bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Supplemental Themes
Authors: Zuckerman Bruce 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The chapter discusses probable reasons why scholars have difficulties in attempting to characterize the genre of the book of Job as it freely moves from one theme—motif, stereotype, and conventions—to another, especially in the “Poem.” As seen from the close analysis of Perets’ Bontsye Shvayg, a deep and abiding anger serves as motivation for the best parodistic work. This both cases allowed the authors to produce works of such magnitude they could not be ignored nor surpassed. Two major points are being accounted for in the rethinking and reshaping of the “Poem of Job”: first, the existence of additional material such as the Elihu speeches, and second, how the “Poem of Job” was not altered much by the Israelites and/or by the Jews as to bend their efforts to supplement it. In addition, Eliezer Greenberg wrote “Y. L. Perets and Bontsye Shvayg in the Warsaw Ghetto” which shows certain affinities to the pronouncements of Elihu who both attacks Bontsye and Job respectively. Sadly though, both writers took in the original too, “straight”, without recognizing the parodistic elements. The last great addition that essentially completes the canonical form of the book of Job is its prose supplements achieving an end with a remarkable degree.
Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions
Authors: Mcinnis-Dittrich Kathleen 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The phrase “cognitive-behavioral” embraces a broad range of therapeutic interventions, ranging from the complicated process of cognitive restructuring to the relatively simple behavior management techniques employed in validation therapy. The common denominator of cognitive-behavioral interventions is the focus on the older adult's thought process, and how that process influences subsequent emotional and behavioral responses. What an older adult thinks affects how he or she feels and behaves. With older adults, cognitive-behavioral approaches are most commonly used to treat mild to moderate forms of depression and anxiety. This chapter specifically examines cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), crisis intervention, and validation therapy.
Strengths-Based and Solutions-Focused Approaches to Practice
Authors: Chapin Rosemary , Nelson-Becker Holly , Macmillan Kelley 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The strengths perspective is a philosophical standpoint that focuses on the inherent resilience in human nature that undergirds much of social work practice. This perspective is especially applicable to work with older adults, who have a lifetime of rich experience that can be used to address current difficulty. Strengths-based and solution-focused approaches are both rooted in the belief that capacity rather than pathology should be the primary focal point of the helping process. This chapter discusses both the strengths perspective and the strategic approaches. It first presents frameworks of strengths-based principles and solution-focused principles commonly used with older adult populations within a larger strengths perspective. Second, applications of these approaches in various settings are discussed in order to broaden comprehension of the uses of each approach.
Approaches to Empowering Individuals and Communities
Authors: Mahoney Kevin J. , Zgoda Karen 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter illustrates the practice modality of client empowerment. It first provides an overview of the history of empowerment models in social work, grounding this modality in the context of practice theories. It then uses the Cash and Counseling project as a case study to illustrate various facets of empowerment.
Vers Libre
Authors: Scott Clive 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The prosodic description of free verse, in France as elsewhere, has long been fraught with difficulty: free verse is a web of shifting rhythmic effects, as relative as they are elusive. This book attempts to construct methods of analysis, on the basis of a study of the history and theory of free verse in France. After an initial exploration of the scansion problems posed by a free-verse poem (by Alain Fournier), and of the assumptions which might be made about its nature, this book looks for answers and verifications in the history of free verse's early years and in contemporary theoretical documents. How far was free verse in France an inevitable outcome of the ‘liberalization’ of regular verse? How far was free verse the result of fundamental changes in the way French rhythms were perceived? What did free verse owe to the popular song, to the prose poem, to translations? How far does the practice of free verse coincide with its history? The book's principle concern is to establish, on these foundations, working methods of scansion, and to show how they can be applied in the interpretation of specific poems. Accordingly, the second part of the book is devoted to extended commentaries on poems by Rimbaud, Laforgue, Claudel, and Apollinaire.
Apollinaire's ‘Annie’, ‘1909’, and ‘Automne malade’ (Alcools)
Authors: Scott Clive 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses some of the poems of Apollinaire included in his collection of poems the Alcools. Attention is given to his ‘Annie’, ‘1901’, and ‘Automne malade’. Previous research into Apollinaire's poems and collections of poems lead to the discovery of two broad tendencies in the poet's revisions of his texts. His structural transformations are sometimes limited to the process of demontage, introduction of syllabic deviations, and suppression of punctuations. These structural transformations lead to the several criticisms that Apollinaire's deformations of traditional prosody are purely a cosmetic affair and that his much vaunted modernity is only skin-deep.
