bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microstructures and Properties of Submicrometer Carbides Obtained by Conventional Sintering
Authors: Soares Eduardo , Malheiros Luis F. , Sacramento Joaquim , Valente Manuel A. , Oliveira Filipe J. 
Published: December 2011

Submicrometer carbides (0.2–0.8 μm) are technologically important new materials because they can reach very high hardness with good mechanical resistance and excellent hardness/toughness combinations, making them especially effective for the wear tools market. Sintering of these engineering materials requires a careful process control to reach the maximum densification without damaging irreversibly the grain size, fundamental for reaching the expected properties. Especially for larger wear tools, which are more complex to produce, further know‐how regarding sintering optimization is required to improve their quality and consistency. In this work, grades from WC 0.6 μm and WC 0.4 μm powders, combined with varying contents of 0.7 μm Co powder (from 2 to 12 wt%), were prepared by water technology to reach high‐quality powder mixtures. Thermal analyses were performed to obtain the powders shrinkage profile and sintering temperatures. Pressed powder samples were vacuum‐ and sinterHIP‐sintered at different temperatures on industrial furnaces and their relevant properties were analyzed. Some practical aspects, like compaction pressures, carbon content influence on sintered properties were also addressed. Low Co (<6 wt%) grades presented exceptional high hardness levels (>2200HV30) and hardness/toughness ratios (2200HV30/8.7 MPa·m1/2) although requiring special sintering cycles at higher pressures. The data collected in this work will be further used to optimize the sintering and maximize densification of these special grades using HIP – Hot Isostatic Pressing technology.
Crystallization Mechanism of the Bioactive Glasses, 45S5 and S53P4
Authors: Massera Jonathan , Fagerlund Susanne , Hupa Leena , Hupa Mikko 
Published: December 2011

The crystallization kinetics of the two commercial bioactive glasses, 45S5 and S53P4, was studied using differential thermal analysis (DTA), optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal properties, the activation energy of crystallization, and the Johnson‐Mehl‐Avrami (JMA) exponent were determined for two glass fractions: fine powder (<45 μm) and coarse powder (300–500 μm). The crystallization behavior of 45S5 was significantly different for the two fractions, whereas the particle size did not affect the crystallization behavior of S53P4. The JMA exponent of S53P4 suggested surface crystallization for both size fractions. However, for 45S5, the JMA exponent suggested that, with increasing particle size, crystallization evolves from predominantly surface crystallization to predominantly bulk crystallization. Surprisingly, SEM imaging did not support this conclusion. A method based on the crystallization rate dα/dt showed that the JMA approach could not be employed for 45S5. The crystallization mechanism of 45S5 appears to be more complex than a simple nucleation and growth process. Nucleation‐like curves were measured for both fractions of the two glasses. The maximum nucleation rate occurred at 566 ± 4°C and 608 ± 4°C for the coarse powders of 45S5 and S53P4, respectively. The higher maximum nucleation temperature of S53P4 was attributed to the higher SiO2 content. The nucleation temperature range of these two glasses together with DTA data makes it possible to develop guidelines for tailoring thermal treatment parameters to achieve desired glass‐to‐crystal ratios.
Preparation of Porous, Hierarchically Organized Glass Monoliths via Combination of Sintering and Phase Separation
Authors: Reinhardt Bjoern , Enke Dirk , Syrowatka Frank 
Published: December 2011

Hierarchically structured, porous materials have been successfully prepared via a combination of sintering and phase separation of a sodium borosilicate glass. The materials were characterized using N2‐adsorption, Hg‐intrusion, and scanning electron microscopy. Some hardness measurements were performed to investigate the mechanical stability. Secondary pore sizes were adjusted by the use of different grain fractions of the filler, different primary pore sizes could be obtained by a variation of the annealing conditions. Thus, both pore systems can be adjusted independently. The resulting monoliths consist of a system of secondary pores between 20 and 150 μm and primary pores within the walls of the open‐pored sintered material between 1 and 70 nm. The hierarchical porous materials exhibit surface areas up to 420 m2/g and total porosities up to 74%.
Rheological Studies of Nickel/Scandia‐Stabilized‐Zirconia Screen Printing Inks for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anode Fabrication
Authors: Somalu Mahendra R. , Brandon Nigel P. 
Published: December 2011

