bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of Staphylococcus Aureus in Nasal Tissue with Peptide Nucleic Acid–Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization
Authors: Corriveau Marie-Noëlle , Zhang Nan , Holtappels Gabriele , Van Roy Nadine , Bachert Claus 
Published: February 2010

Background Staphylococcus aureus (SA) in the nose can be a simple colonizer but also may create an intramucosal reservoir causing recurrent infections or can be a specific immune modulator through superantigenic mechanisms. Because the colonization rate of SA is high, but immunologic reactions causing chronic disease are less frequent, the purpose of this study was to identify the presence of intramucosal SA in healthy subjects and in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and to eventually relate those to the specific immunologic changes due to SA enterotoxins. Methods Nasal tissue was collected in 40 subjects (9 controls, 21 CRS patients with [CRSwNP], and 10 CRS patients without nasal polyps [CRSsNP]). Tissues were homogenized, and mediators and specific IgE-antibodies against SA enterotoxins (SAE-IgE) were measured using the UniCAP system. The tissue was analyzed for the presence of SA by the peptide nucleic acid–fluorescence in situ hybridization (PNA-FISH) technique (AdvanDx), and a semiquantitative scoring system was applied. Mann-Whitney exact test was used for statistical analysis. Results SA in the mucosal tissue was detected in a higher quantity among CRSwNP subjects with aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) versus controls and CRSsNP (p = 0.03). Among CRSwNP patients, Th2 markers (eosinophil cationic protein, p = 0.006, and total IgE, p = 0.004) were increased related to the SAE-IgE status but not related to the presence of SA in the tissue. Conclusion This study describes the detection of SA within nasal tissue using the PNA-FISH technique. The presence of SA in the submucosa did not correlate with the amplification of the Th2-related inflammation typically found in CRSwNP patients, but this reaction is dependent on the formation of SAE-IgE within mucosal tissue. We also show, for the first time, that submucosal SA is a prevalent finding in CRSwNP patients with AERD.
Toxin-Induced Chemosensory Dysfunction: A Case Series and Review
Authors: Smith Wendy M. , Davidson Terence M. , Murphy Claire 
Published: February 2010

Background Toxic chemical exposures are estimated to account for 1–5% of all olfactory disorders. Both olfactory neurons and taste buds are in direct contact with environmental agents because of their relatively unprotected anatomic locations, thereby making them susceptible to damage from acute and chronic toxic exposures. The aim of this study was to illustrate different aspects of the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to this disorder using a series of case reports and review of the literature. Methods Cases were selected for inclusion based on a retrospective chart review of patients who presented to a university-based nasal dysfunction clinic with toxin-induced olfactory or gustatory dysfunction between January 1985 and December 2008. Workup included complete history, otolaryngologic examination, psychophysical testing, and imaging. Results Patient ages ranged from 31 to 67 years (mean, 49.3 years). Etiology of chemosensory impairment included exposure to ammonia, isodecanes, hairdressing chemicals, chemotherapy, gasoline, and intranasal zinc. Five of the seven patients (71%) presented with olfactory dysfunction alone, one patient (14%) presented with dysgeusia alone, and one patient (14%) presented with both smell and taste loss. Only one patient (14%) reported parosmias. Tests of olfaction revealed normosmia in one patient (14%), mild-to-moderate hyposmia in one patient (14%), and severe hyposmia to anosmia in five patients (72%). Both patients who reported taste disorders had hypogeusia on testing. Conclusion This case series illustrates the wide spectrum of this disorder and provides a framework for the workup and treatment of these patients.
Olfactory Bulb Volume in Taiwanese Patients with Posttraumatic Anosmia
Authors: Jiang Rong-San , Chai Jyh-Wen , Chen Wen-Hsien , Fuh Wen-Bin , Chiang Chin-Ming , Chen Clayton Chi-Chang 
Published: February 2010

