bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DEFECTIVE DISSOCIATION OF ACCOMMODATION AND CONVERGENCE IN DYSLECTIC CHILDREN
Authors: HAMMERBERG ELSE , NORN M. S. 
Published: May 2009

Accommodation was measured in 78 dyslectic children, of whom 21 gave abnormal or subnormal readings. These were given a thorough orthoptic investigation which showed: 1. accommodative insufficiency, 2. convergence deficiency, 3. defective visual acuity in one or both eyes for near in spite of 6/6 at 6 m in the majority of the cases. The investigation showed defective dissociation of accommodation and convergence.Fifteen accepted the offer of treatment. Through orthoptic treatment they all improve and 13 could be discharged as orthoptically satisfactory.
SYSTEMIC STEROIDS AND OCULAR FLUID DYNAMICS. II
Authors: GODEL V. , FEILER‐OFRY V. , STEIN R. 
Published: May 2009

In 59 patients treated with long‐term systemic steroids, 3 distinct groups with different levels of sensitivity to the steroid effect on intraocular pressure and fluid dynamics could be distinguished by a topical dexame‐thasone test. The percental distribution of the 3 pressure‐rise‐level groups and the mean pressure change within each group were equal to those found in a normal population not pre‐treated with systemic steroids. Whereas only 16% of the patients with steroid pressures lower than 18 mmHg were sensitive to topically applied dexamethasone, 70% of the patients responding with intermediate and high pressure rise to topical dexamethasone had systemic steroid pressures in the range of 18 mmHg or more. The effect of systemic steroids on ocular pressure apparently does not affect the magnitude of pressure elevation induced in the positive responders by topical dexamethasone.Intergroup analysis of the steroid group classified according to dosage and duration of treatment proved that differences in mean values of applanation pressure between the subgroups depend solely on the proportion of positive and negative steroid responders within the subgroups.The mean systemic steroid C value in the group of patients responding to topical steroid with pressure elevation of 6 mmHg or more was only 10% lower than the same value in patients regarded as non‐responders by the topical dexamethasone test. While pressures of 20 mmHg or more in systemic steroid patients are strongly suspected to be due to the steroid effect, systemic steroid C values lack such predictive value. In accordance with Armaly it was found that the magnitude of the reduction in outflow facility after topically applied dexamethasone was directly related to the initial C and irrespective of this value was greater by a constant and equal amount in steroid responders than in non‐responders. It was similarly found that while in non‐responders the per cent reduction in C values after topical dexamethasone increased with the initial C value, in responders the reduction remained fairly constant and independent of the original C value. It amounted in our steroid patients to almost the same value (50%) as in Armaly's group of normal volunteers. The rate of formation of aqueous humor effected by systemic steroids was higher in patients classified as responders according to the effect of topical steroids on the pressure or the outflow facility. This fact is evidence that systemic steroids exert their influence on ocular pressure in sensitive individuals mainly by an increased inflow.
CONGENITAL PIT OF THE OPTIC NERVE HEAD ASSOCIATED WITH SEROUS DETACHMENT OF THE MACULA
Authors: MUSTONEN EILA , VARONEN TOINI 
Published: May 2009

The biomicroscopic, ophthalmoscopic and fluorescein angiographic features of macular detachment secondary to congenital pit of the optic nerve head in three patients are presented. Fluorescein angiography failed to demonstrate evidence of dye leakage from choroidal, retinal or optic nerve blood vessels into the subretinal fluid. Diffuse fluorescence in the area of serous detachment, due to transmission of choroidal fluorescence through defects in the pigment epithelium, was demonstrated in one patient. All of these three patients were treated with photocoagulation along the temporal margin of the optic nerve head.A possible good result of this therapy is discussed.
METHOD OF TESTING DYES FOR VITAL STAINING OF CORNEA AND CONJUNCTIVA
Authors: NORN M. S. 
Published: May 2009

Lines are given for testing dyes intended for use in vital staining of the cornea and conjunctiva, especially dyes having properties different from those of the well‐known fluorescein and rose bengal.A priority list for dye testing has been made comprising six items:

