bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social and Political Reconciliation
Authors: WRIGHT JULIAN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Before discussing in detail Jean Charles-Brun's political engagement with the movement to educate the working class in France and his attempt to find a middle path through the political controversies of his day, this chapter looks at his views on feminism. The fine balance in Charles-Brun's feminism may be seen as a microcosm of his views on relations between the classes. His notion of women and their role in society were firmly situated within his Catholicism. Charles-Brun's earliest comments on gender issues were clearly conservative, and his feminism was underpinned by his vision of a religion engaged with social reality. The quest for reconciliation was such a fundamental part of Charles-Brun's thinking that it is hardly surprising to find him active on behalf of the moderate syndicalist organisations and other groups that sought to build social harmony through working class education. Charles-Brun's engagement with politics between 1906 and 1909 demonstrates that he situated his belief in regionalism firmly within the context of republicanism and its renewal.
Working Frame
Authors: Reydams Luc 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter outlines an international legal framework for the problem of extraterritorial jurisdiction in general. It begins with the Lotus case of 1927, which remains the only international decision about a State’s right to exercise criminal jurisdiction. It then examines the consequences of ultra vires jurisdiction, as well as possible remedies. The chapter shows the connection between extraterritorial jurisdiction, extradition, and human rights, and then discusses the burden of proof in litigation regarding extraterritorial jurisdiction. It concludes with some reflections on the impacts of globalization on jurisdiction.
Belgium
Authors: Reydams Luc 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses universal jurisdiction in Belgium. The chapter is organized as follows. Section A presents a tour d’horizon of the ambit of the country’s criminal law. It then considers the standing victims in criminal proceedings and the application of the principles of double criminality, lex mitior, and ne bis in idem. Section B deals with cases of universal jurisdiction or with judicial decisions in which the issue was raised. Section C concludes with a brief summary of the chapter.
France
Authors: Reydams Luc 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses universal jurisdiction in France. The chapter is organized as follows. Section A presents a tour d’horizon of the ambit of the country’s criminal law. It then considers the standing victims in criminal proceedings and the application of the principles of double criminality, lex mitior, and ne bis in idem. Section B deals with cases of universal jurisdiction or with judicial decisions in which the issue was raised. Section C concludes with a brief summary of the chapter.
Israel
Authors: Reydams Luc 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses universal jurisdiction in Israel. The chapter is organized as follows. Section A presents a tour d’horizon of the ambit of the country’s criminal law. It then considers the standing victims in criminal proceedings and the application of the principles of double criminality, lex mitior, and ne bis in idem. Section B deals with cases of universal jurisdiction or with judicial decisions in which the issue was raised. Section C concludes with a brief summary of the chapter.
The Competing Jurisdictions of International Courts and Tribunals
Authors: Shany Yuval 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a sharp increase in the number of international courts and tribunals (WTO, NAFTA, ITLOS, ICC, etc.) and greater willingness on the part of states and other international actors to subject themselves to the compulsory jurisdiction of international adjudicative mechanisms. However, because of the uncoordinated nature of these developments, overlaps between the jurisdictional ambits of the different judicial bodies might occur, i.e., the same dispute could fall under the jurisdiction of more than one forum. This raises both theoretical and practical issues of coordination between the various jurisdictions. The purpose of this book is to explore the implications of jurisdictional competition and to identify standards that may alleviate problems associated with the phenomenon, which arguably threatens the unity of international law. The first part of the book examines the jurisdictional ambits of the principal international courts and tribunals and delineates areas of overlap between their respective jurisdictions. There follows a discussion of some of the potential systematic and practical problems that arise out of jurisdictional competition (such as forum shopping and multiple proceedings) and a consideration of the expediency of mitigating them. The book concludes by identifying existing rules of international law, which govern inter-jurisdictional competition, and by considering the desirability of introducing additional norms and arrangements.
The Art of Love
Authors: Gibson Roy , Sharrock Alison 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This collection of essays on Ovid's corpus of erotodidactic poetry from an international contingent of Ovidian scholars finds its origins in a major conference held at the University of Manchester in 2002. The contributors between them offer a series of perspectives on the issues that have dominated scholarship on the poems in recent decades: questions of genre, intertextuality, narratology, and reception; the socio-historical Augustan context for the poems; and the nature of ‘love’ as it is constructed in the poems. Moreover, the introduction provides a comprehensive history of scholarship on the poems in the last fifty years, in which the current papers are situated. As the first collection of critical essays on Ovid's erotodidactic poetry to appear in English, one final aim of the present volume (and its original conference) is to bring together the important cultural or national traditions – German, Italian, Anglophone (British, Irish, and American) – of scholarship on the Ars and Remedia that have so far existed largely in isolation.
