bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Targeted Mutagenesis of Duplicated Genes in Soybean with Zinc-Finger Nucleases
Authors: Curtin Shaun J. , Zhang Feng , Sander Jeffry D. , Haun William J. , Starker Colby , Baltes Nicholas J. , Reyon Deepak , Dahlborg Elizabeth J. , Goodwin Mathew J. , Coffman Andrew P. , Dobbs Drena , Joung J. Keith , Voytas Daniel F. , Stupar Robert M. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
We performed targeted mutagenesis of a transgene and nine endogenous soybean (Glycine max) genes using zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs). A suite of ZFNs were engineered by the recently described context-dependent assembly platform—a rapid, open-source method for generating zinc-finger arrays. Specific ZFNs targeting DICER-LIKE (DCL) genes and other genes involved in RNA silencing were cloned into a vector under an estrogen-inducible promoter. A hairy-root transformation system was employed to investigate the efficiency of ZFN mutagenesis at each target locus. Transgenic roots exhibited somatic mutations localized at the ZFN target sites for seven out of nine targeted genes. We next introduced a ZFN into soybean via whole-plant transformation and generated independent mutations in the paralogous genes DCL4a and DCL4b. The dcl4b mutation showed efficient heritable transmission of the ZFN-induced mutation in the subsequent generation. These findings indicate that ZFN-based mutagenesis provides an efficient method for making mutations in duplicate genes that are otherwise difficult to study due to redundancy. We also developed a publicly accessible Web-based tool to identify sites suitable for engineering context-dependent assembly ZFNs in the soybean genome.
Transcriptomics of Actinorhizal Symbioses Reveals Homologs of the Whole Common Symbiotic Signaling Cascade
Authors: Hocher Valérie , Alloisio Nicole , Auguy Florence , Fournier Pascale , Doumas Patrick , Pujic Petar , Gherbi Hassen , Queiroux Clothilde , Da Silva Corinne , Wincker Patrick , Normand Philippe , Bogusz Didier 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Comparative transcriptomics of two actinorhizal symbiotic plants, Casuarina glauca and Alnus glutinosa, was used to gain insight into their symbiotic programs triggered following contact with the nitrogen-fixing actinobacterium Frankia. Approximately 14,000 unigenes were recovered in roots and 3-week-old nodules of each of the two species. A transcriptomic array was designed to monitor changes in expression levels between roots and nodules, enabling the identification of up- and down-regulated genes as well as root- and nodule-specific genes. The expression levels of several genes emblematic of symbiosis were confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. As expected, several genes related to carbon and nitrogen exchange, defense against pathogens, or stress resistance were strongly regulated. Furthermore, homolog genes of the common and nodule-specific signaling pathways known in legumes were identified in the two actinorhizal symbiotic plants. The conservation of the host plant signaling pathway is all the more surprising in light of the lack of canonical nod genes in the genomes of its bacterial symbiont, Frankia. The evolutionary pattern emerging from these studies reinforces the hypothesis of a common genetic ancestor of the Fabid (Eurosid I) nodulating clade with a genetic predisposition for nodulation.
