bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: an investigation of age-related differences in behavioural symptoms, neuropsychological function and co-morbidity
Authors: Bramham J. , Murphy D. G. M. , Xenitidis K. , Asherson P. , Hopkin G. , Young S. 
Published: February 2012

BackgroundThe outcomes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been studied extensively in the first decades of life, but less is known about ADHD in adulthood. Hence we investigated cross-sectional age-related differences in behavioural symptoms, neuropsychological function and severity of co-morbid disorders within a clinically referred adult ADHD population.MethodWe subdivided 439 referrals of individuals with ADHD (aged 16–50 years) into four groups based on decade of life and matched for childhood ADHD severity. We compared the groups on measures of self- and informant-rated current behavioural ADHD symptoms, neuropsychological performance, and self-rated co-morbid mood and anxiety symptoms.ResultsThere was a significant age-related reduction in the severity of all ADHD symptoms based on informant-ratings. In contrast, according to self-ratings, inattentive symptoms increased with age. Neuropsychological function improved across age groups on measures of selective attention and response inhibition. There was a mild correlation between the severity of depression symptoms and increasing age.ConclusionsThis observational study suggests that, in adulthood, ADHD symptoms as measured using informant-ratings and neuropsychological measures continue to improve with increasing age. However the subjective experience of people with ADHD is that their symptoms worsen. This dichotomy may be partially explained by the presence of co-morbid affective symptoms. The main limitation of the study is that it is cross-sectional rather than longitudinal, and the latter design would provide more conclusive evidence regarding age-related changes in an adult ADHD population.
A modular version of Klyachko's theorem on Lie representations of the general linear group
Authors: BRYANT R. M. , JOHNSON MARIANNE 
Published: February 2012

AbstractKlyachko, in 1974, considered the tensor and Lie powers of the natural module for the general linear group over a field of characteristic 0 and showed that nearly all of the irreducible submodules of the rth tensor power also occur up to isomorphism as submodules of the rth Lie power. Here we prove an analogue for infinite fields of prime characteristic by showing, with some restrictions on r, that nearly all of the indecomposable direct summands of the rth tensor power also occur up to isomorphism as summands of the rth Lie power.
Large deviations of the limiting distribution in the Shanks–Rényi prime number race
Authors: LAMZOURI YOUNESS 
Published: February 2012

AbstractLet q ≥ 3, 2 ≤ r ≤ φ(q) and a1, . . ., ar be distinct residue classes modulo q that are relatively prime to q. Assuming the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis (GRH) and the Linear Independence Hypothesis (LI), M. Rubinstein and P. Sarnak [11] showed that the vector-valued function Eq;a1, . . ., ar(x) = (E(x;q,a1), . . ., E(x;q,ar)), where $E(x;q,a)= ({\log x}/{\sqrt{x}})(\phi(q)\pi(x;q,a)-\pi(x))$, has a limiting distribution μq;a1, . . ., ar which is absolutely continuous on $\mathbb{R}^r$. Furthermore, they proved that for r fixed, μq;a1, . . ., ar tends to a multidimensional Gaussian as q → ∞. In the present paper, we determine the exact rate of this convergence, and investigate the asymptotic behavior of the large deviations of μq;a1, . . ., ar.
Psychiatric epidemiology now: some achievements and prospects
Authors: Henderson A. S. 
Published: February 2012

Aims.It is timely to ask what epidemiology has brought to our knowledge about mental illness and what information is proving of particular value. In this task, the first step is to identify the truly fundamental questions that the epidemiology of mental disorders should be expected to answer. This review is selectively directed at four such questions.Methods.A small number of significant publications were identified.Results.The extent to which some major questions in epidemiology have been answered is examined.Conclusions.When considered alongside epidemiological knowledge elsewhere in medicine, psychiatric epidemiology has indisputably proved to be a powerful tool. Descriptive studies have been particularly useful for advocacy and policy, while analytic studies of aetiology have yielded some valuable clues. There are now signs that linkage with neuroscience will bring further progress in understanding the causes of mental disorders.
Fracture of crystalline silicon nanopillars during electrochemical lithium insertion
Authors: Lee Seok Woo , McDowell Matthew T. , Berla Lucas A. , Nix William D. , Cui Yi 
Published: February 2012

