bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urban or Rural? Theoretical Remarks on the Settlement Patterns in Byzantine Epirus (7th–11th Centuries)
Authors: Veikou Myrto 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
This paper refers to habitation in the Byzantine Empire from the 7th to the 11th centuries and attempts a reappraisal of the patterns used to describe, evaluate and interpret the distribution of archaeological remains. Based on the study of a region in western Greek mainland, several contradictions between the historical and the archaeological evidence on settlement are being discussed; those reveal the prevalence of dispersed rather than nuclear patterns of habitation in the area. These patterns are further discussed within the context of medieval settlement around the Mediterranean. The physical form of Middle Byzantine Episcopal sees is sought for while the term ‘κάστρον’ is examined against the “archaeological imaginary” of 6th–11th c. Byzantine fortified settlements.
It is concluded that the contextualization of archaeological and historical evidence for Middle Byzantine settlements in Southern Epiros demonstrates instead a rather flexible organization of habitation; episcopal sees do not seem to have corresponded to any clear distinct type of settlement. It is therefore suggested that during periods of rapid social change expressed through a transformation of habitation, specific forms or sizes of settlements cannot be correlated to specific functions or other political or socioeconomic activities. There should rather be more of “hybrid” settlement formations of changing nature and mixed qualities. Given the dynamic development pattern of Byzantine habitats, there is room for such “open” analytical categories in the archaeology of settlements, in order to facilitate descriptions of find distributions which do not conform to the available theoretical patterns. These new categories could further lead to an emergence of new interpretation schemes bringing out the spatial differentiation and uniqueness which seems to have been very much the case in the evolution of Byzantine provincial settlement patterns.
Metaphor in usage
Authors: Steen Gerard J. , Dorst Aletta G. , Herrmann J. Berenike , Kaal Anna A. , Krennmayr Tina 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
This paper examines patterns of metaphor in usage. Four samples of text excerpts of on average 47,000 words each were taken from the British National Corpus and annotated for metaphor. The linguistic metaphor data were collected by five analysts on the basis of a highly explicit identification procedure that is a variant of the approach developed by the Pragglejaz Group (Metaphor and Symbol 22: 1–39, 2007). Part of this paper is a report of the protocol and the reliability of the procedure.
Data analysis shows that, on average, one in every seven and a half lexical units in the corpus is related to metaphor defined as a potential cross-domain mapping in conceptual structure. It also appears that the bulk of the expression of metaphor in discourse consists of non-signalled metaphorically used words, not similes. The distribution of metaphor-related words, finally, turns out to be quite variable between the four registers examined in this study: academic texts have 18.5%, news 16.4%, fiction 11.7%, and conversation 7.7%. The systematic comparative investigation of these registers raises new questions about the relation between cognitive linguistic and other approaches to metaphor.
Asymmetry in script opposition
Authors: Viana Amadeu 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis article examines the relationship between targets and script distribution in humour, starting from some basic notions of GTVH. Script asymmetry, considered here as a property of Script Opposition, is defined in terms of a perceptual difference between scripts, which matches a fairly common distribution: a Foreground Script against a Background Script. Throughout this paper, the attributes of this script distribution are explored in verbal jokes, graphic humour and conversational spontaneous joking. This particular script distribution leads to an interesting consequence when overt targets are implied: the set of inferences that we attribute to the target arises regularly from the Foreground Script, the script that closes the joke. If this correlation of script distribution and target attribution holds, we can account for a formal connection between the structure of the joke and its derisive intention.
Abstract motion is no longer abstract
Authors: Matlock Teenie 
Published: November 2010

AbstractDynamic conceptualization is a fundamental notion in cognitive linguistics. Abstract motion is one type of dynamic conceptualization. It is said to structure descriptions of static scenes such as ‘The mountain range goes from Mexico to Canada’, and in doing so, invokes a subjective sense of motion or state change. In recent years, a growing body of experimental research supports this claim. However, additional work is needed to understand the dynamics of abstract motion and the extent to which it generalizes. This paper provides some background on abstract motion and reports two new experiments that investigate two unexplored types of abstract motion, including visual paths and pattern paths. Together, the results indicate that abstract motion plays a central role in language use and understanding.
