bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trauma Care in Africa: A Status Report From Botswana, Guided by the World Health Organization’s “Guidelines for Essential Trauma Care”
Authors: Hanche‐Olsen Terje Peder , Alemu Lulseged , Viste Asgaut , Wisborg Torben , Hansen Kari S. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBackgroundTrauma represents a significant and increasing challenge to health care systems all over the world. This study aimed to evaluate the trauma care capabilities of Botswana, a middle‐income African country, by applying the World Health Organization’s Guidelines for Essential Trauma Care.MethodsAll 27 government (16 primary, 9 district, 2 referral) hospitals were surveyed. A questionnaire and checklist, based on “Guidelines for Essential Trauma Care” and locally adapted, were developed as situation analysis tools. The questionnaire assessed local trauma organization, capacity, and the presence of quality improvement activity. The checklist assessed physical availability of equipment and timely availability of trauma‐related skills. Information was collected by interviews with hospital administrators, key personnel within trauma care, and through on‐site physical inspection.ResultsHospitals in Botswana are reasonably well supplied with human and physical resources for trauma care, although deficiencies were noted. At the primary and district levels, both capacity and equipment for airway/breathing management and vascular access was limited. Trauma administrative functions were largely absent at all levels. No hospital in Botswana had any plans for trauma education, separate from or incorporated into other improvement activities. Team organization was nonexistent, and training activities in the emergency room were limited.ConclusionsThis study draws a picture of trauma care capabilities of an entire African country. Despite good organizational structures, Botswana has room for substantial improvement. Administrative functions, training, and human and physical resources could be improved. By applying the guidelines, this study creates an objective foundation for improved trauma care in Botswana.
Biliary tract carcinoma: clinical perspectives on molecular targeting strategies for therapeutic options
Authors: Shoda Junichi , Ishige Kazunori , Sugiyama Hiroaki , Kawamoto Toru 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBiliary tract carcinoma (BTC) is a lethal malignancy. This lethality is essentially attributed to both slow carcinogenesis occurring under complex pathological circumstances and to the asymptomatic growth of BTC infiltrating the surrounding structures by varying routes. The disease is therefore usually detected at an advanced stage with a high frequency of distant organ metastasis. To date, conventional chemotherapy and radiation therapy have been notably ineffective against BTC. For an improved treatment outcome of BTC and prolonged survival, there is now a real and urgent need to focus on developing novel and potent therapeutic strategies aimed at exploiting select molecular targets associated with tumor proliferation, invasion, and/or metastasis that would impact in a significant way on clinical outcome. The outcomes of recent studies, by the analysis of BTC cells, BTC animal models, and clinical specimens of BTC patients, have revealed, in detail, the molecular mechanism of carcinogenesis and tumor progression of BTC, and these studies have exploited select molecular targets that could significantly impact the clinical outcome. In the near future, the development of new molecular targeting drugs with potent efficacy against BTC, and the performance of randomized clinical trials of these drugs are urgent and essential for the treatment of patients with BTC.
Energy dissipation and the contact-line region of a spreading bridge
Authors: van Lengerich H. B. , Steen P. H. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA drop on a circular support spontaneously spreads upon contact with a substrate. The motion is driven by a loss of surface energy. The loss of recoverable energy can be expressed alternatively as work done at the liquid–gas interface or dissipation through viscosity and sliding friction. In this paper we require consistency with the energy lost by dissipation in order to infer details of the contact-line region through simulations. Simulations with the boundary integral method are used to compute the flow field of a corresponding experiment where polydimethylsiloxane spreads on a relatively hydrophobic surface. The flow field is used to calculate the energy dissipation, from which slip lengths for local slip and Navier slip boundary conditions are found. Velocities, shear rates and pressures along the interface as well as interface shapes in the microscopic region of the contact line are also reported. Angles, slip length and viscous bending length scale allow a test of the Voinov–Hocking–Cox model without free parameters.
Numerical investigation of turbulent supersonic axisymmetric wakes
Authors: Sandberg Richard D. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractNumerical experiments are conducted of turbulent supersonic axisymmetric wakes at Mach number $M= 2. 46$ and Reynolds number, based on free-stream velocity and base diameter, ${\mathit{Re}}_{D} = 1\ensuremath{\times} 1{0}^{5} $. Direct numerical simulations (DNS) are used to study the effect of approach flow conditions, and of specific azimuthal modes, on the near-wake behaviour. To that end, DNS are performed with laminar and turbulent approach boundary layers, and additional turbulent approach flow DNS with reduced circumferential size are conducted to deliberately eliminate certain azimuthal/helical modes. DNS with turbulent approach flow show an increased turning angle and increased growth of the separating shear layer, leading to a shorter recirculation region, a stronger recompression shock system, and ultimately good agreement with experimental data at considerably higher Reynolds number. A similar wake structure is found for laminar and turbulent inflow conditions, giving further evidence of the wake structure being a consequence of the global near-wake instabilities and not a result of upstream conditions. Stability analyses of two-dimensional basic states are carried out by computing the temporal pulse response using forced Navier–Stokes simulations to investigate which azimuthal modes are dominant for fully turbulent wakes and how the stability behaviour is influenced by the choice of basic state. Using the time- and azimuthally averaged data from three-dimensional DNS with turbulent inflow as basic state, an absolute instability of the axisymmetric mode was found and helical modes $m= 4, 5, 6$ were found to be linearly most unstable, in contrast to results obtained earlier using an axisymmetric flow solution as the basic state. The addition of a turbulence viscosity in the forced DNS retains most of the stability characteristics but reduces the wavenumber of the linearly most-amplified modes.
TOTALLY NULL SETS FOR A(X)
Authors: BOOS LYNETTE J. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractFor a compact subset K of the boundary of a compact Hausdorff space X, six properties that K may have in relation to the algebra A(X) are considered. It is shown that in relation to the algebra A(Dn), where Dn denotes the n-dimensional polydisc, the property of being totally null is weaker than the other five properties. A general condition is given on the algebra A(X) which implies the existence of a totally null set that is not null, and several conditions are stated for A(X) , each of which is sufficient for a totally null set to be a null set.
CRITICAL CURVES FOR A COUPLED SYSTEM OF FAST DIFFUSIVE NEWTONIAN FILTRATION EQUATIONS
Authors: DU RUNMEI , WANG ZEJIA 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis paper deals with the large-time behaviour of solutions to the fast diffusive Newtonian filtration equations coupled via the nonlinear boundary sources. A result of Fujita type is obtained by constructing various kinds of upper and lower solutions. In particular, it is shown that the critical global existence curve and the critical Fujita curve concide for the multi-dimensional system. This is quite different from the known results obtained in Wang, Zhou and Lou [‘Critical exponents for porous medium systems coupled via nonlinear boundary flux’, Nonlinear Anal.7(1) (2009), 2134–2140] for the corresponding one-dimensional problem.
GENERATING SYSTEMS OF SUBGROUPS IN SU(2, 1)
Authors: FU XI , LI LIULAN 
Published: June 2012

