bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adolescents’ Conformity to Their Peers’ Pro‐Alcohol and Anti‐Alcohol Norms: The Power of Popularity
Authors: Teunissen Hanneke A. , Spijkerman Renske , Prinstein Mitchell J. , Cohen Geoffrey L. , Engels Rutger C. M. E. , Scholte Ron H. J. 
Published: April 2012

BackgroundResearch on adolescent development suggests that peer influence may play a key role in explaining adolescents’ willingness to drink, an important predictor of drinking initiation. However, experiments that thoroughly examine these peer influence effects are scarce. This study experimentally examined whether adolescents adapted their willingness to drink when confronted with the pro‐alcohol and anti‐alcohol norms of peers in a chat room session and whether these effects were moderated by the social status of peers.MethodsWe collected survey data on drinking behavior, social status, and willingness to drink among five hundred thirty‐two 14‐ to 15‐year‐olds. Of this sample, 74 boys participated in a simulated Internet chat room session in which participants were confronted with preprogrammed pro‐alcohol or anti‐alcohol norms of “grade‐mates” which were in fact preprogrammed e‐confederates. Accordingly, we tested whether participants adapted their willingness to drink to the norms of these grade‐mates. To test whether adaptations in participants’ willingness to drink would depend on grade‐mates’ social status, we manipulated their level of popularity.ResultsThe results indicated that adolescents adapted their willingness to drink substantially to the pro‐alcohol (i.e., more willing to drink) as well as anti‐alcohol (i.e., less willing to drink) norms of these peers. Adolescents were more influenced by high‐status than low‐status peers. Interestingly, the anti‐alcohol norms of the popular peers seemed most influential in that adolescents were less willing to drink when they were confronted with the anti‐alcohol norms of popular peers. Additionally, the adolescents internalized these anti‐alcohol norms.ConclusionsThis study gives more insight into peer influence processes that encourage or discourage alcohol use. These results could be fundamental for the development of prevention and intervention programs to reduce alcohol use among the adolescents.
Face–Name Association Learning and Brain Structural Substrates in Alcoholism
Authors: Pitel Anne‐Lise , Chanraud Sandra , Rohlfing Torsten , Pfefferbaum Adolf , Sullivan Edith V. 
Published: April 2012

BackgroundAssociative learning is required for face–name association and is impaired in alcoholism, but the cognitive processes and brain structural components underlying this deficit remain unclear. It is also unknown whether prompting alcoholics to implement a deep level of processing during face–name encoding would enhance performance.MethodsAbstinent alcoholics and controls performed a levels‐of‐processing face–name learning task. Participants indicated whether the face was that of an honest person (deep encoding) or that of a man (shallow encoding). Retrieval was examined using an associative (face–name) recognition task and a single‐item (face or name only) recognition task. Participants also underwent 3T structural MRI.ResultsCompared with controls, alcoholics had poorer associative and single‐item learning and performed at similar levels. Level of processing at encoding had little effect on recognition performance but affected reaction time (RT). Correlations with brain volumes were generally modest and based primarily on RT in alcoholics, where the deeper the processing at encoding, the more restricted the correlations with brain volumes. In alcoholics, longer control task RTs correlated modestly with smaller tissue volumes across several anterior to posterior brain regions; shallow encoding correlated with calcarine and striatal volumes; deep encoding correlated with precuneus and parietal volumes; and associative recognition RT correlated with cerebellar volumes. In controls, poorer associative recognition with deep encoding correlated significantly with smaller volumes of frontal and striatal structures.ConclusionsDespite prompting, alcoholics did not take advantage of encoding memoranda at a deep level to enhance face–name recognition accuracy. Nonetheless, conditions of deeper encoding resulted in faster RTs and more specific relations with regional brain volumes than did shallow encoding. The normal relation between associative recognition and corticostriatal volumes was not present in alcoholics. Rather, their speeded RTs occurred at the expense of accuracy and were related most robustly to cerebellar volumes.
