bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1 A Paternalistic Case for Prostitution Laws
Authors: de Marneffe Peter 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Prostitution is commonly harmful in causing lasting feelings of self‐hatred; undermining a person's capacity for healthy, supportive, mutually respectful intimate relationships; harming important relationships; and reducing a person's social and economic opportunities. Prostitution laws in some form can be justified as reducing these harms. The claim that prostitution is harmful only because it is stigmatized and the claim that it is stigmatized only because it is illegal are considered and rejected. Four kinds of policy are distinguished: prohibition, abolition, regulation, and full decriminalization. Although prohibition probably cannot be justified by the paternalistic argument, abolition or regulation in some form probably can be.
4 Individual Rights
Authors: de Marneffe Peter 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Not all paternalistic prostitution laws violate individual rights. Some abolitionist and regulationist policies violate no one's rights. Although sexual freedom is a basic liberty, this does not settle the issue of whether a prostitution law violates someone's rights. Rights are valid moral principles. Some rights are grounded on individualistic moral reasoning; others are grounded on sound generalizations about reasons. Paternalistic abolitionist and regulationist policies in some form are consistent with individualistic forms of reasoning because they are consistent with the burdens principle. Some paternalistic prostitution laws are consistent with any sound generalization about paternalistic reasons for the government to limit individual liberty.
Genesis and the Scientists
Authors: Brooke John Hedley 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines attempts made to harmonize the creation narratives with geology before the impact of Darwinism. Despite a vastly greater age for the earth and the problem of extinction, harmonization of the science with both revealed and natural theology was initially possible. By the time Darwin published in 1859, however, the harmonization program had largely defeated itself because of discord among the harmonizers. The chapter emphasizes the divisiveness (rather than an inherent destructiveness) of new sciences, with particular reference to the additional problems for theology arising from the deism and agnosticism that often accompanied Darwinian understandings of design in nature and its laws. The chapter ends with a brief survey of new understandings of revelation, which give Christian thinkers alternative spaces in which to accommodate theories of evolution.
From Bondage to Freedom
Authors: Lebuffe Michael 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis book defends a comprehensive interpretation of Spinoza's enlightened vision of human excellence, including his theories of good and evil, virtue, perfection, and freedom. Spinoza holds that what is fundamental to human morality is the fact that we find things to be good or evil, not what we take those designations to mean. When we come to understand the conditions under which we act—that is, when we come to understand the sorts of beings that we are and the ways in which we interact with things in the world—then we can recast traditional moral notions in ways that help us to attain more of what we find to be valuable. For Spinoza, we find value in greater activity. Two hazards impede the search for value. First, we need to know and acquire the means to be good. In this respect, Spinoza's theory is a great deal like Hobbes's: we strive to be active, and in order to do so we need food, security, health, and other necessary components of a decent life. There is another hazard, however, that is more subtle. On Spinoza's theory of the passions, we can misjudge our own natures and fail to understand the sorts of beings that we really are. So we can misjudge what is good and might even seek ends that are evil. Spinoza's account of human nature is thus much deeper and darker than Hobbes's: we are not well known to ourselves, and the self‐knowledge that is the foundation of virtue and freedom is elusive and fragile.
6 The Human Mind as an Adequate &#x2028;and as an Inadequate Cause
Authors: LeBuffe Michael 
Published: February 2010

AbstractSpinoza claims at Ethics 3p9 that the mind strives to persevere in being and is conscious of its striving. In this chapter it is argued that these claims do not imply a form of psychological egoism on which each person consciously desires to persevere in being to the extent that he can. Spinoza is committed to the view that each mind is conscious of its striving, but he is not committed to the view that this consciousness is veridical. Insofar as human minds strive from inadequate ideas, their desires are not restricted to the end of perseverance, which is best understood as the characteristic effect of human action as a total efficient cause.
9 Formal Theory of Value
Authors: LeBuffe Michael 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter defends an interpretation and assessment of Spinoza's formal definition of ‘good’ and of the other value terms prominently used in the Ethics. It is argued that Spinoza rejects the Providential Account of value and constructs his formal definitions of ‘good’ and ‘evil’ at Ethics 4d1 and 4d2 on a pragmatic basis. The Providential Account, because it based upon false claims about teleology in nature, interferes with the attainment of what human beings find valuable. The definition of the ‘good’ as what we know to be useful to us, by contrast, is based upon true claims and helps human beings to attain value. Pragmatism in Spinoza's formal theory of value helps to explain the variety of normative language in the Ethics and to build a Spinozistic response to Hume's objection that one cannot derive ‘ought’ claims from ‘is’ claims.
