bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do offender and victim typical conflict styles affect forgiveness?
Authors: Donnoli Marisa , Wertheim Eleanor H. 
Published: February 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine whether victim and offender conflict management styles (yielding and forcing) predict forgiveness following an interpersonal transgression and apology. Perceived offender remorse, expectation of reoffending, and transgression severity along with trait empathy were also examined as potential mediators of conflict style effects and as direct predictors of forgiveness.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 112 Australian adults completed a questionnaire including a written scenario describing a hypothetical transgression perpetrated either by a forcing‐ or yielding‐prone offender.FindingsOffender conflict style was significantly related to forgiveness, with the yielding‐offender compared to forcing‐offender scenario resulting in higher forgiveness, an effect fully mediated by perceived offender remorse. Additionally, perceived offender remorse, transgression severity and likelihood of reoffending, and participant empathic concern added to predictions of forgiveness.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper highlights how an offender's conflict style may lead to perceptions by an injured party that the offender is less remorseful following a specific offence and apology. Individuals with a history of dominating, competitiveness and self serving may need to modify their conflict resolution methods, or explicitly demonstrate sincere remorse, in order to elicit forgiveness from an injured party following interpersonal transgressions.Originality/valueThis study is the first, to the authors' knowledge, to examine how an offender's tendency to yield or force during conflict affects an injured party's decision to forgive following a transgression and apology and to provide an explanation of this relationship. Findings are potentially useful to clinicians, mediators, negotiators and managers in facilitating better interpersonal or workplace relationships.
Conflict and trust: the mediating effects of emotional arousal and self‐conscious emotions
Authors: Chen Mingkai J. , Ayoko Oluremi B. 
Published: February 2012

PurposeResearchers suggest that trust building may be challenging in the face of conflict. However, there is an emerging proposition that conflict is critical for trust. Using affective events and attribution theories as a framework, the purpose of this paper is to present a model of the mediating effects of positive emotional arousal and self‐conscious emotions in the relationship between conflict and trust.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 325 students enrolled in varied postgraduate programs in a large business school. The authors employed Preacher and Hayes's bootstrapping SPSS macros to test the direct and mediation effects of the connection between conflict, emotions and trust.FindingsResults showed that task, relationship and process conflict were associated with differing aspects of positive emotional arousal (enthusiasm, excitement) and self‐conscious emotions (guilt and shame). Similarly, behavioural guilt was linked with trust while emotions mediated the link between conflict and trust.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors acknowledge that there are possible covariates (e.g. how long ago did the conflict occur?) with the variables used in the current study. Future research should include such covariates in the study of the relationship between conflict emotions and trust. Also, the data were largely cross‐sectional, drawn from a relatively small sample. In future, researchers should examine similar constructs with longitudinal data and in large organisational sample. In spite of the above limitations, the validity of the results presented in this paper is not compromised. The study extends self‐conscious emotions literature by demonstrating that guilt and shame have cognitive and behavioural properties and with differing connections with conflict and trust.Practical implicationsThe paper's findings suggest that managers who want to engender trust in conflict situations should stimulate task conflict to arouse enthusiasm and excitement. These discrete emotions are critical for building integrity based trust. Alternatively, by managing reparative emotions of guilt effectively, managers may increase levels of perceived trust. Overall, the results suggest that focusing on the effect of conflict on trust without considering the positive emotional arousal and self‐conscious emotions could yield disappointing outcomes.Originality/valueThe study provides new insights into the influence of conflict on trust and the mediating role of emotions (e.g. guilt and shame) in the link between conflict and trust. The paper also offers a practical assistance to individuals interested in building trust, especially in the face of conflict.
Commentary on “Ten years of partnership” – is the glass half full?
Authors: Parrott Richard 
Published: February 2012

PurposeThis paper seeks to provide a commentary on the previous paper in this issue, “Ten years of partnership”.Design/methodology/approachThe commentary reviews practical experience of supporting the participation of people with learning disabilities as active citizens, especially in the context of Learning Disability Partnership Boards.FindingsWhile there is no cause for complacency, there are many examples of good practice. Most Boards now successfully include people with learning disabilities in the delivery of Valuing People at a local level.Originality/valueThe commentary argues for purposeful, continuous improvement and suggests that this requires local leadership, investment of time, energy and effort and building systematically on success.
Social contract and psychological contract: a comparison
Authors: Pesqueux Yvon 
Published: February 2012

