bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cutaneous Malignancies in People of Color: A Review of Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans and Kaposi Sarcoma
Authors: Algarin Yanci A. , Pulumati Anika , Tan Jiali , Zeitouni Nathalie 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Purpose of Review
This literature review aims to address the epidemiological differences, clinical presentations, and treatment outcomes of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) and Kaposi sarcoma (KS) among people of color (POC), who are underrepresented in skin cancer research. The purpose is to bridge existing knowledge gaps and enhance the understanding of these malignancies in POC.

Recent Findings
A comprehensive review of literature from 1990 to 2023 revealed significant disparities in the incidence and management of DFSP and KS among POC. Findings indicate a two-fold higher incidence of DFSP in Black patients compared to Whites and a notable predominance of the pigmented Bednar tumor subtype. Similarly, KS shows a six-fold increase in incidence among Black males in the southern U.S. Both cancers tend to present at later stages in POC, with larger tumor sizes at diagnosis. There are also treatment disparities; for instance, Mohs micrographic surgery in DFSP shows a recurrence rate of only 1%, compared to 6.3–8.8% with wide local excision. Furthermore, survival rates for KS are significantly lower among Black patients, with a one-year survival rate of 71.50% compared to 84.26% in Whites.

Summary
This review highlights significant racial disparities in skin cancer outcomes. Disparities in treatment access and the impact of socioeconomic factors on health outcomes are evident. Enhanced training in dermatology, focusing on POC and increased representation in research are vital. Equitable healthcare can be promoted through awareness, education on sun protection, and addressing systemic healthcare disparities.
Alcohol Misuse post Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery: A Systematic Review of Longer-term Studies with Focus on new Onset Alcohol use Disorder and Differences Between Surgery Types
Authors: Kenkre Julia S. , Gesell Sutapa , Keller Annalise , Milani Raffaella M. , Scholtz Samantha , Barley Elizabeth A. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Background
Evidence suggests an increased risk of alcohol problems post-surgery where no problematic alcohol use was present prior to surgery which may be different across types of surgery.

Objective
To characterise the risk of new onset alcohol misuse post bariatric surgery, differences between surgeries and the impact over time.

Methods
All published studies on new and relapsing alcohol use were reviewed. Data were classed as ‘subjective’ (clinical interview, self-report questionnaires) and ‘objective’ (hospital admissions, substance misuse programmes) and further categorised by follow up time - ‘shorter-term’ (one year), ‘medium-term’ (one year to two years) and ‘long-term’ (> two years).

Results
Twenty-three of the forty-two studies included in the review reported new onset data. Nine studies reported on differences between surgery types. In those reporting objective measures, all of which were long term, RYGB carried a higher risk than SG, followed by LAGB. All but one study using subjective measures reported a small but significant number of new onset concerning alcohol use, and comparisons between surgery types had more varied results than the objective measures. Studies of substance abuse programmes found high rates of new onset cases (17–60%).

Conclusion
This systematic review provides support for the consensus guidance suggesting patients should be informed of a small but significant risk of new onset alcohol use following bariatric surgery, with the strongest evidence in the medium- to long-term and in those who have had RYGB followed by SG.
Adolescent leisure-time physical activity and eating disorders: a longitudinal population-based twin study
Authors: Anis Nadja , Keski-Rahkonen Anna , Kaartinen Sara , Silén Yasmina , Kaprio Jaakko , Aaltonen Sari 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Purpose
High levels of physical activity have been documented in eating disorder patients. Our aim was to examine whether adolescent leisure-time physical activity is prospectively associated with eating disorders in adolescence and young adulthood.

Methods
Finnish twins born in 1983–1987 reported their physical activity frequency at ages 12, 14, and 17. A subsample of participants underwent structured, retrospective interviews for eating disorders at the mean age of 22.4 years. Associations between female twins’ physical activity and future eating disorders (571–683 twins/wave) were investigated with the Cox proportional hazards model. To illustrate the physical activity similarity of the co-twins in a twin pair, we used cross-tabulation of eating disorder–discordant twin pairs (13–24 pairs/wave).

