bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resilience in maltreated children: Processes leading to adaptive outcome
Authors: Cicchetti Dante , Rogosch Fred A. , Lynch Michael , Holt Kathleen D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractEvidence for resilience, competent functioning despite severe adversity, was investigated in school-age, disadvantaged maltreated (N= 127) and nonmaltreated (N= 79) children attending a summer camp program. Multiple areas of adaptation (social adjustment, risk for school difficulty, psychopathology) were assessed from self, peer, and camp counselor perspectives and school records. A composite index of adaptive functioning was developed, and levels of competence were delineated. Personality dimensions and personal resources, including cognitive maturity, self-esteem, ego-resiliency, and ego-control, were evaluated as mechanisms promoting individual differences in successful adaptation. Maltreated children as a group evidenced lower overall competence when compared to nonmaltreated children. An equal proportion of maltreated and nonmaltreated children, however, demonstrated high levels of competence, whereas more maltreated children than nonmaltreated children evidenced low levels of competence. Ego-resiliency, ego-control, and self-esteem were each found to predict individual differences in competent functioning. Evidence for the differential role of ego-control in promoting competence for maltreated versus nonmaltreated children was found. The results are discussed in terms of mechanisms contributing to resilient outcomes in maltreated children and the implications of the study of resilience for the field of developmental psychopathology.
The role of children's future expectations in self-system functioning and adjustment to life stress: A prospective study of urban at-risk children
Authors: Wyman Peter A. , Cowen Emory L. , Work William C. , Kerley Judy H. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractStudy I examined relationships between an interview measure of children's future expectations and variables reflecting self-system functioning with 136 9–11-year-old urban children exposed to high psychosocial stress. As expected, future expectations related to affect regulation, self-representations, and school adjustment. Study II, done with a subsample of the original group, showed that early positive future expectations predicted enhanced socioemotional adjustment in school and a more internal locus of control 2½–3½ years later and acted as a protective factor in reducing the negative effects of high stress on self-rated competence. These findings: (a) are consistent with prior data showing positive expectations to be characteristic of resilient children; (b) suggest that early positive future expectations influence later adjustment; and (c) underscore the role children have in actively structuring their environments and, thus, influencing their development. The heuristic value of the construct of self for future studies of resilience is suggested, and implications for preventive interventions are considered.
The double edge of protective and risk factors for delinquency: Interrelations and developmental patterns
Authors: Stouthamer-Loeber Magda , Loeber Rolf , Farrington David P. , Zhang Quanwu , van Kammen Welmoet , Maguin Eugene 
Published: September 2009

AbstractProtective and risk factors were examined in three samples, each of about 500 boys. Cross-sectional analyses examined a large number of independent variables for their potential protective and risk effects on different levels of seriousness of boys' delinquency. The results showed that protective and risk effects often co-occurred in the same variables, that few variables had risk effects only, and none had protective effects oniy. Protective effects were as likely to promote nondelinquency as to suppress serious delinquency, whereas risk effects were as likely to suppress nondelinquency as to promote serious delinquency. Certain variables were mostly associated with distinctions between nondelinquency and minor delinquency, other variables were related to the distinction between minor delinquency and serious delinquency, and a third group of variables was associated with both distinctions. Developmental analyses indicated that the magnitude of protective and risk effects increased with age. Implications of the findings for research and clinical practice are discussed.
Resilience is not a unidimensional construct: Insights from a prospective study of inner-city adolescents
Authors: Luthar Suniya S. , Doernberger Carol H. , Zigler Edward 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe maintenance of high social competence despite stress was examined in a 6-month prospective study of 138 inner-city ninth-grade students. The purpose was to provide a replication and extension of findings derived from previous cross-sectional research involving a comparable sample of children. Specifically, goals were to examine the extent to which high-stress children with superior functioning on one or more aspects of school-based social competence could evade significant difficulties in (a) other spheres of competence at school and (b) emotional adjustment. Measurements of stress were based on uncontrollable negative life events. Competence was assessed via behavioral indices including school grades, teacher ratings, and peer ratings, and emotional distress was measured via self-reports. Results indicated that high-stress children who showed impressive behavioral competence were highly vulnerable to emotional distress over time. Furthermore, almost 85% of the high-stress children who seemed resilient based on at least one domain of social competence at Time 1 had significant difficulties in one or more domains examined when assessed at both Time 1 and Time 2. Findings are discussed in terms of conceptual and empirical issues in resilience research.
