bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suppurative Inflammation
Authors: Trowbridge Henry O. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSuppurative inflammation involves the production of large amounts of pus. The generation of chemotaxins by bacteria results in a dense accumulation of neutrophils which undergo autolysis by their own lysosomal enzymes. Release of proteases and activated oxygen metabolites by neutrophils results in tissue destruction. Pyogenic bacteria are resistant to destruction either because they possess antiphagocytic properties or are able to kill neutrophils. For phagocytosis to occur, the bacteria must first be coated by opsonins, principally IgG and complement component C3b. Ingestion of bacteria stimulates the hexose monophosphate shunt, the end product of which is pyruvate. Pyruvate is converted to lactic acid which lowers the pH within the lesion. Drainage of pus reduces pressure and relieves pain, but suppuration continues until the causative agent has been eliminated.
THE RYDE HEART DISEASE PREVENTION PROGRAM: ONE‐YEAR FOLLOW‐UP OF A CONTROLLED TRIAL TO LOWER CORONARY RISK FACTORS IN SELF‐SELECTED EMPLOYEES BY SCREENING AND INTERVENTION
Authors: Biro G.A. , Ring I. , Lawson J.S. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryA controlled intervention trial was set up in 1976 to evaluate a program to lower risk factors for coronary heart disease. The 3,401 persons who attended a voluntary screening program at their place of work, became the subjects. All subjects in the treatment group were given their results; those with a high blood pressure reading were referred to their doctor, while those with increases in other risk factor levels were offered educational group programs and literature. For control subjects, the only intervention was the sending of. screening results, with advice to consult a doctor, for the 10 per cent at highest risk.Repeat screening after one year showed that similar changes in risk factor levels had occurred in both the treatment and the control groups, although changes in blood pressure favoured the control group. This program of screening and intervention had little effect on the level of coronary disease risk factors.
“GIVE IT AWAY FOR A DAY”: AN EVALUATION OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA'S FIRST SMOKE FREE DAY
Authors: Donovan Robert J. , Fisher Deborah A. , Armstrong Bruce K. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA Smoke Free Day, modelled on the Great American Smokeout, was held in Perth, Western Australia on 10th November, 1982. Under the theme “Give It Away For A Day”, the day was promoted heavily on television and radio, in the press and in other ways. Some three months after the day, 93 per cent of subjects indicated their awareness of it and 56 per cent could recall the logo. An estimated 36.5 per cent of smokers tried to give up on the Day and 23.2 per cent succeeded; 2.3 per cent gave up and were still non‐smokers three months later. Among non‐smokers, 47.4 per cent encouraged a smoker to give up on the Day and 14.6 per cent considered that they had succeeded. A majority of both smokers (52.8 per cent) and non‐smokers (81.6 per cent) considered that the Smoke Free Day was a “good idea”.
UNIVERSITY STUDENTS' KNOWLEDGE OF ALCOHOL AND DRINK STEREOTYPES
Authors: Wilks Jeffrey 
Published: August 2010

AbstractFirst year university students were surveyed about their knowledge of alcohol and its effects, their stereotypes of alcoholics and perceptions of drinkers according to the type of beverage they drink. Students held several myths about drinking and showed a poor knowledge of the way in which the body metabolizes alcohol. Stereotypes of alcoholics were generally favourable with alcoholism perceived as a disease from which a person could recover. Perceptions of those people who drank various popular forms of alcoholic and non‐alcoholic beverages revealed stereotypes which parallel images promoted by the mass media. The influence of the media in promoting certain images of drinkers is discussed.
THE DIETARY PATTERNS OF SHIFTWORKERS ON SHORT ROTATION SHIFTS
Authors: Fisher M. , Rutishauser I.H.E. , Read R.S.D. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe freqency of food use of twenty‐five oil refinery operators aged 26 to 59 years was studied on short rotation shift work. Each of the workers was interviewed on day, night and afternoon shift to obtain a 24‐hour qualitative record of food intake. A number of significant differences (p<0.05) were found between different shifts in the frequency of food use, and appeared to be related to changes in the type of meal consumed and the availability of food at the work‐site.
