bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heritability of Sr‐89 and Ca‐45 Accumulation in Barley Seedlings1
Authors: Fick Gerhardt N. , Rasmusson Donald C. 
Published: July 2010

Heritability of Sr‐89 and Ca‐45 accumulation in seedling plants was studied in two crosses of barley. Seedling plants of parent, F1, F2, F3, and F4 generations were grown in nutrient solution containing Sr‐89 and Ca‐45. Broad sense heritability estimates for Sr‐89 and Ca‐45 accumulation in the F2 generation of the two crosses ranged from 36% to 58%. Estimates of heritability in the F3 generation as obtained from the correlation of F3 with F4, lines were 55% and 50% for Sr‐89 accumulation and 49% and 41% for Ca‐45. These estimates are sufficiently large to indicate that selection for high or low Sr‐89 and Ca‐45 accumulation would be effective on a single plant basis in F2 and on the line basis in F3. Actual gains in FF4 from hypothetical selection in FF3 were substantial and similar to those predicted, particularly when selection was for low Sr‐89 and low Ca‐45 accumulation.Differences among lines in the ratio of Sr‐89/Ca‐45 were not heritable in the F3 generation. Accumulation of Sr‐89 and Ca‐45 was highly correlated in the F3 and F4 generations. Thus, the data indicate a close relationship between Sr‐89 and Ca‐45 accumulation in the populations studied.
Phenotypic Stability in Soybean Populations1
Authors: Smith R. R. , Byth D. E. , Caldwell B. E. , Weber C. R. 
Published: July 2010

Phenotypic stability of various soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) genotypes to a series of environments investigated by computing, for each genotype, a linear regression of yield onto the mean of all genotypes for each environment. Genotypes expressing above average stability were influenced less by changing environmental conditions. Low deviations from regression tended to be associated with regression coefficients below 1.0.A positive association was observed between mean homogeneous daughter line and heterogeneous maternal line performance. However, heterogeneous, homozygous lines responded less radically to environmental changes than corresponding homogeneous, homozygous lines.
Preliminary Investigation on the Reproductive and Morphological Behavior of Several Selections of Colonial Bentgrass, Agrostis tenuis, Sibth.1
Authors: Dudeck A. E. , Duich J. M. 
Published: July 2010

The purpose of this investigation was to determine if a systematic program of inbreeding and selection is a practical method of breeding colonial bentgrass, Agrostis tenuis Sibth. Inbreeding effects were investigated in 95 parental selections having open‐pollinated origins in Oregon and in 277 first inbred generation progenies. Self‐ and open‐pollinated seed‐setting, self‐fertility, pollen quality and the creeping habit of growth were studied.The results of this experiment indicate that it is possible to obtain highly vigorous second generation inbred plants. Inbreeding and selection within inbred lines is a practical method for breeding colonial bentgrass. Most plants were observed to spread by means of determinate stolons which originated as determinate rhizomes.
Effect of Nitrogen on Accumulation of Ketone Bodies in Orchardgrass1
Authors: McKee W. H. 
Published: July 2010

Two experiments were conducted in a growth chamber to study effects of carbohydrate reserves, nitrogen fertilization, and carbohydrate intermediates on accumulation of ketone bodies and carbohydrate depletion in orchardgrass stubble.Acetate as a ketone body precursor caused a marked increase in ketone body levels, especially with low as compared with high carbohydrate reserves. When glucose was added a further drop in the ketone body level occurred. Ketone body levels varied with nitrogen and carbohydrate reserves in the stubble in a second experiment. There was an inverse relationship between reducing sugars and the amount of ketone bodies extracted from the stubble for low carbohydrate reserve treatments. Ketone body contents did not vary with treatments for plants high in carbohydrate reserves.
Effects of Genetic Heterogeneity Within Two Soybean Populations I. Variability Within Environments and Stability Across Environments1
Authors: Byth D. E. , Weber C. R. 
Published: July 2010

