bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Governmental interventions and youth physical activity in France
Authors: Recours R. , Hanula G. , Travert M. , Sabiston C. , Griffet J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractData from a representative sample of 2474 French youth show that, despite a 7‐year French Ministry of Health strategy for nutrition and physical activities, adolescents' motivation to practise sports and physical activities decreased significantly between 2001 and 2008. While this paper focuses on the context of physical activity in France, the general discussion may be applicable to other countries concerned with the obesity pandemic.
Patterns of physical activity in Spanish children: a descriptive pilot study
Authors: Aznar S. , Naylor P. J. , Silva P. , Pérez M. , Angulo T. , Laguna M. , Lara M. T. , López‐Chicharro J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBackground  The majority of Spanish adults and children do not engage in enough physical activity to be beneficial for health. There is a need for objective and accurate assessment of the proportion of children meeting the physical activity recommendation for health. Assessing patterns of physical activity both between days (during weekdays and weekend days) and within days is of interest to improve our understanding of the variation in Spanish children's physical activity and to provide efficient intervention programmes.Methods  A sample of 221 children: 136 9‐year‐old children (68 boys and 68 girls) and 85 15‐year‐old children (36 girls and 49 boys) from 12 urban public schools in Madrid, Spain entered the study. The variables measured were anthropometric characteristics (height, weight, body mass index) and physical activity measured during four consecutive days using the GT1M accelerometer.Results  Younger children were more active and less sedentary than older ones during week and weekend days. Nine‐year‐old boys and girls achieved significantly (P < 0.05) more moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and significantly (P < 0.01) less sedentary time than older 15‐year‐old children. During weekdays more children achieved physical activity recommendations versus weekend days. Physical activity patterns analyses indicated that boys achieved relatively high values of MVPA from 1100 till 1300 h (school break) and from 1800 till 2000 h in comparison with the rest of the day. Girls were substantially different, with the 9‐year‐old girls having only two obvious peaks of weekday MVPA at lunch (1300) and after school (1900 h) while the adolescent girls had no clear peak of MVPA.Conclusions  Few children achieved the level of MVPA recommended for health; at particular risk were adolescent girls. More effort needs to be devoted to promoting appropriate opportunities for Spanish girls across the day and to promoting physical activity during weekends for all children.
Salivary parameters in Brazilian individuals with cerebral palsy who drool
Authors: Santos M. T. B. R. , Ferreira M. C. D. , Leite M. F. , Guaré R. O. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBackground  Although drooling of saliva is considered abnormal in a child over 4 years of age, it has been estimated to occur in approximately in 10–37% of children with cerebral palsy.Aim  The aim of this study was to evaluate the flow rate, pH and buffering capacity in saliva of Brazilian individuals with cerebral palsy who drool.Methods  Cross‐sectional assessment of saliva from 139 individuals with cerebral palsy (3–16 years old) enrolled in a specialized rehabilitation centre in Sao Paulo, Brazil, divided into two groups, according to the presence (G1) or absence (G2) of drooling and controls (G3): G1 consisted of 63 individuals who drool; G2 consisted of 76 who do not drool; and G3 consisted of 47 individuals with no neurological damage of similar age and sex. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected and salivary flow rate (mL/min), initial pH and buffering capacity, by titration of saliva with a constant amount of 0.01 N HCl, were evaluated. The results from G1, G2 and G3 were compared by one‐way anova and the χ2‐test.Results  A higher percentage of severe drooling (60.3%) was observed compared with moderate (27.0%) and mild (12.7%) in the cerebral palsy individuals who drool and the prevalence of drooling was highest among children and adolescents with spastic quadriplegia. Significant reductions in salivary flow rate, initial pH, buffering capacity of whole saliva in pH range 6.0–6.9 and total buffering capacity occurred in G1 and G2 compared with G3.Conclusion  All individuals with cerebral palsy present lower flow rate, pH and buffering capacity of saliva, which increases the risk of oral diseases.
Can the abundance of tigers be assessed from their signs?
