bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ancient ‘gilded’ art objects from European cultural heritage: a review on different scales of characterization
Authors: Crina Anca Sandu I. , de Sá M. Helena , Pereira M. Costa 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis paper is a review on the studies performed through imaging and spectroscopy‐based analytical methods on ancient ‘gilded’ art‐objects (9th–19th centuries) from the European cultural heritage.The review takes into consideration the gilded surfaces in polychrome art objects (easel and mural paintings, polychrome wooden objects, gilt leather and parchment), thus meaning the materials and techniques of application of gold or its imitations (silver, copper leaves, other metal alloys) from technical, analytical and conservation points of view.The characterization of artistic gilded objects is important for establishing the compositional, structural, morphological and physical–chemical parameters useful for monitoring the conservation state, behavior and evolution in time of their aging/degradation/deterioration processes, the restoration treatments (cleaning, consolidation, retouching, varnishing) influence on the conservation state of the original materials and also for a rationale choice of methods and materials of intervention, compatible with the original ones.The analytical approach has, as main requirement, to be noninvasive and non‐ or microdestructive, therefore, sampling is to be avoided or reduced to a minimum. A wide range of imaging and spectroscopy‐based techniques is nowadays available from optical microscopy, UV fluorescence photography, IR reflectography, X‐radiography, thermography, to scanning/transmission/environmental electron microscopy (SEM/TEM, E‐SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), FTIR and Raman microscopy (micro‐FTIR, micro‐Raman), X‐ray spectrometry (WDXRF/EDXRF/TXRF, XPS), Ion Beam Analyses (PIXE/PIGE, RBS, SR), etc. The most reliable and complete information can be obtained from an integrated, complementary and interdisciplinary approach, but microscopy still remains one of the most used and efficient tools in the characterization of gilding materials and their application techniques. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The social amplification/attenuation of risk framework: application to climate change
Authors: Renn Ortwin 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe social experience of risk is not confined to the technical definition of risk, that is, the product of probability and magnitude. What human beings perceive as threat to their well‐being and how they evaluate probabilities and magnitudes of unwanted consequences is codetermined by values, attitudes, social influences, and cultural identity. This article introduces the social amplification of risk framework (SARF) and applies it to climate change. The SARF is based on the thesis that events pertaining to hazards interact with psychological, social, institutional, and cultural processes in ways that can heighten or attenuate individual and social perceptions of risk and shape risk behavior. Drawing upon the concept of social amplification of risk, this article investigates the mechanisms of amplification and attenuation in the climate change debate: it focuses first on the micro‐sociological and psychological literature on amplification and attenuation of individual responses (including behavior) in relation to climate change; and second on the application of functional resonance and common pool concepts to the intensity of societal concern and action, interpreted in the light of the SARF. WIREs Clim Change 2011 2 154–169 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.99This article is categorized under:

Perceptions, Behavior, and Communication of Climate Change > Social Amplification/Attenuation of Climate Risks
Polytomous Latent Scales for the Investigation of the Ordering of Items
Authors: Ligtvoet Rudy , van der Ark L. Andries , Bergsma Wicher P. , Sijtsma Klaas 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWe propose three latent scales within the framework of nonparametric item response theory for polytomously scored items. Latent scales are models that imply an invariant item ordering, meaning that the order of the items is the same for each measurement value on the latent scale. This ordering property may be important in, for example, intelligence testing and person-fit analysis. We derive observable properties of the three latent scales that can each be used to investigate in real data whether the particular model adequately describes the data. We also propose a methodology for analyzing test data in an effort to find support for a latent scale, and we use two real-data examples to illustrate the practical use of this methodology.
Unconscious transfer of meaning to brands
Authors: Galli Maria , Gorn Gerald 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWe examine semantic conditioning in a consumer context. We subliminally paired neutral ideographs with attributes. In experiment 1, the ideographs served as primes during a lexical decision task and slowed down response times to target words with the opposite semantic meaning. In experiment 2, the ideographs served as brand names of beverages, and attitudinal responses to them were less favorable when the associated attributes were incongruent with existing schemas. These results showed that semantic conditioning (1) can occur unconsciously, (2) can have significant and meaningful consequences for brand evaluation, and (3) influences subsequent attitudinal responses via conceptual disfluency processes.
Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors attenuate renal tubular apoptosis after partial unilateral ureteral obstruction: An experimental study
Authors: Akgül Turgay , Huri Emre , Yagmurdur Hatice , Ayyıldız Ali , Üstün Hüseyin , Germiyanoğlu Cankon 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors on renal tubular apoptosis and also on expressions of endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthases (eNOS and iNOS) in the ipsilateral kidney after partial unilateral ureteral obstruction (PUUO) in a rat model. Forty Wistar albino rats were divided into five groups. In Groups 1–4, left experimental PUUO was created. Sildenafil, vardenafil, and tadalafil were administrated to the rats of Groups 2–4, respectively. The pills were orally given to the rats for 30 days. Group 5 was defined as sham. After 30 days, all rats were sacrificed, and nephrectomy was performed. The renal specimens were examined histopathologically. Left hydroureteronephrosis was observed in Groups 1–4. Mean apoptotic cell count and eNOS and iNOS levels were significantly increased in Group 1 when compared with the other groups. The rats in Groups 2–4 showed significantly decreased apoptotic cell count and eNOS and iNOS values in the renal tubular tissue in accordance with Group 1 (p < 0.05). There were significant differences in apoptotic cell counts between sildenafil group and the other two study groups. The sildenafil group demonstrated lesser apoptotic cell count than the vardenafil (p = 0.021) and tadalafil (p = 0.009) groups. PUUO increases the renal tubular apoptosis and elevates NOS concentrations in renal tubular tissue after PUUO. Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors have a protective effect against the tubular apoptosis.
Maternal fish consumption, fetal growth and the risks of neonatal complications: the Generation R Study
Authors: Heppe Denise H. M. , Steegers Eric A. P. , Timmermans Sarah , Breeijen Hanneke den , Tiemeier Henning , Hofman Albert , Jaddoe Vincent W. V. 
Published: January 2011

Maternal fish consumption during pregnancy has been suggested to affect birth outcomes. Previous studies mainly focused on birth outcomes and did not study fetal growth during pregnancy. In a prospective cohort study from early pregnancy onwards in The Netherlands, we assessed the associations of first-trimester maternal total-fish, lean-fish, fatty-fish and shellfish consumption with fetal growth characteristics in the second and third trimesters, growth characteristics at birth and the risks of neonatal complications, including pre-term birth, low birth weight and small for gestational age. In total, 3380 mothers completed a 293-item semi-quantitative FFQ to obtain information about fish consumption during the first trimester of pregnancy. Head circumference, femur length and fetal weight were estimated in the second and third trimesters by ultrasound. Information about birth anthropometrics and neonatal complications was available from hospital and midwife registries. Maternal older age, higher educational level, folic acid supplement use, alcohol use and not smoking were associated with higher fish consumption (P < 0·01). After adjustment, we observed no consistent associations of maternal total-fish consumption or specific consumption of lean fish, fatty fish or shellfish with fetal growth characteristics in the second and third trimesters and at birth. Likewise, total-fish consumption or specific consumption of any type of fish was not consistently associated with the risks of neonatal complications. These findings suggest that in a population with a relatively low fish intake, consumption of lean fish, fatty fish or shellfish in the first trimester is not associated with fetal growth or the risks of neonatal complications.
