bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Soil Fumigation and the Form of Nitrogen on the Growth, Yield, and Value of Tobacco Grown on Two Soil Types. I. Plant Growth and Yield1
Authors: Gous Pieter J. , Terrill T. R. , Kroontje Wybe 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDuring the 1967 and 1968 growing seasons flue‐cured tobacco was grown on a Cecil fine sandy loam and on Appling sandy loam on adjacent sites. Soil fumigation treatments included check (none), ridge and broadcast applications. Nitrogen was applied as all nitrate, all ammonium, half nitrate‐half ammonium, or half nitrate‐half ammonium with a nitrate sidedressing.More rapid plant growth on the Appling soil late in the growing season resulted in a higher yield of cured leaves which was also reflected in a higher crop value. Differences in physical characteristics of the soil and especially internal drainage seem to be responsible for the better plant growth obtained on the Appling soil.Application of all fertilizer nitrogen as NH4 resulted in the lowest yield and value of cured leaves during the first season. The NO3‐NH4 ratio of the applied fertilizer did not affect the quality of the crop produced or the ratio of stalk to leaf weight of the growing plants. During the second season lower quality cured leaves were obtained with the application of only NO3‐N. This was apparently related to excess leaching of NO3‐N resulting in a higher percentage of low quality leaves.None of the treatments significantly affected the total particulate matter, nicotine content, or puff counts per cigarette. Seasonal differences, reflecting mainly the influence of different rainfall patterns, resulted in big differences in yield and value of cured leaves.
Harvest Index in Cereals1
Authors: Singh I. D. , Stoskopf N. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHarvest index values were studied in cereals during 1964 to 1967. A high degree of variability was found in the harvest index of winter wheat and other cereals. Stems contributed the greatest amount of dry weight to the straw yield and thus, as a vegetative part, materially influenced the harvest index. Reduction in plant height had the greatest effect on the stem dry weight and least on grain yield. Reduction in plant height lowered the dry weight of the vegetative parts and thereby lowered the straw yield which resulted in an increased harvest index. Harvest index was positively correlated with grain yield but negatively correlated with vegetative growth.
Distribution of P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Cu, Mn, and Zn in Peanut Lines Near Maturity1
Authors: Hallock D. L. , Martens D. C. , Alexander M. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe nutrient contents of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) grown under nutrient‐sufficient conditions were determined in relation to yields of lines derived from 15 cultivars. Four plant portions of the lines, each a single seed selection, representing four market types were analyzed for contents of eight nutrients.In general, the fruit was highest in P and Zn contents and lowest of the four portions in K, Ca, Mg, B, Mn, and Cu contents. The upper central stem leaves were highest in Ca, Mg, Mn, and B contents and intermediate in P, K, Zn, and Cu contents. The first lateral branch leaves were highest in K content, intermediate in P, Ca, Mg, B, and Cu contents and lower in Zn content than the above portions. Copper content was highest and P content lowest in the hypocotyl whereas the other nutrient contents in this portion were generally higher than in the fruit portion only.Lines of the large‐seeded Virginia type were generally highest in K, Ca, and B contents, intermediate in Mg content, and lowest in P content of the four types. The small‐seeded Virginia type lines were highest in Mg content, equivalent in Cu and Mn content to the large‐seeded lines, and intermediate in P and K contents. The Spanish and Valencia lines were highest in P content, lowest in Cu content, but equivalent to the small‐seeded Virginia lines in K, Ca, B and Mn contents.
Soil Water Extraction by N‐fertilized Spring Wheat1
Authors: Bond J. J. , Power J. F. , Willis W. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField experiments were conducted to determine the effect of applied N on water use by continuously cropped spring wheat. Applied N increased vegetative growth and soil water extraction prior to heading. In two of the three sample years, this extraction of the soil water reserve resulted in less soil water exraction after heading by the N‐fertilized crop than by the nonfertilized crop. Applied N did not increase depth of soil water extraction. Overwinter recharge of soil water was inversely related to soil water content at harvest.