Mutual bootstrapping between language and analogical processing
Authors: Gentner Dedre , Christie Stella 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWhat makes us so smart as a species, and what makes children such rapid learners? We argue that the answer to both questions lies in a mutual bootstrapping system comprised of (1) our exceptional capacity for relational cognition and (2) symbolic systems that augment this capacity. The ability to carry out structure-mapping processes of alignment and inference is inherent in human cognition. It is arguably the key inherent difference between humans and other great apes. But an equally important difference is that humans possess a symbolic language.The acquisition of language influences cognitive development in many ways. We focus here on the role of language in a mutually facilitating partnership with relational representation and reasoning. We suggest a positive feedback relation in which structural alignment processes support the acquisition of language, and in turn, language—especially relational language—supports structural alignment and reasoning.We review three kinds of evidence (a) evidence that analogical processes support children's learning in a variety of domains; (b) more specifically, evidence that analogical processing fosters the acquisition of language, especially relational language; and (c) in the other direction, evidence that acquiring language fosters children's ability to process analogies, focusing on spatial language and spatial analogies. We conclude with an analysis of the acquisition of cardinality—which we offer as a canonical case of how the combination of language and analogical processing fosters cognitive development.
Quantum processes in 8-Oxo-Guanine-Ru(bipyridine)32+ photosynthetic systems of artificial minimal cells
Authors: Tamulis Arvydas , Grigalavicius Mantas , Krisciukaitis Sarunas , Medzevicius Giedrius 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Density functional theory methods were used to investigate various self-assembled photoactive bioorganic systems of interest for artificial minimal cells. The cell systems studied are based on nucleotides or their compounds and consisted of up to 123 atoms (not including the associated water or methanol solvent shells) and are up to 2.5 nm in diameter. The electron correlation interactions responsible for the weak hydrogen and Van derWaals chemical bonds increase due to the addition of a polar solvent (water or methanol). The precursor fatty acid molecules of the system also play a critical role in the quantum mechanical interaction based self-assembly of the photosynthetic center and the functioning of the photosynthetic processes of the artificial minimal cells. The distances between the separated sensitizer, fatty acid precursor, and methanol molecules are comparable to Van derWaals and hydrogen bonding radii. As a result the associated electron correlation interactions compress the overall system, resulting in an even smaller gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) electron energy levels and photoexcited electron tunnelling occurs from the sensitizer (either Ru(bpy)32+ or [Ru(bpy)2(4-Bu-4’-Me-2,2’-bpy)]2++ derivatives) to the precursor fatty acid molecules (notation used: Me = methyl; Bu = butyl; bpy = bipyridine). The shift of the absorption spectrum to the red for the artificial protocell photosynthetic centers might be considered as the measure of the complexity of these systems.
Top down nano technologies in surface modification of materials
Authors: Radjenović Branislav , Radmilović-Radjenović Marija 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
This article contains a broad overview of etch process as one of the most important top-down technologies widely used in semiconductor manufacturing and surface modification of nanostructures. In plasma etching process, the complexity comes from the introduction of new materials and from the constant reduction in dimensions of the structures in microelectronics. The emphasis was made on two types of etching processes: dry etching and wet etching illustrated by three dimensional (3D) simulation results for the etching profile evolution based on the level set method. The etching of low-k dielectrics has been demonstrated via modelling the porous materials. Finally, simulation results for the roughness formation during isotropic etching of nanocomposite materials as well as smoothing of the homogeneous materials have also been shown and analyzed. Simulation results, presented here, indicate that with shrinking microelectronic devices, plasma and wet etching interpretative and predictive modeling and simulation have become increasingly more attractive as a tool for design, control and optimization of plasma reactors.
