bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of different diets in the biochemical composition, lipid peroxidation and reproductive traits of Hyalella pleoacuta and Hyalella curvispina
Authors: Dutra Bibiana K. , Santos Renata B. , Bueno Alessandra A.P. , Oliveira Guendalina T. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
We compared the effect of different diets biochemical composition, levels of lipid peroxidation, survival rate, and reproductive aspects of Hyalella pleoacuta and H. curvispina. These crustaceans live in limnetic environments of the plateau and coastal plain, respectively, in southern Brazil. In the laboratory, the animals were kept in aquariums under controlled conditions and fed ad libitum, for 30 days with different diets. Macrophyte only (MO) mimicked a caloric restriction in both species and sexes, because they showed depletion of glycogen and proteins, this fact was reinforced by the decrease in the levels of lipoperoxidation. These responses were probably a result of the low caloric input. In the animals that received macrophyte plus commercial food (MCF) these responses were reversed when the energy reserves were maintained and the levels of lipoperoxidation were higher than those of animal that received MO. Animals fed on MCF showed more activity, higher numbers of couples, ovigerous females and eggs for females, however, the rate of survival was similar in both diets. The caloric requirements of both species were probable supplied with MCF, which provided more carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, and this diet provided valuable information concerning adequate maintenance of the animals for toxicology experiments, and principally increases the knowledge about the physiology of this genus.
Does acute swimming exercise alter the bioavailability of the radiopharmaceutical technetium-99m methylenediphosphonate (99mTc-MDP) in Wistar rats?
Authors: Souza Deise E. , Pereira Marcia O. , Brito Lavínia C. , Souza Raphael S.S. , Almeida Marcela C. , Fonseca Adenilson S. , Santos-Filho Sebastiao D. , Vaisberg Mauro , Bernardo-Filho Mario 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Experimental models have aided to understand the mechanism and the exercise effects on biological systems. To evaluate the effects of acute swimming exercise on the bioavailability of the radiopharmaceutical technetium-99m methylenediphosphonate (99mTc-MDP) used for bone scintigraphy, the rats were divided into control, sedentary, and exercised groups. Sedentary and exercised groups were adapted to water for 2 weeks (5 min/day, 5 days/week). After that, the exercised groups (EG) were submitted to acute swimming exercise for 5, 10 or 20 min (loads of 5% of body weight), and then all animals were anaesthetized, 99mTc-MDP was administered and after 180 min the animals were sacrificed. Blood and organs were removed, the radioactivity was determined in a well counter and the percentage per gram of tissue of injected dose (%ID/g) was calculated. The findings showed a significant decrease of %ID/g in the hearts of the sedentary group, EG-5min, EG-10min and EG-20min when compared to the control group, in the bones of EG-20min when compared to the control group, and in the lungs of EG-5min and EG-10min when compared to the control group. These findings could be associated with specific modifications of the metabolism in certain organs, which are highly relevant when evaluations of the bone using 99mTc-MDP are being carried out.
Nymphs in foraging populations of Coptotermes gestroi (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)
Authors: Albino Erica , Costa-Leonardo Ana Maria 
Published: November 2011

AbstractFood searching activity by subterranean termites involves workers, soldiers and nymphs. The present study was carried out for elucidating aspects of nymph foraging behavior in Brazil where the species Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann, 1896) is exotic. Monitoring was conducted through making regular collections from seven different colonies for a period of 22 months, which exhibited the production of forager nymphs all year round. A biometric study was conducted to determine the instars of the forager nymphs collected. The identification of male and female nymphs was also conducted for establishing the sex proportion, which was slightly male-biased. From the 533 forager nymphs collected, 34 were from the 3rd instar, 280 from the 4th instar and 219 from 5th instar. The results suggest that 3rd instar nymphs were not too active in the foraging activities because they were collected only in one colony and in an insignificant quantity.
