bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multicenter Crossover Study of Automated Control of Inspired Oxygen in Ventilated Preterm Infants
Authors: Claure Nelson , Bancalari Eduardo , D'Ugard Carmen , Nelin Leif , Stein Melanie , Ramanathan Rangasamy , Hernandez Richard , Donn Steven M. , Becker Michael , Bachman Thomas 
Published: December 2010

OBJECTIVE:
To determine the efficacy and safety of automated adjustment of the fraction of inspired oxygen (Fio2) adjustment in maintaining arterial oxygen saturation (Spo2) within an intended range for mechanically ventilated preterm infants with frequent episodes of decreased Spo2.

METHODS:
Thirty-two infants (gestational age [median and interquartile range]: 25 weeks [24–27 weeks]; age: 27 days [17–36 days]) were studied during 2 consecutive 24-hour periods, one with Fio2 adjusted by clinical staff members (manual) and the other by an automated system (automated), in random sequence.

RESULTS:
Time with Spo2 within the intended range (87%–93%) increased significantly during the automated period, compared with the manual period (40% ± 14% vs 32% ± 13% [mean ± SD]). Times with Spo2 of &gt;93% or &gt;98% were significantly reduced during the automated period (21% ± 20% vs 37% ± 12% and 0.7% vs 5.6% [interquartile ranges: 0.1%–7.2% and 2.7%–11.2%], respectively). Time with Spo2 of &lt;87% increased significantly during the automated period (32% ± 12% vs 23% ± 9%), with more-frequent episodes with Spo2 between 80% and 86%, whereas times with Spo2 of &lt;80% or &lt;75% did not differ between periods. Hourly median Fio2 values throughout the automated period were lower and there were substantially fewer manual Fio2 changes (10 ± 9 vs 112 ± 59 changes per 24 hours; P &lt; .001), compared with the manual period.

CONCLUSIONS:
In infants with fluctuations in Spo2, automated Fio2 adjustment improved maintenance of the intended Spo2 range led to reduced time with high Spo2 and more-frequent episodes with Spo2 between 80% and 86%.
Differential Growth Patterns Among Healthy Infants Fed Protein Hydrolysate or Cow-Milk Formulas
Authors: Mennella Julie A. , Ventura Alison K. , Beauchamp Gary K. 
Published: December 2010

OBJECTIVE:Infant formulas differ considerably in composition and sensory profiles. In this randomized study, we examined whether healthy infants fed an extensively protein hydrolysate formula (PHF) would differ in feeding behavior and growth from those fed cow-milk formula (CMF).PATIENTS AND METHODS:Infants were randomly assigned to be fed CMF or PHF between 0.5 and 7.5 months of age. Each month for 7 months, infants were weighed and measured and then videotaped while being fed their assigned formula. Anthropometric z scores were calculated by using World Health Organization growth standards. Multilevel linear growth and piecewise mixed-effects models compared trajectories for growth measures and formula acceptance.RESULTS:When compared with infants fed CMF, infants fed PHF had significantly lower weight-for-length z scores across ages 2.5 to 7.5 months. There were no differences in length-for-age z scores, which indicate that group differences resulted from gains in weight, not length. Infants fed PHF also had significantly slower weight gain velocity compared with infants fed CMF. During the monthly assessments, PHF-fed infants consumed less formula to satiation than did CMF-fed infants across the study period. Maternal ratings of infants' acceptance of the formula did not differ at any age.CONCLUSIONS:z-score trajectories indicate that CMF-fed infants' weight gain was accelerated, whereas PHF-fed infants' weight gain was normative. Whether such differences in growth are because of differences in the protein content or amino acid profile of the formulas and, in turn, metabolism is unknown. Research on the long-term consequences of these early growth differences is needed.
The Tiniest Babies: A Registry of Survivors With Birth Weight Less Than 400 Grams
Authors: Bell Edward F. , Zumbach Diane K. 
Published: December 2010

OBJECTIVE:
The purpose of this project was to collect information on surviving infants with birth weights of &lt;400 g.

