bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An architecture for exploiting multi‐core processors to parallelize network intrusion prevention
Authors: Sommer Robin , Paxson Vern , Weaver Nicholas 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIt is becoming increasingly difficult to implement effective systems for preventing network attacks, due to the combination of the rising sophistication of attacks requiring more complex analyses to detect; the relentless growth in the volume of network traffic that we must analyze; and, critically, the failure in recent years for uniprocessor performance to sustain the exponential gains that for so many years CPUs have enjoyed. For commodity hardware, tomorrow's performance gains will instead come frommulti‐corearchitectures in which a whole set of CPUs executes concurrently. Taking advantage of the full power of multi‐core processors for network intrusion prevention requires an in‐depth approach. In this work we frame an architecture customized for parallel execution of network attack analysis. At the lowest layer of the architecture is an ‘Active Network Interface’, a custom device based on an inexpensive FPGA platform. The analysis itself is structured as an event‐based system, which allows us to find many opportunities for concurrent execution, since events introduce a natural asynchrony into the analysis while still maintaining good cache locality. A preliminary evaluation demonstrates the potential of this architecture. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aberrant T‐lymphocytes in refractory coeliac disease are not strictly confined to a small intestinal intraepithelial localization
Authors: Verbeek W.H.M. , von Blomberg B.M.E. , Coupe V.M.H. , Daum S. , Mulder C.J.J. , Schreurs M.W.J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBackground:Refractory coeliac disease (RCD) is characterized by persisting mucosal pathology in spite of a strict gluten free diet (GFD). In RCD type II, phenotypically aberrant (CD7+CD3‐CD4/8‐cytoplasmicCD3+) T‐lymphocytes are present within the intraepitelial lymphocyte (IEL) population in the small intestine, and 50–60% of these patients develops an enteropathy associated T‐cell lymphoma (EATL).Aim:To investigate whether aberrant T‐lymphocytes in RCD II can be detected in other parts of the small intestinal mucosa besides the intraepithelial compartment. Additionally, the presence of aberrant T‐lymphocytes was analyzed in two RCD II patients that developed atypical skin lesions.Methods:Multiparameter flow cytometric immunophenotyping was performed on both IEL and lamina propria lymphocyte (LPL) cell suspensions, isolated from small bowel biopsy specimens of RCD II patients (n = 14), and on cutaneous lymphocytes isolated from skin‐lesion biopsy specimens of RCD II patients (n = 2). In addition, immunofluorescence analysis of frozen RCD II derived small intestinal biopsies was performed.Results:Our results clearly show that aberrant T‐lymphocytes may be present in both the IEL and the LPL compartments of RCD II derived small intestinal biopsies. Although the highest percentages are always present in the IEL compartment, aberrant LPL can exceed 20% of total LPL in half the RCD II patients. Interestingly, cutaneous lymphocytes isolated from atypical skin lesions that developed in some RCD II patients showed a similar aberrant immunophenotype as found in the intestinal mucosa.Conclusions:In RCD II, the aberrant T‐lymphocytes may also reside in the subepithelial layer of the small intestinal mucosa, in the lamina propria, and even in extraintestinal localizations including the skin. Whether this phenomenon represents a passive overflow from the intestinal epithelium or active trafficking towards other anatomical localizations remains to be elucidated. RCD II appears to be a disseminated disease, which may impose the risk of EATL development outside the intestine. © 2009 Clinical Cytometry Society
In vivo genetic manipulation of the rat trophoblast cell lineage using lentiviral vector delivery
