bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
101 Supplementation of valine, isoleucine, and tryptophan may overcome the negative effects of dietary excess leucine in high protein corn protein when fed to weanling pigs
Authors: Mallea Andrea P , Lee Su A , Cristobal Minoy , Torres-Mendoza Leidy J , Stein Hans H 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Inclusion of high protein corn protein (HPCP) in diets for weanling pigs may result in diets with excess Leu being formulated, which may reduce growth performance. However, it was hypothesized that the negative effect of using HPCP in diets for weanling pigs may be overcome if diets are fortified with crystalline Val, Trp, and (or) Ile. A total of 320 weanling pigs were randomly allotted to 10 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. Day 1 to 14 was phase 1 and d 15 to 28 was phase 2. Within each phase, a corn-soybean meal control diet and 2 diets based on corn and 10% HPCP or corn and 20% HPCP were formulated. Seven additional diets were formulated by adding Val, Ile, Trp, Val and Ile, Val and Trp, Ile and Trp, or Val, Ile, and Trp to the diet with 20% HPCP. Fecal scores were recorded every other day. Blood samples were collected on d 14 and d 28. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED of SAS; diet was the fixed effect and block and replicate within block were random effects. Inclusion of 10 or 20% HPCP in diets reduced (P &lt; 0.05) final body weight (BW) on d 28, and also reduced (P &lt; 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) in phase 2 and for the overall experiment (Table 1). However, pigs fed the HPCP diet supplemented with Val, Ile, and Trp had a greater (P &lt; 0.05) final BW and ADG in phase 2 and for the overall experiment than pigs fed the HPCP diets without AA or with Ile, Trp, or Ile and Trp, and results for this diet were not different from results for the control diet. Fecal scores in phase 2 were reduced (P &lt; 0.05) if 20% HPCP was included in the diets except if Ile and Val were also included (Table 2). On d 28, pigs fed the diet with 20% HPCP and only Val, Val and Trp, or Val, Trp, and Ile had reduced (P &lt; 0.01) blood urea N compared with pigs fed the control diet or the other HPCP-based diets, and pigs fed the control diet and the diet with 20% HPCP and Val, Ile and Trp had a greater (P &lt; 0.05) albumin concentration than pigs fed the other diets (Table 3). Thus, the increased catabolism of Val, and reduced Trp transport into the brain that are caused by excess Leu from HPCP may be overcome by adding Val, Ile, and Trp to HPCP-based diets. In conclusion, up to 20% HPCP may be included in diets for weanling pigs without affecting growth performance or blood characteristics if diets are fortified with extra Val, Ile, and Trp.
99 Phytochemicals as medical growth promoter replacement on growth performance in wean to finisher pigs
Authors: Grogan Hannah G , Allen Rebecca , Story Robert , Sam Bernard , Isaza Jamie Andrés Ángel , Martinez Blanca Cecilia , Uribe Álvaro José , Maxwell Charles V V , Tsai Tsungcheng Cheng 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Stress can disturb the ecological balance of the microbiota residing in the GI tract of piglets leading to dysbiosis. This unhealthy imbalance causes the piglets to be more vulnerable to deleterious effects induced by opportunistic pathogens. Antibiotics and increased zinc levels have often been used as dietary supplements to help minimize these stressors in pigs. Emerged evidence suggests that phytochemicals can promote growth by boosting nutrient digestibility, immune cell activity, and possessing bactericidal characteristics. We evaluated two phytochemicals formulations as safer and more environmentally friendly dietary alternatives for postweaning pigs. We used a total of 240 weaned piglets [average body weight (BW): 6.26 ± 0.36 kg] which were blocked (n = 8) by BW and then randomly assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments. Treatments were negative control (NC), Mecadox 10 (Phibro Animal Health Corp., Teaneck, NJ) + ZnO positive control (PC), Mecadox + phytochemical 1 (Lippia origanoides; Phyt1+AB), phytochemical 1 alone (Phyt1), and phytochemical 2 (Lippia origanoides + Rosmarinus officinalis + Sodium humates; Phyt2). The pigs were fed a 7-phase feeding regime: Nursery phase (NP) 1, 2, and 