bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SELENIUM: AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT FOR GROWTH OF THE COASTAL MARINE DIATOM THALASSIOSIRA PSEUDONANA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1,2
Authors: Price Neil M. , Thompson Peter A. , Harrison Paul J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAn obligate requirement for selenium is demonstrated in axenic culture of the coastal marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana (clone 3H) (Hust.) Hasle and Heimdal grown in artificial seawater medium. Selenium deficiency was characterized by a reduction in growth rate and eventually by a cessation of cell division. The addition of 10−10 M Na2eO3 to nutrient enriched artifical seawater resulted in excellent growth of T. pseudonana and only a slight inhibition of growth occurred at Na2SeO3 concentrations of 10−3 and 10‐2 M. By contrast, Na2SeO4 failed to support growth of T. pseudonana when supplied at concentrations less than 10−7 M and the growth rate at this concentration was only one quarter of the maximum growth rate. The addition of 10−3 and 10−2 M Na2SeO4 to the culture medium was toxic and cell growth was completely inhibited. Eleven trace elements were tested for their ability to replace the selenium requirement by this alga and all were without effect.In selenium‐deficient and selenium‐starved cultures of T. pseudonana cell volume increased as much as 10‐fold as a result of an increase in cell length (along the pervalvar axis) but cell width was constant. It is concluded that selenium is an indispensable element for the growth of T. pseudonana and it should be included as a nutrient enrichment to artificial seawater medium when culturing this alga.
KINETICS OF NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND GROWTH IN PHYTOPLANKTON1
Authors: Morel François M. M. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTMicroscopic algae can grow rapidly in natural waters that are extremely low in essential macro and micro nutrients. Yet, their nutrient uptake systems exhibit only mediocre nutrient affinities, the saturation constants being often 10–1000 times the (estimated) ambient concentrations. The large difference which exists between the saturation constants for growth (Ku) and short term uptake (Kp) are due to the acclimation capabilities of the organisms. Over the acclimation range, Ku, to Kp the algae can maintain maximum growth rate by modulating both their internal nutrient quotas (Q) and their maximum short term nutrient uptake rates (Pmax) in response to variations in external nutrient concentrations. The commonly assumed hyperbolic relationships for steady growth and uptake (viz “chemostat theory”) are coherent with a hyperbolic expression for short term uptake including a variable maximum (Pmax). The ratio of the saturation constants for growth and uptake is then directly related to the extreme in quotas and maximum uptake rates:Kμ/Kρ= Qmin/Qmaxρmax/ρQmax.This result is applicable even when the exact hyperbolic laws are not. Published data on Fe, Mn, P and N limitation in algae are generally in accord with the theory and demonstrate a wider acclimation range for trace than for major nutrients.
VALVE MORPHOGENESIS IN SURIRELLA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Pickett‐Heaps Jeremy D. , Cohn Stan , Schmid Anna‐Maria M. , Tippit David H. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTValve morphogenesis in two Surirellae (S. ovalis Brebisson and S. robusta Ehrenberg) is described. Mitosis takes place at the broad end of the cell. After cleavage, a new Microtubule Center (MC) arises near each spindle pole and moves to the adjacent plasmalemma. Soon, a specific group of microtubules (MTs) extends from very near the MC around the periphery of the cell. Concurrently, the new tubular Silica Deposition Vesicle (SDV) grows around the periphery of the cell close to these MTs. A double rib of silica is rapidly formed inside the SDV; the space between the ribs becomes the raphe. Mitochondria line up along the MTs, and the SDV may be molded around these to create the canal raphe. Soon, the SDV expands in two directions to create the face and the mantle of the new valve. Meanwhile, each daughter nucleus, accompanied by the MC, moves to its interphase position at the center of the cell; this movement is colchicine‐sensitive. As in several other pennate diatoms, an interruption in the raphe of the mature valve coincides with the initial position of the MC. The canal raphe thickens rapidly around the mitochondria; a rudimentary raphe fiber may be associated with the creation of a tiny curvature at the inner raphe fissure. As the SDV expands in the large S. robusta, the daughter cell protoplasts slowly shrink by plasmolysis, thereby creating the complex curved surface of the new valve surmounted by the arching canal raphes which are now quite rigid. In S. ovalis, the daughter cell protoplasts remain appressed and therefore the new valve surface is basically flat.The symmetry of Surirella is quite different from that of other pennate diatoms. However, the cytoplasmic events accompanying valve morphogenesis are similar in all important respects to those described in other raphid pennate diatoms, and clearly supports a naviculoid origin for this genus.
SHOULD RENAL NURSES BE AWARE OF WATER QUALITY?
Authors: Chamney Melissa , James Ray 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY Although traditionally considered the domain of the renal technologist, many units do not have technicians or may only have part‐time access to one. In these cases, it often falls to nursing staff to ensure that patients are dialysed safely. However, water quality is an area in which some nurses do not feel confident. This paper is aimed at providing information about the importance of appropriate water treatment, water testing and monitoring and the implications to the patient if the water is not checked appropriately in accordance with the guidelines.
Studies on Vitamin B12 Retention Comparison of Retention Following Intramuscular Injection of Cyanocobalamin and Hydroxocobalamin
Authors: Hertz Henrik , Kristensen H. P. Østergaard , Hoff‐JØrgensen E. 
Published: August 2010