The Pim Kinase Pathway Contributes to Survival Signaling in Primed CD8+ T Cells upon CD27 Costimulation
Authors: Peperzak Victor , Veraar Elise A. M. , Keller Anna M. , Xiao Yanling , Borst Jannie 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Stimulation of the costimulatory receptor CD27 by its ligand CD70 has proved important for the generation of primary and memory CD8+ T cell responses in various models of antigenic challenge. CD27/CD70-mediated costimulation promotes the survival of primed T cells and thereby increases the size of effector and memory populations. In this paper, we reveal molecular mechanisms underlying the prosurvival effect of CD27. CD27 signaling upregulated expression of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bcl-xL. However, genetic reconstitution of Cd27−/− CD8+ T cells with Bcl-xL alone or in combination with the related protein Mcl-1 did not compensate for CD27 deficiency in the response to influenza virus infection. This suggested that CD27 supports generation of the CD8+ effector T cell pool not only by counteracting apoptosis via Bcl-2 family members. Genome-wide mRNA expression profiling indicated that CD27 directs expression of the Pim1 gene. Pim-1 is a serine/threonine kinase that sustains survival of rapidly proliferating cells by antiapoptotic and prometabolic effects that are independent of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. In TCR-primed CD8+ T cells, CD27 could increment Pim-1 protein expression and promote cell survival throughout clonal expansion independent of the mTOR and IL-2R pathways. In addition, introduction of the Pim1 gene in Cd27−/− CD8+ T cells partially corrected their defect in clonal expansion and formation of an effector pool. We conclude that CD27 may contribute to the survival of primed CD8+ T cells by the upregulation of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members but also calls the Pim-1 kinase survival pathway into action.
In Vivo Analysis of Ifn-γ1 and Ifn-γ2 Signaling in Zebrafish
Authors: Aggad Dina , Stein Cornelia , Sieger Dirk , Mazel Martine , Boudinot Pierre , Herbomel Philippe , Levraud Jean-Pierre , Lutfalla Georges , Leptin Maria 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
The zebrafish genome contains a large number of genes encoding potential cytokine receptor genes as judged by homology to mammalian receptors. The sequences are too divergent to allow unambiguous assignments of all receptors to specific cytokines, and only a few have been assigned functions by functional studies. Among receptors for class II helical cytokines—i.e., IFNs that include virus-induced Ifns (Ifn-ϕ) and type II Ifns (Ifn-γ), together with Il-10 and its related cytokines (Il-20, Il-22, and Il-26)—only the Ifn-ϕ–specific complexes have been functionally identified, whereas the receptors for the two Ifn-γ (Ifn-γ1 and Ifn-γ2) are unknown. In this work, we identify conditions in which Ifn-γ1 and Ifn-γ2 (also called IFNG or IFN-γ and IFN-gammarel) are induced in fish larvae and adults. We use morpholino-mediated loss-of-function analysis to screen candidate receptors and identify the components of their receptor complexes. We find that Ifn-γ1 and Ifn-γ2 bind to different receptor complexes. The receptor complex for Ifn-γ2 includes cytokine receptor family B (Crfb)6 together with Crfb13 and Crfb17, whereas the receptor complex for Ifn-γ1 does not include Crfb6 or Crfb13 but includes Crfb17. We also show that of the two Jak2 paralogues present in the zebrafish Jak2a but not Jak2b is involved in the intracellular transmission of the Ifn-γ signal. These results shed new light on the evolution of the Ifn-γ signaling in fish and tetrapods and contribute toward an integrated view of the innate immune regulation in vertebrates.
