bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel N‐Carbohydrate‐Derived Heterocyclic Compounds by Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction of Carbohydrate Imidazole‐1‐sulfonates.
Authors: Huo Shiyong , Li Yueqing , Liang Chaoyan , Liu Jihong , Zhao Weijie 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe nucleophilic substitution of carbohydrate imidazylates (imidazole‐1‐sulfonates) (III) and (VI) with N‐heterocyclic compounds (II) furnishes title compounds (V) and (VII), resp., in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Rapid Chemo‐Enzymatic Synthesis of Peracetylated GlcNAcβ3Galβ‐Aglycones.
Authors: Merbouh N. , Brown J. R. , Wallner F. K. , Morton M. , Esko J. D. , Seeberger P. H. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractA new method for the rapid production of the title compounds, such as (VI), is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: General and Controllable Synthesis of Novel Mesoporous Magnetic Iron Oxide@Carbon Encapsulates for Efficient Arsenic Removal.
Authors: Wu Zhangxiong , Li Wei , Webley Paul A. , Zhao Dongyuang 
Published: March 2012

AbstractA general ammonia‐atmosphere pre‐hydrolysis post‐synthetic route is discussed that can uniformly and selectively deposit a wide range of metal oxide nanoparticles with high concentration (<40%) homogeneously dispersed in the predefined mesopores of a bimodal mesoporous carbon matrix.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Chemical Properties of Cyclic β‐Keto Sulfones
Authors: Shyshkina O. O. , Popov K. S. , Gordivska O. O. , Tkachuk T. M. , Kovalenko N. V. , Volovnenko T. A. , Volovenko Yu. M. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractReview: 79 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ternary Indides Eu2Pd2In and Eu2Pt2In.
Authors: Muts Ihor , Zaremba Vasyl I. , Poettgen Rainer 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe title compounds are prepared from the elements in sealed Ta tubes (800 mbar Ar, induction furnace, 1600 K for 1 min, followed by 900 K for 4 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure of UT2Zn20 (T: Fe, Co, Ru, Rh, and Ir) Phases.
Authors: Daszkiewicz M. , Swatek P. , Kaczorowski D. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe title compounds are prepared in a reactive Zn flux and and the structures of the compounds are determined by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Phase Transitions of SrF2 at High Pressure.
Authors: Wang J. S. , Ma C. L. , Zhou D. , Xu Y. S. , Zhang M. Z. , Gao W. , Zhu H. Y. , Cui Q. L. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe high pressure behavior of the title compound is characterized by angle‐dispersive synchrotron powder XRD up to 50.3 GPa at room temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: LiLa5Si4N10O and LiPr5Si4N10O — Chain‐Type Oxonitridosilicates.
Authors: Lupart Saskia , Schnick Wolfgang 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe title compounds are synthesized from mixtures of Si(NH)2, LnF3 (Ln: La, Pr), and LiN3 using liquid Li as a flux (Ta ampule, 1200 °C, 10 h).
ChemInform Abstract: The Oxidation of ReCl5 with Oleum: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Re2O4Cl4(SO4).
Authors: Betke Ulf , Wickleder Mathias S. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractRed, needle shaped single crystals of the title compound are prepared by reaction of ReCl5 with fuming sulfuric acid containing 25% SO3 at (200 °C, sealed glass tube, 2 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Crystal Structures of Novel LaOAgS‐Type Copper and Silver Fluoride Chalcogenides.
Authors: Charkin Dmitri O. , Urmanov Arthur V. , Kazakov Sergey M. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe six new compounds SrFCuTe, SrFAgS, SrFAgSe, SrFAgTe, BaFAgS, BaFAgSe, and BaFCuS are prepared from mixtures of M1X, M1F2, and M22X (M1: Sr, Ba; M2: Cu, Ag; X: S, Se, Te) at 600—650 °C with yields of up to 40%.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis Process and Structural Characterization of the Sr2EuRuO6 Complex Perovskite.
Authors: Triana C. A. , Landinez Tellez D. A. , Roa‐Rojas J. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe title compound is prepared by solid state reaction of a stoichiometric mixture of SrCO3, RuO2, and Eu2O3 (Pt crucible, 1483 K, 24 h).
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple Borohydride‐Based Method for Selective 1,4‐Conjugate Reduction of α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Russo Alyssa T. , Amezcua Kerstin L. , Huynh Vincent A. , Rousslang Zach M. , Cordes David B. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe protocol allows the reduction of carbon—carbon double bonds.
ChemInform Abstract: Boron Trihalide Mediated Haloallylation of Aryl Aldehydes and Its Application to the Preparation of (E)‐1,3‐Dienes.
Authors: Quinn Michael P. , Yao Min‐Liang , Yong Li , Kabalka George W. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAromatic aldehydes readily couple with different allylmetals in the presence of BCl3 or BBre to yield haloallylated arenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Use of Alkyl 2,4,6‐Triisopropylbenzoates in the Asymmetric Homologation of Challenging Boronic Esters.
Authors: Larouche‐Gauthier Robin , Fletcher Catherine J. , Couto Irantzu , Aggarwal Varinder K. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAddition of α‐lithiated alkyl 2,4,6‐triisopropylbenzoates (I) to boronic esters (II) leads to boron‐ate complexes which rapidly undergo 1,2‐metallate rearrangement to give homologated products (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Enolate Protonation in Sulfa—Michael Addition to α‐Substituted N‐Acryloyloxazolidin‐2‐ones with Bifunctional Organocatalyst.
Authors: Rana Nirmal K. , Singh Vinod K. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe reaction can be catalyzed by the alkaloid (I) or its pseudoenantiomer allowing the access to both enantiomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Ni(COD)2/PCy3‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling or Aryl and Heteroaryl Neopentylglycolboronates with Aryl and Heteroaryl Mesylates and Sulfamates in THF at Room Temperature
Authors: Leowanawat Pawaret , Zhang Na , Resmerita Ana‐Maria , Rosen Brad M. , Percec Virgil 
Published: March 2012

