bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DO HEALTH BOOKLETS ADD ANYTHING TO PROFESSIONAL GUIDANCE? AN EVALUATION STUDY
Authors: Cullen James S. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAn outcome evaluation was undertaken of a booklet used as a supplement to nurses' guidance to mothers on the introduction of solids to infants. The study was based on a classical before and after design, including a control group. Measures were taken of knowledge, practice and preferred learning mode. Gains in knowledge and practice were significantly greater for the experimental group. Reductions in knowledge scores, where they were expected to increase, are discussed and a set of conditions thought to govern the effectiveness of health messages is offered.Despite prolonged use of pamphlets, posters, leaflets and booklets in public education few outcome evaluations of such educational aids have been published. The face validity of these aids is a powerful incentive for their continued use; furthermore, outcome evaluations are usually complex and expensive. In this study a booklet called A Solid Start (dealing with the introduction of solid foods to imports) was chosen because —

the booklet was typical in style of many publications;
the topic of infant feeding ensured a ready supply of experimental subjects;
it was prepared in response to expressed needs (16 experienced nurses were asked what booklets mothers requested).
it was well developed, competently written and subjected to process evaluations before reaching its final stage;
it was a new booklet, not distributed previously;
it dealt with a brief time period in child development.
ENAMEL DEFECTS IN FLUORIDATED AND NON‐FLUORIDATED AREAS OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA
Authors: Dooland Martin Bryn , Carr Susan Marion 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe optimum level of fluoride in the water supply represents a balance between the maximum prevention of dental caries and the maintenance of an “acceptable” level of dental fluorosis. For temperate climates it has been accepted generally that a concentration of one part per million of fluoride is associated with a near maximum reduction in dental caries with only a small proportion experiencing the mildest level of dental fluorosis.In 1982,577 South Australian primary school children with near lifelong exposure to artificially fluoridated water and 277 primary school children, who had never resided in an area with a significant level of fluoride in its water, were examined by a single examiner to assess the prevalence and severity of the enamel defects.While alternative explanations are possible, the results suggest that South Australian children with life‐long or near life‐long exposure to water borne fluoride at a level of 1ppm show increased levels of enamel defects.
PRESENT AND DESIRED BODY WEIGHTS OF AUSTRALIAN ADULTS: A CAUSE FOR CONCERN?
Authors: Crawford David , Worsley Anthony 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTwo postal surveys were conducted each on randomly selected samples of 1,000 adults drawn from the Adelaide and Melbourne metropolitan areas. Subjects were asked to provide information on their weight, height and desired weight. These variables were used to calculate present body mass index and desired body mass index. The results indicate that 35 per cent of overweight men and 20 per cent of overweight women do not wish to reduce their weight to an ‘acceptable’ level. There is also evidence that 12 to 16 per cent of young adult women wish to achieve or maintain underweight status. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to weight control policies.
SELF‐REPORTED HEARING LOSS AMONG WORKERS EXPOSED TO INDUSTRIAL NOISE. ANALYSIS OF U.S. SURVEILLANCE DATA WITH REFERENCE TO THE AUSTRALIAN ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Gun R.T. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAging and noise are the two main causes of hearing loss. To estimate the extent to which hearing loss is due to noise and is therefore preventable, an analysis was undertaken, using U.S. surveillance data, of the prevalence of hearing loss in workers in industries categorised according to the percentages of the workforce exposed to noise levels of 85 dBA or more. It was estimated that 13 per cent of the U.S. workforce was exposed to these noise levels, and that occupational noise exposure accounted for 20 per cent of self‐reported hearing loss in the male workforce. Applying the industry‐specific exposures to Australia, it is estimated that some 657,000 workers are exposed to noise levels of 85 dBA or more in this country. Australian Bureau of Statistics data indicate that constant noise accounts for 38 per cent of self‐reported hearing loss in Australian adult males (although this figure would include hearing loss due to non‐occupational noise). Data from both countries indicate that the prevalence of noise‐induced hearing loss in females is negligible.
