bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in phenols content and metabolism in leaves of susceptible and resistant winter wheat cultivars infested by Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hom., Aphididae)
Authors: LESZCZYŃSKI B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe changes of the phenols content and metabolism in the leaves of susceptible‐Bezostaya 1 and relatively resistant Atlas 66 winter wheat varieties after artificial infestation by bird cherry‐oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) has been investigated. After infestation the total phenols content has slightly increased in the both studied cultivars. In the Atlas 66 variety the increase was due mainly to the higher amount of monophenols, whereas in Bezostaya 1 it was caused by the polyphenols. The attack of the aphids brought also increase of the phenylalanine and tyrosine ammonia‐lyases activity in the tissues of the studied varieties. Much higher increase of peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase activity was observed in the plants of the susceptible cultivar Bezostaya 1. The effect of the aphid infestation on the interactions between the pest and host plant and presumable role of the phenolic compounds in the induced resistance of the wheat to the R. padi are discussed.ZusammenfassungGehaltsänderungen und Metabolismus der Phenolverbindungen in den Blättern von zwei Winterweizensorten, empfindlich für bzw. unempfindlich gegen den Befall von Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hom., Aphididae).Es wurden Gehaltsänderungen der Metabolismus der Phenolverbindungen der empfindlichen Winterweizensorte Bezostaya 1 und der unempflindlichen Sorte Atlas 66 nach künstlicher Besiedlung mit Rhopalosiphum padi L. untersucht. Nach dem Befall nahm der Gesamtgehalt an Phenolverbindungen in beiden untersuchten Sorten leicht zu. Diese Zunahme wurde vor allem durch höheren Gehalt an Monophenolen in der Sorte Atlas 66 und an Polyphenolen in der Sorte Bezostaya 1 verursacht. Der Blattlausbefall führte auch zur Aktivitätserhöhung der Phenyloalanin‐mmoniak‐Lyase und der Thyrosin‐Ammoniak‐Lyase in den Geweben der beiden Sorten. Es wurde ein wesentliches Ansteigen der Peroxidase‐ und Polyphenolperoxydase‐Aktivität in den Pflanzen der empfindlichen Sorte Bezostaya 1 beobachtet.Der Einfluß des Blattlausbefalls auf die Beziehungen zwischen dem Schädling und der Wirtspflanze und die voraussichtliche Rolle der Phenolverbindungen in der induzierten Resistenz der Weizensorten gegenüber der R. padi werden diskutiert.
Forest Lepidoptera attracted to six synthetic pheromones in Czechoslovakia
Authors: BREWER J. WAYNE , KRAMPL F. , SKUHRAVÝ V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe attractiveness of six synthetic pheromones to forest Lepidoptera was studied at two locations in Czechoslovakia during 1983. The synthetic attractants tested included pheromones for Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Tortricidae), Eucosma sonomana Kearf. (Olethreutidae), Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lymantriidae), Orgyia pseudotsugata (McD.) (Lymantr.), Rhyacionia frustrana (Comst.) (Olethr.) and Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.) (Olethr.). The attractant for R. buoliana was prepared in Czechoslovakia for use with European species but the other five materials are of North American origin and intended for use with species there. Sticky traps baited with these pheromones captured some 32 species in 26 genera with significant numbers of species as follows: Traps with the C. fumiferana attractant contained Acleris sparsana (Den. et Schiff.) (Tortr.) and Cnephasia stephensiana (Doubl.) (Tortr.). Those with the E. sonomana attractant contained Enarmonia formosana (Scop.) (Tortr.) and Caradrina morpheus (Hufn.) (Noctuidae). The L. dispar material attracted L. monacha (L.) and L. dispar (L.). Traps with the O. pseudotsugata contained O. antiqua (L.) and those with the R. frustrana pheromone contained Cnephasia interjectana (Haw.) and Dichrorampha simpliciana (Haw.) (Olethr.). Traps with the R. buoliana attractant contained Gypsonoma oppressana (Treit.) (Olethr.). Our results indicate that substantial species, genus and family cross attraction occurs with some of the synthetic sex attractants tested.ZusammenfassungForst‐Lepidopteren‐Fang