Two random and unselected populations of genetically heterogeneous F2‐derived, and homogeneouls F2‐derived soybean lines were evaluated for nine agronomic and chemical characters in three environments in F6‐F7 generations. Average performance of the heterogeneous and homogeneous lines was equal across environments for all traits except maturity and plant height, which were possibly overestimated in heterogeneous populations.F2‐derived lines revealed greater phenotypic stability across environments than F2derived lines. This was related to the degree of genetic heterogeneity within F2‐derived lines, while genetic uniformity within F5‐derived lines resulted in large genotype ✕ environment interactions in all characters. Also, homeostatic effects due to heterogeneity within a line were shown by lower variance among heterogeneous F2‐derived lines than for homogeneous F5‐derived lines for all characters in all environments.Implications in selection procedures of homeostatic effects within and across environments resulting from heterogeneity within relatively homozygous soybean lines were discussed.
Further Evidence on Testcross Versus Line Performance in Maize1
Authors: Lonnquist John H. 
Published: July 2010

A total of 169 S1 lines out of KrugIII synthetic were evaluated as (1) lines per se, (2) testcrosses to an unrelated tester, and (3) testcrosses to the parental population. The three highest‐ and three lowest‐yielding from each of the three evaluation series were used to study their intercross behaviour. The 18 lines were intercrossed. Composites of HH, HL, and LL crosses within each set of 6 lines and crosses between sets (H1H1, H1L1, L1H1 and L1L1) provided the material for test evaluation in 1965‐66. In each evluation series the superior lines [>(p̄ + σp)] had been selected to form new cycle populations. These populations (Cycle IV) together with the parental, KIII synthetic, were included in the performance trials.The LL, HL, and HH groups from line per se selections exhibited a linear trend for yield. Selection on the basis of an unrelated tester resulted in the HL group ≥ the HH group. Intercrosses of lines selected on the basis of the parental population as the tester exhibited a linear yield trend but with evidence of partial dominance for high yield. Highest yields resulted from intercrosses of lines selected on the basis of performance in testcrosses with the parental population.With respect to the newly derived populations, that based upon selection from testcrosses with the parental population (KIV‐3) exhibited a 15% increase in yield relative to KIII synthetic. Line per se selection resulted in a 4% gain in yield, whereas no gain resulted from selection based upon evaluation in testcrosses with the unrelated tester parent.
Total Available Carbohydrates in Roots of Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop.) and Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) when Grown Under Several Management Regimes1
Authors: Cooper C. S. , Watson C. A. 
Published: July 2010

Total available carbohydrate (TAC) in roots of alfalfa (Medicogo sotiva L.) and sainfoin (Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop.) was measured throughout the growing season when plants were left uncut or cut two, three, and four times. TAC in roots of uncut alfalfa declined with the advent of spring growth, increased to a peak at 1/10 bloom, declined again with new growth, and then increased to a stable level in late summer and fall. In contrast, TAC in roots of uncut sainfoin decreased until flowering and then increased until seed had matured. New basal shoot growth did not occur during this period. At seed maturity, new basal shoot growth was accompanied by a slight decrease in root TAC followed by an increase and stabilization of TACle vel in early fall.Whenc cut two, three, or four times, TACin roots of alfalfa followed a typical pattern of accumulation and utilization. TAC in roots of sainfoin showed less cyclic fluctuation with cutting and remained at low levels until late summer and early fall. It was hypothesized that following the use of TAC reserves in early spring, growth of sainfoin depends primarily upon carbohydrates synthesized in existing leaf area.
Polyethylene versus Glassine Shoot Bags in Pollination of Corn (Zea mays L.)1
Authors: Tsangarakis C. Z. , Fleming A. A. 
Published: July 2010

Individual plant data from 300 single‐cross plants consisting of 10 replications were used. Of the eight characteristics studied, the glassine bags were significantly better than the polyethylene bags with respect to the following: 1) moisture inside the bag one day before pollination; 2) moisture inside the bag on day of pollination; 3) number of kernels per ear; and 4) distribution of kernels per ear.A significantly better rating was obtained for condition of bags on the day of pollination than on one day before pollination within the polyethylene treatment. The better rating is attributed to silk growth during the interval.The simple correlation value of ‐.45** indicated that an increase in the amount of moistiire inside the shoot bag caused a decrease in number of Kernels. Ears under glassine bags produced 14.40 kernels more per ear than those under polyethylene. Moisture inside the bag and length of silks were negatively correlated (r = ‐.23**). An r value of +.27** was obtained between length of silks and number of kernels per ear. Bags standing upright on the shoot had less moisture (r = ‐‐.21*).
Anatomical Phenomena in Seedlings of Sorghum Varieties Resistant to the Sorghum Shoot Fly (Atherigona varia soccata)1
Authors: Blum A. 
Published: July 2010

