bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Terrestrial ecological risk evaluation for triclosan in land-applied biosolids
Authors: Fuchsman Phyllis , Lyndall Jennifer , Bock Michael , Lauren Darrel , Barber Timothy , Leigh Katrina , Perruchon Elyse , Capdevielle Marie 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Triclosan is an antimicrobial compound found in many consumer products including soaps and personal care products. Most triclosan is disposed of down household drains, whereupon it is conveyed to wastewater treatment plants. Although a high percentage of triclosan biodegrades during wastewater treatment, most of the remainder is adsorbed to sludge, which may ultimately be applied to land as biosolids. We evaluated terrestrial ecological risks related to triclosan in land-applied biosolids for soil microbes, plants, soil invertebrates, mammals, and birds. Exposures are estimated using a probabilistic fugacity-based model. Triclosan concentrations in biosolids and reported biosolids application rates are compiled to support estimation of triclosan concentrations in soil. Concentrations in biota tissue are estimated using an equilibrium partitioning model for plants and worms and a steady-state model for small mammals; the resulting tissue concentrations are used to model mammalian and avian dietary exposures. Toxicity benchmarks are identified from a review of published and proprietary studies. The results indicate that adverse effects related to soil fertility (i.e., disruption of nitrogen cycling) would be expected only under “worst-case” exposures, under certain soil conditions and would likely be transient. The available data indicate that adverse effects on plants, invertebrates, birds, and mammals due to triclosan in land-applied biosolids are unlikely. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2010;6:405–418. © 2010 SETAC
Polysaccharide from Anacardium occidentale L. tree gum (Policaju) as a coating for Tommy Atkins mangoes
Authors: Souza Marthyna , Cerqueira Miguel , Souza Bartolomeu , Teixeira José , Porto Ana , Vicente António , Carneiro-da-Cunha Maria 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPolicaju-based coatings were applied on “Tommy Atkins” mangoes and the effects of four different treatments on mango shelf-life were evaluated under storage condition at 4°C and 82 % of relative humidity over 28 days. The surface tension of mangoes was found to be 29.04 mN m−1; the dispersive and polar components were 27.57 mN m−1 and 1.47 mN m−1, respectively, and the critical surface tension was 22.7 mN m−1. A significantly lower mass loss was observed in all mangoes treated with Policaju-based coatings. For all applied treatments, no significant variation in the total soluble solids and pH was detected over the experimental storage time. The results show that Policaju-based coatings have a positive effect on the shelf-life extension of mangoes at low storage temperatures (4°C).
Preparation and properties of surfactant-bacillolysin ion-pair in organic solvents
Authors: Zhang Ying , Gu Jiadong , Wang Shugen , Fan Xuerong 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe transesterification-active enzyme bacillolysin was extracted into organic solvents such as isooctane by enzyme-AOT (bis (2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate) ion-pairing preserving its natural second structure and catalytic activity. Extraction efficiency was affected by the interaction mode of the two phases, ionic strength, and pH of aqueous phase, surfactant and enzyme concentration. Magnetic stirring with phase mixing was favorable for the enzyme extraction. Optimal ionic strength and pH were 8 mM CaCl2 and 5.0, respectively. Critical number of AOT molecule for an enzyme molecule to be extracted into isooctane was 89. Optimal initial enzyme concentration in the aqueous phase was 7 mg mL−1 while the initial AOT concentration in isooctane was 3 mM. Within CMC (critical micellar concentration) of AOT in isooctane, the increase of initial AOT concentration enhanced the extraction efficiency.
A novel, stereoselective and practical protocol for the synthesis of 4β-aminopodophyllotoxins
Authors: Liu Ying-Qian , Li Lin-Hai , Yang Liu , Li Hong-Yu 
Published: April 2010

AbstractRitter reaction of podophyllotoxins with chloroacetonitrile and subsequent cleavage of the chloroacetyl group in the resulting chloroacetamide with thiourea under both classical heating and ultrasonic conditions is an efficient procedure for the synthesis of 4β-aminopodophyllotoxins. In general, significant improvements in the rates of reaction and yields of the sonochemical reactions relative to the classical heating reactions were observed.
Multi-elemental analysis of marine sediment reference material MESS-3: one-step microwave digestion and determination by high resolution inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS)
Authors: Roje Vibor 
Published: April 2010

AbstractSingle-step microwave digestion methods using four different acidic dissolving reagents were investigated with the main objective to obtain a simple, rapid method for multi-elemental analysis of marine sediment samples by high resolution inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (HRICP-MS), especially for environmental studies. Closed-vessels microwave digestion procedures were carried out using the reagents as follows: HNO3, mixture of HNO3-HCl (φ r = 9: 1), aqua regia, and mixture of HNO3-HCl-HF (φ r = 8: 1: 1). The elements analyzed were: Al, As, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, Sr, Ti, Tl, V, and Zn. Good recoveries were established for many of the metals analyzed even when only nitric acid was employed. However, for a good recovery of Sb and Tl, aqua regia should be employed.
Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and tyrosinase inhibition activities of acetone extract of Ascophyllum nodosum
Authors: Jiménez Jakeline , O’Connell Shane , Lyons Henry , Bradley Benjamin , Hall Michael 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe search for new antioxidants of natural origin derived from plants and seaweeds is still very important at present. In our study, the acetone extract of A. nodosum was investigated for its potential use as a natural antioxidant, natural feed additive with antibacterial activity and as a tyrosinase inhibitor. This study could be useful in the context of improved utilization of the A. nodosum extract in the food and cosmetics industry, being not only economically advantageous but also environmentally friendly. Extracts showed antioxidant activity with application of different methodologies: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrilhydracil DPPH· radicals scavenging (39 %, 4 mg of freeze-dried sample), β-carotene-linoleic acid antioxidant assay (11 %, 4 mg of freeze-dried sample), O2· radicals scavenging activity (IC50 0.43 mg mL−1), OH· radicals scavenging activity (IC50 1.55 mg mL−1), and iron chelation ability (IC50 0.56 mg mL−1). The extract showed considerable antibacterial activity being more effective against gram-positive bacteria (Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus) than against gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus aerogenes). Results of tyrosinase assay for the acetone extract of Ascophyllum nodosum presented 65.6 % inhibition of tyrosinase activity at the IC50 value of 0.1 mg mL−1. The outcomes of our study support potential utilization of this brown seaweed as a source of natural antioxidants. Antioxidant activity of the studied seaweed can be apparently explained by the free radicals scavenging activity, particularly related to the mechanisms of O2−· radicals scavenging activity, OH· radicals inactivation, and iron chelation ability.
Theoretical binding affinities and spectra of complexes formed by a cyclic β-peptoid with amino acids
Authors: Sun Yu , Du Jinpei , Wang Ying , Wu Shi 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBinding affinities of a cyclic β-peptoid to amino acids were studied using the density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level after the basis set superior error (BSSE). The host molecule possesses binding ability to amino acids since the binding energies of the complexes formed are negative. The complexes were stabilized via hydrogen bonds between the host and the guest molecules. Based on the B3LYP/6-31G(d) optimized geometries, electronic spectra of the complexes were calculated using the INDO/CIS method. 13C NMR spectra and nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) values of the complexes were computed at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level. Carbon atoms in the carboxyl groups of the complexes are shifted downfield relative to those of the host. Some complexes exhibit aromaticity although the host shows anti-aromaticity. Formation of hydrogen bonds leads to cyclic current formation in these complexes.
Air Pollution Control Methods
Authors: Cooper C. David 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAir pollution is defined as the presence in the outdoor atmosphere (ambient air) of one or more contaminants in such quantities and for such duration as to be harmful or injurious to human health or welfare, animal or plant life, or property, or may unreasonably interfere with the enjoyment of life or property. It is useful to study the causes and sources of the various air pollutants, as well as their physical and chemical characteristics and these are discussed. There are many different air pollutants, all with differing physical and chemical characteristics, as well as a vast number and variety of air pollution sources. Therefore, a good understanding of the pollutants and their sources is necessary before a particular control technology can be selected for best application to any particular situation.Some of the most common pollutants have been well known for decades, and continue to be emitted at rates exceeding millions of tons per year (in the United States alone). These “traditional” air pollutants include particulate matter (PM), sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and carbon monoxide (CO). Another major pollutant is ground‐level ozone (O3). Ozone is not emitted directly; rather it is formed by photochemical reactions in the atmosphere between NOxand VOCs. Other important pollutants include lead (as leaded gasoline was phased out in the 1980s, the U.S. emissions of lead into the atmosphere dropped by 95% or more), hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), including lead, mercury, formaldehyde, benzene, and many others, several ozone‐depleting compounds (such as chlorofluorocarbons), and greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). A brief review of the pollutants is presented here. Air pollution regulations are discussed. Sampling and control of air pollution is detailed. This includes information on the control of gaseous emissions, particulate matter emissions and mobile source emissions. Methods and sampling for control of odors is included.
