bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Citizens, Interest Groups, and Local Ballot Initiatives
Authors: ADAMS BRIAN E. 
Published: February 2012

The state‐level ballot initiative process has been criticized for failing to live up to the progressive ideals of a citizen‐driven, grassroots endeavor. Much less attention, however, has been paid to the initiative process on the local level. This article assesses the democratic credentials of the local initiative process by analyzing which groups sponsor initiatives and what types of issues they attempt to influence. Using a dataset of California initiatives between 2001 and 2008, I find that the local initiative process is a mix of interest group politics and citizen‐driven efforts. There are many examples of “grassroots” campaigns that resemble twentieth‐century progressives' hopes for direct democracy. By contrast, established interest groups frequently use ballot measures to accomplish their political goals, similar to dynamics observed at the statewide level. This is a result of the relatively small size of jurisdictions, which creates conditions favorable to both types of politics.El proceso de las propuestas de ley a nivel estatal ha sido criticado por los altos ideales progresistas impulsados por los ciudadanos. Sin embargo, el proceso de iniciativas a nivel local ha recibido mucho menos atención. Este articulo evalúa las cualidades democráticas de los procesos de iniciativas ciudadanas locales analizando qué grupos patrocinan iniciativas y qué tipos de problemas tratan de influir. Usando una base de datos de las iniciativas California entre 2001 y 2008, encuentro que el proceso de las iniciativas locales es una mezcla de intereses de grupos políticos y esfuerzo impulsado por los ciudadanos. Existen muchos ejemplos de campañas “con raíces locales” que se asemejan a las expectativas progresistas del siglo veinte por una democracia directa. Por otra parte, grupos de interés establecidos usan las urnas frecuentemente para lograr sus objetivos políticos, de manera similar a la dinámica observada a nivel estatal. Este es el resultado de áreas jurídicas relativamente pequeñas, lo cual crea condiciones favorables para ambos tipos de políticas.Related Articles:“Conditions for Efficacious Petitions,” (2011): http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2011.00314.x/abstract“Elite Frame Selection and Development in Ballot Initiative Campaigns,” (2009): http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2009.00175.x/abstract“Raiders of the Lost Vote,” (2005): http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2005.tb00643.x/abstract
Issue Salience, Party Strength, and the Adoption of Health‐Care Expansion Efforts
Authors: BERNICK ETHAN M. , MYERS NATHAN 
Published: February 2012

This article studies the joint effects of issue salience and party strength on health‐care expansion efforts in the American states. We contend that Democrats and Republicans fall back on their traditional policy stances when an issue is highly salient, but when it is less so, policy makers move to the more politically practical policy alternatives. We find that when health care is highly salient, Democrat‐controlled states will be more likely to support direct coverage programs, while a Republican‐controlled state will be more likely to support tax incentives. During periods of low‐issue salience, policy makers are more open to pursuing options less consonant with traditional partisan policy preferences to make progress on the issue. This important contribution to the literature indicates that the level of attention an issue receives can not only affect whether effort is made to address the problem, but the substance of the policy too.Este artículo estudia los efectos conjuntos de la relevancia de un problema y la fuerza de un partido respecto a los esfuerzos de expansión de la cobertura médica en los estados de la unión americana. Nosotros argumentamos que Demócratas y Republicanos mantienen sus posturas políticas tradicionales cuando un problema es altamente relevante, de lo contrario, los legisladores toman una alternativa política más práctica. Hallamos que cuando la cobertura médica es altamente relevante, los estados Demócratas serán más propensos a apoyar programas de cobertura directa, mientras que los estados Republicanos serán más propensos a apoyar incentivos fiscales. Durante periodos de poca relevancia, los legisladores están más abiertos a considerar medidas con una menor consonancia política a la de su partido con el fin de lograr avances en el tema. Esta importante contribución a la literatura indica que el nivel de atención que recibe un problema no sólo afecta si se toman medidas para resolver el problema sino la solidez de la política implementada también.Related Articles:“Implementation Theory Revisited . . . Again,” (2009): http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2009.00174.x/abstract“National Health Insurance in the U.S. and Canada,” (2009): http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2009.00211.x/abstract“Issue Salience, News Coverage, and Attention Cycles,” (1999): http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2007.00113.x/abstract