MAINTENANCE VS REHABILITATION IN HOME CARE OF THE AGED AND DISABLED — THE ROLE OF THE PARAMEDICAL AIDE
Authors: Abbott David , Hobbin Elizabeth 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper reviews an attempt to change the focus of work of Paramedical Aides (PMAs) in a South Australian domiciliary care and rehabilitation service. Faced with a rapid rise in the number of clients, and a demand for maintenance care at the expense of rehabilitation, the service put four supernumerary PMAs to work as ‘dedicated’ rehabilitative aides under the direct supervision of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy professional staff.Evaluation of the scheme showed an increased rate of case closures, an increase in the time spent by health professionals in assessment and treatment, and increased job satisfaction, during the project period. Dedication of a nucleus of PMAs to a rehabilitation role was also seen as the most efficient arrangement in a context of high referral rates and caseloads.
ESTIMATES OF THE NUMBER OF REGULAR ILLEGAL OPIATE USERS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA: AN UPDATE AND EVALUATION
Authors: Marlowe Rhett , Cooke Richard , Farmer Ann 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA revised capture‐recapture formula is used to provide estimates of the number of regular illegal opiate users in South Australia in the early 1980s and to compare these with those of the mid 1970s. Using sample size and variance as reliability criteria, no conclusion could be reached regarding any change in the prevalence of opiate users. The assumptions of the capture‐recapture method were also examined, especially the possible effect of assumption violations on estimate reliability and validity. The major threat to reliability is the probable violation of the assumption that all population members have the same chance of being sampled. The utility of the capture‐recapture method is not in providing precise estimates, but rather in identifying trends in the prevalence of illegal opiate use.
RELATIONSHIP OF COMBINATIONS OF AIDS COUNSELLING AND TESTING TO SAFER SEX AND CONDOM USE IN HOMOSEXUAL MEN
Authors: Ross Michael W. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn a cross‐sectional survey of 172 homosexual men in a city of one million inhabitants, questions were asked on testing for AIDS and counselling history, sexual practices, prophylactic behaviours, condom use and associations with the gay subculture along with other background variables. Respondents were divided into four groups: those who had had both HIV testing and safer sex counselling, those who had only had testing, those who had only had counselling, and those who had had neither. All but 4 per cent of respondents had heard of safer sex. Results showed that increase in comdom use for both oral and anal sex, and stopping prior to ejaculation were associated with the combined testing and counselling group, and occurred significantly more often than the counselling only and no intervention groups. The testing only group fell midway between the counselling plus testing and the counselling only, and no intervention groups. A scale constructed by summing the four measures of safer sex showed that testing only, and counselling and testing combined were significantly superior in terms of safer sex practices than the counselling and no intervention groups. Correlates of being given a condom at point of testing included increased insertive anal intercourse and stopping before ejaculation as well as increased condom use during anal intercourse. These findings suggest that provision of free condoms in a context of professional and peer support may enhance condom usage during behaviours known to transmit HIV. While these data may be interpreted with caution with regard to causality, they do imply (in the absence of evidence that such behaviours characterise individuals who present for HIV‐related interventions) that some interventions or combinations of interventions are significantly more effective than others.
AUCKLAND HOMOSEXUAL MALES AND AIDS PREVENTION: A BEHAVIOURAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION
Authors: Rosser B.R. Simon 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis, the first major study of male homosexual behaviour in New Zealand to be published, reports demographic and behavioural characteristics of 159 homosexual and bisexual males in Auckland. While more respondents were in relationships than in comparable North American studies, fewer were in relationships of greater than one year's duration. Older respondents tended to be disproportionately European. Condom usage, intravenous drug behaviour, AIDS education and AIDS proximity were all investigated. Homosexual behaviour is described using four categories of risk of HIV transmission: low risk, uncertain risk, risk due to co‐factors, and high‐risk activity. The implications of these results for AIDS prevention education and the spread of AIDS in New Zealand are discussed.
