bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
31 GHz power characteristics of GaN HEMTs with slightly etched AlGaN layer at ohmic contact
Authors: Hirose Mayumi , Takada Yoshiharu , Matsushita Keiichi , Takagi Kazutaka , Tsuda Kunio 
Published: November 2011

AbstractSlight etching of an AlGaN layer at ohmic contact was investigated to reduce contact resistance in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs in Ka‐band operation. In the etching process, etched depth was precisely controlled by ICP‐RIE system with a mixture of BCl3 and Cl2 gases. The relation between ohmic contact resistance and etched depth was examined to determine the optimum depth. It was found that a resistance at an etched depth of 5 nm was reduced to 44% of that in the case of the conventional process. This process was applied to fabrication of GaN HEMTs with a gate length of 0.2 μm, and Ka‐band power characteristics were measured. The linear gain of the device was 11.4 dB, the maximum power‐added efficiency was 45%, and the output power density was 5.1 W/mm, under the conditions of a frequency of 31 GHz, a drain bias of 24 V, and a class‐AB operation. The values are higher than those in the case of the conventional process by 0.5 dB for the linear gain, 2 points for the power‐added efficiency, and 11% for the output power. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Radiative transfer over resolved topographic features for high‐resolution weather prediction
Authors: Manners J. , Vosper S. B. , Roberts N. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractRegional numerical weather prediction models are now routinely run at near kilometre‐scale resolutions where surface features are well resolved and mean grid‐box slopes are highly significant. The resolved topography has an important effect on the radiative transfer at the surface which is not generally represented using fast two‐stream radiation codes. This paper presents a parametrisation of surface radiative transfer for resolved topography suitable for use with a two‐stream code. For the short‐wave bands, the first‐order effects are the interaction of direct solar radiation with surface slopes and shading by surrounding terrain. In the infrared (long‐wave bands), the first‐order effect is the transfer of radiation between visible points on the terrain making use of the sky‐view factor for a sloping surface and the enhanced area of the slope. Energy is conserved over an extended region where the mean flux into the surface will be independent of resolution. These effects are included in the radiation scheme of the Met Office Unified Model and case‐studies are run over the UK using horizontal grid resolutions from 100 m to 1.5 km. The scheme adds fine detail to the forecast which is shown to have a significant impact on forecast skill. Under clear‐sky conditions, short‐wave surface effects can lead to temperature differences of up to 2.5 K, and long‐wave effects to differences of up to 1 K. The magnitude of these effects are expected to be much greater for more complex terrain. A consistent extension to the scheme is outlined to take account of second‐order effects using short‐wave diffuse albedo and long‐wave surface emissivity. These lead to a net change in the surface flux due to multiple surface reflections and should be considered in conjunction with a treatment of sub‐grid terrain complexity. Copyright © 2011 British Crown copyright, the Met Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
SmartGuard: An autonomous robotic system for inspecting substation equipment
Authors: Wang Binhai , Guo Rui , Li Bingqiang , Han Lei , Sun Yong , Wang Mingrui 
Published: November 2011

