bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ecology of host-finding behaviour and parasite transmission: past and future perspectives
Authors: Rea J. G. , Irwin S. W. B. 
Published: March 2011

SUMMARYHost location by parasites can be achieved by either active or passive mechanisms. In spite of their significance, the efficacy of these methods has been little researched. High fecundity in parasites is discussed in terms of the role it plays in dispersal and transmission. Some concepts developed by mainstream behavioural ecologists are outlined and their relevance to parasitology is indicated. ‘Reproductive value’ is recommended as an appropriate measure of the costs and benefits of behavioural acts. Although costs of reproduction have been rarely studied in parasites, they are likely to occur in cosexual insects, nematodes and crustaceans. Experiments using captive hosts and/orin vitrocultivation could help in the construction of realistic optimality models. We suggest that r- and K-selection theory could assist in the study of the evolution of parasite behaviour. We discuss how parasite populations are dispersed and controlled and consider the implications of overdispersion. WTe outline three sources of signals to which parasites may respond and suggest that understanding evolutionary mechanisms and community organisation of parasites and hosts requires evaluation of fundamental behavioural responses to environmental signals. The study of closely related groups of parasites and their hosts may advance our knowledge of the evolution of parasite life cycles and the evolutionary costs and benefits of behavioural acts.
Doubt and certainty about the pathways of invasive juvenile parasites inside hosts
Authors: Wilson P. A. G. 
Published: March 2011

SUMMARYIt is generally believed that the patterns of in-host migration of the infective stages of most invasive macroparasites of man and domestic animals are matters of established fact. In reality, the textbook treatment of this topic, and much of the experimental approach to it, are a legacy of an uncritical past. With few exceptions the true picture concerning particular host/parasite systems is confused by the acceptance of inadequate criteria of proof. In important instances these bogus ‘proofs’ have been generalized within a suspect inductive framework which employs the basic assumption that all migratory parasites that enter the same portal and travel to the same destination do so by the same route. The discussion of such issues serves as a background to the presentation in detail of a more rigorous conceptual and experimental framework.
The population dynamics of parasitic helminth communities
Authors: Dobson A. , Roberts M. 
Published: March 2011

SUMMARYThis paper describes a mathematical model which allows us to compare the data collected from short-term cross-sectional surveys with the population dynamics of host and parasite populations over longer periods of time. The model extends an earlier framework for two parasite species in one host, to one for an arbitrary number of parasite species. We show that the conditions necessary for the coexistence of two parasite species extend to expressions for the coexistence of three or more parasite species. Furthermore, the model suggests that those species which form the ‘core’ of the parasite community are those whose high fecundity and transmission efficiency permit them to colonize hosts readily. In contrast, those species which are classified as ‘satellite’ species of the community are either species with low fecundity, or low transmission efficiencies. This work confirms earlier studies that suggest that increasing degrees of aggregation are crucial in allowing several species of parasites to coexist in the same species of hosts.The properties of the model are compared with patterns observed in data collected for helminth parasites of Anolis lizards, wood mice and eels. This combined theoretical and empirical approach confirms the importance of the life history strategies of the parasite in determining the abundance of each species in the community. It suggests that studies of parasite community structure have to pay more attention to the strategies pursued by each individual species before interactions between species are considered.
Exploring another side of co-leadership: Negotiating professional identities through face-work in disagreements
Authors: Schnurr Stephanie , Chan Angela 
Published: March 2011

