bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pervasive interactions between ungulate browsers and disturbance regimes promote temperate forest herbaceous diversity
Authors: Royo Alejandro A. , Collins Rachel , Adams Mary Beth , Kirschbaum Chad , Carson Walter P. 
Published: February 2010

Disruptions to historic disturbance and herbivory regimes have altered plant assemblages in forests worldwide. An emerging consensus suggests that these disruptions often result in impoverished forest biotas. This is particularly true for eastern U.S. deciduous forests where large gaps and understory fires were once relatively common and browsers were far less abundant. Although much research has focused on how disturbance and browsers affect tree diversity, far less attention has been devoted to forest understories where the vast majority (>75%) of the vascular species reside. Here we test the hypothesis that the reintroduction of disturbances resembling historic disturbance regimes and moderate levels of ungulate browsing enhance plant diversity. We explore whether once‐common disturbances and their interaction with the top‐down influence of browsers can create conditions favorable for the maintenance of a rich herbaceous layer in a region recognized as a temperate biodiversity hotspot in West Virginia, USA. We tested this hypothesis via a factorial experiment whereby we manipulated canopy gaps (presence/absence) of a size typically found in old‐growth stands, low‐intensity understory fire (burned/unburned), and deer browsing (fenced/unfenced). We tracked the abundance and diversity of more than 140 herb species for six years.Interactions among our treatments were pervasive. The combination of canopy gaps and understory fire increased herbaceous layer richness, cover, and diversity well beyond either disturbance alone. Furthermore, we documented evidence that deer at moderate levels of abundance promote herbaceous richness and abundance by preferentially browsing fast‐growing pioneer species that thrive following co‐occurring disturbances (i.e., fire and gaps). This finding sharply contrasts with the negative impact browsers have when their populations reach levels well beyond those that occurred for centuries. Although speculative, our results suggest that interactions among fire, canopy gaps, and browsing provided a variable set of habitats and conditions across the landscape that was potentially capable of maintaining much of the plant diversity found in temperate forests.
Twelve Tools for Teaching Medical Students
Authors: Selzer Rob , Ellen Steve 
Published: February 2010

Objective: The aim of this paper is to outline strategies for teaching psychiatry to medical students. The background is that today's medical students are tomorrow's doctors. Undergraduate psychiatry teaching provides us a unique opportunity to instil positive attitudes, knowledge and skills in the medical workforce of the future. Moreover, teaching has many positives for the individual clinician, their service and the community. Conclusions: We outline 12 strategies that we find makes teaching not only enjoyable for us, but engaging, memorable and relevant for students.
Accurate correlations to estimate refinery fuel gas, natural gas, and fuel oil CO2 emission factors and its uncertainty
Authors: Márquez‐Riquelme Esteban F. , van der Steen Joop , Balzer Christoph , Maas Wilfried 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe quantification of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) inventories and its associated uncertainty is a relevant activity often requested by authorities. Accurate methods to calculate both inventories and the involved uncertainty are convenient for close monitoring purposes. Using Monte Carlo simulations, correlations of high accuracy between emission factors (EFs), lower heating value (LHV), and density were built for refinery fuel gas, natural gas and fuel/residual oil. In all cases, the data generated by the simulations also served the purpose of building correlations for upper and lower bounds of the EF that can be readily used to estimate the EF estimation uncertainty. The correlations were tested against actual refinery data and the results show that more accurate estimations were obtained compared with EF obtained from laboratory composition methods and from methods that estimate EF as proportional to LHV only. In the case of fuel and residual oils, the correlations developed are a function of LHV only but were improved by using a cubic polynomial. The calculation of upper and lower bounds for EF offer a convenient method to estimate EF uncertainties that are required in official GHG emissions inventory calculations. In conclusion, in addition to LHV, the use of one additional readily available fuel property, namely fuel density is sufficient to reduce uncertainty of estimation of GHG (in this case CO2) from combustion to acceptable levels. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Disability and employment among U.S. working‐age immigrants