Two‐year follow‐up of the ‘Families for Health’ programme for the treatment of childhood obesity
Authors: Robertson W. , Thorogood M. , Inglis N. , Grainger C. , Stewart‐Brown S. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBackground  The high prevalence of obesity in children in the UK warrants continuing public health attention. ‘Families for Health’ is a family‐based group programme for the treatment of childhood obesity. Significant improvements in body mass index (BMI) z‐score (−0.21, 95% CI: −0.35 to −0.07, P= 0.007) and other health outcomes were seen in children at a 9‐month follow‐up.Aim  To undertake a 2‐year follow‐up of families who attended ‘Families for Health’ in Coventry, to assess long‐term outcomes and costs.Methods  ‘Families for Health’ is a 12‐week programme with parallel groups for parents and children, addressing parenting skills, healthy lifestyles and emotional well‐being. The intervention was delivered at a leisure centre in Coventry, England, with 27 overweight or obese children aged 7–13 years (18 girls, 9 boys) and their parents, from 21 families. A ‘before‐and‐after’ evaluation was completed with 19 (70%) children followed up at 2 years. The primary outcome was change in BMI z‐score from baseline; secondary outcomes were children's quality of life, parent–child relationships, eating/activity habits and parents' mental health. Costs to deliver the intervention and to families were recorded.Results  Mean change in BMI z‐score from baseline was −0.23 (95% CI: −0.42 to −0.03, P= 0.027) at the 2‐year follow‐up and eight (42%) children had a clinically significant reduction in BMI z‐score. Significant improvements were seen in children's quality of life and eating habits in the home, while there were sustained reductions in unhealthy foods and sedentary behaviour. Fruit and vegetable consumption and parent's mental health were not significantly different at 2 years. Costs of the programme were £517 per family (£402 per child), equivalent to £2543 per unit reduction in BMI z‐score.Conclusions  Improvements in BMI z‐score and certain other outcomes associated with the ‘Families for Health’ programme were sustained at the 2‐year follow‐up. ‘Families for Health’ is a promising new childhood obesity intervention, and a randomized controlled trial is now indicated.
Formation of modern dolomite in hypersaline pans of the Western Cape, South Africa
Authors: MAUGER CARLA L. , COMPTON JOHN S. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAuthigenic calcite and dolomite and biogenic aragonite occur in Holocene pan sediments in a Mediterranean‐type climate on the western coastal plain of South Africa. Sediment was analysed from a Late Pleistocene coastal pan at Yzerfontein and four Holocene inland pans ranging from brackish to hypersaline. The pans are between 0·08 and 0·14 km2 in size. The δ18OPDB values of carbonate minerals in the pan sediments range from −2·41 to 5·56‰ and indicate precipitation from evaporative waters. Covariance of total organic content and percentage carbonate minerals, and the δ13CPDB values of pan carbonate minerals (−8·85 to −1·54‰) suggest that organic matter degradation is a significant source of carbonate ions. The precipitation of the carbonate minerals, especially dolomite, appears to be mediated by sulphate‐reducing bacteria in the black sulphidic mud zone found in the brine‐type hypersaline pans. The knobbly, sub‐spherical texture of the carbonate minerals suggests that the precipitation of the carbonate minerals, particularly dolomite, is related to microbial processes. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of pan carbonate minerals (0·7108 to 0·7116) are slightly higher than modern sea water and indicate a predominantly sea water (marine aerosol) source for calcium (Ca2+) ions with relatively minor amounts of Ca2+ derived from the chemical weathering of bedrock.
The sedimentary response to a pioneer geo‐engineering project: Tracking the Kander River deviation in the sediments of Lake Thun (Switzerland)
Authors: WIRTH STEFANIE B. , GIRARDCLOS STÉPHANIE , RELLSTAB CHRISTIAN , ANSELMETTI FLAVIO S. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractHuman activities such as river corrections and deviations, lake‐level regulations and installations of hydropower plants affect and often strongly modify natural processes in lacustrine systems. In 1714, the previously bypassing Kander River was deviated into peri‐alpine Lake Thun. This pioneering geo‐engineering project, the first river correction of such dimensions in Switzerland, doubled the water and sediment input to the lake. In order to evaluate the sedimentary consequences of the Kander River deviation, the lacustrine sediments were investigated using a combined approach of high‐resolution (3·5 kHz) reflection seismic data and sediment cores (maximum length 2·5 m). The significance of this study is increased by the possible hazard represented by ammunition dumped into the lake (from 1920 to 1960) and by the recent installation of a gas pipeline on the lake floor in 2007/2008. The first 130 years after the river deviation were dominated by an extremely high sediment input, which led to the frequent occurrence of subaquatic mass movements. Slope failures primarily occur due to rapid sediment accumulation, but were occasionally triggered in combination with earthquake‐induced shocks and lake‐level fluctuations. After 1840, mass‐movement activity and sedimentation rates decreased due to a reduced sediment input as the Kander River adjusted to its new base level and, to a smaller degree, by further engineering of the Kander River bed and gravel withdrawal at the Kander Delta. A further consequence of the Kander River deviation is that the shores around Lake Thun have been more frequently affected by flooding due to the increased water input. In the time span from 1850 to 2006, six historically and/or instrumentally documented flood events could be correlated to flood turbidites in the sediment cores. This study demonstrates the significant usefulness of lacustrine sediments, not only in archiving natural hazards and human impact but also in assessing the consequences of future anthropogenic interventions on lacustrine systems.
