bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Transformations of Dialkyl(4‐hydroxy‐2‐butynyl)(3‐phenylallyl)ammonium Bromides in an KOH Aqueous Solution or in the Presence of Powdered KOH.
Authors: Chukhadjian E. O. , Gabrielyan A. S. , Chukhadjian El. O. , Shahkhatuni K. G. , Panosyan G. A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractQuaternary amines (III), synthesized for the first time, suffer a Stevens rearrangement under both aqueous and non‐aqueous conditions to furnish dihydrofurans (IV) as mixture of diastereomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Acylation of Silyl Ketene Acetals Through Fluoride Anion‐Binding Catalysis.
Authors: Birrell James A. , Desrosiers Jean‐Nicolas , Jacobsen Eric N. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe reaction is best catalyzed by the complex chiral thiourea derivative in combination with 4‐pyrrolidinopyridine to afford the target α,α‐disubstituted butyrolactone products with high yields and enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Enantioselective Tandem Aldol‐Cyclization Reaction of α‐Isothiocyanato Imides and Activated Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Guang Jie , Zhao Cong‐Gui 
Published: January 2012

AbstractCinchonidine thiourea CIN is found to be superior to other catalysts (9 examples) in terms of both diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity obtained for product (IIIa).
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot‐One‐Step, Microwave‐Assisted Fischer Indole Synthesis.
Authors: Creencia Evelyn Cuevas , Tsukamoto Masayuki , Horaguchi Takaaki 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA convenient method for the synthesis of the indoles (III), (V), and (VII) from commercially available starting reagents is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Catalyzed Hydroacylation of Isatins with Aldehydes: Access to 3‐Acyloxy‐1,3‐dihydro‐2H‐indol‐2‐ones.
Authors: Du Ding , Lu Yingyan , Jin Jianlin , Tang Weifang , Lu Tao 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA highly efficient atom‐economical transition metal‐free hydroacylation of isatin derivatives with aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Trifluoroacetic Acid Promoted Synthesis of 3‐Hydroxy, 3‐Amino and Spirooxindoles from α‐Keto‐N‐Anilides.
Authors: Gorokhovik Ioulia , Neuville Luc , Zhu Jieping 
Published: January 2012

AbstractFunctionalized alkyl side chains [cf.(XIV) and (XVII)] are also compatible with the conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Intermolecular and Selective Synthesis of 2,4,5‐Trisubstituted Oxazoles by a Gold‐Catalyzed Formal [3 + 2] Cycloaddition.
Authors: Davies Paul W. , Cremonesi Alex , Dumitrescu Lidia 
Published: January 2012

AbstractTrisubstituted 1,3‐oxazoles are smoothly prepared by the intermolecular reaction of pyridine‐N‐aminides with ynamides tolerating a variety of functional groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel and Chemoselective One‐Pot Synthesis of 4‐Arylidene‐2‐phenyl‐5(4H)‐oxazolones Starting from Benzyl Alcohols Promoted by [(C14H24N4) 2W10O32]‐[bmim]NO3.
Authors: Rostami Mahboubeh , Khosropour Ahmad Reza , Mirkhani Valiollah , Mohammadpoor‐Baltork Iraj , Moghadam Majid , Tangestaninejad Shahram 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA new, efficient, and highly chemoselective one‐pot procedure for the synthesis of azlactones via sequential oxidation of benzyl alcohols and subsequent Erlenmeyer—Ploechl reaction is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3‐Aminomethyl‐Substituted Pyrazoles and Isoxazoles.
Authors: Musatov D. M. , Starodubtseva E. V. , Rakishev A. K. , Turova O. V. , Vinogradov M. G. 
Published: January 2012

