bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ECONOMIC INJURY LEVELS FOR THE RED SUNFLOWER SEED WEEVIL (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) INFESTING OILSEED SUNFLOWER
Authors: Peng Chengwang , Brewer Gary J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe control of the red sunflower seed weevil, Smicronyx fulvus LeConte, relies on the use of insecticides. An economic injury level is essential to the judicious deployment of insecticidal control. Field studies were conducted in 1992 and 1993 to quantify the weight loss and oil content loss of damaged kernels as a result of larval infestation and the relationship between the adult weevil population and the subsequent number of damaged achenes. We found that for each weevil sampled in plant stages R5.0–5.3, 26.88 damaged achenes resulted. Damaged kernels lost an average of 9.86 ± 2.36 mg (mean ± SD) per kernel, approximately equal to the amount consumed by a single larva. The oil content loss in damaged kernels was 3.34%. Economic injury levels were calculated as a function of the cost of controls, the market value, and the plant population density. Use of adult weevil counts when most plants in the fields are in plant stages R5.0–5.3 are recommended for calculating economic status.
ANT TRAFFIC ON DIFFERENT TREE SPECIES IN CONNECTICUT
Authors: Weseloh Ronald M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractForest ants in Connecticut, especially Formica neogagates Emery and F. subsericea Say (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), feed on first- to third-instar larvae of gypsy moths, Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), but mainly forage on the ground while most young caterpillars are in trees. It would be helpful to obtain information about the individual ants that do climb trees. Thus, numbers of ants climbing up and down different species of forest trees were determined. Numbers varied with both tree species and trunk diameter. Some oaks, plus hickories, tended to have the most ant traffic. These trees were also the most likely to have trunk diameters positively correlated with ant activity. Ants appeared to obtain honeydew or perhaps nectar from the trees, as the crop contents of some ants tested positive for sugar. A possible way to induce more ants to climb trees, and thus to attack caterpillars in trees more frequently, would be to increase numbers of honeydew-producing insects in trees. It should also be possible to encourage ants by spraying trees with sugar solutions or other materials.
FLY FAUNA OF BIRD NESTS IN HOKKAIDO, JAPAN (DIPTERA)
Authors: Iwasa Mitsuhiro , Hori Koji , Aoki Noriyuki 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe Diptera occurring in various kinds of bird nests were investigated in the Japanese island of Hokkaido from 1985 to 1989. A total of 4623 Diptera, consisting of 23 species of eight families (Anthomyiidae, Fannidae, Muscidae, Calliphoridae, Heleomyzidae, Sphaeroceridae, Sepsidae, and Stratiomyiidae), was reared from 69 natural nests of 13 bird species of eight families (Strigidae, Picidae, Paridae, Sittidae, Sturnidae, Ploceidae, Laniidae, and Columbidae). Of 23 species of flies reared, 12 were new records from bird nests. An ectoparasite of birds,Protocalliphora maruyamensisShinonaga and Kano, frequently emerged from the nests of hole-nesting birds of Paridae, Sturnidae, and Ploceidae, but it did not emerge from the nests of the hole-nesting birdsPicoides majorandP.minorof Picidae. The nests ofStreptopelia orientalisyielded the most species of flies (12).Myospila meditabunda(Fabricius) andMydaea urbana(Meigen), whose larvae are predacious, proved able to live in the bird nests. Among the scavengers,Potamia littoralis(R.-D.) was the most dominant and occurred in the nests of nine of 10 hole-nesting bird species. Sphaerocerid, sepsid, and stratiomid flies occurred in the nests ofS.orientalisin which large quantities of bird feces had accumulated. The factors concerning the occurrence of flies in the nests are discussed.
EFFECT OF TILLAGE ON GROUND BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE): A FARM-SCALE STUDY IN CENTRAL ALBERTA
Authors: Cárcamo Héctor A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe effect of conservation and conventional tillage on carabid communities was compared using pitfall trapping in two commercial barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) fields located 4 km apart on similar soils. Carabid abundance was significantly higher under conventional tillage but abundances of individual species varied between the two fields.Agonum placidumSay and twoAmaraBonelli species were more abundant at the conventional tillage farm whereasPterostichus adstrictusEschscholtz and threeBembidionLatreille species were significantly more abundant at the reduced tillage farm. Slightly more carabid species were collected in this latter field and species diversity and evenness were significantly higher.
