bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sugar and total energy content of household food purchases in Brazil
Authors: Levy Renata Bertazzi , Claro Rafael Moreira , Monteiro Carlos Augusto 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo study the role of energy derived from sugar (both table sugar and sugar added to processed foods) in the total energy content of food purchases in Brazil.DesignFood purchase data were collected during a national household budget survey carried out between June 2002 and July 2003 on a probabilistic sample representative of all households in the country. The amount of food purchased in this 12-month period was transformed into energy and energy from sugar using food composition tables. Multiple linear regression models were used to study the association between amount of energy from sugar and total energy content of food purchases, controlling for sociodemographic variables and potential interactions between these variables and sugar purchases.ResultsThere was a positive and significant association between energy from sugar and total household energy purchases. A 1 kJ increase in sugar purchase corresponded to a 3·637 kJ increase in total energy. In the absence of expenditure on meals outside the home, i.e. when household food purchases tend to approximate actual food consumption by household members, sugar purchase of 1926·35 kJ/d (the 90th percentile of the distribution of sugar purchases in Brazil) was associated, depending on income strata, with total energy purchase over 40–60 % of the recommended daily value for energy intake in Brazil.ConclusionsThe present results corroborate the recommendations of the WHO and the Brazilian Ministry of Health regarding limiting the consumption of sugar.
Association between educational level and vegetable use in nine European countries
Authors: Prättälä Ritva , Hakala Samu , Roskam Albert-Jan R , Roos Eva , Helmert Uwe , Klumbiene Jurate , Van Oyen Herman , Regidor Enrique , Kunst Anton E 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjectiveThe relationship of socio-economic status and vegetable consumption is examined in nine European countries. The aim is to analyse whether the pattern of socio-economic variation with regard to vegetable consumption is similar in all studied countries with high v. low vegetable availability and affordability, and whether education has an independent effect on vegetable consumption once the effects of other socio-economic factors have been taken into account.DesignThe data for the study were obtained from national surveys conducted in Finland, Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, France, Italy and Spain, in 1998 or later. These surveys included data on the frequency of use of vegetables. Food Balance Sheets indicated that the availability of vegetables was best in the Mediterranean countries. The prices of vegetables were lowest in the Mediterranean countries and Germany.ResultsEducational level was positively associated with vegetable consumption in the Nordic and Baltic countries. In the Mediterranean countries, education was not directly associated with the use of vegetables but, after adjusting for place of residence and occupation, it was found that those with a lower educational level consumed vegetables slightly more often. Manual workers consumed vegetables less often than non-manual workers, but otherwise there was no systematic association with occupation.ConclusionsThe Mediterranean countries did not show a positive association between educational level and vegetable consumption. The positive association found in the Northern European countries is linked to the lower availability and affordability of vegetables there and their everyday cooking habits with no long-standing cultural tradition of using vegetables.
Nutritional status and dietary adequacy in rural communities of a protected area in Gabon
Authors: Blaney S , Beaudry M , Latham M , Thibault M 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjectiveAs part of a larger study designed to understand how to protect the food and nutrition security of individuals living in a protected area of Gabon, we assessed their nutritional status and its relationship to dietary adequacy and health status.DesignA 7 d food consumption survey was conducted during each of the two major seasons using a weighing method. Data were also collected on weight, height and health of individuals as well as on sociodemographic characteristics and potential determinants of the nutrition situation.SettingFour rural communities were intentionally selected to represent both inland and coastal settings and access to food markets.SubjectsApproximately 500 individuals representing over 90 % of the population of these communities participated in the survey during each season.ResultsUndernutrition was present in the area, particularly among children <5 years of age and the elderly. Health was generally good and under-fives were most frequently ill. Energy, Fe and vitamin A requirements of individuals were generally not satisfied; the opposite was true for protein. The estimated prevalence of inadequate intakes of energy and vitamin A was very high in most age groups. Global nutrient adequacy was associated with nutritional outcome.ConclusionsIndividuals do not eat enough and breast-feeding practices are poor. Many suffer from undernutrition, particularly young children and the elderly. The results confirm the need to investigate the determinants of this poor nutrition situation to ensure that protection of natural resources will not be associated with harm to the well-being of the population.
Jökulhlaup Observed at Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: Mernild Sebastian H. , Hasholt Bent , Kane Douglas L. , Tidwell Amy C. 
Published: April 2009

On 31 August 2007, about 35 kilometers upstream from the town of Kangerlussuaq, in western Greenland, a roughly 0.5‐square‐kilometer permanently ice‐dammed lake on the northern flank of the Russell Glacier—an outlet glacier of the Greenland Ice Sheet—suddenly broke free and drained into the Watson River (Figure 1). A 25‐meter drop in the lake water level resulted over an approximately 17‐hour period (Figure 3a). A glacial outburst such as this is known by the Icelandic term jökulhlaup, derived from the words jökull (glacier) and hlaup (meaning sprint or burst) [Robert, 2005].Before 2007, the last known jökulhlaup from this glacier was in July 1987; jökulhlaups at this location occur once every 8–10 years on average. The 2007 jökulhlaup occurred after the most intensive melt season—with the biggest melting area and melt index (defined as the melting area times the number of melting days)— on the Greenland Ice Sheet since the first satellite observations in 1979 [Tedesco, 2007]. The ice dam broke after 4 days with a temperature range of 4.0°–17.0°C, averaging 9.5°C, resulting in glacier ablation, and with a rainfall total of 33 millimeters (Figure 2a).
Tackling Substorm Problems: New Observational and Modeling Capabilities: Ninth International Conference on Substorms; Graz, Austria, 5–9 May 2008
Authors: Nakamura R. , Baumjohann W. 
Published: April 2009

Geomagnetic substorms, responsible for creating brightly lit aurorae that can disrupt satellite communications and electric power grids, comprise a wealth of dynamic plasma processes. These processes and their interplay were discussed by about 130 scientists at a conference at Austria's Seggau Castle, organized by the Space Research Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences.Recent advances in observational and computational capabilities have allowed closer comparison between observation and theory on current sheet instabilities associated with reconnection, ballooning modes, and different wave properties. For example, presentations at the meeting showed how theory combined with observations from ESA's Cluster satellite helped scientists conclude that the formation of an embedded current sheet occurred before the growth of the instability rather than from thinning the entire plasma sheet. Additionally, the evolution of instabilities leading to magnetic reconnection was reported by several theoretical studies at the meeting, which were complemented by presentations of in situ observations seen from Cluster and NASA's Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions During Substorms (THEMIS) mission that detailed the characteristics of the reconnecting current sheet. Observations at the inner magnetosphere where the magnetic field configuration changes from tail‐like to dipolar fields showed that instabilities such as ballooning modes are needed to explain the initial auroral arc formation near the equatorward edge of plasma sheet electron precipitation.
The genome sequence of the psychrophilic archaeon,Methanococcoides burtonii: the role of genome evolution in cold adaptation
Authors: Allen Michelle A , Lauro Federico M , Williams Timothy J , Burg Dominic , Siddiqui Khawar S , De Francisci Davide , Chong Kevin WY , Pilak Oliver , Chew Hwee H , De Maere Matthew Z , Ting Lily , Katrib Marilyn , Ng Charmaine , Sowers Kevin R , Galperin Michael Y , Anderson Iain J , Ivanova Natalia , Dalin Eileen , Martinez Michele , Lapidus Alla , Hauser Loren , Land Miriam , Thomas Torsten , Cavicchioli Ricardo 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPsychrophilic archaea are abundant and perform critical roles throughout the Earth's expansive cold biosphere. Here we report the first complete genome sequence for a psychrophilic methanogenic archaeon, Methanococcoides burtonii. The genome sequence was manually annotated including the use of a five-tiered evidence rating (ER) system that ranked annotations from ER1 (gene product experimentally characterized from the parent organism) to ER5 (hypothetical gene product) to provide a rapid means of assessing the certainty of gene function predictions. The genome is characterized by a higher level of aberrant sequence composition (51%) than any other archaeon. In comparison to hyper/thermophilic archaea, which are subject to selection of synonymous codon usage, M. burtonii has evolved cold adaptation through a genomic capacity to accommodate highly skewed amino-acid content, while retaining codon usage in common with its mesophilic Methanosarcina cousins. Polysaccharide biosynthesis genes comprise at least 3.3% of protein coding genes in the genome, and Cell wall, membrane, envelope biogenesis COG genes are overrepresented. Likewise, signal transduction (COG category T) genes are overrepresented and M. burtonii has a high ‘IQ’ (a measure of adaptive potential) compared to many methanogens. Numerous genes in these two overrepresented COG categories appear to have been acquired from ɛ- and δ-Proteobacteria, as do specific genes involved in central metabolism such as a novel B form of aconitase. Transposases also distinguish M. burtonii from other archaea, and their genomic characteristics indicate they have an important role in evolving the M. burtonii genome. Our study reveals a capacity for this model psychrophile to evolve through genome plasticity (including nucleotide skew, horizontal gene transfer and transposase activity) that enables adaptation to the cold, and to the biological and physical changes that have occurred over the last several thousand years as it adapted from a marine to an Antarctic lake environment.
Sustained Attention in Children With Specific Language Impairment (SLI)
Authors: Finneran Denise A. , Francis Alexander L. , Leonard Laurence B. 
Published: April 2009

Purpose
Information-processing limitations have been associated with language problems in children with specific language impairment (SLI). These processing limitations may be associated with limitations in attentional capacity, even in the absence of clinically significant attention deficits. In this study, the authors examined the performance of 4- to 6-year-old children with SLI and their typically developing (TD) peers on a visual sustained attention task. It was predicted that the children with SLI would demonstrate lower levels of performance in the absence of clinically significant attention deficits.

