bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cultivar and Fungicide Effects on Pythium Leak of Snap Bean
Authors: Damicone John P. , Olson Jenifer D. , Kahn Brian A. 
Published: May 2012

Pythium leak is a pod decay complex of several pathogens and is a problem in the processing industry where snap beans are harvested in bulk. In Oklahoma, Pythium leak of snap bean is caused primarily by Pythium aphanidermatum and P. ultimum. Fungicide programs alone have not provided adequate disease control. The objective of this study was to evaluate snap bean cultivars for their reaction to Pythium leak with and without fungicide (mefenoxam + copper hydroxide) treatment. Entries were compared to the regional standards of Roma II for flat pod types and Nelson for round pod types. Over two years, disease incidence (DI = plants with symptoms) in untreated plots averaged 22% for Roma II and 30% for Nelson. Among the flat-pod types, entries that had less (P = 0.05) disease and yielded similar to, or greater than, Roma II included Bogota (DI = 13%), Navarro (DI = 12%), Romano 942 (DI = 12%), Cerler (DI = 10%), Tapia (DI = 10%), Primo (DI = 10%), and Ebro (DI = 5%). Among the round pod types, PLS 75 (DI = 14%) and SB 4261 (11%) had less disease than Nelson. However, all of the entries with round pods yielded less than Nelson. Over entries, fungicide treatment reduced disease incidence by an average of 40%, but the effect of fungicide was not significant for entries with low disease incidence such as PLS 75, Cerler, and Ebro. Except for plant height and lodging which were weakly correlated with disease incidence, plant architectural characteristics did not explain observed differences in disease incidence. Results suggest that reaction to Pythium leak is an important characteristic in selecting processing snap bean cultivars. Accepted for publication 30 January 2012. Published 18 April 2012.
Vegetable Seedling Diseases Associated with Earthworm Castings Contaminated with Phytophthora capsici and Pythium Attrantheridium
Authors: Liu Bo , Roos Debbie , Buttler Shawn , Richter Brantlee , Louws Frank J. 
Published: May 2012

Earthworms and worm castings have been recommended for their beneficial effects in increasing yields and suppressing soilborne diseases. However, in a few cases, earthworm castings have been shown to harbor soilborne pathogens. The research documents that earthworm castings used as an amendment in soilless potting mixes at several organic farms in North Carolina were contaminated with Phytophthora capsici and several Pythium species. Phytophthora capsici and P. attrantheridium were subsequently isolated from rotted roots of vegetable seedlings grown in the potting mix. Commercial producers of earthworm castings should only use clean plant material to maintain earthworms and earthworm castings should be ascertained as pathogen-free before incorporation into plant growth media. Accepted for publication 30 January 2012. Published 21 April 2012.
Two patterns of solar lentigines: A histopathological analysis of 40 Japanese women
Authors: YONEI Nozomi , KAMINAKA Chikako , KIMURA Ayako , FURUKAWA Fukumi , YAMAMOTO Yuki 
Published: May 2012

AbstractSolar lentigines are common acquired pigmented lesions on sun‐exposed skin. Their histopathological features have been reported as large numbers of melanocytes at the base of clubbed and budding rete ridges. In this study, biopsies were taken from facial solar lentigines in 40 Japanese women, and the sections were stained using hematoxylin–eosin, Fontana–Masson, and immunostained for melanocytes and Langerhans cells in order to verify the histological patterns of Japanese patients. We characterized the histopathological features of solar lentigines on the face and identified two patterns: one pattern (20/40 cases) demonstrated a flattened epidermis with basal melanosis, and the other pattern (20/40 cases) showed epidermal hyperplasia with elongated rete ridges composed of deeply pigmented basaloid cells. We termed the former pattern the “flattened epidermis” group, and the latter the “budding” group, respectively. The flattened epidermis group showed a significantly thinner epidermis, more severe solar elastosis and fewer Langerhans cells in the epidermis as compared with the budding group. We concluded that more severely sun‐damaged solar lentigines might show the changes observed in the flattened epidermis group. Langerhans cells in the epidermis of solar lentigines might play a role in the remission of postinflammatory pigmentation due to aesthetic treatment.
Association ofCASP3polymorphism with hematologic toxicity in patients with advanced non‐small‐cell lung carcinoma treated with platinum‐based chemotherapy
Authors: Gu Shaohua , Wu Qihan , Zhao Xueying , Wu Wenting , Gao Zhiqiang , Tan Xiaoming , Qian Ji , Chen Hongyan , Xie Yi , Jin Li , Han Baohui , Lu Daru 
Published: May 2012

