bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Triploid Grass Carp: Triploid Induction, Sterility, Reversion, and Certification
Authors: Zajicek Paul , Goodwin Andrew E. , Weier Tina 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Nonnative grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella have been used in the United States to control aquatic plants for approximately 42 years and are widely dispersed across 45 states, with reproduction occurring in 7 Mississippi River basin states. To prevent grass carp establishment and spread, a functionally sterile version—triploid grass carp—was produced in the early 1980s. However, there is uncertainty today regarding sterility and the efforts associated with triploid grass carp production and distribution. We reviewed relevant literature to summarize biological issues of interest to fishery managers: cell division for sexual reproduction, the induction of triploidy, sterility, reversion from the triploidy to diploidy, and pertinent aspects of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's triploid grass carp certification program.
Received December 13, 2010; accepted May 18, 2011
Summer Use of Side-Channel Thermal Refugia by Salmonids in the North Fork Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho
Authors: Stevens Bryan S. , DuPont Joseph M. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
We observed aggregations of westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi, mountain whitefish Prosopium williamsoni, and to a lesser extent, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss moving into cold side channels in the North Fork Coeur d'Alene River in northern Idaho during the summer of 2007. The use of cold side channels varied throughout the season, as well as by size-class. Such use was much greater for salmonids 300 mm or more in length, and the movement of salmonids into side channel habitats appeared to be triggered by rising water temperatures in the main river and temperature divergences between the main river and the side channels. Larger salmonids were not evenly distributed among the side channels, and channel physical features varied widely. The probability that a side channel would be used as a thermal refugium by salmonids 300 mm or more appeared to be influenced by channel depth, and salmonids of that size used side channels that were both deep (≥2 m) and cold (≤20°C). Protection of the remaining hyporheic flow paths and thermal refugia may be important for the conservation of summer habitat for westslope cutthroat trout in the lower North Fork Coeur d'Alene River.
Received July 29, 2010; accepted May 25, 2011
Guest Director's Line: AFS Policy Statement Regarding the Need for an Immediate-Release Anesthetic/Sedative for Use in the Fisheries Disciplines
Authors: Bowker Jim , Trushenski Jesse 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Availability of safe and effective fish sedatives or anesthetics is crucial to fisheries research, management, and culture activities. If fish are sedated prior to handling, the risk to both fish and handler is minimized. Currently, there is no ideal compound that can be legally used on fish without adhering to a lengthy withdrawal period. The absence of a suitable immediate-release sedative jeopardizes fish, fisheries, fish culture, and research, posing a risk to aquatic resources as well as those handling fish. A document, “AFS Policy Statement on the Need for an Immediate-Release Anesthetic/ Sedative for Use in the Fisheries Disciplines,” has been drafted to (1) describe the impediments preventing fisheries professionals from having access to a suitable immediate-release sedative; (2) characterize the constraints that this issue places on aquatic natural resources management, fisheries research, and the private aquaculture industry; and (3) recommend a course of action to facilitate the timely approval of such a sedative, which will minimize risk to fish, fisheries professionals, the general public, and the environment.
Identification and Implementation of Native Fish Conservation Areas in the Upper Colorado River Basin
Authors: Dauwalter Daniel C , Sanderson John S , Williams Jack E , Sedell James R 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Freshwater fishes continue to decline at a rapid rate despite substantial conservation efforts. Native fish conservation areas (NFCAs) are a management approach emphasizing persistent native fish communities and healthy watersheds while simultaneously allowing for compatible human uses. We identified potential NFCAs in the Upper Colorado River Basin in Wyoming—focusing on Colorado River cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii pleuriticus), flannelmouth sucker (Catostomus latipinnis), bluehead sucker (Catostomus discobolus), and roundtail chub (Gila robusta)—through a process that combined known and modeled species distributions, spatial prioritization analysis, and stakeholder discussions. The network of potential NFCAs is intended to serve as a funding framework for a National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF) Keystone Initiative focused on Colorado River Basin native fishes. We discuss current opportunities for and impediments to implementing the potential NFCAs we identified for the NFWF Initiative over the long term. NFCAs represent a promising approach to fisheries management that complements existing approaches by focusing on persistent native fish communities.
