bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Accuracy of Dead Reckoning in the Air
Authors: Grocott D. F. H. 
Published: January 2010

I am of the opinion that the figures in Mr. Durst's paper have been obtained primarily from the main civil operators and that the results are not necessarily valid for military aircraft. Before accepting Mr. Durst's paper as a reference work for all aircraft it would be necessary to know the answers to the following questions:(a) Were the navigating officers of each aircraft experienced practising navigators or were they perhaps ‘third officers’ occupying the seat to obtain navigational experience?(b) Were the aircraft equipped with and did the navigators use Loran equipment? If so, were the operators adept at using sky-wave signals?(c) Were the aircraft fitted with air mileage units and air position indicators?(d) Were the aircraft fitted with remote indicating compasses with performance characteristics equal to those of the G3 and G4B (CL2)?(e) Were the radio compasses swung at regular intervals?When I was a member of the Transport Command Examining Unit (1949–51) one of my tasks was to assess logs and charts of experienced navigators flying the main trunk route from the United Kingdom to Australia. I can say quite confidently that as far as the 200 kt. aircraft are concerned a D.R. error of 8 n.m. per hour proved to be an excellent working approximation. Seldom did circles or ellipses of errors around fixes and D.R. positions not intersect or give a ‘sensible’ wind.
Navigation Display for High Performance Aircraft
Authors: Polhemus W. L. 
Published: January 2010

This paper examines the requirement for a new type of display for the pilot navigator of the S.S.T. (supersonic transport). The author holds that inductive reasoning, which is the basis of manual navigation techniques, should not be dispensed with and the benefits of automatic systems will not be achieved until a similar awareness of the processes going on about the navigator can be reproduced. A well-designed display system might have this potential.The ideas behind this paper were first described at the Annual Meeting of the American Institute of Navigation in Long Beach, California, in June 1965 and further developed at a meeting of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ortung und Navigation held at Munich in August of 1965.
Progress in Traffic Separation
Authors: Oudet L. 
Published: January 2010

Capitaine de Frégate Oudet's paper was presented at an Ordinary Meeting of the Institute held at the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool on 20 May 1966, with the President in the Chair. The paper was, in the absence of its author, read by the Executive Secretary who also summarized for the meeting the report of the Working Group on Traffic Separation at Sea (see p. 411).In December 1962, at a meeting of this Institute, I gave an account of the work that had led to the adoption of one-way routes for the Dover Strait. I now have the honour of describing the balance of work effected since that time, or more exactly, since the Eastbourne conference where the decision was made to carry on the organization of converging areas.
Electronics in the British Fishing Industry
Authors: Bennett R. 
Published: January 2010

This paper gives a general picture of the use of electronic aids in the British fishing industry and describes experimental and development projects now in hand. Some of the problems involved have so far defied solution because of technical or economic difficulties. Although much of this work is not directly concerned with navigation some navigational problems are involved, and these aspects of the fishing industry may be of general interest.The Fishing Industry in Britain. The British fishing industry is divided into two main sections, the white fish industry and the herring industry. Between them they account for a total annual catch of approximately 800,000 metric tons which realizes at first sale, that is on the quayside, approximately £50 million. Of this total the herring industry accounts for about 15 to 20 per cent by weight. It is in the other section, the white fish industry, that I have been engaged for the last three years or so and this paper therefore deals mainly with electronic problems and developments in the white fish industry.
Mammoth Vessels and Coriolis Force
Authors: Anneveld J. C. 
Published: January 2010

In this paper, a version of which appeared in the October 1969 issue of the periodical Schip en Werf, Mr. Anneveld, who is the nautical adviser to a Dutch firm of marine solicitors, investigates the drift velocity and drift angle due to coriolis force on a vessel of a given size. He shows that these effects are not inconsiderable for large vessels operating in middle and high latitudes and may become of practical importance, particularly when berthing or navigating in the proximity of other vessels.Captain A. Vreugdenhil first drew attention in 1955 to the effect of coriolis force on a moving vehicle and on ships in particular. Since then ships have increased greatly in size and as the coriolis force increases with the mass of the vehicle it may be useful to investigate the effect on the mammoth ships of today.
Brunetto Latini and the Compass
Authors: May W. E. 
Published: January 2010

