bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flow Discharge Modeling in Open Canals Using a New Fuzzy Modeling Technique (SMRGT)
Authors: Toprak Z. Fuat 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe main goal of this study was to research the answer to two important questions in flow modeling; i) how to optimally design the cross‐section of an open channel for a given flow, and ii) in the case of selecting the fuzzy method for modeling, how to construct the membership functions (MFs) and fuzzy rules (FRs) such that the system yields the best results. The first question is answered in order to minimize difficulties in excavation and related costs by using the appropriate flow velocity. To provide the best answer researchers use several methods. The second question is answered in order to minimize model error. For this aim, there are many algorithms proposed by researchers in the literature. In this paper, the fuzzy logic method was used for open canal flow modeling. Furthermore, a simple membership function and fuzzy rule generation technique (SMRGT) is introduced, and used for fuzzy modeling. Two fuzzy models, each for different cross‐sectional shape, are presented in this study as an application of SMRGT. The comparison depends on various statistics, mean absolute relative error, and contour maps showed that the fuzzy models were successful in open channel flow modeling and SMRGT is useful for MF (membership function) and FR (fuzzy rule) generation.
Exploiting semantics and virtualization for SLA‐driven resource allocation in service providers
Authors: Ejarque Jorge , de Palol Marc , Goiri Íñigo , Julià Ferran , Guitart Jordi , Badia Rosa M. , Torres Jordi 
Published: September 2009

AbstractResource management is a key challenge that service providers must adequately face in order to accomplish their business goals. This paper introduces a framework, the semantically enhanced resource allocator (SERA), aimed to facilitate service provider management, reducing costs and at the same time fulfilling the QoS agreed with the customers. The SERA assigns resources depending on the information given by the service providers according to its business goals and on the resource requirements of the tasks. Tasks and resources are semantically described and these descriptions are used to infer the resource assignments. Virtualization is used to provide an application specific and isolated virtual environment for each task. In addition, the system supports fine‐grain dynamic resource distribution among these virtual environments based on Service‐Level Agreements. The required adaptation is implemented using agents, guarantying enough resources to each task in order to meet the agreed performance goals. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A peer‐to‐peer IPTV service architecture for the IP multimedia subsystem
Authors: Bikfalvi A. , García‐Reinoso J. , Vidal I. , Valera F. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDuring these last years the Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) service and the different peer‐to‐peer (P2P) technologies have generated an increasing interest for the developers and the research community that find in them the solution to deal with the scalability problem of media streaming and reducing costs at the same time. However, despite of the benefits obtained in Internet‐based applications and the growing deployment of commercial IPTV systems, there has been a little effort in combining them both. With the advent of the next‐generation‐network platforms such as the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), which advocates for an open and inter‐operable service infrastructure, P2P emerges as a possible solution in situations where the traditional streaming mechanisms are not possible or not economically feasible.In this paper, we propose an IPTV service architecture for the IMS that combines a centralized control layer and a distributed, P2P‐like, media layer that relies on the IMS devices or peers located in the customers' premises to act as streaming forwarding nodes. We extend the existing IMS IPTV standardization work that has already been done in 3GPP and ETSI TISPAN in order to require a minimum number of architectural changes. The objective is to obtain a system with a similar performance to the one in currently deployed systems and with the flexibility of P2P. One of the main challenges is to achieve comparable response times to user actions such as changing and tuning into channels, as well as providing a fast recovery mechanism when streaming nodes leave. To accomplish this we introduce the idea of foster peers as peers having inactive multimedia sessions and reserved resources. These peers are on stand‐by until their functionality is required and at that moment, they are able to accept downstream peers at short notice for events requiring urgent treatment like channel changing and recovery. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diclofenac acid: a free‐radical‐scavenger to protect DNA against radical‐induced oxidation
