bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Junction
Authors: Ayers Edward L. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The chapter discusses the state of the South in the 1880s just after the depression and the end of the Reconstruction era. Publications talk about a “New South”. The most prevalent occupation was working on the railroads but it was considered extraordinarily dangerous. The rail system can also be credited for the division of the country in to four time zones with the purpose of operating the system uniformly, efficiently, and safely. The chapter also discusses the economic condition of the freedpeople in the post-Reconstruction South. Cotton production was the prevalent occupation. This chapter also touches on the beginnings of segregation citing that the railroads became the scenes of the first statewide segregation laws throughout the South.
Trade, Ottoman Merchants, and Western Goods: Rise of the Commercial Bourgeoisie
Authors: Göçek Fatma Müge 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe chapter studies the effects of the developing commerce with the Western world on the Ottoman social structure during the 18th and 19th centuries. Emerging as a principal social group to form social resources, Ottoman minority merchants challenged the sultan's control. The chapter analyzes the spread of Western goods and demonstrates how the urban populace increased their accumulation of these goods at the expense of officials and their households. A sample of the inheritance register of Ottoman officials, military, and populace in this chapter reveals a difference in their tendency to own Western goods at the time of their death. While the tendency of officials and military did not change throughout the 18th century, the tendency of the urban populace increased greatly. The data signify how the social group of Ottoman religious minorities entered the protection of Western powers and formed an independent economic resource—the Ottoman commercial bourgeoisie.
Conclusion: The Emergence of a Bifurcated Ottoman Bourgeoisie
Authors: Göçek Fatma Müge 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe demise of the Ottoman empire was due to internal and external factors and the emergence of a bifurcated bourgeoisie. The empire had changed to office-households that developed their own power bases and challenged the sultan's control. To arrest this, the sultan introduced a Western-style educational system to train a new corps of officials that would be loyal to him. Due to the Western-style education and their Enlightenment ideas these officials formed a group against the sultan. The Ottoman bureaucratic bourgeoisie created social networks, acquired Western scientific expertise, and formed social resources that the sultan was unable to wrest away from them. The Ottoman commercial bourgeoisie increased trade with the West and forged Western political protection to extract economic resources away from the sultan. Finally, the book argues that had the Ottoman bureaucratic bourgeoisie not become nationalistic and eliminated the minority commercial bourgeoisie, then Turkey might today find itself closer to the center of the world order.
The Police des Noirs, 1776–1777
Authors: Peabody Sue 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Louis XVI issued the third and final major piece of legislation regulating the entry of black subjects to the kingdom of France on August 9, 1777, known as the Police des Noirs. This royal declaration varied considerably from the Edict of October 1716 and the Declaration of December 15, 1738, since this prescribed actions based on skin color alone, rather than the slave status. The Police des Noirs was also registered by the Parlement of Paris. Minister of the Marine Sartine intentionally advocated the use of racial language as a way to avoid the parlement's opposition to legislation with the word slave. The Police des Noirs was prompted by court cases in which slaves sued for their freedom.
Scotto and Gardano: Marketing a Musical Repertory
Authors: Bernstein Jane A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe musical repertory printed by Scotto and Gardano not only expressed the catholic taste of cosmopolitan Venice, but also reflected the interests of a wide-ranging international audience. The Italian madrigal, as might be expected, dominated the output of both printers. Like their respective repertories, Gardano and Scotto appear, on the surface, to have paralleled each other in their publishing careers: they were almost exact contemporaries; both lived in Venice and both produced an impressive output of over 400 music publications. Yet despite these obvious similarities, many differences set these two great music publishers apart from each other.
The Early Years (1538–1553)
Authors: Bernstein Jane A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe 1540s must have been a heady time for the two Venetian music presses. Practically overnight the single-impression method of music typography transformed the Venetian music-printing industry into an international enterprise. The size and type of repertory issued by Scotto and Gardano increased dramatically as the decade progressed. During their first years of operation, the two firms turned out about twenty music editions per year, representing about four times the total output of the Venetian printers from the preceding decade, and nearly ten times the number of editions Petrucci issued at the beginning of the century. In order to keep up production, Scotto and Gardano had to implement a variety of schemes in the marketing of their music books.
Toward a Theory of Disproportionate American Jewish Liberalism
Authors: Levey Geoffrey Brahm 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Jews have risen to become one of the best-educated and most economically secure ethno-religious groups in the United States. Some of the existing theories explain why American Jews are, or have been, liberal; others help explain variance among American Jews in the degree of their liberalism. This chapter seeks to advance a new approach to explaining the disproportionate liberalism of Jews in America. Specifically, it rejects the standard assumption that American Jews are predisposed by their experience among non-Jews in wider society—whether considered in terms of marginality, minority status, or political interests—to be especially politically liberal. The central argument advanced here is that the pronounced liberalism of American Jews is best understood in terms of dynamics and tensions in their relation to the Jewish community as a religious body politic rather than in their relations with non-Jews or with non-Jewish society.
