bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
R‐RAFT approach for the polymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide with a star poly(ε‐caprolactone) core
Authors: Bian Qingqing , Xiao Yan , Lang Meidong 
Published: November 2011

AbstractReversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization is a more robust and versatile approach than other living free radical polymerization methods, providing a reactive thiocarbonylthio end group. A series of well‐defined star diblock [poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐b‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)]4 (SPCLNIP) copolymers were synthesized by R‐RAFT polymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) using [PCL‐DDAT]4 (SPCL‐DDAT) as a star macro‐RAFT agent (DDAT: S‐1‐dodecyl‐S′‐(α, α′‐dimethyl‐α″‐acetic acid) trithiocarbonate). The R‐RAFT polymerization showed a controlled/“living” character, proceeding with pseudo‐first‐order kinetics. All these star polymers with different molecular weights exhibited narrow molecular weight distributions of less than 1.2. The effect of polymerization temperature and molecular weight of the star macro‐RAFT agent on the polymerization kinetics of NIPAAm monomers was also addressed. Hardly any radical–radical coupling by‐products were detected, while linear side products were kept to a minimum by careful control over polymerization conditions. The trithiocarbonate groups were transferred to polymer chain ends by R‐RAFT polymerization, providing potential possibility of further modification by thiocarbonylthio chemistry. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Long‐term mental health of men who lose a wife to cancer—a population‐based follow‐up
Authors: Hauksdóttir Arna , Valdimarsdóttir Unnur , Fürst Carl Johan , Steineck Gunnar 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjectiveThis study investigated the long‐term risk of psychological morbidity for men after losing a wife to cancer. A further aim of the study was to investigate if being in a new relationship at the time of follow‐up affects the risk of psychological morbidity.MethodIn a population‐based cohort study, we collected data from 907 men in Sweden who lost a wife to cancer in the breast, ovary or colon 4–5 years earlier. A control group of 330 married men was also included.ResultsSix hundred ninety‐one of the widowers (76%) and 262 of the controls (79%) answered a questionnaire. Widowers in a new relationship had a similar risk of psychological morbidity compared with a control group of married men. However, compared with widowers in a new relationship, single widowers reported increased risks of (among other symptoms) the following: depression (RR 2.2, confidence interval [CI] 1.5–3.2), anxiety (RR 1.6, CI 1.1–2.5) emotional numbness (RR 2.2, CI 1.7–2.8), and waking up at night with anxiety (RR 2.2, CI 1.4–3.7).ConclusionsMen who lost a wife to cancer in Sweden in 2000 or 2001 and are single 4–5 years later have increased risks of psychological morbidity, both compared with widowers who are in a new relationship at the time of follow‐up and with married men. Further scientific effort is needed for improved understanding of the most likely underlying mechanisms; that is, that enhanced emotional support of a new relationship after the loss of a wife protects against psychological morbidity, or alternatively, that the healthiest widowers enter a new relationship. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Camps 2.0: Exploring the sequence and structure space of prokaryotic, eukaryotic, and viral membrane proteins
Authors: Neumann Sindy , Hartmann Holger , Martin‐Galiano Antonio J. , Fuchs Angelika , Frishman Dmitrij 
Published: November 2011

AbstractStructural bioinformatics of membrane proteins is still in its infancy, and the picture of their fold space is only beginning to emerge. Because only a handful of three‐dimensional structures are available, sequence comparison and structure prediction remain the main tools for investigating sequence–structure relationships in membrane protein families. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of the structural families corresponding to α‐helical membrane proteins with at least three transmembrane helices. The new version of our CAMPS database (CAMPS 2.0) covers nearly 1300 eukaryotic, prokaryotic, and viral genomes. Using an advanced classification procedure, which is based on high‐order hidden Markov models and considers both sequence similarity as well as the number of transmembrane helices and loop lengths, we identified 1353 structurally homogeneous clusters roughly corresponding to membrane protein folds. Only 53 clusters are associated with experimentally determined three‐dimensional structures, and for these clusters CAMPS is in reasonable agreement with structure‐based classification approaches such as SCOP and CATH. We therefore estimate that ∼1300 structures would need to be determined to provide a sufficient structural coverage of polytopic membrane proteins. CAMPS 2.0 is available at http://webclu.bio.wzw.tum.de/CAMPS2.0/. Proteins 2011. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Kinetic consequences of native state optimization of surface‐exposed electrostatic interactions in the Fyn SH3 domain