Abstractas an efficient approach to a wide range of biaryls and heterobiaryls
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed [3 + 2] Annulations of Aromatic Ketimines Induced by Directed C—H Activations.
Authors: Tran Duc N. , Cramer Nicolai 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe cyclization with symmetrical and unsymmetrical alkynes proceeds affords indenyl amines with enantioselectivities up to 90%.
ChemInform Abstract: Cation Radical Induced Cycloaddition Reaction Between Aryl Imines and Ethyl Diazoacetate.
Authors: Huo Congde , Sun Chougu , Hu Dongcheng , Jia Xiaodong , Xu Xiaolan , Liu Zongli 
Published: March 2012

AbstractA persistent nitrogen‐based cation radical is found to be an efficient initiator for the highly cis‐selective synthesis of aziridine carboxylates (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Bromocyclization of Olefins Catalyzed by Chiral Phosphoric Acid.
Authors: Huang Deshun , Wang Haining , Xue Fazhen , Guan Huan , Li Lijun , Peng Xianyou , Shi Yian 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe reaction is applied to various γ‐hydroxy‐ and γ‐amino alkenes to afford the 2‐substituted tetrahydrofurans and pyrroles.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Friedel—Crafts Alkylation of Indole and Pyrrole with β,γ‐Unsaturated α‐Ketoester Catalyzed by Chiral Dicationic Palladium Complex.
Authors: Aikawa Kohsuke , Honda Kazuya , Mimura Shunsuke , Mikami Koichi 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe reaction is efficiently catalyzed by sterically demanding complexes (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐(Trifluoromethyl)oxazoles from β‐Monosubstituted Enamines via PhI(OCOCF3)2‐Mediated Trifluoroacetoxylation and Cyclization.
Authors: Zhao Feifei , Liu Xin , Qi Rui , Zhang‐Negrerie Daisy , Huang Jianhui , Du Yunfei , Zhao Kang 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIt provides a new method to prepare biologically important title compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Catalyzed 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions: A Facile Synthesis of 3,5‐Di‐ and 3,4,5‐Trisubstituted Isoxazoles.
Authors: Kankala Shravankumar , Vadde Ravinder , Vasam Chandra Sekhar 
Published: March 2012

