bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intra-ruminal particle size reduction in deer fed fresh perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) or chicory (Cichorium intybus)
Authors: Kusmartono  , Shimada A. , Stafford K. J. , Barry T. N. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYPure swards of chicory (Cichorium intybus) and perennial ryegrass{Lolium perenne)were grown at Palmerston North, New Zealand. They were cut daily and fed fresh at 2 kg dry matter (DM)/day to ten hand-reared rumen fistulated castrated red deer stags kept in metabolism crates in April and October 1994. The efficiency of particle breakdown during the time allowed for rumination (<C.PART>) to below the critical size required to leave the rumen (passage through a 1 mm sieve) and jaw activities (i.e. eating and ruminating) were measured. Total eating time and the number of eating bouts were similar for deer fed each forage, but deer fed chicory had a greater chewing rate during eating (97·4 v. 81·0 chews/min), and a higher number of chews/g DM eaten (36·2 v. 31·5). Deer fed chicory had lower total ruminating time (30 v. 257 min/22·5 h), lower number of boli ruminated (38 v. 440/22·5 h), lower number of rumination bouts (5·4 v. 16·2/22·5 h) and less chews per minute ruminating (16·5 v. 44·3) than those fed perennial ryegrass. Of the ten deer used to measure (<C.PART>), only four ruminated when fed chicory compared with nine when fed perennial ryegrass.Deer fed chicory had a higher efficiency of particle breakdown (<C.PART>; 0-64 v. 0·42), higher fractional degradation of particles > 1 mm (9·2 v. 5·1 %/h) and faster fractional disappearance of total DM from the rumen (10·2 v. 5·3 %/h). All three measurements for chicory were similar in deer that did or did not ruminate, but with perennial ryegrass, all values were considerably reduced in the deer that did not ruminate.It was concluded that chicory can be broken down faster in the rumen, with less rumination being required than for perennial ryegrass, and that some deer (60%) could break down swallowed chicory to below the critical particle size without ruminating at all. The faster clearance of DM from the rumen explains the high voluntary feed intake (VFI) of deer grazing chicory. Future research needs to be done to partition rumen fractional disappearance rate into its components, rumen fractional degradation rate and rumen fractional outflow rate in deer fed chicory and perennial ryegrass.
Effect of thiourea on tuber yield of potatoes and uptake of phosphorus by tubers in the absence and presence of fertilizer phosphorus
Authors: Sud K. C. , Trehan S. P. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYField experiments were conducted at Fagu and Shimla in India in 1983 and 1984 to study the effect of thiourea (0 and 5 kg/ha) on tuber yield of potatoes and uptake of P with different rates of fertilizer P (0, 22, 33, 44 and 66 kg/ha). Application of phosphorus and thiourea, both alone and in combination, increased tuber yield and uptake of P significantly at both the locations in both years.
Interaction of molybdenum, phosphorus and potassium on yield in Vicia faba
Authors: Xia M. Z. , Xiong F. Q. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn pot and field experiments at Xichang, China, in 1984–85, (NH4)2MoO4 applied alone or with KH2PO4 to Vicia faba var. major increased total N, soluble sugar and chlorophyll contents and photosynthetic rate. The growth of root nodules and N fixation were stimulated, and more assimilate was distributed to seeds. Treatment with (NH4)2MoO4 combined with KH2PO4 gave the highest total N, soluble sugar and chlorophyll contents, the most root nodules, fruiting branches, fertile pods and seeds/plant and the highest 100-seed weight, and consequently produced the highest seed yield.
Straw and grain production in spring barley cultivars
Authors: White Ethel M. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryGrain and straw yields of a range of spring barley cultivars were assessed in field experiments conducted from 1981 to 1983 in Northern Ireland. Mean straw yields varied between 2·75 t/ha in Inga and 1·94 t/ha in Golden Promise over the 3-year period. Both grain and straw yields varied from year to year, with straw production being more consistent for individual cultivars than grain yield. High grain yields were not associated with high straw yields, straw to grain ratios varying between 0·72 in Midas and 0·51 in Corgi. Neither grain yield nor straw length were good predictors of straw yield of cultivars. The role for and assessment of straw yield in cultivar evaluation is discussed.
