bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Field Tests with Pirimiphos-Methyl as a Protectant for Farmers Stock Peanuts1
Authors: Redlinger L. M. , Simonaitis R. A. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Farmers stock peanuts were treated with pirimiphosmethyl (0- [2- (diethvlamino)-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl 0,0-dimethyl phosphorothioate) applied at rates of 10, 20, and 30 ppm as a protectant against stored-product insects and stored in metal bins (4.5 metric tons) for 1 year. Similar peanuts were treated with malathion (diethyl mercaptosuccinate S-ester with 0,0-dimethyl phosphorodithioate) applied at a rate of 52.1 ppm as a standard for comparison. Although residues of pirimiphos-methyl decreased ca. 63% during the year (half of the decrease during the first 4 months), rates of 20 and 30 ppm gave excellent protection for 1 year, and a rate of 10 ppm gave protection for about 6 months. Malathion was relatively ineffective, either because it degraded so rapidly the first 2 months or because malathion-resistant strains of insects were present.
Of the 16 species of stored-product insects found in the peanuts, red flour beetles, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), and almond moths, Cadra cautella (Walker), were the predominant species.
The Seed-Hull Weight Ratio as an Index of Peanut Maturity1,2
Authors: Pattee Harold E. , Wynne Johnny C. , Young James H. , Cox Fred R. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
A simple, quantitative method was developed to determine peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) maturity. The method is based on the changing seed-hull weight ratio during maturation of the fruit. The ratio or maturity index was determined for fresh as well as air-dried pods, and these ratios correlated well with a physiological maturity index. The relationship between arginine maturity index and the air-dried seed-hull maturity index (DMI) was also determined, and the two indexes were negatively correlated. The DMI values across nine planting and eight harvest dates over a 2-year period showed that DMI could be applied to estimate average peanut seed maturity under field harvest conditions. The two peanut varieties tested, Florigiant and Florunner, were found to differ in maxmum DMI values. The study also showed that peanut seed weight increased with maturity then decreased after full maturity.
Changes in Tannin-Like Compounds of Peanut Fruit Parts During Maturation1
Authors: Sanders Timothy H. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This study served a twofold purpose in that it investigated the relationship of tannins to maturity of peanuts and provided some information on the possible importance of tannins in resistance of peanuts to invasion by various fungi. Peanut fruits were separated into selected physiological maturity stages and divided into hull, seed coat and seed. The fruit parts in each maturity stage were analyzed for tannin using Folin-Denis reagent. Examination of physical and chemical characteristics of hull and seed coat tannins confirmed they are both condensed tannins. Presented as mg tannin per fruit part, hull tannins increased significantly after stage 9, seed coat tannins increased significantly to stage 9 then decreased, and seed tannins did not change. Fruit parts of cured peanuts containing several maturity stages were similar in tannin content to the more mature uncured fruit parts. Calculated as % fresh weight, tannins in the hull and seed coat were significantly higher in the three most mature stages. The results show a close relationship of tannin and maturity and also indicate that tannin concentrations may be sufficient to provide some measure of resistance to microbial attack.
Effect of Age of Bahiagrass Sod on Succeeding Peanut Crops1
Authors: Norden A. J. , Perry V. G. , Martin F. G. , NeSmith J. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This study was designed to determine effects, unconfounded by seasons, of 0 to 5 year-old bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) sod on yield and quality of subsequent peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) crops; and to provide information as to factors responsible for the observed beneficial effects.
Essentially the experiment was a 6 × 4 × 2 factorial in a randomized complete block arrangement. Previously designated plots were seeded each year to bahiagrass while the remaining plots were maintained in a cultivated crop rotation of corn and peanuts. Duplicate soil samples, taken annually, were analyzed for major plant nutrients and for nematodes. After 5 to 7 years all the plots were planted to peanuts and corn for successive years. A total of 21 responses, associated with yield and quality of peanuts, nematode counts, and soil characteristics, were measured. Not all nematode responses were analyzed because of a high percentage of zero values.
Twelve of the 15 responses were affected by the length of time the land was in sod. Peanut yield and quality increased with years in sod, with the greatest improvement occurring after one year. The percent shriveled seed and concealed damage decreased with years in sod and again the reductions were most pronounced between the 0 and 1 year-old sod treatments. In every case the first crop of peanuts following sod was better than the second. However, as the number of years in sod increased differences between the first and second peanut crop diminished. Years in sod had an effect on the level of major soil nutrients but no regular trends were evident. Numbers of lance nematodes were significantly reduced by age of sod while ring nematodes were not. Eleven of the 15 responses showed significant interactions between the length of time in sod and season and/or crop order.
Evaluation of Resistance to Cercospora Leafspot in Peanut Germplasm Potentially Useful in a Breeding Program1
Authors: Hassan Haji Nik , Beute M. K. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Sixteen peanut lines representing diverse germplasm were evaluated in the greenhouse and field for resistance to Cercospora leafspot caused by C. arachidicola Hori. In greenhouse tests, Spantex and Starr developed consistently fewer lesions than NC 3033 and AC 3139 following leaf inoculation with C. arachidicola. In field evaluations, with naturally occurring inoculum, the reverse was true. Defoliation of the lines was compared in chlorothalonil sprayed and nonsprayed field plots. ‘NC 3033’, ‘NC 5’ and ‘AC 3139’ were more resistant to defoliation than ‘Starr’, ‘Tennessee Red’, ‘Spantex’, ‘Argentine’ and ‘Spancross’. Spancross had an intermediate number of lesions at all sample dates but had the highest defoliation. Plants grown continuously in the greenhouse tended to develop more lesions than did plants grown outside for 2 weeks before inoculation. The reduction in lesion number was most striking on NC 3033.
A disease index indicative of the interaction between number of lesions per leaf and precent defoliation showed that NC 3033, NC 5 and AC 3139 were more resistant than Spantex, Argentine, Starr and Tennessee Red in field tests. The defoliation ratio technique was very reliable in field tests and had less variability than counting number of lesions or lesion size. Visual estimation of percent leaves infected, however, was a rapid, efficient method for evaluation when large number of plants per entry are available. Entries most useful as parents in breeding for resistance to Cercospora leafspot are NC 3033, NC 5, and AC 3139.
Control of Southern Stem Rot of Peanuts With PCNB Plus Fensulfothion1
Authors: Thompson Samuel S. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Previous tests with PCNB for control of Southern stem rot in Georgia have not usually increased peanut yields. Tests were conducted with PCNB, fensulfothion and PCNB plus fensulfothion to determine if increased nematode damage with the use of PCNB might offset disease control with this fungicide. The results showed that PCNB had no effect on nematode numbers, but significantly increased yields only one year out of three. PCNB plus fensulfothion increased yields every year of the three. Field disease counts indicated that PCNB alone and PCNB plus fensulfothion both significantly controlled Southern stem rot. A laboratory test showed that PCNB plus fensulfothion is more toxic to Sclerotium rolfsii than PCNB alone. Fensulfothion plus PCNB may increase yields by delaying disease infection, providing better disease control, which was not measurable with dead plant counts, or a combination of these.
Seed Tolerance in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) to Members of the Aspergillus flavus Group of Fungi1
Authors: Bartz J. A. , Norden A. J. , LaPrade J. C. , DeMuynk T. J. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
An assay of cured, hand-shelled seeds of various peanut genotypes for tolerance to members of the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi has been performed in Florida for the years 1971–1974. The assay involved exposing peanut seed at 20–30% moisture to conidia of A. parasiticus or A. flavus in petri plates and incubating at 25 C. After 1 week, the percentage of the seeds with sporulating colonies of the test fungus was determined. Typically, individual lines or cultivars were evaluated on the basis of the average of three plates. However, second or third assays of the same seed lots were done on 45 occasions during the 4 year period. More than 95% of these repeated assays yielded data similar to those from the original assay. However, different seed lots of the same line also were assayed and did not always yield similar results unless the dates of digging, methods of curing and location of the plantings were the same. Some shifts in susceptibility were quite extreme. One lot of stackpole cured ‘Altika’ resulted in 12% colonized seeds in the assay but 77% of a windrow-cured seed lot, dug on the same day from the same plot had colonies of the test fungi. No particular change in the harvesting procedure was consistently associated with increases or decreases in apparent susceptibility. Based on tests of all seed lots of 15 commonly grown cultivars during the years 1971–1974. ‘Florunner’ was the most tolerant cultivar and ‘Tifspan’ was the most susceptible.
The Incidence of Aflatoxin Found in Groundnuts (Arachis hypogea L.) Purchased From Markets in and Around Accra, Ghana1
Authors: Mintah S. , Hunter R. B. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Eighty groundnut samples, representing both the Northern and Volta Region types, were purchased from markets in and around Accra. Extracts from each sample were assayed for the presence of aflatoxin. Of the samples examined, approximately half had aflatoxin levels exceeding that recommended as safe by FAO-WHO. The Volta Region conditions are much wetter at the time when the first season groundnuts are harvested. Damaged Volta Region drying conditions are much wetter at the time when the first season groundnuts are harvested. Damaged kernels had significantly higher levels of aflatoxin than whole and undamaged kernels. When damaged kernels were removed from the samples the remaining whole kernels were without exception below the tolerance level established by FAO-WHO.
Determination of Leaf Necrosis Caused by Cercospora arachidicola Hori in Peanut as Measured by Loss in Total Chlorophyll1
Authors: Melouk H. A. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Percent leaf necrosis can be used to assess severity of early leafspot caused by Cercospora arachidicola Hori on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Measurements of leaf necrosis (%), as determined by area, and the corresponding loss (%) in total chlorophyll content were made. Correlations were calculated using linear regression, and logarithmic curve fit analyses. High positive correlation values were obtained between leaf necrosis and loss in total chlorophyll. Therefore, this method is suggested for a reasonably accurate and fast assessment of leaf necrosis of peanut caused by C. arachidicola.
Utilization of Texturized Peanut Grits in Frankfurters1,2,3
Authors: Joseph A. L. , Berry B. W. , Wells L. H. , Wagner S. B. , Maga J. A. , Kylen A. M. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Texturized peanut grits were substituted at 0, 15 and 30% levels on a rehydrated basis for beef trimmings in the manufacture of frankfurters. Similar processing characteristics (peelability, cookout losses) were noted between the treatments. Frankfurters processed with 30% peanut grits exhibited a higher incidence of undesirable flavor, greater tenderness and lighter color than the control when evaluated by a trained sensory panel. Regardless of treatment, broiling and microwave cookery produced greater precision Penetrometer penetration of cross-sectional slices than what was observed when frankfurters were not cooked prior to testing. Compression of the outer surfaces of frankfurters with the Precision Penetrometer indicated a softening effect when broiling and microwave cookery were used vs no cooking only in the 15% peanut grit treatment. No explanation can be provided for this result. The 15% peanut grit formulation was the only one to display a significant (P&gt;.05) increase in aerobic bacterial counts between 0 and 30 days of storage. The results from this study indicate that elevated levels of texturized peanut grits can be successfully incorporated into frankfurters from a sensory, physical and microbial standpoint.
A Beverage Base From Cheese Whey and Peanut Flour
Authors: Holsinger V. H. , Sutton C. S. , Vettel H. E. , Allen C. , Talley F. B. , Woychik J. H. ,   Eastern Regional Research Center , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19118
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Fluid sweet whey, defatted peanut flour, soybean oil, and corn syrup solids were processed with conventional dairy plant equipment to form a free flowing powder reconstitutable with water to form a nutritious beverage. A formulation containing 50% sweet whey solids, 20% soybean oil, 24.6% defatted peanut flour, and 5.4% com syrup solids had a proximate composition of 20.6% protein, 5% ash, 21.6% fat, 3.5% moisture, 1% fiber, and 48.3% carbohydrate. The standardized protein efficiency ratio was 2.0 compared to casein at 2.5, and nitrogen digestibility was 80% compared to casein at 93%. The flavor quality was bland initially; however, decreased flavor scores coupled with increased peroxide values in the blend during storage were indicative of a serious stability problem.
Estimates of Epistasis for Diverse Peanut Cultivars1,2
Authors: Isleib T. G. , Wynne J. C. , Rawlings J. O. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Progeny from a six-parent half-diallel of diverse peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars were evaluated for the F1 through F5 generations for presence of epistatic effects. Significant variability attributable to specific combining ability (SCA) persisted over generations for yield and other seed characters. Epistasis was indicated since dominance could account for little of the variance due to SCA in the F5 generation. Estimates of dominance and epistatic variance components were obtained using an iterative weighted least squares procedure. For all characters measured, estimates of epistatic variance were larger than those of dominance variance. It was concluded that considerable epistatic variance may exist in populations derived from crosses of diverse peanut lines.
Comparison of Leaf and Stem Hygrometers for Measuring Changes in Peanut Plant Water Potential1
Authors: Pallas James E. , Michel Burlyn E. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
For an “in situ” thermocouple hygrometer to be of value it must give reasonable estimates of plant-water potential and must respond rapidly to plant-water potential changes. Leaf thermocouple hygrometers (Wescor) and specially fabricated stem thermocouple hygrometers were evaluated on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plants under well-watered and drought conditions in a growth chamber. When soil-water stress was low and plant-water movement was near steady state, the two sensors gave similar water potential values. When soil-water stresses were imposed or when plant process varied cyclically (eg., photosynthesis, transpiration), stem hygrometers sensed dynamic changes in the plant's water potential more consistently than did leaf hygrometers placed on leaves with intact cuticles. It appears that both the stem and leaf hygrometers hold promise for sensing plant water potential changes of peanut in the field.
Evaluation of White-Testa Peanut Genotypes for Potential Use As Food Supplements1
Authors: Conkerton E. J. , Blanchet E. D. , Ory R. L. , Hammons R. O. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
While searching for peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes that could compete both nutritionally and economically with other plant proteins in the United States market, a white-testa peanut was examined. This genotype had low concentrations of flatus-producing sugars, lacked flavor, and had a high calcium content. Production costs could be reduced because blanching would not be required to produce a high quality, cream-colored flour. Since the initial study, samples of four additional white-testa genotypes have been obtained. All five were examined for possible use as protein supplements in food. Flours and isolates were prepared and evaluated chemically for protein content, amino acid pattern, and gel- and immuno-electrophoretic patterns. Experimental field plots were grown to determine seed germination potentials and yields. The results indicated that two of the genotypes had good biochemical profiles and produced well in the field. These two Spanwhite and P. I. 288160. have been selected for further study.
Induction and Biochemical Parameters of Callus Growth from Three Peanut Cultivars1
Authors: Guy A. L. , Heinis J. L. , Pancholy S. K. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The phytohormones 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, naphthalene acetic acid and kinetin nave been employed to induce callus growth from the cotyledon tissue of three commercial peanut cultivars: ‘Early Bunch’ (EB), ‘NC-Fla 14’ (NC) and ‘Florunner’ (FR). Cultivar specific parameters have been examined for both cotyledon and callus tissue. The relative growth rates of callus tissues were always EB&gt;NC&gt;FR. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis performed on the proteins from both types of tissue demonstrated mat most cultivar specific differences seen in cotyledon tissue are maintained by callus tissue from the same plant. However, more high molecular weight protein fractions were observed in cotyledon tissue than in callus. Amino acid analysis of these tissues revealed a higher concentration of neutral and aromatic amino acids in cotyledon while callus tissue was higher in basic amino acids.
Effect of Pesticide Interactions on the Twospotted Spider Mite on Peanuts1,2
Authors: Campbell W. V. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Pesticides commonly applied to the foliage of peanuts in North Carolina were evaluated under field conditions for their effect on the twospotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch. Most fungicides caused a higher mite increase than insecticides on NC 2 peanuts. When fungicides and insecticides were tank mixed or applied on alternate weeks, mite outbreaks occurred. These outbreaks were followed by severe injury to the foliage and finally defoliation and yield reductions.
Among the fungicides applied only Du-Ter and Copper Count failed to cause significant mite damage even when combined with an insecticide. Since mites failed to develop on untreated peanuts following six or more mite releases during the season, it was apparent that pesticides predispose peanuts to spider mite buildup and damage.
Probability Distributions of Peanut Seed Size
Authors: Davidson James I. , Blankenship Paul D. , Chew Victor 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Procedures and mathematical relationships were developed to describe seed size distributions for Florigiant, Florunner, and Starr peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) varieties. Of six standard probability distributions studied, the normal and logistic distributions provided the best fit for the experimental data, These two distributions were therefore fitted to seed size data for several lots of peanuts. For each lot both the normal and logistic distributions provided an excellent fit to the experimental data, but the logistic was slightly superior. Differences between experimental and calculated values were greatest for lots that were the least or most mature. A logistic distribution was also fitted to the average of all data for each variety. These relationships may be used to better relate seed size to quality, marketing, shelling, and processing. They will also be useful in research studies of the effects on seed size of such variables as variety, agronomic practices, climate, soil moisture, and harvest dates.
Pd-catalyzed decarboxylative Heck vinylation of 2-nitrobenzoates in the presence of CuF2
Authors: Gooßen Lukas J , Zimmermann Bettina , Knauber Thomas 
Published: May 2010

A new protocol for the decarboxylative Heck vinylation of benzoic acids is disclosed. In the presence of a catalyst system generated in situ from Pd(OAc)2 (2 mol %), CuF2 (2 equiv), and benzoquinone (0.5 equiv) in NMP, a wide range of olefins were coupled with various 2-nitrobenzoates at 130 °C with the release of carbon dioxide to afford the corresponding vinyl arenes in good yields.
Ventilator-associated pneumonia in a tertiary care hospital in India: role of multi-drug resistant pathogens
Authors: Joseph Noyal Mariya , Sistla Sujatha , Dutta Tarun Kumar , Badhe Ashok Shankar , Rasitha Desdemona , Parija Subhash Chandra 
Published: May 2010

Background: Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) is the most frequent intensive-care-unit (ICU)-acquired infection. The aetiology of VAP varies with different patient populations and types of ICUs. Methodology: A prospective study was performed over a period of 15 months in a tertiary care hospital to determine the various aetiological agents causing VAP and the prevalence of multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens. Combination disk method, Modified Hodge test, EDTA disk synergy (EDS) test and AmpC disk test were performed for the detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL), carbapenemases, metallo-beta-lactamases (MBL) and AmpC β-lactamases respectively. Results: Enterobacteriaceae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Candida spp. were more common in early-onset VAP, while non-fermenters (Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp.) were significantly associated with late-onset VAP (P value 0.0267, Chi-square value 4.91). Thirty-seven (78.7%) of the 47 VAP pathogens were multidrug resistant. ESBL was produced by 50% and 67% of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. MBL was produced by 20% of P. aeruginosa. AmpC beta-lactamases were produced by 33.3% and 60.7% of the Enterobacteriaceae and non-fermenters respectively. Of the S. aureus isolates, 43% were methicillin resistant. Prior antibiotic therapy and hospitalization of five days or more were independent risk factors for VAP by MDR pathogens. Conclusions: VAP is increasingly associated with MDR pathogens. Production of ESBL, AmpC beta-lactamases and metallo beta-lactamases were responsible for the multi-drug resistance of these pathogens. Increasing prevalence of MDR pathogens in patients with late-onset VAP indicate that appropriate broad-spectrum antibiotics should be used to treat them.