bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF LOW‐ AND ULTRALOW‐TEMPERATURE FREEZING ON RETROGRADATION AND TEXTURAL PROPERTIES OF RICE STARCH GEL DURING STORAGE
Authors: YU SHIFENG , MA YING , ZHENG XI‐QUN 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTIn the current research, rice starch gel was frozen by low temperature (−20, −30 and −60C) or ultralow temperature (−100C), and then stored at 4C for 21 days or −18C for up to 5 months to evaluate the retrogradation and textural properties. Retrogradation enthalpy (ΔHr) of rice starch was determined by a differential scanning calorimetry, and textural properties were determined by a texture analyzer. The results showed that low‐temperature and ultralow‐temperature freezing can effectively retard starch retrogradation during freezing process, while the freezing process has no significant influence on the thermal properties of rice amylose‐lipid complex during storage. On the other hand, retrogradation and textural properties of rice starch gel were related to amylose and amylopectin ratio when stored. Therefore, the amylose and amylopectin properties and freezing process have a synergistic effect on retrogradation and textural properties of rice starch gel during storage.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSStarch retrogradation is an unavoidable phenomenon for the texture of many ready meals, which is a major problem for industry to produce high‐quality starch‐based ready‐to‐eat meals. The low‐ and ultralow‐temperature freezing combined with frozen storage can effectively retard rice starch retrogradation and maintain the textural properties of rice starch gel for at least 5 months, and this optimum method is very useful for food industry to produce high‐quality starchy foods.
Faunal notes of family Arctiidae (Insecta, Lepidoptera) from Cambodia
Authors: Ulziijargal Bayarsaikhan , Ju Young‐Don , Qi Mu‐jie , Le Xuan‐Vi , Phalla Thuch , Park Jong Kyun , Bae Yang‐Seop 
Published: November 2011

Cambodia covers 181,035 km2 (a little over half size of Vietnam), among them, the forest area is cover about 53 percent, so there are abundant insects diversities. The family Arctiidae so called tiger moths are belonging to superfamily Noctuoidea, with more than 11,155 named species of 750 genera are distributed worldwide (Heppner, 2005).Taxonomic study of the Arctiidae in Cambodia has been done by a few foreign entomologists (). In the present study, we were collected four times from 2009–2010 in three protected forests are Seima, Central Cardamom, and North Cardamom. Each time, we were collected from 3 to 5 sites in each forest by using light trap. As a result of this study, a total of 183 species of 13 families belonging to Lepidoptera. Of which, 70 species of 32 genera of 2 subfamilies (Lithosiinae and Arctiinae) belonging to Arctiidae family were identified from Cambodia.
Biodiversity Changes of Benthic Macroinvertebrates in Tamjin river system by Jangheung Dam Construction
Authors: SoonAh Ham , Jongsun Kim , chulwon Jung 
Published: November 2011

Benthic macroinvertebrates in freshwater include Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, and Arthropoda etc. Insects in arthropoda are among the most conspicuous inhabitants of streams and rivers and occupy up to 95% of macroinvertebrates. In most cases, it is the larval stages of these insects that are aquatic, whereas the adults are terrestrial.Tamjin river system was surveyed seasonally for 13 years (1998–2010) to study the biodiversity changes of macroinvertebrtes by Jangheung Dam construction.Total macroinvertebrates consist of 139 species, 101 genera, 59 families, 19 orders, 6 classes in 4 phylums. To start 57 species in 1998 before the dam construction, 41 species were in 1999 which is the first year of construction. After the construction the number of species increased gradually and 73 species emerged in 2009 and 2010.The individual number fluctuated annually and it is difficult to infer the comprehensive results, but ephemerids decreased dramatically after the construction and then they increased gradually since 2006, whereas caddisflies increased rapidly and decreased.Among the studied taxa Ephemeroptera showed the highest diversity relatively, and the next was Trichoptera and Coleoptera. The species occurrence pattern was stable in Ephemeroptera as 15–24 species and fluctuated in Trichoptera ranged from 4 species (2001) to 15 species(2008). In Diptera, 8 species emerged up in 2003 and 2007 and 3 species in 1998 and 1999 and in Coleoptera, 3–6 species emerged in stable pattern.