REHABILITATION PROGRAMS FOR DRINK DRIVERS: A CRITICAL APPRAISAL
Authors: Redman Selina , Sanson‐Fisher Robert , Cockburn Jill 
Published: August 2010

AbstractRehabilitation programs for drink drivers have been implemented throughout Australia in an attempt to reduce alcohol related road traffic accidents. Using a rationale proposed by Tugwell et al., the success of rehabilitation programs as a public health measure was assessed. The evaluative literature was reviewed and a survey of ongoing rehabilitation programs in Australia and New Zealand was undertaken. It was concluded that rehabilitation programs for drink drivers should currently be implemented only with caution, since there is a lack of appropriate data about their operation and effectiveness within Australia. Future research needs are discussed.
DRUG USE AMONG SYDNEY TEENAGERS IN 1985 AND 1986
Authors: Levy Susan J. , Pierce John P. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTo investigate adolescent drug use behaviour, a random community sample of Sydney teenagers aged 14 to 19 years was interviewed at home in 1985 (N=996) and again in 1986 (N=756). Respondents were asked about current use of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, other illicit drugs, medications and inhalants. Drug use was common: 16 per cent of respondents were heavy drinkers, 28 per cent smoked tobacco, 10 per cent used marijuana and 4 per cent used drugs other than alcohol, tobacco or marijuana. Seventeen per cent were multiple drug users. Drug use was more common among boys than girls, except for tobacco smoking, and increased with age: older males had particularly high prevalences of heavy drinking, tobacco and marijuana use. The prevalence of heavy drinking, tobacco and marijuana use increased by 2–3 percent over the one year follow‐up period. About half of the heavy drinkers and marijuana users, and 80 per cent of tobacco smokers had not changed one year later, which indicates the stability of these behaviours. One‐third of eligible teenagers contacted at the first interview declined to participate: it is likely that this study underestimates the prevalence of drug use in the community. Heavy drinking, tobacco smoking and marijuana use remain important target behaviours for adolescent drug use prevention programs.
FROM MEDIBANK TO MEDICARE: TRENDS IN AUSTRALIAN MEDICAL CARE COSTS AND USE FROM 1976 TO 1986
Authors: Barer Morris , Nicoll Mary , Diesendorf Mark , Harvey Roy 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPrivate medical care costs and service use in Australia from 1976 to 1986 are compared. In each of these years Australia had a compulsory, universal, fee‐for‐service, national health insurance scheme ‐ Medibank in 1976 and Medicare in 1986.Over the period of 1976 to 1986, the number of private medical services per capita, in the 6 month period 1 April to 30 September, increased from 2.79 to 3.95, an increase of 3.54 per cent per year. The cost of services per capita, adjusted for increases in schedule fees for each item‐group of services (the ‘fee‐adjusted cost’), grew at a rate of 3.91 per cent per year.The results are reported by subsets of age, sex and item‐group of service. It is found that very little of the large increases in use and cost of services can be attributed to demographic changes or population growth. Rather, they represent rapid increases in age and sex‐specific rates of use, primarily among the very young, the very old and, for some types of service, women of child‐bearing age. The most dramatic increases in service use are found in pathology, radiotherapy and miscellaneous procedures.
INCINERATION: WHY THIS MAY BE THE MOST ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND METHOD OF RENAL HEALTHCARE WASTE DISPOSAL
Authors: James Ray 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe environment and ‘green’ issues are currently being promoted in the healthcare sector through recently launched initiatives. This paper considers aspects of healthcare waste management, with particular reference to waste generated in dialysis units. With dialysis being dependent upon large amounts of disposables, it generates considerable volumes of waste. This paper focuses upon a typical haemodialysis unit, evaluating and quantifying the volumes and categories of waste generated. Each haemodialysis patient on thrice weekly dialysis generates some 323 kg per year of waste, of which 271 kg is classified as clinical. This equates to 1626 kg of (solid) clinical waste per dialysis bed, which is around three times the volume of clinical waste generated per general hospital bed.Waste disposal routes are considered and this suggests that present healthcare waste paradigms are outmoded. They do not allow for flexible approaches to solving what is a dynamic problem, and there is a need for new thinking models in terms of managing the unsustainable situation of disposal in constantly growing landfills.Healthcare waste management must be considered not only in terms of the environmental impact and potential long‐term health effects, but also in terms of society's future energy requirements.
