bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Chemical Changes Produced in Flour by Bleaching
Authors: Monier-Williams G. W. 
Published: May 2009

The action of air containing nitrogen peroxide upon flour, in quantities up to 300 c.c. of nitrogen peroxide to one kilogramme of flour, may be summarised as follows:—I. The golden-yellow tint of the flour is destroyed. Immediately after bleaching no difference in tint due to excess of the bleaching agent could be observed with Lovibond's tintometer, but on keeping for several days the more highly bleached samples became decidedly yellow, while those treated with 30 to 100 c.c. of nitrogen peroxide per kilogramme became still whiter, the maximum of bleaching effect being attained within these limits.II. The amount of nitrous acid or nitrites present in a freshly bleached flour is approximately proportional to the amount of nitrogen peroxide employed, and corresponds to about 30% of the total nitrogen absorbed, rising to 40% in the more highly bleached samples. After the lapse of several days, the proportion of nitrites present decreases considerably in the higher concentrations, but remains very nearly the same in the more slightly bleached samples.III. Approximately 60% of the total nitrogen introduced as nitrogen peroxide into the flour during bleaching can be recovered as ammonia a short time after bleaching by reducing the aqueous extract of the flour with a copper-zinc couple, and may be assumed to be present in the flour as nitric and nitrous acids or as nitrates and nitrites. After keeping the bleached flour for some days the amount of nitric acid extracted with cold water decreases. Experiments with pure glutenin and gliadin indicated that in certain circumstances nitric acid may be withdrawn from solution or “adsorbed” by these proteins.IV. In highly bleached flour a considerable increase in the amounts of soluble proteins and soluble carbohydrates takes place. If one kilogramme of flour is bleached with 300 c.c. of nitrogen peroxide, the amount of soluble nitrogen is doubled. This appears to be due almost entirely to the solubility of gliadin in nitric acid of certain concentrations. The simultaneous increase of soluble carbohydrates would seem to point to an intimate relationship between the gliadin and certain carbohydrates in flour.V. If highly bleached flour is allowed to stand for some time after bleaching, the oil undergoes very considerable alteration and acquires the characteristics of an oxidised oil. About 6 to 7% of the nitrogen introduced as nitrogen peroxide during bleaching is absorbed by the oil.VI. The absorption of nitrogen peroxide by flour does not appear to be accompanied by the production of free nitrogen, nor was any evidence obtained of the formation of diazo-compounds.VII. Sodium nitrite was found to exert no inhibitory action on the digestion of soluble starch by saliva, but the rate of digestion was greatly retarded if the starch had been previously treated with nitrogen peroxide gas. Bleaching was found to exercise an inhibitory effect on the salivary digestion of flour.
Upon the Inoculation of Materia Morbi through the Human Skin by Flea-bites
Authors: Walker Cranston 
Published: May 2009

1. When fleas bit through films of Tuberculin, Vaccine Lymph, and Staphylococcus Emulsion lying upon the human skin, no inoculation was observed in 188 instances out of 195. In six of the experiments with Tuberculin, inoculation followed, which possibly was not due to the flea-bites. Controls gave positive results.2. When the same materials were rubbed over recent flea-bites, no inoculations followed. Controls were positive.3. A very minute dose of Tuberculin, such as might be conveyed by a flea's proboscis, will produce a recognisable reaction in a susceptible person.4. The bearing of the results on the question of plague transmission is discussed.
On the Survival of Specific Microorganisms in Pupae and Imagines of Musca Domestica raised from experimentally Infected Larvae. Experiments with B. Typhosus
Authors: Ledingham J. C. G. 
Published: May 2009

