Optimizing the ITER NBI ion source by dedicated RF driver test stand
Authors: Mario I. , Pimazzoni A. , Sartori E. , Pouradier-Duteil B. , Sheperd A. , Denizeau S. , Casagrande R. , Agnello R. , Agostini M. , Aprile D. , Barbato P. , Baseggio L. , Battistella M. , Berton G. , Boldrin M. , Brombin M. , Candeloro V. , Carraro M. , Cinetto P. , Dal Bello S. , Delogu R. , Fadone M. , Fellin F. , Fincato M. , Franchin L. , Friso D. , Grando L. , La Rosa A. , Laterza B. , López-Bruna D. , Magagna M. , Maniero M. , Marconato N. , Pasqualotto R. , Passalacqua G. , Pavei M. , Poggi C. , Ravarotto D. , Rigoni-Garola A. , Romanato L. , Rossetto F. , Segalini B. , Sonato P. , Taliercio C. , Toigo V. , Tollin M. , Ugoletti M. , Vignando M. , Zagórski R. , Zaniol B. , Zaupa M. , Zella D. , Zerbetto E. , Zucchetti S. , Zuin E. , Serianni G. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The experimental fusion reactor ITER will feature two (or three) heating neutral beam injectors (NBI) capable of delivering 33(or 50) MW of power into the plasma. A NBI consists of a plasma source for production of negative ions (extracted negative ion current up to 329 A/m2 in H and 285 A/m2 in D) then accelerated up to 1 MeV for one hour. The negative ion beam is neutralized, and the residual ions are electrostatically removed before injection. The beamline was designed for a beam divergence between 3 and 7 mrad.
The ion source in ITER NBIs relies on RF-driven, Inductively-Coupled Plasmas (ICP), based on the prototypes developed at IPP Garching; RF-driven negative-ion beam sources have never been employed in fusion devices up to now. The recent results of SPIDER, the full size ITER NBI ion source operating at NBTF in Consorzio RFX, Padova, measure a beamlet divergence minimum of 12mrad and highlighted beam spatial non-uniformity. SPIDER results confirmed the experimental divergence found in smaller prototype sources, which is larger compared to filament-arc ion sources. Although prototype experiments have shown that the extracted current requirement can be achieved with minor design improvements, the beamlet divergence is expected to marginally achieve the design value of 7 mrad, which in multi-grid long accelerators results in unexpected heat loads over the accelerator grids. A contributor to the beam divergence is the energy/temperature of the extracted negative ions, so it is believed that plasma differences between the two source types play a role. Research is focused on the plasma parameters in the ion source.
One RF driver, identical to the ones used in SPIDER, installed in a relatively small-scale experimental set-up, inherently more flexible than large devices, is starting operations devoted to the investigation of the properties of RF-generated plasmas, so as to contribute to the assessment of negative ion precursors, and of their relationship with the plasma parameters, particularly when enhancing plasma confinement. The scientific questions, that have arisen from the preliminary results of SPIDER, guided the design of the test stand, which are described in this contribution, together with the diagnostic systems and related simulation tools. The test stand, which shares with the larger experiment all the geometrical features and constraints, will allow technological developments and optimized engineering solutions related to the ICP design for the ITER NBIs.