bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La « brutalisation » de la guerre. Des guerres d’Italie aux guerres de Religion
Authors: Fournel Jean-Louis 
Published: June 2011

Jean-Louis Fournel, abordant la période des guerres d’Italie, tente de montrer comment ces nouvelles guerres modifient l’intensité et le rythme de la guerre guerroyée : la conscience d’une violence et d’une rapidité inédites fait planer une menace de mort sur les États eux-mêmes et la question de la guerre est dès lors placée au cœur de la pensée politique. Trois manifestations de ces « nouvelles » guerres marquent particulièrement les contemporains et autorisent l’analyste à évoquer ici une « brutalisation » ou un ensauvagement des conflits, bien avant la Première Guerre mondiale qui a fondé récemment le développement d’une telle problématique : les sacs de ville, la mise en coupe réglée des territoires conquis avec le développement d’une véritable guerre contre les civils et, enfin, l’augmentation exponentielle du nombre de morts durant les batailles (du fait entre autres des modifications dans l’armement et du nombre de soldats constituant les nouvelles armées « nationales »). S’ensuivent des tentatives d’une nouvelle « humanisation », très relative des conflits armés fondée sur un nouvel examen du jus in bello (par opposition à une quasi disparition de la question du jus ad bellum). Il est notable à cet égard que le lexique de la « barbarie » est très peu utilisé chez les chroniqueurs et historiens des guerres d’Italie alors même qu’il a une forte présence chez les historiens et témoins des guerres de Religion en France. On peut se poser la question de savoir s’il ne faudrait pas voir là une certaine « rechristianisation » du discours sur la guerre. De la sorte, cette « rechristianisation » d’une partie de la réflexion sur la violence de guerre, au croisement du déclin de l’idéologie chevaleresque, des réflexions philosophiques, théologiques ou juridiques nées des massacres commis par les conquistadores dans le « nouveau monde » (Cortez avait fait ses premières armes sur les champs de bataille italiens) et des réactions face aux atrocités de la guerre civile, permettrait peut-être tout à la fois d’inscrire la barbarie dans le présent des conflits, de permettre un nouveau discours pacifiste, de confier paradoxalement au souverain comme instance laïque, au-dessus des choix religieux personnels, le rôle d’arbitre et de régulateur des guerres (cf. les politiques), et, enfin, de relancer la question du jus in bello (le jus ad bellum n’étant plus vraiment opératoire, pas plus que le rôle d’arbitre du pape qui s’effondrera bientôt définitivement dans l’Europe née du traité de Westphalie).
Industrialisation et mécanisation de la guerre, sources majeures du totalitarisme (XIXe-XXe siècles)
Authors: Henninger Laurent 
Published: June 2011

Laurent Henninger intervenant sur les « révolutions militaires » (notion située au carrefour du débat historique lancé dans les années 1980 par Geoffrey Parker – en polémique avec Jeremy Black – et du débat stratégique américain dans les années 1990) souligne que les avancées dans l’art de la guerre ont été depuis cinq siècles une des composantes majeures de la barbarisation et du totalitarisme. La notion de « révolution militaire » est aujourd’hui contestée par ceux qui y voient un outil interprétatif de trop longue durée et lui préfèrent l’idée de « mutations militaires » (selon laquelle l’accumulation de changements millimétriques sur la longue durée débouche sur des ruptures). Après avoir passé en revue la première révolution militaire – XVe-XVIIe siècles – fondée sur la mise à distance de la cavalerie grâce à l’infanterie nouvelle, à l’artillerie du champ de bataille, Henninger s’interroge sur le critère discriminant pour qualifier les nouvelles guerres de la Renaissance (l’hyperviolence n’en est pas un à ses yeux) et voit dans les armes à feu la vraie rupture car elles influent de façon radicale sur la peur et le courage des combattants et sont source d’une véritable « inhumanité » dans la mesure où leur feu est « imparable ». Il insiste sur l’émergence d’un nouveau type de courage guerrier non archaïque et plus « stoïcien » marqué par l’acceptation de la mort. Dans cette perspective, l’« inhumanisation » technique porterait en elle la possibilité de la barbarisation. L. Henninger développe ensuite cette thèse à partir de l’examen des guerres mécanisées de la période 1860-1950 en s’attardant sur la guerre de Sécession puis sur la Grande Guerre. Il relie aussi la question du totalitarisme à la réflexion sur les « bombardements stratégiques massifs » et les débuts de la dissuasion nucléaire (terme qui ne s’impose que vers 1960). Il conclut en insistant sur le fait que, selon lui, la brutalisation des conflits naît toujours d’un retard de la pensée de la guerre et sur le paradoxe d’une culture occidentale qui produit en même temps barbarie de la guerre et codes qui tentent de l’enrayer.
