bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sharing knowledge for water sharing
Authors: Van der Zaag Pieter 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAcknowledging the special character of water, knowledge, and knowledge about water, the paper postulates the need for special efforts to promote and sustain knowledge‐generating systems. Taking the global knowledge divide as a starting point, the paper explores how the demand for knowledge can drive the adoption and adaptation of innovations, of formulating new research agendas and of developing new curricula of postgraduate education aimed to train a new type of water manager. This is illustrated by describing a regional capacity‐building network that pools knowledge, offers a joint Master's program, conducts research and disseminates research findings. The ultimate aim should be that the institutions that govern water become more responsive to their environments, that they are open for signals of change, define problems better and seek creative answers and solutions – all this in order to be able to remain relevant in a changing context. After making a plea to the North to open up and share its knowledge resources with the South, the paper concludes that knowledge sharing is a prerequisite for water sharing, and should be prioritized. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Professionals in context: How robust is the normative model?
Authors: Röling Niels 
Published: July 2010

AbstractResearch on successful change often leads to a normative model. What was an empirical outcome becomes a prescription for action. In water management, research on platforms for decision‐making, multi‐stakeholder processes, social learning, and participatory interventions seems to have made this step to new orthodoxy. Compared to agricultural development, where many still expect technology (smart farming, precision farming, genomics, etc.) to provide the necessary answers to the challenges of anthropogenic biosphere change, thinking about water solutions seems to have moved on and embraced a new normative model that sees necessary action as emerging from the interaction (deliberation, negotiation, conflict resolution, etc.) of multiple stakeholders. However positive this development, the seriousness of the challenges posed by the fact that people have become a major force of nature that is rapidly altering the flimsy and fragile biosphere, compels us to ask whether the normative model can handle these challenges. Some points that will be considered are: (1) inequalities of power among stakeholders, (2) the disproportional influence of vested interest, (3) higher‐level institutional conditions and incentive structures, (4) compromises that undermine efficacious action, (5) and institutions that are geared to economic growth, not to prudent water use (incompatibility between hydrological cycle and linear growth). The paper attempts to examine these issues and to draw some implications for water professionals. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards the transdisciplinary engineer: Incorporating ecology, equity and democracy concerns into water professionals' attitudes, skills and knowledge
Authors: Mollinga Peter P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper uses emerging frameworks for transdisciplinary research on natural resources management as a model for defining the attitudes and skills of water professionals able to address the present‐day challenges to the agricultural water sector. These challenges can be generically classified as: (a) internalising ecological concerns into water systems design, management and governance; (b) shaping the co‐evolution of the water technological/infrastructural system and the water social system from a human development perspective; and (c) constructive involvement of the water‐control‐systems‐associated interest groups in the design, management and governance of these systems. In terms of “attitude”, transdisciplinary water engineers will have to be explicitly (i.e. self‐consciously) normative, as negotiated problem definition and problem solving is a core component of the new professionalism. The (new) “skills” required involve (a) conceptual skills to conceive and operationalise the multidimensionality of water control, (b) instrumental skills to shape water systems as boundary objects for different uses and users, and (c) behavioural and institutional design skills to engage in and shape processes of negotiated design, management and governance. In the process, the water resources engineering and hydrology knowledge and methods that constitute professional identity at present will have to be creatively rethought. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hybrid analytic/rule‐based expert system for channel covering decision support
