bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic susceptibility mapping of brain tissue in vivo using MRI phase data
Authors: Shmueli Karin , de Zwart Jacco A. , van Gelderen Peter , Li Tie‐Qiang , Dodd Stephen J. , Duyn Jeff H. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPhase images in susceptibility‐weighted MRI of brain provide excellent contrast. However, the phase is affected by tissue geometry and orientation relative to the main magnetic field (B0), and phase changes extend beyond areas of altered susceptibility. Magnetic susceptibility, on the other hand, is an intrinsic tissue property, closely reflecting tissue composition. Therefore, recently developed inverse Fourier‐based methods were applied to calculate susceptibility maps from high‐resolution phase images acquired at a single orientation at 7 T in the human brain (in vivo and fixed) and at 11.7 T in fixed marmoset brain. In susceptibility images, the contrast of cortical layers was more consistent than in phase images and was independent of the structures' orientation relative to B0. The contrast of iron‐rich deep‐brain structures (red nucleus and substantia nigra) in susceptibility images agreed more closely with iron‐dominated R images than the phase image contrast, which extended outside the structures. The mean susceptibility in these regions was significantly correlated with their estimated iron content. Susceptibility maps calculated using this method overcome the orientation‐dependence and non‐locality of phase image contrast and seem to reflect underlying tissue composition. Susceptibility images should be easier to interpret than phase images and could improve our understanding of the sources of susceptibility contrast. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The use of female sexuality in Australian alcohol advertising: public policy implications of young adults' reactions to stereotypes
Authors: Jones Sandra C. , Reid Amanda 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Coinciding with the rise of ‘raunch culture’, a new female stereotype has emerged in advertising – the ‘lusty, busty exhibitionist’ who exudes sexual power and confidence. Previous research has generally found that women react less positively to female sexual images in alcohol advertising than males, but different sexual stereotypes have not been explicitly examined. The present study utilizes different types of sexual appeals in three televised advertisements for alcohol brands and investigates the relationship between types of sexual imagery and attitude to the advertisement, stated reasons for (dis)liking the advertisement and purchase intention (PI) among 268 Australian university students. Surprisingly, an advertisement using the new stereotype was actually liked less overall by females than an advertisement using the traditional passive demeaning/sex object stereotype. Females liked all of the advertisements significantly less than males, although there was considerable variation in male attitudes towards an advertisement that was generally perceived to contain sexist or demeaning humour. The findings of our study raise two important cautions for the alcohol (advertising) industry and for public policy. First, advertisers and policy makers need to be aware that a substantial proportion of consumers are offended by such portrayals. Second, in a climate in which consumers and advocates are increasingly voicing concerns over the ineffectiveness of the self‐regulatory system, policy makers need to consider the introduction of a regulatory framework.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evidence for distinct alterations in the FGF axis in prostate cancer progression to an aggressive clinical phenotype
Authors: Murphy Tania , Darby Steve , Mathers Marie E , Gnanapragasam Vincent J 
Published: October 2009

AbstractMultiple fibroblast growth factor (FGF) axis alterations are known to occur in prostate cancer. Here we simultaneously profiled key components of this axis to determine their relevance in disease progression. An optimized immunohistochemistry protocol was used in expression analysis of FGF2, FGF8, FGFR1, FGFR4, and Sef (similar expression to FGF) in a single TMA of prostate cancer. FGF ligands and receptors were overexpressed in cancers compared to benign samples (p < 0.0001), while Sef expression was reduced (p < 0.0001). There was a positive association between higher grades and increased FGFR4 (p = 0.02), FGF2, and FGF8 (p = 0.002 and p < 0.0001). Sef expression was progressively lower with increasing grade (p = 0.005). Clinical stage was positively associated with