bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Legitimation Crisis and the Greek Explosion
Authors: BRATSIS PETER 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe political ‘explosion’ that took place in Greece was a symptom of a systemic and deep‐rooted legitimation crisis of the Greek state. This essay examines some of the causes of this crisis, how the political space in which this explosion occurred was produced, and possibilities for continued political antagonisms and struggles.Résumé L'‘irruption’ politique qui a eu lieu en Grèce était un symptôme d’une crise de légitimité systémique et profonde de l’État grec. Ce texte s’intéresse à certaines causes de cette crise, aux modalités de production de l’espace politique dans lequel s’est produite cette irruption, ainsi qu’aux possibilités de voir perdurer conflits et antagonismes politiques.
The behavior of hair from different countries
Authors: Porter C. E. , Dixon F. , Khine C.‐C. , Pistorio B. , Bryant H. , De La Mettrie R. 
Published: March 2010

J. Cosmet. Sci., 60, 97–109 (March/April 2009)Synopsis J. Cosmet. Sci., 60, 97–109 (March/April 2009)The properties of curly hair from different countries were assessed using geometrical measurements from a laser scanning micrometer and a new hair shape classification method. In addition, tensile tests, 2‐D gel electrophoresis, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were performed. Results concluded that hair characteristics are influenced by the degree of curl. For example, curlier hair tended to be more fragile. Interestingly, the degree of curl in hair also was dependent upon the country of origin. DSC and 2‐D gel electrophoresis showed that the thermal behavior and the protein markers in hair differed as a function of hair origin. The variability seen in hair characteristics may potentially influence how the hair responds to treatment and these differences could be caused by regional and cultural diversities in the population from where the hair originated.
Hair breakage—How to measure and counteract
Authors: Haake H.‐M. , Marten S. , Seipel W. , Eisfeld W. 
Published: March 2010

J. Cosmet. Sci., 60, 143–151 (March/April 2009)SynopsisA system to determine the efficacy of hair treatments in terms of anti‐breakage and split end prevention was developed which involves the repeated combing of hair strands. The device allows ten hair strands to be combed simultaneously. First, the influences of chemical hair treatments like bleaching on hair breakage were examined. In a next step, the protective effects of benchmark products from the market were studied. Since nearly all commercial products with anti‐breakage claims contain silicones combined with cationic polymers, alternative actives were searched. In a test series with different waxes in shampoo formulations with a variable number of parameters, the particle size was found to be the factor with the strongest influence on the amount of wax deposited on the shampooed hair. Therefore, a targeted development was started, resulting in a combination of several ethers dispersed in sodium laureth sulfate. Excellent conditioning, anti‐breakage and split ends protection properties of the compound were found, showing also a dosage dependency. The latter could be explained by analyzing the amounts of waxes applied on treated hair. In these experiments, a dependency on the concentration in the shampoo was found.
Image analysis to quantify histological and immunofluorescent staining of ex vivo skin and skin cell cultures
Authors: McMullen R. L. , Bauza E. , Gondran C. , Oberto G. , Domloge N. , Farra C. Dal , Moore D. J. 
Published: March 2010

SynopsisImage processing steps and analysis techniques were developed for the quantification of photomicrographs obtained from light and fluorescence microscopy. The substrates examined were either skin cell cultures, such as normal human keratinocytes (NHK) or fibroblasts, or ex vivo skin sections. Examples of the analyses are provided for the comparison of skincare active ingredient treated samples vs. placebo to demonstrate the utility of the methods to quantify and provide numerical data for a procedure that is typically qualitative in nature and based on observations by a histologist. Quantifiable experiments that are discussed include: Fontana Masson staining for melanin expression; Nile red staining to detect cellular lipid droplets; nuclei staining with diamidino‐phenylindole (DAPI); and immunofluorescent staining of protein expression with a primary antibody directed against the protein (antigen) and a secondary antibody tagged with a fluorescent dye (Alexa Fluor 488) against the primary antibody.
8‐Hydroxydaidzein is unstable in alkaline solutions
Authors: Chang T. ‐S. 
Published: March 2010

