bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of structure and conformation on electronic interactions of 4′‐nitro‐10‐phenylphenothiazine
Authors: Jovanovic Misa V. , Biehl Edward R. , De Meester Patrice , Chu Shirley S. C. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe crystal structure of 4′‐nitro‐10‐phenylphenothiazine, 1, has been determined by the single crystal x‐ray diffraction studies and consists of two independent molecules in the asymmetric cell unit with a pseudo‐center of symmetry. The crystal belongs to the monoclinic System with the space group P21/c. The central ring of the phenothiazine ring system is in a boat conformation and the 4′‐nitro substituent is in a boat‐axial conformation with respect to the central ring of phenothiazine. Compound 1 is the first reported 10‐aryl phenothiazine in which the 10‐phenyl ring is perpendicular to the plane bisecting the dihedral angle of the phenothiazine nucleus. This geometry allows for resonance interaction between the lone pair of electrons on N10 and the 4′‐nitro‐10‐phenyl ring which influences both the spectral properties and structure of the phenothiazine tricyclic ring. The correlation between the x‐ray structure and 13C nmr spectral properties of 1 is discussed. The uv/vis and esr studies of the radical cation of 1 indicate that the 10‐aryl ring is twisted with respect to the phenothiazine ring.
The chemistry of 2‐aminobenzoyl hydrazides. 1. Effects of orthoester substituents on the mode of cyclization
Authors: Leiby Robert W. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTreatment of substituted 2‐aminobenzoyl hydrazides with orthoesters has been found to yield different products depending upon the type of orthoester employed. Equimolar quantities of orthoester and hydrazide yield 3‐amino‐4(3H)‐quinazolinones, whereas utilization of a two‐fold excess (or greater) of orthoester yields, in some cases, 3,4‐dihydro‐5H‐1,3,4‐benzotriazepin‐5‐ones as minor products in addition to N‐[4(3H)‐quinaz‐olinon‐3‐yl]imidate esters as major products. Treatment of hydrazides with trimethyl orthobenzoate yields substituted 5‐(2‐aminophenyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles and 3,4‐dihydro‐5H‐1,3,4‐benzotriazepin‐5‐ones. The steric bulk of the phenyl group in trimethyl orthobenzoate effects the formation of adduct at the β‐nitrogen of the hydrazide which cyclized to the oxadiazole and benzotriazepinone products. In the aliphatic orthoester series, the formation of adduct to the aromatic amino group appears to be favored which gives rise to quinazolinone and benzotriazepinone products.
Synthesis of novel 1,3‐dithiolan‐2‐one derivatives
Authors: Yasuda Naohiko , Yamatani Tetsuo , Ohnuki Takashi , Okutsu Masaru 
Published: April 2009

AbstractNovel 1,3‐dithiolan‐2‐one derivatives were prepared starting from α, β‐ or β, γ‐dichlorinated carboxylic esters and potassium O‐ethyl dithiocarbonate. The scope and the mechanism of this reaction were investigated. The biological uses of the compounds obtained here were examined.
1‐Ethyl‐1,4‐dihydro‐4‐oxo‐7‐(pyridinyl)‐3‐quinolinecarboxylic acids. I. Synthesis of 3‐ and 4‐(3‐aminophenyl)pyridine intermediates
Authors: Carabateas Philip M. , Brundage R. Pauline , Gelotte Karl O. , Gruett Monte D. , Lorenz Roman R. , Opalka Chester J. , Singh Baldev , Thielking William H. , Williams Gordon L. , Lesher George Y. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA series of substituted 3‐ and 4‐(3‐aminophenyl)pyridines has been prepared as intermediates for the synthesis of some 1‐alkyl‐1,4‐dihydro‐4‐oxo‐7‐pyridinyl‐3‐quinolinecarboxylic acids. The Hantzsch, Hauser and other pyridine syntheses were used. 4‐(3‐Aminophenyl)pyridine was prepared via 3‐(4‐pyridinyl)‐2‐cyclohexen‐1‐one using the Semmler‐Wolff reaction.
