bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Non‐Isotypical Nitride Selenides Dy3NSe3 and Ho3NSe3: Chains and Dimers
Authors: Lissner Falk , Schleid Thomas 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe non‐isostructural lanthanoid(III) nitride selenides M3NSe3 of dysprosium (Dy3NSe3) and holmium (Ho3NSe3) are formed by the reaction of the respective rare‐earth metal (M = Dy and Ho) with sodium azide (NaN3), selenium and an excess of iodine at 900 °C from torch‐sealed evacuated silica ampoules within seven days. Dy3NSe3 crystallizes orthorhombically (a = 1245.38(9), b = 393.69(3), c = 1303.74(9) pm) in space group Pnma with Z = 4, whereas monoclinic Ho3NSe3 (a = 1152.93(8), b = 1006.61(7), c = 1248.76(9) pm, β = 112.847(3)°) adopts the space group C2/c with Z = 8. Both crystal structures comprise three crystallographically different M3+ cations along with one N3– and three independent Se2– anions, but they differ fundamentally in the linkage of their structure dominating N3–‐centered (M3+)4 tetrahedra. In Dy3NSe3, these [NDy4]9+ units are vertex‐linked to form ∞1{[N(Dy1)1/1t(Dy2)1/1t(Dy3)2/2v]6+} chains (t = terminal, v = vertex‐shared), while just two [NHo4]9+ tetrahedra have one edge in common to join as isolated bitetrahedra ∞0{([N(Ho1)2/2e(Ho2)1/1t‐(Ho3)1/1t]6+)2} (e = edge‐connecting, t = terminal) in Ho3NSe3. So the alternative formula Ho6N2Se6 with Z = 4 is likewisely valid. The M3+ cations in Dy3NSe3 show coordination numbers of six, six plus one and seven, whereas in the case of Ho3NSe3 only coordination numbers of six occur with respect to the anions (N3– and Se2–). In both crystal structures the three independent sorts ofSe2– anions provide the three‐dimensional linkage as well as the charge balance of the ∞1{[NDy3]6+} chains and the ∞0{[N2Ho6]12+} dimers, respectively.
Two Alkali‐Metal Yttrium Tellurides: Single Crystals of Trigonal KYTe2 and Hexagonal RbYTe2
Authors: Babo Jean‐Marie , Schleid Thomas 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWhile attempting to synthesize the potassium and rubidium copper diyttrium tetratellurides KCuY2Te4 and RbCuY2Te4 in analogy to CsCuY2Te4 from 1:1:4‐molar mixtures of the elements (copper, yttrium and tellurium) with an excess of KBr or RbBr as flux and potassium or rubidium source, brown plate‐shaped crystals of KYTe2 and RbYTe2 with triangular cross‐section were obtained instead after 14 days at 900 °C in torch‐sealed evacuated silica tubes. These new ternary yttrium tellurides crystallize in the trigonal (KYTe2) or hexagonal system (RbYTe2) with space group R$\bar{3}$m (no. 166) or P63/mmc (no. 194), respectively. With unit cell dimensions of a = 439.51(2) pm, c = 2255.48(9) pm (c/a = 5.132) for KYTe2 and a = 443.26(2) pm, c = 1729.15(7) pm (c/a = 3.901) for RbYTe2, both crystal structures exhibit cadmium‐halide analogous $^{2}_{\infty}\rm \{[YTe_{6/3}]^{-}\}$ layers spreading out parallel to the (001) planes, which are formed by edge‐condensation of the involved [YTe6]9– octahedra (d(Y3+–Te2–) = 308–309 pm). Charge compensation and three‐dimensional linkage of these anionic layers are achieved by monovalent interlayer alkali‐metal cations residing in trigonal antiprismatic (K+ in α‐NaFeO2‐type KYTe2, d(K+–Te2–) = 324 pm, 6×) or prismatic coordination (Rb+ in β‐RbScO2‐type RbYTe2, d(Rb+–Te2–) = 365 pm, 6×) of six Te2– ions each.
Inboard boundary layer state on wind turbine blades
Authors: Dumitrescu H. , Cardoş V. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe paper is aimed at describing a fundamental phenomenon: the effect of rotation on the inboard blade boundary layer of a wind turbine. The three‐dimensional incompressible steady momentum integral boundary layer equations coupled with the entrainment equation are used to analyze the inboard stall‐delay due to rotation. Turbulence is modeled by using empirical correlations for the entrainment coefficient and the streamwise skin‐friction coefficient. A power‐law type of velocity profile is assumed for the streamwise turbulent velocity profiles and for cross‐flow velocity profiles the Mager parabolic model is used. The equations are written in cylindrical coordinates and are solved iteratively using a Runge–Kutta scheme. Special attention has been devoted to those term in the differential equations that change the boundary‐layer structure from that of two‐dimensional steady flow. It is concluded that the stall is delayed due to the boundary‐layer reattachment at the inboard sections in conjunction with forming of a spanwise standing vortex structure.
