bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postharvest Survey of Spring Wheat Fields Initially Assessed for Gene Flow
Authors: Hucl P. , Matus‐Cádiz M. A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTRecent research has addressed the potential for gene flow in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). However, there is scant information on the fate of introgressed genes in the subsequent crop rotation. The objective of this study was to quantify spring wheat volunteers potentially arising from gene flow. A total of 152 wheat fields that had been used to measure gene flow at distances of up to 10 km were surveyed for blue aleurone volunteers for 3 yr postharvest. No blue aleurone seed was detected in samples from the 152 fields surveyed. A single blue aleurone volunteer plant was detected in a pollen donor field subsequently sown to wheat in the third year postharvest. The absence of blue aleurone wheat volunteers in the postharvest crop rotation was not unexpected as only four of the original 152 fields had shown evidence of gene flow. Under the environmental and crop management practices encountered in this study, the risk of a gene flow‐based adventitious event in spring wheat being detected at significant levels in subsequent crops appears low.
Development of Wheat Lines Having a Small Introgressed Segment Carrying Stem Rust Resistance Gene Sr22
Authors: Olson Eric L. , Brown‐Guedira Gina , Marshall David , Stack Ellen , Bowden Robert L. , Jin Yue , Rouse Matthew , Pumphrey Michael O. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe wheat stem rust resistance gene Sr22 confers resistance to Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Pers. race TTKSK (also known as Ug99) that developed in Africa and is an immediate threat to world wheat production. The resistance gene is present on a chromosomal translocation derived from Triticum boeoticum Boiss., which has a genome that is partially homologous to the A genome of T. aestivum L. Sr22 has been deployed in a limited number of cultivars due to poor agronomic performance of lines carrying the resistance gene. Linkage analysis of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers on chromosome 7A was performed to identify loci closely linked to Sr22. The most tightly linked proximal and distal SSR marker loci were Xcfa2123 and Xwmc633, respectively. A two‐step process was then used to develop resistant lines having smaller chromosome segments derived from the diploid donor. First, individuals in which a single recombination event had occurred between wheat and the Sr22 introgression were identified in the mapping populations. In spite of reduced recombination between T. boeoticum and T. aestivum chromosomes, sufficient recombination events were found among 398 F3:4 lines derived from recombinant F2 progeny to recover multiple resistant individuals with smaller alien introgressions. Resistant lines were identified having less than 6% of the chromosome arm derived from T. boeoticum. These lines may provide a more agronomically desirable source of Sr22 that can be readily deployed in cultivars resistant to Ug99.
The Lack of Beta‐amylase Activity in Soybean Cultivar Altona sp1 is Associated with a 1.2 kb Deletion in the 5′ Region of Beta‐amylase I Gene
Authors: Kim Won‐Seok , Krishnan Hari B. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTPrevious studies have identified near‐isogenic soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] lines, one containing normal β‐amylase [α‐1,4‐glucan maltohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.2)] activity (Altona Sp 1b) and the other with undetectable β‐amylase activity (Altona sp 1) in seeds. SDS‐PAGE analysis of 50% isopropanol extracted proteins from soybean seeds revealed a prominent 56 kDa protein. This protein, which was absent in Altona sp 1, was identified as β‐amylase by matrix‐assisted‐laser‐desorption‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF‐MS) and immunoblot analysis using antibodies generated against Arabidopsis β‐amylase. Southern blot analysis showed differences in the sizes of the DNA fragments hybridizing to β‐amylase probe between the near‐isogenic soybean lines. A search of the soybean genome database revealed the presence of nine β‐amylase genes in the soybean genome. We have isolated the β‐amylase gene (GmBAM 1) by screening a genomic library of wild‐type soybean and determined its nucleotide sequence. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the GmBAM 1 revealed a complete open reading frame that was interrupted by six introns. In contrast, the GmBAM 1 from Altona sp 1 had a 1207 bp deletion near the 5′ region that included the second and third exon regions. Our results suggest that this deletion may be responsible for the lack of β‐amylase activity in soybean cultivar Altona Altona sp 1.
