bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cholesteryl butyrate solid lipid nanoparticles inhibit the adhesion and migration of colon cancer cells
Authors: Minelli R , Serpe L , Pettazzoni P , Minero V , Barrera G , Gigliotti CL , Mesturini R , Rosa AC , Gasco P , Vivenza N , Muntoni E , Fantozzi R , Dianzani U , Zara GP , Dianzani C 
Published: November 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSECholesteryl butyrate solid lipid nanoparticles (cholbut SLN) provide a delivery system for the anti‐cancer drug butyrate. These SLN inhibit the adhesion of polymorphonuclear cells to the endothelium and may act as anti‐inflammatory agents. As cancer cell adhesion to endothelium is crucial for metastasis dissemination, here we have evaluated the effect of cholbut SLN on adhesion and migration of cancer cells.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHCholbut SLN was incubated with a number of cancer cell lines or human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and adhesion was quantified by a computerized micro‐imaging system. Migration was detected by the scratch ‘wound‐healing’ assay and the Boyden chamber invasion assay. Expression of ERK and p38 MAPK was analysed by Western blot. Expression of the mRNA for E‐cadherin and claudin‐1 was measured by RT‐PCR.KEY RESULTSCholbut SLN inhibited HUVEC adhesiveness to cancer cell lines derived from human colon–rectum, breast, prostate cancers and melanoma. The effect was concentration and time‐dependent and exerted on both cancer cells and HUVEC. Moreover, these SLN inhibited migration of cancer cells and substantially down‐modulated ERK and p38 phosphorylation. The anti‐adhesive effect was additive to that induced by the triggering of B7h, which is another stimulus inhibiting both ERK and p38 phosphorylation, and cell adhesiveness. Furthermore, cholbut SLN induced E‐cadherin and inhibited claudin‐1 expression in HUVEC.CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONSThese results suggest that cholbut SLN could act as an anti‐metastastic agent and they add a new mechanism to the anti‐tumour activity of this multifaceted preparation of butyrate.
Are Causal Structure and Intervention Judgments Inextricably Linked? A Developmental Study
Authors: Frosch Caren A. , McCormack Teresa , Lagnado David A. , Burns Patrick 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe application of the formal framework of causal Bayesian Networks to children’s causal learning provides the motivation to examine the link between judgments about the causal structure of a system, and the ability to make inferences about interventions on components of the system. Three experiments examined whether children are able to make correct inferences about interventions on different causal structures. The first two experiments examined whether children’s causal structure and intervention judgments were consistent with one another. In Experiment 1, children aged between 4 and 8 years made causal structure judgments on a three‐component causal system followed by counterfactual intervention judgments. In Experiment 2, children’s causal structure judgments were followed by intervention judgments phrased as future hypotheticals. In Experiment 3, we explicitly told children what the correct causal structure was and asked them to make intervention judgments. The results of the three experiments suggest that the representations that support causal structure judgments do not easily support simple judgments about interventions in children. We discuss our findings in light of strong interventionist claims that the two types of judgments should be closely linked.
Hypoxia‐inducible factor 1–mediated human GATA1 induction promotes erythroid differentiation under hypoxic conditions
Authors: Zhang Feng‐Lin , Shen Guo‐Min , Liu Xiao‐Ling , Wang Fang , Zhao Ying‐Ze , Zhang Jun‐Wu 
Published: November 2011

AbstractHypoxia‐inducible factor promotes erythropoiesis through coordinated cell type–specific hypoxia responses. GATA1 is essential to normal erythropoiesis and plays a crucial role in erythroid differentiation. In this study, we show that hypoxia‐induced GATA1 expression is mediated by HIF1 in erythroid cells. Under hypoxic conditions, significantly increased GATA1 mRNA and protein levels were detected in K562 cells and erythroid induction cultures of CD34+ haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Enforced HIF1α expression increased GATA1 expression, while HIF1α knockdown by RNA interference decreased GATA1 expression. In silico analysis revealed one potential hypoxia response element (HRE). The results from reporter gene and mutation analysis suggested that this element is necessary for hypoxic response. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)‐PCR showed that the putative HRE was recognized and bound by HIF1 in vivo. These results demonstrate that the up‐regulation of GATA1 during hypoxia is directly mediated by HIF1.The mRNA expression of some erythroid differentiation markers was increased under hypoxic conditions, but decreased with RNA interference of HIF1α or GATA1. Flow cytometry analysis also indicated that hypoxia, desferrioxamine or CoCl2 induced expression of erythroid surface markers CD71 and CD235a, while expression repression of HIF1α or GATA1 by RNA interference led to a decreased expression of CD235a. These results suggested that HIF1‐mediated GATA1 up‐regulation promotes erythropoiesis in order to satisfy the needs of an organism under hypoxic conditions.
The rare occurrence of three subungual melanomas in one patient
Authors: Liu Yeqiang , Wang Lei 
Published: November 2011