Natural soiling has a small effect on structurally-based plumage coloration
Authors: Surmacki Adrian 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPlumage coloration is an important trait used by birds in mate choice decisions and is often an indicator of social status. The two main types of color-producing mechanisms in feathers are pigment deposition (pigmentary coloration) or the coherent scattering of light reflected from keratin microstructure (structural coloration). External factors acting on the feather surface are also hypothesized to affect structural coloration. Because preening is an energy and time demanding behavior, color variation caused by soiling deposition is generally assumed to strengthen the condition signaling function of plumage coloration. To date, studies using artificial soiling have confirmed those hypotheses. However, information about how natural soiling affects plumage color are still scarce. In this paper, I investigated the effect of natural soiling on structurally-based feather color of blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus. As a method, I applied mechanical cleaning that functionally mimicked natural preening. Removal of soiling caused a decrease of ultraviolet (UV) chroma in males and decrease in brightness in females. According to visual contrast modeling, only changes in brightness should be perceived by birds. Further, more efficient chemical cleaning resulted in a significant increase in brightness in both sexes, presumably due to preen wax removal. These results suggest that the impact of natural feather soiling is not likely to modify structural coloration signaling. One possible explanation is that, under natural conditions, the amount of soil accumulating on feathers is too small to affect coloration.
Microsatellites reveal weak genetic differentiation between Rutilus frisii kutum (Kamenskii, 1901) populations south of the Caspian Sea
Authors: Rezaei Mohammad , Shabani Ali , Shabanpour Bahare , Kashiri Hadis 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Rutilus frisii kutum (Kamenskii, 1901) is one of the most important bony fish inhabiting the Caspian Sea. The Iranian Fisheries Organization produced up to 200 million fry to restock the Caspian Sea population annually. Loss of genetic stocks and gradual depletion of the gene pool are parameters of great concern for the future of the species. In the present study, we used ten microsatellite markers to estimate the level of genetic diversity and compare the degree of genetic differentiation among kutum populations collected from Gharesou, Tajan and Goharbaran rivers in the south of Caspian Sea. The average number of alleles per locus ranged from 4 to 12.33, while the average observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.22 to 1.00 and from 0.69 to 0.88, respectively. Through AMOVA, a low level of variation between regions as well as a large percentage of total variation within population was observed. Current knowledge about artificial breeding suggests that offspring transfer between rivers has probably reduced the natural divergence naturally exists between these pools. These results could be useful for the genetic management of kutum populations.
Population characteristics of the adder (Vipera berus berus) in the Northern Romanian Carpathians with emphasis on colour polymorphism: is melanism always adaptive in vipers?
Authors: Strugariu Alexandru , Zamfirescu Ştefan R. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe adaptive significance of melanism and the hypotheses regarding the maintenance of colour polymorphism in snake populations have been the subject of numerous studies and great controversies over the years. The present paper aims to present the first data on population characteristics of the adder (Vipera berus berus – one of the taxa most frequently used as model organism in studies on colour polymorphism) from the Carpathian Mountains, with emphasis on the frequency of melanistic individuals and comparison of body size between the two morphs. A short review of the frequency of melanistic individuals in populations described by previous studies is also presented. Given the fact that melanistic individuals were infrequent in this population, that no significant differences were detected with regards to the body size of the two morphs, and the supporting literature, we conclude that maintenance of colour polymorphism in this population might result from non-adaptive processes, having no or very little adaptive value.
