bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pertactin Is Required forBordetellaSpecies To Resist Neutrophil-Mediated Clearance
Authors: Inatsuka Carol S. , Xu Qian , Vujkovic-Cvijin Ivan , Wong Sandy , Stibitz Scott , Miller Jeff F. , Cotter Peggy A. 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACTPertactin (PRN) is an autotransporter protein produced by all members of theBordetella bronchisepticacluster, which includesB. pertussis,B. parapertussis, andB. bronchiseptica. It is a primary component of acellular pertussis vaccines, and anti-PRN antibody titers correlate with protection.In vitrostudies have suggested that PRN functions as an adhesin and that an RGD motif located in the center of the passenger domain is important for this function. Two regions of PRN that contain sequence repeats (region 1 [R1] and R2) show polymorphisms among strains and have been implicated in vaccine-driven evolution. We investigated the role of PRN in pathogenesis usingB. bronchisepticaand natural-host animal models. A Δprnmutant did not differ from wild-typeB. bronchisepticain its ability to adhere to epithelial and macrophage-like cellsin vitroor to establish respiratory infection in rats but was cleared much faster than wild-type bacteria in a mouse lung inflammation model. Unlike wild-typeB. bronchiseptica, the Δprnmutant was unable to cause a lethal infection in SCID-Bg mice, but, like wild-type bacteria, it was lethal for neutropenic mice. These results suggest that PRN plays a critical role in allowingBordetellato resist neutrophil-mediated clearance. Mutants producing PRN proteins in which the RGD motif was replaced with RGE or in which R1 and R2 were deleted were indistinguishable from wild-type bacteria in all assays, suggesting that these sequences do not contribute to PRN function.
Safety of ProbioticEscherichia coliStrain Nissle 1917 Depends on Intestinal Microbiota and Adaptive Immunity of the Host
Authors: Gronbach Kerstin , Eberle Ute , Müller Martina , Ölschläger Tobias A. , Dobrindt Ulrich , Leithäuser Frank , Niess Jan Hendrik , Döring Gerd , Reimann Jörg , Autenrieth Ingo B. , Frick Julia-Stefanie 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACTProbiotics are viable microorganisms that are increasingly used for treatment of a variety of diseases. Occasionally, however, probiotics may have adverse clinical effects, including septicemia. Here we examined the role of the intestinal microbiota and the adaptive immune system in preventing translocation of probiotics (e.g.,EscherichiacoliNissle). We challenged C57BL/6J mice raised under germfree conditions (GF-raised C57BL/6J mice) andRag1−/−mice raised under germfree conditions (GF-raisedRag1−/−mice) and under specific-pathogen-free conditions (SPF-raisedRag1−/−mice) with probioticE. colistrain Nissle 1917, strain Nissle 1917 mutants, the commensal strainE. colimpk, orBacteroides vulgatusmpk. Additionally, we reconstitutedRag1−/−mice with CD4+T cells.E. colitranslocation and dissemination and the mortality of mice were assessed. In GF-raisedRag1−/−mice, but not in SPF-raisedRag1−/−mice or GF-raised C57BL/6J mice, oral challenge withE. colistrain Nissle 1917, but not oral challenge withE. colimpk, resulted in translocation and dissemination. The mortality rate was significantly higher forE. colistrain Nissle 1917-challenged GF-raisedRag1−/−mice (100%;P< 0.001) than forE. colistrain Nissle 1917-challenged SPF-raisedRag1−/−mice (0%) and GF-raised C57BL/6J mice (0%). Translocation of and mortality due to strainE. coliNissle 1917 in GF-raisedRag1−/−mice were prevented when mice were reconstituted with T cells prior to strainE. coliNissle 1917 challenge, but not when mice were reconstituted with T cells afterE. colistrain Nissle 1917 challenge. Cocolonization experiments revealed thatE. colimpk could not prevent translocation of strainE. coliNissle 1917. Moreover, we demonstrated that neither lipopolysaccharide structure nor flagella play a role inE. colistrain Nissle 1917 translocation and dissemination. Our results suggest that if both the microbiota and adaptive immunity are defective, translocation across the intestinal epithelium and dissemination of the probioticE. colistrain Nissle 1917 may occur and have potentially severe adverse effects. Future work should define the possibly related molecular factors that promote probiotic functions, fitness, and facultative pathogenicity.
NalP-Mediated Proteolytic Release of Lactoferrin-Binding Protein B from the Meningococcal Cell Surface
Authors: Roussel-Jazédé Virginie , Jongerius Ilse , Bos Martine P. , Tommassen Jan , van Ulsen Peter 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT

Bacteria have developed several mechanisms for iron uptake during colonization of mammalian hosts, where the availability of free iron is limiting for growth.
Neisseria meningitidis
expresses under iron-limiting conditions a receptor complex consisting of the lactoferrin-binding proteins A (LbpA) and LbpB to acquire iron from lactoferrin, which is abundantly present on the mucosal surfaces of the human nasopharynx. LbpA is an integral outer membrane-embedded iron transporter, whereas LbpB is a cell surface-exposed lipoprotein. In this study, we demonstrate that LbpB is also released into the culture medium. We identified NalP, an autotransporter known to be involved in the processing of other autotransporters, as the protease responsible for LbpB release. This release of LbpB reduced the complement-mediated killing of the bacteria when incubated with an LbpB-specific bactericidal antiserum. Since antibodies directed against LbpB are found in convalescent-patient sera, the release of an immunogenic protein as LbpB may represent a novel means for
N. meningitidis
to escape the human immune response.
Comparison of the Moonlighting Actions of the Two Highly Homologous Chaperonin 60 Proteins of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Cehovin Ana , Coates Anthony R. M. , Hu Yanmin , Riffo-Vasquez Yanira , Tormay Peter , Botanch Catherine , Altare Frederic , Henderson Brian 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT

Evidence is emerging that the two chaperonin (Cpn) 60 proteins of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
, Cpn60.1 and Cpn60.2, have moonlighting actions that may contribute to the pathology of tuberculosis. We studied the release of Cpn60.1 from
M. tuberculosis
and infected macrophagelike cells and compared recombinant Cpn60.1 and Cpn60.2 in a range of cell-based assays to determine how similar the actions of these highly homologous proteins are. We now establish that Cpns are similar as follows: (i) Cpn60.1, as it has been shown for Cpn60.2, is released by
M. tuberculosis
in culture, and Cpn60.1 is furthermore released when the bacterium is in quiescent, but not activated, macrophagelike cells, and (ii) both proteins only showed a partial requirement for MyD88 for the induction of proinflammatory cytokine production compared to lipopolysaccharide. However, we also found major differences in the cellular action of Cpns. (i) Cpn60.2 proved to be a more potent stimulator of whole blood leukocytes than Cpn60.1 and was the only one to induce tumor necrosis factor alpha synthesis. (ii) Cpn60.1 bound to ca. 90% of circulating monocytes compared to Cpn60.2, which bound <50% of these cells. Both chaperonins bound to different cell surface receptors, while monocyte activation by both proteins was completely abrogated in TLR4
−/−
mice, although Cpn60.2 also showed significant requirement for TLR2. Finally, an isogenic mutant lacking
cpn60.1
, but containing intact
cpn60.2
, was severely inhibited in generating multinucleate giant cells in an
in vitro
human granuloma assay. These results clearly show that, despite significant sequence homology,
M. tuberculosis
Cpn60 proteins interact in distinct ways with human or murine macrophages.
Performance of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of
Clonorchis sinensis
Infestation in High- and Low-Risk Groups
Authors: Kim Young Jin , Lee Sun Min , Choi Go Eun , Hwang Sang Hyun , Kim Hyung Hoi , Lee Eun Yup , Chang Chulhun L. 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT

Clonorchis sinensis
is still a common parasite in South Korea. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to replace the usual intradermal test, and its performance in an area of endemicity was evaluated. From 2004 to 2006, 182 adults were included. The patient group consisted of 51 adults; 43 patients showed fluke eggs by microscopy, and 8 had their disease diagnosed clinically. The negative-control group included 131 adults: 98 at low risk and 33 at high risk of infestation. Both intradermal testing and ELISA were performed for all patients, and the sensitivity and specificity were evaluated. Statistical analysis for specificity looked at two groups: those at high risk and those at low risk. The sensitivity of the
C. sinensis
ELISA was 80.4%, while that of the intradermal test was 56.9% (
P
= 0.019). The specificities of the
C. sinensis
ELISA in the low-risk and high-risk groups were 93.9% and 33.3%, respectively, while those of the intradermal test were 85.7% and 30.3%, respectively (
P
= 0.0968,
P
= 0.9979). The
C. sinensis
ELISA may be more useful than the intradermal test; however, because of its low specificity, it may not be used independently for the diagnosis of
C. sinensis
infestation or a prevalence survey in a high-risk group.
Is web-based supply chain integration right for your company?
Authors: Downing Charles E. 
Published: April 2010

Introduction

The 1980s saw the advent of the personal computer, and the days of "Data Processing" departments solely dictating the timeline of office productivity solutions were gone. The 1990s saw the advent of enterprise resource planning (ERP) software packages, and organizations enthusiastically (even if sometimes slowly and painfully) moved from the silo mentality of departmental and unit-based information systems solutions to enterprise-wide information solutions. Today, companies are increasingly realizing that the progression from departmental to enterprise information systems has a logical next step: inter-organizational or supply chain solutions. While many pioneering companies have linked to their customers and suppliers for years, the improving reliability and security of the Web presents new opportunities for all organizations. Companies are increasingly moving to the Web or considering moving to the Web to conduct business transactions, connecting themselves with suppliers and customers.
Much of the recent research on electronic data interchange and information technology (IT) in the supply chain has focused on using the Web to conduct business-to-business (B2B) commerce across the supply chain, thus improving the older electronic data interchange ("EDI") model. The B2B market has grown steadily over the last several years. As an increasing portion of companies migrate to the Web it becomes important for both academics and practitioners to understand the benefits and pitfalls of such a migration. Numerous studies enumerate the benefits of electronic supply chain integration and B2B, and these benefits fall into the following categories: Reduction of process cost, improved operational efficiency, improved customer satisfaction, improved coordination, cooperation, and commitment between EDI partners, and improved overall process performance. However, a study has not been done which compares the process performance benefits of all three possible groups: Companies or processes (hereafter simply "companies") using no electronic supply chain integration (verbal and/or paper orders, invoices, etc.), companies using non-Web-based Supply Chain Integration (traditional EDI, using private or leased lines), and companies using Web-based supply chain integration. A notable exception occurred in a 2002 study, but this study was done on only 18 companies, a very small sample size. Also, many current studies claim that companies are misdiagnosing the advantages of B2B over existing ways of doing business. The absence of a three group comparison, along with a possible misdiagnosis of advantages, calls for further examination.
Thus, this research will attempt to determine differences in the performance of companies using no electronic supply chain integration, companies using non-Web-based supply chain integration, and companies using Web-based supply chain integration.
Sacred Scriptures as Trash:Biblical Papyri from Oxyrhynchus
Authors: Luijendijk AnneMarie 
Published: April 2010

AbstractMost New Testament papyri with a known provenance were found at the site of the ancient Egyptian city of Oxyrhynchus, or more precisely: on that city’s rubbish mounds. The fact that sacred scriptures were discarded as garbage is surprising in view of the holiness of Christian biblical manuscripts, intrinsically and physically. Yet the trash aspect of provenance has never been adequately problematized or studied. Taking a social-historical and garbological approach, this article demonstrates that at Oxyrhynchus in antiquity entire manuscripts with biblical writings were deliberately discarded by Christians themselves, unrelated to persecution and issues of canonicity.
Controlled low-flow reperfusion after warm brain ischemia reduces reperfusion injury in canine model
Authors: Munakata Hiroshi , Okada Kenji , Hasegawa Tomomi , Hino Yutaka , Kano Hiroya , Matsumori Masamichi , Okita Yutaka 
Published: April 2010

