bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancing semantic segmentation in chest X-ray images through image preprocessing: ps-KDE for pixel-wise substitution by kernel density estimation
Authors: Wang Yuanchen , Guo Yujie , Wang Ziqi , Yu Linzi , Yan Yujie , Gu Zifan 
Published: June 2024

Background
In medical imaging, the integration of deep-learning-based semantic segmentation algorithms with preprocessing techniques can reduce the need for human annotation and advance disease classification. Among established preprocessing techniques, Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) has demonstrated efficacy in improving segmentation algorithms across various modalities, such as X-rays and CT. However, there remains a demand for improved contrast enhancement methods considering the heterogeneity of datasets and the various contrasts across different anatomic structures.

Method
This study proposes a novel preprocessing technique, ps-KDE, to investigate its impact on deep learning algorithms to segment major organs in posterior-anterior chest X-rays. Ps-KDE augments image contrast by substituting pixel values based on their normalized frequency across all images. We evaluate our approach on a U-Net architecture with ResNet34 backbone pre-trained on ImageNet. Five separate models are trained to segment the heart, left lung, right lung, left clavicle, and right clavicle.

Results
The model trained to segment the left lung using ps-KDE achieved a Dice score of 0.780 (SD = 0.13), while that of trained on CLAHE achieved a Dice score of 0.717 (SD = 0.19), p<0.01. ps-KDE also appears to be more robust as CLAHE-based models misclassified right lungs in select test images for the left lung model. The algorithm for performing ps-KDE is available at https://github.com/wyc79/ps-KDE.

Discussion
Our results suggest that ps-KDE offers advantages over current preprocessing techniques when segmenting certain lung regions. This could be beneficial in subsequent analyses such as disease classification and risk stratification.
A real‐life snapshot: Evaluating exposures to low energy availability in male athletes from various sports
Authors: Vardardottir Birna , Olafsdottir Anna S. , Gudmundsdottir Sigridur Lara 
Published: June 2024

AbstractProblematic low energy availability (LEA) is the underlying cause of relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs). Male specific etiology, as well as the duration and degree of LEA exposures resulting in REDs remain to be adequately described. The present study aimed to assess occurrences of LEA (energy availability [EA] <25 kcal/kg fat‐free mass/day) in male athletes from various sports over 7 days. Associations between number of LEA days, physiological measures, and body image concerns were subsequently evaluated. The athletes recorded their weighed food intakes and training via photo‐assisted mobile application. Body composition and resting metabolic rates were measured, and venous blood samples collected for assessments of hormonal and nutrition status. Participants also answered the Low Energy Availability in Males Questionnaire (LEAM‐Q), Eating Disorder Examination—Questionnaire Short (EDE‐QS), Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI), and Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI). Of 19 participants, 13 had 0–2, 6 had 3–5, and none had 6–7 LEA days. No associations were found between the number of LEA days with the physiological and body image outcomes, although those with greatest number of LEA days had highest EEE but relatively low dietary intakes. In conclusion, this group displayed considerable day‐to‐day EA fluctuations but no indication of problematic LEA.
Eine Chronik laufender Ereignisse – Über die Bibliothek der ukrainischen Literatur in Moskau
Authors: Hamann Olaf 
Published: June 2024

