bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attachment—detachment, directiveness—receptiveness: A system for classifying interpersonal attitudes and behaviour
Authors: Birtchnell John 
Published: July 2011

A system of describing attitudes towards others and ways of relating to others is presented. The system is constructed around two dimensions, the one concerned with closeness vs. separateness, the other concerned with dominance vs. submissiveness. Each dimension has two extreme positions and each of these incorporates a range of attitudes and types of behaviour which are systematically described.The two extremes of the closeness‐separateness dimension are attachment and detachment. Attachment is a need for proximity and a fear of being alone. Detachment is a need to remain distant and a fear of closeness. The two extremes of the dominance‐submissiveness dimension are directiveness and receptiveness. Directiveness is an inclination for giving or doing things to others. It is characterized by a fear of being controlled or taken over. Receptiveness is an inclination to assume a recipient attitude towards others and is characterized by a fear of assuming responsibility.This system lends itself to the development of measures which place an individual on each of the two dimensions. It also provides a conceptual framework within which to frame hypotheses which will have relevance both to clinicians and to researchers. An important consideration is the effect which a person occupying a particular position within the system has upon the attitude and behaviour of others.
The impact of social support on mental and physical health
Authors: Ganster Daniel C. , Victor Bart 
Published: July 2011

Early research on life‐stress grappled with the question of whether significant lifeevents bring about changes in health status. The emphasis has now shifted to the identification of factors that explain why some people seem to be so severely affected by life's adversities and others are not. From a class of what might be called ‘vulnerability variables’ (Kessler, 1979), support from one's social network has emerged as a significant factor that can account for at least some of the vulnerability differences between groups of stressed individuals. Since Cassel's (1974) review of the evidence linking social upheavals to adverse health consequences for both humans and animals, hundreds of empirical studies have been completed that assess the direct and indirect effects of social support on mental and physical health. This literature is so voluminous as to require several books devoted to reviews of various aspects of it (e.g. Cohen & Syme, 1985; Gottlieb, 1981; and Gottlieb, 1983). In this paper we will distil these as well as highlight some of the recent empirical developments, particularly in those areas that have received less attention in prior reviews.Social support has been defined as the presence of others, or the resources provided by them, prior to, during, and following a stressful event. While there is no general agreement on a single definition, the variety has spawned a number of typologies attempting to organize the literature (e.g. Cohen & Syme, 1985; Cohen & Wills, 1985; Gottlieb, 1983; House & Kahn, 1985). Most of these typologies initially distinguish between functional and structural operationalizations of social support.
Risk factors for myocardial infarction: The importance of relaxation
Authors: Wielgosz A. T. , Wielgosz M. , Biro E. , Nicholls E. , MacWilliam L. , Haney T. 
Published: July 2011

Several risk factors for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were examined, including history of smoking and hypercholesterolemia, income, education, coronary‐prone behaviour by Structured Interview (SI) and the type and quality of stress‐reducing relaxing activities, in a case‐control study. Our sample included 100 AMI patients (80 males and 20 females, with mean ages 57.3 and 64.1 years, respectively), as well as 100 age‐ and sex‐matched controls.Univariate differences between cases and controls were significant for history of smoking, income level, SI‐defined hostility, SI‐defined suppression of hostility, amount and type of relaxing activities and history of hypercholesterolemia. Multivariable analyses demonstrated that AMI patients reported significantly lower levels of relaxation and income, but higher levels of suppressed hostility and a higher incidence of hypercholesterolemia.Our findings confirm the significance of hostility and particularly suppressed hostility as AMI risk factors; furthermore, inadequate relaxation was identified as an independent risk factor associated with AMI.
The total score of the Crown‐Crisp Experiential Index: A useful and valid measure of psychoneurotic pathology
Authors: Birtchnell John , Evans Chris , Kennard John 
Published: July 2011

The Crown‐Crisp Experiential Index (CCEI) was designed as a measure of neurotic symptomatology. The tendency has been to report upon its six separate scales and to ignore the total score. We report on the use of the CCEI in a detailed interview study of 208 40–49‐year‐old women from a local community and 40 patients of the same age range and sex from a psychiatric hospital. In this study, scores on the six scales of the CCEI were shown to be highly intercorrelated. A case is made for combining the six scale scores to form an overall score of neurotic pathology.This score was validated against a number of variables. It was shown to be significantly related to psychiatric patient status, negative self‐evaluation, level of severity of current symptoms, evidence of previous psychiatric episodes, previous psychiatric treatment and psychiatric symptoms in childhood. These validation variables were themselves intercorrelated but severity of current symptoms, self‐evaluation and childhood symptoms had significant independent effects.It is concluded that scores on the six scales of the CCEI may be less important than the total score which provides a useful and valid measure of psychoneurotic pathology and has particular application as a screening instrument in community surveys.
Mental well‐being of good sleepers in a random population sample
Authors: Hyyppä Markku T. , Kronholm Erkki , Mattlar Carl‐Erik 
Published: July 2011