La lettre de Nusreta Sivac
Authors: Sivac Nusreta 
Published: June 2011

Nusreta Sivac, ancienne juge à Prijedor, détenue au camp d’Omarska en 1992, retrace quant à elle le processus qui conduit de l’occupation de la ville par l’armée nationaliste serbe au licenciement des non Serbes, à l’expulsion des logements, à l’arrestation et enfin à l’emprisonnement dans le camp d’Omarska, proche de la ville, processus auquel ont participé aussi bien ses anciennes collègues – femmes – dans une forme de barbarie ordinaire qui va au-delà des combats. Elle décrit les conditions de vie dans ce camp, où les diverses lois et conventions juridiques ne lui sont plus apparues que comme du papier, et les circonstances de sa libération fin 1992. Réfugiée puis personne déplacée de 1993 à 1996, elle a récupéré son appartement, toujours occupé par une ancienne collègue, en 2001, mais ne peut y résider (tout y a été détruit et l’hostilité de ses voisins est manifeste). N. Sivac caractérise la situation actuelle par l’absence d’affrontement et l’absence de remords. Face à sa totale impuissance dans le camp devant les exactions commises, le témoignage pour la justice internationale lui est dès lors apparu comme une évidence, même si les effets de cette justice restent à Prijedor, en dépit d’un nombre important de procès, bien minces.
Hobbes, les pirates et les corsaires. Le « Léviathan échoué » selon Carl Schmitt
Authors: Weber Dominique 
Published: June 2011

Parmi les nombreux problèmes que pose l’ouvrage de Carl Schmitt Le Léviathan dans la doctrine de l’État de Thomas Hobbes, il en est un, majeur, qui concerne l’utilisation de la « mythologie politique » pour expliquer la réalité ou les doctrines politiques. Il y a là, à n’en pas douter, l’expression de l’un des versants de l’irrationalisme de Schmitt. La thèse de l’auteur est très claire : parce que Hobbes ne possédait aucun « sens mythologique », il s’est trompé de monstre biblique, appelant Leviathan son traité consacré au pouvoir d’État, alors qu’il aurait dû l’appeler plus adéquatement Behemoth, manquant du coup la Meeresbild caractérisant l’Angleterre de son temps. La thèse peut paraître séduisante, elle s’appuie néanmoins sur un présupposé fort contestable, car Hobbes ne vise nullement à créer des mythes. Il s’agit donc d’interroger la théorisation hobbesienne de la piraterie, d’une part, et de la dissidence religieuse « sauvage », d’autre part, afin de montrer que le choix par Hobbes des monstres du Livre de Job est un choix rationnellement assumé.
CD28 Expressed on Malignant Plasma Cells Induces a Prosurvival and Immunosuppressive Microenvironment
Authors: Nair Jayakumar R. , Carlson Louise M. , Koorella Chandana , Rozanski Cheryl H. , Byrne Gerald E. , Bergsagel P. Leif , Shaughnessy John P. , Boise Lawrence H. , Chanan-Khan Asher , Lee Kelvin P. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Interactions between the malignant plasma cells of multiple myeloma and stromal cells within the bone marrow microenvironment are essential for myeloma cell survival, mirroring the same dependence of normal bone marrow-resident long-lived plasma cells on specific marrow niches. These interactions directly transduce prosurvival signals to the myeloma cells and also induce niche production of supportive soluble factors. However, despite their central importance, the specific molecular and cellular components involved remain poorly characterized. We now report that the prototypic T cell costimulatory receptor CD28 is overexpressed on myeloma cells during disease progression and in the poor-prognosis subgroups and plays a previously unrecognized role as a two-way molecular bridge to support myeloid stromal cells in the microenvironment. Engagement by CD28 to its ligand CD80/CD86 on stromal dendritic cell directly transduces a prosurvival signal to myeloma cell, protecting it against chemotherapy and growth factor withdrawal-induced death. Simultaneously, CD28-mediated ligation of CD80/CD86 induces the stromal dendritic cell to produce the prosurvival cytokine IL-6 (involving novel cross-talk with the Notch pathway) and the immunosuppressive enzyme IDO. These findings identify CD28 and CD80/CD86 as important molecular components of the interaction between myeloma cells and the bone marrow microenvironment, point to similar interaction for normal plasma cells, and suggest novel therapeutic strategies to target malignant and pathogenic (e.g., in allergy and autoimmunity) plasma cells.