Abstractvia Claisen reaction of ketones (I) or (VII) with oxalate (II) followed by cyclocondensation of the intermediate α,γ‐diketones with hydrazine or hydroxylamine, respectively
ChemInform Abstract: Highly N2‐Selective Palladium‐Catalyzed Arylation of 1,2,3‐Triazoles.
Authors: Ueda Satoshi , Su Mingjuan , Buchwald Stephen L. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractArylation of 1,2,3‐triazoles with aryl halides is achieved with excellent N2‐selectivity in the in the presence of a novel Pd—biphenylphosphine catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent‐Free Three‐Component Synthesis of 7‐Aryl‐1,1‐dioxothieno[3,2‐b]pyran Derivatives Catalyzed by Ammonium Acetate.
Authors: Yao Changsheng , Feng Xiaodong , Wang Cuihua , Jiang Bei , Yu Chenxia , Wang Xiangshan , Li Tuanjie , Tu Shujiang 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAn efficient, economical, safe, and environmentally benign procedure for the synthesis of the title compounds (IV) is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Melamine—Formaldehyde Resin Supported H+: A Mild and Inexpensive Reagent for the Synthesis of Coumarins under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Rezaei Ramin , Dorosty Leila , Rajabzadeh Maryam , Khalifeh Reza 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe resin catalyzes the Pechmann condensation of phenols with ethyl or methyl acetoacetate to yield the desired coumarin skeleton under conventional or microwave conditions with similar yields (10 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 14‐Aryl‐14H‐dibenzo[a,j]xanthene Derivatives Using Cu(CH3CN)4PF6 as Catalyst.
Authors: Soleimani Ebrahim , Zainali Mohsen , Lotfi Shahram 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA simple and expedient method for the synthesis of a series of the title compounds (III) (9 examples) is described using the condensation of β‐naphthol with aryl aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2,4,6‐Trisubstituted Pyridines via an Olefin Cross‐Metathesis/Heck—Cyclization—Elimination Sequence.
Authors: Donohoe Timothy J. , Bower John F. , Baker David B. , Basutto Jose A. , Chan Louis K. M. , Gallagher Peter 
Published: January 2012

AbstractHeck reactions are performed on α,β‐unsaturated ‐δ‐sulfonamido intermediates (III), derived from cross‐metathesis, to allow the installment of substituents at the β‐position.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent‐Free Synthesis of New 2,4,6‐Triarylpyridines Catalyzed by a Broensted Acidic Ionic Liquid as a Green and Reusable Catalyst.
Authors: Behmadi Hossein , Naderipour Shima , Saadati Seyed Mahdi , Barghamadi Mohammad , Shaker Mohammad , Tavakoli‐Hoseini Niloofar 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA highly efficient, easy, mild, and simple method for the synthesis of the compounds (III) and (VI), which includes the use of a reusable catalyst, is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of N,N‐Disubstituted (Z)‐O‐Methylnicotinamide Oximes.
Authors: Martsynkevich A. M. , Zakharychev V. V. , Sharanina N. I. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA number of new (Z)‐N,N‐dialkyl‐ and (Z)‐N‐acyl‐N‐alkyl‐O‐methylnicotinamide oximes is prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Electrophilic Cyclization of Functional Derivatives of Unsaturated Compounds. Part 1. Synthesis of 5‐Arylsulfanyl‐6‐phenylpiperidin‐2‐ones from Cinnamylacetamides and Arylsulfenyl Chlorides.
Authors: Vas'kevich A. I. , Tsizorik N. M. , Rusanov E. B. , Stanitets V. I. , Vovk M. V. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSterically nonhindered amides (I) in the reaction with arylsulfenyl chlorides (II) undergo a selective cyclization into piperidinones (III), whereas sterically hindered amides (IV) under similar conditions lead to tetrahydropyrano‐2‐iminium perchlorates (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Alkylquinolines under Solvent‐Free Conditions Using Sulfonic Acid Functionalized Ionic Liquid as a Recoverable and Reusable Catalyst.
Authors: Zhang Min , Xiong Biao , Wang Ting , Ding Yu‐Qiang , Wang Li 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe reactions of arylamines (I) with aldehydes (II) in the functionalized ionic liquid proceed smoothly to afford the 2‐alkylquinolines (III) in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Friedlaender Synthesis of Poly‐Substituted Quinolines in the Presence of Triethylammonium Hydrogen Sulfate [Et3NH][HSO4] as a Highly Efficient, and Cost Effective Acidic Ionic Liquid Catalyst.
Authors: Kermani Esmat Tavakolinejad , Khabazzadeh Hojatollah , Jazinizadeh Tayebeh 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe reaction is conducted under solvent‐free conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Photocyclization Reactions of N‐Acetyl‐α‐dehydro(1‐naphthyl)alaninamides in the Presence of Chiral Amine.
Authors: Maekawa Kei , Tanami Toshiyuki , Igarashi Tetsutaro , Sakurai Tadamitsu 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe effects of (S)‐proline‐based chiral amines as electron‐donor catalysts, substituents, and temperature on the asymmetric sensitization reaction of title compounds (I) in less polar solvents are investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Use of Sodium Salt of Cyclic β‐Formylester for Synthesis of Dihydro‐2H‐furo[2,3‐d]pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridines and Pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridines.
Authors: Patil Shivaraj P. , Toche Raghunath B. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe sodium salt of α‐formyl‐γ‐butyrolactone (I) is a versatile, reactive, and selective synthon giving access to several new heterocycles.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐ and 2,3‐Substituted Pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyridines: Scope and Mechanistic Considerations of a Domino Direct Alkynylation and Cyclization of N‐Iminopyridinium Ylides Using Alkenyl Bromides, Alkenyl Iodides, and Alkynes.
Authors: Mousseau James J. , Bull James A. , Ladd Carolyn L. , Fortier Angelique , Roman Daniela Sustac , Charette Andre B. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAg/Pd‐mediated treatment of N‐iminopyridinium ylides with alkynes, alkenyl bromides or iodides provides a new, facile, and widely applicable method to prepare biologically important 2‐substituted pyrazolopyridines.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Step Synthesis of 2,4,5‐Trisubstituted Pyrimidines.
Authors: Zhang Chuang‐Jun , Han Wen‐Yong , Gao Mi‐Xiang , Xu Fei‐Fei , Zhang Zun‐Ting 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA simple and efficient method for the synthesis of the title compounds (III) and (V) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Aldimines of 5‐Aminouracil as Reagents in 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction.
Authors: Jakubiec Dominika , Walczak Krzysztof Z. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractHitherto unknown uracil substituted oxadiazoles (III) (8 examples) are obtained by [2 + 3] cycloaddition of freshly prepared nitrile oxides with imines (II).
ChemInform Abstract: New Conditions for Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐2‐Monosubstituted and (.+‐.)‐2,2‐Disubstituted 2,3‐Dihydro‐4(1H)‐quinazolinones from 2‐Nitro‐ and 2‐Aminobenzamide.
Authors: Bunce Richard A. , Nammalwar Baskar 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAn efficient, simple, and mild one‐pot synthesis of the title compounds (III) from the compounds (I) or (IV) by using inexpensive reagents is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Thiazolidinone Norfloxacin Hybrids (VI).
Authors: Kumar Vikas , Kumar Ashok , Sharma Shalabh , Singh Netra Pal 
Published: January 2012

