bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of feeding diets containing avoparcin on the excretion of salmonellas by chickens experimentally infected with natural sources of salmonella organisms
Authors: Barrow P. A. , Smith H. Williams , Tucker J. F. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryChickens were readily infected with salmonella organisms when fed diets containing unsterilized bone-meal or provided with drinking water containing a suspension of natural salmonella infected chicken faeces. When fed diets containing avoparcin at concentrations of 10 or 100 mg/kg chickens infected in these ways excreted larger numbers of salmonellas for longer periods than did chickens fed a nonmedicated diet.
Response of toxigenicVibrio cholerae01 to physico-chemical stresses in aquatic environments
Authors: Miller Christopher J. , Drasar Bohumil S. , Feachem Richard G. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThe survival and growth of toxigenicVibrio cholerae01 in water under various conditions of salinity, pH, temperature and cation composition and concentration were studied in an extensive series of laboratory experiments. Inter- and intra-strain variation in stress response (of 01 and non-01 strains) and the ability ofV. choleraeto adapt to stressful environments were also studied. ToxigenicV. cholerae01 were able to survive for at least 70 days at 25 °C in solutions of sea salt. The optimal salt concentration was 2·0% though all solutions in the range 0·25–3·0% gave good support. Substrains with enhanced capacity to persist at sub-optimal salinity (0·1%) were demonstrated. A great degree of inter-strain variation in stress response at low salinity (0·05%) was found among 59 strains, and this variation was unrelated to serogroup (01 or non-01), source (clinical or environmental) or country of origin (Tanzania or Bangladesh). At optimal salinity, inter-strain variation was less and 18 out of 20 strains remained viable at high concentrations for at least 40 months at 25 °C.V. cholerae01 could not survive beyond 45 days at 4 °C and optimal salinity, either with or without nutrients. The optimal pH range for survival at 25 °C was 7·0–8·5 at optimal salinity, and 7·5–9·0 at low salinity.V. cholerae01 require Na+for survival in the absence of nutrients, and for enhanced growth in their presence. The presence of Ca2+or Mg2+, in addition to Na+, further enhanced survival. These, and other results reported in this paper, suggest that toxigenicV. cholerae01 are able to survive for extended periods in warm water containing no nutrients but having a salinity of 0·25–3·0% and a pH of around 8·0. With added nutrients and under the same conditions, rapid growth is possible. The implications of these findings for the identification of putative aquatic reservoirs ofV. cholerae01, and for the epidemiology of cholera, are considerable.
The complications of intravenous cannulae incorporating a valved injection side port
Authors: Cheesbrough J. S. , Finch R. G. , Macfarlane J. T. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryIn a series of 519 intravenous cannulae with valved injection side-ports the incidence of cannula-related local inflammation was 25·2% and bacteraemia 0·2%. Severe local inflammation was associated with a longer mean duration of cannulation, 59·4 v. 81·4 h (P = <0·05). There was no significant association between the presence of local inflammation and microbial colonization of either the intravascular segment of the cannula, the adjacent skin, or the side-port. The data suggest that colonization of the cannulae was usually secondary to prior skin colonization. Side-port colonization did not, predispose to cannula colonization. Organisms colonizing the side-port were biologically different and were possibly derived from the skin of medical attendants. In the final 157 patients, randomized to receive either isopropyl alcohol or 0·5% chlorhexidine in 70% spirit skin preparation, there was no difference in the incidence of either local inflammation or microbial colonization.
The persistance of drug resistant Escherichia coli strains in the majority faecal flora of calves
Authors: Hinton M. , Rixson P. D. , Allen Vivien , Linton A. H. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryTwo groups of calves, one of three and the other of two animals, were purchased in markets and reared initially on a commercial veal unit for 1 month and 4 months respectively. They were then moved to the Veterinary School, Langford, and kept for a further 6 and 4 months respectively. The animals were sampled weekly and a continual turnover in the strains forming the majority Escherichia coli faecal flora was demonstrated for all calves. Antibacterial-drug resistance, as measured by an Antibiotic Resistance Index (ARI), increased after arrival on the veal unit and persisted at high levels during the whole of their stay. After moving to Langford the ARI fell. Initially there was a reduction in the average number of resistance determinants per resistant strain and then, after a delay of up to 8 weeks, by an increase in the proportion of isolates that were fully sensitive. The source of the sensitive strains was not ascertained, although their appearance was not associated specifically with either weaning or turning out to pasture.
