bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Living regioselective copolymerization of ethylene with nonconjugated bicyclic dienes using (salicylaldiminato)(β‐enaminoketonato) titanium catalysts
Authors: Long Ying‐Yun , Wang Yong‐Xia , Liu Jing‐Yu , Li Xiao‐Fang , Li Yue‐Sheng 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA series of heteroligated (salicylaldiminato)(β‐enaminoketonato)titanium complexes [3‐tBu‐2‐OC6H3CHN(C6F5)] [PhNC(CF3)CHCRO]TiCl2 [3a: R = Ph, 3b: R = C6H4Cl(p), 3c: R = C6H4OMe(p), 3d: R = C6H4Me(p), 3e: R = C6H4Me(o)] were synthesized and characterized. Molecular structures of 3b and 3c were further confirmed by X‐ray crystallographic analyses. In the presence of modified methylaluminoxane as a cocatalyst, these unsymmetric catalysts displayed favorable ability to incorporate 5‐vinyl‐2‐norbornene (VNB) and 5‐ethylidene‐2‐norbornene (ENB) into the polymer chains, affording high‐molecular weight copolymers with high‐comonomer incorporations and alternating sequence under the mild conditions. The comonomer concentration in the polymerization medium had a profound influence on the molecular weight distribution of the resultant copolymer. At initial comonomer concentration of higher than 0.4 mol/L, the titanium complexes with electron‐donating groups in the β‐enaminoketonato moiety mediated room‐temperature living ethylene/VNB or ENB copolymerizations. Polymerization results coupled with density functional theory calculations suggested that the highly controlled living copolymerization is probably a consequence of the difficulty in chain transfer of VNB (or ENB)‐last‐inserted species and some characteristics of living ethylene polymerization under limited conditions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Ethnic differences in the caregiver's attitudes and preferences about the treatment and care of advanced lung cancer patients
Authors: Zhang Amy Y. , Zyzanski Stephen J. , Siminoff Laura A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjectiveThis study examined differences in attitudes and preferences between African American and White caregivers about cancer treatment and care.MethodsThere were 173 White and 26 African American caregivers of advanced lung cancer patients who were recruited as a convenience sample. A telephone interview was conducted to collect information using a semi‐structured questionnaire. Using logistic regression, we examined differences between racial groups concerning therapeutic and caregiving issues controlling for socioeconomic and demographic variables.ResultsThe regression analyses showed that African American caregivers had higher expectations for treatment outcomes (p ≤ 0.05) but poorer understanding of hospice and a stronger preference for hospice care outside the home (p ≤ 0.05). They were more likely to believe that the patient communicates with the family about cancer treatment to meet the family's expectations rather than seek emotional support (p ≤ 0.01). They were also more reluctant to endorse children's responsibility to make a treatment decision and are less likely to be fully satisfied with the decision‐making process (p ≤ 0.05).ConclusionsThe findings suggest some differences in beliefs and cultural values between African American and White caregivers. African American caregivers appear to believe more in the possibility of curative care for advanced lung cancer and eschew hospice care. The findings inform possible challenges regarding communication about end‐of‐life treatment and care with African American caregivers and a need for the provision of adequate information and education. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An integrated proteomic approach to identifying circulating biomarkers in high‐risk neuroblastoma and their potential in relapse monitoring
Authors: Egler Rachel A. , Li Yiting , Dang Tu Anh T. , Peters Tricia L. , Leung Eastwood , Huang Shixia , Russell Heidi V. , Liu Hao , Man Tsz‐Kwong 
Published: August 2011

AbstractPurpose: Despite intensive treatment regimens, overall survival for high‐risk neuroblastoma (HRNB) is still poor. This is in part due to an inability to cure the disease once a patient has reached clinical relapse. Identifying plasma biomarkers of active disease may provide a way of relapse monitoring in HRNB.Experimental design: In this study, we developed an integrated proteomic approach to identify plasma biomarkers for HRNB.Results: We identified seven candidate biomarkers (SAA, APOA1, IL‐6, EGF, MDC, sCD40L and Eotaxin) for HRNB. These biomarkers were then used to create a multivariate classifier of HRNB, which showed a specificity of 90% (95% confidence interval (CI), 73%, 98%), and a sensitivity of 81% (95%CI, 54%, 96%) for classifying HRNB in a training set. When evaluated on independent test samples, the classifier exhibited 86% accuracy (95% CI, 42%, 100%) of identifying diagnostic samples, and 86% accuracy (95% CI, 70%, 100%) of detecting post‐diagnosis longitudinal samples that having active disease.Conclusion and clinical relevance: Further validation of these biomarkers may improve patients' outcomes by developing a simple blood test for the detection of relapse prior to the development of clinically evident disease. Understanding the role of these biomarkers in immune surveillance of neuroblastoma may also provide a new direction of therapeutic strategies.
