bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Makes a Good Staging Algorithm: Examples from Regular Exercise
Authors: Reed Gabrielle Richards , Velicer Wayne F. , Prochaska James O. , Rossi Joseph S. , Marcus Bess H. 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. This study retrospectively compared subjects from three unrelated studies using eight algorithms to stage exercise behavior. Subjects and settings. Study One included 936 employees involved in a smoking cessation study at four worksites—a medical center, retail store, manufacturing firm, and a government agency. Study Two included 19,212 members of a New England HMO; and Study Three included a convenience sample of 327 adult New Englanders. Measures. The eight algorithms used different descriptions of stages based on the transtheoretical model, as well as different definitions of exercise and response formats. Results. Algorithms using longer, more precise definitions of exercise resulted in larger numbers of subjects being staged in precontemplation and contemplation in comparison to algorithms using shorter definitions, which tended to stage subjects in preparation and action. Maintenance was the most and preparation the least consistently described stage across algorithms. Conclusions. Alteration of the descriptions of stage and the definition of exercise has consequences for the staging of subjects. Definitions need to be explicit, stating all parameters needed to meet criterion, and subjects must be able to assess themselves. Either a 5-Choice or a true/false response format is effective in assessing stage.
Construct Validity of Stages of Change for Exercise Behavior
Authors: Cardinal Bradley J. 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. Previous research examining the transtheoretical model of behavior change within the exercise domain has been limited by use of self-report measures exclusively and inconsistent practices with regard to stage of exercise assessment. The present study was designed to partially circumvent these limitations and extend the current literature by determining the degree of association among stage of exercise and body mass index, cardiorespiratory fitness, exercise behavior, relapse, barriers, and self-efficacy, after controlling for several potential confounders. Design. A descriptive, cross-sectional study. Subjects. Two hundred thirty-five adults (M age = 34.7 years) volunteered to participate. Measures. Participants were classified by stage of exercise and compared on two behavioral, two biometrical, and three psychological variables while statistically controlling for social desirability and demographic differences. Results. Significant between-stage differences were found for the overall set of dependent variables (p <.0001) and for each dependent variable separately (p <.01). The proportion of variance accounted for by the dependent variables ranged from .06 to .53. Conclusions. This study offers objective support for the stage-of-change model within the exercise domain. By acknowledging and accurately assessing stage of exercise, researchers and clinicians may be able to improve physical activity promotion efforts.
Predicting the Adoption and Maintenance of Exercise Participation Using Self-Efficacy and Previous Exercise Participation Rates
Authors: Oman Roy F. , King Abby C. 
Published: December 2011

Objectives. To investigate the relationships among self-efficacy, changes in self-efficacy, past exercise participation, future exercise adherence, and exercise program format. Methods. Two-year randomized trial involving subjects (n = 63) participating in an aerobic exercise program. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three exercise conditions: higher-intensity home-based exercise, higher-intensity class-based exercise, or lower-intensity home-based exercise. Results. Results indicated that baseline self-efficacy and exercise format had significant (p <.02), independent effects on adherence during the adoption and early maintenance phases of exercise behavior. In contrast, in predicting long-term exercise program maintenance, a significant (p <.05) self-efficacy X exercise format interaction indicated that self-efficacy predicted adherence only in the supervised home-based exercise conditions. Results also suggest that baseline self-efficacy, independent of the effect of past adherence, significantly (p <.03) predicted exercise adherence during the adoption phase, but not early maintenance phase, of exercise behavior. Finally, adherence change during the adoption phase of exercise behavior significantly (p <.04) predicted Year-one levels of self-efficacy even after adjusting far the effect of baseline self-efficacy. Conclusions. These results suggest that exercise program format as well as an individual's initial cognitive and behavioral experiences in an exercise program play significant roles in determining exercise adherence.
