bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrom in Three Urban Communities of Dhaka City
Authors: Sayeed Shurovi , Banu Akhter , Khanam Parvin Akter , Alauddin Sharmina , Makbul Sabrina , Begum Tanjima , Mahtab H , Sayeed M Abu 
Published: July 2009

Bangladeshis are prone to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension (sHTN and dHTN) and atherosclerotic heart diseases, observed more predominantly in the urban population. Though metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a related disorder, there are few studies in this regard. The prevalence of obesity, T2DM and MetS in three urban communities of Bangladesh were addressed in this study. Nine hundred non-slum urban households in three Dhaka City Wards were randomly selected. One member (age ≥ 25y) from each household was invited for investigation with an overnight fast. Socio-demographic information as well as height, weight, waist-girth, hip-girth and blood pressure were measured. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), total cholesterol (chol), triglycerides (TG) and high-density lipoproteins-c (HDL) were estimated. A total of 705 (m / f = 239 / 466) subjects volunteered for the study. The mean value with 95% confidence interval (CI) of age was 42.4 (40.9 - 43.1) years for men and 37.8 (36.8 - 38.7) for women. The mean (CI) body mass index (BMI) was 21.0 (20.6 - 21.5) and 22.6 (22.2 - 22.9) and waist hip ratio (WHR) was 0.84 (0.83 - 0.84) and 0.82 (0.81 - 0.83), respectively for men and women. The mean (CI) FPG (fasting plasma glucose) was 5.5 (5.2 - 5.7) for men and 5.2 (5.0 - 5.4) for women. The prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 25.0) was 21%, T2DM (FPG ≥ 6.1 mmol/l) was 22.2%, triglyceridemia (TG ≥ 150mg/dl) was 45.1% and low HDL-c (HDL<40mg/ dl) was 43.8%. The crude prevalence of MetS varied based on different cluster combinations, being the lowest (0.3%) recommended by WHO cluster (FPG + BMI + SBP/DBP) and the highest (8.7%) by International Diabetes Federation (IDF) cluster (waist + FPG + HDL). The MetS was found higher in male than female by NCEP criteria and higher in female than male by IDF criteria. The study revealed an increased prevalence of obesity, T2DM and MetS in the urban communities. It also revealed that T2DM and MetS are moderately common and of growing healthcare burden in the rapidly growing urban population. Additionally, the study observed the wide ranging prevalence rates of MetS in the same study population indicating the need to establish a consistent and useful MetS-cluster depending on population characteristics. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(2): 44-48 Key Words: Metabolic syndrome, urban, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia doi: 10.3329/imcj.v2i2.2936
Prevalence of Tobacco Consumption in a Rural Community of Bangladesh
Authors: Ahmed Shaila , Akter Masuma , Mahzabeen Rishad , Sayeed Samia , Momtaz Hasina , Sayeed MA 
Published: July 2009

This cross sectional study was conducted in a rural community of Sreepur Thana during the month of November 2007. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of tobacco consumption in the study area and observe some other associated variables. Respondents of both sexes aged 15 years and above were considered. The estimated sample size was 550 out of which 426 were found to be consumers of tobacco. Majority of the study population were males (68.4%). Illiteracy was found in 34.7% of the respondents. Most of them had some type of small business (38.2%) and a monthly expenditure between Tk.3001-6000 in 44% of the households. Prevalence of tobacco usuer was estimated to be 77.5%. Of them, 59% were smokers and 41% chewers. The most common form of smoking and chewing was found to be cigarette (69%) and jarda (94.6%) respectively. A large percentage of the respondents (94%) knew about the adverse health effects caused by consumption of tobacco. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(2): 58-60 Key Words: Tobacco consumption, smoking, rural community. doi: 10.3329/imcj.v2i2.2939
Cost Differentials between Private and Public Hospitals for Antimicrobial Treatment of Admitted Patients Suffering from Pneumonia and Diarrhoea
Authors: Akter Seikh Farid Uddin , Jabbar MA , Mazumder Saroj Kumar , Mia Abdul Mazid , Fazlul Afia 
Published: July 2009

