bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immediate Complications of Intravenous Contrast for Computed Tomography Imaging in the Outpatient Setting Are Rare
Authors: Mitchell Alice M. , Jones Alan E. , Tumlin James A. , Kline Jeffrey A. 
Published: August 2011

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:1005–1009 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  Despite increasing attention to the long‐term risks of radiation exposure and contrast‐induced nephropathy (CIN), institutional guidelines and patient consent procedures for contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (CECT) imaging in the emergency department (ED) setting have focused primarily on more immediate complications, directly attributable to the administration of intravenous (IV) iodinated contrast administration. Thus, this study sought to define the risk of these immediate complications with the overall aim of improving institutional guidelines and patient consent procedures.Methods:  This was a prospective, consecutive cohort study of patients undergoing CECT of any body region in the ED, for complications occurring within 1 week of contrast administration, using predefined implicit definitions. Severe complications were defined as any of the following requiring medical or surgical intervention: bronchospasm with acute respiratory failure, airway obstruction, anaphylactoid shock, or acute pulmonary edema. The development of compartment syndrome, lactic acidosis, or pulmonary edema within 1 week of contrast administration was also considered a severe complication.Results:  Of 633 patients, only five (0.8%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.3% to 1.8%) reported any immediate complications, all of which were classified as minor. No patient developed a reaction meeting the study definition of a severe complication.Conclusions:  The frequency of severe, immediate complications from CECT imaging that includes IV contrast is less than 1%, and the frequency of mild complications is less than 2%. The authors conclude that CECT is associated with a very low rate of severe immediate complications.
Factors Associated With the Use of Cervical Spine Computed Tomography Imaging in Pediatric Trauma Patients
Authors: Mannix Rebekah , Nigrovic Lise E. , Schutzman Sara A. , Hennelly Kara , Bourgeois Florence T. , Meehan William P. , Fleisher Gary , Monuteaux Michael , Lee Lois K. 
Published: August 2011

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:906–911 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  The objectives were to identify patient and hospital characteristics associated with the use of computed tomography (CT) imaging of the cervical spine (c‐spine) in the evaluation of injured children and, in particular, to examine the influence of hospital setting.Methods:  This was a retrospective cohort of children younger than 19 years of age from the Massachusetts Hospital Emergency Department (ED) database who were discharged from the ED with an injury diagnosis from 2005 through 2009. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze characteristics associated with CT imaging of the c‐spine.Results:  Of the 929,626 pediatric patients diagnosed with an injury in Massachusetts EDs and then discharged home, 1.3% underwent CT imaging of the c‐spine. Rates of CT imaging nearly doubled over the 5 years. In the multivariable model, patient age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.0 to 2.7 for children age 12 to 18 years vs. under 1 year of age) and evaluation outside of a pediatric Level I trauma center (AOR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.1 to 4.3 for children evaluated at non Level I trauma centers vs. pediatric Level I trauma centers; AOR = 2.1, 95% CI = 0.93 to 4.7 for children evaluated at adult Level I trauma centers vs. pediatric Level I trauma centers) were associated with higher rates of CT imaging of the c‐spine.Conclusions:  Cervical spine CT imaging for children discharged from the ED with trauma diagnoses increased from 2005 through 2009. Older age and evaluation outside a Level I pediatric trauma center were associated with a higher c‐spine CT rate. Educational interventions focused outside pediatric trauma centers may be an effective approach to decreasing CT imaging of the c‐spine of pediatric trauma patients.
To Evaluate the Utility of Smaller Sample Sizes when Assessing Dental Maturity Curves for Forensic Age Estimation*,†
Authors: Flood Sara J. , Mitchell Warren J. , Oxnard Charles E. , Turlach Berwin A. , McGeachie John 
Published: August 2011

