bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Electorate in Poland's Large and Medium-Sized cities and Towns and its Influence on the Results of the 2007 Parliamentary Elections
Authors: Matykowski Roman 
Published: July 2010

The Electorate in Poland's Large and Medium-Sized cities and Towns and its Influence on the Results of the 2007 Parliamentary Elections
Urbanization is regarded among the most significant factors affecting election-related behaviour in Poland. In order to identify the importance of Poland's municipal electorate, a procedure of reverse elimination was applied to the electorates of successive largest cities in Poland, followed by a structure of supporting the strongest political parties at each stage of the cities' rank elimination. Whenever each successive elimination is followed by dwindling support for a given party, this party is referred to as pro-metropolitan.
Bulgarian Urban Settlements in the Early 21st Century
Authors: Ilieva Margarita , Iliev Iliya 
Published: July 2010

Bulgarian Urban Settlements in the Early 21st Century
The article presents the main changes in Bulgarian urban settlements during the last two decades and the present-day situation and processes of their development. A pronounced tendency towards a decrease in the urban population in Bulgaria can be observed in this period, which is closely related to the continuing drop in the total number of the country's population. A comparison with earlier periods shows that there is a greater concentration of population in the cities and middle-sized towns. The processes of transformation in Bulgarian urban settlements are similar to those in the other Central and East-European countries in transition. The economic transformations and the changes in the urban economy affected the urban territorial structure. The last two decades have witnessed considerable changes in the spatial pattern of the complex systems links established between the settlements as well as between the settlements, gravitating to the cities or agglomerations. The regional policy, which has been implemented for the past two decades, aims to consolidate the importance of Bulgarian urban settlements (over 20 thousand inhabitants) and agglomerations in regional development.
Functional Standartization of Rural Areas of Dolnośląskie Voivodeship
Authors: Hełdak Maria 
Published: July 2010

Functional Standartization of Rural Areas of Dolnośląskie Voivodeship
In the article the actual functions of rural or urban-rural communes in Dolnośląskie voivodeship (Lower Silesia) in 1996 and 2005 were indicated by applying three criteria of delimitation: structure of economy, the level of industrialisation and the level of tourism infrastructure. The research revealed that in 1996 most communes were classified as the type dominated by agriculture and at the same time they were underdeveloped with regards to tourism and were, almost totally, lacking in industry - as many as 48 out of 126 of analysed communes. In 2005 in Dolnośląskie voivodeship industrial communes prevailed which were also dominated by agriculture - altogether 47 communes in the region.
Multiplier Effects in Local and Regional Development
Authors: Domański Bolesław , Gwosdz Krzysztof 
Published: July 2010

Multiplier Effects in Local and Regional Development
The aim of the paper is to outline demand-driven multiplier mechanisms, the theory behind them, and applicable quantification methods (aggregate models and incremental methods). The authors discuss a number of key problems related to multiplier effects as fundamental mechanisms of local and regional development. The study of the magnitude, industry structure, spatial distribution, and key determinants of those effects can help understand growth mechanisms in local and regional economies and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages associated with new, e.g. foreign, investment. Furthermore, the results of earlier empirical studies of the magnitude, spatial distribution and determinants of multiplier effects are presented together with the outcomes of the authors' own study.
Landed Property of Churches and Denominational Associations in Poland
Authors: Głębocki Benicjusz 
Published: July 2010

Landed Property of Churches and Denominational Associations in Poland
Historical factors are presented that have determined landed property belonging to churches and denominational associations in Poland. The article then moves to post-war times to discuss the size and structure of church property resources in 1950, before its appropriation by the State in 1952, and after its restoration to the ecclesiastical owners following the systemic transformation of 1989. The form and ways of recovery of church property are discussed, as well as its present size, structure and distribution.
Ethnobotanical classification and plant nomenclature system of high altitude agro-pastoralists in Dolpo, Nepal
Authors: Ghimire Suresh K , Aumeeruddy-Thomas Yildiz 
Published: July 2010

