bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Intrusion of the Discourse of Economics Into the Clinical Space I: From Patient to Consumer
Authors: Plastow Michael 
Published: July 2010

Objective: Terms from the corporate sector and its allied field of management have found their way into the clinical domain. This development is co-extensive with social changes and even modifications in the manner in which our patients present to clinical services. To date there has been little discussion of such developments in the psychiatric literature. The movement from the use of the term ‘patient’ to that of ‘consumer’ will be examined as emblematic of a modification of the clinical relationship. Conclusions: The use of terms from economics has widely permeated our society. In an increasingly consumer-oriented society, the survey has become a study methodology of choice. Indeed, within psychiatry we have attempted to resolve the question of what to call our patients through surveys. There has been little discussion regarding the permeation of the language of economics in the clinical field and thus critiques of this process have arisen from other domains. It is argued that such changes have eroded the traditional clinical relationship of the psychiatrist and patient.
Darwin On the Emotions of the Insane
Authors: Pridmore Saxby , Keyon William 
Published: July 2010

Objective: The aim of this paper is to examine information regarding insane people and style of word use in The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Conclusion: Some of the observations about 19th century patients are not consistent with current observations. These discrepancies may have arisen due to different management practices. Some of these observations may have been or be mistaken. The style of words would be considered discriminatory by current standards. Darwin and his informants were of the highest moral and ethical caliber. However, attitudes and the style of word use has changed over the last century.
Familiarity Breeds Respect: Attitudes of Medical Students Towards Psychiatry Following a Clinical Attachment
Authors: Lampe Lisa , Coulston Carissa , Walter Garry , Malhi Gin 
Published: July 2010

Objective: The aim of this paper was to examine the influence of a clinical attachment in psychiatry on medical students’ attitudes to psychiatry as a specialty and potential career. Method: Medical students at Sydney Medical School were surveyed following an 8-week clinical attachment in psychiatry. Secondary analyses sought to identify associations with variables such as age, gender and level of clinical experience as a medical student. Results: Following a clinical attachment in psychiatry, 80% of students rated their attitude to psychiatry as more positive. Approximately 32% rated themselves as likely or very likely to choose a career in psychiatry. No differences were seen with respect to gender, age or stage of training. The quality of the teaching, enthusiasm of the clinical teachers, the holistic approach and scientific basis of psychiatry were cited by students as factors influencing attitudes. Conclusions: The clinical rotation in psychiatry is a significant factor influencing medical student attitudes towards psychiatry.
Prevalence of Hepatitis C in Two Inpatient Psychiatry Populations
Authors: Gunewardene Ranil , Lampe Lisa , Ilchef Ralf 
Published: July 2010

Objective: Psychiatric populations may be particularly at risk of hepatitis C (HCV), less likely to receive appropriate interventions and at greater risk of liver damage due to comorbid substance abuse. This study sought to determine the prevalence of HCV in two inpatient psychiatric populations of seriously mentally ill patients and the relationship to risk factor screening. Method: Two inpatient units were chosen in similar socio-economic areas. Persons admitted to these wards over the course of the study were invited to participate and provided with pre-test counselling. Where informed consent was obtained, individuals were included in the study. It was planned to screen all consenting patients. However, funding was reduced for one site meaning that only patients with identified risk factors could be screened there. Results: Around 18% of psychiatric inpatients admitted to risk factors for HCV. The prevalence of HCV with screening of all consenting patients in unit A was 3.2%. With selective screening in unit B, 41.7% of those with identified risk factors tested positive. These results compare to the Australian community rate of approximately 1.1%. Conclusion: Results are consistent with elevated rates of HCV in mentally ill populations elsewhere in the world, and provide support for selective screening.
