bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Return to play after sports concussion in elite and non-elite athletes?
Authors: Putukian M , Aubry M , McCrory P 
Published: May 2009

Objective:To examine the published literature relating to the difference in concussion management strategies between elite and non-elite athletes.Design:Systematic literature review of concussion management.Intervention:Pubmed, Medline, Psych Info, Cochrane Library and Sport Discus databases were reviewed using the MeSH keywords brain concussion and mild traumatic brain injury, combined with athletic injuries. Each were then refined by adding the keyword “return to play” (RTP). English language and human studies only were assessed.Results:For the Medline search, using “brain concussion” as a keyword, 4319 articles were found; this was decreased to 111 when RTP was used to refine the search. When “mild traumatic brain injury” was used, 2509 articles were found; this decreased to 39 when RTP was used to refine the search. Following initial review, these articles form the basis of the discussion below.Conclusions:The non-elite athlete may not have the same resources available as the elite athlete (such as the presence of trained medical staff during practice and competition, a concussion programme as part of sideline preparedness, the benefit of neuropsychological or postural testing, as well as consultants with expertise in concussion readily available) and as a result will generally be managed more conservatively. Younger athletes often have a greater incidence of concussion with longer recovery time frames; however, they are often managed with less expertise and with limited resources.
Which symptom assessments and approaches are uniquely appropriate for paediatric concussion?
Authors: Gioia G A , Schneider J C , Vaughan C G , Isquith P K 
Published: May 2009

Objective:To (a) identify post-concussion symptom scales appropriate for children and adolescents in sports; (b) review evidence for reliability and validity; and (c) recommend future directions for scale development.Design:Quantitative and qualitative literature review of symptom rating scales appropriate for children and adolescents aged 5 to 22 years.Intervention:Literature identified via search of Medline, Ovid-Medline and PsycInfo databases; review of reference lists in identified articles; querying sports concussion specialists. 29 articles met study inclusion criteria.Results:5 symptom scales examined in 11 studies for ages 5–12 years and in 25 studies for ages 13–22. 10 of 11 studies for 5–12-year-olds presented validity evidence for three scales; 7 studies provided reliability evidence for two scales; 7 studies used serial administrations but no reliable change metrics. Two scales included parent-reports and one included a teacher report. 24 of 25 studies for 13–22 year-olds presented validity evidence for five measures; seven studies provided reliability evidence for four measures with 18 studies including serial administrations and two examining Reliable Change.Conclusions:Psychometric evidence for symptom scales is stronger for adolescents than for younger children. Most scales provide evidence of concurrent validity, discriminating concussed and non-concussed groups. Few report reliability and evidence for validity is narrow. Two measures include parent/teacher reports. Few scales examine reliable change statistics, limiting interpretability of temporal changes. Future studies are needed to fully define symptom scale psychometric properties with the greatest need in younger student-athletes.
Teaching Kindness: The Promise of Humane Education
Authors:   Taylor,,   Arbour,,   Signal,
Published: May 2009

AbstractAlthough the popularity of Humane Education Programs (HEP) as a method of teaching compassion and caring for all living beings is increasing, there is a need for rigorous, methodologically sound research evaluating the efficacy of HEP. Recent calls for the inclusion of HEP within broader humanistic, environmental, and social justice frameworks underline the importance of HEP beyond a simple “treatment of animals” model. Lack of methodological rigor in the majority of published HEP studies (e.g., absence of a control group) and dispersal across disparate fields (with differing indices of efficacy), however, means that there is a potential for the popular use of HEP to outstrip our understanding of the variables that impact efficacy. The current study discusses some of these issues and presents a pilot study of a literature-only HEP intervention. Comparisons with an age-matched control group indicated that the four-week HEP resulted in an increase in measures of empathy and treatment of animals, although only the increase in empathy levels was significant. This paper discusses the implications of the current results and areas in need of future consideration.