In 1260 Brunetto Latini, a native of Florence, was exiled and went to live in France. While there he followed the example of others of his period and compiled a kind of encyclopaedia which he called Li Livres dou Tresor.In 1802 a young man called Dupré informed the editor of the Monthly Magazine or British Register that Latini had come from France to England as tutor to the son of Richard, Earl of Cornwall, brother of Henry III. While here he had written a series of letters to Guido Cavalcanti, a Florentine poet, describing what he saw in England and that the letters had come into Dupre's possession. During 1802 several free translations from these letters ran through the magazine and no suspicion of their authenticity seems to have been aroused, though when a description of an elephant, said to have been seen in the Tower of London, appeared a correspondent pointed out that it seemed to have been derived from a contemporary Bestiarium.
Meteorology and All-weather Operations
Authors: Chambers E. 
Published: January 2010

With the introduction of larger and faster types of air transport it seems certain that the importance of all-weather take-off and landing for their safe and economic operation will increase during the coming decade. This paper suggests that a vital factor in this development will be the availability to the pilot of up-to-the-minute information on low level visibility and wind conditions applicable to the runway he is to use. The difficulties of obtaining and forecasting these microclimatic factors are discussed.We now stand at the beginning of a new decade and one which promises to be as progressive and stimulating for civil air transport as any of its predecessors. Great advances were made during the 60's in establishing and steadily improving the performance of sub-sonic jets. Of equal importance was the enormous amount of preparatory work for the introduction of jumbo jets, air buses and supersonic transports during the 70's, and none was more important than the early stages in developing an all-weather landing system. It may be hoped that by the end of this decade a fully operational all-weather landing system will be available for use at all major airports in the world and there is no doubt that progress towards this goal will be vital to the success of the S.S.T.
Manned Space Flight Navigation Techniques
Authors: Weems P. V. H. 
Published: January 2010

Major Richard C. Henry's paper (Journal, 16, 449) is timely. These comments are restricted to mid-course navigation and are intended to expand and clarify some parts of this excellent paper.Major Henry divides space navigation into two parts, orbit and trajectory navigation: the first about one body, and the second, about two bodies. For example, Echo Satellite is in orbit about the Earth, while if its path were to include an orbit about the Moon as well as about the Earth, its path would be called trajectory. If we consider the path of a lunar capsule as determined by lunar perturbations of a body in orbit about the Earth, astronomers should be able to compute its trajectory, or path, or ephemeris, or orbit, and supply the information to the space navigator in the form of a Space Almanac. The guild of space navigators would use this shelf item, along with an accurate timepiece, and a marine type sextant, as the basic equipment for accomplishing mid-course navigation.
The Work of Trinity House
Authors: Curteis Gerald 
Published: January 2010

