bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Can We Achieve Infection‐Resistant Percutaneous Energy Transfer?
Authors: Affeld Klaus , Grosshauser Johannes , Reiter Katja , Grosse‐Siestrup Christian , Kertzscher Ulrich 
Published: August 2011

AbstractClinical records show ever increasing functional times of rotary blood pumps implanted in patients. With longer functional time, the problem of driveline infection is becoming more urgent. No material or scaffold has been found, which allows a permanent and stable ingrowth of skin cells that would prevent (pathogenic) germs entering the body. Usually, the epithelial cells die at the exit site and new cells form a sulcus around the driveline, which grows deeper and finally becomes infected. The purpose of this project is to present a solution to this problem by elaborating a new mechanism, the active skin‐penetrating device. The device is composed of a tube with a 5‐mm diameter, a protective sleeve that surrounds the catheter exit site, and an active traction device. The protective sleeve is made of thin polyurethane covered with polyethylenterephtalat (PET, i.e. Dacron) fibers to permit the attachment of keratinocytes, similar to the standard driveline. The active traction device exerts a constant pull on the protective sleeve. The ingrown keratinocytes slowly give way and the protective sleeve gradually moves out of the body at a rate of a few millimeters per week. Meanwhile, the keratinocytes transform into horny cells and are then shed as in natural skin. Therefore, the formation of a sulcus is avoided, and the protective sleeve remains infection‐free. In a first proof of the concept, four of the new devices and 10 control devices were implanted in goats. The devices remained infection‐free for a period of 420 days, whereas four of the 10 control devices became infected. On the basis of these experiments, the active skin‐penetrating device has been further developed and is being tested again in goats in a refined version. The results so far indicate that with the active‐skin penetrating device an infection‐resistant percutaneous energy transfer can be achieved for a prolonged period of time.
Intuitive Use and Usability of Ventricular Assist Device Peripheral Components in Simulated Emergency Conditions
Authors: Geidl Lorenz , Deckert Zeno , Zrunek Philipp , Gottardi Roman , Sterz Fritz , Wieselthaler Georg , Schima Heinrich 
Published: August 2011

AbstractVentricular assist devices (VADs) are now increasingly used to prolong the lives of end‐stage heart failure patients. These patients vary greatly in age, alertness, activity, and home environment. In daily routine, but especially in emergencies or in conjunction with non‐VAD‐correlated diseases, the untrained, intuitive use and application of VAD peripherals by relatives, laypersons, and paramedics becomes important. Correct intuitive use may be a matter of life and death. The aim of this study was to evaluate the intuitive usability of these systems and to identify key features needed to optimize intuitive use. Paramedics (n = 96) were confronted with a simulated emergency situation involving VAD peripherals mounted on a dummy. Three conditions were simulated: the VAD disconnected from its power source (n = 44); both VAD batteries empty (n = 44); and a discharged VAD battery mistakenly connected in place of a charged one (n = 8). Two VAD systems were assessed: the Heartware HVAD and the Thoratec HeartMate II. An appropriate emergency card developed by our center was available in each case. Actions were videotaped, response times were measured, and a standardized questionnaire was completed after the simulation. The problem was solved by 71% of the participants (HVAD 83%, HMII 60%) with 87% using the emergency card. Only 4% could solve the problem without. Cardiac massage, which was unnecessary, was started by 44%, while 18% complained about unnecessarily difficult conditions (e.g., irritation from the acoustic alarm, complexity of the emergency card, error‐prone procedures). Better component labeling (e.g., displays, control elements, connectors) was recommended by 56%. A thoroughly color‐coded connection system was especially desired. Cable‐ and connector‐related difficulties were reported by 23%. The study indicated that VAD systems should be self‐explaining, with clear labeling of components and connectors, that a clearer emergency card is pivotal and that similar basic handling and emergency procedures for all VAD types would be desirable.
