bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of the marshall stability test for asphalt mixtures
Authors: Broome D. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe paper describes the introduction of the Marshall stability test into commercial use in the U.K. and discusses the practical problems which have arisen. Information is given regarding the influence of aggregate grading and particle shape, and of variation in the percentage and nature of the binder employed. It is shown that particle shape is of greater importance than grading, although the latter can be critical and may have a considerable bearing on the optimum binder content. Lower‐penetration bitumens give generally higher stabilities provided that appropriate changes are made in the compaction temperature. For highways, the use of the Marshall test may give mixtures of relatively low durability. It is suggested that B.S. 594 for hot‐rolled asphalt provides an adequate margin of safety against deformation under most highway conditions without the use of a stability test. It is, nevertheless, suggested that the Marshall test should be further investigated in connexion with road surfacing.
The identity of some dicalcium silicate hydrates
Authors: Glasser L. S. Dent , Funk H. , Hilmer W. , Taylor H. F. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe compounds described as 6CaO, 3SiO2, 2H2O (Flint et al.1), 2CaO, SiO2, 0.5H2O (Jander & Franke2 and Funk3), and Phase Y (Roy4), are all substantially identical. The true composition is probably 6CaO, 3SiO2, H2O, as reported by Roy. New X‐ray powder data are given, and the unit‐cell dimensions have been slightly refined. Thermal weight loss, DTA, and optical data are given.
Reactivity of lime and related oxides. VII crystal size variations in calcium oxide produced from limestone
Authors: Glasson D. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe calcination of limestone has been studied by determining the changes in the specific surface and crystallite size of the calcium oxide produced when limestone spheres are calcined for various times at each of a number of fixed temperatures either in vacuo or in air.At lower temperatures (below about 900°) as in rotary‐kiln lime‐burning, the crystallite size of the calcium oxide is determined more by the mode of recrystallisation of the oxide from its CaCO3‐like transition structure than by the sintering of the recrystallised oxide. Since the decomposition rate of the limestone progressively diminishes, the rate of nucleation in the recrystallisation of the oxide becomes lower, so that the crystallite size of the oxide formed in the outer sections of the spheres tends to be less than that formed in the inner sections. The differences in size are minimised if the evolved carbon dioxide is not quickly removed, for it enhances sintering of the calcium oxide.At higher temperatures (above about 900°), as in conventional lime‐kilning, the crystallite size of the calcium oxide depends mainly on the rate of sintering. Rapid decomposition of the limestone at these temperatures therefore produces lime more homogeneous in surface activity even after only short calcinations, since all of the lime crystallites in each sample still have approximately equal times in which to sinter; the crystallite size of the lime then becomes practically independent of that of the original calcium carbonate.
An experimental survey of rust preventives in water I. Methods of testing
Authors: Hersch P. , Hare J. B. , Robertson A. , Sutherland Sheila M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn assessment of inhibition ability was obtained by two test procedures, which yielded the minimum threshold concentration (range) at which an additive prevents the corrosion of ferrous materials in non‐acid aqueous solutions containing dissolved air. An accelerated procedure was also adopted, in which the basis solution contained a mixture of potassium ferricyanide and sodium chloride.The ability to inhibit the corrosion of zinc was assessed by weight loss experiments.Stationary current/potential polarisation curves, as well as current/time and potential/time curves, were obtained with a cell which incorporated an iron test specimen as anode, suitably ‘activated,’ a large well‐aerated inert cathode, and a non‐acid aqueous electrolyte.
