bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International Law and International Relations
Authors: Simmons Beth 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
International law is a set of rules intended to bind states in their relationships with each other. It is largely designed to apply to states, both to constrain (the laws of war) and to empower them (law of sovereignty). Increasingly, international law has been codified, so that today most international obligations are contained in treaty form, although historically customary international law played a relatively more important role than it does today. The role of international law in informing foreign policy decision making has waxed and waned over the course of the past century. It has also varied significantly across countries. It is striking the extent to which international interactions have become reflected in and regulated by formal state-to-state agreements. This article examines international law and international relations, multilateral treaties, political theories of international law (realism, rational/functionalist theories, constructivist approaches), and legal agreements. It also discusses the implementation, compliance, and effectiveness of international law.
The Globalization of the Law
Authors: Garth Bryant G. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The “globalization of the law” became a central topic in legal and social science scholarship in the 1980s. The topic refers to “legalization” diffused into two related kinds of domains. First, it refers to the development of and enhanced role for legal rules and procedures in transnational political and economic matters. Second, the topic refers to the increased importance of the domestic “rule of law” in countries throughout the world. The prominence of the United States in the recent story of the globalization of law supports the analogy between the globalization of law and the history of colonialism. Both the strong position of lawyers after World War II in the United States and their ideological orientation reflected an historical pattern that manifested itself early in U.S. foreign policy. This article discusses the globalization of law as well as international trade and the World Trade Organization, international human rights, import and export, and the future of anti-colonial colonialism as the globalization of law.
Litigation and Legal Mobilization
Authors: McCann Michael 
Published: September 2009

AbstractStudies of legal mobilization have made important contributions to social science analysis of law over the last three decades. This article briefly reviews that tradition, emphasizing its basic underlying premises and insights as well as the sources of diversity and even contestation within the legacy. It then examines in greater detail several of these important lines of inquiry within the tradition. The article also discusses the historical context of scholarly interest in legal mobilization, the micropolitics of individual legal mobilization, and group struggle and social reform. Finally, it suggests some of the most fruitful paths of future scholarship regarding litigation and legal mobilization.
Introduction
Authors: Cartwright Susan , Cooper Cary L. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The success of an organization is invariably judged on the basis of its financial performance and its ability to provide high-quality goods and services over time. In a changing internal and external environment, the financial health of an organization is increasingly dependent on the extent to which an organization and its members are able to transform and adapt to these changing circumstances more effectively than their competitors. Physical health and well-being are determined by a range of social, psychological, and biological factors and are conceptualized as resources that allow people to lead individually, socially, and economically productive lives. The aim of this book, in focusing on organizational well-being, in its widest sense, is to review the factors which are associated with ill-health as well as those which promote positive health and well-being.
The Ethics of Realism
Authors: Donnelly Jack 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article focuses on the standard realist argument that international politics ‘is a practical exercise and not a moral one’, that ‘no ethical standards are applicable to relations between states’, and that ‘universal moral principles cannot be applied to the actions of states’. The article also looks at the idea that the ‘reality’ of international politics ‘justifies and necessitates political policies which a purely individualistic ethic must always find embarrassing’. It is shown that such categorical denials of the ethical dimension of international relations, although rooted in important insights, are both descriptively inaccurate and prescriptively perverse. Realism is best read as a cautionary ethic of political prudence rooted in a narrow yet insightful vision of international politics.
Marxism
Authors: Teschke Benno 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article discusses how Marxism produces some of the most trenchant challenges to mainstream international relations theory and general social science. Marx and Engels left a problematic legacy for theorizing international relations because of their neglect of inter-spatial relations and alterations in political geographies for processes of social reproduction. This ‘geopolitical deficiency’ still haunts the collective Marxist imagination. If significant progress has been made to rectify this defect, the tradition still stands in need of devising a theoretical framework wide and open-ended enough to conceptualize the nexus between social reproduction, power, and inter-spatial relations across the entire spectrum of human history.