Direct 1270 nm Irradiation as an Alternative to Photosensitized Generation of Singlet Oxygen to Induce Cell Death
Authors: Detty Michael R. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis article is a highlight of the paper by Anquez et al. in this issue of Photochemistry and Photobiology and describes the potential benefits of direct excitation of molecular oxygen to produce singlet oxygen (1O2) rather than using a photosensitizer. Due to its simplicity, the direct excitation of molecular oxygen can potentially overcome problems associated with systemic administration of dyes, such as skin photosensitivity and the clearance of free sensitizer from the body. However, concerns associated with the technique include indiscriminate generation of extracellular and intracellular 1O2, the difficulty of controlling necrotic vs apoptotic cell death and the possible consequences of thermal effects.
The Presence of Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Healthy Bernese Mountain Dogs
Authors: Nielsen L.N. , Wiinberg B. , Kjelgaard‐Hansen M. , Kristensen A.T. 
Published: November 2011

BackgroundThe role of antiphospholipid antibodies in the prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) previously identified in healthy Bernese Mountain Dogs remains unknown. In people, an isolated prolonged aPTT without evidence of bleeding might be because of a thrombophilic condition caused by antiphospholipid antibodies.ObjectiveTo examine if prolonged aPTT in healthy Bernese Mountain Dogs is because of antiphospholipid antibodies.AnimalsTwenty‐two healthy Bernese Mountain Dogs and 10 healthy adult dogs of various breeds.MethodsProspective case control study. Healthy Bernese Moutain Dogs were examined twice over 6 months. Dogs were investigated for the presence of lupus anticoagulants and anticardiolipin (aCL) antibodies by the use of multiple aPTT tests with low and high lupus anticoagulant sensitivities, a mixing study, and an ELISA test for aCL antibody optical density to detect solid phase antiphospholipid antibodies.ResultsIn all, 15 of 22 healthy Bernese Mountain Dogs were positive for lupus anticoagulants. The Bernese Mountain Dogs had markedly higher levels of aCL antibodies compared with the control dogs (P = .006). In all, 7 of 21 of the Bernese Mountain Dogs were positive for both lupus anticoagulants and aCL antibodies, whereas 4 of 21 Bernese Mountain Dogs were negative for both.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceLupus anticoagulants and aCL antibodies could be the cause of prolonged aPTT in healthy Bernese Mountain Dogs. The importance of the antiphospholipid antibodies in the dogs remains unknown.
The role of attachment styles in shaping proactive behaviour: An intra‐individual analysis
Authors: Wu Chia‐huei , Parker Sharon K. 
Published: November 2011

Focusing on the intra‐individual variation of proactive behaviour, the authors propose that curiosity, core self‐evaluations (CSE), and future orientation are states that influence proactive behaviour at a given time at the within‐individual level, and these within‐individual associations are moderated by attachment styles at the between‐individual level. For a sample of Taiwanese students (N= 58), the results showed that monthly curiosity, CSE, and future orientation positively predicted monthly proactive behaviour, but these within‐individual associations were different depending on an individual's relationship anxiety in attachment. People high in relationship anxiety tend to behave proactively to approach future goals at a given time, but cannot rely on their self‐evaluations to foster the proactive action at the same time, revealing an ambivalent attitude towards proactive behaviour.Practitioner Points
Strengthening an individual's states of curiosity, positive self‐evaluations, and future orientation can help to enhance his/her proactive behaviour at a given time.
People who worry about their social relationships are reluctant to rely on their positive self‐evaluation at a given time to engage in proactive behaviour at that time.
Cultivating a positive social environment is helpful to enhance an individual's proactive behaviour, especially for people who worry about their social relationships.
Anthrax Vaccine Antigen-Adjuvant Formulations Completely Protect New Zealand White Rabbits against Challenge with Bacillus anthracis Ames Strain Spores
Authors: Peachman Kristina K. , Li Qin , Matyas Gary R. , Shivachandra Sathish B. , Lovchik Julie , Lyons Rick C. , Alving Carl R. , Rao Venigalla B. , Rao Mangala 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

In an effort to develop an improved anthrax vaccine that shows high potency, five different anthrax protective antigen (PA)-adjuvant vaccine formulations that were previously found to be efficacious in a nonhuman primate model were evaluated for their efficacy in a rabbit pulmonary challenge model using
Bacillus anthracis
Ames strain spores. The vaccine formulations include PA adsorbed to Alhydrogel, PA encapsulated in liposomes containing monophosphoryl lipid A, stable liposomal PA oil-in-water emulsion, PA displayed on bacteriophage T4 by the intramuscular route, and PA mixed with
Escherichia coli
heat-labile enterotoxin administered by the needle-free transcutaneous route. Three of the vaccine formulations administered by the intramuscular or the transcutaneous route as a three-dose regimen induced 100% protection in the rabbit model. One of the formulations, liposomal PA, also induced significantly higher lethal toxin neutralizing antibodies than PA-Alhydrogel. Even 5 months after the second immunization of a two-dose regimen, rabbits vaccinated with liposomal PA were 100% protected from lethal challenge with Ames strain spores. In summary, the needle-free skin delivery and liposomal formulation that were found to be effective in two different animal model systems appear to be promising candidates for next-generation anthrax vaccine development.
