bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic position of the Ohiya rat (Srilankamys ohiensis) based on mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequence analysis
Authors: Buzan Elena V. , Pagès Marie , Michaux Johan , Krystufek Boris 
Published: September 2011

Buzan, E. V., Pagès, M., Michaux, J. & Krystufek, B. (2011). Phylogenetic position of the Ohiya rat (Srilankamys ohiensis) based on mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequence analysis. —Zoologica Scripta, 40, 545–553.We investigated the phylogenetic position the Ohiya rat, endemic to Sri Lanka, Srilankamys (Rodentia, Murinae), within the tribe Rattini based on the combined analysis of three independent genes (a mitochondrial one and two nuclear exons). Three major lineages (the Maxomys, the Dacnomys and the Rattus divisions) were retrieved as monophyletic groups within the tribe Rattini. Srilankamys was not affiliated to any of the representatives of the Dacnomys division as it was supposed based on morphological characters, but clearly appeared as the first genus to diverge among the Rattus division. The Mindanao Shrew Mouse, Crunomys melanius, emerged as a part of the Maxomys division raising questions about the validity of the Crunomys and the Maxomys divisions as currently defined. Molecular date of divergence between Srilankamys and the other representatives of the Rattus division falls within the interval 6.7 ± 0.74 Mya, coinciding with the time of the isolation of Sri Lanka from the Deccan peninsula and the aridification period owing to the climate change at the end of the Miocene epoch. We suggest that the isolation of Sri Lanka from the continent, reinforced by the action of a seasonal monsoon‐dominated climate, would have led to the isolation of some ancestral rodents of the Rattus division, which would have differentiated later into the Ohiya rat by a vicariant process. In a more general point of view, our study supports the previous results obtained on other organisms and evidence that Sri Lanka appears to be characterized by a particular fauna as compared to the Indian mainland. This island would therefore be considered as a specific distinct hotspot of biodiversity.
THE HARM PRINCIPLE AS A MID‐LEVEL PRINCIPLE? THREE PROBLEMS FROM THE CONTEXT OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE CONTROL
Authors: KROM ANDRÉ 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTEffective infectious disease control may require states to restrict the liberty of individuals. Since preventing harm to others is almost universally accepted as a legitimate (prima facie) reason for restricting the liberty of individuals, it seems plausible to employ a mid‐level harm principle in infectious disease control. Moral practices like infectious disease control support – or even require – a certain level of theory‐modesty. However, employing a mid‐level harm principle in infectious disease control faces at least three problems. First, it is unclear what we gain by attaining convergence on a specific formulation of the harm principle. Likely candidates for convergence, a harm principle aimed at preventing harmful conduct, supplemented by considerations of effectiveness and always choosing the least intrusive means still leave ample room for normative disagreement. Second, while mid‐level principles are sometimes put forward in response to the problem of normative theories attaching different weight to moral principles, employing a mid‐level harm principle completely leaves open how to determine what weight to attach to it in application. Third, there appears to be a trade‐off between attaining convergence and finding a formulation of the harm principle that can justify liberty‐restrictions in all situations of contagion, including interventions that are commonly allowed. These are not reasons to abandon mid‐level theorizing altogether. But there is no reason to be too theory‐modest in applied ethics. Morally justifying e.g. if a liberty‐restriction in infectious disease control is proportional to the aim of harm‐prevention, promptly requires moving beyond the mid‐level harm principle.
Terrorism as a process: A critical review of Moghaddam’s “Staircase to Terrorism”
Authors: LYGRE RAGNHILD B. , EID JARLE , LARSSON GERRY , RANSTORP MAGNUS 
Published: September 2011

Lygre, R. B., Eid, J., Larsson, G. & Ranstorp, M. (2011). Terrorism as a process: A critical review of Moghaddam’s “Staircase to Terrorism”. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 52, 609–616.This study reviews empirical evidence for Moghaddam’s model “Staircase to Terrorism,” which portrays terrorism as a process of six consecutive steps culminating in terrorism. An extensive literature search, where 2,564 publications on terrorism were screened, resulted in 38 articles which were subject to further analysis. The results showed that while most of the theories and processes linked to Moghaddam’s model are supported by empirical evidence, the proposed transitions between the different steps are not. These results may question the validity of a linear stepwise model and may suggest that a combination of mechanisms/factors could combine in different ways to produce terrorism.
