bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autonomia: conceitos e correlações com a prática do enfermeiro
Authors: Jesus Milena Silva de , Said Fátima Aparecida 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTThis article is a bibliographical study with describers: autonomy, nurses and assistance, as axles of the following contents: autonomy, conceptual means, determination and challenges in the contemporary time; the nurses, social practical its and the challenges to its autonomy. The aims are to describe concepts on the word autonomy and its inter-relations in its professional exercise. The conclusion is to have autonomy has been one of the great searches of the human being in the instauration of the solidity of its practical professionals, however, in nursing it gains happened complexities of its historical construction as profession and the exercise of the work. Descriptors: autonomy; nurses; assistance. RESUMOEstudo bibliográfico que parte dos descritores: autonomia, enfermeiros e assistência, como eixos norteadores para o encadeamento dos seguintes conteúdos: autonomia: raízes conceituais, determinações e desafios no contemporâneo; os enfermeiros, sua prática social e os desafios a sua autonomia. Os objetivos são elencar conceitos sobre a palavra autonomia e suas inter-relações no seu exercício profissional. Concluí-se que ter autonomia tem sido uma das grandes buscas do ser humano na instauração da solidez de suas práticas profissionais, entretanto, em Enfermagem ganha complexidades advindas da construção histórica como profissão e do entorno que acompanha o exercício do trabalho. Descritores: autonomia; enfermeiros; assistência.RESUMENEs un estudio bibliográfico con los descriptores: autonomía, enfermeros y asistencia como ejes para la articulación de los siguientes contenidos: autonomía: raices conceptuales, determinaciones y desafíos contemporaneos; los enfermeros, su práctica social y los desafíos a su autonomía. Los objetivos son describir conceptos de la palabra autonomía y sus interrelaciones en su ejercicio profesional. La conclusión es que tener autonomía ha sido una de las grandes búsquedas del ser humano en la instauración en el solidez de sus prácticas profesionales; en tanto en enfermería gana complejidades proveniente de su construcción histórica como profesión y del entorno que acompaña el ejercicio del trabajo. Descriptores: autonomía; enfermeros; asistencia.
O papel do enfermeiro na instituição de longa permanência para idosos
Authors: Santos Silvana Sidney Costa , Da Silva Bárbara Tarouco , Barlem Edison Luiz Devos , Lopes Russilene Da Silva 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTThis update article propose is to enhance the gerontogeriatric nurse field and its aim was to identify the nurse role in the seniors’ long permanence institution. Through this propose, the data from gerontology and Nursing/Health bibliography, the acquired experience in work of permanent extension and, mainly, the authors' professional experience in seniors’ long permanence institution were used. Approached questions: nurse importance in a seniors long permanence institution; functions of a nurse in a seniors’ long permanence institution; nurse perspectives in a seniors’ long permanence institution: the multi/interdisciplinaty. To act as nurse in a seniors’ long permanence institution becomes an emerging and promising professional field. Descriptors: nursing; elder; asylum. RESUMOEste artigo de atualização se propõe a ampliar o campo da Enfermagem Gerontogeriátrica, tendo por objetivo identificar o papel do enfermeiro na Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos. Com este propósito, foram utilizadas como fonte de dados material bibliográfico da Gerontologia e da Enfermagem/Saúde, a experiência adquirida em trabalho de extensão permanente, e principalmente, a vivência profissional dos autores em Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos. Questões abordadas: importância do enfermeiro em uma Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos; funções do enfermeiro em uma Longa Permanência para Idosos; perspectivas do enfermeiro em uma Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos: a multi/interdisciplinaridade. Atuar como enfermeiro em uma Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos torna-se um campo profissional emergente e promissor. Descritores: enfermagem; idoso; asilo.RESUMENEsto articulo de actualización propone ampliar el ámbito de la Enfermería Gerontogeriátrica, teniendo por objeto identificar el papel del enfermero en la Institución de Larga Permanencia para Ancianos. Con este propósito, fueron utilizados como fuente de datos material bibliográfico de Gerontología y de Enfermería/Salud, la experiencia adquirida en el trabajo de extensión permanente, y principalmente, la vivencia profesional de los autores en Institución de Larga Permanencia para Ancianos. Temas tratados: importancia del enfermero en un ILPI; funciones del enfermero en una residencia de ancianos; Perspectivas del enfermero en esta institución: la multi/interdisciplinariedad. Actuar como enfermero en un Institución de Larga Permanencia para Ancianos tornase un campo profesional emergente y prometedor. Descriptores: enfermería; anciano; asilo.
