bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical Functionalization of 1,3‐Diisopropylbenzene
Authors: Bohn Martin A. , Hilt Gerhard , Bolze Patrick , Gürtler Christoph 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe anodic oxidation of 1,3‐diisopropylbenzene in methanol gave exclusively the desired dimethoxy‐functionalized product in excellent yield when potassium bromate was utilized as supporting electrolyte. Similar electrochemical conversions in other alcoholic solvents were not successful based on the low conductivity of the mixture. The introduction of other alcohols could then be realized when the dimethoxy derivative was converted under SN1 conditions in alcohols used as solvent. Thereby, higher alcohols could be introduced in moderate yields and acceptable selectivities.
Role of medial prefrontal NMDA receptors in spatial delayed alternation in 19‐, 26‐, and 33‐day‐old rats
Authors: Jablonski Sarah A. , Watson Deborah J. , Stanton Mark E. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractLong–Evans rats were trained on spatial delayed alteration (SDA) in a T‐maze following medial prefrontal cortical (mPFC) infusions of different doses of the noncompetitive NMDA‐receptor antagonist, MK‐801 (.125 µl; .25 µl; or .25 µlsaline, bilaterally), on postnatal day (PND) 19, 26, or 33. Pups trained on PND 19 showed almost no learning of SDA, regardless of drug condition (including saline). On PND 26, both doses of MK‐801 significantly and equivalently prevented SDA learning, with performance during the final three training blocks remaining near chance levels, in contrast with 85% correct performance in the saline control group. On PND 33, substantial SDA learning was evident regardless of dose, although a modest impairment appeared in mid‐training at both doses. These findings confirm previous reports of mPFC involvement in the early postnatal ontogeny of SDA and suggest a developmentally transient role of mPFC NMDA‐receptor function in this task. Dev. Psychobiol. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 52: 583–591, 2010.
Expression patterns of the Wtx/Amer gene family during mouse embryonic development
Authors: Comai Glenda , Boutet Agnes , Neirijnck Yasmine , Schedl Andreas 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWTX/AMER1 is a novel negative regulator of the WNT/β‐catenin pathway with mutations detected in Wilms' tumors and an X‐linked sclerosing bone dysplasia. WTX/AMER1 (Fam123b) shares several domains of homology with two other recently identified proteins: AMER2 (Fam123a) and AMER3 (Fam123c). Here, we describe an in‐depth expression analysis of all three members of this gene family during mouse embryonic development. All genes were strongly expressed in the central as well as the peripheral nervous system, thus suggesting important roles of this gene family during neurogenesis. Specific expression was found in the retina, inner ear, and nasal epithelium. Outside of the nervous system Wtx/Amer1 showed the broadest expression domains including cephalic and limb mesenchyme, skeletal muscle, bladder, gonads, lung bud, salivary glands, and the kidneys. The widespread expression pattern of Wtx/Amer1, together with its role as a modulator of the Wnt signaling pathway, suggest that Wtx/Amer1 serves pleiotropic roles during mammalian organogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 239:1867–1878, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The missense mutation W290R in Fgfr2 causes developmental defects from aberrant IIIb and IIIc signaling
Authors: Mai S. , Wei K. , Flenniken A. , Adamson S. L. , Rossant J. , Aubin J. E. , Gong S.‐G. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMissense mutations in the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 (FGFR2) have been identified in human craniosynostotic syndromes such as Crouzon (CS) and Pfeiffer (PS). FGFR2 has two major isoforms, IIIb and IIIc, generated through alternative splicing with their own temporal, spatial, and ligand‐binding specificities. In this study, we report the identification and characterization of a missense mutation in codon 290 of murine Fgfr2 (W290R). The defects in W290R mutants are suggestive of disruption of signalling in both IIIb and IIIc isoforms of the Fgfr2 gene. Heterozygous mutants presented with features resembling those found in patients with CS. Fgfr2W290R homozygotes displayed constitutive FGFR2 activation with increased, but correct tissue‐specific, expression of the IIIb and IIIc isoforms in many of the defective organs. Our Fgfr2W290R mouse model thus represents an excellent mouse model of CS to probe the many questions around the pathogenesis of craniosynostotic birth defects consequent to defects in FGF signaling. Developmental Dynamics 239:1888–1900, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Embryonic expression of the chicken krüppel‐like (KLF) transcription factor gene family