mit 6 synthetischen Pheromonen in der CSSREs wurde die Attraktivität von 6 synthetischen Pheromonen für forstliche Lepidopteren an 2 Standorten in der CSSR 1983 untersucht. Die verwendeten synthetischen Anlockstoffe enthielten Pheromone von Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Tortricidae), Eucosma sonomana Kearf. (Olethreutidae), Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lymantriidae), Orgyia pseudotsugata (McD.) (Lymantr.), Rhyacionia frustrana (Comst.) (Olethr.) und Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.) (Olethr.). Der Anlockstoff für R. buoliana wurde in der CSSR zum Gebrauch bei europäischen Arten hergestellt, während die anderen 5 Wirkstoffe aus Nordamerika stammten. Mit diesen Pheromonen versehene Leimfallen fingen 32 Arten von 26 Gattungen Lepidopteren, wobei folgende Kombinationen (Pheromon/Species) die wichtigsten waren: C. fumiferana‐Pher./Acleris sparsana (Den. et. Schiff.) (Tortric.) und Cnephasia stephensiana (Doubl.) (Tortr.); E. sonomana‐Pher./Enarmonia formosana (Scop.) (Tortr.) and Caradrina morpheus (Hufn.) (Noctuidae); Lymantria dispar‐Pher./L. dispar (L.) und L. monacha (L.); Orgyia pseudotsugata‐Pher./O. antiqua (L.); Rhyacionia‐Pher./Cnephasia interjectana (Haw.) und Dichrorampha simpliciana (Haw.) (Olethr.); Rhyacionia buoliana‐Pher./Gypsonoma oppressana (Treit.) (Olethr.). Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die getesteten synthetischen Anlockstoffe im wesentlichen Umfang Arten‐, Gattungen‐ und Familien‐Kreuzanlockung aufwiesen.
Diets improving pupal yield of the olive fruit fly at high larval densities
Authors: MANOUKAS A. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNew diets for rearing the olive fruit fly, Dacus oleae (Gmel.) under high larval densities were formulated and their effect upon larval survival, larval growth, pupal yield and adult emergence was studied. Diets PS33, PS67 and PS100 were obtained from a basal control diet PS by increasing its food ingredients by 33, 67 and 100%, respectively, per ml of dietary water. These diets were tested under three egg densities with satisfactory hatchability. It was found that the proportional increase of food ingredients improved pupal yield and adult emergence compared to the control. Diets PS, PS33 and PS67 gave weight equal to 2.9, 4.4 and 5.4 mg/pupa and adult emergence 41.5, 67.5 and 89.7%, respectively at density of 40 eggs/g diet. The same figures were 3.9, 5.2 and 5.6 mg/pupa and 56.3, 79.8 and 83.2%, respectively, for density of 20 eggs/g diet.Larval survival was equivalent. On the contrary, diet PS100 improved pupal weight but it depressed larval survival, at both densities. All diets gave equivalent results to the control when 10 eggs/g diet were used. The possible effect of consistency, and nutritional content of these diets upon larval performance is discussed.ZusammenfassungDiäten zur Gewinnung von Puppen der Olivenfliege bei hoher LarvendichteNeue Diäten, geeignet für die Zucht der Olivenfliege Dacus oleae (Gmel.) unter hoher Larvendichte, wurden formuliert und ihre Wirkung auf die Mortalität und das Wachstum der Larven, auf den Puppenertrag sowie auf die Schlupfrate der Adulten untersucht. Die Diäten PS33, PS67 und PS100 entstanden aus einer Grund‐Diät „PS” (Kontrolle) durch Anreicherung der Nahrungsbestandteile um 33, 67 bzw. 100 % je ml Futterwasser. Diese Diäten wurden bei 3 verschiedenen Eidichten getestet. Dabei ergab sich, daß die proportionale Zunahme der Nahrungsbestandteile den Puppenertrag und die Schlupfrate der Adulten gegenüber der Kontrolle verbesserte. Die Diäten PS, PS33 und PS67 mit jeweils 40 Eiern pro g Futter gaben Puppengewichte von 2,9; 4,4 und 5,4 mg sowie Schlupfraten der Adulten von 41,5; 67,5 und 89,7 %. Die gleichen Diäten mit 20 Eiern pro g Futter erzeugten Puppengewichte von 3,9, 5,2 und 5,6 mg sowie Schlupfraten der Adulten von 56,3; 79,8 bzw. 83,2%. Das Überleben der Larven war in allen Diäten gleich. Dagegen verbesserte die Diät PS100 bei beiden Eierdichten nur das Gewicht der Puppen, während sie das Überleben der Larven verminderte. Alle Diäten führten zu gleichen Ergebnissen, wenn sie mit 10 Eiern pro g Futter versehen wurden. Der mögliche Einfluß der Futterbestandteile und der Konsistenz der Diäten auf die Leistung der Larven wird erörtert.
On the Ecological Genetics of Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) (Hemiptera, Aphididae)