Preoperative skin tumours thickness determination by high‐frequency ultrasound on head and neck region
Authors: Jovanovic D.L. , Pesic Z.U. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackground  High‐frequency ultrasound is non‐invasive imaging method for examination of skin tumours.Objective  The aim of our study was to examine validity of 20‐MHz ultrasound in preoperative determination of skin tumour thickness localized on head and neck region as a potentially useful tool for planning of the surgical intervention.Methods  Seventy‐three different skin tumours were preoperatively examined using Dermascan C (Cortex Technology, Denmark) 20‐MHz ultrasound equipment. Maximal vertical thickness of tumours was preoperatively determined by ultrasound, and after surgical excision of tumours, on pathohistological preparations using Nippon–Kogaku ocular micrometre. All patohistological specimens were controlled for presence of tumour cells on specimens’ margins.Results  Obtained correlation was very high, r = 0.82, without significant statistical difference (P < 0.01) between dimensions determined by 20‐MHz ultrasound and histometry. There were no pathohistological specimens with tumours cells found on margins.Conclusion  Examination of skin tumours by 20‐MHz ultrasound gives reliable additional information about tumour dimensions, sometimes important for therapeutic strategy.
Exposure to acute stress is associated with attenuated sweet taste
Authors: Al'absi Mustafa , Nakajima Motohiro , Hooker Stephanie , Wittmers Larry , Cragin Tiffany 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis study examined the effects of stress on taste perception. Participants (N = 38; 21 women) completed two laboratory sessions: one stress (public speaking, math, and cold pressor) and one control rest session. The taste perception test was conducted at the end of each session and included rating the intensity and pleasantness of sweet, salty, sour, and savory solutions at suprathreshold concentrations. Cardiovascular, hormonal, and mood measures were collected throughout the sessions. Participants showed the expected changes in cardiovascular, hormonal, and mood measures in response to stress. Reported intensity of the sweet solution was significantly lower on the stress day than on the rest day. Cortisol level poststress predicted reduced intensity of salt and sour, suggesting that stress‐related changes in adrenocortical activity were related to reduced taste intensity. Results indicate that acute stress may alter taste perception, and ongoing research investigates the extent to which these changes mediate effects of stress on appetite.
Increased cerebral matrix metalloprotease‐9 activity is associated with compromised recovery in the diabetic db/db mouse following a stroke
Authors: Kumari Rashmi , Willing Lisa B , Patel Shyama D , Baskerville Karen A. , Simpson Ian A. 
Published: September 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 119, 1029–1040.AbstractDiabetes is a major risk factor of stroke and is associated with increased frequency of stroke and a poorer prognosis for recovery. In earlier studies we have utilized type 2 diabetic mouse models of stroke and demonstrated that diabetic db/db and ob/ob mice experience larger infarct volumes and impaired recovery associated with greater infiltration of macrophage following hypoxic‐ischemic (H/I) insult than their heterozygous non‐diabetic db/+ and ob/+ littermates. To obtain a better understanding of the pathogenesis of the impaired recovery, we have investigated the role of matrix metalloproteases and their endogenous inhibitors in the breakdown of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) following H/I. Diabetic db/db mice showed a significant and more rapid increase in matrix metalloprotease (MMP)‐9 mRNA, protein and gelatinolytic activity compared with db/+, which resulted in an increased degradation of occludin and collagen IV and subsequently, an increased BBB permeability and greater infiltration of neutrophils into the infarct area. The expression of the MMPs, especially in the db/+ mice, is preceded by an elevated expression of their endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases (TIMPs) 1, 2, and 3, whereas in the db/db mice, a lower expression of the TIMPs is associated with greater MMP 3 and 9 expression. These results suggest that an imbalance in the MMPs/TIMPs cascade in the diabetic mouse, particularly MMP‐9, results in a greater neutrophil invasion, a compromised BBB and consequently a greater insult.
