bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prediction of performance on the International Biomedical Expedition to the Antarctic (IBEA)
Authors: Taylor A. J. W. , McCormick I. A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBiographical variables, clinical ratings and psychological tests were used to predict performance of the eleven subjects involved in the International Biomedical Expedition to the Antarctic. The results showed that of the biographical predictors, past polar experience and age were best for predicting low stress and high arousal. Of the clinical predictions those made by a psychologist who had access to both interviews and psychometric material, and had been to the Antarctic, were more accurate than those of two other psychologists who had access to only the psychometric material and had not been there. Of the psychological tests, the initial stress scores were found to be good predictors of later stress and arousal, the initial arousal scores to be good predictors of later stress and self adaptation ratings, and the preferred interpersonal distance scores to be good predictors of independent observer ratings and peer ratings of adaptability.
The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act: conflict and controversy
Authors: Thomas Monica E. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTPending land claims by Alaska Natives were extinguished by the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971. This act marked the culmination of more than 100 years of expressed Federal concern for protection of land rights of aboriginal peoples within the region, starting with the 1867 Treaty of Cession. The Federal legislation provided both a cash and a land settlement, and mandated creation of corporations to manage the resulting assets. Two amendments, in 1976 and 1980, attempted to alleviate certain problems arising from the original act. Nonetheless, many difficulties with the act itself are becoming more apparent as the 1990s approach, and certain sections of the act such as taxation and stock alienation become activated. This paper discusses the major events leading to passage of the act, key provisions of the act, and the major controversies and conflicts facing Alaska Natives through the next two decades as a result of the legislation.
Excavations at a Younger Stone Age settlement in Varangerfjord, Norway
Authors: Renouf M. A. P. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTIn 1978 the Younger Stone Age (6500–1800 BP) site of Nyelv Nedre Vest in Varangerfjord, northeastern Norway, was partly excavated before road widening, allowing reassessment of Younger Stone Age settlement patterns in die area. Early settlement in Varanger was formerly thought to involve regular seasonal movements between sites. Analysis of faunal refuse from Nyelv Nedre Vest now indicates year- round occupation, and re-examination of data from other inner fjord sites suggests diat they too might have housed sedentary or semi- sedentary populations. Special-purpose satellite' camps seem also to have been associated with these settlements. This settlement pattern has implications for other aspects of the social group, and the results of the analysis are relevant to other settlement studies in northern maritime regions.
Tuberculosis in Western Alaska, 1900–1950
Authors: Flanders Nicholas E. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTTuberculosis was the major cause of death among Alaska Native peoples during the first half of the twentieth century, with a crude death rate estimated at 810 per 100,000. Apart from a few medical articles, not much is known of the impact of the disease on the people. This paper reviews published articles, unpublished reports by government teachers, hospital records and other materials for several Native villages in western Alaska from the period 1900–50. These archival sources suggest that tuberculosis was prevalent at the start of the century, that tuberculosis morbidity and mortality increased until the public health efforts of the 1950s and '60s, and that highest mortality rates were found among women between the ages of 15 and 35. Traditional cultural practices that brought people together for fatiguing activities in confined areas may have contributed to the spread of the disease. Public health efforts of federal teachers aimed to improve personal hygiene, household cleanliness and ventilation. Their efforts were thwarted by environmental and economic factors, primarily the limited amount of wood. Ultimately, the comments of these public officials may have reflected more their own moral beliefs than the actual etiology of the disease.
Measurement of declination at South Georgia 1700–1984
Authors: Simmons D. A. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTDeclination, or the difference between true and magnetic north, is one of the earliest parameters to have been measured systematically over the earth's surface. Values are available for South Georgia and the surrounding area from 1700 to the present. Observations were made from ship by Edmond Halley in 1700, by James Cook in 1775 and thereafter more frequently. Land-based observations were made during the First Polar Year in 1882–3, more recently by the British Antarctic Survey 1975–82. Declination has diminished from 23°E in 1700 to about 9°W in 1980, approximately 0.1° per annum. The modern observations suggest that the rate of change has slowed in recent years.
The archaeology of a Netsilik Inuit camp depicted by John Ross in 1831
Authors: Savelle James M. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe archaeological remains associated with a Netsilik Inuit camp, illustrated by John Ross at Sheriff Harbour, Boothia Peninsula, NWT in 1831, are described. The site, consisting of four tent rings and two external hearths, was originally occupied by 23 Inuit over a four-day period. Associated with a first-contact between Inuit and Europeans, and relating to a recorded historical event, the remains are of unique archaeological and historic interest, and an aid to the study of various site formation processes.
