Abstract C51: Anticancer peptides PNC-27/-28: Cancer cell killers by binding to HDM2 and pore formation in cancer cell membranes
Authors: Sarafraz-Yazdi Ehsan , Adler Victor , Bowne Wilbur B. , Sookraj Kelley , North Alison , Niharny Patrick , Rudolph Rebecca , Frenkel Matthew , Oxberry William , Pincus Matthew R. , Michl Josef 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Studies in vitro and in vivo have clearly demonstrated the efficiency of the novel anti-cancer peptides PNC-27 and PNC-28 in inducing the death of a variety of cancer cells by necrosis without any effect on normal cells. The peptides were derived from the HDM2-binding domain of p53 (PNC-27: AA12-26; PNC-28: AA17-26) that were linked to membrane resident peptide (MRP) AA sequence from the homeodomain protein antennapedia of the fruit fly. Recently we have shown that in contrast to the necrotic cell death of cancer cells by external application of PNC-28, the intracellular over-expression of AAs17-26 results in the cancer cells' apoptosis while normal cells showed no response. We now provide evidence for the critical role for the expression of HDM2 in the plasma membrane of cancer cells and its absence in the plasma membrane of normal cells as a target molecule for PNC-27. In direct competition experiments anti-HDM2 antibodies (Ab) blocked PNC-27 induced cell killing by &gt;80% while control incubations with non-specific Ab at identical protein concentrations did not hinder PNC-27 from efficiently killing cancer cells. Immunofluorescence staining of HDM2 showed the presence of HDM2 on the plasma membrane of cancer cells (MIA-PaCa-2, BMRPA1.TUC3, A2058) which was absent in normal cell plasma membrane. Furthermore, co-localization of HDM2 and PNC-27 was observed on the plasma membrane of the cancer cells, suggesting their neighborliness. The findings were further confirmed by HDM2-positive immunoblots (IB) of purified plasma membrane from several cancer cells while plasma membrane isolated from healthy normal cells only delivered negative IB results. Real-time imaging using spinning disc confocal microscopy show that exposure to PNC-27 of MIA PaCa-2 cells preloaded with mitotracker dye in presence of propidium iodide (PI) results in the expansion within &lt;3min of the cells' plasma membrane followed &lt;6 min by rounding and disruption of the mitochondria and the disappearance of the dye which was paralleled by the rapid appearance of PI in the nuclei. Interestingly, the cells' lysosomes pre-loaded with lysosensor dye remained intact throughout this process strongly suggesting that the cells were not killed due to lysosomal death. We further confirmed the colocalization of PNC-27 and HDM2 in cancer cell plasma membrane by TEM analysis, where cells were stained with gold-conjugated antibodies to HDM2 (6nm) and MRP (15nm) which stained around a ring-like structures in the plasma membrane of tumor cells, but not normal cells. Immuno-gold SEM demonstrated that PNC-27 and HDM2 were stained on the plasma membrane of MIAPaCa-2 cells with multiple 15nm or 6nm gold-conjugated antibodies organized around pore-like structures with diameter of 30–50nm. We have also recently found PNC-27-mediated cytotoxicity in cancer cells to be highly temperature-sensitive and that PNC-27 plasma membrane insertion is temperature-independent whereas pore formation and cytotoxicity is temperature-dependent. These findings suggest that amphipatic PNC-27 is inserted into the plasma membrane of cancer cells where, through random movement and interaction with HDM2, the HDM2-PNC-27 complexes assemble into oligomeric membrane pores. Influx of free PNC-27 molecules through the newly formed membrane pores into the cells' cytoplasm leads to the assembly of pores in mitochondrial membranes and rapid cell death. Absence of HDM2 in normal untransformed cells prevents the formation of membrane pores and, thus, cell death.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(23 Suppl):C51.