bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Nitrogen Supply on the Susceptibility of Wheat to Septoria tritici
Authors: Simón M. R. , Cordo C. A. , Perelló A. E. , Struik P. C. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractNitrogen (N) fertilization is required for achieving high yields in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) but may enhance the development of Septoria tritici Rob. ex Desm. A study was undertaken to investigate how N supply influences the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC). Two field experiments were carried out in a typical argiudol in 1996 and 1997. Six cultivars were grown at two N treatments (0 and 100–150 kg N/ha) in a split plot design. Percentage of necrosis (severity) of the two upper leaves of each treatment was evaluated three times during the growing season. Height and heading date were also scored and related to the resistance level. In 1996, with weather conditions conducive to the disease, AUDPC values were higher in the fertilized treatment. In 1997, with insufficient rain immediately after inoculation, the disease only progressed faster under N fertilization in the flag leaf, which was exposed to conducive environmental conditions from its appearance. The effect of N fertilization was influenced by the cultivar characteristics, climatic and agronomic conditions. Knowledge that N fertilization promotes the development of S. tritici in conducive conditions will be useful for deciding management strategies of the cultivars and for optimizing conditions for the selection in breeding programmes.
Validation of grading scales for contact lens complications
Authors: Efron Nathan , Morgan Philip B. , Katsara Smaragda S. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryThe validity of use of two artist‐rendered and two photographic sets of grading scales (grading ‘systems’) designed for gauging the severity of contact lens‐related ocular pathology was assessed in terms of precision and reliability. Thirteen observers each graded 30 images — by interpolation or extrapolation to the nearest 0.1 increment — of each of the three contact lens complications (corneal staining, conjunctival redness and papillary conjunctivitis) that were common to all four grading systems. This entire procedure was repeated approximately two weeks later, yielding a total data base comprising of 9360 individual grading estimates. Analysis of variance revealed statistically significant differences in both precision and reliability between systems, observers and conditions (p<0.03 for system reliability; p=0.0001 for all other combinations). The artist‐rendered systems generally afforded lower grading estimates and better grading reliability than the photographic systems. Corneal staining could be graded less reliably than conjunctival redness and papillary conjunctivitis. Grading reliability was generally unaffected by the severity of the condition being assessed. Notwithstanding the above differences, all four grading systems are validated for clinical use and practitioners can initially expect to use these systems with average 95% confidence limits of ±1.2 grading scale units (observer range ±0.7 to ±2.5 grading scale units). In view of the significant between‐system differences revealed in this study, it is advisable to consistently use the same grading system. It may be possible to reduce between‐observer differences by applying personalised correction factors to normalise grading estimates.
Linking the Salt Transcriptome with Physiological Responses of a Salt-Resistant Populus Species as a Strategy to Identify Genes Important for Stress Acclimation
Authors: Brinker Monika , Brosché Mikael , Vinocur Basia , Abo-Ogiala Atef , Fayyaz Payam , Janz Dennis , Ottow Eric A. , Cullmann Andreas D. , Saborowski Joachim , Kangasjärvi Jaakko , Altman Arie , Polle Andrea 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
To investigate early salt acclimation mechanisms in a salt-tolerant poplar species (Populus euphratica), the kinetics of molecular, metabolic, and physiological changes during a 24-h salt exposure were measured. Three distinct phases of salt stress were identified by analyses of the osmotic pressure and the shoot water potential: dehydration, salt accumulation, and osmotic restoration associated with ionic stress. The duration and intensity of these phases differed between leaves and roots. Transcriptome analysis using P. euphratica-specific microarrays revealed clusters of coexpressed genes in these phases, with only 3% overlapping salt-responsive genes in leaves and roots. Acclimation of cellular metabolism to high salt concentrations involved remodeling of amino acid and protein biosynthesis and increased expression of molecular chaperones (dehydrins, osmotin). Leaves suffered initially from dehydration, which resulted in changes in transcript levels of mitochondrial and photosynthetic genes, indicating adjustment of energy metabolism. Initially, decreases in stress-related genes were found, whereas increases occurred only when leaves had restored the osmotic balance by salt accumulation. Comparative in silico analysis of the poplar stress regulon with Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) orthologs was used as a strategy to reduce the number of candidate genes for functional analysis. Analysis of Arabidopsis knockout lines identified a lipocalin-like gene (AtTIL) and a gene encoding a protein with previously unknown functions (AtSIS) to play roles in salt tolerance. In conclusion, by dissecting the stress transcriptome of tolerant species, novel genes important for salt endurance can be identified.
