bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Katsirea Irini 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Digitalization brought about the transformation of press products from printed newspapers to the now ubiquitous digital editions. This has been a technological development with far-reaching ramifications. This introductory chapter first discusses the implications of this transformation in the example of the legal dispute over the VAT exemption for online newspapers. It then traces the imprint of convergence on the existing regulatory models, questions their rationale, and debates the contentious relation between press freedom and regulation. It finally explains the merits of studying press regulation through a comparative lens and outlines the structure of this monograph.
Divergent Regulation, Convergent Media
Authors: Katsirea Irini 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Historically, different media have been subject to disparate regulatory models on account of their technological characteristics. The diverse conceptions of press and broadcasting have left an indelible imprint on media regulation, which has always vacillated between self-regulation and state control. The arrival of the internet has fundamentally transformed the two media sectors and has bridged the conceptual divides between them while exposing the tensions between their disparate regulatory frameworks. The vertical and horizontal integration of previously separate communications sectors unleashed by digitalization affects the ways in which audiences access content as well as their expectations across media. However, the different sectors that have come together in this multiplatform environment remain subject to divergent regulatory traditions. This chapter questions the likely direction of travel for the newest medium, the internet, and for the online press, asking whether the regulatory ruptures besetting the analogue world will be perpetuated online.
The Notion of the Press Now and Then
Authors: Katsirea Irini 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
One of the most disruptive aspects of the transformation from the printed to the digital press has been the disaggregation of the different components of a traditional newspaper. As a result of digitalization, internet users can find articles on specific topics with the help of news aggregators, search engines, and social media while bypassing the publishers’ actual sites. This disintermediation of news poses a risk for editorial integrity. It means that users can more easily sidestep public interest content. Online platforms have little incentive to prioritize public interest news given that algorithm-driven, sensationalist content, coupled with ‘click-bait’, is likely to boost news engagement. News organizations have also embraced algorithmic processes of news production, in an effort to simulate the practices of social media platforms and to remain relevant. This chapter discusses the impact of the disintermediation and personalization of news and of its dissemination by online intermediaries. It explores the increasingly press-like role performed by these intermediaries and certain salient regulatory attempts to reign in their power. Finally, it discusses the dissemination of press-like content by non-professional content creators and the German experiment at extending journalistic due diligence obligations to these actors without bestowing on them such attendant rights as may be required by their status.
Regulating the Press for Accuracy and Objectivity
Authors: Katsirea Irini 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Accuracy is a cardinal norm of journalistic practice. However, developments around the phenomenon of ‘fake news’ in recent times have sparked off an intense debate about whether mainstream media can live up to the ideal of accuracy. News organizations, faced with shrinking budgets and a fierce competition for readers, are often presented with a stark choice between speed and accuracy. In an age of viral news, the temptation is there to publish first and verify later. In the face of overall low levels of trust in professional media, many newsrooms have invested in hubs which fact-check user-generated content. At the same time, their own news reports are scrutinized—and occasionally suppressed—by online platforms and by external fact-checking sites, situated on the cusp between ‘traditional journalism and digital network logics’. This chapter will, first, examine the way in which the ethics of journalism have been interpreted by the European Court of Human Rights. Next, it will focus on the journalistic standards of accuracy and objectivity/impartiality in a comparative context. Furthermore, it will discuss the recent phenomenon of ‘fake news’, and the concomitant rise in scepticism about the accuracy and objectivity of news media, and in particular the press. Finally, it will ask whether there has been a shift in the editorial standards adhered to by news media and in their role and self-perception as guarantors of accuracy. The influence of online platforms and of fact-checking sites will be explored in this context.
Holding Online News Websites Liable for User Comments
Authors: Katsirea Irini 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Online forums, the modern-day equivalent of readers’ letters, have enhanced the capacity of readers to access the press. User comments have become a prevalent feature of journalism in the digital era as a way by which to increase democratic participation while boosting website traffic and enhancing brand loyalty. At the same time, vitriolic comments could become toxic to online news websites’ brand identity, thus alienating the very audience these are trying to appeal to. To tackle the problem of online incivility, news organizations have resorted to several strategies, ranging from the moderation of user comments and the ban on anonymity to the migration of public discussion to the outlets’ social media presence or, ultimately, the closure of online forums. Online news portals’ choice of preferred strategy has been influenced in recent times by the spectre of liability for hate speech and defamatory user comments. The extent to which online news portals should assume editorial responsibility and should be liable for user comments has been shaped by national law, by the E-Commerce Directive framework, and by the extensive and not entirely consistent body of case law developed by the European Court of Human Rights in this area. This chapter will discuss the liability of online news portals for user comments from an EU and comparative perspective before examining the criteria crafted by the European Court of Human Rights. Finally, it will consider the impact of online news platforms’ responsibility for user-generated content on press freedom.