The preparation and reactions of C(α),N‐dilithiocarboalkoxyhydrazones
Authors: Beam Charles F. , Hall Howard L. , Huff Ann M. , Tummons Rebecca C. , O'Grady Sheila A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractC(α),N‐Carboalkoxyhydrazones were metalated with an excess of lithium diisopropylamide (LDA), and the resulting dianions were condensed with methyl iodide, an unsubstituted ketone, a benzoate ester, salicylates, a benzoylacetate, or ethyl chloroformate.
The design of decentralised demand‐driven programmes and equity: Learning from implementation in Malawi councils
Authors: Schou Arild , Tsoka Maxton 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis paper analyses demand‐driven development programmes and spatial equality. If focuses on two programme design aspects that are assumed to have a bearing on equality: the degree to which they are demand‐driven and the degree to which they are integrated in to local councils' operations. The lesson from Malawi is that the demand‐driven logic matters; the most demand‐driven programme had the most unequal spatial sharing of benefits among sub‐district units. The level of integration, however, was less significant. Because of weak downwards accountability there was no more equality concern in the most integrated programmes than in the loosely integrated one. These findings illustrate that equality improvement depends on not only design factors but on the accountability of the programmes to the wider community. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors increase neoangiogenesis and callus formation following femur fracture in mice
Authors: Shen Xing , Wan Chao , Ramaswamy Girish , Mavalli Mahendra , Wang Ying , Duvall Craig L. , Deng Lian Fu , Guldberg Robert E. , Eberhart Alan , Clemens Thomas L. , Gilbert Shawn R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSkeletal trauma and impaired skeletal healing is commonly associated with diminished vascularity. Hypoxia inducible factor alpha (HIF‐1) is a key transcription factor responsible for activating angiogenic factors during development and tissue repair. Small molecule inhibitors of the prolyl hydroxylase enzyme (PHD), the key enzyme responsible for degrading HIF‐1, have been shown to activate HIF‐1, and are effective in inducing angiogenesis. Here we examined the effects of several commercially available PHD inhibitors on bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in vitro and in a stabilized fracture model in vivo. Three PHD inhibitors [Desferrioxamine (DFO), L‐mimosine (L‐mim), and Dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG)] effectively activated a HIF‐1 target reporter, induced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA in vitro, and increased capillary sprouting in a functional angiogenesis assay. DFO and DMOG were applied by direct injection at the fracture site in a stabilized murine femur fracture model. PHD inhibition increased the vascularity at 14 days and increased callus size as assessed by microCT at 28 days. These results suggest that HIF activation is a viable approach to increase vascularity and bone formation following skeletal trauma. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27:1298–1305, 2009
Luminescence dating indicates radiocarbon age underestimation in late Pleistocene fluvial deposits from eastern England
Authors: Briant Rebecca M. , Bateman Mark D. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractRobust geochronological control is crucial for interpreting and correlating the environmental record from fragmentary terrestrial sequences from the last glacial period. Traditional terrestrial stratigraphies are typically reliant on radiocarbon dating, although estimates of antiquity for samples older than 40 ka may be unreliable. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of sediments is an alternative for dating the whole of the last glacial period and also provides the opportunity to independently test radiocarbon based chronologies. This paper presents a set of nine directly comparable paired OSL and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon ages from multiple sites within Devensian fluvial sediments in lowland Britain and shows that it is possible to obtain robust OSL age estimates throughout this time period. The two techniques agree well for ages younger than ca. 29 14C ka BP (ca. 35 cal. ka BP) but disagree beyond ca. 35 14C ka BP (ca. 40 cal. ka BP). This is thought to be due to radiocarbon ages on older organic material having been contaminated by low levels of modern carbon. It is therefore suggested that all conventionally pre‐treated radiocarbon ages greater than 35 14C ka BP should be treated with extreme caution. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dairy cows trapped between performance demands and adaptability