Racial Prejudice and the Performing Animals Controversy in Early Twentieth-Century Britain
Authors: Wilson David 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis paper attempts to show how racial prejudice and selective, usually inarticulate, racial discrimination influenced attempts to conduct an objective examination of charges of cruelty in the training and exhibition of performing animals in Britain in the early twentieth century. As the debate intensified, and following the appointment of a parliamentary Select Committee, one explanation often given by both sides for shortcomings in the treatment of performing animals was the alleged cruelty particularly or exclusively attributable to the “alien enemy,” “foreigners,” and distinct racial groups. The Committee faced the problem of assessing attributions of real cruelty as opposed to unproven charges that may have resulted from irrational, emotive, or strategic prejudice. This paper examines the context in which such charges were made, and the degree to which they might have been introduced or resorted to in order to serve the prejudices or interests of each side in the controversy.
On using the DomWorld model to evaluate dominance ranking methods
Authors: de Vries Han 
Published: May 2009

AbstractRecently, the DomWorld model was used to evaluate five dominance ranking methods. The suitability of the DomWorld model for this purpose is however not without question. The characteristic unidirectionality of most dominance behaviour observed in many monkey species is not found in DomWorld. Besides this, the current paper shows that the additive dominance value updating method in combination with the relative win chance, Pij
= DOM
i
/(DOM
i
+ DOM
j
), gives rise to unrealistically large changes in win chance after fights among low ranking individuals. It is shown that this can be resolved by replacing the additive update rule by a multiplicative one. Moreover, this combination of relative win chance and multiplicative update rule is equivalent to the combination of a sigmoidal win chance and additive update rule as employed in the Elo-rating method. It is also shown that, contrary to Hemelrijk's recommendation, David's score is to be preferred to the average dominance index. The paper concludes with presenting a differentiated list of recommendations on the use of ranking methods that takes into account the required premises and different aims for which these methods have been developed.
Resembling the juvenile colour of host cichlid facilitates access of the guest cichlid to host territory
Authors: Ochi Haruki , Awata Satoshi 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn two coexisting species with similar body colours, one species may acquire benefits from mimicking the body colour of the other species. In Lake Tanganyika, the zoobenthivorous cichlid Neolamprologus mustax preferentially exploits the territories of the algivorous cichlid Variabilichromis moorii as a feeding ground, even though other zoobenthivorous cichlid species are expelled from these territories. The yellow body colour of the guest species, N. mustax, resembles that of juveniles of the host species, V. moorii, adults of which have entirely black bodies. To estimate the effect of juvenile colour on aggression from conspecific adults, the responses of adult V. moorii to dummy fish of four colours (black, yellow, white, and blue) were observed in this lake system. Our observations clearly demonstrated that adult V. moorii were less aggressive toward yellow, white, and blue dummies compared to black ones, with a slight difference in response to the yellow and white or blue dummies. This study indicates that resembling the colour of host juveniles can facilitate access of the guest species to host territory, but does not provide sufficient evidence for a hypothesis that the guest species mimics the body colour of the host juvenile.
Male nest-building behaviour and mating success in the red bishop (Euplectes orix)
Authors: Klump Georg , Metz Markus , Friedl Thomas 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe analysed the relation between male nest-building behaviour and mating success in the red bishop (Euplectes orix), a highly polygynous and colonially breeding weaverbird. Male mating success was mainly determined by the total number of nests built per male during a breeding season, and, to a lesser extent, by the proportion of unusable nests (i.e., nests that became squashed or deformed) per male. The number of nests built increased with longer territory tenures, larger proportions of unusable nests, shorter time delays between consecutive nest-building attempts, and shorter nest-building times. Nests were characterised by the density of fibres in the nest chamber and parameters describing size and deformation. Females preferred nests that were more densely woven and had a larger entrance roof overlap; the latter was also related to nest durability. However, this preference probably reflects only a general rejection of bad nests, since nest characteristics did not differ among males and had no detectable effect on male mating success. Young males had a lower number of nests built, and consequently lower mating success, compared to old males, while there were no differences with regard to other aspects of nest-building behaviour or nest characteristics between the two age groups.