Results
After adjusting for several covariates, we found no statistically significant longitudinal association between physical activity and eating disorders. This applied when all eating disorders were combined but also when assessed separately as restrictive and non-restrictive eating disorders. Co-twins’ physical activity in adolescence tended to be similar irrespective of their future eating disorder, supporting the results of the regression analysis.

Conclusion
We observed no evidence of adolescent physical activity frequency being prospectively associated with eating disorders in female twins. Further longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes and more detailed physical activity data are needed.
Level of evidence: III, evidence obtained from cohort or case–control analytic studies.
Impatto della terapia ormonale gender affirming sulla qualità seminale e preservazione della fertilità in soggetti transgender assegnati maschi alla nascita (AMAB)
Authors: Conflitti Anna Chiara , Cicolani Gaia , Bianchini Serena , Di Chiano Silvia , Delli Paoli Enrico , Pallotti Francesco , Paoli Donatella , Lombardo Francesco 
Published: June 2024

SommarioLa terapia ormonale di affermazione di genere può avere degli effetti negativi sulla morfologia testicolare e sulla qualità del liquido seminale, riducendo la fertilità dei soggetti transgender assegnati maschi alla nascita (AMAB). È pertanto consigliabile effettuare la preservazione della fertilità (PF) prima di iniziare tale percorso. In questa rassegna si mettono in evidenza le problematiche relative alla PF tra la popolazione transgender quali il costo, l’eventuale disforia legata alla raccolta del liquido seminale e il desiderio di iniziare prima possibile il trattamento ormonale.
Exploring Unprofessional Behaviors and Biased Perceptions in the Clinical Environment: Students’ Perspectives
Authors: Song Xiaomei , Willy Mildred J. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractProfessionalism stands as a fundamental cornerstone within the realm of physician training, representing a core competency that holds significant importance. It entails creating workplaces that are physically and psychologically safe within the health care system. Positive role modeling from health professionals is important in creating a learning environment that fosters diversity, equity, and inclusion for all. Using the mixed-methods sequential design, this study investigated unprofessional behaviors and biased perceptions demonstrated by health professionals as perceived and experienced by medical students during their clinical rotations at one medical school. Seventy-three M3 students and 37 M4 students responded to the survey, followed by three focus groups (n = 11) to further examine unprofessionalism and biases as well as impacts on performance, learning opportunities, and well-being. The results from both the quantitative and qualitative data demonstrate the presence of unprofessionalism and biases within the current medical education environment. These issues include a lack of respect and compassion, a lack of commitment to professional duties, malfunctioning teamwork, and a lack of sensitivity towards individuals regardless of their group affiliations. The unprofessional behaviors and biased perceptions have detrimental impacts on students’ performance, learning, and well-being. The reasons behind unprofessionalism and bias are multifaceted, influenced by societal and local environmental factors that extend beyond individual beliefs and values. By collecting empirical data on students’ experiences and perceptions, the study sheds light on the areas that need improvement and offers insights into adopting strategies to decrease unprofessional conducts and foster a respectful and inclusive learning environment.
MNE spillovers and local export dynamics in China: the role of relatedness and forward–backward linkages
Authors: Qiao Yibo , Cortinovis Nicola , Morrison Andrea 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis article investigates how MNEs influence the export behavior of domestic firms in the context of China. We conceptually disentangle different MNE spillovers related to local export dynamics, linking in a unique framework specific spillover mechanisms, channels, activation conditions and type of knowledge conveyed. Empirically, our analysis relies on a panel dataset containing all Chinese manufacturing firms in the period 2000–2007. The results show that relatedness linkages matter in the context of export quantity, while forward–backward linkages matter for the sophistication of export. These findings suggest that relatedness linkages convey mainly marketing-related knowledge spillovers, while forward–backward linkages are diffusing mainly product-related knowledge spillovers.
Infective Endocarditis in Pregnancy: Unveiling the Challenges, Outcomes, and Strategies for Management
Authors: Wahbah Makhoul Gennifer , Lahoud Chloe , Asogwa Nnedindu , Ling Joanne , Matar Madonna 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a serious and potentially fatal infection affecting cardiac endothelium and valves, with a significant increase in its incidence. This comprehensive review aims to discuss the challenges of diagnosing and managing IE during pregnancy, highlighting the absence of research and randomized clinical trials. Despite its low occurrence, IE in pregnancy is associated with significant maternal and fetal mortality rates, often complicated by prematurity. This review covers the physiological changes during pregnancy that can mask the symptoms of IE and the epidemiological shift in risk factors, including the rise in opioid addiction and the use of cardiac devices. It also sheds light on the specific microorganisms responsible for most IE cases. This paper involved a detailed search of PubMed databases, focusing on studies related to IE in pregnant patients, including those addressing fetal and maternal outcomes. It highlights the diagnostic challenges posed by the physiological changes in pregnancy, the impact of IE on maternal and fetal health, and the lack of specific treatment guidelines for pregnant women. We stress on the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to care, aiming to enhance early diagnosis, effective patient care strategies, and overall outcomes for this vulnerable population. Finally, our findings underscore the need for more research and the development of evidence-based guidelines to improve the management of IE in pregnancy.
A revision of the semiconductor theory from history to applications
Authors: Bernardo Catarina P. Correia V. , Lameirinhas Ricardo A. Marques , de Melo Cunha João P. , Torres João Paulo N. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractSemiconductors play a crucial role in modern technology across various fields. The term “semiconductor” was introduced in the XVIII century, marking the beginning of a journey filled with discoveries and technological advancements. This article offers a comprehensive review of the historical landmarks in semiconductor development and explores the associated phenomena concerning different types of photodetectors. It also examines the key performance metrics of commonly used semiconductor materials, considering the structural variations. Additionally, the article highlights various applications of semiconductors, illustrating their significance in everyday life. By doing so, it aims to engage new readers while providing a foundational understanding for those interested in delving into this field.
The origin of the large $T_{\mathrm{c}}$ variation in FeSe thin films probed by dual-beam pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Feng Zhongpei , Zhang Hua , Yuan Jie , Jiang Xingyu , Wu Xianxin , Zhao Zhanyi , Xu Qiuhao , Stanev Valentin , Zhang Qinghua , Yang Huaixin , Gu Lin , Meng Sheng , Weng Suming , Chen Qihong , Takeuchi Ichiro , Jin Kui , Zhao Zhongxian 
Published: June 2024