Five varieties of sorghum resistant to the sorghum shoot fly were compared to a susceptible variety as to some anatomical characters which were expected to contribute towards the mechanical resistance of seedlings to penetration by the shoot fly larvae.All resistant varieties (but not the susceptible one) were characterizcd by a distinct lignification and thickness of the walls of cells enclosing the vascular bundle sheaths within the central whorl of young leaves. The resistant varieties, as compared to the susceptible one, possessed a much greater density of silica bodies (dumbbell‐shaped, intercostal and silicified prickle hairs) in the abaxial epidermis at the base of the first, second, and third leaf sheaths. The density increased from the first to the third leaf sheath. No differences were found between varieties in the mean density of vascular bundles within the leaf sheath, the mean number of fibers per bundle, or the amount of leaf sheath surface cuticular wax per unit area.
Varietal Stability of Finnish Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.), White Clover (T. repens L.) and Alsike Clover (T. hybridum L.) from Seed Produced in Israel1
Authors: Dovrat A. , Valle O. , Waldman Miriam 
Published: July 2010

Seed of Finnish Tepa tetraploid red clover, diploid Tammisto white clover, diploid Tammisto and tetraploid Iso alsike clovers was multiplied for two generations in Israel. Changes in the varietal populations were evaluated concurrently in Finland (approx. 60°N) and in Israel (approx. 32°N).The percentage of flowering plants in the original population was generally lower and the period of time over which individual plants started to flower was longer in Israel than in Finland. The first‐generation progeny of most varieties showed an increase in the number of early‐flowering plants compared to the original seed. This was most pronounced in Tammisto alsike clover in Israel. Seed harvested from the second year stand tended to be less affected than that harvested in the seedling year, depending on the time of harvest. The second‐generation progeny produced from the varieties showed also in many cases an increase in the number of early‐flowering plants. The shift was most pronounced in the first harvest year seed lots of Tepa red clover and Tammisto white clover. On the other hand, only a slight increase in early types was found in the second generation progenies of Tammisto and Iso alsike clovers. All Tammisto white clover seed lots overwintered similarly.Conclusions drawn from the evaluation trials of identical seed lots in the area of seed growing (Israel) were fairly similar to those from the area of forage adaptation (Finland), except in diploid Tammisto alsike clover in which the shift to earliness was more pronounced in the evaluation in Israel than in Finland.
Inheritance in the Oat Strain C.I. 3034 of Adult Plant Resistance to Race C 10 of Stem Rust1
Authors: McKenzie R. I. H. , Martens J. W. 
Published: July 2010

Genetic studies show that ‘C.I. 3034’ has a major incompletely recessive gene, pg‐ll, for adult plant resistance to race C 10 (6AF) of oat stem rust. Gene pg‐H confers a moderate level of resistance that may be enhanced by one or more modifying genes. The presence of the seedling resistance gene Pg‐1 in C.I. 3034 is confirmed. There is no close linkage of pg‐11 with the seedling resistance genes Pg‐2, Pg‐3 and Pg‐4.Resistance to race C 10 conferred by pg‐11 appears to be closely associated with a yellow‐green plant color. Whether the association is due to linkage or to pleiotrophy is unknown.
Quantitative Gene Action in Tetraploid Alfalfa1
Authors: Yazdi‐Samadi Bahman , Stanford E. H. 
Published: July 2010

