bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seismic stability analysis of piled embankments: A multiphase approach
Authors: Thai Son Quang , Hassen Ghazi , de Buhan Patrick 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe seismic stability analysis of an embankment lying over a soft foundation soil reinforced by a group of vertical piles is performed within the framework of the upper bound kinematic approach of yield design. The analysis is based on a previously developed ‘multiphase’ model of the reinforced ground, which explicitly accounts for the shear and bending resistances of the piles. Making use of appropriate failure mechanisms involving shear zones across which the reinforcements are continuously deforming, along with ‘plastic hinge’ surfaces, upper bound estimates to the critical seismic coefficient of the structure are derived. The results, which are confirmed by the simulations obtained from a finite element elastoplastic code, give clear evidence of the key role played by the bending strength capacities of the piles in ensuring the stability of the pile reinforced embankment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pitfalls and advantages of different strategies for the absolute quantification of N‐acetyl aspartate, creatine and choline in white and grey matter by 1H‐MRS
Authors: Malucelli E. , Manners D. N. , Testa C. , Tonon C. , Lodi R. , Barbiroli B. , Iotti S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis study extensively investigates different strategies for the absolute quantitation of N‐acetyl aspartate, creatine and choline in white and grey matter by 1H‐MRS at 1.5 T. The main focus of this study was to reliably estimate metabolite concentrations while reducing the scan time, which remains as one of the main problems in clinical MRS. Absolute quantitation was based on the water‐unsuppressed concentration as the internal standard. We compared strategies based on various experimental protocols and post‐processing strategies. Data were obtained from 30 control subjects using a PRESS sequence at several TE to estimate the transverse relaxation time, T2, of the metabolites. Quantitation was performed with the algorithm QUEST using two different metabolite signal basis sets: a whole‐metabolite basis set (WhoM) and a basis set in which the singlet signals were split from the coupled signals (MSM). The basis sets were simulated in vivo for each TE used. Metabolites' T2s were then determined by fitting the estimated signal amplitudes of the metabolites obtained at different TEs. Then the absolute concentrations (mM) of the metabolites were assessed for each subject using the estimated signal amplitudes and either the mean estimated relaxation times of all subjects (mean protocol, MP) or the T2 estimated from the spectra derived from the same subject (individual protocol, IP). Results showed that MP represents a less time‐consuming alternative to IP in the quantitation of brain metabolites by 1H‐MRS in both grey and white matter, with a comparable accuracy when performed by MSM. It was also shown that the acquisition time might be further reduced by using a variant of MP, although with reduced accuracy. In this variant, only one water‐suppressed and one water‐unsuppressed spectra were acquired, drastically reducing the duration of the entire MRS examination. However, statistical analysis highlights the reduced accuracy of MP when performed using WhoM, particularly at longer echo times. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Boron doped carbon nanotubes via ceramic catalysts
Authors: Bystrzejewski Michał , Bachmatiuk Alicja , Thomas Jürgen , Ayala Paola , Serwatowski Janusz , Hübers Heinz‐Wilhelm , Gemming Thomas , Borowiak‐Palen Ewa , Pichler Thomas , Kalenńczuk Ryszard J. , Büchner Bernd , Rümmeli Mark H. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA facile metal catalyst free route to synthesize boron doped (0.6%–1.0%) carbon nanotubes via ceramic nanowires in which the formation of the nanowires (probably serving as templates), the carbon nanotubes and their doping all occur unanimously in the reaction, is presented.magnified image(© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Efficacy and safety of Astragalus membranaceus in the treatment of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis
Authors: Matkovic Zinka , Zivkovic Visnja , Korica Mirna , Plavec Davor , Pecanic Silva , Tudoric Neven 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe study was designed to investigate efficacy and safety of Astragalus membranaceus (AM) in the treatment of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR). AM is an active component in the herbal and mineral complex (HMC) registered in Croatia as a food supplement Lectranal®. The study was designed as a 6‐weeks, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial and conducted in 48 adult patients with a moderate to severe SAR. The treatment efficacy was evaluated by the mean change in the symptom score (TSS), quality of life (QoL), specific serum IgE and IgG, nasal eosinophils, and physicians' and patients' global evaluation. Compared to placebo, HMC significantly decreased the intensity of rhinorrhea while for other primary efficacy variables the treatment groups did not differ. In contrast, investigators and patients equally judged the treatment with HMC as more efficacious. In addition, the analysis of changes from baseline inside the groups for TSS, QoL, and 4 main symptoms of SAR were strikingly in favor of the active treatment. In patients with SAR due to weed pollen allergy HMC significantly improved primary variables, reflective TSS and QoL. The study revealed a significant number of positive signals indicating the therapeutic effectiveness of the HMC in patients with SAR which should be further tested in larger, multicentre trials with more patients. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chondroprotective effects of pomegranate juice on monoiodoacetate‐induced osteoarthritis of the knee joint of mice