Proposed Changes to the Psychiatric Classification: Towards DSM5
Authors: Rey Joseph 
Published: July 2010

Objectives: The World Health Organization and the American Psychiatric Association are revising their classifications of mental disorders – a costly, time-consuming exercise with wide implications. This article seeks to make practitioners aware of the proposed changes, which have been posted on the internet and are freely available. Conclusions: Taxonomic changes create strong emotions; the ones proposed for DSM5, though far from drastic, are no exception. The main diagnostic categories remain largely the same as in DSM-IV. Most of the modifications entail moving specific disorders from one section to another, deleting disorders that have had little practical use, or changing the name. The substance-related disorders and personality disorders sections have been changed the most. It remains to be seen whether the proposed new categories – several of them controversial – will make it to the final version.
Small variance in growth rates in annual plants has large effects on genetic drift
Authors: Espeland Erin K. , O'Farrell Michael R. 
Published: July 2010

• Premise of the Study: Effective population size (Ne) is a critical index of the evolutionary capacity of populations. Low Ne indicates that standing genetic diversity is susceptible to loss via stochastic processes (and inbreeding) and is, therefore, unavailable for natural selection to act upon. Reported Ne in plant populations is often quite low. What biological and ecological factors might produce such low Ne• Methods: We conducted a simulation model to test the effect of randomly assigned and autocorrelated growth rates of annual plants on plant‐size distributions at the end of the growing season. Because plant size is directly correlated with reproductive output in annual plants, variation in plant size reflects variation in reproduction, and thus our modeled size distributions can be used to estimate Ne.• Key Results: Randomly assigned growth rates had a negligble effect on Ne/N. Autocorrelated growth rates decreased Ne/N as the length of the growing season increased. This was the case even when the variance in growth rates was as low as 0.1% of the mean.• Conclusions: While intrinsic plant biology can affect the degree of growth autocorrelation, ecological factors such as competition, herbivory, and abiotic stress can increase or decrease levels of growth autocorrelation. Ecological factors that increase growth autocorrelation can have significant effects on genetic drift within populations.
Generating Clinical Notes for Electronic Health Record Systems
Authors: Stead W.W. , Denny J.C. , Giuse D. , Lorenzi N.M. , Brown S.H. , Johnson K.B. , Rosenbloom S.T. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryClinical notes summarize interactions that occur between patients and healthcare providers. With adoption of electronic health record (EHR) and computer-based documentation (CBD) systems, there is a growing emphasis on structuring clinical notes to support reusing data for subsequent tasks. However, clinical documentation remains one of the most challenging areas for EHR system development and adoption. The current manuscript describes the Vanderbilt experience with implementing clinical documentation with an EHR system. Based on their experience rolling out an EHR system that supports multiple methods for clinical documentation, the authors recommend that documentation method selection be made on the basis of clinical workflow, note content standards and usability considerations, rather than on a theoretical need for structured data.
Nonisothermal crystallization behavior of highly exfoliated polypropylene/clay nanocomposites prepared by in situ polymerization
Authors: Liu Xin , He Aihua , Du Kai , Han Charles C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPolypropylene/clay nanocomposites (PPCNs) were prepared via an in situ polymerization method with a Ziegler–Natta/clay compound catalyst in which the MgCl2/TiCl4 catalyst was embedded in the clay galleries. The wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy results showed that the clay particles were highly exfoliated in the polypropylene (PP) matrix. The nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of these PPCNs were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry at various cooling rates. The nucleation activity were calculated by Dobreva's method to demonstrate that the highly dispersed silicate layers acted as effective nucleating agents. The Avrami, Jeziorny, Ozawa, and Mo methods were used to describe the nonisothermal crystallization behavior of the PP and PPCNs. Various parameters of nonisothermal crystallization, such as the crystallization half‐time, crystallization rate constant, and the kinetic parameter F(t), reflected that the highly exfoliated silicate layers significantly accelerated the crystallization process because of its outstanding nucleation effect. The activation energy values of the PP and PPCNs determined by the Kissinger method increased with the addition of the nanosilicate layers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Novel Urea‐Functionalized Quinacridone Derivatives: Ultrasound and Thermo Effects on Supramolecular Organogels
Authors: Dou Chuandong , Wang Chenguang , Zhang Hongyu , Gao Hongze , Wang Yue 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn investigations into the effects of environmental factors on organogels, two urea‐functionalized quinacridone derivatives 1 a and 1 b have been designed and synthesized. These two compounds can respond to ultrasound and thermal stimuli in the organic test solvents, and exhibit pronounced aggregation properties. The field‐effect (FE)‐SEM images of xerogels show the characteristic gelation morphologies of 3D fibrous network structures. The concentration‐ and temperature‐dependent 1H NMR spectra suggest that the intermolecular π–π and hydrogen‐bonding interactions of gelators are the main driving forces for the supramolecular assembly process. X‐ray diffraction (XRD), UV/Vis absorption, and photoluminescent spectroscopy studies have been carried out and provide more information to define the molecular packing model in gelation states.