Authors: Antin Parker B. , Pier Maricela , Sesepasara Terry , Yatskievych Tatiana A. , Darnell Diana K. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe Krüppel‐like transcription factors (KLF) are zinc finger proteins that activate and suppress target gene transcription. Although KLF factors have been implicated in regulating many developmental processes, a comprehensive gene expression analysis has not been reported. Here we present the chicken KLF gene family and expression during the first five days of embryonic development. Fourteen chicken KLF genes or expressed sequences have been previously identified. Through synteny analysis and cDNA mapping, we have identified the KLF9 gene and determined that the gene presently named KLF1 is the true ortholog of KLF17 in other species. In situ hybridization expression analyses show that in general KLFs are broadly expressed in multiple cell and tissue types. Expression of KLFs 3, 7, 8, and 9, is widespread at all stages examined. KLFs 2, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 15, and 17 show more restricted patterns that suggest multiple functions during early stages of embryonic development. Developmental Dynamics 239:1879–1887, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Tlx2‐Cre mouse line uncovers essential roles for hand1 in extraembryonic and lateral mesoderm
Authors: Maska Emily L. , Cserjesi Peter , Hua Lisa L. , Garstka Meghan E. , Brody Heather M. , Morikawa Yuka 
Published: May 2010

AbstractHand1 regulates development of numerous tissues within the embryo, extraembryonic mesoderm, and trophectoderm. Systemic loss of Hand1 results in early embryonic lethality but the cause has remained unknown. To determine if Hand1 expression in extraembryonic mesoderm is essential for embryonic survival, Hand1 was conditionally deleted using the HoxB6‐Cre mouse line that expresses Cre in extraembryonic and lateral mesoderm. Deletion of Hand1 using HoxB6‐Cre resulted in embryonic lethality identical to systemic knockout. To determine if lethality is due to Hand1 function in extraembryonic mesoderm or lateral mesoderm, we generated a Tlx2‐Cre mouse line expressing Cre in lateral mesoderm but not extraembryonic tissues. Deletion of Hand1 using the Tlx2‐Cre line results in embryonic survival with embryos exhibiting herniated gut and thin enteric smooth muscle. Our results show that Hand1 regulates development of lateral mesoderm derivatives and its loss in extraembryonic mesoderm is the primary cause of lethality in Hand1‐null embryos. genesis 48:479–484, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molybdenum Complexes Bearing (Bi)thienyl‐ or Arylthienyl‐Substituted π‐Conjugated Spacers: Synthesis, Electrochemical, Spectroscopic and Nonlinear Optical Properties
Authors: Fonseca António M. , Belsley Michael , Gomes Etelvina Matos , Castro M. Cidália R. , Raposo M. Manuela M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA series of complexes trans‐[FMo(N=NCHL)(dppe)2][BF4] {L = (bi)thienyl or arylthienyl}, were synthesized and fully characterized by 1H, 13C, 31P NMR, IR and UV/Vis spectroscopy. The electronic spectra and electrochemical behavior of the complexes were investigated. The electronic absorption spectra of these complexes display a broad low‐energy band in the visible region attributable to metal‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer (MLCT) transitions. The electron‐conjugated effect with the heterocyclic nucleus led to a notable improvement of visible light absorption and marked changes in the electrochemical behavior. The hyperpolarizabilities β of the synthesized compounds were evaluated using the hyper‐Rayleigh scattering technique.
tele Nucleophilic Substitutions of Hydrogen in m‐(Trichloromethyl)nitrobenzenes with Cyano and Ester Carbanions
Authors: Surowiec Marek , Belekos Dimitris , Mąkosza Mieczysław , Varvounis George 
Published: May 2010

AbstractStabilized carbanions of malonates, 2‐phenylacetonitrile, or isopropyl 2‐phenylacetate add to m‐(trichloromethyl)nitrobenzene derivatives to form σH adducts that lose a chloride ion to give intermediate exo‐dichloromethylene nitrocyclohexadienes. These undergo re‐aromatization through 1,5‐hydrogen shift to yield tele substitution mono adducts. Depending on the stoichiometry of the nitroarene to the carbanion, further addition of the nucleophile to the tele mono adduct can yield a mixture of products that are either double or triple adducts. At low temperature, the σH adducts undergo direct 1,2‐addition in competition with chloride ion elimination/1,5‐hydrogen shift.
