bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Different Configurations of Intelligent Well Completions With Three Stacked Frac Packs
Authors: Paternostro Barney 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
This paper compares two recent subsea completions in water depths greater than 2,600 feet in the Gulf of Mexico, and how their different configurations enable selective production from three separate gravel packs through an "intelligent system" with two remotely operated sleeves. The "intelligent system" enables a zone change with remotely controlled sleeves that are functioned from the host production platform.
One completion is designed to produce the two lower gravel packs and, with the upper gravel pack, is capable of future production without subsea well intervention. See Figure 1 to see the flow paths from the gravel packs into the production tubing through the remotely operated sleeves of the "intelligent system". For this completion design the two lower gravel packs will initially flow into the production tubing through the lower remotely operated sleeve of the "intelligent system". To change zones for production, the lower "intelligent" sleeve will be remotely closed to isolate the lower zones and the upper sleeve will be remotely opened to produce the upper zone.
Figure 1 Intelligent Completion with 2 Lower Zones Commingled
The other, more complex completion is configured to produce the two upper gravel packs through the upper remotely operated sleeve of the "intelligent system". The gravel pack assemblies are more complicated to enable annular flow from the two upper gravel packs. This completion design still has the same flexibility to change zones and without well intervention. See Figure 2 to see the flow paths from the gravel packs into the production tubing through the remotely operated sleeves of the "intelligent system".
Figure 2 Intelligent Completion with 2 Upper Zones Commingled
Another very important aspect of a successful subsea intelligent completion is the various methods to isolate the gravel packs until the production tubing and intelligent system is installed. These stacked reservoirs usually have different pore pressures, which complicate the gravel pack pumping process and make isolation necessary. There are several mechanisms used to isolate these reservoirs from each other, but this paper will show the use of pressure operated communication devices (POCD) within the gravel pack assemblies.
Narrow Margin Drilling in Deepwater: Solution Concepts
Authors: Erivwo Ochuko , Adeleye Olayinka 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Drilling operations are conducted within a pressure window bounded on the lower side by the pressure of the formation fluids exposed in the open hole and on the upper side by the fracture resistance of the formation matrix. The narrowing of this operating margin, as experienced in deepwater environments, increases the technical challenges associated with drilling operations. Typical challenges include a sharp reduction in the maximum allowable open hole drilled depth, well control and exposure to difficult kicks, well breathing or ballooning, the risk of wellbore losses and a requirement to install multiple casing strings to get to TD.
This paper examines the phenomenon of narrow margins in deepwater, the conditions that drive it, and presents a holistic assessment of the available geological, geophysical, engineering and technology solutions for mitigating narrow margin drilling (NMD) conditions. The solution concepts are indexed into a newly developed model called the NMD Solutions Matrix which introduces an NMD intensity scale that provides a measure of the degree of difficulty that can be expected in a well as a result of narrow margin conditions.
The applicability of the model is demonstrated in a history match of three industry case examples in two deepwater regions in the world where NMD conditions were encountered and mitigated. The NMD solutions matrix was also applied to a DW project in the planning phase which yielded insights that more clearly articulated the exposure in the project. The analyses indicate that the model, as a planning tool, has the potential to sharpen the awareness of possible challenges and enable upfront mitigation measures to reduce their impact during execution. Its application thus offers strong potential to positively impact drilling effectiveness in deepwater and yield or save considerable value in these high cost operations
Microemulsion Technology for Synthetic-Based Mud Removal in Well Cementing Operations
Authors: Carrasquilla Juan , Guillot Dominique , Ali Syed A. , Nguyen Cecilia 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Efficient displacement and effective removal of oil-based mud from the wellbore prior to cementing is critical to developing an excellent bond between casing and formation. Synthetic-based muds (SBM) can leave a thin-layer of oil on the casing and the formation when displacing to cement. It’s one of the least compatible fluids with cement slurries. This oil-layer can prevent the cement slurry from forming a strong bond with the formation and the casing. The lack of good bond could lead to poor zonal isolation and leave the casing and wellbore with decreased structural integrity. Removing this oily layer is generally accomplished by running viscosified weighted spacer containing cleaning agents ahead of cement slurry. Traditional surfactants have limited performance inverting and cleaning oil-water emulsions, besides being extremely detrimental for the development of the mechanical properties of the cement.
Microemulsions (Picture 4) are an oil-external, thermodynamically stable microemulsion that can be added in water or a viscous spacer as a single additive. The additive is a microemulsion dispersion of solvents and surfactants designed to enhance compatibility with the drilling fluid, demulsify, clean and water-wet the casing and borehole surfaces for better cement adhesion. Unlike traditional surfactants and solvents utilized to improve mud removal, the proprietary microemulsion additive, provides micellular dispersions that remain uniformly dispersed in water or viscous spacers, providing greater mud removal efficiency. Laboratory data demonstrates the effectiveness of the microemulsion in removing oil or synthetic-based mud while aggressively removing the oily layer and water-wetting from the casing and the formation.
A Wellbore Stability Approach For Self-Killing Blowout Assessment
Authors: Willson Stephen M. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAn analysis approach to assess borehole stability following a hypothetical blowout from representative deepwater scenarios is presented. It addresses whether imposed underbalanced conditions cause sufficient instability that the borehole bridges-over and the well kills itself. The approach uses a series of interrelated analyses: (i) analyses of the kick and blowout development are performed predicting how bottom pressure and in-flow velocity changes over time; (ii) underbalanced wellbore failure in exposed shales and sands is then determined; (iii) cavings and produced sand volumes are calculated from the estimated failure zone, and the transport of these materials in the borehole is determined from the predicted hydrocarbon flow rates; and (iv) bridging tendency is assessed by considering the concentration of cavings in either the enlarged borehole or in flow-paths within the well casing or annuli.To the best knowledge of the author, the proposed analysis presents the first in-depth study of transient wellbore instability, sand / cavings transport and bridging tendency during a blowout. Analyses applied to a typical deepwater blowout scenario suggest that bridging leading to self-killing can occur only in a small number of situations. This differs from the more widely published data from shallow water Gulf of Mexico Shelf wells which show that self-killing is likely in shallow-hazard scenarios.Important conclusions from the study are: (1) bridging and self-killing can occur in kicks resulting from a catastrophic loss of riser integrity, due to the loss of the riser margin causing underbalanced conditions in openhole sections of the borehole; and (2) bridging and self-killing is more likely to occur in a well control event that develops while drilling-ahead, due to plugging of the borehole/drill-pipe annulus. Bridging is less likely to occur if a kick develops with the drill-pipe not in the open-hole interval. For self-killing to happen this study concludes that it has to occur during the time that the kick is developing – i.e. before hydrocarbons reach the wellhead. Once the kick has fully developed into a blowout it is predicted that typical high productivity deepwater reservoirs will have attained sufficient borehole flow velocity (in the absence of major constrictions to flow) that spalled or produced formations will be transported from the wellbore without bridging. Once a blowout has occurred, therefore, it is largely too late to consider future bridging as a means of terminating the flow, at least in the short-term.
Well Planning: A Risk Management Process
Authors: McManus Charles Dudley , Leach Patrick , Wicker Paul , Anderson Steve 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Technology limits are continuously being pushed to meet the challenge of the ever increasing demand to drill deeper wells in deeper water. At the same time, the costs, time frame and risks have increased dramatically for such drilling projects, with the drilling and completion spread rates exceeding a million dollars per day. Errors in costs and timing have significant impact on project economics. How do you estimate the cost and timing appropriately and manage the risk? What are the potential trouble spots and how do you develop contingency plans? While drilling, which issues pose the greatest threat to project success? Are there new drilling and completion technologies or tools that can help mitigate the risks?
Drilling professionals have a wealth of experience in deepwater as well as the more traditional region of depth and reach that provides an intuitive framework and rich data set for probability assessments of what they may encounter. By appropriately tapping this data base of expertise and knowledge and using proven risk analysis techniques, teams can work through issues and gain better understanding of objectives, risks and uncertainties. Armed with these insights the team can frequently mitigate risks and move forward making more confident decisions.
This paper discusses a proven six step drilling solution and risk management approach. Structuring and analyzing a drilling project with this approach provides a robust assessment of the ultimate project economics. In addition, the team will gain non-intuitive insights, which enable them to make more informed decisions and develop effective risk management plans.
Development of an Improved FLC Pill for Testing Wire Wrap Screens Collapse and Burst Resistance
Authors: Gillespie George , Hall Christopher A. , Sladic John S 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
In August 2009, ISO Sand Screen Standard 17824 was approved for use. Subsequent qualification testing for burst and collapse resistance of wire wrap screens(WWS) by the service companies (SC) indicated there were inconsistent test results with using the formulated pill required by the new standard. In early 2011, revision 1 to 17824 was initiated to address this problem.
For deepwater completions, a high strength sand screen is often necessary to withstand the pressures when a FLC pill is applied to seal the well. The FLC pill needs to be a special formulation to insure the bridging agents can seal at applied burst pressures exceeding 2500 psi.
A service company reported that there were significant changes in the percentages of over, near, and under size of FLC pill residue taken from tested screens. The oversize material had been reduced by 35%, and the near size had been reduced about 20%. This indicated the bridging agents in the pill may be too weak to bridge properly at elevated pressures. Four different bridging agents, consisting of fifteen different formulations, were evaluated for crush resistance, subjected to different lab tests to evaluate their ability to seal the screen effectively with minimal leak off, and to maintain this seal at high applied pressures. Tests were done to verify the pill can be lifted off the screen with minimal pressure. It is planned that the two most promising formulations will then be subjected to full scale collapse and burst testing to verify that the high strength FLC pill will provide consistent test results for wire wrap screens.
The goal of the modified FLC pill formulation is that the FLC pill remains stable and provides an effective seal until the applied pressure results in sufficient changes in the dimensions and slot of the WWS causing loss of sand control. Ideally, the burst and collapse resistance should approach the mechanical failure of the wire wrap screen being used. The FLC pill needs a different formulation to insure the bridging agents can also seal at applied burst pressures exceeding 2500 psi. Several successful completions have been reported using a special FLC pill with a very heavy wire wrap screen design. The results of the improved FLC pill testing will likely have an impact on wire wrap screen ratings for deep water completions.
Introductory Accounting, with Matrices, at the Southern Federal University, Russia
Authors: Stoner Gregory N. , Vysotskaya Anna 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACT
Within the context of the globalization of the practice and profession of accounting, it is increasingly important that accounting faculty and students are aware of the international accounting environment. In addition, the continued growth in the cross-national flows of students increases the need for accounting faculty to be aware of international differences in the teaching and learning of accounting. This paper contributes to this arena by looking at the context, structure, and content of a successful introductory accounting course at a major university in the Russian Federation that uses matrix accounting theory in its introductory accounting course. By doing so, the paper provides accounting educators with a range of insights into the diversity of the international context of the teaching of accounting, and provides awareness of the theory of matrix accounting and how and why this mathematical approach to the teaching of introductory accounting has been adopted. In addition, as part of the important \contextual background, the paper provides a rich description of the course, which could be used for comparison with other introductory accounting courses.
By looking at introductory accounting from a different perspective, the paper has the potential to help and encourage accounting faculty to think afresh about our discipline by questioning some of the taken-for-granted assumptions that underlie the approaches used in teaching accounting.
Occlusal hypofunction causes periodontal atrophy and VEGF/VEGFR inhibition in tooth movement
Authors: Usumi-Fujita Risa , Hosomichi Jun , Ono Noriaki , Shibutani Naoki , Kaneko Sawa , Shimizu Yasuhiro , Ono Takashi 
Published: June 2012