This paper describes the findings of ethnobotanical research conducted in Tibetan community of agro-pastoralists in Dolpo, northwest Nepal. We assessed vernacular classification and plant nomenclature system with a particular focus on medicinal plants. We aimed to encompass the interpretation of semantic categories, as well as observing directly how people relate to plants in all material and symbolic aspects of their life. The methodology used consisted of village-level group meetings, indoor semi-structured interviews, in situ open interviews and resource mapping. The results showed that a substantial body of knowledge concerning ethno-medical practices and ethno-systematics remain intact in the study area. The Dolpo agro-pastoralists and particularly local amchi (specialists trained in the Tibetan medical system) name and classify the plant world based on morphological, ecological and organoleptic criteria producing a system of hierarchical classification. The richness and complexity of the botanical nomenclature reflect their profound knowledge obtained both from Tibetan materia medica and through direct field experience about the use and management of plant resources. The knowledge of amchi, in particular, is highly linked to the context of social interaction and practices. The study reveals that the use of knowledge and perception of local resource users is valuable for developing management guidelines for medicinal plants in our case and for overall conservation approaches. Key-words: Amchi; ethnobotany; ethnoecology; medicinal plants; Tibetan medicine; vernacular classification.DOI:	10.3126/botor.v6i0.2912 Botanica Orientalis - Journal of Plant Science (2009) 6: 56-68
<i>In vitro</i> seed germination in <i>Cymbidium elegans</i> Lindl. and <i>Dendrobium densiflorum</i> Lindl. ex Wall. (Orchidaceae)
Authors: Pradha Shreeti , Pant Bijaya 
Published: July 2010

A comparative study of in vitro seed germination of two endangered orchid species, viz. Cymbidium elegans Lindl. and Dendrobium densiflorum Lindl. ex Wall., was carried out on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium, supplemented with different concentrations and combination of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and á-Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). The hormone-free MS medium and MS medium supplemented with various growth hormones were found effective for in vitro seed germination of both species. However, the seeds of these two species showed variation in their germination behavior. Hormone-free MS basal medium was found most effective for seed germination of D. densiflorum; whereas, basal medium supplemented with BAP (1mg/l) was effective for C. elegans. The seeds of D. densiflorum showed quick response in earlier germination, protocorm formation and further development into seedlings in comparison to C. elegans. In C. elegans, germination of immature seeds started after nine weeks of inoculation; whereas in D. densiflorum, the initiation of germination started after five weeks of culture. The variations in seed germination, protocorm formation and seedling differentiation in the two orchid species might be due to the differences in their genetic constitution and the presence of different endogenous growth stimulating substances present in their seeds. The present study has provided useful information for in vitro clonal mass multiplication of these commercially important orchid species. Key-words: growth hormone; in vitro study; orchid.DOI:	10.3126/botor.v6i0.2917 Botanica Orientalis - Journal of Plant Science (2009) 6: 100-102
<i>Nervilia makinnoni</i> Duthie. and <i>Nervilia plicata</i> (Andrews) Schltr. (Orchidaceae): new records for flora of Nepal
Authors: Raskoti Bhakta Bahadur , Ale Rita 
Published: July 2010

Nervilia makinnoni Duthie and Nervilia plicata (Andrews) Schltr. (Orchidaceae) are reported as new records to Nepal. Detail description, illustrations and relevant notes are provided. Key words: conservation status; herbarium; orchids; phenology.DOI:	10.3126/botor.v6i0.2920 Botanica Orientalis - Journal of Plant Science (2009) 6: 109-110
Cytotaxonomy of <i>Smithia ciliata</i> Royle (Fabaceae)
Authors: Manandhar Laxmi , Sakya Shyam R 
Published: July 2010