Limnology of Garrow Lake, NWT, Canada
Authors: Dickman M. , Ouellet M. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTGarrow Lake (area 418 ha, greatest depth 47 m), Little Cornwallis Island, NWT, Canada, is the northernmost recorded hypersaline meromictic lake, Covered 11 months annually with ice up to 2.4 m thick and internally stratified, its waters at 20 m reach temperatures of 9.1°C from solar heating throughout the year. Salinity varies from less than 0.01% at the surface to over 75% at the bottom. Isostatic uplift isolated the lake from the sea about 3000 BP. Isotope dating indicates that the bottom water has been unmixed for nearly 2500 years. An advancing permafrost wedge appears to have forced brine from pores in rock strata below the watershed into a talik (chimney) in the lake centre. From November 1981 the lake has received approximately 100 tonnes/hr of mine tailings rich in lead and zinc. Dissolved oxygen introduced along with the slurry may be important in reducing anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria. Biotic diversity is low. Only one vertebrate,Myoxocephalus quadricornis(four-horned sculpin), occurs in the lake. The zooplankton consists of only one species,Limnocalanus macruras; phytoplankton includes 51 taxa dominated by flagellates.
Oil versus caribou in the Arctic: the great debate
Authors: Sheldon Jerome F. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn Alaska, development interests are pitted against conservationists on the question of whether the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge shall be opened to oil exploration. The area in question lies close to Prudhoe Bay's enormous reserves of petroleum and natural gas. It is also the primary calving ground for the Porcupine caribou herd of some 180,000 animals, and the public debate centres on how this herd, that migrates between Alaska and Canada, would be affected. The decision on opening the Arctic coastal plain to development will rest with the US Congress.
Three 17th century whaling stations in southeastern Svalbard: an archaeological missing link
Authors: Hacquebord Louwrens 
Published: October 2009

AbstractRemains of three whaling stations on small islands south of Edgeøya, Svalbard, are described. They are believed to be British stations dating from the 17th century. Construction of tryworks and dwellings may represent an intermediate stage between that of Basque whaling stations in southern Labrador and of west European stations on the west coast of Spitsbergen.
The impact of the Grenfell Mission on southeastern Labrador communities
Authors: Kennedy John C. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractDuring the late 19th and early 20th centuries British medical missionary Wilfred Grenfell created a mission in northern Newfoundland and Labrador, now part of eastern Canada. The Grenfell Mission's approach to health, educational, agricultural and industrial development are described and its impact on the southeastern Labrador region is examined. The mission changed the region's settlement pattern and economy by creating centralized mission communities: however, its failure to generate sustained economic alternatives to fishing and trapping inadvertently paved the way for the economic dependency still characteristic of the region. The Grenfell case confirms the need for viable development scenarios and for meaningful local participation in community development.
SS Windward—whaler and Arctic exploration ship
Authors: Buchan Alex R. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWindward, a three-masted barque, was built in Peterhead in 1860 for the whaling trade, and fitted with steam engines in 1866. Almost every year for 33 years she visited the Arctic in pursuit of whales and seals, latterly belonging to the Grays, an outstanding Peterhead whaling family. Sold in 1894 to Captain Joseph Wiggins, she was bought later in the same year by Alfred Harmsworth for the use of Frederick G. Jackson in his exploration of Zemlya Frantsa-Iosifa (Franz Josef Land).Windwardwas Jackson's ship for three years, including one winter beset in the ice; journeying from her, Jackson substantially recharted Zemlya Frantsa-Iosifa, and the ship brought home Fridtjof Nansen after his epic drift with the polar ice. In 1897 Harmsworth offered the vessel to Robert Peary, who was planning an assault on the North Pole from the northern tip of Greenland or from Ellesmere Island. After four years with Peary, including two winters trapped in the ice,Windwardreturned to her roots in whaling from Scotland. She was lost in Davis Strait in 1907.
Confusion of place names; an example from Antarctica
Authors: Hattersley-Smith G. , Thomson M. R. A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPlace names in the Hughes Bay area, Danco Coast, Antarctica well illustrate naming problems that give rise to confusion or ambiguity. This note shows the origins of conflicting place names, providing a warning to scientists and others and a key of foreign equivalents to some of the names accepted for British official use.
Non-Soviet shipping in the Northeast Passage, and the legal status of Proliv Vil'kitskogo
Authors: Franckx Erik 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWhen the United States dispatched icebreakers to Proliv Vil'kitskogo [Vil'kitskii Strait] in 1967, the Soviet Union did not allow the vessels to accomplish the passage, basing their refusal on a requirement, provided for in municipal legislation, that warships seek prior authorization. During the third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (1973–82) the USSR reversed this policy: innocent passage was granted in principle to merchant and war vessels alike. This article analyzes whether this fundamental policy change, together with some other novelties in Soviet legislation, substantially influenced the regime applicable to Vil'kitskii Strait. Theoretical considerations would apparently answer this question positively. Actual state practice, though still open to conjecture, points rather in the opposite direction.
Aboriginal rights and litigation: history and future of court decisions in Canada
Authors: Elias Peter Douglas 
Published: October 2009

AbstractRecent decisions of the Supreme Court of Canada, the Constitution Act 1982, and the establishment of the Office of Native Claims, would seem to have assured the rapid settlement of outstanding issues regarding aboriginal rights and native title to lands. More recently, the seeming abandonment by government of political and negotiated resolution of these issues has left litigation as the remaining recourse for native groups to protect their interests. The courts, however, have become increasingly demanding in terms of what must be proven in order to make a successful case at law. It is predicted that the costs and technical difficulties of providing such proofs will limit the number of rights cases before the courts, and the chances of success for those that are mounted.
SPRI participation in the Winter Marginal Ice Zone Experiment, MIZEX-87
Authors: Rottier P. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis article outlines the Marginal Ice Zone Experiments (MIZEX), which began in 1983, and summarizes research investigations in Fram Strait during the most recent MIZEX of March and April 1987, involving members of the Scott Polar Research Institute (SPRI). An important field of investigation was ambient noise in the ice-edge region and the physical processes which produce it.
The wreck and salvage of SSTelefon
Authors: Heyburn Henry R. , Stenersen Gunnar 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe steamshipTelefon, an eight-year-old steel freighter used for carrying cargos to the Antarctic whaling ships of Chr. Christensen, struck a reef at the entrance to Admiralty Bay, South Shetland Islands, on 26 December 1908. Salvaged through the enterprise of Capt A. A. Andresen, of the Sociedad Ballenera de Magellanes, she was grounded in Port Foster, Deception Island, and eventually refloated and repaired to continue working with the whaling fleet.
Beyond boom and bust: a strategy for sustainable development in the North
Authors: Pretes Michael , Robinson Michael 
Published: October 2009

AbstractMany northern regions of North America have come to rely heavily on extraction of non-renewable resources for their income, at the expense of traditional land-based economies. Such extraction leads to boom and bust income, destructive to long-term planning for sustainable development. Natural resource trust funds, as exemplified in Alberta, Alaska, Montana, Wyoming and New Mexico, would help to provide the stability that is currently lacking in Yukon and the Northwest Territories. Maintained by setting aside part of the current income from non-renewable resources, they yield capital and income that can be used to encourage the mixed, self-sustaining local communities appropriate for the North.
The ‘open door’ into Antarctica: an explanation of the Hughes doctrine
Authors: Hall H. Robert 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis article seeks to explain the doctrine concerning sovereignty in Antarctica articulated by Charles E. Hughes, a former US Secretary of State, and to account for its persistence in underpinning US Antarctic policy. The doctrine was part of the New Imperialism — the surge of colonial expansion and spheres of influence that occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. US imperialism sought to establish an ‘open door’ international order to exploit America's growing economic power; the Hughes doctrine extended this policy into Antarctica, preserving US access to all of the region by denying recognition of claims by other countries.
The demise of elephant sealing at South Georgia, 1960–68
Authors: Dickinson A. B. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractUncontrolled scaling for furs and oil began on South Georgia about 1786 and continued sporadically until the early 20th century. From 1909 onward legislation covered licensed killing of male elephant sealsMirounga leonina. This provided for a successful oiling industry that lasted almost 60 years, operated by whalers primarily in early spring before the whaling season began. Biological research ensured that quotas in the last decade remained within the carrying capacity of the stocks. High-grade seal oil enhanced revenues from whaling, providing overall 16% of the volume and 19% of the value of total annual catches, with much higher proportions in some seasons. The seal oil industry did not long survive the demise of whaling on South Georgia, finally ending in 1968.
Driftwood on Heard Island
Authors: Smith J. M. B. , Rudall P. , Keage P. L. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractSamples from 73 pieces of non-structural driftwood on Heard Island (53°06′S, 73°30′E) were identified to genus or species. Thirty-one belonged to South American species of Nothofagus. The remainder, consisting mostly of conifers especially Picea and Larix, probably came from ships' cargoes. The assemblage is similar to those reported, from smaller samples, on other southern islands. Other items of flotsam, including fishing buoys and drift-cards, are also reported from Heard Island. The significance of driftwood transport from South America to the island in accounting for long-distance dispersal of terrestrial and intertidal organisms is discussed.
Summer weather at Royal Bay, South Georgia, 1882–83 and 1981–82
Authors: Craig Hamish , Gordon John E. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractDuring the 1981–82 austral summer a Joint Services Expedition to South Georgia recorded meteorological observations at Royal Bay, near to the site of the German station of the First International Polar Year in 1882–83. Comparisons between the two sets of observations emphasize the storminess of the climate and indicate slightly higher temperatures in 1981–82. Weather conditions at Royal Bay in 1981–82 were more comparable to those at King Edward Point (Grytviken), the main meteorological station on the island, than in the central mountains of the Salvesen Range.
Military radar defence lines of northern North America: an historical geography
Authors: Fletcher Roy J. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractNorthern Canada and Alaska from 1945 to 1951 had only a minor military presence and no radar surveillance of airborne threats. Fear of nuclear attack from the USSR led to the installation of numerous radar stations between 1951 and 1958. Alaska gained an inner and an outer arc of radar stations, and Canada the Pinetree Line, Mid-Canada Line, Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line and the little-known Pine-Gap radars of the east coast, from Newfoundland to Baffin Island. The Mid-Canada line closed in 1965 and the Pine-Gap stations were dismantled nine years later. The Pinetree and DEW lines ceased operation in 1988. Alaskan radar facilities were upgraded in the mid- 1980s, and in 1987 and 1988 similar radars were installed at the 14 stations of the North Warning Line, built along the abandoned DEW and Pine-Gap lines from northwestern Alaska to southern Labrador. Very long-range over-the-horizon radars at three locations will be completed by the early 1990s to monitor aircraft in the vicinity of Alaska and the east and west coasts of Canada. The ballistic missile early warning radars installed in the early 1960s in Alaska and Greenland received major improvements in the late 1980s.
The constitutional status of Yukon Territory
Authors: Smyth Steven 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe Meech Lake Accord constitutional amendment proposal generated extensive debate throughout Canada and the Canadian north. Aboriginal and northern Canadians were particularly vocal in their opposition to the Accord. Northerners were especially offended by the ‘unanimity’ clause, which would have given every province a veto over the creation of new provinces in the north. This paper provides a brief history of the Yukon's constitutional status, and discusses options for future constitutional development, in the context of an impending Yukon Indian land claims settlement and the issues raised by the Meech Lake accord.
International involvement, autonomy and sustainable development in the Arctic
Authors: Lyck Lise 
Published: October 2009

AbstractFive phases of international involvement in the Arctic are identified. The importance of analyzing internationalization development as a continuous process, instead of as separate periods replacing each other, is set into focus. Core problems of attaining autonomy in the Arctic are identified and related to southern-based strategies. Sustainable development, here analyzed, requires an identity to be developed among people as well as an integrated economy. Lack of identity and persistence of a non-integrated economy are often characteristic of Arctic areas. Greenland's development, analyzed within this theoretical framework. is hampered by a non-integrated economy, which must be changed soon if sustainable development is to be realized by the end of the century.
India in Antarctica: perspectives, programmes and achievements
Authors: Dey Anita 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIndia's interest in Antarctica dates from 1956, when the Indian government first raised the question of the peaceful use of Antarctica in the UN. Although India began as a strong critic of the Antarctic Treaty System, and, indeed, conducted scientific activities on the continent for two years without being a member of it, India recognised that her interests would be better served by joining the Treaty as a full member.
Canada's Eastern Arctic Patrol 1922–68
Authors: Mackinnon C.S. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractConcerned to assert sovereignty over northern territories, Canada in 1922 began an annual patrol to the eastern Arctic to establish and maintain police posts. The experienced Captain Bernier and theArcticmade four trips; then from 1926 to 1931 the government charteredBeothic, a larger sealing ship. The patrol was led by a civil servant and transported doctors, scientists, court officials and representatives of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. As part of depression economies in the 1930s, space was rented on the Hudson's Bay Company'sNascopieunder Capt Smellie and many more Inuit were visited, but fur trading interests took precedence. Major McKeand, the patrol leader, had many roles and useful research continued, butNascopiesank in July 1947. With postwar concern for a heightened government presence in the Arctic, and after some interim arrangements, the patrol was resumed in 1950 inCD. Howe. The new expedition was especially designed for an expanded medical team eager to test all Inuit for tuberculosis, as a result of which many were evacuated to southern hospitals. In 1959 Northern Affairs turned over command of the slow-moving patrol to the senior doctor, and in 1968 National Health and Welfare belatedly decided that the movement of Inuit into settlements with nursing stations and airstrips made theC. D. Howeservice redundant, so the patrol was discontinued.
Evaluating breeding habitat and populations of ringed seals Phoca hispida in Svalbard fjords
Authors: Lydersen Christian , Ryg Morten 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn Tempelfjorden and Sassenfjorden, Svalbard, 12 March to4 April 1990, a Siberian husky dog was used to detect ringed seal breathing holes in the ice, using random stratified sampling to sample 20% (40 km2) of the total area. The area was estimated to contain 997 ringed seal breathing holes, corresponding to 293 ringed seals. A maximum of 185 pups were born in the area. A breeding condition factor was constructed to enable comparisons of yearly and areal variation in ice cover and precipitation within ringed seal breeding habitats.