bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do Large Effect QTL Fractionate? A Case Study at the Maize Domestication QTLteosinte branched1
Authors: Studer Anthony J , Doebley John F 
Published: April 2011

AbstractQuantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping is a valuable tool for studying the genetic architecture of trait variation. Despite the large number of QTL studies reported in the literature, the identified QTL are rarely mapped to the underlying genes and it is usually unclear whether a QTL corresponds to one or multiple linked genes. Similarly, when QTL for several traits colocalize, it is usually unclear whether this is due to the pleiotropic action of a single gene or multiple linked genes, each affecting one trait. The domestication gene teosinte branched1 (tb1) was previously identified as a major domestication QTL with large effects on the differences in plant and ear architecture between maize and teosinte. Here we present the results of two experiments that were performed to determine whether the single gene tb1 explains all trait variation for its genomic region or whether the domestication QTL at tb1 fractionates into multiple linked QTL. For traits measuring plant architecture, we detected only one QTL per trait and these QTL all mapped to tb1. These results indicate that tb1 is the sole gene for plant architecture traits that segregates in our QTL mapping populations. For most traits related to ear morphology, we detected multiple QTL per trait in the tb1 genomic region, including a large effect QTL at tb1 itself plus one or two additional linked QTL. tb1 is epistatic to two of these additional QTL for ear traits. Overall, these results provide examples for both a major QTL that maps to a single gene, as well as a case in which a QTL fractionates into multiple linked QTL.
Focusing Forward Genetics: A Tripartite ENU Screen for Neurodevelopmental Mutations in the Mouse
Authors: Stottmann R W , Moran J L , Turbe-Doan A , Driver E , Kelley M , Beier D R 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe control of growth, patterning, and differentiation of the mammalian forebrain has a large genetic component, and many human disease loci associated with cortical malformations have been identified. To further understand the genes involved in controlling neural development, we have performed a forward genetic screen in the mouse (Mus musculus) using ENU mutagenesis. We report the results from our ENU screen in which we biased our ascertainment toward mutations affecting neurodevelopment. Our screen had three components: a careful morphological and histological examination of forebrain structure, the inclusion of a retinoic acid response element-lacZ reporter transgene to highlight patterning of the brain, and the use of a genetically sensitizing locus, Lis1/Pafah1b1, to predispose animals to neurodevelopmental defects. We recovered and mapped eight monogenic mutations, seven of which affect neurodevelopment. We have evidence for a causal gene in four of the eight mutations. We describe in detail two of these: a mutation in the planar cell polarity gene scribbled homolog (Drosophila) (Scrib) and a mutation in caspase-3 (Casp3). We find that refining ENU mutagenesis in these ways is an efficient experimental approach and that investigation of the developing mammalian nervous system using forward genetic experiments is highly productive.
Diabetic Retinopathy Is Related to Both Endothelium-Dependent and -Independent Responses of Skin Microvascular Flow
Authors: Nguyen Thanh T. , Shaw Jonathan E. , Robinson Carol , Kawasaki Ryo , Wang Jie Jin , Kreis Andreas J. , Wong Tien Y. 
Published: April 2011

OBJECTIVE
Endothelial dysfunction has been hypothesized as a possible pathogenic factor in the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR). We examined the relationship of DR to endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent responses in skin microvascular flow.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Participants consisted of 224 individuals with diabetes: 85 with type 1 diabetes and 139 with type 2 diabetes. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and acetylcholine (ACh) were delivered across the skin by iontophoresis. Laser Doppler flowmetry was used to assess the skin microcirculation response to SNP (endothelium-independent response) and ACh (endothelium-dependent response). The presence and severity of DR were graded from retinal photographs using a standard protocol.

RESULTS
Of 224 participants, 64.3% had DR. After multivariable adjustment, participants with reduced responses to SNP or ACh were more likely to have DR, with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.33 (95% CI 1.09–5.01) for SNP and 2.20 (1.05–4.61) for ACh, comparing participants with responses below and above the median values. Participants with reduced responses (below the median) to both SNP and ACh were nearly four times more likely to have DR (OR 3.86 [1.45–10.3]) than those with SNP and ACh both above the median values.