Exosome-Driven Antigen Transfer for MHC Class II Presentation Facilitated by the Receptor Binding Activity of Influenza Hemagglutinin
Authors: Testa James S. , Apcher Geraud S. , Comber Joseph D. , Eisenlohr Laurence C. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
The mechanisms underlying MHC class I-restricted cross-presentation, the transfer of Ag from an infected cell to a professional APC, have been studied in great detail. Much less is known about the equivalent process for MHC class II-restricted presentation. After infection or transfection of class II-negative donor cells, we observed minimal transfer of a proteasome-dependent “class I-like” epitope within the influenza neuraminidase glycoprotein but potent transfer of a classical, H-2M–dependent epitope within the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein. Additional experiments determined transfer to be exosome-mediated and substantially enhanced by the receptor binding activity of incorporated HA. Furthermore, a carrier effect was observed in that incorporated HA improved exosome-mediated transfer of a second membrane protein. This route of Ag presentation should be relevant to other enveloped viruses, may skew CD4+ responses toward exosome-incorporated glycoproteins, and points toward novel vaccine strategies.
RNA Polymerase II Inhibitors Dissociate Antigenic Peptide Generation from Normal Viral Protein Synthesis: A Role for Nuclear Translation in Defective Ribosomal Product Synthesis?
Authors: Dolan Brian P. , Knowlton Jonathan J. , David Alexandre , Bennink Jack R. , Yewdell Jonathan W. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Following viral infection, cells rapidly present peptides from newly synthesized viral proteins on MHC class I molecules, likely from rapidly degraded forms of nascent proteins. The nature of these defective ribosomal products (DRiPs) remains largely undefined. Using inhibitors of RNA polymerase II that block influenza A virus neuraminidase (NA) mRNA export from the nucleus and inhibit cytoplasmic NA translation, we demonstrate a surprising disconnect between levels of NA translation and generation of SIINFEKL peptide genetically inserted into the NA stalk. A 33-fold reduction in NA expression is accompanied by only a 5-fold reduction in Kb-SIINFEKL complex cell-surface expression, resulting in a net 6-fold increase in the overall efficiency of Ag presentation. Although the proteasome inhibitor MG132 completely blocked Kb-SIINFEKL complex generation, we were unable to biochemically detect a MG132-dependent cohort of NA DRiPs relevant for Ag processing, suggesting that a minute population of DRiPs is a highly efficient source of antigenic peptides. These data support the idea that Ag processing uses compartmentalized translation, perhaps even in the nucleus itself, to increase the efficiency of the generation of class I peptide ligands.
Binding Studies of a Schiff Base Compound Containing a 1,2,4‐Triazole Ring with Bovine Serum Albumin Using Spectroscopic Methods
Authors: Mei Ping , Liu Yang , Zhang Yezhong , Fu Jiaxin , Sun Xiaohong , Liu Yi 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe binding interaction of a Schiff base compound containing a 1,2,4‐triazole ring [4‐(4‐chlorobenzyl‐ideneamino)‐5‐methyl‐1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐thiol, CTT] with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was studied by spectroscopy methods including fluorescence and circular dichroism spectrum under simulative physiological conditions. Fluorescence investigation revealed that the fluorescence quenching of BSA was induced by the formation of a relative stable CTT‐BSA complex. The corresponding binding constants (Ka) between CTT and BSA at three different temperatures were calculated according to the modified Stern‐Volmer equation. The enthalpy change (ΔH⊖) and entropy change (ΔS⊖) were calculated to be −15.78 kJ·mol−1 and 49.23 J·mol−1·K−1, respectively, which suggested that hydrophobic forces and hydrogen bond played major roles in stabilizing the CTT‐BSA complex. Site marker competitive experiments indicated that the binding of CTT to BSA primarily took place in sub‐domain IIIA (site II) of BSA. The binding distance (r) between CTT and the tryptophan residue of BSA was obtained to be 4.3 nm based on F?rster theory of non‐radioactive energy transfer. The conformational investigation revealed that the presence of CTT decreased the α‐helix content of BSA (from 58.62% to 54.66%) and induced the slight unfolding of the polypeptides of protein, which confirmed some micro‐environmental and conformational changes of BSA molecules.
