bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adding more muscle and nerve to clinical trials
Authors: Conwit Robin A. , Bhanushali Minal J. , Porter John D. , Kaufmann Petra , Gutmann Laurie 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn this review we illustrate both the fundamentals and challenges of randomized clinical trials in neuromuscular disorders and suggest directions for prospective efforts to improve the design, conduct, rigor, and objectivity of these trials. Current research in clinical trials for neuromuscular disorders and key issues affecting these trials are reviewed. This perspective addresses the planning of clinical research, level of preclinical data needed to justify trials, patient recruitment and retention, and opportunities to access federal funding and infrastructure in support of clinical trials. The need for innovation in trial design and conduct, rigorous standards for the preclinical efficacy and safety data that support trial rationale, novel collaborative paradigms, objective interpretations of outcomes, and sharing of the lessons learned from trials in any one disorder among all neuromuscular trialists are imperative to improving the heretofore limited success in delivering novel, safe, and effective therapies to patients burdened by neuromuscular disorders. Muscle Nerve, 2011
On the accuracy of the viscous form in simulations of incompressible flow problems
Authors: Hannasch David , Neda Monika 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe present a numerical study of drag/lift and flux estimates using two forms of Navier‐Stokes equations (NSE) that are equivalent in the continuum formulation but not in the discrete finite element formulation. The two investigated forms of the NSE differ in the viscous term that is represented in one form by νΔu with ν being the viscosity and 2ν∇·∇Su in the other form where ∇S represents the deformation tensor. The study consists of numerical analysis of the two forms and computations of drag/lift, pressure drop on the cylinder problem and computations of flux for the Poiseuille flow. The main objective is to provide a clear comparison of the reference values for the maximal drag and lift coefficient at the cylinder and for the pressure difference between the front and the back of the cylinder at the final time for the two forms of NSEs. Our computational results of the reference values do not differ significantly between the two forms, but the differences are there. For the Poiseuille flow, the differences in the flux computations were much smaller, and this agreed with the computationally obtained results of the divergence of the velocity field. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 28: 523–541, 2012
A block preconditioning technique for the streamfunction‐vorticity formulation of the Navier‐Stokes equations
Authors: Fairag Faisal A. , Wathen Andrew J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIterative methods of Krylov‐subspace type can be very effective solvers for matrix systems resulting from partial differential equations if appropriate preconditioning is employed. We describe and test block preconditioners based on a Schur complement approximation which uses a multigrid method for finite element approximations of the linearized incompressible Navier‐Stokes equations in streamfunction and vorticity formulation. By using a Picard iteration, we use this technology to solve fully nonlinear Navier‐Stokes problems. The solvers which result scale very well with problem parameters. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2011
A priori and a posteriori estimates for three‐dimensional Stokes equations with nonstandard boundary conditions
Authors: Abboud Hyam , El Chami Fida , Sayah Toni 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn this article, we study the Stokes problem with some nonstandard boundary conditions. The variational formulation decouples into a system for the velocity and a Poisson equation for the pressure. The corresponding discrete system do not need an inf‐sup condition. Hence, the velocity is approximated with “curl” conforming finite elements and the pressure with standard continuous elements. Next, we establish optimal a priori and a posteriori estimates and we finally concluded with numerical tests. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2012
IDH1 and IDH2 mutations are frequent events in central chondrosarcoma and central and periosteal chondromas but not in other mesenchymal tumours
Authors: Amary M Fernanda , Bacsi Krisztian , Maggiani Francesca , Damato Stephen , Halai Dina , Berisha Fitim , Pollock Robin , O'Donnell Paul , Grigoriadis Anita , Diss Tim , Eskandarpour Malihe , Presneau Nadège , Hogendoorn Pancras CW , Futreal Andrew , Tirabosco Roberto , Flanagan Adrienne M 
Published: April 2011

