bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Challenges on the path to cultural safety in nursing education
Authors: Arieli D. , Friedman V.J. , Hirschfeld M.J. 
Published: March 2012

ARIELI D., FRIEDMAN V.J. & HIRSCHFELD M.J. (2012) Challenges on the path to cultural safety in nursing education. International Nursing Review59, 187–193Aim:  The purpose of this study is to identify central challenges to be addressed in cultural safety education.Background:  In recent years, the idea of cultural safety has received increased attention as a way of dealing with diversity in the nursing profession, especially in divided societies. The idea of cultural safety goes beyond recognizing and appreciating difference, to an attempt to grappling with deeper issues like inequality, conflict and histories of oppression.Methods:  The paper is based on formative evaluation, using action research, of an academic nursing programme in Israel, involving Jewish and Arab students. Part of this research dealt with the integration of cultural safety education into the curriculum.Findings:  The study revealed four challenges in cultural safety education: making it safe for minorities to present their culture to the majority group (‘the ambassador's dilemma’), dealing with tendency of groups to deny the existence of conflict (‘the one big happy family fantasy’), making dynamics of oppression discussable (‘the oppressed and the oppressor’) and creating conditions in which people can freely choose their individual and group identities (‘the threat of identity’).Conclusion:  Cultural safety education may be experienced as unsafe for many participants. Better understanding of the challenges of cultural safety education is necessary for making it more effective.
A disarmingly simple idea? Practical bottlenecks in the implementation of a universal basic income
Authors: De Wispelaere Jurgen , Stirton Lindsay 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis article considers the implementation of a universal basic income, a neglected area in basic income research. We identify and examine three important practical bottlenecks that may prevent a basic income scheme from attaining the universal reach desired and proclaimed by its advocates: i) maintaining a population‐wide cadaster of eligible claimants ensuring full takeup; ii) instituting robust modalities of payment that reach all intended beneficiaries; and iii) designing an effective oversight mechanism in a policy context that actively opposes client monitoring. We argue that the implementation of universal basic income faces unique challenges that its proponents must consider carefully.
Clinical, dermoscopic and reflectance confocal microscopy features of sebaceous neoplasms in Muir–Torre syndrome
Authors: Moscarella E. , Argenziano G. , Longo C. , Cota C. , Ardigò M. , Stigliano V. , Mete L.S. , Donati P. , Piana S. , Silipo V. , Catricalà C. , Albertini G. , Zalaudek I. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackground  Muir–Torre syndrome (MTS) is an autosomal‐dominant disorder characterized by the association of sebaceous tumors or keratoacanthomas with an early onset visceral cancer in the spectrum of Lynch syndrome.Observations  A total of 20 sebaceous tumors including 18 sebaceous adenoma and two sebaceomas of six patients with MTS were analysed. Two main clinico‐dermoscopic features were observed: (1) clinically pink to white papules/nodules with a central crater, dermoscopically characterized by radially arranged, elongated crown vessels surrounding opaque structureless yellow areas at times covered by blood crusts (n = 13) and (2), clinically pink to yellow papules/nodules without a central crater, dermoscopically exhibiting a few, loosely arranged yellow comedo‐like globules and branching arborizing vessels (n = 7). Confocal microscopy was available in three sebaceous adenomas and revealed a good histopathologic correlation; sebaceous lobules were composed by clusters of ovoid cells with dark nuclei and bright, highly refractile glistening cytoplasm. They were delimited by a rim of epithelial cells, corresponding to basaloid cells.Conclusions  A better characterization of clinical, dermoscopic and confocal microscopy features of sebaceous tumors may improve their recognition and consequently, aid to rise the suspect for MTS.
Civic or ethnic nation? Two competing concepts in interwar Latvia
Authors: Germane Marina 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis article examines the historical development of the two different concepts of the Latvian nation: the one that included the equal participation of all ethnic groups residing in Latvia, and the one that put them at the margins of the new state. In 1919, citizenship was granted to all Latvian residents irrespective of their ethnicity, while the Law on Minorities' Schools established a framework for cultural autonomy. National unity was perceived as being crucial to state independence, and remained central to political debates in the first republic. However, similarly to elsewhere in Central and Eastern Europe, the creation of the political nation faced a number of serious domestic and international challenges. The worldwide economic depression and the parliamentary crisis of the 1930s finally tipped the scale in favour of the ethnic version of the Latvian nation. Nevertheless, even seventy years later, the brave multicultural experiment in this small Baltic country resonates with modern debates on nation‐building and minority rights.
Longitudinal vitamin D status in pregnancy and the risk of pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Wei SQ , Audibert F , Hidiroglou N , Sarafin K , Julien P , Wu Y , Luo ZC , Fraser WD 
Published: March 2012

