bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cerebral proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of neonates after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Authors: Rijn AM Roelants‐van , van der Grond J , de Vries LS , Groenendaal F 
Published: August 2010

During venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation the right carotid artery is ligated in a hypoxic neonate. The aim of the present study was to compare the morphology and metabolism of the left and right basal ganglia in 10 neonates after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, using proton magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. Data could be obtained in 9 neonates. No significant metabolic differences were found between either the left or right basal ganglia, despite a small right‐sided thalamic infarct in one child. Metabolism was normal in all cases. All the infants showed symmetrical neurodevelopment. Conclusion: Ligation of the right carotid artery for venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation did not produce persistent changes in brain metabolism in the basal ganglia in this small group of patients.
“Ethnic” variation in childhood lung function may relate to preventable nutritional deficiency
Authors: Mukhopadhyay S , Macleod KA , Ong TJ , Ogston SA 
Published: August 2010

This study aimed to define the differences in lung function between British Caucasian and rural eastern Indian children, and to test the hypothesis that nutrition could account for such “ethnic” variation. To exclude confounders, a rural Indian setting was identified and children were screened for respiratory illness before lung function and nutritional characteristics were measured. Regression equations for this population have already been published. In this study, the lung function differences between rural eastern Indian (n= 391) and mean predicted lung function for Caucasian children were characterized, matched for height and sex. In addition, stepwise multiple regression models were fitted to investigate the relative associations of lung function differences with body mass index (BMI), occipitofrontal circumference and age. Although the largest differences in the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) [girls 28.7 (27.3‐30.1), boys 23.4 (22.2‐24.6)] and forced vital capacity [girls 27.9 (26.4‐29.4), boys 30.7 (29.6‐31.9)] [values as mean difference in % predicted (95% confidence intervals)] ever reported between two populations were observed, differences in peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) were small. BMI was strongly associated with inter‐racial differences for FEV1 for both sexes (boys β=−0.227, girls β=−0.353, p≤ 0.001) and PEFR for girls (β=−0.200, p≤ 0.05) (β= standardized coefficient). Conclusion: Preventable nutritional factors may play a causal role in determining the FEV1 differences between rural Indian and Caucasian children. As peak FEV1 in youth influences respiratory morbidity in later life, it is important to define specific nutrient deficiencies that may relate to poor FEV1 growth in these children.
Association between size at birth, paediatric diarrhoeal incidence and postnatal growth
Authors: Cheung YB , Jalil F , Yip PSF , Karlberg JPE 
Published: August 2010

This study tests the hypothesis that size at birth is associated with diarrhoeal incidence from birth to 24 mo of age, and the hypothesis that diarrhoeal incidence from birth to 24 mo is associated with body size at age 24 mo. This is a longitudinal study of 1476 infants born in Lahore, Pakistan, in 1984–1987. Diarrhoeal incidence was enumerated monthly. A generalized estimating equations approach with Poisson regression showed that birthlength standard deviation score (SDS) and ponderal index at birth (rate ratio = 1.01 and 1.00; each p > 0.05) were not significantly associated with diarrhoeal incidence. Multiple linear regression showed that diarrhoeal incidence was significantly associated with weight SDS and body mass index at 24 mo (regression coefficient or β=−0.58 and −1.02; each p < 0.05), but not with height SDS (β=−0.10; p > 0.05). The associations were mainly due to a transient effect of diarrhoea in the period 18–24 mo. Conclusion: Prevention of low birthweight is unlikely to have an impact on diarrhoeal incidence in infants. Control of diarrhoeal incidence may not improve the growth of infants in developing countries.
Non‐tuberculous mycobacterial lymphadenitis in healthy children: another “lifestyle disease”?
Authors: Eriksson M , Bennet R , Danielsson N 
Published: August 2010