Cryoablation for AVNRT: Importance of Ablation Endpoint Criteria
Authors: ECKHARDT LEE L. L. , LEAL MIGUEL , HOLLIS ZACHARY , TANEGA JEANETTE , ALBERTE CESAR 
Published: April 2012

Cryoablation for AVNRT. Background: For ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), cryoablation has been shown to be a safe alternative to radiofrequency ablation. However, previous studies have shown a higher recurrence rate with cryoablation compared to radiofrequency ablation.Objective: This study reviewed our experience using cryoablation for typical AVNRT using stringent endpoint criteria for slow pathway ablation, yet preserving the desirable safety profile of cryoablation.Methods: Seventy‐five consecutive cases of typical AVNRT underwent cryoablation. Ablation of the AV nodal slow pathway was performed with the goal of eliminating tachycardia, AH jump, and retrograde atrial echo beats. The primary efficacy endpoint was freedom of recurrent supraventricular tachycardia at follow‐up. Analysis of AVN characteristics, number of lesions, and complications was performed.Results: Seventy‐two (96%) patients met the primary efficacy endpoint over an average follow‐up of 34.6 (12.6–68.3) months. In patients who had complete elimination of the slow pathway, there were no recurrences. The presence of an AH jump with a single retrograde echo was highly associated with a recurrence (P = 0.0001). There were no complications, including AV conduction block.Conclusion: The efficacy of cryoablation for management of AVNRT can be comparable to radiofrequency energy if the suggested endpoint of elimination of tachycardia, AH jump with retrograde atrial beats, is met. Prior studies evaluating cryoablation in this setting did not require this endpoint, which could have contributed to the relatively higher rate of late recurrences. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23, pp. 729‐734, July 2012)
Pulmonary Vein Antral Isolation and Nonpulmonary Vein Trigger Ablation without Additional Substrate Modification for Treating Longstanding Persistent Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: LIN DAVID , FRANKEL DAVID S. , ZADO ERICA S. , GERSTENFELD EDWARD , DIXIT SANJAY , CALLANS DAVID J. , RILEY MICHAEL , HUTCHINSON MATHEW , GARCIA FERMIN , BALA RUPA , VERDINO RALPH , COOPER JOSHUA , MARCHLINSKI FRANCIS E. 
Published: April 2012

PV Ablation for Persistent Atrial Fibrillation. Introduction: Effectiveness of antral pulmonary vein isolation (PVAI) and ablation of non‐PV triggers (non‐PVTA) in controlling longstanding persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) has not been reported. We sought to describe clinical outcomes with this ablation strategy in patients (pts) followed for at least 1 year.Methods: Two hundred pts underwent PVAI for longstanding persistent AF and were followed for recurrence. Thirty‐three pts with <1‐year follow‐up and 37 pts with additional RF atrial ablation were excluded, leaving 130 pts for analysis.Results: All 130 pts (108 men, mean LA 4.7 ± 0.6 cm, mean AF duration of 38 ± 44 months) underwent PVAI with entrance/exit block. In addition, 24 pts (15 pts during the initial procedure and 9 additional pts at repeat ablations) had 40 non‐PVTA, including 3 with AVNRT. During follow‐up, atrial flutter (AFL) was noted in 7 (5%) pts. The AF‐free survival after single procedure without antiarrhythmic drugs (AAD) was 38%. Repeat AF or AFL ablation was performed in 37 pts (28%) with PV reconnection uniformly identified (3.7 ± 0.5 veins/pt). During mean follow‐up of 41.1 ± 23.8 months (range 12–103 months), 85/130 pts (65%) were in sinus rhythm with 65 pts (50%) off AAD, 20 pts (15%) on AAD. Additionally, 9 pts (7%) have had rare episodes of AF such that 72% of pts have had good long‐term clinical outcome. Of the 36 pts with recurrent AF, 20 pts have not had a repeat procedure.Conclusions: PVAI with non‐PVTA for longstanding persistent AF provides good long‐term AF control in over 70% of patients with infrequent (5%) AFL. AAD therapy and repeat PVAI may be required for this optimal outcome. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23, pp. 806‐813, August 2012)
QT Interval and the Risk of Myocardial Infarction and All‐Cause Death: A Cohort Study
Authors: LINDEKLEIV HAAKON , WILSGAARD TOM , MACFARLANE PETER W. , LØCHEN MAJA‐LISA 
Published: April 2012

