bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid adaptive divergence between ecotypes of an aquatic isopod inferred from FST–QST analysis
Authors: EROUKHMANOFF FABRICE , HARGEBY ANDERS , SVENSSON ERIK I. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractDivergent natural selection is often thought to be the principal factor driving phenotypic differentiation between populations. We studied two ecotypes of the aquatic isopod Asellus aquaticus which have diverged in parallel in several Swedish lakes. In these lakes, isopods from reed belts along the shores colonized new stonewort stands in the centre of the lakes and rapid phenotypic changes in size and pigmentation followed after colonization. We investigated if selection was likely to be responsible for these observed phenotypic changes using indirect inferences of selection (FST–QST analysis). Average QST for seven quantitative traits were higher than the average FST between ecotypes for putatively neutral markers (AFLPs). This suggests that divergent natural selection has played an important role during this rapid diversification. In contrast, the average QST between the different reed ecotype populations was not significantly different from the mean FST. Genetic drift could therefore not be excluded as an explanation for the minor differences between allopatric populations inhabiting the same source habitat. We complemented this traditional FST–QST approach by comparing the FST distributions across all loci (n = 67–71) with the QST for each of the seven traits. This analysis revealed that pigmentation traits had diverged to a greater extent and at higher evolutionary rates than size‐related morphological traits. In conclusion, this extended and detailed type of FST–QST analysis provides a powerful method to infer adaptive phenotypic divergence between populations. However, indirect inferences about the operation of divergent selection should be analyzed on a per‐trait basis and complemented with detailed ecological information.
Phelipanche aegyptiaca management in tomato
Authors: HERSHENHORN J , EIZENBERG H , DOR E , KAPULNIK Y , GOLDWASSER Y 
Published: October 2009

Summary Phelipanche and Orobanche species (broomrapes) are root holoparasitic plants that cause severe damage to economically important crops. Phelipanche and Orobanche spp. are widespread in Mediterranean areas, in Asia and in Southern and Eastern Europe, attacking dicotyledonous crops and depending entirely on their hosts for all nutritional requirements. Phelipanche aegyptiaca, Phelipanche ramosa and Orobanche cernua are extremely troublesome weeds on tomatoes. These noxious parasites exert their greatest damage prior to their shoot emergence and flowering; therefore, the majority of field loss may occur before diagnosis of infection. This review summarises the four main control measures for the weedy root parasites Phelipanche and Orobanche in tomato, namely chemical and biological control, resistant varieties and sanitation. Some of these methods are commercially widely used by farmers in Israel (chemical control), some are in the final stages of development towards commercialisation (resistant varieties and sanitation), and some still require further development and improvement before commercial implementation (biological control). The review presents an up‐to‐date summary of the available knowledge on their use for broomrape management in processing tomatoes.
Revisiting strategies for reducing the seedbank of Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.
Authors: RUBIALES D , FERNÁNDEZ‐APARICIO M , WEGMANN K , JOEL D M 
Published: October 2009

SummaryWeedy Orobanche and Phelipanche species are important in Southern and Eastern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa, and have recently been reported in the USA, Australia and some countries in South America. Rather than being controlled, the Orobanche and Phelipanche problem is increasing, both in intensity and in acreage. Large areas of new territory are at risk of invasion, if care is not immediately taken to limit the introduction of parasitic seeds and to educate farmers and others to be alert for new infestations. There is an urgent need to re‐evaluate novel integrated Orobanche and Phelipanche management programmes that will allow a better control of the parasite species and limit their distribution. The main obstacle in the long‐term management of Orobanche and Phelipanche infested fields is the durable seedbank, which may remain viable for decades in the field. Large quantities of long‐lived seeds give the parasite genetic adaptability to changes in host resistance and cultural practices. As long as the seedbank is not controlled, the need to control the parasite will persist whenever a susceptible host is grown in the infested field. We discuss strategies for seedbank reduction, paying particular attention to cultural practices, whereas chemical and biological control methods are covered by other reviews in this issue.
Web‐based image transmission: a novel approach to aid communication in split liver transplantation
Authors: Bhati Chandra S. , Wigmore Stephen J. , Reddy Sriniwas , Mayer David A. , Buckels John A.C. , Derek Manas , Mirza Darius F. 
Published: October 2009