Solvent Dependent Preparation of CuI Nanocrystals and the Catalysis in Sonogashira Coupling Reaction
Authors: Zhang Manbo , Wang Lanling , Tang Boxiao , Shen Xingcan , Hu Ruixiang 
Published: November 2010

AbstractOctahedral and rod‐like γ‐CuI nanocrystals have been fabricated by using a mild solution method in water, methanol and ethanol respectively. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission‐scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) were used to characterize the product. The as‐synthesized CuI demonstrates higher activity for the Sonogashira cross‐coupling of 4‐iodoanisole and phenylacetylene.
Investigations on the leaf anatomy and ultrastructure of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) under heat stress
Authors: Salem‐Fnayou Asma Ben , Bouamama Badra , Ghorbel Abdelwahed , Mliki Ahmed 
Published: November 2010

AbstractLeaf anatomical and ultrastructural responses of “Razegui” and “Muscat Italia” grapevine cultivars to high temperatures were studied under controlled conditions (T > 36°C), based on photonic and electron microscopy. Histological studies performed on leaves from heat‐stressed and control grapevines revealed thicker leaf blades under high temperature conditions. Environmental scanning electron microscopy of leaf surfaces from both cultivars allowed observing sinuate epidermal cells on the leaves of grapevines cultivated under heat stress and irregular giant oblong pores on their adaxial surface. When observed by transmission electron microscopy, leaf cross sections in grapevines cultivated under high temperature conditions exhibited folded cuticle and cell wall on the adaxial epidermis layer. Therefore, significantly greater cell wall thicknesses were measured under heat stress than control conditions in both cultivars. Regarding chloroplasts, they were more globular in shape under heat stress compared with control conditions and had disorganized thylakoids with a reduced thickness of grana stacking. The size of starch granule decreased, while the number of plastoglobules increased with heat stress, indicating a reduced carbon metabolism and a beginning of senescence within the 3‐month heat stress period. This study confirms widespread adaptive properties in two grapevine cultivars in response to high temperature stress. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurotrophic factors improve muscle reinnervation from embryonic neurons
Authors: Casella Gizelda T.B. , Almeida Vania W. , Grumbles Robert M. , Liu Yang , Thomas Christine K. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractMotoneurons die in diseases like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and after spinal cord trauma, inducing muscle denervation. We tested whether transplantation of embryonic cells with neurotrophic factors into peripheral nerve of adult rats improves muscle reinnervation and motor unit function more than cells alone. One week after sciatic nerve section, embryonic ventral spinal cord cells were transplanted into the tibial nerve with or without glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor, hepatocyte growth factor, and insulin‐like growth factor‐1. These cells represented the only neuron source for muscle reinnervation. Ten weeks after transplantation, all medial gastrocnemius muscles contracted in response to electrical stimulation of cell transplants with factors. Only 80% of muscles responded with cells alone. Factors and cells resulted in survival of more motoneurons and reinnervation of more muscle fibers for a given axon (motor unit) number. Greater reinnervation from embryonic cells may enhance muscle excitation by patterned electrical stimulation. Muscle Nerve 42: 788–797, 2010
Basic and clinical proteomics from the EU Health Research perspective
Authors: Dyląg Tomasz , Jehenson Philippe , van de Loo Jan‐Willem , Sanne Jean‐Luc 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe European Union (EU) is one of the main public funders of research in Europe and its major instrument for funding is the Seventh Framework Programme for research and technological development (FP7). The bulk of funding in FP7 goes to collaborative research, with the objective of establishing excellent research projects and networks. Understanding the functions of proteins is essential for the rational development of disease prevention, diagnosis and treatment, therefore the EU has largely invested in proteomics, in particular for technology development, data standardisation and sharing efforts, and the application of proteomics in the clinic. The scientific community, including both academia and industry, is encouraged to apply for FP7 funding so that the EU can even more efficiently support innovative health research and ultimately, bring better healthcare to patients.