bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Managing blood glucose during and after exercise in Type 1 diabetes: reproducibility of glucose response and a trial of a structured algorithm adjusting insulin and carbohydrate intake
Authors: Kilbride Lynn , Charlton Jacqui , Aitken Gillian , Hill Gordon W , Davison Richard CR , McKnight John A 
Published: September 2011

Aims and objectives.  To enable people with Type 1 diabetes to exercise safely by investigating the reproducibility of the glucose response to an algorithm for carbohydrate and insulin adjustment during and after exercise compared to their self‐management strategies.Background.  Difficulties in managing blood glucose levels in Type 1 diabetes whilst exercising is known to deter people from exercise. Currently there is a limited evidence base to aid health care professionals enable people with diabetes to exercise safely. This study seeks to address this gap.Design.  A quasi‐experimental study was undertaken amongst people with Type 1 diabetes.Methods.  Over 14 days, 14 participants undertook four exercise sessions (40 minutes at 50%VO2max). Two sessions were undertaken in week 1 self‐managing their diabetes and two sessions in week 2 using an algorithm for carbohydrate and insulin adjustment.Results.  The mean reduction of glucose levels detected by Continuous Glucose Monitoring during exercise was 3·1 (SD 2·03) mmol/l. Time spent within the range of 4–9 mmol/l during exercise was not significantly different between the self‐managed and the algorithm weeks (−3–22·4 min). The mean reduction of blood glucose for each individual over all four exercise sessions ranged between 0·8–5·95 mmol/l. The technical error between days one and two was 2·4 mmol/l (CV = 33·2%) and between days 3–4 the technical error was 2·7 mmol/l (CV = 33·7%).Conclusions.  The results provide useful data about the reproducibility of the blood glucose response to moderate intensity exercise, despite the variability of individual responses 40 minutes of moderate intensity exercise decreases Continuous Glucose Monitoring glucose by 3 mmol/l with or without a 30% decrease of insulin before exercise.Relevance to clinical practice.  This information provides valuable baseline information for people with diabetes and health care professionals who wish to encourage physical activity and undertake further research in this area.
Patients’ and nurses’ perceptions of individualised care: an international comparative study
Authors: Suhonen Riitta , Efstathiou Georgios , Tsangari Haritini , Jarosova Darja , Leino‐Kilpi Helena , Patiraki Elisabeth , Karlou Chryssoula , Balogh Zoltan , Papastavrou Evridiki 
Published: September 2011

Aim.  The aim of this study was to compare patients’ and nurses’ perceptions of individualised care in five European countries, the Czech Republic, Cyprus, Finland, Greece and Hungary.Background.  Individualised nursing care has been studied from both patients’ and nurses’ perspectives, but to date, there are no studies comparing these perspectives internationally.Methods.  A cross‐sectional comparative survey design was used. Data were collected from nurses (n = 960; response rate, 79%) and patients (n = 1315; response rate, 78%) in 71 surgical units from 26 acute hospitals in 2009. Data were collected using two Individualised Care Scales (ICS‐Nurse and ICS‐Patient) and analysed statistically using descriptive and inferential statistics.Results.  Differences in patients’ and nurses’ assessments of individualised nursing care were found between each country. Nurses, compared with patients, assessed that they supported patient individuality more often. The Meannurses ranged from 3·61 (SD 0·90, Greece)–4·31 (SD 0·53, Hungary), and the Meanpatients ranged from 3·05 (SD 1·09, Greece)–3·79 (SD 1·00, Cyprus). To a large extent, the care provided was individualised as defined by the Meannurses 3·75 (SD 0·92, Greece)–4·36 (SD 0·49, Hungary) and the Meanpatients 3·41 (SD 0·95, Greece)–4·18 (SD 0·79, Cyprus). In Cyprus and Finland, patients’ assessments of the individuality in their care corresponded well with nurses’ assessments. Clear between‐country differences in both patients’ and nurses’ assessments were found in both subscales of the ICS.Conclusions.  An in‐depth analysis of the European between‐country differences is required to define the causes of differences that may be due to the differing content of education, the organisation of nursing work, ideology and values assigned to individualised care and health care systems and processes in each country.Relevance to clinical practice.  Obtaining both patients’ and nurses’ assessments of individualised care may facilitate the further development of individualised nursing care and be used to help to harmonise European health care processes and nursing care.
Beliefs about health and illness in Swedish and African‐born women with gestational diabetes living in Sweden
Authors: Hjelm Katarina , Berntorp Kerstin , Apelqvist Jan 
Published: September 2011

