bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
59 Effects of serial harvest on growth and carcass characteristics of beef x dairy crossbred steers
Authors: Crawford Grant I , Walter Lee-Anne J , Word Alyssa B , Karr Kendall , Holland Ben P , Hutcheson John P , Nichols Wade T , Streeter Marshall N , Nuttelman Brandon L 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Beef x dairy crossbred feedlot steers [n = 707; body weight (BW) at initial processing = 148 kg] were utilized in a randomized complete block design to evaluate effects of three serial harvest endpoints on growth performance and carcass characteristics. Allocation to treatment occurred after 204 d-on-feed (DOF), at which point steers weighed 484 kg (SEM = 3.2 kg). Treatments consisted of three serial harvest endpoints: 326, 347, and 368 DOF, as measured from initial processing at 148 kg. Twelve pens, with approximately 59 steers/pen and four pens/treatment were utilized. Final BW measured 696, 730, and 744 kg at 326, 347, and 368 DOF, and increased (P &lt; 0.01) with DOF. Dry matter intake (DMI) from allocation to harvest did not differ among treatments (11.4 kg/d; P = 0.36). Average daily gain (ADG) from allocation to harvest measured 1.82, 1.79, and 1.64 kg at 326, 347, and 368 DOF, respectively and was greater (P &lt; 0.01) at 326 and 347 DOF than at 368 DOF. Feed efficiency (FE) from allocation to harvest measured 0.162, 0.151, and 0.143 at 326, 347, and 368 DOF, respectively and was greater (P &lt; 0.01) at 326 and 347 DOF than at 368 DOF. Hot carcass weight (HCW) measured 438, 459, and 472 kg at 326, 347, and 368 DOF, respectively and increased (P &lt; 0.01) with DOF. Across the 42-d serial harvest period live and carcass ADG averaged 1.09 and 0.78 kg, respectively, with a carcass transfer of 71.6%. Backfat thickness measured 1.35, 1.63, and 1.47 cm at 326, 347, and 368 d, respectively and was greater (P &lt; 0.01) at 347 and 368 d than at 326 d. Marbling score measured 508, 529, and 550 at 326, 347, and 368 DOF, respectively and was greater (P = 0.03) at 368 and 347 DOF than at 326 DOF. Distribution of USDA quality grades (QG) did not differ (P = 0.45) among treatments and averaged 6.3% Prime and 83.1% Choice. Ribeye area and dressing percentage (P = 0.11) did not differ among treatments. Distribution of USDA yield grades (YG) was affected by treatment (P &lt; 0.01), with a shift toward more YG 4 and 5 carcasses with increasing DOF. Liver abscess occurrence averaged 62.9% and did not differ (P = 0.61) among treatments. Results from this experiment indicate a BW gain of 1.09 kg/d and a HCW gain of 0.78 kg/d across the 42-d serial harvest period. There were no differences in DMI as DOF progressed but ADG and FE decreased in the longest-fed cattle. Distribution of QG was not affected by DOF, but YG increased with increasing DOF.
58 Evaluation of a phytogenic blend on growth performance, health, carcass traits, and efficiency of dietary net energy utilization in finishing beef steers
Authors: Ribeiro Thiago Lauro Maia , Francis Becca Grimes , Smith Zachary K , Francis Forest L , Ross Cassidy , Heldt Jeff , Rusche Warren C , Wall Emma H 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if a formulated blend of capsicum oleoresin, clove essential oil, and garlic essential oil (CCG; Fytera Advance - Selko USA, Indianapolis IN) influences measures of cattle growth, efficiency, health, or carcass traits, during the finishing phase in steers fed a concentrate-based diet. Charolais × Angus steers [n = 96; initial shrunk body weight (BW) = 391 ± 34.0 kg] were used in a 144-d finishing experiment at the Ruminant Nutrition Center in Brookings, SD. Steers were individually weighed and allotted to one of 14 pens (n = 6 to 7 steers; 7 pens/treatment) in a randomized complete block design and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: control diet without the test product (CON) or a diet including CCG at 500 mg/steer daily (CCG). The average nutrient content of the finishing diet was: 13.5% CP; 18.7% NDF; 2.06 Mcal/kg NEm; and 1.39 Mcal/kg NEg; monensin sodium was included in the diet at 30 g/907 kg. Steers were fed twice daily, and bunks were managed according to a slick bunk system. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.10) in any growth performance outcome from d 1 to 35, 36 to 70, or 71 to 98. The within pen standard deviation for average daily gain (ADG) from d 71 to 98 tended to be reduced (P = 0.10) for CCG steers compared with CON. From d 99 to 144 steers supplemented CCG had 5% greater dietary energy utilization (P = 0.01), tended to have 5% greater ADG (P = 0.09), and 8% improved feed efficiency (P = 0.01). Experimental periods when improved pen gain uniformity and feed efficiency were observed coincided with increased summertime temperatures. No differences (P ≥ 0.15) were noted for cumulative growth performance. No differences were noted for any carcass measurements or categorical carcass outcomes, nor lung or liver health outcomes (P ≥ 0.15). Use of CCG had no appreciable influence on any cumulative growth performance responses. However, the use of CCG decreased within pen variation in ADG indicating more uniform nutrient intake among cattle and increased feed efficiency during summertime heat events.
