bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phase II, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Neoadjuvant Celecoxib in Men With Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer: Evaluation of Drug-Specific Biomarkers
Authors: Antonarakis Emmanuel S. , Heath Elisabeth I. , Walczak Janet R. , Nelson William G. , Fedor Helen , De Marzo Angelo M. , Zahurak Marianna L. , Piantadosi Steven , Dannenberg Andrew J. , Gurganus Robin T. , Baker Sharyn D. , Parnes Howard L. , DeWeese Theodore L. , Partin Alan W. , Carducci Michael A. 
Published: September 2009

Purpose Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a potential pharmacologic target for the prevention of various malignancies, including prostate cancer. We conducted a randomized, double-blind trial to examine the effect of celecoxib on drug-specific biomarkers from prostate tissue obtained at prostatectomy. Patients and Methods Patients with localized prostate cancer and Gleason sum ≥ 7, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) ≥ 15 ng/mL, clinical stage T2b or greater, or any combination with greater than 45% risk of capsular penetration were randomly assigned to celecoxib 400 mg by mouth twice daily or placebo for 4 to 6 weeks before prostatectomy. The primary end point was the difference in prostatic prostaglandin levels between the two groups. Secondary end points were differences in COX-1 and -2 expressions; oxidized DNA bases; and markers of proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis. Tissue celecoxib concentrations also were measured. Tertiary end points were drug safety and compliance. Results Seventy-three patients consented, and 64 were randomly assigned and included in the intention-to-treat analysis. There were no treatment differences in any of the primary or secondary outcomes. Multivariable regression revealed that tumor tissue had significantly lower COX-2 expression than benign prostatic tissue (P = .01) and significantly higher levels of the proliferation marker Ki-67 (P < .0001). Celecoxib was measurable in prostate tissue of patients on treatment, demonstrating that celecoxib reached its target. Celecoxib was safe and resulted in only grade 1 toxicities. Conclusion Treatment with 4 to 6 weeks of celecoxib had no effect on intermediate biomarkers of prostate carcinogenesis, despite the achievement of measurable tissue levels. We caution against using celecoxib 400 mg twice daily as a preventive agent for prostate cancer in additional studies.
Assessing Risk of Venous Thromboembolism in the Patient With Cancer
Authors: Khorana Alok A. , Connolly Gregory C. 
Published: September 2009

Purpose Patients with cancer are increasingly at risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE). Rates of VTE, however, vary markedly among patients with cancer. Design This review focuses on recent data derived from population-based, hospital-based, and outpatient cohort studies of patients with cancer that have identified multiple clinical risk factors as well as candidate laboratory biomarkers predictive of VTE. Results Clinical risk factors for cancer-associated VTE include primary tumor site, stage, initial period after diagnosis, presence and number of comorbidities, and treatment modalities including systemic chemotherapy, antiangiogenic therapy, and hospitalization. Candidate predictive biomarkers include elevated platelet or leukocyte counts, tissue factor, soluble P-selectin, and D-dimer. A recently validated risk model, incorporating some of these factors, can help differentiate patients at high or low risk for developing VTE while receiving chemotherapy. Conclusion Identifying patients with cancer who are most at risk for VTE is essential to better target thromboprophylaxis, with the eventual goal of reducing the burden as well as the consequences of VTE for patients with cancer.
Improving Cancer Outcomes Through International Collaboration in Academic Cancer Treatment Trials
Authors: Trimble Edward L. , Abrams Jeffrey S. , Meyer Ralph M. , Calvo Fabien , Cazap Eduardo , Deye James , Eisenhauer Elizabeth , Fitzgerald Thomas J. , Lacombe Denis , Parmar Max , Seibel Nita , Shankar Lalitha , Swart Ann Marie , Therasse Patrick , Vikram Bhadrasain , von Frenckell Remy , Friedlander Michael , Fujiwara Keiichi , Kaplan Richard S. , Meunier Francoise 
Published: September 2009

