bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sugar Beet Performance and Interactions with Planting Date, Genotype, and Harvest Date
Authors: Lauer Joseph G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractProducers and processors have lengthened the sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) factory campaign by beginning harvest about 1 mo earlier. Agronomic practices may need to be adjusted to maximize yield and quality of sugar beet harvested earlier. The objective was to describe yield and quality relationships between dates of planting and harvest among 18 sugar beet genotypes. The experiment was conducted at the University of Wyoming Research and Extension Center near Powell, WY, during 1992 and 1993 on a Garland clay loam (fine‐loamy over sandy or sandy‐skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Haplargids). Treatments consisted of five planting dates between 30 March and 8 June, and four harvest dates every 2 wk beginning 10 September. When averaged across all years, genotypes, and harvest dates, a delay in emergence of 46 d decreased root yield 38% (from 52.5 to 32.3 Mg ha−1), sugar content 4% (183 to 175 g kg−1), and recoverable sucrose 42% (9.25 to 5.34 Mg ha−1). Delaying planting 46 d increased loss to molasses by 21% (7.75 to 9.41 g kg−1). Root yield varied 18% among sugar beet genotypes (40.9–50.1 Mg ha−1), sugar content varied 6% (173–185 g kg−1), loss to molasses varied 13% (7.90–9.10 g kg−1), and recoverable sucrose varied 14% (7.14–8.33 Mg ha−1). Over the 43‐d harvest period, root yield increased 22% (from 41.1 to 50.2 Mg ha−1), sugar content 15% (165 to 190 g kg−1), and recoverable sucrose 45% (6.41 to 9.28 Mg ha−1). Over the harvest period, loss to molasses decreased 21% (from 9.10 to 7.12 g kg−1). The relationships for both yield and quality between planting and harvest dates was linear and nearly parallel. Genotypic differences for yield and quality were greatest on early planting dates as compared with later planting dates. Recoverable sucrose ranking of genotypes at the beginning of harvest was similar at the end of harvest. Producers should consider planting high root yield genotypes in early planted fields that are harvested late, thereby taking advantage of the entire growing season, and genotypes with average root yield and above‐average sugar content should be used for late planted or early harvested fields.
Phosphorus Nutrition Affects Wheat Response to Water Deficit
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Boem Flavio H. , Thomas Grant W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPlant leaf area affects both plant growth and yield. Although the effects of phosphorus and water availability on leaf area development have been studied as isolated factors, little work has been done on their possible interactions. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of both P and water availability on early leaf appearance and expansion in soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and to determine whether the effect of water deficit changes at each level of P nutrition and whether the soil water content affects plant P uptake. The soil was a Lonewood loam (fine‐loamy, siliceous, mesic Typic Hapludult), which had an available P level of 8.2 mg P kg−1 (Mehlich III). Additional P was applied at 0, 10 and 20 mg P kg−1 soil. Water treatments consisted of keeping soil‐water content at 80% (well watered) and 53% (stressed) of the 10 kPa soil‐water content. Plant development, leaf appearance and expansion, and stomatal resistance were measured during the experiment. At harvest (38 d after emergence), leaf area, aboveground biomass, and P concentration were measured. Phosphorus and water availability exhibited a significant interaction on tiller and leaf appearance, which were reduced by water stress but only at 0 applied P. As individual factors, P and water influenced different plant features. Lack of applied P decreased the rate of leaf appearance and, therefore, the final number of leaves and leaf area per plant. Water deficit reduced individual leaf area and, at 0 applied P, reduced rate of leaf appearance, number of simultaneously expanding leaves, and final number of leaves. Phosphorus uptake was increased only with added soil P, and not by water stress. The ability of plants to cope with mild water stress was enhanced by adequate P nutrition.
