bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influenza viral infections among the Iranian Hajj pilgrims returning to Shiraz, Fars province, Iran
Authors: Moattari Afagh , Emami Amir , Moghadami Mohsen , Honarvar Behnam 
Published: May 2012

Please cite this paper as: Moattari et al. (2012) Influenza viral infections among the Iranian Hajj pilgrims returning to Shiraz, Fars province, Iran. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 6(601), e77–e79Background  Annually over two million Muslims from across the world converge on Mecca to perform the Hajj pilgrimage. Overcrowding at the Hajj facilitates spread of communicable diseases, especially respiratory infections. The aim of this study was to determine the attack rate of seasonal and pandemic influenza among returning Iranian pilgrims after the 2009 Hajj.Methods  Clinical data and throat swabs were collected at Shiraz airport from symptomatic Iranian pilgrims of Fars province who were returning from the Hajj between 15 and 21 December 2009. The specimens were tested at the Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Influenza Research Center for influenza viruses by cell culture and real‐time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RTrtPCR) according to standard protocol.Findings  Out of 3000 pilgrims from Fars province who attended the Hajj 2009, 275 symptomatic pilgrims were recruited into this study. Pilgrims had fever, cough, muscle ache and sore throat in various combinations. Twenty‐five (9·1%) pilgrims had influenza by virus culture and these were as follows: influenza B (n = 17), influenza A H3N2 (n = 8) and pandemic H1N1 (n = 5), whereas 33 (12%) had influenza by RTrtPCR: influenza B (n = 20), influenza A H3N2 (n = 8) and pandemic H1N1 (n = 5).Interpretation  Both seasonal and pandemic influenza infections occurred among the Iranian Hajj pilgrims; seasonal viruses were more common than the pandemic viruses even though all pilgrims were vaccinated against seasonal influenza.
Flavor Comparison of Natural Cheeses Manufactured in Different Countries
Authors: Koppel Kadri , Chambers Delores H. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  The objective of this study was to determine the main flavor components of different natural aged cheese types from various countries and determine whether a unique sensory characteristic exists within specific countries for European cheeses. The flavor of 152 cheeses from Estonia, France, Italy, Germany, Holland, Austria, England, Greece, Ireland, Spain, Switzerland, Sweden, Belgium, and Denmark were described during 4 independent studies. The sensory data from these studies were combined. The cheeses were sorted according to milk type and texture, and flavor characteristics of these groups were described. The main flavor characteristics of the cheeses tested were salty, sweet, sour, astringent, biting, pungent, sharp, nutty, musty/earthy, dairy fat, buttery, and dairy sweet. The cluster analysis divided the cheeses into 4 clusters: clusters 1 and 2 were sour, dairy sour, salty, astringent, biting, and varied in buttery (cluster 1) and sharp notes (cluster 2). Cluster 1 and 2 were mainly composed of French cheeses, while clusters 3 and 4 represented cheeses from various countries. Cluster 3 and 4 were sweet, with cooked milk and nutty characteristics and varied from buttery (cluster 3) to sharp notes (cluster 4). Cheeses from some countries, for example, France and Estonia, generally exhibited common sensory characteristics within the specific country, but cheeses from some other countries, such as Italy, varied widely, and seemed to have no common sensory theme. Most regional cheese standards are not specific about flavor profiles and these results suggest it may be possible to start a further characterization of cheeses in some countries.Practical Application:  This research shows the main flavor characteristics of certain types of cheeses manufactured in various countries. The information may be useful to cheese manufacturers, product developers, food scientists, cheese connoisseurs, and government officials to better understand the flavor classification of cheeses from various countries.
