bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From the Bronx to the Wilderness: Inari‐Sami Rap, Language Revitalisation and Contested Ethnic Stereotypes
Authors: Ridanpää Juha , Pasanen Annika 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis article discusses how rap music operates as an emancipatory ‘tool’ in the processes of language preservation and the deconstruction of ethnic stereotypes. It focuses on Amoc, the first ever rap musician to use the Inari Sami language, a minority language spoken in Northern Finland with only approximately 350 remaining speakers. The case as a whole is understood as a confrontation between two opposite discursive worlds. Rap music is perceived as a representation of urbanity, whereas the ethnic Sami culture is understood as a nationally ‘othered’ discourse based on old subordinating stereotypes of primitive people living in nature, beyond civilisation. In this context Amoc represents a bridge‐builder between these two contrary worlds. This article discusses how Sami rap, as a modernised artistic practice, functions as an emancipatory ‘tool’ deconstructing the stereotypical ways of approaching ethnic heritages and thereby helping to sustain and revitalise the minority language of the Inari Sami group.
Fuzzy Expert Systems for the Diagnosis of Component and Sensor Faults
in Complex Energy Systems
Authors: Toffolo Andrea 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Locating the causes of malfunctions in complex energy systems is an extremely difficult task, since more than one fault mode may produce similar and possibly undistinguishable patterns of effects. This paper shows how fuzzy expert systems can exploit the available measurements from the data acquisition system to identify different component and sensor fault modes. Real sensor data (mass flow rates, pressures, temperatures, and key operating parameters) are compared with the expected values of the same quantities that are calculated using numerical models of local subsystems. This comparison simply determines if the differences between measured and expected values are “negative,” “zero,” or “positive” in fuzzy logic terms. The final objective is to verify the existence of some patterns of these attributes that univocally identify the considered fault modes. These patterns are then implemented as the set of rules forming the knowledge base of a fuzzy expert system. The proposed diagnostic methodology is tested on the gas section of a real combined-cycle cogeneration plant, and the effect of measurement noise is also discussed.
Recrudescent
Campylobacter jejuni
Infection in an Immunocompetent Adult following Experimental Infection with a Well-Characterized Organism
Authors: Baqar Shahida , Tribble David R. , Carmolli Marya , Sadigh Katrin , Poly Frederic , Porter Chad , Larsson Catherine J. , Pierce Kristen K. , Guerry Patricia , Darsley Michael , Kirkpatrick Beth 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