Two different populations of tetraploid alfalfa, Medicago spp., were studied to determine the action of genes controlling three quantitative traits: plant height, dry weigh, and number of stems per plant. One population consisted of clones from four alfalfa varieties and their self, single, three‐way, and double‐cross hybrid progenies. The same mating system was used for a second population using clones from four species of alfalfa, all belonging to the M. sativa‐M, falcata complex.Evidence for interallelic and/or intra‐allelic interactions was obtained by comparing parental clones with their progenies and by comparing observed and theoretical means of the hybrids. In the first population, hybrids were taller and heavier and had more stems than their parents, indicating multiple allelic and/or epistatic interactions. Also, the majority of observed means of hybrids were larger than their theoretical means, indicating favorable interactions of genes. In the second population, observed means were larger than theoretical means in only half of the crosses. We believe this was due to unfavorable interactions of genes brought into the smaller hybrids by parents of very diverse origin.Theoretically, in an autotetraploid system, double crosses provide the maximum opportunity for obtaining favorable intra‐allelic and inter‐allelic interactions. In most instances in this study, the double‐cross hybrids outperformed other hybrids and parent clones in weight per plant.
Internode Length in Normal and Brachytic‐2 Maize Inbreds and Single Crosses1
Authors: Scott Gene E. , Campbell C. M. 
Published: July 2010

Internode lengths of brachytic‐2 (dwarf) inbreds of corn, Zea mays L., were shorter than their normal counterparts. The number of internodes was also less.The normal ✕ dwarf (N ✕ D) single crosses were approximately 10% shorter than the normal ✕ normal (N ✕ N) crosses both below and above the ear. The dwarf ✕ dwarf (D ✕ D) crosses were only 55 and 71% as tall as the N ✕ N crosses below and above the ear, respectively. Nearly all internodes were affected by the brachytic‐2 gene.Total plant height of dwarf single crosses was reduced by delayed planting, but the number of internodes was increased. Internode number increased more below than above the ear. All internodes, except the lowest two internodes, were reduced in length by the delay in planting date.
A Diallel Analysis of Several Fiber Property Traits in Upland Cotton (Gossypium birsutum L.) II1
Authors: Verhalen Laval M. , Murray Jay C. 
Published: July 2010

Diallel analyses of upper 2.5% span length, micronaire, 1/8‐inch gauge stelometer, and 0‐inch gauge stelometer were conducted on 10 selected varieties of upland cotton, Gossyplum hirsutum L., the 45 possible F1 crosses among them, and their 45 F2 progenies using the procedure of Jinks and Hayman. A partial failure of the basic assumptions of the analysis was noted for each trait though the stelo meter measurements more nearly fulfilled the assumptions than did length or micronaire.Fiber length and strength appeared to be governed by a weighted overall degree of dominance that was partial in nature. The degree of dominance for micronaire appeared to be in the overdominance range.Based on the relative size of their heritability estimates, mass selection should be an effective breeding method for improving fiber length and strength in this material though it should be slightly more effective for strength than for length. Pedigrees, sib tests, and/or progeny tests may be necessary to improve micronaire.The reliability of diallel estimates made on F1 populations from one year to the next at the same location was studied. Comparisons between F1 and F3 estimates were also made. Specific similarities and differences are discussed in the body of this paper.
Varietal Effects in Soybean Photosynthesis and Photorespiration1
Authors: Curtis P. E. , Ogren W. L. , Hageman R. H. 
Published: July 2010

The rate of photosynthesis for seedlings of 36 varieties of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] ranged from 12 mg CO2 assimilated dm−2 hr−1 in ‘Patterson’ to 24 mg CO2 dm−2 hr−1 in ‘Richland’ at saturating light intensity, determined to be 43 kilolux. Comparing the photosynthetic rate and average seed yield of several varieties indicates that varietal yield differences are not caused by differences in photosynthetic rate, although in some instances yield can be related to total photosynthate production. The photosynthetic rate of ‘Wayne’ seedlings was identical when grown in vermiculite, in sterilized soil, or in soils of medium and high productivity.The photosynthetic rates in air are 5 to 6 mg CO2 dm−2 hr−1 less than the rates obtained in a low oxygen atmosphere. Calculations based on photosynthetic rates and compensation points indicate that slightly more than onehalf of the decrease in photosynthesis in air is due to photorespiration, and that the remainder is due to an oxygen inhibition of photosynthesis. The compensation point at 43 kilolux was approximately 40 ppm CO2 for all varieties tested. Analysis of leaf extracts for glycolate oxidase activity indicated no correlation with photorespiratory activities, suggesting that although this enzyme may be required for photorespiration, it is not the limiting factor.
Effect of Stigma Mutilation on Oat Seed Set1
Authors: McDaniel M. E. , Hathcock B. R. , McDonald D. J. 
Published: July 2010

