bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DNA Alkylating Therapy Induces Tumor Regression through an HMGB1-Mediated Activation of Innate Immunity
Authors: Guerriero Jennifer L. , Ditsworth Dara , Catanzaro Joseph M. , Sabino Gregory , Furie Martha B. , Kew Richard R. , Crawford Howard C. , Zong Wei-Xing 
Published: February 2011

AbstractDysregulation of apoptosis is associated with the development of human cancer and resistance to anticancer therapy. We have previously shown in tumor xenografts that DNA alkylating agents induce sporadic cell necrosis and regression of apoptosis-deficient tumors. Sporadic tumor cell necrosis is associated with extracellular release of cellular content such as the high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein and subsequent recruitment of innate immune cells into the tumor tissue. It remained unclear whether HMGB1 and the activation of innate immunity played a role in tumor response to chemotherapy. In this study, we show that whereas DNA alkylating therapy leads to a complete tumor regression in an athymic mouse tumor xenograft model, it fails to do so in tumors deficient in HMGB1. The HMGB1-deficient tumors have an impaired ability to recruit innate immune cells including macrophages, neutrophils, and NK cells into the treated tumor tissue. Cytokine array analysis reveals that whereas DNA alkylating treatment leads to suppression of protumor cytokines such as IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13, loss of HMGB1 leads to elevated levels of these cytokines upon treatment. Suppression of innate immunity and HMGB1 using depleting Abs leads to a failure in tumor regression. Taken together, these results indicate that HMGB1 plays an essential role in activation of innate immunity and tumor clearance in response to DNA alkylating agents.
Analysis of a Typical Angle Abrasion Machine
Authors: Vogt W. W. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The particular modification of the angle type rotating ring abrasion machine as described in this paper can be used to obtain a figure for the over-all energy consumed in causing abrasion of rubber. The writer is undecided as to whether or not the energy which actually goes towards causing abrasion is a large enough percentage of the total over-all energy consumption to warrant any belief that the energy of abrasion has yet been measured.
Rate of Cure of Reclaimed Rubber
Authors: Shepard Norman A. , Palmer Henry F. , Miller George W. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Data are presented emphasizing the well-known fact that reclaimed rubber vulcanizes at a much more rapid rate than new rubber, and that, even in small concentration, in a new rubber stock it materially increases the rate of cure. Possible reasons for this are discussed and experimental evidence given to show the influence of the residual alkali in the reclaim, and the effect of the heat treatment in itself. Neither of these explains the rapid rate. The need for, and methods of, compensating for this rapid rate of cure in compounding with reclaimed rubber are discussed, with especial emphasis on the influence of the rapid rate of cure on the aging characteristics of a stock.
Value of the Rubber Hydrocarbon in Reclaimed Rubber
Authors: Vogt W. W. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Tire-tread stocks containing reclaim were so compounded that their ultimate composition was the same except for the percentage of reclaimed-rubber hydrocarbon substituted for new-rubber hydrocarbon. Cures were adjusted to give the technical optimum in the same time of cure. The cured stocks were subjected to tensile and abrasion tests by five methods. The results show that the value of the reclaimed-rubber hydrocarbon varies from zero, when substituted in small percentages, up to a maximum of 50 per cent of the value of new rubber, when compounded in large percentages. IN ORDER to determine the value of the hydrocarbon present in reclaimed rubber compared with that in new rubber, it is necessary to compound the stocks in such manner that the percentage and kind of fillers, softeners, etc., are constant, the only variable being the percentage of the total rubber hydrocarbon which has been introduced in the form of reclaimed hydrocarbon. It is also necessary to adjust curing ratios in such fashion as to compensate for the accelerating or activating effects of the reclaim, so that all stocks reach technical best cure in the same length of curing time.
Pigment Reënforcement of Reclaimed Rubber
Authors: Winkelmann H. A. , Croakman E. G. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
COMPOUNDING ingredients of many types are in use in rubber compounds and, although their effect on rubber has been extensively investigated, there has been very little work published to show their effect on reclaim alone. The behavior of reclaimed rubber in compounds which also contain crude rubber, accelerators, and pigments is well known. The presence of these variables makes it impossible to determine the effect of the pigment on the reclaim itself. In this study we propose to show (1) the effect of varying volume loadings of different pigments on a whole-tire reclaim cured with sulfur, (2) the effect of accelerators and activators, and (3) the effect of curing at lower temperatures. With crude rubber the desired physical properties may often be obtained by cure or, by the combined effect of cure and the ree^nforcing action of compounding ingredients. Owing to the degree of disaggregation of the reclaimed rubber the effect of cure is greatly decreased and the action of ree^nforcing pigments is necessary to bring out the maximum physical properties of the reclaim. The soluble and insoluble phases of reclaimed rubber differ in chemical and physical properties, indicating varying degrees of disaggregation of the rubber hydrocarbon. Reclaimed rubber affords a very good medium for the dispersion of pigments. Dispersions of pigments in a reclaim may serve a dual function in improving both the physical properties and the working conditions. A pigment, to function as a reenforcing agent, must absorb the rubber, resulting in a “drying up” effect of the more highly disaggregated portion of the reclaim. A pigment must reenforce every portion of the reclaimed rubber hydrocarbon before it can be classed as a reenforcing pigment.