Authors: Xiang Huiyun , Shi Junxin , Wheeler Krista , Wilkins J.R. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBackgroundThere is little research which examines disability status and the employment decisions of the US immigrant working‐age population.MethodsThe 2007 American Community Survey data were analyzed to compare disabilities and employment characteristics between immigrant and US‐born adults 18–64 years of age. Separate logistic regression models of employment were constructed among persons with disabilities and among persons without disabilities. Each multivariate model included nativity/citizenship, sex, race/ethnicity, age, and education.ResultsIn 2007, 40.8% (95% CI: 39.9–41.7) of immigrants with disabilities were employed, while only 34.9% (95% CI: 34.6–35.2) of US‐born persons with disabilities were employed. For each type of disability, including difficulty working, immigrants with disabilities were more likely than their US‐born counterparts to be employed. The median wage/salary incomes for persons with disabilities, foreign‐born and US‐born, respectively, were $20,000 and $22,000. In contrast, the median wage/salary incomes of foreign‐born persons with mental impairments, self‐care limitations, or participation restrictions exceeded those of US‐born persons with these same disabilities. Nativity and citizenship had different effects in separate logistic models of employment for persons with disabilities and persons without disabilities. Among persons with disabilities, foreign‐born citizens were more likely to be employed than the US‐born, OR = 1.40 (95% CI: 1.33–1.48), and non‐citizens were also more likely to be employed, OR = 1.74 (95% CI: 1.62–1.87), than US‐born persons. Among persons without disabilities, foreign‐born non‐citizens were less likely to be employed than the US‐born, OR = 0.82 (95% CI: 0.82–0.85).ConclusionImmigrants with disabilities were more frequently employed than US‐born persons with disabilities for all types of disabilities. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:425–434, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Disability retirement among workers involved in large construction projects
Authors: Dyreborg Johnny , Hannerz Harald , Tüchsen Finn , Spangenberg Søren 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of disability pension among workers engaged in the construction of the Øresund Link or the Copenhagen Metro, representing high levels of safety management.MethodsThe study subjects (n = 1,808) were followed for disability retirement. Age standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated and compared with SIRs of disability pension established in a previous study of workers engaged in the construction of the Great Belt Link (N = 5,882), representing a low level of safety management.ResultsCompared with all economically active men, the age SIR of disability retirement was 2.22 (95% CI = 1.61, 2.98) among the study subjects and 2.29 (95% CI = 1.9, 2.67) among workers at the Great Belt Link.ConclusionNo significant progress was found in the incidence of disability pension among the study subjects despite substantial improvements in safety management compared with the Great Belt Link. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53: 596–600, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Farm work exposure of older male farmers in Saskatchewan
Authors: Voaklander Donald C. , Dosman James A. , Hagel Louise M. , Warsh Joel , Pickett William 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBackgroundThe average age of farmers in North America is increasing each year. Research has determined that age and health status are both related to increased risk of injury. The purpose of this research was to determine the association of health and medication factors with exposure to farm work in older male farmers.MethodsAs part of a cohort study to study determinants of injury on Saskatchewan farms, 5,502 farm people associated with 2,386 Saskatchewan farms were surveyed by mail questionnaire during the winter of 2007. The primary dependent variable was average hours per week of farm work. Independent variables included illnesses, age, and medication use.ResultsThe mean number of hours worked per week by farmers aged 55 years and older was 48. There was a significant relationship between age and hours worked with each year of age accounting for about 0.85 hr less work per week. Medication use was related to a reduction in weekly work hours during the busy fall season but was not related to work exposure averaged over the whole year. In multivariable linear regression analysis, the main contributing variables to farm work exposure were: retired status (−), working off farm (−), and age (−).ConclusionThe amount of hours older farmers work on the farm is considerable compared to any other occupational category. While there is a declining trend in the amount of work, a 75‐year‐old farmer still works, on average, about 34 hr per week. Some farmers do appear to self‐limit during busy times of the year if they are taking medication. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:706–715, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Work‐related amputations in Washington state, 1997–2005