The recrudescence of infection with
Campylobacter jejuni
after appropriate antibiotic treatment has not been previously reported in an immunocompetent adult. We present the complete clinical, microbiologic, and immunologic evaluation of a closely monitored healthy male with recrudescent
C. jejuni
infection occurring in the absence of immunodeficiency following experimental infection with a well-characterized strain. After antibiotic treatment, the initial infection was clinically cleared and microbiologically undetectable. Subsequently, two episodes of recrudescence occurred, with no change in
in vitro
antibiotic sensitivity being detected. The immune responses of the individual were compared to those of other participants in the experimental infection study: innate immune responses, including fecal cytokines and C-reactive protein, were intact; however, measures of
Campylobacter
-specific adaptive immune responses were absent, including serum antibodies, antibody-secreting cells, and
in vitro
gamma interferon responses. No primary or secondary immunodeficiency was identified. Recrudescent
Campylobacter
infections after treatment may be more common than has previously been appreciated. This work adds to our understanding of the human immune response to natural
Campylobacter
infection and reiterates the importance of pathogen-specific adaptive immune responses to this globally important pathogen.
Detection of Antibodies against Norovirus Genogroup GIV in Carnivores
Authors: Di Martino Barbara , Marsilio Fulvio , Di Profio Federica , Lorusso Eleonora , Friedrich Klaus G. , Buonavoglia Canio , Martella Vito 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT
Noroviruses (NoVs) resembling human NoV genotype GIV (Alphatron-like) have recently been detected in carnivores. By using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on baculovirus-expressed capsid protein VP1 of lion strain GGIV.2/Pistoia/387/06/ITA, NoV-specific antibodies were detected in cats (16.11%) and dogs (4.8%), demonstrating that these animals are exposed to infections caused by NoVs.
Elimination of False-Positive Results in a Luminex Assay for Pneumococcal Antibodies
Authors: Pickering Jerry W. , Larson Matthew T. , Martins Thomas B. , Copple Susan S. , Hill Harry R. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTIn our 14-valent Luminex assay for pneumococcal antibodies, we identified two groups of sera that caused false-positive results. The first group bound nonspecifically to the Luminex microspheres. The second group reacted specifically with bovine serum albumin (BSA). We describe here methods that eliminated the false-positive reactivity of both groups.
Identification of Immune Parameters To Differentiate Disease States among Sheep Infected withMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosis
Authors: Gillan Sonia , O'Brien Rory , Hughes Alan D. , Griffin J. Frank T. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTJohne's disease, a chronic enteritis of ruminants, is caused by infection withMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosis. Three distinct forms have been observed in sheep: paucibacillary disease (PB), multibacillary disease (MB), and asymptomatic infection (AS). In this study, immune parameters for animals naturally infected withM.aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisand identifiedpostmortemas having PB, MB, or AS were compared to provide a further understanding of the immunological reactivity contributing to or resulting from these different disease states in sheep. PB was associated with strong ex vivoM.aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisantigen-stimulated gamma interferon responses, pronounced increases in CD25+T-cell frequencies in circulation, antibody production, and a B-cell population that expanded significantly uponex vivoantigenic stimulation. The MB group featured the highest antibody levels and a lack of cellular immune responsiveness to theM.aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisantigen. The AS group expressed an immunological phenotype intermediate between that for noninfected control animals and that for the PB group. The relationship between immune responses and disease severity within the PB group was investigated more closely; significant positive correlations were observed between disease severity and both the CD8+population in the circulating blood and the expression of interleukin-4 mRNA in antigen-stimulated blood samplesex vivo. Together, these data point toward distinct immune profiles in sheep that correspond to different Johne's disease states, which can be determined from circulating blood and/or from localized intestinal tract tissue samples.
Genetic Immunization Converts theTrypanosoma cruziB-Cell Mitogen Proline Racemase to an Effective Immunogen
Authors: Bryan Marianne A. , Norris Karen A. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTTrypanosoma cruziis the etiologic agent of Chagas' disease. AcuteT. cruziinfection results in polyclonal B-cell activation and delayed specific humoral immunity.T. cruziproline racemase (TcPRAC), aT. cruziB-cell mitogen, may contribute to this dysfunctional humoral response. Stimulation of murine splenocytes with recombinant protein (rTcPRAC) induced B-cell proliferation, antibody secretion, interleukin-10 (IL-10) production, and upregulation of CD69 and CD86 on B cells. Marginal zone (MZ) B cells are more responsive to T-cell-independent (TI) rTcPRAC stimulation than are follicular mature (FM) B cells in terms of proliferation, antibody secretion, and IL-10 production. During experimentalT. cruziinfection, TcPRAC-specific IgG remained undetectable when responses to otherT. cruziantigens developed. Conversely, intradermal genetic immunization via gene gun (GG) delivered TcPRAC as an immunogen, generating high-titer TcPRAC-specific IgG without B-cell dysfunction. TcPRAC GG immunization led to antigen-specific splenic memory B-cell and bone marrow plasma cell formation. TcPRAC-specific IgG bound mitogenic rTcPRAC, decreasing subsequent B-cell activation. GG immunization with rTcPRAC DNA was nonmitogenic and did not affect the generation of specific IgG to anotherT. cruziantigen, complement regulatory protein (CRP). These data demonstrate the utility of genetic immunization for the conversion of a protein mitogen to an effective antigen. Furthermore, coimmunization of TcPRAC with anotherT. cruziantigen indicates the usefulness of this approach for multivalent vaccine development.
Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization ofMadurella pseudomycetomatissp. nov., a Novel Opportunistic Fungus Possibly Causing Black-Grain Mycetoma
Authors: Yan Jie , Deng Jun , Zhou Cun-Jian , Zhong Bai-Yu , Hao Fei 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTA case of black-grain mycetoma occurring on the lower jaw with an odontogenic origin, which to our knowledge is the first case reported in China, is presented here. The clinical manifestation, histopathological morphology, and microbiological features are described. The new species,Madurella pseudomycetomatis, isolated from the black grains discharged by this patient, was analyzed using sequence data of the multiloci of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and its ability to ferment carbohydrate as well as morphology. The analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the D1/D2 hypervariable region of the 28S ribosomal gene sequences support a new species designation. Antifungal susceptibility testing was conducted, indicating thatMadurella pseudomycetomatiswas highly susceptible to itraconazole, voriconazole, and amphotericin B; moderately susceptible to terbinafine; and resistant to fluconazole and flucytosine.
Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Women: Detection in Cervicovaginal Specimens from Gynecological Practices in the United States
Authors: Peña Kristen C. , Adelson Martin E. , Mordechai Eli , Blaho John A. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT
Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and -2) are significant human pathogens causing clinically indistinguishable facial and genital lesions. Recently, the number of reported genital herpes cases caused by type 1 virus has increased. Identifying the HSV type is of clinical importance to determine proper treatment, as there is no licensed vaccine or cure. We assessed, by PCR, the frequency of HSV-1 and HSV-2 present in more than 60,000 clinical cervicovaginal specimens derived from samples originating from 43 continental U.S. states. Fourteen percent were positive for HSV-1 and/or HSV-2. This likely represents subclinal shedding. It was not a measurement of the prevalence of HSV infection. While the majority were HSV-2, 32% were HSV-1. The distribution of HSV types varied between the states with the largest number of specimens, New Jersey, Florida, and Texas. Specimens from women under the age of 24 had an HSV-1 positivity rate of 47 percent. Importantly, in New Jersey, an observed age effect was the disproportionately high prevalence of genital HSV-1 in young women. This represents the largest analysis of HSV types reported and has important public health implications, particularly for younger women.
Temporal Analysis of Invasive Pneumococcal Clones from Scotland Illustrates Fluctuations in Diversity of Serotype and Genotype in the Absence of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine
Authors: Jefferies J. M. , Smith A. J. , Edwards G. F. S. , McMenamin J. , Mitchell T. J. , Clarke S. C. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