Effect of Certain Metallic Salts on the Aging of a Tread Compound
Authors: Taylor Bert S. , Jones Webster N. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The effect on aging produced by the addition of low concentrations of iron, copper, manganese, and mercury salts of higher aliphatic organic acids to a tread compound was investigated. The data obtained from aging in the bomb show that the presence of copper and manganese salts of organic acids in very small concentrations is harmful to the aging of rubber. As little as 0.1 per cent of either cupric stearate or manganic oleate is detrimental. Iron stearate has a less deleterious effect, but 0.5 per cent iron stearate produced much poorer aging than the blank. The mercury salts in the concentrations used—0.1 to 1.0 per cent—did not affect the aging so noticeably as the other salts. The effects of aging in the Bierer-Davis bomb and in the Geer oven are markedly different, both as to tensile strength and the hardening of the test strips. The bomb test at 70° C. was much more severe than the oven test at the same temperature. Further investigation will be made to determine which type of artificial aging test most nearly corresponds to the natural aging of these stocks. The presence of copper chloride on the surface of the test strips exerts a deteriorating influence on the stock in the aging bomb. The effect is similar to that obtained when copper stearate is compounded into the stock.
Direct Determination of Rubber in Soft Vulcanized Rubber
Authors: Kemp A. R. , Bishop W. S. , Lackner T. J. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
A modification of the Wijs method is shown to be suitable for determining the rubber content of vulcanized rubber. A procedure for the direct determination of sulfur combined with rubber is outlined. The effect of compounding ingredients is shown. Results of analyses of four reclaimed rubbers by the proposed and difference methods are given for comparison. THE need for a rapid direct method for determining rubber in vulcanized rubber has long been recognized. In a previous paper a direct method was given for determining the hydrocarbon content of crude rubber and gutta-percha based upon the additive reaction of iodochloride (Wijs solution) with their hydrocarbons. It is the purpose of the present paper to describe a modification of this method for determining the rubber content of soft vulcanized rubbers.
Carbon Blacks and Their Use in Rubber. I—Comparative Properties of Blacks and Tests in Uncured Rubber
Authors: Goodwin Norris , Park C. R. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The physical and chemical characteristics of several carbon blacks and of rubber stocks containing them have been investigated in order to determine their suitability as pigments in tire-tread stocks. Five blacks have been studied—Charlton lampblack, Micronex, Super Spectra, Thermatomic, and Goodwin. Part I represents a study of the properties of the blacks themselves and their use in raw rubber. Part II, to be published in a subsequent issue, will describe tests on various cured rubber stocks containing the same blacks. OUR knowledge regarding the physical and chemical characteristics of pigments which make them more or less suitable as reenforcing agents in cured rubber goods is very incomplete. In spite of several brilliant contributions in the field, we are still far from a satisfactory understanding of the principles involved in the preparation of coin-pounds. Lack of systematically arranged information is perhaps partly responsible for this state of affairs. The object of this paper was to assemble more detailed and well-organized information in a small field. It is believed that a sufficient number of systematic efforts will place us in a position to understand more completely the colloidal behavior of pigments in rubber and perhaps in other media.
Latex Contaminated with Copper Compounds as a Source of Danger of Fire
Authors: Fol J. G. , de Visser W. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
A textile factory in Holland made double texture cotton fabric by applying a layer of latex to one of the fabrics and passing both fabrics through a calender, after which they were dried and pressed together. From the calender the double texture was rolled up immediately without previous cooling and the big rolls were stored. Shortly after storage a smell of burning was noticed in the store-room, and on closer inspection it appeared to emanate from the rolls. On opening these rolls it was found that the color of the fabric had turned from white to light brown. The cloth had lost its suppleness and could be readily torn. In the interior of the roll the cloth was scorched and even locally charred. One got the impression that the rubber in the cloth was severely oxidized, i. e., resinified. The problem to be solved was what caused this strong oxidation, which eventually led to spontaneous combustion. According to information received from the mill, the latex was placed in a brass tank and it also came in touch with a brass roller. From further information it became evident that the ammonia, which is added to the latex as a preservative, dissolved copper out of the parts of the machine mentioned. In this way the cloth was covered with a layer of rubber in which copper compounds were evenly distributed. As copper and copper compounds have an extraordinary accelerating effect on the oxidation of rubber and oxidize the latter in a very short time even at ordinary temperature, it was clear that the oxidation mentioned above was caused by the contamination of the latex with copper compounds.