Bhati CS, Wigmore SJ, Reddy S, Mayer DA, Buckels JAC, Derek M, Mirza DF. Web‐based image transmission: a novel approach to aid communication in split liver transplantation. Clin Transplant 2010: 24: 98–103. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  Background:  Split liver transplantation (SLT) is technically demanding and requires good communication between transplant centers. The recipient surgeon receiving a shipped split liver needs detailed information on allocation of inflow and outflow vessels. We describe the first use of an image transmission system to facilitate SLT.Methods:  Twenty cadaver livers undergoing ex situ splitting were studied. Fifteen were shared between the geographically separate Birmingham adult and pediatric centers and five were shared with other UK centers.Results:  A total of six to eight images of each split graft were taken with a camera at standardized settings using the National Organ Retrieval Imaging System (NORIS), showing details of appearance, size, and anatomy of allocated inflow and outflow vessels. These were uploaded using a personal digital assistant to a secure website (http://www.noris.org.uk). The remote recipient surgeon then viewed these images by logging onto the password‐protected website. Minimum time interval between division of the hilar vessels and completion of the split procedure was two h, allowing remote surgeon to view their allocated “shipped” graft in advance of commencing surgery.Conclusion:  This advanced yet simple image transmission system has the potential for routine application in transplant surgery, not only for splitting but also for reporting injuries and graft steatosis.
Infusions of albumin increase free fraction of naproxen in healthy volunteers: a randomized crossover study
Authors: REINE P. A. , KONGSGAARD U. E. , ANDERSEN A. , THØGERSEN A.‐K. , OLSEN H. 
Published: October 2009

Background:In vitroandin vivostudies have indicated that stabilizers present in pharmaceutical‐grade albumin influence the albumin‐binding capacity for highly protein‐bound drugs. However, the half‐life of the stabilizers and the quantitative effect have been difficult to determine.Method:A randomized crossover study including six healthy volunteers was performed. The study subjects received 750 mg of oral naproxen 2 h before the study. They were randomized to receive either 100 ml of 20% albumin or 100 ml of Ringer's acetate solution intravenously. Frequent blood samples were obtained. The experiment was repeated 4 weeks later with the alternate solution. The serum samples were analysed to determine the concentrations of albumin,N‐acetyl‐dl‐tryptophan, caprylate, and naproxen.Results:The free fraction of naproxen increased significantly after the infusion of albumin (P<0.05). The increase was concurrent with the appearance ofN‐acetyl‐dl‐tryptophan and caprylate in serum. The free fraction of naproxen declined rapidly after the albumin infusion was completed.N‐acetyl‐dl‐tryptophan had a half‐life of approximately 30 min. The half‐life of caprylate was <15 min.Conclusion:A transfusion of albumin results in an increase in the free fraction of naproxen. The transient increase in free‐fraction naproxen decreased together with the detectable levels of the stabilizersN‐acetyl‐dl‐tryptophan and caprylate.N‐acetyl‐dl‐tryptophan and caprylate have a short half‐life in serum.
Infusion of hypertonic saline/starch during cardiopulmonary bypass reduces fluid overload and may impact cardiac function
Authors: KVALHEIM V. L. , FARSTAD M. , STEIEN E. , MONGSTAD A. , BORGE B. A. , KVITTING P. M. , HUSBY P. 
Published: October 2009