Foreign‐Policy Decision‐Making
Authors: Stuart Douglas T. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article begins with some background information on the development of the subfield of foreign-policy decision-making, with a particular emphasis on why and how this subfield took root in the United States in the interwar period. It then surveys some of the important orienting statements by pioneers in the subfield of foreign-policy decision-making. Next, it focuses on the independent, intervening, and dependent variables that have received most of the scholarly attention over the last five decades. It concludes with some comments on the state of the subfield today, and the challenges and opportunities that are likely to confront students of foreign-policy decision-making during the next few years.
Performance Management
Authors: Talbot Colin 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDiscussions of the performance of government have existed as long as government itself. Rulers—even autocratic ones—have usually sought to justify their rule by showing how it is beneficial to the ruled. In many modern democracies this has developed into a political theatre of performance where competing parties promise voters that their policies will deliver their version of “the good life”. This article starts by asking: Where does performance take place—with programs, organizations, or people? It then outlines some of the justifications and doctrines that have been developed in support of performance measurement and reporting and examines some of the counter-arguments which are typically advanced. The article then turns to examining some commonly employed models of performance and discusses performance audit. Finally, it examines what new challenges are on the horizon.
Budget and Accounting Reforms
Authors: Rubin Irene S. , Kelly Joanne 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article examines what reforms have been proposed, what they are intended to accomplish, and how they are working out. The result of the survey and analysis conducted is somewhat messy if informative. The amount and quality of information available in different countries varies enormously. Failed reforms have often been ignored by researchers, biasing the existing reports in a positive direction. Reforms have been in place for different amounts of time in different countries, and some have been only partly implemented, adding to the difficulty of comparing them. Finally, the large number of countries engaged in such reforms has led to some selectivity in the presentation, making the results less than neat. This article then illustrates an interim report on an ongoing set of processes in a limited number of countries, based on the literature and on first-hand observations offered by scholars and practitioners in a number of countries.
The Gravity Equation in International Trade
Authors: Fratianni Michele 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article aims to explain trade flows in terms of the gravity equation (GE). The reason for focusing on GE is twofold. The first is that GE, unlike other frameworks, has had great empirical success in explaining bilateral trade flows. For a long time, however, GE was a child without a father in the sense that it was thought to have no theoretical support. Since the late 1970s, this state of affairs has changed radically. Now, the gravity equation has strong theoretical support and can be derived from a variety of models of international trade. The second is that GE can be used to sort out alternative hypotheses of international trade.
Theories of the Multinational Enterprise
Authors: Hennart Jean‐François 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article provides a critical survey of some of the theories that have sought to explain why multinational enterprises (MNEs) exist, with special emphasis on the transaction costs/internalization approach. While scholars have quibbled over the definition of an MNE (and whether it ought to manufacture in at least two countries to qualify for that title), this article defines it as a private institution that organizes, through employment contracts, interdependencies between individuals located in more than one country. Hence a domestic manufacturer who contracts at arm's length with local distributors abroad is not an MNE, but a domestic department store with its own overseas buying offices, but no foreign manufacturing, is. The first section briefly discusses early capital flow and industrial organization theories before turning to transaction costs/internalization theories, the now dominant theories of the MNE. It focuses on the author's own brand of the theory, developing first the basic foundations, then applying them to the MNE.
Japan
Authors: Westney Eleanor 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Japanese MNEs are arguably the most studied population of MNEs next to those from the United States, and in some aspects — particularly the extent to which home country practices and systems are carried across borders — they have been more exhaustively analysed than those from any other country. Summarizing this extensive literature poses a formidable challenge. This article tries to accomplish three things. First, it provides an overview of the scope, timing, and destination of Japanese foreign direct investment (FDI) — three of the fundamental topics of interest in international business — in order to supply a basic map of when and where Japanese companies extended their operations abroad. Second, it takes the research on Japanese MNEs conducted in the 1970s as a benchmark to examine their evolution over time. Finally, it briefly looks at Japan as a host country for foreign multinationals.
Emotional Intelligence: Rhetoric or Reality?