The early history of the Trinity House has been lost, partly in the mists of time, but mostly in the loss of records surrendered during the Civil War. The house itself has been destroyed by fire on three occasions, the first in the Great Fire of London, 1666; then in 1714 when a fire destroyed the Custom House, most of Water Lane where the Trinity House was situated and a part of Tower Street; and again in 1940 when fire, caused by incendiary bombs, destroyed nearly all the possessions of the corporation, some of which they had owned for upwards of 300 years. Such early records as they possessed, however, and their plate, which were stored elsewhere, have survived.The corporation received its first charter, a copy of which is in their possession, from King Henry VIII in 1514, and the probability is that a Guild or Fellowship of some sort had been in existence for some time before, possibly under the same name, as a hall and almshouses were standing in Deptford in that year.
Multiplanar review of three-dimensional echocardiography gives new insights into the morphology of Ebstein’s malformation
Authors: Bharucha Tara , Anderson Robert H. , Lim Zek S. , Vettukattil Joseph J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIntroductionWe aimed to assess the ability of the multiplanar review modality of three-dimensional echocardiography to examine the dynamic morphology and the functional characteristics of malformed tricuspid valves in patients previously identified as having Ebstein’s malformation. Based on these characteristics, we attempted to differentiate Ebstein’s malformation from tricuspid valvar dysplasia.MethodsUsing three-dimensional multiplanar review, analysed with either Qlab 6.0 or Tomtech Image Arena 3.0, we studied 23 patients, aged from 1 day to 70 years, previously diagnosed using cross-sectional echocardiography as having Ebstein’s malformation.ResultsUsing the features of rotational abnormality, and the orientation, of the effective tricuspid valvar orifice as diagnostic features of Ebstein’s malformation, we reclassified 11 patients (48 per cent) as exhibiting tricuspid valvar dysplasia. In addition, we studied the dynamic morphology as well as the function of the tricuspid valve. Surgical treatment was undertaken on 10 patients, revealing good correlation with the findings obtained using three-dimensional multiplanar review. In those with Ebstein’s malformation, we found varying degrees of rotation, with the effective valvar orifice always directed towards the right ventricular outflow tract. The opening of the orifice of dysplastic tricuspid valves, in contrast, was towards the apex of the right ventricle. The degree of delamination, and abnormalities of subcordal apparatus, were similar in the two groups.DiscussionThree-dimensional multiplanar review permits accurate definition of the dynamic morphology of Ebstein’s malformation, permitting clear differentiation from tricuspid valvar dysplasia.
The origin of mass segregation in NGC 3603
Authors: Pang Xiaoying , Grebel Eva K. , Altmann Martin 
Published: January 2010

