bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does the Intercollegiate Specialty Examination in Urology (FRCS Urol) Assess the Breadth of the Urology Syllabus?
Authors: Payne S.R. , Pickard R.S. , O'Flynn K.J. , Winton E.P. 
Published: November 2010

Introduction: In January 2007, the Intercollegiate Specialty Board in Urology introduced its new two-part examination in urology (FRCS Urol). The new examination utilised validated tools, underpinned by a precise curriculum for the specialty, which facilitated the knowledge assessment of individuals wishing to gain entry to the Specialist Register for independent practice in urology. This study assesses whether the content of Sections 1 and 2 of the new examination covers the breadth of the ISCP curriculum in urology and secondly whether candidates find the examination acceptable. Methods: The six diets of the examination between January 2007 and November 2009 were studied. The content of the curriculum for urological training was analysed, as were the knowledge domains tested by the examination. Comparisons were made to correlate the effectiveness of the examination in testing various aspects of the syllabus. Subjective exit questionnaires were obtained from candidates sitting both sections of the examination. These were analysed for candidates' views about the organisation of the examinations, its coverage, appropriateness of standard and relevance to clinical practice. Results: There was a high level of concordance between the examination and the content of the curriculum although there was some disparity in the balance of the topics tested which might require fine-tuning. 86% of all candidates returned exit questionnaires with >90% agreeing that the examination was a fair test of knowledge. There was less agreement about the relevance of the MCQ paper to clinical practice. Conclusion: The post-2006 FRCS (Urol) examination is accepted as a fair test of urological knowledge by the vast majority of candidates presenting for this assessment. It also fulfils the requirements stipulated by Postgraduate Medical Education Training Board (PMETB) now General Medical Council (GMC) — Postgraduate Board for accreditation of training in the UK and Ireland. The examination is educationally valid although minor mismatches between the curriculum content and the topic areas tested would benefit from utilisation of an examination blueprint.
The Rabies Epidemic in Trinidad of 1923 to 1937: An Evaluation with a Geographic Information System
Authors: Mungrue Kameel , Mahabir Ron 
Published: November 2010

Background Rabies, although not preeminent among current infectious diseases, continues to afflict humans with as many as 55,000 deaths annually. The case fatality rate remains the highest among infectious diseases, and medical treatments have proven ineffective. Objective This study analyzes the rabies epidemic of 1929 to 1937 in Trinidad from a geographical perspective, using Geographic Information System (GIS) software as an analytical tool. Setting A small island developing country at a time when infectious diseases were rampant. Methods A review of the literature was undertaken, and data were collected on the occurrence of disease in both animal and humans populations and mapped using GIS software. Several factors identified in the literature were further explored such as land use/land cover, rainfall and magnetic declination. Results The bat rabies epidemic of 1923 to 1937 in Trinidad was migratory and seasonal, shifting to new locations along a definite path. The pattern of spread appears to be spatially linked to land use/land cover. The epidemic continues to present many unexplained peculiarities. Conclusion Despite the fact that this epidemic occurred almost 7 decades ago, the application of new tools available for public health use can create new knowledge and understanding of events. We showed that the spatial of distribution of the disease followed a distinct pathway possible due to the use of electromagnetic capabilities of bats.
Crop responses to temperature and precipitation according to long-term multi-location trials at high-latitude conditions
Authors: PELTONEN-SAINIO P. , JAUHIAINEN L. , HAKALA K. 
Published: November 2010