Authors: Hadipour‐Jahromy Mahsa , Mozaffari‐Kermani Reza 
Published: June 2009

AbstractTo study the effectiveness of pomegranate juice on osteoarthritis, mono‐iodoacetate induced loss of articular cartilage in the mouse tibiofemoral joint was used as a model. Mono‐iodoacetate is an inhibitor of glycolysis which promotes osteoarthritis similar to that noted in human osteoarthritis. The histopathology of the subchondral bone and cartilage of mouse knee joints treated with a single intra‐articular injection of mono‐iodoacetate (0.1 mg) and killed at 1, 14 and 28 days post injection was investigated. The effect of pomegranate juice (4 mL/kg, 10 mL/kg, 20 mL/kg, orally) was studied in different groups. Histopathological changes in knee joints were seen after 2 weeks. Early osteoarthritis was characterized by areas of chondrocyte degeneration, which sometimes involved the entire thickness of the articular cartilage in the tibial plateaus and femoral condyles. Changes to the subchondral bone and proteoglycan contents, focal fragmentation and collapse of bony trabeculae with fibrosis and necrosis, and synovial cell proliferation were observed. The administration of pomegranate juice dose dependently prevented the negative effects of iodoacetate. Chondrocyte damage was significantly prevented, with proteoglycan less affected, especially in the groups receiving a high amount of pomegranate juice. No cell proliferation or inflammatory cells were detected in the synovial fluid. The effectiveness of pomegranate juice in improving histopathological damage is emphasized and its chondroprotective effect in vivo highlighted. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antioxidant and antimutagenic effect of quercetin against DEN induced hepatotoxicity in rat
Authors: Gupta C. , Vikram A. , Tripathi D. N. , Ramarao P. , Jena G. B. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractDiethylnitrosamine (DEN), a potent hepatocarcinogen, is found in tobacco smoke, processed meat as well as in different food products. Quercetin (QC), a naturally occurring flavonoid has excellent antioxidant properties. The present study was aimed to investigate the chemoprotective potential of QC against DEN induced hepatotoxicity in Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rats. Quercetin was administered (10, 30 and 100 mg/kg) for 5 consecutive days after DEN (200 mg/kg) treatment. The animals were killed 24 h after the last dose of QC/saline treatment. The DEN induced hepatotoxicity was evident by elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased glutathione (GSH) levels in the liver. A significant increase in the levels of plasma aspartate transaminase (AST) and plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) was observed in the DEN treated group. The DEN induced DNA damage was evaluated using a single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay. A significant increase in the number of TUNEL positive cells was observed in the DEN treated group. Quercetin restored AST, ALT and GSH levels at all the tested doses. Restoration of the MDA level and cellular morphology was observed at doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg of QC. Further, DEN induced DNA damage and apoptosis was ameliorated by QC. The results indicate that QC ameliorates the DEN induced hepatotoxicity in rats and can be a candidate for a good chemoprotectant. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
N2: a potential pitfall for bulk 2H isotope analysis of explosives and other nitrogen‐rich compounds by continuous‐flow isotope‐ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Meier‐Augenstein Wolfram , Kemp Helen F. , Lock Claire M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractObservations made during the 13C isotope analysis of gaseous CO2 in the simultaneous presence of argon in the ion source of the isotope ratio mass spectrometer prompted us to investigate what influence the simultaneous presence of nitrogen would have on both accuracy and precision of bulk 2H isotope analysis of nitrogen‐rich organic compounds. Initially an international reference material, IAEA‐CH7, was mixed with silver nitrate in various ratios to assess the impact that N2 evolved from the pyrolysis of nitrogen‐rich organic compounds would have on measured δ2H‐values of IAEA‐CH7. In a subsequent experiment, benzoic acid was mixed with silver nitrate to mimic the N:H ratio of organic‐rich nitrogen compounds such as cellulose nitrate and RDX. The results of both experiments showed a significant deterioration of both accuracy and precision for the expected δ2H values for IAEA‐CH7 and benzoic acid when model mixtures were converted into hydrogen and nitrogen, and subsequently separated by gas chromatography using standard experimental conditions, namely a 60 cm packed column with molecular sieve 5 Å as stationary phase held at a temperature of 85°C. It was found that bulk 2H stable isotope analysis of nitrogen‐rich organic compounds employing published standard conditions can result in a loss of accuracy and precision yielding δ2H values that are 5 to 25‰ too negative, thus suggesting, for example, that tree‐ring 2H isotope data based on cellulose nitrate may have to be revised. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inclusion of p‐sulfonatothiacalix[4]arene and its metal complexes
