bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do Labor Market Imperfections Increase Trade Protection? A Theoretical Investigation
Authors: Matschke Xenia 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Labor market imperfections are commonly believed to be a major reason for imposing trade impediments. In this paper, I introduce labor market rigidities that are prevalent in continental European countries into the well-known protection for sale model proposed by Grossman and Helpman (1994). I show that contrary to commonly held views, imperfections in the labor market do not necessarily increase equilibrium trade protection. A testable equilibrium trade protection equation is also derived. The findings in this paper are hence particularly relevant for empirical tests of trade policy determinants in economies with more regulated labor markets.
Elimination of Negative Feedback Control Mechanisms Along the Insulin Signaling Pathway Improves β-Cell Function Under Stress
Authors: Gurevitch Diana , Boura-Halfon Sigalit , Isaac Roi , Shahaf Galit , Alberstein Moti , Ronen Denise , Lewis Eli C. , Zick Yehiel 
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE
Cellular stress and proinflammatory cytokines induce phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins at Ser sites that inhibit insulin and IGF-1 signaling. Here, we examined the role of Ser phosphorylation of IRS-2 in mediating the inhibitory effects of proinflammatory cytokines and cellular stress on β-cell function.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Five potential inhibitory Ser sites located proximally to the P-Tyr binding domain of IRS-2 were mutated to Ala. These IRS-2 mutants, denoted IRS-25A, and their wild-type controls (IRS-2WT) were introduced into adenoviral constructs that were infected into Min6 cells or into cultured murine islets.

RESULTS
When expressed in cultured mouse islets, IRS-25A was better than IRS-2WT in protecting β-cells from apoptosis induced by a combination of IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and Fas ligand. Cytokine-treated islets expressing IRS25A secreted significantly more insulin in response to glucose than did islets expressing IRS-2WT. This could be attributed to the higher transcription of Pdx1 in cytokine-treated islets that expressed IRS-25A. Accordingly, transplantation of 200 islets expressing IRS25A into STZ-induced diabetic mice restored their ability to respond to a glucose load similar to naïve mice. In contrast, mice transplanted with islets expressing IRS2WT maintained sustained hyperglycemia 3 days after transplantation.

CONCLUSIONS
Elimination of a physiological negative feedback control mechanism along the insulin-signaling pathway that involves Ser/Thr phosphorylation of IRS-2 affords protection against the adverse effects of proinflammatory cytokines and improves β-cell function under stress. Genetic approaches that promote IRS25A expression in pancreatic β-cells, therefore, could be considered a rational treatment against β-cell failure after islet transplantation.
Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide May Enhance Fatty Acid Re-esterification in Subcutaneous Abdominal Adipose Tissue in Lean Humans
Authors: Asmar Meena , Simonsen Lene , Madsbad Sten , Stallknecht Bente , Holst Jens Juul , Bülow Jens 
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) has been implicated in lipid metabolism in animals. In humans, however, there is no clear evidence of GIP effecting lipid metabolism. The present experiments were performed in order to elucidate the effects of GIP on regional adipose tissue metabolism.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Eight healthy subjects were studied on four different occasions. Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue metabolism was assessed by measuring arterio-venous concentration differences and regional adipose tissue blood flow during GIP (1.5 pmol/kg/min) or saline infused intravenously alone or in combination with a hyperinsulinemic-hyperglycemic (HI-HG) clamp.

RESULTS
During GIP and HI-HG clamp, abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue blood flow, hydrolysis of circulating triacylglycerol (TAG) (P = 0.009), and glucose uptake (P = 0.03) increased significantly while free fatty acid (FFA) output (P = 0.04) and FFA/glycerol release ratio (P = 0.02) decreased compared with saline and HI-HG clamp.

CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, GIP in combination with hyperinsulinemia and slight hyperglycemia increased adipose tissue blood flow, glucose uptake, and FFA re-esterification, thus resulting in increased TAG deposition in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue.
