bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Foliar Retention and Leachability of Submicron Plutonium and Americium Particles
Authors: Cataldo D. A. , Garland T. R. , Wildung R. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSubmicron particles of Pu and Am were aerosolized, deposited onto foliage of bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and their subsequent retention and behavior determined. Particles having mass median diameters of < 1 µm are not readily dislodged from leaf surfaces at wind speeds of −400 m min−1. Under conditions of simulated rainfall, weathering half‐times range from 164 to 1,000 days, and are dependent on both particle size and initial solubility. The residence time of contaminants on foliar surfaces prior to leaching influences subsequent foliar retention and leachate characteristics. Foliar retention of particles ranges from 20 to 92% and is dependent on particle size of Pu‐ and Am‐oxides, chemical form of Pu, and environmental conditions such as humidity, simulated rainfall, and acidity of the simulated rain.
Changes in Nitrogen Cycling at an Old‐Growth Douglas‐fir Site After Disturbance
Authors: Sollins P. , Cromack K. , Mc Corison F. M. , Waring R. H. , Harr R. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEffects of disturbance on the N cycle in a 450‐year‐old Douglas‐fir stand (Pseudotsuga menziesii) were studied in an experiment in which herbicides were used to kill all vegetation while minimally disturbing the litter layer and soil. Nitrogen concentration in falling foliage was greater on the treated area than on a control area, as was soil moisture. Nitrate and Kjeldahl N concentrations in the soil solution were greater on the treated than on the untreated area, but only at or below the bottom of the rooting zone (≥1‐m depth). On the untreated area, nitrate was present in solution in significant amounts only at the 2‐m depth.
Sediment Characteristics of Eleocharis acicularis (L.) R. and S. Sites in Streams and Lakes of Central Pennsylvania
Authors: Kroh Glenn C. , Schein Richard D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMany streams of central Pennsylvania are polluted by sulphuric acid from coal mining operations. The most prevalent organism in these streams is an aquatic macrophyte—Eleocharis acicularis (L.) R. and S. (slender spikerush). An experiment using 32P determined that slender spikerush can absorb nutrients into its roots and transport them to the leaves. Chemical analyses of sediment from 14 spikerush sites indicates that these sedges are “generalists” with regard to the chemical parameters, but have a requirement for a predominantly silt‐clay sediment. As an acid tolerant aquatic macrophyte that can inhabit sediment covering a great range of chemical parameters, slender spikerush is ideally suited both functionally (as a primary producer) and structurally (stabilize alluvial sediment and provide physically heterogeneous niches for periphyton and heterotrophic invertebrates), for projects designed to reclaim mine‐acid polluted streams of central Pennsylvania.
Battery‐Operated Air Sampler for Remote Areas
Authors: Brown K. W. , Wiersma G. B. , Frank C. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn air sampling system developed to evaluate air quality in biosphere reserves or in other remote areas is described. The equipment consists of a Dupont P‐4000A pump and a specially designed battery pack containing Gates batteries.This air sampling system was tested in southern Utah and at 10 remote sampling sites in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The equipment was backpacked to the remote sampling sites, and was operated continuously at full capacity for a maximum 8‐day period. Except for tampering by curious hikers at one site, the equipment operated satisfactorily.
Modeling Sewage Sludge Decomposition in Soil: I. Organic Carbon Transformation
Authors: Hsieh Y. P. , Douglas Lowell A. , Motto Harry L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMineralization of an activated and a digested sewage sludge in soil was studied in laboratory incubations. The activated sludge had a much higher mineralization rate than the digested sludge, mainly due to a larger portion of active organic carbon and less stability of the organic matter. After around 2 months of incubation, the mineralization rates of both sludges approached a square foot function of time. The amount of active organic carbon is a characteristic of sewage sludge and is important in determining the aerobic‐anaerobic status of the system. The mineralization of sewage sludges was proportional to the rate of sludge application at least up to 8% in the digested sludge and up to 4% in the activated sludge systems at 22°C. Between 8 and 22°C, the mineralization rate of sludges in soil increased about 1.9 times for every 10°C increase in temperature. Moisture levels between 0.06 and 0.33 bars had no significant effect on mineralization of the sludges. A regression model was developed in the form of an exponential function among the cumulative organic carbon mineralized and factors of time, sludge rate, and temperature. The model requires a minimal number of parameters to define the system and was least biased in regression analysis over a wide range of conditions.
