bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of Thin-Plate Splines in Two Dimensions to Oceanographic Tracer Data
Authors: Trossman David S. , Thompson LuAnne , Hautala Susan L. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
This study explores the utility of the thin-plate spline (TPS) as a mapping procedure for oceanographic sections of bottle data in comparison with objective mapping (OM), sometimes referred to as objective interpolation. Standard OM techniques in oceanography require a priori assumptions about the structure of the errors associated with mapping when interpolating irregularly spaced data. Alternatively, the TPS can be used to approximate mapping errors by fitting a nonparametric model using multiple covariates with a less rigid, physically consistent, spatial correlation structure. The case is made that these errors reflect the sparsity of the data coverage and quantify mapping error better than the estimates using OM. It is demonstrated that the maps from the TPS recreate the essential large-scale features of chlorofluorocarbon- or freon-11 (CFC-11) concentrations and inferred “ages,” but smooth over smaller-scale features, such as eddies. The TPS can outperform OM when either the distance between the samples is larger than the correlation length scale or the signal-to-noise ratio is small. With more data, OM and TPS estimates yield increasingly similar results, but differ most markedly where there are extrema in the mapped fields, particularly at the domain boundaries. The TPS is recommended over OM when the spatial domain is sparsely sampled but the full range of covariates is known to be spanned by these samples.
Probabilistic Wind Gust Forecasting Using Nonhomogeneous Gaussian Regression
Authors: Thorarinsdottir Thordis L. , Johnson Matthew S. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
A joint probabilistic forecasting framework is proposed for maximum wind speed, the probability of gust, and, conditional on gust being observed, the maximum gust speed in a setting where only the maximum wind speed forecast is available. The framework employs the nonhomogeneous Gaussian regression (NGR) statistical postprocessing method with appropriately truncated Gaussian predictive distributions. For wind speed, the distribution is truncated at zero, the location parameter is a linear function of the wind speed ensemble forecast, and the scale parameter is a linear function of the ensemble variance. The gust forecasts are derived from the wind speed forecast using a gust factor, and the predictive distribution for gust speed is truncated according to its definition. The framework is applied to 48-h-ahead forecasts of wind speed over the North American Pacific Northwest obtained from the University of Washington mesoscale ensemble. The resulting density forecasts for wind speed and gust speed are calibrated and sharp, and offer substantial improvement in predictive performance over the raw ensemble or climatological reference forecasts.
Can Lagrangian Extrapolation of Radar Fields Be Used for Precipitation Nowcasting over Complex Alpine Orography?
Authors: Mandapaka Pradeep V. , Germann Urs , Panziera Luca , Hering Alessandro 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
In this study, a Lagrangian radar echo extrapolation scheme (MAPLE) was tested for use in very short-term forecasting of precipitation over a complex orographic region. The high-resolution forecasts from MAPLE for lead times of 5 min–5 h are evaluated against the radar observations for 20 summer rainfall events by employing a series of categorical, continuous, and neighborhood evaluation techniques. The verification results are then compared with those from Eulerian persistence and high-resolution numerical weather prediction model [the Consortium for Small-scale Modeling model (COSMO2)] forecasts. The forecasts from the MAPLE model clearly outperformed Eulerian persistence forecasts for all the lead times, and had better skill compared to COSMO2 up to lead time of 3 h on average. The results also showed that the predictability achieved from the MAPLE model depends on the spatial structure of the precipitation patterns. This study is a first implementation of the MAPLE model over a complex Alpine region. In addition to comprehensive evaluation of precipitation forecast products, some open questions related to the nowcasting of rainfall over a complex terrain are discussed.