AbstractSomatic mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and IDH2 occur in gliomas and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Since patients with multiple enchondromas have occasionally been reported to have these conditions, we hypothesized that the same mutations would occur in cartilaginous neoplasms. Approximately 1200 mesenchymal tumours, including 220 cartilaginous tumours, 222 osteosarcomas and another ∼750 bone and soft tissue tumours, were screened for IDH1 R132 mutations, using Sequenom® mass spectrometry. Cartilaginous tumours and chondroblastic osteosarcomas, wild‐type for IDH1 R132, were analysed for IDH2 (R172, R140) mutations. Validation was performed by capillary sequencing and restriction enzyme digestion. Heterozygous somatic IDH1/IDH2 mutations, which result in the production of a potential oncometabolite, 2‐hydroxyglutarate, were only detected in central and periosteal cartilaginous tumours, and were found in at least 56% of these, ∼40% of which were represented by R132C. IDH1 R132H mutations were confirmed by immunoreactivity for this mutant allele. The ratio of IDH1:IDH2 mutation was 10.6 : 1. No IDH2 R140 mutations were detected. Mutations were detected in enchondromas through to conventional central and dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas, in patients with both solitary and multiple neoplasms. No germline mutations were detected. No mutations were detected in peripheral chondrosarcomas and osteochondromas. In conclusion, IDH1 and IDH2 mutations represent the first common genetic abnormalities to be identified in conventional central and periosteal cartilaginous tumours. As in gliomas and AML, the mutations appear to occur early in tumourigenesis. We speculate that a mosaic pattern of IDH‐mutation‐bearing cells explains the reports of diverse tumours (gliomas, AML, multiple cartilaginous neoplasms, haemangiomas) occurring in the same patient. Copyright © 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A facile method for the synthesis of polyaniline nanospheres and the effect of doping on their electrical conductivity
Authors: Neelgund Gururaj M , Oki Aderemi 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe synthesis of polyaniline (PANI) nanospheres using a simple template‐free method is described. The polymerization of aniline in aqueous medium was accomplished using ammonium persulfate without any protonic acid. The UV‐visible spectrum of the PANI nanospheres displayed the characteristic absorption peak of the π–π* transition of the benzenoid ring at 355 nm. The oxidation state of the PANI nanospheres was identified with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy by comparing the two bands at 1582 cm−1 (ring stretching in quinoid unit) and 1498 cm−1 (ring stretching in bezenoid unit). X‐ray diffraction patterns demonstrated the low crystallinity of the PANI nanospheres. The morphology of the PANI nanospheres was spherical and their mean diameter was found to be in the range 3–12 nm. The thermal behavior of the PANI nanospheres was studied using thermogravimetric analysis. The effect of doping of HCl and H2SO4 on the PANI nanospheres was studied by measuring the current as a function of time of exposure. A high electrical conductivity of 6 × 10−2 S cm−1 was obtained for the PANI nanospheres doped with 100 ppm HCl, their optimum doping state. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Enhanced thermal conductivity of semi‐aliphatic liquid crystalline polybenzoxazoles using magnetic orientation
Authors: Hasegawa Masatoshi , Suyama Noriaki , Shimoyama Naoyuki , Aoki Hisashi , Nunokawa Takehiko , Kimura Tohru 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPolybenzoxazole (PBO) model compounds consisting of benzoxazole mesogenic units linked with long alkyl chains via ether or ester groups were prepared from flexible dicarboxylic acids with two kinds of bis(o‐aminophenol)s, i.e. 4,4′‐diamino‐3,3′‐dihydroxybiphenyl (p‐HAB) and 3,3′‐diamino‐4,4′‐dihydroxybiphenyl (m‐HAB). The results revealed that the use of p‐HAB completely erased the thermotropic liquid crystallinity and that the m‐HAB‐based ether‐linked model compound was much more advantageous for the formation of a stable liquid crystal phase than the corresponding ester‐linked one. However, the relevant high‐molecular‐weight PBOs showed quite opposite results. Only the m‐HAB‐based ester‐linked C10 PBO system showed a liquid crystal‐like texture among various semi‐aliphatic PBO systems examined. A very high thermal conductivity of 1.79 W m−1 K−1 along the thickness direction for the m‐HAB‐based ester‐linked C10 PBO film was achieved by heat treatment in the liquid crystalline state under a strong magnetic field of 10 T. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Organosoluble asymmetric aromatic polyamides bearing pendent phenoxy groups