AbstractA Cu(I)‐free, facile and regioselective catalytic synthesis of the title compounds (III) and (V) is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some Novel Substituted 1,2,4‐Triazoles Bearing 1,3,4‐Oxadiazoles or Pyrazoles.
Authors: Kalhor Mehdi , Mobinikhaledi Akbar , Dadras Akbar , Tohidpour Maryam 
Published: March 2012

AbstractCompound (IIIc) exhibits the highest antimicrobial and antifungal activity and is more active against C.
ChemInform Abstract: Interaction of 1,5‐Disubstituted 3‐Methyl‐2‐oxo‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐imidazole‐4‐carbonitriles with Hydrogen Sulfide.
Authors: Chumachenko S. A. , Shablykin O. V. , Russanov E. B. , Brovarets V. S. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThioxoimidazolidin‐2‐one derivatives (III) are formed unexpectedly upon treatment of carbonitriles (I) with hydrogen sulfide and refluxing the resulting complex mixture in triethyl orthoformate.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of (2,5‐Dihydro‐1H‐pyrrol‐1‐yl)‐2H‐chromen‐2‐ones as Free Radical Scavengers.
Authors: Balabani Anna , Hadjipavlou‐Litina Dimitra J. , Litinas Konstantinos E. , Mainou Maria , Tsironi Crystal‐Catherine , Vronteli Anastasia 
Published: March 2012

AbstractMost of the new compounds are found to be potent lipid peroxidation inhibitors in vitro.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Step Construction of Tetrahydro‐5H‐indolo[3,2‐c]quinolines from Benzyl Azides and Indoles via a Cascade Reaction Sequence.
Authors: Song Zengqiang , Zhao Yu‐Ming , Zhai Hongbin 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe presence of an N‐Tos protecting group in the indoles is crucial.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of 2,3‐Disubstituted‐2,3‐dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐ones Using [Hmim][NO3]: An Eco‐Friendly Protocol.
Authors: Mohammadpoor‐Baltork Iraj , Khosropour Ahmad Reza , Moghadam Majid , Tangestaninejad Shahram , Mirkhani Valiollah , Soltani Mohammad , Mirjafari Arsalan 
Published: March 2012

Abstract[Hmim]NO3 can be used as catalyst and medium for the three‐component one‐pot condensation of isatoic anhydride, aldehydes and primary amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Cascade Acylation/Coupling Cyclization Process for the Synthesis of Polycyclic Fused Imidazo[2,1‐b][1,3]thiazinones.
Authors: Wang Zhiming , Yu Bin , Zhang Xiuqin , Sun Xiaoqiang , Bao Weiliang 
Published: March 2012

AbstractTitle compounds (III) are efficiently synthesized via a new cascade intermolecular N‐acylation/intramolecular C—S coupling cyclization process.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of (RP)‐8‐Substituted‐N6‐acylated and N6‐Alkylated Adenosine‐3′,5′‐cyclic Phosphorothioic Acids as cAMP Antagonists.
Authors: Andrei Mioara , Bakkeboe Tina , Klaveness Jo , Tasken Kjetil , Undheim Kjell 
Published: March 2012

