bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Poaching vs. patrolling: effects on conservation of Cory’s Shearwater Calonectris diomedea borealis colonies
Authors: LOPEZ-DARIAS MARTA , LUZARDO JAVIER , MARTÍNEZ RAFAEL , GONZÁLEZ DANIEL , GARCÍA EDUARDO A. , CABRERA JEREMÍAS 
Published: September 2011

SummaryNegative effects of poaching on seabird populations are not usually evaluated quantitatively when assessing seabird colony conservation status, nor are they generally considered a major concern. We demonstrate that poaching is still intense in the Canary Islands, and has negative consequences for the conservation of seabird colonies. We quantified the effects of poaching of Cory’s Shearwater fledglings on breeding success on different islands in the Canaries, comparing colonies that suffer from intense, medium, or no poaching. Poaching reduced the breeding success of affected colonies to almost a third, potentially causing the future extinction of the colony. Only colonies with intense wardening campaigns reached high values of reproductive success, showing that government surveillance in conjunction with volunteers from different NGOs is a very effective approach in reducing poaching. A population sensitivity analysis was also conducted to provide data on the factors that most affect the performance of the model. Although population growth and mean final population size varied with increases and decreases in mortality and carrying capacity, only harvesting resulted in a probability of 100% of extinction in 20–40 years. To promote seabird conservation in regions such as the Canary Islands, a core archipelago for seabird species in the Atlantic, poaching control should be elevated by society to a level of urgency, requiring dedicated funding and mobilisation of experts and volunteers to adequately address it through education, prevention and enforcement.
Modification of the alkaline comet assay with human mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Fuchs Robert , Stelzer Ingeborg , Drees Christoph M. P. , Rehnolt Christian , Schraml Elisabeth , Sadjak Anton , Schwinger Wolfgang 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMSCs (mesenchymal stem cells) are planned foruse in regenerative medicine to offset age‐dependent alterations. However, MSCs are affected by replicative senescence associated with decreasing proliferation potential, telomere shortening and DNA damage during in vitro propagation. To monitor in vitro senescence, we have assessed the integrity of DNA by the alkaline comet assay. For optimization of the comet assay we have enhanced the stability of comet slides in liquid and minimized the background noise of the method by improving adhesion of agarose gels on the comet slides and concentrating cells on a defined small area on the slides. The modifications of the slide preparation increase the overall efficiency and reproducibility of the comet assay and minimize the image capture and storage. DNA damage of human MSCs during in vitro cultivation increased with time, as assessed by the comet assay, which therefore offers a fast and easy screening tool in future efforts to minimize replicative senescence of MSCs in vitro.
Scientific evidence: the new emphasis in the practical science curriculum in England and Wales
Authors: Duggan Sandra , Gott Richard 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThis article considers the emphasis on scientific evidence in the practical science curriculum in England and Wales, paying particular attention to some recent research findings concerning children's understanding in this area. The findings suggest that children's ability to conduct investigations in science appears to decline in the early years of secondary school. The authors discuss possible explanations for this decline which, it is suggested, contributes to a general failure among school children to make progress to higher levels of investigative work and in the acquisition of a real understanding of the nature of science itself.
The interface between mathematics and design and technology in secondary schools
Authors: Burghes David , Price Nigel , Twy Ford John 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThis article suggests that there are important connections between design and technology and mathematics curricula and that these are not fully made in the United Kingdom National Curriculum. Using three examples, the authors show how there are real opportunities in design and technology teaching for incorporating mathematical learning, but that all too often these are lost because they are not made explicit. Again, the authors argue that too much mathematics teaching is dominated by abstract investigation rather than practical problem‐solving. They conclude by suggesting that teaching should transcend subject boundaries and be concerned with real‐life situations.
