bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stowe and Her Foremothers: The Newport Female Society inThe Minister's Wooing
Authors: Henigman Laura 
Published: April 2011

The publication ofThe Minister's Wooingin 1859 marked a turn in Harriet Beecher Stowe's fictional output. Having published two antislavery novels earlier in the decade, the first of which, of course, made her an international celebrity, she turned to what we think of now as the next phase of her writing career, a series of nostalgic, partly autobiographical novels about historic New England, followingMinister's WooingwithThe Pearl of Orr's Island(1862),Oldtown Folks(1978), andPoganuc People(1878).Set in 18th-century Newport, Rhode Island,The Minister's Wooingis built around the historical character of Samuel Hopkins, one of the generation of New Divinity theologians, who, having studied under Jonathan Edwards, attempted to carry on his legacy. Stowe's Hopkins is historically accurate to the extent that he is identified in the book with one of the theological teachings for which he was known, “disinterested benevolence,” which meant for him that a true Christian duty was to accede to one's own damnation for the glory of God; he is also, as was the historical Hopkins, an antislavery activist, prodding his Newport congregants who are slave owners or are profiting by the slave trade to exercise that disinterested benevolence in a socially conscious way and withdraw from the sinful practice, even though it may cost them dearly. What Stowe adds is the romance plot alluded to in the title: Hopkins falls in love with the daughter of his landlady, Mary Scudder; she loves a young sailor, James Marvyn, who has been her companion since youth but who is, it seems, unre-generate.
Staging the Criminal: In the Tenderloin,Freak Drama, and the Criminal Celebrity
Authors: Gilfoyle Timothy J. 
Published: April 2011

Standing on Centre Street in Lower Manhattan in the fall of 1894, the pickpocket and confidence man George Appo felt at tap on his shoulder. “Hello! You are just the fellow I want to see,” announced the criminal attorney and former pugilist Edmund E. Price. “What are you doing now?” Unbeknownst to Appo, he was about to make history.The ex-convict admitted that he was looking for work. Price quickly made a proposal. In addition to representing some of New York's leading underworld figures — indeed Appo was a former client — Price envisioned himself as a playwright and songwriter. He had recently authored a melodrama based on the 1885 murder of confidence man Theodore “The” Davis. After attempting to swindle several thousand dollars from Texas sheriff James T. Holland, Davis was shot dead by the angry Texan. The case attracted national attention, in part because it exposed the national scope of thegreen goodsgame, arguably the most profitable con game in the 19th-century United States. Despite the daily media attention, Holland remained silent for five months until he testified on his own behalf. Price not only defended Holland; he engineered his acquittal.
Displaced Smiles: Photography and the Incarceration of Japanese Americans During World War II
Authors: Alinder Jasmine 
Published: April 2011

Historical texts, oral testimony, and scholarship document vividly the incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II — the loss of private property and personal belongings, and the emotional and psychological suffering, that the imprisonment caused. Yet there is very little visual evidence in the photographic record of incarceration that would attest overtly to these injustices. A photograph on April 1, 1942, by Clem Albers, a photographer for the War Relocation Authority (WRA), depicts three well-dressed young women who have just boarded a train in Los Angeles, which will take them to a so-called assembly center (Figure l). The photograph would appear at first glance to tell a very different story. The women smile and extend their arms out of a raised train window to wave goodbye, as if they are embarking on a vacation or some other pleasant excursion. The Albers photograph is not an exception to the photographic record of incarceration. In the thousands of photographs made of the incarceration process by government photographers, independent documentarians, and “internees,” it is much more difficult to find photographs that portray suffering than it is to find images of smiling prisoners.Not surprisingly, these photographs of smiling Japanese Americans are unsettling for those scholars, curators, and activists who have worked to expose the injustices of the wartime imprisonment. The smiles are charged for several reasons: They appear to belie the injustice of incarceration and the suffering it caused, they are reminiscent of the ugly stereotype of the grinning Oriental, and they suggest that those portrayed were entirely compliant with the government's racist agenda.
Nisei in Gotham: The JACD and Japanese Americans in 1940s New York
Authors: Robinson Greg 
Published: April 2011