A pilot study to investigate the potential of mass spectrometry profiling in the discovery of novel serum markers in chronic renal disease
Authors: Thompson Douglas , Develter Willem , Cairns David A. , Barrett Jennifer H. , Perkins David A. , Stanley Anthea J. , Mooney Andrew , Selby Peter J. , Banks Rosamonde E. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractPurpose: There has been significant criticism of how technologies such as SELDI have been used in biomarker discovery and how the data have been analysed. We initiated a proof‐of‐principle pilot study using SELDI with stringent pre‐analytic and analytical procedures with robust statistical analysis, to determine whether, under such conditions, using different degrees of renal dysfunction as a model, useful data could be obtained.Experimental design: SELDI‐TOF‐MS profiling with stringent quality control measures was used to examine the proteomic profile of serum from healthy controls (n=30), patients with end‐stage renal failure being treated by dialysis (n=30) and renal transplant patients (n=50) with varying degrees of graft stability.Results: Principal component analysis of the data suggests that the continuum from normality to end‐stage renal failure through ‘stable’ and ‘unstable’ transplant may be detected by SELDI profiling. Serum β2 microglobulin was identified as a major component and this was validated using immunonephelometry.Conclusions and clinical relevance: This pilot study suggests that stringently controlled SELDI analysis is able to detect proteins which may be useful in the stratification of patients post‐renal transplant. Further studies using a larger cohort of patients with chronic allograft dysfunction, defined by protocol biopsies, are indicated.
Axial anomalies of Lifshitz fermions
Authors: Bakas I. , Lüst D. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe compute the axial anomaly of a Lifshitz fermion theory with anisotropic scaling z = 3 which is minimally coupled to geometry in 3+1 space‐time dimensions. We find that the result is identical to the relativistic case using path integral methods. An independent verification is provided by showing with spectral methods that the η‐invariant of the Dirac and Lifshitz fermion operators in three dimensions are equal. Thus, by the integrated form of the anomaly, the index of the Dirac operator still accounts for the possible breakdown of chiral symmetry in non‐relativistic theories of gravity. We apply this framework to the recently constructed gravitational instanton backgrounds of Hořava–Lifshitz theory and find that the index is non‐zero provided that the space‐time foliation admits leaves with harmonic spinors. Using Hitchin's construction of harmonic spinors on Berger spheres, we obtain explicit results for the index of the fermion operator on all such gravitational instanton backgrounds with SU(2) × U(1) isometry. In contrast to the instantons of Einstein gravity, chiral symmetry breaking becomes possible in the unimodular phase of Hořava–Lifshitz theory arising at λ = 1/3 provided that the volume of space is bounded from below by the ratio of the Ricci to Cotton tensor couplings raised to the third power. Some other aspects of the anomalies in non‐relativistic quantum field theories are also discussed.