Screen printing is widely used to fabricate thick film solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) electrodes, followed by drying and high temperature sintering. This study focuses on the rheology of such screen printing inks for the fabrication of porous composite anodes of nickel and scandia‐ stabilized zirconia. Inks with 1–3 wt% binder were suitable for screen printing, but inks with higher binder content were tacky and difficult to print. The particle network strength, important to the production of films with good particle connectivity and mechanical strength, increased as the binder content increased. Inks having 3 wt% binder showed the best balance of thixotropic and viscoelastic properties, resulting in printable films with minimum numbers of film defects and are therefore recommended from this study, with the texanol ink appearing to be better than terpineol due its minimum number of film defects.
Color‐Tunable Blue to Green Ca4‐1.5xTa2O9: xTb3+ Phosphor: Cross‐Relaxation Mechanism and Thermal Stability
Authors: Fang Ying‐Chien , Huang Xiao‐Rong , Juang Yung‐Der , Chu Sheng‐Yuan 
Published: December 2011

Color‐tunable Ca4‐1.5xTa2O9: xTb3+ phosphors are prepared via a convenient solid‐state reaction and the cross‐relaxation mechanism is investigated. The concentration of Tb3+ ions greatly affects blue‐green emission in Ca4Ta2O9 samples. The cross‐relaxation effect is explained with the use of Raman and emission spectra and the thermal stability of Ca4‐1.5xTa2O9: xTb3+ is evaluated under excitation at 254 nm. Using the theoretical fitting results, the cross‐relaxation between Tb3+ ions, via energy transfer from 5D3 to 5D4, was determined to be a multipolar interaction of the dipole–dipole mechanism. The critical distance was calculated to be 15.45 Å. The thermal quenching temperature (T50) is higher than 200°C. Results show that Ca4‐1.5xTa2O9: xTb3+ phosphors have good thermal stability and color tunability.
α‐Alumina Fiber with Platelet Morphology Through Wet Spinning
Authors: Mohanty Saralasrita , Rameshbabu Arun Prabhu , Dhara Santanu 
Published: December 2011

Highly loaded Al(OH)3 slurries were prepared in a 2 vol% aqueous acetic acid medium up to 33.3 wt% powder loading. The slurries were blended with 4 wt% chitosan in 2 vol% acetic acid and formed into ceramic fibers through wet spinning in sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) bath. A gelation kinetics study of the chitosan‐blended slurry also showed instantaneous gelation behavior under oscillatory mode rheological measurement. The slurries with moderate viscosities up to 150 Pa·s were spinnable in STPP bath due to ionotropic gelation. Low viscous slurries were formed into a lump during spinning due to low powder loading and less chitosan present in the blend. The green fibers crystallized into α‐alumina during sintering at ~950°C with an average diameter varying between 70 and 120 μm. α‐alumina platelets were formed at 1350°C and changed to hexagonal platelets at 1550°C. The crystallite size of α‐alumina varied between 26 and 112 nm which was measured from XRD data using Scherrer formula. The grain size of sintered fibers was ~4.5 μm at 1350°C. The fibers were assembled into a cylindrical scaffold and sintered to produce a crushing strength of 0.9 MPa with density 0.9 g/cm3.
Fabrication and Properties of High Curie Temperature xBiZn1/2Ti1/2O3–(1−x)PbTiO3 Piezoelectric Films by a Sol–Gel Process
Authors: Zhong Caifu , Guo Limin , Wang Xiaohui , Li Longtu 
Published: December 2011

The xBiZn1/2Ti1/2O3–(1−x)PbTiO3 (BZT–PT, x = 0.1–0.3) thin films were fabricated on Pt(111)/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates via an aqueous sol–gel method. Highly (100) oriented BZT–PT films with thickness of 600 nm were obtained by introducing PbO seeding layers. Dense uniform microstructures with average grain size of about 50 nm were observed for these films. The dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric properties of the BZT–PT thin films were investigated. The curie temperature of the BZT–PT films was about 535°C for x = 0.2, and higher than 600°C for x = 0.3. The local effective piezoelectric coefficient of the (100) oriented BZT–PT films was approximately 40 pm/V for x = 0.3.
Ferroelectric PbTiO3 Nanodots Shattered Using Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Son Jong Yeog , Jung Inhwa 
Published: December 2011

A PbTiO3 (PTO) nanodot was formed on an Nb‐doped SrTiO3 substrate using dip‐pen nanolithography, using a PTO precursor sol. After drying and annealing to remove the solvent contained in the PTO nanodot, this dot had a diameter of about 40 nm. The nanodot was then shattered using an atomic force microscope, producing broken nanoparticles of various sizes, ranging from several nanometers to a few tens of nanometers. Finally, after the crystallization annealing process, ferroelectric PTO nanodots smaller than 10 nm in diameter were successfully fabricated. These small PTO nanodots exhibited good ferroelectric properties, as confirmed using a piezoelectric force microscope.
Improved Electrical Properties and Strong Red Emission of Pr3+‐Doped x K0.5Bi0.5TiO3–(1−x)Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 Lead‐Free Ferroelectric Thin Films
Authors: Zhou Hong , Wu Guangheng , Qin Ni , Bao Dinghua 
Published: December 2011

Structural, photoluminescence, dielectric, and ferroelectric properties of lead‐free perovskite Pr3+‐doped xK0.5Bi0.5TiO3–(1−x)Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 (x = 0–1.0) thin films were studied. The thin films were prepared by a chemical solution deposition method combined with a rapid thermal annealing process at 700°C. We observed that the thin film with x = 0.15, corresponding to the morphotropic phase boundary in the solid solution ceramics or single crystal bulk counterparts, showed a very large dielectric constant and a high remanent polarization, as well as a strong red emission at 611 nm assigned to 1D2→3H4 transitions of the Pr3+ ions. In addition, this study also indicates that the morphotropic phase boundary in xK0.5Bi0.5TiO3–(1−x)Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 thin films might be probed by photoluminescence probe of Pr3+ ions because the photoluminescence of Pr3+ ions is very sensitive to the phase structure changes.
More Patients Are Triaged Using the Emergency Severity Index Than Any Other Triage Acuity System in the United States
Authors: McHugh Megan , Tanabe Paula , McClelland Mark , Khare Rahul K. 
Published: December 2011

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012; 19:106–109 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  Patient acuity triage systems can play an important role in supporting patient safety and emergency department (ED) operations. In 2003, the boards of the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) and the Emergency Nurses Association (ENA) approved a joint statement calling for hospitals to adopt a reliable, valid, five‐level triage scale such as the Emergency Severity Index (ESI). Still, there appears to be considerable variation in use of triage acuity systems in the United States, with many hospitals using three‐ and four‐level systems that have not been validated. The purpose of this effort was to measure the use of various triage acuity systems in U.S. hospitals.Methods:  The authors conducted a cross‐sectional analysis of secondary data. Data were obtained from the 2009 American Hospital Association (AHA) Annual Survey—an intensive questionnaire mailed to all U.S. general medical and surgical hospitals. In 2009, a question was added to the survey about hospitals’ use of triage systems in EDs. Descriptive statistics were used to explore various triage acuity systems used by different types of hospitals.Results:  Of the 4,897 hospitals surveyed, 82% responded, and 62% (3,024 hospitals) provided information on their ED triage system. The 2009 data revealed that the most commonly used triage system types were the five‐level ESI (56.9% of responding hospitals) and three‐level triage systems (25.2%). More than 70% of large hospitals and teaching hospitals use the ESI, and the unvalidated three‐level systems were more common in small hospitals, public hospitals, nonteaching hospitals, and hospitals in the Midwest. The majority (72.1%) of all ED patient visits to hospitals in our sample were assessed using ESI; only 13.1% of visits were assessed using a three‐level system.Conclusions:  Among our sample of more than 3,000 hospitals, the ESI was the most commonly used triage system, and more patients were triaged using the ESI than any other triage acuity system. Still, there is an opportunity to further promote the adoption of validated, reliable triage systems.
The Technical Errors of Physicians Learning to Perform Focused Assessment With Sonography in Trauma
Authors: Jang Timothy , Kryder George , Sineff Sanford , Naunheim Rosanne , Aubin Chandra , Kaji Amy H. 
Published: December 2011

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012; 19:98–101 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  The objective was to assess the incidence of various technical errors committed by emergency physicians (EPs) learning to perform focused assessment with sonography in trauma (FAST).Methods:  This was a retrospective review of the first 75 consecutive FAST exams for each EP from April 2000 to June 2005. Exams were assessed for noninterpretable views, misinterpretation of images, poor gain, suboptimal depth, an incomplete exam, or backward image orientation.Results:  A total of 2,223 FAST exams done by 85 EPs were reviewed. Multiple noninterpretable views or misinterpreted images occurred in 24% of exams for those performing their first 10 exams, 3.6% for those performing their 41st to 50th exams, and 0% for those performing their 71st to 75th exams (Cochran‐Armitage trend test = 10.5, p < 0.0001). A single noninterpretable view, poor gain, suboptimal depth, incomplete exam, or backward image orientation occurred in 48% of exams for those performing their first 10 exams, 17% for those performing their 41st to 50th exams, and 5% for those performing their 71st to 75th exams (Cochran‐Armitage trend test = 11.6, p < 0.0001).Conclusions:  The incidence of specific technical errors of EPs learning to perform FAST at our institution improved with hands‐on experience. Interpretive skills improved more rapidly than image acquisition skills.
Effect of Electronically Delivered Prescriptions on Compliance and Pharmacy Wait Time Among Emergency Department Patients
Authors: Fernando Tasha J. , Nguyen Duy D. , Baraff Larry J. 
Published: December 2011

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012; 19:102–105 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  The primary objectives were to assess whether electronically delivered prescriptions lead to reduced pharmacy wait time, improved patient satisfaction, and improved compliance with prescriptions. Secondary objectives included determining other reasons for noncompliance and if there was an association between prescription noncompliance and subsequent physician and emergency department (ED) visits.Methods:  In this prospective study, patients discharged from the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center ED with prescriptions for nonnarcotic medications were randomized to a control group who were discharged with standard written prescriptions or an intervention group who had their prescriptions electronically delivered to the pharmacy of their choice. All study participants were contacted 7 to 31 days after ED discharge for a structured telephone interview.Results:  Of the 454 patients enrolled, follow‐up was successful for 224 patients (52.4%). Twenty‐eight patients did not fill their prescriptions (12.5% noncompliance rate). The top three reasons patients stated for not picking up their medications were perceiving their prescription as unnecessary (n = 11), medication affordability (n = 5), and lack of time (n = 4). There was no difference in primary prescription noncompliance between the two study groups (p = 0.58). However, electronically delivered prescriptions significantly reduced the median pharmacy wait time, from 15 to 0 minutes (p < 0.001), and improved patient satisfaction at the pharmacy (p = 0.034). Neither subsequent physician nor ED visits were increased by primary prescription noncompliance.Conclusions:  Electronically delivered prescriptions significantly minimized pharmacy wait time and improved patient satisfaction at the pharmacy, but did not improve primary compliance with prescriptions.
Urban legends: pemphigus vulgaris
Authors: Cirillo N , Cozzani E , Carrozzo M , Grando SA 
Published: December 2011

Oral Diseases (2012) 18, 442–458Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is the most common type of pemphigus. PV pathogenesis is still debated, and treatment remains challenging. We investigated five controversial topics: (1) What are the target antigens in PV? (2) Do desmogleins adequately address PV pathophysiology? (3) How does acantholysis occur in PV? (4) Is PV still a lethal disease? (5) What is the role of rituximab (RTX) in PV treatment? Results from extensive literature searches suggested the following: (1) Target antigens of PV include a variety of molecules and receptors that are not physically compartmentalized within the epidermis. (2) PV is caused by a variety of autoantibodies to keratinocyte self‐antigens, which concur to cause blistering by acting synergistically. (3) The concept of apoptolysis distinguishes the unique mechanism of autoantibody‐induced keratinocyte damage in PV from other known forms of cell death. (4) PV remains potentially life‐threatening largely because of treatment side effects, but it is uncertain which therapies carry the highest likelihood of lethal risk. (5) RTX is a very promising treatment option in patients with widespread recalcitrant or life‐threatening PV. RTX’s cost is an issue, its long‐term side effects are still unknown, and randomized controlled trials are needed to establish the optimal dosing regimen.
Clinical evaluation of chlorhexidine and essential oils for adjunctive effects in ultrasonic instrumentation of furcation involvements: a randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Yilmaz H.G. , Bayindir H 
Published: December 2011

To cite this article:

Int J Dent Hygiene 10, 2012; 113–117  DOI: 10.1111/j.1601‐5037.2011.00538.xYilmaz HG, Bayindir H. Clinical evaluation of chlorhexidine and essential oils for adjunctive effects in ultrasonic instrumentation of furcation involvements: a randomized controlled clinical trial.Abstract:  Background:  The aim of this clinical study was to evaluate and compare the clinical efficacy of subgingival ultrasonic mechanical instrumentation (UMI) irrigated with essential oils (EOs) and chlorhexidine (CHX) at the furcation involvements (FI).Methods:  Forty‐five patients (244 FI) who presented with Class II FI were recruited to the study. Patients were randomly assigned to CHX (UMI irrigated with 0.2% CHX), EO (UMI irrigated with EOs) or control (UMI irrigated with distilled water) groups. All treatments were performed in one session. For all groups, plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), position of gingival margin (PGM), pocket depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment level (CAL) and horizontal attachment level (HAL) scores were recorded at baseline and 1 and 3 months after therapy.Results:  In all groups, there were significant reductions in PI, GI, PD and BOP, increase in PGM scores and gain in CAL and HAL scores, at 1 and 3 months compared to baseline. Except in BOP scores, there were no significance differences among the groups at any time point. At 1 and 3 months, there were significant reductions in the BOP scores of the EO group compared with the CHX and control groups.Conclusion:  Within the limits of this study, the use of EOs as a cooling liquid of UMI may promote slight adjunctive effects at FI compared to CHX and water.
Subclinical hypothyroidism in in vitro fertilization babies
Authors: Onal Hasan , Ercan Oya , Adal Erdal , Ersen Atilla , Onal Zerrin 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAim:  Assisted reproduction technology is used widely all over the world. There is a great concern about the morbidity of in vitro fertilization (IVF) babies, but investigations are mostly related to mechanical conditions that are attributed to multiparity. This paper aimed to investigate the effect of IVF on thyroid functions in newborns.Methods:  A total of 98 healthy, term IVF newborns were evaluated between postnatal 2–4 weeks of age by screening of thyroid functions between July 2006 and April 2008. Ten subjects were assessed as a study group whose thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were higher than 6.5 mU/L. Control group consisted of randomly selected 10 naturally conceived infants with hyperthyrotropinemia (whose TSH levels were higher than 6.5 mU/L but under 15 mU/L) with the same age. All children were thoroughly examined, and serum fT4, TSH, anti‐thyroid peroxidase and anti‐thyroglobulin antibodies were measured, and a thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) test was performed in all subjects in both groups.Results:  Euthyroid hyperthyrotropinemia was diagnosed in approximately 10% of IVF babies. Exaggerated TSH levels to TRH were obtained in all IVF babies (subclinical hypothyroidism) but in none of the controls. A significant difference was noted in the concentration of TSH at the 20th min between the two groups (p < 0.001). Besides, sustained and delayed TSH responses were observed in IVF babies. Neonatal screening tests were negative in both of the groups.Conclusion:  In IVF babies, despite normal neonatal screening tests, subclinical hypothyroidism might be observed that suggests the need for screening in this respect.
Disabilities and health of extremely low‐birthweight teenagers: a population‐based study
Authors: Georgsdottir Ingibjorg , Erlingsdottir Gigja , Hrafnkelsson Birgir , Haraldsson Asgeir , Dagbjartsson Atli 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAim:  Evaluation of long‐term outcome of extremely low‐birthweight (ELBW) teenagers born in Iceland in 1991–1995.Method:  Participants, 30 of 35 ELBW survivors and 30 full term control teenagers (14–19 years), were assessed for disabilities, health problems and learning difficulties. Results of national standardized tests in mathematics and Icelandic language were compared with results of neurodevelopmental assessment at 5 years of age.Results:  A quarter of the ELBW teenagers had disabilities. All were initially diagnosed with neurodevelopmental disorders early in life and neurosensory and/or intellectual disabilities were confirmed later in childhood. Chronic lung disorders, neurological problems and psychiatric disorders were most common health problems. Growth parameters were within normal limits for most of the ELBW teenagers. Learning difficulties affected 57% of the ELBW teenagers, 20% attended special education classes and 37% required special teaching. Results of national standardized tests were significantly lower for ELBW survivors and were significantly related to the results of neurodevelopmental assessment at 5 years of age.Interpretation:  A quarter of ELBW teenagers have disabilities albeit most of them mild. Chronic health problems and learning difficulties affect many ELBW survivors. Changes with time emphasize need of long‐term follow‐up.