AbstractFeSe is one of the most enigmatic superconductors. Among the family of iron-based compounds, it has the simplest chemical makeup and structure, and yet it displays superconducting transition temperature ($T_{\text{c}}$

T
c

) spanning 0 to 15 K for thin films, while it is typically 8 K for single crystals. This large variation of $T_{\text{c}}$

T
c

within one family underscores a key challenge associated with understanding superconductivity in iron chalcogenides. Here, using a dual-beam pulsed laser deposition (PLD) approach, we have fabricated a unique lattice-constant gradient thin film of FeSe which has revealed a clear relationship between the atomic structure and the superconducting transition temperature for the first time. The dual-beam PLD that generates laser fluence gradient inside the plasma plume has resulted in a continuous variation in distribution of edge dislocations within a single film, and a precise correlation between the lattice constant and $T_{\text{c}}$

T
c

has been observed here, namely, $T_{\text{c}} \propto \sqrt{c- c_{0}}$

T
c

∝

c
−

c
0

, where c is the c-axis lattice constant (and $c_{0}$

c
0

is a constant). This explicit relation in conjunction with a theoretical investigation indicates that it is the shifting of the $d_{\text{xy}}$

d
xy

orbital of Fe which plays a governing role in the interplay between nematicity and superconductivity in FeSe.
A non-destructive, low cost and high throughput colorimetric method for chlorophyll estimation in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Shafi Sadiah , Zaffar Aaqif , Riyaz Ishrat , Zargar Sajad Majeed , Najeeb S. , Sofi Parvaze Ahmad 
Published: June 2024

