bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution and long‐term features of the spatial variations of the moisture regions over India
Authors: Singh Nityanand , Pant G. B. , Mulye S. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDifferent moisture regions of India exhibit large spatial variations as part of their natural characteristics. In this paper the spatial variations of these regions are studied using annual rainfall data of 306 well‐distributed stations for the 114‐year period from 1871 to 1984. The distribution characteristics are studied by determining positions of different moisture regions for sufficiently large probabilities using an average probability diagram (APD), which presents variation of the annual rainfall expected with specified exceedance/non‐exceedance probabilities with the variation of the mean annual rainfall over India.For determining long‐term features of the moisture regions, variations in the boundaries of the moisture regions are examined during all‐India deficient/excessive rainfall years as well as during wet/dry epochs identified in the all‐India annual rainfall series. It is noticed that boundaries of different moisture regions fluctuate in space along with the annual rainfall over India. During all‐India below‐normal rainfall years dry regions spread into wet regions, whereas the reverse is the case during above‐normal rainfall years. The extremely arid, arid, and semi‐arid zones of north‐west India have been found to exhibit maximum variations.
Regional airflow patterns in the British Isles
Authors: Mayes Julian C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe study of regional airflow types in the British Isles is put forward as an appropriate technique to quantify the extent to which daily airflow patterns diverge in different parts of the country. The role of regional airflow patterns in relation to regional rainfall fluctuations is investigated. The historical development of existing airflow classifications for the British Isles is reviewed, highlighting the absence of recent studies of regional airflow.A daily classification has been devised covering four regions of the country for the period 1950–1989. The aims and methodology are illustrated over various time‐scales by analysis of the airflow patterns of selected days, months, and years. Monthly airflow contrasts are identified by conversion of the types to index values and thence to quintiles, upon which regional airflow contrasts are defined. The resulting regional contrast groups are often found to correspond with rainfall anomaly patterns. Regional synoptic anomalies are investigated as possible causes of recent rainfall fluctuations in the British Isles. Particular emphasis is placed on the increase in westerliness in Scotland and increases in rainfall in western Scotland in recent decades and on the concentration of anticyclonic conditions in the south‐east region in the 1980s compared with Scotland.
Analysis of the monthly zonal index values and long‐term changes of circulation over the North Atlantic and Europe
Authors: Makrogiannis T. J. , Sahsamanoglou H. S. , Flocas A. A. , Bloutsos A. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMean monthly zonal index (ZIm) values over the North Atlantic and Europe, during the period 1873–1988, are studied. The frequency distribution of the percentage occurrence of the mean monthly ZIm values and the length of the spells of low and high ZIm values show that the predominant flow over the North Atlantic is westerly, while over Europe it is meridional. Harmonic analysis is applied to the mean annual course of the ZIm values for each of the above areas, which shows that the two first components are enough to explain more than 90 per cent of the total variance. Power spectrum analysis of the mean monthly ZIm values shows significant periodicities common to both the examined areas of the order of 18 months and less. Coherence analysis also shows that both areas are better correlated in the low frequency ranges.
The problem of multiplicity in research on teleconnections
Authors: Katz Richard W. , Brown Barbara G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe statistical problem of multiplicity in teleconnection studies was recognized early in this century by Sir Gilbert T. Walker. This problem arises when several sample correlation coefficients between climatic/oceanic time series are computed, but only the largest ones in magnitude are selected as significant. Testing a large number of hypotheses leads to a rapid increase in the probability of erroneously rejecting at least one hypothesis if the significance level of each test is kept fixed. Walker developed methods to counteract the effects of multiplicity, but this problem is still ignored in most modern studies. The effects of multiplicity are compounded for time series with autocorrelation, as is the case for most climatic variables. Monte Carlo simulations of sets of climatic time series indicate that multiplicity can be counteracted by using a modernized version of Walker's approach that includes a correction of the test statistics for the effects of autocorrelation. Overall significance levels obtained by applying other testing approaches that fail to account for either multiplicity or autocorrelation are generally much larger than the desired value.