It is generally assumed that a good night's sleep has a beneficial effect on mood. The present survey aimed to evaluate what a good night's sleep means for mental well‐being and psychic functional capacity. A random community sample of 670 adult subjects was divided into three groups: good, intermediate and poor sleepers according to a sleep habit questionnaire based on self‐reports. Their cognitive, emotional and personality features were assessed with various psychometric and personality tests, and differences between the groups were evaluated statistically. In the age‐ and gender‐adjusted population the average good sleeper turned out to be a person who falls asleep in 10 minutes, after which his/her 7.5 hours' sleep is serene and without parasomnias. Immediately on awakening in the morning and later during the day he/she is mentally alert without distress or emotional problems.Definite mood and personality differences between good and other sleepers in the adult population surveyed revealed that good sleepers are psychologically capable of maintaining a self‐esteem which is in functional balance with their life‐goals and mental well‐being.
The psychodynamics of the STD clinic: Secrecy, splitting and isolation
Authors: Coleman R. , Etchegoyen A. 
Published: July 2011

We introduce the idea of a professionally isolated and apparently disconnected agency. We describe how health professionals working in settings with good multi‐agency links may not recognize the effect of the isolated agency system on the presentation of problems.In particular, we describe the setting of the Sexually Transmitted Diseases clinic (STD) in which confidentiality can be turned into secrecy by the patients at the service of their denial of the seriousness of their problems. The isolation of the STD clinic as an agency resonates with the patients' isolation from their own feelings and emotional contact with people. It also isolates the professional and the therapeutic network. By way of clinical examples, we describe how this may deskill the staff and lead to dangerous situations.
The music therapy of an anorectic mentally handicapped adult
Authors: Heal Margaret , O'Hara Jean 
Published: July 2011

Where words fail, music may be a medium through which to explore one's inner world and experiences. Psychodynamic approaches have helped us to understand what it means to be handicapped (e.g. Sinason, 1992). The subtleties of diagnosing anorexia nervosa have recently been recognized in this group (e.g. Cottrell & Crisp, 1984). Music therapy has been used with clients of normal intelligence who have eating disorders (Nolan, 1989; Sloboda, 1993; Smeijsters & van den Hurk 1993). This article illustrates the music therapy of a woman with Down's syndrome (IQ = 50) and anorexia nervosa. It describes her management and progress in music therapy in relation to her external world and anorectic behaviours.Music has charms to soothe a savage breastThe Mourning Bride, I.1 William Congreve (1670–1729)
Women who stab: A personal construct analysis of sexual victimization and offending behaviour
Authors: Pollock Philip H. , Kear‐Colwell John J. 
Published: July 2011

The personalities and perceptions of two women with a history of very significant sexual abuse who had committed serious violent offences against ‘boy friends’ are investigated using role construct repertory grid (Kelly) and hypotheses developed for treatment, in particular to prevent any reoffending. The most significant dimension that emerged was in general terms that of ‘abuser‐victim’. It was clear that there was significant confusion about their self‐perceptions with regard to these roles. They perceived themselves as abusers despite their histories of victimization. There was a high level of guilt associated with the victim role in each woman and in previous therapy simply dealing with their victim role gave rise to very disturbed self‐destructive behaviour and even more guilt.The grid results enabled the abuser self‐perception to be identified and treatment programmes to be developed using Ryle's cognitive‐analytic therapy. Following treatment further grids and clinical evidence suggested that there were significant changes in self‐perception and in behaviour. The findings were discussed and the need for further investigations suggested.
Erotic transference and a threatened sense of self
Authors: Kotze Beth , Meares Russell 
Published: July 2011

In this study of erotic transference the phenomenon is defined in the manner of Freud (1915) and Blum (1973). It involves a circumscribed behaviour which consists of an erotic preoccupation with the therapist which often has the quality of an obsession. It is prolonged, usually for months or years, is relatively immutable, and can be seen as a milder variant of de Clerembault's syndrome.It is suggested that the psychic purpose of the preoccupation is to maintain a threatened sense of self. The erotic content of the preoccupation is likely to be a consequence of the sexualization of the early relationship with caregivers, which was impingeing and disruptive of self‐development. In an illustrative case, the disturbance of this development was considered to include an impediment to the development of the transitional field, the mother herself replacing the transitional object.
A process view of the self
Authors: DeWaele Martin 
Published: July 2011