Very short delays prior to escape from potential predators may function efficiently as adaptive risk-assessment periods
Authors: Butler  , Cresswell  , Whittingham  , Quinn  
Published: May 2009

AbstractPeriods between predator detection and an escape response (escape delays) by prey upon attack by a predator often arise because animals trade-off the benefits such a delay gives for assessing risk accurately with the costs of not escaping as quickly as possible. We tested whether freezing behaviour (complete immobility in a previously foraging bird) observed in chaffinches before escaping from an approaching potential threat functions as a period of risk-assessment, and whether information on predator identity is gained even when time available is very short. We flew either a model of a sparrowhawk (predator) or a woodpigeon (no threat) at single chaffinches. Escape delays were significantly shorter with the hawk, except when a model first appeared close to the chaffinch. Chaffinches were significantly more vigilant when they resumed feeding after exposure to the sparrowhawk compared to the woodpigeon showing that they were able to distinguish between threats, and this applied even when time available for assessment was short (an average of 0.29 s). Our results show freezing in chaffinches functions as an effective economic risk assessment period, and that threat information is gained even when very short periods of time are available during an attack.
To fight, or not to fight: determinants and consequences of social behaviour in young red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus)
Authors: Nakayama Shinnosuke , Ojanguren Alfredo , Fuiman Lee 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Social behaviour is critical for survival and fitness in many organisms. The
aim of this study was to examine the effects of developmental state,
physiological state and their differences between individuals on the
intensities of aggressive and grouping behaviours in red drum (Sciaenops
ocellatus) larvae. Body size was used as a proxy for developmental state and
body condition (i.e., residual of wet weight from the relationship between
body size and wet weight) as a measure of physiological condition. Social
interactions between two fish were observed for 30 min in a 9-l tank. We
found that the duration of grouping behaviour increased as body size
increased, but aggressive behaviour was less frequent as body size and
condition increased. The larger fish in a trial tended to be aggressive to
the smaller one, and fish of similar sizes tended to show grouping
behaviour. Fish that more frequently displayed aggressive behaviours tended
to occupy the lower part of the water column. Body size and condition were
important determinants of social interactions between red drum larvae. Our
results suggest competitive disadvantage for the larvae from late cohorts
when they recruit to the nursery habitats where larger larvae from early
cohorts have already occupied.
Can scent-mediated female mate preference explain an abrupt mtDNA cline in Lacerta schreiberi?
Authors: Hugall Andrew , Moussalli Adnan , Brito José Carlos , Irwin Nancy , Goüy de Bellocq Joëlle , Godinho Raquel , Stuart-Fox Devi , Baird Stuart 
Published: May 2009

AbstractDivergence in female mate preferences can strongly influence the structure and dynamics of hybrid zones. We examined the potential role of female mate preferences in maintaining an abrupt west-east mtDNA cline between two deeply divergent genetic lineages of Lacerta schreiberi, a lizard endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. The lineages are largely morphologically cryptic but with respect to the mtDNA cline, western males tend to be less parasitized, in better body condition and more intensely coloured than eastern males, a pattern that cannot be explained by environmental variation alone. The lineages may also differ in unmeasured aspects such as physiology, behaviour and olfactory signals, which may influence mate choice. As female mate attraction has been found to vary with olfactory cues in lacertid lizards, we experimentally tested whether females were differentially attracted to femoral pore secretions of males from the two genetic backgrounds. Females did not prefer scents of 'higher quality' western males, nor did they prefer the scents of males belonging to their own genetic background. This suggests the abrupt mtDNA cline is unlikely to be explained by assortative mating of matrilineages that distinguish male genetic background based on scent.