Background Olfactory bulb (OB) volume has been shown to be an indicator of olfactory function. However, few studies have been done in Asia to investigate the influence of different disorders on OB volume. Methods Data from patients with posttraumatic anosmia were collected in our department. Their olfactory thresholds were assessed by the phenyl ethyl alcohol threshold test. They were treated with a course of high-dose steroid, and followed up for at least 3 months without any olfactory improvement. Magnetic resonance imaging was subsequently used to measure patients’ OB volumes. Subjects who self-reported their olfactory function was normal were also included in the control group for comparison. Results Fifty-four patients with posttraumatic anosmia and 30 subjects who self-reported their olfactory function was normal were enrolled in this study. The mean right OB volume was 45.2 mm3, and the mean left OB volume was 46.3 mm3 in patients with posttraumatic anosmia. The mean right OB volume was 59.7 mm3, and the mean left OB volume was 66.0 mm3 in control subjects. The OB volumes were significantly lower in patients with posttraumatic anosmia. Conclusion OB volumes were significantly lower in Taiwanese patients with posttraumatic anosmia.
Canine Fossa Trephine for the Severely Diseased Maxillary Sinus
Authors: Seiberling Kristin , Ooi Eng , MiinYip Jia , Wormald Peter-John 
Published: February 2010

Background The appropriate surgical approach to the severely diseased maxillary sinus is still debatable. Some advocate creating a wide maxillary antrostomy to allow for increased ventilation and improved delivery of postoperative medication. Others, however, recommend more aggressive surgery with complete clearance of all diseased tissue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of canine fossa puncture and canine fossa trephine (CFT) for the severely diseased maxillary sinus. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed on 97 patients who underwent a CFT as a part of endoscopic sinus surgery or modified Lothrop procedure. Outcomes were measured in terms of the maxillary sinus endoscopy grade at last follow-up and need for revision surgery. Two groups were formed: those who experienced recurrence of disease and those who were disease free at last follow-up. A comparison was made between the two groups and differences were noted. Results A CFT was performed in 97 patients with nasal polyposis (NP) who had an average number of 2.38 previous sinus surgeries. At an average follow-up of 27.8 months, 80 of the patients were disease free. In 17 patients disease recurred, and 11 of those required revision surgery with a CFT. Those patients who had recurrence of disease tended to be more allergic, have higher Lund-Mackay score, and had an increased number of prior sinus surgeries. In addition, allergic fungal sinusitis was associated with a poorer prognosis after CFT. Conclusion CFT allows for complete clearance of all gross disease in the maxillary sinus. CFT decreases the chance of disease recurrence in patients with severe NP.
Biofilms and Mucosal Healing in Postsurgical Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Zhang Zi , Han Demin , Zhang Shengzhong , Han Yehua , Dai Wei , Fan Erzhong , Li Ying , Li Yunchuan , Wang Deyun 
Published: February 2010

Background Patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) often remain symptomatic after technically proficient functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Current hypothesis indicates biofilms may contribute to the persistence of infection. However, few studies showed biofilms in postoperative patients. This study was designed to identify bacterial biofilms on postoperative mucosa, as well as to investigate the healing of sinus mucosa after surgery. Methods After intraoperative mucosa was obtained for assessment of biofilms, 27 patients were followed up for 6 months. Postoperative medications and symptoms were recorded. As indicated by endoscopic evaluation, biopsy specimens of postoperative edema, scar, or adhesion were obtained. Samples were prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Results Fifteen postoperative samples were taken from the 20 patients with intraoperative biofilms. Under SEM, postoperative biofilms were identified in 4/6 scar samples and 5/9 edema samples. There was no significant difference in biofilm presence between samples of scar and edema. Microcolonies were also identified on postoperative scar under H&E staining. The presence of intraoperative and postoperative biofilms was correlated with the severity of preoperative Lund-MacKay computed tomography score and postoperative Lund-Kennedy endoscopic score. Compared with intraoperative samples, postoperative samples from the same nine patients significantly recovered from ciliary damage, metaplasia, and basement membrane thickness. Postoperative cultures were positive in samples with and without postoperative biofilms. Conclusion Biofilms persist after treatment, and may cause the unfavorable outcomes of surgery for CRS. The mucosa with biofilms can recover after surgery. Apparent bacterial plaque can be identified by H&E staining.
Secondhand Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Chronic Rhinosinusitis: A Population-Based Case–Control Study
Authors: Reh Douglas D. , Lin Sandra Y. , Clipp Sandra L. , Irani Laili , Alberg Anthony J. , Navas-Acien Ana 
Published: February 2010