Contextual risk and resiliency during late adolescence
Authors: Baldwin Alfred L. , Baldwin Clara P. , Kasser Timothy , Zax Melvin , Sameroff Arnold , Seifer Ronald 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe factors contributing to the mental health of a sample of 18-year-olds were analyzed in a hierarchical multiple regression analysis. The contribution of proximal variables such as parenting behavior, intermediate variables such as other family factors, and the more distal variables such as social class and minority status were all highly significant. Child variables were also found to make significant contributions to understanding mental health. When the sample was divided into three subsamples, white advantaged, white disadvantaged, and African American (almost entirely disadvantaged), the mental health of the African American sample was higher than that of the white disadvantaged sample. The regression coefficients fit to the whole sample underestimated the mental health of the African Americans and overestimated the health of the white disadvantaged. The parenting of the African American sample was less approving and more critical and more controlling than that of the other two samples. To investigate the correlates of resilience, pairs of subjects were contrasted who had the same mental health but differed in whether they exceeded or were less than the mental health predicted for them. None of the variables in the study differentiated significantly between the two groups.
Partners, peers, and pathways: Assortative pairing and continuities in conduct disorder
Authors: Quinton David , Pickles Andrew , Maughan Barbara , Rutter Michael 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe role of assortative pairing for conduct problems in the continuity of such problems with pervasive social maladaptation in early adulthood was examined in a general population inner-city sample and a high-risk group (young people raised in children's homes). Previous findings showing a switch out of conduct disorder for those in the high-risk group who had supportive cohabiting relationships in early adulthood were replicated in the general population sample, using a latent class analysis. Conduct-disordered individuals, however, were much less likely to attain supportive relationships. The reasons for this lay in a chain of environmental linkages through which conduct-disordered individuals paired assortatively with those who provided less support. This process involved unsatisfactory parenting environments, a lack of planful competence, and the membership of a deviant peer group. Protection afforded by a stable family life, a nondeviant peer group, and planful behavior reduced the risks of assortative pairing. The linking processes appeared to be the same for the general population and the high-risk samples, although having been in the children's homes related to an increased risk of a lack of support, even when the linking processes were taken into account.
Yemen, Aden and Ethiopia: Jewish Emigration and Italian Colonialism
Authors: KLORMAN BAT-ZION ERAQI 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAfter Aden came under British rule (1839) its Jewish community was reinforced by Jewish immigrants from inland Yemen and also from other Middle Eastern countries. Some of the Adeni Jews, most of them British subjects, entered the Indian-British commercial network and expanded it to East Africa, mainly to Ethiopia, founding commercial strongholds there. From the late nineteenth century, Jews coming from Yemen joined the existing Adeni settlements.This paper compares the reasons for the emigration to Ethiopia of Adeni Jews and Yemeni Jews, and their economic and social status under Italian colonial regime (established in Eritrea in the 1880s). It discusses relations between these Jews, which it argues, were determined by the position of each group in the colonial hierarchy, and by the necessity of sustaining religious-communal life. Thus, in spite of their shared Yemeni origin and attendance at the same communal institutions, ethnicity and religion proved weaker than social and economic considerations, and the two groups cultivated a separate identity.
The Tributary System in China's Historical Imagination: China and Hunza, ca. 1760–1960
Authors: LIN HSIAO-TING 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article examines over 200 years (1761–1963) of China's relations with the Central Asian tribal state of Hunza. Employing a territorial genealogical approach, this research explores how Hunza, not initially recognised during the high Qing as an inner dependency or vassal, was gradually re-conceptualised by the Qing court as a historical tributary protectorate, and then in the Republican and Nationalist eras became known as a ‘lost territory’ ripe for restoration. It will also argue that the tributary system is not a dynastic legacy that ceased to function after 1911; but rather, it was an instrument of political expediency that continued to be used in the post-imperial era. In a sense, this research offers a new thinking about the ‘tribute system’ which might really be a nineteenth and twentieth century reinterpretation of an older form of symbolically asymmetric interstate relations (common in one form or another throughout many parts of Asia); this reinterpretation was strongly informed by English-language terminology and formulations, including ‘suzerainty’ and the mistranslation of ‘gong’ as ‘tribute’ itself, and both Britain and China manipulated the terminology and claimed to further their respective territorial, diplomatic and strategic interests.
