bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous regression of multiple bone metastases in malignant melanoma
Authors: O'Connell M. E. A. , Powell B. W. E. M. , O'Connell J. M. , Harmer C. L. 
Published: July 2009

Everson and Cole (1966) in their classic monograph defined spontaneous regression of malignant disease as “the partial or complete disappearance of a malignant tumour in the absence of all treatment or in the presence of therapy which is considered inadequate to exert a significant influence on neoplastic disease”. It is generally agreed (Fauvet et af, I960, 1964; Cappefaere et al, 1973) that regression of malignant melanoma must fulfil at least the following criteria:
1. clinical and histological diagnosis of melanoma;
2. no therapeutic manipulation that could account for the regression;
3. clinical observation of regression of existing lesions including radiographs, photographs, etc;
4. if possible, histopathological studies of tissue sites where regression has presumably occurred.
We describe a case of spontaneous regression of multiple bone metastases following palliative radiotherapy in a patient with malignant melanoma and discuss the possible mechanisms.
In September 1985, a 40-year-old Scotsman was referred to the Roual Marsden Hospital following local excision of a pigmented lesion on the dorsal surface of the distal part of the left forearm. The lesion had been present for 5 years and for the previous 6 months had increased in size and depth of colour and bled on trauma. The only other medical history of note was vagotomy for duodenal ulceration 20 years previously.
Spontaneous pneumothorax with metastatic seminoma
Authors: Chippindale A. J. , Patel B. , Eddleston B. 
Published: July 2009

Spontaneous pneumothorax is an uncommon manifestation of malignant neoplasm affecting the lung, and is seen mainly in cases of primary lung carcinoma and metastatic sarcoma, (Dines et al, 1973; Wright, 1976). We describe a patient who developed spontaneous, bilateral pneumothoraces whilst undergoing intensive chemotherapy for metastatic seminoma of the testis.
An 18-year-old male patient with widespread metastatic disease from seminoma testis was admitted for his third course of chemotherapy. He had presented to his general practitioner 3 months previously with episodes of haemoptysis, and was found to have Stage 4 testicular tumour.
Kinetics of recovery from sublethal radiation damage
Authors: Hopewell J. W. , van den Aardweg G. M. J. M. 
Published: July 2009

We acknowledge with interest the letter from Drs Guttenberger and Thames commenting on our re-analysis of data on the kinetics of repair of sublethal radiation damage (Hopewell & van den Aardweg, 1988). We welcome this opportunity to respond since the topic has important implications for clinical radiotherapy. Reference to this very recently submitted letter was made in two previous publications by one of the authors (Thames, 1989; Thames et al, 1989).
Before discussing the important points raised by their letter, it is first essential to correct an unjustified assertion made in the above-mentioned publications (Thames, 1989; Thames et al, 1989), namely that any analyses based on plots of the percentage unrepaired dose are hampered by the selective exclusion of data points, specifically those with the longer interfraction intervals, and that this biases the results. In the studies carried out on pig skin, no data points were excluded or repeated to obtain a favourable result.
Book reviews
Authors: Clay A. M. 
Published: July 2009

The aim of this manual is to provide useful information to student nuclear medicine technicians and radiographers, and a practical reference text for departments wishing to widen the range of tests offered to the clinician.
The manual contains 11 chapters, each of which is devoted to a particular organ. Each chapter begins with an introduction to the organ, detailing the radiopharmaceuticals that can be used and the results that can be obtained, together with clinical indications for each test.
Book reviews
Authors: Freeman Alan 
Published: July 2009

Considering its importance, the oesophagus remains a neglected organ often falling uncomfortably between the interests of the gastroenterologist, thoracic surgeon, general surgeon and the ENT specialist.
Likewise, although every general radiologist needs a good working knowledge of the oesophagus, specialist interest may be exhibited by the GI radiologist, thoracic radiologist as well as the “CT man”.
Magnetic resonance: boundless possibilities … or possible boundaries
Authors: Young I. R. 
Published: July 2009

