bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Verbal Syntax in the Greek Pentateuch
Authors: Evans T. V. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This book is a study of verbal syntax that addresses the entire Greek Pentateuch and investigates the value of these translations as evidence for the history of the Greek language. The nature and degree of Hebrew interference are assessed, including analysis of Hebrew text components underlying all Greek verbal forms in the Pentateuch. This data allows conclusions to be drawn on natural Greek usage of aspect, tense, and mood. Their implications extend well beyond the special issues of translation Greek, casting significant light on the development of the verbal system in the Koine period, the period in which a non-dialectic form of the Greek language was used, post-Alexander the Great.
The Paranormal
Authors: BARTHOLOMEW DAVID J. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the paranormal — a collection of things such as telepathy, precognition, the occult, astrology, and the like — as another set of phenomena that does not necessarily entail religion, but could also serve as basis for claiming that science cannot explain everything in this world. Analyzing such phenomena has a surer foundation because of its accessibility to scientific investigation; also, as several people take these seriously, Christians take interest in exposing these as false beliefs. The chapter attempts to answer the following questions: Are there any genuine paranormal events? Do these events result from unrecognized laws of nature? What do such events tell us about what is external to the world of senses?
The Politics of Telecommunications
Authors: Thatcher Mark 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis book confronts some of the most important questions related to liberalization, regulation, and the role of the nation state in an increasingly international economy. In the face of powerful transnational pressure for change, to what extent are states able to maintain stable institutional frameworks? Do different domestic structures generate dissimilar patterns of policy making and economic performance? How important are past institutional choices for subsequent reform? This book addresses these questions through a study of the transformations of a strategic economic sector, telecommunications, in Britain and France over the last three decades. The book analyses the theoretical strengths and weaknesses of ‘national institutionalist’ models of policy making. It employs the model to compare institutions in British and French telecommunications, analyses the process of organizational reform, and assesses the effects of national institutions on policy making and economic outcomes.
The History of the British Coal Industry: Volume 1: Before 1700
Authors: Hatcher John 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWell before 1700, Britain had become heavily dependent upon coal for its fuel, and coalmining had taken its place among the nation's staple industries. This book traces the production and trade of coal from the intermittent small-scale activity which prevailed in the Middle Ages to the rapid expansion and rising importance which characterized the early modern era. Thoroughly grounded in a formidable range of sources, the book explores the economics and management of mining, the productivity and profitability of colliery enterprise, and the progress of technology. The book examines the owners and operators of collieries and the sources of mining capital, as well as the colliers themselves, their working conditions and earnings. It argues that the spectacular growth of coal output in this period was achieved more through evolutionary than revolutionary processes.
The Management of Innovation
Authors: Burns Tom , Stalker G. M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
First published in 1961, this book is a very influential book on organization theory and industrial sociology. The central theme of the book is the relationship between an organization and its environment — particularly technological and market innovations. Based on first-class scholarship, the book presents the now famous and ubiquitous classifications of ‘mechanistic’ and ‘organic’ systems. For this it has become justly famous, but the book is also a penetrating study of social systems within organizations and organizational dynamics.
Introduction: Rationality and the World
Authors: Apffel-Marglin Frédérique 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe ‘arrogant absolutist reason’ pointed out by Vaclav Havel is said to have gotten its basis on a premise that suggests how the world is objectively knowable, and that this said knowledge can be subject to generalization. Because of this premise, the knowledge of experts from a wide variety of fields may be spread across the globe and can be applied in several different contexts. Contrary to local knowledge, this modern thought is perceived to be not without the privilege of universality. As such, this mode of knowing has undermined the local ways of both knowing and doing which is further exhibited by how the First World is considered to be ‘developed’ while the Third World is perceived to be either ‘underdeveloped’ or ‘developing’. Local knowledge is said to be taking a step backwards while universal knowledge would aid in moving forward. It is seen, however, that the colonization of the mind is one of the measures whereby goods industrialization is gained. This book look challenges this claim to universality of Cartesian rationality.
The Economic Consequences of Pragmatism: A Re-interpretation of Keynesian Doctrine
Authors: Gutman Nancy E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter attempts to illustrate how John Maynard Keynes came up with an effort to reclaim the authority attributed to the lived experiences of economic agents to establish a basis for formulating various economic theories. In addressing the bias of mainstream theory against obtaining knowledge through means of experimentation, Keynes focuses on the alarming changes and events that occurred over the period in which he had expressed his thoughts. In doing so, his innovations have gone beyond mere economic theory to economic thought’s methodology. This chapter attempts to derive the prominent themes from Keynes’s works, develops these themes, and analyzes how they have resulted as consequences of his endeavours to establish the connection between human conduct and various human beliefs.