Authors: Zarrine‐Afsar Arash , Zhang Zhuqing , Schweiker Katrina L. , Makhatadze George I. , Davidson Alan R. , Chan Hue Sun 
Published: November 2011

AbstractOptimization of surface exposed charge–charge interactions in the native state has emerged as an effective means to enhance protein stability; but the effect of electrostatic interactions on the kinetics of protein folding is not well understood. To investigate the kinetic consequences of surface charge optimization, we characterized the folding kinetics of a Fyn SH3 domain variant containing five amino acid substitutions that was computationally designed to optimize surface charge–charge interactions. Our results demonstrate that this optimized Fyn SH3 domain is stabilized primarily through an eight‐fold acceleration in the folding rate. Analyses of the constituent single amino acid substitutions indicate that the effects of optimization of charge–charge interactions on folding rate are additive. This is in contrast to the trend seen in folded state stability, and suggests that electrostatic interactions are less specific in the transition state compared to the folded state. Simulations of the transition state using a coarse‐grained chain model show that native electrostatic contacts are weakly formed, thereby making the transition state conducive to nonspecific, or even nonnative, electrostatic interactions. Because folding from the unfolded state to the folding transition state for small proteins is accompanied by an increase in charge density, nonspecific electrostatic interactions, that is, generic charge density effects can have a significant contribution to the kinetics of protein folding. Thus, the interpretation of the effects of amino acid substitutions at surface charged positions may be complicated and consideration of only native‐state interactions may fail to provide an adequate picture. Proteins 2011. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effective oxygen plasma treatment on indium tin oxide electrode to improve organic solar cell efficiency
Authors: Tang Fu‐Ching , Chang Jay , Chou Wei‐Yang , Cheng Horng‐Long , Hsu Steve Lien‐Chung , Chen Jen‐Sue , Sheu Hwo‐Shuenn 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn the current study, the effects of oxygen (O2) plasma treatment on indium tin oxide (ITO) and its correlation to the efficiency of organic solar cells (OSCs) were investigated. The O2 plasma treatment is able to remove impurities of the ITO surface and increase its surface energy to match the water‐based poly (3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene): poly (styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) solution. The strong polar interaction from the O2 plasma‐treated ITO surface helps in the conformational change of the PEDOT chain from a benzoid to a quinoid structure, which improves film quality and the efficiency of organic solar cells. magnified image
Gallium and indium co‐doped ZnO thin films for white light emitting diodes
Authors: Chirakkara Saraswathi , Krupanidhi S. B. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractGa and In co‐doped ZnO (GIZO) thin films together with ZnO, In‐doped ZnO (IZO), Ga‐doped ZnO (GZO), and IZO/GZO multilayer for comparison, were grown on corning glass and boron doped Si substrates by PLD. The photoluminescence spectra of GIZO showed a strong white light emission and the current–voltage characteristics showed relatively lower turn‐on voltage and larger forward current. The CIE coordinates for GIZO were observed to be (0.31, 0.33) with a correlated colour temperature of 6650 K, indicating a cool white light, and establishing a possibility of white light emitting diodes. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Input‐to‐state stability for discrete‐time nonlinear impulsive systems with delays
Authors: Yang Shujie , Shi Bao , Hao Shuyan 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYThis paper aims to study the problem of input‐to‐state stability (ISS) for nonlinear discrete impulsive systems with time delays. Razumikhin‐type theorems, which guarantee ISS – asymptotically ISS and exponentially ISS – for the discrete impulsive ones with external disturbance inputs, are established. As applications, numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SPATIAL PATTERNS OF BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES IN REGULATED AND NATURAL RIVERS
