bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An improved network mobility service for intelligent transportation systems
Authors: Kuntz Romain , Montavont Julien , Schreiner Guillaume , Binet David , Noël Thomas 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn the past few years, the concept of pervasive connectivity has become of crucial importance. New protocols have therefore been standardized to enable IPv6 mobility, such as the Network Mobility Basic Support (NEMO BS) protocol. This protocol is particularly suited for providing a global IPv6 connectivity in intelligent transportation systems. Yet, despite its popularity and maturity, it still suffers from various limitations which prevent its adoption in large‐scale commercial deployments. Among these are operator specific issues such as the lack of practical and efficient bootstrapping procedure. Also, a global connectivity enables the provision of value‐added services whose attractiveness mainly depends on their ease of configuration. In this paper, we focus on solutions to address both the bootstrapping of NEMO BS and service discovery in a mobile environment. By investigating various bootstrapping proposals, we advocate the use of a standardized solution extended with the missing pieces to operate in a NEMO BS environment. We also expose how operator services could be exported and announced in the mobile subnet. Authentication and authorization to access these services are also investigated. Experiments on a prototype show that our proposal brings the missing blocks towards the deployment of network mobility service in intelligent transportation systems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Key Concepts for Estimating the Burden of Surgical Conditions and the Unmet Need for Surgical Care
Authors: Bickler Stephen , Ozgediz Doruk , Gosselin Richard , Weiser Thomas , Spiegel David , Hsia Renee , Dunbar Peter , McQueen Kelly , Jamison Dean 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackgroundSurgical care is emerging as a crucial issue in global public health. Methodology is needed to assess the impact of surgical care from a public health perspective.MethodsA consensus opinion of a group of surgeons, anesthesiologists, and public health experts was established regarding the methodology for estimating the burden of surgical conditions and the unmet need for surgical care.ResultsFor purposes of analysis, we define surgical conditions as any disease state requiring the expertise of a surgically trained provider. Abnormalities resulting from a surgical condition or its treatment are termed surgical sequelae. Surgical care is defined as any measure that reduces the rates of physical disability or premature death associated with a surgical condition. To measure the burden of surgical conditions and unmet need for surgical care we propose using cumulative disability‐adjusted life‐year (DALY) curves generated from age‐specific population‐based data. This conceptual framework is based on the premise that surgically associated disability and death is determined by the incidence of surgical conditions and the quantity and quality of surgical care. The burden of surgical conditions is defined as the total disability and premature deaths that would occur in a population should there be no surgical care; the unmet need for surgical care is defined as the potentially treatable disability and premature deaths due to surgical conditions. Burden of surgical conditions should be expressed as DALYs and unmet need as potential DALYs avertable.ConclusionsMethodology is described for estimating the burden of surgical conditions and unmet need for surgical care. Using this approach it will be feasible to estimate the global burden of surgical conditions and help clarify where surgery fits among other global health priorities. These methods need to be validated using population‐based data.
Surgical treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma in a new era: comparison among leading Eastern and Western centers, Leeds
Authors: Young Alastair L. , Prasad K. Rajendra , Toogood Giles J. , Lodge J. Peter A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractObjectiveSurgery for hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HCCA) remains challenging, with radical procedures thought to offer the best chance of long‐term survival. Here we present our data for surgical resection of HCCA for the period 2001–2008.MethodsA prospectively maintained database was interrogated to identify all resections. Clinico‐pathological data were analyzed and assessed for impact on survival.Results51 patients were identified. Almost three‐quarters required hepatic trisectionectomy. Overall survival was 76% at 1 year, 36% at 3 years and 20% at 5 years. When R0 resection was achieved, the 5‐year survival was 40%. Portal vein resection, perineural invasion and T‐stage were predictive of overall survival on univariate analysis. Only T‐stage remained significant on multivariate analysis. Lymph node status predicted disease‐free survival.ConclusionRadical surgery continues to offer the prospect of long‐term survival for patients with HCCA. Earlier detection and referral to tertiary centers may allow more patients to have potentially curative surgical resections.
