bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Response to foot-and-mouth disease vaccines in newborn calves. Influence of age, colostral antibodies and adjuvants
Authors: Sadir A. M. , Schudel A. A. , Laporte O. , Braun M. , Margni R. A. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYOil-emulsified (OE) and aqueous (Aq) vaccines were prepared with the same batch of inactivated A248345 foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV). Calves born to vaccinated dams did not respond to the Aq vaccine 30 or 90 days post partum. When the OE vaccine was used on a similar group of calves, no responses were elicited up to 21 days post partum. However, calves 30 or more days old responded like adult cattle to the OE vaccine. When the OE vaccine was used in colostral antibody-free calves 3–30 days old, all animals showed good antibody responses but, in calves vaccinated 3 or 7 days post partum, antibodies were detectable only after a considerable period of time. Our results show that both passively acquired colostral antibodies and age are important in the response of very young calves to FMDV oil vaccines. From a practical point of view, in endemic areas where adult cattle are periodically vaccinated, vaccination of calves between 30 and 60 days post partum with OE vaccines would lead to high levels of herd protection.
Routine surveillance data on AIDS and HIV infections in the UK: a description of the data available and their use for short-term planning
Authors: Tillett Hilary E. , Galbraith N. S. , Overton S. Elizabeth , Porter Kholoud 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYIn the UK surveillance of AIDS and HIV infection is based on routine reporting systems. Whilst attempts are made to ensure that AIDS data are as complete as possible, numbers of reports fluctuate from month to month for reasons which are described. In 1986 there was an increase in death certificates naming AIDS as a cause of death in patients who were not identifiable in the surveillance data. More active surveillance is now undertaken in order to minimize this and other possible discrepancies.It is probable that most cases of AIDS are reported and therefore these data can be used to describe trends in the epidemic by ‘risk group’. Laboratory reports of HIV antibody-positive tests could give an earlier indication of trends because of the long incubation period of AIDS. But these laboratory data are difficult to interpret because they represent an incomplete and biased sample of all positive persons.AIDS cases are still being reported at a rate which is increasing approximately exponentially. Short-term predictions are presented showing a growth in the epidemic which is consistent with previously published predictions. Most cases are in the homosexual risk group. New asymptomatic homosexual patients with HIV antibody are still being identified.The epidemic of AIDS in haemophilia patients should be of finite size although new cases of AIDS are likely to continue to be diagnosed for several years. AIDS due to blood transfusion given in the UK before donor screening appears to be a much smaller epidemic. The epidemic in drug abusers is increasing. Heterosexually acquired AIDS and HIV infections are being reported in small but increasing numbers.
Scombrotoxic fish poisoning in Britain: features of over 250 suspected incidents from 1976 to 1986
Authors: Bartholomew Barbara A. , Berry P. R. , Rodhouse Joanna C. , Gilbert R. J. , Murray C. K. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYBetween 1976 and 1986, 258 incidents of suspected scombrotoxic fish poisoning were reported in Britain. Histamine analysis was carried out on 240 fish samples from these incidents, and 101 were found to contain > 5 mg histamine/100 g fish. The symptoms most consistently reported were rash, diarrhoea, flushing and headache. In recent years there has been a decrease in the number of confirmed scombrotoxic outbreaks and a trend towards more sporadic incidents. Of fish samples with > 20 mg histamine/100 g, 94% were from incidents in which scombrotoxic symptoms were characteristic, but where fish had 5–20 mg/100g only 38% of incidents were clinically distinctive. Guidelines are presented based on the interpretation of quantitative histamine analysis of fish samples from scombrotoxic poisoning incidents.
Measles antibody levels in children of rural and urban areas of Nigeria following vaccination campaign
Authors: Eghafona N. O. , Odama L. E. , Emejuaiwe S. O. , Obineche E. N. , Tafida D. S. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThis study compares the presence and level of measles haemagglutination inhibiting antibody in the sera of primary school children in selected rural and urban areas of Kaduna State, Nigeria following a vaccination campaign. The results, analysed by Mann-Whitney statistical test at α=0·05, showed significantly higher levels of haemagglutination inhibiting antibody in all the age groups in urban areas when compared with rural areas. The implications of these findings on measles vaccination campaigns are discussed.
Animal salmonella surveillance in Peninsular Malaysia, 1981–1985
Authors: Joseph P. G. , Sivanandan S. P. , Yee Ham Thong 
Published: October 2009