From surface hardening of steels to doping of semiconductors, atom insertion in solids plays an important role in modifying chemical, physical, and electronic properties of materials for a variety of applications. High densities of atomic insertion in a solid can result in dramatic structural transformations and associated changes in mechanical behavior: This is particularly evident during electrochemical cycling of novel battery electrodes, such as alloying anodes, conversion oxides, and sulfur and oxygen cathodes. Silicon, which undergoes 400% volume expansion when alloying with lithium, is an extreme case and represents an excellent model system for study. Here, we show that fracture locations are highly anisotropic for lithiation of crystalline Si nanopillars and that fracture is strongly correlated with previously discovered anisotropic expansion. Contrary to earlier theoretical models based on diffusion-induced stresses where fracture is predicted to occur in the core of the pillars during lithiation, the observed cracks are present only in the amorphous lithiated shell. We also show that the critical fracture size is between about 240 and 360 nm and that it depends on the electrochemical reaction rate.
Weight monitoring in patients with severe heart failure (WISH). A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Lyngå Patrik , Persson Hans , Hägg‐Martinell Ann , Hägglund Ewa , Hagerman Inger , Langius‐Eklöf Ann , Rosenqvist Mårten 
Published: February 2012

AimsThis multicentre, randomized controlled trial hypothesized that daily electronic transmission of body weight to a heart failure (HF) clinic will reduce cardiac hospitalization in patients recently hospitalized with HF.Methods and resultsA total of 344 patients were randomized to either an intervention group (IG) or a control group (CG). Of the 319 patients included in the final analysis, the mean age was 73 years (SD 10.2), 75% were males, and 57% had a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <30%. Patients in both groups were recommended to weigh themselves daily and, in the case of sudden weight gain >2 kg in 3 days, to contact the HF clinic. Patients in the IG were given an electronic scale and the weight was automatically transmitted to and monitored at the HF clinic. No significant differences were found for the primary endpoint, cardiac re‐hospitalization [70/153 CG, 70/166 IG; hazard ratio (HR) 0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.65–1.26, P = 0.54], or for the secondary endpoints, which included all‐cause hospitalization (84/153 CG, 79/166 IG; HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.61–1.13, P = 0.24), death from any cause (8/153 CG, 5/166 IG; HR 0.57, 95% CI 0.19–1.73, P = 0.32), or the composite endpoint of cardiac hospitalization and death from any cause (78/153 CG, 75/166 IG; HR 0.90, 95% CI 0.65–1.26, P = 0.54). Subgroup analyses did not show any benefits for patients in the IG despite their more frequent monitoring; 398 occasions compared with 30 occasions in the CG.ConclusionDaily electronic transmission of body weight and monitoring three times a week did not decrease hospitalization or death in HF patients followed up at a HF clinic.
Subclassification and Biochemical Analysis of Plant Papain-Like Cysteine Proteases Displays Subfamily-Specific Characteristics
Authors: Richau Kerstin H. , Kaschani Farnusch , Verdoes Martijn , Pansuriya Twinkal C. , Niessen Sherry , Stüber Kurt , Colby Tom , Overkleeft Hermen S. , Bogyo Matthew , Van der Hoorn Renier A.L. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) are a large class of proteolytic enzymes associated with development, immunity, and senescence. Although many properties have been described for individual proteases, the distribution of these characteristics has not been studied collectively. Here, we analyzed 723 plant PLCPs and classify them into nine subfamilies that are present throughout the plant kingdom. Analysis of these subfamilies revealed previously unreported distinct subfamily-specific functional and structural characteristics. For example, the NPIR and KDEL localization signals are distinctive for subfamilies, and the carboxyl-terminal granulin domain occurs in two PLCP subfamilies, in which some individual members probably evolved by deletion of the granulin domains. We also discovered a conserved double cysteine in the catalytic site of SAG12-like proteases and two subfamily-specific disulfides in RD19A-like proteases. Protease activity profiling of representatives of the PLCP subfamilies using novel fluorescent probes revealed striking polymorphic labeling profiles and remarkably distinct pH dependency. Competition assays with peptide-epoxide scanning libraries revealed common and unique inhibitory fingerprints. Finally, we expand the detection of PLCPs by identifying common and organ-specific protease activities and identify previously undetected proteases upon labeling with cell-penetrating probes in vivo. This study provides the plant protease research community with tools for further functional annotation of plant PLCPs.
Predictors of the 2‐year recurrence and persistence of alcohol dependence
Authors: Boschloo Lynn , Vogelzangs Nicole , van den Brink Wim , Smit Johannes H. , Beekman Aartjan T. F. , Penninx Brenda W. J. H. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTAims  To identify independent risk factors of the recurrence of alcohol dependence (AD) in people with a remitted disorder at baseline and persistence of AD in people with a current disorder at baseline.Design  Prospective cohort study with assessments at baseline and 2‐year follow‐up.Setting  Recruitment from the general population, primary care and out‐patient mental health‐care services.Participants  People with remitted AD (n = 253) and current AD (n = 135).Measurements  Recurrence and persistence of AD during 2‐year follow‐up were established using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) interview based on DSM‐IV. Logistic regression analyses were performed to explore the role of potential risk factors (i.e. baseline severity of alcohol problems, measures for depression and anxiety, socio‐demographics, vulnerability factors and addiction‐related factors) as independent predictors of a negative course.Findings  Overall recurrence and persistence rates of AD were 14.6 and 40.7%, respectively, and were highly conditional on the severity of alcohol problems [adjusted odds ratio (OR) per standard deviation (SD) increase: OR = 3.64, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.21–6.01 and OR = 2.12, 95% CI: 1.32–3.40, respectively). Severity of depressive/anxiety symptoms was an additional independent predictor of the recurrence of AD, whereas male gender and high education were significant independent risk factors of the persistence of AD.Conclusions   Alcohol dependence has a dynamic course, with only moderate levels of diagnostic stability. Both recurrence and persistence of alcohol dependence are highly dependent on severity of baseline alcohol problems, whereas severity of depressive/anxiety symptoms predicts only the recurrence of alcohol dependence. Both measures may be useful in identifying people at an increased risk of a negative course and who could be targeted by prevention strategies.
Youth with disabilities' perspectives of the environment and participation: a qualitative meta‐synthesis
Authors: Kramer J. M. , Olsen S. , Mermelstein M. , Balcells A. , Liljenquist K. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractMeta‐syntheses can enhance our knowledge regarding the impact of the environment on the participation of youth with disabilities and generate theoretical frameworks to inform policy and best practices. The purpose of this study was to describe school‐aged youth with disabilities' perspectives regarding the impact of the environment and modifications on their participation. A meta‐synthesis systematically integrates qualitative evidence from multiple studies. Six databases were searched and 1287 citations reviewed for inclusion by two independent raters; 15 qualitative articles were selected for inclusion. Two independent reviewers evaluated the quality of each study and coded the results section. Patterns between codes within and across articles were examined using a constant comparative approach. Environments may be more or less inclusive for youth with disabilities depending upon others' understanding of individual abilities and needs, youth involvement in decisions about accommodations, and quality of services and policies. Youth implemented strategies to negotiate environmental barriers and appraised the quality of their participation based on the extent to which they engaged alongside peers. This meta‐synthesis generated a framework illustrating the relationship between the environment, modifications and participation, and provided a conceptualization of participation grounded in the lived experiences of youth with disabilities. Findings reveal gaps in current knowledge and highlight the importance of involving youth with disabilities in decision making.
Effects of oestrogen and testosterone therapy on serum metabolites in postmenopausal women
Authors: Zang Hong , Moritz Thomas , Norstedt Gunnar , Hirschberg Angelica L. , Tollet‐Egnell Petra 
Published: February 2012