PurposeThe concept of contract contributes extensively to an essentialist conception of the organization (the contract would then be its essence), a descriptive method (describing the organization as a contract or set of contracts), and a normative standpoint. More recently, it has been epitomized by the “psychological contract”. The concept of contract is about will, agreement, obligation, promise, commitment, staying true to one's commitments, cooperation, sanction and bond. The purpose of this paper is to discuss these manifestations prior to comparing the notion of social contract with psychological contract based on two criteria: an anthropology of the individual and an anthropology of the contract.Design/methodology/approachAfter delineating the notion of contract (and its correlates agency, gift, exchange and association) and reviewing the “epithet‐based” contracts, the two dimensions of the contract (social and psychological) will be addressed and compared based on two anthropologies, one of the individual and one of the contract.FindingsThis comparison underscores the relevance of contractualism today and the richness of comparing across different eras and perimeters. If these two aspects have anything in common, it is whatever links the contract with sociality.Research limitations/implicationsThis comparing process must underscore two limitations, namely anachronism (the two texts were written two centuries apart), and underpinning, a political underpinning in the social contract and an organizational underpinning in the psychological contract. It thus looks as though the organization was made of the same substance as the nation, which – like the notion of governance – may lead to some kind of confusion between contract and constitution, contracting power and constituent powers.Practical implicationsThe paper discusses a key notion in political philosophy and organization science.Originality/valueThe paper presents a comparison between two key conceptions of the notion of contract.
The contractual forms of sexual transactions
Authors: Perseil Sonny 
Published: February 2012

PurposeTo study sexual deals, the Italian ethnologist Paola Tabet introduced an original frame of analysis, the “economico‐sexual exchanges” frame, which she conceives as a continuum, from marriage to prostitution. The purpose of this paper is to know if we have to accept the idea of a sexual social contract as a holistic way of understanding, like Carole Pateman, or whether we have to admit the heterogeneity of sexual transactions.Design/methodology/approachAccording to the social function of the contract presented by Yvon Pesqueux, this paper will try to seize the contractual forms of sexual transactions, developing at the same time in the logic of the psychological contract, in particular to approach more finely the notion of consent, a notion at the heart of the debates concerning economic sexuality and which cannot be reduced to the expression of personal freedom. Pateman's work is also too fundamental to be ignored and so the author summarizes the main ideas.FindingsIt can be said that the social reality of sexual transactions exists between two opposite contractual and anti‐contractual ideologies, between a gender idealistic point of view and a management realistic one. Individuals, men and women, are more or less free to sell or buy sexual services. If freedom exists, contracts can be spoken about; if not, a contractual point of view appears only as a justification for the strong.Originality/valueThe paper presents a sexual/gender point of view in the contractual theories.
Stepping Stones – a group therapy programme for the treatment of emotion regulation difficulties in offenders with an intellectual disability
Authors: Oxnam Paul , Gardner Emma 
Published: February 2012

PurposeThe current paper aims to provide an overview of the Stepping Stones Group Therapy Programme. Stepping Stones is an innovative 42‐week programme that comprehensively addresses the emotion regulation needs of offenders with an intellectual disability.Design/methodology/approachThe paper discusses the process of implementing a group treatment programme in a secure forensic intellectual disability service.FindingsSince the inception of the programme, there has been a reduction in both the frequency of aggression and the need for physical and chemical de‐escalation. In addition, clients have demonstrated a greater understanding of their emotional responses and an improved ability to use functional means of managing distress and solving life problems.Originality/valueThis paper shows that, although implementing group therapy programmes for clients with intellectual disabilities and co‐morbid emotion regulation difficulties can be daunting, treatment with this group of clients can be successful and rewarding.
The diversion and misuse of pharmaceutical stimulants: what do we know and why should we care?
Authors: Kaye Sharlene , Darke Shane 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTAims  To examine the literature pertaining to the diversion and misuse of pharmaceutical stimulants.Methods   Relevant literature was identified through comprehensive MEDLINE, EMBASE and PubMed searches.Results  The evidence to date suggests that the prevalence of diversion and misuse of pharmaceutical stimulants varies across adolescent and young adult student populations, but is higher than that among the general population, with the highest prevalence found among adults with attention deficit–hyperactive disorder (ADHD) and users of other illicit drugs. Concerns that these practices have become more prevalent as a result of increased prescribing are not supported by large‐scale population surveys. Information on trends in misuse in countries where there have been recent increases in prescription and consumption rates, however, is limited. Little is known about the frequency and chronicity of misuse, or the extent of associated harms, particularly among those populations, i.e. adolescents, young adult student populations, those with ADHD and illicit drug users, where abuse may be more likely to occur.Conclusions  Continued monitoring of the diversion and misuse of pharmaceutical stimulants is of major clinical importance. Despite recognition of the abuse liability of these medications, there is a paucity of data on the prevalence, patterns and harms of diversion and misuse among populations where problematic use and abuse may be most likely to occur (e.g. adolescents, young adults, illicit drug users). Comprehensive investigations of diversion and misuse among these populations should be a major research priority, as should the assessment of abuse and dependence criteria among those identified as regular users.
A comparison of the Nexfin® and transcardiopulmonary thermodilution to estimate cardiac output during coronary artery surgery
Authors: Broch O. , Renner J. , Gruenewald M. , Meybohm P. , Schöttler J. , Caliebe A. , Steinfath M. , Malbrain M. , Bein B. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryThe newly introduced Nexfin® device allows analysis of the blood pressure trace produced by a non‐invasive finger cuff. We compared the cardiac output derived from the Nexfin and PiCCO, using transcardiopulmonary thermodilution, during cardiac surgery. Forty patients with preserved left ventricular function undergoing elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery were studied after induction of general anaesthesia and until discharge to the intensive care unit. There was a significant correlation between Nexfin and PiCCO before (r2 = 0.81, p < 0.001) and after (r2 = 0.56, p < 0.001) cardiopulmonary bypass. Bland–Altman analysis demonstrated the mean bias of Nexfin to be −0.1 (95% limits of agreement −0.6 to +0.5, percentage error 23%) and −0.1 (−0.8 to +0.6, 26%) l.min−1.m−2, before and after cardiopulmonary bypass, respectively. After a passive leg‐raise was performed, there was also good correlation between the two methods, both before (r2 = 0.72, p < 0.001) and after (r2 = 0.76, p < 0.001) cardiopulmonary bypass. We conclude that the Nexfin is a reliable method of measuring cardiac output during and after cardiac surgery.
Genome‐wide identification and initial characterization of bovine long non‐coding RNAs from EST data
Authors: Huang Wen , Long Nanye , Khatib Hasan 
Published: February 2012