Patriarchy and Private Property in Nicaragua, 1860–1920
Authors: Dore Elizabeth 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Because patriarchy was initially perceived in Nicaragua as a concept that entails the systematic oppression of women by men, the notion was gradually abandoned since it failed to fulfill the expectations of many regarding how it could explain the oppression of women. In feminist studies that circulated during the period between the late 1980s and the early 1990s, one of the common themes was that of neglecting theories regarding patriarchy and accepting the notion that developing a theory of women's oppression would seemingly be impossible. This chapter attempts to make use of methodological frameworks in examining how patriarchy has undergone changing forms, particularly in the case wherein coffee expansion dominated rural Nicaragua in line with the social revolution between 1860 and 1920.
The Nordic Model of Gender Equality: The Welfare State, Patriarchy, and Unfinished Emancipation
Authors: Allen Tuovi 
Published: October 2011

AbstractCompared with their Western counterparts, societies of Scandinavian or Nordic origins have been more committed to achieving equality and justice and are thus perceived to be more progressive. Although Nordic societies value gender equality and are even sometimes considered as ‘women-friendly societies’, scepticisms arise regarding how the Nordic model will persist even through the deep recession experienced during the early 1990s. Nordic countries are often deemed as universal welfare states and are believed to be not without social corporatism and Keynesian interventionism. Although this attribute seemed to have contributed to the economic success of these countries, this chapter examines the development of Nordic economies in the context of the labour market's gender equality through identifying the characteristics of the Nordic model of gender equality, and looking into the differences between countries particularly Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Denmark.
Cultural Beliefs as a Common Resource in an Integrating World
Authors: Greif Avner 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses cultural beliefs as a common resource in an integrating world. The chapter states that recent developments in transportation, communication, and information technologies have strengthened the economic and cultural interactions between different societies throughout the world. The chapter also states that inter-society interaction is increasingly characterized by a deliberate borrowing of institutions and cultural attributes from one society by another, which is a process that has recently gained momentum from the events in Eastern Europe. The chapter explains that culture is defined by sociologists as consisting of cultural beliefs, values, and symbols, and that cultural beliefs are ideas and thoughts that are common to several individuals who differ in their knowledge, and that they therefore cannot be proved empirically.
Introduction
Authors: PREECE JENNIFER JACKSON 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The collapse of communism in the former Soviet bloc between 1989 and 1991 caused multinational Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, and the Soviet Union to come apart along ethnic lines and be replaced by new nation-states whose boundaries were those of the previous federal divisions. This book examines the international status of national minorities in the European nation-states system with emphasis on the period from 1919 to 1995. While there have been many studies of the evolution and expansion of the nation-states system in Europe, none has explicitly illuminated this historical process from the more narrowly focused lens of national minority concerns. European developments since the end of the Cold War would seem to suggest that such an investigation could make a valuable contribution to both theoretical and policy-making debates on sovereignty, national self-determination, and ethnic conflict. This book explores the relationship between minority rights and national security within states and between minority rights and stability within the society of states.
Welfare Economics and Economies of Scale
Authors: Mirrlees James A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the different ‘fundamental’ theorems of welfare economics. One theorem states that a competitive equilibrium is Pareto-efficient and that a welfare optimum can be implemented as a competitive equilibrium. The second theorem, on the other hand, assumes that there are no economies of scale in production, and that the aggregate production set is convex.
Taxing Uncertain Incomes
Authors: Mirrlees James A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the issue of guessing whether the uncertainty of labour income results should be a reason for higher or lower marginal tax rates. In 1980, Varian was able to examine the question of optimal taxation when consumers are uncertain about income. This current discussion on the subject includes approximations to the optimal linear tax schedule, with an emphasis that the linear income tax is not an optimal policy within the simple model of labour supply.
The Theory of Moral Hazard and Unobservable Behaviour: Part I
Authors: Mirrlees James A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the different formal models of moral hazard, which include that of Zeckhauser and Mirrlees. It includes an argument that relies on first-order conditions which can help in fully determining the optimum. Some of the sections in the chapter contain discussions on an analysis of an interesting and special case and another rigorous analysis of unobservable behaviour in a fairly general form.