Primary squamous cell carcinoma of fallopian tube accompanied by gastric metaplasia of female genital tract: Case report and review
Authors: Satoh Hiroshi , Baba Tsukasa , Mandai Masaki , Suzuki Ayako , Matsumura Noriomi , Konishi Ikuo 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPrimary squamous cell carcinoma arising from the fallopian tube (SCCFT) is extremely rare with only six reported cases. We report a case of primary SCCFT accompanied by multifocal pyloric glandular metaplasia in the genital tract. An accompanying review of the literature describes the characteristics of this rare histological subtype invading into the muscular layer of the fallopian tube to involve adjacent pelvic organs, while the most common serous type tends to spread into the abdominal cavity through tubal ducts. Due to the low response rate of adjuvant therapies, the 5‐year survival rate of patients bearing primary SCCFT at stage II–IV is very poor, only accounting for 25%. All patients were alive without disease where optimal resection had been successfully achieved. These findings imply that radical tumor resection is mandatory for satisfactory treatment of primary SCCFT.
Retrospective evaluation of perinatal outcome in women with mild gestational hyperglycemia
Authors: Kaymak Oktay , Iskender Can T. , Ustunyurt Emin , Yıldız Yasemin , Doganay Melike , Danisman Nuri 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAim:  To assess maternal and perinatal complications associated with mild gestational hyperglycemia (MGH).Material and Methods:  This retrospective study was conducted in the perinatology division of Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Hospital between January and June 2009. Four hundred and eighty one patients with MGH and 212 patients with pre‐gestational diabetes or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) were recruited in the study. The control group consisted of 479 patients with normal glucose challenge test. Patients with MGH and the control group were compared in terms of maternal and neonatal complications.Results:  The rates of large‐for‐gestational‐age (LGA) or macrosomic infants, pregnancy induced hypertension, primary cesarean delivery, preterm delivery and neonatal hypoglycemia were significantly higher in patients with MGH, GDM or preexisting diabetes. The rates of spontaneous preterm labor, shoulder dystocia, hyperbilirubinemia, low 1‐min Apgar score, fetal malformations and neonatal morbidity did not differ between the groups.Conclusion:  MGH is associated with an increased risk of primary cesarean delivery, preterm delivery, pregnancy induced hypertension, and macrosomic and LGA infants.
Successful recovery from delayed amniotic fluid embolism with prolonged cardiac resuscitation
Authors: Hosono Kanako , Matsumura Noriomi , Matsuda Naoyuki , Fujiwara Hiroshi , Sato Yukiyasu , Konishi Ikuo 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAmniotic fluid embolisms (AFE) are one of the most fatal complications of pregnancy. We describe a case of AFE that occurred 2 h after vaginal delivery at 41 weeks of gestation. The diagnosis of AFE was made by symptoms of dyspnea, coagulopathy, and severe hypotension. ZnCP‐1, the characteristic component of meconium, was elevated in the serum. Cardiac compressions after repeated cardiac arrests were required during the initial 2 h of resuscitation. Primary resuscitation was performed with airway management and aggressive fluid management, including infusion of 33 units of red cell concentrates and 57 units of fresh frozen plasma. The patient recovered without any aftereffects. This case report warrants that AFE should be considered when coagulopathy and dyspnea are observed during the postpartum period.