Influence of dietary spices on thein vivoabsorption of ingested β-carotene in experimental rats
Authors: Veda Supriya , Srinivasan Krishnapura 
Published: January 2011

Animal studies were conducted to evaluate the influence of dietary spice compounds, piperine, capsaicin and ginger, on the absorption of orally administered β-carotene and its conversion to vitamin A. In rats maintained on these spice-containing diets for 8 weeks, concentrations of β-carotene and retinol were determined in the serum, liver and intestine 4 h after a single oral administration of β-carotene. β-Carotene concentration was significantly increased in the serum, liver and intestine of piperine- and ginger-fed rats, suggesting improved absorption of β-carotene. However, retinol concentration was not significantly changed in these animals, suggesting that the bioconversion of β-carotene to vitamin A was not similarly influenced. Between the two enzymes involved in the bioconversion of β-carotene to vitamin A, the activity of intestinal and hepatic β-carotene 15,15′-dioxygenase was either unaffected or lowered by these spice treatments. The activity of intestinal and hepatic retinal reductase was unaffected by the dietary spices. Activities of these two enzymes involved in the bioconversion of β-carotene to retinal were inhibited by the test spicesin vitro, thus corroborating with thein vivoobservation. Although the bioconversion of β-carotene was not promoted, increased absorption and tissue levels of β-carotene by the dietary spices may contribute to a higher antioxidant protection.
THE WATER RELATIONS AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS OF SUGAR CANE (SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM): A REVIEW
Authors: CARR M. K. V. , KNOX J. W. 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARYThe results of research on the water relations and irrigation needs of sugar cane are collated and summarized in an attempt to link fundamental studies on crop physiology to irrigation practices. Background information on the centres of production of sugar cane is followed by reviews of (1) crop development, including roots; (2) plant water relations; (3) crop water requirements; (4) water productivity; (5) irrigation systems and (6) irrigation scheduling. The majority of the recent research published in the international literature has been conducted in Australia and southern Africa. Leaf/stem extension is a more sensitive indicator of the onset of water stress than stomatal conductance or photosynthesis. Possible mechanisms by which cultivars differ in their responses to drought have been described. Roots extend in depth at rates of 5–18 mm d−1 reaching maximum depths of > 4 m in ca. 300 d providing there are no physical restrictions. The Penman-Monteith equation and the USWB Class A pan both give good estimates of reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo). The corresponding values for the crop coefficient (Kc) are 0.4 (initial stage), 1.25 (peak season) and 0.75 (drying off phase). On an annual basis, the total water-use (ETc) is in the range 1100–1800 mm, with peak daily rates of 6–15 mm d−1. There is a linear relationship between cane/sucrose yields and actual evapotranspiration (ETc) over the season, with slopes of about 100 (cane) and 13 (sugar) kg (ha mm)−1 (but variable). Water stress during tillering need not result in a loss in yield because of compensatory growth on re-watering. Water can be withheld prior to harvest for periods of time up to the equivalent of twice the depth of available water in the root zone. As alternatives to traditional furrow irrigation, drag-line sprinklers and centre pivots have several advantages, such as allowing the application of small quantities of water at frequent intervals. Drip irrigation should only be contemplated when there are well-organized management systems in place. Methods for scheduling irrigation are summarized and the reasons for their limited uptake considered. In conclusion, the ‘drivers for change’, including the need for improved environmental protection, influencing technology choice if irrigated sugar cane production is to be sustainable are summarized.
GRAFTING FOR IMPROVING NET PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF COFFEA ARABICA IN FIELD IN SOUTHEAST OF BRAZIL
Authors: NOVAES PAULA , SOUZA JOÃO PAULO , PRADO CARLOS HENRIQUE BRITTO ASSIS 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARYLeaf gas exchange and leaf water potential (Ψleaf) were measured seasonally on non-grafted and grafted Coffea arabica on Coffea canephora in the field to investigate whether grafting would be able to protect the carbon balance against the rise of in vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and air temperature (Tair) under future climate change. The net maximum photosynthetic rate obtained from the net photosynthesis (PN) curve as a function of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) in wet and dry periods was used to estimate the integrated potential diurnal net CO2 assimilation (IPPN) around midday. The difference between IPPN and the integrated values of PN during diurnal courses (IPN) was measured to test grafting as suitable practice for minimizing midday depression of PN. Higher values of PN in grafted plants around midday showed that grafting was important even when environmental conditions were favourable in field conditions. Reduced susceptibility of grafted plants to midday depression was revealed by lower values of Ψleaf associated with higher values of PN and leaf transpiration (E) on sunny days in summer and spring, and by higher values of stomatal conductance (gs) around midday in autumn, winter and spring. The differences of E, gs, PN and Ψleaf between non-grafted and grafted plants were higher in dry periods in winter and spring. In addition, the ratio IPN/IPPN in grafted was double that in non-grafted plants around midday in sunny summer and in spring. Indeed, PN and gs of non-grafted plants showed higher dependence on VPD than grafted ones. The lower susceptibility of grafted plants to water stress demonstrated the graft efficiency for increasing positive components of leaf carbon balance of C. arabica in the field, especially under high VPD in projected future climate conditions.