Abstract:  Dental maturation and chronological age estimation were determined from 144 healthy Western Australian individuals aged 3.6–14.5 years. The results were compared with Farah et al.’s previous study which comprised a larger heterogeneous sample of Western Australian individuals (n = 1450). Orthopantomograms were analyzed with the application of Demirjian and Goldstein’s 4‐tooth method based on eight stages of dental mineralization. Analysis of variance revealed no significant differences in dental maturity scores in each age group among the males in both studies; similar results were seen in the females. Paired t‐tests showed no statistical significance overall between chronological and estimated ages for the males in our sample (p = 0.181), whereas the females showed significant differences (p < 0.001). Our results show that smaller samples may be used when assessing dental maturity curves for forensic age estimation.
Does conventional or single port laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy affect female sexual function?
Authors: LEE JUNG HUN , CHOI JOONG SUB , HONG JIN HWA , JOO KWAN JOONG , KIM BUM YOUNG 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjective. To investigate the effects of conventional and single port laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH) on sexual function in premenopausal women. Design. A prospective case‐control study. Setting. University teaching hospital. Population. A total of 95 premenopausal women having LAVH from January 2009 to December 2009. Methods. Comparison of 47 premenopausal women who had single port LAVH using trans‐umbilical GelPort access (SP‐LAVH group) and 48 premenopausal women who had conventional multiport LAVH (conventional LAVH group). Main outcome measures. Evaluation of sexual function was done prior to and six months after surgery using a validated tool, the female sexual function index (FSFI). Results. In terms of women's demographic characteristics and operative results, there was no significant difference between the two study groups, or between pre‐ and postoperative individual domain scores or total female sexual function index in women who underwent either conventional or single port LAVH. Conclusions. Neither conventional nor single port LAVH affects sexual function in premenopausal women. Women can be counseled that this type of surgery is unlikely to alter sexual function.
Recent developments in the clinical use of the levonorgestrel‐releasing intrauterine system
Authors: GEMZELL‐DANIELSSON KRISTINA , INKI PIRJO , HEIKINHEIMO OSKARI 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis overview focuses on recent developments in the clinical use of the levonorgestrel‐ releasing intrauterine system (LNG‐IUS) on established indications. Recent studies confirm that the LNG‐IUS is safe and equally effective for all age groups of women. All available studies showed that intrauterine contraception is more effective when compared to non‐intrauterine contraceptive methods to prevent repeat abortions. Furthermore, insertion in young nulliparous women is acceptable in the majority of women and associated with high continuation rates. The effectivity of LNG‐IUS appears to be similar in women with chronic medical conditions, including HIV infection or coagulation disorders, and healthy women. More and most importantly, it has no adverse effect on the underlying condition. We also discuss effects of LNG‐IUS on bone mineral density, vaginal flora, cardiovascular risk factors and breast cancer. In treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding, the LNG‐IUS appears to be one of the most effective and cost‐effective methods.
Left upper quadrant approach in gynecologic laparoscopic surgery
Authors: NGU SIEW‐FEI , CHEUNG VINCENT Y. T. , PUN TING‐CHUNG 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjective. To review the use of the left upper quadrant approach in benign gynecologic laparoscopic surgery over a nine‐year period. Design. Retrospective review. Setting. University‐affiliated hospital. Population. Women who underwent laparoscopic gynecologic surgery the upper quadrant approach between January 2002 and December 2010. Methods. Medical records were reviewed. Main outcome measures. Demographic data, past surgical histories, indications for surgery and the use of the left upper quadrant approach, intraoperative findings, diagnosis and any complications. Results. 143 patients were identified, accounting for 4.9% of all gynecologic laparoscopic surgery. The indications for using the left upper quadrant approach were: previous open abdominal surgery (113, 79.0%), surgery in the second trimester of pregnancy (16, 11.1%), presence of large pelvic mass (9, 6.2%), previous transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap for breast reconstruction (3, 2.0%), previous periumbilical hernia repair (1, 0.6%) and previous laparoscopic umbilical wound dehiscence (1, 0.6%). In women with previous abdominal surgery, the overall incidence of adhesions between omentum and/or bowel to the anterior abdominal wall in the umbilical region was 58.4%. Twelve (8.3%) patients required conversion to laparotomy. One patient had subcutaneous surgical emphysema over the left upper quadrant entry site. Conclusions. The left upper quadrant approach is an effective, safe and easy technique for peritoneal cavity access in women undergoing laparoscopic gynecologic surgery and should be considered in women with risk factors of periumbilical adhesions and in the presence of a large pelvic mass.
Major trauma deaths at Perth secondary hospitals
Authors: Fatovich Daniel M , Burrell Maxine , Jacobs Ian G 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjective: Some major trauma (Injury Severity Score [ISS] >15) patients transported to a secondary hospital in Perth do not survive. We sought to describe this cohort and assess preventability.Methods: A cohort study from a previously developed cohort of trauma deaths in Western Australia from 1 July 1997 to 30 June 2006. A preformatted data sheet was used to collect a range of descriptive, time, physiological, and autopsy data. Trauma scores were calculated. Preventability was assessed using three approaches, based on ISS, Trauma Revised Injury Severity Score (TRISS) and individual case review.Results: There were 74 major trauma deaths, mean age 55.6 ± 26.3 years (range 3–95). Thirty‐seven (50%) were motor vehicle crashes. The mean Revised Trauma Score was 3.84 ± 3.09 (0–7.84), median ISS 31 (interquartile range [IQR] 25–51), median TRISS 0.127 (IQR 0.031–0.772) and median time to death was 80 min (IQR 20 min–10 h 8 min). Severe head and chest injuries were the most common. Almost half (36, 48.6%) were receiving CPR on arrival to the hospital. The crude proportion of potentially preventable deaths, based on ISS, TRISS and case review, were 16.2%, 32.4% and 6.7%, respectively. However, these were predominantly elderly patients and a decision against resuscitation was recorded in 54%.Conclusions: The proportion of potentially preventable major trauma deaths at Perth secondary hospitals is low. The most notable group were the elderly after falls, and trauma system efforts should be focused on this group. Primary prevention of major trauma represents the biggest opportunity for improvements in trauma survival.
Long‐term quality‐of‐life outcomes in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnoea: a longitudinal study
Authors: Randhawa P.S. , Cetto R. , Chilvers G. , Georgalas C. , Narula A.A. 
Published: August 2011

