bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vitamin D status in Greenland is influenced by diet and ethnicity: a population-based survey in an Arctic society in transition
Authors: Andersen Stig , Laurberg Peter , Hvingel Bodil , Kleinschmidt Kent , Heickendorff Lene , Mosekilde Leif 
Published: June 2012

Vitamin D status as measured by plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) is important to human health. Circumpolar people rely on dietary sources and societal changes in the Arctic are having profound dietary effects. The objective of the present study was to determine plasma 25(OH)D status and factors important to plasma 25(OH)D in populations in Greenland. Inuit and non-Inuit aged 50–69 years in the capital in West Greenland (latitude 64°15′N) and in a major town and remote settlements in East Greenland (latitude 65°35′N) were surveyed. Supplement use and lifestyle factors were determined by questionnaires. Inuit food scores were computed from a FFQ of seven traditional Inuit and seven imported food items. 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3 levels were measured in the plasma. We invited 1 % of the population of Greenland, and 95 % participated. 25(OH)D3 contributed 99·7 % of total plasma 25(OH)D. Non-Inuit had the lowest median plasma 25(OH)D of 41 (25th–75th percentile 23–53) nmol/l compared with 64 (25th–75th percentile 51–81) nmol/l in Inuit (P< 0·001). Plasma 25(OH)D was below 20 and 50 nmol/l in 13·8 and 60·1 % of participants, respectively, with Inuit food item scores below 40 % (P< 0·001), and in 0·2 and 25·0 % of participants, respectively, with higher scores (P< 0·001). The Inuit diet was an important determinant of plasma 25(OH)D (P< 0·001) and its effect was modified by ethnicity (P= 0·005). Seal (P= 0·005) and whale (P= 0·015) were major contributors to plasma 25(OH)D. In conclusion, a decrease in the intake of the traditional Inuit diet was associated with a decrease in plasma 25(OH)D levels, which may be influenced by ethnicity. The risk of plasma 25(OH)D deficiency in Arctic populations rises with the dietary transition of societies in Greenland. Vitamin D intake and plasma 25(OH)D status should be monitored.
Digenean communities in the tufted duck [Aythya fuligula (L., 1758)] and greater scaup [A. marila (L., 1761)] wintering in the north-west of Poland
Authors: Rząd I. , Sitko J. , Kavetska K. , Kalisińska E. , Panicz R. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA total of 124 specimens of the tufted duck, Aythya fuligula, and 63 greater scaup, A. marila, were examined for digenean parasites. Both duck species, which overwinter in a coastal lake connected with the southern Baltic (north-west Poland) were found to support Amblosoma exile, Cyathocotyle prussica,Paracoenogonimus ovatus, Australapatemon minor, Cotylurus cornutus, Echinoparyphium recurvatum, Echinostoma revolutum and Notocotylus attenuatus. In addition, the tufted duck hosted Hypoderaeum conoideum, Bilharziella polonica, Neoeucotyle zakharovi, Renicola mediovitellata, Psilochasmus oxyurus, Psilostomum brevicolle and Cryptocotyle concava; Echinostoma nordiana occurred in the greater scaup only. The two duck species differed significantly in the intensity and abundance of their digenean infection. Aythya marila harboured higher intensity levels and a wider assemblage of digeneans than A. fuligula, and this was likely to be due to differences in the pre-wintering exposure of the duck species to infective stages of these freshwater digeneans. Digenean communities in both duck species, strongly dominated by E. recurvatum, were relatively similar in their structure. No significant sex-dependent differences in digenean infections were revealed, except for the infection with N. attenuatus in A. fuligula. Similarly, there were no significant age-dependent differences (adult versus immature birds) in digenean infections, except for that with N. attenuatus in A. fuligula. The structural similarity between digenean communities in the two duck species is most likely an effect of overlapping diets based on freshwater molluscs, components of the digenean transmission pathway to definitive hosts.
A new foliicolous Fellhaneropsis (Pilocarpaceae) from the Netherlands
Authors: APTROOT André 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe new species Fellhaneropsis rhododendri is described from living Rhododendron leaves in the Netherlands. It is characterized by pyriform pycnidia with stiff, septate hairs at the mouth. It is doubtlessly due to recent global warming that an obligately foliicolous lichen can be described from a temperate area in Europe.