Wave climate changes in the North Atlantic and North Sea
Authors: Bacon S. , Carter D. J. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis article presents a review of all available data describing long‐term trends in the wave climate of the North Atlantic and North Sea, using both visual estimates and instrumental measurements of wave height. Long series of measurements from Seven Stones Light Vessel (1962–1986), sited off the south‐west tip of England, and Ocean Weather Station Lima (1975–1988), at 57°N,20°W, are both examined for evidence of trends in mean wave height; the former data set is also examined for evidence of trends in annual maximum wave height and extreme (50‐year return value) wave height. All available data show an increase in mean wave height over the whole of the North Atlantic in recent years, possibly since 1950, of about 2 per cent per year. There are insufficient data to say with confidence whether maxima or extremes have also risen.
Short‐term precipitation maxima in different precipitation climate zones of croatia, Yugoslavia
Authors: Gajić‐Čapka Marjana 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe climatic characteristics of maximum precipitation amounts for short‐term intervals of 10, 30, 60 and 120 minutes as well as for 24h were investigated along the Zagreb‐Rijeka transect of about 150 km in length. Three selected stations were located in three different climatic zones: continental lowland, transitional mountainous area between the Alps and the mountain ridge of Dinaridi, and the Adriatic coast.The Jenkinson method was used to estimate the expected precipitation maxima for various return periods.The frequency distribution of maximum precipitation amounts during the year was analysed in relation to the synoptic situations.
Prediction of seasonal rainfall in the north nordeste of Brazil using eigenvectors of sea‐surface temperature
Authors: Ward M. Neil , Folland Chris K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo statistical techniques, multiple linear regression and linear discriminant analysis, are compared for making hindcasts and real‐time forecasts of north Nordeste (north‐east Brazil) wet season rainfall using only information about sea‐surface temperature. The predictors are strengths of large‐scale patterns of sea‐surface temperature measured just prior to the season being predicted. The patterns are created from non‐rotated covariance eigenvectors of seasonal, basin scale, sea‐surface temperature anomalies for the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in the years 1901–1980.Separate prediction models are constructed for 1912–1948 and 1949–1985; hindcasts using a given model are made and verified for the set of years not included in the model construction. However, this strategy does not provide hindcast periods that are completely independent of the model construction period (the ‘training period’), because the eigenvector patterns were based on 1901–1980 data. So for the multiple linear regression technique, a second version of the eigenvectors was used to provide predictor sea‐surface temperature patterns derived from data that were independent of one of the testing periods. The results show that skill was maintained when the predictor eigenvector patterns were also independent of the testing period. Hindcast skill is measured with the help of a new type of score, which calculates the linear error of the hindcast in a historical cumulative probability distribution of the seasonal rainfall (linear error in probability space, LEPS). Well‐known scores are also used to allow easy comparisons with the skill of tropical forecasting techniques published elsewhere. At least 50 per cent of north Nordeste wet season rainfall variance appears to be predictable using sea‐surface temperature data alone, with no significant overall bias.Finally, the paper reviews the skill of four, real time, experimental seasonal forecasts issued for the wet season March to May for each year between 1987 and 1990.
The relationship of monsoon onset with subsequent rainfall over India
Authors: Bansod S. D. , Singh S. V. , Kripalani R. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUtilizing 40 (1941–1980) years of daily monsoon rainfall data averaged over 52, 2.5° × 2.5° latitude and longitude contiguous blocks covering the whole of India, we have investigated the relationship between monsoon onset at nine locations in India with the monsoon rainfall during the first 10, 15, 20, and 30 days of June and during the whole monsoon season. The onset is found to have a significant association only with rainfall observed during the subperiod of June, no significant correlations are found for the seasonal monsoon rainfall for any station. Interrelationships among onsets at these nine locations have also been studied. It is found that the arrival of the monsoon over the northern parts of the country has no relationship with the onset over Kerala. The relationship between the onset of the Baiu rains over 11 stations in Japan and the monsoon onset over India also has been studied by using 35 (1946–1980) years of data. Even though the onset of the Baiu over a few stations shows significant association with the monsoon onset over some stations of India, the relationship between the Baiu and monsoon onset is not very encouraging for linear prediction.