Purpose The need for international collaboration in cancer clinical trials has grown stronger as we have made progress both in cancer treatment and screening. We sought to identify those efforts already underway which facilitate such collaboration, as well as barriers to greater collaboration. Methods We reviewed the collective experiences of many cooperative groups, governmental organizations, nongovernmental organizations, and academic investigators in their work to build international collaboration in cancer clinical trials across multiple disease sites. Results More than a decade of work has led to effective global harmonization for many of the elements critical to cancer clinical trials. Many barriers remain, but effective international collaboration in academic cancer treatment trials should become the norm, rather than the exception. Conclusion Our ability to strengthen international collaborations will result in maximization of our resources and patients, permitting us to change practice by establishing more effective therapeutic strategies. Regulatory, logistical, and financial hurdles, however, often hamper the conduct of joint trials. We must work together as a global community to overcome these barriers so that we may continue to improve cancer treatment for patients around the world.
Short-Term Thalidomide Incorporated Into Double Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation Improves Outcomes in Comparison With Double Autotransplantation for Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Cavo Michele , Di Raimondo Francesco , Zamagni Elena , Patriarca Francesca , Tacchetti Paola , Casulli Antonio Francesco , Volpe Silvestro , Perrone Giulia , Ledda Antonio , Ceccolini Michela , Califano Catello , Bigazzi Catia , Offidani Massimo , Stefani Piero , Ballerini Filippo , Fiacchini Mauro , de Vivo Antonio , Brioli Annamaria , Tosi Patrizia , Baccarani Michele 
Published: September 2009

Purpose To assess potential benefits with thalidomide incorporated into double autologous stem-cell transplantation (ASCT) for younger patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM). Patients and Methods One hundred thirty-five patients who received thalidomide from induction until the second ASCT were retrospectively analyzed in comparison with an equal number of pair mates treated with double ASCT not including thalidomide. Results On an intention-to-treat basis, the addition of thalidomide to double ASCT effected a significant improvement in the rate (68% v 49%; P = .001) and duration (62% v 33% at 4 years; P < .001) of at least very good partial response (VGPR), time to progression (TTP; 61% v 41% at 4 years; P < .001) and progression-free survival (PFS; 51% v 31% at 4 years; P = .001). A trend was also noted for extended overall survival (OS) among thalidomide-treated patients (69% at 5 years v 53% for the control group), although the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (P = .07). Benefits with thalidomide in increasing the rate of VGPR or better response, TTP, and PFS were confirmed in a multivariate analysis. Median OS after relapse was 24 months for patients receiving thalidomide added to double ASCT and 25 months for the control group. Overall, 17% of patients discontinued thalidomide, including 8% because of drug-related adverse events. Conclusion In comparison with double ASCT, the addition of first-line thalidomide to double ASCT improved clinical outcomes. Short-term thalidomide was generally well tolerated and had no adverse impact on postrelapse survival.
Ten Years After Mutation Testing for Lynch Syndrome: Cancer Incidence and Outcome in Mutation-Positive and Mutation-Negative Family Members
Authors: Järvinen Heikki J. , Renkonen-Sinisalo Laura , Aktán-Collán Katja , Peltomäki Päivi , Aaltonen Lauri A. , Mecklin Jukka-Pekka 
Published: September 2009

Purpose Colonoscopies with polypectomies and endometrial biopsies with transvaginal ultrasonography, repeated at 2- to 3-year intervals, are performed for prevention or early detection of cancer in patients with DNA mismatch repair gene mutation causing Lynch syndrome. The long-term effectiveness of surveillance was evaluated in Lynch syndrome family members tested approximately 10 years ago. Materials and Methods Cancer incidence and survival were determined after an 11.5-year follow-up in 242 mutation-positive and 367 mutation-negative participants. These participants in 57 Lynch syndrome families with 14 different mutations were at 50% risk. The median age was 36 years (range, 18 to 72 years) in mutation carriers and 42 years (range, 18 to 72 years) in mutation-negative participants, and none had had cancer of the Lynch syndrome type. Results Compliance was 95.9% for the colonic surveillance and 97.1% for the gynecologic surveillance. Colorectal cancer (CRC) occurred in 30 mutation-positive participants, and 74 participants had adenomas removed. Three patients died of CRC. Endometrial cancer (EC) occurred in 19 of 103 women at risk, and 48 women had prophylactic hysterectomy. Six of 112 women at risk had ovarian cancer. The overall cancer risk ratio (RR) in mutation carriers was 5.80 (95% CI, 3.4 to 9.5). Cancer mortality rate (RR = 2.28; 95% CI, 0.82 to 6.31) and overall death rate (RR = 1.26; 95% CI, 0.65 to 2.46) were not significantly increased. Conclusion Long-term compliance in surveillance for CRC and EC exceeded 95% in Lynch syndrome. All CRC deaths were not prevented as a result of noncompliance or missed lesions. Still, after 10 years of surveillance, no significant increase in mortality had occurred compared with mutation-negative relatives.
Reexamination of Thornton's Innovative Monetary Analysis: The Bullion Debate during the Restriction Once Again
Authors: Arnon Arie 
Published: September 2009