SummaryIt has become increasingly clear that the mammalian genomes produce many long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Accumulating evidence suggests important functions for lncRNAs in a variety of biological processes. However, little is known about lncRNA identity and characteristics in cattle. Using public bovine‐specific expressed sequence tags sequences, we reconstructed transcript assemblies, from which reference sequences were obtained for RNAs. Intergenic regions with evidence of transcription were screened for putative lncRNAs using the combination of a gene‐finding program and a support vector machine‐based tool for the calculation of protein‐coding potential. A total of 449 putative lncRNAs located in 405 intergenic regions were identified. Characterization of these putative bovine lncRNAs suggests that they are generally expressed in a tissue‐specific manner, their GC contents are higher than randomly selected intergenic sequences but are lower than protein‐coding genes, and they are moderately conserved among mammals. This is the first genome‐wide catalogue of putative intergenic lncRNAs in cattle and provides important targets for functional studies.
Denis Parsons Burkitt CMG, MD, DSc, FRS, FRCS, FTCD (1911–93) Irish by birth, Trinity by the grace of God
Authors: Smith Owen 
Published: February 2012

SummaryDenis Parsons Burkitt, surgeon and research scientist, is a household name in the medical profession. Denis received his BA in 1933 and graduated as a physician in 1935 from Trinity College, Dublin. After serving as a surgeon in the Royal Army Medicine Corps during World War II, he worked as a surgeon and lecturer in Africa. It was in Africa that he developed exceptional observational and analytical skills, which led him to identify and formally develop a successful treatment for a childhood cancer that is now called Burkitt Lymphoma. The influence of Christianity in his life was huge. Throughout his life he remained extremely modest, attributing much of what he had achieved to the work of others. Denis's contributions to haemato‐oncology remain salient today, and his discoveries continue to generate new research. Throughout his career he received some of the highest scientific honours from many different countries across the globe.
The relationship between coronary risk factors and elevated 1‐h postload plasma glucose levels in patients with established coronary heart disease
Authors: Wu Xing , Chen Hui , Wang Yongliang , Li Hongwei 
Published: February 2012

SummaryObjectiveRecent studies have shown that an elevated 1‐h postload plasma glucose (1hPG) is able to identify subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) at high risk for future type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, clinical studies about the characteristics of coronary heart disease (CHD) patients with elevated 1hPG are lacking. The aim of this study was to analyse the 1hPG level in CHD patients with NGT.MethodsA total of 204 CHD patients with NGT were recruited. Subjects underwent an oral glucose tolerance test, echocardiography and coronary angiography. Demographic data were recorded and blood samples obtained. According to the 1hPG cut‐off point of 8·6 mm, patients were divided into two groups: 1hPG ≥ 8·6 mm (n = 65) and 1hPG < 8·6 mm (n = 139).ResultsCompared with the 1hPG < 8·6 mm group, subjects with 1hPG ≥ 8·6 mm had a worse metabolic profile, exhibiting significantly higher body mass index, systolic blood pressure, triglyceride level and lower HDL‐cholesterol level. Plasma high‐sensitivity CRP (hsCRP) levels were higher in the 1hPG ≥ 8·6 mm group than in the 1hPG < 8·6 mm group. Coronary angiography revealed that single‐vessel changes were more frequent in the 1hPG < 8·6 mm group, but there were no significant differences in the Gensini score.ConclusionsPatients with CHD with 1hPG ≥ 8·6 mm have a worse metabolic profile, higher levels of hsCRP and multi‐vessel coronary atherosclerosis. These findings suggest that, in patients with CHD, elevated 1hPG increases coronary risk factors and may be a marker for early‐stage glucose intolerance.
Do fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas Rafinesque, alter their club cell investment in responses to variable risk of infection from Saprolegnia?
Authors: Pollock R J , Pollock M S , Ferrari M C O , Kaminskyj S G W , Chivers D P 
Published: February 2012