Interaction Between High Levels of Applied Heavy Metals and Indigenous Soil Manganese
Authors: Korcak R. F. , Fanning D. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe importance of indigenous soil Mn level on plant Mn uptake from metal salt or sewage sludge amended soils was investigated. Twelve soil materials, six surface and six subsurface, were amended with either varying rates of a composite of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn sulfate salts, equivalent to the total of these metals present in a digested sewage sludge (Washington, D.C.) at rates of 0–896 dry metric tons/ha or with the sludge itself, at 224 dry metric tons/ha. Corn (Zea mays L.) was grown in the greenhouse for 30 days, 1 year after amendment application. Two pH levels of about 5.5 and 6.5 were maintained during the experiment on the metal salt amended soil materials.Plant tissue Mn levels increased with the application of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn (in combination) as metal salts or as sewage sludge over the range of soil materials used. The amount of increase with a given increase in applied metals was greater for the unlimed than for the limed metal salt treatments. Elevated tissue Mn concentrations were positively and significantly correlated with the indigenous levels of soil Mn. A tissue Mn level of over 3,000 µg/g was observed with unlimed metal salts equivalent to 896 dry metric tons/ha of sludge with Manor Ap horizon soil material. Studies by others suggest that elevation of tissue Mn levels may be related to replacement of Mn from Mn “oxides” by the applied heavy metals.The interaction between applied heavy metals and indigenous soil Mn may affect guidelines for disposition of metal‐bearing wastes on soils. Soils regarded as acceptable for waste disposition, but which have high native Mn levels, may produce higher plant tissue Mn levels than similar soils with lower native Mn.
Nitrogen Contents of Streams Draining an Agricultural and a Forested Watershed in Central Italy
Authors: Caporali F. , Nannipieri P. , Pedrazzini F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWater samples from an agricultural and a forested watershed (33,180, and 4,090 ha, respectively) were analyzed during the 1979 water year to determine the concentration of NO3‐N, NH4‐N, NO2‐N, and organic‐N. Monthly fluctuations in the concentration of NO3‐N from the agricultural watershed may represent an interaction of organic matter mineralization and N fertilization at the time of seeding. From both watersheds NO3‐N and NH4‐N concentrations do not exceed the upper limits recommended for drinking water.From both watersheds practically all monthly N losses, calculated as the product of the average flow and the respective average N concentration, occur during late autumn and winter and are more dependent upon total flow than upon concentration and land use. From the forested watershed yearly organic‐N and NO3‐N losses account for the same proportion of total N losses. From the agricultural watershed yearly NO3‐N losses, owing to higher concentrations, are nearly double the organic‐N losses.
Effect of Anhydrous Ammonia Fertilization on Emission of Nitrous Oxide from Soils
Authors: Bremner J. M. , Breitenbeck G. A. , Blackmer A. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA simple method was developed for accurate injection of anhydrous ammonia in field studies to assess the effects of this fertilizer on emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) from soils. Use of this method and of a chamber technique for measurement of N2O emissions showed that fertilization of three Iowa soils with anhydrous ammonia (250 kg N/ha) led to a very marked increase in emission of N2O. Emissions of N2O‐N from the fertilized soils in 139 days ranged from 12.1 to 19.6 kg/ha and averaged 15.6 kg/ha. The corresponding emissions from the unfertilized soils ranged from 1.7 to 2.5 kg/ha and averaged 2.0 kg/ha. Most of the N2O evolved from the fertilized soils was produced within 42 days after fertilization, and N2O emissions from these soils 96 days after fertilization were not appreciably greater than those from the corresponding unfertilized soils. The fertilizer‐induced emissions of N2O‐N observed after application of anhydrous ammonia greatly exceeded those detected in similar field studies using other N fertilizers and represented 4.0–6.8% of the fertilizer N applied.
