bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analyses of light extraction efficiency in GaN‐based LEDs grown on patterned sapphire substrates
Authors: Xu Chenglong , Yu Tongjun , Yan Jian , Yang Zhiyuan , Li Xingbin , Tao Yuebin , Fu Xingxing , Chen Zhizhong , Zhang Guoyi 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe GaN‐based LEDs external quantum efficiency (EQE) is significantly improved by using the patterned sapphire substrate (PSS) technique. The enhancements in the light extraction efficiency (LEE) and the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) were evaluated based on a rate equation analysis of EQE versus the square root of the light‐output power (EQE‐√P) curves. The estimated enhancement in the LEE was much larger than that in the IQE. The detailed mechanism of improving the LEE by PSS technique was investigated using Monte‐Carlo ray tracing simulation. The LEE increased with the pattern height, and tended to be saturated when the height was over 1.5 μm. These results indicate that the improved light output power of GaN‐based LEDs on PSS is mainly due to the enhancement in LEE. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Shallow donors and deep level color centers in AlN single crystals: EPR, ODMR and optical studies
Authors: Soltamov V. A. , Ilyin I. V. , Soltamova A. A. , Tolmachev D. O. , Romanov N. G. , Gurin A. S. , Mokhov E. N. , Baranov P. G. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractEPR studies presented here reveal the presence of three different types of shallow donor (SD) impurities in AlN single crystals: one impurity is located at the N site (preferentially oxygen, labeled D1) and two impurities are located at the Al site (preferentially carbon and silicon, labeled D2 and D3) of the AlN lattice. We show that D1 and D2 centers exhibit a DX‐like relaxation. The light‐induced EPR signals of the D1 and D2 centers are characterized by slightly anisotropic g factors typical for SD in AlN but strongly different anisotropic EPR linewidths ΔB. The D3 center shows the SD behavior at the room temperature and can be observed without light excitation at the temperatures above 200 K. Combining EPR, optical absorption and thermoluminescence induced by the X‐ray irradiation we establish the structure of deep level color centers in AlN ‐ a neutral nitrogen vacancy VN. The an optical absorption band of the center is in the visible region with a maximum at ∼450 nm and the energy level at ∼0.75 eV relative to the bottom of AlN conduction band (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Theoretical study of the fragmentation and isomerization of ethyltoluene radical cations
Authors: Garifzianova Guzel G. , Khrapkovskii Grigorii M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis theoretical study was held with purpose to explore fragmentation and isomerization pathways of ethyltoluene radical cation. B3LYP level of theory with 6‐31G(d) and 6‐311++G(df,p) basis sets was used to calculate potential energy surface of o‐, m‐, and p‐isomers. Single‐point energies calculations were carried out using CCSD//B3LYP/6‐31G(d). It was found that methyl loss from these seven‐membered ring ions requires less energy than either ring methyl loss or direct CH3 detachment from ethyl moiety of ethyltoluene radical cation, which is consistent with previous experimental studies. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Compartmentalization of the foregut tube: developmental origins of the trachea and esophagus
Authors: Fausett Sarah R. , Klingensmith John 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe mammalian trachea and esophagus share a common embryonic origin. They arise by compartmentalization of a single foregut tube, composed of foregut endoderm (FGE) and surrounding mesenchyme, around midgestation. Aberrant compartmentalization is thought to lead to relatively common human birth defects, such as esophageal atresia (EA) and tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF), which can prevent or disrupt a newborn infant's ability to feed and breathe. Despite its relevance to human health, morphogenesis of the anterior foregut is still poorly understood. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of trachea and esophagus formation from a common precursor, including the embryonic origin of the FGE, current models for foregut morphogenesis, relevant human birth defects, insights from rodent models, and the emerging picture of the mechanisms underlying normal and abnormal foregut compartmentalization. Recent research suggests that a number of intercellular signaling pathways and several intracellular effectors are essential for correct formation of the trachea and esophagus. Different types of defects in the formation of either ventral or dorsal foregut tissues can disrupt compartmentalization in rodent models. This implies that EA/TEF defects in humans may also arise by multiple mechanisms. Although our understanding of foregut compartmentalization is growing rapidly, it is still incomplete. Future research should focus on synthesizing detailed information gleaned from both human patients and rodent models to further our understanding of this enigmatic process. WIREs Dev Biol 2012, 1:184–202. doi: 10.1002/wdev.12This article is categorized under:

Vertebrate Organogenesis > From a Tubular Primordium: Non-Branched
Birth Defects > Organ Anomalies
Are grassland passerines especially susceptible to negative transmitter impacts?
