bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RIBONUCLEASE AND DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE ACTIVITIES IN RAT AND MOUSE STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIA AND SKIN PAPILLOMAS
Authors: DAOUST R. , AMANO HARUKO 
Published: April 2011

The distribution of ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease activities was examined by substrate film methods in rat and mouse skin, mouth, tongue, and oesophagus epithelia and in skin papillomas. In the various types of stratified squamous epithelia, nuclease activity was found to be localized in well-defined perinuclear zones in cells of the Malpighian layer. The activity in these sites increases from the lower to the upper layers and a strong band reaction corresponds to the limit between the non-keratinized and keratinized cell layers. Apparently, the nucleases play an important role in the keratinization process in being responsible for the disappearance of nucleic acids which accompanies other radical changes taking place in transitional cells at the surface of the Malpighian layer.
EFFECT OF FREEZING AND THAWING ON CERTAIN NUCLEAR AND MITOCHONDRIAL ENZYMES OF MOUSE LIVER
Authors: WARAVDEKAR VAMAN S. , GOLDBLATT PETER J. , TRUMP BENJAMIN F. , GRIFFIN CHARLES C. , STOWELL ROBERT E. 
Published: April 2011

1. The effects produced by a rapid freezing and thawing on the activities of some enzymes of nuclear (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-pyrophosphorylase) and mitochondrial (succinoxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and glutamic dehydrogenase) origin are presented. These effects are compared with those produced by sonic treatment of fresh tissue. 2. The activity of NAD-pyrophosphorylase was unaffected by the freezing procedures employed, namely dry ice at –79°C, isopentane at –155°C, and propane at –175°C, or by sonic treatment of homogenates of fresh tissue. 3. Succinoxidase activity was decreased to some extent by all the procedures employed. Sonic treatment produced a 47% loss in the enzyme activity, while freezing on dry ice, in isopentane, or in propane produced losses of 26, 29, and 37%, respectively. 4. The activity of succinic dehydrogenase was least affected by sonic treatment or by freezing on dry ice. Quenching in isopentane or in propane, however, produced 11% and 23% loss respectively in the dehydrogenase activity. 5. Free glutamic dehydrogenase activity, which is low in fresh-tissue preparations, was increased to the same extent by all methods employed. The unsedimentable activity depended upon the procedure used, however. Sonic treatment and freezing with propane, isopentane, or dry ice gave 78, 48, 33, and 20%, respectively, of the total enzyme activity. 6. The fact that the increase in unsedimentable glutamic dehydrogenase activity roughly parallels a decrease in succinoxidase activity suggests that a rapid freezing followed by thawing produces alterations in the mitochondrial membranes.
HISTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF ENZYME ACTIVITY IN THE KIDNEYS OF THREE MAMMALIAN SPECIES DURING THEIR POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: WACHSTEIN MAX , BRADSHAW MAIRE 
Published: April 2011

The activities of various enzymes were studied histochemically in two species which at birth have a kidney with an active nephrogenic zone, the rat and rabbit, and one (the guinea pig) in which this organ is at this time apparently fully matured. The histochemical reactions, in general, reflect the degree of maturity found in kidneys of newborn and growing animals. Immature proximal convoluted tubules lack enzymatic activity or show only minimal amounts. As these tubules mature, the adult pattern is noted at about the 14th to 16th day after birth in rat, and after 21 to 28 days in rabbit. Within this general pattern, however, considerable variations are noted. Glucose-6-phosphatase, e.g., is less active at birth, even in mature tubules, while acid phosphatase localized in granular "lysosomal" bodies is as prominent in newborn kidney as in adult. Newborn guinea pig kidney lacks glomerular adenosine triphosphatase activity in spite of its general enzymatic maturity, while rat kidney at birth has no tubular adenosine triphosphatase activity, even in more mature proximal convolutions. Oxidative enzymes, particularly succinic dehydrogenase, and acid phosphatase are active in tubules of the inner portion of medulla in rat and rabbit at birth. This appears to be an expression of the immaturity of newborn kidney. With the progress of zonal differentiation, this enzyme activity is no longer found in the papillary portion of medulla where thin limbs of Henle's loop are now located. In rat kidney, best seen in cryostat sections briefly postfixed in very cold neutral formalin, single cells are found in the collecting ducts with striking 5-nucleotidase activity. The number of these cells is greater in neonatal kidney than in adult kidney. The physiological significance of many of the findings described in this report has still to be clarified.
ALDEHYDE-FUCHSIN STAINING APPLIED TO FROZEN SECTIONS FOR DEMONSTRATING PITUITARY AND PANCREATIC BETA CELLS
Authors: JENNINGS BARBARA M. 
Published: April 2011

