bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utilization of Research in Policymaking for Graduated Driver Licensing
Authors: Hinchcliff Reece , Ivers Rebecca Q. , Poulos Roslyn , Senserrick Teresa 
Published: September 2010

Young drivers are overrepresented in road trauma and vehicle-related deaths, and there is substantial evidence for the effectiveness of graduated driver licensing (GDL) policies that minimize young drivers’ exposure to high-risk driving situations. However, it is unclear what role research plays in the process of making GDL policies. To understand how research is utilized in this context, we interviewed influential GDL policy actors in Australia and the United States. We found that GDL policy actors generally believed that research evidence informed GDL policy development, but they also believed that research was used to justify politically determined policy positions that were not based on evidence. Further efforts, including more effective research dissemination strategies, are required to increase research utilization in policy.
Trends in Fatalities From Distracted Driving in the United States, 1999 to 2008
Authors: Wilson Fernando A. , Stimpson Jim P. 
Published: September 2010

Objectives. We examined trends in distracted driving fatalities and their relation to cell phone use and texting volume. Methods. The Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) records data on all road fatalities that occurred on public roads in the United States from 1999 to 2008. We studied trends in distracted driving fatalities, driver and crash characteristics, and trends in cell phone use and texting volume. We used multivariate regression analysis to estimate the relation between state-level distracted driving fatalities and texting volumes. Results. After declining from 1999 to 2005, fatalities from distracted driving increased 28% after 2005, rising from 4572 fatalities to 5870 in 2008. Crashes increasingly involved male drivers driving alone in collisions with roadside obstructions in urban areas. By use of multivariate analyses, we predicted that increasing texting volumes resulted in more than 16 000 additional road fatalities from 2001 to 2007. Conclusions. Distracted driving is a growing public safety hazard. Specifically, the dramatic rise in texting volume since 2005 appeared to be contributing to an alarming rise in distracted driving fatalities. Legislation enacting texting bans should be paired with effective enforcement to deter drivers from using cell phones while driving.
Drinking water in rural India: a study of deficiency, quality and some social implications
Authors: Biswas Pradip Kumar , Mandal (Mitra) Kasturi 
Published: September 2010

There is no doubt that accessibility of drinking water for rural households in India has increased over the decades, partly owing to concerted efforts by the state and partly owing to a rise in income of the people. Public provision of drinking water is primarily made through the tap whereas private provision is through the tube well. Households opt more for a tube well than for other sources owing to its reliability. The study finds a highly significant positive correlation between overall deficiency index and poverty ratio, a significantly negative relationship between the literacy rate and the percentage of cholera cases at times of deficiency.
Drinking water in rural India is contaminated and about 18% of rural households are reported to have filtered their drinking water but very few have scientifically treated it before drinking. All this indicates that there is a greater need to improve the water supply including quantity, quality, accessibility and dependability. An integrated water management approach has to be adopted to improve and build upon the existing structure which is highly decentralized and dispersed. This would have important bearing on poverty reduction, environmental sustenance and sustainable economic development.
Targeted Inactivation of Kinesin-1 in Pancreatic β-Cells In Vivo Leads to Insulin Secretory Deficiency
Authors: Cui Ju , Wang Zai , Cheng Qianni , Lin Raozhou , Zhang Xin-Mei , Leung Po Sing , Copeland Neal G. , Jenkins Nancy A. , Yao Kwok-Ming , Huang Jian-Dong 
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE
Suppression of Kinesin-1 by antisense oligonucleotides, or overexpression of dominant-negative acting kinesin heavy chain, has been reported to affect the sustained phase of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in β-cells in vitro. In this study, we examined the in vivo physiological role of Kinesin-1 in β-cell development and function.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A Cre-LoxP strategy was used to generate conditional knockout mice in which the Kif5b gene is specifically inactivated in pancreatic β-cells. Physiological and histological analyses were carried out in Kif5b knockout mice as well as littermate controls.

RESULTS
Mice with β-cell specific deletion of Kif5b (Kif5bfl/−:RIP2-Cre) displayed significantly retarded growth as well as slight hyperglycemia in both nonfasting and 16-h fasting conditions compared with control littermates. In addition, Kif5bfl/−:RIP2-Cre mice displayed significant glucose intolerance, which was not due to insulin resistance but was related to an insulin secretory defect in response to glucose challenge. These defects of β-cell function in mutant mice were not coupled with observable changes in islet morphology, islet cell composition, or β-cell size. However, compared with controls, pancreas of Kif5bfl/−:RIP2-Cre mice exhibited both reduced islet size and increased islet number, concomitant with an increased insulin vesicle density in β-cells.

CONCLUSIONS
In addition to being essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis and regulating β-cell function, Kif5b may be involved in β-cell development by regulating β-cell proliferation and insulin vesicle synthesis.
Nuclear Orphan Receptor TAK1/TR4-Deficient Mice Are Protected Against Obesity-Linked Inflammation, Hepatic Steatosis, and Insulin Resistance
Authors: Kang Hong Soon , Okamoto Kyoko , Kim Yong-Sik , Takeda Yukimasa , Bortner Carl D. , Dang Huaixin , Wada Taira , Xie Wen , Yang Xiao-Ping , Liao Grace , Jetten Anton M. 
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE
The nuclear receptor TAK1/TR4/NR2C2 is expressed in several tissues that are important in the control of energy homeostasis. In this study, we investigate whether TAK1 functions as a regulator of lipid and energy homeostasis and has a role in metabolic syndrome.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We generated TAK1-deficient (TAK1−/−) mice to study the function of TAK1 in the development of metabolic syndrome in aged mice and mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). (Immuno)histochemical, biochemical, and gene expression profile analyses were performed to determine the effect of the loss of TAK1 expression on lipid homeostasis in liver and adipose tissues. In addition, insulin sensitivity, energy expenditure, and adipose-associated inflammation were compared in wild-type (WT) and TAK1−/− mice fed a HFD.

RESULTS
TAK1-deficient (TAK1−/−) mice are resistant to the development of age- and HFD-induced metabolic syndrome. Histo- and biochemical analyses showed significantly lower hepatic triglyceride levels and reduced lipid accumulation in adipose tissue in TAK1−/− mice compared with WT mice. Gene expression profiling analysis revealed that the expression of several genes encoding proteins involved in lipid uptake and triglyceride synthesis and storage, including Cidea, Cidec, Mogat1, and CD36, was greatly decreased in the liver and primary hepatocytes of TAK1−/− mice. Restoration of TAK1 expression in TAK1−/− hepatocytes induced expression of several lipogenic genes. Moreover, TAK1−/− mice exhibited reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells and expression of inflammatory genes in white adipose tissue, and were resistant to the development of glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. TAK1−/− mice consume more oxygen and produce more carbon dioxide than WT mice, suggesting increased energy expenditure.

CONCLUSIONS
Our data reveal that TAK1 plays a critical role in the regulation of energy and lipid homeostasis, and promotes the development of metabolic syndrome. TAK1 may provide a new therapeutic target in the management of obesity, diabetes, and liver steatosis.
Prep1 Controls Insulin Glucoregulatory Function in Liver by Transcriptional Targeting of SHP1 Tyrosine Phosphatase
Authors: Oriente Francesco , Iovino Salvatore , Cabaro Serena , Cassese Angela , Longobardi Elena , Miele Claudia , Ungaro Paola , Formisano Pietro , Blasi Francesco , Beguinot Francesco 
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE
We investigated the function of the Prep1 gene in insulin-dependent glucose homeostasis in liver.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Prep1 action on insulin glucoregulatory function has been analyzed in liver of Prep1-hypomorphic mice (Prep1i/i), which express 2–3% of Prep1 mRNA.

RESULTS
Based on euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp studies and measurement of glycogen content, livers from Prep1i/i mice feature increased sensitivity to insulin. Tyrosine phosphorylation of both insulin receptor (IR) and insulin receptor substrate (IRS)1/2 was significantly enhanced in Prep1i/i livers accompanied by a specific downregulation of the SYP and SHP1 tyrosine phosphatases. Prep1 overexpression in HepG2 liver cells upregulated SYP and SHP1 and inhibited insulin-induced IR and IRS1/2 phosphorylation and was accompanied by reduced glycogen content. Consistently, overexpression of the Prep1 partner Pbx1, but not of p160MBP, mimicked Prep1 effects on tyrosine phosphorylations, glycogen content, and on SYP and SHP1 expression. In Prep1 overexpressing cells, antisense silencing of SHP1, but not that of SYP, rescued insulin-dependent IR phosphorylation and glycogen accumulation. Both Prep1 and Pbx1 bind SHP1 promoter at a site located between nucleotides −2,113 and −1,778. This fragment features enhancer activity and induces luciferase function by 7-, 6-, and 30-fold, respectively, in response to Prep1, Pbx1, or both.

CONCLUSIONS
SHP1, a known silencer of insulin signal, is a transcriptional target of Prep1. In liver, transcriptional activation of SHP1 gene by Prep1 attenuates insulin signal transduction and reduces glucose storage.
Genetic Predisposition to Long-Term Nondiabetic Deteriorations in Glucose Homeostasis
Authors: Renström Frida , Shungin Dmitry , Johansson Ingegerd ,   the MAGIC Investigators, Florez Jose C. , Hallmans Göran , Hu Frank B. , Franks Paul W. 
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVETo assess whether recently discovered genetic loci associated with hyperglycemia also predict long-term changes in glycemic traits.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSSixteen fasting glucose-raising loci were genotyped in middle-aged adults from the Gene x Lifestyle interactions And Complex traits Involved in Elevated disease Risk (GLACIER) Study, a population-based prospective cohort study from northern Sweden. Genotypes were tested for association with baseline fasting and 2-h postchallenge glycemia (N = 16,330), and for changes in these glycemic traits during a 10-year follow-up period (N = 4,059).RESULTSCross-sectional directionally consistent replication with fasting glucose concentrations was achieved for 12 of 16 variants; 10 variants were also associated with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and 7 were independently associated with 2-h postchallenge glucose concentrations. In prospective analyses, the effect alleles at four loci (GCK rs4607517, ADRA2A rs10885122, DGKB-TMEM195 rs2191349, and G6PC2 rs560887) were nominally associated with worsening fasting glucose concentrations during 10-years of follow-up. MTNR1B rs10830963, which was predictive of elevated fasting glucose concentrations in cross-sectional analyses, was associated with a protective effect on postchallenge glucose concentrations during follow-up; however, this was only when baseline fasting and 2-h glucoses were adjusted for. An additive effect of multiple risk alleles on glycemic traits was observed: a weighted genetic risk score (80th vs. 20th centiles) was associated with a 0.16 mmol/l (P = 2.4 × 10−6) greater elevation in fasting glucose and a 64% (95% CI: 33–201%) higher risk of developing IFG during 10 years of follow-up.CONCLUSIONSOur findings imply that genetic profiling might facilitate the early detection of persons who are genetically susceptible to deteriorating glucose control; studies of incident type 2 diabetes and discrete cardiovascular end points will help establish whether the magnitude of these changes is clinically relevant.
The Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Risk Factors in Northern Plains and Southwest American Indians
Authors: Sinclair Kaìmi A. , Bogart Andy , Buchwald Dedra , Henderson Jeffrey A. 
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE
To estimate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome by age, sex, and diabetes status in Northern Plains and Southwest American Indians.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Data for this analysis came from the Education and Research Toward Health (EARTH) study, a 5-year cross-sectional study of Southwest and Northern Plains American Indian adults. The National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP/ATP III) guidelines were used to identify adults with metabolic syndrome.

RESULTS
The age-adjusted prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 49.8% among 4,457 participants aged 18–88 years. Age-adjusted prevalence was 42.4% for participants without diabetes and 86.6% for participants with diabetes. In participants aged &lt;40 years, the overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 53.1%; 44.9% after excluding individuals with diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS
This study confirms a high prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among Northern Plains and Southwest American Indians of all ages.
Leptin and Amylin Act in an Additive Manner to Activate Overlapping Signaling Pathways in Peripheral Tissues
Authors: Moon Hyun-Seuk , Chamberland John P. , Diakopoulos Kalliope N. , Fiorenza Christina G. , Ziemke Florencia , Schneider Benjamin , Mantzoros Christos S. 
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE
Amylin interacts with leptin to alter metabolism. We evaluated, for the first time, amylin- and/or leptin-activated signaling pathways in human peripheral tissues (hPTs).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Leptin and amylin signaling studies were performed in vitro in human primary adipocytes (hPAs) and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs) and ex vivo in human adipose tissue (hAT) from male versus female subjects, obese versus lean subjects, and subjects with subcutaneous versus omental adipose tissue.

RESULTS
The long form of leptin receptor was expressed in human tissues and cells studied in ex vivo and in vitro, respectively. Leptin and amylin alone and in combination activate signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), AMP-activated protein kinase, Akt, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathways in hAT ex vivo and hPAs and hPBMCs in vitro; all phosphorylation events were saturable at leptin and amylin concentrations of ∼50 and ∼20 ng/ml, respectively. The effects of leptin and amylin on STAT3 phosphorylation in hPAs and hPBMCs in vitro were totally abolished under endoplasmic reticulum stress and/or in the presence of a STAT3 inhibitor. Results similar to those in the in vitro studies were observed in hAT studied ex vivo.

CONCLUSIONS
Leptin and amylin activate overlapping intracellular signaling pathways in humans and have additive, but not synergistic, effects in signaling pathways studied in hPTs in vitro and ex vivo.
Time and Fantasy in Narratives of Jihad: The Case of the Islami Jamiat-I-Tuleba in Karachi
Authors: Khan Nichola 
Published: September 2010

Time and Fantasy in Narratives of Jihad: The Case of the Islami Jamiat-I-Tuleba in Karachi
This article proposes an analytical framework for thinking about violence in the Islami Jamiat-i-Tuleba (IJT), the student organization of Jamaat e Islami (JI), Pakistan's longstanding Islamist party. It prioritises the intersection of the psychic and the social, and the role of politics, history and biography in mediating the modalities, narration and praxis of violence in the city of Karachi. The dominant explanations tend to emphasise political instrumentalism, and structural and ideological factors, and to "Islamicise" the violence, collapsing Islamic rhetoric into an extemporization of conditions, ignoring the deep affective appeal of violence to individuals, and leaving unelaborated the role of intersecting national, local and individual contexts and temporalities in structuring political subjectivity and violent action.
Response of the Danube River Floodplain to Flood Events During 2002-2007 Period
Authors: Lehotský Milan , Novotný Ján , Szmańda Jacek 
Published: September 2010

Response of the Danube River Floodplain to Flood Events During 2002-2007 Period
The relationship between floods and their geomorphic effect is discussed in this article. Almost every flood event is registered in overbank alluvia. We investigated sediment structures and textures as a response to three flood events occurred during 2002-2007 period on the Danube River floodplain in Bratislava. The change in sedimentation is the effect of floodwater flow energy changeability in the channel and floodplain. Generally, three main phases of energy flow changes of floods are recognised and thus the complete flood record can be expressed as the set of three layers. We also analysed conditions of the overbank sedimentation based on the shape and size of sedimented particles. Results show a relatively high variability of sedimentation processes during floods. The total amount of new overbank sediment accumulated in the 2002-2007 period, its texture characteristics and spatial distribution do not depend only on flood discharge, but also on the drainage basin sources of floodwater and sediment.
Holocene Inset Fills of the Odra River in the Racibórz Basin
Authors: Wójcicki Krzysztof , Śleszyński Przemysław , Mazur Sławomir 
Published: September 2010

Holocene Inset Fills of the Odra River in the Racibórz Basin
Geomorphic and lithological research conducted in the Odra River valley between Koźle and Krapkowice led to recognition of the postglacial development of the upper Odra River valley floor, for the first time, on the basis of a larger number of absolute datings. The formation of the inset alluvial fills by a meandering river started during the Early Holocene at the latest; however, the absence of a clearly developed system of large Late Vistulian palaeomeanders is notable within the analysed reach of the valley. Mid- and Late Holocene alluvial series were deposited by a river that exhibited a tendency to decrease in channel sizes. Nevertheless, large meanders were formed again in historical times. Oxbow fills in the Odra River valley are dominated by mineralogenic deposits. Their sedimentation can be correlated with the accretion of overbank and colluvial sheets in the valley floor. In the light of radiocarbon chronology, a relationship between Neolithic and subsequent phases of settlement in the catchment and the intensive deposition of these sediments cannot be ruled out.
Numerical Models for Fatigue Crack Evolution Study
Authors: Fuiorea Ion , Bartis Daniela , Nedelcu Roxana , Frunzulica Florin 
Published: September 2010

Numerical Models for Fatigue Crack Evolution StudyThe paper presents some considerations regarding to the numerical simulation of the behaviour of the riveted structures in fatigue loading conditions. In order to estimate the stress intensity factor, "k", different constitutive laws for the materials were considered. Choosing different contours for "J" integral calculation, some simplified models were studied. The final numerical results were analysed with respect to the physical tests.
Deterministic Approach to Predicting the Fatigue Crack Growth in the 2024-T3 Aluminum Alloy Under Variable Amplitude Loading
Authors: Kocańda Dorota , Torzewski Janusz 
Published: September 2010

Deterministic Approach to Predicting the Fatigue Crack Growth in the 2024-T3 Aluminum Alloy Under Variable Amplitude LoadingThe paper presents the attempt to predict fatigue crack growth rate in a component subjected to variable amplitude loading containing overload-underload cycles. For this goal in a deterministic approach the modified Willenborg retardation model was applied. To provide experimental data the research into fatigue crack growth for 2024-T3 aluminum alloy sheet CCT specimens under LHL type block program loading with multiple overload-underload cycles was developed. The microfractographic analysis of fatigue fractures with the use of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) made it possible to trace the effect of block program loading on the crack growth rate. The knowledge of the affection of a particular overload-underload cycle or a block of these cycles on crack rate on the basis of microfractographic analysis was utilized for assessing the equivalent loading for the LHL block program. The diagrams that presented the crack growth rate both on the surface and inside the aluminum alloy sheet was performed. The crack growth rate inside the sheet was estimated on the basis of the striation spacing analysis.
On In-Network and Other Types of Amplifier Descriptions for Nonlinear Distortion Analysis
Authors: Borys Andrzej 
Published: September 2010

On In-Network and Other Types of Amplifier Descriptions for Nonlinear Distortion Analysis
Basics of modelling analog weakly nonlinear amplifiers at higher frequencies for the purpose of nonlinear distortion analysis are addressed in this paper. First, the constitutive relation for this class of amplifiers, with the use of a Volterra series, is formulated. It is the basis for formulation and derivation of the so-called in-network and input-output type descriptions of an amplifier in the time domain, which are then transferred into the multi-frequency domains. Usefulness of the general models achieved, which were not published up to now in the literature, lies in the fact that they can be used for any topology in which the amplifier is incorporated and for any nonlinear distortion measure assumed. Some examples of calculations are given at the end of the paper for cascade and feedback topologies, and for harmonic distortion measure.
Physical Therapist Management of Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome
Authors: Van Alstyne Linda S. , Harrington Kendra L. , Haskvitz Esther M. 
Published: September 2010

Background and Purpose
Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) negatively affects quality of life and sexual function in men of all ages. Typical treatment with antibiotic and antimicrobial drugs often is not successful. The purpose of this case report is to describe a multimodal physical therapy intervention that included manual therapy techniques applied to the pelvic floor in 2 patients who were unsuccessfully treated with the biomedical model of prescription drug therapies.

Case Description
Two men, aged 45 years and 53 years and diagnosed with chronic prostatitis, were referred for physical therapy following unsuccessful pharmacological treatment. The patients were treated with manual therapy techniques applied to the pelvic floor and instructed in progressive muscle relaxation, flexibility exercises, and aerobic exercises.

Outcomes
Changes in the patients' National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index revealed differences between preintervention and postintervention scores reflecting decreased pain and improved quality of life. One patient improved from a score of 25 (total possible score=43) before treatment to a score of 0 after treatment, and the other patient improved from a score of 29 to a score of 21.

Discussion
Manual therapy techniques applied to the pelvic floor and performed by a physical therapist specially trained in these techniques, along with progressive muscle relaxation, flexibility exercises, and aerobic exercises, appeared to be beneficial to both patients in reducing pain and improving sexual function.