Adsorption of Cadmium Ions from Aqueous Solution Using Granular Activated Carbon and Activated Clay
Authors: Wasewar Kailas L. , Kumar Pradeep , Chand Shri , Padmini Bina N. , Teng Tjoon Tow 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe present study was aimed at removing cadmium ions from aqueous solution through batch studies using adsorbents, such as, granular activated carbon (GAC) and activated clay (A‐clay). GAC was of commercial grade where as the A‐clay was prepared by acid treatment of clay with 1 mol/L of H2SO4. Bulk densities of A‐clay and GAC were 1132 and 599 kg/m3, respectively. The surface areas were 358 m2/g for GAC and 90 m2/g for A‐clay. The adsorption studies were carried out to optimize the process parameters, such as, pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time. The results obtained were analyzed for kinetics and adsorption isotherm studies. The pH value was optimized at pH 6 giving maximum Cd removal of 84 and 75.2% with GAC and A‐clay, respectively. The adsorbent dosage was optimized and was found to be 5 g/L for GAC and 10 g/L for A‐clay. Batch adsorption studies were carried out with initial adsorbate (Cd) concentration of 100 mg/L and adsorbent dosage of 10 g/L at pH 6. The optimum contact time was found to be 5 h for both the adsorbents. Kinetic studies showed Cd removal a pseudo second order process. The isotherm studies revealed Langmuir isotherm to better fit the data than Freundlich isotherm.
Delays in diagnosis and bladder cancer mortality
Authors: Hollenbeck Brent K. , Dunn Rodney L. , Ye Zaojun , Hollingsworth John M. , Skolarus Ted A. , Kim Simon P. , Montie James E. , Lee Cheryl T. , Wood David P. , Miller David C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:Mortality from invasive bladder cancer is common, even with high‐quality care. Thus, the best opportunities to improve outcomes may precede the diagnosis. Although screening currently is not recommended, better medical care of patients who are at risk (ie, those with hematuria) has the potential to improve outcomes.METHODS:The authors used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results‐Medicare linked database for the years 1992 through 2002 to identify 29,740 patients who had hematuria in the year before a bladder cancer diagnosis and grouped them according to the interval between their first claim for hematuria and their bladder cancer diagnosis. Cox proportional hazards models were fitted to assess relations between these intervals and bladder cancer mortality, adjusting first for patient demographics and then for disease severity. Adjusted logistic models were used to estimate the patient's probability of receiving a major intervention.RESULTS:Patients (n = 2084) who had a delay of 9 months were more likely to die from bladder cancer compared with patients who were diagnosed within 3 months (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20‐1.50). This risk was not markedly attenuated after adjusting for disease stage and tumor grade (adjusted HR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.14‐1.45). In fact, the effect was strongest among patients who had low‐grade tumors (adjusted HR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.69‐2.64) and low‐stage disease (ie, a tumor [T] classification of Ta or tumor in situ; adjusted HR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.54‐2.64).CONCLUSIONS:A delay in the diagnosis of bladder cancer increased the risk of death from disease independent of tumor grade and or disease stage. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie these delays may improve outcomes among patients with bladder cancer. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Methylphenidate for fatigue in ambulatory men with prostate cancer
Authors: Roth Andrew J. , Nelson Christian , Rosenfeld Barry , Scher Howard , Slovin Susan , Morris Michael , O'Shea Noelle , Arauz Gabrielle , Breitbart William 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:Fatigue is a highly prevalent and clinically significant symptom of advanced prostate cancer. To date, however, there are no published controlled trials of interventions for fatigue in men with prostate cancer.METHODS:This 6‐week, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled design evaluated the efficacy of methylphenidate to treat fatigue in prostate cancer patients. Inclusion criteria included men with advanced prostate cancer and the presence of moderate to severe fatigue. Patients with major depression, hypothyroidism, uncontrolled hypertension, arrhythmia, or anemia were excluded. Fatigue levels, blood pressure, pulse, and other safety concerns were monitored regularly.RESULTS:Thirty‐two subjects were randomized to methylphenidate (n = 16) or placebo (n = 16). Brief Fatigue Inventory total scores significantly decreased for both groups; however, the methylphenidate group, as compared with placebo, reported greater decrease on Brief Fatigue Inventory severity scores (P = .03) and a trend toward greater decrease on Brief Fatigue Inventory total scores (P = .07). A significantly greater number of subjects in the methylphenidate group versus the placebo group demonstrated clinically significant improvement in fatigue on total Brief Fatigue Inventory scores (7 of 10 vs 3 of 13) and Brief Fatigue Inventory severity scores (8 of 10 vs 3 of 13). Importantly, 6 subjects in the methylphenidate group discontinued because of increased blood pressure or tachycardia. There were no serious adverse events.CONCLUSIONS:Methylphenidate is effective in treating fatigue in men with prostate cancer; however, oncologists need to monitor for possible pulse and blood pressure elevations. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Use of white blood cell growth factors and risk of acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome among elderly patients with non‐Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Gruschkus Stephen K. , Lairson David , Dunn J. Kay , Risser Jan , Du Xianglin L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND.The current study was conducted to evaluate the association between colony‐stimulating factor (CSF) use and the risk of developing therapy‐related myelodysplastic syndromes or acute myeloid leukemia (t‐MDS/AML) among a large cohort of elderly patients with non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) who were treated with chemotherapy.METHODS.A total of 13,203 NHL patients were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results‐Medicare database who were diagnosed from 1992 through 2002. Patients were followed from their initial chemotherapy date until the date they were diagnosed with t‐MDS/AML, death, or last follow‐up (October 31, 2006), whichever occurred first.RESULTS.Overall, 40% (n = 5266) of patients received CSF. During the follow‐up period (median follow‐up, 2.9 years [range, 1‐14.7 years]), 272 (5.2%) patients who were treated with CSF developed t‐MDS/AML, compared with 230 (2.9%) patients who did not (P < .0001, log‐rank test). The 5‐year incidence of t‐MDS/AML for patients receiving CSF was 14.1 per 1000 person‐years compared with 8.3 per 1000 person‐years for patients not receiving CSF. In a multivariable Cox regression analysis adjusted for gender, histology, stage, comorbidities, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy agent, CSF use was found to be independently associated with a 53% increased risk of t‐MDS/AML (hazard ratio [HR], 1.53; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.26‐1.84). The observed association between CSF use and t‐MDS/AML persisted across histologic subgroups (ie, diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, and others). Patients who received both CSF and antimetabolite chemotherapy were found to have a 2.5‐fold increased risk of t‐MDS/AML (HR, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.91‐3.26) compared with patients who received neither agent.CONCLUSIONS.The current study, which to our knowledge is the first large population‐based study published to date, demonstrated that the administration of CSF among elderly NHL patients receiving chemotherapy was associated with an increased risk of t‐MDS/AML, although the absolute risk was low. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
One‐ and Two‐Dimensional Inorganic Crystals inside Inorganic Nanotubes
Authors: Hong Sung You , Kreizman Ronen , Rosentsveig Rita , Zak Alla , Sloan Jeremy , Enyashin Andrey N. , Seifert Gotthard , Green Malcolm L. H. , Tenne Reshef 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVarious inorganic salts can be encapsulated inside the comparatively narrow (0.8–2 nm) hollow core of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) by molten phase capillary wetting. A new synthetic strategy is presented allowing the formation of one dimensional (1D) inorganic crystals or core–shell nanotubular structures by using multiwall WS2 nanotubes as host templates. Molten phase wetting with CsIresults in the formation of 1D crystal structures inside WS2 nanocapillaries with a Moiré pattern. The relatively large diameter of the WS2 nanotube (with inner and outer diameters of ca. 10 and 20 nm, respectively), allows a conformal folding of the guest PbI2 layers (PbI2@WS2 core–shell nanotubes) on the interior wall of the WS2 nanotube‐template, thus leading to relatively defect‐free core–shell inorganic nanotubular structures, which have not been previously observed within carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Core–shell WS2@MoS2 nanotubes can be obtained by the gas‐phase reaction of MoCl5 with sulfur in the presence of WS2 nanotubes. The mechanism of imbibition/solidification of the molten salt into the hollow cores of MoS2 nanotubes has been studied by molecular dynamics simulations, showing major differences between layered compounds and those with quasi‐isotropic structure. Theoretical considerations also show the conditions for the stability of such core–shell 1D nanostructures. These new strategies can open up many possibilities for the synthesis of new nanotubular structures.
