bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
North American Species in Group IX ofIpsDe Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Hopping G. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractGroup IX of North AmericanIpscontainsI.grandicollis(Eichhoff),I.confusus(Leconte),I.montanus(Eichhoff),I.cribricollis(Eichhoff) andI.leconteiSwaine.I.chagnoniSwaine is made a synonym ofI.grandicollis(Eichhoff).Ipsof Group IX differ from otherIpsby having five spines on each side of the elytral declivity. Species are described and a key is given. They breed in various species ofPinusand most of them occur south of the boreal forest.
Paper Chromatography to Detect Predation on Mites
Authors: Putman W. L. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Predators that have fed on Panonychus ulmi
(Koch) and Bryobia arborea Morgan and Anderson
can be distinguished by the orange and reddish carotenoid biochromes derived
from the prey. Predation on the two species of mites cannot be clearly
separated. The predators are squashed on filter paper and the pigments
separated by circular chromatography in a mixture of one part of zylene to
four parts of white kerosene. The mite pigments are considerably altered
during digestion in the predators. The method does not reveal the number of
mites consumed by a predator, owing to differences in the pigment content of
the various stages of the prey and in the time the pigments are retained in
the predators.
Sex-limited Polymorphisms in Microevolution
Authors: Sheppard P. M. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Theoretical objections to the hypothesis that polymorphisms are evolved
as an adaptation by populations are discussed and upheld. Genetic data do
not support the assumption that potency balance systems controlling
polymorphisms are widespread in the Lepidoptera and are responsible for the
prevalence of polymorphisms sex-limited to the female. It is pointed out
that such polymorphisms are commoner in butterflies than in moths and that
this requires an ecological, not a purely genetical, explanation. It is
suggested that the presence of two potency balance systems in the genus
Choristoneura could have resulted from an
interchange of genetic material between the X-chromosome and an autosome
during the evolution of the group.
A Synoptic List of the Parasites of Scolytidae (Coleoptera) in North America North of Mexico
Authors: Bushing Richard W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA resumé of the North American literature concerned with hymenopterous parasites of bark beetles is presented. Morphology, seasonal history, host-tree selection, hyperparasitism, importation and colonization and their influence upon control of the host are briefly discussed.Parasites of a given host or hosts of a known parasite can easily be found in two different lists. Parasites are listed below in an alphabetical list of bark beetle species. Hosts, including some species other than bark beetles, are listed under a separate list of parasite families and genera. Host-parasite associations in each list are supported by a numerical reference to the literature cited.
A Fly of the Archaic Family Nymphomyiidae (Diptera) from North America
Authors: Ide F. P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe paper describes a new species and genus of fly, Archidipteron walkeri (Nymphomyiidae: Diptera), found in samples seined by screens from the Molus river, New Brunswick, after spraying of the watershed with DDT in oil.The species is compared with Nymphomyia alba, Tokunaga, of Japan and the affinities of the family discussed. It was concluded that these insects are only distantly related to other Diptera and are probably best considered as belonging in the Archidiptera, a suborder of the Diptera, as proposed by Rohdendorf.The ecological position of the insects is discussed but definite conclusions are not drawn pending more information on life cycle, particularly of the, as yet unknown, larval stages.
Outbreaks of Camnula pellucida (Scudder), (Orthoptera: Acrididae), in Relation to Native Grasslands and Cereal Crops in Saskatchewan
Authors: Riegert P. W. , Pickford R. , Putnam L. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObservations on the occurrence of Camnula pellucida (Scudder) on native grasslands in Saskatchewan indicated that such areas did not support large populations of this species except on the margins where these were adjacent to cereal crops. This supports the view that large-scale infestations arise when both a food habitat (cereals) and an oviposition habitat (short grass) are readily available to the insects.