Please cite this paper as: Dr Wei SQ, Audibert F, Hidiroglou N, Sarafin K, Julien P, Wu Y, Luo ZC, Fraser WD. Longitudinal vitamin D status in pregnancy and the risk of pre‐eclampsia. BJOG 2012;119:832–839.Objective  Whether vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy is a cause of pre‐eclampsia remains controversial. Most previous studies to date have assessed exposure at only one time‐point in pregnancy. We assessed longitudinal vitamin D status during pregnancy and the risk of pre‐eclampsia.Design  Prospective cohort study.Setting  Seventeen urban obstetric hospitals, Canada.Population  Pregnant women who were participants in a trial of vitamin C and E supplementation for the prevention of pre‐eclampsia. Canadian participants who consented to participate in a biobank with plasma specimens available at the baseline visit were included (n = 697).Methods  Maternal plasma 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations were measured at 12–18 and 24–26 weeks of gestation using chemiluminescence immunoassay.Main outcome measures  Pre‐eclampsia.Results  Of the women, 39% were vitamin D deficient (25(OH)D <50 nmol/l). A strong positive correlation was observed in maternal 25(OH)D concentrations between the two gestational age windows (r = 0.69, P < 0.0001). Mean maternal 25(OH)D concentrations at 24–26 weeks of gestation were significantly lower in women who subsequently developed pre‐eclampsia compared with those who did not (mean ± SD: 48.9 ± 16.8 versus 57.0 ± 19.1 nmol/l, P = 0.03). Women with 25(OH)D < 50 nmol/l at 24–26 weeks gestation experienced an increased risk of pre‐eclampsia (adjusted odds ratio 3.24, 95% confidence interval 1.37–7.69), whereas the association was not statistically significant for maternal 25(OH)D level at 12–18 weeks of gestation.Conclusions  Lower maternal 25(OH)D levels at late mid‐trimester were associated with an increased risk of pre‐eclampsia.
Implementation of Web 2.0 services in academic, medical and research libraries: a scoping review
Authors: Gardois Paolo , Colombi Nicoletta , Grillo Gaetano , Villanacci Maria C. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackground:  Academic, medical and research libraries frequently implement Web 2.0 services for users. Several reports notwithstanding, characteristics and effectiveness of services are unclear.Objectives:  To find out: the Web 2.0 services implemented by medical, academic and research libraries; study designs, measures and types of data used in included articles to evaluate effectiveness; whether the identified body of literature is amenable to a systematic review of results.Methods:  Scoping review mapping the literature on the topic. Searches were performed in 19 databases. Inclusion criteria: research articles in English, Italian, German, French and Spanish (publication date ≥2006) about Web 2.0 services for final users implemented by academic, medical and research libraries. Reviewers’ agreement was measured by Cohen’s kappa. From a data set of 6461 articles, 255 (4%) were coded and analysed.Results:  Conferencing/chat/instant messaging, blogging, podcasts, social networking, wikis and aggregators were frequently examined. Services were mainly targeted at general academic users of English‐speaking countries.Conclusions:  Data prohibit a reliable estimate of the relative frequency of implemented Web 2.0 services. Case studies were the prevalent design. Most articles evaluated different outcomes using diverse assessment methodologies. A systematic review is recommended to assess the effectiveness of such services.
Pcp4l1 contains an auto‐inhibitory element that prevents its IQ motif from binding to calmodulin
Authors: Morgan Marc A. J. , Morgan James I. 
Published: March 2012