Authors: Jones N. E. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTDaily fluctuating flows in regulated rivers can lead to extensive areas of substrate that experience drying and wetting. I investigated the longitudinal and lateral patterns of benthic invertebrates in the regulated peaking Magpie River and neighbouring natural rivers. Nearly half of all invertebrates collected in the Magpie River originated from the upstream reservoir. Both lentic and lotic invertebrates, however, decreased in abundance to natural levels 5–8 km downstream. Closest to the dam, lotic invertebrates were twice as abundant as those found in natural rivers. In natural rivers Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Coleoptera and Trichoptera were more common in the shallow and slower areas along transects. The opposite was true in the regulated Magpie where densities increased with water depth and velocity, particularly for the dominant groups Diptera and Trichoptera. The abundance of worm‐like organisms (e.g. Enchytraeidae, Lumbricidae, Naididae) and snails (Basommatophora) increased considerably in the varial zone. There were 10 times more Odonata and Plecoptera in the natural rivers, but lateral trends were not evident in either type of river. The influence of sampling location along transects on the interpretation of the community composition can be clearly seen in a resampling of the data. This study illustrates the presence of longitudinal and lateral gradients, and this knowledge needs to be incorporated into the design of research or monitoring programmes. Failing to do so could jeopardize decisions with the management of our flowing waters. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A CLIMATE‐BASED INDEX OF HISTORIC SPAWNING‐STREAM HYDROLOGY
Authors: Kaeding L. R. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTReproductive success of stream‐spawning Oncorhynchus fishes (Pacific salmon, rainbow trout, cutthroat trout and their allies) may be greatly affected by stream discharge or its covariate, stream temperature, during the spawning season. Because such data for the physical environment may not have been routinely collected as part of previous investigations of these fishes, identification of simple but robust indices of historic, seasonal stream discharge and temperature, using long‐term climate data sets, would be important, especially to investigations of historic population dynamics. This study examined statistical associations among several climate variables and the spawning‐season (approximately June) discharges and temperatures of Clear Creek, a Yellowstone Lake tributary used by spawning Yellowstone cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri (YCT), from the lake. Correlation analysis showed that total water‐year degree‐days (calculated on the basis of mean daily air temperature > 0°C) at Lake Village, on the lake's north shore, was a robust index (both negative and positive, respectively) of consecutive, total semi‐month metrics of creek discharge and temperature during the YCT spawning season. This study (and subsequent use of the Lake Village degree days metric as an environmental variable in a dynamic, age‐structured model of the lacustrine–adfluvial YCT population of Clear Creek) showed how exploratory analyses of the fragmentary but long‐term and regionally unique data sets for Clear Creek discharge and temperature revealed a simple but robust index of climate variation important to understanding the historic dynamics of Clear Creek's YCT population, which is a key spawning stock of Yellowstone Lake. In addition, the extensive statistical associations among the climate variables, along with the temporal trends in two key variables, broadly showed how climate varied across the Yellowstone Lake region during the past several decades. Those observations have implications for the historic, seasonal hydrology of all Yellowstone Lake tributaries used by spawning YCT. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multifunctional Mesoporous Silica Nanospheres with Cleavable Gd(III) Chelates as MRI Contrast Agents: Synthesis, Characterization, Target‐Specificity, and Renal Clearance
Authors: Vivero‐Escoto Juan L. , Taylor‐Pashow Kathryn M. L. , Huxford Rachel C. , Della Rocca Joseph , Okoruwa Christie , An Hongyu , Lin Weili , Lin Wenbin 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMesoporous silica nanospheres (MSNs) are a promising material for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. In this paper multifunctional MSNs with cleavable Gd(III) chelates are synthesized and characterized, and their applicability as MRI contrast agents is demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. The MSNs contain Gd(III) chelates that are covalently linked via a redox‐responsive disulfide moiety. The MSNs are further functionalized with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and an anisamide ligand to improve their biocompatibility and target specificity. The effectiveness of MSNs as an MRI imaging contrast agent and their targeting ability are successfully demonstrated in vitro using human colon adenocarcinoma and pancreatic cancer cells. Finally, the capability of this platform as an in vivo MRI contrast agent is tested using a 3T scanner. The Gd(III) chelate was quickly cleaved by the blood pool thiols and eliminated through the renal excretion pathway. Further tuning of the Gd(III) chelate release kinetics is needed before the MSN system can be used as target‐specific MRI contrast agents in vivo.
