bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Yield and Botanical Composition of a Grass‐Legume Mixture on Reclaimed Land as Affected by N and P Fertilizer1
Authors: Halvorson G. A. , Bauer A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe study was conducted to determine the effect of fertilizer N and P on a grass‐legume mixture grown on land reclaimed following strip‐mining. Phosphorus was broadcast at rates of 0,6,17,50, and 150 kg P/ha in the fall of 1974. One‐third of the plots which received 6, 17, or 50 P/ha received no additional P during the course of the study; one‐third received an additional broadcast application of 6, 17, or 50 kg P/ha, respectively, in the spring of 1976 and one‐third received 6,17, or 50 kg P/ha, respectively, in the spring of each year from 1976 to 1981. Nitrogen was applied annually in the spring, on the same plots, beginning in 1975, at rates of 34,67, and 134 kg N/ ha. Fertilizer N applied at 134 kg/ha increased total forage yield from 11 to 45% compared to 34 kg N/ha. ‘Lincoln’ smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermusLeyss.) and wheatgrass sp. yields were increased 30 and 37%, respectively, in 1981 while botanical composition on a percent by weight basis increased 15 and 19%, respectively. Compared to the 34 kg N/ha rate, yield and percent composition of ‘Vernal‘ alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) were decreased by the 134 kg N/ha rate. Total forage yields were not increased by fertilizer P. Yield and percent composition of wheatgrass increased with increasing additions of P, while the percent composition of smooth bromegrass decreased. Yields of smooth bromegrass and wheatgrass were highly correlated with the cumulative P applied 4 to 6 years prior to the 1981 harvest. Fertilizer recommendations based on soil test values accurately predicted response to N and P fertilizer.
Forage Yield of Intercropped Corn and Soybean in Various Planting Patterns1
Authors: Herbert S. J. , Putnam D. H. , Poos‐Floyd M. I. , Vargas A. , Creighton J. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCorn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) were intercropped in various planting patterns in 1980, 1981, and 1982 on a Hadley fine sandy loam (coarse‐silty, mixed, nonacid, mesic Typic Udifluvent) to determine if corn:soybean mixtures might provide silage superior to pure corn for ruminants. All but one of the intercrop planting patterns produced dry matter (DM) yields similar to corn monoculture in the 1st year even when as many as half the corn rows were replaced with soybean. All intercrop planting patterns in 1981 produced similar DM yields to corn monoculture, but in 1982 intercrop DM yields were significantly lower than corn monoculture DM yields. Dry matter yields per row of intercropped soybeans were 6 to 32% less than yields per row of soybeans in monoculture. However, the DM yield per row of intercropped corn was increased 21 to 53% compared to yield per row of monoculture corn and compensated for the reduced DM yield of soybean. Yields for monocultures were computed at various proportions of corn and soybean in the harvested mixture and compared with intercrop yields. All intercrop patterns produced more DM than would be obtained from monocultures at the same yield‐ratio as in the intercrop. Protein Concentration was increased from 69 to 81 g kg−1 for corn monoculture to 88 to 108 g kg−1 for the various intercropping patterns. All intercrops produced 8 to 17% more total protein ha−1 than corn monoculture. The intercrop pattern where alternate corn rows were replaced by soybean rows produced the largest increases in protein concentration although DM yield was reduced by 14% in the 3rd year.
Partition of Mg in Forages as Affected by Fertilization, Species, Growth Stage, and Sample Preparation1
Authors: Shockey W. L. , Reid R. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA 2‐year study was conducted in order to study the chemical form of Mg in different grass and legume species that are commonly used for livestock feeding in the Northeastern United States. Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were treated with magnesium sulfate (MgSO4. 7H2O) and dolomitic limestone (CaCO3.MgCO3) at 280 kg Mg ha−1, or with no Mg fertilizer. The soil was a fine, loamy, mixed, mesic Hapludalf. Grass species received 34 or 224 kg N ha−1 as NH4NO3. In the 1st year samples were taken at four growth stages, prepared as fresh, oven‐dried or freeze‐dried herbage and partitioned into acetone soluble, water soluble, and acetone and water insoluble fractions. In the 2nd year samples were taken at two growth stages and prepared as fresh material only. Fertilization with MgSO4. 7H2O increased (P<0.01) total Mg concentrations in herbage compared to CaCO3. MgCO3 and no Mg treatments. High N fertilization of the grass species increased (P<0.01) total Mg levels compared to low N treatments. Magnesium as percent total Mg in each chemical fraction was affected (P<0.05) by forage species, stage of maturity and method of sample preparation and ranged from 0.7 to 24.8% (x̄ = 6.7%) for acetone soluble, 42.8 to 82.3% (x̄ = 65.7%) for water soluble, and 15.5 to 42.9% (x̄ = 27.6%) for acetone and water insoluble Mg fractions over all treatments. The proportion of total Mg in the water soluble fraction was higher (P<0.05) at mature growth stages for alfalfa and tall fescue compared to orchardgrass and the proportion of Mg extractable with acetone was less (P<0.0001) for dried compared to fresh sample preparations. Although fertilizer treatments affected total herbage Mg concentrations, there was no apparent effect of fertilization upon the chemical form of Mg in the plant.
