bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction “The Angel Would Like to Stay, Awaken the Dead, and Make Whole What Has Been Smashed”
Authors: FOOTE THELMA WILLS 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book shows that racialized subjects are formations that arise out of historically specific projects and strategic relations of power — in this case study, the early modern project of colony building on Manhattan Island and its relations of colonial domination. This introductory chapter narrates that during the early modern era of European expansion and the emergence of the capitalist world system, Manhattan Island became a crossroads for the articulation of the ideal and material relations of colonial domination that produced relationally constituted and differentially value racialized subjects — for example, civilized and savage, colonizer and colonized, enslaver and enslaved, black and white. It notes that the quasi-military trading monopoly known as the Dutch West India Company built the first colonial outpost on Manhattan Island.
“Nothing That Is Necessary Is to Be Discouraged”
Authors: FOOTE THELMA WILLS 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter tracks the project of colony building on Manhattan Island following the English takeover of the North American territory previously called New Netherland and renamed New York. It shows that the labor imperatives of colony building produced a pattern of widespread slave ownership. It adds that the colonization project on Manhattan Island, in town and in the surrounding countryside, resulted in a mixed system of labor that combined slavery indentured servitude, and wage labor and brought a diverse population from various birth places, religions, and languages to the island-peninsula.
Hearing Bach's Passions
Authors: Melamed Daniel R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Johann Sebastian Bach's two surviving passions—St. John and St. Matthew—are an essential part of the modern repertory, performed regularly both by professional ensembles and amateur groups. These large, complex pieces are well-loved; but because of our distance from the original context in which they were performed, questions and problems emerge. Bach wrote the passions for a particular liturgical event at a specific time and place; we hear them hundreds of years later, often a world away and usually in concert performances. They were performed with vocal and instrumental forces deployed according to early 18th century conceptions; we usually hear them now as the pinnacle of the choral/orchestral repertory, adapted to modern forces and conventions. In Bach's time, passion settings were revised, altered, and tampered with both by their composers and by other musicians who used them. Today, we tend to regard them as having fixed texts, to be treated with respect. Their music was sometimes recycled from other compositions, or reused itself for other purposes. We have trouble imagining the familiar material of Bach's passion settings in any other guise. We can learn about these issues by exploring the sources that transmit Bach's passion settings today, performance practice (including the question of the size of Bach's ensemble), delving into the passions as dramatic music, examining the problem of multiple versions of a work and the reconstruction of lost pieces, exploring the other passions in Bach's performing repertory, and sifting through the puzzle of authorship.
Which St. John Passion BWV 245?
Authors: Melamed Daniel R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
What do we do when a composition survives in several versions? J. S. Bach's St. John Passion presents a test case for our convictions about pieces and their multiple versions. Most people's sense that there is indeed a work identifiable as “the St. John Passion ” is confirmed by the assignment of a single Bach catalogue number (BWV 245) to it. But the situation is more complicated: there are multiple St. John Passions, some of which are recoverable and some of which are not. One may not really qualify as a version, depending on how one defines the concept.
Vox Feminae
Authors: Sherman Bernard D. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Hildegard (1098-1179), the founder and abbess of a Benedictine nunnery in Bingen, Germany, first came to the attention of modern America in a book about headaches. Oliver Sacks’s 1970 book Migraines included an essay arguing that Hildegard’s mystical visions were “indisputably migrainous”, although with characteristic open-mindedness he has also written that this “does not detract in the least from their psychological or spiritual significance”. Today Hildegard of Bingen is known chiefly for her music. What brought about the change was a pair of 1982 CDs, Gothic Voices’s A Feather on the Breath of God, and Sequentia’s Ordo Virtutum. Both still stand among the best-selling recordings yet made of early music. This chapter presents an interview with Barbara Thornton, who discusses the music of Hildegard, Gregorian chant, color in music, imagery in Hildegard’s music, and feminine elements of Hildegard’s music.
Consistent Inconsistencies
Authors: Sherman Bernard D. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
To his devotees, Johann Sebastian Bach’s mystique originates in his music: one feels that there is much more to it than meets the ear, and that the extra something is profound. His mystique may be heightened, though, by our tantalizingly limited knowledge of his life and his performance style. For an example of the challenges of Bach scholarship, consider Bach’s articulation marks. These slurs and dots may have aided Bach’s contemporaries, but they flummoxed modern scholars for decades. The confusion lay in what Erwin Bodky called the markings’ “incredible discrepancies”. Through an exhaustive survey of Bach sources and Baroque performance treatises, John Butt discerned some of the motivation behind Bach’s markings. He showed that the markings give special insight into how Bach understood his music. This chapter presents an interview with Butt on Bach and his music, use of original musical instruments, Bach’s articulation marks, historical instruments, downbeat and dissonance, syntax, and Bach’s metaphysics.
