bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Affordance
Authors: Carnes Natalie 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
As attunement is an aesthetic strategy, no less is it a political one. This chapter uses the category of affordance to elaborate attunement and describe why its aesthetic investments yield new political possibilities. Drawing on discourses around affordances starting in James Gibson together with the insights of those working in actor-network theory, this chapter pursues the connections among texts, transformations, aesthetics, and politics, first in the process of attuned reading and then in the process of attuned writing, speaking, and making, while acknowledging that the difference between the two is not a firm or stable one. In this work, affordances are helpful as a way of taking texts and artifacts seriously as texts and artifacts—as not, for example, reducible to politics—while insisting that the way texts and artifacts mean is inevitably caught up in myriad actants and forces of political significance.
Normative Self
Authors: Brafman Yonatan Y. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis chapter assesses Yeshayahu Leibowitz’s theocentric philosophy of halakhah (Jewish law) in view of its influences, including Ludwig Wittgenstein, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Hans Kelsen, as well as contemporary philosophers, like Iris Murdoch and Harry Frankfurt. It shows how Leibowitz justifies the commandments in terms of the value of worship of God. This must be an agent’s intention when performing the commandments as well as the governing principle for their implementation. Yet Leibowitz denies that values are metaphysically real. The source of normativity is the human will, and so only an individual’s radically free decision to worship God grounds the commandments. The chapter further argues that Leibowitz’s negative theology and voluntaristic axiology undermine both the relation between the justification and jurisprudence of the commandments and their source of normativity. Worship of God, as he understands it, is so contentless that it can neither guide jurisprudence nor justify any commandment.
Two Conceptions of Authority
Authors: Brafman Yonatan Y. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis chapter situates the concept of authority within a constructivist theory of practical reason and differentiates two conceptions of authority. An instrumental authority provides a service to agents through its norms by helping them better conform to their own reasons for action. Agents are rationally required to comply with the norms of a legitimate instrumental authority, and those norms must depend on their reasons for action, benefit their practical reason, and conform to morality. Relational authority holds between two persons, one who has the right to demand and another who is obligated to obey, when the normative basis of that relationship is acceptable to both as free and rational persons. The demands of a legitimate relational authority impose obligations, which must be consistent with this basis, conform to morality, and be intelligible. This chapter also offers a theological excursus that reflects on divine authority in view of the Jewish tradition.
Analytic of the Commandments
Authors: Brafman Yonatan Y. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis chapter provides an analytic of the Jewish commandments by examining their normative fine structure. It considers the types of reasons the commandments aim to provide to agents, the reasons that could support the authority that issued them, and the constraints on their content. It clarifies how this differs from the traditional project of the reasons for the commandments (ta‘amei ha-mitzvot). It then develops a two-track analytic of the commandments as obligations deriving from God’s relational authority or as norms deriving from an instrumental authority. Lastly, it describes the mediated relation between the justification and jurisprudence (pesak halakhah) of the commandments and models it using the examples of the Noahide prohibition of eating a limb from a living animal and the Israelite prescription of circumcision.
Fugitive of Empire
Authors: McQuade Joseph 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In 1912, Rash Behari Bose made his dramatic entrance into India’s anti-colonial freedom movement when he orchestrated a bomb attack against the British Viceroy during a public procession in Delhi. Forced to flee his homeland, Bose settled in Japan, becoming the most influential Indian in Tokyo and earning the affectionate title “Sensei” among Japanese youth, military personnel, and far-right ultranationalists. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, Bose remained a perpetual thorn in the side of the British Empire as he built and maintained a global network of anti-colonialists, radicals, smugglers, and intellectuals. After siding with Imperial Japan against his British adversaries during the Second World War, Bose died in 1945--just two years before India gained its independence. A complex, controversial, and often contradictory figure, Bose has been described as a committed democrat, an authoritarian, an advocate of religious harmony, a Hindu chauvinist, an anti-Communist, a political pragmatist, an idealist, a Japanese collaborator, an anti-racist, a cultural conservative, a Pan-Asianist, an Indian nationalist, and much more besides. Drawing on extensive archival research in India, Japan and the UK, this refreshing new biography brings to life the largely forgotten story of one of twentieth-century Asia’s most daring revolutionaries.
