bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potential Health Impacts, Treatments, and Countermeasures of Martian Dust on Future Human Space Exploration
Authors: Wang Justin L. , Rosenbaum Jeremy J. , Prasad Ajay N. , Raad Robert R. , Putman Esther J. , Harrington Andrea D. , Aintablian Haig , Hynek Brian M. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe challenges of human space exploration produce some of humanity's greatest technological and scientific advances, not excluding innovations in medicine. The microgravity environment causes a host of physiological changes, and exposure to dust on the Moon caused considerable pulmonary distress to astronauts during the Apollo missions. As the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and other organizations prepare for long‐duration exploration missions to Mars, the hazards and consequences of the Martian surface need to be accounted for. This review investigates how substances analogous to hazardous components of Martian dust have caused disease in people on Earth. Because of its small grain size, dust on Mars is more likely to cause lung irritation, absorb into the bloodstream, and lead to diseases in astronauts. Toxic components of martian dust include perchlorates, silica, nanophase iron oxides, and gypsum in addition to trace amounts of toxic metals whose abundances are debated: chromium, beryllium, arsenic, and cadmium. Predicted effects of dust exposure ranges from asymptomatic to life‐threatening, with many substances being carcinogenic and most damage impacting the pulmonary system. The longer transit time for astronauts to return home makes the operations of performing emergency medical treatment more difficult and increases both the likelihood and consequences of developing chronic disease. Exposure mitigation needs to be prioritized; however, supplements may be taken to prevent disease from breakthrough exposures, and treatment regimens could lessen morbidity and mortality. Treatments and equipment need to be carefully considered and transported with the astronauts to be prepared for all possible scenarios.
Disentangling Ecological Restoration's Impact on Terrestrial Water Storage
Authors: Shen Xiaofan , Niu Liantao , Jia Xiaoxu , Yang Ting , Hu Wei , Wu Chaoyang , Chu Jiangdong , Biswas Asim , Shao Ming'an 
Published: February 2025

AbstractLarge‐scale ecological restoration (ER) in semiarid regions is often associated with substantial terrestrial water storage (TWS) depletion. This study challenged previous estimates by demonstrating the critical importance of considering other human activities when assessing ER impacts on TWS. Using a novel analytical framework integrating GRACE satellite data and ground observations, we analyzed TWS changes in China's Mu Us Sandyland under two scenarios: with and without considering mining and farming activities. Our results show that ER consumed TWS at an average rate of 11.7 ± 12.2 mm yr−1 from 2003 to 2022. Neglecting the impacts of mining and farming led to a 251% overestimation of ER's effect on TWS. This study provided a more nuanced understanding of water resource dynamics in restored ecosystems, emphasizing the need for comprehensive approaches in TWS assessments and informing sustainable land management strategies globally.
Tracing the Observed Causal Impact of Diminishing Summer Sea‐Ice Concentration on the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
Authors: Nichita Denis‐Răducu , Dubet Irina , Dima Mihai , Ionita Monica 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a crucial component of the global climate system and is believed to have slowed down in recent decades. While models indicate that anthropogenic Arctic sea‐ice melting drives this slowdown, observational evidence for this connection remains lacking, leaving the attribution of the AMOC decrease unresolved. In this study, we present causal observational evidence, beyond correlation, that the recent weakening of the AMOC observed in its sea surface temperature (SST) fingerprint is influenced by the decline in summer Arctic sea‐ice concentration over the past century, particularly between the 1950s and 1980s, concurrent with the Great Salinity Anomaly. Using two methods—Convergent Cross Mapping from dynamical systems theory and Information Flow from information theory—we demonstrate that modes of AMOC variability are influenced by sea‐ice melting. The AMOC slowdown and its modes exhibit a causal lag of 1–3 decades relative to sea‐ice melting, aligning with model predictions.
Ozone Depletion Modulated by Arctic Polar Stratospheric Cloud Types
Authors: Zhang Jiahao , Zhao Zhixin , Wang Wencai , Wang Yuwei 
Published: February 2025

AbstractPolar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs) act as a reaction interface for polar stratospheric ozone depletion. In this study, we analyze the distribution characters of Arctic PSCs from 2006/2007 to 2020/2021, and investigate the impact of PSCs on ozone depletion using data from CALIPSO, OMI and MLS. Our results indicate that the dominant type of PSCs in the Arctic is Nitric Acid Trihydrate (NAT), followed by Supercooled Ternary Solution (STS), and ICE is the rarest. The spatio‐temporal distribution of different types of PSCs is significantly different, NAT appear at altitude below 20 km in the early stage of PSCs formation while STS occur at altitude above 20 km in the later stage of PSCs formation. Furthermore, ozone depletion is related to the type of PSCs, higher occurrences of ICE PSCs in the stratosphere hinder stratospheric ozone depletion. This investigation broadens our understanding of the multifaceted drivers influencing stratospheric ozone depletion.