Nutritive Value of Kochia scoparia I. Yield and Chemical Composition at Three Stages of Maturity1
Authors: Sherrod L. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVolunteer, wild stands of kochia (Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad.) were harvested at three maturity stages to determine dry matter yield and composition and to evaluate kochia as a potential forage for livestock. The plants were in the prebloom stage of growth at the first cutting, mid‐bloom at the second, and full bloom at the third cutting. Dry matter yields and crude fiber levels increased and crude protein, percentage leaves, and. leaf: stem ratios decreased as stage of maturity advanced. Dry matter yields were 3,548, 8,708 and 11,327 ks/ha at the first, second and third stages, respectively. Crude protein ranged from 25.0 to 13.2%, and crude fiber from 17.9 to 37.0% of dry matter. Concentration of both macro and micro minerals either declined somewhat or remained almost constant as maturity progressed. These results suggest that kochia has high nutritive value as a forage for livestock, particularly in the earlier stages of growth.
Growth, Water Use, and Energy Balance Comparisons between Isogenic Lines of Barley1
Authors: Aase J. Kristian 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThree barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars and their isogenic lines, with color (chlorophyll) as the variable, were tested under dryland conditions for various performance characteristics. Chlorophyll content and dry matter production were lower and growth stage development was later for the pale plants compared with their dark counterparts. Total water use was about the same for all cultivars and isogenic lines; however, water‐use efficiency was higher for the dark than for the pale plants.Albedos were higher, canopy temperatures were lower, net radiation tended to be higher, and more of the energy was dissipated as sensible heat loss to the atmosphere for the pale compared with dark isogenic lines.
Effects of Soybean Seed Vigor on Field Performance1
Authors: Edje O. T. , Burris J. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe relationships of seed quality to field performance were studied by reducing the vigor of a high quality seed lot through artificial aging. ‘Amsoy’ and ‘Hawkeye’ soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] seeds stored at 12.6–13.1% moisture and 40C decreased in field emergence and stand establishment. Treating seeds with Captan significantly increased the emergence percentage and the survival of only medium‐ and low‐vigor seeds. Once stand was established with medium‐ and low‐vigor seeds, there was no significant difference in yield between high‐, medium‐, and low‐vigor seeds. The effect of plant population was significant on yield. However, the differences in yield between vigor levels within populations were not generally significant. Hawkeye produced more dry matter than did Amsoy, but Hawkeye produced less yield. Over 50% of the total dry matter was made up of leaves 60 to 65 days after planting. Thereafter, stems and pods contributed over 50% of the total dry matter. Germination test of seeds harvested from test plots indicated that vigor, as induced by the aging method, was not transmitted.
Oxalate and Nitrate Contents of Four Tropical Leafy Vegetables Grown at Two Soil Fertility Levels1
Authors: Schmidt D. R. , MacDonald H. A. , Brockman F. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTotal oxalate, soluble oxalate, and nitrate (NO3) were determined for leaves of Amaranthus cruentus L., Basella alba L., Brassica oleracea var. acephala D.C., and Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. grown on soils of medium and high fertility.Differences among species were much greater than differences due to fertility. Average total oxalate contents on a dry weight basis were: Basella, 10.62%; Amaranthus, 8.86%; Ipomoea, 2.81%; and Brassica, <1.50%. Higher soil fertility resulted in increased total oxalate of about 25% in Amaranthus and Basella but no increase in Brassica and Ipomoea. Soluble oxalate ranged from 4.14% for Basella to 0.20% for Brassica.Average nitrate contents were: Brassica, 2.80%; Amaranthus, 0.67%; Basella, 0.61%; and Ipomoea, 0.39%. Leaves grown on high‐fertility soil had an average of 125% more nitrate than those from medium fertility.Implications of the results are discussed.
Separation of Degrees of Aluminum Tolerance in Wheat1
Authors: Kerridge Peter C. , Dawson M. D. , Moore David P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA rapid, simple nutrient solution technique was developed for evaluating Al tolerance of wheat selections (Triticum aestivum Vill., Host). The effective Al concentrations in the screening solutions were maintained within narrow limits by controlling the phosphorus concentration and the pH. Differences in tolerance, notably for root elongation, were evident shortly after germination and were of the same relative order as when plants were grown in acid soils of varying exchangeable Al levels. Approximately 50 varieties were screened for their tolerance to Al, and they fell into three groups: (1) tolerant at 6.4 ppm, (2) tolerant at 2.4 ppm but sensitive at 6.4 ppm, and (3) sensitive at 2.4 ppm. The advantages of the nutrient solution method over the soil method for screening for Al tolerance are discussed. A biological rest was proposed for assessing Al in soils based on the differential response of lines of widely varying tolerance.