A Hierarchical Spatial Framework and Database for the National River Fish Habitat Condition Assessment
Authors: Wang Lizhu , Infante Dana , Esselman Peter , Cooper Arthur , Wu Dayong , Taylor William , Beard Doug , Whelan Gary , Ostroff Andrea 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Fisheries management programs, such as the National Fish Habitat Action Plan (NFHAP), urgently need a nationwide spatial framework and database for health assessment and policy development to protect and improve riverine systems. To meet this need, we developed a spatial framework and database using National Hydrography Dataset Plus (I-.100,000-scale); http://www.horizon-systems.com/nhdplus). This framework uses interconfluence river reaches and their local and network catchments as fundamental spatial river units and a series of ecological and political spatial descriptors as hierarchy structures to allow users to extract or analyze information at spatial scales that they define. This database consists of variables describing channel characteristics, network position/connectivity, climate, elevation, gradient, and size. It contains a series of catchment-natural and human-induced factors that are known to influence river characteristics. Our framework and database assembles aü river reaches and their descriptors in one place for the first time for the conterminous United States. This framework and database provides users with the capability of adding data, conducting analyses, developing management scenarios and regulation, and tracking management progresses at a variety of spatial scales. This database provides the essential data needs for achieving the objectives of NFHAP and other management programs. The downloadable beta version database is available at http://ec2-184-73-40-15.compute-1.amazonaws.com/nfhap/main/.
A Network Approach to Addressing Strategic Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences Issues at a National Scale: An Introduction to a Series of Case Studies from Canada
Authors: Hasler Caleb T , Christie Gavin C , Imhof Jack , Power Michael , Cooke Steven J 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Traditional funding programs for fisheries, aquaculture, and aquatic research provide short-term support for an individual or small research team to test a specific hypothesis, often having only limited spatial applicability. To tackle more complex issues existing at larger spatial scales (national or continental), other approaches are necessary. In Canada, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council has developed the Strategic Network Grants (SNGs) program that enables multi-institutional teams of academics (typically 10 to 20 co-principal investigators) to work with industry and government partners on large-scale, multidisciplinary research projects in targeted research areas. The network model is intended to create unique training opportunities and enable researchers to study problems at spatial and temporal scales that could not be addressed with traditional funding. Currently, six of the 30-plus SNGs in Canada are focused on fisheries, aquaculture, and aquatic sciences issues, namely, impacts of hydropower on fish and fish habitat, capture fisheries, integrated multitrophic aquaculture, healthy oceans, and the spatial ecology of aquatic vertebrates in coastal waters. Here we introduce five case studies that will examine the motivation, scientific research objectives, and operation of networks in detail. In addition, we explore the perceived benefits and challenges with the research network-funding model with specific reference to the advancement of large-scale studies in fisheries, aquaculture, and aquatic sciences.
NSERC's HydroNet: A National Research Network to Promote Sustainable Hydropower and Healthy Aquatic Ecosystems
Authors: Smokorowski Karen E , Bergeron Normand , Boisclair Daniel , Clarke Keith , Cooke Steven , Cunjak Rick , Dawson Jeff , Eaton Brett , Hicks Faye , Higgins Paul , Katopodis Chris , Lapointe Michel , Legendre Pierre , Power Michael , Randall Robert , Rasmussen Joseph , Rose George , Saint-Hilaire Andre , Sellars Brent , Swanson Gary , Winfield Nicholas , Wysocki Roger , Zhu David 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
NSERC's HydroNet is a collaborative national five-year research program initiated in 2010 involving academic, government, and industry partners. The overarching goal of HydroNet is to improve the understanding of the effects of hydropower operations on aquatic ecosystems, and to provide scientifically defensible and transparent tools to improve the decision-making process associated with hydropower operations. Multiple projects are imbedded under three themes: 1) Ecosystemic analysis of productive capacity offish habitats (PCFH) in rivers, 2) Mesoscale modelling of the productive capacity offish habitats in lakes and reservoirs, and 3) Predicting the entrainment risk of fish in hydropower reservoirs relative to power generation operations by combining behavioral ecology and hydraulic engineering. The knowledge generated by HydroNet is essential to balance the competing demands for limited water resources and to ensure that hydropower is sustainable, maintains healthy aquatic ecosystems and a vibrant Canadian economy.
