bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Muscle contractile properties directly influence shared synaptic inputs to spinal motor neurons
Authors: Cabral Hélio V. , Inglis J. Greig , Cudicio Alessandro , Cogliati Marta , Orizio Claudio , Yavuz Utku S. , Negro Francesco 
Published: May 2024

AbstractAlpha band oscillations in shared synaptic inputs to the alpha motor neuron pool can be considered an involuntary source of noise that hinders precise voluntary force production. This study investigated the impact of changing muscle length on the shared synaptic oscillations to spinal motor neurons, particularly in the physiological tremor band. Fourteen healthy individuals performed low‐level dorsiflexion contractions at ankle joint angles of 90° and 130°, while high‐density surface electromyography (HDsEMG) was recorded from the tibialis anterior (TA). We decomposed the HDsEMG into motor units spike trains and calculated the motor units’ coherence within the delta (1–5 Hz), alpha (5–15 Hz), and beta (15–35 Hz) bands. Additionally, force steadiness and force spectral power within the tremor band were quantified. Results showed no significant differences in force steadiness between 90° and 130°. In contrast, alpha band oscillations in both synaptic inputs and force output decreased as the length of the TA was moved from shorter (90°) to longer (130°), with no changes in delta and beta bands. In a second set of experiments (10 participants), evoked twitches were recorded with the ankle joint at 90° and 130°, revealing longer twitch durations in the longer TA muscle length condition compared to the shorter. These experimental results, supported by a simple computational simulation, suggest that increasing muscle length enhances the muscle's low‐pass filtering properties, influencing the oscillations generated by the Ia afferent feedback loop. Therefore, this study provides valuable insights into the interplay between muscle biomechanics and neural oscillations.
imageKey points
We investigated whether changes in muscle length, achieved by changing joint position, could influence common synaptic oscillations to spinal motor neurons, particularly in the tremor band (5–15 Hz).
Our results demonstrate that changing muscle length from shorter to longer induces reductions in the magnitude of alpha band oscillations in common synaptic inputs. Importantly, these reductions were reflected in the oscillations of muscle force output within the alpha band.
Longer twitch durations were observed in the longer muscle length condition compared to the shorter, suggesting that increasing muscle length enhances the muscle's low‐pass filtering properties.
Changes in the peripheral contractile properties of motor units due to changes in muscle length significantly influence the transmission of shared synaptic inputs into muscle force output.
These findings prove the interplay between muscle mechanics and neural adaptations.
Influence of Scallops on Windage Loss and Flow Characteristics in Disk-Type Gap
Authors: Zhao Zhuobin , Deng Qinghua , Li Jun , Feng Zhenping 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Windage loss and flow characteristics in a disk-type gap featuring scalloped structures are investigated in this paper. Special attention is paid to the size of the scallops and the associated loss models. The respective losses and scallop effects in the gap are explored with various combinations of depths, quantities, and rotating speeds. The results indicate that scallop structures positively contribute to increased windage losses, accounting for more than 60% of the overall losses. An internal spiral vortex band is formed along the scallop wall, with the scallop depth ratio exerting influences on loss, reaching a maximum of 8.1%. The current scallop loss model overlooks the consideration of the total arc length ratio of scallops to the circumference, presenting a limitation, and the maximum relative deviation from numerical simulation results is observed to be 111.4%. An increase in arc length ratio results in a higher total loss, although the loss per individual scallop is diminished, manifesting in reduced vortices and pressure differences. Furthermore, a modified model is proposed to increase the precision of the current loss model. The maximal relative deviations of 13.8% confirm that the modified model is accepted to predict the windage loss in disk-type gaps with scallops. The conclusions offer valuable insights into the structural design of impellers and high-speed electrical machines with superior efficiency.
Theoretical Analysis for the Mechanical Properties of the Knitted Structures
Authors: Ji Dongcan , Dong Shaotong , Zhu Yunfan , Li Min , Fan Xuanqing , Li Yuhang 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Knitting is a technology that has a thousand-year-old history, and can be normally seen in our daily lives. The knitted structure is constructed by the interwoven yarns that are constrained by themselves, exhibiting extreme stretchability. The mechanical properties of the knit fabric also enable their integration with flexible electronic devices. Nonetheless, it is yet problematic to expose the mechanical behaviors of knitting intrinsically. This paper investigates the mechanical characteristics of knitted structures subjected to uniaxial stretching. The analysis includes a structural assessment of the unit cell, with a focus on half of the cell accounting for symmetry. Mechanical analysis for three distinct scenarios (without elongation and friction, with elongation and no friction, with elongation and friction) is also presented. The stress–strain curve of the knitted structure and the correlation between stiffness and geometric parameters are illustrated. Additionally, simulations are carried out based on the finite element analysis, yielding consistent results with the theoretical calculations. Subsequently, a uniaxial stretching experiment is conducted, and the experimental outcomes also verify the theoretical analysis. Our analysis successfully explains the mechanical behavior of knitted structures, and also provides a reference for studying knitted fabrics with other topologies.
Single-cell analysis reveals an active and heterotrophic microbiome in the Guaymas Basin deep subsurface with significant inorganic carbon fixation by heterotrophs
Authors: Meyer Nicolette R. , Morono Yuki , Dekas Anne E. 
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACT

The marine subsurface is a long-term sink of atmospheric carbon dioxide with significant implications for climate on geologic timescales. Subsurface microbial cells can either enhance or reduce carbon sequestration in the subsurface, depending on their metabolic lifestyle. However, the activity of subsurface microbes is rarely measured. Here, we used nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (nanoSIMS) to quantify anabolic activity in 3,203 individual cells from the thermally altered deep subsurface in the Guaymas Basin, Mexico (3–75 m below the seafloor, 0–14°C). We observed that a large majority of cells were active (83%–100%), although the rates of biomass generation were low, suggesting cellular maintenance rather than doubling. Mean single-cell activity decreased with increasing sediment depth and temperature and was most strongly correlated with porewater sulfate concentrations. Intracommunity heterogeneity in microbial activity decreased with increasing sediment depth and age. Using a dual-isotope labeling approach, we determined that all active cells analyzed were heterotrophic, deriving the majority of their cellular carbon from organic sources. However, we also detected inorganic carbon assimilation in these heterotrophic cells, likely via processes such as anaplerosis, and determined that inorganic carbon contributes at least 5% of the total biomass carbon in heterotrophs in this community. Our results demonstrate that the deep marine biosphere at Guaymas Basin is largely active and contributes to subsurface carbon cycling primarily by not only assimilating organic carbon but also fixing inorganic carbon. Heterotrophic assimilation of inorganic carbon may be a small yet significant and widespread underappreciated source of labile carbon in the global subsurface.

IMPORTANCE
The global subsurface is the largest reservoir of microbial life on the planet yet remains poorly characterized. The activity of life in this realm has implications for long-term elemental cycling, particularly of carbon, as well as how life survives in extreme environments. Here, we recovered cells from the deep subsurface of the Guaymas Basin and investigated the level and distribution of microbial activity, the physicochemical drivers of activity, and the relative significance of organic versus inorganic carbon to subsurface biomass. Using a sensitive single-cell assay, we found that the majority of cells are active, that activity is likely driven by the availability of energy, and that although heterotrophy is the dominant metabolism, both organic and inorganic carbon are used to generate biomass. Using a new approach, we quantified inorganic carbon assimilation by heterotrophs and highlighted the importance of this often-overlooked mode of carbon assimilation in the subsurface and beyond.
The biotechnological potential of the
Chloroflexota
phylum
Authors: Freches André , Fradinho Joana Costa 
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACT

In the next decades, the increasing material and energetic demand to support population growth and higher standards of living will amplify the current pressures on ecosystems and will call for greater investments in infrastructures and modern technologies. A valid approach to overcome such future challenges is the employment of sustainable bio-based technologies that explore the metabolic richness of microorganisms. Collectively, the metabolic capabilities of
Chloroflexota
, spanning aerobic and anaerobic conditions, thermophilic adaptability, anoxygenic photosynthesis, and utilization of toxic compounds as electron acceptors, underscore the phylum’s resilience and ecological significance. These diverse metabolic strategies, driven by the interplay between temperature, oxygen availability, and energy metabolism, exemplify the complex adaptations that enabled
Chloroflexota
to colonize a wide range of ecological niches. In demonstrating the metabolic richness of the
Chloroflexota
phylum, specific members exemplify the diverse capabilities of these microorganisms:
Chloroflexus aurantiacus
showcases adaptability through its thermophilic and phototrophic growth, whereas members of the
Anaerolineae
class are known for their role in the degradation of complex organic compounds, contributing significantly to the carbon cycle in anaerobic environments, highlighting the phylum’s potential for biotechnological exploitation in varying environmental conditions. In this context, the metabolic diversity of
Chloroflexota
must be considered a promising asset for a large range of applications. Currently, this bacterial phylum is organized into eight classes possessing different metabolic strategies to survive and thrive in a wide variety of extreme environments. This review correlates the ecological role of
Chloroflexota
in such environments with the potential application of their metabolisms in biotechnological approaches.
Open Resources for Biology Education (ORBE): a resource collection
Authors: Ahmed Sanah , Adjei-Opong Tiffany , Heim Ashley B. , Noyes Keenan , Schmid Kelly , Couch Brian A. , Stetzer MacKenzie R. , Senn Lillian G. , Vinson Erin , Smith Michelle K. , Treibergs Kira 
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACT

In undergraduate life sciences education, open educational resources (OERs) increase accessibility and retention for students, reduce costs, and save instructors time and effort. Despite increasing awareness and utilization of these resources, OERs are not centrally located, and many undergraduate instructors describe challenges in locating relevant materials for use in their classes. To address this challenge, we have designed a resource collection (referred to as Open Resources for Biology Education, ORBE) with 89 unique resources that are primarily relevant to undergraduate life sciences education. To identify the resources in ORBE, we asked undergraduate life sciences instructors to list what OERs they use in their teaching and curated their responses. Here, we summarize the contents of the ORBE and describe how educators can use this resource as a tool to identify suitable materials to use in their classroom context. By highlighting the breadth of unique resources openly available for undergraduate biology education, we intend for the ORBE to increase instructors’ awareness and use of OERs.
Increased utilisation and quality: a focus on inequality and a learning health system approach—explaining Nepal’s success in reducing maternal and newborn mortality 2000–2020
Authors: Sharma Sudha , Campbell Oona Maeve Renee , Oswald William Edward , Adhikari Dadhi , Paudel Punya , Lal Bibek , Penn-Kekana Loveday 
Published: May 2024

IntroductionMaternal mortality in Nepal dropped from 553 to 186 per 100 000 live births during 2000–2017 (66% decline). Neonatal mortality dropped from 40 to 21 per 1000 live births during 2000–2018 (48% decline). Stillbirths dropped from 28 to 18 per 1000 births during 2000–2019 (34% decline). Nepal outperformed other countries in these mortality improvements when adjusted for economic growth, making Nepal a ‘success’. Our study describes mechanisms which contributed to these achievements.MethodsA mixed-method case study was used to identify drivers of mortality decline. Methods used included a literature review, key-informant interviews, focus-group discussions, secondary analysis of datasets, and validation workshops.ResultsDespite geographical challenges and periods of political instability, Nepal massively increased the percentage of women delivering in health facilities with skilled birth attendance between 2000 and 2019. Although challenges remain, there was also evidence in improved quality and equity-of-access to antenatal care and childbirth services. The study found policymaking and implementation processes were adaptive, evidence-informed, made use of data and research, and involved participants inside and outside government. There was a consistent focus on reducing inequalities.ConclusionPolicies and programmes Nepal implemented between 2000 and 2020 to improve maternal and newborn health outcomes were not unique. In this paper, we argue that Nepal was able to move rapidly from stage 2 to stage 3 in the mortality transition framework not because of what they did, but how they did it. Despite its achievements, Nepal still faces many challenges in ensuring equal access to quality-care for all women and newborns.
Associations between knowledge of health issues and health care satisfaction and propensity to complain: a cross-sectional survey of adult men in Denmark
Authors: Birkeland Søren , Bismark Marie , Barry Michael John , Möller Sören 
Published: May 2024

ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to investigate associations between knowledge of health issues and healthcare satisfaction and propensity to complain including the association between knowledge and greater patient involvement.DesignThe present study is a secondary analysis of a larger cross-sectional case vignette survey.SettingSurvey conducted in adult Danish men.ParticipantsParticipants included 6755 men aged 45–70 years.InterventionsParticipants responded to a survey with scenarios illustrating prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing and different information provision.Primary and secondary outcome measuresUsing Likert scales (scored 1–5), participants rated their satisfaction with the care described and their inclination to complain and responded to a short quiz (scored 0–3) assessing their knowledge about the PSA test.ResultsSatisfaction with healthcare increased with better quiz performance (Likert difference 0.13 (95% CI .07 to 0.20), p <0.001, totally correct vs totally incorrect responders) and correspondingly, the desire to complain significantly decreased (Likert difference −0.34 (95% CI 0.40 to −0.27), p <0.001). Respondents with higher education performed better (mean quiz score difference 0.59 (95% CI 0.50 to 0.67), p <0.001, most educated vs least educated). Responders who received information about the PSA test generally performed better (quiz score difference 0.41 (95% CI 0.35 to 0.47), p<0.001, neutral vs no information). Overestimation of PSA merits was more common than underestimation (7.9% vs 3.8%).ConclusionsMens’ knowledge of the benefits of screening varies with education, predicts satisfaction with care and the desire to complain, and may be improved through greater involvement in decision-making.
EvolvRehab–MoveWell telerehabilitation for stroke survivors: study protocol for a feasibility with embedded initial proof-of-concept study
Authors: Perks Jemma , McBride Philip , Mansoubi Maedeh , Clatworthy Philip , Hulme Claire , Taylor Gordon , Warner Martin , Dawes Helen 
Published: May 2024