Outlier robustness for wind turbine extrapolated extreme loads
Authors: Natarajan Anand , Verelst David R. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTMethods for extrapolating extreme loads to a 50 year probability of exceedance, which display robustness to the presence of outliers in simulated loads data set, are described. Case studies of isolated high extreme out‐of‐plane loads are discussed to emphasize their underlying physical reasons. Stochastic identification of numerical artifacts in simulated loads is demonstrated using the method of principal component analysis. The extrapolation methodology is made robust to outliers through a weighted loads approach, whereby the eigenvalues of the correlation matrix obtained using the loads with its dependencies is utilized to estimate a probability for the largest extreme load to occur at a specific mean wind speed. This inherently weights extreme loads that occur frequently within mean wind speed bins higher than isolated occurrences of extreme loads. Primarily, the results for the blade root out‐of‐plane loads are presented here as those extrapolated loads have shown wide variability in literature, but the method can be generalized to any other component load. The convergence of the 1 year extrapolated extreme blade root out‐of‐plane load with the number of turbulent wind samples used in the loads simulation is demonstrated and compared with published results. Further effects of varying wind inflow angles and shear exponent is brought out. Parametric fitting techniques that consider all extreme loads including ‘outliers’ are proposed, and the physical reasons that result in isolated high extreme loads are highlighted, including the effect of the wind turbine controls system. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of a Hydrophilic PEO–PPO–PEO Copolymer on Cetyltrimethyl Ammonium Tosylate Solutions in Water
Authors: Patel Vijay , Chavda Suresh , Aswal Vinod K. , Bahadur Pratap 
Published: November 2011

AbstractCetyltrimethyl ammonium tosylate (CTAT) in water forms long flexible wormlike micelles at concentrations above 10 mM, leading to highly viscous solutions and viscoelastic stiff gels above 100 mM. In the presence of a nonmicellar hydrophilic PEO–PPO–PEO triblock copolymer F87 (TBC‐F87, Total mol.wt. = 7,700, EO = 70%) these wormlike micelles RE transformed into smaller structures, as evident from a sharp decrease in viscosity and increase in specific conductance. These results are quantified by small angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements. The PPO middle block of TBC‐F87 gets inserted in the CTAT micelle, the size and total aggregation number of CTAT/TBC‐F87 mixed micelles decreased but the number of TBC‐F87 molecules in the mixed micelles increased with an increase in [TBC‐F87]. Two break points in the typical specific conductance versus CTAT concentration plot at various [TBC‐F87] amounts represent interactions between CTAT and TBC‐F87. The penetration of PPO of TBC‐F87 inside CTAT micelles decreases hydrophobicity of the core while the presence of PEO end blocks enhances hydrophilicity each favoring smaller micelles.
Noninvasive technique of preventing thrombin escape into the systemic circulation during ultrasound-guided thrombin injection (UGTI) of the postcatheterization pseudoaneurysms
Authors: Juranic Jurica , Protic Alen , Sokolic Jadranko , Sustic Alan 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Introduction
Iatrogenic, postcatheterization pseudoaneurysms (PSA) of the femoral artery are a common complication after diagnostic and interventional procedures, with up to 7.7% incidence. Treatment includes surgical repair, ultrasound-guided compression (USGC) repair of the tract of the PSA, or recently ultrasound-guided thrombin injection (UGTI). Large (>1.8 cm) PSA sac with short (<3 mm) and/or wide (>3 mm) tract has higher complication ratio such as thromboembolic events after UGTI. Those cases are considered for protective balloon inflation during thrombin injection. The aim of our study was to evaluate the success rate of preventing escape of the thrombin during UGTI with simultaneous manual compression on ipsilateral iliac artery.