An increasing incidence of non‐tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) lymphadenitis has been reported in previously healthy children in the western world since about 1985. In this study we investigated the sociodemographic and individual characteristics of these patients. Information about patients was collected prospectively from 1977 to 1996. For comparison, an ad hoc group of hospitalized children with bacterial cervical lymphadenitis was chosen. In addition to individual characteristics, information was collected on the country of birth of the patients and their parents, and the socioeconomic characteristics of the domicile area. We identified 81 children with NTM, 14 with tuberculous and 192 with septic lymphadenitis. Significantly more parents of children with NTM than in either of the other two groups were Swedish‐born and lived in privileged socioeconomic areas. Conclusion: The increase in NTM lymphadenitis in healthy children has taken place at the same time as the reported increase in atopic disease and asthma in childhood. Both groups of patients seem to come from favourable living conditions. It is speculated that NTM lymphadenitis, like asthma and certain other diseases triggered by the immune system, might be a “lifestyle disease”.
Successful treatment of refractory ascites in a child with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
Authors: Lee WS , McKiernan PJ , de Ville de Goyet J , Tanner MS , John PR 
Published: August 2010

A 16‐y‐old boy who had undergone bone marrow transplantation for relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukaemia developed liver cirrhosis and refractory ascites, which did not respond to salt restriction, diuretics and abdominal paracentesis. Liver transplantation was not feasible because of poor nutritional status, pre‐existing renal dysfunction and uncertainty about the prognosis of his leukaemia. The patient underwent a successful transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), with immediate resolution of ascites, enabling cessation of diuretics and improvement in nutritional status. At 24 mo following TIPS there has been no re‐accumulation of ascites. Conclusion: TIPS may have a role in the management of refractory ascites secondary to liver cirrhosis in selected children.
Malabsorption of modified food starch (acetylated distarch phosphate) in normal infants and in 8–24‐month‐old toddlers with non‐specific diarrhea, as influenced by sorbitol and fructose
Authors: Lebenthal‐Bendor Y , Theuer RC , Lebenthal A , Tabi I , Lebenthal E 
Published: August 2010

Acetylated distarch phosphate (ADiSP) is a modified starch used in some baby foods. The bioavailability of ADiSP and a native (unmodified) starch was evaluated in 20 normal infants and 21 toddlers aged 8–24 mo with chronic non‐specific diarrhea. Formulae contained 8% native or 8% modified waxy maize starch. No infant or toddler consuming Formula N (native starch) had elevated peak breath hydrogen levels (20 ppm or greater), stools clinically positive for reducing substances (0.75% or greater) or loose stools. Fourteen infants received formula M (modified starch): 2 had elevated breath hydrogen, 1 had positive stools and another had loose stools. Of the 21 toddlers fed formula M, 2 had elevated breath hydrogen, but none had positive stools or loose stools. Formula NS (native starch with 2% sorbitol) had little effect on breath hydrogen in the infants but significantly increased it in the toddlers. Formula NS produced loose stools in 2 toddlers but no clinically positive stools in any infant or toddler. Formula MS (modified starch with 2% sorbitol) elevated breath hydrogen in 3 infants and 8 toddlers, and produced positive stools in 2 infants and 2 toddlers, and loose stools in 4 infants and 7 toddlers. Formula MSF (modified starch with 2% sorbitol and 5% fructose) elevated breath hydrogen in 7 infants and 10 toddlers, positive stools in 7 infants and 6 toddlers, and loose stools or diarrhea in 7 infants and 11 toddlers. Conclusion: ADiSP modified starch can increase breath hydrogen and produce loose stools. Sorbitol and fructose aggravate the malabsorption, in some cases leading to frank diarrhea.
Sodium and water homeostasis in children with shigellosis
Authors: Lindblad H , Berg U , Dhar U , Mahalanabis D , Salaam MA , Zetterström R 
Published: August 2010