Authors: Hill Jason M. , Elphick Chris S. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAssessing the impacts of manipulative research can be hard when few animals are affected in any one study. Collating information across studies, however, can identify vulnerable organisms and allow researchers to tailor research to reduce, and possibly eliminate, adverse effects. Relatively few studies have documented radiotransmitter impacts on passerine birds. We hypothesized that many studies do not publish problems, and that this lack of reporting hampers improvement of methods. We used an online survey to gather information from researchers about the species affected and the nature of any impacts. Sixty respondents provided information concerning ≥63 passerine species. Negative transmitter impacts were reported for ≥1 bird for 38% of species. Entanglement with vegetation or body parts and nonentanglement‐related injuries affected 27% and 19% of species, respectively. Simultaneously, 29% and 33% of species were reported to have caused transmitter damage and lost transmitters, respectively. Only 2 respondents indicated that they had documented these problems in the peer‐reviewed literature. The occurrence of negative transmitter effects was similar for adults and juveniles, for transmitters attached with glue or harnesses, and regardless of bird mass. Ground‐foraging passerines were significantly more likely than other passerines to have experienced transmitter loss, entanglement, and nonentanglement injuries. Our study suggests a clustering of problems in grassland passerines. We make suggestions to identify and collate problems related to negative transmitter impacts in passerines to help reduce harmful effects on birds and wasted research effort. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Implications of HER2 Amplification in Small, Node‐Negative Breast Cancers: Do Asians Differ?
Authors: Wong Fuh Yong , Yip Connie Siew Poh , Chua Eu Tiong 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackgroundWe investigated the implications of HER2 amplification in Asian women with small, node‐negative breast cancer in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMCs).MethodsWe reviewed the charts patients treated between 1989 and 2009 with breast conservation therapy for node‐negative breast cancers measuring ≤2 cm. Disease‐free survival (DFS), ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR), distant disease‐free survival (DDFS), and overall survival (OS) rates were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method and were compared by the log‐rank test. Potential covariates—age, tumor grade, hormone receptor status—were analyzed by multivariate analysis.ResultsA total of 519 patients were studied including 204 (39%) and 315 (61%) patients diagnosed with pT1ab and pT1c tumors, respectively. Median follow‐up was 57 months. HER2 amplification was found in 17.1% of all patients and in 16.7% patients with pT1ab tumors. Among patients with T1ab tumors, 73.0 and 9.3% underwent adjuvant hormonal and chemotherapy, respectively; 3 of 34 T1ab patients with HER2‐amplified tumors received trastuzumab. HER2 amplification was associated with poorer 5‐year DFS (83.7% vs. 95.5%, P < 0.0001), DDFS (87.5% vs. 97.9%, P < 0.0001), and IBTR (8.6% vs. 2.1%, P < 0.0001) rates in patients with pT1 tumors. Multivariate analysis showed that HER2 amplification remained a significant negative prognostic factor for DFS [hazard ratio (HR) 4.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.1–7.8, P < 0.0001], DDFS (HR 6.3, 95% CI 2.4–17.0, P < 0.0001), and IBTR (HR 4.5, 95% CI 2.0–10.0, P < 0.0001) rates. In the pT1ab subgroup, univariate analysis showed that HER2 amplification prognosticated for DFS (85.1% vs. 95.7%, P = 0.022) and IBTR (14.9% vs. 3.5%, P = 0.004) rates but not for the OS (100% vs. 99.2%, P = 0.487) rate. Similar results were obtained after excluding patients given trastuzumab.ConclusionsThe decision to use trastuzumab in HER2‐amplified pT1ab tumors must balance their poor outcome against intrinsic financial limitations in LMCs. Patient selection criteria needs fine‐tuning, and resource‐sensitive regimens must be explored.