Readability of CAMHS clinical letters
Authors: Bennett Daniel M. , Drane Emma , Gilchrist Anne 
Published: September 2011

Background:  Sending clinical letters to patients is common practice in CAMHS. Ease of reading and understanding is important for patients. Readability formulae are feasible and quick ways to assess this.Method:  Clinical letters sent to patients were analysed for readability and whether they reached a preset threshold. Factors influencing readability were investigated.Results: Most letters were less easily readable than is appropriate. Letters written directly to patients were more readable than copied letters.Conclusions:  Patients sometimes receive letters that are unlikely to be easily readable. Word processing packages contain readability formulae that could be used to check and improve readability of letters.
Tape Casting of ITO Green Tapes for Flexible Electroluminescent Lamps
Authors: Straue Nadja , Rauscher Martin , Dressler Martina , Roosen Andreas 
Published: September 2011

Indium tin oxide (ITO) is a widely applied optoelectronic material. However, conventionally, it is deposited via cost‐ and energy‐intensive physical vapor deposition processes (PVD) like sputtering, resulting in rather brittle layers. In this report, the tape casting process is presented as an alternative processing route for the manufacture of transparent, conductive ITO layers. Tape casting is a particle‐based technique, thus ITO nano‐particles are first dispersed and stabilized in organic solvents. Subsequently, slurries are prepared using polyvinyl butyral binder and benzyl phthalate plasticizer. The rheological behavior of the slurries is analyzed and adapted to the tape casting process. After tape casting, the ITO green tapes are characterized concerning their electrical and optical behavior. Optical transmission up to 75% and electrical resistances down to 2 Ω·cm are reached without any further treatment. The ITO layers which exhibit such values are already suitable for applications in certain electronic devices. In this study, the applicability of the ITO green tapes is demonstrated by the assembly of functional, fully flexible electroluminescent lamps, which are laminated using the ITO green tapes as well as other functional green tapes in the as‐deposited state.
Effects of topical application of inorganic polyphosphate on tissue remodeling in rat inflamed gingiva
Authors: Kasuyama K. , Tomofuji T. , Ekuni D. , Azuma T. , Irie K. , Endo Y. , Morita M. 
Published: September 2011

Kasuyama K, Tomofuji T, Ekuni D, Azuma T, Irie K, Endo Y, Morita M. Effects of topical application of inorganic polyphosphate on tissue remodeling in rat inflamed gingiva. J Periodont Res 2012; 47: 159–164. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/SBackground and Objective:  Inorganic polyphosphate [poly(P)] is a biopolymer found in almost all cells and tissues, and which promotes tissue remodeling. However, there is limited information on how poly(P) affects the connective tissue in inflamed gingiva. This study examined the effects of topical application of poly(P) on gingival connective tissue and its remodeling in a rat periodontitis model.Material and Methods:  Male Wistar rats (n = 36, 8 wk of age) were used in this 6‐wk study. The rats were divided into six groups of six rats each. The control group received no treatment. In the other groups, periodontitis was ligature‐induced for 4 wk. After 4 wk, the rats with periodontitis were further divided into five groups, and were left untreated (periodontitis group) or subjected to topical application of oral rinses containing 0, 0.1, 1 or 5% poly(P) for 2 wk.Results:  The periodontitis and 0% poly(P) groups showed a higher density of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and a lower density of collagen in gingival tissue than the control group (p < 0.05). In contrast, groups treated with more than 1% poly(P) exhibited a lower density of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (p < 0.05) and a higher density of collagen than the periodontitis and 0% poly(P) groups (p < 0.05). A higher expression of fibroblast growth factor‐2 was observed in the gingiva of rats treated with 1% poly(P) than in those treated with 0% poly(P) (p < 0.05).Conclusion:  Topical application of poly(P) may induce connective tissue remodeling, contributing to improvement of inflamed gingiva in rats.
Long‐term consequences of stunting in early life
Authors: Dewey Kathryn G. , Begum Khadija 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis review summarizes the impact of stunting, highlights recent research findings, discusses policy and programme implications and identifies research priorities. There is growing evidence of the connections between slow growth in height early in life and impaired health and educational and economic performance later in life. Recent research findings, including follow‐up of an intervention trial in Guatemala, indicate that stunting can have long‐term effects on cognitive development, school achievement, economic productivity in adulthood and maternal reproductive outcomes. This evidence has contributed to the growing scientific consensus that tackling childhood stunting is a high priority for reducing the global burden of disease and for fostering economic development. Follow‐up of randomized intervention trials is needed in other regions to add to the findings of the Guatemala trial. Further research is also needed to: understand the pathways by which prevention of stunting can have long‐term effects; identify the pathways through which the non‐genetic transmission of nutritional effects is mediated in future generations; and determine the impact of interventions focused on linear growth in early life on chronic disease risk in adulthood.
Implementation of a programme to market a complementary food supplement (Ying Yang Bao) and impacts on anaemia and feeding practices in Shanxi, China
Authors: Sun Jing , Dai Yaohua , Zhang Shuaiming , Huang Jian , Yang Zhenyu , Huo Junsheng , Chen Chunming 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn China, a full fat soy powder mixed with multiple micronutrient powders (Ying Yang Bao (YYB)) was developed, and the efficacy of YYB was shown in controlling anaemia and improving child growth and development. However, prior to 2008, there was no sustainable way to provide YYB to vulnerable populations, except through free distribution by the government. This study was to test the concept of public‐private partnership (PPP) to deliver YYB and to evaluate the effectiveness of marketing YYB through PPP. Programme activities included development of a complementary food supplement (CFS) national standard, product concept test, product development and marketing, behavior change communication, monitoring and evaluation. Baseline and end‐line surveys were used to evaluate product awareness, purchasing and the impacts of the project on anaemia and feeding practices. A Chinese CFS standard was approved. Caregivers and their 6‐ to‐24‐month‐old children participated in the baseline (n = 226) and the end‐line survey (n = 221). A concept test at the baseline survey showed that 78% of caregivers were willing to buy YYB at 0.1 USD. After developing the product and implementing the intervention for 8 months, 59.6% of surveyed caregivers purchased YYB. While not significant, the prevalence of anaemia was marginally lower at the end line (28.8%) than at the baseline (36.2%). For those purchasing YYB, the risk of anaemia was significantly reduced by 87% of odds (P < 0.009). The end‐line survey found that feeding practices had improved significantly following the intervention. An enabling policy and regulatory environment in which CFSs are defined and parameters for appropriate marketing are identified as a prerequisite for marketing YYB or other nutritious CFS. Public and private advocacy and marketing could successfully increase awareness of YYB and access and use through market channels. The YYB project may be effective for reducing anaemia and improving feeding practices.
Essential fats: how do they affect growth and development of infants and young children in developing countries? A literature review
Authors: Huffman Sandra L. , Harika Rajwinder K. , Eilander Ans , Osendarp Saskia J.M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractOmega‐3 and omega‐6 fatty acids, particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are known to play an essential role in the development of the brain and retina. Intakes in pregnancy and early life affect growth and cognitive performance later in childhood. However, total fat intake, alpha‐linolenic acid (ALA) and DHA intakes are often low among pregnant and lactating women, infants and young children in developing countries. As breast milk is one of the best sources of ALA and DHA, breastfed infants are less likely to be at risk of insufficient intakes than those not breastfed. Enhancing intake of ALA through plant food products (soy beans and oil, canola oil, and foods containing these products such as lipid‐based nutrient supplements) has been shown to be feasible. However, because of the low conversion rates of ALA to DHA, it may be more efficient to increase DHA status through increasing fish consumption or DHA fortification, but these approaches may be more costly. In addition, breastfeeding up to 2 years and beyond is recommended to ensure an adequate essential fat intake in early life. Data from developing countries have shown that a higher omega‐3 fatty acid intake or supplementation during pregnancy may result in small improvements in birthweight, length and gestational age based on two randomized controlled trials and one cross‐sectional study. More rigorous randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm this effect. Limited data from developing countries suggest that ALA or DHA supplementation during lactation and in infants may be beneficial for growth and development of young children 6–24 months of age in these settings. These benefits are more pronounced in undernourished children. However, there is no evidence for improvements in growth following omega‐3 fatty acid supplementation in children >2 years of age.