Three‐dimensional bone structure and bone mineral density evaluations of autogenous bone graft after sinus augmentation: a microcomputed tomography analysis
Authors: Huang Heng‐Li , Chen Michael YC , Hsu Jui‐Ting , Li Yu‐Fen , Chang Chih‐Han , Chen Kuan‐Ting 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to determine the relationships and differences in three‐dimensional (3D) bone mineral density (BMD) and microtrabecular structures between autogenous bone grafts and their adjacent native bone after a healing period following maxillary sinus augmentation.Materials and methodsNine rod‐shaped human bone biopsy samples were taken from patients receiving two‐stage sinus augmentation therapy in implantation areas and analyzed using microcomputed tomography (micro‐CT). Before micro‐CT scanning, two BMD phantoms were placed near to the bone biopsy samples for executing BMD calculations of the grafted and native bone samples. In addition, 3D structural parameters of the trabeculae were analyzed for both the grafted and native bone, including percentage of bone volume [bone volume (BV)/tissue volume (TV)], bone‐specific surface [bone surface (BS)/BV], trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular number (Tb.N), trabecular separation (Tb.Sp), trabecular pattern factor (Tb.Pf), and structure model index (SMI).ResultsNo significant correlations with regard to BMD and trabecular‐structure parameters were found between native bone and grafted bone; however, BS/BV and Tb.Pf were higher and Tb.Th and Tb.Sp were 37.35% and 12.74% lower in grafted bone than in native bone. For grafted bone, there were significant correlations (P < 0.05) between BMD and BV/TV, and Tb.N.ConclusionsWhen using autogenous bone as a graft material, BMD and micromorphological conditions of grafted bone were not influenced by the condition of the native bone in the maxilla. Differences were found in surface complexity, trabecular thickness, trabecular separation, and the connectivity of trabeculae between grafted and native bone. The BMD in grafted bone was affected by the quantity of the trabeculae.
Heat Transport by Inverse-Piezoelectric Driven Dream
Pipe
Authors: Furukawa Masao 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
A novel type of so-called dream pipe is introduced hoping for the high-efficiency heat removal. Unlike traditional types with mechanical shaker, this one fits up an inverse-piezoelectric-cells embedded thin disk coupled with ac power to cause oscillatory pipe flows. A theoretical approach is adopted to comprehensively describe thermal characteristics of that new device. With a view to obtaining more practical expressions than accepted before, the Galerkin method based on the variational principle is used to solve governing partial differential equations. The induced tidal displacement and the relative increase of thermal diffusivity are expressed in reduced algebraic form. Also presented are design formulas defining the specific driving power and the specific number of required tubes. Concerning the effective thermal diffusivity, the author’s predictions are fairly well consistent with exact ones deduced from Watson’s expression. Ratios of the two are linearly regressed to a cubic equation applicable to the frequency range from 0.5 Hz to 6.0 Hz. Recommendable coefficient values are listed in the table. Possible combinations of four fluids of interest and seven levels of the applied ac voltage are considered in a parametric study. Numerical results are graphically shown in the figures for discussion on the feasibility.
Entrance
and Temperature Dependent Viscosity Effects on Laminar Forced Convection in Straight Ducts With
Uniform Wall Heat Flux
Authors: Giudice Stefano Del , Savino Stefano , Nonino Carlo 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
In this paper a parametric investigation is carried out on the effects of temperature dependent viscosity in simultaneously, i.e., hydro-dynamically and thermally, developing laminar flows of liquids in straight ducts of constant cross sections. Uniform heat flux boundary conditions are imposed on the heated walls of the ducts. Different cross-sectional geometries are considered, corresponding to both axisymmetric (circular and concentric annular) and three-dimensional (rectangular and trapezoidal) ducts. Viscosity is assumed to vary with temperature according to an exponential relation, while the other fluid properties are held constant. A finite element procedure is employed for the solution of the parabolized momentum and energy equations. Computed axial distributions of the local Nusselt number and of the apparent Fanning friction factor are presented for different values of the Pearson and Prandtl numbers. Numerical results confirm that, in the laminar forced convection in the entrance region of straight ducts, the effects of temperature dependent viscosity cannot be neglected in a wide range of operative conditions. Correlations are also provided for the local Nusselt number and the apparent Fanning friction factor in simultaneously developing flows in ducts of different cross sections.