Simplified Radiocarbon Analysis Procedure for Measuring the Renewable Diesel Concentration in Diesel Fuel Blends
Authors: Norton Glenn A. , Woodruff Mary X. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA simplified analytical approach for determining the renewable diesel content of diesel fuel blends using radiocarbon (14C) analyses in a liquid scintillation counter (LSC) was investigated. Unlike more conventional procedures, the fuels were mixed directly with a fluor and then analyzed in an LSC without further processing. The factory‐installed quench curve adequately corrected for variable quench levels in the samples. When using a counting time of 180 min on samples containing 2–20% renewable diesel in fuel blends with relatively low quench levels, mean results from triplicate analyses were accurate to within 0.4% (absolute) and the standard deviations were generally 0.4% (absolute) or less. The accuracy and precision of the analyses were comparable to those observed for AMS and benzene synthesis analyses on the samples. For similar analyses on renewable diesel blends with relatively high quench levels, results were accurate to within 0.8% (absolute) with standard deviations of 0.8% or less when using a counting time of 180 min. The precision was improved significantly by increasing the counting time to 360 min for those samples. Excluding the conventional corrections for isotopic fractionation did not have a significant impact on the accuracy of the results for renewable diesel concentrations of 20% or less.
Do Apo‐Lycopenoids Have Antioxidant Activities In Vitro?
Authors: Müller Lars , Reynaud Eric , Goupy Pascale , Caris‐Veyrat Catherine , Böhm Volker 
Published: November 2011

AbstractLycopene is a predominant carotenoid in human plasma and may prevent degenerative diseases by antioxidant mechanisms. Moreover, not only lycopene itself, also its derived breakdown products, the apo‐lycopenoids, could be responsible. Therefore, we analyzed the in vitro antioxidant activities of apo‐6′‐, apo‐8′‐ and apo‐12′‐lycopenals, as well as of apo‐10′‐, apo‐14′‐ and apo‐11‐series of lycopene (with terminal functions as alcohol, aldehyde, carboxylic acid, and ester) in various assays. We observed that the antioxidant activities, determined by measuring the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP assay), the activities of bleaching 2,2′‐azinobis‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline)‐6‐sulfonic acid (ABTS·+) and the activities to scavenge peroxyl radicals (LPSC assay), were often much lower compared to lycopene itself, as recently proposed by some authors. The antioxidant activities were strongly influenced by the length of the polyene chain and the type of terminal function as well. Considering our results and the low amounts of apo‐lycopenals found in plasma as well as in lycopene‐rich food products compared to (all‐E)‐lycopene we speculate that the effects of apo‐lycopenoids as direct antioxidants in food samples as well as in blood and/or target tissues can be stated as negligible. Apo‐lycopenoids may act as indirect antioxidants by activation of gene expression of antioxidant‐derived enzymes.
Schizophrenia, culture and neuropsychology: sensory deficits, language impairments and social functioning in Chinese-speaking schizophrenia patients
Authors: Yang L. , Chen S. , Chen C.-M. , Khan F. , Forchelli G. , Javitt D. C. 