Water‐solubility (a 1% solution in non‐irritant vehicle is desirable).
Toxicity tests (dyes should cause no smarting pain nor effect permanent tatooing).
Microscopy of the mucous thread in the inferior conjunctival fornix (possible staining of mucous fibrils, debris in the mucous thread vacuoles, different cell types, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, etc.).
Clinical vital staining of normal eyes, keratitis, etc.
Double staining with a known vital stain (successive staining or use of a dye mixture) of a clinical material examined in slit lamp or microscope.
Conclusion and entering in a diagram of the vital stains tested so far.
ON THE OSCILLATORY POTENTIALS OF THE HUMAN ELECTRORETINOGRAM IN LIGHT AND DARK ADAPTATION
Authors: ALGVERE P. , WACHTMEISTER L. 
Published: May 2009

The effect of adaptation to backgrounds of different light intensities and subsequent recovery in the dark of the oscillatory potentials and a‐ and b‐waves of human ERG was studied. The total energy and dominant frequency of oscillatory potentials were calculated by a combined impulse response and Fourier analysis.When recorded in response to strong flashes of light (colour temperature 6500°K) given at 3 minute intervals in dark adaptation, the oscillatory potentials showed a small amplitude and a high frequency (around 145 Hz). On adaptation to a background of about 10‐2photopic candelas/m2which corresponds to the cone threshold, the amplitude of the oscillatory potentials was enhanced and the dominant frequency changed to 90–100 Hz. At a background of about 1 candela/m2where the sensitivity of the photopic b‐wave becomes higher than that of the scotopic b‐wave, there was a decline in the total energy of the oscillatory potentials. At rod saturation no change in energy nor in frequency of the oscillatory potentials was observed. During adaptation to darkness, the dominant frequency of the oscillatory potentials changed from 90–100 Hz to around 145 Hz as the energy of the oscillatory potentials decreased.When adapted to a background the intensity of which was above the cone threshold, the oscillatory potentials were always present. When the b‐wave was suppressed by a background light the total energy of the oscillatory potentials decreased. The oscillatory potentials are related to photopic retinal function but seem to be influenced also by the scotopic system as well.
ANTERIOR CHAMBER CLEAVAGE SYNDROME
Authors: HOLMARK J. , JENSEN O. A. 
Published: May 2009

An otherwise healthy girl had from birth right‐sided microphthalmia with leukomatous cornea and left‐sided staphyloma centrally on a leu‐komatous cornea, surrounded by a deep blue sclera. The intraocular pressure was raised and the staphyloma increased in size. The eyeball was enucleated at three months of age and showed anterior chamber cleavage syndrome. The corneal stroma was replaced by connective tissue. No Bowman's membrane was found and the Descemet's membrane was present only as small coiled remnants centrally. No lens was observed. The iris was seen only in a few sections, as a string attached to the cornea. The posterior part of the eye was normal.The classification of the case is discussed and it is concluded that it can be considered an advanced atypical case of Peters' anomaly with the rarely seen primary aphakia and combined with Rieger's dysplasia.
HEREDITARY CRYSTALLINE CORNEAL DYSTROPHY OF SCHNYDER
Authors: EHLERS NIELS , MATTHIESSEN MARTIN E. 
Published: May 2009

A family with three members affected by hereditary crystalline corneal dystrophy of Schnyder is reported. Penetrating keratoplasty was performed in two of the affected members. Clear grafts were obtained. The buttons were examined by light‐ and electronmicroscopy. The epithelium was normal. In the superficial stroma, deposits, often of a crystalline nature, were seen. Electron microscopically the deposits appeared as empty spaces, either of regular geometrical form suggestive of crystals, or smaller, rounded and more irregular. The collagen fibrils were normal. Staining for acid mucopolysaccharides revealed no abnormalities. Adjacent to the lipid deposits were found cells which contained membrane bound granules which appeared empty or contained crystal‐like material. The cells were shown to contain non‐specific As‐acetate esterase and β‐hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase.It is suggested that the cells are of pathophysiological significance, although their function is at present entirely speculative. Two possibilities are suggested: the cells may be concerned with removal of the deposited material, or they may themselves produce the abnormal material.
LATTICE DYSTROPHY OF THE CORNEA
Authors: KAUNISTO NANNY 
Published: May 2009