CONCLUSIONS
The presence of DR was associated with a reduction in skin microcirculation responses to iontophoresis of both SNP and ACh, suggesting that vascular processes associated with both endothelial dysfunction and endothelial function-independent mechanisms may be pathogenically related to DR.
Assessing the Association of Pioglitazone Use and Bladder Cancer Through Drug Adverse Event Reporting
Authors: Piccinni Carlo , Motola Domenico , Marchesini Giulio , Poluzzi Elisabetta 
Published: April 2011

OBJECTIVE
To analyze the association between pioglitazone use and bladder cancer through a spontaneous adverse event reporting system for medications.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Case/noncase bladder cancer reports associated with antidiabetic drug use were retrieved from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS) between 2004 and 2009 and analyzed by the reporting odds ratio (ROR).

RESULTS
Ninety-three reports of bladder cancer were retrieved, corresponding to 138 drug-reaction pairs (pioglitazone, 31; insulin, 29; metformin, 25; glimepiride, 13; exenatide, 8; others, 22). ROR was indicative of a definite risk for pioglitazone (4.30 [95% CI 2.82–6.52]), and a much weaker risk for gliclazide and acarbose, with very few cases being treated with these two drugs (6 and 4, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS
In agreement with preclinical and clinical studies, AERS analysis is consistent with an association between pioglitazone and bladder cancer. This issue needs constant epidemiologic surveillance and urgent definition by more specific studies.
GUIDE TO THE GEOMETRIDAE OF CANADA (LEPIDOPTERA). VI. SUBFAMILY LARENTIINAE. I. REVISION OF THE GENUS EUPITHECIA
Authors: Bolte K.B. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA revision of 62 taxa of Eupithecia of Canada has been carried out. A generalized description of key characters for the identification of the Geometridae and the Eupithecia in adult, larval and pupal stages is given. Included is a key for the Eupithecia adults.A description is given of each species, supplemented by scanning electron microscope photographs of the terminal segment of the pupa and the head and antenna of the adult, with line drawings of male and female genitalia, colour photographs of the adults, and distribution maps. Special emphasis is given to descriptions of the antenna and its cuticle, to the everted vesica of the male genitalia, and to the pupa.Life histories are given for 45 of the taxa. In some cases specimens of Palaearctic and Nearctic species were examined together for the first time and as a result, changes in the taxonomy are made. Altogether, 27 taxonomic changes are made, eight new groups proposed, one group split into two, and two new species described.The species have been loosely rearranged according to the shape of the males eighth sternite.
REVIEW OF THE NEW WORLD EYELESS WEEVILS WITH UNCINATE TIBIAE (COLEOPTERA, CURCULIONIDAE; MOLYTINAE, CRYPTORHYNCHINAE, COSSONINAE)
Authors: Howden Anne T. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe majority of the species of the New World litter-inhabiting eyeless weevils belong to groups possessing uncinate tibiae: Molytinae, Cryptorhynchinae, and Cossoninae. The remaining species are Raymondionymini (Erirhininae) and are not included in this work.Eight genera and 40 species with uncinate tibiae are diagnosed and keyed.CaecossonusGilbert (four species) is revised and the following new species are described:C.continuus(Mexico);C.sylvaticus(Belize).DecuanellusOsella (10 species) is revised and the following new species are described:D.bahamensis(Bahama Islands);D.brevicrus(Virgin Islands);D.iviei(Virgin Islands);D.longirostris(Puerto Rico);D.muchmorei(Virgin Islands). The new genusKuschelaxiusis proposed and the type speciesK.tomentosus(Puerto Rico) is described from Puerto Rico. The new speciesK.disciferis described from Hispaniola. No new species are described in the remaining genera:HowdeniolaOsella (two species, Colombia);LymantesSchoenherr (five species, central United States, El Salvador);NeotorneumaHustache (one species, Chile);PseudoalaocybitesOsella (15 species, Cuba, Jamaica, Colombia, and Venezuela);PseudocaecocossonusOsella (one species, Cuba). There are many undescribed species inLymantesandPseudoalaocybites, and problems precluding much-needed revisions of these genera are detailed.New combinations and a new synonymy are as follows:BordoniolaOsella is transferred to Raymondionymini;Howdeniolais transferred to Cossoninae;Caecossonus negreaiOsella is transferred toPseudoalaocybites(Pseudoalaocybites);Pseudoalaocybites(Pseudoalaocybites)venezuelanusOsella is transferred toP. (Croizatius);Pseudoalaocybites(Croizatius)montanusOsella is a junior synonym ofP. (C.)latithoraxOsella.Both the geological history of the Caribbean and dispersal by overwater rafting influenced the present distribution patterns ofCaecossonusandDecuanellus.