Authors: WEBER G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAbout 120 clones of Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) were established from aphids, which were sampled from barley, wheat and oat fields in Germany. All clones were analysed for their host plant adaptation (population increase in 12 days ‐ P12) to barley, wheat and oat and for their life cycle strategy. M. dirhodum is characterized by a broad physiological plasticity within individuals and genetically homogenous clones, but there exists also a wide genetic variability between clones in host plant adaptation on barley, wheat and oat. This pattern of variability allows at least in oat fields a genetic adaptation of field populations to their respective food plant “oat”. The degree and pattern of adaptation seems to depend on field size. All clones tested proved to be holocyclic.ZusammenfassungZur ökologischen Genetik von Metopolophium dirbodum (Walker) (Hemiptera, Aphididae)Etwa 120 Klone von Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) wurden in Zucht genommen, die in der Bundesrepublik von Gersten‐, Weizen‐ und Haferfeldern gesammelt wurden. Alle Klone wurden auf ihre Wirtspflanzenanpassung (Populationsanstieg in 12 Tagen ‐ P12) an Gerste, Weizen und Hafer und auf ihren Vermehrungszyklus geprüft. M. dirbodum ist durch eine breite physiologische Plastizität innerhalb von Individuen und genetisch homogenen Klonen charakterisiert, aber zusätzlich ist eine breite genetische Variabilität zwischen Klonen in der Wirtspflanzenanpassung an Gerste, Weizen und Hafer feststellbar. Die vorhandene Variabilität erlaubt zumindest in Haferfeldern eine genetische Anpassung der Population an ihre Wirtspflanze „Hafer”. Grad und Muster der Anpassung scheinen von der Feldgröße abzuhängen. Alle geprüften Klone erwiesen sich als holozyklisch.
The effects of lindane and azinphosmethyl on survival time of soil animals, under extreme or fluctuating temperature and moisture conditions
Authors: DEMON A. , EIJSACKERS H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFluctuating and partly extreme environmental conditions may have a significant impact on effects of pesticides on soil animals. Therefore the effects of lindane and azinphosmethyl on survival time of isopods and collemboles have been measured with fluctuating or extreme soil temperatures, and of lindane on collemboles under changing moisture conditions. With the isopod Philoscia muscorum combined effects of increased temperature and pesticide application are multiplicative. Moreover juvenile animals are more sensitive than adults.From the moisture experiments with the collembole Onychiurus quadriocellatus it appears that pesticide impact is reinforced by dessicating conditions.According to these results unfavourable (extreme) environmental conditions must be incorporated into assessment procedures.ZusammenfassungZur Wirkung von Lindan und Azinphosmethyl bei extremen oder schwankenden Temperaturen und Feuchtigkeitsverhältnissen auf die Überlebensdauer von BodentierenEinwirkungen von Pestiziden auf die Bodenfauna werden möglicherweise erheblich beeinflußt durch schwankende und teilweise extreme Umweltbedingungen.Deshalb wurden die Effekte von Lindan und Azinphosmethyl auf die Lebensdauer von Isopoden und Collembolen gemessen bei schwankenden oder extremen Temperaturen und von Lindan auf Collembolen bei wechselnden Feuchtigkeitsverhältnissen.Beim Isopoden Philoscia muscorum sind die kombinierten Wirkungen von erhöhter Tempera‐tur und Pestizidzugabe multiplikativ. Überdies sind juvenile Tiere empfindlicher als Adulte.Aus den Feuchtigkeitsversuchen mit dem Collembolen Onychiurus quadriocellatus geht hervor, daß der Pestizideinfluß bei trockenen Bedingungen verstärkt ist.
Courtship and copulation in the termite Bifiditermes beesoni (Gardner) (Isoptera)
