bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visualisation of cerebrospinal fluid flow patterns in albino Xenopus larvae in vivo
Authors: Mogi Kazue , Adachi Takeshi , Izumi Susumu , Toyoizumi Ryuji 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Background
It has long been known that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), its composition and flow, play an important part in normal brain development, and ependymal cell ciliary beating as a possible driver of CSF flow has previously been studied in mammalian fetuses in vitro. Lower vertebrate animals are potential models for analysis of CSF flow during development because they are oviparous. Albino Xenopus laevis larvae are nearly transparent and have a straight, translucent brain that facilitates the observation of fluid flow within the ventricles. The aim of these experiments was to study CSF flow and circulation in vivo in the developing brain of living embryos, larvae and tadpoles of Xenopus laevis using a microinjection technique.

Methods
The development of Xenopus larval brain ventricles and the patterns of CSF flow were visualised after injection of quantum dot nanocrystals and polystyrene beads (3.1 or 5.8 μm in diameter) into the fourth cerebral ventricle at embryonic/larval stages 30-53.

Results
The fluorescent nanocrystals showed the normal development of the cerebral ventricles from embryonic/larval stages 38 to 53. The polystyrene beads injected into stage 47-49 larvae revealed three CSF flow patterns, left-handed, right-handed and non-biased, in movement of the beads into the third ventricle from the cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylvius). In the lateral ventricles, anterior to the third ventricle, CSF flow moved anteriorly along the outer wall of the ventricle to the inner wall and then posteriorly, creating a semicircle. In the cerebral aqueduct, connecting the third and fourth cerebral ventricles, CSF flow moved rostrally in the dorsal region and caudally in the ventral region. Also in the fourth ventricle, clear dorso-ventral differences in fluid flow pattern were observed.

