bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate models as a test bed for climate reconstruction methods: pseudoproxy experiments
Authors: Smerdon Jason E. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMillennium‐length, forced transient simulations with fully coupled general circulation models have become important new tools for addressing uncertainties in global and hemispheric temperature reconstructions targeting the Common Era (the last two millennia). These model simulations are used as test beds on which to evaluate the performance of paleoclimate reconstruction methods using controlled and systematic investigations known as pseudoproxy experiments (PPEs). Such experiments are motivated by the fact that any given real‐world reconstruction is the product of multiple uncontrolled factors, making it difficult to isolate the impact of one factor in reconstruction assessments and comparisons. PPEs have established a common experimental framework that can be systematically altered and evaluated, and thus test reconstruction methods and their dependencies. Although the translation of PPE results into real‐world implications must be done cautiously, their experimental design attributes allow researchers to test reconstruction techniques beyond what was previously possible with real‐world data alone. This review summarizes the development of PPEs and their findings over the last decade. The state of the science and its implications for global and hemispheric temperature reconstructions is also reviewed, as well as near‐term design improvements that will expand the utility of PPEs. WIREs Clim Change 2012, 3:63–77. doi: 10.1002/wcc.149This article is categorized under:

Climate Models and Modeling > Knowledge Generation with Models
Developmental diversity of amphibians
Authors: Elinson Richard P. , del Pino Eugenia M. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe current model amphibian,Xenopus laevis, develops rapidly in water to a tadpole which metamorphoses into a frog. Many amphibians deviate from theX.laevisdevelopmental pattern. Among other adaptations, their embryos develop in foam nests on land or in pouches on their mother's back or on a leaf guarded by a parent. The diversity of developmental patterns includes multinucleated oogenesis, lack of RNA localization, huge non‐pigmented eggs, and asynchronous, irregular early cleavages. Variations in patterns of gastrulation highlight the modularity of this critical developmental period. Many species have eliminated the larva or tadpole and directly develop to the adult. The wealth of developmental diversity among amphibians coupled with the wealth of mechanistic information fromX. laevispermit comparisons that provide deeper insights into developmental processes.WIREs Dev Biol2012, 1:345–369. doi: 10.1002/wdev.23This article is categorized under:Early Embryonic Development > Development to the Basic Body PlanComparative Development and Evolution > Model SystemsComparative Development and Evolution > Evolutionary Novelties
Effects of Emptying Function of Remaining Stomach on QOL in Postgastrectomy Patients
Authors: Hayami Masaru , Seshimo Akiyoshi , Miyake Kunitomo , Shimizu Satoru , Kameoka Shingo 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackgroundAttention has recently focused on decreased quality of life (QOL) that occurs in postgastrectomy patients. We verified how gastric emptying function affected QOL.MethodsSubjects were 72 consecutive patients after gastrectomy for cancer, including 25 after distal gastrectomy (DG), 18 after proximal gastrectomy (PG), 16 after pylorus‐preserving gastrectomy (PpG), and 13 after total gastrectomy (TG). Using the 13C breath test method, 13CO2 levels in breath were measured over 2 h, and Tmax was determined. Questionnaires (Japanese versions of the Short‐Form 36 [SF‐36] and Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale [GSRS]) were used to analyze QOL and correlations between questionnaire results and Tmax.ResultsMean Tmax (min) for each procedure was 15.4 for DG, 21.1 for PG, 41.3 for PpG, and 10.4 for TG. Tmax differed between procedures, but not between survey periods. SF‐36 was not correlated with Tmax, whereas GSRS showed a difference in diarrhea and total score between procedures, but not between survey periods. In addition, GSRS correlated with Tmax for abdominal pain, indigestion, and total score. The total scores showed a significant symptom aggregation in patients with Tmax less than 21 min.ConclusionsGastrointestinal symptoms in postgastrectomy patients were associated with the function of the remaining stomach. The 13C breath test is useful for objectively assessing such symptoms.