The Trend of Wildlife Habitat Isolation due to the Development on Adjacent Areas of the Jirisan National Park in Korea
Authors: Lim Sunghyun , Park Chonghwa 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Background/Objectives/Methods
Jirisan national park (IUCN status 2) is the first national park (1967) and the biggest national park (472km^2^) in Korea. In the first trial on the species restoration, since 2004, Asiatic Black Bears (Ursus thibetanus ussuricus) reintroduced from North Korea and Russia have been conserved in the park. Development activities around the Jirisan national park (JNP) have been isolating the habitat for many wildlife species. The objectives of this study are to identify the trend of wildlife habitat isolation caused by the development activities in areas adjacent to the JNP, analyze the trend of habitat fragmentation by using selected fragmentation indices and discuss landscape ecological implications of habitat fragmentation around the JNP. We use satellite data to estimate the extent of forest habitat and loss for the period 1991-2007 within the park and in a 5km peripheral buffer. The temporal trends of habitat fragmentation of five counties in the study area were analyzed and compared using selected fragmentation indices of FRAGSTATS. The implications of the loss of forest within JNP and adjacent buffer were discussed through the calculation of the species richness capacity (SRC).	Results/ConclusionThe percentages of forest lost during the 1991-2007 inside of and adjacent buffer of the JNP were 4.8% and 0.2%, respectively. The degree of fragmentation of remnant forest habitats has also drastically increased. The number of forest patches has increased and the patch size and core area have decreased . This is mainly due to the road construction and second-home construction from 1991 to 2007 for all counties. The potential capacity to conserve species richness of the JNP has been decreasing in recent years due to the development activities such as road and 2nd home construction in areas adjacent to the JNP. Core areas used by the reintroduced Asiatic Black Bears have also been negatively effected.	Wise control of development activities in the peripheral buffer of the JNP is essential to the biodiversity conservation and the future expansion of bear habitat to the national backbone ecological corridor, or Baekdudaegan.
Theory-Driven AAC Practices With Adults Who Use Utterance-Based Systems: The Case of Conversational Rule Violations
Authors: Hoag Linda , Bedrosian Jan , McCoy Kathy 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to explore the pragmatic issue of when to use pre-constructed utterances by discussing a research project investigating messages that fail to meet either conventional standards of contextual appropriateness or timing. The use of pragmatic theory to systematically examine pre-constructed messages will be discussed, along with the outcomes of using messages that do not seem to follow pragmatic rules. The development of a hierarchy of types of rule violations will be described and the clinical implications of the hierarchy will be explored.
Communication Sampling and Analysis
Authors: Buzolich Marilyn Jean 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Research has shown that communication sampling is important when analyzing communication behavior for individuals who have complex communication needs. Communication sampling and analysis (CSA) is an assessment tool designed for infants, toddlers, and children with multiple physical, sensory, speech, and/or cognitive, linguistic challenges. The purpose of the CSA is to capture and qualify the nature and extent of communication behavior of the communicatively challenged child with partners during interactive settings and contexts. This is important for establishing baseline levels of communicative functioning, setting goals for intervention, and evaluating the effectiveness of treatment. More reliability testing is needed to determine whether the direct sampling of communication behavior is a viable method for evaluation.
Attitudes Toward Children and Teens Who Use AAC: Have They Changed in 20 Years?
Authors: Beck Ann R. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Attitudes toward children and teens who use AAC have been an area of study for over 20 years. The factors of attitude and behavior are often driven by social pressure. In order to ensure that individuals with disabilities, including those who use AAC to communicate, do not face negative behaviors and limiting barriers based on attitudinal responses of their peers, it is important to continue the study of attitudes to gain knowledge of variables that influence, or help to form, peers' attitudes toward individuals with disabilities. We in the AAC community need to continue to explore and document strategies that are effective in increasing the positive nature of attitudes toward and the full social acceptance of individuals who use AAC by their peers and others in their environments.
Objective Measures and Programming Cochlear Implants
Authors: King Jack 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Advances in cochlear implant technology have allowed for amazing outcomes for children with severe to profound hearing loss. As result, cochlear implants are now provided for some children prior to their first birthday and are also provided to children with multiple disabilities. Frequently, it is difficult to use conventional behavioral measures to set cochlear implant MAPs for these patients, so clinicians have often relied on objective measures as a guide to determining appropriate MAP levels. The following discussion reviews the advantages and limitations of using objective measures to administer audiological management for the pediatric cochlear implant patient.