The resettlement and activism of Japanese Americans in New York City during the 1940s represents a notable chapter within the large and complex history of the city's Nikkei (ethnic Japanese) community. Throughout the 20th century, the New York community has been distinctive among those in the United States. Like the larger city itself, New York's Nikkei population has been notable for demographic and occupational diversity, extraordinary cosmopolitanism, and political and artistic effervescence. At the same time, in stark contrast to its Pacific Coast counterparts, the New York community has long been marked by a lack of group cohesion, which the scattered residential pattern and transient nature of many of its members did nothing to reduce.Both these salient community characteristics — political/artistic self-assertion and dispersion — were accentuated with the coming of World War II. The impending conflict between Washington and Tokyo led to the abrupt departure of a large proportion of the city's Nikkei residents back to Japan. However, in the weeks after Pearl Harbor, a new group of anti-Fascist Japanese Americans, largely first generation, assumed community leadership. Their group was subsequently reinforced with the arrival of second-generation intellectuals and artists from the West Coast, who had been incarcerated en masse in camps and elected to resettle in the city afterward. Although the newcomers experienced discrimination and difficulties, they joined with the city's established Japanese population to form a truly cohesive community, with its nucleus the popular activist group Japanese American Committee for Democracy. Yet this group, because of its connections with the Communist Party, demonstrated the limitations as well as the force of Japanese-American political action.
Words and Music in the Absence of the Social: Hemingway, Salinger, Fitzgerald
Authors: Shute Michael Nathaniel 
Published: April 2011

I imagine, you imagine, we imagine. And they imagine. This process may not be as simple as it appears to be inviting.Dwight MacDonald once remarked wittily upon the good and the bad of Ernest Hemingway. He commented on the grace: “The short words, the declarative sentences, the repetition, the beautiful absence of subordinate clauses … It was a kind of inspired baby talk when he was going good”:And what if she should die? She won't die. People don't die in childbirth nowadays. That was what all husbands thought. Yes, but what if she should die? She won't die. She's just having a bad time. The initial labor is usually protracted. She's just having a bad time. The initial labor is usually protracted. She's only having a bad time. Afterwards we'd say what a bad time and Catherine would say it wasn't really so bad. But what if she should die? She can't die. Yes, but what if she should die? She can't I tell you. Don't be a fool. It's just a bad time. It's just nature giving her hell. It's only the first labor, which is almost always protracted. Yes, but what if she should die? She can't die. Why should she die? What reason is there for her to die? … But what if she should die? She won't. She's all right. But what if she should die? Hey, what about that? What if she should die?After this passage MacDonald cites another passage from A Farewell to Arms, one that he sees as having far less meaning.
A Conversation with Howard Fast, March 23 1994
Authors: Wald Alan , Filreis Alan , Sugrue Thomas J. 
Published: April 2011

Alan Wald: When we read your memoir that came out in 1990, Being Red, many of us had also read an earlier book called The Naked God in 1957 — and our impression of your experience was represented by The Naked God until we read Being Red. There seems to many of us to be a big difference between the two books and it is also noticed by some of us that in your long list of books in front of Being Red you don't mention The Naked God, and in Being Red you don't talk about The Naked God. So we are wondering whether or not Being Red is sort of a new version of the past that is appropriate for some reason. Is there something inadequate, perhaps, about the earlier version or some political need now to rethink and reform your ideas? What are the differences between the two books? Why did you write the second?Howard Fast: The chief difference is thirty-five years — which is a big difference. When I wrote The Naked God, I was very angry. I was furious with what I considered a betrayal of people of good will by a large part of the leadership of the Communist Party. You see, I do not look upon the destruction of the Soviet Union and the careers of the men who led the Soviet Union as an attempt to establish a tyranny.
Charitable giving and its distribution to Londoners after the Great Fire, 1666–1676
Authors: FIELD JACOB F. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACT:Major fires are essential case-studies of how urban society responds to crisis. How a city organizes its relief reflects its place in larger networks and reveals its charitable priorities. This article will use the example of the Great Fire of London (1666) to show how the city recovered from this catastrophe. It will examine the recovery using the records of a nationwide charitable collection taken for Londoners ‘distressed’ by the Fire, which shows both how and where money was collected in England and spent in London. It will show that London was extremely resilient to the Fire, and that there was significant continuity before and after the disaster.
Trends of allergic symptoms in school children: large‐scale long‐term consecutive cross‐sectional studies in Osaka Prefecture, Japan
Authors: Yura Akiko , Kouda Katsuyasu , Iki Masayuki , Shimizu Tadahiko 
Published: April 2011