Velocity‐dependent changes in the relative motion of the subsynovial connective tissue in the human carpal tunnel
Authors: Yoshii Yuichi , Zhao Chunfeng , Henderson Jacqueline , Zhao Kristin D. , An Kai‐Nan , Amadio Peter C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to measure the rate‐dependent changes in the relative motion of subsynovial connective tissue (SSCT) and median nerve in the human carpal tunnel. Using fluoroscopy, we measured the relative motion of middle finger flexor digitorum superficialis tendon, SSCT, and median nerve in eight human cadavers during simulated active finger flexion motions at 2.0, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 mm/s. The shear index was defined as the difference in motion between tendon and SSCT or tendon and nerve, expressed as a percentage of tendon excursion. The motion patterns of the SSCT and median nerve relative to tendon excursion were measured at each 10% increment (decile) of maximum tendon excursion. The tendon–SSCT shear index was significantly higher at 10.0 mm/s than at 2.0 mm/s in the single‐digit motion. There were corresponding significant decreases in SSCT and median nerve motion for the 10.0 mm/s velocity compared to the 2.0 mm/s velocity. This study demonstrates that the relative motion of the tissues in the carpal tunnel appears to be dependent on tendon velocity, specifically with less nerve and SSCT motion at higher velocity tendon motion. This suggests that SSCT may be predisposed to shear injury from high‐velocity tendon motion. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:62–66, 2011
Role of autologous rabbit adipose‐derived stem cells in the early phases of the repairing process of critical bone defects
Authors: de Girolamo L. , Arrigoni E. , Stanco D. , Lopa S. , Di Giancamillo A. , Addis A. , Borgonovo S. , Dellavia C. , Domeneghini C. , Brini A.T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAdipose‐derived stem cells (ASCs) may represent a novel and efficient tool to promote bone regeneration. In this study, rabbit ASCs were expanded in culture and used for the regeneration of full‐thickness bone defects in the proximal epiphysis of tibia of 12 New Zealand rabbits. Defects were implanted with graft material as follows: untreated (control), empty hydroxyapatite (HA) disk, ASCs alone, and HA disk seeded with ASCs. Each isolated ASCs population was tested in vitro: they all showed a high proliferation rate, a marked clonogenic ability, and osteogenic differentiation potential. Eight weeks after implantation, macroscopic analyses of all the samples showed satisfactory filling of the lesions without any significant differences in term of stiffness between groups treated with or without cells (p > 0.05). In both the scaffold‐treated groups, a good osteointegration was radiographically observed. Even if HA was not completely reabsorbed, ASCs‐loaded HA displayed a higher scaffold resorption than the unloaded ones. Histological analyses showed that the osteogenic abilities of the scaffold‐treated defects was greater than those of scaffold‐free samples, and in particular new formed bone was more mature and more similar to native bone in presence of ASCs. These results demonstrated that autologous ASCs–HA constructs is a potential treatment for the regeneration of bone defects. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:100–108, 2011
Low‐intensity ultrasound stimulation prevents osteoporotic bone loss in young adult ovariectomized mice
Authors: Lim Dohyung , Ko Chang‐Yong , Seo Dong Hyun , Woo Dae Gon , Kim Jin Man , Chun Keyoung Jin , Kim Han Sung 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOsteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass, increased bone fragility, and a greater risk for bone fracture. Currently, pharmacological intervention can generally aid in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, but these therapies are often accompanied by undesirable side effects. Therefore, alternative therapies that minimize side effects are necessary. Biophysical stimuli, especially low‐intensity ultrasound stimulation (LIUS), may be potential alternatives to drug‐based therapies for osteoporosis. Hence, we sought to address whether LIUS therapy can effectively prevent or treat osteoporotic bone loss induced by estrogen deficiency. LIUS (1.5 MHz frequency, 1.0 kHz pulse repetition on frequency, 30 mW/cm2 intensity, 200 µs pulse length) was applied to right tibiae of eight 14‐week‐old ovariectomized virgin ICR female mice for 20 min per day, 5 days per week, over a 6‐week period. Changes in 3D structural bone characteristics were detected using in vivo micro‐computed tomography. Left tibiae served as controls. Structural characteristics including bone volume/tissue volume, trabecular number, trabecular bone pattern factor, and mean polar moment inertia were significantly enhanced 6 weeks after LIUS compared to the control, nonstimulated group (p < 0.05). In particular, the bone volume/tissue volume in the region exposed directly to LIUS was significantly higher in the treated group (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that new bone formation may be activated or that bone structure may be maintained by LIUS, and that LIUS may be effective for preventing estrogen deficiency‐induced bone loss. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:116–125, 2011
Is elevated contact stress predictive of post‐traumatic osteoarthritis for imprecisely reduced tibial plafond fractures?