The Practice of Story-Telling
Authors: Lamarque Peter , Olsen Stein Haugom 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter argues that some constraint on content is required for a work (or a story) to be fictional. The content must originate in a fictive utterance, not only in the sense that it is characterized by fictive descriptions (those conforming to the conventions of utterance and response) but also that those descriptions determine the nature of the content, what it is about, what inferences can be drawn from it, and so forth. When modern story-tellers appropriate the ancient Greek myths and make fictions of them, the reason that new works are thereby created is that the content in this retelling now becomes dependent on the modes of its characterization in a way that could not have been true of the original, assuming the original to be non-fictional. What this case shows is that truth, even accidental truth, is not at the heart of the fiction/non-fiction distinction.
Truth-Making and World-Making
Authors: Lamarque Peter , Olsen Stein Haugom 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter gives a detailed appraisal of two accounts of truth — propounded by Rorty and Goodman — both of which seek to redraw the bounds of the fictional. The accounts can be taken as exemplary of two marked trends in literary theory: the anti-philosophical and the anti-realist. Rorty's anti-metaphysical stance represents a fairly widespread negative attitude, among literary theorists, towards the ‘privileging’ of philosophy. Goodman brings to bear the precision of the analytic philosopher in support of an ‘irrealist’ view of the world, the central points of which are strikingly similar to those found within post-structuralism. It is argued that neither the anti-philosophical polemic of Rorty nor the anti-realism of Goodman succeeds in extending the bounds of the fictional in a way that calls for any radical revision in how we conceive the relation between works of fiction and works of an overtly truth-seeking kind.
The Theory of Novelistic Truth
Authors: Lamarque Peter , Olsen Stein Haugom 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSince the very beginning of the novel, novelists have been concerned that their stories should be read with the same seriousness as history because their novels were as instructive as history. The view that the novel is true, true in its particulars, is not exclusive to authors. Readers have always had a tendency to identify events, situations, characters, and relationships from novels with events, situations, characters, and relationships in reality which the author can be taken as describing. This chapter considers the view that the novel is true in its particulars, true of certain types of situation, person, etc. in the real world, and that this is what gives it a humanly interesting content.
The Propositional Theory of Literary Truth
Authors: Lamarque Peter , Olsen Stein Haugom 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter proposes a coherent and strong formulation of the Propositional Theory of Literary Truth. A Propositional Theory of Literary Truth could be formulated as follows: the literary work contains or implies general thematic statements about the world which the reader as part of an appreciation of the work has to assess as true or false. The theory presents two claims. First, a literary work implies propositions which can be construed as general propositions about the world. Second, these propositions are to be construed as involved in true or false claims about the world.
Metaphorical Truth
Authors: Lamarque Peter , Olsen Stein Haugom 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter argues that it is no more a constitutive aim of metaphor to convey truth than it is of literature. But in certain contexts, and contingently, metaphorical utterances can yield truths — and be intended to do so — just as can fictive utterances and literary works. It shows that the kind of approach proposed for fictive utterance can be fruitfully applied also to figurative utterance, with similar implications for truth-assessment.
Fiction, Literature, and Value
Authors: Lamarque Peter , Olsen Stein Haugom 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter presents a summary of the discussions in the preceding chapters. It argues that if one accepts the no-value view of literature then all that is possible in literary theory is a historiography of value, a history of reception and judgements. No universally valid logic of value judgements is possible. Indeed, the types of value which literary works have for different social groups will not be commensurable. Nor will the value judgements of one social group necessarily be even intelligible to other groups. The only possible ‘debate’ between these different communities would be a power-struggle where argument is reduced to mere persuasion or coercion.
On Kerala's Development Achievements
Authors: Ramachandran V.K. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter presents a major historical account of Kerala's impressive record in eliminating basic deprivations at an early stage of economic development. Kerala is distinct among Indian states in terms of a wide range of social indicators, including a life expectancy of above seventy-two years and near-universal literacy in the younger age groups. This chapter relates these social achievements to historical conditions and political action. It draws particular attention to the role of early educational expansion, combined with a significant reduction of social and economic inequalities.
Jewish Women Philosophers of First-Century Alexandria
Authors: Taylor Joan E. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe 1st-century ascetic Jewish philosophers known as the ‘Therapeutae’, described in Philo's treatise De Vita Contemplativa, have often been considered in comparison with early Christians, the Essenes, and the Dead Sea Scrolls. This study, which includes a new translation of De Vita Contemplativa, focuses particularly on issues of historical method, rhetoric, women, and gender, and comes to new conclusions about the nature of the group and its relationship with the allegorical school of exegesis in Alexandria. The book argues that the group represents the tip of an iceberg in terms of ascetic practices and allegorical exegesis, and that the women described point to the presence of other Jewish women philosophers in Alexandria in the first century CE. Members of the group were ‘extreme allegorizers’ in following a distinctive calendar, not maintaining usual Jewish praxis, and concentrating their focus on attaining a trance-like state in which a vision of God's light was experienced. Their special ‘feast’ was configured in terms of a service at a Temple, in which both men and women were priestly attendants of God.