6 Challenging Harmony: Consistency, Conflicts, and the Status Quo
Authors: Angle Stephen C. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter is organized around challenges from Martha Nussbaum, Karen Stohr, and Diana Myers. Does a commitment to harmony entail an unhealthy desire for consistency and unity in one's life and relationships? Along similar lines, can a commitment to harmony be squared with the existence of moral conflicts? Finally, does such a commitment push one toward a state of “emotional vanilla” in which one cannot mount dramatic challenges to the status quo? The chapter argues that a contemporary Neo-Confucian understanding of harmony has the resources to rebut all these concerns. In particular, the role of imagination in overcoming moral conflicts is stressed; this is illustrated through consideration of famous passages concerning potential conflicts from the Mencius. Particular attention is paid to the role of anger. The chapter argues, though, that both classical and Neo-Confucians too often leave grief out of account, even though it can fit well into their picture.
3 The Man of Many Genres in His Death
Authors: Ker James 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter identifies the ways in which Seneca's death can be understood as a performance of authorship, both as shaped by his literary career and as shaping his literary afterlife. It traces Senecan echoes in Tacitus, arguing for a complex intertextual relationship with multiple works of Seneca. Next it surveys Seneca's genres and uses the testimony of Quintilian to speculate on early receptions of Seneca's writings. Within his oeuvre it identifies the diverse literary approaches Seneca adopted toward the representation of mortal experience. The exitus form, for example, is deployed in the description of Cato's death in the De providentia, and this can be read alongside Seneca's other exitus descriptions in the Dialogi and elsewhere, and other portrayals of Cato in different genres.
1 Thinking about Wifehood
Authors: Kelting M. Whitney 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter contextualizes the book by introducing the materials examined, the key terms, the relevant background in Jainism, and the frames of analysis. Research materials span medieval and contemporary Jain literature, interviews with Jain women, observation of Jain rituals associated with wifehood, and the observation of and conversations about the sociopolitics of Jain family life. The chapter introduces the ideologies of wifehood—the dedicated wife (pativrata), the state of auspicious wifehood (saubhagya) and the true woman (sati). In particular, the Jain use of the term sati is set in the context of Hindu traditional, British colonial, and feminist discussions of this highly contested term. Gender studies discourse on agency is used as a frame for the larger claim in the volume about the importance of the perception of choice and the ways that Jain women's religious practices contribute to their selfhood.
3 Jain Satīs, Women's Agency, and Bad Marriages
Authors: Kelting M. Whitney 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
In chapter 3, the Jain sati narratives of Subhadra and Añjana suggest that a woman's piety and fidelity to Jainism will not only protect her saubhagya, but will also bring about marital happiness by transforming bad marriages into good or ideal ones. A variety of marital difficulties—such as bad marriage arrangements, infertility, abandonment, and rejection by one's husband or his family—are neatly resolved in these two well‐known sati stories, which portray the wife as the primary agent of rituals who ultimately secures her own marital happiness. Jain women reference these narratives and Jain rituals in their own discussions about marital difficulties. In addition to accruing karmic benefits of ritual acts, both Jain satis in their narratives and contemporary Jain women deploy strategic piety to increase their authority and perceived virtue within the community to ensure marital happiness and personal well‐being.
12 An Employee Sues Her Employer
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
An employee's resignation from her very responsible position in a company was followed by a series of ongoing contractual relationships, to which many other employees objected to her continuation. Letters widely published by the company provided the basis for the employee's defamation case against the company. At the request of counsel, the description of this case is annonymized. It also illustrates that when an expert's analysis does not help the lawyer, the expert should withdraw from the case as soon as possible.
7 Between Motive and Morality
Authors: Slote Michael 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter takes up a criticism that Kantians have directed at sentimentalism, namely, that the sentiments, feelings, are an unreliable basis for morally acceptable action because they sometimes point us toward the wrong actions and because, even when they do not, their force often fades before they can efficaciously ensure that we do what is right. This chapter argues that feeling and motivation based on empathy are a more reliable guide to acting morally than has been thought. However, our sentimentalist account of the meaning of moral terms does imply that actual consequences are less important to right action than non‐Kantians, at least, have tended to believe, and this chapter goes on to argue that the moral irrelevance of actual consequences is in fact commonsensically plausible.
