bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION OF SELECT DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS
Authors: TOURNAS VALERIE H. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT One hundred thirty‐eight dietary supplement samples comprised of alfalfa, Circu‐Care, coriander, cumin, echinacea, garlic, ginger, ginkgo, horse chestnut extract, juniper berries, licorice, psyllium, saw palmetto, St. John's wort, valerian, white willow bark, and various vitamins and minerals were obtained from local supermarkets and dietary supplement companies and analyzed for fungal contamination and the presence of aerobic mesophilic bacteria. Results indicated that the highest mold and yeast counts of 5.6 × 106 colony forming units (cfu) per gram product were found in alfalfa and the lowest (1.0 × 102 cfu/g) were present in ginger supplements. Potentially toxigenic molds were found in alfalfa, coriander, echinacea, garlic, ginkgo, juniper, licorice, psyllium and St. John's wort supplements. The most common fungi were aspergilli, followed by eurotia, penicillia and yeasts. Alternaria alternata, Fusarium, Cladosporium, Rhizopus and Phoma spp. were isolated less frequently. No molds or yeasts were found in synthetic vitamins, minerals, Circu‐Care and valerian. Aerobic mesophilic bacteria were isolated from all commodities tested. The highest aerobic plate count numbers (5.2 × 106–3.8 × 107 cfu/g) were recovered from alfalfa, whereas the lowest (<100–5.5 × 102 cfu/g) were found in vitamins and minerals.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSWith an ever‐increasing population utilizing dietary supplements in order to improve and sustain health and vitality, it is essential that these products are safe for human consumption. A very critical indicator of safety is the bacteriological and mycological quality of these commodities.The results of this investigation constitute an indicator of mycological/bacteriological contamination of a variety of dietary supplements. Similar testing has not been reported for several of the studied commodities. Therefore, our findings can serve as a basis for future mycological and mycotoxin testing of dietary supplements and eventually for developing guidelines in order to achieve and maintain safe microbial levels in these products.
EFFECTS OF STERILIZATION BY GAMMA RADIATION OF EDIBLE STORED VIGNA MUNGO L. AND TRITICUM AESTIVUM L. SEED INFESTED WITH SURFACE MICROFLORA IN INDIA
Authors: MAITY JYOTI PRAKASH , CHAKRABORTY ANINDITA , SANTRA SUBHAS C. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT An effective 60Co gamma irradiation method for the removal of contaminating surface microorganisms (fungi) of mung (Vigna mungo L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) stored seeds, without the loss of germination capacity and minimum loss of nutritional values, are described. Significant depletion of surface fungal population on wheat (96%) and mung (94%) was noticed within 2 kGy, while complete inhibition of surface fungal population was observed at 4.2 kGy. Although the irradiation did not significantly alter the germination potential of the treated grains, it reflected delay in germination as a function of absorbed dose. The seed membrane permeability and nutritional values like carbohydrate and protein content of the radiation‐exposed seed were significantly altered. The radiosensitivity of wheat was found more than that of the mung. It was also observed that the germinating potential of the treated seeds did not alter significantly. However, membrane permeability of seeds was altered as a result of gamma irradiation. Precisely, the investigation reflected that the dose range from 1 to 2 kGy was most effective for seed sterilization, keeping their viability and minimum loss of nutritional value like protein and carbohydrate intact.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThere are many reports on radiation sterilization of stored seeds without any consideration of the nutritional quality of the seeds, which is very important for quality control. We should look upon change of quality of seed during seed sterilization. We need to protect/or estimate minimal loss of the nutritional value of stored seed by loss and benefit assessment. The significance and originality of this manuscript is that we try to look for an effective 60Co gamma irradiation method for the removal of contaminating surface microorganisms (fungi) of mung (Vigna mungo L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) stored seeds, without the loss of germination capacity and minimum loss of nutritional values. The study was concentrated on germination pattern, protein, carbohydrate and intensity of seed membrane damage during radiation processing. Also, our present work emphasized on radiosensitivity of different seed‐borne fungi that frequently infected seed grain during storage. This study may help to sterilize the stored seed with consideration of nutritional value.
