bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Administration of ON 01210.Na after exposure to ionizing radiation protects bone marrow cells by attenuating DNA damage response
Authors: Suman Shubhankar , Maniar Manoj , Fornace Albert J , Datta Kamal 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Background
Ionizing radiation-induced hematopoietic injury could occur either due to accidental exposure or due to diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Currently there is no approved drug to mitigate radiation toxicity in hematopoietic cells. This study investigates the potential of ON 01210.Na, a chlorobenzylsulfone derivative, in ameliorating radiation-induced hematopoietic toxicity when administered after exposure to radiation. We also investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying this activity.

Methods
Male C3H/HeN mice (n = 5 mice per group; 6-8 weeks old) were exposed to a sub-lethal dose (5 Gy) of γ radiation using a 137Cs source at a dose rate of 0.77 Gy/min. Two doses of ON 01210.Na (500 mg/kg body weight) were administered subcutaneously at 24 h and 36 h after radiation exposure. Mitigation of hematopoietic toxicity by ON 01210.Na was investigated by peripheral white blood cell (WBC) and platelet counts at 3, 7, 21, and 28 d after radiation exposure. Granulocyte macrophage colony forming unit (GM-CFU) assay was done using isolated bone marrow cells, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) was performed on bone marrow sections at 7 d post-exposure. The DNA damage response pathway involving ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and p53 was investigated by Western blot in bone marrow cells at 7 d post-exposure.

Results
Compared to the vehicle, ON 01210.Na treated mice showed accelerated recovery of peripheral WBC and platelet counts. Post-irradiation treatment of mice with ON 01210.Na also resulted in higher GM-CFU counts. The mitigation effects were accompanied by attenuation of ATM-p53-dependent DNA damage response in the bone marrow cells of ON 01210.Na treated mice. Both phospho-ATM and phospho-p53 were significantly lower in the bone marrow cells of ON 01210.Na treated than in vehicle treated mice. Furthermore, the Bcl2:Bax ratio was higher in the drug treated mice than the vehicle treated groups.

Conclusions
ON 01210.Na treatment significantly mitigated the hematopoietic toxicity induced by a sub-lethal radiation dose. Mechanistically, attenuation of ATM-p53 mediated DNA damage response by ON 01210.Na is contributing to the mitigation of radiation-induced hematopoietic toxicity.
Peritoneal macrophage from male and female SJL mice differ in IL-10 expression and macrophage maturation
Authors: Hussain Shabbir , Stohlman Stephen A 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTInjection of proteins and particulate antigens into the peritoneal cavity of male SJL mice preferentially activates T cells secreting Th2 cytokines. Identical immunizations of females activate T cells secreting Th1 cytokines. CD11b+F4/80hi LPM and CD11b+F4/80lo SPM populations were compared between naive males and females to define their role in supporting differential Th1 versus Th2 T cell activation. No sex-dependent differences in the expression of MHC class II, costimulatory molecules, and MR were detected. Immunization induced influx of CD11bloF4/80lo cells in both sexes. CD11bloF4/80lo cells consist predominantly of Ly6Chi monocytes, which mature into a Ly6C− SPM subset. Following immunization, equivalent frequencies of LPM had taken up antigen. However, the CD11bloF4/80lo population, which had taken up antigen, was decreased significantly in males compared with females. Similar to naïve macrophages, antigen-positive cells in immunized males and females exhibited no phenotypic differences. However, fewer Ly6C−F4/80+ cells were present in males compared with females, consistent with the reduced number of antigen-positive cells. Furthermore, CD11bloF4/80lo cells, which had taken up antigen in males, expressed increased IL-10 and limited IL-12 mRNA compared with the predominant IL-12 mRNA expression in female-derived, antigen-positive CD11bloF4/80lo cells. IL-10 blockade increased the frequency of Ly6C−F4/80+ cells in males to the frequency in females, suggesting that preferential activation of Th2 T cells in male SJL mice is associated with increased IL-10 expression and limited antigen presentation as a result of decreased macrophage maturation under the influence of IL-10.
Individual Electrospun Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Nanofiber Wetting using AFM
Authors: Li Shuangwu , Barber Asa H. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTThe surface of polymer nanofibers plays a significant role in many applications thus measurement of their surface properties is essential but challenging due to their relatively small size. This study details AFM wetting tests for individual electrospun Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) nanofibers in order to measure their polar and dispersive surface free energy components. Individual electrospun PVA nanofibers have been immersed and removed from three different low vapor pressure liquids using AFM. The polymer nanofiber-liquid interactions can be monitored by AFM and accurate measurements of contact angle between liquids and the nanofiber surface can be made. These wetting data were used to produce Owens-Wendt plot giving the dispersive and polar components of the nanofiber surface. Results are compared with bulk polymer films to conclude how the surface properties of electrospun polymer nanofibers are different from bulk polymer material.
Gels for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage
Authors: Baglioni Piero , Berti Debora , Bonini Massimo , Carretti Emiliano , Del Carmen Casas Perez Maria , Chelazzi David , Dei Luigi , Fratini Emiliano , Giorgi Rodorico , Natali Irene , Arroyo. Marcia Carolina 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTThe consolidation of a pictorial surface or the removal of undesired material from the surface of an artifact, are the most important and delicate operations in the conservation of cultural heritage. In this contribution we report on the synthesis and characterization of two innovative systems for the cleaning of works of art: i) highly viscous polymeric dispersions (HVPDs) of poly(vinyl alcohol-co-vinyl acetate) random copolymer (PVAc), and ii) chemical gels from acrylamide - N,N’-methylene bisacrylamide, loaded with innovative aqueous cleaning systems. These systems were prepared, characterized and tested over artistic surfaces, such as wood and canvas. Rheology and FTIR spectroscopy allowed the characterization of the materials, and provided evidence that the systems allow an efficient cleaning of the substrates, without leaving residues.
On Anomalous Time-Distance Curves Observed in Local Earthquakes
Authors: Nishimura Euchi , Mikumo Takeshi , Otsuka Michio 
Published: January 2012

