bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le système budgétaire de la Pologne
Authors: Chrabonszczewska Elzbieta , Kolanowska-Kowalska Barbara 
Published: November 2010

L'article présente le système budgétaire en vigueur à l'heure actuelle en Pologne. Il commence par une présentation générale de la notion de budget ainsi que de sa fonction, suivie d'une analyse de la structure des recettes et des dépenses budgétaires réparties entre le budget central et les budgets régionaux. Étant donnés le rôle croissant des ressources affectées dans le financement des objectifs de l'État, le problème de l'utilité de leur création est également abordé. Suit une discussion des principaux impôts prélevés sur les agents du secteur socialisé de l'économie (impôt sur le chiffre d'affaires, impôts sur le revenu, impôt sur le dépassement du plafond des salaires, impôts sur les salaires et traitements, impôt sur les immeubles, contribution aux assurances sociales), sur le secteur privé (impôt sur le chiffre d'affaires, impôt sur le revenu, impôt foncier) et sur la population (impôt sur les salaires, impôt compensatoire, impôt sur les immeubles).
Les auteurs se sont également penchés sur les fondements de l'organisation de l'économie budgétaire (brut et net). Dans la partie finale de l'article, elles évoquent le problème des revenus propres et des dotations en faveur des budgets régionaux.
La réforme fiscale en Hongrie : problèmes intérieurs et aspects comparatifs
Authors: Koltay Jenö 
Published: November 2010

Après avoir rappelé les grandes lignes du système fiscal antérieur à 1988 (majorité des recettes provenant des impôts directs et recettes assurées pour deux-tiers par les entreprises), l'auteur analyse la réforme de la fiscalité amorcée en Hongrie. La nécessité de transformer la structure de la fiscalité et d'effectuer les prélèvements beaucoup moins sur la production et les revenus des entreprises que sur la consommation et les revenus des ménages s'étant imposée, l'auteur nous détaille les solutions qui étaient envisageables. Il fait l'historique des débats qui ont eu lieu, généralement en référence aux expériences étrangères et particulièrement à celles des économies de marché où la T.V.A. a connu le développement que l'on sait.
Le passage au nouveau régime fiscal aura inévitablement des effets sur les prix, les investissements, les échanges avec l'extérieur, etc., qu'il est à la fois impossible de prévoir et d'évaluer a posteriori sur la base des expériences menées ailleurs. L'auteur avant même de nous présenter les nouveaux impôts désormais en vigueur (impôt sur le revenu des personnes physiques et T.V.A.) estime que l'introduction de la réforme s'avère assez risquée faute d'études préliminaires et de débats suffisamment approfondis. Il examine, pour finir, les incidences de la réforme fiscale sur le budget et sur le système économique et se montre assez pessimiste.
Le fiasco politique de la Roumanie
Authors: Nelson Daniel N. 
Published: November 2010

Romania's political demise
During the first decade and a half of Nicolae Ceausescu's rule in Romania, his regime found favor in the West because of its distinctive foreign and defense policies that suggested an opportunity for Western interests within the Warsaw Pact. Particularly in the 1980s, this image has evaporated, and virtually the entire group of CSCE participants now recognizes the Ceausescu government as having committed serious human rights abuses. Further damaging to the international political fortunes of Romania has been Ceausescu's refusal to acknowledge any value in the reformist policies of Mikhail Gorbachev, while engaging in policies (such as the sistematizare - rural resettlement program) that create volatile tensions within the Warsaw Pact. Thus, Ceausescu has « succeeded » in alienating both West and East. Within his own country, his policies of backbreaking austerity and political repression have brought a total reversal of the public support he enjoyed early in his rule. Party, army, and public now await his passing, hoping to avoid a continuation of the Ceausescu family, but cognizant that the damage wrought by two and a half decades will be almost impossible to repair.
La crise de l'industrie pharmaceutique en Pologne
Authors: Alexandra Balinska Marta 
Published: November 2010

