bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The deadliest local police departments kill 6.91 times more frequently than
the least deadly departments, net of risk, in the United States
Authors: Leung-Gagné Josh 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
I use data linking counts of homicides by police to police department (PD)
and jurisdiction characteristics to estimate benchmarked (i.e. risk-adjusted)
police homicide rates in 2008–2017 among the 711 local PDs serving 50,000 or more
residents, a sample with demographics resembling all mid-to-large Census places.
The benchmarked rate estimates capture PD deadliness by comparing PDs to peers
whose officers face similar risks while adjusting for access to trauma care
centers to account for differential mortality from deadly force. Compared to
existing estimates, differences in benchmarked estimates are more plausibly
attributable to policing differences, speaking to whether the force currently used
is necessary to maintain safety and public order. I find that the deadliest PDs
kill at 6.91 times the benchmarked rate of the least deadly PDs. If the PDs with
above-average deadliness instead killed at average rates for a PD facing similar
risks, police homicides would decrease by 34.44%. Reducing deadliness to the
lowest observed levels would decrease them by 70.04%. These estimates also
indicate the percentage of excess police homicides—those unnecessary for
maintaining safety—if the baseline agency is assumed to be optimally deadly.
Moreover, PD deadliness has a strong, robust association with White/Black
segregation and Western regions. Additionally, Black, Hispanic, foreign-born,
lower income, and less educated people are disproportionately exposed to deadlier
PDs due to the jurisdictions they reside in. Police violence is an important
public health concern that is distributed unevenly across US places, contributing
to social disparities that disproportionately harm already marginalized
communities.
Intrinsic functional connectivity of motor and heteromodal association cortex predicts individual differences in regulatory focus
Authors: Kim Nayoung , Kim M Justin , Strauman Timothy J , Hariri Ahmad R 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Regulatory focus theory (RFT) describes two cognitive–motivational systems for goal pursuit—the promotion and prevention systems—important for self-regulation and previously implicated in vulnerability to psychopathology. According to RFT, the promotion system is engaged in attaining ideal goals (e.g. hopes and dreams), whereas the prevention system is associated with accomplishing ought goals (e.g. duties and obligations). Prior task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have mostly explored the mapping of these two systems onto the activity of a priori brain regions supporting motivation and executive control in both healthy and depressed adults. However, complex behavioral processes such as those guided by individual differences in regulatory focus are likely supported by widely distributed patterns of intrinsic functional connectivity. We used data-driven connectome-based predictive modeling to identify patterns of distributed whole-brain intrinsic network connectivity associated with individual differences in promotion and prevention system orientation in 1,307 young university volunteers. Our analyses produced a network model predictive of prevention but not promotion orientation, specifically the subjective experience of successful goal pursuit using prevention strategies. The predictive model of prevention success was highlighted by decreased intrinsic functional connectivity of both heteromodal association cortices in the parietal and limbic networks and the primary motor cortex. We discuss these findings in the context of strategic inaction, which drives individuals with a strong dispositional prevention orientation to inhibit their behavioral tendencies in order to shield the self from potential losses, thus maintaining the safety of the status quo but also leading to trade-offs in goal pursuit success.
Abortion Opinion and Partisan Choice: Untangling the Causal Dynamics
Authors: Erikson Robert S 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Starting in the 1980s, U.S. voters began dividing on the abortion issue into pro-life Republicans and pro-choice Democrats. This study shows that the predominant direction of causality was that abortion opinion caused changes in partisanship rather than the reverse, which then had downstream consequences for vote choice. Working with the Youth Parent Socialization Panel Study, I show that those taking pro-choice and pro-life positions in 1982 subsequently changed their party identification to align with those views. By contrast, Democrats and Republicans, as of 1982, did not realign their abortion positions. The partisan conversions were concentrated among ideologically engaged (IE) respondents, especially IE women, who found themselves out of step with their party on abortion. By triggering changes in party identification, panelists’ abortion stances as early as 1982 influenced their vote choices downstream in the 1996 presidential election. Thus, issue-based realignment is viewed here in real time with data from a panel study.
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: An Empirical Benchmark Study of Real-world Diagnostic Accuracy and Reliability Among Leading International Psychiatrists
Authors: Urkin Bar , Parnas Josef , Raballo Andrea , Koren Danny 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background and hypothesis
Assigning a psychiatric diagnosis in real-world situations is often difficult, given that the clinical presentation does not usually conform to the list of condensed, simplified behavioral descriptors of mainstream operational taxonomies (MOT) (eg, ICD-11 and DSM-5). The goal of this study was to benchmark diagnostic accuracy and reliability on a central and severe spectrum of psychopathology (ie, the schizophrenia spectrum disorders [SSDs]), adopting a pragmatic approach as close as possible to real-world clinical settings.