The interleukin 6 receptor is a direct transcriptional target of E2F3 in prostate tumor derived cells
Authors: Libertini Stephen J. , Chen Honglin , al‐Bataina Bushra , Koilvaram Tilak , George Michael , Gao Allen C. , Mudryj Maria 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe E2F/RB pathway is frequently disrupted in multiple human cancers. E2F3 levels are elevated in prostate tumors and E2F3 overexpression independently predicts clinical outcome. The goals of this study were to identify direct transcriptional targets of E2F3 in prostate tumor derived cells.METHODSExpression array studies identified the interleukin 6 receptor (IL‐6R) as an E2F3 target. E2F3‐dependent expression of IL‐6R was analyzed by real time PCR and Western immunoblot analysis in several cell lines. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and IL‐6R‐luciferase reporter plasmid studies were used to characterize the IL‐6R promoter.RESULTSExpression array studies identified genes that were regulated by E2F3 in prostate tumor derived cell lines. The network most significantly associated with E2F3‐regulated transcripts was cytokine signaling and the IL‐6R was a component of several of the most prominent E2F3‐regulated pathways. The transcriptional regulation of IL‐6R by E2F3 knockdown was validated in several prostate tumor‐derived cell lines at the RNA level and protein level. The IL‐6R regulatory region containing ChIP‐identified E2F3 binding sites was cloned into a reporter and co‐transfected with an E2F3a expression plasmid. The luciferase assay showed that E2F3a transactivated the IL‐6R promoter in a dose dependent manner. The functional consequence of IL‐6R decrease was a reduction in the levels of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, indicating that IL‐6R initiated signaling was altered.CONCLUSIONThese studies connect the E2F and IL‐6 signaling cascade, thus providing the mechanistic link between two major regulatory networks that are perturbed during prostate tumorigenesis. Prostate 72:649–660, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Can the prostate risk calculator based on western population be applied to asian population?
Authors: Yoon Duck Ki , Park Jae Young , Yoon Sungroh , Park Man Sik , Moon Du Geon , Lee Jeong Gu , Schröder Fritz H. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBACKGROUNDWe developed a Korean Prostate Cancer Risk Calculator (KPCRC) for predicting the probability of a positive initial prostate biopsy using clinical and laboratory data from a Korean male population (http://pcrc.korea.ac.kr). We compared its performance to prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) testing and the Prostate Risk Calculator 3 (PRC 3) based on data from the Dutch part of European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC), which predicts biopsy results for previously unscreened men.METHODSData were collected from 602 Korean men who were previously unscreened and underwent initial ten‐core prostate biopsies. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the significant predictors. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and calibration plots of both calculators were evaluated.RESULTSProstate cancer (PCa) was detected in 172 (28.6%) men. Independent predictors of a positive biopsy included advanced age, elevated PSA levels, reduced volume of the transition zone, and abnormal digital rectal examination findings. The AUC of the KPCRC was higher than the PRC 3 and PSA alone on internal and external validation. Calibration plots of the KPCRC showed better performance than the other models on internal and external validation. Applying a cut‐off of 10% of KPCRC implied that 251 of the 602 men (42%) would not have been biopsied and that 12 of the 172 PCa cases (7%) would not have been diagnosed.CONCLUSIONSThe KPCRC improves the performance of the PRC 3 and PSA testing in predicting Korean population's risk of PCa. It implies that Asian populations need their own risk calculators for PCa. Prostate 72:721–729, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A polar low named Vera: the use of potential vorticity diagnostics to assess its development
Authors: Nordeng Thor Erik , Røsting Bjørn 
Published: August 2011

Abstract20 November 2008 the Norwegian Meteorological Institute issued an extreme weather warning for Trøndelag County. A storm was expected in the afternoon. The storm, a polar low (PL), was named ‘Vera’. Vera was the second of two polar lows that developed along a wedge of warm air at the rear of a synoptic‐scale low that moved northeastwards into northern Norway. The dynamical development may be explained by classic dynamical theory: low‐level warm air seclusion and shallow secondary circulation in a frontal zone that couples to transient upper level disturbances. The study focuses on the potential vorticity (PV) perspective of the PL development and we have modified the initial PV field to study the effect of each individual PV perturbation. Two PV and two low‐level temperature anomalies have been chosen. The PV anomalies retained their structure during the development while the temperature anomalies became less coherent and difficult to define by the end of the cyclogenesis period. By modifying the initial conditions in the upper troposphere over Greenland, it is shown that in this case the upper PV anomaly had the strongest effect on the development, and that this effect remained strong throughout the cyclogenesis until the polar low made landfall. The effect from the low level PV anomaly became large after onset of cyclogenesis, reflecting the positive feedback, although its impact on the development remained smaller than that of the upper PV anomaly. It is also shown that the topography of Greenland was important in determining the correct position of this polar low development. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
