bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrocarbons reported off northern California coast
Authors: Greathouse Lee 
Published: October 2011

The USGS reports finding the first concentrations of hydrocarbons off the northern California coast in a sea floor sample taken about 40 km. east of Eureka. Analyzed aboard RV Sea Sounder, the 1.6‐m gravity core was found to contain anomalously high amounts of natural gases, ranging from methane to butane.The sample was collected and examined by Michael E. Field, Keith A. Kvenvolden, and Samuel H. Clarke, Jr. It was taken in November from a small pond of sediment near the crest of a knoll about 500 m below the sea surface on the Eel Plateau. The knoll, say the scientists, is a diapir‐like structure similar in some respects to the salt domes in the petroleum regions of Texas and the Gulf of Mexico.
IUGG—Canberra
Authors: Greathouse Lee 
Published: October 2011

One of the best meetings since World War II—that's how one delegate described the General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), held in Canberra, Australia, last December. Overall, delegates indicate that the gathering was a satisfying one from scientific, organizational, and arrangement standpoints.Persons from 71 countries participated (see Table 1). The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and the Libyan Arab Republic joined the Union as new members. For the first time, the People's Republic of China played a major part in the assembly. About 50 scientists from that country attended. There was also at least one participant from Taiwan at the sessions.
Land‐use maps
Authors: Greathouse Lee 
Published: October 2011

A series of land‐use maps is now available for sale over‐the‐counter from USGS. Previously, these maps were available only by request.The two‐color maps depict residential, agricultural, commercial, and industrial use, and land cover such as forests and wetlands, at a scale of 1:250,000 (1 cm equals about 2.5 km).
Ocean margin drilling slated for 1981 start
Authors: Greathouse Lee 
Published: October 2011

The first clear outlines of the Ocean Margin Drilling Program have emerged with the recent release of the president's FY 1981 budget.If Congress cooperates by appropriating the money for the program, the first phase of the 10‐year, $700 million project will begin in 1981. The budget request calls for the government to spend about $10 million during this initial stage, with oil companies contributing a like amount.
Crustal stress research: Highlights of the Fall AGU Session
Authors: Haimson Bezalel C. 
Published: October 2011

An interpretive map of the orientation of minimum horizontal stress for the contiguous United States, based on in situ stress measurements, geological data, and earthquake focal mechanism solutions, indicated that the state of stress within the plate is not uniform. The tectonically active western United States was shown to possess a complicated stress pattern, but even in the relatively quiet eastern and central parts of the country, several major variations in orientation of stress were apparent.A new study, based on measurements in North America, Africa, and Australia, revealed that, on the average, maximum sheer stress increases linearly with depth to at least 5 km, with no indication of leveling off.
Committee to study remote sensing for hydrology
Authors: Greathouse Lee 
Published: October 2011

Officers of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) decided at the December general assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) in Canberra, Australia, that the time was right to set up a formal group to ‘promote, communicate, and coordinate the applications of remote sensing and data transmission to hydrologic problems.’The result was the International Committee on Remote Sensing and Data Transmission for Hydrology, a formal working group which will have an international membership of researchers involved in all phases of hydrologic study.
Models reflect new information on the compositions of Uranus and Neptune
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

Chemical models of planets of the Jovian group appear to be following a trend in composition toward lighter elements in the mean, resulting in a renewed interest in the geochemistry of hydrogen (plus helium in solar abundance), water, methane, and ammonia on a solar‐system‐wide basis. Recent Pioneer and Voyager data on Jupiter and a turn have now provided the basis for models of their interiors that are composed mostly of light elements.Hubbard and MacFarlane (J. Geophys. Res., 85, 225–234, 1980) have, in a new theoretical study of the structure and evolution of Uranus and Neptune, focused attention on ‘ices’ as a major mineral constituent. Thus as data from the outer planets become accessible in this decade, the goal of modeling the interior compositions of the major planets will be a realistic challenge.
U.S. report to IUGG
Authors: Chovitz Bernard 
Published: October 2011

I must take exception to a remark by President Cox in his editorial on the U.S. Report to the IUGG in the November 30, 1979, issue of EOS. After pointing out the responsibility of the AGU for this report, and then stressing the developing of the AGU into an international society, he states ‘So the fact that this Quadrennial Report does not just record U.S. achievements is very much a reflection of the fact that the AGU is no longer just a national organization.’The authors of the individual contributions to the report received the following charge from the report's editor‐in‐chief: ‘Non‐U.S. work should be mentioned when it defines the context of contributions in the U.S.’ Neither this statement, nor the report itself, justify the implication in the editorial remark. The report, as the heading of the editorial itself plainly affirms, is the U.S. report, not the AGU report.
Antarctic meteorite researchers find promising new field
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