J. Cosmet. Sci., 60, 353–357 (May/June 2009)Accepted for publication December 29, 2008.Synopsis8‐Hydroxydaidzein is a suicide substrate of mushroom tyrosinase with potent irreversible inhibitory activity. Despite its high potential in the cosmetics industry, it was found that 8‐hydroxydaidzein was unstable in a formulated cream. In this technical note, the stability of 8‐hydroxydaidzein in various solutions is investigated. The compound was dissolved in a series of solvents, and the residual 8‐hydroxydaidzeins in the prepared solutions were sequentially determined during storage by HPLC. As a result, the loss in time of 8‐hydroxydaidzein in both pH 6.8 phosphate buffer and DMSO showed typical first‐order kinetics, and the loss rate constant of the compound in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer (4.48 × 10‐3 h‐1) was 18‐fold higher than that in DMSO (2.5 × 10‐4 h‐1). The stabilities of the compound in different buffers with pH values ranging from pH 5 to pH 9 were determined in advance. The results showed that the compound was completely degraded in one day in the pH 8 and pH 9 buffers. In contrast, 8‐hydroxydaidzein remained stable above 85% after 20 days’ storage in the pH 5 and pH 6 buffers. In addition to the residual 8‐hydroxydaidzein analysis, the residual bioactivities, including tyrosinase inhibitory activity and DPPH‐radical scavenging activity of the 8‐hydroxydaidzein solutions after 20 days’ storage in different pH values, were also determined, and the results correlated well with those of the stability experiments. All the results demonstrated that 8‐hydroxydaidzein is unstable in alkaline solutions. According to the data in the present report, it is recommended that 8‐hydroxydaidzein be formulated in an acid solution for its applications.
Cosmetic application of a novel technique preparing lamellar‐structure‐nano capsule with POE/POP dimethyl ether
Authors: Oka T. , Miyahara R. , Ojima K. , Hara E. , Miyake H. , Kimura T. , Hukuhara T. , Tagai K. 
Published: March 2010

We have developed various kinds of ultrafine emulsifying methods using POE/POP dimethyl ether. Among ultrafine emulsions made by these methods, it was reported that an o/w type emulsion, which had been prepared with POE/POP dimethyl ether, sterol surfactant, and polar oils, was characterized by a lamellar structure on the outside of nano‐size emulsified particles (lamellar nano‐capsules). The investigation of the use of various kinds of lipophilic active ingredients inside the particles showed that the particles could hold the ingredients stably. The fluidity of emulsified particles was also investigated from the measurements of fluorescent polarization and NMR measurements. On the other hand, panel tests of a cosmetic essence containing the emulsion showed that approximately 80% of panelists confirmed the essence could improve their skin condition including skin‐moisture and skin‐tension after the treatments, and they felt a clear progress in skin‐improvement by continuing use of the essence.Keywords:  POE/POP dimethyl ether, sterol surfactant, polar oil, ultrafine emulsion, lamellar structure, lipophilic active ingredient, fluorescent polarization, cosmetic essence, skin‐moisture, skin‐tension
Evaluation of tactile sensation of cosmetics by tactile movement — application movement of skin care products
Authors: Akiyama Y. , Izumi Y. , Nishijima S. 
Published: March 2010

The correlation between tactile sensation and tactile movement during application of cosmetics is important because tactile sensation is induced only by active handling. The aim of this study is to evaluate application feeling of skin care products objectively using motion analysis of human fingers during application. The effect of the application velocity on the sensory evaluation score was investigated. It was shown that the participants tend to apply the skin care products at the velocity which they feel the most comfortable. Based on this result, change in the application velocity by changing rheological property of the skin care product was studied. From these results, it was shown that motion analysis of application is useful to evaluate tactile feelings of skin care products.Keywords:  tactile sensation, skin care products, application movement, application velocity, sensory evaluation, tactile movement, application feeling, motion analysis, rheological property, active handling
A common intracellular allosteric binding site for antagonists of the CXCR2 receptor
Authors: Salchow K , Bond ME , Evans SC , Press NJ , Charlton SJ , Hunt PA , Bradley ME 
Published: March 2010