A Green and Efficient Asymmetric Aldol Reaction Catalyzed by a Chiral Anion Modified Ionic Liquid
Authors: Qian Yunbo , Zheng Xin , Wang Yongmei 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA chiral anion modified ionic liquid derived from L‐proline proves as a green and efficient asymmetric organocatalyst for direct asymmetric aldol reactions in [BMIm]BF4 at room temperature. The corresponding aldol products with moderate to good isolated yields (up to 99 %), anti‐diastereoselectivities (up to 97:3), and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee) were afforded. Recycling of the catalyst and solvent ([BMIm]BF4) was possible up to four runs with a slight reduction in activity.
Biotechnology for the production of essential oils, flavours and volatile isolates. A review.
Authors: Gounaris Y. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractVarious applications of biotechnological methods for the production of volatile compounds useful to the food and pharmaceutical industries are discussed. The yields obtained from intact or genetically modified plants are compared to those achieved by microbial methods. Plant yields are too low for the products to compete commercially to those synthesized chemically. Still lower yields are obtained with in vitro‐cultured plant tissues. Trangenic plants with altered methylerythritol path gave 50% more essential oil in the best case. The 100‐fold increases in shikimate‐derived volatiles, obtained with overexpressed alcohol dehydrogenase and five‐fold more C6 volatle aldehydes and 2‐phenylethanol, were produced with overexpressed lipoxygenase and 2‐phenylethanol dehydrogenase, respectively. However, the most spectacular yields were observed with biotransformations catalysed by microorganisms. Kluyveromyces marxianus, produces over 26 g/l 2‐phenylethanol from phenyalanine, whereas Candida sorbophila, Mucor circillenoides or Yarrowia lipolytica can produce 5–40 g/l γ‐decalactone from ricinoleic acid. Vanillin production from ferulic acid is in the range 12–60 g/l with Amycolatopsis and Streptomyces species. Vanillin can be produced at 5 g/l by Escherichia coli and amorphadiene yields of 37 g/l have been observed with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, both with the genetically overexpressed methyl–erythritol path. Genetically engineered β‐oxidation genes result in yields of 10 g/l γ‐decalactone by Yarrowia lipolytica and up to 80 g/l dicaboxylic acids by various yeasts. These results far exceed the theoretical limit of about 1 g/l required for consideration of a procedure as a commercially interesting process, alternative to chemical sythesis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A genomic strategy for the functional validation of colorectal cancer genes identifies potential therapeutic targets
Authors: Grade Marian , Hummon Amanda B. , Camps Jordi , Emons Georg , Spitzner Melanie , Gaedcke Jochen , Hoermann Patrick , Ebner Reinhard , Becker Heinz , Difilippantonio Michael J. , Ghadimi B. Michael , Beissbarth Tim , Caplen Natasha J. , Ried Thomas 
Published: May 2010

AbstractGenes that are highly overexpressed in tumor cells can be required for tumor cell survival and have the potential to be selective therapeutic targets. In an attempt to identify such targets, we combined a functional genomics and a systems biology approach to assess the consequences of RNAi‐mediated silencing of overexpressed genes that were selected from 140 gene expression profiles from colorectal cancers (CRCs) and matched normal mucosa. In order to identify credible models for in‐depth functional analysis, we first confirmed the overexpression of these genes in 25 different CRC cell lines. We then identified five candidate genes that profoundly reduced the viability of CRC cell lines when silenced with either siRNAs or short‐hairpin RNAs (shRNAs), i.e., HMGA1, TACSTD2, RRM2, RPS2 and NOL5A. These genes were further studied by systematic analysis of comprehensive gene expression profiles generated following siRNA‐mediated silencing. Exploration of these RNAi‐specific gene expression signatures allowed the identification of the functional space in which the five genes operate and showed enrichment for cancer‐specific signaling pathways, some known to be involved in CRC. By comparing the expression of the RNAi signature genes with their respective expression levels in an independent set of primary rectal carcinomas, we could recapitulate these defined RNAi signatures, therefore, establishing the biological relevance of our observations. This strategy identified the signaling pathways that are affected by the prominent oncogenes HMGA1 and TACSTD2, established a yet unknown link between RRM2 and PLK1 and identified RPS2 and NOL5A as promising potential therapeutic targets in CRC.
