bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation on the conversion efficiency of InGaN solar cells fabricated on GaN and ZnO substrates
Authors: Inoue S. , Katoh M. , Kobayashi A. , Ohta J. , Fujioka H. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBy the use of a device simulator that takes the quantum effect into account, we have investigated the characteristics of InGaN solar cells stacked coherently on GaN or ZnO substrates. We have found that it is necessary to fabricate non‐polar cells, N‐polar cells with p–i–n structures, or III‐polar cells with n–i–p structures in order to achieve high conversion efficiency. InGaN solar cells grown on GaN substrates and on ZnO substrates exhibit almost the same conver‐ sion efficiencies, in spite of the difference in the intensities of the strains in the InGaN films. Taking the smaller lattice mismatch between InGaN and ZnO into account, we conclude that the use of ZnO substrates, which makes the growth of thick InGaN films with high In concentrations simpler to achieve, is advantageous in the fabrication of high conversion efficiency InGaN solar cells. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A case study in model‐based testing of specifications and implementations
Authors: Miller Tim , Strooper Paul 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYDespite the existence of a number of animation tools for a variety of languages, methods for employing these tools for specification testing have not been adequately explored. Similarly, despite the close correspondence between specification testing and implementation testing, the two processes are often treated independently, and relatively little investigation has been performed to explore their relationship. This paper presents the results of applying a framework and method for the systematic testing of specifications and their implementations. This framework exploits the close correspondence between specification testing and implementation testing. The framework is evaluated on a sizable case study of the Global System for Mobile Communications 11.11 Standard, which has been developed towards use in a commercial application. The evaluation demonstrates that the framework is of similar cost‐effectiveness to the BZ‐Testing‐Tools framework and more cost‐effective than manual testing. A mutation analysis detected more than 95% of non‐equivalent specification and implementation mutants. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Participation in science practices while working in a multimedia case‐based environment
Authors: Kang Hosun , Lundeberg Mary A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate how two female students participated in science practices as they worked in a multimedia case‐based environment: interpreting simulated results, reading and writing multiple texts, role‐playing, and Internet conferencing. Using discourse analysis, the following data were analyzed: students' published web posters, Internet conferencing logs between American and Zimbabwean university students, and a focus group interview. Three constructs supported the development of these students' identities in practice: (a) multimedia cases creating emotional involvement; (b) authoring web posters, and role‐playing situated in cross‐cultural social networks; and (c) altruism associated with relevant global topics. The investigators argue that educators and developers of online learning environments consider social contexts, authoring, and opportunities for cross‐cultural interaction to support participation in science practices. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 47: 1116–1136, 2010
Detection and attribution of climate change: a regional perspective
Authors: Stott Peter A. , Gillett Nathan P. , Hegerl Gabriele C. , Karoly David J. , Stone Dáithí A. , Zhang Xuebin , Zwiers Francis 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change fourth assessment report, published in 2007 came to a more confident assessment of the causes of global temperature change than previous reports and concluded that ‘it is likely that there has been significant anthropogenic warming over the past 50 years averaged over each continent except Antarctica.’ Since then, warming over Antarctica has also been attributed to human influence, and further evidence has accumulated attributing a much wider range of climate changes to human activities. Such changes are broadly consistent with theoretical understanding, and climate model simulations, of how the planet is expected to respond. This paper reviews this evidence from a regional perspective to reflect a growing interest in understanding the regional effects of climate change, which can differ markedly across the globe. We set out the methodological basis for detection and attribution and discuss the spatial scales on which it is possible to make robust attribution statements. We review the evidence showing significant human‐induced changes in regional temperatures, and for the effects of external forcings on changes in the hydrological cycle, the cryosphere, circulation changes, oceanic changes, and changes in extremes. We then discuss future challenges for the science of attribution. To better assess the pace of change, and to understand more about the regional changes to which societies need to adapt, we will need to refine our understanding of the effects of external forcing and internal variability. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Detection and Attribution
Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Vibrational Spectra of Barium Cyclotetraphosphate Hydrate Ba2(P4O12)&&num;8729;3.5H2O
Authors: Höppe Henning A. , Kazmierczak Karolina , Daub Michael 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBarium tetrametaphosphate hydrate Ba2(P4O12)&&num;8729;3.5H2O was synthesized as a single‐phase crystalline powder starting from an aqueous solution of barium hydroxide and phosphorus pentoxide at 300 K. Ba2(P4O12)&&num;8729;3.5H2O crystallizes in a new structure type in which the Ba2+ ions form a distorted hexagonal diamond‐like arrangement with the (P4O12)4– anions in the trigonal prismatic voids (Ba2(P4O12)&&num;8729;3.5H2O, C2/c, Z = 4, a = 777.3(2), b = 1297.6(2), c = 1346.1(3) pm, b = 95.38(2)°, wR2 = 0.071, R1 = 0.018, 1180 reflections, 118 parameters). The vibrational spectra of Ba2(P4O12)&&num;8729;3.5H2O and its thermal behavior up to 720 K are also reported.