FGF2, FGF8, and FGFR4 expression (p = 0.005, 0.03, and 0.012) but not with FGFR1 or Sef expression. Only reduced Sef was associated with bone metastasis (p = 0.02) and was also predictive of subsequent metastasis in initially localized tumours (p = 0.004). Down‐regulation of Sef and increased FGFR4 were also the only independent variables associated with disease‐specific survival (HR 1.73, p = 0.04 and HR 0.56, p = 0.01). In in vitro studies, silencing Sef enhanced the cell response to FGFs (p < 0.001) and substantially mitigated the effectiveness of an FGFR1 inhibitor. Conversely, increased Sef blocked the response to FGFs and had a comparable suppressive effect to the inhibitor. This study demonstrates that increased FGFR4 and reduced Sef may be critical FGF alterations associated with prostate cancer progression. Sef may also have a role in the tumour response to FGFR inhibition and warrants further investigation in this context. Copyright © 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kurzgefasste Geschichte der Malaria‐Chemotherapie. Von Zwiebeln bis zum Artemisinin
Authors: Hempelmann Ernst , Tesarowicz Iwona , Oleksyn Barbara J. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractMalaria ist der Überbegriff für drei verschiedene von Parasiten der Gattung Plasmodium hervorgerufene und von Mücken der Gattung Anopheles übertragene Infektionskrankheiten des Menschen. Ungefähr die Hälfte der Weltbevölkerung lebt in Regionen, in denen Malaria endemisch oder epidemisch auftritt. Nach Angaben der World Health Organization (WHO) sind im Jahre 2006 weltweit 881.000 Menschen an Malaria gestorben. Über 90 % der Todesfälle kommen in Afrika südlich der Sahara vor; die häufigsten Opfer sind Kinder unter 5 Jahren. Zur Infektions‐Bekämpfung stehen neben der Vernichtung der Anopheles‐Mücken nur eine begrenzte Zahl von Medikamenten zur Verfügung.
Use of array comparative genomic hybridization for prenatal diagnosis of fetuses with sonographic anomalies and normal metaphase karyotype
Authors: Kleeman Linda , Bianchi Diana W. , Shaffer Lisa G. , Rorem Emily , Cowan Janet , Craigo Sabrina D. , Tighiouart Hocine , Wilkins‐Haug Louise E. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo prospectively study the addition of array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to the prenatal evaluation of fetal structural anomalies.MethodsPregnant women carrying fetuses with a major structural abnormality were recruited at the time of invasive procedure for chromosome analysis. Only women whose fetuses had a normal karyotype (n = 50) were subsequently evaluated by array CGH using one of two arrays (1887 clones covering 622 loci or subsequently 4685 clones covering 1500 loci).ResultsThe mean gestational age of the fetuses was 24.5 weeks (range 11–38 weeks). The most prevalent anomalies were cardiac, central nervous system, skeletal, and urogenital. The median turnaround time for culturing and array CGH diagnosis was 18 days (range 2–72). Four of 50 fetuses had abnormal array results. One (2%) was clinically significant and three (6%) were inherited or benign variants.ConclusionsArray CGH studies in fetuses with sonographic anomalies and normal metaphase karyotype detected clinically significant copy number alterations in 1 of 50 cases. This percentage (2%) is consistent with prior prenatal reports. Further studies are warranted to more precisely identify which fetal anomalies are associated with copy number alterations of clinical significance. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First trimester pregnancy associated plasma protein‐A as a marker for poor pregnancy outcome in patients with early‐onset fetal growth restriction
Authors: Fox Nathan S. , Chasen Stephen T. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether pregnancy associated plasma protein‐A (PAPP‐A) can be used to identify pregnancies at risk for poor perinatal outcomes among patients with second trimester fetal growth restriction (FGR).MethodsWe analyzed outcomes for singleton pregnancies of patients with evidence of FGR in the second trimester who also had first trimester serum PAPP‐A measured for aneuploidy risk assessment. We excluded pregnancies with aneuploidy, major anomalies, fetal infection, or second trimester premature rupture of membranes (PPROM).ResultsOne hundred and ninety eight pregnancies with second trimester FGR and first trimester serum PAPP‐A measurements were identified. PAPP‐A below the fifth percentile was associated with an increased rate of third trimester SGA (50% vs 11%, p = 0.012), preterm birth (33.3% vs 8%, p = 0.039), NICU admission (33.3% vs 8%, p = 0.039), intrauterine or neonatal death (20% vs 0%, p = 0.002), smaller median birth weight (2975g vs 3085g, p = 0.026), and earlier median gestational age at delivery (38.14 weeks vs 39.86 weeks, p = 0.004). PAPP‐A values below the 10th percentile and below the 25th percentile were also associated with poor outcomes.ConclusionPAPP‐A appears to be a useful marker for neonatal outcome in patients diagnosed with second trimester FGR. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone by a new yttrium complex: Y[2,2′‐ethylidene‐bis(4,6‐di‐tert‐butylphenoxy)]2(ethylene glycol dimethyl ether)Na(ethylene glycol dimethyl ether)3