This paper further develops the concept of the self as experiential being, and its relevance for an understanding of psychopathology. It is proposed that the self, or ‘I’, processes and regulates its experiences by means of three modalities that are dynamically interrelated throughout life: exchanges/boundaries, internal mirroring/affective awareness, and the representational space. It is further proposed that pathology develops when these processes of self‐regulation go wrong. As a result, different psychopathological positions are identified which, in the case of severe disorders, require a distinctive initial approach to therapy.There is also the unique degree to which humans evolve an ‘inner space’ in which to create representations of themselves interacting with other figures and with things in their world. Also, these creations can be close to reality in form or completely changed to fit fantasy wishes.John D. Sutherland (1993, p.24)
The role of unrecognized ambivalence: The mirroring of family conflicts within the professional and legal network
Authors: Etchegoyen Alicia , Adams Melissa 
Published: July 2011

This paper raises some questions about the deleterious effects of unrecognized (unconscious) ambivalence running through child care systems, the Children Act and the adversarial legal system. It is postulated that unrecognized ambivalence may become one of the powerful unconscious dynamics contributing to the mirroring of the family conflicts within the professional network. A detailed clinical example, in which we acted as expert witnesses within a child psychiatry hospital team, is used to illustrate how the denial of ambivalence in a highly complex case, that of a large family involved in care proceedings, led to a state of polarization between the family and a team of professionals which was replicated and amplified within the wider welfare and legal system. It is our view that a state of polarization is likely to produce ‘all or nothing decisions’ which may not be in the best interest of both children and parents.It is argued that the adversarial nature of the legal process and some underlying assumptions in the Children Act, may contribute to ambivalence being unrecognized. Then it is suggested that ambivalence is inevitable both for professionals and families, particularly in highly complex cases, but with its recognition, a resolution may take place. The conclusions contain some suggestions to promote this process.
Psychoanalytic psychotherapy with men with intellectual disabilities: A preliminary outcome study
Authors: Beail Nigel 
Published: July 2011

Psychotherapy has been demonstrated to be an effective form of treatment for people with psychological problems. However, there is considerable resistance to attempts to generalize these findings to people with intellectual disabilities. Such therapeutic disdain has a long history without any empirical foundation. Recently it has been argued on philosophical grounds that people with intellectual disabilities should have access to the same services as everyone else. Furthermore, that people with intellectual disabilities should be actively targeted as they are more likely to have psychological difficulties than non‐handicapped people.The therapeutic literature concerning people with intellectual disabilities is overwhelmingly behavioural. More recently various psychotherapeutic approaches have been explored as alternatives to behavioural interventions. Publication of several case studies in the late 1980s and early 1990s has provided some evidence for the benefit of various psychotherapeutic approaches with people with intellectual disabilities. However, there are no outcome studies.This paper reports an outcome study of individual psychoanalytic psychotherapy provided in normal clinical practice for 25 men with intellectual disabilities who were referred for behaviour problems. Of the 25 participants in the study, 20 completed treatment. In most cases the problem behaviour was eliminated and this was maintained at six months follow‐up.
Guilt proneness and expressed emotion in relatives of patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses
Authors: Bentsen Håvard , Notland Tor Helge , Munkvold Ole‐Georg , Boye Birgitte , Ulstein Ingun , Bjørge Heidi , Uren Gunvor , Lersbryggen Annette B. , Oskarsson Kirsti H. , Berg‐Larsen Rolf , Lingjærde Odd , Malt Ulrik Fredrik 
Published: July 2011

Objective. Knowledge of what predicts relatives' expressed emotion (EE) may contribute to improved family work in schizophrenia. In the present study we examined guilt proneness as a determinant of EE components.Method. In a Norwegian sample of 46 recently hospitalized patients (schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder) and 69 relatives, relatives' expressed emotion was assessed by means of the Camberwell Family Interview, and guilt proneness by means of the Revised Mosher Guilt Inventory (RMGI).Results. Confirmatory multiple regression analyses showed that hostility‐guilt (RMGI) was negatively related to high levels of criticism and hostility and, for men, positively related to emotional overinvolvement. There was a strong positive relationship between relatives' guilty conscience (RMGI) and emotional overinvolvement if the patient had a diagnosis of schizophrenia.Conclusions. Our analyses indicate that relatives’ guilt proneness may be a determinant of their criticism, hostility and emotional overinvolvement towards a schizophrenic family member. This personality trait should be taken into account in family work which aims at modifying relatives’ expressed emotion.
The study of play and problem solving in preschool children: Have experimenter effects been responsible for previous results?
Authors: Simon Tony , Smith Peter K. 
Published: July 2011

Several studies have suggested that, so far as lure‐retrieval tasks are concerned, previous ‘play’ and ‘training’ experiences are roughly comparable in facilitating subsequent problem‐solving performance. In certain circumstances, ‘play’ experience has proved superior. However, Cheyne (1982) has criticized all these studies for poor or absent controls for possible experimenter bias.The present study carried out a close replication of the Smith & Dutton (1979) experiment, but incorporated manipulations of and controls for experimenter bias. Even when the experimenter giving the problem task was unaware of the previous experience of the child, and when scoring was done blindly, it was found that the effects of the ‘play’ experience were equivalent to those of a ‘training’ experience directly related to the problem to be given. This replicated previous results but excludes experimenter bias as a possible explanation. However, the second finding of the Smith & Dutton (1979) study, that ‘play’ experience was markedly superior to the ‘raining’ experience for a problem task more innovative with respect to the training, was not replicated. It is hypothesized that a combination of procedural differences and possible experimenter bias as suggested by Cheyne (1982) was responsible for this latter result.
New‐born infants' perception of similarities and differences between two‐ and three‐dimensional stimuli
Authors: Slater Alan , Morison Victoria , Rose David 
Published: July 2011

The new‐born baby' ability to detect similarities and differences between three‐dimensional stimuli and their two‐dimensional representations is investigated in three experiments, using both visual preference and habituation procedures. In Expt 1 new‐borns strongly preferred (looked more at) complex objects to their photographs. This preference was found with monocular viewing, and suggests that motion parallax is a salient cue in the detection of the differences between the two‐ and three‐dimensional stimuli.The results from Expt 2 support the view that, for the new‐born, the differences between objects and their two‐dimensional representations are more detectable or salient than their similarities. These conclusions were further supported by the results from the last experiment, using simpler stimuli, although the preference was for the two‐ rather than the three‐dimensional stimuli. The results suggest that studies which use only two‐dimensional stimuli may provide only limited information about the course of perceptual development, at least in the first few months from birth.
Logical searches of young children in hiding and finding tasks
Authors: Somerville Susan C. , Capuani‐Shumaker Annette 
Published: July 2011

Thirty‐two 3 and 32 4‐year‐olds were tested on two tasks which required them to infer the location of a concealed object. In the hiding tusk the child watched while an object was hidden and then attempted to find it; in the finding tusk the child watched while one object was found and then attempted to find a duplicate of it in the same place. Each sequence of events that the child watched ruled out two of the four locations in a linear array as possible hiding places for the object, but did not specify which of the remaining two contained it.The children did use the information conveyed by the sequences of events to decide where to search. Older children generally did better than younger children both in their first choices and in their second choices when the first, although correct, did not locate the object. However, neither age group made the correct choice of a second location consistently. This suggested that the children encountered mnemonic or logical difficulties, or both, because of the fact that two locations were equally compatible with a given sequence of events.
Gender as an influence in the development of scripted pretend play
Authors: Duveen Gerard , Lloyd Barbara 
Published: July 2011

The influence of gender was investigated in target children aged 3 to 4 years engaged in pretend play with gender stereotyped toys with a girl and with a boy partner. Grammatical development was assessed using MLU, and gender knowledge underlying language use was explored using Nelson's (1985) technique of script analysis.Both girls and boys made longer utterances when playing with a girl. MLU also varied according to whether or not children produced a script; longer MLUs were characteristic of children who produced scripts although this difference was only significant when playing with a boy.Older children produced more scripts, and during the fourth year the structure of scripts became more clearly differentiated and the roles which were defined more gender marked. At this age children recreated more female roles.
Who's going where?: Children's route descriptions for peers and younger children
Authors: Waller Glenn , Harris Paul L. 
Published: July 2011

Previous research has shown that 8‐year‐olds are quite sensitive to the needs of a listener when giving spatial directions. Particularly for younger listeners, they produce a more linear description (i.e. they include an extensive number of informative propositions, connected in an appropriate order by ‘then’ connectives). By contrast, 5‐year‐olds fail to make adjustments for a younger listener.The present experiment examined possible reasons for this insensitivity on the part of younger speakers. Children aged 5 to 8 years were asked to describe a route after they had been given one of three prompts: a general prompt which asked for clarity but gave no other clues; an age‐specific prompt in which the age of the listener was underlined; and a task‐specific prompt in which some of the characteristics of the more helpful linear route description were mentioned. The results indicated that even with the vague general prompt, 8‐year‐olds made adjustments for younger listeners. The 5‐year‐olds only adjusted their message following the task‐specific prompt, whereas both the task‐specific and the less explicit age‐specific prompt led to adjustments by the 6‐year‐olds. The implications of these results for the development of route description skills are discussed.