AbstractTraditional perceptions that view leadership as a top-down process are increasingly challenged by so-called critical perspectives that acknowledge that leadership may involve several people. This article explores a particular type of these other leadership constellations, namely co-leadership where members share several leadership responsibilities.Drawing on more than twenty hours of authentic discourse data recorded in two workplaces in Hong Kong, we employ the analytical concepts of face and identity to identify and describe some of the complex processes through which co-leadership is enacted. Our particular focus is situations in which members of the co-leadership team disagree with each other.Our findings indicate that co-leadership is a dynamic process in which both members position themselves and each other as leader and co-leader at different moments throughout an interaction. This dynamic nature can be captured particularly well by exploring how face-work and identity construction are accomplished in interlocutors' everyday workplace talk. (Co-leadership, identity, face, workplace discourse, Hong Kong)*
“Can the church say amen”: Strategic uses of black preaching style at the State of the Black Union
Authors: Britt Erica 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis study provides a qualitative examination of African American Language (AAL) in use and explores the interaction between phonological, syntactic, and rhetorical features of AAL and situational factors related to event structuring, speaker goals, and audience composition. Data for this research is derived from the speech of four prominent African Americans who spoke during the 2008 State of the Black Union. Analysis of their speech suggests that switches to black preaching style help speakers to redefine their relationship with audience members. Overall, shifts in style correspond to shifts in interactional framework, suggesting that black preaching style allows the speakers in this study to temporarily cloak themselves with the status and respect associated with black preachers, providing a favorable context for the reception of their message while allowing for the display of their ethnic affiliation with the black community. (African American Language, style, audience design, rights and obligations, black preaching)*
Effects of chirp and pulse shape on high harmonic generation and absorption in overdense plasmas
Authors: Lavocat-Dubuis X. , Vidal F. , Matte J.-P. , Popovici C. , Ozaki T. , Kieffer J.-C. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractUsing particle-in-cell simulations, we investigated the effect of group velocity dispersion (GVD) and third order dispersion (TOD) in the laser pulse on high-order harmonic generation and laser absorption in overdense plasmas. A 1020 W/cm−2, 35-fs transform-limited Gaussian pulse was stretched to 160 fs through chirping. When including GVD alone, the temporal pulse shape remains symmetric and no difference was seen in the harmonic spectra for opposite signs of GVD. However, when adding TOD to GVD, the pulse is no longer symmetric and noticeable differences in harmonics intensity were observed for opposite signs of TOD. We show that the higher harmonic intensity obtained with positive TOD is connected with a steeper front edge of the pulse and the appearance of strong modulations in the harmonic spectrum. The chirp broadens and shifts the harmonics. Laser energy absorption is also mostly affected by the pulse shape. Simple estimates indicate that, in the main example considered in this paper, about half the laser energy absorption (10%) is due to vacuum heating.
Transient absorption and laser gain in e-beam-excited Ar/Kr/NF3(F2 + N2) gas mixtures
Authors: Ustinovskii N.N. , Levchenko A.O. , Zvorykin V.D. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractNewly developed erosion-plasma-source probe technique has been applied for virtually single shot recording of absorption/fluorescence spectra in the 190–510 nm spectral range of e-beam-excited Ar/Kr/NF3(F2 + N2) mixtures. The e-beam excitation rate of about 1 MW/cm3 is typical of large-volume rare-gas halide lasers. It is experimentally observed that, in Kr/F2 and Ar/F2 mixtures, fluorescence and absorption spectra of Rg2F species are shifted with respect to each other in the opposite direction. Continuous absorption spectrum of Ar2F excimer is reported, as far as we know, for the first time in the refereed literature. Strong overlapping between the fluorescence and absorption spectra of Ar2F is responsible for absence of lasing on Ar2F molecule. Absorption spectrum of Kr2F excimer is recorded in pure form using the mixture (Ne/Kr/F2) with no alternative broadband absorber. Minor additive of nitrogen to Ar/Kr/F2 mixture or use of NF3 instead of F2 has been found to result in broadband optical amplification centered at λ ~ 460 nm. The maximum optical gain is estimated as about 0.1 ± 0.05 m−1.
Resonance effect for strong increase of fusion gains at thermal compression for volume ignition of Hydrogen Boron-11