AbstractTitle compound (VIb) shows higher antibacterial activity than the standard drug chloroamphenicol and also exhibits significant antifungal activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel 6,7‐Dihydro‐5H‐pyrimido[4,5‐e][1,4]diazepin‐8(9H)‐ones.
Authors: Xiang Jinbao , Hu Xiaowei , Dang Qun , Bai Xu 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA new method for the synthesis of the title compounds (II) with an intramolecular amidation as key step is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Concise Palladium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Dibenzodiazepines and Structural Analogues.
Authors: Tsvelikhovsky Dmitry , Buchwald Stephen L. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe Pd‐catalyzed synthesis of dibenzodiazepines and related compounds represents a very short sequence through the use of simple and easily accessible starting materials.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed 1,4‐Addition of Diarylphosphines to α,β‐Unsaturated N‐Acylpyrroles.
Authors: Du Dan , Duan Wei‐Liang 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe highly enantioselective asymmetric 1,4‐addition of diarylphosphines (II) to unsaturated acylpyrroles (I) catalyzed by a PCP pincer Pd‐complex is described.
ChemInform Abstract: A General Phosphoric Acid‐Catalyzed Desymmetrization of meso‐Aziridines with Silylated Selenium Nucleophiles.
Authors: Senatore Matilde , Lattanzi Alessandra , Santoro Stefano , Santi Claudio , Della Sala Giorgio 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe title method affords β‐aminoselenium compounds with high enantiomeric purity by use of a mixture of PhSeTms and PhSeH as the nucleophile.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave Assisted One‐Pot Synthesis of Pyrazine Derivatives of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids and Their Biological Activity.
Authors: Ghosh Pranab , Rasul Md. Golam , Chakraborty Madhumita , Mandal Amitava , Saha Aniruddha 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA method for the introduction of a pyrazine ring into ring A of pentacyclic triterpenes is presented (yields not given).
ChemInform Abstract: Reducing the Conformational Flexibility of Carbohydrates: Locking the 6‐Hydroxyl Group by Cyclopropanes.
Authors: Brand Christian , Granitzka Markus , Stalke Dietmar , Werz Daniel B. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe 6‐hydroxyl group of hexopyranosides, such as (I) is stereochemically locked by the spiroannelation of a cyclopropane unit at C‐5.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Mycinose (V) from 1,2:5,6‐Di‐O‐isopropylidene‐α‐D‐glucofuranose (I)
Authors: Bao Kai , Gao Hao , Zhu Zhibin , Wang Jinhong , Zhang Guoning , Sun Jun , Zhang Weige , Yao Xinsheng 
Published: January 2012

