bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Eating Attitudes Test: psychometric features and clinical correlates
Authors: Garner David M. , Olmsted Marion P. , Bohr Yvonne , Garfinkel Paul E. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisPsychometric and clinical correlates of the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) are described for a large sample of female anorexia nervosa (N = 160) and female comparison (N = 140) subjects. An abbreviated 26-item version of the EAT (EAT-26) is proposed, based on a factor analysis of the original scale (EAT-40). The EAT-26 is highly correlated with the EAT-40 (r = 0·98) and three factors form subscales which are meaningfully related to bulimia, weight, body-image variables and psychological symptoms. Whereas there are no differces between bulimic and restricter anorexia nervosa patients on the total EAT-26 and EAT-40 scores, these groups do indicate significant differences on EAT-26 fractors. Norms for the anorexia nervosa and female comparison subjects are presented for the EAT-26, EAT-40 and the EAT-26 factors. It is concluded that the EAT-26 is a reliable, valid and economical instrument which may be useful as an objective measure of the symptoms of anorexia nervosa.
Who receives the aftercare? Utilization of services by discharged in-patients
Authors: Keane Petrina , Fahy T. J. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA prospective one-year follow-up of 216 in-patients showed that utilization of aftercare was significantly associated with certain clinical and social factors in the year after discharge from hospital. Rural domicile, a diagnosis of schizophrenia, long dependence on services, and ease of access to care comprised an aftercare dependency syndrome with substantial predictive power. Alcoholic and personality disordered patients were light users of services. Staff—patient relationships and attitudes of staff and patients to the need for aftercare were important. Depot neuroleptics were associated with high levels of aftercare for patients with chronic schizophrenia. The findings reveal the steady silting up of a new area service for the adult mentally ill by patients with a combination of social disadvantage and severe chronic psychosis. Family doctors played very little part in the delivery of aftercare. Some implications of the findings for the future development of community-based psychiatric services are discussed.
The aftermath of boxing
Authors: Corsellis J. A. N. , Bruton C. J. , Freeman-Browne Dorothy 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThe brains of 15 retired boxers have been studied and the lives of the men concerned have been investigated in retrospect. A characteristic pattern of cerebral change has been identified which appears not only to be a result of the boxing but also to underlie many features of the punch-drunk syndrome.
5-Hydroxytryptamine metabolism in affective illness: the effect of tryptophan administration
Authors: Ashcroft G. W. , Crawford T. B. B. , Cundall R. L. , Davidson D. L. , Dobson Janet , Dow R. C. , Eccleston D. , Loose R. W. , Pullar I. A. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISL-tryptophan 50 mg/kg was administered orally to patients suffering from either unipolar or bipolar affective illness, and the concentration of 5-hydroxyindol-acetic acid estimated in their cerebrospinal fluid eight hours later. There was no significant difference between the patient groups or between these and patients with neurological disease. These findings suggest a reduced neuronal activity in the 5-hydroxytryptaminergic system in some depressed patients rather than an absolute deficiency of tryptophan-5-hydroxylase. The synthesis of 5-HIAA in response to tryptophan varied with age.
3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol in depression
Authors: Shaw D. M. , O'Keeffe R. , Macsweeney D. A. , Brooksbank B. W. L. , Noguera R. , Coppen A. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThe concentration of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients suffering from unipolar depressive illness did not differ significantly from the concentration in a neurological control group. After recovery there was a small but significant decrease in the concentration of MHPG and there was positive correlation between the concentration of MHPG and severity of depression as measured by the Beck Inventory. There was no correlation between urinary excretion of MHPG and the concentration of MHPG in cerebrospinal fluid. In contrast with the findings in cerebrospinal fluid there was a significant increase in the urinary excretion of MHPG after recovery.
Hypothyroidism in patients treated with lithium: a review and two case reports
Authors: Crowe M. J. , Lloyd G. G. , Bloch S. , Rosser R. M. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISTwo different types of hypothyroidism can occur during lithium administration, one with evidence of underlying thyroiditis, the other without. Two cases are reported, one of type 1, the other of type 2, and 17 other cases of lithium-induced hypothyroidism in the literature are reviewed. The literature on the occurrence of goitre during lithium treatment, and that on the alteration of thyroid function tests are also reviewed. Possible mechanisms for the disturbance of thyroid function are discussed and recommendations for managing this complication of lithium therapy are made.
Suicide in England and Wales 1959–63 Part 1. The county boroughs
Authors: Whitlock F. A. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISA five-year sample of suicide deaths in 82 county boroughs in England and Wales has been examined according to the age and sex of the victims. A number of demographic and other factors were chosen to test out the hypothesis that male suicides were more likely to be associated with other forms of violent death in the community and that female suicides would correlate with a number of variables measuring aspects of sociosexual life. In old age it was postulated that mental and physical illness would outweigh any environmental factors—apart from social isolation—as contributory causes to suicide by both sexes. The fmdings give limited support to the original hypothesis which needs to be checked by a sociomedical investigation of as many suicides as possible in a large number of towns.