162 Effect of molasses-based liquid supplement vs. corn-based dry supplement on beef cattle feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and intestinal length
Authors: Nolasco Lester R , Vincent Tyler J , Blalock Howard M , Schoonmaker Jon P 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Molasses-based liquid supplements contain sugars that can be fermented into butyrate, the primary source of energy for gastrointestinal (GIT) epithelial cells and may improve gut health and enhance beef cattle performance. The aim of this study was to examine how a molasses-based liquid supplement, in contrast to a dry-based supplement, impacts the performance, carcass characteristics, and intestinal length of beef cattle. Crossbred steers [n = 60; body weight (BW) = 381.7 ± 1.3 kg] were divided into 10 pens (5 pens per treatment; 6 steers per pen) and were assigned to one of two treatment groups: dry, which consisted of a 10% ground corn-based dry supplement, or liquid, which included a 10% liquid molasses-based supplement. All the steers were fed a high-forage diet (56%) and were transitioned to a high-grain diet (7%) on d 1 of the experiment. The animals were on feed for an average of 122 d and had ad libitum access to feed and water. Steers were weighed every 21 to 28 d, and feed intake, average daily gain (ADG), and gain to feed ratio (G:F) were assessed both overall and for two distinct periods: the initial period (IP) from d 0 to 69, and the subsequent or second period (SP) from d 70 until slaughter. Intestinal length was measured at the time of slaughter. Data analysis was performed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Body weight and ADG did not differ between treatments in either period, or overall (P ≥ 0.41). However, it is noteworthy that feed intake was greater for steers that received the dry supplement during both periods as well as across the entire study (P ≤ 0.04). In terms of G:F, steers provided with the liquid supplement demonstrated a tendency for improved efficiency in the second period (P = 0.09) and an overall greater efficiency (P = 0.04) compared with those receiving the dry supplement. Intestinal length exhibited no difference for both the small and large intestine (P ≥ 0.57). For carcass data parameters no differences were observed for hot carcass weight, dressing %, or %KPH (P ≥ 0.24). Fat depth tended to be greater (P = 0.06), and yield grade (P = 0.01) and marbling score (P = 0.03) were greater for the steers fed the dry supplement. Rib-eye area was greater (P = 0.03) for the liquid supplement group. Therefore, these findings suggest feeding a liquid based supplement to steers on a 93% concentrate diet decreases intake, maintains BW, and improves feed efficiency and carcass leanness compared with steers fed a dry supplement. However, the improvement in efficiency as a result of feeding a liquid based supplement was not caused by an increase in absorptive capacity through increased intestinal length.
