bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Articulation-Based Rules in Speech Synthesis
Authors: Ramasubramanian N. , Thosar R.B. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
A phoneme is defined as a set of steady state characteristics, articulatory or acoustic, of a speech sound in a given time slot (segment). The generation of continuous speech from a given string of phonemes in a message is obtained through concatenation processes which are realized in terms of concatenation rules. These rules are used to assign actual values to the concatenation parameters (duration, etc.). The selection of the rules in a given context depends upon the attributes assigned to each of the phonemes. Finally, it is emphasized that it does not matter whether one makes use of articulatory or distinctive feature attributes in the concatenation rules.
Distributionelle Phonemähnlichkeit
Authors: Lehfeldt W. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The author of this paper develops a measure for distributional similarity between phonemes, which can be applied to dichotomous data. The phonemes of a language are classified on the basis of their distributional similarity. The classification is interpreted by means of a classificatory key in terms of distinctive features. The author develops a measure in order to evaluate the degree of concordance between classification and classificatory key. Finally, the author shows how the feature of distributional similarity between phonemes can be adopted for the comparison of languages. All devices are demonstrated by use of material drawn from the Roumanian language.
Sprachtypologie und die Rekonstruktion der gemeinindogermanischen Verschlüsse
Authors: Gamkrelidze T. , Ivanov V. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Typological considerations both of phonemic structure and of phonemic change call for a restatement of the system of primitive Indo-European stops. The two series so far taken to be voiced and voiceless are reinterpreted as glottalized and voiceless aspirate, respectively. The languages believed to have undergone major consonant shifts (Germanic, Armenian, Hittite) turn out to be very conservative as far as their consonant systems are concerned.
Über die Wechselbeziehung zwischen Verschluß- und Reibelauten im Phonemsystem
Authors: Gamkrelidze T. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Bundles of distinctive features (phonemes) are classified as more or less strongly marked, depending on their commonness in the languages of the world. In the voice correlation, /g γ\ are marked, /b v/ unmarked in the voiced series. In the voiceless series, /p f/ are marked, /k x/ unmarked. Among the dental fricatives, /Θ ð/ are more strongly marked than /s z/. The existence of /p g/ implies redundancy of /f γ and inversely.
Some Mechanical Properties of Lower Lip Movement During Speech Production
Authors: Abbs James H. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
In an attempt to describe the mechanical properties of lower lip movement during speech production, EMG activity from the orbicularis oris inferior and depressor labii inferior muscles was observed along with jaw-independent movement of the lower lip in the inferior-superior dimension. A simple analog computer was employed to aid in the determination of this EMG movement transfer function. The results of the analysis suggested that one predominant mechanical limitation on lower lip movement in the inferior-superior dimension is the viscosity of muscle contraction, which varies most directly with the rate of active muscle shortening. There was also evidence of an elastic component which acted, in part, as an energy storage element to return the lip to the closure position.
Asymmetrie der Distribution linguistischer Einheiten
Authors: Altmann G. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The Harary-Paper distributional calculus is further developed by establishing the probability distributions of distributional aggressivity, attractivity and symmetry of linguistic units and by deriving statistical procedures to evaluate their degree and differences. To minimize the effort of evaluating the differences, a table is given where one can find the results mechanically. The procedure is illustrated by phonological examples.
The Human Vocal Cords: A Mathematical Model
Authors: Titze Ingo R. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
A mathematical model for digital computer simulation of human-like utterances is developed. The overall system consists of a period structure of 16 coupled masses for each of the vocal cords, an 18-section cylindrical tube approximation of the pharynx and mouth, and a similar 12-section nasal tract. Special care has been taken to model separately the functions of the vocal ligament, the vocalic muscle, and the mucosa. Simulated phonation in modal, mixed and falsetto registers is possible. The parameters which control the nature of the phonation are lung pressure, external tension applied to ligament, vocalis, and mucosa, and the internal muscular action of the vocalis. Applications are cited in areas which include vocal physiology, pathology, and pedagogy.
Analyse des variables temporelles du français spontané
Authors: Grosjean François , Deschamps Alain 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This second study of the time variables of spoken French unravels the main values of these variables in a forced language activity (the description of cartoons) and compares them with those found in radio interviews. As regards the primary variables, the difference between these two tasks is highly significant. A comparison with English in respect to a similar description task shows a great similarity at the level of the complex variables and the rate of articulation, but a significant difference in the length of the runs and of unfilled pauses. The comparison of the syntactic distribution of unfilled pauses in interviews and in descriptions shows a similarity in the occurrence of pauses at different syntactic positions (in particular finally and medially in sentences), but an increase in the number of pauses and – by about 100% – of their median length. Finally, a very great stability in the classification by order of size of the secondary variables (other hesitation pauses) is noted, which does not prevent these pauses from being distributed differently and two to three times as frequent in the descriptions.