The Life History and Habits of Chrysomela crotchi Brown (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Northwestern Ontario
Authors: Smereka E. P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe life history of Chrysomela crotchi, a univoltine species commonly found on trembling aspen, was studied in northwestern Ontario from 1959 to 1962. The most striking feature of its life history was the longevity of adults, which were capable of overwintering two successive years. Overwintered adults became active and began feeding in late May, and oviposition occurred from early June to late July. The incubation period was approximately 10 days and the three larval instars required approximately one month for development to the adult stage.Females laid more eggs during their second season and the highest number laid was 326. The number of eggs in an egg mass averaged 37.6, and the average interval between the deposition of egg masses was 4 days. Males and females mated more than once, but only one mating was necessary for a female to produce viable eggs throughout the season. Males were capable of fertilizing more than one female and remained potent for more than one season.Parasitism was low, and only two species of larval parasites were reared. Several predator species were observed preying on the immature stages. Predation and overwintering mortality appeared to be the most important control factors.
Effects of Air Ions on Duration and Rate of Sustained Flight of the Blowfly, Phoenicia sericata Meigen
Authors: Maw M. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThat insect flight is influenced by air ions was shown when blowflies, Phoenicia sericata Meigen, were exposed to air ions at ion currents of about 3.4 × 10−11 amp. Positive ions resulted in longer, faster flights than did normal laboratory air, and there were steep increases and decreases in speed. Negative ions resulted in relatively fast, steady flight that usually lasted longer than in positively ionized or in laboratory air. After exposure to positive ions, exposure to alternating polarities resulted in a steady net increase in flight speed but exposure to alternating polarities after exposure to negative ions had no effect on flight.
A Synthetic Diet for the Spruce Budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: McMorran Arlene 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), was reared on a synthetic diet. Comparison of two successive laboratory generations reared on synthetic diet and on frozen balsam fir buds showed that diet-fed insects had a higher survival, developed faster, were heavier, mated more successfully, and were more fecund.
Mermithids (Nematoda: Mermithidae) Parasitic in Blackflies (Insecta: Simuliidae): I. Taxonomy and Bionomics of Gastromermis boophthorae sp. n.
Authors: Welch H. E. , Rubzov I. A. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract>Gastromermis boophthorae is distinguished from related species by its longer spicule, its characteristic lateral cord, numerous and small cells in the head region, and longer proximal reflex of the vagina. This species is divided into six varieties that are based mainly on differences occurring in the free-living postparasitic stages. It is recognized that the term “variety” is seldom used in nematology and is unprotected nomenclatorially, but its use here seems justified to designate infraspecific populations that appear at present to be sympatric and anatomically discontinuous, and that can only be recognized as immature nematodes. Six species of blackflies were found to be hosts and infection is reported from May until August in the Leningrad region. Percent infection ranged from 1 to 10 but reached 100% in one sample. Synchronization of host and parasite development is probably important in determining incidence of parasitism.
Sequential Sampling for White Grubs
Authors: Ives W. G. H. , Warren G. L. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract>The results of sampling to determine the vertical distribution of white grubs in the soil and the frequency distribution of grubs per 1-square-foot sample unit are presented. It was found that the optimum sampling period is during June and July, when most of the grubs are in the upper foot of soil. The negative binomial distribution with a k value of 1.5936 fitted most of the data well and was used to devise two sequential sampling methods: one for classifying white grub populations as light, moderate or severe; the other for pre-planting surveys to determine whether or not control measures are required.
The Use of Cloud Patterns to Outline Areas with Different Climates during Population Studies
Authors: Wellington W. G. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract>In all but the flattest terrain, differences in relief produce recurrent and consistent patterns of cloudiness during turbulent or convective weather. The basic patterns consist of fixed patches or lines of low clouds that persist in an otherwise clear sky. But their outlines may even appear in the higher layers of cloud that cross the region during the passage of larger weather systems. Consequently, the areas beneath them experience predictably higher frequencies of cloudiness and rainfall than the terrain outside their borders. Thus their outlines can be used to draw boundaries that separate areas with different climates.The information above can be used to develop a system of direct observations of changes in local weather that can be applied in several ways during studies of natural populations. Visual methods of observing the weather are always simpler than methods that involve instruments. Where population phenomena are concerned, they also may be more meaningful; and they leave more time free for biological observations. Instruments are essential, however, in any investigation of the properties or requirements of individuals; e.g., in physiological or behavioral studies.