While according to recent investigations cyanocobalamin (CN‐B12), so far the most commonly used vitamin B12 preparation, must be considered an “artificial product”, hydroxocobalamin (OH‐B12) is probably one of the forms of vitamin B12 which occurs naturally in the animal organism.The main object of the present study was to elucidate the difference in retention following intramuscular injection of CN‐B12 and OH‐B12, among other things with a view to the applicability of OH‐B12 in the treatment of pernicious anaemia.After i. m. injection of about 1 mg CN‐B12 and OH‐B12, normal subjects excreted within 24 hours about 80 per cent and about 25 per cent, respectively, in the urine. This corresponds a retention of about 20 per cent CN‐B12 compared with about 75 per cent OH‐B12.The serum concentrations about 1 hour after the injection were approximately the same whether CN‐B12 or OH‐B12 was given. Thereafter, the concentration of CN‐B12 fell far more rapidly than that of OH‐B12, so that during the subsequent 48 hours the OH‐B12 concentration was 3–6 times higher than the CN‐B12 concentration.Dialysis experiments showed that OH‐B12 passes far more slowly through a cellophane membrane than does CN‐B12, and that OH‐B12 is bound to the serum proteins in far greater quantities than is CN‐B12. The amount of bound, i. e. non‐dialysable, CN‐B12 increased only slightly with increasing total concentration, while the amount of bound OH‐B12 increased proportionally, making up about two‐thirds of the total concentration.These two factors – greater binding to the serum proteins and slower diffusion of non‐bound OH‐B12 – reduce glomerular filtration and must be considered the main explanation why far less of injected OH‐B12 than of injected CN‐B12 is lost in the urine.It is concluded that owing to its excellent retention in the organism – without addition of absorption‐retarding substances – hydroxocobalamin (OH‐B12) must be particularly suited for the treatment of pernicious anaemia and other B12 deficiencies, all the more so as OH‐B12 is presumably a physiological vitamin B12.In maintenance therapy, 1 mg hydroxocobalamin i. m. every 3 months should be sufficient.
Chlorambucil Treatment in the Cold Agglutinin Syndrome
Authors: Olesen H. 
Published: August 2010

A patient with a typical cold agglutinin syndrome has been treated with chlorambucil.This treatment decreased the plasma γ1M‐globulins by 4 to 5 per cent of total protein, the plasma cold agglutinins to about one fourth, and reduced the thermal amplitude of the cold agglutinins by 3.0° C.
Fluorescence of Erythrocytes after a Chemical Conversion of Haemoglobin
Authors: Jørgensen Jan R. 
Published: August 2010