Standard and Cool Germination Tests Compared With Field Emergence in Upland Cotton1
Authors: Smith C. Wayne , Varvil J. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStandard germination, defined as percent of healthy seedlings reaching 38 mm after 7 days at 30°C is the primary, and in most cases only, information defining planting seed quality of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to producers. However, this percentage reflects only the emergence potential when seed are planted during optimum field conditions. An additional germination test conducted at 18°C has been advocated as a vigor test to aid producers in selecting quality planting seed. This study was undertaken to determine if the 18°C vigor test would identify variation in planting seed quality when the standard germination test indicated acceptable quality. All seed lots were fungicide‐treated remnant seeds from the Univ. of Arkansas cultivar testing program. Standard and 18°C germination tests were conducted as outlined by the Association of Official Seed Analyst. Field plantings were made in randomized complete block designs with four replications on 17 Apr. and 29 June 1979 and 24 Apr. and 27 May 1980. Test sites were Memphis silt loam ( a fine‐silty, mixed, thermic Typic Hapludalf) in 1979 and Henry silt loam (a coarse‐silty, mixed, thermic Typic Fragiaqualf) in 1980. Percent emergence was recorded after 2 weeks. Data indicated that seedlots having 30°C germination ≥ 80% and 18°C germination < 50% should not be planted when low temperature stress is likely. Although clear distinctions were not evident, 18°C germination ≥ 60% appears to indicate acceptable to excellent quality.
Modification of Cotton Water Relations and Growth with Mepiquat Chloride1
Authors: Stuart B. L. , Isbell V. R. , Wendt C. W. , Abernathy J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractManipulation of crop architecture through the use of chemical bioregulators suggests the potential to improve plant water use and production efficiency. A bioregulator, mepiquat chloride (1,1‐dimethyl piperidinium chloride), was evaluated in field grown cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) during 1979, 1980, and 1981 to determine effects on several plant water relations parameters and crop development in a semiarid environment. All experiments were conducted on an Olton loam soil (fine, mixed, thermic family of Aridic Paleustolls). A broadcast, foliar application was made at the rate of 50 g active ingredient (a.i.)/ha during the early square (young floral bud) Stage. Increases in leaf water potential (Ψw), solute potential (Ψw), and turgor pressure (Ψp) in mepiquat chloride treated plants were recorded during midmorning and at daily minimum Ψw. The earliest Ψw increase wass measured 12 days after application. Changes in Ψw ranged from no significant differences to a 0.63 MPa increase in treated plants, 77 days after application under a high soil water level. Increased Ψs and Ψp in treated plants occurred most frequently during the midmorning period and increases Of 0.20 MPa were measured. Improvements in plant water status were not restricted to low soil water availability and occurred across a range of control Ψw from −1.43 to −3.43 MPa. Increased abaxial transpiration rate, associated with decreased diffusive resistance, was measured in treated plants, particularly during the afternoon. No difference in seasonal soil water extraction was measured between treatments, even in tests in which leaf area index (LAI) was reduced 33% by mepiquat chloride application. Leaf area index reductions were attributable to both fewer leaves per plant and reduced leaf size. Differences in the growth parameters between treated and untreated plants were most evident when conditions for growth were optimum. A maximum decrease in plant height of 25 cm was measured 43 days after application in a high soil water level experiment. Reductions of one to two mainstem nodes were measured in treated plants. The number of bolls per plant throughout the season was not altered by mepiquat chloride application, and there were no differences in lint yield as a result of treatment.