Soil Physical Properties of Aging Golf Course Putting Greens
Authors: Lewis J. D. , Gaussoin R. E. , Shearman R. C. , Mamo M. , Wortmann C. S. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTUnited States Golf Association (USGA) specification putting greens are designed to limit excess soil water and compaction; but these soil properties change over time. Objectives were to define soil physical properties of sand‐ amended rootzones as affected by (i) rootzone mixture, (ii) establishment treatment, and (iii) putting green age. The USGA specification rootzones were built and established with Agrostis stolonifera L. in four sequential years. Rootzone treatments were 80:20 (v:v) sand and sphagnum peat and an 80:15:5 (v:v) sand, sphagnum peat, and soil. An accelerated establishment treatment applied 2.5, 3, and 2.5 times N, P, and K, levels, respectively, than the control treatment. Data were collected on rootzone particle size distribution and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), bulk density, total, air‐filled and capillary porosity for 8 yr, infiltration rate for 10 yr. All soil physical properties changed with age, but were not influenced by establishment treatment. Infiltration declined 73% but remained adequate (≥0.15 m h−1) for location precipitation. Capillary porosity and bulk density increased 32 and 7%, respectively, while air‐filled porosity decreased 38%. Capillary and air‐filled porosity still met USGA specification after 8 yr. Addition of soil to the sand‐based rootzone mixture had no negative effect on soil physical properties. Fine sand from topdressing and surface organic matter accumulation were thought to account for these changes.
Developing a Mini‐Core Collection in Finger Millet Using Multilocation Data
Authors: Upadhyaya H. D. , Sarma N. D. R. K. , Ravishankar C. R. , Albrecht T. , Narasimhudu Y. , Singh S. K. , Varshney S. K. , Reddy V. G. , Singh S. , Dwivedi S. L. , Wanyera N. , Oduori C. O. A. , Mgonja M. A. , Kisandu D. B. , Parzies H. K. , Gowda C. L. L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTFinger millet [Eleusine coracana(L.) Gaertn.], among small millets, is the most important food crop in some parts of Asia and Africa. The grains are a rich source of protein, fiber, minerals, and vitamins. A core collection of 622 accessions was developed. The aim of this study was to develop a mini‐core collection using multilocational evaluation data of the core collection. Six hundred and twenty‐two accessions together with six controls (four common and two location‐specific) were evaluated for 20 morphological descriptors at five agroecologically diverse locations in India during the 2008 rainy season. The experiment was conducted in α design with two replications at Patancheru and in augmented design with one of the six controls repeated after every nine‐test entry at other locations. The hierarchical cluster analysis of data using phenotypic distances resulted in 40 clusters. From each cluster, ∼10% or a minimum of 1 accession was selected to form a mini‐core, which was comprised of 80 accessions. The comparison of means, variances, frequency distribution, Shannon–Weaver diversity index (H′), and phenotypic correlations revealed that the mini‐core captured the entire diversity of the core collection. This mini‐core collection is an ideal pool of diverse germplasm for identifying new sources of variation and enhancing the genetic potential of finger millet.
Multivariate Patterns of Diversity in Ethiopian Barleys
Authors: Bjørnstad Asmund , Abay Fetien 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTEthiopian barleys (Hordeum vulgare L.) have been collected and described since the early expeditions by Harlan and Vavilov in the 1920s. This paper reviews the literature since then on the diversity and distinctness in this germplasm based on different types of traits (e.g., morphology, isozymes, DNA markers, phenotypic screenings). Most studies have been based on one type of trait at a time. They all indicate that Ethiopian barleys form a very distinct group, with unique diversity in resistance to certain diseases and in morphology, but the average DNA marker or nucleotide diversity is substantially less than barley from the Fertile Crescent. The recurrent suggestions of Ethiopia as a center of origin for barley are discussed; most data support the notion of a “secondary” center. There is a paucity of studies of adaptive traits important to Ethiopian conditions or breeding. The major pattern of adaptation reflects the rainfall patterns, following an altitudinal gradient with increasing rainfall and longer growing season up to about 3000 m altitude. As barleys become later in maturity, they become more susceptible to net blotch, but tolerant to scald and probably frosts during grain maturation. Several improved cultivars have resulted from the pure line selection program initiated about 20 yr ago.