Silvanus Thompson was a cultivated and learned man in the sense recognized by the Victorians, but, sadly, largely a thing of the past. He touched many things, improving them all, including translating Gilbert's De Magnete. When he was active, the use of electricity and magnetism in medicine were matters of keen interest, but one can only guess at what a world adapting to Röntgen's wonderful discovery would make of today's evolution of a magnet-based method of observation and measurement into, possibly, the most powerful in vivo diagnostic tool yet discovered. However, it is a reasonable guess that a mind as flexible and receptive as that of Silvanus Thompson would have embraced it with euphoric excitement.
Perhaps the single most exciting thing about whole-body magnetic resonance (MR) is its scope. It is possible to design procedures for an almost indefinite repertoire of different studies, each more elaborate than the last and capable of more refined interpretation. The only snag—often mentioned with a sense of resignation—is that the process may take a long time. This reflects the fact that the sensitivity of the technique is limited, and that signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) considerations affect everything that is attempted.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) aficionados are inclined to cloak their activities with a miasma of acronyms and jargon, leading to in vivo spectroscopy, in particular, being viewed as almost impenetrable in its mystique, though imaging can often seem little less opaque.
Ultrasound examination of lymph nodes in the hepato-duodenal ligament
Authors: Lyttkens K. , Forsberg L. , Hederström E. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Ninety patients, found to have lymph nodes in the hepato-duodenal ligament (HDL) on ultrasound examination were reviewed over a one-year period in order to define the diseases in which such nodes can be found. The patients were divided into four main groups: benign liver disease (n = 31), malignant disease (n = 26), disease of the gallbladder or the biliary tree (n = 14) and a group with various benign, most inflammatory diseases (n = 19). In 40% of the patients (36/90), the lymph nodes in the HDL were the only sign of disease on ultrasound examination, and the majority of those were in the benign group.
The response of the pig lung to fractionated doses of X rays
Authors: Rezvani M. , Hopewell J. W. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A radionuclide 133Xe clearance technique has been used to assess changes in the regional gas exchange capacity of the lung after the irradiation of part of the lung of pigs with fractionated doses of 250 kV X rays. Changes in the gas-exchange capacity of an irradiated volume of lung were compared with a similar volume of unirradiated lung in each animal. The results from the lung function tests were converted into quantal data on the basis of the percentage of lung function tests in animals showing a ≥ 15% impairment of function in the irradiated lung compared with contralateral unirradiated lung in the same animal. From those quantal data, ED50 values (± SE) were obtained for each fractionation schedule. These ED50 values were used to determine time-dose-fractionation relationships for both early and late radiation-induced damage to the lung. There was apparently no recovery phase between the early and late phases of damage to the lung. In general, ED50 values for the late effect were slightly lower than those for the early effect, but this only proved significant when measurements obtained at 4 weeks after treatment were included. Varying the period for the assessment of early and late damage did not have a major effect on the results but did suggest that late damage was established in pigs by 39 weeks after irradiation. The linear-quadratic model did not provide a satisfactory fit to the fractionation results for pig lung. However, a modified nominal standard dose equation did provide a better description of the findings. A value of 0.44 ± 0.06 was obtained for N exponent in the equation for both early and late lung damage when the single-dose data points were included in the analysis. The value of the N exponent was increased to 0.52 ± 0.08 when the single-dose data were excluded. This increase was not significant.
Low-field cine magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Jones Richard A. , Metcalfe Malcolm J. , Redpath Thomas W. , Smith Francis W. , Walton Stephen 
Published: July 2009