Background and purpose:  We have previously shown that SB265610 (1‐(2‐bromo‐phenyl)‐3‐(7‐cyano‐3H‐benzotriazol‐4‐yl)‐urea) behaves as an allosteric, inverse agonist at the C‐X‐C chemokine (CXCR)2 receptor. The aim of this study was to determine whether SB265610, in addition to two other known antagonists, bind to either of the two putative, topographically distinct, allosteric binding sites previously reported in the Literature.Experimental approach:  Ten single point mutations were introduced into the CXCR2 receptor using site‐directed mutagenesis. Three CXCR2 antagonists were investigated, SB265610, Pteridone‐1 (2‐(2,3 difluoro‐benzylsulphanyl)‐4‐((R)‐2‐hydroxy‐1‐methyl‐ethylamino)‐8H‐pteridin‐7‐one) and Sch527123 (2‐hydroxy‐N,N‐dimethyl‐3‐{2‐[[(R)‐1‐(5‐methyl‐furan‐2‐yl)‐propyl]amino]‐3,4‐dioxo‐cyclobut‐1enylamino}‐benzamide), and the effect of these mutations on their binding affinity and ability to inhibit interleukin‐8‐stimulated binding of [35S]GTPγS was examined.Key results:  Seven of the nine mutations introduced into the C‐terminal domain and intracellular loops of the receptor produced a significant reduction in affinity at least one of the antagonists tested. Of those seven mutations, three produced a significant reduction in the affinity of all three antagonists, namely K320A, Y314A and D84N. In all but one mutation, the changes observed on antagonist affinity were matched with effects on inhibition of interleukin‐8‐stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding.Conclusions and implications:  These antagonists bind to a common intracellular, allosteric, binding site of the CXCR2 receptor, which has been further delineated. As many of these mutations are close to the site of G protein coupling or to a region of the receptor that is responsible for the transduction of the activation signal, our results suggest a molecular mechanism for the inhibition of receptor activation.
Thrombospondin‐1 is an inhibitor of pharmacological activation of soluble guanylate cyclase
Authors: Miller Thomas W , Isenberg Jeff S , Roberts David D 
Published: March 2010

Background and purpose:  Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) is the signal transduction enzyme most responsible for mediating the effects of nitric oxide (NO). Recently, NO‐independent small molecule activators of sGC have been developed that have promising clinical activities. We have shown that the secreted matrix protein thrombospondin‐1 (TSP‐1) binds to CD47 and potently inhibits NO stimulation of sGC in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and platelets. Here we show that TSP‐1 signalling via CD47 inhibits sGC activation by NO‐independent sGC activating small molecules.Experimental approach:  Vascular smooth muscle cells and washed human platelets were pretreated with TSP‐1 (2.2 nM) in the presence of haeme‐dependent sGC activators (YC‐1, BAY 41‐2272), and a haeme‐independent activator (meso‐porphyrin IX), and cGMP levels were measured. The effect of sGC activators on platelet aggregation and contraction of VSMC embedded in collagen gels was also assayed in the presence and absence of TSP‐1.Key results:  Thrombospondin‐1 inhibited sGC activator‐dependent increase in cGMP in VSMC and platelets. TSP‐1 pretreatment also inhibited the ability of these agents to delay thrombin‐induced platelet aggregation. TSP‐1 pretreatment reduced the ability of sGC activating agents to abrogate VSMC contraction in vitro.Conclusions and implications:  This work demonstrates that TSP‐1 is a universal inhibitor of sGC, blocking both haeme‐dependent and haeme‐independent activation. These data coupled with the reported increases in TSP‐1 with age, diabetes, ischaemia/reperfusion, and atherosclerosis implies that the therapeutic potential of all drugs that activate sGC could be compromised in disease states where TSP‐1/CD47 signalling is elevated.
Combined effects of epileptic seizure and phenobarbital induced overexpression of P‐glycoprotein in brain of chemically kindled rats
Authors: Jing Xinyue , Liu Xiang , Wen Tao , Xie Shanshan , Yao Dan , Liu Xiaodong , Wang Guangji , Xie Lin 
Published: March 2010