Authors: Guven Aytac , Ökmen Önder 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExpert systems are intelligent tools that serve as support in decision‐making processes. This study presents a new expert system for channel covering decision support with the aid of high‐level computer language, which combines knowledge‐ and rule‐based programming techniques. The proposed expert system has been called the “Channel Covering Decision Support Expert System” and abbreviated as “CCES”. CCES helps the user when deciding whether covering (lining) is necessary in rivers or open drainage channels, and it finds out whether or not the properties of the covering material types offered by the user are sufficient in case coverage is required. Furthermore, CCES offers the most appropriate covering type from the covering type database built by the user by taking technical and economical considerations into account. In the paper, the applicability of CCES has also been validated by a case study related to an irrigation project carried out in Turkey. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CD147 regulates vascular endothelial growth factor—A expression, tumorigenicity, and chemosensitivity to curcumin in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Jia Li , Wang Huaxin , Qu Shuxian , Miao Xiaoyan , Zhang Jianing 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCD147, also named as extracelluar matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN), has been proved to be involved in several aspects of tumor progression. In addition to its ability to induce vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production, it confers resistance to some chemotherapeutic drugs. To investigate the possible role of CD147 in the mouse hepatocarcinoma cell line Hepa1‐6 with no metastatic potential in the lymph nodes, we used RNA interference (RNAi) approach to silence CD147 expression. The results showed that silencing of CD147 in Hepa1‐6 cells significantly impeded the expression of VEGF‐A at both mRNA and protein levels. The siRNA‐treated cells exhibited significantly decreased growth ability when compared with control cells. Colony formation of CD147 deficient cells was dramatically inhibited in soft agar, and tumorigenicity was reduced in nude mice. Furthermore, the downregulation of CD147 expression also sensitized cells to be more sensitive to curcumin. These results suggested that CD147 might be a potential target for therapeutic antitumor drugs. © 2007 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 60(1): 57–63, 2008
Nitric oxide irreversibly inhibits cytochrome oxidase at low oxygen concentrations: Evidence for inverse oxygen concentration‐dependent peroxynitrite formation
Authors: Parihar Arti , Vaccaro Patrick , Ghafourifar Pedram 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe present study shows that nitric oxide (NO) irreversibly inhibits purified cytochrome oxidase in a reverse oxygen concentration‐dependent manner. The inhibition is dramatically protected by a peroxynitrite scavenger, suggesting that peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of NO with cytochrome oxidase at low oxygen concentration, and that peroxynitrite is involved in irreversible cytochrome oxidase inactivation. Production of nitroxyl anion or superoxide was tested as potential mechanisms underlying the conversion of NO to peroxynitrite. A nitroxyl anion scavenger potently protected the irreversible inhibition, whereas a superoxide dismutase did not provide protective effect, suggesting that the peroxynitrite was formed from nitroxyl anion rather than the reaction of NO with superoxide. © 2007 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 60(1): 64–67, 2008
Characterization of nanoscale transformations in polyelectrolyte multilayers fabricated from plasmid DNA using laser scanning confocal microscopy in combination with atomic force microscopy
Authors: Fredin Nathaniel J. , Flessner Ryan M. , Jewell Christopher M. , Bechler Shane L. , Buck Maren E. , Lynn David M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLaser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to characterize changes in nanoscale structure that occur when ultrathin polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) are incubated in aqueous media. The PEMs investigated here were fabricated by the deposition of alternating layers of plasmid DNA and a hydrolytically degradable polyamine onto a precursor film composed of alternating layers of linear poly(ethylene imine) (LPEI) and sodium poly(styrene sulfonate) (SPS). Past studies of these materials in the context of gene delivery revealed transformations from a morphology that is smooth and uniform to one characterized by the formation of nanometer‐scale particulate structures. We demonstrate that in‐plane registration of LSCM and AFM images acquired from the same locations of films fabricated using fluorescently labeled polyelectrolytes allows the spatial distribution of individual polyelectrolyte species to be determined relative to the locations of topographic features that form during this transformation. Our results suggest that this physical transformation leads to a morphology consisting of a relatively less disturbed portion of film composed of polyamine and DNA juxtaposed over an array of particulate structures composed predominantly of LPEI and SPS. Characterization by scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray microanalysis provides additional support for this interpretation. The combination of these different microscopy techniques provides insight into the structures and dynamics of these multicomponent thin films that cannot be achieved using any one method alone, and could prove useful for the further development of these assemblies as platforms for the surface‐mediated delivery of DNA. Microsc. Res. Tech. 73:834–844, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mago, a vertebrate homolog of Drosophila Mago nashi protein, is a component of the chromatoid body in the cytoplasm of the postmeiotic spermatid