Authors: Tang You‐Zhi , Liu Zai‐Qun 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe present work focused on the antioxidant effects of diclofenac acid (DaH) and its sodium salt (DaNaH) on the radical‐induced oxidation of DNA. 2,2′‐Azobis(2‐amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) was used as radical initiator to oxidize naked DNA sodium salt, followed by the determination of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS). DaH and DaNaH also interacted with two other radicals: 2,2′‐azinobis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonate) radical cation (ABTS+.) and 2,2′‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). DaH and DaNaH produce a concentration‐dependent protection of DNA. Kinetic studies established that either DaH or DaNaH trap 3–4 radicals when they protect DNA against AAPH‐induced oxidation. DaH and DaNaH scavenged ABTS+. efficiently. Diclofenac was thus found to be an antioxidant that concentration‐dependently reduced radicals rather than donated its hydrogen atom to radicals. Drug Dev Res 70: 520–524, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nonprofit organizations and pharmaceutical research and development
Authors: Moos Walter H. , Mirsalis Jon C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractNot‐for‐profit or nonprofit organizations (NPOs) are playing an increasingly important role in providing solutions to the significant challenges faced by both large pharmaceutical and smaller biotechnology companies in today's world. NPOs chartered for the public benefit are common in the United States and in selected other parts of the world. The largest NPOs in the U.S. with bioscience programs include Battelle, the Midwest Research Institute, the Research Triangle Institute, Southern Research, and SRI International. To provide a perspective on NPO business models, 10 SRI case studies spanning a broad range of technical and business initiatives are summarized herein, including basic and contract research, discovery of new drugs and biologics, pharmaceutical and biotech R&D services, technology pivots, company spin‐ins and spin‐outs, and the creation of new NPOs. The article concludes with lessons learned and food for thought for both pharmaceutical companies and outsourcing participants. Drug Dev Res 70: 461–471, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synergistic interaction between tramadol and dipyrone in thermal paw stimulation model in the rat
Authors: Rodríguez‐Silverio Juan , Arrieta Jesús , Flores‐Murrieta Francisco J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDipyrone, also known as metamizol, and tramadol are drugs that are widely used for the treatment of pain; however, side effects can limit their use. As dipyrone and tramadol produce side effects that are dose dependent, it seems appropriate to combine these drugs to reduce their dose requirements and, consequently, side effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether dipyrone and tramadol produce antihyperalgesic effects in the thermal paw stimulation model in the rat, and whether there is a synergistic interaction between them. Using this model, dose‐response curves were constructed for dipyrone (10–178 mg/kg, p.o.) and tramadol (1–32 mg/kg p.o.). From these curves, an ED50 value was obtained and isobolographic analyses were carried out based on 1:1 and 0.6:0.4 (dipyrone:tramadol) potency ratio proportions. When the proportion was 1:1, an additive interaction was obtained, whereas the 0.6:0.4 proportion showed a synergistic interaction. These results suggest a good therapeutic potential of this combination. Drug Dev Res 70:450–454, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The brain angiotensin IV/AT4receptor system as a new target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Wright John W. , Harding Joseph W. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe brain renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) regulates several physiologies including blood pressure, body sodium and water balance, cyclicity of reproductive hormones and related sexual behaviors, and the release of pituitary gland hormones. These physiologies are under the control of the angiotensin II (AngII)/AT1receptor subtype system. The AngII/AT2receptor subtype system is expressed during fetal development and is less abundant in the adult. This system appears to oppose growth responses facilitated by activation of the AT1receptor. There is a growing list of nontraditional physiologies mediated by the most recently discovered angiotensin IV (AngIV)/AT4receptor subtype system that include the regulation of blood flow, modulation of exploratory behaviors, involvement in stress responses and seizure, and a role in learning and memory acquisition. There is evidence to support an inhibitory influence by AngII, and a facilitory role by AngIV, on neuronal firing rate, long‐term potentiation, and associative and spatial learning and memory. These findings suggest an important role for the RAS, and the AT4receptor in particular, in normal cognitive processing and provide the stimulus for developing drugs that penetrate the blood‐brain barrier to interact with this brain receptor in the treatment of dysfunctional memory. Drug Dev Res 70: 472–480, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents: development, detection and dangers
Authors: Franz Stefan E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractEpoetin alfa, the first member of the family of erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs), was introduced to the market in 1989. Since then development has progressed to epoetins of the third generation. Currently drugs that use alternative approaches to stimulate erythropoiesis are under development. Uptake of all available ESAs into doping has occurred rapidly after their introduction. A multitude of dangers to health are associated with the illicit use of these substances. Different approaches to detect ESAs in doping control have been developed to comply with the very diverse nature of the compounds used. Future developments in the field of ESA require the development of new techniques in doping analysis. This review gives an overview of the development of ESA and its detection methods as well as future developments. [Correction made here after initial online publication] Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antigen‐dependent rescue of nose‐associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) development independent of LTβR and CXCR5 signaling
Authors: Krege Janet , Seth Sebastian , Hardtke Svenja , Davalos‐Misslitz Ana Clara Marques , Förster Reinhold 
Published: September 2009

AbstractNose‐associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) in the rodent upper respiratory tract develops postnatally and is considered to be independent of several factors known to be involved in the organogenesis of LN and Peyer's patches (PP). In this study we demonstrate that at least two different pathways result in NALT development. Following NALT anlage formation the intrinsic pathway relies on a signaling cascade including those mediated through the chemokine receptor CXCR5 and the lymphotoxin β receptor (LTβR). This allows for the formation of high endothelial venules and thereby the recruitment of lymphocytes into NALT. Alternatively, high endothelial venule formation and lymphocyte recruitment can be induced in the NALT anlage by environmental signals, which are independent of LT‐βR and chemokine receptor CXCR5 signaling but in part rely on CD40 ligand. Thus, our study identifies a novel mechanism that facilitates the rescue of NALT development at late stages in adult life independent of the canonical LTβR–CXCR5 signaling axis.
Myeloid‐derived suppressor cells in inflammation: Uncovering cell subsets with enhanced immunosuppressive functions
Authors: Bronte Vincenzo 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAlthough originally described in tumor‐bearing hosts, myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSC) have been detected under numerous pathological situations that cause enhanced demand of myeloid cells. Thus, MDSC might be part of a conserved response to different endogenous and exogenous stress signals, including inflammation. Two processes are fundamental for MDSC biology: differentiation from myeloid progenitors and full activation of their immune regulatory program by factors released from activated T cells or present in the microenvironment conditioned by either tumor growth or inflammation. How these two processes are controlled and linked is still an open question. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, a paper demonstrates that a combination of the known inflammatory molecules, IFN‐γ and LPS, sustains MDSC expansion and activation while suppressing differentiation of DC from bone marrow precursors. Moreover, this paper contributes to defining the cell subsets that possess immunoregulatory properties within the broad population of CD11b+Gr‐1+ cells, often altogether referred to as MDSC.
