bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Smart Structures
Authors: Bystricky Pavel 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWhile conventional structures are usually designed to fulfill a single primary purpose, smart structures add the ability to sense changes in their environment and use that information in a timely manner in ways that augment their functionality. Smart structures today are increasingly found in applications as diverse as analysis and reporting of damage (health monitoring),in siturepair of structural damage (self‐healing), and physical adaptability and active response to various operating conditions (morphing structures). In this article, we start with a review of the main classes of smart materials that make building smart structures possible. We review the fundamental principles that give these materials “smart” functionality, allowing them to sense external stimuli, adapt, and respond in various ways. We also provide a detailed example of implementation of a smart structure in the real world. The ever‐increasing variety of smart materials, each with very different capabilities and requirements, gives the designer of smart structures multiple options as well as challenges in this still maturing field. Smart materials, when combined with sophisticated signal processing and control hardware made possible by modern electronics, open the door for new generations of smart structures with advanced capabilities—such as the ability to “learn” and respond accordingly—that may one day blur the line between inanimate and living systems.
Standards and Specifications
Authors: Voto Claudio , Autiello Maria Assunta 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis article discusses the importance of the use of Standards and Specifications, documents that specify methods, processes, test requirements, workmanship, parts, material, and design used repeatedly in the design, drafting, procurement, and manufacture of composite materials and products.In this article two documents are reported as examples; in particular, one of them illustrates a composite material standard and the other a composite process specification.Finally a listing of composite material specifications and a listing of applicable advanced composite ASTM (American Society for Testing Materials) standards are presented.
Stress Residual
Authors: Withers Philip J. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Residual stresses can have important consequences for the manufacture and the resulting properties of polymeric, metallic, and ceramic matrix composite materials and components. Because of the different mechanical, thermal, and shrinkage properties of the fibers and matrices, as well as the anisotropy of the constituent laminate, residual stresses can have many different origins and can arise at the matrix/fiber level, between plies and at the macroscale component level. Here, the origin of thermal stresses, shrinkage stresses, curing stresses, tooling‐induced stresses, environmental stresses, and loading‐induced residual stresses are considered. Furthermore, the means of quantifying such stresses by mechanical and nonmechanical methods across the various scales are described, including the use of embedded sensors. The implications of these different residual stresses are evaluated in terms of the matrix properties, distortion, transverse ply cracking, and thermal ratcheting. Finally, strategies for manipulating and controlling residual stresses are discussed centered on composite design, methods to delay the onset of transverse ply cracking, and via the use of heat treatments. Finally, the future opportunities for metal, ceramic, and polymer matrix composites as well as smart composite systems are discussed along with the emergence of 3D woven, stitched, and damage tolerant fiber architectures.
Thermal Spray Coatings
Authors: Pawłowski Lech 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The entire technology of thermal spraying is described starting from an overview of related industry and economic impact. The materials used in spraying including feedstock and substrate are shown and thermal spraying methods divided into (i) high productivity, (ii) high kinetic energy, (iii) controlled atmosphere, and (iv) nanostructured coatings are shortly described. Then the different aspects of coatings, in particular, composites, such as microstructure, and different properties are shown. A few examples of coating applications in different branches of industry are shown. Finally, the trends of the technology are detected and some aspects of security problems related to the technology are shown.
Enhanced Grain Refinement Through Deformation Induced α Precipitation in Hot Working of α + β Titanium Alloy
Authors: Liu Bin , Li Yunping , Matsumoto Hiroaki , Koizumi Yuichiro , Liu Yong , Chiba Akihiko 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis study reports a novel forging process to fabricate bulk fine‐grained (grain size ≈ 1 µm) Ti–6Al–4V alloy, in which temperatures near the β transus (Tβ) and strain rates around 0.15 s−1 are used for the deformation. The formation of fine‐grained microstructure is mainly result from the deformation‐induced precipitation of α grains from the β matrix.
Vesicular Structures Self‐Assembled from Oligonucleotide‐Polymer Hybrids: Mechanical Prevention of Bacterial Colonization Upon their Surface Tethering Through Hybridization
Authors: Cottenye Nicolas , Anselme Karine , Ploux Lydie , Vebert‐Nardin Corinne 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn order to design soft coatings, surface tethering of vesicular structures self‐assembled from oligonucleotide‐polymer hybrids is achieved through hybridization. Watson‐Crick base‐pairing occurs between the nucleotide sequences involved in the self‐assembly and their surface‐tethered complementary sequences. Combining the quartz crystal microbalance and in situ observations using confocal laser scanning microscopy, it is evidenced that the vesicles retain their morphology even under flow stress. Surprisingly, these soft surfaces prevent bacterial colonization.
Advances in Molecular Genetics of Hirschsprung's Disease
Authors: Pan Zhi‐Wen , Li Ji‐Cheng 
Published: July 2012

AbstractHirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is a developmental disorder of the enteric nervous system, which occurs due to the failure of neural crest cells to fully colonize the gut during embryonic development. It is characterized by the absence of the enteric ganglia in a variable length of the intestine. Substantial progress has been made in understanding the genetic basis of HSCR with the help of advanced genetic analysis techniques and animal models. More than 11 genes have been found to be involved in the pathogenesis of HSCR. The RET gene is the most important susceptibility gene involved in HSCR with both coding and non‐ coding sequence mutations. Due to phenotypic diversity and genetic complexity observed in HSCR, mutational analysis has limited practical value in genetic counseling and clinical practice. In this review, we discuss the progress that has been made in understanding the molecular genetics of HSCR and summarize the currently identified genes as well as interactions between pathways and gene‐modifying loci in HSCR. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recombinantly produced cellobiose dehydrogenase from Corynascus thermophilus for glucose biosensors and biofuel cells
Authors: Harreither Wolfgang , Felice Alfons K. G. , Paukner Regina , Gorton Lo , Ludwig Roland , Sygmund Christoph 
Published: July 2012

AbstractCellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) is an emerging enzyme in the field of bioelectrocatalysis. Due to its flexible cytochrome domain, which acts as a built‐in redox mediator, CDH is capable of direct electron transfer (DET) to electrode surfaces. This rare property is employed in mediatorless “third generation” biosensors. The ability of Corynascus thermophilus CDH to oxidize glucose under physiological conditions makes it a promising candidate for miniaturized glucose biosensors or glucose powered biofuel cell anodes. We report for the first time the electrochemical application and characterization of a recombinantly produced CDH in a glucose biosensor. Recombinant CDH from C. thermophilus (rCtCDH) was expressed by the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris (376 U L–1, 132 mg L–1). A comparative characterization of rCtCDH and CtCDH shows identical pH optima, KM values and heme b midpoint potentials. In contrast, the specific activity of rCtCDH (2.84 U mg–1) and consequently the turnover numbers were ∼five‐times lower than for CtCDH, which was caused by a sub‐stoichiometric occupation of catalytic sites with flavin‐adenin‐dinukleotid (FAD). The performance of rCtCDH‐modified electrodes demonstrates the suitability for electrochemical studies. This opens the possibility to engineer the substrate specificity of C. thermophilus CDH for specific carbohydrates by rational engineering or directed evolution.
Initial clinical experience with the Coherex FlatStent™ and FlatStent™ EF PFO closure system for in‐tunnel PFO closure: Results of the Coherex‐EU study
Authors: Sievert Horst , Wunderlich Nina , Reiffenstein Isabel , Ruygrok Peter , Grube Eberhard , Buellesfeld Lutz , Meier Bernhard , Schofer Joachim , Muller David , Jones Randall K. , Gillam Linda 
Published: July 2012