SOCIAL WORKERS' AND GENERAL PRACTITIONERS' ATTITUDES TOWARDS CHILD‐REARING ENVIRONMENTS—TRADITIONAL OR NON‐TRADITIONAL?
Authors: Baum Frances E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractFamily structures and the behaviour of individuals within families is changing. Assessment of these changes is, in part, a reflection of values. Difference in value—orientations towards the family can be an important factor in interactions between professional workers and their patients or clients. This study reports on a survey of social workers' and general practitioners' attitudes towards different types of families and their suitability for child‐rearing. General practitioners were found to have a more traditional orientation than social workers, although both groups favoured the nuclear family model. Implications of value differences between professional workers and those who consult them are discussed.
OCCUPATIONAL STRESS IN NURSES IN AN AUSTRALIAN GENERAL HOSPITAL
Authors: Linder‐Pelz S. , Pierce J. P. , Minslow M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper reports the levels of stress experienced by registered and student nurses in a large metropolitan teaching hospital. A scale measure of current stress was developed and its psychometric properties assessed. Similar scale measures were constructed for the independent variables: nurses' personal attributes and perceived stressors. There was a symmetric distribution of stress scores and further analyses focused on the approximate 30% of nurses at the “high stress” end of the scale, assumed to be experiencing excessive stress. High stress was strongly associated with feeling poorly, poor self‐worth, dissatisfaction with social supports, feeling worse as pressure builds up and dissatisfaction with own coping. The particular stressors affecting registered and student nurses, respectively, were identified.In addition, lack of responsiveness of the nursing and medical managements affected stress among Registered Nurses (RN's), while lack of status in the medical team and job overload were significant stressors of Student Nurses (SN's). The risk of being highly stressed, given the presence of various personal attributes and job stressors, was estimated using logistic regression. Stress levels in different areas of the hospital were compared, and the personal and job stressor factors that most accounted for the high levels of stress in different areas were identified.
TRENDS IN EXERCISE PREVALENCE IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Bauman Adrian 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe measurement of physical activity is an important issue in health promotion and Public Health campaigns in Australia. This paper examines six community‐based national surveys since 1980, each estimating the prevalence of physical activity. These surveys show an apparent increase in the number of highly active Australians. However, the issue of reliable and valid physical activity measures has not been adequately addressed. The different measures used generated different estimates of activity prevalence. Serial surveys in 1985 and 1986, when adjusted for differential measurement error, failed to demonstrate an increase in the number of active Australians. Consistent and validated measurement of physical activity patterns is necessary before public health and preventive programs are developed in this area.
