bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Astronomy Filters in Fluorescence Microscopy
Authors: Piper Jörg 
Published: January 2012

AbstractMonochrome astronomy filters are well suited for use as excitation or suppression filters in fluorescence microscopy. Because of their particular optical design, such filters can be combined with standard halogen light sources for excitation in many fluorescent probes. In this “low energy excitation,” photobleaching (fading) or other irritations of native specimens are avoided. Photomicrographs can be taken from living motile fluorescent specimens also with a flash so that fluorescence images can be created free from indistinctness caused by movement. Special filter cubes or dichroic mirrors are not needed for our method. By use of suitable astronomy filters, fluorescence microscopy can be carried out with standard laboratory microscopes equipped with condensers for bright-field (BF) and dark-field (DF) illumination in transmitted light. In BF excitation, the background brightness can be modulated in tiny steps up to dark or black. Moreover, standard industry microscopes fitted with a vertical illuminator for examinations of opaque probes in DF or BF illumination based on incident light (wafer inspections, for instance) can also be used for excitation in epi-illumination when adequate astronomy filters are inserted as excitatory and suppression filters in the illuminating and imaging light path. In all variants, transmission bands can be modulated by transmission shift.
Climate and trade policies: from mutual destruction to mutual support
Authors: MESSERLIN PATRICK A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThere is no doubt that trade and climate policies can be mutually destructive. But there are three strong reasons to suggest that they can also be mutually supportive: they have a common problem, common foes, and common friends. Mutual support would be much stronger if the world regimes for these two policies shared a few common principles. The climate community should feel at ease with the broad WTO principles of ‘national treatment’ and ‘most-favoured nation’, and rely on them in building its own treaty and institutions. The trade community should grasp the opportunity to benefit from the better disciplines on adjustment policies that it is hoped the climate community will design.These conclusions should put the many pending problems into a more positive perspective, and persuade negotiators to find pragmatic compromises, as was the case with the GATT. Using this perspective, the paper focuses on a few key issues, such as the definition of carbon border taxes and the reasons to ban carbon tariffs. Other cases of mutual support are examined. For instance, the climate community should not repeat the mistakes of the world trade regime in dealing with the developing and least developed countries.
The Efficiency of Attentional Networks in Children Who Stutter
Authors: Eggers Kurt , De Nil Luc F. , Van den Bergh Bea R. H. 
Published: January 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate whether previously reported questionnaire-based differences in self-regulatory behaviors (Eggers, De Nil, & Van den Bergh, 2009, 2010) between children who stutter (CWS) and children who do not stutter (CWNS) would also be reflected in their underlying attentional networks.MethodParticipants consisted of 41 CWS (mean age = 6;09; years;months) and 41 CWNS (mean age = 6;09) ranging in age from 4;00 to 9;00. Participants were matched on age and gender. The efficiency of the attentional networks was assessed by using the computerized Attention Network Test (Fan, McCandliss, Sommer, Raz, & Posner, 2002).ResultsPrimary results indicated that CWS had a significantly lower efficiency of the orienting network compared with CWNS, whereas no differences were found on the alerting or executive control network.ConclusionCurrent findings corroborate previously found differences in self-regulatory behavior and were taken to suggest a possible role for attentional processes in developmental stuttering.
Asymmetries in the Processing of Vowel Height
Authors: Scharinger Mathias , Monahan Philip J. , Idsardi William J. 
