bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jumping performance of planthoppers (Hemiptera, Issidae)
Authors: Burrows Malcolm 
Published: August 2009

SUMMARYThe structure of the hind limbs and the kinematics of their movements that propel jumping in planthopper insects (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha,Fulgoroidea, Issidae) were analysed. The propulsion for a jump was delivered by rapid movements of the hind legs that both move in the same plane beneath the body and parallel to its longitudinal axis, as revealed in high-speed sequences of images captured at rates up to 7500 images s–1. The first and key movement was the depression of both trochantera about their coxae, powered by large depressor muscles in the thorax, accompanied by rapid extension of the tibiae about their femora. The initial movements of the two trochantera of the hind legs were synchronised to within 0.03 ms. The hind legs are only 20% longer than the front and middle legs, represent 65% of the body length, and have a ratio of 1.8 relative to the cube root of the body mass. The two hind coxae have a different structure to those in frog- and leafhoppers. They are fused at the mid-line, covered ventrally by transparent cuticle, and each is fixed laterally to a part of the internal skeleton called the pleural arch that extends to the articulation of a hind wing. A small and pointed, ventral coxal protrusion covered in microtrichia engages with a raised, smooth, white patch on a dorsal femur when a hind leg is levated(cocked) in preparation for a jump. In the best jumps by a male Issus, the body was accelerated in 0.8 ms to a take-off velocity of 5.5 m s–1, was subjected to a force of 719 g and was displaced a horizontal distance of 1.1 m. This performance required an energy output of 303 μJ, a power output of 388 mW and exerted a force of 141 mN,or more than 700 times its body mass. This performance implies that a catapult mechanism must be used, and that Issus ranks alongside the froghopper Philaenus as one of the best insect jumpers.
Honeybees learn the sign and magnitude of reward variations
Authors: Gil Mariana , De Marco Rodrigo J. 
Published: August 2009

SUMMARYIn this study, we asked whether honeybees learn the sign and magnitude of variations in the level of reward. We designed an experiment in which bees first had to forage on a three-flower patch offering variable reward levels,and then search for food at the site in the absence of reward and after a long foraging pause. At the time of training, we presented the bees with a decrease in reward level or, instead, with either a small or a large increase in reward level. Testing took place as soon as they visited the patch on the day following training, when we measured the bees' food-searching behaviours. We found that the bees that had experienced increasing reward levels searched for food more persistently than the bees that had experienced decreasing reward levels, and that the bees that had experienced a large increase in reward level searched for food more persistently than the bees that had experienced a small increase in reward level. Because these differences at the time of testing cannot be accounted for by the bees' previous crop loads and food-intake rates, our results unambiguously demonstrate that honeybees adjust their investment of time/energy during foraging in relation to both the sign and the magnitude of past variations in the level of reward. It is likely that such variations lead to the formation of reward expectations enhancing a forager's reliance on a feeding site. Ultimately, this would make it more likely for honeybees to find food when forage is scarce.
Application of 29Si and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy to the study of the reaction mechanism of kaolinite to illite/muscovite
Authors: Mantovani Marco , Escudero Alberto , Becerro Ana Isabel 
Published: August 2009

AbstractUnderstanding the mechanisms for illitization of clay minerals has important applications in reconstructing geologic histories and determining the origins of physical and chemical characteristics of buried sediments. While many studies have been carried out on this topic, few have focused on the mechanism of illite formation from kaolinite. The purpose of this study was to investigate more deeply the illitization of kaolinite in KOH solution at a high solid/liquid ratio (1000 mg/mL). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectroscopy were used to follow the formation of new crystalline phases and the composition of the octahedral sheet, while the transformation of the Si and Al local environments was analyzed by 29Si and 27Al magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MAS NMR). The results revealed that the first reaction stage consists of the diffusion of Al from the octahedral to the tetrahedral sheet of the kaolinite TO layers, giving rise to the precursors of the illite/muscovite nuclei. Combination of XRD with 27Al MAS NMR measurements indicated that a minimum amount of tetrahedral Al is required in the original TO layer before condensation of a second tetrahedral sheet occurs to complete the formation of the illite/muscovite TOT layers.
Synthesis of a Mg-Cd-Al layered double hydroxide and sorption of selenium
Authors: Hansen Birte , Curtius Hilde , Odoj Reinhard 
Published: August 2009