EVIDENCE FOR MATE CHOICE BY MALE BAGWORMS, OIKETICUS KIRBYI (GUILDING) (LEPIDOPTERA: PSYCHIDAE)
Authors: Rhainds Marc , Gries Gerhard , Rodriguez Rolbin 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn field and cage experiments in a Costa Rican oil palm plantation, the largest, most fecund female bagworms, Oiketicus kirbyi, had the greatest mating success. Differential mating success of small and large females may be attributed to mate choice by males or to competition between protogynous females for access to males.
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA VARIATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF BARK WEEVILS IN THEPISSODES STROBISPECIES GROUP IN WESTERN CANADA (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Langor David W. , Sperling Felix A.H. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMorphological, allozyme, and chromosomal characters and ecological traits have limited value for discriminating among four closely relatedPissodesspp. known from western Canada. We amplified a 1585-bp segment of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), including half of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and all of the tRNA leucine and COII genes, using the polymerase chain reaction, and studied mtDNA variation within and among all four species ofPissodeswith restriction enzymes. Twenty-four haplotypes were found among the 121 maternal lineages surveyed. Haplotype distributions suggest intermediate levels of gene flow for each species. Interspecific estimated sequence divergences ranged from 0 to 28.7%. Phylogenetic relationships among species were reconstructed usingP.affinisRandall as an outgroup.Pissodes terminalisHopping andP.nemorensisGermar were the most closely related species, and this clade was most closely related toP.strobi(Peck);P.schwarziHopkins branched off below these three. Restriction site variation is sufficient to discriminate unambiguously among most species. However,P.terminalisandP.nemorensishaplotypes were very similar, which may complicate discrimination between these two species, using mtDNA characters, where their ranges putatively overlap in Manitoba. A diagnostic protocol using three restriction enzymes,BclI,DraI, andHinfI, is recommended.
EFFECTIVENESS OF GALL INDUCERS IN WEED BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Authors: Harris P. , Shorthouse J.D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractGall inducers are favoured as biocontrol agents of weeds because they tend to have a narrow host range. Six insect and one nematode gall inducer used in Canada are described in terms of their biology, gall morphology, gall physiology, and effectiveness in weed control. The species differ in plant organ attacked, requirement for moisture, whether the galls are induced by secretions or by severing xylem, and effectiveness, which in part relates to the ability of the gall to import nutrients. The most powerful galls divert assimilates from other sinks via a gall’s vascular system joined to that of their host. One of our examples also has mechanisms to compensate for reduction of turgor during drought. Two of the gall inducers enhance their nutrient supply by severing xylem in a plant nutrient sink. One, in the short-term sink of a thistle capitulum, obtains about a quarter of its assimilates at the expense of other capitula. The other, in the long-term sink of a rosette root, approximately halves seed production. Hypotheses are presented to explain various aspects of gall development and function.
DISTRIBUTION AND IMPACT OF LEPTOGLOSSUS OCCIDENTALS HEIDEMANN (HEMIPTERA: COREIDAE) IN SEED ORCHARDS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Blatt Suzie E. , Borden John H. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractLeptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann (Hemiptera: Coreidae) is considered to be an important cone and seed pest in seed orchards in British Columbia; however, no impact studies have been done in Canada. Surveys to determine the distribution of L. occidentalis were conducted over a 3-year period in three coastal seed orchards of Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, and over a 2-year period in two seed orchards of lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelmann. Leptoglossus occidentalis was found to distribute itself in patches, coinciding with a clonal preference. Seed losses were assessed for 2 years in the coastal Douglas-fir orchards and for 1 year in one lodgepole pine orchard. The percentages of partially filled seed that could have been caused by feeding of L. occidentalis or by a number of other factors were < 5% in coastal Douglas-fir for both 1992 and 1993 and ~14% in lodgepole pine in 1993. Apparently because populations of L. occidentalis were low, there was no correlation between the percentage of partially filled seed and number of insects per tree. Except in unusual circumstances, management measures in Canada are judged not to be necessary as populations of L. occidentalis are consistently below the calculated threshold levels required to cause ≥5% loss in seed production.
