bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Electrically Enhanced Aerosol Plasma Spectroscopy for Real-Time Characterization of Beryllium Particles
Authors: Chen M-D , Smithwick RW , Hinton R 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The best warning of human exposure to elevated toxic aerosol particles is a monitor that can provide a near-real-time alarm function. Use of surrogate indices such as particle-number concentration, mass concentration, and/or other flow-diagnostics variables is ineffective and could be costly when false positives do arise. We have developed a field-portable system specifically for monitoring beryllium particles in the air in near real-time. The prototype monitor is installed on a two-shelf handcart that can be used in workplaces involving beryllium extraction, machining, and parts fabrication. The measurement involves no sample preparation and generates no analytical waste. The operating principle of the monitor is electrically enhanced laser-induced electrical-plasma spectrometry assisted with aerosol-focusing technology. Performance data of the monitor indicate a dynamic range spanning over four orders of magnitude, and the monitor is capable of detecting an airborne beryllium concentration of 0.05 μg m-3. In reference, the Department of Energy (DOE) standard for beryllium is 0.2 μg m−3 within an 8-h average, while the Occupational Safety and Health Administration standard for beryllium is 2 μg m−3. In addition, the monitor is capable of simultaneous detection of multiple elements using an Echellette spectrometer if needed. The capability of simultaneous detection provides a convenient means for positive identification and possible quantification of multiple elements in near real time. We present the instrument development and calibration data and results from field demonstration conducted at a DOE facility in Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
An Experimental and Numerical Study of the Fracture Strength of Welded Structural Hollow Section X-Joints
Authors: Björk T , Marquis G , Pellikka V , Ilvonen R 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The effect of the geometry and material properties on the fracture strength of welded X-joints fabricated from structural hollow section (SHS) profiles has been studied experimentally and by using nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA). The current paper focuses on four joints tested at −40°C. This was one part of an extensive series of laboratory experiments performed at temperatures +20°C… −60°C. At sub-zero temperatures the primary fracture mode was mainly ductile followed by final brittle failure. The radius and material properties in the corner area of a SHS are dependent on the fabrication method of the SHS. In cold-formed sections the corner radius is typically large and the yield strength is greater than the nominal yield strength of the base material. This bigger corner radius can provide different stiffness and load carrying capacity as compared to joints fabricated from hot-formed sections. Numerical simulation and experimental tests focused on the importance of this corner effect and the separate role geometry, yield strength, and fracture toughness on the total fracture strength of the joint.
Development of a Circumferentially Throughwall Cracked Tube Specimen for Fatigue Crack Growth Rate Tests
Authors: Young BA , Van Der Sluys WA , King PJ 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This paper describes the development of a nonstandard specimen geometry for fatigue crack growth rate studies. Most fatigue crack growth rate data, available in open literature, for Alloy 690 and Alloy 600 were developed using standard, thick section C(T) specimens. Recently a need arose to study a circumferentially throughwall cracked tube specimen. The goal of the development was to use this tube specimen to determine any effects of section thickness or grain size on corrosion enhancement of fatigue crack growth rates in a simulated pressurized water reactor (PWR) primary side environment. Along with the final specimen geometry, the stress intensity equation and crack length monitoring equation are discussed. The stress intensity equation was converted to a standard polynomial equation in order to use a conventional automated fatigue crack growth rate software package. Symmetry arguments were made to justify the use of direct current potential drop (DCPD) and the use of the standard Johnson's equations for measuring crack lengths. Also, some discussions of the validity requirements for this geometry are presented such as stress intensity limits to remain with linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) bounds and crack length limits to avoid excess bending stresses. A baseline test program was conducted on Alloy 690 tube specimens in ambient air and these results were compared with literature data. Also, a sensitivity investigation was preformed to determine the error between the polynomial equations developed and the actual equations in literature. The results of this study confirmed that a circumferentially cracked tube specimen could produce valid fatigue crack growth rate data.
Electrokinetic Dewatering and Sedimentation of Dredged Contaminated Sediment
Authors: Chung HI , Kamon M 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This research focuses on electrokinetic dewatering and settling of contaminated sediment. A series of laboratory experiments with different magnitudes of applied voltage is performed with artificially made contaminated sediment mixed with contaminant. Investigated parameters in experiments are settlements of the slurry specimen, volumes of water extracted from the slurry specimen, and the changes in fluid content of the specimen. The results show that the sedimentation rate and velocity are varied and controlled by the applied voltage. From the test results, a significant investigation is derived for the mechanisms associated with dewatering and sedimentation of contaminated sediment. A coupled effect of electrokinetic dewatering and settling processes is investigated.
Electrokinetically Enhanced Settlement and Remediation of Contaminated Sediment
Authors: Chung HI , Sills GC , Kamon M 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Electrokinetic technique has been used in sedimentation at mining applications as a volume reduction for slurry tailing wastes. This technique has been used in remediation for environmental application as a potential in-situ remediation method for contaminated soils and wastes. Thus electrokinetic technique can be used in sedimentation and remediation of sediments. A regulated constant voltage was applied on the testing sample, directed upward, top cathode (−) and bottom anode (+) during electrokinetic sedimentation process. On the other hand, constant voltage was applied on the testing sample, directed downward, top anode (+) and bottom cathode (−) during electrokinetic remediation process. This means that the polarity reversal was employed. The time dependent settlement and concentration due to electrophoresis and electro-osmosis was measured on an hourly basis. The sedimentation rate of specimen and removal rate of contaminant in contaminated sediment were increased with increasing of applied voltages.
Permeability Characteristics of Lake Kojima Sediment and Their Improvement
Authors: Munehide I , Ryouichi I , Akiko H , Tomoyuki I , Takeo A 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
As lake sediments are one of the causes of eutrophication, their removal and effective use has been considered. When they are used as soil in a land, proper permeability is required. However, soil permeability has not completely been understood due to diversity of clays and organic compounds. We clarified permeability characteristics of Lake Kojima sediment, nonswelling clayey soil, by measuring saturated hydraulic conductivity (K). A decrease in K during percolation of dilute electrolyte solution was small when Ca was adsorbed by the soil; K became 3.4×10−5 cm/s at pH 5, 2.9×10−5 cm/s at pH 7, 7.5×10−6 cm/s at pH 9, and 2.3×10−5 cm/s at pH 11 after pure water percolation. Although the permeability tended to decrease as pH increased, K at pH 11 became larger than that at pH 9 due to chemical reaction between soil particles and Ca. On the other hand, when Na was adsorbed, K drastically decreased with pH increase; K became 7.1×10−6 cm/s at pH 5, 3.1×10−6 cm/s at pH 7, 1.7×10−7 cm/s at pH 9, and 1.3×10−7 cm/s at pH 11 after pure water percolation. The obtained results could be explained qualitatively by the theory. Next, an improvement method of permeability of Lake Kojima sediment with hydrated lime and gypsum were investigated. Three application methods were compared in the saturated hydraulic conductivity experiment; mixing, surface distribution and solution infiltration. Hydrated lime application with mixing maintained high hydraulic conductivity. The soil structure was supposed to be stabilized by chemical reaction between soil and heterogeneously distributed hydrated lime. On the other hand, gypsum application with solution infiltration maintained the same hydraulic conductivity as that of hydrated lime application with mixing. In that case, electrostatic adsorption of Ca was considered to generate flocculation and kept high permeability.
Modeling TPH Desorption in Unconsolidated Dune Sand during Remediation Using Dual-Equilibrium Desorption (DED) Model
Authors: Manhart CS , Chaney RC 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The verification of the cleanup of dune sands from a dissolved phase petroleum hydrocarbon plume at an active service station site undergoing ozone treatment is being accomplished through soil and groundwater sampling. We hope to use modeling by the dual-equilibrium desorption (DED) model in order to determine when remedial goals negotiated with the regulatory agencies have been met. The site is located in the harbor area of Crescent City, California in an area underlain by dune sands of marine origin. During remediation of sorbed-phase gasoline and diesel range organics (GROs and DROs) and dissolved-phase methyl tertiary butyl ether, target compounds, intrinsic indicators, by-products, and bacterial composition were monitored in the area groundwater and soil. At present, this monitoring has been employed to establish the degree of cleanup of the sands. In this paper the use of the DED model to verify the degree of cleanup of the sands is presented. Results indicate rapid degradation of the target compounds from the dissolved phase with gradual degradation from the sorbed phase. Degradation of the sorbed phase GROs and DROs was indicated by periodic spikes in dissolved-phase concentrations, which are interpreted as representing desorption events. Co-located soil and groundwater samples were collected at intervals of approximately six to nine months. Results from this verification sampling were modeled using the DED. We hope to find a tool that an investigator at a typical underground storage tank site can use to gauge the success of remediation systems. So far, the DED appears to correlate with samples collected using standard field techniques. The use of this methodology has application in establishing the degree of cleanup of contaminated sandy dredge sediments.
Cadmium Transport in Volcanic Ash Soil During Citric Acid Solution Flow
Authors: Mizoguchi M , Abe Y , Yamaguchi N , Miyazaki T 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Cadmium contamination of soil is one of the most serious environmental problems in Japan. As basic research toward the development of a decontamination method to remove cadmium from soil, cadmium transport has been measured in a volcanic ash soil during citric acid solution flow. After a soil column that was polluted artifically by cadmium nitrate was saturated with distilled water, citrate solution was passed through the soil column. Leachate from the soil column was collected for the measurement of cadmium concentration. At the end of the flow experiment, the soil column was sliced into 2-cm-thick pieces and the residual cadmium in soil was analyzed. As a result, it was found that the higher the concentration of citrate, the faster the cadmium discharged from the soil. This result can be explained in terms of the downward movement of the soluble complex of citrate with cadmium in the soil.
Shielding Calculations for the Upgrade of the HFIR HB 2 Beam Line
Authors: Slater CO , Selby DL , Bucholz JA , Robertson JL , Crow ML 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Experimental facilities at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's High Flux Isotope Reactor are being upgraded through the redesign of beam tubes supplying neutrons to those facilities. In support of the shield design for one of the beam lines HB-2, calculations were performed to determine dose rates outside the shielding as well as background radiation levels at various locations around the instrumentation. Low-power (10 % power) as well as full-power measurements were made at key locations, and calculated results were compared with corresponding measured results. This paper describes the calculations and compares the measured and calculated results. Most of the measured results, when normalized to the full-operating-power level, compared favorably with the calculated results. One differed by a factor of 2.5, and another differed by a factor of 6. Based on this agreement, one can infer that reasonable calculations for some three-dimensional shield designs can be performed using two-dimensional methods and two-dimensional approximations to the three-dimensional geometry. The results confirmed the adequacy of the design.
Spray Retention Models for Arable Crops
Authors: Forster WA , Kimberley MO , Steele KD , Haslett MR , Zabkiewicz JA 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A model has been developed explaining 92 % of the variance in spray retention by individual plants. The effects of formulation and plant morphology were represented as a logistic function, because this can accommodate retention close to 100 or 0 % whereas an additive model cannot. All inputs for the current model, except for the plant morphology factor, Mp, could be readily measured. Mp could be estimated by a linear regression relating Mp to the leaf surface roughness, as determined by the contact angle of a droplet of 50 % acetone on the leaf surface. The use of a logistic function, and inclusion in the model of total plant area, plan area, and contact angle to account for plant morphology, has provided an improved, practical, easily used universal agricultural spray retention model needing few inputs.
A Comprehensive Examination of the Internal Angle of Gyration for the Superpave Gyratory Compactor
Authors: Hall KD 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The Superpave gyratory compactor (SGC) is the “centerpiece” of the Superpave system. Hot-mix asphalt (HMA) specimens are compacted in the laboratory using the SGC through the application of pressure and an applied angle of gyration. The original compaction specification for the SGC requires the angle of gyration to be 22°±0.35 mrad (1.25±0.02 deg), measured externally to the compaction mold. Due to concerns regarding the inability of different compactors to produce HMA specimens with similar density, the Dynamic Angle Validation (DAV) kit was developed to measure the angle of gyration internally, or inside the mold. The DAV requires the use of HMA for the internal angle determination; logistical concerns and other issues led to the introduction of devices—the Rapid Angle Measurement (RAM) and the Hot-Mix Simulator (HMS)—which mechanically simulate the load placed on the SGC by the mix being compacted. This paper presents a summary of the state-of-the-practice concerning the internal angle of gyration and addresses potential strategies for implementing an internal angle specification into routine Superpave mixture design and quality control practices.
Tweaking the System: Modifications to the Superpave Mix Design System
Authors: McDaniel RS , Hansen K , Newcomb DE , Decker DS 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A recent survey by the Association of Modified Asphalt Producers showed that a majority of states now use some form of PG+ specifications, meaning that they have added tests or requirements to the Performance Graded (PG) binder specification. The situation for the Superpave mix design system is analogous. States have added requirements, changed various parameters, and implemented or declined to implement revisions to the AASHTO specifications. In 2004 and 2005, the National Asphalt Pavement Association and Federal Highway Administration sponsored a series of regional workshops across the country to assess the current state of the practice with Superpave and hot mix asphalt in general. Four workshops were held in conjunction with the regional asphalt user producer group meetings. At these workshops, industry and agency personnel shared their experiences with Superpave. One key objective of the workshops was to determine what changes had been made to the mix design system and the rationale for those changes. This paper summarizes the changes that have been made to the system across the country, giving a snapshot of the current state of the practice.
Study of Vacuum Carbon-Deoxidization of High Carbon Chromium Bearing Steel
Authors: Zheng L , Minghua X 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This paper describes the negative influence of high residual aluminum which is used as a deoxidant in the steel and raises the newest control requirement for high carbon steel on residual aluminum. By means of thermodynamic calculation and production practices, the total oxygen (Σ[O]) in the steel can be 10 ppm through carbon-oxygen reaction under the conditions of high vacuum, proper top slag composition, and argon stirring during ladle refining/vacuum degassing (LF/VD) processes of high carbon chromium bearing steel. Meanwhile, the size of D-type inclusion in the steel is obviously reduced. Thus, the purity of the bearing steel is improved. Since the consumption of aluminum used for deoxidation is reduced, the unit cost of bearing steel is obviously reduced.
Yield Point Standardization
Authors: Taraldsen A 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The yield point, that is, the stress at which a steel starts to suffer a pronounced permanent set, is a very important property. There is in international standardization a dilemma about whether to use upper yield point (ReH) or lower yield point (ReL) as the characterizing yield point value in steel standards and in practical material testing. This dilemma may to a great extent be due to the people involved in standardization themselves exaggerating the difference between ReH and ReL. Both yield point values are dependent on the strain rate, which again may be greatly influenced by the compliance of the testing system. Some confusion may exist regarding the term “upper yield point” as compared with the term “yield point.”
Evaluation of Some Factors Affecting Measurements of Slip Resistance of Shoe Sole Materials on Floor Surfaces
Authors: Irvine CH 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Research done at Liberty Mutual Research Center consisted of 7090 slip tests in an attempt to show it is possible to determine differences in the slip-resistant qualities of various shoe soles. The tests included seven floor materials, eleven shoe sole materials, three sole pressures on wet and dry floors, and four widely different relative humidities. Thirteen operators took the measurements, using the Horizontal Pull Slipmeter. The measurements proved to be sensitive to relative humidity, sole pressure, repetitive measurements, and wet and dry conditions. Each operator demonstrated that consistent measurements can be taken with the Horizontal Pull Slipmeter. The conclusion is that it is possible to identify shoe sole materials that have desirable slip-resistant qualities for various floor surfaces under wet and dry conditions.
A Note on the Measurement of Proportional Limit Under Multiaxial Stresses
Authors: Clough RB 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Theoretical definitions of the multiaxial plastic flow surface are exact; however, ambiguities arise in the experimental measurement. A new method for measuring the multiaxial flow surface based on maximum elastic stress rate is proposed which eliminates these ambiguities. It is applied to biaxial yielding.
Tensile-Shear Bond Strength and Failure Between Aggregate and Mortar
Authors: Kao C-C , Slate FO 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the tensile-shear bond strength and failure of the mortar-aggregate interface. The techniques used are reported. The results indicate that the Mohr failure envelope in the tension-shear quadrant is almost a straight line and that the failure is essentially tensile in nature.
Laboratory Compaction Test Methods and Results Compared with Attainable Field Densities on Subbase Materials
Authors: Hoffman GL , Cumberledge G , Koehler WC 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
With the extensive use of aggregate material in highway construction (primarily subbase) in Pennsylvania, the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) initiated an indepth analysis of results of laboratory and field compaction tests on aggregates. This study determined what field and laboratory tests are best correlated to produce the optimum compaction control technique for subbase materials.
Results of approximately 500 sand cone and nuclear field densities in crushed limestone, gravel, and slag material at 17 construction sites throughout the state are summarized and compared. Laboratory density tests on material from each of these field test sites include vibratory, standard moisture-density, modified moisture density, the Marshall test, and the vibratory hammer test. Regression correlation analyses are performed between maximum attainable field and laboratory densities. Estimating linear equations for predicting relationships between field and laboratory maximum densities are developed and their significance is discussed.
Monitoring to Determine the Dynamics of Fatigue Testing
Authors: Collacott RA 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
These investigations were begun to monitor the sonic response during the fatigue life testing of cantilever specimens; they led to the discovery that the power spectral density from the second overtone (3 × fundamental) changed with time, originally exceeding that from the fundamental. Overtones may have a pronounced influence on fatigue testing, and the experimental results should lead to consideration of the possible dynamic effects introduced by such overtones. Tests show that changes can be detected as a consequence of work hardening and crack growth. Possibly this method may be developed as a nondestructive testing technique.
Guard-Gap Correction for Guarded-Electrode Measurements and Exact Equations for the Two-Fluid Method of Measuring Permittivity and Loss
Authors: Endicott HS 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Empirical equations are developed for evaluating the guard-gap correction for guarded electrodes, taking into account the ratio of gap width to electrode spacing, the ratio of the electrode thickness to the gap width, and the permittivities of the material in the gap and between the electrodes. Exact equations are then developed for calculating specimen permittivity, thickness, and dissipation factor from two-fluid measurements, for the first time taking into account the change in effective area when the specimen is inserted between the electrodes, the dissipation factor of the specimen, and that of the liquid. Series resistance and inductance and change in spacing of the electrodes between the first and second set of readings are also taken into account. The accuracy of the equations is estimated to be such that they will not significantly affect the accuracy of two-fluid measurements. Sample calculations are included.