bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Suryŏng System as the Institution of Collectivist Development
Authors: Chung Young Chul 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
This article explains North Korea’s political framework as centered on suryŏng (supreme leader), in terms of domestic debates about the best developmental strategy to achieve the dual (and often contradictory) goals of building a “socialist utopia" and achieving economic development. In pursuit of these goals, the Korean Workers’ Party (KWP) has adopted a collectivist developmental strategy that places a premium on collective efforts and nonmaterial incentives. Several problems arose in the process of implementation, and the challenges of de-Stalinization from outside, and dogmatism and individualism from within, were particularly serious. The KWP responded with political projects to solidify the party and strengthen its unity with the public while privileging ideological incentives over material rewards. The series of choices eventually led to the establishment of the suryŏng system, in which Kim Il Sung (Kim Ilsŏng) occupied the central position of power around which the party and mass were organized. In the 1990s, when the suryŏng system faced particularly difficult challenges, Kim Jong Il (Kim Chŏngil) sought to institutionalize the system further by adopting the military-first policy, which placed the military at the center of the efforts to diffuse the suryŏng system’s normative values throughout the society.
The Rise and Demise of Industrial Agriculture in North Korea
Authors: Yu Chong-Ae 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Scholars conventionally suggest one of three causes for North Korea’s agricultural collapse in the mid-1990s: overall economic decline, deficiencies in the socialist collective system, or environmental disaster. In contrast to these explanations, each of which characterizes the North Korean agricultural collapse as an idiosyncratic failure, this article shows that this crisis can be attributed to the unsustainable nature of modern industrial agriculture, which has been rooted in a thoroughgoing implementation of the worldwide modernization project of the past century. From its outset, North Korea’s industrial agricultural production growth was predicated on the high consumption of petroleum used to produce agricultural chemicals and provide energy for mechanization and irrigation. While North Korea achieved substantial agricultural success during the first three decades of its industrialization, its methods produced an unsustainable level of physical and environmental externalities. The subsequent decline of the Soviet Union meant that North Korea’s need for synthetic agro-inputs could no longer be met, a state of affairs that led to the collapse of the 1990s. This analysis shows that the uniqueness of North Korea’s agricultural collapse lies not in the industrial agricultural methods used, but rather in their extremity. With a variety of analyses that indicate declining oil production in a context of increasing demand for petroleum energy, the North Korean case has implications for agriculture that extend well beyond the Korean peninsula.
Famine Relief, Social Order, and State Performance in Late Chosŏn Korea
Authors: Karlsson Anders 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Despite increased agricultural output, famine was a growing problem in late Chosŏn Korea, in terms of both frequency and scale. The Chosŏn state developed an elaborate system of tax exemptions and relief aid to deal with crop failure and famine. It is often argued, however, that state administration deteriorated in the nineteenth century due to neglect under the influence of so-called in-law politics. Based on an analysis of early nineteenth-century relief aid guidelines and relief grain procurement practices, this article argues that the deteriorating effects of in-law politics have been exaggerated. In fact, that state’s famine relief policies successfully and simultaneously addressed the two difficult tasks of helping a countryside increasingly afflicted by famine and of reproducing the existing social order in order to secure the state’s stability. The Chosŏn state carried out both of these tasks within the constraints of general fiscal difficulties.
Peripheral Influence: The Sinǔiju Student Incident of 1945 and the Impact of Soviet Occupation in North Korea
Authors: Cathcart Adam , Kraus Charles 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
This article examines the North Korean city of Sinǔiju during the era of Soviet occupation, focusing specifically on the Sinǔiju incident of 23 November 1945. A violent clash between local youth and Communist security forces, the incident revealed the combustible mixture of factors present in postcolonial North Korea. The Soviet military government’s deadly response to the protests seriously threatened Korea’s receptiveness to the Korean Communist Party and to the Soviet Union, and forced stronger control over both the city of Sinǔiju and youth nationwide. This article considers the visit that Kim Il Sung (Kim Ilsŏng) made to Sinǔiju in the aftermath of the incident, as well as subsequent North Korean policies in Sinǔiju. Drawing on previously untapped files from the Archive of Military History of the Russian Federation, newly declassified CIA documents, and Korean- and Chinese-language texts, this article examines a North Korean city whose peripheral influence in the postcolonial period has not yet been adequately understood.
