bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Size at maturity of the Pacific sharpnose shark Rhizoprionodon longurio in the Gulf of California, Mexico
Authors: Corro-Espinosa D , Márquez-Farías JF , Muhlia-Melo AF 
Published: August 2012

We report on the proportion of maturity stages as a function of size of the Pacific sharpnose shark Rhizoprionodon longurio. Based on the development of internal and external organs, males and females were classified as immature or mature. A logistic model was fitted to develop a maturity curve to estimate the length at which 50% of the individuals are mature (L50%). This species has an annual reproductive cycle and its birthing season is from April to July, with June as the main month. For males, L50% = 100.61 cm total length (TL) and Φ = 2.57, and for females, L50% = 92.9 cm TL and Φ = 1.08. For pregnant females, L50% = 106.4 cm TL and Φ = 6.11. The maturity curves obtained in the present study can be used in demographic studies to produce more accurate forecasts of the population reproductive rate and thus develop fishery management measures for this species.
Giant Flexoelectric Polarization in a Micromachined Ferroelectric Diaphragm
Authors: Wang Zhihong , Zhang Xi Xiang , Wang Xianbin , Yue Weisheng , Li Jingqi , Miao Jianmin , Zhu Weiguang 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe coupling between dielectric polarization and strain gradient, known as flexoelectricity, becomes significantly large on the micro‐ and nanoscale. Here, it is shown that giant flexoelectric polarization can reverse remnant ferroelectric polarization in a bent Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 (PZT) diaphragm fabricated by micromachining. The polarization induced by the strain gradient and the switching behaviors of the polarization in response to an external electric field are investigated by observing the electromechanical coupling of the diaphragm. The method allows determination of the absolute zero polarization state in a PZT film, which is impossible using other existing methods. Based on the observation of the absolute zero polarization state and the assumption that bending of the diaphragm is the only source of the self‐polarization, the upper bound of flexoelectric coefficient of PZT film is calculated to be as large as 2.0 × 10−4 C m−1. The strain gradient induced by bending the diaphragm is measured to be on the order of 102 m−1, three orders of magnitude larger than that obtained in the bulk material. Because of this large strain gradient, the estimated giant flexoelectric polarization in the bent diaphragm is on the same order of magnitude as the normal remnant ferroelectric polarization of PZT film.
Metastatic medulloblastoma in an adolescent with Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome
Authors: Thomas Martha , Enciso Victoria , Stratton Robert , Shah Shafqat , Winder Thomas , Tayeh Marwan , Roeder Elizabeth 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWe describe the case of a 12‐year‐old Hispanic male with a clinical and molecular diagnosis of Simpson–Golabi–Behmel Syndrome (SGBS) who subsequently developed metastatic medulloblastoma. While individuals with SGBS have been documented to have increased risk for intra‐abdominal tumors such as Wilms tumor and neuroblastoma, medulloblastomas, or CNS tumors in general, have not been reported in patients with this syndrome. Our patient was clinically diagnosed with SGBS as an infant. He presented with many of the common features of the syndrome, such as cleft palate, macroglossia, post‐axial polydactyly, “coarse” facial features, and ventricular septal defects (VSDs). Molecular testing performed in April 2009 confirmed the SGBS diagnosis. This testing detected a large intragenic deletion in the GPC3 gene (more than 500 kb, 8 exons) extending from intron 2, 37 kb downstream of exon 2, to the 5′ end of the gene, deleting exons 1 and 2. However, subsequent testing by gene‐centric high‐density array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) detected a deletion encompassing only exon 2. Therefore, the exact 5′ boundary of the deletion cannot currently be determined, due to an apparent complex rearrangement upstream of exon 1. We present this case of metastatic medulloblastoma as a unique malignancy in a patient with SGBS. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phenotypic variability of atypical 22q11.2 deletions not includingTBX1
Authors: Verhagen Judith M.A. , Diderich Karin E.M. , Oudesluijs Grétel , Mancini Grazia M.S. , Eggink Alex J. , Verkleij‐Hagoort Anna C. , Groenenberg Irene A.L. , Willems Patrick J. , du Plessis Frederik A. , de Man Stella A. , Srebniak Malgorzata I. , van Opstal Diane , Hulsman Lorette O.M. , van Zutven Laura J.C.M. , Wessels Marja W. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractInterstitial deletions of the chromosome 22q11.2 region are the most common microdeletions in humans. TheTBX1gene is considered to be the major candidate gene for the main features in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, including congenital heart malformations, (para)thyroid hypoplasia, and craniofacial abnormalities. We report on eight patients with atypical deletions of chromosome 22q11.2. These deletions comprise the distal part of the common 22q11.2 deleted region but do not encompass theTBX1gene. Ten similar patients with overlapping distal 22q11.2 deletions have been reported previously. The clinical features of these patients are described and compared to those found in the classic 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. We discuss the possible roles of a position effect or haploinsufficiency of distally located genes (e.g.,CRKL) in the molecular pathogenesis of the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Socio‐economic factors affect mortality in 47,XYY syndrome—A comparison with the background population and Klinefelter syndrome
Authors: Stochholm Kirstine , Juul Svend , Gravholt Claus Højbjerg 
Published: August 2012