Authors: Jhala Yadvendradev , Qureshi Qamar , Gopal Rajesh 
Published: November 2010

Summary1. Indices of abundance offer cost effective and rapid methods for estimating abundance of endangered species across large landscapes, yet their wide usage is controversial due to their potential of being biased. Here, we assess the utility of indices for the daunting task of estimating the abundance of the endangered tiger at landscape scales.2. We use double sampling to estimate two indices of tiger abundance (encounters of pugmarks and scats per km searched) and calibrate those indices against contemporaneous estimates of tiger densities obtained using camera‐trap mark–recapture (CTMR) at 21 sites (5185 km2) in Central and North India. We use simple and multiple weighted regressions to evaluate relationships between tiger density and indices. A model for estimating tiger density from indices was validated by Jackknife analysis and precision was assessed by correlating predicted tiger density with CTMR density. We conduct power analysis to estimate the ability of CTMR and of indices to detect changes in tiger density.3. Tiger densities ranged between 0·25 and 19 tigers 100 km−2 were estimated with an average coefficient of variation of 13·2(SE 2·5)%. Tiger pugmark encounter rates explained 84% of the observed variability in tiger densities. After removal of an outlier (Corbett), square root transformed scat encounter rates explained 82% of the variation in tiger densities.4. A model including pugmark and scat encounters explained 95% of the variation in tiger densities with good predictive ability (PRESS R2 = 0·99). Overall, CTMR could detect tiger density changes of >12% with 80% power at α = 0·3, while the index based model had 50% to 85% power to detect >30% declines. The power of indices to detect declines increased at high tiger densities.5. Synthesis and applications. Indices of tiger abundance obtained from across varied habitats and a range of tiger densities could reliably estimate tiger abundance. Financial and temporal costs of estimating indices were 7% and 34% respectively, of those for CTMR. The models and methods presented herein have application in evaluation of the abundance of cryptic carnivores at landscape scales and form part of the protocol used by the Indian Government for evaluating the status of tigers.
An historical perspective on the treatment of vocation in the Briggs Report (1972)
Authors: Bradshaw Ann 
Published: November 2010

Aims and objectives.  To examine the vocational ideal in the Briggs Report (Briggs 1972), its evidence, context and interpretation.Background.  As recently argued in Journal of Clinical Nursing, twentieth century reports have misrepresented nursing. This paper considers this argument in relation to the Briggs Report and its understanding of vocation.Design.  Sources consulted: nursing periodicals 1960–1975, nursing textbooks 1937–1971, the Briggs Report, research studies on nursing 1961–1971, secondary works on nursing history. Included are three newly discovered major primary sources.Methods.  An historiographical analysis of archival sources which interrogates primary and secondary evidence to make transparent interconnection, coherence, consistency and reliability.Results.  Despite evidence from its own commissioned data that vocation was an important motivating factor, the Briggs Report recommended a new nursing model.Conclusion.  The concept of vocation in nursing has been commonly interpreted as a cultural tool hindering the subsequent development of nursing. This approach has been a driver for policy decisions in nursing. Despite its own evidence, the Briggs Committee recommended far reaching changes, accepted by government and implemented over the following decade as Project 2000. The concept of vocation warrants further scholarship.Relevance to clinical practice.  Whether the historical ideal of vocation remains important, negatively or positively, to the attitudes, values and motivations of the clinical nurse and the quality of patient care, is a relevant and significant issue for contemporary UK and international nursing practice and policy.