Although typhoid bacilli were liberally supplied to larvae of Musca domestica, all attempts to demonstrate B. typhosus in the pupae or imagines were unsuccessful, until recourse was had to disinfection of the ova. After this preliminary disinfection both larvae and pupae gave pure growths of B. typhosus but hitherto it has not been possible to examine the imagines.In the experiments with unsterilised ova great difficulty was experienced in determining whether B. typhosus was present in MacConkey plates owing to the almost invariable occurrence of the colourless typhoid-like colonies of the Bacillus “A” which was evidently an organism throughly adapted to the conditions prevailing in the interior of the larvae, pupae and imagines.The fact also that this organism like B. typhosus fermented mannite without the production of gas, rendered the search for B. typhosus still more difficult.By the employment of sorbite—in place of lactose-media, a preliminary differentiation might have been possible but was not considered practicable in the first place owing to the expense of sorbite, and secondly owing to the fact that the fermentation of sorbite by B. typhosus though constant, is sometimes delayed. The most satisfactory plan was to pick off as many colonies as possible and inoculate them on litmus-milk. Bacillus “A” invariably rendered litmus-milk intensely alkaline.From the practical point of view the main conclusion to be drawn from the experiments detailed in this communication is that the typhoid bacillus can lead only a very precarious existence in the interior of larvae or pupae which possess, at least in so far as these investigations warrant, a well-defined bacterial flora of their own.Even under the highly artificial conditions of the final series of experiments, it was not possible to decide whether the B. typhosus though recoverable from the pupa was really actively multiplying in the pupal interior or gradually dying out. There was some indication that the latter was the case, as the typhoid colonies recovered from the pupa in the one successful instance, were extremely few in number, while the larvae which had been feeding on B. typhosus contained enormous numbers as evidenced both by cultural and microscopical examination.Since the above experiments were concluded, some further researches by Graham-Smith (1911) on the carriage of bacteria by flies have appeared in the form of a Local Government Board Report. This author has succeeded in recovering B. anthracis from blow-flies bred from larvae fed on meat infected with spores of this organism, but has failed to recover B. typhosus or B. enteritidis under similar experimental conditions.
Infective Methaemoglobinaemia in rats caused by Gaertner's Bacillus
Authors: Boycott A. E. 
Published: May 2009

1. A spontaneous epidemic of Gaertner infection among rats was found associated with methaemoglobinaemia and, in some cases, anaemia.2. Strains of Gaertner's bacillus isolated from these rats reproduced methaemoglobinaemia in fresh rats but not in rabbits, guinea-pigs or mice.3. Other strains of Gaertner's bacillus from rats, guinea-pigs and human sources also caused methaemoglobinaemia either before or after passage through rats.4. Other organisms pathogenic for rats did not produce methaemoglobinaemia.
A Rapid Gravimetric Method of Standardising Vaccines
Authors: Wilson W. James , Dickson Charles 
Published: May 2009

1. A method is described of rapidly evaporating to dryness bacterial emulsions contained in tarred flasks and from the increase of weight determining the strength of the emulsion.The same apparatus can be used for a variety of purposes, e.g. drying serum, estimating solids in water, milk etc.2. A very rapid method of drying bacteria smeared on a tarred piece of platinum foil, and from the dried residue preparing a vaccine is described.3. A correlation between the number and weight of bacteria in vaccines made from agar cultures of the B. typhosus, B. coli, B. pyocyaneus, Meningococcus (Weichselbaum), Pseudo-Gonococcus, Micrococcus melitensis, B. pneumoniae Friedlander, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus has been established.4. The advantages of the gravimetric method are:(a) That with a sensitive balance constant results are obtained.(b) It is more rapid, and involves no strain ou the eyes.(c) It can be applied to cultures of all bacteria growing on solid media, whether these form uniform emulsions or not, e.g. vaccines of Streptococci, Micrococcus catarrhalis, Diphtheroid organisms, B. tuberculosis, Streptothrices can be accurately standardised. Even small clumps in the vaccine considerably vitiate the results in Wright's method. The chief precaution to take in the gravimetric method is to remove the growth carefully, without breaking the surface of the medium and avoiding the condensation water.(d) It brings into line the dosage of bacterio-proteins with that of other medical remedies.
The Technique of Detecting Diphtheria Bacillus Carriers and its Application
Authors: O'Meara R. A. Q. 
Published: May 2009

