bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Lee Wai Kwong , Padmanabhan Sandosh , Dominiczak Anna F 
Published: September 2010

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. The presence of significant familial clustering of cardiovascular disease suggests a genetic component in addition to lifestyle and environmental factors in its aetiology. It is this subtle interplay between environment and genes that has made the study of cardiovascular disease at the molecular level very challenging. The polygenic multifactorial basis of cardiovascular traits requires collaborative efforts within the cardiovascular disease community not only to understand the genetic underpinnings of the phenotype but also to translate discoveries into clinically useful applications that will have a major impact on public health.

Key Concepts:

Familial clustering and heritability has provided evidence for the existence of a genetic component for CAD.

The success of finding susceptibility genes will be dependent on the genetic architecture of CAD.

Phenotype definition of a complex disorder and its importance in genetic studies.

Genomic approaches to the dissection of cardiovascular disease have included candidate gene studies, genome‐wide association studies and linkage studies.

The role of microRNA and its role in cardiovascular pathology.

‘Omic approaches’ to cardiovascular disease and the need to integrate each of the omic discliplines in elucidating both the genetic and proteomic factors involved in CVD.
Modifier Genes in the Haemoglobinopathies
Authors: Di Marzo Rosalba , Calzolari Roberta , Rund Deborah , Maggio Aurelio 
Published: September 2010

Abstract

Haemoglobinopathies, such as sickle cell disease (SCD) and thalassaemias, are prototypical single‐gene disorders caused by lesions that affect the
β‐globin
gene (SCD and β‐thalassaemia) or
α‐globin
gene (α‐thalassaemia). Haemoglobinopathies are among the most common human genetic disorders, and patients having the same genotypes can have variable pattern of clinical expression related to environmental as well as genetic factors. Several modifier genes have been identified which are able to influence the severity of these diseases, so at phenotypic level haemoglobinopathies are considered multigenic diseases. It is possible that additional modifiers could be uncovered using genetic approaches but success will depend on large sample sizes of well‐characterised patients with well‐defined phenotypes.

Improved understanding of the influence of modifier genes involved in modulating the complex pathophysiology of haemoglobinopathies may allow prediction of diseases’ phenotype and aid in management of the many complications of these diseases.

Key Concepts:

Haemoglobinopathies, such as sickle cell disease (SCD) and thalassaemias, are prototypical single‐gene disorders caused by lesions that affect the β‐globin gene (SCD and β‐thalassaemia) or α‐globin gene (α‐thalassaemia).

Patients having the same genotypes can have variable pattern of clinical expression related to environmental as well as genetic factors.

The phenotypic variability of the disease is due, at primary level, to the heterogeneity of the causative mutation, especially for thalassaemia.

Modifier genes are defined as inherited genetic variation that leads to a qualitative or quantitative difference in disease phenotype.

Several modifier genes have been identified able to influence the severity of haemoglobinopathies, so at phenotypic level they are considered multigenic diseases.

Alterations of other globin genes and the inheritance of different quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with the increase of fetal haemoglobin (HbF) production are the major genetic modifiers in haemoglobin diseases.

Variations in the phenotype of some complications in patients with beta‐thalassaemia and sickle cell anaemia may be affected by genetic variants.
Glioblastoma Models in
Drosophila Melanogaster
Authors: Jeibmann A , Kim SN , Paulus W , Klämbt C 
Published: September 2010

Abstract

Gliomas comprise the most common and most malignant intrinsic human brain tumours, with a very poor prognosis. Despite some recent therapeutic progress, there is still a large demand for novel drug targets to cope with the high recurrence rate. In the present article, we introduce the

Drosophila

model as a new tool in deciphering the mechanisms underlying the generation and progression of glial tumours. Despite the fact that

Drosophila

has only few glial cells and no vascular system with patrolling lymphocytes, the basic principles underlying glioblastoma biology appear very well conserved. The role of
epidermal growth factor
(EGF) receptor pathways, PVR (PDGF‐ and VEGF‐receptor related) and
phophatidylinositol 3‐kinase
(PI3K) signalling in

Drosophila

glioma models is discussed.