Principal Costs in Initial Public Offerings
Authors: Dalziel Thomas , White Robert E. , Arthurs Jonathan D. 
Published: April 2011

abstractThe initial public offering (IPO) of a new venture's stock often results in significant changes to the firm's ownership structure. Because firm owners (principals) often have heterogeneous interests, conflicts can arise among the principals. While governance mechanisms are often effective in limiting agency problems, we suggest that principals can also attempt to use governance mechanisms to their own advantage in IPO settings. Specifically, when principal–principal conflict exists, powerful principals may exert control via governance mechanisms to pursue their own interests in ways that create inefficiencies in the form of ‘principal costs’.
Regulatory Burden, Rule of Law, and Entry of Strategic Entrepreneurs: An International Panel Study
Authors: Levie Jonathan , Autio Erkko 
Published: April 2011

abstractEntry into entrepreneurship is a strategic act for individuals who seek an optimal way to exploit their human, social, and financial capital. Trade‐offs associated with this choice are influenced by institutional conditions. We use signalling theory, employment choice theory, and theory on strategic entry to develop hypotheses on the effect of business regulations and rule of law on strategic and non‐strategic entrepreneurial entry. Analysing a six‐year panel of 54 countries, we find lighter burden of regulation associated with a higher rate and relative prevalence of strategic entrepreneurial entry. Rule of law moderates this effect such that regulation has a significant effect on strategic entry only when rule of law is strong. These findings are robust against alternative proxies. Implications are drawn for prospective entrepreneurs, existing organizations, policy, and further research.
Evaluation of Postceliotomy Peritoneal Drain Fluid Volume, Cytology, and Blood‐to‐Peritoneal Fluid Lactate and Glucose Differences in Normal Dogs
Authors: Szabo Stephanie D. , Jermyn Kieri , Neel Jennifer , Mathews Kyle G. 
Published: April 2011

Objective: To describe peritoneal drain fluid volume, fluid cytology, and blood‐to‐peritoneal fluid lactate and glucose concentration differences after exploratory celiotomy in normal dogs.Study Design: Prospective study.Animals: Healthy Beagle dogs (n=10).Methods: After exploratory celiotomy, a peritoneal drain was placed, and peritoneal fluid was recorded every 6 hours for 7 days. Fluid was submitted for cytologic examination, and fluid and blood glucose and lactate concentrations were recorded every 12 hours. On day 7, drains were removed and drain tips submitted for aerobic bacterial culture.Results: Mean peritoneal fluid volume decreased from 2.8 mL/kg/day (day 1) to 0.6 mL/kg/day (day 7). All dogs had degenerate neutrophils in peritoneal fluid throughout the 7 days. Four dogs developed contaminated drains. Blood‐to‐peritoneal glucose concentration differences>20 mg/dL occurred after day 4. By day 7, 5 of 7 dogs with patent drains had blood‐to‐peritoneal lactate concentration differences<−2 mmol/L.Conclusion: After day 4, blood‐to‐peritoneal glucose concentration differences were consistent with septic effusion based on previously reported values used to diagnose septic peritonitis in dogs. Blood‐to‐peritoneal lactate concentration differences varied but after day 4, >70% of dogs had differences consistent with septic peritonitis each day. Postoperative blood‐to‐peritoneal fluid glucose and lactate difference may not be reliable indicators of septic peritonitis when evaluating abdominal fluid collected with closed suction drains.
RESPONSES OF APHIS FABAE SCOP. TO WATER SHORTAGE IN HOST PLANTS IN THE FIELD
Authors: KENNEDY J. S. , BOOTH C. O. 
