bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic differentiation between hosts and locations in populations of latent Botrytis cinerea in southern England
Authors: Rajaguru B. A. P. , Shaw M. W. 
Published: August 2010

This study tested the hypothesis that aggressive, localized infections and asymptomatic systemic infections were caused by distinct specialized groups of Botrytis cinerea, using microsatellite genotypes at nine loci of 243 isolates of B. cinerea obtained from four hosts (strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa), blackberry (Rubus fruticosus agg.), dandelion, (Taraxacum officinale agg.) and primrose (Primula vulgaris)) in three regions in southern England (in the vicinities of Brighton, Reading and Bath). The populations were extremely variable, with up to 20 alleles per locus and high genic diversity. Each host in each region had a population of B. cinerea with distinctive genetic features, and there were also consistent host and regional distinctions. The B. cinerea population from strawberry was distinguished from that on other hosts, including blackberry, most notably by a common 154‐bp amplicon at locus 5 (present in 35 of 77 samples) that was rare in isolates from other hosts (9/166), and by the rarity (3/77) of a 112‐bp allele at locus 7 that was common (58/166) in isolates from other hosts. There was significant linkage disequilibrium overall within the B. cinerea populations on blackberry and strawberry, but with quite different patterns of association among isolates from the two hosts. No evidence was found for differentiation between populations of B. cinerea from systemically infected hosts and those from locally infected fruits.
Diagenesis and sea‐level change: lessons from Moruroa, French Polynesia
Authors: BRAITHWAITE COLIN J. R. , CAMOIN GILBERT F. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAn inclined borehole through the margin of Moruroa Atoll, French Polynesia, in which the ages of units are constrained by radiometric dates, provides a unique opportunity to examine the relationship between sea‐level change and diagenetic history. The oldest rocks encountered are dated at 355 840 yr bp and the overlying succession records five cycles of deposition and emergence, culminating in the deposition of the Holocene sequence. Successive intervals of emergence provided the driving force for diagenetic change, promoting the through‐flow of chemically aggressive fresh waters that were at times either pervasive or confined within relatively isolated pathways on a millimetre to metre scale. These locally varying flows and flow rates defined restricted zones characterized by differences in water chemistry and diagenetic signatures. In contrast to some sequences elsewhere, the upper part of the Moruroa Atoll succession is typified by alternations of intervals in which either several generations of cement growth are represented or only one or two cements are present. Three distinct diagenetic signatures can be recognized as follows: (i) fresh water phreatic zones are reflected in neomorphism and the deposition of cements that occluded porosity, thus preventing the deposition of later cements and conferring relative stability; (ii) vadose zones are characterized by more complex diagenetic sequences reflecting multiple phases of dissolution and cement growth, attesting to the relative duration of exposure and the conditions of ground water flow; and (iii) deep in the core, sequences reflect lowstand deposits that suffered sub‐sea diagenesis, generating pores in which multi‐layered marine cements apparently formed at more frequent intervals than those subject to subaerial processes. All cements appear to be of narrowly constrained ages. These results highlight the contentious issue of whether the distributions of former diagenetic environments can be related to specific sea‐level stands and erosion surfaces. It seems that, in the Moruroa core, some cycles of sea‐level change are reflected in distinctive packages of diagenetic features that have not been overprinted by cement growths during later sea‐level stands.
Treatment of severe neutropenic sepsis with granulocyte transfusion in the current era – experience from an adult haematology unit in Singapore
Authors: Ang A. L. , Linn Y. C. 