AbstractLetG⊂SU(2,1) be nonelementary andSbe its minimal generating system. In this paper, we show that ifSsatisfies some conditions, thenScan be replaced by a minimal generating systemS1consisting only of loxodromic elements.
A NOTE CONCERNING THE DISTANCES OF UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED POINTS FROM THE CENTRE OF A RECTANGLE
Authors: STEWART ROBERT , ZHANG HONG 
Published: June 2012

AbstractGiven a rectangle containing uniformly distributed random points, how far are the points from the rectangle’s centre? In this paper we provide closed-form expressions for the cumulative distribution function and probability density function that characterise the distance. An expression for the average distance to the centre of the rectangle is also provided.
NAKAYAMA AUTOMORPHISMS OF FROBENIUS CELLULAR ALGEBRAS
Authors: LI YANBO 
Published: June 2012

AbstractLet A be a finite-dimensional Frobenius cellular algebra with cell datum (Λ,M,C,i). Take a nondegenerate bilinear form f on A. In this paper, we study the relationship among i, f and a certain Nakayama automorphism α. In particular, we prove that the matrix associated with α with respect to the cellular basis is uni-triangular under a certain condition.
Body iron is associated with cognitive executive planning function in college women
Authors: Blanton Cynthia A. , Green Michael W. , Kretsch Mary J. 
Published: June 2012