Researchers, supported jointly by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the National Science Foundation (NSF), have found what looks like a promising new meteorite field in the Antarctic.The meteorite research and retrieval is carried out by university and government researchers, led by William Cassady of the University of Pittsburgh, including members of the Japanese polar research team and members of a group from NASA's Johnson Space Center, Houston.
Space shuttle given priority in NASA budget
Authors: Greathouse Lee 
Published: October 2011

At a recent hearing before a House subcommittee which concerns itself with appropriations for the Department of Housing and Urban Development and independent agencies, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) head Robert Frosch made it clear that the space shuttle has top priority in the hardpressed FY 198I NASA budget.The president's budget, as it originally appeared in January, called for the following amounts for the shuttle: $300 million in supplemental funding for FY 1980, $1.87 billion for research and development in FY 1981, and $10.1 million for construction of facilities in FY 1981. ‘These amounts…,’ Frosch said in a prepared statement, ‘are not being reduced in the current reexamination by the president.’
House Committee recommends cuts in NASA, NSF budgets
Authors: Greathouse Lee 
Published: October 2011

In a draft report that will accompany the first House budget resolution, the House Budget Committee has recommended that relatively small cuts be made in the FY 1981 budgets for the National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) and the National Science Foundation (NSF).The committee's action covered ‘budget function 250,’ which encompasses the bulk of NASA's and the NSF's budgets and includes a portion of the Department of Energy (DOE) budget. (For purposes of the budget process, the various federal programs are divided into ‘functions.’)
Ocean margin drilling—The current plan
Authors: Greathouse Lee 
Published: October 2011

The latest proposal for the Ocean Margin Drilling (OMD) Program calls for drilling 15 holes between 1984 and 1989, according to a draft of a report of a planning meeting held in Houston, March 3–7. Roughly two thirds of the program would be devoted to exploration of the passive margins, with the remaining third split about equally between active margins, paleoenvironment studies, and ocean crust studies (see list below).The program is thus fleshed out beyond the 6‐hole schedule envisioned when budget cuts early this year eliminated riserless drilling in the Pacific and southern oceans.
Illinois borehole offers rare chance for research
Authors: Greathouse Lee 
Published: October 2011

An unprecedented engineering project by a power company may give researchers a chance to look deep into the Precambrian basement of northern Illinois.Commonwealth Edison (Com Ed), a major supplier of electricity in that region, is drilling an exploratory hole near Winslow, in Stephenson County (expected final depth: 1650 m), as part of an effort to determine if it is feasible to build an underground hydroelectric plant. The system will pump water to a surface reservoir at night, then generate power by dropping the water through turbines to an underground reservoir during the day, when demand for electricity is high.
NOAA pollution office created
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

A new organizational group, the National Marine Pollution Program Office, has been created within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Office of Policy and Planning in order to handle the demands of the 1978 Ocean Pollution Research, Development and Monitoring and Planning Act.In December 1979, the Federal Interagency Committee on Ocean Pollution Research, Development and Monitoring submitted a plan to Congress that set targets in combating marine pollution and recommended methods of coordinating the activities of the 11 federal agencies and departments that must cooperate in an ocean pollution abatement and coastal resource conservation and development effort.
Report from IUGG Assembly: IAGA session on multicomponent natural remanent magnetization
Authors: Halls H. C. 
Published: October 2011

Of fundamental importance in paleomagnetism is the recognition of multicomponent behavior in rocks and the formulation of procedures to correctly isolate and identify the various components. Emphasis on multicomponent analysis has only emerged in the last 5–6 years. This is not only because of the increased study of more geologically complex areas, where rocks may have experienced more than one thermochemical event, but also because highly sensitive computercoupled magnetometers are now available, which permit more rapid and precise measurement of magnetization intensity and direction.An essential element of multicomponent analysis is the examination of the magnetization removed in demagnetization procedures. Through the use of various methods which involve difference vector stereoplots, vector diagrams, and remagnetization circles, the separation and directional estimate of each component may be obtained. Additional information drawn from rock magnetic, petrologic, radiometric, or field relationships may then lead to a reconstruction of the complex magnetic history that many rocks, particularly old ones, have suffered.
Evolution and utilization of Magsat
Authors: Kane Martin F. 
Published: October 2011