Objective: Peri‐operative fluid accumulation resulting in myocardial and pulmonary tissue edema is one possible mechanism behind post‐operative cardiopulmonary dysfunction. This study aimed to confirm an improvement of cardiopulmonary function by reducing fluid loading during an open‐heart surgery.Materials and methods: Forty‐nine elective CABG patients were randomized to an intraoperative infusion of hypertonic saline/hydroxyethyl starch (HSH group) or Ringer's solution (CT group). Both groups received 1 ml/kg/h of the study solution for 4 h after baseline values were obtained (PICCO® transpulmonary thermodilution technique). Net fluid balance (NFB), hemodynamic and laboratory parameters were measured.Results: NFB was four times higher in the CT group compared with the HSH group during the first 6 h post‐operatively. The total fluid gain until the next morning was lower in the HSH group, 2993.9 (938.6) ml, compared with the CT group, 4298.7 (1059.3) ml (P<0.001). Normalized values (i.e., %‐changes from the baseline) of the cardiac index and the global end diastolic volume index increased post‐operatively in both groups. Both parameters were significantly higher at 6 h in the HSH group compared with CT group (P=0.002 and 0.005, respectively). Normalized values of the intrathoracic blood volume index were lower in the HSH group at 6 h post‐operatively when compared with the CT group. The PaO2/FiO2 ratio decreased similarly in both groups early post‐operatively, but recovery tended to be more rapid in the HSH group. Although serum‐sodium and serum‐chloride levels were significantly higher in the HSH group, the acid–base parameters remained similar and within the normal range.Conclusions: An intraoperative infusion of HSH during cardiac surgery contributes to reduced fluid loading and an improvement in the post‐operative cardiac performance. No adverse effects of the HSH infusion were observed.
Selection on life‐history traits and genetic population divergence in rotifers
Authors: CAMPILLO S. , GARCÍA‐ROGER E. M. , CARMONA M. J. , GÓMEZ A. , SERRA M. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA combination of founder effects and local adaptation – the Monopolization hypothesis – has been proposed to reconcile the strong population differentiation of zooplankton dwelling in ponds and lakes and their high dispersal abilities. The role genetic drift plays in genetic differentiation of zooplankton is well documented, but the impact of natural selection has received less attention. Here, we compare differentiation in neutral genetic markers (FST) and in quantitative traits (QST) in six natural populations of the rotiferBrachionus plicatilisto assess the importance of natural selection in explaining genetic differentiation of life‐history traits. Five life‐history traits were measured in four temperature × salinity combinations in common‐garden experiments. Population differentiation for neutral genetic markers – 11 microsatellite loci – was very high (FST = 0.482). Differentiation in life‐history traits was higher in traits related to sexual reproduction than in those related to asexual reproduction.QSTvalues for diapausing egg production (a trait related to sexual reproduction) were higher than their correspondingFSTin some pairs of populations. Our results indicate the importance of divergent natural selection in these populations and suggest local adaptation to the unpredictability ofB. plicatilishabitats.
Effect of human peripheral monocyte subsets on coronary flow reserve in infarct‐related artery in patients with primary anterior acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Ikejima Hideyuki , Imanishi Toshio , Tsujioka Hiroto , Kuroi Akio , Tanimoto Takashi , Kitabata Hironori , Hirata Kumiko , Akasaka Takashi 
Published: October 2009