The Rule of Law: Theoretical Principles
Authors: SARKAR RUMU 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief overview of the philosophical background and history of development strategies and approaches, including a discussion of Max Weber's sociological theories and how they affect development thinking. Discourses on development theory (e.g., neoclassical economics, structuralist and dependency theorists, the Washington Consensus) and other approaches are discussed and put into historical perspective. Finally, the tension between modernization theory and dependency theory is examined, and a possible reconciliation of the two is proposed. The manner in which underlying development theories influence that pattern of governance and development approaches is reviewed. A Rule of Law matrix for designing structural legal reforms is thoroughly discussed. The chapter also includes graphics to support detailed discussions of legal reforms. The new concept of the Janus Law Principle (JLP) whereby developing countries can measure their individual need to develop a legal infrastructure is set forth. The JLP permits developing countries to determine where they stand with respect to integrating themselves into the global legal markets in the most efficacious and sustainable way. The multifaceted and practical considerations in making structural legal reforms are put into perspective.
International Development Law: Substantive Principles
Authors: SARKAR RUMU 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the new substantive principles of international development law with specific reference to: (1) parties (and the rights and privileges of different parties to the development process); (2) fundamental law principles of mutuality, the duty to cooperate, equitable participation in development, and transparency; (3) establishing legal norms (contextual and absolute); (4) a taxonomy of international development law (absolute norms, globalized laws, and relative norms); and (5) the institutional framework for international development is discussed in terms of enforcing legal norms. The chapter provides a new, researched template of analysis in which to structure the legal study of international development It sets forth the merits of establishing a World Bank Capital Transfer Appellate Board. The chapter proposes that capital transfers (as part of the development process) be subject to an adjudicatory process of review, thereby creating a new substantive body of public international law.
The Rule of Law: A Projectized Approach
Authors: SARKAR RUMU 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines and critiques a projectized approach to development (especially within the context of multilateral institutions such as the World Bank). It examines an analytical framework for establishing legal reform programs (e.g.,good governance, structural legal reform, and the administration of justice). This analysis takes place within the backdrop of actual development programs and projects (with their relative merits and successes) in order to provide the student with a “real world” context for this discussion. Tables for this analysis are also presented to help clarify the issues. The chapter provides an analytical framework for legal reform programs spanning good governance, structural legal reforms, and the administration of justice. The post-conflict context for such legal reforms is also reviewed with special attention given to social reconciliation strategies in support of systemic and sustainable legal reforms in post-conflict societies.
Connections of orbital cortex
Authors: Price Joseph L. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter describes the connections of the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex. Intrinsic connections indicate the presence of distinct orbital and medial networks, with the orbital network concentrated in central OFC subregions, and the medial network involving medial structures, and some areas on the medial and lateral orbital surface. The medial and orbital networks show strikingly differential patterns of input and output. The orbital network receives substantial input from sensory systems including olfaction, taste, visceral, visual, and somatosensory systems, and may serve to assess sensory objects, especially food. The medial network has little direct sensory input, but provides output to the hypothalamus and periaqueductal gray, and is heavily connected with limbic regions such as the amygdala, entorhinal cortex, and hippocampus. The medial and orbital networks are also connected to distinct parts of the striatum and mediodorsal thalamic nucleus.
From associations to expectancies: orbitofrontal cortex as gateway between the limbic system and representational memory
Authors: Roesch Matthew , Schoenbaum Geoffrey 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter describes the role of the rodent orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in the control of associative information and its application to govern behavior. Recent findings support a critical role for OFC in affective processing as part of a circuit that includes the amygdala and other limbic structures. It is argued that the OFC allows associative information, particularly information about the value of likely outcomes, to be manipulated in representational memory and integrated with non-associative variables concerning subsequent behavior, current context and internal state. The resultant ‘expectancies’ then influence processing in downstream limbic areas as well as other prefrontal regions, thereby promoting voluntary, cognitive, and goal-directed behavior and facilitating new learning.