Authors: Kouhi M. , Ghoranneviss M. , Malekynia B. , Hora H. , Miley G.H. , Sari A.H. , Azizi N. , Razavipour S.S. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAn anomalously strong increase of nuclear fusion gains for laser driven compression and thermal ignition of hydrogen-boron11 has been discovered from computations by using the latest results of Newins and Swain about details of a resonance maximum of the astrophysical S-function at 148 keV for the reaction cross-sections. Extensive computations based on volume ignition showed some usual improvements of the fusion gains. However, for a very narrow range of parameters, the increase of the gain was found to be higher by more than a factor 6. This is very unusual in all similar computations and is related to retrograde properties which were known for other parameter values. On top it is most important that the anomalous range is in the practically very interesting range for incorporation of laser pulse energies of few megajoules. The gains of up to 20 may be of interest for power generation in future by the high density fusion scheme.
Low velocity ion slowing down in a de-mixing binary ionic mixture
Authors: Deutsch C. , Leger D. , Tashev B. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe consider ion projectile slowing down at low velocity Vp < Vthe, target thermal electron velocity, in a strongly coupled and de-mixing H-He ionic mixture. It is investigated in terms of quasi-static and critical charge-charge structure factors. Non-polarizable as well as polarizable partially degenerate electron backgrounds are given attention. The low velocity ion slowing down turns negative in the presence of long wavelength and low frequency hydromodes, signaling a critical de-mixing. This process documents an energy transfer from target ion plasma to the incoming ion projectile.
Variations of UV irradiance at Antarctic station Concordia during the springs of 2008 and 2009
Authors: Vitale Vito , Petkov Boyan , Goutail Florence , Lanconelli Christian , Lupi Angelo , Mazzola Mauro , Busetto Maurizio , Pazmino Andrea , Schioppo Riccardo , Genoni Laura , Tomasi Claudio 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe features of solar UV irradiance measured at the Italian-French Antarctic Plateau station, Concordia, during the springs of 2008 and 2009 are presented and discussed. In order to study the impact of the large springtime variations in total ozone column on the fraction of ultraviolet B (UV-B) irradiance (fromc.290–315 nm) reaching the Earth surface, irradiance datasets corresponding to fixed solar zenith angles (SZAs = 65°, 75° and 85°) are correlated to the daily ozone column provided by different instruments. For these SZAs the radiation amplification factor varied from 1.58–1.94 at 306 nm and from 0.68–0.88 at 314 nm. The ultraviolet index reached a maximum level of 8 in the summer, corresponding to the typical average summer value for mid latitude sites. The solar irradiance pertaining to the ultraviolet A (UV-A, 315–400 nm) spectral band was found to depend closely on variations of atmospheric transmittance characteristics as reported by previous studies. Model simulations of UV-B irradiance showed a good agreement with field measurements at 65° and 75° SZAs. For SZA = 85° the ozone vertical distribution significantly impacted model estimations. Sensitivity analysis performed by hypothetically varying the ozone distribution revealed some features of the ozone profiles that occurred in the period studied here.
Identity formation in adolescents with congenital cardiac disease: a forgotten issue in the transition to adulthood
Authors: Luyckx Koen , Goossens Eva , Van Damme Carolien , Moons Philip 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIdentity formation is a core developmental task in adolescence and functions as a key resource for transitioning to adulthood. This study investigated how adolescents with congenital cardiac disease form their identity and how it relates to demographic and medical parameters, quality of life, perceived health, depressive symptoms, and loneliness. A total of 429 adolescents aged 14–18 years with congenital cardiac disease and 403 matched controls completed questionnaires on identity and all outcome variables. There were five meaningful identity statuses, similar to those obtained in the control sample, which were found in the patient sample. Of them, two statuses – achievement and foreclosure – were characterised by a strong sense of identity; one status – diffused diffusion – especially was characterised by a weak sense of identity combined with high scores on worry about the future. These identity statuses were differentially related to outcome variables, with individuals in diffused diffusion especially scoring highest on depressive symptoms, problems in school, treatment anxiety, and communication problems with clinicians, and lowest on quality of life. Having a strong sense of personal identity was found to protect against such maladaptive outcomes. In sum, most adolescents with congenital cardiac disease moved through their identity formation process in a similar manner to other adolescents. Adolescents with a diffused identity were particularly at risk of experiencing maladjustment and problems in treatment adherence. Hence, developing intervention strategies to provide continuity of care on the road to adulthood involves paying attention to core developmental tasks, such as identity formation in adolescents with congenital cardiac disease.
Screening of barley germplasm for resistance to root lesion nematodes
Authors: Sharma Shiveta , Sharma Shailendra , Keil Tobias , Laubach Eberhard , Jung Christian 
Published: March 2011