METHODS:
A Web-based registry was started in 2000 after searching for published reports of infants who survived to hospital discharge despite being born at &lt;400 g. Fifteen cases were identified from scientific and lay print and Web-based publications. Parents, patients, and health providers were invited to submit data on additional infants. In the case of submissions from parents or patients, the information was confirmed by communication with a treating physician.

RESULTS:
As of September 1, 2010, the Tiniest Babies Registry had compiled data on 110 patients born between 1936 and 2010. The number of infants who survived each year increased since the early 1990s. The infants in the registry weighed between 260 and 397 g at birth and had gestational ages from 2167 to 34 weeks. Eighty-three (75%) of the patients are female. The 10 smallest infants are female, and the registry contains only 1 boy who was born weighing &lt;300 g. The patients were born in 10 countries, including 80 (73%) born in the United States. The information on long-term functional outcome and health outcomes is limited. Many patients have ongoing health and learning concerns, and most of those for whom growth data are available remain short in stature and underweight for their age.

CONCLUSIONS:
Survival of infants born weighing &lt;400 g is rare but increasing. The Tiniest Babies Registry provides a repository for information about this remarkable group of infants.
A Structured Career-Immersion Experience in the Third Year of Residency Training
Authors: Rosenberg Adam A. , Jones M. Douglas 
Published: December 2010

This is the second in a series of 4 articles that highlight the projects that were chosen for implementation by the Initiative for Innovation in Pediatric Education (IIPE) review committee in response to the 2009 call for letters of intent. The authors describe their progress to date in implementing a training experience that allows residents the opportunity to engage in a longitudinal clinical experience that is aligned with their ultimate career choice. Mentors play a critical role in this immersion experience.Carol Carraccio, MD, MA
Analysis of Resistance Asymmetry Due to p-n Junctions in Graphene FETs
Authors: Lee Kangmu , Wang Lingquan , Asbeck Peter , Moon Jeong 
Published: December 2010

AbstractFor graphene FETs, asymmetry in the drain current transfer characteristics has been observed. It has been proposed that asymmetry is due to additional resistances from p-n transition regions along the channel [1,2]. Calculations of the additional resistance have been received attention for small p-n transition lengths [3,4]. In this paper, we analyze the resistance of graphene FETs with p-n junctions when transition lengths are long compared with energy and momentum relaxation lengths, as is found in many experimental FETs. We employ a two dimensional device simulator to determine the electric field and channel conductivity variations in the vicinity of the FET gate, assuming rapid electron/hole equilibration. The simulations show added resistances in the range of 50-500 Ω μm p-n junction. We also extract the additional p-n resistance ΔR from experimental results by plots of Vd/Id vs. 1/|Vg-Vt|. Values of ΔR of order 450 Ω μm were extracted from FET results reported in [2]. Epitaxial graphene FETs fabricated on a SiC substrate [5] gives additional resistance of 620 Ωum. Both results are in reasonable agreement with the simulations.The physically-based device simulator Atlas of Silvaco with parameters modified for graphene was used to obtain carrier distributions. A graphene FET on SiO2 substrate with a global back gate and 0.3μm gate/drain and gate/source gaps was studied. The carrier density in the gap region was controlled by back gate bias (Vbg) while the channel region under the top gate was modulated by top and back gate simultaneously. A long channel device at Vds=10mV was used to minimize the lateral electric field effect.From the simulated carrier distribution, we can obtain the resistivity along the channel by ρ=1/[qμ(n+p)]. Mobility is assumed to be equal for electrons and holes, and depends on carrier concentration Ns, μ=μ0 (N0/Ns)1/2 where N0 and μ0 are intrinsic carrier concentration and peak mobility, respectively. Under positive Vbg, the graphene layer becomes n-type in the gap region and channel region. Proper top gate bias (Vg) may be applied to make channel region intrinsic, p-type or n-type. Therefore, various configurations along the channel such as npn or nnn structures may be created. In the p-n transition region, the total number of carriers reduces to N0 and resistivity shows a peak. The additional resistance of a p-n junction can be calculated by integrating the difference of the resistivity vs. channel position for the nnn and npn structures. The integrated resistance value is impacted by the peak height and peak width. The peak height is controlled by Vg-Vt; the resistivity reaches a maximum at the threshold condition, where the electron and hole densities reach their intrinsic levels. The peak width is also controlled by Vg, via fringing field of the gate.
Growth, Characterization and Comparisons of Few-layer Boron Nitride Nanosheets and Graphene
Authors: Zhang Hongxin , Sajjad Muhammad , Feng Peter 
Published: December 2010