Authors: Wu Guangming , Liu Jiachu , Sun Weilin , Shen Zhiquan , Ni Xufeng 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe main aims of the work reported here were to synthesize and characterize a new 2,2′‐ethylidene‐bis(4,6‐di‐tert‐butylphenol) (EDBPH2)‐based bimetal yttrium complex, Y(EDBP)2(DME)Na(DME)3 (1c; where DME is ethylene glycol dimethyl ether), which was employed as an efficient initiator for the ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone (ε‐CL). From single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, the solid structure of this new bimetal initiator was well established. Experimental results show that 1c initiates the ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐CL to afford poly(ε‐CL) with a narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn = 1.09–1.36, 65 °C). Based on an in situ NMR study, a plausible coordination–insertion mechanism is then proposed. The bimetal complex 1c can be used as an initiator for the ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐CL with some living characteristics. A study of the mechanism reveals that DME displacement in 1c by ε‐CL is involved in the initiation process and the propagation may proceed through three pathways by NaO insertion or YO insertion. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Vapor‐phase polymerization of pyrrole on flexible substrate at low temperature and its application in heat generation
Authors: Shang Songmin , Yang Xiaoming , Tao Xiao‐ming , Lam Song Song 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe vapor‐phase polymerization of pyrrole to form conducting polypyrrole (PPy) films was applied to coat flexible poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fabrics. A PPy‐coated PET fabric surface resistance of 200–20 000 Ω□−1 was obtained. The polymerization conditions, such as the concentration of oxidant and the reaction time and temperature, were systematically investigated. The coated fabric samples exhibited increasing temperatures when subjected to a fixed DC voltage. This result indicates the potential of these PPy‐coated fabric materials for heating applications. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparative analyses of the proteomes of leaves and flowers at various stages of development reveal organ‐specific functional differentiation of proteins in soybean
Authors: Ahsan Nagib , Komatsu Setsuko 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe functional differentiation of protein networks in individual organs and tissues of soybean at various developmental stages was investigated by proteomic approach. Protein extraction by Mg/NP‐40 buffer followed by alkaline phenol‐based method was optimized for proteomic analysis. Proteome analyses of leaves at various developmental stages showed 26 differentially expressed proteins, wherein proteins in translocon at the outer/inner envelope membrane of chloroplast protein‐transport machineries increased significantly at the first trifoliate. Immunoblot analysis showed chaperonin‐60 expressed abundantly in young leaves, whereas HSP 70 and ATP‐synthase β were constitutively expressed in all tissues. The net photosynthesis rate and chlorophyll content showed an age‐dependent correlation in leaves. These results suggest that proteins involved in carbon assimilation, folding and assembly, and energy may work synchronously and show a linear correlation to photosynthesis at developmental stages of leaves. Comparison of flower bud and flower proteome reveals 29 differentially expressed proteins, wherein proteins involved in mitochondrial protein transport and assembly, secondary metabolism, and pollen‐tube growth were up‐regulated during flower development. Together, these results suggest that during developmental stages, each type of tissue is associated with a specific group of proteins; wherein proteins involved in energy, sugar metabolism, and folding, assembly, and destination may play pivotal roles in the maturation process of each organ or tissue.