Semiconductors, Amorphous
Authors: Madan Arun 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAmorphous hydrogenated silicon (a‐Si:H)‐based semiconductors dominate many application areas, such as flat‐panel liquid crystal displays, high electrophotography, and photovoltaics. The uniqueness of amorphous silicon from a basic physics point of view is discussed with respect to its crystalline counterpart. The growth mechanism ofa‐Si:H using the plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) technique and the interrelationship between some deposition parameters and the resulting optoelectronic properties of the film are outlined. This discussion is expanded to the use of these materials in various important applications and the primary companies involved in their manufacture.
Mercury
Authors: DeVito Stephen C. , Brooks William E. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractMercury, used for centuries in many industrial and consumer applications and products because of the unique physical and chemical properties of the metal, is defined as being a hazardous material. The toxic effects of the metal to workers and to the general population as a result of occupational exposure, consumer exposure, and environmental pollution continue to gain worldwide attention. Much effort has been devoted to limiting the production and use of mercury, and finding alternative technologies that are designed to supplant the need for mercury. Overall demand for mercury has decreased throughout the industrialized world and it is likely to continue to decline. The chemistry, properties, natural occurrence, production, processing, economic aspects, environmental releases, uses, and toxicity of mercury are reviewed. Regulatory restrictions imposed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency on the production, use, and disposal of the metal are also provided.
Phosphorus
Authors: Brummer J. R. , Keely J. A. , Munday T. F. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The manufacture of elemental phosphorus by the electric furnace route, a mature and worldwide process, is reviewed. The principal product is white phosphorus although some red phosphorus is made from the white for specialty uses. Reduction in phosphorus production capacity has resulted from the detergent phosphate bans in the Western Hemisphere, the construction of wet‐acid purification plants, and increased electric power costs.
Most phosphorus is converted into phosphoric acid or phosphates and is used for cleaning compounds, food and beverages, water and metal treatment, and electronics. The remainder is converted into other derivatives and is used for flame retardants, agricultural chemicals, lubricants, and plasticizers. By‐products of phosphorus manufacture are slag, ferrophos, precipitator dust, and carbon monoxide off‐gas.
Water Treatment, Aeration
Authors: Rajendren Richard B. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract

Aeration for water treatment, the transfer of oxygen, O
2
, from air to water, is well‐studied. The basic purpose of aeration, used primarily for the treatment of wastewater, is to improve water quality for subsequent usage. Aeration can bring about the physical removal of taste‐ and odor‐producing substances such as hydrogen sulfide, H
2
S, and other volatiles as well as the chemical removal of metals (iron, manganese), gases (hydrogen sulfide), and other compounds (organics and inorganics) through oxidation and settling. Additionally, aeration is used extensively for the biological oxidation of both domestic and industrial organic wastes. The function of aeration in a wastewater treatment system is to maintain an aerobic condition. Methods developed to estimate the oxygen demand are biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total oxygen demand (TOD), total organic carbon (TOC), and theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD). The oxygen transfer rate for aerators is normally reported at standard conditions. Thus, in order to make meaningful comparisons, the oxygen required for treatment under working or field conditions should be adjusted to standard conditions. Detailed information is given in two basic groups of aerators: Ecto‐type and Endo‐type.
Wheat and Other Cereal Grains
Authors: Wrigley C. W. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWheat, rice and corn (maize) each have world production of 600–700 × 106tons per year. They thus make very significant contributions to the diet of all humanity, as well as contributing to the feeding of animals and to industrial processing. In addition, there are several other cereal species that are grown to a significant extent, particularly barley, rye, oats, sorghum, triticale, and the various species of millet. Starch is the major component of the cereal grains, so it makes the greatest contribution to dietary energy input. The starch component is separated industrially from some cereal grains for further processing into sweetening agents, adhesives, thickening agents, fuel ethanol, and beverages. The gluten protein of wheat makes this cereal uniquely suitable for the production of leavened bread and for many other wheat‐based food products, such as noodles, cookies, cakes, and pasta. Given this range of uses, there are more rigid grain‐quality specifications for wheat than for other cereal species. These include grain color and hardness, protein content, milling quality and dough properties. Starch properties are important quality attributes for both rice and corn, as this component makes a contribution to the cooking and processing quality of both these grains. The cereal grains provide a good balance of nutrition, providing a diet that is low in fats, and offering several nutritional advantages, especially when whole‐grain foods are consumed.
X‐Ray Technology
Authors: Tsuji Kouichi 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Analytical X‐ray instruments are used to characterize materials in several ways. There are analytical instruments that can produce images of the internal structure of objects that are opaque to visible light. There are instruments used to determine chemical composition of an object, the crystalline phases of solids, and the complete atomic and molecular structure of a single crystal. The determination of particle size, structural information for fibers and polymers and the study of stress, texture, and thin films are applications that are growing in importance and can be examined with X‐ray instruments. This article gives information on the characterization, generation, and properties of X‐Rays, and principles of X‐ray diffraction. Small molecule and macromolecule single‐crystal structure determinations are discussed. These techniques are compared with powder diffraction. X‐ray reflectometers, position sensitive detectors, and area detectors are some of the special instruments designed to measure properties of the new and exotic materials being manufactured. Details on X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry and X‐ray radiography are also given.