Mechanical Properties of Silicon Nanowires
Authors: Sohn Young-Soo , Park Jinsung , Yoon Gwonchan , Song Jiseok , Jee Sang-Won , Lee Jung-Ho , Na Sungsoo , Kwon Taeyun , Eom Kilho 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Nanowires have been taken much attention as a nanoscale building block, which can perform the excellent mechanical function as an electromechanical device. Here, we have performed atomic force microscope (AFM)-based nanoindentation experiments of silicon nanowires in order to investigate the mechanical properties of silicon nanowires. It is shown that stiffness of nanowires is well described by Hertz theory and that elastic modulus of silicon nanowires with various diameters from ~100 to ~600 nm is close to that of bulk silicon. This implies that the elastic modulus of silicon nanowires is independent of their diameters if the diameter is larger than 100 nm. This supports that finite size effect (due to surface effect) does not play a role on elastic behavior of silicon nanowires with diameter of >100 nm.
Metabolism of exogenous fatty acids, fatty acid‐mediated cholesterol efflux, PKA and PKC pathways in boar sperm acrosome reaction
Authors: Hossain Md. Sharoare , Afrose Sadia , Sawada Tomio , Hamano Koh‐ichi , Tsujii Hirotada 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPurposeFor understanding the roles of fatty acids on the induction of acrosome reaction which occurs under association of cholesterol efflux and PKA or PKC pathways in boar spermatozoa, metabolic fate of alone and combined radiolabeled 14C‐oleic acid and 3H‐linoleic acid incorporated in the sperm was compared, and behavior of cholesterol and effects of PKA and PKC inhibitors upon fatty acid‐induced acrosome reaction were examined.MethodsSemen was collected from a Duroc boar, and the metabolic activities of fatty acids in the spermatozoa were measured using radioactive compounds and thin layer chromatography. Cholesterol efflux was measured with a cholesterol determination assay kit. Participation of fatty acids on the AR through PKA and PKC pathways was evaluated using a specific inhibitor of these enzymes.ResultsIncorporation rate of 14C‐oleic acid into the sperm lipids was significantly higher than that of 3H‐linoleic acid (P < 0.05). The oxidation of 14C‐oleic acid was higher in combined radiolabeling rather than in one. The highest amounts of 3H‐linoleic acid and 14C‐oleic acid were recovered mainly in the triglycerides and phospholipids fraction, and 14C‐oleic acid distribution was higher than the 3H‐linoleic acid in both labeled (P < 0.05) sperm lipids. In the 3H‐linoleic and 14C‐oleic acid combined radiolabeling, the incorporation rate of the radioactive fatty acids in all the lipid fractions increased 15 times more than the alone radiolabeling. Boar sperm utilize oleic acid to generate energy for hyperactivation (P < 0.05). Supplementation of arachidonic acid significantly increased (P < 0.05) cholesterol efflux in sperm. When spermatozoa were incubated with PKA or PKC inhibitors, there was a significant reduction of arachidonic acid‐induced acrosome reaction (AR) (P < 0.05), and inhibition by PKA inhibitor is stronger than that by PKC inhibitor.ConclusionsIncorporation of unsaturated fatty acids, especially oleic acid, into triglycerides and phospholipids provides prerequisite energy for AR. Cholesterol efflux by arachidonic acid triggers AR. Arachidonic acid activated PKA and PKC pathway participate in induction of the AR.
