bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The specificity of schizophrenic thought disorder
Authors: Harrison Anne , Phillips J. P. N. 
Published: July 2011

Bannister and Salmon (1966), in a repertory grid study, reported that ‘thought‐disordered schizophrenics lost significantly more reliability and social agreement when shifted from object to people construing than normals’. This conclusion is of doubtful validity, since the between‐grids variable, people vs. objects, was confounded with at least five other variables of possible relevance, three of which have been found by subsequent workers (McPherson & Buckley, 1970; Williams, 1971; Heather, 1976) to affect performance on grids. The main aim of the present experiment was to determine the effects of as many as possible of these variables. The subsidiary aim was to replicate, or otherwise, the findings of Frith & Lillie (1972) and Haynes & Phillips (1973) that the effective discriminator between thought‐disordered schizophrenics and other groups on repertory grid tests is not intensity of relationship between constructs but pure (element or internal) consistency.Six grids involving all feasible combinations of rating familiar and unfamiliar people and objects on psychological and physical constructs were administered to 10 thought‐disordered schizophrenics, 10 non‐thought‐disordered schizophrenics and 10 normals. As regards the main aim of the experiment it was found that there was no significant grids x diagnoses interaction on pure consistency, but that there was one on intensity, even with pure consistency partialled out. Taking previous work into consideration, it appears that this effect is weak, inconsistent from experiment to experiment, and anomalous in the present study. As regards the subsidiary aim, the findings of the two previous experiments cited above were confirmed. The discrepant results of McPherson et al. (1973) are considered, and it is noted that they held only for a subsample of the schizophrenic group in that experiment, the results for the total sample of schizophrenics, manics and depressives not being inconsistent with those of other experiments.The theoretical and practical implications of these and previous findings are indicated.
Effects of anxiety on attitudes ‐ A semantic differential study
Authors: Gentil Maria L. Felix , Lader Malcolm 
Published: July 2011

Eighteen female out‐patients suffering from chronic anxiety states and 25 normal women matched for age filled in an anxiety inventory and completed semantic differential forms on 21 concepts grouped into four areas: characters, locations, human interactions and abstractions. Each concept was rated on 15 scales grouped into four types: evaluation, activity‐potency, sex evaluation and danger. The normal subjects were divided into high anxiety and low anxiety subgroups on the basis of their trait anxiety scores.Anxious patients rated themselves with lower self‐esteem and confidence. They reacted with apprehension to unfamiliar locations and perceived danger in other people. Sexual activity and the human body were viewed negatively. Anxious patients' apprehensions were particularly raised by vague abstractions.
Modification of deviant sexual behaviour: The need for a comprehensive approach
Authors: Crawford David A. 
Published: July 2011

This paper gives four main lines of evidence to support the view that it is too simple to view sexual deviance as a problem of deviant arousal only. Firstly, clinical experience leaves the clear impression that sex offenders are not stable, well‐adjusted men with a sexual arousal problem, but have difficulties in many areas of their lives. Secondly, research on human sexuality has resulted in a greater appreciation of the complexities of sexual behaviour. It is inconsistent to accept that ‘normal’ sexual behaviour is complex and varied but maintain that deviant sexual behaviour is just an inappropriate penile response. Thirdly, treatment studies aimed at modifying homosexual behaviour have found that changes in heterosexual measures are the most important. This suggests that for sex offenders most attention should be paid to increasing non‐deviant arousal and interests. Fourthly, studies of sex offenders have consistently reported that they experience a wide variety of problems. It is unrealistic to consider the problem of deviant sexual behaviour in isolation from these other problems.It follows that comprehensive treatment programmes will be necessary, covering such problems as sexual dysfunction, anxiety, deficient social skills, inadequate sexual knowledge, poor self‐control, lack of non‐deviant sexual arousal as well as the presence of deviant sexual arousal.
Contrasting resources in disturbed and non‐disturbed family systems
Authors: Steger Carmen , Kotler Tamara 
Published: July 2011

