bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La Suisse et la francophonie
Authors: Chatton Pierre-François 
Published: July 2012

Cet article a pour objet d’examiner l’étonnante évolution des rapports entre la Suisse (État fédéral, pluri-culturel à majorité germanophone et neutre) et la francophonie : indifférence et méfiance au départ; intérêt soutenu ensuite. Le débat sur la participation de la Confédération au premier Sommet de la francophonie est engagé au moment où la Suisse sort d’une longue crise politique dominée par la question jurassienne. La Suisse choisira dès lors le statut d’observateur à Paris-Versailles par refus d’introduire la langue comme facteur de politique étrangère. À Dakar, un pas est franchi : la Suisse devient membre à part entière des sommets. Elle justifie dorénavant son adhésion à la francophonie par des intérêts de politique étrangère.
Les entités fédérées de Belgique, acteurs décisionnels au sein de l’Union européenne
Authors: Massart-Piérard Françoise 
Published: July 2012

Le fédéralisme en Belgique a été concédé par l’État central pour pacifier les relations entre les communautés. Entraîné par une dynamique de l’autonomie sans cesse relancée par les ultrarégionalistes, il se trouve aujourd’hui, face à l’Union européenne, dans une situation singulière. Les Entités fédérées sont présentes sur toutes les scènes de la décision politique européenne. Elles jouent les premiers rôles en représentant l’État belge au Conseil de l’Union européenne lorsque celui-ci traite de matières relevant de leurs compétences exclusives. Le scénario est dans ce cas écrit par elles et pour elles. La Communauté européenne a accepté l’évolution institutionnelle de la Belgique. À défaut d’une telle acceptation, les Entités fédérées ont des ressources à opposer : la non-communication des informations dont elles seules disposent de par leurs compétences exclusives. En adoptant une attitude de défection, elles laissent à l’État un rôle de simple figurant. Malgré un intérêt commun, soit assurer l’entente et la coopération qu’elles pratiquent abondamment, afin de garantir leur légitimation au sein des institutions européennes, elles ne partagent cependant ni une même idée du fédéralisme en Belgique, ni une même idée de la construction européenne. D’autres réformes de l’État sont annoncées ; elles renforceront encore le rôle d’acteurs décisionnels des collectivités fédérées au sein de l’Union européenne tout en approfondissant l’asymétrie du fédéralisme belge et en modifiant les équilibres « interfédérés ».
Nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication et anciens instruments de régulation : l’exemple d’Internet en France
Authors: Miannay Stéphane , Casile Jean-François 
Published: July 2012

L’étude de la jurisprudence française relative à Internet entre 1996 et 1997 montre que, loin d’être un « espace de non-droit », le réseau des réseaux est assujetti au respect de règles juridiques. Ainsi, l’exemple de l’exercice de la liberté d’expression met en exergue que le droit français peut s’appliquer à Internet comme à tout autre vecteur de communication, même si l’édifice jurisprudentiel paraît encore fragile. Quant aux droits intellectuels, le juge français, s’il doit respecter les textes applicables, doit également tenir compte de l’esprit libéral du réseau.
La gouvernance des services sociaux dans le secteur de la jeunesse et de la famille : quelle participation pour les organismes communautaires?
Authors: Savard Sébastien , Chiasson Guy 
Published: July 2012

Cette étude porte sur la question de la gouvernance partagée dans le secteur des services sociaux. À l’aide d’une typologie élaborée par Jennifer Coston, nous évaluons la nature des relations qui se tissent entre l’État et les organismes communautaires oeuvrant dans quatre territoires de CLSC de l’Abitibi-Témiscamingue. Un examen i) de l’ouverture de l’État au pluralisme institutionnel, ii) du degré de formalisation des relations partenariales et III) des rapports de force État-organisations communautaires nous amène à conclure que l’émergence d’une « gouvernance participative » du secteur des services sociaux est traversée par des tendances contradictoires.
L’élection fédérale de 2000 : qu’est-il donc arrivé aux candidates?
Authors: Tremblay Manon 
Published: July 2012

Cet article porte sur la performance électorale des candidates à l’élection fédérale de 2000. Il vise à comprendre pourquoi a alors cessé de croître la proportion de femmes élues à la Chambre des communes, comme cela a été le cas après chaque scrutin fédéral depuis les années 1980. L’analyse, qui repose sur la notion de « compétitivité », retient les candidatures féminines et masculines pour les cinq principales formations politiques en lice en 2000 qui ont été élues ou sont arrivées deuxièmes en termes du nombre de votes exprimés. Une conclusion veut que la stagnation du nombre des femmes élues à l’élection fédérale de 2000 ne soit pas imputable au fait que les candidates ont brigué les suffrages dans des conditions de moindre compétitivité que les candidats. La situation relève bien davantage du fait que, primo, en 2000 ce sont surtout des députées qui ont été réélues et, secundo, les candidates qui n’avaient jamais siégé à la Chambre des communes n’ont pas hérité de leur juste part des meilleures circonscriptions — les circonscriptions dites « héritières ». Si les partis politiques étaient sincères lorsqu’ils affirment souhaiter l’avènement de plus de femmes en politique, ils réserveraient en priorité aux femmes ces circonscriptions héritières et ce, pour quelques élections fédérales encore, soit le temps de redresser la situation au regard de la représentation des femmes et des hommes à la Chambre des communes du Canada.
Haute fonction publique et changement de gouvernement au Québec
Authors: Bourgault Jacques , Dion Stéphane 
Published: July 2012

On peut distinguer deux types de haut fonctionnaire : premièrement, le grand commis haut fonctionnaire de carrière sans allégeance partisane et deuxièmement, l’outsider politique qui est recruté à l’extérieur de la fonction publique en fonction de son appartenance partisane. Le premier sert indifféremment tous les gouvernements, le second abandonne son poste avec le gouvernement qui l’a nommé. Lequel de ces deux modèles décrit le mieux le sous-ministre en titre du gouvernement du Québec? L’article répond à la question en examinant en quoi le profil des sous-ministres a été affecté par les changements de gouvernement de 1976 et 1985. Il apparaît que, tant sous les Péquistes que sous les Libéraux, les sous-ministres québécois ont été des grands commis « fragiles ». La plupart étaient des hauts fonctionnaires de carrière formellement apolitiques, mais très peu sont parvenus à demeurer en poste à la suite du changement de gouvernement.
Les minorités en France, au Canada et au Québec : minoritaires ou mineures?
Authors: Bauer Julien 
Published: July 2012

Les minorités dans les États contemporains sont à la fois minoritaires et mineures. L’État libéral, à la française, nie leur existence légale mais les reconnaît de facto. L’État corporatiste, à la canadienne et à la québécoise, répartit la population en trois groupes : les Amérindiens, les peuples fondateurs et les autres. Les premiers jouissent de droits exclusifs, les autres, les minorités, de droits négatifs (non-discrimation et éducation) et, dans certains cas, positifs (programmes d’accès à l’égalité).
La définition des minorités aboutit à des droits réservés avec politiques et administrations spécialisées. Paradoxalement, l’État libéral traite de manière pragmatique les minorités qu’il se refuse de reconnaître alors que l’État corporatiste ne cesse de multiplier les distinctions entre les groupes de la société, marginalisant ainsi les minorités.
Le contrôle de la discrimination raciale au Canada
Authors: Tarnopolsky Walter S. 
Published: July 2012

This article is divided into four parts: the first is a brief survey of race relations in Canada before the enactment of anti-discrimination legislation; the next two parts are devoted to an outline of the scope of this legislation and of the administration and enforcement of it ; finally, the last part suggests some current and possible future developments to make it more effective.
Prior to the nineteenth century both the French and the British settlers in the colonies that have become a part of Canada had slaves. Slavery was not, however, very extensive due to lack of large agricultural holdings. At the end of the eighteenth century the legislature in Upper Canada and some judges in Lower Canada limited its expansion and helped to end its practice. The British Imperial Emancipation Act of 1833 brought it to an end. In the next few decades, up to the American Civil War, some Canadians helped run-away slaves from the slave-holding states in the United States, while others actively discouraged them from coming. By the end of the nineteenth century a new source of racial tension arose on the West Coast between the newer immigrants from Asia and the older immigrants from Europe. The result was the enactment of numerous discriminatory laws by the legislature of British Columbia and subsequently, on a lesser scale, by the other western provinces. Most of these remained on the statute books until after World War II. None of these laws were held invalid by the courts on the basis of their discriminatory nature. In addition, both the common law and the Civil Code were interpreted as not prohibiting private discrimination, except by hotel-keepers and common carriers.
The change from this situation started in the I930's with a few specific legislative prohibitions of discrimination in specific instances. In the 1940's Ontario, with respect to signs and advertisements and Saskatchewan, with respect to a whole range of activities, enacted legislation prohibiting discrimination, enforcing their prohibitions with penal sanctions. The 1950's saw the introduction of fair employment and fair accommodation practices acts. By the I960's these were being consolidated into comprehensive human rights codes administered by human rights commissions. This trend has continued up to this year, with the result that all eleven jurisdictions have commissions charged with enforcing antidiscrimination codes or acts.
The usual, but not invariable, procedure is the laying of a complaint, the investigation of it by the commission staff, an attempt to bring about a settlement and finally, failing that, a hearing before an adjudicative tribunal to determine whether an act of discrimination did occur and, if so, what redress is appropriate.
In concluding, three suggestions are made regarding measures that could be taken to strengthen the effectiveness of anti-discrimination legislation: (I) contract compliance; (2) greater independence for the commissions from the government; and (3) giving the legislation paramountcy over other statutes.
Approche réglementaire de l'aménagement urbain
Authors: Kenniff Patrick 
Published: July 2012

This article is a modified version of a paper delivered at a Conference on the methodology of planning and development held at Trois-Rivières on May 19-20, 1977.
Much of municipal control of urban development in Canada today is carried out through the regulatory process. Master plans, zoning, subdivision control and building by-laws are the mainstays of this system.
In recent years, the legislatures of most Canadian provinces have incorporated in their respective Planning Acts certain mechanisms designed to improve the municipal regulatory response to the challenge of urban change. These mechanisms often appear to be needlessly complicated, whereas they are in fact designed to circumvent certain difficulties which are inherent in the classical regulatory system. The main objectives which these new mechanisms seek to attain are greater flexibility in the decision-making process, better phasing of development and increased public participation at all levels of planning and decision-making.
This article concentrates on the law of the province of Québec, but reference is frequently made to the legislation of other Canadian jurisdictions in order to indicate which avenues might be followed in Québec in order to reform the law governing municipal planning by-laws.
After a brief introduction, the second Part of this article is devoted to canvassing the principal legal rules governing municipal planning bylaws: first, with respect to by-laws in general; second, with respect to the extent of the limited powers delegated to municipalities; third, with respect to the adoption and amendment procedure for planning by-laws.
The third Part is devoted to a comparative analysis of certain legal mechanisms some of which have become commonplace in other Canadian provinces but which remain largely untried in Quebec. These include minor variances, conditional uses, bonus zoning, site plan by-laws, contract zoning and development control. All of these techniques tend to favour greater flexibility in the administration of land-use planning.
Other devices are more useful in seeking to achieve phased development. These include holding by-laws and the requirement that land be serviced before a building permit will issue (the latter technique has been in use in Quebec for many years and is authorized to a limited extent by statute).
The article concludes by pointing out that some of the mechanisms canvassed would be of considerable use to town planners in Quebec and should be recognized by statute, preferably in the forthcoming Planning Bill which the present government has promised to introduce in the near future. Town planners should be wary of using them without such legislative sanction, however, because the Canadian courts, with limited exceptions such as in the case of holding by-laws, have struck down attempts by municipalities to step outside the limited statutory authority vested in them.
Observations sur le Rapport de l'Office de révision du Code civil sur les sûretés réelles
Authors: Poudrier-LeBel Louise , LeBel Louis 
Published: July 2012

The Security Law Committee of the Civil Code Revision Office of the Province of Quebec issued its report late in 1975 ; it advocates fundamental changes in the law of security. According to the Committee, the notion of hypothec should be broadened in Quebec Law. It would become a form of security interest in all kinds of property, moveable or immoveable, corporeal or incorporeal. Legal privileges and construction liens would disappear.
The authors comment on the reforms advocated by the Committee. They sommarize their main aspects and some of their effects on existing legal and commercial practices. They suggest a reassessment of the outright abolition of construction liens and discuss some of the problems raised by the regulation of hypothecary recourses in the Report.
Le Rapport de l'Office de revision du Code civil sur la personnalité juridique
Authors: Deleury Edith , Demers Robert 
Published: July 2012

The Civil Code Revision Office has produced an interesting report on legal personality. In this commentary, the authors have sought to underline the major changes suggested by the Report and to criticize certain positions adopted therein.
The major areas of controversy, such as the respect of privacy, the rights of children and the nature of corporations as fictitious persons have been examined in some detail. On the whole, the Report produces a fine compendium of the existing rules whilst suggesting changes that reveal a conscience of the urgent problems on the question.
La discrétion administrative et la mise en oeuvre d'une politique
Authors: Atkinson William J. 
Published: July 2012

This article deals with the relationships between the exercise of administrative discretion and the implementation of a policy. Chapter I defines administrative discretion as a power to make a choice in a particular case. This choice may be technical or political but in both instances relates to the implementation of a policy. The exercise of discretion is also situated within a system under the Rule of Law using H.L.A. Hart's concepts of primary and secondary rules.
Chapter II deals with the exercise of discretion in relation to policy. First, if refers to K.C. Davis' model of confining, structuring and checking discretion. To confine discretion is to set the limits within which it should be exercised. To structure it is define the manner by which it is to be exercised notably in opening the decision-making process. To check discretion is to subject the decision to another authority.
The next three sections of this chapter are concerned with legislative, regulatory and administrative policy. The first section studies legislative expressions of policy and their impact on the exercise of discretion. Secondly, the question of the choice between regulation and administrative discretion is analysed as is the control over that choice and the nature of regulation over it is decided to adopt it. Finally, the impact of an administrative discretion is seen when attacked by the citizen on the grounds that it fetters discretion, constitutes bias or when relied upon by the citizen. It is seen that in most cases, the administrator may structure his discretionary power in a manner respected by the courts.
Les notions d'autorisation et de consentement dans le contrat médical
Authors: Knoppers Bartha Maria 
Published: July 2012

While the terms « authorization » and « consent » are commonly used in juridical language, their definition end precise meaning are not acknowledged by the Quebec legislator. In fact the two terms are often used interchangeably. Both the legislative history of the first paragraph of article 20 of the Civil Code, an article which provides protective measures for the discerning minor entering into a medical contract, and the reforms suggested by the Civil Code Revision Office, demonstrate this confusion as to the proper juridical terms and as to the role of the parental and judicial sanction. The author maintains that the term « consent » is not applicable to the juridical role of the parent of judge.
L'informatique juridique au Québec : état de la question
Authors: Le May Denis 
Published: July 2012

The purpose of the present paper is to evaluate current Quebec and some Canadian computerized legal information projects. The most important part of the paper studies projects undertaken in relation with either one of the main sources of the law in Quebec: first, statutes and regulations, second, case law and, finally, legal writings (books and periodicals).
A very brief survey enumerates the main problems created by the impact of the computer and the legal challenge that it represents (crime by computer, EFT, etc.). Future perspectives are outlined, taking into consideration, in part, what is done in certain other countries. The situation is described as it was during and up to the first six months of 1978.
Uniformité et efficacité des garanties en matière de libertés publiques
Authors: Chevrette François , Marx Herbert 
Published: July 2012

An entrenched Bill of Rights, it is maintained, would be of benefit not only to individuals and groups but also to provincial governments generally, because the same standards would apply at the federal as well as the provincial level. Such a Bill should include certain effective protections lacking in the present Canadian Bill of Rights.
The protection of civil liberties by way of the division of powers has favoured the enhancement of federal power and has worked to the disadvantage of the provinces. What is proscribed at the provincial level is permitted at the federal level. In effect, although the provincial persecution and prosecution of Communists and Jehovah's Witnesses are well known, particularly because of their appearances before the courts, similar legislative and administrative policies on the part of the federal Government and Parliament have not surfaced as clearly in the Canadian constitutional process or history. This is also true as concerns the treatment of Asiatics.
The formulation of the safeguards to be included in a Bill of Rights raises the question as to their scope and application. The present Canadian Bill of Rights has given rise to the situation where the act of an official, such as a police officer, is not subject to the provisions of the Bill whereas the legislative enactment that authorizes the act is so subject. An efficient Bill of Rights would control such acts as well as laws.
Lastly, it is suggested that there is a general consensus in Canada as to the essential contents of a Bill of Rights. In dealing with emergency situations, the federal Government should have the burden of proving that an emergency exists and that restrictions imposed on specific civil liberties are required. At present the person contesting the invocation of the War Measures Act or other emergency legislation has the almost impossible task of proving that an emergency does not in fact exist.
Le droit de la preuve et la pétition en contestation d'élection
Authors: Morin Jacques Carl 
Published: July 2012

Evidence in the law of controverted elections is the subject of the present article. The author begins with some general observations. Firstly, according to section 52 of the provincial Controverted Elections Act, the rules of evidence are those of the law of England in force on the first of July 1867, or in other words, the common law of Parliament. These rules of evidence can hardly be of any assistance to our courts because at that time, disputed elections were tried by the House of Commons or its committees and decided in a thoroughly unjudicial manner. Secondly, the author describes briefly the grounds that may be alleged in an election petition, namely the ineligibility of the elected candidate, corrupt practices by the candidate and irregularities affecting the legality of the election.
In the first part, the author examines the burden of proof. In all cases the onus for establishing the material fact of the corrupt practices or the noncompliance with the rules contained in the Election Act rests upon the petitioner. If the corrupt practices alleged in the petition are substantiated, the court must set aside the election unless the respondent establishes that the action is of no gravity and could not have affected the result of the election.
On the other hand, an election will not be declared void by reason of transgressions of the law if the court is satisfied that it was conducted in accordance with the existing election law, and that the mistake or noncompliance did not affect the outcome of the election.
The second part discusses the method of establishing facts and proof of their possible effect on the result of the election. As to presumption, for instance, the author examines the solution adopted by the courts when the number of unqualified voters exceeds the majority of the elected candidate and finds that invalidation of such an election may not be always justified.
Finally, in the third part, the author analyses various clauses regarding the secrecy of the ballot. In federal law and in the law of the English-speaking provinces the privilege respecting the secrecy of the vote is judicially recognized and cannot be waived. In Quebec, a voter cannot be compelled to reveal for whom he has voted but he can be asked the question. In the United States, the privilege of non-disclosure belongs only to qualified voters, and the illegal voter can be compelled to disclose for whom he has voted.
Rules of evidence regarding controverted elections are not well adapted to our times ; furthermore some sections of the ElectionAct and the Controverted Elections Act are not understood by our courts. The legislator should modify these statutes and make their language more precise in order to achieve completely and successfully the electoral reform now in progress.