Plant‐Available Sulfur as Measured by Soil‐Solution Sulfate and Phosphate‐Extractable Sulfate in a Ultisol1
Authors: Hue N. V. , Adams Fred , Evans C. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBecause S deficiency in young small grain plants is not uncommon on limed, sandy Ultisols, a method predicting S requirement for the plants is needed. A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effects of S at different pH levels on wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) growth, S concentration of plant tissue, soil‐solution sulfate (SO42−), and phosphate [Ca(H2PO4)2]‐extractable SO42−. A Benndale loamy sand surface soil (coarse‐loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudult) was treated with three lime rates (0,5.6, and 8.1 mmol kg−1) and four gypsum rates (0,10, 20, and 40 mg S kg−1for the first two lime levels and 0,8,16, and 32 mg S kg−1for the highest lime level). Plant tissue samples were taken 5,9,13, and 17 weeks after planting, and soil samples were taken at planting and 9 and 17 weeks later. There was a yield response to S at each harvest, regardless of soil pH. Yield and S uptake were both highly correlated with soil‐solution SO42−concentration and with Ca(H4PC4)2‐extractable SO42−. As a result of plant uptake, soil‐solution 42−decreased after each harvest, with the greatest redaction occurring at the highest lime rate. Sulfur mineralization from organic matter provided significant 42−to plants in low‐S treatments, and some added SO42−became nonextractable at high S rates. Minimum SO42−concentrations for maximum wheat growth was 0.25 mMin soil solution and 6.0 mg S kg−1in Ca(H2PO4)2extract. Minimum S concentration in plant tissue for maximum dry matter yield was 1.6 g kg−1.
Drying Rates of Standing Compared to Windrowed Wheat1
Authors: Clarke John M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLittle information is available to support the practice in the northern USA and Canada of windrowing wheat to accelerate grain drying. Drying rates of standing and windrowed wheat (Triticum aestivumL. and T. turgidumvar. durumL.) were compared at three locations in western Canada in order to assess the efficacy of windrowing in accelerating the wheat harvest. The soil was an Aridic Haploboroll. The time taken for wheat windrowed at recommended kernel water concentrations of 430 to 540 g water per kg kernel dry weight to reach a safe water concentration (170 g kg−1) for combining was compared with the time taken for the standing crop to reach this point. In 40 station‐years data, windrowed wheat dried from 6 days faster to 1 day slower than standing wheat. In all but 4 station‐years, windrowed wheat dried 0 to 2 days faster than standing wheat. Under hot, dry conditions, drying rates of both standing and windrowed crops were very rapid, with a 0‐ to 1‐day spread in drying time. When crop maturity was uneven and drying conditions less favorable, windrowed wheat reached the combining stage up to 6 days faster than standing wheat. Wet conditions during harvest caused slower drying of windrowed than of standing wheat. Light rains tended to cause greater increases in kernel water concentrations of standing than of windrowed wheat. Straw dried faster than kernels in windrowed crops, but slower than kernels in standing crops.
Grain and Forage Yields of Irrigated Second‐Crop Corn Seeded on Five Planting Dates1
Authors: Widstrom N. W. , Young J. R. , Martin W. K. , Shaver D. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCorn (Zea mays L.) is a widely‐grown summer crop in the United States. Where the growing season is of sufficient length, a second crop can be accommodated. This study identifies the optimum planting date and best of seven experimental hybrids for second crop grain and forage yields. The experimental hybrids with subtropical germplasm and/or heat tolerance were evaluated for five planting dates on a Typic Paleudult in seven to eight replications for 2 years. Previous studies considered fewer hybrids over a narrow range of planting dates. Among our plantings ranging from 1 June to 1 August, the 1 June planting achieved the maximum forage yield of 42.0 Mg ha−1 while a mid‐June planting gave an optimum grain yield of 4.40 Mg ha−1 when averaged over both years. The heat‐tolerant hybrids, C6862 and C7867, produced about two‐thirds the yields of other hybrids during 1981 with below normal growing conditions but in 1980 were fully competitive with the five hybrids having tropical germplasm when excessive heat, moisture much below normal, and insect pressure prevailed during the summer growing season. Significant interactions between hybrids and planting dates occurred for grain yields in 1980 and for grain and forage yields in 1981. The best average grain and forage yields of 4.43 and 38.5 Mg ha−1, respectively, were produced by X5802. Forage yields were much more consistent than grain yields when viewed over years or hybrids. To maximize the probability of success, summer plantings of corn should be made as early as possible, and an option to harvest as forage should always be maintained to prevent losses when adverse weather conditions suppress grain yields.