The spin warp technique (Edelstein et al, 1980) is now the most commonly used method of image formation for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies. This technique combines frequency and phase encoding of positional information onto the signal to allow subsequent image reconstruction. Each line of data in a scan is subject to the same frequency-encoding procedure but has a unique amount of phase encoding. Since the sampling is relatively fast, the signal can be considered to be a sample at a particular point in time. For cardiac imaging, we need to ensure that for each phase encoding we are sampling the same point in the cardiac cycle if the final image is to be an accurate representation of that point in the cardiac cycle. This is achieved by synchronizing the data sampling with the patient's electrocardiogram (ECG) signal. If we sample at a number of points in each cardiac cycle, we can acquire a number of images which represent different stages of the cardiac cycle (Fig. 1). These images can then be viewed individually or in the form of a closed loop to enhance the perception of the motion in the images. This technique is commonly referred to as cine NMR or cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
To provide sufficient sampling points within the cardiac cycle, the pulse sequence must have a short repetition time; hence a gradient–echo, rather than a spin–echo, is used.
Aneurysms involving the intrapetrous internal carotid artery: a rare cause of Horner's syndrome
Authors: Rawlinson J. , Colquhoun I. R. 
Published: July 2009

Aneurysms involving the intrapetrous carotid artery are a rare cause of Horner's syndrome and only three cases appear to have been described previously. These aneurysms vary in their mode of clinical and radiological presentation depending on the direction of expansion of their sac. Non-invasive radiological investigation may demonstrate striking abnormalities, but the definitive diagnosis can only be made by angiography.
A 19-year-old woman who was 34 weeks pregnant complained of an attack of severe migrainous headache, which had left her with a drooping left eyelid. This attack was similar to many she had experienced since the age of 8 years, but none previously had been followed by neurological deficit. She gave no history of head injury or middle ear infection. Examination revealed left Horner's syndrome, in addition to partial left 8th, 9th and 10th cranial nerve palsies. All other tests were normal. Radiological investigation was deferred until she had delivered her baby.
Plain radiographs of the skull base (Fig. 1) showed a large area of pressure erosion of the medial half of the floor of the left middle cranial fossa with a scalloped margin. Unenhanced axial computed tomographic (CT) sections defined a soft-tissue mass impressing the nasopharynx and obliterating the left fossa of Rosenmuller. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed the presence of a mass lesion eroding the base of the skull in region of the carotid canal (Fig. 2).
Book reviews
Authors: Hutton J. B. 
Published: July 2009

The main authors of this A4 format book are two experienced radiographers working in collaboration with several consultant dental surgeons, a representative of Siemens Ltd, and the College of Radiographers. The slim volume is a collection of articles previously published in Radiography, together with a supplement, and is intended to provide general radiographers with not only an insight into dentistry, so that the value of various radiographic techniques becomes apparent, but also a resumé of the shortcomings of some of these techniques.
The first chapter is divided into two to deal initially with a history of the development of dental panoramic tomography, the principles and practice of the technique and radiation doses. There are also illustrations of normal radiographic anatomy and the results of faulty patient positioning. The second half outlines the shortcomings of the panoramic technique with particular reference to width of focal trough, production of secondary shadows, image overlap and superimposition.
Book reviews
Authors: Lamb G. 
Published: July 2009

This relatively compact book, edited by R. A. Lerski, consists of 15 chapters written by different authors and covers the physics and many medical applications of diagnostic ultrasound.
The first five chapters are devoted to basic physics including chapters on Doppler and performance checks. The information and diagrams are clearly presented and subheadings within chapters are clearly labelled in bold print. Each of these chapters is between 10 and 15 pages in length. However, the one concerning performance checks runs to nearly 30 pages and I feel that this is a little long when considered in relation to the length allowed for other chapters.
Book reviews
Authors: Wilson A. G. 
Published: July 2009