Vixisset Phyllis, si me foret usa magistro Erotodidaxis and Intertextuality
Authors: Kennedy Duncan F. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter takes up the invitation offered by the praeceptor in Ars 3 to (re-)read the Heroides as part of an implicit love-lesson: by ‘re-enacting’ scenarios in the letters with a certain level of detachment, Ovid suggests that the pupil may be able both to empathise with the heroine's words and to assess their erotodidactic significance. Focussing on two of the letters – those of Ariadne and Phyllis – the chapter demonstrates how the Heroides can be used by the female reader both to reinforce the praeceptor's advice and to offer additional, ‘extra-curricular’ instruction.
In Ovid With Bed (Ars 2 and 3)
Authors: Henderson John 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter argues that the apparent ‘surprise’ of a third book to the Ars – addressed to women – has, in fact, been subtly telegraphed by Ovid's assertions in Ars 1-2 of the need for parity between the sexes and for the male to be vanquished.
Ars Amatoria Romana: Ovid on Love as a Cultural Construct
Authors: Katharina Volk 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter, concentrating on the rhetoric of the praeceptor, argues that love-making is presented in Ars specifically as a cultural construct, in that the poem's instructions are consciously directed towards a specific audience, namely certain sectors of Roman society, at a (broadly) specific time, namely contemporary Augustan Rome.
Path Predicates
Authors: ERTESCHIK-SHIR NOMI , RAPOPORT TOVA 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter explores the connection among the various types of predicates that can describe sequential change, such as advance, cool, march, and flash. The examination is conducted within a theory of the lexicon–syntax relation, in which the meanings of verbs are decomposed into atomic meaning components, each of which is free to project syntactic structure. There are three possible projected predicate types, each having a particular aspectual interpretation. The combination of the projected structure and its interpretation, and a requirement of the interpretation of all verbal components, allows the various predicate meanings to be derived from a verb's single lexical representation. Within this framework, the incremental and iterating change predicate types are all analysed as path – or plural – predicates, and their particular syntactic and aspectual properties are accounted for.
Tense, Person, and Transitivity
Authors: GUÉRON JACQUELINE 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter argues that each syntactic phase of the sentence is associated with a distinct construal. In the VP phrase, all interpretation is spatial; in the TP/CP phrase, all interpretation is temporal. It replaces holistic theta-roles assigned to predicates in the lexicon by fragmentary spatial or temporal event functions assigned in specific syntactic domains. It also replaces transitivity between arguments by transitivity between spatial or temporal formal features of arguments. This theory of ‘split interpretation’ accounts for grammatically economical instances of a single lexical item, receiving either a spatial or a temporal construal depending on its syntactic position. The theory is also empirically superior to theta-role theory. It accounts for the fact that arguments which never leave VP are interpreted solely in spatial terms, while arguments which never occur in VP, such as the dative benefactive argument, have no spatial properties at all, but only psychological properties. The chapter shows that theta-roles like Agent or Possessor are better analysed as umbrella terms for arguments which accumulate several elementary spatial or temporal functions in distinct syntactic positions. Construal mechanisms located at the syntax–semantics interface unify the fragmentary arguments and transitivity relations derived in syntax. The interaction of three such construal mechanisms – chain construal, A-binding, and metonymy – in inalienable possession and control structures are discussed.
2 Constitutionalization: The Received Account
Authors: CASS DEBORAH Z. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter draws on international, supranational, and domestic legal theory to identify what constitutionalization means, before examining the term in the specific context of the WTO. It identifies an account of constitutionalization which, traditionally, has been used to analyze changes in political and legal systems. This model, called the received account of constitutionalization, emphasizes the presence of six core elements: the emergence of constraints on political, social, and economic behaviour; a new Grundnorm or rule of recognition; political community; deliberative process; realignment of relationships within that community; and social legitimacy.
Failure of Consideration
Authors: Virgo Graham 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Where the claimant transfers a benefit to the defendant pursuant to a transaction which is subject to a condition, or a basis, and this condition has not been satisfied, it is possible to conclude that there has been a failure of consideration and this may enable the claimant to bring a restitutionary claim. Failure of consideration is not a ground of restitution in its own right but is rather a general principle which underlies the existence of a number of particular grounds of restitution that are especially important in the modern law of restitution. This chapter discusses the principle of failure of consideration, the grounds of restitution which are founded on the principle of failure of consideration, failure of the defendant to perform his or her part of the bargain, nature of the enrichment, relationship between damages for breach of contract and restitution to reverse unjust enrichment, total failure of consideration, partial failure of consideration, and void contracts.