Evidence of the relationship between altered cognitive function and depleted Fe status is accumulating in women of reproductive age but the degree of Fe deficiency associated with negative neuropsychological outcomes needs to be delineated. Data are limited regarding this relationship in university women in whom optimal cognitive function is critical to academic success. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between body Fe, in the absence of Fe-deficiency anaemia, and neuropsychological function in young college women. Healthy, non-anaemic undergraduate women (n 42) provided a blood sample and completed a standardised cognitive test battery consisting of one manual (Tower of London (TOL), a measure of central executive function) and five computerised (Bakan vigilance task, mental rotation, simple reaction time, immediate word recall and two-finger tapping) tasks. Women's body Fe ranged from − 4·2 to 8·1 mg/kg. General linear model ANOVA revealed a significant effect of body Fe on TOL planning time (P= 0·002). Spearman's correlation coefficients showed a significant inverse relationship between body Fe and TOL planning time for move categories 4 (r − 0·39, P= 0·01) and 5 (r − 0·47, P= 0·002). Performance on the computerised cognitive tasks was not affected by body Fe level. These findings suggest that Fe status in the absence of anaemia is positively associated with central executive function in otherwise healthy college women.
Seasonal variation of natural mortality factors of the guava psyllidTriozoida limbata
Authors: Semeão A.A. , Martins J.C. , Picanço M.C. , Chediak M. , da Silva E.M. , Silva G.A. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIt is important to understand how components of the agroecosystem interfere with the attack of a pest species and their seasonality in order to use these components in IPM programs. This study focused on the evaluation of the seasonality of natural control factors associated with the guava psyllidTriozoida limbata(Enderlein) in Brazil. Life-table data were collected from an experimental guava orchard during four periods that roughly represented four seasons. Natural mortality was monitored daily through the immature stages, and the relative importance of each natural mortality factor and its seasonality was determined. Significant statistical differences were observed in the mortality during the four periods (P < 0.05). Several factors contributed to the mortality ofT. limbata, including rainfall, physiological disturbance, the parasitoidPsyllaephagussp. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and specific predators: syrphids, predatory wasps and other generalist predators. Depending on the location of nymphs (exposed or inside galls), the relative importance of the different natural mortality factors changed. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed some trends in the relationship of natural control agents and weather conditions. For example, the occurrence of predatory wasps was positively correlated with temperature and occurrence of winds; the occurrence of syrphids andPsyllaephagussp. were negatively correlated with temperature and winds; and the occurrence of other generalist predators were negatively correlated with the occurrence of rainfall and photoperiod. The results showed the importance of natural mortality factors for the management ofT. limbataand their changes through the different seasons which should be considered when implementing IPM programs in guava orchards.
COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESSOR-INDUCED SECONDARY SEX RATIO DECLINE AFTER A SEISMIC SEQUENCE IN THE GREEK ISLAND OF ZAKYNTHOS
Authors: TOURIKIS JOHN D. , BERATIS ION N. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryThe secondary sex ratio (the ratio of boys to girls at birth) may demonstrate a decline following community stress-inducing major destructive events. This study aims to investigate whether or not moderate adverse life events, in conjunction with endogenous psychological characteristics, can induce sufficient community stress to affect the sex ratio. From April 3rd to May 8th 2006 a moderate sized earthquake sequence occurred offshore the Greek island of Zakynthos, which had been hit by a destructive earthquake half a century earlier. The monthly sex ratio after the earthquake sequence was estimated and compared with that of previous and following years. Eleven months after the onset of the earthquakes the sex ratio fell to 1.000, and during the next two months (March and April) it declined further to 0.612. The sex ratio one year before its decline was 1.158 and over a total 6-year period, 3 years before and 3 years after the sequence, it was 1.063; the March–April decline in male births is significant (OR=0.53, 95% CI=0.32–0.86,p=0.013, and OR=0.57, 95% CI=0.36–0.91,p=0.023, respectively). Also, the number of boys relative to girls in March–April 2007 was significantly lower than during the same months 3 years before and after the sequence (OR=0.50, 95% CI=0.31–0.82,p=0.007). The findings suggest that basic biological characteristics, such as the sex ratio, can be affected by psychological stressors interwoven with the pertaining psychology of the population.
Loss Allocation in Securitization Transactions
Authors: Franke Günter , Herrmann Markus , Weber Thomas 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis paper analyzes the loss allocation to first, second, and third loss positions in European collateralized debt obligation transactions. The quality of the underlying asset pool plays a predominant role for the loss allocation. A lower asset pool quality induces the originator to take a higher first loss position, but, in a synthetic transaction, a smaller third loss position. The share of expected default losses, borne by the first loss position, is largely independent of asset pool quality but lower in securitizations of corporate loans than in those of corporate bonds. Originators with a good rating and low Tobin’s Q prefer synthetic transactions.
To Rule a Ferocious Province: Roman Policy and the Aftermath of the Boudican Revolt
Authors: Gambash Gil 
Published: June 2012