RESIDUAL TOXICITIES OF THREE INSECTICIDES TO FOUR SPECIES (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE) OF ARTHROPOD PREDATOR
Authors: Çilgi Tamer , Wratten Steve D. , Robertson Jacqueline L. , Turner David E. , Holland John M. , Frampton Geoff K. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn laboratory bioassays, four carabid species [Agonum dorsale (Pontoppidan), Bembidion lampros (Herbst), B. obtusum Serville, and Demetrias atricapillus (L.)] that are important predators of aphids in cereals in the United Kingdom were exposed to deposits of deltamethrin, dimethoate, or pirimicarb on glass for up to 72 h. We detected differences between compounds and species that are discussed in the context of exposure of these predators to insecticides in the field. We also describe problems involved in obtaining comparative toxicity data when dilutions of field application rates for target species are used in bioassays with nontarget species. Such problems add another dimension to risk assessment based on laboratory data.
DISTRIBUTION AND SAMPLING OF ROOT WEEVIL LARVAE IN YOUNG ORNAMENTAL CONIFER PLANTATIONS
Authors: Brandt J.P. , Smith S.M. , Hubbes M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe determined the distribution of root weevil larvae feeding on the roots of young ornamental conifers in field studies using a new non-destructive sampling technique. Most root weevil larvae fed on the roots during summer, fall, and late spring with significantly more larvae found at 10 cm than at 20 and 30 cm and more at 20 cm than at 30 cm. Larvae moved down into the soil to overwinter and moved closer to the surface (<15 cm) in the spring. Soil samples predicted the population density of larvae under individual trees. Four samples (0.0076 m3), 9 cm in diameter by 30 cm long, taken equidistantly 20 cm from the tree stem provided the best estimate. The equation, T = 64.04 M, where T is the total number of larvae beneath a tree, and M is the mean number of root weevil larvae from four soil samples, described the linear relationship between the number of larvae in soil samples and the total population of larvae beneath a tree. Implications for the timing and location of sampling and control measures are discussed.
THE TACHINID TAXA OF LOUIS P. MESNIL, WITH NOTES ON NOMENCLATURE (INSECTA: DIPTERA)
Authors: O’Hara James E. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractLouis Paul Mesnil (1904–1986) wrote more than 90 published articles on the Tachinidae between 1936 and 1980. He proposed, in those works, a total of 172 new genus-group names and 838 new species-group names. These genus-group and species-group names are listed here along with annotations and a complete record of Mesnil’s publications on the Tachinidae. Certain nomenclatural problems concerning the taxa of Mesnil are addressed, namely difficulties arising from the fascicle format of the series “Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region”, determination of the type status of primary types (syntypes vs. holotypes), improperly labeled types in collections, taxa described in cryptic fashion, type depositories not slated or since changed, and manuscript names in collections. The rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature are followed to standardize usage of Mesnil’s names.
FIR CONEWORM, DIORYCTRIA ABIETIVORELLA (GROTÉ) (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE), PREFER CONES PREVIOUSLY EXPLOITED BY THE SPRUCE CONE MAGGOTS STROBILOMYIA NEANTHRACINA MICHELSEN AND STROBILOMYIA APPALACHENSIS MICHELSEN (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Fidgen Laura L. , Sweeney Jon D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe tested the prediction that larvae of the fir coneworm, Dioryctria abietivorella (Groté), preferentially exploit cones previously damaged by cone maggots, Strobilomyia spp. In most years sampled, fir coneworm attacked a significantly greater proportion of maggot-damaged than healthy cones of both white spruce and black spruce. The ecological implications for pest management are briefly discussed.
BIOLOGY AND LIFE HISTORY OF EPURAEA OBLIQUUS HATCH (COLEOPTERA: NITIDULIDAE) ON WESTERN GALL RUST
Authors: Currie Cameron R. , Spence John R. , Volney W. Jan A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe life cycle, phenology, and abundance of Epuraea obliquus Hatch was studied near Hinton, Alberta. Most of the life cycle occurs on galls of Endocronartium harknessii (J.P. Moore) Y. Hiratsuka (western gall rust) infecting lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var latifolia Engelm.). Both adults and larvae feed on the spores of the fungus. Individuals of this beetle were found on most galls sampled. Adults overwinter in the soil. They emerge in the spring to seek out and colonize galls. Eggs are laid on the surface of galls, mainly under the periderm, and larvae feed on the fungus, developing through three larval instars. Larvae in the last instar drop from galls to pupate in the soil. Adults leave the soil in late summer and return to feed on inactive galls before overwintering in the soil. The phenology of E. obliquus is closely synchronized with the timing of rust sporulation and the impact of beetle feeding may be an important natural control of western gall rust.
GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONGCHORISTONEURASPECIES (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA AS REVEALED BY ISOZYME STUDIES
Authors: Harvey G.T. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAllozymes at several polymorphic loci were assayed in larval collections of 12 recognized species and two possible new species ofChoristoneuraand two species ofArchips. Most of the 48 collections came from high density populations, and those ofC.fumiferana,C.occidentalis, andC.pinusrepresented much of the geographic range of these species. Mean percentage heterozygosity ranged from 2.0 to 18.6%, based on nine polymorphic loci. Three loci are sex-linked inC.fumiferana, two inC.pinusandC.occidentalisand probably in some other members of the group. Allozymes of aspartate transaminase (AAT-1) were most varied among the species and permit identification of individualC.fumiferanain better than 95% of cases. Among the group of coniferophagousChoristoneuraspecies genetic distances were small (max. Nei = 0.232);C.fumiferanawas the most distinct species. Wagner trees based on modified Rogers’ distances supported the above conclusions but indicated that separations amongC.biennis,C.orae,C.occidentalis,C.carnana,C.subretiniana, and the two new species ofChoristoneurawere very small and probably below the species level, based on the allozymes measured.
EFFECT OF QUEEN MANDIBULAR PHEROMONE ON INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE OF QUEEN CELLS IN THE HONEY BEE (APIS MELLIFERA L.)
Authors: Melathopoulos A.P. , Winston M.L. , Pettis J.S. , Pankiw T. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAdding queen mandibular pheromone into honey bee colonies earlier than 24 h after queen loss resulted in an inhibition of queen-rearing, but not when added after 4 days. The number of queen cells initiated in each treatment decreased with the addition of the pheromone, although there were no effects on the number of queen cells torn down following pheromone treatment. The effect of adding the pheromone to queenless colonies given newly hatched female larvae under different regimens of queen cell provisioning and cell structure also was investigated. Only colonies in which larvae were presented in unmodified worker comb exhibited significantly lower rates of queen-rearing. Results indicate that queen mandibular pheromone inhibits the initiation of queen-rearing but not the maintenance of established cells.
INFLUENCE OF PLANT QUALITY ON INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE APHID PARASITOID EPHEDRUS CALIFORNICUS BAKER (HYMENOPTERA: APHIDIIDAE) AND ITS HOST, ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM (HARRIS) (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Stadler B. , Mackauer M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe determined variations in selected life-history parameters in a tritrophic system that consisted of a plant (broad bean, Vicia faba L.), an aphid (pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum), and an aphid parasitoid (Ephedras californicus). We manipulated plant and aphid quality by growing bean plants in a high- and a low-quality nutrient solution for three generations. Pea aphids adapted to reduced nutrient availability by differentially allocating resources to somatic and gonadal growth across generations. On low-quality plants, time from birth to adult increased and dry mass decreased. The number of sclerotized embryos was correlated with adult dry mass. By contrast, in E. californicus, variations in dry mass, rate of development, and number of ovarial eggs did not suggest transgenerational adaptations to resource quality as measured by aphid size. The number of mature eggs was dependent on female age. Development time varied with parasitoid sex and was independent of aphid stage at the time of death. In the low-quality treatment, males survived on average longer than females eclosing from the same kinds of hosts.Aphids and their parasitoids have evolved flexible life-history strategies in response to variations in plant quality. Pea aphids adapted to qualitatively variable resources by optimizing the balance between somatic and gonadal investment across successive generations. But E. californicus responded to low host quality at the level of the individual, rather than across generations; the trade-off pattern was influenced by the host’s growth potential after parasitization.