TALKING HEALTH: USING TALKBACK RADIO FOR HEALTH PROMOTION
Authors: James Ross W. , Howat Peter A , Fisher K. John 
Published: August 2010

AbstractHealth education campaigns which utilise the mass media generally employ advertising techniques. Television and print media are considered more influential, with radio being primarily used for awareness raising and campaign support messages. There is relatively little research into the effectiveness of radio talkback programs in promoting health or reducing illness. This paper argues a case for health and welfare professionals to utilise talkback radio as part of their health promotion activities.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF PRIMARY MEDICAL CARE AGENCY IN THE WESTERN REGION OF MELBOURNE: AN INTERVIEW STUDY OF ADULT PATIENTS
Authors: Dunt David R. , Oberklaid Frank , Temple‐Smith Meredith J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAn interview study investigating attitudinal and other factors influencing the selection of primary medical care (PMC) agency is described. It focuses on adult patients excluding those with trauma of medical/surgical emergencies and was conducted in part of the Western Region of Melbourne in late 1983, the period immediately prior to the introduction of Medicare. It is based on a cross‐sectional survey of in‐hours attenders of eight general practices (GP), the Western Region (Community) Health Centre (WRCHC) and the general clinic of the casualty department at the Western General Hospital (WGH).Attenders of these different services differed significantly in their socio‐demographic characteristics. WGH attenders were significantly younger and had migrated from non‐English speaking countries significantly more often. Male attenders at the WGH had significantly lower socioeconomic status. 71 per cent being not in the workforce.The most commonly stated reasons for attendance at particular services generally were “closeness to home, work”, “recommendation” and “good service”. Reasons given by attenders at the different clinics generally were similar. However GP attenders offered “good service” significantly more often as a reason for choice; WGH attenders offered “cheap/economic reasons” significantly more often and “recommendation” significantly less so. WRCHC attenders offered “workers' compensation” significantly more often. Thirty per cent of attenders overall had attended other than their current clinic during their past three to four illness episodes.While a large majority of patients still attend GP for PMC it is concluded that a pluralist model recognising the legitimacy of different PMC arrangements and multiple use of them by individuals best meets community need. This is likely to be even more true under Medicare.It is concluded that instrumental factors and social networks are important in the selection of PMC, particularly given the limited knowledge of respondents about health services. It is also concluded that cost and economic factors have been given undue weight in selection of primary medical care agency. The use of the WGH casualty department by groups not in the work force, given no real financial advantage in doing so, requires further study.
THE MEASUREMENT OF SOCIOECONOMIC INEQUALITY AND SOCIAL CLASS IN AUSTRALIA: A REVIEW OF PAST PRACTICES AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
Authors: Najman Jake M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractRecent findings have pointed to an association between socioeconomic status and health in Australia but have, in the process, raised important questions about the validity of various methods of determining a respondent's location within the hierarchy. While some of the problems associated with the use of the Australian Bureau of Statistics classification were known, the full extent of these deficiencies was not.This paper reviews past and present methods of measuring socioeconomic inequality in Australia. After pointing to the criteria which should be applied to determine the adequacy of any method of socioeconomic classification, the paper reviews the main strengths and weaknesses of the methods of classification used in health‐related research in Australia.
DO HEALTH DEPARTMENTS PROMOTE HEALTH?— IF NOT, WHAT DO THEY DO?
Authors: Lennie Ian 
Published: August 2010

AbstractHealth authorities around Australia have been suffering an epidemic of re‐organization for nearly a decade. This situation flows from two chronic problem areas. The first is the health system itself and its lack of capacity to address health issues. The second is the public service system and its inability to carry out the public will. The combined ineffectiveness of both these systems leads to the private sector being regarded as the only alternative organizational form to bureaucracy. This, however, is only compounding the problems. Community health centres, particularly in Victoria, offer a viable and effective organizational form in health, and point the way towards revitalizing the public sector.
IMPLEMENTING A PUBLIC CHOLESTEROL SCREENING CAMPAIGN: THE NORTH COAST EXPERIENCE
Authors: James Ray , Tyler Colin , van Beurden Eric , Henrikson Denise 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSeveral community‐based interventions in the United States have indicated that it is possible to economically screen the blood cholesterol levels of large numbers of the population and to assist those with elevated levels to reduce their blood cholesterol. The North Coast Cholesterol Check Campaign was designed to involve existing community health staff and community volunteers in a Health Promotion Campaign to: increase community awareness of the importance of cholesterol levels in relation to coronary heart disease; to offer participants immediate blood cholesterol analysis; and to offer dietary advice to those participants who were above the recommended 5.5 mmol/L levelFifty‐two Cholesterol Check Points were conducted on the North Coast of NSW between 1 September and 15 December, 1987. Each Check Point featured a rapid cholesterol analysis with a finger‐prick procedure on the Boehringer‐Mannheim Reflotron System and immediate dietary counselling by trained staff for participants with elevated levels. A total of 12,067 persons participated in the Campaign: 43 per cent were found to have cholesterol levels that exceeded the recommended desirable levels set by the Australian National Heart Foundation. A 4–5 month follow up of 61 per cent (3,164) of these individuals indicates that 72 per cent lowered their blood cholesterol levels and 65 per cent reduced their BMI. Mean cholesterol change was 0.65 mmol/L and mean BMI change was 0.51.The results indicate the potential for similar community‐based nutrition education programmes to reduce cholesterol levels in Australia. This paper details the rationale for the North Coast Cholesterol Check Campaign and the issues concerned with implementation of the campaign.