The Impact of the Women's Movement on American Jewish Life: An Overview After Twenty Years
Authors: Lipstadt Deborah E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Jewish feminism began to take shape in America in the late 1960s when Jewish women began to examine critically both their status within the Jewish tradition and the political and social structure of the Jewish community. Some Jewish women, particularly those who were active in the feminist movement and who often did not have a strong Jewish communal attachment, attacked the cultural and social norms that they believed had shaped them. Among women who were active in Jewish communal affairs, there was a similar feeling that all was not right regarding the distribution of power in the Jewish communal world. These women demanded credit for the work they had already done and greater access to decision-making. At the same time, other women addressed the Jewish religious tradition, focusing their energies on winning women a greater role in traditional Jewish life.
Psychological and Symbolical Theories of Magic
Authors: Glucklich Ariel 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIllness is a cultural concept that travels poorly across boundaries. Even simple notions such as moodiness and depression, not to mention complex ideas like schizophrenia or paranoia, are bonded to our Western views on the self and the person, on material causality, and on the nature of scientific explanation. Possession and exorcism lend themselves too easily to psychological interpretation. Sigmund Freud had a different kind of magical rite in mind when he reduced magic to infantile neurosis. Freud argued that primitive people possessed an immense belief in the power of their own wishes. Carl Jung claimed that magic brings together the psyche and sacred realities, but did not refer to supernatural revelation in a theological sense. The sacred, he argued, consists of the forms of the collective unconscious with its psychic archetypes. Jung asserted that God is one such archetype of the collective unconscious, and so are Christ and Buddha. As archetypes that surfaced in human history, they have become symbols for the integration of the self with the sacred.
Introduction
Authors: Stowasser Barbara Freyer 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe insights gathered on this exploration are a clearer understanding that the Qur'anic stories about the women of the sacred past are Islamic as to nature, setting, theological doctrine, moral teaching, and the like. These Qur'anic narratives belong strongly to their particular Qur'anic context; they “tell themselves and bear a larger cosmic message at the same time.” Research on the narratives' development offered a clearer picture of the historical significance in Bible-related traditions to Islamic commentary. The texts proved an important point of the debate on sociopolitical questions since religious philosophers past and present aim to apply Qur'an women narratives in these terms.
The Women of Noah, Lot, and Abraham
Authors: Stowasser Barbara Freyer 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn scripture, as well as in interpretation, Noah's and Lot's wives are proofs of rebelliousness against God and His chosen one. They acted falsely toward their husbands, both servants of God; these prophets, then did not help them in the final judgment before God, and these two sinners were punished in hell. The central theme of Sura 66 is the female rebellion in a prophet's household and its corresponding punishment. The first five verses of Sura 66 pertain to a particular crisis in the Prophet Muhammad's household. Verses 6 and 7 of Sura 66 speak of the punishment of hell, a warning to the believers and ordained requital for those non-believers.
The Chapter of Mary
Authors: Stowasser Barbara Freyer 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe image of Mary, mother of Jesus, appears very large in Qur'anic scripture, scriptural exegesis, and popular Muslim piety. In the Qur'an, Mary is the only woman identified by the name, and her name appears more frequently in the Qur'anic text than in the New Testament. Her name is also the title of Qur'anic Sura (Sura 19). From birth she was surrounded by miracles of divine favor. She received the angelic annunciation of a child from God's spirit, whose name was Christ Jesus, chosen to be one of God's righteous prophets. And the Qur'anic revelation cites Mary as “an example for the believers” because of her chastity, faith, and obedience.
Evidence for a Final Redaction
Authors: Trobisch David 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAs the final redaction of the New Testament was never introduced, an impression exists that the New Testament never underwent such editing. The author first clarifies the term canonical edition to pertain to how this edition is identified by the history of its reception or how a certain community has construed the book for better understanding, and the term final redaction to refer to the anthologies involved in its modifications. Textual and nontextual elements that imply the occurrence of a final redaction can be identified by their dates, unifying functions, and consistent editorial structures. Such evidence can be seen through nomina sacra or sacred names, the use of codices, and the arrangement and number of writings, and the titles seen in the five documents illustrated in this chapter.