A global climatology of favourable conditions for polar lows
Authors: Kolstad Erik W. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractPolar lows (PLs) are small‐scale and intense low‐pressure systems that form at high latitudes in both hemispheres. Due to their limited spatial scale and brief lifetimes, weather and climate models are often unable to resolve these systems. One way to overcome this problem is to define a suitable proxy for PLs, with which the likelihood of PL formation can be assessed even in coarse‐resolution datasets. This study draws on previous studies and an empirical database of 63 PLs to quantify the respective influences of low‐level static stability and upper‐level forcing on PL formation, as both of these factors are known to favour PL development. Little redundancy between the two parameters is found. After defining threshold values for the two parameters, climatological properties of favourable conditions for PLs are computed for the North Atlantic, the North‐West Pacific and the Southern Hemisphere. The low‐level static stability, which is strongly modified during marine cold‐air outbreaks, puts important constraints on where PLs can form, while the upper‐level forcing determines whether or not they will form. As a result of the climatologically lower tropopause in the Labrador Sea region, favourable conditions for PLs occur more often there than in the Nordic Seas, which has long been believed to be the main PL region in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). In the Southern Hemisphere, favourable conditions for PLs occur substantially less often than in the NH. The PL index defined here is suitable for other climatological studies and PL forecasting. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Observational probability method to assess ensemble precipitation forecasts
Authors: Santos Carlos , Ghelli Anna 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIt is common practice when assessing the skill of either deterministic or ensemble forecasts to consider the observations with no uncertainty. Observation uncertainty may be associated with different causes and the present paper discusses the uncertainty that derives from the mismatch between model‐generated grid point precipitation and locally measured precipitation values. There have been many attempts to add uncertainty to the verification process; in the present paper the uncertainty is derived from the observed precipitation distribution within grid boxes of assigned resolution. The Brier skill score (BSS) and the area under relative operating characteristic curve skill score calculated utilizing the verification method which includes observational uncertainty (O‐OP), are compared to analogous scores obtained from standard verification methods. The scores are calculated for two different forecasting systems: the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Ensemble Prediction System and the Spanish Meteorological Agency Short‐Range Ensemble Prediction System.The results show that the resolution component of the BSS improves when using the O‐OP method, i.e. forecast probabilities are distinguished from climatological probabilities and therefore the system has better skill. The reliability component, on the contrary, greatly degrades and this degradation is worse for lower precipitation thresholds. The results also show that the more asymmetric the precipitation distribution is within the grid box, the larger is the degradation of the reliability component. The overall BSS improves except for low thresholds. These results encourage further research into observation uncertainty and how it can be effectively accounted for in the verification of weather parameters such as precipitation. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Intensity forecast experiment of hurricane Rita (2005) with a cloud‐resolving, coupled hurricane–ocean modelling system