Educational drama and children's historical writing: process and product
Authors: Goalen Paul 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThe use of drama to promote children's engagement with and motivation to study history is now commonplace at sites of historical interest and in many primary and secondary classrooms. Researchers interested in this area have often measured children's engagement and interest through the oral contributions made both during the drama and afterwards in discussion, whereas the written responses of children to their experience of history through drama have not been systematically analysed. OFSTED has recently reported that while they have observed many examples of high standards of oral work in history, the standard of writing at Key Stages 2, 3 and 4 has been disappointing by comparison. This article seeks to provide direction for teachers trying to develop children's historical writing through drama, and shows how drama can be used to promote analytical as well as empathetic responses to historical questions and problems.
Teacher‐pupil interaction in formative assessment: assessing the work or protecting the child?
Authors: Pryor John , Torrance Harry 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTMany claims are currently being made about the formative role that assessment can and should play in teaching and learning. Such claims derive from a variety of arguments but focus on questions of how children learn and how they can benefit from supportive questioning and constructive feedback. However, we have little empirical evidence with which to evaluate such claims. In particular we have few descriptions or analyses of the sorts of teacher‐pupil interaction which would constitute such formative assessment.This paper reports on aspects of the work of an ESRC‐funded study designed to investigate teacher assessment at Key Stage 1 of the National Curriculum in England (R000 23 4668). Two assessment incidents drawn from the substantial corpus of observational data which the project has collected, are analysed in detail, with a focus on the way that the teacher‐pupil interaction relates to contemporary theories of both formative assessment and achievement motivation. The paper seeks to put assessment theory to the test of practice in order to stimulate debate about what teachers can reasonably be expected to aim for and to achieve in their classrooms.
Assessment and testing in Scottish primary schools
Authors: Harlen Wynne , Malcolm Heather 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper examines assessment policy and practice in Scotland. When proposals for introducing national testing in Scotland were announced in 1987, it was promised that there would be no central collection of results and so no league table of schools could be based on them. The arrangements for testing were changed in 1993 so that the tests have the function of providing teachers ‘with the means to check their own assessment’. Despite this, the authors of this paper reveal a considerable confusion of the formative and summative roles of assessment, partially as a result of the way the system was introduced.
The changing definition of business studies in the school curriculum
Authors: Davies Peter 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBusiness studies has enjoyed a remarkable change of status in the 14‐18 school curriculum since 1986. This change has been interpreted by Williams and Yeomans (1994) as a case of the ‘new vocationalism’ put into practice. It is argued here that this transformation has been rather more complex. If a school subject changes its status in the academic/vocational spectrum it is pertinent to ask whether this is a sign of an overall change in the curriculum (e.g. the ‘new vocationalism') or the development of a single subject title within a broadly static curriculum structure and philosophy. These alternatives are summarized and the recent history of business studies is reviewed. It is suggested that the changing status of business studies reflects the way in which it has successfully responded to the academic values which dominate the secondary school curriculum in England and Wales. However, it has achieved this transformation while, according to a deputy head interviewed in this study, retaining the image of being ‘vaguely vocational’. This ambiguity has enabled the subject to flourish in vocational (GNVQ) as well as academic (A level) contexts, but it leaves it vulnerable in each sphere. GNVQ advanced business1 teaching in schools can bear a very close resemblance to A level teaching, prompting the question of whether a ‘vocational course’ is really providing a distinctively relevant preparation for future employment. The association of business studies with the vocational curriculum leaves its academic credentials under question.
Science knowledge and its sources: the views of Scottish children
Authors: Stark Rae , Gray Donald 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThe Assessment of Achievement Programme (AAP) has been conducting national surveys of performance of pupils in Scottish schools since the early 1980s. The main aim is to monitor what children know and can do in English language, mathematics and science. In 1996, we conducted the fourth survey of performance in science. For the first time we included a questionnaire for pupils, designed to elicit their views on their learning experiences in science. The sample included approximately 2000 pupils at each of the three stages–Primary 4 (8/9 years), Primary 7(11/12 years) and Secondary 2 (13/14 years). The focus in this article is on the section of the questionnaire which asked children how much they thought they knew about some common science topics, such as weather and electricity, and where they thought they had acquired this knowledge. While this was essentially designed as a feasibility study, there are clear age differences in children's responses indicating aspects of learning science which warrant further investigation.