Aims.  This paper is a report on a study exploring beliefs about health and illness in women with gestational diabetes born in Sweden and Africa living in Sweden. A further aim is to study the influence of beliefs on self‐care and care seeking.Background.  Extensive global migration leading to multicultural societies implies challenges to health care. Health/illness beliefs are culturally related and determine health‐related behaviour, including self‐care, which is crucial in management of gestational diabetes. The risk of developing gestational diabetes is increased in migrants, particularly of African origin, when residing in Western countries. No previous studies, except one, have been found comparing health/illness beliefs in women with gestational diabetes of different origin.Design.  Exploratory descriptive study.Methods.  Semi‐structured interviews. Consecutive sample of women diagnosed with gestational diabetes, 13 born in Sweden and 10 born in Africa, from a diabetes clinic in Sweden. Qualitative content analysis of data was applied.Results.  Beliefs were mainly related to individual and social factors. Health was described as freedom from disease and being healthy. Swedish women perceived heredity and hormonal changes as causing gestational diabetes, avoided work‐related stress, had a healthy lifestyle, worried about the baby’s health and development of type 2 diabetes, sought information, used more medications and health care and were on sick‐leave more often because of pregnancy‐related problems than African women, who did not know the cause of gestational diabetes, had a passive self‐care attitude and followed prescriptions, often reported being told by staff that gestational diabetes would disappear after delivery and stated more pregnancy‐related problems which they treated with rest or watchful waiting.Conclusions.  Health/illness beliefs differed and affected self‐care and care seeking. Lower risk awareness in African‐born women was related to limited knowledge about the body and gestational diabetes, which was further amplified by healthcare professionals informing them about gestational diabetes being transient.Relevance to clinical practice.  Individual beliefs and risk awareness must be elicited, and adequate information must be given to prevent negative health effects of gestational diabetes.
Feeling out of control: a qualitative analysis of the impact of bipolar disorder
Authors: CROWE M. , INDER M. , CARLYLE D. , WILSON L. , WHITEHEAD L. , PANCKHURST A. , O'BRIEN A. , JOYCE P. 
Published: September 2011

Accessible summary
Bipolar disorder is a serious and recurrent mental disorder.
The patients interviewed for this study described feeling out of control as one of the main impacts of the disorder.
Mental health nurses can utilise strategies to facilitate a sense of control for people who experience bipolar disorder.
AbstractBipolar disorder is a chronic and recurrent disorder with fluctuating symptoms. Few patients with bipolar disorder experience a simple trajectory of clear‐cut episodes, with recovery typically occurring slowly over time. The chronic and disabling course of the disorder has a marked impact on the person's functioning and relationships with others. The objectives of this study were to investigate the impact of bipolar disorder on the lives of people diagnosed with this disorder. The method used was a general inductive qualitative approach. Twenty‐one participants were interviewed between 2008 and 2009 about how they had experienced the impact of bipolar disorder. The interviews were audio‐taped and transcribed. The core theme that emerged was the participants were feeling out of control. Their own reactions and the reactions of others to the symptoms of bipolar disorder contributed to this core theme. The core theme was constituted by feeling overwhelmed, a loss of autonomy and felling flawed. Mental health nurses can help facilitate a sense of personal control for people with bipolar disorder by exploring what the symptoms mean for that person and implementing strategies to manage the symptoms, address social stigma and facilitate active involvement in treatment.
Lack of efficacy of long‐term, low‐dose azithromycin in chronic rhinosinusitis: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Videler W. J. , Badia L. , Harvey R. J. , Gane S. , Georgalas C. , van der Meulen F. W. , Menger D. J. , Lehtonen M. T. , Toppila‐Salmi S. K. , Vento S. I. , Hytönen M. , Hellings P. W. , Kalogjera L. , Lund V. J. , Scadding G. , Mullol J. , Fokkens W. J. 
Published: September 2011

