bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of pH on the Cation‐Exchange Capacity of Surface Soils
Authors: Pratt P. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method of measuring the pH‐dependent cation‐exchange capacity of soils is described and data for 15 surface soils are presented and discussed.The pH‐dependent cation‐exchange capacity was found to be equivalent to the exchange acidity not displaced by a neutral KCl solution but displaced by buffered BaCl2‐triethanolamine solution. The average contribution of the organic C and clay to the pH‐dependent cation‐exchange capacity of the soil was 370 and 15.6 me. per 100 g. of the respective materials.
Release of Fixed Potassium from Soils by Plant Uptake and Chemical Extraction Techniques
Authors: Richards G. E. , McLean E. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThree Ohio soils of fine sandy loam, silt loam, and clay loam textures were subjected to treatments of comparable levels of potassium as KCl and K‐soil (exchangeable plus fixed K prepared by adding 1000 pounds per acre of K as KCl to portions of the same soils followed by successive wetting and drying). The soils were cropped to alfalfa in pots in the greenhouse for a period of six harvests. Potassium uptake by alfalfa was 76 to 95% as great from soils treated with K‐soil as from those with similar rates of KCl.Following removal of the third crop, soil samples were taken and subjected to various chemical extractions. They included 1.0N NH4OAc extraction of both moist and dry soils, and extractions with 1.0N boiling NHO3. In general, none of these extractions gave a consistent indication of the residual K available to succeeding crops of alfalfa following initial K treatments and removal of the first three crops (cuttings). The results suggest some inadequacies in existing soil analyses for indicating residual K available to crops.
Comparative Rates of Decomposition in Soil of Wood and Bark Particles of Several Softwood Species
Authors: Allison F. E. , Klein C. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe rates of decomposition of 10 kinds of finely‐ground woods and the corresponding barks at two nitrogen levels were determined in the laboratory by measuring CO2 evolution over periods varying from 53 to 800 days. The following species were studied: California incense cedar, cypress, redwood, western larch, eastern hemlock, red fir, white fir, Douglas‐fir, red cedar, and Engleman spruce. The woods and barks of all of these species were considerably more resistant to biological attack than is shortleaf pine sawdust. California incense cedar, cypress, redwood, eastern hemlock, and red cedar, were decomposed to the extent of < 7% during a 2‐month period. The comparative resistance of woods and barks to decay varied for individual species but the average values for the 10 species were similar. Due to the slow rates of decomposition, the soil was able to furnish adequate available nitrogen for maximum rates of decomposition for all of the wood products, and supplemental nitrogen was not needed.
An Evaluation of Phosphorus Fertilizers Varying in Water Solubility: III. Oat Fertilization
Authors: Webb John R. , Pesek John T. , Eik Kalju 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNine field experiments were conducted in which phosphorus fertilizers differing in water solubility were compared for the fertilization of spring‐seeded oats. Methods of fertilizer application were also studied in five of the experiments. The tests involved rates of 15 to 75 pounds of available P2O5 per acre, and were located on soils which tested low in available P and had a pH range from 5.4 to 7.9.The reaction of the soil appeared to be the most important single factor influencing the effectiveness of P sources and their method of application. In general, the degree of P water solubility assumed most importance in the experiments located on calcareous soils, while placement effects were of greatest significance on the acid soils.In 3 of 5 experiments located on calcareous soils, there was a definite increase in yields with increasing water solubility of the P sources. However, the data were not comprehensive enough to permit the establishment of any critical level of water solubility.Drilling the fertilizer with the seed was significantly superior to broadcasting in the three experiments involving placement studies on acid soils. Phosphorus sources differed only slightly in effectiveness on these soils.
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Composition of Corn Leaves and Corn Yields in Relation to Critical Levels and Nutrient Balance
Authors: Dumenil Lloyd 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe relationship between corn yields and the N and P contents of corn leaves was determined in 93 fertilizer experiments by multiple curvilinear regression. The objective was to investigate critical levels and nutrient balance. Equal yields occurred at varying concentrations of N and P in the corn leaf within certain limits. The N or P content in the corn leaf at 95% of maximum yield varied with the concentration of the other nutrient because of their significant interaction on yield. Hence, the critical N or P level is not a point nor narrow range of values but includes a wide range of values depending on how it is defined and on the level of the other nutrient in the leaf. The N‐P nutrient balance appeared to be critical only at or near the maximum yield. Nutrient unbalance may occur when the leaf N or P content extends beyond a certain limit in relation to the other one.
