bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural characterization of tartrate dehydrogenase: a versatile enzyme catalyzing multiple reactions
Authors: Malik Radhika , Viola Ronald E. 
Published: May 2010

The first structure of an NAD-dependent tartrate dehydrogenase (TDH) has been solved to 2 Å resolution by single anomalous diffraction (SAD) phasing as a complex with the intermediate analog oxalate, Mg2+and NADH. This TDH structure fromPseudomonas putidahas a similar overall fold and domain organization to other structurally characterized members of the hydroxy-acid dehydrogenase family. However, there are considerable differences between TDH and these functionally related enzymes in the regions connecting the core secondary structure and in the relative positioning of important loops and helices. The active site in these complexes is highly ordered, allowing the identification of the substrate-binding and cofactor-binding groups and the ligands to the metal ions. Residues from the adjacent subunit are involved in both the substrate and divalent metal ion binding sites, establishing a dimer as the functional unit and providing structural support for an alternating-site reaction mechanism. The divalent metal ion plays a prominent role in substrate binding and orientation, together with several active-site arginines. Functional groups from both subunits form the cofactor-binding site and the ammonium ion aids in the orientation of the nicotinamide ring of the cofactor. A lysyl amino group (Lys192) is the base responsible for the water-mediated proton abstraction from the C2 hydroxyl group of the substrate that begins the catalytic reaction, followed by hydride transfer to NAD. A tyrosyl hydroxyl group (Tyr141) functions as a general acid to protonate the enolate intermediate. Each substrate undergoes the initial hydride transfer, but differences in substrate orientation are proposed to account for the different reactions catalyzed by TDH.
A randomized trial of the effects of two novel nicotine replacement therapies on tobacco withdrawal symptoms and user satisfaction
Authors: McRobbie Hayden , Thornley Simon , Bullen Chris , Lin Ruey‐Bin , Senior Hugh , Laugesen Murray , Whittaker Robyn , Hajek Peter 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTAims  To determine effects on craving, user satisfaction, and consumption patterns of two new nicotine replacement therapies (NRT) used for eight hours after overnight tobacco abstinence.Design  In a within‐subject, cross‐over trial participants were randomly assigned Zonnic® nicotine mouth spray (1 mg/spray), Zonnic® nicotine lozenge (2.5 mg), Nicorette® gum (4 mg) and placebo lozenge on each of four study days.Setting  University research unit.Participants  Forty‐seven dependent adult smokers.Measurements  Participants rated their urges to smoke, irritability, concentration and restlessness before and during the first hour of product use on a 100‐point scale. A subsample of 11 participants provided blood samples for nicotine analysis.Findings  All active products reduced craving significantly more than placebo (mean reductions of 28.6, 25.8, 24.7 and 8.9 points for mouth spray, gum, lozenge and placebo). Mouth spray relieved craving faster than placebo and gum with significant reductions within five minutes of use (mean differences of −14.5 (95% CI: −23.0 to −6.0) and −10.6 (95% CI: −19.1 to −2.1) with placebo and gum respectively. Mouth spray produced a faster time to maximum plasma nicotine concentration (14.5 minutes, 95% CI: 8.0 to 21.0) compared to the lozenge (30.3 minutes, 95% CI: 21.1 to 39.5) and gum (45.8 minutes, 95% CI: 36.2 to 55.4). Maximum concentrations of blood nicotine were higher with mouth spray (10.0 ng/ml) and lozenge (10.8 ng/ml) compared to gum (7.8 ng/ml). Both lozenge and mouth spray were well tolerated.Conclusions  The mouth spray and lozenge are at least as effective as 4 mg nicotine gum in relieving craving suggesting that they are likely to be effective in aiding smoking cessation. The mouth spray may be particularly useful for acute craving relief.