AbstractA strategy for the stereoselective preparation of the target compounds from cAMP is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Field‐Induced Phenomena in Ferromagnetic Superconductors UCoGe and URhGe
Authors: Aoki Dai , Taupin Mathieu , Paulsen Carley , Hardy Frederic , Taufour Valentin , Kotegawa Hisashi , Hassinger Elena , Malone Liam , Matsuda Tatsuma D. , Miyake Atsushi , et al. et al. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractReview: 21 refs.
MCM‐41‐SO3H as a Highly Efficient Sulfonic Acid Nanoreactor for the Rapid and Green Synthesis of Some Novel Highly Substituted Imidazoles under Solvent‐Free Condition
Authors: Mahdavinia Gholam Hossein , Amani Ali Mohammad , Sepehrian Hamid 
Published: March 2012

AbstractNanosized MCM‐41‐SO3H based on ordered mesoporous silica material with a covalent sulfonic acid group was synthesized and used as acid catalyst for the new, simple, convenient and green synthesis of 2,4,5‐trisubstituted and 1,2,4,5‐tetra‐substituted imidazoles. Also some of synthesis products are new. Echo‐friendly protocol, short reaction times, easy and quick isolation of the products and excellent yields are the main advantages of this procedure.
Axisymmetric multicomponent vesicles: A comparison of hydrodynamic and geometric models
Authors: Sohn Jinsun , Li Shuwang , Li Xiaofan , Lowengrub John S. 
Published: March 2012

SUMMARYUsing a mathematical model, we investigate the role of hydrodynamic forces on three‐dimensional axisymmetric multicomponent vesicles. The equations are derived using an energy variation approach that accounts for different surface phases, the excess energy associated with surface domain boundaries, bending energy and inextensibility. The equations are high‐order (fourth order) nonlinear and nonlocal. To solve the equations numerically, we use a nonstiff, pseudo‐spectral boundary integral method that relies on an analysis of the equations at small scales. We also derive equations governing the dynamics of inextensible vesicles evolving in the absence of hydrodynamic forces and simulate numerically the evolution of this geometric model. We find that compared with the geometric model, hydrodynamic forces provide additional paths for relaxing inextensible vesicles. The presence of hydrodynamic forces may enable the dynamics to overcome local energy barriers and reach lower energy states than those accessible by geometric motion or energy minimization algorithms. Because of the intimate connection between morphology, surface phase distribution and biological function, these results have important consequences in understanding the role vesicles play in biological processes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Partial regularity of solutions of fully nonlinear, uniformly elliptic equations
Authors: Armstrong Scott N. , Silvestre Luis E. , Smart Charles K. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe prove that a viscosity solution of a uniformly elliptic, fully nonlinear equation is C2,α on the complement of a closed set of Hausdorff dimension at most ϵ less than the dimension. The equation is assumed to be C1, and the constant ϵ > 0 depends only on the dimension and the ellipticity constants. The argument combines the W2,ϵ estimates of Lin with a result of Savin on the C2,α regularity of viscosity solutions that are close to quadratic polynomials. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rhodium Nanoparticles from Dirhodium(II) Ethylene Glycol Tetracarboxylates
Authors: Tuchscherer André , Packheiser Rico , Rüffer Tobias , Schletter Herbert , Hietschold Michael , Lang Heinrich 
Published: March 2012