AbstractFew-layer hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanosheets were produced by using super-short-pulse laser produced plasma deposition techniques. Scanning electron microscopy, Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and micro-Raman spectroscopy were used to explore the morphologies, elemental concentrations and bond structures of the few-layer h-BN nanosheets. High-quality transparent few-layer h-BN nanosheet with the width up to more than 6 μm, and length more than 20 μm were successfully obtained. The change in contrast suggests that the number of atomic layers varies over the area. A comparative study between the obtained few-layer h-BN nanosheets and the previously synthesized few-layer graphene were also conducted in order to further investigate the properties of the promising 2-Dimention (2D) nanomaterials. Our results suggest that the development h-BN nanosheets has the potential to revolutionize the understanding of 2-D nanomaterials with delocalized electronsheralding a transformative technology with dramatic future implications.
Stretchable Bioelectrodes
Authors: Wei Pinghung , Ziaie B. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn this paper, we present a stretchable electrode array for studying cell behavior subjected to mechanical strain. The electrode array consists of four gold nail-head pins (250μm tip diameter and 1.75mm spacing) or tungsten microwires (25.4μm in diameter) inserted into a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) platform (25.4×25.4mm2). Fusible indium alloy (liquid at room temperature) filled microchannels were used to connect the electrodes to the outside, thus providing the required stretchability. The electrodes were able to withstand strains of up to 40%. Repeated strain tests of several hundred cycles did not reveal any failure, illustrating the robustness of the platform. Mice cardiomyocytes and chick neurons were successfully cultured onto the platform.
Interlaced Circuits for Multidirectional Stretchable Electronics
Authors: Qiao Li , Xiaoming Tao , Tao Hua 
Published: December 2010

AbstractStretchable electronic circuits have the potential to the fields where electronics have to be conformable, deformable and stretchable into three dimensional surfaces. In this work, an “interlaced” structure is developed for multidirectional stretchable circuit. The shape of the conductor is loop-like configuration. A knitted structure is employed for the elastic substrate due to its flexibility, high stretchability, low cost and simple fabrication. The electro-mechanical behavior of the interlaced circuit is investigated in three different directions, i.e., 0-degree, 45-degree, and 90-degree, respectively. A significant improvement in stretchability is achieved in 0-degree direction. Then, a preliminary theoretical analysis is made in the electro-mechanical mechanism of the interlaced circuit. From the experimental investigation and theoretical analysis, it is found that the interlaced structure gives the conductor more freedom to move in the substrate, decreasing the stress concentration in the crest and trough parts of the loop when it is stretched.
Erratum to “A simple analytical model of the angular momentum transformation in strongly focused light beams” by Aleksandr Ya. Bekshaev
Authors: Bekshaev Aleksandr 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The original version of the article was published in Central European Journal of Physics 8, 94–960 (2010), DOI: 10.2478/s11534-010-0011-2. Unfortunately, due to an editorial processing error the original version of this article contains mistakes in Eqs. (23) and (25). Here we display the corrected version of these equations.
Assessing the Prevalence of Trauma Exposure in Epidemiological Surveys
Authors: Mills Katherine L. , McFarlane Alexander C. , Slade Tim , Creamer Mark , Silove Derrick , Teesson Maree , Bryant Richard 
Published: December 2010