Clin. Otolaryngol. 2011, 36, 475–481Objectives:  To assess a cohort of patients who underwent adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnoea, 4 years after surgery for evidence of continued and long‐term improvement in quality of life. We also sought to compare our results to Child Health Questionnaire scores obtained from our previous study. We also compared our data with a healthy UK children population from normative data available.Design:  Longitudinal study.Settings:  University Hospital Tertiary Referral Centre.Participants:  A 4‐year follow‐up study of 37 children who underwent adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnoea confirmed on polysomnography. There were 19 boys and 18 girls from our initial cohort. The primary caregiver completed the validated Child Health Questionnaire Parental Form version‐28, 4 years after initial surgery. Our control group consist of 221 healthy children aged 6–18 that were included as ‘normal’ controls in a study looking at children with juvenile arthritis. The children were defined as healthy by a physician and/or after declaration by the parent.Main outcome measure:  Child Health Questionnaire Parental Form version‐28 scores.Results:  A total of 33 patients (89%) from our initial cohort were contacted. The mean age was 10.6 (median, 11; range, 5–16). When compared with results obtained 3 months postoperatively, the mean scores were higher in five domains and were statistically significant in three subscales (Role Limitations P < 0.00001; Bodily Pain P < 0.002; and Global Health P < 0.02). There was a significant deterioration in Behaviour subscale (P < 0.0007) in spite of surgery. Compared with controls, 4‐year follow‐up scores were higher in five domains with the Global Health domain (P < 0.0004) being statistically significant. When the 4‐year follow‐up scores were compared with preoperative values, these were higher in all 13 domains with statistically significant improvements in nine domains, indicating that improvements had persisted 4 years after surgery. At 4 years, however, the means scores in many domains remain lower when compared with controls.Conclusion:  Quality‐of‐life data are an important measure when deciding on a specific clinical intervention. In the short term, quality‐of‐life measures have been shown to improve after adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnoea. Our study demonstrates that the benefits of surgery are still persistent and the children continue to improve in the long term.
In Vitro and In Vivo Photodynamic Activity of Core‐modified Porphyrin IY69 Using 690 nm Diode Laser
Authors: Paul Bibbin , Rajaputra Pallavi , You Youngjae 
Published: August 2011