Unequal History
Authors: Cheruvallil-Contractor Sariya 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Olive Salaman (1921-2007) was a Welsh woman who fell in love with a Yemeni sailor, Ali Salaman and married him in 1937, in her words, causing a “stir” in her family and in her community. In marrying her sailor, she “swapped one culture for another.” Far from leading a quiet or secluded life, she was visible in her community, and is described as the “mother of the Yemenis” in Cardiff’s Bilād al-Welsh (Land of the Welsh). This chapter tells her story, setting it in the socio-cultural context of her time. Women are often rendered invisible in historical narratives, due to a devaluing of their social contributions, on account of their gender. For working class women like Olive Salaman, their social class added another layer of invisibility, further cloaking these women’s lives. In uncovering and telling Olive’s story, this chapter considers the power imbalances that determine how history is recorded and why certain stories are forgotten whereas others are remembered.
Muhammad’s Confrontations with the Jews
Authors: Ibrahim Ayman S. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 addresses Muhammad’s confrontations with the Jews of Medina and its neighboring settlements. Through traditions, Muslim narrators designed an image of a rival religious community to the Muslims upon their arrival in Medina. The Jews are displayed as ungrateful and disingenuous, as they rejected Muhammad and his prophethood. The Muslim-Jewish tension appears as inherently religious, but it soon crystallized into a tribal military combat. The chapter examines the raids against three major tribes in Medina and two nearby Jewish settlements. These stories are a product of medieval traditionists who likely sought to encourage an anti-Jewish disposition that is arguably more suitable for later generations living in the conquered lands. Additionally, historiographical reports appear to be shaped by the narrators to interpret Islam’s Scripture, particularly advancing anti-Jewish sentiments. Historical narratives are not only written but rewritten, tweaked, and adjusted to correspond to changing religious, social, and political necessities.
Back to Center Stage
Authors: Erlich Haggai 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
During World War I, Tigray’s affairs were hardly noticeable outside the province. However, in the 1930s, as the world began escalating towards its second global conflict, Tigray’s internal rivalries gained significant importance. The two grandchildren of Yohannes, Seyum Mangasha in Adwa, and Gugsa Araya in Maqale, were both married (as of 1932); the imperial family and emperor Haile Selassie was confident that their mutual rivalry neutralized their threat to his regime. Meanwhile, the fascist Mussolini worked to exploit the Ethiopian internal rivalries in preparing the conquest of the entire country. In this respect Mussolini was successful in Tigray. The fall of Ethiopia to his hands in 1936 heralded the break of the great global war three years later.
Restored Hegemony, Inter-Tigrayan War
Authors: Erlich Haggai 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In May 1991, the Derg’s army collapsed and the EPRDF units, actually the TPLF, entered Addis Ababa. For the first time since the death of Emperor Yohannes, Tigrayans returned to dominate the country. Meles Zenawi led Ethiopia until his death in 2012, and the EPRDF was the ruling party to 2019. At the same 1991, Eritrea was liberated and was declared the new state in 1993. Isayas Afafworqi, rules Eritrea to this day (2024). Thus Tigrinya speakers, again led the greater Horn of Africa, and did so for the next three decades. It was a period of major achievements for Ethiopia, much less so for Eritrea. And, also, in line with long history, a period of inter-Tigrayan rising animosity and a costly war.
Non-conclusion
Authors: Erlich Haggai 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The intra-Ethiopian war in 2020–2022 was another vicious circle in the history narrated in this book. It was again between the “Amhara thesis” and the “Tigrayan thesis.” The period of 1991 to 2018 inspired new expectations, but the promise was hardly fulfilled. The federal new system contributed to the re-strengthening of ethnic tensions, to rising economic hopes, often illusionary, to growing frustrations and socioeconomic pains. All that in a situation when the ancient “magnetism” which held Ethiopia together had long gone. It seems that a possible key to the restoration of the all-Ethiopian state and identity is the Renaissance Dam. If the gigantic new structure on the Blue Nile, the great promise for a better future, could not be the new “magnet,” what else could hold Ethiopia together?
The ‘Rise’ of Islam after Independence, 1974–94
Authors: Morier-Genoud Eric 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the period immediately after independence, until the 1990s. It looks at the party-state repression of religion after independence, the subsequent period of toleration and control in the 1980s, and the shift that took place in the 1990s when religion and Islam gained social space and political clout. The objective of the text is to understand the general and the internal dynamics of Islam after independence, the policy of the state towards religion during the same period, and reasons for the shift seeing Muslims become socially and politically influential.
Growth and Radicalization?