Importance of the CCR5–CCL5 Axis for MucosalTrypanosoma cruziProtection and B Cell Activation
Authors: Sullivan Nicole L. , Eickhoff Christopher S. , Zhang Xiuli , Giddings Olivia K. , Lane Thomas E. , Hoft Daniel F. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractTrypanosoma cruzi is an intracellular parasite and the causative agent of Chagas disease. Previous work has shown that the chemokine receptor CCR5 plays a role in systemic T. cruzi protection. We evaluated the importance of CCR5 and CCL5 for mucosal protection against natural oral and conjunctival T. cruzi challenges. T. cruzi-immune CCR5−/− and wild-type C57BL/6 mice were generated by repeated infectious challenges with T. cruzi. CCR5−/− and wild-type mice developed equivalent levels of cellular, humoral, and protective mucosal responses. However, CCR5−/−-immune mice produced increased levels of CCL5 in protected gastric tissues, suggesting compensatory signaling through additional receptors. Neutralization of CCL5 in CCR5−/−-immune mice resulted in decreased mucosal inflammatory responses, reduced T. cruzi-specific Ab-secreting cells, and significantly less mucosal T. cruzi protection, confirming an important role for CCL5 in optimal immune control of T. cruzi replication at the point of initial mucosal invasion. To investigate further the mechanism responsible for mucosal protection mediated by CCL5–CCR5 signaling, we evaluated the effects of CCL5 on B cells. CCL5 enhanced proliferation and IgM secretion in highly purified B cells triggered by suboptimal doses of LPS. In addition, neutralization of endogenous CCL5 inhibited B cell proliferation and IgM secretion during stimulation of highly purified B cells, indicating that B cell production of CCL5 has important autocrine effects. These findings demonstrate direct effects of CCL5 on B cells, with significant implications for the development of mucosal adjuvants, and further suggest that CCL5 may be important as a general B cell coactivator.
CD8+ T Effector Memory Cells Protect against Liver-Stage Malaria
Authors: Reyes-Sandoval Arturo , Wyllie David H. , Bauza Karolis , Milicic Anita , Forbes Emily K. , Rollier Christine S. , Hill Adrian V. S. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Identification of correlates of protection for infectious diseases including malaria is a major challenge and has become one of the main obstacles in developing effective vaccines. We investigated protection against liver-stage malaria conferred by vaccination with adenoviral (Ad) and modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vectors expressing pre-erythrocytic malaria Ags. By classifying CD8+ T cells into effector, effector memory (TEM), and central memory subsets using CD62L and CD127 markers, we found striking differences in T cell memory generation. Although MVA induced accelerated central memory T cell generation, which could be efficiently boosted by subsequent Ad administration, it failed to protect against malaria. In contrast, Ad vectors, which permit persistent Ag delivery, elicit a prolonged effector T cell and TEM response that requires long intervals for an efficient boost. A preferential TEM phenotype was maintained in liver, blood, and spleen after Ad/MVA prime–boost regimens, and animals were protected against malaria sporozoite challenge. Blood CD8+ TEM cells correlated with protection against malaria liver-stage infection, assessed by estimation of number of parasites emerging from the liver into the blood. The protective ability of Ag-specific TEM cells was confirmed by transfer experiments into naive recipient mice. Thus, we identify persistent CD8 TEM populations as essential for vaccine-induced pre-erythrocytic protection against malaria, a finding that has important implications for vaccine design.
Effect of Heat Treatment and Boron Addition on Corrosion Behavior of Ti-35Nb-7.2Zr-5.7Ta (wt%) β-Titanium Alloy in Simulated Body Fluid
Authors: Majumdar P. , Singh S.B. , Chatterjee U.K. , Chakraborty M. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The corrosion behavior of Ti-35Nb-7.2Zr-5.7Ta (TNZT) and Ti-35Nb-7.2Zr-5.7Ta-0.5B (TNZTB) alloys subjected to different heat treatment conditions was investigated in Hank's solution. Depending on the heat treatment conditions, the microstructure of the water-quenched, single-stage aged or duplex aged samples consists of very small amounts of ω or α precipitates in equiaxed β grains. Addition of boron to the TNZT alloy results in the formation of dispersed precipitates of titanium boride (TiB) in the β matrix. The other features present in the TNZTB alloy are similar to those in the TNZT alloy. Compared with single aging, duplex aging decreases the corrosion potential (Ecorr) and substantially decreases corrosion current density (icorr) and passive current density (ipass) values. Addition of boron to the TNZT alloy shifts the Ecorr value toward a more active direction and increases the icorr as well as ipass values significantly, and therefore deteriorates the corrosion resistance of the titanium alloys. In general, duplex aged TNZT samples show better corrosion resistance than other heat-treated TNZT or TNZTB samples.