Application of a Microcalorimetric Method for Determining Drug Susceptibility in Mycobacterium Species
Authors: Howell M. , Wirz D. , Daniels A. U. , Braissant O. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
is a global public health concern, particularly with the emergence of drug-resistant strains. Immediate identification of drug-resistant strains is crucial to administering appropriate treatment before the bacteria are allowed to spread. However, developing countries, which are most affected by drug resistance, are struggling to combat the disease without the facilities or funds for expensive diagnostics. Recent studies have emphasized the suitability of isothermal microcalorimetry (IMC) for the rapid detection of mycobacteria. In this study, we investigate its suitability for rapid and reliable
M. tuberculosis
drug susceptibility testing. Specifically, IMC was used to determine the MICs of three drugs, namely, isoniazid, ethambutol, and moxifloxacin, against three mycobacteria, namely,
Mycobacterium smegmatis
,
Mycobacterium avium
, and
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
. The Richards growth model was used to calculate growth parameters, namely, the maximum bacterial growth rate and the lag phase duration from integrated heat flow-versus-time results. For example, MICs of isoniazid, ethambutol, and moxifloxacin were determined to be 1.00, 8.00, and 0.25 μg/ml, respectively. IMC, as described here, could be used not just in industrialized countries but also in developing countries because inexpensive and sensitive microcalorimeters are now available.
Prevalence and Sequence Variation of Panton-Valentine Leukocidin in Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Strains in the United States
Authors: Brown Megan L. , O'Hara F. Patrick , Close Nicole M. , Mera Robertino M. , Miller Linda A. , Suaya Jose A. , Amrine-Madsen Heather 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), encoded by the
lukSF-PV
genes, is a putative virulence factor and marker for community-associated methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
. Here we report the prevalence of PVL among a representative sample of 1,055
S. aureus
infection isolates from the United States and describe the sequence variation of the
lukSF-PV
genes. We performed multilocus sequence typing (MLST) on all isolates and sequenced fragments of the
lukSF-PV
genes from a sample of 86 isolates. We assigned isolates to a PVL R or H sequence type based on a polymorphism that results in an amino acid change from arginine (R) to histidine (H). Overall, we found that 36% of
S. aureus
isolates were positive for
lukSF-PV
. Among the 86 we typed, we identified 72 R variants and 14 H variants. Among the 47 methicillin-resistance
S. aureus
(MRSA) isolates, 43 harbored the R variant, and among the 39 methicillin-susceptible
S. aureus
(MSSA) isolates, 29 harbored the R variant. Almost all (97%) of the R variants were found in MLST clonal complex 8 (CC8), while the H variant was broadly distributed among 6 CCs. Within CC8, all 38 MRSA (USA300) and all 28 MSSA isolates harbored the R variant. Of the 20 isolates from blood and the lower respiratory tract, 19 (95%) harbored the R variant. While the R variant had been linked primarily to USA300 MRSA, we found that all CC8 MSSA isolates also contained the R variant, suggesting that some strains of USA300 may have lost methicillin resistance as an adaptation in the community.
Direct Comparison of the Traditional and Reverse Syphilis Screening Algorithms in a Population with a Low Prevalence of Syphilis
Authors: Binnicker Matthew J. , Jespersen Deborah J. , Rollins Leonard O. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT
We describe the first direct comparison of the reverse and traditional syphilis screening algorithms in a population with a low prevalence of syphilis. Among 1,000 patients tested, the results for 6 patients were falsely reactive by reverse screening, compared to none by traditional testing. However, reverse screening identified 2 patients with possible latent syphilis that were not detected by rapid plasma reagin (RPR).
