bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predisposing factors of pituitary hemorrhage
Authors: Liu Z.‐H. , Tu P.‐H. , Pai P.‐C. , Chen N.‐Y. , Lee S.‐T. , Chuang C.‐C. 
Published: December 2011

Background and purpose:  The clinical features of pituitary adenomas were retrospectively analyzed, focusing on the factors that contribute to the development of pituitary hemorrhage. Although many causes of pituitary adenoma hemorrhage have been identified, it is difficult to distinguish which conditions are truly causative. We determined the independent variables that contribute to pituitary hemorrhage in pituitary adenoma.Methods:  Two hundred and eighty‐eight consecutive patients diagnosed as pituitary adenoma were enrolled. These patients underwent tumor removal through endoscopic transsphenoidal approach. The subjects were divided into hemorrhagic and non‐hemorrhagic groups, based on magnetic resonance images and histological findings. The predisposing factors were reviewed in the medical records for all patients. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the relationships between variables of pituitary adenoma hemorrhage.Results:  We investigated 81 patients in whom hemorrhage from pituitary adenoma occurred. The incidence of pituitary hemorrhage was 28.1% (81/288). The predisposing factors surveyed for pituitary hemorrhage were significantly associated with macroadenoma, non‐functional adenomas, anticoagulation therapy, end‐stage renal disease, dopamine agonist treatment, and underlying malignant disease (all P < 0.05). Sex, age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and previous radiation therapy were not related to pituitary hemorrhage.Conclusions:  In this pooled cohort, the predisposing factors of pituitary adenoma characteristic for pituitary hemorrhage were macroadenoma and non‐functional adenoma. Patients who received dopamine agonist and anticoagulation therapy are implicated as precipitating factors. Underlying end‐stage renal disease and malignant disease are also factors that contribute to pituitary adenoma hemorrhage.
Sulfosalt melts and heavy metal (As‐Sb‐Bi‐Sn‐Pb‐Tl) fractionation during volcanic gas expansion: the El Indio (Chile) paleo‐fumarole
Authors: HENLEY R. W. , MAVROGENES J. , TANNER D. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractHigh‐sulfidation vein gold deposits such as El Indio, Chile, formed in fracture arrays <1000 m beneath paleo‐solfatara in volcanic terranes. Stable isotope data have confirmed a predominance of magmatic vapor during the deposition of arsenic‐rich sulfide–sulfosalt assemblages in this deposit. These provide a unique opportunity to analyze the processes and products of high‐temperature volcanic gas expansion in fractures that form the otherwise inaccessible infrastructure deep inside equivalent present‐day fumaroles. We provide field emission scanning electron microscope and LA‐ICP‐MS micro‐analytical data for the wide range of heavy, semi‐metals and metalloids (arsenic, antimony, bismuth, tin, silver, gold, tellurium and selenium) in the complex pyrite‐enargite‐Fe‐tennantite assemblages from Copper Stage mineralization in the El Indio deposit. These data document the progressive fractionation of antimony and other heavy metals, such as bismuth, during crystallization from a sulfosalt melt that condensed from expanding vapor at about 15 MPa (150 bars) and >650°C following higher temperature vapor deposition of crystalline pyrite and enargite. The sulfosalt melt aggressively corroded the earlier enargite and pyrite and hosts clusters of distinctive euhedral quartz crystals. The crystallizing sulfosalt melt also trapped an abundance of vugs within which heavy metal sulfide and sulfosalt crystals grew together with K‐Al silicates and fluorapatite. These data and their geologic context suggest that, in high‐temperature fumaroles on modern active volcanoes, over 90% of the arsenic content of the primary magmatic vapor (perhaps 2000 mg kg−1) was precipitated subsurface as sulfosalt. Subsurface fractionation may also account for the range of exotic Pb‐Sn‐Bi‐Se sulfosalts observed in fumarole sublimates on active volcanoes such as Vulcano, Italy, as well as on extra‐terrestrial volcanoes such as Maxwell Montes, Venus.