Cytotaxonomy of Smithia ciliata Royle, collected from Panighat (1700 msl), Kathmandu valley, is reported. The somatic chromosome number was found to be 2n = 38 with the basic number being n = 19. Karyotype structure is predominated with medium sized chromosomes and with median constrictions. Key-words: chromosome count; karyotype; meiosis.DOI:	10.3126/botor.v6i0.2921 Botanica Orientalis - Journal of Plant Science (2009) 6: 111-113
Osteoid Osteoma of the Hamate: An Unusual Cause of Ulnar-Sided Wrist Pain
Authors: Rubin Guy , Wolovelsky Alejandro , Rinott Micha , Rozen Nimrod 
Published: July 2010

Ulnar-sided wrist pain is a common complaint that presents a diagnostic challenge. Determining the cause of ulnar-sided wrist pain is difficult, largely due to the complexity of the anatomic and biomechanical properties of the ulnar side of the wrist. Osteoid osteoma is a benign skeletal neoplasm of unknown etiology that is composed of osteoid and woven bone. Its incidence is 11% of benign tumors and 3% of all primary bone tumors, with 6% to 13% of all cases occurring in the hand.
Osteoid osteoma of the hamate can produce ulnar-sided wrist pain in the dorsal or volar aspect of the wrist, depending on the location of the tumor in the bone. In its classical and most frequent form, the osteoma may settle in the cortex or the spongiosa. A third rare form appears subperiosteally. Occasionally it destroys the articular cartilage by erosion or penetration. Most of the tumors will produce dorsal pain. A tumor located in the hook will produce volar pain.
This article describes a case of ulnar-sided wrist pain due to a rare case of osteoid osteoma of the hamate. We recommend marking the nidus with a needle intraoperatively with the aid of radiography.
Bilateral Posterior Sternoclavicular Dislocation
Authors: Baumann Matthias , Vogel Tobias , Weise Kuno , Muratore Tim , Trobisch Per 
Published: July 2010

Posterior sternoclavicular dislocations are a rare injury, representing <5% of all sternoclavicular dislocations and 1 in 1600 shoulder girdle injuries. Proper imaging with computed tomography and prompt diagnosis are essential steps in preventing potentially lethal complications observed in approximately 3% of all posterior sternoclavicular dislocations. Surgical treatment is necessary if closed reduction fails. With the medial clavicular epiphysis being the last to close (between ages 22 and 25), children and adolescents typically present with epiphyseal fractures rather than joint dislocations. If closed reduction fails, open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) should be considered in fractures, whereas complex reconstructions with tendon graft procedures have been recommended for joint dislocations.
This article presents a case of a traumatic bilateral posterior sternoclavicular dislocation due to an epiphyseal fracture in a 15-year-old boy. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a bilateral posterior sternoclavicular dislocation. Attempted closed reduction failed with redislocation after 2 days. The patient subsequently required ORIF. This article describes our technique with anterior retraction of the medial clavicle, closure of the posterior periosteum, and ORIF using nonabsorbable sutures. Postoperative shoulder mobilization was started on day 1. At final follow-up, the patient was completely asymptomatic.
Clinical Application of an Acellular Biologic Scaffold for Surgical Repair of a Large, Traumatic Quadriceps Femoris Muscle Defect
Authors: Mase Vincent J. , Hsu Joseph R. , Wolf Steven E. , Wenke Joseph C. , Baer David G. , Owens Johnny , Badylak Stephen F. , Walters Thomas J. 
Published: July 2010

Many battlefield injuries involve penetrating soft tissue trauma often accompanied by skeletal muscle defects, known as volumetric muscle loss. This article presents the first known case of a surgical technique involving an innovative tissue engineering approach for the repair of a large volumetric muscle loss.
A 19-year-old Marine presented with large volumentric muscle loss of the right thigh as a result of an explosion. The patient reported muscle weakness with right knee extension, secondary to volumentric muscle loss, primarily involving the vastus medialis muscle. This persisted 3 years postinjury, despite extensive physical therapy. With all existing management options exhausted, restoration of a portion of the lost vastus medialis muscle was attempted by surgical implantation of a multi-layered scaffold composed of extracellular matrix derived from porcine intestinal submucossa. The patient had no complications, was discharged home on postoperative day 5, and resumed physical therapy after 4 weeks. Four months postoperatively, the patient demonstrated marked gains in isokinetic performance. Computer tomography indicated new tissue at the implant site.
This approach offers a treatment option to a heretofore untreatable injury and will allow us to improve future surgical treatments for volumetric muscle loss.
Reduction of Fluence to Decrease Pain During Panretinal Photocoagulation in Diabetic Patients
Authors: Alvarez-Verduzco Oscar , Garcia-Aguirre Gerardo , de Lourdes Lopez-Ramos Maria , Vera-Rodriguez Sandra , Guerrero-Naranjo José Luis , Morales-Canton Virgilio 
Published: July 2010