Zusammenfassung
Schon 1918 entstand in Moskau eine Bibliothek ukrainischer Literatur (BUL), die bis zum Ende der 1930er-Jahre ihre Türen offenhielt. Mit der Perestroika wurde diese Idee von Enthusiasten ukrainischer Nationalität aufgegriffen. Mit Unterstützung von Bibliothekaren und der Stadtverwaltung von Moskau entwickelte sich eine lebendige Spezialbibliothek für ukrainische Literatur. Sie konnte sich vor dem Hintergrund guter offizieller Beziehungen zwischen den Regierungen beider Länder zunächst ebenfalls gut entwickeln. Mit der Verschlechterung der zwischenstaatlichen Beziehungen wurde die BUL zu einem Spielball der großen Politik. Der Beitrag beleuchtet diese Entwicklung und verdeutlicht den Einfluss politischer und juristischer Entscheidungen auf die Arbeit Öffentlicher Bibliotheken in Russland.
Pseudogomphonema lukinicum sp. nov. (Bacillariophyceae), a new endophytic diatom found inside multicellular red algae from the Northwest Pacific
Authors: Stonik Inna V. , Skriptsova Anna V. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In our collections from the Northwest Pacific waters, we found several specimens of the red algae Lukinia dissecta and Callophyllis perestenkoae with darker spots on their thalli, which contained an unusual pennate diatom. A detailed morphological analysis based on light and scanning electron microscopy observations made it possible to describe a new species of endophytic diatom, Pseudogomphonema lukinicum sp. nov. Stonik et Skriptsova. The new species has some morphological features typical of the genus, such as the heteropolarity of the valves, the presence of pseudosepta and small apical chambers at both poles of the valves, and nonporous girdle bands. Pseudogomphonema lukinicum has been described and distinguished from the other species in the genus on the basis of a combination of morphological traits, including relatively small cell dimensions, a slightly asymmetrical valve to the transapical axis, with obtusely rounded headpole and narrower footpole, the large asymmetrical central area, and the presence of apical chambers at both poles. Pseudogomphonema lukinicum is the second representative of Pseudogomphonema known to be living endophytically. The data on the species composition of endophytic diatoms in marine macroalgae, their habitats, and host organisms reported in the literature to date are summarized.
Evolution of interaction-free usage in the wake of AI
Authors: Herrmann Thomas 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Interaction-free usage (IfU) will be one of the quantitatively dominant forms of computer use in the future. In qualitative terms, this form of use will cover a wide range of applications, also software that supports communication and cooperation. Digital twins for cooperation and communication will be employed by individual users to maintain a variety of social networking activities. Generative AI will play a decisive role in this development, autonomously identifying user needs, replacing the predominant form of use through prompting with question-and-answer dialogs. These dialogs will also be used to preconfigure systems for IfU phases. The counterpart to IfU, which will become ever less-frequent, is intervening interaction, when users intervene to explore and adjust the performance of AI-based systems in exceptional situations or to optimize them for future task handling.
Shrinkage Estimation and Forecasting in Dynamic Regression Models Under Structural Instability
Authors: Mehrabani Ali , Parsaeian Shahnaz , Ullah Aman 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This paper introduces a Stein-like shrinkage method for estimating slope coefficients and forecasting in first order dynamic regression models under structural breaks. The model allows for unit root and non-stationary regressors. The proposed shrinkage estimator is a weighted average of a restricted estimator that ignores the break in the slope coefficients, and an unrestricted estimator that uses the observations within each regime. The restricted estimator is the most efficient estimator but inconsistent when there is a break. However, the unrestricted estimator is consistent but not efficient. Therefore, the proposed shrinkage estimator balances the trade-off between the bias and variance efficiency of the restricted estimator. The averaging weight is proportional to the weighted distance of the restricted estimator, and the unrestricted estimator. We derive the analytical large-sample approximation of the bias, mean squared error, and risk for the shrinkage estimator, the unrestricted estimator, and the restricted estimator. We show that the risk of the shrinkage estimator is lower than the risk of the unrestricted estimator under any break size and break points. Moreover, we extend the results for the model with a unit root and non-stationary regressors. We evaluate the finite sample performance of our proposed method via extensive simulation study, and empirically in forecasting output growth.
3D hUC-MSC spheroids exhibit superior resistance to autophagy and apoptosis of granulosa cells in POF rat model
Authors: Dai Wenjie , Yang Hong , Xu Bo , He Tiantian , Liu Ling , Zhang Zhen , Ding Liyang , Pei Xiuying , Fu Xufeng 
Published: June 2024

In brief
This study reveals that orthotopic transplantation of 3D hUC-MSC spheroids is more effective than monolayer-cultured hUC-MSCs in improving POF and distinctly reducing oxidative stress through the paracrine effect, thereby preventing apoptosis and autophagy of GCs.