Published: August 2010

Objectives: Granulocyte transfusion's (GT) efficacy among adult severe neutropenic sepsis (SNS) patients remains uncertain. We assessed GT's efficacy and its determinants among SNS patients in an adult haematology unit. The feasibility and safety of granulocyte donation (GD) and determinants of granulocyte yield were also evaluated. Methods: Retrospective analysis of granulocyte donors and recipients from March 2008 to October 2009. Results:
Donors: Sixty GDs with a median WBC yield (WBCY) of 65·49 (31·30–131·72) × 109 were collected from 48 donors (9 repeat donors) using hydroxyethyl starch and intermittent flow centrifugation aphaeresis after receiving 8 mg dexamethasone and 300 mcg granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor, with no serious adverse reactions (SAR). Six donations were urgently collected <3 h after pre‐medication, the median WBCY of which was not significantly different from donations collected >12 h after pre‐medication [59·18 (45·68–62·90) × 109 vs 67·45 (31·30–131·72) × 109, P = 0·140]. Only pre‐GD absolute neutrophil count (ANC) correlated with WBCY. Patients: Fifteen patients (12 acute leukaemias, 1 severe AA, 1 myelodysplastic syndrome and 1 lymphoma) received median 3 (2–9) ABO/RhD‐matched GTs over 2–24 (median 7) days at 3–61 (median 28) days from severe neutropenia (SN) onset without SAR. They received intensive chemotherapies (N = 9), allogeneic transplant (N = 3), autologous stem cell rescue (N = 1) or immunosuppressants (N = 2). Fourteen had bacterial (N = 1) infections, fungal (N = 3) infections or both (N = 10) and one had severe viral pneumonitis; 63·6 and 30·8% of bacterial and fungal infections responded, respectively. Median ANC increase (ANCincrease) was 1·26 (0–9·25) × 109 at 5–20 (median 11) h post‐GT. On multivariate analysis, each patient's median ANCincrease only significantly correlated positively with median WBC dose/kg (P = 0·013). Five (33·3%) patients survived to discharge; the rest had infection‐related mortality (IRM). IRM was significantly associated with inotropic requirement (P = 0·004), ventilatory requirement (P = 0·017) and persistent SN (P = 0·007). Conclusion: GD is safe and feasible with good WBCY obtainable using our protocol. The effect of shortening pre‐medication interval on WBCY which may prevent delay in initiating GT is worth evaluating. GT most likely benefits SNS patients with prospects of neutrophil recovery before haemodynamic deterioration. Large randomised trials investigating the role and timing of GT among such patients are required.
Immunomapping of desmosomal and nondesmosomal adhesion molecules in healthy canine footpad, haired skin and buccal mucosal epithelia: comparison with canine pemphigus foliaceus serum immunoglobulin G staining patterns
Authors: Bizikova Petra , Linder Keith E. , Olivry Thierry 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPemphigus foliaceus (PF) is the most common canine autoimmune skin disease. In contrast to human PF (hPF), desmoglein‐1 is a minor autoantigen in the canine disease. The major autoantigen(s) of canine PF (cPF) remain(s) unknown, which limits the ability to perform mechanistic studies of lesion formation and the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for this disease. The immunofluorescence patterns of selected desmosomal (desmoglein‐1, desmoglein‐3, desmocollin‐1, desmocollin‐3, desmoplakin‐1/2, plakoglobin and plakophilin‐1) and nondesmosomal adhesion proteins (E‐cadherin, claudin‐1, zona occludens‐1 and occludin) in healthy canine footpad, haired skin and buccal mucosal epithelia were determined using hPF and pemphigus vulgaris sera and specific antibodies. The immunostaining patterns were then compared with that of indirect immunofluorescence staining with 66 cPF sera. Most cPF sera (58 of 66; 88%) exhibited positive staining along keratinocyte margins in the stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum of canine footpad. One serum contained autoantibodies binding solely to stratum granulosum keratinocytes. Concurrent intercellular fluorescence in the stratum basale was limited to seven of 66 cPF sera (11%). Only 12 of 66 cPF sera (18%) also exhibited positive IF staining of the buccal mucosa. This study confirms the immunological heterogeneity of cPF immunoglobulin G autoantibodies. Moreover, the major indirect immunofluorescence staining pattern and the inability of most cPF sera to label the buccal mucosa closely matched that of desmocollin‐1. These observations warrant further investigation of desmocollin‐1 as a potential major cPF autoantigen.