Conclusions
This is the first visualisation of the orchestrated CSF flow pattern in developing vertebrates using a live animal imaging approach. CSF flow in Xenopus albino larvae showed a largely consistent pattern, with the exception of individual differences in left-right asymmetrical flow in the third ventricle.
Construction of a novel Pichia pastoris strain for production of xanthophylls
Authors: Araya-Garay José Miguel , Ageitos José M , Vallejo Juan A , Veiga-Crespo Patricia , Sánchez-Pérez Angeles , Villa Tomás G 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In this study, we used the yeast carotenogenic producer Pichia pastoris Pp-EBIL strain, which has been metabolically engineered, by heterologously expressing β-carotene-pathway enzymes to produce β-carotene, as a vessel for recombinant astaxanthin expression. For this purpose, we designed new P. pastoris recombinant-strains harboring astaxanthin-encoding genes from carotenogenic microorganism, and thus capable of producing xanthophyllic compounds. We designed and constructed a plasmid (pGAPZA-WZ) containing both the β-carotene ketolase (crtW) and β-carotene hydroxylase (crtZ) genes from Agrobacterium aurantiacum, under the control of the GAP promoter and containing an AOX-1 terminator. The plasmid was then integrated into the P. pastoris Pp-EBIL strain genomic DNA, producing clone Pp-EBILWZ. The recombinant P. pastoris (Pp-EBILWZ) cells exhibited a strong reddish carotenoid coloration and were confirmed, by HPLC, to produce not only the previous described carotenoids lycopene and β-carotene, but also de novo synthesized astaxanthin.
The determination of nest depth in founding queens of leaf-cutting ants (Atta vollenweideri): idiothetic and temporal control
Authors: Fröhle Kerstin , Roces Flavio 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYLeaf-cutting ant queens excavate a founding nest consisting of a vertical tunnel and a final horizontal chamber. Nest foundation is very time consuming, and colony success depends on the excavated depth. Although shallow nests may be energetically cheaper to dig, queens may be more exposed to the changing environment. Deeper chambers, in contrast, may be climatically more stable, but are more expensive to dig. We investigated the mechanisms underlying the control of nest depth in queens of the leaf-cutting ant Atta vollenweideri. We focused on the use of internal information for the control of nest depth, and therefore maintained the soil and environmental conditions invariant during the different laboratory experiments. We compared the tunnel lengths excavated by queens that were able to complete their nests earlier, faster or slower than under standard conditions. An earlier and faster nest completion was obtained by offering queens either pre-excavated tunnels of different lengths, soils at different temperatures, or soft sandy soils. A slower nest excavation was induced by offering queens harder dry soils, and by delaying the start of digging several days after the nuptial flight. Results indicate that the determination of nest depth was a regulated process involving the use of internal references: queens excavated their tunnels either until a particular depth was reached or for some predetermined length of time. Queens appear to monitor their movements while walking up und down the tunnel, and to compare this sensory information with a motor command that represents a preset tunnel length to be excavated before switching to chamber digging. In addition to this form of idiothetic control, results indicate that the elapsed digging time also feeds back onto the control system. It is argued that the determination of nest depth, i.e. the transition from tunnel to chamber digging, is initiated either after a preset tunnel length is reached, or as soon as a maximal time interval has elapsed, irrespective of the excavated tunnel length. A control system using both idiothetic and temporal information, as demonstrated in the present study, allows queens to flexibly react to different soil conditions, and therefore avoid excessive time and energy investments. Possible mechanisms underlying the control of chamber size are also discussed.
Effect of Low Power Deposition and Low Oxidation Temperature on the Interfacial and Structural Properties of sputtered HfO2 Gate Dielectrics
Authors: Minko Auxence , Belo Gustavo S. , Rudenja Sergei , Buchanan Douglas A. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTHafnium dioxide gate dielectrics, prepared by DC magnetron with low-power sputtering deposition followed by a low-temperature thermal oxidation, show greatly improved interfacial and electrical properties. Ellipsometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements show a good stoichiometric HfO2 thin films with a refractive index of 1.9 and an Hf:O ratio of 1:2. The results obtained after analysis, quantification and calculation through XPS depth profile method, angle resolved XPS and interface modeling by XPS data processing software suggest a development of a complex three layer dielectric stack, including hafnium dioxide layer, a narrow interface of hafnium silicate and broad region of oxygen diffusion into silicon wafer. The measured dielectric constant of the HfO2 was about 22. The film band-gap was found to be ∼ 5.2 eV.
Amorphous silicon Bragg reflectors fabricated by oblique angle deposition
Authors: Jang S. J. , Yeo C. I. , Lee Y. T. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTWe demonstrate the highly reflective broadband a-Si distributed Bragg reflector fabricated by oblique angle deposition. By tuning the refractive index of a-Si film, the high index contrast material system was achieved. The broadband reflective characteristics of a-Si distributed Bragg reflector were investigated by calculation and fabrication. The broad stop band (Δλ/λ=33.7%, R>99%) with only a five-pair a-Si distributed Bragg reflector was achieved experimentally at center wavelength of 650, 980, and 1550 nm. The size-, feature- and substrate-independent method for highly reflective Bragg reflectors was realized by simple oblique angle evaporation.
Rapid Synthesis of Nanocrystalline ZnGa2O4 Phosphor at Low Temperature