Efficacy of Treatments for Delaying Senescence of Wheat Leaves: I. Senescence under Controlled Conditions
Authors: Benbella Mohamed , Paulsen Gary M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSenescence of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaves is accelerated by high temperature during the critical grain filling period. Loss of leaf viability decreases grain yields and the response to production inputs. Studies were conducted under controlled conditions to identify treatments that might delay the rapid senescence induced by high temperature. Shoots of 30‐d‐old seedlings of ‘Nesma’ wheat were immersed in 0.1 mM solutions of kinetin, abscisic acid, or one of six mineral salts [0.1 mM Ca(NO3)2, NaH2PO4, K2SO4, KH2PO4, KNO3, or NH4H2PO4] and incubated at 20 and 30°C with continuous irradiance of 150 μmol m−2 s−1. Chlorophyll and free amino acid concentrations and crude protease enzyme activity were monitored over an 8‐d period as measures of shoot senescence. High temperature and abscisic acid generally increased all senescence processes, whereas kinetin and several mineral salts reduced the loss of chlorophyll and slowed the increases in amino acid concentration and protease activity compared with amounts in shoots incubated in distilled water. Mineral salts that contained N or P were usually most effective, particularly in countering rapid senescence at 30°C relative to 20°C. We conclude that senescence processes induced by high temperatures in detached shoots resemble those in whole plants and that the feasibility of delaying senescence by foliar application of selected compounds under field conditions merits investigation.
Golf Green Soil and Crown‐Level Temperatures under Winter Protective Covers
Authors: Dionne Julie , Dubé Pierre‐André , Laganière Marc , Desjardins Yves 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWinter protective covers are currently used in northern climates to mitigate winter damages on golf greens. Despite the critical importance of soil temperature on winter survival of golf greens, little information exists on the effects of commercially available protective covers on soil temperatures regimes during winter. This 3‐yr (1993–1996) field study was conducted to determine the influence of different winter protective covers on golf green soil temperature under two northern climate conditions (thick or thin snow cover). Six winter protection treatments were tested: permeable covers; impermeable covers; curled wood shavings mat, straw mulch, and 5 cm air space (each under an impermeable cover); and a control treatment without any protection. Daily climatological data and soil temperatures under protective covers were recorded at two experimental sites (Quebec City and St‐Lambert, Montreal, Canada). Throughout the winter seasons, soil temperatures under protective covers and control plots remained around 0°C under a thick and stable snow cover (average of 42 cm during experiment). Under .thin snow cover (average of 6 cm during experiment), minimum crown temperatures were markedly influenced by winter covers and reached a minimum over all years of −20.6, −19.5, −18.2, −11.1, −6.6,and −1.0°C for control, impermeable, permeable, curled wood mat, air space, and straw treatments, respectively. The insulating material covers (curled wood mat, air space, and straw) reduced soil temperature variation ranges, minimized the impact of freezing air temperature and thin snow cover, and consequently enhanced winter survival of golf greens under thin snow cover. Thus, depending on local conditions, and particularly on snow cover, the characteristics of specific protective covers can influence golf green soil temperatures and turfgrass survival during the overwintering period.
Soybean Weed Communities: Relationships with Cultural History and Crop Yield
Authors: de la Fuente Elba B. , Suárez Susana A. , Ghersa Claudio M. , León Rolando J. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCultural history and cropping systems create an environmental heterogeneity that determines variability in both crop yield and weed communities. Describing relationships between environmental heterogeneity, crop yield, and weed communities may be useful for making agricultural management decisions. We studied the weed communities of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] fields in the Rolling Pampa, Argentina, to identify floristic and functional (life cycles, origin, and morphotypes) structure in fields with different management practices, and to explore the association between weed species, cultural history, and crop yield. We surveyed 18 and 42 different fields in 1994 and 1995, respectively, in soybean cropped with conventional and notillage practices. In 1994, we recorded presence of weed species and in 1995 we recorded weed presence and abundance, and management information (type of tillage, number of agricultural cycles, grain yield, planting date, and weed control). We used multivariate analysis to examine relationships among variables. We distinguished four communities and eight floristic groups, related to crop yield and tillage system. The presence of Floristic Groups II [Oxalis chrysantha (Kunth) Prog., Sonchus oleraceus L., and Veronica persica Poir.], VII [Carduus acanthoides L., Stellaria media (L.) Vill., Physalis viscosa L., Taraxacum officinale Weber, and Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm.], and IV [Bidens subalternuns DC., Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten., and Cyperus sp. L.] may be an indicator of high potential crop yield (low soil degradation), and their absence may be an indicator of low potential crop yield (increasing soil degradation). Functional structure (life cycles, origin, and morphotypes) was similar between communities, indicating that agroecosystems preserve function, despite management practices. The main variables explaining weed distribution in the surveyed region were tillage system, crop yield, planting date, and the number of agricultural cycles.