163 Impact of feeding wet or dry traditional or fractionated (Solbran) distiller’s grains on feedlot cattle performance and carcass characteristics
Authors: Sousa Debora Gomes , McDermott Rebecca L , Norman Mitch M , MacDonald James C , Stock Rick A , Mass Rayan , Erickson Galen E 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Solbran (ICM, Colwich, KS) is new corn byproduct of ethanol production composed of fiber plus condensed distiller’s solubles and can be fed dry (Dry Solbran; NDF = 41.1%; CP = 21.84%; Ether extract = 8.4%), or wet (Wet Solbran; NDF = 49.7%; CP = 22.67%; Ether extract = 8.5%). The objective of this study was to evaluate the energy value of dry and wet Solbran compared with traditional dry- (DDGS) and wet- distiller’s grains plus solubles (WGGS) in beef cattle finishing diets. The treatments included a control (CON) with no distiller’s grains compared with the inclusion of DDGS, WDGS, Dry Solbran and Wet Solbran at two levels (20% and 40%) resulting in a 2 × 2 × 2 + 1 factorial. Orthogonal contrasts defined linear and quadratic effects of byproduct inclusion through the common intercept of CON. Additionally, interactions among inclusion (20% or 40%), moisture (dry and wet) and processing method (Solbran or traditional) were evaluated as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial without CON. There was a linear increase in dry matter intake (DMI) by adding DDGS, Dry Solbran, and Wet Solbran (P &lt; 0.01) and a tendency for a linear increase in dry matter intake (DMI) with WDGS (P = 0.07). There was a linear increase in ADG by adding DDGS or Wet Solbran (P &lt; 0.05) and a tendency for a linear increase in average daily gain (ADG) with the addition of Dry Solbran or WDGS (P &lt; 0.10). These changes in DMI and ADG resulted in a linear decrease in gain to feed ratio (G:F) when Dry Solbran was added (P &lt; 0.01), and a tendency towards a linear decrease in G:F when DDGS was added (P &lt; 0.10). The inclusion of Wet Solbran or WDGS did not influence G:F (P = 0.45). For the 2 × 2 × 2 factorial, there was a 2-way interaction for moisture by inclusion of byproduct for G:F where wet byproduct fed at 40% of the diet resulted in the greatest G:F and 40% dry byproduct resulted in the least G:F (P = 0.04). This interaction was driven by an increase in DMI for 40% byproduct when fed dry, and a reduction in DMI for both 20 and 40% byproduct fed wet. There was no difference in ADG between the treatments (P = 0.75). For the main effect byproduct type, steers fed Solbran had greater DMI (P &lt; 0.01) with no difference in ADG (P = 0.79), resulting in a 3% reduction in G:F (P = 0.03) for steers fed Solbran but greater marbling (P &lt; 0.01). Impact of feeding distillers grains byproducts on DMI, ADG, and G:F are impacted by the processes used in the ethanol plant, whether wet or dry, and dietary inclusion.
161 Effect of replacement of dried distiller’s grains plus solubles with increasing extruded and expelled soybean meal on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics in finishing steers
Authors: Francis Becca Grimes , Delver Justin , Francis Forest L , DeHaan Erin R , Ribeiro Thiago , Ross Cassidy , Rusche Warren C , Smith Zachary K 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing inclusion of extruded and expelled soybean meal (EESBM) as a partial replacement of dried distiller’s grains plus solubles (DDGS) feedlot performance and carcass characteristics in steers. Steers [n = 144; initial shrunk body weight (BW) = 399 ± 27 kg] were assigned to 1 of 18 pens (8 steers/pen). Pens were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments (6 pens/treatment): 100% DDGS included at 15% of diet dry matter (DM; NO-SBM), a blend of 70% DDGS and 30% SBM included at 15% of diet DM (30-EESBM), and a blend of 40% DDGS and 60% SBM included at 15% of diet DM (60-EESBM) in a randomized complete block design with pen as experimental unit. Data were analyzed as a RCBD with fixed effects of treatment and random effect of block (location within feedyard). Linear and quadratic contrasts were used to assess EESBM level effects. All growth performance results were determined on a carcass-adjusted [hot carcass weight (HCW)/0.625] basis. Supplementation of EESBM increased (P ≤ 0.04) final BW and average daily gain (ADG) by 1.6 and 3.8%, respectively. Additionally, dietary treatment tended to result in increased (P ≤ 0.07) DMI and improved feed conversion by 1.2 and 2.6%. Final BW, ADG and gain to feed ratio (G:F) increased (linear; P ≤ 0.03) with increasing inclusion of EESBM in replacement of DDGS. Dry matter intake (DMI) tended to increase quadratically (P = 0.10) with increasing EESBM inclusion. No differences (P ≥ 0.37) were observed in any other carcass-adjusted growth performance responses as well as apparent utilization of dietary net energy (P ≥ 0.15). Increasing inclusion of EESBM resulted in a linear increase (P = 0.02) in HCW. A tendency for a linear increase (P = 0.09) was noted for empty body fat% with greater EESBM inclusion. No other differences (P ≥ 0.12) were observed in carcass performance, distribution of yield and quality grades, and lung and liver health outcomes. In conclusion, feeding EESBM as a partial replacement of DDGS resulted in greater DMI, ADG and carcass weight, without negatively influencing measures of carcass quality or cutability. Under the conditions of this experiment, the NE value of EESBM is 8.5% greater than DDGS.