Point-Counterpoint: It Is Time To Use Treponema-Specific Antibody Screening Tests for Diagnosis of Syphilis
Authors: Loeffelholz Michael J. , Binnicker Matthew J. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT
Assays that detect treponema-specific antibodies, which are either automated or can be done as point-of-care tests, have been developed, some of which are FDA approved. These assays have the advantage of being easily performed and demonstrate high sensitivity, both key features of an infectious disease screening test. As a result, many high-volume clinical laboratories have begun to offer a reverse syphilis testing algorithm where a treponema-specific test is used for screening, followed by a nontreponemal test (i.e., rapid plasma reagin [RPR]) to assess disease activity and treatment status. Concerns about physicians being able to understand and apply this new testing algorithm have been expressed (8). In this point-counterpoint, Michael Loeffelholz of the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston explains why his laboratory has adopted this reverse algorithmic approach. Matthew Binnicker of the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, explains why the reverse algorithm may not be suitable for all clinical laboratories and every clinical situation.
Enhanced Growth of Influenza Vaccine Seed Viruses in Vero Cells Mediated by Broadening the Optimal pH Range for Virus Membrane Fusion
Authors: Murakami Shin , Horimoto Taisuke , Ito Mutsumi , Takano Ryo , Katsura Hiroaki , Shimojima Masayuki , Kawaoka Yoshihiro 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT
Vaccination is one of the most effective preventive measures to combat influenza. Prospectively, cell culture-based influenza vaccines play an important role for robust vaccine production in both normal settings and urgent situations, such as during the 2009 pandemic. African green monkey Vero cells are recommended by the World Health Organization as a safe substrate for influenza vaccine production for human use. However, the growth of influenza vaccine seed viruses is occasionally suboptimal in Vero cells, which places limitations on their usefulness for enhanced vaccine production. Here, we present a strategy for the development of vaccine seed viruses with enhanced growth in Vero cells by changing an amino acid residue in the stem region of the HA2 subunit of the hemagglutinin (HA) molecule. This mutation optimized the pH for HA-mediated membrane fusion in Vero cells and enhanced virus growth 100 to 1,000 times in the cell line, providing a promising strategy for cell culture-based influenza vaccines.
A Role for the Internal Repeat of the Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Latent Nuclear Antigen in the Persistence of an Episomal Viral Genome
Authors: Alkharsah Khaled R. , Schulz Thomas F. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT
The latent nuclear antigen (LANA) of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is required for the replication and partitioning of latent viral genomes. It contains an extended internal repeat (IR) region whose function is only incompletely understood. We constructed KSHV genomes lacking either LANA (KSHV-ΔLANA) or the IR region of LANA (KSHV-LANAΔ329-931). Although still capable of replicating a plasmid containing a latent origin of replication, LANAΔ329-931 does not support the establishment of stable cell lines containing a KSHV genome. These findings suggest a role for the LANA IR in KSHV episomal maintenance without its being required for replication.
Adaptation of a Duck Influenza A Virus in Quail
Authors: Yamada Shinya , Shinya Kyoko , Takada Ayato , Ito Toshihiro , Suzuki Takashi , Suzuki Yasuo , Le Quynh Mai , Ebina Masahito , Kasai Noriyuki , Kida Hiroshi , Horimoto Taisuke , Rivailler Pierre , Chen Li Mei , Donis Ruben O. , Kawaoka Yoshihiro 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT
Quail are thought to serve as intermediate hosts of influenza A viruses between aquatic birds and terrestrial birds, such as chickens, due to their high susceptibility to aquatic-bird viruses, which then adapt to replicate efficiently in their new hosts. However, does replication of aquatic-bird influenza viruses in quail similarly result in their efficient replication in humans? Using sialic acid-galactose linkage-specific lectins, we found both avian (sialic acid-α2-3-galactose [Siaα2-3Gal] linkages on sialyloligosaccharides)- and human (Siaα2-6Gal)-type receptors on the tracheal cells of quail, consistent with previous reports. We also passaged a duck H3N2 virus in quail 19 times. Sequence analysis revealed that eight mutations accumulated in hemagglutinin (HA) during these passages. Interestingly, many of the altered HA amino acids found in the adapted virus are present in human seasonal viruses, but not in duck viruses. We also found that stepwise stalk deletion of neuraminidase occurred during passages, resulting in reduced neuraminidase function. Despite some hemagglutinin mutations near the receptor binding pocket, appreciable changes in receptor specificity were not detected. However, reverse-genetics-generated viruses that possessed the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of the quail-passaged virus replicated significantly better than the virus possessing the parent HA and neuraminidase in normal human bronchial epithelial cells, whereas no significant difference in replication between the two viruses was observed in duck cells. Further, the quail-passaged but not the original duck virus replicated in human bronchial epithelial cells. These data indicate that quail can serve as intermediate hosts for aquatic-bird influenza viruses to be transmitted to humans.