3, Grower phase 1 and 2 (Grower), and Finisher phase 1 and 2 (Finisher). The antibiotic and ZnO were withdrawn at the end of NP3, while Phyt1 and Phyt2 remained in feed throughout the entire study period. Data were analyzed using Mixed procedure of SAS (Cary, NC) with treatments as the main effect and BW blocks as the random effect. Pen was the experimental unit. Supplemental phytochemicals (Phyt1+AB, Phyt1, Phyt2) had greater average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed ratio (G:F) during NP1 when compared with the pigs fed NC, but were still less than pigs fed PC (P &lt; 0.0001). Pigs fed PC maintained a greater ADG during nursery overall than NC, Phyt1, and Phyt2 with pigs fed Phyt1+AB as intermediate (P &lt; 0.0001). Phyt1 exerted an adverse effect (Phyt1+AB and Phyt1) on ADG during relatively mild stress in Grower phase (Grower, P = 0.0146), and resulted in the lighter BW at the end of Grower than pigs fed PC (P = 0.031). Notably, the pigs experienced summer heat stress during the Finisher phase, of which, the presence of phytochemicals minimized. Pigs fed Phyt2 had a greater ADG during Finisher than pigs fed NC with pigs fed PC, Phyt1+AB, and Phyt1 as intermediates (Finisher, P = 0.0419), while pigs fed Phyt1+AB and Phyt2 had greater G:F when compared with pigs fed PC and NC with pigs fed Phyt1 as intermediate (Finisher, P = 0.0032). Collectively, we demonstrated that phytochemical 2 can be a safer medication diet replacement to help pigs sustain weaning and heat stress. The mode of action and the optimum concentrations of these phytochemicals to achieve maximum benefits need further investigation.
76 Effect of 0.79% top-dressed arginine supplementation at different gestation periods and seasons on the colostrum composition and productive performance of sows and piglets
Authors: Virdis Sara , Luise Diana , Correa Federico , Palumbo Francesco , Negrini Clara , Orazzo Gabriella , Graziosi Maria Vittoria , Rolla Umberto , Trevisi Paolo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementation with 0.79% top-dressed arginine (Arg) at different gestation periods and seasons on the productive performance and colostrum composition of sows. A total of 320 sows were divided into 4 feeding groups (80 sows/group) under 2 different seasons (summer and winter): a control group (CO) fed a standard diet and 3 groups supplemented with 0.79% Arg either for the first 35 d of gestation (TRT35), the last 45 d of gestation (TRT45), or the entire gestation period (TRTCOM). Colostrum was collected at farrowing from 12 sows per group per season. Productive performance and individual piglet body weight (BW) were recorded at birth (d 0), d 6 of age, weaning (d 28) and 14 d post-weaning (d 14p). Data were analyzed using a general linear mixed model including diet, season, their interaction, and parity class as fixed factors. At the end of the gestation, sows from the TRTCOM group had a greater BW (P = 0.003) and average daily gain (ADG; P = 0.009) than the CO group. The diet did not influence the number of total born and total born alive piglets. The stillborn % was less in the TRT35 group than CO and TRTCOM groups (P &lt; 0.001). The TRTCOM group had a greater crushed % and hypo-vital % than CO group (P &lt; 0.001). Colostral IgG was reduced in the Arg groups compared with the CO group (P &lt; 0.001) while no differences were found for IgA and IgM between the groups. The BW of pilets at d 0, d 6, d 28 and d 14p and ADGs were not affected by the diet; however, the TRT35 had a reduced % of low-birth BW piglets than CO (P = 0.02). The TRT45 tended to have greater % in low-birth BW piglets than CO (P = 0.051) and greater % in high-birth BW piglets than the other groups (P &lt; 0.001). The sows having the gestation in summer had decreased BW at the beginning of gestation, a greater final BW and ADG (P &lt; 0.001), a lower number of total born (P = 0.003), mummified % but a greater crushed % (P &lt; 0.01). Piglets BW at birth, d 28 and d 14p was greater in winter. Lactose (P = 0.001) and IgG (P &lt; 0.001) were greater in the winter. In conclusion, 0.79% of on top-dressed Arg had a negative effect on the productive performance of the sows during the entire gestation period. Conversely, supplementing Arg during the first 35 d of gestation led to a decrease in the percentage of stillborn and low-birth BW piglets.
