bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal dynamics of mouse hippocampal clock gene expression support memory processing
Authors: Jilg Antje , Lesny Sandra , Peruzki Natalie , Schwegler Herbert , Selbach Oliver , Dehghani Faramarz , Stehle Jörg H. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractHippocampal plasticity and mnemonic processing exhibit a striking time‐of‐day dependence and likely implicate a temporally structured replay of memory traces. Molecular mechanisms fulfilling the requirements of sensing time and capturing time‐related information are coded in dynamics of so‐called clock genes and their protein products, first discovered and described in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus. Using real‐time PCR and immunohistochemical analyses, we show that in wildtype mice core clock components (mPer1/PER1, mPer2/PER2, mCry1/CRY1, mCry2/CRY2, mClock/CLOCK, mBmal1/BMAL1) are expressed in neurons of all subregions of the hippocampus in a time‐locked fashion over a 24‐h (diurnal) day/night cycle. Temporal profiling of these transcriptional regulators reveals distinct and parallel peaks, at times when memory traces are usually formed and/or consolidated. The coordinated rhythmic expression of hippocampal clock gene expression is greatly disordered in mice deficient for the clock gene mPer1, a key player implicated in both, maintenance and adaptative plasticity of circadian clocks. Moreover, Per1‐knockout animals are severely handicapped in a hippocampus‐dependent long‐term spatial learning paradigm. We propose that the dynamics of hippocampal clock gene expression imprint a temporal structure on memory processing and shape at the same time the efficacy of behavioral learning. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polymer fibers as contact guidance to orient microvascularization in a 3D environment
Authors: Sukmana Irza , Vermette Patrick 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe describe an in vitro culture process that uses 100‐μm diameter poly(ethylene terephthalate) monofilaments as contact guidance of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to orient the development of microvessels in a 3D environment. Untreated fibers, distanced either by 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, or 0.2 mm were first covered with HUVECs and then sandwiched between two layers of fibrin gel containing HUVECs. After 2 and 4 days of culture, cell connections and microvessels were evaluated. Cell connections formed massively along and in between adjacent fibers that were distanced by 0.05 and 0.1 mm, whereas with fibers separated by larger distances, connections were rare. After 4 days of culture, the optimum fiber‐to‐fiber distance to form microvessels was 0.1 mm. This study reveals that polymer fibers embedded in gel can be used as guides to direct the microvascularization process, with potential applications in cancer and cardiovascular research and tissue engineering. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
Internet‐based treatment for social phobia: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Berger Thomas , Hohl Eléonore , Caspar Franz 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn this study conducted in the French‐speaking part of Switzerland, 52 individuals with social phobia were randomly assigned either to an Internet‐based cognitive–behavioral treatment with minimal contact with therapists via e‐mail or to a waiting‐list control group. Significant differences between the two groups were found at posttreatment on all primary outcome measures (social anxiety measures) and on two of the secondary outcome measures (general symptomatology, therapy goal attainment). On average, within‐groups effect sizes were large for the primary outcomes (Cohen's d=0.82) and for secondary outcomes (Cohen's d=1.04). Moreover, subjects in the treatment group fulfilled the criteria of clinically significant improvement significantly more often than subjects in the control group on all measured dimensions (58% vs. 20%). Users' acceptance of the program was high. The results from the present study lend further support to the hypothesis that Internet‐delivered interventions with minimal therapist contact are a promising treatment approach to social phobia. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 65:1–15, 2009.