Stepped association of comb‐like and stimuli‐responsive graft chitosan copolymer synthesized using ATRP and active ester conjugation methods
Authors: Bao Hongqian , Hu Jinhua , Gan Leong Huat , Li Lin 
Published: October 2009

AbstractHerein, we report the synthesis of a comb‐like pH‐sensitive graft copolymer, poly[(2‐dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate]‐graft‐chitosan, using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and active ester conjugation methods. The utilization of ATRP guaranteed the narrow molecular weight distribution of the side chains, which further led to the low polydispersity of the copolymer aggregates. The active ester reaction took place in the mild and homogeneous solutions, and the graft ratio reached 58%. The pH‐responsive association behavior of the graft copolymer in aqueous solution was examined by potentiometric titration, laser light scattering, surface tensiometry, and transmission electron microscopy. Because of the difference in proton dissociation between the amine groups of chitosan and DMAEMA segments, the copolymer exhibited the different conformations with pH variation: random coils at pH ∼ 4, core‐shell structured micelles at pH 5–6, double‐layered hard spheres at pH ∼ 7, and larger aggregates at pH ∼ 8. The beneath mechanism cause the microstructure changes as a function of pH was discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 6682–6692, 2009
Effect of fibril arrangement on crack trapping in a film‐terminated fibrillar interface
Authors: Liu Jingzhou , Hui Chung‐Yuen , Jagota Anand 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWe present a three‐dimensional (3D) model for adhesion enhancement due to crack trapping in a film‐terminated fibrillar structure. Adhesion enhancement occurs due to trapping of the interfacial crack in the region between fibrils. Energy release to the crack tip is attenuated because, between fibrils, it has to pass through the compliant terminal film. Using perturbation theory and a finite element method, we solve for the shape of crack front, which is unknown. Our model thus also allows us to study how adhesion enhancement depends on the arrangement of fibrils. For example, our model explains why, for a fixed area density of fibrils and for similar crack orientations, hexagonal arrays have higher adhesion than square arrays. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 2368–2384, 2009
Broadband Optical Antireflection of Plastic Optics by Molded Stochastic Sub‐wavelength Structures
Authors: Ehret Gerd , Buhr Egbert , Gäbler Stefan , Bitzer Hans‐Martin 
Published: October 2009

AbstractStochastic sub‐wavelength structures with lateral sizes of below 100 nm and heights of about 250 nm were produced on polymer surfaces by plasma treatment. From these master samples, an embossing nickel tool was manufactured, which, in turn, was used to replicate the master surface form by hot embossing in plastic materials. The geometry of the produced nanostructures was quantified by scanning electron microscopy. The optical surface reflectance of both the master and the replicated samples were measured in the visible wavelength range. A significant reduction of optical reflectance from the expected 4% of untreated surfaces, to less than 0.5% of the master samples, and to values between 1% and 2% of the replicated samples was achieved. The optical reflectance of the stochastic structures was calculated by a finite element‐based rigorous solution of the Maxwell equations. The modeled results show a good agreement with experimental data.magnified image
Different interfaces to crystalline ZnO nanorods and their applications
Authors: Willander M. , Asif M. H. , Zaman S. , Zainelabdin A. , Bano N. , Al‐Hilli S. M. , Nur O. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn this paper we will demonstrate the growth of crystalline ZnO nanorods on different substrates including some of crystalline as well as amorphous nature. The application of these ZnO nanorods to optoelectronics and to bioelectronics will be highlighted. We demonstrate the fabrication of n‐ZnO nanorods/p‐type substrates and fabricated light emitting diodes (LEDs) based on these structures. Among the presented LEDs, a hybrid configuration based on the integration of p‐type polymers on flexible plastic provides a potential for developing large area white LEDs. Moreover, ZnO nanorods based intracellular measurements using bare and functionalized ZnO surfaces were demonstrated to be a valuable non‐destructive tool for obtaining intracellular measurements paving the way for a wealth of intracellular information. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Acute stress disorder in the paediatric surgical children and adolescents injured during the Wenchuan earthquake in China