Inflammatory Tendencies and Overproduction of IL-17 in the Colon of Young NOD Mice Are Counteracted With Diet Change
Authors: Alam Catharina , Valkonen Suvi , Palagani Vindhya , Jalava Jari , Eerola Erkki , Hänninen Arno 
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVEDietary factors influence diabetes development in the NOD mouse. Diet affects the composition of microbiota in the distal intestine, which may subsequently influence intestinal immune homeostasis. However, the specific effects of antidiabetogenic diets on gut immunity and the explicit associations between intestinal immune disruption and type 1 diabetes onset remain unclear.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSGut microbiota of NOD mice fed a conventional diet or ProSobee formula were compared using gas chromatography. Colonic lamina propria immune cells were characterized in terms of activation markers, cytokine mRNA and Th17 and Foxp3+ T-cell numbers, using real-time PCR and flow cytometry. Activation of diabetogenic CD4 T-cells by purified B-cells was assessed in both groups. Immune tolerance to autologous commensal bacteria was evaluated in vitro using thymidine-incorporation tests.RESULTSYoung NOD mice showed a disturbed tolerance to autologous commensal bacteria. Increased numbers of activated CD4 T-cells and (CD11b+CD11c+) dendritic cells and elevated levels of Th17 cells and IL23 mRNA were moreover observed in colon lamina propria. These phenomena were abolished when mice were fed an antidiabetogenic diet. The antidiabetogenic diet also altered the expression levels of costimulatory molecules and the capacity of peritoneal B-cells to induce insulin-specific CD4 T-cell proliferation.CONCLUSIONSYoung NOD mice show signs of subclinical colitis, but the symptoms are alleviated by a diet change to an antidiabetogenic diet. Disrupted immune tolerance in the distal intestine may influence peritoneal cell pools and B-cell–mediated activation of diabetogenic T-cells.
Brain Insulin Action Regulates Hypothalamic Glucose Sensing and the Counterregulatory Response to Hypoglycemia
Authors: Diggs-Andrews Kelly A. , Zhang Xuezhao , Song Zhentao , Daphna-Iken Dorit , Routh Vanessa H. , Fisher Simon J. 
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE
An impaired ability to sense and appropriately respond to insulin-induced hypoglycemia is a common and serious complication faced by insulin-treated diabetic patients. This study tests the hypothesis that insulin acts directly in the brain to regulate critical glucose-sensing neurons in the hypothalamus to mediate the counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
To delineate insulin actions in the brain, neuron-specific insulin receptor knockout (NIRKO) mice and littermate controls were subjected to graded hypoglycemic (100, 70, 50, and 30 mg/dl) hyperinsulinemic (20 mU/kg/min) clamps and nonhypoglycemic stressors (e.g., restraint, heat). Subsequently, counterregulatory responses, hypothalamic neuronal activation (with transcriptional marker c-fos), and regional brain glucose uptake (via 14C-2deoxyglucose autoradiography) were measured. Additionally, electrophysiological activity of individual glucose-inhibited neurons and hypothalamic glucose sensing protein expression (GLUTs, glucokinase) were measured.

RESULTS
NIRKO mice revealed a glycemia-dependent impairment in the sympathoadrenal response to hypoglycemia and demonstrated markedly reduced (3-fold) hypothalamic c-fos activation in response to hypoglycemia but not other stressors. Glucose-inhibited neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus of NIRKO mice displayed significantly blunted glucose responsiveness (membrane potential and input resistance responses were blunted 66 and 80%, respectively). Further, hypothalamic expression of the insulin-responsive GLUT 4, but not glucokinase, was reduced by 30% in NIRKO mice while regional brain glucose uptake remained unaltered.

CONCLUSIONS
Chronically, insulin acts in the brain to regulate the counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia by directly altering glucose sensing in hypothalamic neurons and shifting the glycemic levels necessary to elicit a normal sympathoadrenal response.
Systematic review of the use of pheromones for treatment of undesirable behavior in cats and dogs
Authors: Frank Diane , Beauchamp Guy , Palestrini Clara 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Objective—To systematically review the scientific literature to identify, assess the quality of, and determine outcomes of studies conducted to evaluate the use of pheromones for treatment of undesirable behavior in cats and dogs.
Design—Systematic review.
Study Population—Reports of prospective studies published from January 1998 through December 2008.
