bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Clinical Experience in Temporal Branch of Facial Nerve Transient Injury After Reduction Malarplasty
Authors: Gao Jiaman , Yu Zheyuan , Duan Huichuan , Jiang Taoran , Wei Min , Zhou Sizheng , Li Dong , Cao Dejun , Yuan Jie , Xu Liang 
Published: May 2024

Purpose:
During reduction malarplasty using both intraoral and preauricular incisions, the operative exposure of the preauricular incision can result in injury of the temporal branch of the facial nerve, a potentially serious complication. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative frequency of this injury and investigate potential methods of prevention by analyzing the related anatomic and functional details of the patients that sustained temporal branch injury.

Methods:
The study comprised a retrospective review of 93 patients who underwent L-shaped reduction malarplasty with osteotomy using intraoral and preauricular incisions between December 2018 and February 2021. Specifically, this included all patients with transient dysfunction of the temporal branch of the facial nerve 1 week postoperatively, which recovered with conservative treatment.

Results:
In 4 of the 93 operated cases, the postoperative evaluation revealed that the forehead lines disappeared, there was a failure of eyebrow lifting, double eyelids remained unchanged in 3 cases and narrowed in 1, but eye closure was not affected. However, using only conservative treatment, the symptoms of all patients improved and recovered.

Conclusions:
To avoid the temporal branch of facial nerve injury during reduction malarplasty with intraoral and preauricular incisions, surgeons need to be especially familiar with the anatomy of the temporal branch of the facial nerve and proceed with precise, atraumatic dissection. However, if facial paralysis is diagnosed postoperatively, active treatment should be undertaken as soon as possible.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV
Drivers of Variation in Opioid Prescribing after Common Surgical Procedures in a Large Multihospital Healthcare System
Authors: Zanocco Kyle , Romanelli Robert J , Meeker Daniella , Mariano Louis T , Shenoy Rivfka , Wagner Zachary , Kirkegaard Allison , Mudiganti Satish , Martinez Meghan , Watkins Katherine E 
Published: May 2024

BACKGROUND:
Misuse of prescription opioids is a well-established contributor to the US opioid epidemic. The primary objective of this study was to identify which level of care delivery (ie patient, prescriber, or hospital) produced the most unwarranted variation in opioid prescribing after common surgical procedures.

STUDY DESIGN:
Electronic health record data from a large multihospital healthcare system were used in conjunction with random-effect models to examine variation in opioid prescribing practices after similar inpatient and outpatient surgical procedures between October 2019 and September 2021. Unwarranted variation was conceptualized as variation resulting from prescriber behavior unsupported by evidence. Covariates identified as drivers of warranted variation included characteristics known to influence pain levels or patient safety. All other model variables, including prescriber specialty and patient race, ethnicity, and insurance status were characterized as potential drivers of unwarranted variation.

RESULTS:
Among 25,188 procedures with an opioid prescription at hospital discharge, 53.5% exceeded guideline recommendations, corresponding to 13,228 patients receiving the equivalent of >140,000 excess 5 mg oxycodone tablets after surgical procedures. Prescribing variation was primarily driven by prescriber-level factors, with approximately half of the total variation in morphine milligram equivalents prescribed observed at the prescriber level and not explained by any measured variables. Unwarranted covariates associated with higher prescribed opioid quantity included non-Hispanic Black race, Medicare insurance, smoking history, later hospital discharge times, and prescription by a surgeon rather than a hospitalist or primary care provider.