Published: January 2012

PurposeSpeech perception can be described as the transformation of continuous acoustic information into discrete memory representations. Therefore, research on neural representations of speech sounds is particularly important for a better understanding of this transformation. Speech perception models make specific assumptions regarding the representation of mid vowels (e.g., [ɛ]) that are articulated with a neutral position in regard to height. One hypothesis is that their representation is less specific than the representation of vowels with a more specific position (e.g., [æ]).MethodIn a magnetoencephalography study, we tested the underspecification of mid vowel in American English. Using a mismatch negativity (MMN) paradigm, mid and low lax vowels ([ɛ]/[æ]), and high and low lax vowels ([i]/[æ]), were opposed, and M100/N1 dipole source parameters as well as MMN latency and amplitude were examined.ResultsLarger MMNs occurred when the mid vowel [ɛ] was a deviant to the standard [æ], a result consistent with less specific representations for mid vowels. MMNs of equal magnitude were elicited in the high–low comparison, consistent with more specific representations for both high and low vowels. M100 dipole locations support early vowel categorization on the basis of linguistically relevant acoustic–phonetic features.ConclusionWe take our results to reflect an abstract long-term representation of vowels that do not include redundant specifications at very early stages of processing the speech signal. Moreover, the dipole locations indicate extraction of distinctive features and their mapping onto representationally faithful cortical locations (i.e., a feature map).
200 A Day the Easy Way: Putting It Into Practice
Authors: Baker Kim , Carrillo Debbie , Stanton Freda 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Recent research indicates that individuals who are nonverbal need to be presented a minimum of 200 opportunities a day to interact. In this project, we created 200 communication opportunities every day for students through training, modeling, and offering a data tracking system, resulting in more competent communicators. In this paper, we describe methods to offer students using augmentative communication more than 200 opportunities a day to express a wide range of communicative functions, such as answering, commenting, asking questions, stating opinions, and asserting independence.
Psychoanalytic theories of suicide
Authors: Ronningstam Elsa , Weinberg Igor , Maltsberger John T 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPsychoanalytic theories and studies have influenced the explorations of suicide over the past hundred years. Freud’s first observations of self-objectification in melancholic depression were followed by contributions from object relation theorists and self-psychologists, highlighting foremost the role of narcissistic rage and structural vulnerability. Several of the central clinical concepts that unfolded have more recently been subject to empirical testing. This chapter provides an overview and discussion of the different psychoanalytic formulations applied to suicide. Empirical studies of several assumptions and constructs related to emotions, defences, and structural deficits and vulnerabilities verify their association to or explanation of chronic and acute suicidality. Further conceptualizations and research, especially on subtypes of suicide and individual experiences leading up to and dominating suicidal states, are called for.
Major psychiatric disorders in suicide and suicide attempters
Authors: Lönnqvist Jouko 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSuicidal behaviour is closely connected with mental disorders. Virtually all mental disorders carry an increased risk of suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and suicide. Psychiatric disorder may be an almost necessary, yet insufficient, risk factor for suicide. About 90 per cent of individuals who attempt or commit suicide meet diagnostic criteria for a psychiatric disorder, most often mood disorder, substance use disorders, psychoses, and personality disorders. The risk of suicidal behaviour in anxiety disorders and eating disorders, both having strong comorbidity with depression, is often underestimated. Under-treatment, comorbidity, treatment non-compliance and poor adherence, as well as a high frequency of non-responders are common problems and challenges in the treatment of suicidal persons. On the other hand, there is growing evidence of lower risk of suicidal behaviour during closely monitored long-term treatment of suicidal patients, indicating that treatment adherence is an important factor in medical suicide prevention.
Suicide prevention in Sweden
Authors: Wasserman Danuta , Nordenskiöld Ana , Ramberg Inga-Lill , Wasserman Camilla 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Suicide and attempted suicide are still surrounded by feelings of guilt, shame, fear and unease. These acts are often incorrectly perceived as being predestined and impossible to prevent. Suicide among men in the 15–44 age group is the most common cause of death in Sweden. For females in the same age group, suicide is the second most common cause of death after tumours.
A suicidal act is not only a drastic example of difficulties in coping with the hardships of life and mental problems, but it is also a frequent indicator of how the health care and public health systems and ordinary fellow human beings fail to respond in an adequate manner to suicidal people. The responses encountered by suicidal individuals seeking care are a measure of quality, not only of medical and psychological care services, but also of the psychosocial conditions in society.
Ambiguous attitudes towards preventive measures and the persistent taboo surrounding suicide, as well as the attitude that suicide is a human right, make suicide-preventive activities necessary. In 1993, the Riksdag (the Swedish Parliament) stated that a country wishing to embark on active efforts to prevent suicide needs to have a national programme, as well as an institution for activities of this kind.
WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX5Gene Expression and Interaction of CLE Peptides with Components of the Systemic Control Add Two Pieces to the Puzzle of Autoregulation of Nodulation
Authors: Osipova Maria A. , Mortier Virginie , Demchenko Kirill N. , Tsyganov Victor E. , Tikhonovich Igor A. , Lutova Ludmila A. , Dolgikh Elena A. , Goormachtig Sofie 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn legumes, the symbiotic nodules are formed as a result of dedifferentiation and reactivation of cortical root cells. A shoot-acting receptor complex, similar to the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) CLAVATA1 (CLV1)/CLV2 receptor, regulating development of the shoot apical meristem, is involved in autoregulation of nodulation (AON), a mechanism that systemically controls nodule number. The targets of CLV1/CLV2 in the shoot apical meristem, the WUSCHEL (WUS)-RELATED HOMEOBOX (WOX) family transcription factors, have been proposed to be important regulators of apical meristem maintenance and to be expressed in apical meristem “organizers.” Here, we focus on the role of the WOX5 transcription factor upon nodulation in Medicago truncatula and pea (Pisum sativum) that form indeterminate nodules. Analysis of temporal WOX5 expression during nodulation with quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and promoter-reporter fusion revealed that the WOX5 gene was expressed during nodule organogenesis, suggesting that WOX genes are common regulators of cell proliferation in different systems. Furthermore, in nodules of supernodulating mutants, defective in AON, WOX5 expression was higher than that in wild-type nodules. Hence, a conserved WUS/WOX-CLV regulatory system might control cell proliferation and differentiation not only in the root and shoot apical meristems but also in nodule meristems. In addition, the link between nodule-derived CLE peptides activating AON in different legumes and components of the AON system was investigated. We demonstrate that the identified AON component, NODULATION3 of pea, might act downstream from or beside the CLE peptides during AON.
Clinical laboratory assessment of the abuse liability of an electronic cigarette
Authors: Vansickel Andrea R. , Weaver Michael F. , Eissenberg Thomas 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTAims  To provide an initial abuse liability assessment of an electronic cigarette (EC) in current tobacco cigarette smokers.Design  The first of four within‐subject sessions was an EC sampling session that involved six, 10‐puff bouts (30 seconds inter‐puff interval), each bout separated by 30 minutes. In the remaining three sessions participants made choices between 10 EC puffs and varying amounts of money, 10 EC puffs and a varying number of own brand cigarette (OB) puffs, or 10 OB puffs and varying amounts of money using the multiple‐choice procedure (MCP). The MCP was completed six times at 30‐minute intervals, and one choice was reinforced randomly at each trial.Setting  Clinical laboratory.Participants  Twenty current tobacco cigarette smokers.Measurements  Sampling session outcome measures included plasma nicotine, cardiovascular response and subjective effects. Choice session outcome was the cross‐over value on the MCP.Findings  EC use resulted in significant nicotine delivery, tobacco abstinence symptom suppression and increased product acceptability ratings. On the MCP, participants chose to receive 10 EC puffs over an average of $1.06 or three OB puffs and chose 10 OB puffs over an average of $1.50 (P < 0.003).Conclusions   Electronic cigarettes can deliver clinically significant amounts of nicotine and reduce cigarette abstinence symptoms and appear to have lower potential for abuse relative to traditional tobacco cigarettes, at least under certain laboratory conditions.