The genus Melanophloea, an example of convergent evolution towards polyspory
Authors: APTROOT André , SCHUMM Felix 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe species described in or referred to the genus Melanophloea, traditionally referred to the Thelocarpaceae, are discussed. Detailed observations on two species, including the type species, show that they have not much more in common than their polysporous ascus. Melanophloea is reduced to the type species, M. pacifica. It shows a close resemblance to Aptrootia in the Trypetheliaceae, and it is therefore tentatively referred to this family. Melanophloea americana is shown to be close to Thelenella in the Thelenellaceae. The latter species and the related M. montana are newly combined into this genus as Thelenella americana and T. montana. Thelocarpon nigrum, which was recently compared to Melanophloea, is retained in Thelocarpon in the Thelocarpaceae. Polyspory is suggested to facilitate dispersion, especially when compared to parent taxa that produce large muriform ascospores. Based on the current classification, polyspory originated at least 57 times within the lichenized ascomycetes, a clear example of convergent evolution.
Pannaria howeana and Pannaria streimannii, two related new lichen species endemic to Lord Howe Island, Australia
Authors: ELVEBAKK Arve 
Published: June 2012

AbstractPannaria howeana and P. streimannii are described here as new to science. Both species are restricted to the isolated Lord Howe Island in Australia. The former is known only from one collection and the latter from two sites. Pannaria howeana is a primarily fertile species, with rather broad lobes and few rhizines restricted to the central part of the lower side of the thallus. The lower sides of the lobes have a pattern of characteristic radiating hyphae and narrowly recurved margins similar to the New Zealand lichen P. araneosa (C. Bab.) Hue, which is considered to be its closest relative. Pannaria streimannii is a phyllidiate counterpart of P. howeana. Both species share a new chemosyndrome consisting of porphyrilic acid in combination with vicanicin and leprolomin. Local endemic species are uncommon among tripartite Pannaria species, and the coarse vegetative propagules of both species appear to be an adaptation to local dispersal on a small, isolated island.
New species of lichenicolous fungi from Bolivia
Authors: FLAKUS Adam , KUKWA Martin 
Published: June 2012

AbstractFour new species of lichenicolous fungi are described from Bolivia:Capronia etayoiFlakus & Kukwa sp. nov. (onDictyonema minus),Lichenosticta jurgaeKukwa & Flakus sp. nov. (onLecanorasp.),Phaeosporobolus trypetheliiFlakus & Kukwa sp. nov. (onTrypetheliumochroleucum; the host lichen new to Bolivia) andSpirographa usneaeFlakus, Kukwa & Etayo sp. nov. (onUsneasp.; also known from Ecuador).
Predicting the distribution of the air pollution sensitive lichen species Usnea hirta
Authors: SHRESTHA Gajendra , PETERSEN Steven L. , ST. CLAIR Larry L. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractUsnea hirta, an important member of the lichen family Parmeliaceae, has long been used as a bio-monitor of air pollution, particularly of sulphur dioxide in North America. Although U. hirta has a wide geographical distribution, it is important to be able to identify accurately the optimal habitat conditions for air pollution-sensitive species, thus making it possible to more effectively and efficiently establish air quality bio-monitoring stations. We modelled the distribution of U. hirta as a function of nine variables, five macroclimatic variables: average monthly precipitation, average monthly minimum temperature, average monthly maximum temperature, solar radiation, and integrated moisture index, and four topographic variables: elevation, slope, aspect, and land forms and uses for the White River National Forest, Colorado. The response variable was developed based on the presence or absence of U. hirta at each of 72 bio-monitoring baseline sites established in selected portions of four intermountain area states. Our model was developed using Non-Parametric Multiplicative Regression (NPMR) analysis, a modelling approach that analyzes environmental gradients, or predictor variables, against known locations for individuals of the model species. Finally, we evaluated our model on the basis of log β values and overall improvement over a naïve model and the Monte Carlo Permutation Test with 1000 randomized runs. The best model for U. hirta included four variables – solar radiation, average monthly precipitation, and average monthly minimum and maximum temperatures (log β=3·68). Among these four variables, average monthly maximum temperature was the most influential predictor (sensitivity=0·71) for the distribution of U. hirta. The occurrence rate for U. hirta, based on field validation, was 45·5%, 65·4%, and 70·4% for low, medium, and high probability areas, respectively. This study showed that our model was successful in predicting the distribution of U. hirta in the White River National Forest. Based on these results, the north-eastern and western portions of the forest appear to offer the most favourable conditions for the installation of future air quality bio-monitoring baseline sites.