Photosynthesis and growth of newly established shoots of Cirsium arvense and Tussilago farfara are resource independent
Authors: NKURUNZIZA L , ROSENQVIST E , STREIBIG J C 
Published: August 2010

Nkurunziza L, Rosenqvist E & Streibig JC (2011). Photosynthesis and growth of newly established shoots of Cirsium arvense and Tussilago farfara are resource independent. Weed Research 51, 33–40.Summary Cirsium arvense and Tussilago farfara are noxious creeping perennial weeds of temperate crops. Cirsium arvense infests both conventional and organic crops, while T. farfara is more common in organic cropping systems. Mechanical control used in organic farming often leaves intact shoots within crop rows. It is unknown whether shoots and rhizomes are affected by cutting adjacent interconnected shoots. In glasshouse experiments, comparison of net photosynthesis, chlorophyll a fluorescence and quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) of disturbed and undisturbed clones, did not show any disturbance effect. Maximum net photosynthesis decreased over time in both disturbed and undisturbed clones, depending on environmental conditions. Maximum net photosynthesis was not affected by the size of removed shoots and the Fv/Fm did not change much from the theoretical value of 0.83. These results imply that there were no source/sink relations in established shoots acting as feedback control for photosynthesis. The resource sharing via horizontal roots/rhizomes did not exist at the rosette growth stage in homogeneous environments. Therefore, both species do not benefit from their clonal interconnectedness as perennial weeds to cope with disturbances, as compared with annual weeds. Further studies are required to investigate this in heterogeneous environments.
Landform type and land improvement intensity affect floristic composition in rice paddy fields from central Japan
Authors: YAMADA S , KUSUMOTO Y , TOKUOKA Y , YAMAMOTO S 
Published: August 2010

Yamada S, Kusumoto Y, Tokuoka Y & Yamamoto S (2011). Landform type and land improvement intensity affect floristic composition in rice paddy fields from central Japan. Weed Research 51, 51–62.SummaryPaddy field agroecosystems are floristically highly diverse, but the mechanisms affecting this diversity are not clear, especially at broad spatial scales. To conserve paddy weed species, we aimed to clarify the importance of landscape‐scale variables for in‐field floristic diversity. Statistical evidence of the shape of the species response along environmental gradients was obtained by Detrended Correspondence Analysis, DCA. Predicted variables were landform type (narrow valley floor, wide valley floor, old river channel, meander plain with dry soil and meander plain with wet soil), intensity of land improvement (six classes) and species attribute. Both landform type and land improvement intensity were important in explaining variations in in‐field floristic diversity. Non‐paddy weeds and rare threatened species occurred frequently in unimproved plots. Plots in the narrow valley floor and old river channel landform categories had representative species that were categorised as threatened. Unimproved plots also had representative species that were categorised as threatened. The threatened representative species in unimproved plots were confined to old river channels. Unimproved plots in old river channels were the most vulnerable in terms of conservation. Estimation of floristic patterns in paddy fields using landform type and land improvement intensity could be a useful tool for maintaining floristic diversity.
Nicotine increases neural response to unpleasant stimuli and anxiety in non‐smokers
Authors: Kobiella Andrea , Ulshöfer Dorothea E. , Vollmert Christian , Vollstädt‐Klein Sabine , Bühler Mira , Esslinger Christine , Smolka Michael N. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTStudies in smokers suggest that nicotine might exert anxiolytic, stress‐dampening and mood‐enhancing effects and beneficially influences neural processing of affective information. Regarding non‐smokers, results are inconsistent, and no data exist on the effect of nicotine on neural emotion processing. We applied functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to assess the influence of nicotine on brain activation during processing of emotional stimuli in 31 non‐smokers with a maximum lifetime cigarette consumption of 20 cigarettes. Participants were subjected to two fMRI scans with event‐related presentations of images taken from the International Affective Picture System, receiving nicotine (2 mg) and placebo gums in a double‐blinded, randomized cross‐over design. Furthermore, subjective affect was assessed. Nicotine increased brain activity in response to unpleasant stimuli in the amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and basal ganglia, whereas processing of pleasant stimuli was not altered. Psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analyses revealed that nicotine increased connectivity between the amygdala and the perigenual ACC (pACC) during processing of unpleasant stimuli and decreased connectivity between those structures during processing of pleasant stimuli. Participants reported higher state anxiety under nicotine than placebo. A single dose of nicotine acted as a stressor in non‐smokers, leading to increased anxiety and neural activation elicited by unpleasant stimuli as well as altered connectivity within the amygdala–pACC circuit. Besides the possibility that reactions to nicotine may differ between non‐smokers and smokers due to tolerance and neuroadaptive processes that occur during prolonged nicotine use, a priori differences in smokers and non‐smokers might potentially explain diverse effects of nicotine on affect and emotional reactivity.