The effects of sildenafil on rectal sensitivity and tone in patients with the irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Gonçalves de Medeiros M. T. , de Oliveira R. B. , dos Santos A. A. , de Leopoldino D. M. , Oliveira Lima M. C. , Arrais Nobre R. , Nobre e Souza M. Â. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryBackgroundVisceral tone supposedly affects gut sensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Sildenafil increases nitric oxide and influences visceral compliance.AimTo evaluate the effects of sildenafil tone inhibition on rectal sensitivity.MethodsEight controls and 21 IBS patients (Rome II) were enrolled in a double‐blind study, after dosing with placebo or sildenafil (50 mg p.o.). Thresholds for first sensation, first desire to defecate, pain and supraliminar pain were the sensory endpoints, measured with a barostat and 600‐mL rectal bag. Pain (100‐mm VAS) and depression‐anxiety (Hamilton questionnaire) were scored.ResultsIrritable bowel syndrome rectal compliance and sensory‐endpoint thresholds were similar to controls. Five IBS patients had pain threshold lower than controls 95% confidence interval (hypersensitive). Depression score was greater in IBS than controls (11.9 ± 1.3 vs. 6.3 ± 2.5, P = 0.036). In IBS, pain intensity was nonsignificantly higher (37.6 ± 5.3 mm vs. 23.4 ± 8.5 mm, P = 0.064) and supraliminar pain intensity was greater (45.6 ± 5.4 mm vs. 25.9 ± 5.1 mm, P = 0.044) than controls. IBS rectal relaxation increased volume (155.4 ± 41.3 mL vs. 118.8 ± 47.7 mL, P = 0.004) and tension (193.1 ± 118.6 mmHg mL−1 vs. 133.2 ± 98.1 mmHg mL−1, P = 0.019) for triggering first desire to defecate but not for other perceptions. Sildenafil increased volume for both first desire to defecate and pain in the hypersensitive IBS patients. Sildenafil increased rectal compliance only in diarrhoea‐IBS. Mixed‐IBS obtained higher anxiety (12.9 ± 1.3 vs. 5.9 ± 3.1, P < 0.05) and depression scores (13.9 ± 1.9 vs. 6.3 ± 2.5, P < 0.05) and reported more intense supraliminar pain (53.6 ± 9.8 mm vs. 25.9 ± 5.1 mm, P < 0.05) than controls.ConclusionsRectal relaxation following dosing with sildenafil 50 mg increased the first desire to defecate threshold in IBS as a whole, but decreased pain only in the hypersensitive subset. Mixed‐IBS presented higher supraliminar pain and anxiety‐depression scores.
Organization and expression of the Australian sheep blowfly (Lucilia cuprina) hsp23, hsp24, hsp70 and hsp83 genes
Authors: Concha C. , Edman R. M. , Belikoff E. J. , Schiemann A. H. , Carey B. , Scott M. J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn this study we report the isolation and characterization of a heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) gene, the hsp83 gene and two genes that encode small Hsps (Lchsp23 and Lchsp24) from the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, a major agricultural pest. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the LcHsp23 protein is the orthologue of Drosophila melanogaster Hsp23 and LcHsp24 is the orthologue of Sarcophaga crassipalpis Hsp23. Quantitative reverse‐transcriptase PCR analysis showed that the basal level of Lchsp83 RNA is relatively high at all developmental stages and only moderately induced by heat shock. In contrast, Lchsp70 transcripts are present at low levels and strongly induced by heat shock at all stages. The basal levels of expression and degrees of heat induction of the Lchsp23 and Lchsp24 transcripts were more variable across the different developmental stages. Putative heat shock factor binding sites were identified in the Lchsp24, Lchsp70 and Lchsp83 gene promoters. The isolation of these hsp gene promoters will facilitate constitutive or conditional expression of a gene of interest in transgenic Lucilia.
Monitoring the effective population size of a brown bear (Ursus arctos) population using new single‐sample approaches
Authors: SKRBINŠEK TOMAŽ , JELENČIČ MAJA , WAITS LISETTE , KOS IVAN , JERINA KLEMEN , TRONTELJ PETER 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe effective population size (Ne) could be the ideal parameter for monitoring populations of conservation concern as it conveniently summarizes both the evolutionary potential of the population and its sensitivity to genetic stochasticity. However, tracing its change through time is difficult in natural populations. We applied four new methods for estimating Ne from a single sample of genotypes to trace temporal change in Ne for bears in the Northern Dinaric Mountains. We genotyped 510 bears using 20 microsatellite loci and determined their age. The samples were organized into cohorts with regard to the year when the animals were born and yearly samples with age categories for every year when they were alive. We used the Estimator by Parentage Assignment (EPA) to directly estimate both Ne and generation interval for each yearly sample. For cohorts, we estimated the effective number of breeders (Nb) using linkage disequilibrium, sibship assignment and approximate Bayesian computation methods and extrapolated these estimates to Ne using the generation interval. The Ne estimate by EPA is 276 (183–350 95% CI), meeting the inbreeding‐avoidance criterion of Ne > 50 but short of the long‐term minimum viable population goal of Ne > 500. The results obtained by the other methods are highly consistent with this result, and all indicate a rapid increase in Ne probably in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The new single‐sample approaches to the estimation of Ne provide efficient means for including Ne in monitoring frameworks and will be of great importance for future management and conservation.