Diurnal Trends and Meteorological Factors Influencing the Variability of Fluorescent Bioaerosol in Mt. Crested Butte, Colorado During SAIL
Authors: Shawon Abu Sayeed Md , Benedict Katherine B. , Gutierrez Alejandro , Aiken Allison C. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractDespite the crucial role of bioaerosol particles (BAP) in our climate system, local ecosystems, and human health, our grasp on their atmospheric interactions is hampered by a lack of high‐resolution and long‐term data, which is essential for understanding their abundance and variability in response to meteorological conditions. To discern these relationships in a high‐altitude mountainous terrain is even less well‐studied. Therefore, we deployed a Wideband Integrated Bioaerosol Sensor (WIBS‐Neo) for three months during the first biologically active season of the Surface Atmosphere Integrated Field Laboratory (SAIL) campaign in summer 2022 on Mt. Crested Butte in Colorado (elevation 3,140 m ASL). Here, we report real‐time fluorescent BAP (FBAP) data collected from 15 June to 13 September 2022, sampled from within the ARM Aerosol Observing System (AOS). To our knowledge, these are the first high altitude (>3,000 m ASL) continuous measurements of FBAP made in North America. During this deployment, we observed on average 21% and as many as 48% (hourly maximum) of particles within the detection size range ( to ) of the WIBS as FBAP. Our analysis presents the diurnal cycles for seven distinct types of FBAP, showing unique patterns and, in some cases, correlations with temperature and solar radiation cycles. Abundance and composition of FBAP varied with relative humidity and precipitation. Precipitation events appeared to both cause emission and removal of FBAP, whereas dust and smoke events had no significant effect, highlighting the critical role of meteorology on FBAP at high altitudes.
Phase and Amplitude Relationships Between Ozone, Temperature, and Circulation in the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation
Authors: Ming Alison , Hitchcock Peter , Orbe Clara , Dubé Kimberlee 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe phase and amplitude relationships between dynamical quantities and ozone within the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) are explored. An initial assessment of this is done by applying a principal oscillation pattern analysis to observations (SWOOSH for Ozone) and reanalysis data (ERA5). This analysis highlights features of the ozone and temperature variability including two peaks in amplitude at different heights in the QBO region as well as more subtle phase differences that cannot be explained by a simple QBO theory. We also quantify the sizes of the ozone and temperature advection terms and show that the contribution of background upwelling on variations in the ozone gradient is not negligible . A radiative‐convective equilibrium and photochemical equilibrium model, with the imposed ERA5 QBO variation in upwelling and OSIRIS variations, is used to further understand ozone and temperature changes. The results show that photochemistry and transport are important at all levels, and it is misleading to divide the QBO into separate regimes. Prominent aspects of the variability can be reproduced if ERA5 upwelling is reduced by between 15 and where ERA5 is likely overpredicting the strength of the secondary meridional circulation. Finally, we demonstrate that nonlocality in the vertical plays a major role in QBO dynamics. This arises from ozone transport, the dependence on column ozone of photochemical production, and radiative transfer between layers.
The Influence of Parameterized Shallow Convection on Trade‐Wind Clouds and Circulations in the HARMONIE‐AROME Mesoscale Model
Authors: Savazzi A. C. M. , Nuijens L. , de Rooy W. , Siebesma A. P. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractMesoscale numerical weather prediction models currently operate at kilometer‐scale and even sub‐kilometer‐scale resolutions. Although shallow cumulus convection is partly resolved at these resolutions, it is still common to use a shallow cumulus parameterization (SCP). Within the context of the EUREC4A model intercomparison project, we evaluate how the modeled mesoscale cloud field in the trades responds to parameterized or explicit shallow convection in the mesoscale model HARMONIE‐AROME. We simulate a region of 3,200 × 2,025 east of Barbados using a grid spacing of 2.5 km for a 2 months period (1 January to 29 February 2020). We compare three configurations of HARMONIE‐AROME: (a) one with an active SCP (control), (b) one without parameterized momentum transport by shallow convection, and (c) one with an inactive SCP. The experiments produce different responses in the cloud field that are not incremental. With the SCP inactive, the model produces a warmer lower troposphere with many smaller but deeper clouds that precipitate more. Along with stronger resolved eddy kinetic energy, wider and stronger shallow meridional overturning circulations develop. In the configuration without parameterized momentum transport by shallow convection, the eddy‐diffusivity scheme effectively takes over the missing transport in the sub‐cloud layer up to 800 m. Above that level, horizontal wind variance increases as the total momentum flux decreases, enhancing eddy kinetic energy at scales of 2.5 km and larger. In contrast to the configuration with an inactive SCP, cloud top heights hardly deepen, but stratiform cloudiness below the inversion and mean cloud size increase.
A1AT dysregulation of metabolically stressed hepatocytes by Kupffer cells drives MASH and fibrosis
Authors: Park Jeong-Su , Lee Jin , Wang Feng , Ma Hwan , Zhou Zixiong , Lee Yong-Sun , Oh Kwangyeon , Lee Haram , Sui Guoyan , Lee Sangkyu , Yang Yoon Mee , Lee Jang-Won , Ji Yong-Ha , Park Chun-Woong , Yoo Hwan-Soo , Hwang Bang-Yeon , Han Sang-Bae , Song Nan , Oh Soohwan , Kim Bumseok , Seki Ekihiro , Hong Jin Tae , Roh Yoon Seok 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is associated with the activation of Kupffer cells (KCs) and hepatic stellate cells, at which point a metabolically stressed hepatocyte becomes integral to the progression of the disease. We observed a significant reduction in the level of alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT), a hepatocyte-derived secreted factor, in both patients with MASH and mice fed a fast-food diet (FFD). KC-mediated hepatic inflammation, most notably IL-1β, led to the transcriptional inhibition of A1AT by HNF4α. In quintuple Serpina1a–e knockout mice, ablation of A1AT worsened MASH through increased activity of proteinase 3 (PR3), a proinflammatory protease produced by F4/80hi/CD11blow/TIM4−/CCR2+ monocyte-derived KCs (MoKCs). Conversely, A1AT restoration or PR3 inhibition mitigated MASH progression. A PR3-bound cytokine array identified IL-32 as a key factor associated with MASH. Combining IL-32 with SERPINA1, the gene encoding A1AT, synergistically predicted patients at risk of MASH through univariate logistic regression analysis. Furthermore, in vivo overexpression of IL-32γ alleviated MASH induced by FFD. However, additional knockout of A1AT increased PR3 activity, consequently abolishing the anti-MASH effects of IL-32γ. Blocking PR3-mediated IL-32γ cleavage via the V104A mutation sustained its protective actions, while the PR3-cleaved C-terminal fragment activated KCs. Additionally, after cleavage, the antifibrogenic effect of IL-32γ is lost, resulting in a failure to prevent the activation of hepatic stellate cells. This study highlights the critical role of hepatocyte-derived A1AT in the PR3/IL-32γ axis during MASH development. Strategies to correct A1AT dysregulation, such as A1AT supplementation or PR3 inhibition with sivelestat, may offer protection against the development and progression of MASH and fibrosis.
Universal conservation laws of the wave-particle-entanglement triad: theory and experiment
Authors: Ding Ziheng , Deng Yaohao , Fei Shao-Ming , Zhou Si-Qi , Chen Xiaojiong , Rui Ziwen , Ma Zhihao , Xiao Yunlong , Wang Jianwei 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
When observed, a quantum system exhibits either wave-like or particle-like properties, depending on how it is measured. However, this duality is affected by the entanglement of the system with its quantum memory, raising a fundamental question: how are wave–particle duality and entanglement related? Here, we broaden the scope of wave–particle duality to include entanglement, introduce universal conservation laws for the wave–particle–entanglement triad, and perform demonstrations on silicon–integrated nanophotonic quantum chips. Our experiments not only mark the first confirmation of universal conservation laws but also highlight the potential of integrated photonics for exploring complex quantum phenomena in high-dimensional systems.
Exome sequencing identifies HELB as a novel susceptibility gene for non-mucinous, non-high-grade-serous epithelial ovarian cancer
Authors: Dicks Ed M. , Tyrer Jonthan P. , Ezquina Suzana , Jones Michelle , Baierl John , Peng Pei-Chen , Diaz Michael , Goode Ellen , Winham Stacey J. , Dörk Thilo , Gorp Toon Van , Fazio Anna De , Bowtell David D. L. , Garsed Dale W. , Odunsi Kunle , Moysich Kirsten , Pavanello Marina , Fostira Florentia , Webb Penelope M. , Soukupová Jana , Cohen Paul A. , Sieh Weiva , Fortner Renée Turzanski , Ricker Charite , Karlan Beth , Campbell Ian , Brenton James D. , Ramus Susan J. , Gayther Simon A. , Pharoah Paul D. P. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Rare, germline loss-of-function variants in a handful of DNA repair genes are associated with epithelial ovarian cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of rare, coding, loss-of-function variants across the genome in epithelial ovarian cancer. We carried out a gene-by-gene burden test with various histotypes using data from 2573 non-mucinous cases and 13,923 controls. Twelve genes were associated at a False Discovery Rate of less than 0.1 of which seven were the known ovarian cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1, BRCA2, BRIP1, RAD51C, RAD51D, MSH6 and PALB2. The other five genes were OR2T35, HELB, MYO1A and GABRP which were associated with non-high-grade serous ovarian cancer and MIGA1 which was associated with high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Further support for the association of HELB association comes from the observation that loss-of-function variants in HELB are associated with age at natural menopause and Mendelian randomisation analysis shows an association between genetically predicted age at natural menopause and endometrioid ovarian cancer, but not high-grade serous ovarian cancer.
Long term analysis of microbiological isolates and antibiotic susceptibilities in acute-onset postoperative endophthalmitis: a UK multicentre study
Authors: Teh Boon Lin , Ong Ariel Yuhan , Mehta Ankur , Hoang Vy , Settle Chris , Lotery Andrew J. , Charbel Issa Peter , Smith Jonathan , Steel David H. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Objectives
To review the trend of microbial isolates for postoperative endophthalmitis (POE) in the United Kingdom (UK) and determine the sensitivity to current empirical intravitreal antibiotic treatment.

Methods
We conducted a long term multicentre consecutive case review of POE across 3 geographically distant tertiary eye centres in the UK: Sunderland Eye Infirmary (2000–2022), Oxford Eye Hospital (2016–2022), and Southampton General Hospital (2016–2022). Data on the microbial samples taken and results including sensitivities to antibiotics agents given were collected. Poisson regression was used to analyse microbial trends and outcomes were considered statistically significant at a level of p < 0.05.

Results
179 consecutive eyes of 177 patients with POE met our inclusion criteria. The most common primary procedure was phacoemulsification and IOL insertion followed by intravitreal injections. 104 (58.1%) were culture positive and most were Gram-positive bacteria (85, 81.7%). The microbial trend consistently showed Staphylococcus epidermidis and unspecified coagulase-negative Staphylococci to be the most prevalent pathogens. Poisson regression showed no statistically significant change in any of the bacterial isolates over our study period. Antibiotic sensitivity data was available for 74% of the culture positive samples (77/104). All Gram-positive bacteria (68/68, 100%) and most (8/9, 88.9%) Gram-negative bacteria were sensitive to the empirical antibiotics (Vancomycin and Ceftazidime/Amikacin) given at presentation.

Conclusions
Most of the bacterial isolates causing POE in the UK are Gram-positive bacteria, and the trend has remained stable over more than two decades. Current empirical treatment with intravitreal Vancomycin and Ceftazidime/Amikacin provides effective broad coverage for the vast majority of cases.
Fast capillary waves on an underwater superhydrophobic surface
Authors: Fauconnier Maxime , Karunakaran Bhuvaneshwari , Drago-González Alex , Wong William S. Y. , Ras Robin H. A. , Nieminen Heikki J. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The propagation of interfacial waves in free and constrained conditions, such as deep and shallow water, has been broadly studied over centuries. It is a common event that anyone can witness, while contemplating the ocean waves washing ashore. As a complementary configuration, this work introduces waves propagating on an interface restricted by its pinning to the solid microstructures of an underwater superhydrophobic surface. The latter has the ability to stabilize a well-defined microscale gas layer, called a plastron, trapped between the water and the solid phase. The acoustic radiation force produced with focused MHz ultrasound successfully triggers kHz “plastronic waves”, i.e., capillary waves travelling on a plastron’s gas-water interface. The exposed waves possess interesting features, i.e., (i) a high propagation speed up to 45 times faster than conventional deep water capillary waves of comparable wavelength and (ii) a relation of the propagation speed with the geometry of the microstructures. Based on this and on the observed variation of wave speed over time in conditions of gas-undersaturated or -supersaturated water, the usefulness of the plastronic waves for the non-destructive monitoring of the plastron’s stability and the spontaneous air diffusion is eventually demonstrated.
