bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“The Publicity Is What Creates the Mayhem”
Authors: Giggie John M. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 explores how Reverend Rogers gradually gained support among the Black population from his association with Martin Luther King, Jr., who announced upcoming and ongoing protests in Tuscaloosa, similar to the campaigns in Montgomery and Birmingham. It also examines the rise to power of Tuscaloosa Police Chief William Marable, the concurrent development of police power in the city and state, and the development of the Tuscaloosa Citizens for Action Committee. It shows how the Tuscaloosa City Commission passed ordinances over sixty years to create a deeply segregated community, enhance police power, and restrict Black protest. Reverend Rogers and his backers, and Marable and his officers, had a violent encounter when Rogers led a march protesting the inclusion of segregated sections in the newly built courthouse.
“No End to the Floggings and Murders”
Authors: Giggie John M. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter Four provides an overview of the growth of Black civil rights protest in Tuscaloosa, as well as the ensuing violent response by law enforcement and white citizens to the call for rights for Black citizens. The increasing role of Black women, in particular, in leadership is discussed, as is the rising involvement of students from Druid City High School and Stillman College. The ongoing tensions within members of the Black community over the proper nature of activism is covered, including the rejection of the more aggressive protest practices of Reverend Rogers and Tuscaloosa Citizens for Action Committee by some community members. The ongoing development of police power in Tuscaloosa and the state is examined, including the Alabama Legislative Committee to Preserve the Peace and the Alabama Sovereignty Commission, Finally, this chapter documents connections between Tuscaloosa Citizens for Action Committee and the Southern Christian Leadership Committee.
“How Could There Be a God and Allow This to Happen?”
Authors: Giggie John M. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter Seven studies the growing radicalization of Black protest, and the concomitant stiffening of white resistance, in the wake of the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Act empowered Black activists to broaden their campaign of sit-ins and boycotts around the city, in the hopes of ending segregation practices rendered illegal by the Act. These renewed protests, however, in turn sparked violent efforts by the Ku Klux Klan and white citizens to maintain segregation, regardless of federal legislation. This chapter also illuminates Black efforts to engage the Klan in a gun battle, the ongoing legal efforts intended to force local eateries to serve Black customers, and the eventual intervention of US Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy.
Epilogue
Authors: Giggie John M. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The Epilogue recounts the last days of Reverend Linton, who died in 2020, during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The author recalls Reverend Linton telling him about a white man, many years earlier, who told Linton, “Just give us fifty years and we’ll take it all back.” Toward the end of his life, Linton worried that too many people were forgetting, or had already forgotten, Bloody Tuesday, and the many civil rights struggles of the past more generally. He warned that gains in racial justice are eroding and must be protected, and that the events of Bloody Tuesday, and the lasting trauma from that day, needed to be publicly acknowledged. Despite recent pushback back against “critical race theory” and a push to sanitize some aspects of US history as taught in public schools, some institutions, such as the University of Alabama, have taken steps to confront and challenge Southern history, including the removal of the names of Confederate figures from university buildings. The City of Tuscaloosa has also taken steps to preserve its racial past, including purchasing Rev. Linton’s barbershop and promising to convert it into a civil rights learning center.
Understanding Maritime Security
Authors: Bueger Christian , Edmunds Timothy 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
What is maritime security? Why does it matter? Chapter 1 starts by showing why maritime security is important as a body of thought and political problem, before outlining its various dimensions and characteristics. The aim is to give the reader an initial understanding of what is at stake in maritime security. Three core dimensions of maritime security—inter-state conflict, maritime terrorism and blue crime—are briefly introduced and characteristics of security in the maritime domain discussed. The authors argue that maritime security is not just about meeting threats and risks at sea, but also opens opportunities to foster and safeguard sustainable development and ocean health. The final section of the chapter provides a guide to the book, explaining its overall rationale, pointing to its limits, and outlining the scope and content of each chapter.
Introduction
Authors: Benson Jonathan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This introduction provides an overview of what this book calls ‘the new democratic scepticism’. This new scepticism refers to a growing number of philosophers, economists, and political scientists who argue that democracy is inevitably flawed and that we should look to restrict or even remove it as a result. They therefore advocate for such things as restricting voting rights to the more knowledgeable, selecting political leaders based on experience and examinations, or giving more power to markets, private companies, and NGOs. While they endorse different alternatives, these critics are shown to be united by a concern for what they see as the epistemic problems of democracy and therefore for its limited intelligence. It is the intelligence of democracy which the rest of the book will aim to defend and the introduction ends by providing an overview of the argument to come and the systemic approach used to develop it.