Authors: Morier-Genoud Eric 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The chapter unpacks and tests the idea that Mozambique has seen a growth of Islam and a radicalization of Muslims in the years before a Jihadi insurgency began in 2017. In a first section, the text analyzes census data to see whether the number of Muslims has grown nationally or regionally. Next, it looks at the question of radicalization, exploring first a national controversy around the burqa and, second, national opinion polls about the nation and religion. Noting little growth and radicalization, the text discusses finally the changes that took place in the make-up of the Muslim community after 2004.
Conclusion
Authors: Morier-Genoud Eric 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The text begins with a discussion of a new religious law that the Mozambican Parliament was meant to adopt in 2023. It reflects on the different religious regimes that Mozambique has seen since independence. Next, it considers what changes have taken place since independence in relation to state religious policy, secularism, competition, Wahhabism, and Muslim elites. Finally, the text considers anew the question of the historical inevitability of jihad in Mozambique.
Conclusion
Authors: Pargeter Alison 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The conclusion argues that despite the decades of modernization and urbanization, as well as the earthshattering changes that have gripped the Arab world in the contemporary period, tribes remain a concrete reality in both Libya and Iraq. While they may have undergone transformative changes over the past decades, they still represent important modalities of identity and action, and cannot be dismissed as being part of a “hinterland” or an outmoded “periphery.” Nor should they be framed as standing in opposition to the state or to a more “civilized” urban center. Despite the ideological onslaught they have withstood over generations in the name of modernity, nationalism and progress, tribes are organic components of their own societies and their experiences in Libya and Iraq over the past decades shed important light on the nature of the state and of modernization in the contemporary Middle East.
The Social Ecology Model of “Homegrown” Jihadist Radicalization
Authors: Dawson Lorne L. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues the merits of developing a social ecology model of radicalization, delineating how such a model facilitates the integration of macro, meso, and micro levels of analysis and data from a diverse range of relevant fields of study and disciplines. The model addresses relevant aspects of five ecological contexts that appear to influence the progressive radicalization of individuals, and primarily those who become jihadists: the social conditions of late modernity; the experience of Muslim immigrant communities; youthful rebelliousness; ideological framing; and small group dynamics. Each context highlights conceptual resources and empirical findings for delineating different sets of interactions between individuals and certain relevant environmental factors. The model starts with the most general, or macro context, the social-psychological consequences of certain structural aspects of late modern society, and proceeds to the most specific microenvironment, the interactions of friends, who help radicalize each other. The unifying nexus of concern in each context is the process by which youth form identities in situations of uncertainty.
Interpreting the Radicalization of Youth
Authors: Løøv Margrethe 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the striking parallels between converts to Islamic jihadist groups and converts to New Religious Movements (NRMs) during the 1960s and 70s. Recruits to both groups tend to be young, and typically become involved at some point from their late teens to their late twenties, hail from middle class backgrounds, and often experience an identity crisis, frequently reporting that they feel misguided, uncertain, and undecided about their future. The act of joining a radical new religion can be seen as a way of dealing with this crisis. Sectarian forms of religion entail a strict worldview that leaves little or no room for confusion—a perfect and instant solution to existential ponderings and insecurities. The community tends to be close-knit, with close personal relationships and a strong emphasis on the identity and well-being of the group as a whole. Hence the group provides a strong social support system that can provide a new identity for youth who struggle with finding a secure identity and meaning in life. As such, this chapter argues that it is not so much the content, but rather the form and function that ultimately draws young people to radical religious groups.
Transnational Far-Right Digital Publics and Radicalisation1
Authors: Ganesh Bharath , Froio Caterina 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews existing accounts of far-right radicalization and contributes an audience-oriented methodology that combines social network analysis and discourse analysis to study the dynamics of far-right radicalization online, revealing key networks of users with commitments to disseminating far-right worldviews. By focusing on language, the chapter shows that the in-group construct centers on white identity rather than nationality alone, enabling spaces in which extremist constructions of white identity, nativism and white supremacist discourse proliferate. This chapter also shows that in all these contexts, the most stubborn problem is the role of mainstream voices in far-right digital publics that reinforce and legitimize extreme constructions of majority identity under threat. These voices present a challenge because they sanitize these viewpoints and make it difficult to identify consistent procedures for disruption. Further, this audience-oriented methodology explores how different segments of far-right digital publics can be studied in comparison to identify key networks, users, and language that are essential to counter transnational far right radicalization.
