bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temperature response to reactant concentration perturbations in a packed‐bed reactor
Authors: Jaree Attasak , Silveston Peter L. , Hudgins Robert R. , Budmad Hector , Menzinger Michael 
Published: March 2009

AbstractUnsteady‐state operations are known to enhance the performance of some packed‐bed reactor systems. However, negative effects of this type of operation should not be neglected. Temperature excursions developed during transients may accelerate some deactivation mechanisms, reducing catalyst lifetime and selectivity. Temperature response to perturbations in reactant concentration was studied for CO oxidation over Pt/Al2O3 in a packed‐bed reactor. Experiments were conducted in the CO concentration range for which multiple steady states are observed. Temperature and concentration profiles in the packed‐bed reactor at steady state were found to depend on the dynamic history of the reactor prior to the steady‐state condition.
An approach for the optimization of transient diffusion cell measurements
Authors: Sun Weiruo , Magalhães Fernão D. , Costa Carlos A. V. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn a diffusion cell experiment, the presence of a film diffusion resistance, in series with intrapellet diffusion, leads to loss of precision in the estimation of intrapellet diffusivities. A general strategy, extendable to other problems, for quantifying a parametric region where film diffusion resistance can be neglected is studied. The results obtained from different criteria, using both moment and time domain analysis, are compared and discussed. The optimization of the experimental system in terms of maximizing the measurement's sensitivity towards the estimated parameter is also addressed, and general considerations for the optimum design of a diffusion cell system are drawn.
Efficient Diphosphane‐Based Catalyst for the Palladium‐Catalyzed Suzuki Cross‐Coupling Reaction of 3‐Pyridylboronic Acids
Authors: Fu Xing‐Li , Wu Lei‐Lei , Fu Hai‐Yan , Chen Hua , Li Rui‐Xiang 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA highly active catalyst system derived from PdCl2 and2,2′,6,6′‐tetramethoxy‐4,4′‐bis(diphenylphosphanyl)‐3,3′‐bipyridine (P‐Phos) has been developed for the Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction of pyridylboronic acid with a variety of aryl halides in good to excellent yields, even in the presence of hindered and functional groups. In addition, P‐Phos also exhibited high activity in the palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki reaction of 2,6‐dimethoxypyridylboronic acid in excellent yields with a fast rate. The steric and electronic effects of the P‐Phos–palladium complex to this cross‐coupling reaction were also discussed.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
A universal strategy for high-yield production of soluble and functional clostridial collagenases in E. coli
Authors: Ducka Paulina , Eckhard Ulrich , Schönauer Esther , Kofler Stefan , Gottschalk Gerhard , Brandstetter Hans , Nüss Dorota 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Clostridial collagenases are foe and friend: on the one hand, these enzymes enable host infiltration and colonization by pathogenic clostridia, and on the other hand, they are valuable biotechnological tools due to their capacity to degrade various types of collagen and gelatine. However, the demand for high-grade preparations exceeds supply due to their pathogenic origin and the intricate purification of homogeneous isoforms. We present the establishment of an Escherichia coli expression system for a variety of constructs of collagenase G (ColG) and H (ColH) from Clostridium histolyticum and collagenase T (ColT) from Clostridium tetani, mimicking the isoforms in vivo. Based on a setup of five different expression strains and two expression vectors, 12 different constructs were expressed, and a flexible purification platform was established, consisting of various orthogonal chromatography steps adaptable to the individual needs of the respective variant. This fast, cost-effective, and easy-to-establish platform enabled us to obtain at least 10 mg of highly pure mono-isoformic protein per liter of culture, ideally suited for numerous sophisticated downstream applications. This production and purification platform paves the way for systematic screenings of recombinant collagenases to enlighten the biochemical function and to identify key residues and motifs in collagenolysis.
The individual and societal effects of non-psychotic serious mental disorders on earnings in Belgium
Authors: Bruffaerts Ronny , Bonnewyn Anke , Demyttenaere Koen 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the association between non-psychotic serious mental disorders and earnings in the general population of Belgium on both the individual- and society-level.Subjects and methodsData stem from a cross-sectional population study of the non-institutionalized adult (between 18 and 64) population from Belgium (N = 863). The third version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI-3.0) was administered to assess 12-month non-psychotic serious mental disorders and annual earnings. Multivariate approaches were used to estimate the observed and estimated annual earnings for persons with serious mental disorders, controlling for sociodemographic variables and alcohol disorders.ResultsOn the individual-level, 12-month serious mental disorders significantly predicted the probability of having any earnings (OR = 0.32; 95%CI = 0.14–0.74). Respondents with serious mental disorders had 12-month earnings of 5969€ less than expected in the absence of serious mental disorders. Taking into account the prevalence of serious mental disorders (i.e. 4.9%), the society-level effects of serious mental disorders in 2002 can be estimated at about 1797 million € per year for the Belgian general population.DiscussionNon-psychotic serious mental disorders had considerable impact on annual earnings.ConclusionThis is the first study in Belgium that addresses the association between mental illness and earnings. Serious mental disorders are associated with individual- and societal-level impairments and loss of human capital.
Studies on Germination and Plant-Growth
Authors: Pickering Spencer Umfreville 
Published: March 2009