AbstractMortality among males with 47,XYY is increased due to a host of conditions and diseases. Clinical studies have suggested a poorer educational level and social adaptation among 47,XYY persons. We wanted to study the socio‐economic profile in 47,XYY persons and the impact on mortality. We conducted a register study using several Danish nationwide registries. 206 47,XYY men and 20,078 controls from the background population and 1,049 controls with Klinefelter syndrome were included. Information concerning marital status, fatherhood, education, income, and retirement were obtained. Compared to the background population, 47,XYY men had fewer partnerships, were less likely to become fathers, had lower income and educational level, and retired at an earlier age. The mortality among 47,XYY men was significantly increased with a hazard ratio (HR) of 3.6 (95% confidence interval: 2.6–5.1). Adjusting for marital and educational status reduced this HR to 2.7. Compared to Klinefelter syndrome, 47,XYY had significantly fewer partnerships, were more likely to become fathers, but had lower income. Mortality among 47,XYY men was increased compared with Klinefelter syndrome with a HR of 1.36. The results show a severely inferior outcome in all investigated socio‐economic parameters compared to the background population and an affected profile compared with Klinefelter syndrome, even though the population in Denmark has equal and free access to health care and education. We conclude that 47,XYY is often associated with a poorer socio‐economic profile, which partly explains the increased mortality. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Developmental defects of the dental crown in chimpanzees from the Taï National Park, Côte D'ivoire: Coronal waisting
Authors: Skinner Mark F. , Skinner Matthew M. , Boesch Christopher 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWe describe a developmental defect that manifests as a mild constricted “waist” in anterior teeth from seven of nine chimpanzee individuals from Taï National Park, Côte D'Ivoire. The sample consists of 21 canine teeth and one incisor, imaged in profile with a digital microscope. Twelve teeth are affected. The waist develops during tooth formation as an external, encircling depression in the contour of the outer enamel surface, more easily seen labially. It is not a thinning of enamel per se, but rather a slight decrement in dentinal crown volume, shown in microCT scans as a change in contour of the enamel‐dentin junction, spanning between 3 and 6 years of age, varying among individuals, with maximum expression at about age 4.3 years. The timing and duration of coronal waisting are consistent with descriptions of the weaning process at Taï and other chimpanzee study sites. We propose that coronal waisting records variation in the individual infant chimpanzee's physiological experiences during the process of attaining independence, increased foraging efficiency, and lactational weaning. Am J Phys Anthropol 149:272–282, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Brief communication: The Uto‐Aztecan premolar in early hunter‐gatherers from South‐Central North America
Authors: Taylor Matthew S. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe Uto‐Aztecan premolar is a discrete dental trait found in low frequency (<2%) among world populations. The highest frequencies of the trait have been found among the indigenous populations of North America and, to a lesser extent, South America. Because of the trait's relatively higher frequency in the Western Hemisphere, the antiquity and distribution of the feather is important for reconstructing the biocultural interactions of prehistoric populations. While early research concluded that the Uto‐Aztecan premolar originated in the American Southwest around 4,000 years Before Present (BP), more recent studies have discovered the trait across the Americas and in parts of Europe and Asia. For this study, over 300 dentitions representing foragers and farmers in south‐central North America were examined. The trait was found in relatively high frequency (over 11%) in Archaic hunter‐gatherer populations from Central Texas, with high frequencies also found in the adjacent western Gulf Coastal Plain. The presence of this trait in Early Archaic populations suggests that the trait was present by 8,000 BP and persisted at a high frequency into the Late Archaic period. Am J Phys Anthropol 149:318–322, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regioselective substitution of 2‐isocyanatoethylmethacrylate onto cellulose
Authors: Halake Kantappa S. , Choi So‐Young , Hong Soon Man , Seo Soon Yong , Lee Jonghwi 
Published: August 2012

AbstractCellulose is a well‐known versatile polymer that presents a wide range of material properties via the substitution and grafting reactions of its hydroxyl groups. Because of their commercial potential, combinations of cellulose and vinyl polymers have been examined with various grafting methods. In this study, the condensation reactions of regioselective and nonregioselective substitution with 2‐isocyanatoethylmethacrylate were performed in a homogeneous solvent system of dimethyl acetamide/lithium chloride. The successful substitution was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H‐NMR, cross‐polarization/magic angle spinning 13C‐NMR, thermogravimetric analysis, and X‐ray diffraction. The substituted celluloses showed excellent thermal stability and a different polymorph with a depressed cellulose–intrinsic polymorphic phase. The 2‐isocyanatoethylmethacrylate side chain seemed to expand the intermolecular distance with enhanced chain mobility and trigger the formation of a novel crystalline polymorph with a dramatically improved thermal stability. This investigation provided us with a useful understanding of the modification of cellulose with spatial distribution control for advanced future applications requiring a combination of cellulose with vinyl polymers. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Structural characterization and investigation of selected properties of hybrid yarn coated with carbon nanotube composite nanofibers
Authors: Bateni Fatemeh , Hosseini Ravandi Seyed Abdolkarim , Valipouri Afsaneh 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe current research discusses the efforts to achieve yarns coated with composite nanofibers and investigates some of their properties. Polyacrylonitrile/dimethyl formamide solutions containing various mass concentrations of single‐wall and multiwall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs and MWCNTs) and also functionalized SWCNTs were electrospun onto an acrylic staple yarn to produce hybrid yarns. The effect of the CNT addition on the final morphologies of the nanofibers was evaluated using SEM. The fibers prepared with higher CNT concentrations had larger diameters than those of fibers obtained by lower concentrations.
