bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Canada and the World: Beyond Middle Power
Authors: Welsh Jennifer M. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This article discusses how Canada has become an independent voice internationally and how it has achieved a delicate balance between globalism and continentalism that has marked its role during the post-1945 period. It also discusses how foreign policy is made within Canada's confederal system. In the sections that follow, the discussion focuses on defining Canadian foreign policy in broad terms. The core issue of the article is the growing challenge of defining a coherent Canadian “national interest,” given the increased activism of provinces within the international arena, the demands to democratize the foreign policy process, and the diverse nature of Canada's population. The final discussion of the article determines the issues and challenges that are faced by policy makers in the twenty-first century, a period in which Canada's diplomatic partner—the United States—is experiencing a crisis in its global leadership role.
National Security Intelligence
Authors: Johnson Loch K. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This text aims to impart an understanding of the important and relatively new discipline that focuses on the hidden side of the government. Such hidden side of the government includes secret agencies that provide security-related information to policymakers and carry out other covert operations on their behalf. The objective of this book is to provide an up-to-date assessment of the literature and findings in this field of strategic intelligence and national security intelligence study. This book seeks to map out the discipline and aim to suggest future research agendas. In this text, several nationalities, career experiences, and scholarly training are reflected, highlighting the spread of interest in this subject across many boundaries. The outcome of this mix is a volume loaded in research disciplines, findings, and agendas, with a multitude of international perspectives on the subject of national security intelligence.
United Nations Peacekeeping Intelligence
Authors: Dorn A. Walter 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This article discusses the United Nations and its peacekeeping intelligence. The United Nations has become a player in the global intelligence game. Given the inability of the UN to live up to its peace and security ideals, the disinclination of nations to share intelligence with it, the ad hoc nature of its responses to global crises, and its reluctance to consider itself as an intelligence-gathering organization, the UN's increasing involvement in the global intelligence came as a surprise. However, the UN has privileged access to many of the world's conflict zones, through its peacekeeping operations (PKOs). Its uniformed and civilian personnel serve as the eyes and the ears of the world in many hotspots. They report the latest developments at the frontiers of the world order and in the midst of civil war. In previous years, the UN relied heavily on overt surveillance through overt human intelligence. It employed direct monitoring and direct observation. Although human intelligence has helped resolved conflicts, overt human intelligence is not sufficient. With the new mandate and the difficult and dangerous environment of many PKOs during the Cold War, the United Nations was forced to change and reform its approach to intelligence. The UN is now including imagery intelligence (IMINT) and signals intelligence (SIGINT) in their approach to intelligence and is currently developing intelligence structures within its missions. Topics discussed in this article include: case studies of peacekeeping operations of the UN in countries with conflict such as Korea, Namibia, and Congo; monitoring technologies of the institution; and intelligence cycle of UN.
Privatized Spying: The Emerging Intelligence Industry
Authors: Keefe Patrick R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAfter the 9/11 attack, Senator Bob Graham, chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, called for a symbiotic relationship between the intelligence community and the private sector. Across the United States, there was a sense that the country was under attack and that all the citizens including the private industry must do their part in helping secure the homeland and identify and stop emerging threats. Within this context, the private industry of spies came to the aid of the government in securing the nation. Recently retired CIA agents were returning to their same jobs with private-sector salaries. Dozens of new forms were springing in the Washington suburbs, specializing in language transition and analysis, in designing new surveillance technologies, and supplying ex-military and intelligence veterans to foreign soil. By the turn of 2008, the U.S. intelligence and the private sector had formed a symbiotic relationship that is difficult to disentangle. While many of the private contractors and members of the private industry entered the emerging intelligence sphere out of patriotism and national duty in the aftermath of the September 11 attack, many nevertheless became entangled by profit-driven opportunities. This other aspect of the privatized spying poses a misalignment between the priorities and incentives of the contractors and their clients. This article outlines the history and dynamics of the outsourcing of U.S. intelligence. It discusses the sometimes wasteful and expensive dysfunction of the contracting process, the nature of brain drain from the government to the private sector, and the prospects for greater oversight, understanding of the phenomenon, and reform.