RIDING THE EMOTIONAL ROLLERCOASTER: RENAL TRANSPLANT FROM A DOCTOR'S PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Thomas Duncan 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThis account is of the pathway to a renal transplant. It is my feelings and conception of the journey acknowledging the psychological impact along the way. The workload before transplantation and my unappreciated desire to delay the operation are discussed. The search for the donor was difficult as I had to come to terms with being the person responsible for giving my mother pain and suffering. The outcome is good and my desire to thank my mother is overwhelming.
The Sinanthropus Population of Choukoutien (Locality 1) with a Preliminary Report on New Discoveries
Authors: Weidenreich Franz 
Published: August 2010

1) The newly found specimens confirm the fact that Sinanthropusrepresents an independent hominid type distinctly inferior to Neanderthal man and showing definite anthropoid peculiarities in many features.2) The teeth of Sinanthropus exceed in size those of recent andNeanderthal man. Premolars and molars are very complicated in their pattern, especially in regard to the abundance of wrinkles and they are hardly inferior to those of chimpanzee, but they exceed them in coarseness.The upper canine of Sinanthropus is long and wide and projects remarkably like a tusk beyond the level of P1. The upper milk canine is isolatedfrom both its neighbors by gaps, in the dentition of milk teeth. The teeth of recent man, in crowns as well as in roots, are simplified and reduced in comparison to those of Sinanthropus; this primitiveness is not basic but a secondary acquisition.3) The teeth (milk and permanent) of Sinanthropus are more variable in size than those of a corresponding population of recent man. Therefore, a sexual difference must be recognized like that of the Simiid&aelig.4) In two (three) of the four adult jaws there are hyperostoses— “Torus mandibularis”—on the inner side of the alveolar part, the largest of which is situated just linguad of the alveolar septum between P1and P2The same peculiarity may be found in prehistoric and in recent Chinese jaws and, according to Fürst, is very characteristic of the Mongolian racial group of mankind, especially the Eskimo.5) In Sinanthropus all upper incisors are very much shovel‐shaped. This peculiarity too is found in the corresponding teeth of the recent Mongolian race in sometimes nearly 100% of the population.6) The facts mentioned under 4) and 5) seem to prove that Sinanthropus takes his place in the direct line leading to recent man and that among present‐day mankind the Mongolian group has the closest relation to Peking man.7) An inventory of all specimens of Locality 1 leads to the conclusion that the population of Choukoutien must have been composed of at least 10 children, 2 adolescents and 12 adults; perhaps one half of these were male and the other half female.8) Most of these individuals are represented by teeth or jaws only, some by skull fragments and two or three by specimens of body bones. The missing bones cannot have been lost during the filling up of the cave or the fossilization process or during the subsequent excavations, but must have been absent already when the bones were imbedded in the rocks.9) The Sinanthropus remains must have been brought into the cave as parts already severed from the body; perhaps they represent trophies or, more probably, the hunting spoil of head hunters.10) There is not the least indication that this hunter was another and more advanced hominid type than Sinanthropus himself. Sinanthropus was the bearer of the cave culture of Choukoutien, the fire‐maker and the manufacture of the implements, perhaps also both the hunter and the cannibal who preyed on people of his own kind.