Soil which has been heated without drying to temperatures from 60° to 150° behaves unfavourably towards the germination of seeds, the total seeds germinating decreasing (in most cases), and the time necessary for their germination increasing, with the temperature of heating. The average results are sufficiently regular to show that the alteration in the soil must begin at temperatures as low as about 30°.Sterilised seeds behave in the same way as unsterilised ones, except that the time required for germination is uniformly longer. This is due to an alteration in the seeds by the sterilising agent, and not to the destruction of bacteria, for sterilised seeds do not recover their property of ready germination on being re-inoculated. Various sterilising agents were examined, but mercuric chloride was the only one found to be satisfactory and efficient.
Studies of the Formation and Translocation of Carbohydrates in Plants: I. The Carbohydrates of The Mangold Leaf
Authors: Davis William A. , Daish Arthur John , Sawyer George Conworth 
Published: March 2009

1. The formation and translocation of the sugars in the mangold have been studied under actual conditions of growth, in which translocation was normal.2. Starch is entirely absent from the leaf after the very earliest stages of growth. As soon as the root begins to develop so that the sugars formed in the leaf can be translocated to it, starch disappears almost entirely from the leaf. Maltose is entirely absent from leaf, mid-ribs and stalks at all stages of growth and at all times of night and day.3. During the early stages of growth of the mangold, when leaf formation is the principal function, saccharose is present in the leaf tissue in excess of the hexoses. Later in the season, when sugar is being stored in the root, the reverse is true, hexoses largely predominating in the leaf.4. In the mid-ribs and stalks the hexoses always predominate greatly over the saccharose and vary widely in amount during the day and night, and throughout the season, whilst the saccharose remains practically constant. In passing from leaves to mid-ribs, from mid-ribs to the tops of stalks and from the tops of stalks to the bottoms, the ratio of hexoses to saccharose steadily and rapidly increases. As the season advances the predominance of the hexoses in leaf, mid-ribs and stalks becomes more and more marked.
Note on the loss of phosphoric acid during fusion with ammonium fluoride
Authors: Davis William A. , Prescott James Arthur 
Published: March 2009

1. When salts or minerals containing phosphoric acid are ignited with ammonium fluoride as in the ordinary process of analysis of silicates, considerable loss of the phosphoric acid may occur. It is probable that the phosphorus is volatilised in the form of a phosphorus fluoride.2. The loss is least in the case of salts containing an alkali metal. It is less in the case of disodium hydrogen phosphate than in that of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and is greatest in the case of phosphates of the alkali earth metals, such as calcium phosphate or apatite.
Methods of Estimating Carbohydrates II. The Estimation of Starch in Plant Material: The use of Taka-diastase
Authors: Davis William A. , Daish Arthur John 
Published: March 2009