The Perils of Politicization
Authors: Pillar Paul R. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Objectivity is inherent to the meaning of intelligence. However, objectivity is often challenged by the emergence of politicization and preferences. Politicization is the compromise of the objectivity of intelligence or of how intelligence is used to serve policy or political aims. Politicization of intelligence arises from a broad spectrum. It may come from senior policymakers, from the intelligence officers themselves, and from the public. This article discusses politicization and the dangers of it. First, it discusses the two basic forms of politicization: the public use of intelligence by the policymakers in bolstering support for their policies; and the influence of political or policy preferences on the judgments of intelligence services and intelligence officers. It also discusses the responses of the intelligence system to influences and the implications of politicization and the prospect of combating politicization.
Effects of Extraction Rates of Wheat Flour on Phyllo (Yufka) Properties at Different Storage Temperatures
Authors: Erbas Mustafa , Uslu Mustafa K. , Demir Muammer , Certel Muharrem 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTPhyllo sheets were produced with flour obtained at different extraction rates (53, 58, or 67%), and stored at 4 and 25°C. Physical, chemical, and sensory properties of fresh and stored phyllo were researched. Fresh phyllo samples from wheat flour at 53% extraction rate were thinner (0.4 mm) and had whiter color (L* = 87.6). Textural properties and overall sensory acceptability of phyllo samples significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.01) with increased extraction rates and storage times. At the end of four days, toughness and extensibility decreased from 0.88 N and 10.9 mm to 0.65 N and 6.7 mm at 4°C and to 0.45 N and 5.6 mm at 25°C. The 53% extraction rate was more suitable for producing phyllo. The shelf life of phyllo samples for preparing borek was determined four days at 4°C and two days at 25°C according to acid contents and sensory properties.
Relationship Between Objective and Subjective Wheat Flour Tortilla Quality Evaluation Methods
Authors: Alviola J. N. , Awika J. M. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTAccurate determination of tortilla quality is imperative because of the growing market. This calls for quality tests that are replicable. However, current tortilla quality testing relies heavily on subjective tests with unknown reliability. This study aimed to determine the relationship between subjective tortilla quality testing and available objective methods, and assess whether the latter can potentially replace the former. Correlation and regression analyses were done using data on subjective opacity and rollability, and objective L* value and texture parameters based on 114 wheat samples. Opacity scores and L* values were significantly correlated, but this relationship was affected by evaluator experience; in a controlled setting, experienced evaluators scores were more reliable (SEM = ±0.25 – 3.8, r = 0.96) than less experienced evaluators (SEM = ±0.25 – 7.3, r = 0.92). Tortilla rollability, which approximates shelf stability, correlated most strongly with the rupture distance from two‐dimensional extensibility test (r = 0.77). Subjective rollability at day 16 of storage was predicted by rupture distance (day 0) and work (day 4) (R2 = 0.69). Adding rupture force to the model slightly improves the R2 to 0.72. Objective color and texture parameter measurements have a potential to replace the subjective tests as primary methods for tortilla quality.