This is the fourth volume of a completely rewritten version of Analysis of Roentgen Signs in General Radiology (1973). It replaces the previous Volume 2 and has grown considerably, from about 500 to 1000 pages. It now has just over 1000 figures and about 1300 references, the most recent being 1985. The emphasis is on conventional radiology and computed tomography and these represent the bulk of the illustrations with a little MR, including a short appendix on MR in congenital heart disease. There are 13 chapters with I. Meschan as an author in all but one and five other contributors to seven chapters (R. E. Bechtold, M. L. Bertrand, B L. Carter, A. G. Formanek and R. D. Pugatch).
The 13 chapters cover the chest (wall, pleura, diaphragm, lungs, air passages and mediastinum) and congenital and acquired diseases of the heart and great vessels with new ones on the breast, larynx and the paediatric chest.
Radiobiological rationale for compensation for gaps in radiotherapy regimes by post-gap acceleration of fractionation
Authors: Wheldon T. E. , Barrett A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
It is now recognized that clonogenic tumour cells may repopulate vigorously during radiotherapy. Gaps in treatment schedules which lead to prolongation of overall treatment time may therefore cause sparing of tumour. Acute-responding normal tissues will also be spared if repopulation by surviving stem cells takes place. However, it is unlikely that stem cells in lateresponding normal tissues repopulate significantly over the time-scale of a conventional treatment regime; these tissues will therefore experience little or no sparing as a result of a gap. This poses a dilemma since tumour cell repopulation implies that an increased therapeutic effect in the post-gap phase of treatment may be necessary to compensate for any prolongation of treatment time, but it is difficult to achieve increased tumour effect without also increasing damage to late-responding normal tissues. Neither increased total dose nor increased fraction size is able to achieve this. A possible solution is provided if total treatment time can be held constant, with unchanged total dose and fraction size, by use of twice-daily conventionally sized dose fractions administered after the gap. Provided the twice-daily fractions are sufficiently spaced (not less than 6–8 h apart), the result will be to offset repopulation in tumour and acute-responding normal tissues without additional impairment of late-responding normal tissues. The feasibility of the approach depends on being able to complete treatment by the time originally intended; it is therefore more readily applicable to gaps occurring early rather than late in a treatment schedule. The strategy should be especially advantageous for tumours with rapid repopulative potential in sites where risk of damage to late-responding normal tissues imposes limitation of dose.
Dosimetric intercomparison in the British Institute of Radiology fractionation study of 3F/week versus 5F/week in radiotherapy of laryngo-pharynx cancer
Authors: Barrett J. H. , Davy T. J. , Dixon-Brown A. , Goodman D. , Lawson R. C. , Ormsby P. L. , Saunders J. E. , Williams P. C. , Fowler J. F. , Wiernik G. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A dose intercomparison was carried out by the National Physical Laboratory between the seven radiotherapy centres which contributed the largest number of patients to the British Institute of Radiology fractionation study of three fractions per week versus five fractions per week in clinical cancer treatment. Six of the centres showed remarkable agreement within the acceptable limits of error of the measurements. In one centre there appeared to be a physical dose discrepancy of 2.8% which was materially less than could be detected clinically.
Bilateral pneumothorax as a presenting feature of metastatic angiosarcoma of the scalp
Authors: Lawton P. A. , Knowles S. , Karp S. J. , Suvana S. K. , Spittle M. F. 
Published: July 2009

Angiosarcoma of the scalp is a rare highly malignant tumour which frequently metastasizes to lung (Holden et al, 1987). Here we report a case of bilateral pneumothorax in a man with apparently localized angiosarcoma of the scalp This case illustrates the need to be aware of the aggressive nature of this tumour and to suspect metastases when pulmonary complications develop.
In June 1988, a 77-year-old man presented with a 6 week history of an enlarging lesion on his scalp. On examination, there was a 3 cm diameter pink-purple nodule with several smaller satellite lesions extending for a further 1 cm. There were no palpable lymph nodes. A biopsy of this lesion showed it to be an angiosarcoma. The scalp lesion was completely excised and the area grafted. The histology of the excised lesion confirmed an angiosarcoma which was completely excised but close to the deep excision line.
Digging for a diagnosis
Authors: Jäger H. R. , O'Donnell C. , Sinha J. 
Published: July 2009

A 45-year-old man presented with a 1 week history of progressive painless jaundice. An ultrasound examination at the referring hospital indicated distal common bile duct (CBD) obstruction.
Six years previously he had noticed swelling around both mandibular angles and an orthopantomograph had shown two rounded radio-opaque masses in these areas (Fig. 1). One year later, the patient had a colectomy with an ileo-rectal anastomosis.
Book reviews
Authors: Nikjoo Hooshang 
Published: July 2009

