bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Obligate Symbionts Activate Immune System Development in the Tsetse Fly
Authors: Weiss Brian L. , Maltz Michele , Aksoy Serap 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Many insects rely on the presence of symbiotic bacteria for proper immune system function. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie this phenomenon are poorly understood. Adult tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) house three symbiotic bacteria that are vertically transmitted from mother to offspring during this insect’s unique viviparous mode of reproduction. Larval tsetse that undergo intrauterine development in the absence of their obligate mutualist, Wigglesworthia, exhibit a compromised immune system during adulthood. In this study, we characterize the immune phenotype of tsetse that develop in the absence of all of their endogenous symbiotic microbes. Aposymbiotic tsetse (Glossina morsitans morsitans [GmmApo]) present a severely compromised immune system that is characterized by the absence of phagocytic hemocytes and atypical expression of immunity-related genes. Correspondingly, these flies quickly succumb to infection with normally nonpathogenic Escherichia coli. The susceptible phenotype exhibited by GmmApo adults can be reversed when they receive hemocytes transplanted from wild-type donor flies prior to infection. Furthermore, the process of immune system development can be restored in intrauterine GmmApo larvae when their mothers are fed a diet supplemented with Wigglesworthia cell extracts. Our finding that molecular components of Wigglesworthia exhibit immunostimulatory activity within tsetse is representative of a novel evolutionary adaptation that steadfastly links an obligate symbiont with its host.
Two smalls in one: Coincident small cell carcinoma and small lymphocytic lymphoma in a lymph node diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration biopsy
Authors: Afify Alaa , Das Shweta , Mingyi Chen 
Published: February 2012

Background:
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia / small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL / SLL) is one of the most common lymphoproliferative disorders in western countries. Patients with SLL / CLL are at increased risk of site-specific secondary cancers. We present a unique case of a 71-year-old male, with a history of SLL / CLL, who presented with pulmonary symptoms and a mediastinal mass. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) of the mediastinal lymph node revealed synchronous SLL / CLL and small cell carcinoma (SCC).

Materials and Methods:
The patient underwent a computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest and endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial fine needle aspiration of the mediastinal lymph node (4R). The sample was submitted for cytopathology, immunohistochemical stains, and flow cytometry evaluation.

Results:
Fine needle aspiration of the mediastinal lymph node revealed neoplastic cells, in clusters and singly, with cytological features suggestive of small cell carcinoma. The immunohistochemistry results confirmed this diagnosis. Small-to-medium, mature-appearing lymphocytes were also present in the background. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that these lymphocytes possessed an immunophenotype consistent with CLL / SLL.

Conclusions:
This case illustrates the importance of a pathologist's awareness of the possibility of concurrent lymphoma and metastatic carcinoma in a lymph node. When evaluating lymph nodes, pathologists must strive to identify both foreign cells and subtle lymphoid changes. As demonstrated by our case, ancillary techniques (such as immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry) can be critical to making a complete and accurate diagnosis. The diagnosis of small cell carcinoma in the enlarged lymph node, primarily harboring CLL / SLL, is of critical importance for decision-making and treatment purposes, in addition to having a significant adverse impact on the overall survival.
Nutritional screening for risk prediction in patients scheduled for abdominal operations
Authors: Kuppinger D , Hartl W H , Bertok M , Hoffmann J M , Cederbaum J , Küchenhoff H , Jauch K-W , Rittler P 
Published: February 2012

Abstract

Background
Increased risks related to surgery might reflect the nutritional status of some patients. Such a group might benefit from perioperative nutritional support. The purpose of this study was to identify the relative importance of nutritional risk screening along with established medical, anaesthetic and surgical predictors of postoperative morbidity and mortality.

Methods
This prospective observational study enrolled consecutive eligible patients scheduled for elective abdominal operations. Data were collected on nutritional variables (body mass index, weight loss, food intake), age, sex, type and extent of operation, underlying disease, American Society of Anesthesiologists grade and co-morbidities. A modified composite nutritional screening tool (Nutritional Risk Screening, NRS 2002) currently recommended by European guidelines was used. Relative complication rates were calculated with multiple logistic regression and cumulative proportional odds models.