Structural Sterols Are Involved in Both the Initiation and Tip Growth of Root Hairs inArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Ovečka Miroslav , Berson Tobias , Beck Martina , Derksen Jan , Šamaj Jozef , Baluška František , Lichtscheidl Irene K. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractStructural sterols are abundant in the plasma membrane of root apex cells in Arabidopsis thaliana. They specifically accumulate in trichoblasts during the prebulging and bulge stages and show a polar accumulation in the tip during root hair elongation but are distributed evenly in mature root hairs. Thus, structural sterols may serve as a marker for root hair initiation and growth. In addition, they may predict branching events in mutants with branching root hairs. Structural sterols were detected using the sterol complexing fluorochrome filipin. Application of filipin caused a rapid, concentration-dependent decrease in tip growth. Filipin-complexed sterols accumulated in globular structures that fused to larger FM4-64–positive aggregates in the tip, so-called filipin-induced apical compartments, which were closely associated with the plasma membrane. The plasma membrane appeared malformed and the cytoarchitecture of the tip zone was affected. Trans-Golgi network/early endosomal compartments containing molecular markers, such as small Rab GTPase RabA1d and SNARE Wave line 13 (VTI12), locally accumulated in these filipin-induced apical compartments, while late endosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, plastids, and cytosol were excluded from them. These data suggest that the local distribution and apical accumulation of structural sterols may regulate vesicular trafficking and plasma membrane properties during both initiation and tip growth of root hairs in Arabidopsis.
The dynamic labor force: findings from the 2009 annual meeting of the Southern Management Association
Authors: Lambert Jason R. 
Published: September 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to review the highlights of research on gender and diversity that was presented at the recent 2009 annual meeting of the Southern Management Association in Asheville, North Carolina.Design/methodology/approachThe papers covering topics relevant to gender and diversity are summarized. The papers vary in terms of research design and methodology. There was a mix of conceptual papers and empirical studies using both quantitative and qualitative analysis.FindingsOverall, the emerging trend of an increase in minority and women employees is becoming greater. Owing to this trend it is necessary for organizations to prepare themselves in order to accommodate and properly manage this workforce. Minority and women employees should also prepare themselves with strategies to combat discrimination at work in order to benefit fully from this emerging trend. Gender impacts the perceptions of both men and women employees, and associated outcomes may vary based on the type of job or position held by the employee. Religion is becoming more important to employees and their religious beliefs and level of spirituality may be linked to both individual performance and interdependent work outcomes.Originality/valueThe papers presented contribute to the body of research knowledge and better the understanding of the role that diversity plays in organizations. Ideas for future research and practical implications are also presented.
Market liberalization and crop planting decision: a case of China
Authors: Pan Suwen , Malaga Jaime , He Xiurong 
Published: September 2010

PurposeThe paper aims to measure the effects of market liberalization on Chinese farmers' crop planting decisions.Design/methodology/approachThe effects are measured using a censored, two‐stage, least‐square regression.FindingsThe results show that the effects of market liberalization on planting decisions are more significant in the case of crops with minimum support price (rice, wheat, and corn) than in the case of crops where planting decision is determined by market prices (cotton and soybean). The effects appear to be different across regions and time zones and more significant in 1993 than in 2005.Originality/valueThe result suggests that market liberalization along the past ten years achieved significant effects in Chinese farmers planting decision. This outcome should be taken into consideration when evaluating and implementing future Chinese agricultural policy income‐based interventions as a means to meet domestic food security goals and increase farmers' income level.
Prescribing and sale of ophthalmic chloramphenicol following reclassification to over-the-counter availability
Authors: Walker Roger , Hinchliffe Anne 
Published: September 2010

Abstract

Objectives
The impact of over-the-counter (OTC) availability of chloramphenicol eye drops and eye ointment was investigated on the prescribing and overall supply of ophthalmic chloramphenicol in primary care.

Methods
Primary care prescription data for ophthalmic chloramphenicol and ophthalmic antibacterials in England and Wales were analysed from December 2003 (month 1) to September 2008 (month 58). OTC data were analysed from June 2005 when the first OTC product was launched (months 19 to 58).

Key findings
In the 40 months following reclassification more than 2.9 million packs (53.9 per 1000 population) of chloramphenicol were sold in England and 152 024 (51.7 per 1000 population) in Wales. In the 12 months to September 2008 sales of the drops and ointment were 67 and 40% of their respective prescription volumes in England. In Wales sales of drops were 52% and ointment 26% of their respective prescription volumes. The number of chloramphenicol packs sold was 2.2 times greater than the calculated reduction in ophthalmic antibacterial prescription items in England and 2.9 times greater than the reduction seen in Wales.