Previous research has shown that problems in family functioning and psychological disturbances in children are closely related. To increase understanding of this complex interaction the present review sets out to make explicit certain aspects of the relationship between child psychopathology and the quality of family life.The usefulness of the concept of resources for analysing major aspects of family functioning (contextual, intra‐familial and extra‐familial) is discussed within a systems framework and is then applied to a wide range of empirical studies which relate important features of family functioning to disturbed behaviour in children.It is found that interpersonal conflict in the lives of parents before marriage may severely constrain their own psychological development. When the psychological effects of such early disadvantage are amplified by marital conflict other family members are also affected. The notion of resources requires such disabilities to be assessed as well as directing attention to non‐family interactions which offer compensating supports.
Mental hospital experience, classroom instruction and change in conceptions and attitudes towards mental illness
Authors: Jaffe Yoram , Maoz Benjamin , Avram Lilian 
Published: July 2011

Changes in conceptions and attitudes towards mental illness and the mentally ill were investigated in Israel. Questionnaires were presented to 69 student nurses, assessing stereotyped image, authoritarianism, social restrictiveness, benevolence, mental hygiene ideology and interpersonal aetiology before and after psychiatric affiliation in two kinds of mental hospitals, or before and after classroom instruction only. The findings lend cultural generality to previous observations and demonstrate that:(a) classroom instruction is ineffective as an agent of change;(b) practical experience involving personal confrontation with mental patients in a progressive psychiatric hospital, which contradicts the stereotyped image of mental patients and inculcates positive attitudes towards them, results in a change to a more professional scientific orientation and a more humane, accepting and liberal attitude;(c) under hospital conditions which support the stereotyped conception and authoritarian restrictive attitudes, the confrontation will result in preservation, even consolidation and strengthening, of the stereotyped image and undesirable attitudes towards mental patients.The findings were discussed and the implications for training programmes were drawn.
The reasons people give for taking overdoses: A further inquiry
Authors: Bancroft John , Hawton Keith , Simkin Sue , Kingston Breda , Cumming Clyde , Whitwell David 
Published: July 2011

A representative sample of 41 cases of self‐poisoning was studied in depth. In each case ‘reasons’ for taking the overdose, both stated spontaneously and chosen from a presented list, were recorded. The commonest spontaneous reason was the ‘wish to die’. Nearly one‐third indicated some non‐suicidal purpose early in the interview and consistently denied suicidal intent subsequently.Apart from suicidal intent, reasons chosen from the list bore little resemblance to reasons that had been offered earlier in the interview and are therefore of uncertain relevance.Three psychiatric judges attributed reasons for each case based on common‐sense criteria. Several reasons were seldom or never chosen by them; four were chosen frequently with good agreement, i.e. communicating hostility, influencing others, relieving a state of mind and suicidal intent. The first two were the most frequently chosen, attributed to 71 per cent and 54 per cent of cases respectively. They were the reasons chosen least frequently by the self‐poisoners themselves.Of 23 (56 per cent) subjects indicating suicidal intent, 12 (29 per cent) were judged to be suicidal by psychiatrists. These were not clearly distinguishable on the basis of their original interviews, except that those judged suicidal tended to indicate suicidal intent early in the interviews.The clinical and research implications of these findings are discussed.
A misconception concerning the meaning of ‘disease’
Authors: Birch James 
Published: July 2011

‘I only wanted to see what the garden was like, your Majesty ‐’‘That's right,’ said the Queen, patting her on the head, which Alice didn't like at all; ‘though, when you say “garden”, I've seen gardens, compared with which this would be a wilderness.’Alice didn't dare to argue the point, but went on: ‘‐ and I thought I'd try and find my way to the top of that hill.’‘When you say “hill”,’ the Queen interrupted, ‘I could show you hills, in comparison with which you'd call that a valley.’‘No, I shouldn't,’ said Alice, surprised into contradicting her at last: ‘a hill can't be a valley, you know. That would be nonsense ‐’Through the Looking Glass and What Alice Found There (Lewis Carroll)
A predictive study of post‐partum depression: Some predisposing characteristics
Authors: Hayworth J. , Little B. C. , Carter S. Bonham , Raptopoulos P. , Priest R. G. , Sandler M. 
Published: July 2011

