bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alkaline peroxide assisted wet air oxidation pretreatment approach to enhance enzymatic convertibility of rice husk
Authors: Banerjee Saumita , Sen Ramkrishna , Mudliar Sandeep , Pandey R. A. , Chakrabarti Tapan , Satpute Dewanand 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPretreatment of rice husk by alkaline peroxide assisted wet air oxidation (APAWAO) approach was investigated with the aim to enhance the enzymatic convertibility of cellulose in pretreated rice husk. Rice husk was presoaked overnight in 1% (w/v) H2O2 solution (pH adjusted to 11.5 using NaOH) (equivalent to 16.67 g H2O2 and 3.63 g NaOH per 100 g dry, untreated rice husk) at room temperature, followed by wet air oxidation (WAO). APAWAO pretreatment resulted in solubilization of 67 wt % of hemicellulose and 88 wt % of lignin initially present in raw rice husk. Some amount of oligomeric glucose (˜8.3 g/L) was also observed in the APAWAO liquid fraction. APAWAO pretreatment resulted in 13‐fold increase in the amount of glucose that could be obtained from otherwise untreated rice husk. Up to 86 wt % of cellulose in the pretreated rice husk (solid fraction) could be converted into glucose within 24 hours, yielding over 21 g glucose per 100 g original rice husk. Scanning electron microscopy was performed to visualize changes in biomass structure following the APAWAO pretreatment. Enzymatic cellulose convertibility of the pretreated slurry at high dry matter loadings was also investigated. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011
Recombinant monomeric CD40 ligand for delivering polymer particles to dendritic cells
Authors: Palumbo R. Noelle , Nagarajan Lakshmi , Wang Chun 
Published: March 2011

AbstractDendritic cells (DCs) are considered the most efficient antigen‐presenting cells and are therefore ideal targets for in vivo delivery of antigen for vaccines. We are investigating the strategy of using CD40 ligand (CD40L) as a targeting moiety because this protein has the potential to not only target DCs, but also stimulate cell maturation, leading to more potent immune responses. We have shown that a recombinant, monomeric CD40 ligand fusion protein conjugated to polystyrene micro‐ and nanoparticles led to significantly enhanced uptake by DCs in vitro. This enhancement was observed for particles of both sizes and in both a murine DC cell line and primary DCs. The uptake appeared to be specifically mediated by CD40L binding to CD40 expressed on DCs. Enhanced uptake of nanoparticles in draining lymph nodes of mice was not observed, however, 48 hours after subcutaneous injection. These findings suggest that CD40 ligand may be a potentially useful targeting moiety for delivery of particulate vaccines to DCs, and that further optimization of both CD40L and the polymer carriers is necessary to achieve efficacy in vivo. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011
Ultra‐stable phosphoglucose isomerase through immobilization of cellulose‐binding module‐tagged thermophilic enzyme on low‐cost high‐capacity cellulosic adsorbent
Authors: Myung Suwan , Zhang Xiao‐Zhou , Percival Zhang Y.‐H. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractOne‐step enzyme purification and immobilization were developed based on simple adsorption of a family 3 cellulose‐binding module (CBM)‐tagged protein on the external surface of high‐capacity regenerated amorphous cellulose (RAC). An open reading frame (ORF) Cthe0217 encoding a putative phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI, EC 5.3.1.9) from a thermophilic bacterium Clostridium thermocellum was cloned and the recombinant proteins with or without CBM were over‐expressed in Escherichia coli. The rate constant (kcat) and Michaelis–Menten constant (Km) of CBM‐free PGI at 60°C were 2,765 s−1 and 2.89 mM, respectively. PGI was stable at a high protein concentration of 0.1 g/L but deactivated rapidly at low concentrations. Immobilized CBM (iCBM)‐PGI on RAC was extremely stable at ∼60°C, nearly independent of its mass concentration in bulk solution, because its local concentration on the solid support was constant. iCBM‐PGI at a low concentration of 0.001 g/L had a half‐life time of 190 h, approximately 80‐fold of that of free PGI. Total turn‐over number of iCBM‐PGI was as high as 1.1 × 109 mole of product per mole of enzyme at 60°C. These results suggest that a combination of low‐cost enzyme immobilization and thermoenzyme led to an ultra‐stable enzyme building block suitable for cell‐free synthetic pathway biotransformation that can implement complicated biochemical reactions in vitro. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011.