The SEM, the optical microscope, and the microtome were used to investigate the structural morphology of the hybrid yarns. The conductivity and the viscosity of the solutions at different SWCNT concentrations were measured. The surface electrical resistance and the mechanical properties of the hybrid yarns composed of the nanofibers as sheath were analyzed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Study on the efficiency of ethylene vinyl acetate–fly ash composites for the uptake of phenols from synthetic waste water
Authors: Maebana M. O. , Mishra S. B. , Mamba B. B. , Mishra A. K. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIn this study, ethylene vinyl acetate–fly ash (EVA‐FA) composites were prepared by the melt mixing technique using a rheomixer for the purpose of removing 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol (TCP) and p‐nitrophenol (PNP) from water. The fly ash was characterized by X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD); the composites were characterized using SEM and XRD. Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) measurements revealed a surface area (SBET) of 0.07110 m2/g for the fly ash. The adsorption of TCP and PNP were monitored by UV–Vis spectrophotometer. The maximum adsorption of PNP was obtained at pH 5 after a contact period of 12 h, whereas that of the TCP was obtained at pH 4 after a period of 10 h has elapsed. The equilibrium adsorption data were evaluated using Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. The Langmuir adsorption model gave the better correlation coefficients for the equilibrium adsorption data. The kinetics data followed the pseudo‐second‐order model for both TCP and PNP. The theoretical maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of the adsorbent used in the study was found to be 3.424 mg/g and 2.544 mg/g for TCP and PNP, respectively. The desorption of the phenols from the composites was performed using 0.2M NaOH. About 82.6% and 76.3% of TCP and PNP were recovered, respectively. The study showed that the pH of the solution and contact time play a significant role in the adsorption process. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that EVA‐FA composites have the potential to adsorb phenols from acidic water solutions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Functionalized 1,4‐Benzothiazine: A Versatile Scaffold with Diverse Biological Properties
Authors: Ajani Olayinka Oyewale 
Published: August 2012

Abstract1,4‐Benzothiazines are known to represent a class of medicinally important heterocyclic compounds which are extensively used in drug design. They have wide biological properties which qualify them as excellent scaffolds in therapeutic and medicinal research. Thus, many derivatives of this compound have been synthesized as target structures in novel drug development. Hence, the motivation for this present review was the known widespread application of the 1,4‐benzothiazine scaffolds.
