bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrated Reservoir Studies Roll-Up Initiative. A New Industry Step Change Innovation
Authors: Elrafie Emad , Hogg Martin , Mohammadi Hisham 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
An enormous volume of data, models and decisions are gathered and generated in each and every integrated study. The ability and opportunity, however, for a multi-disciplinary project team, including management, to easily browse, review, visualize and analyze in-progress and final cross-discipline study results in a fast, responsive and easily comprehendible manner does not readily exist. Likewise, it is challenging to easily visualize the impact (potential gain and / or loss) of study uncertainties and alternative study decisions.
It is suggested that the integrated Studies Decision Synergy (SDS) initiative is a major new industry step change innovation that is unparalleled in enabling a level of integrated multidisciplinary study synergy across all technical and management professionals at a pace not achieved by traditional industry means. The SDS initiative is composed of five primary components: (1) An integrated multidisciplinary study process (the Event Solution process approach), (2) A proxy, also known as a response surface, to quickly interrogate all study results, (3) Data storage and data mining, (4) Fast, interactive 2D and 3D plotting and mapping, and finally, (5) A user interface enabling process oriented study practice.
This paper presents the evolutionary development (technology and process) and study improvement impact (technical workflows, study decisions and results) of the SDS initiative as an innovation product of the Saudi Aramco Event Solution Study Approach (Elrafie et al., 2007). The paper is supported with sanitized illustrations from completed world-class scaled reservoir studies. Additionally, the paper explores potential SDS applications including: (1) Real-time simulation, and (2) A content rich staff skill set development program.
The ultimate objective of the SDS initiative is to facilitate easy access, retrieval and visualization of all integrated reservoir study data and decisions by a wide multidisciplinary technical and management community with a specific focus on critical study results and the relationships that exist between: (1) Study uncertainties (static, dynamic, timing, and financial), and (2) Study decisions (strategic, well and operations tactics) in the achievement and success of the project objective (i.e., off take rate, oil recovery, oil rate plateau extent, NPV, etc.).
VSP Planning, Acquisition And Processing – Evolution From Zero Offset To Multi Azimuth Walkaway VSP Surveys In The Arabian Gulf
Authors: Khawaja A. M. , Al-Mussawi F. H. , Cao H. S. , Darwish A. A. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
RasGas Company Limited (RasGas) operates a joint venture in the North Field, the world’s largest non-associated gas field, located approximately 100 km offshore within the State of Qatar. Over the past few years, RasGas has acquired several types of borehole seismic surveys. Initially, a single zero offset Vertical Seismic Profile (VSP) per well head platform was acquired. More recently, this has developed into a comprehensive borehole seismic data acquisition program for each platform. Each data acquisition program had specific objectives which determined how the program was developed. For a comprehensive acquisition program, a detailed geophysical work program was established to meet those objectives and to ensure the safety and cost effectiveness of data acquisition. Following acquisition, the data processing team is encouraged to apply new innovative processing techniques to deal with the data acquisition challenges. An integrated approach in survey planning, data acquisition, and data processing has significant impact and leads to an improved quality product.
Advances in Carbonate Stimulation Methodology – From Wormholes to Long-Term Productivity
Authors: Shuchart Chris E. , Alvarez Jose O. , McDuff Darren R. , Chang Dar-Lon , Troshko Andrey 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Effective acid stimulation can be critical to achieving the desired long-term production rates from targeted reservoir layers. ExxonMobil has developed an integrated, multi-disciplinary methodology for carbonate matrix stimulation of long completion intervals.1 The methodology is a continuous process which includes geological characterization, reservoir objectives, completion strategy, stimulation design with the necessary experimental testing, implementation, and evaluation. The methodology has recently been customized in collaboration with RasGas to achieve objectives for K1-K32 and K1-K43 completions in the North Field, the world’s largest, non-associated gas field.
