bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE LEAFHOPPER APHRODES BICINCTA (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE) IN THE OTTAWA AREA
Authors: Chiykowski L. N. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractNymphs of the leafhopper Aphrodes bicincta (Schrank) first appeared in the field at the end of May or early June. Emergence of nymphs was protracted over a long period with second and third instar nymphs still being found when adult males were already present. Early instar nymphs were found on strawberry, Trifolium pratense L., T. hybridum L., Plantago major L., Taraxacum officinale Weber, Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic., Erigeron canadensis L., and a species of Brassica. There was only one generation per year, the winter being spent in the egg stage. Eggs deposited in plants in the field hatched when brought into the greenhouse during the winter months.In greenhouse studies, eggs were most often found oviposited on the surface of the soil or completely embedded in the petioles of leaves and in clumps of peat moss. Although eggs held at room temperature (70°–75°F) occasionally hatched, cold treatment (45°–50°F) of several weeks resulted in eggs hatching in as short a time as 14 days following their return to room temperature. There were five instars in the nymphal stage. The first four were relatively uniform in length but the fifth was at least 3 days longer than any other instar. Male insects completed the nymphal stage in 38.4 days and female insects in 41.3 days. Descriptions and measurements of the five nymphal instars and male and female adult insects are given. Adult male insects survived well for about 4 weeks and then declined rapidly. Female survival remained relatively high for at least 8 weeks. Some females have lived for up to 20 weeks. Fecundity varied with one female producing 51 offspring and others producing 1.
LABORATORY ECOLOGY OF THE RED-BACKED CUTWORM, EUXOA OCHROGASTER (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Jacobson L. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBiology of the red-backed cutworm, Euxoa ochrogaster (Guenée), was studied in the laboratory to provide new knowledge and for comparison with other cutworm species. The eggs possessed a moderately severe diapause that was terminated more quickly at 5 °C than at higher and lower temperatures. Intensity was related to temperatures of incubation. The eggs were fairly resistant to desiccation. The duration of development of embryos, larvae, and pupae varied inversely with temperature. A diurnal rhythm occurred in emergence of moths from pupae and during oviposition; more than 60% emerged and 85% or more eggs were laid during the night period. Moths mated in the dark. Multiple matings were common, ranging from one to seven and averaging two or three. Egg development at emergence was rudimentary but it accelerated with age after emergence. The preoviposition period in the laboratory averaged 8 days. The mean oviposition per female was 411 and ranged from 251 to 705. Maximum longevity of both sexes was approximately 20 days.
FACTORS AFFECTING EGG MATURATION AND OVIPOSITION BY AUTOGENOUSAEDES ATROPALPUS(DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Hudson Anne 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAutogenousAedes atropalpus(Coquillet) females derived from larvae fed on a standard maximum diet, matured about the same numbers of eggs when supplied with water only or with 25% sucrose. Those maintained on water laid 56% of the number matured within 5 days of emergence, but the sugar-fed insects laid only 28% in the same time, and even after 35 days many were found to have retained their eggs. The physiological mechanism causing the delay was not associated with crop distention, nor with the nutritional changes brought about by ingested sugar.Nulliparous females mostly refused blood during the first ovarian cycle although a few did rake a blood meal. At the time of feeding the eggs were already mature and neither the protein nor carbohydrate of the host blood were utilized during the first ovarian cycle. Parous females fed on blood and used the protein for egg development and there was a rapid rise in haemolymph carbohydrate after feeding, indicating that the host blood sugars also were used immediately.Nullipars derived from larvae maintained on a very low diet did not seek a blood meal either, and in these only some eggs commenced development to various stages. Sugar feeding by these adults assisted both maturation and oviposition.
ENOCLERUS SPHEGEUS (COLEOPTERA: CLERIDAE), A PREDATOR OF DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN THE BLACK HILLS
Authors: Schmid J. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEnoclerus sphegeus Fabricius adults were most abundant on trees infested with Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins in May and June of 1966 and 1967. Greatest numbers of adults were observed on the bole from 0 to 5 ft aboveground, apparently in response to the activity of other scolytids. In the laboratory, each adult killed about 1 D. ponderosae per day, and each larva killed about 25 D. ponderosae during development. Mean larval densities were generally less than 0.2 per square foot at four different sampling heights on the tree bole during the overwintering period. Densities were greatest at all heights in July. Maximum larval density was observed at the 1.5-ft height. Larvae began leaving the trees for pupation sites in July of both years. It is estimated that adult clerids consume less than 1% of the adult beetle population during their attack period and the clerid larvae kill 5–11% of the beetle brood.