Published: April 2011

After two weeks of clear summer weather the water strain in naturally‐rooted plants of Euonymus europaeus L. and Beta vulgaris L. was sufficient to reduce substantially the settling, larviposition and survival of A. fabae on mature leaves. These effects were more severe in Euonymus than Beta especially in conditions favouring rapid transpiration. A previous water strain on the other hand improved the host status of mature leaves during the recovery process, which was slower in Euonymus. The more drought‐resistant properties of the woody host Euonymus help to make it resistant to colonisation by A. fabae in the summer, when herbaceous hosts such as Beta are preferred.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGReaktionen von Aphis fabae auf Wassermangel der Wirtspflanzen im Freiland1. Das Verhalten freilebendet und gekäfigter virginoparer Geflügelter von Aphis fabae Scop. auf Blättern von Evonymus europaeus L. und Beta vulgaris L., die bei trockenem Sommerwetter zusammen in einem Gartenbeet wuchsen, wurde vor und nach künstlicher Bewässerung eines Teiles des Beetes beobachtet.2. Besiedlung, Larvenproduktion und Überlebenstrate waren auf reifen Blättern unbewässerter Plfanzen beider Arten niedriger. Doch waren diese Wirkungen der Wasserbelastung in der Wirtspflanze bei Evonymus stärker. Auch bei reichlicher Wasserversorgung der Wurzeln wurden die Aphiden auf Evonymus ungünstig beeinflusst, wenn die atmosphärischen Bedingungen rasche Transpiration begünstigten. Wenn sich die Pflanzen am Abend oder während der Tage unmittelbar nach der Bewässerung vom Wassermangel erholten, verbesserte sich zeitweilig die Wirtseignung der reifen Blätter im Vergleich mit dem Laub anderer Alterszustände der gleichen Pflanzen bzw. mit der reifer Blätter an Pflanzen, die vorher keinen Wassermangel erlitten hatten.3. Die unterschiedlichen Ergebnisse, über die früher bei Feldkäfigversuchen zum Vergleich der Wirtseignung von Evonymus und Beta für Aphis fabae berichtet wurde, lassen sich in Übereinstimmung mit den vorliegenden Versuchen auf Witterungsänderungen zurückführen.4. Die mehr auf Trockenresistenz ausgerichteten physiologischen Eigenschaften des holzigen Primärwirtes Evonymus scheinen sein Resistentwerden gegen Befall mit Aphis fabae bei Sommerwitterung zu unterstützen und damit die Abwanderung der Aphiden zu begünstigen.
THE ECOLOGY OF SYMPHYLA PART III. FACTORS CONTROLLING SOIL DISTRIBUTIONS
Authors: EDWARDS C. A. 
Published: April 2011

Symphylids exhibit complex, seasonal, vertical migrations in soil. The effect of soil moisture content, soil temperature, the presence of plants at the soil surface, feeding cycles, moulting cycles, egg‐laying and diurnal rhythms on these migrations were studied. Symphylids migrated in response to changes in soil moisture content and could not survive when soil air was less than 100% R.H. The zone of optimum temperature was 15 to 217° C and survival was limited to the range 27° to 287° C. Food attracted Scutigerella immaculata (Newport) in spite of unfavourable soil conditions, but the animals left the surface soil to moult and lay eggs and during non‐feeding phases. No diurnal rhythms were found. Most favourable conditions for symphylids included soil temperature in the range 15–217° C, moist soil and growing plants at the surface.