Fundamental Considerations for the Covulcanization of Elastomer Blends. II. Lead Oxide-Activated Cures of NBR-EPDM Blends
Authors: Woods M. E. , Davidson J. A. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
We have determined the cause for the covulcanization behavior of NBR-EPDM blends in TETD accelerator-lead oxide activator formulations. The key lies in the fact that the lead salts of TETD are insoluble in both polar and nonpolar materials. This insolubility would remove the thermodynamic driving force for curative diffusion between elastomer phases and result in a uniform concentration of accelerator salt in both phases. The resulting blends would then be well vulcanized in both phases and exhibit good properties. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that lack of covulcanization is due to the diffusion of the accelerator into the more polar and/or faster curing phase of an elastomer blend.
The Role of Certain Organic Sulfur Compounds as Preventive Antioxidants. II. Activity as Peroxide Decomposers and Effect of Bases
Authors: Shelton J. R. , Harrington E. R. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The results of this study of the activity of certain organic sulfur compounds as peroxide decomposers provides considerable insight to the mechanisms by which they function as preventive antioxidants. First, it is clearly evident that sulfides, disulfides, and their initial oxidation products are not the actual preventive antioxidants but rather the source from which the active materials are obtained. Thus, the sulfoxides and thiolsulfinates, formed in the initial reactions of sulfides and disulfides with hydroperoxides, serve as sources of sulfenic acid and thiosulfoxylic acid, which, together with their reaction products, are the real peroxide decomposers. It has also been demonstrated that sulfenic acid is the most effective peroxide decomposer, and that the acidic product of the initial reaction with hydroperoxide is also an effective peroxide decomposer. This product and the thiosulfoxylic acid from thiolsulfinate react with hydroperoxide by a catalytic mechanism which destroys many moles of hydroperoxide per mole of sulfur compound. The polar acidic character of these reactions was demonstrated by the effect of base. The catalytic decompositions were both effectively stopped by addition of CaCO3, and the thiosulfoxylic-acid-induced peroxide decomposition was stopped by complexing the acid with a sulfoxide.
Radiothermoluminescence and Its Application to the Study of Elastomers Structure
Authors: Zlatkevich L. Y. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
To summarize, it can be seen that the investigation by the radiothermo-Iuminescence method provides important and varied information on the structure of elastomers. Possible applications of this method are not, however, confined to the examples mentioned here. It is possible to use this method for investigating the microstructure of materials obtained in the process of new organic synthesis, studying the plasticity of elastomers, analyzing super-molecular structure in them, and in whole series of other problems of practical importance.
Physical Constants of Different Rubbers
Authors: Wood L. A. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Where a range is given, there are available several observations which differ. In most cases the differences are thought to be real, arising from differences in the rubber rather than from errors of observation. Where a single value is given, it is either because no other observations are available or because there seems to be no significant disagreement among values within the errors of observation. Where values are not given, data have not been found. Where dashes are shown, either the physical measurement is impossible or the constant in question is not adequately defined under the given conditions. 50 phr means “50 parts of carbon black by weight per 100 parts of rubber”, corresponding to a volume fraction of about 0.2. The values shown refer to specific vulcanizates cited in the corresponding references. Other vulcanizates may yield a broader range of values. The metric technical unit “kilogram force” or “kilopond” has been taken as 9.80665 newtons (980 665 dynes). Where an undefined calorie has been used by the respective authors, it has been taken as the thermochemical calorie equal to 4.1840 joules. Values are given for constants at a temperature of 25°C and a pressure of 1 normal atmosphere = 1.01325×105 Pa (where 1 Pa = 1 N/m2 = 10 dyn/cm2 = 10−6 bar).