A DISEASE OF PALE WESTERN CUTWORMS (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) REARED IN THE LABORATORY
Authors: Kasting R. , McGinnis A. J. , Hawn E. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAfter successfully rearing the pale western cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morrison, for years in the laboratory such severe mortality developed in the colonies that further nutritional studies were impossible. The symptoms and effects of the disease syndrome are described. Neither steam sterilization of food and rearing equipment nor use of antibiotics in the food prevented disease. A bacterium tentatively identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from dead insects and when injected or fed to healthy larvae caused the disease. Use of a ’clean room’ and associated aseptic techniques for rearing the insects reduced the numbers of microorganisms in the environment and again permitted the pale western cutworm to be reared successfully.
AN IMPROVED MASS-REARING METHOD OF THE CARROT RUST FLY, PSILA ROSAE (DIPTERA: PSILIDAE)
Authors: Städler E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractProtein fed to adults of the carrot rust fly, Psila rosae F., enhanced oviposition: the addition of yeast hydrolysate to the sugar diet resulted in a 50% increase in oviposition, giving an average of 75 eggs per female.A description is given of a simple oviposition device, which allows normal oviposition (compared with sand).Carrots planted in sand gave best rearing results when inoculated with eggs 14 days after insertion. Germinating carrot seeds placed on top of the sand improved the rate of development of the eggs to pupae from 40% to 62%.
THE FORMATION OF COMPOUND EGG CHAMBERS IN A BUG (HEMIPTERA) STERILIZED WITH 6-AZAURIDINE
Authors: Masner Petr , Landa Vladimir 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOvaries are one of the target organs hit by the nucleic acid antimetabolite 6-azauridine. All the malformations observed are caused by the suppression of mitotic activity, which appears to be the most sensitive to the applied drug. The inhibition of mitosis in the apical trophocytes results in depletion of the nutritive tissue in older females, followed by a disturbance of previtellogenesis and activation of oocytes. The blocked mitotic multiplication of prefollicular tissue results in exhaustion of this layer followed by a disturbance of regular egg chamber formation. The inadequate separation of oocytes by follicular cells causes the arrangement of the oocytes in paired chambers, often blocking the ovariole, or the formation of compound chambers. The oocytes sharing the compound chamber either remain separated by the ooplasmalemma or merge. Eggs with adherent dwarf oocytes or giant fused double eggs are oviposited. Endomitotic DNA replication and amitotic karyokinesis of the follicular cells are not interfered with by 6-azauridine, probably owing to the nucleic acid pools contained in the haemolymph. The lecytholitic cells resorb the ooplasm utilizing the nucleic acid-rich material.
A NEW GENUS OF MYMARID WASP (HYMENOPTERA, CHALCIDOIDEA: MYMARIDAE) FROM NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA
Authors: Yoshimoto Carl M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractParacleruchus pieloui n. gen., n. sp. (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea: Mymaridae) reared from birch fungus, Polyporus betulinus (Bull.) Fr., is described and illustrated.
FOUR NEW SPECIES OF LYGOCORIS FROM CANADA (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFour new species of the genus Lygocoris Reuter, subgenus Neolygus Knight, are described: knighti and walleyi from Ontario; piceicola, from New Brunswick and Quebec; and atricallus from Ontario and Quebec. Male genitalia are illustrated, host plants are listed, and relationships to other species are discussed.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF PLATYGASTER (HYMENOPTERA: PROCTOTRUPOIDEA, PLATYGASTRIDAE) PARASITIC ON BALSAM GALL MIDGE, DASINEURA BALSAMICOLA (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE)
Authors: MacGown M. W. , Osgood E. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTwo new species of Platygaster accounting for high rates of parasitism in balsam gall midge are described. These appear to be widely distributed within the range of balsam fir in North America.
