bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stroke Rehabilitation in Australia in a Freestanding Inpatient Rehabilitation Unit Compared With a Unit Located in an Acute Care Hospital
Authors: Katrak Pesi H. , Black Deborah , Peeva Victoria 
Published: August 2011

ObjectiveTo study the functional outcome of stroke rehabilitation from 2 units that are similar in most aspects except for location: freestanding rehabilitation units (FSRU) versus acute care hospital (acute hospital rehabilitation unit [AHRU]).DesignAn observational retrospective cohort study.SettingRehabilitation units in university‐affiliated hospitals in Australia.MethodsFive‐year data on functional outcomes of stroke rehabilitation and rehabilitation process measures from an FSRU were compared with data from the subsequent 5 years after the same unit was relocated to an AHRU.Main Outcome MeasurementsTime from stroke onset to rehabilitation assessment, time to transfer to rehabilitation, length of stay (LOS), Functional Independence Measure (FIM) score, Motor Assessment Scale (MAS) score, transfer back to acute care, walking velocity, and discharge destination.ResultsData on 357 patients from an FSRU and 372 patients from an AHRU who completed the rehabilitation program are presented. Baseline characteristics, such as age, gender, stroke location, stroke type, and risk factors, were similar in the 2 groups. There was no difference in outcomes such as FIM score, MAS score, walking velocity, or discharge destination. On regression analysis, the patients in an FSRU had a longer LOS (37.6 versus 35.9 days) and were more likely to be transferred to acute care than from an AHRU (12.4% versus 5.4%). The episode LOS (total LOS in acute and rehabilitation units) was nearly identical in the 2 settings at 52.6 days (15 in acute care + 37.6 days in an FSRU and 16.7 in acute care + 35.9 days in an AHRU).ConclusionsStroke rehabilitation effectiveness is not related to the proximity of a rehabilitation facility to acute medical services. However, the increased need for the transfer of patients with medical complications from FSRU to acute care, longer LOS in an FSRU, and greater difficulty in obtaining consultations from other medical specialties persuade us to recommend a unit co‐located with acute care services instead of an FSRU.
Prolotherapy Versus Corticosteroid Injections for the Treatment of Lateral Epicondylosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Carayannopoulos Alexios , Borg‐Stein Joanne , Sokolof Jonas , Meleger Alec , Rosenberg Darren 
Published: August 2011

ObjectiveTo compare the efficacy of prolotherapy versus corticosteroid injection for the treatment of chronic lateral epicondylosis.DesignA prospective, randomized controlled, double‐blinded study.SettingAcademic, tertiary, outpatient, rehabilitation hospital.ParticipantsTwenty‐four subjects with clinically determined chronic (ie, lasting 3 months or longer) lateral epicondylosis were recruited. All subjects noted pain intensity levels significant enough to prevent the participation in activities, such as playing racquet sports or lifting heavy objects.MethodsSubjects were assigned to receive either prolotherapy or corticosteroid injection for treatment of chronic lateral epicondylosis. Each subject underwent injection at baseline followed by a second injection 1 month later.Outcome MeasurementsVisual analog scale (VAS) self‐rating of pain, quadruple visual analog scale (QVAS), and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire (DASH) were measured at baseline and at 1, 3, and 6 months' follow‐up.ResultsWithin each group, the analysis demonstrated statistically significant improvements in both VAS and DASH within the prolotherapy group with significant changes noted from baseline to 3 months (VAS: Δ2.38; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.04‐3.71, P = .004 and DASH: Δ19.89; 95% CI 5.73‐34.04, P = .01), and baseline to 6 months (VAS: Δ2.63; 95% CI 0.61‐4.62, P = .017 and DASH: Δ21.76; 9% CI 7.43‐36.09, P = .009) after initial treatment, as well as in the QVAS from baseline to 3 months. The steroid group demonstrated a clinically and statistically significant change for DASH only at both 3‐month (Δ13.33; 95% CI 0.68‐25.99, P = .04) and 6‐month (Δ15.56; 95% CI 1.30‐29.81, P = .04) follow‐up. Comparison of the subjects completing the study revealed no significant differences between the prolotherapy and the corticosteroid group for change in VAS, QVAS, or DASH, although the study lacked sufficient power to draw conclusions from this finding. Eighty‐three percent of the subjects were satisfied with their overall improvement during the course of the study, without significant differences revealed between groups. Aside from injection‐associated pain, no adverse reactions were reported. Seventeen subjects completed study protocol.ConclusionsBoth prolotherapy and corticosteroid therapy were generally well tolerated and appeared to provide benefit of long duration. Small sample size precludes determining whether one therapy is superior to the other. Larger, controlled trials appear feasible and warranted on the basis of these findings.