AbstractCore‐modified porphyrins have been explored as the second‐generation photosensitizers due to their excellent photophysical properties. IY69 [(5‐phenyl‐10,15‐bis(4‐carboxylatomethoxyphenyl)‐20‐(2‐thienyl)‐21,23‐dithiaporphyrin] was developed from the structure optimization guided by in vitro phototoxicity, showing potent activity (IC50 = 80 nm, broadband at 5 J cm−2, R3230AC cells). The present study demonstrates in vivo photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy of IY69 using a murine tumor model (colon 26 cells on BALB/c mice) and 690 nm diode laser. In vitro phototoxicity of IY69 with the diode laser was compared with that with broadband light against colon 26 cells. Attenuation of the laser light by tissue samples was determined to estimate actual power density at targets. Biodistribution in various organs 24, 48, 72 h after i.p. administration was determined. Even though IY69 phototoxicity with the diode laser was less effective than that with the broadband light, the diode laser was quite effective in vitro (IC50 = 0.1 μm, 10 J cm−2, colon 26 cells). Concentration and light dose‐dependent phototoxicity was observed. A significant light attenuation of 95% and 99% was observed by skin and 3 mm muscle with skin. IY69 PDT showed significant damage on tumor and delay in tumor growth in a dose‐dependent manner.
Physical disturbance to ecological niches created by soil structure alters community composition of methanotrophs
Authors: Kumaresan Deepak , Stralis‐Pavese Nancy , Abell Guy C. J. , Bodrossy Levente , Murrell J. Colin 
Published: August 2011

SummaryAggregates of different sizes and stability in soil create a composite of ecological niches differing in terms of physico‐chemical and structural characteristics. The aim of this study was to identify, using DNA‐SIP and mRNA‐based microarray analysis, whether shifts in activity and community composition of methanotrophs occur when ecological niches created by soil structure are physically perturbed. Landfill cover soil was subject to three treatments termed: ‘control’ (minimal structural disruption), ‘sieved’ (sieved soil using 2 mm mesh) and ‘ground’ (grinding using mortar and pestle). ‘Sieved’ and ‘ground’ soil treatments exhibited higher methane oxidation potentials compared with the ‘control’ soil treatment. Analysis of the active community composition revealed an effect of physical disruption on active methanotrophs. Type I methanotrophs were the most active methanotrophs in ‘sieved’ and ‘ground’ soil treatments, whereas both Type I and Type II methanotrophs were active in the ‘control’ soil treatment. The result emphasize that changes to a particular ecological niche may not result in an immediate change to the active bacterial composition and change in composition will depend on the ability of the bacterial communities to respond to the perturbation.
Determinants and frequency of pharmaceutical compounding in pharmacy practice in Palestine
Authors: Zaid Abdel Naser , Al-Ramahi Rowa' , Shahed Qusai , Saleh Belal , Elaraj Josephean 
Published: August 2011

Abstract

Objectives
The aims of this study were to determine the frequency of prescription compounding by community pharmacists, identify factors that influence pharmacists' decisions to provide compounding services, and evaluate physicians' perspectives on prescribing medications that require compounding.

Methods
The study was a cross-sectional survey administered via face-to-face structured interviews with randomly selected community pharmacists and physicians from different areas of the West Bank.