Authors: Wu Mingyan , Jiang Feilong , Hong Maochun 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAs a new member of the water‐soluble calixarene family, p‐sulfonatothiacalix[4]arene possesses unique properties resulting from its inherent structural characteristics. In our recent research, we have investigated the self‐assembly of bowl‐like p‐sulfonatothiacalix[4]arenes with or without transition‐metal ions in the presence of suitable guests. We have obtained a series of compounds with different structural motifs, such as capsules, tetranuclear clusters, and molecular clefts. In addition, p‐sulfonatothiacalix[4]arenes show good inclusion abilities and can capture different guests by utilizing their hydrophobic cavities through supramolecular interactions. Even when a cone‐like conformation is fixed, the p‐sulfonatothiacalix[4]arene can also splay its opposite aromatic rings apart to adjust its cone‐like conformations from C4v to C2v and even lower symmetries. All of these show that it is a good candidate for the research of inclusion phenomena. © 2009 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 9: 155–168; 2009: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.200800033
A simple model to describe the development of osteoporosis in long bones
Authors: Kienzler R. , Ott I. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAdvanced theories exist in the literature to describe the extremely complex load‐carrying mechanisms of real bone material. Necessarily, these models rely on constitutive equations involving numerous parameters that have to be determined by extensive (and expensive) experiments. The aim of the present paper, however, is to show that a very simple, one‐dimensional model render first insights possible into the mechanical behavior of bone. Loss of mass and loss of connectivity are considered in a strength‐of‐materials type of theory. Based on constitutive equations with a lot of parameters and the well‐known identification problems, a very simple, one‐dimensional model is proposed to describe loss of mass and loss of connectivity in bone material. Based on thermodynamic considerations involving material forces, evolution equations for the associated internal variables are derived. The parameters of the model are adapted to experimental observations obtained from sheep with glucocorticoid treatment. The qualitative agreement between the results of the proposed model and other theoretical approaches as well as experimental results appears to be quite satisfactory.
Application of the method of multipole expansions in the 3D‐elasticity problem for a medium with ordered system of spherical pores
Authors: Goldstein R.V. , Shushpannikov P.S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA problem of determination of the stress‐strain state in an elastic isotropic 3D‐space containing an ordered system of spherical voids in a bounded region subjected to hydrostatic pressure is considered. A method based on expansion of unknown solution in terms of multipoles located at pores centers is proposed for solving the problem. Expansion coefficients (multipoles intensities) are found by using an alternation method which implies successive satisfying the boundary conditions for each void of the system. Considered examples of application of the proposed method for structures with various number of pores show that the method gives a good approximation to the solution of the problem.
‘Galen's Muscles’: Wilkins, Hume, and the educational use of the argument from design
Authors: Rivers Isabel 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTWilkins'sThe principles and duties of natural religion,edited by Tillotson and published posthumously in 1675, designed to combat scepticism and infidelity, was reprinted nine times up to 1734 and was widely used as a textbook in the education of clergy and ministers. Hume'sDialogues concerning natural religion,substantially written in 1751 but withheld from publication on the advice of friends and only published posthumously in 1779, reversed Wilkins's procedure by scrutinising the tenets of natural religion from the perspective of scepticism. This essay explores the importance of Wilkins's text in the tripartite eighteenth-century scheme of natural religion, revealed religion, and ethics, and shows how Hume's parody of a well known passage from Wilkins – the ‘Galen's muscles’ of the title – was intended to contribute to the undermining of this scheme.
‘Freethinking’ and ‘Freedom of Thought’ in eighteenth-century Britain
Authors: Miller Peter N. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTIn early modern Europe, religious heterodoxy and intellectual inquiry posed serious challenges to the authority of centralizing forces both secular and ecclesiastical. At the same time, however, these dangerous developments had been driven by those individuals whom eighteenth-century writers had adopted as ‘culture heroes’ for an age increasingly self-conscious of its own enlightened status. In Britain, the newly established order defended itself against the scepticism and moral determinism of ‘freethinkers’ by upholding a religious and moral order based on liberty. But ‘freethinkers’ such as Anthony Collins were themselves the inheritors of, and propagandists for, the seventeenth-century revolution in science which underpinned the ideology being wielded against them. Their challenge elicited from Edmund Law an argument which co-opted their epistemology to ground the familiar metaphysics of liberty associated with the Newtonian position of Samuel Clarke. Where ‘freethinking’ had been perceived as a dangerous solvent of the social order, ‘freedom of thought’, within limits that were themselves a leading subject of debate in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Britain, could be upheld as consistent with the demands of political society.