ON BAD SUPERNILPOTENT RADICALS
Authors: FRANCE-JACKSON H. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA supernilpotent radical α is called bad if the class π(α) of all prime and α-semisimple rings consists of the one-element ring 0 only. We construct infinitely many bad supernilpotent radicals which form a generalization of Ryabukhin’s example of a supernilpotent nonspecial radical. We show that the family of all bad supernilpotent radicals is a sublattice of the lattice of all supernilpotent radicals and give examples of supernilpotent radicals that are not bad.
MULTIPLIERS OF LAPLACE TRANSFORM TYPE IN CERTAIN DUNKL AND LAGUERRE SETTINGS
Authors: SZAREK TOMASZ Z. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWe investigate Laplace type and Laplace–Stieltjes type multipliers in the d-dimensional setting of the Dunkl harmonic oscillator with the associated group of reflections isomorphic to ℤd2 and in the related context of Laguerre function expansions of convolution type. We use Calderón–Zygmund theory to prove that these multiplier operators are bounded on weighted Lp, 1<p<∞, and from L1 to weak L1.
Manganese source affects manganese transport and gene expression of divalent metal transporter 1 in the small intestine of broilers
Authors: Bai Shi-Ping , Lu Lin , Wang Rui-Lian , Xi Lin , Zhang Li-Yang , Luo Xu-Gang 
Published: December 2011

In the present study, two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of Mn source on Mn transport and the expression of a Mn transporter, divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), in the small intestine of broilers. In Expt 1, in situ ligated duodenal loops from Mn-deficient chicks (29-d-old) were perfused with solutions containing 0–8·74 mmol Mn/l from either MnSO4, or one of two organic chelates of Mn and amino acids with moderate (OM) or strong (OS) chelation strength (Qf) up to 30 min. In Expt 2, Mn-deficient intact broilers (14-d-old) were fed a control diet (12·45 mg Mn/kg) or the control diet supplemented with 100 mg Mn/kg as one of all Mn sources for 14 d. The uptake kinetics of Mn from different Mn sources in the ligated duodenal loops followed a saturable process as determined by regression analysis of concentration-dependent uptake rates. The maximum transport rate (Jmax) and Km values, and DMT1 mRNA levels in the ligated duodenal loops were higher (P < 0·01) for OM and OS than for MnSO4. DMT1 mRNA levels were much higher (P < 0·01) in the duodenum than in the jejunum and ileum. Both DMT1 mRNA levels in the duodenum and plasma Mn contents from the hepatic portal vein of intact chicks on day 14 post-feeding increased (P < 0·05) in the following order: control < MnSO4 < OM < OS. These results indicated that organic Mn sources with stronger Qf showed higher Mn transport and absorption, and DMT1 might be involved in the regulation of organic Mn transport in the proximal small intestine of broilers.
Risk-Return Tradeoff in U.S. Stock Returns over the Business Cycle
Authors: Nyberg Henri 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn the empirical finance literature, findings on the risk-return tradeoff in excess stock market returns are ambiguous. In this study, I develop a new qualitative response (QR)-generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity-in-mean (GARCH-M) model combining a probit model for a binary business cycle indicator and a regime-switching GARCH-M model for excess stock market return with the business cycle indicator defining the regime. Estimation results show that there is statistically significant variation in the U.S. excess stock returns over the business cycle. However, consistent with the conditional intertemporal capital asset pricing model (ICAPM), there is a positive risk-return relationship between volatility and expected return independent of the state of the economy.
Scholars discover local history: the case of northeast Lapland in the 18th century
Authors: Lähteenmäki Maria 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTThe academic study of local and regional history in Sweden took on a quite new form and significance in the 18th century. Humiliating defeats in wars had brought the kingdom's period of greatness to an end and forced the crown to re-evaluate the country's position and image and reconsider the internal questions of economic efficiency and settlement. One aspect in this was more effective economic and political control over the peripheral parts of the realm, which meant that also the distant region of Kemi Lapland, bordering on Russia, became an object of systematic government interest. The practical local documentation of this area took the form of dissertations prepared by students native to the area under the supervision of well known professors, reports sent back by local ministers and newspaper articles. The people responsible for communicating this information may be said to have functioned as ‘mimic men’ in the terminology of H.K. Bhabha. This supervised gathering and publication of local information created the foundation for the nationalist ideology and interest in ordinary people and local cultures that emerged at the end of the century and flourished during the 19th century.
