bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Behavioral Probabilistic Risk Assessment Framework for Managing Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Deployments
Authors: Brito Mario , Griffiths Gwyn , Ferguson James , Hopkin David , Mills Richard , Pederson Richard , MacNeil Erin 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe deployment of a deep-diving long-range autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) is a complex operation that requires the use of a risk-informed decision-making process. Operational risk assessment is heavily dependent on expert subjective judgment. Expert judgments can be elicited either mathematically or behaviorally. During mathematical elicitation experts are kept separate and provide their assessment individually. These are then mathematically combined to create a judgment that represents the group view. The limitation with this approach is that experts do not have the opportunity to discuss different views and thus remove bias from their assessment. In this paper, a Bayesian behavioral approach to estimate and manage AUV operational risk is proposed. At an initial workshop, behavioral aggregation, that is, reaching agreement on the distributions of risks for faults or incidents, is followed by an agreed upon initial estimate of the likelihood of success of the proposed risk mitigation methods. Postexpedition, a second workshop assesses the new data and compares observed to predicted risk, thus updating the prior estimate using Bayes’ rule. This feedback further educates the experts and assesses the actual effectiveness of the mitigation measures. Applying this approach to an AUV campaign in ice-covered waters in the Arctic showed that the maximum error between the predicted and the actual risk was 9% and that the experts’ assessments of the effectiveness of risk mitigation led to a maximum of 24% in risk reduction.
Wave Breaking Dissipation Observed with “SWIFT” Drifters
Authors: Thomson Jim 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Energy dissipation rates during ocean wave breaking are estimated from high-resolution profiles of turbulent velocities collected within 1 m of the surface. The velocity profiles are obtained from a pulse-coherent acoustic Doppler sonar on a wave-following platform, termed a Surface Wave Instrument Float with Tracking (SWIFT), and the dissipation rates are estimated from the structure function of the velocity profiles. The purpose of the SWIFT is to maintain a constant range to the time-varying surface and thereby observe the turbulence in breaking crests (i.e., above the mean still water level). The Lagrangian quality is also useful to prefilter wave orbital motions and mean currents from the velocity measurements, which are limited in magnitude by phase wrapping in the coherent Doppler processing. Field testing and examples from both offshore whitecaps and nearshore surf breaking are presented. Dissipation rates are elevated (up to 10−3 m2 s−3) during strong breaking conditions, which are confirmed using surface videos recorded on board SWIFT. Although some velocity contamination is present from platform tilting and heaving, the structure of the velocity profiles is dominated by a turbulent cascade of eddies (i.e., the inertial subrange). The noise, or uncertainty, in the dissipation estimates is shown to be normally distributed and uncorrelated with platform motion. Aggregated SWIFT measurements are shown to be useful in mapping wave-breaking dissipation in space and time.
Spearcons (Speech-Based Earcons) Improve Navigation Performance in Advanced Auditory Menus
Authors: Walker Bruce N. , Lindsay Jeffrey , Nance Amanda , Nakano Yoko , Palladino Dianne K. , Dingler Tilman , Jeon Myounghoon 
Published: July 2012

Objective: The goal of this project is to evaluate a new auditory cue, which the authors call spearcons, in comparison to other auditory cues with the aim of improving auditory menu navigation. Background: With the shrinking displays of mobile devices and increasing technology use by visually impaired users, it becomes important to improve usability of non-graphical user interface (GUI) interfaces such as auditory menus. Using nonspeech sounds called auditory icons (i.e., representative real sounds of objects or events) or earcons (i.e., brief musical melody patterns) has been proposed to enhance menu navigation. To compensate for the weaknesses of traditional nonspeech auditory cues, the authors developed spearcons by speeding up a spoken phrase, even to the point where it is no longer recognized as speech. Method: The authors conducted five empirical experiments. In Experiments 1 and 2, they measured menu navigation efficiency and accuracy among cues. In Experiments 3 and 4, they evaluated learning rate of cues and speech itself. In Experiment 5, they assessed spearcon enhancements compared to plain TTS (text to speech: speak out written menu items) in a two-dimensional auditory menu. Results: Spearcons outperformed traditional and newer hybrid auditory cues in navigation efficiency, accuracy, and learning rate. Moreover, spearcons showed comparable learnability as normal speech and led to better performance than speech-only auditory cues in two-dimensional menu navigation. Conclusion: These results show that spearcons can be more effective than previous auditory cues in menu-based interfaces. Application: Spearcons have broadened the taxonomy of nonspeech auditory cues. Users can benefit from the application of spearcons in real devices.
Ergonomics Principles Associated With Laparoscopic Surgeon Injury/Illness
Authors: Miller Kristen , Benden Mark , Pickens Adam , Shipp Eva , Zheng Qi 
Published: June 2012