Pressure-Volume-Temperature Measurements for Polyethylene, Polyiso-Butylene, Poly(Vinyl Acetate), and Poly(Dimethylsiloxane) to 1 Kilobar
Authors: Beret S. , Prausnitz J. M. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
While accurate measurements of volumetric properties of common liquids have been reported over the last 20 years, such measurements are scarce for polymeric liquids at high temperatures and pressures. Quach and Simha measured densities of polystyrene (PS) and poly-(o-methylstyrene) in the region 1–2000 bar and 10–200°C. Goldstein and McKinney measured the density of poly (vinyl acetate) (PVAC) in the region 1–800 bar and −35–100°. Hellwege reported volumetric data for polyethylene (PE), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Maloney and Prausnitz compared density data for PE from different sources and found appreciable disagreement. Volumetric data for polyisobutylene (PIB) and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) are confined to modest pressures (1–40 bar) and those for PVC and PMMA are confined to a small temperature range (120–140°C for PMMA and 90–100°C for PVC). This work presents experimental results at advanced pressures for four polymers (low-density PE, PVAC, PIB, and PDMS) in the temperature region 25–200°C and at pressures from 1 to 1000 bar. All experimental work reported here is confined to the amorphous liquid state.
Derivation of Accurate Glass Transition Temperatures by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Authors: Richardson M. J. , Savill N. G. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Glass transition temperatures, Tg, cannot be directly determined from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves because of kinetic effects which are especially serious for well annealed samples. Using an anionic polystyrene as an example it is shown how DSC data can be transformed to enthalpy curves which give Tg with an accuracy of ±1 K. As the rate of cooling through the glassy region is lowered, Tg is found to decrease by 2.2 K per decade decrease in cooling rate. Quantitative data are given for the specific heat increment at Tg.
Crosslink Density of Elastomers. A New Gas-Chromatographic Method
Authors: Parks C. R. , Brown R. J. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Information concerning the state or degree of vulcanization of rubber products is often desired. This is because most products are compounded and cured to a specific hardness or modulus depending on the end use. For example, stocks used in mechanical goods usually have a higher hardness than goods where fatigue resistance is important, such as tires. If the modulus changes, however, during the life of the article, this is usually reflected in a shortened service period. For general-purpose diene rubbers, this change depends on the type of polymer: polyisoprene rubbers such as natural rubber tend to soften slightly on aging or service, whereas rubbers derived from butadiene such as styrene-butadiene copolymer tend to harden considerably. Typical physical test methods are usually out of the question. The determination of crosslink density by equilibrium swelling measurements is the only practical method that is presently available. Moreover, any size or shape of sample may be used, which makes the method adaptable to routine measurements for new or aged products.
Dynamic Stress Relaxometer, a New Processability Instrument
Authors: Moghe S. R. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Increasing demands for economical, efficient, and high-production output rates require better control on processing methods in the factory. Good processing depends very much upon the uniformity of materials at each stage of the operation. The use of modern equipment and deliberate efforts to make the best use of the materials have narrowed the range of acceptable variations in material properties. Therefore, an instrument is needed which, in a very short period of time, will accurately detect deviations in uniformity. The dynamic stress relaxometer (DSR) described in this paper is an instrument which fulfills these needs. Another aspect of processability which also causes great concern is the need to change some ingredient in the recipe. Variations in the ingredient properties, which may be within specifications, sometimes result in large variations in the final product because of their complex interactions. Therefore, it is important that variations in the ingredients, as well as the final compounds, be detected quickly and satisfactorily so that necessary modifications in the recipe or procedure can be made without delay. The DSR has proven to be a useful tool allowing production personnel to make discriminating decisions effectively in our hose plant. The DSR has been used successfully over the last four years to determine whether the Banbury mixing and milling of the compounds were acceptable for processing through a cold-feed extruder.