Resumen
NSERC's HydroNet es un programa nacional colaborativo de investigación a cinco años que inició en el año 2010 e involucra a los sectores académico, gubernamental e industrial. El objetivo general de HydroNet es comprender los efectos que tienen las operaciones hidroeléctricas en los ecosistemas acuáticos y ofrecer herramientas científicas defendibles y transparentes tendientes a mejorar los procesos en la toma de decisiones que están asociados al uso de la energía hidroeléctrica. Diversos proyectos se encuentran insertos en tres grandes tópicos: 1) análisis ecosistémico de la capacidad productiva de los habitats para peces (CPHP) en ambientes fluviales, 2) Modelación de meso-escala de la capacidad productiva de los habitats para peces en lagos y embalses, y 3) predicción del riesgo de arrastre de peces hacia los embalses hidroeléctricos, en función del poder generador de las operaciones, combinando la ecología conductual y la ingeniería hidráulica. El conocimiento generado por HydroNet es fundamental para evaluar el balance entre la demanda por recursos hídricos limitados, para asegurar que la energía hidroeléctrica sea sustentable, que promueva la salud de los ecosistemas acuáticos así como también a la pujante economía canadiense.
A Simple Method to Predict Regional Fish Abundance: An Example in the McKenzie River Basin, Oregon
Authors: McGarvey Daniel J , Johnston John M 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Regional assessments of fisheries resources are increasingly called for, but tools with which to perform them are limited. We present a simple method that can be used to estimate regional carrying capacity and apply it to the McKenzie River Basin, Oregon. First, we use a macroecological model to predict trout densities within small, medium, and large streams in the McKenzie Basin. Next, we evaluate the reliability of the predicted trout densities by comparing them with field-measured densities. We then calculate the total surface areas of small, medium, and large streams within the basin and multiply these surface areas by the predicted trout densities to estimate regional carrying capacity. Predicted carrying capacity within the basin is approximately 2.1 million trout (median predicted abundance). Our method requires minimal input data, and much of this data can be compiled from literature sources. The method may therefore have broad utility.
RESUMEN
si bien la demanda de evaluaciones regionales de recursos pesqueros ha incrementado, las herramientas para realizarlas aún son limitadas. En esta contribución se presenta un método simple que puede utilizarse para estimar la capacidad de carga en peces a nivel regional y se aplica a la cuenca del Río McKenzie, en el estado de Oregon. Primero, se utilizó un modelo macro-ecológico para predecir las densidades de trucha en cauces pequeños, medianos y grandes dentro de la cuenca McKenzie. Posteriormente se evaluó la confiabilidad de dichas predicciones mediante comparaciones con observaciones directas en campo de las densidades. Luego se calculó la superficie total de los cauces pequeños, medianos y grandes en la cuenca y se multiplicó por las densidades predichas de truchas para así estimar la capacidad de carga a nivel regional. Se proyecta una capacidad de carga de −2.1 millones de truchas (la mediana de la predicción de abundancia). Este método requiere de un mínimo de información de entrada y muchos de los datos pueden ser compilados de la literatura disponible. Por lo tanto, este método posee amplia utilidad.