Buoyant Clouds
Authors: Bluestein Howard B. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
What drives air motions in deep, precipitating convective clouds is described in this chapter, including the effects of positive and negative buoyancy and interactions of clouds with their environment. Cumulonimbus clouds and their ancillary cloud features are described in considerable detail, including their evolution, along with radar observations of them. The dynamics and thermodynamics of gust fronts and associated clouds are explained. Clouds that can produce severe, violent weather are also explored by the author. The structure and appearance of ordinary and multicell convective storms and supercell storms, and mesoscale convective systems, are detailed, along with radar observations of them.
The Future of Cloud Observing
Authors: Bluestein Howard B. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The following topics are briefly noted in the context of future observations of clouds: Webcams and crowdsourcing on the internet, cloud classification by artificial intelligence, cameras mounted on drones, stereo photography, infrared photography, electronically scanning radars, low-powered-radar networks, and cloud radars and lidars. The chapter also speculates on what the effects of climate change on clouds will be. When this happens, we expect that there will be a change in the frequency of occurrence of different types of clouds in many regions of our planet. Obviously, regions that become warmer may have fewer clouds containing ice crystals and vice versa.
Big Science and Society as Seen through Research Lenses
Authors: Nordberg Markus , Liyanage Shantha , Streit-Bianchi Marilena 
Published: May 2024

AbstractChapter 1 reviews concepts, literature, and the development of Big Science initiatives. It outlines the key and significant work contributing to Big Science initiatives. The chapter traces the evolution and progress of Big Science since its inception in 1961 with the Weinberg thesis on Reflection of Big Science, the role and purpose of Big Science contributions to fundamental scientific knowledge and its application for societal benefits. The chapter gives a systematic review of the literature, providing readers with a broader understanding of the values, goals, and purpose of Big Science organisations and experiments tracing their past, present, and future. The review covers theoretical and practical issues relevant to shared experiences and the challenges faced in the scientific, technological, administrative, or political nature of Big Science initiatives and how Big Science benefits manifest in modern society.
Leapfrogging into the Future
Authors: Benedikt Michael , Ellis John , Charitos Panagiotis , Liyanage Shantha 
Published: May 2024

AbstractChapter 5 discusses the open questions in particle physics that motivate the design of a post-LHC generation of colliders and experiments that could offer answers to these questions by pushing further back the luminosity and energy frontiers. Evolution in the very early stages of the history of the Universe is still a puzzle, as is its accelerating expansion. The LHC is designed to operate at 7.5 TeV (ultimate value) while the proposed FCCs would offer an intensity-frontier electron-positron collider (FCC-ee), followed by an energy frontier proton collider (FCC-hh) reaching 50 TeV per beam or reaching energies of 100 TeV. The chapter also outlines, complementary to FCC programmes, the non-accelerator experiment searchers to unveil the dark matter mystery and the way forward for designing and building scientific and technological solutions to implement the realisation of such a gigantic circular collider. The conceptual designs and tools to answer Big Science questions are known to be sources of innovation and FCC will follow the steps of LEP and LHC as the boundaries of accelerators and detector technologies are pushed to the limit.
Intentionality Deconstructed
Authors: Horowitz Amir 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Intentionality Deconstructed: An Anti-Realist Theory argues for the view that there are, and can be, no intentional states. We may put this view in terms of the truth of content ascriptions: Content ascriptions, in themselves, cannot be true or false—they lack truth conditions—for the concept of intentionality is flawed. Nonetheless, content ascriptions have truth conditions and can be true (or possess a related epistemic merit) relative to practices of content ascription. The suggested view does not deny the existence of those mental states standardly considered intentional, notably the so-called propositional attitudes; it affirms it. That is, the book defends the existence of those states with the properties usually attributed to them, but absent intentional properties. Specifically, it is argued that the so-called propositional attitudes possess logico-syntactic properties. The postulation of such properties plays an important role in addressing the challenge of reconciling intentional anti-realism with beliefs being true or having substitute epistemic merits, the argument from the predictive and explanatory success of content ascription for intentional realism, and the cognitive suicide objection to views that deny intentionality. As part of the rejection of this final objection, intentional anti-realism is presented as a radical view, which replaces traditional talk of content ascriptions with talk of “quoted” logico-syntactic structures, but which can yet give clear sense to its dispute with its rivals as well as to its own superiority.