Procedures—The MEDLINE and CAB Abstracts databases were searched with the following key terms: dog OR dogs OR canine OR cat OR cats OR feline AND pheromone OR synthetic pheromone OR facial pheromone OR appeasing pheromone. A date limit was set from 1998 through 2008. Identified reports for dogs (n = 7) and cats (7) were systematically reviewed.
Results—Studies provided insufficient evidence of the effectiveness of feline facial pheromone for management of idiopathic cystitis or calming cats during catheterization and lack of support for reducing stress in hospitalized cats. Only 1 study yielded sufficient evidence that dog-appeasing pheromone reduces fear or anxiety in dogs during training. Six studies yielded insufficient evidence of the effectiveness of dog-appeasing pheromone for treatment of noise phobia (2 reports), travel-related problems, fear or anxiety in the veterinary clinic, and stress- and fear-related behavior in shelter dogs as well as vocalizing and house soiling in recently adopted puppies.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—11 of the 14 reports reviewed provided insufficient evidence and 1 provided lack of support for effectiveness of pheromones for the treatment of undesirable behavior in cats and dogs.
Prevalence of protective antibody titers for canine distemper virus and canine parvovirus in dogs entering a Florida animal shelter
Authors: Lechner Elizabeth S. , Crawford P. Cynda , Levy Julie K. , Edinboro Charlotte H. , Dubovi Edward J. , Caligiuri Randy 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Objective—To determine the proportion of dogs entering an animal shelter with protective antibody titers (PATs) for canine distemper virus (CDV) and canine parvovirus (CPV) and identify factors associated with having a PAT.
Design—Cross-sectional study.
Animals—431 dogs admitted to an open-admission municipal animal shelter in north central Florida with a history of infectious disease outbreaks.
Procedures—Blood was collected from dogs on the day of admission to the shelter. Antibody titers for CDV and CPV were measured by virus neutralization and hemagglutination inhibition, respectively. Age, sex, neuter status, address of origin, source (stray or previously owned), health status (healthy or not healthy), and outcome (adoption, euthanasia, or reclaimed by owner) data were also collected.
Results—Overall, 64.5% (278/431) of dogs had insufficient titers for antibodies against CDV, CPV, or both. A total of 153 (35.5%) dogs had PATs for both CDV and CPV, 33 (7.7%) had PATs for CDV but not CPV, 136 (31.5%) had PATs for CPV but not CDV, and 109 (25.3%) did not have PATs for either virus. Older dogs were more likely to have PATs for CDV and CPV. Neutered dogs were more likely to have PATs for CDV. Factors not associated with having a PAT included source, health status, and type of community from which the dog originated.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Most dogs had insufficient antibody titers for CDV, CPV, or both at the time of admission to the animal shelter. Findings support current guidelines recommending vaccination of all dogs immediately upon admission to shelters, regardless of source or physical condition.
Complications associated with use of subcutaneous vascular access ports in cats and dogs undergoing fractionated radiotherapy: 172 cases (1996–2007)
Authors: Culp William T. N. , Mayhew Philipp D. , Reese Michael S. , Duda Lili , Glassman Mathieu M. , Brown Dorothy C. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Objective—To describe complications associated with use of a subcutaneous vascular access port (SVAP) in cats and dogs treated with fractionated radiotherapy and to determine predisposing factors for developing these complications.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—46 cats and 126 dogs.
Procedures—The medical records of cats and dogs undergoing radiation therapy that received placement of an SVAP between March 1996 and August 2007 were reviewed. Data were recorded and analyzed to determine factors for development of complications associated with the use of an SVAP during treatment with fractionated radiotherapy.
Results—18 and 36 major and minor complications were identified, respectively. Sex and the lack of administration of propofol during anesthesia induction were significantly associated with development of major complications. Female cats and dogs were 5.00 times as likely as male cats and dogs to develop major complications associated with SVAP usage. Animals in which propofol was not administered were 19.15 times as likely as animals administered propofol to develop major complications. Placement of SVAP catheters in a femoral vein was 17.20 times as likely as placement in the jugular vein to result in minor complications.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Factors associated with the development of complications included sex, propofol administration, and vein in which an SVAP catheter was inserted. The use of an SVAP may be a useful alternative to repeated catheterizations in cats and dogs.