Abstract

Objective:
To examine changes in microvasculature and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) in rat hypofunctional periodontal ligament (PDL) during experimental tooth movement.

Materials and Methods:
Twelve-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into normal occlusion and occlusal hypofunction groups. After a 2-week bite-raising period, rat first molar was moved mesially using a 10-gf titanium-nickel alloy closed coil spring in both groups. On days 0, 1, 2, 3, and 7 after tooth movement, histologic changes were examined by micro–computed tomography and immunohistochemistry using CD31, VEGF-A, VEGFR-2, and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) method.

Results:
Hypofunctional molars inclined more than normal molars and did not move notably after day 1 of tooth movement. Blood vessels increased on the tension side of the PDL in normal teeth. Immunoreactivities for VEGF-A and VEGFR-2 in normal teeth were greater than those in hypofunctional teeth during tooth movement. Compressive force rapidly caused apoptosis of the PDL and vascular endothelial cells in hypofunctional teeth, but not in normal teeth.

Conclusions:
Occlusal hypofunction induces vascular constriction through a decrease in the expression of VEGF-A and VEGFR-2, and apoptosis of the PDL and vascular cells occurs during tooth movement.
Evaluation of Herbicide-Resistance Status on Populations of Littleseed Canarygrass (Phalaris Minor Retz.) from Southern Greece and Suggestions for their Effective Control
Authors: Travlos Ilias 
Published: June 2012