Addiction Research Centres and the Nurturing of Creativity. Substance abuse research in a modern health care centre: the case of the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
Authors: Rehm Jürgen , Giesbrecht Norman , Gliksman Louis , Graham Kathryn , Le Anh D. , Mann Robert E. , Room Robin , Rush Brian , Tyndale Rachel F. , Wells Samantha 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTThe Centre for Addiction and Mental Health is one of the premier centres for research related to substance use and addiction. This research began more than 50 years ago with the Addiction Research Foundation (ARF), an organization that contributed significantly to knowledge about the aetiology, treatment and prevention of substance use, addiction and related harm. After the merger of the ARF with three other institutions in 1998, research on substance use continued, with an additional focus on comorbid substance use and other mental health disorders. In the present paper, we describe the structure of funding and organization and selected current foci of research. We argue for the continuation of this successful model of integrating basic, epidemiological, clinical, health service and prevention research under the roof of a health centre.
A claims‐based Markov model for Crohn’s disease
Authors: Malone D. C. , Waters H. C. , Van Den Bos J. , Popp J. , Draaghtel K. , Rahman M. I. 
Published: May 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 448–458SummaryBackground  Crohn’s disease is a chronic condition that often presents in early adulthood.Aim  To evaluate health care costs and costs per quality‐adjusted life year (QALY) for Crohn’s disease.Methods  A Markov model was developed using administrative claims data for patients aged ≥ 18 years with ≥ 3 years of continuous enrolment from 2000 to 2008 and ≥2 Crohn’s disease claims. Disease states (remission, mild–moderate, moderate–severe, and severe–fulminant) were defined using the American College of Gastroenterology treatment guidelines criteria. Transition probabilities were calculated from consecutive 6‐month periods. Costs were determined from paid claims and QALY utilities were obtained from the literature. The model assumed a 30‐year‐old patient at the time of entry into the model.Results  There were 40 063 patients identified, with a total of 420 773 cycles [remission (197 111; 46.8%), mild–moderate (44 024; 10.5%), moderate–severe (132 695; 31.5%), severe‐fulminant (46 925; 11.2%)]. The costs/QALY for remission, mild–moderate, moderate–severe, and severe–fulminant disease states respectively were $2896, $8428, $11 518 and $69 277 for males and $2896, $8426, $22 633 and $69 412 for females.Conclusions  Overall, health care costs for patients with Crohn’s disease increased with disease severity. Although the probabilities of transitioning from other health states to the severe–fulminant disease state were low, the cost/QALY was high.
Control specimens for immunocytochemistry in liquid‐based cytology
Authors: Hansen T. , Pedersen H. , Brauner V. , Hariri J. 
Published: May 2010

T. Hansen, H. Pedersen, V. Brauner and J. Hariri Control specimens for immunocytochemistry in liquid‐based cytology Objective  Immunostaining necessitates the use of positive as well as negative controls, which is usually an easy procedure in immunohistochemistry (IHC). To find suitable control specimens for immunocytochemistry (ICC) is, on the other hand, a challenging task and to the best of our knowledge is not sufficiently dealt with in the English literature. The aim of this trial was to develop an applicable method to select, collect, process and store control specimens for ICC using liquid‐based cytology (LBC).Methods  The study included 21 different antibodies, which were known to react with at least one of the cellular components from tonsils, serous fluids and bronchial washings. The LBC specimens from the tonsils were collected as SurePath™ specimens (BD, Bencton, Dickinson and Company) by brushing the cut‐surface of a fresh tonsil and then immersing the brush head into the SurePath™ vial. The serous fluids and bronchial washings were fixed in CytoRich Red™ (BD). Some of the cellular suspensions from the tonsils and equal amounts of the serous fluid and the bronchial washings were also mixed as a cocktail. Unstained SurePath slides were then prepared on the PrepStain™ (BD) Non‐GYN Program, and the unstained and dry slides were then stored at 5 °C to test the effect of storage on the preservation of the antigenicity. ICC was then performed on BenchMark‐XT™.Results  Cellular components in unstained SurePath™ slides reacted positively with relevant antibodies. Slides that were stored for up to 40 days did not loose staining intensity.Conclusion  Specimens from body fluids and cell‐suspensions that are collected by brushing the cut‐surface from different types of fresh tissues or organs can be used as control specimens either separately or as mixtures. Dry and unstained slides can then be prepared and stored in a refrigerator for at least 40 days without loosing staining intensity.
