.1.Thermal Cracking By Heat Carriers4.4.2.Acetylene as a Byproduct of Steam Cracking5.Safety Precautions, Transportation, and Storage5.1.General Safety Factors and Safety Measures5.2.Acetylene Storage in Cylinders6.Uses and Economic Aspects6.1.Use in Metal Processing6.2.Use as Raw Material in Chemical Industry6.3.Competitive Position of Acetylene as Chemical Feedstock7.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Ammonia, 1. Introduction
Authors: Appl Max 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Occurrence and History2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Storage and Shipping4.1.Storage4.1.1.Pressure Storage4.1.2.Low‐Temperature Storage4.1.3.Underground Storage4.1.4.Storage of Aqueous Ammonia4.2.Transportation5.Quality Specifications and Analysis6.Environmental, Safety, and Health Aspects6.1.Environmental Aspects of Ammonia Production and Handling6.2.Safety Features6.3.Health Aspects and Toxicity of Ammonia7.Uses8.Economic Aspects9.Future Perspectives
Antibiotics, 1. General
Authors: Ohno Masaji , Otsuka Masami , Okamoto Yoshinari , Yagisawa Morimasa , Kondo Shinichi 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAntibiotics can be defined as chemical substances capable of inhibiting the growth of microorganisms. In the past decades, numerous compounds possessing various biological activities have been discovered. Antibiotics can be of microbial origin, semisynthic, or totally synthetic. Their classification is based mostly on structural characteristics. This article gives a comprehensive overview of the classes of antibiotica.The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.General Definition1.2.Historical Development and Classification1.3.Nomenclature2.Chemotherapeutic Use of Antibiotics2.1.Microbial Pathogens2.2.Tumor Cells2.3.Chemotherapeutic Uses2.4.Use in Agriculture2.5.Units2.6.Analysis3.Classification of Antibiotics3.1.β‐Lactams3.1.1.Natural Penicillins3.1.2.Semisynthetic Penicillins3.1.3.Natural Cephalosporins3.1.4.Semisynthetic Cephalosporins3.1.5.Cephamycins3.1.6.1‐Oxacephems3.1.7.β‐Lactamase Inhibitors3.1.8.Penems3.1.9.Carbapenems3.1.10.Monocyclic β‐Lactams3.2.Tetracyclines3.3.Anthracyclines3.4.Aminoglycosides3.5.Nucleosides3.5.1.N‐Nucleosides3.5.2.C‐Nucleosides3.5.3.Carbocyclic Nucleosides3.6.Macrolides3.6.1.12‐Membered Ring Macrolides3.6.2.14‐Membered Ring Macrolides3.6.3.16‐Membered Ring Macrolides3.6.4.Polyenes3.7.Ansamycins3.8.Peptides3.9.Enediyne3.10.Other Important Antibiotics4.Antibiotic Resistance
Caprolactam
Authors: Ritz Josef , Fuchs Hugo , Kieczka Heinz , Moran William C. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

History

2.

Physical Properties

3.

Chemical Properties

4.

Production

4.1.

Processes via Cyclohexanone

4.1.1.

Cyclohexanone Oxime

4.1.2.

Beckmann Rearrangement to Caprolactam

4.1.3.

Improvement of the Oximation Process

4.1.4.

Gas‐Phase or Catalytic Rearrangement of Cyclohexanone Oxime

4.1.5.

Modified Oximation and Beckmann Rearrangement

4.2.

Photooximation

4.3.

Production from Toluene

4.4.

Recovery from Nylon‐6 Waste

4.5.

Former Commercial Routes

4.6.

New Routes in Development

4.7.

Environmental Protection

5.

Quality Specifications

6.

Analysis

7.

Storage and Transportation

8.

Economic Aspects

9.

