bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patent arterial duct
Authors: Forsey Jonathan T , Elmasry Ola A , Martin Robin P 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPatent arterial duct (PAD) is a congenital heart abnormality defined as persistent patency in term infants older than three months. Isolated PAD is found in around 1 in 2000 full term infants. A higher prevalence is found in preterm infants, especially those with low birth weight. The female to male ratio is 2:1. Most patients are asymptomatic when the duct is small. With a moderate-to-large duct, a characteristic continuous heart murmur (loudest in the left upper chest or infraclavicular area) is typical. The precordium may be hyperactive and peripheral pulses are bounding with a wide pulse pressure. Tachycardia, exertional dyspnoea, laboured breathing, fatigue or poor growth are common. Large shunts may lead to failure to thrive, recurrent infection of the upper respiratory tract and congestive heart failure. In the majority of cases of PAD there is no identifiable cause. Persistence of the duct is associated with chromosomal aberrations, asphyxia at birth, birth at high altitude and congenital rubella. Occasional cases are associated with specific genetic defects (trisomy 21 and 18, and the Rubinstein-Taybi and CHARGE syndromes). Familial occurrence of PAD is uncommon and the usual mechanism of inheritance is considered to be polygenic with a recurrence risk of 3%. Rare families with isolated PAD have been described in which the mode of inheritance appears to be dominant or recessive. Familial incidence of PAD has also been linked to Char syndrome, familial thoracic aortic aneurysm/dissection associated with patent arterial duct, and familial patent arterial duct and bicuspid aortic valve associated with hand abnormalities. Diagnosis is based on clinical examination and confirmed with transthoracic echocardiography. Assessment of ductal blood flow can be made using colour flow mapping and pulsed wave Doppler. Antenatal diagnosis is not possible, as PAD is a normal structure during antenatal life. Conditions with signs and symptoms of pulmonary overcirculation secondary to a left-to-right shunt must be excluded. Coronary, systemic and pulmonary arteriovenous fistula, peripheral pulmonary stenosis and ventricular septal defect with aortic regurgitation and collateral vessels must be differentiated from PAD on echocardiogram. In preterm infants with symptomatic heart failure secondary to PAD, treatment may be achieved by surgical ligation or with medical therapy blocking prostaglandin synthesis (indomethacin or ibuprofen). Transcatheter closure of the duct is usually indicated in older children. PAD in preterm and low birth weight infants is associated with significant co-morbidity and mortality due to haemodynamic instability. Asymptomatic patients with a small duct have a normal vital prognosis but have a lifetime risk of endocarditis. Patients with moderate-to-large ducts with significant haemodynamic alterations may develop irreversible changes to pulmonary vascularity and pulmonary hypertension.
Fatigue crack growth, free vibrations, and breathing crack detection of aluminium alloy and steel beams
Authors: Andreaus U , Baragatti P 
Published: July 2009

This paper deals with online controlled propagation and vibration-based detection of fatigue cracks in metal beams constituted of two different materials: 6082-T651 aluminium alloy and Fe430 steel. The study addresses the initiation and propagation of cracks in the structures and their influence on the free-vibration dynamic response. One of the original aspects is the introduction of an actual fatigue crack instead of – as is usual – a narrow slot. First, the crack growth is predicted analytically by numerically integrating the Paris–Walker equation. Then, three-point bending tests are performed to obtain edge transverse cracks; two original control procedures enable the tests to be traced, the results of which are compared with the numerical predictions. Second, free vibrations of undamaged and cracked cantilever beams are excited by hammer impact. The experimental results are compared with the numerical solutions of a finite element model including local flexibility increase at crack opening. The differences between the dynamic behaviours of the intact and cracked beams in terms of frequency and damping allow the damage to be detected. Even if this is a ‘linear— method, it seems to enable the crack presence to be detected and to account for the so-called ‘breathing’ crack. These features open the door to future developments towards nonlinear detection methods.