Studies in Bangladesh have shown that the mortality in shigellosis is significantly higher in hyponatraemic (HN) than in normo‐ (NN) or hypernatraemic children. The aim of this study was to describe the effect of shigellosis on renal haemodynamics and sodium and water homeostasis before treatment was started. Twenty‐one moderately ill children infected with Shigella dysenteriae type 1 were studied. Eight of them had a serum sodium concentration below 130 mmol/L. Renal function was determined by glomerular filtration rate measured by clearances of inulin and iohexol. Effective renal plasma flow was estimated by clearance of para‐aminohippuric acid. Plasma renin, aldosterone and anti‐diuretic hormone were also studied. The HN children had significantly higher haemoglobin and haematocrit levels than the NN group. There was an inverse correlation between serum sodium and haemoglobin, and a direct correlation between serum sodium and urinary sodium and urinary chloride. Direct correlations were found between serum aldosterone and haemoglobin, plasma renin and systolic blood pressure and an inverse correlation between serum aldosterone and serum sodium. Clearances of inulin and iohexol were normal. Detectable levels of ADH were found in both groups, despite low serum osmolalities. Conclusion: The HN state seems to be triggered by multiple factors. The normal glomerular filtration rate excludes a volume expansion secondary to reduced renal function. Inappropriate or a physiological increase of anti‐diuretic hormone secretion may be of importance. The higher sodium losses in stools of the HN children might also be a factor contributing to the HN.
Real‐time ultrasound‐guided renal biopsy with a biopsy gun in children: safety and efficacy
Authors: Levart T Kersnik , Kenig A , Ponikvar J Buturović , Ferluga D , Čavić M Avguštin , Kenda RB 
Published: August 2010

Real‐time ultrasound‐guided renal biopsy (RB) with a biopsy gun has become a standard procedure in the treatment of children. The purpose of the study was to establish the complication rate after real‐time ultrasound‐guided RB with a biopsy gun, the adequacy of renal tissue samples for pathohistological tests, the rate of concurrence between clinical and pathohistological diagnoses, and the benefits of the procedure. From January 1994 to October 1999, 88 renal biopsies were performed on 82 children, 81 of whom (35M, 46F, aged 3‐20 y) were included in this retrospective study. The nephrotic syndrome (in infants, older children, those with evidence of nephritis or failing corticosteroid therapy) was the most frequent indication of RB. Other indications were non‐nephrotic proteinuria, nephritic syndrome, glomerular haematuria, renal allograft dysfunction, unexplained acute or chronic renal failure, and kidney disease progression monitoring. No serious complications were noted. The adequacy rate of renal tissue samples ranged from 93.1 to 96.6%, depending on which definition of the adequacy of renal tissue samples was used. Clinical and pathohistological diagnoses matched in 81.4% of the cases. Data obtained by RB were very beneficial to patients in terms of establishing, confirming or altering the diagnosis and, consequently, the treatment. Conclusion: The results confirm that real‐time ultrasound‐guided RB with a biopsy gun is a safe procedure and provides information that is very beneficial to patients.
Computerized image analysis of bubbles in gastric aspirate for prediction of respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Fiori HH , Linderholm B , Fiori RM , Robertson B 
Published: August 2010

Gastric aspirates were obtained from 80 newborn babies (gestational age 24–34 wk). Fifteen of these babies developed respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Bubbles were generated in the samples by vigorous suctioning and the number and size distribution of the bubbles were determined in random fields by computer‐aided image analysis. Sensitivity and specificity for prediction of RDS were 87% and 78% for average diameter of bubbles (cut‐off points >45 μm) and similar for the proportion and total number of microbubbles (diameter <20 μm). Conclusion: Computerized image analysis of bubbles in gastric aspirate can be used for non‐biased prediction of RDS in newborn babies.
Prevalence and awareness of excess weight in 13 and 14 year olds in Northern Ireland using recent international guidelines
Authors: Yarnell JWG , McCrum EE , Patterson CC , Skidmore P , Shields MD , McMahon J , Evans AE 
Published: August 2010

Concern has been expressed in recent years over the rising trends in overweight and obesity, particularly in children in developed countries. No recent data were available for Northern Ireland; therefore measurements of height and weight were included in a study in Northern Ireland originally designed as part of an international study to estimate the prevalence of symptoms of asthma and atopy in childhood. Twenty‐six schools across the province were sampled, 2484 children aged mainly 13 and 14 y completed questionnaires, and 2307 were weighed and measured. Using recently proposed international guidelines on defining overweight and obesity in children the prevalence of overweight in boys was 16%, with 4% being obese. In girls 16% were also overweight and 2% were obese. This concurs with figures for English and Scottish schoolchildren up to 12 y of age from 1994. Less than one‐sixth of obese boys but more than one‐third of obese girls were on weight‐reducing diets (the majority self‐prescribed), reflecting differing attitudes towards excess weight. Conclusion: In line with figures in younger children from England and Scotland this study shows that 16% of boys and girls from Northern Ireland are classed as overweight using recent international guidelines. Only 15% of obese boys compared with 38% of obese girls stated that they were on weight‐reducing diets.
Sleep habits and sleep problems among a community sample of schoolchildren
Authors: Nevéus T , Cnattingius S , Olsson U , Hetta J 
Published: August 2010