Yeasts
Authors: Vaughan Paul , Macreadie Ian G. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractYeasts are probably the oldest cultivated organisms: Their use dates to 3000b.c.or earlier. They are eukaryotic organisms, eukaryotes having by definition a defined nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane and organized cytoplasmic organelles (mitochondria, peroxisomes, vacuoles, etc). The recognition of yeasts as a group of microorganisms and of their role in fermentation generally preceded their taxonomic classification. They are fungi that exist as single cells during at least some part of their life cycle. They have no photosynthetic ability and are not motile. All the major groups of fungi,Basidiomycetes,Ascomycetes,Phycomycetes, and theFungi imperfecti, include species that have adopted a yeast phase. Yeasts usually reproduce vegetatively by budding or fission, but parasexual and sexual reproduction occur as well in most yeasts. There are extensive and authoritative texts on yeast taxonomy and identification. Among the yeast listed, the genusSaccharomycesis of greatest practical and economic importance for the baking, beer, and wine industries, as well as for the production of biomass. Due to its importance in the study of basic cell biology, reviews ofSaccharomycesgenetics and molecular biology appear regularly. This article emphasizes the biology and industrial use of yeasts, particularlySaccharomyces cerevisiae.
Zirconium and Zirconium Compounds
Authors: H. Nielsen Ralph , H. Schlewitz James , Nielsen Henry ,   Updated by Staff
Published: April 2010

AbstractZirconium is found in at least 37 mineral forms. Occurrence and mining of zirconium are discussed. Zirconium is a highly active metal and is resistant to corrosion by water, steam, mineral acids, alkalies, salts, etc. Zirconium is highly refractory and the ore is cracked with only strong reagents and high temperatures. Various processes to accomplish this, such as electric furnace, caustic fusion, chlorination, flurosilicate fusion, are discussed. Zirconium and hafnium always occur together in natural minerals; separations of these two metals are given. Economic data, analytical methods and safety issues are included. There are many zirconium compounds in the form of hydrides, carbides, nitrides, oxides, halides, organometallics, chalcogenides, oxides, etc, and information is given on many of these compounds.
Bioseparations, Separation Methods in Proteomics
Authors: Garfin David E. , Ahuja Satinder 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBioseparationsentail separations of proteins and other materials from biological matrices. In the last few decades, proteins have gained significant importance. For example, monoclonal antibodies and recombinant antibodies are now among the largest classes of proteins that have received FDA approval for therapeutics and diagnostics. The protein engineering market in 2006 was worth almost 67 billion dollars and is predicted to rise to 118 billion dollars by 2011. Development of protein and peptide therapeutics is revolutionizing the biotech and pharmaceutical markets, spurring the creation of next‐generation products with reduced immunogenicity, improved safety and greater effectiveness. Oncology is the dominant therapy for both monoclonal antibodies and other types of engineered proteins.Proteomicsis concerned with the global investigation of gene and cell functions at the protein level. The goals of proteomics are determination of protein expression levels, post‐translational modifications, protein localization, and protein–protein interactions. One of the important goals of proteomics that deserves special mention here is the discovery and identification of protein biomarkers of disease states.Of all the biomolecules, proteins present the greatest challenges in bioseparations. The main focus of this article is on the important bioseparations techniques that are most useful for separations and characterization of proteins.
Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry
Authors: Dean John R. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe fundamental principles of inductively coupled plasmas as applied to atomic emission spectrometry (AES) and mass spectrometry (MS) are described. Particular attention is given to the formation of an ICP, including spectrometer alignment for AES and MS, and the characteristic temperature of the source. A key component of an ICP is the ability to introduce a range of samples in to the source; different sample introduction approaches are described including the combination of nebulizer/spray chambers, laser ablation and hydride/cold vapor techniques. This is followed by a description of the different types of spectrometers that are used for ICP‐AES and ICP‐MS, as well as a discussion on the types of spectral and nonspectral interferences that arise and their remedies. A direct comparison of the two techniques is then made using the following important variables: detection limits, analytical working range, sample throughput, purchase cost and operating cost. Finally, a brief description of the applications of ICP spectrometry is given. An extensive bibliography is provided, as well as, useful web sites for the major journals that publish articles on the fundamentals and application of the techniques, as well as, a list of current manufactures of the instrumentation.