Authors: Qiu Xin , Xiao Qingnong , Tan Zhe‐Min , Michalakes John 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA cloud‐resolving, coupled hurricane‐ocean modelling system is developed under the Earth System Modeling Framework using state‐of‐the‐art numerical forecasting models of the atmosphere and the ocean. With this system, the importance of coupling to an eddy‐resolving ocean model and the high resolution of the atmospheric model for the prediction of intensity change of hurricane Rita (2005) is demonstrated through a set of numerical experiments. The erroneous intensification in the uncoupled experiments could be eliminated when taking account of the negative feedback of sea‐surface temperature cooling. Moreover, the deepening rate of Rita becomes larger with higher resolution of the atmospheric model. Nevertheless, the horizontal resolution of the atmospheric model with grid spacing at least less than ∼4 km is required in order to predict the rapid intensity changes of hurricane Rita in the fully coupled experiment. This strong dependence is found to arise from the potential interaction between the ocean coupling and internal processes of Rita, thus indicating that both high resolution and the ocean coupling are indispensable for the future improvement of hurricane intensity prediction. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Electronic structure, dielectric properties and infrared vibrational spectrum of fayalite: An ab initio simulation with an all‐electron Gaussian basis set and the B3LYP functional
Authors: Noël Y. , De La Pierre M. , Maschio L. , Rérat M. , Zicovich‐Wilson C. M. , Dovesi R. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe electronic structure, the static and high frequency dielectric tensors, and the infrared (IR) spectrum of fayalite Fe2SiO4, the Fe‐rich end‐member of olivine solid solutions, are explored at an ab initio quantum mechanical level, by using an all‐electron Gaussian type basis set, the B3LYP hybrid DFT functional, and the CRYSTAL09 code. Mulliken population analysis and spin density maps illustrate the electronic structure, characterized by a nearly pure d6, high‐spin configuration of the transition metal atom. The full set of IR wavenumbers and intensities is computed. The availability of highly accurate synchrotron radiation data (Suto et al., Astron Astrophys 2002, 389, 568) permits a very accurate comparison between simulated and measured quantities, in primis wavenumbers (ν) and oscillator strengths (f). The mean absolute difference
${\overline{\vert\Delta\nu\vert}}$
is as small as 4 cm−1, and the maximum absolute difference |Δνmax| never exceeds 12 cm−1, whereas the summed absolute difference ΔF between fexp and fcalc is around 10%. Modes not detected in the experiment turn out to be (i) characterized by low computed intensity, or (ii) very close to a large intense peak. Computed and experimental IR reflectance curves are in striking agreement also. The nature of the vibrational modes is investigated by means of isotopic substitutions, which clarify the participation of the various atomic species to each mode. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012
Value of the assessment in the SEM of surface structures and 3‐D shape of the cell for predicting malignancy
Authors: Veselý Pavel , Urbancová Hana , Chaloupková Alena , Urbanec Přemysl , Boháč Luhoš , Kůrka Petr , Rovensky Jurij A. , MacOnnachie Elaine 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA description is given of an approach to the objective qualification and quantification of information obtained by secondary electron imaging of the three‐dimensional shape and surface ultrastructure of cells grown attached to the flat substratum in vitro. Objective cell assessment in the SEM (OCAS) is based on the evaluation of cell phenotype in standard defined culture conditions according to a fixed protocol. The human capacity to analyse complex images is used for the elementary collection of data and this is analysed by computerised mathematical processing.The OCAS method described was tested on a training set of populations of mostly rat mesenchymal normal and neoplastic cells. The results show a significant correlation between OCAS data structures describing a cell population and the following biological properties: malignancy, tumorigenicity, virogenicity and growth properties in vitro. These findings correspond to those of others and to an intuitive evaluation of the secondary electron SEM images of cells.In a detailed analysis the OCAS differences were screened for the indicative power to show the particular biological properties of the investigated cells. This was achieved by varying the representation of the OCAS variables in all three groups used: microecology, cell shape, and surface ultrastructure. It was found that the variable which describes the cell surface features points out tumorigenicity and malignancy while the width/height ratio alone indicates tumorigenicity. When these two criteria are combined, then all important biological properties coming into consideration (malignancy, tumorigenicity, virogenicity and growth properties in vitro) are shown. If only microecological criteria are used, then anchorage independence alone is revealed. This led to the conclusion that, for the prediction of malignancy, just the surface ultrastructure, especially the presence of various microvilli, and the three‐dimensional shape of the mesenchymal cell in vitro are decisive. Microecological criteria can be omitted unless the adaptation to the growth under in vitro conditions is investigated. Moreover, from our results it follows that the expression of the influences of neoplastic transformation (tumorigenicity) and the adaption to growth in vitro (anchorage independent growth) on the cell morpho‐type are to some extent at variance, which deserves further study.