Sleep habits, sleep problems and subjective depth of sleep among 1413 schoolchildren aged 6.2‐10.9 y were examined via a questionnaire, answered by the child and parent together. Total sleep time was approximately 10.5 h, with no difference between the sexes. Of 887 children who reported that they were awoken at night, parents considered that 75% were superficial sleepers and 25% were deep sleepers. The prevalence of frequent insomnia, sleepwalking and daytime sleepiness was 13, 7 and 4%, respectively. Logistic regression analyses indicated that onset insomnia was associated with fear of sleeping alone, bone pains, hypnagogic myoclonias, rhythmic movement disorder, enuresis, nocturia, confusion when awoken at night, nightmares, bodily movements during sleep, interrupted sleep, daytime sleepiness and daytime headache or stomach ache. Somnambulism was associated with rhythmic movement disorder, somniloquy, spontaneous confused arousals, nocturia and confusion when awoken at night. Increased risk of daytime sleepiness was found among children with fear of sleeping alone, onset insomnia, rhythmic movement disorder, spontaneous confused arousals, snoring, confusion when awoken, nightmares, bodily movements during sleep and headache or stomach ache. Conclusion: The results support the notion that onset insomnia is a problem with a predominantly psychological and behavioural background, while sleepwalking is a disorder of arousal without major psychological implications. The mechanisms behind daytime sleepiness seem to be multifactorial.
The Chinese version of the Parenting Stress Index: a psychometric study
Authors: Yeh C‐H , Chen M‐L , Li W , Chuang H‐L 
Published: August 2010

This study examined the psychometric properties of a Chinese version of the Parenting Stress Index/Short Form (PSI/SF). A 15‐item simplified PSI/SF (S‐PSI/SF) was subsequently developed which maintained a level of reliability and validity similar to the full version. The Chinese PSI/SF was tested on 149 parents (100 mothers, 49 fathers) of pediatric cancer patients in Taiwan. Psychometric testing was conducted using item analysis, Cronbach's alpha and confirmatory factor analysis. The S‐PSI/SF was constructed based on the item analysis of the PSI/SF. Both the PSI/SF and S‐PSI/SF produced good reliability coefficients. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that both PSI/SF and S‐PSI/SF met all criteria for goodness of fit. Compared with the PSI/SF, the S‐PSI/SF demonstrated better internal consistency and overall fit at the one‐subscale level, and satisfactory overall fit at two‐ and three‐subscale levels. Despite the limited number of items included, the S‐PSI/SF had a very good factor structure. No gender difference in parenting distress index was observed between mothers and fathers of pediatric cancer patients. Conclusion: The 15‐item S‐PSI/SF is a brief, easily administered instrument that has evidence of reliability and validity in Taiwanese parents of children with cancer. It could serve as a valuable assessment tool in clinical practice to identify parenting stress with a need for intervention.
Eosinophil counts and urinary eosinophil protein X in children hospitalized for wheezing during the first year of life: prediction of recurrent wheezing
Authors: Øymar K , Havnen J , Halvorsen T , Bjerknes R 
Published: August 2010

