bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expedition huts in Antarctica: 1899–1917
Authors: Pearson Michael 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTDuring the ‘Heroic Era’ of Antarctic exploration, which lasted from 1895 to 1917, nine huts were erected in Antarctica, three of Scandinavian design, three British, and three Australian. Although all of the huts were specially designed to house expedition personnel, each group drew on different precedents, regional architectural influences, and degrees of conscious innovation for polar conditions. Of particular note was the use of different insulation materials, some of which were traditional and some of which were new or experimental. The three groups of huts were very different in concept and construction, yet within each group there were successes and failures in terms of providing adequate comfort for their occupants. This paper looks at the details of design and construction of each hut, and at the factors that might have contributed to the success or failure of a particular hut. These factors included the theoretical thermal efficiency of the design and the construction materials, the effectiveness of the heating and ventilation systems installed, and the amount of floor space available to each man. It is concluded that efficiency depended on a combination of these factors rather than on any one, and that the ‘Heroic Era’ was probably too short a period of time for the best combination (if one existed) to be recognised and adopted to produce a consistently efficient Antarctic hut design.
Human/nature relations in the Arctic: changing perspectives
Authors: Osherenko Gail 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTDiffering conceptions of the relationship between humans and the environment shape policies regarding Arctic development and protection. From the fifteenth century to the early twentieth century, conquest and colonization perspectives prevailed. While vestiges of these views still color Arctic policy, the dominant approach of governments today is balanced development. On the horizon, alternative conceptions are gradually changing both policy decisions and decision-making processes in the Arctic. These include sustainable and regenerative development, rational ecology, ecofeminism, and indigenous perspectives.
The economic case for an Antarctic world park in light of recent policy developments
Authors: Herber Bernard P. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTDuring the last several years, the Antarctic Treaty System has confronted the world park versus mining issue, resulting in the signing on 4 October 1991, subject to ratification, of a protocol to the Antarctic Treaty, putting in place an environmental protection regime for Antarctica. This paper develops an economic case for the creation of a world park in Antarctica. The argument is based upon the international public good and common property resource characteristics of the seventh continent. The strength of the case is tested against the alternative economic uses of the Antarctic, especially mineral development. The possible creation of an Antarctic world park is evaluated in light of the recent policy events.
Dr Poulter's Antarctic Snow Cruiser
Authors: Freitag Dean R. , Dibbern J. Stephen 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTIn 1939 Dr Thomas C. Poulter, Director of the Armour Institute, Chicago and a veteran of Byrd's second Antarctic expedition, designed and constructed a 30 tonne wheeled vehicle known as the Snow Cruiser for use with the US Antarctic Service Expedition. Designed for self-contained long-distance travel, the vehicle had many new features including twin diesel engines, independent electric drive and steering on each of its four wheels, and a light aircraft carried on the roof. It was built in Chicago and tested briefly on sand dunes nearby, before being driven to Boston amid much public interest for shipment to Antarctica. At the Bay of Whales the vehicle quickly became bogged down in snow, and never moved farther south than the expedition's winter quarters. Modern evaluation of wheel-snow interaction suggests that the Snow'Cruiser unladen was three to five times too heavy for its tyres to support it on snow surfaces. It was nevertheless a bold attempt to push forward the frontiers of mobility in exploration, which failed in a spectacular fashion. The vehicle was left behind when the expedition returned home, and has subsequently been lost.
The Royal Air Force North Polar Research Flights, 1945
Authors: Winfield R. H. 
Published: October 2009

The R.A.F. North Polar Research Flights were made during the month of May 1945 by the four-engined aircraft Aries. In sixteen days these flights covered more than 24,000 miles, the greater part of which lay within the Arctic Circle. The more important objects of the expedition were to investigate the problems of navigation in high latitudes, to make a magnetic survey in the region of the North Magnetic Pole, to test the reliability of magnetic compasses in its vicinity, and finally to observe the effects of polar flying on aircrew.The Aries was built as a standard Lancaster heavy bomber, identical with those aircraft which fought the battles of the Ruhr and Berlin. The aircraft was modified slightly for polar flying. The range was increased to about 5000 miles by fitting extra petrol tanks in the bomb bays. Extra speed was obtained by removing the camouflage paint and by streamlining the nose and tail. Since the three heavy gun turrets and armour plating were not required, room was found for a further petrol tank in the nose, and a second astrodome amidships. The latter was used for taking sextant readings. Additional space in the tail was welcomed for stowing the emergency equipment.
Surveying in the Falkland Islands Dependencies
Authors: Stephenson A. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryAn account of surveying in the Falkland Islands Dependencies could be treated as just another description of surveying in one of the outlying parts of the Empire. There is one major difference in comparison with other Colonies, however, which affects the whole outlook and conduct of the survey. This is that in the part of the Dependencies with which we are concerned, namely Graham Land and the Islands to the north, there is no permanent human habitation and no regular means of communication.I must refer briefly to the historical background of these surveys and the reason for their commission, especially the latter, as without a full understanding of the need and future use of a survey one cannot examine critically the methods used.Next I shall describe the methods of survey that have been used, which will inevitably entail describing the type of country and various difficulties peculiar to the polar regions.A summary of the accomplishments up to date will be very brief, as these are shown in the maps that have been published by the Directorate of Colonial Surveys and some of which will be on exhibition.Finally I shall consider some proposals for future surveys in this territory.
The Antarctic Voyage of the Hopeful and Rose, 1833
Authors: Gould R. T. 
Published: October 2009