Design of a dual-frequency high-power microwave generator
Authors: He Juntao , Cao Yibing , Zhang Jiande , Wang Ting , Ling Junpu 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA new direction for high-power microwave (HPM) development is to investigate devices capable of producing HPMs with a complicated spectrum. In recent years, some HPM sources with two stable and separate frequencies have been investigated theoretically and experimentally. However, many short-comings still exist in these devices. Especially, the beam-wave interaction efficiency and the output microwave power are low in such devices. This paper proposes a novel dual-frequency HPM generator based on transition radiation. In the device, the electromagnetic fields are localized near the resonator cavities in the form of standing waves, and thus the interference between the different HPM components with different frequencies is weak. Compared with the existing dual-frequency devices, the new structure allows high beam-wave interaction efficiency and high output microwave power. As indicated in particle-in-cell simulation, with an electron beam of 500 kV voltage and 15.0 kA current guided by a magnetic field of 0.8 Tesla, an average power of 1.60 GW with a total power conversion efficiency of 21.3% is obtained, and the frequencies are 1.53 GHz and 3.29 GHz, respectively. Power level between two HPMs is comparable. The simulation results verify the feasibility of the dual-frequency HPM generator.
Archaeology and Autonomies: The Legal Framework of Heritage Management in a New Bolivia
Authors: Yates Donna 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe 2009 Bolivian Constitution significantly changed the structure of the state and paved the way for the creation of regional, local, and even indigenous autonomies. These autonomies are charged with the management of archaeological sites and museums within their territory. This article answers the question of who currently owns the Bolivian past, it stems from concerns raised at the 2011 renewal hearing of the Memorandum of Understanding preventing the import of illicit Bolivian antiquities into the United States. By combining an analysis of recent legal changes related to the creation of the autonomies and a short discussion of a notable case study of local management of a Bolivian archaeological site, this article offers a basic summary of the legal framework in which Bolivian archaeology and heritage management functions and some preliminary recommendations for governments and professionals wishing to work with Bolivian authorities at the state and local level.
Heat tolerance of the secondarily temperate Antarctic notothenioid,Notothenia angustata
Authors: Bilyk Kevin T. , Devries Arthur L. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAlthough most of the notothenioid fishes have geographic distributions restricted to the Southern Ocean, several species with inferred Antarctic origins have come to permanently inhabit the warmer waters around New Zealand and southern South America. However, it remains unknown whether the Antarctic ancestry of these secondarily temperate species continues to influence their modern heat tolerance. We investigated the heat tolerance of one such secondarily temperate nototheniid,Notothenia angustata, which is now endemic to the waters around the South Island of New Zealand. Their heat tolerance was determined using the critical thermal maximum (CTMax) both when acclimatized to their winter water temperatures (7.9°C), and warm acclimated (15°C) near the summer water temperatures in Otago Harbour. When compared to equivalently acclimated specimens of the basal New Zealand notothenioidBovichtus variegatus,N. angustatahave consistently lower CTMaxs, though they are significantly greater than those determined from 10°C acclimated specimens of its endemic Antarctic congener,N. coriiceps. While this shows greater heat tolerance in the secondarily temperateN. angustatathan in endemic Antarctic species, it also suggests that some of its ancestral intolerance to heat persists.