Uranium Conversion and Enrichment Technologies: Sources of Atmospheric Fluoride
Authors: Taylor Fred G. , Hetrick David M. , Conrad M. Clark , Parr Patricia D. , Bledsoe Jean L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTo illustrate the proportional hydrogen fluoride (HF) residuals from two nuclear fuel cycle technologies, uranium hexafluoride (UF6) conversion (feed) and enrichment, air, and vegetation monitoring data were obtained from the Paducah (Kentucky) Gaseous Diffusion Plant (PGDP) from 1972 to 1977, during which the feed manufacturing plant and the diffusion cascade were operating. In the spring of 1977 the feed plant was placed on standby such that effluents containing fluoride came only from the gaseous diffusion operation. Monitoring data obtained without emissions from feed manufacturing (1978) were also obtained. Gaseous fluoride was collected in alkaline solution (NaOH) scrubbers until 1974, when they were replaced by chemically treated (K2CO3) filter papers. Air samples were collected weekly (7‐day averaging time) from 10 stations around the facility. Results indicate the absence of routine releases with observed fluoride concentrations randomly distributed. Of the total number of observations during the 6‐year period, 90% of the concentrations were < 1 µg/m3 (7‐day average). Ambient concentrations consisted of infrequent peaks superimposed upon a predominant distribution of lower concentrations. The scatter plot, by station, reflects distributions downwind and upwind from the source and identifies the area of greatest impact. Vegetation monitoring data were obtained for the same period (1972–1978), collected every 2 months from 18 locations. The vegetation data were summarized by scatter plots which reflect air quality data, depict ranges in concentration among the monitoring network, and identify the stations with significant fluoride accumulation.Ground‐level air (HF) concentrations in the environs of the PGDP were estimated using two dispersion models (Atmospheric Transport Model and Climatological Dispersion Model) and compared to the observed data. The Atmospheric Transport Model estimates were less than the observed concentrations, because the model estimates considered only a single source (gaseous diffusion), whereas the monitoring data incorporated emissions from feed manufacturing and gaseous diffusion operations.
Hydrocarbons of Aquatic and Terrestrial Origin in Mountain Streams of the Marmot Basin
Authors: Telang S. A. , Hodgson G. W. , Baker B. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe abundance of n‐alkanes in stream waters of the Marmot Creek drainage basin was studied to develop an understanding of the source of hydrocarbons in a pristine mountain stream. The n‐alkanes varied in concentration from 0.02 µg/liter to 0.06 µg/liter and exhibited a bimodal distribution with one grouping in the range of C15–C23 and the other between C25–C32. Carbon preference indices (1.2 and 4.0, respectively) suggested that the first group was largely produced by nonphotosynthetic aquatic organisms and second was from soil and terrestrial vegetation. The contributions from stream and soil were roughly equal. Hydrocarbons in pristine mountain streams thus appeared to be derived both from autochthonous and allochthonous sources. Isoprenoid hydrocarbons were present in lesser abundance than alkane hydrocarbons. Abundance of the isoprenoids relative to n‐alkanes indicated that little, if any, degradation of n‐alkanes occurs in the stream waters. Aromatic hydrocarbons were not present above detection limits of 1 ng/liter.
Salt Release and Movement in Processed Oil Shale
Authors: Fransway D. F. , Wagenet R. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSalts present as a component of processed, discarded oil shale represent not only a potential environmental hazard, but also a detrimental influence in the reestablishment of vegetation on processed shale disposal sites. The saline characteristics of Paraho processed oil shale were investigated in a two‐phase series of laboratory experiments. The first phase studied the release of salts from two naturally distributed shale particle sizes packed in lysimeters constructed of plastic pipe and subjected to five leaching situations. All the lysimeters were instrumented with a porous‐cup‐vacuum system that allowed periodic nondestructive sampling of the soil solution with depth and time. Electrical conductivity and specific ion concentrations were measured. The second phase of the experiments involved subjecting three particle sizes of shale to a variety of shale/water ratios. The subsequent solutions were analyzed for electrical conductivity (EC) and concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, and SO4.The lysimeter experiments demonstrated the highly soluble nature of the salts present in the Paraho processed shale. These salts are primarily composed of Mg, Na, and SO4 and are predominately in the precipitated form, existing external to the shale. The most efficient treatments for removing salt from the upper 60 cm of the shale were those in which large (about 0.5 pore volumes) pulses of water were applied. To reduce the EC to acceptable levels (<4.0 mmho/cm) required application of approximately 2 pore volumes of water.Results of the batch studies indicate a proportional relationship between dilution ratios and EC on a log‐log scale. Similar EC and dilution ratio relationships were observed for the cation sums. Ion analysis showed Mg and Na to be as much as 93% of the total water‐soluble cations and SO4 to be the dominant anion.
Toxaphene and Sediment Yields in Runoff from a Mississippi Delta Watershed
Authors: Mc Dowell L. L. , Willis G. H. , Murphree C. E. , Southwick L. M. , Smith S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractToxaphene (chlorinated camphene) and sediment concentrations in runoff from a 15.6‐ha watershed, planted to continuous cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), were measured from 1973 through 1975 to determine the toxaphene and sediment yields and to define the major mode of toxaphene transport. The watershed, consisting of Sharkey silty clay soil (Vertic Haplaquepts), had been land‐formed to a mean slope of 0.2%. Measurements indicated a linear relationship between toxaphene yield and sediment yield in runoff. Sediment yields were 28.9, 26.3, and 13.4 metric tons/ha in 1973, 1974, and 1975, respectively, when annual rainfall was 37, 50, and 22 cm above the 30‐year average (125 cm). Although no toxaphene was applied in 1973, the residual toxaphene concentration in the soil from previous applications was 3.5 µg/g. Toxaphene yield in 1973 was 117 g/ha. Toxaphene yields in 1974 and 1975, when 10.1 and 11.2 kg/ha of toxaphene were applied, were 97 and 54 g/ha, respectively, amounting to only 1 and 0.5%, respectively, of the amounts applied. In 1975, 93% of the toxaphene yield was attached to the sediments and only 7% was transported in solution. Toxaphene and sediment yields were greatest during the spring tillage‐planting‐cultivating period, but toxaphene concentrations in runoff and sediment were greatest during the summer application period. Improved erosion control practices are needed in the Delta to reduce the loss of valuable topsoil and to reduce the water pollution potential from sediment and toxaphene.
Changes in Soil Physical Properties Due to Organic Waste Applications: A Review
Authors: Khaleel R. , Reddy K. R. , Overcash M. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLand application of organic wastes such as animal manure, municipal wastes, and sewage sludge could alter the soil physical properties. Repeated substantial applications of waste increase the soil organic matter percentage. The available data on effects of waste applications on soil physical properties such as bulk density, water holding capacity at both field capacity and wilting point, and saturated hydraulic conductivity were summarized. Based on data from 12 different sources, 21 soil types, 7 waste types, and 8 crop types, a linear regression analysis of observed increases in soil organic C as a result of waste applications on percent reduction in bulk density indicated a highly significant relationship (r2 = 0.69**). The results of an exponential multiple regression analysis of percentage sand and increase in organic C percentage on the percent increase in water holding capacity indicated that approximately 80% of the observed variations in percent increases in water holding capacity, at both field capacity and wilting point, could be attributed to variations in soil texture and soil organic C increases. The data on hydraulic conductivity as well as on infiltration rates are very limited and are not sufficient for quantitative analyses. The limitations of the available data were discussed in terms of identifying future research needs.
Disruption of Hardwood Nutrition by Sulfur Dioxide, Nickel, and Copper Air Pollution Near Sudbury, Canada
Authors: Lozano F. C. , Morrison I. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFoliage from each of four hardwood species—white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), red oak (Quercus rubra L.), red maple (Acer rubrum L.), and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.)—growing on sites severely and moderately damaged by fumes and dustfall and on control sites near Sudbury, Ontario, and soil from beneath the trees were sampled and analyzed for various chemical constituents. Results indicated that on sites damaged by fumes and dustfall, soils were impoverished with respect to organic matter content, exchangeable bases (particularly Ca and Mg), and trace elements (particularly Mn and Zn). Levels of S, Fe, Cu, and Ni were also increased. Foliage analysis provided additional support for the proposition that soils contained near toxic to toxic levels of Ni and Cu. If conditions improve, however, with respect to suppression of Ni or Cu supply, tree growth could be limited by the availability of Ca, Mg, or Mn, or even of N or P.
Comparative Uptake of Uranium, Thorium, and Plutonium by Biota Inhabiting a Contaminated Tennessee Floodplain
Authors: Garten Charles T. , Bondietti Ernest A. , Walker Raymond L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe uptake of 238U, 232Th, and 239Pu from soil by rescue, grasshoppers, and small mammals was compared at the contaminated White Oak Creek floodplain in East Tennessee. Comparisons of actinide uptake were based on analyses of radionuclide ratios (U/Pu and Th/Pu) in soil and biota. U:Pu ratios in small mammal carcasses (shrews, mice, and rats) and bone samples from larger mammals (rabbit, woodchuck, opossum, and raccoon) were significantly greater (P ±0.05) than U/Pu ratios in soil (based on 8M HNO3 extractable). There was no significant difference between Th/Pu ratios in animals and soil. The order of actinide accumulation by biota from the site relative to contaminated soil was U > Th ≈ Pu.
The Sorption of Soluble Phosphorus by Soil Material during Transport in Runoff from Cropped and Grassed Watersheds
Authors: Sharpley A. N. , Menzel R. G. , Smith S. J. , Rhoades E. D. , Olness A. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe adsorption of soluble P by surface soil and suspended sediment material during transport in surface runoff under field and simulated laboratory conditions was investigated. The soluble P concentration of surface runoff from several Southern Plains cropped and grassed watersheds decreased with an increase in sediment concentration, A linear inverse relationship between soluble P and sediment concentration was significant over a wide range in sediment concentration. The slope values of the relationship were similar for different watersheds on the same major soil type. Using soil from these watersheds in simulated surface runoff, sorption of soluble P added in rainfall was found to occur during transport. The magnitude of this sorption was more closely related to the sorptive capacity of the sediment in the surface runoff than to that of the surface soil material. The results suggest that for unfertilized watersheds and for watersheds where fertilizer P is incorporated into the surface soil, away from the zone of immediate removal in surface runoff, the leaching of P from the vegetative cover can contribute significant amounts of soluble P to runoff, and that soil material may act as a P sink rather than a P source.
Effect of Cadmium on Symbiotic Soybean Plants
Authors: Borges A. Chaer , Wollum A. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe potential for environmental contamination by cadmium (Cd) has increased significantly in recent years. Since Cd may be hazardous to living systems, a study was conducted to investigate: (i) the existence of Rhizobium japonicum strains tolerant to Cd, (ii) the Cd effect on the symbiosis between host soybean plants (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and R. japonicum strains with different Cd tolerances, and (iii) interactions and distribution of Cd and other elements in the host when biomass is decreased by Cd.The existence of R. japonicum strains tolerant to Cd was assessed by comparing growth curves of 10 different strains growing in a basal medium with gluconate, yeast extract, L‐arabinose, and Cd (0, 3.5, 7, 14, and 28 µg/ml). Strain 3Ilb110 (110) exhibited a tolerance to Cd after an initial lag in growth, while strain 3Ilb123 (123) was susceptible.Strains 110 and 123 were used to inoculate plants growing in nutrient solution with Perlite as a support medium to evaluate the plant‐rhizobial interactions in the presence of 0, 2.2, 6.7, 10.1, and 20.2 µg Cd/ml, respectively. Plants were harvested and tops, roots, and nodules were analyzed 23 days after starting Cd application.Cadmium decreased dry matter production of tops, roots, and nodules. Plants inoculated with strain 123 accumulated significantly more dry matter in nodules than those with strain 110. However, in the presence of 0 and 2.2 µg Cd/ml, plants inoculated with strain 110 accumulated significantly more N than plants inoculated with strain 123.Nutrient imbalances were observed in the presence of Cd. It is suggested that the interactions of Cd with some nutrients may contribute to Cd toxicity in soybean plants. In this study the most pronounced Cd effect was on Fe and Mn nutrition, rather than Zn as had been previously reported.