Profit or access: which is more important for Chinese medical journals?
Authors: Xiao‐jun HE , Zhen‐ying CHEN 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThe Chinese Medical Association, one of the largest and most influential medical journal publishers in China, signed an exclusive copyright transfer agreement with Beijing Wanfang Data Co. Ltd in 2006, which ended the era of cheap transfer of copyrights from journals to full‐text databases. Since then, many journals have chosen the same route to earn more money. However, without generally recognized databases that offer free access to medical abstracts in China, many potential readers are lost. In addition, many Chinese readers do not have adequate literature retrieval skills: more convenient access to journals is therefore far more important than earning immediate profits. Goods in exclusive shops are more expensive than those in ordinary shops. That is why many journals sell exclusive copyrights to databases. However, while obtaining more profits by exclusive copyright transfer, journals may actually lose a large proportion of readers.
A Possible Next Frontier in Political Communication Research
Authors: Gaines Brian J. , Kuklinski James H. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the future of political communication research, reviewing the last three generations of research, which lasted for over ninety years. It then discusses the problem of separating the effects of media, information, and statements from politicians in political communication studies. Finally, the chapter suggests including some previous techniques into the present study of political communication, in order to cover a few gaps in existing research.
Campaigning, Debating, Advertising
Authors: Bishop Bradford H. , Hillygus D. Sunshine 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
This chapter studies debating, advertising, and campaigning, the latter playing an important role in American democracy, first discussing the development of political campaigns and summarizing the broad theoretical perspectives that have directed scholarly thinking and research on campaign effects. Next, it examines the findings of modern research on the effects of the different sources of campaign information, along with their implications for the democratic process. The chapter ends with a discussion of the opportunities and challenges for future research.
News Polls
Authors: Bennett W. Lance 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
This chapter investigates the reasons why producing good news stories usually gets the better of more measured assessments of poll results, briefly discussing the construction of an imagined engaged public, which can be a lasting media project. It then looks at some fixed methodological cautions in interpreting polls, along with an analysis of why the news media routinely ignore these cautions. The last part of the chapter studies the importance of creating a news public that conveniently gathers around supposedly clear support and opposition to elite policy frames, thus making a dramatic news narrative on representative democracy.
Latino Public Opinion
Authors: de la Garza Rodolfo O. , Jang Seung‐Jin 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses Latino public opinion, which was closely monitored since the 1990s through a series of successive large-scale opinion polls, first taking a look at the general form and patterns that help characterize Latino public opinion. It then examines the continuities and changes that occurred between the Latino National Political Survey and the Latino National Survey, in order to provide some insight to understanding the components and evolution of current Latino public opinion. The chapter also discusses transnationalism and the views of Latinos on foreign policies, as well as the effects of Latino public opinion.
Haplotypic variation and characteristics across the toll‐like receptor 3 locus in chickens
Authors: Huang Y. Q. , Chen W. , Huang Y. H. , Shi X. W. , Deng X. M. , Kang X. T. , Li N. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryToll‐like receptor 3 (TLR3) has an important protective function against viral infection. The ability of an individual to respond properly to TLR ligands may be impaired by variants located in the TLR genes. By directly PCR sequencing four exons and their flanking sequence of chicken TLR3, a total of 50 nucleotide variants were identified from five breeds. Tibetan chickens and Silkies exhibited more abundant variation sites and rare alleles. Thirty haplotypes were reconstructed, with 31 variants whose minor allelic frequency was above 5% in five breeds, which revealed four divergent clades. Chicken TLR3 was partitioned into three haplotype blocks by the htSNPer program, and six tag SNPs could be used to distinguish these 30 haplotypes. Thirty variants were located in the coding sequence of chicken TLR3, and 16 of them were non‐synonymous substitutions. It is predicted that p.Ser180Gly amino substitution could form an N‐myristoylation site; the p.Lys240Thr amino substitution in chicken TLR3 could result in the loss of one protein kinase C phosphorylation site. These data provide a basic understanding of chicken TLR3 sequence variation and provide haplotypic markers for disease association studies.
