bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using computational fluid dynamics to calculate the stimulus to the lateral line of a fish in still water
Authors: Rapo Mark A. , Jiang Houshuo , Grosenbaugh Mark A. , Coombs Sheryl 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThis paper presents the first computational fluid dynamics (CFD)simulations of viscous flow due to a small sphere vibrating near a fish, a configuration that is frequently used for experiments on dipole source localization by the lateral line. Both two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) meshes were constructed, reproducing a previously published account of a mottled sculpin approaching an artificial prey. Both the fish-body geometry and the sphere vibration were explicitly included in the simulations. For comparison purposes, calculations using potential flow theory (PFT) of a 3-D dipole without a fish body being present were also performed. Comparisons between the 2-D and 3-D CFD simulations showed that the 2-D calculations did not accurately represent the 3-D flow and therefore did not produce realistic results. The 3-D CFD simulations showed that the presence of the fish body perturbed the dipole source pressure field near the fish body, an effect that was obviously absent in the PFT calculations of the dipole alone. In spite of this discrepancy, the pressure-gradient patterns to the lateral line system calculated from 3-D CFD simulations and PFT were similar. Conversely, the velocity field, which acted on the superficial neuromasts (SNs), was altered by the oscillatory boundary layer that formed at the fish's skin due to the flow produced by the vibrating sphere (accounted for in CFD but not PFT). An analytical solution of an oscillatory boundary layer above a flat plate, which was validated with CFD, was used to represent the flow near the fish's skin and to calculate the detection thresholds of the SNs in terms of flow velocity and strain rate. These calculations show that the boundary layer effects can be important, especially when the height of the cupula is less than the oscillatory boundary layer's Stokes viscous length scale.
Characterization of obstacle negotiation behaviors in the cockroach,Blaberus discoidalis
Authors: Harley C. M. , English B. A. , Ritzmann R. E. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYWithin natural environments, animals must be able to respond to a wide range of obstacles in their path. Such responses require sensory information to facilitate appropriate and effective motor behaviors. The objective of this study was to characterize sensors involved in the complex control of obstacle negotiation behaviors in the cockroach Blaberus discoidalis. Previous studies suggest that antennae are involved in obstacle detection and negotiation behaviors. During climbing attempts, cockroaches swing their front leg that then either successfully reaches the top of the block or misses. The success of these climbing attempts was dependent on their distance from the obstacle. Cockroaches with shortened antennae were closer to the obstacle prior to climbing than controls, suggesting that distance was related to antennal length. Removing the antennal flagellum resulted in delays in obstacle detection and changes in climbing strategy from targeted limb movements to less directed attempts. A more complex scenario – a shelf that the cockroach could either climb over or tunnel under – allowed us to further examine the role of sensory involvement in path selection. Ultimately, antennae contacting the top of the shelf led to climbing whereas contact on the underside led to tunneling However, in the light, cockroaches were biased toward tunnelling; a bias which was absent in the dark. Selective covering of visual structures suggested that this context was determined by the ocelli.
Adatom diffusion on vicinal surfaces with permeable steps
Authors: Ranguelov Bogdan , Markov Ivan 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
We study the behavior of single atoms on an infinite vicinal surface assuming certain degree of step permeability. Assuming complete lack of re-evaporation and ruling out nucleation the atoms will inevitably join kink sites at the steps but will do many attempts before that. Increasing the probability for step permeability or the kink spacing lead to increase of the number of steps crossed before incorporation of the atoms into kink sites. The asymmetry of the attachment-detachment kinetics (Ehrlich-Schwoebel effect) suppresses the step permeability and completely eliminates it in the extreme case of the infinite Ehrlich-Schwoebel barrier. A negligibly small drift of the adatoms in a direction perpendicular to the steps leads to a significant asymmetry of the distribution of the permeability events, the atoms thus visiting more distant steps in the direction of the drift. The curves are fitted with an exponential function containing a constant which can be considered as a length scale of the effect of the drift. Some conclusions concerning the stability of the vicinals are drawn.
Pt coated Cr2O3 thin films for resistive gas sensors
Authors: Kasikov Aarne , Gerst Alar , Kikas Arvo , Matisen Leonard , Saar Agu , Tarre Aivar , Rosental Arnold 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The resistive response of atomic layer deposited thin epitaxial Î±-Cr2O3(0 0 1) films, to H2 and CO in air, was studied. The films were covered with Pt nanoislands formed by electron-beam evaporation of a sub-monolayer amount of the material. The gas measurements were performed at 250Â°C and 450Â°C. These temperatures led to different proportion of chemical states, Pt2+ and Pt4+, to which the Pt oxidized. The modification was ascertained by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy method. As a result of the modification, the response was fast at 250Â°C, but slowed at 450Â°C. A disadvantageous abundance of Pt4+ arising at 450Â°C in air could be diminished by high-vacuum annealing thus restoring the response properties of the system at 250Â°C.
Wet-chemical treatment and electronic interface properties of silicon solar cell substrates
Authors: Angermann Heike , Rappich JÃ¶rg , Klimm Carola 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
On textured n-type silicon substrates for solar cell manufacturing, the relation between light trapping behavior, structural imperfections, energetic distribution of interface state densities and interface recombination losses were investigated by applying surface sensitive techniques. The field-modulated surface photovoltage (SPV), in-situ photoluminescence (PL) measurements, total hemispherical UV-NIR-reflectance measurements and electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to yield detailed information on the influence of wet-chemical treatments on preparation induced micro-roughness and electronic properties of polished and textured silicon substrates. It was shown that isotropic as well as anisotropic etching of light trapping structures result in high surface micro-roughness and density of interface states. Removing damaged surface layers in the nm range by wet-chemical treatments, the density of these states and the related interface recombination loss can be reduced. In-situ PL measurements were applied to optimise HF-treatment times aimed at undamaged, oxide-free and hydrogen-terminated substrate surfaces as starting material for subsequent solar cell preparations.
Multilayer coatings for flexible high-barrier materials
Authors: VaÅ¡ko Karol , Noller Klaus , Mikula Milan , Amberg-Schwab Sabine , Weber Ulrike 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
A multilayer, flexible, and transparent high-barrier system based on flexible plastic foils, polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) and ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene-copolymer (ETFE), combined with vacuum-deposited, inorganic SiOx layers and hybrid ORMOCERÂ® varnish layers were prepared in different orders on a semiproduction level. Barrier properties of prepared systems, as water vapour transmission (WVTR) and oxygen transmission (OTR), were measured and studied in connection with surface energy, surface topography, and water vapour adsorption properties. Correlations among layers sequence, barrier properties, and other parameters are presented, including some basic principles of permeation of substances through multilayer barrier systems. A combination of several inorganic and hybrid varnish layers is necessary to achieve the technological demands from a barrier standpoint. It is easier to suppress the oxygen transport than the water transport, due to the additional active penetration of water through hydrogen bonds and silanol creations at oxide interfaces, capillary condensation, and swelling with high internal pressure, leading to new defects.
Structural, morphology and electrical properties of layered copper selenide thin film
Authors: Ying Chyi Liew J. , Talib Zainal , Mahmood W. , Yunus M. , Zainal Zulkarnain , Halim Shaari , Moksin Mohd , Yusoff Wan , Pah Lim K. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Thin films of copper selenide (CuSe) were physically deposited layer-by-layer up to 5 layers using thermal evaporation technique onto a glass substrate. Various film properties, including the thickness, structure, morphology, surface roughness, average grain size and electrical conductivity are studied and discussed. These properties are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), ellipsometer and 4 point probe at room temperature. The dependence of electrical conductivity, surface roughness, and average grain size on number of layers deposited is discussed.
Three-dimensional modelling of scattering loss in InGaAsP/InP and silica-on-silicon bent waveguides
Authors: Ciminelli Caterina , Passaro Vittorio M. N. , Dell’Olio Francesco , Armenise Mario N. 
Published: April 2009