The European Medicines Agency: An Overview of Its Mission, Responsibilities, and Recent Initiatives in Cancer Drug Regulation
Authors: Pignatti Francesco , Gravanis Iordanis , Herold Ralf , Vamvakas Spiros , Jonsson Bertil , Marty Michel 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
The European Medicines Agency (EMA) is responsible for the scientific evaluation of medicines developed by pharmaceutical companies for use in the European Union (EU). Since 2005, the agency has become responsible for the approval of all new oncology drugs in the EU. In this article we describe the mission, role, and responsibilities of the EMA, and provide a brief summary of recent initiatives related to cancer drug regulation. The EMA recently published its Road Map to 2015. Over the next 5 years, the agency aims to continue to stimulate drug development in areas of unmet medical needs. Concerning drug safety, one of the priorities over the next few years will be to establish a more proactive approach in ensuring patient safety. This is the result of new EU legislation coming into force in 2012 that will strengthen the way the safety of medicines for human use is monitored in the EU. In terms of its general operation, the agency is committed to increased openness and transparency, and to build on its interactions with stakeholders, including members of academia, health care professionals, patients, and health technology assessment bodies. The agency recently created an oncology working party to expand the current guideline for the development and evaluation of cancer drugs. The guideline focuses on both exploratory and confirmatory studies for different types of agents. The current revision will address a number of topics, including the use of biomarkers as an integrated part of drug development and the use of progression-free survival as a primary endpoint in registration trials. Clin Cancer Res; 17(16); 5220–5. ©2011 AACR.
Unstable QT Interval Dynamics Precedes Ventricular Tachycardia Onset in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Chen Xiaozhong , Hu Yuxuan , Fetics Barry J. , Berger Ronald D. , Trayanova Natalia A. 
Published: August 2011

Background—
Instability in ventricular repolarization in the presence of premature activations (PA) plays an important role in arrhythmogenesis. However, such instability cannot be detected clinically. This study developed a methodology for detecting QT interval (QTI) dynamics instability from the ECG and explored the contribution of PA and QTI instability to ventricular tachycardia (VT) onset.

Methods and Results—

To examine the contribution of PAs and QTI instability to VT onset, ECGs of 24 patients with acute myocardial infarction, 12 of whom had sustained VT (VT) and 12 nonsustained VT (NSVT), were used. From each patient ECG, 2 10-minute-long ECG recordings were extracted, 1 right before VT onset (onset epoch) and 1 at least 1 hour before it (control epoch). To ascertain how PA affects QTI dynamics stability, pseudo-ECGs were calculated from an MRI-based human ventricular model. Clinical and pseudo-ECGs were subdivided into 1-minute recordings (minECGs). QTI dynamics stability of each minECG was assessed with a novel approach. Frequency of PAs (f
PA
) and the number of minECGs with unstable QTI dynamics (N
us
) were determined for each patient. In the VT group, f
PA
and N
us
of the onset epoch were larger than in control. Positive regression relationships between f
PA
and N
us
were identified in both groups. The simulations showed that both f
PA
and the PA degree of prematurity contribute to QTI dynamics instability.

Conclusions—
Increased PA frequency and QTI dynamics instability precede VT onset in patients with acute myocardial infarction, as determined by novel methodology for detecting instability in QTI dynamics from clinical ECGs.
