bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of the Common Law in Promoting Sustainable Energy Development in the Property Sector
Authors: Bradbrook Adrian 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter suggests that while the major role for promoting sustainable energy development undoubtedly rests with the legislature, the courts have the capacity to play a significant supporting role in this regard. It considers the options available to the courts in common law jurisdictions to influence and modify real property law so as to take full account of the societal need to advance the goal of sustainable energy development. It also examines the elements of sustainable energy development, explores the extent to which the law of real property is relevant to sustainable energy, and then considers the range of legal solutions available to the courts to achieve this goal.
Self‐interest
Authors: Holtug Nils 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn this chapter, the concept of ‘self‐interest’ is clarified and various views about what constitutes self‐interest are considered. According to the ‘Identity View’, in order for an individual to have a present self‐interest in a future benefit, this individual need only be numerically identical to the future beneficiary. The main strengths and weaknesses of this view are laid out. Then further conditions that may be imposed on self‐interests are considered. In particular, the notion that in order for an individual to have a present self‐interest in a future benefit she must have an appropriate kind of preference with respect to this benefit, such as a present preference, an actual preference, or a necessary preference is scrutinized. Also, the view an individual only can have a self‐interest in survival if she prefers her own continued existence is considered. It is argued that we should not accept any of these alternatives to the Identity View.
What Matters
Authors: Holtug Nils 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter addresses the issue of what matters in survival. A test for assessing our beliefs about what matters is developed and it is argued that what matters is Relation M: roughly, the continuous physical realization of (appropriate) psychology. It is then argued that our theory about self‐interest should have Relation M—rather than identity—as its focus. On this basis, the Prudential View is derived, according to which a person has a present self‐interest in a future benefit if and only if she stands in a relation of continuous physical realization of (appropriate) psychology to the beneficiary, where the strength of the self‐interest depends both on the size of the benefit and on the strength of this relation. Finally, a number of objections are considered, including the ‘Repugnant Conclusion about Self‐interest’, which implies that it may be in our self‐interest to divide and have many continuers to which we are weakly M‐related.
On the Value of Coming into Existence
Authors: Holtug Nils 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter concerns the issue of whether it can benefit (or harm) an individual to come into existence. If coming into existence can benefit (or harm) an individual, then it would seem that it could be in our self‐interest to do so. First, an argument for the Value of Existence View—the view that coming into existence can benefit (harm)—is outlined. This argument relies on the relational claim that existence can be better (worse) for an individual than never existing. The Value of Existence View is then defended against a number of objections, including the claim that (a) possible future individuals cannot be identified and (b) existence cannot be better (worse) for an individual than never existing, because that would imply that never existing can be worse (better) than existing.
Welfarism
Authors: Holtug Nils 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn this chapter, the focus is on the importance of self‐interest for axiological aspects of morality and justice. According to the theory about self‐interest defended in chapter 4, the Prudential View, self‐interests are functions of both welfare and Relation M. However, in order not to introduce too many complicating factors all at once, the discussion of the importance of Relation M for outcome value is postponed until Chapter 10. Having set aside the issue of Relation M, an account of person‐affecting welfarism is developed, according to which outcome value is an increasing person‐affecting function only of individual welfare. This function is person‐affecting in the sense that, of two outcomes, one can be better (worse) than the other, only if there is someone for whom it is better (worse), or someone for whom the other outcome is worse (better).
Egalitarianism
Authors: Holtug Nils 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn this chapter, the core of the egalitarian position is outlined. Minimally, to qualify as a (welfare) egalitarian, one must claim that an outcome in which everyone has an equal share of welfare is in one respect intrinsically (non‐instrumentally) better than an outcome in which individuals have unequal shares. Any principle that satisfies this condition satisfies the ‘Egalitarian Relational Claim’. Furthermore, egalitarianism is clarified in various other respects. Since egalitarianism satisfies the Egalitarian Relational Claim, it invites the Levelling Down Objection. According to the Levelling Down Objection, egalitarianism implausibly implies that we can improve an outcome in at least one respect, by making some individuals worse off and none better off. Various replies egalitarians might (and have) come up with are considered and rejected, including the claim that this objection relies on an implausible person‐affecting account of outcome value, and the claim that equality has conditional value only.