SummaryObjectivesMetabolite profiles of body fluids or tissue extracts can be regarded as important indicators of physiological or pathological states. Whether hormone‐specific alterations of the serum metabolome can be identified using this technique has not been tested yet. The aim of this study was to investigate metabolic responses during hormone therapy in postmenopausal women by a nontargeted metabolomics approach.MethodsSixty naturally postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to treatment with testosterone undecanoate 40 mg every second day; estradiol valerate 2 mg daily; or the combination of both. Serum metabolites were determined by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) before and after 3 months of treatment. Metabolites affected by the treatment were identified and correlated with changes in insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles.ResultsTreatment‐dependent and hormone‐specific effects on serum metabolites were observed, ranging between 69% reduction and 184% increase, but the metabolites that best explained the differences could not be structurally identified. Effects on annotated metabolites were less associated with clinical parameters as compared to established serum markers for adverse lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, such as cholesterol and triglycerides. However, cystine, lysine and tyrosine were shown to change in correlation with insulin sensitivity and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in response to testosterone, indicating that those responses were somehow related to each other.ConclusionsOestrogen‐ and androgen‐specific alterations in the serum metabolome could be identified using GC‐MS, reflecting hormone‐specific effects on whole body metabolism. New knowledge regarding steroid‐mediated metabolic responses within different tissues might be obtained using a similar approach on tissue extracts.
Regenerative pulmonary medicine: potential and promise, pitfalls and challenges
Authors: Anversa Piero , Perrella Mark A. , Kourembanas Stella , Choi Augustine M. K. , Loscalzo Joseph 
Published: February 2012

Eur J Clin Invest 2012AbstractBackground  Chronic lung diseases contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality of the population. There are few effective treatments for many chronic lung diseases, and even fewer therapies that can arrest or reverse the progress of the disease.Design  In this review, we present the current state of regenerative therapies for the treatment of chronic lung diseases. We focus on endothelial progenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and endogenous lung stem/progenitor cells; summarize the work to date in models of lung diseases for each of these therapies; and consider their potential benefits and risks as viable therapies for patients with lung diseases.Conclusions  Cell‐based regenerative therapies for lung diseases offer great promise, with preclinical studies suggesting that the next decade should provide the evidence necessary for their ultimate application to our therapeutic armamentarium.
Omnivory, vertical food‐web structure and system productivity: stable isotope analysis of freshwater planktonic food webs
Authors: FRANCE ROBERT L. 
Published: February 2012

Summary1. The energetic hypothesis proposes that the vertical structure of food webs should increase in height with increasing system productivity. I measured the trophic positions and extent of trophic separation between the invertebrate planktivores Mysis relicta and Chaoborus spp. and their putative zooplankton prey along a gradient of lake productivity with the use of stable nitrogen isotopes.2. In lakes of low productivity, these planktivores were found to be herbivorous, becoming omnivorous at intermediate lake productivities, and only able to be truly zooplanktivorous as lakes approached mesotrophy. A subsequent secondary analysis of literature data revealed that the strength of top‐down trophic cascades among these organisms increased with lake productivity as reflected by relationships between the abundance of planktivores and that of phytoplankton.3. Increased omnivory under conditions of low productivity, effectively shortening the vertical structure of food webs as predicted by the energetic hypothesis, may produce increased community stability.
The effects of nutrient enrichment on a freshwater meiofaunal assemblage
Authors: RISTAU KAI , FAUPEL MICHAEL , TRAUNSPURGER WALTER 
Published: February 2012

Summary1. The effects of eutrophication on phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish in lakes are well known. By contrast, little is known about the response of the zoobenthos to nutrient enrichment, while smaller organisms, such as the meiofauna, have for the most part been neglected.2. In a long‐term (16 months) microcosm experiment, we assessed the effects of five levels of nutrients [total phosphorus (TP), 7–250 μg L−1; nitrate, 2–8 mg L−1] on a freshwater meiofaunal assemblage and on nematode diversity in particular.3. Within the first 8 months, meiofaunal succession was only weakly affected, whereas, during the last 4 months, nutrient addition influenced most of the main taxa, with a concomitant change in the assemblage structure.4. The density of the numerically dominant nematodes decreased upon nutrient enrichment, whereas ostracods became more numerous. Other taxa, including copepods, reached a maximum at intermediate nutrient levels or, in case of oligochaetes, were almost unaffected by nutrient enrichment. However, the changes in the density of the main taxa were usually insufficient to alter their biomass. Consequently, meiofaunal biomass was remarkably unresponsive to nutrient addition, while meiofaunal density displayed a unimodal relationship, with a peak at a TP concentration of 30 μg L−1. In addition, nematode species richness decreased significantly with increasing nutrient concentrations.5. We hypothesise that the response of meiofaunal taxa to nutrients is attributable to the development of primary producers, which shifted with enrichment from low densities of edible diatoms and unicellular green algae to large standing stocks of inedible forms, such as Lemna minor and Cladophora spp.
Periprostatic lymph node metastasis in prostate cancer and its clinical significance
Authors: Deng Fang‐Ming , Mendrinos Savvas E , Das Kasturi , Melamed Jonathan 
Published: February 2012

Deng F‐M, Mendrinos S E, Das K & Melamed J  (2012) Histopathology 60, 1004–1008 Periprostatic lymph node metastasis in prostate cancer and its clinical significanceAims:  To evaluate the potential of periprostatic lymph node (LN) as a staging indicator, particularly with the use of methods for enhanced detection of micrometastasis.Methods and results:  We retrieved cases with periprostatic LN from radical prostatectomy specimens accrued between 1997 and 2007 at our institution. Twenty‐one (0.8%) of 2663 radical prostatectomy specimens had periprostatic LNs (total number of LNs = 22). LN size ranged from 0.8 to 4.7 mm. Most of the periprostatic LNs were located close to the posterior base. Seven (32%) of 22 LNs were involved by metastatic prostate cancer (PCa), including five detected on routine haematoxylin and ceosin slides and an additional two detected only by immunohistochemistry. Cases with periprostatic LNs had a significantly higher metastatic rate (29%; six of 21) compared to those with pelvic LNs sampled at radical prostectatomy in our institution (1.9%). When compared to cases with negative periprostatic LNs (n = 15), the tumour characteristics of cases with metastatic periprostatic LNs (n = 6) included higher tumour volume, Gleason score, stage and a greater propensity for prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) recurrence.Conclusions:  Despite their infrequent identification, periprostatic LNs if detected in the radical prostatectomy specimen should be evaluated with greater scrutiny (step sections and/or immunohistochemical studies) to evaluate their prognostic potential.
Hepatocellular adenoma in glycogen storage disorder type I: a clinicopathological and molecular study
Authors: Sakellariou Stratigoula , Al‐Hussaini Hussa , Scalori Astrid , Samyn Marianne , Heaton Nigel , Portmann Bernard , Tobal Khalid , Quaglia Alberto 
Published: February 2012

Sakellariou S, Al‐Hussaini H, Scalori A, Samyn M, Heaton N, Portmann B, Tobal K & Quaglia A(2012) Histopathology 60, E58–E65Hepatocellular adenoma in glycogen storage disorder type I: a clinicopathological and molecular studyAims:  Glycogen storage disease type I is a metabolic disorder resulting from deficiency of the glucose‐6‐phosphate complex. Long‐term complications include the development of hepatocellular adenoma (HCA). In this retrospective study, our aim was to reclassify according to geno‐phenotypic characteristics nodular lesions identified in hepatectomy specimens of such patients transplanted between 1998 and 2008 at our institution.Methods and results:  Clinicopathological data of seven consecutive transplanted patients with glycogen storage disease type I were reviewed. Liver nodules were re‐examined histologically and by immunohistochemistry. Molecular analysis was performed additionally in a case with specific features. Four patients had multiple tumours. We concluded that 26 of 38 nodules available for study had features of inflammatory hepatocellular adenomas, seven comprised adenomas not otherwise specified and five were found to be focal nodular hyperplasia.Conclusions:  Further studies are needed to clarify the pathogenesis of hepatocellular adenomas in glycogen storage disease; in particular to determine whether they share abnormal metabolic pathways with inflammatory adenomas in the general population. Testing for acute phase proteins may be a helpful tool in the early detection of HCA in such patients. Finally, there is a need to further define their risk of malignant transformation, in relation to age and possible cofactors.