New GM1 Ganglioside Derivatives for Selective Single and Double Labelling of the Natural Glycosphingolipid Skeleton
Authors: Polyakova Svetlana M. , Belov Vladimir N. , Yan Sergey F. , Eggeling Christian , Ringemann Christian , Schwarzmann Günter , de Meijere Armin , Hell Stefan W. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSelective single and double labelling of the natural ganglioside GM1 enables one to introduce various markers into different parts of the glycosphingolipid molecule without changing the natural skeleton. To that end,N‐Fmoc‐2‐amino‐,N‐Fmoc‐18‐amino‐ andS‐(ethoxythiocarbonyl)‐18‐mercaptostearic acids have been prepared and coupled with the primary amino group in the sphingosine part of lyso‐GM1 and deAc‐deAcyl‐GM1 gangliosides. The products of these coupling reactions – building blocks16a,16b,16c,26and27– may be used for the synthesis of GM1 derivatives with one or two fluorescent dye moieties or other labels of various polarities. Examples of various labelling strategies, using hydrophilic and lipophilic photostable fluorescent dyes, have been made available. The GM1 derivatives17a,22aand23clabelled with the fluorescent dye ATTO 647N or the doubly labelled derivative25bcan be used as probes in fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (in conventional microscopy or stimulated emission depletion nanoscopy) to study the diffusion of lipid analogues in model or live cell membranes.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Triethylamine‐Catalyzed Domino Reactions of 1,3‐Thiazolidinedione: A Facile Access to Functionalized Dihydrothiophenes
Authors: Sun Jing , Xia Er‐Yan , Zhang Li‐Li , Yan Chao‐Guo 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn the presence of triethylamine as base catalyst, aromatic amines have successfully been used as substrates in the domino reactions of 1,3‐thiazolidinedione, malononitrile, and aromatic aldehydes. Through a domino ring‐opening/recyclization process of 1,3‐thiazolidinedione, a series of polysubstituted dihydrothiophenes in the trans configuration have been synthesized in high yields. Dihydrothiophene derivatives can be converted efficiently into the corresponding thiophenes by oxidation with DDQ under mild conditions.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
One‐Pot Assembly of 7‐Methylene‐6,8‐dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes, Congeners of Frontalin, from Ketones and Acetylene
Authors: Trofimov Boris A. , Schmidt Elena Yu. , Ushakov Igor A. , Mikhaleva Albina I. , Zorina Nadezhda V. , Protsuk Nadezhda I. , Senotrusova Elena Yu. , Skital'tseva Elena V. , Kazheva Olga N. , Alexandrov Grigorii G. , Dyachenko Oleg A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA facile, consecutive, self‐consisting assembly of two molecules of ketones with two molecules of acetylene to afford 7‐methylene‐6,8‐dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes, which are unknown congeners of widespread insect pheromones, has been discovered. The reaction is realized in a one‐pot procedure in a MOH/DMSO system (M = K, Cs) at 80 °C for 1 h under acetylene pressure or under atmospheric pressure; the isolated yields of the bicycles reached 86 %. The new reaction conceptually contributes to the synthesis of insect pheromones as well as to the chemistry of ketones and acetylene. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Disdain for anxious individuals as a function of mortality salience
Authors: Martens Andy , Greenberg Jeff , Schimel Jeff , Kosloff Spee , Weise David R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractTerror management theory research has shown that reminders of mortality tend to decrease liking for people who threaten one's worldview. In research, these worldview threats typically come from outgroup members, but they may also come from ingroup members who are negatively characterized. Presumably the negative characteristics of ingroup members threaten to diminish or undermine the worldview by their association with it. In this research we examine anxious individuals as potentially threatening ingroup members. We hypothesized that a brief contemplation of mortality would lead people to decrease their liking for anxious individuals associated with their ingroup. Study 1 showed that a mortality reminder led people to react more negatively to an anxious police liaison from their community, but not to a calm police liaison. Study 2 showed that a mortality reminder led people who strongly identified with university students to react more negatively to a fellow university student who was anxious, but not to a student who did not display anxiety. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors using CE with contactless conductivity detection
Authors: Schuchert‐Shi Aiping , Hauser Peter C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe hydrolysis of acetylcholine and acetylthiocholine as catalyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase was monitored by CE with contactless conductivity detection by determining the acetate produced in the reaction. This approach eliminates the need for a color forming derivatization procedure. The effects of the three inhibitors galanthamine, hyperzine A and paraoxon on the enzyme kinetics could also be investigated by the new procedure and the IC50 values were determined. The contactless conductivity detection was also found to be compatible with the electrophoretically mediated microanalyis approach, in which the enzymatic reaction is carried out directly inside the capillary prior to separation and quantification.