Culture studies on the mycobiont ofCaloplaca erythrantha(Tuck.) Zahlbr. (Teloschistaceae): high production of major lichen secondary metabolites
Authors: FAZIO Alejandra T. , ADLER Mónica T. , BERTONI María D. , MAIER Marta S. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA strain of the lichen mycobiont ofCaloplaca erythrantha, isolated from ascospores, was cultured axenically on different solid media. Four of the media employed supported the development of colonies and production of the two major lichen secondary metabolites. These media were: BMYE (mannitol 2%, yeast extract 0·1%, in Bold's basal medium); MEYE (malt extract 2%, yeast extract 0·2%, in distilled water); Hamada's MY10 (malt extract 1%, yeast extract 0·4%, sucrose 10%, in distilled water); and the new BMRM (Bold mannitol rich medium, mannitol 5·3%, malt extract 1%, yeast extract 0·4% in Bold's mineral medium). Percentages refer to final medium volume. The fungal colonies developed well on the four media and produced emodin and 7-chloroemodin, the major secondary compounds of the lichen apothecia. Crystals deposited richly on the external surface of the hyphae, as observed with an optical microscope. The two anthraquinones were purified from the lichen thallus, apothecia and cultured mycelia, and identified by chromatographic (TLC, HPLC) and spectroscopic (NMR, MS) methods. The analysis of lichen apothecia revealed the presence of emodin (0·90% w/w) and 7-chloroemodin (0·56% w/w), whereas colonies cultured for five months generally produced higher percentages than the lichen: 1·72% emodin and 0·30% 7-chloroemodin on BMYE; 0·21% and 0·95% on MEYE; 7·82% and 7·48% on MY10; and 11·70% and 10·80% on BMRM. These results show that the production of both anthraquinones was promoted significantly in mycobiont cultures with high concentrations of the carbon sources sucrose or mannitol, with a higher effect being observed with the latter.
XIII.—A Comparative Study of the Cytoplasmic Components during the Oogenesis of Dog, Cat, and Rabbit
Authors: Zlotnik I. 
Published: June 2012

The present paper gives an account of the behaviour of the Golgi material, mitochondria, and nucleolar extrusions during the oogenesis of dog, cat, and rabbit. So far as the writer is aware there is no previous detailed work on the cytoplasmic components of the female germ-cells of the animals investigated.R. Vander Stricht (1911) dealt with the oogenesis of the cat; O. Vander Stricht (1923) has made a comparative study of oogenesis of mammals, including the dog and the cat; P. del Rio Hortega (1913) described the behaviour of the Golgi material, and H. von Winiwarter (1900) studied the nuclear changes during oogenesis of the rabbit; H. von Winiwarter and G. Sainmont (1909) dealt with nuclear metamorphosis during the oogenesis of the cat; finally J. Nihoul (1926), in his paper on the rabbit, described the Golgi material during oogenesis. All the papers quoted, apart from those which deal with the nuclear changes, are either incomplete surveys, or the methods used are insufficiently delicate to reveal changes shown by modern techniques.
V.—The Mode of Multiplication of the Rous No. I Sarcoma Virus
Authors: Carr J. G. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisKnown amounts of the Rous No. 1 sarcoma virus were injected into the legs of chicks. The birds were killed, the legs extracted, and the virus content determined at intervals. Controls showed complete recovery of the virus by the methods used. After 16 hours the amount of virus was 1 per cent, or less of the injected amount, and this low level remained until about 70 hours, when an increased amount of virus suddenly appeared. This is taken to imply that, like the necrotising viruses, those of the fowl sarcoma multiply in the cell in a non-infective and probably disaggregated form. These times agree well with previous histological findings. The implications of such a method of reproduction are discussed.