Authors: Zhao Wei , Zhou Fang , Zhou Xiang , Hou Yu , He Yan , Cheng Hanhua , Zhou Rongjia 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPost‐transcriptional regulations play a crucial role during spermatogenesis of the vertebrates. Chromatoid body (CB) is a characteristic spermatid organelle that is supposed to exert its role in post‐transcriptional processes, but its real functions remain largely unknown. Here we report identification of Mago from the rice field eel, and show its evolutionary conservation, differential expression and localization during gonadal transformation. The Mago interacts with Y14, which may facilitate nuclear export of both proteins in the Sertoli cells. Importantly, we have determined Mago as a novel component of the CB in the cytoplasm of the developing spermatid. Addition of Mago to the component list of the CB undoubtedly provides new clue as to the functions of the CB during spermatogenesis in the vertebrates. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 314B:232–241, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Bermuda offshore market in transition
Authors: Leonard Gregory E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn summary, the Bermuda insurance industry is undergoing a major upheaval, with the ultimate outcome being presently unclear. However, offshore markets have been at the forefront of innovation in international insurance for the past decade, and this innovation is likely to continue. The successful companies of the future will take full advantage of the regulatory and accounting freedoms offered in Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, and other Caribbean locations. In the end, the offshore captive industry could well be transformed into an offshore specialty insurance market. The players will be fewer, but the business volume may be larger than ever.
Dynamic corticospinal white matter connectivity changes during stroke recovery: A diffusion tensor probabilistic tractography study
Authors: Pannek Kerstin , Chalk Jonathan B. , Finnigan Simon , Rose Stephen E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPurposeTo investigate corticospinal tract connectivity changes at the cortical surface using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography during recovery from stroke.Materials and MethodsUsing data from 10 stroke patients (four subcortical) and six elderly controls, we developed an automated method to quantify altered motor connectivity that involves the use of a simplified cortical surface model as a seed mask with target regions defined within the corticospinal tracts to initiate a probabilistic tractography algorithm.ResultsWe found no change in volume overlap of the generated corticospinal tracts in the stroke patients compared to controls, but significant connectivity changes at the boundary of the simplified cortical surface mask, especially within the ipsilesional hemisphere of stroke patients over time. Using the cortical regions with significantly enhanced connectivity as a seed mask on the patient data, tracts that are directly associated with stroke recovery can be delineated. Measures of uncertainty in fiber orientation within these fiber tracts significantly correlated with functional outcome.ConclusionThe novel findings from this study highlight the usefulness of this methodology to study white matter repair/reorganization during stroke recovery. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:529–536. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Superparamagnetic iron oxide‐enhanced liver MRI with SHU 555 A (RESOVIST®): New protocol infusion to improve arterial phase evaluation—A prospective study
Authors: Grazioli Luigi , Bondioni Maria Pia , Romanini Laura , Frittoli Barbara , Gambarini Sebastiana , Donato Francesco , Santoro Lucia , Colagrande Stefano 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPurposeTo compare the arterial enhancement of hypervascular hepatic lesions by T1‐weighted 3D‐GRE (gradient‐recalled echo) fat‐sat sequence after slow (0.5 mL/sec) and fast (2 mL/sec) RESOVIST® infusion.Materials and MethodsWe prospectively enrolled 71 patients with hypervascular hepatic lesions to undergo dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination with RESOVIST®. A total of 92 benign and malignant lesions, 44 of which histologically confirmed, were examined. Three blinded and independent readers visually assessed the arterial enhancement using a score from 0 (none) to 3 (maximum), the latter score comparable to that achievable by MultiHance administration.ResultsOut of the 92 hypervascular lesions, 41, 31, and 20 nodules were examined using the slow, fast, and both protocols, respectively. Relevant enhancement (scores 2–3) was found in 42% vs. 14.5% of cases for slow and fast protocols, respectively. Intraindividual comparison evaluation confirmed the better results obtained by slow than fast protocol (25% vs. 10%), with statistically relevant difference in distribution of scores (P = 0.0004). The slow protocol showed values between 0 and 3 with an arithmetic mean of 1.1; the fast one, on the other hand, showed values between 0 and 2 with an arithmetic mean of 0.66.ConclusionSlow infusion improves arterial enhancement after RESOVIST® administration. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:607–616. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MRI findings of posttraumatic intrahepatic vascular shunts
Authors: Semelka Richard C. , Lessa Teresa , Shaikh Faiq , Miller Frank H. , Elazzazi Mohamed , Dyson Matt 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPurposeTo describe the features of posttraumatic intrahepatic vascular shunts (PIVS) as seen on MRI.Materials and MethodsA search was performed for patients with MRI features compatible with PIVS in the Abdominal MRI databases between January 2002 and March 2008. This study was approved by our institutional review board. All patients were imaged using a protocol that included noncontrast T1‐weighted and T2‐weighted images, and postgadolinium gradient‐echo images.ResultsEleven patients (eight men, three women; mean age 55.36 years; range 43–77 years) were identified with PIVS. The following imaging features were observed: dilation of afferent and efferent vessels (five patients), transient hepatic parenchymal blush in a watershed distribution (11 patients), and early opacification of efferent vessels (11 patients).ConclusionPatients with PIVS exhibit features that are distinctive for this entity and include: dilatation of efferent and afferent vessels, transient parenchymal blush, and early opacification of efferent vessels. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:617–620. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phase‐contrast MRI‐based elastography technique detects early hypertensive changes in ex vivo porcine aortic wall
Authors: Woodrum David A. , Herrmann Joerg , Lerman Amir , Romano Anthony J. , Lerman Lilach O. , Ehman Richard L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPurposeTo measure the elastic properties of ex vivo porcine aortas in control and hypertensive groups using a phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐based elastography technique.Materials and MethodsFemale domestic pigs were randomized to a normal control group (N; n = 5) or a renovascular hypertension group (HT; n = 5) for the duration of 3 months. Mean arterial pressure was significantly higher in the hypertension group than in the control group (173 ± 12 vs. 115 ± 11 mmHg, P ≤ 0.05). The animals were euthanized after 3 months of hypertension and abdominal aortas harvested. The ex vivo aortic samples were then examined using a phase‐contrast MRI‐based elastography technique.ResultsThe Young's modulus‐wall thickness product, a reflection of vascular stiffness, was significantly higher in the hypertension group than in the control group (0.571 ± 0.080 vs. 0.419 ± 0.026, P < 0.05). Histological analysis and staining confirmed increased intima‐media thickness and collagen content in the hypertensive aorta, while elastin staining showed no difference.ConclusionThe current study shows that MR elastography offers a method to study the physiologic changes in the arterial wall secondary to early hypertension. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:583–587. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The distribution of ash in Icelandic lake sediments and the relative importance of mixing and erosion processes
Authors: Thompson Roy , Bradshaw Richard H. W. , Whitley John E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDuring the Holocene the volcano Hekla explosively emitted highly silicic tephra on four occasions. The ash was widely dispersed by the wind. Distinctive light‐coloured ash layers are now to be seen in the peats of Northern Iceland. Ash from the 1104 AD eruption was carried as far as Scandinavia. The most recent three tephra are preserved in the top 6 m of sediment in Lake Svinavatn. Chemical data from the sediment of Lake Svinavatn, which lies near the north coast of Iceland 170 km from Hekla, reveal the presence of silicic ash above the tephra visible to the naked eye. Unlike the vertical spread of ash in ocean sediment cores which results from biological mixing effects, the upwards spread of ash in the Svinavatn lake sediment cores appears to have been produced by erosion of ash from the lake catchment in the decades following the eruptions. The variations in concentrations of 11 elements, as determined by neutron activation analysis, can be explained by an exponentially decreasing input from catchment erosion. The additional input to each of the three Hekla ash layers was in the region of 3% of the ash which fell on the Svinavatn catchment.