Background and purpose:  The multidrug resistance of epilepsy may result from the overexpression of P‐glycoprotein, but the mechanisms are unclear. We investigated whether the overexpression of P‐glycoprotein in the brains of subjects with pharmacoresistant epilepsy resulted from both drug effects and seizure activity.Experimental approach:  Kindled rats were developed by injecting a subconvulsive dose of pentylenetetrazole (33 mg·kg−1·day−1, i.p.) for 28 days. Groups were then treated with an oral dose of phenobarbital (45 mg·kg−1·day−1) for 40 days. In accord with behavioural observations, P‐glycoprotein activity in brain was assessed using brain‐to‐plasma concentration ratios of rhodamine 123. P‐glycoprotein levels in the brain regions were further evaluated using RT‐PCR and Western blot analysis. The distribution of phenobarbital in the brain was assessed by measuring phenobarbital concentrations 1 h following its oral administration.Key results:  The kindling significantly increased P‐glycoprotein activity and expression. Good associations were found among P‐glycoprotein activity, expression and phenobarbital concentration in the hippocampus. Short‐term treatment with phenobarbital showed good anti‐epileptic effect; the maximum effect occurred on day 14 when overexpression of P‐glycoprotein was reversed. Continuous treatment with phenobarbital had a gradually reduced anti‐epileptic effect and on day 40, phenobarbital exhibited no anti‐epileptic effect; this was accompanied by both a re‐enhancement of P‐glycoprotein expression and decreased phenobarbital concentration in the hippocampus. P‐glycoprotein function and expression were also increased in age‐matched normal rats treated with phenobarbital.Conclusions and implications:  The overexpression of P‐glycoprotein in the brain of subjects with pharmacoresistant epilepsy is due to a combination of drug effects and epileptic seizures.
Estimation of binding rate constants using a simultaneous mixed‐effects method: application to monoamine transporter reuptake inhibitor reboxetine
Authors: Benson Neil , Snelder Nelleke , Ploeger Bart , Napier Carolyn , Sale Harriet , JM Birdsall Nigel , Butt Richard P , van der Graaf Piet H 
Published: March 2010

Background and purpose: Reboxetine is a clinically used antidepressant and is a racemic mixture of two enantiomers, SS‐ and RR‐reboxetine. The aim of the work described in this manuscript was to determine the kinetics of binding of the RR‐ and SS‐reboxetine to the human noradrenaline transporter (hNET).Experimental approach: We have applied a simultaneous mixed‐effects method to the analysis of the transient kinetics of binding of SS‐, RR‐ and racemic reboxetine to hNET. This method allowed simultaneous modelling of multiple datasets, taking into account inter‐experiment variability, thereby facilitating robust parameter estimation and minimizing the assumptions made.Key results: The mixed‐effects method proved simple and robust. SS‐reboxetine bound to hNET according to a one‐step binding model with the SS‐enantiomer having 130‐fold higher steady state affinity than the RR‐enantiomer (Kd= 0.076 ± 0.009 nM vs. 9.7 ± 0.8 nM respectively). Thekonfor SS‐reboxetine wasc.1.4 × 105 M−1·s−1andkoff1.05 × 10−5 s−1(t1/2∼18 h). Thekonfor RR‐reboxetine wasc.4.3 × 105 M−1·s−1andkoff4.2 × 10−3 s−1(t1/2∼3 min). The racemate behaved as expected for an equimolar mixture of RR‐ and SS‐reboxetine, assuming mutually exclusive binding.Conclusions and implications: These data will be useful for the interpretation of the behaviour of reboxetine and its enantiomers in man and the method used could be applied to other candidate drugs.
Involvement of 2‐arachidonoyl glycerol in the increased consumption of and preference for ethanol of mice treated with neurotoxic doses of methamphetamine
Authors: Gutierrez‐Lopez MD , Llopis N , Feng S , Barrett DA , O'Shea E , Colado MI 
Published: March 2010

Background and purpose: Methamphetamine (METH) is a psychostimulant amphetamine that causes long‐term dopaminergic neurotoxicity in mice. Hypodopaminergic states have been demonstrated to increase voluntary ethanol (EtOH) consumption and preference. In addition, the endocannabinoid system has been demonstrated to modulate EtOH drinking behaviour. Thus, we investigated EtOH consumption in METH‐lesioned animals and the role of cannabinoid (CB) signalling in this EtOH drinking.Experimental approach: Mice were treated with a neurotoxic regimen of METH, and 7 days later exposed to increasing concentrations of drinking solutions of EtOH (3, 6, 10 and 20%). Seven days after neurotoxic METH, the following biochemical determinations were carried out in limbic forebrain: CB1receptor density and stimulated activity, 2‐arachidonoyl glycerol (2‐AG) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) activity, dopamine levels and dopamine transporter density.Key results: EtOH consumption and preference were increased in METH‐treated mice. Seven days after METH, a time at which both dopamine levels and density of dopamine transporters in limbic forebrain were decreased, CB1receptor density and activity were unaltered, but 2‐AG levels were increased. At this same time‐point, MAGL activity was reduced. The CB1receptor antagonist AM251 prevented the METH‐induced increase in EtOH consumption and preference, whileN‐arachidonoyl maleimide, an inhibitor of MAGL, increased EtOH consumption and preference in both saline‐ and METH‐treated mice.Conclusions and implications: An increase in endocannabinoid tone may be involved in the increased consumption of and preference for EtOH displayed by METH‐lesioned mice as blockade of the CB1receptor decreased EtOH‐seeking behaviours, whereas the MAGL inhibitor increased EtOH consumption.This article is part of a themed issue on Cannabinoids. To view the editorial for this themed issue visithttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2010.00831.x
Adolescent cannabis use and psychosis: epidemiology and neurodevelopmental models
Authors: Malone Daniel T , Hill Matthew N , Rubino Tiziana 
Published: March 2010