J. Neurochem. (2012) 121, 843–851.AbstractPurkinje cell protein 4‐like 1 (Pcp4l1) is a small neuronal IQ motif protein closely related to the calmodulin‐binding protein Pcp4/PEP‐19. PEP‐19 interacts with calmodulin via its IQ motif to inhibit calmodulin‐dependent enzymes and we hypothesized Pcp4l1 would have similar properties. Surprisingly, full‐length Pcp4l1 does not interact with calmodulin in yeast two‐hybrid or pulldown experiments yet a synthetic peptide constituting only the IQ motif of Pcp4l1 binds calmodulin and inhibits calmodulin‐dependent kinase II. A nine‐residue glutamic acid‐rich sequence in Pcp4l1 confers these unexpected properties. This element lies outside the IQ motif and its deletion or exchange with the homologous region of PEP‐19 restores calmodulin binding. Conversion of a single isoleucine (Ile36) within this motif to phenylalanine, the residue present in PEP‐19, imparts calmodulin binding onto Pcp4l1. Moreover, only aromatic amino acid substitutions at position 36 in Pcp4l1 allow binding. Thus, despite their sequence similarities PEP‐19 and Pcp4l1 have distinct properties with the latter harboring an element that can functionally suppress an IQ motif. We speculate Pcp4l1 may be a latent calmodulin inhibitor regulated by post‐translational modification and/or co‐factor interactions.
What would 5‐HT do? Regional diversity of 5‐HT1 receptor modulation of primary afferent neurotransmission
Authors: Connor Mark 
Published: March 2012

5‐HT (serotonin) is a significant modulator of sensory input to the CNS, but the only analgesics that selectively target G‐protein‐coupled 5‐HT receptors are highly specific for treatment of headache. Two recent papers in BJP shed light on this puzzling situation by showing that primary afferent neurotransmission to the superficial layers of the spinal and trigeminal dorsal is inhibited by different subtypes of the 5‐HT1 receptor – 5‐HT1B(and 1D) in the trigeminal dorsal horn and 5‐HT1A in the spinal dorsal horn. The inputs being studied probably include nociceptive afferents, and the similarities of the methods employed in the two studies minimize the possibility that the different findings are an experimental artefact. Rather, the findings raise interesting questions about the possible anatomical or functional basis for the apparent regional selectivity of 5‐HT1 receptor actions, and whether these differences could be exploited for therapy. The results also emphasize the relative lack of information we have about the molecular details of the pro‐ or anti‐nociceptive actions of 5‐HT itself on primary afferent neurotransmission.LINKED ARTICLE This article is a commentary on Choi et al., pp. 356–367 of this issue. To view this paper visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2012.01964.x
Cognitive Barriers to Readiness to Change in Alcohol‐Dependent Patients
Authors: Le Berre Anne‐Pascale , Vabret François , Cauvin Céline , Pinon Karine , Allain Philippe , Pitel Anne‐Lise , Eustache Francis , Beaunieux Hélène 
Published: March 2012

BackgroundPatients' personal investment and readiness to change have proved to be a prerequisite for the successful treatment of alcohol addiction. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of cognitive functions to the motivation process to abandon maladjusted behavior in favor of a healthier lifestyle.MethodsAn adapted version of the “readiness to change” questionnaire was completed by 31 alcohol‐dependent patients after detoxification and at alcohol treatment entry. This tool is designed to assess the 3 main stages of motivation to change regarding alcohol consumption: precontemplation (substance abuse and no intention to stop drinking), contemplation (strong intention to change habits but ambivalent behavior), and action (cessation of excessive alcohol consumption and behavioral changes for healthier habits) stages. Patients and 37 healthy controls also underwent an extensive neuropsychological battery including episodic memory, metamemory, executive functions, and decision‐making assessment.ResultsWhen alcohol‐dependent patients were considered as a group, the mean score on the action subscale was significantly higher than the precontemplation and contemplation ones. Nevertheless, when the stage of change reached by each patient was considered individually, we found that some alcohol‐dependent patients were still in the earlier precontemplation and contemplation stages. Stepwise regression analysis revealed links between impaired memory and executive functions and low motivation, and between good decision‐making skills and high motivation.ConclusionsOur results suggest that a set of complementary cognitive abilities is needed to achieve awareness and resolve ambivalence toward alcohol addiction, which is essential for activating the desire to change problematic behavior.
Formation of Phosphatidylethanol and Its Subsequent Elimination During an Extensive Drinking Experiment Over 5 Days
Authors: Gnann Heike , Weinmann Wolfgang , Thierauf Annette 
Published: March 2012

