bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic Variation in the Indoleamine 2,3‐Dioxygenase Gene in Pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Nishizawa Haruki , Kato Takema , Ota Sayuri , Nishiyama Sachie , Pryor‐Koishi Kanako , Suzuki Machiko , Tsutsumi Makiko , Inagaki Hidehito , Kurahashi Hiroki , Udagawa Yasuhiro 
Published: March 2010

Citation Nishizawa H, Kato T, Ota S, Nishiyama S, Pryor‐Koishi K, Suzuki M, Tsutsumi M, Inagaki H, Kurahashi H, Udagawa Y. Genetic variation in the indoleamine 2,3‐Dioxygenase gene in pre‐eclampsia. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 64: 68–76Problem  To investigate the contribution of genomic variations in the indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) gene to the onset of pre‐eclampsia.Method of study  We examined sequence variations in the IDO1 gene using placental genomic DNA from 35 pre‐eclamptic patients and 32 normotensive pregnant women.Results  A case–control study revealed that none of the common variants influences the risk of disease. Sequencing of each IDO1 exon in diseased subjects revealed rare variants. This variation, c.‐147_150delGAAA, was located within the 5′‐untranslated region of the IDO1 gene, and its homozygote was identified only in pre‐eclamptic subjects. However, despite the low levels of IDO expression and enzyme activity in the c.‐147_150delGAAA homozygote, reporter assays indicated that this variation does not affect gene expression.Conclusion  Our findings indicate that genetic alteration of fetal IDO gene does not appear to be a primary cause of pre‐eclampsia.
Hormonal alterations in adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome
Authors: Wyller Vegard Bruun , Evang Johan Arild , Godang Kristin , Solhjell Kari K. , Bollerslev Jens 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAim:  The chronic fatigue syndrome is associated with alterations in the hypothalamus‐pituitary‐adrenal axis and cardiovascular autonomic nervous activity, suggesting a central dysregulation. This study explored differences among adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome patients and healthy controls regarding antidiuretic hormone, the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone‐system, sex hormones and cardiac peptides.Methods:  We included a consecutive sample of 67 adolescents aged 12–18 years with chronic fatigue syndrome diagnosed according to a thorough and standardized set of investigations, and a volunteer sample of 55 healthy control subjects of equal gender and age distribution. Hormones were assayed with standard laboratory methods.Results:  Among patients, plasma antidiuretic hormone was significantly decreased and serum osmolality and plasma renin activity were significantly increased (p ≤ 0.001). Serum concentration of aldosterone, cortisol, NT‐proBNP and sex hormones were not significantly different in the two groups.Conclusion:  Chronic fatigue syndrome in adolescents is associated with alterations in hormonal systems controlling osmolality and blood volume, possibly supporting a theory of central dysregulation.
Above‐ and below‐ground plant biomass response to experimental warming in northern Alaska
Authors: Hollister Robert D. , Flaherty Kathryn J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractQuestion:Does experimental warming, designed to simulate future warming of the Arctic, change the biomass allocation and mycorrhizal infection of tundra plants?Location:High Arctic tundra near Barrow, Alaska, USA (71°18′N 156°40′W).Methods:Above and below ground plant biomass of all species was harvested following 3–4 yr of 1‐2°C of experimental warming. Biomass allocation and arbuscular mycorrhizal infection were also examined in the two dominant species,Salix rotundifoliaandCarex aquatilis.Results:Above‐ground biomass of graminoids increased in response to warming but there was no difference in total plant biomass or the ratio of above‐ground to below‐ground biomass for the community as a whole.Carex aquatilisincreased above‐ground biomass and proportionally allocated more biomass above ground in response to warming.Salix rotundifoliaincreased the amount of above‐ and below‐ground biomass allocated per leaf in response to warming. Mycorrhizal infection rates showed no direct response to warming, but total abundance was estimated to have likely increased in response to warming owing to increased root biomass ofS. rotundifolia.Conclusions:The community as a whole was resistant to short‐term warming and showed no significant changes in above‐ or below‐ground biomass despite significant increases in above‐ground biomass of graminoids. However, the patterns of biomass allocation forC. aquatilisandS. rotundifoliadid change with warming. This suggests that long‐term warming may result in changes in the above‐ground to below‐ground biomass ratio of the community.
Aberrant muscle syndrome: Hypertrophy of the hand and arm due to aberrant muscles with or without hypertrophy of the muscles
Authors: Ogino Toshihiko , Satake Hiroshi , Takahara Masatoshi , Kikuchi Noriaki , Watanabe Tadayosi , Iba Kousuke , Ishii Seiichi 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTFive patients were reported in our congenital anomaly registry who had six hands in total with muscular hyperplasia, aberrant muscles, ulnar drift of the fingers in the metacarpophalangeal (MP) joints, flexion contractures of the MP joints, and enlargement of the metacarpal spaces. Thirty patients with unilateral involvement of this condition have been reported previously. We reviewed these cases and found that the condition varied in severity and that it was reported using different names. However, this condition seems different from true macrodactyly and multiple camptodactyly, including windblown hand, and seems to be an isolated entity of congenital upper limb anomaly. The authors recommend ‘aberrant muscle syndrome’ or ‘accessory muscle syndrome’ as a diagnostic name, because this seems to be the most common pathological finding in this condition.
Transfers from residential aged care facilities to the emergency department are reduced through improved primary care services: An intervention study
Authors: Codde Jim , Arendts Glenn , Frankel Jackie , Ivey Mary , Reibel Tracy , Bowen Shirley , Babich Paul 
Published: March 2010