To cite this article: Yura A, Kouda K, Iki M, Shimizu T. Trends of allergic symptoms in school children: large‐scale long‐term consecutive cross‐sectional studies in Osaka Prefecture, Japan. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011; 22: 631–637.AbstractBackground:  Trends in the prevalence rates of allergic symptoms in children have been discussed extensively, but it remains uncertain which symptoms increase or decrease over time owing to the lack of large‐scale long‐term consecutive cross‐sectional studies performed on a representative population of children.Objective:  To clarify the trends in the prevalence rates of allergic symptoms in Japanese children.Methods:  Total population questionnaire surveys were conducted 15 times from 1975 to 2006 for all children attending public elementary schools in Osaka Prefecture, Japan, with the number of subjects ranging from 460,000 to 900,000. Parents of the children completed the questionnaire about allergic symptoms and other symptoms, including wheeze, physician‐diagnosed atopic dermatitis, rhinitis, and itching eyes.Results:  Response rates were consistently over 90%. The prevalence of wheezing was constant until 1983, then increased from 1983 until 1993, then stabilized at about 4.4%. The lifetime prevalence of atopic dermatitis increased to 24% by 1993, and then decreased. The prevalence of rhinitis increased to 25% by 2003, whereas the prevalence of non‐seasonal symptoms plateaued from 1993 on at 11% and vernal symptoms increased. The prevalence of itching eyes continued to increase to 21% in 2006, and vernal symptoms increased sharply.Conclusions:  In Osaka Prefecture, Japan, the turning point when the prevalence of wheezing in schoolchildren had begun to increase was 1983. And the turning point when the increase in the prevalence of wheezing, atopic dermatitis, and non‐seasonal allergic rhinitis turned to decrease or constant was 1993. The prevalence of rhinitis and itching eyes in spring was still increasing in 2006.
Parental overweight/obesity, social factors, and child overweight/obesity at 7 years of age
Authors: Xu Li , Dubois Lise , Burnier Daniel , Girard Manon , Prud'homme Denis 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBackground:  This study used gender‐based analyses to examine whether child overweight/obesity is related to parental overweight/obesity and sociodemographic factors, in a representative population‐based cohort of 7‐year‐old children.Methods:  Data from the Québec Longitudinal Study of Child Development 1998–2010 was used. Children (n= 1336) were randomly selected from each public health region of Québec. The study was based on face‐to‐face interviews and a set of questionnaires addressed to mothers and fathers.Results:  Compared to children with no overweight/obese parent, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) of being overweight/obese with two overweight/obese parents was 5 for boys (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.31–10.85) and 5.87 for girls (95%CI: 2.63–13.12). Gender differences appeared when one parent was overweight/obese. For girls, having either an overweight/obese mother (OR, 3.10; 95%CI: 1.14–8.38) or father (OR, 3.64; 95%CI: 1.68–7.91) significantly increased the odds of being overweight/obese at 7 years. For boys, however, having only an overweight/obese father (OR, 2.05; 95%CI: 1.01–4.16) was related to overweight/obesity, but having only an overweight/obese mother was not related to overweight/obesity at 7 years for boys. In girls, but not in boys, having an immigrant mother also significantly related to overweight/obesity (OR, 2.71; 95%CI: 1.28–5.75) at 7 years, after controlling for other social factors.Conclusions:  Gender differences in socialization may explain why at 7 years of age, girls' bodyweight is influenced by having even one overweight/obese parent (mother or father), while boys' bodyweight appears to be influenced only by father's overweight/obesity when only one parent is overweight/obese.
Communication skills in a population of primary school‐aged children raised in an area of pronounced social disadvantage
Authors: Law James , McBean Kirsty , Rush Robert 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBackground: Previous studies have highlighted the level of communication difficulty experienced by children from socially disadvantaged backgrounds, but the pattern of difficulties remains unclear.Aims: The study asks whether the performance of a community sample of children from one of the most socially disadvantaged neighbourhoods in Scotland is best characterized by a general delay in all areas of development, by difficulties across the more formal structural aspects of language or in phonological skills.Methods & Procedures: The study included 138 monolingual English‐speaking children: 63 (45.7%) boys and 75 (54.3%) girls aged between 5 and 12 years. All children were assessed blind to educational attainment in the school.Outcomes & Results: Nearly 40% of children had delayed language development with 10% having severe difficulties. The children presented with an uneven profile with much lower structural language scores than reading, general communication skills or non‐verbal performance. Although service use was high in the group as a whole, the proportion who met criteria for specific language impairment on discrepancy criteria were not those who were being referred to speech and language therapy.Conclusions & Implications: Although many children were performing well within the normal range, a substantial proportion were not, having considerable implications for the way that services are delivered to these children. Given the high prevalence of delayed structural language difficulties in this group, there is a clear need for a more universal ‘population’‐based approaches to service delivery.
Extraction of Fractured Cheek Teeth under Oral Endoscopic Guidance in Standing Horses
Authors: Ramzan Peter H. L. , Dallas Robert S. , Palmer Lorraine 
Published: April 2011