Neuropsychological assessment of the orbitofrontal cortex
Authors: Zald David H. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter reviews the neuropsychological assessment of orbitofrontal functions. It starts by describing the major categories of neurological disorders that result in lesions of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Traditional neuropsychological test batteries are generally insensitive to OFC dysfunction. A number of experimental tasks have been proposed as tests of OFC functions. These include objection alternation and object reversal learning tasks, gambling tasks, go/nogo tasks, olfactory recognition, theory of mind and social processing measures, and self- or family-rating scales of the patient's behavior. The sensitivity and specificity of these measures are discussed, with a particular emphasis on issues of functional localization. The chapter concludes with a description of rehabilitation programs aimed at addressing problems associated with OFC dysfunction.
4 Rational Powers (Theta 2)
Authors: Beere Jonathan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the second chapter of Book Theta, which focuses on a certain important class of powers: those that consist in rational comprehension, referred to as rational powers. Such powers include the art of housebuilding and medicine. This characterization of rational powers is remarkably strong. A rational power does not merely require, or partly consist in, rational comprehension, but is rational comprehension. In order to act on one's rational comprehension, one needs a body that can do certain things. Even if the artisan does not do the things himself and tells others to do them instead, they need some means of communication. It is shown that Aristotle's conception relegates these requirements to necessary conditions for the exercise of a power, not for having the power.
Chapter 12 Emergence of complex food web structure in community evolution models
Authors: Loeuille Nicolas , Loreau Michel 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Evolutionary dynamics may help us understand the structure and dynamics of food webs. The theoretical understanding of empirical food web patterns faces a dilemma, as it is difficult to account simultaneously for dynamical components (demography, evolution) and for the complexity of these systems (species number, connectance). Current knowledge of food web structures is dominated by many-species models that do not incorporate any dynamical aspects, and by models that detail demographic or evolutionary dynamics of species but consider communities composed of few species. Community evolution models incorporate both the dynamical components of food webs and the complexity that is necessary to understand empirical food web data.
Formulations of Mechanics Problems for Materials with Self-Similar Multiscale Microstructure
Authors: Picu R.C. , Soare M.A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA broad range of natural and man-made materials, such as the trabecular bone, aerogels have hierarchical microstructure. Performing efficient design of structures made from such materials requires the ability to integrate the governing equations of the respective physics on supports with complex geometry. The traditional approach is to devise constitutive equations which are either calibrated based on experiments or on micromechanics considerations. However, traditional homogenization cannot be used in most of these cases in which scale decoupling does not exist and the structure geometry lacks translational symmetry. Several efforts have been made recently to develop new formulations of mechanics that include information about the geometry in the governing equations. This new concept is based on the idea that the geometric complexity of the domain can be incorporated in the governing equations, rather than in the definition of the boundary conditions, as usual in classical continuum mechanics. In this chapter we review the progress made to date in this direction.
From Macroscopic to Mesoscopic Models of Chromatin Folding
Authors: Schlick Tamar 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
An overview of the evolution of macroscale to mesoscale computer models for simulation of chromatin, the protein nucleic acid fiber that stores the DNA in higher organisms, is presented. Many biological questions concerning fiber structure remain a puzzle. The sheer size and range of spatial and temporal scales require tailored multiscale models. Our first-generation macroscopic models ignored histone tail flexibility but generated insights info preferred zigzag configurations and folding/unfolding dynamics. The second-generation mesoscale models incorporate histone tail flexibility, linker histones, and divalent ion effects to reveal the profound compaction induced by linker histones and the polymorphic fiber architecture at divalent salt environments, with a small fraction of the linker DNAs bent rather than straight for optimal compaction. Our chromatin model can be extended further to study many important biological questions concerning post-translational modifications, fiber dimension variations as a function of linker DNA length variations, and higher-order fiber topologies.
4 Word meaning in LCCM Theory
Authors: Evans Vyvyan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter reviews a number of perspectives on word meaning which acknowledge the variability in word meaning described in previous chapters. One of the main difficulties with all of the perspectives reviewed is that they fail to explicitly provide a level of conceptual (i.e., non-linguistic) knowledge representation to which the sense units they posit afford access. The chapter provides an informal illustration of how LCCM Theory overcomes this difficulty.
6 Semantic structure
Authors: Evans Vyvyan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter is concerned with developing an account of the nature of semantic structure relating to the linguistic system, and contrasting it with conceptual structure, the representational format of the conceptual system. Semantic structure is modelled in terms of the lexical concept. The main claim made is that lexical concepts have bipartite structure: lexical concepts encode information that can be directly encoded in and externalised via language, while a subset of lexical concepts serve as access sites to conceptual structure.