Objective: This study sought to investigate the prevalence of laparoscopic surgeon injury/illness symptoms and evaluate associations between symptoms and operating room ergonomics. Background: Although laparoscopic procedures significantly benefit patients in terms of decreased recovery times and improved outcomes, they contribute to mental fatigue and musculoskeletal problems among surgeons. A variety of ergonomic interventions and applications are implemented by surgeons to reduce health problems. Currently, there is a gap in knowledge regarding a surgeon’s individual assessment of the operating room, an assessment that, in turn, would prompt the implementation of these interventions. Method: A new survey instrument solicited information from surgeons ( N = 61) regarding surgeon demographics, perception, frequency of operating room equipment adjustment, and self-reported symptoms. Surgeons responded to questions addressing safety, ergonomics, and fatigue in the operating room, using a 5-point Likert-type scale that included the option undecided. Results: Surgeons who responded undecided were more likely to experience symptoms of injury/illness than respondents who were able to assess the features of their operating rooms. Symptoms were experienced by 100% of participants. The most prevalent symptoms were neck stiffness, back stiffness, and back pain. Conclusion: This study supports hypotheses that surgeons are experiencing body part discomfort and indicators of fatigue that may be associated with performing laparoscopy. Results suggest that awareness, knowledge, and utilization of ergonomic principles could protect surgeons against symptoms that lead to occupational injury. Application: The purpose of this brief report is to convey the importance of ergonomic principles in the operating room, specific to laparoscopic surgery and surgeon injury/illness symptoms.
A.S.P.E.N. Clinical Guidelines
Authors: Fallon Erica M. , Nehra Deepika , Potemkin Alexis K. , Gura Kathleen M. , Simpser Edwin , Compher Charlene ,   American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.) Board of Directors, Puder Mark 
Published: June 2012

Background:Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the most devastating diseases in the neonatal population, with extremely low birth weight and extremely preterm infants at greatest risk.Method:A systematic review of the best available evidence to answer a series of questions regarding nutrition support of neonates at risk of NEC was undertaken and evaluated using concepts adopted from the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation working group. A consensus process was used to develop the clinical guideline recommendations prior to external and internal review and approval by the A.S.P.E.N. Board of Directors.Results/Conclusions:(1) When and how should feeds be started in infants at high risk for NEC? We suggest that minimal enteral nutrition be initiated within the first 2 days of life and advanced by 30 mL/kg/d in infants ≥1000g. (Weak) (2) Does the provision of mother's milk reduce the risk of developing NEC? We suggest the exclusive use of mother's milk rather than bovine‐based products or formula in infants at risk for NEC. (Weak) (3) Do probiotics reduce the risk of developing NEC? There are insufficient data to recommend the use of probiotics in infants at risk for NEC. (Further research needed.) (4) Do nutrients either prevent or predispose to the development of NEC? We do not recommend glutamine supplementation for infants at risk for NEC (Strong). There is insufficient evidence to recommend arginine and/or long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for infants at risk for NEC. (Further research needed.) (5) When should feeds be reintroduced to infants with NEC? There are insufficient data to make a recommendation regarding time to reintroduce feedings to infants after NEC. (Further research needed.)
Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems Surgical Care Survey
Authors: Schulz Kristine A. , Rhee John S. , Brereton Jean M. , Zema Carla L. , Witsell David L. 
Published: July 2012