V.—Investigations into the Distribution of Thiol Groups in the Skin Follicles of Mice and Sheep and the Entry of Labelled Sulphur Compounds
Authors: Ryder M. L. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThe distribution of thiol (sulphydryl) groups in the wool follicle has been studied with Bennett's reagent; the strongest reaction was found immediately proximal to the prekeratinization (keratogenous) region. Mice and lambs were injected with cystine labelled with sulphur-35 and radioactivity was detected in the follicles, autoradiographically within a few minutes. A peak of activity formed in the follicle during the first few hours after injection which suggested that there is a rapid turnover of cystine in the body. But a small amount of activity could still be detected in the follicle up to at least 3 weeks afterwards.Sulphur seems to enter the follicle immediately above the bulb, and reaches the fibre first on the side at which it is keratinized last. This method indicated the relative proportion of sulphur in different regions of the follicle and suggested that the sulphur becomes concentrated on keratinization. No difference in sulphur content was found between primary and secondary follicles, the ortho- and paracortex, and apparently between cortex and medulla. When labelled sulphate was injected, activity appeared first in the outer sheath, and only later in the fibre.
V.—The Profundal Fauna of Loch Lomond, Scotland
Authors: Slack H. D. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisLoch Lomond is divisible into two natural regions, a northern, deep, steep-sided trough and a southern, relatively shallow expanse. These are separated by what is, in many respects, a transitional middle region. This topographical diversity has engendered widely different environments for the benthic fauna, especially for the profundal fauna.A survey of selected sites in each region has shown a distribution of species in accordance with the individuality of these major divisions of the lake.Chironomid midge larvae and the bivalve mollusc, Pisidium, each have dominant species in different regions. Of the former, Sergentia coracinus characterizes the northern and species of Tanytarsus the southern region; both being absent from the transitional region where Chironomidæ of any species are few in number.Pisidium conventus predominates in the deep cold waters of the northern and middle regions and is replaced by other species, chiefly P. lilljeborgi, in the southern.Regional differentiation of oligochaete worms appears to be less clearly defined but with Limnodrilus sp. avoiding the deep water and Stylodrilus heringianus favouring it.Despite marked differences in proportions of the component species, tentative estimates of biomass of the profundal benthic animals show a tendency towards equality in all regions.
X.—The Natural History of Yellow Fever in Africa
Authors: Haddow A. J. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThe studies on the epidemiology of yellow fever which have been carried out in Africa in the period 1925–1966 are presented in narrative form.The original isolation of the virus is described, leading on to the survey work which showed that the infection is widespread in tropical Africa and that monkeys are very important hosts—perhaps the definitive mammalian hosts—of the virus. The discoveries of a monkey-to-man cycle in which the classical vector mosquito,Aedes aegypti, is replaced byA. simpsoniand of a monkey-to-monkey cycle, in whichA. africanusis the vector, are described.Recent epidemics are discussed, particularly that in Ethiopia, where there were about 200,000 cases, with 30,000 deaths, in the period 1960–62 and where the principal vector in the man-to-man cycle wasA. simpsoni.Work on groups of animals other than monkeys is reviewed, with particular reference to studies on the lemuroid Primates of the genusGalago, which are believed to be natural hosts of the virus. It is concluded that there are still many unknown facets in the epidemiology.
XVIII.—Studies on Reproduction in Wild-Type and Female-Sterile Mutants ofDrosophila melanogaster(Meig)
Authors: Beatty R. A. , Waddington C. H. 
Published: June 2012

Drosophilamutants are usually defined by structural characteristics exhibited by the adult fly. In certain cases (homozygous lethal mutants and female-sterile mutants) the mutant may or may not be defined structurally, but does exhibit the physiological characteristic of death at some stage.The females of homozygous lethals are sterile, for the F1; represented by the germinal cells, dies with the mother. The term female-sterile, however, is applied to the well-known cases in which the mother but not her F1achieve imaginal life.
