bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of very high order and degree B0 shimming for spectroscopic imaging of the human brain at 7 tesla
Authors: Pan Jullie W. , Lo Kai‐Ming , Hetherington Hoby P. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWith the advent of ultrahigh field systems (7T), significant improvements in spectroscopic imaging (SI) studies of the human brain have been anticipated. These gains are dependent upon the achievable B0 homogeneity, both globally (σB, over the entire regions of interest or slice) and locally (σB, influencing the linewidth of individual SI voxels within the regions of interest). Typically the B0 homogeneity is adjusted using shim coils with spatial distributions modeled on spherical harmonics which can be characterized by a degree (radial dependence) and order (azimuthal symmetry). However, the role of very high order and degree shimming (e.g., 3rd and 4th degree) in MRSI studies has been controversial. Measurements of σB and σB were determined from B0 field maps of 64 × 64 resolution. In a 10 mm thick slice taken through the region of the subcortical nuclei, we find that in comparison to 1st–2nd degree shims, use of 1st–3rd and 1st–4th degree shims reduces σB by 29% and 55%, respectively. Using a SI voxel size of ∼1cc with an estimate of σB from 3 × 3 × 3 B0 map pixels in this subcortical region, the number of pixels with σB of less than 5 Hz increased from 24 to 59% with 1st–3rd and 1st–4th over 1st–2nd degree shims, respectively. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aging‐related deficits in orexin/hypocretin modulation of the septohippocampal cholinergic system
Authors: Stanley Emily M. , Fadel Jim 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe medial septum (MS) of the basal forebrain contains cholinergic neurons that project to the hippocampus, support cognitive function, and are implicated in age‐related cognitive decline. Hypothalamic orexin/hypocretin neurons innervate and modulate basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and provide direct inputs to the hippocampus. However, the precise role of orexin in modulating hippocampal cholinergic transmission—and how these interactions are altered in aging—is unknown. Here, orexin A was administered to CA1 and the MS of young (3–4 months) and aged (27–29 months) Fisher 344/Brown Norway rats, and hippocampal acetylcholine efflux was analyzed by in vivo microdialysis. At both infusion sites, orexin A dose‐dependently increased hippocampal acetylcholine in young, but not aged rats. Moreover, immunohistochemical characterization of the MS revealed no change in cholinergic cell bodies in aged animals, but a significant decrease in orexin fiber innervation to cholinergic cells. These findings indicate that: (1) Orexin A modulates hippocampal cholinergic neurotransmission directly and transsynaptically in young animals, (2) Aged animals are unresponsive to orexin A, and (3) Aged animals undergo an intrinsic reduction in orexin innervation to cholinergic cells within the MS. Alterations in orexin regulation of septohippocampal cholinergic activity may contribute to age‐related dysfunctions in arousal, learning, and memory. Synapse, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cenozoic climate change influences mammalian evolutionary dynamics
Authors: Figueirido Borja , Janis Christine M. , Pérez-Claros Juan A. , De Renzi Miquel , Palmqvist Paul 
Published: December 2011

Global climate change is having profound impacts on the natural world. However, climate influence on faunal dynamics at macroevolutionary scales remains poorly understood. In this paper we investigate the influence of climate over deep time on the diversity patterns of Cenozoic North American mammals. We use factor analysis to identify temporally correlated assemblages of taxa, or major evolutionary faunas that we can then study in relation to climatic change over the past 65 million years. These taxa can be grouped into six consecutive faunal associations that show some correspondence with the qualitative mammalian chronofaunas of previous workers. We also show that the diversity pattern of most of these chronofaunas can be correlated with the stacked deep-sea benthic foraminiferal oxygen isotope (
δ
18
O) curve, which strongly suggests climatic forcing of faunal dynamics over a large macroevolutionary timescale. This study demonstrates the profound influence of climate on the diversity patterns of North American terrestrial mammals over the Cenozoic.
Effects of Phosphate Salts on the pH Values and Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) Pasting Parameters of Wheat Flour Suspensions
Authors: Zhou Yibin , Hou Gary G. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTChanges in pH and pasting properties of instant‐noodle formula dry‐mix suspensions containing each of 12 phosphate salts were investigated. The pH values of solutions alone and then solution and flour suspensions decreased as the level of phosphate salts increased, except that of trisodium phosphate, which increased the pH value. The changes in the Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) pasting parameters of instant‐noodle formula suspensions were not consistent with the respective changes in pH, but the change trends of the RVA parameters for the two different wheat flours (hard red winter and soft white wheat) were similar. Five of the phosphate salts gradually increased the RVA peak viscosity (PV) as phosphate concentration increased. Seven other phosphate salts increased the PV at 0.05% and then decreased PV as the phosphate concentration increased. The change in trough viscosity owing to phosphate salt and concentration was similar to that of PV. The final viscosity (FV) gradually declined, to varying degrees, as the phosphate concentration increased for some of the phosphate salts. However, seven of the phosphate salts caused slight increases in FV as their concentrations increased. The response of starch gelatinization and pasting behavior, as measured by RVA, indicated that phosphate salts exert an influence on starch during heating in water. Because RVA parameters have been linked to instant‐noodle processing and textural properties, phosphate salt identity and concentration can likely be manipulated to affect end‐product quality.
Immunology in the clinic review series: focus on type 1 diabetes and viruses: the role of viruses in type 1 diabetes: a difficult dilemma
Authors: Coppieters K T , Wiberg A , Tracy S M , von Herrath M G 
Published: December 2011

Summary
OTHER THEMES PUBLISHED IN THIS IMMUNOLOGY IN THE CLINIC REVIEW SERIES
Metabolic diseases, host responses, cancer, autoinflammatory diseases, allergy.
Convincing evidence now indicates that viruses are associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D) development and progression. Human enteroviruses (HEV) have emerged as prime suspects, based on detection frequencies around clinical onset in patients and their ability to rapidly hyperglycaemia trigger in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse. Whether or not HEV can truly cause islet autoimmunity or, rather, act by accelerating ongoing insulitis remains a matter of debate. In view of the disease's globally rising incidence it is hypothesized that improved hygiene standards may reduce the immune system's ability to appropriately respond to viral infections. Arguments in favour of and against viral infections as major aetiological factors in T1D will be discussed in conjunction with potential pathological scenarios. More profound insights into the intricate relationship between viruses and their autoimmunity-prone host may lead ultimately to opportunities for early intervention through immune modulation or vaccination.
Strengthening handover communication in pediatric cardiac intensive care
Authors: Craig Rona , Moxey Linda , Young David , Spenceley Neil S. , Davidson Mark G. 
Published: December 2011

SummaryObjective:  To evaluate knowledge transfer and perceptions using a structured handover process for the postoperative pediatric cardiac patient being admitted to intensive care. The hypothesis being that knowledge transfer could be optimized by the implementation of this handover structure.Aim:  To investigate the effects of the implementation of a structured handover in the intensive care unit, including preadmission cardiac reports and operating room information.Background:  Patient handover following pediatric cardiac surgery involves a multidisciplinary team and a potentially unstable patient, which may create multiple cognitive demands for the treating team. This may lead to an increased risk of information error with potentially significant sequelae for the patient.Methods:  A prospective interventional study in a tertiary pediatric hospital providing both general and cardiac intensive care in the United Kingdom was undertaken in the postoperative cardiac group. Twenty‐one preintervention and 22 postintervention handovers were observed by a trained independent observer. Three phases of the handover, prepatient readiness, prehandover readiness, and information conveyed, were assessed as well as attentiveness, organization of the team, and flow of information during the handover. The duration and number of interruptions were also recorded. Staff perceptions of the handover were also assessed.Results:  All three phases of the handover were significantly improved with the handover intervention. The observer scores were also significantly improved as were the perceptions of the staff following the implementation of the handover tool. There was no significant increase in the duration of the handover.Conclusions:  Communication between the operating room and intensive care staff, regarding postoperative pediatric cardiac patients, significantly improved with the implementation of a structured handover.
Association Between Dental Status and Incident Disability in an Older Japanese Population
Authors: Aida Jun , Kondo Katsunori , Hirai Hiroshi , Nakade Miyo , Yamamoto Tatsuo , Hanibuchi Tomoya , Osaka Ken , Sheiham Aubrey , Tsakos Georgios , Watt Richard G. 
Published: December 2011

ObjectivesTo determine the association between dental health status and onset of functional disability in older Japanese people.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingSix Japanese municipalities.ParticipantsFour thousand four hundred twenty‐five community‐dwelling individuals aged 65 and over.MeasurementsThe outcome measure was the onset of functional disability based on public records of people receiving long‐term care insurance benefits, determined through a standardized multistep assessment of functional and cognitive impairment including a personal interview and an examination by a physician. Disability data were analyzed for 4,425 respondents during 2003 to 2007. Self‐reported number of remaining teeth and eating ability were used as measures of dental health status. Age, sex, body mass index, self‐rated health, present illness, smoking, alcohol, exercise, and equivalent income were used as covariates.ResultsIn the age‐ and sex‐adjusted Cox proportional hazard models, there were significant associations between number of remaining teeth, eating ability, and onset of disability. After adjusting for sociodemographic, behavioral, and health status variables, respondents with 19 or fewer teeth had a significant 1.21 (95% confidence interval = 1.06–1.40) times higher hazard ratio for the onset of functional disability. In contrast, eating ability was not significantly associated with the onset of disability.ConclusionPoor dental status was associated with a higher risk of onset of functional disability in older Japanese people. Sociodemographic, behavioral, and health status covariates explained the association between eating ability and onset of disability.
Is There a Difference between the Effects of One-Point and Three-Point Indirect Moxibustion Stimulation on Skin Temperature Changes of the Posterior Trunk Surface?
Authors: Mori Hidetoshi , Tanaka Tim Hideaki , Kuge Hiroshi , Sasaki Ken 
Published: December 2011

Objective To determine whether any difference exists in responses to indirect moxibustion relative to thermal stimulation sites. Methods Twenty one healthy men of mean±SD age 22.5±6.1 years were randomly divided into two groups, one receiving a single moxibustion stimulation in three locations (the three-point stimulation group, n=10 participants) and the other receiving three stimulations in one location (the one-point stimulation group, n=11 participants). The thermal stimulation sites were GV14, GV9 and GV4 acupuncture points. A thermograph was used to obtain the skin temperature on the posterior trunks of the participants. To analyse skin temperature, four arbitrary frames (the scapular, interscapular, lumbar and vertebral regions) were made on the posterior trunk. Result An increase in skin temperature on the posterior trunk was observed following both one- and three-point moxibustion administrations. The skin temperature of the lumbar region showed a significant increase after three-point stimulation compared with single-point stimulation (p=0.011). There was also a significant increase in skin temperature of the spinal region after three-point stimulation compared with one-point stimulation (p=0.046). Conclusion Administration of single moxibustion doses on the GV14, GV9 and GV4 points produces greater changes in skin temperature than three applications of moxibustion to the GV14 point only.
Intraseasonal Convective Moistening in CMIP3 Models
Authors: Xavier Prince K. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
A precise relationship between tropospheric moisture and convection is thought to be a key to the accurate simulation of tropical intraseasonal variability. An evaluation of the precipitation distribution and its fundamental physical relationship with relative humidity (RH) in the 14 climate models that participated in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3) is presented here. Most models tend to reside in a light rainfall regime that largely determines the models’ basic state, and the intraseasonal transition toward heavy precipitation is not as gradual as in the observations. Some of the precipitation biases are related to the deficiencies in the representation of the relationship between the precipitation and RH, and the moisture preconditioning ahead of intraseasonal convection. It is also shown that even for models with reasonable baroclinic temperature anomaly structures of the MJO, there are large biases in the intraseasonal specific humidity anomalies, some of which may be related to the uncertainties in representing shallow cumulus, convective downdrafts, and convective detrainment.
Uniform blow-up rate for a porous medium equation with a weighted localized source
Authors: Zeng Weili , Lu Xiaobo , Liu Qilin 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
In this article, we investigate the Dirichlet problem for a porous medium equation with a more complicated source term. In some cases, we prove that the solutions have global blow-up and the rate of blow-up is uniform in all compact subsets of the domain. Moreover, in each case, the blow-up rate of |u(t)|∞ is precisely determined.
Dabigatran Use in a Postoperative Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Patient with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation and Heparin-PF4 Antibodies
Authors: Fieland Daniel , Taylor Mark 
Published: December 2011

OBJECTIVE: To present a case of dabigatran use for nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in a patient from a population for whom it has not been studied. Postoperative coronary artery bypass patients have significant bleeding risk and potential to develop heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). CASE SUMMARY: A 70-year-old male with a history of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in sinus rhythm prior to surgery developed atrial fibrillation on postoperative day 2 after coronary artery bypass surgery. Because of thrombocytopenia, anticoagulation to decrease stroke risk with atrial fibrillation was initiated with dabigatran 150 mg orally twice daily beginning on postoperative day 4. Later on postoperative day 4, after dabigatran was administered, the patient's HIT screening test was positive for heparin/PF4 antibodies; however, he was not clinically diagnosed with HIT. Heparin was not used postoperatively and transition dosing from dabigatran to warfarin was started on postoperative day 8, the day of discharge. At the time of the outpatient follow-up appointment, the patient had no signs of thrombosis or bleeding complications. DISCUSSION: Dabigatran is a direct thrombin inhibitor approved for nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. In this case, the physician ordered dabigatran for an approved use, according to manufacturer labeling. However, patients with this diagnosis would have been excluded from the RE-LY (Randomized Evaluation of Long-term Anticoagulant Therapy) trial, on which Food and Drug Administration approval was based. Our patient had thrombocytopenia with a low pretest probability for HIT but was positive for heparin/PF4 antibodies, based on enzyme immunoassay testing. Dabigatran was continued for atrial fibrillation and not switched to any other direct thrombin inhibitor, such as argatroban, lepirudin, or bivalirudin, which are listed in the American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines, 8th edition, for the Treatment and Prevention of Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia. CONCLUSIONS: Further research on the use of dabigatran in patients with recent coronary bypass surgery and heparin/PF4 antibodies is needed before any recommendations can be made.
Simulation of Hydrogen Sulfide and Carbon Dioxide Production during Thermal Recovery of Bitumen
Authors: Ibatullin T. R. , Yang T. , Petersen E. B. , Chan M. , Rismyhr O. , Tollefsen S. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Thermal recovery processes are widely applied for heavy oil and bitumen production. Unique thermal properties of water and water steam allowed efficient reduction of extremely high viscosities by several orders of magnitude and made a vast heavy oil and bitumen reserves production technically and economically feasible.
Steam effect on heavy oil and bitumen in traditional reservoir engineering for a long time has been considered as physical only, i.e. viscosity reduction, improved flow parameters, distillation effects, emulsification, etc. However multiple laboratory studies and field observations suggest that initial oil undergoes chemical alteration and gases such as H2S and CO2 could be produced in increased quantities. Estimation of H2S and CO2 production potential is important due to considerable corrosivity of these gases, associated environmental, economical and other issues.
In this study a practical approach has been developed to simulate and forecast H2S and CO2 production during thermal recovery using common reservoir simulation tools. First, analytical data was matched and then chemical reaction had been implemented to the sector model. Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) was chosen to demonstrate the concept of suggested approach and analyze the results.
Generated gases were considered to be soluble both in water and oil. The importance of accounting for gas solubility in water was demonstrated and discussed. Simulated volumes of H2S and CO2 are in good agreement with that observed in the field applications of steam assisted recovery methods.
A 3D Coupled Reservoir Geomechanics Study for Pressure, Water Production, and Oil Production Simulation: Application in Umm-Gudair Field, West Kuwait
Authors: Dutta Dipankar , Nair C. V. , Zhang Xing , Khan Khaqan , Mohamad-Hussein Assef , Yaser Muhammad , Press David , Al-Khalifa Nasser Faisal , Faldi Eman Hadad , Koutsabeloulis Nick 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
A 3D reservoir geomechanics study was conducted in the Lower Cretaceous Minagish Oolite reservoir, Umm-Gudair field, West Kuwait, using coupled modelling. A series of parametric studies was performed to understand the impact of permeability changes on pressure, water production, and oil production at a selection of key wells. The evolution of fieldwide water saturation during more than 40 years of production was examined. The anisotropy between vertical and horizontal permeabilities was investigated. The coupled modelling demonstrated the impact of geomechanics changes (alterations in stress and strain) on both well and overall field performance.
A 3D geomechanical model was developed based on an existing dynamic reservoir model and static geological model. The 3D model consisted of 3,993,134 grid-cells and included the reservoir, its surrounding formations, and 10 seismically interpreted faults. Mechanical properties derived from well data, in situ measurements, and triaxial test data were populated within the 3D model. A preproduction stress calculation was performed to obtain a representative initial stress state before production, with calibration against measurements along various wells. The effective stress changes caused by depletion were simulated at various intervals over the production time; the reservoir displacements, both horizontally and vertically, were computed. To simulate the impact of reservoir rock deformation on reservoir performance, permeability updating was simulated considering the pore volume change of intact rock, the induced plastic shear strain of formed microcracks, and the dilation/opening of preexisting nonconductive fractures. This resulted in the variation of well performance in terms of pressure, water production, and oil production.
Four permeability updating scenarios were tested to understand the impact of dynamic permeability updating on well performance and field behaviour. The results show (a) an improved history matching of well pressure at almost all examined wells, (b) an improved history matching of water and oil productions at most of the examined wells, and (c) an insignificant impact on those wells along the flanks, despite significant improvements at the core of the anticlines. The results of this study provided guidance for optimal field development planning.
Dual-Permeability Model for Coupled Reservoir Geomechanical Modeling: Application for Field Production Data
Authors: Zhang Xing , Koutsabeloulis Nick , Press David , Lee Kwang-Ho 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Dual-permeability models were developed to simulate the permeability of fractured reservoirs, including connected fracture networks, fracture corridors, unconnected fractures, and nonconductive fractures. The opening of nonconductive fractures was simulated based on either fracture dilation caused by shearing or fracture opening caused by tensile failure. In this way, the permeability change of all fractures (both conductive and nonconductive) can be simulated responding to the change in the effective stresses caused by reservoir depletion and/or injection. It is assumed that the conductive fractures possess a base-level permeability before production and injection, which corresponds to the residual permeability of the fractures. This implies that the apertures of fractures have closed to their irreducible limit at the reservoir depth and initial conditions, but minimum hydraulic apertures still exist.
The newly developed dual-permeability modeling technique was applied to an areal model of a fractured/faulted reservoir containing 49 wells, which simulated 36 months of production with waterflooding in the presence of fracture sets and faults. This study was to understand the geomechanical influences on flow rates at individual wells, which were assessed with the spatial and temporal correlations in flow rates at pairs of wells. This example revealed the ongoing interaction between pressure, production/injection rate, permeability, and deformation in the fractured reservoir. The stress direction has an important effect on the evolution of fracture permeability. The sliding of faults induced significant permeability enhancement of the fractures around the faults. Long-range rate correlations were predominantly related to geomechanical links; short-range rate correlations were mainly related to high permeable channels.