CONCLUSIONS:
Given the large proportion of unexplained variation observed at the provider level, targeting prescribers through education and training may be an effective strategy for reducing postoperative opioid prescribing.
Radiative loss and ion-neutral collisional effects in astrophysical plasmas
Authors: Popescu Braileanu Beatrice , Keppens Rony 
Published: April 2024

In this paper, we study the role of radiative cooling (RC) in a two-fluid model consisting of coupled neutrals and charged particles. We first analyse the linearized two-fluid equations where we include radiative losses in the energy equation for the charged particles. In a one-dimensional geometry for parallel propagation and in the limiting cases of weak and strong coupling, it can be shown analytically that the instability conditions for the thermal mode and the sound waves, the isobaric and isentropic criteria, respectively, remain unchanged with respect to one-fluid radiative plasmas. For the parameters considered in this paper, representative for the solar corona, the RC produces growth of the thermal mode and damping of the sound waves. In the weak coupling limit, the growth of the thermal instability and the damping of the sound waves is as derived in Field (Field 1965
Astrophys. J.
142
, 531 (
doi:10.1086/148317
)) using the charged fluid properties. When neutrals are included and are sufficiently coupled to the charges, the thermal mode growth rate and the wave damping both reduce by the same factor, which depends on the ionization fraction only. For a heating function that is constant in time, we find that the growth of the thermal mode and the damping of the sound waves are slightly larger. The numerical calculation of the eigenvalues of the general system of equations in a three-dimensional geometry confirm the analytic results. We then run two-dimensional fully nonlinear simulations that give consistent results: a higher ionization fraction or lower coupling will increase the growth rate. The magnetic field contribution is negligible in the linear phase. Ionization-recombination effects might play an important role because the RC produces a large range of temperatures in the system. In the numerical simulation, after the first condensation phase, when the minimum temperature is reached, the fraction of neutrals increases four orders of magnitude because of the recombination.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Partially ionized plasma of the solar atmosphere: recent advances and future pathways’.
Magnetoacoustic cutoff effect in numerical simulations of the partially ionized solar atmosphere
Authors: Kuźma Blazej , Kadowaki Luis H. S. , Murawski Kris , Musielak Zdzislaw E. , Poedts Stefaan , Yuan Ding , Feng Xueshang 
Published: April 2024

The cutoff effect is a significant determinant of solar magnetohydrodynamic wave propagation and hence pivotal in energy transfer studies, such as solar plasma heating and seismological diagnostics. Despite continuous efforts, no good agreement between observed waveperiods and theory or numerical simulations was found. Our objective is to investigate the magnetoacoustic cutoff effect in the partially ionized solar atmosphere, factoring in the two-fluid effects. We developed a two-fluid MHD numerical model and used it to simulate a quiet region of the Sun from the top of the convective zone to the low corona. Our findings show that the ongoing granulation excites a wide range of waves propagating into the upper atmospheric layers. The cutoff waveperiods strongly depend on the height. Two-fluid waveperiods obtained with numerical simulations reproduce the recent observations at a very good level of compliance. Furthermore, direct comparison with strongly coupled cases that imitate the single-fluid approximation have shown that the waveperiod propagation pattern is only present in fully two-fluid simulations. We conclude that the presence of neutrals and therefore collisional terms change the dynamics of the magnetized plasma, in comparison with the single-fluid approximation. This effect is more prominently seen in the upper photosphere and chromosphere.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Partially ionized plasma of the solar atmosphere: recent advances and future pathways’.
Alfvén pulse driven spicule-like jets in the presence of thermal conduction and ion-neutral collision in two-fluid regime
Authors: Srivastava A. K. , Singh Anshika , Singh Balveer , Murawski K. , Zaqarashvili T. V. , Yuan D. , Scullion E. , Mishra Sudheer K. , Dwivedi B. N. 
Published: April 2024

We present the formation of quasi-periodic cool spicule-like jets in the solar atmosphere using 2.5-D numerical simulation in two-fluid regime (ions+neutrals) under the presence of thermal conduction and ion-neutral collision. The nonlinear, impulsive Alfvénic perturbations at the top of the photosphere trigger field aligned magnetoacoustic perturbations due to ponderomotive force. The transport of energy from Alfvén pulse to such vertical velocity perturbations due to ponderomotive force is considered as an initial trigger mechanism. Thereafter, these velocity perturbations steepen into the shocks followed by quasi-periodic rise and fall of the cool jets transporting mass in the overlying corona.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Partially ionized plasma of the solar atmosphere: recent advances and future pathways’.
Nonlinear coupling of Alfvén and magnetoacoustic waves in partially ionized plasmas: the effect of thermal misbalance on propagating waves
Authors: Ballester J. L. , Soler R. , Terradas J. , Carbonell M. 
Published: April 2024