Syntheses, Structures and Electrochemistry Properties of Two Dicyanamide Manganese(III) Complexes [Mn(5‐Brsalen)(dca)]·CH3OH and [Mn(3‐Meosalphen)(dca)(H2O)]
Authors: Wang Ting‐Ting , Xie Ji‐Min , Xia Chang‐Kun , Wu Yun‐Long , Jing Jun‐Jie 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTwo manganese(III)‐dicyanamide compounds, [Mn(5‐Brsalen)(dca)]·CH3OH (1) and [Mn(3‐Meosalphen)(dca)(H2O)] (2) (dca = dicyanamide anion, [N(CN)2]–), were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis, and cyclic voltammetry. The structure of complex 1 is an infinite zigzag chain of hexacoordinate MnIII ions, in which the adjacent manganese atoms are connected by dca in μ1,5‐bridging mode. The molecular structure of complex 2 consists of a hexacoordinate MnIII atom, which generates a slightly distorted octahedral arrangement, and a dimer structure is formed by intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions. The electrochemical properties of the two complexes were measured by cyclic voltammetry.
Ammonolysis of 1,2‐Bis[dichloro(methyl)silyl]ethane. On the Structure of 1,3,6,8‐Tetramethyl‐2,7,11,12‐tetraaza‐1,3,6,8‐tetrasila‐tricyclo[6.2.1.13,6]‐dodecane
Authors: Motz Günter , Schmalz Thomas , Glatz Germund , Kempe Rhett , Milius Wolfgang , Wrackmeyer Bernd 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAmmonolysis of 1,2‐bis[dichloro(methyl)silyl]ethane afforded a crystalline tricyclic silazane along with polymeric material. The crystalline material could be isolated in pure state. It was analyzed by 1H, 13C, 15N and 29Si NMR spectroscopy in solution, by 13C, 15N and 29Si MAS NMR spectroscopy in the solid state, as well as by single‐crystal and powder X‐ray diffraction. The title compound exists as a single isomer in solution, whereas in the solid state the presence of several modifications is indicated, in particular by the solid‐state MAS NMR spectra.
A Novel (42,62,82)‐a 3D Copper(I) Complex Based on the Ligand 2,4,5‐Tri(4‐pyridyl)‐imidazole
Authors: Wang Li , Gu Wen , Deng Jun‐Xiu , Zeng Ling‐Fei , Liu Xin 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA novel 3D copper(I) coordination polymer [Cu8(ptim)8·3CH3CH2OH·2H2O] with the ligand 2,4,5‐tri(4‐pyridyl)‐imidazole (Hptim) was synthesized and characterized. During the reaction, Hptim is oxidized by copper(II) and loses its hydrogen atom from the imidazole ring to add one coordination position. The novel complex has a 3D pillared double‐layer network. The topological analysis of the crystal structure shows that the complex can be simplified to a 4‐connected network with the Schläfli symbol (42,62,82). The novel complex shows remarkable thermal stability because of the neutral 3D polymeric structure. The investigation of its fluorescent property shows that the complex can induce fluorescence quenching of the ligand, which indicates that Hptim can act as a chemosensor for detecting Cu+ ions in high selectivity.