Epilogue
Authors: Sherman Bernard D. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The musicians interviewed in this book can be divided into three broad types. Artists of the first type uphold what might be called the central early music tradition: they adhere firmly to the ideal of trying to play music as it was played in its own time. The interviews show that historical evidence does not inspire everyone in the same way. The second type of artists rejects, at least partially, the core ideal of historical authenticity. Such artists are not complacent but rather know their history, and have rethought their styles. But unlike the first type, they flout history openly when they prefer something else. We might assume that these artists have been emboldened by the skeptics’ battering at the historicist ideal. On the whole though, it seems that both types one and two reach their positions not through the intellect but through temperament or artistic need. The third type is often a subset of the first type, which uses history radically to undermine a more basic assumption, one that the first two groups share with the mainstream.
Jewish Residential Patterns
Authors: Lowenstein Steven M. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows that many Jews before 1850 lived in difficult housing conditions. Many were crowded into multiple dwellings caused by legal limitations on Jewish homeownership. In the middle of the 19th century, Jewish housing conditions improved markedly, but it is not certain that on average they were better than those of non-Jews. By 1871, something substantial had changed in the residential conditions of German Jewry. The extreme overcrowding, cramped housing conditions, and confinement to certain towns, neighborhoods, and provinces were decreasing rapidly. The huge Jewish communities in Posen and in certain south German villages were beginning to fade, but were by no means gone. Most German Jews still lived in the countryside or small towns.
Religious Practice and Mentality
Authors: Lowenstein Steven M. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows how by 1870 Jewish religious practice and attitudes changed from being uniformly religiously traditional to running the gamut from preservation of the essence of the tradition at one end to the almost total abandonment of Jewish religious traditions on the other. Although most German Jews had already traveled a road away from tradition by 1870, almost all of them had grandparents who had been traditional Jews. It is difficult to guess what percentage of German Jews in 1870 still observed the rules of kashrut and the Sabbath.
Education and Vocational Training
Authors: Maurer Trude 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows that toward the end of the Weimar Republic the Jewish school system became an institution of protection against antisemitism and of strengthening Jewish consciousness. As the Nazis blocked this advancement by limiting access to secondary schools and higher education and strove to lower the Jewish level of education, Jews turned more toward their own history and culture, while preparing for emigration and also attempting not to lose sight of “general” history and culture.
Leisure Time and Social Life
Authors: Maurer Trude 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the degree of integration of Jews with the non-Jewish environment and the bonds within the Jewish community. Although ostracized from German cultural life, Jews held fast to German culture and learned more and more about Jewish authors and Jewish history. A strengthened Jewish communal life and a return to Jewish holidays at home were also accompanied by an intellectual return to Judaism.
Approaching Electric Folka
Authors: Sweers Britta 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
As a re-evaluation of Bob Dylan's folk rock performance at Newport highlights, one central controversy of fusion music has been centered on the relationship between traditional and popular music. This discourse becomes especially apparent in the broader historical background of the partly strongly interrelated folk music revivals. The subsequent historical overview thus sketches the different Folk Revivals in America (1930s-1965) and American Folk Rock (1965-1970) and the Second British Folk Revival (1950s/60s), including the Skiffle Craze and the development of the folk club scene, which has strongly shaped the discourses regarding electric folk. As the focus of this study is set on electric folk from its emergence in the mid-1960s until its disappearance in the late 1970s, later developments after the re-emergence in the 1980s are only briefly sketched.
The Electric Folk Scene
Authors: Sweers Britta 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This sociocultural analysis depicts the electric folk scene as a coherent, yet heterogeneous entity, shaped by continuous line-up changes. As the musical hybridity is also reflected in the performance spaces, this chapter first analyses the folk club and the emerging progressive rock scenes in London of the 1960s. While having developed from the Second Folk Revival, electric folk was nevertheless facilitated by the venues of the progressive scene, including university auditories, festivals, radio DJs like John Peel, and independent record companies, although business always remained a difficult issue. The second part analyses internal characteristics such as the performer network, authority figures like Ewan MacColl and A. L. Lloyd, and the strikingly large number of female artists. The outlook into the 1990s reveals a consolidated scene characterized by distinct venues, festivals, key figures, and repertoires, whose continuous existence is also supported by independent low-key business and marketing strategies.