Before permanent corneal changes originate in lattice dystrophy of the cornea, there are episodes with transient appearance of crystals in the cornea, bulbar conjunctiva, especially in the basement membrane of the epithelium, and the aqueous. The shape of the crystals and a positive Adam's and Sloper's performic acid‐Alcian blue staining reaction in the bulbar conjunctiva indicate cystine or cysteine. Two groups of patients, not consanguineous, were studied. (Group A consisted of 25 patients, group B of 22.) The disease had an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance in both groups. The disease picture in group A differed clearly from that in group B as to age at onset of the symptoms, intensity and duration of the episodes of the disease, degree of damage to the corneal epithelium, and number and quantity of general symptoms. A part of the patients in group B developed amyloidosis at age 50 or later.The observations suggest that lattice dystrophy is a sequel of a disturbance of (cystine) metabolism and amyloidosis is a secondary phenomenon. Dystrophic streaks in the cornea, at least in part, are injured ciliary nerves.
NYSTAGMOGRAPHICAL STUDIES IN ALAND EYE DISEASE
Authors: van VLIET A. G. M. , WAARDENBURG P. J. , FORSIUS H. , ERIKSSON A. W. 
Published: May 2009

An extensive electronystagmographical examination was made of 25 members of a family with Åland eye disease (Forsius‐Eriksson syndrome). It appears that the nystagmus belongs to the syndrome of latent nystagmus. Out of seven investigated male subjects with Åland eye disease, five showed classical latent nystagmus and two had slight manifestations of latent nystagmus. Of nine investigated female subjects, only two revealed a very slight latent nystagmus. According to our studies we can postulate two modes by which latent nystagmus could have been inherited in this family:

an X‐chromosomal dominant type of transmission with decreased or lack of penetrance in a number of female carriers;
a recessive X‐chromosomal transmission with slight nystagmus as a sign of heterozygosity in the female carriers.

The combination of latent nystagmus with the X‐chromosomal Åland eye disease may be explained by pleiotropic gene action.
CONJUNCTIVAL SENSITIVITY IN NORMAL EYES
Authors: NORN M. S. 
Published: May 2009

Conjunctival sensitivity has been studied using Cochet & Bonnet's esthesiometer on a series of 102 normal eyes. Measurements were performed on 18 areas of each eye.The cornea was found to be the most sensitive, after which followed the lid margin. The caruncle was less sensitive, and the conjunctiva the least so. The mean values found in the stated four regions were 12 mg, 53–58 mg, 63 mg, and 83–96 mg per 0.0113 mm2, respectively.No local differences were noticed within the conjunctiva nor within the lid margin.Sensitivity declines appreciably with increasing age.The importance of considering the sensitive lid margin when fitting contact lenses is emphasized.
CLINICAL AND FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS OF ACUTE MULTIFOCAL CENTRAL SUBRETINAL INFLAMMATION
Authors: LAATIKAINEN LEILA , ERKKILÁ HEIKKI 
Published: May 2009

Three female patients with acute multifocal subretinal central lesions and with almost complete recovery of macular function are presented. The findings and the course of the disease are very similar to acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy described initially by Gass in 1968. Etiology of the disease could not be determined, but the history of solar exposition in two patients suggests the possibility of an exogenous factor.In the presented cases, fluorescein angiographic findings suggest primary alterations in the choriocapillaris rather than in the pigment epithelial cells.
THE BINOCULAR FUNCTION AS AN INDICATOR FOR THE SUCCESS OF AND NEED FOR UNILATERAL CONTACT LENSES
Authors: DREYER V. 
Published: May 2009

Ninety‐five patients were referred for fitting with unilateral contact lenses. One half of the patients had non‐traumatic aphakia, a quarter of them had traumatic aphakia, and the rest had anisometropia or reduced vision for other reasons. Wearing a trial lens, all patients were examined at the major amblyoscope, prior to prescription.In prescribing a unilateral contact lens, the aim is to re‐establish a useful binocular vision. Pre‐existence of certain qualities of binocularity is thus considered to be a prerequisite for success. In consequence of this, about 30% of the patients were rejected primarily, mainly because of strabismus. This rather high frequency exceeds the general incidence of squint and points to the fact that the fusional range, even in adults, may disorganize when one eye has been deprived of useful vision. To prove this hypothesis, a contact lens was tried in a number of patients even though their binocular state was doubtful. Follow‐up studies demonstrated that simultaneous perception near zero degree, a fusional range around 20 pd. and stereopsis were found to have an ever increasing rate through the groups of unsuccessful to successful cases. Thus, an orthoptic study must not be underestimated as an indicator for the success of. unilateral contact lens prescription.
BENIGN MUCOUS MEMBRANE PEMPHIGOID 1. Secretion of mucus and tears
Authors: KRISTENSEN E. BJØRN , NORN M. S. 
Published: May 2009