Conduct disorder and affective disorder among the offspring of patients with Huntington's Disease
Authors: Folstein Susan E. , Franz Mary Lousie , Jensen Barbara A. , Chase Gary A. , Folstein Marshal F. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe rate of occurrence of conduct disorder and affective illness was studied for a sample of 112 offspring of 34 Huntington's Disease (HD) patients. Psychiatric disorder in the offspring was assessed as a function of: (1) age of the parent at the onset of symptoms of HD; (2) family disorganization; and (3) psychiatric disorder in either parent. The findings indicated an increased frequency of conduct disorder in disrupted families, most especially in those where the HD parent had an early onset of symptoms and the non-HD parent showed psychiatric disorder. Affective disorder in the offspring was most strongly associated with the presence of similar symptoms in the HD parent. Affective disorder, but not conduct disorder, may be an early manifestation of the HD gene. The implication of these findings for genetic counselling is discussed.
The influence of age on lithium efficacy and side-effects in out-patients
Authors: Murray N. , Hopwood S. , Balfour D. J. K. , Ogston S. , Hewick D. S. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisOne hundred and sixty-six unipolar and bipolar out-patients (21–78 years) on long-term lithium treatment were studied on a prospective basis. Although there was a possible tendency for manic attacks to increase in prevalence and severity with age, it was difficult to demonstrate a general age-related decline in lithium efficacy. There was a tendency for the prevalence and severity of fine hand tremor to increase with age. This was not seen with polydipsia/polyuria, the other typical lithium side-effect.
Tardive dyskinesia: a 3-year follow-up study
Authors: Barnes T. R. E. , Kidger T. , Gore S. M. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA prospective study of tardive dyskinesia was carried out to gain information regarding the natural history of the condition and to identify risk factors. Out of an original cohort of 182 psychiatric patients receiving maintenance antipsychotic drugs 99 were available for reassessment after 3 years. In this follow-up group the point prevalence of oro-facial dyskinesia increased from 39% to 47% over the 3-year period. Twenty-two patients developed the disorder, while remission occurred in 14 others. Risk factors predicting the presence of oro-facial dyskinesia at follow-up included being over 50 years of age and the presence of akathisia. There was no convincing association between the duration of antipsychotic drug treatment and the presence or severity of oro-facial dyskinesia. Patients receiving over 1000mg chlorpromazine equivalents of antipsychotic drug per day were unlikely to have the condition. The amount of purposeless trunk and limb movement present proved to be a relatively stable phenomenon, showing only a slight increase with age and no change over the follow-up period. The implications of these findings are discussed, with particular consideration being given to the effects of loss of patients to follow-up.
Nosology of atypical depression
Authors: Paykel E. S. , Parker R. R. , Rowan P. R. , Rao B. M. , Taylor C. N. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA review of the literature on atypical depression indicated three relatively separate usages for the term: anxiety or phobic symptoms additional to depression, reversed functional shift, and non-endogenous depression. A sample of 160 out-patient depressives was rated on a variety of diagnostic systems measuring these concepts. Inter-relationships between groups selected by the three definitions were found to be low. In addition, although there was moderate consistency within different definitions of endogenous depression and of additional anxiety, reversed functional shift symptoms did not correlate well with each other. These findings suggest that atypical depression may be of limited value as a specific diagnosis within non-psychotic depression.
Can a computer take a psychiatric history?
Authors: Carr A. C. , Ghosh A. , Ancill R. J. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA program on an inexpensive microcomputer was designed to elicit personal histories from patients in a general psychiatric ward. Their answers were compared with the information recorded by the responsible psychiatric team. Where answers disagreed with the clinicians' records, the patient was interviewed to investigate the discrepancy. In the computer-elicited case-histories 90% of items were correct; a further 3% of items were considered correct by the patient. Most patients' computer histories revealed several items unknown to the clinicians and of importance in the management of the patient. Most patients (88%) found that the computer interrogation was as easy as a clinical interview. Computer assessment is proposed as a useful technique for the routine assessment of patients to augment the clinician's findings and to allow him to concentrate on the most relevant areas.
Life events, social interaction and psychiatric symptoms in general practice: a pilot study
Authors: Davies M. H. , Rose S. , Cross K. W. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThirty-two adult females who consulted a general practitioner with psychiatric training were assessed by questionnaires on first attendance and at follow-up 6 months later. Major life events and the degree of social support were of importance. Failure to improve was associated with major negative life events; in the absence of such events, improvement seemed likely to occur given a high degree of social Support; major positive events appeared to be associated with improvement, regardless of the degree of social interaction. These factors, and the initial and final GHQ scores, are inter-related in a complex manner and it is suggested that these findings merit further investigation on a larger sample of patients.