Influence of Ca and Sr Amendments on Sr96 Uptake by Ladino Clover Upon Prolonged Cropping
Authors: Romney E. M. , Alexander G. V. , Nishita H. , Larson K. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractProlonged cropping experiments showed that a single application of CaCO3 in the amount recommended to produce better crop growth (2 to 5 tons an acre) continued to suppress Sr90 uptake from an acidic soil that initially was deficient in plant‐available Ca. This effect of treatment is attributable to the complementary ion influence of Ca on Sr. The cumulative amount of Sr90 removed by 15 successive cuttings of ladino clover was 29.38, 15.71 and 11.61% of the dose from Sassafras sandy loam treated with CaCO3 at levels of 1, 5 and 10 me. Ca per 100 g. soil (equivalent to 0.5, 2.5 and 10 tons CaCO3 an acre, respectively). The greatest amount of the Sr90 dose removed from the soil by a single clover cutting was 6.38% at the 1 me. Ca treatment.A single application of Sr(NO3)2 amendment at levels of 0.05, 1 and 2 me. Sr per 100 g. soil (equivalent to 0.05, 1 and 2 tons Sr(NO3)2 an acre) initially increased plant uptake of Sr90 from Hanford sandy loam as a result of the displacement of Sr90 from the exchange complex by stable Sr into the soil solution where it was more readily available to the plant. This enhancing effect of low levels of Sr amendment on Sr90 uptake became less apparent as time progressed. The carrier‐dilution effect of reducing plant uptake of Sr90 from Hanford sandy loam was achieved by applying Sr(NO3)2 at a level of 10 me. Sr per 100 g. soil (equivalent to 10 tons Sr(NO3)2 an acre).
Preparation of Sensitive Linear Density Gradients
Authors: Beavers Alvin H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA mechanical method is described for making linear density gradients sensitive to differences of 1 × 10‐6 g. per ml. Two miscible liquids of different densities are mechanically mixed to form a linear density gradient within the range of their densities. These gradients can be used for a wide variety of investigations such as density measurement of aqueous solutions and colloidal suspensions and measuring density changes accompanying chemical reactions.
Formation of Free Amino Acids in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soil
Authors: Paul E. A. , Schmidt E. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUntreated samples of nonrhizosphere and soybean rhizosphere soils each contained about 15 identified free amino acids totaling 2 to 4 µg. per g. of soil; lysine was the most prevalent amino acid in each preparation. Numerous additional unidentified compounds occurred at concentrations estimated as 0.1 to 0.5 µg. per g. Treatment with glucose and potassium nitrate increased the amount of free amino acids to about 100 µg. per g. after 3 days. Concentrations declined after 3 days but still were 4 to 5 times that of the untreated control after 2 weeks' incubation. Glutamic acid was the dominant amino acid in all treated soils. Rhizosphere soil did not differ quantitatively from nonrhizosphere in samples treated with glucose, although a greater variety of ninhydrin reacting compounds was encountered in rhizosphere soil. Treated soils incubated at 20% field moisture capacity differed little in free amino acids from those held at 30%. The features of the free amino acid fraction are discussed.
Effect of Saline Water on the Growth and Chemical Composition of Beans: II. Influence of Soil Acidity
Authors: Lunin J. , Gallatin M. H. , Batchelder A. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the relationship between soil acidity and salinity on the growth and chemical composition of snap beans.One experiment was carried out on a Sassafras soil limed to give three pH levels. During the growth of the crop, four 1‐inch irrigations of dilute synthetic sea water having EC values of 2, 4, and 8 mmhos./cm. were applied as well as demineralized water. Growth depression with increasing salinity was greatest on the most acid soil. Increasing salinity depressed pH values and increased the availability of manganese in the soil and its uptake by the plant. Liming had the reverse effect.The second experiment was conducted on the Portsmouth soil limed to give four levels of base saturation. Increasing salinity decreased soil pH but did not increase the availability of Fe, Al, or Mn to a level which might depress plant growth. Liming increased the yield of beans but no significant interaction between base saturation and salinity on yields was obtained. The chemical composition of the plant was more closely associated with the composition of the soil solution than the exchangeable cation composition. In some instances the interaction between salinity and base saturation treatments on plant composition was significant.