The National Expert Standard Pressure Ulcer Prevention in Nursing and pressure ulcer prevalence in German health care facilities: a multilevel analysis
Authors: Wilborn Doris , Grittner Ulrike , Dassen Theo , Kottner Jan 
Published: November 2010

Aims and objectives.  The objective of this study was to describe the relationship between the German National Expert Standard Pressure Ulcer Prevention and the pressure ulcer prevalence in German nursing homes and hospitals.Background.  The patient outcome pressure ulcer does not only depend on individual characteristics of patients, but also on institutional factors. In Germany, National Expert Standards are evidence‐based instruments that build the basis of continuing improvement in health care quality. It is expected that after having implemented the National Expert Standard Pressure Ulcer Prevention, the number of pressure ulcers should decrease in health care institutions.Design.  The analysed data were obtained from two cross‐sectional studies from 2004–2005.Methods.  A multilevel analysis was performed to show the impact of the National Expert Standard Pressure Ulcer Prevention on pressure ulcer prevalence.Results.  A total of 41·5% of hospitals and 38·8% of the nursing homes claimed to use the National Expert Standard in the process of developing their local protocols. The overall pressure ulcer prevalence grade 2–4 was 4·7%. Adjusted for hospital departments, survey year and individual characteristics, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of pressure ulcers between institutions that refer to the National Expert Standard or those referring to other sources in developing their local protocols (OR = 1·14, 95% CI = 0·90–1·44).Conclusions.  There was no empirical evidence demonstrating that local protocols of pressure ulcer prevention based on the National Expert Standard were superior to local protocols which refer other sources of knowledge with regard to the pressure ulcer prevalence.Relevance to clinical practice.  The use of the National Expert Standard Pressure Ulcer Prevention can neither be recommended nor be refused. The recent definition of implementation of Expert Standards should be mandatory for all health care institutions which introduce Expert Standards.
Lower extremity ulcer management: best practice algorithm
Authors: Simms Kimberly W , Ennen Kathleen 
Published: November 2010

Aims and objectives. This literature review aims to define best nursing practice for lower limb ulcer care promoting stabilisation of this physiological consequence of diabetes mellitus and to help provide improved integration of health‐within‐illness for the patients.Background. According to the Centers of Disease Control, the number of people with diabetes has risen from 20·8 million in 2005 to over 23·6 million in 2007. Research has identified best practice algorithms for care of the diabetic foot, yet none for the ulcerations on the limb from the knee to the ankle.Design. The design of this literature review is to compile research from both nursing and medical communities to develop a best practice for the stabilisation of a lower limb ulcer. A literature search was conducted based on the theoretical framework of stabilisation of a chronic condition.Methods. Twenty‐nine articles were identified for use in the evaluation of best practice of lower limb ulcerations. Each article was synthesised using a protocol tool.Results. Control of hyperglycaemia, infection control, ulcer debridement, use of dressings and compression therapy to relieve venous congestion were all identified as important factors in the treatment of lower limb ulcerations.Conclusions. This systematic literature review has resulted in a ‘best nursing practice algorithm’ for the stabilisation and care of lower limb ulcerations regardless of underlying cause. This care algorithm could be used in collaboration with other health care providers to promote stabilisation of lower limb ulcers and improve the overall quality of life of patient cohort.Relevance to clinical practice. The results of this study yield a suggested ‘best practice’ algorithm for the stabilisation of a lower limb ulcer – treat and control hyperglycaemia; prevent and/or control infection of the ulcer; routine debridement of the ulcer; using the most appropriate type of dressings for each patient; and the application of compression therapy. This algorithm can also be used for to frame patient teaching regarding appropriate treatments and therapies to promote the patient’s self‐care and stabilisation of the ulcer.
Continuous control of flagellar gene expression by the σ28–FlgM regulatory circuit in Salmonella enterica
Authors: Saini Supreet , Floess Emily , Aldridge Christine , Brown Jonathon , Aldridge Phillip D. , Rao Christopher V. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThe flagellar genes in Salmonella enterica are expressed in a temporal hierarchy that mirrors the assembly process itself. The σ28–FlgM regulatory circuit plays a key role in controlling this temporal hierarchy. This circuit ensures that the class 3 genes are expressed only when the hook‐basal body (HBB), a key intermediate in flagellar assembly, is complete. In this work, we investigated the role of the σ28–FlgM regulatory circuit in controlling the timing and magnitude of class 3 gene expression using a combination of mathematical modelling and experimental analysis. Analysis of the model predicted that this circuit continuously controls class 3 gene expression in response to HBB abundance. We experimentally validated these predictions by eliminating different components of the σ28–FlgM regulatory system and also by rewiring the transcriptional hierarchy. Based on these results, we conclude that the σ28–FlgM regulatory circuit continuously senses the HBB assembly process and regulates class 3 gene expression and possibly flagellar numbers in response.
