bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Vivo Molecular Imaging Analysis of a Nasal Vaccine That Induces Protective Immunity against Botulism in Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Yuki Yoshikazu , Nochi Tomonori , Harada Norihiro , Katakai Yuko , Shibata Hiroaki , Mejima Mio , Kohda Tomoko , Tokuhara Daisuke , Kurokawa Shiho , Takahashi Yuko , Ono Fumiko , Kozaki Shunji , Terao Keiji , Tsukada Hideo , Kiyono Hiroshi 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Nasal administration is an effective route for a needle-free vaccine. However, nasally administered Ags have the potential to reach the CNS directly from the nasal cavity, thus raising safety concerns. In this study, we performed real-time quantitative tracking of a nasal vaccine candidate for botulism, which is a nontoxic subunit fragment of Clostridium botulinum type A neurotoxin (BoHc/A) effective in the induction of the toxin-neutralizing immune response, by using 18F-labeled BoHc/A–positron-emission tomography, an in vivo molecular imaging method. This method provides results that are consistent with direct counting of [18F] radioactivity or the traditional [111In]-radiolabel method in dissected tissues of mice and nonhuman primates. We found no deposition of BoHc/A in the cerebrum or olfactory bulb after nasal administration of 18F-labeled BoHc/A in both animals. We also established a real-time quantitative profile of elimination of this nasal vaccine candidate and demonstrated that it induces highly protective immunity against botulism in nonhuman primates. Our findings demonstrate the efficiency and safety of a nasal vaccine candidate against botulism in mice and nonhuman primates using in vivo molecular imaging.
Th Cells Act Via Two Synergistic Pathways To Promote Antiviral CD8+ T Cell Responses
Authors: Wiesel Melanie , Joller Nicole , Ehlert Anna-Katharina , Crouse Josh , Spörri Roman , Bachmann Martin F. , Oxenius Annette 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The mechanisms of how Th cells promote CD8+ T cell responses during viral infections are largely unknown. In this study, we unraveled the mechanisms of T cell help for CD8+ T cell responses during vaccinia virus infection. Our results demonstrate that Th cells promote vaccinia virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses via two interconnected synergistic pathways: First, CD40L expressed by activated CD4+ T cells instructs dendritic cells to produce bioactive IL-12p70, which is directly sensed by Ag-specific CD8+ T cells, resulting in increased IL-2Rα expression. Second, Th cells provide CD8+ T cells with IL-2, thereby enhancing their survival. Thus, Th cells are at the center of an important communication loop with a central role for IL-2/IL-2R and bioactive IL-12.
Mechanism of Induction of NK Activation by 2B4 (CD244) via Its Cognate Ligand
Authors: Sinha Suwan Kumar , Gao Ning , Guo Yuhong , Yuan Dorothy 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
We have previously shown that coincubation of purified B cells with IL-2–propagated NK cells can result in the induction of IL-13 mRNA and that the induction requires the presence of CD48 on B cells and 2B4 on NK cells. Because both of these molecules are expressed on NK cells, it is surprising that very little IL-13 mRNA can be detected in the absence of B cells. We have now found that incubation of NK cells on plates containing immobilized anti-CD48 Abs results in the clustering of CD48 and colocalization with 2B4 on the same cell. This colocalization, together with the requirement for SAP, the signal transducer for 2B4, is necessary for the induction of IL-13 mRNA expression. Activation of NK cell via CD48 on another cell may require a similar ability to alter the configuration of 2B4 to activate downstream signaling. By the use of double CD2/2B4 knockout mice, we have also shown that the induction of NK cell activation by anti-CD48 or by B cells is not due to the release of inhibitory effects of 2B4.
Holomorphie des opérateurs d’entrelacement normalisés à l’aide
des paramètres d’Arthur
Authors: Mœglin C. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn this paper we prove holomorphy for certain intertwining operators arising
from the theory of Eisenstein series. To do that we need to normalize using
the Langlands–Shahidi's normalization arising from the twisted endoscopy and
the associated representations of the general linear group.
Use of Occupations and Activities in a Modified Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy Program: A Musician’s Triumphs Over Chronic Hemiparesis From Stroke
Authors: Earley Donald , Herlache Ellen , Skelton Dana R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractOBJECTIVE. This case report addresses the use of therapeutic occupations and activities within a modified constraint-induced movement therapy (mCIMT) approach for a 52-yr-old female violinist 4 yr after ischemic stroke.METHOD. Analysis of occupational performance was completed before and after intervention using a modified version of the Fugl-Meyer Sensorimotor Evaluation, the Motor Functioning Assessment, the Arm Improvement and Movement Checklist, and information obtained from a client journal maintained throughout treatment. The mCIMT protocol included use of constraint of the affected arm, with emphasis placed on participation in meaningful occupations and activities.RESULTS. Improved function in the affected extremity was noted at the conclusion of mCIMT. After completion of therapy, the client reported a return to playing violin.DISCUSSION. The findings from this case report suggest that use of meaningful occupations and activities integrated into a mCIMT protocol may be effective in addressing skills deficits for clients with upper-extremity chronic hemiparesis.