Background Rhinosinusitis is a costly disease that adversely affects quality of life (QOL). It is known to be influenced by environmental factors, but few studies have evaluated the association between secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). To address this evidence gap, we evaluated the association of SHS and CRS risk in a community-based case–control study of adult nonsmokers. Methods In Washington County, MD, 100 cases with a confirmed diagnosis of CRS and 100 controls matched for age, sex, and smoking status (former–never) were recruited and interviewed. A validated questionnaire was used to assess past and present SHS exposure as well as disease-specific QOL. Results Compared with those who reported no SHS exposure, current or childhood SHS exposure was associated with significantly increased risk of CRS (odds ratio, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.02, 5.34). CRS cases exposed to SHS (n = 39) had worse mean scores in nasal obstruction/blockage (3.1 versus 2.5; p = 0.02), nasal discharge (3.3 versus 2.7; p = 0.03), headaches (2.4 versus 1.5; p = 0.01), and cough (2.1 versus 1.5; p = 0.04) than cases without SHS exposure (n = 61). Cases exposed to SHS were also more likely to use nasal decongestants (53.9% versus 34.4%; p = 0.05). Conclusion Exposure to SHS during childhood and adulthood may be a risk factor for CRS. Furthermore, compared with unexposed CRS cases, SHS exposed cases reported worse nasal symptoms and used more nasal decongestants compared with unexposed cases, suggesting SHS exposure is related to exacerbation and more severe symptoms.
Regression of Polypoid Nasal Mucosa after Systemic Corticosteroid Therapy: A Proteomics Study
Authors: Deroee Armin Farajzadeh , Oweinah Jasmin , Naraghi Mohsen , Hosemann Werner , Athari Bahador , Völker Uwe , Scharf Christian 
Published: February 2010

Background Nasal polyposis (NP) treatment and pathophysiology have always been challenging for otolaryngologists. Among the medical treatments for NP, glucocorticoids (GCs) have been always one of the mainstays but the mechanisms of their action are not well defined. Identifying and comparing the protein profile of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with NP before and after treatment with GCs can help to clarify NP pathogenesis and mechanisms of corticosteroid effects on NP. Methods Samples of nasal polyps were taken from selected NP patients in workup for endoscopic sinus surgery. None of the patients used local or systemic GCs within 30 days before the sampling. The patients were given prednisone, 30 mg/day, for 4 days before the surgery to shrink the NP tissue. Nasal polyp samples were collected during surgery. Proteins from samples were extracted and separated by immobilized pH gradient–based two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D DIGE). Resulting 2D-gel images were statistically analyzed using Delta2D software and differently expressed protein spots were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Results A reference map of 1963 proteins could be established. Expression of 20 proteins changed significantly (twofold, p < 0.05) after treatment of NP with GCs. Heat shock proteins and retinoic acid were induced by GCs. Ingenuity pathway analysis of all identified proteins indicated that apoptosis pathway is triggered in NP after GC administration. Conclusion Identifying the changes of NP proteome due to GCs and the biological functions of proteins can lead to new ways of treatment and open new fields in NP research.
Wound Healing of Nasal Mucosa in a Rat
Authors: Khalmuratova Roza , Jeon Sea-Yuong , Kim Dae Woo , Kim Jin-Pyeong , Ahn Seong-Ki , Park Jung-Je , Hur Dong-Gu 
Published: February 2010

Background Postoperative wound healing of the nasal mucosa is a highly organized process. However, this process still has not been fully understood. The present study aimed to establish a wound healing model in a rat and describe histomorphological changes of the nasal mucosa after mechanical injury. Methods Unilateral wound in the nasal cavity was induced using the brushing technique in 4-week-old, Sprague-Dawley rats. Experimental rats were divided into five groups (n = 7 for each group). Animals were killed 1 hour and 2, 5, 14, and 28 days after injury. The histological sections were examined for inflammatory cell infiltration, goblet, and ciliated cell formation in hematoxylin and eosin staining. The subepithelial and epithelial thicknesses were measured and expressed as the subepithelial thickness index (STI) and epithelial thickness index (ETI). Fibrosis was evaluated by subepithelial fibrosis index (SFI) in Masson's trichrome–stained sections. Results Respiratory epithelial discontinuity and hemorrhage were observed 1 hour after injury. On day 2, edematous subepithelium and infiltration of neutrophils could be found on the injured site. Day 5 was characterized by the infiltration of monocytes and granulation tissue. SFI and ETI values increased significantly at day 14. Goblet cells and ciliated cells began to regenerate from day 14 and restored to near normal at day 28. Conclusion Using mechanical injury, the wound healing model of the nasal mucosa was established in a rat. The regeneration of respiratory mucosa was completed on day 28 after injury.
Controlled Steroid Delivery via Bioabsorbable Stent: Safety and Performance in a Rabbit Model
Authors: Li Peter F. , Downie David , Hwang Peter H. 
Published: February 2010