Influence of growing various crops in five fixed cropping sequences on the changes in phosphorus and potassium content of soil
Authors: Sharma K. N. , Rana D. S. , Bhandari A. L. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe results on the influence of growing various crops in five fixed annual sequences on the changes in available and total phosphorus and potassium content of a Tolewal sandy loam (Typic Ustipsamment) are reported. The available phosphorus content showed an increase in each of the five crop rotations after completion of two cycles. The maximum increase was observed in groundnut-based cropping sequences whereas the increase under the other three rotations was more or less of the same order. A slight decrease in the available P content during the 3rd year was observed after the harvest of bajra in a bajra fodder–potato–wheat sequence which was replenished after the harvest of potato and wheat. Total P content of the soil also showed an increase in all five rotations after completion of two cycles. A decrease in total P content of the soil was also observed after the bajra harvest. Balance sheet of P indicated net gain of P in all five crop rotations and the maximum gain of 62 kg P/ha was observed in the maize–wheat–moong rotation. Theavailable K status of the soil showed an increase in each of the five cropping sequences after completion of two cycles. The available K status after harvest of various crops in the rotation could not fully explain the dynamics of K availability. The total soil K content indicated a negative K balance in each of the five crop rotations after completion of three cycles and the maximum negative balance occurred in a maize–wheat–moong sequence. The negative K balance was related to the amount of fertilizer K added and that removed by the crops. The results suggested the need for modifying the existing K fertilizer recommendations to compensate gradual loss of native K soil fertility.
Chemical properties of salt-affected soils in north Kent and their relationship to soil instability
Authors: Loveland P. J. , Hazelden J. , Sturdy R. G. 
Published: March 2009

SummarySoil instability, as measured by the dispersion ratios of the reclaimed salt-marsh soils of ca. 70 km2 of north Kent, was assessed on samples taken from 0–15, 35–50 and 70–85 cm depths from sites at the intersects of a 250 m square grid or along transects. The dispersion ratios were related to other soil properties including exchangeable sodium, potassium and magnesium percentages, organic carbon content, calcium carbonate content and electrical conductivity. The dispersion ratio correlates most closely with exchangeable sodium percentage and organic carbon content; weaker correlations exist with exchangeable potassium and calcium carbonate contents. Dispersion ratios rise sharply, i.e. reflect a marked increase in soil instability, when organic carbon content is less than 2·5% and calcium carbonate content is less than 2%. Magnesium has little effect on the dispersion ratio. The soil solution salt concentration (as expressed by electrical conductivity) is too low over much of the area to promote flocculation, and hence stability, of the soil clays.
Productivity of pigeonpea-wheat cropping systems
Authors: Singh K. A. , Pal Mahendra 
Published: March 2009

SummaryStudies on productivity of pigeonpea-wheat cropping systems at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during 1984–6 revealed that wheat following summer pigeonpea and given 120 kg N/ha produced 4–93, as compared with 451 t grain/ha when it succeeded kharif pigeonpea. Intercropping of preceding pigeonpea with dhaincha for green manure, fodder cowpea and greengram (grain) gave higher yields of 4·35, 397 and 3·68 t/ha respectively than the wheat following pigeonpea alone (3·20 t/ha). Similar effects on wheat straw were also recorded. Summer-sown pigeonpea produced 2·38 t grain/ha without any adverse effect of intercrops. However, kharif pigeonpea produced grain yield half of that obtained in the summer-sown crop. Further, the reductions in grain yield of kharif pigeonpea due to dhaincha, cowpea and greengram were 0·60, 0·52 and 030 t/ha, respectively. Summer pigeonpea + dhaincha-wheat and summer pigeonpea+greengram-wheat proved their superiority over other cropping systems.
Alkali investigations in the Sudan
Authors: Joseph A. F. 