This study was undertaken to estimate cost differentials between private and public hospitals for antimicrobial treatment of the admitted paediatiric patients who were suffering from pneumonia or diarrhoea - the two most common infectious paediatric problems in Bangladesh. The study was conducted between August 2002 and January 2003 in paediatric wards of two selected medical college hospitals-one public and the other private. The treatment charts of 107 admitted paediatric patients who received antimicrobial agent(s) for the treatment of pneumonia (88) or diarrhoea (19) were reviewed daily from the day of admission of the patients till their discharge from the hospitals. The total costs of antimicrobial agents per patient were based on the current market price of these agents. The average cost of antimicrobial course(s) per patient of pneumonia were for great in private hospital while that of diarrhoea was higher in public hospital. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(2): 61-64 Key Words: Antimicrobial therapy, cost differentials, pneumonia, diarrhoea. doi: 10.3329/imcj.v2i2.2940
Pattern of Musculoskeletal Disorders among Diabetic Patients Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital in Dhaka
Authors: Khan Md Shah Zaman , Shakoor MA , Moyeenuzzaman Md , Islam Md Quanurul 
Published: July 2009

Disorders of musculo-skeletal (MSK) system are common conditions seen in diabetic patients. The present study investigated the pattern of MSK disorders among the Bangladeshi diabetic patients attending the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation of a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka over a period of one year. A total of 2062 diabetic patients with MSK disorders were included in the study. Degenerative joint diseases were more common (53.2%) than inflammatory arthropathies (20.1%). Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(2): 65-66 Key Words: Musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders, diabetic patients, BIRDEM doi: 10.3329/imcj.v2i2.2941
Vitamin A Concentration in Cord and Maternal Serum and its Relation to Birth Weight
Authors: Barua Dipi , Chowdhury TA , Barua Ashim Ranjan 
Published: July 2009

Low birth weight (LBW) is a common problem in Bangladesh associated with poor survival, growth and development. Among many factors, Vitamin A deficiency is thought to be associated with LBW. To investigate this relation a study was conducted at Maternity and Child Health Training Institute at Azimpur, Dhaka during January 2000 - July 2002. One hundred pregnant women (38-40 wks of gestation) with their newborns were included. Weights of the newborns were recorded within 20 - 30 minutes of delivery. Vitamin A level was estimated in maternal and cord serum. The newborns having weight <2500gm showed Vitamin A level of 49.40 ± 3.04μg/dl in their maternal serum while those weighing ≥2500gm had a Vitamin A level of 60.18 ± 2.03μg/dl in their maternal serum. A trend of increased maternal serum Vitamin A level was observed with increasing birth weight. Thus neonates with higher birth weights were found to be associated with higher values of maternal serum Vitamin A, though not being statistically significant. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(1): 9-12 Key words: LBW, Vitamin A, cord blood, neonates doi: 10.3329/imcj.v3i1.2911
Effect of Gestational Homocystein on Fetal Growth in Bangladeshi Women
Authors: Shirin Farzana , Mehdi Tahrim , Alam Md Mahbubul , Nath Ronjon Kumer , Hoque Md Mozammel 
Published: July 2009

Hyperhomocysteinemia has been reported among the women of south Asian countries including Bangladesh. It affects fetal development through intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and is one of the important issues associated with low birth weight (LBW) of newborns. If its association with IUGR can be established, then maternal serum Hcy could help diagnose IUGR cases and ultimately provide scope for prevention and treatment of the cases by supplementation of B-vitamins and folic acid. In this case control study, 80 pregnant women were enrolled, of which 30 were IUGR cases while 50 appropriate for gestational age (AGA) pregnancies worked as control. Maternal Hcy at 3rd trimester of all the subjects were measured and its effects on neonatal size were analyzed. The maternal Hcy of the IUGR cases was significantly higher than the control. The babies born to IUGR cases had a significantly lower birth weight, lower height and lower OFC compared to the babies born to control mothers. Weight, length and OFC of the newborns showed significant inverse correlation with maternal Hcy. Hyperhomocysteinemia was found to be a significant risk factor for LBW (OR 5.23, 95% CI 1.92-14.23), short stature (OR 2.19, CI 0.792-6.06 ) and low OFC (OR 3.04, CI 1.15-8.04) of the newborns. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(1): 13-16 Keywords: Homocysteine, intrauterine growth restriction, low birth weight, pregnancy. doi: 10.3329/imcj.v3i1.2912
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Hospital Delivery among Rural Married Women in Northern Bangladesh
Authors: Yasmin Nawzia , Alam Khairul , Lahiry Suman , Faruquee Mahmud Hossain , Ahmad Tamjida 
Published: July 2009