A REVISION OF THE NEARCTICAMELETUSMAYFLIES BASED ON ADULT MALES, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF SEVEN NEW SPECIES (EPHEMEROPTERA: AMELETIDAE)
Authors: Zloty Jacek 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA systematic revision of North American species of the genusAmeletus, excluding parthenogenetic species, is presented. Seven new species are described (A.andersoni,A.bellulus,A.doddsianus,A.edmundsi,A.majusculus,A.pritchardi, andA.tolae), separate keys are given to western and eastern species, annotated accounts of all 30 presently recognized bisexual species are provided, taxonomic characters are illustrated, and distribution data are presented for all species. The following nomenclatural changes are proposed:Ameletus aequivocusis considered a junior synonym ofA.sparsatus; A.alticolusandA.celeroidesjunior synonyms ofA.celer;A.connectinaandA.connectusjunior synonyms ofA.velox;A.facilisa junior synonym ofA.vancouverensis;A.montaa junior synonym ofA.similior;A.querulusa junior synonym ofA.shepherdi. The specific status ofA.tuberculatusis questioned and it is provisionally considered to be the same asA.celer.
FORAGING BEHAVIOUR OF HONEY BEES (APIS MELLIFERAL.) ON STAGHORN SUMAC [RHUS HIRTASUDWORTH (EX-TYPHINAL.)]: DIFFERENCES AND DIOECY
Authors: Greco Carlos F. , Holland Dean , Kevan Peter G. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe foraging behaviour of honey bees (Apis melliferaL.) on inflorescences of staghorn sumac [Rhus hirtaSudworth (ex-typhinaL.)] was studied using a “choice table” placed in natural stands of this plant. The choice table consisted of a wooden grid with alternated male and female inflorescences of sumac. Honey bee activity was recorded also on inflorescences of naturally growing plants in which the secretion of nectar was measured and the anther dehiscence recorded. Honey bees were the only common pollinators observed on sumac in the study area. During the morning, both plant sexes secreted little nectar, and pollen was available after the dehiscence of the anthers which took place between 1000 and 1100 hours. Female inflorescences secreted great amounts of nectar during the afternoon, but in male inflorescences there was little secretion. Honey bees seemed to forage according to the circadian availability of resources. Most of their activity concentrated on male inflorescences in the morning and on female ones during the afternoon. Both the occurrence of bees with pollen loads in their corbiculae and the length of the visits to each sex also seemed to be in accordance to the kind of resource exploited at particular times of the day. Most of the bees with pollen loads were observed during the morning and the longest visits to any inflorescences were registered on female ones during the afternoon (by bees foraging for nectar). Despite our results suggesting that the pollination success of staghorn sumac would be impaired by the foraging pattern of honey bees, an explanation is proposed for its reproductive success.
POTATO TRAP CROPS FOR CONTROL OF COLORADO POTATO BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) IN TOMATOES
Authors: Hunt D.W.A. , Whitfield G. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe use of potato as a trap crop for the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), in processing tomatoes was evaluated. The proportion of beetles counted on potato trap rows vs. the tomato crop on a per plant basis was 0.99, 1 week after transplanting, and never fell below 0.93 on any sampling date. In tomato plots that received no insecticides, potato trap rows placed as much as 16 tomato beds apart were effective in reducing beetle numbers on the tomatoes and producing crop yields 61–87% higher than plots without trap rows. Four of six pairs of plots had significantly fewer adult beetles and significantly higher tomato yields when a potato trap crop was present.
THE EFFECTS OF APPLICATION RATE AND SPRAY VOLUME ON EFFICACY OF TWO FORMULATIONS OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER VAR. KURSTAKI AGAINST CHORISTONEURA ROSACEANA (HARRIS) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) ON RASPBERRIES
Authors: Li S.Y. , Fitzpatrick S.M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe relative toxicities of two formulations (Dipel WP and Foray 48B) of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. kurstaki to the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), were determined in the laboratory. The effects of application rate (BIU per hectare) and spray volume (litres per hectare) on the efficacy of Dipel WP and Foray 48B against C. rosaceana were determined in raspberry fields. Mortality of C. rosaceana increased with application rate, and decreased with an increase in spray volume. Bacillus thuringiensis exhibited significantly longer residual activity al higher application rates and at lower spray volumes. The half-life (time at which 50% of original activity remains) of B. thuringiensis ranged from 2.45 to 6.68 days, depending upon application rate and spray volume. Laboratory and field studies indicate that Dipel WP and Foray 48B are highly and equally effective in killing larvae of C. rosaceana.