MAOA genotype, family relations and sexual abuse in relation to adolescent alcohol consumption
Authors: Nilsson Kent W. , Comasco Erika , Åslund Cecilia , Nordquist Niklas , Leppert Jerzy , Oreland Lars 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe aim of the present study was to investigate MAOA gene–environment (G*E) interactions in relation to adolescent alcohol consumption. In the county of Västmanland, Sweden, all 17–18‐year‐old students were asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire and provide a saliva sample during class hours. A total of 2263 students completed the questionnaire (77.4%) and a saliva sample was provided by 2131 participants. Failed MAOA u‐variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) genotype analyses and internal non‐responses left 851 boys and 735 girls (total n = 1586) to be investigated. Alcohol use disorder identification test was used to measure hazardous alcohol consumption. MAOA u‐VNTR was used to measure biological risk in interaction with poor family relations and experience of sexual abuse. The model was also adjusted for non‐independent socioeconomic variables, separated parents, type of housing and parental unemployment. Results showed that the MAOA u‐VNTR, in interaction with psychosocial risk factors, such as the quality of family relations and sexual abuse, was related to high alcohol consumption among adolescents. Girls, carrying the long MAOA u‐VNTR variant showed a higher risk of being high alcohol consumers, whereas among boys, the short allele was related to higher alcohol consumption. The present study supports the hypothesis that there is a relation between MAOA u‐VNTR and alcohol consumption and that this relation is modulated by environmental factors. Furthermore, the present study also supports the hypothesis that there is a sex difference in the G*E interaction.
High cocaine dosage decreases neurogenesis in the hippocampus and impairs working memory
Authors: Sudai Einav , Croitoru Ofri , Shaldubina Alona , Abraham Lital , Gispan Iris , Flaumenhaft Yakov , Roth‐Deri Ilana , Kinor Noa , Aharoni Shai , Ben‐Tzion Moshe , Yadid Gal 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTDrug addiction is a chronic brain disorder, characterized by the loss of the ability to control drug consumption. The neurobiology of addiction is traditionally thought to involve the mesocorticolimbic system of the brain. However, the hippocampus has received renewed interest for its potential role in addiction. Part of this attention is because of the fact that drugs of abuse are potent negative regulators of neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus and may as a result impair learning and memory. We investigated the effects of different dosages of contingent cocaine on cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and on working memory during abstinence, using the water T‐maze test, in adult rats. We found that cocaine, in addition to the changes it produces in the reward system, if taken in high doses, can attenuate the production and development of new neurons in the hippocampus, and reduce working memory.
Lesions of nucleus accumbens affect morphine‐induced release of ascorbic acid and GABA but not of glutamate in rats
Authors: Sun Ji Y. , Yang Jing Y. , Wang Fang , Wang Jian Y. , Song Wu , Su Guang Y. , Dong Ying X. , Wu Chun F. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTOur previous studies have shown that local perfusion of morphine causes an increase of extracellular ascorbic acid (AA) levels in nucleus accumbens (NAc) of freely moving rats. Lines of evidence showed that glutamatergic and GABAergic were associated with morphine‐induced effects on the neurotransmission of the brain, especially on the release of AA. In the present study, the effects of morphine on the release of extracellular AA, γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate (Glu) in the NAc following bilateral NAc lesions induced by kainic acid (KA) were studied by using the microdialysis technique, coupled to high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC‐ECD) and fluorescent detection (HPLC‐FD). The results showed that local perfusion of morphine (100 µM, 1 mM) in NAc dose‐dependently increased AA and GABA release, while attenuated Glu release in the NAc. Naloxone (0.4 mM) pretreated by local perfusion to the NAc, significantly blocked the effects of morphine. After NAc lesion by KA (1 µg), morphine‐induced increase in AA and GABA were markedly eliminated, while decrease in Glu was not affected. The loss effect of morphine on AA and GABA release after KA lesion could be recovered by GABA agonist, musimol. These results indicate that morphine‐induced AA release may be mediated at least by µ‐opioid receptor. Moreover, this effect of morphine possibly depend less on the glutamatergic afferents, but more on the GABAergic circuits within this nucleus. Finally, AA release induced by local perfusion of morphine may be GABA‐receptor mediated and synaptically localized in the NAc.