QT Interval and the Risk of Myocardial Infarction and All‐Cause Death. Introduction: The relationship between QT interval and cardiovascular disease is controversial.Methods: All male residents aged 20–61 years and female residents aged 20–56 years were invited to the Tromsø Study in 1986–1987. A total of 15,558 participants free of heart disease were prospectively followed over 20 years for myocardial infarction and death. QT interval at baseline was measured on lead I of the electrocardiogram. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) per standard deviation change in QT interval were calculated using a Cox regression model.Results: We identified 756 cases of myocardial infarction and 1,183 all‐cause deaths. Prolonged QT interval was present in 792 (5%) participants. QT interval was not associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction (HR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.84–1.07, after adjustment for potential confounders). Heart‐rate‐corrected QT interval was a significant predictor for all‐cause death in men (HR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.03–1.29), but not in women (HR: 1.04, 95% CI: 0.91–1.18), after adjustment for potential confounders.Conclusions: The findings suggest that the previously observed relationship between QT interval and increased risk of cardiovascular death is not mediated by increased risk of myocardial infarction. The clinical utility of the QT interval to identify individuals at high risk for coronary events is limited in a general population without prior heart disease. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23, pp. 846‐852, August 2012)
A Nuptially Transmitted Ichthyosporean Symbiont of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
Authors: Lord Jeffrey C. , Hartzer Kris L. , Kambhampati Srinivas 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor, harbors a symbiont that has spores with a thick, laminated wall and infects the fat body and ventral nerve chord of adult and larval beetles. In adult males, there is heavy infection of the epithelial cells of the testes and between testes lobes with occasional penetration of the lobes. Spores are enveloped in the spermatophores when they are formed at the time of mating and transferred to the female's bursa copulatrix. Infection has not been found in the ovaries. The sequence of the nuclear small subunit rDNA indicates that the symbiont is a member of the Ichthyosporea, a class of protists near the animal–fungi divergence.
A Y‐Chromosomal Haplotype with Two Short Tandem Repeat Mutations*
Authors: Ma Yan , Kuang Jin‐Zhi , Zhu Wei , Yang Zhi , Wang Yu‐Jian , Nie Tong‐Gang , Li Chen , Hou Yi‐Ping 
Published: April 2012

Abstract: The male‐specific Y‐chromosomal short tandem repeat (STR) is a useful tool in forensic casework. The Y haplotype comprised of 16 loci, which is amplified simultaneously by AmpFlSTR® YfilerTM PCR kit and provides strong exculpatory evidence in individual identification. We reported a rare Y‐STR profile with a null allele at the DYS448 locus and an off‐ladder allele at the DYS456 locus, when genotyping material from a vaginal swab in an alleged rape case. Sequence analysis revealed that the DYS448 null allele was a true type of null allele because of a total deletion of 11 upstream repeats and 9 bp of the N42 region, and there were numerous primer binding site mutations as well. The amplicon of the DYS456 locus was a small 92‐bp fragment that was off‐ladder, and sequencing analysis showed that there were only 10 repeats (AGAT)10. This Y chromosome haplotype that was comprised of two variations provided helpful evidence for personal identification.
Thoughts on Inactivity and an Ethnography of “Nothing": Comparing Meanings of “Inactivity” in Romanian and American Mental Health Care
Authors: Friedman Jack R. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractDrawing from research in clinical mental health settings in the United States and Romania, this article considers “inactivity” as an object of study. While the “recovery movement” in the United States has attempted to combat inactivity among people with mental illnesses, many clinicians remain ambivalent, seeing inactivity both as problematic and as therapeutic. In Romanian psychiatric hospitals, inactivity is viewed as both the treatment for and the ultimate fate of people with mental illnesses. While anthropologists often study people who could be characterized as “inactive,” anthropologists have rarely addressed the experience of inactivity, emphasizing instead “productivity.” This Foucauldian impulse, I argue, obfuscates the lived realities of inactivity among many people.
A Brazilian Anthropologist Studying Money in America
Authors: Oliven Ruben G. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis article analyzes meanings of money in America. It is based on an ethnography carried out in the United States by a Brazilian anthropologist who studied financial institutions, health insurance, service clubs, compulsive spenders, restaurants, shops, scholarly, and non‐scholarly articles and books on personal finance, proverbs, expressions, etc. He is currently contrasting Brazilian and North American popular music of the first half of the 20th century. The author compares attitudes toward money in the United States with those existing in Brazil and argues that money in North American society, which can be seen as a total social fact, is considered less polluting than in Brazil, where it is represented as something potentially dirty.