Results
Some 653 patients were enrolled of whom 132 (20·2 per cent) sustained one or more postoperative complications. The frequency of this event increased significantly with a lower food intake before hospital admission. No other individual or composite nutritional variable provided comparable or better risk prediction (including NRS 2002). Other factors significantly associated with severe postoperative complications were ASA grade, male sex, underlying disease, extent of surgical procedure and volume of transfused red cell concentrates.

Conclusion
In abdominal surgery, preoperative investigation of feeding habits may be sufficient to identify patients at increased risk of complications. Nutritional risk alone, however, is not sufficient to predict individual risk of complications reliably.
Nodular lymphocyte‐predominant Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Subhawong Andrea P. , Ali Syed Z. , Tatsas Armanda D. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND:Nodular lymphocyte‐predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL), a rare subtype of Hodgkin lymphoma, is an indolent tumor with frequent instances of disease recurrence but a favorable prognosis. To the best of the authors' knowledge, there are only limited descriptions of NLPHL in the cytology literature because it was only formally recognized as a distinct entity in 1994.METHODS:In the current study, all cases of NLPHL diagnosed on excisional biopsy (n = 6 cases) at the study institution between 2000 and 2011 that had undergone previous fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) were reviewed, with a focus on cytomorphologic features.RESULTS:Four of 6 cases were termed benign on FNA; however, there was retrospective recognition of characteristic LP cells in all cases. Unlike classical Hodgkin lymphoma, the tumor cells of NLPHL were often found to be mononucleate and presented in a background of small lymphocytes. Other features identified included epithelioid histiocytes and numerous bare atypical nuclei.CONCLUSIONS:Cases of NLPHL are commonly misdiagnosed as benign reactive lymphoid tissue and therefore a careful search using high magnification for LP cells is recommended in the evaluation of lymph node FNAs. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2012;. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Workplace drug testing, different matrices different objectives
Authors: Tsanaclis Lolita M. , Wicks John F. C. , Chasin Alice A. M. 
Published: February 2012

Drug testing is used by employers to detect drug use by employees or job candidates. It can identify recent use of alcohol, prescription drugs, and illicit drugs as a screening tool for potential health and safety and performance issues.Urine is the most commonly used sample for illicit drugs. It detects the use of a drug within the last few days and as such is evidence of recent use; but a positive test does not necessarily mean that the individual was impaired at the time of the test. Abstention from use for three days will often produce a negative test result.Analysis of hair provides a much longer window of detection, typically 1 to 3 months. Hence the likelihood of a falsely negative test using hair is very much less than with a urine test. Conversely, a negative hair test is a substantially stronger indicator of a non‐drug user than a negative urine test.Oral fluid (saliva) is also easy to collect. Drugs remain in oral fluid for a similar time as in blood. The method is a good way of detecting current use and is more likely to reflect current impairment. It offers promise as a test in post‐accident, for cause, and on‐duty situations.Studies have shown that within the same industrial settings, hair testing can detect twice as many drug users as urine testing. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intermolecular Insertion of Dialkynylphosphanes into the M–C Bond of Cyclopalladated Rings through Activation by Cyclometallated Amines
Authors: Chen Shuli , Pullarkat Sumod A. , Li Yongxin , Leung Pak‐Hing 
Published: February 2012

AbstractA series of chiral ortho‐platinated and ‐palladated complexes derived from N,N,α‐trimethylbenzylamine has been prepared. The dialkynylphosphane PhP(C≡CMe)2 coordinated regiospecifically as a P→M monodentate ligand to these cyclometallated units in the positions trans to the nitrogen donors of the metallacycles. Upon introduction of selected chirality on the benzylamine unit and subsequent monitoring by using NMR spectroscopy, the P→Pt bond was found to be thermodynamically stable and kinetically inert. The P→Pd bond must be kinetically labile since the palladium complexes readily undergo a facile ligand redistribution process. Nevertheless, both ortho‐metallated units activated one of the C≡C bonds towards an intermolecular Pd–C bond insertion reaction into another cyclopalladated ring. No intramolecular insertion reaction occurred within the same molecule. Coordination of PhP(C≡CMe)2 to the ortho‐palladated unit also protected the organopalladium ring from intermolecular attack by other coordinated dialkynylphosphanes. The Pt–C bonds in cycloplatinated rings are not reactive toward the insertion reaction, although they are good reaction activators for coordinated dialkynylphosphanes.
Multiple description coding over multiple correlated erasure channels
Authors: Zhao Songqing , Tuninetti Daniela , Ansari Rashid , Schonfeld Dan 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the use of Multiple Description Coding (MDC) for information transmission over multiple correlated erasure channels. It addresses the problem of optimal rate allocation between descriptions to attain the minimum possible average distortion at the receiver. The rate allocation problem is formulated on the basis of rate‐distortion theory for the general case of unbalanced MDC and under the constraint that the total coding rate is fixed. The channel parameters, that is, erasure rates, for which MDC outperforms Single Description Coding are characterised. It is shown that MDC is optimal when the channel erasure rates are comparable and the total coding rate is large. A heuristic approximation for optimal rate allocation is also presented, which can be readily used in practice to determine the relative rates between descriptions needed to achieve the minimal average distortion. The relationship between the optimal average distortion and the erasure correlation is explored. It is shown that for some cases, such as for equal average erasure probabilities, the average distortion decreases as the channel correlation increases. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incidental versus clinically evident thyroid cancer: A 5‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Minuto Michele N. , Miccoli Mario , Viola David , Ugolini Clara , Giannini Riccardo , Torregrossa Liborio , Antonangeli Lucia , Aghini‐Lombardi Fabrizio , Elisei Rossella , Basolo Fulvio , Miccoli Paolo 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer in patients undergoing surgery for presumed benign thyroid disease (incidental thyroid cancer) is not negligible. The purpose of this study was to verify if incidental thyroid cancers have a different clinical course than the clinically evident thyroid cancer.MethodsA group of patients with incidental thyroid cancer (n = 95) has been compared to a control group with clinically evident thyroid cancer (n = 93). Both the histology and the outcome after a 5‐year follow‐up have been compared.ResultsAt the univariate analysis, the groups demonstrated significant differences in many pathologic features, remnant ablation (p < .001), and persistent disease (p = .006). Nevertheless, the multivariate analysis revealed that the outcome was not influenced by the preoperative or the incidental diagnosis.ConclusionIncidental thyroid cancers show a different pathological pattern when compared to clinically evident thyroid cancers. Nonetheless, the final outcome is not influenced by preoperative or postoperative diagnosis. Hence, patients with incidental thyroid cancer should follow the same postoperative protocols of patients with clinically evident thyroid cancer. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
A first principles approach to identifying polymers for use in two‐phase partitioning bioreactors
Authors: Parent J. Scott , Capela Marinha , Dafoe Julian T. , Daugulis Andrew J. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Two‐phase partitioning bioreactors (TPPBs) employ an immiscible phase to partition toxic substrates/products to/away from cells to reduce cytotoxicity and improve bioprocess performance. Initially, immiscible organic solvents were used as the sequestering phase, and their selection included consideration of solute–solvent affinity, which can be predicted through first principles consideration of solute activity and phase equilibrium thermodynamics. Polymers can replace organic solvents in such systems, however, their selection has largely been via heuristic means, and a more fundamental approach is necessary for future success in rational polymer identification.RESULTS: Material properties (polymer crystallinity, solubility parameter, and glass transition temperature Tg) were examined across several polymers and polyaromatic hydrocarbons as target solutes. All were shown to influence solute–polymer affinity.CONCLUSION: This first attempt at identifying physical/chemical properties that affect solute–polymer partitioning has been able to demonstrate some clear trends, and has allowed us to formulate a polymer selection guide, based on first principles, to facilitate the selection of solute–polymer pairs for solid–liquid TPPB applications. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Quantification of turbulent heat fluxes for adaptation strategies within urban planning
Authors: Goldbach Anja , Kuttler Wilhelm 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWith the objective of quantifying turbulent heat fluxes in areas with various types of urban land use to improve living and environmental conditions through better urban planning, comparative energy balance measurements using the eddy‐covariance (EC) technique were conducted in Oberhausen (Germany) between 15 August 2010 and 15 April 2011. The results of this paper show that the sensible heat flux (QH) is 20% higher and that the latent heat flux (QE) is 90% lower at an urban site (URB) compared to a suburban site (SUB). Green spaces in cities counteract the growing thermal stresses on city dwellers and therefore represent a possible urban climate mitigation measure. This positive effect may be reduced or lost entirely during long periods of drought. The Bowen ratio (QH/QE) increased from 0.65 to 2.8 with decreasing soil moisture at the SUB, and the monthly average QE value decreased from 94 W m−2 (August 2010, heavy precipitation) to only 47 W m−2 (March 2011, dry period), providing impressive evidence of this relationship. Considering the aspects of urban climate, the creation of urban green spaces can only be effective if an optimum water supply is provided. Furthermore, additional planning recommendations are given for urban planners within cities located at mid‐latitudes, as derived from the measured results. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Finite strain formulation of a strain space multiple mechanism model for granular materials
Authors: Iai Susumu , Ueda Kyohei , Tobita Tetsuo , Ozutsumi Osamu 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYThis paper presents the finite strain formulation of a strain space multiple mechanism model for granular materials. Because the strain space multiple mechanism model has an appropriate micromechanical background in which the branch and complementary vectors are defined in the material (or referential) coordinate, the finite strain formulation is carried out by following the change in these vectors, in direction and magnitude, associated with deformation in the material. By applying the methodology for compressible materials established in the finite strain continuum mechanics, decoupled formulation that decomposes the kinematic mechanisms into volumetric and isochoric components is adopted for the strain space multiple mechanism model. Lagrangian (material) description of integrated form is given by a relation between the second Piola–Kirchhoff effective stress tensor and the Green–Lagrange strain tensor; Eulerian (spatial) description by a relation between the Cauchy effective stress tensor and the Euler–Almansi strain tensor. In particular, the volumetric strain is defined as a logarithm of Jacobian determinant. Lagrangian (material) description of incremental form is derived through the material time derivative of the integrated form. The counterpart in the spatial description is derived through the Lie time derivative, given as a relation between the Oldroyd stress rate of Kirchhoff stress and the rate of deformation tensor (sometimes called stretching in the literatures). An example is shown to discuss the applicability of the finite strain formulation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reactive Oxygen Species in a Non‐thermal Plasma Microjet and Water System: Generation, Conversion, and Contributions to Bacteria Inactivation—An Analysis by Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Wu Haiyan , Sun Peng , Feng Hongqing , Zhou Haixia , Wang Ruexue , Liang Yongdong , Lu Jingfen , Zhu Weidong , Zhang Jue , Fang Jing 
Published: February 2012

AbstractHydroxyl radical (•OH) and singlet oxygen (1O2) were detected by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy in a direct current He/O2 (2%) non‐thermal plasma microjet‐water system. ${}^{ \bullet }{\rm O}_{{\rm 2}}^{- } $ is shown to be the precursor of •OH. The concentrations of 1O2 and •OH are evaluated to be around 6 × 10−4 and 1.2 × 10−5 M, respectively. The survival rates of S. aureus exposed to plasma for 20 s in 1 ml H2O, SOD (100 U, for scavenging ${}^{ \bullet }{\rm O}_{{\rm 2}}^{- } $), D‐Man (0.15 M, for scavenging •OH), and L‐His (0.15 M, for scavenging •OH and 1O2) solutions were 0.7, 1.6, 13.4, and 40.9%, respectively, indicating that 1O2 contributes the most to the inactivation.magnified image
How to evaluate process safety culture
Authors: Forest Jerry J. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIt may seem that organizational culture is subjective and therefore difficult to measure. This article will show that an objective approach can be taken to survey and define process safety culture. With this data, gap analysis can be performed that compares survey data to the Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) essential elements of process safety. This gap analysis can be used to identify strengths and weaknesses so that process safety performance can be improved.The survey method used, employs the CCPS process safety pillars, and categorizes responses according to the pillar elements, principles, and essential features required for excellence. The appropriate data collecting technique is shown that will give statistically meaningful results. Examples are given of grouping results by safety pillar categories and demographics of the survey population. Finally, a gap analysis method is shown that compares the survey results to CCPS essential elements so that improvement plans can be made. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2012
Nanospace charge polarization of monatomic‐layered platinum cluster disk constructed on silicon(111)‐7 × 7 surface
Authors: Yasumatsu Hisato , Murugan Palanichamy , Kawazoe Yoshiyuki 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWe studied geometric and electronic structures of a platinum cluster disk consisting 30 Pt atoms on the Si(111)‐7 × 7 surface by STM experiments (see left panel) and first principles calculations. It was found that the high stability of the cluster disk on the Si surface originates from the platinum–silicide bonds as strong as ∼45 eV per cluster, which are formed by electron transfer from the 5d orbital of the Pt atoms to the 3s and 3p ones of the Si atoms. This finding gives an essential interpretation to the experimental discovery that valence electrons in an occupied molecular orbital of the Pt30/Si system are distributed in a wider region than the locations of the Pt atoms. It appeared that electron accumulation at the interface between the cluster and the substrate induces two‐dimensional charge polarization in a nanospace as shown in right panel due to a combination of a metallic nature of the cluster disk and a highly resistive nature of the Si surface. magnified image
STM image (left) of a monatomic‐layered platinum cluster disk, Pt30, constructed on the Si(111) surface. Schematic image (right) of two‐dimensional charge polarization; the Pt‐5d electrons are distributed out of the cluster, so that the centre and the periphery of the cluster are charged positively and negatively, respectively.
Further analysis of pairing‐based traitor tracing schemes for broadcast encryption
Authors: Wu Tsu‐Yang , Tseng Yuh‐Min 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTPairing‐based public key systems have recently received much attention because bilinear property contributes to the designs of many cryptographic schemes. In 2002, Mitsunari et al. proposed the first pairing‐based traitor tracing scheme with constant‐size ciphertexts and private keys. However, their scheme has been shown to be insecure for providing traitor tracing functionality. Recently, many researches still try to propose efficient pairing‐based traitor tracing schemes in terms of ciphertext and private key sizes. In this paper, we present a security claim for the design of pairing‐based traitor tracing schemes. For a pairing‐based traitor tracing scheme with constant‐size ciphertexts and private keys, if the decryption key is obtained by some pairing operations in pairing‐based public key systems, the scheme will suffer from a linear attack and cannot provide the traitor tracing functionality. Finally, we apply our security claim to attack a pairing‐based traitor tracing scheme proposed by Yang et al. to demonstrate our result. Our security claim can offer a notice and direction for designing pairing‐based traitor tracing schemes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of oxidized corn starch in a screw extruder under alkali‐free conditions
Authors: Dai Yangyong , Dong Haizhou , Hou Hanxue , Qi Xiaoyan , Zhang Hui 
Published: February 2012

AbstractTo promote water solubility of oxidized starch prepared by the dry process, a twin screw extruder was used as a reactor in the present study. Through single‐factor experiments and orthogonal experiment, the effects of barrel temperature, moisture content, addition amount of NaOCl, and screw speed on the carboxyl content (CC) and water solubility index (WSI) of oxidized corn starch were investigated. The results indicated that high screw speed, medium barrel temperature, and low moisture content could lead to high WSI of oxidized corn starch produced by extrusion. The reaction efficiency and solubility of oxidized starch prepared by reactive extrusion under the optimal condition were all improved greatly, especially the WSI was very high (99.56%). Preparation of oxidized starch by reactive extrusion under alkali‐free conditions could be described as a rapid (only several minutes), continuous, reduced addition amount of NaOCl, eco‐friendly new dry technology.