Abstract
Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a common reproductive disease in women younger than 40 years old, and studies have demonstrated that the application of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) is a promising therapy strategy for POF. Given the previously established therapeutic advantages of 3D MSC spheroids, and to evaluate their effectiveness, both 3D hUC-MSC spheroids and monolayer-cultured hUC-MSCs were employed to treat a cyclophosphamide-induced POF rat model through orthotopic transplantation. The effects of these two forms on POF were subsequently assessed by examining apoptosis, autophagy, and oxidative damage in ovarian granulosa cells (GCs). The results indicated that hUC-MSC spheroids exhibited superior treatment effects on resisting autophagy, apoptosis, and oxidative damage in GCs compared to monolayer-cultured hUC-MSCs. To further elucidate the impact of hUC-MSC spheroids in vitro, a H2O2-induced KGN cells model was established and co-cultured with both forms of hUC-MSCs. As expected, the hUC-MSC spheroids also exhibited superior effects in resisting apoptosis and autophagy caused by oxidative damage. Therefore, this study demonstrates that 3D hUC-MSC spheroids have potential advantages in POF therapy; however, the detailed mechanisms need to be further investigated. Furthermore, this study will provide a reference for the clinical treatment strategy of POF.
Assessment of the Ischaemic Effects of Myocardial Bridge by Echocardiographic Exercise Stress Test
Authors: Lamendola Priscilla , Cambise Nello , Di Renzo Antonio , Tinti Lorenzo , De Vita Antonio , Tremamunno Saverio , Pastena Paola , Belmusto Antonietta , Montone Rocco , Rinaldi Riccardo , Villano Angelo , Lanza Gaetano A 
Published: June 2024

Background: Detection of myocardial bridge (MB) at angiography suggests it has a role in ischaemic-related symptoms in patients with angina without obstructive coronary artery disease. However, evidence that MB may cause myocardial ischaemia is limited. Methods: We studied 41 patients with MB of the left anterior descending coronary artery and otherwise normal coronary arteries. Fourteen patients with normal coronary arteries and without MB served as controls. All subjects underwent a maximal treadmill exercise stress test (EST) under ECG monitoring. Standard and speckle-tracking echocardiography were performed at baseline and immediately after peak EST. Results: EST duration and peak heart rate and systolic pressure were similar in the two groups. A positive EST (ST-segment depression ≥1 mm) was found in 18 patients in the MB group (43.9%) and none in the control group (p=0.001). No abnormalities in both left ventricle systolic and diastolic function were found between the two groups in the standard echocardiographic evaluation. Global and segmental (anterior, inferior) longitudinal strain (LS) did not differ at baseline between the groups. There was a small increase in global LS during EST in MB patients but not in the control group (p=0.01). Similar trends were found for regional LSs, with differences being significant for the medium (p=0.028) and apical (p=0.032) anterior segments. No differences in echocardiographic parameters and both global and segmental LSs were observed between MB patients with ischaemic ECG changes during EST versus those without. Conclusion: Our findings do not support the notion that MB results in significant degrees of myocardial ischaemia during maximal myocardial work.
Seasonal dynamics of cardiovascular events in the Russian Federation
Authors: Kuzmenko N. V. , Galagudza M. M. , Fedorenko A. A. , Zvartau N. E. , Shlyakhto E. V. 
Published: June 2024

Aim. To study the seasonal dynamics of cardiovascular events (CVE) in the Russian Federation (RF) using medical and statistical data for the period 2016-2019, and also to establish an association of CVE risk with meteorological conditions.Material and methods. We used data on hospitalizations for 2016-2019 for hemorrhagic stroke (HS), ischemic stroke (IS), myocardial infarction (MI), and acute coronary syndrome (ACS).Results. Data analysis showed that the maximum number of HSs occurred in winter and spring, and the minimum in summer. The maximum number of ISs was recorded in spring and summer, while the minimum in winter and autumn. ACS occurred more often in winter and spring, MI — more often in spring. ACS was accompanied by MI in 44% of cases. In winter, the probability of HS increased with decreasing latitude.In summer, the risk of HS and IS was greater at lower air temperatures. In summer, the probability of IS and MI was associated with lower values of atmospheric pressure and partial density of oxygen (ρO2). In winter, the risk of IS increased at highr atmospheric pressure values. No convincing evidence was obtained of the influence of geomagnetic activity on the seasonal dynamics of the CVEs either throughout the Russian Federation or in the circumpolar regions.Conclusion. As a result, meteorological conditions influence the seasonal risk of CVEs. A decrease in ρO2 in summer significantly increases the CVE risk associated with ischemia, which should be taken into account when preventing CVEs.
Юридическое лицо как средство, способ и орудие совершения преступления
Authors: Balzhinimaeva Violetta 
Published: June 2024