A Framework for Postrelease Environmental Monitoring of Second‐generation Crops with Novel Traits
Authors: Beckie Hugh J. , Hall Linda M. , Simard Marie‐Josée , Leeson Julia Y. , Willenborg Christian J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAs first‐generation genetically modified/transgenic crops with novel agronomic traits have been grown commercially in a number of countries since the mid‐1990s, second‐generation crops with novel traits (CNTs) are now being tested in confined field trials around the world. Postrelease monitoring (PRM) of abiotic stress–tolerant and other second‐generation CNTs will strengthen prerelease environmental risk assessments, for which protocols are being developed. We outline a comprehensive framework and protocol for case‐specific PRM of such CNTs in Canada, using drought‐tolerant canola (Brassica napus L.) as a model CNT. The primary potential environmental risk associated with cultivation of drought‐tolerant canola is increased invasiveness of volunteers or feral plants (self‐perpetuating populations) and weedy relative–crop hybrids or backcrossed progeny in ruderal (noncropped disturbed) and natural areas adjacent to CNT cultivation, resulting in loss of abundance or biodiversity of native plant species. Accurately predicting CNT invasiveness a priori is problematic, especially for traits that may enhance plant fitness and invasiveness. Thus, PRM can effectively address the greater uncertainties in the environmental risk assessment of these second‐generation vs. first‐generation CNTs and thereby enhance environmental protection and security of the food supply.
Turfgrass Characteristics of Prairie Junegrass Germplasm Accessions
Authors: Clark Matthew D. , Watkins Eric 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTPrairie junegrass [Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Shultes] is a perennial, short‐grass prairie species distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere. This species demonstrates tolerance to many environmental stresses in Minnesota. Forty‐eight K. macrantha accessions from the United States National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) were grown under low‐input conditions to evaluate turfgrass quality characteristics for use in a breeding program. A second objective was to identify key geographical locations for germplasm collection. The experiment was conducted at Becker and St. Paul, MN. Nineteen accessions at Becker and 30 accessions at St. Paul performed with an adequate turf quality rating of 5.0 or higher when averaged over the 3‐yr study, suggesting the potential for use in low‐input areas. Prairie junegrass from northern collection regions displayed the highest spring green‐up ratings, an important turf trait in northern climates. There was a negative correlation between this trait and mowing quality at Becker (r = −0.44) and at St. Paul (r = −0.34). Several accessions had acceptable mowing quality and would be candidates for integration into a native prairie junegrass turfgrass breeding program. There was no correlation between inflorescence emergence and turf quality, or between inflorescence emergence and persistent straw suggesting that flowering does not necessarily affect turf quality ratings. Rust (unknown Puccinia species) was present at both locations.
Generation Means Analysis Using Mixed Models
Authors: Piepho H. P. , Möhring J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper shows how to perform generation means analysis, including estimation of genetic variance components, by a mixed model package. The approach is exemplified with a small dataset, which is analyzed by the MIXED procedure of the SAS System and by ASReml. The proposed analysis accounts for between‐plot variation, which is often ignored. Also, heterogeneity of standard errors of mean contrasts due to unequal sample size per plot and nonconstant genetic variance can be properly reflected.
Agronomic characteristics of the spring forms of the wheat landraces (einkorn, emmer, spelt, intermediate bread wheat) grown in organic farming
Authors: Konvalina Petr , Capouchová Ivana , Stehno Zdeněk , Moudrý Jan 
Published: August 2010

Agronomic characteristics of the spring forms of the wheat landraces (einkorn, emmer, spelt, intermediate bread wheat) grown in organic farmingOrganic farmers look to the possibilities of growing neglected crops, such as the spring forms of hulled wheat - einkorn, emmer and spelt - for support in developing the organic farming system. In 2008, 169 landraces from the gene bank at the Crop Research Institute in Prague were tested on certified organic plots. The experiment was aimed at finding suitable varieties for the organic farming system. In summary, our findings show that einkorn (Triticum monococcumL.) and emmer wheat [Triticum dicoccumSchrank (Schuebl)] are resistant to powdery mildew and brown rust, spelt wheat (Triticum speltaL.) is less resistant to these two diseases, and the intermediate forms of bread wheat are very sensitive to such infestation. The varieties evaluated incline to lodging, as they have long and weak stems. Einkorn and emmer wheat have short and dense spikes and a low thousand grains weight, whereas spelt wheat has long and lax spikes. The level of the harvest index is low. Potentially useful varieties were found during the field experiment and evaluation, and our future efforts will therefore focus on improving resistance to lodging and increasing the productivity of the spike.