Continuous rhamnolipid production with integrated product removal by foam fractionation and magnetic separation of immobilized Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Heyd M. , Franzreb M. , Berensmeier S. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIncreasing interest in biological surfactants has led to intensified research directed at more cost‐efficient production of biosurfactants, relative to traditional surface‐active components based on petrochemical feedstocks. This publication will focus on a new integrated process for continuous rhamnolipid (RL) production. RL was synthesized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa DSM 2874 and was continuously removed in situ by foam fractionation. To prevent loss of the biocatalyst through foaming, bacteria were entrapped in magnetic alginate beads. Immobilizates were retained from the foam by high‐gradient magnetic separation and back‐flushed in the bioreactor at constant intervals. It was demonstrated that continuous RL production in a 10‐L bioreactor over several cycles with intermediate growth periods is feasible. Complete separation of RLs from the production medium with an average enrichment ratio of 15 in the collapsed foam was demonstrated, yielding a final RL amount of 70 g after four production cycles. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011
Fracture propagation in the human cranium: A re‐testing of popular theories
Authors: Kroman A. , Kress T. , Porta D. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBone trauma interpretation is an important area of forensic anthropology. Notwithstanding the recent realization of the validity of fracture pattern interpretation, knowledge of trauma is largely based on case studies and older experimental work. Gurdjian and coauthors conducted a number of studies on blunt force fracture propagation that are still used today. Fracture propagation was noted to initiate in an area other than the point of impact, then radiate back toward it. Gurdjian's results are often used to suggest that the point of impact is at a location other than the fracture epicenter. This study is an examination and retesting of Gurdjian's theories of fracture propagation using current biomechanics research and technology. Specifically, the relationship of impact site and fracture patterning was tested using cadaver heads. The results demonstrate that fractures radiate from the point of impact, contrary to the theories of Gurdjian. Clin. Anat. 24:309–318, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Iatrogenic dissection of the ascending aorta during TAVI sealed with the corevalve revalving prosthesis
Authors: Ong Sea Hing , Mueller Ralf , Gerckens Ulrich 
Published: March 2011

AbstractTranscatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is rapidly becoming an accepted treatment option for a selected group of high risk or inoperable patients with severe aortic stenosis. However, this procedure is not without complications. We report a case of acute type A aortic dissection due to balloon aortic valvuloplasty during TAVI that was successfully sealed by the CoreValve prosthesis, thus avoiding surgical intervention.© 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dendron‐Functionalized Bis(terpyridine)–Iron(II) or –Cadmium(II) Metallomacrocycles: Synthesis, Traveling‐Wave Ion‐Mobility Mass Spectrometry, and Photophysical Properties
Authors: Wang Jin‐Liang , Li Xiaopeng , Lu Xiaocun , Chan Yi‐Tsu , Moorefield Charles N. , Wesdemiotis Chrys , Newkome George R. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe synthesis, purification, structural analysis, and photophysical properties of a series of five‐, six‐, and seven‐sided FeII macrocycles and the corresponding hexameric CdII macrocycle, all prepared by self‐assembly of a 120° bis(terpyridine) ligand modified with first‐ and second‐generation 1→3 C‐branched dendrons, are reported. All metallomacrocycles were fully characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, traveling‐wave ion‐mobility mass spectrometry (TWIM MS), molecular modeling, UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and cyclic voltammetry. A gradual increase of the collision cross sections of the FeII metallomacrocycles was observed with a successive increase of the number and molecular size of the ligands. The combination of ion‐mobility mass spectrometry and NMR techniques unveils structural features that agree well with calculations. Extinction coefficients and emission are significantly modulated by increasing the ring size and changing the metal ion center from FeII to CdII.