A REVISION OF THE GENERA BRYOPORUS KRAATZ AND BRYOPHACIS REITTER AND TWO NEW RELATED GENERA FROM AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE: TACHYPORINAE)
Authors: Campbell J.M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe American species of the genera Bryoporus Kraatz and Bryophacis Reitter are revised for America north of Mexico. Two new related genera are described: Bolitopunctus (type species Bryoporus muricatulus Hatch) and Neobolitobius (type species Lordithon varians Hatch).The following new species are described: Bryoporus niger, Bolitopunctus punctatissimus, Bryophacis arcticus, Bryophacis canadensis, and Bryophacis smetanai. Six new combinations are created: Bolitopunctus muricatulus (Hatch) [from Bryoporus], Neobolitobius varians (Hatch) [from Lordithon], Bryophacis discalis (Hatch) [from Mycetoporus], Bry. punctatissimus (Hatch) [from Mycetoporus], Bry. punctulatus (Hatch) [from Mycetoporus], and Bry. rubescens (Hatch) [from Lordithon].Use of the generic names Bryoporus Kraatz and Bryophacis Reitter is discussed. Lectotypes are designated for Bryoporus rufescens LeConte and its junior synonyms B. rubidus LeConte and B. flavipes LeConte, and Bryoporus testaceus LeConte and its junior synonym B. parvulus Casey.All species of Bryoporus, Bryophacis, Bolitopunctus, and Neobolitobius are described and illustrated with line drawings and scanning electron photomicrographs. Keys are provided to distinguish all genera of North American Bolitobiini and all species of the genera treated in this revision. The New World distribution of each species treated is mapped. The biology of each species, if known, is discussed.
Enhanced Antigen Processing of Flagellin Fusion Proteins Promotes the Antigen-Specific CD8+ T Cell Response Independently of TLR5 and MyD88
Authors: Bates John T. , Graff Aaron H. , Phipps James P. , Grayson Jason M. , Mizel Steven B. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Flagellin is a highly effective adjuvant for CD4+ T cell and humoral immune responses. However, there is conflicting data in the literature regarding the ability of flagellin to promote a CD8+ T cell response. In this article, we report that immunization of wild-type, TLR5−/−, and MyD88−/− adoptive transfer recipient mice revealed the ability of flagellin fusion proteins to promote OVA-specific CD8+ T cell proliferation independent of TLR5 or MyD88 expression by the recipient animal. Wild-type and TLR5−/− APCs were able to stimulate high levels of OVA-specific CD8+ T cell proliferation in vitro in response to a flagellin fusion protein containing full-length OVA or the SIINFEKL epitope and 10 flanking amino acids (OVAe), but not to OVA and flagellin added as separate proteins. This effect was independent of the conserved regions of flagellin and occurred in response to OVAe alone. Comparison of IFN-γ production by CD8+ effector cells revealed higher levels of SIINFEKL peptide–MHC I complexes on the surface of APCs that had been pulsed with OVAe–flagellin fusion proteins than on cells pulsed with OVA. Inhibition of the proteasome significantly reduced Ag-specific proliferation in response to OVAe fusion proteins. In summary, our data are consistent with the conclusion that flagellin–OVA fusion proteins induce an epitope-specific CD8+ T cell response by facilitating Ag processing and not through stimulatory signaling via TLR5 and MyD88. Our findings raise the possibility that flagellin might be an efficient Ag carrier for Ags that are poorly processed in their native state.
Pre-TCR Signaling and CD8 Gene Bivalent Chromatin Resolution during Thymocyte Development
Authors: Harker Nicola , Garefalaki Anna , Menzel Ursula , Ktistaki Eleni , Naito Taku , Georgopoulos Katia , Kioussis Dimitris 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The CD8 gene is silent in CD4−CD8− double-negative thymocytes, expressed in CD4+CD8+ double-positive cells, and silenced in cells committing to the CD4+ single-positive (SP) lineage, remaining active in the CD8+ SP lineage. In this study, we show that the chromatin of the CD8 locus is remodeled in C57BL/6 and B6/J Rag1−/− MOM double-negative thymocytes as indicated by DNaseI hypersensitivity and widespread bivalent chromatin marks. Pre-TCR signaling coincides with chromatin bivalency resolution into monovalent activating modifications in double-positive and CD8 SP cells. Shortly after commitment to CD4 SP cell lineage, monovalent repressive characteristics and chromatin inaccessibility are established. Differential binding of Ikaros, NuRD, and heterochromatin protein 1α on the locus during these processes may participate in the complex regulation of CD8.
Stress responses of wapiti (Cervus elaphus canadensis) to removal of velvet antler
Authors: Cook N. J. , Schaefer A. L. 
Published: April 2011