Published: March 2009

(1) The cotton growing area in the Gezira consists of a heavy clay soil, the proportion of clay being about 50–60 per cent. in the upper layers with a maximum at about the 4th foot.(2) The water soluble salts amount to about 0·2 per cent. The proportion is highest at about the 3rd to 5th foot. The alkalinity (pH) is highest at the 2nd foot.(3) In the first 2 feet, the salts consist mainly of sodium carbonate and the third and fourth of sodium sulphate.(4) The irrigation (Blue Nile) water is of excellent quality as judged by its natural chemical composition. The concentrated water, however, contains a very high proportion of alkali salts. It is estimated that a season of normal irrigation would cause an increase of 0·01 per cent. in the alkali content of the first 4 feet of soil.(5) The sodium salts can readily act on the clay and the sodium clay so formed hydrolyses with the formation of sodium carbonate.(6) Samples taken at the same time from good and bad plots in the same area show a strong correlation between salt content and cropyielding power. There is also a correlation between pH and fertility.(7) In the same season and in the same area, virgin (i.e. unirrigated) plots give a higher yield than those which have been previously under the same system of cultivation.
Dephenolisation in soil. II
Authors: Sen-Gupta Nagendra Nath 
Published: March 2009

1. A number of soils—treated with acid and washed free from it—have been found to possess in high degree the power of destroying phenol. Soils derived from certain geological formations seem to possess this property more than those derived from others.2. This effect has been obtained from soils treated with sulphuric, hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, formic, and acetic acids.3. The bulk of the loss of phenol is instantaneous; but the maximum loss is attained within about 20 hours.4. An inverse relation seems to exist between the period of contact of acid with soil and the extent of the subsequent loss of phenol.5. The loss of phenol is prevente d by several treatments—ignition of soil before or after acid-treatment; treatment with alkalis or sulphurous acid after acid-treatment; autoclaving the soil after acid-treatment and also in less degree before acid-treatment.
Specific gravity, carcass fat and prediction of fatness in quail carcasses
Authors: Tserveni A. S. , Yannakopoulos A. L. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryCarcass measurements including chemical composition and specific gravity data from 40 male and 40 female quails killed at 42 days of age were evaluated for use as an indirect means of estimating carcass fat. The results indicated that carcass fat was highly negative correlated to water (r = —0·93 and —0·87 for males and females, respectively) and that the inclusion of carcass protein improved the accuracy of prediction a little (r = -0·93 and -0·88). Carcass fat was only moderately related to specific gravity (r = —0·55 and —0·42) and the reliability as estimator of carcass fat was less than water or protein. Also, body weight was positively related to carcass fat (r = 0·71 and 0·42).
Response of lactating goats to low phosphorus intake 1. Milk yield and faecal excretion of P and Ca
Authors: Müschen H. , Petri A. , Breves G. , Pfeffer E. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryIn weeks 1–6 of lactation, 11 goats were fed diets adequate in phosphorus content, supplying a basal intake of 2·8 g P/day plus 1·4 g P/kg milk produced. In group 1 (three goats), this scheme was continued until week 16. In group 2 (four goats), P supply was changed from an adequate one to a reduced amount by restricting the variable intake to 1·0 g P/kg milk during weeks 7–16 and the basal intake to 0·8 g P/day during weeks 12–16. In group 3 (four goats), P deficiency was caused during weeks 7–11 by a basal intake of 0·8 g P/day plus only 0·4 g P/kg milk. During weeks 12–16 these goats received the same supply of P provided in weeks 1–6.Milk yield was depressed in group 3, but not in group 2. Composition of milk was not affected by P intake in either group. Digestibility of organic matter was reduced from 0·73 to 0·64 by P deficiency treatment. Reduction of faecal P excretion in group 2 appeared to enable P homoeostasis even at the reduced level of P intake. The amounts of P and Ca secreted in milk during P deficiency in group 3 clearly exceeded the corresponding net absorptions. During this period, daily faecal P excretion was reduced to 17 mg/kg live weight. P concentrations in blood plasma, saliva and particle-free rumen fluid were also drastically reduced. Faecal excretion of P increased after the animals returned to the diet supplying adequate P. The increase occurred before the pre-depletion P status had been restored.
Brown, heart in swedes: a Cumbrian survey
Authors: Dermott W. , Trinder N. 