Illegality
Authors: Virgo Graham 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
All restitutionary claims, regardless of the underlying cause of action, are subject to a defence of illegality. This stems from the fundamental principle of law, known as ex turpi causa non oritur actio, that the courts will generally not assist the claimant to obtain a remedy where his or her action is founded on an illegal transaction. There is, however, another principle which is particularly relevant to restitutionary claims, and this is known as the in pari delicto potior est conditio defendentis defence. If the claimant seeks restitution in connection with a transaction which was tainted by illegality, the claim may be defeated by the in pari delicto defence. This chapter discusses the general principles of illegality, illegality at common law, consequences of a transaction being tainted by illegality, methods for avoiding the operation of the in pari delicto defence, vindication of proprietary rights despite illegality, and reform of the law.
Variation
Authors: FREEDLAND FBA MARK R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers the way in which the idea of variation is formulated and treated within the law of personal work or employment contracts, and how the treatment of variation fits into the analysis of the way that the law of personal work or employment contracts functions and fulfills its task. It argues that the courts and tribunals have tended, in their approach to the variation of personal work or employment contracts, towards a greater understanding than had previously been displayed of the personal work or employment contract as a relational contract. This tendency challenges the analysis of the contract of employment as a relational contract.
Lawful Termination by the Employing Entity
Authors: FREEDLAND FBA MARK R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter forms the first in a sequence of four final chapters of this work which between them present and seek to develop a radical critique of the law concerning the termination and transformation of personal work or employment contracts. It argues that the starting point for a set of concerns about the coherence of this body of law can be found in the dominant conception, of the powers of termination possessed by the employing entity, as essentially unfettered ones. This conception asserts itself as a less than fully reasoned or justified but constant feature of a body of jurisprudence about the termination of contracts of employment, which is torn between two genres of adjudication — one of which arises in the context of claims to common law and equitable remedies, while the other has developed in the very different context of adjudication about statutory employment rights, such as the right to remedies for unfair dismissal.
Palestine: Zionism and the Genesis of the Mandate
Authors: Fieldhouse D. K. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Mandatory Palestine, built from the sanjaq of Jerusalem and two southern sanjaqs of the vilayet, was unique in British imperial history. Hitherto all British dependencies had fallen into two broad categories: colonies of occupation and colonies of settlement. The first, ranging from India and Nigeria to Gibraltar, were held because they were thought to fulfil some of a wide range of economic or strategic purposes. The second, such as Australia and Canada, were acquired mainly for settlement by Britons. Palestine did not fit either category, as it should have been a quasi-colony of occupation, yet it was treated as a colony of settlement. This chapter explains this seemingly irrational fact.
Transjordan, 1918–1956
Authors: Fieldhouse D. K. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter outlines the genesis of Transjordan as an entity from 1918, emphasizing the influence of Britain as mandatory. It examines the complexities of its relations with the Zionists to 1949, and discusses the fortunes of the regime to 1956 and the final break with the British connection. Transjordan was in many ways the most remarkable of the post-1918 European mandates, in part because it was the only Arab mandate or state that had a continuously close relationship with the Zionist enterprise from its early days, and after 1948 with Israel. That relationship was not always amicable, but it was always fundamental to Transjordanian existence.
Syria and the French, 1918–1946
Authors: Fieldhouse D. K. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines two major questions central to any study of the French mandate in Syria (and also of Lebanon) between 1918 and 1946. First, why the French were so determined to get political control over Syria and why they never voluntarily conceded independence to it. Second, why Syria proved to be a relatively docile French dependency for so long, despite the fact that it was the centre of Arab nationalism before 1914 and was the first Arab territory to declare itself an independent state between 1918 and 1920. The answer to the first question lies in the labyrinthine structure of French domestic politics and interest groups before and after 1918, while the answer to the second question lies in the complexities of the Syrian social structure, which alone made it possible for the French to make some form of compromise with the social elite of notables, who in turn provided sufficient collaboration to make the alien regime viable.