Objective: Estimates of the prevalence of exposure to potentially traumatic events (PTEs) in population surveys have increased over time. There is limited empirical evidence on the impact of changes in measurement practices on these estimates. The present study examined the effect of increasing the number of events assessed on the prevalence of exposure longitudinally. Methods: Data were ultilized from the 1997 and 2007 Australian National Surveys of Mental Health and Wellbeing. The 1997 survey assessed exposure using 11 items from the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), version 2.1. The 2007 survey utilized 29 items from the World Mental Health CIDI. Prevalence rates of exposure to matched events among age-matched samples from both surveys were compared to determine whether differences in the estimates obtained were due to respondents having been asked about an increased number of event types in the latter survey. Results: The effect of increasing the number of event types in the CIDI from 11 to 29 was to increase the overall population prevalence of exposure to PTEs by 18%. The difference between estimates was more pronounced in women than in men. The cross-cohort analyses revealed that these differences were not indicative of an increase in trauma exposure over time; but rather the endorsement of new events that were not listed in the earlier survey. Conclusions: The findings underscore the importance of using comprehensive assessments in the measurement of exposure to PTEs. Previous epidemiological surveys may have underestimated the prevalence of traumatic and other stressful life events, particularly among women.
Immediate Internal Fixation of Open Ankle Fractures
Authors: Hong-Chuan Wang , Shi-Lian Kan , Heng-Sheng Shu , Gui-Gen Pang , Ya-Fei Zhang 
Published: December 2010

Background: Open ankle fractures are one of the most frequently treated open fractures. Immediate internal fixation in open ankle fractures is widely reported to produce good results, with a very low infection rate. However, there are few reports in the literature discussing distinct features of open ankle fractures. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore the injury features of such fractures and the operative technique; pilon fractures were excluded. Materials and Methods: Ninety-six patients with open ankle fractures underwent surgery between August 2001 and March 2008. Ninety-two patients were followed for an average of 35 (range, 14 to 66) months. Intravenous antibiotics were initiated in the emergency room, and wounds were copiously irrigated and thoroughly debrided in the operating room as soon as possible. Based on the fracture's classification, the extent of comminution, and the wound condition, a rational sequence of treatment for each malleolar fracture was determined. Reduction and internal fixation of the fractures were performed in turn. Results: Primary wound healing was achieved in 65 patients. Superficial skin necrosis was seen in 19 patients, four patients had delayed wound healing and two had superficial infections. One diabetic patient developed a deep infection. The average time of fracture healing was 13 weeks. The mean AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score was 90.4 (range, 59 to 100). Conclusions: Compared with closed ankle fractures, open ankle fractures have some unique injury features, and correspondingly require special treatment methods with respect to soft-tissue handling, restoration of large posterior malleolar fractures, the reconstruction sequence of malleolar fractures, and the management of distal tibiofibular syndesmotic diastasis. Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Plantar Loading After Chevron Osteotomy Combined With Postoperative Physical Therapy
Authors: Schuh Reinhard , Adams Samuel , Hofstaetter Stefan Gerhard , Krismer Martin , Trnka Hans-Joerg 
Published: December 2010