Background: Acute occlusion of the carotid artery caused by acute type A aortic dissection (AAD) induces on-going warm brain ischemia. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the hypothesis that low-flow reperfusion could mitigate reperfusion injury after warm ischemic damage to the brain. Methods: Experiments were performed using a canine global brain ischemia model, with 15 minutes of ischemia followed by 3 hours reperfusion, which was established by a simple brain reperfusion circuit with a roller pump. The right common carotid artery (RCCA) flow ratio was determined as the mean RCCA flow during reperfusion divided by the mean RCCA flow during pre-ischemia. Animals were divided into two groups according to the RCCA flow ratio; low RCCA flow ratio of 0.3 to 0.6 (Group L, n=5) and control RCCA flow ratio of 1.0 to 1.4 (Group C, n=5). At the 3-hour reperfusion time point, physiological and histopathological assessments were performed in both groups. Results: Electroencephalographic activity recovered in four of five animals (80%) animals in Group L, whereas no recovery (0%) in activity was observed in Group C. Brain water content in Group L animals was significantly less than that in Group C. Apoptosis, number of perivascular edematous regions and NFκB expression were apparently suppressed in Group L compared with Group C. There were significant positive correlations of RCCA flow with brain water content, apoptosis and number of perivascular edematous regions. Conclusions: Controlled low-flow reperfusion mitigated reperfusion-induced brain edema and apoptosis, leading to rescue of brain function in the canine model.
Pathway discovery in mantle cell lymphoma by integrated analysis of high-resolution gene expression and copy number profiling
Authors: Hartmann Elena M. , Campo Elias , Wright George , Lenz Georg , Salaverria Itziar , Jares Pedro , Xiao Wenming , Braziel Rita M. , Rimsza Lisa M. , Chan Wing-Chung , Weisenburger Dennis D. , Delabie Jan , Jaffe Elaine S. , Gascoyne Randy D. , Dave Sandeep S. , Mueller-Hermelink Hans-Konrad , Staudt Louis M. , Ott German , Beà Sílvia , Rosenwald Andreas 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The genome of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is, in addition to the translocation t(11;14), characterized by a high number of secondary chromosomal gains and losses that probably account for the various survival times of MCL patients. We investigated 77 primary MCL tumors with available clinical information using high-resolution RNA expression and genomic profiling and applied our recently developed gene expression and dosage integrator algorithm to identify novel genes and pathways that may be of relevance for the pathobiology of MCL. We show that copy number neutral loss of heterozygosity is common in MCL and targets regions that are frequently affected by deletions. The molecular consequences of genomic copy number changes appear complex, even in genomic loci with identified tumor suppressors, such as the region 9p21 containing the CDKN2A locus. Moreover, the deregulation of novel genes, such as CUL4A, ING1, and MCPH1, may affect the 2 crucial pathogenetic mechanisms in MCL, the disturbance of the proliferation, and DNA damage response pathways. Deregulation of the Hippo pathway may have a pathogenetic role in MCL because decreased expression of its members MOBKL2A, MOBKL2B, and LATS2 was associated with inferior outcome, including an independent validation series of 32 MCLs.
Chemical modulators of the innate immune response alter gypsy moth larval susceptibility to Bacillus thuringiensis
Authors: Broderick Nichole A , Raffa Kenneth F , Handelsman Jo 
Published: April 2010

Abstract

Background
The gut comprises an essential barrier that protects both invertebrate and vertebrate animals from invasion by microorganisms. Disruption of the balanced relationship between indigenous gut microbiota and their host can result in gut bacteria eliciting host responses similar to those caused by invasive pathogens. For example, ingestion of Bacillus thuringiensis by larvae of some species of susceptible Lepidoptera can result in normally benign enteric bacteria exerting pathogenic effects.

Results
We explored the potential role of the insect immune response in mortality caused by B. thuringiensis in conjunction with gut bacteria. Two lines of evidence support such a role. First, ingestion of B. thuringiensis by gypsy moth larvae led to the depletion of their hemocytes. Second, pharmacological agents that are known to modulate innate immune responses of invertebrates and vertebrates altered larval mortality induced by B. thuringiensis. Specifically, Gram-negative peptidoglycan pre-treated with lysozyme accelerated B. thuringiensis-induced killing of larvae previously made less susceptible due to treatment with antibiotics. Conversely, several inhibitors of the innate immune response (eicosanoid inhibitors and antioxidants) increased the host's survival time following ingestion of B. thuringiensis.