Characterization of the Sinai Soils
Authors: Wilding L. P. , Westin F. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Sinai series comprises well‐drained Chernozem soils developed in calcareous, finely stratified, glaciolacustrine, silty clay loam and silty clay sediments. These soils occupy the nearly level to gently sloping tops of mesa‐like hills interlaced with a more or less continuous, moat‐like pattern of colluvial‐alluvial drains and swales. The profile has some characteristics of youthful grumusols. It consists of a black, granular A1 horizon; dark grayish‐brown or olive brown, compound prismatic‐subangular blocky B2 horizons; mottled light olive brown, prismatic B3ca horizons; and mottled light olive brown, laminated Cca or Dca horizons. Many vertical, dark‐colored tongues of A1 material extend into the B3ca horizons. Laboratory analyses of three profiles sampled in the northern, central, and southern areas of the Prairie Coteau of eastern South Dakota indicate that the northern samples contain greater quantities of organic carbon and total nitrogen than the southern samples. Field studies indicate that the southern soils have browner Ap and B2 horizons, more strongly developed B2 and B2ca horizons, and structural development to greater depths than the central or northern Sinai soils. These morphological and chemical differences are attributed to climatic and vegetative variations during their genesis.
Lithosolic Solodized‐Solonetz Soils in Southwestern South Dakota
Authors: White E. M. , Papendick R. I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSolonetzic soils with thin calcareous sola occur in southwestern South Dakota. These profiles develop from sodium‐rich calcareous bedrock shortly after the bedrock is exposed by erosion. Dispersion and column formation probably occur when most soluble salts are leached. However, there is some Na2CO3 and the pH is high so CaCO3 solubility is reduced. Chestnut soils evolve if there is sufficient mineral‐mound Ca to replace the exchangeable Na. Otherwise, solodized‐Solonetz soils form without the aid of a fluctuating water table.
The Effects of Different Methods of Cornstalk Residue Management on Runoff and Erosion as Evaluated by Simulated Rainfall
Authors: Mannering J. V. , Meyer L. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of three methods of cornstalk residue management on runoff and erosion were studied in the field on a Warsaw loam of 4 to 4½% slope and a Russell silt loam of 3 to 3½% slope. These methods were: (1) cornstalks as left by a cornpicker (check), (2) cornstalks shredded after corn was picked, and (3) cornstalks shredded and disked once. Simulated rainstorms at a constant intensity of 2.4 inches per hour were applied on each of two successive days by the rainulator, a field‐plot rainfall simulator. Infiltration, runoff, soil content of the runoff, and total soil loss were determined for both locations. Soil losses from the shredded treatment were < ½ the losses from the check treatment for both soil types. Since runoff from the two treatments were nearly identical, the reduction in soil loss was due to the lower soil content of the runoff. Soil losses from the shredded‐plus‐disked treatment were between those of the check and shredded treatments. Conclusions were (1) that shredding cornstalks in the fall can reduce soil losses significantly during the winter months and (2) that disking shredded cornstalks is undesirable from a soil conservation standpoint.
Plant Uptake and Fate of Soil‐Applied Zinc
Authors: Brown A. L. , Krantz B. A. , Martin P. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGreenhouse assays on 53 soils using sweet corn harvested in the vegetative state as an indicator crop showed 84% of the soils containing 0.55 ppm. or less dithizone‐extractable Zn responded to soil‐applied ZnSO4. Likewise, 76% of those above 0.55 ppm. dithizone‐extractable Zn did not respond to Zn applications. Generally Zn concentration in plants and total uptake increased with increasing rates of applied Zn. The average recovery of the applied Zn from 5 and 25 pounds per acre was 9.0 and 4.8%, respectively. Approximately 35% of the soil‐applied Zn was found as dithizone‐extractable after plants were harvested. Soil samples from several fields to which ZnSO4 had been applied indicated there may be a residual effect for several years. Laboratory studies with soil columns showed there was practically no downward movement of Zn as a result of leaching.
