bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rhabdomyolysis: historical background, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic features
Authors: Cervellin Gianfranco , Comelli Ivan , Lippi Giuseppe 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Rhabdomyolysis, a term used to describe the rapid breakdown of striated muscle, is characterized by rupture and necrosis of muscle fibers. This process results in the release of cell breakdown products into the bloodstream and extracellular space. Although direct muscle injury remains the most common cause of muscle injury, additional causes include hereditary enzyme disorders, drugs, toxins, endocrinopathies, malignant hyperthermia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, heatstroke, hypothermia, electrolyte alterations, diabetic ketoacidosis and non-ketotic hyperosmolar coma, severe hypo- or hyperthyroidism and bacterial or viral infections. The classic triad of symptoms includes muscle pain, weakness and dark urine, although more than 50% of the patients do not complain of muscle pain or weakness. Additional systemic symptoms include fever, general malaise, tachycardia, nausea and vomiting. The laboratory diagnosis is based essentially on the measurement of creatine kinase in serum or plasma. Plasma and urine myoglobin measurement might be useful in the early stages of the syndrome and for identifying a subset of patients with minor skeletal muscle injury. Patient monitoring is pivotal (the mortality rate is as high as 8%), and should be focused on preventing the detrimental consequences, that often include renal disease and coagulopathy. In the pre-hospital setting, forced hydration with 1.5–2 L of sterile saline solution should be started immediately, followed by 1.5–2 L/h. Following hospital admission, continuous hydration should be ensured, alternating the saline solution with a 5% glucose solution. In the presence of myoglobinuria, urine should be alkalinized by use of sodium bicarbonate solution.
Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48:749–56.
Diagnostic performance of anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis: the relevance of likelihood ratios
Authors: Pietrapertosa Donatello , Tolusso Barbara , Gremese Elisa , Papalia Maria Concetta , Bosello Silvia Laura , Peluso Giusy , Petricca Luca , Michelutti Alessandro , Faustini Francesca , Fedele Anna Laura , Ferraccioli Gianfranco 
Published: March 2010

Abstract

Background: The goal of our study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide 2 (anti-CCP2) assay in patients with autoimmune and inflammatory disorders.

Methods: We tested the specificity and sensitivity of anti-CCP2 antibodies measured by ELISA in 787 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 1024 patients with other autoimmune/inflammatory rheumatic disease and 401 subjects without autoimmune rheumatic disease. The optimal cut-off value was defined as the value with the highest diagnostic accuracy (receiver operating characteristic curve analysis). Interval-specific likelihood ratios (LRs) were calculated for each range bounded by defined anti-CCP2 values.

Results: To distinguish between patients with RA and controls, the cut-off value with the highest diagnostic accuracy for anti-CCP2 was 2.8 U/mL. Comparing the optimal cut-off value for anti-CCP2 to that recommended by the manufacturer (5.0 U/mL), an increase in prevalence between the proportions of test-positive patients was found for RA, undifferentiated connective tissue disease and undifferentiated arthritis. Evaluating interval-specific LRs for the selected ranges bound by two anti-CCP2 values, in RA and diseased controls, the LRs were 0.40 for values <5.0 U/mL, 6.66 for 5.0–15.0 U/mL, 27.01 for 15.1–30.0 U/mL and 28.89 for >30.0 U/mL.

Conclusions: The cut-off value of 2.8 U/mL for anti-CCP2 has the highest diagnostic accuracy. A value of anti-CCP2 >15 U/mL is associated with an increase in the likelihood of RA disease.
Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48:829–34.
Interpretation of serum parathyroid hormone concentrations in dialysis patients: what do the KDIGO guidelines change for the clinical laboratory?