Abstractinvolving the selective, direct reductive debromination reaction of α‐hydroxy bromide (II) as the key step
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Stereoselective C‐Glycosylation of Glycals with Enol Triflates.
Authors: Bai Yaguang , Leow Minli , Zeng Jing , Liu Xue‐Wei 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe reaction takes place at the anomeric center and α‐isomers are produced exclusively.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Three‐Enzyme Synthesis of UDP‐GlcNAc Derivatives.
Authors: Chen Yi , Thon Vireak , Li Yanhong , Yu Hai , Ding Li , Lau Kam , Qu Jingyao , Hie Liana , Chen Xi 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAn efficient chemoenzymatic approach producing a series of uridine diphosphate N‐acetylglucosamine derivatives (III) containing natural and non‐natural modifications at C‐2 and C‐6 of the glusosamine moiety using a one‐pot three‐enzyme system is described.
Work‐Related Physical Activity Among Cardiovascular Specialists
Authors: Abd Thura T , Kobylivker Andrew , Perry Adam , Miller III Joseph , Sperling Laurence 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBackground:Strong evidence supports positive correlation of physical activity with health benefits. Current recommendations by the American Heart Association are a minimum 30 minutes of moderate physical activity 5 days per week. This goal has been equilibrated with 10,000 steps per day.Hypothesis:Work‐related physical activity of cardiovascular (CV) specialists does not meet the currently recommended daily physical activity.Methods:Eight cardiothoracic (CT) surgeons, 7 general cardiologists, 5 procedural cardiologists, and 8 cardiac anesthesiologists (N = 28) participated in the study. Demographic information on each participant was recorded including age, resting heart rate, body mass index, and medical and social history. Subjects were asked to wear a spring‐levered pedometer on their hip for 2 weeks while at work and to record the total number of steps as well as number of hours worked each day.Results:The average daily steps walked during work were 6540, 6039, 5910, and 5553 for general cardiologists, CT surgeons, procedural cardiologists, and cardiac anesthesiologists, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in the average number of steps taken per day among the groups. CT surgeons worked 12.4 hours per day compared to 9.3 hours by the cardiac anesthesiologists (P = 0.03).Conclusions:In this small, single‐center study, work‐related physical activity of CV specialists did not meet the recommended guidelines. Obtaining the recommended activity level might be a challenge, given their busy work schedule. Therefore, CV specialists must engage in additional, out‐of‐hours exercise to achieve the recommended daily exercise. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.The authors have no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
Recovery of Gallium and Arsenic from Gallium Arsenide Waste in the Electronics Industry
Authors: Chen Wei‐Ting , Tsai Lung‐Chang , Tsai Fang‐Chang , Shu Chi‐Min 
Published: January 2012