Aim:  To assess the impact of an enhanced primary care service for residential aged care facilities (RACF) on the transfer of patients from RACF to a hospital emergency department (ED).Methods:  A before–after study of an enhanced primary care service provided by experienced ED‐based nurses under the governance of general practitioners. The intervention was analysed comparatively using standardised normal deviates and seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average models, complemented by qualitative assessment.Results:  There was a statistically significant reduction (17%, P < 0.001) in the number of transfers during the intervention period. This finding held when adjusting for the seasonality of ED referrals over a 4‐year period. The intervention was highly valued by clinicians in RACF and ED.Conclusion:  Enhanced primary care services reduce the number of transfers to ED from RACF.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH—PEYRONIE’S DISEASE: Peyronie’s Disease Following Radical Prostatectomy: Incidence and Predictors
Authors: Tal Raanan , Heck Matthias , Teloken Patrick , Siegrist Timothy , Nelson Christian J. , Mulhall John P. 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Both prostate cancer and Peyronie’s disease (PD) are prevalent in men after their fifth decade of life. The evidence to support or refute a link between radical prostatectomy (RP) and PD is limited.

Aims
To define the incidence of PD in men who had RP and determine possible predictors of PD development after RP.

Methods
A review of a prospectively built sexual medicine database, years 2002–2008, looking at subjects who had RP as a monotherapy for localized prostate cancer. We identified and characterized subjects who developed PD within 3 years after RP and compared them with subjects who did not.

Main Outcome Measures
The incidence of PD among men who attended a sexual medicine clinic after they had RP, predictors of PD development after RP.

Results
The study population included 1,011 subjects, and PD incidence in this population was 15.9%. Mean time to develop PD after RP was 13.9 ± 0.7 months. Mean curvature magnitude was 31+17 degrees. On univariate analysis, younger age (mean age of 59+7 in men with PD vs. 60+7 years in men without PD, P = 0.006) and white race (vs non-white, 18% vs. 7%, P &lt;0.001) were predictive of PD development after RP, but post-op erectile function was not a predictor of PD development. On multivariate analysis, younger age (odds ratio (OR)=1.3, for 5-year decrease in age) and white race (OR=4.1, vs. non-white) remained independent significant predictors.

Conclusions
Men presenting with sexual dysfunction after RP have higher PD incidence then the general population. Therefore, they should be routinely evaluated for PD. Younger men and men of white race are at increased risk for PD. Prospective controlled studies are needed to elucidate the incidence of PD following RP and to conclude if RP has a causative role in the pathogenesis of PD.
Cancer vaccines: Where are we going?
Authors: CEBON Jonathan 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe discovery that the immune system can distinguish molecular targets on cancer cells has led to efforts to develop cancer immunotherapeutics that can improve the recognition and effective elimination of tumor cells. Several types of tumor antigens are recognized by T lymphocytes, which are classified according to patterns of gene expression or protein distribution. Of particular interest is the group of molecules known as cancer‐germline or cancer‐testis antigens. As the relationship between the immune system and cancer has become clearer, so too have the challenges in designing effective cancer immunotherapeutics: (i) antigens need to be specifically selected based on ideal characteristics, such as tissue distribution that is restricted to tumors; (ii) selected antigens need to be combined with adjuvant agents that enhance their immunogenicity and yield robust responses; (iii) vaccination should be timed to pre‐empt the development of regulatory suppressive immune mechanisms; and (iv) if suppressive regulatory mechanisms do arise, specific antagonists may be needed to enhance pro‐immune outcomes. These challenges are shaping current and future research in this area.
Is evaluation of a faecal smear a useful technique in the diagnosis of canine pulmonary angiostrongylosis?
Authors: Humm K. , Adamantos S. 
Published: March 2010