Authors: Anderson Naomi J. , Bonauto David K. , Adams Darrin 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBackgroundWork‐related amputations are infrequent but devastating injuries. Attempts to more accurately estimate the burden of amputations and industries at risk have led the Washington State occupational surveillance program to explore new methods for case identification in Washington State workers' compensation data.MethodsTwo methods were utilized for case identification of work‐related amputations. The first method used the ANSI Z16 nature code for amputation. An alternative method utilized medical, hospital, and claim administration coding of medical bills and bill payment systems. After identifying suspected amputation claims, a sample of the medical records associated with different case identification methods were reviewed to verify that an amputation likely occurred.ResultsFrom 1997 to 2005, 2,528 amputations were identified using the ANSI Z16 code for amputation (Nature = 100) and an additional 3,912 amputations were identified using the alternative method. There was an increasing trend of amputation injuries over the time period using the ANSI amputation definition; however, the trend in amputation injuries captured by the alternative method was decreasing. This may indicate a bias in estimating a trend due to misclassification of amputation injuries. The sectors with the highest amputation claims rates were Manufacturing; Construction; Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting; Accommodation and Food Services; and Wholesale and Retail Trade.ConclusionsCurrent methods to identify work‐related amputations in the workers' compensation data system underestimate the burden of amputations in Washington State. By utilizing alternative case identification methods, we estimate that there were about 150% more amputations in Washington State over the time period. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:693–705, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kohlenstoffnanomaterialien für Biosensoren: Nanoröhren oder Graphen – was eignet sich besser?
Authors: Yang Wenrong , Ratinac Kyle R. , Ringer Simon P. , Thordarson Pall , Gooding J. Justin , Braet Filip 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBiosensoren finden immer mehr Anwendungsgebiete, von der Diagnostik lebensbedrohender Erkankungen bis zur Detektion von biologischen Kampfmitteln und zur Abwendung terroristischer Angriffe. Bei vielen neueren Biosensoren besteht das Sensorelement aus Kohlenstoffnanoröhren, und der Einsatz von Graphen – das im Grund genommen nichts anderes ist als eine nicht aufgerollte Nanoröhre – für diesen Zweck wird ebenfalls zunehmend erforscht. Angesichts der breiten Verwendung von Kohlenstoffnanomaterialien in Biosensoren ist es an der Zeit, den bisherigen Nutzen dieser Techniken zusammenzufassen. Aktuelle Entwicklungen bei elektrochemischen, elektrischen und optischen Biosensoren auf der Basis von Kohlenstoffnanoröhren und Graphen werden vorgestellt, und die Leistungsfähigkeit dieser beiden Kohlenstoffallotrope wird verglichen. Wir werden zeigen, dass Kohlenstoffnanomaterialien, trotz noch bestehender Probleme bei ihrer Herstellung und Handhabung, als Materialien für Biosensoren eine große Zukunft bevorsteht.
Ethanol‐promoted reductive homocoupling reactions of aryl halides catalyzed by palladium on carbon (Pd/C)
Authors: Shao Linjun , Du Yijun , Zeng Minfeng , Li Xiudong , Shen Wenting , Zuo Shufeng , Lu Yueqing , Zhang Xian‐Man , Qi Chenze 
Published: February 2010

AbstractHomocoupling reactions of aryl bromides or iodides proceeded smoothly with palladium on carbon (Pd/C) catalyst, ethanol and base in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to afford exclusively symmetric biaryls in good to excellent yields. Ethanol was first used as a reducing agent in situ to reduce the Pd2+/C species into Pd0/C active species to complete the catalytic redox cycle. It was found that ethanol can promote the Pd/C‐catalyzed reductive homocoupling of aryl iodides and bromides efficiently in the presence of base. A reaction mechanism has been put forward and discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
National study of information seeking behavior of academic researchers in the United States
Authors: Niu Xi , Hemminger Bradley M. , Lown Cory , Adams Stephanie , Brown Cecelia , Level Allison , McLure Merinda , Powers Audrey , Tennant Michele R. , Cataldo Tara 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAs new technologies and information delivery systems emerge, the way in which individuals search for information to support research, teaching, and creative activities is changing. To understand different aspects of researchers' information‐seeking behavior, this article surveyed 2,063 academic researchers in natural science, engineering, and medical science from five research universities in the United States. A Web‐based, in‐depth questionnaire was designed to quantify researchers' information searching, information use, and information storage behaviors. Descriptive statistics are reported. Additionally, analysis of results is broken out by institutions to compare differences among universities. Significant findings are reported, with the biggest changes because of increased utilization of electronic methods for searching, sharing, and storing scholarly content, as well as for utilizing library services. Generally speaking, researchers in the five universities had similar information‐seeking behavior, with small differences because of varying academic unit structures and myriad library services provided at the individual institutions.