Root lesion nematodes of the genus Pratylenchus are important pests in crop cultivation that cause severe damage to crops throughout the world. P. neglectus is one of the most important members of this genus. The present study aimed to select barley accessions with resistance to P. neglectus in a greenhouse resistance test and to detect resistance quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Infection rates have been found to vary greatly among different barley accessions; however, immunity could not be found. An existing Igri × Franka doubled-haploid mapping population was used to map resistance genes after artificial inoculation with P. neglectus under controlled environment. QTLs were found with a likelihood of odds score between 2.71 and 6.35 and explaining phenotypic variation of 8 to 16%.
Exploitation of nuclear and cytoplasm variability in Hordeum chilense for wheat breeding
Authors: Rodríguez-Suárez Cristina , Giménez María J. , Ramírez María C. , Martín Azahara C. , Gutierrez Natalia , Ávila Carmen M. , Martín Antonio , Atienza Sergio G. 
Published: March 2011

Hordeum chilense Roem. et Schultz. is a diploid wild barley native to Chile and Argentina. The high crossability of this species with other members of the Triticeae tribe promoted the development of the new species × Tritordeum Ascherson et Graebner. Hexaploid tritordeum was developed from the hybrid derived from the cross between H. chilense (used as female parent) and durum wheat. The interest of H. chilense is based on the presence of traits potentially useful for wheat breeding, including high endosperm carotenoid content, septoria tritici blotch resistance and abiotic stress tolerance. Besides, the variability at cytoplasm level is also important in this species. The development of common wheat–H. chilense alloplasmic lines (nucleus from wheat and cytoplasm from H. chilense) results in fertile or male sterile genotypes, depending on the accession donating the cytoplasm. Furthermore, these alloplasmic lines constitute an ideal system for deepening our knowledge on nuclear–cytoplasm interactions. In conclusion, H. chilense is an interesting source of variability for wheat breeding.
Fostering Motivation to Read
Authors: Clark Mary Kristen 
Published: March 2011

The purpose of this review is to explain the role and importance of motivation for reading comprehension and suggest classroom practices that can foster motivation to read.
Method: A computerized literature search for theoretical accounts of and research findings on motivation in education and reading was conducted for this review.
Conclusions: Motivation to read is positively associated with amount and breadth of reading. Cognitive and affective aspects of motivation can be fostered to encourage reluctant readers to value books and reading experiences. The suggested classroom practices support student motivation to learn through reading.
Predicting the effects of climate change on bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) spawning habitat in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Muhling Barbara A. , Lee Sang-Ki , Lamkin John T. , Liu Yanyun 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Muhling, B. A., Lee, S-K., Lamkin, J. T., and Liu, Y. 2011. Predicting the effects of climate change on bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) spawning habitat in the Gulf of Mexico. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1051–1062. Atlantic bluefin tuna (BFT) is a highly migratory species that feeds in cold waters in the North Atlantic, but migrates to tropical seas to spawn. Global climate-model simulations forced by future greenhouse warming project that upper-ocean temperatures in the main western Atlantic spawning ground, the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), will increase substantially, potentially altering the temporal and spatial extent of BFT spawning activity. In this study, an ensemble of 20 climate model simulations used in the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change fourth Assessment Report (IPCC-AR4) predicted mean temperature changes within the GOM under scenario A1B through to 2100. Associations between adult and larval BFT in the GOM and sea temperatures were defined using 20th century observations, and potential effects of warming on the suitability of the GOM as a spawning ground were quantified. Areas in the GOM with high probabilities of larval occurrence decreased in late spring by 39–61% by 2050 and 93–96% by the end of the 21st century. Conversely, early spring may become more suitable for spawning. BFT are therefore likely to be vulnerable to climate change, and there is potential for significant impacts on spawning and migration behaviours.
Multiple Facets ofArabidopsisSeedling Development Require &#x2028;Indole-3-Butyric Acid–Derived Auxin
Authors: Strader Lucia C. , Wheeler Dorthea L. , Christensen Sarah E. , Berens John C. , Cohen Jerry D. , Rampey Rebekah A. , Bartel Bonnie 
Published: March 2011