Authors: Lee Dong‐Soo , Rumi M.A. Karim , Konno Toshihiro , Soares Michael J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn this report, we have adapted a lentiviral gene delivery technique for genetic modification of the rat trophoblast cell lineage. Blastocysts were incubated with lentiviral particles and transferred into the uteri of pseudopregnant female rats, harvested at various times during gestation, and then analyzed. Two test systems were evaluated: (1) delivery of an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene under the control of constitutive promoters to rat blastocysts; (2) delivery of EGFP short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to rat blastocysts constitutively expressing EGFP. Lentiviral packaged gene constructs were efficiently and specifically delivered to all trophoblast cell lineages. Additionally, lentiviral mediated transfer of shRNAs was an effective strategy for modifying gene expression in trophoblast cell lineages. This technique will permit the in vivo evaluation of “gain‐of‐function” and “loss‐of‐function” manipulations in the rat trophoblast cell lineage. genesis 47:433–439, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Medical futility and psychiatry: Palliative care and hospice care as a last resort in the treatment of refractory anorexia nervosa
Authors: Lopez Amy , Yager Joel , Feinstein Robert E. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractObjectiveThe concept of medical futility is accepted in general medicine, yet little attention has been paid to its application in psychiatry. We explore how medical futility and principles of palliation may contribute to the management of treatment refractory anorexia nervosa.MethodWe review the case of a 30‐year‐old woman with chronic anorexia nervosa, treated unsuccessfully for several years.ResultsOngoing assessment, including ethical consultation, determined that further active treatment was unlikely to resolve her condition. The patient was referred for palliative care and hospice care, and ultimately died.DiscussionAlthough circumstances requiring its use are rare, palliative care may play a role in the treatment of long suffering, treatment refractory patients. For poor prognosis patients who are unresponsive to competent treatment, continue to decline physiologically and psychologically, and appear to face an inexorably terminal course, palliative care and hospice may be a humane alternative. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010
Bismalonates Constructed on a Hexaphenylbenzene Scaffold for the Synthesis of Equatorial Fullerene Bisadducts
Authors: Figueira‐Duarte Teresa M. , Gégout Aline , Olivier Jean , Cardinali François , Nierengarten Jean‐François 
Published: May 2009

AbstractHexaphenylbenzene derivatives bearing two aldehyde groups were prepared by reaction of 4,4′‐(ethyne‐1,2‐diyl)dibenzaldehyde with bisarylalkynes in the presence of a catalytic amount of Co2(CO)8. These synthetic intermediates were used to produce the corresponding bismalonates. Finally, macrocyclization of the bismalonates with C60 afforded equatorial fullerene bisadducts. The relative position of the two cyclopropane rings on the C60 core was determined on the basis of the molecular symmetry (C1) deduced from the 1H and 13C NMR spectra and further confirmed by the characteristic features seen in their UV/Vis spectra.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Quinone Methides: Reference Electrophiles for the Construction of Nucleophilicity Scales
Authors: Richter Dorothea , Hampel Nathalie , Singer Thomas , Ofial Armin R. , Mayr Herbert 
Published: May 2009

AbstractNovel synthetic routes to the aryl‐substituted quinonemethides 3a–f have been developed, and a previously reported Mannich approach has been used for the syntheses of the acceptor substituted quinone methides 2e–g. The second‐order rate constants for the reactions of 3c–f and 2e–g with the carbanions 9a–h were determined photometrically in DMSO. With Equation (1), log k2 = s (N + E), and the known nucleophilicity parameters N and s for the carbanions 9a–h, it was possible to calculate the electrophilicity parameters E for these quinone methides. With E parameters between –12 and –17, these readily accessible quinone methides are recommended as reference electrophiles for the construction of nucleophilicity scales.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Evaluation of cytotoxic concentration–time response in A549 cells exposed to respirable α‐quartz
Authors: Fanizza Carla , Fresegna Anna Maria , Maiello Raffaele , Paba Emilia , Cavallo Delia 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA causal pathway between quartz, silicosis and lung cancer has been postulated. The aim of our study was to assess cytotoxic effects induced in a human lung epithelial cell line (A549) by exposure to α‐quartz. Cells were exposed to respirable α‐quartz (SRM1878a, NIST) at 25, 50 or 100 µg ml−1 for 24 h and at 50 or 100 µg ml−1 for 48 h. Cytotoxic effects were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), apoptotic morphology analysis with Hoechst staining and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. In cells exposed to α‐quartz for 24 h, a concentration‐dependent bleb development and in particular the