The effects of the community environment on chronic psychiatric patients
Authors: Goldstein Jill M. , Caton Carol L. M. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe question of where to place the chronically mentally disabled in the community is essential in this era of brief hospitalization practices. This report examines the effects of the social conditions of the environment on the length of stay in the community for a sample of 119 multiple admission schizophrenics in New York City. Patients returned to a variety of family and non-family living arrangements in poor and depressed areas of the city. The relationship between characteristics of the living arrangements and the patients' clinical functioning and rate of rehospitalization was examined. The findings show that there is no significant differential effect of the type of living arrangement on rehospitalization or clinical functioning, and that these factors did not contribute significantly to the prediction of successful adjustment. However, the socio-emotional characteristics of the environment - i.e. social support and interpersonal stress - together are stronger predictors of outcome than are available out-patient treatment programmes. The findings emphasize the importance of environmental variables as factors independent of the effect of treatment on rehospitalization.
The patterns of mental disorder in Jewish and non-Jewish admissions to a district general hospital psychiatric unit: is manic-depressive illness a typically Jewish disorder?
Authors: Cooklin Ruth S. , Ravindran A. , Carney M. W. P. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThis is a preliminary investigation of admissions to a district general hospital psychiatric unit over a two-year period, in which patterns of psychiatric diagnoses in Jewish and non-Jewish patients were compared. Among the Jews there were significantly more patients with affective psychoses and fewer with schizophrenia than among the non-Jews. The methodological problems arising in such a study and some possible aetiological factors are discussed.
Improvement in central monoamine metabolism in adult coeliac patients starting a gluten-free diet
Authors: Hallert Claes , Sedvall Göran 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISAdult coeliac patients taking a gluten-free diet for one year showed an increase of 33% in the concentrations in CSF of major monoamine metabolites (5-HIAA, HVA and MOPEG). Tryptophan in CSF rose by 10%. There was concomitant morphological improvement in the jejunal mucosa, and the results would seem to indicate that the reduced central monoamine metabolism in untreated adult coeliacs is not primarily genetically determined but is probably related to the poor intestinal absorption.
Electrolyte and other physiological abnormalities in patients with bulimia
Authors: Mitchell James E. , Pyle Richard L. , Eckert Elke D. , Hatsukami Dorothy , Lentz Richard 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThe frequencies of various forms of eating-related behaviour (such as vomiting and laxative abuse) are reported for a series of non-anorectic bulimia patients seen for evaluation in an eating disorders clinic. The results of serum electrolyte, glucose and other screening tests in these patients are presented. Electrolyte abnormalities were found in 82 of the 168 patients (48·8%) who were diagnosed as having either bulimia or atypical eating disorder. The most common abnormality was metabolic alkalosis (27·4%); hypochloremia (23·8%) and hypokalemia (13·7%) were also commonly seen. No significant blood sugar abnormalities were encountered. An elevated serum amylase level was found to be associated with frequent binge-eating and vomiting behaviour. The pathophysiology of electrolyte abnormalities in this patient group is briefly reviewed.
Speed of recall in relation to affective tone and intensity of experience
Authors: Master Din , Lishman W. A. , Smith Alan 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThe relative memorability of pleasant and unpleasant personal experiences was investigated by measuring their speed of recall. In keeping with most previous work, pleasant material was found to be more readily accessible than unpleasant material. In addition, the retrieval rates of both classes of material were found to be influenced by the intensity of affect associated with the memory.
Reliability, validity and the structure of the General Health Questionnaire in a Chinese context
Authors: Chan David W. , Chan Tims S. C. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThe 30-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), the 24-item Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ), and a Chinese version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) were administered to 225 English-speaking Chinese. The GHQ was found to have high internal consistency as a scale and to assess 5 dimensions of psychopathology: anxiety, inadequate coping, depression, insomnia, and social dysfunctioning. As a brief screening instrument, it correlated 0·49 with the SRQ. In the ‘case–non-case’ classification, it yielded a concordance rate of above 75% with the SRQ. Using the MMPI modal profiles derived from classification research as criterion measures, sensitivity, specificity and correct classification rates were above 70%. Implications for future research with the GHQ are discussed.
Mental hospital and general hospital psychiatric units: a comparison of services within the same geographic area
Authors: Malla Ashok K. , Norman Ross M. G. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISA comparison was made between the characteristics of patients admitted to the only psychiatric hospital in Newfoundland, Canada, and those admitted to general hospital psychiatric units within the same area. Patients were compared on demographic characteristics, diagnosis, incidence of violence and suicidal attempts, treatment, length of stay and previous admissions. The results suggest that patients admitted to the mental hospital are more likely to be single, male, of lower socio-economic status and to suffer from more chronic conditions. There is also a higher incidence of violence among patients admitted to the mental hospital. These findings have implications for the types of changes that will be required in general hospital units if the role of mental hospitals continues to decline.