Time‐domain analysis of phase‐noise and jitter in oscillators due to white and colored noise sources
Authors: Maffezzoni Paolo , D'Amore Dario 
Published: March 2011

SUMMARYThis paper presents an original time‐domain analysis of the phase‐diffusion process, which occurs in oscillators due to the presence of white and colored noise sources. It is shown that the method supplies realistic quantitative predictions of phase‐noise and jitter and provides useful design‐oriented closed‐form expressions of such phenomena. Analytical expressions and numerical simulations are verified through measurements performed on a relaxation oscillator whose behavior is perturbed by externally controlled noise sources. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Probability surveys, conditional probability, and ecological risk assessment
Authors: Paul John F , Munns Wayne R 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
We show that probability-based environmental resource monitoring programs, such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (U.S. EPA) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program, and conditional probability analysis can serve as a basis for estimating ecological risk over broad geographic areas. Under certain conditions (including appropriate stratification of the sampled population, sufficient density of samples, and sufficient range of exposure levels paired with concurrent response values), this empirical approach provides estimates of risk using extant field-derived monitoring data. The monitoring data were used to prescribe the exposure field and to model the exposure–response relationship. We illustrate this approach by estimating risks to benthic communities from low dissolved oxygen (DO) in freshwater streams of the mid-Atlantic region and in estuaries of the Virginian Biogeographical Province of the United States. In both cases, the estimates of risk are consistent with the U.S. EPA's ambient water quality criteria for DO. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:1488–1495. © 2011 SETAC
Modeling chronic dietary cadmium bioaccumulation and toxicity from periphyton to Hyalella azteca
Authors: Golding Lisa A , Borgmann Uwe , Dixon D. George 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
A chronic (28-d) Cd saturation bioaccumulation model was developed to quantify the Cd contribution from a natural periphyton diet to Cd in the freshwater amphipod Hyalella azteca. Bioaccumulation was then linked to chronic toxic effects. Juvenile H. azteca were exposed to treatments of Cd in water (3.13–100 nmol/L nominal) and food (389–26,300 nmol/g ash-free dry mass). Cadmium bioaccumulation, survival, and growth were recorded. Dietary Cd was estimated to contribute 21 to 31, 59 to 94, and 40 to 55% to bioaccumulated Cd in H. azteca exposed to treatments of Cd primarily in water, food, and food + water, respectively. Survival as a function of Cd lethal body concentration (679 nmol/g; 95% confidence limits, 617–747) was the most robust endpoint. Body concentration integrated all exposure routes. Based on the lethal body concentration, dietary Cd was predicted to contribute markedly (26–90%) to Cd in H. azteca. Cadmium concentration and food nutritional quality (biomass, chlorophyll a, total lipid, fatty acids, total protein) had no effect on H. azteca nutritional quality (total lipid, fatty acids, total protein) but did influence H. azteca dry weight. This research highlighted the importance of including a dietary component when modeling chronic effects of Cd and when refining endpoints for use in ecological risk assessment and water quality guidelines. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:1709–1720. © 2011 SETAC
Synthesis and Properties of Random Copolymers of Functionalised Polybenzimidazoles for High Temperature Fuel Cells
Authors: Mader J. A. , Benicewicz B. C. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA series of polybenzimidazoles (PBIs) incorporating main chain sulphonic acid groups were synthesised as random copolymers with p‐PBI in varying ratios using polyphosphoric acid (PPA) as both the polymerisation solvent and polycondensation reagent. The PPA process was used to produce high molecular weight phosphoric acid (PA) doped PBI gel membranes in a one‐step procedure. These membranes exhibit excellent mechanical properties (0.528–2.51 MPa tensile stress and 130–300% tensile strain) even at high acid doping levels [20–40 mol PA/PRU (polymer repeat unit)] and high conductivities (0.148–0.291 S cm–1) at elevated temperatures (>100 °C) with no external humidification, depending on copolymer composition. Fuel cell testing was conducted with hydrogen fuel and air or oxygen oxidants for all membrane compositions at temperatures greater than 100 °C without external feed gas humidification. Initial studies showed a maximum fuel performance of 0.675 V for the 25 mol% s‐PBI/75 mol% p‐PBI random copolymer at 180 °C and 0.2 A cm–2 with hydrogen and air, and 0.747 V for the same copolymer at 180 °C and 0.2 A cm–2 with hydrogen and oxygen.
