bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Swan‐Ganz Catheter Use in Trauma Patients Can Be Reduced Without Negatively Affecting Outcomes
Authors: Barmparas Galinos , Inaba Kenji , Georgiou Chrysanthos , Hadjizacharia Pantelis , Chan Linda S. , Demetriades Demetrios , Friese Randall , Rhee Peter 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjectiveThe use of pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) is controversial. The purpose of this study was to document the changing pattern of PAC use and to determine its effect on outcome.MethodsThe use of PAC was analyzed in patients ≥16 years old admitted to the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) over a 9‐year period starting in 2000. Patients with SICU length of stay exceeding 30 days were excluded. For the evaluation of PAC’s effect on outcome, PAC and no‐PAC patients were matched utilizing propensity scores.ResultsDuring the 9‐year study period, a total of 5,192 trauma patients were admitted to the SICU. Of these, 426 (8.2%) were <16 years old, and 174 (3.4%) had a SICU length of stay that exceeded 30 days. For the remaining 4,592 patients, the mean ± SD age was 39.5 ± 18.8 years, and the mean ISS was 19.9 ± 12.4. PAC was utilized in 19.5% (n = 896) of all the patients admitted to the SICU. The trend for PAC use decreased significantly over the years (P value for trend <0.001), from 38.6% in the year 2000 to 4.2% in the year 2008. This decrease was noted in all age and injury severity groups of patients. The overall mortality, however, remained at the same levels (P value for trend = 0.111). Patients managed with a PAC were significantly older, more severely injured, more frequently injured by a blunt mechanism, and were admitted more often in a hypotensive or comatose status. In the early part of the study, the PAC was utilized on the first day and for 4.1 days on average. In the later part of the study, however, the PAC was used on the second day and for a shorter period of time (3 days on average, P < 0.001). In the matched study population, patients in the PAC group had almost twofold higher odds for death, when compared to the no‐PAC group [34.2% vs. 22.5%, Odds Ratio (95% CI): 1.78 (1.42, 2.26), P < 0.001]. Patients younger than 50 years of age who had an ISS ≥16 had worse outcome when managed with a PAC, whereas patients aged 30–69 years with an ISS <16 had a higher survival. The overall complication rate was fivefold higher in patients receiving a PAC [46.3% vs. 14.2%, Odds Ratio (95% CI): 5.22 (4.04, 6.74), P < 0.001].ConclusionThe use of PAC has decreased almost 10‐fold over the last decade at our institution. The PAC is being used later during the ICU course and for a shorter period of time. In a matched population, the use of PAC is associated with a significantly higher mortality and complication rate, but the reason for this association remains uncertain. The use of PAC is invasive and is associated with known complications and financial costs. While the use of PAC maybe useful in a select population, routine and widespread use of the PAC should be avoided.
Mating in the rain? Climatic variance for polyandry in the honeybee (Apis mellifera jemenitica)
Authors: El‐Niweiri Mogbel A. A. , Moritz Robin F. A. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe tested the impact of colony density and climatic conditions on the level of queen polyandry in different wild populations of the honeybee (Apis mellifera jemenitica). We identified the mating frequency of queens by genotyping worker offspring (n= 672) of 28 wild colonies with microsatellite DNA markers. The populations sampled in different climatic regions in Sudan showed a high variance for the queen mating frequency ranging from 9 to 23 estimated matings with an average of 14.00 ± 3.94 (13.16 ± 4.87 effective matings). The degree of polyandry was highly significantly correlated with the rainfall in the various regions. In general, more rainfall resulted in lower mating frequencies. Polyandry did not correlate with colony density or with genetic diversity of the local sample populations. This suggests that variation in polyandry in wild honeybee populations of Sudan is primarily driven by climatic differences among ecosystem variation rather than by the absolute or effective local honeybee population size.
Störungen der Bildung von Sexualsteroidhormonen und Hyperandrogenämie bei der Frau
Authors: Wieacker P. , Preisler-Adams S. 
Published: May 2011

Zusammenfassung
Defekte der Steroidhormonsynthese können mit einem Mangel oder Überschuss an Androgenen einhergehen, die zu Störungen der Geschlechtsentwicklung und im weiblichen Geschlecht zur Ovarialinsuffizienz führen.
