bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urban Outcasts: A Contextualized Outlook on Advanced Marginality
Authors: MALOUTAS THOMAS 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis comment on Urban Outcasts appreciates Wacquant's awareness of contextual difference and his effort to theorize advanced marginality. Two critical remarks are formulated regarding the use of the polarization thesis as the backdrop for analyzing advanced marginality (which, in my view, goes against the contextual sensitivity of the analysis), and the neglect of the neighbourhood effect literature, which is summarily discarded. The second half of the comment is devoted to a brief discussion of advanced marginality in South European cities and particularly in Athens. It is, therefore, a discussion that contextualizes some of the features that Wacquant proposes for advanced marginality in terms of their occurrence and meaning within a different path towards post‐Fordism and a persistently residual welfare regime (that may bear some similarity with conditions in some other parts of the world, such as South America).Résumé Ce commentaire sur Urban Outcasts (Parias urbains) apprécie d'abord l'attention de Wacquant aux différences de contexte, ainsi que ses efforts pour conceptualiser la marginalité avancée. Les deux observations critiques qui sont formulées concernent le recours à la thèse de la polarisation comme toile de fond à une analyse de la marginalité avancée (ce qui va, selon moi, à l'encontre de la sensibilité contextuelle de cette analyse), et le désintérêt pour la littérature sur l'effet de proximité, sommairement écartée. Une seconde partie se consacre à une courte discussion sur la marginalité avancée dans les villes du Sud de l'Europe, notamment à Athènes. Cette discussion replace donc certaines caractéristiques de la marginalité avancée proposées par Wacquant en fonction de leur identification et de leur signification dans le cadre d'un cheminement différent vers le post‐fordisme et d'une forme résiduelle persistante d'État‐providence (pouvant rappeler des situations propres à d'autres parties du monde, telle l'Amérique du Sud).
5‐HTTLPR moderates the effect of relational peer victimization on depressive symptoms in adolescent girls
Authors: Benjet Corina , Thompson Renee J. , Gotlib Ian H. 
Published: September 2009

Background:  Relational peer victimization is associated with internalizing symptoms. Compared to boys, girls are more likely to be both relationally victimized by peers and distressed by the victimization. While previous studies have reported that a functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (5‐HTTLPR) moderates the effect of stressful life events on depressive symptoms, the present study is the first to evaluate the interaction of this polymorphism with relational peer victimization to predict level of depressive symptoms in young girls.Methods:  Participants were 78 girls ages 10 to 14 who had no current or past Axis I disorder. Girls were genotyped for 5‐HTTLPR; peer victimization was assessed with the Social Experiences Questionnaire, and depressive symptoms with the Children’s Depression Inventory.Results: The 5‐HTTLPR polymorphism alone did not predict level of depressive symptoms; the interaction of 5‐HTTLPR and relational peer victimization, however, was a significant predictor of depressive symptoms. Follow‐up analyses indicated that peer victimization significantly predicted level of depressive symptoms only for girls who were homozygous for the short allele, and not for girls homozygous for the long allele or who were heterozygous for the short and long alleles.Conclusions:  The findings support the diathesis‐stress model of depression: having two 5‐HTTLPR short alleles confers vulnerability to depressive symptoms in adolescent girls when they experience relational peer victimization. These findings also suggest that relational peer victimization, at least for girls with genetic vulnerability, is a significant source of stress and should be recognized in the monitoring and prevention of bullying.
Detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in vivo using confocal endomicroscopy
Authors: Tan J , Quinn MA , Pyman JM , Delaney PM , McLaren WJ 
Published: September 2009

Objective  A high resolution optical imaging device may offer a clinically useful adjunct to colposcopy for the diagnosis and assessment of cervical precancer. This study describes the clinical evaluation of a miniaturised confocal endomicroscope for the quantitative and qualitative assessment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in vivo.Design  A descriptive study (n = 25) was performed to assess the usability of confocal endomicroscopy to image the cervix. A prospective study (n = 15) then evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of the technique.Setting and population  Patients undergoing colposcopy for treatment of CIN1‐CIN3 were examined using confocal endomicroscopy.Methods  A 5% solution of acetic acid was used to enhance the colposcopic features of the atypical region. Normal and abnormal regions of the cervix were then imaged following topical application of a fluorescent dye (acriflavine).Main outcome measures  Confocal images were analysed to develop a scoring system to grade different levels of CIN. Microscopic features were correlated with histology from biopsy.Results  Confocal endomicroscopy enabled microscopic imaging of cellular and subcellular structures in vivo at colposcopy. Imaging at increasing depth showed morphological features including dermal papillae, endocervical glands and the squamo‐columnar junction. CIN was characterised by an increase in nuclear density, size and cellular atypia. The sensitivity for detection of CIN was 97%. The specificity for predicting the grade of abnormality was 80% for normal‐CIN1 and 93% for CIN2‐CIN3.Conclusions  Confocal endomicroscopy is a sensitive imaging tool for detection and assessment of CIN. The technique enables in vivo imaging of cervical histology and the potential for ‘see‐and‐treat’ workflows.
Vaginal birth after two caesarean sections (VBAC‐2)—a systematic review with meta‐analysis of success rate and adverse outcomes of VBAC‐2 versus VBAC‐1 and repeat (third) caesarean sections
Authors: Tahseen S , Griffiths M 
Published: September 2009

Background  Trial of vaginal birth after Caesarean (VBAC) is considered acceptable after one caesarean section (CS), however, women wishing to have trial after two CS are generally not allowed or counselled appropriately of efficacy and complications.Objective  To perform a systematic review of literature on success rate of vaginal birth after two caesarean sections (VBAC‐2) and associated adverse maternal and fetal outcomes; and compare with commonly accepted VBAC‐1 and the alternative option of repeat third CS (RCS).Search strategy  We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Current Controlled Trials, HMIC Database, Grey Literature Databases (SIGLE, Biomed Central), using search terms Caesarean section, caesarian, C*rean, C*rian, and MeSH headings ‘Vaginal birth after caesarean section’, combined with second search string two, twice, second, multiple.Selection criteria  No randomised studies were available, case series or cohort studies were assessed for quality (STROBE), 20/23 available studies included.Data collection and analysis  Two independent reviewers selected studies and abstracted and tabulated data and pooled estimates were obtained on success rate, uterine rupture and other adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Meta‐analyses were performed using RevMan‐5 to compare VBAC‐1 versus VBAC‐2 and VBAC‐2 versus RCS.Main results  VBAC‐2 success rate was 71.1%, uterine rupture rate 1.36%, hysterectomy rate 0.55%, blood transfusion 2.01%, neonatal unit admission rate 7.78% and perinatal asphyxial injury/death 0.09%. VBAC‐2 versus VBAC‐1 success rates were 4064/5666 (71.1%) versus 38 814/50 685 (76.5%) (P < 0.001); associated uterine rupture rate 1.59% versus 0.72% (P < 0.001) and hysterectomy rates were 0.56% versus 0.19% (P = 0.001) respectively. Comparing VBAC‐2 versus RCS, the hysterectomy rates were 0.40% versus 0.63% (P = 0.63), transfusion 1.68% versus 1.67% (P = 0.86) and febrile morbidity 6.03% versus 6.39%, respectively (P = 0.27). Maternal morbidity of VBAC‐2 was comparable to RCS. Neonatal morbidity data were too limited to draw valid conclusions, however, no significant differences were indicated in VBAC‐2, VBAC‐1 and RCS groups in NNU admission rates and asphyxial injury/neonatal death rates (Mantel–Haenszel).Conclusions  Women requesting for a trial of vaginal delivery after two caesarean sections should be counselled appropriately considering available data of success rate 71.1%, uterine rupture rate 1.36% and of a comparative maternal morbidity with repeat CS option.