Prioritarianism
Authors: Holtug Nils 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAccording to prioritarianism, outcome value is an additive function of weighted individual welfare, where increases in welfare are weighted such that they gain a greater moral value, the worse off the individual is to whom they accrue. This view differs from egalitarianism in that it does not take equality to have intrinsic value. Various objections to prioritarianism are considered, including the claim that (a) the Levelling Down Objection does not serve to distinguish prioritarianism from egalitarianism, (b) prioritarianism is itself vulnerable to the person‐affecting idea that motivates the Levelling Down Objection, (c) prioritarianism fails to account for some firmly held intuitions about relational justice and (d) prioritarianism does not appropriately reflect the virtue on which it is based, namely that of compassion. It is argued that none of these objections is convincing and that prioritarianism remains a plausible theory of justice.
Ending 'East of Suez'
Authors: Pham P. L. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
In 1964, Britain's defence presence in Malaysia and Singapore was the largest and most expensive component of the country's world‐wide role. Yet within three and a half years, the Wilson Government had announced that Britain would be withdrawing from its major Southeast Asian bases and abandoning any special military role ‘East of Suez’. The purpose of this book is to document and explain the British policy process leading to the decisions to withdraw.
The book argues that the Wilson Government faced two fundamental dilemmas regarding its defence policy. The first was a conflict between Britain's limited economic means, which compelled cuts to the country's defence role, and its need to maintain its relations with its major allies, especially the Johnson Administration in the United States, all of whom wanted Britain to maintain a significant military presence in Southeast Asia. This conflict was fundamentally resolved after the Labour Party revolted over defence policy in early 1967, when the Government decided to withdraw from the bases in Singapore and Malaysia. Thereafter, the Wilson Government faced a second dilemma over whether to minimise the political and symbolic impact of its decisions for the sake of its international allies, or to maximise it for domestic political advantage. This conflict was not fully settled until January 1968, when the Government announced a faster withdrawal and complete abandonment of Britain's ‘East of Suez’ role, as a means of gaining acceptance for the social cuts it was implementing in the aftermath of the devaluation of the Pound.
The End of Consensus: March–October 1966
Authors: Pham Phuong 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Chapter 4 begins with the Wilson Government and the ANZUS allies fitfully trying to implement the policy of quadripartite co‐operation heralded in the 1966 Defence White Paper. With the countries still in deep disagreement over basic strategy, however, this exercise barely got off the ground. Meanwhile, Britain's financial position sharply deteriorated, with a mid‐year seamen's strike exacerbating the country's balance of payments problems. In the ensuing 1966 Sterling crisis, economic ministers pushed for an immediate, sharp cut in overseas defence expenditure. This demand was deflected by the Foreign Secretary into more measured cuts, which would not affect the basic thrust of foreign policy. In the aftermath, however, the Government initiated new Defence Expenditure Studies, aimed at reducing the annual defence budget to a target of £1850 million.
6 Vietnam Following in China's Footsteps: The Third Wave of Emerging Asian Economies
Authors: Chaponnière Jean‐Raphael , Cling Jean‐Pierre , Zhou Bin 
Published: May 2010

AbstractVietnam has been following China's path closely and very successfully for the last two decades since the adoption of ‘doi moi’ in 1986. Over those last two decades, economic growth rates in both countries have been the highest worldwide. The increase of the Vietnamese share of world trade is the highest of all major Asian exporters (including China) since the mid‐1990s. In the current international context, doubts have been raised by some economists concerning the possibility for new Asian countries to take off and join the group of emerging countries. This chapter addresses this question with regard to Vietnam, which joined the WTO at the beginning of 2007. We start by briefly describing economic reform and trade policies in Vietnam, and their results in terms of economic growth and world integration. We then analyse Vietnamese trade specialization and the bilateral relationship with China. Finally, we assess the competition between Vietnam and China on world markets, and show that the export structures are very different. Both countries have benefited from a boom in their textile and clothing exports following the cessation of quotas (in the case of China) and the signing of USBTA (in the case of Vietnam). For Vietnam, reducing the specialization in textiles and clothing and joining the Asian production network in electronics represent a major challenge.
8 Learning in Lewis Signaling Games
Authors: Skyrms Brian 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter argues that we can and do learn to signal. We are not the only species able to do this, although others may not do it so well. The real question is what is required to be able to learn to signal. Or, better, what kind of learning is capable of spontaneously generating signaling? If the learning somehow has the signaling system preprogramed in, then learning to signal is not very interesting. If the learning mechanism is general purpose and low level, learning to signal is quite interesting.
9 Generalizing Signaling Games: Synonyms, Bottlenecks, Category Formation
Authors: Skyrms Brian 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter presents a model of signaling with invention of new signals. It maintains the assumption that in all contingencies sender and receiver get the same payoff. But even where sender and receiver continue to have pure common interest, relaxing the strict assumptions on payoffs imposed so far may lead to new phenomena.