SummaryDuring the 5-year (1981–5) surveillance period, 2322 salmonella isolations were recorded from animals and other non-human sources in Peninsular Malaysia. This was an increase of 356% over the preceding 5-year period. The 83 serotypes isolated were recovered from 41 sources. Of these 34 were new serotypes bringing the total number of serotypes isolated from non-human sources to date up 97. Food animals and edible animal products accounted for 92·2% of the total isolations, with cattle and beef accounting for 70% of the total. Salmonella dublin was the most frequently isolated serotype, whereas S. typhimurium had the widest zoological distribution. More than 80% of the non-human salmonella serotypes have also been reported in man in this country.
Computer matching of oligonucleotide patterns on electrophoretic gels: an application to the epidemiology of cytomegalovirus
Authors: Ades A. E. , Garrett A. J. , Cowell J. , Chin K. S. , Peckham C. S. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryA computer program was written to analyse oligonucleotide patterns displayed by gel electrophoresis following restriction endonuclease digestion of human cytomegaloviral DNA, and was applied to an epidemiological study of the transmission of infection in a hospital special care baby unit, with regard to infant-to-infant and mother-to-infant transmission.The program calculates the molecular weight of oligonucleotides from their mobilities, using a cubic spline curve based on the mobilities of oligonucleotides from the AD169 strain. A matching algorithm then calculates the number of unmatched fragments for each pair of viral isolates. This was used as a similarity measure which successfully distinguished mother and infant isolate pairs from epidemiologically unrelated pairs.The program is not intended to provide fully automatic matching, but could be recommended as a screening device to pick out pairs of strains which are sufficiently similar to suggest a common source of infection, and which may warrant closer comparison. Other applications are discussed, and the possible use of densitometers to automate data entry is considered.
Antibody responses of swine to type A influenza viruses during the past ten years in Japan
Authors: Goto H. , Ogawa Y. , Hirano T. , Miwa Y. , Piao F. Z. , Takai M. , Noro S. , Sakurada N. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryA total of 6346 swine sera collected at an abattoir in the city of Obihiro, Hokkaido during the years 1978–87 were tested for the presence of antibodies to swine and human influenza viruses. A high incidence of antibody to A/New Jersey/8/76 (swine type H1N1) virus was observed throughout the 10 years except for the occasional month and a single long period of 15 months. Antibodies to human H3N2 virus in swine appeared to be related to the epidemics of human influenza which occurred in the study area during the years 1980–3, but unrelated to the epidemics during the years 1984–7. A large number of swine were found to be antibody positive to a human H1N1 virus during the period April to June 1964, and a smaller number, during the period November 1986 to June 1987. Both were in relation to human influenza epidemics. However, there were long periods where human H1N1 antibodies in swine could not be found.The first occurrence of swine influenza in Japan was recognized in 1977, when it was presumed that the disease was introduced via imported swine (Shibataelal.1978). Further outbreaks of swine influenza and a high prevalence of antibody to the virus in Japanese swine populations have been reported by several workers (Yamane, Sukeno & Ishida, 1978; Sugimuraelal.1981; Ogawaelal.1983). An outbreak of influenza virus infection due to an H3N2 strain was previously seen in a herd of swine in Osaka, Japan (Sugimuraetal.1975). Later the co-existence of swine (H1N1) and human (H3N2) influenza viruses was confirmed by serological and virological studies on Japanese swine populations (Ontaet al.1978; Sugimuraet al.1980; Arikawaet al.1982). In a previous report (Miwaet al.1986), we suggested that the swine became infected with a human H1N1 virus as piglets during an epidemic of influenza which occurred in the human population at the same time. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the changes in the prevalence of antibodies against swine and human influenza viruses in Japanese swine during the past 10 years.
Epidemic cholera in Mali: high mortality and multiple routes of transmission in a famine area