Cavum Septi Pellucidi in Boxers
Authors: Aviv Richard I. , Tomlinson George , Kendall Brian , Thakkar Chandrashekhar , Valentine Alan 
Published: October 2009

Objective Controversy exists over the significance of the isolated finding of cavum septi pellucidi (CSP) and its prevalence rate in healthy individuals and in professional boxers. Few magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have looked at large cohorts of boxers. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence and extent of a CSP among professional boxers and to compare these with a control group. Methods MRI studies of 164 male boxers scanned for annual British boxing board license renewal were reviewed and compared with 43 control patients. CSP prevalence, size, and extent were recorded. Extent was classified as type 1, anterior to the fornix; type 2, extending up to the fornix; and type 3, extending into the cavum vergae. Parenchymal abnormalities were documented, and the Evan's ratio was used as an indication of brain atrophy. Results A CSP was present in 40% of controls and 49% of boxers. There was a trend to a higher CSP prevalence in boxers ( P = .099). No control patient had type 2 or 3 extension ( P < .0009), as opposed to 30% and 16% prevalence in boxers. Three boxers increased their extent over serial imaging. No difference in CSP size was established between the 2 groups ( P = .43), but there was an association between progressive scans and increased CSP size over time in boxers, independent of age ( P = .05). Eight boxers demonstrated a CSP on a subsequent scan not seen on an earlier scan. Conclusion The prevalence of a CSP is high among both control patients and boxers. There is a trend to a larger CSP with increasing number of scans without evidence of atrophy and independent of age. Boxers also have a greater posterior extent than controls. The findings may be explained by sudden increases in intracranial pressure that forced cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through small defects in the septal leaflets, which result in an increase in size and or extent of a CSP.
Comparison of (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acidv.folic acid as the reference folate in longer-term human dietary intervention studies assessing the relative bioavailability of natural food folates: comparative changes in folate status following a 16-week placebo-controlled study in healthy adults
Authors: Wright Anthony J. A. , King Maria J. , Wolfe Caroline A. , Powers Hilary J. , Finglas Paul M. 
Published: October 2009

Folic acid (pteroylmonoglutamic acid) has historically been used as the reference folate in human intervention studies assessing the relative bioavailability of dietary folate. Recent studies using labelled folates indicated different plasma response kinetics to folic acid than to natural (food) folates, thus obviously precluding its use in single-dose experiments. Since differences in tissue distribution and site of biotransformation were hypothesised, the question is whether folic acid remains suitable as a reference folate for longer-term intervention studies, where the relative bioavailability of natural (food) folate is assessed based on changes in folate status. Healthy adults aged 18–65 years (n163) completed a 16-week placebo-controlled intervention study in which the relative bioavailability of increased folate intake (453 nmol/d) from folate-rich foods was assessed by comparing changes in plasma and erythrocyte folate concentration with changes induced by an equal reference dose of supplemental (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid or folic acid. The relative increase in plasma folate concentration in the food group was 31 % when compared with that induced by folic acid, but 39 % when compared with (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid. The relative increase in erythrocyte folate concentration in the food group when compared with that induced by folic acid was 43 %, and 40 % when compared with (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid. When recent published observations were additionally taken into account it was concluded that, in principle, folic acid should not be used as the reference folate when attempting to estimate relative natural (food) folate bioavailability in longer-term human intervention studies. Using (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid as the reference folate would avoid future results' validity being questioned.