A review of material transport by the Congo River and its tributaries
Authors: Laraque Alain , Bricquet Jean Pierre , Pandi Albert , Olivry Jean Claude 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe introduce here a model for calculating, for the first time, the annual material fluxes exported by the main tributaries of the Congo River. This model is based on a knowledge of the functioning of the main physiographic systems of the Congo River basin. For the Upper Congo, Kasaï and major right‐bank tributaries, we obtained a water flow values of 11·2, 10 and 8·8 l s−1 km−2 respectively, suspended matter values of 7·6, 8·9 and 5·1 t km−2 year−1 and total dissolved solid values of 16·4, 10 and 8·6 t km−2 year−1 respectively. We investigated the role played by the main physiographic units in the dynamics of material transfers within this huge concentrically structured basin. The belt of high ground covered by shrubby savanna supplies most of the suspended matter (SM = 24 mg l−1 at Mongoumba on the Ubangi River—200 km above the confluence with Congo River and 32 mg l−1 at Ouesso on the Sangha River) and of the total dissolved solids (TDS = 42 mg l−1 at Mongoumba on the Ubangi River and 41 mg l−1 at Ouesso on the Sangha River). The concentration of suspended matter is reduced by the waters of the ‘Cuvette Centrale’, a vast basin covered by rain forest (SM = 8 and TDS = 16 mg l−1 for the Likouala aux Herbes basin). Material export fluxes at the sub catchment outlets range from 4 to 9 t km−2 year−1 for suspended matter and from 11 to 31 t km−2 year−1 for total dissolved material, i.e. TDS + DOM (dissolved organic matter). The basin acts as a gigantic organic matter reservoir, which can produce 25 t km−2 year−1 of organic matter in the central flooded zone. Finally, the paper presents the first map of specific mechanical and chemical denuidation rates for the main sub catchments of the Congo basin. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Local‐scale variability of seepage and hydraulic conductivity in a shallow gravel‐bed river
Authors: Rosenberry Donald O. , Pitlick John 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSeepage rate and direction measured with a seepage metre modified for use in flowing water were greatly variable along a 300‐m reach of a shallow, gravel‐bed river and depended primarily on the local‐scale bed topography. The median value of seepage measured at 24 locations was 24 cm/day, but seepage measured at specific sites ranged from −340 to +237 cm/day. Seepage also varied substantially over periods of hours to days and occasionally reversed direction in response to evolution of the sediment bed. Vertical hydraulic conductivity was related to seepage direction and was larger during upward seepage than during downward seepage; with differences ranging from 4 to 40% in areas of active sediment transport to more than an order of magnitude in areas where current was too slow to mobilize bed sediment. Seepage was poorly related to hydraulic gradient measured over vertical distances of 0·3 m and appeared to be opposite the hydraulic gradient at 18% of the locations where both parameters were measured. Results demonstrate the scale dependence of these measurements in coarse‐grained hyporheic settings and indicate that hydraulic gradients should be determined over a much shorter vertical increment if used to indicate exchange across the sediment–water interface. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Change in pan evaporation over the past 50 years in the arid region of China
Authors: Shen Yanjun , Liu Changming , Liu Min , Zeng Yan , Tian Changyan 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPan evaporation, as a surrogate of potential evaporation, is reported to have decreased in different regions of the world since the 1950s. There is much literature to explain the decrease in pan evaporation using the so‐called evaporation complimentary relationship hypothesis and it is argued that pan evaporation can be understood as a sign of global warming and indication of an accelerating hydrologic cycle. On the other hand, some scientists insist that the pan evaporation trends may be caused by a global dimming, which effectively reduces the solar radiation to the ground surface. However, few reports are available about the changes in pan evaporation and their implications to water balance in arid regions. In the present study, we investigate the trends in pan evaporation in arid regions of China over the past 50 years and attempt to characterize the changes in water balance in these areas. It is found that pan evaporation in these areas has portrayed a statistically significant decreasing trend, which may be attributed mainly to decreases in wind speed and diurnal temperature range and increase in precipitation. The trends in some major meteorological factors such as pan evaporation, precipitation, temperature, wind speed and others imply an enhanced hydrological cycle in the study area. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.