Calls for Self-Sacrifice in North Korean Creative Writing in the Late 1900s to 2000s
Authors: Gabroussenko Tatiana 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Struggling to postpone the “natural death” of Stalinism and prop up shaken public morale, the North Korean regime recently initiated a chain of new mobilization slogans focused on one core idea: the demand for self-sacrifice in the name of the leader/party/revolution. This article traces innovative features in the current edition of the self-sacrifice concept and investigates how important instruments of persuasion, such as North Korean creative writing, reinforce and translate this propagandistic pattern. The article includes analyses of the implications that the self-sacrifice message had for ordinary Koreans, and of the effectiveness of contemporary calls for self-sacrifice.
Pak Ch’anghwa and the Hwarang segi Manuscripts
Authors: McBride Richard D. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
This study evaluates the authenticity of the Hwarang segi (The Generations of the Hwarang) manuscripts by placing them within the larger context of Pak Ch’anghwa’s other fictional writings on Silla. It also provides greater detail on Pak’s life, his scholarly interests, and his concerns about the lack of early literature preserving unalloyed the legends from Korea’s antiquity. Pak’s other manuscripts on Silla provide background on several terms and seminal ideas that were developed in the Hwarang segi. Because they show an evolution in the way Pak conceived of the hwarang and early Silla society, they cannot be ignored or set apart from the Hwarang segi manuscripts. In particular, this essay examines the origins and philosophy of the hwarang, the importance of matrilineal status, and the scholarship on the hyangga found in the Hwarang segi manuscripts. Scholars cannot ignore the other manuscripts and accept only the Hwarang segi as authentic. Rather, they provide strong evidence that Pak composed the Hwarang segi as historical fiction.
The Chinese Ancestors in a Korean Descent Group’s Genealogies
Authors: Robinson Kenneth R. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Korean genealogies are commonly read for information about individuals and lineages recorded therein. They may be read also for content, themes, and contrasts that inform the writing of the constructed ancestors. The T’aean Yi ssi descent group fared poorly in the higher civil service examinations throughout the Chosŏn period, but entered numerous members into government service through the technical specializations, especially in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. By contrast, the first generations—which the genealogy compiler(s) placed in China from the tenth century into the early twelfth century—not only excelled at the higher civil service examinations, but also married members of the imperial family and produced daughters or descendants of some of the most famous men in Northern Song history. The social status of the first generations and their political status in the genealogy added a stature that the descent group had not achieved in the Chosŏn period.
“Wise Mother, Good Wife”: A Transcultural Discursive Construct in Modern Korea
Authors: Choi Hyaeweol 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The article investigates the genealogies of “wise mother and good wife,” arguably the most influential gender ideology in modern Korea. Approaching it as a product of transcultural encounters in turn of the twentieth-century Korea, the article examines the ways in which Korea’s Confucian-prescribed gender norms were refashioned and reconstituted under the influence of the ideology of domesticity promoted by American Protestant women missionaries and the Meiji gender ideology of ryōsai kenbo, which transpired through Japanese colonial policies in Korea. I argue that the modern construct of “wise mother and good wife” ideology was the latest form of patriarchal gender arrangements designed to meet new challenges in the modern era. I further argue that this modern ideal of womanhood was both oppressive and liberating in the sense that it continued hierarchical gender practices of the past, and yet it also enabled women to carve out new space for power and authority within the circumscribed conditions.