localization of blebs at the cell edge at higher concentrations were observed. The blebbing phenomenon was more evident after 48 h of exposure to 50 or to 100 µg ml−1 of α‐quartz and large blebs were localized at the cell edge. At the same concentrations surface smoothing was also observed. Moreover the presence of holes and tears was detected at the highest concentration both at 24 and 48 h. Results of morphological analysis with Hoechst stain evidenced an increase concentration–time dependent of apoptotic cell percentage that was more marked after 48 h exposure to 100 µg ml−1 and a prevalence of late apoptosis stage with the increase of exposure time and concentration. Cells exposed to 50 or 100 µg ml−1 of α‐quartz for 24 and 48 h produced a significant increase in LDH release. The concentration–time‐dependent bleb induction evidenced by SEM correlates with the increase of apoptotic cells and LDH activity release, demonstrating the onset of cytotoxic effects in human lung cells exposed to α‐quartz. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early diagnosis, follow‐up, and prenatal treatment of a case of TRAP sequence occurring in a dichorionic triamniotic triplet pregnancy
Authors: Cavoretto Paolo , Serafini Audrey , Valsecchi Luca , Lanna Mariano , Rustico Maria Angela 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe are reporting a case of twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence occurring in a dichorionic triamniotic triplet pregnancy with successful percutaneous prenatal treatment and excellent neonatal outcome. TRAP sequence was diagnosed at 11 weeks in a spontaneous dichorionic‐triamniotic triplet. Sonographic assessment showed persistent arterial flow and development of hydrops in the acardiac twin. Percutaneous cord interstitial laser coagulation was performed, and the co‐twin subsequently developed growth restriction. The 9‐month‐old twins have a normal developmental course. This report confirms that fetal intervention is indicated in cases of TRAP sequence in which the acardiac twin presents a significant enlargement on follow‐up sonographic examinations. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 2009
Preoperative sonographic diagnosis of appendiceal intussusception: A case report
Authors: Alehossein Mehdi , Alizadeh Houman , Nahvi Hedayatolah , Ghasemi Esfe Ahmad Reza , Vaziri Bozorg Seyed Mehran 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAppendiceal intussusception is an uncommon form of intussusception. Most of the literature regarding appendiceal intussusception discusses the colonoscopic diagnosis or surgical treatment of the condition. Sonographic findings have rarely been described. We present a case of preoperative sonographic diagnosis of appendiceal intussusception. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 2009
Three‐dimensional patellar motion at the natural knee during passive flexion/extension. An in vitro study
Authors: Belvedere Claudio , Leardini Alberto , Ensini Andrea , Bianchi Luca , Catani Fabio , Giannini Sandro 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPatellar maltracking may result in many patellofemoral joint (PFJ) disorders in the natural and replaced knee. The literature providing quantitative reference for normal PFJ kinematics according to which patellar maltracking could be identified is still limited. The aim of this study was to measure in vitro accurately all six‐degrees‐of‐freedom of patellar motion with respect to the femur and tibia on 20 normal specimens. A state‐of‐the‐art knee navigation system, suitably adapted for this study aim, was used. Anatomical reference frames were defined for the femur, tibia, and patella according to international recommendations. PFJ flexion, tilt, rotation, and translations were calculated in addition to standard tibiofemoral joint (TFJ) kinematics. All motion patterns were found to be generally repeatable intra‐/interspecimens. PFJ flexion was 62% of the corresponding TFJ flexion range; tilt and translations along femoral mediolateral and tibial proximodistal axes during TFJ flexion were found with medial, lateral, and distal trends and within 12°, 6 and 9 mm, respectively. No clear pattern for PFJ rotation was observed. These results concur with comparable reports from the literature and contribute to the controversial knowledge on normal PFJ kinematics. Their consistence provides fundamental information to understand orthopedic treatment of the knee and for possible relevant measurements intraoperatively. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27:1426–1431, 2009
Leaching and reclamation of calcareous saline‐sodic soil by moderately saline and moderate‐SAR water using gypsum and calcium chloride