Key Concepts:

Gliomas are the most common and most malignant intrinsic human brain tumours, with a very poor prognosis.

In majority of the glioblastoma, the molecular cause of malignancy is due to an amplification of receptor tyrosine kinase genes. The role of EGF‐receptor pathways, PVR and PI3K signalling in
Drosophila
glioma models is introduced in the text.

Glial cell proliferation and glial cell migration is controlled by evolutionary conserved mechanisms.

The insect
Drosophila melanogaster
has a very simple structured nervous and glial cells perform similar tasks as their vertebrate counterparts.

The model organism
Drosophila
provides a rich source to decipher the mechanisms underlying the biology of human glioma and can be used to define novel drug targets.
BiasedDNASegregation
Authors: Karpowicz Phillip 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBiased chromatid segregation refers to the nonrandom distribution of chromatids in mitotic cells so that specific daughters inherit specific chromosomes ordeoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) strands. This unusual behaviour has been documented primarily in the context of differentiation, when one cell divides to produce two daughter cells with distinct fates. When cells divide asymmetrically to produce such daughters, it has been noted that the DNA in these different daughter cells is dissimilar. Two controversial hypotheses to account for such data have been envisioned thus far: one in which stem cells retain all chromosomes carrying ancestral DNA strands, and one in which precursors segregate one or more, epigenetically dissimilar, strands nonrandomly. Several cases of biased DNA segregation are presented, and the implications of this theory are discussed with a view to general biological issues, the proximate mechanisms underlying these phenomena and the ultimate reasons these might occur.Key Concepts:The biased segregation of DNA might function to specify the fate of cells.It has been proposed that biased DNA segregation reduces DNA mutation load in the cell that retains ancestral, or original, DNA strands.Stem cell self‐renewal and multipotency, which are accounted for by asymmetric cell division, are also proposed to be an outcome of biased DNA segregation.
Behavioural Genomics: An Organismic Perspective
Authors: Wong Ryan Y , Hofmann Hans A 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe behavioural patterns observed in many organisms generally result from the integration of both external and internal cues. Why do animals behave the way they do? The study of the proximate and ultimate mechanisms underlying animal behaviour tries to answer this question. Although various approaches have been developed for examining – often quantitatively and with increasing specificity and resolution – the roles genes play in the regulation of behaviour, until recently they were limited to individual candidate genes and often neglected ultimate mechanisms. Advances in genomic approaches in recent years have made it possible to examine gene expression patterns (in the brain and elsewhere) on a genomic scale even in nontraditional, yet ecologically and evolutionarily important model systems. As behavioural genomics begins to integrate proximate and ultimate mechanisms of animal behaviour, we may finally understand why animals behave the way they do.Key Concepts:A complete understanding of animal behaviour requires the integration of proximate (causation and development) and ultimate (function and evolution) mechanisms underlying the behaviour.Genome‐wide expression profiling in the brain (via microarrays or RNA‐Seq) allows for an unbiased view of genes potentially underlying a behaviour.The genome responds in a rapid and dynamic manner on onset of behaviour or stimulus presentation.Studies of behavioural genomics open up numerous avenues for future research examining both the intra‐ and interspecific function(s) of candidate genes, gene networks underlying behaviour and the evolution of behaviour.
Analysis of Emerging Disinfection By‐Products in Drinking Water
Authors: Charrois Jeffrey W.A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDisinfection by‐products (DBPs) were detected in drinking water over 35 years ago. Since then identification of DBP species has closely paralleled advances in analytical chemistry. Today over 600 individual DBP species, representing several chemical classes, have been identified in drinking water. Potential DBP health concerns reported by some toxicology and epidemiology studies include elevated risks of developing certain cancers or adverse reproductive outcomes. New drinking water regulations must be evidence‐based, requiring next‐generation DBP studies that better link advances in analytical methods with a focus on DBPs that have the biological plausibility to cause the adverse outcomes we seek to avoid. The strategic development of the nationwide DBP occurrence study in the United States has helped to refocus today's global DBP research agenda toward a new generation of emerging DBPs of health significance. Notable DBP classes now being studied include: halonitromethanes, haloamides, halogenated furanones, haloaldehydes, haloquinones, as well as N‐nitrosamines and iodo‐DBPs. Improvements in extraction, separation, and detection technologies have improved our ability to identify DBP species that were once difficult, if not impossible, to detect by gas chromatography methods. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry applications are providing new insights into the monitoring of nonvolatile, high‐molecular‐weight, highly polar, hydrophilic, and thermally labile target compounds in drinking water. On‐line monitoring and expanded studies evaluating swimming pool exposures are the latest innovations in the ongoing interdisciplinary research related to the analysis of emerging DBPs.
Microelectrodes for Electroanalytical Chemistry
Authors: Hyk Wojciech , Stojek Zbigniew 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Voltammetric/amperometric microelectrodes are well established in electroanalysis. Their dimension is usually in the range of micrometers and less. They may have very different shapes and may work in the form of assemblies. The most popular are microdisk‐ and microcylindrical electrodes. The unique properties of microelectrodes have allowed analysts to create new analytical methods and procedures. On the other hand they can also be used successfully in the areas where regular electrodes dominated for years. It is relatively easy to get steady‐state currents while working with microelectrodes. This feature appeared to be particularly useful in electrochemistry and, in general, in physicochemical investigations. The theory of voltammetry and amperometry with microelectrodes is well developed. This article focuses on the formulas that can be employed while working with microelectrodes under a variety of conditions including the mixed diffusional and migrational transport.
Group Dynamics Processes for Improved Decision Making
Authors: Phillips Lawrence D. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis review of group dynamic processes covers those main features that are relevant for operations research (OR) practitioners who work with groups. The review brings together disparate literatures reporting experiences with groups, research from empirical studies, observational studies of on‐going groups working under stress, and systems for improved decision making. Acquaintance with group dynamics can help OR practitioners to see and understand the life of the group, to provide insights about what goes on under the surface, and to better help their clients achieve their objectives.
L
atin–
I
bero–
A
merican
A
ssociation for Operational Research
Authors: Cancela Héctor 
Published: September 2010