Various programs for safe motherhood aiming to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality are undertaken by public sectors as well as the NGOs. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on the married women in their reproductive age (15-40y) belonging to 211 households of Shitlai village of Kahalu Thana of Bogra district in Bangladesh from January to April 2007. Using a semi-structured questionnaire, data were collected by door-to-door visits and through face-to-face interviews with the respondents. Considering the knowledge on safe motherhood and safe delivery, majority of the respondents (98.6%) mentioned that every pregnant mother should receive antenatal care, and 97.6% said that pregnancy is a period of risk. Regarding safety, 96.2% mentioned hospital delivery as safe, while 80.6% mentioned home delivery as a risk. Among the respondents, 70.1% said that ANC is important, 29.9% was found to be informed of child birth complications, 16.1% knew the duration of pregnancy, 8.1% knew the danger signs of pregnancy, 4.7% about emergency obstetric care (EOC), 4.3% about expected date of delivery (EDD), 2.4% about safe motherhood and 28.4% about the access of health facilities in the village. Among the respondents, 85.3% showed a positive attitude towards hospital delivery while 14.7% had a negative attitude. Study also showed that majority of the respondents (66.8%) had delivered at home, and only onefourth of the respondents delivered their index child in a hospital. Thus the study recommends to improve the knowledge, economic status, to change the decision making process through the launching of different activities with appropriate health programmes. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(1): 17-20 Key Words: Knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP), hospital delivery, married women doi: 10.3329/imcj.v3i1.2914
Factors Associated with Multidrup-Resistant Tuberculosis
Authors: Amin Md Nurul , Rahman Md Anisur , Flora Meerjady Sabrina , Azad Md Abul Kalam 
Published: July 2009

This case control study was conducted in selected centers of Dhaka City from March to July 2008 to determine the association of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis with the attributes related to treatment and socio-economic condition of tuberculosis patients. Sixty seven culture-proven multidrug-resistant tuberculosis cases and similar number of age and sex matched controls were selected purposively. Data were collected by face to face interview and documents' review, using a pre tested structured questionnaire and a checklist. Multidrug-resistance was found to be associated with occupation (p=0.001) and residential status (p=0.001) of the tuberculosis patients. Tuberculosis patients who did not remain under directly observed treatment were 3 times more likely to develop multidrugresistant tuberculosis (OR 3.21, 95%CI=1.59-6.52). Multidrug-resistance was associated with inadequacy of treatment (OR 2.56, 95%CI=2.03-3.23). Failure of sputum conversion at the end of 2 months of treatment was detected to be the best predictor of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (OR 11.82, 95% CI=4.61-30.33), followed by treatment with non Directly Observed Treatment Short course regimen and high labor intensive occupations like agriculture, production and transport. The risk factors of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis warrant much improvement in the effective implementation of control programs. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(1): 29-33 Key wards: Tuberculosis, MDR TB. doi: 10.3329/imcj.v3i1.2917
SS: The Future of Seismic Imaging; Reverse Time Migration and Full Wavefield Inversion - Reverse Time Migration Imaging and Model Estimation
Authors: Farmer Paul , Zhou Zheng-Zheng Joe , Jones David 
Published: July 2009

The Role of Reverse Time Migration in Imaging and Model Estimation

Introduction
The key depth imaging technology addressed in this article is Reverse Time Migration (RTM). It will be compared to Kirchhoff, beam and other wave equation migration (WEM) techniques. There will be an emphasis on reducing exploration cycle time and risk. Recent trends such as TTI anisotropy and wide azimuth applications will also be discussed. RTM is most suitable in geologic regimes that exhibit significant amounts of salt. Typically, there are contrasts in velocity and steeply dipping features in this setting. The key conclusion from this article will be that by using RTM throughout the imaging sequence, including model building, the total cycle time of the project can be significantly reduced. Exploration risk is also reduced by RTM because it produces images that are more accurate in terms of structure and amplitudes.

Sub-Salt Imaging Challenges
The challenges of subsalt imaging are daunting. Salt structures are formed when salt sheets intrude into the higher-density sediments deposited above them. The resulting domes, walls, pillows, ridges and fountains are complex. They can be free-floating or remain attached to the base salt layer as irregular, mushroom-shaped bodies called diapirs. The map in Figure 1 gives an indication of how common these highly complex salt bodies are in exploration. Imaging in salt rich domains is difficult since the seismic waves reflected off the steep flanks of subsurface features travel near horizontal so it is a problem for standard imaging algorithms to image them. Further the top of salt structures is often highly rugose, which causes the scattering of seismic waves into multiple paths. These factors, if not taken into consideration, can yield misleading information about the location and geometry of prospective formations. In the 80's, the Kirchhoff depth migration method was used to image seismic data. From the 1990's, wave equation migration methods were used in combination with Kirchhoff methods to try to fully resolve structures not adequately resolved with Kirchhoff migration. Starting in 2005, reverse time migration became commercially viable in all phases of the imaging sequence.
The Greater Plutonio Riser Tower.
Authors: de la Cruz Daniel , Zimmermann Charles Alexandre , Neveux Pierre , Louvety Franck 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The paper presents a general overview of the Greater Plutonio Hybrid Riser Tower. It covers the various phases that led to the realization of this unique system: conception, procurement, fabrication, offshore installation and start up.
This Riser Tower is now installed and operating in Angola in a water depth of 1310m (4300 feet). It gathers 11 risers and one umbilical. It is the largest in diameter and weight installed in the world so far. After concept selection and a detailed design phase, all elements were procured from numerous suppliers and assembled on the Lobito yard in Angola. The tower was then towed in a submerged configuration and upended on the Greater Plutonio site. It was then anchored in position, connected to the flowlines and the FPSO before being tested and used for production.
Some lessons learned for future projects by the Oil Company and the Contractor with particular emphasis on the possibility of extending the use of this concept in ultra deepwater are presented.

Introduction
The Hybrid Riser Tower (HRT) is one of the riser system concepts suitable for deep and ultra deep water field developments. This concept has been used previously on the Garden Banks, Girassol and Rosa Lirio fields. The Greater Plutonio HRT is believed to be the largest installed in the world today. It allows conveying all production and injection fluids of the five BP operated fields on the Greater Plutonio site which are: Galio, Cromio, Paladio, Cobalto and Plutonio. In comparison, the oil production passing through this tower is about the same as the one passing through the three towers of the Girassol field.
The Greater Plutonio HRT was part of a turnkey contract executed by Acergy to provide Umbilicals, Risers and Flowlines to BP and its partners to allow production, injection, mooring, offloading and control functions between the Subsea Production Systems and a spread moored FPSO. The contract was awarded in February 2004 and the first oil production occurred in October 2007.
The present paper provides an overview of the main phases leading to the delivery of the Riser Tower package within the project and some associated Lessons Learned.

Description of the tower
The riser configuration selected for the Greater Plutonio Field Development consists of one single Riser Tower, with a buoyancy tank. The overall configuration is shown hereunder. A riser tower is a bundle of several risers, anchored to the seabed and tensioned by means of buoyancy. It is connected to the FPSO by means of flexible jumpers and to the seabed flowlines termination assemblies by means of spools. These spools are designed to accommodate tower inclination (mainly due to the FPSO excursions), as well as expansion of both risers and flowlines.
SS: Testing in the Offshore: Benefits of Physical Modeling Deepwater Pipeline and Riser Instalations
Authors: Brown Robert J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Considering the magnitude and complexity of the new oil and gas deep-water developments new tools are required to fully understand the inter relationship between the drilling, production and transportation systems. Physical modeling in deep water has been shown to be an extremely useful tool. This aids defining the relationships between the components physically and then coupling the scheduling function during all phases of the installation. When considering a deepwater moored structure the entire footprint covers a vast area and usually consists of twelve to fourteen mooring lines. Through this maze there can be as many as twenty to thirty lines servicing the production area. On top of this, pipelines are required to traverse this area. The technique to maneuver amongst this mess is called " keelhauling??. Keelhauling is the ability of the contractors with two or three large vessels tied together with a heavy cable to safely and efficiently work amongst the many elements. In addition you need a remote operated vehicle (ROV) the size of a large sport utility vehicle (SUV) in a garage be lowered to the bottom, then swim out some fifteen hundred feet and do hard work. It has to connect and disconnect cables holding up to 800 tons. During the modeling phase vessel operators, riggers and field engineers obtain a valuable understanding of the three dimensional aspects of working among pipelines, manifolds, risers and mooring lines safely. In fact the riggers use this as a tool for establishing their cable requirements, pendant lengths, and spooling capacities for a safe operation. The latest modeling has incorporated the surface support equipment " watch circles?? for avoiding clashing amongst the various components. The information acquired shows the potential problem areas for which contingency plans can be developed and safe installations achieved.

Introduction
Complex deepwater developments require planning and insight that was not required for the shallow water installations in past. The deeper the water, the more the engineer is required to think three dimensionally. Model simulation has evolved to the stage that it is now being used with a high degree of accuracy three dimensionally. It provides a complete picture of projects for the engineer and clients and aids them to understand the clashing between the various offshore production systems. The deepwater systems require moorings that are complex and cover an area of some ten square miles. This is even more complicated when several different floating vessels vie for the same area. These can include forms of drilling and production risers along with flowlines, water injection and export systems. One would question how the use of modeling with strings versus chains would have identical curves. This is true when each are on the same starting and ending positions. The only difference is that the vertical force to hold up a chain is much greater than that of a string. This is the definition of the properties of a " catenary??.
SS: Jack-up Rig Technology - New Simplified Conceptual Model for Spudcan Foundations on Sand Overlying Clay Soils
Authors: Lee Kok Kuen , Randolph Mark Felton , Cassidy Mark Jason 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The paper reports the development of a new simplified conceptual model for evaluating the peak penetration resistance of spudcan foundations on sand overlying soft clay, where potential for punch-through exists. Observations of the failure mode for spudcans penetrating through a sand layer into soft clay have shown that at peak bearing resistance a frustum of sand is forced into the underlying clay, with the outer angle reflecting the dilation in the sand. This has formed the basis of the new analytical design approach. The analytical basis of the conceptual model follows the approach for silo analysis, and takes account of the stress level and dilatant response of the sand. It is therefore an advancement over the punching shear and load spread models advocated in the current SNAME (2002) approach, which do not consider the strength properties of the sand. Results from 47 centrifuge model tests spanning a wide range of foundation diameter and sand layer thickness are shown to match the new design method well. The experimental results are significantly underestimated by the design approach of the current design guidelines SNAME (2002). Although the new design method has been formulated for a surface sand layer overlying clay, it may be extended to cover the situation of an interbedded sand layer.

Introduction
Punch-through hazards of a jack-up foundation on sand overlying clay is a common problem in the industry. It has been reported that spudcan punch-through failures occur at an average rate of one incident per year, costing the industry between US$1 million and US$10 million per incident due to rig damage and loss of drilling time (Osborne and Paisley, 2002). Punch-through commonly occurs during the installation of the jack-up unit, where the spudcans are preloaded to ensure the foundation system is capable of resisting the design loads arising under extreme storm conditions. Punch-through hazard exists when the bearing capacity of the layered soil (referred to as peak penetration resistance, qpeak, in this paper) is lower than the preloading pressure.
The traditional analytical methods used to calculate the peak penetration resistance on sand overlying clay are the punching shear method as shown in Figure 1, which is based on Hanna and Meyerhof (1980), and the projected area method as shown in Figure 2.