Senior Acitivity Rate, Retirement Incentives, and Labor Relations
Authors: Blake Hélène , Sangnier Marc 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
In order to face the aging of their populations governments of developed countries reformed their retirement systems during the last two decades, by discouraging early retirement and increasing incentives to work for older workers. Senior participation rates to the labor force not only differ strikingly in level from one country to another, they also differ in their reaction to retirement incentives set by governments. This paper highlights how disutility to work can influence the effectiveness of such reforms. The authors build a highly stylized model according to which the reaction of senior activity rate to monetary incentives to work depends on the properties of the specific distribution of working conditions in the country. Second, taking the quality of labor relations as a proxy for working conditions, the authors show empirically that aggregate reactions to retirement incentives depend on the distribution of labor relations at country level. They use panel data for nineteen OECD countries from 1980 to 2004. They show that the elasticity of senior male labor force participation rate to retirement incentives is stronger in countries with better and more homogeneously distributed labor relations.
Effect of mitomycin C on success rate in dacryocystorhinostomy with silicone tube intubation and improper flaps
Authors: Eshraghy Bahram , Raygan Firoozeh , Tabatabaie Syed Ziaeddin , Tari Ali Sadeghi , Kasaee Abolfazl , Rajabi Mohammad Taher 
Published: July 2011

Purpose To assess the effect of mitomycin C on surgical success rate of dacryocystorhinostomy and silicone intubation in patients with improper flaps. Methods The study was a randomized clinical trial. The patients with indication for dacryocystorhinostomy surgery with silicone intubation (inappropriate lacrimal sac or nasal mucosal flaps during surgery and/or history of dacryocystitis in the past 3 months) were randomly assigned to application of mitomycin C (0.02%) on surgical flaps (group A) or a control group without mitomycin C application (group B). Main outcome measures were subjective symptomatic improvement and result of irrigation test at last follow-up visit. Results The study enrolled 88 patients (88 eyes); there were 42 patients in group A and 46 patients in group B. There was an average follow-up of 10 months (range 6-15 months) following surgery. Significant improvement (no tearing with patent lacrimal system in irrigation) was observed in 31 patients (73.8%) in group A and 32 patients (69.6%) in group B. There was no statistically significant difference in no improvement (no change in tearing state and obstruction in irrigation test), relative improvement (decreased tearing and passage of fluid with force in irrigation test), and significant improvement rate between the 2 groups of study (p>0.05). Conclusions Application of mitomycin C on surgical flaps during dacryocystorhinostomy surgery with silicone intubation in patients with improper flaps has no proven beneficial effect on success rate of surgery.
Neurocognitive development and externalizing problems: the role of inhibitory control deficits from 4 to 6 years
Authors: Utendale William T. , Hubert Michele , Saint‐Pierre Arnaud B. , Hastings Paul D. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractExecutive processes have been posited as important regulators of externalizing problems (EP), but there has been little research on the relation between executive dysfunction and EP in early childhood. During the preschool period, maturation of the prefrontostriatal circuitry parallels increases in inhibitory control (IC). Poor IC development could result in elevated levels of aggressive, disruptive, and impulsive behavior. In this investigation, the development of the relation between IC and EP was examined in preschool and early elementary school children using the Day/Night and Tapping tasks. Children with more EP made more incorrect responses on both IC tasks, consistently across age and sex. The associations between EP and response latencies differed across children, however, with longer latencies on the Tapping task being most characteristic for boys with high levels of EP. This association was not apparent for girls. Two prominent aspects of early EP, aggressive and inattentive behavior, showed only weak unique associations with IC performance. These findings imply that diminished IC accompanies elevated EP as early as the preschool years, and that this decrement persists into the elementary school‐age years for both girls and boys, and that accuracy and response latency may confer different information about the development of IC. Aggr. Behav. 37:476–488, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biocompatible Smart Microcapsules Based on Chitosan‐Poly(vinyl alcohol) Copolymers for Cultivation of Animal Cells
Authors: Zaytseva‐Zotova Daria , Balysheva Vera , Tsoy Anna , Drozdova Maria , Akopova Tatiana , Vladimirov Leonid , Chevalot Isabelle , Marc Annie , Goergen Jean‐Louis , Markvicheva Elena 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn this study, two novel chitosan‐graft‐poly(vinyl alcohol) copolymers are synthesized and used as water‐soluble at physiological conditions polycations for preparation of smart microcapsules. The microcapsules provide growth and proliferation of eight mammalian cell lines, including hybridoma and tumor cells, at long‐term cell cultivation in vitro. The microcapsules are stable in cell culture medium but can be dissolved by changing pH value of the medium (up to 8.0–8.2), thus making possible a simple release of the entrapped cells. Monoclonal antibody production by encapsulated hybridoma cells is demonstrated. Cultivation of tumor cells within the microcapsules allows the formation of 3D multicellular spheroids, which can be proposed as an in vitro model for anticancer drug screening.