ObjectiveTo describe the feasibility and initial results of the implementation of a continuous quality improvement project using the newly available Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems Surgical Care Survey (S‐CAHPS), in a small cohort of otolaryngology–head and neck surgery practices.Study DesignProspective observational study using a newly validated health care consumer survey.SettingTwo community‐based and 2 university‐based otolaryngology–head and neck surgery outpatient clinic practices.MethodsFourteen board‐certified otolaryngology, head and neck surgeons from 4 practice sites voluntarily participated in this project. All adult patients scheduled for surgery during a 12‐month period were asked to complete the S‐CAHPS survey through an electronic data capture (EDC) system 7 to 28 days after surgery. The surgeons were not directly involved in administration or collection of survey data.ResultsThree sites successfully implemented the S‐CAHPS project. A 39.9% response rate was achieved for the cohort of surgical patients entered into the EDC system. While most patients rated their surgeons very high (mean of 9.5 or greater out of 10), subanalysis revealed there is variability among sites and surgeons in communication practices. From these data, a potential surgeon Quality Improvement report was developed that highlights priority areas to improve surgeon‐patient rapport.ConclusionsThe S‐CAHPS survey can be successfully implemented in most otolaryngology practices, and our initial work holds promise for how the survey can be best deployed and analyzed for the betterment of both the surgeon and the patient.
The Dynamic of Financial Development, Imports, Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth: Cointegration and Causality Analysis in Pakistan
Authors: Shahbaz Muhammad , Rahman Mohammad Mafizur 
Published: July 2012

The article investigates the effect of financial development, imports and foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth in case of Pakistan over the period of 1990–2008 using quarterly data set. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach is applied to examine the long-run relationship and the direction of causality is investigated using the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) framework between the variables. Our findings confirm the existence of cointegration, showing long-run relation between financial development, imports, FDI and economic growth. Financial development, imports and FDI have a positive and significant effect on economic growth of the country. Causality analysis reveals a bidirectional relation among the variables but strong causality is also running from financial development, economic growth and FDI to real imports.
Signalling Hypothesis and Clientele Shifts: Evidence from Indian Stock Splits
Authors: Banerjee Pradip , Banerjee Prithviraj S. 
Published: July 2012

Researchers have always questioned the rationale for stock splits. Some have attributed the existence of stock split to a manager’s desire of increasing the liquidity of the stock. Others have argued that the split is a mechanism by which managers can signal to the market the expectations of future profitability of the firm. In this study we test the signalling hypothesis of stock splits and its implications on institutional holdings in Indian markets. We examine if the splitting firms exhibit significant increases in net sales and profitability after the split. Further we examine if splits have a significant effect on the ownership pattern on individual and institutional investors like FIs and FIIs. We find strong evidence supporting the signalling hypothesis in the Indian markets. There are significant increases in net sales and profitability of splitting firms after the split as compared to control firms. Also, consistent with the signalling hypothesis, FII shareholdings increase significantly for splitting firms. Thus, through splits, Indian managers tend to send signals to the market about the expected future profitability of the company. Also, financial institutions like Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs) have the ability to process these signals effectively.
Determination of exposure of dispensary drug preparers to cyclophosphamide by passive sampling and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Wakui Nobuyuki , Ookubo Tetuo , Iwasaki Yusuke , Ito Rie , Mitui Miyuki , Yano Yuichi , Saito Koichi , Nakazawa Hiroyuki 
Published: July 2012