Property, Authority and Personal Law: Waqf In Colonial South Asia
Authors: Beverley Eric Lewis 
Published: August 2011

British rule in South Asia transformed the economy and society of the subcontinent, in large part by revamping the status of landed property. Colonial law was founded on the notion that ostensibly religious personal law was outside state jurisdiction. The boundary between state law and personal law, however, was blurry and some elements of ‘religious’ law had major implications for matters at the core of colonial policy, such as property control. This ambivalence produced a scenario in which legal debates became authorised spaces for colonial subjects to pursue their agendas. Taking the Muslim charitable trust, or waqf, in late colonial British India, this article argues that advocacy of substantive and procedural changes in waqf laws by Muslim legal activists repre-sented a pointed critique of colonial policies. Through a brief history of the articulation between charitable trusts and colonial property policies, the article draws from the work of two late colo-nial Muslim judges, Syed Ameer Ali and Faiz Badrudin Tyabji, to demonstrate the role waqf debates played in refashioning colonial legal culture. It is suggested that claims about waqf were both instrumental attempts to advance claims to property, and instances for articulating broader ideological critiques of the interpretative authority of British judges.
Sodium MRI in a rat migraine model and a NEURON simulation study support a role for sodium in migraine
Authors: Harrington Michael G , Chekmenev Eduard Y , Schepkin Victor , Fonteh Alfred N , Arakaki Xianghong 
Published: August 2011

Introduction: Increased lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sodium has been reported during migraine. We used ultra-high field MRI to investigate cranial sodium in a rat migraine model, and simulated the effects of extracellular sodium on neuronal excitability. Methods: Behavioral changes in the nitroglycerin (NTG) rat migraine model were determined from von Frey hair withdrawal response and photography. Central sensitization was measured by counting cFos-immunoreactive cells in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC). Sodium was quantified in vivo by ultra-high field sodium MRI at 21 Tesla. Effects of extracellular sodium on neuronal excitability were modeled using NEURON software. Results: NTG decreased von Frey withdrawal threshold ( p = 0.0003), decreased eyelid vertical height:width ratio ( p < 0.0001), increased TNC cFos stain ( p < 0.0001), and increased sodium between 7.5 and 17% in brain, intracranial CSF, and vitreous humor ( p < 0.05). Simulated neurons exposed to higher sodium have more frequent and earlier spontaneous action potentials, and corresponding earlier sodium and potassium currents. Conclusions: In the rat migraine model, sodium rises to levels that increase neuronal excitability. We propose that rising sodium in CSF surrounding trigeminal nociceptors increases their excitability and causes pain and that rising sodium in vitreous humor increases retinal neuronal excitability and causes photosensitivity.
Acute Injuries to the Posterolateral Corner of the Knee in Children
Authors: von Heideken Johan , Mikkelsson Christina , Boström Windhamre Helena , Janarv Per-Mats 
Published: August 2011

Background: Isolated avulsion fractures of the posterolateral structures (the popliteus tendon, the lateral collateral ligament, and the popliteofibular ligament) of the knee are rare. Purpose: To describe the outcome after an isolated avulsion fracture at the femoral attachment of the posterolateral structures in skeletally immature patients and to communicate our clinical experience concerning diagnosis and treatment. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Six skeletally immature patients (mean age, 13.3 years; range, 12.6-13.7 years; 5 boys, 1 girl) with an avulsion fracture of the femoral attachment of the posterolateral structures were evaluated on average 5.1 years (range, 2.7-8.3 years) after the injury. Five patients were treated with open reduction and fixation of the fragment. The sixth patient was treated nonoperatively with cast immobilization. The evaluation was based on reassessment of radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI scans), registration of activity level, and examination of objective and subjective knee function. Results: The injury involved both the popliteus tendon and the lateral collateral ligament in 5 of the 6 cases. In the operated patients, the mean Lysholm knee score was 98 (range, 94-100) (0-100, with higher scores indicating a better outcome). The mean Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) quality of life (QOL) was 80 (range, 50-100) (0-100, with higher scores indicating a better outcome). The range of motion and the KT-1000 arthrometer anterior laxity measurements were normal. The nonoperatively treated patient with involvement of both the popliteus tendon and the lateral collateral ligament suffered a bone bridge in the periphery of the femoral physis, causing a valgus deformity of the knee. An open wedge femoral osteotomy was performed. The Lysholm knee score was 80, and KOOS QOL was 25 at follow-up. The patient also had an extension deficit of 5° and a flexion deficit of 10°. Conclusion: An avulsion of the femoral attachment of the posterolateral structures in skeletally immature patients may involve both the popliteus tendon and the lateral collateral ligament. Open reduction and fixation of the fragment gave a satisfactory outcome.