Prohibiting Smoking in Restaurants: Effects on Restaurant Sales
Authors: Sciacca John P. , Ratliff Michael I. 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of prohibiting smoking in restaurants on total restaurant sales in Flagstaff, Arizona. Design. Flagstaff restaurant and retail sales data were collected for periods approximately 3.5 years prior to enactment of a no-smoking-in-restaurants ordinance and 1.5 years after enactment of the ordinance. Data were compared with six comparison areas utilizing four methods of analyses. Setting. The city of Flagstaff Arizona, was the community in this study that prohibited smoking in restaurants. Subjects. Flagstaff restaurant and retail sales were compared to sales in two similar Arizona cities, three counties, and the entire state of Arizona. Intervention. A city ordinance that prohibited smoking in all Flagstaff, Arizona, restaurants. Measures. Taxable restaurant sales were collected from Flagstaff and all comparison areas. Retail sales data were also collected to determine if changes occurred in the ratio of restaurant to retail sales. Results. All analyses resulted in the same conclusions: prohibiting smoking in restaurants did not affect restaurant sales. Conclusions. Study findings indicate that prohibiting smoking in Flagstaff, Arizona, restaurants has had no effect on restaurant sales.
A Stage-of-Change Classification System Based on Actions and Beliefs regarding Dietary Fat and Fiber
Authors: Auld Garry W. , Nitzke Susan A. , McNulty Judiann , Bock Margaret A. , Bruhn Christine M. , Gabel Kathe , Lauritzen Georgia , Lee Yuen F. , Medeiros Denis , Newman Rosemary , Ortiz Melchor , Read Marsha , Schutz Howard , Sheehan Edward 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. The objectives of this study were to develop a stage-of-change classification system and to determine the degree to which various adult subgroups have adopted the behavioral changes necessary to achieve a low-fat and/or high-fiber diet as recommended by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Design. The study used a mail survey randomly sent to 7110 adults. Setting. The survey was conducted in 11 states and the District of Columbia. Subjects. The random sample included males and females over age 18. Of the eligible respondents, 3198 (51.5%) were included in this analysis, with 2004 and 2066 unambiguously classified into stages of change for fat and fiber, respectively. Measures. Stage of change was defined by an algorithm based on self-reported intent and behaviors to limit fat and/or increase fiber. Results. 45% of the respondents were classified as being in action/maintenance for fat and 38% for fiber. Women, older adults, individuals with advanced education, persons with diet-related chronic disease, people with higher levels of relevant nutrition knowledge and attitudes, and persons who indicated that health concerns were a primary influence on their diet were more likely to be in action/maintenance than other respondents. Conclusions. The algorithm in this study presents a model that more closely reflects the proportions of the adult population that have achieved low-fat diets and classifies a greater proportion in the preparation stage than classification systems in previous studies.
Obesity and Absenteeism: An Epidemiologic Study of 10,825 Employed Adults
Authors: Tucker Larry A. , Friedman Glenn M. 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. This study was conducted to determine the extent of the relationship between obesity and absenteeism due to illness. A secondary objective was to ascertain the extent to which age, gender, family income, length of workweek, and cigarette smoking influenced the obesity-absenteeism association. Design. A cross-sectional design was used. Data regarding obesity, absenteeism, and the potential confounding factors were collected during the same time period. Setting. Data were collected within workplaces throughout the U.S., and at the headquarters of Health Advancement Services, Inc. (HAS). Subjects. Subjects were 10,825 employed men and women who participated in an ongoing wellness screening program administered by HAS. Measures. The three-site skinfold technique was used to estimate body fat percentage. Absenteeism due to illness and the potential confounding variables were assessed using a structured paper-pencil questionnaire. Results. Without controlling for any potential confounders, obese employees were more than twice as likely to experience high-level absenteeism (seven or more absences due to illness during the past 6 months), and 1.49 times more likely to suffer from moderate absenteeism (three to six absences due to illness during the last 6 months) than were lean employees. With all of the potential confounders controlled simultaneously, obese employees were 1.74 and 1.61 times more likely to experience high and moderate levels of absenteeism, respectively, than were lean individuals. Conclusions. Obese employees tend to be absent from work due to illness substantially more than their counterparts.