Bacterial contamination of floors and other surfaces in operating rooms: a five-year survey
Authors: Suzuki Asakatsu , Namba Yoshimichi , Matsuura Masaji , Horisawa Akiko 
Published: October 2009

SummaryBacterial contamination of floors and other surfaces in the operating suite has been investigated by contact impression plates during the past five years. Colony counts of the floors of operating rooms, cleaned with disinfectant, were 3·3 c.f.u./10 cm2; on the floors of semi-clean and dirty areas, cleaned with detergent, colony counts were 44·8 and 71·4 c.f.u./10 cm2 respectively. The highest colony counts of 487·4 c.f.u./10 cm2 were found in the dressing rooms, the floors of which were covered with carpets, cleaned with a vacuum cleaner. Mean bacterial numbers on surfaces of various equipment in operating rooms, cleaned with disinfectant, were 2·8 c.f.u./10 cm2. Bacterial numbers on surfaces decreased markedly from 253·2 to 11·9 c.f.u./10 cm2 following the use of disinfectant. Bacterial species found from various surfaces were mainly coagulase-negative staphylococci, derived from human beings. In the light of these findings the regular use of disinfectant for cleaning of the floors and other surfaces in operating rooms is advisable.
Airborne contamination in an operating suite: report of a five-year survey
Authors: Suzuki Asakatsu , Namba Yoshimichi , Matsuura Masaji , Horisawa Akiko 
Published: October 2009

SummaryAirborne contamination in an operating suite was studied with a slit sampler, settle plates and a light-scattering particle counter. In conventional operating rooms there was a significant difference between the empty rooms and rooms in use; the mean total bacterial count by a slit sampler changed from 1·1 in empty to 42·5 c.f.u./m3 in use (39 times increase), the settle plates count changed from 1·5 to 17·4 c.f.u./m2/min (12 times increase), and the mean total particle count changed from 56·9 to 546·7/1 (10 times increase) respectively. The increase was caused mainly by persons present in the room.Another difference was found between zones in the operating suite; the bacterial count in the clean area doubled in the semi-clean area and further doubled in the dirty area in slit sampler count as well as settle plates count, and particle count in the clean area increased by 14 times in the semi-clean and dirty areas. This difference resulted from the different quality of the ventilating system.Air cleanliness of operating rooms in use by persons present in the room dropped to a level between the clean and the semi-clean area in spite of the high quality of the ventilating system.Bacterial species identified were mostly coagulase negative staphylococci and micrococci.Our study indicates that reduction of airborne contamination in an operating suite is accomplished by the combination of an efficient ventilating system and the restriction of the number of persons present in the room.
Laboratory trials of three anticoagulant rodenticides for use against the Indian field mouse, Mus booduga Gray
Authors: Balasubramanyam M. , Christopher M. J. , Purushotham K. R. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThe efficacy of three anticoagulant rodenticides for use against the Indian field mouse, Mus booduga, was evaluated in the laboratory. The poisons, namely warfarin, bromadiolone and brodifacoum, were all found to be toxic enough at the concentrations normally used against other commensal and field rodents. With brodifacoum (0·00125%), bromadiolone (0·005%) and warfarin (0·025%), 83% of the animals died respectively after 1, 1 and 6 days' feeding. It is suggested that brodifacoum and bromadiolone might be more economical than warfarin for use in practical rodent control.
Isolation of bluetongue and related viruses from Culicoides spp. in the Sudan
Authors: Mellor P. S. , Osborne R. , Jennings D. M. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryInfection of domestic ruminants with bluetongue virus (BTV) is widespread in the Sudan but there are no records of vector species of Culicoides in that country. Therefore, light-trap collections of Culicoides for virus isolation procedures were made in the Khartoum and Um Benein areas of the Sudan during September–October 1982.Two virus isolates were made from pools of unengorged, female Culicoides. An isolate from a pool of C. kingi (schultzei gp) is a member of the Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease (EHD) serogroup. The other isolate from a pool of C. imicola, a known BTV vector in other parts of Africa, is type-5 BTV.In laboratory experiments, the North American vector of BTV, C. variipennis, supported replication of both Sudanese isolates to a high titre and transmission occurred after 10 days' incubation.This paper records the first isolation in the Sudan of arboviruses from Culicoides, with the identification of a BTV serotype and the presence of a member of the EHD (genus orbivirus, family Reoviridae) serogroup.