Authors: AFZAL MOHAMMAD 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSome psycho‐physiological aspects of the sexual behaviour of the drywood termite Bifiditermes beesoni (Gardner) are reported. In this species, attraction of the opposite sex is tactile in nature brought about by antennal contact. The observations suggest that the organs responsible for the attraction of the opposite sex might be located in the region between metathorax and the first abdominal sternites, and the terminal abdominal sternites of female. The duration of grooming and display of an excited male to stimulate a female and of a calling female to activate a male for copulation varies greatly, depending upon the receptivity of the individuals concerned. Mostly, the male takes the initiative in bringing about courtship leading to copulation. There is an indirect evidence that some males may be physiologically incapable of copulating. Similarly, a female though in company with a potent male may remain unfertilized for as long as a year. A male might not copulate in the presence of two females.ZusammenfassungWerbung und Kopulation bei der Termite Bifiditermes beesoni (Gard.) (Isoptera)Es wird über einige etho‐physiologische Aspekte des Sexualverhaltens der Trockenholz‐Termite, B. beesoni berichtet. Bei dieser Art erfolgt eine Anlockung des anderen Geschlechts durch Antennenkontakt. Den Beobachtungen zufolge dürften die auf die Anlockung reagierenden Organe in der Region zwischen Metathorax und den ersten Abdominalsterniten bzw. im Bereich der letzten Abdominalsternite des Weibchens liegen. Die Dauer der Vorbereitung bei einem erregten Männchen zur Stimulierung eines Weibchens sowie eines lockenden Weibchens für die Aktivierung eines Männchens zur Kopulation schwankt stark in Abhängigkeit von der Reaktions‐fähigkeit des Individuums. Zumeist übernehmen die Männchen die Initiative zur Werbung, die zu einer Kopulation führt. Es gibt Hinweise darauf, daß manche Männchen physiologisch nicht zur Kopulation imstande sind, und daß auch Weibchen trotz Anwesenheit potenter Männchen länger als ein Jahr unbefruchtet bleiben. Es kommt vor, daß ein Männchen in Anwesenheit von zwei Weibchen nicht kopuliert.
Requirement of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in cortical pyramidal neurons for appropriate development of corticothalamic and thalamocortical projections
Authors: Wu Chia‐Shan , Zhu Jie , Wager‐Miller Jim , Wang Shan , O’Leary Dennis , Monory Krisztina , Lutz Beat , Mackie Ken , Lu Hui‐Chen 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA role for endocannabinoid signaling in neuronal morphogenesis as the brain develops has recently been suggested. Here we used the developing somatosensory circuit as a model system to examine the role of endocannabinoid signaling in neural circuit formation. We first show that a deficiency in cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R), but not G‐protein‐coupled receptor 55 (GPR55), leads to aberrant fasciculation and pathfinding in both corticothalamic and thalamocortical axons despite normal target recognition. Next, we localized CB1R expression to developing corticothalamic projections and found little if any expression in thalamocortical axons, using a newly established reporter mouse expressing GFP in thalamocortical projections. A similar thalamocortical projection phenotype was observed following removal of CB1R from cortical principal neurons, clearly demonstrating that CB1R in corticothalamic axons was required to instruct their complimentary connections, thalamocortical axons. When reciprocal thalamic and cortical connections meet, CB1R‐containing corticothalamic axons are intimately associated with elongating thalamocortical projections containing DGLβ, a 2‐arachidonoyl glycerol (2‐AG) synthesizing enzyme. Thus, 2‐AG produced in thalamocortical axons and acting at CB1Rs on corticothalamic axons is likely to modulate axonal patterning. The presence of monoglyceride lipase, a 2‐AG degrading enzyme, in both thalamocortical and corticothalamic tracts probably serves to restrict 2‐AG availability. In summary, our study provides strong evidence that endocannabinoids are a modulator for the proposed ‘handshake’ interactions between corticothalamic and thalamocortical axons, especially for fasciculation. These findings are important in understanding the long‐term consequences of alterations in CB1R activity during development, a potential etiology for the mental health disorders linked to prenatal cannabis use.
Supplementing desflurane with intravenous anesthesia reduces fetal cardiac dysfunction during open fetal surgery
Authors: BOAT ANNE , MAHMOUD MOHAMED , MICHELFELDER ERIK C. , LIN ERICA , NGAMPRASERTWONG PORNSWAN , SCHNELL BEVERLY , KURTH CHARLES D. , CROMBLEHOLME TIMOTHY M. , SADHASIVAM SENTHILKUMAR 
Published: July 2010