The effects of hydrogenation and catalytic cracking of various molecular types in middle distillates
Authors: Flinn R. A. , Larson O. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe response to hydrogenation and catalytic cracking of the various types of hydrocarbons present in petroleum gas oils has been investigated by mass spectrometric analytical techniques. A substantial difference was found between the ease of hydrogenation of mononuclear and dinuclear aromatic compounds. A similar difference does not appear to exist between dinuclear and polynuclear aromatic systems. Some polynuclear compounds are apparently hydrogenated completely under conditions which do not normally saturate mono ring aromatics.In catalytic cracking, it appears that aromatic compounds are affected largely by the cracking of aliphatic appendages and very few aromatic rings are broken, whereas entirely aliphatic materials present in the reactant stream are cracked quite readily. It is well known that hydrogenation is beneficial to a catalytic cracking charge stock. This work shows that relatively mild hydrogenation of materials which are to be catalytically cracked can, by saturating polyaromatics only to monoaromatics (naphthenes), make the stock much more susceptible to cracking.
Inhibition of the corrosion of pure aluminium in hydrochloric acid solutions
Authors: Sundararajan J. , Char T. L. Rama 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe corrosion rates and inhibitor efficiencies have been determined for 99.5% aluminium in hydrochloric acid solutions, with the following inhibitors : acridine, thiourea, nicotinic acid, dextrin and tannic acid, of which acridine is the best. Polarisation studies with thiourea show that anodic polarisation is negligible, whereas cathodic polarisation is considerable, so that the corrosion process with this inhibitor appears to be essentially under cathodic control.
A method for recovering small samples of bitumen from road mixtures and surface dressings
Authors: Green E. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method has been devised for recovering from surface dressings 30‐g. quantities of cutback or penetration‐grade bitumen. This gives sufficient material for a determination of the viscosity in a Couette viscometer. The method was developed to investigate the rate of hardening on the road of cutback bitumens used in surface dressing.
Measurement of trace quantities of hydrogen sulphide in industrial atmospheres
Authors: Smith A. F. , Jenkins D. G. , Cunningworth D. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlthough methods have been published for the measurement of traces of H2S in air, no mention is made of their reaction to SO2, which is invariably present in the atmosphere, particularly in industrial areas, in concentrations vastly in excess of that of the H2S. In some cases, the calibration and ultimate limits of detection of the methods are also in doubt. The work described here includes a critical practical appraisal of five alternative methods with respect to interference by SO2, maximum flow rate and limit of detection and their accurate calibration to low levels by both volumetric and gas dilution techniques. Modifications to eliminate interference by SO2 are also described.A description is given of a simple portable field apparatus capable of measuring concentrations of H2S down to 10−4 p.p.m. in a 2 h. sampling period, together with typical levels found when using it.
Phosphorus‐containing polymers
Authors: Bride M. H. , Cummings W. A. W. , Pickles W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA number of amino‐ and carboxyl‐substituted diaryl‐phosphine oxides have been prepared and converted into polyamides. Some esters of vinyl‐ and allyl‐phosphonic acid have also been prepared and converted into addition polymers.
The characteristics and sintering behaviour of uranium dioxide prepared by a homogeneous precipitation route
Authors: Ainscough J. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUranium dioxide has been prepared from uranyl nitrate solution by homogeneous precipitation with urea at 95° followed by calcination in argon and reduction in hydrogen. Some properties of the precipitates and of the uranium dioxide powders prepared from them have been measured. The dependence of these latter on the calcination and reduction conditions is discussed. An account is given of the effect of powder preparation conditions and of powder treatment, prior to pressing, on the green and sintered densities of compacts pressed from the powders. To obtain the highest sintered densities it is necessary both to mill the powder and to add a binding agent before pressing. The densities attained after sintering for 2 h. in hydrogen at 1650° are up to 10.5 g./cm. and slightly lower than those of sintered compacts of oxide prepared from ammonium diuarnate prepared under the same conditions.
Flame photometric determination of calcium and magnesium carbonates in brickmaking raw material
Authors: McGraith J. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn analytical procedure has been developed for the rapid determination of calcium and magnesium in brick blaeBlae is silicious material used for the manufacture of composition bricks.
using the Unicam SP 900 flame spectrophotometer. The interfering effects of mineral acid and aluminium content on the results have been established, and means of allowing for, or eliminating, the interferences are suggested. Results of analyses are compared with those by wet chemical methods.