The Levels of Bargaining
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe bargaining level, which refers to where wages are formally set, in reference to the degree of (de)centralization, is a key aspect of bargaining structure. Measures of centralization evidently rely on the notion that centralization is proportional with the range of a bargaining domain in terms of the number of employers and employees covered. Also, practical complexity has to be considered in measuring bargaining levels. This chapter introduces the notion of organized decentralization wherein there is a negative correlation between employee coverage and the impact on real wages; lower levels cover fewer employees but have more influence on actual wages. This chapter identifies four patterns of country developments and discusses its implications on (de)centralization and on bargaining levels.
Firm Responses to Trade and Environment Regulation
Authors: Rugman Alan , Kirton John , Soloway Julie 
Published: October 2011

AbstractOne of the classic threats presented by environmental regulatory barriers that restrict the strategies of internationally engaged firms relies on the foreign environmental regulations that do not allow large export markets. In some situations, regulatory barriers have proven to be alarming when moved to higher levels, reinforced by protectionist coalitions and environmental groups across the foreign market, and have been administered by a trade dispute system in national governments. However, lobbying and litigation entails a competitive disadvantage for a firm since these processes requires lots of time and incur several costs. As such, the alternative response was to produce at home instead and meet the regulations in the Vogel-type ‘California’ export market. Firms today have to face varied situations, not only because of environmental regulations but also because of internationally integrated production systems. In this chapter, we look into the various political and corporate strategies for firms, while examining the factors affecting the conditions of complex institutional responsiveness.
Palliative nursing
Authors: Stratford Mandy 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses palliative nursing, which begins from the moment the patient and family are told that the disease is no longer responsive to curative treatment. It shows that regardless of the setting, all nurses can provide effective palliative nursing. Nurses can help the patient and family feel valued and in control in an otherwise unfamiliar and unpredictable situation, by establishing a relationship based on trust and providing opportunities for their involvement.
Competitive Strategies in European Banking
Authors: Canals Jordi 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis book integrates both the changing structure of the commercial banking industry in Europe and the strategic implications of these changes. It begins by concentrating on the economics of banking, presenting an analysis of the principal environment forces affecting the financial sector: deregulation, internationalization, economic instability, technical change, and financial innovation. The second part offers valuable information on current trends in the five main EC countries. The analysis of each country includes a study of the recent evolution of its financial sector, in turn; each sector's inherent economic outlook in terms of profitability, costs, productivity, and competition; as well as the changes in the regulatory environment. The third part of the book is dedicated to an analysis of some of the strategic choices of European banks, such as scale, diversification, and internationalization. Finally, the pace of change within the European banking industry is evaluated, as well as how some of the banks are adapting to the new environment.
The Evolution of the European Convention on Human Rights
Authors: Bates Ed 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe European Convention on Human Rights underwent a spectacular evolution over the first fifty years of its life. In recent times the European Court of Human Rights has been compared to a quasi-constitutional court for Europe in the field of human rights, and for some time the Convention has been viewed as a European Bill of Rights. The ‘coming of age’ of the ECHR system in the late 1990s was marked by the entry into force of Protocol 11, creating a new, full time Court. By contrast those who first proposed a European human rights guarantee were driven by an ambition to put in place a collective pact to prevent the re-emergence of totalitarianism in ‘free’ Europe. They were motivated by grisly memories of human rights abuse associated with World War Two, and the protection of ‘human rights’ was seen in that light. When the Convention was opened for signature in 1950 it was viewed by many with scepticism and disappointment. The Convention system took many years to get established. In the mid-1960s doubts were expressed as to whether the Court had a future, and in the 1970s the Convention system of control faced a number of serious challenges. This book examines the story of the evolution of the Convention over its first fifty years (1948–98). It reflects on the Convention's origins and charts the slow progress that it made over the 1950s and 1960s, before, in the late 1970s, the European Court of Human Rights delivered a series of landmark judgments which proved to be the foundation stones for the European Bill of Rights that we know today.
