bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pneumoperitoneum diagnosed as an incidental finding using focus assessed transthoracic echocardiography: a case report
Authors: Laursen Christian Borbjerg , Sloth Erik 
Published: November 2010

Abstract

Introduction
In this case report we describe how pneumoperitoneum was diagnosed in a patient admitted with acute chest pain, as an incidental finding using focus assessed transthoracic echocardiography (FATE).

Case report
A 79-year-old male smoker with arterial hypertension was admitted to a coronary unit with a sudden onset of constant left sided thoracic pain. At position 1 (subcostal) of the FATE protocol, the heart and liver could not be visualised. Instead the peritoneum could be seen as a hyperechoic stripe, corresponding horizontal reverberation artefacts was visible under the peritoneal line. Based on these findings, a conventional X-ray image of the abdomen was taken with the patient in the left lateral decubitus position, confirming the diagnosis of pneumoperitoneum.

Conclusion
This demonstrates how systematic use of FATE combined with knowledge of sonographic patterns in extracardial diseases can directly ensure the patients a quicker diagnosis and treatment.
Transgenic expression of sorghum DREB2 in rice improves tolerance and yield under water limitation
Authors: BIHANI P. , CHAR B. , BHARGAVA S. 
Published: November 2010

SUMMARYPlant-specific transcription factors belonging to the dehydration response element binding (DREB)/C-repeat binding factor (CBF) subfamily of the AP2/EREBP family specifically interact with dehydration-responsive elements (DRE)/C-repeat (CRT) and control the expression of many stress-inducible genes in plants. Two major subgroups of DREB proteins are represented by DREB1 and DREB2, which are induced specifically under cold and drought/salt stress, respectively. A DREB2 transcription factor gene from sorghum, SbDREB2 was identified and cloned in binary vectors, such that it was driven either by a constitutive CaMV35S promoter or a stress-inducible rd29A promoter. These gene constructs were transferred into rice through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Expression patterns of the native DREB gene (OsDREB2) and the transgene (SbDREB2) were similar. Both genes showed induction at 1 h exposure to drought, after which expression gradually dropped to basal levels by 24 h. Constitutive expression of SbDREB2 led to pleiotropic effects in rice and these transgenics did not set seed. The rd29A: SbDREB2 rice plants set seed and the grains collected from primary transformants were sown to raise T1 plants. The drought-stressed rd29A: SbDREB2 transgenics showed a significantly higher number of panicles as compared to the wild-type rice plants. Other phenological and agronomic traits were not affected in wild-type and rd29A: SbDREB2 transgenic rice.
NSF Geosciences Initiatives and Plans Reviewed at Advisory Committee Meeting
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: November 2010

In its semiannual meeting on 6–7 October, the U.S. National Science Foundation's (NSF) Advisory Committee for Geosciences (GEO) reviewed GEO initiatives, programs, and plans, including the GEO directorate's fast and significant response to support research related to various aspects of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico through Rapid Response Research (RAPID) awards and other measures. An undercurrent during the meeting was concern about workload stress among GEO staff.Assistant director of geosciences Tim Killeen noted that the proposed budget for fiscal year (FY) 2011, which began on 1 October, would increase directorate funding 7.4% over FY 2010, if the budget is approved by Congress. A continuing resolution in Congress maintains FY 2010 funding levels until at least 3 December. Killeen said NSF's budget request for FY 2012 has been submitted to the White House Office of Management and Budget, adding that although he cannot discuss details of that budget yet, GEO Vision, a long‐range strategy document for the directorate released in October 2009, “is reflected in our thinking going forward.”
Reply to Comments on “AGU Statement: Investigation of Scientists and Officials in L'Aquila, Italy, Is Unfounded”
Authors: McPhaden Michael 
Published: November 2010

It is critical to recognize the benefits and limitations of scientific knowledge, particularly when it comes to predicting hazards. I agree with G. J. Wasserburg that AGU should help scientists communicate their work accurately and understandably so it can provide the greatest value to society. This objective is explicit in AGU's new strategic plan (http://www.agu.org/about/strategic_plan.shtml) and is consistent with our vision of both advancing and communicating Earth and space science to ensure a sustainable future.We as a community have an obligation to increase the role of science in informing policy to mitigate the impacts of natural disasters. Such efforts require an open exchange of ideas and information and a clear understanding of the limitations of our knowledge. In response to Flavio Dobran, I agree that scientists are not above the law and, like all citizens, must be held accountable for their actions. However, laws and lawmakers must also recognize what science can and cannot do. We cannot yet reliably predict precisely when earthquakes will occur.
Inaugural Science and Policy Union Lecture to Be Given by John Holdren at Fall Meeting
Authors: Landau Elizabeth 
Published: November 2010