Authors: Knaus Wilhelm 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe tremendous increase in the lactation performance of dairy cows during the last 60 years has had dramatic consequences on fertility and vitality (fitness) of the animals. Unprecedented average lactation performance levels have resulted in an equally unprecedented reduction in longevity. Economic pressure to further reduce the age at first calving is still high, although the negative correlation between precocious maturity and longevity is well documented in the relevant literature. Ever more aggressive selection and feeding measures are being taken to shorten the rearing time of heifers in order to reduce the cost of replacement heifers. An additional decrease in the stayability of cows has to be expected when the age at first calving is lowered even further. For reasons of profitability, dairy cows should complete an average of at least four lactations. Cows from the most important dairy breeds in the United States and Bavaria, Germany, already dropped below that crucial threshold many years ago. The same phenomenon has been observed in dairy cows in Austria over the past few years. Holstein cows that were culled in Austria in 2007 had an average of only 3.3 parities. To improve this situation, dairy cattle breeding programs should put a much higher emphasis on selection for traits of longevity and lifetime performance and, in return, markedly reduce the emphasis on selection for lactation performance in general and early‐lactation performance test results in particular. Over millions of years of evolutionary adaptation, cattle have acquired the ability to utilize fibrous low‐quality plant substrate. Only a strongly forage‐based feeding regimen is, in the long run, in accordance with their digestive and metabolic configuration. The massive use of concentrates (mostly grain) in cattle rations increases the risk of digestive and metabolic disorders in cattle and consequently leads to impaired animal welfare. Finally, the careful management of scarce resources demands that a closer look be taken at the food balance in dairy rations, i.e., an awareness of how much food that is edible for humans is being fed to livestock. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Chemical composition and insecticidal properties of Cinnamomum aromaticum (Nees) essential oil against the stored product beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)
Authors: Islam Rezuanul , Khan Rejaul Islam , Al‐Reza Sharif M , Jeong Yong Tae , Song Chi Hyun , Khalequzzaman M 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Cinnamomum aromaticum is a widely used cooking ingredient in South Asian countries. In this study the essential oil of C. aromaticum was tested against the stored product beetle Callosobruchus maculatus. The objective was to identify the natural compounds with insecticidal properties in the essential oil of C. aromaticum with a view to its potential use as an alternative to synthetic pesticides.RESULTS: The chemical composition of the hydrodistilled bark essential oil of C. aromaticum was analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and cis‐cinnamaldehyde (53.90%) was found to be the principal constituent. The surface film and fumigation toxicities and repellency activity against C. maculatus were evaluated. The extracted oil showed 94.44% mortality against adult C. maculatus through the surface film bioassay. The LD50 values were 27.56 and 23.16 µg cm−2 after 24 and 48 h of exposure respectively. The regression equations were calculated as Y = 0.39 + 3.20X and Y = 1.25 + 2.75X respectively. In the fumigation bioassay the LD50 value was 434.69 µg cm−2 after 24 h of exposure, with the regression equation Y = 0.87 + 1.57X. It was also found that the extracted oil contained compounds that had a dose‐dependent protective effect on egg hatching and adult emergence.CONCLUSION: The results obtained from this study suggest that the toxicity and insecticidal activity of C. aromaticum are attributable to its essential oil, which could be used as a biodegradable and natural bioprotectant for controlling stored product pests. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Oct4, a novel marker for human gastric cancer
Authors: Chen Zhong , Xu Wen‐Rong , Qian Hui , Zhu Wei , Bu Xue‐Feng , Wang Sheng , Yan Yong‐Min , Mao Fei , Gu Hong‐Bing , Cao Hui‐Ling , Xu Xue‐Jing 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveOctamer‐4 (Oct4), a transcription factor involved in regulating human embryonic stem cells (ESCs), may play a role in tumorigenesis. Since little is known about the efficacy of Oct4 as a potential biomarker for gastric cancer (GC), we investigated its expression in GC tissues and its relationship to various clinicopathological parameters.MethodsPrimary tumor tissues and matching, adjacent non‐cancerous tissues were obtained from 62 GC patients, and Oct4 expression was examined by reverse transcription‐PCR (RT‐PCR) and real‐time PCR. Twenty biopsy specimens of atrophic gastritis and gastric ulcer individually were collected as control. To detect Oct4 expression in the paired GC and non‐cancerous tissues at the protein level, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were employed. Correlation analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between Oct4 expression and clinicopathological parameters.ResultsOct4 expression levels were higher in GC tissues compared to matching, adjacent non‐cancerous tissues, atrophic gastritis and gastric ulcer tissues. Additionally, Oct4 expression in GC tumors correlated with their differentiation status, but not with patient age or gender, tumor size, TNM stage, depth of invasion, or the presence of lymph node metastasis.ConclusionsOct4 may be a potential biomarker for the initiation, progression, and differentiation of human GC. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;99:414–419. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Survivin expression in gastric cancer: Association with histomorphological response to neoadjuvant therapy and prognosis
Authors: Vallböhmer D. , Drebber U. , Schneider P.M. , Baldus S. , Bollschweiler E. , Brabender J. , Warnecke‐Eberz U. , Mönig S. , Hölscher A.H. , Metzger R. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesNeoadjuvant therapy is applied to improve the prognosis associated with advanced gastric cancer. Only patients with a major response seem to have a survival benefit. Predictive markers to allow individualisation of treatment could be helpful. We examined the association of survivin protein expression with histopathologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and prognosis in patients with gastric cancer.MethodsForty patients with gastric cancer received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Afterwards, 38 patients underwent total gastrectomy, while 2 patients received definitive chemotherapy because of tumour progression. Histomorphologic regression was defined as major response when resected specimens contained <10% tumour cells. Intratumoural survivin expression was determined by immunohistochemistry in pre‐ and post‐therapeutic specimens and correlated with clinicopathologic parameters.ResultsThe pre‐ and post‐therapeutic intratumoural survivin protein expression was not associated with histomorphologic regression. Post‐therapeutic survivin expression did not have prognostic impact. A significant association was detected between pre‐therapeutic survivin levels and prognosis: patients with a higher survivin protein expression showed a significant survival benefit. In multivariate analysis pre‐therapeutic survivin expression was characterised as an independent prognostic marker, besides pN‐status and histopathologic regression.ConclusionsThe pre‐therapeutic survivin protein expression seems to be an independent prognostic marker in the multimodality treatment of advanced gastric cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;99:409–413. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
L‐type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is frequently expressed in thymic carcinomas but is absent in thymomas
Authors: Kaira Kyoichi , Oriuchi Noboru , Imai Hisao , Shimizu Kimihiro , Yanagitani Noriko , Sunaga Noriaki , Hisada Takeshi , Ishizuka Tamotsu , Kanai Yoshikatsu , Endou Hitoshi , Nakajima Takashi , Mori Masatomo 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackgroundL‐type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) has been associated with tumor growth and is highly expressed in the primary human neoplasms. We investigated the significance of LAT1 expression to evaluate malignant potential in thymic epithelial tumors.Materials and MethodsImmunohistochemical studies of 45 surgically resected thymic epithelial tumors [15 noninvasive thymomas (NT), 22 invasive thymomas (IT), and 8 thymic carcinomas (TC)] were conducted. LAT1, Ki‐67 labeling index (LI), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and microvessel density of the thymic epithelial tumors were analyzed.ResultsLAT1 expression for thymomas and thymic carcinomas were 0 (0%) of 37 and 6 (75%) of eight patients, respectively. Ki‐67 LI for NT, IT, and TC were 7.9 ± 2.8%, 16.1 ± 8.5%, and 50.6 ± 24.4%, respectively. VEGF expression in groups NT, IT, and TC was 0 (0%) of 15, 9 (41%) of 22, and 6 (75%) of eight patients, respectively. VEGF expression was statistically associated with microvessel count. The LAT1 expression was statistically associated with Ki‐67 LI, VEGF, and microvessel density in thymic carcinomas.ConclusionLAT1 is frequently expressed in thymic carcinomas but is absent in thymomas. Our results suggest that LAT1 expression might be an immunohistochemical marker for carcinomas, and could distinguish between thymomas and thymic carcinomas. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;99:433–438. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Soil carbon pools of reclaimed minesoils under grass and forest landuses