Published: March 2009

1. A survey was made of swede fields in Cumberland and it was found that more than half the gross acreage was affected with Brown Heart to a greater or lesser extent.2. The water-soluble boron content of soils from affected and non-affected fields was determined. In general the boron content of fields showing Brown Heart was less than 0·30 parts per million.3. There is a close association between soil texture and the incidence of boron deficiency, a greater proportion of cases occurring on light soils.4. Recent liming rather than the actual pH. level of the soil appears to be correlated with the occurrence of Brown Heart in the field.5. It would appear that some prediction of the possibility of Brown Heart occurring might be made from a knowledge of the ‘available boron’ content of the soil taken in conjunction with such factors as the soil-texture and liming history of the field concerned.
Growth, yield and chemical composition of different oilseed crops as influenced by sodicity
Authors: Singh K. N. , Sharma D. K. , Chillar R. K. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryAn experiment was conducted during the rabi seasons of 1980–1 and 1981–2 to study the effect of exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of 87, 62, 44, 34 and 27 on growth, yield and chemical composition of toria (Brassica campestris var. Toria), raya (Brassica juncea L.) rapeseed (Brassica campestris var. Brown Sarson) and taramira (Eruca saliva). Number of branches per plant, number of siliquae per plant and seed yield of these crops were highest at 27 ESP. Increasing ESP decreased N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn concentrations and decreased that of Na in seed and stover. These crops can be grown successfully up to about 44 ESP without significant reduction in yield. Raya and rapeseed produced higher yields than the other oilseed crops on sodic soil.
Development of leaf spot caused by Ramularia carthami and reaction of safflower cultivars
Authors: Kumar A. , Joshif H. K. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYSafflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an important oilseed crop in India. A severe leaf spot disease caused by Ramularia carthami Zaprom. was observed in 1983 and investigations were carried out in order to analyse the role of environmental factors in disease development. High temperature and normal relative humidity, with dry rainless days, favoured disease development. Studies on the nature of in vivo resistance and susceptibility to R. carthami showed that growth of the fungal germ-tube was slower on resistant than on susceptible safflower cultivars, where the germ-tube extended with or without branching and penetrated infected leaves through the stomata. Of the four safflower cultivars evaluated, none were entirely free from the disease, but on the basis of lesion number and size, cultivar IGFRI-116 was rated as highly resistant.
Effect of short-term waterlogging on growth, yield and nutrient composition of wheat in alkaline soils
Authors: Sharma D. P. , Swarup A. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryIn a field study at exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) values of 11 and 32, subjecting a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop to waterlogging for 1, 2, 4 and 6 days at the time of first irrigation (25-day-old plants), significantly reduced tillering and plant height, delayed ear emergence and resulted in 8, 17, 27 and 39% reduction in grain yield, respectively. Waterlogging decreased oxygen diffusion rate (ODR), restricted root growth and reduced ion uptake, especially of N, P, K., Ca, Mg and Zn, and led to higher absorption of Na, Fe and Mn. However, the effects of waterlogging were more pronounced at higher alkalinity values. The results indicated that, to ensure optimum wheat yield in alkaline soils, waterlogging must be avoided.
Use of water by six grass species. 1. Dry-matter yields and response to irrigation
Authors: Garwood E. A. , Tyson K. C. , Sinclair J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe yield and quality of herbage produced by six grasses (perennial ryegrass, cocksfoot, timothy, rough-stalked meadow grass, tall fescue and Italian ryegrass) were examined both without irrigation and under two irrigation regimes. Water was applied according to the potential soil water deficit (potential SWD): the soil was either partially returned to field capacity (FC) after each cut or fully returned to FC whenever the potential SWD reached 25 mm. The swards were cut either at 3 (C3) or 6 (C6) week intervals over a 2 year period.Partial irrigation increased yields by 12–14% in the first year and by 36–58% in the second. Full irrigation produced little more growth than partial irrigation in the first year (maximum SWD, 188 mm) but increased yield by 78–93% in the second, very dry, year (maximum SWD, 311 mm). Under treatment C3 response per unit of water applied was similar with both partial and full irrigation, but under C6 the response was greater with partial (2·86 kg D.M./m3) than with full irrigation (1·79 kg D.M./m3).There were marked differences between the species in their ability to grow under drought conditions in the second year of the experiment. Without irrigation, roughstalked meadow grass and Italian ryegrass did not survive the drought. The performance of tall fescue was markedly superior to both perennial ryegrass and cocksfoot in these conditions. Of the surviving grasses timothy made least growth.
Effects of season, sowing date, nitrogenous fertilizer and insecticide spraying on the incidence of insect pests on cotton in the Sudan Gezira
Authors: Jackson J. E. , Burhan H. O. , Hassan H. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe effects of the sowing date of cotton and application of nitrogenous fertilizer to it on the incidence of insect pests were investigated over a 5-year period. Response to frequent insecticide spraying was also determined and the results were related to previously reported interactions between nitrogen, sowing date and insecticide application in their effects on yield and its year-to-year variation. Numbers of jassids (Empoasca lybica de Berg) and whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci Genn) were considerably greater on the fertilized plots. The pattern of pest population change over the season varied with sowing date and also from year to year as did the relative numbers of jassids and whiteflies. Effects of spraying on the yield obtained under different agronomic treatments and in different years were clearly related to effects on numbers of insect pests.
Root biomass in timothy and red clover leys estimated by soil coring and mesh bags
Authors: Steen E. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYRoot biomass of timothy grass (Phleum pratense L.), at low and high N fertilization rates, and of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) were estimated with soil cores and in mesh bags in a field trial on a sandy loam in central Sweden. First and second full-harvest year leys were sampled three times each year from May to October. Mesh bags were inserted in the soil in autumn shortly after sowing (longterm bags); in spring and autumn of the first year and in spring of the second year (medium-term bags); and every third month during both years (short-term bags). Mesh bags of each type were sampled when the soil cores were taken.Root biomass in the long-term bags was generally about the same as that in the soil cores, but taproot biomass in the clover crop was underestimated in the bags. In the grass plots, differences between soil cores and mesh bags were probably caused by ingrowth of weed roots in bags and by larger root biomass in plant rows than between rows. If soil cores and long-term mesh bags are sampled in exactly the same way identical estimates of biomass should be obtained.Root biomass in short-term and medium-term bags was about the same as that in the soil cores and long-term bags on many of the sampling occasions. Thus a stable level of biomass was reached in a rather short time, i.e. after 3 months or less. Then root production, root mortality and root decomposition occurred simultaneously at a fairly constant level.The bags did not contain residues from earlier crops, which reduced the amount of separation work necessary. The absence of crop residues in the bags did not seem to affect root biomass.The mesh bag method is a useful alternative to soil core sampling for studying root biomass and root dynamics in perennial and annual crops. However, the bags must be inserted into the soil just after sowing and they must be placed in, as well as between, plant rows.
The prediction of body composition in live ewes in early lactation from live weight and estimates of gut contents and total body water
Authors: Cowan R. T. , Robinson J. J. , McHattie I. , Fraser C. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe efficacy of estimates of gut contents and total body water in increasing the precision with which the chemical composition of the body could be estimated in early lactation was evaluated in 36 Finnish Landrace × Dorset Horn ewes. The ewes were fed at two levels in pregnancy, and, in lactation, given diets of two metabolizable energy concentrations.The allometric relationships relating weight of chemical fat and protein to emptybody weight were not affected by treatment or stage of lactation. Inclusion of an index of gut contents, based on dry-matter intake, indigestibility and retention time of food residues, together with live weight in a regression equation predicting weight of body fat, only slightly increased the precision of estimate compared with equations using live weight alone.There was a close negative relationship between the proportions of water and fat in live weight. Inclusion of weight of body water with live weight in a regression equation predicting weight of body fat markedly increased the precision of estimate and the residual error (0·81 kg) was similar at different stages of lactation. However, when deuterium oxide space was used instead of body water there was only a small increase in precision of estimate and the residual error varied from 5·3 kg in early lactation to 2·1 kg in mid-lactation. The relationship between deuterium oxide space and body water was shown to be variable and altered by stage of lactation, and these differences were associated with differences in rate of water turnover in the animal's body.It is concluded that estimates of body water are unsuitable for estimating weight of body fat in early lactation.