The balance between extracellular cathepsins and cystatin C is of importance for ovarian cancer
Authors: Kolwijck Eva , Kos Janko , Obermajer Natasja , Span Paul N. , Thomas Chris M.G. , Massuger Leon F.A.G. , Sweep Fred C.G.J. 
Published: May 2010

Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40 (7): 591–599AbstractBackground  A major step in cancer formation involves the degradation of the extracellular matrix, mediated by multiple degradative actions of (lysosomal) proteases. Extracellular release of lysosomal proteases (cathepsins) and their inhibitors has been associated with the development and progression of several types of cancer. We investigated whether cathepsins in ovarian cyst fluid (oCF) were associated with disease outcome in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC).Materials and methods  The levels of cathepsin B (CatB), H (CatH), L (CatL) and X (CatX) and their most abundant extracellular inhibitor cystatin C (CysC) were determined in oCF of 50 EOC patients by quantitative ELISAs. The cathepsin levels and ratios between cathepsins and CysC were related to clinicopathological parameters (Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests) and survival (Cox Regression analysis).Results  Median (25th–75th percentile) levels of cathepsin B, H, L, X and CysC in oCF were 97 (42–203), 18 (12–32), 61 (37–108), 20 (13–47) and 657 (501–805) ng mL−1 respectively. Ratio of CysC/CatB was significantly lower for patients with metastatic compared with localised EOC (P = 0·025). Ratios of CysC/CatH and CysC/CatX differed significantly between histological subtypes (P = 0·012 and P = 0·035 respectively) and were significantly higher for high‐grade tumours compared with low‐grade tumours (P = 0·031 and P = 0·039 respectively). Neither cathepsins nor their ratios were significant predictors of survival for EOC patients.Conclusions  Ratios between CysC and cathepsins in oCF differed significantly between important clinicopathological subgroups. We believe that a complex cascade of proteolytic events, in which cathepsins play different roles, might be responsible for progression and metastasis in EOC.
Context‐specific influence of water temperature on brook trout growth rates in the field
Authors: XU CAILIN , LETCHER BENJAMIN H. , NISLOW KEITH H. 
Published: May 2010

Summary1. Modelling the effects of climate change on freshwater fishes requires robust field‐based estimates accounting for interactions among multiple factors.2. We used data from an 8‐year individual‐based study of a wild brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) population to test the influence of water temperature on season‐specific growth in the context of variation in other environmental (i.e. season, stream flow) or biotic factors (local brook trout biomass density and fish age and size) in West Brook, a third‐order stream in western Massachusetts, U.S.A.3. Changes in ambient temperature influenced individual growth rates. In general, higher temperatures were associated with higher growth rates in winter and spring and lower growth rates in summer and autumn. However, the effect of temperature on growth was strongly context‐dependent, differing in both magnitude and direction as a function of season, stream flow and fish biomass density.4. We found that stream flow and temperature had strong and complex interactive effects on trout growth. At the coldest temperatures (in winter), high stream flows were associated with reduced trout growth rates. During spring and autumn and in typical summers (when water temperatures were close to growth optima), higher flows were associated with increased growth rates. In addition, the effect of flow at a given temperature (the flow‐temperature interaction) differed among seasons.5. Trout density negatively affected growth rate and had strong interactions with temperature in two of four seasons (i.e. spring and summer) with greater negative effects at high temperatures.6. Our study provided robust, integrative field‐based estimates of the effects of temperature on growth rates for a species which serves as a model organism for cold‐water adapted ectotherms facing the consequences of environmental change. Results of the study strongly suggest that failure to derive season‐specific estimates, or to explicitly consider interactions with flow regime and fish density, will seriously compromise our ability to predict the effects of climate change on stream fish growth rates. Further, the concordance we found between empirical observations and likely energetic mechanisms suggests that our general results should be relevant at broader spatial and temporal scales.
