bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le travail parlementaire, un investissement payant ? Les élections comme évaluation rétrospective du bilan des députés sortants
Authors: Navarro Julien 
Published: February 2011

Résumé Cet article analyse l’influence du comportement des députés européens sortants – en particulier l’intensité de leur investissement dans leur mandat – sur leurs résultats électoraux. Il s’agit d’enrichir la théorie des élections européennes comme élections de second ordre d’un facteur explicatif complémentaire spécifiquement européen. À partir de données relatives aux scrutins de 2004 et de 2009, il apparaît en effet que l’activité des députés sortants permet de prédire (en partie) la probabilité de leur réélection. L’article, qui intègre deux hypothèses alternatives liées à l’expérience politique nationale et à la loyauté partisane, montre notamment que toutes les activités considérées ne jouent pas un rôle également important. Il ouvre ainsi la voie à une théorie des élections comme évaluation rétrospective du bilan individuel des sortants.
Urimpression husserliana y diacronía levinasiana: ¿continuidad o ruptura?
Authors: Conesa Dolores 
Published: February 2011

Résumé Selon Levinas, la temporalité est indispensable pour parvenir à une ouverture authentique sur l’immanence. Cette conviction s’inspire en grande partie de la notion husserlienne d’ Urimpression . Toutefois, après s’être appuyé sur la phénoménologie husserlienne, Levinas propose d’aller un peu plus loin en posant la nécessité de prendre en considération un temps complètement détaché de la conscience : le temps diachronique. Pour s’ouvrir à la transcendance, Levinas substitue à l’intentionnalité husserlienne la temporalité diachronique qui seule permet une véritable relation à la transcendance sans la réduire à l’immanence.
Un « périmètre de scientificité » pour les « produisants ». Le nouveau classement des revues de philosophie par l'aeres
Authors: Merllié Dominique 
Published: February 2011

Résumé L’Agence pour l’évaluation de la recherche et de l’enseignement supérieur ( aeres ) avait édité en 2008 deux listes différentes pour le classement des revues philosophiques (cf. Revue philosophique , 2009-1, p. 91-99). En novembre 2009 est parue une nouvelle liste « actualisée ». Des changements importants (moins de titres, abandon du classement interne) différencient la nouvelle liste des précédentes. On analyse la portée et les limites de ces changements.
A Polymorphism in the Coding Region ofIl12bPromotes IL-12p70 and IL-23 Heterodimer Formation
Authors: Zwiers Antonie , Fuss Ivan J. , Seegers Diana , Konijn Tanja , Garcia-Vallejo Juan J. , Samsom Janneke N. , Strober Warren , Kraal Georg , Bouma Gerd 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIL-12 and IL-23 are heterodimeric cytokines involved in the induction of Th1 and Th17 immune responses. Previous work indicated that a region on chromosome 11 encoding the IL-12p40 subunit regulates strain differences in susceptibility to murine trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis. In addition, this region determines strain differences in LPS-induced IL-12 responses. In this study, we investigated how polymorphisms in the coding region of murine Il12b influence IL-12 and IL-23 heterodimer formation. Transfection studies using constructs containing IL-12p35 linked to IL-12p40 from the colitis-resistant C57BL/6 strain or to the polymorphic p40 variant from the colitis-susceptible SJL/J strain demonstrated that SJL/J-derived p40 constructs synthesized significantly more IL-12p70 than did constructs harboring the C57BL/6-p40 variant. This could not be attributed to differences in synthesis rate or secretion, implicating a greater affinity of SJL/J-derived IL-12p40 for its IL-12p35 subunit. This greater affinity is also associated with increased IL-23 synthesis. In addition, C57BL/6 mice transgenic for the SJL/J 40 variant synthesized significantly more IL-12p70 upon LPS challenge and were more prone to develop colonic inflammation than did C57BL/6 mice transgenic for the C57BL/6-p40 variant. The more efficient binding of the polymorphic Il12b variant to p35 and p19 is most likely due to conformational changes following differential glycosylation as a consequence of the polymorphism. The high synthesis rate of the mature cytokines resulting from this efficient binding can lead to rapid proinflammatory skewing of immune responses and distortion of the homeostatic balance underlying the greater susceptibility for colitis.