Subungual melanoma commonly presents with solitary longitudinal melanonychia. Herein, we report the case of a patient with subungual melanoma who developed involvement of three digits by three independent primary melanomas. A 98‐year‐old male patient presented with a two‐year history of longitudinal melanonychia on three different fingernails. Histopathologically, all three lesions were proved to be melanoma. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case in which three subungual melanomas developed in one patient. Our case indicates that that not all examples of multiple longitudinal melanonychia represent benign lesions.Liu Y, Wang L. The rare occurrence of three subungual melanomas in one patient.
Association of mannose‐binding lectin gene polymorphism with tuberculosis susceptibility and sputum conversion time
Authors: Singla N. , Gupta D. , Joshi A. , Batra N. , Singh J. , Birbian Niti 
Published: November 2011

SummaryMannose‐binding lectin (MBL) plays an important role in innate immunity. The effect of low MBL levels producing variants of MBL2 gene on tuberculosis (TB) has been controversial with some studies reporting it to confer protection against the disease, whereas others estimating a susceptibility relation. Other than conducting a case–control study to evaluate the role of MBL A/B polymorphism on TB, we conducted a longitudinal study to check whether this MBL variant can influence the host response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. A total of 357 TB patients (286 pulmonary TB, 71 extrapulmonary (EP) TB) and 392 healthy controls belonging to same ethnicity were included in the study. We found the mutant allele ‘B’ allele confers a protective role against TB in our study population. This effect was absent in EP patients. On stratification on the basis of sex, the protective role of the ‘B’ allele was found to be limited to females only and males reported no significant difference. No effect of MBL A/B polymorphism on sputum conversion time was reported. We conclude that MBL ‘B’ allele is associated with protection against TB, but no influence was found on sputum conversion rate.
Myeloperoxidase‐positive acute megakaryoblastic leukemia in a dog
Authors: Ferreira Helena M.T. , Smith Sionagh H. , Schwartz Anita M. , Milne Elspeth M. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract:A 16‐month‐old female spayedLabrador Retriever was referred to the University ofEdinburgh for exercise intolerance, inappetence, and severe anemia. ACBCshowed severe nonregenerative anemia and moderate numbers of atypical cells with morphologic features most consistent with megakaryoblastic origin. Similar cells were identified in a bone marrow aspirate and accounted for 23% of all nucleated cells. Atypical promegakaryocytes and megakaryocytes were also noted. Myelodysplastic syndrome affecting the megakaryocytic lineage was suspected. Cytologic examination of a fine‐needle aspirate of the spleen revealed rare megakaryoblasts similar to those in blood and bone marrow. At necropsy, the bone marrow consisted of atypical megakaryoblasts and megakaryocytes that were also infiltrating spleen, liver, lymph nodes, renal perihilar tissue, and visceral adipose tissue, consistent with acute megakaryoblastic leukemia. Immunohistochemical analysis of splenic sections confirmed megakaryoblastic origin (immunoreactive forCD61 and vonWillebrand factor). Some leukemic cells were also immunoreactive for myeloperoxidase (MPO). This aberrant immunophenotype suggested both megakaryocytic and granulocytic/monocytic differentiation of the leukemic cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report ofMPO‐positive acute megakaryoblastic leukemia in a dog.
Chromatophoroma in a crevice kelpfish (Gibbonsia montereyensis)
Authors: Camus Melinda S. , Hyatt Michael W. , Clauss Tonya M. , Berliner Aimee L. , Camus Alvin C. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract:A captive adult crevice kelpfish, Gibbonsia montereyensis, developed a cutaneous mass, approximately 9 × 7 mm on the right side of the head in an area of nonscaled skin. Following surgical debulking, examination of both impression smears and histologic sections of the tumor revealed a predominant population of round to spindloid to polygonal cells with a moderate amount of lightly basophilic cytoplasm. The cytoplasm was filled with round, variably‐sized reddish‐brown granules that often obscured the nucleus. Nuclei were round to ovoid with coarsely granular chromatin. There was minimal anisocytosis and anisokaryosis. The cytoplasmic granules in histologic sections were weakly positive by the Fontana‐Masson method, and staining was eliminated with melanin bleach. Immunohistochemical staining was strongly positive with a murine monoclonal antibody for melan A. As the specificity of melan A for melanophores is not clearly defined in nonmammalian species, the tumor was examined by transmission electron microscopy. Melanophores were not detected. Instead, neoplastic cells were filled with numerous intracytoplasmic organelles with triple‐limiting membranes composed of concentric lamellae; these structures were most compatible with pterinosomes, which are the pigment‐containing organelles of cells called xanthophores and erythrophores. As both of these organelles are ultrastructurally indistinguishable and as kelpfish skin is known to contain both xanthophores and erythrophores, a diagnosis of a mixed pigment cell tumor or chromatophoroma was made. As the tumor was grossly reddish‐brown, the possibility of a neoplastic population of only erythrophores could not be excluded. Pigment cell tumors, arising from cells of the embryonic neural crest, are common in reptiles and bony fish.
Processing of equine bone marrow using the automated MarrowXpress System: RBC depletion, volume reduction, and mononuclear cell recovery
Authors: Owens Sean D. , Burges Julie , Johns Jennifer L. , Carrade Danielle D. , Galuppo Larry D. , Librach Fred , Borjesson Dori L. 
Published: November 2011