Gallium–Gallium Bonds Bridged by Functionalized Carboxylato Ligands
Authors: Uhl Werner , Bock Henrik R. , Kösters Jutta , Voß Matthias 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTreatment of the tetraalkyldigallium compound R2Ga–GaR2 [R = CH(SiMe3)2] (1) with a large number of different functionalized carboxylic acids afforded dicarboxylatodigallium compounds R2Ga2(μ‐O2C–R)2, in which two carboxylato ligands bridge the Ga–Ga bonds. The chelating ligands have additional nitrogen, oxygen or phosphorus donor atoms and may be suitable to act as Lewis‐bases to yield supramolecular aggregates in future investigations. Four compounds have been characterized by crystal structure determinations. One gave unprecedented dimeric formula units in the solid state by Ga–N interactions. The similar reaction with isonicotinic acid resulted in the cleavage of the Ga–Ga bond. A tetragallium compound was formed in which four isolated metal atoms were bridged by four organic ligands to give a square molecular core.
Single‐Access Retroperitoneoscopic Adrenalectomy (SARA) Versus Conventional Retroperitoneoscopic Adrenalectomy (CORA): A Case–Control Study
Authors: Walz Martin K. , Groeben Harald , Alesina Piero F. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackgroundStimulated by the concept of Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES), minimizing the access even further has become a new trend in minimally invasive surgery. We compare our recently described new method of endoscopic single‐access adrenalectomy with the conventional retroperitoneoscopic approach in a matched‐pairs study.MethodsFifty single‐access retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomies (SARA) were performed in 47 selected patients suffering from Conn’s adenomas (n = 20), pheochromocytomas (n = 15), Cushing’s adenomas (n = 6), and other diseases (n = 6). For SARA, a single 2‐cm skin incision beneath the 12th rib was used. Following creation of the retroperitoneal space with the rigid endoscope, dissection was carried out single‐handed. Another 47 patients served as control group; they were treated by the traditional retroperitoneoscopic three‐port approach (CORA). Patients were matched with respect to gender, body mass index, diagnoses, tumor size, and tumor site.ResultsMortality was zero and no major complications occurred in both groups. SARA was completed in 41 cases (86%). The overall complication rate was 8.5% in SARA and 6.4% in CORA. Operative time was longer for SARA (56 ± 28 min) than for CORA (40 ± 12 min) (P < 0.05). Postoperatively, pain medication was administered in 47% of SARA patients and in 75% of CORA patients (P = 0.01). Mean hospital stay was 2.4 ± 0.7 days (SARA) and 3.1 ± 1.2 days (CORA) (P < 0.01).ConclusionsBecause feasibility and safety of SARA could be demonstrated in a large group of selected patients, this surgical technique may represent a new milestone in minimally invasive endocrine surgery.
Does Analysis of Biomarkers in Tumor Cells in Lymph Node Metastases Give Additional Prognostic Information in Primary Breast Cancer?
Authors: Falck Anna‐Karin , Fernö Mårten , Bendahl Pär‐Ola , Rydén Lisa 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackgroundPrognostic and treatment‐predictive biomarkers in primary breast cancer are routinely analyzed in the primary tumor, whereas metastatic tumor cells in lymph node metastases are not characterized. The present study aimed to define the concordance between biomarkers in matched pairs of breast cancers and lymph node metastases and to relate their expression to clinical outcome.MethodsPatients with primary breast cancer treated with adjuvant tamoxifen for 2 years were included. A tissue microarray of primary tumors and lymph node metastases was constructed, and estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and Ki67 were analyzed immunohistochemically in 262, 257, 104, and 101 patients, respectively. Five years’ distant disease‐free survival (DDFS) was used as the primary end point.ResultsThe concordance for biomarker expression in primary tumors and corresponding lymph node metastases was 93% for ER, 84% for PR, 97% for HER2, and 85% for Ki67. The discordant cases for HER2 status were all negative in the tumor but positive in the node. ER positivity was a significant independent predictor of improved 5‐year DDFS when analyzed in the primary tumor as well as in the lymph node metastases. Ki67 positivity analyzed in both locations correlated with shortened DDFS. HER2 positivity at both locations was an indicator of early relapse.ConclusionsThe concordance for the biomarkers analyzed in matched pairs of primary tumors and lymph node metastases was high. Moreover, survival analyses showed that the expression of biomarkers in lymph node metastases can provide prognostic information when no analyses of the primary tumor can be done. Treatment selection based on biomarkers in the lymph node is a topic for further studies.