Neural correlates of audio‐visual object recognition: Effects of implicit spatial congruency
Authors: Plank Tina , Rosengarth Katharina , Song Wookeun , Ellermeier Wolfgang , Greenlee Mark W. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMultisensory integration assists us to identify objects by providing multiple cues with respect to object category and spatial location. We used a semantic audiovisual object matching task to determine the effect of spatial congruency on response behavior and fMRI brain activation. Fifteen subjects responded in a four‐alternative response paradigm, which visual quadrant contained the object best matched to the sound presented. Realistic sounds based on head‐related transfer functions were presented binaurally with the simulated sound source corresponding to one of the four quadrants. Following a random sequence, the location of the sound corresponded to the quadrant containing the semantically congruent target on half the trials, whereas on other trials the sound arose from an incongruent location. We examined the effects of spatial congruency on response latencies, hit‐rates and fMRI responses. Preliminary behavioral results revealed a significant effect of spatial congruency on response latency or performance for stimuli with noise added. In the fMRI experiment, spatial congruency had a significant effect on the BOLD response. A cluster in the right middle and superior temporal gyrus was more activated when the auditory sound sources were spatially congruent with the semantically matching visual stimulus. In an exploratory post‐hoc analysis, in which we correlated the BOLD signal with the subjects' ability to locate the sound sources, we found a significant cluster in the left inferior frontal cortex, where the BOLD response increased with sound‐source localization performance. Thus spatial congruency appears to enhance the semantic integration of audiovisual object information in these brain regions. Hum Brain Mapp, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Helicobacter pylori infection as an independent prognostic factor for locally advanced gastric cancer patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy after curative resection
Authors: Kang Seok Yun , Han Jae Ho , Ahn Mi Sun , Lee Hyun Woo , Jeong Seong Hyun , Park Joon Seong , Cho Yong Kwan , Han Sang‐Uk , Kim Young Bae , Kim Jang Hee , Sheen Seung Soo , Lim Ho‐Yeong , Choi Jin‐Hyuk 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA few studies reported the association between negative Helicobacter pylori infection and poor clinical outcome in resected gastric cancer patients. We investigated the H. pylori infection status and its association with the clinical outcome in 274 locally advanced gastric cancer patients (American Joint Committee on Cancer stage IB: 25, II: 82, IIIA: 80, IIIB: 39 and IV: 48) who underwent adjuvant chemotherapy after curative resection (≥D2 dissection). H. pylori infection status in hematoxylin and eosin stained corporal and antral mucosa of non‐tumor tissue was graded according to the updated Sydney System and categorized as H. pylori negative (normal or mild infection) and H. pylori positive (moderate or marked infection). Eighty‐one patients received 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) and doxorubicin‐based chemotherapy, while 193 patients underwent 5‐FU, mitomycin‐C and polysaccharide‐K chemotherapy. The median follow‐up duration of survivors was 144 (120–184) months. In univariate analysis, patients with H. pylori negative status (108 patients) demonstrated significantly poor 10‐year overall survival (OS) compared to those with H. pylori‐positive status (166 patients; 21.3% vs. 71.1%, p < 0.0001). H. pylori negative status was associated with poor outcome in all stages except stage IIIB. In multivariate analysis, H. pylori‐negative status was the most significant independent prognostic factor of poor OS (hazard ratio: 3.45, 95% confidence interval: 2.43–4.89, p < 0.0001) followed by old age (>54 years, p < 0.0001), advanced stage (stage III or IV, p = 0.001), and Borrmann type IV (p = 0.027). H. pylori infection status seems to have strong prognostic significance in locally advanced gastric cancer. H. pylori‐negative patients may need careful follow‐up after curative resection.
High‐pressure synthesis of ethyl benzoate from chloro‐ and bromobenzene
Authors: Murty K. Ramachandra , Goswami Asesh K. , Palit Sunanda K. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWhen chlorobenzene was reacted with ethyl alcohol and carbon monoxide under pressure, the conversions of chlorobenzene to ethyl benzoate and benzoic acid under optimum reaction conditions were 31.3% and 30.1% respectively, with nickel naphthenate supported on silica gel (Ni:SiO2= 50:50) as the best catalyst. When bromobenzene was used instead of chlorobenzene, the best catalyst was found to be nickel iodide supported on silica gel (Ni:SiO2 = 50:50), and the above conversions were 74.7% and 25.1% respectively under optimum reaction conditions.