Background Middle turbinate lateralization, adhesions, and inflammation are causes of suboptimal sinus patency following surgery. A bioabsorbable drug-eluting stent has been developed to maintain sinus patency while providing controlled steroid delivery to the sinus mucosa. The aim of this study was to characterize the in vivo drug delivery efficacy and tolerance of this stent in a rabbit model. Methods Bioabsorbable stents coated with mometasone furoate were placed bilaterally in the maxillary sinuses of 31 rabbits via dorsal maxillary sinusotomy. Animals were sacrificed between 5 days and 18 weeks postoperatively. Efficacy was assessed by measuring tissue concentrations of steroid in maxillary sinus and nasal mucosa and by measurement of plasma steroid concentrations. Tolerance was assessed by histological evaluation of the sinus mucosa at different time points. Results Therapeutic mucosal drug concentrations were attained in a time-dependent fashion (range 175–28,189 ng/g). Plasma drug concentrations were generally near or below the lower limit of quantification (15 pg/mL). Histopathological examination of the mucosa showed no differences in the reaction to steroid-coated stents versus nondrug-coated control stents, with inflammation, epithelial ulceration, and bony reaction ranging from none to mild at all time points. Microscopic fungal hyphae were noted in a small proportion of both treatment and control sinuses, without evidence of associated adverse tissue reaction. Conclusions In a rabbit model, mometasone-coated bioabsorbable stents are able to provide local steroid delivery with negligible systemic absorption. Corticosteroid-eluting stents may prove useful following endoscopic sinus surgery in maintaining sinus patency and reducing inflammation.
Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Reformulated Azelastine Nasal Spray in Patients with Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: Bernstein Jonathan A. , Prenner Bruce , Ferguson Berrylin J. , Portnoy Jay , Wheeler William J. , Sacks Harry J. 
Published: February 2010

Background Azelastine nasal spray is a topical antihistamine with a distinctive taste that may be objectionable to some patients. The primary objectives of this clinical trial were (1) to determine if a reformulated azelastine nasal spray (Astepro) with sucralose as a taste-masking agent provides comparable efficacy to the original formulation (Astelin) and (2) to evaluate dose–response relationships between groups. Methods Eight hundred thirty-five patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis were randomized to six treatment groups: (1) original azelastine nasal spray, 1 spray/nostril b.i.d.; (2) reformulated azelastine, 1 spray/nostril b.i.d.; (3) placebo, 1 spray/nostril b.i.d.; (4) original azelastine nasal spray, 2 sprays/nostril b.i.d., (5) reformulated, 2 sprays/nostril b.i.d.; and (6) placebo, 2 sprays/nostril b.i.d. The primary efficacy variable was the change from baseline to day 14 in total nasal symptom score (TNSS) consisting of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestion. Results Original azelastine nasal spray and the reformulated spray produced comparable improvements in the TNSS at both dosages. There was a dose-related difference in TNSS comparing the 1- and 2-spray dosages. The percentage changes from baseline in the TNSS in the 2-sprays/nostril dosage groups were 27.9% (p < 0.001) with the reformulated nasal spray, 23.5% (p < 0.01) with the original formulation, and 15.4% with placebo. The incidence of bitter taste was 7% with the reformulated spray and 8% with the original at the 2-sprays/nostril dosage. Conclusion The results of this study showed efficacy both with original azelastine nasal spray and with the reformulated nasal spray and a clear dose–response difference between the 1- and 2-spray dosages.
Cigarette Smoke Extract Stimulates Interleukin-8 Production in Human Airway Epithelium and is Attenuated by Superoxide Dismutase in Vitro
Authors: Mulligan Ryan M. , Atkinson Carl , Vertegel Alexey A. , Reukov Vladimir , Schlosser Rodney J. 
Published: February 2010