The technique of detecting diphtheria bacillus carriers has found little recognition in the literature of diphtheria.A method of detecting diphtheria carriers by single swabbings is described.The method is somewhat elaborate but is highly efficient.The results which may be obtained with it are discussed.Its application in certain specific cases is briefly considered.
Immunisation with Inactive Vaccinia Virus
Authors: Bland J. O. W. 
Published: May 2009

Experiments were carried out on rabbits, guinea-pigs and monkeys to test the immunity produced by vaccinia virus killed with heat, phenol or formalin. Before use, the vaccines were rigorously tested for their inactivity by a method of inoculation and triple passage in series. The test of immunity was quantitative.The rabbit experiments gave equivocal results but indicated that a slight immunity was produced in some cases. In guinea-pigs more success was obtained: they could be protected against one to ten minimal infecting doses and showed a partial immunity to stronger tests. Monkeys were only tried in one experiment in which a weak vaccine was used. This did not protect them.The superiority of guinea-pigs for this kind of work is discussed as also the bearing of the results obtained with them on the nature of immunity to vaccinia virus.
The Evidence ofBrucella abortusInfection in Slaughterhouse Men
Authors: Dible J. Henry , Pownall Margaret 
Published: May 2009

Men engaged in slaughtering and dressing meat show a higher incidence ofBrucella abortusagglutinins than those in similar age and sex groups who are otherwise employed, where titres of 1 in 20 and upwards are observed.This applies especially to men who deal with cattle and sheep; no such increased incidence has been noted in men dealing with pigs.It would seem that a titre in the vicinity of 1 in 40 serves to indicate evidence ofBrucellainfection definitely greater than that likely to be found in the generality of the community.
The Rabicidal Antibody Content of Rabbit Immune Serum as an Index of Acquired Resistance to Rabies Infection
Authors: Stuart G. , Krikorian K. S. 
Published: May 2009

1. Opinions upon the relationship between anti-rabies immunity and the rabicidal power of rabies-immune serum have been stated.2. The rabicidal antibody content of the sera of rabbits immunised with etherised virus, living fixed virus and carbolised virus has been determined while at its maximum and compared with the degree of immunity acquired after each method of treatment.
Qualitative or Quantitative Methods in the Serological Diagnosis of Enteric Infections?
Authors: Horgan E. S. 
Published: May 2009

1. “Normal” agglutinins forB. typhosusandB. paratyphosusB appear to be conclusively of the O type.2. Such agglutinins appear to be of consistently low titre and are absent in many sera.3. Normal agglutinins forB. paratyphosusA have not been encountered.4. O agglutinins are readily produced by inoculation of a T.A.B. vaccine, and may rise to as high titres as those encountered during an enteric infection.5. It is impossible to fix any limit for residual O agglutinins in inoculated persons.6. The value of examining for O agglutinins in enteric cases is confirmed.7. Some fallacies of a purely qualitative method are pointed out, and a plea is made for the inclusion of the principles of qualitative receptor analysis in a quantitative Widal.
A Comparative Study of the Physiological Effects on Children of School Heating by Hot-Water Radiators and by Radiant Heat from Electric Ceiling and Wall Panels
Authors: Crowden G. P. , Hetherington M. , Luxton W. R. 
Published: May 2009