The crisis of the pharmaceutical industry in Poland
This article seeks to trace the evolution of the pharmaceutical industry in Poland since the Second World War. Although it began on a modest basis and never reached a high technological level, by 1956 national production was covering 70% of the country's needs. When Gierek came to power in 1970, his policy of mass investment and importation gave — at first — a big boost to the industry. Poland had skilled workers in the area, especially compared to other Comecon countries and greatly profited from Western technology and the important investments which were being made in the chemical industry as a whole. Thus, the pharmaceutical industry soared. In 1973 Pharmaceuticals already counted for 21 % of all Polish chemical exports and two years later 30 % of pharmaceutical production was being exported. In fact, the industry was doing so well that when the chemical sector began to break down owing to enormous loans and « value-plans » which could be easily filled simply by importing goods, it was made to compensate for the growing losses of other deficient industries. Then Comecon decided to attribute Poland with the task of developing heavy chemical industry, which meant even greater investments for a country sinking deeper and deeper into debt. The full crisis broke out in 1978.
Today, the situation is disastrous. Unofficial sources estimate that in 1986 a mere 5 to 20 % of pharmaceutical needs were being covered by national production. Official sources recognize that only 41 % of the pharmaceutical « plan » was filled in 1987. Aspirine has been an extreme rarity for a few years now, many maternity wards have no cotton, operating rooms shut down for lack of anesthetics... and so on. The same needles are used for numerous injections : the dangers of hepatitis B are well known, but what about AIDS ? The government has reduced imports to case by case orders. Foreign charity is very helpful, sometimes contributing up to 50 % of hospital stocks, but how long can Poland go on this way ? Public health is deteriorating dramatically. Political reform, as a first step to economic reform, and constructive foreign aid are the only answers.
La formation des cadres syndicaux : l'école de Bernau
Authors: Bafoil François 
Published: November 2010

Training of trade union cadres : the Bernau school
In the classification of training establishments, the Bernau school occupied a place in the first category. Its role was to provide union officials from all over the country with a three-year training course, basically centred on « ideological services ». The author shows that, significant though this training was, it could not equip the unions to keep pace effectively with the changes in enterprises, particularly in respect of technological innovation.
Les conséquences du développement technique sur la division sexuelle du travail : polarisation, différenciation ou rapprochement des sexes ?
Authors: Nickel Hildegard-Maria 
Published: November 2010

The effects of technical development on the sexual division of labour
The GDR was distinguished by the considerable efforts it made to achieve equality of opportunity between men and women in respect of training and employment. However, the execution of household tasks is still exclusively a female preserve, with depictions of professional careers following stereotyped images which are sexually determined, and lastly, as in the past, hierarchies are still discriminatory towards women, thus creating profound inequality between the sexes in the work context.
Wavelet Based Restoration of Images with Missing or Damaged Pixels
Authors: Ji Hui , Shen Zuowei , Xu Yuhong 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis paper addresses the problem of how to restore degraded images where the pixels have been partly lost during transmission or damaged by impulsive noise. A wide range of image restoration tasks is covered in the mathematical model considered in this paper - e.g. image deblurring, image inpainting and super-resolution imaging. Based on the assumption that natural images are likely to have a sparse representation in a wavelet tight frame domain, we propose a regularization-based approach to recover degraded images, by enforcing the analysis-based sparsity prior of images in a tight frame domain. The resulting minimization problem can be solved efficiently by the split Bregman method. Numerical experiments on various image restoration tasks - simultaneously image deblurring and inpainting, super-resolution imaging and image deblurring under impulsive noise - demonstrated the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm. It proved robust to mis-detection errors of missing or damaged pixels, and compared favorably to existing algorithms.
New Finite Difference Methods Based on IIM for Inextensible Interfaces in Incompressible Flows
Authors: Li Zhilin , Lai Ming-Chih 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn this paper, new finite difference methods based on the augmented immersed interface method (IIM) are proposed for simulating an inextensible moving interface in an incompressible two-dimensional flow. The mathematical models arise from studying the deformation of red blood cells in mathematical biology. The governing equations are incompressible Stokes or Navier-Stokes equations with an unknown surface tension, which should be determined in such a way that the surface divergence of the velocity is zero along the interface. Thus, the area enclosed by the interface and the total length of the interface should be conserved during the evolution process. Because of the nonlinear and coupling nature of the problem, direct discretization by applying the immersed boundary or immersed interface method yields complex nonlinear systems to be solved. In our new methods, we treat the unknown surface tension as an augmented variable so that the augmented IIM can be applied. Since finding the unknown surface tension is essentially an inverse problem that is sensitive to perturbations, our regularization strategy is to introduce a controlled tangential force along the interface, which leads to a least squares problem. For Stokes equations, the forward solver at one time level involves solving three Poisson equations with an interface. For Navier-Stokes equations, we propose a modified projection method that can enforce the pressure jump condition corresponding directly to the unknown surface tension. Several numerical experiments show good agreement with other results in the literature and reveal some interesting phenomena.
Construction of Probabilistic Boolean Networks from a Prescribed Transition Probability Matrix: A Maximum Entropy Rate Approach
Authors: Chen Xi , Ching Wai-Ki , Chen Xiao-Shan , Cong Yang , Tsing Nam-Kiu 
Published: November 2010

AbstractModeling genetic regulatory networks is an important problem in genomic research. Boolean Networks (BNs) and their extensions Probabilistic Boolean Networks (PBNs) have been proposed for modeling genetic regulatory interactions. In a PBN, its steady-state distribution gives very important information about the long-run behavior of the whole network. However, one is also interested in system synthesis which requires the construction of networks. The inverse problem is ill-posed and challenging, as there may be many networks or no network having the given properties, and the size of the problem is huge. The construction of PBNs from a given transition-probability matrix and a given set of BNs is an inverse problem of huge size. We propose a maximum entropy approach for the above problem. Newton's method in conjunction with the Conjugate Gradient (CG) method is then applied to solving the inverse problem. We investigate the convergence rate of the proposed method. Numerical examples are also given to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.
A Convex and Exact Approach to Discrete Constrained TV-L1 Image Approximation
Authors: Yuan Jing , Shi Juan , Tai Xue-Cheng 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWe study the TV-L1 image approximation model from primal and dual perspective, based on a proposed equivalent convex formulations. More specifically, we apply a convex TV-L1 based approach to globally solve the discrete constrained optimization problem of image approximation, where the unknown image function u(x) ∈ {f1,…,fn}, ∀x ∈ Ω. We show that the TV-L1 formulation does provide an exact convex relaxation model to the non-convex optimization problem considered. This result greatly extends recent studies of Chan et al., from the simplest binary constrained case to the general gray-value constrained case, through the proposed rounding scheme. In addition, we construct a fast multiplier-based algorithm based on the proposed primal-dual model, which properly avoids variability of the concerning TV-L1 energy function. Numerical experiments validate the theoretical results and show that the proposed algorithm is reliable and effective.
An Extension of the COCR Method to Solving Shifted Linear Systems with Complex Symmetric Matrices
Authors: Sogabe Tomohiro , Zhang Shao-Liang 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe Conjugate Orthogonal Conjugate Residual (COCR) method [T. Sogabe and S.-L. Zhang, JCAM, 199 (2007), pp. 297-303.] has recently been proposed for solving complex symmetric linear systems. In the present paper, we develop a variant of the COCR method that allows the efficient solution of complex symmetric shifted linear systems. Some numerical examples arising from large-scale electronic structure calculations are presented to illustrate the performance of the variant.
Prioritizing “Psychological” Consequences for Disaster Preparedness and Response: A Framework for Addressing the Emotional, Behavioral, and Cognitive Effects of Patient Surge in Large-Scale Disasters
Authors: Meredith Lisa S. , Eisenman David P. , Tanielian Terri , Taylor Stephanie L. , Basurto-Davila Ricardo , Zazzali James , Diamond Dickson , Cienfuegos Barbara , Shields Sandra 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTWhile information for the medical aspects of disaster surge is increasingly available, there is little guidance for health care facilities on how to manage the psychological aspects of large-scale disasters that might involve a surge of psychological casualties. In addition, no models are available to guide the development of training curricula to address these needs. This article describes 2 conceptual frameworks to guide hospitals and clinics in managing such consequences. One framework was developed to understand the antecedents of psychological effects or “psychological triggers” (restricted movement, limited resources, limited information, trauma exposure, and perceived personal or family risk) that cause the emotional, behavioral, and cognitive reactions following large-scale disasters. Another framework, adapted from the Donabedian quality of care model, was developed to guide appropriate disaster response by health care facilities in addressing the consequences of reactions to psychological triggers. This framework specifies structural components (internal organizational structure and chain of command, resources and infrastructure, and knowledge and skills) that should be in place before an event to minimize consequences. The framework also specifies process components (coordination with external organizations, risk assessment and monitoring, psychological support, and communication and information sharing) to support evidence-informed interventions.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:73-80)
Theoretical approaches to the temperature and zero‐point motion effects on the electronic band structure
Authors: Gonze X. , Boulanger P. , Côté M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe modifications of the electronic band structure of solids due to electron‐phonon interactions (temperature and zero‐point motion effects) have been explored by Manuel Cardona from both the experimental and theoretical sides. In the present contribution, we focus on the theoretical approaches to such effects. Although the situation has improved since the seventies, the wish for a fully developed theory (and associated efficient implementations) is not yet fulfilled. We review noticeable semi‐empirical and first‐principle studies, with a special emphasis on the Allen‐Heine‐Cardona (AHC) approach. We then focus on the non‐diagonal Debye‐Waller contribution, appearing beyond the rigid‐ion approximation, in a Density‐Functional Theory (DFT) approach. A numerical study shows that they can be sizeable (10%–50%) for diatomic molecules. We also present the basic idea of a new formalism, based on Density‐Functional Perturbation Theory, that allows one to avoid the sums over a large number of empty states, and speed up the calculation by one order of magnitude, compared to the straightforward implementation of the AHC approach within DFT.
Sorption properties of wood impregnated with aqueous solution of boric acid and montan wax emulsion
Authors: Lesar Boštjan , Straže Aleš , Humar Miha 
Published: November 2010

AbstractNonbiocidal techniques for wood protection have become more and more important in the last few years. One of the possible treatments to enhance wood durability is use of water repellents. In this research, the influence of one of the possible water repellents, the montan wax emulsion, on the moisturizing and the sorption characteristics of impregnated wood was investigated. To achieve a better protection against wood decay fungi, wood was impregnated with montan wax emulsion enriched with boric acid. The equilibrium moisture content (MC) was monitored during the adsorption and the desorption processes at five levels of relative air humidity (RH1 = 20%, RH2 = 33%, RH3 = 65%, RH4 = 88%, and RH5 = 98%). Water repellence efficiency was monitored in the chamber with high RH (87%) and during dipping in the water. Impregnated samples were also exposed outdoors in a covered position for 5 months to determine MC changes according to changes in outdoor humidity and temperature. The results showed that the sorption properties of the impregnated wood are strongly related to retention of preservative solutions after impregnation and its composition. Montan wax reduced equilibrium MC of the impregnated wood up to 25% (relatively), whereas specimens impregnated with combination of montan wax and boric acid resulted in decreased MC in some cases and in increased MC in some cases. The Guggenheim–Andersen–deBoer model of sorption isotherms was fitted to experimental data to explain the sorption mechanisms. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
MMA bulk polymerization and its influence on in situ resin viscosity comparing several chemorheological models
Authors: Teyssandier F. , Love B. J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractEarlier published rheological data of methyl methacrylate (MMA) heated and isothermally polymerized at temperatures between 50 and 80°C have been reanalyzed using three semiempirical models of viscosity advancement including a modified Boltzmann sigmoidal model, a microgel model for cure, and a first‐order isothermal kinetic model. These alternative models possessed few fitting parameters and could be used without requiring more experiments to be run. For each dataset as a function of temperature, the analysis resolved time constants associated with both the induction time for polymerization and the rate of viscosity rise, which were inversely related to the polymerization temperature. We found the sigmoidal model the most robust to accommodate nonlinearities in viscosity advancement with radical polymerization of MMA. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Multiwalled carbon nanotube/polyacrylonitrile composite fibers prepared by in situ polymerization
Authors: Zhou Hua , Tang Xueyuan , Dong Yanming , Chen Lifu , Zhang Litong , Wang Wenrong , Xiong Xiaopeng 
Published: November 2010

AbstractMulti‐walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were mixed with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) by in situ polymerization or by mechanically mixing. The mixtures were then wet‐spun into fibers, respectively. The effects of mixing method on the interfacial bonding between the components in the fibers and the properties of the fiber were investigated by Raman spectroscopy, TEM, SEM, and tensile strength testing. By in situ polymerization mixing, a thin layer of PAN molecules is observed to cover the surface of the CNT, which increases the diameter of CNT evidently. Results of Raman spectroscopy indicate that the layer of PAN molecules are strongly attached onto the surface of CNT through grafting polymerization, leading to strong chemical bonding between CNTs and PAN matrix in the obtained fibers. In contrast, no obvious chemical interactions are observed between them in the fibers prepared by mechanically mixing. In both cases, the CNTs have significantly strengthened the PAN fibers. However, the fibers prepared from in situ polymerization mixing are much stronger because of the interfacial bonding effect between the PAN molecules and CNTs. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synthesis of functionalized fullerene‐C60 by the living anionic polymerization technique
Authors: Natori Itaru , Natori Shizue , Hirose Yuto 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe synthesis of functionalized fullerene‐C60 (C60) was performed using living anionic polymerization. The metalation of the benzylic hydrogen atom on toluene or p‐substituted toluene was conducted with the alkyllithium/amine system, and examined by living anionic polymerization of 1,3‐cyclohexadiene. The number of carbanions bonded onto C60 was estimated by the grafting reaction of living polymer onto C60. The tert‐butyllithium/N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine system was an effective metalation reagent, and toluene‐, p‐xylene‐, 4‐methyltriphenylamine‐functionalized C60s having good solubility were successfully synthesized. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Strain‐induced crystallization behavior of natural rubber and trans‐1,4‐polyisoprene crosslinked blends
Authors: Qu Liangliang , Huang Guangsu , Nie Yijing , Wu Jinrong , Weng Gengsheng , Zhang Peng 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe strain‐induced crystallization (SIC) behaviors of crosslinked blends based on natural rubber (NR) and trans‐1,4‐polyisoprene (TPI) with different content of TPI were probed explored by using synchrotron two‐dimensional wide angle X‐ray diffraction and dynamic mechanical analysis. The results showed that when TPI content is less than 70% no reflection peak of TPI but NR crystallite diffractions can be observed and the diffractions of TPI βform appear when TPI content is 70 wt % in the cocured blend. SIC of cocured blends started at smaller strain ratio than the pure NR. By calculating ΔSdef, it is found that the drop in entropy upon strain decreased when TPI is incorporated into NR due to the reduction of molecular mobility of NR. The degree of SIC and crystallization rate index in crosslinked blends monotonously decreased with the increase of TPI content. The apparent crystallite size exhibited some surprising variations. L200 and L120 decreased with the increase of TPI content in the cocured blends. These observations were usually caused by two factors: (i) Less number of polymer chains could involve in crystal growth due to the lower mobility of polymer chains in the cocured blends which is proved by dynamic mechanical analysis results; (ii) The mean distance between nuclei decreases, which was caused by the fluctuation of crosslink density in NR phase derived from the heterogeneous distribution of curatives in two phases supported by the varying tendency of curing degree and crosslink density. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011