Evaluations of the Potential of Hyacinth Bean as an Annual Warm‐Season Forage in the Mid‐South1
Authors: Fribourg Henry A. , Overton Joseph R. , McNeill Walker W. , Culvahouse E. W. , Montgomery Monty J. , Smith Marshall , Carlisle R. J. , Robinson N. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet) or lablab bean, a short‐lived perennial legume in the tropics, is widely cultivated in many parts of the world. Although the potential of hyacinth bean as a forage crop has been recognized in Brazil, Australia and elsewhere, its possible use in North America has received little attention. A series of trials was started in 1974 to ascertain the potential value of ‘Tift‐1’ hyacinth bean as a warm‐season annual forage in a region with a humid mesothermal climate, when grown on well‐drained soils such as Memphis silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, thermic Typic Hapludalfs) at elevations of 300 m or less. The dry matter forage produced during hot dry weather ranged between 2 and 5 Mg ha−1. The concentrations of crude protein, and of acid‐ and neutral‐detergent fibers, were at an acceptable level for a forage legume. The forage produced was very leafy in both the first growth and in the regrowth stages after cutting or grazing. Regrowth took place when a stubble of 10 cm was left. Hyacinth bean was established easily in either broadcast or row arrangements on prepared seedbeds, using 20 to 25 kg of seed ha−1, or with no‐till methods. Trailing vines rapidly covered interrow spaces. Hyacinth bean was susceptible to feeding by bean beetles (Epilachna corrupta), but was tolerant of the insecticide carbaryl (1‐naphthyl methylcarbamate) as well as of the herbicide trifluralin (α,α,α‐trifluoro‐2,6‐dinitro‐N,N‐ dipropyl‐p‐toluidine). Over 900 kg ha−1 of clean Tift‐1 hyacinth bean seed were produced. Dairy cattle refused to consume hyacinth bean in two trials, but beef cows and calves grazed it readily in five different location‐ year trials. Calves creep‐grazing hyacinth bean gained 840 g day−1 during a 90‐day grazing season begun in early July. Hyacinth bean, an annual in the mid‐South, appears to have considerable potential as a pasture for growing animals during hot, dry periods.
Effect of Ploidy on Yield and Quality of Pearl Millet × Napiergrass Hybrids1
Authors: Hanna W. W. , Gaines T. P. , Gonzalez B. , Monson W. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe highly male and female sterile triploid pearl millet [Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) × napiergrass (P. purpureum Schum.) interspecific hybrids produce high yields of high quality forage. Colchicine induced hexaploids are male and female fertile and morphologically resemble the triploids. However, information concerning the effects of increased ploidy on agronomic, quality, and elemental factors of the forage is limited. In 1979 and 1980, triploid and hexaploid clones of several interspecific hybrids were established in the field on a Fuquay soil (loamy, siliceous, thermic Arenic Plinthic Paleudults) and evaluated for dry matter yield, concentrations of dry matter, in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD), crude protein, total sugars, cell wall, and the elements P, K, Mg, Ca, Mn, Zn, Fe, and Cu. Triploids on the average had higher dry matter yields, and dry matter and protein concentrations than hexaploids. At anthesis, 3x plants were equal to or higher than 6x plants while at the vegetative stage 6x plants were generally higher than or equal to 3x plants in IVDMD. No differences were observed between 3x and 6x plants for total sugars and cell wall. Significant differences for elemental concentrations between ploidy levels were observed in 1980 for P (6x>3x), K (6x>3x), and Fe (3x>6x). These differences were not consistent for all clones. Increased ploidy from 3x to 6x in thisstudy generally had a neutral or negative effect on the characters studied. Triploids have the potential to produce higher yields of higher quality forage than hexaploids.
