bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensory Qualities, Sensible Qualities, Sensational Qualities
Authors: Byrne Alex 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
In theorizing about perception philosophers have often multiplied qualities. To perceptible qualities of external objects, like colours and shapes (‘sensible’ qualities), have been added qualities of experiences (‘sensory’ qualities) or of sense-data (‘sensational’ qualities). This article starts with sensory qualities. The phrase ‘sensory quality’ is not much in use these days, having lost out to ‘phenomenal character’, ‘phenomenal property’, ‘qualitative character’, or ‘quale’. But whatever sensory qualities are called, pinning them down is no easy matter.
Phenomenal Concepts
Authors: Balog Katalin 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article is about the special, subjective concepts we apply to experience. These are called ‘phenomenal concepts’ (PCs) and they are of special interest in a number of ways. First, they refer to phenomenal experiences, and the qualitative character of those experiences whose metaphysical status is hotly debated. Conscious experiences strike many philosophers as philosophically problematic and difficult to accommodate within a physicalistic metaphysics. Second, PCs are widely thought to be special and unique among concepts. The sense that there is something special about PCs is very closely tied up with features of the epistemic access they afford to qualia.
The Two‐Dimensional Argument Against Materialism
Authors: Chalmers David J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
A number of popular arguments for dualism start from a premise about an epistemic gap between physical truths and truths about consciousness, and infer an ontological gap between physical processes and consciousness. Arguments of this sort include the conceivability argument, the knowledge argument, the explanatory gap argument, and the property dualism argument. Such arguments are often resisted on the grounds that epistemic premises do not entail ontological conclusions. This article views that one can legitimately infer ontological conclusions from epistemic premises, if one is careful about how one reasons. To do so, the best way is to reason first from epistemic premises to modal conclusions (about necessity and possibility), and from there to ontological conclusions. Here the crucial issue is the link between the epistemic and modal domains.
Wide Content
Authors: Egan Frances 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Wide or externalist content is individuated in part by reference to features of a subject's external surroundings, by her physical environment or the community with which she shares a language. Externalists hold that physically identical subjects might have thoughts with different, wide, contents. Internalists either deny that content is wide, claiming that all content supervenes on intrinsic physical states of the subject, and is hence narrow, or insist, at the very least, that the content that individuates a subject's thoughts in predictions and explanations of her behaviour must supervene on her intrinsic properties. This article begins by discussing the arguments for and against wide content. It then argues that genuinely explanatory content is wide.
Narrow Content
Authors: Segal Gabriel 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The notion of narrow content arises from Hilary Putnam's well-known article ‘The Meaning of “Meaning” ‘. Putnam raised the question of whether the meaning of a word in a given subject's mouth is fixed by the subject's psychological states in (what he termed) ‘the narrow sense’. According to Putnam, a psychological state is narrow if a subject's being in that state does not presuppose the existence of anything outside the subject. The idea is that a narrow psychological state is intrinsic to the subject: it does not in any essential way require the subject to stand in any particular relations to anything in her environment.
Imagination
Authors: McGinn Colin 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The topic of imagination is broad and multifarious: we are dealing with an extended family of interrelated concepts and capacities. Imagining covers everything from the simple mental image, to the philosophical counter-example, to the most sublime act of creation. It takes in both dreaming and logical thinking, reverie and hypothesis formation. To bring order to this range of mental phenomena it helps to make an initial distinction between what the article calls sensory and cognitive imagination — roughly, between forming a mental image and entertaining a possibility in the conceptual style.
Language and Thought
Authors: Heil John 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article aims to explore a pattern of reasoning about language and thought that seems to virtually guarantee a distortion of what precisely constitutes thinking. The guiding idea is a simple one, an idea officially embraced by many philosophers, but an idea the implications of which are too easily neglected. The article states a belief in the thesis that something functions as a representation only in so far as it is given a use by a representing agent. This thesis — that representation requires a representing agent — applies in equal measure to non-linguistic ‘pictorial’ and to linguistic representations.
Emotions: Motivating Feelings
Authors: Prinz Jesse 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Historically philosophers have given considerable attention to the topic of emotions. We find important theories being proposed by Aristotle, Descartes, Spinoza, and Hume, among many others. In recent years, after a long hiatus, emotions have come back into vogue. Over the last few decades numerous theories of the emotions have been proposed, and there has also been a flowering of scientific research. This article does not offer a complete review of the literature. Instead, it focuses on one central debate. Roughly, it is a debate about whether emotions are thoughts or feelings. It argues that the evidence currently supports the view that emotions are feelings, and also suggests that this sheds light on the contribution that emotions make to decision making and action.
Intention and Intentional Action
Authors: Mele Alfred R. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Intention, intentional action, and the connections between them are central topics of the philosophy of action, a branch of the philosophy of mind. One who regards the subject matter of the philosophy of mind as having at its core some aspect of what lies between environmental input to beings with minds and behavioural output may be inclined to see the philosophy of action as concerned only with the output end of things. That would be a mistake. Many intentional actions depend for their development on the processing of input — both from the environment and from the body.
Semantic Externalism and Self‐Knowledge
Authors: Brown Jessica 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The distinctive claim made by semantic externalism is that a subject's thought contents are partly individuated by her environment, and do not supervene on her ‘inner states’, such as her brain states. One of the main objections to this position is the claim that it is incompatible with self-knowledge. A subject's knowledge of her own thoughts seems quite different from her knowledge of what others think. A subject uses behavioural evidence to know what others think. However, typically, a subject can know what she herself thinks without inferring this from her own behaviour, and even prior to manifesting any behaviour which could constitute grounds for such an inference.
Self‐Deception
Authors: Bach Kent 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Is self-deception really a matter of deliberately getting oneself to believe something contrary to something else one already believes and, if so, how can one succeed at it? Colloquial phrases for it, like ‘fooling yourself’ and ‘lying to yourself’, evoke paradox. Although this article stresses the more recent philosophical work on the subject, most work on self-deception has focused on this paradox and sought ways to clear the air of it. The article focuses on the puzzles and questions of contemporary philosophical interest.
Business History and History
Authors: Fridenson Patrick 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBusiness history as a specific field was not born inside the historical profession. It first appeared in the United States at Harvard Business School, in 1927. N. S. B. Gras held the first chair in business history. Today business history has indeed become universal. For quite a while, however, and in spite of the initial support from the Annales, the value and methods of business history were questioned by many historians. At the same time, the fact that business history could be taught in departments other than history, mostly business administration and economics, meant that its practitioners could come from these very disciplines and that research and teaching in business history brought them in contact with the trends at work in the historical profession. This article assesses the results of this double process for a field that is steeped in two worlds: inside history and outside history.
The Historical Alternatives Approac
Authors: Zeitlin Jonathan 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe aim of this article is to present a brief conceptual overview of the “historical alternatives” approach to business history. The notion of alternatives is central to this approach in both a historical and a historiographical sense. Historically, the hallmark of the historical alternatives approach is its emphasis on the salience of alternative possibilities, contingency, and strategic choice in the development of modern industry over the past three centuries. Historiographically, it represents an alternative to mainstream currents in economic, technological, and business history: an alternative, in particular, to Chandlerian business history focused on the economic and technological efficiency of administrative coordination and learning within large, hierarchically managed enterprises. The article sets out the core elements of the historical alternatives approach in the form of ten positive theses, before going on to respond to five major misconceived objections that have recurrently arisen in the course of the ensuing debate.
Industrial Districts and Regional Clusters
Authors: Zeitlin Jonathan 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article discusses the relationship between historians and contemporary social scientists. It considers the definition and conceptualization of industrial districts, their origins and sustainability, governance mechanisms, the influence of national institutions, and the nature of current transformations. The article is concerned with several issues. The first of these issues concerns the relationship between the districts and the wider world. Arguably, the self-contained character of the districts has been overstated even for earlier periods. The second issue concerns the changing morphology of the districts and the relationship between different sizes and types of firms within them. The final issue concerns governance and coordination mechanisms within the districts, which are by no means fully understood. Beyond the role of intermediate institutions, which is attracting increasing attention from historians in Italy and elsewhere, researchers might consider the contribution of product standards and accounting techniques in the coordination of economic activity within and across districts.
Business Groups and Interfirm Networks
Authors: Fruin W. Mark 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBusiness groups and interfirm networks, the subjects of this article, along with cartels, consortia, industrial districts, innovation clusters, joint ventures, strategic alliances, unions, industry, and professional associations, are significant examples of organized cooperation in business. Cooperation has been, and continues to be, a primary force for change in business and in nature. What distinguishes business groups and interfirm networks from other examples of organized cooperation are, first, that they are composed of legally distinct firms and, second, that they persist for long periods of time. Thus, unions and professional associations differ on the first dimension, strategic alliances and joint ventures on the second. Business groups and interfirm networks are long-lasting federations of firms. They have been relatively unsung until lately. Interest has grown of late because business groups are identified as playing crucial roles in economic development, and interfirm networks in innovation, especially when complex coordination problems overwhelm firms.
Banking and Finance
Authors: Lescure Michel 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article examines the contributions of business historians to the analysis of comparative financial systems. It begins with the responses of historical research to questions raised by economists. The article then goes on to highlight new questions raised by the work of business historians themselves. It gives a short presentation of the debates among economists. Furthermore, the article gives a detailed account of five topics in an historical perspective: the role of firms' self-financing, the role of external finance and the structure of its components, the systemic character of cross-national variations, the historical origins of national financial systems, and the consequences of these differences for economic performances. Finally, the article presents a short concluding section that considers the problem of convergence.
Design and Engineering
Authors: König Wolfgang 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Design can be interpreted broadly as the whole process resulting in a marketable product. It can also be understood more narrowly as the linking of product planning with production. In this sense, designers and draftsmen transform a concept into drawings that function as production plans. “Design” in this article deals with engineering design and not with industrial design in the artistic sense. Therefore, the focus is more on technical functions than on aesthetic forms. The article focuses on a series of key questions, trying to provide preliminary answers, or at least to formulate theses to orient subsequent research. A central problem is the position of the design function within company organization, and communication between design and other departments, especially production. Another theme is the internal organization of the design department and the hierarchies and qualifications of its working staff.
Corporate Governance
Authors: Herrigel Gary 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article begins by outlining the historical evolution of corporate-governance systems in five major countries: the United States, Britain, Germany, France, and Japan. It then examines the major causal arguments advanced to account for diachronic variations within the country cases as well as synchronic variations between them. The article also highlights some empirically significant phenomena obscured by the framework of the current debate and suggests some ways in which their reintegration may provide greater purchase on the problems of transformation and recomposition thrown up by the debate itself. It discusses some insights of an older historical literature on corporate governance. Finally, the article concludes that the entire contemporary debate could benefit from more careful archival scholarship on the development of corporate governance regimes across the major countries.
Political Socialization
Authors: Jennings M. Kent 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses political socialization, focusing on the major turning points and developments in the field. It addresses the issue of the bull and bear markets of political socialization research and looks at the recent renewed interest in the dynamics of socialization. The role of the family as the main agent of socialization is examined as well. The article includes a discussion on the relevant contextual features that attend the socialization process. It concludes with several comments on a few missed opportunities to study the socialization processes and outcomes of pre-adults, as well as possible future fields of research.
Political Communication
Authors: Semetko Holli A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses research on public opinion, political communication, and political attitudes. It looks at political communication research methods in the contexts of convergence and new media. A brief discussion of the key concepts of framing, agenda-setting, and priming, and the state of comparative political communication research is covered in this article as well. The micro-level effects of media use, the macro-level consequences of changes in media environments, and the future opportunities for political communication research are discussed in the latter portion of this article.
Political Intolerance in the Context of Democratic Theory
Authors: Gibson James L. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article first provides an overview of democratic theory in order to provide a better understanding of the meaning of political intolerance. The concept of tolerance is clearly explained to avoid any confusion with other terms such as permissiveness. The article identifies the role of tolerance in democratic theory and attempts to determine why some citizens are more tolerant than others. It also pinpoints the consequences of mass political intolerance.
