bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Media Professionalism: Dependence on Rich Country Models1
Authors: O'Brien Rita Cruise 
Published: August 2010

Summary Information flows, and the mass media in particular, form part of the mechanism whereby developing countries are incorporated into the world capitalist system. Information transfers and the development of broadcasting are heavily affected by institutional transfers and concepts of professional roles based on metropolitan models. This article analyses this process and questions the relevance of methods of organisation and work transferred from a metropolitan framework to developing countries. It outlines the international context within which professionalism in broadcasting exerts its influence and counterposes these dominant flows against the potential use of broadcasting for development.Resume Professionnalisme dans les media: dépendance vis‐à‐vis des modèles des pays richesLes courants d'information, et les moyens de communication de masse en particulier, font partie du mécanisme par lequel les pays en voie de développement sont incorporés au système capitaliste mondial. Les transferts d'informations et le développement de la diffusion sont grandement affectés par les transferts institutionnels et la conception des rôles professionnels basée sur les modèles métropolitains. Cet article analyse ce processus et met en cause le bien‐fondé de méthodes d'organisation et de travail transférées du cadre de la métropole aux pays en voie de développement. Il évoque le contexte international dans lequel le professionnalisme dans la diffusion des informations exerce son influence et oppose ces courants dominants à l'utilisation possible des moyens de diffusion au profit du développement.Resumen Profesionalismo de los Medios de Comunicación: Dependencia en los Modelos de los Países Ricos.El flujo de información y los medios de comunicación en masa especialmente, forman parte del mecanismo en virtud del cual los países en vías de desarrollo se incorporan en el sistema del mundo capitalista. Las transferencias de información y el desarrollo de la radiodifusión se ven profundamente afectadas por las transferencias institucionales y los conceptos de las funciones profesionales basadas en los modelos metropolitanos. En este artículo se analiza este proceso y se pone en tela de juicio la pertinencia de los métodos de organización y trabajo transferidos de una estructura metropolitana a los países en vías de desarrollo. Se esboza el ámbito internacional dentro del cual ejerce su influencia el profesionalismo en la radiodifusión y contrapone estos flujos predominantes frente a la utilización posible de la radiodifusión para el desarrollo.
Problems in the Use of World Prices in Social Cost‐Benefit Analysis: Some Experiences from a Study in Pakistan
Authors: Weiss John 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY A major development in Social Cost‐Benefit Analysis has been the substitution of world market prices for domestic prices. It is argued that this procedure is superior to the use of average relationships, such as a shadow exchange rate or a standard conversion factor. This paper discusses some of the problems involved in applying world prices in the evaluation of projects, and draws upon the experience of a research study which applied SCBA techniques to industrial projects in Pakistan. In this study, for a number of reasons discussed in the paper, extensive use had to be made of an average ratio, the standard conversion factor.RESUME Problèmes présentés par l'utilisation des cours mondiaux dans l'analyse sociale des coûts et rendements. Expériences tirées d'une étude au PakistanL'évolution de l'analyse sociale des coûts et rendements a été marquée par la substitution des cours mondiaux aux prix des marchés intérieurs. Cette procédure parait en effet supérieure à l'utilisation d'un rapport moyen tel qu'un cours de change “fantôme” ou un facteur de conversion standard. L'article présente certains des problèmes que suscite l'utilisation des cours mondiaux dans l'évaluation des projets, et s'appuie sur l'expérience d'une étude appliquant les techniques de l'analyse sociale des coûts et rendements à des projets industriels au Pakistan. Pour des raisons présentées dans l'article, cette étude a recouru dans une large mesure à un rapport moyen, le facteur de conversion standard.RESUMEN Problemas en la utilización de los precios mundiales para el análisis social de costos y beneficios: algunas experiencias derivadas de un estudio hecho en PakistánUn acontecimiento importante en el análisis social de costos y beneficios ha sido la sustitución de los precios del mercado mundial por precios nacionales. Se alega que este procedimiento es superior a la utilización de relaciones promediadas tales como un tipo de cambio simulado o un factor de conversión normal. En este artículo se analizan algunos de los problemas que se plantean al aplicar precios mundiales en la evaluación de proyectos, y aprovecha la experiencia de un estudio de investigación que aplica técnicas del análisis social de costos y beneficios a los proyectos industriales en Pakistán. En este estudio, por varios motivos que se indican en el artículo, se tuvo que aplicar ampliamente una relación promediada, o sea, el factor de conversión normal.