Effects of a Kinesthetic Cursive Handwriting Intervention for Grade 4–6 Students
Authors: Roberts Gwenyth I. , Siever Jodi E. , Mair Judith A. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. We studied whether Grade 4–6 students who participated in a kinesthetic writing intervention improved in legibility, speed, and personal satisfaction with cursive handwriting.
METHOD. Small groups of students with handwriting difficulties were seen weekly for 7 wk using a kinesthetic writing system. A repeated measures design was used to evaluate change in global legibility, individual letter formation, specific features of handwriting, and personal satisfaction.
RESULTS. Analysis revealed (1) a significant increase in ratings of global legibility (p &lt; .01; clinically significant improvements in 39% of students); (2) significant improvements in letter formation and legibility features of baseline, closure, and line quality (all p &lt; .05); (3) increased handwriting speed (p &lt; .05; not clinically significant); and (4) significant increase in measures with personal satisfaction of handwriting (p &lt; .01).
CONCLUSION. A kinesthetic handwriting intervention may be effective in improving the skills of students with handwriting challenges.
Combined Bracing, Electrical Stimulation, and Functional Practice for Chronic, Upper-Extremity Spasticity
Authors: Hardy Kathleen , Suever Kacia , Sprague Amie , Hermann Valerie , Levine Peter , Page Stephen J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractOBJECTIVE. Conventional methods for managing upper-extremity (UE) spasticity are invasive, usually require readministration after a certain time period, and do not necessarily increase UE function. This study examined efficacy of combining two singularly efficacious modalities—UE bracing and electrical stimulation—with functional training to reduce UE spasticity and improve function.METHOD. Two chronic stroke patients exhibiting UE spasticity were administered the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), the upper-extremity section of the Fugl-Meyer Impairment Scale (FM), the Box and Block Test (B&B), and the Arm Motor Ability Test (AMAT). They were then individually fitted for a brace and subsequently participated in treatment sessions occurring 2 days/wk for 5 wk, consisting of (1) 30-min clinical sessions, during which the UE was braced in a functional position while cyclic electrical stimulation was applied to the antagonist extensors of the tricep and forearm, and (2) 15-min, clinically based training sessions, occurring directly after the clinical session.RESULTS. After intervention, participants exhibited 1-point reductions in MAS scores for the affected fingers, FM score increases, and increased ability to perform AMAT activities,. Three months later, both participants retained these changes.CONCLUSION. Data point to a noninvasive, promising method of managing spasticity and rendering functional changes.
Examining Content Validity and Reliability of the Assessment of Children’s Hand Skills (ACHS): A Preliminary Study
Authors: Chien Chi-Wen , Brown Ted , McDonald Rachael 
Published: September 2010

AbstractOBJECTIVE. We developed the Assessment of Children’s Hand Skills (ACHS) to evaluate hand skills using naturalistic observation and examined the assessment's interrater and test–retest reliability.METHOD. We developed the hand skill framework, performed expert review, and pilot tested the ACHS. The ACHS's reliability was examined by recruiting 54 children (30 typically developing children and 24 children with disabilities).RESULTS. The test–retest reliability for the ACHS was satisfactory at the individual item level (0.42 ≤ κ ≤ 0.79) and the total scale level (Spearman’s ρ = 0.78, p &lt; .01). Moderate interrater agreement of the total scale scores was demonstrated (ρ = 0.63, p &lt; .01), but individual items exhibited varied interrater agreement.CONCLUSION. The ACHS demonstrated adequate content validity and preliminary reliability evidence and could be used to quantify children’s hand skill use. Construct validity should be established in a clinical setting.
Promoting Healthy Lifestyles With Aging: Development and Validation of the Health Enhancement Lifestyle Profile (HELP) Using the Rasch Measurement Model
Authors: Hwang Jengliang Eric 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This study was conducted to develop and validate the Health Enhancement Lifestyle Profile (HELP), a self-report measure for examining various aspects of health-related lifestyle in older adults. Data derived from 253 community-dwelling older adults were analyzed through the Rasch measurement model. Unidimensionality and data-model fit of HELP were largely supported through the analyses of principal components of residuals, fit statistics, local dependency, and differential item functioning. The item hierarchy formed through logits provided an expected pattern of healthy lifestyle behaviors. Acceptable to good person separation and reliability statistics supported the clinical applicability and consistency of the HELP scores. Finally, analysis of the rating scale structure confirmed the functioning of the 0- to 5-point rating scale used. HELP can assist in monitoring lifestyle risk factors and measuring the outcome of services aimed at promoting healthy lifestyles among older adults.