TCR Bias of In Vivo Expanded T Cells in Pancreatic Islets and Spleen at the Onset in Human Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Codina-Busqueta Eva , Scholz Erika , Muñoz-Torres Pau M. , Roura-Mir Carme , Costa Manuela , Xufré Cristina , Planas Raquel , Vives-Pi Marta , Jaraquemada Dolores , Martí Mercè 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAutoreactive T cells, responsible for the destruction of pancreatic β cells in type 1 diabetes, are known to have a skewed TCR repertoire in the NOD mouse. To define the autoreactive T cell repertoire in human diabetes, we searched for intraislet monoclonal expansions from a recent onset in human pancreas to then trace them down to the patient’s peripheral blood and spleen. Islet infiltration was diverse, but five monoclonal TCR β-chain variable expansions were detected for Vβ1, Vβ7, Vβ11, Vβ17, and Vβ22 families. To identify any sequence bias in the TCRs from intrapancreatic T cells, we analyzed 139 different CDR3 sequences. We observed amino acid preferences in the NDN region that suggested a skewed TCR repertoire within infiltrating T cells. The monoclonal expanded TCR sequences contained amino acid combinations that fit the observed bias. Using these CDR3 sequences as a marker, we traced some of these expansions in the spleen. There, we identified a Vβ22 monoclonal expansion with identical CDR3 sequence to that found in the islets within a polyclonal TCR β-chain variable repertoire. The same Vβ22 TCR was detected in the patient’s PBMCs, making a cross talk between the pancreas and spleen that was reflected in peripheral blood evident. No other pancreatic monoclonal expansions were found in peripheral blood or the spleen, suggesting that the Vβ22 clone may have expanded or accumulated in situ by an autoantigen present in both the spleen and pancreas. Thus, the patient’s spleen might be contributing to disease perpetuation by expanding or retaining some autoreactive T cells.
Ocular Neovascularization Caused by Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection Results from Breakdown of Binding between Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A and Its Soluble Receptor
Authors: Suryawanshi Amol , Mulik Sachin , Sharma Shalini , Reddy Pradeep B. J. , Sehrawat Sharvan , Rouse Barry T. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe normal cornea is transparent, which is essential for normal vision, and although the angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) is present in the cornea, its angiogenic activity is impeded by being bound to a soluble form of the VEGF receptor-1 (sVR-1). This report investigates the effect on the balance between VEGF-A and sVR-1 that occurs after ocular infection with HSV, which causes prominent neovascularization, an essential step in the pathogenesis of the vision-impairing lesion, stromal keratitis. We demonstrate that HSV-1 infection causes increased production of VEGF-A but reduces sVR-1 levels, resulting in an imbalance of VEGF-A and sVR-1 levels in ocular tissues. Moreover, the sVR-1 protein made was degraded by the metalloproteinase (MMP) enzymes MMP-2, -7, and -9 produced by infiltrating inflammatory cells that were principally neutrophils. Inhibition of neutrophils, inhibition of sVR-1 breakdown with the MMP inhibitor marimastat, and the provision of exogenous recombinant sVR-1 protein all resulted in reduced angiogenesis. Our results make the novel observation that ocular neovascularization resulting from HSV infection involves a change in the balance between VEGF-A and its soluble inhibitory receptor. Future therapies aimed to increase the production and activity of sVR-1 protein could benefit the management of stromal keratitis, an important cause of human blindness.