The Effect of Heat on Raw Rubber in the Presence and Absence of Air
Authors: Fry J. D. , Porritt B. D. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
During the process of milling or masticating rubber, three agents, namely, mechanical working, heat, and the constituents of the air, are evidently present which may be individually or collectively responsible for the resulting physical changes. The generally accepted explanation of the effects produced is that the mechanical treatment breaks down some form of structure existing in the raw rubber or rubber particles and consequently it is customary to describe material as “overworked” when milling has been carried too far, and to reserve the terms “burnt” and “scorched” for cases in which the heat generated in the process has caused premature vulcanization. The correctness of the assumption that milling is essentially a mechanical operation at first sight seemed to be supported by an experiment made by one of the authors in which the treatment was carried out under a stream of cold water when it was found that the solution viscosity of the material diminished in much the same way as in the normal process, the only apparent difference in the final product being the almost complete absence of the adhesiveness characteristic of milled rubber. Further consideration, however, suggested that though the conditions under which the test was made undoubtedly minimized contact with air and the development of heat, the possibility that oxygen might still play a part was not entirely excluded, while the fact that the bulk of the rubber was kept cold did not necessarily preclude local rises in temperature taking place in the material when passing between the rolls.
Some Features of Sulfur in Rubber Manufacture
Authors: Twiss Douglas F. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
By a striking coincidence the element sulfur appears to have been associated with rubber as a dusting powder, for the removal of tackiness, for a considerable time before its unique vulcanizing power was discovered. The actual incorporation of sulfur into rubber by Goodyear in 1839 is consequently the less surprising although his discovery and its rediscovery by Hancock lose on that account no whit in importance. With all compounding ingredients for rubber, fineness of division is an important and desirable characteristic, and it is often assumed that the desirable degree of fineness is limited only by the cost of production. Sulfur, however, is exception in that for ordinary use with rubber the optimum limit of fineness of division can easily be exceeded. Very finely divided sulfur—probably on account of the known depressing influence of fineness of division of a substance on its melting point—often tends to cake undesirably during the mixing operation, and so may actually lead to an impaired dispersion relative to that obtainable with less finely powdered material. In spite of this limit to useful expenditure on further disintegration of sulfur for ordinary “dry mixing” with rubber, it must be admitted that such finely dispersed forms as milk of sulfur or precipitated sulfur, and various colloidal sulfurs are applicable with especial advantage in many of the newer “latex processes.” Small particle size here is favorable to the production of more stable suspensions or to the avoidance of settling. For the production of vulcanized latex, indeed, finely divided sulfur is particularly desirable; not only is the suspension of the particles here of importance, but also a fairly uniform distribution or partition among the rubber globules. Otherwise the vulcanized state may be attained by relatively few of the globules.
Color Reactions of Rubber
Authors: Pauly H. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
WHILE the organic chemist, working with comparatively small molecules, can proceed directly by exact methods to an explanation of the structure of compounds, and therefore. considers color reactions of minor importance, these reactions often afford a convenient tool for the chemist who is investigating substances of very high molecular weight, which occur for the most part in nature. They offer a quick means of obtaining a preliminary idea of the presence of certain chemical groups, or of distinguishing between substances which can be identified physically only with difficulty. One would rob protein chemistry of indispensable methods were one to remove its color reactions. in the examination of natural substances they are a guide in the immense field of qualitative tests. Likewise, in research on rubber, the question to what extent it is to be considered a homogeneous substance greatly restricts the investigator in his methods of purification. Therefore, it would be of value to him to be able to control the course of his reactions through simple color tests. Such means have been unknown in rubber chemistry.
Power Variables in Milling and Mixing Rubber
Authors: Shoaff P. S. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
OF THE expenses involved in the milling and mixing of rubber, the costs of materials and of labor are constantly subjected to the closest analysis. Economic drives are concentrated mainly upon them. Power, being a less tangible thing, often eludes the attention that is warranted by the profitable study of factors which may introduce savings. Frequently its cost equals or exceeds that for labor in a mill-room operation. When in a large factory there may be previously plasticized daily a half million pounds of crude rubber, when a half million pounds of master-batches are prepared, and when every day one and a half million pounds of compounded rubber stocks are mixed, power bulks enormously. Milling and mixing equipment to do that demands a power input of approximately 21,500 horsepower, or about 386,000 kilowatt hours. At one cent per K. W. H., as an example, this represents a daily cost of $3,860. With an average of 250 working days a year, the total reaches nearly a million dollars. The smaller manufacturer makes a proportionate outlay for power in these preparatory processes. So it would seem worth while to study power applications and those variables which may be turned to account in the search for greatest efficiency. Some points which may be mentioned are in part a review or confirmation of the findings of others which have appeared in published articles, other facts are from observations of very recent practice.