Toxicology
Information Storage Materials, 1. Magnetic Recording
Authors: Middleton Barry K. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.History1.2.Magnetism and Magnetic Materials: Definitions2.Principles2.1.Digital Record and Replay2.2.Media Requirements for Digital Recording2.3.a.c. Bias Audio Recording2.4.Video Recording2.5.Transports2.6.Electronic Systems3.Magnetic Recording Media3.1.γ‐Fe2O33.2.Chromium Dioxide3.3.Cobalt‐Modified γ‐Fe2O33.4.Metal Particles3.5.Metal‐Evaporated Tape (MET)3.6.Metal Film Disk Media3.7.Perpendicular Recording4.Recording Heads5.Economic Aspects
Nitro Compounds, Aliphatic
Authors: Markofsky Sheldon B. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties3.Production4.Quality Specifications and Analysis5.Storage and Transportation6.Uses of Nitroalkanes and their Derivatives6.1.Nitromethane and Derivatives6.2.Nitroethane and Derivatives6.3.1‐Nitropropane and Derivatives6.4.2‐Nitropropane and Derivatives7.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Propionic Acid and Derivatives
Authors: Samel Ulf‐Rainer , Kohler Walter , Gamer Armin Otto , Keuser Ullrich 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production4.1.Carbonylation of Ethylene (BASF Process)4.2.Oxidation of Propanal4.3.Direct Oxidation of Hydrocarbons4.4.Construction Materials5.Storage and Transportation6.Quality Specifications7.Environmental Protection8.Uses8.1.Use as Food and Feed Preservative8.2.Other Uses9.Economic Aspects10.Toxicology11.Derivatives11.1.Salts11.2.Propionic Anhydride and Propionyl Chloride11.3.Esters11.4.Chloropropionic Acid and Derivatives11.4.1.Properties and Production11.4.1.1.2‐Chloropropionic Acid and Derivatives11.4.1.2.3‐Chloropropionic Acid and Derivatives11.4.1.3.2,2‐Dichloropropionic Acid11.4.2.Uses11.4.2.1.2‐Chloropropionic Acid and Derivatives11.4.2.2.3‐Chloropropionic Acid11.4.2.3.2,2‐Dichloropropionic Acid11.4.3.Toxicology
Terephthalic Acid, Dimethyl Terephthalate, and Isophthalic Acid
Authors: J. Sheehan Richard 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Production3.1.Amoco Oxidation3.2.Amoco Purification3.3.Multistage Oxidation3.4.Dynamit‐Nobel (Witten) Process3.5.Esterification of Terephthalic Acid3.6.Hydrolysis of Dimethyl Terephthalate3.7.Alternative and Past Technologies4.Environmental Protection5.Quality Specifications6.Storage and Transportation7.Uses8.Economic Aspects9.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Vinyl Ethers
Authors: Hofmann Ernst , Klimisch Hans‐Joachim , Backes René , Vogelsang Regina , Franz Lothar , Feuerhake Robert 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Properties

2.1.

Physical Properties

2.2.

Chemical Properties

3.

Production

3.1.

Production Processes at Laboratory Scale

3.2.

Reaction of Acetylene with Alcohols

3.2.1.

Reaction Conditions

3.2.2.

Dependence of Reaction Conditions on the Nature of the Alcohol

3.2.3.

Process Description

3.2.4.

Production of Vinyl Ethers under Pressure

3.2.5.

Pressure‐free Production of Vinyl Ethers

4.

Environmental Protection, Waste Disposal

5.

Quality Specifications

6.

Chemical Analysis

7.

Storage and Transport

8.

Use

9.

Toxicology
Corrosion, 1. Electrochemical
Authors: Gräfen Hubert , Horn Elmar‐Manfred , Schlecker Hartmut , Schindler Helmut 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Basic Electrochemistry2.1.Electrochemical Equilibrium2.2.Electrochemical Kinetics2.2.1.Corrosion Elements2.2.2.Mixed Electrode and Mixed Potential2.2.3.Overpotential and Polarization2.3.Current Density ‐ Potential Curves2.4.Hydrogen Overpotential and Acid Corrosion2.5.Oxygen Overpotential and Oxygen Corrosion2.6.Protective Film Formation and Passivity3.Types of Electrolytic Corrosion3.1.Uniform and Nonuniform Surface Corrosion3.2.Forms of Localized Corrosion without Applied Mechanical Stress3.2.1.Pitting Corrosion3.2.2.Crevice Corrosion3.2.3.Selective Corrosion3.2.3.1.Intergranular Corrosion3.2.3.2.Spongiosis3.2.3.3.Dezincification3.2.3.4.Line‐ and Layer‐Type Corrosion3.3.Forms of Local Corrosion under Mechanical Stress3.3.1.Stress Corrosion Cracking3.3.1.1.Unalloyed and Low‐Alloy Steels3.3.1.2.Stainless Steels3.3.1.3.Nonferrous Metals3.3.1.4.Special Types of Stress Corrosion Cracking3.3.1.5.Hydrogen‐Induced Cracking at Low Temperatures3.3.1.6.Hydrogen Corrosion at Elevated Temperatures3.3.2.Corrosion Fatigue3.3.3.Differentiation Between Types of Corrosion Cracking
Glass, 2. Production
Authors: De Jong Bernard H. W. S. , Beerkens Ruud G. C. , Nijnatten Peter A. , Le Bourhis Eric 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Historical Background

2.

Raw Materials

2.1.

Chemical Impurities and Decoloration

2.2.

Waste Glass (Cullet)

2.3.

Preparation of Raw Materials

3.

Melting Units

3.1.

Flat Glass and Container‐Glass Tanks

3.2.

Unit Melters

3.3.

All‐Oxygen‐Fired Melters

3.4.

Electrical Melting Units

3.5.

New Melter Designs

3.6.

Pot Furnaces and Day Tanks

4.

Melting, Fining, and Homogenization

5.

Energy‐Saving Technologies

6.

Glass Cooling

7.

Heating and Regulating Glass Melts

8.

Refractory Lining of Melting Units

9.

Vapor‐Deposited Glasses

10.

Occupational Health
Steel, 4. Surface Coating
Authors: Pankert Roger 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Hot‐Dip Coating

2.1.

Plant and Processes

2.2.

Other Coating Processes

3.

Electrolytic Coating (Electroplating)

3.1.

Plant and Processes

3.2.