Abstract

The Latin–Ibero–American Association for Operational Research, usually known as
Asociación Latino–Ibero–Americana de Investigación Operativa
(ALIO), is the association of the national operational research societies in Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula. This article includes a brief sketch of the history of ALIO and a description of the main activities organized by this association.
Randomized Simplex Algorithms
Authors: Gärtner Bernd 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA randomized simplex algorithm is a variant of the simplex method in which the rule for choosing the entering variable is randomized. This means that in each pivot step, the choice of the entering variable may depend in a well‐defined way on the outcome of a random experiment. The performance of a randomized simplex algorithm on a given linear program is measured in terms of the expected number of pivot steps taken. Randomized simplex algorithms are studied in the context of the complexity of the simplex method. Randomization allows to beat the known worst‐case complexity bounds of deterministic simplex algorithms.
Russian Scientific Operations Research Society
Authors: Malashenko Yury 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn 1996, consolidation of representatives of all scientific departments in the field of Operations Research (OR) in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation since 1960 resulted in the establishment of Russian Scientific Operations Research Society (RSORS). The scientific works of Society members are published in leading Russian scientific journals. Scientific conferences organized by the Society attract great interest in OR community and beyond. OR members tested the effectiveness of the application of OR methods in various spheres of human activity including economics, environmental protection, finances, and the computer‐aided design of complex technical systems.
S
lovak Society for Operations Research
Authors: Ivanicova Zlatica 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
In this article, we give the short history of the Slovak Society. Then, we describe the goals of the Society, which have been divided into four classes. The most important is the support of the development of OR as a scientific discipline. Also, we present the activities of the Society as well as the heads of the Society from the year 1993. The principal activity of the Society is organizing the international conference known as “Quantitative Methods in Economics (Multiple criteria decision making).”
Molecular Structure of Metal Enolates
Authors: Babić‐Samardžija Ksenija , Sovilj Sofija P. , Jovanović Vladislava M. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract

Introduction

Vibrational Spectra

UV
‐vis Spectra

NMR
Spectra

EPR
Spectra

Mass Spectra

Molecular Characteristics and Application Perspectives

Acknowledgments
Organomanganese‐Mediated Radical Reactions
Authors: Friestad Gregory K. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Free radical reactions offer functional group compatibility which complements that of carbanion reagents. A variety of synthetically useful transformations proceeding via free radicals, including reductions, carbonylations, reductive additions, cyclizations and polymerizations, may be induced by organomanganese reagents. These generate carbon‐centered radicals from organic halides; photolysis with dimanganese decacarbonyl leads to halogen atom abstraction, or triorganomanganate reagents effect electron transfer followed by loss of halide ion. Synthetic methods employing these reagents are reviewed, with emphasis on carbon‐carbon bond construction, stereoselectivity, and applications in natural product synthesis. Reductive dehalogenation, Wurtz coupling, intermolecular radical additions and carbonylations, radical cyclizations including atom transfer methods, and radical addition to imino compounds are discussed in the context of recent developments using organomanganese reagents.
Processing of Ceramic Foams with Hierarchical Cell Structure
Authors: Ceron‐Nicolat Bruno , Fey Tobias , Greil Peter 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSilicon carbide‐based cellular ceramics characterized by a hierarchical pore structure were processed. An open‐cellular PU foam template with a mean cell density of 10 pores per inch (ppi), equivalent to a cell diameter of 4 mm and a strut thickness of 250 µm, was coated with a primary SiC slurry. Cross‐linking of a polysiloxane binder at 190 h resulted in a SiC filled reticulated thermoset foam (first generation). Subsequently, this matrix foam was infiltrated with a second slurry of slightly different polysiloxane composition which upon heating to 290 °C caused bubble nucleation and formation of a second generation foam filling the cell space in the matrix foam skeleton. After pyrolysis at 1000 °C a SiC/SiOC reaction bonded composite foam with a hierarchical cell structure and a fractional density of 0.31 was obtained. SEM and X‐ray µ‐CT analyses confirm both generations of matrix as well as infiltrated foam to be open cellular but with a pronounced difference in cell size (matrix foam cell size 2.5 mm versus infiltrated foam cell size 0.29 mm). While the matrix foam skeleton provides control of macroscopic shape as well as density distribution in the component, single‐ or multistep foam infiltration may offer a high potential for improving the mechanical properties of hierarchical cellular materials. Thus, hierarchical structure formation offers a high potential to fabricate low density cellular ceramics which might be of interest for lightweight design of novel engineering materials.
Heterointegration of Pt/Si/Ag Nanowire Photodiodes and Their Photocatalytic Properties
Authors: Qu Yongquan , Xue Teng , Zhong Xing , Lin Yung‐Chen , Liao Lei , Choi Jina , Duan Xiangfeng 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPhotocatalyst mediated photoelectrochemical processes can make use of the photogenerated electrons and holes onsite for photocatalytic redox reactions, and enable the harness and conversion of solar energy into chemical energy, in analogy to natural photosynthesis. However, the photocatalysts available to date are limited by either poor efficiency in the visible light range or insufficient photoelectrochemical stability. Here, it is shown that a Pt/Si/Ag nanowire heterostructure can be rationally synthesized to integrate a nanoscale metal‐semiconductor Schottky diode encased in a protective insulating shell with two exposed metal catalysts. The synthesis of Pt/Si/Ag nanowire diodes involves a scalable process including the formation of silicon nanowire array through wet chemical etching, electrodeposition of platinum and photoreduction of silver. The Pt/Si/Ag diodes exhibit highly efficient photocatalytic activity for a wide range of applications including environmental remediation and solar fuel production in the visible range. In this article, photodegradation of indigo carmine and 4‐nitrophenol are used to evaluate the photoactivity of Pt/Si/Ag diodes. The Pt/Si/Ag diodes also show high activity for photoconversion of formic acid into carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