The Restriction period that began in England in 1797 marked a crucial turning point for monetary theory and policy. The debates during the Restriction concerning the relationship between inflation, the exchanges and monetary aggregates came to be known as the “Bullion Debate.” The Bullionists were critical of the Bank of England and supported a return to convertibility, whereas the anti-Bullionists defended both the Bank and inconvertibility.This paper re-evaluates Henry Thornton's seminal contribution to monetary theory and argues that Thornton's pathbreaking Paper Credit (1802) presents an innovative and consistent anti-Bullionist position. His views differ from those of the Bank of England and other anti-Bullionists; unlike them, he rejected the Real Bills Doctrine and Smith's monetary thinking in general as it applied to both convertible and inconvertible monetary arrangements. Thornton stressed the discretionary role the Bank played in managing the monetary system under both currency regimes.After 1802 and particularly as a member of the famous Bullion Committee, Thornton played an important role on the side of the Bullionists; later scholars therefore describe him as a “moderate Bullionist.” However, his reserved support for convertibility during this period reflects his disappointment with the Bank directors whose fundamental misunderstanding of the monetary system threatened the stability of the British economy. For this reason, the shift in Thornton's position is better understood as a pragmatic political response to an untenable situation resulting from the directors' mismanagement, not as a reversal of his monetary theory.
Nano-silica PAMAM Dendrimer as a Novel Catalyst for Knoevenagel Reactions
Authors: Hagiwara Hisahiro , Sekifuji Masayoshi , Tsubokawa Norio , Hoshi Takashi , Suzuki Toshio 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
A nano-silica dendrimer, poly(amidoamine)-grafted nano-silica (nano-PAMAM), catalyzed the Knoevenagel reaction of aryl and aliphatic aldehydes with various active methylene compounds at room temperature in good yields. The reaction conditions were mild enough that base-sensitive AcO or acid-sensitive THPO groups remained intact in the products. The catalyst was recycled up to 4 times in 78% average yield.
Spectroscopic and Excited-state Properties of Triarylboranes and Their Transition-metal Complexes
Authors: Kitamura Noboru , Sakuda Eri , Ando Yuki 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Triarylboranes show unique spectroscopic and photophysical properties owing to charge transfer (CT) from the π orbital of the aryl group (π(aryl)) to the vacant p orbital on the boron atom (p(B)): π(aryl)–p(B) CT. In the case of a transition-metal complex, the metal-to-ligand CT excited state is influenced largely by the presence of a π(aryl)–p(B) CT unit in the ligand. Characteristic properties of triarylboranes and transition-metal complexes having a π(aryl)–p(B) CT unit are reported.
Photo- and Electrochromic Switching of Diarylethene–Gold Nanoparticle Network on Interdigitated Electrodes
Authors: Yamaguchi Hidehiro , Matsuda Kenji 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Conductance switching of a diarylethene–gold nanoparticles network was demonstrated by cyclization reaction induced with chemical oxidation and cycloreversion reaction with photoirradiation. The electrochromic reaction enables the cyclization reaction of the diarylethene whose photocyclization is strongly quenched by gold nanoparticles.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Carbon Microspheres from Glucose: Tuning Sphere Size by Adding Oxalic Acid
Authors: Liu Jie , Tian Peng , Ye Junwei , Zhou Li , Gong Weitao , Lin Yuan , Ning Guiling 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Carbon spheres were successfully prepared via hydrothermal treatment of glucose, and spherical size (0.5–8 μm) could be tuned by adding different amount of oxalic acid. The surface of obtained carbon spheres contains hydrophilic functionalities including –OH, –C=O, and COOH groups, which were not destroyed by oxalic acid. This study provided a facile, simple route for producing size-tunable carbon microspheres with functional groups.
The chemistry of light: The life and work of Theobald Adrian Palm (1848–1928)
Authors: Ekpe Jadesola 
Published: September 2009