Evaluation of Herbicide-Resistance Status on Populations of Littleseed Canarygrass (Phalaris MinorRetz.) from Southern Greece and Suggestions for their Effective ControlIn 2010, a survey was conducted in the wheat fields of a typical cereal-producing region of Greece to establish the frequency and distribution of herbicide-resistant littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minorRetz.). In total, 73 canarygrass accessions were collected and screened in a field experiment with several herbicides commonly used to control this weed. Most of the weed populations were classed as resistant (or developing resistance) to the acetyl-CoA varboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicide diclofop, while resistance to clodinafop was markedly lower. The results of the pot experiments showed that some of the canary populations were found to have a very high level of diclofop resistance (resistance index up to 12.4), while cross resistance with other herbicides was also common. The levels of resistance and cross resistance patterns among populations varied along with the different amounts and times of selection pressure. Such variation indicated either more than one mechanism of resistance or different resistance mutations in these weed populations. The population which had the highest diclofop resistance level, showed resistance to all aryloxyphenoxypropinate (APP) herbicides applied and non-ACCase inhibitors. Alternative ACCase-inhibiting herbicides, such as pinoxaden remain effective on the majority of the tested canarygrass populations, while the acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicide mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron could also provide some solutions. Consequently, there is an opportunity to effectively control canarygrass by selecting from a wide range of herbicides. It is the integration of agronomic practices with herbicide application, which helps in effective management ofP. minorand particularly its resistant populations.
Effect of Different Constant Temperatures on Biology of Schizaphis Graminum (Rondani) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Barley, Hordeum Vulgare L. (Poaceae) in Iran
Authors: Tofangsazi Nastaran , Kheradmand Katayoon , Shahrokhi Shahram , Talebi Ali 
Published: June 2012

Effect of Different Constant Temperatures on Biology ofSchizaphis Graminum(Rondani) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Barley,Hordeum VulgareL. (Poaceae) in IranThe temperature dependent biology of greenbug,Schizaphis graminumRondani on Kavir barley cultivar was studied at seven constant temperatures including 10, 15, 19, 22, 26, 31, and 33±1°C, 70% relative humidity (RH), and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) hours. The period of immature development ranged between 6.60 days at 26°C to 28.56 days at 10°C, respectively. All tested aphids failed to develop at 33°C. The calculatedrmand λ values were significantly the highest at 26°C and lowest at 10°C, respectively. The mean generation time and doubling time ofS. graminumdecreased linearly by increasing the temperature from 10 to 26°C. Additionally, the total number of offsprings per female was extremely low at 10 and 31°C, contrary to the highest and lowest values of life expectancy at 10°C (41.73 days) and 31°C (7.66 days), respectively. The results of the present study revealed that temperature had great effects on biology ofS. graminum, which was never previously studied on barley in Iran.
Change in Life Expectancy and Stable Age Distribution of the Diamondback Moth, Plutella Xylostella (L.) After Indoxacarb Treatment
Authors: Mahmoudvand Mohammad , Abbasipour Habib , Garjan Aziz , Bandani Ali 
Published: June 2012

Change in Life Expectancy and Stable Age Distribution of the Diamondback Moth,Plutella Xylostella(L.) After Indoxacarb TreatmentUsing high doses of insecticides is very dangerous for the environments and for humans. Decreased concentrations are necessary. Insecticides have lethal and sublethal effects. The aim of the present study was to determine the behavior ofPlutella xylostellawhen exposed to sublethal doses of indoxacarb in terms of the age-specific fecundity (mx), life expectancy (ex) and stable age distribution (Cx). Also, the effects of sublethals on the pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition period of this insect were investigated. The results show that exposure to this insecticide decreased the age-specific fecundity (mx) and life expectancy (ex) of the insect. Although the pre-oviposition period was delayed in the treated groups, the post-oviposition period significantly decreased when exposed to LC10and LC25doses (the dose concentrations killed 10 and 25% of the populations) of indoxacarb. The oviposition period did not change. Furthermore, sublethal concentrations of the applied insecticide caused changes in the exposed structure.
How liberal is Estonian alcohol policy? A review of policy development, 1991–2008
Authors: Kollom Kersti 
Published: June 2012

Aims This article inspects alcohol policy changes in Estonia between 1991 and 2008, using the Eurocare Bridging the Gap (BtG) scale. Estonian indicators are compared with those of 30 European countries. Seven alcohol policy measures are discussed: control of production and wholesale; control of distribution; age limits; advertising; social and environmental control; public policy; and alcohol taxation. Data The indicator values are based on an analysis of legislative changes and governmental programmes during these years. Results Alcohol policy issues have had low political priority in independent Estonia. In international comparison, the initial policy of the early 1990s was extremely liberal. The most intensive period of political and economic reforms started to subside after 1995, alcohol legislation was overhauled in 1998–1999 and unified restrictions on sales hours were introduced in 2008, all of which led to receding liberalism. The contrast to the neighbouring Nordic countries nevertheless remains sharp. In relation to other European countries, Estonian alcohol controls remain at a medium level. Conclusions In line with an improved administrative capacity, Estonia has implemented more structured alcohol policies, which also take social aspects into consideration.