The lithology and organic geochemistry of the Vendian deposits in the cis-Yenisei subprovince (from the results of the well Vostok-3)
Authors: Kontorovich A.E. , Kostyreva E.A. , Saraev S.V. , Melenevskii V.N. , Fomin A.N. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
We have studied for the first time the organic geochemistry of the Vendian thick section stripped by the parametric well Vostok-3 in the depth range 5002–3870 m in southeastern West Siberia. The results point to the aquagene–plankton–derived and bacterial nature of the buried organic matter (OM). At some depth levels, the deposits are enriched in OM (up to 0.7–9.6%). The study of kerogens has shown that the OM is transformed to the apocatagenesis stage. The composition of biomarker hydrocarbons in bitumens has been studied, and the geochemical criteria for the petroleum presence prediction are considered.
Rheological properties of the upper mantle of Northern Eurasia and nature of regional boundaries according to the data of long-range seismic profiles
Authors: Pavlenkova N.I. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Deep seismic investigation carried out in Russia in long-range profiles with peaceful nuclear explosions allowed clarifying in details the structure of the upper mantle and the transition zone down to the depth of 700 km within the huge territory of old and young platforms of Northern Eurasia. Variability of horizontal heterogeneity of the upper mantle depending on the depth serves to qualitative estimation of its rheological properties. The upper part of the mantle to the depth of 80–100 km is characterized by the block structure with significant velocity steps of seismic waves at the blocks often divided by deep faults. This is the most rigid part of lithosphere. Below 100 km horizontal heterogeneity is insignificant, i.e., at these depths the substance is more plastic and not capable to retain block structure. On the lithosphere bottom at the depth of 200–250 km plasticity increase is observed as well but the zone of the lower velocities that might have been bound with the area of partial melting (asthenosphere) has not been found. These three layers with different rheological properties are divided by seismic boundaries presented by thin layering zones with alternating higher and lower velocities. At the specified depths any phase boundaries have been distinguished. These thin layering zones are assumed to form due to higher concentration of deep fluids at some levels of depths where mechanical properties and permeability of substance change. Insignificant number of fluids may result in appearance of streaks with partial or film melting at relatively low temperature—to the rise of the weakened zones where subhorizontal shifts are possible. According to seismic data in many world regions seismic boundaries are also observed at the depth of about 100 and 200 km; they may be globally spread. There are signs that areas of xenoliths formation and earthquake concentration, i.e., zones of high deformations, are confined to these depths.
Dielectric relaxation in oil-bearing clayey rocks
Authors: Epov M.I. , Bobrov P.P. , Mironov V.L. , Repin A.V. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
The dielectric properties of the bentonite–oil–salt solution mixtures with different water and oil saturation were experimentally studied in the frequency range of 10 kHz to 4 GHz at 25–60 °C. It has been established that besides the region of the Debye water relaxation, there are two more relaxation regions resulting from the interfacial interaction of the mixture components in this frequency range. To describe the dielectric permittivity and equivalent conductivity of the mixture, a spectroscopic model taking into account the multifrequency relaxation is proposed. The dependence of the model parameters on the water saturation and temperatures of the samples has been determined. The experimental data are compared with the modeling results, and the error of prediction for the dielectric permittivity and conductivity of mixture is estimated using the proposed model.
In praise of Ecumenical Bayes
Authors: Lee Michael D. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractJones & Love (J&L) should have given more attention to Agnostic uses of Bayesian methods for the statistical analysis of models and data. Reliance on the frequentist analysis of Bayesian models has retarded their development and prevented their full evaluation. The Ecumenical integration of Bayesian statistics to analyze Bayesian models offers a better way to test their inferential and predictive capabilities.