ANNUAL FLIGHT PATTERNS OF THE GREEN PEACH APHID, MYZUS PERSICAE (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Elliott W. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFlights of green peach aphid alatae were recorded in suction traps and on trap plants from 16 May to 4 December. Four peaks of flight occurred in each of the years 1967–70, in early June, early July, late August and late September, the third being the largest. The aphid flew in very large numbers during August. There was a very significant correlation between the weekly catches from a suction trap and a group of Brussels sprouts trap plants at the same location and between two suction traps 3.2 km apart. By both methods the average weekly catch for 1967 > 1970 > 1969 > 1968.
MYZOCALLIS (AGRIOAPHIS) APTERA, A NEW BERBERIS-INFESTING APHID FROM INDIA (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Richards W. R. , Kumar R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMyzocallis (Agrioaphis) aptera, a new aphid from India, is described and illustrated and its affinities noted. The host is Berberis vulgaris L.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF DAHLBOMINUS FUSCIPENNIS (CHALCIDOIDEA: EULOPHIDAE) TO THE MICROSPORIDIAN THELOHANIA PRISTIPHORAE
Authors: Smirnoff W. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIt was observed that the parasite Dahlbominus fuscipennis Zett. was infected when developing in microsporidian-infected pupae of Neodiprion swainei Midd., Neodiprion lecontei Fitch, Neodiprion pratti banksianae Roh., and Pristiphora erichsonii Htg. The microsporidian was observed in the whole gut epithelium, fat body, and cerebral ganglial cells of the parasite. The parasitoid was infected only after the hosts had completed their winter diapause or at any time in non-diapausing species.
ON THE OCCURRENCE AND BIOLOGY OF NEPYTIA FREEMANI (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) IN UTAH
Authors: Klein William H. , Minnoch Maxine W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractNepytia freemani Munroe reached outbreak proportions in one area in north central Utah in 1965 and subsided in early 1967. The looper has a 1-year life cycle and overwinters in the egg stage. Larvae issue from eggs in mid-May, feed during the summer months, and begin pupation in late July. Adults appear in August and females lay clusters of small oval eggs on both sides of the needle. White fir is the preferred host but Douglas-fir is also fed on. Even though defoliation was extremely heavy, topkill was the only permanent damage. Starved larvae fed on ground vegetation in the understory. Parasitism was heavy but its overall effectiveness in causing the sudden population decline is unknown.
LECTOTYPE DESIGNATION FOR AEDES SIMICI (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Peterson B. V. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis paper discusses the status of three specimens of Aedes simici Baranov that are in the Canadian National Collection. One male labelled by Baranov as "typus" of this species, and one female labelled as a "cotypus", are shown to have no type-status. The remaining male is an authentic syntype and is designated the lectotype of A. simici. This species is left in synonymy with A. pulchritarsis Rondani.
EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY OF LARVAE OF CHORISTONEURA HOUSTONANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Heinrichs E. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPostembryonic changes in external morphological structures of Choristoneura houstonana (Grote) from first to last instars are described. A setal map for first and structures for first and last instars are described and illustrated. Possible generic characters are suggested.
SOME EFFECTS OF GAMMA RADIATION ON EARWIGS IN ONTARIO, CANADA (DERMAPTERA: FORFICULIDAE)
Authors: Wilson W. A. , Wilde W. H. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEffects of varying levels (4–132 krad) of gamma radiation on moulting, feeding, co-ordination and locomotion, and wing development in Forficula auricularia L. are described and illustrated. A "radiation profile" shows the increased radiosensitivity of nymphs as compared to adult F. auricularia.
AN APPRAISAL OF TWO METHODS OF ANALYZING INSECT LIFE TABLES
Authors: Luck Robert F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTwo methods of analyses, Morris’ key-factor analysis and Varley and Gradwell’s method of analysis, purport to detect density-dependent and density-independent mortality. To test their claims, both methods were used to analyze a life table constructed from a model in which the mode of action of each mortality factor is known. The results show that Morris’ method can detect variation in mortality between generations but it cannot distinguish the density relationships of that mortality. On the other hand, Varley and Gradwell’s method of analysis was found to detect the density relationships of the mortality as it was modeled, when their modified method, the ’proof of density dependence test,’ is used in conjunction with the linear regression of k-value against the density on which it acts.