Explicit finite‐element analysis for the in‐plane cyclic behavior of unreinforced masonry structures
Authors: Karapitta Lucia , Mouzakis Harris , Carydis Panayotis 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA simple constitutive model is proposed for an in‐plane numerical analysis of unreinforced masonry structures, which are subject to cyclic loading, by using explicit dynamic procedures. The proposed model is implemented by using two‐dimensional plane‐stress finite elements. Three different constitutive relations that are based on the total strain in the global material system are used. Cracking and crushing are controlled through normal strains, whereas shear is controlled through shear strain. Separate hysteretic rules are adopted for each mode of damage. A numerical analysis of masonry walls that are subject to cyclic loading has demonstrated that the use of explicit procedures in conjunction with the proposed model results in an acceptable accuracy when compared with the experimental results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of interface material on the performance of free rocking blocks
Authors: ElGawady Mohamed A. , Ma Quincy , Butterworth John W. , Ingham Jason 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on the rocking behavior of rigid blocks. Two types of test specimens have been tested, namely M and C types. Nine blocks of the M type and two blocks of the C type with different aspect ratios were tested with varying initial rotational amplitudes and with different materials at the contact interface, namely concrete, timber, steel, and rubber. The results showed that the interface material has significant influence on the free rocking performance of the blocks. Blocks tested on rubber had the fastest energy dissipation followed by concrete and timber bases, respectively. Analysis of the test results has shown that the energy dissipation in the case of tests on a rubber base is a continuous mechanism whereas in the case of tests on rigid bases, i.e. timber and concrete, energy dissipation is a discrete function. Finally, the rocking characteristics of the blocks were calculated using piecewise equations of motion and numerical analysis. It was possible to predict the correct free rocking amplitude response when a reliable value for the coefficient of restitution was used. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neurogranin, a link between calcium/calmodulin and protein kinase C signaling in synaptic plasticity
Authors: Díez‐Guerra F. Javier 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNeurogranin (Ng) (also named RC3, p17 or BICKS) is a small protein originally identified in rat brain and abundantly expressed in several telencephalic areas, such as the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and striatum. In neurons, it is found concentrated at dendritic spines where it participates in synaptic signaling events through the regulation of calmodulin (CaM) availability. Ng features an IQ motif that mediates its interaction with CaM and phosphatidic acid (PA) and that is phosphorylated by protein kinase C (PKC) at serine 36 (Ser36). Ser36‐phosphorylated Ng is unable to bind either CaM or PA. Ng knockout mice display an apparently normal phenotype; however, they show severe deficits in spatial and emotional learning and a decrease in LTP induction, mostly due to the attenuation of the signaling that depends on calcium/CaM kinase II (CaMKII), PKC, and protein kinase A (PKA) activation. The present review is an update on the most relevant information about Ng expression, localization, interactions, and modifications as well as on its role in synaptic plasticity. © 2010 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 62(8): 594–606, 2010.