Published: November 2011

BackgroundWhile 20% of schizophrenia patients worldwide speak tonal languages (e.g. Mandarin), studies are limited to Western-language patients. Western-language patients show tonal deficits that are related to impaired emotional processing of speech. However, language processing is minimally affected. In contrast, in Mandarin, syllables are voiced in one of four tones, with word meaning varying accordingly. We hypothesized that Mandarin-speaking schizophrenia patients would show impairments in underlying basic auditory processing that, unlike in Western groups, would relate to deficits in word recognition and social outcomes.MethodAltogether, 22 Mandarin-speaking schizophrenia patients and 44 matched healthy participants were recruited from New York City. The auditory tasks were: (1) tone matching; (2) distorted tunes; (3) Chinese word discrimination; (4) Chinese word identification. Social outcomes were measured by marital status, employment and most recent employment status.ResultsPatients showed deficits in tone-matching, distorted tunes, word discrimination and word identificationversuscontrols (allp<0.0001). Impairments in tone-matching across groups correlated with both word identification (p<0.0001) and discrimination (p<0.0001). On social outcomes, tonally impaired patients had ‘lower-status’ jobs overall when compared with tonally intact patients (p<0.005) and controls (p<0.0001).ConclusionsOur study is the first to investigate an interaction between neuropsychology and language among Mandarin-speaking schizophrenia patients. As predicted, patients were highly impaired in both tone and auditory word processing, with these two measures significantly correlated. Tonally impaired patients showed significantly worse employment-status function than tonally intact patients, suggesting a link between sensory impairment and employment status outcome. While neuropsychological deficits appear similar cross-culturally, their consequences may be language- and culture-dependent.
Self-Reported Lack of Energy (Anergia) Among Elders in a Multiethnic Community
Authors: Cheng Huai , Gurland Barry J. , Maurer Mathew S. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Background.  Lack of energy, “anergia,” is a possible central feature for identifying, evaluating, and treating elders with health-related problems in quality of life.
Methods.  A survey was conducted on a randomly selected stratified sample (N = 2130) of three ethnic groups of community-residing elders in a defined urban geographic area: the Northern Manhattan Aging Project (NMAP). The participants were Medicare beneficiaries living north of 150th Street in Manhattan. The criteria for anergia were based on the presence of the major criterion “sits around a lot for lack of energy” and any two of six minor criteria. Self-reports were gathered using a computer-assisted, rater-administered interview (the Comprehensive Assessment and Referral Interview; CARE) covering: function (basic activities of daily living [ADL] and instrumental ADL [IADL]); features of geriatric syndromes such as self-rated physical health, depression, pain, respiratory distress, trouble sleeping, cognitive impairment, and cardiovascular syndromes; social isolation; and healthcare utilization. Short-term (18-month) and long-term (6-year) mortality were derived from the National Death Index.
Results.  Three hundred eighty-six people (18% of the sample) met criteria for anergia. Anergia was more common in women than men (22% vs 12%, p &lt;.01), in unmarried than in married persons (21% vs 13%, p &lt;.001), and with advancing age. People with anergia used more hospitalizations, office visits, emergency room visits, and home care services and, had higher mortality rates. In multivariate analyses, the following factors had independent associations with anergia: female gender, impaired physical function and IADL, depression, pain, respiratory symptoms, urinary incontinence, hearing difficulty, feeling dizzy or weak, and social isolation and disengagement. These factors could be the initial candidates for clinical investigation of anergia of undetermined origin. Among people with anergia at baseline, 31.3% (n = 121) had persistent anergia and 33.9% (n = 131) recovered over a follow-up period of 18 months.
Conclusions.  Anergia in multiethnic older adults is associated with a range of clinical symptoms and diseases, with extensive health services use, and with increased mortality.
Personality and Health Care Decision-Making Style
Authors: Flynn Kathryn E. , Smith Maureen A. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Using the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study Graduate Survey (N = 5,830), a population-based cohort of older adults (most aged 63–66 years), we explored relationships between five factors of personality and four preference types that account for multiple components of the health care decision-making process (information exchange, deliberation, and selection of treatment choice). After adjustment for personal, health, social, and economic factors, we found that increased conscientiousness and openness to experience and decreased agreeableness and neuroticism corresponded to preferring the most active decision-making style compared with the least active. A better understanding of how personality traits relate to patient decision-making styles may help clinicians tailor treatment discussions to the needs and preferences of individual patients.