Study Design
We examined the diagnostic performance of 30 international psychiatrists experts in SSD. The clinicians were asked to make their clinical best diagnostic estimate for two written clinical vignettes excerpted from real-world SSD cases.

Study Results
In the first vignette, 22 out of the 30 clinicians (73.5%) indicated a SSD as their main diagnostic hypothesis. In the second vignette, 12 clinicians (40%) chose SSD as their main diagnostic hypothesis. Only 10 of the 30 clinicians (33%) correctly identified both vignettes as cases of SSD. The level of interrater diagnostic agreement (Fleiss’ Kappa) was low but statistically significant (KFleiss = 0.08, P = .01).

Conclusions
The results suggest that, even in a sample of influential international psychiatrists, the diagnostic accuracy and reliability on SSD presentations is poor and substantially inferior to those obtained in reliability studies using structured or semi-structured interviews. The widespread adoption of MOT systems in the last decades may have inadvertently eroded the ability of clinicians to detect a typical pattern of psychiatric illnesses.
Variations in colostrum metabolite profiles in association with sow parity
Authors: Vötterl Julia C , Schwartz-Zimmermann Heidi E , Lerch Frederike , Yosi Fitra , Sharma Suchitra , Aigensberger Markus , Rennhofer Patrick M , Berthiller Franz , Metzler-Zebeli Barbara U 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Information about the full spectrum of metabolites present in porcine colostrum and factors that influence metabolite abundances is still incomplete. Parity number appears to modulate the concentration of single metabolites in colostrum. This study aimed to 1) characterize the metabolome composition and 2) assess the effect of parity on metabolite profiles in porcine colostrum. Sows (n = 20) were divided into three parity groups: A) sows in parity 1 and 2 (n = 8), B) sows in parity 3 and 4 (n = 6), and C) sows in parity 5 and 6 (n = 6). Colostrum was collected within 12 h after parturition. A total of 125 metabolites were identified using targeted reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and anion-exchange chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Gas chromatography additionally identified 19 fatty acids (FAs). Across parities, colostrum was rich in creatine and creatinine, 1,3-dioleyl-2-palmitatoylglycerol, 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-oleoylglycerol, and sialyllactose. Alterations in colostrum concentrations were found for eight metabolites among parity groups (P &lt; 0.05) but the effects were not linear. For instance, colostrum from parity group C comprised 75.4% more valine but 15.7%, 34.1%, and 47.9% less citric, pyruvic, and pyroglutamic acid, respectively, compared to group A (P &lt; 0.05). By contrast, colostrum from parity group B contained 39.5% more spermidine than from group A (P &lt; 0.05). Of the FAs, C18:1, C16:0, and C18:2 n6 were the main FAs across parities. Parity affected four FAs (C18:3n3, C14:1, C17:0ai, and C17:1), including 43.1% less α-linolenic acid (C18:3n3) in colostrum from parity group C compared to groups A and B (P &lt; 0.05). Signature feature ranking identified 1-stearoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine and the secondary bile acid hyodeoxycholic acid as the most discriminative metabolites, showing a higher variable importance in the projection score in colostrum from parity group A than from groups B and C. Overall, results provided a comprehensive overview about the metabolome composition of sow colostrum. The consequences of the changes in colostrum metabolites with increasing parity for the nutrient supply of the piglets should be investigated in the future. The knowledge gained in this study could be used to optimize feeding strategies for sows.
The combined effect of diffuse radiation and leaf wetness on functional traits and transpiration efficiency on a cloud forest species
Authors: Garcia-Tejera Omar , Ritter Axel , Regalado Carlos M 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Cloud forests are unique biomes that thrive in foggy environments for a substantial part of the season. Fog in cloud forests plays two critical roles: it reduces incoming radiation and creates a humid environment, leading to the wetting of the canopy. This paper aims to investigate the combined effect of both radiation and wetness on Myrica faya Wilbur—a cloud forest species present in subtropical regions—both directly in plants and through simulations. Experiments consisted of a controlled environment with two levels of radiation and leaf wetness: low radiation/wet conditions, and high radiation/no-wetness; and three treatments: continuous low radiation and wetness, continuous high radiation and no wetness and alternate high low radiation and alternate wetness. The results revealed that a combination of low radiation and leaf wetness