66 A novel analytical method for identifying periods of increased mortality in individual wean-to-finish pig barns
Authors: Grohmann Caleb J , Decker Jared E , Shull Caleb M , Lowe Erin J , Hoek Jon , Schnarre Kevin , Polson Dale D 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Mortality rates in all phases of pork production have increased over the past several years. Decreasing mortality rate is of utmost economic importance to producers, especially in weaning-to-finishing pigs where additional investment in feed, medications, and other inputs are expended. A novel analytical method was used to identify sequences of days of increased mortality, defined as mortality episodes, within cohorts of weaning-to-finishing pigs. Cubic smoothing spline regression equations were estimated between days post placement (DPP) and mortality (total daily number of dead and euthanized pigs) for 42 groups of pigs placed in 12 rooms within 6 barns (2 rooms per barn) in Illinois and Iowa from December 2020 to July 2022 (n = 5,676 observation days). For each group, the instantaneous slope between DPP and mortality from spline regression was calculated and used to identify changepoints [i.e., peaks (negative instantaneous slope at DPPt and positive instantaneous slope at DPPt-1) and valleys (positive instantaneous slope at DPPt and negative instantaneous slope at DPPt-1)]. Within each mortality sequence, the maximum and minimum instantaneous slope were considered the start and end of the mortality episode, respectively. Mortality episodes were only considered high mortality episodes if the following metrics were satisfied: 1) greater than or equal to 1 mortality per day, or 2) greater than or equal to 1/3 of the days in the mortality sequence had at least 1 mortality. Days were classified as “start days” if they were within 1 d from the maximum instantaneous slope; likewise, we classified a day as “end days” if it was 1 d from the minimum instantaneous slope. Any day in between the start and end of a mortality episode were defined as “peak days”, and a “normal day” was all other days that did not fall within the start, peak, or end of a high mortality episode. Least-squares means for predicted mortality from a negative binomial generalized linear model showed that mortality was highest and lowest for peak days and normal days, respectively (3.475 ± 0.1729 and 0.591 ± 0.0156 pigs, respectively; P &lt; 0.05; Table 1). Mortality during start or end days of an episode did not differ from each other (2.185 ± 0.1973 and 2.069 ± 0.1881 pigs, respectively; P &gt; 0.05; Table 1) but were significantly greater and lower than a normal or peak day, respectively (P &lt; 0.05; Table 1). The proposed analytical method provides more precise classification of mortality episodes in pig cohorts than previously proposed methods. Results from this method can be used in models to predict the start of mortality episodes, providing ample time for intervention to reduce the overall number of dead pigs in wean-to-finish pig production.
73 Effects of blend of organic acids and monoglycerides on immune responses of weaned pigs experimentally infected with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F18
Authors: Park Sangwoo , Chen Ying , Wolfenden Ross , Liu Yanhong 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Our previous research implies that dietary supplementation of organic acids blend, monoglycerides blend, and the combination of both can mitigate diarrhea of weaned pigs infected with Escherichia coli (E. coli) F18. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with a blend of organic acids, a blend of monoglycerides, or the combination of both on immune responses of weaned pigs experimentally infected with E. coli F18. Forty pigs [average body weight (BW) = 7.81 ± 0.84 kg] were individually housed and randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups with 10 replicate pigs per treatment. The four dietary treatments were: () Control: nursery basal diet, 2) Acids: basal diet supplemented with a blend of organic acids (formic acid, lactic acid, and sodium formate) at 0.3%, 3) Monoglycerides: basal diet supplemented with a blend of monoglycerides of fatty acids at 0.3%, or 4) Combination of acids and monoglycerides: basal diet added with the acids blend at 0.2% and the monoglycerides blend at 0.2%. The experiment lasted 28 d, with 7 d before and 21 d after the first inoculation (d 0). All pigs were orally inoculated with E. coli F18 (1010 CFU/3 mL) for 3 consecutive days from d 0. Serum samples were collected on d 0, 2, 5, and 14 post-inoculation (PI) to measure the concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP) and haptoglobin using ELISA. Porcine Cytokine/Chemokine13-Plex Discovery Assay (Eve Technology, Canada) was also conducted with serum samples from d 0, 5, and 14 PI. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using PROC MIXED of SAS with a randomized complete block design. The concentrations of serum CRP and haptoglobin were increased (P &lt; 0.0001) on d 2 PI and then gradually decreased on d 5 and 14 PI. However, no differences were observed in serum CRP and haptoglobin concentrations among all treatment groups throughout the experiment. Pigs fed with monoglycerides tended (P &lt; 0.10) to have decreased serum granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin 1-alpha (IL-1α), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) concentrations on d 0 PI compared with other treatments. Pigs supplemented with monoglycerides also tended (P &lt; 0.10) to have decreased GM-CSF on d 5 PI and less IL-1α on d 14 PI among all treatments. Supplementation of the combination tended (P &lt; 0.10) to have greater GM-CSF concentration on d 5 PI compared with other treatments. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of monoglycerides blend or the combination of organic acids and monoglycerides alleviates systemic inflammation of weaned pigs during E. coli F18 infection by modulating related cytokines. However, additional research is needed to understand the modulation mechanisms.