Effects of Low Levels of the Nutrient Content of a Food and of Nutrient Imbalance on the Feeding and the Nutrition of a Phytophagous Larva,Celerio euphorbiae(Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)
Authors: House H. L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe present work demonstrates how important food quality is to an insect. When the dietary inadequacy in an artificial food was dilution of its nutrient content to 85, 70 and 50%, respectively, fifth-instarCelerio euphorbiae(Linnaeus) ate progressively more food but they gained no more body weight on one diet than on another. The rate of food intake depended on nutrient concentration. On all nutrient levels the larvae were about 20% efficient in converting the foodstuff into body material and the body content of protein did not differ significantly.When the dietary inadequacy was immoderate proportions of several nutrients, the effects were not so clearly marked; nevertheless, the rate of food intake of the larvae could explain their body weight. The tendency seemed to be for the larvae to eat less and to gain less weight on the imbalanced diet than on an adequate diet. Moreover, conversion of foodstuff into body material did not seem as efficient on the imbalanced diet as on the control.The ecological significance of food quality suggested by the first example is that the destructiveness of phytophagous insects, for example, may depend in part on the degree of succulence and corresponding nutrient concentration of food plant tissues; and by the second example, that perhaps nutritional imbalances may play a part in controlling the potential destructiveness of insect populations.
Sperm Transfer and Utilization by the Arrhenotokous WaspDahlbominus fuscipennis(Zett.) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
Authors: Wilkes A. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract>The internal reproductive organs of both sexes are described with regard to their functions during mating and the transfer, storage and use of sperm during oviposition. Although generally hymenopteran in structure they differ in some details from species previously described. The sperm storage organ and glands in the oviducts are more precisely defined and an account given of a structure which regulates the number of sperm entering the sperm bundle prior to its transfer to the female.During copulation thread-like sperm with helical heads are deposited in bundles of 300 in a funnel-like extension of the oviducts produced by a single contraction of the ovaries. Sperm move along the duct to the sperm capsule largely by their own motility. Sperm remain active in the capsule with their heads toward the opening where they are prevented from escaping by a U-shaped loop in the duct. The loop straightens when ova pass through the oviducts, allowing sperm to descend one at a time. Although the precise mechanism by which the storage organ releases sperm is not fully understood, it is unlikely that discontinuity in the release of sperm is the regulating mechanism involved in the production of haploid males in this species.
A Review of the Genus Udamopyga Hall (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)
Authors: Dodge H. Rodney 
Published: December 2009

AbstractUdamopyga boniato, new species (Cuba) and U. batemani, new species (Mexico) are described and U. niagarana (Parker) refigured. A revision of Lopes’ (1940) key is presented to include them.
Life History of Choristoneura lambertiana subretiniana Obraztsov (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Attacking Lodgepole Pine
Authors: Stark R. W. , Borden J. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe life history of a tortricid cone moth Choristoneura lambertiana subretiniana Obraztsov in California is described. The larvae feed primarily on staminatc flowers and cones of lodgepole pine although some needle- and tip-mining occurs. The only other recorded host is ponderosa pine.Eggs are deposited in late July to early August; first-instar larvae migrate from the needles to protected locations on the branches and spin hibernacula. The larvae overwinter predominantly as second-instar larvae in the hibernaculum. They emerge from the hibernacula in April, and mature in four to six weeks. There are six larval instars. The pupal period lasts approximately two weeks; adult emergence begins in mid-July and extends through the end of August.