Metamorphosis, Transfiguration, and the Body
Authors: Walsh Richard , Aichele George 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
This essay examines the recent movies Avatar and District 9 in conjunction with the so-called "transfiguration stories" of Matt. 17, Mark 9, and Luke 9. It explores the difference between "transfiguration" and "metamorphosis" in these stories, and questions the avoidance of the latter term in English translations of the New Testament, as well as theological implications of the preference for "transfiguration." This tendency is already observable in the ideological dimensions of the New Testament. That the net effect of this translation preference is to obscure monstrous changes to the body of Jesus is made clear through contrast with the movies, and with Franz Kafka's story, "The Metamorphosis."
The Sinai Revelation according to 4Q377 (Apocryphal Pentateuch B)
Authors: Feldman Ariel 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis paper explores the reworking of the biblical Sinai accounts in 4Q377 3 ii. While previous studies of 4Q377 focused on its depiction of Moses, the retelling of the Sinai theophany in this scroll has not received due attention. The paper scrutinizes the intricate web of biblical allusions in 4Q377 3 ii and analyzes the ways in which it deals with the difficulties embedded in the accounts of the Sinai revelation in Exodus and Deuteronomy. It demonstrates that the scroll’s interpretation of these biblical texts exhibits several similarities with the later Jewish sources.
“Love Your Fellow as Yourself”: The Interpretation of Leviticus 19:17-18 in the Book of Jubilees
Authors: Livneh Atar 
Published: August 2011

AbstractLeviticus 19:17-18 has long been noted as possessing a significant role within the book of Jubilees. This paper examines the references to these verses, both explicit and via phrases alluding to the ordinance. Two specific aspects of the law are alluded to in Jubilees: “You shall not hate your kinsfolk in your heart” (Lev 19:17a) and “Love your fellow as yourself” (Lev 19:18b). The author of Jubilees understands the first as relating to peaceful coexistence, the second to malicious intent, specifically the intent to murder. This exegesis is consistent throughout Jubilees, as attested by the usage of fixed terms and idioms depicting the observance/violation of the law across various literary units.
Lazarus and the Sickness Unto Death: An Allegory of Despair
Authors: Podmore Simon D. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis article explores the religious symbolism of death and resurrection in works by Dostoevsky, Holbein, Kazantzakis, and Kierkegaard, examining the imaginative correlation between the death of God and the sickness of the soul. Exploring the symbolic analogy between the death of the self and the death of God evoked by these works, I offer an existential reading of the death and raising of Lazarus as an allegory of despair over the possibility of salvation. I illustrate this existential dis-ease via a symbolic reading of two artistic depictions of death and resurrection. Beginning with reference to Nikos Kazantzakis’s account of the death of Lazarus in The Last Temptation, and proceeding to Fyodor Dostoevsky’s famous description in The Idiot of Hans Holbein the Younger’s The Body of the Dead Christ in the Tomb (1521), I endeavor to articulate a constructive existential and psychological analogy between the death of the self and despair over the death of God (interpreted as an expression of the loss of hope in salvation). Finally, by reading such despair with imaginative-symbolic reference to Lazarus, I return to Kierkegaard’s The Sickness Unto Death in search of hope in the “impossible possibility of salvation.”
Warlords, Politicians and the Post-First Civil War Election in Liberia
Authors: Klay Kieh George 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe issue of post-conflict elections has become one of the major areas in both the scholarly literature and in policy circles. This is because post-conflict elections are considered critical to the peacebuilding process in war-torn societies. The rationale is that post-conflict elections can be used to address the vexing problem of choosing the leadership for states recovering from war. With the leadership chosen in the context of free, fair and transparent elections, it can then shepherd the arduous process of rebuilding the society.
In this vein, using the first post-conflict election in Liberia as a case study, this article examines the electoral landscape, and the factors that led to the Taylor-led National Patriotic Party (NPP) winning a landslide victory.