Kim Yujŏng’s “Thoughts from a Sickbed” and the Critique of Empiricist Discourse
Authors: Hanscom Christopher 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
This article examines canonical author Kim Yujŏng’s only sustained piece of literary-critical writing with an eye toward rethinking the genre conventions which structure our perceptions of colonial-period Korean literature. In his “Thoughts from a Sickbed,” a wide-ranging essay written in epistolary form and published in the month of his death in 1937, Kim grapples with what I call empiricist discourse in the areas of science, love, and aesthetics and presents a critique of subjectivism and objectivism in all three registers. Kim takes issue with a naïve belief in the capacity of language to fully capture its referent, a tendency he finds basic to both naturalist and “new psychological” fiction. He argues instead for a mode of writing that confronts such assumptions with the impossibility of complete representation, a continual grasping toward always unattainable ideals of human knowledge and understanding. This study frames Kim’s engagement with empiricist discourse in the context of the more general crisis of representation which crossed ideological boundaries in the Seoul literary circles of the 1930s and suggests that Kim’s critique—and subsequent advocacy of ethical literary practice—points toward irony and idealism as categories through which the relationship between discourse and reality in colonial-period literary history might be productively thought.
Widows’ Position and Agency in the Late Chosŏn Dynasty
Authors: Jung Ji-Young 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
This paper examines what gender norms were constructed while the patriarchal order based upon Neo-Confucianism gained strength in the latter part of Chosŏn period, and to what extent these norms were actualized in people’s lives. Through a microscopic analysis of the Tansŏng Hojŏk—the household registers of Tansŏng County, Kyŏngsang Province from 1678 to 1789—this article examines the changes in the ways in which heads of households were recorded, the changed position of widows in the household registers, and the state of residence and remarriage of widows. While it was common that widows were recorded as heads of the household in the seventeenth century, they tended to be recorded as mothers of their sons in the eighteenth century. This change of widows’ status in family registers was the product of state policy to reorganize the society according to chongbŏp chilsŏ. The change of household register system began to expand the idea of strict patrilineal succession to the lower strata of the society. However, it is difficult to conclude that chongbŏp chilsŏ became rooted in people’s everyday lives. The cases of the state of residence and remarriage of widows make it evident that they crisscrossed the boundary of the gender norms—as much as their social status and circumstances allowed—and made use of various life strategies.
The Politics of Condolence: Contested Representations of Tribute in Late Nineteenth-Century Chosŏn-Qing Relations
Authors: Van Lieu Joshua 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
After the death of the Chosŏn Queen Dowager Cho in 1890, a Qing mission arrived in Seoul to present the Guangxu emperor’s letter of condolence. In accordance with established precedent King Kojong greeted the envoys outside the city and publicly prostrated before the imperial missive. Western scholars have long understood this event as an illustration of Kojong’s willing submission to the Qing Empire and evidence of the persistence of “traditional” tributary relations into the modern era. The Chosŏn government, however, actively negotiated for months with Qing officials in an ultimately failed effort to cancel the mission. Chosŏn and Qing officials devoted such time and energy in debate not because they were especially concerned with maintaining ancient ritual forms but rather because they were acutely aware of the impact the public display of tributary ritual would have on Western interpretations of Qing claims to imperial dominion over Chosŏn. Despite continual Chosŏn resistance, Qing officials thus planned and executed the condolence mission as a propaganda exercise for Western consumption in order to secure recognition of Qing authority over Chosŏn. This Qing representation of the condolence mission and the tributary relationship in turn has come to inform decades of Western scholarship on late nineteenth-century Chosŏn-Qing relations.
In Situ Chemical Functionalization of a Single Carbon Nanotube Functionalized AFM Tip using a Correlated Optical and Atomic Force Microscope
Authors: Kaplan-Ashiri Ifat , Titus Eric J. , Willets Katherine A. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTWe present a method for performing nanoscale wet chemistry on single carbon nanotubes as well as spectroscopic characterization of the functionalized molecules using a coupled atomic force microscope (AFM) and optical microscope. An AFM probe was functionalized with a single multiwalled carbon nanotube and then locally oxidized by dipping it into nitric acid (HNO3) in situ using AFM manipulation. Raman scattering was collected from the carbon nanotube functionalized probe before and after the oxidation reaction. An increase in the Raman D band was observed after the acid treatment, demonstrating that oxidation had occurred. This is the first step towards developing a real-time technique for dynamic studies of chemical reactions on single nanoparticles/molecules.