Democracy and the Division of Knowledge
Authors: Benson Jonathan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 engages with the central epistemic challenge pro-market sceptics level at the intelligence of democracy. According to Friedrich von Hayek and his followers, knowledge does not exist in any coherent whole ready to be utilized by a democratic authority but is rather fragmented and dispersed throughout society. While this division of knowledge appears insurmountable on a unitary view of democracy, it can be solved once a systemic perspective is taken. The chapter argues that formal democratic institutions are not cut off from societal knowledge but are instead connected to a broader public sphere which gathers and communicates information. It explores the divisions of labour within this public sphere and shows how these divisions depend on its democratic character. The chapter then ends by returning to Hayek’s free-market prescriptions and argues democratic systems can overcome the division of knowledge even more effectively than the market.
Elections and Elite Rule
Authors: Benson Jonathan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7 considers the role of elections within a wider democratic system and compares them to elite forms of rule. It argues that while the limits of voter knowledge stop elections from effectively motivating representatives towards the best policies, elections can still contribute to democracy’s intelligence as effective guards against the worst uses and abuses of power. The chapter then compares democratic elections to two elite alternatives: political meritocracy and a restricted franchise epistocracy. It argues that by removing inclusive elections, both these regimes leave themselves vulnerable to abuses of power, and that these abuses are likely to include manipulations of the procedures they use to select meritocratic leaders and competent voters. Such a vulnerability therefore undermines the claimed epistemic advantages which come from empowering the more knowledgeable. Although democratic elections are highly imperfect, they still produce a more intelligent system than those based on elite rule.
The Sortition Branch
Authors: Benson Jonathan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 8 argues that the epistemic value of democracy can be improved by combining elections with sortition. While voters struggle to motivate representatives towards the best decisions due to their limited knowledge, random selection offers the possibility for more informed citizen accountability and scrutiny of public policy. Popular proposals for combining elections with sortition, such as deliberative mini-publics and randomly selected legislatures, are found to face significant problems, however. The chapter therefore offers a new proposal for a sortition branch of a deliberative system which involves the formation of many short-term and randomly selected assemblies with the power to veto legislation. The sortition branch is argued to institutionalize random selection in a way which can balance substantive powers with reasonable burdens on citizen members, while also guarding against different forms of elite capture. It is therefore able to improve the intelligence of democracy in a way previous proposals cannot.
Trump’s Senate: A Bicameral Perspective
Authors: Evans C. Lawrence 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
During the Trump era, long-term structural differences between the Senate and House continued to shape lawmaking on Capitol Hill. Although critics regularly claimed that Senate malapportionment advantaged Republicans and tilted legislation toward rural interests, the main effects appear to have been at the extremes, with outlier constituencies more prevalent in the House than in the Senate. Bipartisanship on roll calls was also more common in the Senate, especially after controlling for variance in chamber agendas. Moreover, the content of bills emerging from the Senate and House often diverged because of structural incongruities grounded in apportionment and chamber procedure. The bicameral battles over tax reform in 2017 provide an important illustration. In the end, Trump disrupted American politics, but the legislative process during these years reflected the enduring consequences of bicameralism and Senate-House difference.
Presidents, Congress, and the Politics of Unilateral Action
Authors: Howell William G. , Moe Terry M. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The rules, structures, practices, and political dynamics of Congress inform more than just how legislators go about their work. These factors also weigh upon presidents when they decide whether to advance a policy agenda through legislative or administrative channels. Impediments to lawmaking, a rich body of scholarship demonstrates, routinely encourage presidents to bypass Congress and instead issue executive orders, proclamations, memoranda, and other unilateral directives. This chapter inventories the many unilateral actions taken by Donald Trump in the face of congressional disinterest, dysfunction, and even opposition. Coupled with a brief case study of Barack Obama’s exercise of unilateral powers in education policy, this history has important implications for our understandings of presidential-congressional dynamics, the shifting locus of policy decision-making in the federal government, and the changing balance of power between the first two branches of government.