AN IMPROVED CHEMICALLY DEFINED DIET FOR LUCILIA SERICATA (DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE)
Authors: Barlow J. S. , Kollberg S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLarvae of the blowfly Lucilia sericata were shown to require more sodium in their diet than do larvae of Pseudosarcophaga affinis. A chemically denned diet, originally designed for P. affinis, and modified by the addition of agar to suit L. sericata, was further improved by substituting 0.04 g/l. of NaOH and an equivalent amount of KOH.
SINGLE FACTOR MORTALITY, THE ESSENCE OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL, AND ITS VALIDATION, IN THE FIELD
Authors: Flanders S. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA shift in the average number of an organism from an economic to a non-economic density, the goal of biological control, is usually brought about by the addition to the ecosystem of exotic "key" factors whose lethal action is more efficient and broader in scope than that of the mortality factors already operating.Such a shift in the homeostasis of a pest population can occur only when its protection from the lethal action of key factors is fortuitous. With fortuitous protection (in contrast to absolute protection) host-searching by parasite or predator populations is so unrestricted by physical barriers that no portion of the target population is continuously immune to attack.In many instances after the attainment of low-density homeostasis the controlling action of the added key factor does not appear to be either supplemental to or superimposed on the total pest mortality that had prevailed in the ecosystem but largely a substitution for that mortality through its displacement and greatly amplified replacement. Means for verifying the responsible key factor in a given locality following the importation and establishment of a possible key factor and observations on hierarchies of such factors are reviewed.
A METHOD FOR SAMPLING LARVAL AND EMERGING INSECTS USING AN AQUATIC BLACK LIGHT TRAP
Authors: Carlson Donald 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA method is described for sampling aquatic insects using black light. Trap design, description of its placement, and conversion to a fumigator is explained. Total numbers of emerging insects captured by aquatic light trap are given and compared with catches in surface and bottom cone traps. Overall effectiveness of the black light trap is discussed.
OBSERVATIONS ON INTRASPECIFIC LARVAL COMPETITION IN THREE HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF FLY PUPARIA
Authors: Wylie H. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThough they may hatch on any part of a housefly (Musca domesticaL.) pupa, most larvae ofNasonia vitripennis(Walk.) andMuscidifurax raptorG. & S. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) move to the host’s ventral abdominal area, and those ofSpalangia cameroniPerk. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) to the dorsal side of the abdomen, before feeding extensively. As many as 25 larvae ofN.vitripenniscan mature on a medium-sized housefly pupa; if more are present initially, those that hatch last usually die from starvation after the host has been consumed. In contrast, usually only one larva ofM.raptororS.cameronimatures on a host; this is often the larva that hatches first, because it attacks all parasite eggs that it encounters while moving over the fly pupa soon after hatching. Larval crowding inM.raptororS.cameroni, unlike that inN.vitripennis, does not affect the sex ratio of the survivors.
MATING BEHAVIOR IN RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE): I. SITE OF ASSEMBLY
Authors: Prokopy Ronald J. , Bennett Edward W. , Bush Guy L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe results of systematically conducted field observations revealed that the site of male:female assembly for mating in apple maggot flies, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), was exclusively on the fruit of the larval host plant. Laboratory observations were in strong agreement with this finding.
BALSAM WOOLLY APHID, ADELGES PICEAE (HOMOPTERA: PHYLLOXERIDAE), SEASONAL AND SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT IN CROWNS OF BALSAM FIR, ABIES BALSAMEA
Authors: Bryant D. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), in Newfoundland is dimorphic and has three generations a year in the crowns of balsam fir trees. Two generations of the sistens, or diapausing form, predominate. Progredientes are more common than elsewhere in North America and occur on nearly all parts of a branch. They do not mature on current needles. The ratio of progredientes to sistentes is about 1:40 in balsam fir flowering years and 1:80 in non-flowering years. Aphid development in the spring is earliest at flowered internodes, 11 to 14 days later at 2-year-old nodes, a further 4 to 8 days later at older nodes, and latest at the shoot tips. Intra-crown and inter-tree differences in aphid development are small but measurable. Stratification of the tree crown is required for sampling during the first aphid generation.