Political and Social Dimensions of Civic Engagement: The Impact of Compulsory Community Service
Authors: HENDERSON AILSA , BROWN STEVEN D. , PANCER S. MARK 
Published: February 2012

In 1999, the Canadian province of Ontario joined a number of other jurisdictions in requiring its high school students to complete volunteer service before graduating. The primary objective of this program, and others like it around the world, was to address declining civic engagement within society. Using a quasi‐experimental design, we explore the impact of mandatory volunteering on its stated aims. Our findings suggest that volunteering in high school has positive impacts on the political dimensions of a student's subsequent civic engagement, measured here as political involvement, political activism, political interest, and political efficacy. However, those impacts are largely conditional on two features of the volunteering experience: sustained commitment to one placement and a positive experience as evaluated by the student. High school community service seems to be unrelated to social dimensions of civic engagement, measured here as involvement in a variety of social, cultural, and religious organizations.En 1999, la provincia canadiense de Ontario se sumó a otros distritos en requerir a sus alumnos de educación media completar un servicio voluntario antes de graduarse. El objetivo principal de este programa y otros similares alrededor del mundo fue para hacer frente a una caída en la participación cívica en la sociedad. Usamos un diseño cuasi‐experimental para explorar el impacto del servicio social obligatorio de acuerdo a sus objetivos declarados. Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que el trabajo comunitario durante la educación media tiene un impacto positivo en el compromiso cívico posterior del estudiante, medido como la participación política, activismo político, interés político y eficacia política, pero que esos impactos están condicionados por dos características en la experiencia del servicio social: mantener un compromiso sostenido a una labor y el tener una experiencia positiva de acuerdo con el estudiante. El servicio social durante la educación media parece no estar relacionado a dimensiones sociales de compromiso cívico, medido en este estudio como la participación en una variedad de organizaciones sociales, culturales y religiosas.Related Articles:“Public Service Motivation and Political Action,” (2011): http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2011.00316.x/abstract“Community Service Learning,” (2011): http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2003.tb00152.x/abstract“Promoting Civic Activism,” (2002): http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2002.tb00639.x/abstract
The return of degraded stream ecosystems by using positive impacts from near‐natural sections: a new practical guide for restorations
Authors: Gellert Georg , Behrens Stefan , Raschke Monika 
Published: February 2012

AbstractStreams in North Rhine‐Westphalia (Germany) are frequently impacted by hydromorphological degradation leading to a loss of sensitive species and a reduction in diversity. These findings mean that the final objective of the European Water Framework Directive to achieve the good ecological status will be failed for a large number of streams. In a holistic approach, a new concept, considering the cost efficiency, has been developed to enhance habitats by morphological changes. This guide serves as a basis for stream restoration projects. The theoretical background is that near‐natural sections influence adjacent sections of medium habitat quality positively by migration of type‐specific sensitive organisms. The preconditions are a local taxa richness in the catchment area, the reduction of nutrients and organic matter, and the guarantee of free movement. This so‐called ‘spreading effect’ can be measured upstream and downstream. The length of by these means valourized sections depends on the stream type and on the biological quality component.
[BD]From Weikzahood to Mediumship: How to Master the World in Contemporary Burma
Authors: Brac de la Perrière Bénédicte 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIn this paper, I bring into focus the biography of a Burmese ritual specialist who combines in her practice different spiritual resources in order to master her changing world. By analysing the way in which she positions herself between different fields of practice, namely the weikza path and the spirit possession cult, I aim to show that beliefs and practices considered normatively distinct according to their relative distance from the core of Buddhism actually converge in her personal history. By bringing to light the evolution of such a specialist in terms of a “spiritual career,” I seek to illuminate changes in the religious landscape that reflect those of the overall social context. Finally, this case demonstrates that magic, as a field of practice, is fully constitutive of the way the Burmese Buddhists of today think about and manage their lives, even if it has often been regarded as deviant from normative Buddhism.