Distinguishing literal from metaphorical applications of Bayesian approaches
Authors: Rogers Timothy T. , Seidenberg Mark S. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe distinguish between literal and metaphorical applications of Bayesian models. When intended literally, an isomorphism exists between the elements of representation assumed by the rational analysis and the mechanism that implements the computation. Thus, observation of the implementation can externally validate assumptions underlying the rational analysis. In other applications, no such isomorphism exists, so it is not clear how the assumptions that allow a Bayesian model to fit data can be independently validated.
Pinning down the theoretical commitments of Bayesian cognitive models
Authors: Jones Matt , Love Bradley C. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractMathematical developments in probabilistic inference have led to optimism over the prospects for Bayesian models of cognition. Our target article calls for better differentiation of these technical developments from theoretical contributions. It distinguishes between Bayesian Fundamentalism, which is theoretically limited because of its neglect of psychological mechanism, and Bayesian Enlightenment, which integrates rational and mechanistic considerations and is thus better positioned to advance psychological theory. The commentaries almost uniformly agree that mechanistic grounding is critical to the success of the Bayesian program. Some commentaries raise additional challenges, which we address here. Other commentaries claim that all Bayesian models are mechanistically grounded, while at the same time holding that they should be evaluated only on a computational level. We argue this contradictory stance makes it difficult to evaluate a model's scientific contribution, and that the psychological commitments of Bayesian models need to be made more explicit.
Effects of atomoxetine on cardiovascular functions and on QT dispersion in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Sert Ahmet , Gokcen Cem , Aypar Ebru , Odabas Dursun 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBackgroundAtomoxetine is a central norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor used to treat attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The effects of atomoxetine on cardiovascular functions and QT dispersion in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder have not been previously reported. The aim of this study was to analyse cardiovascular functions and QT dispersion on the surface electrocardiogram of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder during atomoxetine therapy.MethodsA total of 40 children – with a mean age of 8.6 plus or minus 2.3 years and a median age of 11 years; ranged from 8 to 14 years – with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder – with six girls and 34 boys – were included in the study. We recorded the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, corrected QT interval, QT dispersion, and left ventricular systolic functions at baseline and 5 weeks after atomoxetine therapy.ResultsAtomoxetine decreased baseline mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure; baseline mean heart rate decreased; and baseline mean corrected QT interval and QT dispersion mildly increased. Atomoxetine decreased baseline mean ejection fraction and baseline mean shortening fraction.ConclusionThe results of our study suggest that atomoxetine does not cause clinically significant alterations in QT dispersion, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, corrected QT interval, and left ventricular systolic functions during short-term treatment in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Secular Trends in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Obesity Among US Adults in the Primary Care Setting
Authors: Yates Erika A. , Macpherson Alison K. , Kuk Jennifer L. 
Published: August 2011

Excess weight afflicts the majority of the US adult population. Research suggests that the role of primary care physicians in reducing overweight and obesity is essential; moreover, little is known about self‐care of obesity. This report assessed the secular trends in the care of overweight and investigated the secular association between obesity with care of overweight in primary care and self‐care of overweight. Cross‐sectional evaluation of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III (1988–1994) and the Continuous NHANES (1999–2008) was employed; the total sample comprised 31,039 nonpregnant adults aged 20–90 years. The relationship between diagnosed overweight, and directed weight loss with time and obesity was assessed. Despite the combined secular increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity (BMI >25.0 kg/m2) between 1994 and 2008 (56.1–69.1%), there was no secular change in the odds of being diagnosed overweight by a physician when adjusted for covariates; however, overweight and obese individuals were 40 and 42% less likely to self‐diagnose as overweight, and 34 and 41% less likely to self‐direct weight loss in 2008 compared to 1994, respectively. Physicians were also significantly less likely to direct weight loss for overweight and obese adults with weight‐related comorbidities across time (P < 0.05). Thus, the surveillance of secular trends reveals that the likelihood of physician‐ and self‐care of overweight decreased between 1994 and 2008 and further highlights the deficiencies in the management of excess weight.