Effects of Herbicides and Seeding Rates on the Production of Alfalfa1
Authors: Moline W. J. , Robison L. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSpring seedings of alfalfa (Medicago satva L.) were established using various seeding rates and establishment treatments. During the year of establishment, average total dry matter yields of alfalfa increased with increased seeding rate. Seeding rates of 24 kg/ha produced alfalfa yields lower than those of the 3 kg/ha seeding rates in cuttings taken the year following seeding. Higher yields of alfalfa were obtained at the lower seeding rates of 3 and 10 kg/ha using EPTC and benefin than at seeding rates of 17 and 24 kg/ha using 2,4‐DB plus dalapon, oats, or check. Weed yields were reduced by all establishment treatments. The effect of establishment treatment was significant during the year of seeding, but not in the year following. Seeding rate effects remained significant throughout six cuttings taken the first two years of the trial. The use of preplant herbicides and seeding rates of 10 or 17 kg/ha were superior in establishing stands of spring seeded alfalfa.
Effect of Soil Temperature on Mineral Element Composition and Morphology of the Potato Plant1
Authors: Epstein Eliot 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe influences of two soil temperatures, 5 and 29 C, were studied on potato (Solanum tuberosum) plant growth, tuber yield, and potato plant morphology. The low soil temperature enhanced tuber initiation. Analysis of several minerals showed that the Mn ratio of tops to roots was 0.42 at 5 C and 2.84 at 29 C. At 5 C proliferation and xylem development of roots was restricted, whereas at 29 C the xylem was highly developed. Starch grains were present in the phloem at 5 C but absent at 29 C. This fact suggests that there is a relationship between the assimilate balance and tuber initiation.
Internal Water Stress and Apparent Photosynthesis with Soybeans Differing in Pubescence1
Authors: Ghorashy S. R. , Pendleton J. W. , Peters D. B. , Boyer J. S. , Beuerlein J. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThree near‐isogenic lines (isolines) of ‘Clark’ soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] differing greatly in pubescence characteristics (dense pubescent, normal, and glabrous) were subjected to water stress during flowering or podfilling stage under field conditions. During these developmental stages, apparent photosynthesis (AP) rates of fully expanded top leaves were measured using a single leaf chamber, and water potential was determined on the same leaves using the pressure chamber technique. AP rates decreased linearly as leaf water potential decreased. The decrease was less during the flowering stage than during pod‐filling stage for all three isolines. Under nonstressed conditions (—1 bar soil water potential), AP rates for normal, dense pubescent, and glabrous were 119.8, 73.4, and 76.0% higher during pod‐filling stage than during following
Supplemental Feeding of Steers on Festuca arundinacea Schreb. Pastures Fertilized at Three Levels of Nitrogen1
Authors: Mott G. O. , Kaiser C. J. , Peterson R. C. , Peterson Randall , Rhykerd C. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe production of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) in terms of gain of yearling steers, carrying capacity, liveweight gain per hectare and estimated total digestible nutrients per hectare (ETDN) was measured during four successive years. Tall fescue was fertilized with ammonium nitrate at the rates of 0, 84, and 168 kg/ha of elemental nitrogen. Crimped corn was fed daily at the rate of 1 kg per 100 kg of body weight on one‐half the pasture. Corn greatly increased average daily gain, carrying capacities of the pastures and total amount of liveweight increase per hectare. N fertilizer slightly depressed average daily gain, nearly doubled carrying capacities of the pastures and greatly increased liveweight increase per hectare. The seasonal pattern of liveweight gain was altered by feeding grain, indicating that a low level of energy intake is one of the factors limiting rate of production of steers on tall fescue pasture. N fertilizer prevented development of volunteer legumes in the fescue pastures.