Key findings
Of the 260 community pharmacists who were contacted, 212 agreed to participate in the survey, giving a response rate of 81.5%. Overall, 153 (72.2%) of respondent pharmacists provided compounding services. Compounded prescriptions accounted for 1973 (1.55%) of 126 840 prescriptions dispensed in a typical month. Among the compounders, 112 (73.2%) pharmacists reported that their goal in providing full pharmaceutical care to their patients was the most important motivator. The most frequently reported reason for not providing compounding was ‘I do not receive prescriptions that require compounding’ by 43 out of 59 (72.9%) pharmacists. A total of 179 out of 220 physicians consented to participate in this study giving a response rate of 81.4%. The majority of physicians (142, 79.3%) did not prescribe compounded medicines. The most important reason for their decision to prescribe compounded medicines was the unavailability of the required dosage forms. The most commonly cited reason for not prescribing them was a lack of trust in the quality of the compounded formulations.

Conclusion
While most respondent pharmacists provide a compounding service this represents only a small percentage of the total volume of dispensed prescriptions. Most responding physicians do not prescribe medications that require compounding because they lack trust in the quality of the compounded formulations.
Justice judgements, school failure, and adolescent deviant behaviour
Authors: Sanches Cristina , Gouveia‐Pereira Maria , Carugati Felice 
Published: August 2011

Background. The current paper is based on two different approaches. One is the relational model of authority (Tyler & Lind, 1992), which addresses the effects of justice perceptions on the legitimacy of authorities and behavioural compliance. The other is Emler and Reicher's theory (1995, 2005), which explains the involvement of adolescents in delinquency through their relationship with the institutional authorities of society.Aims. To provide empirical evidence for the linkage of these perspectives, analysing the relationship between justice perceptions about teachers and the involvement of adolescents in deviant behaviour. Our hypotheses are that teachers’ justice is negatively related with deviant behaviour and that this relationship is mediated through the evaluation of institutional authorities, after controlling for school failure.Sample. Three hundred and ninety adolescents aged between 14 and 17 years.Methods. Participants completed the following scales: perceptions of justice about teachers, evaluation of institutional authorities, and deviant behaviour. Data were examined through correlation and bootstrap analyses.Results. Justice judgments about teachers were negatively related with deviant behaviour, and this relationship was partially mediated by the evaluation of institutional authorities, even after controlling for school failure. However, procedural justice revealed a much stronger relationship with deviance, compared to distributive justice.Conclusions. As predicted, these results suggest that when adolescents perceive school authorities as fair, other institutional authorities are likely to be perceived in a similar way and the more those authorities are positively evaluated, the less often adolescents engage in deviant conduct. Results are discussed according to the theories underlying our hypothesis. Directions for future research are suggested.
Functional Synergy between Antimicrobial Peptoids and Peptides against Gram-Negative Bacteria
Authors: Chongsiriwatana Nathaniel P. , Wetzler Modi , Barron Annelise E. 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACT
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are integral components of innate immunity and are typically found in combinations in which they can synergize for broader-spectrum or more potent activity. Previously, we reported peptoid mimics of AMPs with potent and selective antimicrobial activity. Using checkerboard assays, we demonstrate that peptoids and AMPs can interact synergistically, with fractional inhibitory concentration indices as low as 0.16. These results strongly suggest that antimicrobial peptoids and peptides are functionally and mechanistically analogous.
Transmission of Dapsone-Resistant Leprosy Detected by Molecular Epidemiological Approaches
Authors: Li Wei , Sakamuri Rama M. , Lyons Danielle E. , Orcullo Florenda M. , Shinde Vidyagouri , Pena Edred Lao Dela , Maghanoy Armi A. , Mallari Irene B. , Tan Esterlina V. , Nath Indira , Brennan Patrick J. , Balagon Marivic , Vissa Varalakshmi 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTDrug resistance surveillance identified six untreated leprosy patients in the Philippines withMycobacterium lepraefolP1mutations which confer dapsone resistance. Five patients share a village of residence; four who carried the mutation, Thr53Val, were also linked byM. lepraevariable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) strain types. In India,folP1mutations were detected in two relapse patients with a history of dapsone treatment. Mutations were not found in the rifampin target generpoB. These findings indicate that dapsone resistance is being transmitted.