Hand‐held Dynamometry Correlation With the Gold Standard Isokinetic Dynamometry: A Systematic Review
Authors: Stark Timothy , Walker Bruce , Phillips Jacqueline K. , Fejer René , Beck Randy 
Published: May 2011

ObjectiveTo examine the current evidence regarding the reliability and validity of hand‐held dynamometry for assessment of muscle strength in the clinical setting.Data SourcesA search was conducted of the following databases: Cochrane, MEDLINE, PubMed, PEDro, OTseeker, Index to Chiropractic Literature (ICL), and MANTIS, from inception until January 29, 2010.Study SelectionThe MeSH subject heading “muscle strength dynamometer” was searched, in isolation and in combination with the text word phrases “hand‐held dynamometer” and “isokinetic.” Four hundred fifty‐four different studies met this search and were reviewed for possible inclusion.Data ExtractionTwo independent reviewers assessed the quality of the included manuscripts. The PEDro data collection system was used in conjunction with the Cochrane Diagnostic Test Accuracy Description. A third reviewer was used when there was disagreement between the primary reviewers.Data SynthesisSeventeen manuscripts met the inclusion criteria for this review, with a total of 19 studies (2 of the manuscripts involved 2 separate studies) that compared hand‐held dynamometry with an identified reference standard (isokinetic muscle strength testing). The results demonstrated minimal differences between hand‐held dynamometry and isokinetic testing.ConclusionsConsidering hand‐held dynamometry's ease of use, portability, cost, and compact size, compared with isokinetic devices this instrument can be regarded as a reliable and valid instrument for muscle strength assessment in a clinical setting.
Electrophysiological Dysfunction in the Peripheral Nervous System Following Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Riley Danny A. , Burns Anthony S. , Carrion‐Jones Monica , Dillingham Timothy R. 
Published: May 2011

ObjectiveTo evaluate peripheral nervous system function after chronic spinal cord injury (SCI).DesignCase series.SettingAcademic medical center.ParticipantsSixteen subjects (13 men, 3 women) with complete thoracic or cervical level SCI of 3‐32 years' duration since injury.MethodsClinical electrophysiology of the lower extremities.Main Outcome MeasurementsCompound motor action potentials (CMAP), sensory nerve action potentials, repetitive nerve stimulation, concentric needle electromyography (EMG), stimulated single‐fiber EMG.ResultsSubject ages ranged from 20 to 71 years with a mean (SD) of 42 ± 15 years. The average time since injury was 11 ± 8 years (range, 3‐32 years). Sural sensory nerve action potentials were elicited in only 4 of 16 subjects (25%), and peroneal CMAPs were elicited in 7 of 16 subjects (44%). All of the subjects had spontaneous activity (fibrillation and/or sharp potentials) in at least 1 of 4 tested muscles. Eighty‐one percent of subjects demonstrated spontaneous activity in 3 of the 4 tested muscles. Peroneal motor repetitive nerve stimulation was within normal limits for 7 subjects but could not be performed in the other 9 subjects because of the absence of CMAPs. Stimulated single‐fiber EMG was elicited in the tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum brevis, vastus lateralis, or vastus medialis muscles of 8 of 16 subjects.ConclusionsThe high prevalence of spontaneous activity demonstrates that denervation of the skeletal muscles served by motor neurons below the level of the lesion occurs in individuals with chronic complete SCI. The electrophysiological testing revealed the striking absence of sensory and motor nerve conduction and aberrant neuromuscular junction transmission. It is important to understand the mechanisms that underlie the profound reduction of the functional integrity of the peripheral nervous system to maximize the restoration of movement, particularly should descending neural control be reestablished by a future therapy.
