bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimizing temperament through litter size in short‐lived, iteroparous mammals in seasonal environments
Authors: Eccard Jana A. , Rödel Heiko G. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA number of short‐lived, iteroparous animal species have small broods in the early breeding season and larger broods in later breeding season. Brood size affects not only offspring size, but as recent results suggest, may also affect offspring's temperament, hormonal status, and aggression as adults. Most populations of short‐lived, iteroparous mammals fluctuate predictably over the season, with low densities in winter, increasing densities in summer and a population peak in late summer followed by a population breakdown. If animals live only through parts of the season, possibly such differences in density and hence also in social environments among seasons require different personality types to increase individual fitness. We present data on behavior of European rabbits from a field enclosure study. These data clearly show that aggressiveness is higher in young from smaller litters than in young from larger litters, and smaller litters are usually born during the early breeding season. Moreover, our data suggest that behavioral types of the young rabbits are stable over time, at least during their subadult life. We suggest, that changes in mean litter size over the course of the breeding season may not only be a product of mothers' age or food availability, but may also have an adaptive function by preparing offspring characteristics for adulthood in a social environment undergoing predictable density changes within the season. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53:585–591, 2011.
“Personality” in laboratory mice used for biomedical research: A way of understanding variability?
Authors: Lewejohann Lars , Zipser Benjamin , Sachser Norbert 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe mouse, including countless lines of transgenic and knockout mice, has become the most prominent model organism in biomedical research. Behavioral characterization is often conducted in batteries of short tests on locomotion, anxiety, learning and memory, etc. In such tests, any individual differences within groups are usually considered to be disturbing variance. In order to reduce variance in experimental animal research enormous efforts of standardization have been made. While a substantial reduction of variability has been reached compared to the earlier years of experimental animal studies a considerable amount of inter‐individual differences still seems to escape standardization. This effect is demonstrated and evaluated by re‐analyzing data from two experiments conducted in our laboratory with inbred mice. Interestingly, behavioral patterns of individual animals seem to be correlated across context and time. In evolutionary biology, “animal personalities” have been discussed recently to comprise such stable patterns. We argue here, that nonrandom behavioral correlations across contexts and time might underlie the variability commonly found in biomedical mouse studies. Dev Psychobiol © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53:624–630, 2011.
The emergence of personality in animals: The need for a developmental approach
Authors: Trillmich Fritz , Hudson Robyn 
Published: October 2011

AbstractInterest has been growing among behavioral biologists in individual differences in animal behavior of the kind that can be considered to reflect differences in personality. Once considered the exclusive domain of human psychology, biologists have found evidence for personality across a wide range of species, while behavioral ecologist and theoretical biologists recognize the likely evolutionary origins and contribution to fitness of such. However, until recently most work has concentrated on ultimate questions of fitness and thus on adult animals, with little attention given to proximate, developmental origins. This is now changing, as approaches to studying animal personality broaden and methodologies are developed enabling this to be studied across periods of near continuous and often rapid ontogenetic change. Debate continues, however, about the right methodologies to characterize the phenomenon and attempt to do so in a comparable manner across taxa that differ as widely in the expression of “personality” as insects and mammals. This makes it necessary to discuss this field in an interdisciplinary context among psychologists and biologists, and was the rational for a meeting on “The Emergence of Personality in Animals” held in May 2010 at the Center for Interdisciplinary Research (Zentrum für Interdisziplinäre Forschung; ZiF), Bielefeld, Germany. The diversity of topics, viewpoints and organisms covered and the excitement created by the ensuing discussions is reflected in the resulting collection of papers forming this special issue. Dev Psychobiol © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53:505–509, 2011.