Effectiveness of Rehabilitation in Enhancing Community Integration After Acute Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review
Authors: Kim Hwan , Colantonio Angela 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. We assessed evidence for post–acute traumatic brain injury (TBI) rehabilitation interventions used to enhance community integration (CI) relevant to occupational therapy.
METHOD. We conducted a systematic review of intervention studies on TBI rehabilitation from 1990 to 2007.
RESULTS. We analyzed and summarized 10 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Of 10 studies, 7 found that post–acute TBI rehabilitation benefits CI; all effective studies involved occupational therapy or involved interventions occupational therapists can do.
CONCLUSION. Many CI programs show positive results and should be studied more rigorously. Such promising programs should also be considered when decisions about post–acute TBI rehabilitation services for clients are being made. To further establish that post–acute TBI rehabilitation interventions improve CI, future studies should include intervention strategies based on injury severity, a control group, and longer term follow-up. The role of occupational therapy in these effective programs should be further explored.
Child and Youth Practice Area Publications in theAmerican Journal of Occupational Therapyin 2008 and 2009: A Content Analysis, Methodology Overview, and Summary
Authors: Brown Ted 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn this review, 39 articles published in the American Journal of Occupational Therapy in 2008 and 2009 that were categorized in the practice area of children and youth were examined using content analysis. The most frequent type of research published was basic research, which accounted for 38.5% (n = 15) of the 39 studies published on the topic. Instrument development and testing and effectiveness studies were the next two most frequently noted research approaches, accounting for 25.6% (n = 10) and 20.5% (n = 8) of the studies, respectively. Among the 8 effectiveness studies, the level of evidence distribution was as follows: Level I, 3; Level III, 2; Level IV, 1; and Level V, 2. Quantitative studies were the predominant research paradigm used with 76.9% (n = 30) of the studies.
Occupational Therapist Home Evaluations: Inequalities, But Doing the Best We Can?
Authors: Lysack Catherine L. , Neufeld Stewart 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was (a) to describe the occupational therapy recommendations provided to patients discharged to inner city homes, and (b) to examine the relationship between patient health insurance and the number and type of occupational therapist recommendations for equipment and home modifications.
METHOD. An archival review was conducted of all referrals to the home evaluation program (n = 755) at a large urban rehabilitation hospital between January 1, 1994, and December 31, 1998. Additional patient demographic data and Functional Independence Measure (FIM) data were obtained in electronic form from the hospital information database.
RESULTS. Analysis of results showed that while the pattern of equipment and modification recommendations varied little, publicly insured patients received fewer home modification recommendations compared to privately insured patients (t = 3.7; p &lt; .0005), and were discharged from rehabilitation with significantly lower functional independence (MANOVA F = 3.9; p = .05).
CONCLUSION. Results alert occupational therapists to the relationship between health insurance and treatment recommendations and point to patient advocacy and health policy as potential pathways to desired a achieve social change.
Test–Retest Reliability and Convergent Validity of the Fatigue Impact Scale for Persons With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Mathiowetz Virgil 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The test–retest reliability and the convergent validity of the Fatigue Impact Scale (FIS) were evaluated using secondary data from 54 persons with multiple sclerosis (MS).
METHODS. This reliability and validity study used FIS data from before and after two control periods to evaluate test–retest reliability. Convergent validity of the FIS with the Fatigue Severity Scale and with subscales of the SF-36 Health Survey was evaluated using data collected before the first control period.
RESULTS. No significant differences between before and after FIS measurements and intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from .68 to .85 indicate that the FIS has good test–retest reliability except for the physical subscale. The expected moderate correlations between the FIS and several subscales of the SF-36 support its convergent validity. In contrast, the unexpected low correlation between the FIS and Fatigue Severity Scale does not support convergent validity.
CONCLUSION. The FIS has adequate reliability and validity and is recommended to evaluate the effectiveness of fatigue management interventions such as energy conservation education for persons with MS.
Impact of the Social Environment on Occupational Experience and Performance Among Persons With Unilateral Neglect
Authors: Tham Kerstin , Kielhofner Gary 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of social environmental influences on occupational experience and performance over the course of rehabilitation of four persons with unilateral neglect.
METHODS. The Phenomenological Psychological Method (Karlsson, 1993) was used to gather and analyze qualitative data on four women over a 4-month period. Four women were interviewed five to seven times each and observed during their rehabilitation process. Analysis focused on how these persons with unilateral neglect experienced and responded to their interactions with others in their everyday lives.