Health and Survival of Red Abalone Haliotis rufescens from San Miguel Island, California, USA, in a Laboratory Simulation of La Niña and El Niño Conditions
Authors: Moore James D. , Marshman Blythe C. , Chun Calvin S. Y. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The variability in Southern California's marine climate is dominated by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, with cycling between El Niño events (characterized by warm water, low productivity, and frequent storms) and La Niña events (which exhibit the opposite conditions). Relative to the mainland and other Channel Islands, San Miguel Island (SMI) consistently maintains cooler water temperatures and supports significant populations of red abalone Haliotis rufescens, presumably owing to increased food production and diminished expression of the bacterial disease known as withering syndrome. We conducted a laboratory experiment to examine the effects of La Niña and El Niño conditions on the health and survival of red abalone from SMI. Six replicate tanks per treatment, each containing six abalone, were subjected to one of the following three temperature regimes (treatments): Bodega Bay, California ambient (AMB; mean, 11.4°C), SMI La Niña regime (LAN; mean, 13.8°C), and SMI El Niño regime (ELN; mean, 16.5°C). After 328 d, survival in the ELN treatment was significantly lower than in the AMB and LAN groups. A body condition index was significantly lower in the ELN group than in the AMB group, and the LAN group was in between. A visual score of body shrinkage was significantly higher in both the LAN and ELN groups than in the AMB group. Other clinical signs of withering syndrome and the prevalence and infection intensity of the causative agent, Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis, increased as temperature increased in the three treatment groups from AMB to LAN to ELN, although the differences were not statistically significant. Generally, we found that increased temperature resulted in elevated disease expression, although less than observed in previous studies that used farmed abalone and higher, less variable temperature regimes. Water temperature modulates the effect of withering syndrome in wild red abalone, and very strong El Niño events are predicted to result in significant mortality at San Miguel Island.
Received September 10, 2010; accepted December 16, 2010
Longevity of Bolbophorus damnificus Infections in Channel Catfish
Authors: Mitchell Andrew , Yost Marlena , Pote Linda , Farmer Bradley , Panuska Carla 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The digenean Bolbophorus damnificus infects commercial channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, causing mortality, lower feed consumption, and reduced growth in surviving fish. The purpose of this study was to determine the length of time for which B. damnificus prodiplostomulum metacercariae (juvenile trematode stage that infects fish) would remain viable (parasite appearing to be intact or exhibiting movement) in channel catfish. Fish (n = 210) were infected with molecularly confirmed B. damnificus cercariae harvested from naturally infected marsh rams-horn snails Planorbella trivolvis. During the first sampling (at 20 d postinfection), 8.3 ± 3.6 metacercariae/fish (mean ± SD) were found in the host muscle and visceral organs. The channel catfish were then acclimated to a water temperature of either 18°C or 28°C. After 11 months, 6.8 ± 3.5 and 5.9 ± 3.0 metacercariae/fish were found in groups held at 18°C and 28°C, respectively. The mean number of parasites per fish did not significantly differ between fish held at the two temperatures and did not significantly decline over time at either temperature. Fish examined from 13 to 30 months postinfection all contained viable metacercariae that were morphologically and molecularly identified as B. damnificus. At 18 months, 12 metacercariae (of which 11 were intact and 10 displayed movement) were found in the one fish sampled; at 30 months, the last fish sampled contained three intact metacercariae (one displayed slight movement). Our results indicate that B. damnificus metacercariae can remain viable in channel catfish for at least an 18–30-month production cycle during which they have the potential to affect fish growth; in addition, infected fish may serve as intermediate hosts for these metacercariae for at least 2.5 years postinfection.