Objective: To evaluate a technique for oral extraction of fractured cheek teeth (CT) under oral endoscopic guidance.Study Design: Case series.Animals: Horses (n=30) with fractured CT.Methods: Medical records (April 2007–August 2010) of horses that had standing oral extraction of fractured CT under endoscopic guidance were reviewed.Results: Thirty horses (median age, 11.5 years; range, 5–23 years) had 31 fractured CT (21 maxillary, 10 mandibular) removed. Midline sagittal fractures of maxillary teeth (n=13; 42%) were the most common type, followed by buccal or palatal (10; 32%), and transverse or multiple (5; 16%) fractures. Extraction under endoscopic guidance was successful for 27 (87%) teeth. Median age of the surgical failure group was 7 years (range, 5–8 years), significantly lower than that of the surgical success group (P=.0135, Mann–Whitney U‐test).Conclusions: Endoscopic viewing facilitates instrument use and removal of fractured CT in standing horses.
Immunoglobulin E oligomers identified in blood components activate mast cells: relevance to anaphylactic transfusion reaction
Authors: Abe Takaaki , Matsumoto Chieko , Shimada Eiko , Mazda Toshio , Takanashi Minoko , Kawaguchi Koichiro , Hamasaki Takafumi , Mita Haruhisa , Akiyama Kazuo , Okazaki Hitoshi , Satake Masahiro , Tadokoro Kenji 
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND: In most cases of anaphylactic transfusion reaction, the mechanisms underlying its development are unclear. We found a donor whose transfused blood components were implicated in two cases of anaphylactic transfusion reaction, and we found that the donor plasma showed mast cell degranulation activity.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The donor plasma was examined to identify the mast cell–activating factors in it. Cultured mast cells prepared from cord blood were used for in vitro degranulation assay. Serum prepared from the donor plasma was fractionated by three‐step chromatography using mast cell degranulation activity as a marker. The fractions selected from the third step of chromatography were analyzed by mass spectrometry after separation by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The characteristics of the identified proteins and other plasma samples that had been donated by the donor over several years were examined.RESULTS: Two plasma proteins of high molecular weight were detected in the anion‐exchange fractions and identified as human immunoglobulin (Ig)Es of 500 kDa and higher. The mast cell degranulation activity of the IgEs decreased in the presence of monomeric human IgE as well as an anti‐human IgE antibody. Mast cell degranulation activity was detected in the donor plasma since January 4, 2002, when the first case was reported.CONCLUSION: We identified high‐molecular‐weight IgEs as the mast cell–activating factors in the donor plasma. Results of analysis suggest that these IgEs were dimeric and trimeric and that they directly activated the transfusion recipient's mast cells by triggering the crosslinking of Fcε receptor I, thereby inducing an anaphylactic transfusion reaction.
L'IMMUNITÉ CHEZ LES SOLANACÉES À L‘ÉGARD DU DORYPHORE
Authors: TROUVELOT B. 
Published: April 2011