The auto‐fluorescence of erythrocytes is very weak and erythrocytes are not stained by ordinarily used fluorochromes (as e.g. acridin‐orange). Within the haemoglobin molecule some of the conjugated double bonds of haematoporphyrin are bound to Fe‐atoms, whereby the ability of haematoporphyrin to fluoresce ceases. Heller showed (1916) that it was possible to split of the Fe‐atoms from haemoglobin by means of strong acids without destroying the porphyrin ring or the fluorescence. In this report is described how this method was used to get erythrocytes to fluoresceVenous blood was collected with acid dextrose citrate as anti‐coagulant and diluted by saline to get a 10 per cent suspension of erythrocytes. Smears prepared of this suspension were dried and fixed in aethanol for 10 min. One drop of 20 per cent HCl was placed on the glass slide and covered with a coverslip. The slides were examined using a Reichert Binolux fluorescence microscope (primary filter: Erreger filter BG 12/3 mm; secondary filter GG 9/1 mm + OG 1/1.5 mm; dark field condensor). After ultraviolet illumination in about 15 seconds all the erythrocytes showed a vivid red fluorescence while all the leucocytes and thrombocytes showed no fluorescence at allThe method is suitable to detect traces of haemoglobin and can be used to show the remaining quantity of haemoglobin by preparing erythrocyte ghostsThe method can also be used to show the existence of erythrocytes containing haemoglobin of an abnormal type, if haemoglobin‐A can be removed. We have demonstrated foetal erythrocytes in a mixture of foetal and adult erythrocytes by preparing the smears with Kleihauer et al.'s acid elution (1957) after fixation. Further investigations of this application of the method will be published.
The Rate of Platelet Aggregation in Haemorrhagic Disease and Thrombosis
Authors: OZENBERG M. C. R. , FlRKIN B. G. 
Published: August 2010

The degree of platelet aggregation in healthy subjects, haemorrhagic disease and thrombosis has been studied by means of two techniques. Firstly, using a small cone in cone viscometer at high rates of shear, an artificial in vitro thrombus was obtained which represents aggregation of platelets during the process of coagulation. Secondly, a turbidiometric method measuring the fall in optical density during aggregation of platelets was used to record the rate of platelet cohesion in the presence of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or thrombin. There was rough correlation between the effects of thrombin and ADP on the rate of aggregation in various normal subjects suggesting that the mechanism in the presence of these two substances was similar. The rate of platelet aggregation was observed weekly in ten normal females and no change occurred at the onset of menstruation. Platelet aggregation was found normal in factor VIII deficiency, factor IX deficiency, moderate factor VII deficiency, hypofibrinogenaemia as well as in patients on phenindione or heparin. Impaired aggregation was due to a specific platelet defect in some leukaemias, reticuloses, uraemia as well as two cases of Glanzmann's disease.The defect in aggregation in Waldenström's macroglobulinaemia and fibrinolysis appeared to be due to a plasma factor. Our present method of study did not reveal any abnormality in two cases of von Willebrand's disease and appear insensitive to lack of “Anti‐Willebrand factor”.The study of patients with arterial or venous thrombosis produced values wholly within the normal range and no evidence for a state of “increased tendency to aggregation” was obtained.
Studies on the Development of Cancer Anaemia in Humans
Authors: LOCKNER D. 
Published: August 2010

A number of haematological parameters were studied in more than 100 patients with different lesions of the uterine cervix: cancer, cancer in situ, praecancerous changes and benign erosions (controls).Haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit and erythrocyte number decreased in the cancer patients, MCH, MCHC and MCV remained unchanged. Serum iron concentration and plasma iron half time decreased, whereas plasma iron transport rate (PIT) increased. The cancer patients showed furthermore an increase of plasma volume, but unchanged erythrocyte volume and haemoglobin mass related to body weight; iron binding capacity showed a slight decrease. Erythrocyte copper decreased in cancer patients, plasma copper being unchanged; the white cell counts were unchanged except for an increase in the band cells.Patients with cancer in situ showed decreased plasma iron half time and serum iron concentration, PIT was increased as was the absolute reticulocyte number. All other values remaining unchanged.Patients with praecancerous lesions did not differ from controls except for an increase of Fe59 incorporation into erythrocytes.In cancer thus a normochromic normocyte dilution anaemia with increased erythropoiesis is found. Cancer in situ is connected with signs of an increased erythropoietic effort only, but no anaemia is found. Praecancerous lesions behave as controls.
Screening for Irregular Blood Group Antibodies
Authors: DYBKJÆR ESBEN 
Published: August 2010

A commercially prepared antibody screening system, Selectogen®, is now available in Denmark.A total of 291 selected sera underwent extended antibody studies by means of the Selectogen procedure and the routine methods of the blood grouping laboratory in Arhus. One hundred and thirty three sera contained irregular antibodies which could be analyzed in detail with respect to sensitivity of the methods used.The comparison showed the value of the two‐stage papain technique in studies aimed at revealing the presence of weak irregular antibodies. The Selectogen albumin technique was not found to be a satisfactory substitute for the enzyme technique. Good results were obtained by using the Selectogen albumin indirect Coombs technique, but even that could not replace the enzyme technique, particularly not in the demonstration of weak Rhesus or Lewis antibodies.
Factors Influencing the Lysis of Artificial Thrombi by Urokinase
Authors: Ogston D. , Ogston C. M. 
Published: August 2010

The urokinase‐induced lysis of artificial thrombi increased as their fibrin content rose. The plasminogen concentration of the plasma from which they were made also influenced their subsequent lysis.The presence of plasma outside the thrombi contributed to their lysis only when the thrombi were small.No relationship was found between the lysis of artificial thrombi by urokinase and their solubility in 1 per cent monochloroacetic‐acid.The platelet content of the blood from which the thrombi were made did not influence the lysis of their fibrin component.
The Effect of Dietary Folate Deficiency on the Synthesis of Methylcobalamin in the Chick
Authors: Lindstrand K. , Anderson B. B. , Cowan J. D. , Coates M. E. , Hoffbrand A. V. 
Published: August 2010

The ratio of liver methylcobalamin to total liver vitamin B12 was estimated in a group of one‐week‐old chicks fed a folate‐free diet, and a group of three‐week‐old chicks fed a diet of insufficient folate content to allow normal growth but sufficient to delay mortality. The ratio in these groups was compared with those in control chicks fed a diet of adequate folate content.The ratio of liver methylcobalamin/total liver B12 was significantly lower in the one‐week‐old chicks fed a folate‐free diet, than in their controls, but the ratios in the three‐week‐old chicks fed a diet of limited folate content and their controls were similar.The significance of these findings is assessed and possible explanations for the inconsistency between the findings in the two folate deficient groups are discussed.
Folic Acid and Vitamin B12 in Tuberculosis
Authors: Markkanen T. , Levanto A. , Sallinen V. , Virtanen & S. 
Published: August 2010

The present investigation covered 231 tuberculous patients, 200 healthy control subjects and 65 patients of a medical ward.The folate levels in serum and whole blood proved to be lower among the tuberculous than in the control group. Oral folate clearance tests gave an abnormal result for two‐fifths of the tuberculous patients examined. Over half the number of the patients whose bone marrow was examined showed various degrees of intermediate megaloblastic changes, though none had such pronounced megaloblastic changes as are common in vitamin B12 deficiency. The patients who had mild or obvious megaloblastic changes in bone marrow also showed lower serum folate levels than those whose bone marrow was normal showed only minimal changes. The serum folate levels, however, varied considerably within all the groups of bone marrow types. The part played by antituberculous drugs (PAS‐INH) in the folate deficiency requires continued study. The serum levels of vitamin B12 in tuberculous patients were within the normal range.
Response of the Bone Marrow of the Vitamin E‐Deficient Rabbit to Coenzyme Q and Vitamin E
Authors: Ludwig Frederic C. , Elashoff Robert M. , Smith Jack L. , Scholler Jean , Farley Thomas M. , Folkers Karl 
Published: August 2010

The effect of hexahydrocoenzyme Q4 and of α‐tocopherol on the haemopoietic tissues of dystrophic rabbits on a vitamin E‐deficient diet has been studied. Animals receiving this diet supplemented with α‐tocopherol were still significantly subnormal compared with the pellet controls. The diet had a significantly depressive effect on bone marrow cell maturation and on myeloid precursor cell supply as well as on the growth rate. Both hexahydrocoenzyme Q4 and α‐tocopherol elicited a limited biological response in the bone marrow at the dose level administered. Neither therapy produced a haematological response corresponding to the cellular levels found in the pellet control group.Animals on the vitamin E‐deficient diet disclosed typical muscular lesions. Both hexahydrocoenzyme Q4 and α‐tocopherol had a beneficial effect on these muscular lesions.It is considered that the biological activity of α‐tocopherol is directly that of an antioxidant protecting the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q10 and that of hexahydrocoenzyme Q4 is essentially substitution for coenzyme Q10.
Methodological Problems in Testing of Platelet Adhesiveness
Authors: Cronberg Stig 
Published: August 2010

Various methods for testing platelet adhesiveness are discussed. A mathematical approach has demonstrated that the interstitial volume in a column with equal‐sized, spherical glass beads is not dependent on the size of the glass beads. The total surface is inversely proportional to the radius of the glass beads. Other parameters such as the mean circumference of the glass beads in a cross‐section of a column and the mean thickness of fluid can be calculated.Experiments with columns of various lengths and breadths, contact times, rates of flow, sampling times, size and nature of glass beads have been performed. The results stress the importance of the contact time of the platelets, while other parameters will slightly modify the effects. By fractionating sampling an enhancing principle of platelet adhesiveness was found in many experiments. Further investigations suggested that this was probably due to an accumulation of the R‐factor of Hellem, later demonstrated by him and collaborators as ADP.
Homozygous Hereditary Elliptocytosis as the Cause of Haemolytic Anemia in Infancy
Authors: Nielsen J. A. , Strunk K. W. 
Published: August 2010

Two fatal cases of severe anaemia in infancy with ellpitocytosis in a Danish family are described. The severe progression of the disease is due to homozygosity for the gene for elliptocytosis. A statistical analysis of the pedigree shows linkage between the gene for elliptocytosis and the Rh‐genes.A morphological difference between the heterozygous and the homozygous elliptocytosis is shown to be that the longest diameter of the erythrocytes is significantly shorter in homozygotes than in heterozygotes.The similarity between the heredity in elliptocytosis, thalassaemia, and sickle cell anaemia is shown.Following splenectomy the haemolysis in propositus is compensated.
A Modification of The Technique for 51Cr‐Labelling of Blood Platelets Giving Increased Circulating Platelet Radioactivity
Authors: Abrahamsen Arne Foss 
Published: August 2010

The influence of temperature, pH, incubation medium, and incubation time on the uptake of 51Cr by platelets was studied. The uptake of 51Cr proceeded for at least 4 hours, most rapid in a modified Ringer solution. The rate of uptake increased with temperature up to 37° C., with platelet number up to 1–2 times 106/μl. and with concentration of 51Cr, but was reduced by a surface‐active agent Triton WR 1339.Based on these observations, a modified technique for 51Cr‐labelling of platelets is presented. Provided the platelet count is normal, removal of only 120 ml. of blood from the patient is necessary. Even in severe thrombocytopenia, survival of autologous platelets can be estimated by the present method.
A New Type of Inclusion Bodies in Lymphocytes
Authors: HOVIG T. , JEREMIC M. , STAVEM P. 
Published: August 2010

Inclusion bodies could be demonstrated in about 8 per cent of circulating lymphocytes from a female, age 70, suffering from chronic rheumatoid arthritis and leukopenia. By light microscopy the inclusions, which measured about 1 to 4 μ. in diameter, gave a reddish‐purple colour with May‐Grünwald Giemsa stain. They were faintly stained with Sudan black or PAS, but were not stained with Toluidine blue, Feulgen, or Methyl green pyronine. By electron microscopy bundles of tubules localized in cytoplasmic vacuoles or in the cytoplasmic matrix could be demonstrated. The outer diameter of each single tubule was approximately 420 Å, and the diameter of its surrounding membrane was 140 Å. The single tubule or bundles of tubules were often coiled. The mitochondria were sometimes arranged along the periphery of the inclusions.Similar inclusions were not found in other members of the patient's family, and it is suggested that the inclusions are related to the disease(s) and/or treatment of the patient.
IgD‐Myelomatosis. Report of a Case
Authors: DAMMACCO FRANCO , BONOMO LORENZO 
Published: August 2010

A case of IgD‐myeloma is described. Severe renal failure and chronic biliary disease were the main clinical features. The serum electrophoretic pattern exhibited a narrow‐banded myelomatous protein migrating in the fast gammaglobulin region, and an additional, rudimentary spike with gamma‐2 mobility. Bence Jones protein was detected in both serum and urine of the patient. The main M‐component was identified by immuno‐electrophoresis as belonging to the newly recognized IgD class.Light chain antigenic determinants of both the myeloma protein and the urinary Bence Jones protein were of type kappa.Relationships between chronic biliary‐tract disease and monoclonal gammapathies are briefly discussed. Moreover, the interest of the diclonal serological abnormality, resembling the IgD‐IgG type gammapathy, is emphasized.