The Perception of Coarticulated Emphaticness
Authors: Ali Latif H. , Daniloff Raymond G. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This study answers the question whether listeners could identify the presence of an emphatic class of consonants (m, ð, s, t, k), even when tape-splicing removed, from the word, the consonant in question. The speech materials consisted of 14 pairs of meaningful Arabic words contrasted in a single consonant; these consonants were removed from both members of each word pair with their CV- or VC-transitions. The resulting truncated word stems along with a carrier phrase were spliced at random onto a tape for presentation to listeners to predict whether the missing consonants were emphatic or nonem-phatic. Results indicate that the presence of emphatic consonants can be detected; and that emphaticness coarticulated in a left-to-right fashion was detectable, as in right-to-left direction.
Lingual Articulation of Stops in Sindhi
Authors: Nihalani Paroo 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This paper is concerned with the examination of the positions of the supraglottal articulatory organs in the production of Sindhi stops. Phoneticians’ description of sounds is generally based on auditory impressions, and the sounds are classified with the help of the traditional phonetic categories. The articulatory positions have not been examined with the help of any instrumental techniques. Palatography and X-ray photography have therefore been used to confirm the validity of my proprioceptive impressions, and also to demonstrate the precision with which the physiological features of the stop articulations in Sindhi can be described with the help of these techniques.
Acoustic Measurements of the ‘Fake’ Vowel Length and Degrees of Vowel Length in St. Lawrence Island Eskimo
Authors: Koo Jang H. , Badten Linda 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
One peculiarity of St. Lawrence Island Eskimo is the ‘fake’ vowel length which is triggered by stress in a conditioned environment. The degree of the fake vowel length has been neither seriously questioned nor recognized in the Eskimo literature as being distinct, phonetically or phonemically, from the intrinsically long or short vowel. Based on acoustic evidence, the present paper argues that there are, phonetically but not phonemically, three distinct
degrees of vowel length and that the perceptual difficulties in identifying the fake vowel length are primarily due to its unsubstantial contrast with the other degrees of vowel length. Measurements of these vowel lengths were made on spectrographic displays.
Arabic Emphatics: The Evidence for Cultural Determinants of Phonetic Sex-Typing
Authors: Kahn Margaret 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Two studies compare men’s and women’s production of Arabic emphatics (pharyngealized consonants). The results of the first study with native speakers of Cairene Arabic indicate that women show significantly less acoustic differentiation between emphatic and nonemphatic segments. The results of the second study show that while Arab men and women differ significantly in their production of emphatics, American men and women who have been taught Arabic by male speakers are much more similar to each other in the pronunciation of emphatics. Among Arabs, the magnitude difference in formant frequencies between men and women was found to be much greater than anatomically predicted by FANT and the direction of the sex-related formant differences was opposite to FANT’s predictions. The results of these two experiments point toward nonphysiological bases of variation in vowel formants for men and women.
Contributions of Fundamental Frequency and Formant Frequencies to Speaker Identification
Authors: LaRiviere Conrad 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This experiment in aural speaker identification attempts to ascertain the relative contributions of fundamental frequency and formant frequencies. Speech samples were four voiced, whispered, and low-pass filtered isolated vowels produced by eight male speakers. Twelve listeners were asked to make speaker identification choices from these stimuli. Utterances were subjected to acoustic analyses, and the parameters extracted were related to speaker identification confusions by rank order correlation techniques. Results indicate that both fundamental frequency and formant frequencies contribute (approximately equally) to speaker identification judgments.
Phonetic Expectation and Transcription Validity
Authors: Oller Kimbrough , Eilers Rebecca E. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This investigation presents evidence that in phonetic transcription the listener’s interpretation of the meaning of the speech signal influences how he hears it. Listeners who were asked to transcribe the same child speech sequences under two different meaning conditions changed their transcriptions when their interpretation of meaning was changed from treatment I to II. Treatment II transcriptions often included phonetic features which would be expected on the basis of the utterance meaning but were, in fact, not present in the acoustic signal. In most instances, however, knowledge of meaning helped the transcriber to improve his transcription, presumably by directing his attention to features of the signal which he had failed to notice during treatment I.
Tongue Musculature and the Feature of Tension in English Vowels
Authors: Raphael Lawrence J. , Bell-Berti Fredericka 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Electromyographic techniques were employed to discover which, if any, intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles displayed a difference in overall amount of activity corresponding to the traditional tense-lax distinction between members of the English vowel pairs /i - á»Š/, /e - ε/, and /u - û/. Although some muscles revealed a consistent difference, most did not. Even for those muscles where a tense-lax difference was found, the data do not support the notion that tension was a necessary or sufficient differentia of production.
