bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variations of diet composition of Red Deer (Cervus elaphus L.) in Europe
Authors: Gebert Claudia , Verheyden‐Tixier Hélène 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTTo define the food resources of Red Deer (Cervus elaphus L.) in Europe and to detect the principal sources of variations in their diet, we reviewed field studies based on stomach content analysis. The study areas were classified into three main habitat groups (mixed‐coniferous forest, mixed‐deciduous forest, moorland), the food items into 13 plant categories, and we used five seasonal classes (winter, spring, summer, autumn, hunting season) for analysing the data set. For statistical analyses we used correspondence analysis and analysis of variance.Red Deer eat a varied diet comprising at least 145 plant species. The main sources of diet variation were due to habitat, leading us to identify three habitat types characterized by the consumption of a few key species. Clear seasonal variation was observed only for the seed and fruit items which were used mainly during the hunting season.Our results confirm that Red Deer can be classified among the intermediate feeders, with a mixed diet of grass & sedges (29%) and concentrate food items (63%). However, they also show Red Deer to be primarily a concentrate feeder (max. 75%) with no significant seasonal variation between the quantities of grass or sedges and concentrate food in the diet.In the light of these results, we discuss potential competition with other sympatric ungulates (wild and domestic). We suggest that it may be useful to take into account key food resources in modelling population dynamics and in taking management decisions.
British mammal populations: fifty years of change
Authors: YALDEN D. W. , SHORE R. F. , MCDONALD R. A. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT

Agricultural intensification, urbanization, overpopulation by both native and invasive species and diseases have all had marked effects on populations of British mammals over the last 50 years.
Here, accounts are presented of the effects of these processes with a prospective view of what the future holds for the mammals of Britain.
Mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals cryptic large‐scale invasion of non‐native genotypes of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Japan
Authors: MABUCHI K. , SENOU H. , NISHIDA M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWild common carp (Cyprinus carpio) are probably suffering from biological invasions of conspecific domesticated strains. However, such invasions may be largely camouflaged by morphological similarities between introduced and native strains. We conducted a large survey of mitochondrial DNA sequences (complete D‐loop region) from 11 localities in Japan. From a total of 166 individuals, 28 haplotypes were determined to fit into six divergent clades. One of the six clades included 19 closely related haplotypes with moderate nucleotide differences; however, the remaining five clades each included either a single haplotype or two almost identical haplotypes. Phylogenetic analysis together with the previously published Eurasian haplotypes further demonstrated that the ‘monotypic’ clades were sisters to various Eurasian lineages, whereas the 19 related haplotypes formed a monophyletic group apart from the whole Eurasian clade. Given their monophyly and genetic diversity, the 19 related haplotypes were thought to originate from the Japanese native strain. Conversely, their phylogenetic affinities to Eurasian lineages and unnaturally low genetic diversities caused the haplotypes of the five monotypic clades to be considered as domesticated strains introduced from Eurasia. These hypotheses were supported by further evidences; i.e. the probable non‐native haplotypes were frequently found from Japanese domesticated strains, and the probable native population structure was rescued when the probable non‐native haplotypes were excluded from the analyses. This study revealed that almost half or more of the haplotypes in all of the locations studied originated from domesticated strains introduced from Eurasia.
Strongyloides stercoralis infection and small intestinal lymphoma
Authors: COHEN J. , SPRY C.J.F. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryA West Indian man who was infected with Strongyloides stercoralis developed small intestinal obstruction. Treatment with thiabendazole did not relieve the obstruction which was found at laparotomy to be due to a poorly differentiated small intestinal lymphoma. There was no blood eosinophilia or accumulation of eosinophils in the sites of infection. There was no reaction in the skin to delayed hypersensitivity antigens and the blood T lymphocyte count and serum C3 levels were low.From these findings and a review of the literature it was concluded that the immune response in man to Strongyloides stercoralis may depend on T lymphocyte mediated reactions including granuloma formation, and mast cell and eosinophil responses in tissues. We suggest that the association of strongyloides hyperinfection and small bowel lymphoma in this patient may not have been fortuitous. The lymphoma may have led to a reduction in cellular immunity, with the subsequent development of strongyloides hyperinfection.