Individual Musical Approaches
Authors: Sweers Britta 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In order to highlight the variety of the individual fusion styles, this chapter undertakes a deeper musical analysis. A central focus is set on Fairport Convention which, despite numerous line-up changes, still developed a recognizable folk-rock fusion style. The analysis particularly addresses the period with Sandy Denny (1967-1969), which ended with the recording of Liege & Lief. Steeleye Span, in contrast, developed a more rock-oriented approach, despite the stronger focus on traditional material, while Pentangle's acoustic jazz fusions were distinguished by a more transparent sound. The chapter also analyses the British guitar or “Folk Baroque” styles of Martin Carthy, Davy Graham, and Bert Jansch, and addresses the early music experiments of Shirley and Dolly Collins, and John Renbourn. Touching briefly on concept albums and progressive rock, the chapter is completed by a broader discussion of traditional elements in modern songwriting.
The Fight for “Freedom of Association”: Segregationist Rights and Resistance in Atlanta
Authors: Kruse Kevin M. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter reveals how white parents used the rationale of “freedom of association” to protect their children from attending school with African Americans. It discusses that when it became apparent that the public school system would be desegregated, whites applied the same line of reasoning in reenrolling their children at private religious academies. It notes that these institutions had supposedly suffered defeat. It argues that the emphasis white Atlantans placed on the right to make choices for their children free of governmental inference was not merely a conceit intended to conceal their crude racial prejudice.
Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Human Development
Authors: Coles Claire D. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter begins with a brief discussion of how differences in methodologies have contributed to disagreements in the literature and among the public and many professionals about the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure. It then discusses thresholds and dose-response effects of prenatal alcohol exposure, physical effects of prenatal alcohol exposure, and neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal alcohol exposure.
Influence of Alcohol on Structure of the Developing Human Brain
Authors: Fryer Susanna L. , McGee Christie L. , Spadoni Andrea D. , Riley Edward P. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the brain structural changes arising from fetal alcohol exposure. It argues that teratogenic exposure to alcohol causes permanent changes in brain structure and differentially affects specific components and regions of the brain. These structural changes likely underlie deficits in the cognitive ability and adaptive functioning of exposed individuals. Structural brain deficits revealed by quantitative image analyses of alcohol-exposed individuals include reductions in overall brain volume and alterations in brain shape, density, and bilateral symmetry.
Effects of Ethanol on the Regulation of Cell Cycle in Neural Stem Cells
Authors: Zawada W. Michael , Das Mita 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the effects of early ethanol exposure on the cell cycle, with particular reference to neuronal stem cells (NSCs) in the developing brain. Understanding how ethanol affects the cell cycle of NSCs might be valuable in the context of treating ethanol-induced developmental defects such as those observed in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). NSCs and the molecular components of the cell cycle are defined before delving into the effects of ethanol on the progression of the cell cycle.
Effects of Ethanol on Mechanisms Regulating Neuronal Process Outgrowth
Authors: Lindsley Tara A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the effects of ethanol on the outgrowth and maturation of dendrites and axons, focusing on central nervous system neurons developing in vivo or in vitro. Selected observations highlight both well-established and emerging insights on the effects of ethanol on axonal and dendritic growth. One section describes how recent advances in developmental neural cell biology are informing work aimed at understanding the mechanisms underlying the disruption of neuronal development by ethanol.
Glial Targets of Developmental Exposure to Ethanol
Authors: Guerri Consuelo , Rubert Gemma , Pascual Maria 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Glia are recognized as active partners with neurons as participants in neurotransmission and they play essential roles in axonal conduction, synaptic plasticity, and information processing. In the adult human brain, glia outnumber neurons by one order of magnitude. There are two classes of glia: microglia (which mediate inflammatory responses in the central nervous system) and macroglia. Macroglia are oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. This chapter focuses on astrocytes, which are the most paradigmatic glia.
Chapter 1 Introduction
Authors: Bybee Joan 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
A newcomer to the field of linguistics might be surprised to learn that for most of the 20th century, facts about the frequency of use of particular words, phrases, or constructions were considered irrelevant to the study of linguistic structure. To the uninitiated, it does not seem unreasonable at all to suppose that high-frequency words and expressions might have one set of properties and low-frequency words and expressions another. So how is it that so many professional linguists for so many decades, maybe even centuries, have missed (or perhaps avoided) this basic point? One factor is that frequency effects tend to be observable at the level of the individual word or expression, while linguists have tended to focus their interest on the broader patterns of structure and the more abstract and generalized categories. This chapter discusses frequency effects, including the conserving effect, the reducing effect, and autonomy, all of which arise from token frequency. The link between word frequency and categorization is discussed, along with high and low frequency.