Conclusion
Following the reclassification of chloramphenicol there have been significant increases in the supply of the ophthalmic antibacterials in both England and Wales.
Who Controls US?
Authors: Gadhoum Yoser , Lang Larry H. P. , Young Leslie 
Published: September 2010

Abstract Berle and Means asserted that US corporations typically have dispersed shareholders; their evidence did not support this conclusion. Today, 59.74% of US corporations have ‘controlling shareholders’ who hold at least 10% of the shares; 24.57% are controlled and managed by a family; 16.33% are controlled by a widely‐held financial institution; 13.55% are controlled through family trusts. In all size ranges, the USA has more corporations controlled by families than by financial institutions. In almost all size ranges, it has a higher percentage of family‐controlled corporations than any of next four largest economies.
Peer smoking and the nicotinic receptor genes: an examination of genetic and environmental risks for nicotine dependence
Authors: Johnson Eric O. , Chen Li‐Shiun , Breslau Naomi , Hatsukami Dorothy , Robbins Tania , Saccone Nancy L. , Grucza Richard A. , Bierut Laura J. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTBackground  Peer smoking provides a socially reinforcing context of friends' encouragement and approval that contributes to smoking behavior. Twin studies show correlations and interactions between peer substance use and genetic liability for substance use. However, none examined specific genes. Here we test the hypothesis that the nicotinic receptor genes CHRNA5 (rs16969968), CHRNA3 (rs578776), CHRNB3 (rs13277254) and CHRND (rs12466358) modify the risk for nicotine dependence associated with peer smoking.Methods  Cases of current nicotine dependence [Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) ≥ 4] and smoking‐exposed (smoked 100+ cigarettes life‐time), but non‐dependent controls (life‐time FTND = 0) came from the Collaborative Genetic Study of Nicotine Dependence (n = 2038). Peer smoking was assessed retrospectively for grades 9–12.Results  Peer smoking and the four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with nicotine dependence. A statistically significant interaction was found between peer smoking and rs16969968 (P = 0.0077). Overall risk of nicotine dependence was highest for the rs16969968 AA genotype. However, variance in nicotine dependence attributable to peer smoking was substantially lower among those with the AA genotype at rs16969968 than the lower‐risk genotypes: AA = 2.5%, GA/AG = 11.2%, GG = 14.2%; P ≤ 0.004.Conclusions  Peer smoking had a substantially lower effect on nicotine dependence among those with the high‐risk AA genotype at the functional SNP rs16969968 (CHRNA5) than among those with lower‐risk genotypes. Such results highlight the possibility that given drug exposure those with specific genetic risks may be less affected by social contexts and intervention strategies focused upon social factors could have less influence on those at highest genetic risk.
Impulsivity and socio‐economic status interact to increase the risk of gambling onset among youth
Authors: Auger Nathalie , Lo Ernest , Cantinotti Michael , O'Loughlin Jennifer 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTAims  To determine if impulsivity and socio‐economic status (SES) interact to influence gambling onset in youth.Design  Longitudinal study of grade 7 students followed for 8 years.Setting  Montréal, Canada.Participants  A total of 628 adult students aged 12.6 years on average at cohort inception.Measurements  Impulsivity and SES (parent education, area deprivation) were collected during secondary school. Age of gambling onset was collected retrospectively when participants were aged 20.3 years. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to model the association between time to first report of gambling and interaction terms for each of impulsivity and parent education, and impulsivity and area deprivation accounting for sex and ethnicity.Findings  Median (interquartile range) age of gambling onset was 17.0 (4.0) years. Impulsivity independently increased the risk of gambling onset among participants with no university‐educated parent [hazard ratio (HR) 1.3; 95% confidence interval 1.1–1.5] and those living in highly deprived areas (HR 1.7; 1.5–2.0). Impulsivity was not associated with gambling onset among high SES youth. Among participants with high impulsivity, risks were elevated for those with no university‐educated parent relative to one or more university‐educated parent (HR 1.7; 1.1–2.7), and for participants living in deprived relative to advantaged areas (HR 5.0; 2.6–9.6). SES was not associated with gambling onset among participants with low impulsivity.Conclusions  Impulsivity is a risk factor for gambling onset among low but not high SES youth, and low SES influences gambling onset primarily among impulsive youth. Gambling prevention programmes may need to consider potential interaction between impulsivity and SES.