Authors: Anderson Donald D. , Van Hofwegen Christopher , Marsh J. Lawrence , Brown Thomas D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDespite the widely held belief that residual incongruities from intra‐articular fractures subject the joint to contact stresses that predispose to post‐traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA), objective evidence has been lacking. This study tested the hypothesis that a metric of elevated contact stress exposure would predict the onset of PTOA. The ankles of 10 tibial plafond fracture patients were treated initially using a spanning fixator, with subsequent screw fixation of the articular surface. Following up on an earlier report of finite element computed post‐operative contact stress distributions in these patients' ankles, Kellgren–Lawrence (KL) scores were assessed from minimum 2‐year follow‐up radiographs to characterize the presence/severity of PTOA. At that time point, seven patients had developed PTOA (KL ≥ 2). Five different metrics of contact stress exposure were calculated, all of which exhibited excellent concordance with KL scores, ranging from 88% to 95%. When time of stress exposure was included, one metric was able to predict PTOA development (KL ≥ 2) with 100% reliability, and all metrics exhibited >94% prediction reliability. These findings, albeit in a small population, support the existence of a contact stress exposure threshold above which incongruously reduced tibial plafond fractures are highly likely to develop PTOA. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:33–39, 2011
Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) on silver colloids for the identification of ancient textile dyes. Part II: pomegranate and sumac
Authors: Bruni Silvia , Guglielmi Vittoria , Pozzi Federica , Mercuri Anna Maria 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effectiveness of surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) spectrocsopy on Ag colloids has been successfully demonstrated for the identification of a yellow dye in two ancient wool threads found in the Royal Tumulus of In Aghelachem, Libyan Sahara, belonging to the Garamantian period (2nd–3rd century A.D.). High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) highlighted the presence of ellagic acid in the extracts from the threads, excluding other chromophores. This result, together with the abundance of malic acid detected by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), suggested the possible use of pomegranate rind or sumac berries as source of the yellow dye, both plants being documented in the Fezzan area during the Garamantian period. HPLC analyses and SERS spectra acquired on the extracts of the ancient threads were therefore compared with those obtained from pomegranate and sumac extracts of the corresponding fruits and reference dyed wool samples, allowing us to identify the yellow dye as deriving from pomegranate (Punica granatumL.). SERS spectra of ellagic acid and dyes extracted from pomegranate rind and sumac berries are reported here for the first time. A methodological improvement is also presented, based on the use of NaClO4as aggregating agent, that leads to a significant increase of the signal‐to‐noise ratio in the SERS spectra. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment and outcomes for epistaxis in children with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia
Authors: Rosas R. Raul , Kurth Margaret Heisel , Sidman James 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:To understand Glanzmann's thrombasthenia and provide insight to the management of epistaxis in children with this disease.Study Design:Retrospective chart review.Methods:All children diagnosed with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia and treated for epistaxis at Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota were identified and a retrospective chart review was performed. Outpatient charts, hospitalization records, and operative reports were reviewed from 1999 up to 2009 and appropriate data were extracted. The episodes of epistaxis, therapy used, complications, and success rates for controlling hemorrhage were noted.Results:Five children with a total of 63 clinical encounters