Background Cigarette smoke exposure (CSE) results in extensive inflammation in the upper and lower airways. Reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide, have been shown to be potent mediators of this inflammation. Methods Mucosal biopsy specimens were collected from patients undergoing sinonasal surgery and were used as a source of primary epithelial cells. Human sinonasal epithelial (HSNE) cells and were isolated from sinus tissue, maintained in culture, and ultimately treated with varying concentrations of CSE with or without free superoxide dismutase (SOD). Supernatants and cell lysates were examined for the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-8. Similar experiments were performed using normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cell lines. Results CSE induces both secretion and intracellular production of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-8 by HSNE cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, this up-regulation can be suppressed by SOD. CSE induces secretion of IL-8 in NHBEs that is also suppressed by SOD. Conclusion Inflammation in the airway after CSE can be blocked by SOD in this in vitro model. The ability to attenuate CSE-induced inflammation with SOD could provide a therapeutic/preventative approach for individuals with cigarette smoke exposure.
The Effect of Myrtol Standardized on Human Nasal Ciliary Beat Frequency and Mucociliary Transport Time
Authors: Han Demin , Wang Nan , Zhang Luo 
Published: February 2010

Background This study was designed to observe the effects of myrtol standardized (Gelomyrtol forte), a secretomucolytic phytomedicine, on both ciliary beat frequency (CBF) in vitro and mucociliary transport time (MTT) in vivo. Methods Changes in cultured human nasal CBF in response to immediate treatment with 75, 150, or 300 ng/mL of myrtol standardized and prolonged treatment (12 or 24 hours) with 300 ng/mL of myrtol standardized were quantified by using high-speed digital microscopy. In addition, MTT before and after oral application of myrtol standardized (three times a day, 900 mg/day, 10 days) was determined using the saccharine test, and the effects of this treatment regime on nasal patency was measured by acoustic rhinometry and active anterior rhinomanometry in 22 patients with nonallergic chronic rhinitis. Another 10 patients without medication, who had the same examinations twice with a 10-day interval, were involved as controls. Results Neither immediate nor prolonged treatment with myrtol standardized produced a distinguishable change in CBF. Meanwhile, only in patients with treatment, MTT, as well as a unilateral minimum cross-sectional area, the volume of 0–5 cm inside the nasal cavity, the unilateral nasal resistance at 75 Pa and total symptom visual analog score were significantly improved after treatment. Conclusion Based on these results we propose that a 10-day treatment with an herbal medicine, myrtol standardized, improves nasal mucociliary clearance as well as nasal patency in patients with chronic rhinitis. However, it has no impact on ex vivo CBF.
Mucosal Expression of Nerve Growth Factor and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Coffey Charles S. , Mulligan Ryan M. , Schlosser Rodney J. 
Published: February 2010

Background Allergic rhinitis (AR) is characterized in part by hyperresponsiveness to nonspecific stimuli, a phenomenon that reflects the fundamental role of nasal neural pathways in chronic airway inflammation. Neurotrophins may serve pivotal roles in mediating hyperresponsiveness in allergic airway disease, although the role of such neurogenic mediators in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is not well understood. This study was designed to examine the expression of two potent neurotrophins, nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), in CRS. Methods Inferior turbinate and sinus mucosa were obtained from CRS patients with and without nasal polyps (NPs) and from nonallergic controls. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for quantitative determination of tissue concentrations of NGF and BDNF. Results Ninety-four tissue samples from 48 patients were included. Mean concentration of NGF in sinus mucosa was significantly higher in CRS than controls. CRS without NPs was associated with a 60% increase in sinus NGF over controls ( p < 0.05), and CRS with NPs was associated with a 140% increase ( p < 0.05). Mean sinus NGF concentration was significantly elevated in allergic subjects compared with controls ( p < 0.01). A similar trend was noted in subjects with nonallergic CRS, although this did not reach significance. Mean BDNF concentration was decreased in CRS compared with controls, with the most significant decrease in patients with polyps (p < 0.05). Mean turbinate concentration of both NGF and BDNF were similar in controls and CRS. Conclusion Increased expression of NGF may contribute to neural hyperresponsiveness in CRS sinus mucosa, particularly those patients with NP and/or allergies. BDNF expression is decreased in CRS sinus mucosa. Alterations in neurogenic inflammation may contribute to the pathophysiology of CRS and provide alternative therapeutic targets.