Self‐reported side effects in buprenorphine and methadone patients receiving antiretroviral therapy: results from the MANIF 2000 cohort study
Authors: Carrieri M. Patrizia , Roux Perrine , Cohen Julien , Ravaux Isabelle , Dellamonica Pierre , Protopopescu Camelia , Spire Bruno , Rosenblum Andrew 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTAims  The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between methadone and buprenorphine treatment and self‐reported symptoms in HIV‐infected opioid dependent individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART).Design  Longitudinal study.Setting  The French MANIF2000 cohort was used to compare self‐reported symptoms in buprenorphine and methadone patients also receiving ART.Participants  We selected individuals receiving ART and OAT (342 visits among 106 patients).Measurements  Symptoms were self‐reported using a list of 14 symptoms (e.g. nausea, fatigue, fever) perceived during the previous 4 weeks, including three painful symptoms (abdominal or muscular pain, headaches). A two‐step Heckman approach enabled us to account for the non‐random assignment of OAT: a probit model identified predictors of starting either buprenorphine or methadone. A Poisson regression based on generalized estimating equations (GEE) was then used to identify predictors of the number of symptoms while adjusting for the non‐random assignment of OAT.Findings  The median (interquartile range) number of symptoms was 4 (1–6) and 2 (1–6) among buprenorphine and methadone patients, respectively. After adjustment for non‐random assignment of OAT type, depressive and opioid withdrawal symptoms, anxiolytics consumption and daily cannabis use, methadone patients were more likely to report a lower number of symptoms than those receiving buprenorphine.Conclusions  Methadone patients on ART report fewer symptoms than buprenorphine patients on ART under current treatment conditions in France. Further experimental research is still needed to identify an OAT–ART strategy which would minimize the burden of self‐reported symptoms and potential interactions, while assuring sustainability and response to both treatments.
Depressive mood, suicide ideation and anxiety in smokers who do and smokers who do not manage to stop smoking after a target quit day
Authors: Berlin Ivan , Chen Henian , Covey Lirio S. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTAims  The effect of successful and unsuccessful smoking cessation on depressive mood, anxiety‐ and suicide‐related outcomes is unclear. The aim of this secondary analysis was to explore the relationship between abstinence status and these outcomes.Design  Cohort of adult smokers attempting to stop smoking. Smoking status was assessed by a daily diary; depressed mood, anxiety and suicidal tendencies by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). The association of complete and point‐prevalence abstinence with the HDRS variables was assessed using multi‐level linear regression models.Setting  Randomized trial of sertraline versus placebo for smoking cessation with weekly behavioural support provided in a clinic.Participants  A total of 133 adult smokers with past major depression.Findings  Pre‐quit mood scores did not predict smoking status post‐quit day. Both continuous and point‐prevalence abstainers had significantly lower total HDRS, suicide and anxiety scores, adjusted for all potential confounders, during the period following quit day than did non‐abstainers who experienced a significant mood deterioration. There was a significant effect of sertraline on post‐quit HDRS scores but not on abstinence.Conclusions  Contrary to expectation, smoking abstinence among smokers with a history of major depression did not lead to increase in depression, anxiety or suicide ideation; however, failed quit attempts did. Persisting with a quit attempt while unable to achieve abstinence may be associated with mood deterioration.