An ABC estimate of pedigree error rate: application in dog, sheep and cattle breeds
Authors: Leroy G. , Danchin‐Burge C. , Palhiere I. , Baumung R. , Fritz S. , Mériaux J. C. , Gautier M. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryOn the basis of correlations between pairwise individual genealogical kinship coefficients and allele sharing distances computed from genotyping data, we propose an approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) approach to assess pedigree file reliability through gene‐dropping simulations. We explore the features of the method using simulated data sets and show precision increases with the number of markers. An application is further made with five dog breeds, four sheep breeds and one cattle breed raised in France and displaying various characteristics and population sizes, using microsatellite or SNP markers. Depending on the breeds, pedigree error estimations range between 1% and 9% in dog breeds, 1% and 10% in sheep breeds and 4% in cattle breeds.
Promising therapy results for lymphoid malignancies in children with chromosomal breakage syndromes (Ataxia teleangiectasia or Nijmegen‐breakage syndrome): a retrospective survey
Authors: Bienemann Klaus , Burkhardt Birgit , Modlich Simon , Meyer Ulrike , Möricke Anja , Bienemann Kirsten , Mauz‐Körholz Christine , Escherich Gabriele , Zimmermann Martin , Körholz Dieter , Janka‐Schaub Gritta , Schrappe Martin , Reiter Alfred , Borkhardt Arndt 
Published: September 2011

SummaryChildren with chromosomal instability syndromes have an increased risk of developing lymphoma and leukaemia. The treatment of these malignancies is hampered by therapy‐associated toxicity and infectious complications. This retrospective analysis evaluated the therapy outcome of 38 children with Ataxia teleangiectasia or Nijmegen‐breakage syndrome with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL, n = 9), Non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL, n = 28) and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL, n = 1). All patients with NHL or ALL were treated in accordance to Berlin‐Frankfurt‐Münster (BFM)‐ or Co‐operative study group for childhood ALL (CoALL)‐oriented chemotherapy schedules. 22 patients received significantly reduced‐intensity chemotherapy. After a median follow‐up of 3·7 years the 10‐year overall survival was 58%. Dosage‐reduction of chemotherapeutic drugs seemed to have no disadvantages and reduced toxic side effects. On the other hand, reduced‐intensity chemotherapy did not prevent second malignancies, which occurred in ten patients with a 10‐year incidence of 25%. After individual treatment approaches three of these patients with second malignancies were in complete clinical remission for more than 5 years. We conclude that BFM‐ or CoALL‐oriented chemotherapy is effective and can be administered in children with AT or NBS. Moreover, we show that even second lymphoid malignancies can successfully be treated in these patients.
Aberrant T‐cell antigen expression in B lymphoblastic leukaemia
Authors: Hussein Shafinaz , Gill Kamraan Z. , Sireci Anthony N. , Colovai Adriana I. , Small Tania , Emmons Foxwell N. , Murty Vundavalli V. , Bhagat Govind , Alobeid Bachir 
Published: September 2011

SummaryB lymphoblastic leukaemia (B‐ALL) cells are characterized by the expression of various B‐cell antigens. Expression of T/Natural Killer‐cell antigens, however, has rarely been reported in B‐ALL (TAg+ B‐ALL), and the significance of this aberrant antigen expression is unclear. We thus analysed the frequency of TAg+ B‐ALL at our institution and investigated its significance in the context of immunophenotypes, cytogenetic/molecular findings, and prognosis. We reviewed 134 consecutive cases of B‐ALL and found 18 cases (13·4%) of TAg+ B‐ALL. The most common aberrant T‐cell antigens expressed were CD2, CD5, and CD7 at equivalent rates (each in six cases), CD4 (two cases), and CD56 (three cases). Adverse cytogenetic abnormalities were seen in a significantly larger proportion of the TAg+ cases (72·2%) than the TAg− cases (32·2%; P = 0·003). Multivariate Cox‐regression analysis showed that the risk of relapse over time was higher in the TAg+ cases, independent of high risk status (based on age and white blood cell count) and the presence of adverse cytogenetic abnormalities (hazard ratio = 2·256, P = 0·065). These findings suggest that T‐cell antigen expression in B‐ALL may be an independent predictor of poor prognosis, and a useful marker to identify patients at increased risk for relapse and for harbouring adverse cytogenetic abnormalities.