Mutated IDH1 Is a Favorable Prognostic Factor for Type 2 Gliomatosis Cerebri
Authors: Kwon Mi Jung , Kim Sung Tae , Kwon Mi Jeong , Kong Doo‐Sik , Lee Dageun , Park Sanghui , Kang So Young , Song Ji‐Young , Nam Do‐Hyun , Kato Yukinari , Choi Yoon‐La , Suh Yeon‐Lim 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe prognostic significance of IDH1 mutations has been demonstrated in gliomas. It is unclear whether IDH1 mutation is also a prognostic factor in gliomatosis cerebri (GC). Primary GCs can be grouped into type 1 GCs, which have the classical diffuse growth pattern without mass formation, and type 2 GCs, which form neoplastic masses in addition to classic diffuse lesions. In this study, the prognostic relevance of IDH1/2 mutations in 74 GCs (43 type 1 and 31 type 2) was evaluated. We detected 33 (44.6%) IDH1 mutations, including R132H and R132S, by bidirectional Sanger sequencing. No mutations were detected in IDH2. The percentage of 2‐year overall survival for wild‐type IDH1 patients was 46 vs. 72% for patients with IDH1‐mutated tumors. Mutations of IDH1 were strongly correlated with both increased overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS) in patients with type 2 GCs, and IDH1 mutations were also an independent prognostic factor predicting increased OS and PFS in type 2 GC patients in multivariate analysis. However, IDH1 mutations did not correlate with survival outcomes in patients with type 1 GCs. Finally, the subgroup of GC, which has IDH1 wild‐type and additional solid component showed the worst prognosis.
Juice, sugar, and bagasse response of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. M81E) to N fertilization and soil type
Authors: Holou Roland A. Y. , Stevens Gene 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe objective of this research was to determine the optimum nitrogen fertilizer rate for producing sweet sorghum (a promising biofuel crop) juice, sugar, and bagasse on silt loam, sandy loam, and clay soils in Missouri. Seven nitrogen fertilization rates were applied, ranging from 0 to 134 kg N ha−1. Regardless of the soil and year, the juice content of sweet sorghum stalk averaged 68.8% by weight. The juice yield ranged from 15.2 to 71.1 m3 ha−1. Soil and N rate significantly impacted the juice yield (P < 0.0001). The pH and the density of the juice were not affected by the soil or N. The sugar content (Brix) of the juice varied between 10.7% and 18.9%. N fertilization improved the sugar content of the juice. A negative correlation existed between the sugar concentration and the juice yield. In general, the lowest sugar content was found in the clay soil and the impact of the N fertilization on juice sugar content was most pronounced in that soil. The juice sugar yield ranged between 2 and 9.9 Mg ha−1, with significant differences found between years, N rates, and soils. N fertilization always increased the sugar yield in the clay soil, whereas in loam soil, a significant sugar response was recorded when the sweet sorghum was planted after corn. The average juice water content was 84% by weight. The dry bagasse yield fluctuated between 3.2 and 13.8 Mg ha−1 with significant difference found with N rate, soil, and year. When sweet sorghum was grown after soybean or cotton, its N requirement was less than after a corn crop was grown the previous year. In general, a minimum of 67 kg N ha−1 was required to optimize juice, sugar, and bagasse yield in sweet sorghum.
THE EFFECT OF STRESSED ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ON SYSTEMIC RISK WITHIN THE SOUTH AFRICAN BANKING SECTOR
Authors: ESTERHUYSEN JA'NEL , VAN VUUREN GARY , STYGER PAUL 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe credit crisis resulted in increases in credit, market and operational risk, but it may also have precipitated a surge in systemic risk. Measuring systemic risk as the price of insurance against distressed losses in the South African banking sector, this article attempts to determine whether the financial crisis has in fact resulted in an increase in systemic risk. Using probabilities of default and asset return correlations as systemic risk indicators, it is found that the financial crisis has indeed increased systemic risk in South Africa. The impact was, however, less severe than that experienced in other large international banks.