bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A preliminary survey of the epidemiology of bluetongue in Kenya
Authors: Walker A. R. , Davies F. G. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA survey of the species composition and distribution of the Culicoides midge populations at a range of sites where bluetongue is enzootic isolated a group of dominant species: C. cornutus, C. grahamii, C. magnus, C. milnei, C. pallidipennis and C. 23.† Monthly light-trap sampling of Culicoides showed that the population densities of the dominant species greatly increased after the rain seasons and that these species concentrated around flocks of sheep and cattle. The larval habitats of C. cornutus and C. pallidipennis were found associated with stock pens. Precipitin tests on blood-fed Culicoides showed that most of the dominant species regularly feed on sheep and cattle. Bluetongue virus was isolated from C. milnei, C. pallidipennis and C. 23. Serological surveys of wild and domestic bovids from the enzootic area showed a high proportion with antibody to bluetongue virus. The colonization of C. cornutus, a potential vector, is described briefly. A causal relationship between peak rainfall in April-May, peak numbers of Culicoides in May-June and peak bluetongue incidence in June-July is postulated. The vector status of the above species and C. austeni was evaluated.
Prevalence of cytomegalovirus in France
Authors: Jeddi M. , Gaudin O. G. , Sohier R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYBetween October 1968 and February 1970, 30 strains of cytomegalovirus were isolated from the urine of children admitted to hospitals in Lyon. Three groups of children up to the age of 14 years have been investigated.The first group consisted of 304 newborns and infants up to the age of 1 year; cytomegalovirus was grown from five of these (1·6%). Among these five children, two had cerebral disorders. None of them had ever shown any sign of typical CMV infection.The second group comprised 102 children between the ages of 1 and 14 years, from a special service for neurological and mental diseases. Cytomegalovirus was grown from 19 (18·6%).The third group was 27 children also between 1 and 14 years of age, admitted to hospital for miscellaneous diseases excluding cerebral disorders; cytomegalovirus was grown from six (22·2%).It appears that cytomegalovirus has a very low incidence in neonatal disease. The virus spreads at a higher rate in children 1–14 years old. No difference has so far been shown in the excretion rates of two groups of children, one with cerebral disorders and one with other diseases, but the number of children in the last group is too small to allow definite conclusions to be drawn.
A reappraisal of the role of mosquitoes in the transmission of myxomatosis in Britain
Authors: Service M. W. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYField experiments were made in southern England to re-examine the possibility that mosquitoes in Britain might feed on wild rabbits and hence be vectors of myxomatosis. Mosquitoes of several species were attracted to rabbits enclosed hi cylindrical traps and in a trap in which the animal was placed in a wire mesh cage. Substantial numbers of mosquitoes were also caught biting, or attempting to bite, tethered rabbits which were not in cages or traps. Evidence that mosquitoes fed on wild rabbits under natural conditions was obtained from results of precipitin tests made on blood-smears collected from mosquitoes caught resting amongst vegetation. On a few evenings mosquitoes were seen to be attracted to healthy wild rabbits and apparently attempting to feed on them. Batches of two mosquito species collected from the field were infected with myxoma virus.It was concluded that contrary to previous beliefs mosquitoes in Britain feed to a certain extent on wild rabbits, and therefore are potential vectors of myxomatosis. No attempts were made to assess their relative importance in the transmission of the disease, which in Britain is transmitted mainly by the rabbit flea.
An evaluation of the efficiency of cleaning methods in a bacon factory
Authors: Dempster J. F. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe germicidal efficiencies of hot water (140–150° F.) under pressure (method 1), hot water + 2% (w/v) detergent solution (method 2) and hot water + detergent + 200 p.p.m. solution of available chlorine (method 3) were compared at six sites in a bacon factory. Results indicated that sites 1 and 2 (tiled walls) were satisfactorily cleaned by each method. It was therefore considered more economical to clean such surfaces routinely by method 1. However, this method was much less efficient (31 % survival of micro-organisms) on site 3 (wooden surface) than methods 2 (7% survival) and 3 (1% survival). Likewise the remaining sites (debarring machine, black scraper and table) were least efficiently cleaned by method 1. The most satisfactory results were obtained when these surfaces were treated by method 3.Pig carcasses were shown to be contaminated by an improperly cleaned black scraper. Repeated cleaning and sterilizing (method 3) of this equipment reduced the contamination on carcasses from about 70 % to less than 10 %.