Building upon this success, ExxonMobil continues to study the fundamentals of carbonate stimulation and its impact on long-term productivity to enhance the process and apply it to a wider range of reservoirs and well types. This paper presents preliminary results from three areas of ongoing research: (a) improved understanding of 3-D wormhole growth through large-scale experiments and visualization techniques, (b) integrated wormhole modeling and complex fluid flow during stimulation of long horizontal wells, and (c) enhanced post-stimulation evaluation method that integrates stimulation physics, well test analyses, and long-term reservoir performance predictions. Integration of these technological advancements with existing knowledge provides an enhanced methodology for the stimulation of carbonate reservoirs with an increased focus on long-term productivity.
Women in Science and Technology: Engineering a Diverse Future
Authors: Valenzuela M. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
A continued emphasis on research excellence to address the global challenges of the 21st century will require a highly-skilled workforce. However, recent trends in the scientific and engineering (S&E) communities show a downward trend in human capital. A review of publically available reports, studies, and articles shows women, an under-represented population in S&E roles, offering a viable solution to addressing the human capital gap. Furthermore, increased female representation on technical teams and in executive management positions has shown to correlate to improved innovative, organizational, and financial performance. This paper summarizes literary findings regarding women in S&E industries, their positive influence on technical and economic success, and current challenges and solutions to achieving gender parity.
Minimizing Environmental Impacts (Footprints)
Authors: Mian Mahboob A. , Macwan Nancy 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
With increasing the global warming and climate change issues, in 2009, ADMA-OPCO decided to take concrete steps to minimize the environmental impacts by reducing CO2 gas emissions as company KPIs.
After reviewing and studying the total company emissions and carbon foot print of year 2008, an emission reduction program for year 2009 was launched by targeting to reduce one million standard cubic feet flaring of gas per day.
After taking a number of concrete steps to meet the global challenges, to achieve the 2009 targets and to fulfill the company commitments of flaring and emissions reduction, the company implemented a dedicated strategy and finally succeeded to reduce the flaring and emissions targets by 1.2 million standard cubic feet per day. This in turn reduced the carbon foot print by 0.028 tones per one tone of production which is less than 3% of our production.
Extending the life of an ageing offshore facility
Authors: Hudson Brian G 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
This paper will describe, supported by examples and case studies, a structured and holistic methodology to support the extension of the life of an offshore platform or onshore terminal beyond that indicated by original design philosophy. The approach identifies the key asset reliability, integrity, vulnerability and process safety risks that need to be addressed to allow an asset to be operated beyond its design life. This methodology captures the generally accepted key issues that arise in operating assets at or beyond design life, including; corrosion, obsolescence of equipment, change in design duties, change in oil or gas properties or production profiles etc. It also considers the impact of other less obvious key issues, such as people competence, availability of historic information, maintenance practices, outsourcing, use of 3rd parties and ownership of corporate knowledge.
This methodology and has been applied to extending the life of the offshore oil and gas platforms in the UK, Danish and Norwegian shelf of the North Sea. In Norway it is a requirement to gain consent from the regulatory body prior to extending the life of a platform or field beyond original design. In the UK, the regulatory body sees such an extension in life as a significant and material change to the "Safety Case" and is in process of introducing Ageing & Life Extension Inspection Programme (KP4), to determine the extent to which asset integrity risks associated with ageing & life extension are being managed effectively by duty holders. In other parts of the world the shareholders, legislators and other stakeholders require assurance on the reliability and integrity of the asset.
In addition to identifying the programme of activities that operators need to carry out to extend and continue to maintain the asset life, the approach also provides a profile of CAPEX and OPEX expenditure through to the end of field.
With the volatile oil price and ageing profile of existing offshore platforms, the ability for operators and prospective investors to run assets beyond the original design life, whether for the short, medium or long term and still maintaining high standards of HSE and Integrity Management, is of paramount importance and forms a key part of any strategy to manage current and future business risk.