BackgroundThe therapeutic use of bone marrow‐derived mononuclear cells (MNCs) and mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of soft tissue and orthopedic injuries in equine patients is expanding. After collection, bone marrow must be reduced in volume and depleted of RBCs for immediate therapeutic use or to prepare cells for culture or cryopreservation and storage. The MarrowXpress (MXP) System is an automated, closed, sterile system designed to process human bone marrow samples.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the capacity of the MXP System to process equine bone marrow to reduce volume, deplete RBCs, and enhance recovery of MNCs.MethodsBone marrow was collected from 47 horses into 2 60‐mL syringes containing heparin and processed using the MXP System. HCT, total nucleated cell (TNC) count, and MNC count were obtained for each sample before and after processing using an Advia 120 hematology analyzer. Volume reduction, RBC depletion, and recovery of TNCs and MNCs were calculated.ResultsFor equine bone marrow samples, mean values were 73.2% for RBC depletion and 78.0% for volume reduction. TNC count before processing was 2.5 ± 1.2 × 107 and after processing was significantly higher at 7.8 ± 3.3 × 107 (P < .0001), with a recovery of 68.5 ± 24.5% (mean ± SD). MNC count before processing was 1.1 ± 0.9 × 107 and after processing was significantly higher at 3.8 ± 1.9 × 107 (P < .0001), with a recovery 73.0 ± 31.5%.ConclusionsThe MXP System can reliably reduce volume and deplete RBCs from aspirates of equine bone marrow aspirates. MNCs can be recovered in a reproducible and sterile manner. Further studies evaluating the effects of the MXP System on cell viability, identification of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and the efficacy of MSC expansion are warranted.
Achy breaky makey wakey heart? A randomised crossover trial of musical prompts
Authors: Woollard Malcolm , Poposki Jason , McWhinnie Brae , Rawlins Lettie , Munro Graham , O'Meara Peter 
Published: November 2011