Authors: Jordan Peter J. , Ashkanasy Neal M. , Daus Catherine S. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The construct of emotional intelligence is confusing, and emotional intelligence researchers must “seem mad” to be embroiled in debate. To be sure, emotional intelligence has been one of the more controversial constructs to be considered in personnel psychology. There have been wide-ranging and substantial claims about the potential of emotional intelligence in predicting a broad range of workplace behavior. This article assesses the efficacy of the emotional intelligence construct by examining variables that have an impact at the organizational level. In particular, it examines the impact of emotional intelligence on prosocial behaviors, antisocial behaviors, and leadership. This article concludes with some recommendations for advancing research into emotional intelligence in the area of personnel psychology, and in particular, it comments on the need for emotional intelligence research to be extended to cover macro-organizational variables such as culture and climate.
Non‐Reductive Materialism
Authors: Baker Lynne Rudder 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The expression ‘non-reductive materialism’ refers to a variety of positions whose roots lie in attempts to solve the mind–body problem. Proponents of non-reductive materialism hold that the mental is ontologically part of the material world; yet mental properties are causally efficacious without being reducible to physical properties. After setting out a minimal schema for non-reductive materialism (NRM) as an ontological position, this article canvasses some classical arguments in favour of NRM. Then it discusses the major challenge facing any construal of NRM: the problem of mental causation, pressed by Jaegwon Kim. Finally, it offers a new solution to the problem of mental causation.
Representationalist Theories of Consciousness
Authors: Tye Michael 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article surveys representationalist theories of phenomenal consciousness as well as the major arguments for them. It also takes up two major objections. The article is divided into five sections. The first section offers some introductory remarks on phenomenal consciousness. The second section presents the classic view of phenomenal consciousness to which representationalists are opposed. The third section canvasses various versions of representationalism about consciousness. The fourth section lays out the main arguments for the representationalist stance. The final section addresses the two objections.
Intentional Systems Theory
Authors: Dennett Daniel 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Intentional systems theory is in the first place an analysis of the meanings of such everyday ‘mentalistic’ terms as ‘believe’, ‘desire’, ‘expect’, ‘decide’, and ‘intend’: the terms of ‘folk psychology’ that we use to interpret, explain, and predict the behaviour of other human beings, animals, some artefacts such as robots and computers, and indeed ourselves. In traditional parlance we seem to be attributing minds to the things we thus interpret, and this raises a host of questions about the conditions under which a thing can be truly said to have a mind, or to have beliefs, desires, and other ‘mental’ states. According to intentional systems theory, these questions can best be answered by analysing the logical presuppositions and methods of our attribution practices, when we adopt the intentional stance toward something.
Phenomenology, Intentionality, and the Unity of the Mind
Authors: Graham George , Horgan Terence , Tienson John 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Phenomenology, the movement, has contributed and continues to contribute much to the study of phenomenal consciousness as well as to understanding the role of intentionality in our conscious lives. This article, however, is not about intellectual history or methodological movements. So it is not about such contributions. There is nothing in this article about the movement (Phenomenology) but much about the property (phenomenology). The word ‘intentionality’ is a technical word for the feature of a mental state in virtue of which it is directed at or is about or represents something other than itself.
Memory
Authors: Lawlor Krista 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The psychological study of memory has made exciting advances. In the last two decades neurophysiology has given us insight into what happens in the brain when we remember. First, the biology of nerve cells is much better understood; since signalling by nerve cells is altered by experience, these cells might be the elementary devices of information storage. At the higher level of brain systems, researchers have identified mechanisms that make possible various memory functions. One task for neuropsychology is to unite the results at the level of nerve cells and brain systems. One moral for the rest of us is that while we often speak of a unified capacity — memory — responsible for much that is distinctive in human life, we are really talking about a range of capacities, variously realized in the brain and nervous system.
Introduction
Authors: Jones Geoffrey , Zeitlin Jonathan 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This book provides a state-of-the-art survey of research in business history. Business historians study the historical evolution of business systems, entrepreneurs, and firms, as well as their interaction with their political, economic, and social environment. They address issues of central concern to researchers in management studies and business administration, as well as economics, sociology, and other social sciences; and to historians. Business historians employ a range of qualitative and quantitative methodologies, but all share a belief in the importance of understanding change over time. While the prevalence of quantitative methodologies and the consequent need for large datasets has contributed to an overwhelming focus on the United States in many areas of management research, this book demonstrates how far business history has developed into a truly international and comparative field, and how much it has to gain by embracing a more fully global perspective.