BackgroundFor almost 30 years, phosphatidylethanol (PEth) has been known as a direct marker of alcohol consumption. This marker stands for consumption in high amounts and for a longer time period, but it has been also detected after 1 high single intake of ethanol (EtOH). The aim of this study was to obtain further information about the formation and elimination of PEth 16:0/18:1 by simulating extensive drinking.MethodsAfter 3 weeks of alcohol abstinence, 11 test persons drank an amount of EtOH leading to an estimated blood ethanol concentration of 1 g/kg on each of 5 successive days. After the drinking episode, they stayed abstinent for 16 days with regular blood sampling. PEth 16:0/18:1 analysis was performed using liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (high‐performance liquid chromatography 1100 system and QTrap 2000 triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer. Values of blood alcohol were obtained using a standardized method with headspace gas chromatography flame ionization detector.ResultsMaximum measured concentrations of EtOH were 0.99 to 1.83 g/kg (mean 1.32 g/kg). These values were reached 1 to 3 hours after the start of drinking (mean 1.9 hours). For comparison, 10 of 11 volunteers had detectable PEth 16:0/18:1 values 1 hour after the start of drinking, ranging from 45 to 138 ng/ml PEth 16:0/18:1. Over the following days, concentrations of PEth 16:0/18:1 increased continuously and reached the maximum concentrations of 74 to 237 ng/ml between days 3 and 6.ConclusionsThis drinking experiment led to measurable PEth concentrations. However, PEth 16:0/18:1 concentrations stayed rather low compared with those of alcohol abusers from previous studies.
Delays in Auditory Processing Identified in Preschool Children with FASD
Authors: Stephen Julia M. , Kodituwakku Piyadasa W. , Kodituwakku Elizabeth L. , Romero Lucinda , Peters Amanda M. , Sharadamma Nirupama M. , Caprihan Arvind , Coffman Brian A. 
Published: March 2012

BackgroundBoth sensory and cognitive deficits have been associated with prenatal exposure to alcohol; however, very few studies have focused on sensory deficits in preschool‐aged children. As sensory skills develop early, characterization of sensory deficits using novel imaging methods may reveal important neural markers of prenatal alcohol exposure.MethodsParticipants in this study were 10 children with a fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) and 15 healthy control (HC) children aged 3 to 6 years. All participants had normal hearing as determined by clinical screens. We measured their neurophysiological responses to auditory stimuli (1,000 Hz, 72 dB tone) using magnetoencephalography (MEG). We used a multidipole spatio‐temporal modeling technique to identify the location and timecourse of cortical activity in response to the auditory tones. The timing and amplitude of the left and right superior temporal gyrus sources associated with activation of left and right primary/secondary auditory cortices were compared across groups.ResultsThere was a significant delay in M100 and M200 latencies for the FASD children relative to the HC children (p = 0.01), when including age as a covariate. The within‐subjects effect of hemisphere was not significant. A comparable delay in M100 and M200 latencies was observed in children across the FASD subtypes.ConclusionsAuditory delay revealed by MEG in children with FASDs may prove to be a useful neural marker of information processing difficulties in young children with prenatal alcohol exposure. The fact that delayed auditory responses were observed across the FASD spectrum suggests that it may be a sensitive measure of alcohol‐induced brain damage. Therefore, this measure in conjunction with other clinical tools may prove useful for early identification of alcohol affected children, particularly those without dysmorphia.
Opposing Actions of Ethanol and Nicotine on MicroRNAs are Mediated by Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Fetal Cerebral Cortical–Derived Neural Progenitor Cells
Authors: Balaraman Sridevi , Winzer‐Serhan Ursula H. , Miranda Rajesh C. 
Published: March 2012