To cite this article: Videler WJ, Badia L, Harvey RJ, Gane S, Georgalas C, van der Meulen FW, Menger DJ, Lehtonen MT, Toppila‐Salmi SK, Vento SI, Hytönen M, Hellings PW, Kalogjera L, Lund VJ, Scadding G, Mullol J, Fokkens WJ. Lack of Efficacy of long‐term, low‐dose azithromycin in chronic rhinosinusitis: a randomized controlled trial. Allergy 2011; 66: 1457–1468.AbstractBackground:  In persistent chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), conventional treatment is often insufficient. Long‐term, low‐dose administration of macrolides has been suggested as a treatment option. The MACS (Macrolides in chronic rhinosinusitis) study is a randomized placebo‐controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of azithromycin (AZM) in CRS.Methods:  We describe a group of patients with recalcitrant CRS with and without nasal polyps unresponsive to optimal medical and (in 92% also) surgical treatment. Patients were treated with AZM or placebo. AZM was given for 3 days at 500 mg during the first week, followed by 500 mg per week for the next 11 weeks. Patients were monitored until 3 months post‐therapy. The assessments included Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test‐22 (SNOT‐22), a Patient Response Rating Scale, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Short Form‐36 (SF‐36), rigid nasal endoscopy, peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF), Sniffin’ Sticks smell tests and endoscopically guided middle meatus cultures.Results:  Sixty patients with a median age of 49 years were included. Fifty per cent had asthma and 58% had undergone revision sinus surgery. In the SNOT‐22, Patient Response Rating Scale, VAS scores and SF‐36, no significant difference between the AZM and the placebo groups was demonstrated. Nasal endoscopic findings, PNIF results, smell tests and microbiology showed no relevant significant differences between the groups either.Conclusion:  At the investigated dose of AZM over 3 months, no significant benefit was found over placebo. Possible reasons could be disease severity in the investigated group, under‐dosage of AZM and under‐powering of the study. Therefore, more research is urgently required.
Hematopoietic progenitor cells are innate Th2 cytokine‐producing cells
Authors: Allakhverdi Z. , Delespesse G. 
Published: September 2011

To cite this article: Allakhverdi Z, Delespesse G. Hematopoietic progenitor cells are innate Th2 cytokine‐producing cells. Allergy 2012; 67: 4–9.AbstractTypically, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) reside within the bone marrow (BM) where they give rise to all hematopoietic populations. However, HSPCs also constantly egress from the BM into the blood and circulate through the peripheral tissues where upon encounter with inflammatory stimuli and epithelial cell‐derived cytokines they rapidly release very high levels of Th2 cytokines/chemokines and differentiate into Th2 effector cells. The novel concept of the dual function of HSPCs as hematopoietic precursors and potent Th2 cytokine producers has important clinical implications in various inflammatory conditions, including allergic diseases.
Grapevine Viruses in the Atacama Region of Chile
Authors: Fiore Nicola , Zamorano Alan , Rivera Lucia , González Flor , Aballay Erwin , Montealegre Jaime , Pino Ana María 
Published: September 2011