For the first time, the AGU Fall Meeting will include a Science and Policy Union Lecture, which will focus on the role that science and scientists play in policy.The inaugural lecture will be given by John Holdren, who is the assistant to the president for science and technology, cochair of the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, and director, Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), Executive Office of the President. The title of Holdren's presentation is “Scientists, Science Advice, and Science Policy in the Obama Administration.”
Ocean Drilling: Forty Years of International Collaboration
Authors: Smith Deborah K. , Exon Neville , Barriga Fernando J. A. S. , Tatsumi Yoshiyuki 
Published: November 2010

International cooperation is an essential component of modern scientific research and societal advancement [see Ismail‐Zadeh and Beer, 2009], and scientific ocean drilling represents one of Earth science's longest‐running and most successful international collaborations. The strength of this collaboration and its continued success result from the realization that scientific ocean drilling provides a unique and powerful tool to study the critical processes of both short‐term change and the long‐term evolution of Earth systems. A record of Earth's changing tectonics, climate, ocean circulation, and biota is preserved in marine sedimentary deposits and the underlying basement rocks. And because the ocean floor is the natural site for accumulation and preservation of geological materials, it may preserve a continuous record of these processes.The challenge lies in accessing these records. It was recognized early on that no single country could support such a large effort on the decadal time scale needed. Thus, those planning drilling efforts quickly realized that international resources and commitment are necessary to mounting a significant investigation of the records preserved beneath the oceans on the global scale required. An international program also allows countries that make more limited financial contributions to utilize the full resources provided by the large program and make significant scientific contributions.
Mutual parasitism between Trichoderma hamatum and Trichoderma pseudokoningii
Authors: Vajna L. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn dual cultures mutual parasitism between two isolates of T. hamatum and T. pseudokoningii was observed. A simple method of preparation of hyphae for examination by light microscopy was developed. The detailes of parasitic interaction: sites of penetration, haustorium‐like structures, internal growing of hyphae and formation of resistance sheats are described. If this parasitism occures also in natural soil, the application of Trichoderma for biological control of plant pathogens may be reduced by the parasitism of indigenous Trichoderma species.ZusammenfassungIn Doppelkulturen wurde bei zwei Isolaten von T. hamatum und T. pseudokoningii wechselseitiger Parasitismus festgestellt. Eine einfache Methode der Herstellung von Hyphen‐Präparaten für eine Untersuchung mit einem Lichtmikroskop wurde entwickelt. Einzelheiten der parasitischen Wechselwirkung: Stellen des Eindringens, Haustorium‐ähnliche Strukturen, inneres Wachsen der Pilzfäden und die Bildung der Resistenzscheiden sind beschrieben. Wenn dieser Parasitismus auch in natürlichem Boden vorkommt, kann die Anwendung von Trichoderma zur biologischen Kontrolle der Pflanzenpathogene durch den Parasitismus einheimischer Trichoderma‐Arten verringert werden.
Fusarium oxysporum var. redolens from Africa as a cause of vascular wilt disease of oil palm
Authors: Ho Y. W. , Varghese G. , Taylor G. S. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe vascular wilt disease of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) was first reported by Wardlaw in Zaire (1946a, b). Since then, the disease has been reported in other parts of Africa. So far, Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f. sp. elaeidis Toovey has been documented as the causal agent of the vascular wilt disease in oil palm. Now F. oxysporum var. redolens is shown to be also involved.ZusammenfassungVon das vaskulären Welkekrankheit der Ölpalme (Elaeis guimeensis Jacq.) wurde zuerst von Wardlaw (1946a, b) im Zaire berichtet. Seitdem wurde diese Krankheit auch aus anderen Teilen Afrikas gemeldet. Bis jetzt wurde Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f. sp. elaeidis Toovey als das kausale Agens der vaskulären Welkekrankheit der Ölpalme dokumentiert. Nun wird jedoch gezeigt, daβ auch F. oxysporum var. redolens daran beteiligt ist.
Effective corneal patch of an astigmatic heterocentric eye
Authors: Harris William F 
Published: November 2010