Facilitators and barriers to intervening for problem alcohol use
Authors: Tsai Yun‐Fang , Tsai Mei‐Chu , Lin Yea‐Pyng , Weng Chih‐Erh , Chen Ching‐Yen , Chen Min‐Chi 
Published: May 2010

tsai y.‐f., tsai m.‐c., lin y.‐p., weng c.‐e., chen c.‐y. & chen m.‐c. (2010) Facilitators and barriers to intervening for problem alcohol use. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(7), 1459–1468.AbstractTitle.  Perceived support from healthcare practitioners among adults with type 2 diabetes. Aim.  This article is a report of a study exploring nurses’ perceived facilitators and barriers to conducting brief interventions for problem alcohol use.Background.  Excessive alcohol use has been associated with health, social and legal problems. Healthcare providers worldwide need help to detect and intervene with hazardous/harmful drinkers.Methods.  For this cross‐sectional study, ten hospitals were randomly selected throughout Taiwan during 2007. Nurses (N = 741) were selected from the emergency department, and psychiatric and gastrointestinal medical‐surgical units where most patients with alcohol problems are seen. Data collected using facilitator and barrier scales and a demographic information form were analysed by descriptive statistics and stepwise, multiple linear regression analysis.Results.  Nurses identified the top facilitator to intervening for problem alcohol use as ‘patients’ drinking problems are related to their illness’. Top barriers were ‘patients lack motivation to change’ and ‘patients express no interest in receiving intervention’. Perceived facilitators were associated with nurses’ work unit, intention to intervene for problem alcohol use, and age. Perceived barriers were associated with work unit, experience in intervening for problem alcohol use, and having attended a training course.Conclusion.  Source of perceived barriers reflected cultural influences. Taiwanese nurse education needs to be strengthened in terms of brief interventions for problem alcohol use. Emergency department nurses need to become more aware of their important role in alcohol intervention. Alcohol‐related education is needed for the general population and hospital policymakers to enhance facilitators and reduce barriers to intervening for problem alcohol use.
Sleep quality and quality of life in female shift‐working nurses
Authors: Shao Ming‐Fen , Chou Yu‐Ching , Yeh Mei‐Yu , Tzeng Wen‐Chii 
Published: May 2010

shao m.‐f., chou y.‐c., yeh m.‐y. & tzeng w.‐c.(2010) Sleep quality and quality of life in female shift‐working nurses.Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(7), 1565–1572.AbstractTitle. Sleep quality and quality of life in female shift‐working nurses.Aim. This paper is a report of a study of the factors that influence sleep quality and quality of life among shift‐working nurses and the relationship between their sleep quality and quality of life.Background. Although shift‐working nurses strive to adapt their life schedules to shift rotations, they tend to suffer from severe sleep disturbances and increased rates of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, digestive disease and irregular menstrual cycles. Poor sleep is also associated with medical errors and occupational injuries.Methods. A cross‐sectional study was conducted in 2008 with a convenience sample of 435 female nurses from five regional hospitals in Taiwan. Data were collected on sleep quality and quality of life using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument‐BREF Taiwan version respectively. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, independentt‐tests, analysis of variance and Pearson correlations.Findings. The majority of female shift workers (57%) had global sleep‐quality scores ≥5, indicating poor sleep and all mean scores in four domains of the quality‐of‐life measure were statistically significantly lower than those of females in Taiwan’s general population. Scores for poor sleep quality and quality of life were related to premenstrual dysphoria, occupational injury, illness and medication use. In addition, the associations between scores on the sleep‐quality and quality‐of‐life scales were statistically significantly inversely correlated.Conclusion. Advice should be included in both undergraduate programmes and continuing education to help nurses to recognize and improve their own sleep quality and life quality managers should create a supportive environment to encourage shift‐working nurses to engage in healthy behaviours.