Redistribution with Growth—a reply*
Authors: Jolly Richard 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY Although Colin Leys argues that Redistribution with Growth is directed against revolutionary change, this article shows the charge to be unjustified. The quantitative models which the IBRD/IDS volume develops to analyse distribution and growth, and the basic strategies considered, are as equally applicable to socialist as to capitalist transformations. It is not RwG which rules out radical change—it is rather Colin Leys who attempts to rule out serious consideration of what might be done to alleviate poverty and improve income distribution when radical change appears very unlikely. This article elaborates these points, beginning with a summary of the basic argument of RwG and concluding with an alternative statement of the weaknesses in RwG and of fruitful directions for future work and refinement.RESUME Redistribution avec croissance—une réponseQuoique Colin Leys soutienne que Redistribution avec croissance est dirigé contre le changement révolutionnaire, cette analyse peut se voir reprocher d'ètre injustifiée. Les modèles quantitatifs que le volume IBRD/IDS développe pour analyser la distribution avec croissance et les stratégies de base qui sont évaluées sont tout aussi bien applicables à des transformations socialistes que capitalistes. Ce n'est pas le RAC qui détermine le changement radical—mais c'est plutôt Colin Leys qui tente d'établir à quel point il est nécessaire de prendre en considération ce qui devrait être fait pour alléger la pauvreté et améliorer la distribution du revenu lorsque le changement radical parait très improbable. Cet article élabore ces points en commençant par un résumé de I'argument de base du RAC et en concluant par une affirmation portant à la fois sur les faiblesses dans le RAC et les directions fructueuses pour le travail futur.RESUMEN Redistribución con Crecimiento—una RéplicaAunque Colin Leys sostiene que Redistribución con Crecimiento está dirigido contra el cambio revolucionario, este artículo muestra que el cargo es injustificado. Los modelos cuantitativos que el volumen del IBRD/IDS desarrolla para analizar la distribución el crecimiento, las estrategias básicas consideradas, son igualmente aplicables tanto a las transformaciones capitalistas como a las socialistas. No es RCC el que descarta un cambio radical, sino más bien Colin Leys el que descarta toda consideración seria de lo que podría hacerse para aliviar la pobreza mejorar la distribución del ingreso, cuando un cambio radical aparece altamente improbable. Este artículo desarrolla estos puntos, comenzando con un resumen del argumento básico de RCC, para concluir con una exposición sobre las debilidades de RCC los lineamientos fructíferos para un trabajo un refinamiento futuros.
Administrative Training: Doublethink and Newspeak
Authors: Minogue Martin 
Published: August 2010

Summary Administrative training is a growth industry, and has developed a philosophy and practice. The philosophy consists of claims about the purposes and results of training which the practice cannot substantiate. Those involved in the ‘industry’ are aware of this, and resist real evaluation of their claims, which consist essentially in using the expansionist philosophy of training to create or justify personal or institutional benefits. The costs of this ‘double‐think’ strategy are not defined. Instead, a special language is deliberately constructed to avoid precise meaning: a form of ‘newspeak’, which reduces the possibilities for effective debate of issues which deserve penetrating reappraisal.Resume Formation administrative: “Doublethink” et “New‐speak”La formation administrative est une industrie en croissance et a donné naissance à une doctrine et à une pratique. La doctrine consiste en des affirmations sur les objectifs et les résultats de la formation que la pratique ne peut justifier. Tous ceux qui sont dans cette “industrie” s'en rendent compte et refusent une réelle évaluation de leurs affirmations qui consistent essentiellement à utiliser la doctrine expansionniste de la formation pour créer et justifier les bénéfices personnels et institutionnels. Le prix de cette stratégie de “doublethink” n'est pas déterminé. Mais au contraire, un langage spécial est délibérément créé pour éviter un sens trop précis: une forme de “newspeak” qui réduit la possibilité de débattre efficacement des problèmes qui demandent à être réévalués.Resumen Formación Administrativa: “Doublethink” y “New‐speak”La formación administrativa es una industria en crecimiento y ha desarrollado una filosofía y una práctica. La filosofía consiste en pretensiones sobre los propósitos y los resultados de la formación que no se pueden cristalizar en la práctica. Los que intervienen en la industria están conscientes de esto y resisten la evaluación real de sus pretensiones, que fundamentalmente consisten en usar la filosofía expansionista de la formación para crear o justificar beneficios personales o institucionales. No se determinan los costos de esta estrategia de “doublethink”. En cambio, se ha creado deliberadamente un lenguage especial para evitar los significados precisos: una forma de “newspeak” que reduce las posibilidades de debate eficaz sobre temas que merecen una nueva evaluación penetrante.