Loss of Cytosolic Phosphoglucomutase Compromises Gametophyte Development in Arabidopsis
Authors: Egli Barbara , Kölling Katharina , Köhler Claudia , Zeeman Samuel C. , Streb Sebastian 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Cytosolic phosphoglucomutase (cPGM) interconverts glucose-6-phosphate and glucose-1-phosphate and is a key enzyme of central metabolism. In this study, we show that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) has two cPGM genes (PGM2 and PGM3) encoding proteins with high sequence similarity and redundant functions. Whereas pgm2 and pgm3 single mutants were undistinguishable from the wild type, loss of both PGM2 and PGM3 severely impaired male and female gametophyte function. Double mutant pollen completed development but failed to germinate. Double mutant ovules also developed normally, but approximately half remained unfertilized 2 d after pollination. We attribute these phenotypes to an inability to effectively distribute carbohydrate from imported or stored substrates (e.g. sucrose) into the major biosynthetic (e.g. cell wall biosynthesis) and respiratory pathways (e.g. glycolysis and the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway). Disturbing these pathways is expected to have dramatic consequences for germinating pollen grains, which have high metabolic and biosynthetic activities. We propose that residual cPGM mRNA or protein derived from the diploid mother plant is sufficient to enable double mutant female gametophytes to attain maturity and for some to be fertilized. Mature plants possessing a single cPGM allele had a major reduction in cPGM activity. However, photosynthetic metabolism and growth were normal, suggesting that under standard laboratory conditions cPGM activity provided from one wild-type allele is sufficient to mediate the photosynthetic and respiratory fluxes in leaves.
TheArabidopsisDynamin-Related Protein2 Family Is Essential for Gametophyte Development
Authors: Backues Steven K. , Korasick David A. , Heese Antje , Bednarek Sebastian Y. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractClathrin-mediated membrane trafficking is critical for multiple stages of plant growth and development. One key component of clathrin-mediated trafficking in animals is dynamin, a polymerizing GTPase that plays both regulatory and mechanical roles. Other eukaryotes use various dynamin-related proteins (DRP) in clathrin-mediated trafficking. Plants are unique in the apparent involvement of both a family of classical dynamins (DRP2) and a family of dynamin-related proteins (DRP1) in clathrin-mediated membrane trafficking. Our analysis of drp2 insertional mutants demonstrates that, similar to the DRP1 family, the DRP2 family is essential for Arabidopsis thaliana development. Gametophytes lacking both DRP2A and DRP2B were inviable, arresting prior to the first mitotic division in both male and female gametogenesis. Mutant pollen displayed a variety of defects, including branched or irregular cell plates, altered Golgi morphology and ectopic callose deposition. Ectopic callose deposition was also visible in the pollen-lethal drp1c-1 mutant and appears to be a specific feature of pollen-defective mutants with impaired membrane trafficking. However, drp2ab pollen arrested at earlier stages in development than drp1c-1 pollen and did not accumulate excess plasma membrane or display other gross defects in plasma membrane morphology. Therefore, the DRP2 family, but not DRP1C, is necessary for cell cycle progression during early gametophyte development. This suggests a possible role for DRP2-dependent clathrin-mediated trafficking in the transduction of developmental signals in the gametophyte.