Gas Well Deliquification
Authors: Hearn William 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Many gas wells cease producing economically long before their reservoirs have depleted and artificial lift applications for removing liquids from gas wells around the world are becoming more and more important.
Proper application of artificial lift technology to a loaded up gas well can be one of the most profitable ventures that a company undertakes in its overall investment opportunity portfolio. The dollars invested relative to the dollars returned, the rapid payout, and the generally low risk to reward nature of their spend is expected to continue to propel rapid expansion of Gas Well Deliquification Technologies into the fore seeable future.
This presentation will illuminate the importance of gas well deliquification technologies for the future. It will cover the basic fundamentals of the gas well liquid loading phenomena and provide a brief introduction to the Turner and Coleman equations used for critical velocity calculations. With these basic concepts covered, the presentation will then present a brief overview of the four most commonly applied artificial lift techniques used for deliquifying a gas well; reciprocating rod lift, foamer injection, plunger lift and gas lift. In conclusion, a logical artificial lift application selection process for gas well deliquification called the "Unloading Selector" will be introduced.
DO we need a Culture Change to Win Everyone’s Heart & Mind
Authors: Al Muflehi Mohamed , Macwan Nancy 
Published: February 2011

Manuscript
During the last few years, it was realized that people get hurt because of their unsafe behaviors or improper attitudes and as attitudes are difficult to change and difficult to measure, behavior was our target to proffer the solution which is mainly to identify unsafe behaviour that leads to accidents and modify it or equally spot good behaviour and enforce it.
Therefore and in order to reduce accidents and improve safety performance, introducing an advanced behavioral safety audit program (BSA) on behavioral approach as a technique of working upstream of accident was introduced in Abu Dhabi Marine Operating Company (ADMA-OPCO).
Behavioral Safety Audit (BSA) program has two fundamental principles, it focuses on behavior rather than attitude and it stresses encouragement rather than punishment. The implementation of this program had a huge impact by encouraging a safe HSE culture. BSA“focuses on what people do, analyzes why they do it, and then applies a strategy to improve what people do”. To be successful the program must include all employees from the Chief Eexecutive Officer to the technical staff. To achieve changes in behavior a change in policy, procedures and/or systems most assuredly will also need some change. Those changes cannot be done without buy-in and support from all involved in making those decisions.
Modification of Existing Offshore Process Facilities (Engineering, Projects & Contracting: - Execution of Brown Field Projects)
Authors: Gopikrishnan M , Awda Hisham , Sherif Abdulla , Srinivasa Raja , Kotrappa Murugendrappa , Gupta Madan , Ismail Sherif , Telepurath Sunil , ZWSC Maintenance Team _ , Worley Parsons Team _ 
Published: February 2011

Abstract

Background
Zakum West Super Complex: Abu Dhabi Marine Operating Company (ADMA OPCO) operates the offshore oil and gas producing facility at Zakum West Super Complex (ZWSC) and Zakum Central Super Complex (ZCSC). The crude produced from Lower Zakum field is processed at ZWSC and ZCSC.
ADMA OPCO approved a development scheme for Lower Zakum Thamama IV and Thamama V to maintain a sustainable oil production capacity of 425 MSTBPD (annual average).To achieve this production target, ADMA OPCO have selected the option of adding new well slots on the existing WHTs. These WHTs will be modified, as a part of a separate project, to accommodate additional wells.
At present, ZCSC CSP / PP facility is undergoing de-mothballing and ZWSC CSP / RP / NRP facility has been upgraded as a part of various ongoing projects including ZWSC CSP De-bottlenecking Project. Further to implementation of these projects, ZWSC CSP facility is able to handle 350 MSTBPD peak oil production (325 MSTBPD annual average). In order to handle additional 100 MSTBPD oil production (total corresponding to 460 MSTBPD peak oil production) from Thamama IV and Thamama V, some more modifications for ZCSC and ZWSC facility will be necessary.