AbstractLeaching experiments with metallic uranium-aluminum research-reactor fuel elements in repository-relevant MgCl2-rich salt brine (brine 2) were performed. A Mg-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) with chloride as the interlayer anion was identified as a crystalline secondary-phase component. In the present study, the incorporation of Cd into the structure of the Mg-Al-Cl LDH was investigated. Synthesis by a coprecipitation method was performed and the Mg-Cd-Al-Cl LDH obtained was characterized. The sorption behavior of selenium on the LDH was investigated in water, clay pore-water (Mont-Terri-type), and brine 2. Using a LDH concentration of 10 g/L, the sorption kinetics were rapid and equilibrium was reached within 12 h. The sorption of selenium decreased with increasing amount of chloride anions in the solutions. The chloride anions acted as competing anions for the sorption of selenium. The effect of pH on selenium sorption was investigated and a large buffer capacity of the LDH was observed. For the range of selenium concentration used, linear sorption isotherms were obtained which obeyed the Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich models. From these, the energies of selenium sorption were calculated to be in the range of ion-exchange processes.
Isomerization of 1-butene catalyzed by surfactant-modified, Al2O3-pillared clays
Authors: González Eduardo , Rodríguez Douglas , Huerta Lenin , Moronta Alexander 
Published: August 2009

AbstractRecent studies indicate that a template method for creating Al-pillared clays, in which surfactant micelles foster the creation of a homogeneous mesoporous network within the pillar, effectively enhance catalyst performance and adsorbent properties. No studies, however, have described the relative effects of the surfactant concentration and Al content on the textural and acidic properties and on the catalytic activity of the Al-pillared clays. The purpose of the present study was to fill this gap, using the isomerization of 1-butene as the test process for catalytic activity. Modified pillared clays (MPC) were prepared from a synthetic clay, TS-1, using different amounts of a non-ionic surfactant (Igepal CO-720) and a fixed concentration of a solution containing the Al polycation [Al13O4-(OH)24]7+. MPC with a fixed amount of surfactant and different amounts of Al were also prepared. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia, 27Al magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (27Al MAS NMR), and N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms. Isomerization of 1-butene at 250°C was used to test the catalytic activity. Analyses by XRD and XRF showed that the synthesized solids were amorphous and that the amount of pillaring by Al increased with the amount of Al complex used. Interestingly, the surface area and pore volume were directly proportional to the amount of surfactant employed and decreased with increasing amounts of Al pillaring. All solids showed activity for 1-butene isomerization, with a maximum conversion of ∼75%. Only cis- and trans-2-butene were observed. The absence of isobutene suggested that acid sites of moderate strength were formed, in agreement with the results obtained from the desorption of ammonia.
Methylation Status and Neurodegenerative Markers in Parkinson Disease
Authors: Obeid Rima , Schadt Achim , Dillmann Ulrich , Kostopoulos Panagiotis , Fassbender Klaus , Herrmann Wolfgang 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBackground: Increased concentrations of plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) have been associated with age-related diseases, including dementia, stroke, and Parkinson disease (PD). Methylation status might link Hcy metabolism to neurodegenerative proteins in patients with PD.Methods: We tested blood samples from 87 patients with PD (median age 68 years; 35 men) for tHcy, methylmalonic acid (MMA), vitamin B12, vitamin B6, folate, S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), S-adenosyl homocysteine (SAH), and amyloid-β(1–42). We collected citrate blood from a subset of 45 patients to prepare platelet-rich plasma, and we used washed platelets to prepare cell extracts for amyloid precursor protein (APP) and α-synuclein assays. We used brain parenchyma sonography to estimate the substantia nigra echogenic area in a subset of 59 patients.Results: Serum concentrations of tHcy were increased in PD patients (median 14.8 μmol/L). tHcy (β coefficient = −0.276) and serum creatinine (β = −0.422) were significant predictors of the ratio of SAM/SAH in plasma (P &lt; 0.01). The plasma SAM/SAH ratio was a significant determinant for DemTect scores (β = 0.612, P = 0.004). Significant negative correlations were found between concentrations of SAH in plasma and platelet APP and between SAM and platelet α-synuclein. A larger echogenic area of the substantia nigra was related to higher serum concentrations of MMA (P = 0.016).Conclusions: Markers of neurodegeneration (APP, α-synuclein) are related to markers of methylation (SAM, SAH) in patients with PD. Better cognitive function was related to higher methylation potential (SAM/SAH ratio).
Europudding or Europaradise? A performance evaluation of the Eurimages co-production film fund, twenty years after its inception
Authors: De Vinck Sophie 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
This article focuses on Eurimages, the Council of Europe fund for the co-production, distribution and exhibition of European films. The core investigation of this paper relates to the benefits this public fund has had for the European film sector. Reflecting on the fund's twenty-year existence, what output has been realized, both in economic and cultural terms? Turning to the future, what are the fund's prospects now that the sector is facing the technological challenge of digitization? In order to evaluate the performance of the fund, the author takes a closer look at the economic, cultural and technologically innovative results achieved by Eurimages and relates these to the objectives that were set at its establishment. This evaluation is carried out by using statistical data as well as insights gained from policy documents, literature and expert interviews.
Television and children's moral reasoning: Toward a closed-end measure of moral reasoning on interpersonal violence
Authors: Lemal Marijke , Van den Bulck Jan 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
The aim of this study was to construct a closed-end measure of moral reasoning on interpersonal violence (CEMRIV) and to explore the relationship between television exposure and children's use of moral reasoning strategies. Participants were 377 elementary school children in fourth to sixth grade who completed questionnaires containing measures on moral reasoning and violent and non-violent television viewing. The reliability and validity of the CEMRIV as a scale of moral reasoning are discussed. Regression analyses indicated that exposure to violent television content was positively related to a preference for authority-based reasoning on interpersonal violence. Violent television exposure was also a significant predictor of the preference for approval-oriented reasoning about prosocial dilemmas. Furthermore, non-violent television viewing was positively associated with a preference for perspective-based moral reasoning. These findings provide support for a mental model approach.
Introduction: “Modern” Love and the Proto-Post-Victorian
Authors: Dever Carolyn 
Published: August 2009

One early thursday evening in 1892, Katharine Bradley returned to her suburban home and recorded the following entry in the diary she shared with Edith Cooper, her niece, lover, and literary collaborator:Thursday evening Oct 6th 1892.∗Tennyson is dead. We saw it in the Underground this morning—Death of Lord Tennyson Illustrated biography a penny.The news of Tennyson's death affected Bradley profoundly, propelling her back to a pastoral, “Victorian” past that seems remote from her urban fin de siècle world of the Underground and rapid-cycle tabloid news. Bradley is returned, she writes, to “days when ‘The Miller's Daughter’ bounded my horizons.—My way of looking at the universe was unquestionably determined by Tennyson” (Field, Works 5: 5).
“Of All Nonsensical Things”: Performance and Animal Life
Authors: Chaudhuri Una 
Published: August 2009

And of all nonsensical things, I keep thinking about the horse! Not the boy, but the horse, and what it might be trying to do.—Peter Shaffer, EquusA “zoontology” is currently uncovering the productive difficulty that animals bring to philosophy. in essays in a volume by leading philosophers entitled Philosophy and Animal Life, the contours of the challenge that animals pose to philosophy emerge from discussion of, among other texts, J. M. Coetzee's The Lives of Animals, where both rational argumentation and poetic invention are (in Cora Diamond's inspired borrowing from Ted Hughes) “shouldered out”2 by the impossibility of comprehending and conveying everything that animal lives challenge us to recognize about our human selves. A long-standing response to that impossibility has been simply to declare the subject irrelevant or even—as Peter Shaffer's unhappy protagonist in Equus says—“nonsensical” (21). As that play glosses the role of animality in psychoanalysis, to put the horse before the boy is to violate the anthropocentric grammar of the normal. A similar assumption of animal irrelevance characterizes public culture, camouflaged by such ubiquitous and unexamined “animal-loving” practices as keeping pets and watching wildlife films.
Animals, Anomalies, and Inorganic Others
Authors: Braidotti Rosi 
Published: August 2009

De-oedipalizing the Animal OtherThe animal has ceased to be one of the privileged terms that indexes the european subject's relation to otherness. The metaphysics of otherness rested on an assumed political anatomy, implicitly modeled on ideals of whiteness, masculinity, normality, youth, and health. All other modes of embodiment, in the sense of both dialectical otherness (nonwhite, nonmasculine, nonnormal, nonyoung, nonhealthy) and categorical otherness (zoomorphic, disabled, or malformed), were pathologized and cast on the other side of normality—that is, viewed as anomalous, deviant, and monstrous. This morphological normativity was inherently anthropocentric, gendered, and racialized. It confirmed the dominant subject as much in what he included as his core characteristics as in what he excluded as other.
Experimenting at the Threshold: Sacrifice, Anthropomorphism, and the Aims of (Critical) Animal Studies
Authors: Benston Kimberly W. 
Published: August 2009

Of all the beings that are, presumably the most difficult to think about are living creatures, because … they are in a certain way most closely akin to us, and … are at the same time separated from our ek-sistent essence by an abyss.—Heidegger, “Letter on Humanism”Heir to the divided aristotelian vision of nonhuman creatures as, alternately, mute foils (Politics 9; BK. 1, Sec. 2) and behavioral mirrors (Parts 138–39, bk. 2, sec. 4) of “man,” the properly “political” animal, animal studies has displayed uncertainty about how and where to draw species boundaries. Among the provinces of this field of inquiry, none is more defined by this tension than laboratory biomedical research, where physiological correspondences underwrite animal models of human maladies, while presupposed ontological distinctions justify the consignment of nonhuman animals to treatment considered improper for human subjects. Conventionally, those distinctions have centered on a cluster of intellectual capabilities—reasoning, speaking, intending, remembering—the dearth or deficiency of which abrogates the nonhuman's right to dissent and legitimates the human claim of priority. “Animal studies” in this sense, designating a wide range of investigative operations employing nonhuman animal bodies, posits material resemblance and metaphysical incompatibility between researcher and the object of research.
Provincializing Medieval Europe: Mandeville's Cosmopolitan Utopia
Authors: Lochrie Karma 
Published: August 2009

The excellence of things is in the middle.—Aristotle, quoted in MandevilleUtopia has always been about place, the Greek roots of this word squinting wryly at the dual possibilities of a “happy place” and “no place.” Even generically, the term utopia implies its own place, not as ambiguously poised between the ideal and “the not at all” but as a point of origin—a sign of incipient modernity—to which the medieval becomes “no place for utopia.” Utopia thus marks both the geographic space of possibility and difference and the genealogical space of transition from premodernity to modernity, so the historical narrative goes. Like most historical narratives with a fondness for originary designs, this one has the effect of provincializing the Middle Ages as that time before modernity when utopianism was not possible, or alternatively when it was possible only as a religious ideal that differed fundamentally from early modern secular utopianism and Thomas More's seminal text. The Middle Ages is relegated in histories of utopia to the realm of “the before”—before secularism, before modernity, before geography. Medieval antecedents of early modern utopianism are shunted off into that “inert, sealed off space before the movement of history.” The Middle Ages is out of step with modernity to the same extent that it is out of place in utopian studies. The irony of the “middleness” of the Middle Ages is that, contra Aristotle, it is marked not by excellence but by the inertia of premodernity—it is the “excluded middle,” if you will.
Physical Fitness in Children With High Motor Competence Is Different From That in Children With Low Motor Competence
Authors: Haga Monika 
Published: August 2009

Background: Physical therapists often treat children with low motor competence. Earlier studies have demonstrated poor physical fitness outcomes and a reduced level of physical activity for these children compared with their peers with normal motor skills.Objective: The aim of this study was to examine how physical fitness developed over time in 2 groups of children: those with a low level of competence in motor skills (low motor competence [LMC]), and those with a high level of competence in motor skills (high motor competence [HMC]).Design and Methods: From an initial sample of 67 children, a group of 18 was identified as having HMC or LMC on the Movement Assessment Battery for Children and was selected for the present study. Eight children (3 girls and 5 boys) comprised the LMC group, and 10 children (4 girls and 6 boys) made up the HMC group. A longitudinal design was implemented, and physical fitness in the 2 groups was evaluated by measuring different fitness components over a period of 32 months.Results: A mixed-effects analysis of variance revealed significant main effects for group and for time but no group × time interaction effect. The LMC group performed less well on all physical fitness measures than the HMC group, and both groups scored significantly higher on the physical fitness test after a period of 32 months. The lack of a significant interaction effect indicated that the relative differences in physical fitness outcomes between the groups were relatively constant over time.Limitations: This study was limited by the small sample size and lack of assessment of anthropometric variables and children's perceived self-efficacy.Conclusions: Children with LMC are likely to have poor physical fitness compared with children with HMC. The differences in physical fitness outcomes between the groups were relatively constant over time. Given that various physical fitness components are linked to different health outcomes, these consequences are matters of concern for both current health status and later health status in children with LMC.
Comparative Studies of Crystalline Orientation and Morphology of Injection Molded Polyolefin Parts
Authors: Suh J. , White J. L. , Ban K. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
We have studied the structural characteristics of the cross-sections of injection molded parts of various crystalline polyolefins including polyethylene (PE), isotactic polypropylene (PP), isotactic poly(butene-1) (PB1) and isotactic poly(4-methylpentene-1) (P4MP1). Polarized light microscopy, birefringence and wide angle x-ray diffraction pole figure analysis were used to investigate the samples. In most cases, high orientations were observed near the mold wall and isotropic molded part cores were found. However, highly oriented mold core regions were found in P4MP1. Significantly different types of crystalline orientation near the mold wall were observed among the various polyolefins. We represent the development of these differences through the components of a crystalline orientation tensor which represent changes in the state of orientation between melts in the mold prior to crystallization and the final crystalline molded part.
Rheology and Processing of HDPE/Wood Flour Composites
Authors: Santi C. R. , Hage E. , Vlachopoulos J. , Correa C. A. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Rheological and mechanical properties of extruded wood plastic composites have been investigated for the purpose of providing a better understanding of processing conditions in profile extrusion for this novel class of thermoplastics composites. The basic formulations prepared for the study were comprised of 60 wt.% HDPE, with or without LLDPE-MAH as coupling agent, compounded with up to 40 wt.% of wood flour and lubricant. Capillary and rotational rheometers were employed to measure the rheological properties of the melt composite. A cooled die at the end of a single screw extruder was used for the extrusion of rectangular profiles having smooth surfaces and edges. Finite element flow simulation was used for the interpretation of the experimental data. Once extrusion steady conditions were achieved in the die, linear output was monitored and profile samples were cut for determination of flexural modulus and strength. The results showed that flexural properties can be influenced by many factors such as, coupling agents, lubricants, processing conditions, die pressure drop and cooling at the die. Linear speed of HDPE wood-plastic profile extrusion and end-use properties are strongly influenced by combination of these factors.