Objectives: To determine cyclophosphamide exposure to preparers during tablet crushing and subsequent handling by analyzing indoor air collected using a high-performance volatile organic compounds-solvent desorption (VOC-SD) passive air sampler. Methods: The passive sampler was taped to the mask over the mouth of the preparer and indoor air was collected during crushing and preparation of cyclophosphamide tablets (Endoxan®). After collection, the carbon molecular sieve adsorbent of the passive sampler was placed in a centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of carbon disulfide was used to elute cyclophosphamide from the adsorbent. Liquid–liquid extraction with 1 mL of water was performed, and the aqueous phase was used as the test solution. Cyclophosphamide concentration was determined by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and tandem mass spectrometry detection. Results: Cyclophosphamide concentration was detected in the range of 7.6–157.7 ng/sampler. Our results showed that low-level exposure occurred near the mouth of the preparer, which could present risks for long-term exposure, especially if combined with multiple toxic drug exposures. Conclusion: The anticancer drug monitoring methodology described here is a simple exposure assessment that can be used to ensure the safety of hospital pharmacy tablet preparers. Furthermore, since the anticancer drug exposure risk is very high for preparers, preparation should be in hood or with face mask.
Including all individuals is not enough: Lessons for intention-to-treat analysis
Authors: White Ian R , Carpenter James , Horton Nicholas J 
Published: July 2012

Background Intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis requires all randomised individuals to be included in the analysis in the groups to which they were randomised. However, there is confusion about how ITT analysis should be performed in the presence of missing outcome data. Purposes To explain, justify, and illustrate an ITT analysis strategy for randomised trials with incomplete outcome data. Methods We consider several methods of analysis and compare their underlying assumptions, plausibility, and numbers of individuals included. We illustrate the ITT analysis strategy using data from the UK700 trial in the management of severe mental illness. Results Depending on the assumptions made about the missing data, some methods of analysis that include all randomised individuals may be less valid than methods that do not include all randomised individuals. Furthermore, some methods of analysis that include all randomised individuals are essentially equivalent to methods that do not include all randomised individuals. Limitations This work assumes that the aim of analysis is to obtain an accurate estimate of the difference in outcome between randomised groups and not to obtain a conservative estimate with bias against the experimental intervention. Conclusions Clinical trials should employ an ITT analysis strategy, comprising a design that attempts to follow up all randomised individuals, a main analysis that is valid under a stated plausible assumption about the missing data, and sensitivity analyses that include all randomised individuals in order to explore the impact of departures from the assumption underlying the main analysis. Following this strategy recognises the extra uncertainty arising from missing outcomes and increases the incentive for researchers to minimise the extent of missing data.
Eplerenone, an aldosterone blocker, is more effective in reducing blood pressure in patients with, than without, metabolic syndrome
Authors: Suzuki Hiromichi , Shuto Hiroshi , Shuto Chizuru , Ohara Ikkou , Inokuma Shigehisa , Abe Yoshiko , Sukigara Minoru 
Published: June 2012

