bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of gastric lesions in foals without signs of gastric disease: An endoscopic survey
Authors: MURRAY M. J. , MURRAY CORINNA M. , SWEENEY H. J. , WELD J. , DIGBY N. J. WINGFIELD , STONEHAM SARAH J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryGastroendoscopic examinations were conducted on 75 Thoroughbred foals aged two to 85 days on seven breeding farms in England and Ireland. The foals showed no signs of gastric disease. There was no significant difference between lesion prevalence in foals in England (16 of 28 foals; 57 per cent) or Ireland (22 of 47 foals; 47 per cent). Neither was there any sex predilection (18 of 36 males; 20 of 39 females). Lesions were most prevalent in foals under 10 days old (8 of 9) and least prevalent in foals older than 70 days (3 of 10). Lesions occurred most frequently in the squamous mucosa immediately adjacent to the margo plicatus along the greater curvature (34 foals), whereas lesions in the squamous fundus, the glandular fundus, and the lesser curvature were observed in 11, six and three foals, respectively. Lesions were not observed in the squamous mucosa surrounding the cardia. Gastric lesions were more prevalent in foals with a previous disorder than in those without (68 vs 43 per cent) and particularly with a history of recent or concurrent diarrhoea (9 of 14).
Haemodynamic, pathological, haematological and behavioural changes during endotoxin infusion in equine neonates
Authors: LAVOIE J. P. , MADIGAN J. E. , CULLOR J. S. , POWELL W. E. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of experimentally induced sublethal endotoxaemia in equine neonates. Four foals, between two and five days of age, were infused intravenously with 0.5 μg/kg bodyweight ofSalmonella typhimuriumendotoxin (LPS) over a 5 h period. A four‐day‐old and a five‐day‐old foal, similarly infused with sterile isotonic saline, served as controls. Clinical signs were monitored, blood samples obtained for evaluation of selected haematological and biochemical parameters; and haemodynamic parameters were recorded hourly during the infusion, as well as 6 and 24 h post infusion. Depression, anorexia, increased rectal temperature, leucopenia followed by leucocytosis, hypoglycaemia, increased prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time (APTT), pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary artery wedge pressure, right atrial pressure, pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance and mild hypoxaemia were consistent findings in the foals receiving endotoxin. There was marked variation over time in the above parameters, during the infusion. Shock was not induced, and the foals appeared to be healthy shortly after the infusion was discontinued. The return to baseline values of body temperature (3 of 4 foals), APTT (1 of 4 foals) and neutrophil count (2 of 4 foals), during endotoxin infusion, suggests induction of early tolerance. The control foals remained alert and the temperature, prothrombin time and fibrinogen remained stable during the study. Hyperglycaemia, transient increased APTT and variations in selected haemodynamic parameters were recorded in the control foals during the infusion.
Effects of intravenous xylazine hydrochloride on blood glucose, plasma insulin and rectal temperature in neonatal foals
Authors: ROBERTSON S. A. , CARTER S. W. , DONOVAN M. , STEELE C. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe effects of intravenous xylazine hydrochloride on blood glucose, plasma insulin and rectal temperature were investigated in six foals at 10 and 28 days of age. These variables were also measured in three foals at 19 days of age when saline alone was injected. Rectal temperature fell significantly after 30 mins in both groups of xylazine treated foals and was still depressed after 120 mins. Hypothermia did not occur in the saline control group. There was no significant change in blood glucose or plasma insulin concentrations during the 120 mins following either xylazine or saline administration and no significant differences between the three groups of foals. When foals were allowed to suckle after being away from their dams for 2 h, there was a significant (P < 0.01) rise in plasma insulin levels in all the groups. Blood glucose showed a concomitant rise but this was only significant in the saline group. Unlike adults, intravenous xylazine (1.1 mg/kg) does not produce hypoinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia in foals. This study suggests that the inhibition of insulin release from pancreatic ß‐cells by xylazine, which in adults is α2‐adrenoceptor mediated, is immature or absent in foals under one month of age.