Against Naturalistic Reductions of Intentionality
Authors: Horowitz Amir 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 criticizes the very idea of a naturalistic reduction of intentionality. The chapter examines possible models for this approach. The first is the scientific model of reduction, as in the water–H2O case. It is argued that this model is inapplicable to the case of intentionality because in this case there is no analogue to the reduced macro property: we cannot identify an explanandum that can both be reduced to external relations and fit intentional realism. Second, the chapter attends to the conceptualist model, according to which it is the concept of intentionality (or of reference etc.) that determines some naturalistic relation as the intentional relation. It is argued that this option leaves aboutness out. A related argument against the very idea of naturalistic reductions of intentionality is then presented, according to which the difficulty of singling out the intentional relation among the many world–mind naturalistic relations is insurmountable.
Solidarity as a Bridge towards Interspecies Justice?
Authors: Blattner Charlotte E. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
While bottom-up manifestations of solidarity vis-à-vis animals are thriving, acts of civic solidarity exercised through the law in a top-down manner are few and far between. This chapter explores the argumentative rationales and possible contours of a more fully fledged account of interspecies solidarity for and with other animals. It argues that civic solidarity through law is long overdue, as part of a reciprocal relationship (and considering that we have been free-riding on animals’ labour for centuries) and to stabilize growing discontent about how we treat other animals. Though the precise content of civic solidarity vis-à-vis animals is yet to be determined, critical drivers include enabling clauses, the freezing of subsidies (most patently subsidies for animal products), divestment, the introduction of fundamental rights that protect animals from the encroachment of state action and those of third parties, and their positive rights to protection, provision, and participation. As part of this quest for pro-solidaristic interspecies laws, this chapter also argues for social rights to which animals are entitled including, notably, workers’ rights and related rights, such as the right to leisure time, right to maternity and parental leave, healthcare provisions, access to services of general economic interest, and a recognition of animals as agents who are themselves entitled to environmental and consumer protection.
Beauty
Authors: Heath J. M. F. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Taste is traditionally closely associated with the judgement of beauty, although Bourdieu reduced this too to a social commodity. Beauty has been important in Christian accounts of taste, wherein it is normally emphasized that Christian taste means acquiring a taste for divine beauty made visible in Christ. Clement focuses on drawing people away from forms of beauty that elicit appetite for wealth or sexual desire, and turning their attention to beauty that is manifest in the human being who is perfectly formed through divine creation, clearly visible through Christ. This Christian ideal of the perfect human person is a counterpart to Hellenistic philosophical speculation about the sage, and to Plato’s ideal of forming a beautiful statue as a model for the beautiful city, both of which are further developed in the Stromateis. In presenting this ideal, Clement develops a new, Christian style of ekphrasis.
Love
Authors: Heath J. M. F. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The development of taste is fundamentally an ordering of loves. Discussions of Christian taste typically give attention to this, although it is not well brought into focus in Bourdieu. The present chapter draws out this strand from the earlier chapters, in order to show that Clement’s account of the Christian judgement of taste orders different styles of love for God and neighbour, which are structured through imagery of love within varied relationships. This in turn enables us to critique how the theology of desire has been dealt with in some modern studies of patristic tradition, especially Behr and Coakley, who give too much attention to sexuality. Clement offers a richer theology of love imagined in light of child-parent relationships and flourishing civic relationships.
Terrorism as Underground Political Violence
Authors: De la Calle Luis , Sánchez-Cuenca Ignacio 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents and elaborates the main claim of the book, namely that terrorism should be understood as underground violence rather than civilian victimization or coercive violence. What makes terrorism unique is that it does not require physical occupation or control of space. Terrorism is intrinsically linked to secret, covert action. Most insurgent violence, by contrast, is about gaining territorial control. This conceptualization is developed in several directions to make sense of some unique features of terrorism, such as its international dimension, the possibility of lone-actors, and state terrorism as covert repression. Moreover, a conceptual map on terrorism is provided, examining the various combinations of types of perpetrators and types of tactics. This makes room for the possibility of insurgencies with territorial control committing terrorist attacks when they act in the enemy’s territory.