The corrosion of aluminium in concentrated hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Lewis T. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA distinction is made between the electrochemical corrosion of metallic aluminium, in which aluminium oxide is formed, and the chemical solution of the aluminium oxide, leading eventually to the interaction of aluminium ions with the stannic acid stabiliser. The electrochemical reaction is facilitated by chloride ions and retarded by nitrate ions, whilst the chemical solution is enhanced by hydrogen ions and the presence of stannic acid sol. Only the chemical reaction affects the stability of the stannic acid stabiliser.
The corrosion of metals by acid vapours from wood
Authors: Clarke S. G. , Longhurst E. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn tests conducted with air containing known concentrations of acetic acid vapour and moisture, it was found that very small amounts of acetic acid (0.5 p.p.m. or less) can promote corrosion of metals at moisture levels of 80% R.H. and above. The type of corrosion product varies with the concentration of acetic acid and moisture. A number of common metals are affected, but aluminium is relatively resistant, and tin is outstandingly so. With metals exposed to vapours from damp wood, corrosion is markedly promoted when the wood has previously been heated in kiln‐drying after rot‐proofing treatment with aqueous solutions.
The behaviour of stannic acid sols in concentrated hydrogen peroxide. III. The ageing of stannic acid sols in water and hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Lewis T. J. , Richards D. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStannic acid sols in concentrated hydrogen peroxide differ greatly in appearance and behaviour from stannic acid hydrosols. In water the sol particles are comparatively large, grow rapidly and are of a feathery appearance, whilst in hydrogen peroxide the particles are small, compact and show a distinct but much less pronounced tendency to increase in size with time. This ageing process in hydrogen peroxide, which apparently consists of the aggregation of the smaller particles in a polydisperse system, takes place mainly during the first week after preparation and results in a reduction of approximately 25% in the adsorptive power of the sol.
Absorption of carbon dioxide in carbolates
Authors: Briggs D. K. H. , Thompson G. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA streamline jet of absorbing liquid has been used to investigate the rate of uptake of carbon dioxide into water and into commercial carbolates at temperatures in the range 30—60°. The ratio of absorption rates with and without chemical reaction has been correlated with reaction rate constant, hydrogen‐ion concentration and flow factors. In addition, the rate of change of liquid‐film transfer coefficient with temperature has been shown to be similar for all carbolates.
Preparation of uranium peroxide hydrates
Authors: Sato Taichi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUranium peroxide hydrates have been prepared from uranyl nitrate solution and hydrogen peroxide under various conditions. The materials obtained were examined by thermogravimetry, X‐ray diffraction and infra‐red spectroscopy. The results showed that uranium peroxide hydrate exists in two different crystalline forms depending on the temperature of precipitation: UO4,4H2O at below 50°, UO4,2H2O at above 70°. The former is converted into the latter by drying in air at 100° or in vacuo for 24 h. at room temperature.
Formation of aromatics during thermal hydrocracking. II Methylcyclohexane
Authors: Reeve A. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study has been made of the thermal hydrocracking of methylcyclohexane in a flow reactor with particular reference to the formation of aromatic hydrocarbons. Although much of the methylcyclohexane is converted into gaseous hydrocarbons, especially methane, the amounts of benzene and toluene formed are interesting in that benzene displaces toluene as the major aromatic product, as the reaction temperature is increased. Both 4‐methylcyclohexene and cyclohexene are found in appreciable quantities and their yields pass through maxima as the conversion of methylcyclohexane increases, while the respective yields of the corresponding aromatics continue to rise. The aromatics, therefore, are formed mainly as a result of dehydrogenation and demethylation of the naphthene. A possible reaction mechanism is discussed.