A Prediction Equation for Estimating Body Fat Percentage Using Readily Accessible Measures: A Multivariate Study of 200 Adult Women
Authors: Tucker Larry A. , Demers Denise S. , Kelly K. Patrick 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. This study was conducted to develop a regression equation that accurately estimates body fat percentage using relatively easy and inexpensive methods that do not require women to remove clothing. Design. A cross-sectional design was employed. Setting. All data were collected at the University. Subjects. Subjects were 200 white women ages 20 to 65 years. The sample was equally distributed across four age groups, 20–29, 30–39, 40–49, and 50–65, and within each age group, one-third of the women were lean, one-third were of average weight, and one-third were obese. Measures. Subjects were hydrostatically weighed and participated in a variety of anthropometric and lifestyle assessments, including skinfolds, circumferences, and questionnaire responses. Results. The full regression model included six measures: hip circumference, triceps skinfold (observed and quadratic), age (quadratic), self-reported physical activity, and calf skinfold (quadratic). This equation accounted for 81 % of the variance in body weight measured by hydrostatic weighing (SEE = 3.5%). A simpler, five-variable equation was also formed that did not include the calf skinfold assessment (R2 = .800, SEE = 3.6%). Conclusions. The prediction equations in this study afford accurate and relatively easy and inexpensive means of estimating body fat percentage in a wide range of white women without having them remove their clothing.
Evaluation of Motivationally Tailored vs. Standard Self-Help Physical Activity Interventions at the Workplace
Authors: Marcus Bess H. , Emmons Karen M. , Simkin-Silverman Laurey R. , Linnan Laura A. , Taylor Elaine R. , Bock Beth C. , Roberts Mary B. , Rossi Joseph S. , Abrams David B. 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. This study compares the efficacy of a self-help intervention tailored to the individual's stage of motivational readiness for exercise adoption with a standard self-help exercise promotion intervention. Design. Interventions were delivered at baseline and 1 month; assessments were collected at baseline and 3 months. Setting. Eleven worksites participating in the Working Healthy Research Trial. Subjects. Participants (n = 1559) were a subsample of employees at participating worksites, individually randomized to one of two treatment conditions. Intervention. Printed self-help exercise promotion materials either (1) matched to the individual's stage of motivational readiness for exercise adoption (motivationally tailored), or (2) standard materials (standard). Measures. Measures of stage of motivational readiness for exercise and items from the 7-Day Physical Activity Recall. Results. Among intervention completers (n = 903), chi-square analyses showed that, compared to the standard intervention, those receiving the motivationally tailored intervention were significantly more likely to show increases (37% vs. 27%) and less likely to show either no change (52% vs. 58%) or regression (11% vs. 15%) in stage of motivational readiness. Multivariate analyses of variance showed that changes in stage of motivational readiness were significantly associated with changes in self-reported time spent in exercise. Conclusions. This is the first prospective, randomized, controlled trial demonstrating the efficacy of a brief motivationally tailored intervention compared to a standard self-help intervention for exercise adoption. These findings appear to support treatment approaches that tailor interventions to the individual's stage of motivational readiness for exercise adoption.