Population ecology of Tupinambis merianae (Squamata, Teiidae): home-range, activity and space use
Authors: Winck Gisele R. , Blanco Carolina C. , Cechin Sonia Z. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The activity and space parameters (home range and use of space) for a population of Tupinambis merianae was recorded through 640 h of observation during nine months, and by monitoring 56 marked individuals. There was a significant difference in activity in the periods stipulated in this study throughout the months. Active lizards were not registered before 7:30 a.m., nor after 6:00 p.m. The greatest level of activity by the individuals occurred during November and December. Fluctuations in the population size and in the activity of the different age classes were recorded throughout the studied months. We recorded the minimum home-range of three males and two females, which varied from 0.05 to 26.44 ha. We also observed agonistic interactions. The utilization area of the animals did not vary during the studied months, but it was possible to observe gregarious behavior in spatial use. The highest daily activity occurred at the hours of higher temperatures. The positive correlation between seasonal activity and the maximum temperature (air and substrate) showed a unimodal distribution and was identical to the records from a tropical area (southeastern Brazil). It is possible that temperature is not the only environmental variable/factor that influences the seasonal activity cycle of the species. Although teiids are not considered territorial, some of our results could suggest territoriality in the studied population.
Visibly Unlike: Religious Dress between Affiliation and Difference
Authors: Grigo Jacqueline 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
This article focuses on the relevance and consequences of visibility of religious identity respectively difference by means of religiously connoted clothing. Based on six case studies it emphasizes the perspective of wearers of religious vestment in the area of Zürich (Switzerland). The project takes account of the fact, that the aspect of visual, respectively embodied (religious) difference is not only of relevance to Muslim headscarf wearers (though, due to eager public discussion, it became here the most obvious, and the main subject of scientific interest), but also for wearers of religious clothing belonging to other religious communities. Regarding the case studies the present article will mainly focus on three aspects of religious clothing: firstly, it will address one important motive (among others) for wearing religious dress. Secondly, the individual perceptions of visual difference based on the specific way of sartorial self-presentation will be thematised — especially regarding their involvement with their social environment. Finally, various individual strategies for coping with tensions based on the experience of visual difference will be demonstrated.
Taxonomy and DNA sequence databases: A perfect match?
Authors: Wilson John James 
Published: November 2011

AbstractDespite the declining number of traditional taxonomists, our knowledge of Earth's biodiversity continues to grow in the form of DNA sequence data. Freely available through online databases, analyses of sequence datasets are increasingly used as an alternative for the traditional taxonomic process. Species identifications have become “DNA barcoding,” new species discoveries are characterised by genetic divergences, and traditional classification has been supplanted by molecular phylogenetics. These developments are illustrated through a case study investigating the identities of Taygetis butterflies of Costa Rica. Here I review prospects and problems with the molecularization of taxonomy and the key role of publicly available nucleotide sequence databases in efforts to catalogue diversity of life.
Attribution of the Extreme U.S. East Coast Snowstorm Activity of 2010
Authors: Chang Yehui , Schubert Siegfried , Suarez Max 
Published: November 2011

This study examines the cause of the extreme snowstorm activity along the U.S. East Coast during the winter of 2009/10 with a focus on the role of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. The study employs the Goddard Earth Observing System, version 5 (GEOS-5) atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) run at high resolution and forced with specified observed or idealized SST. Comparisons are made with the winter of 1999/2000, a period that is characterized by SST anomalies that are largely of opposite sign. When forced with observed SSTs, the AGCM response consists of a band of enhanced storminess extending from the central subtropical North Pacific, across the southern United States, across the North Atlantic, and across southern Eurasia, with reduced storminess to the north of these regions. Positive precipitation and cold temperature anomalies occur over the eastern United States, reflecting a propensity for enhanced snowstorm activity. Additional idealized SST experiments show that the anomalies over the United States are, to a large extent, driven by the ENSO-related Pacific SST. The North Atlantic SSTs contribute to the cooler temperatures along the East Coast of the United States, while the Indian Ocean SSTs act primarily to warm the central part of the country. It is further shown that the observed upper-tropospheric height anomalies have a large noise (unforced) component over the Northern Hemisphere, represented over the North Atlantic by a North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)-like structure. The signal-to-noise ratios of the temperature and precipitation fields nevertheless indicate a potential for predicting the unusual storm activity along the U.S. East Coast several months in advance.
The Influence of Airborne Doppler Radar Data Quality on Numerical Simulations of a Tropical Cyclone
Authors: Zhang Lei , Pu Zhaoxia , Lee Wen-Chau , Zhao Qingyun 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The impact of airborne Doppler radar data assimilation on improving numerical simulations of tropical cyclones (TCs) has been well recognized. However, the influence of radar data quality on the numerical simulation of tropical cyclones has not been given much attention. It is commonly assumed that higher quality radar data would be more beneficial to numerical simulations of TCs. This study examines the impact of the radar data quality control on assimilation of the airborne Doppler radar reflectivity and radial velocity observations in a numerical simulation of Typhoon Jangmi (2008). It is found that the quality of radar data has a strong influence on the numerical simulation of Typhoon Jangmi in terms of its track, intensity, and precipitation structures. Specifically, results suggest that a trade-off between the data quality and data coverage is necessary for different purposes in practical applications, as the higher quality data contribute to intensity forecast improvements, whereas data of lower quality but having better coverage are more beneficial to accurate track forecasting.
Governance and Educational Expectations in the U.S. States
Authors: Manna Paul , Harwood Timothy 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis article analyzes the relationship between U.S. state governance and policies designed to enhance educational expectations. It examines three policy areas: state participation in voluntary National Assessment of Educational Progress testing, state testing requirements for new teachers, and state high school graduation requirements in math and science. In general, it identifies associations between state institutional and political characteristics and the state policies under study. In particular, state policies that impose higher demands on local school districts are more likely to be present in states with more centralized control of their K–12 systems. Furthermore, state partisanship appears to suggest that Republicans favor policies that push power to lower levels of the U.S. intergovernmental system.
Refractive Index Changes in Polymers Bearing Pendant Active Ester Groups by Thermal Rearrangement Reaction
Authors: Miyasaka Makoto , Higurashi Ayano , Kameyama Atsushi 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Linear and branched polymers bearing S-(2-benzoxazolyl) thioester groups were selectively synthesized by free radical and photoinitiated radical polymerization, respectively, of S-(2-benzoxazolyl)-4-vinylthiobenzoate. Upon heating, the pendant S-(2-benzoxazolyl) thioester groups were converted to 3-acylbenzoxazoline-2-thione groups, accompanied with a change of refractive index (Δn) of about +0.01 in both cases. The structural conversion was confirmed by UV–vis and IR spectroscopy, as well as comparison with authentic polymers bearing 3-acylbenzoxazoline-2-thione groups (similarly synthesized from 3-(4-vinylbenzoyl)benzoxazoline-2-thione). Application of such thermally induced rearrangement reactions may provide a new approach for obtaining materials whose refractive index can be changed by heat (e.g., generated by a laser beam).
Reflectance Spectroscopy of Beidellites and Their Importance for Mars
Authors: Bishop Janice L. , Gates Will P. , Makarewicz Heather D. , McKeown Nancy K. , Hiroi Takahiro 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBeidellites may exist on Mars and represent intermediate alteration products; their presence would indicate different alteration environments than previously identified because montmorillonite is a low-grade alteration mineral whereas beidellite is a higher-temperature alteration mineral, and often represents a step toward illite formation. The reflectance spectra of beidellites are under study to support their orbital detection on Mars, where spectral signatures of other Al-rich phyllosilicates have been observed. Reflectance spectra of ten Al-rich smectites are presented here which include pure beidellites and Al smectites having compositions between those of beidellite and montmorillonite, and emphasis is placed here on the OH combination bands near 4545 cm−1 (2.2 μm) as these vibrational features are commonly used in the identification of phyllosilicates on Mars. Shifts were observed in the Al2OH band centers, which occur near 4590 cm−1 (2.18 μm) in reflectance spectra of beidellite and near 4525 cm−1 (2.21 μm) in reflectance spectra of montmorillonite. These are compared with the Al2OH bending vibrations observed near 941–948 cm−1 (10.5–10.6 μm) for beidellite and near 918–926 cm−1 (10.8–10.9 μm) for montmorillonite. Although the octahedral site cation composition provides the greatest influence on the vibrational energies of the M2OH groups, the tetrahedral site cation composition also influences these vibrations. Shifts were observed in the Si-O-Al bending vibrations from 552 and 480 cm−1 (18.1 and 20.8 μm) in beidellite spectra to 544 and 475 cm−1 (18.4 and 21.0 μm) in montmorillonite spectra. Gaussian modeling of the 4545 cm−1 (2.2 μm) bands led to the discrimination of four overlapping bands in each of the ten Al smectite spectra examined in this study. Shifts in the band center and area of the primary spectral band are coordinated with substitution of Al for Si in the tetrahedral sheet. This is consistent with beidellites having a greater tetrahedral layer charge than montmorillonites. The observed spectral differences were sufficiently large that these Al-rich smectites can be differentiated in orbital data of Mars. A pure beidellite-type spectrum is observed in an isolated Al phyllosilicate-bearing outcrop in Libya Montes, a region where Fe-rich smectite is common but Al-rich smectite is rare. Beidellite-type reflectance spectra were also observed in one area of the Nili Fossae region. In contrast, a variety of Al phyllosilicates were found in the ancient rocks at Mawrth Vallis, including some smaller clay-bearing regions exhibiting spectral signatures more consistent with beidellite-like than montmorillonite-like chemistry.
Interpretation of Reflectance Spectra of Clay Mineral-Silica Mixtures: Implications for Martian Clay Mineralogy at Mawrth Vallis
Authors: McKeown Nancy K. , Bishop Janice L. , Cuadros Javier , Hillier Stephen , Amador Elena , Makarewicz Heather D. , Parente Mario , Silver Eli A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe Al-clay-rich rock units at Mawrth Vallis, Mars, have been identified as mixtures of multiple components based on their spectral reflectance properties and the known spectral character of pure clay minerals. In particular, the spectral characteristics associated with the ~2.2 μm feature in Martian reflectance spectra indicate that mixtures of AlOH- and SiOH-bearing minerals are present. The present study investigated the spectral reflectance properties of the following binary mixtures to aid in the interpretation of remotely acquired reflectance spectra of rocks at Mawrth Vallis: kaolinite-opal-A, kaolinite-montmorillonite, montmorillonite-obsidian, montmorillonite-hydrated silica (opal), and glass-illite-smectite (where glass was hydrothermally altered to mixed-layer illite-smectite). The best spectral matches with Martian data from the present study’s laboratory experiments are mixtures of montmorillonite and obsidian having ~50% montmorillonite or mixtures of kaolinite and montmorillonite with ~30% kaolinite. For both of these mixtures the maximum inflection point on the long wavelength side of the 2.21 μm absorption feature is shifted to longer wavelengths, and in the case of the kaolinite-montmorillonite mixtures the 2.17 μm absorption found in kaolinite is of similar relative magnitude to that feature as observed in CRISM (Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars) data. The reflectance spectra of clay mixed with opal and of hydrothermally altered glass-illite-smectite did not represent the Martian spectra observed in this region as well. A spectral comparison of linear vs. intimate mixtures of kaolinite and montmorillonite indicated that for these sieved samples, the intimate mixtures are very similar to the linear mixtures with the exception of the altered glass-illite-smectite samples. However, the 2.17 μm kaolinite absorption is stronger in the intimate mixtures than in the equivalent linear mixture. Modified Gaussian Modeling of absorption features observed in reflectance spectra of the kaolinite-montmorillonite mixtures indicated a strong correlation between percent kaolinite in the mixture and the ratio of the area of the 2.16 μm band found in kaolinite to the area of the 2.20 μm band found in montmorillonite.