‘The witness who saw, /he left little doubt’: a comparative consideration of expert testimony in mental disability law cases in common and civil law systems
Authors: Perlin Michael L. , Birgden Astrid , Gledhill Kris 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe question of how courts assess expert evidence—especially when mental disability is an issue—raises the corollary question of whether courts adequately evaluate the content of the expert testimony or whether judicial decision making may be influenced by teleology (‘cherry picking’ evidence), pretextuality (accepting experts who distort evidence to achieve socially desirable aims), and/or sanism (allowing prejudicial and stereotyped evidence). Such threats occur despite professional standards in forensic psychology and other mental health disciplines that require ethical expert testimony. The result is expert testimony that, in many instances, is at best incompetent and at worst biased. The paper details threats to competent expert testimony in a comparative law context—in both the common law (involuntary civil commitment laws and risk assessment criminal laws) and, more briefly, civil law. We conclude that teleology, pretextuality, and sanism have an impact upon judicial decision making in both the common law and civil law. Finally, we speculate as to whether the new United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is likely to have any impact on practices in this area. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Activation of Toll‐like receptors inhibits herpes simplex virus‐1 infection of human neuronal cells
Authors: Zhou Yu , Ye Li , Wan Qi , Zhou Lin , Wang Xu , Li Jieliang , Hu Shuxian , Zhou Dunjin , Ho Wenzhe 
Published: May 2009

AbstractToll‐like receptors (TLRs) play an essential role in initiating intracellular type I interferon (IFN)‐mediated innate immunity against viral infections. We examined whether human neuronal cells (primary human neurons, NT2‐N and CHP‐212 cells) express TLRs and mount type I IFN‐mediated innate immunity against herpes simplex virus‐1 (HSV‐1) infection. Human neuronal cells expressed TLR family members 1–10 and IFN‐α/β. The activation of TLR3 or TLR8 by double‐stranded RNA (poly‐I:C) or single‐stranded RNA (ssRNA) induced IFN‐α/β expression. In addition, HSV‐1 infection of human neuronal cells induced IFN‐α expression. Investigation of the mechanisms showed that poly‐I:C or ssRNA treatment enhanced the expression of several IFN regulatory factors. Importantly, the activation of TLR3 or TLR8 by poly‐I:C or ssRNA prior to HSV‐1 infection reduced the susceptibility of the neuronal cells to infection. These observations indicate that human neuronal cells possess intracellular TLR‐mediated innate immune protection against HSV‐1 infection. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Traumatic brain injury results in disparate regions of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan expression that are temporally limited
Authors: Harris N.G. , Carmichael S.T. , Hovda D.A. , Sutton R.L. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAxonal injury is a major hallmark of traumatic brain injury (TBI), and it seems likely that therapies directed toward enhancing axon repair could potentially improve functional outcomes. One potential target is chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), which are major axon growth inhibitory molecules that are generally, but not always, up‐regulated after central nervous system injury. The current study was designed to determine temporal changes in cerebral cortical mRNA or protein expression levels of CSPGs and to determine their regional localization and cellular association by using immunohistochemistry in a controlled cortical impact model of TBI. The results showed significant increases in versican mRNA at 4 and 14 days after TBI but no change in neurocan, aggrecan, or phosphacan. Semiquantitative Western blot (WB) analysis of cortical CSPG protein expression revealed a significant ipsilateral decrease of all CSPGs at 1 day after TBI. Lower CSPG protein levels were sustained until at least 14 days, after which the levels began to normalize. Immunohistochemistry data confirm previous reports of regional increases in CSPG proteins after CNS injury, seen primarily within the developing glial scar after TBI, but also corroborate the WB data by revealing wide areas of pericontusional tissue that are deficient in both extracellular and perineuronal net‐associated CSPGs. Given the evidence that CSPGs are largely inhibitory to axonal growth, we interpret these data to indicate a potential for regional spontaneous plasticity after TBI. If this were the case, the gradual normalization of CSPG proteins over time postinjury would suggest that this may be temporally as well as regionally limited. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Senescence marker protein 30 is up‐regulated in kainate‐induced hippocampal damage through ERK‐mediated astrocytosis