Differential Response of Corn Inbreds and Single Crosses to Certain Properties of an Acid Soil1
Authors: Lutz J. A. , Hawkins G. W. , Genter C. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThree greenhouse experiments were conducted in 1969 and 1970 in which maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines and single crosses were grown on an untreated acid Greendale silt loam (pH 3.9) and on the same soil adjusted with pulverized dolomitic limestone to various pH levels. Plant‐height measurements were made and dry‐weight yields were determined 27 to 38 days after planting.There were highly significant differences in growth among entries under highly acidic conditions. Inbred lines Connecticut 103 and Minnesota A632 grew very poorly in highly acid soil, while inbred lines Iowa B37 and Virginia 17 and two single crosses appeared to be tolerant to high acidity. There was a significant interaction between growth of entries and pH levels.
Influence of Temperature and Nitrogen Fertilization on the Growth and Composition of Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) at Anthesis1
Authors: Balasko J. A. , Smith Dale 
Published: July 2010

AbstractYield and chemical composition of the plant parts and total herbage of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) at anthesis were studied in growth chambers. The grasses were established in pots of Plano silt loam soil by transplanting young, unelongated tillers. They were grown to anthesis in four day/night temperature regimes (32/26, 27/21, 21/15, and 15/10 C) at two soil N levels; 60 and 260 kg/ha.Days required for the grasses to reach anthesis decreased as day/night temperatures increased to 27/21 C and then remained the same at 32/26 C. N fertilization did not affect time to anthesis. Neither N nor temperature affected inflorescence numbers of either species, but N increased inflorescence lengths.Vegetative growth measures at anthesis were greatest for switchgrass in the highest temperature regime (32/26 C) and for timothy in the low or mid‐temperature regimes (15/10 C and 21/15 C). N increased these parameters for both species.Total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) percentages in the herbage, stubble, and rhizomes of switchgrass at anthesis were not affected greatly by temperatures or N. TNC percentages for the plant parts of timothy were generally highest in the lowest temperature regime and lowest in the highest temperature regime. N decreased TNC percentages for the herbage and stubble of timothy, but had little effect on those of the roots.Mineral concentrations in the herbage of both species at anthesis were generally highest in the temperature regimes where the species produced the least growth (15/10 C to 21/15 C for switchgrass and 32/26 C for timothy). N generally increased nutrient element concentrations.
Soil Water Suction and Root Temperature Effects on Nitrogen Fixation in Soybeans1
Authors: Kuo Tsungmin , Boersma L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of soil water suction and root temperature on rates of nitrogen fixation, transpiration, and net photosynthesis of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) was studied in laboratory experiments. The range of root temperature and soil water suction considered was 15.6 to 37.8 C and 0.30 to 2.50 bars, respectively. With increasing root temperature rates of nitrogen fixation, transpiration and photosynthesis increased slowly at first and then rapidly until an optimum temperature was reached followed by a decrease at higher temperatures. Optimum temperatures were 27, 30, and 27 C for rates of nitrogen fixation, transpiration, and net photosynthesis, respectively. Rates of the three parameters decreased with increasing soil water suction. The amount of nitrogen fixed per unit of CO2 absorbed was highest at a root temperature of 23.9 C and lowest at 37.8 C. This ratio decreased with increasing soil water suction at all temperatures considered. Changes in transpiration rate resulting from changes in soil temeprature were attributed to temperature effects on viscosity and metabolic activity.Effects of soil water suction and soil temperature on nitrogen fixation indicated in this study emphasize the complex symbiotic nature of the process. Mechanisms by which the two environmental parameters might affect the rate of fixation were indicated but not clearly elucidated by the results of the experiments.