Clustered Transcription Factor Genes Regulate Nicotine Biosynthesis in Tobacco
Authors: Shoji Tsubasa , Kajikawa Masataka , Hashimoto Takashi 
Published: October 2010

AbstractTobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) synthesizes nicotine and related pyridine alkaloids in the root, and their synthesis increases upon herbivory on the leaf via a jasmonate-mediated signaling cascade. Regulatory NIC loci that positively regulate nicotine biosynthesis have been genetically identified, and their mutant alleles have been used to breed low-nicotine tobacco varieties. Here, we report that the NIC2 locus, originally called locus B, comprises clustered transcription factor genes of an ethylene response factor (ERF) subfamily; in the nic2 mutant, at least seven ERF genes are deleted altogether. Overexpression, suppression, and dominant repression experiments using transgenic tobacco roots showed both functional redundancy and divergence among the NIC2-locus ERF genes. These transcription factors recognized a GCC-box element in the promoter of a nicotine pathway gene and specifically activated all known structural genes in the pathway. The NIC2-locus ERF genes are expressed in the root and upregulated by jasmonate with kinetics that are distinct among the members. Thus, gene duplication events generated a cluster of highly homologous transcription factor genes with transcriptional and functional diversity. The NIC2-locus ERFs are close homologs of ORCA3, a jasmonate-responsive transcriptional activator of indole alkaloid biosynthesis in Catharanthus roseus, indicating that the NIC2/ORCA3 ERF subfamily was recruited independently to regulate jasmonate-inducible secondary metabolism in distinct plant lineages.
Nonflowering Plants Possess a Unique Folate-Dependent Phenylalanine Hydroxylase That Is Localized in Chloroplasts
Authors: Pribat Anne , Noiriel Alexandre , Morse Alison M. , Davis John M. , Fouquet Romain , Loizeau Karen , Ravanel Stéphane , Frank Wolfgang , Haas Richard , Reski Ralf , Bedair Mohamed , Sumner Lloyd W. , Hanson Andrew D. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Tetrahydropterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylases (AAHs) are known from animals and microbes but not plants. A survey of genomes and ESTs revealed AAH-like sequences in gymnosperms, mosses, and algae. Analysis of full-length AAH cDNAs from Pinus taeda, Physcomitrella patens, and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii indicated that the encoded proteins form a distinct clade within the AAH family. These proteins were shown to have Phe hydroxylase activity by functional complementation of an Escherichia coli Tyr auxotroph and by enzyme assays. The P. taeda and P. patens AAHs were specific for Phe, required iron, showed Michaelian kinetics, and were active as monomers. Uniquely, they preferred 10-formyltetrahydrofolate to any physiological tetrahydropterin as cofactor and, consistent with preferring a folate cofactor, retained activity in complementation tests with tetrahydropterin-depleted E. coli host strains. Targeting assays in Arabidopsis thaliana mesophyll protoplasts using green fluorescent protein fusions, and import assays with purified Pisum sativum chloroplasts, indicated chloroplastic localization. Targeting assays further indicated that pterin-4a-carbinolamine dehydratase, which regenerates the AAH cofactor, is also chloroplastic. Ablating the single AAH gene in P. patens caused accumulation of Phe and caffeic acid esters. These data show that nonflowering plants have functional plastidial AAHs, establish an unprecedented electron donor role for a folate, and uncover a novel link between folate and aromatic metabolism.
Factors associated with patient and visitor violence experienced by nurses in general hospitals in Switzerland: a cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Hahn Sabine , Müller Marianne , Needham Ian , Dassen Theo , Kok Gerjo , Halfens Ruud JG 
Published: October 2010

Aims. To explore nurses’ experiences with patient and visitor violence, as well as other related factors, in Swiss general hospital settings.Background. Patient and visitor violence is a complex occupational hazard among health care professions, with nursing in general, experiencing the highest rate of patient and visitor violence. International research has found that staff and patient attributes, interaction between staff and patients, as well as environmental characteristics are important factors associated with the occurrence of patient and visitor violence. Previous studies, however, have only partially described these factors in the general hospital setting. Mainland European general hospital settings are even less well researched.Design. A retrospective cross‐sectional survey was conducted in 2007.Methods. A total of 291 nurses working in different clinical departments in general hospitals provided data. The questionnaire used was a modified German version of the Survey of Violence Experienced by Staff.Results. The findings revealed that 72% of nurses had experienced verbal patient and visitor violence and 42% physical patient and visitor violence in the past 12 months. Also, 23% were physically injured and 1·4% took one or more days of sick leave. Patient and visitor violence was distressing for the nursing staff. A higher risk for patient and visitor violence was observed with registered nurses nursing anxious or cognitively impaired patients, for rehabilitation units with longer‐term nurse‐patient/nurse‐relative interactions and for workplaces with an absence of formal procedures for patient and visitor violence.Conclusions. The results indicate that the clinical setting has little impact on the occurrence of patient and visitor violence. Patient and visitor violence appears to be influenced more by the additional factors specific to the type of interaction and situation. Research should follow up on these specific findings to further improve policies, procedures and intervention strategies.Relevance to clinical practice. To prevent patient and visitor violence, Swiss general hospitals should take into consideration the risk factors associated with patient and visitor violence. Existing policies, procedures and staff education should be improved on.
ICU nurses’ experiences and perspectives of caring for obstetric patients in intensive care: a qualitative study
Authors: Kynoch Kate , Paxton Jody , Chang Anne M 
Published: October 2010

Aims and objectives. The aim of this study was to gain an understanding of the experiences and perspectives of intensive care nurses caring for critically ill obstetric patients.Background. Current literature suggests critically ill obstetric patients need specialised, technically appropriate care to meet their specific needs with which many intensive care nurses are unfamiliar. Furthermore, there is little research and evidence to guide the care of this distinct patient group.Design. This study used a descriptive qualitative design.Methods. Two focus groups were used to collect data from 10 Australian intensive care units nurses in May 2007. Open‐ended questions were used to guide the discussion. Latent content analysis was used to analyse the data set. Each interview lasted no longer than 60 minutes and was recorded using audio tape. The full interviews were transcribed prior to in‐depth analysis to identify major themes.Results. The themes identified from the focus group interviews were competence with knowledge and skills for managing obstetric patients in the intensive care unit, confidence in caring for obstetric patients admitted to the intensive care unit and acceptance of an expanded scope of practice perceived to include fundamental midwifery knowledge and skills.Conclusion. The expressed lack of confidence and competence in meeting the obstetric and support needs of critically ill obstetric women indicates a clear need for greater assistance and education of intensive care nurses. This in turn may encourage critical care nurses to accept an expanded role of clinical practice in caring for critically ill obstetric patients.Relevance to clinical practice. Recognition of the issues for nurses in successfully caring for obstetric patients admitted to an adult intensive care setting provides direction for designing education packages, ensuring specific carepaths and guidelines are in place and that support from a multidisciplinary team is available including midwifery staff.
Verbal and physical violence in emergency departments: a survey of nurses in Istanbul, Turkey
Authors: Pinar Rukiye , Ucmak Firdevs 
Published: October 2010

Aims.  The aim of this study was to determine the perceived verbal and physical violence and related factors experienced by nurses in emergency settings.Background.  Studies on violence in emergency departments indicate an increasing frequency of these incidents. However, little is known about the violence experienced by the Turkish nurses working in emergency departments.Design.  Survey.Methods.  The study population included 255 nurses. Data were collected using a questionnaire.Results.  Verbal violence was reported with a frequency of 91·4%. Of the nurses, 74·9% had been exposed to physical violence in at least several episodes during the previous 12 months. Patients’ relatives were the main perpetrators, followed by patients, most of whom were male. After experiencing violence, most of the nurses reported that, they had felt fear and only 3% described that they took sick leave, while 80% did not report the incidences of violence they experienced. The nurses described that, after a violent incident, they sought support mainly from their colleagues in emergency departments rather than from the administration. Over half of the nurses (65%) felt safe ‘none of the time’ in emergency departments, and 89·8% of them described that patients and patient relatives may potentially exhibit violent behaviours towards the staff when they are first admitted to emergency department, while 73·7% believed that the staffing pattern and physical environment of their emergency departments were not adequate to prevent violence. Most of the nurses (83·5%) stated that they should be provided with the training that will help them prevent and manage violence as part of their in‐service education, whereas 82·7% of them had not received any such training.Relevance to clinical practice.  The findings have implications for occupational health and safety from both employer and employee perspective.
Life‐history traits of gaurBos gaurus: a first analysis
Authors: AHRESTANI Farshid S. , IYER Subramaniam , HEITKÖNIG Ignas M. A. , PRINS Herbert H. T. 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTIn this first detailed analysis of gaurBos gauruslife‐history traits, data were collected from a 20‐month field study in South India and from captive gaur populations. Mean age of females at first parturition was 3 years; females remained fertile beyond the age of 15 years. Adult females were three times more abundant than adult males in the wild; survival of females was greater than males beyond three years of age. Life span of both sexes has not exceeded 24 years in captivity. Gaur life‐history traits are similar to those of other similar‐sized Bovini species.
Identification and characterisation of F3GT1 and F3GGT1, two glycosyltransferases responsible for anthocyanin biosynthesis in red‐fleshed kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis)
Authors: Montefiori Mirco , Espley Richard V. , Stevenson David , Cooney Janine , Datson Paul M. , Saiz Anna , Atkinson Ross G. , Hellens Roger P. , Allan Andrew C. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryMuch of the diversity of anthocyanins is due to the action of glycosyltransferases, which add sugar moieties to anthocyanidins. We identified two glycosyltransferases, F3GT1 and F3GGT1, from red‐fleshed kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) that perform sequential glycosylation steps. Red‐fleshed genotypes of kiwifruit accumulate anthocyanins mainly in the form of cyanidin 3‐O‐xylo‐galactoside. Genes in the anthocyanin and flavonoid biosynthetic pathway were identified and shown to be expressed in fruit tissue. However, only the expression of the glycosyltransferase F3GT1 was correlated with anthocyanin accumulation in red tissues. Recombinant enzyme assays in vitro and in vivo RNA interference (RNAi) demonstrated the role of F3GT1 in the production of cyanidin 3‐O‐galactoside. F3GGT1 was shown to further glycosylate the sugar moiety of the anthocyanins. This second glycosylation can affect the solubility and stability of the pigments and modify their colour. We show that recombinant F3GGT1 can catalyse the addition of UDP‐xylose to cyanidin 3‐galactoside. While F3GGT1 is responsible for the end‐product of the pathway, F3GT1 is likely to be the key enzyme regulating the accumulation of anthocyanin in red‐fleshed kiwifruit varieties.
Control of sulfur partitioning between primary and secondary metabolism
Authors: Mugford Sarah G. , Lee Bok‐Rye , Koprivova Anna , Matthewman Colette , Kopriva Stanislav 
Published: October 2010

SummarySulfur is an essential nutrient for all organisms. Plants take up most sulfur as inorganic sulfate, reduce it and incorporate it into cysteine during primary sulfate assimilation. However, some of the sulfate is partitioned into the secondary metabolism to synthesize a variety of sulfated compounds. The two pathways of sulfate utilization branch after activation of sulfate to adenosine 5′‐phosphosulfate (APS). Recently we showed that the enzyme APS kinase limits the availability of activated sulfate for the synthesis of sulfated secondary compounds in Arabidopsis. To further dissect the control of sulfur partitioning between the primary and secondary metabolism, we analysed plants in which activities of enzymes that use APS as a substrate were increased or reduced. Reduction in APS kinase activity led to reduced levels of glucosinolates as a major class of sulfated secondary metabolites and an increased concentration of thiols, products of primary reduction. However, over‐expression of this gene does not affect the levels of glucosinolates. Over‐expression of APS reductase had no effect on glucosinolate levels but did increase thiol levels, but neither glucosinolate nor thiol levels were affected in mutants lacking the APR2 isoform of this enzyme. Measuring the flux through sulfate assimilation using [35S]sulfate confirmed the larger flow of sulfur to primary assimilation when APS kinase activity was reduced. Thus, at least in Arabidopsis, the interplay between APS reductase and APS kinase is important for sulfur partitioning between the primary and secondary metabolism.