Elevated serum matrix metalloproteinase 7 levels predict poor prognosis after radical prostatectomy
Authors: Szarvas Tibor , Becker Markus , vom Dorp Frank , Meschede Jan , Scherag André , Bánkfalvi Ágnes , Reis Henning , Schmid Kurt W. , Romics Imre , Rübben Herbert , Ergün Süleyman 
Published: May 2010

AbstractElevated matrix metalloproteinase‐7 (MMP‐7) tissue expression and serum concentration have been shown to be associated with cancer progression and metastasis. The aim of our study was to assess the prognostic value of preoperative circulating MMP‐7 levels in serum samples of patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. Furthermore, we compared the serum MMP‐7 levels between patients with organ confined and metastatic prostate cancer. MMP‐7 levels were measured in 93 patients with localized prostate cancer, 13 patients with distant bone metastasis and in sera of 19 controls using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The results were compared to the clinical follow‐up data. We did not find any significant difference in MMP‐7 serum levels between patients and controls (p = 0.268). Circulating MMP‐7 serum concentration was significantly elevated in patients with distant metastasis (p < 0.001). For the detection of distant prostate cancer metastasis, using a cut‐off value of 3.7 ng/ml, a specificity of 69% and a sensitivity of 92% were observed. Multivariate analysis identified high MMP‐7 serum concentration as an independent risk factor for prostate cancer‐related death both in a preoperative and a postoperative model (p = 0.003 and 0.018, respectively). Furthermore, the evaluation of predictive models revealed that addition of serum MMP‐7 levels to the preoperatively available predictors improves prognostic accuracy (the concordance index increased from 0.631 to 0.734 when MMP‐7 was included). Based on these, we concluded that MMP‐7 is a potential marker to identify patients with metastatic prostate cancer. In clinically localized prostate cancer, MMP‐7 may provide independent prognostic information, thereby helping to optimize therapy decisions.
β‐Catenin and NF‐κB cooperate to regulate the uPA/uPAR system in cancer cells
Authors: Moreau Marie , Mourah Samia , Dosquet Christine 
Published: May 2010

AbstractExpression of the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) has recently been shown to be directly regulated by the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway in colon cancer cells, through β‐catenin binding to T‐cell factor binding element motifs present in their gene promoters. In our study, we present evidence that inhibition of β‐catenin causes upregulation of uPA/uPAR gene expression enhancing invasive potential. Using MCF‐7, MDA‐MB‐231 (breast cancer cells) and SW480 (colon cancer cells), we found that siRNA‐mediated silencing of β‐catenin increased uPA, uPAR and plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) expression at the mRNA and protein levels. This increase was responsible for the observed enhanced invasive capacity of MDA‐MB‐231 and SW480 cancer cells. In addition, β‐catenin stabilization and accumulation by lithium chloride treatment, a well‐known inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK‐3β), or by β‐catenin/T‐cell factor‐4 expression vectors transfection led to a decrease in uPA, uPAR and PAI‐1 mRNA expression in the studied cancer models. Treatment of β‐catenin siRNA‐transfected cells with a specific inhibitor of nuclear factor‐kappaB (NF‐κB), SN50, significantly reduced enhancement of uPA, uPAR and PAI‐1 expression and cancer cell invasion, observed in β‐catenin siRNA‐transfected cells. Furthermore, β‐catenin siRNA‐treated cells exhibited NF‐κB nuclear accumulation. These data suggest that β‐catenin regulates the uPA/uPAR system in cooperation with NF‐κB transcription factor, which constitutes a novel mechanism of regulation.