A higher body temperature is associated with haemorrhagic transformation in patients with acute stroke untreated with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rtPA)
Authors: Leira Rogelio , Sobrino Tomás , Blanco Miguel , Campos Francisco , Rodríguez-Yáñez Manuel , Castellanos Mar , Moldes Octavio , Millán Mónica , Dávalos Antoni , Castillo José 
Published: August 2011

Higher body temperature is a prognostic factor of poor outcome in acute stroke. Our aim was to study the relationship between body temperature, HT (haemorrhagic transformation) and biomarkers of BBB (blood–brain barrier) damage in patients with acute ischaemic stroke untreated with rtPA (recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator). We studied 229 patients with ischaemic stroke &lt;12 h from symptom onset. Body temperature was determined at admission and every 6 h during the first 3 days. HT was evaluated according to ECASS II (second European Co-operative Acute Stroke Study) criteria in a multimodal MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) at 72 h. We found that 55 patients (34.1%) showed HT. HT was associated with cardioembolic stroke (64.2% against 23.0%; P&lt;0.0001), higher body temperature during the first 24 h (36.9°C compared with 36.5°C; P&lt;0.0001), more severe stroke [NIHSS (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale) score, 14 (9–20) against 10 (7–15); P=0.002], and greater DWI (diffusion-weighted imaging) lesion volume at admission (23.2 cc compared with 13.2 cc; P&lt;0.0001). Plasma MMP-9 (matrix metalloproteinase 9) (187.3 ng/ml compared with 44.2 ng/ml; P&lt;0.0001) and cFn (cellular fibronectin) levels (16.3 μg/ml compared with 7.1 μg/ml; P=0.001) were higher in patients with HT. Body temperature within the first 24 h was independently associated with HT {OR (odds ratio), 7.3 [95% CI (confidence interval), 2.4–22.6]; P&lt;0.0001} after adjustment for cardioembolic stroke subtype, baseline NIHSS score and DWI lesion volume. This effect remained unchanged after controlling for MMP-9 and cFn. In conclusion, high body temperature within the first 24 h after ischaemic stroke is a risk factor for HT in patients untreated with rtPA. This effect is independent of some biological signatures of BBB damage.
Shi'i Clerics in Iraq and Iran, 1722–1780: The Akhbari-Usuli Conflict Reconsidered
Authors: Cole Juan 
Published: August 2011

It has long been held that the eighteenth century was a pivotal one in the history of Imami Shi'i thought and jurisprudence in Iraq and Iran. At the beginning of this era, it is said, the previously dominant Usuli school declined, and the conservative Akhbari school came to the fore. This intellectual revolution coincided with the fall of the Safavid dynasty in Iran and the disestablishment of Shi'ism under the Afghans and then Nadir Shah. Standard accounts would have us believe that Akhbarism became dominant. Then late in the century, as the Qajars came to power, the Usuli school staged a comeback in the shrine cities of Iraq and subsequently in Iran.This version of events, deriving from published nineteenth-century Usuli works, contains elements of truth. But an examination of manuscript sources from the period and of later biographical dictionaries suggests that the standard view needs revision.
The Office of Muhtasib in Iran
Authors: Floor Willem 
Published: August 2011

On his return to Qom on March 7, 1979, Ayatollah Khomeini announced during a remarkable speech the intention to create a ministry having as its main taskamr bi'l ma'ruf wa nahi ‘an al-munkar,or to promote the good and forbid the bad. What is so astounding about this is the fact that a government institution charged with this task has long since ceased to exist. Moreover, the charge of amr bi'l ma'ruf has been historically associated with an official known asmuhtasib.In view of the planned resurrection of this office, a historical analysis of the functions of the muhtasib and his office, thehisbaorihtisab,would seem to be in order.Before describing the historical development of the function of muhtasib, two questions are posed. The first is: Does a direct relationship exist between pre-Muslim officials such as the Byzantineagoranomosand the Muslim muhtasib?