Citation information: Harris WF. Effective corneal patch of an astigmatic heterocentric eye. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2011, 31, 79–90. doi: 10.1111/j.1475‐1313.2010.00793.xAbstractBackground:  The pupil admits to the back of the eye only some of the light arriving from a point in space. As a result only a portion of the cornea is involved when an eye views the point; it is the effective corneal patch for that point. The location, size and shape of the patch are of interest for corneal refractive surgery inter alia. Previous studies have used geometrical optics and a simple model eye (a naked eye with a spherical, single‐surface, centred cornea and a concentric circular pupil). Even for the simplest situations geometrical optics provides only implicit formulae which give little insight into relationships and require numerical solution.Purpose:  To show how linear optics leads to explicit formulae that estimate the geometry of the effective corneal patch in a very wide range of situations. The eye is not restricted to a single refracting surface; the surfaces may be astigmatic and decentred or tilted and the pupil may be decentred and elliptical. The eye may contain implants and it may be looking through a spectacle lens or other optical instrument which may also contain astigmatic and decentred surfaces.Methods:  Linear optics is used to provide general formulae for the geometry of the corneal patch. An appendix illustrates application to some particular cases.Results:  General formulae are obtained for the location and geometry of the effective corneal patch for object points that may be near or distant. Formulae are presented in particular for the special case of the naked eye and the case in which all surfaces are spherical and centred on a common axis. Numerical examples in the appendix allow comparison of results obtained via geometrical and linear optics.Conclusions:  In using linear optics one sacrifices some accuracy at increasing angles away from the longitudinal axis but there is considerable gain in the complexity and range of problems that can be tackled, and the explicit formula one obtains clearly exhibit relationships among parameters of clinical relevance.
Lexicons, Contexts, Events, and Images: Commentary on Elman (2009) From the Perspective of Dual Coding Theory
Authors: Paivio Allan , Sadoski Mark 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Elman (2009) proposed that the traditional role of the mental lexicon in language processing can largely be replaced by a theoretical model of schematic event knowledge founded on dynamic context‐dependent variables. We evaluate Elman’s approach and propose an alternative view, based on dual coding theory and evidence that modality‐specific cognitive representations contribute strongly to word meaning and language performance across diverse contexts which also have effects predictable from dual coding theory.
The potential role of microorganisms in the development of rosacea
Authors: Lazaridou Elizabeth , Giannopoulou Christina , Fotiadou Christina , Vakirlis Eustratios , Trigoni Anastasia , Ioannides Demetris 
Published: November 2010