Experiences with Mixing Mill Roll Speeds and Speed Ratios, and Batch Sizes
Authors: Zimmerman Erle C. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
THE remarks which I am about to make concerning mixing mills apply especially to 84″ mills ,with 26″ front rolls and 22″ rear rolls. Other sizes of rolls have been experimented with, and the results have been about the same as with the 26″ and 22″. The system of cooling used was that described by H. K. Jennings at the meeting of this group on February 15,* which consists of a spray pipe and open roll and a means for cleaning the inner surface of the roll. The mill was supplied with 10 gallons of 54° F. water per minute, with 5.5 gallons to the front roll and 4.5 gallons to the rear roll. The speed and ratio of mixing mills can be most clearly described in terms of roll surface speed and roll surface speed ratio. A great variety of surface speeds and surface speed ratios are in use at the present time. Front roll surface speeds as low as 75 feet per minute and as high as 135 feet per minute can be found, and ratios run anywhere from even speed up to front roll to rear roll ratio of 1:2. The effect of mill speeds and ratios on the mixing of stocks can be best determined by making a study of the temperature of the stock on the mill, the plasticity of the stock and the degree of uniformity of the mixing. Such information may be obtained on one mill equipped to give different speeds and ratios, or on several different mills of the same type. Whatever stock is to be experimented with should be mixed on the mill or mills in question for a few hours, after which several batches should be mixed, on which the average results are to be based. The same mill operators should be used, and the raw material should, of course, be standardized.
Plasticity and Elasticity of Rubber
Authors: van Rossem A. , van der Meijden H. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
PLASTICITY determinations of raw and masticated rubber have in recent years attracted a great deal of the rubber chemists' attention, as the publications of Marzetti, Williams, De Vries, Griffiths and others have proved. In various laboratories, plasticity measurements have even become routine tests for raw and masticated rubber. There are, generally speaking, two methods of determining the plasticity of rubber, viz.: (1) The extrusion method, in which the masticated dough is extruded through an orifice (Marzetti), and the extruded portion weighed. This method can be used only for masticated rubber and rubber mixings. (2) The compression method, in which a piece of raw or masticated rubber is compressed and the decrease in thickness is measured. The latter method has been used in the past by many investigators for plasticity measurements of various substances, e.g., by Speedy, who as long ago as 1920 carried out plasticity determinations on gutta-percha, balata, and various bitumens with the Widney resiliometer, an apparatus based on the compression principle. Williams was the first to apply this method, in 1924, to the determination of the plasticity of rubber, and since then De Vries especially has made use of this method in his extensive investigations of the plasticity of raw rubber.
Researches on the Structure of Rubber
Authors: Bary Paul , Hauser Ernst A. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The theory according to which rubber consists of two components which normally are dissolved one in the other (Bary), is based on a number of physico-chemical observations, and is in general agreement with the results of x-ray work. The very nature of the x-ray diagrams substantiates the theory by introducing the idea that stretching rubber causes a separation of part of the dissolved component from its solvent (theory of Hauser and Mark). It may be concluded that rubber consists of a network of β-rubber which is capable of giving x-ray diagrams only when it is sufficiently condensed, that is, when its chains of carbon atoms have little freedom of oscillation. This result can be obtained either by freezing the rubber, which increases the proportion of the β-form, or by elongation, which expels the a-portion and concentrates the β-portion. This concept appears to explain all observations on the physical and mechanical properties of rubber.
A Scheme for Accelerator Classification
Authors: Dinsmore R. P. , Vogt W. W. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
MUCH has been written about the constitution and chemical behavior of vulcanization accelerators. Theories have been advanced regarding the mechanism of vulcanization effected with their aid. Yet even the authors of such papers—presumably best qualified to interpret their contents—would hesitate to predict, from chemical structure, many of those features which are of practical interest to the rubber manufacturer. Nevertheless, an increasing number and variety of organic accelerators are being offered on the market, and it is not strange that the mind of the average rubber man is confused by the excess at his command and the conflicting claims of the distributors. In these circumstances it is natural to hesitate to undertake the somewhat formidable task of sorting and classifying. Fortunately, however, it is not necessary to do all the work of classification on a factory scale. Certain laboratory helps are available and can be used to reduce considerably the arduousness of the task. It is believed that an outline of such methods, a discussion of their significance, and a table of results, may be helpful to many in the industry, and it is for this purpose that this paper has been written.