The Editorial Concept
Authors: Trobisch David 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAn anthology's final redaction would always indicate a particular editorial concept. Editors would want the readers to reflect on the particular clues provided within a redactional structure, although the meanings construed may or may not be fixed within the traditional material. As each book of the New Testament entails a title and information about the author, in this chapter the author attempts to illustrate the Canonical Edition's editorial concept through using the following perspectives: examining redaction signals from the reader's viewpoint, analysing the macrostructure used to serve as a guide to the readers, and through looking into the perspective of the traditional material. Also, the chapter also takes on what is meant by the “New Testament” and how this possesses both combining and distinguishing functions.
Outlook
Authors: Trobisch David 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBecause making modifications to the original texts of the New Testament was not thought of as something unethical, there is a chance that the New Testament we are familiar with today does not possess the same wordings as the Greek manuscripts. More importance, however, is given to the other features of the Canonical Edition than to the exact text wordings. While these features can be observed in new printed editions of the bible, modern contextual criticism is employed to come up with an edition that signifies the editio princeps of the Canonical Edition. As the author believes that the original intent of the texts should be considered for the redactional design, he suggests that several changes, like the ones discussed in this chapter, be integrated in modern versions of the Christian Bible.
Interlude
Authors: Talalay Kathryn 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Shortly after meeting George Schuyler Josephine visited her family to celebrate Christmas with them. The family's Negro servants, who had influenced Josephine's development intensely, were also there. Josephine felt tormented throughout the holiday season because she sensed the tremendous risk she would be taking by marrying a Negro. She could see that marrying George would result in the separation of the bond she had with her family, disinheritance, and isolation. Yet her passion and love for George won out and she decided to marry him.
All-American Newsreel
Authors: Talalay Kathryn 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter talks about the genius of Philippa, well-known at a very young age as the “three-year-old colored kid in Harlem”, because at her age she could already read, write, and spell words. Lincoln Barnett had also written an article for the New York Herald Tribune about how intelligent she was. In 1934, Philippa was first introduced to the typewriter and then the piano and she would spend hours playing melodies and scales on one keyboard, then typing poems and short stories on the typewriter. Philippa made the news in 1935 for being the youngest American to spell the biggest and longest word in the English language, the word pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanokoniosis. NYU tested Philippa's EQ and IQ and the results were 200 and 179 to 185, respectively proving her gift. At the age of four and ten months Philippa took part in her first musical competition and she was one of the seven winners.
Godowski, Et Al.
Authors: Talalay Kathryn 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Philippa began her singing and composition classes during the summer of 1937 at the Covenant School, at this time she also had her first normal interaction with other children her own age. She also attended Durlach and Emerson, a school for gifted children, for several afternoons from the first quarter of 1938. But when Philippa turned seven, the law required her to enrol in education full time, Josephine and George let her decide on which school she preferred to go to and she chose the Convent's Annunciation School. However, her musical education was somehow problematic, because Josephine constantly wanted the best for her daughter, thus making almost everyone out to be not qualified for her standards. And in early July, she received an invitation from the legendary Leopold Godowski, asking for Philippa to play for him. But the visit was a disaster when Josephine scolded Philippa, who refused to stop playing when Godowski's lawyer arrived.
Scrapbooks
Authors: Talalay Kathryn 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
After her 13th birthday, all the fourteen scrapbooks faithfully kept by her parents were shown to Philippa making her to be aware that she was treated like a puppet, a manipulated human being. Her parents collected not only clippings and letters but also page after page of notes, clinical and philosophical, tracing her development. The books revealed the story of a brave genetic and behavioural experiment, designed to create an extraordinary child. Some of it was of course known to Philippa, since many reports and reviews were being published about her. All this made her realize to what extent her existence had been manipulated. Her musical career also acquired a different meaning, before she used to enjoy every time she could play for others, but after reading the scrapbooks, she felt a heavy responsibility with each performance. Philippa was also haunted during her sleep, having a recurrent nightmare about committing suicide.
The Lion of Judah
Authors: Talalay Kathryn 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
During the autumn of 1955, at the age of twenty-four, Phillippa went to the African continent for the first time. ANTA had also agreed to sponsor her concerts in Cairo and Addis Ababa, where she performed for the Lion of Judah, Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia. During these commitments, her mother organized for her another European tour. In early October, in a decidedly captious mood, Philippa left for Europe stopping in Iceland, where she gave three concerts. Philippa continued traveling in Europe, recording solo recitals for radio in Hamburg, Munich, and Frankfurt then she went on to Brussels. She also performed solo recitals in the Netherlands and Germany to much success, however, Egypt had been a disappointment.