Epigenetic Regulation of the Latency-Associated Region of Marek's Disease Virus in Tumor-Derived T-Cell Lines and Primary Lymphoma
Authors: Brown Andrew C. , Nair Venugopal , Allday Martin J. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

Meq is the major Marek's disease virus (MDV)-encoded oncoprotein and is essential for T-cell lymphomagenesis. Meq and several noncoding RNAs, including three microRNA (MiR) clusters, are expressed from the repeats of the MDV genome during latent infection of T cells. To investigate the state of the chromatin in this and flanking regions, we carried out chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis of covalent histone modifications and associated bound proteins. T-cell lines and a lymphoma were compared. The chromatin around the promoters for
Meq
and the noncoding RNAs in both cell lines and the lymphoma were associated with H3K9 acetylation and H3K4 trimethylation, which are marks of transcriptionally active chromatin. These correlated with bound Meq–c-Jun heterodimers. The only binding site for Meq homodimers is located at the lytic origin of replication (OriLyt), next to the lytic gene
pp38
. This region lacked active marks and was associated with repressive histone modifications (H3K27 and H3K9 trimethylation). DNA CpG methylation was investigated using methylated DNA precipitation (MeDP). In cell lines, DNA methylation was abundant across the repeats but noticeably reduced or absent around the active promoters. In primary tumors, CpG methylation occurred less than 2 months after infection, focused within the
ICP4
gene. These data suggest that nonrandom
de novo
DNA methylation occurs early in lymphomagenesis. In addition, the histone data indicate a role for Meq in the epigenetic regulation of the MDV genome repeats in transformed T cells and suggest that the OriLyt region and the
Meq/
MiR region might be separated by chromatin boundary elements, and preliminary data on CTCF binding are consistent with this.
Genetic Mapping of a Highly Variable Norovirus GII.4 Blockade Epitope: Potential Role in Escape from Human Herd Immunity
Authors: Debbink Kari , Donaldson Eric F. , Lindesmith Lisa C. , Baric Ralph S. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT
Noroviruses account for 96% of viral gastroenteritis cases worldwide, with GII.4 strains responsible >80% of norovirus outbreaks. Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) are norovirus binding ligands, and antigenic and preferential HBGA binding profiles vary over time as new GII.4 strains emerge. The capsid P2 subdomain facilitates HBGA binding, contains neutralizing antibody epitopes, and likely evolves in response to herd immunity. To identify amino acids regulating HBGA binding and antigenic differences over time, we created chimeric virus-like particles (VLPs) between the GII.4-1987 and GII.4-2006 strains by exchanging amino acids in putative epitopes and characterized their antigenic and HBGA binding profiles using anti-GII.4-1987 and -2006 mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and polyclonal sera, 1988 outbreak human sera, and synthetic HBGAs. The exchange of amino acids 393 to 395 between GII.4-1987 and GII.4-2006 resulted in altered synthetic HBGA binding compared to parental strains. Introduction of GII.4-1987 residues 294, 297 to 298, 368, and 372 (epitope A) into GII.4-2006 resulted in reactivity with three anti-GII.4-1987 MAbs and reduced reactivity with four anti-GII.4-2006 MAbs. The three anti-GII.4-1987 MAbs also blocked chimeric VLP-HBGA interaction, while an anti-GII.4-2006 blocking antibody did not, indicating that epitope A amino acids comprise a potential neutralizing epitope for GII.4-1987 and GII.4-2006. We also tested GII.4-1987-immunized mouse polyclonal sera and 1988 outbreak human sera for the ability to block chimeric VLP-HBGA interaction and found that epitope A amino acids contribute significantly to the GII.4-1987 blockade response. Our data provide insights that help explain the emergence of new GII.4 epidemic strains over time, may aid development of norovirus therapeutics, and may help predict the emergence of future epidemic strains.