Recognition of the cryptic plasmid, pSLT, by restriction fingerprinting and a study of its incidence in Scottish salmonella isolates
Authors: Brown D. J. , Munro D. S. , Platt D. J. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThe plasmid pSLT is a cryptic plasmid of 60 megadaltons (Md) present inSalmonella typhimuriumLT2. We present evidence that it has a characteristic fingerprint when digested with the restriction enzymesPstIandSmaI. Among a representative collection ofS. typhimuriumisolates it was present in 67% of strains and was widely distributed amongst different phage types (DT) with the exception of DT10 and U285. Furthermore, its prevalence among veterinary isolates was significantly higher than among human isolates. It was not found among any of the 96 strains representative of other salmonella serotypes currently prevalent and thus appears to be serotype-specific.
Plasmid profiling of epidemic staphylococci from around 1960: a comparison of epidemiological techniques
Authors: Noble W. C. , Rahman Mary 
Published: October 2009

SummaryPlasmid profiles have been established for 68 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from 13 episodes of epidemic spread in hospital wards between 1958 and 1962. Despite the original lack of care in preservation of strains the profiles give, in general, the same epidemiological patterns as were established originally on the basis of phage type, antibiotic sensitivity, ward and date of isolation.
Aerobic Gram-negative pharyngeal bacilli of adult Ethiopians: carrier rates and antibiograms
Authors: Mengistu Yohannes , Gedebou Messele 
Published: October 2009

SummaryOne thousand pharyngeal swab specimens were processed for aerobic culture to determine the carriage rate of Gram-negative bacilli (GNB). The isolates were identified and their sensitivity determined to 11 antibacterial drugs following standard techniques.Similar pharyngeal carriage rates of GNB were found among the various groups of healthy subjects. Patients had higher colonization rates (27%) than healthy subjects (16%). The increase in prevalence of GNB seemed to be associated with underlying diseases and duration of hospitalization.Klebsiella (36%) was the most frequent genus amongst the 215 isolates of GNB followed by pseudomonas (13%), enterobacter (13%) and acinetobacter (10%). Others were less frequently isolated.Over 70% of all isolates were resistant to ampicillin (79%) and carbenicillin (72%); 55, 45 and 43% were resistant to cephalothin, tetracycline and streptomycin, respectively. The great majority of the strains were sensitive to the remaining six drugs.The hospital isolates were more resistant than the non-hospital isolates to most drugs tested. The hospital strains were also more often multiply resistant (89%) than the non-hospital strains (60%). Sixty-five different resistance antibiograms of 1—10 drugs were observed among 191 strains. More varied types of antibiograms were observed among hospital strains.The high frequency of multiple drug resistance of the isolates is an indication of the extensive use of antibacterial drugs, indicating the need for a policy for judicious use of drugs.
Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus: a 6-month survey in a Lisbon paediatric hospital
Authors: Cristino J. A. G. Melo , Pereira A. Torres , Afonso F. , Naidoo J. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThe prevalence of nasal colonization and infection with methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) among patients and staff was studied in a section of a Paediatric Surgical Unit in Lisbon between February and July 1985. Nasal colonization was demonstrated in 41% of burned patients, 5% of non-burned patients and 35 % of the nurses. Infection by MRSA occurred in 30% of the burns.The isolates had identical serological patterns, slight differences on phage typing and were resistant to methicillin, cephalosporins, tetracycline, erythromycin and aminoglycosides. A chloramphenicol resistance plasmid of 3 Md was present in those isolates which were chloramphenicol resistant and a small plasmid of 1·7 Md which coded for constitutive erythromycin resistance was present in many isolates. Gentamicin, tetracycline and inducible erythromycin resistance were chromosomal.Several reasons for the apparent low virulence of the isolates are discussed. Attempts to control the outbreak by the discharge of colonized or infected patients, improvement of nursing practices and treatment with temporary removal from work of the colonized nurses did not eliminate the organism from the unit.