Background and Objective:
To assess the effect of laser fluence reduction to reduce pain during panretinal photocoagulation.

Patients and Methods:

Twenty-five patients (50 eyes) with diabetic retinopathy who had indication for panretinal photocoagulation were included in this prospective, interventional, and comparative study. The right eyes were treated using low fluence parameters (LFP), whereas the left eyes were treated with standard fluence parameters (SFP). At the end of each session, the patient was asked to rate pain from 0 (no pain) to 10 (maximum pain) for each eye (NRS-11 scale). Fluence per burn and total fluence were determined for each eye. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann–Whitney
U
test and the Pearson correlation coefficient.

Results:

Pain perception (
P
< .01) and fluence per burn (
P
< .01) were significantly less using LFP compared with SFP. Pain was proportional to fluence per burn (R
2
= 0.4), but not to number of burns (R
2
= −0.2).

Conclusion:
The use of LFP seems to be a good option to diminish the pain during panretinal photocoagulation.
The relationship between self‐perception of physical attractiveness and sexual bullying in early adolescence
Authors: Cunningham Nancy J. , Taylor Matthew , Whitten Michael E. , Hardesty Patrick H. , Eder Katheryn , DeLaney Nancy 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe relationship between self‐perception of physical attractiveness and four measures of sexual bullying behavior (victimization, perpetration, having friends who sexually bully, and observation of sexual bullying among peers at school) was examined in a sample of 396 middle school age students. Students who perceived themselves to be more physically attractive than their peers reported sexually bullying others more, being sexually bullied by others more, observing more sexual bullying, and having more friends who sexually bully others than did students who perceived themselves as average looking. In addition, males who perceived themselves to be less physically attractive than their peers reported being victimized more and reported observing more sexual bullying in the school environment. These findings highlight the importance of physical attractiveness in the early initiation of sexual harassment. Implications for future research and interventions with early adolescents are discussed. Aggr. Behav. 36:271–281, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Narcissism and unprovoked aggression
Authors: Reidy Dennis E. , Foster Joshua D. , Zeichner Amos 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt is widely accepted that narcissists become aggressive when they experience ego‐threat. However, there is surprisingly little empirical research on the relationship between narcissism and aggression. Equivocal findings suggest that aggression in narcissists either occurs only in response to provocation, or regardless of provocation. One‐hundred and thirty‐seven collegiate men completed the Narcissistic Personality Inventory followed by a sham aggression paradigm, which afforded them the opportunity shock, or refrain entirely from shocking an ostensible opponent confederate. Participants were identified as “unprovoked aggressors,” “retaliatory aggressors,” or “nonaggressors” contingent on when and if they chose to administer electrical shocks to the confederate. Results indicated that participants who were high on narcissistic traits were more likely to be unprovoked aggressors than their low narcissism counterparts. Results are discussed in relation to threatened egotism theory and call for more research on narcissism, aggression, and the moderating effect of provocation. Aggr. Behav. 36:414–422, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐Resolution Scanning Near‐Field Optical Lithography of Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Credgington Daniel , Fenwick Oliver , Charas Ana , Morgado Jorge , Suhling Klaus , Cacialli Franco 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe fabrication of high‐resolution nanostructures in both poly(p‐phenylene vinylene), PPV, and a crosslinkable derivative of poly(9,9′‐dioctylfluorene), F8, using scanning near‐field optical lithography, is reported. The ability to draw complex, reproducible structures with 65000 pixels and lateral resolution below 60 nm (< λ/5) is demonstrated over areas up to 20 μm × 20 μm. Patterning on length‐scales of this order is desirable for realizing applications both in organic nanoelectronics and nanophotonics. The technique is based on the site‐selective insolubilization of a precursor polymer under exposure to the confined optical field present at the tip of an apertured near‐field optical fiber probe. In the case of PPV, a leaving‐group reaction is utilized to achieve insolubilization, whereas the polyfluorene is insolubilized using a photoacid initiator to create a crosslinked network in situ. For PPV, resolubilization of the features is observed at high exposure energies. This is not seen for the crosslinked F8 derivative, r‐F8Ox, allowing us to pattern structures up to 200 nm in height.