AbstractA straightforward synthesis methodology for the preparation of rhodium(II) carboxylates [Rh2{O2CCH2(OCH2CH2)2OCH3}4]n (1) and [Rh{μ‐O2CCH2(OCH2CH2)2OCH3}2(PPh3)]2 (2) is reported. The ethanol‐mediated reduction of RhCl3·3H2O with [K{O2CCH2(OCH2CH2)2OCH3}] produced 1, which on further addition of PPh3 afforded 2. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies of 2 were carried out showing a paddlewheel arrangement of the dirhodium(II) tetracarboxylate unit with a Rh–Rh distance of 2.4599(5) Å. Compounds 1 and 2 were applied in the formation of rhodium nanoparticles (NPs) using 1,2‐ethanediol as reducing reagent and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) as capping component. Rhodium NPs with a narrow size distribution (<4 nm) were obtained from 1. The dependency of the concentration and temperature on the NP size and size distribution is discussed. Characterization of the Rh colloids was performed by TEM, X‐ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and electron‐diffraction studies, which revealed that Rh NPs with diameters between (3.0±0.4) and (3.9±0.4) nm were formed. Additionally, the decomposition of 1 and 2 was studied by thermogravimetry (TG)–MS coupling experiments, which showed their differing thermal behavior. Complex 1 follows a two‐step decomposition, whereas degradation of 2 occurs in three steps. The main difference in degradation is that decarboxylation of 1 starts at 230 °C, whereas for 2 the main CO2 formation is observed above 600 °C.
Formation of Cyclometallated N‐Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Complexes from LnRuCl2 (L = Cyclooctadiene, PPh3, DMSO) Precursors
Authors: Bramananthan Nicola , Mas‐Marzá Elena , Fernandéz Francys E. , Ellul Charles E. , Mahon Mary F. , Whittlesey Michael K. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBoth [Ru(cod)Cl2]n and [Ru(PPh3)3Cl2] react with the N‐iPr substituted N‐heterocyclic carbene IiPr2Me2 [1,3‐diisopropyl‐4,5‐dimethylimidazol‐2‐ylidene] at elevated temperature to give the cyclometallated triscarbene product [Ru(IiPr2Me2)′(IiPr2Me2)2Cl] (1), which also contains an agostically bound NHC ligand. Although [Ru(cod)Cl2]n fails to react with the bulkier tert‐butyl carbene ItBu2 [1,3‐di‐tert‐butylimidazol‐2‐ylidene], [Ru(PPh3)3Cl2] affords the cyclometallated monocarbene complex [Ru(ItBu2)′(PPh3)2Cl] (2). Cyclometallation of the N‐ethyl derivative IEt2Me2 [1,3‐diethyl‐4,5‐dimethylimidazol‐2‐ylidene] takes place upon heating with [Ru(DMSO)4Cl2] to give the tris‐DMSO product, [Ru(IEt2Me2)′(DMSO)3Cl] (3), which undergoes substitution of the S‐bound DMSO ligands in the presence of CO and PPh3 to yield [Ru(IEt2Me2)′(CO)3Cl] (4) and [Ru(IEt2Me2)′(PPh3)2Cl] (6). In contrast, IEt2Me2 reacts with [Ru(PPh3)3Cl2] to give [Ru(IEt2Me2)4Cl2] (7). The molecular structures of compounds 1–4, 6 and 7 have been determined.
Microwave Activation of Electrochemical Processes in Ionic Liquid Impregnated Ionomer Spheres
Authors: Dale Sara E. C. , Compton Richard G. , Marken Frank 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe redox system K4Fe(CN)6 adsorbed into anion exchanger particles (Dowex 1×2 of typically 200 µm diameter) and impregnated with 1‐butyl‐3‐methyl‐imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid (BMIM+BF4−) in contact to a 50 µm diameter platinum microelectrode show well‐defined Fe(III/II) voltammetric responses. Processes are studied at the ionic liquid sphere | electrode | gas interface in the presence of dry or 80 % relative humidity argon gas flow. Due to the hygroscopic nature of BMIN+BF4− currents are sensitive to humidity levels. Pulsed and continuous microwave activation (2.45 GHz) is shown to occur locally at the tip of the platinum microelectrode due to focusing of microwave energy. Impedance experiments reveal the presence of a thin active film of ionic liquid.
Use of Carbon Paste Electrode Modified with Biomass for Studying the Equilibria, Kinetics, and Proton Exchange Processes Associated with Bioaccumulation
Authors: Martínez‐Sánchez Carolina , Torres‐Rodríguez Luz María , Velázquez‐Jiménez Litza Halla , Sustaita‐Martínez Jesús Israel , García‐de la Cruz Ramón Fernando 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe sorption of Cd2+ onto nonliving Typha latifolia roots was investigated using carbon paste electrodes modified with a powder formed from the ground dried root. The equilibria, kinetics, and proton exchange processes associated with the biosorption process were determined. Cd2+ was found to accumulate on the root‐modified electrode under open circuit conditions, and the electrode was transferred to an electrochemical cell for square wave anodic stripping voltammetry measurements. The measured currents were proportional to the amount of Cd2+ adsorbed onto the root, which permitted the biosorption process to be measured as a function of cadmium solution concentration, time, and pH. The equilibrium values were fit to the Langmuir or Freundlich equations, and that the Langmuir isotherm model was found to provide a better fit than the Freundlich model. The pH‐dependent sorption curves showed that the accumulation of cadmium proceeded with proton exchange, and each adsorbed cadmium ion resulted in expulsion of two protons. The sorption kinetics were studied, the data obtained were fit to two models: a pseudo‐second‐order model and an intraparticle diffusion model. The pseudo‐second‐order model provided the best description of the bioadsorption data. These results indicated that these methodologies have clear advantages over existing methods, because the amount of reagents and sorbent used for the experiments are much less than are required for batch experiments.