Citizen Opinion on Foreign Policy and World Politics
Authors: Eichenberg Richard C. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article provides a review of scholarly literature on several questions about public and citizen opinion. It presents data from various public opinion surveys in order to illustrate the discussion. A detailed discussion of why the answers to an individual survey question can be considered meaningless is found in one section. The article shows that an analysis of many questions on policy issues can be combined to measure the ‘mood’ of the public on policy choices. The article ends with a discussion of how opinion moods change in response to government policies and an examination of the questions of how ‘rational’ these opinions are.
Norms of Citizenship
Authors: van Deth Jan W. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses the normative aspects of citizenship or the support for the ‘norms of citizenship’. The norms discussed in the article refer to the image of a ‘good citizen’, which is characterized by the acceptance of such norms being active in politics and public life. The definition of a good citizen is provided, and the norms of citizenship are enumerated and discussed.
Democratic Values
Authors: Thomassen Jacques 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article looks at an assessment of the extent to which people all over the world support democracy as a form of government. It presents the argument that such an assessment cannot provide enough information as long as the people's definition of democracy remains uncertain. It then discusses the main connotations that people associate with democracy with the main democratic values discerned in normative democratic theory. Finally, the article assesses the extent people uphold the more specific values of democracy, if they are asked to apply them in particular instances.
An Institutional Theory of Political Choice
Authors: Sniderman Paul M. , Levendusky Matthew S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article discusses the emergence of a perspective that views rational choice and psychological concerns as allies: the institutional theory of political choice. It lays out a theoretical framework that could be used to integrate the internal and external explanatory mechanisms of a theory of political choice. It discusses behavioural economics as a model, followed by the properties of political choice sets. The number, labeling, and polarization of alternatives are examined. The article also looks at the concept of envoi.
The Decline of Social Class?
Authors: Knutsen Oddbjørn 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses the various aspects of the class cleavage. An outline of Karl Marx's and Max Weber's conceptions of social class is provided. The class cleavage is placed within the context of political behaviour in the well-known Lipset and Rokkan model for political cleavages in industrial societies. The article discusses the different phases in the study of class voting, and gives an outline of a possible new trend in class-voting analysis. Class schemas, statistical measurements, and explanations of cross-national differences in class-voting and systematic empirical tests are then summarized. Finally, the article reviews the important debates in the studies of class voting.
New Dimensions of Political Cleavage
Authors: Deegan‐Krause Kevin 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article presents a survey of political cleavage. The survey presented in the article asks what scholars mean when they talk about cleavages; the revelations of recent studies about the contours of new cleavages, their origins, and their consequences are included. The model of difference, divide, and cleavage is illustrated in the article. The article lists the new typologies of cleavage, and the new explanations for cleavage are also provided.
Social Capital
Authors: Stolle Dietlind 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article provides an assessment of the current state of research within these debates on social capital. A discussion of the various roots, conceptions, and measurements of social capital can be found in the first section of the article. It examines the different consequences and benefits of social capital, and the main theoretical frameworks, competing ideas, and evidence on sources of social capital are observed as well. It tries to determine why some countries, regions, villages, or individuals possess more social capital than others. Finally, the article gives an overview of future issues in social capital research.
Civil Society and Democratization
Authors: Wnuk-Lipiński Edmund 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses democratization and civil society. An explanation of the concept of civil society is provided, followed by the various functions of civil society. It reveals that the concept of civil society was largely ignored by researchers for most of the twentieth century. Democratization and the transition to democracy and emergence of a civil society are discussed. The latter portion of the article is mostly concerned with political culture and the quality of civil society.
New Feminist Challenges to the Study of Political Engagement
Authors: Norris Pippa 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article examines some of the key research questions and the recent theoretical advances that seek to explain the activism gap. It focuses on the feminist challenges to the conventional study of political behaviour. The article is divided into five main sections. The first and second sections look at the reasons for scholarship growth on gender studies in recent decades and at the documentation of the extent of a contemporary ‘activism gap’ among men and women as citizens and politicians. The distinguishing features and theoretical assumptions of rival frameworks that aim to explain the activism gap are studied in the third section. The fourth section centres on some studies on the role of cultural attitudes and resources that illustrate supply-side explanations. Finally, the fifth section discusses a summary of alternative demand-side perspectives on the root causes of women and men's political activism.