AbstractLeaf chlorophyll is an important biochemical parameter used to assess plant health under stress. Chlorophyll is invariably estimated using destructive method of acetone or ethanol extraction. Reflectance spectroscopy such as IR, VIS–NIR, combined with chemometric, has been widely used in plant leaf chemical analysis. Here we report a cheap and reliable spectroscopic method of chlorophyll estimation using a low-cost handheld spectrometer. We standardized the method in a rice diversity panel of 264 genotypes using L*, a* and b* parameters using a randomly taken calibration and validation sample. The parameters used for fitting the regression analysis were L*, a*, b* and δ E that indicates deviation of L*, a* and b* values of sample from the chlorophyll solution of a known concentration. We fitted the regression of total chlorophyll in calibration sample with L*, a*, b* and δ E separately as well as multiple regression with all parameters. The best R2 value (0.671) was observed for a* and the lowest for L* (0.436). Using multiple regression, the R2 value increased to 0.778 (p < 0.005). We used the regression equation for validation sample and obtained R2 value of 0.724 indicating reliable explanatory potential of variables. The parametric test for model reliability indicates good model fit of the observed relationship between chlorophyll content and L*, a*, b* and δ E. The method is cost effective, non-destructive and takes less time (< 10 s) and can be conveniently used for screening large diversity panels especially in case of repeated measurements across growth stages under stress.
The Realistic Potential of Soil Carbon Sequestration in U.S. Croplands for Climate Mitigation
Authors: Uludere Aragon Nazli , Xie Yanhua , Bigelow Daniel , Lark Tyler J. , Eagle Alison J. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractExisting estimates of the climate mitigation potential from cropland carbon sequestration (C‐sequestration) are limited because they tend to assume constant rates of soil organic carbon change over all available cropland area, use relatively coarse land delineations, and often fail to adequately consider the agronomic and socioeconomic dimensions of agricultural land use. This results in an inflated estimate of the C‐sequestration potential. We address this gap by defining a more appropriate land base for cover cropping in the United States for C‐sequestration purposes: stable croplands in annual production systems that can integrate cover cropping without irrigation. Our baseline estimate of this suitable stable cropland area is 32% of current U.S. cropland extent. Even an alternative, less restrictive definition of stability results in a large reduction in area (44% of current U.S. croplands). Focusing cover crop implementation to this constrained land base would increase durability of associated C‐sequestration and limit soil carbon loss from land conversion to qualify for carbon‐specific incentives. Applying spatially‐variable C‐sequestration rates from the literature to our baseline area yields a technical potential of 19.4 Tg CO2e yr−1 annually, about one‐fifth of previous estimates. We also find the cost of realizing about half (10 Tg CO2e yr−1) of this potential could exceed 100 USD Mg CO2e−1, an order of magnitude higher than previously thought. While our economic analyses suggest that financial incentives are necessary for large‐scale adoption of cover cropping in the U.S., they also imply any C‐sequestration realized under such incentives is likely to be additional.
Using Relationships Between Vegetation and Surface Soil Biogeochemical Properties to Assess Regional Soil Carbon Inventories for South Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada
Authors: Gunther Ana B. , Camill Philip , Umbanhowar Charles E. , Stansfield Alexis , Dethier Evan N. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractAs Arctic regions warm rapidly, it is unclear whether high‐latitude soil carbon (C) will decrease or increase. Predicting future dynamics of Arctic soil C stocks requires a better understanding of the quantities and controls of soil C. We explore the relationship between vegetation and surface soil C in an understudied region of the Arctic: Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada. We combined soil C data for three vegetation types—polar desert, mesic tundra, and wet meadow—with a vegetation classification to upscale soil C stocks. Surface soil C differed significantly across vegetation types, and interactions existed between vegetation type and soil depth. Polar desert soils were consistently mineral, with relatively thin organic layers, low percent C, and high bulk density. Mesic soils exhibited an organic‐rich epipedon overlying mineral soil. Wet meadows were consistently organic soil with low bulk density and high percent C. For the top 20 cm, polar desert contained the least soil C (2.17 ± 0.48 kg m−2); mesic tundra had intermediate C (8.92 ± 0.74 kg m−2); wet meadow stored the most C (13.07 ± 0.69 kg m−2). Extrapolating to the top 30 cm, our results suggest that approximately 44 Tg C is stored in the study region with a mean landscape soil C stock of 2.75 kg m−2 for non‐water areas. Combining vegetation mapping with local soil C stocks considerably narrows the range of estimates from other upscaling approaches (27–189 Tg) for soil C on South Baffin Island.