The Pine Needle Miner, Exoteleia pinifoliella (Chamb.) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), in Quebec
Authors: Finnegan R. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn recent years the pine needle miner, Exoteleia pinifoliella (Chamb.), has occurred in large numbers in jack pine plantations in southern Quebec. The female lays its eggs in late June and early July, and larvae, after moulting to the fourth instar, overwinter in the second needle mined. The following spring the larvae continue mining the needles in which they overwintered, moult for a fourth time, and attack a third needle, wherein they pupate. A description of all stages is given, and the habits and controlling factors of the insect are discussed.
Biotypes of Pea Aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) in Relation to Alfalfa Clones
Authors: Cartier J. J. , Isaak A. , Painter R. H. , Sorensen E. L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTen alfalfa clones, Medicago sativa L., were tested at 60°, 70° and 80° F. in Kansas and Quebec for resistance to pea aphid biotypes, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), originating in the respective areas.The resistance of the clones at the three temperatures varied differentially at the two locations. One clone was resistant at all temperatures to aphids of both locations. Results indicated that biotype C61-86 of the pea aphid at St. Jean, Quebec, is biologically different from the population of the same species in Kansas. Results also suggest the possibility of finding or combining clones so that varieties of alfalfa resistant to pea aphids over broad geographic areas and environmental conditions can be secured.
Growth and Development of Coccinellid Larvae on Dry Foods (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Authors: Smith B. C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTen species of predatory coccinellids representing seven genera were reared from the first-instar larva to the adult stage on dry powdered aphids. Dry pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr.), and corn aphids, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), were both superior to bean aphids, Aphis fabae Scop., for growing coccinellid larvae. Though Anatis mali Auct. grew equally well on A. pisum and R. maidis, the larvae generally lived longer when starved after feeding on R. maidis. Dry aphids were as good as living aphids for growing A. mali and Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake. C. maculata grew as well in darkness as in light, and an aphid–pollen mixture was superior to either component alone. Three generations of C. maculata were reared on a yeast diet and this diet is the most promising food for use to supplement natural foods in the field. An arrangement of coccinellid species on the basis of their food specificity does not correspond to the current phylogenetic arrangement, as the taxonomically primitive tribe Coccinellini contains both generalized and selective feeders.
Individual Rearing of the Larvae of Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy) (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)
Authors: Henson W. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA technique for rearing Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.) in individual isolation from egg to adult is described. Larvae so reared under optimal conditions experience mortality only slightly greater than that sustained by larvae growing in the normal feeding aggregations. The comparative capacity of the isolated larvae to withstand even slight departures from optimal conditions of food, temperature and humidity is low. These observations together with data on the responses of isolated and normal larvae to physical factors are discussed in their ecological context.
Tagging the Oriental Fruit Moth, Grapholitha molesta (Busck) with Radioactive Phosphorus for Flight and Dispersal Studies
Authors: Dustan G. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLarge numbers of Oriental fruit moth adults were successfully tagged (500 or more counts per minute) by holding them for 24–48 hr. in cages provided with cotton wicks moistened with a water-solution of P32 at 20 microcuries per millilitre. The addition of sugar to the tagging solution did not increase its effectiveness. Approximately 80% of the total radioactivity of the tagged moths was internal due to ingested liquid and the remainder was on the surface of their bodies; 73% of the total was in and on the abdomen. The loss in radioactivity of tagged moths in 1–6 days was 2.2–4.7 times greater than the theoretical loss due to isotope decay alone. The highest rate of loss occurred during the first day, probably through excretion before the P32 was absorbed from the digestive tract. Egg laying contributed to loss of radioactivity. Though water and liquid bait removed some P32 from tagged moths this did not result in appreciable contamination of other moths trapped in the liquids.Attempts to tag large numbers of moths (400–1000 per cage) for release and recovery experiments were only partially successful as the radioactivities attained by individual moths varied widely at different times and from cage to cage, even under the same environmental conditions. This appeared to be partly due to differences in the feeding behaviour of different batches of moths and it may have been influenced by the conditions under which they were reared.
The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. XIV.: Supplement to II. Oystershell Scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.)
Authors: Pickett A. D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis study confirms an earlier finding that the oystershell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.) is normally controlled in Nova Scotia apple orchards by the aphelinid Aphytis mytilaspidis Le B. and the predacious mite Hemisarcoptes malus (Shimer). The effectiveness of the former may be limited in colder areas by low winter temperatures, and both species are detrimentally affected by some spray chemicals. The evidence presented indicates that either A. mytilaspidis, or H. malus, or the two of them together, may operate as key-factors in regulating the density of oystershell scale populations.
A New Species Belonging to the divergens Group of the Genus Euxoa Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Hardwick D. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe divergens group of the genus Euxoa Hbn. is defined, and a new species, Euxoa sinelinea, is described from Goose Bay, Newfoundland, and from Smoky Falls and Black Sturgeon Lake in north-central Ontario.
Note on the Effects of Temperature and Piperonyl Butoxide on the Toxicity of Carbaryl to Adult Grasshoppers
Authors: McKinlay K. S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTests on adults of the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus bilituratus (Wlk.), showed carbaryl (1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate) to have a very marked negative temperature coefficient of toxicity. This was believed to be due to a rapid increase in the rate of detoxification at higher temperatures. The marked synergistic effect of piperonyl butoxide, believed to act by blocking the detoxification process, appeared to confirm this.
Predation of Grasshopper Eggs by Ground Squirrels
Authors: Pickford R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA heavily infested egg-bed ofCamnula pellucida(Scudder) was severely damaged by the predatory action ofCitellus tridecemlineatus tridecemlineatus(Mitchill). This infestation, consisting of an estimated 800 eggs per square foot, was reduced by more than 90%. About half the damage occurred during the autumn after oviposition and half during the following spring prior to hatching.
Biology of Apoidea Taken in Trap Nests in Northwestern Ontario (Hymenoptera)
Authors: Fye R. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOsmia atriventris Cr. and Megachile relativa Cr. are the most abundant bees accepting trap nests in the Black Sturgeon Lake area of Ontario. Hylaeus ellipticus (Kby.), H. verticalis verticalis (Cr.), Hoplitis albifrons albifrons (Kby.), and H. cylindrica (Cr.) are common while Hylaeus basalis (Sm.), Osmia proxima Cr., M. inermis Prov., and M. gemula Cr. are comparatively rare. All except Osmia atriventris are univoltine and overwinter as prepupae. O. atriventris is both univoltine and biennial. The major flight and nesting period for all bees is during July although M. relativa is active throughout August. Hylaeus spp. construct nests of silken membranous, secreted materials; Hoplitis spp. utilize macerated plant materials and pebbles to divide their nests; Osmia spp. partition their nests with macerated green plant material; and Megachile spp. line and plug their nests in typical leafcutter fashion. All bees provision their nests with pollen moistened with varying amounts of nectar. The sexes are probably almost equally divided in all species. Major parasites are Gasteruption assectator assectator (L.) for Hylaeus spp.; Chelynia subemarginata (Cr.) for Hoplitis spp.; Sapyga sp., for Osmia atriventris; and Coelioxys modesta Sm., and C. lucrosa for Megachile relativa. Melittobia chalybii Ashm. destroyed a few cells occasionally.
Temperature and Moisture Gradient Equipment
Authors: Graham W. M. , Onyearu A. K. , Waterhouse F. L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe construction of a temperature gradient area based upon a heat exchange grid is described. The main feature of the gradient apparatus is that it provides a flexible, yet temporally stable and evenly sloped gradient, which can be maintained in replicated troughs for many months with minimum attention. The control of the R.H. gradient in troughs containing a food medium is also discussed. Data relating to the life histories of Tribolium examined in the gradient is offered to exemplify the type of results obtainable.