On Method
Authors: Taylor Joan E. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThere have been many studies on the people described by Philo of Alexandria (c.20 BCE-c.50 BCE) in his treatise, De Vita Contemplativa. These contemplative, mystically minded Jews, devoted to music, meditation, and the study of scripture, who met together for special communal meals and lived an austere, ascetic lifestyle, are suggestive of many other more famous religious communities. Usually referred to as the ‘Therapeutae’, they are frequently called as evidence in discussions of contemporaneous Jewish sects, especially the Essenes and those who produced the Dead Sea Scrolls, or of the earliest Christian churches. This book examines various topics bearing upon the people of the group in the hope of bringing them into sharper definition, with a particular focus on women and gender. It considers the way Judaism was conceptualized as philosophia in the Graeco-Roman world and the group's use of allegory to interpret scripture, their asceticism, and their particular type of solar calendar.
Allegory and Asceticism
Authors: Taylor Joan E. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractJudaism is conceptualized by Philo and by many others as the philosophia of God, communicated to Moses who functions as the teacher of Israel. There are only a few in Israel who are truly the students of Moses. For Philo, these are most particularly those who adopt an allegorical type of exegesis. The use of allegorical interpretation is linked with inspiration and to degrees of asceticism. The members of the Mareotic group are included in the category of the students of Moses, since they adopt the allegorical exegesis of Philo himself, a type of exegesis that can be traced back to Aristobulus in the second century BCE. They are also extremely ascetic, but their interpretations may not all have been approved of by Philo. Philo was not alone in his enterprises in Alexandria, for Philo's writing indicates that there were other intellectual Jews like himself who looked beyond the literal meaning of scripture to a spiritual or hidden meaning.
Dominant and Pleiotropic Effects of aGAIGene in Wheat Results from a Lack of Interaction between DELLA and GID1
Authors: Wu Jing , Kong Xiuying , Wan Jianmin , Liu Xueying , Zhang Xin , Guo Xiuping , Zhou Ronghua , Zhao Guangyao , Jing Ruilian , Fu Xiangdong , Jia Jizeng 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDominance, semidominance, and recessiveness are important modes of Mendelian inheritance. The phytohormone gibberellin (GA) regulates many plant growth and developmental processes. The previously cloned semidominant GA-insensitive (GAI) genes Reduced height1 (Rht1) and Rht2 in wheat (Triticum aestivum) were the basis of the Green Revolution. However, no completely dominant GAI gene has been cloned. Here, we report the molecular characterization of Rht-B1c, a dominant GAI allele in wheat that confers more extreme characteristics than its incompletely dominant alleles. Rht-B1c is caused by a terminal repeat retrotransposons in miniature insertion in the DELLA domain. Yeast two-hybrid assays showed that Rht-B1c protein fails to interact with GA-INSENSITIVE DWARF1 (GID1), thereby blocking GA responses and resulting in extreme dwarfism and pleiotropic effects. By contrast, Rht-B1b protein only reduces interaction with GID1. Furthermore, we analyzed its functions using near-isogenic lines and examined its molecular mechanisms in transgenic rice. These results indicated that the affinity between GID1 and DELLA proteins is key to regulation of the stability of DELLA proteins, and differential interactions determine dominant and semidominant gene responses to GA.
Serum hepatitis B surface antigen levels in the natural history of chronic hepatitis B infection
Authors: Jang J. W. , Yoo S. H. , Kwon J. H. , You C. R. , Lee S. , Lee J. H. , Chung K. W. 