AbstractSubstation equipment inspection is necessary for the power industry. With the dramatic increase in the number of substations, unmanned substations are required by the industry. This paper presents SmartGuard, a completely autonomous robotic system that can inspect substation equipment. SmartGuard consists of a robot and a data center. The robot can patrol in a substation and inspect equipment with a visible‐light camera and an infrared thermograph. The acquired images and temperature information are analyzed by the data center. The data center can fuse infrared and visible‐light images and find abnormal hot spots and abnormal appearance. There are 13 SmartGuards currently serving 12 substations, some of which have been working for more than 2 years. The feedback from the field shows that SmartGuard significantly improves the efficiency and reliability of substation inspection. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multihomed SIP‐based network mobility for the scheduled public transit service
Authors: Lee Chao‐Hsien , Huang Chung‐Ming , Tseng Po‐Han 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTNetwork mobility (NEMO) enables a group of nodes to connect to the back‐end infrastructure during the movement. Because a vehicle must provide passengers good enough transmission quality, various access techniques, for example, 3 G/3.5 G, Wi‐Fi or dedicated short range communication, can be simultaneously equipped to aggregate bandwidth and tolerate link failure. This paper extends the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)‐based NEMO framework to support multihoming. First, IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover (MIH) is integrated to manage multiple egress interfaces in an on‐board unit (OBU). Second, a dynamic synchronization mechanism using the SIP SUBSCRIBE and NOTIFY methods is proposed to manage multiple OBUs in a vehicle. Furthermore, the framework is applied to public transportation systems, for example, bus, train, or mass rapid transit. Passengers may need to transit several times during their journeys. The transit behavior must induce a flood of signaling messages for location update. In this paper, the SIP REFER method is exploited to reduce signaling messages while a group of passengers have scheduled their transit in advance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic variation of pre‐mRNA alternative splicing in human populations
Authors: Lu Zhi‐Xiang , Jiang Peng , Xing Yi 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe precise splicing outcome of a transcribed gene is controlled by complex interactions between cis regulatory splicing signals and trans‐acting regulators. In higher eukaryotes, alternative splicing is a prevalent mechanism for generating transcriptome and proteome diversity. Alternative splicing can modulate gene function, affect organismal phenotype and cause disease. Common genetic variation that affects splicing regulation can lead to differences in alternative splicing between human individuals and consequently impact expression level or protein function. In several well‐documented examples, such natural variation of alternative splicing has indeed been shown to influence disease susceptibility and drug response. With new microarray and sequencing‐based genomic technologies that can analyze eukaryotic transcriptomes at the exon or nucleotide level, it has become possible to globally compare the alternative splicing profiles across human individuals in any tissue or cell type of interest. Recent large‐scale transcriptome studies using high‐density splicing‐sensitive microarray and deep RNA sequencing (RNA‐Seq) have revealed widespread genetic variation of alternative splicing in humans. In the future, an extensive catalog of alternative splicing variation in human populations will help elucidate the molecular underpinnings of complex traits and human diseases, and shed light on the mechanisms of splicing regulation in human cells. WIREs RNA 2012, 3:581–592. doi: 10.1002/wrna.120This article is categorized under:

RNA Evolution and Genomics > Computational Analyses of RNA
RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing
RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
Cancellous Bone Graft and Kirschner Wire Fixation as a Treatment for Cavitary-Type Scaphoid Nonunions Exhibiting DISI
Authors: Kirkham Stuart G. , Millar Michael J. 
Published: November 2011