Chapter 10 Lexicalization of Sound Change and Alternating Environments
Authors: Bybee Joan 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines sound changes that occur at the boundaries between two words, setting up more than one variant for a word. What happens in such cases is interesting, because it is common for bound morphemes to have multiple variants but not so common for words to have variant forms. Based on final [s] reduction in Spanish dialects, the chapter argues that the spread of the reduced variant from pre-consonantal position (the original phonetic environment) to pre-vocalic position is the generalization of the more frequent variant—that which occurs before consonants. This chapter shows the power of the usage-based approach in explaining linguistic phenomena: the effect of frequency can explain why a word boundary so often behaves like a consonant. The reason is that word boundaries are most often followed by consonants and the more frequent variant eventually takes over. A second point is that the data show that individual words tend to resolve a large range of variation toward having a single variant.
Chapter 14 The Effect of Usage on Degrees of Constituency
Authors: SCHEIBMAN WITH JOANNE 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter deals with constituent structure, primarily in English, and argues that the non-semantic phenomena associated with constituent structure can be attributed to frequency of co-occurrence. It examines the phonological phenomenon of the reduction of don't, which is highly dependent on its frequency of use in different contexts. By phonological criteria the reduction of don't is more dependent on the subject than the following verb. This appears to be due to the higher frequency of I don't than any combination with a verb, even don't know. There are many degrees of constituency which derive in a direct manner from the frequency with which elements are used together: elements that are frequently found next to each other show a tighter constituent structure than those that collocate less frequently. Phonological and functional evidence from conversation suggests that repetition conditions chunking, sometimes overriding the syntactic and semantic logic of the organization of utterances.
An Empire Divided
Authors: Daughton J. P. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Between 1880 and 1914, tens of thousands of men and women left France for distant religious missions, driven by the desire to spread the word of Jesus Christ, combat Satan, and convert the world's pagans to Catholicism. But they were not the only ones with eyes fixed on foreign shores. Just as the Catholic missionary movement reached its apex, the young, staunchly secular Third Republic launched the most aggressive campaign of colonial expansion in French history. Missionaries and republicans abroad knew they had much to gain from working together, but their starkly different motivations regularly led them to view one another with resentment, distrust, and even fear. This book tells the story of how troubled relations between Catholic missionaries and a host of republican critics shaped colonial policies, Catholic perspectives, and domestic French politics in the tumultuous decades before the First World War. With case studies on Indochina, Polynesia, and Madagascar, this book challenges the long-held view that French colonizing and “civilizing” goals were shaped by a distinctly secular republican ideology built on Enlightenment ideals. By exploring the experiences of Catholic missionaries, one of the largest groups of French men and women working abroad, the book argues that colonial policies were regularly wrought in the fires of religious discord — discord which indigenous communities exploited in responding to colonial rule.
5 When Civilization Destroyed Paradise
Authors: DAUGHTON J. P. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter tells of the destruction brought by the European contact with Pacific islanders. It explains that the case of Polynesian depopulation offers a particularly revealing case study of how the civilizing mission took shape in the first decades of the Third Republic. It also notes of the depopulation in late-nineteenth-century France and the Pacific. It also suggests that in France, missionaries were viewed as the imperfect solution for Republicans. It also narrates Paul Gaugin's experience as a witness to a failed mission. It tells that in almost every French possession and protectorate, the ministry met some resistance.
Family Talk
Authors: Tannen Deborah , Kendall Shari , Gordon Cynthia 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Through everyday talk, individuals forge the ties that can make a family. Family members use language to manage a household, create and maintain relationships, and negotiate and reinforce values and beliefs. The studies in this book are based on a unique research project in which four dual-income American families recorded everything they said for a week. This book extends our understanding of family discourse and of how family members construct, negotiate, and enact their identities as individuals and as families. This book addresses issues central to the academic discipline of discourse analysis as well as to families themselves, including decision-making and conflict-talk, the development of gendered family roles, sociability with and socialization of children, the development of social and political beliefs, and the interconnectedness of professional and family life. This book provides insights into the subtleties of family conversation.