Nutritional modelling: distributions of salt intake from processed foods in New Zealand
Authors: Thomson Barbara M. 
Published: March 2009

The salt content of processed foods is important because of the high intake of Na by most New Zealanders. A database of Na concentrations in fifty-eight processed foods was compiled from existing and new data and combined with 24 h diet recall data from two national nutrition surveys (5771 respondents) to derive salt intakes for seven population groups. Mean salt intakes from processed foods ranged from 6·9 g/d for young males aged 19–24 years to 3·5 g/d for children aged 5–6 years. A total of ≥ 50 % of children aged 5–6 years, boys aged 11–14 years and young males aged 19–24 years had salt intakes that exceeded the upper limit for Na, calculated as salt (3·2–5·3 g/d), from processed foods only. Bread accounted for the greatest contribution to salt intake for each population group (35–43 % of total salt intake). Other foods that contributed 2 % or more and common across most age groups were sausage, meat pies, pizza, instant noodles and cheese. The Na concentrations of key foods have changed little over the 16-year period from 1987 to 2003 except for corned beef and whole milk that have decreased by 34 and 50 % respectively. Bread is an obvious target for salt reduction but the implication on iodine intake needs consideration as salt is used as a vehicle for iodine fortification of bread.
Independent and interactive effects of plant sterols and fish oiln-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on the plasma lipid profile of mildly hyperlipidaemic Indian adults
Authors: Khandelwal Shweta , Demonty Isabelle , Jeemon Panniyammakal , Lakshmy Ramakrishnan , Mukherjee Rajat , Gupta Ruby , Snehi Uma , Niveditha Devasenapathy , Singh Yogendra , van der Knaap Henk C. M. , Passi Santosh J. , Prabhakaran Dorairaj , Reddy K. Srinath 
Published: March 2009

The present study was designed to evaluate the independent and interactive effects of a once-a-day yoghurt drink providing 2 g plant sterols/d and capsules providing 2 g fish oiln-3 long-chain (LC) PUFA/d on plasma lipids, apolipoproteins and LDL particle size. Following a 2-week run-in period, 200 mildly hypercholesterolaemic Indian adults aged 35–55 years were randomised into one of four groups of a 2 × 2 factorial, double-blind controlled trial. The 4-week treatments consisted of (1) control yoghurt drink and control capsules, (2) control yoghurt drink and fish oil capsules, (3) plant sterol-enriched yoghurt drink and control capsules, or (4) plant sterol-enriched yoghurt drink and fish oil capsules. Blood was drawn before and after the 4-week intervention. Changes in health status, lifestyle and dietary habits, and daily compliance were recorded. The main effects of plant sterols were a 4·5 % reduction in LDL-cholesterol and a 15 % reduction in TAG without a significant change in HDL-cholesterol. Overall, fish oiln-3 LC-PUFA did not significantly affect cholesterol concentrations but reduced TAG by 15 % and increased HDL-cholesterol by 5·4 %. The combination significantly lowered TAG by 15 %v.control. No significant interaction between plant sterols andn-3 LC-PUFA was observed on plasma cholesterol concentrations. In conclusion, once-a-day intake of 2 g plant sterols/d in a yoghurt drink, 2 g fish oiln-3 LC-PUFA/d in capsules, and their combination had beneficial effects on the lipid profile of mildly hypercholesterolaemic Indian adults. The potent hypotriacylglycerolaemic effect of plant sterols observed in the present study and this population warrants additional investigation.
Trans-10,cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid reduces the hepatic triacylglycerol content and the leptin mRNA level in adipose tissue in obese Zucker fa/fa rats
Authors: Gudbrandsen Oddrun A. , Rodríguez Enrique , Wergedahl Hege , Mørk Sverre , Reseland Janne E. , Skorve Jon , Palou Andreu , Berge Rolf K. 
Published: March 2009

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers have been reported to reduce body weight and beneficially affect glucose metabolism in animals, but the results are inconsistent and seem to depend on animal model and type of CLA isomer. In the present study, feeding male Zucker fa/fa rats diets supplemented with 1 %trans-10,cis-12-CLA for 10 d reduced the liver TAG content without improving the overall adiposity, and enhanced hepatic mitochondrial and peroxisomal β-oxidation. The increased carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT)-I activity and mRNA level as well as the increasedn-3:n-6 PUFA ratio in liver suggest thattrans-10,cis-12-CLA increased the hepatic β-oxidation by stimulation of PPARα. The reduced hepatic TAG content may be partly due to lower activity of stearoyl-CoA desaturase, as the ratios of 18 : 1n-9:18 : 0 and 16 : 1n-7:16 : 0 were reduced in liver.Trans-10,cis-12-CLA increased the CPT-I mRNA in retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (WAT), and increased uncoupling protein-2 mRNA in epididymal and inguinal WAT depots. Leptin mRNA level was decreased in all examined WAT depots, implying reduced insulin sensitivity. The resistin mRNA level was increased in all WAT depots, whereas adiponectin mRNA was reduced in inguinal and retroperitoneal WAT. The present results suggest that dietary supplementation withtrans-10,cis-12-CLA may increase the catabolism of lipids in liver and adipose tissue. Moreover, we provide new data suggesting thattrans-10,cis-12-CLA modulates the expression of resistin and adiponectin inversely in adipose tissue. Hence, the present results suggest thattrans-10,cis-12-CLA may have some beneficial effects on lipid metabolism and adiposity but possibly reduces insulin sensitivity.
Alveolar and cystic echinococcosis: towards novel chemotherapeutical treatment options
Authors: Hemphill A. , Müller J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractEchinococcus granulosusandEchinococcus multilocularisare cestode parasites, of which the metacestode (larval) stages cause the neglected diseases cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE), respectively. The benzimidazoles albendazole and mebendazole are presently used for the chemotherapeutical treatment, alone or prior to and after surgery. However, in AE these benzimidazoles do not appear to be parasiticidalin vivo. In addition, failures in drug treatments as well as the occurrence of side-effects have been reported, leading to discontinuation of treatment or to progressive disease. Therefore, new drugs are needed to cure AE and CE. Strategies that are currently employed in order to identify novel chemotherapeutical treatment options includein vitroandin vivotesting of broad-spectrum anti-infective drugs or drugs that interfere with unlimited proliferation of cancer cells. The fact that the genome ofE. multilocularishas recently been sequenced has opened other avenues, such as the selection of novel drugs that interfere with the parasite signalling machinery, and the application ofin silicoapproaches by employing theEchinococcusgenome information to search for suitable targets for compounds of known mode of action.
Efficiency of Stenger test in confirming profound, unilateral pseudohypacusis
Authors: Durmaz A , Karahatay S , Satar B , Birkent H , Hidir Y 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjective:Conscious and deceptive exaggeration of hearing loss is termed pseudohypacusis. Even though the Stenger test has been used in the management of pseudohypacusis for almost a century, its sensitivity, specificity and predictive values for unilateral pseudohypacusis have not previously been reported, to our best knowledge. We investigated the efficiency of the Stenger test in detecting unilateral pseudohypacusis, accepting auditory brainstem response testing as the ‘gold standard’.Materials and methods:Candidates with questionable profound or total hearing loss were enrolled in the study. Pure tone audiometry, speech and tonal Stenger tests, and click test auditory brainstem response measurement were performed. Accepting auditory brainstem response testing as the gold standard, the sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of the Stenger test for unilateral, profound pseudohypacusis were assessed.Results:Two hundred military candidates were enrolled in the study. The sensitivity and specificity of the Stenger test in verifying unilateral, profound hearing loss were 99.4 and 70 per cent, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values of the test were 87.5 and 98.4 per cent, respectively.Conclusion:The Stenger test is widely used for the evaluation of unilateral or asymmetrical pseudohypacusis. In our opinion, it is a powerfully reliable test. More difficult cases require objective electrophysiological testing to verify functional hearing loss and to exclude specific diagnoses that may imitate pseudohypacusis.