Microbial biomass and community structure changes along a soil development chronosequence near Lake Wellman, southern Victoria Land
Authors: Aislabie Jackie , Bockheim James , Mcleod Malcolm , Hunter David , Stevenson Bryan , Barker Gary M. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractFour pedons on each of four drift sheets in the Lake Wellman area of the Darwin Mountains were sampled for chemical and microbial analyses. The four drifts, Hatherton, Britannia, Danum, and Isca, ranged from early Holocene (10 ka) to mid-Quaternary (c. 900 ka). The soil properties of weathering stage, salt stage, and depths of staining, visible salts, ghosts, and coherence increase with drift age. The landforms contain primarily high-centred polygons with windblown snow in the troughs. The soils are dominantly complexes of Typic Haplorthels and Typic Haploturbels. The soils were dry and alkaline with low levels of organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. Electrical conductivity was high accompanied by high levels of water soluble anions and cations (especially calcium and sulphate in older soils). Soil microbial biomass, measured as phospholipid fatty acids, and numbers of culturable heterotrophic microbes, were low, with highest levels detected in less developed soils from the Hatherton drift. The microbial community structure of the Hatherton soil also differed from that of the Britannia, Danum and Isca soils. Ordination revealed the soil microbial community structure was influenced by soil development and organic carbon.
In Search of Meaning: Foreign Volunteers in the Croatian Armed Forces, 1991–95
Authors: ARIELLI NIR 
Published: December 2011

AbstractForeign war volunteers are a recurring phenomenon in modern warfare. The Yugoslav Wars (1991–95) saw the participation of foreign fighters on all sides. The article focuses on foreigners who joined the Croatian armed forces (excluding returning Croatian émigrés). It examines where the volunteers came from, what brought them to the Balkans and how they represent and commemorate their wartime experiences. It argues that their participation in the conflict can be understood as part of an individual search for meaning, comradeship and empowerment.
Closing-in Behavior in Mild Cognitive Impairment: An Executive Deficit
Authors: Ambron Elisabetta , McIntosh Robert D. , Finotto Sara , Clerici Francesca , Mariani Claudio , Della Sala Sergio 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis study explored Closing-in behavior (CIB), the tendency in figure copying to draw very close to or on top of the model, in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The files of 154 people diagnosed with MCI were reviewed and CIB was identified in 21% of cases. Two approaches were used to explore CIB. First, we capitalized on the diverse cognitive profiles within MCI, subdividing the overall sample into people with and without memory deficits. The frequency of CIB was significantly higher in multidomain non-amnestic MCI than in multidomain amnestic MCI, suggesting that CIB is not associated with specific memory impairment. Second, we assessed the cognitive correlates of CIB, by selecting patients with MCI who completed a battery of executive, visuo-constructional and memory tasks. Sub-groups of patients with and without CIB showed a similar overall severity of cognitive decline and comparable performance in visuo-constructional and memory tasks, but those with CIB were slightly but significantly more impaired on executive function tasks. The study provides evidence against memory-based accounts of CIB, and supports recent suggestions that executive impairments are the dominant cognitive correlate of this clinical sign. (JINS, 2012, 18, 269–276)
Microstructural Evolution in a CeO2-Gd2O3 System
Authors: Ye Fei , Ou Ding Rong , Mori Toshiyuki 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMicrostructural evolution in a CeO2-Gd2O3 system at atomic and nanoscale levels with increasing Gd concentration has been comprehensively investigated by transmission electron microscopy. When the Gd concentration was increased from 10 to 80 at.%, the phase transformation from ceria with fluorite structure to solid solution with C-type structure was not a sudden change but an evolution in the sequence of clusters, domains, and precipitates with C-type structure in the fluorite-structured matrix. Moreover, the ordering of aggregated Gd cations and oxygen vacancies in these microstructural inhomogeneities developed continuously with increasing Gd concentration. This microstructural evolution can be further described based on the development of defect clusters containing Gd cations and oxygen vacancies.
Implementing successful residential alternatives to acute in-patient psychiatric services: lessons from a multi-centre study of alternatives in England
Authors: Morant N. , Lloyd-Evans B. , Gilburt H. , Slade M. , Osborn D. , Johnson S. 