Viability and survival capability of quinolone-resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli
Authors: Slavchev Georgi , Markova Nadya 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Uropathogenic strains of E. coli isolated from urine of patients with urinary tract infections were tested for antibiotic sensitivity using bio-Merieux kits and ATB-UR 5 expression system. The virulence of strains was evaluated by serum bactericidal assay, macrophage “killing” and bacterial adhesive tests. Survival capability of strains was assessed under starvation in saline. The results showed that quinolone-resistant uropathogenic strains of E. coli exhibit significantly reduced adhesive potential but relatively high resistance to serum and macrophage bactericidity. In contrast to laboratory strains, the quinolone-resistant uropathogenic clinical isolate demonstrated increased viability during starvation in saline. Our study suggests that quinolone-resistant uropathogenic strains are highly adaptable clones of E. coli, which can exhibit compensatory viability potential under unfavorable conditions. The clinical occurrence of such phenotypes is likely to contribute to the survival, persistence and spread strategy of resistant bacteria.
Micropropagation of Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Malagouzia’ and ‘Xinomavro’
Authors: Skiada Fotini , Grigoriadou Katerina , Eleftheriou Eleftherios 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
The effects of six basal media on in vitro shoot proliferation of the greek grapevines Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Malagouzia’ and ‘Xinomavro’ were investigated. Galzy and Zlenco proved to be the most effective for ‘Malagouzia’ and ‘Xinomavro’, respectively. If only BA was present in the medium, shoot development was poor and the plantlets were chlorotic. When the medium was supplemented with BA and NAA, growth was enhanced. The best ratio (in μM) of growth regulators was 0.5/0.3 for ‘Malagouzia’, and 0.1/0.03 for ‘Xinomavro’, which resulted in the highest number of microshoots per explant and greatest proliferation rate. The development of ‘Malagouzia’ and ‘Xinomavro’ explants at 21±2 and 26±2°C was also investigated, revealing the higher temperature to be more effective. Regarding rooting, 0.5 μM IBA improved root formation at 26°C for ‘Malagouzia’ and 0.5 μM IBA at 21°C for ‘Xinomavro’. Moreover, 0.5 μM IBA resulted in a higher rooting percentage (>95%) and proved to be more beneficial for the overall morphological appearance of the plantlets of ‘Malagouzia’. After acclimatization, survival of microshoots cultivated in media with IBA was higher than those in NAA.
Modeling and Characterization of the Relationship between Cell Size and Mechanical Behavior of Microcellular PP/Mica Composites
Authors: Gong W. , Gao J. C. , Jiang M. , Yu J. , He L. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
The microcellular foamed polypropylene (PP)/mica composites were prepared through chemical microcellular injection to investigate the relationship between the mechanical behavior and the cell size. The mechanical behavior model of the microcellular foams is built based on the elastic stress/strain field. The mechanical behavior of the microcellular composites coincides well with the theoretical model. Under loading the large and non uniform cells are in a state of plane strain, which leads to low tensile and impact strengths, whereas small and uniform cells are in a state of plane stress, which contributes to the transition from brittle to tough fracture behavior in the microcellular PP/mica composite.