Published: October 2011

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34: 1337–1346SummaryBackground  The production of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) may evolve during long‐lasting virus‐host interactions in chronic hepatitis B (CHB). The impact of age on HBsAg production remains unclear.Aim  To determine the age‐specific distribution patterns of HBsAg and related factors during the natural course of CHB infection.Methods  Seven hundred and sixty‐eight untreated HBsAg carriers were enrolled in the study. The parameters and distribution patterns of HBsAg were evaluated in relation to age and immune phases.Results  The HBsAg levels were significantly lower in the HBeAg‐negative stage, with the lowest levels in inactive carriers. The HBsAg tended to decrease from hepatitis to cirrhosis and to hepatocellular carcinoma, and from Child–Pugh class A to B and to C. Age and HBV DNA were independently associated with HBsAg levels. In HBeAg‐positive patients, the HBsAg levels were distributed in a triphasic‐like decline pattern by 2 logs across age strata. For HBeAg‐negative patients, the titres in inactive carriers exhibited a 2‐log reduction, but remained unchanged over age strata in patients with HBeAg‐negative hepatitis. The ratios of HBsAg/HBV‐DNA were highest, but steadily decreased with age in inactive carriers, whereas the levels remained largely unchanged over the entire age strata in patients with HBeAg‐negative hepatitis.Conclusions  Age and HBV DNA levels are independent parameters of HBsAg levels. During the natural course of CHB infection, HBsAg levels decrease with age and disease progression, but the patterns are significantly different between the immune phases of CHB. This information may contribute to our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B and management involving HBsAg quantification.
Towards standardization of canine STRs: a proposed nomenclature for six markers from the ISAG comparison‐test panel
Authors: Ciampolini R. , Cecchi F. , Bramante A. , Tancredi M. , Presciuttini S. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryEight short tandem repeat markers included in the International Society for Animal Genetics panel of 24 loci investigated in canine comparison tests were analysed in a sample of pure‐breed dogs, with the purpose of defining an allele nomenclature based on the number of repeats. A regression analysis of the raw data produced by the sequencer, coupled with the direct sequencing of selected alleles, allowed us to propose a system of nomenclature for six of the eight loci (four di‐nucleotidic: AHT121, AHTh137, REN169018 and REN64E19, and two tetra‐nucleotidic: FH2001 and FH2328). The remaining two loci (INU055 and FH2848) showed a pattern of fragments that did not resolve in a simple allele series. This work may be useful to establish a basis for comparing data across different laboratories for a set of validated canine markers, which can be used in population genetics, forensics and other analyses.
Association between BclI polymorphism in the NR3C1 gene and in vitro individual variations in lymphocyte responses to methylprednisolone
Authors: Cuzzoni Eva , De Iudicibus Sara , Bartoli Fiora , Ventura Alessandro , Decorti Giuliana 
Published: October 2011

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• In vitro lymphocyte steroid sensitivity has been suggested as a useful tool to predict in vivo response to glucocorticoid treatment in different inflammatory chronic diseases.• A correlation between genetic polymorphisms and clinical response to glucocorticoids has been demonstrated in these patients.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• The BclI polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) gene is associated with higher methylprednisolone potency in vitro.• The combined evaluation of the in vitro sensitivity to methylprednisolone and BclI polymorphism could represent an aid for physicians to adjust therapy a priori.AIM To evaluate the association between the in vitro sensitivity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to methylprednisolone (MP) and the presence of genetic polymorphisms involved in glucocorticoid (GC) response.METHODS In vitro MP inhibition of the proliferation of lymphocytes stimulated with concanavalin A was determined. Non linear regression of dose–response data was performed computing the MP concentration required to reduce proliferation to 50% (IC50). The maximum inhibition achievable at the highest MP concentration (Imax) was also calculated. Moreover, the Taqman technique was used to analyze the BclI polymorphism in the NR3C1 gene and the Leu155His polymorphism in the NALP1 gene.RESULTS A significant association between the BclI mutated genotype and an increased in vitro sensitivity to GCs was observed.CONCLUSIONS The a priori evaluation of the BclI polymorphism, associated with a lymphocyte proliferation assay, could represent a useful diagnostic tool for the optimization of steroid treatment.
Agile distributed software development: enacting control through media and context
Authors: Persson John Stouby , Mathiassen Lars , Aaen Ivan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWhile face‐to‐face interaction is fundamental in agile software development, distributed environments must rely extensively on mediated interactions. Practicing agile principles in distributed environments therefore poses particular control challenges related to balancing fixed vs. evolving quality requirements and people vs. process‐based collaboration. To investigate these challenges, we conducted an in‐depth case study of a successful agile distributed software project with participants from a Russian firm and a Danish firm. Applying Kirsch's elements of control framework, we offer an analysis of how control was enacted through the project context and in the participants' mediated communication. The analysis reveals that formal measurement and evaluation control were persistently enacted through mediated communication. These formal control practices were, however, predominantly carried out in conjunction with informal roles and relationships such as clan‐like control inherent in agile development. Overall, the study demonstrates that, if appropriately applied, communication technologies can significantly support distributed, agile practices by allowing concurrent enactment of both formal and informal controls. The paper discusses these findings as they relate to previous research and concludes with their implications for future research.