ObjectiveThe Coherex‐EU Study evaluated the safety and efficacy of PFO closure utilizing novel in‐tunnel PFO closure devices.BackgroundTranscatheter closure of patent foramen ovale (PFO) followed the development of transcatheter closure devices designed to patch atrial septal defects (ASDs). The Coherex FlatStent™ and FlatStent™ EF devices were designed specifically to treat PFO anatomy.MethodsA total of 95 patients with a clinical indication for PFO closure were enrolled in a prospective, multicenter first in man study at six clinical sites. Thirty‐six patients received the first‐generation FlatStent study device, and 57 patients received the second‐generation FlatStent EF study device, which was modified based on clinical experience during the first 38 cases. Two patients enrolled to receive the first generation did not receive a device.ResultsAt 6 months post‐procedure, 45% (17/38) of the intention‐to‐treat (ITT) cohort receiving the first‐generation FlatStent device had complete closure, 26% (10/38) had a trivial residual shunt, and 29% (11/38) had a moderate to large residual shunt. In the ITT cohort receiving the second‐generation FlatStent EF device, 76% (43/57) had complete closure, 12% (7/57) had a trivial shunt, and 12% had a moderate to large shunt. Five major adverse events occurred, all without sequelae.ConclusionThis initial study of the Coherex FlatStent/FlatStent EF PFO Closure System demonstrated the potential for in‐tunnel PFO closure. The in‐tunnel Coherex FlatStent EF may offer an alternative to septal repair devices for PFO closure in appropriately selected patients; however, further investigation will be necessary to establish the best use of this device. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mineralization of Catechol by Fenton and Photo‐Fenton Processes
Authors: M'hemdi Asma , Dbira Bechir , Abdelhedi Ridha , Brillas Enric , Ammar Salah 
Published: July 2012

AbstractCatechol is one of the most abundant phenolic components of olive mill wastewaters. In this article, the mineralization of this compound in synthetic aqueous solutions by the Fenton and photo‐Fenton processes is studied. It has been found that for 1.44 mM catechol, the total organic carbon of solutions is reduced about 94.4% at best after 60 min of Fenton treatment at optimized conditions of pH 3.0, 0.2 mM Fe2+, 7.09 mM H2O2, and 25°C. A faster and overall mineralization is attained by applying photo‐Fenton with UVA irradiation. o‐Benzoquinone, 1,2,3‐trihydroxybenzene and 1,2,4‐trihydroxybenzene were identified by GC–MS as primary quinonic and polyhydroxylated derivatives. Small amounts of generated carboxylic acids like muconic, maleic, malonic, acetic, oxalic, and formic acids were detected by ion‐exclusion chromatography. The Fe(III) complexes of these acids persist in the medium under Fenton conditions, while their photolysis by UVA light and that of other by‐products account for by the faster degradation and total mineralization achieved in the photo‐Fenton process. A reaction sequence for catechol mineralization by Fenton and photo‐Fenton involving all intermediates detected is proposed.
The Reactivity of 5‐Cyanotetrazole towards Water and Hydroxylamine
Authors: Fischer Niko , Klapötke Thomas M. , Rappenglück Sebastian , Stierstorfer Jörg 
Published: July 2012