1. The Sachsse method of estimating starch is unreliable in the case of plant material; not only does the presence of pentosans falsify the results as pentoses are formed during the hydrolysis, but actual destruction of dextrose occurs during the prolonged treatment with dilute acid.2. O'Sullivan's method gives low results owing to the loss of dextrin which occurs during the purification of the solution after the conversion by diastase.3. A method is described for estimating starch based on the use of taka-diastase; under suitable conditions this converts the starch into maltose and dextrose only and no loss of these sugars occurs when the solution is treated with clearing agents such as basic lead acetate.4. The necessity of removing substances soluble in water, such as gums, etc., which are optically active and thus cause error in the estimation of starch in plant material is emphasised. Special care is also necessary in sampling.
Remarks and observations on imbibitional soil moisture
Authors: Fisher E. A. 
Published: March 2009

It has been shown in earlier papers that the water present in soils is held in two ways: as capillary or interstitial water present as water wedges between the soil grains and as imbibitional or “gel” water which is associated in some way other than interstitially with the clay particles and with the colloidal coating of the soil grains. Imbibitional water is the cause of the swelling in water of soil and other colloidal (gel) systems such as cotton, wool, gelatin.The nature of the imbibitional process is discussed and it is suggested that with clay, wool and soil imbibition may be due to the attainment of a Donnan equilibrium as is the case with gelatin. Experiments are quoted and discussed in support of this suggestion; and in particular it is pointed out that such swollen colloids appear to behave as perfectly elastic solids when under compression. This is not the case with sand and water nor with soil, wool or cotton in xylol, i.e. when no swelling occurs.Imbibition may be a factor in the movement of soil water, in addition to capillarity, and it is shown that such a factor is quite consistent with the general mathematical treatment of the movement of soil water as developed by Gardner and others.[It is realised that the point of view outlined above rests, as far as soil is concerned, on a very slender experimental basis, but it appears to be of sufficient interest to merit further investigation. The writer, however, has neither facilities nor opportunity for developing the matter further and this paper is published in its present form in the hope that it may prove of some interest to other workers more directly connected with soil research.]
Studies in crop variation. III. An examination of the yield of dressed grain from Hoos Field
Authors: Mackenzie Winifred A. 
Published: March 2009

1. Of the three sources of supply of nitrogen, rape cake gave the highest mean yields in the absence of superphosphate; while nitrate of soda gave results significantly better than those obtained from ammonium salts.2. Superphosphate is of importance to the barley crop, giving greatly increased yield when applied.3. Sulphate of potash seems to have an adverse influence upon the barley yield.4. The deterioration of the barley plots is much heavier than on the wheat plots. The convention of ascribing the whole linear term to deterioration may not be as true for some plots as for others. Part of the diminution in mean yield may be due to slow changes other than deterioration.5. The mean annual percentage diminution is least on those plots in receipt of superphosphate and emphasises the importance of phosphoric acid not only in increasing the mean yield, but in maintaining the fertility of the soil.6. Barley is more variable than wheat and is more subject to the influence of meteorological conditions.7. The slow changes other than deterioration are relatively unimportant and seem closely connected with the manurial treatment. The cause of the slow changes is obscure, but there were probably special influences operating on certain of the plots.
Pasture type in relation to live-weight gain, carcass composition, iodine nutrition and some rumen characteristics of sheep IV. Some rumen characteristics of the sheep
Authors: Johns A. T. , Ulyatt M. J. , Glenday A. C. 
Published: March 2009