Gaseous Ammonia Losses from Urea Solutions Applied as a Foliar Spray to Various Grass Sods
Authors: Simpson D. M. H. , Melsted S. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe gaseous loss of NH3 from urea applied to plant sods was studied under laboratory conditions, using various grasses which had been grown in pots under greenhouse conditions. Spray applications of N15‐ and C14‐labeled urea solutions equivalent to 50, 100, and 150 pounds of N per acre were made to the potted plant samples which had been transferred to a bell‐jar apparatus. Care was taken to spray as much of the solution as possible directly on the plant foliage. The total amount of NH3 lost through volatilization, as measured over a period of 8 to 10 days, increased with increasing rates of application. Losses ranged from about 0.5 pounds per acre with a 50‐pound application to about 45 pounds with the 150‐pound application. A lag period of 2 to 3 days occurred before any measurable quantity of NH3 was lost from any of the plants, with the exception of bluegrass. The greatest amount of urea hydrolysis, as measured by C14O2 evolution, occurred during this 2‐ to 3‐day period. The amount of NH3 lost and the rate of urea hydrolysis were influenced somewhat by the type of sod to which urea was applied. In most cases, there apparently was little or no direct relationship between C14O2 evolution and the NH3 lost.
A Genesis Study of a Mohave Sandy Loam Profile
Authors: Buol S. W. , Yesilsoy M. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA Mohave sandy loam profile, representative of Red Desert soils, developed in the Avra Valley in southern Arizona was studied to determine its pedogenesis. A lithologic discontinuity was found at a depth of 60 inches which separates the soil profile from an underlying caliche layer. Only a weak and relatively recent carbonate accumulation is pedogenically associated with the present soil surface. Kaolinite and illite are the predominant clay minerals in the upper layer. Thin sections reveal few clay skins developed in the profile.
Physiological Activity of Hydrogen and Aluminum Clays and Resins
Authors: Polle E. O. , Jenny H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSuspensions of H‐clay and Al‐H‐clay severely depleted excised barley roots of K, Mg, and Ca. Clays with exchangeable H ions were much more harmful than clays with exchangeable aluminum ions. The clear filtrates of these clay suspensions were no more effective than distilled water. Soybeans growing in columns of Al‐Ca resin had severely stunted side roots whereas plants in the adjacent sand columns that received the effluent from the resin exhibited a proliferating root system.
The Movement of DDT in Forest Soil Solutions
Authors: Riekerk H. , Gessel S. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDDT was sprayed at two rates on a gravelly forest soil. Periodic leachate collections from tension lysimeters placed under the forest floor and surface soil have been analyzed by gas chromatography. Only five micrograms/dm2 DDT leached through surface soil, independent of rates of application. This represented less than 1% of applied DDT, indicating a highly sensitive technique.
Acetylene‐Ethylene Assay Studies on Excised Root Nodules of Myrica asplenifolia L.
Authors: Fessenden R. J. , Knowles R. , Brouzes R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe acetylene‐reducing activity of excised root nodules of Myrica asplenifolia L. [Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult.] was measured on a large number of samples both in the field and in the laboratory. The apparent Km for acetylene was determined to be 0.006 atm and was not significantly different in the presence or in the absence of 0.8 atm of N2. Maximum activity was obtained between 26 and 30C and between 0.15 and 0.25 atm O2. No significant diurnal fluctuation in activity could be detected. High variation (coefficient of variation ca. 50%) between replicate samples of field‐collected nodules was a consistent feature of estimates of acetylene‐reducing activity over a range of sites, sample weights, and sample numbers. Therefore, field‐collected nodules are unsuitable for physiological experiments unless the effect of the treatments on acetylene‐reducing activity is large. In ecological studies where field‐collected nodules must be used, extensive sampling is required to permit reliable estimates of the activity. The ratio of the rate of ethylene produced from acetylene to the rate of 15N2 incorporated was measured by exposing individual nodule samples sequentially to 15N2, then acetylene. The mean ratio for 24 samples was 3.14 ± 0.30.