The Radical Right
Authors: Pearson Elizabeth 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores masculinities in mobilization to, as well as activism and protest within the radical right. It begins with a discussion of masculinities and participant understanding of radical-right ideology. Most interviewees reject the term “ideology” in relation to their activism, associating the term with accusations of racism, or with Islam. Nonetheless, the chapter evidences how masculine cultures in radical right activism constitute ideology. The chapter considers the role of different masculinities within the various discourses active in the radical right, and how these construct key differences between activism in the groups explored: the English Defence League (EDL), Britain First (BF) and For Britain (FB). There are three key expressions around which activism mobilises: the idealized muscular, self-proclaimed (white) working-class and authentic masculinity typified within the EDL and by Tommy Robinson, incorporating subcultures of football and football violence; the militarized Christian masculinity of Britain First and Jayda Fransen; and—the odd one out—the explicit assertion of women’s and gay rights, as typified by Anne Marie Waters, then of For Britain.
Evolution of Elite Networks and Inequality
Authors: Vuković Vuk 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 explains how and why inequality exhibits incredible persistence over time. One of the reasons has to do with the accumulation of power at the top since the dawn of civilization. Before the Industrial Revolution our societies were molded by autocratic rule in which wealth was fully expropriated by the ruling elites. After the Industrial Revolution, societies experienced the rise of rentiers who earned wealth based on ownership of land and capital, but whose position was also cemented thanks to political power. In modern times a new elite network is being formed: it is no longer composed of nobility (as before the 18th century) and various rentiers (as in the 18th and 19th centuries). It is composed of corporate managers with links to political decision-makers. The rise of the “supermanager” in terms of salary and total compensation is the biggest explanatory factor of rising inequality in the West.
Democracy and Inequality in the Short Run
Authors: Vuković Vuk 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 focuses on contemporary trends in the rise of democracies, the rise of government spending, and the rise of inequality in the second half of the 20th century. It suggests that even with democracies evolving to make capitalism beneficial to all, and even when most people today enjoy far greater living standards than ever before (governments providing public goods and freeing entrepreneurial spirits), this mechanism has failed to sustain the rapid growth in wages of the top income earners (1% and 0.1%). The chapter seeks to provide a theoretical discussion as to why this might be the case. It also surveys all the alternative explanations and evidence on rising income inequality.
Challenging Chinese Mining Companies
Authors: Sändig Jan , Hönke Jana 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
As China has recently become the largest foreign investor in Africa, the question arises: how do NGOs respond to China's new-found prominence? The chapter examines advocacy practices regarding Chinese mining investments in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). It shows that the classic “boomerang model” of transnational advocacy does not fit the case, especially considering closed action opportunities within China. That said, Congolese NGOs tend to challenge Chinese mining action within the DRC, partly through transcalar efforts, while international NGOs pursue advocacy “through the supply chain” associated with Chinese mining operations. Hence, while there is no transnational activism that directly targets company headquarters or the public in China, other advocacy practices still challenge Chinese, Western, and other Southern mining company practices. For advocacy research, the chapter illustrates the power of domestic networks within the Global South and the continued relevance of Northern-based NGOs, including for cases involving Chinese mining investments.
A Global Sense of Workplace
Authors: Gambino Elisa , Bagwandeen Mandira 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
China-Africa relations are increasingly unfolding beyond government-to-government agreements and elite relations, as extensive engagement in infrastructure development demonstrates. This chapter explores labour relations in Sino-African construction sites to illuminate “practices in the making” emerging from said encounters. With a specific focus on the Lamu Port construction site in Northern Kenya, the chapter delves into the practice of “living at work.” The chapter reveals the spatial, material, and social dimensions of Sino-African workplace dynamics. Drawing from Doreen Massey’s conceptualization of place, the chapter advances a dynamic understanding of workplace relations at the intersection of narratives within and beyond Sino-African construction sites. Based on ethnographic observations and interviews conducted at Lamu Port, this contribution uncovers the nuanced intersections of labour relations, managerial practices, and social connections.
The Principle of Non-Intervention in the Framework of the Sources of Contemporary International Law and in the Current Scholarly Debate
Authors: Roscini Marco 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In the UN Charter era, the non-intervention principle appears in myriad global, regional, and sub-regional treaties and states of all affiliations have considered it as protecting both individual security interests and the general cause of world peace. Conduct inconsistent with it has been justified by intervening states on the basis of alleged exceptions or has been denied, thus confirming the principle’s validity. The result is that the principle persists in customary international law. However, only the narrower prohibition of armed intervention is an obligation owed erga omnes, and only those qualifying as acts of aggression constitute jus cogens violations. As to post-1945 scholarship, primarily international relations scholars have explored the broader aspects of this principle. On the other hand, international lawyers have generally focused on armed intervention and have approached the topic from a narrow jus contra bellum perspective.