The following short account of this little-known voyage is mainly based on some letters from Messrs Enderby to the Admiralty, which are now in the Public Record Office (IN letters to Secretary, 1/4308).Immediately on Biscoe's return from his Antarctic circumnavigation (January 1833) his employers, Messrs Enderby Bros., planned a voyage which should follow up his discoveries. On the previous voyage, however, the cutter Lively, Biscoe's consort, had been wrecked at the Falklands, and while the loss was partly covered by insurance it had been sufficiently heavy for her owners to look round for financial assistance in the new enterprise.
Joseph René Bellot, 1826–53
Authors: Woodward F. J. 
Published: October 2009

On the right bank of the Thames, outside Greenwich Hospital, stands an obelisk of red granite bearing the single word “BELLOT”. For those (and they must be the vast majority) to whom this means nothing, a bronze tablet at the back provides a little more light:To the intrepid young/BELLOT,/Of the French Navy,/Who, in the endeavour to rescue/Franklin,/Shared the fate and the glory of that/Illustrious navigator./(From his British admirers.)/1853.
Richard Sherratt's chart of the South Shetland Islands, 1821
Authors: Sherratt R. 
Published: October 2009

[1214] Since the discovery of these distant and desolate islands, manyaccounts have been published respecting them. But from what source soever the information has been derived, they all concur in describing them as barren, uninhabited, and in every respect dreary.It was our good fortune to be possessed of all the leading facts which related to them long before their existence was announced to the public; but at the particular desire of our correspondent, who was in the first vessel that ever touched on these inhospitable shores, we omitted giving it publicity until several weeks had elapsed; and it was not until some reports had found their way into the world, that our embargo was taken off. This circumstance enabled the conductor of a weekly journal to announce the existence of these distant lands to the public, just before the day of publication with us arrived. Of this incident he has readily availed himself; [1215] and in a recent number, has claimed the exclusive honour of having furnished the first public notice of this discovery.
Mapping the Falkland Islands Dependencies and British Antarctic Territory, 1956–64
Authors: McHugo M. Barbara 
Published: October 2009

IntroductionIn May 1956, an article in this Journal described the mapping of the Falkland Islands Dependencies up to that date (Leay, 1956). In March 1962, that part of the Dependencies lying south of 60° S was re-named British Antarctic Territory. This is an account of the maps of both the Dependencies and the Territory that have been published by the Directorate of Overseas Surveys* since 1956 and of the methods that have been used in their production.
Tagging Elephant Seals for life-history studies
Authors: Dickinson A. B. 
Published: October 2009

South Georgia has been the site of a controlled commercial sealing industry since 1909. The Southern Elephant Seal (Mirounga leonina) is killed for the oil obtained from the processing of the skin and subcutaneous fat, in a manner similar to the processing of whale blubber.The island is divided into four sealing divisions, each with an annual catch quota which is subject to revision if necessary at the completion of each season, depending on information obtained from the average age of the catch, and an annual population census. There are also reserve areas, in which commercial killing is prohibited and which provide controls for comparison between commercially exploited herds and those which are undisturbed. The latter begin to breed an earlier age, reach their peak breeding period earlier and bear a smaller ratio of cow to bull calves than the former. The total kill permissible over the last decade has remained at 6000 adult bull seals over 3·5 m in length. At present, the catch quotas in each division are as follows:
The new building of the Scott Polar Research Institute
Authors: Bicknell Peter 
Published: October 2009

As architects for the extensions of the Scott Polar Research Institute in Lensfield Road, Cambridge, we have been asked to supply a description of the building.The original Institute building, which was opened in November 1934, was designed by Sir Herbert Baker, R. A. It contained a museum on the ground floor, a library on the first floor, a picture gallery above and a few offices or research rooms. It is a small formal classical block, designed in a carefully detailed Georgian manner, and built of attractive warm buff-coloured facing bricks with limestone dressings and a brown tiled roof.
The Canadian Northern Insect Survey, 1947–57
Authors: Freeman T. N. 
Published: October 2009