Enhanced Mass Transfer in Stirred Tanks
Authors: Zamankhan P. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe present effort will extend the scope of previous papers in which brine was prepared in a mixing tank with a Rushton turbine. In the present study, the large‐eddy simulations (LES) of the turbulent flow driven by an axial flow turbine in a baffled, cylindrical, lab‐scale stirred tank is coupled to a Lagrangian description of multi‐sized dissolving granules. In addition, a Lagrangian dynamic‐mesh methodology is applied to resolve the interfacial motion. An analysis of the results from computational flow simulation of dissolving solids suggests that the granulated form of dissolving sodium formate can be handled so as to maximize deagglomeration and to minimize packing. The large granules allow faster and easier preparation of formate brine compared to brine preparation from sodium formate powders, which are difficult to hydrate in a stirred tank.
Site‐Selective Ligand Exchange on a Heteroleptic TiIV Complex Towards Stepwise Multicomponent Self‐Assembly
Authors: Sakata Yoko , Hiraoka Shuichi , Shionoya Mitsuhiko 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA series of heteroleptic [Ti12X]− complexes have been selectively constructed from a mixture of TiIV ions, a pyridyl catechol ligand (H21; H21=4‐(3‐pyridyl)catechol), and various bidentate ligands (HX) in the presence of a weak base, in addition to a previously reported [Ti12(acac)]− (acac=acetylacetonate) complex. Comparative studies of these TiIV complexes revealed that [Ti12(trop)]− (trop=tropolonate) is much more stable than the [Ti12(acac)]− complex, which allows the replacement of acac with trop on the [Ti12(acac)]− complex. This TiIV‐centered site‐selective ligand exchange reaction also takes place on a heteronuclear PdIITiIV ring complex with the preservation of the PdII‐centered coordination structures. Intra‐ and intermolecular linking between two TiIV centers with a flexible or a rigid bis‐tropolone bridging ligand provided a tetranuclear and an octanuclear PdIITiIV complex, respectively. These higher‐order structures could be efficiently constructed only through a stepwise synthetic route.
Phosphorylation motifs in the nonhelical domains of myosin heavy chain and paramyosin may negatively regulate assembly in Caenorhabditis elegans striated muscle
Authors: Hoppe Pamela E. , Heustis Ronald J. , Flanagan Kelly A. , Reedy April R. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe are interested in mechanisms that establish and maintain the highly ordered contractile apparatus of striated muscle. The homologous proteins myosin and paramyosin are the major structural components of thick filaments in invertebrate animals. In Caenorhabditis elegans, both proteins contain a homologous, small nonhelical domain that is known to be phosphorylated in paramyosin. In this report, we show that a proposed phosphorylation motif (S_S_A), which is present in several copies in the nonhelical regions of both myosin and paramyosin, is highly conserved among nematodes. We used in vivo assays to examine the assembly properties of proteins in which one or more motifs were targeted by point mutagenesis or deletion. In all cases, expression of mutant proteins improved the phenotype of the corresponding null mutant animals, but produced variable structural defects, including birefringent aggregates in adults and abnormal localization in embryos. Point mutation, but not deletion, of the myosin A nonhelical tailpiece produced ectopic structures that appeared as masses of jumbled filaments by TEM. Antibody labeling showed that aggregates of either mutant protein did not recruit the endogenous version of the other. Analysis of mutant embryos lacking either paramyosin or myosin A (the essential isoform at the thick filament center) indicated that both wild‐type proteins can independently localize and initiate assembly, although the structures produced are abnormal. Our results suggest that muscle cells actively restrict myosin and paramyosin assembly through phosphorylation of the S_S_A motifs and that each protein is regulated independently. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glutathione S‐transferase polymorphisms are associated with survival in anaplastic glioma patients