The Association between Physical Fitness and Diagnosed Chronic Disease in Health Maintenance Organization Members
Authors: Pronk Nicolaas P. , Boyle Raymond B. , O'Connor Patrick J. 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the relationship between predicted cardiorespiratory fitness (predicted VO2max) and diagnosed chronic disease. Design. A stratified random sample of individuals was surveyed. Setting. Large Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) in the upper Midwest. Subjects. HMO members (N = 8000), age 40 and over, with none, one, or two or more of the following diagnosed chronic conditions: hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and heart disease. Measures. Predicted VO2max was estimated for those respondents who completed the survey providing all critical data elements (n = 4121; representing 51.5% of total sample). Predicted VO2max was compared across chronic conditions using analysis of variance. The proportion of subjects across fitness quintiles by number of chronic conditions was tested using the χ2 test. Results. Subjects without chronic conditions showed higher predicted VO2max values (29.8 ± 7.7 ml/kg/min) than those with one (25.9 ± 7.8 ml/kg/min) or two or more conditions (25.7 ±7.9 ml/kg/min) (p < .0001). Subjects with diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease reported lower predicted VO2max than their healthier counterparts (p < .0001), but this was not the case for dyslipidemia subjects (27.6 ± 7.6 vs. 27.4 ± 8.2 ml/kg/min, respectively; p < .58). A larger proportion of diseased subjects was in the lowest fitness quintile for diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease, but not for dyslipidemia. Conclusions. As a group, chronic disease patients appear to have lower levels of physical fitness than subjects without chronic disease. Physical fitness improvement in diseased populations should be supported in the clinical setting.
The Use and Impact of Incentives in Population-Based Smoking Cessation Programs: A Review
Authors: Bains Namrata , Pickett William , Hoey John 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. This review discusses current published literature on population-based smoking cessation interventions that involve incentives and examines whether such interventions are effective in reducing the prevalence of smoking. Search Method. Studies published between 1975 and Spring 1997 were identified through a computerized search of four electronic databases (MEDLINE, HEALTH, CINAHL, and PSYCINFO) and reference lists of key articles using the following key words: (smoking cessation OR quit smoking) AND (contest OR competition OR incentive OR lottery OR quit and win). This search yielded 79 articles. To be included, studies had to be published in English and had to have presented either quit rates or participation rates for an incentive-based program that used population-based recruitment. Of the 79 articles, 17 met these criteria. Findings. Population-based interventions generally attract 1 to 2% of the target population, but these participation rates can potentially be increased through the use of innovative recruitment techniques. No specific type of recruitment strategy was shown to be consistently more effective than others. There is no evidence that particular types of incentives are able to influence participation or quit rates, but the size of an incentive does appear to be important, with larger incentives viewed as more effectively motivating smokers to quit and stay smoke free than smaller ones. Estimates of the cost per quitter have ranged from less than $20 to over $400. There are some indications that the costs of such programs compare favorably with smoking cessation classes or clinic-based approaches. Conclusion. Incentive-based smoking cessation programs that target an entire community have the advantage of reaching a large and diverse group of smokers. They may, however, attract only smokers who are already motivated to quit. Realistically, incentive-based programs aimed at the general population can expect 1 % of all their smokers to quit smoking. Quit rates among participants may initially be high (i.e., mean quit rate of 34% at 1-month follow-up) but decrease over time (i.e., mean rate of 23% at 1 year). The results of this review suggest a continued need to establish standard and valid criteria for the evaluation of smoking cessation interventions. Methodological differences among existing studies make them difficult to compare and interpret.
Association of the Health-Promoting Workplace with Trade Unionism and other Industrial Factors
Authors: Holman C. D'Arcy J. , Corti Billie , Donovan Robert J. , Jalleh Geoffrey 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. The study examines associations of five healthy workplace attributes with trade unionism and nine other industrial and sociodemographic factors. The aims were to illustrate the measurement of workplace health promotion indicators in Western Australia and to identify associations leading to a better understanding of determinants of the healthy workplace. Design. Personal and telephone cross-sectional surveys were performed using population-based sampling frames. The overall response rate was 72%. Setting. Workplaces in Western Australia. Subjects. Random samples of household respondents aged 16 to 69 years in 1992 (n = 1310) and 1994 (n = 1113). Measures. Measures of association between healthy workplace attributes and trade unionism were adjusted for workplace location, size, sector, and industrial classification. Results. Trade unionism was strongly associated with healthy catering practices (adjusted OR 2.05; 95% CI 1.30 to 3.23), sun protection practices (2.66; 1.69 to 4.17), disability access (1.47; 1.10 to 1.95), and worksite health promotion programs (2.56; 2.07 to 3.17). A weak and nonsignificant association was observed with restrictive smoking policies (1.21; .95 to 1.55). Generally, healthy workplace attributes were reported less often by respondents working in rural locations, in the private sector, and at small worksites. There was no consistent relationship with sociodemographic factors, including an index of social disadvantage, but members of blue-collar occupations experienced a low prevalence of restrictive smoking policies. Conclusions. The study raises the hypothesis, but cannot confirm, that trade unions could provide a means for employees to pursue the creation of a health-promoting workplace. Small business represents an excellent target for health promotion activities.