Authors: Damaceanu Mariana‐Dana , Rusu Radu‐Dan , Nicolescu Alina , Bruma Maria , Rusanov Alexander L 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of new polyamides based on an aromatic asymmetric diamine‐containing phenoxy‐substituted benzophenone segment. Low‐temperature solution polycondensation reactions of this diamine with various aromatic diacid chlorides containing ether, hexafluoroisopropylidene or diphenylsilane groups resulted in polyamides with molecular weights in the range 102 900–113 200 g mol−1. The structures of these monomers and the corresponding polymers were fully confirmed using elemental analysis and infrared and NMR spectroscopy. All polyamides were easily soluble at room temperature in polar aprotic solvents and even in less polar solvents such as tetrahydrofuran. The polymers showed excellent thermal stability, up to 385 °C, and displayed glass transition temperatures in the range 225–256 °C. All the polymers presented blue florescence upon irradiation with UV light and thus show promise for applications in electroluminescent devices. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Electron correlation and the stability of substituted alkenes
Authors: Stewart Preston S. , Rodriguez Linda , Ess Daniel H. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIsomerization energies for hexenes (C6H12) were evaluated with ab initio (Hartree–Fock (HF), MP2, SCS‐MP2, and CCSD(T)) and several density functional approximation (DFA) methods. CCSD(T)/6‐311+G(2d,p) energies were taken as a benchmark standard. The HF method incorrectly predicts that monosubstituted alkenes are more stable than multiply‐substituted alkenes. DFAs generally predict the correct stability trends of alkenes (mono‐, < di‐, < tri‐, < tetra‐substituted alkenes) but errors in popular functionals, such as B3LYP, can be as large as errors found for alkane hydrocarbon thermochemistries. Some of the HF error is traced back to deficiencies in modeling 1,3‐geminal and 1,4‐vicinal alkyl–alkyl group interactions, called vinylbranches, and changes in CC and CH bond types (sp3–sp2 CC to sp3–sp3 CC and sp3 CH to sp2 CH). The latter is shown to be more significant. Comparison of CCSD(T) energies of trans‐2‐butene with 2‐methylpropylene and cis‐2‐butene suggests that geminal vinylbranches are stabilizing while vicinal vinylbranches are destabilizing. B3LYP and other DFAs have much smaller errors than HF theory due to inclusion of correlation energy that better reproduces bond type changes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is atypical adenomatous hyperplasia of the prostate a precursor lesion?
Authors: Zhang Chen , Montironi Rodolfo , MacLennan Gregory T. , Lopez‐Beltran Antonio , Li Yan , Tan Puay‐Hoon , Wang Mingsheng , Zhang Shaobo , Iczkowski Kenneth A. , Cheng Liang 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBACKGROUNDAlpha‐methylacyl‐CoA racemase (AMACR) is highly expressed in prostatic adenocarcinoma. The precursor nature of atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) is uncertain.METHODSOne hundred twenty‐one AAH foci from 101 patients who underwent transurethral prostatic resection or prostatectomy were immunohistochemically analyzed for AMACR, high molecular weight cytokeratin 34βE12, and p63 expression by a triple antibody (PIN4) cocktail stain.RESULTSSixty‐eight foci (56%) of AAH showed no AMACR immunostaining. Fourteen cases (12%) showed weak AMACR immunoreactivity in 1–9% of lesional cells. Sixteen cases (13%) showed strong immunopositivity for AMACR in >50% of lesional cells. AMACR expression in AAH was significantly higher in cases in which coexisting PCA was present, compared with its expression in AAH foci without coexisting PCA (P = 0.03). Strong diffuse AMACR positivity in over 50% of lesional cells was seen almost exclusively in AAH foci with coexisting PCA (P = 0.002). AMACR expression in AAH showed no correlation with patient age (P = 0.38), specimen type (P = 0.35), prostate weight (P = 0.80), zonal location (P = 0.50), distance to cancer (P = 0.28), Gleason score (P = 0.06), or pathologic stage (P = 0.23). Increased AMACR expression showed a negative correlation with the size of AAH foci (P = 0.03). All AAH lesions showed fragmented basal cell layers, highlighted by p63 and high molecular weight cytokeratin staining.CONCLUSIONSA significant percentage of AAH cases show stronger and more extensive AMACR expression when associated with prostatic adenocarcinoma, as compared to AAH foci found without coexisting prostate cancer. Our data provide additional evidence linking AAH to prostatic adenocarcinoma. Prostate 71:1746–1751, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bone marrow‐derived macrophages are associated with androgen modulated prostate regeneration
Authors: Ikehara Akashi , Maeda Hiroyuki , Kimura Taichi , Saito Seiichi , Ochiai Atsushi 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBACKGROUNDRecent studies have reported that bone marrow‐derived cells (BMDCs) can be cellular components of tissue undergoing remodeling. However, the types of BMDCs that contribute to prostate regeneration are unclear. Elucidating the association between BMDCs and prostate regeneration will help to identify the mechanism responsible for abnormal prostate tissue remodeling in conditions such as benign prostate hyperplasia, proliferative inflammatory atrophy, and prostate cancer.METHODSWe used a bone marrow transplantation (BMT) technique involving green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐expressing bone marrow cells and a murine model of prostate regeneration induced by androgen modulation. Immunophenotypes of recruited GFP‐positive cells at days 3, 14, and 28 after regeneration were analyzed in the prostate tissue of mice that had undergone BMT.RESULTSDuring the regenerating process, the most abundant BMDC phenotype was the F4/80‐positive macrophage followed by the CD3‐positive T lymphocyte. The proportion of all nucleated cells that were F4/80‐positive BMDCs was greatest at day 3 after regeneration and was lower at days 14 and 28. By contrast, the proportion of F4/80‐positive/GFP‐negative cells remained unchanged at days 3, 14, and 28. Macrophage‐colony stimulating factor mRNA expression level was the highest in the regenerating prostate. The number of F4/80‐positive BMDCs, but not CD3‐positive BMDCs, correlated with the proliferative activity of epithelial cells of the regenerating prostate at day 14.CONCLUSIONSThe observation that bone marrow‐derived macrophages are recruited into the prostate where they associate with prostate regeneration suggests that bone marrow‐derived macrophages are involved in prostate regeneration. Prostate 72:1–11, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Growth of dilute nitrides and 1.3 µm edge emitting lasers on GaAs by MBE
Authors: Wang S. M. , Adolfsson G. , Zhao H. , Song Y. X. , Sadeghi M. , Gustavsson J. , Modh P. , Haglund Å. , Westbergh P. , Larsson A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn this paper, we report recent progresses on growth of dilute nitrides and 1.3 µm lasers on GaAs using molecular beam epitaxy at Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden. Intense long wavelength light emission up to 1.71 µm at room temperature has been achieved by using the N irradiation method and the low growth rate. It is also demonstrated that incorporation of N in relaxed InGaAs buffer grown on GaAs strongly enhances the optical quality of metamorphic InGaAs quantum wells. With the optimized growth conditions and the laser structures, we demonstrate 1.3 µm GaInNAs edge emitting lasers on GaAs with state‐of‐the‐art performances including a low threshold current density, a high‐characteristic temperature, a 3 dB bandwidth of 17 GHz and uncooled operation at 10 Gbit/s up to 110 °C. The laser performances are comparable with the best reported data from the InGaAsP lasers on InP and is superior to the InAs quantum dot lasers on GaAs.
Porous germanium multilayers
Authors: Garralaga Rojas Enrique , Hensen Jan , Carstensen Jürgen , Föll Helmut , Brendel Rolf 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe present the reproducible fabrication of porous germanium (PGe) single‐ and multilayers. Mesoporous layers form on heavily doped 4” p‐type Ge wafers by electrochemical etching in highly concentrated HF‐based electrolytes with concentrations in a range of 30‐50 wt.%. Direct PGe formation is accompanied by a constant dissolution of the already‐formed porous layer at the electrolyte/PGe interface, hence yielding a thinner substrate after etching. This effect inhibits multilayer formation as the starting layer is etched while forming the second layer. We avoid dissolution of the porous layer by alternating the etching bias from anodic to cathodic. PGe formation occurs during anodic etching whereas the cathodic step passivates pore walls with H‐atoms and avoids electropolishing. The passivation lasts a limited time depending on the etching current density and electrolyte concentration, necessitating a repetition of the cathodic step at suitable intervals. With optimized alternating bias mesoporous multilayer production is possible. We control the porosity of each single layer by varying the etching current density and the electrolyte (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis and Raman spectroscopy study of TiO2 nanoparticles
Authors: Alcántara R. , Navas J. , Fernández‐Lorenzo C. , Martín J. , Guillén E. , Anta J. A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractNanostructured anatase titanium dioxide (TiO2) was synthesized by hydrolysis of tetrabutyl titanate at low temperature, re‐disolution with nitric acid and subsequent precipitation and annealing at different temperatures. Raman spectroscopy has been used for determining the crystallite size of the samples, through analysis of the bandwidth and position of the strongest Eg mode (phonon confinement model) and the position of the low‐wavenumber band (acoustic‐phonon confinement). A reasonable agreement is found with the data obtained using X‐Ray diffraction and UV‐Vis spectroscopy, although the differences increase when the crystallite size increases. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Emission related to exciton‐polariton coupling in porous SiC