Eutylenchus excretorius Ebsary & Eveleigh, 1981 (Nematoda: Tylodorinae) from Spain with approaches to molecular phylogeny of related genera
Authors: Liébanas Gracia , Palomares-Rius Juan , Castillo Pablo , Subbotin Sergei , Landa Blanca 
Published: May 2009

AbstractNematode surveys in indigenous vegetation in northern Spain revealed the presence of a nematode population of the genus Eutylenchus associated with moist sandy soils in the rhizosphere of common reed (Phragmites sp.) on the banks of the Tera river in Garray (Soria province). Morphological and morphometrical studies on this population fits with Eutylenchus excretorius, representing the first report for Spain and southern Europe and the fifth report in Europe after Germany, Poland, Czech Republic and Russia. SEM studies were carried out for the first time on this species and showed four lips separated by deep grooves. Each lip bears an elongated, flexible, recurved projection (seta) 12 (11-13) μm long, proximal third wide, gradually attenuating, distal end rounded. Molecular characterisation of E. excretorius using several genes is provided. The sequence of D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA gene of this population was identical to a previously studied sample from Germany. Phylogenetic analysis using D2-D3 of 28S rRNA and partial 18S rRNA gene sequences of tylenchid nematodes revealed that E. excretorius clustered with moderate support with Cephalenchus hexalineatus. The position of E. excretorius on majority consensus Bayesian phylogenetic tree reconstructed using heat shock protein 90 gene sequence was not well resolved.
Characterisation of Bursaphelenchus spp. isolated from packaging wood imported at Nanjing, China
Authors: Moens Maurice , Waeyenberge Lieven , Trinh Phap Quang , Li Hongmei 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBursaphelenchus nematodes, extracted from 12 samples taken from imported packaging wood originating from seven countries and regions at Nanjing, China, during 2003 and 2004, were identified using morphology, morphometric data and ITS-RFLP patterns. Two samples were identified as B. xylophilus: one, from Canada, was the M-form and another, from Japan, the R-form. Five samples were identified as B. mucronatus, three belonging to the European genotype and two to the East-Asian genotype. Two samples (from Germany and South Korea) were recognised as B. rainulfi. Two samples (South Korea and Japan) were identified as B. doui and a sample from Hong Kong was identified as B. thailandae. Additional morphometric data are provided for the identified species, especially with respect to spicule morphometrics. The CDA of morphometric data discriminated the five species by nine male and eight female characters. The characters used for this analysis corresponded partly to the main taxonomic-informative characters for the genus Bursaphelenchus, viz., body length, stylet length, spicule length, a, c and c′ values. The phylogenetic trees constructed from the D2D3 sequence data supported the division of East Asian and European genotype groups of B. mucronatus. Bursaphelenchus doui grouped with B. xylophilus and B. mucronatus, all members of the xylophilus-group, which was separated from B. rainulfi and B. thailandae.
Phoretic dispersal of entomopathogenic nematodes by Hylobius abietis
Authors: Wilson Michael , Kruitbos Laura , Heritage Stuart 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPhoresis is a strategy in which one organism (the phoretic) attaches to another (the host) for the implied purpose of dispersal and is valuable for small flightless invertebrates with limited mobility. Previous work has shown that the relatively immobile larvae of Hylobius abietis (the large pine weevil) are highly susceptible to entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) and support nematode reproduction whereas adults do not. Here, we demonstrate that the infective juveniles (IJ) of two species of EPN, Heterorhabditis megidis and Steinernema carpocapsae, can use the resistant but highly mobile adults of H. abietis for phoretic dispersal. The ability to use adult H. abietis for phoresis depended on nematode species and habitat (sand vs peat) and there was no evidence of sex-biased dispersal in S. carpocapsae for which the IJ are dioecious. We hypothesise that phoretic dispersal may be a significant mechanism to avoid sibling competition and inbreeding in EPN, which produce tens of thousands of offspring at point sources in a relatively impenetrable habitat.