In-vivo measurement of spin lattice relaxation time (T
1) of bone marrow in healthy volunteers: the effects of age and sex
Authors: Richards M. A. , Webb Judith A. W. , Jewell S. E. , Gregory W. M. , Reznek R. H. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Magnetic resonance images of the spine, sternum, femoral heads and upper femoral shafts were obtained from 90 healthy volunteers to determine the normal ranges of spin lattice relaxation time (T 1) for different regions of the bone marrow. The influence of age, sex and oral contraceptive usage on bone marrow T 1 was assessed. Differences observed between the T 1 of the various regions of the bone marrow examined were consistent with the expected distribution of erythropoietic cells and fatty marrow. Bone marrow T 1 was found to decrease with age, significantly lower mean T 1 values being observed in subjects over 40 years of age than for those in the 20-40 years age group. The mean bone marrow T 1 of females in the 20-40 years age group was significantly higher than that for males of comparable age. For subjects over 40 years of age, the difference in bone marrow T 1 observed between males and females was not significant. Oral contraceptive usage had no effect on bone marrow T 1.
Adverse reactions during intravenous urography: are these due to histamine release?
Authors: Herd C. M. , Robertson A. R. , Frewin D. B. , Taylor W. B. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The effects of four different radiographic contrast media (Urovison 58%, Hexabrix 320, Iopamiro 370 and Omnipaque 300) have been examined with respect to histamine release, cardiovascular changes and adverse drug reaction (ADR) in a group of 200 patients undergoing intravenous urography. Each patient received only one of the four agents, which were allocated on a random basis. Urovison produced the greatest number of ADRs. Iopamiro caused the least. No significant correlation between the magnitude of the change in plasma histamine following injection of radiographic contrast medium and the production of a particular ADR could be demonstrated. Heart rate increased significantly following the administration of Urovison, Hexabrix and Iopamiro in the absence of any appreciable change in blood pressure. These results and our earlier findings would favour the use of the low-osmolality contrast media in intravenous urography to minimize ADRs, histamine release and patient discomfort.
A comparison of diagnostic radiology practice and patient exposure in Britain, France and Italy
Authors: Contento G. , Malisan M. R. , Padovani R. , Maccia C. , Wall B. F. , Shrimpton P. C. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Surveys have been conducted in Britain, France and Italy, using essentially the same techniques, to establish the level of provision of diagnostic radiology services, the frequencey of X-ray examinations and examples of the radiation doses delivered to patients in each country. Different national strategies for conducting some types of X-ray examination and marked differences in the general availability of this aspect of health care indicate that the justification and optimization of medical exposures is not interpreted in the same way in these countries.
Monitoring of bladder neoplasia by low-field magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Smith Francis W. , Sarkar Tarun K. , Hewitt John B. 
Published: July 2009

The development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for human imaging was prompted by the observation that malignant tumours had a significantly longer relaxation time than normal tissue when measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (Damadian, 1971). By 1979, imaging instruments using the NMR phenomenon had been developed which could make images of the human brain (Hawkes et al, 1980) and body (Edelstein et al, 1981) and, currently, high resolution images of the body are possible. Relatively little work has been published on measurement of proton spin-lattice time (T 1) in disease, more effort having been expended in the development of high resolution images, exploiting the high contrast resolution present between different tissues.
Spasm of the deep circumflex artery causing entrapment of a guidewire
Authors: Shand J. , Teasdale E. 
Published: July 2009

During Seldinger catheterization of the femoral artery the guidewire may occasionally enter the deep circumflex iliac artery. In most cases this is a minor complication requiring only redirection of the guide-wire. It may, however, provoke severe arterial spasm, trapping the guidewire which, if withdrawn, can cause stripping of the artery (Asmussen, 1984).
Two cases are reported in which the guidewire was trapped in the deep circumflex iliac artery because of spasm, this was relieved by percutaneous infiltration of local anaesthetic, allowing safe removal of the wire.