PREDICTIVE MODELING AND VALIDATION OF GROWTH AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES OF BROCHOTHRIX THERMOSPHACTA
Authors: ZHOU KANG , FU PENG , LI PINGLAN , CHENG WANGPENG , LIANG ZHIHONG 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT The growth of Brochothrix thermosphacta affect by temperatures (0, 2, 5, 7 and 10C) were studied in laboratory medium. Growth curves were fitted using logistic, Gompertz and Baranyi models. Statistical characteristics like r2, mean square error, bias factor and accuracy factor were using for comparison of these models. Based on the criteria, the Gompertz described the data best, Baranyi performed the predicting best. The maximum growth rates obtained from primary model were then modeled as a function of temperature using the square root model. Statistically for the secondary model, the bias and accuracy factors are 0.9978, 0.9943 and 0.9712, and 1.0513, 1.0639 and 1.2225 for logistic, Gompertz and Baranyi, respectively, which may indicate that Baranyi model fitted and performed best of the others. The 95% confidence limits for a new prediction were estimated for each validation temperatures condition using a SPSS procedure.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Brochothrix thermosphacta was isolated from chilled pork used for growth modeling in broth (tryptone soya broth) at pH 7 and NaCl 0.5% (w/w), at various temperatures. Data obtained from experiments were then fitted by three types of primary models, to estimate the maximum growth rate. A secondary model was created, describing how the maximum growth rate responds to the temperatures. The goodness‐of‐fit and statistical characteristics of the equations were tested.
HEAT‐RESISTANCE PREDICTION OF LISTERIA INNOCUA GROWN AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES
Authors: ÁLVAREZ‐ORDÓÑEZ AVELINO , FERNÁNDEZ ANA , BERNARDO ANA , LÓPEZ MERCEDES 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT The effects of growth temperature in the range of 20–45C on the heat resistance of Listeria innocua (CECT 910) at different heating temperatures (56, 59, 62 and 65C) were investigated. D values were lower for cells grown at 20C and significantly increased with increasing growth temperature up to 45C, showing D values about five times higher. The inactivation rate of L. innocua at the heating temperatures tested decreased exponentially with growth temperature. The z values were not significantly modified by growth temperature, obtaining a mean value of 5.65 ± 0.19C. The decimal reduction times at different heating temperatures for L. innocua cells grown at different temperatures were succesfully described using a mathematical equation.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe prediction of the effectiveness of thermal processing against foodborne pathogen microorganisms is essential to permit the establishment of safe processing conditions and is critical for its effective application in food preservation. In this work, a mathematical equation has been developed which permits the description of the effect of growth temperature and treatment temperature on the thermal inactivation of Listeria innocua, a microorganism considered to be a biological indicator to assess the lethality of heat treatments with regard to Listeria monocytogenes, which represents a great concern for the food industry, health regulatory officials and consumers.
SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF ACID ADAPTED ESCHERICHIA COLI STRAINS IN BROTH AT DIFFERENT PH LEVELS
Authors: DLAMINI BHEKISISA C. , BUYS ELNA M. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT Acid resistance of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain UT 10 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 was determined in brain heart infusion broth at pH 7.4, 4.5 and 2.5. Variations due to acid stress in the counts of both strains were also determined. Acid adaptation enhanced the survival of both strains at pH 4.5, but neither strain could survive after 4 h at pH 2.5. At optimum growth conditions (pH 7.4), E. coli ATCC 25922 exhibited increased viability over E. coli UT 10. At pH 4.5, E. coli UT 10 was more tolerant to low pH than E. coli ATCC 25922. An increase in saturated fatty acids of both AA strains was observed, indicating the importance of lipid modification in enhancing survival at low pH. The results of this study indicated that the food industry should therefore adapt their processing/preservation procedures by taking the most acid tolerant pathogenic E. coli strains into consideration in order to ensure the safety of their products.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe study will enlighten the industry on the survival of acid adapted pathogens such as E. coli O157:H7 at low pH. It also indicates that current measures used in the preservation of low pH foods can trigger acid adaptation. For this reason, the effectiveness of current preservation measures in controlling foodborne pathogens should be reassessed. The importance of using cells adapted to different pH values in food challenge studies is also highlighted. Since fermented foods, which are generally regarded as safe, have been implicated in foodborne disease outbreaks, more attention should be given to the prevention of contamination of foods with pathogens such as E. coli O157:H7 since they may survive in low pH foods and cause disease.
Understanding Local Leadership in Building the Capacity of Rural Communities in Australia
Authors: DAVIES AMANDA 
Published: June 2009

AbstractCurrent approaches to rural community development in Australia provide for limited government intervention. Such intervention is usually housed within programmes that seek to build the internal capacity of communities to achieve long term socio‐economic sustainability. A fundamental implementation strategy for capacity building has been developing local leadership. The underlying assumption of this approach is that good leadership will result in existing resources being mobilised for a more sustainable function and new resources attracted. What though is good leadership in terms of building the capacity of rural communities to develop sustainable socio‐economic futures? This paper compares the conceptualisation of leadership within rural development policies and leadership training programmes with the nature of local leadership as it exists in on‐ground community building projects. From an in‐depth review of the role and nature of local leadership within six Australian rural communities it was found that local leadership could result in improved adaptive capacity if the leadership is similar in nature to Burn's (1978) transformational model of leadership. Within policy, local leadership was most often conceptualised as being similar to this transformational model. However, rural leadership training programmes tended to conceptualise leadership as a top‐down process, similar to Burn's (1978) transactional model. While this study of leadership within rural communities revealed that transactional skills, as taught in leadership training programmes, were important for successful project management, such skills did not necessarily result in improved community adaptive capacity. It is suggested that, while transactional leadership can have an important role in influencing the development of rural communities, greater attention needs to be given to developing strategies to support transformational leadership.