Cross-independence closure for statistical mechanics of fluid turbulence
Authors: TATSUMI TOMOMASA 
Published: January 2011

The infinite set of the Lundgren-Monin equations for the multi-point velocity distributions of fluid turbulence is closed by making use of the cross-independence closure hypothesis proposed by Tatsumi (Geometry and Statistics of Turbulence, 2001, p. 3), and the minimum deterministic set of equations is obtained as the equations for the one-point velocity distributionf, the two-point velocity distributionf(2)and the two-point local velocity distributionf(2)*. In practice, the two-point distributionsf(2)andf(2)* are more conveniently expressed in terms of the velocity-sum and -difference distributionsg+,g−andg+*,g−*, respectively.As an outstanding result, the energy dissipation rate is expressed in terms of the distributiong−which is mainly contributed from small-scale turbulent fluctuations, making clear analogy with the ‘fluctuation-dissipation theorem’ in non-equilibrium statistical mechanics.It is to be remarked that the integral moments of the equations for the distributionsfandf(2)give the equations for the mean flow and the mean velocity procducts of various orders, which are identical with the corresponding equations derived directly from the Navier--Stokes equation. This results clearly shows the exact consistency of the cross-independence closure and gives an overall solution for the classical closure problem concerning the mean velocity products since they are derived from the known distributions.Although the present work is confined to the two-point statistics of turbulence, the analysis can be extended to the higher-order statistics and even to turbulence in other fluids such as magneto and quantum fluids.
Multi-dimensional instability of solitary waves in ultra-relativistic degenerate dense magnetized plasma
Authors: MAMUN A. A. , DUHA S. S. , SHUKLA P. K. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe basic features and multi-dimensional instability of electrostatic solitary waves propagating in an ultra-relativistic degenerate dense magnetized plasma have been investigated by the reductive perturbation method and the small-k perturbation expansion technique. The Zakharov–Kuznetsov (ZK) equation has been derived, and its numerical solutions for some special cases have been analysed to identify the basic features (viz. amplitude, width, instability, etc.) of these electrostatic solitary structures. The implications of our results in some compact astrophysical objects, particularly white dwarfs and neutron stars, have been briefly discussed.
The impact of sediment deposition and iceberg scour on the Antarctic soft shell clam Laternula elliptica at King George Island, Antarctica
Authors: Philipp Eva E.R. , Husmann Gunnar , Abele Doris 
Published: January 2011

AbstractRecent rapid changes of air temperature on the western side of the Antarctic Peninsula results in increased sediment discharge and ice scouring frequencies in coastal regions. These changes are bound to especially affect slow growing, sessile filter feeders such as the Antarctic bivalve, Laternula elliptica, a long-lived and abundant key species with circumpolar distribution. We investigated the effect of sedimentation and ice scouring on small/young and large/old individuals at two closely located stations, distinctly influenced by both types of disturbance. Small individuals dealt better with disturbance in terms of their respiratory response to sediment exposure, reburrowing ability, and survival after injury, compared to larger animals. At the more disturbed station L. elliptica population density was lower, but larger animals reburrowed faster after iceberg disturbance and reduced their metabolic rate under strong sediment coverage, compared to larger animals of the less disturbed station, indicating that an adaptation or learning response to both types of disturbance may be possible. Smaller individuals were not influenced. Laternula elliptica seems capable of coping with the rapidly changing environmental conditions. Due to a decrease in population density and mean population lifespan, L. elliptica could however lose its key role in the bentho-pelagic carbon flux in areas of high sediment deposition.