The Effects of Water and Fertilizer on Loblolly and Slash Pine Seedlings
Authors: Walker Laurence C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSlash pine and loblolly pine seedlings in a Bladen clay loam soil were treated with water at four levels, from 4 inches above the ground to 4 inches below, for 2 years. Superimposed on these water treatments were three fertilizer levels to determine if fertilization in the presence of adequate and excessive moisture may result in growth responses and if fertilization may aid seedlings to overcome deleterious effects of high water tables.Survival, height growth, needle length, foliage color, and foliar N, P, and K were influenced by both water and fertility levels. Draining these plastic soils of the Southeastern Tidewater area to depths of 4 inches below ground is recommended. Growth of both species during their first 2 years was increased appreciably by a spring application of 1000 pounds per acre of 8‐8‐8 plus 100 pounds per acre of a mixture of trace elements.
The Influence of Soil Moisture Regime and Phosphorus Source on the Response of Alfalfa to Phosphorus
Authors: Beaton J. D. , Gough Neville A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe influence of soil moisture regimes and P sources on the response of alfalfa to P was studied in the growth chamber. Surface samples of two calcareous British Columbia soils, Machete stony sandy loam and the Nisconlith clay loam were used. Alfalfa yield and P uptake were highest when soil moisture tension was allowed to reach a maximum of 2.0 bars and subsequently reduced to 0.2 bars. The P sources were almost equally available with this regime.Calcium metaphosphate and anhydrous dicalcium phosphate produced the highest yields. P content of alfalfa was highest with monoammonium phosphate on the Machete soil. Monocalcium phosphate resulted in the highest tissue P with the Nisconlith soil. Amount of P removed from the soil, with the exception of hydroxyapatitc, was not markedly influenced by P source. Hydroxyapatitetreated soil released the lowest amount of NaHCO3‐extractable P.
The Influence of Microclimate on the Morphology of Certain Soils of the Allegheny Plateau of Ohio
Authors: Finney H. R. , Holowaychuk N. , Heddleson M. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTransect studies of soil sequences have been made across four northwest‐southeast oriented valleys in southeastern Ohio. In general, soils occurring on southwestfacing slopes have an appreciably thinner A1 and more strongly developed A2 and B horizons than in the soils on the northeast‐facing slopes. The upper solum of the soils on the southwest facing slopes is also more acid and has wider C/N ratios. The differences noted in the soils appear to be closely related to the different microclimatic regimes and associated differences in vegetation. Physical and chemical data on soils are included.
The Effects of Rainfall Intensity on Soil Structure and Migration of Colloidal Materials in Soils
Authors: Bertrand A. R. , Sor Kamil 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper presents the effects of rainfall energy on the clay content, specific surface, aggregate stability, and organic matter content of the several layers of three soil types.After 30 minutes of simulated rainfall at an intensity of 1.6 inches per hour the magnitudes of the above properties of the first layer (0 to 1.5 cm.) decreased considerably, while these properties of the sublayers (1.5 to 12.0 cm.) did not change. After 30 minutes of rainfall at 2.8 and 4.0 inches per hour, the decrease in the magnitudes of these soil properties in the first layer was greater than that occurring under the 1.6 inches per hour rainfall. Thirty minutes of rainfall with intensities of 2.8 and 4.0 inches per hour changed the physical properties of the second layer (1.5 to 3.0 cm.) somewhat, although not of the same magnitude as they were changed in the top layer. The effects of 2.8 and 4.0 inches per hour rainfall were about equal in magnitude, while the effects of 1.6 inches per hour were lower.Clays labeled with Rb86 migrated in soil profiles during the application of rainfall. About 1% of the clay migrated to a depth of 3 cm. At about 7.5 cm. the radioactivity of the soil was equal to the background.