Partially ionized plasmas constitute an essential ingredient of the solar atmosphere, and ground- and space-based observations have pointed out the presence of oscillations in partially ionized solar plasmas such as chromosphere, photosphere, prominences or spicules, which have been interpreted in terms of magnetohydrodynamic waves. Our aim is to study the spatial behaviour of propagating weakly and fully nonlinear Alfvén waves, and the subsequent excitation of field-aligned motions and perturbations, when dissipative mechanisms, such as ambipolar diffusion and radiative losses, together with parametrized heating mechanisms, are taken into account. When only ambipolar diffusion is taken into account, first-order Alfvén waves as well as ponderomotive-driven perturbations are spatially damped, while field-aligned motions and perturbations representing propagating slow waves are undamped. These perturbations are damped when thermal effects are also considered and their damping lengths can be longer or shorter than those of ponderomotive-driven perturbations. Therefore, after the initial excitation, Alfvén waves and ponderomotive-driven perturbations could be quickly damped while slow waves still remain in the plasma, and vice versa.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Partially ionized plasma of the solar atmosphere: recent advances and future pathways’.
Magnetohydrodynamic waves in the partially ionized solar plasma
Authors: Soler Roberto 
Published: April 2024

This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent theoretical investigations concerning magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves in partially ionized solar plasma. First, we examine the properties of linear MHD waves in a uniform partially ionized plasma and discuss the relevant effects arising from partial ionization. Subsequently, we delve into MHD wave studies in the more intricate settings of the lower solar atmosphere and solar prominences. These investigations involve topics such as MHD waves in magnetic flux tubes, wave excitation, linear and nonlinear mode coupling and wave heating. We outline new challenges that future research should tackle.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Partially ionized plasma of the solar atmosphere: recent advances and future pathways’.
Future prospects for partially ionized solar plasmas: the prominence case
Authors: Parenti S. , Luna M. , Ballester J. L. 
Published: April 2024

Partially ionized plasmas (PIP) constitute an essential ingredient of our plasma universe. Historically, the physical effects associated with partial ionization were considered in astrophysical topics such as the interstellar medium, molecular clouds, accretion disks and, later on, in solar physics. PIP can be found in layers of the Sun’s atmosphere as well as in solar structures embedded within it. As a consequence, the dynamical behaviour of these layers and structures is influenced by the different physical effects introduced by partial ionization. Here, rather than considering an exhaustive discussion of partially ionized effects in the different layers and structures of the solar atmosphere, we focus on solar prominences. The reason is that they represent a paradigmatic case of a partially ionized solar plasma, confined and insulated by the magnetic field, constituting an ideal environment to study the effects induced by partial ionization. We present the current knowledge about the effects of partial ionization in the global stability, mass cycle and dynamics of solar prominences. We revise the identified observational signatures of partial ionization in prominences. We conclude with prospects for PIP research in prominences, proposing the path for advancing in the prominence modelling and theory and using new and upcoming instrumentation.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Partially ionized plasma of the solar atmosphere: recent advances and future pathways’.
Parametric resonance of Alfvén waves driven by ionization-recombination waves in the weakly ionized solar atmosphere
Authors: Ballai I. , Forgács-Dajka E. , McMurdo M. 
Published: April 2024