AbstractVineyards in the Atacama region in Chile were surveyed from 2007 to 2009 for the presence of viruses. This region is an important area of table grape production, supplying international markets with its fruits in the off season of the Northern Hemisphere. Reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) assay was used to detect the most economically important grapevine viruses in 1000 samples, including symptomatic and asymptomatic plants. The rate of positive samples was 8.8% for Grapevine leafroll‐associated virus 1 (GLRaV‐1), 46.8% for Grapevine leafroll‐associated virus 2 (GLRaV‐2), 9.1% for Grapevine leafroll‐associated virus 3 (GLRaV‐3), 12.3% for Grapevine virus A (GVA), 30.7% for Grapevine fleck virus (GFkV) and 9.6% for Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV). Overall virus infection was 68.7%. DNA sequencing confirmed the identification of viruses in selected samples, and comparative analysis indicated that Chilean isolates have moderate‐to‐high molecular identities with corresponding virus reference strains selected from GenBank. The high level of viral infection observed indicates that viruses are involved in decreasing table grape production in the region. This is the first extensive virus survey performed in the Atacama region, is also the first study of genetic comparison of grapevine viruses developed in South America with a wide spectrum of viruses and isolates and provides an assessment of grapevine viruses on table grape.
A case of adrenal insufficiency secondary to syphilis and difficulties in the diagnostic work‐up
Authors: Gnanasegaram Maneka , Coutts Ian 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTWe report a case of Addison's disease presumed to be secondary to syphilis. The patient presented with adrenal failure and a maculopapular rash on his trunk and palms. Syphilis was suspected but the non‐treponemal serological test used (the rapid plasma reagin test (RPR)) was falsely negative due to the prozone phenomenon. Treatment with benzathine penicillin resulted in normalization of adrenal function and resolution of the cutaneous findings. Repeat testing of the previously obtained serum sample showed the RPR to be positive on increasing dilutions of serum, consistent with the prozone effect.
Human papillomavirus in adolescents: Lessons learned from decades of evaluation
Authors: Jayasinghe Yasmin L , Moore Elya E , Tabrizi Sepehr N , Grover Sonia R , Garland Suzanne M 
Published: September 2011

AbstractKnowledge regarding the natural history of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and its clinical sequelae in adolescents has increased significantly over the last decade; as a result, there have been world‐wide recommendations for less aggressive Pap screening and management of cervical dysplasias in young women. It is important that adolescent health providers understand these issues, as knowledge of HPV and its sequelae in the Australian community is limited, despite the introduction of a national immunisation programme. Parents and young women have expressed a desire for further information to make informed choices. This paper reviews the natural history of HPV infection in adolescents and the evidence behind new conservative guidelines for cervical screening, plus prophylactic vaccination in young women.
Strophiole of seeds of the black locust acts as a water gap
Authors: KARAKI TAKAYUKI , WATANABE YOKO , KONDO TETSUYA , KOIKE TAKAYOSHI 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn Japan the black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is undergoing rapid habitat expansion, which has an adverse effect on native vegetation. It is therefore a priority to clarify the regeneration characteristics of the black locust and establish adequate management of this invasive species in Japan. To determine the germination characteristics of physically dormant black locust seeds, we observed anatomical features of the seed coat and identified the water gap that acts as a signal detector. Our microscopic observations showed that seed coats of this species had hilum, micropyle and strophiole. The anatomical features of these regions correspond to the general characteristics of papilionoid legume seeds. Based on our microscopic observations, water absorption blocking experiments and a dye tracking experiment, we identified the strophiole as a water gap in black locust seeds. Our results suggest that the opening of the strophiole is important for water uptake to the embryo and subsequent germination of black locust seeds under natural conditions.
Identifying the residual stress field developed by hole cold expansion using finite element analysis
Authors: HOUGHTON S. J. , CAMPBELL S. K. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThe split sleeve cold expansion process is a cost effective method of enhancing the fatigue performance of aircraft fastener holes. However, the 3‐D nature of the induced residual stress fields is not fully understood. For this research, 2‐D and 3‐D models with uniform hole expansion and 3‐D models with expansion produced by contact with a rigid mandrel were developed. The models’ relative capabilities of capturing the residual stress fields were then evaluated. The residual stress profiles varied significantly through the thickness of the workpiece and were also strongly influenced by the direction of mandrel motion. Therefore the uniform expansion models were inadequate. The 3‐D contact models indicate that the mandrel entry face is the critical fatigue location, reporting the lowest circumferential compressive stresses adjacent to the hole. The effect of varying the frictional coefficient and plastic hardening laws were also investigated using the 3‐D contact models.
Cavernous smooth muscle hyperplasia in a rat model of hyperlipidaemia‐associated erectile dysfunction
Authors: Qiu Xuefeng , Fandel Thomas M. , Lin Guiting , Huang Yun‐Ching , Dai Yu‐Tian , Lue Tom F. , Lin Ching‐Shwun 
Published: September 2011