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDIE ÖKOLOGIE DER SYMPHYLIDEN. TEIL III. FAKTOREN, WELCHE DIE VERTEILUNG IM BODEN REGELNDie Symphyliden zeigen komplizierte, jahreszeitliche Vertikalwanderungen im Boden. Es wurde ein Versuch unternommen, die relative Bedeutung der verschiedenen exogenen und endogenen Faktoren abzuschätzen, welche di‐ese Wanderungen beherrschen. Die Hauptfaktoren, die im Laboratorium und durch Freilandbeobachtungen untersucht wurden, waren Feuchtigkeitsgehalt des Bodens, Bodentemperatur, Anwesenheit von Pflanzen auf der Bodenoberfläche, Fraßzyklen, Häutungsfolgen, Eiablage‐ und Tagesrhythmen. Es konnte in entsprechenden Feld‐ und Laborproben nachgewiesen werden, daß die Verteilung der Symphyliden zum Feuchtigkeitsgehalt des Bodens in Beziehung steht. Bodenfeuchtigkeitsgehalte, die einer relativen Feuchtigkeit der Bodenluft von weniger als 100% entsprachen, ergaben eine Abwanderung der Symphyliden in andere Bodenschichten. Das Überleben der Symphyliden über nennenswerte Zeiträume erfolgte nur bei einer relativen Feuchtigkeit vom 100% in der umgebenden Luft. Versuche zur Bestimmung des Temperaturgradienten zeigten, daß der optimale Temperaturbereich für Symphyliden zwischen 15 und 217° C liegt und daß die Lebensfähigkeit von Temperaturen unter 27° und über 287° begrenzt wird. Scutigerella immaculata, eine phytophage Art, konnte eine Zone besiedeln, wo die Bodenbedingungen für die Ernährung ungünstig sind. Sie zeigte außerdem Fraß‐ und Hungerphasen, indem sie während der Hungerphasen in tiefere Bodenschichten wandert, um sich zu häuten. Die Eier wurden gewöhnlich in der Bodenschicht zwischen 5 und 15 cm abgelegt. Tagesrhythmen ließen sich nicht finden. Es wurde gefolgert, daß die günstigsten Bedingungen für eine hohe Anzahl von Symphyliden an der Bodenoberfläche in der Anwesenheit von Pflanzen an der Bodenoberfläche, einer Bodentemperatur im Bereich von 15–217° und feuchtem Boden bestehen.
FORAGING BEHAVIOUR AND FEEDING HABITS IN FIVE SPECIES OF TRINERVITERMES IN WEST AFRICA
Authors: SANDS W. A. 
Published: April 2011

Foraging habits of five species of Trinervitermes occurring in W. Africa are described. The five species can be divided into two groups, comprising those which store grass fragments in the mounds and those which do not. Size distributions of stored grass fragments differ specifically. Experiments indicated that selective foraging of grass species may occur. Survival on various foods suggested adaptation to differing conditions in each species. The occurrence of all five species in one area seems to depend on a suitable mosaic of conditions.RESUMECOMPORTEMENT D'APPROVISIONNEMENT ET MOEURS ALIMENTAIRES CHEZ CINQ ESPÈCES DE TRINERVITERMES EN AFRIQUE OCCIDENTALECe travail est l'un d'une série d'études comparatives de biologie et d'écologie de cinq espèces de Trinervitermes en Afrique Occidentale. On y décrit les habitudes d'approvisionnement et les différences spécifiques. Les cinq espèces forment deux groupes, contenant l'un, T. ebenerianus, T. carbonarius et T. suspensus, lesquels entassent dans leur nids des fragments d'herbe; l'autre, T. oeconomus et T. aurilerrae, lesquels n'en entassent pas. Les fragments d'herbe entassés sont de taille différente selon les trois espèces. Les expériences sur les deux espèces T. ebenerianus et T. carbonarius suggèrent que des approvisionnements sélectionnés d'espèces d'herbe peuvent se produire quand c'est possible. L'adaptation aux différentes conditions pour chaque espèce est suggerée par la survie des ouvriers qui se nourrissent différemment. On pense que T. auriterrae se rapproche le plus d'un ancêtre qui ressemble à Nasutitermes. La coexistence des cinq espèces dans un même habitat étendu, paraîtrait dépendre de la présence d'une mosaïque de conditions approprées sur une plus petite échelle.