Solubilities of vapours in relatively involatile liquids
Authors: Burrows G. , Preece F. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractArising out of the dependence of gas—liquid chromatography on solubility in a manner previously described, the solubilities of five vapours have been measured in a non‐polar solvent and in a polar solvent, both of low vapour pressure, under conditions of dilute solution and over a range of temperatures.The results have been used in the application of a theory which illustrates the action of dilute solutions of vapours in liquids by means of a mechanical model based on the potential energy of attraction, the kinetic energy of vibration, and a probability distribution function.A method is examined in the Appendix in which a conventional temperature‐entropy diagram of the kind used by steam engineers is applied to represent the process of desorbing solutes from solutions.
Effect of dehydrogenation on the structure of two coals
Authors: Dicker P. H. , Flagg M. K. , Gaines A. F. , Martin T. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAs the quantity and nature of the non‐aromatic material in coals is uncertain, the dehydrogenation of coals has been reinvestigated.Aromatic hydrocarbons, unlike phenolic compounds and compounds containing ‘hydroaromatic’ groups attached to aromatic nuclei, could not be dehydrogenated by sulphur below 200°. It was not possible to predict whether the amount of ‘hydroaromatic’ material in coals might be estimated from their treatment with sulphur.The extent of the dehydrogenation of two coals (rank 902 and 401) with sulphur, and hence the amount of ‘hydroaromatic’ material linked to aromatic nuclei, was estimated from the change in the ratio of the infra‐red absorption at 1430 cm.−1 to that at 1600 cm.−1 Firmer estimates were obtained by dehydrogenating the coals by successive treatment with N‐bromosuccinimide and alcoholic potassium hydroxide. It was concluded that, in agreement with the contentions of the Indian school, 16 ± 2% and 11 ± 2% respectively of the carbon in the coals of rank 902 and 401 was ‘hydroaromatic’ and linked to aromatic nuclei. The manner of the dehydrogenation of the coals by sulphur was considered in some detail and, it being assumed that the above ‘hydroaromaticities’ were correct, it was suggested that the two coals contained few methylene groups which could not be dehydrogenated, and also that the non‐aromatic materials in both coals consisted mainly of ‘hydroaromatic’ methylene groups and methyl substituents.
The production of hypochlorite by direct electrolysis of sea water: Electrode materials and design of cells for the process
Authors: Adamson A. F. , Lever B. G. , Stones W. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChlorine treatment of the cooling water of coastal power stations is required to prevent infestation of the circulating water culverts by mussels and marine organisms. As such enormous quantities of cooling water are required at modern coastal power stations, the addition of even a fraction of a p.p.m. of chlorine will result in the consumption of large tonnages of chlorine.The possibility was therefore investigated of producing hypochlorite (which is claimed to be equally effective for controlling mussels) by the direct electrolysis of sea water.As the efficiency of the process will depend to a large extent on the electrode materials and cell design, the paper is devoted to the research and development carried out in these fields both in the laboratory and on a pilot scale.A brief outline of a prototype plant is given.
Phase equilibria in sugar solutions. XI. The ternary system sucrose‐butanol‐water
Authors: Kelly F. H. C. , Rolls J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEquilibrium phase relationships for the ternary system sucrose‐water‐isobutanol have been determined at 30° and 60° and for the system with n‐butanol at 60°. These relationships are illustrated to include tie‐line equilibria in the two liquid‐phase concentration ranges. At 30° occasional appearance of an acicular crystalline solid phase was observed at high butanol concentrations but was of low stability and was difficult to reproduce. It was not positively identified.
Bentonite films to protect steel from oxidation
Authors: Ray Satyabrata , Williamson W. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBentonite films protect heated steel from oxidation when channels through them are absent or are too narrow for oxygen to pass. Ca, Mg and Fe‐bentonites are flocculated and thus produce films containing channels. Na bentonites, being well‐dispersed, give relatively impervious films.Films can be effectively scrubbed from the steel if their montmorillonite expands with water, despite prior heating, but the scrubbing of resistant films with cleansing solutions suggests that wettability is also significant.Na‐Ca‐bentonites showed good overall behaviour when the proportion of Ca was low. A small critical proportion of Ca accelerated thixotropic setting and thus was likely to give a less permeable film. Progressive substitution of Na by Ca produced flocculation, permeable films and difficulty in scrubbing the clay from the steel. This difficulty supervened at different Na/Ca ratios for different bentonites.Heating was to 700° momentarily. Lower peak temperatures should make a wider range of bentonites acceptable.