Study Type – Aetiology (case control)Level of Evidence 3bWhat’s known on the subject? and what does the study add?Increased cavernous smooth muscle content has been repeatedly observed in rat models of hyperlipidaemia – associated erectile dysfunction. This study shows that the increased smooth muscle content is due to hyperplasia.OBJECTIVE• To investigate the structural changes, including possible smooth muscle hyperplasia, in the penis of a hyperlipidaemia‐associated erectile dysfunction (ED) animal model.MATERIALS AND METHODS• Hyperlipidaemia was induced in rats through a high‐fat diet.• Penile tissues of normal and hyperlipidaemic rats were stained with Alexa‐488‐conjugated phalloidin and/or with antibodies against rat endothelial cell antigen, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and collagen type IV (Col‐IV) before image and statistical analyses were carried out.• The main outcome measures were the smooth muscle, endothelial, Col‐IV and nNOS content of the corpus cavernosum.RESULTS• Phalloidin intensely stained all smooth muscle in the penis, revealing the circular and longitudinal components of cavernous smooth muscle (CSM).• The CSM content was significantly higher in the hyperlipidaemic than in the normal rats (P < 0.05).• Cell numbers in both circular and longitudinal CSM were significantly higher in the hyperlipidaemic than in the normal rats (P < 0.05).• Cavernous endothelial content was significantly lower in hyperlipidaemic than in normal rats (P < 0.05).• nNOS‐positive nerves within the dorsal nerves, around the dorsal arteries, and in the corpora cavernosa were all significantly lower in the hyperlipidaemic than in the normal rats (P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONS• Hyperlipidaemia is associated with reduced nNOS‐positive nerves, reduced endothelium, and increased CSM in the penis.• The increased CSM is attributable to hyperplasia.• These structural changes may explain why hyperlipidaemic men are more likely to develop ED.
Focal laser interstitial thermotherapy (LITT) at 980 nm for prostate cancer: treatment feasibility in Dunning R3327‐AT2 rat prostate tumour
Authors: Colin Pierre , Nevoux Pierre , Marqa Mohamad , Auger Florent , Leroy Xavier , Villers Arnauld , Puech Philippe , Mordon Serge , Betrouni Nacim 
Published: September 2011

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Focal ablation of prostate cancer by laser interstitial thermotherapy (LITT) consists of including a tissue necrosis by thermotherapy using diffusing laser fitres located in the prostate. Because of its compatibility with magnetic resonance imaging, LITT offers the advantage in terms of lesion targeting and real‐time monitoring processing over other minimally invasive techniques using transrectal ultrasound. Moreover, the feasibility of MRI thermometry allows real‐time monitoring of LITT treatment.Our study proves reproducibility of laser interstitial thermotherapy at 980 nm in homogenous prostate cancer model.OBJECTIVE
To examine the feasibility and reproducibility of laser interstitial thermotherapy (LITT) as a minimally invasive method for the treatment of prostate cancer.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Heterotopic tumours of prostatic adenocarcinoma (Dunning R3327‐AT2) were induced in 10 male Copenhagen rats.
After preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a 10‐mm cylindrical diffusing fibre developed by our research department was inserted under ultrasonographic guidanceinto the tumour.
LITT was performed with a 980‐nm diode laser (power 5 W) for75 s (fluence rate of 1145 J/cm2).
Non‐enhanced T2‐weighted and dynamic gadolinium‐enhanced T1‐weighted MRI examinations were performed at baseline, 1 and 48 h after the procedure and correlated with histological findings.
RESULTS
The necrosis lesions induced by LITT were visible on MRI.
The mean (SD) ellipsoid necrosis volumes were 0.748 (0.075) mL at 1 h and 0.982 (0.052) mL at 48 h after the LITT procedure, and significantly different (P < 0.001).
Histological analysis showed a strong correlation (r = 0.87) with the mean necrosis volume obtained by MRI at 48 h after LITT.
CONCLUSIONS
In a prostatic adenocarcinoma model, 980‐nm LITT induces reproducible necrosis volumes.
Further characterization of the response to LITT in an animal model and in human tissues will be important in establishing the efficacy of the procedure for prostate cancer focal therapy.