Objectives: To describe a method of faecal smear production and to determine the sensitivity and specificity of faecal smear for detection of parasitic larvae using Baermann sedimentation as a gold standard Methods: Faecal smears were produced from samples submitted to the Royal Veterinary College Diagnostic Laboratory Service for Baermann sedimentation. An inexperienced and an experienced assessor each examined the smear for larvae for a maximum of five minutes. Results: One hundred and eighty six samples were analysed of which 28 were positive for Angiostrongylus vasorum on Baermann sedimentation. The experienced assessor had a faecal smear sensitivity of 61% and a specificity of 100%. The inexperienced assessor had a faecal smear sensitivity of 54% and a specificity of 95%. Clinical Significance: Faecal smear is an effective and cheap aid to diagnosis of canine angiostrongylosis which can be readily performed in general practice. Its use leads to a rapid detection of infection compared to other available methods. This could lead to swifter treatment of the disease and a decrease in inappropriate diagnostics. A further diagnostic method, such as Baermann sedimentation, is recommended whether the faecal smear result is positive or negative.
L'effet redistributeur des programmes sociaux publics et privés: une analyse empirique basée sur plusieurs pays
Authors: Goudswaard Kees , Caminada Koen 
Published: March 2010

RésuméL'une des fonctions de nombreux systèmes nationaux de protection sociale consiste à redistribuer le revenu dans d'importantes proportions. Mais la taille et la nature des programmes de protection sociale sont en pleine évolution. Dans un certain nombre de pays, l'on a assistéà une réorientation du public vers le privé en matière de dispositions de protection sociale, les dispositions privées venant remplacer ou compléter les programmes publics. En s'appuyant sur des travaux antérieurs, le présent article analyse l'impact redistributeur du revenu des programmes publics de protection sociale par opposition aux programmes privés. En utilisant des données récentes de l'Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques (OCDE), nous constatons l'existence, dans plusieurs pays, d'une relation positive très forte entre les dépenses sociales publiques et la redistribution du revenu. S'agissant des dépenses sociales privées, on observe une relation négative faible, mais statistiquement significative, avec le niveau de redistribution. Dans les pays dans lesquels une plus grande part des dépenses sociales totales est attribuée aux dispositions privées, il y a moins de redistribution du revenu. Nous concluons que le choix entre poids relatif des dispositions publiques et dispositions privées en matière de protection sociale a une incidence sur l'impact redistributeur de l'Etat protecteur.
Extension de la couverture de sécurité sociale: un examen des faits récents
Authors: Van Ginneken Wouter 
Published: March 2010

RésuméCet article présente les résultats de treize études menées dans le cadre du Projet d'examen des connaissances actuelles sur l'extension de la couverture de l'Association internationale de la sécurité sociale (AISS). Il examine des faits récents qui font ressortir la façon dont les prestations en espèces et la couverture des soins de santé, financées soit par des cotisations soit par l'impôt ou par les deux, peuvent être étendues et maintenues dans des pays à revenu faible, moyen et élevé. L'article signale également un certain nombre de domaines prioritaires, ainsi que des questions liées à l'extension de la couverture, notamment l'amélioration de la protection des travailleurs migrants et informels.
Faire des soins de santé une prestation de sécurité sociale: approches institutionnelles de l'extension de la couverture
Authors: Ron Aviva 
Published: March 2010