Parametric coupling of waves is one of the most efficient mechanisms of energy transfer that can lead to the growth or decay of waves. This transfer occurs at frequencies close to their natural frequencies. In partially ionized solar plasma, there are a multitude of waves that can undergo this process. Here, we study the parametric coupling of Alfvén waves propagating in a partially ionized solar plasma with ionization-recombination waves identified by our study to appear in a plasma in ionization non-equilibrium. Depending on the parameters that describe the plasma (density, temperature), coupling can lead to a parametric resonance. Our study determines the occurrence conditions of parametric resonance, by finding the boundaries between stable and unstable regions in the parameter space. Our results show that collisions and non-equilibrium recombination can both contribute to the onset of unstable behaviour of parametrically resonant Alfvén waves.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Partially ionized plasma of the solar atmosphere: recent advances and future pathways’.
Kelvin–Helmholtz-induced mixing in multi-fluid partially ionized plasmas
Authors: Snow Ben , Hillier Andrew S. 
Published: April 2024

Turbulence is a fundamental process that drives mixing and energy redistribution across a wide range of astrophysical systems. For warm (

T
≈

10
4

K

) plasma, the material is partially ionized, consisting of both ionized and neutral species. The interactions between ionized and neutral species are thought to play a key role in heating (or cooling) of partially ionized plasmas. Here, mixing is studied in a two-fluid partially ionized plasma undergoing the shear-driven Kelvin–Helmholtz instability to evaluate the thermal processes within the mixing layer. Two-dimensional numerical simulations are performed using the open-source (PIP) code that solves for a two-fluid plasma consisting of a charge-neutral plasma and multiple excited states of neutral hydrogen. Both collisional and radiative ionization and recombination are included. In the mixing layer, a complex array of ionization and recombination processes occur as the cooler layer joins the hotter layer, and vice versa. In localized areas of the mixing layer, the temperature exceeds the initial temperatures of either layer with heating dominated by collisional recombinations over turbulent dissipation. The mixing layer is in approximate ionization-recombination equilibrium, however the obtained equilibrium is different to the Saha–Boltzmann local thermal equilibrium. The dynamic mixing processes may be important in determining the ionization states, and with that intensities of spectral lines, of observed mixing layers.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Partially ionized plasma of the solar atmosphere: recent advances and future pathways’.
On the ambipolar diffusion formulation for ion-neutral drifts in the non-negligible drift velocity limit
Authors: Hillier Andrew S. 
Published: April 2024

The ambipolar diffusion approximation is used to model partially ionized plasma dynamics in a single-fluid setting. To correctly apply the commonly used version of ambipolar diffusion, a set of criteria should be satisfied including the requirement that the difference in velocity between charges and neutral species (known as drift velocity) is much smaller than the thermal velocity, otherwise the drift velocity will drive a non-negligible level of further collisions between the two species. In this paper, we explore the consequences of relaxing this assumption. We show that a new induction equation can be formulated without this assumption. This formulation reduces to the ambipolar induction equation in the case the drift velocity is small. In the large drift velocity limit, the feedback of the drift velocity on the collision frequency results in decreased diffusion of the magnetic field compared with the standard ambipolar diffusion approximation for the same parameters. This has a natural consequence of reducing the frictional heating that can occur. Applying this to results from flux emergence simulations where the expansion of the magnetic field leads to strong adiabatic cooling of the partially ionized chromosphere resulted in a noticeable reduction in the magnitude of the predicted drift velocities.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Partially ionized plasma of the solar atmosphere: recent advances and future pathways’.
Mixing, heating and ion-neutral decoupling induced by Rayleigh–Taylor instability in prominence-corona transition regions
Authors: Lukin Vyacheslav S. , Khomenko Elena , Popescu Braileanu Beatrice 
Published: April 2024