Temperature‐dependent Raman scattering studies of the geometrically frustrated pyrochlores Dy2Ti2O7, Gd2Ti2O7 and Er2Ti2O7
Authors: Ma̧czka M. , Hanuza J. , Hermanowicz K. , Fuentes A. F. , Matsuhira K. , Hiroi Z. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe temperature‐dependent Raman studies of A2Ti2O7(A = Dy, Er, Gd) were performed on single crystals and polycrystalline samples in the 4.2–295 K temperature range. The Raman spectra showed softening of the majority of phonon modes upon cooling in the whole temperature range studied and large decrease of linewidths. These changes have been analyzed in terms of strong third‐order phonon–phonon anharmonic interactions. Moreover, the 312 and 330 cm−1 modes of Er2Ti2O7(Gd2Ti2O7) showed hardening upon cooling down to about 130 K (100 K) and then anomalous softening below this temperature. The observed anomalous behavior of the Raman modes indicates that some important changes occur in these materials at low temperatures. However, the origin of this behavior is still not clear. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical and microbial stability of high moisture dried apricots during storage
Authors: Saǧırlı Fatma , Taǧı Şeref , Özkan Mehmet , Yemiş Oktay 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:This study was conducted to determine the chemical and microbial stability of high moisture (HM) dried apricots during storage at 5, 20 and 30 °C for a period of 8 months. HM dried apricots were obtained by rehydrating dried apricots in ‘water’ and ‘water + H2O2’.RESULTS:Analysis of kinetic data suggested first‐order models for loss of SO2and non‐enzymatic browning reactions. Higher storage temperatures increased the rate of SO2loss and formation of brown colour in HM dried apricots. Results from extensive colour measurements (non‐enzymatic browning, reflectance colour and β‐carotene) revealed that the colour of HM dried apricots stored at 5 °C was almost unchanged during 8 months of storage. The colour of samples stored at 30 °C was unacceptable starting from 2 months of storage. Total mesophilic aerobic bacteria counts decreased 0.7, 1.1 and 1.5 log cycles after 8 months of storage at 5, 20 and 30 °C, respectively. For the same storage period, the decrease in mesophilic bacteria was 0.62 log cycle in samples rehydrated in ‘water + H2O2’ and stored at 20 °C.CONCLUSION:These results suggest that HM dried apricots should be stored at temperatures lower than 20 °C to preserve the characteristic golden yellow colour. A relatively low level of SO2(1458 mg kg−1at 200 g kg−1moisture level) was sufficient to prevent the growth of spoilage organisms in HM dried apricots at all three storage temperatures. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Kinetic and mechanistic significance of the chemical activation of ciprofloxacin for conjugation chemistry
Authors: Kakkar Dipti , Tiwari Anjani K. , Verma Jyoti , Mishra Anil K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCiprofloxacin is an important category of fluroquinolones that has versatile applications in imaging when conjugated with different ligands. For conjugation chemistry, chemical activation of the carboxylic group at the third position is an important step. Here, we study the kinetics for the activation of the acidic group of ciprofloxacin by N‐hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC). The extent of the reaction was followed by registering a decrease in absorbance at 332, 412, and 423 nm by monitoring the consumption of ciprofloxacin as a function of [NHS], [DCC], pH, ionic strength, and temperature by varying only one parameter at a time while keeping all other parameters constant. The reaction between ciprofloxacin and NHS, in the presence of DCC, exhibits a 1:1:1 stoichiometry. The reaction is found to show first‐order dependence on the concentration of ciprofloxacin to the order of 103 s−1(kobs) and zero order with respect to the concentrations of NHS and DCC, respectively. The activation parameters and thermodynamic quantities vis‐à‐vis Ea, ΔH≠, and ΔS≠ have been computed with respect to the forward reaction as 12.024, 131.43, and 27.31 J K−1 mol−1, respectively, which provided additional support to the proposed kinetic pathway. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 41: 349–356, 2009