Authors: Kulkarni Suresh D. , Shivashankar S. A. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTA novel microwave-assisted synthesis technique was used for the rapid preparation of nanocrystalline ZnGa2O4 at two different temperatures. The crystalline spinel oxide is formed at temperatures as low as 100 oC within few minutes, at a high yield of 96%, requiring no post-synthesis annealing. The as-prepared samples are polycrystalline and phase-pure as verified by XRD, with a crystallite size of ∼5 nm. Polycrystalline ZnGa2O4 substituted with Mn2+, Cr3+, Cu2+, and Co2+ was also similarly prepared. All samples are highly monodispersed, as measured by TEM. The ZnGa2O4 nanocrystals without further surface modification can be readily dispersed in chloroform to form a fully transparent colloidal solution, using which the bandgap of ZnGa2O4 was determined to be ~4.5 eV. The entire synthesis procedure, including solution preparation, microwave irradiation, and centrifugation takes about 30 minutes, which is faster than any procedure reported for a complex oxide like ZnGa2O4, as well as one with a small thermal budget. Photoluminescence shows a broad emission extending from 330 nm to 800 nm, which is surmised to be due to the defect structure in the oxide produced.
Is U.S. Multinational Dividend Repatriation Policy Influenced by Reporting Incentives?
Authors: Blouin Jennifer L. , Krull Linda K. , Robinson Leslie A. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT
This study finds evidence that public-company reporting by U.S. multinational corporations (MNCs) creates disincentives to repatriate foreign earnings to the U.S. and contributes to the accumulation of cash abroad. MNCs operate under U.S. international tax laws and financial reporting rules and face two potential consequences when they repatriate foreign earnings: a cash payment for repatriation taxes and a reduction in reported accounting earnings. Using a confidential dataset of financial and operating characteristics of foreign affiliates of MNCs combined with public-company data, we examine how repatriation amounts vary across firms that face relatively strong reporting incentives to defer an accounting expense. Our results suggest that reporting incentives reduce repatriations by about 17 to 21 percent annually.
Data Availability: Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) data were made available to the authors under a legal confidentiality arrangement; all non-BEA data are available from public sources.
Effect of ketamine hydrochloride on the analgesic effects of tramadol hydrochloride in horses with signs of chronic laminitis-associated pain
Authors: Guedes Alonso G. P. , Matthews Nora S. , Hood David M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objective—To investigate the effects of ketamine hydrochloride on the analgesic effects of tramadol hydrochloride in horses with signs of pain associated with naturally occurring chronic laminitis.
Animals—15 client-owned adult horses with chronic laminitis.
Procedures—Each horse received tramadol alone or tramadol and ketamine in a randomized, crossover study (≥ 2 months between treatments). Tramadol (5 mg/kg) was administered orally every 12 hours for 1 week. When appropriate, ketamine (0.6 mg/kg/h) was administered IV for 6 hours on each of the first 3 days of tramadol administration. Noninvasive systemic blood pressure values, heart and respiratory rates, intestinal sounds, forelimb load and off-loading frequency (determined via force plate system), and plasma tumor necrosis factor-α and thromboxane B2 concentrations were assessed before (baseline) during (7 days) and after (3 days) each treatment.
Results—Compared with baseline data, arterial blood pressure decreased significantly both during and after tramadol-ketamine treatment but not with tramadol alone. Forelimb off-loading frequency significantly decreased during the first 3 days of treatment with tramadol only, returning to baseline frequency thereafter. The addition of ketamine to tramadol treatment reduced off-loading frequency both during and after treatment. Forelimb load did not change with tramadol alone but increased with tramadol-ketamine treatment. Plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α and thromboxane B2 were significantly reduced with tramadol-ketamine treatment but not with tramadol alone.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In horses with chronic laminitis, tramadol administration induced limited analgesia, but this effect was significantly enhanced by administration of subanesthetic doses of ketamine.
Evaluation of oral administration of firocoxib for the management of musculoskeletal pain and lameness associated with osteoarthritis in horses
Authors: Orsini James A. , Ryan William G. , Carithers Douglas S. , Boston Raymond C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objective—To generate data on the effects of firocoxib administration to horses with osteoarthritis.
Animals—Client-owned horses with signs of lameness and joint pain associated with osteoarthritis.
Procedures—Firocoxib was administered as an oral paste (0.1 mg/kg, q 24 h) for 14 days. Assessments were performed on day 0 (baseline) and days 7 and 14.
Results—390 of 429 horses from 80 sites in 25 states met the criteria for analysis. Quarter Horse and Thoroughbred were the 2 most commonly represented breeds, comprising half of the study population. Signs of musculoskeletal pain or lameness attributed to osteoarthritis were diagnosed in a single joint in 197 (197/390 [50.5%]) horses and in multiple joints in 193 (193/390 [49.5%]) horses. In those with involvement of a single joint, the tarsus was the most frequently affected joint (79/197 [40.1 %]). Among the 390 horses with complete lameness data, improvement was reported in approximately 80% by day 14. Investigators rated 307 (78.7%) horses as improved, whereas owners or handlers rated 316 (81.0%) horses as improved at the termination of the study. Horses treated with firocoxib paste had significant improvement in lameness scores from baseline values. Improvement was most rapid within the first 7 days after starting treatment and continued, albeit at a slower rate, through treatment day 14.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Firocoxib significantly improved lameness scores throughout the 14-day period with few adverse effects. Firocoxib can be a safe cyclooxygenase-2–specific NSAID for the treatment of musculoskeletal pain and lameness associated with osteoarthritis.