SECULAR TREND OF VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT RATE IN PORTO ALEGRE, SOUTHERN BRAZIL
Authors: DA SILVA CLÉCIO HOMRICH , AGRANONIK MARILYN , DA SILVA ANTÔNIO AUGUSTO MOURA , BETTIOL HELOISA , BARBIERI MARCO ANTONIO , GOLDANI MARCELO ZUBARAN 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThe strong association of very low birth weight (VLBW; <1500 g) with infant mortality is well known. There are no data related to VLBW trends in Brazil although findings from some large surveys carried out in small- and medium-sized cities have demonstrated an increase in low birth weight (LBW; <2500 g) rates over the last 30 years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the secular trend of VLBW in the city of Porto Alegre, a large city in a developed area in southern Brazil, and the potential determinants of this trend during the 1990s and early 2000s. This is a registry-based study. Data were obtained from birth certificates of all live births in the city from 1994 to 2005. The variables analysed were: VLBW as the dependent variable and maternal age and schooling, type of delivery, type of hospital, number of live births, gestational age, newborn gender and unemployment rate. The incidence ratio rate (IRR) using Poisson regression was calculated to identify possible trends in VLBW rates. Poisson regressions were performed in order to assess the influence of some independent variables on VLBW. A total of 257,740 singleton newborns were delivered in the city during the period, with a steady reduction in the total number of live births per year from 23,296 in 1994 to 18,325 in 2005. The results showed a small but significant increase in VLBW (p for trend=0.049). There was a significant trend towards adequacy for gestational age per birth weight, suggesting a reduction in rates of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) (p<0.001). The findings showed a significant increase of 1% per year in the probability of VLBW. The main risk factors were related to VLBW mothers with low levels of schooling, public hospitals and multiparity and nulliparity. After adjustment, nulliparity remained as a significant risk factor. The interaction between type of hospital and type of delivery indicated that the probability for VLBW was 3.6 times
higher (p<0.001) among those born in public hospitals by Caesarean section than those born in private hospitals by vaginal delivery. The results show that southern Brazil is going through a demographic transition characterized by a significant decrease in number of live births associated with a small increase in VLBW rates, a decrease in IUGR rates and stabilization of LBW.
Horizontally viscous effects in a tidal basin: extending Taylor's problem
Authors: ROOS P. C. , SCHUTTELAARS H. M. 
Published: October 2009

The classical problem of Taylor (Proc. Lond. Math. Soc., vol. 20, 1921, pp. 148–181) of Kelvin wave reflection in a semi-enclosed rectangular basin of uniform depth is extended to account for horizontally viscous effects. To this end, we add horizontally viscous terms to the hydrodynamic model (linearized depth-averaged shallow-water equations on a rotating plane, including bottom friction) and introduce a no-slip condition at the closed boundaries.In a straight channel of infinite length, we obtain three types of wave solutions (normal modes). The first two wave types are viscous Kelvin and Poincaré modes. Compared to their inviscid counterparts, they display longitudinal boundary layers and a slight decrease in the characteristic length scales (wavelength or along-channel decay distance). For each viscous Poincaré mode, we additionally find a new mode with a nearly similar lateral structure. This third type, entirely due to viscous effects, represents evanescent waves with an along-channel decay distance bounded by the boundary-layer thickness.The solution to the viscous Taylor problem is then written as a superposition of these normal modes: an incoming Kelvin wave and a truncated sum of reflected modes. To satisfy no slip at the lateral boundary, we apply a Galerkin method. The solution displays boundary layers, the lateral one at the basin's closed end being created by the (new) modes of the third type. Amphidromic points, in the inviscid and frictionless case located on the centreline of the basin, are now found on a line making a small angle to the longitudinal direction. Using parameter values representative for the Southern Bight of the North Sea, we finally compare the modelled and observed tide propagation in this basin.
Activities on the King George Island group, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica
Authors: Headland R. K. , Keage P. L. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractKing George Island and Nelson Island, close together in the central South Shetland Islands, were discovered early in the 19th century and often visited by whalers and sealers. Whalers also used their harbours early in the present century. The first permanent station was established in 1947 by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey. Currently they are the site of scientific stations and depots operated by eight Antarctic Treaty nations (Argentina, Brazil, Britain, Chile, Peoples' Republic of China, Poland, USSR and Uruguay), all of which make use of their accessible harbours and relatively long summer season.
The Marginal Ice Zone Experiment (MIZEX) 1984: Scott Polar Research Institute participation
Authors: Wadhams Peter 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe Sea Ice Group of the Scort Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, took part in the international Marginal Ice Zone Experiment 1984 (MIZEX 84) from 12 June to 26 July, operating from icebreaker FS Polarstern and chartered sealing vessel Kvitbjørn in the Greenland Sea. Observations included measurement of ice edge kinetics, wave-ice interactions and upper ocean structure and processes; ocean surface measurements and pressure ridge profile studies were also made in the same area during a post-MIZEX cruise in MS Lance.