XI.—The Condition of the Mantle Cavity in Two Pulmonate Snails living in Loch Lomond
Authors: Hunter W. Russell 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisA survey has been made of the condition of the mantle cavity in populations ofLymnœa (Radix) peregra (Müller)andPhysa fontinalis(L.) living in a range of depths and habitats in Loch Lomond. In many populations, including some in relatively shallow water, the mantle cavity remains water-filled throughout life. Where the cavity contains a gas-bubble, micro-gas-analysis (using a modification of Krogh's methods) has revealed that in some cases the gas composition is such that the bubble could be used as a physical gill, while in others such use is unlikely. Other observations on respiratory behaviour of the two species are reported, and growth-changes are noted in the surfaces available for cutaneous respiration. The study is discussed in relation to previous work on the respiration and ecology of freshwater pulmonate snails.
XV.—The Bottom Deposits of Loch Lomond
Authors: Slack H. D. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThe contrasting geological and topographical features of different regions of Loch Lomond and its watershed are reflected in the nature of the bottom deposits of the lake. This paper presents a survey of the lake bed with the object of determining the extent of its regional variety, and confirms the validity of regarding the lake as divisible into two primary regions. The two primary regions, “upper loch” and “lower loch”, are clearly distinct, but the case for the separation of part of the lower loch as a third, intermediate, region cannot be dismissed without further investigation. From a comparison of the bottom deposits, an attempt is made to show the advance in trophic state made by the lower loch over that of the upper.
XVI.—Electron Microscopic Studies of Spinal Ganglion Cells
Authors: Hossack J. , Wyburn G. M. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThin sections of the spinal ganglion of the rat were cut and examined with the electron microscope. Two main types of nerve cell are described. Type A with equal electron density of nucleus and cytoplasm. The cytoplasm contains large aggregates of Nissl's substance discretely scattered throughout the cell, mitochondria and osmophilic granules. Type B with a “light” nucleus and a “dark” cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is closely packed and homogeneous so that it is difficult to separate out the various cytoplasmic elements.There is a well-marked nuclear membrane about 500 Å thick and characteristic strawberry nucleolus.The capsular cells are closely applied to the nerve cell with no intervening boundaries. A system of cytoplasmic filaments—the “endoplasmic reticulum”—is present in the intercellular regions.There are nerve fibres with lamellated myelin sheath, axolemma, Schwann cells and Schwann membrane.
Geistand Communication in Kant's Theory of Aesthetic Ideas
Authors: DeBord Charles 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn hisCritique of the Power of Judgement, Kant explicates the creation of works of fine art (schöne Kunst) in terms of aesthetic ideas. His analysis of aesthetic ideas claims that they are not concepts (Begriffe) and are therefore not definable or describable in determinate language. Nevertheless, Kant claims that aesthetic ideas are communicable via spirit (Geist), a special mental ability he associates with artistic genius. This paper argues that Kant's notion ofGeistis central to his analysis of fine art's expressive power. The notion ofGeistconstitutes a conceptual link between Kant's aesthetic theory and that of G. W. F. Hegel, for whose analysisGeistis the subject.
Sports Law: its History and Growth and the Development of Key Sources
Authors: Boyes Simon 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn this article Simon Boyes traces the development of the discipline of sports law as represented and effected by the literature in the field. The article identifies different aspects of sports law and the various levels and locations within which it operates and identifies the leading academic and practitioner works associated with each. The article also considers the major developments in the field and the way in which they have shaped the sports law literature.
Athletics in Ancient Law
Authors: Ibbetson David 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn this article David Ibbetson takes a perspective from the ancient world. A number of texts of Roman law are concerned with injuries arising in the course of athletics. They are particularly concerned with blameworthy killings, and constitute some of the most fundamental texts at the historical base of modern negligence liability. Behind them there may lie questions discussed by Greek orators, where they were fitted into a rather different framework from that of the Romans.
Drugs in Sport
Authors: Charlish Peter 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn this article Peter Charlish addresses the controversial issue of the use of performance enhancing drugs in sport. He looks at the legal basis for regulation via the World Anti-Doping Code and the nature of a sports participant's relationship with their governing body and the anti-doping organisations. He explains in the context of proportionality, the measures designed to combat doping in sport; the importance to the Code of the central principle of strict liability. Also, he highlights the use of non-analytical positives as a further method of detection of doping violations, whilst taking consideration of the impact of these measures on the human rights of participants.