Business Interest Associations
Authors: Lanzalaco Luca 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Through much of the twentieth century, business-interest associations (BIAs) were neglected as the object of academic study and systematic research. Although this topic attracted considerable interest among institutional economists and social reformers on both sides of the Atlantic during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, it is only from the late 1970s that modern scholars have once again begun to delve seriously into BIAs' organization and strategies. The introductory section of this article presents the main theoretical issues at stake, synthesizes the outcomes of historical research, and analyzes the interrelations between them. It sketches a comparative-historical framework to explain the development of BIAs. Furthermore, the article outlines the long-term historical development of BIAs since the Middle Ages. Finally, it proposes an agenda for future research.
Business Education
Authors: Amdam Rolv Petter 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn recent years, there has been a steady expansion in the literature on the history of business education. This article presents the main contributions to the existing knowledge of the development of business education internationally. It discusses the developmental path of business education around the world and the emergence of higher business as a phenomenon that occurred in different forms in parallel within major economies. The article characterizes the first decades after the Second World War as a period of Americanization. It has been generally agreed that European business schools were strongly influenced by American role models after the Second World War. The article supports this view; however, it also emphasizes that the concept of “Americanization” most suitably characterizes the relationship between American and Western European business education during the first two decades after the war. It characterizes international business education over the last two decades by globalization and regionalization.
Belief Systems and Political Decision Making
Authors: Kuklinski James H. , Peyton Buddy 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article studies the belief systems and political decision making and examines the observation that political scientists have the ability to tell a coherent story about citizens and public opinion. It reviews and summarizes the original story about citizens and politics, which can be found in Converse's ‘The Nature of Mass Belief Systems’. The next section discusses three revisions of the story and the studies that gird them. The article ends with an examination of the validity of these three revisions.
The Welfare State: Values, Policy Preferences, and Performance Evaluations
Authors: Kumlin Staffan 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses the welfare state and distinguishes the three levels of welfare state attitudes. These state attitudes are: general welfare state support, specific policy preferences about various aspects or parts of the welfare state, and specific policy evaluations of welfare state-related ‘performance’. The article discusses each of these levels in detail, and then studies a number of explanatory themes and topics where empirical findings have accumulated. The three promising emerging areas that may receive more attention in the years to come are also discussed.
Political Activism and Party Members
Authors: Scarrow Susan E. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses the significance of the party members to their respective political parties. It shows the lessons provided by recent research about those who join parties and what this research may most likely suggest about the future of membership-based political organizing. It views parties as membership associations and studies party members. Their participation with parties and the democratic process is studied, along with the concept of linkage. The article concludes with a section on the relationship between the decline of party membership and the obsolescence of political participation.
New Modes of Campaigning
Authors: Schmitt‐Beck Rüdiger 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article discusses the new campaign modes, with most of the focus on election campaigns, since these have been more thoroughly studied than any other type of campaigns. It examines the recent trends in electioneering, and emphasis is drawn on how old and new democracies all over the world are adopting new modes of campaigning. A review of the available evidence on whether and under what conditions campaigns and new modes of electioneering are considered important for public opinion and the political choices of the citizens is also discussed.
It Depends
Authors: Tilly Charles , Goodin Robert 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This introductory article explains the coverage of this book, which is about contextual analysis in politics. It analyses three kinds of contextual effects. These include the analysts' understanding of political processes, the evidence available for empirical examination of political processes, and the political processes themselves. It highlights the importance of various disciplines in political analysis including philosophy, psychology, and culture.
Social Preferences, Homo Economicus, and Zoon Politikon
Authors: Bowles Samuel , Gintis Herbert 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article analyses the relevance of the concepts of Homo economicus, zoon politikon, and social preferences in political analysis. It explains that the acceptance of the rational choice model coincides with an increasing recognition in economics of the limitations of the behavioural assumptions sometimes summarized by the term Homo economicus. Though Homo economicus is not entailed by any axioms of the model, three assumptions embracing this behavioural model are commonly treated as integral to the approach. This article highlights the confirmation of the existence of process-regarding and other-regarding preferences introduced by the idea of zoon politikon. It also presents empirical evidence supporting strong reciprocity as a schema for explaining important forms of political behaviour.