SOCIAL CLASS AS INDICATED BY AREA OF RESIDENCE: A MORTALITY STUDY WITHIN AN AUSTRALIAN INDUSTRIAL POPULATION
Authors: Gordon Ian , Christie David , Robinson Kaye 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe influence of social class on morbidity and mortality is well known and, in many epidemiological settings, its role as a potential confounding variable must be addressed. In occupational studies, particularly those based within a single industry, it is difficult to measure social class by scales based on occupational prestige. In a population study within the Australian petroleum industry, the all‐cause mortality of males has been examined by social class, as indicated by area of residence, specifically, postcode. Rates of mortality were higher in the lower social classes, and the gradient was similar to that observed previously. The mortality rate of the lowest social class group relative to the highest was 1.73, and the test for trend was significant (p=0.003). Whilst adjustment for smoking reduced the gradient somewhat, a social class effect remained.
DEVELOPING A MANDATE FOR CHANGE: PLANNING AS A POLITICAL PROCESS
Authors: Broadhead Peter , Duckett Stephen , Lavender Geoff 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe three main questions dealt with in this article are: ‘why have community participation in planning?’ ‘what is community participation?’ and ‘how can community participation be practised?’ Planning in this context should be understood in a strategic sense as social policy development and implementation at a regional level. In answer to the first question, two common approaches to social planning and their shortcomings are briefly discussed, with reference to a taxonomy from Alan Walker's book Social Planning, A Strategy for Socialist Welfare.1 Community participation in social planning is a key characteristic of an alternative approach which addresses or avoids altogether the fundamental shortcomings of the other two. Issues of the practice of community participation in regional planning are examined through a description and analysis of the planning process undertaken by the Western Metropolitan Region of the Health Department Victoria. Some general conclusions regarding current trends in policy formation and public sector administration are also drawn.
IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF COMMUNITY HEALTH SURVEYS AND COMMUNITY HEALTH PROMOTION CAMPAIGNS BY FEEDBACK FROM THE COMMUNITY: EXPERIENCE FROM THE WALLSEND COMMUNITY AND HEALTH PROJECT
Authors: Clarke Rufus M. , Allen Gwen , McBay Sue , Heaney Sandra 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA lifestyle and health risk survey was conducted in two socially disadvantaged Collector's Districts, as the basis for a health promotion intervention in one of the Districts. After community input into the planning, and local advance publicity, 395 people responded to the survey (a response rate of 39%).Three sources of community feedback were used: (i) reasons for refusal to participate; (ii) written comments solicited at a two‐month follow‐up; (iii) later, in‐depth interviews with a subset of respondents. The data from this feedback related both to the process and outcomes of the survey; the latter included increased personal and community awareness of health, as well as lifestyle changes.The data are discussed in terms of their representativeness and the factors influencing participation, the implications of the low response rate, the stages of health behaviour change, and the potential conflict between scientific and human value‐systems in community research.
The Community And The Institution
Authors: POLIER JUSTINE WISE 
Published: August 2010

This paper was delivered before the Berkshire International Forum held at Berkshire Industrial Farm, a school for delinquent boys at Cannan. New York. June 22. 23 and 24.With members of the united Nations Secretariat attending, eleven nations were represented among the forty authorities in the field of institutional treatment of problem children who participated.Council president, Hon. Victor B. W ylegala. was the only member of the judiciary present as a discussant of papers‐presented.