Effect of polar interactions on the structure and rheology of EVA/Montmorillonite nanocomposites
Authors: Su Y. Y. , Rwei S. P. , Gou W. J. , Chan H. H. , Cheng K. C. 
Published: August 2011

In this study we utilized X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and various types of simple shear flow experiments to investigate the effect of the polar-polar interaction between ethylene-vinyl acetate co-polymers (EVA) and organo-silicates on the nanoscale structures and rheological properties of their melt blends. The WAXS intensities and TEM micrographs demonstrate that the exfoliation and the intercalation of nanoclays respectively prevail in EVA/Cloisite 30B nanocomposites and EVA/Cloisite 15A nanocomposites, respectively. The master curves obtained from transient shear flow tests and their Arrhenius plot demonstrate the formation of side-tethered structure in the melt blends of EVA/ Cloisite 30B nanoclay. Finally, by means of performing a series of large-strain relaxation tests and regression techniques, the single integral Wagner model, that is expected to appropriately describe the rheometric experiment data of melt blends, was established, and then a comparison of the calculated and measured viscosity and first normal stress is presented.
SHP-1 expression accounts for resistance to imatinib treatment in Philadelphia chromosome–positive cells derived from patients with chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Esposito Nicola , Colavita Irene , Quintarelli Concetta , Sica Agostino Rodeo , Peluso Anna Lucia , Luciano Luigia , Picardi Marco , Del Vecchio Luigi , Buonomo Tonia , Hughes Timothy P. , White Deborah , Radich Jerald P. , Russo Domenico , Branford Susan , Saglio Giuseppe , Melo Junia V. , Martinelli Rosanna , Ruoppolo Margherita , Kalebic Thea , Martinelli Giovanni , Pane Fabrizio 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
We prove that the SH2-containing tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP-1) plays a prominent role as resistance determinant of imatinib (IMA) treatment response in chronic myelogenous leukemia cell lines (sensitive/KCL22-S and resistant/KCL22-R). Indeed, SHP-1 expression is significantly lower in resistant than in sensitive cell line, in which coimmunoprecipitation analysis shows the interaction between SHP-1 and a second tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2, a positive regulator of RAS/MAPK pathway. In KCL22-R SHP-1 ectopic expression restores both SHP-1/SHP-2 interaction and IMA responsiveness; it also decreases SHP-2 activity after IMA treatment. Consistently, SHP-2 knocking-down in KCL22-R reduces either STAT3 activation or cell viability after IMA exposure. Therefore, our data suggest that SHP-1 plays an important role in BCR-ABL–independent IMA resistance modulating the activation signals that SHP-2 receives from both BCR/ABL and membrane receptor tyrosine kinases. The role of SHP-1 as a determinant of IMA sensitivity has been further confirmed in 60 consecutive untreated patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia, whose SHP-1 mRNA levels were significantly lower in case of IMA treatment failure (P < .0001). In conclusion, we suggest that SHP-1 could be a new biologic indicator at baseline of IMA sensitivity in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia.
Complex regulation of human NKG2D-DAP10 cell surface expression: opposing roles of the γc cytokines and TGF-β1
Authors: Park Yuk Pheel , Choi Seung-Chul , Kiesler Patricia , Gil-Krzewska Aleksandra , Borrego Francisco , Weck Jennifer , Krzewski Konrad , Coligan John E. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractNatural killer (NK) cells help protect the host against viral infections and tumors. NKG2D is a vital activating receptor, also expressed on subsets of T cells, whose ligands are up-regulated by cells in stress. Ligation of NKG2D leads to phosphorylation of the associated DAP10 adaptor protein, thereby activating immune cells. Understanding how the expression of NKG2D-DAP10 is regulated has implications for immunotherapy. We show that IL-2 and TGF-β1 oppositely regulate NKG2D-DAP10 expression by NK cells. IL-2 stimulation increases NKG2D surface expression despite a decrease in NKG2D mRNA levels. Stimulation with IL-2 results in a small increase of DAP10 mRNA and a large up-regulation of DAP10 protein synthesis, indicating that IL-2–mediated effects are mostly posttranscriptional. Newly synthesized DAP10 undergoes glycosylation that is required for DAP10 association with NKG2D and stabilization of NKG2D expression. TGF-β1 has an opposite and dominant effect to IL-2. TGF-β1 treatment decreases DAP10, as its presence inhibits the association of RNA polymerase II with the DAP10 promoter, but not NKG2D mRNA levels. This leads to the down-regulation of DAP10 expression and, as a consequence, NKG2D protein as well. Finally, we show that other γc cytokines act similarly to IL-2 in up-regulating DAP10 expression and NKG2D-DAP10 surface expression.
Adverse psychological outcomes in long-term survivors of hematopoietic cell transplantation: a report from the Bone Marrow Transplant Survivor Study (BMTSS)
Authors: Sun Can-Lan , Francisco Liton , Baker K. Scott , Weisdorf Daniel J. , Forman Stephen J. , Bhatia Smita 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Little information exists regarding long-term psychological health of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) survivors. Using resources offered by the Bone Marrow Transplant Survivor Study (BMTSS), we evaluated adverse psychological outcomes in 1065 long-term HCT survivors and a healthy comparison group composed of siblings. Psychological health status was evaluated using the Brief Symptom Inventory-18. Twenty-two percent of the HCT survivors reported adverse psychological outcomes, compared with 8% of the siblings. Exposure to prednisone was associated with psychological distress across all domains (anxiety, depression, and somatic distress). Fifteen percent of the HCT survivors reported somatic distress, representing an almost 3-fold higher risk comparing to siblings. Among survivors, in addition to low annual household income and self-reported poor health, having severe/life-threatening conditions and presence of active chronic GVHD were associated with a 2-fold increased risk for somatic distress. Seven percent of the HCT survivors expressed suicidal ideation; patients with higher scores on depression subscale were most vulnerable. This study demonstrates that somatic distress is the biggest challenge faced by survivors long after HCT. These results identify vulnerable subpopulations and provide patients, families, and healthcare providers with necessary information to plan for post-HCT needs many years after HCT.
B-cell receptor signaling in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Stevenson Freda K. , Krysov Sergey , Davies Andrew J. , Steele Andrew J. , Packham Graham 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe B-cell receptor (BCR) is a key survival molecule for normal B cells and for most B-cell malignancies. Recombinatorial and mutational patterns in the clonal immunoglobulin (Ig) of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) have revealed 2 major IgMD-expressing subsets and an isotype-switched variant, each developing from distinct B-cell populations. Tracking of conserved stereotypic features of Ig variable regions characteristic of U-CLL indicate circulating naive B cells as the likely cells of origin. In CLL, engagement of the BCR by antigen occurs in vivo, leading to down-regulated expression and to an unanticipated modulation of glycosylation of surface IgM, visible in blood cells, especially in U-CLL. Modulated glycoforms of sIgM are signal competent and could bind to environmental lectins. U-CLL cases express more sIgM and have increased signal competence, linking differential signaling responses to clinical behavior. Mapping of BCR signaling pathways identifies targets for blockade, aimed to deprive CLL cells of survival and proliferative signals. New inhibitors of BCR signaling appear to have clinical activity. In this Perspective, we discuss the functional significance of the BCR in CLL, and we describe strategies to target BCR signaling as an emerging therapeutic approach.
Shiga toxin (Stx)1B and Stx2B induce von Willebrand factor secretion from human umbilical vein endothelial cells through different signaling pathways
Authors: Liu Fang , Huang Jing , Sadler J. Evan 
Published: August 2011

AbstractDiarrhea-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (D+HUS) is caused by the ingestion of Escherichia coli that produce Shiga toxin (Stx), which is composed of a cytotoxic A subunit and pentameric B subunits that bind globotriaosylceramide on susceptible cells. Stx occurs in 2 types, Stx1 and Stx2. B subunits of either type stimulate von Willebrand factor (VWF) secretion from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and Stx2B can cause thrombotic microangiopathy in Adamts13−/− mice. We have now determined that Stx1B and Stx2B activate different signaling pathways in HUVECs. VWF secretion induced by Stx1B is associated with a transient rise in intracellular Ca2+ level that is blocked by chelation with 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid-acetoxymethyl ester, removal of extracellular Ca2+, the phospholipase C inhibitor U73122, the protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine, or small interfering RNA knockdown of protein kinase Cα. In contrast, Stx2B-induced VWF secretion is associated with activation of protein kinase A (PKA) and is blocked by the PKA inhibitor H89 or small interfering RNA knockdown of PKA. Stx2B does not increase cAMP levels and may activate PKA by a cAMP-independent mechanism. The activation of distinct signaling pathways may be relevant to understanding why E coli that express Stx2 are more likely to cause D+HUS than are E coli expressing only Stx1.
Successful allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for GATA2 deficiency
Authors: Cuellar-Rodriguez Jennifer , Gea-Banacloche Juan , Freeman Alexandra F. , Hsu Amy P. , Zerbe Christa S. , Calvo Katherine R. , Wilder Jennifer , Kurlander Roger , Olivier Kenneth N. , Holland Steven M. , Hickstein Dennis D. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
We performed nonmyeloablative HSCT in 6 patients with a newly described genetic immunodeficiency syndrome caused by mutations in GATA2—a disease characterized by nontuberculous mycobacterial infection, monocytopenia, B- and NK-cell deficiency, and the propensity to transform to myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myelogenous leukemia. Two patients received peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) from matched-related donors, 2 received PBSCs from matched-unrelated donors, and 2 received stem cells from umbilical cord blood (UCB) donors. Recipients of matched-related and -unrelated donors received fludarabine and 200 cGy of total body irradiation (TBI); UCB recipients received cyclophosphamide in addition to fludarabine and TBI as conditioning. All patients received tacrolimus and sirolimus posttransplantation. Five patients were alive at a median follow-up of 17.4 months (range, 10-25). All patients achieved high levels of donor engraftment in the hematopoietic compartments that were deficient pretransplantation. Adverse events consisted of delayed engraftment in the recipient of a single UCB, GVHD in 4 patients, and immune-mediated pancytopenia and nephrotic syndrome in the recipient of a double UCB transplantation. Nonmyeloablative HSCT in GATA2 deficiency results in reconstitution of the severely deficient monocyte, B-cell, and NK-cell populations and reversal of the clinical phenotype. Registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00923364.
Mometasone furoate/formoterol reduces asthma deteriorations and improves lung function
Authors: Meltzer E.O. , Kuna P. , Nolte H. , Nayak A.S. , LaForce C. 
Published: August 2011

This study evaluated the effect of mometasone furoate (MF)/formoterol (F)versusits monocomponents, each administeredviametered-dose inhaler, on asthma deteriorations and lung function.This 26-week, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled study included subjects aged ≥12 yrs with not well-controlled asthma on low-dose inhaled corticosteroids. After a 2–3-week open-label run-in (MF 100 μgb.i.d.), 746 subjects were randomised to receive placebo, F 10 μg, MF 100 μg or MF/F 100/10 μgb.i.d.Co-primary end-points were time to first asthma deterioration (MF/FversusF to assess effect of MF) and change in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) area under the curve of serial spirometry measurements over the 12-h period following the morning dose (AUC0–12h) (baseline to week 12; MF/FversusMF to assess effect of F).The therapeutic effect of MF in the combination was demonstrated by a reduction in asthma deterioration incidence with MF/FversusF and a delayed time to first asthma deterioration (p<0.001). Asthma deterioration incidence was also reduced with MF/FversusMF (p=0.006). The therapeutic effect of F in the combination was demonstrated by MF/FversusMF in FEV1AUC0–12hchange (4.00versus2.53 L·h, respectively; p=0.001). MF/F treatment also resulted in a marked improvement in health-related quality of life.MF/F 100/10 μgb.i.d.treatment showed greater clinical efficacy than its individual components or placebo; both components contributed to the efficacy of MF/F.