Background: Recently, the role of aldosterone in metabolic syndrome (MS) has aroused interest and several reports have suggested that aldosterone blockade could be beneficial in reducing blood pressure (BP). Methods: To examine the add-on effects of eplerenone (EP) on BP in patients with MS, 54 hypertensive patients with MS and 44 without MS were recruited. Systolic and diastolic BPs in mmHg before the initiation of EP was 144/84 ± 13/12 (MS group) and 147/85 ± 12/14 (non-MS group). Before the start of EP, all patients in both groups were treated with at least one antihypertensive drug. BPs were checked on every visit (at least every 2 months) and serum chemistries were measured every 4 months. The levels of microalbuminuria and aminoterminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT pro-BNP) were determined before the start of and at the end of the study. Patients were followed for 1 year. If adverse effects were reported by patients or found in laboratory studies, EP was withdrawn. Results: One month after the start of EP, BPs were decreased to 140/80 ± 12/12 mmHg (MS group) versus 142/82 ± 11/12 mmHg (non-MS group) and there was no difference between the two groups. Towards the end of the study, BPs of both groups gradually decreased. At the end of the study, BPs of both groups were 129/76 ± 15/13 mmHg (MS group) versus 133/78 ± 13/11 mmHg (non-MS group). There was a significant difference in reduction of systolic BP between the two groups (p < 0.05). Add-on EP significantly decreased the levels of urinary excretion of albumin in MS patients but not in non-MS patients (p < 0.05). There was a significant correlation between reduction of systolic BP and NT pro-BNP but not microalbuminuria in the MS group (p < 0.05). There were no serious adverse effects in both groups. Conclusion: EP may have some beneficial effects in lowering BP in patients with reduction of microalbuminuria.
Chevkinite-group minerals from Russia and Mongolia: new compositional data from metasomatites and ore deposits
Authors: Macdonald R. , Bagiński B. , Kartashov P. , Zozulya D. , Dzierżanowski P. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractElectron-microprobe analyses of Russian and Mongolian chevkinite-group minerals from little-known host lithologies, including various metasomatic rocks, quartzolites and an apatite deposit, are presented. The mineral species analysed include chevkinite-(Ce), perrierite-(Ce), polyakovite-(Ce) and Sr- and Zr-rich perrierite-(Ce). Compositional variation in the Sr-rich members of the group is broadly represented by the exchange vector (Fe + Mn + Al + REE) ↔ (Ca + Sr + Ti + Zr). Despite the varied parageneses, the chevkinite-(Ce) compositions are similar to previously published data. Many crystals have strong internal compositional variations, partly produced during primary crystallization and partly during low-temperature hydrothermal alteration.
Comments on the eruption of basaltic magma at Tor Zawar, Balochistan, Pakistan on 27 January 2010, with a discussion of the geochemical and petrological constraints on its petrogenesis
Authors: Kassi A. M. , Kasi A. K. , Khan A. Tawab , Khan A. Salam 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAn article by A. C. Kerr and coworkers published in 2010 in Mineralogical Magazine (74, 1027–1036), reviewed an event that was interpreted as the eruption of a basaltic flow on 27th January 2010, at Tor Zawar, Ziarat, Pakistan. The regional and local geology, volcanological aspects, petrography and major-element and trace-element analyses of two samples were presented. On the basis of these data it was proposed that this was a magmatic event and that the lava was derived from the mantle. On the basis of our extensive field work in the this area, and observations at the site of another similar incident that happened almost a year later (in January 2011) ∼300 m north of the first locality, we wish to clarify the geological context and propose an alternative origin.Our field observations suggest that both events were the result of localized surface melting at the base of metal electricity pylons, and their associated steel cable supports. The metal pylons and cable supports provided a path to earth for lightning discharges into the volcanic conglomerate of the Late Cretaceous Bibai Formation. We propose that this transmitted sufficient energy to melt the outcrop. We disagree with the proposal that the 'lava flows' at Tor Zawar were magmatic events and that the rocks formed are derived from the mantle. Alternatively, we propose that these 'lavas' were produced in a manner similar to fulgurites.
Xenotime-(Y) and Sn-rich thortveitite in miarolitic pegmatites from Baveno, Southern Alps, Italy
Authors: Guastoni A. , Nestola F. , Ferraris C. , Parodi G. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractXenotime-(Y), (Y,REE)PO4, and thortveitite, (Sc, Y)2Si2O7, in a miarolitic cavity in a niobium, yttrium, fluorine (NYF) granitic pegmatite at Baveno, Verbania, Southern Alps, Italy, were investigated by electron microprobe analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Fluorine has an important role as a complexing agent for Y and REEs in supercritical pegmatitic fluids; annitesiderophyllite and chamosite are the most likely sources of the Y and REEs. The thortveitite from Baveno contains up to 3.20 wt.% SnO2, an unusually high Sn content. Xenotime-(Y) is enriched in Gd in comparison to other Alpine xenotimes. Quantitative chemical data and measurements of the lattice parameters show that a higher scandium content results in a smaller unit-cell volume in thortveitite. The substitution of REEs for Y up to ∼20 mol.% has little effect on the unit cell of xenotime-(Y). The textures of xenotime-(Y) and thortveitite provide information about the dissolution and crystallization processes in the miarolitic cavity.