Respiratory viral infections in institutions from late stage of the first and second waves of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009, Ontario, Canada
Authors: Asner Sandra , Peci Adriana , Marchand‐Austin Alex , Winter Anne‐Luise , Olsha Romy , Kristjanson Erik , Low Donald E. , Gubbay Jonathan B. 
Published: February 2012

Please cite this paper as: Asner et al. (2012) Respiratory viral infections in institutions from late stage of the first and second waves of pandemic A (H1N1) 2009, Ontario, Canada. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 6(3), e11–e15.We report the impact of respiratory viruses on various outbreak settings by using surveillance data from the late first and second wave periods of the 2009 pandemic. A total of 278/345(78·5%) outbreaks tested positive for at least one respiratory virus by multiplex PCR. We detected A(H1N1)pdm09 in 20·6% of all reported outbreaks of which 54·9% were reported by camps, schools, and day cares (CSDs) and 29·6% by long‐term care facilities (LCFTs), whereas enterovirus/human rhinovirus (ENT/HRV) accounted for 62% outbreaks of which 83·7% were reported by long‐term care facilities (LCTFs). ENT/HRV was frequently identified in LTCF outbreaks involving elderly residents, whereas in CSDs, A(H1N1)pdm09 was primarily detected.
Endothelial Expression of Endocan Is Strongly Associated with Tumor Progression in Pituitary Adenoma
Authors: Cornelius Aurélie , Cortet‐Rudelli Christine , Assaker Richard , Kerdraon Olivier , Gevaert Marie‐Hélène , Prévot Vincent , Lassalle Philippe , Trouillas Jacqueline , Delehedde Maryse , Maurage Claude‐Alain 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAlthough benign, pituitary adenomas frequently invade adjacent sinuses or recur after first surgery. To date, there is no histological marker predictive of recurrence. Angiogenic factors are candidate markers. Endocan is a proteoglycan secreted by endothelial cells, associated with an aggressive behavior in several tumor types. Endocan expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) in 18 normal post‐mortem pituitaries and in 107 patients operated for a pituitary adenoma (with a follow‐up of at least 8 years after surgery). In normal pituitaries, endocan was never observed in vessels but was detected in isolated endocrine cells. In adenoma tissue, we found a strong association between endocan immunoreactivity in endothelial cells and progression (P = 0.0009), as well as tumor size (P = 0.0012), raised mitotic count (P = 0.02) and p53 expression (P = 0.032). Morphometric analysis of the microvessels showed that the mean vessel area was significantly higher in the subgroup of tumors with an endothelial expression of endocan (P = 0.028), coherent with the neoangiogenesis process occurring in the pituitary. The immunolabeling of endocan in endothelial cells may therefore appear to be a relevant marker of aggressive behavior in pituitary tumors.
Caffeic Acid and Ferulic Acid Inhibit UVA‐Induced Matrix Metalloproteinase‐1 through Regulation of Antioxidant Defense System in Keratinocyte HaCaT Cells
Authors: Pluemsamran Thanyawan , Onkoksoong Tasanee , Panich Uraiwan 
Published: February 2012

AbstractUltraviolet A (UVA) plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of premature skin aging through keratinocyte cytotoxicity and degradation of collagen, a main component of the extracellular matrix providing structural support. Oxidative stress caused by UVA irradiation can mediate induction of matrix metalloprotease‐1 (MMP‐1), a major enzyme responsible for collagen damage. Protection against UV‐mediated disturbance of antioxidant defense system has been proposed as a possible mechanism by which botanical compounds slow down skin aging process. This study therefore aimed to assess inhibitory effects of caffeic acid (CA) and ferulic acid (FA), powerful plant‐based phenolic antioxidants, on UVA‐induced cytotoxicity and MMP‐1 activity and mRNA level through modulation of antioxidant defense mechanism in immortalized human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells. Pretreatment of the cells with CA or FA prior to UVA irradiation inhibited cytotoxicity, induction of MMP‐1 activity and mRNA and oxidant formation. Moreover, CA and FA were able to up‐regulate glutathione (GSH) content, γ‐glutamate cysteine ligase (γ‐GCL) mRNA as well as activities and mRNA expression of catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in irradiated cells. In conclusion, CA and FA provided protective effects on UVA‐mediated MMP‐1 induction in HaCaT cells possibly through restoration of antioxidant defense system at the cellular and molecular level.