An assessment of stress responses of 27 mature wapiti (Cervus elaphus canadensis) stags was conducted to test the efficacy of two methods of analgesia to reduce stress responses associated with the pain of cutting velvet antler. Analgesic methods were a Lidocaine nerve block (LIDO) and pedicle placement electrical analgesia (EA). A control group of animals (CON) was included that did not receive analgesia. Methods of assessing stress responses included heart and respiration rates, differential white blood cell counts and plasma cortisol. Assessment of stress responses also utilized infrared thermographic imaging and measurement of salivary cortisol concentrations. The latter measures were novel approaches to stress assessment in wapiti, and, as such, the study was a trial of their applicability. Measures were conducted over 2 d. Antler was harvested on day 1 and the animals were brought back to the handling facility 24 h later (day 2) for repeated measures. Heart and respiration rates were increased in response to cutting antler (P < 0.05) and declined following antler removal (P < 0.003). Reductions in eosinophils occurred over a 24-h period in all treatments and were statistically significant for the EA treatment (P < 0.014). Plasma cortisol concentrations did not demonstrate statistical differences between either treatments or days. Plasma cortisol concentrations were numerically higher for the EA animals on days 1 and 2 than for either the CON or LIDO treatments. Plasma cortisol levels tended to be higher after capture and restraint on day 2 compared to levels recorded after antler removal on day 1. Salivary cortisol levels were higher on day 2 compared to day 1 (P < 0.004). Between treatments, CON animals exhibited higher salivary cortisol levels on day 2 than EA (P < 0.05) and LIDO (P < 0.002) animals. Radiated heat loss, measured by infrared thermography, was significantly elevated in response to velveting (P < 0.00001). Increased radiated heat loss was observed for all treatments and was statistically significant for EA (P < 0.006) and CON (P < 0.02), but not for LIDO (P < 0.06). The study demonstrated that the process of harvesting velvet antler from wapiti initiates a significant stress response similar to that of other animals during practices such as capture, handling and restraint. The data further suggest that stress responses to the above husbandry practices are exacerbated by the pain of cutting antler and that animals treated with Lidocaine for pain management exhibited a lesser stress response than CON or EA treated animals. Key words: Wapiti, velvet antler, analgesia, stress, salivary cortisol, infrared thermography
Practical applications of ion exchange resins in agricultural and environmental soil research
Authors: Qian P. , Schoenau J. J. 
Published: April 2011