Cannabis is one of the most widely used illicit drugs among adolescents, and most users first experiment with it in adolescence. Adolescence is a critical phase for brain development, characterized by neuronal maturation and rearrangement processes, such as myelination, synaptic pruning and dendritic plasticity. The endocannabinoid system plays an important role in fundamental brain developmental processes such as neuronal cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. Therefore changes in endocannabinoid activity during this specific developmental phase, induced by the psychoactive component of marijuana, Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, might lead to subtle but lasting neurobiological changes that can affect brain functions and behaviour. In this review, we outline recent research into the endocannabinoid system focusing on the relationships between adolescent exposure to cannabinoids and increased risk for certain neuropsychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia, as highlighted by both human and animal studies. Particular emphasis will be given to the possible mechanisms by which adolescent cannabis consumption could render a person more susceptible to developing psychoses such as schizophrenia.This article is part of a themed issue on Cannabinoids. To view the editorial for this themed issue visithttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2010.00831.x
Adenosine–cannabinoid receptor interactions. Implications for striatal function
Authors: Ferré Sergi , Lluís Carme , Justinova Zuzana , Quiroz César , Orru Marco , Navarro Gemma , Canela Enric I , Franco Rafael , Goldberg Steven R 
Published: March 2010

Adenosine and endocannabinoids are very ubiquitous non‐classical neurotransmitters that exert a modulatory role on the transmission of other more ‘classical’ neurotransmitters. In this review we will focus on their common role as modulators of dopamine and glutamate neurotransmission in the striatum, the main input structure of the basal ganglia. We will pay particular attention to the role of adenosine A2A receptors and cannabinoid CB1 receptors. Experimental results suggest that presynaptic CB1 receptors interacting with A2A receptors in cortico‐striatal glutamatergic terminals that make synaptic contact with dynorphinergic medium‐sized spiny neurons (MSNs) are involved in the motor‐depressant and addictive effects of cannabinoids. On the other hand, postsynaptic CB1 receptors interacting with A2A and D2 receptors in the dendritic spines of enkephalinergic MSNs and postsynaptic CB1 receptors in the dendritic spines of dynorphinergic MSN are probably involved in the cataleptogenic effects of cannabinoids. These receptor interactions most probably depend on the existence of a variety of heteromers of A2A, CB1 and D2 receptors in different elements of striatal spine modules. Drugs selective for the different striatal A2A and CB1 receptor heteromers could be used for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders and drug addiction and they could provide effective drugs with fewer side effects than currently used drugs.This article is part of a themed issue on Cannabinoids. To view the editorial for this themed issue visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2010.00831.x
Adverse Selection in the Environmental Stewardship Scheme: Does the Higher Level Stewardship Scheme Design Reduce Adverse Selection?
Authors: Quillérou Emmanuelle , Fraser Rob 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe Environmental Stewardship Scheme provides payments to farmers for the provision of environmental services based on foregone agricultural income. This creates a potential incentive compatibility problem which, combined with information asymmetry about farm land potential, can lead to adverse selection of land into the Scheme and therefore a less cost‐effective provision of environmental goods and services. However, the Higher Level Stewardship (HLS) Scheme design includes some features that potentially reduce adverse selection. This paper studies the adverse selection problem of the HLS using a principal‐agent framework at the regional level. It is found that, at the regional level, the enrolment of more land from lower payment regions for a given budget constraint has reduced the adverse selection problem through contracting a greater overall area and thus higher overall environmental benefit. In addition, for landscape regions with the same payment rate (i.e. of the same agricultural value), differential weighting of the public demand for environmental goods and services provided by agriculture (measured by weighting an environmental benefit function by the distance to main cities) appears to be reflected in the regulator’s allocation of contracts, thereby also reducing the adverse selection problem.