Single‐Pill Combination of Telmisartan/Amlodipine in Patients With Severe Hypertension: Results From the TEAMSTA Severe HTN Study
Authors: Neutel Joel M. , Mancia Giusepe , Black Henry R. , Dahlöf Bjorn , Defeo Holly , Ley Ludwin , Vinisko Richard ,   on behalf of the TEAMSTA Severe HTN Study Investigators
Published: February 2012

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012;14:206–215. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.This 8‐week, randomized, double‐blind, controlled study compared efficacy and tolerability of telmisartan/amlodipine (T/A) single‐pill combination (SPC) vs the respective monotherapies in 858 patients with severe hypertension (systolic/diastolic blood pressure [SBP/DBP] ≥180/95 mm Hg). At 8 weeks, T/A provided significantly greater reductions from baseline in seated trough cuff SBP/DBP (−47.5 mm Hg/−18.7 mm Hg) vs T (P<.0001) or A (P=.0002) monotherapy; superior reductions were also evident at 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks. Blood pressure (BP) goal and response rates were consistently higher with T/A vs T or A. T/A was well tolerated, with less frequent treatment‐related adverse events vs A (12.6% vs 16.4%) and a numerically lower incidence of peripheral edema and treatment discontinuation. In conclusion, treatment of patients with substantially elevated BP with T/A SPCs resulted in high and significantly greater BP reductions and higher BP goal and response rates than the respective monotherapies. T/A SPCs were well tolerated.
DNA barcoding analysis of Coleoidea (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) from Chinese waters
Authors: DAI LINA , ZHENG XIAODONG , KONG LINGFENG , LI QI 
Published: February 2012

AbstractColeoids are part of the Cephalopoda class, which occupy an important position in most oceans both at an ecological level and at a commercial level. Nevertheless, some coleoid species are difficult to distinguish with traditional morphological identification in cases when specimens are heavily damaged during collection or when closely related taxa are existent. As a useful tool for rapid species assignment, DNA barcoding may offer significant potential for coleoid identification. Here, we used two mitochondrial fragments, cytochrome c oxidase I and the large ribosomal subunit (16S rRNA), to assess whether 34 coleoids accounting for about one‐third of the Chinese coleoid fauna could be identified by DNA barcoding technique. The pairwise intra‐ and interspecific distances were assessed, and relationships among species were estimated by NJ and Bayesian analyses. High levels of genetic differentiation within Loliolus beka led to an overlap between intra‐ and interspecific distances. All remaining species forming well‐differentiated clades in the NJ and Bayesian trees were identical for both fragments. Loliolus beka possessed two mitochondrial lineages with high levels of intraspecific distances, suggesting the occurrence of cryptic species. This study confirms the efficacy of DNA barcoding for identifying species as well as discovering cryptic diversity of Chinese coleoids. It also lays a foundation for other ecological and biological studies of Coleoidea.