Separation of Internal and Forced Variability of Climate Using a U‐Net
Authors: Bône Constantin , Gastineau Guillaume , Thiria Sylvie , Gallinari Patrick , Mejia Carlos 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe internal variability pertains to fluctuations originating from processes inherent to the climate component and their mutual interactions. On the other hand, forced variability delineates the influence of external boundary conditions on the physical climate system. A methodology is formulated to distinguish between internal and forced variability within the surface air temperature. The noise‐to‐noise approach is employed for training a neural network, drawing an analogy between internal variability and image noise. A large training data set is compiled using surface air temperature data spanning from 1901 to 2020, obtained from an ensemble of Atmosphere‐Ocean General Circulation Model simulations. The neural network utilized for training is a U‐Net, a widely adopted convolutional network primarily designed for image segmentation. To assess performance, comparisons are made between outputs from two single‐model initial‐condition large ensembles, the ensemble mean, and the U‐Net's predictions. The U‐Net reduces internal variability by a factor of four, although notable discrepancies are observed at the regional scale. While demonstrating effective filtering of the El Niño Southern Oscillation, the U‐Net encounters challenges in capturing the changes in the North Atlantic Ocean. This methodology holds potential for extension to other physical variables, facilitating insights into the climate change triggered by external forcings over the long term.
Seismic Features Predict Ground Motions During Repeating Caldera Collapse Sequence
Authors: Johnson Christopher W. , Johnson Paul A. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractApplying machine learning to continuous acoustic emissions, signals previously deemed noise, from laboratory faults and slowly slipping subduction‐zone faults, demonstrates hidden signatures are emitted that describe physical details, including fault displacement and friction. However, no evidence currently exists to demonstrate that similar hidden signals occur during seismogenic stick‐slip on earthquake faults—the damaging earthquakes of most societal interest. We show that continuous seismic emissions emitted during the 2018 multi‐month caldera collapse sequence at the Kı̄lauea volcano in Hawai'i contain hidden signatures characterizing the earthquake cycle. Multi‐spectral data features extracted from 30 s intervals of the continuous seismic emission are used to train a gradient boosted tree regression model to predict the GNSS‐derived contemporaneous surface displacement and time‐to‐failure of the upcoming collapse event. This striking result suggests that at least some faults emit such signals and provide a potential path to characterizing the instantaneous and future behavior of earthquake faults.
Electron Energization With Bursty Bulk Flows: MHD With Embedded Particle‐In‐Cell Simulation
Authors: Wang Xiantong , Zou Shasha , Wang Zihan , Sun Weijie , Chen Yuxi , Tóth Gábor 
Published: June 2024

AbstractUsing a two‐way coupled magnetohydrodynamics with embedded kinetic physics model, we perform a substorm event simulation to study electron velocity distribution functions (VDFs) evolution associated with Bursty Bulk Flows (BBFs). The substorm was observed by Magnetospheric Multiscale satellite on 16 May 2017. The simulated BBF macroscopic characteristics and electron VDFs agree well with observations. The VDFs from the BBF tail to its dipolarization front (DF) during its earthward propagation are revealed and they show clear energization and heating. The electron pitch angle distributions (PADs) at the DF are also tracked, which show interesting energy dependent features. Lower energy electrons develop a “two‐hump” PAD while the higher energy ones show persist “pancake” distribution. Our study reveals for the first time the evolution of electron VDFs as a BBF moves earthward using a two‐way coupled global and kinetic model, and provides valuable contextual understanding for the interpretation of satellite observations.