Planning Techniques: Areal Data Collection Units and Migration in Malawi
Authors: Coleman G. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY Three problems with areal data collection units are identified, namely aggregation levels, areal boundaries and the size and shape of areal units. Examples are drawn from Malawi.RESUME Les Techniques de Planification : les Unités chargées de la Collecte des Données Zonales, et la migration au MalawiTrois problèmes sont précisés, relatifs à des unités chargées de la collecte des données zonales, en particulier des niveaux d'aggrégatton, de la délimitation zonale ainsi que des taille et forme des zones. Les exemples fournis proviennent du Malawi.RESUMEN Técnicas de Planificación : Unidades de Recolección de Datos por Areas y Migración en MalawiSe identifican tres problemas en relación con las unidades de recolección de datos por áreas, a saber, niveles de agregación, delimitación de las áreas y tamaño y forma de las unidades de área. Se usan ejemplos de Malawi.
Tomić on Christian Democracy and the Left in Chile: A Comment
Authors: Lehmann David 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY This article criticizes the argument of Radorniro Tomić, (see ‘Reflections on the Coup d'Etat in Chile’, IDS Bulletin vol.7 no. 3, October 1975) according to which there was a possibility of an agreement between the Chilean Christian Democrats and the parties of Unidad Popular which would have saved Chile from the events of September 1973. The counter‐argument rests on the evidence that the Christian Democrats did all they could to prevent the UP government from fulfilling its programme, and even when partial agreements were in the air, ended up by defeating such efforts. Tomić represents a minority view in his party which is dominated by Frei, the President of Chile from 1964 to 1970, who has always rejected any deal with the Left. However, the author agrees with Tomić that an agreement would have saved the country from its present fate, even if it would have involved some sacrifice of ultimate goals.RESUME La Démocratie Chrétienne et la Gauche au Chile: Le Bilan Selon TomićL'article qui suit remet en question la thèse de Radomiro Tomić, (voir ‘Réflexions au sujet du Coup d'Etat du Chile’, Bulletin de 1'IDS, Vol. 7, No. 3, Octobre 1975) selon laquelle il est question de la possibilité d'un accord entre Démocrates Chrétiens Chiliens et partis de L'Union Populaire qui aurait pu éviter au Chile les evenements de September 1973. Le contre‐argument repose sur le fait que les Démocrates Chrétiens ont fait tout ce qui était en leur pouvoir pour empêcher le Gouvernement d'UP de remplir son programme, et même lorsque des accords partiaux étaient dans l'air, ont fini par mettre de tels efforts en échec. Tomić représente les vues d'une minorité au sein de son parti, dominé par Frei, Président du Chile de 1964 à 1970. qui a toujours refusé de traiter avec un parti de gauche. Cependant l'auteur pense comme Tomić qu'un accord aurait sauvé le pays de son destin actuel, même si cela avait impliqué le sacrifice d'objectifs ultérieurs.RESUMEN Tomić y la Relación entre la Democracia Cristiana y la Izquierda en Chile: Un ComentarioEste articulo critica la tesis de Radomiro Tomić (ver, ‘Reflexiones sobre el Golpe de Estado en Chile’, Boletín IDS Vol. 7, No. 3, octubre 1975) según la cual los partidos de la Unidad Popular hubieran podido llegar a un acuerdo sin transacciones ideológicas con la Democracia Cristiana y evitar asi la tragedia de septiembre de 1973. Tomić representa una tendencia minoritaria dentro su partido, el que está dominado por el ‐ex‐Presidente de Chile Eduardo Frei, quien nunca quiso llegar a un acuerdo. El autor concuerda con Tomić que un entendimiento con la izquierda hubiera salvado al país de su destino actual, pero cree que su ausencia se debió a que nadie apreció con claridad los riesgos que se corrían al no buscar seriamente un acuerdo.