For a variety of reasons, some circumstantial, I have been acquainted with the development of the concept of satellite measurement of the terrestrial magnetic field since nearly its beginning. It was with more than usual interest therefore that I read the account by Langel, in the September 18 issue of EOS, of the developments that have led to the impending launch of Magsat. In reflecting on the article however, I feel that there are two omissions in Langel's account, which if not vital to an accurate picture of these developments, at least add a reality, particularly to that aspect of Magsat that is concerned with anomalies of crustal origin.The first omission concerns the pre‐1970 activities, when the concept was in its earliest stages. It was during this period that a collaboration arose between Gordon Andreasen of the U.S. Geological Survey and Joseph Cain, then of NASA, presently with the U.S. Geological Survey. This collaboration led to the earliest attempts to isolate magnetic anomalies that have their origin in the earth's crust. Andreasen and Cain were joined by Isidore Zietz of the Survey, who drew on his own pioneering experiences in aeromagnetics to add valuable insights to the efforts. As with all attempts of this type, the earliest results met with varying degrees of scientific skepticism. I think that Andreasen, Cain, and Zietz deserve credit not only for their foresight but for their courage and perseverance, which in my opinion played a seminal role in the long series of events that have resulted in Magsat.
Earthquake Hazards Program passes House Committee
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Legislation that would reauthorize the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977 has cleared the full House Science and Technology Committee with minor technical changes. The bill (H. R. 7013) is thus little changed from the form given it by the Science, Research, and Technology subcommitte (EOS, April 1). The subcommittee's markup increased funding for the program, slightly above the FY 1 980 level; exerted some push in planning for earthquake preparedness; and cleared up some questions about overlapping responsibilities of federal agencies.So far, in its course toward passage, the legislation has moved smoothly. It was untouched by the shocks of the administration's revisions of the FY 1980 and FY 1981 budgets, and at a hearing before the Senate Science, Technology, and Space subcommittee, it received strong expressions of support. ‘We're sitting on a time bomb,’ said Harrison H. (Jack) Schmitt (RN. Mex.), ranking Republican committee member, adding that he thought adequate resources were not being allocated to the problem.
Deep test hole drilled near fault
Authors: Greathouse Lee 
Published: October 2011

In an effort to answer troublesome questions about stresses on the San Andreas fault, a team of U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) researchers is compiling data from in situ measurements in the deepest hole ever drilled, for scientific purposes, on or near the San Andreas fault.Headed by Mark Zoback, the team recently finished drilling the 1‐km hole, made stress measurements, and left fault zone monitoring equipment (seismometer and water level recorder) in place. Located about 40 km south of Palmdale and 3.5 km from the fault, the hole is in a region of real concern to geologists —in the area of the swelling and deflating Palmdale Bulge and at the site of an 1857 earthquake that had an estimated Richter reading of 8.
Report from the IUGG Assembly: IAGA session on mathematical and physical aspects of modeling the geomagnetic field and its secular variation
Authors: Leaton B. R. 
Published: October 2011

The session covered three broad topics: (a) techniques and practical modeling of the present geomagnetic field and its recent secular change; (b) spectral analysis of several geomagnetic time series; and (c) studies relating to the earth's deep conductivity and motions at the core boundary.Yukatake showed that higher‐frequency components remain after removal of trend and the solar cycle effect, and hence secular acceleration should be taken into account. In developing his simple method for evaluating models from scalar intensity data, James showed that, for an infinite series, two models may be derived, having an arbitrary potential difference. Barker demonstrated that the uniform spatial coverage expected of Magsat data will permit the compilation of models to a very high order and degree, computational problems being eased by appropriate partitioning, which includes a large measure of orthogonalization. He further reported on the joint U.S.A./U.K., 1 2th‐order main field model for 1980, derived from angular data only. The corresponding secular change model, using observatory repeat station service survey and satellite data, was reported by Malin, who also described the global morphology of the 1979 jerk.
Magsat to reenter soon
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The Magsat satellite, successfully launched into a low‐altitude polar orbit on October 30, 1979, is expected to reenter the atmosphere in early June. The NASA satellite, designed to map the vector magnetic field near the earth, contains a cesium vapor scalar magnetometer of accuracy ±1 nT and three‐axis flux gate magnetometer of accuracy better than 3 nT (the earth's field at the surface ranges from 25,000 to 66,000 nT). The objectives of the mission are to provide a global vector survey of the main geopotential field and low‐altitude measurements of crustal anomalies (see ‘Near‐Earth Satellite Magnetic Field Measurements: A Prelude to Magsat,’ by R. A. Langel, EOS, 60, 38, 667–668, 1979).The mission was initially expected to have a 5‐month lifetime before reentering the atmosphere, according to a prediction made shortly after launch (see the Figure). This prediction used an atmospheric model appropriate to an average daily solar flux value at 10.7 cm (2800 MHz) of 200 flux units (1 flux unit = 10−22Wm−2 Hz−1). Apogee and perigee heights, however, have declined more slowly than initially predicted, and the observed decay more closely fits a prediction based on 160 flux units. Thus a lifetime of approximately 7 months is now anticipated.
Another Moon for Jupiter
Authors: Greathouse Lee 
Published: October 2011