Origins of Objectivity
Authors: Burge Tyler 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis book presents a study of what it is for individuals to represent the physical world with the most primitive sort of objectivity. By reflecting on the science of perception and related psychological and biological sciences, it gives an account of constitutive conditions for perceiving the physical world, and thus aims to locate origins of representational mind. The book illuminates several long-standing, central issues in philosophy, and provides a wide-ranging account of relations between human and animal psychologies.
6 Neo‐Kantian Individual Representationalism: Strawson and Evans
Authors: Burge Tyler 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter focuses on one strand of 20th-century neo-Kantianism. It begins with some brief remarks about Kant. It then discusses second-family neo-Kantian Individual Representationalism in Strawson and Evans. Strawson's work produced a train of variants on neo-Kantian Individual Representationalism. He developed four main themes primarily within his project of accounting for our conception of objectivity. Because Strawson blurred lines between that project and the project of accounting for constitutive conditions on objective representation, many post-Strawsonian philosophers, like Evans, developed Strawsonian themes within this latter project without serious argument.
10 Origins of Some Representational Categories
Authors: Burge Tyler 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses some relatively basic sorts of perceptual attribution: body, numerosity, spatial relations, and temporal relations. It elaborates accounts of constitutive conditions for having each of these four types of representation. It also discusses the form and content of these types, and whether each type is constitutive to perceptual representation. These accounts further develop the notions perception and representation.
The Achievement of Constitutionalism and its Prospects in a Changed World
Authors: Grimm Dieter 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the achievements of constitutionalism, and outlines its central elements of democracy, limited government, and the principle of the rule of law. It argues that the achievements of constitutionalism are tied to an acknowledgement of its constitutive conditions — the boundary distinctions between public and private, and between internal and external. For this reason, to the extent that statehood is being eroded as a result of the blurring of these boundaries, then constitutionalism must be seen to be in decline. Internationalisation is opening up a gap between the exercise of public power and its modes of legitimation which constitutionalism is unable to close. Constitutionalism, in short, cannot be reconstructed on the international level.
The Morphogenesis of Constitutionalism
Authors: Prandini Riccardo 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter argues that it is possible and necessary to talk about processes of constitutional morphogenesis. Morphogenesis is a socio-cultural cycle, whereby a given institutional and cultural structure gives rise — through cultural and structural interactions activated by societal actors — to new forms (morphogenesis) or which maintains the old ones (morphostasis). This process is contingent upon a plurality of variables, with nothing to be taken for granted. It is theorized that at the centre of this process there are two connected problems: the recognition of a real polity, and its self-governance framed in a constitutional way.
Does Criminal Liability Require an Act?
Authors: Husak Douglas 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter argues against the claim that criminal liability is and ought to be imposed only for an act. No persuasive argument for this claim has yet been given. As an alternative, it suggests that criminal liability is and ought to be imposed only for states of affairs over which persons exercise a sufficient degree of control. It explores the advantages of this alternative principle for the justifiability of status criminality and the punishment of mental states.
Motive and Criminal Liability
Authors: Husak Douglas 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Contrary to conventional wisdom, this chapter argues that the motive of the defendant is and ought to be relevant to his criminal liability. It attempts to show that motives are important to liability according to any philosophically plausible conception of the nature of motives. It discusses several respects in which motives are relevant to the substantive criminal law and traces some normative implications of the author's thesis.
The Nature and Justifiability of Nonconsummate Offenses
Authors: Husak Douglas 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows that an offense is consummate if the conduct it proscribes causes harm on each occasion on which it is performed. The paradigm, ‘core’ examples of crimes in any jurisdiction, satisfies this description. But some offenses proscribe conduct that does not cause harm on each occasion in which it is performed. Such offenses are called nonconsummate (or anticipatory or inchoate). Statutes that proscribe drug possession are examples of nonconsummate offenses. The chapter tries to make some headway in identifying the moral limits of the criminal law in creating and enforcing nonconsummate offenses.
Willful Ignorance, Knowledge, and the ‘Equal Culpability’ Thesis: A Study of the Deeper Significance of the Principle of Legality
Authors: Husak Douglas 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the significance of the principle of legality in the context of the phenomenon of willful ignorance (or blindness). It begins by describing the culpable state of willful ignorance. It contends that some (but not all) willfully ignorant defendants are liable despite their failure to satisfy the mens rea requirement of the statutes for which they are convicted. After considering whether the culpability of such defendants is equal to that of persons who act knowingly, the chapter discusses the limitations of proposed statutory solutions to the problem of willful ignorance. It concludes by defending an approach to this problem that the author contends is preferable to alternatives.