Entry Flow of Polyethylene Melts in Tapered Dies
Authors: Ansari M. , Alabbas A. , Hatzikiriakos S. G. , Mitsoulis E. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
The excess pressure losses due to end effects (mainly entrance) in the capillary flow of several types of polyethylenes were studied both experimentally and numerically under slip and no-slip conditions. These losses were first measured as a function of the contraction angle ranging from 15° to 90°. It was found that the excess pressure loss attains a local minimum at a contraction angle of about 30° for all types of polyethylenes examined. This was found to be independent of the apparent shear rate. This minimum becomes more dominant under slip conditions that were imposed by adding a significant amount of fluoropolymer into the polymer. Numerical simulations using a multimode K-BKZ viscoelastic model have shown that the entrance pressure drops can be predicted fairly well for all cases either under slip or no-slip boundary conditions. The clear experimental minimum at about 30° can only slightly be seen in numerical simulations, and at this point its origin is unknown. Further simulations with a viscous (Cross) model have shown that they severely under-predict the entrance pressure by an order of magnitude for the more elastic melts. Thus, the viscoelastic spectrum together with the extensional viscosity play a significant role in predicting the pressure drop in contraction flows, as no viscous model could. The larger the average relaxation time and the extensional viscosity are, the higher the differences in the predictions between the K-KBZ and Cross models are.
Rheological and Molecular Investigations of Polyethylene Degradation in a Batch Mixer
Authors: Twite-Kabamba E. , Rodrigue D. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
In this study, polyethylene degradation is related to its thermo-mechanical history from processing in a batch mixer. A focus is made on the rheological and molecular properties of the polyethylene subjected to different processing conditions by changing the temperature, the rotor speed and the time of process. The results indicate that while shear rheological properties changed slightly, the elongational properties were substantially modified, especially the maximum stress and the elongation at break. Due to the formation of macroradicals while processing, macromolecular changes were characterized in terms of molecular weight distribution and the results represent a balance between rates of chain scission and chain branching. It was found that the main parameter to characterize the degradation behaviour was the input power.
Effect of Process Parameters on Mechanical Properties of Rice Husk Polypropylene Composites
Authors: Kumar V. , Sinha S. , Saini M. S. , Kanungo B. K. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Low density, easy of availability, less abrasive and biodegradable nature of lignocellulosic materials emphasized their usage for development of thermoplastic composites based on Rice Husk and Polypropylene (RHPP). Mechanical properties of RHPP composites such as tensile, impact strength decreases by the addition of rice husk, preheating of rice husk and its proper size is essential for its effective use as filler in polypropylene composites. Improvement in tensile, impact, hardness and abrasion resistance is possible by adding compatibiliser and reduction of cooling time. Impact strength of the composite increase with temperature, optimum temperature for obtaining good tensile, hardness and abrasion is 200°C. RHPP Composites thus prepared have potential for applications in building and automobile industries.
Antioxidant, analgesic and cytotoxic activity of <i>Michelia champaca</i> Linn. Leaf
Authors: Hossain Md Mokarram , Jahangir Rumana , Hasan SM Raquibul , Akter Raushanara , Ahmed Taksim , Islam Md Imamul , Faruque Abdullah 
Published: August 2010

Michelia champaca (Magnoliaceae) is a large medicinal plant which is traditionally used against a number of diseases including inflammatory conditions. In the present study crude methanol extract of M. champaca leaf was investigated for possible antioxidant, analgesic and cytotoxic activity. The extract showed remarkable antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging activity, nitric oxide scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity assays. In both DPPH radical and NO scavenging assay, the extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity and the IC50 values in DPPH radical scavenging and NO scavenging assays were found to be 30.07 μg/ml and 15.42 μg/ml, respectively while the IC50 values of ascorbic acid were 12.5 μg/ml and 4.07 μg/ml, respectively. Total antioxidant activity of the extract increased in a dose dependent manner. Analgesic activity of the crude extract was evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing model of pain in mice. The crude extract at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg b.w doses displayed significant (p < 0.001) reduction in acetic acid induced writhing in mice with a maximum effect of 68.7% reduction at 400 mg/kg b.w. which is comparable to the standard, diclofenac sodium (78.2%). The extract was also investigated for cytotoxic potential using Brine Shrimp lethality bioassay. In this bioassay the extract showed significant toxicity to Brine Shrimp nauplii with the LC50 value of 11.22 μg/ml. Results of the present study suggest that M. champaca leaf extract possesses strong antioxidant, analgesic and cytotoxic activity. Key words: Michelia champaca; Magnoliaceae; Antioxidant; Analgesic; Cytotoxicity.DOI: 10.3329/sjps.v2i2.5818Stamford Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol.2(2) 2009: 1-7