Prospects for a Basic Needs Strategy: The Case of Kenya
Authors: Godfrey Martin 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYImplementation of the 1972 ILO report on Kenya, which might be regarded as the first ‘basic needs’ report, has been distinctly patchy, and the Kenyan economy is still at a crossroads as far as future strategy is concerned. If the basic needs/redistribution option were chosen this would imply a programme strikingly similar to the unimplemented remainder of the ILO report's recommendations. In which case the question asked by Leys about the ILO mission's proposals is raised again in an acute form—what incentive is there for those in power to make the sacrifices involved in implementing a basic needs strategy?RESUMENPerspectivas para una estrategía de las necesidades básicas: El caso de KeniaLa realización del informe OIT sobre Kenia de 1972, que se podría considerar la primera relación sobre “las necesidades básicas”, se ha hecho de una manera más bien deshilvanada, pudiéndose decir que la economía de Kenia se encuentra todavia en una encrucijada por lo que a su futura estrategía se refiere. Si se optara por la solución de las necesidades básicas/redistribución, esto exigiría un programa con gran parecido a lo que queda por cumplir de las recomendaciones de la relación OIT. En cuyo caso se puede uno hacer de nuevo y de una forma aguda la pregunta formulada por Leys acerca de las proposiciones de la mision OIT : ¿ qué incentivos pueden tener los que se encuentran en el poder al hacer los sacrificios implicados en la puesta en práctica de una estrategía de necesidades básicas ?RESUMEPerspectives pour une stratégie des besoins fondamentaux: le cas du KenyaLa mise en oeuvre du rapport du BIT 1972 sur le Kenya, que l'on peut considérer comme le premier rapport sur “besoins fondamentaux”, était assez décousue et l'économie du Kenya en est encore aux décisions pour ce qui est de la stratégie à adopter. Si le choix besoins fondamentaux/redistribution était pris, cela signifierait un programme étonnamment similaire aux recommendations du rapport du BIT qui n'ont pas encore été appliquées. Dans ce cas, la question posée par Leys concernant les propositions de la mission du BIT est à nouveau soulevée sous une forme plus aigue: quel encouragement y a‐t‐il pour ceux qui sont au pouvoir à faire les sacrifices supposés par la mise en oeuvre d'une stratégie des besoins fondamentaux ?
Some Preliminary Notes on the Subordination of Women1
Authors: Whitehead Ann 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY An introductory note on some of the theoretical assumptions made by the IDS Subordination of Women Workshop, and on the specialised language used. It is argued that the analytical object of study cannot be ‘women’ (an empirical category) but rather the relations between men and women in society. Three types of gender relations are specified and described and it is suggested that gender as a characteristic has led to the social domination of women by men. Reasons are given for choosing the term ‘subordination’ (rather than partriarchy) to refer to the general character of male/female relations. Lastly, some of the overall theoretical questions addressed by the Conference are raised.RESUMEN Algunas notas preliminares sobre la subordinación de las mujeresUna nota de introducción sobre algunas de las suposiciones teóricas hechas en el ciclo de estudios sobre la subordinación de las mujeres de IDS, y sobre el lenguaje especializado que se emplea. Se alega que el objetivo analítico del estudio no puede ser “las mujeres” (una categoría empírica), sino más bien las relaciones entre hombres y mujeres en la sociedad. Se especifican y describen tres tipos de relaciones de género y se sugiere que el género como característica ha conducido al dominio social de las mujeres por parte de los hombres. Se indican los motivos para elegir la expresión “subordinación” (en lugar de patriarcado) para referirse al carácter general de las relaciones masculino‐femeninas. Por último, se suscitan algunas de las interrogantes teóricas generales planteadas en la Conferencia.RÉSUMÉ Remarques préliminaires sur la subordination de la femmeNote d'introduction présentant certaines des hypothèses admises comme fondement théorique par le groupe de travail IDS sur la subordination de la femme, et traitant également du langage spécialisé qui a été employé. Une thèse tendant à exclure la notion de ‘la femme’ (catégorie empirique) propose à sa place celle des rapports entre hommes et femmes dans la société. Trois types de rapport entre les genres sont précisées et décrites, et à titre de suggestion, il est proposé que la notion du genre en tant qu caractéristique aurait conduit à la dominance sociale exercée par l'homme sur la femme. Des justifications sont fournies pour le choix du terme ‘subordination’ par préférence à celui de ‘patriarcat’, pour désigner d'une manière générale le caractère des rapports entre mâle et femelle. En fin d'article sont évoquées certaines des questions théoriques d'ensemble qui ont été soulevées à l'occasion de la conférence.