Mosquito-borne infections in Fiji: III. Filariasis in northern Fiji: epidemiological evidence regarding the mechanisms of pathogenesis
Authors: Mataika J. U. , Dando B. C. , Spears G. F. S. , Macnamara F. N. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYDuring a filariasis survey conducted in northern Fiji in 1968–9 examinations were made for microfilaraemia, enlarged lymph nodes and elephantiasis. Analysis of the microfilarial densities at different ages and the number of anatomical sites showing lymph gland enlargement or elephantiasis have been used to provide evidence on the clustering of infections and pathogenesis.Although there is no evidence of clustering of risk of infection, there is evidence favouring the clustering of adult filariae in individuals. Nevertheless the number of sites of lymph node enlargement do not correspond with this finding and statistical evidence suggests that lymph-node enlargement is not necessarily associated with the near presence in the body of adult filariae, whether dead or alive.Males of Indian ethnic origin showed a higher prevalence of elephantiasis than males of Fijian ethnic origin, but women of either ethnic race showed prevalences lower than those of men.The onset of elephantiasis at a site does not directly reflect the number of infections sustained in the local area, but it appears that filariasis first induces for a limited period a proneness to elephantiasis. During this period a random and discrete event may induce the onset of elephantiasis. The nature of the event is unknown, but it probably is not trauma.
Persistence of antibody after subcutaneous vaccination with Wistar RA 27/3 rubella vaccine
Authors: Hillary Irene B. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAfter subcutaneous vaccination of rubella sero-negative children with Wistar RA 27/3 rubella vaccine, haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody titres were compared in sera taken 46 days and 2 years after vaccination. Antibody titres were well maintained in the absence of any known exposure to natural infection.
The comparative susceptibility of hysterectomy-produced, colostrum-deprived pigs and naturally born, enzootic-pneumonia-free pigs to enzootic pneumonia
Authors: Goodwin R. F. W. , Whittlestone P. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYHysterectomy-produced, colostrum-deprived (HPCD) pigs and naturally born, enzootic-pneumonia-free (EPF) pigs were compared with respect to their susceptibility to two strains of enzootic pneumonia induced by intranasal inoculation of suspensions of ground pneumonic tissue. All but one of the HPCD pigs developed enzootic pneumonia, whereas the EPF pigs commonly failed to develop the disease; secondly, the pneumonic lesions were more extensive in the HPCD pigs.When the dose of inoculum was increased in EPF pigs, the resulting pneumonic areas were larger.In a small, in-contact experiment the disease was also more readily transmitted to HPCD pigs than to EPF pigs.
Sero-epidemiological survey on Yaba and 1211 virus infections among several species of monkeys
Authors: Tsuchiya Y. , Tagaya I. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe distribution of neutralizing antibody to Yaba virus and 1211 agent in the sera of three Asian and one African monkey species was examined.Cynomolgus (Macaca irus), bonnet (M. radiata) and rhesus (M. mulatta) monkeys possessed antibody to Yaba virus at incidences of 19·9, 8·4 and 0%, respectively. In African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) the incidence was as high as 76·4%.As for 1211 agent, no Asian monkeys had neutralizing antibody and 5·5% of African green monkey sera neutralized the virus.
Protective isolation in single-bed rooms: studies in a modified hospital ward
Authors: Ayliffe G. A. J. , Collins B. J. , Lowbury E. J. L. , Wall Mary 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYStudies were made in a modified hospital ward containing 19 beds, 14 of them in the open ward, one in a window-ventilated side-room, two in rooms with partial-recirculation ventilators giving 7–10 air changes per hour, and two in self-contained isolation suites with plenum ventilation (20 air changes per hour), ultra-violet (UV) barriers at doorways and airlocks.Preliminary tests with aerosols of tracer bacteria showed that few bacteria entered the plenum or recirculation-ventilated rooms. Bacteria released inside mechanically ventilated cubicles escaped into the corridor, but this transfer was reduced by the presence of an airlock. UV barriers at the entrance to the airlock and the cubicle reduced the transfer of bacteria from cubicle to corridor.During a period of 4 years while the ward was in use for surgical and gynaecological patients, the incidence of post-operative sepsis and colonization of wounds by multiple-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was lower (though not significantly lower) in the plenum-ventilated rooms than in the open ward, the recirculator-ventilated cubicles and the window-ventilated cubicles. Nasal acquisition of multiple-resistant Staph. aureus was significantly less common in the plenum-ventilated than in the recirculator-ventilated cubicles and in the other areas. Mean counts of bacteria on settle-plates were significantly lower in the plenum-ventilated cubicles than in the other areas; mean settle-plate counts in the recirculator-ventilated cubicles were significantly lower than in the open ward and in the window-ventilated side-room; similar results were shown by slit-sampling of air. Mean settle-plate counts were significantly lower in all areas when the ward was occupied by female patients. Staph. aureus was rarely carried by air from plenum-ventilated or other cubicles to the open ward, or from the open ward to the cubicles; though staphylococci were transferred from one floor area to another, they did not appear to be redispersed into the air in sufficient numbers to infect the patients. Ultra-violet irradiation caused a significant reduction in the total and staphylococcal counts from the floors of airlocks, and a significant reduction of total counts in the air.
Criteria for measuring the efficacy of trachoma vaccines in baboons
Authors: Collier L. H. , Lightman Elaine 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYTrachoma vaccines are usually assayed by testing their ability to protect monkeys or baboons against subsequent challenge of the conjunctiva with a pathogenic strain of trachoma/inclusion conjunctivitis (TRIC) agent. In such experiments the course of infection in vaccinated baboons was compared in terms of arbitrary scores assigned to a range of clinical signs, and of counts of TRIC inclusions in conjunctival scrapings. Analysis of many such scores indicated that after a large challenge dose of strain MRC-4s, the scores for signs of inflammation reached their maximum earlier than the follicle score; the inflammation score was closely related to the number of inclusions, whereas the follicle score was not. With this system, the optimum periods for eliciting differences between vaccinated and control measures varied according to the sign used; it was later for follicles than for inflammation or inclusions. For assessing the influence of vaccination, the mean of the inflammation scores read weekly for the first 3 weeks after challenge and the mean inclusion score over the same period were equally satisfactory, and either was rather better than the mean of three follicle scores taken over the period 3–6 weeks.For assessing the influence of vaccines or therapeutic agents on experimental trachoma it is important to determine which signs discriminate best between treated and control animals, and the optimum times for measuring them.
Enteritis due toSalmonella panamafrom infected ham
Authors: Bailey G. K. , Fraser P. K. , Ward C. P. , Bouttell G. , Kinnear E. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAfter the appearance of sporadic cases of enteritis due toSalmonella panama, baked ham from one supplier was implicated as the source of infection. No pathogenic organisms were isolated from the working surfaces of the factory involved or from samples of a day's bacon output, butS. panamawas isolated from the factory sewers. Stool examinations of the 500 employees showed one man in the baked ham section to be excretingS. panama. He was removed from work and no further infections were reported from the district. The organism could no longer be found in the sewers.Some weeks later, further infections were reported in the London and Southend areas, which could be traced to ham from the original source. Sewer swabs at the factory were again positive. A further examination of all the employees revealed three cases and 82 symptomless excretors. Eight of 192 family contacts were also found to be excretors. Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole appeared to have no effect on the carrier state.Examination of the hams in cold store showed some to be infected withS. panama, and a number of these had been consumed in the canteen.Subsequent examination of pigs at slaughter and pig food prepared locally failed to isolateS. panama. The source of infection at the factory is unknown.
Salmonella aberdeen infection in cattle associated with human sewage
Authors: Bicknell S. R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSalmonella aberdeen was established as the cause of illness in 30 out of a herd of 90 milking cows. The illness was only moderately severe, and all animals responded to treatment.The source of infection was considered to be human sewage effluent overflowing onto grazingland. There was no report of human infection in the area from which the effluent came.
Screening for transmission of hepatitis within a liver unit
Authors: Bentley P. , Haynes D. , Sharpstone P. , Taylor P. E. , Zuckerman A. J. , Williams R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYDetailed screening of the patients and staff in a unit specializing in liver disease was carried out over a year to ascertain whether transmission of the serum hepatitis virus was occurring and whether the situation was comparable in any way to that found in a Renal Haemodialysis Unit. Of the 154 patients with liver disease tested on admission, 6% were found to have Australia antigen in the serum and throughout the year there were rarely less than two patients in the ward at any one time with positive serum. No instances of clinical hepatitis were detected in the other patients following their stay in the ward or in their attendant medical, nursing and lay staff. Six staff members were found to have Australia antigen in their serum. In four of these, all nurses, it was present in the first sample tested and so the infection may have been acquired earlier. Temporary elevations in both plasma bilirubin and serum aspartate aminotransferase levels were found in another five staff members whose serum was negative for Australia antigen and who clinically were well. In a further eight and apparently healthy staff members, an isolated but persistent elevation of the plasma bilirubin was noted. In both groups these changes could represent the spread of subclinical infectious hepatitis and it is recommended that in units dealing with ‘liver patients’ not only should considerable care be taken during diagnostic and therapeutic procedures but the medical and nursing staff should be screened at regular intervals.
Coronavirus antibody titres in sera of healthy adults and experimentally infected volunteers
Authors: Bradburne A. F. , Somerset B. A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSix coronaviruses isolated in the U.S.A. have been inoculated into volunteers and all produced colds. Between 10 and 20 % of infected volunteers developed heterologous antibody responses after these and other experimental infections with coronaviruses. The haemagglutination-inhibition test with the OC43 virus strain was found to detect antibody rises after infection with a variety of strains.Studies on normal adult sera taken between 1965 and 1970 revealed a high frequency of neutralizing antibody to one strain (229E) and a frequency of HI antibody to strain OC43 which fluctuated from year to year. Complement-fixing antibodies to these two viruses were also found, revealing an apparent increase in the activity of coronaviruses in the general population of the U.K., during the winter of 1968–9.
The control by ventilation of airborne bacterial transfer between hospital patients, and its assessment by means of a particle tracer: I. An airborne-particle tracer for cross-infection studies
Authors: Foord N. , Lidwell O. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA simple and convenient particle tracer for studies of the effectiveness of isolation units and other places in limiting the airborne transfer of bacteria is described. Particles of potassium iodide 7–8 µm. diameter are generated by spraying from solution and collected on membrane filters. The particles can be identified by development with 0·1 % acid palladium chloride solution, when dark brown spots approximately 100 µm. in diameter are produced.
The control by ventilation of airborne bacterial transfer between hospital patients, and its assessment by means of a particle tracer: II. Ventilation in subdivided isolation units
Authors: Lidwell O. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYValues are deduced for the efficiency of isolation against airborne particulates, e.g. micro-organisms, of a variety of ventilation systems. The calculated values show reasonable correspondence with the limited experimental data available. Much better control and indication of the air flow is necessary if high degrees of isolation are required.
Colonization resistance of the digestive tract and the spread of bacteria to the lymphatic organs in mice
Authors: van der Waaij D. , Berghuis-de Vries J. M. , Lekkerkerk-van der Wees J. E. C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAfter oral contamination of conventional mice with high doses ofEscherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniaeorPseudomonas aeruginosathe contaminant was recovered in abnormally high concentrations from the duodenum and caecum during the first few days. In this initial colonization phase, evidence of spread was obtained by culturing the cervical and mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen. Longer after contamination the intestinal concentration decreased to normal and spread stopped. In orally antibiotic-treated mice, the situation seen during the initial colonization phase in conventional mice occurred after a much lower oral contamination dose and persisted during the entire observation period of 2 weeks.
Specificity of early protective responses induced by pseudomonas vaccines
Authors: Jones R. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA single inoculation of pseudomonas vaccine protected mice against a 1 LD 100 challenge by nine different serotypes ofPseudomonas aeruginosa, 4 days after vaccination. Three inoculations of the same vaccine, given on consecutive days, protected mice for a longer time, against challenge by a wide range ofPs. aeruginosaserotypes, than the single inoculation of vaccine. The amount of vaccine inoculated only marginally influenced the non-specific response. F1 vaccines from eight serotypes ofPs. aeruginosaeach induced protection against a different range of serotypes.
The mechanism of cross-protection afforded by dengue virus against West Nile virus in hamsters
Authors: Price Winston H. , Thind Inderjit S. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe protection afforded by similar concentrations of different dengue virus serotypes against a subsequent challenge of West Nile virus was studied in hamsters. The New Guinea C strain of dengue 2 virus gave the best protection. It was found that the anamnestic neutralizing antibody response induced by the challenge West Nile virus against West Nile virus in hamsters, previously immunized with dengue 2 virus, might play a major role in the cross-protection observed in this system.
Studies on respiratory immunization with tetanus toxoid: The role of adjuvants
Authors: Bartlema H. C. , Braunius Rientsje , Hölscher Lily 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAerosol vaccination of mice with purified plain tetanus toxoid does not induce an immune response unless a suitable adjuvant is added.Aluminium phosphate is without effect by aerosol treatment. Killed cells ofKlebsiella pneumoniae, although effective, are unsatisfactory owing to the long inhalation period needed.KilledBordetella perussiscells were found to be an excellent adjuvant. A single aerosol treatment with a toxoid-B. pertussismixture during a moderate exposure period evoked a considerable immune response. With repeated aerosol treatment of primed mice the addition of adjuvant is not required; booster treatment with plain toxoid is at least as effective.Extracts fromB. pertussiscells exert as good an adjuvant effect as the whole-cell vaccine. The remaining cell-wall debris also appears to be an active adjuvant.In combination with constant doses of adjuvant (108B. pertussiscells), the 50 % protective doses (ED 50) of toxoid were determined by inhalation and by s.c. injection and were found to be 0·1875 and 0·0625 LFU respectively. This would imply that, as a result of the adjuvant action, the s.c. ED 50 is reduced by approximately a factor of 20; whereas the respiratory ED 50 is decreased by at least a factor of 100.It is suggested that the much more pronounced adjuvant activity in aerosol immunization is associated with the induction of strong cell-mediated hypersensitivity in the respiratory tract.
Passive protection of mice against intracerebral infections with Bordetella pertussis
Authors: Dolby Jean M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe passive protection of mice against an intracerebral infection with Bordetella pertussis, by antiserum introduced directly into the brain with the infecting organisms, was compared with the protection afforded by intraperitoneal antiserum. The antibody effective by the intracerebral route is that which is adsorbed onto the infecting organisms, although it does not affect the viability of the organisms in vitro in the absence of complement.Passive protection against organisms introduced intracerebrally takes place in one of two ways, depending on the size of the challenge: (1) after 3–4 days' growth, the growth rate declines so that the number of organisms does not reach the figure lethal for the mouse; (2) the organisms do not appear to multiply, as their numbers decline from the moment of injection, so that the brain is sterile after 2 days.Many of the mice protected against a challenge of 50,000 organisms (ca. 100 LD50) by intraperitoneal or intracerebral antiserum recover by the first mechanism. The second mechanism operates after a smaller challenge of 5000 organisms (ca. 10 LD50), irrespective of whether the antiserum is given intracerebrally with the challenge, or intraperitoneally within several hours of challenge. Too much antiserum given intracerebrally with a 50,000 challenge, but not with a 5000 challenge, inhibits protection.In some mice, virulent antibody-treated organisms which have not been killed, grow very slowly over a long period, but are eventually eliminated from the brain.