The study of the insects of northern Canada has in the past depended mainly on a very small number of collections obtained by the early explorers, by a few individuals concerned with mapping and other scientific investigations, and by missionaries. The work of Kirby (1837), the reports of the Canadian Arctic Expedition (Hewitt, 1922) and the Fifth Thule Expedition (Henriksen, 1937), and a few short papers represent the main contributions of many years.Organized entomological research in northern Canada began in 1947 as a joint project of the Defence Research Board of the Canada Department of National Defence, and the Divisions of Entomology, Botany and Plant Pathology of the Canada Department of Agriculture. The research programme was divided into three major phases:
The Operation of a survey motor boat in Antarctic waters, 1956–58
Authors: Wynne-Edwards C. J. C. 
Published: October 2009

During the Antarctic summer seasons of 1956–57 and 1957–58, a British Royal Naval Hydrographic Survey Unit operated off the coast of west Graham Land. Working sometimes from stations of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, and sometimes from camp sites, an area of coastline from Port Lockroy southwards to Ferin Head was systematically examined, triangulated and charted.The mobility of this small unit depended on one all-important factor, the constant availability of a specially converted 29 ft. motor boat, which acted as both transport and home.
Recipes for an Antarctic cook
Authors: Cutland Gerald T. 
Published: October 2009