Наиболее известным спором, касающимся включения юридического лица в уголовно-правовое регулирование, стала дискуссия о возможности его уголовной ответственности . Аргументация строилась вокруг разного понимания сущности юридического лица: фикции или реальности . Однако со временем стали рассматриваться другие способы проявления юридических лиц в орбите уголовного права . В частности, юридическое лицо предложили рассматривать не как субъект преступления, а как средство, способ или орудие совершения преступления . Аргументация исследователей, сторонников и противников этого предложения рассматривается в данной статье . Мы также обращаемся к судебной практике, чтобы оценить, как отражается такой подход к юридическому лицу в реальной правоприменительной деятельности . В качестве орудия юридическое лицо предлагают рассматривать сторонники его фиктивной сущности . Противники такого подхода указывают, что орудие — это всегда реальный материальный предмет, которым юридическое лицо не является . Однако этот аргумент не мешает судам на практике признавать юридические лица орудием совершения преступления . В таких случаях реальность организации не берется в расчет судом, поскольку он при принятии решения фокусируется исключительно на физическом лице . Некоторые исследователи предлагают рассматривать юридическое лицо как фикцию в качестве средства совершения преступления . Однако средством совершения преступления в данном случае становится не юридическое лицо в целом, а только его отдельные элементы . Этот подход также находит отражение в судебной практике . Еще одним вариантом проявления юридического лица в уголовном праве становится рассмотрение его как способа совершения преступления . В судебной практике мы видим прямое указание на то, что физическим лицом юридическое лицо было создано с целью совершения преступления . Таким образом, в теоретических работах споры о включении юридического лица в орбиту уголовного права продолжаются . Аргументация в этих спорах базируется на применении теории фикции или теории реальности юридического лица . Анализ судебной практики показывает, что юридическое лицо регулярно признается в качестве орудия и сред-ства совершения преступления . Однако его самостоятельность игнорируется, а фокус делается на физическом лице как субъекте преступления .Для цитирования: Бальжинимаева В.В. Юридическое лицо как средство, способ, орудие совершения преступления // Право. Журнал Высшей школы экономики. 2022. Т. 15. № 1. С. 140–163. DOI:10.17323/2072-8166.2022.1.140.163.
Определение субъекта прав на результаты интеллектуальной деятельности, созданные с использованием искусственного интеллекта
Authors: Kalyatin Vitaliy 
Published: June 2024

Искусственный интеллект применяется в настоящее время во всех областях человеческой деятельности, включая создание фильмов, музыкальных произведений, современных технологий и т.д. Однако широкое использование искусственного интеллекта при создании результатов интеллектуальной деятельности ставит перед законодателем и судами трудные вопросы об определении правового режима, применимого к таким результатам интеллектуальной деятельности и об установлении места искусственного интеллекта в правовой системе в целом. Дискуссионным остается даже понятие искусственного интеллекта; жаркие споры вызывает и выбор подхода к определению лица, которому будут принадлежать созданные искусственным интеллектом результаты. Традиционное регулирование связывает охрану интеллектуальной собственности с деятельностью человека, а в рамках континентальной системы права требуется также творчество. В результате компании, использующие искусственный интеллект, указывают фиктивных авторов, чтобы получить охрану результатов интеллектуальной деятельности. В доктрине предложен ряд вариантов закрепления прав на такие объекты, среди которых можно назвать разработчика искусственного интеллекта; лицо, организовавшее функционирование искусственного интеллекта; инвестора; пользователя искусственного интеллекта; сам искусственный интеллект и др. В настоящей статье анализируются возможные модели регулирования таких результатов интеллектуальной деятельности, указываются перспективы изменения законодательства и общественные последствия этого. Делается вывод, что среди множества моделей закрепления права на результаты интеллектуальной деятельности, созданные искусственным интеллектом, лишь несколько заслуживают внимания, из которых наиболее перспективным является вариант введения специального ограниченного смежного права лица, организовавшего процесс использования искусственного интеллекта. Данная модель имеет сходство с уже существующими в гражданском праве конструкциями — правами изготовителя фонограмм, организации эфирного или кабельного вещания, изготовителя базы данных. Имеется и опыт применения этих конструкций в некоторых странах. Таким образом, появление искусственного интеллекта в сфере интеллектуальной собственности требует не значительной перестройки всего правового регулирования, а лишь развития сложившихся подходов.
ASSISTÊNCIA SOCIAL, POBREZA E DESIGUALDADES: OS IMPACTOS DA PANDEMIA DA COVID-19 NAS FAMÍLIAS VULNERÁVEIS DE HERVAL D´OESTE/SC
Authors: Chiamolera Adriana , Santos Corrêa da Silva Luis Fernando 
Published: June 2024