significantly improves leaf stomata conductance and increases the specific leaf area (SLA). Changes in SLA were driven by leaf size changes. However, the minimum leaf conductance (gmin) did not respond to any of the treatments. The simulations focused on exploring the impact of radiation and canopy wetness on transpiration efficiency (TE), i.e. the ratio between photosynthesis (An) and transpiration (Tc). The simulations demonstrated that TE increased exponentially as the canopy was gradually wetted, regardless of the radiation environment. This increase in TE results from Tc approaching zero while An maintains positive values. Overall, this study provides an integrated understanding of how fog alters M. faya functioning and, potentially, other cloud forest tree species.
How to describe a new species in zoology and avoid mistakes
Authors: Braby Michael F , Hsu Yu-Feng , Lamas Gerardo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Taxonomy is the science of discovering, naming, describing, diagnosing, identifying, and classifying different kinds of taxa, from species to families. It lays the foundation for all of the biological sciences. The rapid increase in both taxonomic descriptions and malpractice in recent decades indicates a need for consistency in the procedure and quality of taxonomic research publications dealing with recognition of new taxa, name changes, and nomenclatural acts. Indeed, there are numerous examples in the recent literature of taxonomic works that fall short of the basic procedures and minimum standards required for naming new species according to the mandatory provisions and recommendations of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, accepted standards of taxonomic best practice, and journal editorial policy. Here, we provide practical guidelines of the procedure and key elements required to name, describe, and publish a new animal species or revise the taxonomic status of a species. We then discuss some of the common pitfalls that should be avoided. Mistakes commonly made include failure to read the Code, to review the primary taxonomic literature, to examine type material, to construct the taxon name correctly, to explicitly establish the new taxon, to provide adequate typification, to clearly differentiate the new taxon, to register the publication of the new taxon name in ZooBank, or to publish the name of the new taxon in a manner that is compliant with the Code. We provide some examples of these mistakes, mainly from butterflies (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) and, to some extent, reptiles because these taxon groups seem to have an unusually high level of poor taxonomic practice.
The effects of oxidative stress and intracellular calcium on mitochondrial permeability transition pore formation in equine spermatozoa
Authors: Gibb Zamira , Aitken Robert J. , Sheridan Alecia R. , Holt Brandan , Waugh Stephanie , Swegen Aleona 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe in vitro storage of stallion spermatozoa for use in artificial insemination leads to oxidative stress and imbalances in calcium homeostasis that trigger the formation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), resulting in premature cell death. However, little is understood about the dynamics and the role of mPTP formation in mammalian spermatozoa. Here, we identify an important role for mPTP in stallion sperm Ca2+ homeostasis. We show that stallion spermatozoa do not exhibit “classical” features of mPTP; specifically, they are resistant to cyclosporin A‐mediated inhibition of mPTP formation, and they do not require exogenous Ca2+ to form the mPTP. However, chelation of endogenous Ca2+ prevented mPTP formation, indicating a role for intracellular Ca2+ in this process. Furthermore, our findings suggest that this cell type can mobilize intracellular Ca2+ stores to form the mPTP in response to low Ca2+ environments and that under oxidative stress conditions, mPTP formation preceded a measurable increase in intracellular Ca2+, and vice versa. Contrary to previous work that identified mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) as a proxy for mPTP formation, here we show that a loss of MMP can occur independently of mPTP formation, and thus MMP is not an appropriate proxy for the detection of mPTP formation. In conclusion, the mPTP plays a crucial role in maintaining Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species homeostasis in stallion spermatozoa, serving as an important regulatory mechanism for normal sperm function, thereby contraindicating the in vitro pharmacological inhibition of mPTP formation to enhance sperm longevity.
The expected changes with different periods of home-based resistance exercise in patients with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Chen Shu-Hua , Hsu Ching-Ping , Chang Hsiao-Hua , Liu Tai-Ju , Sun Fang-Ju , Liang Yao-Jen 
Published: May 2024

Background:
The comprehensive impact of prolonged home-based resistance training on individuals grappling with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have yet to be fully elucidated. This study aimed to explore the outcomes of varying exercise durations on physical performance, nutritional status, and kidney function within this specific population, encompassing patients undergoing dialysis and those affected by severe sarcopenia.

Methods:
This was a 1-year observational double cohort study following a 52-week longitudinal design, we enrolled 101 adult CKD outpatients. These participants were divided into two groups: the continuous group, comprising individuals who consistently exercised for over 6 months, and the interrupted group, which included those who did not sustain regular exercise for the same duration. The exercise regimen involved resistance exercises conducted at least 3 to 5 days per week, involving activities like lifting dumbbells and executing weighted wall squats. Physical activity assessments and biochemical blood tests were conducted at weeks 0, 4, 16, 28, 40, and 52 for all participants.

Results:
The continuous exercise group exhibited better handgrip strength and sit-to-stand movement compared to the interrupted group. Their estimated glomerular filtration rate stayed steady while the interrupted group was declined. Additionally, those who exercised consistently had better metabolism: higher carbon dioxide levels, increased albumin, better nutritional scores, and lower levels of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, fasting blood glucose, and body weight. Subsequent adjustments for potential confounding factors continued to show improved physical performance and kidney function over time.

Conclusion:
Our findings indicate the advantageous impact of extended resistance exercise training on overall health of CKD patients, even those on dialysis or with severe sarcopenia. Dedication to this exercise routine could improve kidney function, metabolism, and physical abilities in these patients.
Radiographic Evidence of Bone Changes Around Intraosseous Transcutaneous Amputation Prosthesis: An 11-Year Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Ahmed Kirstin , Pendegrass Catherine , Aston William , Blunn Gordon 
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Percutaneous Osseointegrated Implants (POIs) influence the load transfer path to the host bone. In turn, mechano-regulatory processes (strain adaptive bone remodeling) drive periprosthetic bone changes that influence implant stability and fixation outcome. These bone changes have not yet been reported for the Intraosseous Transcutaneous Amputation Prosthesis (ITAP) clinical trial.

Objectives
This study will first standardize the zoning and reporting of periprosthetic bone change in POI radiographs. Second, it will retrospectively measure periprosthetic bone change from radiographs of 12 participants with an ITAP up to 11 years. Finally, the results will be qualitatively compared with those from participants with different POI designs.

Materials and Methods
Twenty participants with unilateral transfemoral amputations received an ITAP in a 2-center UK clinical trial in either 2008/09 or 2013/14. Participant radiographs from one center were available (n = 12) over 11 years and have been collated and processed in a repeatable way. Transverse plane periprosthetic bone change measurements at 3 equidistant points along the implant stem were measured in AP and ML.