Bowhead whaling in Davis Strait and Baffin Bay during the 18th and 19th Centuries
Authors: Vaughan Richard 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTHistories of individual whale fisheries mainly undertaken by Europeans have yet to be written. This article provides an outline history of whaling in the Davis Strait area during the 18th and 19th centuries. Current knowledge is reviewed of whaling west of Greenland by ships from Danish, Dutch and German ports, and from English, American and Scottish ports. The land-based West Greenland whale fishery is also mentioned, and the activities of whalers from France and Spain. In spite of recent national whaling histories of the English, Dutch and Danish industries, quantitative data for the Davis Strait fishery are still virtually non-existent.
Reactions of family partners of Antarctic expeditioners
Authors: Taylor A. J. W. , McCormick I. A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis study breaks new ground by involving the partners of Antarctic expeditioners as well as the expeditioners themselves in one aspect of a comprehensive research programme on stress. It reports the reactions of both parties before, during and after their separation. It shows that there were discrepancies between the partners about the sufficiency of prior discussion, the possibility of injury or death arising with the expeditioners on their hazardous venture, and about the ability of partners to cope at home. A follow up of the couples sixteen months after the separation showed that their marital relationships in general had improved slightly, although there were some individual exceptions. The study emphasised the importance of including partners as well as the specific subjects themselves in future medical and behavioural research; future studies might usefully extend beyond the couples to include all relevant family members.
The vascular flora and vegetation of Ile de Croy, Iies Kerguelen
Authors: Delarue Dominique 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn a botanical field survey of Ile de Croy, Iles Kerguelen, from 17 November to 14 December 1984, 14 of the 29 species of vascular plants known from the archipelago were recorded. None of the eight Kerguelen species of pteridophytes and no introduced species were present. Four major natural plant associations were identified. Notes are given on the habitats, distribution and ecology of each species, and comparisons are made with mainland Kerguelen and neighbouring subantarctic islands. The significance for conservation of this relatively undisturbed island is discussed.
Reconstruction of an atmospheric temperature profile from a 166-year old polar mirage
Authors: Rees W. G. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA method has been developed for deducing the variation with height of the atmospheric temperature, using the observed form of a mirage as the input. This method is applicable to the class of mirages in which the object appears undistorted, although magnified, vertically displaced, and quite possibly inverted: here applied to an observation of this class of mirage made by Dr William Scoresby in 1822, it is used to deduce the nature of the temperature inversion prevailing on that occasion.
Land usage conflict in Alaska: the case of mental health lands
Authors: Copus Gary D. , McLain James 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn 1956 the United States government allowed the Territory (now State) of Alaska to select 404,695 hectares of land to provide specifically for mental health services for Alaskans. State legislatures have since tried to place this land into private ownership because of the ‘highest and best use principle’ of land management. ‘Strict usage principle’ opponents have countered with legal action, the result of which is to place the land in a status where it serves neither proponent groups. The question raised by this piece of land history is whether, in a federalism such as the United States, it is possible to use land to serve dedicated social needs.
J.-B. Charcot; father of French polar research
Authors: Malaurie Jean 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBorn in 1867 and trained as a doctor, Jean-Baptiste Charcot gave up a fashionable medical practice to become, in his mid-thirties, France's leading polar explorer. His two major expeditions to the peninsular sector of Antarctica and the Bellingshausen Sea (1903–05, 1908–10) resulted in many new discoveries of land and established his reputation as a leader in the fields of scientific oceanography, research and survey. After service in World War I he continued polar work with a series of ten summer expeditions to the Arctic (1926–36), in which many young explorers were trained. Lost with his ship Pourquoi Pas? in a storm off Iceland in 1936, Charcot is remembered for qualities of leadership and scientific integrity which inspire the current generation of French polar scientists.