Authors: Chatterjee A. , Lal R. , Shrestha R.K. , Ussiri D.A.N. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMinesoils are characterized by low soil organic matter and poor soil physicochemical environment. Mine soil reclamation process has potential to restore soil fertility and sequester carbon (C) over time. Soil organic C (SOC) pool and associated soil properties were determined for reclaimed minesoils under grass and forest landuses of varied establishment year. Three grassland sites of 30, 9, and 1 years after reclamation (G30, G9, and G1) and two forest sites, 11 years after reclamation (RF) and undisturbed stand of 40 years (UF), were selected within four counties (Morgan, Muskingum, Noble, and Coshocton) of southeastern Ohio. Soil bulk density (BD) of reclaimed forest (RF) soil was significantly higher than undisturbed forest (UF) soils within 10–40 cm soil depth profile. Reclamation process increased soil pH from slightly acidic to alkaline and decreased the soil EC in both landuses. Among grassland soils, significant changes in SOC and total soil N contents were observed within 0–10 cm soil depth. SOC contents of G30 (29.7 Mg ha−1) and G9 (29.5 Mg ha−1) were significantly higher than G1 soils (9.11 Mg ha−1). Soil N content was increased from G1 (0.95 Mg ha−1) to G9 (2.00 Mg ha−1) site and then the highest value was found under G30 (3.25 Mg ha−1) site within 0–10 cm soil depth. UF soils had significantly higher SOC and total N content than RF soils at 0–10 and 10–20 cm soil depths. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pulsing influences photoradiation outcomes in cell culture
Authors: Brondon Philip , Stadler Istvan , Lanzafame Raymond J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesSkin pigmentation can adversely affect phototherapy outcomes. Delivering pulsed light has been suggested as a means of enhancing efficacy. Suitable pulse frequencies remain indeterminate, often being selected empirically. This study was undertaken to determine whether pulsed light delivery mitigates the filtering effect of melanin pigment on photomodulation in vitro.Study Design and MethodsHuman HEP‐2 cells were cultured in complete DMEM media. Photoradiation was delivered through 0.025% melanin filters at 670 nm (5.0 J/cm2/treatment/24 hours) for 72 hours at different pulse rates. Group A received no light treatment. Group B received treatments without pulsing. Groups C, D, E, F, and G received treatments at 6, 18, 36, 100, and 600 Hz. Cell proliferation was assessed by MTT assay and oxidative burst was measured using the 2.7 dichloro‐fluorescein‐diacetate assay.ResultsCell proliferation was maximally stimulated at 100 Hz at 48 and 72 hours (n = 4, P≤0.05). Oxidative burst was maximally stimulated at 600 Hz (n = 4, P≤0.05). All frequencies were stimulatory at 48 and 72 hours (n = 4, P≤0.05).ConclusionThis investigation suggests that light pulsing may improve outcomes by mitigating the filtration effects of cutaneous melanin. Further studies to further define these effects are warranted. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:222–226, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Risk factors for recurrence of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia in the vaginal vault after laser vaporization
Authors: Kim Hee Seung , Park Noh Hyun , Park In‐Ae , Park Ju Hee , Chung Hyun Hoon , Kim Jae Weon , Song Yong Sang , Kang Soon‐Beom 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackgroundWe sought to investigate risk factors for recurrence of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) in the vaginal vault after laser vaporization.Materials and MethodsAmong 162 patients treated with laser vaporization in the vaginal vault after hysterectomy between March 1998 and August 2007, the clinical data of 68 patients were reviewed retrospectively. They underwent hysterectomy before laser vaporization due to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage Ia1–Ib1 cervical cancer (n = 17), cervical carcinoma in situ (CIS, n = 18), cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) (CIN I, n = 4; CIN II, n = 9; CIN III, n = 12), leiomyoma (n = 5) and endometrial polyp (n = 3). All patients were diagnosed as VAIN I (n = 24), VAIN II (n = 18) and VAIN III (n = 26) in the vaginal vault before laser vaporization. Risk factors for recurrence of VAIN in the vaginal vault after laser vaporization were investigated by multivariate logistic regression analysis.ResultsThe median age was 48 years (range, 32–74 years), and the median duration of follow‐up was 33 months (range, 10–115 months). Among all patients, 18 (26.5%) showed disease recurrence. Age (≤48 years) and VAIN III in the vaginal vault before laser vaporization were risk factors for recurrence after laser vaporization (age ≤48 years, adjusted OR, 2.07, 95% CI, 1.18–7.01; VAIN III in the vaginal vault before laser vaporization, adjusted OR, 8.42, 95% CI, 1.63–18.56).ConclusionLaser vaporization may be a feasible method for the treatment of VAIN in the vaginal vault after hysterectomy. However, age (≤48 years) and VAIN III in the vaginal vault before laser vaporization should be considered as risk factors for recurrence after laser vaporization. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:196–202, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.