Increased risk of cataract in patients receiving radiotherapy to the eye: a pilot study
Authors: Dean Geoffrey , Alderson Michael , Maximilien Remy 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Of 507 persons in England and Wales identified as having had radiotherapy to the eye or eyes some years previously (after excluding those who had died and were not traced), information suitable for analysis could be obtained on 165. Of these, 23 had developed other eye disease so that the lens could not be examined. Of the other 142, 32 had certainly and one had probably developed cataract. A cataract operation had been performed on 19 persons, compared with an expected operation rate of four out of 142. The increased risk of cataract after radiotherapy to the eye is probably higher than the fivefold excess these figures for operations suggest.
Magnetic resonance imaging: the use of the inversion recovery sequence to display fetal morphology
Authors: Smith Francis W. , Sutherland Hamish W. 
Published: July 2009

A number of reports of the potential use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the examination of the human fetus have appeared in the literature over the past four years (Smith et al, 1983; Johnson et al, 1984; Smith et al, 1984; McCarthy et al, 1985; Smith, 1985; Smith et al, 1985; Starket al, 1985).Even though the method is considered to be safe for the examination of pregnancies in the second and third trimester (NRPB, 1983), it has not gained wide acceptance as a method for examining abnormal pregnancy. This may be duein part to a reticence in examining the fetus and in part to the fact that spin-echo pulse sequences do not show sufficient morphological detail in the fetus to be more useful than ultrasound (Weinreb et al, 1986). The use of longtime-torepeat(TR), 2–0 s spin-echo sequences has been advocated but these images are often degraded by fetal motion artefacts (McCarthy et al, 1985). The use of calculated T1 images for the display of fetal fat and fetal morphology has been reported (Smith et al, 1983, 1984, 1985) but no detailed exploration ofthe use of inversion recovery sequences has been reported. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential value of different inversion recovery sequences for displaying fetal anatomy.
The Joint Ethical Committee of the Grampian Health Board and the University of Aberdeen has approved protocols for the study of human pregnancy in the second and third trimester.
The measurement of total filtration of diagnostic X-ray tubes
Authors: Cranley K. , Fogarty G. W. A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
New data based on calculated X-ray spectra for X-ray tubes of different target angles and various magnitudes of kilovoltage ripple are presented. Currently available published data relating the total filtration of diagnostic X-ray tubes to the measured half-value thickness (HVT) are of limited use to those carrying out such measurements. Electronic penetrameters are now widely available which allow improved accuracy in the measurement of tube kilovoltage, and the monitoring of waveforms. This has highlighted the necessity to refer to data which apply to the correct waveform ripple value, and to the correct tube target angle A wide range of data referring to 10° and 16° target angles has been calculated. An experimental example is presented where measured values of HVT on nine X-ray tubes are converted to values of total filtration, using the calculated data.
Early radiotherapy in the treatment of paraquat poisoning
Authors: Talbot A. R. , Barnes M. R. , Ting R. S. 
Published: July 2009

Of 321 patients presenting to the Changhua Christian Hospital emergency services for treatment of paraquat poisoning (between January 1977 and December 1985), only one survived the development of pulmonary fibrosis. A recent case report suggested that pulmonary damage might be reversed by whole-lung irradiation (Webb et al, 1984). A request (Williams et al, 1985) to hear from clinicians who have treated cases with irradiation has resulted in only three papers, in which the patients have all died (Bloodworth et al, 1986; Williams & Webb, 1987) or had poorly documented plasma paraquat levels (Chou et al, 1987). We describe a patient with a much higher plasma level of paraquat, in whom the pressure of arterial oxygen fell to 4.7 kPa (35.7 mmHg) and who responded to treatment with a combination of dexamethasone and irradiation of the lungs.
A 17-year-old female student was admitted at 2.45 p.m. on April 5, 1986 (Day 1) after deliberate ingestion of 15 ml of paraquat (24% solution) at approximately 8.00 a.m. that day. Screening by the alkaline dithionite method (Berry & Grove, 1971) confirmed the presence of paraquat in the urine (4+) and the stomach (1+). Stomach washout was performed on admission. She was then treated with Fuller's earth and an oral mannitol purge. Paraquat was measured quantitatively by colorimetry after ion-pair extraction (Jarvie et al, 1979); 7.5 h after ingestion, the plasma paraquat level was 2.1 mg/1. At 9 h after ingestion she was transferred to our care for treatment.
Quality of urograms in infants: a comparison of sodium diatrizoate, metrizamide and iohexol
Authors: Rawlinson J. , Hyde I. , Williams J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A consecutive series of 314 intravenous urograms performed in infants were reviewed and assessed for quality. The first 106 examinations were performed using sodium diatrizoate (Hypaque 270) as the contrast medium, the next 98 patients received metrizamide (Amipaque 280) and the final 110 received iohexol (Omnipaque 300). Thirty-five patients had to be excluded from the study for a variety of reasons, after which there were totals of 98 in the diatrizoate, 90 in the metrizamide and 91 in the iohexol groups. Assessing quality in terms of nephrographic and pyelographic density, sodium diatrizoate was found to be better than the non-ionic agents. Although the differences reached statistical significance they are small and unlikely to affect the information obtained in clinical practice. There was no difference in overall quality between metrizamide and iohexol. Comparing the degree of pyelographic distension and ureteric visualization using the three agents, no difference was found between the groups.
The ultrasonographic appearances of hilar cholangiocarcinoma (Klatskin tumours)
Authors: Yeung E. Y. C. , McCarthy P. , Gompertz R. H. , Benjamin I. S. , Gibson R. N. , Dawson P. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The findings on ultrasound of 40 patients presenting between 1984 and 1987 who were subsequently proven pathologically to have hilar cholangiocarcinoma were reviewed. The sonograms of 17 other patients in whom pathological confirmation was not obtained but who were also presumed to have Klatskin tumours on clinical and radiological grounds, were also reviewed. All patients demonstrated intrahepatic bile duct dilatation with no evidence of free communication between the right and left hepatic ducts. A hilar mass was observed in 74% of the patients. Seventy-nine per cent of the hilar masses were of increased echogenicity relative to surrounding liver, 19% were of reduced echogenicity and 2% of mixed echogenicity. An intraluminal mass was seen in 21% of the patients and bile duct wall thickening was observed in 4%. The mass detection rate of different ultrasound equipment was also compared. In 15 patients the ability of ultrasound to predict the order of intrahepatic bile duct involvement was compared with cholangiography.
Transient diverticula of the colon
Authors: Rawlinson J. , Brunton F. J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Transient diverticula are radiological phenomena that can be observed in a minority of patients undergoing barium enema. Radiographs before and after smooth muscle relaxation are required. Diverticula seen on the early radiographs may, in some patients, disappear following the intravenous administration of 20 mg hyoscine-N-butylbromide (Buscopan). Using this technique in 441 examinations, transient diverticula have been observed in 18 patients (4.1%). They exhibit many features of established diverticula which suggests that they represent an incipient stage of the disease.
Cell kinetic changes in the follicular epithelium of pig skin after irradiation with single and fractionated doses of X rays
Authors: Morris G. M. , Hopewell J. W. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Changes in the cell kinetics of the follicular epithelium of the pig have been studied after irradiation with single and fractionated doses (30 fractions/39 days) of X rays and the results compared with previously published data for the epidermis. In the follicular epithelium there was an initial degenerative phase, during which the rate of cell depletion was independent of the radiation dose and the mode of administration. Evidence for repopulation was seen between the 14th and 18th days after single doses (15 or 20 Gy) and by the 28th day after the start of irradiation with fractionated doses (52.3–80.0 Gy). However, the degree of cell depletion and the subsequent rate of repopulation were independent of dose. The regenerative phase was characterized by an increased cell proliferation as indicated by an elevation of the labelling index. Islands of cells (colonies), with an appearance similar to cells in the normal follicular epithelium, were seen 18 days after a single dose of 20 Gy and 42 days after the start of fractionated irradiation. When compared with the epidermis, the follicular epithelium exhibited considerably less evidence of damage after both single and fractionated doses of X rays. There was a lower incidence of degenerate cells and reduced levels of cell depletion in the follicular epithelium, suggesting that cells from this region play an important role in the repopulation of the epidermis after high-dose irradiation.
Precision of determining compliance with prescribed fields from conventional portal films
Authors: Dunscombe P. B. , Fox K. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Three hundred and seventy measurements of field placement errors (FPEs) have been made by a total of 16 observers on 20 prescription-treatment film pairs taken during routine radiotherapy for cancer of the prostate. Analysis of the distributions of the measured FPEs has yielded the precision of the measurement under a variety of conditions. We report here the influence on the precision of determining FPEs of the following factors: the clinical duties of the observers, the quality of the treatment film, the relative magnification of prescription and treatment films, and whether double-exposure techniques were employed.
Results of treatment of carcinoma of the uterine cervix using the Newcastle afterloading technique
Authors: Dawes P. J. D. K. , Dean E. M. , Lambert G. D. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Eighty-seven patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix were seen between 1 August 1977 and 31 December 1985. Seventy-one patients were treated radically. A combination of intracavitary radiotherapy, using the Newcastle manual afterloading technique, and external-beam radiotherapy was used. The actuarial 4-year survival for all Stage 1 cervical carcinomas was 84.9%. For Stage 2 cancers the actuarial local control rate was 71.1% and the survival 49.2%, and for Stage 3 cancers the 4-year actuarial local control rate was 24.3% and the survival 14.8%. Complications of treatment were confined to the bowel and bladder and occurred in 11.5% of cases. The results of treatment of Stage 1 cancer suggest that the intracavitary technique gives a satisfactory distribution of radiation. The results of treatment of more advanced cases are disappointing and suggest that improvements are possible for some patients (i.e. wedge malalignment patients). There is sufficient flexibility in the technique for it to be applied satisfactorily for most anatomical situations.
Anomalous superior vena cava causing non-visualization of the lungs in perfusion scintigraphy
Authors: Morgan A. , Evans N. 
Published: July 2009

99Tcm-labelled macro-aggregated albumin (MAA) is the most commonly used agent for lung perfusion imaging. In normal circumstances following intravenous injection, almost all of the MAA, after passage through the right heart, is trapped in the pulmonary capillaries. We present a case in which the lungs were not visualized following left antecubital vein injection of 99Tcm-MAA because of anomalous venous drainage from this side into the left atrium via a persistent left superior vena cava (SVC).
A 44-year-old, previously fit man presented with a 3-day history of right-sided, pleuritic type chest pain and dyspnoea. Physical examination revealed no evidence of finger clubbing or cyanosis but there were signs which suggested the presence of a right-sided pleural effusion. A blood count showed a normal haemoglobin level but a raised white cell count with neutrophilia. Chest radiography confirmed the presence of a right-sided, pleural effusion but, even in retrospect, was otherwise unremarkable. Pulmonary embolism was suspected and intravenous heparin therapy was commenced and a perfusion lung scan requested.
Percutaneous drainage of subphrenic abscesses
Authors: van Gansbeke Daniel , Matos Celso , Gelin Michel , Müller Patrick , Zalcman Marc , Devière Jacques , Struyven Julien 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Forty subphrenic abscesses were drained percutaneously in 37 patients. These abscesses were subsequent to abdominal surgery (28 patients), biliary obstruction and/or fistula (six patients), trauma (two patients) or acute pancreatitis (one patient). The procedures were usually monitored by duplex sonography and fluoroscopy (35 out of 40 cases), with an angled subcostal approach to the subphrenic space in over 85% of the cases. Forty-three drainage catheters were inserted using the Seldinger method; 37 (86%) had a size of 12 F or more, 21 were 16 F in size. Only two out of 43 catheters were double-lumen sump drains. The clinical condition improved after insertion of the catheter in all 37 patients. Definitive successful drainage, defined as hospital discharge without complementary surgery, was achieved in 32 patients (87%), without major complications. A temporizing effect was obtained in three additional patients (8%) who underwent curative surgery for the underlying process after complete drainage of the abscess. Two patients died from multiple organ failure before their abscess healed. Considerations for successful drainage of subphrenic abscesses include a good knowledge of the subphrenic space anatomy, the use of large-bore drainage catheters and the recognition and correct management of underlying enteric, biliary or pancreatic fistulas.