Benign mucous membrane pemphigoid (BMMP) is differentiated from other bullous diseases of the skin and mucous membranes. The affection is further described clinically, histologically and immunologically.Twenty‐nine eyes affected with BMMP were subjected to quantitative measurements of the tear secretion by the tear dilution test and of the conjunctival mucus secretion by measuring the vital‐stained mucous thread. Both secretions were found to be significantly reduced in about two‐thirds of the eyes (18 and 19 eyes, respectively). A normal tear secretion and a normal mucus secretion were combined in no more than four eyes.Secondary rudimentary or absent Marx' line was noticed in nine eyes with reduced tear secretion. Epithelial cell degeneration of the tarsal conjunctiva, demonstrated by vital staining with rose bengal (14 eyes) or iodonitrotetrazolium (15 eyes) was presumably secondary to reduced secretion of both tears and mucus. Leucoplakia of the tarsal conjunctiva was seen in 13 eyes, all with a reduced production of mucus.Ordinary slit lamp examination showed eight corneae to be affected (maculae, blood‐vessel invasion, dermatoid conjunctival invasion). However, examinations comprising wetting‐time, Schweitzer's polygonal pattern and vital staining yielded one or more abnormal tests in all the eyes, suggesting that the cornea or at least the precorneal film is pathological in all cases of BMMP.
STIMULUS DURATION AND THE OSCILLATORY POTENTIALS OF THE HUMAN ELECTRORETINOGRAM
Authors: WACHTMEISTER LILLEMOR 
Published: May 2009

The effect of duration of stimulus light on the threshold of oscillatory and the slow (a‐ and b‐wave) potentials of the human ERG were assessed on light adaptation to light stimuli.On weak light adaptation induced by stimuli given at 2 min intervals there was a temporal summation of the oscillatory potentials over a range of at least 2 log units (4 msec‐400msec). The threshold of the a‐wave and b‐wave was dependent on duration up to a critical duration of about 40 msec.On strong light adaptation by repetitive light stimulation with 15 sec intervals the oscillations were determined by intensity alone over a range of 2 log units. The a‐wave revealed a similar behaviour, whereas the b‐wave integrated stimuli in the temporal domain up to about 10 msec.Of main importance; the results provide evidence which is suggestive of temporal integration and discrimination being independently governed by the neurons (probably at the inner plexiform layer), which generate the oscillatory potentials.
OPTICAL PACHYMETRY OF THE ANTERIOR CHAMBER A methodological study of errors of measurement using Haag Streit 900 instruments
Authors: ALSBIRK P. H. 
Published: May 2009

In connection with a population study of the anterior chamber depth (ACD), measured optically with Haag Streit 900 instruments, a field study of the method was performed.The random error of measurement was estimated in two ways: a) on the basis of the triple readings of the measuring procedure: s.d. = 0.020 mm and b) by re‐examinations after a few weeks in a random sample of 52 persons: 0.037 mm, i.e. a significantly larger value. Corresponding results for corneal thickness were obtained (0.007 and 0.013 mm).A highly significant side difference — with larger left eye values — was found in ACD (mean difference: 0.020 mm) and in corneal thickness (0.019 mm), in 900 pairs of eyes.The correction values due to radius of corneal curvature were found to be negligible.Against a background of large interpersonal variations of ACD the methodological problems seem to be small. ACD is a precise anatomical measure with this method.
BACTERIAL FLORA OF THE NORMAL CONJUNCTIVA I. TOPOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
Authors: FAHMY J. A. , MØLLER S. , BENTZON M. WEIS 
Published: May 2009