The dispersal of bacteria and skin scales from the body after showering and after application of a skin lotion
Authors: Hall G. S. , Mackintosh C. A. , Hoffman P. N. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryApplication of a skin lotion to the body after showering greatly reduced the number of bacteria and skin scales dispersed from 10 men and 10 women. This effect lasted for at least 4 h when surgical clothing was worn. The use of a skin lotion to reduce bacterial dispersal could provide a simple and inexpensive alternative to an ultraclean air system or uncomfortable operating clothing during surgery requiring these procedures.
Susceptibility of various animals to the vesiculoviruses Isfahan and Chandipura
Authors: Wilks C. R. , House J. A. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryTo determine the pathogenic potential of the vesiculoviruses Isfahan Chandipura for domestic animals, two ponies, two steers, three and three pigs were inoculated with each virus intradermally in the tongue or, in the case of the pigs, in the snout, heel and coronary band The Ponies were also inoculated intradcrmally in the right commissure o the mouth Animals inoculated with each virus were housed in one room and allowed to mingle freely with an equal number of uninoculated contact animals of each species.Clinical signs of infection, consisting of ulcers at the inoculation sites, were observed in the Chandipura study in two inoculated ponies, one inoculated steer and one inoculated goat. No elevated temperature was observed. Virus was isolated from the ulcerated tongue tissue but not from serial blood samples, oesophagcal-pharyngeal mucus samples, or from the tissues which were collected at necropsy. Precipitating antibody was not detected by the immunoelectro osmophoresis(IEOP) test in any of the pre- or post-serum samples except from two inoculated sheep at 29 days post-inoculation (D.P.I.). Low levels of neutralizing activity were dtedted in pre-inoculation serum from all steers, pigs, contact sheep, and one contact goa. By 15 D.P.I. all inoculated animals and contact ponies and steers exhibited increased neutralizing antibody titres.In studies with the Isfahan virus, lesions developed only at the inoculation sites in the two ponies, and the virus was isolated. No virus was isolated from any blood, oesophageal-pharyngeal mucus samples or tisues collected at necropsy. All pre-inoculation sera were negative for neutralizing and precipitating antibodies. By 14 D.P.I. all inoculated animals exhibited neutralizing antibody, while all the contacts remained negative. The IEOP test remained negative for all animals throughout the experiment. A subpassage of a suspension of Isfahan-infected tongue tissue injected in to ponies and steers also yielded only firm swellings of lesser extent than the original reaction at the inoculation sites.With both viruses, lethal infections were produced by intraacranial or intraperitoneal inoculation of day-old mice and hamsters, and by allantoic inoculation of embryonating chicken eggs. Adult mice, hamsters, guinea-pigs and rabbits produced serum antibodies but lacked clinical signs.
The antigenic analysis of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome viruses in China by monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Xu Z. K. , An X. L. , Wang M. X. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThirty-six strains of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) virus were isolated from patients and a number of host animals in various areas in China. They were analysed by an immunofluorescence test (IFAT) using 10 monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) specific for the HFRS virus; antigenic differences among the strains have been demonstrated. The HFRS virus strainsrevealed nine different reactions with the McAbs, showing that there are at least nine different antigenic determinants including group-, type- and strain-specific. Analysis of the results shows that antigenic differences among the HFRS virus strains are mainly related to differences in the host animals.
Further characterization of 41 isolates of adenovirus types 19/37 by serum neutralization and DNA restriction enzyme analysis
Authors: Meng Zong-Da , Kennett Margery L. , Rodger Suzanne M. , Dickson Kaye E. , Anderson Bruce N. , Gust Ian D. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryForty-one strains of adenovirus type 19/37 (Ad19/37) mainly isolatedI from patients with keratoconjunetivitis or conjunctive between 1974 and 1984 were re-evaluated by serum neutralization (SN), haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and DNA restriction analysis. Of 19 isolates which were neutralized to high titre by antiserum prepared against prototype Ad19, 5 showed cross-reactivity with 32–64 units of Ad37 antiserum, while of 22 strains neutralizedto high titre by Ad37 antiserum, 3 showed eross-reaetivity with 32 units of Ad19 antiserum By DNA restriction analysis, all Ad19 isolates were identieal to each other and to Ad19A virus. Using endonuclease Bgl 1, three variants were observed among the Ad37 isolates.