Luxury and Pleasure in Eighteenth-Century Britain
Authors: Berg Maxine 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This book explores the invention, making, and buying of new, semi-luxury, and fashionable consumer goods during the 18th century. It follows these goods, from china tea ware to all sorts of metal ornaments such as candlesticks, cutlery, buckles, and buttons, as they were made and shopped for, then displayed in the private domestic settings of Britain's urban middling classes. It tells the stories and analyses the developments that led from a global trade in Eastern luxuries beginning in the sixteenth century to the new global trade in British-made consumer goods by the end of the 18th century. These new products, regarded as luxuries by the rapidly growing urban and middling-class people of the 18th century, played an important part in helping to proclaim personal identities and guide social interaction. Customers enjoyed shopping for them; they took pleasure in their beauty, ingenuity or convenience. All manner of new products appeared in shop windows; sophisticated mixed-media advertising seduced customers and created new desires. This unparalleled ‘product revolution’ provoked philosophers and pundits to proclaim a ‘new luxury’, one that reached out to the middling and trading classes, unlike the elite and corrupt luxury of old. This book is built on a fresh empirical base drawn directly from customs accounts, advertising material, company papers, and contemporary correspondence. The book traces how this new consumer society of the 18th century and the products first traded, then invented to satisfy it, stimulated industrialisation itself.
Products of the Nation: On Art and Invention
Authors: Berg Maxine 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Importation of exotic consumer goods, especially from Asia, prompted a rethinking of the features of consumer goods produced in Britain. The result of this creative interaction was the invention of new products which formed the basis of an identifiably British consumer goods sector during the 18th and early 19th centuries. The emulative, imitative context of 18th-century invention spanned both product and process innovation. New mechanical techniques, rolling, stamping, moulding, and interchangeable parts, were applied to a range of complementary and substitute products, in turn developing these in new directions. Chemical innovations, especially in dyeing, metal mixtures, and coal-using processes, were applied to the making of substitute materials, which in turn entailed new products. The imitation extolled by Adam Smith as a ‘source of wonder’ alongside the aesthetic principle of beauty and the desire for goods became the key to the invention of modern British consumer goods.
Men and Women of the Middling Classes: Acquisitiveness and Self-Respect
Authors: Berg Maxine 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Changing consumer practices in the 18th century were led by the middling classes. Consumption shifted from defining social status to freeing ‘the impulses of the heart’. This diverse and highly differentiated group wielded disproportionate influence on wider consumer habits. Women were avid consumers of chinaware. Their association with chinaware stems from their place in tea drinking. Women occupied a central part in the rituals and symbols of tea drinking. Men also played their part. There is widespread evidence in inventories, wills, and diaries of masculine collection of chinaware. Masculine art and print collections and vase mania also attest to this acquisitive consumerism. Consumer aspirations across class and gender stimulated the rapid and extensive proliferation of new commodities from the later seventeenth century onwards. These new consumer goods were generated through technological change, but above all through product innovation.
Conclusion
Authors: Berg Maxine 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This book conveys the optimistic reception by enlightened observers of the spread of consumer goods and the expansion of world commerce. It investigates the consumer roots of industrialisation. It also tells a story of consumerism and the growth of inequality, of the transformation of wider world discovery and world trade into slavery, colonialism, and imperialism. In the 18th century a global trade in luxuries and manufactured consumer goods provided not just the labour and the materials that went into the making of new goods, but the designs, fashions, and sophisticated marketing that shaped the product development of the period. The new technologies and materials, the response to exotic and Asian luxuries, the marketing of new-invented products to the middling classes, and the extensive consumption of new goods signalled the modernity of the British.
Toward a Tenable Social Trinitarianism
Authors: Craig William Lane 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter responds directly to Brian Leftow's criticisms by suggesting that the Triune God is composed of the divine persons in a way that is analogous to the way in which Cerberus, the three-headed watchdog of Hades in Greek mythology, might be composed of ‘three centers of consciousness’ while still being rightly counted as exactly one complete dog. In the case of the Trinity, there are two ways for something to be divine: one which guarantees that the thing is a God, and another which guarantees only that it is part of a God. In the Trinity, there are three centers of consciousness who are each fully divine in the second way, but who compose a being that is divine in the first way. Thus, three divine individuals compose exactly one God without themselves being Gods.
Fully Social Trinitarianism
Authors: Mosser Carl 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines Carl Mosser's criticisms of Social Trinitarianism, looking at three traits that he takes to characterize most, if not all versions of Social Trinitarianism: appeal for precedent to a simple story about the development of trinitarian theology; insistence that the members of the Trinity are persons in the ‘full’, modern sense who relate to one another in community; and a particular way of substantiating the claim about personhood from scripture. The chapter first argues that the ‘simple story’ about the development of Trinitarian theology is false. It then goes on to argue that the claim of full personhood and social community for the members of the Trinity is deeply problematic, as is the Biblical hermeneutic commonly marshaled in defense of Social Trinitarianism.