SUMMARYGlobal warming has accelerated in recent decades and the years 1995–2006 were the warmest ever recorded. Also, in Finland, the last decade has been exceptionally warm. Hence, this study examines how current field crop cultivars, adapted to northern long-day conditions and short growing seasons, have responded to the elevated temperatures, especially with regard to determination of yield potential and quality. These comparisons were carried out with spring and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), winter rye (Secale cereale L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.) and rapeseed (turnip rape, Brassica rapa L. and oilseed rape, B. napus L.). Long-term data sets of MTT Official Variety Trials and the Finnish Meteorological Institute were used to study crop responses to precipitation and elevated temperatures at different growth phases. The MTT data sets were also grouped into experiments that could be considered typical of the temperature conditions in the period 1971–2000 seasons (termed ‘1985’ conditions) or typical of the period 2010–39 (termed ‘2025’). At elevated temperatures, yields generally declined in these relatively cool growing conditions of northern Europe, except for pea. Elevated temperatures tended to have negative effects both in the pre- and post-anthesis phases, but the response depended on species. The response was probably associated with reduced water availability, which limited yield determination, especially in early growth phases. For example, in spring cereals a decrease in early summer precipitation by 10 mm decreased yields by 45–75 kg/ha. As warmer conditions also typically hastened development and growth in such generally cool growing conditions of Finland, it is essential that breeding programmes produce cultivars that are less sensitive to elevated temperatures, which are likely to become more frequent in future.
Endeolophos skeneaesp. nov. (Chromadoridae)—a free-living marine nematode epibiotically associated with deep-sea gastropodSkenea profunda(Skeneidae)
Authors: Holovachov Oleksandr , Boström Sven , Reid Nicole , Warén Anders , Schander Christoffer 
Published: November 2010

A new species,Endeolophus skeneaesp. nov., epibiotically associated with the gastropodSkenea profunda, is described from light microscope and scanning electron microscope observations. The new species is characterized by homogeneous ornamentation of the cuticle with annules with very fine and numerous longitudinal ridges, equally distributed around the body, subcuticular discontinuity in cuticle pattern along the lateral sectors of the body, relatively long body (1.1–1.6 mm) and relatively long tail (141–188 μm, c' = 7.5–11.4), short (19–22 μm) L-shaped spicules with ventrally bent blade and simple plate-like gubernaculum without apophysis. Symbiotic associations between aquatic nematodes and molluscs are discussed, with special emphasis onDreissena polymorpha, zebra mussels. It is suggested that nematodes find food and shelter in the mantle cavity of the bivalve molluscs, and in the umbilicus and aperture of the gastropods, but to reveal the exact mechanisms of symbiotic associations of nematodes with aquatic molluscs requires further research.
How can the multi-disciplinary team meet the psychological needs of adolescents with cancer? A review of the literature
Authors: Singh Kam , Hodgson Denyse 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA cancer diagnosis is likely to have a devastating effect when it occurs, but it is possibly especially problematic during adolescence. The many challenges faced by adolescents have led to a concern for their psychosocial well-being. There is evidence to support the notion that the provision of effective psychosocial care improves the outcomes of patients with cancer. The review of the literature has identified that amongst the psychological challenges; there is uncertainty and fear around the status and progression of the cancer. Issues such as body image and sexuality and fertility have been highlighted as a major cause of concern for adolescents. The literature suggests health professionals need to be trained in such areas to give the appropriate care and support. It has also been identified that hopefulness and a positive attitude by patients, families and the multi disciplinary team contribute to positive outcomes. Nurses play a key role in providing psychosocial care as they are primarily the ones who deliver the daily care and can be used as a mediator between the multi disciplinary team. Other disciplines such as Clinical Nurse Specialists, Activities Coordinators, Social workers and Psychotherapists all contribute to the overall direction and experience of care.
Radiation-induced toxicity in cancer patients with low plasma fibronectin levels
Authors: Baluna Roxana G. , Fuller Clifton D. , Eng Tony Y. , Ampil Federico L. , Thomas Charles R. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe present study was carried out to evaluate the levels of plasma fibronectin (Fn) in cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy (RT) in correlation with outcomes in terms of radiation toxicity. A total of 26 patients with lung and gastrointestinal (GI) cancer, treated with RT were enrolled in this study. Plasma Fn levels were determined before and following a course of RT. The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) criteria were used to determine the grade of RT toxicity. Statistical analysis utilised the nonparametric Mann–WhitneyU-test as well as bivariate linear regression. Pre-RT Fn levels were significantly higher in cancer patients without toxicity (median ± SE) (485.0 ± 87 μg/ml) as compared with the levels of plasma Fn in patients with grade I–II RTOG acute toxicity (354.0 ± 74 μg/ml,p= 0.01). No significant difference in Fn levels was found in patients with grade I toxicity compared with patients with grade II toxicity. In addition, low baseline Fn levels (148 and 299 μg/ml) were observed in two lung cancer patients who developed symptomatic pneumonitis during the first 2 months after RT. These preliminary results suggest that low baseline Fn may have potential as a predictive marker for development of RT-induced toxicity.
Collective reparation for victims of armed conflict
Authors: Rosenfeld Friedrich 
Published: November 2010