Meta Analysis of the Association between MTHFR C677T Polymorphism and the Risk of Congenital Heart Defects
Authors: Yin Meng , Dong Lingyan , Zheng Jinghao , Zhang Haibo , Liu Jinfen , Xu Zhiwei 
Published: December 2011

SummaryMethylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphism C667T has been associated with congenital malformation; this common missense mutation in the MTHFR gene may reduce enzymatic action, and may be involved in the etiology of congenital heart defects (CHD). The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of the MTHFR C677T polymorphism with the risk of CHD in children with CHD and their parents by meta‐analysis. Studies were identified by searching electronic literature for papers before 2011, focusing on MTHFR C667T and the risk of CHD. All data were analyzed using the fixed effects model in Cochrane Review Manager 5.1.1. Twenty eligible case‐control and family‐based studies were included. Overall analysis yielded pooled odds ratios (OR) of 1.55 (95%CI 1.25–1.93), 1.84 (95%CI 1.23–2.74) and 1.20 (95%CI 0.94–1.54) for fetal, paternal and maternal MTHFR TT genotypes in case‐control studies, respectively, but yielded a summarized OR of 0.9 (95%CI 0.97–1.12) in family‐based studies. Our results suggested that the fetal and paternal MTHFR C667T gene may be associated with an increased occurrence of CHD. Further larger studies should be performed to investigate the interaction between maternal genetic polymorphism, folic acid intake and hyperhomocysteinemia, and the development of CHD.
Sensitivity and precision of adverse effects search filters in MEDLINE and EMBASE: a case study of fractures with thiazolidinediones
Authors: Golder Su , Loke Yoon K. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackground:  Search filters have been developed in MEDLINE and EMBASE to help overcome the challenges of searching electronic databases for information on adverse effects. However, little evaluation of their effectiveness has been carried out.Objectives:  To measure the sensitivity and precision of available adverse effects search filters in MEDLINE and EMBASE.Methods:  A case study systematic review of fracture related adverse effects associated with the use of thiazolidinediones was used. Twelve MEDLINE search strategies and three EMBASE search strategies were tested.Results:  Nineteen relevant references from MEDLINE and 24 from EMBASE were included in the review. Four search filters in MEDLINE achieved high sensitivity (95 or 100%) with an improved level of precision from searches without any adverse effects filter. High precision in MEDLINE could also be achieved (up to 53%) using search filters that rely on Medical Subject Headings. No search filter in EMBASE achieved high precision (all were under 5%) and the highest sensitivity in EMBASE was 83%.Conclusions:  Adverse effects search filters appear to be effective in MEDLINE for achieving either high sensitivity or high precision. Search filters in EMBASE, however, do not appear as effective, particularly in improving precision.
Activation of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 evokes nociception through substance P release from primary sensory neurons
Authors: Nakamura Yoki , Une Yujiro , Miyano Kanako , Abe Hiromi , Hisaoka Kazue , Morioka Norimitsu , Nakata Yoshihiro 
Published: December 2011

J. Neurochem.(2012)120, 1036–1047.AbstractTo examine mechanisms underlying substance P (SP) release from primary sensory neurons in response to activation of the non‐selective cation channel transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), SP release from cultured rat dorsal root ganglion neurons was measured, using radioimmunoassay, by stimulating TRPA1 with allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), a TRPA1 agonist. AITC‐evoked SP release occurred in a concentration‐ and time‐dependent manner. Interestingly, p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (p38) inhibitor SB203580 significantly attenuated AITC‐evoked SP release. Thein vivoeffect of AITC‐evoked SP release from primary sensory neurons in mice was evaluated. Hind paw intraplantar injection of AITC induced nociceptive behaviors and inflammation (edema, thermal hyperalgesia). AITC‐induced thermal hyperalgesia and edema were inhibited by intraplantar pre‐treatment with either SB203580 or neurokinin‐1 receptor antagonist CP96345. Moreover, intrathecal pre‐treatment with either CP96345 or SB203580 inhibited AITC‐induced nociceptive behaviors and thermal hyperalgesia. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that intraplantar AITC injection induced the phosphorylation of p38 in mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons containing SP. These findings suggest that activation of TRPA1 evokes SP release from the primary sensory neurons through phosphorylation of p38, subsequent nociceptive behaviors and inflammatory responses. Furthermore, the data also indicate that blocking the effects of TRPA1 activation at the periphery leads to significant antinociception.