63 Impacts of dietary myristic acids on mucosa-associated microbiota in relation to intestinal health and growth parameters of nursery pigs
Authors: Choi Hyunjun , Rocha Gabriel C , Kim Sung Woo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This study investigated the evaluate the role of dietary myristic acid on mucosa-associated microbiota for their relevance to intestinal health and growth performance of nursery pigs. A total of 36 newly weaned pigs [6.6 ± 0.4 kg body weight (BW)] were assigned to 3 treatments (n = 12/treatment) using a randomized complete block design with initial BW and sex as blocks. Pigs were fed for 35 d in 3 phases (10, 10, and 15 d, respectively). Treatments were 1) NC: basal diet; 2) PC: NC + 0.03% bacitracin in all phases; and 3) MA: NC + myristic acid complex at 0.20% in phases 1 and 2 and 0.12% in phase 3. Pigs were euthanized to collect jejunal mucosa and jejunal tissues for microbiome sequencing and measuring intestinal health parameters. Data were analyzed using preplanned contrasts (NC vs. PC and NC vs. MA) in the Proc MIXED procedure and correlation coefficients between microbiota and the intestinal health parameters were determined by the CORR procedure of SAS. The PC increased (P &lt; 0.05) Lactobacillaceae (22.2 to 55.1%) compared with NC. The MA increased (P &lt; 0.05) Veillonellaceae (1.7 to 5.2%), Lachnospiraceae (0.3 to 3.6%), Coriobacteriaceae (0.6 to 1.5%), and Ruminococcaceae (0.5 to 2.1%) and tended to increase (P = 0.072) Bifidobacteriaceae (6.9 to 18.2%) compared with NC. The PC increased (P &lt; 0.05) Simpson (0.72 to 0.89) index and the MA increased (P &lt; 0.05) Chao1 (124.3 to 221.0), Shannon (3.4 to 5.0), and Simpson (0.7 to 0.9) indexes compared with NC. The relative abundance (RA) of Helicobacteraceae was positively correlated with IL-8 (r = 0.63; P &lt; 0.05) and protein carbonyl (r = 0.65; P &lt; 0.05). The RA of Bifidobacteriaceae was negatively correlated with IgG (r = -0.51; P &lt; 0.05), IL-8 (r = -0.58; P &lt; 0.05), TNF-α (r = -0.46; P &lt; 0.05), and protein carbonyl (r = -0.64; P &lt; 0.05) whereas it was positively correlated with average daily gain (ADG; r = 0.51; P &lt; 0.05) and average daily feed intake (ADFI; r = 0.49; P &lt; 0.05). The RA of Lactobacillaceae negatively correlated with IL-8 (r = -0.59; P &lt; 0.05) and protein carbonyl (r = -0.54; P &lt; 0.05) whereas it was positively correlated with ADFI (r = 0.43; P &lt; 0.05) and MDA (r = 0.44; P &lt; 0.05). The RA of Veilonellaceae and Megasphaera sp were negatively correlated (r = -0.49; r = -0.61; P &lt; 0.05) with IgG, respectively. In conclusion, MA mainly increased RA of Bifidobacterium and Megasphaera, whereas PC increased RA of Lactobacillus and Mitsuokella in the jejunal mucosa. The positive modulations of RA of mucosa-associated microbiota by PC and MA were strongly correlated with improved intestinal health and growth of nursery pigs.