Some Aspects of Labour Use in Southern Africa – Problems and Policies
Authors: Colclough Christopher 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY The 10 Southern African countries, excluding South Africa, which are the subject of this article are at very different stages of transition from colonial to independent rule. Yet there are common problems which all these countries face. This article focuses upon two of these: migrant labour and skill shortages, particularly in the formal sector. It is argued that these problems may best be tackled by a combined approach which aims to reduce the present heavy dependence of individual countries on South Africa, and to exploit the complementary strengths and opportunities by other countries in the region.RÉSUMÉ Quelques aspects de l'utilisation de la main‐d'oeuvre dans le sud de l'Afrique – Problèmes et mesures prises pour les résoudreLes dix pays du sud de l'Afrique examinés ici, Afrique du Sud non comprise, sont à des étapes de transition très différentes, du régime colonial à l'état d'indépendance. Et pourtant tous ces pays ont des problèmes communs. Cet article traite de deux de ces problèmes: la main‐d'oeuvre migrante et le manque de main‐d'oeuvre qualifiée, surtout dans le secteur formel. L'auteur soutient que la meilleure façon de résoudre ces problèmes est d'adopter une approche double qui tende à réduire la lourde dépendance de chaque pays vis‐à‐vis de l'Afrique du Sud et à exploiter les forces et possibilités complémentaires fournies par les autres pays de la région.RESUMEN Algunos aspectos de la utilización de mano de obra en Africa Meridional : problemas y políticasLos diez países de Africa Meridional, excluida Sudáfrica, que son objeto de este artículo se hallan en fases muy distintas de transición del gobierno colonial a la independencia. Sin embargo existen problemas comunes con los que tienen que enfrentarse todos estos países. El presente artículo se enfoca hacia dos de estos problemas, a saber, las escaseces de mano de obra emigratoria y de pericia, especialmente en el sector oficial. Se alega que estos problemas pueden plantearse mediante una actitud combinada que pretenda reducir la enorme dependencia actual de los distintos países en Sudáfrica, y tratar de explotar la fuerza y oportunidades complementarias que proveen otros países de la región.
Zimbabwe : a New Nation with Old Problems
Authors: Riddell Roger 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY As the euphoria surrounding the achievement of independence and the ending of eight years of war dies down, the new Government of Zimbabwe is faced with a whole range of social and economic problems, some directly related to the war, some resulting from decades of economic policies which in practice neglected the needs of the black majority. Critical issues include land reform, employment, the distribution of wealth and income and the need to expand basic social services to the rural poor. Already tensions and conflicts are surfacing in relation to the speed with which change can be effected and in the difficult task of policy implementation.RÉSUMÉ Zimbabwe : Une nation neuve et de vieux problèmesTandis que se dissipe l'euphorie qui a fait suite à l'accession à l'indépendance et à la fin de huit ans de guerre, le nouveau gouvernement du Zimbabwe est confronté à toute une série de problèmes sociaux et économiques, dont certains ont pour cause directe la guerre et dont d'autres résultent de plusieurs décennies de politiques économiques ayant négligé dans la pratique les besoins de la majorité noire. Les points critiques sont la réforme agraire, l'emploi, la redistribution des richesses et des revenus et la nécessité d'apporter aux populations pauvres des campagnes les services sociaux de base. Déjà apparaissent des tensions et des conflits en relation avec la rapidité avec laquelle des changements peuvent être effectués et la tache difficile de la mise en oeuvre des mesures adoptées.RESUMEN Zimbabwe: una nación nueva con antiguos problemasA media que se desvanece la euforia que envuelve el éxito de la independencia y el fin de una guerra de ocho años, el nuevo gobierno de Zimbabwe se tiene que enfrentar con toda una gama de problemas sociales y económicos, algunos directamente vinculados con la guerra y otros resultantes de decenios de políticas económicas que en la práctica descuidaron las necesidades de la mayoría negra. Los temas críticos incluyen la reforma agraria, el empleo, la distribución de la riqueza y los ingresos y la necesidad de ampliar los servicios sociales básicos para que incluya a los pobres rurales. Ya empiezan a emerger tensiones y conflictos en relación con la velocidad con que se puede efectuar el cambio y con la difícil tarea de ejecutar la política.
Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in T-Cell Immunity and Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Gattinoni Luca , Ji Yun , Restifo Nicholas P. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWnt ligands are lipid-modified secreted glycoproteins that regulate embryonic development, cell fate specification, and the homeostasis of self-renewing adult tissues. In addition to its well-established role in thymocyte development, recent studies have indicated that Wnt/β-catenin signaling is critical for the differentiation, polarization, and survival of mature T lymphocytes. Here, we describe our current understanding of Wnt signaling in the biology of post-thymic T cells, and discuss how harnessing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway might improve the efficacy of vaccines, T-cell–based therapies, and allogeneic stem cell transplantation for the treatment of patients with cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 16(19); 4695–701. ©2010 AACR.
Transforming Growth Factor-β1–Mediated Activation of NF-κB Contributes to Enhanced ADAM-12 Expression in Mammary Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Ray Alpana , Dhar Srijita , Ray Bimal K. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloproteinase-12 (ADAM-12), a member of multifunctional family of proteins, is upregulated in many cancers, including breast, lung, liver, prostate, gastric, and bladder. The multidomain structure, composed of a prodomain, a metalloproteinase, disintegrin-like, epidermal growth factor–like, cysteine-rich and transmembrane domains, and a cytoplasmic tail, allows ADAM-12 to promote matrix degradation, cell-cell adhesion, and intracellular signaling capacities and thereby to play a critical role in cancer growth and metastasis. Despite ample evidence linking increased ADAM-12 expression with cancer, the mechanisms controlling its upregulation are still unknown. In the present study, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is shown to increase ADAM-12 mRNA expression in MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cells. We have identified a promoter element responsible for TGF-β1–mediated ADAM-12 induction. We show interaction of NF-κB with ADAM-12 promoter and that high level of NF-κB activity in breast carcinoma cells results in the upregulation of ADAM-12 expression. Site-directed mutagenesis of the NF-κB element in ADAM-12 promoter and inhibition of NF-κB activity by Bay-11-7085 and MG-132 significantly reduced TGF-β1–mediated increase of ADAM-12 promoter-driven gene expression. Transfection of cells with a dominant-negative mutant form of IκBα (IκBαΔN), which inhibits activation of NF-κB, significantly reduced transcription from ADAM-12 promoter-reporter in TGF-β1–stimulated MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. In correlation, overexpression of NF-κB induced ADAM-12 expression in a dose-dependent manner. DNA-binding and ChIP assays indicated that p65 subunit of NF-κB binds to ADAM-12 promoter. Together, our study identified a cellular mechanism for induction of ADAM-12, which involves NF-κB and its activation by TGF-β1. Mol Cancer Res; 8(9); 1261–70. ©2010 AACR.
Gamma-glutamyl carboxylase and its influence on warfarin dose
Authors: King Cristi , Deych Elena , Milligan Paul , Eby Charles , Lenzini Petra , Grice Gloria , Porche-Sorbet Rhonda , Ridker Paul , Gage Brian 
Published: August 2010

SummaryVia generation of vitamin K-dependent proteins, gamma-glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX) plays a critical role in the vitamin K cycle. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in GGCX, therefore, may affect dosing of the vitamin K antagonist, warfarin. In a multi-centered, cross-sectional study of 985 patients prescribed warfarin therapy, we genotyped for two GGCX SNPs (rs11676382 and rs12714145) and quantified their relationship to therapeutic dose. GGCX rs11676382 was a significant (p=0.03) predictor of residual dosing error and was associated with a 6.1% reduction in warfarin dose (95% CI: 0.6%-11.4%) per G allele. The prevalence was 14.1% in our predominantly (78%) Caucasian cohort, but the overall contribution to dosing accuracy was modest (partial R2 = 0.2%). GGCX rs12714145 was not a significant predictor of therapeutic dose (p = 0.26). GGCX rs11676382 is a statistically significant predictor of warfarin dose, but the clinical relevance is modest. Given the potentially low marginal cost of adding this SNP to existing geno-typing platforms, we have modified our non-profit website (www.WarfarinDosing.org) to accommodate knowledge of this variant.