The setting of a slurry
Authors: Schiller K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe general view concerning the cause of setting, i.e. solidification, of a hydrating slurry is briefly discussed. The aim of this paper is to put this view on a quantitative basis a theory akin to the one of hydration previously published. It is shown that the setting time of a plaster should be proportional to (1 + 2.75 w)−1/3 where w is the water ratio of the slurry. Experimental curves are presented to show that this is so. An unexpected result is that three of the four plasters tested give lines of equal slope. Several explanations why the fourth should behave differently are possible on the basis of the proposed theory, but it is shown experimentally thatin this case it was a different crystal shape which was responsible for the difference.Generally speaking, the theory gives useful information about some properties of a slurry by such simple means as a Vicat needle.
Effect of sulphate solutions on normal and sulphate‐resisting portland cement
Authors: Heller L. , Ben‐Yair M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe expansion and changes in phase composition of dilute paste and mortar bars of normal and sulphate‐resisting Portland cement exposed to various sulphate solutions were studied over a period of time. Although strong expansion was usually associated with the presence of considerable amounts of calcium sulphoaluminate, there was no quantitative correlation between expansion and the concentration of crystalline calcium sulphoaluminate. Similar quantities of this compound were found in corresponding samples of normal and sulphate‐resisting cement. It was inferred that, on continued corrosion, calcium sulphoaluminate partially passes into a gel phase which may determine the properties of the cement.In the presence of magnesium ions the bars disintegrated before excessive expansion occurred, since these ions reacted with hydrating cement with the precipitation of magnesium hydroxide, which tends to block the pores and channels, thus preventing penetration of the solutions. Chloride ions increased expansion by forming calcium chloroaluminate. Under the static conditions of the experiments protective surface films developed.
The dielectric, dynamic mechanical and nuclear resonance properties of polyethylene oxide as a function of molecular weight
Authors: Connor T. M. , Read B. E. , Williams G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe components of the complex dielectric constant ε* and complex shear modulus G* and also the nuclear spin—lattice relaxation time T1 have been measured as a function of temperature and frequency for polyethylene oxide [CH2·CH2·O]n in the molecular weight range 200—2·8 × 106 (viscosity average). The dynamic properties of the polymer below the melting point depend strongly on the molecular weight of the samples and also upon their thermal history and the presence of absorbed liquids such as water and dioxan. It is postulated that the relaxation behaviour is largely influenced by the degree of crystallinity of the polymer which depends markedly on molecular weight.
Production of manganese (II) sulphate from low‐grade manganese ores
Authors: Razouk R. I. , Tobia S. K. , Messiha M. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new method is described for the production of manganous sulphate from low‐grade manganese ores. The ore is first treated with a calculated amount of concentrated sulphuric acid at 200–220° to form manganic and ferric sulphates, and then heated at 500–640° for 90 min. The percentage conversion to manganous sulphate reaches 80, with almost 100% utilisation of sulphur, and contamination with iron is low.An explanation is suggested for the rǒle played by iron in increasing both manganese conversion and efficiency of sulphur utilisation.
Gas‐producing agents in the production of lightweight aggregates
Authors: Chopra S. K. , Lal Kishan , Ramachandran V. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn investigation into the bloating phenomenon in an illitic clay was studied by subjecting the clay to different treatments and employing techniques such as differential thermal analysis, X‐ray diffraction, chemical analysis and gas chromatographic analysis. The results indicate that both organic matter and calcium carbonate behave as gas‐producing agents. The hydroxyl water, entrapped air in the pores and ferric oxide do not significantly contribute to the bloating.