AbstractGallium arsenide (GaAs) has both high saturated electron velocity and high electron mobility, making it useful as a semiconductor material in a variety of applications, including light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), integrated circuits (ICs), and microwave appliances. A side effect of the use of gallium (Ga) is the production of a relatively large amount of hazardous waste. This study aimed at the recovery of Ga and arsenic (As) from GaAs waste using hydrometallurgical methods involving leaching and coagulation and a dry annealing process that involves annealing, vacuum separation, and sublimation by heating. Our research has shown that GaAs can be leached using nitric acid (HNO3) to obtain 100% Ga and As with a leaching solution at pH 0.1, with subsequent adjustment of the leaching solution to pH 3 with sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Another method used a leaching solution at pH 2, then adjusting to pH 11 using NaOH. Ferric hydroxide (FeO(OH)) was added at 90°C after NaOH was added to the leaching solution. At pH 2 and 11, 55.5 and 21.9% of the As could be removed from the hazardous waste, respectively. The Ga could also be precipitated. When GaAs powder was heated to 1000°C over 3 h, 100% As removal was achieved, and 92.6% of the Ga was removed by formation of 99.9% gallium trioxide (Ga2O3). Arsenic was vaporized when the temperature was elevated to 1000°C, allowing arsenic trioxide (As2O3) to condense with 99.2% purity. The Ga2O3 powder produced was then dissolved and electrolyzed, allowing for 95.9% recovery of Ga with a purity of 99.9%.
Diabetic foot – what can we learn from leprosy? Legacy of Dr Paul W. Brand
Authors: Boulton Andrew J. M. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryLeprosy and diabetes, though two very different conditions, may both result in severe loss of sensation in the feet, which are then a great risk of painless injury and ulceration. Seminal observations made by the late Dr Paul W. Brand, a surgeon working with leprosy patients in South India in the mid‐20th century, resulted in the subsequent development of treatments to manage insensitive foot ulcers that are today entirely applicable to patients with diabetes. As a consequence of his research, the recognition of the relationship between insensitivity, repetitive pressures and skin breakdown has helped our understanding of the aetiopathogenesis of neuropathic foot lesions in diabetes: the development of the total contact cast and other casting devices to treat such lesions forms the basis of management of diabetic foot lesions with off‐loading devices that are widely used in the 21st century in diabetic foot clinics around the world. Moreover, observations by Brand that the foot ‘heats up before it breaks down’ resulted in more recent research showing that self‐skin temperature monitoring might help reduce the incidence of recurrent neuropathic foot ulcers in diabetes. In summary, Brand's understanding of ‘the gift of pain’ that, when lost, results in the late complications of diabetic neuropathy has guided the prevention, diagnosis and management of diabetic foot problems in the 21st century. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coming events cast their shadows before: detecting inflammation in the acute diabetic foot and the foot in remission
Authors: Bharara Manish , Schoess Jeffrey , Armstrong David G. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryThe incidence of diabetic foot complications, most notably wounds, is increasing worldwide. Most people who present for care of a foot wound will become infected. Globally, this results in one major amputation every 30 seconds with over 2500 limbs lost per day. Presently, clinicians assess circulation, neuropathy and plantar pressures to identify the risk of foot ulceration. Several studies have suggested prevention of foot ulcers by identifying individuals at high risk and treating for lower extremity complications. Our group has proposed several diagnostics as well as prevention strategies, especially thermography and thermometry for management of patients with diabetic foot complications. These strategies employ non‐invasive assessment of inflammation for acute as well as chronic care for the foot, with the intent to prevent ulceration/re‐ulceration and subsequent traumatic amputations. The authors' review some important clinical studies and ongoing research in this area, with the long‐term goal to further the role of thermography and thermometry in clinical care for the diabetic foot. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Arteriogenesis versus angiogenesis in peripheral artery disease
Authors: Troidl Kerstin , Schaper Wolfgang 
Published: January 2012

SummaryDifferent forms of vessel growth in the adult organism contribute to the compensation for an occluded artery. We here summarize the major differences between arteriogenesis and angiogenesis and provide evidence in favour of a therapeutic stimulation of collateral growth. In addition, we outline current knowledge about regulatory mechanisms transducing the initial physical stimulus into a cellular response. As an example, the role of nitric oxide during arteriogenesis is discussed, and finally, we propose a mechanism of how an efficient decision is made that makes the larger collaterals larger and the smaller ones smaller. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Peripheral arterial disease in diabetic patients with renal insufficiency: a review
Authors: Lepäntalo Mauri , Fiengo Leslie , Biancari Fausto 
Published: January 2012

SummaryPeripheral arterial disease is common among diabetic patients with renal insufficiency, and most of the diabetic patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) have peripheral arterial disease. Ischaemia is probably overrepresented as an etiological factor for a diabetic foot ulcer in this group of patients compared with other diabetic patients. ESRD is a strong risk factor for both ulceration and amputation in diabetic patients. It increases the risk of nonhealing of ulcers and major amputation with an OR of 2.5–3.Renal disease is a more important predictor of poor outcome after revascularizations than commonly expected. Preoperative vascular imaging is also affected by a number of limitations, mostly related to side effects of contrast agents poorly eliminated because of kidney dysfunction. Patients with renal failure have high perioperative morbidity and mortality. Persistent ischaemia, extensive infection, forefoot and heel gangrene, poor run‐off, poor cardiac function, and the length of dialysis‐dependent renal failure all affect the outcome adversely. Despite dismal overall outcome, recent data indicate that by proper selection, favourable results can be obtained even in ESRD patients, with the majority of studies reporting 1‐year limb salvage rates of 65–75% after revascularization among survivors. High 1‐year mortality of 38% reported in a recent review has to be taken into consideration, though. The preferential use of endovascular‐first approach is attractive in this vulnerable multimorbid group of patients, but the evidence for endovascular treatment is very scarce. The need for complete revascularization of the foot may be even more important than in other patients with ischaemic ulcerated diabetic foot because there are a number of factors counteracting healing in these patients. Typically, half of the patients are reported to lose their legs despite open bypass. To control tissue damage and improve chances of ulcer healing, one should understand that early referral to vascular consultation is necessary. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.