Received July 14, 2010; accepted March 6, 2011
Metacercarial Distribution of Centrocestus formosanus among Fish Hosts in the Guadalupe River Drainage of Texas
Authors: Fleming B. Paul , Huffman David G. , Bonner Timothy H. , Brandt Thomas M. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
We examined the gills of wild fish collected from central Texas for Centrocestus formosanus metacercariae to determine whether this temperature-restricted parasite had invaded the thermally dynamic Guadalupe River via an introduced population in its thermally stable tributary, the Comal River. We collected fish from three sites in the Guadalupe River near its confluence with the Comal River (upstream, at, and downstream) and one site in the Comal River. Centrocestus formosanus infected 14 of the 25 species examined (56.0%) and 171 of the individual fish (27.1%). Several of the infected fish represent new host records for the parasite, and two are listed as species of special concern by the state of Texas. Mean metacercarial intensities varied from 8 to 616 among species, and the highest recorded intensity was greater than 800 in two Guadalupe roundnose minnow Dionda nigrotaeniata. Among the 24 species examined from the Guadalupe River, 11 (45.8%) were infected with C. formosanus. Thorough surveys at the study sites yielded no living specimens of the first obligate intermediate snail host (red-rim melania Melanoides tuberculatus), which must be present to perpetuate the parasite. Thus, the infections were probably due to drifting cercariae that had been shed into the water column upstream of the study area in the Comal River. We therefore investigated spatial patterns in cercarial acquisition using caged fish to determine whether drifting cercariae were present in the water column at the study sites. Of 57 uninfected blacktail shiners Cyprinella venusta exposed to Guadalupe River water downstream from and at the confluence, 52 (91.2%) became infected with C. formosanus metacercariae at a mean rate of 4 metacercariae/d. This finding extends the known geographic range of this invasive exotic parasite and is the first report of the life cycle being advanced in the fish assemblage of a thermally variable temperate stream in the USA.
Received October 18, 2010; accepted April 7, 2011
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for Detection of Aquatic Animal Pathogens in a Diagnostic Laboratory Setting
Authors: Purcell Maureen K. , Getchell Rodman G. , McClure Carol A. , Garver Kyle A. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Real-time, or quantitative, polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is quickly supplanting other molecular methods for detecting the nucleic acids of human and other animal pathogens owing to the speed and robustness of the technology. As the aquatic animal health community moves toward implementing national diagnostic testing schemes, it will need to evaluate how qPCR technology should be employed. This review outlines the basic principles of qPCR technology, considerations for assay development, standards and controls, assay performance, diagnostic validation, implementation in the diagnostic laboratory, and quality assurance and control measures. These factors are fundamental for ensuring the validity of qPCR assay results obtained in the diagnostic laboratory setting.
Received March 30, 2011; accepted May 6, 2011
The Effects of Myxobolus cerebralis on the Physiological Performance of Whirling Disease Resistant and Susceptible Strains of Rainbow Trout
Authors: Fetherman Eric R. , Winkelman Dana L. , Schisler George J. , Myrick Christopher A. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The development of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss strains that are resistant to whirling disease has shown promise as a management tool for populations in areas where Myxobolus cerebralis is present. However, the physiological effects of the disease on characteristics necessary for fish survival in natural river conditions have not been tested in many of these strains. Five rainbow trout strains were evaluated for their swimming ability and growth characteristics in relation to M. cerebralis exposure: the resistant German rainbow trout (GR) strain (Hofer strain), the susceptible Colorado River rainbow trout (CRR) strain, and three intermediate (hybrid) strains (F1 = GR × CRR; F2 = F1 × F1; B2 = backcross of F1 × CRR). Three broad response patterns among strain and exposure were evident in our study. First, exposure metrics, growth performance, and swimming ability differed among strains. Second, exposure to the parasite did not necessarily produce differences in growth or swimming ability. Exposure to M. cerebralis did not affect batch weight for any strain, and critical swimming velocity did not differ between exposed and unexposed families. Third, although exposure did not necessarily affect growth or swimming ability, individuals that exhibited clinical deformities did show reduced growth and swimming performance; fish with clinical deformities were significantly smaller and had lower critical swimming velocities than exposed fish without clinical deformities. Research and management have focused on GR × CRR hybrid strains; however, given the performance of the GR strain in our study, it should not be discounted as a potential broodstock. Additional field trials comparing the GR and F1 strains should be conducted before wholesale adoption of the GR strain to reestablish rainbow trout populations in Colorado.
Received September 9, 2010; accepted May 27, 2011