ObjectiveCompared with no music (NM), does listening to ‘Achy breaky heart’ (ABH) or ‘Disco science’ (DS) increase the proportion of prehospital professionals delivering chest compressions at 2010 guideline-compliant rates of 100–120 bpm and 50–60 mm depths?MethodsA randomised crossover trial recruiting at an Australian ambulance conference. Volunteers performed three 1-min sequences of continuous chest compressions on a manikin accompanied by NM, repeated choruses of ABH and DS, prerandomised for order.Results37 of 74 participants were men; median age 37 years; 61% were paramedics, 20% students and 19% other health professionals. 54% had taken cardiopulmonary resuscitation training within 1 year. Differences in compression rate (mode, IQR) were significant for NM (105, 99–116) versus ABH (120, 107–120) and DS (104, 103–107) versus ABH (p<0.001) but not NM versus DS (p=0.478). Differences in proportions of participants compressing at 100–120 bpm were significant for DS (61/74, 82%) versus NM (48/74, 65%, p=0.007) and DS versus ABH (47/74, 64%, p=0.007) but not NM versus ABH (p=1). Differences in compression depth were significant for NM (48 mm, 46–59 mm) versus DS (54 mm, 44–58 mm, p=0.042) but not NM versus ABH (54 mm, 43–59 mm, p=0.065) and DS versus ABH (p=0.879). Differences in proportions of subjects compressing at 50–60 mm were not significant (NM 31/74 (42%); ABH 32/74 (43%); DS 29/74 (39%); all p>0.5).ConclusionsListening to DS significantly increased the proportion of prehospital professionals compressing at 2010 guideline-compliant rates. Regardless of intervention more than half gave compressions that were too shallow. Alternative audible feedback mechanisms may be more effective.
Preanalytical mixing of whole-blood specimens in the context of the Athlete Passport
Authors: Ashenden Michael , Clarke Anthea , Sharpe Ken , d'Onofrio Giuseppe , Allbon Graeme , Gore Christopher J 
Published: November 2011

BackgroundFull blood counts are now used as evidence that athletes have used banned blood doping. This has led to legal scrutiny of the efficacy of preanalytical procedures such as specimen homogenisation.AimsTo characterise the impact of different mixing strategies on whole-blood homogeneity.MethodsManual inversion, mechanical mixing and automatic mixing performed by the Sysmex XT-2000i were evaluated.ResultsAutomated mixing by the instrument, or 1 min of mechanical mixing, thoroughly homogenised specimens even for tubes that had been refrigerated and left undisturbed for 36 h. Manual inversions were almost as effective, provided that specimens were first allowed to equilibrate to ambient temperatures.ConclusionsCurrent sport guidelines that mandate at least 15 min of mechanical mixing are excessive. Except where specimens are presented to the instrument manually, mechanical mixing is redundant in the context of full blood counts.
Is breast specimen shrinkage really a problem in breast-conserving surgery?
Authors: Krekel Nicole M A , van Slooten Henk Jan , Barbé Ellis , de Lange de Klerk Elly S M , Meijer Sybren , van den Tol M Petrousjka 
Published: November 2011

BackgroundBreast-conserving surgery currently focuses on improving margin clearance and excision volume, the main pathology report parameters for oncological and cosmetic outcomes.AimTo quantitatively evaluate discrepancies in surgical and pathological estimates of breast specimen sizes, including the influence of formalin fixation.MethodsThis prospective multicentre study included 68 breast specimens of consecutive patients undergoing breast-conserving surgery for breast cancer in three affiliated hospitals between November 2010 to May 2011. Specimens were weighed immediately after excision. Specimen volumes were calculated from the length, width and height. Actual specimen volumes were measured using volume displacement. Specimens were weighed once again after arrival at the pathology department, and volumes recalculated. The smallest pre- and post-fixation distances to the tumour-free margin were compared.ResultsThe mean surgical specimen weight was 47.7 g and was approximately similar to the actual specimen volume of 49.8 cm3. The weights of specimens immediately following surgery and on pathological appraisal were equal (p=0.94). The calculated volumes differed significantly from the actual specimen volumes (p>0.05). The mean distance to the closest tumour-free margin, 0.35 cm, was not altered by formalin fixation (p=0.1).ConclusionsNo evidence was found to suggest that surgical breast specimens shrink in the period between the surgical procedure and pathological examination, or following formalin fixation. The pathological appraisal of specimen margins and volumes is not affected by changes in specimen size. As calculations of specimen volumes are unreliable, the use of water displacement or the more readily available specimen weight is recommended for accurate volume measurement. Pathologists should be encouraged to always measure and record specimen weight.
Switching flow patterns within the last ice sheet in northern Scotland
Authors: Hall A. M. , Auton C. A. , McL Michie U. , Pearson S. G. , Riding J. B. 
Published: November 2011

Synopsis
A confluence zone existed within the northern sector of the last British Ice Sheet (BIS) where ice flowing from the Northern Highlands met ice streaming out of the Moray Firth and across the plain of Caithness. At Wester Clett, a complex 35m thick sequence of glacigenic sediments provides important evidence of dynamic interactions between these ice lobes that are consistent with recent computer simulations of the behaviour the last BIS.