Methods and results
We reported 46 patients, 17 males and 29 females, aged 53–74 years, with iatrogenic, postcatheterization femoral artery PSA. Out of 46 patients, 7 were successfully treated with USGC. The rest of the patients were treated with UGTI with simultaneous manual compression on ipsilateral iliac artery to stop the flow in PSA, and to avoid thrombin escape into the native circulation. Success rate of UGTI with manual compression of ipsilateral iliac artery was 97% with the complication rate of 2.6%.

Conclusion
Our study confirms that UGTI treatment of the PSA of the femoral artery combined with compression of the ipsilateral iliac artery could be a safe and reliable method of the thrombin escape prevention into the systemic circulation, as good as more invasive and demanding methods.
Heritage, public trust and non-market values in water governance
Authors: Morehouse Barbara J 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The concepts of public trust and heritage protection offer opportunities for refining discourses and practices surrounding governance of water resources for under-represented non-market values, particularly values that do not lend themselves readily to standard market-based economic analyses. Public trust in the United States, though far from a panacea, offers insights into how such values may be asserted within particular place-based contexts. Outside the U.S., heritage-based governance of water resources represents a similar effort for integrating such values. In both cases, changes in governance are linked to specific local conditions, history, and values. Examination of these two institutional frameworks suggests that experimentation drawing upon key concepts and mechanisms from both may facilitate better integration of non-market values (social, cultural, and ecological) into water and environmental governance.
Lagrangian transport properties of pulmonary interfacial flows
Authors: Smith Bradford J. , Lukens Sarah , Yamaguchi Eiichiro , Gaver III Donald P. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractDisease states characterized by airway fluid occlusion and pulmonary surfactant insufficiency, such as respiratory distress syndrome, have a high mortality rate. Understanding the mechanics of airway reopening, particularly involving surfactant transport, may provide an avenue to increase patient survival via optimized mechanical ventilation waveforms. We model the occluded airway as a liquid-filled rigid tube with the fluid phase displaced by a finger of air that propagates with both mean and sinusoidal velocity components. Finite-time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE) fields are employed to analyse the convective transport characteristics, taking note of Lagrangian coherent structures (LCSs) and their effects on transport. The Lagrangian perspective of these techniques reveals flow characteristics that are not readily apparent by observing Eulerian measures. These analysis techniques are applied to surfactant-free velocity fields determined computationally, with the boundary element method, and measured experimentally with micro particle image velocimetry ($\ensuremath{\mu} $-PIV). We find that the LCS divides the fluid into two regimes, one advected upstream (into the thin residual film) and the other downstream ahead of the advancing bubble. At higher oscillatory frequencies particles originating immediately inside the LCS experience long residence times at the air–liquid interface, which may be conducive to surfactant transport. At high frequencies a well-mixed attractor region is identified; this volume of fluid cyclically travels along the interface and into the bulk fluid. The Lagrangian analysis is applied to velocity data measured with 0.01 mg ml−1 of the clinical pulmonary surfactant Infasurf in the bulk fluid, demonstrating flow field modifications with respect to the surfactant-free system that were not visible in the Eulerian frame.
Hydroelastic waves on fluid sheets
Authors: Blyth M. G. , Părău E. I. , Vanden-Broeck J.-M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractNonlinear travelling waves on a two-dimensional inviscid fluid sheet are investigated when the sheet is bounded above and below by two thin elastic plates. Symmetric and antisymmetric solution branches are identified, together with a pair of bifurcation branches. It is shown that far along the branches the solutions approach limiting configurations that correspond to static solutions valid in the absence of fluid forcing.