The Political Development of Job Discrimination Litigation, 1963–1976
Authors: Farhang Sean 
Published: March 2009

In lobbying for the job discrimination provisions of the Civil Rights Act (CRA) of 1964, liberal civil rights advocates wanted an administrative job discrimination enforcement regime modeled on the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), with no private lawsuits. Pivotal conservative Republicans, empowered by a divided Democratic Party and the filibuster in the Senate, defeated an administrative framework and provided instead for private lawsuits with incentives for enforcement, including attorney's fees for winning plaintiffs. They were motivated by native suspicion toward bureaucratic regulation of business in general, as well as fear that they would not be able to control an NLRB-style civil rights agency in the hands of their ideological adversaries. In the political environment of 1963–64, some meaningful enforcement provisions were necessary, and to conservative Republicans private litigation was preferable to public bureaucracy.This choice had important self-reinforcing policy feedback effects. Civil rights advocates were initially optimistic about agency implementation and skeptical about the efficacy of private litigation to enforce Title VII, even with attorney's fees for winning plaintiffs. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, however, civil rights advocates observed an agency lacking the material resources and political will and commitment to carry out its mission. At the same time, they observed levels of private enforcement that far exceeded their expectations, as well as courts inclined toward broadly proplaintiff interpretations of Title VII. The CRA of 1964's attorney's fees provisions also had the effect of contributing funds to civil rights groups that prosecuted lawsuits and of conjuring into being a private, for-profit bar to litigate civil rights claims in general, and job discrimination claims in particular. These developments drove a transformation in the enforcement preferences of civil rights groups toward private litigation, weakening their historic support for administrative implementation. Working together with the burgeoning for-profit civil rights bar, they mobilized to expand the fee-shifting provisions of the CRA of 1964 across the entire field of civil rights, which they accomplished by successfully lobbying for enactment of the Civil Rights Attorney's Fees Awards Act of 1976. Thus was created the modern civil rights enforcement framework.
Survey of the Magellanic Clouds at 4.8 and 8.64 GHz
Authors: Dickel John , Gruendl Robert A. , McIntyre Vincent , Amy Shaun , Milne Douglas 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDetailed 4.8 and 8.64 GHz radio images of the entire Large and Small Magellanic Clouds with half-power beamwidths of 35″ at 4.8 GHz and 22″ at 8.64 GHz have been obtained using the Australia Telescope Compact Array. Full polarimetric observations were made. Several thousand mosaic positions were used to cover an area of 6° on a side for the LMC and 4.5° for the SMC. These images have sufficient spatial resolution (~ 8 and 5 pc, respectively) and sensitivity (3σ of 1.5 mJy beam−1) to identify most of the individual supernova remnants and H ii regions and also, in combination with available data from the Parkes 64-m telescope, the structure of the smooth emission in these galaxies. We have recently revised the early data analysis (Dickel et al. 2005) by increasing the CLEAN cutoff limit to recover more intermediate-spacing data and thus present more accurate brightnesses for extended sources. In addition, limited data using the sixth antenna at 4.5 – 6 km baselines are available to distinguish bright point sources (< 3″ and 2″, respectively) and to help estimate sizes of individual sources smaller than the resolution of the full survey. The resulting database will be valuable for statistical studies and comparisons with X-ray, optical, and infrared surveys of the LMC with similar resolution.
New distance and depth estimates from observations of eclipsing binaries in the SMC
Authors: North Pierre L. , Gauderon Romain , Royer Frédéric 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA sample of 33 eclipsing binaries observed in a field of the SMC with FLAMES@VLT is presented. The radial velocity curves obtained, together with existing OGLE light curves, allowed the determination of all stellar and orbital parameters of these binary systems. The mean distance modulus of the observed part of the SMC is 19.05 mag, based on the 26 most reliable systems. Assuming an average error of 0.1 mag on the distance modulus to an individual system, and a gaussian distribution of the distance moduli, we obtain a 2-σ depth of 0.36 mag or 10.6 kpc. Some results on the kinematics of the binary stars and of the H ii gas are also given.
The disruption of the Magellanic Stream
Authors: Bland-Hawthorn J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe present evidence that the accretion of warm gas onto the Galaxy today is at least as important as cold gas accretion. For more than a decade, the source of the bright Hα emission (up to 750 mR†) along the Magellanic Stream has remained a mystery. We present a hydrodynamical model that explains the known properties of the Hα emission and provides new insights on the lifetime of the Stream clouds. The upstream clouds are gradually disrupted due to their interaction with the hot halo gas. The clouds that follow plough into gas ablated from the upstream clouds, leading to shock ionisation at the leading edges of the downstream clouds. Since the following clouds also experience ablation, and weaker Hα (100–200 mR) is quite extensive, a disruptive cascade must be operating along much of the Stream. In order to light up much of the Stream as observed, it must have a small angle of attack (≈ 20°) to the halo, and this may already find support in new H i observations. Another prediction is that the Balmer ratio (Hα/Hβ) will be substantially enhanced due to the slow shock; this will soon be tested by upcoming WHAM observations in Chile. We find that the clouds are evolving on timescales of 100–200 Myr, such that the Stream must be replenished by the Magellanic Clouds at a fairly constant rate (≳ 0.1 M⊙ yr−1). The ablated material falls onto the Galaxy as a warm drizzle; diffuse ionized gas at 104 K is an important constituent of galactic accretion. The observed Hα emission provides a new constraint on the rate of disruption of the Stream and, consequently, the infall rate of metal-poor gas onto the Galaxy. When the ionized component of the infalling gas is accounted for, the rate of gas accretion is ≳ 0.4 M⊙ yr−1, roughly twice the rate deduced from H i observations alone.