A scanning electron microscopical study of the dermal microcirculation of the equine foot
Authors: POLLITT C. C. , MOLYNEUX G. S. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe microcirculation of the dermal laminae and papillae of the equine foot from seven clinically normal Australian ponies was studied using an improved microvascular casting corrosion technique and scanning electron microscopy. Casts of veins, arteries, capillaries and arteriovenous anastomoses (AVAs) were readily identified by their characteristic surface morphology. Arteries entered the laminar circulation axially, between pairs of axial veins, and were connected to each other by smaller calibre interconnecting arteries. Short abaxial branches of the axial interconnecting arteries gave rise to tufts of predominantly, proximodistally orientated, capillaries arranged abaxially in rows. The laminar veins anastomosed with each other extensively (the axial venous plexus) and formed most of the vascular skeleton of casts of the dermal laminae. AVAs were found throughout the laminar circulation but the largest and longest (40μ diameter) were found clustered close to the origin of the axial arteries. The density of the laminar AVAs was estimated to be 500 AVAs/cm2. Blood vessels of the dermal papillae of the periople, coronary band, distal laminae, sole and frog shared a basic structural organisation. The cast of each papillary unit consisted of a central artery and vein enmeshed in a sheath of fine capillaries. At intervals along the length of the central artery were short branches which gave rise to tufts of capillaries. The capillaries formed a tortuous anastomosing plexus which encircled the papillary unit and drained into the central vein at intervals along its length. AVAs were always present at the base of the papillary units and anastomoses connected the central artery and vein. AVAs are important components of the dermal microcirculation of the equine foot and their distribution and density is compatible with their proposed role in the pathophysiology of equine laminitis.
Equine urine pH: normal population distributions and methods of acidification
Authors: WOOD T. , WECKMAN T. J. , HENRY P. A. , CHANG S.‐L. , BLAKE J. W. , TOBIN T. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryOur investigation of the urine of grazing horses at the University of Kentucky shows that the mean pH level is about 7.9, and if their diet is supplemented with grain, it is about 7.4. There appears to be no significant effect of time of day or year on urine pH levels in horses. However, horses taken from pasture and supplemented with grain in a stalled environment show a slight decrease in urine pH. Additionally, we investigated the effects of storage on pH levels. Equine urine samples appear to be quite stable with regard to pH for 48h, but then show a marked increase. Urine pH can have a great effect on the urine concentration of some drugs and therefore, uncertainties can arise when data generated in grazing horses are compared or extrapolated to racing horses whose urine pH can be quite low.In an effort to simulate the drop in urine pH seen in some racing horses, we examined the effects of ammonium chloride, ascorbic acid, lactic acid and methionine on urine pH in research horses. Both oral and intravenous routes of administration were used. Although all agents tested showed varying degrees of efficacy, oral administration of ascorbic acid proved to be the safest and most effective agent to model the rapid acidification of urine seen in post race samples.
A comparison between chromium‐mordanted hay and acid‐insoluble ash to determine apparent digestibility of a chaffed, molassed hay/straw mixture
Authors: CUDDEFORD D. , HUGHES DENISE 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe apparent digestibility of a molassed, chaffed grass hay/straw mixture was determined using four mature horses (mean weight 606 kg). Animals were stalled individually and kept on rubber mats. A preliminary feeding period of 18 days was followed by a 10 day collection period. Chromium‐mordanted hay was given before the first feed at 08.00 h and subsequent meals were at 12.00, 16.00 and 20.00 h. On Days 3 and 10 of the collection, all faeces were sampled over a 24 h period. In addition, throughout the 10 day collection, faecal material was sampled at 10.00 and 16.00 h. The mean (± se) chromium recovery was 96.5 per cent ± 0.76 and the hay/straw mixture contained 7 MJDE/kg dry matter and 15.1 g DCP/kg dry matter. There was no significant difference between the methods used to estimate apparent digestibility although chromium measurements consistently underestimated whilst acid‐insoluble ash consistently overestimated digestibility values. There was a large variation in faecal chromium concentration for each horse over a 24 h period compared to acid‐insoluble ash concentrations and, consequently, indirect estimates of apparent digestibility of nutrients in the equine are prone to large errors if chromium is used as a marker. If total faecal collection is impractical, acid‐insoluble ash is the preferred indirect marker for the estimation of apparent digestibility coefficients for nutrients in horses.
Failure to demonstrate reperfusion injury following ischaemia of the equine large colon using dimethyl sulphoxide
Authors: REEVES J. , VANSTEENHOUSE J. , STASHAK T. S. , YOVICH J. V. , COCKERELL G. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA study was undertaken to evaluate the significance and mechanism of reperfusion injury in the equine large colon following 1 h of haemorrhagic strangulation obstruction (HSO) or ischaemic strangulation obstruction (ISO) and to assess the effect of treatment with dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO). ISO or HSO were created 40 cm from the pelvic flexure and maintained for 60 mins under general anaesthesia. Normal saline or 20 per cent DMSO (1g/kg bodyweight) was administered intravenously 10 mins prior to the end of the ischaemic period. Four groups of four horses in a 2 times 2 factorial design were used. Treatments of HSO or ISO and DMSO given (yes or no) were utilised. Intestinal wall biopsies and right colic arterial and venous blood samples were taken at 0, 60, 90 and 120 mins following initiation of the obstructions. Histological evaluation of the intestine using haematoxylin and eosin stained sections and immunohistochemical staining for albumin were performed. Mucosal and serum reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidised glutathione (GSSG) levels and the amount of lymphatic dilatation with albumin and submucosal pooling of albumin were used as indirect measures of oxygen free radical production. Histopathological changes were minimal after 1 h of either type of ischaemia. Progressive changes during the post ischaemic period were minimal for ISO and moderate for HSO. Serum GSH and GSSG levels were not detectable. There was no demonstrable benefit of DMSO treatment as assessed by histology, immunohistochemistry or preservation of GSH levels in the mucosa. In conclusion, a reperfusion injury following 60 mins of ischaemia could not be detected in this study.
Prolonged luteal activity in mares ‐ a semantic quagmire
Authors: GINTHER O. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryProlonged luteal activity is one of the most formidable terminology challenges in mare reproductive biology. Prolonged luteal activity can be a result of persistence of an individual corpus luteum or the sequential development of luteal glands, each of which may have a normal life span. Luteal tissue can originate from an unovulated follicle or from an ovulation occurring during either follicular or luteal dominance. These complexities, together with ambiguous and inconsistent terminology, have resulted in confusion regarding those conditions which can be grouped broadly under the term prolonged luteal activity. Persistence of an individual corpus luteum can occur in association with severe damage to the endometrium resulting in loss of the uterine luteolytic mechanism. Spontaneous (no known uterine pathology) persistence of the corpus luteum from the follicular‐phase ovulation has not been documented adequately as a clinical entity. The occurrence of ovulation towards the end of dioestrus may cause confusion about the origin of prolonged luteal activity. Such immature dioestrous corpora lutea may not respond to the release of uterine luteolysin, thereby leading to prolonged luteal activity even though the original corpus luteum regressed at the normal time. In the absence of critical monitoring of the corpus luteum (eg by ultrasound) the prolonged activity could be attributed erroneously to persistence of the corpus luteum from the follicular‐phase ovulation. Pseudopregnancy is another confusing term that is sometimes used to describe persistence of the corpus luteum, especially when the luteal persistence is caused by embryonic loss after the embryo has blocked the uterine luteolytic mechanism. Careful attention to terminology, reliable technology and critical experimentation are needed to clarify the nature of those conditions that can be grouped under the term prolonged luteal activity. Terminology advanced in this review includes primary corpus luteum, secondary corpus luteum, luteinised follicle, idiopathic persistence and uteropathic persistence.
Evaluation of a bronchoalveolar lavage technique
Authors: FOGARTY URSULA 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) technique described produced no detectable gross or histopathological lesions. Airway fluid accumulation was observed for up to 4 h post lavage. There was good qualitative correlation between BAL cytopathological and diffuse pulmonary pathological changes. The technique provided an accurate assessment of the presence and extent of exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage.
Jugular thrombophlebitis resulting from an anaesthetic induction technique in the horse
Authors: DICKSON LINDA R. , BADCOE L. M. , BURBIDGE HILARY , KANNEGIETER N. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryForty‐eight hours after general anaesthesia was induced by glycerol guaiacolate and thiopentone sodium in 10 horses, the jugular veins were dissected out at post‐mortem and examined visually and histologically. All veins showed a marked thrombophlebitis involving the media and intima at the site of injection. The influence of catheter composition, catheter placement and chemical composition on the occurrence of the thrombophlebitis is discussed. It is concluded that the thrombophlebitis was chemically induced.
Clinical use of epidural xylazine in the horse
Authors: LeBLANC P. H. , CARON J. P. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryXylazine was administered into the epidural space of nine horses to facilitate various perineal manipulations (ie rectovaginal laceration repair, replacement of prolapsed rectum and urethral extension). The resulting caudal analgesia was sufficient for all procedures. The duration of analgesia from a single injection of epidural xylazine (0.17 to 0.22 mg/kg bodyweight) was at least 3.5 h. No horses were ataxic during or after the treatment. This trial demonstrates that xylazine given into the epidural space of horses provides prolonged regional analgesia which is sufficient for clinical use.
Observer variation in equine abdominal auscultation
Authors: EHRHARDT E. E. , LOWE J. E. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe reliability of abdominal auscultation was investigated via an observer variation study. Clinicians listened to a variety of minute‐long equine gut sound recordings. They evaluated the amount of gut sounds as ‘absent’, ‘decreased’, ‘normal’, or ‘increased’. They subsequently evaluated the same recordings replayed in a different order. Intra‐ and inter‐observer agreement was measured by the statistic kappa. There was significant intra‐observer (kappa 0.57) agreement, but less agreement between observers (kappa 0.37). The best agreement was on the classification of sound tracks as ‘absent’ (intra‐observer kappa 0.72 and inter‐observer kappa 0.55). There was significant correlation between the clinicians’ average assessment of the recordings and their acoustic energy levels. In this study abdominal noise was reliably assessed by auscultation. Standardised techniques and definitions would probably enhance the reliability of abdominal auscultation for the evaluation of gastrointestinal disease.
Longitudinal growth analysis of horses following limited andad libitumfeeding
Authors: CYMBALUK NADIA F. , CHRISTISON G. I. , LEACH D. H. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryEighteen colts were assigned to one of two groups: limit orad libitumfeeding. Three periods were evaluated: 1) six to 12 months, 2) 12 to 18 months and 3) 18 to 24 months of age. At 24 months of age,ad libitumfed horses weighed 13 per cent (51 kg) more and were 3.6 per cent (5.2 cm) taller than those fed limited amounts. Total, fore and hind body mass increased quadratically irrespective of dietary treatment. Fore body mass comprised 57 per cent of total body mass for both groups and this did not change with age or dietary treatment. Heart girth was directly related (R2= 0.96) to total body mass. Average daily gains in total body mass ofad libitumfed horses were 13 and 71 per cent more rapid (P<0.05) than for limit fed horses in Periods 1 and 3, respectively.Ad libitumfed horses gained hind body mass 25 per cent more rapidly (P<0.05) than limit fed horses only in Period 1. Growth curves of wither and croup heights were quadratic in form.Ad libitumfed horses gained 12 and 13 per cent more rapidly at the wither than limit fed horses in Period 1 and overall, respectively.Ad libitumfed horses grew 33 per cent more rapidly at the croup than limit fed horses but only in Period 2. From six to 12 months of age, the wither and croup grew two‐fold and four‐fold more rapidly than between 12 to 18 months and between 18 to 24 months of age, respectively. Croup height exceeded wither height by 2.5 to 4.4 per cent throughout the study. Clinical assessment indicated thatad libitumfed horses had a higher occurrence of conformational and musculoskeletal abnormalities.
Equine insect hypersensitivity: skin test and biopsy results correlated with clinical data
Authors: FADOK VALERIE A. , GREINER E. C. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryForty‐four seasonally pruritic horses and 21 asymptomatic horses in Florida, USA, were tested for insect, grass and mould hypersensitivity by intradermal injection of allergenic extracts. The affected horses ranged in age from 10 months to over 30 years and included a variety of breeds. Affected horses reacted to varying dilutions of extracts made fromCulicoides, mosquitoes, horse flies and black flies. Reactions toCulicoideswere more intense than those caused by injection of antigens from other arthropods. Mild pruritus existed from the end of February until the end of June when the condition worsened and remained severe until November when it improved to an asymptomatic state. Histopathological examination of skin biopsies demonstrated changes compatible with arthropod hypersensitivity. Three clinical syndromes associated with insect hypersensitivity were described as follows: 1) horses with lesions on face, ears, mane, withers, rump and tail; 2) horses with lesions on face, ears, intermandibular space, chest, belly and groin, and 3) those with a combination of dorsal and ventral lesions.
Carbonic anhydrase III in equine tissues and sera determined by a highly sensitive enzyme‐immunoassay
Authors: NISHITA T. , MATSUSHITA H. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA sensitive sandwich enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for measuring equine carbonic anhydrase III (CA‐III) was established using a microplate as a solid‐phase and peroxidase as a labelling enzyme. The assay can detect concentrations as low as 5 ng/ml using 20 μl of sample sera. Within‐run coefficients of variation obtained using standard equine CA‐III were less than 5 per cent. CA‐III levels in equine serum ranged from 5 to 50 ng/ml (n=370), and apparently abnormal levels of CA‐III from 100 to 1900 ng/ml (n=27) were observed. The concentrations of immunoreactive CA‐III in the extracts of various equine tissues were also determined; it was present at high concentrations in skeletal muscle and liver and to a much lesser extent in the thymus. Other tissues contained much smaller amounts.
Effects of three anthelmintic schedules on the incidence of colic in horses
Authors: UHLINGER CHRISTINE 
Published: April 2010

SummaryFour privately owned herds (25 to 49 animals per herd) were used in a five‐year trial designed to evaluate the effect of anthelmintic schedules on the incidence of colic. These herds had been treated bi‐monthly with non‐ivermectin, non‐benzimidazole drugs for two years before the trial. Prior parasitological studies showed that they had substantial pre‐treatment faecal egg counts (900 to 2200 eggs per gramme), and that they were infected with benzimidazole‐resistant cyathostomes. In Years 1 and 2 of the trial, all herds (A, B, C, D) were treated bi‐monthly with non‐ivermectin anthelmintics (Schedule I). In Years 3 to 5, Herd A received monthly non‐ivermectin anthelmintics (Schedule II) and Herd C was treated with bi‐monthly ivermectin (Schedule III). Herd B was treated with Schedule II in Years 3 and 4 and Schedule III in Year 5. Herd D was maintained on Schedule I throughout the study period. In each herd, the incidence of colic, while on Schedule I, was compared to the incidence while on Schedule II or III. The risk of colic for horses on Schedule I was 2.61 to 13.04 times that of the same horses while on Schedule II and 2.27 to 9.64 times that of the same horses while on Schedule III. In Herd D, treated according to Schedule I for five years, the incidence of colic did not vary significantly throughout the study period. More effective anthelmintic treatment schedules decreased the incidence of colic in these herds, supporting the conclusion that bimonthly treatment with non‐ivermectin drugs may not maximise horses' health in all management conditions. Further, the data suggest that a high proportion of colics seen in this study had a parasitic aetiology, and that cyathostomes, rather than large strongyles, were the primary cause of disease.