Authors: Kilburn Lindsay , Okcu M. Fatih , Wang Tao , Cao Yumei , Renfro‐Spelman Amy , Aldape Kenneth D. , Gilbert Mark R. , Bondy Melissa 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:Glutathione S‐transferases (GSTs) are polymorphic enzymes that are responsible for glutathione conjugation of alkylators and scavenging of free radicals created by radiation. GST polymorphisms may result in altered or absent enzyme activity and have been associated with survival in patients with cancer. The authors of this report hypothesized that patients with anaplastic glioma (AG) who have GST genotypes that encode for lower activity enzymes will have longer survival than similar patients who have higher activity genotypes. The current study was performed to investigate the role of GST enzyme polymorphisms in predicting the survival of patients with AG.METHODS:The medical records of 207 patients with AG from a single cancer center were reviewed retrospectively. Polymorphisms for the GST μ1 (GSTM1), GST θ1 (GSTT1), and GST π1 (GSTP1) enzymes were identified. Overall survival was compared using the Kaplan‐Meier method and Cox proportional hazards analyses adjusting for age, sex, histology, and therapy.RESULTS:Among the patients with oligodendroglial tumors (n = 94), patients who had the GSTT1 null genotype had a 2.9 times increased risk of death (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3‐6.3) compared with patients who had the GSTT1 non‐null genotype. Adjustment for 1p/19q status did not change the finding. In the patients who had anaplastic astrocytoma (n = 113), the patients with all GSTP1 genotypes except GSTP1 *B/*B had a 3.8 times increased risk of death (95% CI, 0.5‐29.6) compared with patients who had the GSTP1 *B/*B genotype.CONCLUSIONS:In patients with anaplastic oligodendroglial tumors, the GSTT1 null genotype may be associated with poor survival, possibly because of modifications in therapy secondary to increased toxicity. This hypothesis is under investigation. In patients with anaplastic astrocytoma, the GSTP1 *B/*B genotype may confer a survival advantage. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Pentostatin and rituximab therapy for previously untreated patients with B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Kay Neil E. , Wu Wenting , Kabat Brian , LaPlant Betsy , Lin Thomas S. , Byrd John C. , Jelinek Diane F. , Grever Michael R. , Zent Clive S. , Call Timothy G. , Shanafelt Tait D. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:The combination of pentostatin (P), cyclophosphamide (C), and rituximab (R) achieved an overall response (OR) rate >90%, with >40% complete responses (CRs) in patients with untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).METHODS:To evaluate whether the tolerability of this regimen could be enhanced without sacrificing efficacy, a phase 2 trial was conducted of P and R without C, using a higher P dose (4 mg/m2). Among the 33 patients enrolled, 82% were male, the median age was 65 years (9 patients were aged ≥70 years), and 64% were classified as having Rai stage III to IV disease.RESULTS:The OR rate was 76%, with 9 CRs (27%), 5 nodular partial responses, and 11 partial responses (PRs) reported. At the time of last follow‒up, 29 of 33 patients were still alive at a median follow‐up of 14 months (range, 1‐34.8 months). Four (12%) patients experienced grade 3 or higher hematologic toxicity, and 5 (15%) experienced grade 3 or higher nonhematologic toxicity. Comparison of this trial with the previous PCR trial demonstrated that patients treated with PCR had a higher OR rate (91% vs 76%) and CR rate (41% vs 27%) compared with patients treated with PR. The median treatment‐free survival for all accrued patients was notably longer in patients treated with PCR compared with PR (30 months vs 16 months).CONCLUSIONS:The findings of the current study suggest that increasing the dose of the purine nucleoside analogue does not eliminate the need for cyclophosphamide in chemoimmunotherapy for the treatment of CLL. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.