Induction of systemic resistance againstCucumber mosaic virusbyPenicillium simplicissimumGP17‐2 inArabidopsisand tobacco
Authors: Elsharkawy M. M. , Shimizu M. , Takahashi H. , Hyakumachi M. 
Published: January 2012

The plant growth‐promoting fungus,Penicillium simplicissimumGP17‐2, was evaluated for its ability to induce resistance againstCucumber mosaic virus(CMV) inArabidopsis thalianaand tobacco plants. Treatment with barley grain inoculum (BGI) of GP17‐2 significantly enhanced fresh weight, dry weight and leaf number ofA. thalianaand tobacco plants 6 weeks after planting. Two weeks after CMV inoculation, all plants treated with BGI of GP17‐2 or its culture filtrate (CF) showed a significant reduction in disease severity compared with non‐treated control plants, which exhibited severe mosaic symptoms by the end of the experiment. The enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) demonstrated that CMV accumulation was significantly reduced in plants treated with GP17‐2 or its CF relative to control plants. Based on RT‐PCR, plants treated with GP17‐2 (BGI or CF) also exhibited increased expression of regulatory and defence genes involved in the SA and JA/ET signalling pathways. These results suggested that multiple defence pathways inA. thalianaand tobacco were involved in GP17‐2‐mediated resistance to CMV, although neither the transgenicNahGline, nor thenpr1,jar1orein3mutants disrupted the response inA. thaliana. This is the first report to demonstrate the induction of systemic resistance against CMV by GP17‐2 or its CF.
Lack of effect of central nervous system‐active doses of nabilone on capsaicin‐induced pain and hyperalgesia
Authors: Kalliomäki Jarkko , Philipp Andrew , Baxendale Jane , Annas Peter , Karlsten Rolf , Segerdahl Märta 
Published: January 2012

Summary

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of nabilone on capsaicin‐induced pain and hyperalgesia, as well as on biomarkers of cannabinoid central nervous system (CNS) effects.
A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover study was conducted in 30 healthy male volunteers receiving single doses of nabilone (1, 2 or 3 mg). Pain intensity after intradermal capsaicin injections in the forearm was assessed by continuous visual analogue scale (0–100 mm). Capsaicin cream was applied to the calf to induce hyperalgesia. Primary hyperalgesia was assessed by measuring heat pain thresholds, whereas secondary hyperalgesia was assessed by measuring the area where light tactile stimulation was felt to be painful. Pain and hyperalgesia were measured at baseline and 2–3.5 h after dosing. The CNS effects were assessed at baseline and up to 24 h after dosing using visual analogue mood scales for feeling ‘stimulated’, ‘anxious’, ‘sedated’ and ‘down’. Plasma samples for pharmacokinetic analysis were obtained up to 24 h after drug administration.
Nabilone did not significantly attenuate either ongoing pain or primary or secondary hyperalgesia, whereas dose‐dependent CNS effects were observed from 1.5 to 6 h after dosing, being maximal at 4–6 h. Plasma concentrations of nabilone and its metabolite carbinol were maximal 1–2 h after dosing. Adverse events (AE) were common on nabilone treatment. Four subjects withdrew due to pronounced CNS AE (anxiety, agitation, altered perception, impaired consciousness).
Although nabilone had marked CNS effects, no analgesic or antihyperalgesic effects were observed.