Background: Recent pedobarographic studies have demonstrated decreased loading of the great toe region and the first metatarsal head at a short- and intermediate-term followup. The purpose of the present study was to determine if a postoperative rehabilitation program helped to improve weightbearing of the first ray after chevron osteotomy for correction of hallux valgus deformity. Materials and Methods: Twenty-nine patients with a mean age of 58 years with mild to moderate hallux valgus deformity who underwent a chevron osteotomy were included. Postoperatively, the patients received a multimodal rehabilitation program including mobilization, manual therapy, strengthening exercises and gait training. Preoperative and one year postoperative plantar pressure distribution parameters including maximum force, contact area and force-time integral were evaluated. Additionly the AOFAS score, ROM of the first MTP joint and plain radiographs were assessed. The results were compared using Student's t-test and level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: In the great toe, the mean maximum force increased from 72.2 N preoperatively to 106.8 N 1 year after surgery. The mean contact area increased from 7.6 cm2 preoperatively to 8.9 cm2 1 year after surgery and the mean force-time integral increased from 20.8 N∗sec to 30.5 N∗sec. All changes were statistically significant ( p < 0.05). For the first metatarsal head region, the mean maximum force increased from 122.5 N preoperatively to 144.7 N one year after surgery and the mean force-time integral increased from 42.3 N∗sec preoperatively to 52.6 N∗sec 1 year postoperatively ( p = 0.068 and p = 0.055, respectively). The mean AOFAS score increased from 61 points preoperatively to 94 points at final followup ( p < 0.001). The average hallux valgus angle decreased from 31 degrees to 9 degrees and the average first intermetatarsal angle decreased from 14 degrees to 6 degrees ( p < 0.001 for both). Conclusion: Our results suggest that postoperative physical therapy and gait training with a Chevron osteotomy may help to improve weightbearing of the great toe and first ray. Therefore, we believe there is a restoration of more physiological gait patterns in patients who receive this postoperative regimen. Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Continuous Infusion Versus Single Bolus Popliteal Block Following Major Ankle and Hindfoot Surgery: A Prospective, Randomized Trial
Authors: Elliot Robin , Pearce Christopher J. , Seifert Chris , Calder DF James 
Published: December 2010

Background: Popliteal sciatic nerve blockade is a commonly used technique employed in the management of postoperative pain following foot and ankle surgery. Recent studies have shown that for outpatient surgery, for moderately painful procedures, a continuous infusion of local anesthesia via an indwelling catheter for 48 to 72 hours leads to reduced opiate analgesic requirements and improved pain and patient satisfaction scores. Materials and Methods: A prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial of a continuous infusion of bupivacaine verses normal saline via a popliteal catheter after a single bolus popliteal block for 72 hours after major ankle and hind foot surgery was performed in 54 patients. Results: The average pain scores overall were low (range, 1.1 to 3.6 on a Visual Analogue Scale of 0 to 10) throughout the study period. Statistically significantly lower pain scores with significantly less requirement for supplementary opiate analgesic agents were seen in the treatment group. Conclusion: Despite the statistically significant findings, with such low pain scores in both groups, we believe it remains debatable whether the extra time and cost involved warrants the use of a continuous popliteal blockade over a single bolus injection. Level of Evidence: I, Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Trial
Total Ankle Replacement Outcome in Low Volume Centers: Short-Term Followup
Authors: Reuver Joost M. , Dayerizadeh Nader , Burger Bart , Elmans Leon , Hoelen Max , Tulp Niek 
Published: December 2010

Background: The indication for total ankle replacement (TAR) as an alternative to ankle fusion continues to be a much-debated topic. The reported survival of TAR at midterm followup is approximately 90%. The aim of this study was to compare functional outcome and survival of TAR in low volume centers versus high volume centers. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was carried out in four low volume centers. Sixty-four Salto TARs were performed between 2003 and 2007 in 60 patients. Fifty-five (59 TAR) patients were eligible for followup with 28 men. Standardized American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores, patient satisfaction, and range of motion (ROM) were measured. Standardized and dynamic radiographs were used for evaluation of radiolucencies, ROM and component alignment. Results: Seven of the 59 ankle prostheses had to be revised: five for loosening and two for deep infection. Three of the five revised for loosening went on to fusion, and in two a revision of one of the components was performed. Both infected ankles were fused. Five patients declined to participate this study, among these two were TAR failures. Survival with revision as the endpoint was 86% at final followup. The average AOFAS score was 75 (SD ± 15). On dynamic radiographs the ROM was 22 degrees (SD ± 8) in the tibiotalar joint. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that functional results of total ankle replacement in low volume centers were comparable to most high volume centers but survival was lower especially when we consider our shorter followup than most comparable series. Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series