RésuméPour parvenir à la couverture maladie universelle, il faut associer de manière appropriée des régimes d'assurance sociale contributifs obligatoires. Ces régimes doivent comporter des mécanismes pour intégrer à la couverture la population du secteur informel et des systèmes d'aide sociale financés par l'impôt pour ceux qui perçoivent des revenus trop faibles pour payer des cotisations. Il existe une tendance qui consiste à instaurer des systèmes d'assurance maladie sociale distincts placés sous la tutelle d'autorités de la santé distinctes. Cet article plaide en faveur d'une inversion de cette tendance. Il propose d'étendre la couverture santé en s'appuyant sur les régimes de sécurité sociale du secteur formel existants, notamment parce qu'ils disposent du soutien politique et des structures institutionnelles nécessaires. Il examine les raisons pour lesquelles l'extension de la couverture a été lente jusqu'à présent et souligne l'intérêt qu'il y a à intégrer les soins de santé aux prestations de sécurité sociale. Il n'en reconnaît pas moins l'importance de préserver des liens entre les régimes légaux et des régimes communautaires et de micro‐assurance santé bien encadrés.
Das Rentensystem für den öffentlichen Dienst in Taiwan: Gerechtigkeitsprobleme innerhalb und zwischen Systemen
Authors: Shao Ai Ju 
Published: March 2010

AuszugDieser Artikel analysiert die Probleme desNew Public Service Pension Fund Systemin Taiwan, China. Weniger als zwei Jahrzehnte nach seiner Gründung ist dieses junge Rentensystem für den öffentlichen Dienst mit einem finanziellen Ungleichgewicht und einer Kontroverse über die Großzügigkeit seiner Leistungen konfrontiert. Der Artikel liefert zuerst einen Überblick über die unterschiedlichen Systeme für die Altersvorsorge mit Schwerpunkt auf dem System für Bedienstete im allgemeinen öffentlichen Sektor. Anschließend wird auf die finanziellen Probleme des Rentensystems für den allgemeinen öffentlichen Sektor eingegangen, einschließlich der steigenden Kosten seiner Leistungen für alle Steuerzahler. Schließlich wird eine Reihe möglicher Reformoptionen beschrieben, die der öffentliche Sektor prüfen sollte. Dazu zählen die Senkung der Leistungsniveaus, strengere Bezugskriterien und die Einrichtung eines neuen Systems. Was Letzteres betrifft, muss jedes neue System die Bedingung längerfristiger finanzieller Tragfähigkeit erfüllen und gleichzeitig optimale Fairness für alle Betroffenen einschließlich der Steuerzahler gewährleisten.
Die Ratifizierung von IAO‐Übereinkommen und Arbeitslosenleistungen: Eine empirische Analyse
Authors: Kim Wonik 
Published: March 2010

AuszugDieser Artikel untersucht die Beziehung zwischen der Ratifizierung von Übereinkommen der Internationalen Arbeitsorganisation (IAO) und der Bereitstellung von Arbeitslosenleistungen. Zwei Fragen werden mit statistischen Analysen geprüft: weshalb Länder IAO‐Übereinkommen zu Arbeitslosenleistungen ratifizieren und ob die Ratifizierung die Staatsausgaben für Arbeitslosenprogramme beeinflusst. Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse sind, dass Demokratisierung, Weltregion, Einkommen und Globalisierung die Hauptfaktoren sind, welche die Länder bei der Ratifizierung von IAO‐Übereinkommen zu Arbeitslosenleistungen beeinflussen. Die Ratifizierung von IAO‐Übereinkommen ist außerdem systematisch mit höheren Ausgaben gekoppelt, falls die Länder mehr als zwei Übereinkommen ratifiziert haben.
Die Gesundheitsversorgung als Leistung der sozialen Sicherheit: Institutionelle Ansätze zur Ausdehnung der Deckung
Authors: Ron Aviva 
Published: March 2010

AuszugUm eine universelle Deckung durch die Gesundheitsversorgung zu erreichen, ist eine angemessene Mischung aus obligatorischen beitragsgestützten Sozialversicherungssystemen mit Mechanismen erforderlich, welche die Bevölkerung im informellen Wirtschaftssektor einschließen, und einer aus Steuern finanzierten Sozialhilfe für jene, deren Einkommen keine eigenen Beitragszahlungen zulässt. Dieser Beitrag fordert eine Umkehrung des aktuellen Trends, der eine gesonderte Entwicklung der sozialen Krankenversicherung durch separate Gesundheitsbehörden begünstigt, und setzt sich für eine Ausdehnung der Deckung durch die Gesundheitsversorgung über bestehende Systeme der sozialen Sicherheit im formalen Sektor ein, nicht zuletzt deshalb, weil diese über die notwendige politische Unterstützung und eine entsprechende institutionelle Strukturen verfügen. Der Artikel erörtert die Ursachen für die bisher langsam erfolgte Ausdehnung der Deckung und betont die Vorteile einer Integration der Gesundheitsversorgung in das Leistungssystem der sozialen Sicherheit, wobei auch die Bedeutung von Verknüpfungen zwischen gesetzlichen und gut regulierten, auf Gemeinschaftsebene oder einer Mikrokrankenversicherung beruhenden Systemen gebührend berücksichtigt wird.
El efecto redistributivo de programas sociales públicos y privados: un análisis empírico entre países
Authors: Goudswaard Kees , Caminada Koen 
Published: March 2010