Glass Transition Study in Model Food Systems Prepared with Mixtures of Fructose, Glucose, and Sucrose
Authors: Saavedra‐Leos M.Z. , Grajales‐Lagunes A. , González‐García R. , Toxqui‐Terán A. , Pérez‐García S.A. , Abud‐Archila M.A. , Ruiz‐Cabrera M.A. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  The glass transition temperature of model food systems prepared with several glucose/fructose/sucrose mass fractions was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A distance‐based experimental design for mixtures of 3 components was used to establish the proportion of sugars of the model systems. Thus, 32 compositions including individual sugars and sugar mixtures, both binary and ternary were prepared and analyzed. Thermograms showing the complete process of heating–cooling–reheating were used to determine the precise glass transition temperature during cooling () or reheating () in amorphous sugars. The Scheffe cubic model was applied to experimental results to determine the influence of sugar composition on the glass transition temperature (P < 0.05). The final model proved to be appropriate (R2 > 0.97, CV < 9%, model significance <0.0001) to predict the Tg values of any dry mixture of amorphous fructose, glucose, and sucrose.Practical Application:  The experimental values of Tg and the mathematical model proposed in this work may be of great use for making available Tg data that involves the mixture of more than 2 sugars and thus could be used as a tool for predicting the storage stability and quality of dehydrated products such as fruit powders.
Fabrication of Reduced Fat Products by Controlled Heteroaggregation of Oppositely Charged Lipid Droplets
Authors: Mao Yingyi , Julian McClements David 
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  This study describes how the rheological properties of colloidal dispersions formed by heteroaggregation of oppositely charged protein‐coated lipid droplets depend on total particle concentration. Mixed‐particle emulsions were formed by mixing single‐particle emulsions containing either β‐lactoglobulin‐coated lipid droplets (ζ≈−42 mV, d43≈ 0.35 μm) or lactoferrin (LF)‐coated lipid droplets (ζ≈+26 mV, d43≈ 0.32 μm). A series of single‐particle and mixed‐particle emulsions with different total fat contents (5% to 40%) were prepared, and their mean particle size, apparent viscosity, and shear modulus were measured. Mixed‐particle emulsions (40% LF: 60%β‐Lg) containing relatively high fat contents (>10%) had high viscosities and paste‐like properties. These rheological characteristics were attributed to extensive particle aggregation and network formation due to electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged droplets. The viscosities of mixed‐particle emulsions were much higher than those of single‐particle emulsions with equivalent fat contents. Measurements of the color coordinates (L*, a*, b*) of mixed‐particle emulsions with low fat contents showed that they had similar appearances as single‐particle emulsions with high fat contents. This study has important implications for the creation of reduced fat foods with similar sensory qualities as higher fat foods.Practical Application:  This study describes how novel food materials can be created by mixing together negatively charged and positively charged lipid droplets. These mixed emulsions may be suitable for the creation of reduced fat products, since they have high viscosities and paste‐like properties at relatively low fat contents.
Processed Tart Cherry Products—Comparative Phytochemical Content, in vitro Antioxidant Capacity and in vitro Anti‐inflammatory Activity
Authors: Ou Boxin , Bosak Kristen N. , Brickner Paula R. , Iezzoni Dominic G. , Seymour E. Mitchell 
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  Processing of fruits and vegetables affects their phytochemical and nutrient content. Tart cherries are commercially promoted to possess antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activity. However, processing affects their phytochemical content and may affect their related health benefits. The current study compares the in vitro antioxidant capacity and anti‐inflammatory cyclooxygenase activity of processed tart cherry (Prunus cerasus) products—cherry juice concentrate, individually quick‐frozen cherries, canned cherries, and dried cherries. Cherry products were analyzed for total anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin content and profile. On a per serving basis, total anthocyanins were highest in frozen cherries and total proanthocyanidins were highest in juice concentrate. Total phenolics were highest in juice concentrate. Juice concentrate had the highest oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and peroxynitrite radical averting capacity (NORAC). Dried cherries had the highest hydroxyl radical averting capacity (HORAC) and superoxide radical averting capacity (SORAC). Processed tart cherry products compared very favorably to the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture‐reported ORAC of other fresh and processed fruits. Inhibition of in vitro inflammatory COX‐1 activity was greatest in juice concentrate. In summary, all processed tart cherry products possessed antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activity, but processing differentially affected phytochemical content and in vitro bioactivity. On a per serving basis, juice concentrate was superior to other tart cherry products.Practical Application:  Processing of fruits and vegetables affects their chemical and nutrient content and perhaps their related health benefits. Comparative studies are valuable to ascertain the effects of processing on fruit and vegetable chemical content and bioactivity. Here we present tart cherries as a model for this type of detailed comparison.
Extending the Shelf Life of Edible Flowers with Controlled Release of 1‐Methylcyclopropene and Modified Atmosphere Packaging
Authors: Kou Liping , Turner Ellen R. , Luo Yaguang 
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  Edible flowers have great sensory appeal, but their extremely short shelf life limits their commercial usage. Postharvest 1‐methylcyclopropene (1‐MCP) treatment is used to counter ethylene activity and delay senescence in fresh produce; however, its potential application in edible flowers has not been tested. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of 1‐MCP treatment with modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the shelf life of edible flowers. Freshly harvested carnations and snapdragons were packaged in trays with or without 0.5 μL/L of 1‐MCP, sealed with a gas permeable film, and stored at 5 °C. Package atmospheres, tissue electrolyte leakage, and flower quality were evaluated on days 0, 7, and 14. Treatment with 1‐MCP resulted in significantly slower changes in package headspace O2, CO2, and C2H4 partial pressures, maintained higher overall quality of both flower species and reduced electrolyte leakage and abscission in snapdragon. All samples prepared with MAP had significantly reduced dehydration and higher overall quality compared to flowers packaged commercially in plastic clamshell containers. Treatments with controlled release of 1‐MCP and MAP significantly extended storage life of edible carnation and snapdragon flowers.Practical Application:  Edible flowers are currently shipped via air cargo due to their extremely short shelf life. The technology developed in our research significantly extended the storage life of edible flowers, making it possible to ship the edible flowers via ground transportation with significant cost savings.
Effect of Molecular Weight, Acid, and Plasticizer on the Physicochemical and Antibacterial Properties of β‐Chitosan Based Films
Authors: Chen Jeremy L. , Zhao Yanyun 
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  Effects of chitosan molecular weight (1815 and 366 kDa), type of acid (1% acetic, formic, and propionic acid, or 0.5% lactic acid) and plasticizer (0, 25% glycerol or sorbital w/w chitosan) on the mechanical, water barrier, and antibacterial properties of β‐chitosan films were investigated. Tensile strength (TS) of high molecular weight (Hw) films was 53% higher than that of low molecular weight (Lw) ones, acetate, and propionate films had the highest TS (43 and 40 MPa) among tested acids, and plasticizer‐reduced film TS 34%. Film elongation at break (EL) was higher in Hw films than in Lw ones, in which formate and acetate films were the highest (9% and 8%, respectively), and plasticizer increased the film EL 128%. Molecular weight of chitosan did not influence water vapor permeability (WVP) of the films. Acetate and propionate films had lower WVP than other acid types of films, and plasticizer increased film WVP about 35%. No difference was found between glycerol and sorbitol films in terms of film mechanical and water barrier properties. Lw β‐chitosan films showed significant antibacterial activity against E. coli and L. innocua. This study demonstrated that β‐chitosan films are compatible to α‐chitosan films in physicochemical properties and antibacterial activity, yet with simple sample preparation.Practical Application:  β‐chitosan based edible films at molecular weight of about 300 kDa showed great antibacterial activity against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. The films have similar mechanical and water barrier properties to α‐chitosan based films at the similar molecular weight, but simple sample preparation procedures and more attractive color. The release of active chitosan fragment from the film matrix acts as an antibacterial agent, making β‐chitosan films suitable as intelligent food wraps or coatings for a wide range of food products to control moisture loss and prevent surface bacterial growth.
Effect of Low‐Level Laser Therapy (660 nm) on Acute Inflammation Induced by Tenotomy of Achilles Tendon in Rats
Authors: Laraia Erica Martinho Salvador , Silva Iandara Schettert , Pereira Daniel Martins , dos Reis Filipe Abdalla , Albertini Regiane , de Almeida Patrícia , Leal Junior Ernesto Cesar Pinto , de Tarso Camillo de Carvalho Paulo 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn this study, we aimed to analyze the effects of low‐level laser therapy (LLLT; 660 nm) on levels of protein expression of inflammatory mediators after cutting Achilles tendon of rats. Thirty Wistar male rats underwent partial incisions of the left Achilles tendon, and were divided into three groups of 10 animals according to the time of euthanasia after injury: 6, 24 and 72 h. Each group was then divided into control group and LLLT group (treated with 100 mW, 3.57 W cm−2, 0.028 cm2, 214 J cm−2, 6 J, 60 s, single point). In LLLT group, animals were treated once time per day until the time of euthanasia established for each group. The group treated with LLLT showed a significant reduction of IL‐1β compared with control groups at three time points (6 h: P = 0.0401; 24 h: P = 0.0015; 72 h: P = 0.0463). The analysis of IL‐6 showed significant reduction only in the LLLT group at 72 h compared with control group (P = 0.0179), whereas IL‐10 showed a significant increase in the treated group compared with control group at three experimental times (6 h: P = 0.0007; 24 h: P = 0.0256; 72 h: P < 0.0001). We conclude that LLLT is an important modulator of inflammatory cytokines release after injury in Achilles tendon.
Components of the Metabolic Syndrome Differ Between Young and Old Adults in the US Population
Authors: Sumner Andrew D. , Sardi Gabriel L. , Reed James F. 
Published: May 2012

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012;00:00–00. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) is high in the United States and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The authors examined whether the prevalence of the MetS and its components differs across age groups. Data were analyzed from 4 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys between the years 1999 and 2006. Prevalence of MetS as defined by the Third Report of the Adult Treatment Panel criteria and prevalence of associated cardiac risk factors were determined in 41,474 participants aged 18 years and older without a history of cardiovascular disease (CVD). All estimates were weighted. Prevalence of MetS among asymptomatic adults without CVD was 20.5% and remained stable for the total population during survey periods. Prevalence of MetS increased with age: 6.6% in young adults (age 18–29 years) and 34.6% in older adults (70 and older). Components of MetS differed between young and old adults. Young adults had lower levels of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, less glucose intolerance, and less hypertension. This study provides an estimate of MetS prevalence in asymptomatic adults in the United States during an 8‐year period revealing that MetS affects a large number of Americans. Components of MetS differ between young and old adults and may have important implications in their clinical management.
Can Access Limits on Sales Representatives to Physicians Affect Clinical Prescription Decisions? A Study of Recent Events With Diabetes and Lipid Drugs
Authors: Chressanthis George A. , Khedkar Pratap , Jain Nitin , Poddar Prashant , Seiders Michael G. 
Published: May 2012

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012; 14:435–446. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.The authors explored to what extent important medical decisions by practitioners can be influenced by pharmaceutical representatives and, in particular, whether restricting such access could delay appropriate changes in clinical practice. Medical practices were divided into four categories based on the degree of sales representative access to clinicians: very low, low, medium, and high from a database compiled by ZS Associates called AccessMonitor (Evanston, IL) used extensively by many pharmaceutical companies. Clinical decisions of 58,647 to 72,114 physicians were statistically analyzed using prescription data from IMS Health (Danbury, CT) in three critical areas: an innovative drug for type 2 diabetes (sitagliptin), an older diabetes drug with a new Food and Drug Administration–required black box warning for cardiovascular safety (rosiglitazone), and a combination lipid therapy that had reported negative outcomes in a clinical trial (simvastatin+ezetimbe). For the uptake of the new diabetes agent, the authors found that physicians with very low access to representatives had the lowest adoption of this new therapy and took 1.4 and 4.6 times longer to adopt than physicians in the low‐ and medium‐access restriction categories, respectively. In responding to the black box warning for rosiglitazone, the authors found that physicians with very low access were 4.0 times slower to reduce their use of this treatment than those with low access. Likewise, there was significantly less response in terms of changing prescribing to the negative news with the lipid therapy for physicians in more access‐restricted offices. Overall, cardiologists were the most responsive to information changes relative to primary care physicians. These findings emphasize that limiting access to pharmaceutical representatives can have the unintended effect of reducing appropriate responses to negative information about drugs just as much as responses to positive information about innovative drugs.
Impact of Fetal Programming, Birth Weight, and Infant Feeding on Later Hypertension
Authors: Ingelfinger Julie R. , Nuyt Anne‐Monique 
Published: May 2012

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012; 14:365–371. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.The concept of developmental origins of adult disease derives from both epidemiologic and basic sciences. This brief review considers the impact of the intrauterine milieu, intrauterine growth retardation, premature birth, and infant feeding on later hypertension and kidney disease.
Misperception of patients with type 2 diabetes about diet and physical activity, and its effects on readiness to change*
Authors: Jansink Renate , Braspenning Jozé , Keizer Ellen , Van Der Weijden Trudy , Elwyn Glyn , Grol Richard 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackground:  The aim of the present study was to assess misperceptions about lifestyle among patients with type 2 diabetes and their effects on readiness to change.Methods:  Nine hundred and forty patients, with an HbA1c >7% and a body mass index >25 kg/m2, from 57 general practices participated in a cross‐sectional survey. Misperceptions of lifestyle (fruit, vegetable, and fat consumption, as well as physical activity) and readiness to change were determined with validated questionnaires. Logistic regression analysis calculated the association of misperception with readiness to change.Results:  The response rate was 55.4%. Misperception existed for all lifestyle behaviors (physical activity, 41.5%; consumption of fruit, 40.1%; consumption of vegetables, 69.2%; consumption of fat, 21.6%). Misperception significantly affected readiness to change the relevant lifestyle (odds ratios [95% confidence intervals] ranging from 2.67 [1.68–4.23] to 1.80 [1.16–2.79]), except in the case of fruit consumption. The degree of misperception varied greatly between the different lifestyle behaviors and was somewhat larger (1–10%) than that in the general Dutch population.Conclusions:  Patients with type 2 diabetes misperceive their lifestyle behaviors, which hinders lifestyle changes. The variations in misperception and readiness to change show that diversity should be considered in lifestyle counseling for patients with type 2 diabetes.
Incidence of diabetic retinopathy in Bangladesh: A 15‐year follow‐up study*
Authors: Ahmed Kazi Rumana , Karim Md Nazmul , Bhowmik Bishwajit , Habib Samira Humaira , Bukht Md Sadaat , Ali Liaquat , Hussain Akhtar 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackground:  The aim of the present study was to estimate the incidence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) among type 2 diabetic (T2D) subjects in Bangladesh.Methods:  A random sample of 977 patients with T2D was recruited retrospectively in 2008 from newly diagnosed T2D patients who had attended the Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorder (BIRDEM) in 1993. Baseline information for the cohort was collected for 1993 from hospital records. The mean time until development of DR in newly diagnosed T2D patients was calculated using survival analysis. Cox’s proportional hazards model was used to assess factors affecting the time until development of DR.Results:  The cumulative incidence of DR over the 15‐year period was 50.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 47.5%–53.8%). The incidence density (per 100 person‐years) of DR was similar in the overall cohort (4.1; 95% CI 3.7–4.5) and in men (4.2; 95% CI 3.7–4.7) and women (4.1; 95% CI 3.6–4.6) separately. The mean time (in years) until development of DR in the cohort was 9.72 (95% CI 9.38–10.06), with similar times in men (9.8; 95% CI 9.3–10.3) and women (9.6; 95% CI 9.5–10.1) analyzed separately. Age, sex, hypertension, lipid profile, HbA1c, and serum creatinine were entered into the hazards model simultaneously. However, only age (hazard ratio [HR] 0.75; 95% CI 0.61–0.92) and HbA1c (HR 0.52; 95% CI 0.33–0.82) had a significant effect on the time until development of DR.Conclusions:  Glucose deregulation is the most important factor in the development of DR.