BIOLOGY AND IMMATURE STAGES OF LEUCOPIS VERTICALIS (DIPTERA: CHAMAEMYIIDAE)
Authors: Sluss Thomas P. , Foote B. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe life cycle of Leucopis (Leucopis) verticalis Malloch, a chamaemyiid predator of mealybugs, is presented. There are at least two and probably four generations a year in northeastern Ohio, with overwintering occurring as diapausing pupae. Eggs are laid in or near colonies of Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) infesting such ornamental shrubs as Taxus cuspidata Sieb. and Zucc. var. hicksii Rehd (Japanese yew) and Euonymus Fortunei (Turez.) Hand-Mazz. (wintercreeper). The incubation period requires 48–72 hours at 21°–25 °C. Larvae complete development in 12–15 days. Larvae feed by breaking through the integument of the prey with their mouthhooks and sucking out the body contents. Each larva usually kills all of the immature mealybugs within a colony before attacking the stem mother. Puparia are formed within the remains of the destroyed colony. The pupal period of non-diapausing pupae requires about 12 days. Pupae formed after mid-September enter diapause and overwinter. The entire life cycle in nature can be completed in 33–42 days if no diapause intervenes.The egg, three larval instars, and puparium are described and illustrated.
STUDIES ON TECHNIQUES FOR THE XENIC AND ASEPTIC REARING OF THE EUROPEAN PINE SHOOT MOTH, RHYACIONIA BUOLIANA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE)
Authors: Ross R. H. , Monroe R. E. , Butcher J. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA preliminary study to define a laboratory diet on which to rear the larvae of Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.) was made. The rearing vials were very important and gaseous exchange was essential for proper rearing and moisture levels. It was found that wheat germ appeared to contain essential components or balance of nutrients necessary for rearing this insect. Ascorbic acid also appeared to be an important component either for its nutritional value or as an antioxidant protecting other labile dietary components. It also appeared, because of the feeding habits of this insect and the length of its life cycle, that the larvae may have to be periodically transferred to new diet formulations to insure the presence of changing necessary nutrient(s). Aseptic rearing of the larvae seemed to be feasible. It was found that eggs, surface sterilized in 0.1% hypochlorite solution for 10–15 minutes, could be aseptically introduced into containers without appreciable decrease in egg hatch; however, sustained asepsis was difficult to maintain in the rearing vials employed.
ON THE OCCURRENCE OF A CONTINENTAL ELEMENT IN THE GROUND-BEETLE FAUNA OF EASTERN CANADA (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE)
Authors: Lindroth Carl H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSeveral species of ground-beetles, with main area in the interior of North America, have more or less isolated occurrences in eastern Canada. Some of them have clearly expanded their area in recent years and are no doubt late immigrants into the east; others may be old relicts. The geographical instability of the former group is explained as an eastward movement of a steppe element following the deforestation of the country, notably within the U.S.A., south of the Great Lakes.
THE EASTERN PINE-SHOOT BORER, EUCOSMA GLORIOLA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), IN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: DeBoo R. F. , Sippell W. L. , Wong H. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEucosma gloriola Heinrich is distinguished from E. sonomana Kearfott, a closely related species, by using differences in morphology and distribution. E. gloriola is notably smaller in alar expanse and in size of male genitalia. The distribution of E. gloriola follows closely the natural range of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.), while E. sonomana follows that of ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa Laws.).Eucosma gloriola overwinters in the pupal stage in the soil. Adults emerge from late April to mid-May in eastern and southern areas, and from late April to early June in northern areas. The insect passes through five larval instars within a pine shoot. Larvae emerge from shoots and drop to the ground in early July in eastern and southern areas, and somewhat later in northern areas.Symptoms of attack and injury by E. gloriola in two- and five-needle pines are distinct from those of other eastern shoot and tip moths. The destruction of leaders is the most important injury since stunted and deformed trees result from repeated attack.Large-scale chemical control methods as required in reforestation plantings of Christmas trees are difficult to achieve. Glypta sp. was the most abundant of five parasites reared from the eastern pine-shoot borer.