Effective Quantum Electrodynamics In 3He-A
Authors: GRIGORY E. VOLOVIK 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAs distinct from Bose superfluids where only the effective gravity arises, in the fermionic vacuum there appear in addition all the ingredients of the Standard Model — chiral fermions and effective gauge fields. In 3He-A the spin of the fermionic quasiparticle originates from the Bogoliubov–Nambu spin, while the nuclear spin of the bare 3He atoms plays the role of SU(2) isospin in emerging relativistic quantum field theory. This chapter discusses effective quantum electrodynamics (QED) in 3He-A, effective electric charge, topological invariant as a generalisation of fermionic chirality, effective metric viewed by quasiparticles, gauge invariance and general covariance in a fermionic sector, light and gauge bosons as collective modes of quantum vacuum, the zero-charge effect (logarithmic screening of electric charge provided by vacuum polarization), the role of discrete symmetries in the formation of effective Yang–Mills gauge fields, the mass of W-bosons, flat directions, and the dynamic restoration of Lorentz symmetry.
Momentum Space Topology of 2 + 1 Systems
Authors: GRIGORY E. VOLOVIK 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses the momentum space topology of 2+1 systems. In the D = 2 space the possible manifolds of gap nodes in the quasiparticle energy are point nodes and nodal lines. The nodal lines are described by the same invariant as Fermi surfaces, while point nodes are typically marginally stable: they may be topologically protected being described by the Z2 topological charge. The chapter focuses on topologically non-trivial fully gapped vacua — vacua with fully non-singular Green's function. The topological invariant for the gapped 2+1 systems is introduced either in terms of Hamiltonian (where the relevant topological object in momentum space is the p-space skyrmion) or in terms of Green's function (the invariant is obtained by dimensional reduction from the invariant describing the point nodes in 3+1 space). Examples are provided by p-wave and d-wave superfluids/superconductors. Topological quantum phase transitions are discussed at which the integer topological invariant changes abruptly. Topological transition occurs via the intermediate gapless state, and the process represents the diabolical point — analog of magnetic monopole — the termination point of Dirac string at which the Berry phase has singularity. The chapter also discusses broken time reversal symmetry, families (generations) of fermions in 2+1 systems, and Dirac vacuum as marginal state with fractional topological charge.
pegas: an R package for population genetics with an integrated–modular approach
Authors: Paradis Emmanuel 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Summary: pegas (Population and Evolutionary Genetics Analysis System) is a new package for the analysis of population genetic data. It is written in R and is integrated with two other existing R packages (ape and adegenet). pegas provides functions for standard population genetic methods, as well as low-level functions for developing new methods. The flexible and efficient graphical capabilities of R are used for plotting haplotype networks as well as for other functionalities. pegas emphasizes the need to further develop an integrated–modular approach for software dedicated to the analysis of population genetic data.
Availability: pegas is distributed through the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN): http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/pegas/index.html Further information may be found at: http://ape.mpl.ird.fr/pegas/
Contact: emmanuel.paradis@ird.fr
COPS Benchmark: interactive analysis of database search methods
Authors: Frank Karl , Gruber Markus , Sippl Manfred J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Summary: The performance of sequence database search methods is usually judged by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The proper interpretation of the results obtained and a fair comparison across different methods critically depends on the properties of the data set used for such an analysis; in particular, each query must have the same number of true positives and true negatives. Here, we present a novel web service based on a dataset specifically designed for ROC analysis and the investigation of alignment quality. The data set is derived from a quantitative classification of protein structures (COPS), while analysis and results are presented through an intuitive web interface. The analysis provides details such as false positives per query, and visualization of the structural similarity between query and targets. Most importantly, results obtained for a specific alignment method are immediately related to those obtained for several popular standard sequence alignment methods.
Availability: The COPS-Benchmark service is available at http://benchmark.services.came.sbg.ac.at
Contact: publications@came.sbg.ac.at
A censored beta mixture model for the estimation of the proportion of non-differentially expressed genes
Authors: Markitsis Anastasios , Lai Yinglei 
Published: January 2010

AbstractMotivation: The proportion of non-differentially expressed genes (π0) is an important quantity in microarray data analysis. Although many statistical methods have been proposed for its estimation, it is still necessary to develop more efficient methods.Methods: Our approach for improving π0 estimation is to modify an existing simple method by introducing artificial censoring to P-values. In a comprehensive simulation study and the applications to experimental datasets, we compare our method with eight existing estimation methods.Results: The simulation study confirms that our method can clearly improve the estimation performance. Compared with the existing methods, our method can generally provide a relatively accurate estimate with relatively small variance. Using experimental microarray datasets, we also demonstrate that our method can generally provide satisfactory estimates in practice.Availability: The R code is freely available at http://home.gwu.edu/~ylai/research/CBpi0/.Contact: ylai@gwu.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.