Photoinduced Temporal Change of Surface-Potential Undulation on Alq3 Thin Films Observed by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy
Authors: Ozasa Kazunari , Ito Hiromi , Maeda Mizuo , Hara Masahiko 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTThe surface potential (SP) undulation on the surfaces of tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato) aluminum (III) (Alq3) films has been investigated with Kelvin probe force microscopy (KFM) and scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM)-KFM. The SP undulation observed on the amorphous Alq3 films with thicknesses of up to 300 nm showed a cloud-like morphology of 200–300 nm in lateral size. The temporal change of SP undulation was traced through cyclic measurement with KFM observation with intermittent photoexposure, as well as in situ localized photoexcitation with SNOM-KFM. We concluded that the origin of the SP undulation is the nonuniform distribution of charged traps and drift mobility in the Alq3 films.
In-situ observation of Nb/Nb5Si3 two-phase alloys during bending at various temperatures
Authors: Miura Seiji , Tsutsumi Yukiyoshi , Mohri Tetsuo 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTIn order to understand the deformation and fracture behavior of Nb-Si alloys, in-situ observation was conducted during bending of small specimens at room and high temperatures. Nb-Si alloy ingots containing 18.1 at.%Si, 1.5 at.%Zr and 100 ppmMg were prepared by arc melting, followed by uni-axial solidification in an optical floating zone apparatus and a heat-treatment to obtain Nb/Nb5Si3 two-phase microstructure. Chevron-notched specimens with a dimension of 1x2x10mm were used for in-situ observation of bending tests under a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) at room temperature and at 1140 °C. At room temperature the Nb-Si alloy shows a fracture toughness of 8 MPa m1/2 and the crack propagation velocity seems to be not uniform, presumably due to the ductile Nb. At 1140 °C the toughness of the alloy was about 20 MPa m1/2 and slower plastic deformation prior to the cracking was observed. The SEM observation of crack surfaces revealed that plastic deformation of Nb enhances the toughness of the alloy.
Multiscale Modeling of Reinforced Epoxy Resins by Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene
Authors: Suggs Kelvin , Person Vernecia , Nicolas Chantel , Wang Xiao-Qian 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTNanocomposites are of increasing interest due to their unique structural, electronic, and thermal properties. Simultaneously, multiscale molecular modeling is becoming more robust. Therefore computational models are able to be examined with increased accuracy, complexity, and dimension. Graphene based molecules are lauded for their conductive properties as well as their architecture-like geometry which may allow bottom up nanoscale fabrication of nanoscopic structures. Furthermore, these macrocycled molecules allow high interactivity with other molecules including highly tensiled polymers that yield other novel supramolecular structures when interacted. These supramolecular structures are being investigated in lieu of a variety of potential applications. Nanocomposites of cured epoxy resin reinforced by single-walled carbon nanotubes exhibit a plethora of interesting behavior at the molecular level. A fundamental issue is how the self-organized dynamic structure of functional molecular systems affects the interactions of the nano-reinforced composites. A combination of force-field based molecular dynamics and local density-functional calculations shows that the stacking between the aromatic macrocycle and the surface of the SWNTs manifests itself via increased interfacial binding. First-principles calculations on the electronic structures further reveal that there exists distinct level hybridization behavior for metallic and semiconducting nanotubes. In addition there is a monatomic increase in binding energy with an increase in the nanotube diameter. The simulation studies suggest that graphene nanoplatelets are potentially the best fillers of epoxy matrices. The implications of these results for understanding dispersion mechanism and future nanocomposite developments are discussed.