Jerusalem Walls: Transforming and Segregating Urban Fabric
Authors: Thawaba Salem A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractJerusalem city witnessing last touches of constructing the Israeli wall that came as a part of a general strategy aim to separate the city from its periphery. The city, that includes about 400,000 Palestinians considered as the hub of fifty Palestinian communities. This structure is interlinked by complex cultural, social, and economic relationships. This aims to de facto annex vast areas to Israel using different means like land confiscations, colonial activities and finally constructing the wall in order to reach the city “Israelization”. Israel claims that Jerusalem is an open city as was declared immediately after 1967. On the ground, since 1967, Israel created different kinds of walls to divide Jerusalem into Palestinian enclaves and Israeli contiguous urban scheme (Hasson, 1996).
This study investigates the impact of Israeli policies on Jerusalem area since 1948. Since then all planning practices were directed to isolate Jerusalem by cutting off all surrounding Arab communities. The aim of the study is to shed light on the hidden agenda of the Israeli planning strategies and its impact on the Palestinian urban structure.
In order to assess the urban settings for the study area, aerial photos were analyzed, field visits, literature and historical review were conducted. The outcome of the study shows that Israeli planning machine in the area was aiming to enlarge “Greater Jerusalem” area by annexing as much land as possible within the city boundary. Another aim was to weaken and segregate the surrounding Palestinian communities in away to make it impossible for these communities to form a center as a Palestinian hub competing the historical hub of Jerusalem.
Product Labeling and Sociocultural Values of Nigerian Consumers
Authors: Omotosho Babatunde Joshua 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis paper examines the development of product labels in Nigeria. It highlights the successes and developments so far. The paper critically examines the approach adopted by labels giver especially in relation to Nigerian culture and traditions. This is because product labels in this country are still mostly communicated in foreign languages and without a proper consideration of the exiting norms, culture and values regarding communication while implementing labels on products. The paper therefore recommends ways by which the regulatory agencies can further achieve their aims and objectives from African perspective.
Poverty Changes during the Three Recent Development Plans in Iran (1995-2007)
Authors: Mahmoudi Vahid 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to analyse the degree of poverty in Iran and how it changed over time during the second, third and fourth (first three years) five-year national development plans (1995-2007). It does this by documenting overall poverty levels and poverty within regional subgroups, using the micro-level data set of household expenditure survey conducted by the Statistical Centre of Iran (SCI) in 1995, 1999, 2004 and 2007.
I have found an increase in all poverty measures in rural regions and a decrease in urban areas during the second development plan (1995-1999). The country as a whole also experienced a considerable poverty reduction over the third development plan (1999-2004) under Khatami’s presidency. However, all poverty measures suggest that during Ahmadinejad Administration (2004-2007) poverty has risen.
This paper also examines the distribution of poverty breakdown by the regional status of households in Iran. The incidence, intensity and severity of poverty are higher in rural than urban areas in Iran. Regional decompositions show that although poverty was spread throughout the country, the intensity of poverty in some provinces such as Systan-Balochestan, Kermanshah, Kordestan, Hamadan and Ilam was more pronounced. The results also suggest that the contribution of the “southeast” and “west” regions (including above mentioned provinces) to the national poverty were increased during the second, third and fourth plans. This might be attributed to the fact that these provinces were more affected by eight-year long Iran-Iraq war, immigration of refuges from neighbours countries and drought.
The Role of Organised Labour in Preventing a ‘Race to the Bottom’ for Filipino Seafarers in the Global Labour Market
Authors: Ruggunan Shaun 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe aim of this article is to demonstrate how organised labour at both the national and global level can influence the nature of global labour markets. This aim is achieved through an empirical investigation of the restructuring of the global labour market for Filipino seafarers, and the influence of the Associated Marine Officers and Seamen’s Union of the Philippines (AMOSUP) and the International Transport Workers’ Federation (ITF) in this restructuring process. The article concludes that despite the global attack on labour unions, organised labour continues to be a powerful agent in preventing ‘a race to the bottom’ for Filipino seafarers working conditions and wages.