Improved Cocure of EPDM-Polydiene Blends by Conversion of EPDM into Macromolecular Cure Retarder
Authors: Hopper R. J. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The 1,2-addition of certain N-chlorothioamides to the olefinic sites of EPDM produces modified polymers which exhibit improved covulcanization in blends with polydiene rubbers. A mechanism is postulated in which the modified EPDM retards the cure of the polydiene phase and at the same time is itself activated toward crosslinking. Model compound data are presented to support these views.
Sulfur-Cure-Compatible Blends of Halogenated Ethylene-Propylene Copolymers and Diene Rubbers
Authors: Morrissey R. T. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The chlorination of ethylene-propylene copolymers represents a possible economical method of producing a sulfur-curable EPM polymer. There are many feasible uses for these polymers. However, their incompatibility of cure with the more generally used polymers such as SBR, cis-polybutadiene, and natural rubber has limited their use, particularly in blends. It has been found that this can be overcome by halogenation of the EPM in the presence of certain catalysts. Earlier studies of Crespi and Bruzzone have shown that dehydrochlorina tion must follow chlorination for the polymer to show a high state of cure and good rebound characteristics. It has been discovered that the presence of certain metal halide catalysts and uv light tend to promote not only the halogenation of the EPM but also the dehydrohalogenation process. Further modification of the chlorinated and brominated EPM can be produced by halogenating in two steps. The resulting halogenated EPM shows good cure compatibility with highly unsaturated polymers, such as natural rubber. The halogenated copolymers show good adhesive properties to blends of diene polymers and have been used as adhesives between EPDM and fabric.
Reinforcement of Rubber through Short Individual Filaments
Authors: Foldi A. P. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Short, individual filaments of seven organic fibers, along with glass and wire, were mixed into several types of rubber stock, mainly on a rubber mill. Both the glass and the wire filaments broke into fragments. A high degree of orientation was achieved with most organic fibers. The presence of these filaments caused, in the direction of orientation, increased green strength (up to 37×) and exceptionally high stress at low elongations (e.g. 5.8 MPa at 100% with only 5 phr fiber). This was accompanied by moderate reduction in uncured yield elongation and by substantial decrease in cured elongation at break. Hardness, both uncured and cured, increased moderately, while heat buildup rose considerably in the presence of fibers. Penetration resistance, measured by a new laboratory test, increased two- to fourfold. The magnitude of these effects was directly proportional to the amount of well-dispersed and oriented fiber. No adhesive coating or special treatment was needed at the aspect ratios studied (&gt; 180) to achieve tensile reinforcement with the organic fibers. The use of an adhesive dip on nylon actually reduced the level of reinforcement. The effects of staple length were insignificant on cured modulus, elongation at break, heat buildup, or penetration resistance; minor on green strength; moderate on Mooney viscosity. The most promising reinforcing filaments were the aramids, nylon, poly(vinyl alcohol), and polyester with aspect ratios between 180 and 3100.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Emulsion Polymerization
Authors: Ugelstad J. , Hansen F. K. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The course of emulsion polymerization may be considered as involving three intervals: Interval I, where particle formation takes place. The end of this interval is not dependent upon the degree of conversion, but on the total amount of polymer formed. With usual recipes, it ends at about 1-5% conversion. Interval II lasts from the end of Interval I until monomer disappears as a separate phase. In this interval, the particle number is usually found to be constant, the particle volume increases proportional to conversion, the monomer concentration in the particles is approximately constant, and therefore the termination is also constant within the particles. Interval III starts when the monomer disappears as a separate phase. The transition from Intervals II to III is determined by the degree of conversion and differs for different monomers. In cases where the solubility of monomer in the water phase is low, the monomer present in the aqueous phase may usually be neglected compared to the monomer present in the polymer particles. This will usually hold with most monomers at ordinary conditions, where the amount of polymer per unit of water is relatively high, and when the concentration of monomer in the particles is much higher than in the aqueous phase. In this case, the particle volume during Interval III will decrease slightly due to the contraction by polymerization. The concentration of monomer in the particles generally decreases during Interval III, which leads to an increased viscosity within the particles and thereby also to a decrease in the value of the termination constant. The present paper deals chiefly with the kinetics of emulsion polymerization in the three intervals and the application of kinetics to the study of the mechanism. Several review articles on emulsion polymerization have recently appeared in the literature. The reason for presenting a new review article is that a vast number of papers on emulsion polymerization have recently been published, which have broadened the theoretical and experimental knowledge of the process. Several experimental and theoretical studies on the mechanisms of particle formation have appeared. New theories for particle formation outside the micelles have appeared. Also the relative effectiveness of micelles and particles in capturing radicals from the aqueous phase has been discussed in several papers.