AbstractFish in the Superorder Ostariophysi possess large epidermal club cells that release chemical cues warning nearby conspecifics of danger. Despite the long‐held assumption that such club cells evolved under the selective force of predation, recent studies demonstrated that predation has no effect on club cell investment. Rather, club cells have an immune function and cell production may be stimulated by skin‐penetrating pathogens and parasites. The current work investigates whether fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas, alter their club cell characteristics based on variation in infection risk. In a 2 × 3 design, we exposed minnows to infective cysts of two oomycete species (Saprolegnia ferax and S. parasitica) at three different concentrations (2, 20 or 200 cysts L−1). Club cell characteristics (number and size) were quantified 12 days after exposure. Saprolegnia parasitica is thought to be more pathogenic than S. ferax, hence we predicted greater club cell investment and a larger turnover rate of cells by minnows exposed to S. parasitica than S. ferax. We also predicted that minnows exposed to higher numbers of cysts should invest more in club cells and have a higher turnover rate of cells. We found no difference in club cell density or size between fish exposed to the two Saprolegnia species; however, fish exposed to high concentrations of pathogens had smaller club cells than those exposed to low concentrations, indicating a higher rate of turnover of cells in the epidermis.
Medical students’ understanding of empathy: a phenomenological study
Authors: Tavakol Sina , Dennick Reg , Tavakol Mohsen 
Published: February 2012

Medical Education 2012: 46: 306–316Context  Empathy towards patients is associated with improved health outcomes. However, quantitative studies using self‐reported data have not provided an in‐depth opportunity to explore the lived experiences of medical students concerning empathy.Objectives  This study was designed to investigate undergraduate medical students’ experiences of the phenomenon of empathy during the course of their medical education and to explore the essence of their empathy.Methods  This was a descriptive, phenomenological study of medical student interviews conducted using the method of Colaizzi and Giorgi. The sample (n = 10) was drawn from medical students in Years 4 and 5. In‐depth interviews were used to obtain a clear understanding of their experiences of empathy in the context of patient care. Interviews continued until no new information could be identified from transcripts.Results  Five themes were identified from analysis: the meaning of empathy; willingness to empathise; innate empathic ability; empathy decline or enhancement, and empathy education. Empathic ability was manifested through two factors: innate capacity for empathy, and barriers to displaying empathy. Different experiences and explanations concerning the decline or enhancement of empathy during medical education were explored.Conclusions  Empathic ability was identified as an important innate attribute which nevertheless can be enhanced by educational interventions. Barriers to the expression of empathy with patients were identified. Role‐modelling by clinical teachers was seen as the most important influence on empathy education for students engaged in experiential learning.
Effects of effortful swallow on esophageal function in healthy adults
Authors: Nekl C. G. , Lintzenich C. R. , Leng X. , Lever T. , Butler S. G. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBackground  Treatment for esophageal dysmotility is currently limited to primarily pharmacologic intervention, which has questionable utility and frequently associated negative side effects. A potential behavioral intervention for esophageal dysmotility is the effortful oropharyngeal swallow. A previous pilot study using water perfusion manometry found an increase in distal esophageal amplitudes during effortful vs non‐effortful swallowing. The current study sought to duplicate the previous study with improvements in methodology.Methods  The effects of swallow condition (effortful vs non‐effortful), sensor site, and gender on esophageal amplitude, duration, velocity, and bolus clearance were examined for 18 adults (nine males and nine females, mean age = 29.9 years) via combined solid‐state manometry and intraluminal impedance.Key Results  The effortful swallow condition yielded significantly higher esophageal amplitudes across all sensor locations (P < 0.05). Further, the effortful swallowing decreased the risk of incomplete bolus clearance when compared with non‐effortful swallowing (OR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.30–0.86).Conclusions & Inferences  With improved manometric instrumentation, larger participant numbers, and methodology that controlled for potential confounding factors, this study confirms and advances the results of the previous pilot study: Volitional manipulation of the oropharyngeal phase of swallowing using the effortful swallow indeed affects esophageal physiology. Thus, the effortful swallow offers a behavioral manipulation of the esophageal phase of swallowing, and future studies will determine its clinical potential for treating esophageal dysmotility in patient populations.