Authors: Tauxe Robert V. , Holmberg Scott D. , Dodin Andre , Wells Joy V. , Blake Paul A. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYDuring the 1984 cholera epidemic in Mali, 1793 cases and 406 deaths were reported, a death-to-case ratio of 23%. In four affected villages, the mean clinical attack rate was 17·5 and 29% of affected persons died. In 66% of cases the illness began more than 48 h after the village outbreak began, when supplies from outside the village were potentially available. Deaths occurred because patients failed to seek care or received only limited rehydration therapy when they did. Case-control studies identified two routes of transmission: drinking water from one well in a village outside the drought area, and eating left-over millet gruel in a droughtaffected village. Drought-related scarcity of curdled milk may permit millet gruel to be a vehicle for cholera. Cholera mortality in the Sahel could be greatly reduced by rapid intervention in affected villages, wide distribution of effective rehydration materials, and educating the population to seek treatment quickly.
The isolation of fusobacteria from tropical ulcers
Authors: Adriaans B. , Drasar B. S. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYTropical ulcer is a disease found most commonly in the tropics, although the disease is not confined to those areas. Young children are affected most frequently and the disease is thought to be a polymicrobial infection with fusobacteria, aerobic microorganisms and spirochaetes each playing a role. The fusobacteria have been reported on smears but have not been cultured thus far. We report the isolation and culture of these organisms from 46 ulcers and have also demonstrated the same organisms in skin biopsies from these lesions.
Antenatal survey for the seroprevalence of HTLV-1 infections in the West Midlands, England
Authors: Nightingale S. , Orton D. , Ratcliffe D. , Skidmore S. , Tosswill J. , Desselberger U. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe sera of 3522 women who attended an antenatal clinic in Birmingham. England were tested anonymously for antibodies against HTLV-1. Samples from 5 women (0·14%) were positive, one serum showed indeterminate reactivity. Two of the women (0·06%) were born in the West Indies (of Afro-Caribbean ethnic origin), one (0·03%) in Africa (of African ethnic origin), and three (0·09%) were white Caucasian women born in the UK. Thus, HTLV-1 infection in pregnant women in the UK, though comparatively rare, is not negligible. As transmission of HTLV-1 to the newborn via breast milk has been observed and as seropositive mothers can be advised to refrain from breastfeeding or to treat their milk, the question of routine screening for HTLV-1 infection during antenatal care is discussed.
A nucleotide sequence comparison of coxsackievirus B4 isolates from aquatic samples and clinical specimens
Authors: Hughes M. S. , Hoey E. M. , Coyle P. V. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYTen coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) strains isolated from clinical and environmental sources in Northern Ireland in 1985–7, were compared at the nucleotide sequence level. Dideoxynucleotide sequencing of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified fragment, spanning the VP1/P2A genomic region, classified the isolates into two distinct groups or genotypes as defined by Rico-Hesse and colleagues for poliovirus type 1. Isolates within each group shared approximately 99% sequence identity at the nucleotide level whereas ≤86% sequence identity was shared between groups. One isolate derived from a clinical specimen in 1987 was grouped with six CVB4 isolates recovered from the aquatic environment in 1986–7. The second group comprised CVB4 isolates from clinical specimens in 1985–6. Both groups were different at the nucleotide level from the prototype strain isolated in 1950. It was concluded that the method could be used to sub-type CVB4 isolates and would be of value in epidemiological studies of CVB4. Predicted amino acid sequences revealed non-conservation of the tyrosine residue at the VP1/P2A cleavage site but were of little value in distinguishing CVB4 variants.
Clonal diversity ofStreptococcus pyogeneswithin some M-types revealed by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis
Authors: Haase A. M. , Melder A. , Mathews J. D. , Kemp D. J. , Adams M. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYTwenty-two reference isolates and 30 local isolates of group A Streptococci were classified into 36 electrophoretic types (ET) on the basis of allozyme variation at 27 enzyme loci. Local isolates were characterized by a high frequency of M-non typable strains. M-type and ET were more closely associated in local isolates from an endemically-infected population; nevertheless, amongst the local isolates there were also strains of the same ET type with different M-types. A possible explanation is that genetic exchange between strains may introduce different M-types into strains of defined ET when these are exposed to strong selection in the presence of heavy loads of infection.In contrast to the reported clustering of strains associated with toxic shock-like syndrome into two closely related ET clones, we found no relationship of ET phenotype to acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis or rheumatic fever.
Serodiagnosis of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever
Authors: Burt F. J. , Leman P. A. , Abbott J. C. , Swanepoel R. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYSeveral methods for demonstrating antibody to Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus were compared on serum samples taken from 101 patients during the acute stage of illness and at intervals for up to 59 months thereafter, with emphasis on early detection of the immune response. The deaths of 23 patients on days 5–14 of illness were ascribed to the effects of the disease; two patients died later from other causes. Very few of the patients who died from the acute illness mounted an antibody response detectable by the methods tested. Four patients who died and 18 who recovered were treated with immune plasma collected from recovered patients. Treated patients acquired IgG antibody from the plasma, but it was possible to discern the onset of an endogenous IgM response in those individuals who survived the disease by all of the methods tested. Indirect immunofluorescence (IF) tests detected IgM and/or IgG antibodies at the earliest on day 4 of illness in about 10% of patients who survived the disease, and by day 9 all survivors had antibodies demonstrable by IF. A biotin-streptavidin IF technique offered no advantage over the standard IF test for the early detection of IgG antibody, but demonstrated higher antibody titles and detected IgM antibody earlier in about a quarter of the patients tested. An IgM-capture enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) and an IgG sandwich ELISA demonstrated higher antibody titres than did IF tests, and detected antibody responses at an earlier stage of infection than did IF tests in about one-fifth of patients, but the reverse was true in a similar proportion of instances. A competition ELISA, which detected total antibody activity, produced lower titres than did the IgM and IgG ELISAs, but yielded results which were in close agreement with the findings in IF tests. It was concluded that the IF tests were most convenient for use in making a rapid serodiagnosis of the disease.
Learning, retrieval, and recognition are compromised in aMCI and mild AD: Are distinct episodic memory processes mediated by the same anatomical structures?
Authors: BALTHAZAR MARCIO L. F. , YASUDA CLARISSA L. , CENDES FERNANDO , DAMASCENO BENITO P. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPerformance of different episodic memory processes in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and their anatomical correlates are not completely understood. We evaluated the performance of 48 subjects (17 with aMCI, 15 with mild AD, and 16 controls) on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT). A brain MRI voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis was run with the aim of evaluating the correlations between RAVLT and gray matter density. All memory processes were compromised in aMCI and mild AD. Also, the same cerebral structures were involved in all RAVLT stages. Learning and delayed recall were more related to the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampi, whereas recognition was more related to the thalamic nuclei and caudate nucleus, particularly in the left side. Our findings suggest that these structures may act as a complex functional system and are involved in the acquisition of new information. (JINS, 2010, 16, 205–209.)
Halothane-induced Hypnosis Is Not Accompanied by Inactivation of Orexinergic Output in Rodents
Authors: Gompf Heinrich , Chen Jingqiu , Sun Yi , Yanagisawa Masashi , Aston-Jones Gary , Kelz Max B. 
Published: October 2009

Background
One underexploited property of anesthetics is their ability to probe neuronal regulation of arousal. At appropriate doses, anesthetics reversibly obtund conscious perception. However, individual anesthetic agents may accomplish this by altering the function of distinct neuronal populations. Previously the authors showed that isoflurane and sevoflurane inhibit orexinergic neurons, delaying reintegration of sensory perception as denoted by emergence. Here the authors study the effects of halothane. As a halogenated alkane, halothane differs structurally, has a nonoverlapping series of molecular binding partners, and differentially modulates electrophysiologic properties of several ion channels when compared with its halogenated ether relatives.

Methods
c-Fos immunohistochemistry and in vivo electrophysiology were used to assess neuronal activity. Anesthetic induction and emergence were determined behaviorally in narcoleptic orexin/ataxin-3 mice and control siblings exposed to halothane.

Results
Halothane-induced hypnosis occurred despite lack of inhibition of orexinergic neurons in mice. In rats, extracellular single-unit recordings within the locus coeruleus showed significantly greater activity during halothane than during a comparable dose of isoflurane. Microinjection of the orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB-334867-A during the active period slowed firing rates of locus coeruleus neurons in halothane-anesthetized rats, but had no effect on isoflurane-anesthetized rats. Surprisingly, orexin/ataxin-3 transgenic mice, which develop narcolepsy with cataplexy because of loss of orexinergic neurons, did not show delayed emergence from halothane.

Conclusion
Coordinated inhibition of hypothalamic orexinergic and locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons is not required for anesthetic induction. Normal emergence from halothane-induced hypnosis in orexin-deficient mice suggests that additional wake-promoting systems likely remain active during general anesthesia produced by halothane.
Metoprolol Reduces Cerebral Tissue Oxygen Tension after Acute Hemodilution in Rats
Authors: Ragoonanan Tenille E. , Beattie W Scott , Mazer C David , Tsui Albert K.Y. , Leong-Poi Howard , Wilson David F. , Tait Gordon , Yu Julie , Liu Elaine , Noronha Melissa , Dattani Neil D. , Mitsakakis Nicholas , Hare Gregory M. T. 
Published: October 2009

Background
Perioperative beta-blockade and anemia are independent predictors of increased stroke and mortality by undefined mechanisms. This study investigated the effect of beta-blockade on cerebral tissue oxygen delivery in an experimental model of blood loss and fluid resuscitation (hemodilution).

Methods
Anesthetized rats were treated with metoprolol (3 mg x kg) or saline before undergoing hemodilution with pentastarch (1:1 blood volume exchange, 30 ml x kg). Outcomes included cardiac output, cerebral blood flow, and brain (PBrO2) and kidney (PKO2) tissue oxygen tension. Hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) protein levels were assessed by Western blot. Systemic catecholamines, erythropoietin, and angiotensin II levels were measured.

Results
Hemodilution increased heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output (60%), and cerebral blood flow (50%), thereby maintaining PBrO2 despite an approximately 50% reduction in blood oxygen content (P < 0.05 for all). By contrast, PKO2 decreased (50%) under the same conditions (P < 0.05). Beta-blockade reduced baseline heart rate (20%) and abolished the compensatory increase in cardiac output after hemodilution (P < 0.05). This attenuated the cerebral blood flow response and reduced PBrO2 (50%), without further decreasing PKO2. Cerebral HIF-1alpha protein levels were increased in beta-blocked hemodiluted rats relative to hemodiluted controls (P < 0.05). Systemic catecholamine and erythropoietin levels increased comparably after hemodilution in both groups, whereas angiotensin II levels increased only after beta-blockade and hemodilution.

Conclusions
Cerebral tissue oxygen tension is preferentially maintained during hemodilution, relative to the kidney, despite elevated systemic catecholamines. Acute beta-blockade impaired the compensatory cardiac output response to hemodilution, resulting in a reduction in cerebral tissue oxygen tension and increased expression of HIF-1alpha.