Background Cavitary-type scaphoid non-unions represent one of the most difficult treatment challenges amongst all scaphoid non-unions as they exhibit bone loss, scaphoid shortening, flexion (‘humpback’) deformity and dorsal intercalated segmental instability (DISI), creating altered carpal mechanics which may proceed to the degenerative changes of scapholunate advanced collapse of the wrist. Our technique and its rationale are presented in the largest-to-date series on cavitary scaphoid non-unions exhibiting DISI. Methods Our technique for treatment of these cavitary nonunions is presented through a series of 27 patients. Results Union was achieved in (26/27) 96% of cases, with no complications. Carpal mechanics was restored, with an average carpal height index of 1.52±0.06, and an average scapholunate angle was 46±9°. Average follow-up was 2.2 years. Conclusion In this subset of patients, we believe this technique is less technically demanding than the use of either cortico-cancellous grafts or various compression screws. Our success equals or betters that of other published techniques, with all patients enjoying a full return to work, even in occupations demanding heavy labour. We believe that scaphoid union, coupled with the often difficult restoration of carpal height and intra-carpal angles, has produced very good functional outcomes in the management of these challenging cases.
Olfactomedin-4 is a glycoprotein secreted into mucus in active IBD
Authors: Gersemann Michael , Becker Svetlana , Nuding Sabine , Antoni Lena , Ott German , Fritz Peter , Oue Naohide , Yasui Wataru , Wehkamp Jan , Stange Eduard F. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Background: Olfactomedin-4 (OLFM4) is a glycoprotein characteristic of intestinal stem cells and apparently involved in mucosal defense of the stomach and colon. Here we studied its expression, regulation and function in IBD.
Methods: The expression of OLFM4, mucins Muc1 and Muc2, the goblet cell differentiation factor Hath1 and the proinflammatory cytokine IL-8 was measured in inflamed or noninflamed colon in IBD patients and controls. OLFM4 protein was located by immunohistochemistry, quantified by Dot Blot and its binding capacity to defensins HBD1-3 was investigated. The influence of bacteria with or without the Notch blocker dibenzazepine (DBZ) and of several cytokines on OLFM4 expression was determined in LS174T cells.
Results: OLFM4 mRNA and protein were significantly upregulated in inflamed CD (4.3 and 1.7-fold) and even more pronounced in UC (24.8 and 3.7-fold). OLFM4 expression was correlated to IL-8 but not to Hath1. In controls immunostaining was restricted to the lower crypts but in inflamed IBD it expanded up to the epithelial surface including the mucus. OLFM4 bound to HBD1-3 without profoundly inactivating these defensins. In LS174T-cells OLFM4 mRNA was significantly augmented after incubation with Escherichia coli K12, Escherichia coli Nissle and Bacteroides vulgatus. DBZ downregulated OLFM4 expression and blocked bacterial induction whereas IL-22 but not TNF-α was stimulatory.
Conclusions: OLFM4 is overexpressed in active IBD and secreted into mucus. The induction is triggered by bacteria through the Notch pathway and also by the cytokine IL-22. OLFM4 seems to be of functional relevance in IBD as a mucus component, possibly by binding defensins.
THE CHALLENGES OF OFFERING PUBLIC SECOND TRIMESTER ABORTION SERVICES IN SOUTH AFRICA: HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS' PERSPECTIVES
Authors: HARRIES J. , LINCE N. , CONSTANT D. , HARGEY A. , GROSSMAN D. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryAround 25% of abortions in South Africa are performed in the second trimester. This study aimed to better understand what doctors, nurses and hospital managers involved in second trimester abortion care thought about these services and how they could be improved. Nineteen in-depth interviews with abortion-related service providers and managers in the Western Cape Province, South Africa, were undertaken. Data were analysed using a thematic analysis approach. Participants expressed resistance to the dilation and evacuation (D&E) procedure, as this required more active provider involvement. Medical abortion was preferred as it required less provider involvement in the abortion process. A shortage of providers willing to perform D&E resulted in most public sector services being outsourced to private sector doctors. Respondents noted an increased demand for services and a concomitant lack of infrastructure, physical space and personnel to respond to these demands, sometimes resulting in fragmented or poor quality care. At medical induction sites, most thought introducing the combined mifepristone–misoprostol regimen would improve service capacity, although they were concerned about cost. Improving contraceptive services was also seen as a much-needed intervention to improve care and prevent abortion. Ongoing training, including values clarification, as well as emotional support and team-building for providers are needed to ensure sustainable, high-quality second trimester abortion services.
Risk Factors for Selective Cognitive Decline in Dialyzed Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease: Evidence from Verbal Fluency Analysis
Authors: Harciarek Michał , Williamson John B. , Biedunkiewicz Bogdan , Lichodziejewska-Niemierko Monika , Dębska-Ślizień Alicja , Rutkowski Bolesław 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAlthough dialyzed patients often have cognitive problems, little is known about the nature of these deficits. We hypothesized that, in contrast to semantic fluency relying mainly on temporal lobes, phonemic fluency, preferentially depending on functions of frontal-subcortical systems, would be particularly sensitive to the constellation of physiological pathological processes associated with end-stage renal disease and dialysis. Therefore, we longitudinally compared phonemic and semantic fluency performance between 49 dialyzed patients and 30 controls. Overall, patients performed below controls only on the phonemic fluency task. Furthermore, their performance on this task declined over time, whereas there was no change in semantic fluency. Moreover, this decline was related to the presence of hypertension and higher blood urea nitrogen. We suggest that these findings may be due to a combination of vascular and topic effects that impact more on fronto-subcortical than temporal lobe networks, but this speculation requires direct confirmation. (JINS, 2012,18, 162–167)
Analogous nutrient limitations in unicellular diazotrophs and Prochlorococcus in the South Pacific Ocean