Asymmetry, Territorial Control, and Rebel Tactics
Authors: De la Calle Luis , Sánchez-Cuenca Ignacio 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
It follows from the conception of terrorism as underground violence that terrorism is most likely in contexts marked by high asymmetry between the parties. Terrorist violence is expected when the perpetrators of the violence are significantly weaker than the enemy. Asymmetry in power is what forces armed groups to go underground (in the actor-sense) and to use the indirect tactics associated with terrorism (in the action-sense). Thus, in the actor-sense, the greater the asymmetry between the parties, the more likely it is that the weaker one is underground. This leads into an important conjecture that is nicely confirmed by the data: underground groups are more likely in countries with middle levels of development. In the action sense, a strong correlation is found between lower capabilities (captured by absence of territorial control) and the choice of indirect tactics: when perpetrators do not control territory, they carry out more bombings and assassinations.
Introduction
Authors: Ergene Boğaç A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The introduction is largely devoted to surveying Ottoman and non-Ottoman scholarships on public office corruption to identify strategies for properly contextualizing this notion in the premodern Ottoman world. In doing so, the chapter engages with various perspectives on the topic in Ottoman and non-Ottoman historiographies while highlighting distinctive approaches and insights from other disciplines. A key argument of the introduction is that any attempt to historicize corruption requires an appreciation of both the long-term continuities in some of its connotations and the significant shifts in others. The final part of the introduction provides synopses of the chapters that follow.
Corruption in Ottoman Political Literature
Authors: Ergene Boğaç A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The chapter focuses on the treatment of corruption in premodern Ottoman political literature. The genre includes commentaries on political ethics, advice literature, chronicles, and reform treaties. The chapter examines the relevant texts chronologically: it distinguishes between writings composed before and after the sixteenth century. This temporal threshold corresponds to the major bureaucratic-administrative transformation of the polity, which explains the emergence of new perspectives on corruption in later times. While authors in the first group tend to associate many relevant transgressions with state centralization, those in the second group relate them to the sale of offices, improper appointments to government posts, undue oppression of taxpayers through excessive extraction, and class mixing. The chapter also identifies discernible variations within the second group of texts and identifies those that display prominently pietistic and pragmatic inclinations in their engagements with the notion of corruption.
On the Morality of Patronage
Authors: Ergene Boğaç A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Drawing on scholarly research on patronage networks in a variety of European settings, this chapter examines the ways in which Ottoman jurists, political commentators, and state officials defined the morality of patronage and favoritism. This topic has received little scholarly attention, although many researchers have previously addressed the notion of protective affiliation (intisab) involving patrons and clients of different social and political statuses. The discussion focuses on the Ottoman religious establishment (ilmiye) primarily because of the extensive secondary scholarship on this realm of Ottoman society. The chapter challenges the dominant scholarly narrative that normalizes nepotistic behavior in the premodern context and offers a more nuanced perspective.
On the X-ray efficiency of the white dwarf pulsar candidate ZTF J190132.9+145808.7
Authors: Bamba Aya , Terada Yukikatsu , Kashiyama Kazumi , Kisaka Shota , Minami Takahiro , Takahashi Tadayuki 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Strongly magnetized, rapidly rotating massive white dwarfs (WDs) emerge as potential outcomes of double degenerate mergers. These WDs can act as sources of non-thermal emission and cosmic rays, gethering attention as WD pulsars. In this context, we studied the X-ray emissions from ZTF J190132.9+145808.7 (hereafter ZTF J1901+14), a notable massive isolated WD in the Galaxy, using the Chandra X-ray observatory. Our results showed 3.5σ level evidence of X-ray signals, although it is marginal. Under the assumption of a photon index of 2, we derived its intrinsic flux to be 2.3 (0.9–4.7) × 10−15 erg cm−2 s−1 and luminosity 4.6 (2.0–9.5) × 1026 erg s−1 for a 0.5–7 keV band in the $90\%$ confidence range, given its distance of 41 pc. We derived the X-ray efficiency (η) concerning the spin-down luminosity to be 0.012 (0.0022–0.074), a value comparable to that of ordinary neutron star pulsars. The inferred X-ray luminosity may be compatible with curvature radiation from sub-TeV electrons accelerated within open magnetic fields in the magnetosphere of ZTF J1901+14. Conducting more extensive X-ray observations is crucial to confirm whether ZTF J1901+14-like isolated WDs are also significant sources of X-rays and sub-TeV electron cosmic rays, similar to other WD pulsars in accreting systems.