Relationship of Indole Alkaloids to Palatability of Phalaris arundinacea L.1
Authors: Simons A. B. , Marten G. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe screened 411 diverse genotypes of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.)for palatability to sheep. Indole alkaloid type and concentration were estimated in selected plants by either the xanthydrol method or by total base titration; the methods were highly correlated (r = +0.94).Either gramine or 5‐methoxy‐N,N‐dimethyltryptamine (5‐MeO‐DMT) + N,N‐dimethyltryptamine (DMT) were the primary alkaloids in all genotypes. No apparent relationships existed between palatability and individual alkaloid type. Results of 372 alkaloid determinations over three gratings in the 1st year indicated a negative correlation (r = ‐0.83) between total alkaloid percentage and relative palatability. The linear relationship was strongest between palatability ratings 5 to 10 on a scale of 1 (completely consumed) to 10 (completely rejected).Two groups of nine genotypes were clonally propagated to replicated plots for further grazing trials under restricted choice conditions during the 2nd year. When the groups were grazed separately in balanced lattice designs, relative palatability and total alkaloid concentration were linearly related (r = ‐0.95 and ‐0.92) in two experiments. These variables were also linearly related (r = ‐0.95) when the 18 clones were later grazed together in a randomized complete block design.Alkaloid concentrations in the 18 clones ranged from 0.18% to 1.21% of the dry matter and were similar between years and between grazings. Palatability ratings were also generally similar under the several different grazings situations.We concluded that determination of total alkaloid concentration is a valid means of screening for palatability in reed canarygrass.
Emergence and Survival of Cool Season Grasses under Drouth Stress1
Authors: Wood Glen M. , Kingsbury Paul A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlternating moist and dry periods were used to evaluate 19 grasses, including six genera and several cultivars of some, in a growth chamber experiment. Two types of drouth tolerance were demonstrated: drouth tolerance of seedlings and presence of dormant or quiescent seeds that can survive alternate dry and moist periods. A grass significantly higher in the first type of drouth resistance was ‘Sawki’ Russian wildrye (Elymus junceus Fisch.). Pennlate orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) showed a very high degree of drouth tolerance of the second type.
Distribution of Total and Available Sulfur in Selected Soils and Soil Profiles1
Authors: Tabatabai M. A. , Bremner J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSulfur deficiencies have been detected in several regions of the United States during the past decade, and sulfur fertilization is now required in many areas to ensure satisfactory crop production. The purpose of the work reported was to assess the sulfur status of Iowa soils and obtain information required for evaluation of the need for sulfur fertilization.Analysis of 64 surface soils representing the major soil series in Iowa indicated that 95‐98% of the total S in iowa surface soils is organic S. The total S contents of the soils analyzed ranged from 57 to 618 ppm (average, 294 ppm), and the sulfate‐S contents ranged from 1 to 26 ppm (average, 9 ppm). Studies with selected soils showed that they did not contain significant amounts of adsorbed sulfate S or mineralizable S and had little, if any, capacity to adsorb sulfate. Total S was significantly correlated with organic C (r = 0.85**) and with total N (r = 0.90**), and sulfate S was significantly correlated with total S (r = 0.57**). Mineralizable S was not significantly correlated with total S, sulfate S, organic C, total N, mineralizable N, or arylsulfatase activity. Analysis of profile samples of representative Iowa soils showed that total S decreased markedly with increase in sample depth and that subsurface samples usually contained less sulfate S than did surface samples. The data reported indicate that Iowa soils have low reserves of plant‐available S
Germination, Emergence, Water Use, and Production of Russianthistle (Salsola kali L.)1
Authors: Dwyer Don D. , Wolde‐Yohannis K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStudies of Russianthistle (Salsola kali L.) have shown that it is a plant well suited to arid and semi‐arid regions. This study was conducted to learn some of the characteristics of the species related to germination and water use that allow it to succeed in these dry areas. Russianthistle seeds were planted in a sandy soil, and various amounts of simulated rainfall were added once. Emergence occurred in 14 hours when as little as 7.6 ml (0.3 inch) was applied. There was no significant difference in numbers of plants emerging and surviving to permanent wilting from 12.7 ml (0.5 inch) to 27.9 ml (1.1 inch) of simulated rainfall. Germination studies showed that Russianthistle seed germinated from 4 to 68 C with optimum germination from 7 to 35 C. Plants were grown for 90 days (to maturity) at four soil moisture levels — field capacity, 0.5, 0.2, and 0.1 available water — to determine water use and production. Shoot production was greatest at field capacity and least when soil was maintained at 0.1 available water. However, efficiency of water use was greatest at 0.1 available water, requiring only 98 g of water per dry‐weight gram of shoot produced. Even under field capacity, Russianthistle used only 181 g of water per dry‐weight gram of shoot and root produced.