Method

A visual continuous performance task (CPT) was used to assess sustained attention in 13 children with SLI (
M =
62.07 months) and 13 TD age-matched controls (
M
= 62.92 months). All children were screened for normal vision, hearing, and attention. Accuracy (
d'
) and response time were analyzed to see if this sustained attention task could differentiate between the 2 groups.

Results
The children with SLI were significantly less accurate but not significantly slower than the TD children on this test of visual sustained attention.

Conclusion
Children with SLI may have reduced capacity for sustained attention in the absence of clinically significant attention deficits that, over time, could contribute to language learning difficulties.
What Influences Literacy Outcome in Children With Speech Sound Disorder?
Authors: Peterson Robin L. , Pennington Bruce F. , Shriberg Lawrence D. , Boada Richard 
Published: April 2009

Purpose
In this study, the authors evaluated literacy outcome in children with histories of speech sound disorder (SSD) who were characterized along 2 dimensions: broader language function and persistence of SSD. In previous studies, authors have demonstrated that each dimension relates to literacy but have not disentangled their effects.

Methods
Two groups of children (86 SSD and 37 controls) were recruited at ages 5–6 and were followed longitudinally. The authors report the literacy of children with SSD at ages 7–9, compared with controls and national norms, and relative to language skill and SSD persistence (both measured at age 5–6).

Results
The SSD group demonstrated elevated rates of reading disability. Language skill but not SSD persistence predicted later literacy. However, SSD persistence was associated with phonological awareness impairments. Phonological awareness alone predicted literacy outcome less well than a model that also included syntax and nonverbal IQ.

Conclusions
Results support previous literature findings that SSD history predicts literacy difficulties and that the association is strongest for SSD + language impairment (LI). Magnitude of phonological impairment alone did not determine literacy outcome, as predicted by the core phonological deficit hypothesis. Instead, consistent with a multiple deficit approach, phonological deficits appeared to interact with other cognitive factors in literacy development.
On the Sensitivity and Specificity of Nonword Repetition and Sentence Recall to Language and Memory Impairments in Children
Authors: Archibald Lisa M. D. , Joanisse Marc F. 
Published: April 2009

Purpose
The present study examined the utility of 2 measures proposed as markers of specific language impairment (SLI) in identifying specific impairments in language or working memory in school-age children.

Method

A group of 400 school-age children completed a 5-min screening consisting of nonword repetition and sentence recall. A subset of low (
n
= 52) and average (
n
= 38) scorers completed standardized tests of language, short-term and working memory, and nonverbal intelligence.

Results
Approximately equal numbers of children were identified with specific impairments in either language or working memory. A group about twice as large had deficits in both language and working memory. Sensitivity of the screening measure for both SLI and specific working memory impairments was 84% or greater, although specificity was closer to 50%. Sentence recall performance below the 10th percentile was associated with sensitivity and specificity values above 80% for SLI.

Conclusions
Developmental deficits may be specific to language or working memory, or include impairments in both areas. Sentence recall is a useful clinical marker of SLI and combined language and working memory impairments.
STATES AS MOLDERS OF INFORMAL RELATIONS?
Authors: van der Meer Thomas , Scheepers Peer , te Grotenhuis Manfred 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT
This article studies the impact of a range of state institutions on citizens’ contacts with family and close friends in 20 countries. Recent studies have shown large country level differences in social participation. We aim to explain these differences from an actor centered institutionalist perspective. We present two lines of reasoning. According to the first, a high level of social security crowds out social participation, as intimate networks are no longer needed as an economic safety net. The second line of reasoning proposes that corruption or a lack of civil rights drive citizens to seek refuge in their secure intimate contacts. In a comparative, multi-level design we focus on participation in the nuclear family, in the extended family, and with the best friend. We test the two lines of reasoning simultaneously on ISSP 2001 data. We find that states matter. State institutions are an important determinant of social participation. Our findings mainly confirm the second line of reasoning, whereas the crowding out thesis is only supported for contact with the extended family. Moreover, we find that the contextual effects are not similar across social groups: the poor are more strongly affected by the institutional design than the rich.
THE WELFARE STATE AND SOCIAL CAPITAL INEQUALITY
Authors: van Oorschot Wim , Finsveen Ellen 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT
In this paper we theoretically and empirically explore the question whether the unequal distribution of different aspects of social capital (networks, trust, norms) over a number of social dimensions (gender, age, income, employment status, and educational level) is smaller in countries with more developed welfare systems. Our data cover 13 Western industrialized countries and two periods in time (1981, 1999). The paper adds to the existing literature in several ways: by focusing explicitly on the empirical study of social capital inequality, by relating this subject to (quantitative and qualitative) welfare state characteristics, and by studying it from a cross-national and longitudinal perspective. We find that in the sample of countries analyzed there is no clear relationship between social capital inequality and welfare state characteristics. However, whether generally welfare states do not reduce social capital inequalities remains an issue for future research.
Microsatellite and mitochondrial haplotype differentiation in blue mackerel (Scomber australasicus) from the western North Pacific
Authors: Tzeng Chih-Hsiang , Chen Chih-Shin , Tang Pei-Ciao , Chiu Tai-Sheng 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTzeng, C-H., Chen, C-S., Tang, P-C., and Chiu, T-S. 2009. Microsatellite and mitochondrial haplotype differentiation in blue mackerel (Scomber australasicus) from the western North Pacific. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 816–825. Blue (Scomber australasicus) and chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) occur sympatrically in the western North Pacific. Blue mackerel were previously classified as a subspecies of S. japonicus based on morphological similarities. The practical management unit for blue mackerel is contentious owing to incomplete resolution by biological analyses. We used rapidly evolving microsatellites and slow-changing mitochondrial cytochrome b (mtCyt-b) markers to examine the phylogeographic relationships of the two species across four major hydrographic regions of the western North Pacific. Genetic variability was high in each hydrographic region and in the putative species unit, and Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium tests confirmed that blue and chub mackerel are separate genetic components. Population genetic and multiple-dimensional scaling analyses of the genotypes indicated clear genetic differences, and phylogenetic analyses of the mtCyt-b haplotypes showed a level of genetic divergence (FST = 0.038, p < 0.001) consistent with separation of the two species. Based on the coalescence theory, the difference in mtCyt-b genes was small, indicating incipient speciation between blue and chub mackerel, with a diversification time of 1.9 million years ago (mya) during the Pleistocene when the East China Sea (ECS) and the South China Sea (SCS) were separated physically. Significant differences between populations of blue mackerel in the ECS and SCS were also found. Our findings confirm that blue mackerel is a valid biological species and that its populations in the ECS and SCS should be considered separate fishery stocks and conservation units for management.
The Histidine Kinase-Related Domain of Arabidopsis Phytochrome A Controls the Spectral Sensitivity and the Subcellular Distribution of the Photoreceptor
Authors: Müller Rebecca , Fernández Aurora Piñas , Hiltbrunner Andreas , Schäfer Eberhard , Kretsch Thomas 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPhytochrome A (phyA) is the primary photoreceptor for sensing extremely low amounts of light and for mediating various far-red light-induced responses in higher plants. Translocation from the cytosol to the nucleus is an essential step in phyA signal transduction. EID1 (for EMPFINDLICHER IM DUNKELROTEN LICHT1) is an F-box protein that functions as a negative regulator in far-red light signaling downstream of the phyA in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). To identify factors involved in EID1-dependent light signal transduction, pools of ethylmethylsulfonate-treated eid1-3 seeds were screened for seedlings that suppress the hypersensitive phenotype of the mutant. The phenotype of the suppressor mutant presented here is caused by a missense mutation in the PHYA gene that leads to an amino acid transition in its histidine kinase-related domain. The novel phyA-402 allele alters the spectral sensitivity and the persistence of far-red light-induced high-irradiance responses. The strong eid1-3 suppressor phenotype of phyA-402 contrasts with the moderate phenotype observed when phyA-402 is introgressed into the wild-type background, which indicates that the mutation mainly alters functions in an EID1-dependent signaling cascade. The mutation specifically inhibits nuclear accumulation of the photoreceptor molecule upon red light irradiation, even though it still interacts with FHY1 (for far-red long hypocotyl 1) and FHL (for FHY1-like protein), two factors that are essential for nuclear accumulation of phyA. Degradation of the mutated phyA is unaltered even under light conditions that inhibit its nuclear accumulation, indicating that phyA degradation may occur mostly in the cytoplasm.