RésuméDans l'étude des forces de la nature pouvant ětre, au besoin, mises à profit pour réduire les déga&#x030c;ts du Doryphore (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say), trois voies principales de recherches étaient à suivre.Elles furent abordées en 1927, lorsqu'il apparu&#x030c;t que l'on ne pourrait plus éteindre le foyer de l'insecte découvert en 1924 dans le sud‐ouest de la France.Ces trois voies concernaient:— l'action sur le Doryphore de facteurs a‐biotiques (climat et parfois sol);— l'action sur le Doryphore d'ennemis naturels, entomophages et entomophytes;— enfin, l'action sur l'insecte de certains facteurs propres d'immunité pouvant ětre présentés par les végétaux qu'il attaque ou pourrait attaquer.En suivant la première orientation, un certain nombre d'utilisations en quelque sorte “passives”, ont eu lieu. En particulier elles portent sur la mise à profit de l'action freinatrice du climat au printemps découlant du fait que insecte et pommes de terre n'ont pas les měmes seuils inférieurs d'exigences thermiques, aussi peut‐on l'utiliser pour certains déphasages pouvant donner des effets très marqués.Ils permettent l'établissement de cultures de primeurs pour les pommes de terre, pratiquement sans traitements chimiques, surtout lorsqu'on prend soin de veiller dans le secteur où on les établit, à l'absence de cultures de saison de pommes de terre et de plantations d'aubergines (Solanum melongena. L.).Dans la voie de la lutte biologique au sens restreint habituel du terme, les premières études — études de base — se sont déroulées surtout de 1928 à 1939. Les travaux vont ětre repris par la Commission Internationale de lutte biologique, Commission récemment crée et qui comporte un groupe de travail sur les ennemis naturels du Doryphore présidé par le Dr. Franz de Darmstadt. Ce groupe a tenu sa première réunion cet hiver, à Gembloux, et a fixé deux orientations principales pour ses efforts: avoir le minimum d'action fa&#x030c;cheuse des traitements insecticides sur le jeu de la lutte biologique naturelle; si possible, avoir à l'avenir en Europe en appoint de nos entomophages indigènes, d'autres espèces venant, elles, du pays d'origine du Doryphore.La troisième voie comprenait les études d'immunologie et leur mise à profit dans la recherche de plantes cultivées si possible peu sensibles aux attaques, voir měme résistantes.
THE BEHAVIOUR OF APHIS FABAE IN SELECTING ITS HOST PLANTS, ESPECIALLY DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF VICIA FABA
Authors: MÜLLER H. J. 
Published: April 2011

The different initial infestation of the two field bean varieties Rastatter and Schlanstedter (in the relation 1: 3 till 1: 5) by Aphis (Doralis) fabae Scop, is caused by a preference behaviour of the alates, which land on both varieties of bean in equal numbers, but whereas 99% leave Rastatter in a few minutes, only 90% leave Schlanstedter.ZusammenfassungAls primäre Ursache des unterschiedlichen Befalls der beiden Ackerbohnensorten Rastatter und Schlanstedter durch die Schwarze Bohnenlaus, Aphis (Doralis) fabae Scop., wird Präferenzresistenz nachgewiesen. In mehrjährigen Beobachtungsreihen ergab sich bei 24‐stündigen Kontrollen ein Unterschied in der Anzahl der Initialkolonien von 1: 3 bis 1: 5 auf Rastatter und Schlanstedter. Direktes Abfangen bzw. eingehende Beobachtung der auf den Pflanzen gelandeten Geflügelten zeigte, daß diese Initialbefallsdifferenz erst sekundär entsteht. Die Pflanzen beider Sorten werden statistisch in gleicher Häufigkeit beflogen, jedoch siedeln sich auf Rastatter nur 1%, auf Schlanstedter 10% der Gelandeten für längere Zeit (bis zum Absetzen wenigstens einer Junglarve) an. Die Bedeutung der sogenannten Probesaugstiche sowie der Größe und Verteilung der Interzellularräume in den Pflanzengeweben für das Auffinden des Phloems und somit für die Wirtswahl wird diskutiert.