AbstractNGC 3603 is one of the most massive, compact young star clusters in the Milky Way. The cluster has an age of only about 1 Myr and is embedded in a giant molecular cloud with ongoing star formation. We have analyzed deep imaging data obtained with the Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 aboard the Hubble Space Telescope. We have obtained two epochs separated by 10 years, from which we derived proper motions which we used to determine cluster membership. After the removal of field stars, the resulting color–magnitude diagram shows a main sequence in addition to another clear sequence of pre-main-sequence stars. The cluster shows pronounced mass segregation and appears to have a very short crossing timescale. Our photometric, astrometric and kinematic data help us to evaluate the dissolution timescale of NGC 3603 and whether the mass segregation is likely to be primordial or evolutionary.
Colliding galaxies and the rapid assembly of clouds into proto-super star clusters
Authors: Tenorio-Tagle Guillermo , Pérez Enrique , Muñoz-Tuñón Casiana , Silich Sergiy , Palouš Jan 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe present a short summary of several 2D hydrodynamic calculations that suggest that upon the collision of galaxies two physical mechanisms lead to the formation of proto-super star clusters. These are condensation, induced by radiative cooling, and implosion caused by the shocked intercloud medium. Even in the absence of gravity, these lead to storage and compression of the dense cloud component into massive and compact gravitationally unstable condensations. The resulting entities exhibit enhanced surface densities that are several hundred times higher than their initial values. These are here postulated as the cradles of very efficient and rapid star-formation episodes, able to withstand the negative feedback effects associated with star formation, while leading to the formation of massive and compact super star clusters.
Infrared surveys of Galactic star clusters
Authors: Ivanov Valentin D. , Messineo Maria , Zhu Qingfeng , Figer Don , Borissova J. , Kurtev R. , Ivanov G. R. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractMany attempts have been made to carry out a complete observational census of Milky Way star clusters based on recent near- and mid-infrared surveys. However, more clusters are still being discovered, indicating that existing catalogs are incomplete. We attempt to estimate the total number of supermassive (SM; Mcl ≥ 104 M⊙) clusters in the Galaxy, and to improve the yield from the automated cluster searches. Assuming that the ‘local’ census of SM clusters is complete, and that their surface density accross the disk follows that of the stars, we predict that the Milky Way contains ≥81 ± 21 SM clusters. We apply a cluster-detection algorithm to the 2mass Point Source Catalog after a preliminary color and/or magnitude selection of the point sources to improves the surface-density cluster-to-field contrast. Our algorithm identified 94 new candidates, and re-identified 34 known clusters. During the visual inspection, we detected an additional 41 new candidates, and re-identified 32 known objects. Preliminary characterization suggests that the new list may contain red-supergiant, open and globular clusters.
Stellar-mass black holes in star clusters: implications for gravitational-wave radiation
Authors: Banerjee Sambaran , Baumgardt Holger , Kroupa Pavel 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe study the dynamics of stellar-mass black holes (BHs) in star clusters, with particular attention to the formation of BH–BH binaries, which are interesting as sources of gravitational waves (GWs). We examine the properties of these BH–BH binaries through direct N-body simulations of Plummer clusters of N ≤ 105 low-mass stars with an initial population of stellar-mass BHs, using the nbody6 code. We find that the stellar-mass BHs segregate rapidly into the cluster core and form a dense subcluster of BHs in which BH–BH binaries form through three-body encounters. While most BH binaries are ejected from the cluster by recoils due to superelastic encounters with the single BHs, we find that for clusters with N ≳ 5 × 104, typically a few of them harden sufficiently so that they can merge via GW emission within the cluster. Also, for each of such clusters there are a few escaping BH binaries that merge within a Hubble time, with most merger times being within a few Gyr. These results imply that the intermediate-age massive clusters constitute the most important class of star cluster candidates that can produce dynamical BH–BH mergers at the present epoch. The BH–BH merger rates obtained from our computations imply a significant detection rate (~30 yr−1) for the proposed Advanced LIGO GW detector.
On the origin of the hypervelocity runaway star HD 271791
Authors: Gvaramadze V. V. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe discuss the origin of the early-B-type runaway star HD 271791 and show that its extremely high velocity (≃530 − 920km s−1) cannot be explained within the framework of the binary–supernova ejection scenario. Instead, we suggest that HD 271791 attained its peculiar velocity in the course of a strong dynamical encounter between two hard, massive binaries or through an exchange encounter between a hard, massive binary and a very massive star, formed through runaway mergers of ordinary massive stars in the dense core of a young massive star cluster.
Close pairs: keys to comprehension of star cluster evolution
Authors: Vanbeveren Dany 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn this review I first summarize why binaries are key objects in the study of stellar populations, to understand the evolution of star clusters and galaxies, and thus to understand the universe. I then focus on four specific topics:
(i)the formation (through binaries) and evolution of very massive stars in dense clusters and the importance of stellar-wind mass loss. I discuss preliminary computations of wind mass-loss rates of very massive stars performed with the Munich hydrodynamical code and the influence of these new rates on the possible formation of an intermediate-mass black hole in the cluster MGG 11 in M82;(ii)the evolution of intermediate-mass binaries in a starburst with special emphasis on the variation of the supernova (SN) Ia rate (i.e., on the delayed time distribution of SNe Ia). A comparison with SN Ia rates in elliptical galaxies may provide important clues to SN Ia models as well as to the evolution of SN Ia progenitors;(iii)the evolution of double-neutron-star mergers in a starburst (i.e., the delayed time distribution of these mergers) and what this tells us about the suggestion that these mergers may be important production sites of r-process elements;(iv)the possible effect of massive binaries on the self-enrichment of globular clusters.
A new method to measure stellar mass-loss rates
Authors: Kalirai Jason S. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe total stellar mass loss that a star suffers through post-main-sequence evolution is of vital importance to understand its subsequent evolution. The mass-loss rate along the first-ascent red-giant branch alone determines the upper red-giant-branch luminosity function and horizontal-branch morphology. The distribution of stars in these phases directly affects our interpretation of the integrated colors of distant galaxies, and is therefore of fundamental importance for galaxy formation and evolution studies in the higher-redshift Universe. Yet, these mass-loss rates, especially as a function of age and metallicity, are very poorly constrained in current models. I present new constraints on this field based on imaging and spectroscopic observations of the end products from this evolution, white dwarfs. By studying the mass distribution of these dead stars in nearby star clusters with a range of (known) ages and metallicities, we can directly constrain the mass-loss rates of stars across a range of environments. These observations directly impact several fields in astrophysics, including our knowledge of the enrichment of the interstellar medium, our ability to construct population synthesis models to interpret galaxy colors and the general interpretation of the sources and processes responsible for the observed ultraviolet upturn in elliptical galaxies.
The multipopulation phenomenon in Galactic globular clusters: M4 and M22
Authors: Villanova S. , Piotto G. , Marino A. F. , Milone A. P. , Bellini A. , Bedin L. R. , Momany Y. , Renzini A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe present an abundance analysis based on high-resolution spectra of red-giant-branch (RGB) stars in the Galactic globular clusters NGC 6121 (M4) and NGC 6656 (M22). Our aim was to study their stellar population in the context of the multipopulation phenomenon recently discovered to affect some globular clusters. Analysis was performed for the following elements: O, Na, Mg, Al, Ca, Fe, Y, and Ba. Spectroscopic data were completed by high-precision wide-field U BV IC ground-based photometry and HST/ACS observations. For M4, we find a well-defined Na–O anticorrelation composed of two distinct groups of stars with significantly different Na and O content. The two groups of Na-rich and Na-poor stars populate two different regions along the RGB. As regards M22, Na and O follow the well-known anticorrelation found in many other GCs. However, at odds with M4, it appears to be continuous without any hint of clumpiness. On the other hand, we identified two clearly separated groups of stars with significantly different abundances of the s-process elements Y, Zr and Ba. The relative numbers of the members of both groups are very similar to the ratio of the stars in the two subgiant branches of M22 recently found by Piotto (2009). The s-element-rich stars are also richer in iron and have higher Ca abundances. This makes M22 the second cluster after ω Centauri where an intrinsic spread in Fe was found. Both spectroscopic and photometric results imply the presence of two stellar populations in M4 and M22, even if both clusters have completely different characteristics.
Further developments in star cluster spectral libraries
Authors: Ahumada Andrea V. , Clariá Juan J. , Bica Eduardo , Piatti Andrés E. , Santos João F. C. , Talavera M. Lorena , Palma Tali , Pavani Daniela B. , Parisi M. Celeste , Torres M. Cristina , Dutra Carlos M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe present flux-calibrated integrated spectra in the optical spectral range of Galactic open clusters (GOCs) and Magellanic Cloud (MC) stellar clusters (SCs) obtained at CASLEO (Argentina). The SC parameters were derived using the equivalent-width (EW) method and the template-matching procedure by comparing the line strengths and continuum distribution of the cluster spectra with those of template spectra with known parameters. MC cluster reddening values were also estimated by interpolation between the available extinction maps. The derived ages for the GOCs range from 3 Myr to 4 Gyr, while those of the MC SCs vary from 3 Myr to 7 Gyr. E(B−V) colour-excess values in the MCs appear to be all lower than 0.17 mag, while those of the GOCs range from 0.00 to 2.40 mag. The present data led us to upgrade the spectral libraries of reference spectra or templates of solar and MC metallicities.
Star clusters as building blocks for dSph galaxy formation
Authors: Assmann P. , Fellhauer M. , Wilkinson M. I. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe study numerically the formation of dSph galaxies. Intense starbursts, e.g., in gas-rich environments, typically produce a few to a few hundred young star clusters within a region of just a few hundred pc. The dynamical evolution of these star clusters may explain the formation of the luminous component of dwarf spheroidal (dSph) galaxies. Here, we perform a numerical experiment to show that the evolution of star cluster complexes in dark-matter haloes can explain the formation of the luminous components of dSph galaxies.