Relationship Between Geographical Origin and Fatty Acid Composition of Turkish Virgin Olive Oils for Two Harvest Years
Authors: Diraman Harun , Saygi Hülya , Hisil Yaşar 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn this study, the fatty acid compositions of Turkish virgin olive oils produced in the Izmir province, an important olive production region of Turkey, were classified by chemometric methods: principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis (DA). A total of 103 oil samples were examined over the course of two harvest years (2001–2002 and 2002–2003). The samples were divided into five groups according to olive growing zones: North (Ayvalik cultivar), East (Memeli, Memecik, Domat and Gemlik cultivars), South (Memecik cultivar), Izmir Penisula (Erkence cultivar) and Firms (poly‐varietial oils or commercial blends). Consistent with discriminant analysis (DA), the predicted grouping in terms of the two harvest years were correctly separated as 84.6 and 85.9%, respectively. The highest levels of predicted grouping for the two harvest years were found in the North (Ayvalik cultivar) and Izmir peninsula (Erkence cultivar) groups (as 100%). In addition to oleic, linoleic, linolenic, margaric and margoleic acids, totaltransisomers of linoleic, linolenic and palmitic/linoleic were determined to be the best descriptive components for the oil samples.
La majorité des couples procréant par don de sperme envisagent d’informer l’enfant de son mode de conception, mais la plupart souhaitent le maintien de l’anonymat du donneur
Authors: Jouannet P. , Kunstmann J.-M. , Juillard J.-C. , Bresson J.-L. ,   La Fédération française des Cecos
Published: March 2010

Résumé
L’anonymat du don de sperme est reconnu par la loi depuis 1994 en France, mais il a été supprimé par plusieurs pays. Nous présentons les résultats d’une étude qui a été réalisée dans 14 Cecos en 2006 auprès de 534 couples soit en phase d’attente ou en cours de réalisation de l’assistance médicale à la procréation, soit ayant déjà eu au moins un enfant par don de sperme. Les résultats sont très homogènes entre les hommes et les femmes et dans les différents groupes. Plus de 90 % des hommes et des femmes sont en accord avec l’anonymat du don de sperme, et moins de 10 % souhaitent que la loi change sur ce point. Environ un quart d’entre eux renoncerait à leur projet parental si la loi changeait. Plus de 50 % des couples envisagent d’informer l’enfant des modalités de sa conception. Près d’un tiers souhaiterait que des informations, concernant principalement la santé des donneurs, puissent leur être transmises ainsi qu’aux enfants. Les couples souhaitant devenir parents par don de sperme font une distinction claire entre l’anonymat du donneur et l’information de l’enfant sur les circonstances de sa conception.
En France, la majorité des donneurs de spermatozoïdes souhaite le maintien de leur anonymat
Authors: Kunstmann J.-M. , Jouannet P. , Juillard J.-C. , Bresson J.-L. ,   La Fédération française des Cecos
Published: March 2010

Résumé
En France, l’anonymat du donneur de sperme, principe jusqu’alors jugé essentiel et qui avait été réaffirmé par deux fois dans les lois de bioéthique, se trouve aujourd’hui remis en question. Dans ce contexte, il est apparu utile aux Centres d’étude et de conservation des œufs et du sperme (Cecos) de connaître l’avis de ceux qui sont à l’origine de ces dons. En 2006, 193 donneurs de sperme recrutés dans 14 Cecos ont accepté de répondre anonymement à un questionnaire sur le sujet: 73 % étaient en accord avec le principe de l’anonymat, et moins de 30 % pensaient que la future législation devrait offrir aux enfants la possibilité de connaître l’identité du donneur. Si l’anonymat était levé, 60 % des hommes renonceraient à donner leur sperme. En revanche, la même proportion serait d’accord pour communiquer des informations non identifiantes les concernant aux parents et aux enfants.
Is low empathy related to bullying after controlling for individual and social background variables?
Authors: Jolliffe Darrick , Farrington David P. 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the relationship between low empathy and bullying while also controlling for the impact of a number of other individual and social background variables linked with bullying. This included the relationship to the prevalence of bullying, but also to the frequency and type of bullying. Questionnaires were completed by 720 adolescents (344 females, 376 males) aged 13–17 in three secondary schools in England. The results suggested that low affective empathy was independently related to bullying by males, but not females. There was no evidence that low cognitive empathy was independently related to bullying, but high impulsivity was related to all forms of male bullying and to female bullying. The implications of the findings for research and practice are discussed.
Combined Vertebral Fracture Assessment and Bone Mineral Density Measurement: A Patient-friendly New Tool with an Important Impact on the Canadian Risk Fracture Classification
Authors: Jager Pieter L. , Slart Riemer H.J.A. , Webber Colin L. , Adachi Jonathan D. , Papaioannou Alexandra L. , Gulenchyn Karen Y. 