Summary1. In the present study, we investigated the relationships between relative levels of specific peripheral monocyte subsets and coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) during the subacute phase in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).2. The study was performed on 29 patients with primary anterior AMI who had been successfully treated using primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Two monocyte subsets (CD14+CD16− and CD14+CD16+) were measured by flow cytometry. Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography was used to measure CFVR on Days 4 and 7 after the onset of AMI onset. We defined ΔCFVR as the difference in CFVR values between Days 4 and 7. The extent of myocardial salvage on Day 7 after AMI was evaluated by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging as the difference between the area of myocardium at risk and the area of necrotic myocardium.3. There was a significant negative correlation between ΔCFVR and peak CD14+CD16− monocyte counts in AMI patients, whereas no significant association was found between CD14+CD16+ monocyte counts and ΔCFVR. There was a significant positive correlation between ΔCFVR and the extent of myocardial salvage.4. In conclusion, peak levels of CD14+CD16− monocytes following primary anterior AMI were closely related to the extent of microvascular injury.
A canine portal hypertension model induced by intra‐portal administration of Sephadex microsphere
Authors: Jin Wangxun , Deng Liming , Zhang Qiyu , Lin Dexin , Zhu Jiying , Chen Yunzhi , Chen Bicheng , Li Jianmin 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Big animal models of portal hypertension are important for the research into this disease. The aim of this study was to establish a canine portal hypertension model by intra‐portal administration of microspheres.Methods:  Sixteen mongrel dogs were assigned to control group and experimental group randomly. The catheterization of portal vein was performed by laparotomy and the outer end of the catheter was fixed subcutaneously in the abdominal wall. The dogs of the experimental group were given intra‐portal injections of microspheres at a five‐day interval, six times in total. Portal hemodynamics, blood cell counting, liver and renal function test, portography, gastroscopy, liver, spleen and lung histological examination were taken to evaluate the model.Results:  1, 2, 3 and 4 months after initial injection of microspheres, portal venous pressure rose from baseline 8.7 ± 0.7 mmHg to 24.3 ± 1.6, 20.6 ± 2.1, 19.0 ± 1.8 and 17.7 ± 2.0 mmHg, respectively (P < 0.01). The diameter of portal vein increased from 7.6 ± 0.3 to 8.6 ± 0.3 mm, calculated portal resistance increased from 0.46 ± 0.06 to 1.06 ± 0.20 (mmHg/mL/min/kg body weight); velocity of portal blood flow decreased from 35.1 ± 1.7 to 26.1 ± 2.4 cm/s (P < 0.01, respectively). The animals of experimental group developed marked splenomegaly and profuse portosystemic collateral circulations with normal liver and renal function.Conclusion:  Repeated intra‐portal administration of microspheres can induce stable and reproducible chronic portal hypertension in dogs with normal liver and renal functions. This model can meet multiple demands of both basic and clinical research of portal hypertension.
Centralization of rectal cancer surgery improves long‐term survival
Authors: Hosseinali Khani M. , Smedh K. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAim  In 1996, rectal cancer surgery in the Swedish county of Västmanland was centralized to a single colorectal unit. At the same time, total mesorectal excision and multidisciplinary team meetings were introduced. The aim of this audit was to determine the long‐term results before and after centralization.Method  All consecutive rectal cancer patients who underwent curative or palliative surgery at one of the county’s four hospitals between 1993 and 1996 (n = 133, group 1) were compared with patients operated at the new centralized colorectal unit between 1996 and 1999 (n = 144, group 2).Results  Preoperative radiotherapy was common in both groups, but in group 2, it was planned using MRI. Local recurrences were detected in 8% of all patients operated in group 1 vs 3.5% in group 2 (P = 0.043). The overall 5‐year survival for all patients in group 1 was 38 vs 62% in group 2 (P = 0.003). According to multivariate analysis, the new colorectal unit was an independent predictor for improved long‐term survival.Conclusion  This population‐based audit shows reduced local recurrence rate and prolonged overall survival for rectal cancer patients after centralization to a single colorectal unit with multidisciplinary management and increased subspecialization.
The role of competition in word learning via referent selection
Authors: Horst Jessica S. , Scott Emilly J. , Pollard Jessica A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPrevious research suggests that competition among the objects present during referent selection influences young children’s ability to learn words in fast mapping tasks. The present study systematically explored this issue with 30‐month‐old children. Children first received referent selection trials with a target object and either two, three or four competitor objects. Then, after a short delay, children were tested on their ability to retain the newly fast‐mapped names. Overall, the number of competitors did not affect children’s ability to form the initial name–object mappings. However, only children who encountered few competitors during referent selection demonstrated significant levels of retention. Results and implications are discussed in terms of the role of competition in studies of children’s fast mapping. The relationship between referent selection and full word learning is also discussed.
THE WEB‐SPINNING PROCESS AND WEB‐STRUCTURE OF LATRODECTUS TREDECIMGUTTATUS, L. PALLIDUS AND L. REVIVENSIS
Authors: Szlep R. 
Published: October 2009

The web structure and the web spinning process of Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Rossi, Latrodectus pallidus Cambridge and Latrodectus revivensis Shulov have been investigated, particular attention being given to the structure of their catching webs.The webs of Latrodectus represent a further development of the web‐type of Archaeranea tepidariorum. The specific characters of the investigated webs concern the middle layer of their three‐layer webs, where more or less regular structures appear.In the middle layer of L. tredecimguttatus web paths of hexagonal meshes appear.In the web of L. pallidus and L. revivensis more or less regular radially arranged catching platforms appear, connected with the distant retreat by a long bridge‐web.The lower layer of vertical threads, with viscid droplets on their far ends is spread‐out in L. tredecimguttatus and consists of short threads as distinct from the concentrated bundle of high threads in the two other species.Since L. pallidus and L. revivensis appear usually among vegetation, their restricted catching webs seem to be adaptive adjustment to the biotope.The concentration of the catching webs brings about improvement as regards prey detection.The differences in the web structure of L. tredecimguttatus and L. revivensis indicate that their behavioural characters are more distinct than the morphological ones. The different behavioural characters support the view that L. revivensis represents a species different from L. mactans tredecimguttatus.
THE OCCURENCE OF SMALL MAMMALS IN DISCARDED BOTTLES
Authors: Morris P. A. , Harper J. F. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryIt has been found that discarded bottles often contain the remains of small mammals. The phenomenon is of widespread occurrence in the British Isles and involves at least ten species.Mammals appear to be trapped in bottles because of their differential abilities to enter and exit through the neck. Entry is probably in response to feeding or exploratory drives, exit is prevented by a number of different factors. While shrews tend to occur in all bottle sizes, rodents are found more often in those bottles with the wider necks.The practice of examining discarded bottles is indicated as an important tool in the collection of mammal distribution records.
A DESCRIPTION OF THE CORAL STRUCTURE OF TUTIA REEF (PANGANYIKA TERRITORY, EAST AFRICA), AND ITS FISH FUNA
Authors: Talbot F. H. 
Published: October 2009

The origin and structure of Tutia Reef, a coral reef off the Tanganyika coast, is described. It is concluded that the reef is formed in part from the cutting back flat of the older reef 14 ft above the level of the present reef, and in part from seaward growth of the reef.Based on lines of quadrats down three sides of the reef an assessment of the cover of living coral on the reef is made, and the distribution of the dominant corals of the reef described. It is suggested that, contrary to the views of Crossland (1902, 1903), many East African coral reefs are undergoing seaward growth.The distribution of the fishes on the reef is described, and a correlation is shown with the distribution of living coral on the reef. Many species of fishes have restricted distribution on the reef.The feeding relationships of the fishes are discussed, and the total fish biomass divided into separate feeding categories. Tutia Reef has a low biomass of herbivorous fishes compared with the results from Eniwetok Atoll obtained by Odum & Odum (1955). This is considered to be due to the fact that Tutia Reef exhibits characteristics of an outer reef, deriving much of its energy from plankton, not those of an enclosed and almost autotrophic logoon.
A NOTE ON THE MANDIBULAR INTRA‐ARTICULAR DISC IN THE JOINTS OF MARSUPIALIA AND MONOTREMATA
Authors: SPRINZ R. 
Published: October 2009

The mandibular joint in ten marsupials and monotremes is described.No dise was found in Dasyurus. In Tuchyglossus, Ornithorhynchus and Sarcophilus fine fibrous strands were observed which are assessed to be remnants of discs. Larger segments of discs were observed in both joints of Macropus. Didelphys and Metachirus presented complete discs which were attached to the joint surfaces. All other joints presented complete discs, free from the articular surfaces.In joints without discs or opposite gaps in discs, the articular, membranes were thick. Comparison is made to similar appearances in rabbits following surgical removal or damage to the disc.The significance of the variations in the morphology of the discs and articular membrances is discussed.