Negative refraction of light in an atomic medium
Authors: Ruks L. , Ballantine K. E. , Ruostekoski J. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The quest to manipulate light propagation in ways not possible with natural media has driven the development of artificially structured metamaterials. One of the most striking effects is negative refraction, where the light beam deflects away from the boundary normal. However, due to material characteristics, the applications of this phenomenon, such as lensing that surpasses the diffraction limit, have been constrained. Here, we demonstrate negative refraction of light in an atomic medium without the use of artificial metamaterials, employing essentially exact simulations of light propagation. High transmission negative refraction is achieved in atomic arrays for different level structures and lattice constants, within the scope of currently realised experimental systems. We introduce an intuitive description of negative refraction based on collective excitation bands, whose transverse group velocities are antiparallel to the excitation quasi-momenta. We also illustrate how this phenomenon is robust to lattice imperfections and can be significantly enhanced through subradiance.
Dense, continuous membrane labeling and expansion microscopy visualization of ultrastructure in tissues
Authors: Shin Tay Won , Wang Hao , Zhang Chi , An Bobae , Lu Yangning , Zhang Elizabeth , Lu Xiaotang , Karagiannis Emmanouil D. , Kang Jeong Seuk , Emenari Amauche , Symvoulidis Panagiotis , Asano Shoh , Lin Leanne , Costa Emma K. ,   IMAXT Grand Challenge Consortium, Marblestone Adam H. , Kasthuri Narayanan , Tsai Li-Huei , Boyden Edward S. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Lipid membranes are key to the nanoscale compartmentalization of biological systems, but fluorescent visualization of them in intact tissues, with nanoscale precision, is challenging to do with high labeling density. Here, we report ultrastructural membrane expansion microscopy (umExM), which combines an innovative membrane label and optimized expansion microscopy protocol, to support dense labeling of membranes in tissues for nanoscale visualization. We validate the high signal-to-background ratio, and uniformity and continuity, of umExM membrane labeling in brain slices, which supports the imaging of membranes and proteins at a resolution of ~60 nm on a confocal microscope. We demonstrate the utility of umExM for the segmentation and tracing of neuronal processes, such as axons, in mouse brain tissue. Combining umExM with optical fluctuation imaging, or iterating the expansion process, yields ~35 nm resolution imaging, pointing towards the potential for electron microscopy resolution visualization of brain membranes on ordinary light microscopes.
EXPERT expands prime editing efficiency and range of large fragment edits
Authors: Xiong Youcai , Su Yinyu , He Ruigao , Han Xiaosong , Li Sheng , Liu Minghuan , Xi Xiaoning , Liu Zijia , Wang Heng , Xie Shengsong , Xu Xuewen , Li Kui , Zhang Jifeng , Xu Jie , Li Xinyun , Zhao Shuhong , Ruan Jinxue 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Prime editing systems (PEs) hold great promise in modern biotechnology. However, their editing range is limited as PEs can only modify the downstream sequences of the pegRNA nick. Here, we report the development of the extended prime editor system (EXPERT) to overcome this limitation by using an extended pegRNA (ext-pegRNA) with modified 3’ extension, and an additional sgRNA (ups-sgRNA) targeting the upstream region of the ext-pegRNA. We demonstrate that EXPERT can efficiently perform editing on both sides of the ext-pegRNA nick, a task that is unattainable by canonical PEs. EXPERT exhibits prominent capacity in replacing sequences up to 88 base pairs and inserting sequences up to 100 base pairs within the upstream region of the ext-pegRNA nick. Compared to canonical PEs such as PE2, the utilization of the EXPERT strategy significantly enhances the editing efficiency for large fragment edits with an average improvement of 3.12-fold, up to 122.1 times higher. Safety wise, the use of ups-sgRNA does not increase the rates of undesirable insertions and deletions (indels), as the two nicks are on the same strand. Moreover, we do not observe increased off-target editing rates genome-wide. Our work introduces EXPERT as a PE tool with significant potential in life sciences.