Considering the above, ADMA OPCO had conducted a process study for ZWSC & ZCSC facilities covering various options with the objective of allowing operation for circa 100 MSTBPD additional oil production.
As a consequence of Process Study findings, ZCSC De-Mothballing Project was initiated by ADMA OPCO. Similarly, ADMA OPCO decided to carry out FEED (Front End Engineering Design) for modifications required on ZWSC platform.
First Worldwide Horizontal Run and Eastern Hemisphere Application of an Expandable Reamer and Stabilizer BHA on Troll Field, Norway
Authors: Evans Hugh D. , Ulvedal Lydia E. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
This paper provides a case study review of the deployment of new reamer technology to the Troll field and the resultant performance improvement.
For the past several years expandable, concentric reamers have been used to drill the 12 1/4-in. x 13 1/2-in. landing section of multilateral production wells on the Troll field in the North Sea. Drilling with a pilot bit and reamer through this interval, which includes interbedded sands and hard calcites, is extremely challenging; the consequences are potentially destructive drilling vibrations, sub-optimal performance and significant drilling inefficiencies.
The operator invited the service company to run its recently developed expandable reamer and expandable stabilizer to determine the benefits of this new technology. The thorough design of the reamer ensures that it remains closed until triggered, opens on command, reams an in-gauge hole, then closes and comes out of the hole properly. The reamer benefits from a reduced number of seals and moving parts and an optimised cutter layout. The innovative expandable stabilizer was developed to provide full, rather than partial, stabilization above the activated reamer in the reamed hole. Typically when a stabilizer is placed above an expandable reamer it is constrained by pass-through size and therefore less effective. The expandable reamer and stabilizer combination ensures that the bottomhole assembly (BHA) is fully stabilized, with an optimal size stabilizer.
This is the first worldwide landing / horizontal application drilled with these tools and the first run in the Eastern Hemisphere. The only previous experience with the technology was on test runs at the service company's test facility in Oklahoma and drilling in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM.) The Troll 12 1/4-in. x 13 1/2-in. landing section was drilled to section total depth (TD) in one run, with both the expandable reamer and expandable stabilizer working as planned and with minimal vibrations and tool wear. The 9 5/8-in. x 10 3/4-in. liner was subsequently run smoothly to TD. The success of this run highlights the benefit of combining an expandable stabilizer with a concentric expandable reamer. The lower vibrations and improved drilling efficiency make this a preferred configuration for subsequent applications.
The paper describes the engineering design and testing practices used, the modelling capability and the performance results of the first run and three other runs that comprise the testing programme on Troll.
Innovative Subsea Cooling Reduces Risk in Subsea Pipelines
Authors: Azouz Amr 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
ADMA-OPCO Engineering Division has recently innovated a Subsea Cooling Scheme capable of rapidly cooling down the temperature of operating fluids even in high flow gas pipelines. The scheme can be inherent into the original pipeline design without adding any additional costs resulting in the elimination/ reduction of various major risks whenever temperature is a main contributor. The higher the temperature, the higher are the cost savings and risk eliminations/ reductions. ADMA-OPCO has already applied the scheme into the detailed design of one of its major gas projects resulting in extensive savings in addition to other numerous benefits relevant to risk reduction and operations.
The subject paper describes the challenging process of identifying all risks associated with the first application of its kind. Not less challenging was the technical management of those identified risks to acceptable levels.
In addition to above, the paper describes the concept of subsea cooling and what are the associated extensive benefits to the pipeline system design and operations. Moreover, how to technically adopt such scheme to various needs utilizing the knowledge captured from the pilot application in ADMA-OPCO Project.
The paper also briefly describes typical constraints which would limit the application of such a scheme.
Finally, the paper highlights potential future developments relevant to the concept/ scheme and what is deemed required for widening its applicability.