A Meningococcal Factor H Binding Protein Mutant That Eliminates Factor H Binding Enhances Protective Antibody Responses to Vaccination
Authors: Beernink Peter T. , Shaughnessy Jutamas , Braga Emily M. , Liu Qin , Rice Peter A. , Ram Sanjay , Granoff Dan M. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Certain pathogens recruit host complement inhibitors such as factor H (fH) to evade the immune system. Microbial complement inhibitor-binding molecules can be promising vaccine targets by eliciting Abs that neutralize this microbial defense mechanism. One such Ag, meningococcal factor H-binding protein (fHbp), was used in clinical trials before the protein was discovered to bind fH. The potential effect of fH binding on vaccine immunogenicity had not been assessed in experimental animals because fHbp binds human fH specifically. In this study, we developed a human fH transgenic mouse model. Transgenic mice immunized with fHbp vaccine had 4- to 8-fold lower serum bactericidal Ab responses than those of control mice whose native fH did not bind the vaccine. In contrast, Ab responses were unimpaired in transgenic mice immunized with a control meningococcal group C polysaccharide–protein conjugate vaccine. In transgenic mice, immunization with an fH nonbinding mutant of fHbp elicited Abs with higher bactericidal activity than that of fHbp vaccination itself. Abs elicited by the mutant fHbp more effectively blocked fH binding to wild-type fHbp than Abs elicited by fHbp that bound fH. Thus, a mutant fHbp vaccine that does not bind fH but that retains immunogenicity is predicted to be superior in humans to an fHbp vaccine that binds human fH. In the case of mutant fHbp vaccination, the resultant Ab responses may be directed more at epitopes in or near the fH binding site, which result in greater complement-mediated serum bactericidal activity; these epitopes may be obscured when human fH is bound to the wild-type fHbp vaccine.
Cutting Edge: Mast Cells Regulate Disease Severity in a Relapsing–Remitting Model of Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Sayed Blayne A. , Walker Margaret E. , Brown Melissa A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractMast cells (MCs) exert a significant pathologic influence on disease severity in C57BL/6 (B6) strain-dependent experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of primary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). However, relapsing–remitting MS, which is modeled in SJL mice, is the more prevalent form. Given genetically determined heterogeneity in numbers and responsiveness of MCs from various strains of mice, we asked whether these cells also influence this more clinically relevant MS model using SJL-KitW/W-v mice. Similar to the commercially available WBB6F1-KitW/W-v mice, SJL-KitW/W-v mice are MC-deficient, anemic, and neutropenic and have normal T cell compartments. They exhibit significantly reduced disease severity, but retain the relapsing–remitting course, a phenotype reversed by selective MC reconstitution. These data confirm that MC influence is not confined to an isolated model of EAE and reveal a new system to study the effects of MC heterogeneity on relapsing–remitting EAE and other SJL strain-specific diseases.
Fate of patients treated in emergency department non-hospital
Authors: Pedreira Larissa Chaves , Reis Virginia Ramos dos Santos Souza , Oliveira Yara Santos 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTObjective: to identify the fate of critically ill patients admitted to a hospital unit is not an emergency. Method: this is a quantitative study documentary and retrospective. Results: among the patients involved in the study, 41.01% and 30.12% were defined in the same destination or the next date, respectively. The output of the unit was 68.1% with high medical, transferred 24.56% and 3.79% died. Final considerations: patients with high complexity remained for long periods, does not respect the hierarchy of the system and the unit meets the specification of the legislation that regulates acute resolving less complex and assisting the patient more complex to define the destination. Descriptors: nursing; emergency nursing; emergency medical Services; emergency reatment; prehospital care ; critical care; health policy.RESUMOObjetivo: identificar o destino dos pacientes graves admitidos numa unidade não hospitalar de emergência. Método: trata-se de um estudo documental quantitativo e retrospectivo. Resultados: dentre os pacientes relacionados no estudo, 41,01% e 30,12% obtiveram destino definido na mesma ou na data seguinte, respectivamente. A saída da unidade ocorreu 68,1% através de alta médica, 24,56% transferidos e 3,79% evoluíram para óbito. Considerações finais: pacientes de alta complexidade permaneceram por períodos longos, não respeitando a hierarquização do sistema, assim a unidade atende a especificação da legislação que a normatiza resolvendo quadros agudos de menor complexidade e assistindo o paciente de maior complexidade até a definição do destino deste. Descritores: enfermagem; enfermagem em emergência; tratamento de emergência; serviços médicos de emergência; assistência pré-hospitalar; cuidados críticos; política de saúde.RESUMENObjetivo: identificar el destino de los pacientes graves admitidos en una unidad no hospitalaria de emergencia. Métodos: estudio cuantitativo documental y retrospectivo. Resultados: los datos fueron colectados en los históricos médicos de los pacientes atendidos, obedeciendo criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Entre los pacientes relacionados, 41,01% y 30,12% obtuvieron, respectivamente, destino definido en la misma fecha o en fecha siguiente. La salida de la unidad através de alta médica fue de un 68,1%, transferidos, 24,56 % y un 3,79% evoluyeron para óbito. Consideraciones finales: pacientes de alta complejidad permanecieron por largos períodos, no respetando la jerarquización del sistema. De este modo, la unidad atiende la especificación de la legislación que la normatiza, resolviendo cuadros agudos de menor complejidad, y asistiendo al paciente de mayor complejidad hasta la definición del destino de éste. Descriptores: enfermería; enfermería de urgencia; tratamiento de urgencia; servicios médicos de urgencia; atención prehospitalaria; cuidados intensivos; política de salud.