Sedimentological evidence suggests that early advance of Northern Highlands ice, probably between 33.5 and 30.5 ka, was followed by a first incursion of Moray Firth ice. Ice flowing out of Strath Halladale then deposited sands and gravels along its margin. Later, around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, a powerful flow of Moray Firth ice diverted Northern Highlands ice to flow to the NW across the present coastline, depositing tills of mixed provenance. Cosmogenic exposure dates of
c
. 18 ka for summits in southern Caithness indicate that the ice sheet thinned subsequently, but flow to the NW continued. The youngest till and its associated moraine systems record a final movement of Northern Highlands ice. Subsequent ice retreat was accompanied by uncoupling of ice lobes at the Caithness–Sutherland border soon after 16 ka.
Phenylarsine Oxide Induces Apoptosis in Bax- and Bak-Deficient Cells through Upregulation of Bim
Authors: Ni Biyun , Ma Qi , Li Baowei , Zhao Lixia , Liu Yong , Zhu Yushan , Chen Quan 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Purpose: Bax and Bak are regarded as key mediators for cytochrome c (Cyt c) release and apoptosis. Loss of Bax or Bak is often reported in human cancers and renders resistance of these cancerous cells to chemotherapy. Here, we investigated that phenylarsine oxide (PAO) could induce Bax/Bak-independent apoptosis.
Experimental Design: Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, and caspase activation assays were conducted to detect apoptosis in Bax/Bak-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) and HCT116 bax−/− colorectal cancer cells. Cyt c release and Bim expression were assessed by Western blotting and immunostaining. Bim was stably knocked down by short hairpin RNA. Immunoprecipitation was applied to detect the interaction between Bim and Bcl-2. Both subcutaneous and colorectal orthotopic tumor implantation models were used in nude mice to investigate the effect of PAO in vivo.
Results: PAO triggered Cyt c release and apoptosis in a Bax/Bak-independent manner. Bim and Bcl-2 were both involved in this process. PAO augmented the expression of Bim and strengthened the interaction between Bim and Bcl-2. Furthermore, PAO attenuated the growth of Bax-deficient cancer cells in vivo.
Conclusions: Our results showed that PAO induced apoptosis in chemotherapy-resistant cancer cells, which suggests that PAO has the potential to serve as a chemotherapeutic agent for Bax- and Bak-deficient cancers. Clin Cancer Res; 18(1); 140–51. ©2011 AACR.
IL-22, but Not IL-17, Dominant Environment in Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma
Authors: Miyagaki Tomomitsu , Sugaya Makoto , Suga Hiraku , Kamata Masahiro , Ohmatsu Hanako , Fujita Hideki , Asano Yoshihide , Tada Yayoi , Kadono Takafumi , Sato Shinichi 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Purpose: Both patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) and those with atopic dermatitis (AD) have pruritus, TH2-biased T cells, and a tendency to have bacterial infections, suggesting a common pathologic basis for these two diseases. Recently, interleukin (IL)-22–producing T cells were reported in skin of patients with AD. In this study, we investigated expression levels of TH22- and TH17-related molecules in lesional skin and sera isolated from patients with CTCL.
Experimental Design: Skin biopsies and sera were collected from patients with CTCL or psoriasis and from healthy volunteers. Protein and mRNA expression levels of IL-22, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-23p19, IL-10, IL-4, CCL20, CCR6, IL-8, and IL-20 were examined in lesional tissue and a subset of these molecules in sera. Phosphorylation of STAT3 was also assessed in lesional skin of CTCL and psoriasis by immunohistochemistry.
Results: IL-22, IL-10, IL-4, CCL20, and CCR6 mRNA and protein levels, but not IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-23p19, IL-8, or IL-20, were significantly elevated in lesional skin of CTCL. Phosphorylation of STAT3 was detected in epidermis of CTCL skin. Moreover, serum IL-22, IL-10, and CCL20 levels were increased in CTCL and correlated with disease severity.
Conclusions: Our results suggest that IL-22 is important in establishing the tumor microenvironment for CTCL. Enhanced expression of CCL20 may explain epidermal hyperplasia and migration of CCR6+ cells, such as Langerhans cells, into lesional skin. Relatively low expression of IL-17 may explain the lack of neutrophils in lesions of CTCL, which correlates with bacterial infections that commonly occur in skin affected by CTCL. Clin Cancer Res; 17(24); 7529–38. ©2011 AACR.