Are Health Risks Related to Medical Care Charges in the Short-Term? Challenging Traditional Assumptions
Authors: Terry Paul E. , Fowler Elizabeth J. , Fowles Jinnet B. 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. This study examines the association between self-reported health risks and short-term use of medical resources. Design. Cross-sectional study comparing responses from a mailed survey with medical encounter and expenditure data. Bivariate analyses and multivariate linear and logistic regressions controlling for age, gender, and health status were conducted to illustrate the relationship between selected risk factors and resource use. Setting. A group network model health maintenance organization (HMO) in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Subjects. The study population was comprised of a randomly selected sample of nonsenior adults (18 to 64 years old, n = 3825) and seniors (65 years and older, n = 1955) who were enrolled in an HMO. The response rate was 72%. Measures. Five independent variables: smoking alcohol use, obesity, lack of physical activity, and unhappiness were derived from a questionnaire designed to assess health status and health risks. Outcome measures were medical care charges and use of hospital services. Results. Obesity, physical inactivity, and unhappiness were related to higher charges among seniors. These relationships dissipated to some degree after controlling for age, gender, and health status. Unexpected differences were found for alcohol use among both age groups, with those considered to be “not at risk” accruing higher charges and demonstrating a higher likelihood of using inpatient hospital services than those defined to be at risk. Conclusions. Bivariate and multivariate regression results demonstrated that traditional risk factors are weak and inconsistent predictors of short-term medical charges. Charging smokers and other high risk individuals a higher annual insurance premium than is offered for those at low risk raises questions about fairness when such risk factors are not necessarily good predictors of short-term resource use. The rationale for insurance cost-shifting should be supported with reliable data connecting risks to charges.
Children's Television Viewing, Body Fat, and Physical Fitness
Authors: Armstrong Colin A. , Sallis James F. , Alcaraz John E. , Kolody Bohdan , McKenzie Thomas L. , Hovell Melbourne F. 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. The study examines the relationship between children's television (TV) viewing and physical fitness. Design. Cross-sectional data from questionnaires and objective measures were analyzed. Setting. Data were collected during the fall of 1990 from public elementary school students in a suburban California city. Subjects. Approximately 98% of eligible students participated. Of these, 10% were dropped due to missing data, yielding a final sample of 284 girls and 304 boys. Measures. Children reported their amount of TV viewing on a typical summer day; parents reported their child's TV viewing on a typical weekday during the school year. Cardiovascular fitness was the 1-mile run/walk. Body fat was both the child's body mass index (BMI) and skinfolds. Additional measures included muscular strength/endurance and flexibility. Results. Mile run/walk times were associated with both parental (η2 = . 051 and . 031 for boys and girls, respectively) and child reports (η2 = . 020 and . 028) of the child's amount of TV viewing. Parental reports, but not child reports, of the child's TV viewing were related to BMI (η2 = .041 and .058) and skinfolds (η2 = .050 and .029). Neither measure of children's TV viewing was related to muscular strength/endurance or flexibility. Conclusions. Children's TV viewing seems to be weakly and inconsistently related to various components of physical fitness. However, given the tracking of cardiovascular disease risk factors from childhood into adulthood and the high proportion of children who watch television, these relationships are worthy of further study.