Genotoxicity evaluation of two kinds of smoke‐water and 3,7‐dimethyl‐2H‐furo[2,3‐c]pyran‐2‐one
Authors: Trinh Cécile , Gevaert Lieven , Kohout Ladislav , Van Staden Johannes , Verschaeve Luc 
Published: May 2010

AbstractSmoke, smoke‐water and aerosols have a stimulatory effect on seed germination and growth vigour of many seedlings, making them potentially useful for different purposes, provided they do not pose a health risk. Therefore, the genotoxicity of two kinds of smoke‐water and 3,7‐dimethyl‐2H‐furo[2,3‐c]pyran‐2‐one, a variant of the most active smoke compound (3‐methyl‐2H‐furo[2,3‐c]pyran‐2‐one) was evaluated using the Vitotox™ assay. Smoke‐water extracts were obtained from burning leaves: Themeda triandra (smoke‐water Tt) and a mix of Themeda triandra and Passerina vulgaris (smoke‐water Kb). No genotoxic effect was observed for any of the three samples. However, the three samples are toxic at the highest concentrations (3,7‐dimethyl‐2H‐furo[2,3‐c]pyran‐2‐one, 2 ppm; smoke‐water Tt, dilutions 1 : 1, 1 : 2, 1 : 4; smoke‐water Kb, dilution 1 : 1) without addition of S9 mix. Both the butenolide 3,7‐dimethyl‐2H‐furo[2,3‐c]pyran‐2‐one and smoke‐water Tt are also toxic at high doses in the presence of S9 (2 ppm and dilutions 1 : 1 and 1 : 2, respectively), but not smoke‐water Kb. Thus, from these results, no genotoxicity of these three samples can be assumed, which is accordance with the previous tests performed with 3‐methyl‐2H‐furo[2,3‐c]pyran‐2‐one and a smoke‐water. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of dentine smear layer on the performance of self‐etching adhesive systems: A micro‐tensile bond strength study
Authors: Senawongse Pisol , Srihanon Anyarat , Muangmingsuk Amara , Harnirattisai Choltacha 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of the smear layer on the micro‐tensile bond strength when two self‐etching adhesives were used with different techniques. Flat dentine surfaces were prepared using either medium grit diamond burs or tungsten carbide burs. Ten specimens from each prepared surfaces were subjected for smear layer evaluation under SEM. Forty specimens from each of the prepared surfaces were further divided into two groups, bonded with either Clearfil SE Bond (SE) or Clearfil S3 Bond (S3) using one of four applications (as manufacturer's instructions, agitation, reapplication, and increased application time), restored with composites and subjected to a micro‐tensile bond strength test. Smear layers created with diamond burs were thicker than those created with tungsten carbide burs. Surfaces prepared with tungsten carbide burs produced a higher bond strength than those prepared with diamond burs and the same type of adhesive resin. SE demonstrated a higher bond strength than S3 for all surfaces. S3 applied with the agitation technique demonstrated a higher bond strength to dentine prepared with tungsten carbide and diamond burs than that applied with other techniques. SE applied with increased time on dentine treated with carbide burs produced the highest bond strength. In conclusion, a thick smear layer decreased bond strength to dentine, and this might be improved by modification of application technique. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010.
Rosiglitazone inhibits monocyte/macrophage adhesion through de novo adiponectin production in human monocytes
Authors: Tsai Jaw‐Shiun , Chen Ching‐Yu , Chen Yuh‐Lien , Chuang Lee‐Ming 
Published: May 2010

AbstractRosiglitazone (RSG) has a variety of actions on both insulin sensitization and anti‐atherogenic effects. The molecular effect of RSG on monocyte/macrophage function in terms of de novo synthesis of adiponectin is not fully understood. Here, we examined the regulation of adiponectin expression in human monocytes/macrophages by RSG and its function on monocyte adhesion during initiation of atherosclerosis. Adiponectin expression in monocytes and macrophages was studied by RT‐PCR, quantitative real‐time PCR, Western blot, and immunocytochemistry. Signal transduction and adhesion molecules were studied in order to describe the function of de novo synthesized adiponectin in monocyte adhesion. Adiponectin was expressed and upregulated during monocyte differentiation. The expression of adiponectin was enhanced, albeit at a much lesser degree, by a peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist RSG, which was similar to what was found in adipocytes. Monocyte adhesion was remarkably reduced when the cells were treated with RSG for 12 h. This inhibitory effect of RSG was abolished by specific anti‐adiponectin antibodies but not by non‐immune immunoglobulin G in a serum‐free condition. Adiponectin‐induced suppression on monocyte adhesion was inhibited by a selective AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor compound C. The reduced expression and/or function of adhesion molecule integrins may underlie the mechanism contributing to reduced monocyte adhesion upon AMPK activation. Our data suggest that the inhibitory effect of RSG on monocyte adhesion might be at least in part through de novo adiponectin expression and activation of an AMPK‐dependent pathway, which might play an important role in atherogenesis. J. Cell. Biochem. 110: 1410–1419, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.