Burkitt lymphoma in adults
Authors: Linch David C. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryThe diagnosis of Burkitt Lymphoma (BL) and B‐cell lymphomas unclassifiable with features intermediate between Diffuse Large B‐cell Lymphoma and BL (BLU) in adults remains problematic even with immunophenotyping andMYCgene analysis. Gene expression profiling may improve categorization but is not routinely available. BL and its variants should be treated with specific regimens incorporating intensive courses of chemotherapy with fractionated alkylating agents and cell cycle phase‐specific agents that readily cross the blood brain barrier. Subsequent courses should be given as soon as haematological recovery occurs, with the whole course completed within a few months. A number of regimens have been developed that encompass these principles but there have been no comparative randomized trials. The results from several studies suggest that the addition of rituximab is highly efficacious and this may be particularly valuable in older patients. It is usual to employ ‘risk‐adapted’ strategies in the treatment of BL but these must be continually re‐evaluated, and ‘response‐adapted’ approaches should be explored. The role of transplantation is limited and largely confined to autologous transplants in patients who only achieve a partial response on front‐line therapy or who have a chemosensitive relapse. Further advances will be greatly facilitated by randomized trials, which will require international collaboration.
TheDualArrhenius andMichaelis–Menten kinetics model for decomposition of soil organic matter at hourly to seasonal time scales
Authors: Davidson Eric A. , Samanta Sudeep , Caramori Samantha S. , Savage Kathleen 
Published: September 2011

AbstractDecomposition of soil carbon stocks is one of the largest potential biotic feedbacks to climate change. Models of decomposition of soil organic matter and of soil respiration rely on empirical functions that relate variation in temperature and soil water content to rates of microbial metabolism using soil‐Csubstrates. Here, we describe a unifying modeling framework to combine the effects of temperature, soil water content, and soluble substrate supply on decomposition of soluble soil‐Csubstrates using simple functions based on process concepts. The model's backbone is the Michaelis–Menten equation, which describes the relationship between reaction velocity and soluble organic‐CandO2substrate concentrations at an enzyme's reactive site, which are determined by diffusivity functions based on soil water content. Temperature sensitivity is simulated by allowing the maximum velocity of the reaction (Vmax) to vary according toArrhenius function. TheDualArrhenius andMichaelis–Menten kinetics (DAMM) model core was able to predict effectively observations from of laboratory enzyme assays of β‐glucosidase and phenol‐oxidase across a range of substrate concentrations and incubation temperatures. The model also functioned as well or better than purely empirical models for simulating hourly and seasonal soil respiration data from a trenched plot in a deciduous forest at theHarvard Forest, in northeasternUnitedStates. TheDAMMmodel demonstrates that enzymatic processes can be intrinsically temperature sensitive, but environmental constrains of substrate supply under soil moisture extremes can prevent that response to temperature from being observed. We discuss howDAMMcould serve as a core module that is informed by other modules regarding microbial dynamics and supply of soluble‐Csubstrates from plant inputs and from desorption of physically stabilized soil‐Cpools. Most importantly, it presents a way forward from purely empirical representation of temperature and moisture responses and integrates temperature‐sensitive enzymatic processes with constraints of substrate supply.