Este artigo discute os impactos sociais da pandemia da COVID-19 nas famílias atendidas pela política de Assistência Social do município de Herval d'Oeste/SC. A pesquisa é de natureza bibliográfica, documental, qualitativa e quantitativa. O instrumento de coleta de dados utilizado foi a entrevista[1] semi-estruturada, e teve como base um roteiro, com perguntas abertas e fechadas. Foram entrevistados 8 profissionais que atuaram na política de assistência social no período da pandemia, e 13 usuários dos serviços de assistência social. Durante a pandemia da COVID-19, constatou-se o aumento da demanda por benefícios eventuais, em virtude do nulo ou insuficiente acesso à renda dessas famílias, que se encontravam vulneráveis socialmente. E identificou-se com a pesquisa que essa processualidade está intrinsecamente ligada ao aumento da desigualdade e da pobreza evidenciada no Brasil e, especialmente, no município em questão. Ao analisar-se o papel da política de assistência social, constatou-se que esta não se constituiu como política suficiente para a efetivação dos direitos da população.

[1] A pesquisa foi conduzida de acordo com os padrões éticos exigidos, e o Certificado de Apresentação de Apreciação Ética (CAAE) é número 68231323.8.0000.5564.
An alternative method for measuring patient’s sagittal balance parameters in sitting and standing positions
Authors: Pavlov V. V. , Mushkachev Е. А. , Turgunov E. N. , Lukinov V. L. , Peleganchuk A. V. 
Published: June 2024

Introduction The understanding of the biomechanics of movements in the spinopelvic segment plays an important role in the successful treatment of patients with hip-spine syndrome. Analysis of the biomechanical processes occurring in the biokinematic chain of the spine–pelvis–hip during the transition from standing position to sitting position allows us to conclude that the acetabular axis of rotation of the pelvis in space is not the only one. Classical methods for measuring PI, PT, overhang S1 are applicable for patients in a standing position and use the hip joint as a starting point, since it is the point of rotation of the pelvis in space in a standing position. Previously, using mathematical modeling, we described spatial changes in the pelvis during a given change in the body position and showed the presence of a second point of pelvis rotation in space, which appears in a sitting position. We assumed that in a sitting position, it is necessary to use other methods for calculating indicators of spinopelvic relationships for their determination.Purpose of the study was to evaluate the parameters of patients’ sagittal balance using the proposed alternative method in standing and sitting positions.Materials and methods Medical documentation and the results of X-ray examination of 20 patients with unilateral idiopathic coxarthrosis who underwent total hip replacement surgery were analyzed. The radiographic parameters were calculated: PI, PT, overhang S1 in standing and sitting positions, anterior inclination of the acetabular component; parameters PI ischial, PT ischial, deviation of the ischial tuberosities in standing and sitting positions were proposed and calculated.Results The study shows that there is no statistical difference in the values of the angles PI standard for a standing position and PI ischial for a sitting position. It corresponds to objective data and is generally accepted. Examples of changes in radiographic parameters of the sacral slope and the deviation of the ischial tuberosities were shown reflecting the rotation of the pelvis in space through the second, ischial axis, that confirm the biaxial concept of pelvic rotation.Discussion The calculations demonstrated the possibility of using alternative indicators of spinopelvic relationships (PT, distance of overhang of the sacrum (overhang S1), deviation of the ischial tuberosities). They enabled assessment of the spatial transformation of the pelvis and the ability to predict the spatial position of the acetabulum, which is an important factor for successful treatment of patients with combined pathology of the hip joint and spine.Conclusion Our findings complement the biaxial concept of pelvic rotation. An alternative method for measuring sagittal balance parameters in a sitting position has been proposed. Further research is required to assess the practical significance of this method.