Postnatal depression was investigated by the antenatal screening of a sample of women for factors that might be predictive of later disturbance. The women were assessed when they were 36 weeks pregnant on anxiety, hostility, and locus of control. Predictions were tested by assessing depression 6 weeks after birth. Both high anxiety and high hostility were positively associated with postnatal depression. Intropunitiveness was not significantly related to subsequent depression. The most depressed women were those who had been the more extrapunitive as well as the more hostile.Women who perceived themselves as less in control of their lives were likely to rate high on depression postnatally, as were younger women. There were indications that some women may have been experiencing depression before the birth. Depression was not significantly associated with parity, gravidity, race, social class or marital status.
Active development of the positive introject in severely disturbed patients
Authors: Donnelly Charles 
Published: July 2011

We describe the structure of the positive introject functionally as the ability to calm oneself. In elucidating the essential action involved in this function we focus on a certain kind of fantasying which allows a person to re‐experience a way of thinking about and feeling toward oneself that has occurred in the relation with a therapist and that was experienced as calming.Three clinical vignettes are presented. The same psychological event is occurring in each one. However, the mode varies from consciously to preconsciously to unconsciously. In the first two modes the process is made clear and the patient is enabled to practise the action until the function becomes reliably available. In the unconscious mode, which seems to be required in certain cases where the patient's internal actions are predominantly aggressive, the process is not made explicit to the patient. Nevertheless the function can develop adequately given enough time and care in titrating positive experiences.The requirement that patients assume the role of agent in developing particular functions may well be one of the important ingredients that helps them break out of chronicity. For the requirement represents the bridge from a passive, dependent mode typically associated with chronicity, to an active responsible mode associated with healthier functioning.
Philosophical problems in psychology and psychiatry
Authors: Bebbington P. E. 
Published: July 2011

In 1879 by putting a taboo upon anything other than experimentation, psychology lost its independence from philosophical speculation at the very moment it declared it ‐ for it lumbered itself with a speculative philosophy which, though long since outmoded, has remained unchanged through remaining unexamined (Shotter, 1975, p. 40).Labouring the difference between science and the humanities has long been a fashion, and has become a bore (Popper, 1972, p. 185).
The psychotherapy of a subnormal patient
Authors: Symington Neville 
Published: July 2011

This paper is a resumé of the treatment of a man, aged 33 at the beginning of treatment, whose IQ was said to be 59. I had reason to believe that it was higher than this.The account covers a period of two years, during which time I saw him regularly once a week. At the end of two years, he told me he did not wish to come any more. I do not know whether the treatment was a success or a failure. My purpose in presenting this treatment is to stimulate further discussion on this subject, challenge the assumption that psychotherapy requires a normal or above‐normal IQ to be successful, and to investigate the aetiology of mental retardation. This two‐year period of treatment was extremely enlightening and opened many avenues of thought which are presented here only in the most embryonic form. So I start with the background to the case and some of the reasons why I decided to take him into treatment, then a summary of the course of the treatment and finally a discussion of some theoretical issues of psychological interest.
In the eye of the beholder: Social and personal characteristics of teenagers and their impressions of themselves and fat and slim people
Authors: Worsley A. 
Published: July 2011