Stephen P. Synnott of the Voyager Optical Navigation Team at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena has reported finding yet another moon of Jupiter—its 15th.The new‐found satellite, provisionally called 1979 J2, is estimated to be about 70 to 80 km in diameter and to have an orbit that places it between satellites Amalthea and Io, at a distance of about 151,000 km above the planet's clouds. The satellite circles the planet in 16 hours, 16 minutes.
Report from the IUGG Assembly: IAGA session on pulsations
Authors: Southwood D. J. 
Published: October 2011

Geomagnetic pulsations are small oscillatory changes in the earth's magnetic field. Their periods fall in the ULF (ultra low frequency) band and range from a second up to 600 seconds. First reported in the last century, significant progress in understanding the origin of these surprisingly sinusoidal signals only followed J. W. Dungey's suggestion, in the early 1950's, that they might be due to hydromagnetic waves in the earth's magnetosphere. The 1960's saw an accumulation of evidence, but in the 1970's the field blossomed.A variety of factors were responsible. Most important was that theories of large‐scale structure of signals were developed just as the first arrays of magnetometers were measuring the north‐south signal structure along lines of longitude. Theory and experiment agreed probably better than theorists or experimenters had expected; thus began a healthy mix of collaboration between theorists and experimenters.
Readjustment of the national geodetic vertical datum
Authors: Lippold H. R. 
Published: October 2011

New geodetic techniques and computer technology are providing scientists in the United States and other countries of North America with the precise tools needed to modernize the North American horizontal and vertical geodetic control networks—a web of geodetic survey monuments that spans the continent. When the project is completed in 1987, it will provide an improved base for mapping and engineering projects, crustal motion studies, inventories of natural resources, land parcel recordation, and the launch and recovery of space vehicles. In particular, the earth scientist will have available, in an instant, 100 years of historical geodetic data in computer‐readable form, supplying valuable information on crustal motion and earthquake prediction.The National Ocean Survey (NOS) through one of its main line components, the National Geodetic Survey (NGS), is responsible for the geodetic mission of the United States government. This task began on February 10, 1807, when the Congress enacted legislation proposed by President Jefferson to perform a ‘Survey of the Coast of the United States,’ thereby creating the first federal scientific agency. The first work performed was the measurement of two baselines and an 11‐station triangulation network in the vicinity of New York City during the period 1816–1818 [Powell, 1976], The first geodetic leveling survey was made during 1856 and 1857 by the U.S. Coast Survey (renamed the National Ocean Survey in 1970). This survey, directed by G. B. Vose, was in support of a detailed study of tides and currents in the vicinity of New York Bay and the Hudson River [Berry, 1976].
Frontier Session on Earth's Interior
Authors: Greathouse Lee 
Published: October 2011

A relatively new dating technique that uses a radioisotope with an extremely long halt life has led some UCLA and Caltech researchers to picture the interior of the earth as of surprisingly simple structure. As they see it, the earth's mantle, which makes up about two thirds of the planet, is divided into two layers: an upper portion that supplies magma to the mid‐ocean ridges and other volcanic regions of the earth's surface and a lower layer that has remained untouched since the earth formed.In a Frontier session at the AGU Spring Meeting in Toronto, Don DePaolo of UCLA presented current findings from work with neodymium 143, the decay product of samarium 147. Frontier sessions highlight research of general interest in new areas of exploration. Research with neodymium has occurred only in the past 6 years, DePaolo said, because the measurement techniques available before then were not sensitive enough.
Orbital flight test program extended
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

NASA has extended the date for completion of the first four space shuttle orbital flight tests to April 1982. The extension of the flight test program has made it necessary to reschedule the first operational flight of the Columbia (STS‐5) from March 1 982 to September 1 982.The decision to extend the flight test program and reschedule STS‐5 is the result of several factors, the major one being the continuing engineering assessment and improvement of the thermal protection system.
Landsat 2 back in service
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

After a retirement of nearly 6 months, NASA's 5‐yearold Landsat 2 spacecraft is back in service.The spacecraft, which was designed to study the earth's resources from space, was ‘revived’ following intensive efforts by NASA engineers to restore operations and through the development of a new ‘magnetics’ technique which helps keep the polar‐orbiting spacecraft stabilized.
Palmdale bulge still a puzzle
Authors: Greathouse Lee 
Published: October 2011

We may never know if there was a Palmdale bulge. After reconsidering hundreds of kilometers of surveying data taken in southern California, researchers are still divided about the results.At a presentation of findings, given during the AGU Spring Meeting, UCLA professor David Jackson reaffirmed his assessment that significant errors exist in the measuring techniques. Ross Stein of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) found that errors were small, random, and had little effect on deflating the bulge. Bill Strange of the National Geodetic Survey discussed a source of error different from that which started the controversy, but said that correcting for it took much of the uplift out of the bulge.