Cochlear Implantation in Children Under 12 Months of Age
Authors: Gordon K. A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Universal newborn hearing screening programs have resulted in earlier identification of children born with hearing loss. Because of the severity of their hearing impairment, some of these children receive limited benefit from hearing aids and are at risk for compromised speech, language, and auditory development. These children are often good candidates for cochlear implantation. A recent trend in pediatric hearing health care is the provision of a cochlear implant prior to one year of age for children who receive limited to no benefit from hearing aids. The following article discusses the benefits and limitations of cochlear implantation prior to one year of age and also discusses our clinical experiences with children who have received a cochlear implant prior to their first birthday.
Contemporary Considerations for Cochlear Implantation for Children With Multiple Disabilities
Authors: Waltzman Susan 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Due to advances in cochlear implant technology and the remarkable outcomes often achieved by persons with severe to profound hearing loss, cochlear implant candidacy criteria has expanded since the first children were implanted almost twenty years ago. Evidence of this can be seen in the increased willingness to provide cochlear implants for children with multiple disabilities. Over the last decade, several reports have appeared in the peer-reviewed literature describing cochlear implant outcomes of children with multiple disabilities. This paper will summarize those reports, discuss realistic expectations of implantation for children with multiple disabilities, and describe contemporary management protocols for the otologic, audiologic, and rehabilitative management of children with multiple disabilities.
Ciprofloxacin Resistance Among Nosocomial Pseudomonas aeruginosa and staphylococcus aureus in the United States
Authors: Coronado Victor G. , Edwards Jonathan R. , Culver David H. , Gaynes Robert P. ,   The National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjective:We attempted to determine if an increase in resistance to ciprofloxacin occurred among nosocomial pathogens, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.Methods:We examined 1989-1992 ciprofloxacin susceptibility results from 8,517 P aeruginosa and 9,021 S aureus isolates associated with nosocomial infections reported to the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System.Results:For S aureus, 27.1% of isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin; of methicillin-resistant S aureus isolates, 80% also were resistant to ciprofloxacin. A logistic regression model found that ciprofloxacin resistance was more common among S aureus isolated from the urinary and respiratory tracts than from other sites of isolation, and among isolates that were methicillin resistant. After controlling for these factors, the model showed a 123% increase in the odds of ciprofloxacin resistance from 1989-1990 to 1991-1992. For P aeruginosa, 4.7% of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin. Resistance varied by site of infection and rose most dramatically for respiratory tract isolates from 2.0% in 1989-1990 to 5.3% in 1991-1992.Conclusion:Resistance to ciprofloxacin is more frequent among nosocomial S aureus than among P aeruginosa and is increasing rapidly among S aureus isolates and from selected sites among P aeruginosa isolates.
A Pseudoepidemic Due to Laboratory Contamination Deciphered by Molecular Analysis
Authors: Morris Thomas , Brecher Stephen M. , Fitzsimmons Diarme , Durbin Annette , Arbeit Robert D. , Maslow Joel N. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjective:A clinical, microbiological, and molecular analysis to identify the source of a cluster of pseudoinfections.Design:Retrospective analysis of the cases, prospective epidemiologic survey, and laboratory investigation. Molecular analysis of the isolates was performed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).Setting:A tertiary Veterans Affairs medical center.Patients:Three patients admitted over a Z-week period with musculoskeletal complaints had one or more joint fluid specimens submitted for culture. In each case, anaerobic chopped meat-glucose broth (CMGB) tubes yielded one or more organisms not typically associated with septic arthritis (Enterobacter cloacae, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus casseliflavus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia hermannii, and Pseudomonas diminuti). The first three organisms were isolated from specimens from multiple patients. Two patients had multiple positive cultures; for two patients, separate cultures yielded additional organisms on solid media.Results:Laboratory investigation yielded an isolate of E faecium from 1 of 30 sham-inoculated CMGB tubes. PFGE analysis demonstrated that a single strain of E cloacae was isolated from four CMGB tubes representing all three patients, and a single strain of E faecium was isolated from CMGB tubes representing two patients and the sham-inoculated tube.Conclusions:The application of molecular typing clearly demonstrated clonality among the isolates and indicated that a common source of contamination, most likely the CMGB tubes, was responsible for these cases.
Epidemiologic Approaches to Quality Assessment
Authors: Simmons Bryan P , Kritchevsky Stephen B. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractHospital epidemiologists have an opportunity to apply their skills to hospital quality problems other than infection control. Soon, hospitals will be required to collect and report numerous quality indicators, whose results will require epidemiologic interpretation. For those who choose to make the transition into quality management, careful assessment and planning are needed to succeed.