This study explores nonlinear development of the magnetized Rayleigh–Taylor instability (RTI) in a prominence-corona transition region. Using a two-fluid model of a partially ionized plasma, we compare RTI simulations for several different magnetic field configurations. We follow prior descriptions of the numerical prominence model (Popescu Braileanu
et al.
2021
Astron. Astrophys.
646
, A93 (
doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039053
), Popescu Braileanu
et al.
2021
Astron. Astrophys.
650
, A181 (
doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140425
) and Popescu Braileanu
et al.
2023
Astron. Astrophys.
670
, A31 (
doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142996
)) and explore the charged-neutral fluid coupling and plasma heating in a two-dimensional mixing layer for different magnetic field configurations. We also investigate how the shear in magnetic field surrounding a prominence may impact the release of the gravitational potential energy of the prominence material. We show that the flow decoupling is strongest in the plane normal to the direction of the magnetic field, where neutral pressure gradients drive ion-neutral drifts and frictional heating is balanced by adiabatic cooling of the expanding prominence material. We also show that magnetic field within the mixing plane can lead to faster nonlinear release of the gravitational energy driving the RTI, while more efficiently heating the plasma via viscous dissipation of associated plasma flows. We relate the computational results to potential observables by highlighting how integrating over under-resolved two-fluid sub-structure may lead to misinterpretation of observational data.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Partially ionized plasma of the solar atmosphere: recent advances and future pathways’.
Gravitational effect on the cell in bio-fluid suspension
Authors: Murali Anirudh , Sarkar Ram Rup 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe fascination with space and human spaceflight has significantly increased in recent years. Nevertheless, microgravity has a significant impact on humans. Immune and red blood cells utilize hematic or lymphatic streams (bio-fluid) as their primary mode of transport, and these streams have been identified as a significant concern under microgravity. This study aims to quantitatively address the puzzle of how cells are influenced by gravity when they are suspended in bio-fluid. The Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD) approach was used to model blood and the cell by applying gravity as an external force along the vertical axis and varied from 0g to 2g during parameter sweeps. It was observed that the cell undergoes shape change and spatially aligns under the influence of gravity, and this was quantified with metrics such as Elongation and Deformation indices, pitch angle, and normalized center of mass. The Elongation Index and the normalized center of mass declined linearly with the applied gravity. Correlation analysis showed a strong correlation between applied gravity and the aforementioned variables. Forces exerted on the solid, specifically drag, shear stress, and solid forces, declined in magnitude as the gravitational force exerted on the cell was increased. Further analysis showed that increasing gravity affected the cell’s velocity, leading to extended proximity near the wall and increased viscous interaction with the surrounding fluid particles, triggering a shape change. This study marks a significant step in understanding gravity’s effects on blood cells.
Premature thymic involution in youngFoxn1laczmutant mice causes peripheral T cell phenotypes similar to aging-induced immunosenescence
Authors: Xiao Shiyun , Kang Seung Woo , Oliva Kimberly E. , Zhang Wen , Klonowski Kimberly D. , Manley Nancy R. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe thymus is a primary lymphoid organ generating self-restricted and self-tolerant naïve T-cells. Early in life the thymus starts to involute, resulting in decreased naïve T-cell output which may be more self-reactive, leading to an increased prevalence of autoimmunity. A decrease in the transcription factor FOXN1 is an early event in thymic involution. Using theFoxn1laczmodel, we studied how premature thymic involution affects the thymic microenvironment, thymocytes, and peripheral T cell immunity. We found that early thymic involution led to aged-like thymic epithelial cells that resulted in aged-like thymocyte phenotypes, with a significant decrease in CD4+ single-positive T-cells. We also observed severe lymphopenia inFoxn1laczmice caused by the premature decrease in T-cell production, resulting in a peripheral T-cell phenotype similar tode novoaged peripheral T-cells. Moreover, following T cell receptor stimulation,Foxn1laczperipheral T cells had reduced IL-2 secretion and strong initial IFN-g responses, resembling aged wild-type peripheral T-cell responses. Lastly, influenza response inFoxn1laczhad a reduction in some aspects of T cell responses to influenza infection, similar to thymectomized mice. Our study shows an independent and direct impact of premature thymic involution on both thymopoiesis and peripheral immune niches likely contributing to immunosenescence and inflammaging as observed in the elderly population.