Goniometric measurements of the forelimb and hindlimb joints in sheep
Authors: Govoni V. M. , Agostinho F. S , Conceição R. T. , Tsunemi M. H. , El-Warrak A. O. , Rahal S. C. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryObjectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate angle-of-motion values for the forelimb and hindlimb in clinically healthy adult Santa Ines sheep by means of a standard goniometer.Methods: Twenty female Santa Ines sheep, ranging in age between three- to six-yearsold, and weighing 32–45 kg (mean ± standard deviation [SD]: 30.4 ± 3.7) were used. A standard transparent plastic goniometer was used to measure passive maximum flexion, maximum extension, and range-of-motion (ROM) of the shoulder, elbow, carpal, hip, stifle, and tarsal joints in the right and left limbs. The goniometric measurements were done with the sheep awake and in a standing position. The measurements were made in triplicate by two independent investigators.Results: In all evaluated joints, there was no significant difference either between the means of the two sides or between measurements performed by the two investigators. The mean ± SD values of the measurements (degrees) were as follows: 20 ± 1 (flexion), 170 ± 2 (extension), and 150 ± 2 (ROM) for the carpal joint; 34 ± 4 (flexion), 145 ± 6 (extension), and 110 ± 4 (ROM) for the elbow joint; 88 ± 2 (flexion), 144 ± 6 (extension), and 56 ± 5 (ROM) for shoulder joint; 35 ± 4 (flexion), 163 ± 3 (extension), and 129 ± 4 (ROM) for tarsal joint; 46 ± 4 (flexion), 146 ± 6 (extension), and 100 ± 4 (ROM) for the stifle joint; 54 ± 3 (flexion), 143 ± 7 (extension), and 89 ± 5 (ROM) for the hip joint.Clinical significance: The data obtained provide useful and objective information on the joints. More studies are necessary using other sheep breeds.
Latero-distal transposition of the tibial crest in cases of medial patellar luxation with patella alta
Authors: Segal U. , Or M. , Shani J. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryMedial patellar luxation is defined as medial displacement of the patella from the trochlear groove. In dogs, medial luxations account for 75% of all patellar luxation cases, and are frequently associated with patella alta. Common surgical treatments for medial luxation are trochleoplasty and lateral transposition of the crest to drive the patella into the correct anatomical alignment. Postoperative complications for this procedure are estimated to be between 18–29% of cases, with up to 48% of complications involving reluxation. It was previously hypothesized that in cases of medial luxation involving patella alta, the addition of a distal component to the lateral tibial crest transposition will result in repositioning of the patella into its proper position in the trochlear groove, thus reducing the recurrence of luxation. We performed this modified procedure on 14 dogs (17 limbs) that were suffering from medial luxation combined with patella alta, and our results led to favourable clinical outcomes. This modified surgical procedure places the patella into a more normal proximodistal anatomical position, is simple to perform, and may become common practice for surgical treatment of medial patellar luxation with an alta component.
Wildfire Consumption and Interannual Impacts by Land Cover in Alaskan Boreal Forest
Authors: Kolden Crystal A. , Abatzoglou John T. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBoreal forest fires are an important source of terrestrial carbon emissions, particularly during years of widespread wildfires. Most carbon emission models parameterize wildfire impacts and carbon flux to area burned by fires, therein making the assumption that fires consume a spatiotemporally homogeneous landscape composed of predominantly spruce forests and peat bogs with deep duff layers. While recent efforts have demonstrated that boreal forest fires heterogeneously consume aboveground vegetation, little remains known about the vegetation consumed during such fires. We examined climate, land cover, area burned, and fire impacts for large fires (2002 to 2009) across the Alaskan boreal landscape to address the validity of assumptions made by carbon emissions models for boreal fires. Results indicated that while coniferous vegetation, particularly spruce forests and spruce bogs, comprised the majority of the area burned in all years, shrub land cover comprised a substantial proportion (up to 35 %) of the area burned during warmer years of the study period. Interannual climate variability significantly influenced both the proportion of vegetation classes burned and the distribution of fire impacts across years and vegetation classes. We found that surface fuel modifications were sensitive to both the vegetation type that burned and climatic conditions. Area burned is an inadequate input metric for increasingly refined carbon emissions models, and consideration of heterogeneous fire impacts may improve carbon emissions modeling.
Ossifying Fibroma of the Ethmoid Sinuses: Rare Scenarios
Authors: Kumar Raj , Bhavana Kranti , Keshri Amit , Aggarwal Sushil Kumar , Upadhyay Deepika , Pandey Rakesh 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTOssifying fibroma (OF) is a rare benign tumor, which is a distinct entity, despite being closely related to fibrous dysplasia, according to WHO classification of 2005.1 It is commonly found in mandible and maxilla but rarely found in ethmoid sinuses, orbit and skull base.2-4 It commonly occurs in age group of 20 to 40 years,5,6 although rarely, it can present in all age groups. OF is more common in females than males.4,7 We describe here two cases of OF involving the ethmoid sinuses in young male patients which presented diagnostic dilemmas for us. We report these cases as the site of involvement, age group and sex of patients and diagnostic and management considerations imparted uniqueness to these cases.
UVA/Riboflavin Cross-Linking as an Alternative Treatment for Therapeutic Keratoplasty in Corneal Melting
Authors: Tassignon MJ , Koppen C , Al-Sabai N 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT

Purpose
To demonstrate the effectiveness of UVA/riboflavin cross-linking (CXL) in the treatment of therapy resistant corneal melting of different etiology.

Methods
This paper describes a series of four cases presenting severe ulcerative keratitis with infectious and noninfectious causes. In spite of intensive medical treatment, corneal melting did develop in all four eyes. CXL was performed to avoid imminent corneal perforation.

Results
After CXL, there was a rapid improvement in two eyes which healed completely within a month. In the other two eyes, an emergency keratoplasty had to be performed.

Conclusion
This case series highlights the effectiveness of CXL in the treatment of corneal melting as an addition to our current therapeutic armamentarium. Improvement can be expected in a few days after treatment. CXL can be considered as an adjunct therapy as soon as melting appears in severe corneal ulcers not responding to conventional, intensive treatment.

How to cite this article
Al-Sabai N, Koppen C, Tassignon MJ. UVA/Riboflavin Cross-Linking as an Alternative Treatment for Therapeutic Keratoplasty in Corneal Melting. Int J Keratoco Ectatic Corneal Dis 2012;1(1):61-65.
Corneal Ectasia after PRK
Authors: Mortensen Jes Nörgaard 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT
It is well known that jatrogenic ectasia is lower in PRK compared to LASIK. The true incidence of post-LASIK and post-PRK ectasia remains unknown according to Dr Marguerite B McDonald. Corneal ectasia after PRK was reported to start after 3 to 5 years and after LASIK 6 to 18 months. The author reports of a case with corneal ectasia after PRK in both eyes that started after 16 years. Inspite of corneal cross-linking the progression of the ectasia progressed in both eyes.

How to cite this article
Mortensen JN. Corneal Ectasia after PRK. Int J Keratoco Ectatic Corneal Dis 2012;1(1):73-74.
Evaluating the Greenness of Synthesis
Authors: Constable David J.C. , Jiménez‐González Concepción “Conchita” 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis chapter covers the typical metrics that can be used to evaluate the greenness of chemical synthesis. The discussion also illustrates the need to develop green metrics for chemical processes in a holistic fashion and from a systems point of view across a range of disciplines, where trade‐offs are often encountered amongst the metrics.