Nitric Oxide‐Induced Changes in Endothelial Expression of Phosphodiesterases 2, 3, and 5
Authors: Schankin Christoph J. , Kruse Lars S. , Reinisch Veronika M. , Jungmann Steffen , Kristensen Julie C. , Grau Stefan , Ferrari Uta , Sinicina Inga , Goldbrunner Roland , Straube Andreas , Kruuse Christina 
Published: September 2009

(Headache2010;50:431‐441)Objective.—To investigate nitric oxide (NO)‐mediated changes in expression of cyclic nucleotide degrading phosphodiesterases 2A (PDE2A), PDE3B, and PDE5A in human endothelial cells.Background.—Nitric oxide induces production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which along with cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is degraded by PDEs. NO donors and selective inhibitors of PDE3 and PDE5 induce migraine‐like headache and play a role in endothelial dysfunction during stroke. The current study investigates possible NO modulation of cGMP‐related PDEs relevant to headache induction in a cell line containing such PDEs.Methods.—Real time polymerase chain reaction and Western blots were used to show expression of PDE2A, PDE3B, and PDE5A in a stable cell line of human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Effects of NO on PDE expression were analyzed at specific time intervals after continued DETA NONOate administration.Results.—This study shows the expression of PDE2A, PDE3B, and PDE5A mRNA and PDE3B and PDE5A protein in human cerebral endothelial cells. Long‐term DETA NONOate administration induced an immediate mRNA up‐regulation of PDE5A (1.9‐fold, 0.5 hour), an early peak of PDE2A (1.4‐fold, 1 and 2 hours) and later up‐regulation of both PDE3B (1.6‐fold, 4 hours) and PDE2A (1.7‐fold, 8 hours and 1.2‐fold after 24 hours). Such changes were, however, not translated into significant changes in protein expression indicating few, if any, functional effects.Conclusions.—Long‐term NO stimulation modulated PDE3 and PDE5 mRNA expression in endothelial cells. However, PDE3 and PDE5 protein levels were unaffected by NO. The presence of PDE3 or PDE5 in endothelial cells indicates that selective inhibitors may have functional effects in such cells. A complex interaction of cGMP and cAMP in response to NO administration may take place if the mRNA translates into active protein. Whether or not this plays a role in the headache mechanisms remains to be investigated.
Assessment of an Indirect Metal Ceramic Repair System
Authors: Fahmy Nadia Z. , Mohsen Cherif A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose: This study was designed to compare an alternative indirect treatment to repair fractured or chipped veneering metal ceramic using recently developed ultra‐low‐fusing ceramics. Materials and Methods: One conventional feldspathic ceramic, Vita Omega, and three ultra‐low‐fusing ceramics (ULFC), Finesse, Duceram LFC, and Vision‐low, were used. Forty ceramic specimens were prepared and divided into two groups. Group I (n = 20) was designed for bond strength testing. It comprised four subgroups (A, B, C, D): one Ceramic‐resin (A) and three Ceramic‐ULFC disc specimens of different diameters (B, C, D). Group II was composed of repaired ceramic discs using direct and indirect repair methods for biaxial testing. It was comprised of five subgroups: the fractured discs from subgroup A; Omega discs (n = 20) formed the repaired specimens of the four remaining subgroups: B, C, D, E. Data were presented as means and standard deviation (SD) values. One‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for comparison between means. Tukey's post hoc test was used for pairwise comparison between the means when ANOVA test was significant. The significance level was set at p≤ 0.05. Results: Within group I, Omega‐Ducera LFC showed the statistically highest mean bond strength (25.8 MPa) values, followed by Omega‐Finesse (15.8 MPa). No statistically significant difference was apparent between Omega‐Vision (9.3 MPa) and the control Omega‐Composite group (7.5 MPa). Regarding group II, the Control Omega subgroup showed statistically the highest mean biaxial strength values (168.8 MPa). No statistically significant difference was evident between the values of Omega‐Finesse (78.7 MPa), Omega‐Vision (78.4 MPa), and Omega‐Composite (82.5 MPa). Omega‐Ducera LFC subgroup, showed statistically the lowest mean values (53 MPa). Conclusions: Omega‐Ducera LFC yielded the statistically highest mean bond strength values, and the lowest biaxial strength values. All values were within the reported bond strength values for resin repair. All the tested groups showed significantly lower values compared to the initial biaxial strength mean values of the Omega ceramic; however, two of the tested ULFC (Vision, Finesse), recorded means that were statistically equal to the resin‐ceramic direct subgroup. Duceram LFC showed the lowest values, probably due to its totally glass composition, which showed low strength values of the repaired specimens. The recorded bond and biaxial values suggest that indirect repair of fractured LFC using some ULFC ceramics may offer an alternative solution to the traditional direct resin repair method; however, the choice of the used ceramic should be one containing some leucite crystals. Further studies are needed to investigate the long‐term performance of the proposed repair treatment.