Apoptosis is a distinct mode of cell death that is responsible for the deletion of cells in tumors and in normal tissues. We pursued a pathway‐based approach to investigate the association of potentially functional genetic polymorphisms of the corresponding genes with the outcomes of platinum‐based chemotherapy in advanced non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC). AMALDI‐TOFmass spectrometer was used for genotyping 10 polymorphisms of eight apoptosis‐related genes, includingBCL2rs1801018, rs1564483, rs2279115,BAXrs4645878, caspase (CASP3) rs6948,CASP8rs3834129,CASP10rs13006529, rs3900115, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) rs1800629, and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) rs755622. The associations between these single nucleotide polymorphisms and the outcomes of 445 advancedNSCLCpatients treated with platinum‐based chemotherapy were evaluated. TheCASP3rs6948 polymorphism was most significantly associated with hematologic toxicity in a dose‐dependent manner. The incidence of severe hematologic toxicity was significantly lower in C allele carriers (P = 0.005; odds ratio = 0.524; 95% confidence interval = 0.333–0.824) and still significant after aBonferroni correction. The function of this single nucleotide polymorphism in gene expression was also investigated. QuantitativePCRshowed that individuals with theCallele had lower levels ofCASP3transcripts in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Luciferase reporter assays showed that the minorCallele significantly decreased the reporter gene expression level. In addition, theTNFαrs1800629 mutant allele significantly elevated gastrointestinal toxicity (P = 0.020; odds ratio = 3.020; 95% confidence interval = 1.188–7.676), when compared to the wild‐type homozygote. No other association was found. In conclusion, for the first time, our study suggests thatCASP3rs6948 might influenceCASP3expression and be associated with severe hematologic toxicity risk. (Cancer Sci, doi: 10.1111/j.1349‐7006.2012.02323.x, 2012)
Patients' knowledge of pregnancy‐related issues in inflammatory bowel disease and validation of a novel assessment tool (‘CCPKnow’)
Authors: Selinger C. P. , Eaden J. , Selby W. , Jones D. B. , Katelaris P. , Chapman G. , McDonald C. , McLaughlin J. , Leong R. W. L. , Lal S. 
Published: May 2012

SummaryBackgroundInflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) require complex therapeutic decisions and life choices concerning pregnancy, but little is known about patient's knowledge of IBD and its treatment before and during pregnancy.AimTo develop a novel tool (Crohn's and Colitis Pregnancy Knowledge Score ‘CCPKnow’) to assess knowledge of pregnancy‐related issues in IBD. The validated tool was then applied to determine knowledge in patients.MethodDiscriminate ability of ‘CCPKnow’ was validated in four groups with different levels of IBD knowledge. Reliability and readability were tested by Cronbach‐α and Flesch‐Kencaid. Construct validity was subsequently assessed against general IBD knowledge (CCKnow) in 145 women with IBD. Associations between patient factors and knowledge were studied.ResultsMedian CCPKnow scores differed significantly between the validation groups (P < 0.001). CCPKnow displayed excellent internal consistency, reliability (Cronbach‐α 0.94), readability (reading age 9 years) and close correlation with CCKnow (Spearman's ρ 0.64; P < 0.001). Of 145 patients, 44.8% had poor, 27.6% adequate, 17.3% good and only 10.3% very good knowledge. Better knowledge was associated with Caucasian ethnicity, higher income, having a partner, having children, Crohn's and Colitis Association membership, longer disease duration and Crohn's disease.ConclusionsCrohn's and Colitis Pregnancy Knowledge Score, a novel knowledge assessment tool of pregnancy and IBD, demonstrated excellent test characteristics. We found that nearly half of the women with IBD had poor knowledge, identifying a pressing need for better education.
Radiation‐guided breast sentinel lymph node biopsies – is a handling delay for radiation protection necessary?
Authors: Singleton Mark , Firth Matthew , Stephenson Tim , Morrison Giles , Baginska Joanna 
Published: May 2012

Singleton M, Firth M, Stephenson T, Morrison G & Baginska J  (2012) Histopathology 61, 277–282Radiation‐guided breast sentinel lymph node biopsies – is a handling delay for radiation protection necessary?Aims:  Radiation‐guided sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is a well‐established procedure in many countries. However, histopathology protocols in different centres specify widely differing sample handling delays of between 0 and 72 h. Introducing a delay reduces the radiation exposure of pathologists, but has a detrimental effect on the quality and validity of histology. This study aims to show that a sample handling delay is not justified by the radiation doses to pathologists handling samples received directly from surgery.Methods and results:  Radiation doses to the body and hands of pathologists handling samples delivered directly from theatres were measured using personal dose meters. These measurements were supplemented by dose assessments undertaken using dose‐rate measurements at 1 cm and 30 cm from Tc‐99m sources to simulate the processing of samples. The study has shown that radiation doses arising from a zero delay in sample handling represent a negligible radiation risk to pathologists and are well within relevant limits specified in the Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999.Conclusions:  This study supports adoption of a zero‐delay SLN histopathology protocol. Centres must, however, complete a risk assessment that accounts for local practice and adopt simple precautions to keep doses to pathologists as low as reasonably achievable.
Breast cancer outcomes by steroid hormone receptor status assessed visually and by computer image analysis
Authors: Mohammed Zahra M A , Edwards Joanne , Orange Clare , Mallon Elizabeth , Doughty Julie C , McMillan Donald C , Going James J 
Published: May 2012

Mohammed Z M A, Edwards J, Orange C, Mallon E, Doughty J C, McMillan D C & Going J J  (2012) Histopathology 61, 283–292Breast cancer outcomes by steroid hormone receptor status assessed visually and by computer image analysisAims:  To compare the assessment of steroid hormone receptor immunohistochemistry by eye and by computer‐aided image analysis, and to examine their relationships with survival in breast cancer.Methods and results:  Allred scores and weighted histoscores for oestrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) immunohistochemistry were determined by eye (visual histoscore) for 459 primary invasive ductal breast carcinomas in triplicate tissue microarrays. Histoscores were also determined by computerized image analysis (automated histoscore). ER and PR status determined by these different methods were compared with each other and in their ability to predict survival over at least 142 months of follow‐up. Allred and visual histoscore were highly associated for ER and PR (both P < 0.001). By univariate analysis, Allred score and visual histoscore for ER and PR were highly associated with recurrence‐free and cancer‐specific survival (both P < 0.001) in patients with invasive ductal breast cancer overall, in those who received tamoxifen, and in those with recurrence on tamoxifen. Visual and automated histoscores were in excellent agreement for ER and PR (both P < 0.001), and were equally effective in predicting recurrence and survival for patients with invasive breast cancer who received tamoxifen.Conclusions:  Automated histoscore appears to be a valid alternative to visual histoscore or Allred score for determining ER and PR status.
Virtual reality microscope versus conventional microscope regarding time to diagnosis: an experimental study
Authors: Randell Rebecca , Ruddle Roy A , Mello‐Thoms Claudia , Thomas Rhys G , Quirke Phil , Treanor Darren 
Published: May 2012

Aims:  To create and evaluate a virtual reality (VR) microscope that is as efficient as the conventional microscope, seeking to support the introduction of digital slides into routine practice.Methods and results:  A VR microscope was designed and implemented by combining ultra‐high‐resolution displays with VR technology, techniques for fast interaction, and high usability. It was evaluated using a mixed factorial experimental design with technology and task as within‐participant variables and grade of histopathologist as a between‐participant variable. Time to diagnosis was similar for the conventional and VR microscopes. However, there was a significant difference in the mean magnification used between the two technologies, with participants working at a higher level of magnification on the VR microscope.Conclusions:  The results suggest that, with the right technology, efficient use of digital pathology for routine practice is a realistic possibility. Further work is required to explore what magnification is required on the VR microscope for histopathologists to identify diagnostic features, and the effect on this of the digital slide production process.
N‐ and C‐terminal degradation of ecdysteroid receptor isoforms, when transiently expressed in mammalian CHO cells, is regulated by the proteasome and cysteine and threonine proteases
Authors: Schauer S. , Burster T. , Spindler‐Barth M. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTranscriptional activity of nuclear receptors is the result of transactivation capability and the concentration of the receptor protein. The concentration of ecdysteroid receptor (EcR) isoforms, constitutively expressed in mammalian CHO cells, is dependent on a number of factors. As shown previously, ligand binding stabilizes receptor protein concentration. In this paper, we investigate the degradation of EcR isoforms and provide evidence that N‐terminal degradation is modulated by isoform‐specific ubiquitination sites present in the A/B domains of EcR‐A and ‐B1. This was demonstrated by the increase in EcR concentration by treatment with carbobenzoxy‐L‐leucyl‐L‐leucyl‐L‐leucinal (MG132), an inhibitor of ubiquitin‐mediated proteasomal degradation and by deletion of ubiquitination sites. In addition, EcR is degraded by the peptidyl‐dipeptidase cathepsin B (CatB) and the endopeptidase cathepsin S (CatS) at the C‐terminus in an isoform‐specific manner, despite identical C‐termini. Ubiquitin‐proteasome‐mediated degradation and the proteolytic action are modulated by heterodimerization with Ultraspiracle (USP). The complex regulation of receptor protein concentration offers an additional opportunity to regulate transcriptional activity in an isoform‐ and target cell‐specific way and allows the temporal limitation of hormone action.
Adherence to the Australian National Inpatient Medication Chart: the efficacy of a uniform national drug chart on improving prescription error
Authors: Atik Alp 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackground  In 2006, the National Inpatient Medication Chart (NIMC) was introduced as a uniform medication chart in Australian public hospitals with the aim of reducing prescription error.Purpose  The rate of regular medication prescription error in the NIMC was assessed.Methods  Data was collected using the NIMC Audit Tool and analyzed with respect to causes of error per medication prescription and per medication chart. The following prescription requirements were assessed: date, generic drug name, route of administration, dose, frequency, administration time, indication, signature, name and contact details.Findings  A total of 1877 medication prescriptions were reviewed. 1653 prescriptions (88.07%) had no contact number, 1630 (86.84%) did not have an indication, 1230 and 675 (35.96%) used a drug's trade name. Within 261 medication charts, all had at least one entry, which did not include an indication, 258 (98.85%) had at least one entry, which did not have a contact number and 200 (76.63%) had at least one entry, which used a trade name.Discussion  The introduction of a uniform national medication chart is a positive step, but more needs to be done to address the root causes of prescription error.
Towards global patterns in the diversity and community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi
Authors: TEDERSOO LEHO , BAHRAM MOHAMMAD , TOOTS MÄRT , DIÉDHIOU ABDALA G. , HENKEL TERRY W. , KJØLLER RASMUS , MORRIS MELISSA H. , NARA KAZUHIDE , NOUHRA EDUARDO , PEAY KABIR G. , PÕLME SERGEI , RYBERG MARTIN , SMITH MATTHEW E. , KÕLJALG URMAS 
Published: May 2012

AbstractGlobal species richness patterns of soil micro‐organisms remain poorly understood compared to macro‐organisms. We use a global analysis to disentangle the global determinants of diversity and community composition for ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi—microbial symbionts that play key roles in plant nutrition in most temperate and many tropical forest ecosystems. Host plant family has the strongest effect on the phylogenetic community composition of fungi, whereas temperature and precipitation mostly affect EcM fungal richness that peaks in the temperate and boreal forest biomes, contrasting with latitudinal patterns of macro‐organisms. Tropical ecosystems experience rapid turnover of organic material and have weak soil stratification, suggesting that poor habitat conditions may contribute to the relatively low richness of EcM fungi, and perhaps other soil biota, in most tropical ecosystems. For EcM fungi, greater evolutionary age and larger total area of EcM host vegetation may also contribute to the higher diversity in temperate ecosystems. Our results provide useful biogeographic and ecological hypotheses for explaining the distribution of fungi that remain to be tested by involving next‐generation sequencing techniques and relevant soil metadata.
Kin association during brood care in a facultatively social bird: active discrimination or by‐product of partner choice and demography?
Authors: JAATINEN KIM , NOREIKIENE KRISTINA , MERILÄ JUHA , ÖST MARKUS 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIntra‐group relatedness does not necessarily imply kin selection, a leading explanation for social evolution. An overlooked mechanism for generating population genetic structure is variation in longevity and fecundity, referred to as individual quality, affecting kin structure and the potential for cooperation. Individual quality also affects choosiness in partner choice, a key process explaining cooperation through direct fitness benefits. Reproductive skew theory predicts that relatedness decreases with increasing group size, but this relationship could also arise because of quality‐dependent demography and partner choice, without active kin association. We addressed whether brood‐rearing eider (Somateria mollissima) females preferentially associated with kin using a 6‐year data set with individuals genotyped at 19 microsatellite loci and tested whether relatedness decreased with increasing female group size. We also determined the relationship between local relatedness and indices of female age and body condition. We further examined whether the level of female intracoalition relatedness differed from background relatedness in any year. As predicted, median female intra‐group relatedness decreased with increasing female group size. However, the proportion of related individuals increased with advancing female age, and older females prefer smaller brood‐rearing coalitions, potentially producing a negative relationship between group size and relatedness. There were considerable annual fluctuations in the level of relatedness between coalition‐forming females, and in 1 year this level exceeded that expected by random association. Thus, both passive and active mechanisms govern kin associations in brood‐rearing eiders. Eiders apparently can discriminate between kin, but the benefits of doing so may vary over time.
Model‐based comparisons of phylogeographic scenarios resolve the intraspecific divergence of cactophilic Drosophila mojavensis
Authors: SMITH GILBERT , LOHSE KONRAD , ETGES WILLIAM J. , RITCHIE MICHAEL G. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe cactophilic fly Drosophila mojavensis exhibits considerable intraspecific genetic structure across allopatric geographic regions and shows associations with different host cactus species across its range. The divergence between these populations has been studied for more than 60 years, yet their exact historical relationships have not been resolved. We analysed sequence data from 15 intronic X‐linked loci across populations from Baja California, mainland Sonora‐Arizona and Mojave Desert regions under an isolation‐with‐migration model to assess multiple scenarios of divergence. We also compared the results with a pre‐existing sequence data set of eight autosomal loci. We derived a population tree with Baja California placed at its base and link their isolation to Pleistocene climatic oscillations. Our estimates suggest the Baja California population diverged from an ancestral Mojave Desert/mainland Sonora‐Arizona group around 230 000–270 000 years ago, while the split between the Mojave Desert and mainland Sonora‐Arizona populations occurred one glacial cycle later, 117 000–135 000 years ago. Although we found these three populations to be effectively allopatric, model ranking could not rule out the possibility of a low level of gene flow between two of them. Finally, the Mojave Desert population showed a small effective population size, consistent with a historical population bottleneck. We show that model‐based inference from multiple loci can provide accurate information on the historical relationships of closely related groups allowing us to set into historical context a classic system of incipient ecological speciation.