165 Comparing corn earlage to a blend of corn silage and grain when fed at two different inclusions for finishing cattle
Authors: Lemon Garrett , McDermott Rebecca L , Erickson Galen E , Loza Pablo L 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding earlage as the sole source of roughage and grain in a finishing diet when compared with corn silage plus grain at equal forage NDF inclusions in the diet. Crossbred yearling steers [n = 216; initial body weight (BW) = 471 ± 14.1kg] were fed one of 4 experimental diets in a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement with roughage type and forage inclusion being the 2 factors. Treatment diets were formulated for earlage to provide all the grain the diet (74%) which provided 14.8% forage and was compared with 29.6% corn silage and 44.4% corn as a 50:50 blend of dry rolled corn (DRC) and high moisture corn (HMC). The other two diets were formulated for corn silage to provide a standard roughage inclusion for finishing diets (i.e., corn silage at 15% to supply 7.5% forage in the diet). To match 7.5% roughage with earlage providing all the roughage, another diet included earlage at 37%, with an additional 37% corn included as the 50:50 blend of HMC and DRC. All diets included 20% wet distiller’s grains (WDGS) and 6% supplement. The two inclusions of forage were either 7.5 or 14.8% forage as either earlage or corn silage. Earlage was assumed to provide 20% forage and corn silage to provide 50% forage, on a DM basis. Cattle were stratified into 3 BW blocks, then assigned randomly assigned to pens within block, and treatment assigned randomly to pens. A total of 24 pens containing 9 steers in each were used with pen as the experimental unit. Feeding performance, carcass characteristics and liver abscess prevalence were evaluated using the MIXED procedure of SAS with BW block and treatment being fixed effects. No interactions between roughage type or forage inclusion were observed for performance or carcass traits (P &gt; 0.13) except for marbling or liver abscesses (P &lt; 0.09). When cattle were fed a diet with corn silage as the roughage source, greater dry matter intakes (DMI) and average daily gain (ADG) were observed (P ≤ 0.01), but feed efficiency was not significantly different (P = 0.35). However, when evaluating effects of NDF inclusion, cattle fed 7.5% forage in the diet were 6.8% more efficient than cattle fed 14.8% forage and tended to have greater gain (P = 0.10), but no significant differences were observed for intake (P = 0.11). These data suggest that cattle fed earlage will eat and gain less than cattle fed a blend of corn silage and grain when estimated forage is equivalent, and when earlage is fed as the sole source of grain, cattle will be less efficient than when conventional roughage inclusions are fed.
236 The effects of replacing dried distiller’s grains with solubles with heat-treated soybean meal on nutrient intake and digestibility in forage-based diets
Authors: Gullickson Grady J , Nichols Madeliene S , Entzie Yssi L , Hansen Lydia E , Syring Jessica , Skunberg Terry , Gilbertson Justin , Tobin Colin T , Swanson Kendall C , Carlson Zachary E 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Cattle growth is calculated through dry matter intake, average daily gain and gain:feed measures that assume performance and digestibility are correlated. Hence, evaluating nutrient digestibility and flow provides additional explanations for subsequent growth performance. Therefore, five fistulated Jersey steers [Initial body weight (BW) = 288 ± 22 kg) fitted with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal cannulas were utilized in a 4 × 5 row-column design to determine intake and total tract nutrient digestibility when replacing dried distiller’s grains plus solubles (DDGS) with heat-treated soybean meal (TSBM) in forage-based growing diets. The 56-d study contained 4 periods, each period lasting 14 d [9 d of adaptation and 5 d of collection (d 0 to 4)]. Dietary treatments partially replaced DDGS, included at 16% diet dry matter (DM), with TSBM at increasing inclusion levels of 0 (TSBM0), 4 (TSBM4), 8 (TSBM8), and 12% (TSBM12) DM. Basal diets contained 43.5% corn silage, 36.5% oat hay, and 4% meal supplement (DM). Chromic oxide was incorporated into the diet daily at 0.25% DM as a digesta marker. Steers were housed in individual tie stalls during the 5-d collection period. Treatment diets were fed daily at 0800 h with orts being weighed at 0730 h and subsampled on d 0 to d 4 each period. Fecal collection bags were harnessed to each steer from d 0 to d 4 to collect fecal weight and subsampled twice daily (0700 and 1900 h). Digestibility and feed intake were analyzed utilizing the MIXED procedure of SAS with treatment and period as fixed effects and animal as a random effect. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.14) in DM, organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), starch and nitrogen (N) intakes among treatments. Fecal DM, OM, NDF, starch, and N output resulted in no treatment effects (P ≥ 0.24). Subsequently, total tract apparent digestibility differences (P ≥ 0.32) were not detected for DM, OM, NDF, and starch content. However, N total tract apparent digestibility was significantly different (P &lt; 0.03) with TSBM0 resulting in less N digestibility than TSBM12 (65.54% and 71.59%, respectively). Replacing a portion of DDGS with TSBM does not result in deleterious digestive effects in forage-based growing diets. As a result, the utilization of DDGS or TSBM as the primary protein source will depend on growth performance, feedstuff availability and economics.
235 Evaluation of an exogenous fibrolytic enzyme combination in forage-based growing diets fed to growing beef cattle
Authors: Nichols Madeliene S , Gullickson Grady J , Entzie Yssi L , Underdahl Sarah R , Hansen Lydia E , Syring Jessica , Wianecki Joshua , Jensen Danielle , Hauxwell Kathlyn , Carlson Zachary E , Winders Thomas 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Crossbred steers [n = 73; 287±19 kg initial body weight (BW)] were used in an 84-d growing study to investigate the effects of feeding an exogenous xylanase and cellulase combination product (EFE) and wheat straw (WS) inclusion level on the growth performance of growing beef cattle. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial with two levels of WS, either 5% (low; LS) or 15% (high; HS) of diet dry matter, and two inclusion rates of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes, 0 (none; N) or 750 g/ton (enzyme; E; Bovizyme CX; Danisco Animal Nutrition and Health; Wilmington, DE) of diet. Body weights and blood samples were collected every 28 d. Individual intake data were collected using an automated feeding system (Insentec Roughage Intake Control, Hokofarm B.V., Marknesse, The Netherland). Average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI), gain to feed ratio (G:F), plasma glucose (GLU), plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) were analyzed using PROC MIXED (SAS Ins. Inc., Cary, N.C.). Animal was the experimental unit and fixed effects included blocks of body weight (n = 3) and original source of steers (n = 2). The model included the level of WS (LS, HS), level of EFE (N or E), and WS × EFE interactions. There were no WS × EFE interactions (P ≥ 0.31) for all measured traits. Supplementing EFE resulted in no differences (P ≥ 0.16) for ending BW, ADG, DMI, G:F, NEFA, and PUN. However, within HS diet, inclusion of E numerically increased ADG by 0.05 kg/d compared with N (1.29 vs. 1.24 kg/d; HSE vs. HSN, respectively; P &gt; 0.31). Steers consuming E diets tended to have greater GLU compared with N (4.92 vs. 4.80 µmol/L, respectively; P = 0.10). Between levels of straw inclusion, ending BW was greater for steers consuming LS diet compared with HS diet (413 vs. 393 kg, respectively; P &lt; 0.0001). Resulting in greater ADG for steers consuming LS diet compared with HS diet (1.49 vs. 1.26 kg, respectively; P &lt; 0.01). Dry matter intake was greater for steers consuming LS diet than HS diet (9.06 vs. 8.33 kg, respectively; P &lt; 0.01). Therefore, G:F was improved for steers consuming LS diet compared with HS diet (0.165 vs. 0.151, respectively; P &lt; 0.01). Steers consuming LS diet had decreased NEFA compared with HS diet (311 vs. 376 µmol/L, respectively; P &lt; 0.01). Results from this study indicate that regardless of the inclusion level of WS, supplementing growing steers with EFE did not influence growth performance. However, replacing ten percent of corn silage with WS reduced the energy concentration of the diet, decreasing growth performance.