bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HIV and concurrent sexual partnerships: modelling the role of coital dilution
Authors: Sawers Larry , Isaac Alan G , Stillwaggon Eileen 
Published: September 2011

BackgroundThe concurrency hypothesis asserts that high prevalence of overlapping sexual partnerships explains extraordinarily high HIV levels in sub‐Saharan Africa. Earlier simulation models show that the network effect of concurrency can increase HIV incidence, but those models do not account for the coital dilution effect (non‐primary partnerships have lower coital frequency than primary partnerships).MethodsWe modify the model of Eaton et al (AIDS and Behavior, September 2010) to incorporate coital dilution by assigning lower coital frequencies to non‐primary partnerships. We parameterize coital dilution based on the empirical work of Morris et al (PLoS ONE, December 2010) and others. Following Eaton et al, we simulate the daily transmission of HIV over 250 years for 10 levels of concurrency.ResultsAt every level of concurrency, our focal coital‐dilution simulation produces epidemic extinction. Our sensitivity analysis shows that this result is quite robust; even modestly lower coital frequencies in non‐primary partnerships lead to epidemic extinction.ConclusionsIn order to contribute usefully to the investigation of HIV prevalence, simulation models of concurrent partnering and HIV epidemics must incorporate realistic degrees of coital dilution. Doing so dramatically reduces the role that concurrency can play in accelerating the spread of HIV and suggests that concurrency cannot be an important driver of HIV epidemics in sub‐Saharan Africa. Alternative explanations for HIV epidemics in sub‐Saharan Africa are needed.
Calorie restriction and stroke
Authors: Manzanero Silvia , Gelderblom Mathias , Magnus Tim , Arumugam Thiruma V 
Published: September 2011

AbstractStroke, a major cause of disability and mortality in the elderly, occurs when a cerebral blood vessel is occluded or ruptured, resulting in ischemic damage and death of brain cells. The injury mechanism involves metabolic and oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, apoptosis and inflammatory processes, including activation of glial cells and infiltration of leukocytes. In animal models, dietary energy restriction, by daily calorie reduction (CR) or intermittent fasting (IF), extends lifespan and decreases the development of age-related diseases. Dietary energy restriction may also benefit neurons, as suggested by experimental evidence showing that CR and IF protect neurons against degeneration in animal models. Recent findings by our group and others suggest the possibility that dietary energy restriction may protect against stroke induced brain injury, in part by inducing the expression of neurotrophic factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF); protein chaperones, including heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78); antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutases (SOD) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), silent information regulator T1 (SIRT1), uncoupling proteins and anti-inflammatory cytokines. This article discusses the protective mechanisms activated by dietary energy restriction in ischemic stroke.
Meta-Analysis of the Association Between Cigarette Smoking and Incidence of Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Authors: Castillo Jorge J. , Dalia Samir , Shum Helen 
Published: September 2011

Introduction Previous studies have suggested a relationship between smoking and Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL). The main objective of this study was to evaluate this potential association with a meta-analysis of observational studies. Patients and Methods A literature search was undertaken through December 2010 looking for observational studies evaluating the association between smoking and HL. From 714 articles, 17 were included in this study. Outcome was calculated and reported as odds ratio (OR). Heterogeneity was assessed by using the I2 index. Publication bias was evaluated by trim-and-fill analysis. Quality assessment was performed with the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Results Our analysis showed an OR of developing HL of 1.35 (95% CI, 1.17 to 1.56; P < .001) in current smokers. Former smokers did not have an increased risk of HL. In subset analyses of current smokers, men and older individuals had ORs of HL of 1.78 (95% CI, 1.46 to 2.17; P < .001) and 1.77 (95% CI, 1.23 to 2.54; P = .002), respectively. In addition, the OR of HL was increased in individuals who smoke more than 20 cigarettes per day, have smoked more than 20 years, or have smoked more than 15 pack-years at 1.51 (95% CI, 1.16 to 1.98; P = .002), 1.84 (95% CI, 1.47 to 2.32; P < .001), and 1.97 (1.53 to 2.54; P < .001), respectively. Meta-regression analyses showed a relative OR of HL of 1.007 (95% CI, 1.001 to 1.013; P = .025) per cigarette per day and of 1.013 (95% CI, 1.006 to 1.019; P < .001) per year of smoking. Conclusion Smoking seems to increase the odds of developing HL in current smokers. The risk of HL is higher in men and older individuals and increases with higher intensity and longer duration of smoking.
Senescence marker protein 30: functional and structural insights to its unknown physiological function
Authors: Scott Stephanie H. , Bahnson Brian J. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractSenescence marker protein 30 (SMP30) is a multifunctional protein involved in cellular Ca2+homeostasis and the biosynthesis of ascorbate in nonprimate mammals. The primary structure of the protein is highly conserved among vertebrates, suggesting the existence of a significant physiological function common to all mammals, including primates. Enzymatic activities of SMP30 include aldonolactone and organophosphate hydrolysis. Protective effects against apoptosis and oxidative stress have been reported. X-ray crystallography revealed that SMP30 is a six-bladed β-propeller with structural similarity to paraoxonase 1, another protein with lactonase and organophosphate hydrolase activities. SMP30 has recently been tied to several physiological conditions, including osteoporosis, liver fibrosis, diabetes, and cancer. This review aims to describe the recent advances made toward understanding the connection between molecular structure, enzymatic activity, and physiological function of this highly conserved, multifaceted protein.
First record of the Indo-Pacific seaweed Codium arabicum Kütz. (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta) in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Hoffman Razy , Shemesh Eli , Ramot Michal , Dubinsky Zvy , Pinchasov-Grinblat Yulia , Iluz David 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Since the beginning of the 21st century, the Mediterranean shores of Israel have experienced invasions of several alien Indo-Pacific seaweed species. This phenomenon has been observed mainly on the northern Israeli Mediterranean shore, particularly near the port of Haifa. Here we report and discuss the first record of the common Indo-Pacific seaweed Codium arabicum from the Mediterranean Sea, namely, from the Levant coast of Israel. This macroalga was first identified morphologically, and the determination later confirmed by molecular techniques using two plastid DNA sequences: rbcL exon 1 and rps3-rpl16. High water temperatures for most of the year and free habitat space appear to facilitate the successful settlement and establishment of this species, as has been the case for hundreds of other invasive Indo-Pacific organisms along the Israeli Mediterranean shore.
Changes in microstructure and stiffness of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L) sapwood degraded by Gloeophyllum trabeum and Trametes versicolor – Part II: Anisotropic stiffness properties
Authors: Bader Thomas K. , Hofstetter Karin , Alfredsen Gry , Bollmus Susanne 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Fungal decay considerably affects the macroscopic mechanical properties of wood as a result of modifications and degradations in its microscopic structure. While effects on mechanical properties related to the stem direction are fairly well understood, effects on radial and tangential directions (transverse properties) are less well investigated. In the present study, changes of longitudinal elastic moduli and stiffness data in all anatomical directions of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) sapwood which was degraded by Gloeophyllum trabeum (brown rot) and Trametes versicolor (white rot) for up to 28 weeks have been investigated. Transverse properties were found to be much more deteriorated than the longitudinal ones. This is because of the degradation of the polymer matrix between the cellulose microfibrils, which has a strong effect on transverse stiffness. Longitudinal stiffness, on the other hand, is mainly governed by cellulose microfibrils, which are more stable agains fungal decay. G. trabeum (more active in earlywood) strongly weakens radial stiffness, whereas T. versicolor (more active in latewood) strongly reduces tangential stiffness. The data in terms of radial and tangential stiffnesses, as well as the corresponding anisotropy ratios, seem to be suitable as durability indicators of wood and even allow conclusions to be made on the degradation mechanisms of fungi.
“You're lying to Jesus!”: Humor and play in a discussion about homelessness
Authors: Ritchie L. David 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis study applies recent theories about humor to a sample of talk among a group of young adults about the issues and problems associated with homelessness. In this conversation, participants demonstrate a pattern of joking and language play that expresses a complex and ambivalent set of attitudes and feelings toward homelessness and toward the homeless as both outcasts and refugees from conventional society. Humor is used both to express complex responses to homelessness and as a tool for managing the tone and direction of the conversation. The results demonstrate how the identification of patterns of joking and wordplay can provide insights into how people accomplish task-oriented objectives as well as relational and interactive objectives in everyday talk.
Enhancing linear regularization to treat large noise
Authors: Mathé Peter , Tautenhahn Ulrich 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
For solving linear ill-posed problems with noisy data, regularization methods are required. In this paper we study regularization under general noise assumptions containing large noise and small noise as special cases. We derive order optimal error bounds for an extended Tikhonov regularization by using some pre-smoothing. This accompanies recent results by the same authors, Regularization under general noise assumptions, Inverse Problems 27:3, 035016, 2011.
Internet-Based Developmental Screening: A Digital Divide Between English- and Spanish-Speaking Parents
Authors: Hambidge Simon J. , Phibbs Stephanie , Beck Arne , Bergman David Aaron 
Published: September 2011

BACKGROUND:
Internet-based developmental screening is being implemented in pediatric practices across the United States. Little is known about the application of this technology in poor urban populations.

OBJECTIVE:
We describe here the results of focus groups, surveys, and in-depth interviews during home visits with families served by an urban safety-net organization to address the question of whether it is possible to use Internet or e-mail communication for medical previsit engagement in a population that is majority Hispanic, of low socioeconomic status, and has many non–English-speaking families.

METHODS:
This study included families in 4 clinics within a safety-net health care system. The study design included the use of (1) parental surveys (n = 200) of a convenience sample of parents whose children received primary care in the clinics, (2) focus groups (n = 7 groups) with parents, and (3) in-depth interviews during home visits with 4 families. We used χ2 and multivariate analyses to compare Internet access in English- and Spanish-speaking families. Standard qualitative methods were used to code focus-group texts and identify convergent themes.

RESULTS:
In multivariate analysis, independent factors associated with computer use were English versus Spanish language (odds ratio: 3.2 [95% confidence interval: 1.4–6.9]) and education through at least high school (odds ratio: 4.7 [95% confidence interval: 2.3–9.7]). In focus groups, the concept of parental previsit work, such as developmental screening tests, was viewed favorably by all groups. However, many parents expressed reservations about doing this work by using the Internet or e-mail and stated a preference for either paper or telephone options. Many Spanish-speaking families discussed lack of access to computers and printers.

CONCLUSIONS:
In this economically disadvantaged population, language and maternal education were associated with access to the Internet. Given the potential power of previsit work to tailor well-child visits to the needs of individual families, alternative strategies to using the Internet should be explored for populations without reliable Internet access.
Conditions of Long-term Success in a Lifestyle Intervention for Overweight and Obese Youths
Authors: Fröhlich Georg , Pott Wilfried , Albayrak Özgür , Hebebrand Johannes , Pauli-Pott Ursula 
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE:
Childhood lifestyle interventions usually involve the families. However, knowledge of family characteristics that promote or constrain a child's weight-reduction outcome is limited. Candidates for such factors might be family characteristics that have proven to be associated with social adjustment (development) in childhood. Thus, we analyzed whether family adversity, maternal depression, and attachment insecurity predict long-term success in children's weight reduction.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
Participants in the study were 111 parent-child dyads with overweight and obese children/adolescents (BMI mean: 29.07 [SD: 4.7] [range: 21.4–44.9]; BMI SD score mean: 2.43 [SD: 0.44] [range: 1.31–3.54]) aged between 7 and 15 years. The families took part in a best-practice lifestyle intervention of 1 year's duration. A longitudinal analysis with 3 assessment waves (baseline, conclusion, 1-year follow-up) was conducted.

RESULTS:
Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that long-term success (at least 5% weight reduction by the 1-year follow-up) versus failure (dropping out or less weight reduction) was significantly predicted by the set of psychosocial variables (family adversity, maternal depression, and attachment insecurity) when we controlled for familial obesity, preintervention overweight, age, and gender of the index child and parental educational level. Maternal depression proved to be the best predictor. Maintenance of weight reduction between the conclusion of the program and the 1-year-follow-up was also predicted by the set of psychosocial variables. Maternal insecure-anxious attachment attitudes best predicted this criterion.

CONCLUSIONS:
Although cross-validation is required, our results are the first evidence for proximal and distal family characteristics linked to long-term weight-reduction outcomes. The results suggest a need to create tailored intervention modules that address the difficulties of these families.
Targeted Inhibition of Calpain Reduces Myocardial Hypertrophy and Fibrosis in Mouse Models of Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Li Ying , Ma Jian , Zhu Huaqing , Singh Manpreet , Hill David , Greer Peter A. , Arnold J. Malcolm , Abel E. Dale , Peng Tianqing 
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE
Recently we have shown that calpain-1 activation contributes to cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by hyperglycemia. This study was undertaken to investigate whether targeted disruption of calpain would reduce myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis in mouse models of type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Diabetes in mice was induced by injection of streptozotocin (STZ), and OVE26 mice were also used as a type 1 diabetic model. The function of calpain was genetically manipulated by cardiomyocyte-specific knockout Capn4 in mice and the use of calpastatin transgenic mice. Myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis were investigated 2 and 5 months after STZ injection or in OVE26 diabetic mice at the age of 5 months. Cultured isolated adult mouse cardiac fibroblast cells were also investigated under high glucose conditions.

RESULTS
Calpain activity, cardiomyocyte cross-sectional areas, and myocardial collagen deposition were significantly increased in both STZ-induced and OVE26 diabetic hearts, and these were accompanied by elevated expression of hypertrophic and fibrotic collagen genes. Deficiency of Capn4 or overexpression of calpastatin reduced myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis in both diabetic models, leading to the improvement of myocardial function. These effects were associated with a normalization of the nuclear factor of activated T-cell nuclear factor-κB and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activities in diabetic hearts. In cultured cardiac fibroblasts, high glucose–induced proliferation and MMP activities were prevented by calpain inhibition.

CONCLUSIONS
Myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis in diabetic mice are attenuated by reduction of calpain function. Thus targeted inhibition of calpain represents a potential novel therapeutic strategy for reversing diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Insulin Resistance Is Associated With a Poor Response to Intravenous Thrombolysis in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Calleja Ana I. , García-Bermejo Pablo , Cortijo Elisa , Bustamante Rosa , Rojo Martínez Esther , González Sarmiento Enrique , Fernández-Herranz Rosa , Arenillas Juan F. 
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE
Insulin resistance (IR) may not only increase stroke risk, but could also contribute to aggravate stroke prognosis. Mainly through a derangement in endogenous fibrinolysis, IR could affect the response to intravenous thrombolysis, currently the only therapy proved to be efficacious for acute ischemic stroke. We hypothesized that high IR is associated with more persistent arterial occlusions and poorer long-term outcome after stroke thrombolysis.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We performed a prospective, observational, longitudinal study in consecutive acute ischemic stroke patients presenting with middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion who received intravenous thrombolysis. Patients with acute hyperglycemia (≥155 mg/dL) receiving insulin were excluded. IR was determined during admission by the homeostatic model assessment index (HOMA-IR). Poor long-term outcome, as defined by a day 90 modified Rankin scale score ≥3, was considered the primary outcome variable. Transcranial Duplex-assessed resistance to MCA recanalization and symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation were considered secondary end points.

RESULTS
A total of 109 thrombolysed MCA ischemic stroke patients were included (43.1% women, mean age 71 years). The HOMA-IR was higher in the group of patients with poor outcome (P = 0.02). The probability of good outcome decreased gradually with increasing HOMA-IR tertiles (80.6%, 1st tertile; 71.4%, 2nd tertile; and 55.3%, upper tertile). A HOMA-IR in the upper tertile was independently associated with poor outcome when compared with the lower tertile (odds ratio [OR] 8.54 [95% CI 1.67–43.55]; P = 0.01) and was associated with more persistent MCA occlusions (OR 8.2 [1.23–54.44]; P = 0.029).

CONCLUSIONS
High IR may be associated with more persistent arterial occlusions and worse long-term outcome after acute ischemic stroke thrombolysis.
Molecular phylogenetics of the palm subtribe Ptychospermatinae (Arecaceae)
Authors: Zona Scott , Francisco‐Ortega Javier , Jestrow Brett , Baker William J. , Lewis Carl E. 
Published: September 2011

• Premise of the study: We examined the phylogeny and intergeneric relationships among the 12 genera of the palm subtribe Ptychospermatinae. While many of these taxa are familiar, cultivated ornamental palms in warm areas of the world, the monophyly of the subtribe and its component genera required testing. We also examined the biogeographic relationships of this lineage, which has a significant radiation east of Wallace's Line.• Methods: Phylogenetic analyses were based on maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses of nucleotide sequences of two low‐copy nuclear genes: intron 4 of phosphoribulokinase and intron 23 of RNA polymerase II. Biogeographical reconstructions were explored using S‐DIVA.• Key results: The two‐gene, combined analysis yielded a monophyletic subtribe with six major clades. The biogeographical analysis suggests that the subtribe originated in New Guinea.• Conclusions: The phylogenetic hypotheses support the monophyly of the subtribe. The genera Drymophloeus, Ponapea, and Veitchia, as presently circumscribed, are not monophyletic. The resurrection and expanded circumscription of the genus Ponapea are supported. A newly discovered species of Adonidia is confirmed as sister species to Adonidia merrillii. Our phylogenetic hypothesis suggests that the Ptychospermatinae diverged into six major clades with repeated radiations into Australia and the western Pacific. The presence of Adonidia to the west of Wallace's Line is likely to be the result of long‐distance dispersal. The following new combinations are made to restore monophyly to Veitchia and Ponapea: Veitchia pachyclada, V. subisticha, V. lepidota, and Ponapea hentyi.
Radical Post‐Modernism and Content: Charles Jencks and Rem Koolhaas Debate the Issue
Authors: Jencks Charles , Koolhaas Rem 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe following debate took place on 28 December 2009 between Charles Jencks and Rem Koolhaas, and was transcribed and edited by Eva Branscome. Jencks and Koolhaas have exchanged ideas since the late 1960s. Jencks was the one to insist that Koolhaas come to the 1980 Venice Biennale, originally entitled ‘Post‐Modernism’. (Paolo Portoghesi invited Jencks to collaborate with him on this first Biennale before it expanded into historicism.) In January 2002, Jencks was also a judge of the competition for the CCTV Building, the headquarters for China Central Television in Beijing, discussed below. Jencks and Koolhaas continue to thrive on their discussions and disagreements. Although they have very different commitments to the issue of ‘content’, their varying positions help to clarify what is meant here by ‘radical’. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contextual Counterpoint
Authors: Jencks Charles 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn recent decades, conservationists and planners have co‐opted contextualism, reducing it to a tool for enforcing urban conformity. Here Charles Jencks reclaims contextualism as a dynamic design strategy. He identifies four different contextual treatments that as well as ensuring continuity are potentially transformative. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Virtual Corpses, Figural Sections and Resonant Fields
Authors: Griffiths Sean 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe ‘figural section’ is one of the most potent but under used forms of architectural communication. It enables slices, extrusions, fragments and surfaces of buildings to become the media of the non‐expressive and deadpan. Here Sean Griffiths of FAT looks at Venturi Scott Brown's influence in the development of the figural section and how it has evolved into a key trope in his practice's own work. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Not So Radical: An American Perspective
Authors: Merkel Jayne 
Published: September 2011

AbstractJayne Merkel relishes the opportunity to talk about architecture in the light of communication, context, wider culture, ‘the ordinary’, new technology and aesthetic affect ‐ all topics that are back on the agenda with this issue on Radical Post‐Modernism. However, she provides a view from Manhattan that calls into question the possible re‐emergence of a ‘Radical Post‐Modern’ movement in North America, although some members of the American architectural establishment continue to practice PoMo even if they do not preach it. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.