SummaryObjective:  To lower the incidence and severity of fetal cardiovascular depression during maternal fetal surgery under general anesthesia.Aim:  We hypothesized that supplemental intravenous anesthesia (SIVA) with propofol and remifentanil would lower the need for high‐dose inhalational anesthesia and provide adequate maternal depth of anesthesia and uterine relaxation. SIVA technique would minimize prolonged fetal exposure to deep inhalational anesthetics and significant intraoperative fetal cardiovascular depression.Background:  Fetal hypoxia and significant fetal hemodynamic changes occur during open fetal surgery because of the challenges such as surgical manipulation, hysterotomy, uterine contractions, and effects of anesthetic drugs. Tocolysis, a vital component of fetal surgery, is usually achieved using volatile anesthetic agents. High concentrations of volatile agents required to provide an appropriate degree of uterine relaxation may cause maternal hypotension and placental hypoperfusion, as well as direct fetal cardiovascular depression.Methods:  We reviewed medical records of 39 patients who presented for ex utero intrapartum treatment and mid‐gestation open fetal surgery between April 2004 and March 2009. Out of 39 patients, three were excluded because of the lack of echocardiographic data; 18 patients received high‐concentration desflurane anesthesia and 18 patients had SIVA with desflurane for uterine relaxation. We analyzed the following data: demographics, fetal medical condition, anesthetic drugs, concentration and duration of desflurane, maternal arterial blood pressure, intraoperative fetal echocardiogram, presence of fetal bradycardia, and need for intraoperative fetal resuscitation.Results:  Adequate uterine relaxation was achieved with about 1.5 MAC of desflurane in the SIVA group compared to about 2.5 MAC in the desflurane only anesthesia group (P = 0.0001). More fetuses in the high‐dose desflurane group compared to the SIVA group developed moderate‐severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction over time intraoperatively (P = 0.02). 61% of fetuses in the high‐dose desflurane group received fetal resuscitative interventions compared to 26% of fetuses in the SIVA group (P = 0.0489).Conclusion:  SIVA as described provides adequate maternal anesthesia and uterine relaxation, and it allows for decreased use of desflurane during open fetal surgery. Decreased use of desflurane may better preserve fetal cardiac function.
Migraine and obesity: epidemiology, possible mechanisms and the potential role of weight loss treatment
Authors: Bond D. S. , Roth J. , Nash J. M. , Wing R. R. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryMigraine and obesity are two public health problems of enormous scope that are responsible for significant quality of life impairment and financial cost. Recent research suggests that these disorders may be directly related with obesity exacerbating migraine in the form of greater headache frequency and severity, or possibly increasing the risk for having migraine. The relationship between migraine and obesity may be explained through a variety of physiological, psychological and behavioural mechanisms, many of which are affected by weight loss. Given that weight loss might be a viable approach for alleviating migraine in obese individuals, randomized controlled trials are needed to test the effect of weight loss interventions in obese migraineurs. Large‐scale weight loss trials have shown that behavioural interventions, in particular, can produce sustained weight losses and related cardiovascular improvements in patients who are diverse in body weight, age and ethnicity. Consequently, these interventions may provide a useful treatment model for showing whether weight loss reduces headache frequency and severity in obese migraineurs, and offering further insight into pathways through which weight loss might exert an effect.
Seed dispersal effectiveness revisited: a conceptual review
Authors: Schupp Eugene W. , Jordano Pedro , Gómez José María 
Published: July 2010