Monoclonal antibodies directed against the flagella ofCampylobacter jejuni: production, characterization and lack of effect on the colonization of infant mice
Authors: Newell D. G. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYEight monoclonal antibodies have been derived from Balb/e mice hyperimmunized with the purified flagella fromCampylobacter jejunistrain 81116. These monoclonal antibodies are directed against flagella as demonstrated by reaction in ELISA against flagellate and aflagellate antigens, radio-immunoprecipitation and electro-immunoblotting techniques. Some of the antibodies react with a 60K minor protein as well as the 62K flagella protein. This protein may be related to an antigen expressed on the surface of the organism and detectable by immunogold labelling with one of the monoclonal antibodies.None of the antibodies causes the aggregation of bacteria or inhibits bacterial motility, unlike polyclonal anti-flagella antiserum. Moreover, none of the antibodies tested protected infant mice from colonization withC. jejunistrain 81116 even though partial protection (28%) was observed with syngeneic anti-flagella antiserum. Absence of protection is probably due to the cryptic nature of the flagella epitopes investigated or lack of antibody activity in the gastrointestinal tract.
The protection of infant mice from colonization withCampylobacter jejuniby vaccination of the dams
Authors: Dolby J. M. , Newell D. G. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYIntraperitoneal vaccination of female mice, before mating, with a whole cell, heat-killed (62 °C) vaccine ofCampylobacter jejuniallowed the mother to confer immunity to her young, challenged orally 4–6 days after birth with the homologous strain. There was no protection against a strain of another serotype. Heating the vaccine to 100 °C destroyed its protective properties. A vaccine prepared from an anagellate variant of the original strain was as protective as the original vaccine against challenge with the flagellated strain. Anti-flagellar serum antibody titres of the dams did not correlate with protection of their young.
Campylobacter jejuniin broilers: the role of vertical transmission
Authors: Shanker S. , Lee A. , Sorrell T. C. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe role of broiler eggs in the transmission ofCampylobacter jejunito broiler grow-out flocks was investigated. Six breeder flocks supplying broiler eggs to hatcheries were examined for cloacal carriage ofC. jejuni. Of 240 birds tested, 178 (74%) wereC. jejuni-positive. Eggs from these birds examined forC. jejunipenetration of the egg shell indicated that 185 of 187 were campylobacter-free. Eggs from breeder flocks of unknownC. jejunistatus were also examined forC. jejunishell penetration.C. jejuniwas not isolated from 142 eggs examined. A further 193 hatchery eggs incubated and hatched in the laboratory were campylobacter-free. Six farms containing the progeny ofC. jejuni-positive breeder flocks were monitored. Eight hundred and forty birds from 14 flocks m these grow-out farms were campylobacter-free during their 6-week grow-out period. Experimental egg-penetration studies indicated thatC. jejunitransmission via the egg is not easily effected. Of 257 eggs surface-challenged withC. jejuni, 162 hatched; all were campylobacter-free. Of 167 eggs injected withC. jejuni, 12 hatched; 2 of these were colonized withC. jejuni. Our data do not support a role for vertical transmission ofC. jejuniin commercial broiler production.
Inhibition of colonization of the chicken caecum withSalmonella typhimuriumby pre-treatment with strains ofEscherichia coli
Authors: Barrow P. A. , Tucker J. F. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYSimultaneous oral administration of broth cultures of three strains ofEscherichia coliisolated from sewage and an abattoir strongly inhibited the colonization of a subsequently administered strain ofSalmonella typhimurium. The three strains were protective against theS. typhimuriumstrain under a variety of conditions: in different breeds and in chickens fed different diets. The strains were not equally effective against other salmonella strains. Oral administration of the strains produced a statistically significant reduction in the excretion of theS. typhimuriumstrain over a period of 7 weeks.