SummaryRosacea is a chronic cutaneous disorder characterized by centrofacial persisting erythema, telangiectases, papules, pustules, edema, phymas and ocular involvement. Despite being one of the most common skin disorders, its pathogenesis remains unclear and controversial. Although the disease triggering factors are well recognized, the underlying causes of rosacea have not yet been identified. Several different postulates about its pathogenesis can be found in the medical literature. Abnormalities of the pilosebaceous unit, as well as genetic, vascular, inflammatory, environmental and microbial factors have been described. The microorganisms that have been associated include Helicobacter pylori, Demodex folliculorum, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Chlamydia pneumonia; all the studies have been inconclusive. We review currently available scientific data on the potential pathogenetic role of microorganisms in the development of rosacea.
Effects of leucine or whey protein addition to an oral glucose solution on serum insulin, plasma glucose and plasma amino acid responses in horses at rest and following exercise
Authors: URSCHEL K. L. , GEOR R. J. , WATERFALL H L. , SHOVELLER A. K. , McCUTCHEON L. J. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:Providing protein or amino acid mixtures in combination with glucose to post exercise in man has resulted in increases in the post feeding insulin response and in muscle glycogen and protein synthesis rates. However, whether protein and/or amino acids can modify the post exercise insulin responses in horses remains to be fully elucidated.Objectives:To determine whether whey protein or leucine addition to a glucose solution affects the post gavage plasma insulin, glucose and amino acid responses in horses and whether these responses are different following a period of exercise vs. rest.Methods:Six mature, conditioned Thoroughbreds received a nasogastric gavage containing either 1 g/kg bwt glucose (G), G + 0.3 g/kg bwt whey protein (GW) or G + 0.3 g/kg bwt leucine (GL), following a period of either rest (R) or an exercise test on a high speed treadmill (EX). Each horse was studied under all 6 treatment conditions, separated by 10 day intervals. Blood samples were collected pre‐exercise/rest, pregavage and at regular intervals up to 300 min post gavage. Plasma was analysed for glucose and amino acid concentrations and serum insulin concentrations were determined.Results:There was a significantly (P<0.05) greater insulin response in GL‐R and GL‐EX when compared to the other treatments. When compared to rest, post exercise plasma glucose responses were lower in G and GW but unchanged following GL administration. Plasma alanine concentrations were elevated post exercise in all EX treatments. With the exception of markedly elevated plasma leucine concentrations after GL‐R and GL‐EX, the plasma concentrations of all indispensable amino acids decreased during the post gavage period.Conclusions:Leucine but not whey protein augmented the serum insulin response to an oral glucose load. Leucine supplementation warrants further investigation as a means to increase the rate of post exercise muscle glycogen synthesis in horses.
Expression of lactate transporters MCT1, MCT2 and CD147 in the red blood cells of three horse breeds: Finnhorse, Standardbred and Thoroughbred
Authors: MYKKÄNEN A. K. , PÖSÖ A. R. , McGOWAN C. M. , McKANE S. A. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:In exercising horses, up to 50% of blood lactate is taken up into red blood cells (RBCs). Lactate transporter proteins MCT1, MCT2 and CD147 (an ancillary protein for MCT1) are expressed in the equine RBC membrane. In Standardbreds (SB), lactate transport activity is bimodally distributed and correlates with the amount of MCT1 and CD147. About 75% of SB studied have high lactate transport activity in RBCs. In other breeds, the distribution of lactate transport activity is unknown.Objectives:To study whether similar bimodal distribution of MCT1 and CD147 is present also in the racing Finnhorse (FH) and Thoroughbred (TB) as in the SB and to study the distribution of MCT2 in all 3 breeds and to determine if there is a connection between MCT expression and performance markers in TB racehorses.Methods:Venous blood samples were taken from 118 FHs, 98 TBs and 44 SBs. Red blood cell membranes were purified and MCT1, MCT2 and CD147 measured by western blot. The amount of transporters was compared with TB performance markers.Results:In TBs, the distribution of MCT1 was bimodal and in all breeds distribution of MCT2 unimodal. The amount of CD147 was clearly bimodal in FH and SB, with 85 and 82% expressing high amounts of CD147. In TBs, 88% had high expression of CD147 and 11% low expression, but one horse showed intermediate expression not apparent in FH or SB. Performance markers did not correlate with the amount of MCT1, MCT2 or CD147.Conclusions:High lactate transport activity was present in all 3 racing breeds, with the greatest proportion in the TB, followed by the racing FH, then SB. There was no significant statistical correlation found between lactate transporters in RBC membrane and markers of racing performance in the TB.
Sweat composition in Arabian horses performing endurance exercise on forage‐based, low Na rations
Authors: SPOONER H. S. , NIELSEN B. D. , SCHOTT II H. C. , HARRIS P. A. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:Excessive sweat loss during endurance exercise may lead to electrolyte disturbances and previous research suggests dietary factors may affect hydration status. While investigating the effect of dietary fibre type on hydration status, sweat samples were collected which allowed for the evaluation of sweat composition in horses consuming forage‐based, low sodium (Na) rations.Objective:To investigate sweat composition in Arabian horses performing endurance type exercise while fed forage‐based, rations low in Na.Methods:Six 2‐year‐old Arabian horses were fed, according to a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square, either grass hay (G), 50:50 grass hay:alfalfa hay (GA), or 50:50 grass hay: chopped fibres (GM) without any additional electrolyte supplementation. After 14 days on each diet, horses performed a 60 km treadmill exercise test. Sweat was collected from sealed pouches on the dorsal thorax after each of four 15 km exercise bouts.Results:Intake (g/day) of Na (2.5 ± 0.4), Cl (72 ± 16), and Mg (18 ± 3) were not different between diets but K and Ca intakes (g/day) were greater (P<0.05) on GA (246 ± 35; 101 ± 14) than G (176 ± 38; 59 ± 14) or GM (168 ± 33; 62 ± 15). There was no effect of diet on sweat pH (7.65 ± 0.04) or concentrations (mmol/l) of K (46 ± 3), Cl (133 ± 7), Ca (8.5 ± 1.1), or Mg (2.3 ± 0.3); yet diet did influence sweat Na concentration (P<0.05, G 88 ± 5 mmol/l, GA 104 ± 5, GM 96 ± 6). Na and Cl concentrations were lower than those previously reported.Conclusions:Differences in sweat constituents due to diet were observed, but more importantly both Na and Cl concentration are lower than those previously reported perhaps due to low dietary Na intake or breed of animal.
Metacarpal geometry changes during Thoroughbred race training are compatible with sagittal‐plane cantilever bending
Authors: MERRITT J. S. , DAVIES H. M. S. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study: Bending of the equine metacarpal bones during locomotion is poorly understood. Cantilever bending, in particular, may influence the loading of the metacarpal bones and surrounding structures in unique ways.Hypothesis: We hypothesised that increased amounts of sagittal‐plane cantilever bending may govern changes to the shape of the metacarpal bones of Thoroughbred racehorses during training. We hypothesised that this type of bending would require a linear change to occur in the combined second moment of area of the bones for sagittal‐plane bending (I) during race training.Methods: Six Thoroughbred racehorses were used, who had all completed at least 4 years of race training at a commercial stable. The approximate change in I that had occurred during race training was computed from radiographic measurements at the start and end of training using a simple model of bone shape.Results: A significant (P<0.001), approximately linear pattern of change in I was observed in each horse, with the maximum change occurring proximally and the minimum change occurring distally.Conclusions: The pattern of change in I was compatible with the hypothesis that sagittal‐plane cantilever bending governed changes to the shape of the metacarpal bones during race training.