SummaryGrowth in seed dispersal studies has been fast‐paced since the seed disperser effectiveness (SDE) framework was developed 17 yr ago. Thus, the time is ripe to revisit the framework in light of accumulated new insight. Here, we first present an overview of the framework, how it has been applied, and what we know and do not know. We then introduce the SDE landscape as the two‐dimensional representation of the possible combinations of the quantity and the quality of dispersal and with elevational contours representing isoclines of SDE. We discuss the structure of disperser assemblages on such landscapes. Following this we discuss recent advances and ideas in seed dispersal in the context of their impacts on SDE. Finally, we highlight a number of emerging issues that provide insight into SDE. Overall, the SDE framework successfully captures the complexities of seed dispersal. We advocate an expanded use of the term dispersal encompassing the multiple recruitment stages from fruit to adult. While this entails difficulties in estimating SDE, it is a necessary expansion if we are to understand the central relevance of seed dispersal in plant ecology and evolution.

Contents

Summary
333

I.
Introduction
334

II.
Caveats
335

III.
What is an effective disperser?
335

IV.
The SDE landscape and its quantitative and qualitative axes
336

V.
How are disperser assemblages distributed on the SDE landscape?
340

VI.
Composite seed shadows and SDE: are there advantages to being dispersed by multiple dispersal agents?
342

VII.
The context dependence of SDE
344

VIII.
‘Distance‐dependent SDE’
347

IX.
Emerging issues
348

X.
Conclusions
349

Acknowledgements
349

References
349
LEUCINE OXIDATION IN BRAIN SLICES AND NERVE ENDINGS1
Authors: Chaplin E. R. , Goldberg A. L. , Diamond I. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract—It is generally believed that leucine serves primarily as a precursor for protein synthesis in the central nervous system. However, leucine is also oxidized to CO2 in brain. The present investigation compares leucine oxidation and incorporation into protein in brain slices and synaptosomes. In brain slices from adult rats, these processes were linear for 90min and 14CO2 production from 0·1 mm‐l‐[l‐14C]leucine was 23 times more rapid than incorporation into protein. The rate of oxidation increased further with greater leucine concentrations. Experiments with l‐[U‐14C]leucine suggested that all of the carbons from leucine were oxidized to CO2 with very little incorporation into lipid. Oxidation of leucine also occurred in synaptosomes. In slices, leucine oxidation and incorporation into protein were inhibited by removal of glucose or Na+, or addition of ouabain. In synaptosomes, replacement of Na+ by choline also reduced leucine oxidation; and this effect did not appear to be due to inhibition of leucine transport. The rate of leucine oxidation did not change in brain slices prepared from fasted animals. Fasting, however, reduced the incorporation of leucine into protein in brain slices prepared from young but not from adult rats. These findings indicate that oxidation is the major metabolic fate of leucine in brain of fed and fasted animals.