Oxime Palladacycle‐Catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura Alkenylation of Aryl, Heteroaryl, Benzyl, and Allyl Chlorides under Microwave Irradiation Conditions
Authors: Cívicos José F. , Alonso Diego A. , Nájera Carmen 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA simple new protocol for the palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling of organic chlorides under microwave irradiation is presented. Deactivated aryl and heteroaryl chlorides are efficiently cross‐coupled with alkenylboronic acids and potassium alkenyltrifluoroborates using the 4,4′‐dichlorobenzophenone oxime‐derived palladacycle 1b as precatalyst in 0.1 to 0.5 mol% palladium loading, tris(tert‐butyl)phosphonium tetrafluoroborate {[HP(t‐Bu)3]BF4} as ligand, tetra‐n‐butylammonium hydroxide as cocatalyst, and potassium carbonate as base in N,N‐dimethylformamide at 130 °C under microwave irradiation conditions. Under these conditions, styrenes, stilbenes, and alkenylarenes are obtained in good to high yields, and with high regio‐ and diastereoselectivities in only 20 min. The reported protocol is also very efficient for the regioselective alkenylation of benzyl and allyl chlorides to afford allylarenes and 1,4‐dienes.
Thiourea‐Catalyzed Highly Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Conjugate Additions of α‐Substituted Cyanoacetates to Maleimides: Efficient Construction of Vicinal Quaternary‐ Tertiary Stereocenters
Authors: Liao Yu‐Hua , Liu Xiong‐Li , Wu Zhi‐Jun , Du Xi‐Lin , Zhang Xiao‐Mei , Yuan Wei‐Cheng 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA highly diastereo‐ and enantioselective conjugate addition of α‐substituted cyanoacetates to maleimides in the presence of a chiral bifunctional thiourea‐tertiary amine catalyst has been investigated for the first time. The procedure was capable of tolerating a relatively wide range of substrates with respect to α‐substituted cyanoacetates and maleimides, providing a series of substituted succinimidates bearing two vicinal quaternary‐tertiary stereocenters in excellent yields (up to 97%) with excellent diastereo‐ (up to 98:2) and enantioselectivities (up to 98%) under mild reaction conditions.
Copper‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Amines to Imines under Neat Conditions with Low Catalyst Loading
Authors: Patil Rajendra D. , Adimurthy Subbarayappa 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe copper (I)‐catalyzed direct synthesis of imines from amines under mild aerobic conditions is described. The method is applicable for the synthesis of various imines from corresponding amines such as benzylic, aliphatic, cyclic secondary, heteroaromatic species and the oxidative condensation of benzylamines with anilines extends the scope of the CuCl catalytic system. Noteworthy, solvent‐free procedure, air as a benign oxidant, and the cheap and easy availability of the catalyst are the vital advantages of the method.
Novel, Stereoselective and Stereospecific Synthesis of Allenylphosphonates and Related Compounds via Palladium‐Catalyzed Propargylic Substitution
Authors: Kalek Marcin , Stawinski Jacek 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe have developed a novel method for the synthesis of allenylphosphonates and related compounds based on a palladium(0)‐catalyzed reaction of propargylic derivatives with H‐phosphonate, H‐phosphonothioate, H‐phosphonoselenoate, and H‐phosphinate esters. The reaction is stereoselective and stereospecific, and provides a convenient entry to a vast array of allenylphosphonates and their analogues with diverse substitution patterns in the allenic moiety and at the phosphorus center. Some mechanistic aspects of this new reaction were also investigated.