Factors influencing arrival of patients with acute myocardial infarction at emergency departments: implications for community nursing interventions
Authors: Xanthos Theodoros , Pantazopoulos Ioannis , Vlachos Ioannis , Stroumpoulis Konstantinos , Barouxis Dimitrios , Kitsou Vassiliki , Marathias Katerina , Karabinis Andreas , Papadimitriou Lila 
Published: May 2010

xanthos t., pantazopoulos i., vlachos i., stroumpoulis k., barouxis d., kitsou v., marathias k., karabinis a. & papadimitriou l. (2010) Factors influencing arrival of patients with acute myocardial infarction at emergency departments: implications for community nursing interventions. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(7), 1469–1477.AbstractTitle.  Factors influencing arrival of patients with acute myocardial infarction at emergency departments: implications for community nursing interventions. Aim.  This paper identifies the characteristics of Greek patients with acute myocardinal infraction who have long prehospital delays and identifies the factors that are specifically associated with these delays.Background.  The time between the first appearance of symptoms until the hospitalization of the patient with myocardial infarction correlates statistically significantly with in‐hospital and long‐term mortality.Methods.  The study took place in two Greek coronary care units from 1 June 2007 to 31 July 2008. From 232 consecutive patients with myocardial infarction, 160 were enrolled. Data were collected by a trained hospital staff nurse, who interviewed all patients within 48 hours of hospital admission.Results.  Smokers arrived statistically significantly sooner at the hospital than non‐smokers [smokers’ prehospital time delay: 78·9 (sd = 3·2) minutes vs. non‐smokers’ prehospital time delay: 98·2 (sd = 4·1) minutes, Mann–Whitney U‐test, Z = −2·5, P < 0·05]. Patients with hyperlipidaemia arrived with a mean delay of 13 minutes less than normolipidaemic patients. Those with inferior ST segment elevation myocardial infarction exhibited statistically significantly shorter delay times than those with anterior or lateral (inferior vs. anterior, P = 0·003, inferior vs. lateral, P = 0·024, anova with Bonferroni‐Holm post hoc test, F = 7·5, P = 0·001).Conclusion.  Community nurses should educate all patients about myocardial infarction, not only those at high risk but also those without known risk factors for ischaemic heart disease.
Effect of acute and chronic job demands on effective individual teamwork behaviour in medical emergencies
Authors: Gevers Josette , Van Erven Pierre , De Jonge Jan , Maas Maaike , De Jong Jos 
Published: May 2010

gevers j., van erven p., de jonge j., maas m. & de jong j. (2010) Effect of acute and chronic job demands on effective individual teamwork behaviour in medical emergencies. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(7), 1573–1583.AbstractTitle.  Effect of acute and chronic job demands on effective individual teamwork behaviour in medical emergencies. Aim.  This paper is a report of a study conducted to determine the combined effect of acute and chronic job demands on acute job strains experienced during medical emergencies, and its consequences for individual teamwork behaviour.Background.  Medical emergency personnel have to cope with high job demands, which may cause considerable work stress (i.e. job strains), particularly when both acute and chronic job demands are experienced to be high. This may interfere with effective individual teamwork behaviour.Methods.  A cross‐sectional survey study was conducted in 2008, involving 48 members (doctors and nurses) of medical emergency teams working in the emergency department of a Dutch general hospital. Data were analyzed by means of hierarchical regression analyses.Results.  High acute job demands impeded effective teamwork behaviour, but only when they resulted in acute job strain. Acute emotional demands were more likely to result in acute job strain when chronic emotional job demands were also experienced as high. Although acute cognitive and physical strains were also detrimental, effective teamwork behaviour was particularly impeded by acute emotional strain.Conclusion.  Acute job strains impair effective individual teamwork behaviour during medical emergencies, and there is urgent need to prevent or reduce a build‐up of job strain from high acute and chronic demands, particularly of the emotional kind.