AbstractSodium 5‐cyanotetrazolate sesquihydrate (1) was prepared from sodium azide and two equivalents of sodium cyanide under acidic conditions. Its hydrolysis, when treated with an excess of 6 M nitric acid yields tetrazole‐5‐carboxamide (4), whereas stoichiometric amounts of 2 M nitric acid yields the free acid 5‐cyanotetrazole (2). 5‐Cyanotetrazole readily reacts with hydroxylammonium chloride to form the oxime of tetrazole‐5‐carboxamide (6). Both compounds, the tetrazole‐5‐carboxamide (4) and its oxime (6), bear an acidic proton, which can be abstracted with bases such as aqueous ammonia or hydroxylamine, to form the respective hydroxylammonium (5, 7) or ammonium salts (8). Also the guanidinium (9) and the triaminoguanidinium salt (10) were prepared using guanidinium and triaminoguanidinium chloride, respectively. All mentioned compounds, including the silver salt of 5‐cyanotetrazole (3), were structurally characterized by low‐temperature single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. In additional, the materials were characterized using NMR and vibrational (IR, Raman) spectroscopy as well as mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. The thermal behavior was studied from DSC measurements and the sensitivities of the compounds towards shock, friction, and electrostatic discharge were determined. Moreover, the heats of formation were calculated (atomization method, CBS‐4M enthalpies) and several detonation/propulsion parameters computed with the EXPLO5 code.
Noncomputability, unpredictability, undecidability, and unsolvability in economic and finance theories
Authors: Kao Ying‐Fang , Ragupathy V. , Velupillai K. Vela , Zambelli Stefano 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWe outline, briefly, the role that issues of the nexus between noncomputability and unpredictability, on the one hand, and between undecidability and unsolvability, on the other hand, have played in Computable Economics (CE). The mathematical underpinnings of CE are provided by (classical) recursion theory, varieties of computable and constructive analysis and aspects of combinatorial optimization. The inspiration for this outline was provided by Professor Graça's thought‐provoking recent article. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2012
Design and Implementation of a Modular Biomimetic Infochemical Communication System
Authors: Rácz Z. , Cole M. , Gardner J.W. , Chowdhury M.F. , Bula W.P. , Gardeniers J.G.E. , Karout S. , Capurro A. , Pearce T.C. 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYWe describe here the design and implementation of a novel biomimetic infochemical communication system that employs airborne molecules alone to communicate over space and time. The system involves the design and fabrication of a microsystem capable of producing and releasing a precise mix of biosynthetic compounds and a sensor system capable of detecting and decoding the ratiometrically encoded chemical information.The research inspired by biology has been based upon the biosynthetic pathways of infochemical production and information processing within the insect world. In this novel approach, the functional equivalents of the nanoscale biological machinery are implemented by combining the latest advances and convergence of expertise in the fields of biochemistry, molecular biology, neuroscience, micro‐ and nanofabrication, materials science, and smart sensor and microcircuit design. The biomimetic system comprises a micromachined bio‐reactor mimicking the sex gland of the female insect that releases a blend of pheromones in precisely controlled ratios, together with a cell‐based biosensor system, mimicking the antennae of the male insect. The signals from the biosensors are classified and ratios decoded using a field‐programmable gate array implementation of a neuromorphic model of the antenna lobe of the insect.We believe that this novel, smart infochemical communication system, inspired by the insect's behavior, could eventually be implemented in VLSI technology at low cost and low power with possible application in the fields of automatic identification and data capturing, product labeling, search and rescue, environmental monitoring, and pest control. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why‐ and how‐ to integrate Verilog‐A compact models in SPICE simulators
Authors: Chalkiadaki Maria‐Anna , Valla Cédric , Poullet Frédéric , Bucher Matthias 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYThis article presents a fast and accurate way to integrate and validate Verilog‐A compact models in SPICE‐like simulators. Modifications in the models' Verilog‐A source code may be required prior to their conversion into low‐level C language by a code generator. The most common of these modifications is discussed. The generated C code is then directly compiled in the target simulator resulting in an equivalent SPICE model. The comparison between Verilog‐A and SPICE models in the same simulation environment, for simple and complex circuits, validates the procedure. Performance tests for demanding designs are carried out for both models. Results highlight the higher simulation speed and lower memory consumption of SPICE models. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transformation of Round‐shaped Graphene Disks into Hexagonal Domains in CVD
Authors: Fan Lili , Fan Xueliu , Wei Jinquan , Wang Kunlin , Wu Dehai , Zhu Hongwei 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe CVD of graphene on metal substrates serves as an ideal platform for studying the nucleation and growth of two‐dimensional crystals. In this paper, the size distribution and shape transformation of graphene domains at early stages of CVD are investigated. The transformation of round‐shaped graphene disks into hexagonal domains during atmospheric pressure (AP)CVD on copper substrates is identified. The critical transformation size from graphene disks to hexagonal domains is ∼0.8 µm2 according to the size distribution statistics.
Generation and live imaging of an endogenous Cdx2 reporter mouse line
Authors: McDole Katie , Zheng Yixian 
Published: July 2012