Scaling‐up of process for production of antibiotic of Myxococcus xanthus TA
Authors: Mizrahi Avshalom , Arnan Joseph , Miller George , Liron Zvi , Manai Moshe , Batus Yedidya , Rosenberg Eugene 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA process for the production of Myxococcus xanthus TA (M. xanthus TA) antibiotic was scaled‐up to bench and pilot plant scales. The process includes the following steps: (a) propagation of M. xanthus TA in cultures of up to 750 litres. After 4 days of growth the maximum antibiotic yield achieved was 24 units/ml supernatant, and the highest titres were obtained at a low oxygen absorption rate of 0.2; (b) processing of the clarified culture supernatant. Two methods were successfully piloted: the chloroform extraction method and the kaolin adsorption method. Both methods were followed by elution with 20% methanol in chloroform. The recoveries of antibiotic activity were 90% and 85% respectively by the two methods. The process described could be used for the large‐scale preparation of the novel antibiotic of M. xanthus TA.
Hydrolysis of o‐ and p‐nitrochlorobenzene with aqueous sodium hydroxide to the corresponding nitrophenols
Authors: Bhave Madhav D. , Chandalia Sampatraj B. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe hydrolysis of o‐ and p‐nitrochlorobenzene with aqueous sodium hydroxide was studied at temperatures of 100–160°C and at a pressure corresponding to the vapour pressure of the aqueous solution, so that the system was maintained in the liquid phase. The rate of reaction, as well as the yield and quality of the product, were poor when no catalyst was used. The use of cuprous oxide and manganese dioxide as catalysts was found to be suitable for the process. The effects of temperature, amount of caustic soda, ratio of aqueous phase to organic phase, type and amount of catalyst, speed of agitation and period of reaction on the conversion and yield of nitrophenols were studied with a view to obtaining the most suitable conditions for the production of o‐ and p‐nitrophenol.
Variation of the specific surface area and porosity of zinc oxide prepared in various atmospheres
Authors: Mikhail Raouf Sh. , Guindy Nabila M. , Ali Ismail T. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSpecific surface area and pore structure studies were carried out on zinc oxide samples prepared from zinc oxalate dihydrate by heating at 330 and 370°C and in various atmospheres of water vapour, oxygen and hydrogen. The variation of SBET with water vapour pressure for the samples heated at 330°C was found to show a behaviour which can be compared with the Smith‐Topley effect. For the samples prepared at 370°C, rapid sintering occurred, and the Smith‐Topley effect was not followed in this case. Zinc oxide prepared in an oxygen atmosphere gave higher surface area values than that prepared in a hydrogen atmosphere, which is thought to be due to the oxidation of the carbon impurities on the surface. Analysis of nitrogen adsorption isotherms by the t‐method revealed the existence of micropores in the sample prepared at 330°C in vacuo. The rest of the samples have wide pores.
Kinetics of the catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide over oxide catalysts
Authors: Sharma Chandra S. , Ramachandran Palghat A. , Hughes Ronald 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe kinetics of the oxidation of carbon monoxide over five commercially available oxide catalysts have been determined at CO concentrations of 4–15 mol% and initial temperatures up to 170°C. The reaction showed a fractional dependence on the concentration of CO and was inhibited by CO2. From an analysis of the data a Langmuir‐Hinshelwood reaction scheme is proposed.
Hydrodynamic behaviour and oxygen transfer rate in a pilot plant fermenter: I. Influence of viscosity
Authors: Páca Jan , Ettler Petr , Grégr Vratislav 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe effects of varying impeller speed, aeration rate and viscosity on mixing time, power consumption and oxygen transfer rate were studied in the pilot plant fermenter. The rheological behaviour of erythromycin fermentation broth was simulated by colloidal starch solutions at apparent viscosities of 0.02–0.20 Pa/s. The volumetric oxygen transfer rate coefficient was determined by the sulphite and static method. The experimental results showed that at low viscosities, up to of 0.02 Pa/s, the suitable range of impeller speed is 250–300 min−1 at aeration rate 0.6–0.8 VVM from the point of view of power input (2.6–2.8 kW/m3) and sufficient coefficient KLa (160–200 h−1). At viscosities higher than 0.02 Pa/s (with pseudoplastical character) the suitable range of impeller speed is 300–350 min−1 at the same aeration rate. Then the power input for mixing is 3.0–3.5 kW/m3 and the coefficient KLa ∼ 50 h−1.