Electroconvulsive seizure promotes spine maturation in newborn dentate granule cells in adult rat
Authors: Zhao Chunmei , Warner‐Schmidt Jennifer , S. Duman Ronald , Gage Fred H. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractNeurogenesis continues in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus throughout life in mammals. This process is influenced by daily activities such as exercise, learning, and stress and may contribute to certain forms of hippocampus‐dependent learning and memory. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is also subject to regulation by antidepressant treatment, including chronic treatment with antidepressant drugs or electroconvulsive seizure (ECS) therapy. Here we investigated how the connectivity of newborn and mature granule cells is influenced by ECS administration in rats. Specifically, we examined the dendritic spine morphology of newborn and mature granule cells in rats and found that ECS administration promoted the maturation of dendritic spines in newborn cells and increased spine density in mature cells. These changes could potentially lead to alteration in dentate circuitry and may partially contribute to the functional effects of ECS. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 72: 937–942, 2012
The origin of intestinal stem cells in Drosophila
Authors: Micchelli Craig A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractRenewing tissues in the adult organism such as the gastrointestinal (GI) epithelium depend on stem cells for epithelial maintenance and repair. Yet, little is known about the developmental origins of adult stem cells and their niches. Studies of Drosophila adult midgut precursors (AMPs), a population of endodermal progenitors, demonstrate that adult intestinal stem cells (ISCs) arise from the AMP lineage and provide insight into the stepwise process by which the adult midgut epithelium is established during development. Here, I review the current literature on AMPs, where local, inductive and long‐range humoral signals have been found to control progenitor cell behavior. Future studies will be necessary to determine the precise mechanism by which adult intestinal stem cells are established in the endodermal lineage. Developmental Dynamics 241:85–91, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Complex pattern of genetic structuring in the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) of the River Foyle system in northwest Ireland: disentangling the evolutionary signal from population stochasticity
Authors: Ensing Dennis , Prodöhl Paulo A. , McGinnity Philip , Boylan Patrick , O’Maoiléidigh Niall , Crozier Walter W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractLittle is known about the microevolutionary processes shaping within river population genetic structure of aquatic organisms characterized by high levels of homing and spawning site fidelity. Using a microsatellite panel, we observed complex and highly significant levels of intrariver population genetic substructure and Isolation‐by‐Distance, in the Atlantic salmon stock of a large river system. Two evolutionary models have been considered explaining mechanisms promoting genetic substructuring in Atlantic salmon, the member‐vagrant and metapopulation models. We show that both models can be simultaneously used to explain patterns and levels of population structuring within the Foyle system. We show that anthropogenic factors have had a large influence on contemporary population structure observed. In an analytical development, we found that the frequently used estimator of genetic differentiation, F
ST, routinely underestimated genetic differentiation by a factor three to four compared to the equivalent statistic Jost's D
est (Jost 2008). These statistics also showed a near‐perfect correlation. Despite ongoing discussions regarding the usefulness of “adjusted”F
ST statistics, we argue that these could be useful to identify and quantify qualitative differences between populations, which are important from management and conservation perspectives as an indicator of existence of biologically significant variation among tributary populations or a warning of critical environmental damage.
Responsive demand to mitigate slow recovery voltage sags
Authors: Garcia‐Valle Rodrigo , da Silva Luiz Carlos Pereira , Xu Zhao , Østergaard Jacob 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYIt is expected that in the future, customers will play a much more active role in modern power distribution systems. Instead of being passive agents, customers will be encouraged to participate in many other functions, such as frequency and voltage control, by providing a rapid, active, and reactive power reserve for peak load management through price responsive methods and also as energy providers through embedded generation technologies. This article introduces a new technology, called demand as voltage‐controlled reserve, which can help mitigation of momentary voltage sags. The technology can be provided by thermostatically controlled loads as well as other types of load. This technology has proven to be effective in distribution systems with a large composition of induction motors, when voltage sags present slow recovery characteristics because of the deceleration of the motors during faults. This article presents detailed models, discussion, and simulation tests to demonstrate the technical viability and effectiveness of the demand as voltage‐controlled reserve technology for mitigating voltage sags. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aerobic oxidative radical coupling catalyzed by TEMPO for the preparation of 2,2′‐dibenzothiazole disulfide