Correlates of cerebral event-related slow potentials and psychopathology
Authors: Bachneff S. A. , Engelsmann F. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe study explored associations between the cerebral event-related slow potentials (ERSP) and psychiatric symptoms and syndromes as reflected by the Present State Examination (PSE) in 36 randomly selected psychiatric in-patients. Independent raters measured the readiness potential (RP), contingent negative variation (CNV) and post-imperative negative variation (PINV) in terms of their amplitude and duration. The 360 individual PSE items were grouped into units of analysis (UA) and further collapsed into groups of units of analysis (GUA). Canonical correlations were computed between two sets of variables (psychological and electrophysiological). Kendall's rank-order correlation was used as the main statistical approach. Some psychotic signs were associated with increased PINV amplitude. Obsessive thoughts, ideas of reference and verbal hallucinations correlated with longer PINV duration. Hopelessness and suicidal thoughts (affect-laden thoughts) as well as first-rank Schneiderian symptoms (FRS) were negatively correlated with CNV amplitude. The results support the hypothesis that CNV and PINV, alone or in combination, can be used to indicate the presence or absence of identifiable psychiatric symptoms and syndromes. The implications of electrophysiological correlates of psychopathology for psychiatric nosology and for the validity of psychiatric symptoms and syndromes were discussed
Life events, relatives' Expressed Emotion and maintenance neuroleptics in schizophrenic relapse
Authors: Leff Julian , Kuipers Liz , Berkowitz Ruth , Vaughn Christine , Sturgeon David 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisData from two studies, one naturalistic and the other a controlled trial, were analysed to clarify the relationships between independent life events, Expressed Emotion of a key relative, maintenance neuroleptics and the relapse of schizophrenia. It was found that patients in the community who are unprotected by medication are vulnerable either to acute stress in the form of life events or to chronic stress in the form of living with a high Expressed Emotion relative. Patients on regular medication are protected against one or other stress, but are very likely to relapse if the two forms of stress occur together. A model of schizophrenic susceptibility to environmental stress is constructed to incorporate these observations.
Hostile emotion and obsessional neurosis
Authors: Millar David G. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe literature on the place of hostile emotion in obsessional neurosis is reviewed. In the main study 11 obsessional neurotic and 11 depressive patients matched for severity of illness were given questionnaires to measure experienced hostility and anger, and a repertory grid of standard form. The obsessional group showed a qualitatively distinct correlational pattern of measured aspects of hostility–anger, including a high correlation between outwardly directed aspects of hostility and anger; this pattern was replicated in a validation study. In contrast, the obsessional group was not differentiated by a negative cognitive set. Treatment implications for obsessional neurosis are briefly discussed.
A comparison of characteristics in the families of patients with anorexia nervosa and normal controls
Authors: Garfinkel Paul E. , Garner David M. , Rose Julia , Darby Padraig L. , Brandes J. S. , O'Hanlon Jacinta , Walsh Noel 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe present study compared families of patients with anorexia nervosa with families of non-anorexic adolescent daughters of a similar social class. All anorexics and adolescent comparison girls and their parents were studied using a variety of psychometric measures. Body size estimation and physical anhedonia were also measured. Family characteristics were assessed using the Family Assessment Measure (FAM). Contrary to the hypotheses, no abnormalities were found in terms of parental attitudes to weight control or dieting. The mothers of anorexics displayed no increase in psychopathology on any of the measures. The fathers scored very similarly to controls but with higher degrees of conscientiousness. Neither fathers nor mothers displayed abnormalities of their own body size estimates or body satisfaction. On the FAM the anorexic families reported an increased pathology on several sub-scales. It is not possible to say whether these disturbances are part of the pathogenesis or are sequelae to the illness.
The epidemiology of abnormal homicide and murder followed by suicide
Authors: Coid Jeremy 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA comparison of the homicide rate of mentally abnormal offenders and murderers who subsequently commit suicide, from a range of different populations, shows a uniform consistency when compared with the overall rates. ‘Laws’ are proposed which govern the rates within these subgroups in comparison with the population as a whole and which determine fluctuations. Qualitatively different psychiatric and sociological factors are thought to account for these findings and require further elucidation.
Early parental death and adult depression
Authors: Roy Alec 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisIn a matched controlled clinical study of 300 neurotic depressives collected over 6 years, 13% had experienced parental death before 17 years of age compared with 10·7% of the controls; this difference was not significant. There were no significant differences between the two groups when maternal or paternal death was examined separately either before 11 or 17 years of age. Thus the experience of parental death as a child is not in itself a risk factor for neurotic depression as seen in psychiatric patients.