Authors: Souberbielle Jean-Claude , Cavalier Etienne , Jean Guillaume 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) have recently replaced the K/DOQI guidelines to help nephrologists in diagnosing, treating and monitoring chronic kidney disease mineral and bone disorders (CKD-MBD). Here, we comment on the KDIGO recommendations concerning the interpretation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations in dialysis patients: “In patients with CKD stage 5D, we suggest maintaining iPTH in the range of approximately two to nine times the upper normal limit of the assay. We suggest that marked changes in PTH concentrations in either direction within this range prompt an initiation or change in therapy to avoid progression to concentrations outside of this range”. Our comments concern the interpretation of PTH in dialysis patients, but also the more global problem of establishing normal values for PTH.
Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48:769–74.
Hämnd, vedergällning och straff
Authors: Molander Joakim 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
I den moderna straffrättsliga diskussionen framhålls det ofta att straff ska utdömas på rationella och inte emotionella grunder. Rättssystemet ska sålunda inte hänge sig åt “primitiva hämndaktioner” utan systematiskt arbeta för att förebygga brott och mänskligt lidande. Förutom att ett sådant synsätt har tydliga utilitaristiska förtecken så innehåller det också starka retoriska inslag eftersom det sätts likhetstecken mellan brottsprevention och rationalitet, medan moralisk indignation och krav på rättvisa endast beskrivs i termer av primitiva, emotionella hämndbegär.
I den här artikeln har jag för avsikt att genom en analys av vedergällningsbegreppet visa att vedergällningens logik är rotad i vårt sätt att förhålla oss moraliskt till varandra – att den är ett uttryck för vår livsform. Jag kommer vidare att försöka åskådliggöra att vedergällningen är moraliskt sofistikerad snarare än primitiv. Slutligen kommer jag att framhålla att vedergällningens logik är en viktig komponent i vårt straffbegrepp, men att vedergällning och straff ändå måste särskiljas.
Jag vill redan nu klargöra att jag i artikeln utgår från en analys av vår “vardagliga” användning av begreppsom ‘hämnd’, ‘vedergällning’ och ‘straff’. Det betyder att jag högst medvetet har valt att inte utgå från en teoretisk filosofisk diskussion om straffets rättfärdigande. Jag vill heller intepresentera någon ny form av retributivistisk teori, utan nöjer mig med att göra anmärkningar om hur vi faktiskt använder de begrepp som här särskådas.
Interpretability, Perceptual Sensibilities and Triangulation
Authors: Marvan Tomáš 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The paper examines the question whether the perceptual and discriminatory capacities of a creature and its disposition to react to things and events determine the nature and limits of what it is able to communicate and understand. Does a significant divergence in perceptual and discriminatory sensibilities of two creatures threaten the possibility of their mutual comprehensibility? It is argued, with the help of Donald Davidson's recent idea of ‘triangulation’, that this is indeed the case. By introducing into his theoretical framework the notion of triangulation as a necessary precondition of mastering a language, Davidson is forced to admit the possibility of a breakdown of communication between creatures that do not have sufficiently similar evolutionary histories—his own claims to the contrary nothwithstanding. And this, in turn, seems to threaten his claims about the impossibility of the notion of a language that we could not interpret in our own terms.
Mündigkeit und Tugend. – David Hume, Immanuel Kant und Adam Smith über Dispositionen zu moralischem Handeln und Strategien, sich der moralischen Verpfl ichtung zu entziehen
Authors: Fricke Christel 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Moral principles are universally valid, valid for all human beings in so far as they are mature, responsible and of a sound mind – this idea is an essential part of our understanding of morality. Moral principles do not allow for any exceptions. Therefore, we expect from every person we take for mature and responsible to do her or his moral duty. This does not mean that we are naive about the moral goodness of human beings. We just cannot give up this expectation without considering a person as immature and irresponsible, as not being provided with a sound mind so that we cannot blame her or him for any moral failure. Any analysis of moral motivation therefore has to explain both that all responsible persons can and must have a disposition to moral agency and that for all of them this disposition is somehow privileged so that, in a case of confl icting dispositions of volition and action, it is the moral dispositions that finally determine the aim or purpose of the action. On this background, the theories of moral motivation provided by David Hume, Immanuel Kant, and Adam Smith are compared. Whereas Hume seems to give up the whole idea of universal validity of moral principles and moral obligation, both Kant and Smith try to explain how dispositions to moral agency can be as omnipresent and motivationally strong as they should be – given the implication of our moral expectations. However, both theories meet with essential difficulties because they cannot exclude the influence of contingent factors on the moral motivation of a responsible person.