Authors: Liu Kezhi , Liang Xuemei , Guo Lanting , Li Yuan , Li Xirong , Xin Bo , Huang Mingjin , Li Yuanyuan 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence and symptoms of acute stress disorder (ASD) in the paediatric surgical children and adolescents injured during the Wenchuan earthquake in China. One hundred eighteen children and adolescent inpatients were surveyed by the ASD scale (ASDS) within 1 month of the earthquake. Using the validated ASDS score above cut‐off threshold levels, the incidence of ASD in this sample was 54.3 per cent. The morbidity of ASD were 56.1, 24.6 and 19.3 per cent in the child, in the early adolescent and in the middle adolescent, respectively. There was no significant difference among the three age groups about the severity of ASD symptom. The proportions of ASD positive were 44.0 per cent in boys and 63.6 per cent in girls that showed significant difference. The exposure risk factors were being buried in the earthquake, injury of parent, injury of relatives, amputation and operation. These results indicated that ASD was widely prevalent among the children and adolescents wounded in the earthquake, which needed an effective psychosocial intervention. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non Cell-Autonomous Reprogramming of Adult Ocular Progenitors: Generation of Pluripotent Stem Cells without Exogenous Transcription Factors
Authors: Balasubramanian Sudha , Babai Norbert , Chaudhuri Anathbandhu , Qiu Fang , Bhattacharya Sumitra , Dave Bhavana J. , Parameswaran Sowmya , Carson Steve D. , Thoreson Wallace B , Sharp John G. , Rao Mahendra , Ahmad Iqbal 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Direct reprogramming of differentiated cells to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells by ectopic expression of defined transcription factors (TFs) represents a significant breakthrough towards the use of stem cells in regenerative medicine (Takahashi and Yamanaka Cell 2006;126:663–676). However, the virus-mediated expression of exogenous transcription factors could be potentially harmful and, therefore, represents a barrier to the clinical use of iPS cells. Several approaches, ranging from plasmid-mediated TF expression to introduction of recombinant TFs (Yamanaka Cell 2009;137:13–17; Zhou, Wu, Joo et al. Cell Stem Cell 2009;4:381–384), have been reported to address the risk associated with viral integration. We describe an alternative strategy of reprogramming somatic progenitors entirely through the recruitment of endogenous genes without the introduction of genetic materials or exogenous factors. To this end, we reprogrammed accessible and renewable progenitors from the limbal epithelium of adult rat eye by microenvironment-based induction of endogenous iPS cell genes. Non cell-autonomous reprogramming generates cells that are pluripotent and capable of differentiating into functional neurons, cardiomyocytes, and hepatocytes, which may facilitate autologous cell therapy to treat degenerative diseases.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Absolute phase in mobile channels
Authors: Ren Jinyun , Vaughan Rodney G. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractRadio channels are usually modeled as a well‐defined Rice process. The statistics of its wrapped phase (i.e., phase values in [−π,π)), such as the mean, variance, and probability density function (pdf), are known. The absolute phase, i.e., the accumulated phase change over an observation interval, is considered here as a new channel variable. Its use for channel characterization can extend to cognitively track users. However, there is very little knowledge about the statistics of the absolute phase. In fact, the known, associated effects of the absolute phase, such as various click noise contributions, are not consistently treated or interpreted in the literature. The definitions of absolute phase, based on both unwrapping and on other methods previously discussed for FM receivers, lay a basis for analysis of the mean, variance, and pdf of the absolute phase for a well‐defined Rice process. The conditions are identified for approximate pdf models to hold, and it is noted that pdfs for the absolute phase for small or medium Rice factor and small observation interval are open problems. Simulations are used to support the analysis and discussion. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.