SDRS—an algorithm for analyzing large-scale dose–response data
Authors: Ji Rui-Ru , Siemers Nathan O. , Lei Ming , Schweizer Liang , Bruccoleri Robert E. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Summary: Dose–response information is critical to understanding drug effects, yet analytical methods for dose–response assays cannot cope with the dimensionality of large-scale screening data such as the microarray profiling data. To overcome this limitation, we developed and implemented the Sigmoidal Dose Response Search (SDRS) algorithm, a grid search-based method designed to handle large-scale dose–response data. This method not only calculates the pharmacological parameters for every assay, but also provides built-in statistic that enables downstream systematic analyses, such as characterizing dose response at the transcriptome level.
Availability: Bio::SDRS is freely available from CPAN (www.cpan.org).
Contacts: ruiruji@gmail.com; bruc@acm.org
Supplementary Information: Supplementary data is available at Bioinformatics online.
Computational Phonology – Part I: Foundations
Authors: Heinz Jeffrey 
Published: August 2011

AbstractComputational phonology approaches the study of sound patterns in the world's languages from a computational perspective. This article explains this perspective and its relevance to phonology. A restrictive, universal property of phonological patterns – they are regular – is established, and the hypothesis that they are subregular is presented. This article is intended primarily for phonologists who are curious about computational phonology, but do not have a rigorous background in mathematics or computation. However, it is also informative for readers with a background in computation and the basics of phonology, and who are curious about what computational analysis offers phonological theory.
A Rabbit Vaginal Cell-Derived Antimicrobial Peptide, RVFHbαP, Blocks Lipopolysaccharide-Mediated Inflammation in Human Vaginal CellsIn Vitro
Authors: Patgaonkar Mandar S. , Sathe Ameya , Selvaakumar C. , Reddy K. V. R. 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTAntimicrobial peptides (AMPs) constitute a phylogenetically ancient form of innate immunity that provides host defense at various mucosal surfaces, including the vagina. Recently, we have identified one such AMP, rabbit vaginal fluid hemoglobin alpha peptide (RVFHbαP), from the vaginal lavage of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The recent demonstration of a protective role of this peptide in erythrocytes and vaginal cells led us to investigate (i) the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) interactive domain in RVFHbαP and (ii) whether RVFHbαP of rabbit origin modulates the cellular immune responses of another species (humans)in vitro. HeLa-S3, a human vaginal epithelial cell line (hVEC), was exposed to LPS alone (10 μg/ml for 6 h), or LPS-induced cells were treated with RVFHbαP (70.45 μM for 1 h) and cultured for 24 h, and the results obtained were compared with the medium control. We show here that RVFHbαP exerts an anti-inflammatory activity in hVECs, as suggested by the prevention of LPS-induced production of extracellular (supernatant) and intracellular (lysate) levels of cytokines (interleukin 6 [IL-6] and IL-1α) and chemokines (IL-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 [MCP-1]). The demonstration of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and NF-κB expression in hVECs and the observations of RVFHbαP suppression of human β-defensin-1 (hBD1) mRNA expression further support the hypothesis of a genomic activity of RVFHbαP. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry results demonstrate that RVFHbαP inhibits LPS-induced phagocytosis ofEscherichia coliby macrophages. The chemotaxis studies performed using the Boyden chamber Transwell method showed the increased migration of U937 cells when supernatants of LPS-induced hVECs were used, and this effect was inhibited by RVFHbαP. In conclusion, our study proposes a novel explanation for the protective role of RVFHbαP in inflammation-associated infections, which not only may provide the new cellular targets for the screening of RVFHbαP ligands acting in the vaginal tissue but also has the potential to develop RVFHbαP as a therapeutic agent for reproductive tract infections.
Complete Genome Sequence of Streptomyces cattleya NRRL 8057, a Producer of Antibiotics and Fluorometabolites
Authors: Barbe Valérie , Bouzon Madeleine , Mangenot Sophie , Badet Bernard , Poulain Julie , Segurens Béatrice , Vallenet David , Marlière Philippe , Weissenbach Jean 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACT

Streptomyces cattleya
, a producer of the antibiotics thienamycin and cephamycin C, is one of the rare bacteria known to synthesize fluorinated metabolites. The genome consists of two linear replicons. The genes involved in fluorine metabolism and in the biosynthesis of the antibiotic thienamycin were mapped on both replicons.