bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic review of the effectiveness of weight management schemes for the under fives
Authors: Bond M. , Wyatt K. , Lloyd J. , Taylor R. 
Published: February 2010

SummaryOverweight and obesity in pre‐school children are an increasing problem, with poor diet and exercise habits laying the foundation for serious health risks in later life. Yet most research into childhood obesity has focused on school‐age children. Two previous systematic reviews of pre‐school children have included uncontrolled designs and self‐report outcomes potentially biasing the results in favour of the interventions. We have conducted a systematic review of the effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of weight management schemes for the under fives restricting the inclusion criteria to controlled trials with objective measures. We found four effectiveness randomized controlled trials of prevention. No treatment or cost‐effectiveness studies were found. Only one study in a Latino community showed a statistically significant advantage from the intervention in a slower rate of increase in body mass index. However, trends in decrease in body mass index and weight loss favoured the intervention groups in other studies. From the studies characteristics we hypothesize that important features to include in future interventions may be; cultural sensitivity, sustained moderate to vigorous exercise, active engagement of the parents in the programme and as role models of healthy living and active engagement of the children in nutrition education. Further randomized controlled trials are needed in this population.
High level of primary drug resistance in Mali
Authors: Haidara A , Chamberland A , Sylla M , Aboubacrine SA , Cissé M , Traore HA , Maiga MY , Tounkara A , Nguyen VK , Tremblay C ,   for the Appuyer le Traitement Anti Rétroviral en Afrique de l'Ouest (ATARAO) Group 1
Published: February 2010

BackgroundAs access to antiretroviral drugs increases in developing countries, it will become increasingly important to monitor the emergence of resistance and to define the molecular pathways involved to identify optimal therapeutic regimens.MethodsWe performed genotypic resistance testing on plasma obtained from 101 HIV‐infected treatment‐naïve individuals from Mali. Genotyping was carried out using the Virco protocols and HXB2 was used as the reference strain.ResultsCRF02_AG was the most common subtype, present in 71.3% of our patient population. Other subtypes included B, C, G, CRF06_CPX, CRF09_CPX, CRF01_AE, A2/CRF16_A2D, A1 and CRF13_CPX. A total of 9.9% [95% confidence interval (CI) 6.9–12.9%] of patients had at least one resistance mutation. The prevalences of mutations conferring resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs) were 5% (95% CI 0.7–9.2%), 6% (95% CI 1.3–10.6%) and 0%, respectively. The most frequent mutations were T215A/Y for NRTIs and K103N/T for NNRTIs. One patient harboured three NRTI resistance mutations and one NNRTI mutation. This is the first reported case of multi‐drug‐resistant viral transmission in Mali. Polymorphisms at protease codons 10I/V and 33F potentially associated with resistance were observed in 18.8% and 1% of patients, respectively. Several polymorphisms in the C‐terminal domain of reverse transcriptase were observed: A371V (in 63.4% of patients), G335D (76.2%), E399D (10.9%) and G333E (1%).ConclusionPrimary resistance was seen in 9.9% of subjects, which is higher than previously reported in Mali. Taking into consideration other polymorphisms in protease such as L10I/V and 33F, primary resistance could reach 28.7% (95% CI 19.9–37.5%). Our study reflects the need to monitor the evolution of resistance on a regular basis and trends of transmitted resistance.
Upper gastrointestinal endoscopic findings in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Nkuize M , De Wit S , Muls V , Arvanitakis M , Buset M 
Published: February 2010