Molecular Weight Control of Elastomers Prepared by Emulsion Polymerization
Authors: Uraneck C. A. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Control of molecular weight is a prerequisite for the production of commercial polymers. This is especially true of elastomers for which satisfactory processing is either an implied or a formal specification. This review covers the theories and their applications for the control of molecular weights for the production of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), emulsion butadiene rubber (E-BR), nitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR), chloroprene rubber (CR), acrylic-butadiene rubber (ABR), and acrylic rubber. The complexity of the emulsion polymerization system is reflected in the large number of experimental and theoretical studies. Chronologically the theories and experiments based on the original mechanism proposed by Harkins and on the quantitative hypothesis of Smith and Ewart evolved into numerous publications. These works have been periodically reviewed, and several recent reviews give detailed descriptions of these studies. A review by Alexander and Napper, although subjective in choice of papers examined, presents a critical analysis of the major theories of emulsion polymerization systems. However, none of the reviews just cited cover in a significant way the control of the molecular weight of polymers prepared in the presence of reactive transfer agents. The theoretical and experimental studies of the control of molecular weight of elastomers prepared in emulsion systems came from a series of studies different from those concerned solely with emulsion theory and mechanism. In this review the broad features of the mechanism first proposed by Harkins and the hypothesis of Smith and Ewart are accepted. The derivation of modifier depletion and molecular weight equations and the calculation of the theoretical curves used in emulsion systems for the preparation of elastomers are presented next.
Polychloroprene Rubber
Authors: Johnson P. R. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Polychloroprene, or neoprene, has been commercially available since 1932. Through the years the use of these polymers has continued to increase to an annual worldwide consumption of almost 300 000 metric tons (660 million pounds, Table I). This represents about 5% of the world market for elastomer. Polychloroprene must, therefore, be regarded as one of the more important specialty elastomers. The polymer has enjoyed this growth because it has filled much of the need for an oxidation-resistant, oil-resistant, and heat-resistant elastomer. It is the purpose of this paper to summarize the technical knowledge of the preparation and use of polychloroprene. In preparing this paper, we have made extensive use of prior review publications. We have attempted to organize the topics in a logical sequence and have updated the information to 1975. Our objective has been to describe the major lines of technical effort. Our reference list is therefore not necessarily an exhaustive one.
Tire Friction on Wet Roads
Authors: Grosch K. A. , Schallamach A. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Evidence accumulates that tire forces on wet roads, particularly when the wheel is locked, are determined by the dry frictional properties of the rubber on the one hand and by hydrodynamic lubrication in the contact area on the other. The probable reason why they are so clearly separable is that water is a poor lubricant, tending to separate into globules and dry areas under relatively small pressures. Road surfaces and tire profiles are, therefore, designed to create easy drainage and high local contact pressures. The influence of road friction on vehicle control well below the critical conditions is becoming more clearly understood; but more Investigations are required here, in particular under dynamic conditions.