Silver Surface Iodination for Enhancing the Conductivity of Conductive Composites
Authors: Yang Cheng , Xie Yu‐Tao , Yuen Matthew Ming‐Fai , Xu Bing , Gao Bo , Xiong Xiaomin , Wong C. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe electrical conductivity of a silver microflake‐filled conductive composites is dramatically improved after a filler surface treatment. By a simple iodine solution treatment, nonstoichiometric silver/silver iodide nanoislands form on the silver filler surface. Evidence of the decrease of surface silver oxide species is provided by TOF‐SIMS and the redox property of the nanoclusters is studied using cyclic voltammetry and TOF‐SIMS depth profile analyses. The redox property of the nanoclusters on silver flakes helps enhance the electrical conductivity of the conductive composites. The electrical resistivity of the improved conductive composites is measured by four‐point probe method; the reliability of the printed thin film resistors is evaluated by both the 85 °C/85% relative humidity moisture exposure and the −40 ∼ 125 °C thermal cycling exposure. The conductive composite printed radio frequency identification (RFID) antennas with 27.5 wt% of the modified silver flake content show comparable performance in the RFID tag read range versus copper foil antennas, and better than those commercial conductive adhesives that require much higher silver content (i.e., 80 wt%). This work suggests that a surface chemistry method can significantly reduce the percolation threshold of the loading level of the silver flakes and improve the electrical conductivity of an important printed electronic passive component.
Microstructural Characterization and Charge Transport in Thin Films of Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Salleo Alberto , Kline R. Joseph , DeLongchamp Dean M. , Chabinyc Michael L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe performance of semiconducting polymers has been steadily increasing in the last 20 years. Improved control over the microstructure of these materials and a deeper understanding of how the microstructure affects charge transport are partially responsible for such trend. The development and widespread use of techniques that allow to characterize the microstructure of semiconducting polymers is therefore instrumental for the advance of these materials. This article is a review of the characterization techniques that provide information used to enhance the understanding of structure/property relationships in semiconducting polymers. In particular, the applications of optical and X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning probe techniques in this context are described.
Ruthenium ONO‐Type Pincer Complex: Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Catalysis
Authors: Zhang Yao , Li Xingwei , Hong Soon Hyeok 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA novel nitrone‐based pincer ligand was developed by a single‐step synthesis from N‐(tert‐butyl)hydroxylamine acetate and 2,6‐pyridinedicarboxaldehyde. The developed ligand allowed us to synthesize a cationic ruthenium pincer complex. A distorted octahedral coordination environment around the ruthenium center was observed. The complex showed excellent catalytic activity in transfer hydrogenation reactions with turnover numbers up to 590,000.
Serum free light chain analysis
Authors: Davids Matthew S. , Murali Mandakolathur R. , Kuter David J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn a variety of hematologic malignancies, immunoglobulin light chains (LC) are overproduced clonally and circulate without being linked by disulphide bonds to the immunoglobulin heavy chain. The recent development of a robust assay known as κ and λ “free” LC (FLC) to quantify the levels of these unbound LC in the serum, and thereby determine their ratio, has led to an explosion of studies that demonstrate its utility in a wide range of hematologic disorders. This article summarizes laboratory testing for serum FLC, with a particular focus on clinical applications for the test. Am. J. Hematol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.