Authors: Son Tae Gen , Park Hee Ra , Kim So Jung , Kim Keunho , Kim Min‐Sun , Ishigami Akihito , Handa Setsuko , Maruyama Naoki , Chung Hae Young , Lee Jaewon 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSenescence maker protein 30 (SMP30) is decreased in an androgen‐independent manner in kidney and liver with age. However, regulation of SMP30 expression in the brain has not been examined in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. To investigate SMP30 expression in the brain, we utilized aging and kainate (KA)‐induced neurodegenerative disease models. Interestingly, expression of SMP30 was unlikely to decrease in the aged brain, but total levels of SMP30 protein were increased at 4 weeks after KA injury. Increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) with elevated SMP30 expression was observed at the same time post‐KA, indicating that regulation of SMP30 expression in the brain may be associated with astrocytosis. We confirmed that KA induced GFAP expression with increased SMP30 in rat astrocyte cells. Moreover, we found that ERK1/2 activation was involved in the up‐regulation of SMP30 in astrocytes. Our results suggest that elevated SMP30 in activated astrocytes plays an important supportive role after brain damage. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term antiepileptic drug administration during early life inhibits hippocampal neurogenesis in the developing brain
Authors: Chen Jin , Cai Fangcheng , Cao Jie , Zhang Xiaoping , Li Sixiu 
Published: May 2009

AbstractCertain antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) that are commonly used to treat seizures in children also affect cognition, and these effects can persist into adulthood, long after drug withdrawal. Widespread enhancement of apoptosis may be one mechanism underlying these lasting cognitive changes. Whether AEDs affect other processes in brain development during early postnatal life has not, however, been systematically analyzed. Here we determined whether chronic administration of common AEDs during early life alters cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Postnatal day 7 (P7) rats received phenobarbital, clonazepam, carbamazepine, valproate, topiramate, or vehicle for 28 days. Bromodeoxyuridine was administered on P34 to label dividing cells. Cell proliferation was assessed 24 hr later, and cell survival and differentiation were assessed 28 days later. Phenobarbital and clonazepam significantly inhibited cell proliferation by 63% and 59%, respectively, and doublecortin immunoreactivity (indicator of neurogenesis) in the dorsal hippocampus was also significantly decreased by 26% and 24%, respectively. Survival of new cells steadily decreased in phenobarbital and clonazepam groups over 28 days. Reduced cell proliferation and survival resulted in fewer new neurons in the dentate gyrus, as confirmed by neuronal counting on P62. There were, however, no differences in cell distribution pattern or differentiation toward neuron and glial cells when phenobarbital and clonazepam groups were compared with controls. There were no changes in rats exposed to carbamazepine, valproate, or topiramate. Thus, inhibiting cell proliferation, survival, and neurogenesis in the developing hippocampus may be another potential mechanism underlying brain impairment associated with certain AED therapies in early life. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Yin and Yang of Sox proteins: Activation and repression in development and disease
Authors: Chew Li‐Jin , Gallo Vittorio 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe general view of development consists of the acquisition of committed/differentiated phenotypes following a period of self‐renewal and progenitor expansion. Lineage specification and progression are phenomena of antagonistic events, silencing tissue‐specific gene expression in precursors to allow self‐renewal and multipotentiality, and subsequently suppressing proliferation and embryonic gene expression to promote the restricted expression of tissue‐specific genes during maturation. The high mobility group‐containing Sox family of transcription factors constitutes one of the earliest classes of genes to be expressed during embryonic development. These proteins not only are indispensable for progenitor cell specification but also are critical for terminal differentiation of multiple cell types in a wide variety of lineages. Sox transcription factors are now known to induce or repress progenitor cell characteristics and cell proliferation or to activate the expression of tissue‐specific genes. Sox proteins fulfill their diverse functions in developmental regulation by distinct molecular mechanisms. Not surprisingly, in addition to DNA binding and bending, Sox transcription factors also interact with different protein partners to function as coactivators or corepressors of downstream target genes. Here we seek to provide an overview of the current knowledge of Sox gene functional mechanisms, in an effort to understand their roles in both development and pathology. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interannual and interdecadal variations of tropical cyclone activity in the South China Sea
Authors: Goh Andy Zung‐Ching , Chan Johnny C. L. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis study attempts to identify the factors affecting annual tropical cyclone (TC) activity in the South China Sea (SCS) using data during the period 1965–2005. The results indicate that the total number of TCs and number of TCs entering the SCS from the Western North Pacific are below normal in El Niño events but above normal during La Niña events. However, for TCs formed inside the SCS, the difference in numbers between the two phases of the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is not as obvious. In addition, the positive phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) generally favours less TCs in all categories, while the negative PDO phase favours more. These results may be explained by the fact that the ENSO and the PDO affect TC behaviour through altering the conditions in the WNP to be favourable or unfavourable for TC genesis and movement into the SCS. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Evaluation of compositional and nutritional equivalence of genetically modified rice to conventional rice using in situ and in vitro techniques
Authors: Lin Bo , Tan Zhiliang , Xiao Guoying , Wang Min , Cong Zhihui , Wang Shuiping , Tang Shaoxun , Zhou Chuanshe , Sun Zhihong , Wang Wenjuan 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Concerns that genetically modified (GM) rice may pose nutritional risks have led to the need for studies comparing its nutritional composition with that of its isogenic counterpart. The present study explored the compositional and nutritional equivalence of rice grains and straw derived from a glufosinate herbicide‐tolerant GM rice (Bar68), its non‐transgenic conventional counterpart (D68) and a transgenic hybrid generation (X125S/Bar68) of Bar68 with conventional rice X125S.RESULTS: The chemical and nutritional composition, in vitro fermentation and in situ nylon bag degradation parameters were employed. Statistical comparisons to test the equivalence between D68, Bar68 and X125S/Bar68 were made with a criterion of maximum differences (scaled by D68) not exceeding 20%. The chemical and amino acid components of Bar68 and X125S/Bar68 were equivalent to those of D68, with the exception of Ca, P, K, Zn, cysteine and phenylalanine contents of grains and P and Mn contents of straw. Bar68 and X125S/Bar68 were equivalent to D68 in terms of in vitro fermentation and in situ degradation parameters of grains and straw, with the exception of the rapidly degradable component of neutral detergent fibre and the potentially degradable component of acid detergent fibre of straw. The maximum differences in some chemical components and nutritional indices were noted between D68 and X125S/Bar68.CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicated that grains and straw of the glufosinate herbicide‐tolerant GM rice Bar68 and its transgenic hybrid generation X125S/Bar68 were essentially equivalent in chemical composition and nutritive value to those of its non‐transgenic counterpart D68. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Albumin stabilizes (–)‐epigallocatechin gallate in human serum: Binding capacity and antioxidant property
Authors: Bae Min‐Jung , Ishii Takeshi , Minoda Kanako , Kawada Yukiko , Ichikawa Tatsuya , Mori Taiki , Kamihira Miya , Nakayama Tsutomu 
Published: May 2009

Abstract(–)‐Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) is the major component of green tea and is known to show strong biological activity, although it can be easily oxidized under physiological conditions. In this study, we indicate that EGCg is stable in human serum and that human serum albumin (HSA) stabilizes EGCg under aerobic condition. Although EGCg is usually decomposed within 1 h in aqueous solution at neutral pH, EGCg in serum and phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) containing HSA was stable over 1 h, even at neutral and slightly alkaline pH. Under these conditions, EGCg binds to HSA non‐covalently. The sulfhydryl group acts as an antioxidant for EGCg oxidation. Incubation of EGCg with HSA is accompanied by the oxidation of a free sulfhydryl group in HSA. These results suggest that the antioxidant property and the binding capacity of HSA contribute to the stabilization of EGCg in human serum.
Mass spectrometric characterisation and quantitation of selected low molecular mass compounds from the venom of Haplopelma lividum (Theraphosidae)
Authors: Moore Sara , Smyth W. Franklin , Gault Victor A. , O'Kane Edmund , McClean Stephen 
Published: May 2009

AbstractArachnid venoms present a diverse and complex matrix for investigation, with their latent potential for innovative drug and pesticide design largely unrealised. The characterisation and quantification of selected low molecular mass compounds isolated from the crude venom of the Cobalt blue tarantula (Haplopelma lividum) were the objectives of this study. Fractionation of the crude venom was performed using reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography, with compound identification using both electrospray ionisation ion trap mass spectrometry and quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. Four compounds were identified, and quantification on a percentage dry weight basis was achieved by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry based on the formation of their corresponding product ions. Of these the most abundant component was glutamic acid, present at a level of 0.97%. Histamine and adenosine were detected at 0.14% and 0.10% dry weight, respectively, with the polyamine spermine noted in trace amounts at 0.002%. The limits of detection and quantification were established for each of the identified components. The fragmentation profile for histamine has also been proposed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Confectionery fats. I. Preparation by interesterification and fractionation of pilot‐plant scale
Authors: Spadaro J. J. , Lovegren N. V. , Feuge R. O. , Patton E. L. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA cocoa butter‐like fat has been prepared on a pilot plant scale by the interesterification of hydrogenated cottonseed oil and a triolein product or olive oil followed by fractional crystallization from acetone at two different temperatures. The coproducts舒a fraction which consists primarily of trisaturates and is obtained by fractionation at 20 to 28ŶC., and a fraction which is primarily di‐ and triunsaturates and is obtained from the low temperature (0ŶC.) filtrate舒are reused in the process. In five of the six pilot plant runs conducted, 100 pounds of 70蝘30 or 75蝘25 mixtures of the hard fat and liquid oil were used as starting materials. In the sixth run, 140 pounds were used. Yields varied from 25 to 35%.Characteristics of the cocoa butter‐like fat products are discussed. Variations in the products were made by changing the ratio of starting materials to 75蝘25 and by lowering the first crystallization temperature from about 28Ŷ to about 19ŶC.Operational data obtained show that the process has commerical feasibility. Solvent‐to‐fat ratio was only 4 to 1. Filtration rates based on production of dry solids were 9 to 44 pounds per hour per square foot of filter area, respectively, for the first and second crystallizations. Although time to attain crystallization temperature was about 4 hours in the pilot plant oeprations, laboratory data indicate that comparable products can be obtained for crystallization times as low as one‐half hour. The shorter crystallization time would be more applicable for commercial consideration. The steps in the process are considered conventional in commercial processing.
Confectionery fats. II. Characterization of products prepared by interesterification and fractionation
Authors: Landmann Werner , Lovegren N. V. , Feuge R. O. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSeveral cocoa butter‐like fats, which had been prepared by fractional crystallization of the reaction product obtained on interesterifying highly‐hydrogenated cottonseed oil and a triolein product or olive oil, were characterized and compared with cocoa butter.The fats, as obtained by fractional crystallization from acetone solutions, contained varying amounts of glycerides melting above 37ŶC., an undesirable feature which caused the fats to thicken too much when used in chocolate type compositions under the same conditions employed with cocoa butter. The higher‐melting glycerides could be removed by filtration, or their proportions could be decreased by changing the fractionation temperatures. The fats melted mostly over the same temperature range associated with cocoa butter, and the best of the fats resembled cocoa butter closely over the temperature range 0Ŷ to 30ŶC.The cocoa butter‐like fats resembled cocoa butter in hardness at all test temperatures.The fats were reasonably compatible with cocoa butter, that is, in mixtures of the two, one did not cause extensive premelting of the other.According to their cooling curves, the cocoa butter‐like fats did not supercool as cocoa butter does. The former contain not only the 2‐oleodisaturated glycerides of cocoa butter but also positional isomers of these glycerides. When the fats were molded under the same conditions employed with cocoa butter, linear shrinkage was only about one‐third that of cocoa butter.
Minor components of olive oils. I. Triterpenoid acids in an acetone‐extracted orujo oil
Authors: Vioque E. , Morris L. J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractTwo triterpenoid acids have been isolated from an acetone extracted orujo oil (sulfur olive oil). One of these, amounting to 0.1% of this oil, has been shown to be oleanolic acid, 3ॆ‐hydroxyolean‐12‐en‐28‐oic acid. The other, amounting to 0.4% of the oil, has not been completely characterized, but is apparently a novel dihydroxy triterpenoid acid.
Minor components of olive oils. II.trans‐9Ų10‐epoxystearic acid in orujo oil
Authors: Vioque E. , Morris L. J. , Holman R. T. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAn orujo oil (sulfur olive oil) has been shown to contain several elasses of oxygenated fatty acids amounting to more than 10% of the total oil. Epoxy acids amount to 3.6% of the fatty acids of this oil and monohydroxy acids constitute a turther 6%. The major epoxy acid has been proven to betrans‐9Ų10‐epoxystearic acid.