Results
Total median bone growth in AP was double that in ML (57.6 mm and 31.12 mm, respectively). Median lateral and posterior bone change (1.44 mm and 1.09 mm) was greater than median medial and anterior (0.83 mm and −0.005 mm) bone changes, respectively. The greatest change in radial bone growth was observed distally and the least proximally.

Conclusions
Bone changes were similar to other collared pressfit POIs in the literature. We demonstrate the influence of stem design and mechano-regulatory remodeling in stable fixation; however, additional influences on periprosthetic bone change were inferred from the results and further investigations are necessary.

Clinical Relevance
To identify ITAP design features and fixations that minimize endosteal resorption, thus promoting implant stability and contributing to clinical guidelines for rehabilitation and future design and fixation choices.
Radiomics-based machine learning approach for the prediction of grade and stage in upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma: a step towards virtual biopsy
Authors: Alqahtani Abdulsalam , Bhattacharjee Sourav , Almopti Abdulrahman , Li Chunhui , Nabi Ghulam 
Published: May 2024

Objectives:
Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a rare, aggressive lesion, with early detection a key to its management. This study aimed to utilise computed tomographic urogram data to develop machine learning models for predicting tumour grading and staging in upper urothelial tract carcinoma patients and to compare these predictions with histopathological diagnosis used as reference standards.

Methods:
Protocol-based computed tomographic urogram data from 106 patients were obtained and visualised in 3D. Digital segmentation of the tumours was conducted by extracting textural radiomics features. They were further classified using 11 predictive models. The predicted grades and stages were compared to the histopathology of radical nephroureterectomy specimens.

Results:
Classifier models worked well in mining the radiomics data and delivered satisfactory predictive machine learning models. The multilayer panel showed 84% sensitivity and 93% specificity while predicting UTUC grades. The Logistic Regression model showed a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 76% while staging. Similarly, other classifier algorithms [e.g. Support Vector classifier (SVC)] provided a highly accurate prediction while grading UTUC compared to clinical features alone or ureteroscopic biopsy histopathology.

Conclusion:
Data mining tools could handle medical imaging datasets from small (<2 cm) tumours for UTUC. The radiomics-based machine learning algorithms provide a potential tool to model tumour grading and staging with implications for clinical practice and the upgradation of current paradigms in cancer diagnostics.

Clinical Relevance:
Machine learning based on radiomics features can predict upper tract urothelial cancer grading and staging with significant improvement over ureteroscopic histopathology. The study showcased the prowess of such emerging tools in the set objectives with implications towards virtual biopsy.
Effect of pretransplant dialysis modalities on pancreas-kidney transplant outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Li Yue , Tang Yangming , Fan Yu , Lin Tao , Song Turun 
Published: May 2024

Background:
The impact of different pretransplant dialysis modalities on post-transplant outcomes for pancreas-kidney transplantation is currently unclear. This study aims to assess the association between pretransplant dialysis modalities [hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis] and outcomes following pancreas-kidney transplantation.

Methods:
The authors searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library for relevant studies published from inception until 1 December 2023. The authors included studies that examined the relationship between pretransplant dialysis modalities and clinical outcomes for pancreas-kidney transplantation. The primary outcomes considered were patient, pancreas and kidney graft survival, and intra-abdominal infection.

Results:
A total of 13 studies involving 1503 pancreas-kidney transplant recipients were included. Pretransplant HD was associated with improved pancreas graft survival (hazard ratio = 0.71, 95% confidence interval: 0.51–0.99, I²=12%) and a decreased risk of intra-abdominal infection [odds ratio (OR)=0.69, 95% CI: 0.51–0.93, I²=5%). However, no significant association was found between the dialysis modalities and patient or kidney graft survival. Furthermore, pretransplant HD was linked to a reduced risk of anastomotic leak (OR=0.32, 95% CI: 0.161–0.68, I²=0%) and graft thrombosis (OR=0.56, 95% CI: 0.33–0.96, I²=20%).

Conclusion:
Pretransplant HD is the preferred dialysis modality while awaiting pancreas-kidney transplantation, although well-designed prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.