Tandem Photovoltaic Cells with Amorphous Silicon Cells and Organic Photovoltaic Cells
Authors: Kim Taehee , Jeon Jun Hong , Han Seung Hee , Lee Doh-Kwon , Kim Kyungkon 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTWe demonstrate series-connected tandem photovoltaic cells consisting of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) solar cells and polymer-based organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells. One of the limiting factors of a-Si:H solar cells is their narrow absorption spectrum as compared with that of crystalline silicon solar cells. In order to overcome this limitation, we fabricated a hybrid tandem solar cell by employing a solution-processed OPV subcell based on a low bandgap semiconducting polymer onto the a-Si:H subcell. It was found that the interfacial property of the hole transporting intermediate layer between the subcells strongly affects the photovoltaic property of the tandem cells. By using MoO3 as an efficient hole transporting intermediate layer instead of the conventional conducting polymer, we obtained the power conversion efficiency of 1.84% and the open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.50 V which corresponds closely to the sum of the VOCs of the subcells.
Effects of Chemical Modification of Indium-Tin-Oxide with Benzene Derivates on the Performance of Organic Photovoltaic Cells of ITO/CuPc/C60/BCP/Al
Authors: Sarangerel Khayankhyarvaa , Delgerjargal Altantsetseg , Delgertsetseg Byambasuren , Ganzorig Chimed 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTOrganic thin film photovoltaic (PV) cells have attracted attention because of their ease of fabrication and potential for low cost production. In this paper, we study the effects of chemical modification of indium-tin-oxide (ITO) on the performance of organic PV cells. The organic PV cells are fabricated, with the cell configuration of ITO/copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) (20 nm)/fullerene (C60) (40 nm)/Al with and without bathocuproine (BCP) (10 nm) between C60 and Al. By the use of para-substituted benzenesulfonyl chlorides with different terminal groups of H- and Cl-, the energy offset at the ITO/CuPc interface is tuned widely depending upon the interface dipoles and thus the correlation between the change in the ITO work function and the performance of the PV cells by chemical modification is examined.
Lattice-Symmetry-Driven Phase Competition in Vanadium Dioxide
Authors: Tselev A. , Luk’yanchuk I. A. , Ivanov I. N. , Budai J. D. , Tischler J. Z. , Strelcov E. , Kolmakov A. , Kalinin S. V. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTWe performed group-theoretical analysis of the symmetry relationships between lattice structures of R, M1, M2, and T phases of vanadium dioxide in the frameworks of the general Ginzburg-Landau phase transition theory. The analysis leads to a conclusion that the competition between the lower-symmetry phases M1, M2, and T in the metal-insulator transition is pure symmetry driven, since all the three phases correspond to different directions of the same multi-component structural order parameter. Therefore, the lower-symmetry phases can be stabilized in respect to each other by small perturbations such as doping or stress.
Four color stacked white organic light-emitting diodes utilizing
the concept of triplet harvesting
Authors: Rosenow Th. C. , Olthof S. , Reineke S. , Lüssem B. , Leo K. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTOrganic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are developing into a competitive
alternative to conventional light sources. Nevertheless, OLEDs need further
improvement in terms of efficiency and color rendering for lighting
applications. Fluorescent blue emitters allow deep blue emission and high
stability, while phosphorescent blue emitter still suffer from insufficient
stability. The concept of triplet harvesting is the key for achieving
internal quantum efficiencies up to 100 % and simultaneously benefiting from
the advantages of fluorescent blue emitters. Here, we present a stacked OLED
consisting of two units comprising four different emitters in total. The
first unit takes advantage of the concept of triplet harvesting and combines
the light emission of a fluorescent blue and a phosphorescent red emitter.
The second unit emits light from a single emission layer consisting of a
matrix doped with phosphorescent green and yellow emitters. With this
approach, we reach white color coordinates close to the standard illuminant
A and a color rendering index of above 75. The presented devices are
characterized by high luminous efficacies of above 30 lm/W on standard glass
substrates without outcoupling enhancement.