In September 2006, the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7; Prevenar) was introduced into the childhood vaccination schedule in the United Kingdom. We monitored the population of invasive pneumococci in Scotland in the 5 years preceding the introduction of PCV7 by using serogrouping, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and eBURST analysis. Here, we present a unique analysis of a complete national data set of invasive pneumococci over this time. We observed an increase in invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) caused by serotypes 1, 4, and 6 and a decrease in serogroup 14-, 19-, and 23-associated disease. Analysis of sequence type (ST) data shows a significant increase in ST306, associated with serotype 1, and a decrease in ST124, associated with serotype 14. There have also been increases in the amounts of IPD caused by ST227 (serotype 1) and ST53 (serotype 8), although these increases were not found to reach significance (
P
= 0.08 and 0.06, respectively). In the course of the study period preceding the introduction of PCV7, we observed considerable and significant changes in serogroup and clonal distribution over time.
Rapid Detection of
aac(6
′
)-Ib-cr
Quinolone Resistance Gene by Pyrosequencing
Authors: Guillard Thomas , Duval Véronique , Moret Hélène , Brasme Lucien , Vernet-Garnier Véronique , de Champs Christophe 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

Pyrosequencing was used to rapidly detect
aac(6
′
)-Ib
and
aac(6
′
)-Ib-cr
genes. This plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant is increasing in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing
Enterobacteriaceae
. This method is faster and more cost-effective than the methods previously described. Sequences obtained with this pyrosequencing method showed 100% concordance with conventional sequencing.
Fusarium proliferatum
Soft Tissue Infection at the Site of a Puncture by a Plant: Recovery, Isolation, and Direct Molecular Identification
Authors: Palmore Tara N. , Shea Yvonne R. , Childs Richard W. , Sherry Richard M. , Walsh Thomas J. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