BackgroundThe current literature suggests that there has been a decrease in opportunistic diseases among HIV‐infected patients since the widespread introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in 1995.ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to investigate the impact of HAART and CD4 lymphocyte count on diseases of the upper gastrointestinal (UGI) tract, digestive symptoms, and endoscopic and histological observations.MethodsA review of 706 HIV‐infected patients who underwent GI endoscopy was undertaken. The cohort was divided into three groups: group 1 (G1), pre‐HAART, consisting of 239 patients who underwent endoscopy between January 1991 and December 1994; group 2 (G2), early HAART, consisting of 238 patients who underwent endoscopy between January 1999 and December 2002; and group 3 (G3), recent HAART, consisting of 229 patients who underwent endoscopy between January 2005 and December 2008. Parameters studied included age, gender, opportunistic chemoprophylaxis, antiretroviral therapies, CD4 cell counts, symptoms, observations at the first UGI endoscopy and histology.ResultsWhen G1, G2 and G3 were compared, significant increases were seen over time in the following parameters: the percentage of women, the mean CD4 cell count, and the frequencies of reflux symptoms, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), inflammatory gastropathy, gastric ulcer and Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection. Significant decreases were seen in the frequencies of the administration of anti‐opportunistic infection prophylaxis, odynophagia/dysphagia, acute/chronic diarrhoea, candida oesophagitis, nonspecific oesophageal ulcer and Kaposi sarcoma. No significant change was observed in the other parameters, i.e. digestive bleeding, duodenal ulcer and inflammatory duodenopathy.ConclusionThese results suggest a correlation between the improvement of immunity as a result of more efficient antiviral therapy and the decrease in the frequency of digestive diseases in AIDS, mainly opportunistic pathologies. However, HP infection, reflux symptoms and GERD have increased in the HAART era.
Prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV in Denmark, 1994–2008
Authors: Von Linstow ML , Rosenfeldt V , Lebech AM , Storgaard M , Hornstrup T , Katzenstein TL , Pedersen G , Herlin T , Valerius NH , Weis N 
Published: February 2010

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to describe trends in the management of pregnancies in HIV‐infected women and their outcomes over a 14‐year period in Denmark on a national basis.MethodsThe study was a retrospective cohort study of all HIV‐infected women in Denmark giving birth to one or more children between 1 June 1994 and 30 June 2008.ResultsWe identified 210 HIV‐infected women with 255 pregnancies, ranging from 7 per year in 1995 to 39 per year in 2006. Thirty per cent of the women were Caucasian and 51% were Black African. Knowledge of HIV status before pregnancy increased from 8% (four of 49) in 1994–1999 to 80% (164 of 206) in 2000–2008. Only 29% (53 of 183) of the women chose to consult an infectious disease specialist when planning pregnancy, while 14% (27 of 199) received assistance with fertility. The proportion of women on antiretroviral therapy (ART) increased from 76% (37 of 49) in 1994–1999 to 98% (201 of 206) in 2000–2008. Vaginal deliveries ranged from 0 in 2003 to 35% of pregnancies in 2007. Mother‐to‐child transmission (MTCT) of HIV decreased from 10.4% in 1994–1999 to 0.5% in 2000–2008. All women giving birth to an HIV‐positive child were diagnosed with HIV during or after delivery and did not receive prophylactic ART.ConclusionsThe annual number of HIV pregnancies increased fivefold during this 14‐year period and substantial changes in pregnancy management were seen. No woman treated according to the national guidelines, i.e. ART before week 22, intravenous zidovudine (ZDV) during labour, neonatal ZDV for 4 to 6 weeks and no breastfeeding, transmitted HIV to her child.
Lay people's language problems
Authors: Janicki Karol 
Published: February 2010

This paper takes up the question of what lay language users conceive of as language‐related problems. A total of 1,076 subjects were recruited for the study. The data were collected from native speakers of English (American and Canadian), Norwegian, Lithuanian, Polish, Japanese, Dutch, Italian, Spanish (Chilean), German, Cantonese, and Mandarin. The subjects were asked questions intended to disclose what language‐related problems they thought they had experienced. ‘Understanding problems’ were reported by most subjects. The second most frequently reported language‐related problem was the difficulty in expressing verbally the complex non‐verbal reality, for instance, emotions. If one wants to address language‐related problems that have been very frequently indicated by many ordinary lay language users, problems concerning understanding should be given priority.Der Artikel befasst sich mit der Frage, was für Laien sprachliche Probleme darstellen. 1076 Probanden wurden für die Studie herangezogen. Die Daten wurden von Muttersprachlern des Amerikanischen und Kanadischen Englisch, des Norwegischen, des Litauischen, des Polnischen, des Japanischen, des Niederländischen, des Chilenischen Spanisch, des Deutschen, des Kantonesischen und des Mandarins ermittelt. Den Probanden wurden Fragen gestellt, die aufzeigen sollten, welche Art sprachlicher Probleme sie glaubten erfahren zu haben. Von den meisten Probanden wurden Verständnisprobleme genannt. Das am zweithäufigsten genannte Sprachproblem war die Schwierigkeit, die komplexe nichtsprachliche Realität, wie zum Beispiel Gefühle, sprachlich auszudrücken. Wenn man die Sprachprobleme ansprechen möchte, die am häufigsten von Laien genannt werden, sollte Verständnisproblemen die größte Priorität beigemessen werden.
Redefining multicompetence for bilingualism and ELF
Authors: Alptekin Cem 
Published: February 2010

Cook's construct of multicompetence has been criticized for not being usage‐based and for failing to account for language variation associated with different contexts and interlocutors. This paper argues that a usage‐based reconceptualization of multicompetence should involve not only bilingualism but also biculturalism, so that it can accommodate bilinguals' sense of their own reality as well as that of the native speaker. The paper then argues for a reconceptualization of multicompetence that accounts for ELF, whose users operate in an ‘interculture’ of bilingualism with multiculturalism. Operating in an interculture involves having a sense of one's own reality and that of other ELF users. Thus, usage‐based multicompetence for bilingualism should be distinguished from that for ELF with regard to native‐speaker norms and conventions of accuracy and appropriateness.Cook'un çokdillilik kurgusu dil kullanımına yönelik olmaması ve farklı bağlam ve muhataplarla ilintili olarak dilde değişkenliği dikkate almaması nedeniyle eleştirilmiştir. Bu makale, dil kullanımına odaklı bir çokdillilik olgusunu irdeleyerek, bunun ikidilliliği olduğu kadar ikikültürlülüğü de içermesi gereğini savunmaktadır. Şöyle ki, çokdilliliğin bu doğrultuda yeniden kavramsallaştırılması ikidillilerin hem kendi gerçekliklerini hem de salt anadilini konuşan tek dillilerin gerçekliğini algılamalarını sağlayacaktır. Makale daha sonra ikidillilik ve çokkültürlülük içeren bir ‘arakültür’ de ELF kullanma durumunda olanları da içeren yeni bir çokdillilik kavramının oluşturulması gereği üzerinde durmakta ve arakültürde dil kullanımının kişinin kendi gerçekliği ile diğer ELF kullanıcılarının değişik gerçekliklerinin bilincinde olmasına bağlı olduğuna değinmektedir. Sonuç olarak, ikinci dil öğreniminde normatif açıdan model alınan o dili anadil olarak konuşanların dilbilimsel ve edimbilimsel kurallarına uyumun, ELF kullanımını içeren ikidillilik için geçerli olamayacağını belirtmektedir.
Unravelling the tectonothermal evolution of reworked Archean granulite facies metapelites using in situ geochronology: an example from the Gawler Craton, Australia
Authors: DUTCH R. A. , HAND M. , KELSEY D. E. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe use of in situ geochronological techniques allows for direct age constraints to be placed on fabric development and the metamorphic evolution of polydeformed and reworked terranes. The Shoal Point region of the southern Gawler Craton consists of a series of reworked granulite facies metapelitic and metaigneous units which belong to the Late Archean Sleaford Complex. Structural evidence indicates three phases of fabric development with D1 retained within boudins, D2 consisting of a series of upright open to isoclinal folds producing an axial planar fabric and D3 composed of a highly planar vertical high‐strain fabric which overprints the D2 fabric. Th–U–total Pb EPMA monazite and garnet Sm–Nd geochronology constrain the D1 event to the c. 2450 Ma Sleaford Orogeny, whereas the D2 and D3 events are constrained to the 1730–1690 Ma Kimban Orogeny. P–T pseudosections constrain the metamorphic conditions for the Sleafordian Orogeny to between 4.5 and 6 kbar and between 750 and 780 °C. Subsequent Kimban‐aged reworking reached peak metamorphic conditions of 8–9 kbar at 820–850 °C during the D2 event, followed by high‐temperature decompression to metamorphic conditions <6 kbar and 790–850 °C associated with the development of the D3 high‐strain fabric. The P–T–t evolution of the Shoal Point rocks reflects the transpressional exhumation of lower crustal rocks during the Kimban Orogeny and the development of a regional ‘flower structure’.
Cytogenetic characterization of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines as model systems for the functional analyses of tumor‐associated genes
Authors: Freier Kolja , Hofele Christof , Knoepfle Karl , Gross Madeleine , Devens Frauke , Dyckhoff Gerhard , Plinkert Peter , Lichter Peter , Herold‐Mende Christel 
Published: February 2010

J Oral Pathol Med (2010) 39: 382–389Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a solid malignant neoplasm exhibiting aggressive phenotypes and high recurrence rates. To improve its clinical management, understanding the molecular basis of HNSCC development is of critical importance. For the investigation of tumor‐associated genes, functional analyses in well‐characterized tumor cell systems are required. To establish an experimental platform, a set of 20 HNSCC cell lines was screened for genetic imbalances by chromosomal comparative genomic hybridization (cCGH). Frequent DNA copy number gains were detected on 3q26.3‐qter, 5p, 7p11‐p13, 8q23‐qter, 9p11‐p13, 9q31‐qter, 11q13 and 20q13.1, whereas copy number losses were found on 3p, 4p, 4q32.1‐qter, 8p11‐p12 and 18q22 in agreement with previous observations on genetic aberrations detected in primary HNSCC specimens. Subsequent mRNA expression analysis of 11q13 candidate genes CCND1 and CTTN revealed that HNSCC cell lines exhibiting a DNA copy number gain on 11q13 had a higher transcript level of CCND1 and CTTN compared with HNSCC cell lines without 11q13 copy number gain (P = 0.014 and P = 0.009, respectively). Furthermore, CCND1 and CTTN amplification as detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization correlated with protein expression as assessed by immunocytochemistry. In summary, the cytogenetic characterization illustrates that this set of HNSCC cell lines is representative for the HNSCC genome and provides tumor model systems for detailed analysis of genes with a possible role in the pathomechanism of head and neck tumors.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: The Effect of High Gravidity on the Carcinogenesis of Mammary Gland in TA2 Mice
Authors: Wang Xuan , Huang Chun , Sun Baocun , Gu Yanjun , Cui Yanfen , Zhao Xiulan , Li Yan , Zhang Shiwu 
Published: February 2010

Citation Wang X, Huang C, Sun B, Gu Y, Cui Y, Zhao X, Li Y, Zhang S. The effect of high gravidity on the carcinogenesis of mammary gland in TA2 mice. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010ProblemSpontaneous breast cancer in Tientsin Albinao 2 (TA2) mice, like human pregnancy‐associated breast cancer (PABC), often occurs in pregnancy and puerperium, especially in mice with high gravidity. We hypothesized that the dysfunction of cellular immunity caused by the increase of 17β‐estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) might be one of the reasons for carcinogenesis of mammary gland.Method of studyWe investigated the T lymphocyte subsets and the concentration of serum hormone and cytokines in cancer‐bearing, pregnant or postpartum TA2 mice using flow cytometry, chemiluminescent immunoassay, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively.ResultsThe number of T lymphocytes and the concentration of E2, P, interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), IL‐4, and interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) changed with the increase of pregnancy and puerperium. During four pregnancies, elevated E2 and P resulted in a decrease in the number of CD3+, CD4+ T lymphocytes, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, and the concentration of IL‐2, IL‐4, and IFN‐γ. Data in the fourth pregnancy were the closest to those of cancer‐bearing mice.ConclusionT lymphocyte subsets and concentration of IL‐2, IL‐4, and IFN‐γ are affected by E2 and P during multiple pregnancy and delivery to some degree, which may contribute to the genesis of spontaneous breast cancer in TA2 mice.
Paul and the Old Testament – His Legacy and Ours
Authors: Turner Geoffrey 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe legacy that Paul received was the Jewish scriptures that he quoted extensively in Greek from the Septuagint. This was a legacy not widely appreciated, for various theological reasons, until relatively recently. However, a count of Paul's citations, quotations from and allusions to scripture comes to over 250. Paul's thinking was framed by his re-reading of scripture and emphasises how Jewish was his historical context and theological frame of reference. How this affects our interpretation of Paul's theology is illustrated by four examples from Wisdom, the Psalms in general, Ps 78 in particular, and Paul's rewriting of the Shema Israel in 1 Cor 8.6. There are some brief comments on the difficulties that Paul's use of scripture leaves us with.
St. Paul and Ecumenism: Justification and All That
Authors: Murray Paul D. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAfter some opening reflections on the place of justification in recent Pauline scholarship, the essential argument is that both Catholic and Lutheran readings of Paul on justification, regardless of their strict exegetical accuracy, serve to articulate key principles of Christian existence under grace which need not only to be conjoined or placed alongside each other but need to be allowed, in the spirit of Receptive Ecumenism, to inform each other. In the Catholic case the need is for an expansion in the direction of a more effective and genuinely Pauline emphasis on the dynamism of grace. There are three sections. First, a detailed exploration, presented in a number of subsections, of the historic theological background to the issues at stake in the ecumenical dialogues and the way in which these might be best conceptualised. Second, situated against this backdrop is a summary exposition of some of the key achievements of the 1999 affirmation of the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification by the Lutheran World Federation and the Roman Catholic Church. Third, note is taken of some of the criticisms that have been made of the Joint Declaration, identifying the need for receptive ecumenical learning if its best intentions are to be realised. This generic need is illustrated in relation to one area of potential receptive Catholic learning from Lutheranism concerning the effective dynamism of grace and the character of Christian life as confident trust in this as a continually renewed event.
Paul and the Philosophers: Alain Badiou and the Event
Authors: Barclay John M.G. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis essay discusses the reading of Paul offered by the contemporary French philosopher, Alain Badiou. Badiou's emphasis on event and unconditioned grace is supported by readings from Galatians, such that his philosophical notion of ‘event’, with its militant and universal effects, may claim real consonance with Paul. However, Paul's strong notions of divine creation from nothing, and of the benevolence of the Christ event, require that God be reinserted into Paul's theology, while Badiou's focus on the resurrection, rather than the cross, misses the social radicalism latent in Paul.
Best Guess method: A further external validation study and comparison with other methods
Authors: Casey Julian , Borland Meredith 
Published: February 2010

AbstractObjective:  Validation of the ‘Best Guess’ weight estimation method on a geographically divergent external sample of children, plus comparison with APLS and Broselow weight estimation methodsMethods:  Prospective cross‐sectional analytical study at Princess Margaret Hospital Emergency Department. A convenience sample of children aged 0–14 years recruited from May to June 2008. Age, sex, ethnicity, height and actual weight obtained. Agreement between the methods is reported as a comparative mean and distribution of the percentage error, plus the proportion of instances where the error exceeded 20% of the measured weight.Results:  A total of 1235 children were included. The ‘Best Guess’ method was the most accurate, particularly in children aged 1–4 years (mean percentage error +1.69%). In other age groups it overestimated weight, with mean percentage errors ranging from 3.41% to 6.25%. Across all age groups the Broselow method was most precise, with tendency to underestimate weight across age groups with mean percentage errors ranging from −5.28% to −7.24%. The APLS method was least accurate and precise, with mean percentage errors ranging from −12.61% to −17.36%. Net weight underestimation errors exceeding 20% were associated with increased mean body mass index.Conclusion:  The Best Guess weight estimation method is accurate, especially in children aged 1–4 years. It moderately overestimates weight in other ages. The Broselow method was more precise, whereas the APLS method was the least accurate and precise of all. The ease of use of the Broselow method argues for greater use in the ED and prehospital setting.
Emergency medicine in the Netherlands
Authors: Holmes John L 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe Dutch health‐care system provides high‐quality inpatient care, but emergency care apart from trauma is poorly developed. A model for emergency medicine based on Anglo‐American and Australasian principles was introduced in 2000, and a national integrated training curriculum was introduced in 2007. There exist many impediments and opposition to the acceptance of emergency medicine as a defined discipline. Despite this emergency medicine became a recognized specialty this year (2009). The present paper gives an overview of the Dutch health‐care system and the history, current status, training and future development of emergency medicine in the Netherlands.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a resuscitation measure in the emergency department
Authors: Leung Julie , Finckh Andrew S , Jansz Paul , Pye Roger , Nicholls Mark , Wilson Stephanie H 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA 53‐year‐old man presented to the ED with refractory ventricular fibrillation secondary to an occluded proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. We report the first case of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation instituted in our ED. It is one of the few reports in the literature of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation being utilized in the ED as a resuscitation measure.
Liquefied petroleum gas cold burn sustained while refueling a car
Authors: Scarr Bronwyn , Mitra Biswadev , Maini Amit , Cleland Heather 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThere have been few cases of cold burn related to the exposure of liquid petroleum gas (LPG). We present the case of a young woman exposed to LPG while refueling her car who sustained partial thickness burns to the dorsum of her hand. Contact with LPG leaking from a pressurized system causes tissue damage because of cold injury. Immediate management of LPG is extrapolated from the management of frostbite. The increasing use of LPG mandates an awareness of prevention strategies and management principles in the setting of adverse events.