Malum Prohibitum and Retributivism
Authors: Husak Douglas 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Familiar attempts to justify the punishment of criminals often presuppose that they have committed a malum in se offense. This chapter critically investigates what might justify punishing persons who commit a malum prohibitum offense — a crime that is not wrongful prior to and independent of law. It considers and rejects various attempts to justify the punishment of persons who commit different kinds of mala prohibita offenses. If no justification succeeds in given cases, the enforcement of a great many penal laws may result in unjustified punishments.
4 Life Satisfaction
Authors: Kapteyn Arie , Smith James P. , Arthur van Soest 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the determinants of global life satisfaction in two countries (The Netherlands and the U.S.), by using both self-reports and responses to a battery of vignette questions. This chapter finds global life satisfaction of happiness is well-described by four domains: job or daily activities, social contacts and family, health, and income. Among the four domains, social contacts and family have the highest impact on global life satisfaction, followed by job and daily activities and health. Income has the lowest impact. As in other work, the chapter finds that American response styles differ from the Dutch in that Americans are more likely to use the extremes of the scale (either very satisfied or very dissatisfied) than the Dutch, who are more inclined to stay in the middle of the scale. Although for both Americans and the Dutch, income is the least important determinant of global life satisfaction, it is more important in the U.S. than in The Netherlands. Indeed life satisfaction varies substantially more with income in the U.S. than in The Netherlands.
8 Happiness Adaptation to Income Beyond “Basic Needs”
Authors: Di Tella Rafael , MacCulloch Robert 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter tests for whether, once “basic needs” are satisfied, there is happiness adaptation to further gains in income using three data sets. Individual German Panel Data from 1985-2000, and data on the well-being of over 600,000 people in a panel of European countries from 1975-2002, shows different patterns of adaptation to income across the rich and poor. This chapter finds evidence that for wealthy Germans, and for the rich half of European nations, higher levels of per capita income don’t buy greater happiness. The reason appears to be adaptation. However even for the rich half of European nations such habituation may take over 5 years so the happiness gains that they experience, whilst not permanent, can still be relatively long-lasting. Finally the chapter studies a cross section of nations in 2005 from the World Gallup Poll and find that the past 45 years of economic growth (from 1960-2005) in the rich half of nations has not brought happiness gains above those that were already in place once the 1960s standard of living had been achieved. However in the poorest half of nations the null hypothesis cannot be rejected that the happiness gains they have experienced from the past 45 years of growth have been the same as the gains that they experienced from growth prior to the 1960s.
9 The Easterlin and Other Paradoxes: Why Both Sides of the Debate May Be Correct
Authors: Graham Carol , Chattopadhyay Soumya , Picon Mario 
Published: May 2010

AbstractResearch on the economics of happiness has raised a new debate on the relationship between happiness and income. Easterlin’s original work highlighted an apparent paradox: as countries grew materially wealthier — and healthier — over time, average happiness levels did not increase. A number of studies since then confirmed the general direction of his findings. Yet some recent papers, based on new data, find a stronger relationship between average per capita income and happiness levels, and question whether the paradox exists at all. This chapter shows how the steepness of the slope in the income-happiness relationship depends to a large extent on the particular question that is used; on the sample of countries and time frame selected; on the specification of the income variable; and on the rate of economic growth in addition to income levels. This chapter also highlights three related phenomena: the paradox of unhappy growth; happy peasants and frustrated achievers; and the paradox of low aspirations.
10 International Evidence on the Social Context of Well-Being
Authors: Helliwell John F. , Barrington-Leigh Chris , Harris Anthony , Huang Haifang 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter uses the first three waves of the Gallup World Poll to investigate differences across countries, cultures, and regions in the factors linked to life satisfaction, paying special attention to the social context. The principal findings are: First, using the larger pooled sample, the chapter finds that answers to the satisfaction with life and Cantril ladder questions provide consistent views of what constitutes a good life, with an average of the two measures providing a clearer picture than either measure on its own. Second, this chapter finds strong evidence for the importance of both income and social context variables in explaining within-country and international differences in well-being. For most specifications tested, the combined effects of a few measures of the social and institutional context are as large as those of income in explaining both international and intra-national differences in life satisfaction. Third, the very significant influences of both income and social factors permit the calculation of compensating differentials for social factors. We find very large income-equivalent values for key measures of the social context. Fourth, the international similarity of the estimated equations suggests that the large international differences in average life evaluations are not due to different approaches to the meaning of a good life, but to differing social, institutional, and economic life circumstances.