Authors: Moisander Pia H , Zhang Ruifeng , Boyle Edward A , Hewson Ian , Montoya Joseph P , Zehr Jonathan P 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Growth limitation of phytoplankton and unicellular nitrogen (N2) fixers (diazotrophs) were investigated in the oligotrophic Western South Pacific Ocean. Based on change in abundances of nifH or 23S rRNA gene copies during nutrient-enrichment experiments, the factors limiting net growth of the unicellular diazotrophs UCYN-A (Group A), Crocosphaera watsonii, γ-Proteobacterium 24774A11, and the non-diazotrophic picocyanobacterium Prochlorococcus, varied within the region. At the westernmost stations, numbers were enhanced by organic carbon added as simple sugars, a combination of iron and an organic chelator, or iron added with phosphate. At stations nearest the equator, the nutrient-limiting growth was not apparent. Maximum net growth rates for UCYN-A, C. watsonii and γ-24774A11 were 0.19, 0.61 and 0.52 d−1, respectively, which are the first known empirical growth rates reported for the uncultivated UCYN-A and the γ-24774A11. The addition of N enhanced total phytoplankton biomass up to 5-fold, and the non-N2-fixing Synechococcus was among the groups that responded favorably to N addition. Nitrogen was the major nutrient-limiting phytoplankton biomass in the Western South Pacific Ocean, while availability of organic carbon or iron and organic chelator appear to limit abundances of unicellular diazotrophs. Lack of phytoplankton response to nutrient additions in the Pacific warm pool waters suggests diazotroph growth in this area is controlled by different factors than in the higher latitudes, which may partially explain previously observed variability in community composition in the region.
Magnitude and regulation of bacterioplankton respiratory quotient across freshwater environmental gradients
Authors: Berggren Martin , Lapierre Jean-François , del Giorgio Paul A 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Bacterioplankton respiration (BR) may represent the largest single sink of organic carbon in the biosphere and constitutes an important driver of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from freshwaters. Complete understanding of BR is precluded by the fact that most studies need to assume a respiratory quotient (RQ; mole of CO2 produced per mole of O2 consumed) to calculate rates of BR. Many studies have, without clear support, assumed a fixed RQ around 1. Here we present 72 direct measurements of bacterioplankton RQ that we carried out in epilimnetic samples of 52 freshwater sites in Québec (Canada), using O2 and CO2 optic sensors. The RQs tended to converge around 1.2, but showed large variability (s.d.=0.45) and significant correlations with major gradients of ecosystem-level, substrate-level and bacterial community-level characteristics. Experiments with natural bacterioplankton using different single substrates suggested that RQ is intimately linked to the elemental composition of the respired compounds. RQs were on average low in net autotrophic systems, where bacteria likely were utilizing mainly reduced substrates, whereas we found evidence that the dominance of highly oxidized substrates, for example, organic acids formed by photo-chemical processes, led to high RQ in the more heterotrophic systems. Further, we suggest that BR contributes to a substantially larger share of freshwater CO2 emissions than presently believed based on the assumption that RQ is ∼1. Our study demonstrates that bacterioplankton RQ is not only a practical aspect of BR determination, but also a major ecosystem state variable that provides unique information about aquatic ecosystem functioning.
Anaerobic oxidation of methane at different temperature regimes in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediments
Authors: Biddle Jennifer F , Cardman Zena , Mendlovitz Howard , Albert Daniel B , Lloyd Karen G , Boetius Antje , Teske Andreas 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) was investigated in hydrothermal sediments of Guaymas Basin based on δ13C signatures of CH4, dissolved inorganic carbon and porewater concentration profiles of CH4 and sulfate. Cool, warm and hot in-situ temperature regimes (15–20 °C, 30–35 °C and 70–95 °C) were selected from hydrothermal locations in Guaymas Basin to compare AOM geochemistry and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), mcrA and dsrAB genes of the microbial communities. 16S rRNA gene clone libraries from the cool and hot AOM cores yielded similar archaeal types such as Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotal Group, Thermoproteales and anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea (ANME)-1; some of the ANME-1 archaea formed a separate 16S rRNA lineage that at present seems to be limited to Guaymas Basin. Congruent results were obtained by mcrA gene analysis. The warm AOM core, chemically distinct by lower porewater sulfide concentrations, hosted a different archaeal community dominated by the two deep subsurface archaeal lineages Marine Benthic Group D and Marine Benthic Group B, and by members of the Methanosarcinales including ANME-2 archaea. This distinct composition of the methane-cycling archaeal community in the warm AOM core was confirmed by mcrA gene analysis. Functional genes of sulfate-reducing bacteria and archaea, dsrAB, showed more overlap between all cores, regardless of the core temperature. 16S rRNA gene clone libraries with Euryarchaeota-specific primers detected members of the Archaeoglobus clade in the cool and hot cores. A V6-tag high-throughput sequencing survey generally supported the clone library results while providing high-resolution detail on archaeal and bacterial community structure. These results indicate that AOM and the responsible archaeal communities persist over a wide temperature range.
Evaluation of two portable sensors for energy expenditure assessment during high‐intensity running
Authors: Koehler Karsten , de Marees Markus , Braun Hans , Schaenzer Wilhelm 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe correct assessment of individual energy requirements of athletes remains a challenge. Available literature indicates that accelerometry‐based sensors underestimated energy expenditure in athletes, especially during high‐intensity exercise. The goal of our study was to evaluate two commercially available devices (Actiheart; SenseWear Pro3) during high‐intensity running and to identify potential sources of error.Twenty‐nine male endurance‐ and strength‐trained athletes participated in an incremental running exercise, which started at 2.8 m · s−1. Running speed was increased by 0.4 m · s−1 every 5 minutes until 4.8 m · s−1 or individual exhaustion were reached. Energy expenditure was measured with indirect calorimetry (IC) and both sensors were worn according to the manufacturers' instructions. Twelve participants also conducted a step test in order to individually recalibrate the Actiheart data.The Actiheart monitor underestimated energy expenditure (EE) for all speeds by 1.1 to 8.3 kcal · min−1 and showed a weak correlation with IC (r=0.61). Following individual recalibration there were no significant differences to IC but validity correlation did not improve (r=0.56). Heart rate was assessed correctly with the Actiheart when compared to a Polar 610 recorder. Activity counts increased only between 2.8 and 3.6 m · s−1 but plateaued thereafter. SenseWear significantly underestimated EE for all speeds by 1.0 to 9.5 kcal min−1 and was moderately correlated with IC (r=0.66). Longitudinal and transversal acceleration increased significantly between 2.8 and 4.4 m · s−1 and were correlated with running speed (0.63 < r<0.69).Our results show that both devices underestimate EE during high‐intensity running. For Actiheart, individual calibration is recommended in order to obtain sufficiently accurate results. For SenseWear, acceleration data could be used to improve EE prediction during high‐intensity running. Further research is necessary to validate these portable devices in other groups, in field settings and during other exercise types.
An extremal decomposition problem for harmonic measure
Authors: Dubinin Vladimir , Vuorinen Matti 
Published: November 2011