Kant and Plato
Authors: Serck-Hanssen Camilla , Emilsson Eyjólfur K. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
It is commonly assumed that Kant is indebted to Aristotle not to Plato. In this paper we argue, however, that the following four central topics in Kant's philosophy must be recognized as having Platonic roots. 1. The idea that metaphysics is a system of synthetic apriori judgements and the idea that such judgments require pure intuition. 2. The idea that geometrical objects have a certain purposiveness. 3. The notion of dialectic. 4. The notion of ideas and their role in the sphere of cognition and morality.
Ethics in the Tractatus and Imaginative Understanding
Authors: Christensen Anne-Marie 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
This article investigates the resolute readings account of Wittgenstein's early remarks on ethics, especially the claim that there are no ethical sentences. According to Cora Diamond a Wittgensteinian ethics therefore relies on a particular type of imaginative understanding consisting in taking nonsense for sense. I argue that that there are some problems connected to Diamonds reading of the remarks on ethics in the Tractatus and that these mainly stem .from her not seeing the importance of a particular concept of showing for Wittgenstein's work.
Hydrogen Embrittlement in Metallic Amorphous Alloys: An Overview
Authors: Jayalakshmi S. , Fleury E. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
In hydrogen-related energy technologies, the selection of materials is critical since hydrogen can modify the initial microstructure and induce damage that could result in the reduction of mechanical properties and embrittlement. In this context, metallic amorphous alloys are viable candidates due to their high hydrogen solubility. Earlier studies demonstrated the positive interaction of hydrogen with amorphous alloys. However, similar to crystalline metals, embrittlement by hydrogen was also reported. In order to clarify the role of hydrogen in this class of alloys, we present an overview on the hydrogen interaction and embrittlement, encompassing results from published studies and from our own investigations on several Zr-, Ni-, and Ti-based amorphous alloy systems. The importance of the constituent elements and composition in determining the structure, hydrogenation kinetics, and hydrogen absorption capacity were brought out. The resistance to embrittlement varies upon the alloy system, constituent elements, and atomic packing of the amorphous alloy. In metalloid-free amorphous alloys, the bending ductility and tensile fracture strength of thin ribbons could be preserved up to a critical concentration beyond which hydrogen degradation occurs. The value of this critical concentration was found to vary from a few percent to about 45 at. % H. The mechanism of embrittlement induced by hydrogen was identified from the correlation of the observed changes in structural, thermal, and mechanical properties. It was found that hydrogen plays a prime role in altering the local atomic structure by reordering the nearest neighbor atomic configuration. The structural dilatation so produced was found to be the source of hydrogen-induced failure in these amorphous alloys. Also a “hydrogen concentration versus dilatation” map has been proposed, which would serve as a tool to predict the hydrogen-induced ductile-to-brittle transition in these alloys.