Tour du Monde
Authors: Talalay Kathryn 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
During the summer and fall of 1958, Philippa had lots of engagements, but most of her time was spent preparing for her first around-the-world tour. She had performed on four continents, but she had never circled the globe for consecutive engagements. The journey began in December 1958 and finished at the end of March 1959, covering over forty thousand miles. Philippa was fascinated by the Orient but the next stage of her journey exemplified the pressures and hardships she had to bear so often. Philippa stayed in Elisabethville only forty-eight hours and then she travelled to the Belgian Congo and later on to French Brazzaville. Then her last stop was again on the continent of Africa.
“Je meure pour un homme”
Authors: Talalay Kathryn 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Life without a man bothered Philippa deeply, but she refused to admit that it did often saying to newspaper reporters that she found young men very jealous of her music and citing that she was single since as a concert pianist she had to spend much time on tour. On the contrary, Philippa was desperate to marry because she was already twenty-seven and she was particularly interested in Andre Gascht. Convinced that she wanted to settle in Europe and marry a European, she wanted to spend some time with her friends in Belgium, Holland, and France but her mother greatly opposed such a trip. But in the year 1960, Philippa was emotionally devastated when she and Andre broke up. Ironically, this was also one of her most productive years.
L'Affaire Raymond
Authors: Talalay Kathryn 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
After her concert in Freiburg, Philippa was paid in cash and it had been too late to convert the cash into a traveller's check. A man watched her while she was paying for a glass of milk she ordered in one restaurant and continued to stalk her when she left. While changing trains in Frankfurt on her way back to Rome, Philippa was robbed. The only person who came to her aid was a good looking young Frenchman by the name of Maurice Raymond, who lived in Lyons and was a chemical engineering graduate. It was a fast-paced romance, and although Philippa had known Maurice for less than four months, she decided to marry him. But during the day itself, Philippa and Raymond encountered some problems leading to Philippa filing a case against him.
Dennis Gray Stoll
Authors: Talalay Kathryn 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Distressed by the Raymond affair, Philippa's practicing turned erratic, resulting in mediocre reviews for her performance at her fourth Town Hall concert. However, as her musical creativity was reborn, she worked on her African Rhapsody, and began performing a piano concerto entitled Nile Fantasy, commissioned five years earlier by the United Arab Republic government. Late in that year, Philippa flew to London for a few days and on her second night there she was invited to an informal cocktail party and there she met Dennis Gray Stoll, who was amazed with Philippa's performance. Dennis, who was in his fifties and educated at Cambridge, invited Philippa to have tea with him the following day. They saw each other a great deal during the next few weeks but she was still lacerated by the Raymond experience. They both referred to their relationship as a “partnership”.
Sic Transit
Authors: Talalay Kathryn 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
By 1966, the Felipa Monterro sham had run its course, proven an unsuccessful gambit into the white classical-music milieu of America, and her relationship with Dennis also came to an end. Philippa's tour of Africa was for the most part difficult because she was caught in the crossfire of three coups, in Nigeria, Ghana, and Dahomey. Philippa flew to North Carolina for a concert the following afternoon. In the spring of 1966, Philippa was invited by Henry Cabot Lodge and by the U.S. ambassador to perform for wounded soldiers in South Vietnam. Since she had never visited Vietnam before, she took the invitation and William Loeb engaged her as his paper's foreign correspondent.
Semantical Underdeterminacy
Authors: Atlas Jay David 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDogma refers to the notion of how language is divided into two categories: one that is figurative or literary and that is widely used metaphorically, and the other concerns standard or ordinary language which is taken to refer to things literally. Dogma plays no small part in the study of literary style in the twentieth century and in studies of the philosophy of language. The fact that this notion is believed to have not been established with a reliable basis entails two effects — a revision of Fregean semantics that veers away from the idea that meaning determines reference and that literal meaning is definite, and the dissolution of the distinction between the linguistic life and linguistic art. This chapter focuses on the distinctions between the different functions of language and how these were systematically imposed during the period between the 1920s and the 1930s.
The Post-Gricean Theory of Presupposition
Authors: ATLAS JAY DAVID 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWhile this chapter attempts to explain the construction of one kind of post-Gricean presupposition pragmatic theory, it also looks into the possible substantive problems that may be encountered regarding issues on presupposition. In doing so, the author focuses on one type of post-Gricean theory of pragmatism and extracts the aspects of entailment and generalized conversational inferenda from the notion of presupposition. Also, the author attempts to explore Grice's endeavor to come up with the same reduction through making use not of the notion of semantical nonspecificity but of the notion of ambiguity. Lastly, the author discusses his belief that Stalnaker and Grice altered the use of the concept of common ground, and that “accommodation” may pave the way for the reconstruction of theories that concern presupposition.