The meat of young shags, seals and penguins makes excellent eating but, in the natural state, it is rather too highly flavoured to be palatable. It should therefore be washed thoroughly and hung in the fresh air for a few days, or in the case of shags for a couple of weeks, before cooking. It is further improved by blanching; this consists of putting the meat in cold water, bringing the water to the boil, then removing the meat and washing it.Remove all blubber before cooking. Always use beef suet in cooking these meats.
Several aspects of animal embryo cryopreservation: anti-freeze protein (AFP) as a potential cryoprotectant
Authors: Makarevich A. V. , Kubovičová E. , Popelková M. , Fabian D. , Čikoš Š. , Pivko J. , Chrenek P. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryWith the development of embryo technologies, such asin vitrofertilization, cloning and transgenesis, cryopreservation of mammalian gametes and embryos has acquired a particular interest. Despite a certain success, various cryopreservation techniques often cause significant morphological and biochemical alterations, which lead to the disruption of cell organelles, cytoskeleton damages, cell death and loss of embryo viability. Ultrastructural studies confirm high sensitivity of the cell membrane and organelle membrane to freezing and thawing. It was found that many substances with low molecular weights have a protective action against cold-induced damage. In this concern, an anti-freeze protein (AFP) and anti-freeze glycoproteins (AFGPs), which occur at extremely high concentrations in fish that live in Arctic waters and protect them against freezing, may be of potential interest for cryostorage of animal embryos at ultra-low temperatures. This mini-review briefly describes several models of AFP/AFGP action to preserve cells against chilling-induced damages and indicates several ways to improve post-thaw developmental potential of the embryo.
Haemodynamic changes due to delayed sternal closure in newborns after surgery for congenital cardiac malformations
Authors: Vojtovič Pavel , Reich Oleg , Selko Marek , Tláskal Tomáš , Hostaša Jiří , Matějka Tomáš , Gebauer Roman , Gabriel Otakar , Chaloupecký Václav 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackgroundDelayed sternal closure is used to prevent low cardiac output syndrome in selected newborns shortly after cardiac surgery for congenital cardiac defects. Sternal closure itself often causes haemodynamic and ventilatory instability that cannot be entirely assessed by standard monitoring means. Therefore, we used transpulmonary thermodilution technique for an exact evaluation of the haemodynamic changes.Patients and methodsBetween April, 2006, and December, 2008, 23 neonates aged from 1 to 30 days, with a median of 7 days, and weighing from 1.9 to 4.2 kilograms, with a median of 3.25 kilograms, were studied after biventricular corrections. Residual intracardiac shunts were excluded by echocardiography. Haemodynamic and ventilatory parameters, along with those obtained by the transpulmonary thermodilution technique, were recorded before and immediately after the sternal closure, and then at 0.5, 1, 2, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours.ResultsChest closure caused significant decrease in systolic arterial pressure from 80.04 ± 11.48 to 69.48 ± 9.63 mmHg (p < 0.001), cardiac index from [median (25th/75th centile)] 2.640 (2.355/2.950) to 2.070 (1.860/2.420) l/min/m2 (p < 0.001), stroke volume index from 18.50 (16.00/20.00) to 14.00 (11.00/17.00) ml/m2 (p < 0.001), and dynamic lung compliance from 2.45 (2.31/3.00) to 2.30 (2.14/2.77) ml/cmH2O (p = 0.007). Stroke volume variation increased from 14.00 (9.25/16.75) to 18.00 (15.00/21.00) % (p < 0.001). The oxygenation index transitorily increased from 2.50 (2.14/3.15) to 3.36 (2.63/4.29) (p < 0.001). Serum lactate decreased from 1.40 (1.12/2.27) to 1.0 (0.8/1.3)mmol/l, p < 0.001 in coincidence with a haemodynamic stabilisation at a later time after chest closure. Cardiopulmonary instability caused by the sternal closure necessitated therapeutic intervention in 18 of 23 patients (78.3%).ConclusionDelayed sternal closure causes a significant transitory decrease in stroke volume, cardiac output and arterial blood pressure. Also lung compliance and blood oxygenation are temporarily significantly compromised.
Innovation in Basic Science: Stem Cells and their role in the treatment of Paediatric Cardiac Failure – Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Kaushal Sunjay , Jacobs Jeffrey Phillip , Gossett Jeffrey G. , Steele Ann , Steele Peter , Davis Craig R. , Pahl Elfriede , Vijayan Kalpana , Asante-Korang Alfred , Boucek Robert J. , Backer Carl L. , Wold Loren E. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractHeart failure is a leading cause of death worldwide. Current therapies only delay progression of the cardiac disease or replace the diseased heart with cardiac transplantation. Stem cells represent a recently discovered novel approach to the treatment of cardiac failure that may facilitate the replacement of diseased cardiac tissue and subsequently lead to improved cardiac function and cardiac regeneration.A stem cell is defined as a cell with the properties of being clonogenic, self-renewing, and multipotent. In response to intercellular signalling or environmental stimuli, stem cells differentiate into cells derived from any of the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm, a powerful advantage for regenerative therapies. Meanwhile, a cardiac progenitor cell is a multipotent cell that can differentiate into cells of any of the cardiac lineages, including endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes.Stem cells can be classified into three categories: (1) adult stem cells, (2) embryonic stem cells, and (3) induced pluripotential cells. Adult stem cells have been identified in numerous organs and tissues in adults, including bone-marrow, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and, as was recently discovered, the heart. Embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst stage of the developing embryo. Finally through transcriptional reprogramming, somatic cells, such as fibroblasts, can be converted into induced pluripotential cells that resemble embryonic stem cells.Four classes of stem cells that may lead to cardiac regeneration are: (1) Embryonic stem cells, (2) Bone Marrow derived stem cells, (3) Skeletal myoblasts, and (4) Cardiac stem cells and cardiac progenitor cells. Embryonic stem cells are problematic because of several reasons: (1) the formation of teratomas, (2) potential immunologic cellular rejection, (3) low efficiency of their differentiation into cardiomyocytes, typically 1% in culture, and (4) ethical and political issues. As of now, bone marrow derived stem cells have not been proven to differentiate reproducibly and reliably into cardiomyocytes. Skeletal myoblasts have created in vivo myotubes but have not electrically integrated with the myocardium. Cardiac stem cells and cardiac progenitor cells represent one of the most promising types of cellular therapy for children with cardiac failure.
The Gerbode Defect: The Significance of a Left Ventricular to Right Atrial Shunt
Authors: Kelle Angela M. , Young Luciana , Kaushal Sunjay , Elise Duffy C. , Anderson Robert H. , Backer Carl L. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe so-called Gerbode ventriculo-atrial defect is a rare defect that permits shunting from the left ventricle to the right atrium. It takes 2 forms, either a deficiency of the atrioventricular membranous septum, or shunting initially through a ventricular septal defect, with atrial shunting occurring through a deficiency in the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve. In this review, we describe the natural history and outcomes of surgical repair for the variant with shunting through a deficiency at the site of the atrioventricular membranous septum.MethodsFrom 1990 to 2008, we identified 6 patients from our departmental database who had undergone surgical closure of a congenital defect of the atrioventricular component of the membranous septum. Median age at repair was 1.6 years, with a range, from 0.4 to 19 years. All patients were symptomatic, with 3 having congestive cardiac failure, 2 failing to thrive, and 2 having intolerance to exercise. All had a dilated right atrium demonstrated by echocardiogram, with a mean preoperative gradient measured by echocardiogram to be 109 millimetres of mercury, with a range from 65 to 150 millimetres of mercury.ResultsThere was no operative or late mortality. The mean size of the defect was 6.2 ± 2.0 millimetres, with a range from 4 to 8 millimetres. All were closed by insertion of a patch. The mean period of cardiopulmonary bypass was 90.5 ± 11.3 minutes, the mean time of aortic cross-clamping 54.8 ± 6.9 minutes, and the mean length of stay in hospital 4.3 ± 1.0 days. No patient had a residual defect, and only trivial regurgitation of the tricuspid valve was evident by postoperative echocardiography. There were no complications or reoperations.ConclusionThe membranous ventriculo-atrial defect can be recognized echocardiographically on the basis of dilation of the right atrium in the setting of an unusually high Doppler echocardiogram gradient compared to the ventricular septal defect with shunting only at ventricular level. Since all patients in our series were symptomatic, we recommend surgical closure of all these defects.