ResumenUna de las funciones de muchos sistemas nacionales de protección social consiste en redistribuir sustancialmente la renta. Sin embargo, la envergadura y las características de los programas de protección social están cambiando. En cierto número de países, se ha producido un cambio hacia regímenes privados de protección social, destinados a sustituir o complementar programas públicos. Basado en el desarrollo de un trabajo anterior, el presente artículo analiza el impacto redistributivo que han tenido sobre la renta los programas públicos de protección social en comparación con los privados. Utilizando datos recientes de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico, hallamos una consistente relación positiva entre los gastos sociales públicos y la redistribución de la renta entre países. En lo que a gastos sociales privados se refiere, hallamos una relación negativa débil, aunque estadísticamente significativa, con el nivel de redistribución. En países donde se ha convenido una cuota mayor de gasto social total para los regímenes privados, se produce una redistribuciónmenor de la renta. Hemos concluido que la elección entre el peso relativo de la provisión pública de protección social y el de la privada afecta el impacto redistributivo del Estado de bienestar.
La ratificación de los Convenios de la OIT y la provisión de prestaciones por desempleo: análisis empírico
Authors: Kim Wonik 
Published: March 2010

ResumenEn el presente artículo se analiza la relación entre la ratificación de los Convenios de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo y la provisión de prestaciones por desempleo. Las pruebas estadísticas se centran en dos cuestiones relacionadas entre sí: por qué los países ratifican los Convenios de la OIT sobre las prestaciones por desempleo y si la ratificación afecta o no al gasto de los gobiernos en prestaciones por desempleo. Las conclusiones principales son que la democracia, la región, los ingresos y la globalización son los factores que más influyen en por qué los países ratifican los Convenios de la OIT sobre las prestaciones por desempleo. A su vez, la ratificación de los Convenios de la OIT va sistemáticamente acompañada de mayor gasto cuando los países han ratificado más de dos Convenios.
Arlequin suite ver 3.5: a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux and Windows
Authors: EXCOFFIER LAURENT , LISCHER HEIDI E. L. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe present here a new version of the Arlequin program available under three different forms: a Windows graphical version (Winarl35), a console version of Arlequin (arlecore), and a specific console version to compute summary statistics (arlsumstat). The command‐line versions run under both Linux and Windows. The main innovations of the new version include enhanced outputs in XML format, the possibility to embed graphics displaying computation results directly into output files, and the implementation of a new method to detect loci under selection from genome scans. Command‐line versions are designed to handle large series of files, and arlsumstat can be used to generate summary statistics from simulated data sets within an Approximate Bayesian Computation framework.
When should we use one‐tailed hypothesis testing?
Authors: Ruxton Graeme D. , Neuhäuser Markus 
Published: March 2010

Summary 1. Although one‐tailed hypothesis tests are commonly used, clear justification for why this approach is used is often missing from published papers. 2. Here we suggest explicit questions authors should ask of themselves when deciding whether or not to adopt one‐tailed tests. 3. First, we suggest that authors should only use a one‐tailed test if they can explain why they are more interested in an effect in one direction and not the other. 4. We suggest a further requirement that adoption of one‐tailed testing requires an explanation why the authors would treat a large observed difference in the unexpected direction no differently from a difference in the expected direction that was not strong enough to justify rejection of the null hypothesis. 5. These justifications should be included in published works that use one‐tailed tests, allowing editors, reviewers and readers the ability to evaluate the appropriateness of the adoption of one‐tailed testing. 6. We feel that adherence to our suggestions will allow authors to use one‐tailed tests more appropriately, and readers to form their own opinion about such appropriateness when one‐tailed tests are used.