Sorption of GR-S Type of Polymer on Carbon Black. III. Sorption by Commercial Blacks
Authors: Kolthoff I. M. , Gutmacher R. G. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The sorption capacities toward GR-S five commercial carbon blacks are in decreasing order: Spheron-6, Vulcan-1, Philblack-0, Sterling-105, Philblack-A. Apparently, the sorption is not related to surface area. The sorption on Vulcan-1 of GR-S from its solutions in seven different solvents or mixtures of solvents increases with decreasing solvent power for the rubber. The sorption curves of two “cold rubbers,” polymerized at −10 and +5° respectively, showed little difference from that of 50° GR-S. Previous heating of carbon black in nitrogen at 500 or 1100° increased the sorption by about 20 per cent over unheated carbon. Air-heating of carbon black at 425° did not cause a difference in the sorption from benzene solution, but produced an increase in the sorption of rubber from n-heptane solution. In the range 75% butadiene-25% styrene to 5% butadiene-95% styrene, there is practically no effect of the degree of unsaturation on the sorption. Polystyrene of high intrinsic viscosity exhibits a peculiar behavior with furnace blacks. Vulcan-1 sorbed microgel as well as the sol fraction from n-heptane solutions of GR-S containing microgel (conversion 74.7 and 81.5 per cent). There was no appreciable difference in the amount of sorption of rubber fractions having average molecular weights varying from 433,000 to 85,000. There is little change in the amount sorbed after two hours of shaking, but the intrinsic viscosity of the residual rubber decreases with time. The low molecular-weight rubber is sorbed more rapidly, but is slowly replaced by the more tightly sorbed high molecular weight fraction. Partial fractionation of a rubber sample can be achieved by allowing the rubber solution to flow through a column of weakly sorbing carbon black. A large portion of the sorbed rubber can be recovered from the column by washing it with a good solvent such as xylene. Bound rubber is produced by intimate mixing of equal parts of carbon black and rubber swollen in chloroform, when the mixture is dried in vacuum at 80° or at room temperature. Milling is not essential to get bound rubber.
The Effect of Softeners in Rubber
Authors: Williams Ira 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The use of oils and liquid softeners to assist in the mastication and processing of rubber or to produce softer vulcanized stocks has been standard practice since the early commercial use of rubber. More recently certain synthetic rubbers, polymerized under special conditions, have been treated with rather large amounts of mineral oils, with a resulting decrease in the cost of the rubber and apparently with no unfavorable effect on the rubber in most instances. A number of investigators have reported the effect of swelling agents on the properties of vulcanized rubber. Busse discusses the effect of solvents in a general way. Tiltman and Porritt conclude that the decrease in modulus caused by swelling in benzene is caused by a “loosening of cohesive forces.” Tire treads of natural rubber containing such softeners as pine tar and mineral rubber decrease in wear resistance in proportion to the softener content. Well vulcanized rubber of high modulus is most resistant to swelling in oils. Naunton, Jones, and Smith find that unaccelerated stocks lose the most tensile strength after being swollen, that milling of the raw rubber increases swelling, and that the presence of softeners in the rubber during vulcanization reduces the oil resistance. A limited amount of swelling has been reported to have little effect on the tensile strength of vulcanized natural rubber. Bourbon points out that separating the rubber molecules with solvent decreases the rate of vulcanization.