Published: December 2011

Background.Standard acute psychiatric care in the UK is costly but problematic. Alternatives to standard in-patient wards exist, but little is known about their effectiveness, implementation and sustainability. This paper explores successful features and limitations of five residential alternative services in England and factors that facilitate or impede their initial and sustained implementation and success.Methods.Semi-structured interviews about the functioning of six alternative services were conducted with 36 mental health professionals with good working knowledge of, and various connections with these services. A group interview with study researchers was also conducted. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.Results.One service did not show evidence of operating as an alternative and was excluded from further analysis. The remaining five alternatives are valued for providing a more holistic style of care than standard services that confers many perceived benefits. However, they are seen as less appropriate for compulsorily detained or highly disturbed patients, and as providing less comprehensive treatment packages than hospital settings. Factors identified as important to successful implementation and sustainability are: responding to known shortcomings in local acute care systems; balancing role clarity and adaptability; integration with other services; and awareness of the alternative among relevant local health-care providers.Conclusions.Residential alternatives can play an important role in managing mental health crises. Their successful implementation and endurance depend on establishing and maintaining a valued position within local service systems. Findings contribute to bridging the gap between research evidence on the problems of standard acute care and delivering improved crisis management services.
High‐resolution sea surface reconstructions off Cape Hatteras over the last 10 ka
Authors: Cléroux Caroline , Debret Maxime , Cortijo Elsa , Duplessy Jean‐Claude , Dewilde Fabien , Reijmer John , Massei Nicolas 
Published: December 2011

This study presents high‐resolution foraminiferal‐based sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity and upper water column stratification reconstructions off Cape Hatteras, a region sensitive to atmospheric and thermohaline circulation changes associated with the Gulf Stream. We focus on the last 10,000 years (10 ka) to study the surface hydrology changes under our current climate conditions and discuss the centennial to millennial time scale variability. We observed opposite evolutions between the conditions off Cape Hatteras and those south of Iceland, known today for the North Atlantic Oscillation pattern. We interpret the temperature and salinity changes in both regions as co‐variation of activities of the subtropical and subpolar gyres. Around 8.3 ka and 5.2–3.5 ka, positive salinity anomalies are reconstructed off Cape Hatteras. We demonstrate, for the 5.2–3.5 ka period, that the salinity increase was caused by the cessation of the low salinity surface flow coming from the north. A northward displacement of the Gulf Stream, blocking the southbound low‐salinity flow, concomitant to a reduced Meridional Overturning Circulation is the most likely scenario. Finally, wavelet transform analysis revealed a 1000‐year period pacing the δ18O signal over the early Holocene. This 1000‐year frequency band is significantly coherent with the 1000‐year frequency band of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) between 9.5 ka and 7 ka and both signals are in phase over the rest of the studied period.
The Inter-Valley Soil Comparative Survey: the ecology of Dry Valley edaphic microbial communities
Authors: Lee Charles K , Barbier Béatrice A , Bottos Eric M , McDonald Ian R , Cary Stephen Craig 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Recent applications of molecular genetics to edaphic microbial communities of the McMurdo Dry Valleys and elsewhere have rejected a long-held belief that Antarctic soils contain extremely limited microbial diversity. The Inter-Valley Soil Comparative Survey aims to elucidate the factors shaping these unique microbial communities and their biogeography by integrating molecular genetic approaches with biogeochemical analyses. Although the microbial communities of Dry Valley soils may be complex, there is little doubt that the ecosystem's food web is relatively simple, and evidence suggests that physicochemical conditions may have the dominant role in shaping microbial communities. To examine this hypothesis, bacterial communities from representative soil samples collected in four geographically disparate Dry Valleys were analyzed using molecular genetic tools, including pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene PCR amplicons. Results show that the four communities are structurally and phylogenetically distinct, and possess significantly different levels of diversity. Strikingly, only 2 of 214 phylotypes were found in all four valleys, challenging a widespread assumption that the microbiota of the Dry Valleys is composed of a few cosmopolitan species. Analysis of soil geochemical properties indicated that salt content, alongside altitude and Cu2+, was significantly correlated with differences in microbial communities. Our results indicate that the microbial ecology of Dry Valley soils is highly localized and that physicochemical factors potentially have major roles in shaping the microbiology of ice-free areas of Antarctica. These findings hint at links between Dry Valley glacial geomorphology and microbial ecology, and raise previously unrecognized issues related to environmental management of this unique ecosystem.