Wind and Sandblast Injury to Field Crops: Effect of Plant Age1
Authors: Armbrust D. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMost plant sandblast studies have been conducted with plants at only one age, which has varied from 3 to 21 days after emergence, depending on the plant species. This study was designed to determine if age of plants exposed to sandblast injury influences severity of damage. Plants of ‘RS‐626’ grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.], ‘Williams’ soybean [‘Glycine max’ (L.) Merr.], and ‘Parker’ winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were exposed in a wind tunnel to a wind velocity of 13.4 m/s for 80 min and wind plus sand (0.297 to 0.42 mm diam) for 10, 20, 40, and 80 min at 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after emergence and vernalization. Maximum reduction in dry weight measured 14 days after exposure and delay in appearance of first inflorescence or bloom occurred when plants were exposed 7 to 14 days after emergence, except for winter wheat exposed after vernalization where dry weight was not affected and inflorescence delay was greatest when exposed 21 days after vernalization. Spike weight and number in winter wheat were not affected by fall exposure but were reduced by exposures which occurred 2 to 4 weeks prior to spike emergence. The results indicate the need for cultural practices which will control wind erosion throughout the growing season for maximum crop yields.
Photosynthesis and Transpiration Responses of Soybean Canopies to Short‐and Long‐Term CO2 Treatments1
Authors: Jones Pierce , Allen L. H. , Jones J. W. , Valle R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this investigation was to determine whether long‐term adaptation to CO2 pretreatment affects canopy response to short‐term CO2 treatments. Soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Bragg] were grown in outdoor controlled environment chambers from seedling onwards at 330 and 800 μmol CO2 per mole air. After 68 days, the CO2 treatment levels were temporarily reversed for 5 days. Before the step change in CO2 concentrations, CER at high light in elevated CO2 treatments was 85% greater than in ambient treatments. After the reversal, canopies in the newly enriched chambers had CO2 fixation rates 75% greater than in the chambers that were switched to ambient CO2 concentrations. Furthermore, the CER responses to PAR were similar whether the canopy was acclimated or newly exposed to the particular CO2 level. Before treatment reversal, transpiration rates were essentially equivalent in the two treatments. Stomatal resistances of leaves were higher in elevated CO2, but the acclimated enriched canopies had developed additional leaf area resulting in similar total canopy resistances to transpiration. After reversal, absolute water use declined by 18% in the canopies with CO2 increased from 330 to 800 μmol mol−1 and increased by 36% in the canopies with CO2 decreased from 800 to 330 μmol mol−1. It was concluded that short‐term exposure to different CO2 treatments adequately estimated long‐term canopy CER response to CO2 level, but did not adequately predict long‐term canopy transpiration response.
Nitrogen‐ and Water‐Use Efficiency of Several Cool‐Season Grasses Receiving Ammonium Nitrate for 9 Years1
Authors: Power J. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractComparative information is needed on differences between grass species regarding dry matter production, root growth, water use, and response to N fertilization, as affected by both age of stand or years of N fertilization. The research reported here was conducted on a Temvik silt loam (fine‐silty, frigid, mixed Typic Haploboroll) at Mandan, ND. Ammonium nitrate was surface broadcast at 0, 45, or 225 kg N/ha for 9 years on established stands of western wheatgrass [Pascopyrum smithii Rydb. (Love)], crested wheatgrass [Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schult.], intermediate wheatgrass [Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski], smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), Russian wildrye [Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski], green needlegrass (Stipa viridula Trin.), and Garrison creeping foxtail (Alopecurus arundinaceus Poir). Dry matter production was usually greatest for E. intermedia. Production for B. inermis, P. smithii, and A. desertorum averaged 85 to 90% that of E. intermedia, and about 65 to 72% for the other species. Dry matter production for all species was generally doubled by 45 kg N/ha, and increased three‐to fourfold with 225 kg N/ha. At 45 kg N/ha, N‐use efficiency varied from an average of 51 kg dry matter per kg N for E. intermedia to 22 for Ps. juncea. Corresponding values at 225 kg N/ha dropped to 16 and 12 kg/kg N. Root dry weights were generally increased 50 to 100% by both N rates, but consistent differences among species were not evident. Annual water use was increased about 20 mm by fertilization, except in extreme drought years. Water‐use efficiency (WUE) was also increased about threefold by fertilization, ranging from 22.6 kg/mm for fertilized E. intermedia to 3.2 for nonfertilized Al. arundinaceus. Water‐use efficiency was highly correlated with dry matter production, increasing about 2.8 kg/mm for each 1000 kg/ha increase in production, with no effect of species, time, or N fertilization.