Living With Chronic Health Conditions: Age Differences in Affective Well-Being
Authors: Piazza Jennifer R. , Charles Susan T. , Almeida David M. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The current study examined age differences in affective well-being and reactivity to daily stressors among people varying in health status. Participants (N = 3,493), aged 25 to 74 years, reported global affective well-being in the Midlife Development in the United States survey, and a subset (n = 983) reported their affective reactivity to stressors across eight consecutive evenings in the National Study of Daily Experiences. Across groups of people varying in number of chronic conditions, older adults reported higher levels of global affective well-being and lower levels of affective reactivity than did younger adults, with one exception. Among people reporting four or more chronic conditions, older adults were just as reactive to daily stressors as were younger adults.
Biological determinants of bleeding in patients with heterozygous factor XI deficiency
Authors: Guéguen Paul , Galinat Hubert , Blouch Marie‐Thérèse , Bridey Françoise , Duchemin Jérôme , Le Gal Grégoire , Abgrall Jean‐François , Pan‐Petesch Brigitte 
Published: November 2011

SummaryBleeding risk is not predictable in patients with factor XI (FXI; F11) deficiency. In this prospective study, our objectives were to determine the biological determinants for bleeding risk in patients with heterozygous FXI deficiency. Patients were classified as either bleeding patients or non‐bleeding patients by calculating the bleeding score (BS) described for von Willebrand disease. Primary haemostasis, thrombin generation, thromboelastometry, procoagulant proteins, inhibitors, fibrinolysis, and F11 gene mutations were compared between bleeding and non‐bleeding patients. Thirty‐nine patients were included. BS significantly correlated with clinical assessment (P = 0·001), and a score over 3 discriminated between bleeding (n = 15) and non‐bleeding (n = 24) patients (P = 0·034). Despite normal values, von Willebrand factor (VWF) and thrombomodulin (TM) plasma levels were significantly lower in bleeding patients than non‐bleeding patients [ristocetin cofactor activity (VWF:RCo) = 80·6 ± 29·7 iu/dl and 101·8 ± 29·5 iu/dl respectively, P = 0·043; and VWF antigen (VWF:Ag) = 84·0 ± 28·0 iu/dl and 106·3 ± 36·1 iu/dl respectively, P = 0·035; and TM = 17·7 ± 11·7 ng/ml and 23·6 ± 9·7 ng/ml respectively, P = 0·043]. When considering BS as a continuous variable, only VWF:RCo remained significant (P = 0·042), which accounted for 11% of the variability in BS.
Synthetic peptides containing ITIM-like sequences of IREM-1 (CD300F) differentially regulate MyD88 and TRIF-mediated TLR signalling through activation of SHP and/or PI3K
Authors: Lee S-M , Suk K , Lee W-H 
Published: November 2011

SummaryThe immune receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (IREM-1/CD300F) has been shown to inhibit various inflammatory processes in myeloid cells, such as macrophages and mast cells. IREM-1 exerts its inhibitory effect through its intracellular immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifs (ITIMs). In order to generate immunomodulatory molecules that can regulate the inflammatory activation of macrophages, decapeptides representing each of the five ITIM-like sequences in the cytoplasmic tail of IREM-1 were synthesized in conjugation with human immunodeficiency virus-transactivator of transcription (HIV-TAT48–57), which was added to promote internalization of the peptides. Interestingly, all these TAT–ITIM fusion peptides inhibited Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated production of proinflammatory molecules, including matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin (IL)-8. When various TLR ligands were used to stimulate the human macrophage-like cell line human acute monocytic leukaemia cell line (THP)-1, the TAT–ITIM peptides blocked both myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and Toll-interleukin 1 receptor (TIR)-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF)-mediated TLR signalling pathways. Utilization of specific inhibitors and detection of the active form of signalling adaptors by Western blot analysis further demonstrated that the inhibitory effects of these TAT–ITIM peptides require activation of Src homology 2 (SH2)-containing tyrosine phosphatase (SHP) and/or phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). These data indicate that these synthetic peptides may be used to regulate immune responses that involve TLR-mediated inflammatory activation of macrophages.