Tuning the Composition and Nanostructure of Pt/Ir Films via Anodized Aluminum Oxide Templated Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Comstock David J. , Christensen Steven T. , Elam Jeffrey W. , Pellin Michael J. , Hersam Mark C. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractNanostructured metal films have been widely studied for their roles in sensing, catalysis, and energy storage. In this work, the synthesis of compositionally controlled and nanostructured Pt/Ir films by atomic layer deposition (ALD) into porous anodized aluminum oxide templates is demonstrated. Templated ALD provides advantages over alternative synthesis techniques, including improved film uniformity and conformality as well as atomic‐scale control over morphology and composition. Nanostructured Pt ALD films are demonstrated with morphological control provided by the Pt precursor exposure time and the number of ALD cycles. With these approaches, Pt films with enhanced surface areas, as characterized by roughness factors as large as 310, are reproducibly synthesized. Additionally, nanostructured PtIr alloy films of controlled composition and morphology are demonstrated by templated ALD, with compositions varying systematically from pure Pt to pure Ir. Lastly, the application of nanostructured Pt films to electrochemical sensing applications is demonstrated by the non‐enzymatic sensing of glucose.
Asymmetric Catalytic Reactions Using P*‐Mono‐, P*,N‐ and P*,P*‐Bidentate Diamidophosphites with BINOL Backbones and 1,3,2‐Diazaphospholidine Moieties: Differences in the Enantioselectivity
Authors: Gavrilov Konstantin N. , Zheglov Sergey V. , Rastorguev Eugenie A. , Groshkin Nikolay N. , Maksimova Marina G. , Benetsky Eduard B. , Davankov Vadim A. , Reetz Manfred T. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA new series of P*‐chiral diamidophosphites with 1,3,2‐diazaphospholidine rings, based on (Sa)‐ or (Ra)‐BINOL and their easily accessible derivatives, has been synthesized for the first time and tested in asymmetric transition metal catalysis. Up to 99% ee was achieved in the rhodium‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of functionalized olefins and in the palladium‐catalyzed allylic substitution. The influence of the nature of the donor atoms and denticity on the asymmetric induction is discussed. In addition, the first example of a successful platinum‐catalyzed asymmetric allylic amination (up to 86% ee) with participation of organophosphorus ligands is considered.
Feedstock handling and processing effects on biochemical conversion to biofuels
Authors: Inman Daniel , Nagle Nick , Jacobson Jacob , Searcy Erin , Ray Allison E. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAbating the dependence of the United States on foreign oil by reducing oil consumption and increasing biofuels usage will have far‐reaching global effects. These include reduced greenhouse gas emissions and an increased demand for biofuel feedstocks. To support this increased demand, cellulosic feedstock production and conversion to biofuels (e.g. ethanol, butanol) is being aggressively researched. Thus far, research has primarily focused on optimizing feedstock production and ethanol conversion, with less attention given to the feedstock supply chain required to meet cost, quality, and quantity goals. This supply chain comprises a series of unit operations from feedstock harvest to feeding the conversion process. Our objectives in this review are (i) to summarize the peer‐reviewed literature on harvest‐to‐reactor throat variables affecting feedstock composition and conversion to ethanol; (ii) to identify knowledge gaps; and (iii) to recommend future steps. © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Brazilian ethanol: an attractive proposition
Authors: Jagger Anna 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWith the consolidation of Brazil's sugarcane ethanol sector, increased production capacities, and lower operating costs, the Brazilian industry is seeing large‐scale companies enter the sector. It seems that these recent changes have benefitted the sector and helped the country strengthen its position as the world's second‐largest ethanol producer. Anna Jagger looks at the new partnerships being formed and at some of the plans Petrobras, BP, and Shell have for the future. © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd