bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AGE-SPECIFIC PATTERN OF HOST DISCRIMINATION BY THE APHID PARASITOID EPHEDRUS CALIFORNICUS BAKER (HYMENOPTERA: APHIDIIDAE)
Authors: Völkl W. , Mackauer M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe solitary aphid parasitoid Ephedrus californicus Baker is able to discriminate between unparasitized and parasitized third-instar nymphs of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris). Superparasitism varied with the number of mature eggs (which is age-dependent) present in the ovaries as well as with the number and the quality of any hosts encountered. Conspecific superparasitism varied with wasp age; older females, with a large egg supply, accepted hosts parasitized by a conspecific female if unparasitized aphids were unavailable. Self superparasitism occurred at all ages; it was the least likely behaviour compared with egg deposition in unparasitized and conspecific-parasitized hosts. Prior experience (learning) was not necessary for host discrimination, but it did influence the search rate, which was higher in inexperienced than experienced females. In choice experiments, wasps preferred conspecific- over self-parasitized aphids and thus were able to distinguish between them. It is suggested that oviposition markers vary among conspecific females. The data are discussed with reference to theories about oviposition decisions and progeny allocation in solitary hymenopteran parasitoids.
A NEW SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CYMODUSOPSIS VIERECK FROM THE NEARCTIC REGION (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: Sanborne Michael 
Published: November 2009

AbstractCymodusopsis townesorum sp.nov. and C. nigricincta novomexicana ssp.nov. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) are described from the Nearctic region.
FLIGHT DURATION OF MALE SPRUCE BUDWORM (CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA [CLEM.]) AND ATTRACTIVENESS OF FEMALE SPRUCE BUDWORM ARE UNAFFECTED BY MICROSPORIDIAN INFECTION OR MOTH SIZE
Authors: Sanders C.J. , Wilson G.G. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractNo correlation was found between the size of male spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana [Clem.]) moths and the duration of their flight in a sustained-flight wind tunnel. The numbers of male moths caught in traps baited with virgin female spruce budworm moths increased as the size of the females increased, but the relationship was significant in only one of eight experiments. Infection with the microsporidium Nosema fumiferanae (Thomson) resulted in smaller insects, but there were no significant relationships between the incidence of infection and male flight duration or female attractiveness.
MONITORING TUBER FLEA BEETLE, EPITRIX TUBERIS GENTNER (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) ON POTATO: PARAMETERS AFFECTING THE ACCURACY OF VISUAL SAMPLING
Authors: Vernon R.S. , Mackenzie J.R. , Bartel D.L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe accuracy of visual observations in estimating numbers of tuber flea beetles, Epitrix tuberis Gentner, on young potatoes was determined. Potential sources of observational error examined were as follows: (a) observer competence and experience; (b) time spent observing each plant; (c) time of day; (d) plant height; and (e) weather. Observational accuracy versus tuber flea beetle density on plants followed a linear relationship for both experienced and inexperienced observers. Marked differences between experienced and inexperienced observers generally were reduced after 2 h of sampling experience, but some observers were consistently less accurate at sighting beetles than others. When observing small plants, 5-s observations generally were more accurate at sighting beetles per second of observation than 2-, 8-, or 10-s observations. Under uniform weather conditions, accuracy was the same in the morning as in the afternoon. Observer accuracy was significantly reduced under the combined influences of observer fatigue and wind. The relationship of 5-s-per-plant sampling accuracy to plants between 14 and 56 cm in height was linear; however, a quadratic relationship is suspected for plants over the full range of plant heights (i.e. >1 cm). From these data, total tuber flea beetles per plant estimated by 5-s visual observations per plant would be: TFB = TFB0/EhE0n where TFB0 is the total number of flea beetles observed, n is the total number of plants sampled, Eh is a sampling accuracy constant for the mean plant height sampled, and E0 is the observer accuracy constant calculated as a proportion of the most proficient observer(s).
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER AND APANTELES FUMIFERANAE VIER. (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE), A PARASITOID OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Nealis Vincent , van Frankenhuyzen Kees 
Published: November 2009

AbstractInteractions between Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner and Apanteles fumiferanae Viereck as mortality factors of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), were investigated by placing parasitized and nonparasitized budworm larvae on foliage with and without spray deposits of a commercial formulation of B. thuringiensis. The effect of larval age (and, thus, the timing of spray applications) was examined by using peak third-instar and peak fourth-instar larvae. We demonstrated that parasitized larvae are more likely to survive exposure to B. thuringiensis because they feed less than non-parasitized larvae and are thus less likely to acquire a lethal dose of the bacterium. Bacillus thuringiensis nevertheless reduced parasitoid populations by 50–60% by killing their hosts before parasitoid emergence. This negative impact of B. thuringiensis on parasitoid survival was decreased when exposure of budworm larvae to spray deposits was delayed from peak third to peak fourth instar. The enhanced survival of parasitoids offset the lower mortality as a result of B. thuringiensis in the delayed sprays. We conclude that B. thuringiensis applied when budworm larval populations are at peak fourth instar or later would complement rather than interfere with the beneficial effects of A. fumiferanae. The implications for budworm management strategies are discussed.
SYNOPSIS OF THE NEOTROPICAL GENUSOZAENAOLIVIER: CLASSIFICATION AND RECONSTRUCTED EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE: OZAENINI)
Authors: Ball George E. , Shpeley Danny 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDescriptions and illustrations of structural features of adults, a key, and chorological data provide the basis for characterizing the genusOzaenaOlivier and classifying the 10 included species, two of which are new:O.maxi(type locality: Iracubo, CAYENNE), andO.manu(type locality: Manu National Park, Madre de Dios Province, PERU). With a geographical range that extends from ca. 30°S to 30°N in the New World, all species ofOzaenaoccur incis-Andean South America, only two ranging farther north:O.dentipesOlivier, to Panama; andO.lemoultiBänninger to southern Arizona, USA. A reconstructed phylogeny postulates the following: the genusPlatycerozaenaBänninger as the sister-group ofOzaena, together these genera comprising theOzaenagenus-group; withinOzaena, theO.dentipesgroup as sister-taxon of theO.lemoulti+convexagroups; within theO.dentipesgroup,O.maxias sister-taxon ofO.linearisBänninger +dentipes; within theO.lemoultigroup, the sequenceO.ecuadoricaBänn. (O.elavataBänn. [O.lemoulti+martineziOgueta]); and within theO.convexagroup,O.grossaBänn. as sister-taxon ofO.convexaBänn. +manu. Character evolution involves losses, gains, and shifts, in about equal numbers. Convergence is relatively rare, involving only three of 35 characters. The predominant mode of character evolution is simple, with few examples of sequential changes sustained through several speciation events. Basic modifications in evolution of the ground-plan of theOzaenagenus-group include reduction or loss (for example, tactile sense organs, antennal cleaner of the fore tibia, and adhesive vestiture of the male fore tarsi), and enhancement or gain (for example, scale-likesensilla basiconicaon pronotum and elytra, concentration ofsensilla basiconicain groups on the antennomeres, particularly antennomere 11). WithinOzaena, many modifications to the antennae and mouthparts indicate the importance of these organs to evolution of the group.Based on phylogenetic relationships and the distribution pattern of the extant species, a reconstructed geographical history ofOzaenapostulates the following: first, a vicariance event in South America separating the ancestral stock ofOzaenainto a northern vicar that gave rise to theO.dentipesgroup, and a southern vicar that gave rise to theO.lemoultiandconvexagroups; followed by cycles of range expansion and contraction that allowed for differentiation of successive stocks of species. The temporal range for these speciation events is estimated to extend over a period of about 12 million years, or from the latter part of the Miocene epoch to the Recent. The most recent speciation events are estimated to be of Pliocene age.Based on lack of differentiation of South American and Middle American representatives ofO.dentipesandO.lemoultirespectively, and extent of range in Middle America, these two species are postulated to be relatively recent invaders of the latter area, withO.dentipesbeing the more recent to arrive.
SEASONAL ACTIVITY OF FEMALE BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) IN PASTURES IN NORTHEASTERN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Mason P.G. , Kusters P.M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe black fly species Simulium luggeri Nicholson and Mickel s.l., S. vittatum Zetterstedt s.l., S. venustum Say s.l., S. verecundum Stone and Jamnback s.l., and S. decorum Walker s.l. were collected in silhouette traps near Prince Albert, Sask., in 1986, and near Choiceland, Sask., from 1986 to 1988. The Prince Albert site was located between and within 2 km of the North and South branches of the Saskatchewan River and was 25 and 60 km south of the Whitefox River and Torch River systems. The Choiceland site, 60 km east of the Prince Albert site, was 15 km north of the main branch of the Saskatchewan River and 1/2 and 25 km south of the Whitefox River and Torch River, respectively. Simulium luggeri was the most abundant species collected at the Prince Albert site whereas S. luggeri, S. vittatum, and the S. venustumlverecundum complex were approximately equally abundant in trap catches near Choiceland over the entire season but in each study year a seasonal progression in peak abundance occurred. Black fly numbers in sweep net collections taken once, in the middle of the day, were weakly correlated with numbers in silhouette trap collections taken during an entire day.
TWO NEW GENERA AND THREE NEW SPECIES OF DREPANOSIPHINE APHIDS FROM THE NEARCTIC AND NEOTROPICAL REGIONS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Quednau F.W. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractNeosensoriaphisgen.nov., type-speciesN.parvasp.nov.,Subiziphyagen.nov., type-speciesS.clausenisp.nov., andThripsaphis unciniaesp.nov. are described. The taxonomic position of these aphids is discussed.
DESCRIPTION OF THE LARVAE OF ELEVEN NEARCTIC SPECIES OFHYGROTUSSTEPHENS (COLEOPTERA: DYTISCIDAE: HYDROPORINAE) WITH AN ANALYSIS OF THEIR PHYLETIC RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: Alarie Y. , Harper P.P. , Roughley R.E. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA systematic analysis of larvae of 11 Nearctic species ofHygrotusStephens was undertaken. The larvae are described and characterized; a key for their discrimination and illustrations of structural features of representatives of first- and third-instar larvae are provided. Many structural features, especially detailed variations in the chaetotaxy of cephalic capsule, head appendages, legs, last abdominal segment, and urogomphi, were found to be useful for systematic and phylogenetic comparisons. Based on 21 larval characters, a cladistic analysis of the species studied was developed. A sister-group relationship betweenH.laccophilinus(LeConte) and the remaining available species is suggested. The less derived species, i.e. those without natatory setae on the legs, appear phylogenetically more closely related to the larvae ofHydroporus s.str.Hygrotus masculinus(Crotch) is the most derived species of the genus and, for many characters, seems more closely related to Hyphydrini. According to larval morphology, it is hypothesized that the genusHygrotusdiverged posteriorly to the genusHydroporusClairville.
PARASITOIDS OF ENDEMIC AND EPIDEMIC POPULATIONS OF CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALIS FREEMAN AND CHORISTONEURA RETINIANA (WALSINGHAM) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) IN SOUTHERN OREGON
Authors: Schaupp Willis C. , Volney W. Jan A. , Waters William E. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractParasitoid species attacking sparse, endemic populations of Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman and C. retiniana (Walsingham) are reported from 2 years of host collections at seven sites across southern Oregon. Results are compared with rearings from epidemic populations either from the same region or the same plot. Collections were designed to allow quantitative estimation of host density. Most of the parasitoid species present during epidemics across North America were recovered from the endemic and epidemic populations studied. The major difference is that at endemic host densities Glypta fumiferanae (Viereck) (Ichneumonidae) is rare to absent, whereas ichneumonids of the tribe Campoplegini, especially Tranosema (= Diadegma) interruptum (Ashmead), are common. This is the reverse of the situation at epidemic densities and consistent with results reported from eastern North America. It is suggested that the observed shift in the parasite complex with budworm density has the potential for predicting population trends.
BIOSYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUS IPS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA: REVIEW OF THE IPS CALLIGRAPHUS GROUP
Authors: Lanier Gerald N. , Teale Stephen A. , Pajares Juan A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe recognition of four taxa within the calligraphus species group of the genus Ips DeGeer is supported by breeding experiments, karyology, morphology, ecology, and distributions. Ips calligraphus calligraphus (Germar) occurs in the eastern United States and adjacent parts of Canada. Ips c. ponderosae (Swaine) occurs in the range of Pinus ponderosa in the Black Hills, eastern Rocky Mountains, and in the northern Sierra Madre Oriental in Mexico. Ips c. interstitialis (Eichhoff) occurs in the Caribbean Archipelago but the homogeneity of populations on the islands of Hispaniola and Jamaica and the true type locality are uncertain. Ips apache Lanier infests various pines (excluding pinyon pines) at lower altitudes from southeastern Arizona through Mexico. Populations south of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Caribbean pines on the east coast of Central America are provisionally considered to be I. apache. Pairings of female I. calligraphus subspecies with male I. apache were infertile. Reciprocal pairing produced rare, sterile hybrids. Fertility of I. calligraphus subspecies was normal when I. c. calligraphus was the female but reduced when the female was either I. c. ponderosae or I. c. interstitialis. All members of the group had 15 pairs of autosomes plus a sex bivalent (2n = 32) that assumed a “parachute” configuration to give a male meiotic formula of 15 AA + Xyp. Second meiosis chromosomes of I. apache lack some of the heterochromatic arms present in I. calligraphus. Meiotic divisions of rare interspecific hybrids (I. apache ♀ × I. calligraphus s. lato ♂) had numerous autosomal rearrangements, a possible translocation, and oversized (probably tetraploid) spermatozoa. Meiosis was mostly normal in intersubspecific hybrids, but the presence of occasional anaphase bridges or nonmigrating chromosomes and alignment of pachytene homologs revealed inversions and other possible rearrangements. Univariate and multivariate analyses of pars stridens strial width, pronotal width, and male genitalia revealed significant differences among all four taxa.
DESCRIPTION OFSACCULOZETES FILOSUSGEN.NOV., SP.NOV. ANDGUATEMALOZETES DANOSSP.NOV. (ACARI: ORIBATIDA) FROM GRASSLAND HABITATS
Authors: Behan-Pelletier Valerie M. , Ryabinin Nickolai A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA new genus and species,Sacculozetes filosus, is described from riparian grassland in the Soviet Far East, and a new species,Guatemalozetes danos, is described from shortgrass and alpine prairie in western North America, both on the basis of adults. The genusGuatemalozetesMahunka is redefined; this is the first record of this genus from temperate North America. A close relationship is indicated betweenSacculozetesandLamellobatesHammer,ParalamellobatesBhaduri and Raychaudhuri, andHypozetesBalogh. The uncertain family placement ofSacculozetesandGuatemalozeteswithin the Ceratozetoidea is discussed. Adults of both genera exhibit character states of the Mycobatidae, but until immatures are discovered, they are considered unplaced genera in the superfamily.
REVISION OF NORTH AMERICANAGABUSLEACH (COLEOPTERA: DYTISCIDAE):ELONGATUS-,ZETTERSTEDTI-, ANDCONFINIS-GROUPS
Authors: Larson D.J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractNorth American species ofAgabusLeach of theelongatus-,zetterstedti-, andconfinis-groups, as defined by Larson (1989), are revised. Study of character state distribution indicates that theelongatus- andzetterstedti-groups are clades within theconfinis-group but the names are retained in this paper to maintain consistency. Twenty species belonging to this complex occur in North America, namely:elongatus-group withA.elongatusGyllenhal andA.inexspectatusNilsson;zetterstedti-group withA.zetterstedtiThomson; and theconfinis-group withA.thomsoni(J. Sahlberg),A.moestus(Curtis),A.clypealis(Thomson),A.phaeopterus(Kirby),A.immaturussp.nov. (Great Lakes and Maritime Provinces regions),A.canadensisFall,A.audeniWallis,A.mackenziensissp.nov. (northwestern Canada),A.bicolor(Kirby),A.subfuscatusSharp,A.discolor(Harris),A.approximateFall,A.kootenaisp.nov. (southwestern Canada and northwestern United States),A.inscriptus(Crotch),A.smithiBrown,A.sasquatchsp.nov. (alpine areas of California and Nevada), andA.confinis(Gyllenhal). For each species the following information is provided: synonymy; description and illustration of taxonomically useful characters; notes on relationships, variation, distribution, and ecology; and a map of North American collection localities. A key to the North American species of theconfinis-group is presented. Lectotypes are designated forA.subfuscatusSharp,Gaurodytes inscriptusCrotch,G.ovoideusCrotch, andG.longulusLeConte.
ESTIMATING ADULT COCCINELLID POPULATIONS IN WHEAT FIELDS BY REMOVAL, SWEEPNET, AND VISUAL COUNT SAMPLING
Authors: Elliott N.C. , Kieckhefer R.W. , Kauffman W.C. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractRemoval sampling, sweepnet sampling, and visual count sampling conducted while walking at constant velocity through a field were used to sample populations of adults of five coccinellid species in plots established in spring wheat fields, Triticum aestivum L. Estimates of absolute population density obtained from two 20-min removal samples taken from each of six 5- by 5-m sub-plots per plot proved reliable and were used to convert estimates obtained from sweepnet sampling (180 sweeps per plot) and visual counts (36 min per plot walking at 10 m/min) into absolute estimates of population density. Population density estimates obtained by removal sampling were quite precise except for species with low capture efficiencies and low population densities.Crop plant growth stage influenced the numbers of beetles caught in sweepnet samples and was incorporated in regression models for converting sweepnet catch to absolute density. Values of R2 of regressions ranged from 0.51 to 0.90, depending on species. Visual counts were influenced by temperature and aphid density, and these variables were incorporated in regression models. Values of R2 for regressions relating visual counts to population densities ranged from 0.63 to 0.94, depending on species.
SPECIES RESPONSES OF CARABID BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE) DURING POST-FIRE REGENERATION OF BOREAL FOREST
Authors: Holliday N.J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBeginning 1 year after an intense forest fire in the Interlace region of Manitoba, carabid beetles were sampled by pitfall trapping in two burned sites and two unburned control sites. Before the tire, one burned site had been dominated by aspen,Populus tremuloidesMichx,, and the other by conifers (mostlyPiceaspp.). During the 11-year study, burned sites became dominated by aspen saplings. Three carabid species were caught significantly more frequently in burned sites than in control sites. Two of these,Harpalus laticepsLeConte andH.egregiusCasey, invaded soon after the fire and were caught in the burned sites for several years after the fire. Seventeen species were caught significantly less often in burned than in control sites; catches of another 13 common species were not significantly affected by burning of the site. Burning influenced the seasonal patterns of catches ofCarabus taedatusF. andPterostichus adstrictusEschscholtz; this was attributed to higher litter and soil temperatures in burned sites. Seasonal patterns of other common species were not markedly affected by burning. In burned sites, the incidence of brachypterous species and the size of beetles increased with time after the fire. In control sites, the incidence of brachyptery was independent of time, but the percentage of brachypterous species was significantly higher in the conifer site than in the aspen site. Trends of brachyptery and size are those expected if early colonizers are super-tramp r-strategists and later invaders are K-strategists. Patterns of species occurrence during forest regeneration can be explained in terms of dispersal and competitive abilities, preference for physical attributes of the habitat, and responses to prey availability.
STRUCTURES IMPLICATED IN THE TRANSPORTATION OF PATHOGENIC FUNGI BY THE EUROPEAN BARK BEETLE, IPS SEXDENTATUS BOERNER: ULTRASTRUCTURE OF A MYCANGIUM
Authors: Lévieux J. , Cassier P. , Guillaumin D. , Roques A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe European bark beetle, Ips sexdentatus Boerner, carries fungi in puncture pits located on the proximal part of each mandible, the sides of the pronotum, and the elytra.On the pronotum, each mycangium corresponds to the cup-shaped depression surrounding each seta. Several type III gland cells are associated with each mycangium. The general organization of these cells, commonly found in the epidermis, corresponds to those described by other authors. Their finely granular secretions probably protect the fungi, assure spore adhesion, and also may temporarily inhibit their germination. Similar gland cells were scattered under unspecialized pronotal integument where fungi were not detected.Thus, it appears that this beetle has evolved a mechanism for the protection or dissemination, or both, of yeasts and fungi such as Ceratocystis sp. This relatively simple system seems to be as efficient as the more evolved mycangia of other species.
PRIMARY ATTRACTION OF MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE HOPK. (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE), TO BOLTS OF LODGEPOLE PINE
Authors: Moeck Henry A. , Simmons Clarence S. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThree field tests were conducted in which fresh lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas var. latifolia Engl.) material, namely bolts with and without bark, bark only, and freshly tapped resin, were placed in beetle-excluding “greenhouse” cages; empty cages served as controls. Two “window” flight traps per cage, at right angles to each other, caught mountain pine beetles (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) arriving at the cages. Significantly more mountain pine beetles were trapped at cages baited with bolts and wood only than at empty control cages. Primary attraction in the mountain pine beetle is thus established, in the absence of pheromones and normal visual cues (tree stem silhouette). More beetles were trapped at cages baited with bark only and with resin than at empty control cages, but differences were not significant at p = 0.05. The sex ratio of trapped beetles (4.83 females: 1 male) was more than twice as high as the reported sex ratios of free-flying and emerging beetles.