Analytical Design Curves to Maximize Pumping or Minimize Injection in Coastal Aquifers
Authors: Park Namsik , Cui Lei , Shi Lei 
Published: June 2009

AbstractExplicit algebraic equations are derived to determine approximate maximum pumping rates or minimum injection rates to limit sea water intrusion to a prespecified distance from the coastline. The equations are based on Strack's (1976) single‐potential solution. The maximum pumping rates and minimum injection rates applied at wells with uniform spacing to control the inland movement of the fresh water‐salt water interface in a coastal aquifer could be calculated from Strack's (1976) solution without the need of a numerical optimization algorithm. When wells are distributed in a simple fashion, the maximum intrusion location can be identified precisely for pumping cases and approximately for injection cases. For pumping cases, critical points are the limit of allowable salt water intrusion, whereas no such limit exists for injection cases. Once an application site is identified, a series of design curves for pumping and injection rates can be developed for arbitrary intrusion limits. When a user is interested only in the largest pumping rates associated with critical points, one design curve can yield complete information.
Exploring the When and Why of Schadenfreude
Authors: Smith Richard H. , Powell Caitlin A. J. , Combs David J. Y. , Schurtz David Ryan 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe summarize the empirical work on schadenfreude, or pleasure felt at someone else's misfortune. Although schadenfreude is a socially undesirable emotion, research reveals at least three conditions in which it commonly arises. One condition is when observers gain from the misfortune. We discuss research showing that gains in ingroup outcomes based on the failures of rival outgroups can create schadenfreude, especially for those highly identified with their ingroups. A second condition is when another's misfortune is deserved. We focus on research showing that the misfortunes of hypocrites are perceived as highly deserved and therefore create schadenfreude in observers. A third condition is when a misfortune befalls an envied person. We summarize studies showing that the core ingredients of envy prime the envying person for schadenfreude when the envied person suffers.
Putting Social Psychology into Serious Games
Authors: Baldwin Mark W. , Dandeneau Stéphane D. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractVideo or computer gaming is quickly becoming a significant part of many people's lives. We review several emerging themes in both the social psychological literature and popular culture that show the potential for a productive integration of social psychology and video gaming. In particular, we examine the growing impact of serious games and outline some social psychological principles that could be implemented in the context of games for social cognitive training.
Multiple Mechanisms of Prime‐to‐Behavior Effects
Authors: Wheeler S. Christian , DeMarree Kenneth G. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractRecent research has explored how the activation of social constructs via priming can affect behavior. Multiple mechanisms have received support, including direct activation of behavioral representations, goal activation, biases in person perception, biases in situation perception, and biases in self‐perception. We review the evolving complexity of proposed prime‐to‐behavior mechanisms, discuss the predictions of each mechanism, and suggest some integrative principles that influence how and when primed constructs affect behavior.
What Are the Most Important Dimensions of Personality?Evidence from Studies of Descriptors in Diverse Languages
Authors: Saucier Gerard 
Published: June 2009

AbstractProgress is reviewed with respect on how attributes of personality and character can best be organized and structured. Key insights on this important scientific issue have been gained by a lexical approach, which posits that the degree of representation of an attribute in language corresponds substantially with the general importance of the attribute in real‐world transactions. The rationale for studying the language of personality is explained, followed by a review of the most salient findings from lexical studies of person‐descriptors in 16 languages. In these studies, one‐ and two‐factor structures are found to be not only the most parsimonious but also the most easily replicated across variable selection procedures, and across languages and cultures. Structures with more factors are likely to show a comparative predictive advantage, but replicate more unevenly. Lexical studies appear to support a six‐factor model at least as well as the Big Five. Future research attention should be directed toward inclusion of a wider range of individual differences, integration with models of temperament, and the search for causal factors and underlying mechanisms that are associated with the best‐replicated personality dimensions.
Asymmetric Comparison in Choice Processes
Authors: Ritter Johannes O. , Freund Alexandra M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSince Tversky's (1977) seminal paper on asymmetric comparisons was published, comparisons of different options are generally believed to be directional. Interestingly, the asymmetry involved in comparisons has not been considered systematically for choices between different options. This paper argues that, in decision situations, one of the options serves as a dominant standard against which the others are evaluated, which results in asymmetric comparisons and, in turn, has important and systematic consequences for the choice process. This paper outlines which conditions should result in asymmetric comparisons. Taking existing models of asymmetric comparisons into account, a process model will be presented using the loss of a previously available choice option as an example.