Immediate Changes in Spinal Height and Pain After Aquatic Vertical Traction in Patients With Persistent Low Back Symptoms: A Crossover Clinical Trial
Authors: Simmerman Susanne M. , Sizer Phillip S. , Dedrick Gregory S. , Apte Gail G. , Brismée Jean‐Michel 
Published: May 2011

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of aquatic vertical traction on spinal height, pain intensity, and centralization response compared with a land‐based supine flexion position for patients with low back pain and signs of nerve root compression.DesignSingle‐blind, repeated‐measures crossover design.SettingOutpatient physical therapy clinic.SubjectsNinety‐eight subjects were recruited using consecutive sampling, with 28 men and 32 women of a mean ± standard deviation (SD) age of 59.6 ± 11.6 years completing testing.InterventionEach subject participated in 2 sessions that consisted of loaded walking for 15 minutes, followed by either 15 minutes of land‐based supine position or 15 minutes of aquatic vertical traction.MeasurementsSpinal height change, measured using a commercial stadiometer, was determined after completing loaded walking and after each intervention.ResultsThe mean ± SD height change of 4.99 ± 2.88 mm after aquatic vertical traction was similar to that of 4.21 ± 2.53 mm after the land‐based supine flexion (P = .0969). Paired t‐test indicated that both interventions resulted in significant increased height (P < .0001). Decreases in pain after aquatic intervention (2.7 ± 2.1 cm) were significantly greater than decreases after land intervention (1.7 ± 1.7 cm; P = .0034), and centralization of symptoms was more pronounced after aquatic vertical suspension compared with the supine land‐based flexion condition (P < .0001). A significant correlation between height change and both pain reduction (r = 0.39; P = .001) and centralization (r = 0.29; P = .013) was observed for the aquatic intervention only.ConclusionAlthough both the aquatic and land interventions produced significant increases in overall spinal height, the aquatic intervention produced greater pain relief and centralization response in subjects with low back pain and signs of nerve root compression.
A developmental model for the evolution of language and intelligence in early hominids
Authors: Parker Sue Taylor , Gibson Kathleen Rita 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis paper presents a model for the nature and adaptive significance of intelligence and language in early hominids based on comparative developmental, ecological, and neurological data. We propose that the common ancestor of the great apes and man displayed rudimentary forms of late sensorimotor and early preoperational intelligence similar to that of one- to four-year-old children. These abilities arose as adaptations for extractive foraging with tools, which requires a long postweaning apprenticeship. They were elaborated in the first hominids with the shift to primary dependence on this feeding strategy. These first hominids evolved a protolanguage, similar to that of two-year-old human children, with which they could describe the nature and location of food and request help in obtaining it. The descendents of the first hominids displayed intuitive intelligence, similar to that of four- to seven-year-old children, which arose as an adaptation for complex hunting involving aimed-missile throwing, stone-tool manufacture, animal butchery, food division, and shelter construction. The comparative developmental and paleontological data are consistent with the hypothesis that the stages of development of intelligence and language and their neural substrates in our species recapitulate the stages of their evolution.
Speaker reliability in preschoolers' inferences about the meanings of novel words
Authors: SOBEL DAVID M. , SEDIVY JULIE , BUCHANAN DAVID W. , HENNESSY RACHEL 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTPreschoolers participated in a modified version of the disambiguation task, designed to test whether the pragmatic environment generated by a reliable or unreliable speaker affected how children interpreted novel labels. Two objects were visible to children, while a third was only visible to the speaker (a fact known by the child). Manipulating whether a novel object was visible to both interlocutors or hidden from the child tested the child's understanding of pragmatic expectations of interlocutor competence. When interacting with a speaker with a history of accurately labeling familiar objects, children responded appropriately in both cases. Whn interacting with a speaker who previously generated inaccurate labels for familiar objects, children's behavior and eye-movements reflected their belief that the speaker was not a competent communicator. These data support the hypothesis that children consider the pragmatic environment constructed by an interlocutor when that speaker asks them to make a lexical inference.
Nursery nutrition in Liverpool: an exploration of practice and nutritional analysis of food provided
Authors: Parker Mike , Lloyd-Williams Ffion , Weston Gemma , Macklin Julie , McFadden Kate 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo explore nutrition and food provision in pre-school nurseries in order to develop interventions to promote healthy eating in pre-school settings.DesignQuantitative data were gathered using questionnaires and professional menu analysis.SettingIn the community, at pre-school nurseries.SubjectsAll 130 nurseries across Liverpool were a sent questionnaire (38 % response rate); thirty-four menus were returned for analysis (26 % response rate).ResultsOnly 21 % of respondents stated they had adequate knowledge on nutrition for pre-school children. Sixty-one per cent of cooks reported having received only a ‘little’ advice on healthy eating and this was often not specific to under-5 s nutrition. Fifty-seven per cent of nurseries did not regularly assess their menus for nutritional quality. The menu analysis revealed that all menus were deficient in energy, carbohydrate, Fe and Zn. Eighty-five per cent of nurseries had Na/salt levels which exceed guidelines.ConclusionsNurseries require support on healthy eating at policy, knowledge and training levels. This support should address concerns relating to both menu planning and ingredients used in food provision and meet current guidelines on food provision for the under-5 s.