Abrasion Pattern on Rubber
Authors: Schallamach A. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
It has been observed that an array of nearly parallel ridges is often produced by abrasion on rubber surfaces. This array is called the “abrasion pattern.” The ridges run at right angles to the direction of abrasion, and their profile is asymmetrical with respect to the direction of abrasion. Various properties of the abrasion pattern are described, and its use in the elucidation of the mode of abrasion of tires is discussed.
Quantitative Determination of Copper in Natural Rubber
Authors: Milliken Lewis T. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
A procedure is recommended in which small amounts of copper in rubber can be measured quantitatively by determining the depth of color of a copper carbamate complex in a carbon tetrachloride solution. The complex is formed in an alkaline solution prepared from an acid extract of the rubber ashed at 550° C. This procedure yields results which are as reliable as those obtained by the more tedious and time-consuming procedures involving the wet-oxidation process which are at present recommended by standardizing organizations. The use of an organic solution rather than an aqueous suspension gives better reproducibility, permits easier use of a photometer, and reduces the interference due to iron by a factor of ten.
Small Amounts of Copper in Dyes and Rubber Chemicals. Colorimetric Determination with Zinc Dibenzyldithiocarbamate
Authors: Martens R. I. , Githens R. E. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
This work was undertaken to provide a more specific method for the routine determination of small amounts of copper in rubber chemicals, dyes, and dyed fabrics. A dithiocarbamate type of reagent—a 0.01 per cent solution of zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate in carbon tetrachloride—will selectively extract copper from acid solutions containing relatively large amounts of most other metals. The method is accurate and reproducible to about 0.5 microgram in the range of 0.5 to 40 micrograms of copper. No precipitations or filtrations are required. The reagent is commercially available, the reagent solution and the color of the extracted copper dibenzyldithiocarbamate are stable, and the acid solution remaining after extraction may be used to determine other metals. Because copper dibenzyldithiocarbamate is selectively extracted from solutions containing relatively large amounts of many other metallic ions, the reagent may be used to determine small amounts of copper in metals and their salts.
The Effect of Elongation on the Time of Relaxation T2 of Natural Rubber
Authors: Cohen-Hadria Armand , Gabillard Robert 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
An experimental study, first, of the relaxation time T2 of natural rubber as a function of temperature and, in turn, of the influence of elongation on these changes of T2 has proved that, within the temperature range of −15° and 5° C, the gradient ΔT2/Δθ of the T2=ƒ(θ) curve decreases in proportion to the elongation.
Investigation of Fractionated Polybutadienes by a Dynamic-Optical Method
Authors: Tzvetkov V. N. , Petrova A. I. , Poddubny I. Y. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Data obtained by a study of the dynamic-optical double refraction of solutions of various fractions of polybutadienes which had been prepared at various polymerization temperatures are presented. The relation between double refraction and the rate gradient generally has the form of a curve. However, the halos and the sign of the curvature vary for the same sample in different solvents, as well as for samples polymerized at different temperatures in the same solvent, and the time of deformation relaxation of the macromolecules of polymer in solution is measured by the curvature of these curves. On the basis of these data, conclusions are drawn regarding the shape of the macromolecules in various solvents and the influence of the temperature of polymerization on the configuration of the molecules.
Chromatography of Rubber Accelerators and Antioxidants on Silica Gel
Authors: Parker C. A. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The Chromatographic separation on alumina columns of certain components from the acetone extracts of vulcanized rubbers has been reported by Bellamy and coworkers and by Mann. As an adsorbent for such materials, alumina suffers from certain disadvantages, in particular, its tendency to favor chemical change in labile adsorbates. The successful use of silica gel/Celite for the chromatographic separation of a variety of ingredients from propellants and high explosives' suggested that this adsorbent might prove equally useful for the separation of the ingredients of vulcanized rubbers, and this has, in fact, been borne out by recent work in this laboratory. The procedure adopted for the qualitative examination of a rubber extract is as follows. A number of separate portions of the extract (each equivalent to 0.2–0.4 gram of the rubber) are chromatographed on columns of 1 cm. diameter, using a series of different binary solvent mixtures as developers. When the extruded columns have been streaked with appropriate reagents, the positions of the zones, together with the colors of the streaks, give a reasonably unambiguous identification, which can be further confirmed by ultraviolet absorption measurements.