Conclusions
This study demonstrates that B. thuringiensis infection provokes changes in the cellular immune response of gypsy moth larvae. The effects of chemicals known to modulate the innate immune response of many invertebrates and vertebrates, including Lepidoptera, also indicate a role of this response in B. thuringiensis killing. Interactions among B. thuringiensis toxin, enteric bacteria, and aspects of the gypsy moth immune response may provide a novel model to decipher mechanisms of sepsis associated with bacteria of gut origin.
Low availability of carnitine precursors as a possible reason for the diminished plasma carnitine concentrations in pregnant women
Authors: Ringseis Robert , Hanisch Nicole , Seliger Gregor , Eder Klaus 
Published: April 2010

Abstract

Background
It has been shown that plasma carnitine concentrations decrease markedly during gestation. A recent study performed with a low number of subjects suggested that this effect could be due to a low iron status which leads to an impairment of carnitine synthesis. The present study aimed to confirm this finding in a greater number of subjects. It was moreover intended to find out whether low carnitine concentrations during pregnancy could be due to a reduced availability of precursors of carnitine synthesis, namely trimethyllysine (TML) and γ-butyrobetaine (BB).

Methods
Blood samples of 79 healthy pregnant women collected at delivery were used for this study.

Results
There was only a weak, non-significant (P > 0.05), correlation between plasma concentration of ferritin and those of free and total carnitine. There was no correlation between other parameters of iron status (plasma iron concentration, hemoglobin, MCV, MCH) and plasma concentration of free and total carnitine. There were, however, significant (P < 0.05) positive correlations between concentrations of TML and BB and those of free and total carnitine in plasma.

Conclusions
The results of this study suggest that an insufficient iron status is not the reason for low plasma carnitine concentrations observed in pregnant women. It is rather indicated that low plasma carnitine concentrations are caused by a low availability of precursors for carnitine synthesis during gestation.
Multiple barriers against successful care provision for depressed patients in general internal medicine in a Japanese rural hospital: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Ohtsuki Tsuyuka , Inagaki Masatoshi , Oikawa Yuetsu , Saitoh Akiyoshi , Kurosawa Mie , Muramatsu Kumiko , Yamada Mitsuhiko 
Published: April 2010

Abstract

Background
A general internist has an important role in primary care, especially for the elderly in rural areas of Japan. Although effective intervention models for depressed patients in general practice and primary care settings have been developed in the US and UK medical systems, there is little information regarding even the recognition rate and prescription rate of psychotropic medication by general internists in Japan. The present study surveyed these data cross-sectionally in a general internal medicine outpatient clinic of a Japanese rural hospital.

Methods
Patients were consecutively recruited and evaluated for major depressive disorder or any mood disorder using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ). Physicians who were blinded to the results of the PHQ were asked to diagnose whether the patients had any mental disorders, and if so, whether they had mood disorders or not. Data regarding prescription of psychotropic medicines were collected from medical records.

Results
Among 312 patients, 27 (8.7%) and 52 (16.7%) were identified with major depressive disorder and any mood disorder using the PHQ, respectively. Among those with major depressive disorder, 21 (77.8%) were recognized by physicians as having a mental disorder, but only three (11.1%) were diagnosed as having a mood disorder.
Only two patients with major depressive disorder (7.4%) had been prescribed antidepressants. Even among those (n = 15) whom physicians diagnosed with a mood disorder irrespective of the PHQ results, only four (26.7%) were prescribed an antidepressant.

Conclusions
Despite a high prevalence of depression, physicians did not often recognize depression in patients. In addition, most patients who were diagnosed by physicians as having a mood disorder were not prescribed antidepressants. Multiple barriers to providing appropriate care for depressed patients exist, such as recognizing depression, prescribing appropriate medications, and appropriately referring patients to mental health specialists.