Differential region‐specific regulation of α4β2* nAChRs by self‐administered and non‐contingent nicotine in C57BL/6J mice
Authors: Metaxas Athanasios , Bailey Alexis , Barbano Maria Flavia , Galeote Lola , Maldonado Rafael , Kitchen Ian 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTNeuronal nAChR upregulation is the hallmark of chronic nicotine exposure. Neuroplasticity to abused drugs, however, depends on whether their administration is forced by the experimenter or is under the control of the experimental animal. Neuroadaptation to chronic nicotine self‐administration was examined with a yoked‐control paradigm, using nose‐poking as the operating procedure. Freely moving C57BL/6J mice that responded for 0.03 mg/kg/infusion of intravenous nicotine under a continuous schedule of reinforcement (FR‐1), had control over the rate and amount of drug intake that a yoked littermate passively received (n = 11). The impact of response dependency on neurobiological changes in nicotinic and dopaminergic systems was subsequently assessed using quantitative autoradiography. Cytisine‐sensitive [125I]epibatidine binding, [3H]SCH23390, [3H]raclopride and [3H]mazindol were used to label nAChRs with α4β2* subtype properties, D1 and D2 dopaminergic receptors, and dopamine transporters, respectively. During a period of 12 days, self‐administration was reliably initiated and maintained in animals receiving response‐contingent nicotine. Region specific changes in the density of α4β2* nAChRs were found to be dependent on the contingency of nicotine treatment. Higher levels of α4β2* receptor binding were observed in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and the ventral tegmental area of self‐administering mice, compared to non‐contingent animals. Moreover, response‐independent increases in D2 binding were observed following chronic nicotine administration. No change in D1 and DAT binding was observed among groups. These findings indicate regional specific alterations in the regulation of the nicotinic cholinergic system following contingent and non‐contingent nicotine exposure, and underline the importance of response dependency on the development of nicotine addiction.
Systemically administered oxytocin decreases methamphetamine activation of the subthalamic nucleus and accumbens core and stimulates oxytocinergic neurons in the hypothalamus
Authors: Carson Dean S. , Hunt Glenn E. , Guastella Adam J. , Barber Lachlan , Cornish Jennifer L. , Arnold Jonathon C. , Boucher Aurelie A. , McGregor Iain S. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTRecent preclinical evidence indicates that the neuropeptide oxytocin may have potential in the treatment of drug dependence and drug withdrawal. Oxytocin reduces methamphetamine self‐administration, conditioned place preference and hyperactivity in rodents. However, it is unclear how oxytocin acts in the brain to produce such effects. The present study examined how patterns of neural activation produced by methamphetamine were modified by co‐administered oxytocin. Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were pretreated with either 2 mg/kg oxytocin (IP) or saline and then injected with either 2 mg/kg methamphetamine (IP) or saline. After injection, locomotor activity was measured for 80 minutes prior to perfusion. As in previous studies, co‐administered oxytocin significantly reduced methamphetamine‐induced behaviors. Strikingly, oxytocin significantly reduced methamphetamine‐induced Fos expression in two regions of the basal ganglia: the subthalamic nucleus and the nucleus accumbens core. The subthalamic nucleus is of particular interest given emerging evidence for this structure in compulsive, addiction‐relevant behaviors. When administered alone, oxytocin increased Fos expression in several regions, most notably in the oxytocin‐synthesizing neurons of the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. This provides new evidence for central actions of peripheral oxytocin and suggests a self‐stimulation effect of exogenous oxytocin on its own hypothalamic circuitry. Overall, these results give further insight into the way in which oxytocin might moderate compulsive behaviors and demonstrate the capacity of peripherally administered oxytocin to induce widespread central effects.