FINDINGS. As perceived by the study participants, rehabilitation professionals and relatives demonstrated a sequence of strategies for dealing with and helping the women perform despite their unilateral neglect. The sequence of strategies reflects the changing experience of neglect over time. The strategies used by professionals and family members during the rehabilitation process enabled these women to reclaim and occupy the neglected half of the world. Moreover, the women with neglect learned to incorporate others as extensions of their bodies in order to compensate for their ongoing inability to directly experience the left half of the world.
CONCLUSION. The results suggest that it is important for others (e.g., therapists, nurses, or relatives) to understand the client’s changing experience of neglect and adjust their support and collaboration accordingly. Occupational therapy intervention for persons with neglect could potentially become more effective by systematically incorporating the kinds of strategies identified in this study. Moreover, therapists could consult with others to increase their understanding and effectiveness in interacting with persons who have unilateral neglect.
The Significance of Being Occupied: The Social Construction of Childhood Occupations
Authors: Lawlor Mary C. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to explore theoretical and developmental foundations for interpreting children’s engagement with activity in the typically social worlds of childhood. Drawing upon longitudinal ethnographic data, I argue for the need to reframe the study of childhood occupation to the study of “socially occupied beings” as a means of enhancing our understanding of children’s experiences. The focus is on childhood experiences that are socially constructed through adult and child co-created action sequences. The unit of analysis is constructed around a child or children, their adult partners in action, the social world of engagement, and the cultural context. The interpretive focus is on acts and actors, acting in a socially constructed world. Two microethnographic examples are provided; the first relates to an observation of a mother and her children playing in a hospital corridor and the second to an occupational therapist and child engaged in jointly constructed activity within a therapy session. These segments illustrate pragmatic and conceptual understandings of the interconnectedness of social relatedness, intersubjectivity, social action, and engagement. Further development of theoretical and research models is needed to capture the essence of children as socially occupied beings, doing something with someone else that matters.
Occupational Therapy in Transitioning Adolescents to Post-Secondary Activities
Authors: Spencer Janet E. , Emery Lynnda J. , Schneck Colleen M. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions of special education directors on the current role of occupational therapy in high school transition programs for adolescent students with disabilities. Additionally, barriers to providing occupational therapy services and perceptions about new occupational therapy services were examined.
METHOD. A mailed questionnaire was administered to all special education directors in a rural state in the United States. One hundred and four (57.5%) responses were received. Descriptive statistics were generated with an emphasis on percentages to examine current occupational therapy services in high school transition programs and barriers to service delivery.
RESULTS. In this study, occupational therapists provided less than one fifth of transition services in high schools for students with disabilities. They provided more assistive technology consults (30.3%), task or environmental modification (25.8%), and Individualized Education Plan (IEP) and Individualized Transition Plan (ITP) planning (20%) than other providers. Barriers to occupational therapy use included funding, lack of interagency planning, and lack of parent participation. About 35% of special education directors suggested that additional occupational therapy services were needed for adolescents with cognitive disabilities and for job performance and related work skills programming.
CONCLUSION. Occupational therapists in this study provided ancillary services to high school students with disabilities with greater emphasis on technology, task or environmental modification, and IEP or ITP planning, as perceived by special evaluation directors.
Children With Disturbances in Sensory Processing: A Pilot Study Examining the Role of the Parasympathetic Nervous System
Authors: Schaaf Roseann C. , Miller Lucy Jane , Seawell Duncan , O’Keefe Shannon 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This study was a preliminary investigation of parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) functioning in children with disturbances in sensory processing. The specific aims of this study were to (1) provide preliminary data about group differences in parasympathetic functions, as measured by the vagal tone index, between children with disturbances in sensory processing and those without; (2) determine effect size and power needed for future studies; and (3) to lay the foundation for further examination of the relations of parasympathetic functioning and functional behavior in children with disturbances in sensory processing.
Participants were 15 children, nine with disturbances in sensory processing and six typically developing children. Heart period data were continuously collected for a 2-minute baseline and during administration of the 15-minute Sensory Challenge Protocol, a unique laboratory protocol designed to measure sensory reactivity (Miller, Reisman, McIntosh, & Simon, 2001). Groups were compared on vagal tone index, heart period, and heart rate using two-tailed, independent sample t tests.
Children with disturbances in sensory processing had significantly lower vagal tone than the typically developing sample (t(13) = 2.4, p = .05). Statistical power analysis indicated that, for future studies, a sample size of 20 in each group would yield adequate statistical power. Although the number of subjects in this pilot study is small, the results from this study support further investigations of parasympathetic functions and functional behavior in children with disturbances in sensory processing.