Acceleration of muscle regeneration by local injection of muscle‐specific microRNAs in rat skeletal muscle injury model
Authors: Nakasa Tomoyuki , Ishikawa Masakazu , Shi Ming , Shibuya Hayatoshi , Adachi Nobuo , Ochi Mitsuo 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMicroRNA (miRNA)s are a class of non‐coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post‐transcriptionally. Muscle‐specific miRNA, miRNA (miR)‐1, miR‐133 and miR‐206 play a crucial role in the regulation of muscle development and homeostasis. Muscle injuries are a common muscloskeletal disorder, and the most effective treatment has not been established yet. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that a local injection of double‐stranded (ds) miR‐1, miR‐133 and 206 can accelerate muscle regeneration in a rat skeletal muscle injury model. After the laceration of the rat tibialis anterior muscle, ds miR‐1, 133 and 206 mixture mediated atelocollagen was injected into the injured site. The control group was injected with control siRNA. At 1 week after injury, an injection of miRNAs could enhance muscle regeneration morphologically and physiologically, and prevent fibrosis effectively compared to the control siRNA. Administration of exogenous miR‐1, 133 and 206 can induce expression of myogenic markers, MyoD1, myogenin and Pax7 in mRNA and expression in the protein level at 3 and 7 days after injury. The combination of miR‐1, 133 and 206 can promote myotube differentiation, and the expression of MyoD1, myogenin and Pax7 were up‐regulated in C2C12 cells in vitro. Local injection of miR‐1, 133 and 206 could be a novel therapeutic strategy in the treatment of skeletal muscle injury.
Resistin competes with lipopolysaccharide for binding to toll‐like receptor 4
Authors: Tarkowski Andrej , Bjersing Jan , Shestakov Andrey , Bokarewa Maria I. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractToll‐like receptors (TLRs) are a family of cellular structures activated by recognition of pathogen associated molecular sequences. The activation of TLRs triggers a variety of intracellular mechanisms aiming to protect the host from the invading microorganisms. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the main ligand for TLR4. Here we show that resistin, a cystein‐rich protein believed to regulate carbohydrate metabolism, competes with LPS for binding to TLR4. Binding of recombinant resistin to human myeloid and epithelial cells was assessed by flow cytometry and its co‐precipitation with TLR4 was demonstrated. Antibodies against TLR4 abolished resistin binding to human leucocytes and cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in response to resistin stimulation. In contrast, isotype‐matched murine IgG or TLR2 antibodies were unable to prevent binding of resistin to the cells. Similarly, TLR4‐dependent pattern of resistin binding was observed in epithelial cell line HEK293 (human epithelial kidney cell), where TLR4 transfected, but not myeloid differentiation factor 2/CD14‐transfected, TLR2 transfected or HEKnull cells, responded functionally to resistin stimulation. Intracellular signalling of resistin was assessed using inhibitors of transcription factors mitogen activated protein kinases, nuclear factor‐κB, phosphoinositide 3‐kinase and siRNA targeting TLR4 and human myeloid differentiation factor 88. Results demonstrate that TLR4 serves as a receptor for the pro‐inflammatory effects of resistin in human cells. This may partly explain the multifunctional role of resistin in chronic inflammation, atherosclerosis and insulin resistance.