Immunization against malaria with a recombinant protein
Authors: LING I. T. , OGUN S. A. , HOLDER A. A. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYWe have expressed in bacteria the C‐terminal part of Plasmodium yoelii merozoite surface protein‐1 (MSP1) containing the two epidermal growth factor‐like domains. The protein, either alone or fused to glutathione Stransferase, was highly effective as a vaccine and protected mice against challenge infection. Reduction and alkylation abolished the protection obtained with the protein. This shows for the first time the absolute requirement of the disulphide‐bonded conformation for immunogenicity. In a short term experiment, mice were protected against a massive challenge. The immunity was effective at the time of merozoite release/reinvasion. Recombinant protein based on this part of MSP1 may be suitable as a vaccine against malaria.
Modulation of T‐cell responsiveness during Trypanosoma cruzi infection: analysis in different lymphoid compartments
Authors: VANDEKERCKHOVE FILIP , DARJI AYUB , RIVERA MARIA‐TERESA , CARLIER YVES , VRAY BERNARD , BILLIAU ALFONS , BAETSELIER PATRICK DE 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYSpleen and lymph node cells of Trypanosoma cruzi‐infected mice were studied for mitogen‐induced responsiveness in terms of proliferation and lymphokine production (IL‐2, IFN‐gamma). Splenocyte (SP) as well as lymph node cell (LN) proliferation and IL‐2 production were depressed during the acute phase of the infection. Proliferative capacity of LN cells recovered completely and that of SP partially during the chronic phase. In contrast to these suppressive effects, the mitogen‐induced IFN‐gamma response was enhanced. In vitro co‐incubation of normal SP or LN cells with trypomastigotes resulted in a reduced mitogen‐induced cell proliferation and IL‐2 secretion, similar to those seen with cells taken from infected mice. In contrast, trypomastigotes exerted a stimulatory activity on the mitogen‐induced IFN‐gamma response of both SP and LN cells. Addition of lymph node cells from T. cruzi‐infected mice (LN‐I) to lymph node cells of control mice (LN‐C) suppressed strongly the mitogen‐induced responsiveness of such cocultures. A marginal level of suppression was recorded in cocultures of spleen cells from infected mice (SP‐I) and control spleen cells (SP‐C). The potent suppressive cells within LN‐I populations were identified as macrophage‐like and such cells were absent in SP‐C and peritoneal exudate cells from T. cruzi infected animals.
Identification and diagnostic value of a major antibody epitope on the 12 kDa antigen from Echinococcus granulosus (hydatid disease) cyst fluid
Authors: LEGGATT G. R. , McMANUS D. P. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYAn IgG1 monoclonal antibody (MoAb), designated C9E7H8, has been produced against an epitope on the 12 kDa antigen of Echinococcus granulosus cyst fluid, believed to represent the smallest subunit of antigen B. This MoAb, raised against purified 12 kDa antigen eluted from a reducing SDS‐PAGE gel, demonstrated strong binding to native sheep cyst fluid in ELISA and recognition of all three subunits of antigen B (at 12, 16, 23 kDa) by immunoblot under both reducing and non‐reducing conditions. Immunoblot analysis also indicated that the complementary epitope is conserved amongst cyst fluids from different intermediate hosts of E. granulosus, including fluids from cysts of two distinct strains, and is present in cyst fluid from E. multilocularis. The monoclonal displays binding to a cDNA clone, EgPS‐3, which we have previously shown expresses part of the 12 kDa molecule. EgPS‐3, expressed as a glutathione‐S‐transferase fusion protein, was successful in positive detection of 74% of cystic hydatid patients, although cross‐reactions were observed with 25% of sera from alveolar hydatid and 22% of sera from schistosomiasis japonica patients. Three peptides, based on the predicted amino acid sequence of EgPS‐3. showed increased specificity but slightly reduced sensitivity in the detection of antibody from E. granulosus patients. The predominant epitope recognized by human antibody occurs in the Nterminal 27 amino acids (peptide 65) of EgPS‐3 which also correlates with the location of the monoclonal antibody epitope.