Demographic characteristics of horses donated to the North Carolina State University Equine Health Center, 1996–2008
Authors: Bowman Susan G. , Marshall John F. , Blikslager Anthony T. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Objective—To determine demographic characteristics of horses donated to the North Carolina State University Equine Health Center (EHC) between 1996 and 2008.
Design—Retrospective cohort study.
Animals—122 horses donated to the EHC between January 1996 and December 2008, and 246 horses offered for donation to the EHC between January 2007 and December 2008.
Procedures—Telephone and medical records were examined. Data were collected in 5 categories: age, sex, breed, reason for donation, and use prior to donation.
Results—From January 1996 through December 2008, 122 horses were donated to the EHC (median, 3 horses/y; range, 0 to 39 horses/y). There were 131 and 115 horses offered for donation during 2007 and 2008, respectively, of which 38 and 23 were accepted. Mean ± SD age of horses offered for donation during 2007 and 2008 was 12.7 ± 6.7 years, with 75 of the 246 (30.5%) horses between 6 and 10 years old. Musculoskeletal disease was the most commonly listed reason horses were offered for donation (115/240 [47.9%]).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that unwanted horses donated to the EHC between 1996 and 2008 spanned a wide range of ages and breeds and included both males and females. The most common reason given for unwanted horses offered for donation during 2007 and 2008 was musculoskeletal disease, with degenerative joint disease, lameness of undetermined cause, laminitis, and navicular disease being the most common musculoskeletal conditions.
Geographic, farm, and animal factors associated with multiple antimicrobial resistance in fecal Escherichia coli isolates from cattle in the western United States
Authors: Berge Anna C. , Hancock Dale D. , Sischo William M. , Besser Thomas E. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Objective—To describe geographic, farm-type, and animal-type factors associated with multiple antimicrobial resistance (MAR) in fecal Escherichia coli isolates from cattle.
Design—Cross-sectional field study.
Sample Population—1,736 fecal samples from cattle on 38 farms in California, Oregon, and Washington.
Procedures—Fecal samples were collected from preweaned calves (2 to 4 weeks old) and cows that recently calved on dairy and beef cow-calf farms, preweaned calves on calf ranches, and 1-year-old steers on feedlots. One fecal E coli isolate per sample was isolated, and antimicrobial susceptibility was tested. Escherichia coli isolates were initially clustered by antimicrobial resistance patterns and categorized by number of antimicrobial resistances. A generalized estimating equations cumulative logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with an increase in MAR in fecal E coli isolates from cattle.
Results—MAR was higher in E coli isolates from cattle in California, compared with those from cattle in Washington or Oregon. Multiple antimicrobial resistance was highest in E coli isolates from calves on calf ranches and progressively lower in isolates from feedlot steers, dairy cattle, and beef cattle. Multiple antimicrobial resistance was higher in E coli isolates from calves than from adult cattle, in E coli isolates from cattle of conventional farms than of organic farms, and in isolates from beef cattle in intensive dairy farm regions than from beef cattle distant from dairy farm regions.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—MAR in fecal E coli isolates from cattle was influenced by factors not directly associated with the use of antimicrobials, including geographic region, animal age, and purpose (beef vs dairy).
Efficient and solvent-free synthesis of 1-amidoalkyl-2-naphthols using N,N,N’,N’-tetrabromobenzene-1,3-disulfonamide
Authors: Ghorbani-Vaghei Ramin , Malaekehpour Seyedeh 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
N,N,N,’N’-Tetrabromobenzene-1,3-disulfonamide [TBBDA] is found to be a reusable catalyst for efficient synthesis of various amidoalkyl naphthols from β-naphthol, aromatic aldehydes and urea in good to high yields under solvent-free conditions.
Removal of cadmium and copper ions by Trichosporon cutaneum R57 cells immobilized onto polyvinyl alcohol/tetraethoxysilane hybrid matrices
Authors: Bryaskova Rayna , Georgieva Nelly , Peshev Dimitar 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) hybrid materials were prepared by sol-gel methods and tested as matrices for immobilization of Trichosporon cutaneum R57, capable of removing cadmium and copper ions from aqueous solutions. A kinetic model was applied and the effects of matrix TEOS content on the copper and cadmium uptake equilibria and rate constants were investigated.