AbstractReparations are essential to establishing justice after armed conflicts. The question whether international law endorses an individual right to reparation has been a focal point of recent discussion in that regard. The victims of armed conflicts are, however, not only individuals but also collectives. The present article therefore examines the issue of collective reparation. While it is submitted that the question whether there is a right to such a remedy is not yet settled, it is argued that responsible parties should develop robust programmes of collective reparation.
Environmental proteomics of microbial plankton in a highly productive coastal upwelling system
Authors: Sowell Sarah M , Abraham Paul E , Shah Manesh , Verberkmoes Nathan C , Smith Daniel P , Barofsky Douglas F , Giovannoni Stephen J 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Metaproteomics is one of a suite of new approaches providing insights into the activities of microorganisms in natural environments. Proteins, the final products of gene expression, indicate cellular priorities, taking into account both transcriptional and posttranscriptional control mechanisms that control adaptive responses. Here, we report the proteomic composition of the &lt; 1.2 μm fraction of a microbial community from Oregon coast summer surface waters, detected with two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Spectra corresponding to proteins involved in protein folding and biosynthesis, transport, and viral capsid structure were the most frequently detected. A total of 36% of all the detected proteins were best matches to the SAR11 clade, and other abundant coastal microbial clades were also well represented, including the Roseobacter clade (17%), oligotrophic marine gammaproteobacteria group (6%), OM43 clade (1%). Viral origins were attributed to 2.5% of proteins. In contrast to oligotrophic waters, phosphate transporters were not highly detected in this nutrient-rich system. However, transporters for amino acids, taurine, polyamines and glutamine synthetase were among the most highly detected proteins, supporting predictions that carbon and nitrogen are more limiting than phosphate in this environment. Intriguingly, one of the highly detected proteins was methanol dehydrogenase originating from the OM43 clade, providing further support for recent reports that the metabolism of one-carbon compounds by these streamlined methylotrophs might be an important feature of coastal ocean biogeochemistry.
Correlating carbon monoxide oxidation with cox genes in the abundant Marine Roseobacter Clade
Authors: Cunliffe Michael 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
The Marine Roseobacter Clade (MRC) is a numerically and biogeochemically significant component of the bacterioplankton. Annotation of multiple MRC genomes has revealed that an abundance of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) cox genes are present, subsequently implying a role for the MRC in marine CO cycling. The cox genes fall into two distinct forms based on sequence analysis of the coxL gene; forms I and II. The two forms are unevenly distributed across the MRC genomes. Most (18/29) of the MRC genomes contain only the putative form II coxL gene. Only 10 of the 29 MRC genomes analysed have both the putative form II and the definitive form I coxL. None have only the form I coxL. Genes previously shown to be required for post-translational maturation of the form I CODH enzyme are absent from the MRC genomes containing only form II. Subsequent analyses of a subset of nine MRC strains revealed that only MRC strains with both coxL forms are able to oxidise CO.
Effect of formaldehyde on cell proliferation and death
Authors: Szende Béla , Tyihák Ernő 
Published: November 2010

AbstractFormaldehyde (HCHO) may reach living organisms as an exogenous agent or produced within cells. The so‐called formaldehydogenic compounds like S‐adenosyl‐l‐methionine, N‐hydroxymethyl‐l‐arginine, 1′‐methyl ascorbigen, methanol, E‐N‐trimethyl lysine and methylamine are special exogenous sources of HCHO. Endogenous HCHO can be formed from hydroxymethyl groups during enzymatic methylation and demethylation processes. HCHO, as a highly reactive compound, is considered to be involved in the induction of apoptosis, consequently in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and neurodegenerative processes. The biological action of HCHO is dose‐dependent. In vitro studies on tumour cell and endothelial cell cultures showed that HCHO in the concentration of 10.0 mM caused necrotic cell death, 1.0 mM resulted in enhanced apoptosis and reduced mitotic activity, while 0.5 and 0.1 mM enhanced cell proliferation and reduced apoptotic activity. Among formaldehydogenic compounds N‐hydroxymethyl‐l‐arginine, 1′‐methyl ascorbigen and the HCHO donor resveratrol may be considered as potential inhibitors of cell proliferation. Endogenous HCHO in plants apparently play a role in regulation of apoptosis and cell proliferation. The genotoxic and carcinogentic effects of HCHO is due to production of DNA—protein cross‐links. Low doses of HCHO, reducing apoptotic activity may also accumulate cells with such cross‐links. Experimental data point to the possible therapeutic use of methylated lysine residues and methylated arginine residues in the case of neoplasms.
Ethical and Clinical Implications of Pseudostuttering
Authors: Hughes Stephanie 
Published: November 2010