Velopharyngeal Opening in the Formation of Voiced Stops in Sindhi
Authors: Nihalani Paroo 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
It was proprioceptively felt that voiced and aspirated voiced stops in Sindhi are characterized by a slight nasalization. Nasal airflow during the production of voiced stops was therefore measured with a Frøkjaer-Jensen Electro-Aerometer. Results suggest that there is an incomplete velopharyngeal closure which helps to absorb the transglottal airflow and thus prevents the rise in the supraglottal pressure. For the affricated palatal stops of Sindhi, the vocal fold vibrations were, however, maintained by expanding the walls of the supraglottal cavities.
The Features of the Larynx: N-ary or Binary?
Authors: Gandour Jackson T. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Multivalued features have generally not been permitted on the classificatory level of representation by generative phonologists. It is found necessary, however, to posit a multivalued scalar feature ‘glottal width’ on the classificatory level of representation in order to provide a satisfactory explanation of the diachronic tone splits conditioned by the phonation type of the syllable-initial consonants among the languages and dialects of the Tai language family in Southeast Asia. The feature ‘glottal width’ consists of a linearly ordered set of terms along a single physical continuum that extends from the widest open position of the glottis to the fully closed position (i.e. glottal stop). Other proposed sets of laryngeal features are tested against this evidence and found to be inadequate. A binary feature ‘vibrating’ is also proposed within this theoretical framework.
The Neutralization of /ε/-/œ/ in French
Authors: Malécot André , Lindsay Patricia 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This article, the seventh in a series of statistical analyses of a surreptitiously recorded corpus representing 50 half-hour conversations with cultivated middle-class Parisians, deals with the acoustic and articulatory parameters of the present-day product of the neutralization of the former /ε/-/œ/ opposition. A variety of techniques are used to study the question (the measurement of spectrograms, a synthetic speech experiment and high-speed full-face and profile motion pictures). The pronunciation patterns of a representative group of speakers show that the change is now consummated on that level, but that preference patterns are somewhat more conservative. It is furthermore demonstrated that the phenomenon has not developed through the gradual abandonment of /œ/ in favor of /ε/ but rather by a rapprochement of the features of both, with the resulting loss of distinctive lip position.
Systems of Ultimate Phonological Units
Authors: Plotkin V.Y. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The paper upholds the existence of a phonological unit smaller than the phoneme, serving as the component of the latter. This is the linguistic correlate of articulatory movements together with their auditory reflexes, i.e. Baudouin de Courtenay’ kinakeme. The acceptance of the kinakeme as the ultimate phonological unit makes the notion of distinctive phonemic features redundant in linguistic theory. The kinakemes of any given language form a paradigmatic system and combine syntagmatically in phonemes.
The Effect of Linguistic and Paralinguistic Variables on the Elision of the French Mute-e
Authors: Malécot André 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This eighth report on the ‘Paris Project’ deals with a computer-assisted analysis of the frequency of elision among 10,891 mute-e’s in natural conversations as a function of phonetic context (number and nature of consonants contiguous to the /Ó™/, position in utterance, presence of other mute-e’s in contiguous syllables) and selected paralinguistic factors (sex, age, occupation, loudness, articulatory intensity, syllabic rate, degree of formality, attitude and posture vis-à-vis interlocutor, and subject matter). A separate analysis is made for coupled liquid and mute-e elision in cases such as I’autre jour /lot<sub>3</sub>ur/ and pane que /paskÓ™/. Finally, the frequency of occurrence of the hesitation vowel euh is calculated in the three demographic categories indicated above. The results of the investigation reveal a number of new details and indicate some modifications in the traditional rules for its maintenance and elision. The paralinguistic correlates confirm an important discovery that is emerging from our long-range research, namely that in the dialect in question the most diachronically advanced speakers belong to the central age groups (30–59 years), the youngest (20–29) and the oldest (60–69) manifesting marked conservative tendencies.
Labial-Mandibular Coordination in the Production of Speech: Implications for the Operation of Motor Equivalence
Authors: Hughes Olive Marie , Abbs James H. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore select properties of speech movement coordination. Values of displacement for the upper lip, lower lip and jaw were obtained during repetitive productions of three vowels (æ, i, Ε in CVCVC contexts) by six subjects at two speaking rates. These data were analyzed to determine the relative contribution of each of these articulators to the superior-inferior distance between the upper and lower lips. The results of these analyses provided substantive evidence for the operation of motor equivalence in the speech movement coordination of the labial-mandibular system. The theoretical implications of these findings for the neural control mechanisms underlying speech movements are discussed.
The Distribution of /e/-/ε/ in French Verb Endings
Authors: Richman Marie 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This study, the ninth in a series of reports on the ‘Paris Project’, was undertaken to investigate the status of /e/ and /Ε/ in verb endings in the dominant dialect of contemporary French, as it is spoken by educated middle-class Parisians. The data source is a collection of voice spectrograms derived from a corpus of surreptitiously taped conversations of representative speakers. The results show that the traditional /e/–/Ε/ phonemic opposition is still generally maintained, although the phonetic realization of /Ε/ in open syllables is approximately midway between canonical /e/ and /Ε/.