Immune interactions between mosquitoes and their hosts
Authors: BILLINGSLEY P. F. , BAIRD J. , MITCHELL J. A. , DRAKELEY C. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARY The intimate contact between mosquitoes and the immune system of their hosts is generally not considered important because of the transient nature of mosquito feeding. However, when hosts are exposed to many feeding mosquitoes, they develop immune responses against a range of salivary antigens. Understanding the importance of these responses will provide new tools for monitoring vector populations and identifying individuals at risk of mosquito‐borne diseases, and allow the development of novel methods for monitoring control and mosquito‐release programmes. Antibodies targeting the mosquito midgut are also important in the development of mosquito vaccines. The feasibility of this approach has been demonstrated and future research opportunities are considered in this review. The potential impact of mosquito vaccines is also discussed. Our understanding of the interplay between mosquitoes and the immune system of their hosts is still in its infancy, but it is clear that there is great potential for exploiting this interplay in the control of mosquito‐borne diseases.
Intranasal immunization with Naegleria fowleri lysates and Cry1Ac induces metaplasia in the olfactory epithelium and increases IgA secretion
Authors: JARILLO‐LUNA A. , MORENO‐FIERROS L. , CAMPOS‐RODRÍGUEZ R. , RODRÍGUEZ‐MONROY M. A. , LARA‐PADILLA E. , ROJAS‐HERNÁNDEZ S. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARY According to previous reports, intranasal administration of the Cry1Ac protein alone or with amoebic lysates increases protection against Naegleria fowleri meningoencephalitis in mice, apparently by eliciting IgA responses in the nasal mucosa. In the current study, we performed an immunohistochemical analysis of IgA in the nasal mucosa of mice immunized intranasally with Cry1Ac, and amoebic lysates or a combination of both. The animals were sacrificed 24 h after the last immunization or after an intranasal lethal challenge with N. fowleri. Our results indicate that all of the intranasal immunizations provoked an increase in areas with metaplasia in the olfactory epithelium, allowing for secretion of IgA. As a result, IgA antibodies were found interacting with trophozoites in the nasal lumen, and there was a marked increase of IgA in the metaplasic epithelium. On the other hand in nonimmunized mice trophozoites were observed invading the nasal mucosa, which was not the case for immunized mice. Our results suggest that intranasal immunization provokes cellular changes in the olfactory epithelium, leading to greater protection against N. fowleri that is probably caused by an increased secretion of IgA. The increased IgA response induced in the nasal mucosa by immunization probably impedes both amoebic adhesion and subsequent invasion of the parasite to the nasal epithelium.
Influence of periparturient nutritional demand on resistance to parasites in livestock
Authors: HOUDIJK J. G. M. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYPeriparturient relaxation of immunity (PPRI) to gastrointestinal nematode parasites may have a nutritional basis, as the increasing nutrient demand at times of nutrient scarcity during late pregnancy and subsequent lactation may result in a penalty on expression of acquired immunity to parasites. This nutritional basis implies that lowering nutritional demand, at constant nutrient supply, should reduce the degree of PPRI. Evidence to support the latter is reviewed through exploration of the effects of reproductive effort on periparturient resistance to parasites. A large body of evidence shows that a lower nutritional demand arising from rearing single rather than multiple lambs and/or kids consistently reduces the degree of PPRI in small ruminants, as manifested by reduced worm burdens and/or nematode egg excretions. Such variation in reproductive effort may also account, at least to some extent, for the often observed between‐breed differences in PPRI, which may arise from differences in production potential, and thus nutritional demand. A reduction in nutrient demand can reduce the degree of PPRI in a matter of days. However, host immune responses associated with this nutritional sensitivity of host resistance remain to be elucidated, which may be achieved through a recently established periparturient rodent model.