77 Healing progression of tail docking and ear tag wound in lambs
Authors: Wood Jocelyn M , Adcock Sarah J 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Tail docking and ear tagging are common husbandry practices in lambs, but little is known about the healing process of the resulting wound. Additionally, evidence in other species shows that concurrent injurious procedures may delay wound healing. Thus, the objectives of this study were to 1) describe wound healing following tail docking and ear tagging, and 2) compare healing of ear tag wound in docked and undocked lambs. Within 28 Polypay female twin pairs, one lamb was docked by placing a constrictive rubber ring on the tail 24 to 48 h after birth and the tail of the other lamb was left intact (n = 28/treatment). Plastic-tipped ear tags were applied to both ears of all lambs immediately before tail docking. Wound photos of the ears and tail were taken twice weekly until weaning, resulting in 16 to 22 observations per lamb. Tail wound photos were analyzed to determine when the tail fell off and to score the presence of 6 tissue types: pus, serous exudate, sanguineous exudate, granulation, crust, and slough. A healed tail or ear wound was defined as one that was fully contracted, and no other tissue types were present. Tails took 19 ± 2 d to fall off (mean ± SD; range = 16 to 25 d) and their wound took 41 ± 8 d to heal completely (30 to 60 d). The prevalence of any of the 6 tissue types did not predict how long it took the tail wound to heal (F &lt; 2.50, P &gt; 0.13). Tissue types, indicative of possible infection, such as pus and slough, were present at least once in 89% and 93% of the docked lambs and in 8% and 10% of the total sampling periods, respectively. On average, pus and slough first appeared 12 ± 4 d (range = 5-22) and 11 ± 3 d (5-15) after docking, respectively. Of the 112 ear wounds, only 16% had healed by the time the lambs were weaned (55 to 74 d after tagging). Contrary to our predictions, there was a tendency for more docked lambs to have at least one healed ear wound by the end of the sampling period compared with undocked lambs (11 docked lambs vs 4 undocked lambs; X2 = 3.28, P = 0.07). This may be a result of an increased systemic inflammatory response and possible reduction in activity in the docked lambs. Overall, most ear tag wounds were still not healed after 2 mo, and tail wound took over 1 mo to heal. Further research is needed to determine the welfare implications of routine husbandry practices in sheep, including pain experienced during healing and how other factors may affect the healing process.
75 Diet acid-binding capacity-4 influences nursery pig performance and fecal dry matter
Authors: Stas Ethan , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A total of 360 pigs (initial body weight = 5.9 kg) were used to evaluate the effects of increasing acid-binding capacity-4 (ABC-4) of the diet on nursery pig performance and fecal dry matter (DM). At weaning, pigs were allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments. There were 5 pigs/pen and 12 replications/treatment. Pigs were fed experimental diets in two phases with phase 1 from d 0 to 10 post-weaning followed by phase 2 from d 10 to 23. Diets were formulated with increasing ABC-4 levels ranging from 150 meq/kg (diet 1, low ABC-4) to 312 meq/kg (diet 5, high ABC-4) in phase 1 and 200 meq/kg (diet 1, low ABC-4) to 343 meq/kg (diet 5, high ABC-4) in phase 2. For diet 1, low ABC-4 diets were formulated using specialty soy protein concentrate (AX3 Digest; Protekta; Newport Beach, CA) at 12.5 and 10.0% of the diet in phase 1 and 2, respectively. The low ABC-4 diet also utilized fumaric and formic acid at 0.50 and 0.48% of the diet, respectively, for both phase 1 and 2. For diets 2 (medium low), 3 (medium), 4 (medium high), and 5 (high), increasing dietary ABC-4 was achieved by progressively decreasing the level of acidifiers and replacing specialty soy protein concentrate with enzymatically treated soybean meal (HP 300; Hamlet Protein; Findlay, OH) on an SID Lys basis. Diets 1 through 5 were formulated without the addition of pharmacological levels of Zn from ZnO. For diet 6, a positive control diet was used which had the same formulation as the highest ABC-4 diet but with the addition of 3,000 and 2,000 mg/kg of Zn from ZnO in phase 1 and 2, respectively. Following phase 2, all pigs were fed a common diet until d 38 of the study. In the experimental period and overall, there was a quadratic response observed (P ≤ 0.030) where body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) were greatest for pigs fed the medium low and medium ABC-4 diets (Table). During the experimental period, increasing ABC-4 decreased (linear, P = 0.002) gain to feed ratio (G:F). For overall G:F, a quadratic response was observed (P = 0.023) where G:F was most improved for pigs fed the medium low and medium ABC-4 levels. For fecal DM, increasing ABC-4 decreased (linear, P ≤ 0.036) fecal DM on d 10 and 17, with no differences on d 23. Pigs fed the diet with pharmacological levels of Zn from ZnO had increased (P ≤ 0.038) ADG compared with pigs fed diets without ZnO during the experimental period and overall. In summary, a dietary ABC-4 level of 203 and 247 meq/kg for phase 1 and 2, respectively, was most beneficial to improve both growth performance and fecal DM in weanling pigs.