A role for the essential YycG sensor histidine kinase in sensing cell division
Authors: Fukushima Tatsuya , Furihata Isako , Emmins Robyn , Daniel Richard A. , Hoch James A. , Szurmant Hendrik 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThe YycG sensor histidine kinase co‐ordinates cell wall remodelling with cell division in Gram‐positive bacteria by controlling the transcription of genes for autolysins and their inhibitors. Bacillus subtilis YycG senses cell division and is enzymatically activated by associating with the divisome at the division septum. Here it is shown that the cytoplasmic PAS domain of this multi‐domain transmembrane kinase is a determining factor translocating the kinase to the division septum. Furthermore, translocation to the division septum, per se, is insufficient to activate YycG, indicating that specific interactions and/or ligands produced there are required to stimulate kinase activity. N‐terminal truncations of YycG lose negative regulation of their activity inferring that this regulation is accomplished through its transmembrane and extramembrane domains interacting with the membrane associated YycH and YycI proteins that do not localize to the divisome. The data indicate that YycG activity in non‐dividing cells is suppressed by its interaction with YycH and YycI and its activation is co‐ordinated to cell division in dividing cells by specific interactions that occur within the divisome.
Xylan degradation, a metabolic property shared by rumen and human colonic Bacteroidetes
Authors: Dodd Dylan , Mackie Roderick I. , Cann Isaac K. O. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryMicrobial inhabitants of the bovine rumen fulfil the majority of the normal caloric requirements of the animal by fermenting lignocellulosic plant polysaccharides and releasing short chain fatty acids that are then metabolized by the host. This process also occurs within the human colon, although the fermentation products contribute less to the overall energy requirements of the host. Mounting evidence, however, indicates that the community structure of the distal gut microbiota is a critical factor that influences the inflammatory potential of the immune system thereby impacting the progression of inflammatory bowel diseases. Non‐digestible dietary fibre derived from plant material is highly enriched in the lignocellulosic polysaccharides, cellulose and xylan. Members of the Bacteroidetes constitute a dominant phylum in both the human colonic microbiome and the rumen microbial ecosystem. In the current article, we review recent insights into the molecular mechanisms for xylan degradation by rumen and human commensal members of the Bacteroidetes phylum, and place this information in the context of the physiological and metabolic processes that occur within these complex microbial environments.
Staphylococci and staphylococcal superantigens in asthma and rhinitis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Pastacaldi C. , Lewis P. , Howarth P. 
Published: November 2010

To cite this article: Pastacaldi C, Lewis P, Howarth P. Staphylococci and staphylococcal superantigens in asthma and rhinitis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Allergy 2011; 66: 549–555.AbstractBackground:  There is a need for new treatment options of allergic respiratory diseases based on a better knowledge of their pathogenesis. An association between bacterial products and allergic airway diseases has been suggested by the results of human and animal studies that describe a link between Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins and atopic diseases. The aim of the systematic review is to assess the evidence for a role of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins, as an environmental risk factor, for the development and/or the severity of asthma and allergic rhinitis.Methods:  We performed a systematic review of controlled clinical studies in adults and/or children affected by asthma/early wheeze and/or allergic rhinitis. To be eligible, studies had to use reproducible methods to provide evidence of exposure to S. aureus, clinical outcome and disease severity.Results:  Ten studies, published between 2000 and 2007, fulfilled all eligibility criteria. Patients with asthma or allergic rhinitis showed an increased prevalence of positivity for measures of exposure to S. aureus in nine studies: differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05) in seven studies. In a meta‐analysis of study results, patients with asthma were more likely than controls to have serum‐specific IgE to Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins (OR = 3.3, 95% CI: 1.6–7.1, P = 0.002); similarly, patients with allergic rhinitis were more likely than controls to test positive for local or systemic exposure to Staphylococcus aureus and/or or its enterotoxins (OR = 2.4, 95% CI: 1.3–4.7, P = 0.008).Conclusions:  A potential role of S. aureus superantigens in allergic respiratory diseases is supported by results of this meta‐analysis of clinical studies.