The Potential of Biodiesel Production from Fatty Acid Methyl Esters of Some European/Mediterranean and Cosmopolitan Halophyte Seed Oils
Authors: Sotiroudis Vassilios T. , Sotiroudis Theodore G. , Kolisis Fragiskos N. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Biodiesel fuel, mainly produced from edible vegetable oils, has been proposed as a renewable substitute for petroleum diesel. However, there is growing concern about its role in rising food prices, accelerating deforestation, and displacing existing agricultural production. Moreover, given the progressive shortages of freshwater resources and arable land, a major target of investigations is to evaluate the potential utilization of promising salt-tolerant halophytic non-food crops for the sustainable production of oil-rich biomass, which will be converted to fuel. In this paper, an attempt has been made to look into the potential of the exploitation of native halophytic plants in European and Mediterranean arid or semi-arid lands that can prosper in seawater or brackish waters for diesel production in Europe. Fatty acid (FA) profiles of seed oils of 37 European and Mediterranean halophytic plant species including some of cosmopolitan distribution were examined. The saponification number, iodine value (IV), cetane index (CI), and gross heat of combustion of FA methyl esters (FAMEs) of oils were calculated from reported FAMEs compositions, and they varied from 165.3 to 193.3, from 71.8 to 173.7, from 35.9 to 60.0, and from 39.86 to 40.41 MJ/kg, respectively. FA seed oil content and composition, IV, CI, linolenic acid ME, and polyunsaturated ME (with ≥4 double bonds) contents were used to predict the quality of FAME of oil for use as biodiesel, according to EN 14214 European standard. Crithmum maritimum and Crambe maritima, having more than 30 % fixed oil in their seeds, were found most suitable as alternative vegetable oil sources for the production of biodiesel.
Measurement of Micro Region Creep Deformation in the Multi-Layer Coating with Digital Speckle Correlation System
Authors: Chen Jianjun , Zhang Hongyu , Tu Shantung , Xuan Fuzhen , Wang Zhengdong 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A micro region measuring system has been developed to achieve the time-dependent deformation of multi-layer coating at high temperature. The proposed system uses a long-distance microscope and digital speckle correlation method to evaluate the full creep strain fields, which is especially suited for the long-term measurement of the nonuniform deformation. The creep tension tests are performed to obtain the creep strain distribution and evolution inside the thermal barrier coating specimen. According to the deformation measured from different micro regions, we obtained some fundamental knowledge about the time-dependent behavior of the failure mechanism in multi-layer coatings. The accuracy of the new measuring system and the corresponding error analyses are also discussed in this paper.
A Full Scale In Situ Evaluation of Strain Characteristics at Highway Flexible Pavement Sections
Authors: Seo Youngguk 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the strain characteristics in asphalt pavements with respect to five in situ factors: Layer thickness, vehicle speed, axle weight, pavement temperature, and lateral distance between loading tire and sensor (i.e., loading offset). Two sets of moving load tests have been performed at three asphalt sections (A14, A5, and A8) selected from the Korea Highway Corporation Test Road. Design variables for those sections included base thickness (80, 180, and 280 mm) and base type (BB1, BB3, and aggregate). A three-axle (single-tandem) dump truck was adopted as a loading source, and steel plates were added to simulate heavy axle loads. Each pavement section was loaded at different speeds ranging from 20 to 80 km/h and was tested in different seasons from 2003 to 2004. In addition, the effect of loading offset was investigated with seven loading courses in one of the sections in 2006. This study first demonstrated that the rank between longitudinal and transverse strains can be changed as pavement ages under different temperatures. With multiple regression analysis on 123 data collected, a relation between field testing variables and the maximum strains in both directions was created to further understand statistical contributions of individual variables to stain anisotropy characteristics. As a result, both pavement temperature and layer thickness were found to be the most significant field variables.
On the Evaluation of Setting Time of Cement Paste Based on ASTM C403 Penetration Resistance Test
Authors: Chung Chul-Woo , Mroczek Maciej , Park In-Young , Struble Leslie J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The standard setting test for setting of cement paste, ASTM C191, uses a very stiff dough with a low water content and does not give information about the gradual microstructural development over time due to hydration; but the standard test for concrete, ASTM C403, can be used on cement paste, is not limited to paste with low water content, and does give information about microstructural development. In this study, the C403 test procedure was modified to provide more reproducible data for cement paste, with the most important modification being to not remove bleed water. Since the purpose of ASTM C403 is to measure time of setting of mortar extracted from concrete, the values of penetration resistance in paste that correspond to initial and final set in concrete were determined: These values were 2 MPa for initial set and 14 MPa for final set.