Criminal Violence and Democratization in Central America: The Survival of the Violent State
Authors: Cruz José Miguel 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWhy does Nicaragua have less violent crime than Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras? All these countries underwent political transitions in the 1990s. Many explanations point to the legacies of war, socioeconomic underdevelopment, and neoliberal structural reforms. However, these arguments do not fully explain why, despite economic reforms conducted throughout the region, war-less Honduras and wealthier Guatemala and El Salvador have much more crime than Nicaragua. This article argues that public security reforms carried out during the political transitions shaped the ability of the new regimes to control the violence produced by their own institutions and collaborators. In the analysis of the crisis of public security, it is important to bring the state back. The survival of violent entrepreneurs in the new security apparatus and their relationship with new governing elites foster the conditions for the escalation of violence in northern Central America.
Beyond Orthodoxy: Asserting Latin America's New Strategic Options Toward the United States
Authors: Russell Roberto , Tokatlian Juan Gabriel 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
This essay explores the possibility that Latin America may deploy new strategic options in its relations with Washington at the beginning of the twenty-first century. It starts by evaluating what have been the five major foreign policy models of the region with regard to Washington since the end of the Cold War. It proceeds by evaluating the recent dynamics of Latin American insertion into world affairs. Then it introduces three new alternatives for handling U.S. Latin American relations in the coming years. It concludes by pointing out the importance of understanding the scope of the hemispheric challenges for both the region and Washington.
Short‐run and long‐run dynamics of farm land allocation: panel data evidence from Denmark1
Authors: Arnberg Søren , Hansen Lars Gårn 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis study develops and estimates a dynamic multi‐output model of farmers’ land allocation decisions that allows for the gradual adjustment of allocations that can result from crop rotation practices and quasi‐fixed capital constraints. Estimation is based on micro‐panel data from Danish farmers that include acreage, output, and variable input utilization at the crop level. Results indicate that there are substantial differences between the short‐run and long‐run land allocation behaviour of Danish farmers and that there are substantial differences in the time lags associated with different crops. To our knowledge, this is the first dynamic micro‐model of land allocation estimated on data from the temperate climate zone. Since similar farming conditions are found in northern Europe and parts of the United States and Canada, this result may be of wider interest.
Do rainfall conditions push or pull rural migrants: evidence from Malawi
Authors: Lewin Paul A. , Fisher Monica , Weber Bruce 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis article uses nationally representative data from Malawi's 2004/05 Integrated Household Survey (IHS2) to examine whether rainfall conditions influence a rural worker's decision to make a long‐term move to an urban or another rural area. Results of a Full Information Maximum Likelihood regression model reveal that (1) rainfall shocks have a negative association with rural out‐migration, (2) migrants choose to move to communities where rainfall variability and drought probability are lower, and (3) rainfall shocks have larger negative effects on the consumption of recent migrants than on the consumption of long‐time residents.
Pollen counts and suicide rates. Association not replicated
Authors: Woo J. M. , Gibbons R. D. , Rogers C. A. , Qin P. , Kim J. B. , Roberts D. W. , Noh E. S. , Mann J. J. , Postolache T. T. 
Published: December 2011

Woo JM, Gibbons RD, Rogers CA, Qin P, Kim JB, Roberts DW, Noh ES, Mann JJ, Postolache TT. Pollen counts and suicide rates. Association not replicated.Objective:  To replicate a previously reported association between pollen counts and county suicide rates in the continental United States, across space and time.Method:  The authors evaluated the relationship between airborne pollen counts and suicide rates in 42 counties of the continental United States, containing a pollen‐counting station participating in the Aeroallergen Monitoring Network in the United States (N = 120 076 suicides), considering years’ quarter, age group, sex, race, rural/urban location, number of local psychiatrists, and median household income, from 1999 to 2002. The county‐level effects were broken into between‐county and within‐county.Results:  No within‐county effects were found. Between‐county effects for grass and ragweed pollen on suicide rates lost statistical significance after adjustment for median income, number of psychiatrists, and urban vs. rural location.Conclusion:  Future research is necessary to reappraise the previously reported relationship between pollen levels and suicide rates that may have been driven by socioeconomic confounders.
Digital image analysis: a review of reproducibility, stability and basic requirements for optimal results
Authors: RIBER‐HANSEN RIKKE , VAINER BEN , STEINICHE TORBEN 
Published: December 2011

Riber‐Hansen R, Vainer B, Steiniche T. Digital image analysis: a review of reproducibility, stability and basic requirements for optimal results. APMIS 2012; 120: 276–89.Digital image analysis (DIA) is increasingly implemented in histopathological research to facilitate truly quantitative measurements, decrease inter‐observer variation and reduce hands‐on time. Originally, efforts were made to enable DIA to reproduce manually obtained results on histological slides optimized for light microscopy and the human eye. With improved technical methods and the acknowledgement that computerized readings are different from analysis by human eye, recognition has been achieved that to really empower DIA, histological slides must be optimized for the digital ‘eye’, with reproducible results correlating with clinical findings. In this review, we focus on the basic expectations and requirements for DIA to gain wider use in histopathological research and diagnostics. With a reference to studies that specifically compare DIA with conventional methods, this review discusses reproducibility, application of stereology‐based quantitative measurements, time consumption, optimization of histological slides, regions of interest selection and recent developments in staining and imaging techniques.
Emerging applications of nanomedicine in dermatology
Authors: Saraceno Rosita , Chiricozzi Andrea , Gabellini Massimo , Chimenti Sergio 
Published: December 2011

BackgroundNanotechnology is a new branch of engineering consisting of the usage of nanoscale particles (100 nm and smaller). Nanomedicine is the application of nanoscale technologies for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in medicine. Nanodermatology, nanotechnology applied to dermatology, represents one of the most advanced field for which an increasing interest, both economic and scientific, is rising. The skin is the first point of contact for a whole host of nanomaterials, ranging from topical preparations, articles of clothing and household products, to sporting goods and industrial manufactured goods. Applications of nanomedicine in dermatology include new direction in medical diagnosis, monitoring and treatment. Gold nanoparticle, quantum dots and magnetic nanoparticles are used in non‐invasive nanoimaging of high‐resolution dermoscopy, microscopy, nanopunch, and spectroscopy, offering advanced diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. Nanotherapeutics has been considered in immunotherapy, genetherapy, and drug therapy. In drug therapy, because of size reduction or encapsulation of drug particles, the therapeutic potential of water insoluble and unstable drugs improve, and also facilitate the delivery of small molecules across blood, skin, nails, and pilosebaceous unit.AimsTo review therapeutic applications and benefits of nanomedicine in esthetic dermatology, treatment of malignancies, and inflammatory skin diseases.
Small‐scale spatial autocorrelation in plant communities: the effects of spatial grain and measure of abundance, with an improved sampling scheme
Authors: Roe Cailin M. , Parker Graham C. , Korsten Annika C. , Lister Christina J. , Weatherall Sam B. , Lawrence Lodge Rachael H.E. , Bastow Wilson J. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractQuestionsHow does the spatial structure of plant communities vary with the spatial grain and with the measure of species presence used? How can communities most efficiently be sampled for spatial autocorrelation?LocationFour communities – riverbed, bog, ultramafic shrubland/herbfield and forest – in southwest New Zealand.MethodsEach site was sampled over an extent of ca. 120 m at seven spatial grains, from 0.0025 to 25 m2, using an innovative triangular sampling scheme. At the 1‐m2 grain, species abundances (local frequencies) were recorded, as well as presence/absence.ResultsThe percentage variation in species composition explained by distance, i.e. by spatial autocorrelation, was higher at larger grain. However, it reached a maximum of only 15%. The nugget – the Y‐intercept of the dissimilarity/distance relation – has been seen as a measure of randomness in community composition. It was generally about 0.5 dissimilarity on a 0–1 scale, although values in the range 0.7–0.8 were found at smaller grain sizes in the forest. The 90% distance, i.e. the distance at which dissimilarity reaches 90% of its final value, was interpretable only for the two sites where spatial autocorrelation was strong, but gave realistic estimates. Unsurprisingly, some parameter estimates were unrealistic when the fits were poor. Abundance information added nothing to the ability of distance to predict dissimilarity.ConclusionThe strength of spatial autocorrelation rose with increasing grain, to a low value but one congruent with the few comparable studies in the literature. That is, control of species composition seemed to be at the larger grain sizes sampled, rather than at a very fine scale. Strong spatial autocorrelation has been reported only over large extents, over environmental heterogeneity and/or when examining one guild within a community. The nugget was generally somewhat lower than other values in the literature, indicating less randomness. The lack of increased spatial community predictability when including species abundances conforms to the majority of previous studies, suggesting that the primary community control is on the presence of species, not their abundance. However, the differences in spatial autocorrelation between the four sites sampled emphasize that comparative studies using consistent methods are needed. The triangular sampling scheme used here was rapid, accurate, and efficient in its distribution of distances.
Ser/ Thr residues at α3/β5 loop of Gαs are important in morphine‐induced adenylyl cyclase sensitization but not mitogen‐activated protein kinase phosphorylation
Authors: Seyedabadi Mohammad , Ostad Seyed Nasser , Albert Paul R. , Dehpour Ahmad R. , Rahimian Reza , Ghazi‐Khansari Mahmoud , Ghahremani Mohammad H. 
Published: December 2011

The signaling switch of β2‐adrenergic and μ1‐opioid receptors from stimulatory G‐protein (Gαs) to inhibitory G‐protein (Gαi) (and vice versa) influences adenylyl cyclase (AC) and extracellular‐regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 activation. Post‐translational modifications, including dephosphorylation of Gαs, enhance opioid receptor coupling to Gαs. In the present study, we substituted the Ser/Thr residues of Gαs at the α3/β5 and α4/β6 loops aiming to study the role of Gαs lacking Ser/Thr phosphorylation with respect to AC sensitization and mitogen‐activated protein kinase activation. Isoproterenol increased the cAMP concentration (EC50 = 22.8 ± 3.4 μm) in Gαs‐transfected S49 cyc− cells but not in nontransfected cells. However, there was no significant difference between the Gαs‐wild‐type (wt) and mutants. Morphine (10 μm) inhibited AC activity more efficiently in cyc− compared to Gαs‐wt introduced cells (P < 0.05); however, we did not find a notable difference between Gαs‐wt and mutants. Interestingly, Gαs‐wt transfected cells showed more sensitization with respect to AC after chronic morphine compared to nontransfected cells (101 ± 12% versus 34 ± 6%; P < 0.001); μ1‐opioid receptor interacted with Gαs, and both co‐immunoprecipitated after chronic morphine exposure. Furthermore, mutation of T270A and S272A (P < 0.01), as well as T270A, S272A and S261A (P < 0.05), in α3/β5, resulted in a higher level of AC supersensitization. ERK1/2 phosphorylation was rapidly induced by isoproterenol (by 9.5 ± 2.4‐fold) and morphine (22 ± 2.2‐fold) in Gαs‐transfected cells; mutations of α3/β5 and α4/β6 did not affect the pattern or extent of mitogen‐activated protein kinase activation. The findings of the present study show that Gαs interacts with the μ1‐opioid receptor, and the Ser/Thr mutation to Ala at the α3/β5 loop of Gαs enhances morphine‐induced AC sensitization. In addition, Gαs was required for the rapid phosphorylation of ERK1/2 by isoproterenol but not morphine.Structured digital abstract
oprm1 physically interacts with Gsalphas by antibait coimmunoprecipitation (View interaction)
Gsalphas physically interacts with oprm1 by antitag coimmunoprecipitation (View interaction)
Transepithelial Transport of 4‐Chloro‐2‐Methylphenoxyacetic Acid (MCPA) across Human Intestinal Caco‐2 Cell Monolayers
Authors: Kimura Osamu , Tsukagoshi Kensuke , Hayasaka Moriaki , Endo Tetsuya 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMechanisms of transcellular transport of 4‐chloro‐2‐methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) across the small intestine were investigated using Caco‐2 cells cultured on permeable membranes. The cell monolayers were incubated with MCPA, either from apical side at pH 6.0 or 7.4, or basolateral side at pH 7.4. The accumulation and apical‐to‐basolateral transport of MCPA were markedly stimulated by the acidic pH on the apical side (inwardly directed H+ gradient), dependent on metabolic energy and inhibited by co‐incubation with acetic acid or benzoic acid. Without the H+ gradient, on the other hand, the basolateral‐to‐apical transport of MCPA (secretory transport) was higher than the apical‐to‐basolateral transport (absorptive transport), although the secretory transport of MCPA was markedly lower than the absorptive transport under the H+ gradient. Co‐incubation of MCPA with probenecid from the basolateral side significantly inhibited the accumulation and transport of MCPA, whereas co‐incubation with p‐aminohippuric acid did not. These results suggest that the absorptive transport of MCPA is mediated by H+‐linked monocarboxylic acid transporters expressed on the apical membranes, while secretory transport is mediated by a probenecid‐sensitive transporter expressed on the basolateral membranes of Caco‐2 cell monolayers.