A Psychometric Evaluation of an English Version of the Utrecht Coping List
Authors: Turner Hannah , Bryant‐Waugh Rachel , Peveler Robert , Bucks Romola S. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIntroduction and aimsAlthough coping styles in individuals with eating disorders have received increased research interest in recent years, there remains a lack of brief, self‐report measures that can reliably measure coping. This study developed an English version of the Utrecht Coping List (UCL) and evaluated its psychometric properties in a UK population.MethodThis was a cross‐sectional study. Three hundred and fifteen participants completed the UCL and the Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced scale (Carver, Scheier & Weintraub, 1989). Of these, 124 completed the UCL again 6 weeks later.ResultsThe UCL demonstrated strong internal consistency. Five of the seven subscales had good test–retest reliability. With the exception of the expression of emotion subscale in men, concurrent validity with the Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced subscales was good.DiscussionAlthough its use with men requires further investigation, this translated version of the UCL represents a reliable and valid measure of coping in women. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
A proportional fairness backoff scheme for funnelling effect in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Chen Yuanfang , Li Mingchu , Shu Lei , Wang Lei , Hara Takahiro 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTThe many‐to‐one and hop‐by‐hop traffic pattern in wireless sensor networks exhibits a unique funnelling effect that results in a significant increase in transit traffic intensity, package collision among different links and congestion as closing toward the sink. Some techniques, such as congestion control and aggregation, can help counter these problems. However, they cannot fully alleviate funnelling effect. In this paper, we use a different and novel approach to solve this problem. The proportional fairness backoff scheme is based on the carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance protocol and makes the network's throughput maximum with proportional fairness (data transmission fairness between different nodes). Furthermore, this proportional fairness backoff scheduling scheme can dynamically adjust each sensor node's backoff window on the basis of Kelly's shadow price theory. Further, on the basis of the newly designed throughput analysis model, we discuss the throughput of the carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance‐type network. With theoretical analysis and extensive simulations, we show that proportional fairness backoff can effectively mitigate funnelling effect and then improve the network's throughput; at the same time, it keeps effective throughput increase even if the network is high‐loaded. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mixed variational principles for the evolution problem of gradient–extended dissipative solids
Authors: Miehe Christian 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis work develops minimization and saddle point principles for a class of gradient–extended dissipative solids, incorporating micro–structural fields (micro–displacements, order parameters or generalized internal variables), whose gradients enter the energy storage and dissipation potential functions. In contrast to classical local continuum approaches to inelastic solids based on locally evolving internal variables, these global micro–structural fields are governed by additional balance–type partial differential equations including micro–structural boundary conditions. Typical examples are theories of phase field evolution, gradient damage or strain gradient plasticity. Such models incorporate non–local effects based on length scales, which reflect properties of the material micro–structure. We outline a unified variational framework for the evolution problem of first–order gradient–extended standard dissipative solids. Particular emphasis is put on mixed multi–field representations, where both the microstructural variable itself as well as the local driving forces are present (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)