1. An attempt has been made to ascertain by physiological observations on school children whether the radiant heat from a heating installation comprising electric panels suspended from the ceilings and walls of the classrooms, in a semi open-air school, was sufficient to impart adequate warmth to children while performing the ordinary curriculum of an elementary school.2. During identical cold weather conditions, observations were made on children in two schools in the same area, the one heated by electric ceiling and wall panels and the other, the control school, heated by hot-water radiators and pipes.3. The children in classrooms heated by radiant heat from electric ceiling and wall panels were found to be attempting to perform ordinary elementary school work under conditions of chilling incompatible with comfort and efficiency, and without such compensating factors as frequent exercise and controlled nutrition, neither of which are possible in such a school.4. The observations made on the children in the semi open-air electric-panel heated school, the air temperatures and cooling powers encountered in the classrooms, and the control observations made in the hot-water heated school under similar weather conditions prove that the radiant heat emitted from the electric ceiling and wall panels was insufficient to impart adequate warmth to the children, and that the heating system as at present installed and controlled, is unable adequately to cope with such cold conditions as are commonly met with during the winter months of the year.
Iodine as an aerial disinfectant
Authors: Raymond W. F. 
Published: May 2009

1. Iodine vapour at a readily tolerable concentration of 0·1 mg./cu.ft. of air gives a rapid kill of freshly sprayed salivary organisms at humidities above 50 %.2. At the same concentration dry bacteria are not as readily killed, the killing rate only becoming appreciable above 70 % R.H.
Thein vitroaction of disinfectants and the application of CTAB in the control ofStr. agalactiaemastitis
Authors: Hughes D. L. , Edwards S. J. 
Published: May 2009

1.In vitroexperiments carried out by a modified Rideal-Walker technique showed the superiority of CTAB over chlorine and chloroxylenol disinfectants againstStr. agalactiae.2. The disinfectant action of 1 % CTAB persisted on the surface of dry hands and cows' teats for a period of at least 3 hr. Subsequent moistening of the hands with milk reduced the efficiency of this disinfectant.3. For the prevention of dissemination ofStr. agalactiaeby means of milkers' hands and at the same time to reduce the incidence of infection on the surface of teats, a lanette wax-oil base containing 1 % CTAB was tested. It was found that the inclusion in the cream base of CTAB did not reduce its bactericidal efficiency.
Diarrhoea and enteritis amongst infants in the London area, 1930–8
Authors: Wright G. Payling , Wright Helen Payling 
Published: May 2009

The present inquiry was undertaken to obtain some indication of the relative frequencies of deaths amongst infants from the various forms of diarrhoea and enteritis—‘neonatal’, ‘parenteral’ and ‘infectious’—in the Greater London area in the decade before the war. Since much of the material needed for such an analysis was not available in the published records, a sampling inquiry, making use of the more elaborate records maintained by the Medical Officer of Health, was undertaken for the Borough of Willesden. A comparison of the relevant epidemiological and social conditions in this borough with those in the Greater London area as a whole showed, that for such a purpose, it might properly be regarded as a representative sample.There was little evidence for the occurrence of the neonatal form in Willesden during the period studied, nor did the seasonal distribution of the deaths suggest that many took place in consequence of preceding parenteral infections. On the other hand, there did seem to be some evidence that a significant proportion of these deaths were in some degree associated with one another, in time or place or both, and it is suggested that this distribution might have resulted from the widespread dissemination in the community of one or more strains of some common micro-organism of relatively low virulence for all but the infant population.A less detailed study of data for other London boroughs, viz., Bermondsey, Croydon, East Ham, Tottenham and West Ham, supported the main conclusion reached from the Willesden records.
Vaccination by scarification with a combined 17D yellow fever and vaccinia vaccine
Authors: Dick G. W. A. , Horgan E. S. 
Published: May 2009