Two Global Challenges to Global Governance
Authors: Cerutti Furio 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis article aims at clarifying the rather generic notion of global governance, by keeping its meaning as a problem from its normative usage as a project. Further, priorities should be recognized and policy issues reordered according to their relevance. The current debate easily forgets about two threats, both poisoned remnants of modernity: only nuclear weapons and climate change deserve the name of global challenges, in as much as they can hit everybody on earth and can be addressed only by universal cooperation. They challenge politics to take over an additional role, that is to become politics for the future, for the future generations’ survival under decent conditions. Because of their severity they can motivate political actors to do so in a much more compelling way than the usual array of ‘global’ concerns. There cannot be any global governance without a strategy as to how to address the two global challenges.Policy Implications Stop using ‘global governance’ as a container for undifferentiated issues of large concern Rethink politics as a whole, politics‐as‐usual is not adequate to our post‐modern time To reorder the problems of global governance, recognize the primacy of the two‐only global (and lethal) challenges, the existence of nuclear weapons and man‐made climate change Promote a learning process in which the concern for future generations and global commons becomes a new motivation for political action See the real dangers in scientific terms, do not indulge in catastrophism, and do not think of world government as the only safe solution
Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus Copy Number in Different Pig Breeds is not Related to Genetic Diversity
Authors: Quereda J. J. , Herrero‐Medrano J. M. , Abellaneda J. M. , García‐Nicolás O. , Martínez‐Alarcón L. , Pallarés F. J. , Ramírez P. , Muñoz A. , Ramis G. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryThe risk of zoonoses is a major obstacle to xenotransplantation. Porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) poses a potential risk of zoonotic infection, and its control is a prerequisite for the development of clinical xenotransplantation. The copy number of PERV varies among different breeds, and it has been suggested that the PERV integrations number is increased by inbreeding. The purpose of this study was (i) to examine the copy number of PERV in different Spanish pig breeds, Spanish wild boar and commercial cross‐bred pigs from five different farms and genetic background (CCP1–CCP5) and (ii) to investigate the correlation between PERV copy number and the genetic background of the pigs in order to improve the selection of pigs for xenotransplantation. PERV copy number was determined by quantitative, real‐time polymerase chain reactions. Thirty‐four microsatellite markers were genotyped to describe the genetic diversity within populations (observed and expected heterozygosities, Ho and He, respectively) and the inbreeding coefficient (F). Pearson′s correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between PERV copy number and Ho, He and F. The copy number of PERV among different pig breeds was estimated to range between three (CCP1) and 43 copies (Iberian Pig). Statistical differences were found among the studied populations concerning PERV copy number. No correlation was found between the PERV copy number and the heterozygosity (calculated at an individual level or at a population level) or the inbreeding coefficient of each population. Our data suggest that pigs inbreeding does not increase PERV copy number and support the idea that careful selection of pigs for organ donation with reduced PERV copy number will minimize the risk of retrovirus transmission to the human receptor.
Oral histories in meteoritics and planetary science—XVI: Donald D. Bogard
Authors: SEARS Derek W. G. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract– Donald D. Bogard (Don, Fig. 1) became interested in meteorites after seeing the Fayetteville meteorite in an undergraduate astronomy class at the University of Arkansas. During his graduate studies with Paul Kuroda at Arkansas, Don helped discover the Xe decay products of 244Pu. After a postdoctoral period at Caltech, where he learned much from Jerry Wasserburg, Peter Eberhardt, Don Burnett, and Sam Epstein, Don became one of a number of young Ph.D. scientists hired by NASA’s Manned Spacecraft Center to set up the Lunar Receiving Laboratory (LRL) and to perform a preliminary examination of Apollo samples. In collaboration with Oliver Schaeffer (SUNY), Joseph Zähringer (Max Planck, Heidelberg), and Raymond Davis (Brookhaven National Laboratory), he built a gas analysis laboratory at JSC, and the noble gas portion of this laboratory remained operational until he retired in 2010. At NASA, Don worked on the lunar regolith, performed pioneering work on cosmic ray produced noble gas isotopes and Ar‐Ar dating, the latter for important insights into the thermal and shock history of meteorites and lunar samples. During this work, he discovered that the trapped gases in SNC meteorites were very similar to those of the Martian atmosphere and thus established their Martian origin. Among Don’s many administrative accomplishments are helping to establish the Antarctic meteorite and cosmic dust processing programs at JSC and serving as a NASA‐HQ discipline scientist, where he advanced peer review and helped create new programs. Don is a recipient of NASA’s Scientific Achievement and Exceptional Service Medals and the Meteoritical Society’s Leonard Medal. Donald Bogard.image