The effect of deliberate stigma mutilation on seed set of oats (Arena spp.) was investigated. Portions of one or both stigma branches were removed in the three mutilation treatments used in both self‐pollination and approach‐cross experiments. Minor stigma damage had little effect, while more severe damage caused significant reductions in seed set under the conditions of high humidity and moderate temperatures prevailing during these studies. Even in the most severe treatment, in which an entire stigma branch was removed, the seed set on approach crosses averaged 58.7% for 228 mutilated florets, which would be considered “good” by most oat breeders.These results indicate that minor accidental damage to stigmas during emasculation probably has little effect on the success obtained under conditions favorable for hybridization. Other factors such as temperature and humidity undoubtedly are more important.
Components of Test Weight in Soft Wheat1
Authors: Yamazaki W. T. , Briggle L. W. 
Published: July 2010

Kernel density, a component of test weight, is not associated with variety when considering Eastern soft wheats Triticum aestivum L. em Thell. (aestivum group), but seems to be related to environment. Air spaces within the grain appear to be a major factor in determining kernel density.Packing efficiency (the percent of bulk volume occupied by grain), the second component of test weight, is associated with variety. Grain shape and surface characteristics such as humping, dorsal or lateral depressions, and wrinkling, cause variations in void space ratio; hence they directly affect random packing efficiency.These conclusions were based on results with normal, well‐filled grain; any appreciable shriveling of grain confounds varietal and environmental effects.
Selection for Baking Quality in Early Generations of a Lemhi ✕ Thatcher Wheat Cross1
Authors: McNeal F. H. , Berg M. A. , Watson C. A. , Koch E. J. 
Published: July 2010

Populations from a ‘Lemhi’ ✕ ‘Thatcher’ wheat cross, Triticum aestivum L., planted in 1963 and 1965 were evaluated for various aspects of flour quality. The 1963 and 1965 data, together with those obtained in 1959, 1960 and 1961 were considered in evaluating the usefulness of early‐generation testing. For evaluation purposes, the 15 best quality lines from an F3 population grown in 1959 became Selected Population I, while 15 lines chosen at random from the same F3 population became the Unselected Population; a new Selected Population containing the 15 best quality lines from the Unselected Population was then obtained each succeeding year that the test was run.In 1965, the best 15 lines from Selected Population I exceeded the best 15 lines from the Unselected Population on the farinograph by 1.0% for absorption, 123.0% for peak, 109.6% for stability, and 34.8% for valorimeter. An increase in wheat protein of 1.3% (8.9% more) of Selected Population I over the Unselected Population in 1965 was due to association with one or more of the farinograph characteristics.Selection in F3 (Selected Population I) gave the highest average farinograph values, and for each generation that selection was delayed there was a reduction in these values. The data suggest that early generation selection for agronomic characteristics should be accompanied by selection for milling and baking quality to prevent loss of high quality lines.The fact that lines were obtained which exceeded both parents in selected quality traits suggests that vigorous selection in early generations of genetically diverse crosses may be productive in increasing flour quality of lines in breeding programs.
Organic Reserves, Axillary Bud Activity, and Herbage Yields of Smooth Bromegrass as Influenced by Time of Cutting, Nitrogen Fertilization, and Shading1
Authors: Paulsen Gary M. , Smith Dale 
Published: July 2010

Smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) was sampled at eight stages of spring growth for percentages of total available carbohydrates (TAC) and total N in the storage organs, weight of storage organs, number of tillers per plant, and number and activity of tillers developed in vitro by basal axillary buds. Results were compared with regrowth produced 7 weeks after each spring harvest under treatments of N fertilizer, shading, and association with alfalfa.Percentage TAC, weight of storage organs, and activity of the basal axillary buds generally increased as bromegrass advanced from young tillering to late maturity stages of growth. Percentage total N in storage organs was highest in young tillering plants, declined until the plants headed, and then increased. Tiller numbers per plant decreased from young tillering to headed growth stages and then remained constant. Number of active axillary buds on bromegrass declined until plants headed and then increased.Percentage TAC, weight of storage organs, and number of tillers per plant at the time of the spring harvests had little association with the amount of regrowth produced after 7 weeks. Number of axillary buds and their activity were more closely associated with regrowth, and total N concentration in the storage organs and regrowth were positively correlated under all treatments.