AbstractOfficial Roman action in the aftermath of the Boudican revolt is shown in this article to reveal a strong, persistent intention to allay local anger. Under consideration are such aspects as the Roman policy of official appointments in the region, the deployment of military forces, and the commemoration of the victory over the rebel forces. The conclusion reached takes issue with the widely prevailing view that Roman governance based itself mostly on oppressive measures.
Insights and principles for supporting social engagement in rural older people
Authors: WALKER J. , ORPIN P. , BAYNES H. , STRATFORD E. , BOYER K. , MAHJOURI N. , PATTERSON C. , ROBINSON A. , CARTY J. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTStaying socially engaged is known to improve health and longevity in older people. As the population ages, maintaining levels of social engagement among older people becomes increasingly important. Nevertheless, advancing age brings with it many challenges to social engagement, especially in rural areas. A three-year Australian Research Council Linkage Project sought to improve understandings of age-related triggers to social disengagement in six Tasmanian communities that are representative of rural Australian experience, and thus of wider salience. A collaboration between academics and health and social professionals, the project investigated design solutions for service frameworks that may be useful before ageing individuals become isolated and dependent, and that may support those individuals to actively contribute to and benefit from social life. The purpose of this paper is to report on perspectives about diminishing levels of social engagement held by older rural participants and service providers, and to advance a number of key insights on ways in which to nurture social engagement and improve the experience of ageing.
For the generation of an intense isolated pulse in hard X-ray region using X-ray free electron laser
Authors: Kumar Sandeep , Kang Heung-Sik , Kim Dong-Eon 
Published: June 2012

AbstractFor a real, meaningful pump-probe experiment with attosecond temporal resolution, an intense isolated attosecond pulse is in demand. For that purpose we report the generation of an intense isolated attosecond pulse, especially in X-ray region using a current-enhanced self-amplified spontaneous emission in a free electron laser (FEL). We use a few cycle laser pulse to manipulate the electron-bunch inside a two-period planar wiggler. In our study, we employ the electron beam parameters of Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL)-XFEL. The RF phase effect of accelerator columns on the longitudinal energy distribution profile and current profile of electron-bunch is also studied, aiming that these results can be experimentally realized in PAL-XFEL. We show indeed that the manipulation of electron-energy bunch profile may lead to the generation of an isolated attosecond hard X-ray pulse: 150 attosecond radiation pulse at 0.1 nm wavelength can be generated.
A Methodology for tele-operating mobile manipulators with an emphasis on operator ease of use
Authors: Frejek M. , Nokleby S. B. 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARYAn algorithm for the tele-operation of mobile-manipulator systems with a focus on ease of use for the operator is presented. The algorithm allows for unified, intuitive, and coordinated control of mobile manipulators. It consists of three states. In the first state, a single 6-degrees-of-freedom (DOF) joystick is used to control the manipulator's position and orientation. The second state occurs when the manipulator approaches a singular configuration, resulting in the mobile base moving in a manner so as to keep the end-effector travelling in its last direction of motion. This is done through the use of a constrained optimization routine. The third state is entered when the operator returns the joystick to the home position. Both the mobile base and manipulator move with respect to one another keeping the end-effector stationary and placing the manipulator into an ideal configuration. The algorithm has been implemented on an 8-DOF mobile manipulator and the test results show that it is effective at moving the system in an intuitive manner.
Analysis of the aetiology of diarrhoea in outpatients in 2007, Henan province, China
Authors: ZHU M. , CUI S. , LIN L. , XU B. , ZHAO J. , XIA S. , DENG W. , XIE Z. , ZHANG J. , WANG Z. , FENG Z. , YANG W. , RAN L. 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARYThe purpose of this study was to determine the aetiology of acute diarrhoea and improve knowledge of gastrointestinal pathogens in China. Faecal specimens from 1526 outpatients with diarrhoea were collected from 20 hospitals in Henan province and the prevalence of seven bacterial and five viral diarrhoeagenic pathogens were determined. Bacterial pathogens were recovered from 279/1526 (18·3%) stool specimens and viral pathogens were detected in 178/1526 (11·7%) stool specimens. The top five pathogenic species were diarrhoeagenicE. coli(n = 140, 9·2%), rotavirus (n = 79, 5·2%),Shigellaspp. (n = 69, 4·5%),Salmonellaspp. (n = 66, 4·3%) and norovirus (n = 56, 3·7%). The prevalence of pathogens showed correlation with age, season and clinical symptoms. Several dominant serotypes were identified inShigellaandSalmonellaisolates, and high prevalence of multiple drug-resistant isolates was observed in both species. This important information will have a significant effect on public health policy development and resource prioritization practices.
HYPOXIA IN PREGNANCY
Authors: PLAAT FELICITY , ARRANDALE LINDSAY 
Published: June 2012

Hypoxia in pregnancy is rare, however the anatomical and physiological changes associated with pregnancy may exacerbate hypoxia and hypoxaemia arising from pathological processes.In this review we seek to briefly outline the well recognised changes to the maternal airway and respiratory anatomy and physiology. We will discuss a hierarchical approach to the tests used in differential diagnoses, summarise the physical principles behind commonly used tests and identify pitfalls and considerations in their use in the obstetric population. Some of the more commonly seen pathological states that may cause hypoxia in pregnancy will be discussed.