for epistaxis were identified. Forty‐seven encounters required hospitalization, close to half of which necessitated medical care in the intensive care unit. Nearly all encounters required infusion of hemostatic therapy with either single or multiple agents. Seventy‐one procedures for life‐threatening hemorrhage were performed. The most common (n = 24) intervention was administration of bovine collagen matrix, which was successful only half of the time (50%). Anterior and posterior nasal packing with or without hemostatic material completely resolved hemorrhage in 35% of the procedures.Conclusions:To date, no form of medical or surgical intervention in children with this condition has consistently demonstrated its ability resolve nasal hemorrhage. The role of the otolaryngologist is to control bleeding during major episodes of nasal hemorrhage that do not respond to medical management. These patients usually have remarkable improvement in the frequency and severity of epistaxis in adolescence and then require much less aggressive therapy. Laryngoscope, 120:2374–2377, 2010
Role of tumor necrosis factor–α in wound repair in human vocal fold fibroblasts
Authors: Chen Xia , Thibeault Susan L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:Tumor necrosis factor–α (TNF‐α) is an inflammatory cytokine and apoptotic molecule that appears to be a mediator in inflammation and fibrosis. The objective of this investigation was to examine the effects of TNF‐α on 3D Carbylan‐GSX in vitro cultured human vocal fold fibroblasts (hVFFs), to provide insight into the mechanism responsible for the improved vocal fold wound healing that has been previous reported with Carbylan‐GSX treatment.Study Design:In vitro cell culture.Methods:hVFF were cultured in 3D Carbylan‐GSX and on polystyrene with different dosages of TNF‐α (0, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 ng/mL) with and without 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). hVFF response to TNF‐α was characterized by morphology, proliferation rates, and gene transcript levels for matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3), collagen I, collagen III, fibronectin, and TNF‐α receptor.Results:In 3D Carbylan‐GSX, TNF‐α inhibited hVFF proliferation in a dose‐dependent manner. TNF‐α (0.1–100 ng/mL) was shown to significantly downregulate TIMP3 and extracellular matrix–related mRNA transcript levels for collagen III and fibronectin and to upregulate MMP1 and MMP2 expression, resulting in increased MMP/TIMP3 ratios. TNF‐α receptor expression was significantly upregulated in Carbylan‐GSX compared to control polystyrene. Responses were more marked in 10% FBS culture.Conclusions:After vocal fold injury, locally injected Carbylan‐GSX can enhance the role of TNF‐α in remodeling the lamina propria layer of the vocal fold, accelerating wound healing. Carbylan‐GSX has potential as a new therapeutic approach that may lead to better treatment of vocal fold wound healing. Laryngoscope, 2010
Comparison of gentamicin distribution in the inner ear following administration via the endolymphatic sac or round window
Authors: Zhang Yiliang , Zhang Ru , Dai Chunfu , Steyger Peter S. , Yu Yongfu 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjective/Hypothesis:The distribution of gentamicin in the inner ear via the endolymphatic sac (ES) or round window (RW) routes was investigated.Study Design:Experimental study.Methods:A fluorescent gentamicin‐Texas Red conjugate (GTTR) was adopted to visualize the gentamicin. Adult guinea pigs were treated with GTTR applied to the ES or RW, the animals were allowed to recover for 3 days, then confocal microscopy was used to observe and quantify GTTR distributions in cochlear and vestibular sensory epithelium.Results:When GTTR was applied via the ES, strong GTTR labeling was observed in the vestibule while little GTTR was detected in the cochlea (P < .0001). However, distinct GTTR fluorescence was observed in the cochlea and vestibule following RW application (P = .7967). There was less GTTR labeling in cochlea via ES application than through RW administration (P < .0001).Conclusions:ES drug application may be preferable for the treatment of intractable Meniere's disease. Laryngoscope, 2010