After allogeneic stem cell transplantation, a 49-year-old man developed fever and inflammation at the site of a plant puncture on a finger. A hyalohyphomycete was recovered by incubating the plant spine fragment following surgery. Amplification of the internal transcribed spacer region and 5.8S rRNA, β-tubulin, and translation elongation factor coding genes identified
Fusarium proliferatum
, which was confirmed later by culture.
Factors Affecting Recovery of
Strongyloides stercoralis
Larvae: an Approach to a Newly Modified Formalin-Ether Concentration Technique for Diagnosis of Strongyloidiasis
Authors: Anamnart Witthaya , Pattanawongsa Attarat , Intapan Pewpan Maleewong , Maleewong Wanchai 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

To improve the diagnosis efficiency of human strongyloidiasis by using formalin-ether concentration technique (FECT), the effects of various factors on the recovery rates of
Strongyloides stercoralis
larvae were comparatively evaluated. Fresh stool and a short time exposure of larvae to formalin yielded significantly higher numbers of larvae than preserved stool and 10-min exposure. Likewise, straining through wire mesh yielded a significantly higher number of larvae recovered than straining through gauze did. In addition, centrifugation for 5 min for separation of larvae from debris yielded a significantly greater number of larvae recovered than centrifugation for 2 min did. The efficacies of the five versions of FECT with different factors-FECT 1, FECT 2, FECT 3, FECT 4, and FECT 5-were then compared. It was found that FECT 5 was 1.8, 2.0, 1.9, and 1.4 times more effective than FECT 1, FECT 2, FECT 3, and FECT 4, respectively. FECT 5 is a modified FECT method, whose modifications included using fresh stool without a preservative substance; a short-time rather than 10-min formalin exposure; and the use of wire mesh instead of gauze.
Septic Arthritis Caused by
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
in a Prosthetic Knee Joint
Authors: Hocqueloux Laurent , Poisson Didier Marc , Sunder Simon , Guilbert Sébastien , Prazuck Thierry 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

We describe the third case of prosthetic infection due to
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
. The patient, a 68-year-old woman, had had total knee arthroplasty 12 months before diagnosis. She had been in contact with swine at home. We review the seven previous reports of septic arthritis due to
E. rhusiopathiae
.
Rapid Universal Identification of Bacterial Pathogens from Clinical Cultures by Using a Novel Sloppy Molecular Beacon Melting Temperature Signature Technique
Authors: Chakravorty Soumitesh , Aladegbami Bola , Burday Michele , Levi Michael , Marras Salvatore A. E. , Shah Darshini , El-Hajj Hiyam H. , Kramer Fred Russell , Alland David 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

A real-time PCR assay with the ability to rapidly identify all pathogenic bacteria would have widespread medical utility. Current real-time PCR technologies cannot accomplish this task due to severe limitations in multiplexing ability. To this end, we developed a new assay system which supports very high degrees of multiplexing. We developed a new class of mismatch-tolerant “sloppy” molecular beacons, modified them to provide an extended hybridization range, and developed a multiprobe, multimelting temperature (

T
m

) signature approach to bacterial species identification. Sloppy molecular beacons were exceptionally versatile, and they were able to generate specific

T
m

values for DNA sequences that differed by as little as one nucleotide to as many as 23 polymorphisms. Combining the

T
m

values generated by several probe-target hybrids resulted in

T
m

signatures that served as highly accurate sequence identifiers. Using this method, PCR assays with as few as six sloppy molecular beacons targeting bacterial 16S rRNA gene segments could reproducibly classify 119 different sequence types of pathogenic and commensal bacteria, representing 64 genera, into 111