1. A preliminary study has been made of some aspects of rumen development and fermentation patterns in groups of ewes and lambs fed perennial rye-grass (P), perennial rye-grass plus white clover (P + C), short-rotation rye-grass (S) and short-rotation rye-grass plus white clover (S + C).(2) For ewes there was a significant effect on the weight of the rumen contents from the grass species. The treatment (P) which caused the lowest live weight gave the highest rumen contents weight. There were also significant pasture effects on empty live weight both from grass species differences and from the addition of clover.3. No difference in rumen dry-matter percentages was found between the four groups.4. There was no significant difference in the concentration of volatile fatty acids in the rumens of the P and S fed ewes but the addition of white clover had a significant effect.5. The S + C sheep had a lower proportion of acetic acid, a greater proportion of propionic and butyric acids and greater development of the rumen papillae than the P animals.6. With the lambs there were no significant differences in rumen characteristics caused by grasses but the addition of white clover caused a greater live weight and a reduction in the weight of the rumen contents.7. These results are discussed in relation to present knowledge of ruminant metabolism.
The growth of lambs before and after birth in relation to the level of nutrition
Authors: Wallace L. R. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn the investigation described, we have observed a t monthly intervals throughout gestation the changes taking place in a series of similar ewes, in lamb to the same ram, and each receiving the same standard diet.In following the live-weight growth curves of the ewes it was found that on a constant level of feeding the weight gains became greater during each succeeding month of pregnancy, and at corresponding stages were larger for ditocous than for monotocous ewes. This was found to be due to the fact that, although on our diet the ewes did gain slightly in actual body weight, the main increases in live weight resulted from the growth of the gravid uterus itself, and this increases in weight far more rapidly in the later stages of gestation, and is also heavier where twins are carried.
Critical examination of the methods employed in silage analysis, with observations on some special chemical characteristics of “sour” silage
Authors: Woodman Herbert Ernest 
Published: March 2009

A résumé of the analytical methods hitherto employed for the chemical investigation of samples of silage has been given. It has been shown that these methods fail to yield trustworthy results when applied to the analysis of “sour” silage, owing to the disturbing effect of the presence of appreciable amounts of ammonium salts of organic acids in this type of silage.Investigations have been made into the behaviour of the ammonium salts of acetic, butyric and lactic acids, when solutions of these substances, in the presence and absence of the free organic acids, are (1) submitted to distillation in steam, (2) evaporated in the steam oven under conditions comparable with those obtaining during the determination of the dry matter of silage. The bearing of these results on the problem of silage analysis has been discussed.A modified analytical procedure for silage investigations has been devised which is capable of general application.
Some effects of clipping the tops upon the root development of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.)
Authors: Thornton H. G. , Nicol Hugh 
Published: March 2009

V. Summary and abstract1. Inoculated lucerne was grown in pots of sand and watered with nitrogen-free food solution. In some of the pots the lucerne was clipped once, in some twice and in some it was left unclipped. Pots were harvested on four dates at intervals of about three weeks. Counts and measurements of nodules were made and dry weights and nitrogen contents of tops and roots were obtained.2. Clipping did not significantly alter the nodule numbers, their mean size, or the total nitrogen contents of the plants, i.e. in tops, including clippings, plus roots.3. Clipping, however, resulted in a decrease in the nitrogen content of the roots of about 40 per cent, as compared with undipped plants. This nitrogen was transferred to the tops where it was removed in the clippings.
Nutritive value of pasture XI. The composition and nutritive value of winter pasturage
Authors: Woodman H. E. , Oosthuizen P. M. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryAn attempt has been made in the investigation described in this paper to elucidate the nutritional characteristics of winter pasturage. The yield, composition and digestibility have been determined of pasturage produced by unrestricted growth over the following periods: (1) end of July 1932 to December 1932; (2) end of August 1932 to January 1933; (3) end of September 1932 to February 1933; (4) end of October 1931 to March 1932. In both years of experiment the winters were mild and open, and the conditions as a whole were such as to enable the nutritional possibilities of winter grazing to be studied under the most favourable conditions. In order to assess the influence of winter conditions on composition and feeding value the results in every case have been compared with data, obtained in investigations in previous years on the same pasture, for spring and summer herbage of comparable height, stage of growth and botanical composition.
The riboflavin requirement of the White Wyandotte chick. III. The rates of depletion of the tissues
Authors: Bolton W. 
Published: March 2009

1. Experiments are described in which the riboflavin contents of the liver, kidney, heart and leg muscles of chicks were assayed during the first few weeks after hatching, using birds reared on both riboflavin-deficient and riboflavin-adequate diets.2. Changes in the composition of the liver during the first 3 weeks after hatching have been studied.3. At hatching, half the chick's liver consists of oil; this proportion is maintained during the first week, but falls to about one-eighth during the second week and maintains this level during the third week.4. When birds are reared on a riboflavin-deficient diet, the riboflavin concentrations of the heart and kidney are reduced more rapidly than that of the leg muscles.
Magnesium metabolism in the dairy cow. III. The intake and excretion of calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, water and dry matter in relation to the development of hypomagnesaemia
Authors: Rook J. A. F. , Balch C. C. 
Published: March 2009

1. Information, obtained in the metabolism experiments described previously (Rook et al. 1958; Rook & Balch, 1958), is given on the intake and oxcretion, of calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, water and dry matter by milking cows receiving winter-stall diets or cut-grass in the stall.2. Grass diets cut from swards at an early stage of growth gave a lower intake of calcium, a lower Ca:P ratio and a lower intake of alkaline earth alkali (Ca + Mg – P in g. equiv./day) than did typical winter diets or a grass diet cut from a sward at a mature stage of growth.3. The intake of potassium was considerably higher with the grass diets (mean value, 327 g./day) than with the typical winter diets (mean value, 181 g./day). The intake of sodium, however, showed a similar range for cut-grass and winter stall diets, but the lowest average intake, of about 10 g./day, was with an early cut of a cocksfoot/rye-grass sward.4. The water ingested with the food was highest with the cut-grass diets but this was largely compensated for by a decrease in the water drunk. In a few individual animals, however, diuresis developed a few days after the feeding of grass was commenced and this was associated with a marked increase in the water drunk.5. No major difference in the metabolism of sodium, potassium or water was observed between the cut grass diets and the winter diets and the results obtained do not support the view that the fluidity of faeces of cattle at pasture in the spring is indicative of diarrhoea and is associated with an excessive loss of nutrients via athe faecal route.6. There was no evidence to suggest that the development of hypomagnesaemia was related to the amounts of calcium, phosphorus, sodium and potassium consumed and excreted with the cut grass diets.
The ammoniacal nitrogen of peats and humus soils. Part II
Authors: Ellis J. C. B. , Morison C. G. T. 
Published: March 2009

1. When a peat, as obtained from the bog, is dried, considerable changes occur in the amount of ammoniacal nitrogen removable by distillation with magnesia under reduced pressure.2. Removal of water causes a relative increase in the amount of ammonia extractable by water. This is due to a reduction in the absorptive colloidal properties of the peat.3. A partial recovery in the absorptive power takes place on prolonged contact with water.
Influence of changes in level of feeding on milk production
Authors: Yates F. , Boyd D. A. , Pettit G. H. N. 
Published: March 2009

The influence upon milk production of changes in level of feeding and in proportion of bulky foods has been investigated, using all available experimental material.The experimental results show that increases in level of feeding, to rates well in excess of conventional English standards, are capable of giving substantial increases in milk production (Fig. 1).It is shown that physiological efficiency falls off as food intake is increased. A curve representing physiological efficiency has been constructed by taking account of changes in live weight as well as changes in yield of milk (Fig. 4).
The riboflavin content of poultry feeding stuffs
Authors: Bondi A. , Meyer H. 
Published: March 2009

A suitable method of fluorimetric determination of riboflavin was developed, and riboflavin in various poultry feeding stuffs was determined by its use.Riboflavin was determined in fodder plants, vegetable refuse and wild plants. The influence of seasonal changes and of different stages of growth on the riboflavin content in fodder plants was investigated. Summer-grown plants contain more riboflavin than those grown in the rainy winter season. The riboflavin content of the plants declines in the course of their growth.