The bacterial flora of 100 normal conjunctivas was studied. Staphylococcus albus and corynebacteria were the most common microorganisms recovered, followed by Staphylococcus aureus, gram‐negative bacilli and streptococci. The topographical distribution of S. albus and corynebacteria on 12 different anatomical regions of the conjunctiva was examined, and showed that both bacteria occurred less frequently on the bulbar regions. No differences between the upper and lower parts, nor between the outer and inner regions could be found. A culture obtained from the lower fornical and tarsal conjunctiva revealed about 93% of S. albus and corynebacteria actually harbouring on the conjunctiva.The instillation of anaesthetic eye drops (0.2% benoxinate hydrochloride) immediately before obtaining cultures was seen to alter the preexisting bacterial distribution on the conjunctiva to preponderance in its lower parts, presumably by a “washing out” effect.
PSEUDOEXFOLIATION OF THE LENS CAPSULE AND DEPTH OF ANTERIOR CHAMBER IN NORTHERN ICELAND
Authors: FORSIUS H. , SVEINSSON K. , ALS E. , LUUKKA H. 
Published: May 2009

A study on the occurrence of pseudoexfoliatio lentis was performed on an Icelandic population consisting of 634 persons of all age groups. The frequency was high, 3.16% at 40–49 years, 4.29% at 50–59 years, 13.56%, at 60–69 years and 43% at the age of more than 70 years. In addition, two persons less than 40 years of age had pseudoexfoliatio lentis.Depth of the anterior chamber did not significantly deviate from the Scandinavian comparison material.
THE PSEUDO‐EXFOLIATION SYNDROME. A SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY
Authors: DAVANGER MARTIN 
Published: May 2009

The distribution of pseudo‐exfoliation (PE) material as well as the finer details of its surface has been studied by scanning electron microscopy on the surfaces facing the posterior chamber. The specimens were fixed in glutaraldehyde and OsO4 and dried by the critical point method, after careful dissection of the anterior hyaloid surface. Granules and plaques of PE material were found to attach to the iris, to the ridges of the ciliary processes, to the zonules, and along radial stripes on the anterior hyaloid surface, one for each zonule touching this surface. It seems as if the PE material is located mainly on sites of contact between two surfaces.In high magnification it is found that the surface of the PE material is formed by an irregular meshwork of fibrils, the diameter of which is about 550–700 Å. The fibrils are characteristically coiled, partly into regular spirals. The hypothesis is put forward that these fibrils are formed by a condensation of mucopolysaccharides forming the ground substance of the PE material.
ORBITAL TUMOURS IN INFANCY
Authors: ELDRUP‐JØRGENSEN P. , FLEDELIUS HANS 
Published: May 2009

A Danish nation‐wide 20‐year series of orbital tumours in infancy is reported, making up a total of 80 histopathologically verified cases. Secondary tumours were not included except for a few cases where the initial manifestation of the disease was an orbital mass, suggesting a primary tumour of the orbit.A scant half of the series were benign choristomas. Otherwise there was a considerable share of more serious diseases, often threatening vision and/or life; thus ten embryonal sarcomas and nine optic nerve gliomas were found. The malignancies made up a total of 17 cases.Because of the many medical specialities necessary for prompt diagnosis and efficient therapy, a centralization of the more serious orbital cases is felt mandatory. Considering the rather low overall frequency of orbital tumours, a centralization will not constitute a load numerically; an estimate for Denmark (population 5 million) is about five infantile cases a year.
SYMPTOMS, SIGNS AND EARLY COURSE OF OPTIC NEURITIS
Authors: NIKOSKELAINEN EEVA 
Published: May 2009

The study was an analysis of the early course of optic neuritis based on the case histories of 185 patients, 57% of whom were females and 43% males. More than half of the patients suffered from multiple sclerosis. In 28% of the patients the etiology remained unknown.The most common initial symptom was acute decrease in visual acuity, but in 25% the onset was subacute or slow. Pain occurred in 62% and preceded decrease in visual acuity in 16% of the cases.The initial attack was unilateral in 70% and bilateral in 30% of the patients. On admission, in 64% of the involved eyes, visual acuity was poor and in 73% the defect in the visual field involved the central field. The optic disc was normal in 46%, blurred and/or hyperaemic in 20%, oedematous in 23% and in 11% there was temporal or total pallor already on admission. The last finding was common in patients with bilateral optic neuritis with a slow onset.Six months after admission visual acuity was good or excellent in 56% and the visual field was normal in 45% of the involved eyes.