Authors: Gharaibeh Mamoun A. , Eltaif Nabil I. , Shunnar Ola F. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractLysimeter experiments were conducted with sandy‐clay‐loam soil to study the efficiency of two amendments in reclaiming saline‐sodic soil using moderately saline and SAR (sodium‐adsorption ratio) irrigation water. Gypsum obtained from industrial phosphate by‐products and reagent grade Ca chloride were applied to packed soil columns and irrigated with moderately saline (ECe = 2.16 dS m–1), moderate‐SAR water (SAR = 4.8). Gypsum was mixed with soil prior to irrigation at application rates of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 32 Mg ha–1, and Ca chloride was dissolved directly in leaching water at application rates of 4.25, 8.5, 12.75, 17.0, and 21.25 Mg ha–1, respectively. The highest application rate in both amendments resulted in 96% reduction of total Na in soil.The hydraulic conductivity (HC) of soils receiving gypsum increased in all treatments. The highest HC value of 6.8 mm h–1 was obtained in the highest application rate (32 Mg ha–1), whereas the lowest value of 5.2 mm h–1 was observed with the control treatment. Both amendments were efficient in reducing soil salinity and sodicity (exchangeable‐sodium percentage, ESP); however, Ca chloride was more effective than gypsum as a reclaiming material. Exchangeable Na and soluble salts were reduced with gypsum application by 82% and 96%, and by 86% and 93% with Ca chloride application, respectively. Exchangeable Ca increased with increasing amendment rate. Results of this study revealed that sodium was removed during cation‐exchange reactions mostly when the SAR of effluent water was at maximum with subsequent passage of 3 to 4 pore volumes. Gypsum efficiently reduced soil ESP, soil EC, leaching water, and costs, therefore, an application rate of 20 Mg ha–1 of gypsum with 3 to 4 pore volumes of leaching water is recommended for reclaiming the studied soil.
Phosphorus efficiency of ornamental plants in peat substrates
Authors: Khandan‐Mirkohi Azizollah , Schenk Manfred K. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA pot experiment was conducted to investigate factors contributing to phosphorous (P) efficiency of ornamental plants. Marigold (Tagetes patula) and poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherima) were cultivated in a peat substrate (black peat 80% + mineral component 20% on a volume basis), treated with P rates of 0, 10, 35, 100, and 170 mg (L substrate)–1. During the cultivation period, plants were fertigated with a complete nutrient solution (including 18 mg P L–1) every 2 d. Both poinsettia and marigold attained their optimum yield at the rate of 35 mg P (L substrate)–1 and the critical level of P in shoot dry matter of both crops was 5–6 mg g–1. After planting, plant‐available P increased at lower P rates to a higher level for poinsettia than for marigold, but no significant change was observed at higher P rates. Balance sheet calculations indicated that at lower P rates more P was fertigated than was taken up by the plants. Root‐length density, root‐to‐shoot ratio, and root‐hair length of marigold were doubled compared to that of poinsettia. Root‐length density increased with crop growth, and 10 d after planting the mean half distance between roots exceeded the P‐depletion zone around roots by a factor of 3 and 1.5 for poinsettia and marigold, respectively. Thus, at this early stage poinsettia exploited only 10% of the substrate volume whereas marigold utilized 43%. Later in the cultivation period, the depletion zones around roots overlapped for both crops. Taking into account P uptake via root hairs, the simulation revealed that this was more important for marigold compared to poinsettia especially at low P‐supply levels. However, increase of P uptake due to root hairs was only 10%–20% at optimum P supply. For the two lower P levels, the P‐depletion profile around roots calculated for 10 d after planting showed that after 2 d of depletion the concentration at the root surface was below the assumed Km value (5 μM) and the concentration gradient was insufficient to fit the demand. A higher content of plant‐available P in the substrate was observed for poinsettia compared to marigold in the treatment with P application adequate for optimum growth, because more fertigated P was accumulated during early stages of cultivation due to lower root‐length density of poinsettia. The observed difference of root morphological parameters did not contribute significantly to P‐uptake efficiency, since P mobility in the peat substrate was high.