Tropical cyclones in the spectral element configuration of the Community Atmosphere Model
Authors: Reed Kevin A. , Jablonowski Christiane , Taylor Mark A. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis paper explores the evolution of idealized tropical cyclones in the Community Atmosphere Model CAM 5 with the spectral element (SE) dynamical core at grid spacings of 111, 55 and 28 km. Over 10 simulation days the storms become increasingly intense and compact with increasing resolution. The experiments reveal unrealistically strong tropical cyclone intensities of minimum surface pressures ranging from 845 to 865 hPa and absolute maximum wind speeds greater than 100 m s−1 at the highest resolution, especially when small physics time steps are used. This unphysical behavior is related to the manner in which the physics time step is applied in CAM 5. The analysis indicates that the behavior of the physics parameterizations, namely the partitioning between convective and large‐scale precipitation, at small time steps contributes to this intensity. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Effect of the Gulf Stream on winter extratropical cyclone outbreaks
Authors: Nelson Jill , He Ruoying 
Published: August 2012

AbstractA high‐resolution, regional coupled air–sea model is used to investigate the effect of the Gulf Stream (GS) on surface wind convergence during winter extratropical cyclone (ETC) outbreaks in January 2005 off the east coast United States. Validations against marine buoy‐observed surface wind, sea level pressure (SLP), air temperature and sea surface temperature (SST) show decent model skill. Model analyses indicate that the surface wind convergence and the Laplacian of SLP and SST are proportionate on the synoptic time scale. Strong upward vertical motions and ocean heat loss over the GS support rapid ETC intensification. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
The challenge of increasing vitamin C content in plant foods
Authors: Cruz‐Rus Eduardo , Amaya Iraida , Valpuesta Victoriano 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe term “vitamin” is used to define a number of organic compounds that have to be obtained from different foods because the organism itself cannot synthesize them in the quantities needed to sustain life. Vitamin C is the common name for L‐ascorbic acid. In humans, the principal role of this molecule is to scavenge reactive oxygen species, due to its antioxidant capacity, and to serve as cofactor for many enzymes. A deficiency of L‐ascorbic acid is traditionally linked to human diseases such as scurvy. Plant foods are the principal source of L‐ascorbic acid for humans. There is a high variability of L‐ascorbic acid content in the various plant organs that are used for human consumption. This diversity is related to the specific functions played by L‐ascorbic acid in the different plant tissues. The net content of L‐ascorbic acid in plants is determined through a balance of the activities of different biosynthetic, recycling, and catabolic pathways. Here we review the importance of L‐ascorbic acid for human health, the current knowledge on its metabolism and function in plants, and the efforts that have already been made by genetic modification to improve its content in plant organs used for human food. We provide a current and forward looking perspective of how plant science can contribute to improving the L‐ascorbic acid content in crop species using gene transformation, quantitative trait loci and association mapping‐based approaches.
Promoter engineering: Recent advances in controlling transcription at the most fundamental level
Authors: Blazeck John , Alper Hal S. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractSynthetic control of gene expression is critical for metabolic engineering efforts. Specifically, precise control of key pathway enzymes (heterologous or native) can help maximize product formation. The fundamental level of transcriptional control takes place at promoter elements that drive gene expression. Endogenous promoters are limited in that they do not fully sample the complete continuum of transcriptional control, and do not maximize the transcription levels achievable within an organism. To address this issue, several attempts at promoter engineering have shown great promise both in expanding the cell‐wide transcriptional capacity of an organism and in enabling tunable levels of gene expression. Thus, this review highlights the recent advances and approaches for altering gene expression control at the promoter level. Furthermore, we propose that recent advances in the understanding of transcription factors and their DNA‐binding sites will enable rational and predictive control of gene expression.
Aspergilli: Systems biology and industrial applications
Authors: Knuf Christoph , Nielsen Jens 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAspergilli are widely used as cell factories for the production of food ingredients, enzymes and antibiotics. Traditionally, improvement of these cell factories has been done using classical methods, that is, random mutagenesis and screening; however, advances in methods for performing directed genetic modifications has enabled the use of metabolic engineering strategies. Genome sequencing of Aspergilli was originally trailing behind developments in the field of bacteria and yeasts, but with the recent availability of genome sequences for several industrially relevant Aspergilli, it has become possible to implement systems biology tools to advance metabolic engineering. These tools include genome‐wide transcription analysis and genome‐scale metabolic models. Herein, we review achievements in the field and highlight the impact of Aspergillus systems biology on industrial biotechnology.
A Novel Approach to the Discovery of Small‐Molecule Ligands of CDK2
Authors: Martin Mathew P. , Alam Riazul , Betzi Stephane , Ingles Donna J. , Zhu Jin‐Yi , Schönbrunn Ernst 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIn an attempt to identify novel small‐molecule ligands of cyclin‐dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) with potential as allosteric inhibitors, we have devised a robust and cost‐effective fluorescence‐based high‐throughput screening assay. The assay is based on the specific interaction of CDK2 with the extrinsic fluorophore 8‐anilino‐1‐naphthalene sulfonate (ANS), which binds to a large allosteric pocket adjacent to the ATP site. Hit compounds that displace ANS directly or indirectly from CDK2 are readily classified as ATP site binders or allosteric ligands through the use of staurosporine, which blocks the ATP site without displacing ANS. Pilot screening of 1453 compounds led to the discovery of 12 compounds with displacement activities (EC50 values) ranging from 6 to 44 μM, all of which were classified as ATP‐site‐directed ligands. Four new type I inhibitor scaffolds were confirmed by X‐ray crystallography. Although this small compound library contained only ATP‐site‐directed ligands, the application of this assay to large compound libraries has the potential to reveal previously unrecognized chemical scaffolds suitable for structure‐based design of CDK2 inhibitors with new mechanisms of action.