BackgroundEthanol (EtOH) and nicotine are often co‐abused. However, their combined effects on fetal neural development, particularly on fetal neural stem cells (NSCs), which generate most neurons of the adult brain during the second trimester of pregnancy, are poorly understood. We previously showed that EtOH influenced NSC maturation in part, by suppressing the expression of specific microRNAs (miRNAs). Here, we tested in fetal NSCs the extent to which EtOH and nicotine coregulated known EtOH‐sensitive (miR‐9, miR‐21, miR‐153, and miR‐335), a nicotine‐sensitive miRNA (miR‐140‐3p), and mRNAs for nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits. Additionally, we tested the extent to which these effects were nAChR dependent.MethodsGestational day 12.5 mouse fetal murine cerebral cortical–derived neurosphere cultures were exposed to EtOH, nicotine, and mecamylamine, a noncompetitive nAChR antagonist, individually or in combination, for short (24 hour) and long (5 day) periods, to mimic exposure during the in vivo period of neurogenesis. Levels of miRNAs, miRNA‐regulated transcripts, and nAChR subunit mRNAs were assessed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.ResultsEtOH suppressed the expression of known EtOH‐sensitive miRNAs and miR‐140‐3p, while nicotine at concentrations attained by cigarette smokers induced a dose‐related increase in these miRNAs. Nicotine's effect was blocked by EtOH and by mecamylamine. Finally, EtOH decreased the expression of nAChR subunit mRNAs and, like mecamylamine, prevented the nicotine‐associated increase in α4 and β2 nAChR transcripts.ConclusionsEtOH and nicotine exert mutually antagonistic, nAChR‐mediated effects on teratogen‐sensitive miRNAs in fetal NSCs. These data suggest that concurrent exposure to EtOH and nicotine disrupts miRNA regulatory networks that are important for NSC maturation.
Higher Medical Morbidity Burden Is Associated with External Locus of Control
Authors: Henninger Debra E. , Whitson Heather E. , Cohen Harvey J. , Ariely Dan 
Published: March 2012

ObjectivesTo describe the association between an increasing number of coexisting conditions and locus of control (LOC), a psychological construct reflecting the degree to which one perceives circumstances to be controlled by personal actions (internal LOC) versus outside factors (external LOC) in older adults.DesignCross‐sectional study using survey data from the North Carolina Established Population for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (NC EPESE) data set.SettingCommunity.ParticipantsThree thousand two hundred twelve community‐dwelling adults aged 68 and older.MeasurementsNine common medical conditions were assessed according to self‐report. LOC was measured using a standard questionnaire. Analyses were adjusted for demographics, functional status (self‐reported activities of daily living), cognition (Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire), and depression score (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale).ResultsA higher number of chronic conditions was associated with external LOC (β = 0.37, P < .001). This relationship persisted after adjustment for age, race, sex, functional status, cognition, and depression (β = 0.17, P < .001). Most individual conditions were not associated with LOC, although vision impairment (P < .001) and arthritis (P = .02) were associated with more‐internal LOC.ConclusionThese results suggest that medically complex patients tend to exhibit a more‐external LOC, meaning that they perceive little personal control over circumstances and environment. Clinicians should be aware of this tendency, because external LOC may impede an older adult's willingness to engage in the considerable task of managing multiple chronic conditions.
Metformin, Other Antidiabetic Drugs, and Risk of Alzheimer's Disease: A Population‐Based Case–Control Study
Authors: Imfeld Patrick , Bodmer Michael , Jick Susan S. , Meier Christoph R. 
Published: March 2012

ObjectivesTo explore the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) in individuals with diabetes mellitus treated with metformin or other antidiabetic drugs.DesignCase–control study.SettingThe United Kingdom–based General Practice Research Database (GPRD), a well‐established primary care database.ParticipantsSeven thousand eighty‐six individuals aged 65 and older with an incident diagnosis of AD identified between 1998 and 2008 and the same number of matched controls without dementia. Matching criteria were age, sex, general practice, calendar time, and years of history in the database.MeasurementsComparison of previous use of metformin or other antidiabetic drugs between cases and controls and calculation of corresponding odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), using conditional logistic regression. Risk estimates were stratified according to duration of use and adjusted for potential confounders.ResultsAs compared with nonusers, long‐term users of 60 or more metformin prescriptions were at greater risk of developing AD (adjusted OR (AOR) = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.12–2.60), but there was no consistent trend with increasing number of prescriptions. Long‐term use of other antidiabetic drugs such as sulfonylureas (AOR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.72–1.42), thiazolidinediones (AOR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.31–2.40), or insulin (AOR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.58–1.73) was not related to an altered risk of developing AD.ConclusionLong‐term use of sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, or insulin was not associated with an altered risk of developing AD. There was a suggestion of a slightly higher risk of AD in long‐term users of metformin.