Authors: Dong Ben , Lu Shuai , Jiang Jun , Zhang Wenjing , Zhu Weimin , Tang Mingsheng , Yang Guanyu 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: 2,2′‐disbenzothiazole disulfide is widely used as a vulcanization accelerator in rubber production and as an intermediate in the drug industry. Its current industrial process, the oxidation of 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole by sodium nitrite in acidic solution, produces large quantities of liquid waste water. A novel and green synthetic method was developed, which used dioxygen as the oxidant and 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidyl‐1‐oxyl (TEMPO) as the catalyst without any metallic compounds.RESULTS: The conditions, including temperature, solvents, amount of catalyst, dioxygen pressure and time, were optimized. Thus 94% yield of 2,2′‐disbenzothiazole disulfide was obtained at 60 °C in acetonitrile under 0.2 MPa oxygen pressure for 3 h. Theoretical calculations and UV spectra showed that hydrogen‐transfer reaction between 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole and TEMPO was the key step, and 2,2′‐disbenzothiazole disulfide was generated by the coupling of the formed thiyl radical of 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole.CONCLUSION: 2,2′‐disbenzothiazole disulfide was prepared efficiently by aerobic oxidative coupling of 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole with TEMPO as the catalyst. This ‘environmentally friendly’ approach with easy handling, mild reaction conditions and simple separation represents a viable means of producing 2,2′‐disbenzothiazole disulfide. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Fermentative production of fumaric acid from Eucalyptus globulus wood hydrolyzates
Authors: Rodríguez‐López Julio , Sánchez Antonio José , Gómez Diana María , Romaní Aloia , Parajó Juan Carlos 
Published: October 2011

AbstractFumaric acid (FA) was produced from Eucalyptus globulus wood by successive steps of hydrothermal processing (to solubilize hemicelluloses and to increase the susceptibility of solids to enzymatic hydrolysis), enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation with Rhizopus arrhizus DSM 5772. For comparative purposes, additional fermentations were carried out using synthetic media. Single stage fermentation of synthetic media led to a medium containing 11.8 g FA L−1 (YP/S = 0.60 g g−1). Operating in fed batch mode, the fourth stage increased the FA concentration from 19.7 up to 43.6 g L−1 (YP/S = 0.71 g g−1). Hydrolyzate fermentation in a single stage resulted in lower fumaric acid concentration (9.65 g L−1) and yield (0.35 g g−1). Additional fermentations were carried out in media made with hydrolyzates subjected to membrane processing, adsorption or ion exchange. The highest yield (YP/S = 0.44 g g−1) was reached in media made up of ion‐exchange treated hydrolyzates and a commercial glucose solution in proportion 85/15 w/w. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Use of a virtual classroom in training fourth‐year medical students on care transitions
Authors: Eskildsen Manuel A. , Chakkalakal Rosette , Flacker Jonathan M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Transferring complex patients between settings can be fraught with poor communication and adverse outcomes, yet few medical students nationwide are trained in specific skills to improve care transitions.OBJECTIVE:To give medical students the fund of knowledge and skills to develop and implement a safe discharge plan.DESIGN:A new care transitions curriculum imparted to all fourth‐year medical students from August 2009 to April 2010 during their internal medicine sub‐internship.SETTING:Emory University School of Medicine.INTERVENTION:Activities included: 1) discussion of an online case highlighting care transitions issues; 2) preparation of a discharge summary based on online templates; and 3) a postdischarge phone call to one of their patients.MEASUREMENTS:We evaluated the curriculum using questionnaires measuring changes in pretest to posttest confidence in performing discharge tasks, attitudes toward the care transitions process, and performance on a knowledge quiz. We also assessed course satisfaction and the quality of students' discharge summaries and postdischarge call reports performed during the module.RESULTS:Students' confidence in their ability to perform discharge tasks improved from 16.5 to 20.8 on a 25‐point scale (P < 0.001). Knowledge quiz scores improved from 68 to 82 out of 100 (P < 0.001); 90.1% (109/121) of discharge summaries and 90.1% (109/121) of postdischarge call reports met all quality criteria.CONCLUSIONS:This curriculum showed that students could acquire the needed skills to prepare quality discharge summaries and communicate well with patients at discharge, as well as improve their overall knowledge surrounding care transitions. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2011. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine
Cost‐related medication underuse: Prevalence among hospitalized managed care patients
Authors: Choudhry Niteesh K. , Saya Uzaib Y. , Shrank William H. , Greenberg Jeffrey O. , Melia Caroline , Bilodeau Amy , Kadehjian Emily K. , Dolan Mary Lou , Dudley Jessica C. , Kachalia Allen 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:The affordability of prescription medications continues to be a major public health issue in the United States. Estimates of cost‐related medication underuse come largely from surveys of ambulatory patients. Hospitalized patients may be vulnerable to cost‐related underuse and its consequences, but have been subject to little investigation.OBJECTIVE:To determine impact of medication costs in a cohort of hospitalized managed care beneficiaries.METHODS:We surveyed consecutive patients admitted to medical services at an academic medical center. Questions about cost‐related underuse were based on validated measures; predictors were assessed with multivariable models. Participants were asked about strategies to improve medication affordability, and were contacted after discharge to determine if they had filled newly prescribed medications.RESULTS:One‐hundred thirty (41%) of 316 potentially eligible patients participated; 93 (75%) of these completed postdischarge surveys. Thirty patients (23%) reported cost‐related underuse in the year prior to admission. In adjusted analyses, patients of black race were 3.39 times (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05 to 11.02) more likely to report cost‐related underuse than non‐Hispanic white patients. Virtually all respondents (n = 123; 95%) endorsed at least 1 strategy to make medications more affordable. Few (16%) patients, prescribed medications at discharge, knew how much they would pay at the pharmacy. Almost none had spoken to their inpatient (4%) or outpatient (2%) providers about the cost of newly prescribed drugs.CONCLUSIONS:Cost‐related underuse is common among hospitalized patients. Individuals of black race appear to be particularly at risk. Strategies should be developed to address this issue around the time of hospital discharge. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine
Pediatric hospitalist systems versus traditional models of care: Effect on quality and cost outcomes
Authors: Mussman Grant M. , Conway Patrick H. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Pediatric hospitalist systems are increasing in popularity, but data regarding the effects of hospitalist systems on the quality of care has been sparse, in part because rigorous metrics for analysis have not yet been established. We conducted a literature review of studies comparing the performance of pediatric hospitalists and traditional attendings.OBJECTIVE:To determine the effect of pediatric hospitalists on quality and outcome metrics such as length of stay, cost, patient satisfaction, mortality, readmission rates, and use of evidence‐based medicine during care.RESULTS:A Medline literature search identified 11 studies that met criteria for inclusion. Five previously reviewed studies reported lengths of stay between 6% and 14% shorter for hospitalists. Five of the new studies evaluated lengths of stay, with 1 showing significantly lower length of stay and cost for a faculty model, 1 showing lower length of stay for hospitalists for all conditions, 1 for certain conditions only, and 2 showing no statistical difference. Six studies reported on readmission rate, with 4 showing no difference, 1 showing decreased readmissions for hospitalists, and 1 showing decreased readmissions for a traditional faculty service. Hospitalists self‐report higher use of evidence‐based guidelines. Few differences in patient satisfaction were reported. Mortality on the pediatrics wards is rare, and no studies were adequately powered to evaluate mortality rate.CONCLUSION:Hospitalists can improve the quality and efficiency of inpatient care in the pediatric population, but the effect is not universal, and mechanisms underlying demonstrated improvements are poorly understood. We propose 4 components to improve quality and value in hospital medicine systems: investment in comparative effectiveness research involving delivery system interventions, development and implementation of pediatric quality measures, better understanding of improvement mechanisms for hospital medicine systems, and increased focus on quality and value delivered by hospital medicine groups and individuals. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine
Head‐to‐head comparison of eight late gadolinium‐enhanced cardiac MR (LGE CMR) sequences at 1.5 tesla: From bench to bedside
Authors: Viallon Magalie , Jacquier Alexis , Rotaru Carmen , Delattre Bénédicte M.A. , Mewton Nathan , Vincent Fabrice , Croisille Pierre 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPurpose:To compare—theoretically and experimentally—clinically available two‐dimensional/three‐dimensional (2D/3D), breathhold and non‐breathhold, inversion‐recovery (IR) gradient‐echo (GRE) sequences used to differentiate between nonviable injured and normal myocardium with late gadolinium‐enhanced techniques (IR‐GRE2D sequence is used as a reference), and to evaluate their respective clinical benefit.Materials and Methods:Six breathhold (2D‐IR‐GRE, 3D‐IR‐GRE, balanced steady‐state free precession 2D‐IR‐bSSFP and 3D‐IR‐bSSFP, phase‐sensitive 2D‐PSIR‐GRE, and 2D‐PSIR‐bSSFP) and two non‐breathhold late gadolinium‐enhanced techniques (single‐shot 2D‐ssbSSFP and 2D‐PSIR‐ssbSSFP) were consecutively performed in 32 coronary artery disease patients with chronic myocardial infarction. Qualitative assessment and manual planimetry were performed by two independent observers. Quantitative assessment was based on percentage signal intensity elevation between injured and normal myocardium and contrast‐to‐noise ratio. Theoretical simulations were compared with experimental measurements performed on phantoms with various concentrations of gadolinium.Results:The 3D‐IR‐GRE image quality appeared better than the other 2D and 3D sequences, showing better delineation of complex nontransmural lesions, with significantly higher percentage signal intensity and contrast‐to‐noise ratio. PSIR techniques appeared more limited in differentiating sub‐endocardial lesions and intracavity blood pool, but in all other cases were comparable to the other techniques. Single‐shot PSIR‐ssbSSFP appeared to be a valuable alternative technique when breathhold cannot be achieved.Conclusion:We recommend 3D‐IR‐GRE as the method of choice for late gadolinium‐enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in clinical practice. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimizing MR signal contrast of the temporomandibular joint disk
Authors: Carl Michael , Sanal Hatice T. , Diaz Eric , Du Jiang , Girard Olivier , Statum Sheronda , Znamirowski Richard , Chung Christine B. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPurpose:To use a tissue specific algorithm to numerically optimize UTE sequence parameters to maximize contrast within temporomandibular joint (TMJ) donor tissue.Materials and Methods:A TMJ specimen tissue block was sectioned in a true sagittal plane and imaged at 3 Tesla (T) using UTE pulse sequences with dual echo subtraction. The MR tissue properties (PD, T2, T2*, and T1) were measured and subsequently used to calculate the optimum sequences parameters (repetition time [TR], echo time [TE], and θ).Results:It was found that the main contrast available in the TMJ could be obtained from T2 (or T2*) contrast. With the first echo time fixed at 8 μs and using TR = 200 ms, the optimum parameters were found to be: θ ≈ 60°, and TE2 ≈ 15 ms, when the second echo is acquired using a gradient echo and θ ≈ 120°, and TE2 ≈ 15 ms, when the second echo is acquired using a spin echo.Conclusion:Our results show that MR signal contrast can be optimized between tissues in a systematic manner. The MR contrast within the TMJ was successfully optimized with facile delineation between disc and soft tissues. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.