Aldehyde-fuchsin staining was applied to fresh frozen sections to frozen sections pre-fixed with sucrose-formol, and to freeze-dried sections of human and animal pancreas and pituitary, with positive reactions in β-cells of both tissues. Successful adaptation of aldehyde-fuchsin staining to this material was achieved largely by choice of fixative, use of a fresh, nonchilled solution of aldehyde-fuchsin, and by acidified permanganate oxidation. Certain standard fixatives (formol, Zenker-formol, and Bouin) proved satisfactory, as well as a more recently introduced one, glutaraldehyde. A fixation-staining technique requiring less than 10 minutes was evolved using stock (25%) glutaraldehyde. With some of these fixatives, inserting an aldehyde blockade step when necessary, the Periodic and Schiff reaction could be employed as a control stain for aldehyde-fuchsin, with comparable results. The methods adopted are useful in identifying β-cells in surgical specimens and in material used for enzyme reactions and fluorescent antibody techniques.
FLUORESCENCE METHODS FOR THE HISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF MONOAMINES: 4. HISTOCHEMICAL DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN DOPAMINE AND NORADRENALINE IN MODELS
Authors: CORRODI HANS , JONSSON GÖSTA 
Published: April 2011

If primary catecholamines e.g. dopamine and noradrenaline in a dried protein layer are exposed to gaseous formaldehyde, they are converted to intensely fluorescent 6,7-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolines. This reaction can be used for the histochemical demonstration of these amines. The fluorescent products of dopamine and noradrenaline have practically identidal activation and emission spectra. The 4,6,7-trihydroxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline formed from noradrenaline has, however, a labile hydroxy group at 4-position which can be easily split off. This dehydration to the fully aromatic 6,7-dihydroxyisoquinoline was found to take place readily in a dried protein layer by treatment with thionyl chloride gas at 50°C. The isoquinoline shows other flurorescence characteristics than the 3,4-dihydroisoquinolines and is not reduced by sodium borohydride. A direct histochemical differentiation between dopamine and noradrenaline is thus possible.
INFRARED SPECTROPHOTOMETRY ITS USE IN CHARACTERIZING HISTOCHEMICAL REACTION MECHANISMS
Authors: KVISTBERG DAVID R. 
Published: April 2011

The technique of infrared analysis can be applied to histochemical and cytochemical problems. The approach outlined here illustrates the application to the mechanism of staining, starting with model compounds and tissue components. Future use of an infrared microscope employing improvements of modern electronics and optics should enable direct correlation of model studies with in situ studies.
SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF RAT BRAIN ESTERASES
Authors: BERNSOHN JOSEPH , BARRON KEVIN D. , DOOLIN PAUL F. , HESS ADELINE R. , HEDRICK MARJORIE T. 
Published: April 2011

The localization and properties of soluble and bound esterases of subcellular fractions of rat brain have been investigated. Bound esterases were extracted with 1% Triton X-100 and separated by starch gel electrophoresis. By these means a molecular population of isoenzymes was demonstrable that was quantitatively different from the isoenzyme population of the watersoluble esterase activity. The highest specific activity for α-naphthyl acetate hydrolysis was contained in the microsomal fraction and could be extracted by Triton. In contradistinction to whole brain and to other subcellular fractions, microsomes contained a molecular population of esterase isozymes which was qualitatively distinct from that of water extracts in that the fast moving A-type esterases were absent. In addition, there was present a heavy concentration of slow movinig B-esterase. Acetylcholinesterase could also be extracted from this fraction by Triton, migrated with B-esterase and actively hydrolyzed αnaphthyl acetate. Combined electron microscopic and quantitative chemical analysis of the subcellular fractions suggested that some bound nonspecific esterase may be localized in sub-synaptic membranes. The pI50 values for E 600 of the soluble and insoluble, Triton X-100-extracted and Triton X-100-insoluble esterases are, respectively, 5.3, 7.5, 7.5 and 7.4. It is noted that these results may be determined in part by the participation of acetylcholinesterase in hydrolysis of the substrate. Mitochondria are virtually devoid of esteratic activity. C-type esterase (CMB-activated, E 600-resistant) occurred in both the bound and soluble state. A-, B- and C-type esterases exist in both bound and soluble forms and their chemical properties appear to be independent of their site of localization. Histochemical studies indicate that the B-type esterase is localized predominantly to cytoplasm of neurons and to neuropil. A-esterase is localized to droplets (presumed lysosomes) of neurons and other cell types, e.g., pericytes. The histochemical localization of C-esterase could not be determined.
Effect of Therapeutic Modalities on Patients With Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
Authors: Lake David A. , Wofford Nancy H. 
Published: April 2011

Context: Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is a common orthopaedic condition for which operative and nonoperative treatments have been used. Therapeutic modalities have been recommended for the treatment of patients with PFPS—including cold, ultrasound, phonophoresis, iontophoresis, neuromuscular electrical stimulation, electrical stimulation for pain control, electromyographic biofeedback, and laser. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of therapeutic modalities for the treatment of patients with PFPS. Data Sources: In May and August 2010, Medline was searched using the following databases: PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science Citation Index, Science Direct, ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health, and Your Journals@OVID. Study Selection: Selected studies were randomized controlled trials that used a therapeutic modality to treat patients with PFPS. The review included articles with all outcome measures relevant for the PFPS patient: knee extension and flexion strength (isokinetic and isometric), patellofemoral pain assessment during activities of daily life, functional tests (eg, squats), Kujala patellofemoral score, and electromyographic recording from knee flexors and extensors and quadriceps femoris cross-sectional areas. Data Extraction: Authors conducted independent quality appraisals of studies using the PEDro Scale and a system designed for analysis of studies on interventions for patellofemoral pain. Results: Twelve studies met criteria: 1 on the effects of cold and ultrasound together, ice alone, iontophoresis, and phonophoresis; 3, neuromuscular electrical stimulation; 4, electromyographic biofeedback; 3, electrical stimulation for control of pain; and 1, laser. Discussion: Most studies were of low to moderate quality. Some reported that therapeutic modalities, when combined with other treatments, may be of some benefit for pain management or other symptoms. There was no consistent evidence of any beneficial effect when a therapeutic modality was used alone. Studies did not consistently provide added benefit to conventional physical therapy in the treatment of PFPS. Conclusions: None of the therapeutic modalities reviewed has sound scientific justification for the treatment of PFPS when used alone.
Patellofemoral Disorders
Authors: Parikh Shital , Noyes Frank R. 
Published: April 2011

Background: The contribution of lower limb rotational malalignment to patellofemoral pain and instability has been well recognized. The purpose of the present study is to review the role of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in assessment of abnormal rotational alignment of lower limb. Evidence Acquisition: An analysis of all available literature in the English language through 2010 was performed to provide data on a comparison between MRI and CT—specifically, the techniques and normative values used to determine abnormal lower limb alignment. Results: CT and MRI are highly accurate in defining abnormal alignment of the lower limb. Determination of axis of femoral anteversion in proximal femur has been the subject of debate in the literature. The determination of distal femoral condylar axis, proximal tibial axis and distal tibial axis are less controversial. Conclusions: CT and MRI are both used for assessing the rotational abnormalities of the femur and tibia during evaluation for patellofemoral disorders. MRI has an advantage over CT because femoral anteversion measurements are more accurate and ionizing radiation is avoided. A standardized protocol defining the level and axes for measurement of femoral and tibial alignment indices should be used to maintain consistency in measurements.
Prevalence of Hyponatremia, Renal Dysfunction, and Other Electrolyte Abnormalities Among Runners Before and After Completing a Marathon or Half Marathon
Authors: Mohseni Michael , Silvers Scott , McNeil Rebecca , Diehl Nancy , Vadeboncoeur Tyler , Taylor Walt , Shapiro Shane , Roth Jennifer , Mahoney Sherry 
Published: April 2011

Background: Prior reports on metabolic derangements observed in distance running frequently have small sample sizes, lack prerace laboratory measures, and report sodium as the sole measure. Hypothesis: Metabolic abnormalities—hyponatremia, hypokalemia, renal dysfunction, hemoconcentration—are frequent after completing a full or half marathon. Clinically significant changes occur in these laboratory values after race completion. Study Design: Observational, cross-sectional study. Methods: Consenting marathon and half marathon racers completed a survey as well as finger stick blood sampling on race day of the National Marathon to Fight Breast Cancer (Jacksonville, Florida, February 2008). Parallel blood measures were obtained before and after race completion (prerace, n = 161; postrace, n = 195). Results: The prevalence of prerace and postrace hyponatremia was 8 of 161 (5.0%) and 16 of 195 (8.2%), respectively. Hypokalemia was not present prerace but was present in 1 runner postrace (1 of 195). Renal dysfunction occurred prerace in 14 of 161 (8.7%) and postrace in 83 of 195 (42.6%). Among those with postrace renal dysfunction, 45.8% (38 of 83) were classified as moderate or severe. Hemoconcentration was present in 2 of 161 (1.2%) prerace and 6 of 195 (3.1%) postrace. The mean changes in laboratory values were (postrace minus prerace): sodium, 1.6 mmol/L; potassium, −0.2 mmol/L; blood urea nitrogen, 2.8 mg/dL; creatinine, 0.2 mg/dL; and hemoglobin, 0.3 g/dL for 149 pairs (except blood urea nitrogen, n = 147 pairs). Changes were significant for all comparisons ( P < 0.01) except potassium ( P = 0.08) and hemoglobin ( P = 0.01). Conclusions: Metabolic abnormalities are common among endurance racers, and they may be present prerace, including hyponatremia. The clinical significance of these findings is unknown. Clinical relevance: It is unclear which runners are at risk for developing clinically important metabolic derangements. Participating in prolonged endurance exercise appears to be safe in the majority of racers.
METACHROMATIC BASOPHILIA OF KERATIN AFTER OXIDATION-CLEAVAGE OF DISULFIDE BONDS
Authors: LILLIE RALPH D. , BANGLE RAYMOND , FISHER EDWIN R. 
Published: April 2011

Oxidation of keratinous structures by peracetic acid, bromine in carbon tetrachloride, or neutral potassium permanganate produced an insoluble, strongly acid substance capable of taking up basic dyes even from pH 1.2 solution. Thus, hair shafts, nails, and, to a much less extent, stratum corneum of the epidermis were rendered basophilic and metachromatic. The oxidation product strongly resisted methylation, thereby differing from the basophil substance of cell nuclei, of mast cell granules, and of cartilage. Furthermore, the oxidation product was not blocked by aniline chloride or phenylhydrazine, indicating that aldehydes, if formed, were not responsible for the basophilia by the formation of Schiff's bases. Periodic acid (1% aqueous solution for 2 hours at 60°C.) also rendered keratinous structures basophilic but to a less intensity than with the other oxidizing agents. Chromic acid was ineffective under the conditions used and, moreover, largely destroyed nuclear basophilia. The various oxidizing agents that induced metachromatic basophilia in keratin have in common the property of cleaving the disulfide bonds of cystine, yielding cysteic acid. In the case of oxidized keratin, it appears that the resultant cysteic acid residues remain bound in peptide chains but still possess free sulfonic acid radicals. Since sulfonic acids are strong acids, such groups probably account for the observed metachromatic basophilia in oxidized keratinous structures.
HISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF ACID INORGANIC POLYPHOSPHATASE
Authors: BERG GEORGE G. 
Published: April 2011

A substrate solution for histochemical staining of acid inorganic polyphosphatase is prepared by controlled precipitation at pH 3.9, from ingredients totaling .014 M. lead, .05 M. acetate, .02 M. phosphate in the form of Graham's salt, and sufficient nitric acid to titrate. The final concentration of polyphosphate in solution is estimated at 5 x 10–4 M. in terms of total phosphate. Inorganic polyphosphatase is stainable after a variety of fixation methods and paraffin embedding, but not after treatment with 70% and 80% ethyl alcohol or with excess substrate. The presence of a divalent metallic cofactor, which can be reversibly removed by water, is indicated.
A MODIFICATION OF GOMORI'S METHOD FOR DEMONSTRATION OF PHOSPHAMIDASE IN TISSUE SECTIONS
Authors: MEYER JULIA , WEINMANN J. P. 
Published: April 2011

The shortcomings of Gomori's method for the histochemical demonstration of the enzyme phosphamidase lie in the need for a long incubation period and for the distinction between reaction products due to enzyme action and those due to spontaneous hydrolysis of the substrate. A modification of his method is suggested which permits reduction of the incubation period to about a fourth and eliminates the need to distinguish between reaction products of different origin in brief incubations. The suggested procedure is free from erratic failures to obtain positive results. As tested for brain, the overall pictures of enzyme distribution are uniformly reproducible. Variability of results is reduced to the occasional occurrence of small areas in which no precipitate has formed. It is felt that with these changes the method is ready to be subjected to a more advanced stage of investigation, as for instance the preservation of the enzyme content during fixing, dry-freezing, etc.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE ACTIVITY OF ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE AND OTHER PHOSPHATASES AS MEASURED BY HISTOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES
Authors: PADYKULA HELEN A. , HERMAN EDITH 
Published: April 2011

Higher phosphatase activity toward ATP and other substrates occurred at alkaline pH in thin (5 µ), unfixed, frozen sections incubated in the medium described by Gomori ('41) than when treated with the medium employed by Maengwyn-Davies et al ('52). This difference in activities was caused principally by the salt content of the media. High sodium acetate concentration was strongly inhibitory to phosphatase activity toward adenosine triphosphate and α, β sodium glycerophosphate The pH optimum of phosphatase activity of frozen sections toward adenosine triphosphate varied with the composition of the incubating medium. The localization of phosphatase activity toward adenosine triphosphate in cardiac muscle varied with substrate concentration, with nuclear staining becoming more prominent with increased adenosine triphosphate concentrations. The localization of phosphatase activity was not affected by the concentrations of α,β sodium glycerophosphate and adenosine-5-phosphate used, but the most rapid staining occurred with the highest concentrations.
UPTAKE OF RADIOACTIVE SULFATE BY ARTERIES OF NORMAL AND CHOLESTEROL-FED RABBITS
Authors: BUCK ROBERT C. 
Published: April 2011

1. Normal and cholesterol-fed rabbits were injected intravenously with 0.6 to 1.0 mc. of S35 (as Na2SO4) and the distribution of the isotope studied by means of autoradiographs. The distribution of S35 was compared with that of stainable mucopolysaccharide. 2. In the normal aorta and pulmonary arteries a close parallelism is seen between the distribution of S35 and that of mucopolysaccharide. 3. The media of the atheromatous aorta, compared to that of the normal aorta, shows a reduced mucopolysaccharide staining and also a reduced isotope incorporation. 4. The intimal lesions show a high mucopolysaccharide content and also a high concentration of isotope, as compared with the media of normal or atheromatous aortas. 5. Fibroblasts and foam cells are situated in relation to the areas of greatest density in the autoradiographs. The deeper necrotic parts of the intima show little S35 incorporation although they contain stainable ground substance. 6. It is suggested that foam cells, as well as fibroblasts, produce the sulfated ground substance.
A HISTOCHEMICAL SPECIFIC THIONINE-SO2 REAGENT AND ITS USE IN A BI-COLOR METHOD FOR DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID AND PERIODIC ACID SCHIFF POSITIVE SUBSTANCES
Authors: VAN DUIJN P. 
Published: April 2011

A histochemical specific blue aldehyde reagent containing thionine and SO2, in a medium of tertiary butyl alcohol and water is described. The reagent, as far as visual observation goes, reacts in a constant high intensity with aldehyde locations over a period of at least five weeks. In artificial light however the shade of the dye-aldehyde combinations shows some variation. This unexplained phenomenon may point to a complicated reaction mechanism or may be related to the metachromatic qualities of the dyes. For this reason the use of the reagent in quantitation experiments still requires further study though it is more constant in shade and reaches a higher intensity in shorter times than previously described mixtures of thionine and SO2. When Feulgen hydrolyzed sections are stained with this reagent followed by the periodic acid Schiff procedure an image results of blue nuclei combined with the well known red extranuclear PAS pattern. With the exception of glycogen the PAS positive polysaccharides withstand the preceding Feulgen hydrolysis. By visual observation no indication of significant overlapping of colors was found.
A HISTOCHEMICAL AND CHROMATOGRAPHIC STUDY OF NORMAL AND ATHEROMATOUS HUMAN ARTERIES
Authors: HENDERSON ANNE E. 
Published: April 2011

Some of the chemical findings of previous workers, on the type and distribution of aortic lipids have been confirmed by histochemical methods and have been extended to include other arteries. With increasing age the total lipid was found to increase in the apparently normal artery. Cholesterol and its esters appeared in the 20-29 decade in the intima of the aorta. Subsequent decades showed a deposition in the intima of other vessels and the media of the aorta. Phospholipid deposition followed a similar pattern. The following steroids have been demonstrated by paper partition chromatography in both the normal and abnormal aorta, cholesterol, cholest-5-ene-3β:7β-diol, cholest-5-ene-3β:7α-diol, cholestane-3β:5α:6β-triol, and cholest-5-ene-3β:24 or 25 diol.