The ABA1 gene and carotenoid biosynthesis are required for late skotomorphogenic growth in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: BARRERO JOSÉ MARÍA , RODRÍGUEZ PEDRO L. , QUESADA VÍCTOR , ALABADÍ DAVID , BLÁZQUEZ MIGUEL A. , BOUTIN JEAN‐PIERRE , MARION‐POLL ANNIE , PONCE MARÍA ROSA , MICOL JOSÉ LUIS 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTSeveral plant hormones, including auxin, brassinosteroids and gibberellins, are required for skotomorphogenesis, which is the etiolated growth that seedlings undergo in the absence of light. To examine the growth of abscisic acid (ABA)‐deficient mutants in the dark, we analysed several aba1 loss‐of‐function alleles, which are deficient in zeaxanthin epoxidase. The aba1 mutants displayed a partially de‐etiolated phenotype, including reduced hypocotyl growth, cotyledon expansion and the development of true leaves, during late skotomorphogenic growth. In contrast, only small differences in hypocotyl growth were found between wild‐type seedlings and ABA‐deficient mutants impaired in subsequent steps of the pathway, namely nced3, aba2, aba3 and aao3. Interestingly, phenocopies of the partially de‐etiolated phenotype of the aba1 mutants were obtained when wild‐type seedlings were dark‐grown on medium supplemented with fluridone, an inhibitor of phytoene desaturase, and hence, of carotenoid biosynthesis. ABA supplementation did not restore the normal skotomorphogenic growth of aba1 mutants or fluridone‐treated wild‐type plants, suggesting a direct inhibitory effect of fluridone on carotenoid biosynthesis. In addition, aba1 mutants showed impaired production of the β‐carotene‐derived xanthophylls, neoxanthin, violaxanthin and antheraxanthin. Because fluridone treatment of wild‐type plants phenocopied the phenotype of dark‐grown aba1 mutants, impaired carotenoid biosynthesis in aba1 mutants is probably responsible for the observed skotomorphogenic phenotype. Thus, ABA1 is required for skotomorphogenic growth, and β‐carotene‐derived xanthophylls are putative regulators of skotomorphogenesis.
Patterns of PIP gene expression in Populus trichocarpa during recovery from xylem embolism suggest a major role for the PIP1 aquaporin subfamily as moderators of refilling process
Authors: SECCHI FRANCESCA , ZWIENIECKI MACIEJ A. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTEmbolism and the refilling of xylem vessels are intrinsic to the ability of plants to handle the transport of water under tension. Although the formation of an embolized vessel is an abiotic process, refilling against the pressure gradient requires biological activity to provide both the energy and the water needed to restore xylem transport capacity. Here, we present an analysis of the dynamics of embolism and refilling in Populus trichocarpa and follow temporal dynamics of co‐occurring changes in expression level of aquaporins. Under mesic conditions, we found that the percent loss of conductance (PLC) varied diurnally by as much as 20%, suggesting a continuous embolism/refilling cycle. An increase in water stress tilted the balance between the two processes and increased the PLC to as much as 80%. Subsequent re‐watering resulted in the reversal of water stress and recovery of PLC to pre‐stress levels. Stem parenchyma cells responded to drought stress with considerable up‐regulation of the PIP1 subfamily of water channels but not the PIP2 subfamily. Even more significant was the finding that PoptrPIP1.1 and PoptrPIP1.3 genes were up‐regulated in response to embolism, but not to water stress, and were down‐regulated after embolism removal, suggesting a local ability of plants to sense an embolism presence.