Purpose: Pseudostuttering is a form of disability simulation that often id used in fluency disorders courses to create empathy for people who stutter. The purpose of this study was to examine the ethical implications of pseudostuttering and to determine whether extending the duration of pseudostuttering activities is more beneficial for students’ clinical education.
Method: Twenty students in a graduate fluency disorders course engaged in public pseudostuttering for 6 weeks. Each student completed 30 pseudostuttering experiences during the experiment. Data were gathered in the form of quantitative checklists and open-ended journal entries. Descriptive and Chi-square statistics were used to identify how students’ thoughts, emotions, and behaviors changed on a weekly basis. Thematic analysis of journal entries was also conducted.
Results: Anxiety ratings decreased for every additional week of pseudostuttering. Decreased emotionality, increased clinical insights, and more willingness to pseudostutter in increasingly challenging contexts were considered benefits of extended pseudostuttering practice.
Conclusions: More opportunities to practice pseudostuttering appear to correspond with increased benefits for fluency disorders students. While any disability simulation is prone to criticism on the grounds that it lacks realism, instructors of fluency disorders courses can create more ethical and clinically relevant learning opportunities by asking students to pseudostutter repeatedly.
Generation of a consensus protein domain dictionary
Authors: Schaeffer R. Dustin , Jonsson Amanda L. , Simms Andrew M. , Daggett Valerie 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Motivation: The discovery of new protein folds is a relatively rare occurrence even as the rate of protein structure determination increases. This rarity reinforces the concept of folds as reusable units of structure and function shared by diverse proteins. If the folding mechanism of proteins is largely determined by their topology, then the folding pathways of members of existing folds could encompass the full set used by globular protein domains.
Results: We have used recent versions of three common protein domain dictionaries (SCOP, CATH and Dali) to generate a consensus domain dictionary (CDD). Surprisingly, 40% of the metafolds in the CDD are not composed of autonomous structural domains, i.e. they are not plausible independent folding units. This finding has serious ramifications for bioinformatics studies mining these domain dictionaries for globular protein properties. However, our main purpose in deriving this CDD was to generate an updated CDD to choose targets for MD simulation as part of our dynameomics effort, which aims to simulate the native and unfolding pathways of representatives of all globular protein consensus folds (metafolds). Consequently, we also compiled a list of representative protein targets of each metafold in the CDD.
Availability and implementation: This domain dictionary is available at www.dynameomics.org.
Contact: daggett@u.washington.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Fast and efficient dynamic nested effects models
Authors: Fröhlich Holger , Praveen Paurush , Tresch Achim 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Motivation: Targeted interventions in combination with the measurement of secondary effects can be used to computationally reverse engineer features of upstream non-transcriptional signaling cascades. Nested effect models (NEMs) have been introduced as a statistical approach to estimate the upstream signal flow from downstream nested subset structure of perturbation effects. The method was substantially extended later on by several authors and successfully applied to various datasets. The connection of NEMs to Bayesian Networks and factor graph models has been highlighted.
Results: Here, we introduce a computationally attractive extension of NEMs that enables the analysis of perturbation time series data, hence allowing to discriminate between direct and indirect signaling and to resolve feedback loops.
Availability: The implementation (R and C) is part of the Supplement to this article.
Contact: frohlich@bit.uni-bonn.de
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Sevoflurane-induced Preconditioning
Authors: Fräßdorf Jan , Huhn Ragnar , Weber Nina C. , Ebel Dirk , Wingert Nadja , Preckel Benedikt , Toma Octavian , Schlack Wolfgang , Hollmann Markus W. 
Published: November 2010

Background
Sevoflurane induces preconditioning (SevoPC). The effect of aprotinin and the involvement of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (NOS) on SevoPC are unknown. We investigated (1) whether SevoPC is strengthened by multiple preconditioning cycles, (2) whether SevoPC is blocked by aprotinin, and (3) whether endothelial NOS plays a crucial role in SevoPC.