Characterization of the Tensile Properties of Open Graded Friction Course Mixtures Based on Direct and Indirect Tension Tests
Authors: Koh Chulseung , Roque Reynaldo 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
There are several issues of concern regarding indirect tension testing systems to evaluate and characterize tensile properties of open graded friction course (OGFC) mixture. It is necessary to evaluate the Superpave Indirect Tension Test (IDT) in terms of its ability to accurately determine tensile properties of OGFC mixture with an independent testing system. For this purpose, Superpave IDT and Dog-Bone Direct Tension Test (DBDT) were performed in resilient and creep loading modes to determine tensile properties of dense graded and OGFC mixture. It is also necessary to further verify with asphalt mixture, previously established correction factors based on three-dimensional finite element analysis to determine mixture properties accurately from the DBDT testing system. Prior verification was based only on polymer specimen of known properties. The tensile properties of dense graded and OGFC mixtures were successfully obtained with both testing systems employed in this study. Both Superpave IDT and DBDT provided reasonable and consistent test results with respect to test temperature, aging, and binder modification. Observed differences in creep response between the two were explained by well known phenomena involving effects of stress state on mixture properties (lower creep rate were obtained in Superpave IDT where the mixture is subjected to greater confinement). Thus, continued use of the Superpave IDT is recommended because it provides reasonable properties and is much more practical than DBDT. However, relationships to account for stress state effects need to be considered for mechanisms involving uniaxial stress states. DBDT creep compliance is more appropriate for uniaxial stress states (surface tension away from tires), while Superpave IDT creep compliance is more appropriate for stress states involving confinement (bottom or near-surface tension between tires).
Use of a Smokers' Quitline by Asian Language Speakers: Results From 15 Years of Operation in California
Authors: Zhu Shu-Hong , Wong Shiushing , Stevens Colleen , Nakashima David , Gamst Anthony 
Published: March 2010

Objectives. We examined state quitline utilization by smokers who called Chinese-, Vietnamese-, or Korean-language lines, and compared their usage rates to those of Asians and Whites calling the English-language line. Methods. Using data from 15 years (1993–2008) of operation of the California quitline (which included data on 22 061 callers to Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese lines) and from multiple California Health Interview Surveys, we computed the call rates for Whites, English-speaking Asians, and the 3 Asian-language groups. We also examined callers' demographics and where they heard about the quitline. Results. Asian smokers who spoke English were significantly less likely than English-speaking White smokers to call the quitline (odds ratios range from 0.36 to 0.62). Smokers speaking 1 of the 3 Asian languages were no less likely than White smokers to call (odds ratios range from 0.82 to 3.25). More than 80% of those calling the Asian-language lines reported hearing about the quitline through mass media. Conclusions. Contrary to general expectation, smokers speaking Asian languages were just as likely to call the quitline as English-speaking White smokers. State quitlines should consider adding Asian-language lines to help address disparities in access to cessation services.
Health Status and Health Services Access and Utilization Among Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, South Asian, and Vietnamese Children in California
Authors: Yu Stella M. , Huang Zhihuan Jennifer , Singh Gopal K. 
Published: March 2010

Objectives. We examined health status and health services access and utilization of Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, South Asian, Vietnamese, and non-Hispanic White children in California. Methods. We analyzed aggregated data from the 2003 and 2005 California Health Interview Survey (648 Chinese, 523 Filipino, 235 Japanese, 308 Korean, 314 South Asian, 264 Vietnamese, and 8468 non-Hispanic White children aged younger than 12 years), examining the relationship between Asian ethnicities and outcomes. Results. Compared with non-Hispanic White children, Korean children were 4 times more likely to lack health insurance; Filipino children were twice as likely to not have had recent contact with a doctor; Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese children were less likely to have visited an emergency room in the past year; and Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese children were more likely to be in fair or poor health. Age, gender, poverty, citizenship–nativity status, health insurance, and parental marital and child health statuses were related to most outcomes. Conclusions. Asian ethnicities have heterogeneous health care access and utilization patterns, suggesting the need for targeted outreach to different Asian ethnic groups.