Tide‐influenced fluvial bedforms and tidal bore deposits (Late Jurassic Lourinhã Formation, Lusitanian Basin, Western Portugal)
Authors: MARTINIUS ALLARD W. , GOWLAND STUART 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn a sedimentological sense a fluvial to tidal transition zone can be defined in rivers as a zone that separates the upstream fluvial from the downstream estuarine zone. Characteristic sedimentary structures within this zone are notoriously difficult to recognize. This study demonstrates the influence of tidal modulation within the most proximal part of the fluvial‐tidal transition zone (i.e. the ‘backwater zone’) of an ancient fluvial system. Criteria have been established to differentiate between purely fluvial facies and those modulated by tidal energy. The stratigraphic interval from which the data were derived is the Lourinhã Formation (Late Jurassic) of the Lusitanian Basin, Western Portugal. An analysis of sedimentary features at four key localities has identified a temporal spectrum of tidal influence ranging from the daily modulation of fluvial flows to the effects of tidal bore passage. A combination of quantitative and qualitative data reveals systematic changes in the internal architecture of dune‐scale bedforms deposited in a channel‐floor setting. The key co‐occurring features are: (i) increasing‐decreasing organic particle concentration; (ii) increasing‐decreasing bottomset thickness; (iii) increasing‐decreasing foreset dip and shape (from convex to concave); and (iv) increasing‐decreasing brinkpoint height. Collectively, these features are interpreted as having been produced by successive fluctuations in flow regime conditions from lower (during flood tidal retardation) to higher (during ebb tidal drawdown) current velocities. Bedforms showing these features occur in both meandering fluvial channels and straighter distributary systems. In addition, several examples of a specific type of stepped erosion surface and draping sediment have been recognized, the interpretation of which strongly suggests generation by the passage of tidal bores. If this interpretation is correct, then it represents one of the first published examples of tidal bore propagation in ancient fluvial systems. Palaeoclimatic evidence (cellular analysis of woody tissue, palaeosol character and plate reconstruction) indicates a warm, seasonal, winter wet to summer dry climate during deposition of the Lourinhã Formation. From this evidence it is suggested that tidal modulation and tidal bore effects are more likely to develop in the ‘dry season’, when fluvial flow in the main river channels was reduced.
Structure of gravel beaches and their relationship to tidal range
Authors: BLUCK BRIAN J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe height of accretionary gravel beaches, determined by the vertical distance between the large sphere zone at the seaward margin and the large disc zone at the landward margin, is determined mainly by tidal range. As the beach builds seaward, this height translates into thickness and so the complete thickness of gravel beach accumulations is a good indicator, in the geological record, of tidal range. Beaches with a small tidal range have the zone between the large discs and the large spheres compressed and sometimes steepened. These beaches are characterized mainly by cusps and berms, both of which yield steeply dipping, seaward building, cross‐strata. Beaches built by large, persistent waves generally have a steep profile, whereas those with small wave height appear to have a shallow profile. Cusps generally have extremely well‐sorted gravels, often in an openwork fabric and with a landward crown of coarse gravel that may grade seaward into shape‐sorted, gently dipping gravels. Berms, which may extend for hundreds of metres along the coast, comprise, in section, very well‐sorted cross‐stratified gravels that may intermittently build seaward for a distance >15 m. Extensive selection pavements typify beaches with a high tidal range and comprise sheets of gravel which are well‐sorted and dip at comparatively low angles towards the sea. These selection pavements form beds that, in section, can be >50 m in seaward length; they grow from clasts, supplied to them from swash or backwash, and which are selected by the fabric of the existing sheet. In some cases, the selection pavements can be very mature having only a specific clast shape and size remaining. Total preservation of the beach sequence in the geological record is more likely to take place in areas of rapid deposition of sediments, such as the marine fringes to a fan delta.
The morphology and terminology of the hindwing articulation and wing base of the Coleoptera, with specific reference to the Scarabaeoidea
Authors: BROWNE D. JONATHAN , SCHOLTZ C. H. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Characters of the hindwing articulation and wing base are important for contributing to the solution of phylogenetic and systematic problems in the Coleoptera. In the Scarabaeoidea morphological terms proposed by previous authors do not cover many structures in sufficient detail and additional terms are needed to describe and utilize all characters used in systematic considerations; these can be used for all Coleoptera.In this paper we identify new structures, the first basal plate and the second basal plate (two subdivisions of the coleopteran wing base), name the various yokes, braces and reinforcements found on them and propose names for various projections, lobes, indentations and embayments on the axillary sclerites (first axillary, head, neck and tail; second axillary, arm and body; third axillary, prong; basalare).
Multiple congenital epitrichial sweat gland hamartomas in a piglet
Authors: Gourreau Jean‐Marie , Morvan Hervé , Triller Raoul , Marinho Eduardo , Scott Danny W. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA case of multiple congenital epitrichial sweat gland hamartomas in a 2‐day‐old piglet is presented. The skin lesions were raised, ovoid to linear in configuration, alopecic, red‐purple to pink, and cauliflower‐like to cerebriform in appearance. Histological examination of skin specimens confirmed a diagnosis of epitrichial sweat gland hamartoma. Complete necropsy examination revealed no other lesions.