Hypobaric hypoxia preconditioning attenuates acute lung injury during high-altitude exposure in rats via up-regulating heat-shock protein 70
Authors: Lin Hung-Jung , Wang Chia-Ti , Niu Ko-Chi , Gao Chungjin , Li Zhuo , Lin Mao-Tsun , Chang Ching-Ping 
Published: May 2011

HHP (hypobaric hypoxia preconditioning) induces the overexpression of HSP70 (heat-shock protein 70), as well as tolerance to cerebral ischaemia. In the present study, we hypothesized that HHP would protect against HAE (high-altitude exposure)-induced acute lung injury and oedema via promoting the expression of HSP70 in lungs prior to the onset of HAE. At 2 weeks after the start of HHP, animals were exposed to a simulated HAE of 6000 m in a hypobaric chamber for 24 h. Immediately after being returned to ambient pressure, the non-HHP animals had higher scores of alveolar oedema, neutrophil infiltration and haemorrhage, acute pleurisy (e.g. increased exudate volume, increased numbers of polymorphonuclear cells and increased lung myeloperoxidase activity), increased pro-inflammatory cytokines [e.g. TNF-α (tumour necrosis factor-α), IL (interleukin)-1β and IL-6], and increased cellular ischaemia (i.e. glutamate and lactate/pyruvate ratio) and oxidative damage [glycerol, NOx (combined nitrate+nitrite) and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid] markers in the BALF (bronchoalveolar fluid). HHP, in addition to inducing overexpression of HSP70 in the lungs, significantly attenuated HAE-induced pulmonary oedema, inflammation, and ischaemic and oxidative damage in the lungs. The beneficial effects of HHP in preventing the occurrence of HAE-induced pulmonary oedema, inflammation, and ischaemic and oxidative damage was reduced significantly by pretreatment with a neutralizing anti-HSP70 antibody. In conclusion, HHP may attenuate the occurrence of pulmonary oedema, inflammation, and ischaemic and oxidative damage caused by HAE in part via up-regulating HSP70 in the lungs.
The Winners' Choice: Sustainable Economic Strategies for Successful 21st‐Century Regions
Authors: Partridge Mark D. , Olfert M. Rose 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThroughout the second half of the 20th century, urbanization, new technologies, rapid labor‐saving productivity growth in primary industries, and improved highways combined to create large‐scale regions which are now functionally integrated at the rural‐urban level. These forces have raised the stakes for regions in their pursuit of economic development and growth, making successful regional policy even more important. Changes to the governance structures consistent with the increased interdependence within broad rural‐urban regions will improve the region's competitiveness; adopting fad‐based approaches and policies aimed at “picking winners” will be less fruitful. Going forward, continuing globalization and environmental sustainability have the potential to reshape fundamentally the relative attractiveness of regions.
rBioNet: A COBRA toolbox extension for reconstructing high-quality biochemical networks
Authors: Thorleifsson Stefan Gretar , Thiele Ines 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Motivation: Genome-scale metabolic networks are widely used in systems biology. However, to date no freely available tool exists that ensures quality control during the reconstruction process.
Results: Here, we present a COBRA toolbox extension, rBioNet, enabling the construction of publication-level biochemical networks while enforcing necessary quality control measures. rBioNet has an intuitive user interface facilitating the reconstruction process for novices and experts.
Availability: The rBioNet is freely available from http://opencobra.sourceforge.net.