T
m

signature types. Blinded studies using the assay to identify the bacteria present in 270 patient-derived clinical cultures including 106 patient blood cultures showed a 95 to 97% concordance with conventional methods. Importantly, no bacteria were misidentified; rather, the few species that could not be identified were classified as “indeterminate,” resulting in an assay specificity of 100%. This approach enables highly multiplexed target detection using a simple PCR format that can transform infectious disease diagnostics and improve patient outcomes.
Potential for Erroneous Results Indicating Resistance When Using the Bactec MGIT 960 System for Testing Susceptibility of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
to Pyrazinamide
Authors: Chedore Pamela , Bertucci Lina , Wolfe Joyce , Sharma Meenu , Jamieson Frances 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

During susceptibility testing of 743 isolates of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
to pyrazinamide (PZA) using the Bactec 960 system, 57 (7.7%) isolates showed PZA resistance. Repeat testing of resistant isolates with the Bactec 460 reference method confirmed 33 (4.4%) of these isolates as resistant, and 24 (3.2%) were susceptible. Erroneous results for resistance with the Bactec 960 were confirmed by testing the 24 discordant isolates for pyrazinamidase and mutations in the
pncA
gene.
Detection of SHV-Type Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase in
Enterobacter
Isolates
Authors: Towne Trent G. , Lewis James S. , Herrera Monica , Wickes Brian , Jorgensen James H. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

One hundred four
Enterobacter
isolates were tested by standard CLSI disk diffusion methods for detecting extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and with cefepime-clavulanate disk combinations. SHV-12 was produced by 8.7% of isolates. The cefepime-clavulanate combination provided 88% sensitivity and 91% specificity for the detection of SHV-12 ESBL.
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Nonstructural Protein 1β Modulates Host Innate Immune Response by Antagonizing IRF3 Activation
Authors: Beura Lalit K. , Sarkar Saumendra N. , Kwon Byungjoon , Subramaniam Sakthivel , Jones Clinton , Pattnaik Asit K. , Osorio Fernando A. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection of swine leads to a serious disease characterized by a delayed and defective adaptive immune response. It is hypothesized that a suboptimal innate immune response is responsible for the disease pathogenesis. In the study presented here we tested this hypothesis and identified several nonstructural proteins (NSPs) with innate immune evasion properties encoded by the PRRS viral genome. Four of the total ten PRRSV NSPs tested were found to have strong to moderate inhibitory effects on beta interferon (IFN-β) promoter activation. The strongest inhibitory effect was exhibited by NSP1 followed by, NSP2, NSP11, and NSP4. We focused on NSP1α and NSP1β (self-cleavage products of NSP1 during virus infection) and NSP11, three NSPs with strong inhibitory activity. All of three proteins, when expressed stably in cell lines, strongly inhibited double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) signaling pathways. NSP1β was found to inhibit both IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)- and NF-κB-dependent gene induction by dsRNA and Sendai virus. Mechanistically, the dsRNA-induced phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of IRF3 were strongly inhibited by NSP1β. Moreover, when tested in a porcine myelomonocytic cell line, NSP1β inhibited Sendai virus-mediated activation of porcine IFN-β promoter activity. We propose that this NSP1β-mediated subversion of the host innate immune response plays an important role in PRRSV pathogenesis.
Breadth of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Specific Neutralizing Activity in Sera: Clustering Analysis and Association with Clinical Variables
Authors: Doria-Rose Nicole A. , Klein Rachel M. , Daniels Marcus G. , O'Dell Sijy , Nason Martha , Lapedes Alan , Bhattacharya Tanmoy , Migueles Stephen A. , Wyatt Richard T. , Korber Bette T. , Mascola John R. , Connors Mark 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT
Induction of antibodies that neutralize a broad range of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates is a major goal of vaccine development. To study natural examples of broad neutralization, we analyzed sera from 103 HIV-1-infected subjects. Among progressor patients, 20% of sera neutralized more than 75% of a panel of 20 diverse viral isolates. Little activity was observed in sera from long-term nonprogressors (elite controllers). Breadth of neutralization was correlated with viral load, but not with CD4 count, history of past antiretroviral use, age, gender, race/ethnicity, or route of exposure. Clustering analysis of sera by a novel method identified a statistically robust subgrouping of sera that demonstrated broad and potent neutralization activity.