bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of the Composition of Residual Materials from Steelwork on the Crushing Strength of DRI
Authors: Chuang Hsin‐Chien , Fu Jian‐Xun , Hwang Weng‐Sing , Liu Shih‐Hsien 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe goal of this study is to investigate the effects of the composition of residual materials, such as the basicity and (C/Ored)mol, as well as the reduction temperature and time, on the crushing strength of direct reduced iron (DRI) under the carbothermic reduction through the rotary hearth furnace (RHF) process. Laboratory‐ scale experiments were executed to examine the DRI quality in the RHF operation. It is observed that when the composition of residual materials varies or the reduction temperature and time decrease, DRI crushing strength becomes lower than the 60 kg/piece requirement for blast furnace feed stock. Both basicity and (C/Ored)mol of the residual materials would affect the crushing strength of DRI. As B2 increase, the crushing strength of DRI also rises, and the maximum value is when the basicity is 1.4. The result shows that as the value of (C/Ored)mol rose above 1.20, the DRI strength declined.
Malignant mixed Müllerian tumors of the uterus: sonographic spectrum
Authors: Lee E. J. , Joo H. J. , Ryu H. S. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the sonographic findings for malignant mixed Müllerian tumors (MMMTs) of the uterus with particular emphasis on their features on saline contrast sonohysterography (SCSH) and color Doppler sonography, and to determine how they relate to pathological findings.MethodsThe SCSH and color Doppler findings in 29 histologically proven cases of uterine MMMT were reviewed retrospectively and their relationship to gross and histological findings were investigated.ResultsOf the 29 uterine tumors, 16 were located only in the corpus, nine only in the fundus and four in both the corpus and fundus. Mean tumor size was 5.4 cm. The most common appearance was a polypoid mass projecting into the endometrial cavity, found in 23 cases. Twenty‐eight tumors had an irregular surface, which was papillary in 20 cases and lobulated in eight. Most appeared heterogeneously isoechoic (n = 16) or hypoechoic (n = 12), occasionally with a trabecular appearance, and they often had clefts or fissure‐like cystic areas (n = 10), necrosis (n = 4) or hemorrhagic areas (n = 7). Myometrial invasion was present in 27 cases and dilatation of the endometrial cavity was seen in 11. Color Doppler sonography showed moderate to marked vascularity in 20 out of the 24 cases in which it was performed, with a mean resistance index of 0.41, and appeared as feeding (n = 15) or randomly dispersed (n = 9) vessels.ConclusionsUterine MMMTs have distinct sonographic features that are related to pathological findings. Knowledge of the sonographic appearance of MMMTs may facilitate diagnosis. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis and Properties of Sodium Glycol Bis‐(Isooctyl)Sulfosuccinate
Authors: Chen Hong , Tang Shi‐bo 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAn anionic gemini surfactant was synthesized under microwave irradiation conditions. The optimum reaction conditions were obtained by the reaction of maleic anhydride, glycol, isooctyl alcohol and sodium sulfite. The first step esterification reaction was carried out at 90 °C and 100 W microwave power for 20 min with a ratio a nmaleic anhydride:nglycol = 2.1:1, and 1.0 wt% of catalyst. The second step esterification reaction was carried out at 80 °C for 25 min and 100 W microwave power. Optimum sulfonation was carried out with nsodium sulfite:nglycol bismaleic anhydride bisester = 2.25:1 and 1.5% catalyst for 25 min at 60 °C. It is found that microwave‐assisted synthesis is an efficient means of preparation of this anionic gemini surfactant with shorter reaction times and higher yields. The title compound structure was confirmed by IR. The critical micelle concentration of the title compound is 6.2 × 10−4 mol L−1, γCMC is 25.7 mN m−1, and benzene emulsion persistence was 2 days.
The Deceleration Capacity - a New Measure of Heart Rate Variability Evaluated in Patients With Schizophrenia and Antipsychotic Treatment
Authors: Birkhofer A. , Geissendoerfer J. , Alger P. , Mueller A. , Rentrop M. , Strubel T. , Leucht S. , Förstl H. , Bär K.-J. , Schmidt G. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackgroundSchizophrenia is associated with increased cardiac mortality. A disturbed autonomic modulation of heart rate (HR) has been described in patients with schizophrenia in whom antipsychotic medication may represent an additional cardiac risk. The novel measure deceleration capacity (DC) of heart rate predicts cardiac mortality in patients with cardiovascular illnesses. The aim of the present paper was to calculate DC in patients with schizophrenia and to compare this measure with established parameters of heart rate variability (HRV).MethodsHRV and DC were calculated in 24-hour electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings of 20 unmedicated, 40 medicated patients with schizophrenia and 40 controls. As activity has a major influence on HRV, 4-hour periods of “sleep-” and “wake-” ECG were evaluated as additional parameters. Actigraphy was used to ensure comparable levels of activity in patients and controls.ResultsThe DC as well as the other established HRV measures were not significantly different comparing unmedicated patients with schizophrenia to healthy controls. However, medicated patients showed a significant reduction of DC calculated from ECG recordings during 4 hour over night periods.ConclusionCalculation of DC might contribute to a better monitoring and identification of an increased risk of cardiac mortality in patients with schizophrenia undergoing antipsychotic treatment.
Post-glacial landscape response to climate variability in the southeastern San Juan Mountains of Colorado, USA
Authors: Johnson Bradley G. , Eppes Martha Cary , Diemer John A. , Jiménez-Moreno Gonzalo , Layzell Anthony L. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractGeomorphic mapping in the upper Conejos River Valley of the San Juan Mountains has shown that three distinct periods of aggradation have occurred since the end of the last glacial maximum (LGM). The first occurred during the Pleistocene–Holocene transition (~ 12.5–9.5 ka) and is interpreted as paraglacial landscape response to deglaciation after the LGM. Evidence of the second period of aggradation is limited but indicates a small pulse of sedimentation at ~ 5.5 ka. A third, more broadly identifiable period of sedimentation occurred in the late Holocene (~ 2.2–1 ka). The latest two periods of aggradation are concurrent with increases in the frequency of climate change in the region suggesting that Holocene alpine and sub-alpine landscapes respond more to rapid changes in climate than to large singular climatic swings. Soil development and radiocarbon dating indicate that hillslopes were stable during the Holocene even while aggradation was occurring in valley bottoms. Thus, we can conclude that erosion does not occur equally throughout the landscape but is focused upslope of headwater streams, along tributary channels, or on ridge tops. This is in contrast to some models which assume equal erosion in headwater basins.
Percutaneous upsizing of a Blalock–Taussig shunt
Authors: Tzifa Aphrodite , Rosenthal Eric , Qureshi Shakeel 
Published: September 2011

AbstractPercutaneous upsizing of surgically placed Blalock–Taussig shunts is an uncommon practice. We report the case of an 8-month-old infant with single-ventricle physiology, who – due to comorbidities – was deemed unsuitable to proceed with Glenn operation. The 3.5-millimetre Blalock–Taussig shunt was stented successfully with a 5-millimetre pre-mounted stent, resulting in an increase in shunt diameter and oxygen saturation by nearly 30% and 10%, respectively.
Degradation of cyanobacterial biomass in anoxic tidal-flat sediments: a microcosm study of metabolic processes and community changes
Authors: Graue Jutta , Engelen Bert , Cypionka Heribert 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
To follow the anaerobic degradation of organic matter in tidal-flat sediments, a stimulation experiment with 13C-labeled Spirulina biomass (130 mg per 21 g sediment slurry) was conducted over a period of 24 days. A combination of microcalorimetry to record process kinetics, chemical analyses of fermentation products and RNA-based stable-isotope probing (SIP) to follow community changes was applied. Different degradation phases could be identified by microcalorimetry: Within 2 days, heat output reached its maximum (55 μW), while primary fermentation products were formed (in μmol) as follows: acetate 440, ethanol 195, butyrate 128, propionate 112, H2 127 and smaller amounts of valerate, propanol and butanol. Sulfate was depleted within 7 days. Thereafter, methanogenesis was observed and secondary fermentation proceeded. H2 and alcohols disappeared completely, whereas fatty acids decreased in concentration. Three main degraders were identified by RNA-based SIP and denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis. After 12 h, two phylotypes clearly enriched in 13C: (i) Psychrilyobacter atlanticus, a fermenter known to produce hydrogen and acetate and (ii) bacteria distantly related to Propionigenium. A Cytophaga-related bacterium was highly abundant after day 3. Sulfate reduction appeared to be performed by incompletely oxidizing species, as only sulfate-reducing bacteria related to Desulfovibrio were labeled as long as sulfate was available.
Standardized Model for Repeated Social Defeat Stress vs. Sensory Contact Model: similarities and differences, strengths and weaknesses
Authors: Kudryavtseva Natalia N. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractOf all the models used by behavioral neuroscience the biosocial models are gaining in popularity among the scientists who study the consequences of chronic social conflicts and social stress in animals. One of such models, the Standardized Model for Repeated Social Defeat Stress (SMRSDS) (Golden et al., 2011) has been widely applied to produce important results on the molecular mechanisms of the social defeat stress (Berton et al., 2006). SMRSDS is a modified version of the Sensory Contact Model (SCM) (Kudryavtseva, 1991), which has been used by different laboratories in its original or modified forms for elucidating implications of chronic social conflicts. The basic design and justification of the SCM different stages are described in detail in the latest publication “Sensory contact model: Protocol, control, applications” (Kudryavtseva, 2011). Thus, it is now possible to compare similarities, differences and, as a consequence, strengths and weaknesses of these two behavioral
Phospholipase D1 mediates bFGF-induced Bcl-2 expression leading to neurite outgrowth in H19-7 cells
Authors: Yoon Sung Nyo , Kim Kang Sik , Cho Ju Hwan , Ma Weina , Choi Hye-Jin , Kwon Sung-Joon , Han Joong-Soo 
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of PLD (phospholipase D) in bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor)-induced Bcl-2 expression and to examine whether overexpressed Bcl-2 influences neurite outgrowth in immortalized hippocampal progenitor cells (H19-7 cells). We found that Bcl-2 expression was maximally induced by bFGF within 24 h, and that this effect was reduced by inhibiting PLD1 expression with PLD1 small interfering RNA or by overexpressing DN (dominant-negative)-PLD1, whereas PLD1 overexpression markedly induced Bcl-2 expression. bFGF treatment activated Ras, Src, PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase), PLCγ (phospholipase Cγ) and PKCα (protein kinase Cα). Among these molecules, Src and PKCα were not required for Bcl-2 expression. PLD activity was decreased by Ras, PI3K or PLCγ inhibitor, suggesting that PLD1 activation occurred through Ras, PI3K or PLCγ. We found that Ras was the most upstream molecule among these proteins, followed by the PI3K/PLCγ pathway, indicating that bFGF-induced PLD activation took place through the Ras/PI3K/PLCγ pathway. Furthermore, PLD1 was required for activation of JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), which led to activation of STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) and finally Bcl-2 expression. When Bcl-2 was overexpressed, neurite outgrowth was stimulated along with induction of neurotrophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin 4/5. In conclusion, PLD1 acts as a downstream effector of bFGF/Ras/PI3K/PLCγ signalling and regulates Bcl-2 expression through JNK/STAT3, which leads to neurite outgrowth in H19-7 cells.
Identification of cancer stem cells from human glioblastomas: growth and differentiation capabilities and CD133/prominin‐1 expression
Authors: Gambelli Federica , Sasdelli Federica , Manini Ivana , Gambarana Carla , Oliveri Giuseppe , Miracco Clelia , Sorrentino Vincenzo 
Published: September 2011

AbstractCD133 can be a marker of tumorigenic CSCs (cancer stem cells) in human GBM (glioblastoma multiforme), although tumorigenic CD133‐negative CSCs have been also isolated. Additional evidence indicates that CSCs from GBM exhibit different phenotypes, with increasing interest in the potential significance of the different CSCs with respect to diagnosis, prognosis and the development of novel targets for treatment. We have analysed the expression of CD133 in freshly isolated cells from 15 human GBM specimens. Only 4 of them contained cells positive for AC133 by FACS analysis, and all of them yielded distinct CSC lines, whereas only 6 CSC lines were obtained from the other 11 GBMs. Of these 10 CSCs lines, we further characterized 6 CSC lines. Three CSCs grew as fast‐growing neurospheres with higher clonogenic ability, whereas the remaining 3 grew as slow‐growing semi‐adherent spheres of lower clonogenicity. In addition, the former CSC lines displayed better differentiation capabilities than the latter ones. PCR and Western blot analysis showed that all 6 GBM CSC lines expressed CD133/prominin‐1, suggesting that cells negative by FACS analysis may actually represent cells expressing low levels of CD133 undetected by FACS. Nevertheless, all the 6 CSC lines were tumorigenic in nude mice. In conclusion, CSCs from human primary GBMs show different phenotypes and variable levels of CD133 expression, but these parameters did not directly correlate with the tumorigenic potential.
The Identities of the Iranian Zūrkhanah
Authors: Rochard Philippe 
Published: September 2011

A major ambiguity attaches to the zurkhanah, the traditional gymnasium of Iran. It is celebrated as an abode of chivalry and traditional values such as generosity, forbearance, and fair play, but it also has a reputation of harboring unruly elements on the margins of legality, men who are willing to rent their strong-arm services to whomever pays most. In this article I propose to explore this ambiguity and trace its roots in the social history of the institution. To do this, I shall first provide a quick update on the state of traditional athletics today, then expound on the paradox, and finally attempt to explicate it by discussing the identities of three social types that frequented the zūrkhānah.The Iranian zūrkhānah, literally “House of Strength,” is the traditional gymnasium in which athletes practice a series of gymnastic and bodybuilding exercises that have been called “ancient sport,“ varzish-i bāstārī, since 1934.
Semantic and Associative Priming in Picture Naming
Authors: Xavier Alario F. , Segui Juan , Ferrand Ludovic 
Published: September 2011

We report four picture-naming experiments in which the pictures were preceded by visually presented word primes. The primes could either be semantically related to the picture (e.g., “boat” - TRAIN: co-ordinate pairs) or associatively related (e.g., “nest” - BIRD: associated pairs). Performance under these conditions was always compared to performance under unrelated conditions (e.g., “flower” - CAT). In order to distinguish clearly the first two kinds of prime, we chose our materials so that (a) the words in the co-ordinate pairs were not verbally associated, and (b) the associate pairs were not co-ordinates. Results show that the two related conditions behaved in different ways depending on the stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA) separating word and picture appearance, but not on how long the primes were presented. When presented with a brief SOA (114 ms, Experiment 1), the co-ordinate primes produced an interference effect, but the associated primes did not differ significantly from the unrelated primes. Conversely, with a longer SOA (234 ms, Experiment 2) the co-ordinate primes produced no effect, whereas a significant facilitation effect was observed for associated primes, independent of the duration of presentation of the primes. This difference is interpreted in the context of current models of speech production as an argument for the existence, at an automatic processing level, of two distinguishable kinds of meaning relatedness.
Determining the relative importance of the mechanisms of behavior change within Alcoholics Anonymous: a multiple mediator analysis
Authors: Kelly John F. , Hoeppner Bettina , Stout Robert L. , Pagano Maria 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTAims  Evidence indicates that Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) participation reduces relapse risk but less is known about the mechanisms through which AA confers this benefit. Initial studies indicate self‐efficacy, negative affect, adaptive social networks and spiritual practices are mediators of this effect, but because these have been tested in isolation, their relative importance remains elusive. This study tested multiple mediators simultaneously to help determine the most influential pathways.Design  Prospective, statistically controlled, naturalistic investigation examined the extent to which these previously identified mechanisms mediated AA attendance effects on alcohol outcomes controlling for baseline outcome values, mediators, treatment, and other confounders.Setting  Nine clinical sites within the United States.Participants  Adults (n = 1726) suffering from alcohol use disorder (AUD) initially enrolled in a randomized study with two arms: aftercare (n = 774); and out‐patient (n = 952) comparing three out‐patient treatments (Project MATCH).Measurements  AA attendance during treatment; mediators at 9 months; and outcomes [percentage of days abstinent (PDA) and drinks per drinking day (DDD)] at 15 months.Findings  Among out‐patients the effect of AA attendance on alcohol outcomes was explained primarily by adaptive social network changes and increases in social abstinence self‐efficacy. Among more impaired aftercare patients, in addition to mediation through adaptive network changes and increases in social self‐efficacy, AA lead to better outcomes through increasing spirituality/religiosity and by reducing negative affect. The degree to which mediators explained the relationship between AA and outcomes ranged from 43% to 67%.Conclusion  While Alcoholics Anonymous facilitates recovery by mobilizing several processes simultaneously, it is changes in social factors which appear to be of primary importance.
Deep brain stimulation compared with methadone maintenance for the treatment of heroin dependence: a threshold and cost‐effectiveness analysis
Authors: Stephen James H. , Halpern Casey H. , Barrios Cristian J. , Balmuri Usha , Pisapia Jared M. , Wolf John A. , Kampman Kyle M. , Baltuch Gordon H. , Caplan Arthur L. , Stein Sherman C. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTAims To determine the success threshold at which a theoretical course of deep brain stimulation (DBS) would provide the same quality of life (QoL) and cost‐effectiveness for heroin dependence as methadone maintenance treatment (MMT).Design We constructed a decision analysis model to calculate QoL after 6 months of MMT and compared it to a theoretical course of DBS. We also performed a cost‐effectiveness analysis using societal costs of heroin dependence, MMT and DBS.Setting Systematic literature review and meta‐analysisParticipants Patients (n = 1191) from 15 trials administering 6 months of MMT and patients (n = 2937) from 45 trials of DBS for movement disorders.Measurements Data on QoL before and after MMT, retention in MMT at 6 months, as well as complications of DBS and their impact on QoL in movement disorders.Findings We found a QoL of 0.633 (perfect health = 1) in heroin addicts initiating MMT. Sixty‐six per cent of patients completed MMT, but only 47% of them had opiate‐free urine samples, resulting in an average QoL of 0.7148 (0.3574 quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) over 6 months). A trial of DBS is less expensive ($81 000) than untreated (or relapsed) heroin dependence ($100 000), but more expensive than MMT ($58 000). A theoretical course of DBS would need a success rate of 36.5% to match MMT, but a success rate of 49% to be cost‐effective.Conclusions The success rate, defined as the percentage of patients remaining heroin‐free after 6 months of treatment, at which deep brain stimulation would be similarly cost‐effective in treating opiate addiction to methadone maintenance treatment, is estimated at 49%.
Selective forces shaping diversity in the class I region of the major histocompatibility complex in dairy cattle
Authors: Codner G. F. , Stear M. J. , Reeve R. , Matthews L. , Ellis S. A. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryThe major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is one of the most diverse regions of the mammalian genome. Diversity in MHC genes is integral to their function in the immune system, and while pathogens play a key role in shaping this diversity, the contribution of other selective forces remains unclear. The controlled breeding of cattle offers an excellent model for the identification and exploration of these forces. We characterized the MHC class I genes present in a sample of Canadian Holstein A.I. bulls and compared the results with those obtained in an earlier study. No evidence for a reduction in MHC diversity over 20 years was observed, but the relative frequency of some haplotypes had changed: the formerly rare A12 (w12B) haplotype had become the most common, together with A15, while A19, which dominated the earlier sample, had significantly reduced in frequency. Only 7% of bulls in the current study were MHC homozygous compared with the 14% expected under Hardy–Weinberg. To identify the selective forces at work, a gene substitution model was used to calculate the effects of MHC on selection traits using estimated breeding values for each bull. Significant associations between MHC and production, disease and fertility traits were identified, suggesting that MHC diversity is not merely shaped by disease in this controlled breeding system. The decrease in a common haplotype, the reduced number of homozygous bulls and the associations with disease and production traits together indicate that MHC diversity in dairy cattle is maintained by heterozygote advantage.