Addition of anti‐CD25 to thymoglobulin for induction therapy: delayed return of peripheral blood CD25‐positive population
Authors: Sageshima Junichiro , Ciancio Gaetano , Gaynor Jeffrey J. , Chen Linda , Guerra Giselle , Kupin Warren , Roth David , Ruiz Phillip , Burke George W. 
Published: November 2010

Sageshima J, Ciancio G, Gaynor JJ, Chen L, Guerra G, Kupin W, Roth D, Ruiz P, Burke GW. Addition of anti‐CD25 to thymoglobulin for induction therapy: delayed return of peripheral blood CD25‐positive population.  Clin Transplant 2011: 25: E132–E135. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  An anti‐CD25 monoclonal antibody was added to thymoglobulin for induction therapy in simultaneous pancreas/kidney (SPK) recipients. T‐cell subsets including CD3 and CD25 were assessed by flow cytometry analysis in the peripheral blood of SPK (n = 88), and for comparison kidney transplant (KT) recipients were assessed. KT recipients were treated with daclizumab (anti‐CD25) alone (five doses; 1 mg/kg) (n = 27) or thymoglobulin alone (4–7 doses; 1 mg/kg) (n = 23). SPK recipients received daclizumab (two doses; 1 mg/kg) in addition to thymoglobulin (five doses; 1 mg/kg). The return of peripheral blood CD25+ cells was delayed for 45 d post‐transplantation in the SPK recipients where anti‐CD25 was added to thymoglobulin, compared to those KT recipients with thymoglobulin alone. This strategy may result in reduced allogeneic (donor‐specific) T effector cells at the time of solid organ transplantation.
Two Atypical Cases of Granulosa Cell Tumours in Belgian Blue Heifers
Authors: Meganck V , Govaere J , Vanholder T , Vercauteren G , Chiers K , de Kruif A , Opsomer G 
Published: November 2010

ContentsThis paper describes two atypical cases of granulosa cell tumours (GCTs) in Belgian Blue heifers. In the first case, an 18‐month‐old heifer died after ovariectomy, and a granulosa‐theca cell tumour was diagnosed post‐mortem. The second heifer (31 months of age) was near term and was successfully treated surgically for a malignant granulosa cell tumour. Unfortunately, no further reproductive data are available, as the heifer was sold for slaughter. This is the first report describing GCTs in Belgian Blue beef cattle.
HIV‐infected patients' adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy: A phenomenological study
Authors: Mohammadpour Ali , Yekta Zohre Parsa , Nikbakht Nasrabadi Ali R. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAdherence to the treatment regimen is essential to the success of highly active antiretroviral therapy for patients who are infected with HIV. The evidence suggests that poor adherence to antiretroviral drug therapy is a major problem that has the potential to diminish effective viral suppression, promote viral resistance, and place patients at risk for hospitalization, opportunistic infections, and an increased risk of HIV transmission. The primary aim of this study was to understand patients' experiences regarding their adherence to antiretroviral drug therapy. Thus, 19 participants were recruited for in‐depth interviews regarding their adherence to drug regimens. All the interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed by using Benner's phenomenological analysis approach. Four main themes emerged from the data: (i) choosing to live and the decision to start taking medications; (ii) strategies for adhering to the regimen and managing the side‐effects; (iii) relationships with healthcare providers; and (iv) advantages of the medications as a motivator to continue one's adherence to the regimen. Studying and understanding the experiences of patients can provide new insights and strategies in order to enhance patients' adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy.