bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lateralization of Tongue Movements During Eating in Children 2 to 5 Years Old
Authors: Gisel Erika G. , Schwaab Lynn , Lange-Stemmler Loren , Niman Carol W. , Schwartz Jeannette L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Normative data on skills of the tongue used in eating are presented. Normal children 2 to 5 years old were studied regarding their preference of placing food either on the right or left side when eating, and they were compared with age-matched Down’s syndrome children. In addition, the ability to move food from the right to the left side of the mouth was studied.
Normal children underwent a transition from predominantly placing food on the right side at 2 years of age to predominantly placing it on the left side at 4 years of age. Among Down’s syndrome children females preferred the right side, and males preferred the left side. The ability to move food from right to left (lateralizing) undergoes a developmental progression from tilting the head to rolling, followed by slow and eventually by smooth movement from one side to the other. Only 15% of the 5-year-olds were able to move food smoothly from side to side. These data provide a baseline against which children with eating problems can be compared.
A Hospital-Connected Halfway House Program for Individuals With Long-Term Neuropsychiatric Disabilities
Authors: Friedlob Sally A. , Janis Gloria A. , Deets-Aron Carole 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A three-month, hospital-connected halfway house program was established by two occupational therapists at the Sepulveda Veterans Administration Medical Center, Sepulveda, California. The program emphasized living skills and social skill training for chronic neuropsychiatric patients. The 19 graduates of the program were able to make the transition from the hospital to the community and to maintain themselves in the community for longer periods of time with shorter rehospitalizations. The 5-year follow-up also indicated that for the majority of the patients the quality of community living improved as measured by their satisfaction with their occupational choices (vocational, avocational) and their living arrangements.
The Relationships Between Volition, Activity Pattern, and Life Satisfaction in the Elderly
Authors: Smith Nancy Riopel , Kielhofner Gary , Watts Janet Hawkins 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study examines the relationships between the volition subsystem, activity pattern, and life satisfaction of 60 elderly individuals. The volition subsystem includes an individual’s interests, values, and personal causation. The Occupational Questionnaire (OQ) was developed to measure volition subsystems and activity patterns, and it was pilot tested for reliability and validity. Scores on the OQ were compared with measures of subjects’ life satisfaction.
Results of the study identified several aspects of the subjects’ occupations that were related to their level of life satisfaction. The most important findings were the positive correlations between the degree of interest, value, and personal causation in occupation and life satisfaction. Time spent in work and leisure was found to be correlated more highly with high levels of life satisfaction than was time spent in daily living tasks and rest. Although further verification of these results is needed, these findings indicate that occupational therapists may enhance the life satisfaction of their elderly patients by emphasizing interests, values, personal causation, work, and leisure in their treatment programs.
Occupational Therapy Management of the Acute Spinal Cord–Injured Patient
Authors: Sargant Coletta , Braun Mary Ann 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This report describes an occupational therapy program for the patient with an acute spinal cord injury. The program includes guidelines for evaluation and treatment, criteria for early orthotic selection, and psychological considerations. The program was developed by the occupational therapy staff at Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, in conjunction with a medical team and occupational therapy staff from the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago. The intent of the program is to implement rehabilitation in the acute care environment immediately.
The Development of a Touch Scale for Measuring Tactile Defensiveness in Children
Authors: Royeen Charlotte Brasic 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A three-phase study was conducted to develop an attitude scale measuring tactile defensiveness in children aged 6 to 10 years. It was assumed that the effects of tactile defensiveness on the perception and behavior of children produces stereotypical responses that can be measured by an attitude scale. A 49-item scale was developed and administered to 80 normal and 22 tactually defensive children within a large suburban school district. A subsequent item analysis reduced the scale to 26 items. This touch scale yielded an internal consistency reliability of .79432 and could distinguish between groups at a statistically significant level (.0073). The touch scale offers potential for diagnosing tactually defensive children. However, future research is required before it can be employed as a diagnostic tool. Such research could focus on the test-retest reliability of the scale and the refinement of the diagnostic validity of the test.
An Assessment of the Impact of the Medicare Prospective Payment System on Level II Fieldwork
Authors: Kautzmann Lisette N. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The health care industry has undergone radical change because of the implementation of the Medicare Prospective Payment System (MPPS). This study is an assessment of the effect of MPPS on Level II fieldwork. Six factors that have the potential to influence fieldwork delivery patterns formed the basis of a questionnaire that was mailed to 23 occupational therapy directors in acute care Wisconsin hospitals. The 21 returned questionnaires were tallied by frequency of response and analyzed to ascertain current practice and changes resulting from MPPS. Findings indicate a strong commitment to professional and technical Level II fieldwork education. Departments reporting a decrease in staff were able to deflect the impact of the reductions by modifying their clinical education programs. Although changes were noted in all of the six identified categories, there was only minimal evidence that they were directly related to MPPS. Monitoring change during the 3rd and 4th year of the transition was recommended.
Continued Construct Validation of the St. Marys CVA Evaluation: Brunnstrom Arm and Hand Stage Ratings
Authors: Van Deusen Julia , Harlowe Diane 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purpose of the study was to test whether evaluations of cerebral vascular accident (CVA) patients show a significant relationship between ratings of Brunnstrom’s arm and hand stages and scores on Schenkenberg’s Line Bisection Test of unilateral neglect. Spearman rho correlation coefficients for 20 acute care right CVA subjects showed a highly significant relationship between performances on the two measures. Results can be interpreted to further the construct validity of the St. Marys CVA evaluation.
Tools of Practice: Heritage or Baggage?
Authors: Reed Kathlyn L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Occupational therapists have used many media and methods over the years to achieve the therapeutic potential of occupational therapy. Yet the reasons for selecting a specific medium or method frequently have been lost or changed without consideration of the result to the therapeutic situation. When neither therapist nor patient understands fully the rationale for a medium or method, the therapeutic potential of that medium or method may be compromised. The author suggests there are eight factors that influence the selection and discarding of media and methods in the practice of occupational therapy. The effects of the eight factors can be summarized in 14 assumptions. Three examples—arts and crafts, sanding blocks, and work-related programs—are used to illustrate the factors and assumptions. It is suggested that improved analysis of occupations based on values and interests could reduce the separation of meaning and purpose in the selection and discarding of media and methods used in occupational therapy practice.
Concurrent Validity of Equilibrium Tests in Boys With Learning Disabilities With and Without Vestibular Dysfunction
Authors: Bundy Anita C. , Fisher Anne G. , Freeman Merilee , Lieberg Gabriele K. , Izraelevitz Terry Ellis 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Six equilibrium measures were administered to 50 boys with learning disabilities, 25 with and 25 without suspected vestibular system dysfunction. Pearson product moment correlations were computed between test scores for the total sample and for each subgroup to establish concurrent validity between tests. Four correlations for the total sample and three for each of the subgroups were statistically significant. However, only 3 of the 10 correlation coefficients mentioned were greater than r = 0.5. The relatively low magnitude of many of the correlations obtained demonstrates that different tests of equilibrium measure different balance-related competencies, and that competence in one area does not indicate competence in another. Therapists evaluating equilibrium should administer more than one test. The tilt test used in this investigation did not correlate significantly with any other test. This suggests that tilt tests should routinely be included in the evaluation of equilibrium.
Cost–Benefit Analysis of Level II Fieldwork in Occupational Therapy
Authors: Shalik Linda Dean 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This cost–benefit study of Level II (professional-level) fieldwork included 180 student–supervisor pairs from 12 occupational therapy educational programs. Costs and benefits were measured in time (valued at market rates) spent by students in patient treatment and by supervisors in fieldwork-related duties. Various factors were also evaluated to determine their relationship to overall cost or benefit.
Results indicated a mean benefit of $4,700 for 12-week placements. Costs generated in the first few weeks of placement were generally recovered by the 6th week, with benefits gradually increasing, then declining slightly through the end of the fieldwork. Greater economic benefits resulted from physical dysfunction and psychiatric placements than from pediatric placements, and with second and third student experiences as compared with first experiences.
The Possible Effects of a Change to Master’s Entry Level in Occupational Therapy
Authors: Pierce Doris , Jackson Jeanne , Rogosky-Grassi Mary , Thompson Mary Ellen , Menninger Beverly 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
One of the most challenging debates facing the profession of occupational therapy centers on whether or not the standard for entry level into the field should be upgraded. The occupational therapy baccalaureate degree has been viewed as too limited in scope and professional training, and the master’s degree has been forwarded as the standard for entry into the profession. However, upgrading the entry level standard raises several questions. This study considered 25 areas that would be affected by upgrading the entry level from the baccalaureate to the master’s level in occupational therapy and in related health professions. A model was developed to provide a framework for analyzing how a change in entry level will affect the current status of occupational therapy as a profession. Although the parallel material is drawn from other health professions, the considerations are similar to the ones faced by occupational therapy. This comparison is especially important because a major change in entry level education has far-reaching repercussions that must be considered before any groundwork is laid for upgrading educational requirements.
Computers and Occupational Therapy
Authors: Spicer Marti McGrath , McMillan Susan L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Survey data were collected from a sample of 298 occupational therapy department directors on (a) department demographics; (b) availability of micro- or macrocomputers; (c) types of hardware, software, and peripheral devices used; (d) major purposes and functions for computers; and (e) major factors regarding choice of computers and equipment or factors most influential in the nonuse of computers. Usable questionnaires were returned from 238 or 80% of the sample. Thirty-five percent of the respondents had access to microcomputers in their work setting; however, only 11% actually had them in their occupational therapy department. The study also noted the versatility and adaptability of the computer as used in occupational therapy and discussed common limitations in its use.
A Comparison of the Use of Adaptive Microswitches by Students With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Everson Jane M. , Goodwyn Roberta 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper describes systematic procedures used to assess, train, and compare the use of adaptive microswitches for microcomputers used by adolescents with cerebral palsy. A comparison is made of three students with cerebral palsy using microswitches to increase their production rates as part of a vocational training program. Future uses of adaptive microswitches in vocational and educational training programs are also considered.
Occupational Therapists’ Views About the Use of Robotic Aids for People With Disabilities
Authors: Glass Karen , Hall Karyl 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The use of robotic aids for persons with disabilities has potential benefits both in terms of cost cutting and improved health care. This article reviews robotic aids currently in use and reports the results of a survey of 51 occupational therapists at four hospitals offering rehabilitation services for patients with spinal cord injuries: Therapists were generally positive about the use of robotic aids and expressed interest in learning more about this technology
The Development of Manual Midline Crossing in 2- to 6-Year-Old Children
Authors: Stilwell Janet M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The present study analyzed the development of manual midline crossing in a sample of one hundred sixty 2- to 6-year-old children and considered test construction factors that could affect the test design. The test construction factors addressed were (a) the effect of biasing the hand used for object manipulation and (b) the effect of distance from midline required for task completion on the frequency of manual midline crossing. A pegboard task was used to measure manual midline crossing. The results identified a developmental age trend in crossing the body midline in 2- to 6-year-old children. Biasing the hand used for object manipulation significantly increased the probability of eliciting manual midline crossing. A combination of linear and quadratic trends was found when the effect of distance from midline on the frequency of contralateral responses produced during testing was analyzed.
The Performance of Learning-Disabled and Normal Young Men on the Test of Visual-Perceptual Skills
Authors: Hung Shan-Shan , Fisher Anne G. , Cermak Sharon A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The present study explored the discriminative validity of the motor-free Test of Visual-Perceptual Skills (TVPS) as an assessment for adults. The subjects were 26 learning-disabled and 26 normal young men. Overall, the subjects with learning disabilities made significantly more errors and took significantly more time on the total TVPS than did the normal subjects. The group with learning disabilities demonstrated significantly lower accuracy scores on four of the seven subtests and longer time scores on five subtests. Discriminant analysis revealed that the time score for Visual Sequential Memory and the accuracy score for Visual Closure were the two subtest scores that best discriminated between groups and, together, were able to correctly classify 84.6% of the subjects. The TVPS total accuracy score for the subjects with learning disabilities significantly correlated with their overall performance IQ but not with their verbal IQ. Their TVPS total accuracy scores also correlated with scores on Block Design, but not with scores on the Object Assembly or Picture Completion subtests of the WAIS-R. The results seem to indicate that the TVPS is valid as an assessment of visual-perceptual functions for young adult subjects. Recommendations for further study were made.
The Recruitment of Occupational Therapy Students: A National Survey
Authors: Wyrick Joane M. , Stern Erica B. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This national survey was designed to study selected characteristics of entry level occupational therapy students and to compare recruitment variables in technical and professional students. The survey encompassed 116 programs with 1,843 students responding. Major findings include the following: the median age of professional students was 1 to 2 years older than that of technical students: the technical students had the larger percentage of older students; professional level students chose occupational therapy at an earlier age than did technical students; the majority of minority students were enrolled in technical programs; and students’ initial exposure to occupational therapy differed between the technical and professional students: Technical students reported that their earliest contacts with the profession most often came from family friends, college and junior college contacts, high school counselors, and occupational therapy students, in that order. Professional level students reported that their most common initial contact came from occupational therapy students, family friends, parents, a volunteer or employment experience in the field, or health personnel in the field, in that order Survey data form the basis for a discussion of potential expansion of recruitment strategies.
Cluster Homes: A Community for Profoundly and Severely Retarded Persons
Authors: Shalik Linda D. , Shalik Harold 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This article discusses community residences that in 1983 replaced two large institutional facilities for retarded persons in Florida. Twenty-six of these residences, or clusters, usually housing 24 clients each, are located throughout the state. The clusters are designed to normalize the living conditions of the mentally retarded, increase their safety, and place them close to society and their families. Medical and social services, including occupational therapy, are made available to all residents of the clusters. This article focuses on one of these clusters, with special emphasis on the role and scope of occupational therapy services within this unique setting. Special problems and experiences encountered in the delivery of occupational therapy services to the profoundly and severely retarded clients in the clusters are explored.
Beyond the Job Description: Managing for Performance
Authors: Schell Barbara A. Boyt , Kieshauer Mary Lou 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Translation of individual effort into performance that effectively meets organizational goals is challenging. This article demonstrates a systematic approach that addresses both baseline performance and staff development by using personnel management concepts and relating them to existing resources available from the American Occupational Therapy Association. The systems approach described uses performance standards as a basis for staff recruitment, orientation, development, and appraisal. Also discussed are the applications to student clinical education.
The Art of Leading Meetings
Authors: English Carroll B. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The ability to skillfully lead meetings can contribute to a manager’s effectiveness. There are four types of meetings, each serving different needs and requiring different leadership. A manager must know when to hold meetings, what leadership style is appropriate, how and when to use participative management, and how to facilitate a consensus. Considerable planning must be done before a meeting is held. Various leadership and communication skills are required to effectively open, conduct, and close a meeting. Finally, the leader needs to know how to deal with participants who become problems.
A Conceptual Model for the Instruction and Supervision of Treatment Planning
Authors: Pelland Mary Jo 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The process of treatment planning requires the effective application of complex problem-solving skills. The occupational therapy literature has described components of this process and has identified both the difficulty educators have in teaching and the difficulty clinicians have in articulating the process of clinical problem solving.
This paper presents a conceptual model of the dynamic process of occupational therapy treatment planning based on the case method of problem solving. An analysis of the process provides a basis for academic and clinical educators to effectively instruct and supervise students in treatment planning. An analysis of critical concepts related to each stage is followed by (a) common clinical errors committed by students and new therapists and (b) suggestions for supervisory approaches specific to errors at each stage.
The Effects of Deep Pressure Touch on Anxiety
Authors: Krauss Kirsten E. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Occupational therapists who work with hyperactive children and adults who are in an aroused state sometimes employ deep pressure touch (DPT) as a therapeutic method to achieve calmer behavior. This pilot study attempts to measure effects of DPT on objective and subjective anxiety. Twenty-three healthy college students, serving as their own controls, self-administered DPT via a specially designed apparatus. Heart rate and self-reported anxiety were compared under conditions of DPT (experimental) and confinement without DPT (control). Data on subjects’ trait anxiety also were analyzed. Although the group as a whole did not relax significantly more under experimental conditions than under control conditions, the degree of subjective relaxation was greater in the experimental group. These results, coupled with a significant intragroup difference in the response of subjects with high trait anxiety, were encouraging. This study provides direction and focus to investigators interested in further research on the validation of an empirically useful treatment technique.
The Relationship Between the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and Preschool Gross Motor and Cognitive Performance
Authors: Crowe Terry K. , Deitz Jean C. , Bennett Forrest C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Early identification of disabilities enables early intervention by occupational therapists and other health professionals. Because the number of children who can he seen in therapy is limited, it is important to be able to identify those infants most likely to have deficits at a later age. Therefore, it is necessary to study and understand the relationship between infants’ scores on early developmental assessments and later developmental outcomes.
The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which scores on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) during the first 2 years of life are related to motor and cognitive performance at 4½ years for a sample of children identified at birth as biologically high risk. This retrospective study involved 70 children who were evaluated at corrected ages of 4 months, 1 year, 2 years, and 4½ years. The 4-month BSID Mental and Motor Scale scores did not relate significantly to later cognitive motor performance. In contrast, the 12-month BSID Mental Scale scores related significantly to preschool scores on both the motor and cognitive measures. However, the 24-month BSID Mental Scale scores related significantly only to scores on the preschool cognitive measures. Though significant, these correlation coefficients had small magnitudes. Thus, therapists should be cautious about using BSID testing at 4 months, 1 year, and 2 years when attempting to predict later preschool performance.