Published: March 2010

Purpose Vertebral fractures often go unnoticed, while they constitute a significant risk factor for new fractures, independent of the bone density. Vertebral Fracture Assessment (VFA) is a new feature on DXA bone densitometry equipment. Our purpose was to determine the added value of VFA and its impact on the Canadian fracture risk classification using data from a Dutch academic cohort. Methods All 958 consecutive patients (64% female, mean age 53 [20–94], mean weight 75 kg [32–150]) who underwent BMD measurement at the University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands also underwent VFA in the same session. Results The prevalence of vertebral fractures was 26%. In 68% of these patients this fracture was unknown. The severity was “mild” (20%–25% height loss) in 43%, “moderate” (25%–35%) in 44% and “severe” (>35% height loss) in 13%. Even after excluding mild fractures, the prevalence of vertebral fractures was 17%. In the 28% with normal BMD the vertebral fracture prevalence was still 18%, in the 43% with osteopenia 23%, and in the 29% with osteoporosis 36%. The Canadian risk classification was “low fracture risk” in 68%, “moderate” in 19%, and “high” in 13%. Adding VFA altered the classification in 20% of the patients, to become 54%, 27%, and 19%, respectively. Conclusions VFA added to BMD is a patient friendly diagnostic tool with a high diagnostic yield, as it detected unknown vertebral fractures and altered diagnostic classification in approximately 1 out of every 5 patients. These results suggest that BMD plus VFA may become the new standard in osteoporosis testing.
MONOTONE LINDELÖF PROPERTY AND LINEARLY ORDERED EXTENSIONS
Authors: XU AI-JUN , SHI WEI-XUE 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn this paper, we explore the monotone Lindelöf property of two kinds of linearly ordered extensions of monotonically Lindelöf generalized ordered spaces. In addition, we construct nonseparable monotonically Lindelöf spaces using the Bernstein set, which generalizes Corollary 4 of Levy and Matveev [‘Some more examples of monotonically Lindelöf and not monotonically Lindelöf spaces’, Topology Appl.154 (2007), 2333–2343].
SOLUTIONS OF A GOŁA̧B–SCHINZEL-TYPE FUNCTIONAL EQUATION BOUNDED ON ‘BIG’ SETS IN AN ABSTRACT SENSE
Authors: JABŁOŃSKA ELIZA 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIt is well known that an exponential real function, which is Lebesgue measurable (Baire measurable, respectively) or bounded on a set of positive Lebesgue measure (of the second category with the Baire property, respectively), is continuous. Here we consider bounded on ‘big’ set solutions of an equation generalizing the exponential equation as well as the Goła̧b–Schinzel equation. Moreover, we unify results into a more general and abstract case.
Dietary fat modifications and blood pressure in subjects with the metabolic syndrome in the LIPGENE dietary intervention study
Authors: Gulseth Hanne L. , Gjelstad Ingrid M. F. , Tierney Audrey C. , Shaw Danielle I. , Helal Olfa , Hees Anneke M. J. v. , Delgado-Lista Javier , Leszczynska-Golabek Iwona , Karlström Brita , Lovegrove Julie , Defoort Catherine , Blaak Ellen E. , Lopez-Miranda Jose , Dembinska-Kiec Aldona , Risérus Ulf , Roche Helen M. , Birkeland Kåre I. , Drevon Christian A. 
Published: March 2010

Hypertension is a key feature of the metabolic syndrome. Lifestyle and dietary changes may affect blood pressure (BP), but the knowledge of the effects of dietary fat modification in subjects with the metabolic syndrome is limited. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of an isoenergetic change in the quantity and quality of dietary fat on BP in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. In a 12-week European multi-centre, parallel, randomised controlled dietary intervention trial (LIPGENE), 486 subjects were assigned to one of the four diets distinct in fat quantity and quality: two high-fat diets rich in saturated fat or monounsaturated fat and two low-fat, high-complex carbohydrate diets with or without 1·2 g/d of very long-chain n-3 PUFA supplementation. There were no overall differences in systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP or pulse pressure (PP) between the dietary groups after the intervention. The high-fat diet rich in saturated fat had minor unfavourable effects on SBP and PP in males.