Dust in the Magellanic Clouds
Authors: Boulanger François 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe Magellanic Clouds are important templates for studying the role interstellar dust plays as actor and tracer of galaxy evolution. Due to their proximity, the Large and Small Magellanic clouds are uniquely suited to put detailed Galactic dust studies in a global context. With a metal abundance lower than that of the Sun, the Magellanic Clouds also permit to characterize interstellar matter composition and structure as a function of metallicity. The presentation of spectacular results from the AKARI and Spitzer surveys was one of the highlights of this Magellanic Clouds meeting. This paper puts these results in context. I discuss UV extinction and IR emission signatures of carbon and silicate dust. I present diverse evidence of dust processing in the ISM. I illustrate the correlation between the mm emission of dust, and gas column density using Milky Way surveys. I conclude with three main results. Dust in the SMC is not carbon poor. The composition of interstellar dust reflects its processing in interstellar space and thereby depends on local conditions and its past history. In the Magellanic Clouds, far-IR and sub-mm observations are indicating that there may be significantly more cold interstellar matter, cold H i and H2 gas, than estimated from H i and CO observations.
Early results from the SAGE-SMC Spitzer legacy
Authors: Gordon Karl D. , Meixner M. , Blum R. D. , Reach W. , Whitney B. A. , Harris J. , Indebetouw R. , Bolatto A. D. , Bernard J.-P. , Sewilo M. , Babler B. L. , Block M. , Bot C. , Bracker S. , Carlson L. , Churchwell E. , Clayton G. C. , Cohen M. , Engelbracht C. W. , Fukui Y. , Gorjian V. , Hony S. , Hora J. L. , Israel F. , Kawamura A. , Leroy A. K. , Li A. , Madden S. , Marble A. R. , Markwick-Kemper F. , Meade M. , Misselt K. A. , Mizuno A. , Mizuno N. , Muller E. , Oliveira J. M. , Olsen K. , Onishi T. , Paladini R. , Paradis D. , Points S. , Robitaille T. , Rubin D. , Sandstrom K. M. , Sato S. , Shibai H. , Simon J. D. , Smith L. J. , Srinivasan S. , Tielens A. G. G. M. , Vijh U. P. , van Dyk S. , van Loon J. Th. , Volk K. , Zaritsky D. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractEarly results from the SAGE-SMC (Surveying the Agents of Galaxy Evolution in the tidally-disrupted, low-metallicity Small Magellanic Cloud) Spitzer legacy program are presented. These early results concentrate on the SAGE-SMC MIPS observations of the SMC Tail region. This region is the high H i column density portion of the Magellanic Bridge adjacent to the SMC Wing. We detect infrared dust emission and measure the gas-to-dust ratio in the SMC Tail and find it similar to that of the SMC Body. In addition, we find two embedded cluster regions that are resolved into multiple sources at all MIPS wavelengths.
The sub-solar initial mass function in the Large Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Gouliermis Dimitrios A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe Magellanic Clouds offer a unique variety of star forming regions seen as bright nebulae of ionized gas, related to bright young stellar associations. Nowadays, observations with the high resolving efficiency of the Hubble Space Telescope allow the detection of the faintest infant stars, and a more complete picture of clustered star formation in our dwarf neighbors has emerged. I present results from our studies of the Magellanic Clouds, with emphasis in the young low-mass pre-main sequence populations. Our data include imaging with the Advanced Camera for Surveys of the association LH 95 in the Large Magellanic Cloud, the deepest observations ever taken with HST of this galaxy. I discuss our findings in terms of the initial mass function, which we constructed with an unprecedented completeness down to the sub-solar regime, as the outcome of star formation in the low-metallicity environment of the LMC.