Helicobacter pylori urease activates blood platelets through a lipoxygenase‐mediated pathway
Authors: Wassermann German E. , Olivera‐Severo Deiber , Uberti Augusto F. , Carlini Célia R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe bacterium Helicobacter pylori causes peptic ulcers and gastric cancer in human beings by mechanisms yet not fully understood. H. pylori produces urease which neutralizes the acidic medium permitting its survival in the stomach. We have previously shown that ureases from jackbean, soybean or Bacillus pasteurii induce blood platelet aggregation independently of their enzyme activity by a pathway requiring platelet secretion, activation of calcium channels and lipoxygenase‐derived eicosanoids. We investigated whether H. pylori urease displays platelet‐activating properties and defined biochemical pathways involved in this phenomenon. For that the effects of purified recombinant H. pylori urease (HPU) added to rabbit platelets were assessed turbidimetrically. ATP secretion and production of lipoxygenase metabolites by activated platelets were measured. Fluorescein‐labelled HPU bound to platelets but not to erythrocytes. HPU induced aggregation of rabbit platelets (ED50 0.28 μM) accompanied by ATP secretion. No correlation was found between platelet activation and ureolytic activity of HPU. Platelet aggregation was blocked by esculetin (12‐lipoxygenase inhibitor) and enhanced ∼3‐fold by indomethacin (cyclooxygenase inhibitor). A metabolite of 12‐lipoxygenase was produced by platelets exposed to HPU. Platelet responses to HPU did not involve platelet‐activating factor, but required activation of verapamil‐inhibitable calcium channels. Our data show that purified H. pylori urease activates blood platelets at submicromolar concentrations. This property seems to be common to ureases regardless of their source (plant or bacteria) or quaternary structure (single, di‐ or tri‐chain proteins). These properties of HPU could play an important role in pathogenesis of gastrointestinal and associated cardiovascular diseases caused by H. pylori.
TNF‐α‐mediated signal transduction pathway is a major determinant of apoptosis in dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Das Samarjit , Babick Andrea P. , Xu Yan‐Jun , Takeda Nobuakira , Rodriguez‐Levya Delfin , Dhalla Naranjan S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAlthough J2N‐k strain of cardiomyopathic hamsters is an excellent model of dilated cardiomyopathy, the presence and mechanisms of apoptosis in the hearts of these genetically modified animals have not been investigated. This study examined the hypothesis that cardiac dysfunction and apoptosis in the cardiomyopathic hamsters were associated with tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α)‐mediated signalling pathway involving the activation of some pro‐apoptotic proteins and/or deactivation of some antiapoptotic proteins. Echocardiographic assessment of 31‐week‐old hamsters indicated an increase in the internal dimension of the left ventricle as well as decreases in the ejection fraction, fractional shortening and cardiac output without any evidence of cardiac hypertrophy. Increased level of TNF‐α and apoptosis in cardiomyopathic hearts were accompanied by increased protein content for protein kinase C (PKC) ‐α and ‐ɛ isozymes as well as caspases 3 and 9. Phosphorylated protein content for p38 MAPK and NFκB was increased whereas that for Erk1/2, BAD and Bcl‐2 was decreased in cardiomyopathic hearts. These results support the view that TNF‐α and PKC isozymes may promote apoptosis due to the activation of p38 MAPK and deactivation of Erk1/2 pathways, and these changes may contribute toward the development of cardiac dysfunction in dilated cardiomyopathy.
The role and duties of scientific medical societies: The German Society of Dermatology from the member's perspective
Authors: Hensen Peter , Stadler Rudolf , Luger Thomas A. 
Published: September 2009

Summary Background: The German Society of Dermatology is a scientific medical society that represents the interests of German‐speaking dermatology. One recommendation of a strategic planning mission was to increase the involvement of society members. Methods: Based on an empirical approach (questionnaire survey) a systematic member inquiry was performed which focused on the motives for membership, the image of the society,the use of provided services,and expectations and needs. Items regarding profession and health politics, continuous education and specialist training, and scientific representation and research promotion were considered in equal measure. Results: In total, 931 usable questionnaires were available with a response rate of 28.4%. Various single results could be integrated in a subsequent strategic dialogue.The German Society of Dermatology is regarded as active and powerful in scientific issues and promotion of research. However, numerous expectations have been expressed to strengthen future activities in professional and health care related issues. Needs and demands differ if members are scientifically active or rather not. Conclusions: A scientific society in general acts in a permanent area of conflict and has to deal with multiple positions and interests.Thereby members’ needs and demands may vary dependent on individual and professional backgrounds. Members who are not scientifically active should be more integrated in the society while at the same time the society's aims should be coordinated with that of the Berufsverband (organization of practicing dermatologists). Better networking is required both within the society and with outside groups. In addition, the primary aims and objectives of the society should be made even clearer to all interested parties.