Fifty‐nine female and 79 male secondary students rated six stimulus figures (self, ideal self, fat young man/woman, slim young man/woman) on 28 personal rating scales. They also completed the Eysenck Personality Inventory. Each of the stimulus‐figure data sets was factor analysed and the factor scores were related to role, personality, and perceived weight status by means of correlational and discriminant function analyses.The results showed that the perceivers' sex, ethnicity and perceived weight status were related to their perceptions of the stimulus figures. These relationships included interactions between sex and ethnicity in their effects on reported views of ideal self and fat young woman (FYW). Daughters of European migrants reported more independent and stronger self‐aspirations than did their peers, and sons of European migrants saw FYW more positively than did the other subjects.The observed relationship between females' perceived weight status and their self‐concepts suggest that body image may be of greater importance for girls than for boys of this age.Extraversion and neuroticism differed according to sex in their relationships with the subjects' perceptions of the FYW figure.These and other findings indicate that the presence or absence of obesity has relevance for social and psychological processes as well as for medical issues.
Disease concepts and the logic of classes*
Authors: Taylor F. Kräupl 
Published: July 2011

Four different disease concepts are examined. In pre‐scientific times, diseases were regarded as independent entities outside and inside the body of patients. This view is still alive in such expressions as ‘disease carrier’ and similar idioms. Sydenham' disease entity was akin to a Platonic ‘idea’ namely as ‘species’, ‘substantial form’ or ‘essence’ which had a singular independent existence in some metaphysical realm. Therefore, the talk at the time was that a patient suffered from, say, ‘the’ pox. Virchow's disease entities were semi‐independent parasitic parts in the bodies of different patients. Therefore, patients were said to suffer from, say, ‘a’ pneumonia. In modern times diseases are no longer regarded as independent or semi‐independent entities. They are merely attribute complexes in patients. As such, they require no grammatical article. Patients are said to suffer from, say, pneumonia.The different views of disease concepts are finally examined within a framework provided by the modern logic of classes. The pre‐scientific and Virchowian disease entities are members in a class ‘extension’. Sydenham's disease entity corresponds to a class entity abstracted from class members. Modern diseases are attributes listed in the class ‘intension’. The different disease concepts thus have different logical implications.
The young Jewish revivalist: A therapist's dilemma
Authors: Mester Roberto , Klein Hillel 
Published: July 2011

This article presents and discusses: (a) some of the diagnostic and psychotherapeutic problems which emerged when dealing with extremely religious Jewish young men; and (b) conscious ethical questions and unperceived counter‐transference reactions to religion and religious patients which may overburden the therapist's helping capacity, thereby curtailing the beneficial extent of his intervention.The setting of the therapeutic process is an open intensive care unit. The possible implications and effects of carrying out institutional therapy with this particular kind of patient are also analysed.
Borderline states: Prognosis and psychotherapy
Authors: Holm1 Kari , Hundevadt Egil 
Published: July 2011

In the authors' opinion the borderline concept covers a group of patients difficult to define and to delineate but nevertheless a group different from the conventional diagnostic groups of neurosis and psychosis.During work with a follow‐up study of borderline patients it occurred to the authors that the classification of Grinker et al., which makes it possible to divide borderline patients into four groups, can fruitfully be combined with the object relation theory of ‘the English school’ of psychoanalysis. A patient's belonging to one of Grinker's groups is shown to be informative as to how this patient has ‘solved’ what Fairbairn calls ‘the schizoid dilemma’. The conceptual framework thus set up is useful in planning the treatment of borderline patients: each subgroup of borderline patients as described by the authors can be given its own indications and contra‐indications as far as working alliance and treatment plan are concerned.
The changeling myth and the pre‐psychology of parenting
Authors: Muir Roy 
Published: July 2011