Randomised, parallel-group, multicentre, multinational phase 2 study comparing edoxaban, an oral factor Xa inhibitor, with warfarin for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Connolly Stuart , Patel Indravadan , Salazar Daniel , Rohatagi Shashank , Mendell Jeanne , Kastrissios Helen , Jin Jianqing , Kunitada Satoshi , Weitz Jeffrey 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe primary objective of this study was to compare the safety of four fixed-dose regimens of edoxaban with warfarin in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF). In this 12-week, parallel-group, multi-centre, multinational study, 1,146 patients with AF and risk of stroke were randomised to edoxaban 30 mg qd, 30 mg bid, 60 mg qd, or 60 mg bid or warfarin dose-adjusted to a target international normalised ratio of 2.0–3.0. The study was double-blind to edoxaban dose, but open-label to warfarin. Primary outcomes were occurrence of major and/or clinically relevant non-major bleeding and elevated hepatic enzymes and/or bilirubin. Mean age was 65 ± 8.7 years and 64.4% were warfarin-naïve. Whereas major plus clinically relevant non-major bleeding occurred in 3.2% of patients randomised to warfarin, the incidence of bleeding was significantly higher with the edoxaban 60 mg bid (10.6%; p=0.002) and 30 mg bid regimens (7.8%; p=0.029), but not with the edoxaban 60 mg qd (3.8%) or 30 mg qd regimens (3.0%). For the same total daily dose of 60 mg, both bleeding frequency and trough edoxaban concentrations were higher in the 30-mg bid group than in the 60-mg qd group. There were no significant differences in hepatic enzyme elevations or bilirubin values among the groups. The safety profiles of edoxaban 30 and 60 mg qd in patients with AF were similar to warfarin. In contrast, the edoxaban bid regimens were associated with more bleeding than warfarin. These results suggest that in this three-month study, edoxaban 30 or 60 mg qd are safe and well-tolerated.ClinicalTrials.gov Registration Number: NCT00504556
Enoxaparin for the secondary prevention of placental vascular complications in women with abruptio placentae
Authors: Chauleur Céline , Faillie Jean-Luc , Baer Guillaume , Marès Pierre , Fabbro-Peray Pascale , Quéré Isabelle , Lefrant Jean-Yves , Haddad Bassam , Dauzat Michel , Gris Jean-Christophe 
Published: August 2010

SummaryAdministration of heparin in the secondary prevention of placental vascular complications is still experimental. In women with a previous placental abruption, we investigated the effectiveness of enoxaparin, a low-molecular-weight heparin, in preventing these complications. Between January 2000 and January 2009, 160 women from the NOHA First cohort, with previous abruptio placentae but no foetal loss during their first pregnancy and negative for antiphospholipid antibodies, were randomised to either a prophylactic daily dose of enoxaparin starting from the positive pregnancy test (n=80), or no enoxaparin (n=80). The primary outcome was a composite of at least one of the following: abruptio placentae, preeclampsia, birthweight < 5th percentile, or foetal loss after 20 weeks. Enoxaparin was associated with a lower frequency of primary outcome: 12.5% (n=10/80) vs. 31.3 % (25/80), p=0.004, adjusted hazard ratio = 0.37, 95% confidence interval (0.18–0.77), p=0.011. Enoxaparin was safe, with no obvious side-effect, no thrombocytopenia nor major bleeding event excess. This pilot study shows that enoxaparin given early during the second pregnancy decreases the occurrence of placental vascular complications in women with a previous placental abruption during their first pregnancy.
The vessel wall: A forgotten player in post thrombotic syndrome
Authors: DeRoo Scott , Deatrick K. Barry , Henke Peter 
Published: August 2010

SummaryMuch research in venous thrombotic diseases focuses on the acute thrombotic process such as anticoagulation and risk factors. Deep-vein thrombosis directly leads to post thrombotic syndrome, and this can cause significant patient disability. Little research has focused on the vein wall injury response to the thrombotic inflammatory insult. Herein, we review what is currently known about this process with emphasis on the matrix, mediators, and vascular medial smooth muscle response after thrombotic injury. Translational therapies and potential future agents are reviewed.