Subtyping of Dengue Viruses using Return Time Distribution based Appproach
Authors: Kolekar Pandurang , Kale Mohan , Kulkarni-Kale Urmila 
Published: January 2011

AbstractDengue virus (DENV) is the causative agent of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever and Dengue Shock Syndrome, and continues to represent a major public health hazard. DENVs are antigenically classified in four serotypes and each serotype is further divided into respective genotypes. The association between DENV subtypes and the kind & severity of disease caused by them is known. Experimental and computational approaches for subtyping are routinely used for the purpose of diagnosis and treatment of DENV, in addition to the study of phylodynamics. All virus-specific molecular subtyping tools make use of sequence alignments at backend. But as the volume of molecular data increases, alignment-dependent methods become computationally intensive. Hence, the need for alternative efficient approaches for subtyping of viruses becomes apparent. Recently, the concept of Return time distribution (RTD) was proposed and validated for alignment-free clustering and molecular phylogeny. The RTD-based approach is extended here for the subtyping of DENVs.Subtyping methodology involves compilation of curated genomic data of known subtypes, computing RTD of these sequences at different levels of k-mers, derivation a distance matrix and clustering. The subtype of the unknown is predicted based on its clustering with known subtypes.Dataset consisting of 1359 DENV genomes with sequence identity (>92%) were clustered using the RTD based approach at k=5. Serotype specific clades, despite geographical and temporal variation in the dataset, were observed with 100% accuracy. The method was also found to be efficient in terms of time and implementation, apart from accuracy in the subtyping of DENV.
Denitrification regulatory phenotype, a new term for the characterization of denitrifying bacteria
Authors: Bergaust Linda , Bakken Lars R. , Frostegård Åsa 
Published: January 2011

Current knowledge of denitrification is based on detailed studies of a limited number of organisms. In most cases the importance of these paradigm species in natural ecosystems is questionable. Detailed phenotypic studies of a wider range of prokaryotes, both type strains and dominant denitrifiers isolated from complex systems, will aid the generation of more sophisticated mathematical models for the prediction of NO and N2O emission to the environment. However, in order to facilitate the comparison of a vast range of prokaryotes, phenotypic experiments and functional characteristics included should be standardized. In the present paper, we discuss the term DRP (denitrification regulatory phenotype) for describing a set of phenotypic traits and experimental conditions for the characterization of denitrifying organisms. This is exemplified by the contrasting DRP characteristics of the two well-studied denitrifiers Paracoccus denitrificans and Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
Nitrate and (per)chlorate reduction pathways in (per)chlorate-reducing bacteria
Authors: Oosterkamp Margreet J. , Mehboob Farrakh , Schraa Gosse , Plugge Caroline M. , Stams Alfons J.M. 
Published: January 2011

The reduction of (per)chlorate and nitrate in (per)chlorate-reducing bacteria shows similarities and differences. (Per)chlorate reductase and nitrate reductase both belong to the type II DMSO family of enzymes and have a common bis(molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide)molybdenum cofactor. There are two types of dissimilatory nitrate reductases. With respect to their localization, (per)chlorate reductase is more similar to the dissimilatory periplasmic nitrate reductase. However, the periplasmic, unlike the membrane-bound, respiratory nitrate reductase, is not able to use chlorate. Structurally, (per)chlorate reductase is more similar to respiratory nitrate reductase, since these reductases have analogous subunits encoded by analogous genes. Both periplasmic (per)chlorate reductase and membrane-bound nitrate reductase activities are induced under anoxic conditions in the presence of (per)chlorate and nitrate respectively. During microbial (per)chlorate reduction, molecular oxygen is generated. This is not the case for nitrate reduction, although an atypical reaction in nitrite reduction linked to oxygen formation has been described recently. Microbial oxygen production during reduction of oxyanions may enhance biodegradation of pollutants under anoxic conditions.