Estimating direct resistance in willows against a major insect pest, Phratora vulgatissima, by comparing life history traits
Authors: Lehrman Anna , Torp Mikaela , Stenberg Johan A. , Julkunen‐Tiitto Riitta , Björkman Christer 
Published: April 2012

AbstractMany Salix species (Salicaceae) have a high energy quotum and efficient nitrogen use, resulting in a high and stable biomass production, making these plants suitable as bioenergy crops. However, Salix coppices are sensitive to herbivory by chrysomelid beetles, such as Phratora vulgatissima L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), and to maintain high biomass yields over several years, durable plant resistance is necessary. We have developed a reliable and efficient bioassay that can be used as a tool for detection of resistance against P. vulgatissima in Salix. Screening of six clones of one susceptible (Salix viminalis L.) and one resistant (Salix dasyclados Wimm.) willow species, by the response of several life history traits of larval and adult P. vulgatissima, identified egg production as the most reliable trait for resistance. We show that a 2‐week bioassay of oviposition rate is sufficient for a trustworthy estimation of both total egg production and survival of adult leaf beetles. In addition, to elucidate the variation in resistance among the studied clones, leaf concentrations of various phenolic compounds were compared with the key life history traits of the beetles. Phenolic compounds, especially salicylates, have previously been reported as the main factor controlling Salix resistance against P. vulgatissima. Indeed we found higher levels of salicylates in the resistant clones and larval performance was negatively correlated to the concentration of salicylates in the leaves. In addition, we found indications of negative effects of a luteolin derivative and quercetin‐3‐glucoside on leaf beetle performance, but further studies are needed to elucidate the specific roles that the different phenolic compounds play in plant resistance.
Diamondback moth oviposition: effects of host plant and herbivory
Authors: Silva Rehan , Furlong Michael J. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe oviposition behaviour of Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) on Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. Pekinensis, cv. Wombok), canola (Brassica napus L. cv. Thunder TT), and cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Capitata, cv. sugarloaf) (Brassicaceae) was studied in the laboratory. In no‐choice experiments moths laid most eggs on the stems and lower three leaves of cabbage plants, the lower three leaves of canola plants, but on the upper three leaves of Chinese cabbage plants. The effects of conspecific herbivore damage to foliage could be replicated by mechanical damage. When foliage was damaged, injured cabbage and canola plants were preferred for oviposition over intact conspecifics, whereas injured Chinese cabbage plants were less preferred than intact conspecifics. However, when root tissue was damaged, intact cabbage and canola plants were preferred over injured conspecifics, whereas moths did not discriminate between root‐damaged and intact Chinese cabbage plants. Injury to upper leaves significantly affected the intra‐plant distribution of eggs. In cabbage and canola plants, injury to leaf 6 significantly increased the number of eggs laid on this leaf, resulting in a significant decrease in the number of eggs laid on the lower foliage/stem of plants, whereas in Chinese cabbage plants it significantly decreased the number of eggs laid on leaf 6. Following oviposition on intact plants, neonate larvae established the vast majority of feeding sites on leaves 5–8 in all three host plants, indicating that larvae moved a considerable distance from preferred oviposition sites in cabbage and canola plants. The growth rate of neonates fed on leaf‐6 tissue was significantly greater than that of those fed on leaf‐1 tissue; >90% of larvae completed development when fed exclusively on leaf‐6 tissue but no larvae completed development when fed exclusively on leaf‐1 tissue. The study demonstrates the complex and unpredictable interactions between P. xylostella and its host plants and provides a basis from which we can begin to understand observed distributions of the pest in Brassica crops.