Intraspecific variation among isolates of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae from Bull Island, Ireland
Authors: Downes Martin , Meade Conor , Boyle Stephen , Rolston Alec , Kakouli-Duarte Thomae 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe application of large numbers of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) to control insect pests of agriculture is likely to have an impact on the local EPN fauna, yet little is known about the intraspecific relationships between EPN populations, particularly with regard to phylogeny and outbreeding. Here we assess the fitness, with regards to fecundity, host insect mortality and time taken to produce progeny, of isolates of Steinernema feltiae from Bull Island, Ireland. Exon-primed, intron-crossing (EPIC) PCR was used to examine intraspecific phylogenies between S. feltiae isolates, and identified up to three possible colonisation events of Bull Island. EPIC-PCR grouped two isolates, 33.D.(2) and 59.F.(2), separately from the remaining ten S. feltiae isolates These same two isolates consistently performed poorly in all fitness assessments. Following the crossbreeding of all isolates in Galleria mellonella, the number of host cadavers exhibiting emerging infective juveniles was significantly fewer than expected and there were significant differences between isolates in the number of days until progeny were observed. Host insect mortality varied between 40 and 87%. Such intraspecific variation may be a result of adaptation to different microhabitats of Bull Island, which in turn may be accentuated by laboratory culture practices.
Application of Pluronic gel to the study of root-knot nematode behaviour
Authors: Wang Congli , Lower Steven , Williamson Valerie M. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Pluronic F-127 is a stable, non-toxic, copolymer that forms a gel at room
temperature and a liquid at 15°C when the concentration is 20-30%. Root-knot
nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) second-stage juveniles can move freely through
the gel and display attraction toward roots of tomato, Medicago truncatula,
common bean and Arabidopsis. The excellent clarity of the gel allows
examination of behavioural changes in the nematode as it reaches and infects
its host. Attraction assays showed that Meloidogyne javanica and M.
incognita move to roots much more rapidly than does M. hapla. Nematodes form
aggregates when in contact with root tips suggesting that the presence of a
signal from the nematode or from the root is involved in the attraction.
Nematodes suspended in Pluronic gel without roots aggregate into balls after
1 to 2 days. A coverslip placed on the gel accelerates and serves as a focus
for the aggregation, suggesting that lower oxygen, or perhaps a volatile
attractant, is involved in this behaviour. These observations demonstrate
that Pluronic gel is a useful medium for dissecting attraction of root-knot
nematodes to their hosts and for studying additional aspects of their
behaviour.
Comparative studies on some physiological and biochemical characters in white and brown cysts of Heterodera glycines race 4
Authors: Liu Jing , Wu Haiyan , Wang Zhenhua , Shi Libo , Li Xiuxia 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPrevious research showed that the hatch of second-stage juveniles (J2) from white females (cysts) was significantly different from that of J2 from brown cysts, which indicated that there were differences in diapause between J2 in white and brown cysts. In order to find out the relationships between some biochemical characters and diapause of Heterodera glycines, hatch rate and biochemical indices (total carbohydrate, glycogen, trehalose, glycerol and protein, and activity of esterase and trehalase) in white and brown cysts of H. glycines race 4 were studied. The results suggested that hatch rate of J2 from brown cysts was significantly lower than that of J2 from white cysts. The glycogen and protein content and the activity of esterase in brown cysts were lower than in white cysts, whereas the total carbohydrate and trehalose content and the activity of trehalase in brown cysts were higher than in white cysts. Therefore, diapause in unhatched J2 in brown cysts was more extensive than that in J2 in white cysts, and active mutual transformation between trehalose and glycogen existed in brown cysts. SDS-PAGE patterns showed that there are 15 and 10 protein bands in white and brown cysts, respectively, and proteins of molecular masses 116.6, 79.1, 68.2, 64.3 and 60.5 kDa existed in white cysts, but were not present in brown cysts. There were three and six bands in patterns of esterase isoenzymes in white and brown cysts, respectively; EST0.63, EST0.75, EST0.81 of esterase isoenzymes occurred in brown cysts but not in white cysts. The result suggested that protein content declined and activity of esterase isoenzyme was enhanced during the transition from white to brown cyst. The low hatch rate of J2 from eggs in brown cysts might be related to these indices.