Summary The chemistry of light examines the work of Dr Theobald Palm. After his graduation from Edinburgh University, Palm joined the Edinburgh medical mission and was sent to Niigata in Japan where he remained for 10 years. During this time he noted the absence of rickets (a disease rife in Britain) in Japanese children and instituted a survey from which he deduced that sunlight deficiency was implicated in the aetiology of rickets. Unfortunately, he was largely ignored by the medical world. This paper seeks to contextualize his work. By placing Palm's study within a historical and social framework, its reception can be explained more easily.
Thomas Henry Osler (1875–1936): A descendant of Sir William Osler's great-uncle and the founder of a South African medical dynasty
Authors: Myers Edward D 
Published: September 2009

Summary Sir William Osler's great-uncle Benjamin emigrated from England to South Africa with his wife and children in 1820. From Benjamin's son, Stephen, descended a large family of Oslers including at least seven doctors and dentists. This paper describes the lives and careers of Thomas Henry, and his medical and dental descendants.
Tuberculosis in the Ottoman harem in the 19th century
Authors: Baris Y Izzetin , Hillerdal Gunnar 
Published: September 2009

Summary At least four of the sultans who ruled during the 19th century suffered from tuberculosis (TB), and probably many of the women and children in the harem too. Life there was crowded with low standards of hygiene, resulting in high mortality, especially among children. Infectious diseases were the main killers and TB was one of the many factors behind the decline and fall of the empire.
Edgar Haydon (1859–1942): General practitioner and radium pioneer
Authors: Guy Jean M 
Published: September 2009

Summary Edgar Haydon was a general practitioner in Newton Abbot, Devon, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He introduced radium therapy to the cottage hospital in this small market town in 1914 at a time when many cities lacked this facility. He raised funds for the building of a cancer wing and an extension to the hospital that were completed in 1927. This paper describes his fund-raising efforts, some of his cases and the way in which radium treatment influenced the number of cancers treated in the hospital. The hospital's records are fragmentary and leave many questions unanswered about the practicalities of radium treatment in those early years.
Medical student Bertolt Brecht (1898–1956)
Authors: Skrziepietz Andreas 
Published: September 2009

Summary Bertolt Brecht was one of the most important dramatists of the 20th century. At the start of his career he studied literature but switched from the humanities to medicine. This paper discusses reasons for this switch, the influence of his medical experiences on his poetic work and why he eventually abandoned his medical career. His political development towards Marxism is described and a short sketch of his theory of theatre is given. He is considered the most important German-speaking dramatist of the 20th century.
Jonathan Osborne (1794–1864) MD FRCPI: A crypto-neurologist
Authors: Breathnach Caoimhghín S 
Published: September 2009

Summary Jonathan Osborne was born in Dublin and educated in Trinity College Dublin, where he became Professor of Materia Medica. As physician to Sir Patrick Dun's and Mercer Hospitals he reported extensively on those patients who came under his care. In his native city he is remembered for the instruments he devised, for his studies on dropsies (particularly albuminuric nephritis), and for his therapeutic approach to epilepsy and neuralgia. It is his thorough analysis of a patient with conduction aphasia in 1833, however, which has stood the test of time.
George Guthrie's clinical trial at the Napoleonic War Battle of Toulouse in 1814
Authors: Malhan Neeraj K , Greenslade Tessa , Mitchell Piers D 
Published: September 2009

Summary George James Guthrie (1785–1856) was a British military surgeon who came to prominence during the Napoleonic Wars (1803–15). He wrote several books on military surgery and was President of the Royal College of Surgeons of England three times. However, his most innovative and important achievement has largely gone unrecognised by modern historians. In 1814, at the battle of Toulouse in the Peninsular Campaign, he performed a landmark early trial of the treatment of musket wounds to the thigh. Here we not only discuss this clinical trial and place it in its social context, but also present the pathological skeletal specimens of two wounded British soldiers who took part in it.
Double-blind placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of pro-juven progesterone cream on atherosclerosis and bone density
Authors: Benster Beverly , Carey Adam , Wadsworth Fred , Griffin Maura , Nicolaides Andrew , Studd John 
Published: September 2009