Effect of Moisture Content on Tensile Strength of Unsaturated Glass Bead Systems
Authors: Vomocil J. A. , Waldron L. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMeasurements were made of the applied tensile stress necessary to cause tensile failure of partially saturated samples of uniform sized glass beads.Stress was applied by constraining a sample in a specially designed centrifuge head. The nature of the constraint and the position of the sample in the mount placed a tensile stress on the cylindrical sample. The stress was calculated from the centrifuge speed at sample failure.The glass beads were cohesionless, i.e., when dry their interparticle attraction was essentially zero. The tensile strength of the partially saturated systems could therefore by analyzed in terms of the surface tension of the water films and the hydrostatic pressure of water bodies at contact points.The theoretical tensile strengths do not agree with the experimental if the hydrostatic pressure is taken as the pressure used to desaturate the sample. Better agreement is obtained if the hydrostatic pressure used in the theoretical calculation is that predicted by capillary theory from observed water content.
Ionic Properties of Mica Surfaces
Authors: McDowell L. L. , Marshall C. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeven micas were studied; muscovite, rose muscovite, phlogopite, margarite, biotite, lepidomelane, and a vermiculite‐biotite. Curves connecting selectivity number Ks with surface cationic composition were obtained for Li‐Na, Li‐Rb, Li‐Cs, Ba‐Ca, and Ba‐Sr exchange equilibria. The polyfunctional character of the surfaces is well shown in the monovalent series. Cesium is held less firmly than rubidium at biotite, vermiculite‐biotite and lepidomelane surfaces, and more firmly only in the case of phlogopite. Margarite is entirely different from the other micas, in showing a high bonding for lithium, and an order NH4 < Cs < Na < K < Rb. Potentiometric results, using clay membrane and silver electrodes, were obtained for Na+, Ag+ and Ca++ in 0.5% suspensions of the micas. The bonding energy curves also show the polyfunctional character of mica surfaces.
Soil Temperature and Soil Freezing as Affected by an Organic Mulch
Authors: Kohnke Helmut , Werkhoven C. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTemperatures and the occurrence of freezing and thawing of mulched and bare soil at 1‐, 4‐, and 10‐inch depths were recorded during a 5‐year period. A silt loam of fair drainage with a slight southern slope near Lafayette, Indiana was selected.Average daily temperatures of mulched and bare soil varied only slightly: in winter the mulched soil was warmer by 1° or 2°F. This difference increased to 3° or 4°F. in the summer. Daily temperature fluctuations at the 1‐inch depth were twice as large in the bare soil as in the mulched soil. In the spring the soil temperature maxima reached favorable corn germination levels about 2 weeks earlier in the bare than in the mulched soil. At the 1‐inch depth the frequency of freezing and thawing was 3.6 times as great in the bare soil as in the mulched soil. At the lower depths these differences were less intense.Twice as much total heat energy reached the one‐inch depth in the bare soil as in the mulched soil but the net heat energy retained was essentially identical in both treatments.
Magnesium Nutrition of Avocados under Sand Culture Conditions
Authors: Bingham Frank T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMagnesium deficiency symptoms and associated leaf analysis were produced with Hass variety avocado trees grown under sand culture conditions during a 5‐year experiment. Correction of the deficiency by foliar sprays of Mg(NO3)2 was compared with root feeding with soluble MgSO4. Although some response to sprays was observed, it was concluded to be impractical. Deficiency was associated with leaf values of 0.20% Mg or less, with 0.10% indicative of an acute deficiency. Normal ranges are 0.30 to 0.60% Mg.
The Effects of Various Rates of Surface Mulch on Infiltration and Erosion
Authors: Mannering J. V. , Meyer L. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of six rates of applied wheat straw mulch on infiltration and erosion were studied on a highly permeable Wea silt loam with 5% slope. Series of simulated rainstorms totaling 6.25 inches at an intensity of 2.5 inches per hour were used to evaluate the treatments. Mulch applications of 1, 2, and 4 tons per acre maintained very high infiltration rates resulting in essentially no erosion. The ¼‐ and ½‐ton mulch application lost 3 tons and 1 ton of soil per acre, respectively, whereas the check (no mulch) treatment lost 12 tons per acre. Benefits which were indicated from the mulching were: (1) reduced soil surface sealing as evidenced by higher infiltration rates, and (2) decreased rainfall and runoff energy for particle detachment and transport as evidenced by reduced soil content in the runoff.