Application of Monte Carlo simulation methods to radiological and medical physics problems has become popular in recent years, and this is a timely contribution to the literature on the subject for the learners and investigators in the field.
The book contains seven chapters. The first is devoted to a brief discussion of the elements of probability and statistics with emphasis on binomial and Poisson distributions. The next chapter is concerned with the random number generators (as the fundamental input of the Monte Carlo technique) and tests of randomness and their applications.
Superselective embolization using a co-axial catheter technique
Authors: Olliff S. , Thomas S. , Karani J. , Walters H. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A method of superselective embolization of 0.64 mm or 0.89 mm coils using a coaxial catheter system is described. The normally functioning parts of an organ can be easily preserved. A number of clinical cases are briefly described which illustrate the application of this method. It is particularly suited to the control of bleeding points in diseased organs or precious organs such as transplants where embolization of a larger volume of tissue would have serious consequences.
Gastrointestinal histamine and histamine formation capacity after gastric irradiation in mice
Authors: Man W. K. , Li S. K. , Spencer J. , Baron J. H. , Michalowski A. S. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Mice were exposed to a single dose of 9 or 15 Gy of X rays directed to the stomach. Histamine and histamine formation capacity (HFC) in the oxyntic region of the stomach were assayed at regular intervals for 7 weeks. After 9 Gy, mean gastric mural histamine fell to 61% of the control value (p&lt;0.0l) 7days after irradiation while HFC rose to 172% (p&lt;0.05). Both histamine and HFC returned to control values within 2 weeks after irradiation. With 15 Gy, on Day 7, histamine fell to 46% (p&lt;0.0l) and HFC rose to 260% (p&lt;0.05). Histamine concentration remained low (less than half of the control value) while HFC returned to normal. These dose-dependent changes in histamine were observed neither elsewhere in the gut nor in the circulating blood. Further groups of mice were exposed to 3, 6, 9 or 15 Gy to the stomach, with gastric histamine and HFC assayed on Day 7. Histamine concentration was inversely related to dose (r= –0.59, p&lt;O.001) and HFC was directly dose dependent (r = 0.52, p&lt;0.001). These results suggest that irradiation of the stomach may reduce gastric histamine without inducing a general histamine release. The depletion of the gastric histamine store may explain the inhibitory effect of irradiation of the stomach on gastric acid secretion.
A sweet solution to a contrast problem
Authors: Foulner Deryck 
Published: July 2009

Prior to a computed tomographic (CT) examination, it is our custom to sedate most children under the age of 4 years with oral chloral hydrate syrup. In children who have been fasted, sedated thus, and not given an oral contrast agent, we have noticed opacification of both gastric and duodenal lumena (Fig. 1). It was decided to investigate this phenomenon.
The scans were performed on an Elscint 2400 at 120kVP and 252 mA. The various constituents of the chloral hydrate syrup were scanned in plastic medicine cups atop a body phantom (Table I).
Past and revised risk estimates for cancer induced by irradiation and their influence on dose limits
Authors: Richardson R. B. 
Published: July 2009

The present is a time of great change in the assessment of radiation risk and its influence on dose limits. The main sources of risk estimates arise from irradiation for medical reasons and from the use of atomic weapons. The effects of radiation on humans and animals are reviewed by such august bodies as the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) and the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR) Committee in the USA. Over the years they have developed many of the concepts that give structure to the science of limiting radiation-induced cancers and other harmful effects. These concepts are mentioned here for completeness and because they also provide relative stability in a time of change.
Central in its importance on radiation risk estimates is the analysis of excess cancer risks of the Japanese bomb survivors which was based on a dosimetry system (T65DR) devised in 1965. Reassessment commenced in the early 1970s, with a new dosimetry system employed in the extended study of the Nagasaki and Hiroshima populations in 1985. The considerable debate that the new “DS86” dosimetry of the Japanese Life Span Study has caused reminds us again of the key position of this Japanese population in influencing radiation risk estimates and protection regulations.