A three-dimensional (3D) method for the estimation of scattering loss due to sidewalls roughness in bent optical waveguides is proposed and validated. The approach, based on Volume Current Method (VCM), has been pointed out to accurately calculate the scattering loss as dependent on curvature radius and wavelength. An exponential model has been employed to analytically describe the sidewalls roughness and a 3D mode solver based on mode-matching method has been used to calculate optical field distribution in the bent waveguide cross-section.
Scattering loss suffered by two low index contrast waveguides has been investigated by the developed algorithm. For a buried InGaAsP/InP waveguide and a 6 µm × 6 µm silica-on-silicon guiding structure scattering loss dependence on bending radius, wavelength, roughness, correlation length and standard deviation has been investigated and discussed. Because of the different index contrast values, InGaAsP/InP waveguide exhibits a scattering loss which is quite six times larger than in silica-on-silicon. For both guiding structures, quasi-TM mode shows a larger scattering loss than quasi-TE one.
Failure rate of contemporary low-dose radiosurgical technique for vestibular schwannoma Clinical article
Authors: Pollock Bruce E. , Link Michael J. , Foote Robert L. 
Published: May 2009

Object
The decline in cranial nerve morbidity after radiosurgery for vestibular schwannoma (VS) correlates with dose reduction and other technical changes to this procedure. The effect these changes have had on tumor control has not been well documented.

Methods
The authors performed a retrospective review of 293 patients with VSs who underwent radiosurgery between 1990 and 2004 and had a minimum of 24 months of imaging follow-up (90% of the entire series). The median radiation dose to the tumor margin was 13 Gy. Treatment failure was defined as progressive tumor enlargement noted on 2 or more imaging studies. The mean postradiosurgical follow-up was 60.9 ± 32.5 months.

Results
Tumor growth was noted in 15 patients (5%) at a median of 32 months after radiosurgery. Radiographically demonstrated tumor control was 96% at 3 years and 94% at 7 years after radiosurgery. Univariate analysis revealed 2 factors that correlated with failed radiosurgery for VS: an increasing number of isocenters (p = 0.03) and tumor margin radiation doses ≤ 13 Gy (p = 0.02). Multivariate analysis showed that only an increasing number of isocenters correlated with failed VS radiosurgery (hazard ratio 1.1, 95% CI 1.02–1.32, p < 0.05). The tumor margin radiation dose (p = 0.22) was not associated with tumor growth after radiosurgery.

Conclusions
Distortion of stereotactic MR imaging coupled with increased radiosurgical conformality and progressive dose reduction likely caused some VSs to receive less than the prescribed radiation dose to the entire tumor volume.
Ankle Disease in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Ultrasound Findings in Clinically Swollen Ankles
Authors: ROONEY MADELEINE E. , McALLISTER CATHERINE , BURNS JAMES F.T. 
Published: May 2009

Objective.The ankle joint is frequently involved in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), but it is unclear whether this is predominantly due to synovitis, tenosynovitis, or both. We performed clinic-based ultrasound examination to assess the prevalence of synovitis and tenosynovitis in children with JIA felt clinically to have active inflammatory disease of the ankle.Methods.Thirty-four patients with 49 clinically swollen ankles were studied (19 polyarticular JIA, 13 oligoarticular JIA, 1 systemic JIA, 1 psoriatic JIA). All cases had at least one clinically swollen ankle joint. The children were assessed clinically and had ultrasound examination during routine clinic appointments.Results.We found 71% of ankles had tenosynovitis and 39% had tenosynovitis alone. Only 29% of swollen ankles had a tibiotalar effusion alone. We found 33% had both tenosynovitis and a tibiotalar effusion. When results were analyzed by JIA subtype, we found 81% of oligoarticular JIA ankles had medial ankle tenosynovitis but only 19% had tibiotalar effusion alone. There was a significant difference between JIA subgroups for the frequency of occurrence of medial ankle tenosynovitis (p = 0.048) and lateral ankle tenosynovitis (p = 0.001).Conclusion.The tibiotalar joint was not involved in 39% of the swollen ankles; and tenosynovitis, sometimes in isolation, was the dominant finding. This has implications for therapeutic intervention and also for an improved classification of children with JIA, especially with ankle involvement.
Etanercept in the Longterm Treatment of Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis
Authors: DIJKMANS BEN , EMERY PAUL , HAKALA MARKKU , LEIRISALO-REPO MARJATTA , MOLA EMILIO MARTIN , PAOLOZZI LAURENCE , SALVARANI CARLO , SANMARTI RAIMON , SIBILIA JEAN , SIEPER JOACHIM , Van Den BOSCH FILIP , van der HEIJDE DÉSIRÉE , van der LINDEN SJEF , WAJDULA JOSEPH 
Published: May 2009

Objective.To evaluate the 2-year efficacy and safety of etanercept in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS).Methods.A 96-week open-label extension study, which followed a 12-week double-blind placebo-controlled trial, was designed to provide longterm efficacy and safety data, including radiographic outcomes, for patients treated with etanercept 25 mg twice weekly (NCT00421980). In all, 81 patients were enrolled (96% of the participants from the double-blind study). Key efficacy measures included improvement using the Assessment in Ankylosing Spondylitis 20% (ASAS20) criteria, the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), and the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI). Radiographic progression was evaluated using the modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spine Score (mSASSS) method. Paired t tests were used to test within-group changes from baseline.Results.The percentage of responders, by ASAS20 criteria, remained relatively constant in patients who received etanercept during the 12-week double-blind study (60% at Week 0 and 83% at Week 96 of the open-label extension); more patients from the placebo group became responders after being switched to etanercept (23% and 74%, respectively). A similar trend was also observed using the ASAS40 and ASAS5/6 criteria, the BASFI, and the BASDAI. Most patients had no change from baseline in mSASSS values. Etanercept was well tolerated; the most frequent adverse events were injection site reactions (n = 30; 37.0%) and headache (n = 18; 22.2%), and the most frequent infections were upper respiratory tract infections (n = 43; 53.1%) and flu syndrome (n = 22; 27.2%).Conclusion.For 2 years, etanercept was clinically effective and well tolerated, with no unexpected safety findings.
Current Concepts in Drug‐Induced Mitochondrial Toxicity
Authors: Nadanaciva Sashi , Will Yvonne 
Published: May 2009

AbstractMitochondria generate most of the cell's ATP and play key roles in fatty acid oxidation, steroid synthesis, heme synthesis, thermogenesis, calcium homeostasis, and apoptosis. With the development of new methods to study mitochondrial function, it is becoming clear that drug‐induced mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the causes of drug toxicity. Mitochondria can be impaired by drugs in a variety of ways. These include inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation, uncoupling of electron transport from ATP synthesis, irreversible opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, inhibition of transporters within the mitochondrial inner membrane, increased oxidative stress, inhibition of the citric acid cycle, inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, and impairment of either mtDNA replication or mtDNA‐encoded protein synthesis. This unit provides an overview on the physiological roles of mitochondria and the mechanisms by which they can be adversely affected by drugs. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 40:2.15.1‐2.15.9. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Measuring Electrophile Stress
Authors: Tallman Keri A. , Vila Andrew , Porter Ned A. , Marnett Lawrence J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPolyunsaturated fatty acids are primary targets during oxidative stress. Diffusible electrophilic α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes, such as 4‐hydroxynonenal (HNE), have been shown to modify proteins that mediate cell signaling and modify gene expression pathways. We describe a global strategy for identifying the protein targets of HNE modification. A similar approach can be used for any electrophiles derived from an oxidized lipid. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 40:17.11.1‐17.11.13. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Biosafety: Guidelines for Working with Pathogenic and Infectious Microorganisms
Authors: Burnett LouAnn C. , Lunn George , Coico Richard 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis unit, in conjunction with local and national guidelines and regulations (see APPENDIX 1B), provides the basic biosafety information needed to perform the procedures detailed in this manual. Topics discussed include routine precautions when working with biohazards, disinfectants, disposal of biohazards, biosafety levels (as established by the U.S. National Institutes of Health and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), animal facilities, and clinical laboratories. In addition, resources for more information are provided in the Literature Cited and Key References sections and in URLs given within the text, as well as the Internet Resources section. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 13:1A.1.1‐1A.1.14. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Ferret Model for Influenza
Authors: Matsuoka Yumiko , Lamirande Elaine W. , Subbarao Kanta 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA major challenge in influenza research is the selection of an appropriate animal model that accurately reflects the disease and protective immune response to influenza infection in humans. Ferrets are exquisitely susceptible to infection with human influenza viruses and are widely believed to be the ideal small animal model for influenza research. Mice have also been used for influenza vaccine research for decades. Ferrets are used as an animal model for the study of influenza because they are susceptible to human influenza viruses and develop some of the symptoms of influenza that are seen in humans. Although they are not discussed in detail in this unit, hamsters, guinea pigs, and both cotton rats (Sigmodon) and rats (Rattus) have also been used for influenza research. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 13:15G.2.1‐15G.2.29. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ESR study of vulcanizates under the deformed state
Authors: Funatsu Junji , Takagi Ryuichi , Ito Masayoshi 
Published: May 2009

AbstractElectron spin resonance (ESR) measurements under the tensile deformation of cross‐linked polyisoprene were examined by the combination of home‐built stretching machine with commercially available ESR spectrometer. The changes of radical concentration during tensile deformation were successfully determined by this technique. It was found that the number of radicals produced by the stretching process decreased during the retraction of stretched sample. In addition, at a given strain, the decrease of radical concentration with time was accompanied by the increase of stress. Such changes were more prominent in the cross‐linked sample by sulfur PS sample (PS) than by dicumyl peroxide (PCP), PD sample (PD). The tensile modulus of the samples after the one cyclic deformation increased with increasing the keeping time at room temperature after the cyclic deformation. The increase was larger for the PS than for the PD. These results suggest that the broken cross‐linking structure induced by the stretching process was partly reconstructed during and after the retraction with this tendency more prominent in the PS than in the PD. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Surface modification of cellulose fibers by starch grafting with crosslinkers
Authors: Song Delong , Zhao Yulin , Dong Chunxu , Deng Yulin 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPolymer grafting is a widely used technique in modifying the properties of cellulose fibers. Many methods, such as free radical, esterification reactions and layer‐by‐layer adsorption, have been applied for grafting polymer on different substrates. In this study, a facile method to graft biodegradable starch on fiber surface through the hydrogen bond formation among cellulose, starch, and ammonium zirconium (IV) carbonate (AZC) was developed. The effects of grafting conditions, including pH, temperature, fiber consistency, crosslinker, starch dosage, and mechanical agitation on the grafting yield were systematically investigated. Optical and electron microscopes clearly revealed that, after grafting, the fiber surface was covered by hydrogel of starch. The significant improvements of water retention value (WRV) of fibers with starch grafting were also demonstrated in this study. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009