IntroductionStroke is a leading cause of disability throughout the world. Unilateral upper limb impairment is common in people who have had a stroke. As a result of impaired upper limb function, people who have had a stroke often employ abnormal ‘compensatory’ movements. In the short term, these compensatory movements allow the individual to complete tasks, though long-term movement in this manner can lead to limitations. Telerehabilitation offers the provision of rehabilitation services to patients at a remote location using information and communication technologies. ‘EvolvRehab’ is one such telerehabilitation system, which uses activities to assess and correct compensatory upper body movements, although the feasibility of its use is yet to be determined in National Health Service services. Using EvolvRehab, we aim to assess the feasibility of 6 weeks telerehabilitation in people after a stroke.Methods and analysisA multisite feasibility study with embedded design phase. Normally distributed data will be analysed using paired samples t-tests; non-normally distributed data will be analysed using related samples Wilcoxon signed rank tests. Thematic content analysis of interview transcripts will be used to investigate the usability and perceived usefulness of the EvolvRehab kit.Ethics and disseminationThis study has received ethical approval from Solihull Research Ethics Committee (REC reference: 23/WM/0054). Dissemination will be carried out according to the dissemination plan co-written with stroke survivors, including academic publications and presentations; written reports; articles in publications of stakeholder organisations; presentations to and publications for potential customers.Trial registration numberNCT05875792.
COS-PPA: protocol to develop a core outcome set for primary progressive aphasia
Authors: Volkmer Anna , Copland David A , Henry Maya L , Warren Jason D , Varley Rosemary , Wallace Sarah J , Hardy Chris JD 
Published: May 2024

IntroductionThe term primary progressive aphasia (PPA) describes a group of language-led dementias. Disease-modifying treatments that delay, slow or reverse progression of PPA are currently lacking, though a number of interventions to manage the symptoms of PPA have been developed in recent years. Unfortunately, studies exploring the effectiveness of these interventions have used a variety of different outcome measures, limiting comparability. There are more constructs, apart from word retrieval, that are important for people with PPA that have not received much attention in the research literature. Existing core outcome sets (COS) for dementia and non-progressive aphasia do not meet the needs of people with PPA, highlighting a need to develop a specific COS for PPA.Methods and analysisThis protocol describes a three-stage study to identify a COS for PPA interventions in research and clinical practice. The stage 1 systematic review will identify existing speech, language and communication measures used to examine the effectiveness of interventions for PPA in the research literature. Employing a nominal group technique, stage 2 will identify the most important outcomes for people with PPA and their families. The data collected in stages 1 and 2 will be jointly analysed with the project PPI group and will inform the stage 2 modified Delphi consensus study to identify a core outcome measurement set for PPA among a range of research disciplines undertaking intervention studies for people with PPA.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval for stage 2 of the study has been sought individually in each country at collaborating institutions and is stated in detail in the manuscript. Stage 3 has been granted ethical approval by the Chairs of UCL Language and Cognition Department Ethics, Project ID LCD-2023-06. Work undertaken at stages 1, 2 and 3 will be published in open-access peer-reviewed journal articles and presented at international scientific conferences.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42022367565.
Evaluation of system based psychological first aid training on the mental health proficiency of emergency medical first responders to natural disasters in China: a cluster randomised controlled trial
Authors: Peng Min , Xiao Tao , Carter Ben , Shearer James 
Published: May 2024

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of a system based psychological first aid (PFA) training programme for emergency medical first responders in China.DesignParallel-group, assessor-blinded, cluster randomised controlled trial.Setting42 clusters of health workers from various health facilities in China.Participants1399 health workers who provide emergency service for survivors of disasters.InterventionsOne-day system based PFA training programme (PFA) or training as usual (TAU).Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome was the PFA skills, knowledge and attitude (SKA-PFA) score at 2 months postintervention. Secondary outcomes included post-traumatic growth, self-efficacy and professional quality of life.ResultsThe intervention group (n=690) had significantly higher SKA-PFA scores than the control group (n=709) at 2 months postintervention (adjusted mean difference=4.44; 95% CI 1.17 to 7.52; p=0.007; Cohen’s d=0.35). The intervention group also had higher scores on post-traumatic growth (p=0.113, d=0.24), self-efficacy (p=0.032, d=0.20) and professional quality of life (p=0.281, d=0.04).ConclusionsThe system based PFA training programme was more effective than the TAU in enhancing the PFA knowledge and skills of the emergency medical first responders and in increasing their competence to provide emergency service for survivors in China.Trial registration numberChiCTR2200060464.