AbstractLevels of auxin, which regulates both cell division and cell elongation in plant development, are controlled by synthesis, inactivation, transport, and the use of storage forms. However, the specific contributions of various inputs to the active auxin pool are not well understood. One auxin precursor is indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), which undergoes peroxisomal β-oxidation to release free indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). We identified ENOYL-COA HYDRATASE2 (ECH2) as an enzyme required for IBA response. Combining the ech2 mutant with previously identified iba response mutants resulted in enhanced IBA resistance, diverse auxin-related developmental defects, decreased auxin-responsive reporter activity in both untreated and auxin-treated seedlings, and decreased free IAA levels. The decreased auxin levels and responsiveness, along with the associated developmental defects, uncover previously unappreciated roles for IBA-derived IAA during seedling development, establish IBA as an important auxin precursor, and suggest that IBA-to-IAA conversion contributes to the positive feedback that maintains root auxin levels.
Family caregiver distress with children having rare genetic disorders: a qualitative study involving Russell–Silver Syndrome in Taiwan
Authors: Weng Hsin‐Ju , Niu Dau‐Ming , Turale Sue , Tsao Lee‐Ing , Shih Fu‐Jong , Yamamoto‐Mitani Noriko , Chang Chun‐Chi , Shih Fu‐Jin 
Published: March 2011

Aim.  To extend nursing knowledge of distress experienced by family caregivers of children with rare genetic disorders, by exploring the perspectives of caregivers of children with Russell–Silver Syndrome in Taiwan.Background.  Caring for a child with a rare genetic disorder often has profound effects on families, especially when diagnosis and treatment is complex or not yet well developed, such as that in Russell–Silver Syndrome (or Silver–Russell syndrome). This disorder causes dwarfism and developmental difficulties, requiring long‐term care planning. Previous research has focused mostly on medical care, but little is known about families’ perspectives of caring difficulties, the help they need and nursing care required.Design.  An exploratory qualitative approach was used to inform this study.Methods.  Family caregivers, whose children were undergoing medical care in a leading Taiwan medical centre, were invited to participate in face‐to‐face, in‐depth interviews. Data were analysed by content analysis.Results.  Fifteen caregivers including 11 mothers, two fathers and two grandmothers participated. Five major themes and 13 sub‐themes of care‐giving distress were identified: endless psychological worries; the lengthy process to confirm a medical diagnosis; adjustment efforts in modifying family roles; dilemmas in deciding between Western or Chinese traditional medicine; and negative responses to society’s concerns. Their primary sources of support were spouses, parents and health professionals, accordingly.Conclusion.  Complex physio‐psycho‐social and decision‐making distress in caring for children with a rare genetic disorder were systematically revealed from the perspectives of ethnic‐Chinese family caregivers.Relevance to clinical practice.  Long‐term care plans for children with a rare genetic disorder such as Russell–Silver Syndrome need to focus on positive dynamic family interactions, life‐stage development and family caregiver support. Research on care‐giving in rare genetic disorders is also warranted across cultures and countries to develop a substantial knowledge basis for nursing practice.