Authors: Torchynska T. V. , Diaz Cano A. , Yescas Hernandez J. A. , Vorobiev Yu. V. , Shcherbyna L. V. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe paper presents the results of SiC nanocrystal (NC) characterization using the photoluminescence (PL), its temperature dependence and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. It is revealed that original n‐type 6H‐SiC wafers and porous 6H‐SiC layers consisted inclusions of 2H‐SiC, 4H‐SiC, and 8H‐SiC polytypes. The photoluminescence study has shown that in porous SiC layers the emission intensity of high energy PL bands enlarges. Temperature dependences of high energy PL bands testify that these PL bands related to excitons bounded at nitrogen donors in different SiC polytypes. The PL intensity enhancement of donor‐bound exciton PL bands in the big size (50‐250nm) SiC nanocrystals has been attributed to the realization of exciton weak confinement and exciton‐polariton coupling in SiC nanocrystals. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A SATS algorithm for jointly identifying multiple differentially expressed gene sets
Authors: Yang Tae Young 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA gene set in DNA microarrays is a group of genes that share a common biological function, chromosomal location, or regulation. This paper discusses the problem of jointly identifying multiple differentially expressed gene sets associated with a phenotype of interest from many hundreds of pre‐defined gene sets in a microarray experiment. We propose a null hypothesis that any group of gene sets from the experiment is not differentially expressed. The hypothesis is applicable to a real microarray experiment, where only a fraction of gene sets examined in the experiment are differentially expressed. To test this hypothesis, we provide an algorithm called set association for tail strength (SATS). SATS assigns the tail‐strength statistic (TS) to each gene set to measure differential expression that is related to the phenotype of interest, combines the statistics into an overall association measure of multiple gene sets by utilizing a set‐association method, and then calculates the significance of the overall measure by conducting sample permutations. SATS performs a simultaneous significance test on several gene sets, while controlling the Type I error rate. As multiple gene sets work together toward the significance, SATS can capture correlations across gene sets that should be considered in assessing joint statistical significance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Properties of Glass‐Ceramics Synthesized from Blast Furnace Slag with Different Sizes
Authors: Lu Hong‐xia , Liu Hong‐yu , He Man , Yu Lin , Wan Fang , Chen De‐liang , Wang Hai‐long , Xu Hong‐liang , Zhang Rui 
Published: April 2011

AbstractGlass‐ceramics were made from ground blast‐furnace slag and other additives using a conventional ceramic‐sintering route. The weight percent of blast furnace slag reached more than 90% in raw material. The size influence of slag powders on the properties of glass‐ceramics was investigated. The main crystalline phase of glass‐ceramic is melilite. A high microhardness between 4.4 to 5.2 GPa and a bending strength between 74 to 90 MPa as well as a density between 2.5 to 2.8 g/cm3 were obtained. The result indicated that the obtained glass‐ceramics present desirable properties for building materials, and this may be an attractive method for making useful and marketable products from the waste of iron production.
AlN Precipitation During Isothermal Annealing of Ultra Low Carbon Steel
Authors: Radis Rene , Schwarz Sabine , Zamberger Sabine , Kozeschnik Ernst 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe precipitation of AlN is investigated in the austenite region of ultra low carbon steel. The evolution of the size and the morphology of AlN precipitates are studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) after isothermal annealing for different times at temperatures of 950 °C and 1050 °C. Various different morphologies are observed, including cuboids, large plates as well as irregular structures. In addition to the experimental analysis, thermo‐kinetic simulations are carried out with the software package MatCalc. The numerically calculated evolution of the mean radii as well as the time‐temperature‐precipitation (TTP) diagram for AlN precipitation in the present alloy show good agreement with experiment.