Sampling Tool for Taking Undisturbed Soil Cores
Authors: Robertson W. K. , Pope P. E. , Tomlinson R. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA tool is described that can be attached to a commercially available soil sampler3 that will take undisturbed soil cores 15 cm diam and 75 cm long in corlon4 tubes. The tubes were sealed at the bottom with a sheet of plastic in which drainage tubes were inserted. Leaching studies could be made when tubes containing cores were placed on racks in the greenhouse. Further refinements include suction cups at regular intervals in the side of the column for nutrient movement studies and porous plates at the top and/or the bottom to make moisture tension in the profile similar to natural conditions.
Identification of Clay Minerals in Soil: The Effect of Sodium‐Pyrophosphate
Authors: Omueti J. A. I. , Lavkulich L. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of Na4P2O7 on soil clay minerals, layer silicate clays, and chloritized montmorillonite (synthetic) was investigated by x‐ray diffraction. The soil samples were treated with 30% H2O2, boiled, and water‐washed by centrifugation. The resulting organic‐free solids were dispersed as follows: shaken with 0.1 M Na4P2O7 · 10H2O for 16 h only; treated with dithionite‐citrate‐bicarbonate (DCB); and treated with DCB followed by 0.1 M Na4P2O7 · 10H2O. The 0.1 M Na4P2O7 · 10H2O treatment caused the peak at 1.403 nm in the soil samples to become enlarged, sharp, and move to 1.339 nm. Other sharp peaks were also produced at 0.666, 0.637, 0.590, 0.561, 0.444, and 0.334 nm. These peaks were not observed in the x‐ray diffractograms of kaolinite and halloysite, but those of montmorillonite, chloritized montmorillonite, and chlorite were very similar to those of the soils. Heat treatment at 100°C destroyed the 0.637‐, 0.590‐, and 0.561‐nm peaks in some of the soil clay samples. At 300° the remaining peaks disappeared suggesting that sharp peaks resulting from the 0.1 M Na4P2O7 treatment may be the result of mineral hydration. Some of these new peaks from 0.1 M Na4P2O7 treatment of soil clays, the 0.334‐nm peak for example, can be mistaken as indicative of quartz in samples that do not contain this mineral. Thus the continued use of this reagent for mineralogical studies is not recommended.
Microwave‐Assisted Dieckmann Reaction: Efficient One‐Step Synthesis of 2‐Aroylbenzofuran‐3‐ols
Authors: Zhou Zhong‐Zhen , Deng Yan‐Hong , Jiang Zhi‐Hong , Chen Wen‐Hua 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper describes the first efficient one‐step synthesis of 2‐aroylbenzofuran‐3‐ols from the microwave‐assisted Dieckmann reaction of substituted methylsalicylates with 2‐bromo‐1‐aroylethanones in alkaline aprotic solvents. This method features excellent yields, short reaction time (15 min) and high functional group compatibility, making it an efficient and practical approach for the synthesis of 2‐aroylbenzofuran‐3‐ols.
Continuous screening system for inhibited enzyme catalysis: A membrane reactor approach
Authors: Lyagin Evgenij , Drews Anja , Bhattacharya Subhamoy , Ansorge‐Schumacher Marion B. , Kraume Matthias 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe screening of catalysts, substrates or conditions in the early stages of bioprocess development requires an enormous number of experiments and is a tedious, expensive and time‐consuming task. Currently available screening systems can only be operated in batch or fed‐batch mode, which can lead to severe misinterpretations of screening results. For example, catalysts that are inhibited by substrates or accumulating products will be excluded from further investigations in the early stages of process development despite the fact that they might be superior to other candidates in a different operational mode. Important and advantageous properties such as turnover stability can also be overshadowed by product inhibition. The aim of this study was to develop a novel screening system that enables continuous feeding of substrates and continuous removal of products. A prototype based on the membrane reactor concept was designed and operated for a model reaction, the hydrolysis of cellulose.
Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of overnight switching from immediate‐ to once daily extended‐release pramipexole in early Parkinson's disease
Authors: Rascol Olivier , Barone Paolo , Hauser Robert A. , Mizuno Yoshikuni , Poewe Werner , Schapira Anthony H.V. , Salin Laurence , Sohr Mandy , Debieuvre Catherine ,   for the Pramipexole Switch Study Group
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe aim of this article is to test the feasibility, in early Parkinson's disease (PD), of an overnight switch from immediate‐release (IR) pramipexole to a new once‐daily extended‐release (ER) formulation. Nonfluctuating patients on pramipexole IR three‐times daily, alone or with levodopa, for early PD were randomly switched overnight to double‐blind IR three‐times daily (N = 52) or ER once‐daily (N = 104) at initially unchanged daily dosage. Successful switching (defined as no worsening >15% of baseline UPDRS II+III score and no drug‐related adverse event withdrawal) was assessed at 9 weeks, after optional dosage adjustments (primary endpoint), and at 4 weeks, before adjustment. Other secondary endpoints included adjusted mean changes from baseline in UPDRS scores and proportion of responders based on Clinical or Patient Global Impression (CGI/PGI). Absolute difference between percentage of successful switch to ER versus IR was tested for ER noninferiority, defined as a 95% confidence‐interval lower bound not exceeding −15%. At 9 weeks, 84.5% of the ER group had been successfully switched, versus 94.2% for IR. Noninferiority was not demonstrated, with a difference of −9.76% (95% CI: [−18.81%, +1.66%]). At 4 weeks, 81.6% of the ER group had been successfully switched, versus 92.3% for IR, a difference of −10.75% (95% CI: [−20.51%, +1.48%]). UPDRS changes and CGI/PGI analyses showed no differences between the groups. Both formulations were safe and well tolerated. Pramipexole ER was not equivalent to IR, but the difference was marginal. The fact that >80% of the patients successfully switched overnight at unchanged dosage shows that this practice was feasible in most patients. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Rapid motion correction in MR‐guided high‐intensity focused ultrasound heating using real‐time ultrasound echo information
Authors: de Oliveira Philippe Lourenço , de Senneville Baudouin Denis , Dragonu Iulius , Moonen Chrit T. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of integrating real‐time ultrasound echo guidance in MR‐guided high‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) heating of mobile targets in order to reduce latency between displacement analysis and HIFU treatment. Experiments on a moving phantom were carried out with MRI‐guided HIFU during continuous one‐dimensional ultrasound echo detection using separate HIFU and ultrasound imaging transducers. Excellent correspondence was found between MR‐ and ultrasound‐detected displacements. Real‐time ultrasound echo‐based target tracking during MR‐guided HIFU heating is shown with the dimensions of the heated area similar to those obtained for a static target. This work demonstrates that the combination of the two modalities opens up perspectives for motion correction in MRI‐guided HIFU with negligible latency. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interchromatin granule clusters of the scorpionfly oocytes contain poly(A)+ RNA, heterogeneous ribonucleoproteins A/B and mRNA export factor NXF1
Authors: Batalova Florina M , Bogolyubov Dmitry S , Parfenov Vladimir N 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIGCs (interchromatin granule clusters), or nuclear speckles, are one of the most universal subnuclear organelles of eukaryotic cells. We have used insect oocytes to study the possible association of poly(A)+ RNA and some factors involved in mRNA export with IGCs. Oogenesis of the mecopteran, Panorpa communis, used as a model object, is characterized by a strict cessation of oocyte genome transcription activity towards the end of oocyte growth. Our previous studies on P. communis oocyte nuclei have shown that oocyte IGC counterparts in this species are very unusual, both in morphology and molecular composition, compared with the typical IGCs of mammalian somatic cells traditionally used as a model system. We have now used microinjections of 2′‐O‐Me(U)22 probes conjugated with the fluorochrome TAMRA to localize poly(A)+ RNA in IGCs. RNA export proteins were also detected by immunofluorescent/confocal and immunogold labelling electron microscopy. We found that poly(A)+ RNA, hnRNPs A/B and NXF1 mRNA export factors are located in IGCs regardless of the transcriptional status of the nucleus. Our data support the idea of IGCs as universal and conserved nuclear domains that serve not only as splicing factor reservoirs, but also take part in mRNA retention and export.