Objective To establish whether treatment for three years with pro-juven progesterone cream affects progression of atherosclerotic plaques or bone density in postmenopausal women. Design Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Sample One hundred and thirty-one healthy postmenopausal women aged between 50 and 75 years with at least one asymptomatic arterial plaque visible on ultrasound of the carotid or femoral bifurcation. Methods Women were randomly allocated to receive pro-juven progesterone cream, 20 mg twice daily, or placebo, for three years. Main outcome measure Rate of change of plaque thickness, intima-media thickness and bone density of lumbar spine and femoral neck. Results There was no difference between the groups. Conclusion Pro-juven progesterone cream 20 mg twice daily did not affect progression of asymptomatic atherosclerosis or deterioration in bone density over three years.
Nocturnal transcutaneous carbon dioxide tension in postmenopausal estrogen users and non-users
Authors: Aittokallio Jenni , Hiissa Jukka , Saaresranta Tarja , Polo-Kantola Päivi , Aittokallio Tero , Polo Olli 
Published: September 2009

Objective The effect of menopause on breathing is not fully understood. We have previously shown that postmenopausal women have a higher sleep-induced increase in transcutaneously measured carbon dioxide tension (TcCO2) than premenopausal women. Therefore, we hypothesized that estrogen therapy (ET) would normalize this sleep-induced TcCO2 increase. Methods Nine postmenopausal ET users and nine non-users went through an overnight polygraphic sleep study including continuous monitoring of TcCO2. Results TcCO2 levels were higher during sleep than evening wakefulness (awake median 6.55 kPa versus sleep median 6.90 kPa, P = 0.001). ET users had a greater sleep-induced increase in TcCO2 than non-users when comparing the difference between wakefulness and slow-wave sleep (0.85 kPa versus 0.28 kPa, P = 0.004). Lower sleep efficiency was associated with higher sleep-induced increase in TcCO2. Conclusions In contrast to our initial hypothesis, postmenopausal ET users have a higher sleep-induced increase in TcCO2 than women without ET. Thus, TcCO2 may be sensitive in measuring the peripheral estrogen effect. These findings warrant placebo-controlled intervention studies to confirm the effects of ET on TcCO2 measurements.
Knowledge and compliance from patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis treatment
Authors: Palacios Santiago , Sánchez-Borrego Rafael , Neyro José Luis , Quereda Francisco , Vázquez Francisco , Pérez Maite , Pérez Montserrat 
Published: September 2009

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes and expectations of patients receiving treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis, analysing the factors related to good compliance with treatment. Methods A national, epidemiological, cross-sectional study collected information on personal medical history, family history, bone densitometry, and treatment and compliance of patients over 45 years who were receiving treatment for osteoporosis and provided their informed consent. The patients anonymously completed a questionnaire about their knowledge of osteoporosis and the Morisky and Green treatment compliance evaluation test. Results Three hundred and fifteen specialists in gynaecology participated, recruiting 1179 patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. The mean age was 59.9 years (standard deviation [SD] = 7.5). Only 22.6% of the patients showed an acceptable knowledge of osteoporosis (the criterion established was correct response to 80% of the questions). Treatment compliance was evaluated using a combination of Morisky–Green and Haynes–Sackett criteria. Of the patients 39.2% were classified as compliant, 74.6% of the patients were very or quite concerned about their condition and 53.3%; described their health status as excellent or good. However, 63.6% of the patients indicated that they needed more information about osteoporosis. The factors related to good compliance were the existence of one or no concomitant disease (odds ratio [OR] = 1.38, P = 0.025) and the type of knowledge about their disease (acceptable knowledge: OR = 1.33, P = 0.043). Conclusions Correct knowledge about osteoporosis would increase the possibility of appropriate compliance with the prescribed treatment, thus reducing the risk of osteoporotic fractures.