Optimism, Pessimism, and Motivation: Relations to Adjustment
Authors: Chang Edward C. , Chang Rita , Sanna Lawrence J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe present work reviews the literature examining connections involving the key constructs of optimism and pessimism with motivation and adjustment. We review historical and conceptual models of optimism and pessimism. We then examine how these central constructs have been linked to both adaptive and maladaptive motivational processes and outcomes in the empirical literature. How cultural factors may impact the function of optimism and pessimism is also discussed. We end with a brief discussion of emerging issues that would be useful to examine in future research on optimism and pessimism.
Suggestions for a New Integration in the Psychology of Morality
Authors: Sunar Diane 
Published: June 2009

AbstractTo prepare a basis for a new model of morality, theories in the psychology of morality are reviewed, comparing those put forward before and after the emergence of evolutionary psychology in the last quarter of the 20th century. Concepts of embodied sociality and reciprocal moral emotions are introduced. Three ‘morality clusters’ consisting of relational models (Fiske, 1991), moral domains (Shweder, Much, Mahapatra, & Park, 1997) and reciprocal sets of other‐blaming and self‐conscious emotions are linked to three evolutionary bases for morality (kin selection, social hierarchy, and reciprocal altruism). Evidence regarding these concepts is marshaled to support the model. The ‘morality clusters’ are compared with classifications based on Haidt's moral foundations (Haidt & Graham 2007). Further evidence regarding hierarchy based on sexual selection, exchange and reciprocity, moral development, cultural differences and universals, and neurological discoveries, especially mirror neurons, is also discussed.
Masculinities, Femininities, Behaviour and Health
Authors: Lyons Antonia C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractUsing the notion that gender is performed in daily life and through daily activities, I review some of the health behaviour literature which employs ideas about masculinity and femininity. I argue that recent theorising about both masculinities (Connell & Messerschmidt, 2005) and femininities (Schippers, 2007) can be extremely useful in this field. I consider two specific health behaviours in light of this theorising, namely healthy eating and drinking alcohol, and explore how and which versions of masculinities and femininities are played out, which are problematic, and what they mean for gender hegemony. I argue that across both areas (and across other health behaviours), there are three specific issues that are important and require further conceptual development and empirical work: (1) the relationality of gender; (2) masculinities and femininities as embodied; and (3) the local, contingent and intersectional nature of masculinities and femininities. This conceptual framework and the aspects of relationality, embodiment and intersectionality have important implications not only for understanding health behaviours, but for any social psychological work theorising identities and everyday social practice.
An Introduction to Item Response Theory Using the Need for Cognition Scale
Authors: Edwards Michael C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis paper provides an introduction to two commonly used item response theory (IRT) models (the two‐parameter logistic model and the graded response model). Throughout the paper, the Need for Cognition Scale (NCS) is used to help illustrate different features of the IRT model. After introducing the IRT models, I explore the assumptions these models make as well as ways to assess the extent to which those assumptions are plausible. Next, I describe how adopting an IRT approach to measurement can change how one thinks about scoring, score precision, and scale construction. I briefly introduce the advanced topics of differential item functioning and computerized adaptive testing before concluding with a summary of what was learned about IRT generally, and the NCS specifically.
Contemporary Research on Social Movements and Protest in Latin America: Promoting Democracy, Resisting Neoliberalism, and Many Themes in between
Authors: Strawn Kelley D. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis essay outlines how research on Latin American social movements has evolved since the late 1980s. Emphasis is given to two topics. First, the essay examines how Latin American social movement research has historically been oriented toward social movement theories that emerged out of the study of European movements and, to a lesser extent, movements in the United States. At the same time, it discusses how the unique historical and contextual factors of Latin American societies have repeatedly been found to defy adequate explanation by these theories. Second, the essay outlines five major themes that characterize the Latin American social movement literature: the dynamics of movements in relation to transitions to democracy, and to neo‐liberal economic reforms, as well as transnational movement dynamics, indigenous movements, and women's movements.
Gender Stratification and Publication in American Science: Turning the Tools of Science Inward
Authors: Light Ryan 
Published: June 2009

AbstractGender stratification continues to pervade the American workplace, and academic science as a vocation is hardly exempt. In this article, I review prior work on why and how gender inequality affects scientific careers. I focus specifically on scientific publication, an important determinant of scientific success. The research indicates that processes of gender stratification operate through formal and informal relationships contributing to the inequality we continue to find in academic science. Following Bourdieu (2004), I argue that sociology's unique reflexivity – that is, our ability to turn the tools of science inward – offers an important vantage point and contribution to our understanding of stratification in science specifically, in workplaces more generally, and in society at large.