Most European cultures, especially in rural areas, and until recently, routinely used ritual magic procedures to protect new‐born children and their mothers from fairies, demons, and other supernatural beings. There seemed general recognition that this was a hazardous period for mother and child even if the dangers were seen as external, rather than internal (Hastings, 1910; Krappe, 1930).In this paper, several of these legends will be recounted, which illustrate a number of recurring themes which are of considerable interest to the student of human development. It is proposed that the changeling legend explained, by attribution to supernatural forces, such pathological developmental problems as early failure of attachment, rejection, projective and identificatory problems, and of course, the developmental process in which many of these issues are subsumed, the separation‐individuation process (Mahler et al., 1975).A case is presented which illustrates important elements of the legend and an attempt is made to show how the legends may be understood in the light of developmental theory.
Some marital and child‐rearing characteristics of early mother‐bereaved women
Authors: Birtchnell John , Kennard John 
Published: July 2011

A sample of 160 female, psychiatric patients from North‐east Scotland whose mothers died before they were aged 11 was compared with 80 non‐bereaved, female, psychiatric patients, matched by decade of birth, from the same area. Six subgroups of the bereaved patients classified according to the events which followed the bereavement were also examined. In addition, samples of 44 and 27 women from the Chichester general population, whose mothers died before age 11 and from 11 to 19 respectively, were paired by age, parental social class and age at death of father, with Chichester women who were not mother‐bereaved.Comparisons were made in respect of age at marriage, relative age of subject and marital partner, quality and fate of marriage, delay between marriage and birth of first child, total number of children, and ability to cope with the birth and subsequent child‐rearing. The early bereaved women showed a tendency to marry younger men but otherwise their marriages were no different from those of the controls. The early bereaved had more difficulties with child‐rearing, particularly when their children reached adolescence. Surprisingly, the findings for the six subgroups were not appreciably different from those of the total bereaved patients.
Strategies of clinical listening
Authors: Watts Fraser N. 
Published: July 2011

Some of the problems that confront the clinician in seeking to comprehend patients' accounts of their problems are discussed. It must be anticipated that these will be systematically deficient, both because of limitations in patients' awareness and because of the effects of the communication situations.Several strategies of listening that are available: (a) attention to patients' exact language, (b) heuristic strategies, (c) selective tuning, (d) relating information to emerging formulations and (e) ‘evenly suspended attention’ are discussed. The importance of the scientific investigation of clinical listening is emphasized, so that sound methods of training in listening can be developed.
Changes in patients during treatment at the Henderson Hospital therapeutic community during 1977–81
Authors: Norris Margaret 
Published: July 2011

This study is the third in a series which has used repertory grids to evaluate changes in people in various ‘treatment’ milieux. In this paper findings are reported for 70 men and 33 women patients at the Henderson Hospital.Significantly more patients in the hospital changed in desired directions (‘benefited’) than in previous milieux studied. Grid interpretation of ‘benefit’ seemed to have face value for therapists when compared with clinical impressions.Association of ‘benefit’ with attendance at meetings is discussed and so are differences in results for men and women. Changes in self‐esteem compare favourably with such changes in the other milieux and for theoretical reasons this suggests that desired changes will be maintained. The hospital did seem to achieve measurable benefit in patients often regarded as unamenable to treatment.
Drop‐out during in‐patient treatment of anorexia nervosa: A clinical study of 133 patients*
Authors: Vandereycken Walter , Pierloot Roland 
Published: July 2011

Although anorexia nervosa patients are notorious for their ‘resistance’ to treatment, the phenomenon of drop‐out during in‐patient treatment of these patients is scarcely described in the literature. In a consecutive series of 133 hospitalized female anorexia nervosa patients the authors found a remarkably high drop‐out rate of about 50 per cent, spread over different phases in the therapeutic process. In order to find some ‘risk factors’ concerning the probability of premature discharge against medical advice, some clinical, demographic and follow‐up data were analysed in a retrospective way.Dropping‐out appears to be a function of age at admission, duration of illness, educational level, social class and treatment method. These findings are interpreted with respect to different types of resistance to psychotherapeutic treatment both on the part of the patient and her family. In most cases a drop‐out has to be considered as a crisis‐related event in the treatment process. It does not only require specific attention, but also reconsideration of the whole therapeutic approach to anorexia nervosa patients.