Afterword
Authors: Theriault Sean M. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
As Joe Biden entered the White House after serving 36 years in the Senate and 8 years as the president of the Senate, he brought a different strategy that seemed to pay off as his cabinet members received more votes in favor of their confirmation than did Trump’s nominees. His cabinet members would also stay around longer. Although Trump left the White House (admittedly, a bit grudgingly), he has not left the political scene. His presence is still very much felt in the Senate, and Republican senators are still responding to the news that he seems to create every day.
Aristotle and Xunzi on Shame, Moral Education, and the Good Life
Authors: Zhao Jingyi Jenny 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Aristotle and Xunzi on Shame, Moral Education, and the Good Life is the first major work that takes two philosophers from the ancient Greek and early Chinese traditions to stimulate discussion of an interdisciplinary nature on the rich and complex topic of the emotions, in particular, shame. It features sophisticated comparative analysis of the Greek and Chinese texts while bringing the ancient materials to bear on modern controversies such as the role of shame in moral education and social cohesion. Despite fundamental differences in their social-historical and intellectual backgrounds, Aristotle and Xunzi bear striking similarities in several respects: their concept of humans as essentially members of communities, as having a unique set of characteristics that set them apart from other living things, and as beings in need of moral training to fulfil their potential and become integrated into a well-ordered society. The two philosophers’ discourses on shame reveal important insights into their ideals of human nature, moral education and the good life. This book tackles directly the methodological problems that are relevant to anyone interested in cross-cultural comparisons and organises discussion of the ancient sources in such a way as to facilitate a thorough integration of perspectives from the cultural traditions concerned. This approach provides sufficient focus to allow for detailed textual analysis while giving scope for making constant connections to the broader comparative questions at issue.
Mapping the Vocabulary of ‘Shame’
Authors: Zhao Jingyi Jenny 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter lays out conceptual maps of shame-related ideas in Aristotle and Xunzi. It illustrates how these ideas were conceived by each philosopher and the contexts in which they were employed. The chapter is therefore philological in nature, paying close attention to how particular terms and phrases were used and laying the foundation for the later chapters that are more philosophically focused. It first examines pathos and qing 情, both of which have been rendered as emotions, feelings, or affections in English, although each has a wide semantic range. It then moves onto the use and connotations of aidōs and aischunē in Aristotle’s works, including the important question of the interchangeability of the two terms, and xiu, chi, ru, and their related binomes in Xunzi. In both cases, shame-related vocabulary is employed in the context of upholding standards of behaviour and maintaining interpersonal relationships, though differences can be identified in their usage.
Making and Shaping the Law of Armed Conflict
Authors: Sivakumaran Sandesh , Burne Christian R. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This introduction explains the importance of the topic and situates this volume against the existing literature. It introduces the chapters and identifies certain themes which run through the work. The themes include the role of States in the making of the law of armed conflict; the role of actors other than States in the shaping of the law of armed conflict; the dynamic and interactive nature of law-making and shaping; and the multiple lives of norms.
Where Vienna and Geneva Meet
Authors: Henckaerts Jean-Marie 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the application of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties to the interpretation of the 1949 Geneva Conventions. The Vienna Convention offers a coherent legal framework for treaty interpretation, including international humanitarian law treaties. Because the adoption of new Geneva Conventions does not seem to be realistic in the near future, the interpretation of the existing Conventions remains of crucial importance. The chapter sets out the Vienna Convention’s framework for treaty interpretation and examines it from the perspective of the Geneva Conventions. It looks in more detail at the requirements of good faith and reliance on the ordinary meaning of the text, in light of the treaty’s object and purpose. It further examines the requirement that subsequent developments in law and practice be taken into account, particularly relevant for older treaties such as the Geneva Conventions. The chapter then looks at supplementary means of interpretation.
The Development of the Law of Armed Conflict by International Criminal Tribunals
Authors: Bradley Martha M. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates how judicial decisions of international courts and tribunals have shaped international humanitarian law. Judicial decisions, specifically those of the ICTY and ICTR, have facilitated clearer comprehension of the law of non-international armed conflict. The discussion celebrates positive developments such as Tadić (ICTY), which defined “non-international armed conflict,” and Akayesu (ICTR), where “rape” is defined. However, this contribution cautions against judicial activism when interpreting war crimes because the resultant confusion frustrates those who deploy international humanitarian law during armed conflict. The International Criminal Court’s Ntaganda decision illustrates the delicate balance sustaining the relationship between international humanitarian law and international criminal law and is a reminder of the importance of the principle that war crimes vest in prohibitive rules under international humanitarian law. International humanitarian law is the starting point in interpretation, and a reversal of the correct order results in a dilution of international humanitarian law rules.
Applying and Interpreting the Law of Armed Conflict
Authors: Khan Yousuf Syed 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Over the past twenty-two years, the United Nations has relied on a series of mandated mechanisms to investigate and respond to periods of uprising, conflict, and post-conflict contexts (“atrocity inquiries”). These mechanisms regularly consider questions of law, including by publicly applying and interpreting the law of armed conflict (LOAC). Sometimes they are the first international bodies to consider certain issues. The Syria Commission of Inquiry, for example, was the first UN-mandated mechanism to consider (1) the forced displacement of unsympathetic populations as a warring strategy after prolonged siege warfare; and (2) unlawful internment through battlefield detention perpetrated by a non-State armed group under the guise of camps for internally displaced persons. Similarly, the South Sudan Commission was the first mechanism to dedicate a comprehensive report to starvation as a method of warfare in the context of a non-international armed conflict. Beyond simply applying and interpreting the LOAC publicly, when UN Human Rights Council mechanisms share their underlying information with courts in particular, the information “shows their work” and can serve as a rubric for how the mechanism had viewed the elements of crimes and therefore how it viewed the application of the LOAC. Upon receiving this underlying information and evidence, especially the interviews conducted, judicial verdicts may later be reached relying on them. Through judicial decisions and their status as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law, it is by sharing their underlying work that atrocity inquires have the more concrete potential to shape and influence the LOAC.
Uncertain Vote-Counting in the Founding Era
Authors: Foley Edward B. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Even before the Constitution was drafted, the new nation struggled to adjudicate fairly a dispute over the outcome of a close and important election. In 1781, Pennsylvania had an election for a seat on its Supreme Executive Council, which exercised the state’s executive authority before it had a governor. The election was mired over allegations of polling place improprieties, including claims that military authorities used coercion to affect the casting of ballots. The council itself divided along partisan lines on how to resolve the dispute, including the question whether election laws must be followed strictly or only substantially—and how to determine whether the breach of a rule affected which candidate won. After the Constitution was adopted, the new Congress confronted similar difficulties.
The Progressive Era
Authors: Foley Edward B. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In 1891, New York suffered an episode so outrageous that it caused the state’s bar to condemn a leading lawyer and sparked calls for systemic reform. The “Stolen Senate” occurred when the state’s deputy attorney general deceitfully disobeyed the decree of the state’s highest court. Three years later, the state’s new constitution included a provision aimed at reducing partisanship in election administration of elections, although the provision could have been stronger. When New York City’s mayoral election of 1905 became mired in allegations of fraud, the state’s progressive governor Charles Evans Hughes promised an honest count. The state’s courts, however, did not comply with this promise, floundering on procedural technicalities. Hughes again is a principal player in the presidential election of 1916, which almost became disputed over the close outcome in California, but campaign attorneys found no evidence of improprieties and Hughes conceded to his Progressive Era counterpart, Woodrow Wilson.
The Sixties and Their Legacy
Authors: Foley Edward B. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The Civil Rights Era elevated expectations that disputed elections would be resolved according to democratic ideals, including the basic precept of one-person-one-vote that the Supreme Court found enshrined in the Constitution. Minnesota lived up to these expectations in its exceptionally close 1962 gubernatorial election. The state employed a special three-judge panel chosen by the parties themselves to supervise the recount of the race. When the recount overturned the incumbent governor’s victory, he accepted defeat and vacated his office. The US Senate, by contrast, failed to adopt a similarly impartial panel for New Hampshire’s exceptionally close Senate election in 1974. Partisanship prevented the Senate from being able to settle which candidate won and to require a revote of the election instead.
P, T, and C Invariance of QED
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In this chapter we make an overview of the charged Klein-Gordon and Dirac fields in interaction with the electromagnetic field-of quantum electrodynamics (QED) of spin-0 and spin-I /2 particles. We assume the reader already to have some acquaintance with the subject, and we do not pretend our overview to be very pedagogical. Our emphasis is on the P, T, and C transformations of the fields. We fix some notation, and present various formulae which will be used later in the book.
Gauge Structure of the Standard Model
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In this chapter we make an overview of the gauge structure of the standard model (SM), with the purpose of establishing notation and writing down the Feynman rules for all vertices and propagators in a general ‘t Hooft gauge. The part of the SM Lagrangian involving the fermions will be studied in the next chapter.