The precise observations of local earthquakes were carried out in Wakayama District, Japan, for the purpose of studying the crustal structure and the nature of local shocks.
The travel-time anomalies were detected, and the anomalous time-distance curves were separable into two groups which seemed to be related with the directions of the initial motion of shocks recorded at their respective stations. The causes of the travel-time anomalies may reasonably be attributed to the condition of the hypocentre and mechanism of earthquake occurrence.
On the Theory of Convective Currents
Authors: Haltiner G. J. 
Published: January 2012

A theory of steady state, saturated, convective currents is presented which includes the transfer of heat and momentum by lateral diffusion as well as the systematic entrainment of environmental air. The system of equations governing the behavior of such convective currents is derived and numerically integrated for a variety of initial and environmental conditions. In agreement with basic physical principles, it is found that the cloud height, mass, vertical velocity, temperature excess over the environment, and liquid water content all increase with increasing (a) initial temperature, (b) environmental relative humidity, and (c) environmental lapse rate; but all decrease as the diffusion coefficient increases. Also the cloud height, vertical velocity, temperature excess, and liquid water content increase with increasing initial velocity: however, the total mass of air decreases with increasing initial velocity, reflecting a lower rate of entrainment.
Even with frictional drag in the form of momentum loss by diffusion, the updraft overshoots the level of zero buoyancy in the upper part of the cloud, giving rise to cloud temperatures at the cloud top which may be several degrees colder than the environment.
When applied to an upper-air sounding taken near the time and location of a thunderstorm, the model gives the right order of magnitude for the cloud height, vertical velocity, and temperature excess over environment for a diffusion coefficient of k1 = .001 sec–1. While the life cycle of a convective cloud is certainly not a steady-state phenomenon, the theory probably affords a fair approximation of the convective cloud during the updraft stage.
Some Problems on Poisson’s Ratio in the Earth‘s Crust
Authors: Nishimura Eiichi , Kamitsuki Akra , Kishimoto Yoshimichi 
Published: January 2012

Instead of the time-distance graph, the P-S diagram is effectively employed to estimate the value of Poisson’s ratio in the earth’s crust. This diagram is advantageous, especially to detect its local anomaly or distribution. The obtained results are as follows:

Applying this method to eighteen earthquakes occurring in south-western Japan, the domain with anomalously large Poisson’s ratio was found in the Kyushu district. This hints to the possibility of an existence of a local magmatic reservoir.
The azimuthal distribution of the crustal Poisson’s ratio in case of earthquake occurrence was investigated and it was found to be considerably different in the push- and pull-zone of initial seismic motion. This may be related to the state of stress accumulation causing the earthquake occurrence.
Steady plane fronts in a rotating fluid
Authors: Welander Pierre 
Published: January 2012

A derivation is given of the equations describing a steady plane front in a rotating differentially heated fluid bounded by a horizontal non-conducting wall. The kinematic viscosity v and the thermal conductivity ϰ are aaeumed small and of the same order.
The thickness of the front is of order (v/Ω)½, where Ω is the angular velocity, and the characteristic length along the front is of order (gα/Ω2)tgεΔT, where g is the acceleration of gravity, α the coefficient of thermal expansion, ε the slope of the front, and ΔT the temperature variation across the front. There is a circulation in a vertical plane perpendicular to the front surface driven by the friction boundary layer. In this plane Coriolis acceleration, non-linear acceleration and friction forces are all of the same ordet.. Considering the mass and momentum transport equations and requiring the solution to be gravitationally stable, one can show that there must bea frictional inflow towards the front surface from both the cold and the warm side. A similarity form satisfies the front equations and leads to a system of ordinary differential equations. Some qualitative features of the solution can be deduced, but the complete solution, requiring an analysis of the transition region where the front joins the friction boundary layer, is still lacking.
The result obtained is in qualitative agreement with observations of fronts in some laboratory experiments, and with observations of natural fronts in the atmosphere and the oceans. In the latter cases the parameters v and ϰ in the theory should stand for the turbulent coefficients of viscosity and conductivity.
On parametric values and types of representation in wind-driven ocean circulation studies
Authors: Veronis G. 
Published: January 2012

The vertically averaged equations of motion for the barotropic model of wind-driven ocean circulation on the β-plane are discussed. An attempt is made to evaluate the two non-dimensional parameters, viz., the Rossby number, R, and the (bottom) frictional parameter, ε, by comparing observed scales with those derived from simple boundary layer arguments. It is found that ε and R are (upper) bounded for the model if one imposes the scale of the Gulf Stream as the smallest significant scale of the ocean. Maximum values for the bottom-friction coefficient and for the ratio of wind-stress to depth of the model are determined. The general problem of analyzing the equations by approximate (numerical) techniques is discussed and a proposal is made to carry out the analysis by working with limited representations and correspondingly exaggerated values of the parameters. Finally a comparison is made of the error involved in treating Stommel's steady, linear, frictional model by two approximate methods, a limited Fourier representation and a finite-difference scheme. The latter is found to describe the solution of the linear model with considerably less distortion than the former. Flans to treat the fully non-linear, time-dependent system are described.
Experimental Determination of Electron Orbits in the Field of a Magnetic Dipole
Authors: Brunberg Ernst-Åke 
Published: January 2012

An analogue method for determination of electron orbits in a magnetic dipole field has been developed by Malmfors several years ago. The method is in principle a scale model experiment in a vacuum chamber where the results are obtained by measuring the deflection of an electron beam in the field of a “terrella”. During the last years this method has been further developed, and particle orbits corresponding to the following momenta have now been measured:

2 · 109 – 1010 eV/c
Orbits arriving at magnetic latitude 58° in E, S, W and N directions at zenith angles of 0°, 20°, 40°, 60°, 80°. Orbits arriving from zenith at different latitudes beginning with 38° and conuing at intervals of 2 degrees up to the pole.

1010 – ∞ eV/c
Orbits arriving at magnetic latitude
0°, 10°, 20°, 30°, 40°, 50°, 60°, 70°, 80°, and 90°
from E, S, W and N directions at zenith angles of
0°, 8°, 16°, 24°, 32°, 40°, 48°, 56°, 64°, 72°, and 80°.

The direction of orbits far away from the dipole is published as a function of momentum. The particles are assumed to move towards the earth and to be positively charged.
This article includes only diagrams for the latitudes 90°—60°. The remaining ones will be published in the next issue of this journal.
A Power Law Representation of the Heat Transfer in the Lowest 100 metres of the Atmosphere
Authors: Frost R. 
Published: January 2012

On the assumptions that the flux of heat in the air is governed by an interchange coefficient which can be represented by a simple power law of the height above the surface, that the flux of heat in the ground is by molecular processes and that during the daylight hours the variation of temperature can be represented by a sine function, the phase angle of the diurnal temperature wave is calculated and is shewn to be in good agreement with observations. The phase angle of the annual temperature wave is also discussed.
Calculations of KH the coefficient of eddy conductivity of heat and of its mode of variation with height in unstable conditions suggest that it is approximately equal to KM the coefficient of eddy viscosity.
On the Use of Space-Smoothing in Physical Weather Forecasting
Authors: Fjørtoft Ragnar 
Published: January 2012

In section 1–2 a certain space-smoothing operation is defined and its usefulness in solving elliptic equations is demonstrated in the case of a Poisson equation. It leads to solutions in a closed form which possess the numerical simplicity of the ordinary iteration methods, but is converging more rapidly. The reverse operation of unsmoothing is also defined as far as it can be done, and it is mentioned that the combined processes of smoothing and unsmoothing are convenient tools for obtaining a spectral analysis of horizontal scalar fields, and also to remove systematical errors which are made when derivatives are taken as finite differences.
In sections 3–6 the application of smoothing is shown in the barotropic forecasting problem. At first a general theorem is proved concerning trajectories of two-dimensional non-divergent flow. It states that if the streamfunction ψ1 of such a flow can be decomposed into two components ψ2, α of which α is individually conserved in the ψ1-motion, then the displacements of the fluid particles up to any time can be found by at first displacing in the stationary flow αt=0 = const and then adding from the resulting positions the displacements in the flow with the streamfunction ψ2. The theorem is first applied to barotropic flow. In this case the first stationary field to displace in is the deviation between the actual and smoothed flow, while the second field to displace in is the smoothed flow.
The space-smoothing is next applied to an equation expressing the individual conservation of a quantity s in a two-dimensional non-divergent flow. The Reynolds term belonging to the smoothed equation is studied and found to depend essentially upon the deformation properties of the velocity field. The role of deformation for the net spectral flow of energy in the s-field is studied. The smoothing is in particular applied to the vorticity equation to show how this possibly can be utilized in the integration problem.
In sections 7–11 the baroclinic case is considered. In sections 7–8 is shown the fundamental role of deformation for the interchange of potential and kinetic energy. It is found that in the advective model there is direct proportionality between the change in total kinetic energy and total thermal wind energy, and also a direct proportionality between the change in kinetic energy for the vertically mean motion and the thermal wind energy.
In section 9 is discussed the possible importance of non-linear interference for the understanding of the creation and local distribution of disturbances in the atmosphere.
The integration problem is discussed in sections 10–12. At first an extension of the barotropic displacement rule is given for the vertically mean motion. The trajectory problem for levels other than the mean level is touched in section 12, and a simple non-advective model discussed shortly in section 11.
On the Sub-tropical Jet Stream and its Role in the Development of Large-scale Convection
Authors: Ramaswamy C. 
Published: January 2012

This paper contains mainly the results of a synoptic and climatological study of the large-scale convection in northern India and Pakistan during the three months preceding the onset of the southwest monsoon. It has been shown that the sea-level and lower tropospheric charts give little clue to the development of the large-scale convection and that the latter is overwhelmingly determined by the divergence in the waves in the sub-tropical jet-stream. It has further been shown from detailed synoptic evidence that nor’westers, andhis and the majority of the thunderstorms without squalls in northern India and Pakistan in the pre-monsoon period are fundamentally the same phenomenon. The role of cold-air advection in the middle and upper troposphere in the development of large-scale convection has also been discussed. This study has further revealed that the regions of upper-divergence and convergence can be qualitatively located by identifying certain typical patterns on the high-level maps more than 12 hours before the usual time of commencement of convection and that, consequently, these maps can be used as effective tools in the issue of area-warnings against thunder in general and nor’westers and andhis in particular.
A general study has also been made of the large-scale convection in southeast Australia, Union of South Africa, Bechuanaland, Southern Rhodesia, northeast Argentina, Uruguay, southeast Brazil and southeast United States and the similarities between the large-scale convection in these countries and in Indo-Pakistan have been brought out. On the basis of these studies, it has been suggested that the jet stream plays the very important role of producing large-scale convection in the subtropics all over the world wherever it over-runs on its equatorward side, moist air possessing a high degree of latent instability.
The Sun’s General Magnetic Field
Authors: Alfvén Hannes 
Published: January 2012

The solar magnetic field, including the interplanetary field is discussed. It is pointed out that in the absence of a theory of the Zeeman-effect in a turbulent atmosphere it is at present impossible to derive a value of the sun’s general magnetic field from spectroscopic measurements.
From the magneto-hydrodynamic theory of sunspots a value of the sun’s general magnetic field can be derived. Ananthakrisnan’s diagrams of the prominence activity can be interpreted as due to the same disturbance wave as is causing the sunspots. This gives further confirmation to the theory, which indicates magnetic field of Hp = 12 gauss.
The magnetic field outside the sun (interplanetary field) is certainly far from a dipole field. An approximate model of the field is tentatively suggested. This model is in agreement with information derived from cosmic ray and magnetic storm data and is also reconcilable with the coronal ray structure.
Minimal Refractive Change Induced by Sutureless 23- and 25-Gauge Pars Plana Vitrectomy
Authors: Emanuelli Andrés , García-Gonzalez José M. , Berrocal María H. , Flynn Harry W. 
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
This study reports the induced refractive error after 23- and 25-gauge (G) pars plana vitrectomy (PPV).

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
In this non-randomized retrospective case series, refractive status was assessed with an autokeratorefractometer 1 week or more before and 6 months after surgery. Patients who had suture placement to close the sclerotomies were excluded from the study.

RESULTS:
Among the 50 patients (50 eyes), the mean age was 63 years (range: 42 to 76 years) and 57% were female. Thirty eyes underwent 23-G PPV and 20 eyes underwent 25-G PPV. The mean refractive change was +0.50 diopters (D) sphere, +0.25 D cylinders and the mean axis of cylinder change was 6° for the 23-G group; the mean refractive change was +0.12 D sphere, +0.12 D cylinders and the mean axis of cylinder change was 17° for the 25-G group.

CONCLUSION:
Following sutureless small-gauge vitrectomy, there were mild and minimally significant refractive changes in the 23-G and 25-G groups from baseline.
Urban Regeneration as Self‐Organisation
Authors: Batty Michael 
Published: January 2012

AbstractMichael Batty redefines regeneration within the context of a wider system of urban reproduction. A spontaneous response to self‐organisation, regeneration is a force that can just as easily manifest itself in dereliction and decline. As part of a bottom‐up system, what role can there be for intervention by designers and policy‐makers? Batty suggests how urban planning needs to identify key points where small change can lead to massive change for the better, so as ‘to plant seeds that do not fall on stony ground’. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iridium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of 3‐Substituted 2H‐1,4‐Benzoxazines
Authors: Gao Kai , Yu Chang‐Bin , Wang Duo‐Sheng , Zhou Yong‐Gui 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe highly enantioselective hydrogenation of 3‐aryl‐2H‐1,4‐benzoxazines was achieved using the (cyclooctadiene)iridium chloride dimer/(S)‐SegPhos/iodine {[Ir(COD)Cl]2/(S)‐SegPhos/I2} system as catalyst with up to 92% ee. The 3‐styryl‐2H‐1,4‐benzoxazine derivatives were also hydrogenated by the iridium catalyst and Pd/C in two consecutive steps whereby 93–95% ee values were obtained.