Electroplating Cells

3.3.

Coating Types

4.

Vacuum Vapor Deposition

4.1.

Plant and Processes

4.2.

Further Developments

5.

Coil Coating

5.1.

Plant and Processes

5.2.

Coating Systems

6.

Roll‐Bonded Cladding

6.1.

Principles

6.2.

The Process

6.3.

Variations

7.

Summary
Three‐Dimensional Porous Core‐Shell Sn@Carbon Composite Anodes for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Battery Applications
Authors: Li Xifei , Dhanabalan Abirami , Gu Lin , Wang Chunlei 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA three‐dimensional porous core‐shell Sn@carbon anode on nickel foam substrate was fabricated by electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) technique followed by high temperature treatment. The carbon shell with a thickness of about 3.2 nm was formed on porous Sn structure at high temperature. 3D porous structure and carbon shell were designed to buffer volume expansion/shrinkage of Sn lattice upon cycling and increase the electrical conductivity. After 315 charge/discharge cycles Sn@carbon anode exhibited high specific capacity of 638 mAh g−1 with the low capacity fade of average 0.11 mAh g−1 per cycle. Sn@carbon based anodes was demonstrated to have promising potential for high performance lithium ion batteries application.
Molecular Understanding of the Open‐Circuit Voltage of Polymer:Fullerene Solar Cells
Authors: Yamamoto Shunsuke , Orimo Akiko , Ohkita Hideo , Benten Hiroaki , Ito Shinzaburo 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe origin of open‐circuit voltage (VOC) was studied for polymer solar cells based on a blend of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and seven fullerene derivatives with different LUMO energy levels and side chains. The temperature dependence of J–V characteristics was analyzed by an equivalent circuit model. As a result, VOC increased with the decrease in the saturation current density J0 of the device. Furthermore, J0 was dependent on the activation energy EA for J0, which is related to the HOMO–LUMO energy gap between P3HT and fullerene. Interestingly, the pre‐exponential term J00 for J0 was larger for pristine fullerenes than for substituted fullerene derivatives, suggesting that the electronic coupling between molecules also has substantial impact on VOC. This is probably because the recombination is non‐diffusion‐lmilited reaction depending on electron transfer at the P3HT/fullerene interface. In summary, the origin of VOC is ascribed not only to the relative HOMO–LUMO energy gap but also to the electronic couplings between fullerene/fullerene and polymer/fullerene.
Honatisine, a Novel Diterpenoid Alkaloid, and Six Known Alkaloids from Delphinium honanense and Their Cytotoxic Activity
Authors: He Yang Qing , Ma Zhan Ying , Wei Xiao Mei , Liu Dong Jie , Du Bao Zhong , Yao Bing Hua , Gao Li Ming 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA novel diterpene alkaloid named honatisine (1) has been isolated from the whole plants of Delphinium honanense, along with six known alkaloids, siwanine E (2), isoatisine (3), atisine (4), delcorinine (5), uraphine (6), and nordhagenine A (7). Their structures were deduced on the basis of their spectral data. All of them were evaluated by a SRB assay for their cytotoxicity, and compound 1 showed a significant cytotoxic activity (IC50=3.16 μM) against the MCF‐7 cell line.
Phenolic Derivatives from Ruprechtia polystachya and Their Inhibitory Activities on the Glucose‐6‐phosphatase System
Authors: Bruzual De Abreu Maryan , Temraz Abeer , Malafronte Nicola , Gonzalez‐Mujica Freddy , Duque Sandra , Braca Alessandra 
Published: November 2011

AbstractTwo new compounds, 5‐methyl‐2‐(2‐methylbutanoyl)phloroglucinol 1‐O‐(6‐O‐β‐D‐apiofuranosyl)‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (1) and trans‐2,3‐dihydrokaempferol 3‐O‐(4‐O‐sulfo)‐α‐L‐arabinopyranoside (2), together with 14 known flavonoids, trans‐dihydrokaempferol 3‐O‐α‐L‐arabinopyranoside (3), trans‐taxifolin 3‐O‐α‐L‐arabinofuranoside (4), quercetin 3‐O‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranoside (5), quercetin 3′‐O‐α‐L‐arabinofuranoside (6), catechin 3‐O‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranoside (7), trans‐taxifolin 3‐O‐α‐L‐arabinopyranoside (8), cis‐dihydrokaempferol 3‐O‐α‐L‐arabinopyranoside (9), catechin (10), myricetin 3‐O‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranoside (11), quercetin 3‐O‐α‐L‐arabinopyranoside (12), quercetin 3‐O‐α‐L‐arabinofuranoside (13), quercetin 3‐O‐(3″‐galloyl)‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranoside (14), quercetin 3‐O‐(2″‐galloyl)‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranoside (15), and epicatechin 3‐O‐gallate (16), were isolated from the leaves of Ruprechtia polystachya Griseb. (Polygonaceae). Their structures were established on the basis of extensive 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR experiments as well as MS analyses. All compounds, except 1, showed inhibition of the enzyme glucose‐6‐phosphatase in intact microsomes.