Methods
Anesthetized male Wistar rats were randomized to 15 groups (each n = 6) and underwent 25-min regional myocardial ischemia and 2-h reperfusion. Controls were not treated further. Preconditioning groups inhaled 1 minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane for 5 min (SEVO-I), twice for 5 min each (SEVO-II), three times for 5 min each (SEVO-III), or six times for 5 min each (SEVO-VI). Aprotinin was administered with and without sevoflurane. Involvement of endothelial NOS was determined with the nonspecific NOS blocker N-nitro-l-arginine-methyl-ester, the specific neuronal NOS blocker 7-nitroindazole, and the specific inducible NOS blocker aminoguanidine.

Results
SevoPC reduced infarct size in all protocols (SEVO-I, 42 ± 6%; SEVO-II, 33 ± 4%; SEVO-III, 11 ± 5%; SEVO-VI, 16 ± 4%; all P < 0.001 vs. control, 67 ± 3%) and was least after three and six cycles of sevoflurane (P < 0.001 vs. SEVO-II and -I, respectively). Aprotinin alone had no effect on infarct size but blocked SevoPC. N-nitro-l-arginine-methyl-ester abolished SevoPC (67 ± 4%; P < 0.05 vs. SEVO-III). Aminoguanidine and 7-nitroindazole blocked SevoPC only partially (25 ± 6 and 31 ± 6%, respectively; P < 0.05 vs. SEVO-III and control). SevoPC induced endothelial NOS phosphorylation, which was abrogated by aprotinin.

Conclusion
SevoPC is strengthened by multiple preconditioning cycles, and phosphorylation of endothelial NOS is a crucial step in mediating SevoPC. These effects are abolished by aprotinin.
Cerebral Arterial and Venous Contributions to Tissue Oxygenation Index Measured Using Spatially Resolved Spectroscopy in Newborn Lambs
Authors: Wong Flora Y. , Alexiou Theodora , Samarasinghe Thilini , Brodecky Vojta , Walker Adrian M. 
Published: November 2010

Background
Bedside assessments of cerebral oxygenation are sought to monitor cerebral injury in patients undergoing intensive care. Spatially resolved spectroscopy measures tissue oxygenation index (TOI, %) which reflects mixed cerebral arterial and venous oxygenations. We aimed to evaluate arterial and venous components of TOI (cerebral arterial to venous volume ratio [A:V ratio]) in the newborn lamb brain using cerebral arterial and venous blood samples, and to investigate the impact of acute hypoxemia on the A:V ratio and TOI.

Method
Nine lambs were ventilated with varied inspired oxygen to generate arterial oxygen saturations between 25% and 100%. Cerebral arterial and venous oxygen saturations analyzed using cooximeter of arterial and superior sagittal sinus blood were used to estimate TOI (TOIcox), assuming cerebral A:V ratio of 25:75. TOIcox was compared with the TOI measured by spatially resolved spectroscopy (TOIsrs). Actual cerebral arterial and venous volume fractions were reestimated using TOIsrs = cerebral arterial volume fraction cerebral arterial oxygen saturation + cerebral venous volume fraction*cerebral venous oxygen saturation.

Results
Median (range) TOIsrs was 48.5% (32.0-64.1%), and TOIcox was 48.4% (13.7-74.4%), and the two were significantly correlated (R = 0.77). The mean difference between TOIsrs and TOIcox was 2.4% (limits of agreement ± 18.1%). The TOIsrs - TOIcox difference varied with oxygen saturations, with TOIsrs higher than TOIcox at low saturations, and lower at high saturations. Cerebral arterial volume fraction was 22.9-27.5% in normoxia and markedly increased in hypoxemia.

Conclusion
TOI corresponds with cerebral oxygenation. The variable agreement of TOIsrs with TOIcox may reflect changes in cerebral A:V ratio due to arterial oxygenation-related vasoreactivity.