Early identification of wheezing children with an increased risk of recurrent wheezing or subsequent asthma is important. The aim of the study was to determine the role of markers of eosinophil activation, along with other parameters, in the prediction of recurrent wheezing and allergic sensitization in children with early and severe wheezing. We examined 105 children without atopic dermatitis, hospitalized for wheezing during the first year of life. At a 20‐mo follow‐up, 101 of the children were assessed for the occurrence of recurrent wheezing (at least 3 episodes, including 1 in the previous 6 mo) and allergic sensitization (positive skin‐prick test). By univariate analysis, levels of eosinophil counts at the time of hospitalization (p= 0.005, OR = 18.9), age in months (p < 0.0001, OR =1.5), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)‐negative disease (p <0.0001, OR = 8.8), parental atopy (p= 0.006, OR = 3.3) and male sex (0.02, OR = 2.7) were all predictive factors for recurrent wheezing at follow‐up. With all parameters included in a multiple regression analysis, RSV‐negative disease was not a predictive factor for recurrent wheezing. A simple model including eosinophil counts ±0.1± 109/L and age had a predictive accuracy of 79%, with only a 6% chance of a child being wrongly predicted as symptomatic. Urinary protein X (‘U‐EPX) was not a predictive factor for recurrent wheezing. When included in a multiple logistic regression analysis, a level of U‐EP ± 100 μg/mmol creatinine was the only parameter with a positive predictive value for allergic sensitization (p= 0.007, OR = 18.9), whereas age, parental allergy or parental asthma were not.Conclusion: Children with severe wheezing during the first year of life and subsequent recurrent wheezing are characterized by a normal or high eosinophil count in response to viral infections.
Food allergy and atopic dermatitis in low birthweight infants during early childhood
Authors: Hikino S , Nakayama H , Yamamoto J , Kinukawa N , Sakamoto M , Hara T 
Published: August 2010

The prevalence rates of food allergy and atopic dermatitis in low birthweight infants were evaluated. In Fukuoka City, Japan, between July 1994 and September 1997, sufficient information including birthweight, gestational age, sex, feeding method and a history of food allergy was obtained from questionnaires at the well‐baby check‐ups of 21766 infants (18 mo of age) and 4378 children (3 y of age). All the children were examined by pediatricians with regard to the existence of atopic dermatitis. The prevalence rate (8.1%) of food allergy in infants with low birthweight (<2500 g) was significantly lower than that (11.2%) in infants with normal birthweight (>2500 g) at 18 mo of age (p= 0.0002). Atopic dermatitis was also observed at a lower prevalence rate (1.2%) in infants with low birthweight than in those with normal birthweight (2.3%) at the same age (p= 0.0041). However, this significance was lost at 3 y of age. Other characteristics including male sex and breast‐feeding showed independent risks for the development of food allergy and atopic dermatitis at both ages.Conclusion: This study found that low birthweight was significantly associated with a lower risk of both food allergy and atopic dermatitis at 18 mo of age.
Cystic fibrosis‐related diabetes mellitus: clinical impact of prediabetes and effects of insulin therapy*
Authors: Rolon MA , Benali K , Munck A , Navarro J , Clement A , Tubiana‐Rufi N , Czernichow P , Polak M 
Published: August 2010

In patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), glucose intolerance preceding diabetes (prediabetes) may have adverse effects on nutritional status and respiratory function, which are reversible after the start of insulin therapy. Respiratory function (forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in one second) and body mass index (BMI) were compared retrospectively in a French cohort of 14 patients during the 5y preceding insulin therapy for diabetes and in 14 age‐ and sex‐matched controls with normal oral glucose tolerance tests. In the diabetic group, all three parameters deviated increasingly from the values in the controls; the differences became statistically different during the 6 mo before insulin therapy. The effect was more important in patients for whom diabetes mellitus was diagnosed on the basis of symptoms of hyperglycaemia than in patients for whom it was diagnosed by systematic screening, but still present in the latter. After insulin was started, respiratory function improved and the BMI returned to normal within 1 y. The annual insulin requirement increased from 0.62 during the first year to 1.25 during the fifth year. Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbAIc) values ranged from 6.6 to 7.8%. Only 2 episodes of severe hypoglycaemia were recorded over 42 patient‐years of follow‐up. The insulin regimen most often used was two daily injections of a mixture of short‐ and intermediate‐acting insulin (n= 10) given with an insulin pen.Conclusion: The clinical status of CF patients who will need insulin therapy deteriorates before the start of insulin. In patients with CF‐related diabetes, with or without fasting hyperglycaemia, insulin therapy improves anabolism and provides good glycaemic control with few severe hypoglycaemic episodes.