Decline in leaf growth under salt stress is due to an inhibition of H+‐pumping activity and increase in apoplastic pH of maize leaves
Authors: Pitann Britta , Schubert Sven , Mühling Karl H. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn this study, salt‐induced changes in the growth rate of maize (Zea mays L.) were investigated during the first phase of salt stress. Leaf growth was reduced in the presence of 100 mM NaCl, and effects were more pronounced for the salt‐sensitive cv. Pioneer 3906 in comparison to the hybrid SR03. While hydrolytic activity of plasma membrane remained unaffected, H+‐pumping activity was reduced by 47% in Pioneer 3906, but was unchanged in SR03. Changes in apoplastic pH were detected by ratiometric fluorescence microscopy using the fluorescent dye fluorescein isothiocyanate‐dextran (50 mM). Pioneer 3906 responded with an increase of 0.2 pH units in contrast to SR03 for which no apoplastic alkalization was found. With respect to the hypothesis that the apoplastic pH is influenced by salinity, it is suggested that salt resistance is partly achieved due to efficient H+‐ATPase proton pumping, which results in cell‐wall acidification and loosening.
Validation of wiggle matching using a multi‐proxy approach and its palaeoclimatic significance
Authors: Bokhorst Mark P. , Vandenberghe Jef 
Published: May 2009

AbstractResearch into global, millennial‐scale climate oscillations during the last glacial requires wiggle matching. One method for adequate wiggle matching is based on the dating of the climate proxy records. Luminescence dating methods are needed for estimates of last glacial ages in terrestrial records. However, such dating methods are not accurate enough for millennial‐scale wiggle matching. It is shown that a multi‐proxy comparison of two sections that are situated close to each other may considerably improve the accuracy of wiggle matching. The method is tested by an application on two loess sections of last glacial age in Vojvodina, Serbia. The climate proxies include magnetic susceptibility, leachate Ba/Sr and grain size. Firstly, single proxy‐wiggle matches between both sections are analysed successively with the same and with different proxies. Secondly, a multi‐proxy wiggle match based on all three proxies of the two sections is presented and compared to the single‐proxy tests. In such a procedure, it becomes clear which wiggles are mainly determined by local conditions and which have a more extended significance. It is concluded that a multi‐proxy approach results in the best and the most unique wiggle matches. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patient expectations for surgical outcome in extremity soft tissue sarcoma
Authors: Davidge Kristen , Bell Robert , Ferguson Peter , Turcotte Robert , Wunder Jay , Davis Aileen M. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesPatients' expectations regarding their surgical recovery can significantly influence health outcomes. This study examines the relationship between pre‐treatment outcome expectations and post‐operative function and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with extremity soft tissue sarcoma (ESTS). Additionally, we evaluate predictors of patients' outcome expectations.MethodsData were prospectively collected on 157 ESTS patients (62% male, mean age 56 years) treated with limb‐preservation surgery between January 2001 and February 2005. Associations between patients' outcome expectations and 1‐year function and HRQoL outcomes were evaluated using multivariable regression analyses. Factors predicting patient expectations were investigated using multinomial logistic regression.ResultsPatients expecting a difficult recovery and patients with uncertain expectations had worse functional outcomes than patients anticipating an easy recovery. Education, dispositional optimism, tumor location, AJCC stage, and baseline function/HRQoL were significant predictors of patient expectations. For example, patients with primary school education more frequently reported uncertain expectations regarding length of recovery (OR = 20; 95% CI, 3.7–108.6) and complications (OR = 12; 95% CI, 2.7–58.0) than patients with post‐secondary education.ConclusionsPatient expectations significantly influence functional outcome in ESTS. Patients at risk for uncertain expectations may benefit from additional, individualized education so as to optimize their treatment outcomes. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;100:375–381. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development and persistence of posttraumatic stress disorder and the 5‐HTTLPR polymorphism
Authors: Thakur Geeta A. , Joober Ridha , Brunet Alain 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAssociation between 5‐HTTLPR polymorphism and development of acute and persistence of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was prospectively investigated. DNA was extracted from 41 motor‐vehicle accident victims evaluated for development and persistence of PTSD, 1 and 12 months posttrauma. At Time 1, a nonsignificant trend for higher acute PTSD rate in ll homozygotes (82%) was observed compared to those with ss and sl genotypes (50%). At Time 2, higher chronic PTSD rate was found in ll homozygotes (55%) compared to those with ss and sl genotypes (20%), with an odds ratio of 4.8 (95% CI = 1.09–21.22). Contrary to previous findings, these data are suggestive of a protective role for the s allele of 5‐HTTLPR in chronic PTSD.