Stress and Tone in the Phonology of Diuxi Mixtec
Authors: Pike Eunice V. , Oram Joy 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Each word in Diuxi Mixtec has a stressed syllable which is marked by a long vowel. In addition to this stress, some words have a second stress. This second stress occurs only on the last syllable of the word and is marked by intensity and by allotones of both high and low tone. There is a contrast of high versus low tone, and there are allotones which occur in relation to the presence versus absence of word-final stress.
An Experimental Investigation of Tone and Intonation in Cantonese
Authors: Vance Timothy J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
It is generally believed that all languages, no matter how tonal, have grammatical intonation of some kind. A fall in pitch at the end of ordinary declarative sentences is thought to be universal. Hong Kong Cantonese has six contrastive tones, two rising and four level, according to the impressionistic account given here. The experimental results presented here indicate that sentence-final tone lowering does occur in Cantonese while contrastive stress apparently does not have a significant effect on pitch. In addition, it appears that although intelligibility is somewhat worse sentence-finally than sentence-medially, the tonal distinctions are not neutralized in final position.
A propos du «VOT»: le cas du bourouchaski
Authors: Marchal A. , Tiffou E. , Warren R. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Our phonetic study of Bourouchaski shows that the homorganic plosives of this language cannot be distinguished by a specific difference in voice onset time (VOT). This finding leads us to the question whether this phonetic feature is of real interest not only for the phonological description of a language, but also in a more general sense for the theory of phonology.
On the Interaction between Tone and Vowel Length: Evidence from Thai Dialects
Authors: Gandour Jack 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The loss of a phonological distinction in vowel length historically among certain Thai dialects (spoken in Thailand) may be seen to be principally conditioned by tone. Available auditory, acoustic and other experimental data on the interaction between tone and vowel (syllable or tone-bearing unit) duration evidenced in several geographically and typologically distinct tone languages point to universal phonetic tendencies having to do with the production of tone. These phonetic tendencies are believed to have caused the changes in vowel duration thus bringing about a change in the phonological status of vowel length – a restructuring of the synchronic phonological systems among dialects and languages of the Tai language family. It is further suggested that the use of indivisible unit-contour tone features leads to an economic, explanatory diachronic and synchronic description of these phenomena.
The L2 Acquisition of /r/
Authors: Wode Henning 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Four German children aged 4–9 learned English as their second language (L2) the natural way, i.e. without formal teaching. They acquired the local L2 /r/ – Which varied from central frictionless continuant to retroflex – in the same developmental sequence. The first non-zero substitute for the L2 /r/ was [w], then a frictionless continuant [É¹] and, finally, a retroflex [r]. Additional evidence from other first-language (LI) and L2 studies suggests that, at least under non-school-room conditions, the L2 acquisition of the various types of r’s is not accomplished by relying on the prior LI /r/. This contrasts sharply with the acquisition of other types of phonetic-phonological elements like the L2 target vowels, plosives, and others, which are first replaced by LI elements.
Tenseness in Vowels: an Ultrasonic Study
Authors: MacKay Ian R.A. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Ultrasonic imaging was used to measure the distance from the external neck wall to the anterior pharyngeal wall (APW). Measurements were made in the centre of the vocalic segment of 50 CVC syllables. 5 ‘tense’ and 5 ‘lax’ vowels of Standard American English were used. The APW was shown to position itself according to a combination of tongue height, frontness and ‘tenseness’ of the vowel, and coarticulation effects of neighbouring consonants. Tense vowels showed APW advancement compared to lax vowels having similar tongue height and frontness. Coarticulation effects depend on voicing and place of articulation. The ultrasonic equipment used is described briefly. Implications for distinctive feature theory are mentioned.
Jointure au niveau glottal (Juncture on Glottal Level)
Authors: Pétursson Magnús 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
In this research, which was made with the photoglottographic method, the possibility was examined that a juncture might influence the glottal movements. No such influence was found which might be exclusively attributed to the presence of a juncture. However, the careful examination of the glottograms shows that the glottal movements cannot be adequately understood solely on the basis of mechanical principles. There must be some other underlying principle and it is argued that this principle be the phoneme.
Perceived Dimensions of 13 Tones: A Multidimensional Scaling Investigation
Authors: Gandour Jackson T. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
24 native speakers of American English made direct ratings of dissimilarity between 13 pitch patterns superimposed on a synthetic speech-like syllable. A multidimensional scaling analysis of the data revealed four perceptual dimensions, which were interpreted as average pitch, endpoint, extreme endpoint and length. The relative importance of these dimensions varied across individual subjects.