Contact: ithiele@hi.is
Development of Cellulosic Secondary Walls in Flax Fibers Requires β-Galactosidase
Authors: Roach Melissa J. , Mokshina Natalia Y. , Badhan Ajay , Snegireva Anastasiya V. , Hobson Neil , Deyholos Michael K. , Gorshkova Tatyana A. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Bast (phloem) fibers, tension wood fibers, and other cells with gelatinous-type secondary walls are rich in crystalline cellulose. In developing bast fibers of flax (Linum usitatissimum), a galactan-enriched matrix (Gn-layer) is gradually modified into a mature cellulosic gelatinous-layer (G-layer), which ultimately comprises most of the secondary cell wall. Previous studies have correlated this maturation process with expression of a putative β-galactosidase. Here, we demonstrate that β-galactosidase activity is in fact necessary for the dynamic remodeling of polysaccharides that occurs during normal secondary wall development in flax fibers. We found that developing stems of transgenic (LuBGAL-RNAi) flax with reduced β-galactosidase activity had lower concentrations of free Gal and had significant reductions in the thickness of mature cellulosic G-layers compared with controls. Conversely, Gn-layers, labeled intensively by the galactan-specific LM5 antibody, were greatly expanded in LuBGAL-RNAi transgenic plants. Gross morphology and stem anatomy, including the thickness of bast fiber walls, were otherwise unaffected by silencing of β-galactosidase transcripts. These results demonstrate a specific requirement for β-galactosidase in hydrolysis of galactans during formation of cellulosic G-layers. Transgenic lines with reduced β-galactosidase activity also had biochemical and spectroscopic properties consistent with a reduction in cellulose crystallinity. We further demonstrated that the tensile strength of normal flax stems is dependent on β-galactosidase-mediated development of the phloem fiber G-layer. Thus, the mechanical strength that typifies flax stems is dependent on a thick, cellulosic G-layer, which itself depends on β-galactosidase activity within the precursor Gn-layer. These observations demonstrate a novel role for matrix polysaccharides in cellulose deposition; the relevance of these observations to the development of cell walls in other species is also discussed.
Guideline on the investigation, management and prevention of venous thrombosis in children*
Authors: Chalmers Elizabeth , Ganesen Vijeya , Liesner Ri , Maroo Sanjay , Nokes Timothy , Saunders D. , Williams Michael 
Published: May 2011

SummaryVenous thrombo‐embolism (VTE) is increasingly recognized in paediatric practice. Few clinical trials have been performed in this area in children and management is largely extrapolated from adult practice where there is a considerable evidence base. This is likely to be unsatisfactory for a number of reasons. Firstly, there are significant differences in epidemiology and potential differences in the mechanisms for VTE in this age group. Secondly, many aspects of haemostasis are age‐dependant, which has implications for the use of anticoagulants in the paediatric population. Thirdly, there are very limited data available on the safety and efficacy of anticoagulants to manage specific indications in paediatric practice, often with limited paediatric formulations available. In addition, children may survive for a prolonged period following these events so that long‐term consequences may be highly significant in this age group. The aim of this guideline is to provide a rational basis for the investigation and management of children aged 1 month–16 years with VTE, including cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). The guideline is targeted at healthcare professionals involved in the management of children and adolescents with VTE, particularly paediatric haematologists.
Awareness of coeliac disease and the gluten status of ‘gluten‐free’ food obtained on request in catering outlets in Ireland
Authors: McIntosh James , Flanagan Andrew , Madden Nora , Mulcahy Maurice , Dargan Lawrence , Walker Michael , Burns Duncan Thorburn 
Published: May 2011

SummaryThe only current effective treatment for coeliac disease (CD) is a lifelong diet that is as free from gluten as possible. This study provides baseline evidence to inform future interventions of benefit to CD sufferers by examining awareness of CD issues by food servers and preparation staff, assessing their claims to provide gluten‐free foods by analysis of a meal concurrently sampled. While the majority of attempts to purchase a ‘gluten‐free’ meal on request in restaurants were successful, some 10% of all samples contained gluten, 2.7% between 21 and 100 mg kg−1, and 7.7% >100 mg kg−1 and two unsatisfactory samples were purchased from so‐called coeliac‐friendly restaurants. These findings were consistent with those obtained previously by Collin et al. [Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 19 (2004) 1277], Størsrud et al. [European Food Research & Technology 217 (2003) 481], Gélinas et al. [International Journal of Food Science & Technology 43 (2008) 1245] for cross contamination with gluten. Staff confidence, ‘gluten‐free’ notices, signs and menu choices were no guarantee of risk‐free dining for CD sufferers. Based on our findings we suggest the need for further training, specifically for chefs and managers.