Let

E
E

be a continuum in the closed unit disk

|

z

|

≤
1

|z|\le 1

of the complex

z
z

-plane which divides the open disk

|

z

|

>
1

|z| > 1

into

n
≥
2

n\ge 2

pairwise nonintersecting simply connected domains

D
k

D_k

such that each of the domains

D
k

D_k

contains some point

a
k

a_k

on a prescribed circle

|

z

|

=
ρ

|z| = \rho

,

0
>
ρ
>
1

,

k
=
1
,
…
,
n

.

0 >\rho >1\, , \, k=1,\dots ,n\,.

It is shown that for some increasing function

Ψ

,

\Psi \,,

independent of

E
E

and the choice of the points

a
k

,

a_k,

the mean value of the harmonic measures
\[

Ψ

−
1

[

1
n

∑

k
=
1

k

Ψ
(
ω
(

a
k

,
E
,

D
k

)
)
]

\Psi ^{-1}\left [ \frac {1}{n} \sum _{k=1}^{k} \Psi ( \omega (a_k,E, D_k))\right ]

\]
is greater than or equal to the harmonic measure

ω
(
ρ
,

E
∗

,

D
∗

)

,

\omega (\rho , E^* , D^*)\,,

where

E
∗

=
{
z
:

z
n

∈
[
−
1
,
0
]
}

E^* = \{ z: z^n \in [-1,0] \}

and

D
∗

=
{
z
:

|

z

|

>
1
,

|

arg

z

|

>
π

/

n
}

.

D^* =\{ z: |z|>1, |\textrm {arg}\, z| > \pi /n\} \,.

This implies, for instance, a solution to a problem of R. W. Barnard, L. Cole, and A. Yu. Solynin concerning a lower estimate of the quantity

inf

E

max

k
=
1
,
…
,
n

ω
(

a
k

,
E
,

D
k

)

\inf _{E} \max _{k=1,\dots ,n} \omega (a_k,E, D_k)\,

for arbitrary points of the circle

|

z

|

=
ρ

.

|z| = \rho \,.

These authors stated this hypothesis in the particular case when the points are equally distributed on the circle

|

z

|

=
ρ

.

|z| = \rho \,.