The ‘sparkle’ in fake eyes – the protective effect of mimic eyespots in lepidoptera
Authors: Blut C. , Wilbrandt J. , Fels D. , Girgel E.I. , Lunau K. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractMany species of lepidoptera bear conspicuous circular patterns on their wings, known as eyespots, that are hypothesised to protect their bearers against predatory birds. In this study, we focus on a small but ubiquitous feature occurring naturally in lepidopteran eyespots, namely the so‐called ‘sparkle’. The ‘pupil’ in an eyespot is often highlighted by a ‘sparkle’, which is hypothesised to mimic a natural corneal total light reflection evident as a highlight, twinkle, or sparkle in the vertebrate eye. In a study exploring the presence of such sparkles, we found that 53% of lepidopteran eyespots exceeding 1 mm in diameter have a central, pinpoint‐like ‘sparkle’, 12% have a marginal, crescent‐shaped ‘sparkle’, 13% have a semi‐circular ‘sparkle’, and 22% have an intermediate semi‐circular to crescent‐shaped ‘sparkle’. In the lepidopterans’ natural resting position, the marginal ‘sparkles’ are positioned in the upper part of the eyespots’‘pupil’ and thus may create the illusion of a spherical eyeball. The ‘sparkles’ in lepidopteran eyespots do not only appear white to humans, but also reflect ultraviolet light. White and UV‐reflecting ‘sparkles’ also appear ‘white’ for UV‐sensitive viewers such as birds, and thus may effectively mimic the natural highlight in vertebrate eyes as an area of total light reflection. In field experiments using lepidopteran dummies baited with a mealworm, we show that the ‘sparkle’ is one of several components of eyespots eliciting a deterrent effect and that eyespots with a ‘sparkle’ in a natural position have a stronger deterrent effect than those with a ‘sparkle’ in an unnatural position. These findings support the eye mimicry hypothesis that better vertebrate eye mimicry improves the deterrent effect of eyespots.
Deletion of PLCB1 gene in schizophrenia‐affected patients
Authors: Vasco Vincenza Rita Lo , Cardinale Giuseppina , Polonia Patrizia 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA prevalence of 1% in the general population and approximately 50% concordance rate in monozygotic twins was reported for schizophrenia, suggesting that genetic predisposition affecting neurodevelopmental processes might combine with environmental risk factors. A multitude of pathways seems to be involved in the aetiology and/or pathogenesis of schizophrenia, including dopaminergic, serotoninergic, muscarinic and glutamatergic signalling. The phosphoinositide signal transduction system and related phosphoinositide‐specific phospholipase C (PI‐PLC) enzymes seem to represent a point of convergence in these networking pathways during the development of selected brain regions. The existence of a susceptibility locus on the short arm of chromosome 20 moved us to analyse PLCB1, the gene codifying for PI‐PLC β1 enzyme, which maps on 20p12. By using interphase fluorescent in situ hybridization methodology, we found deletions of PLCB1 in orbito‐frontal cortex samples of schizophrenia‐affected patients.
High‐risk clonal evolution in chronic B‐lymphocytic leukemia: single‐center interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization study and review of the literature
Authors: Janssens Ann , Van Roy Nadine , Poppe Bruce , Noens Lucien , Philippé Jan , Speleman Frank , Offner Fritz 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackgroundWe studied the relation of clonal evolution (CE) in Chronic B‐lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with prognostic factors and the correlation between CE and disease progression and overall survival.MethodsWith interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis, we looked for 11q22 deletion, 17p13 deletion, and trisomy 12. A second FISH was performed approximately 3 yr after the first one or earlier in case of disease progression.ResultsHigh‐risk CE, defined as the acquisition of a new 11q or 17p deletion, was observed in 11.5% (11/95) of patients with CLL. The relative risk of CE was not influenced by CD38 and ZAP‐70 expression, mutational status of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene (IgVH), lymphocyte doubling time, and genomic aberrations observed with the first FISH or by treatment given between the sequential genetic analyses. Patients with high‐risk CE had a significant shorter survival time (59 months vs. not reached, P = 0.0367). Multivariate analysis identified CE as the strongest independent prognostic marker regarding survival [hazard ratio (HR) 4.1, P = 0.01]. Clonal fluctuation, defined as disappearance of the 11q or 17p deletion, was seen in 11.5% (11/95) of patients. Most patients lost the high‐risk clone after treatment despite persistence of a malignant clone. The disappearance of these genomic aberrations did not ameliorate outcome. A few patients have lost spontaneously a small 17p clone.ConclusionThis study confirms that CE and clonal fluctuation are common phenomena in CLL. CE was not limited to patients with pre‐existing adverse prognostic factors. Acquiring high‐risk CE was identified as the strongest independent prognostic factor for impaired survival.