Opportunities for Energy Efficiency Enhancements in the Oil and Gas Industry using Waste Heat Powered Absorption Chillers
Authors: Popli Sahil , Rodgers Peter , Eveloy Valerie , AL Hashimi Saleh , Radermacher Reinhard , Hwang Yunho 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The oil and gas industry is under increasing pressure to improve the efficiency of its energy-intensive oil and gas processing operations, through improved energy utilization and waste heat recovery. This paper explores the use of waste heat-powered absorption cooling to boost the efficiency of natural gas (NG) processing, enhance hydrocarbon recovery and reduce utility cost in a NG plant. A thermodynamic analysis of a gas turbine waste heat-powered double-effect H2O-LiBr absorption chiller in an integrated NG plant is presented. It is found that waste heat recuperated from the turbine exhaust gases could be used to provide enhanced process cooling capacity to the NG plant through absorption cooling. The results suggest that a double-effect LiBr absorption chiller utilizing 34.6 MW of gas turbine exhaust heat could provide 45 MW of cooling at 5 °C. This could save approximately 9 MW of electric energy required by a typical compression chiller while providing an equivalent amount of cooling.
Strategies for Evaluation of the CO2 Miscible Flooding Process
Authors: Gao P. , Towler B. , Pan G 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Field experience has shown that CO2 miscible flooding is an effective means to improve oil recovery. To evaluate whether a CO2 miscible flood is suitable for a given field and the development of the optimal design requires considerable investigation and tests prior to a field-scale implementation. This paper proffers some guidelines for using a CO2 miscible flooding operation so that the feasibility and profit can be optimized. The guidelines for evaluating whether a CO2 miscible flood is suitable for a given field are developed and the procedure for a full implementation is summarized. These guidelines cover primary screening, laboratory measurements, reservoir simulation, economic analysis, pilot testing, and field application. Detailed methods also are presented for the optimization, well pattern and spacing preparation, and slug and injection process design. The work offers reservoir engineers a reference for decision-making in CO2 miscible flooding.
Study of Friction Reducers for Recycled Stimulation Fluids in Environmentally Sensitive Regions
Authors: Aften Carl W. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Recent studies involving the measurement of friction reducer performance with a variety of brines typical of flow back/recycled stimulation waters of the North Eastern United States have indicated a clear differentiation by specific product type. The friction reducer variances specifically studied were: product charge, charge type, charge distribution reflective of polymerization, molecular weight, inverse emulsion surfactant packages, and manipulation of the internal or external phases.
Increasing environmental regulatory pressure in geographic regions sensitive to water use, stimulation flow back discharge, and an increasing need for recycled water, the Marcellus gas play for example, have created a greater demand for higher performing additives in fluid systems used for oil/gas well fracturing. One additive that is greatly influenced by brine characteristic and water quality is the friction reducer. Increasing the ionic strength as well as multivalent cation content of the water typically limits the type of friction reducer used to obtain optimum performance. Standard anionic friction reducers do not perform well in many of these recycled waters as the friction reducer’s ultimate performance is decreased, but also the rate of inversion is retarded and the potential for formation damage is increased.
When compared to standard friction reducers, the ultimate friction reduction of the best of the series studied achieved nearly twice the friction reduction, approaching Virk’s theoretical limit, and had an inversion rate nearly four times as rapid as a standard friction reducer. The dosages of the friction reducer were from 0.25 to 1.00 gallons per thousand gallons of treatment fluid. These friction reducers were tested in a variety of brines in a 10 gallon capacity friction loop through a ½ inch pipe at a Newtonian Reynolds number of 150,000. The data was collected every second during a 10 minute run with 6 specific performance criteria used to rank the candidates.
This study demonstrates it is possible to provide a friction reducer that works well in brine content typical to stimulation fluids that contain a majority of flow back water from previous well treatments. This would allow well service companies to provide quality stimulation fluids of greater brine content and also minimize fluid disposal volumes and affiliated costs. Chemical additives such as these are needed in regions where both water quality and quantity are concerns.