‘Temporary Gentlemen’ in the aftermath of the Great War: rank, status and the ex-officer problem
Authors: Petter Martin 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe ex-officer problem in Britain following the Great War derived its special meaning from the difficulties associated with finding a satisfactory relationship between wartime rank and postwar status. Images of social decline competed for public attention with those of social elevation. Behind these images lay a series of dilemmas about how to reconcile the social and economic effects of military promotion with the claims of democracy. The shifting usage of the term ‘temporary gentleman’ during the war reflected the changing background of those being granted commissions, and the possibilities of upward mobility produced tensions which were to persist and grow after demobilization. Government policies for ex-officers, in seeking to assist talent without perpetuating the distinctions of rank, were directly affected by such tensions. Ultimately, expectations of higher social status faded in the light of experiences which conveyed a sense of loss and decline, and ex-officers became a symbol for those who saw their pre-war social position being threatened in a less secure world. However, the ex-officer problem existed in its own right as the result of the uniquely awkward adjustments associated with being ‘de-officered’ at the same time as being demobilized.
The impact of war on French and German political cultures
Authors: Prost Antoine 
Published: June 2009

I would like to discuss George Mosse's excellent and stimulating book, Fallen soldiers, mainly from a French point of view, and to comment upon some issues about the political and moral consequences of the First World War upon French and German societies.The core of the question is Mosse's assumption of a strong relationship between the war experience and the emergence of nazism in Germany. Hence, I shall examine first the reasons why, in Mosse's argument, Hitlerism appears as a consequence of the war. Then I ask why such an evolution did not happen in France, although the war experience was quite similar in the two countries.
Parlements and political crisis in France under Louis XV: the Besançon affair, 1757–1761
Authors: Swann Julian 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe causes and consequences of the quarrels between Louis XV and the parlements in the third quarter of the eighteenth century continue to provoke a lively debate amongst historians. In France, the traditional thesis of a reforming monarchy confronted by the selfish obstructionism of the judiciary has many adherents. However, few Anglo-American scholars favour such an interpretation and some have gone as far as to reject the existence of a crisis altogether. Research is also concentrated upon the consequences of these disputes, and their importance to the development not only ofparlementaireconstitutionalism, but even of a new political culture. In order to contest these conflicting interpretations, this article takes afresh look at the Besançon affair of 1757–1761. In one of the most heated political battles of the reign, thirty judges were exiled from the parlements of Besançon, provoking a lively response from the other parlements, headed by that of Paris. By examining the origins of the dispute in Franche-Comté, and the subsequent reaction of both the government and the Parisian magistrates, this article offers a new picture of the causes of crisis and of how judicial politics actually worked.
John Locke, Lord Mansfield, and Arbitration During the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Horwitz Henry , Oldham James 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTAn exploration of the origins of the Arbitration Act of 1698 and an analysis of court-related arbitration during the next century. Principal conclusions: (1) that the act originated at the board of trade, with John Locke drafting and drawing upon judicial practice of the later 1600s; (2) that use of the act's provisions was limited before the 1770s even though extra-judicial arbitration was proliferating; (3) that thereafter, with the Court of King's Bench under Lord Mansfield taking the lead, rules of court under the act multiplied; and (4) that arbitration under the act was increasingly ‘legalized’ in procedure and in the qualifications of the arbitrators.
The Scottish parliament of 1621
Authors: Goodare Julian 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThis parliament saw two controversial government proposals: to ratify the Five Articles of Perth which introduced Anglican-style ceremonies into church worship, and to introduce a new tax on interest payments. A rare division list survives. It shows the split to have been partly regional: opposition was concentrated in Scotland's central belt, with government supporters in the more conservative northern and Border regions. The most important division, however, is that between ‘court’ and ‘country’. These concepts, familiar in English history, are shown to be applicable to Scotland. An earlier argument that government faction was responsible for the division is shown to be mistaken. The ideological divide, which persisted until after 1638, has implications for our understanding of the events of the 1640s both in Scotland and in England.
Rethinking the Restoration: Dissenting cases for conscience, 1667–1672
Authors: de Krey Gary S. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTOn what religious and political grounds did restoration nonconformists argue for ‘ease to tender consciences’, and what did they mean by conscience? These questions are central to any evaluation of nonconformist political thought in the early restoration. Such dissenting thinkers as Slingsby Bethel, John Humfrey, Philip Nye, John Owen, William Penn, and Sir Charles Wolseley authored arguments for conscience during the intense debate about the restoration church settlement that occurred between 1667 and 1672. This essay outlines four different cases for conscience to which these arguments contributed. Two of these cases reconciled claims for conscience with the ecclesiastical authority of the monarch. Two other cases for conscience challenged the traditional religious authority of the crown.Should any or all of these arguments for conscience be considered radical arguments? The answer to this question requires a definition of the term ‘radical’ – one that is appropriate for the late Stuart period. The grounds upon which early restoration advocates of conscience accepted an indulgence under the royal prerogative in 1672 are also explained.The essay addresses the historiography of the restoration by considering Christopher Hill's and Richard Ashcraft's views about dissenting thought. It also proposes that the 1667–72 debate about the state and religion raised so many critical issues as to constitute an early restoration crisis about conscience.