The effect of the valence nucleons off the shells with Z = 82 and N = 126 on rotational characteristics of actinide nuclei
Authors: Kaczmarczyk Maria 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Our earlier results obtained for moments of inertia (M) in the case of 54 rotational level bands built on the ground state of actinide nuclei are taken for further analysis. In the current paper, resulting dynamic rotational characteristics, such as a
0, a
1, s
0 and the R
4/2 parameter, are studied from the standpoint of their dependence on the valence nucleon number product N
p
N
n and on the variable P = N
p
N
n/(N
p + N
n). New features of the nuclei deformation phenomenon in the actinide area arise when their dynamic rotational characteristics, mentioned above, are plotted in such a way as shown in the current work. The method of analysis presented here makes it possible to reveal nuclei with valence nucleon numbers for which the nuclear interactions are notable and those in which they are inconspicuous. E. g. when N
p
N
n < 200 and P < 6 the strength of nuclear interaction gradually decreases with the increase of these variables. The strength of the nuclear interaction does not change significantly for N
p
N
n > 200 and P > 6 — the rotational characteristics stabilise. Moreover, it is possible to establish the P variable as representing the effective number of interactions of each valence nucleon with those of the other type.
Effects of quantum vacuum fluctuations of the electric field on DNA condensation
Authors: Iorio Alfredo , Sen Samik , Sen Siddhartha 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
By assuming that not only counter-ions but DNA molecules as well are thermally distributed according to a Boltzmann law, we propose a modified Poisson-Boltzmann equation, at the classical level, as a starting point to compute the effects of quantum fluctuations of the electric field on the interaction among DNA-cation complexes. The latter are modeled here as infinite one-dimensional wires (δ-functions). Our goal is to single out such quantum-vacuum-driven interaction from the counterion-induced and water-related interactions. We obtain a universal, frustration-free Casimir-like (codimension 2) interaction that extensive numerical analysis show to be a good candidate to explain the formation and stability of DNA aggregates. Such Casimir energy is computed for a variety of configurations of up to 19 DNA strands in a hexagonal array. It is found to be many-body.
Two-dimensional oblique stagnation-point flow towards a stretching surface in a viscoelastic fluid
Authors: Husain Iqbal , Labropulu Fotini , Pop Ioan 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
In this paper, the steady two-dimensional stagnation-point flow of a viscoelastic Walters’ B’ fluid over a stretching surface is examined. It is assumed that the fluid impinges on the wall obliquely. Using similarity variables, the governing partial differential equations are transformed into a set of two non-dimensional ordinary differential equations. These equations are then solved numerically using the shooting method with a finite-difference technique.
First record of Loranthaceae mistletoes on gymnosperm hosts from Nepal
Authors: Devkota M. P. , Kunwar R. M 
Published: June 2010

Lorarthaceae mistletoes rarely infect gymnosperm hosts. Scurrula pulverulenta (Wall). G. Don and Scurrula elata (Edgew). dancer have been recorded for the first time from the gymnosperm hosts Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu & W.C. Cheng (Taxodiaceae) and Pinus roxburghii Sargent (Pinaceae) respectively from the Kathmendu valley, Nepal. Key words: Gymnosperm; Mistletoe; Nepal; New record; Scurrula doi: 10.3126/eco.v12i0.3204 Ecoprint: An International Journal of Ecology 12: 85-87, 2005
Neutron diffraction study on liquid Al–Ni alloys
Authors: Gruner Sascha , Marczinke Jennifer , Hennet Louis , Hoyer Walter , Cuello Gabriel Julio 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
A neutron diffraction study on liquid Al – Ni alloys close to the liquidus temperature is presented. By applying an aerodynamic levitation technique associated with CO2 laser heating, it was possible to investigate the high-melting alloys around the equi-atomic composition, too. We observe a change in the local chemical atomic arrangement from preferred environing of like atoms in Al-rich alloys to hetero-coordination in the Ni-rich alloys. It is furthermore demonstrated that the apparent pre-peak can be attributed to a distinct Ni–Ni short-range order.