Comparable groups of adult African women were vaccinated (a) with a mixed 17 D yellow fever-vaccinia vaccine administered by scarification, or (b) by inoculation subcutaneously with 17 D vaccine followed by scarification with vaccinia vaccine. There was no significant difference in the response of the two groups to the vaccinia vaccine. In the group inoculated with the mixed vaccine, of those whose sera contained no demonstrable yellow fever antibody prior to vaccination, 66·6% had developed antibody when their sera were tested 28 days later. In the other group 100% had developed antibody by the twenty-eighth day after vaccination.It is suggested that the difference in the response of the groups in this study might be due to some local interference which prevented invasion by the 17D virus in some cases.While there is good evidence for the efficiency of 17D vaccine as an immunizing agent when administered by scarification (Hahn, 1951; Dick, 1952), the present study indicates that the percentage of those who became immune after vaccination with the mixed vaccine used in this trial is not sufficiently high to suggest that this type of mixed vaccine should be used routinely.In none of our patients was any reaction noted to the mixed or double vaccinations. Further information is required on the reaction of both negro and white races to combined vaccinations with yellow fever and vaccinia viruses. It is suggested that a careful follow-up of persons vaccinated by the combined Dakar vaccine might produce some valuable information in this respect.Our thanks are due to Dr George Campbell Young for his very great co-operation, and to Messrs W. A. Whittaker, L. E. Hewitt and D. Santos for technical assistance.
An experimental factor analysis of cancer mortality in England and Wales 1921–30
Authors: Buckatzsch John , Doll Richard 
Published: May 2009

A Factor Analysis has been made of the co-variation between the mortality rates from cancer of ten male body sites and of eight female body sites, in thirty large towns in England and Wales from 1921 to 1930. The method of analysis adopted is Hotelling's method of Principal Components.Four male and four female Factors are obtained, which together account for approximately three-quarters of the total variance.A Factor is found to be associated with cancer of the larynx, oesophagus, stomach and tongue in men and with cancer of the stomach and negatively with cancer of the breast and ovaries in women. In both sexes, the Factors are associated with an index of adverse social conditions.Another Factor is found to be associated with cancer of the rectum and bladder in men and this Factor is associated with good social conditions.A special Factor associated with cancer of the colon is unrelated to the mortality from cancer of other sites, save that in women it is negatively associated with cancer of the rectum.A Factor for cancer of the lung in men is unrelated to cancer of the larynx, and is inversely related to cancer of the tongue.We are most grateful to Dr Percy Stocks, late of the General Register Office, and to Dr W. P. D. Logan, Chief Medical Statistician of the General Register Office, for their help in providing us with the relevant basic material; and to Miss E. M. Hines, Miss A. H. Huntley and Miss M. Rogers for assistance in the calculations.
Sociologic factors in the spread of epidemic hepatitis in a rural school district
Authors: Ipsen Johannes , Donovan William R. , James George 
Published: May 2009

An epidemic of epidemic hepatitis occurred in the district of a rural Central School in Yates and Ontario Counties of Central New York. The epidemic comprised 176 cases of which 135 were jaundiced, and extended from September 1949 to May 1950, with most cases in March 1950.No common source could be demonstrated and the transmission was believed to be due to human contact alone.The overall morbidity rate was about 5%, attack rate among school children 22%, and among the adults and pre-school family contacts of infected school children the attack rate was 18%, with no significant age difference in attack rate.Differences in attack rate in the various school grades were explained by higher number of siblings of children in certain grades.Household attack rates among non-school persons were related to number of sick school children, family size, and hygienic standard of the home. The first of these factors seemed most important.More jaundiced cases occurred in families where the exposure was heaviest.
The rates of recovery of sewer rat populations after poisoning
Authors: Bentley E. W. , Bathard A. H. , Riley J. D. 
Published: May 2009

1. The recovery, after poisoning, of the rat population of eight sewer systems was measured by the bait-census method.2. In three of the systems the mean rate of increase was of the order of 3% per week. This is attributed solely to breeding and is regarded as typical for rats in sewers.3. Higher rates of increase (up to 11·8%) were also recorded but are believed to have been partly due to immigration or to have been only apparent (as a result of census difficulties).4. The consequences for control of a rate of increase as low as 3% per week are discussed.Our thanks are due to eight Local Authorities, their Chief Public Health Officers and members of their staffs, without whose help the work would have been impossible, and to a number of colleagues, especially Mr J. H. Greaves, who helped with much of the census work.