AbstractTo understand cell fate specification and maintenance during development, it is essential to visualize both lineage markers and cell behaviors in real time using endogenous markers to report cell fate. We have generated a reporter line in which eGFP is fused to the endogenous locus of Cdx2, a transcription factor essential for trophectoderm specification, allowing us to visualize cell fate decisions in the preimplantation mouse embryo. We used two‐photon laser scanning microscopy to visualize expression of the endogenous Cdx2 fusion protein and show that Cdx2 undergoes phases of upregulation. Additionally, we show that as late as the 32‐cell stage, outer trophectoderm cells may change their fates by migrating inward and losing Cdx2 expression. Furthermore, the tools and techniques we report allow for dual‐colored imaging, which will greatly facilitate the study of not only preimplantation development, but later stages of development and tissues where Cdx2 plays an important role. genesis 50:775–782, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetic variability in geographic populations of the natterjack toad (Bufo calamita)
Authors: Oromi N. , Richter‐Boix A. , Sanuy D. , Fibla J. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAcross altitudinal and latitudinal gradients, the proportion of suitable habitats varies, influencing the individual dispersal that ultimately can produce differentiation among populations. The natterjack toad (
Bufo calamita) is distributed across a wide geographic range that qualifies the species as interesting for a geographic analysis of its genetic variability. Five populations of
B. calamita in the Sierra de Gredos (Spain) were studied in an altitudinal gradient ranging from 750 to 2270 m using microsatellite markers. In addition, we analyzed the latitudinal genetic variation in
B. calamita within a global European distribution using genetic diversity parameters (mean number of alleles per locus [M

a
] and expected heterozygosity [H

E
]) obtained from our results and those published in the literature. The low level of genetic differentiation found between populations of
B. calamita (F

st
ranging from 0.0115 to 0.1018) and the decreases in genetic diversity with altitude (M

a
from 13.6 to 8.3, H

E
from 0.82 to 0.74) can be interpreted by the combined effects of discontinuous habitat, produced mainly by the high slopes barriers and geographic distance. In the latitudinal gradient, genetic diversity decreases from south to north as a consequence of the colonization of the species from the Pleistocene refugium. We conclude that the genetic variability in
B. calamita along its wide altitudinal and latitudinal geographic distribution mainly reflects the colonization history of the species after the last glacial period.
A messy reality: an analysis of New Zealand's elective surgery scoring system via media sources, 2000–2006
Authors: Derrett Sarah , Cousins Kim , Gauld Robin 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTWaiting lists for elective procedures are a characteristic feature of tax‐funded universal health systems. New Zealand has gained a reputation for its ‘booking system’ for waiting list management, introduced in the early‐1990s. The New Zealand system uses criteria to ‘score’ and then ‘book’ qualifying patients for surgery. This article aims to (i) describe key issues focused on by the media, (ii) identify local strategies and (iii) present evidence of variation. Newspaper sources were searched (2000–2006). A total of 1199 booking system stories were identified. Findings demonstrate, from a national system perspective, the extraordinarily difficult nature of maintaining overall control and coordination. Equity and national consistency are affected when hospitals respond to local pressure by reducing access to elective treatment. Findings suggest that central government probably needs to be closely involved in local‐level management and policy adjustments; that through the study period, the New Zealand system appears to have been largely out of the control of government; and that governments elsewhere may need to be cautious when considering developing similar systems. Developing and implementing scoring and booking systems may always be a ‘messy reality’ with unintended consequences and throwing regional differences in service management and access into stark relief. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.