The use of synthetic ion-exchange resins to examine ion bioavailability in soil and sediment systems has attracted much attention over the years. The first report in this regard was made 7-8 yr after resins were developed in the 1930s. So far, nearly 400 journal articles have been published related to use of resins in soil and environmental studies. The experience gained has led to more widespread applications in research as well as practical use in soil fertility assessment and fertilizer recommendations. Two commercial products developed in North America have directly resulted from years of research efforts. Recent developments in resin technology and availability warrant an updated review of the literature to aid in better understanding and utilizion of this technique. In this paper we provide an overview of historic and current developments in the use of ion exchange techniques in soil research. We also provide specific examples of successful use of batch and diffusion-sensitive ion exchange techniques in research and commercial use to assess ion availability. Finally, we address certain frequently asked questions about how the ion exchange resin technique is applied and how results are interpreted, including their advantages and limitations. Key Words: Ion exchange resin, agriculture, environment, soil research
Sediment yield and seasonal soil erodibility for semiarid cropland in western Canada
Authors: McConkey B.G. , Nicholaichuk W. , Steppuhn H. , Reimer C. D. 
Published: April 2011

Despite its importance to the degradation of the land resource, few estimates of soil loss or soil erodibility for water erosion from cropland have been made for the semiarid Brown soil zone of western Canada. To estimate these, we calibrated the event-based Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation with measured sediment yield for three 5-ha fields near Swift Current, Saskatchewan. The calibration used predetermined C, LS, P, and warm-season K factors with all erositivities and the K factors for other seasons optimized. Using this calibrated equation with 31 yr of measured runoff data, mean annual sediment yield for a conventional-tillage spring wheat-fallow cropping system on an undulating landscape (0 to 5% slopes) was estimated to be 0.8 Mg ha−1 yr−1. Estimated erosion from fallow land from 16 March to 15 April constituted 86% of the mean annual sediment yield. Erosion occurring during rainfall-runoff were relatively unimportant, accounting for about 4% of the estimated total sediment yield. An exceptionally severe rainstorm was predicted to have caused erosion of many Mg ha−1but the frequency of such events on a given field is too low to greatly affect mean annual erosion. Apparent field-scale soil erodibility was least in the winter (November to 15 March) when the soil would typically be frozen to the surface and was greatest in April when the soil would typically be partially frozen. Apparent erodibility in the summer and in late March was intermediate between those values. Key words: Erosion, runoff, snow, Universal Soil Loss Equation
Age, turnover and molecular diversity of soil organic matter in aggregates of a Gleysol
Authors: Monreal C. M. , Schulten H.-R. , Kodama H. 
Published: April 2011

We used an integrated approach to describe soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics through known inorganic and organic components in aggregates of adjacent forested and cultivated Gleysolic soil. Mineral and SOM components were examined in water stable macroaggregates (>250 µm), microaggregates 1 (50–250 µm) and microaggregates 2 (<50 µm) fractions. SOM was characterized by pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry (Py-FIMS), and soil minerals by X-ray diffraction analysis. The mean residence time of organic-C (OC) was determined using radiocarbon dating. OC turnover was determined using the natural abundance of native 13C and that derived from corn residue. We found that OC in macroaggregates was young (<100 yr), turned over in 14 yr, and consisted of OM typical of that found in tissues of plants and soil organisms. Chemical classes of compounds in macroaggregates consisted mainly of carbohydrates, lignin monomers and phenols, lignin dimers, lipids (alkanes, alkenes, n-alkyl esters), fatty acids, sterols, suberin and aliphatic and aromatic N compounds. The fast turnover time of OC in larger size aggregates supports the hypothesis that the initial decline in SOM after breaking native land is associated with losses of SOM stored in macroaggregates. OC in microaggregates 1 was young (<100 yr) and turned over in 61 yr. OC in microaggregates 2 was old, turned over in 275 yr, and consisted of highly humified macromolecules. Pyrolyzable SOM products representing plant and microbial components like lignin dimers, sterols, suberin and fatty acids were absent from microaggregates 2 containing old OC. The turnover time of OC correlated directly with the amount of smectite and Al extracted with ammonium oxalate, inversely with non-expandable phyllosilicates, and weakly with the total clay content of aggregates. Thermolabile and thermostable molecular components in aggregates indicated degree of association between SOM and clay minerals. Carbohydrates, peptides and alkylaromatics appeared to be less affected by abiotic stabilization reactions. Key words: Soil organic matter, turnover, mean residence time, inorganic soil components, mass spectrometry, macroaggregates and microaggregates