bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensory Quality of Functional Beverages: Bitterness Perception and Bitter Masking of Olive Leaf Extract Fortified Fruit Smoothies
Authors: Kranz Peter , Braun Nina , Schulze Nadine , Kunz Benno 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Olive leaf extract (OLE) contains high amounts of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol. The antioxidant capacity of these polyphenols makes OLE a promising ingredient for functional food. OLE causes very strong bitterness perception and can therefore only be formulated in low concentrations. In this research, bitter detection and recognition thresholds of OLE‐fortified fruit smoothies were determined by a trained sensory panel (n = 11). Masking of the OLE's bitter taste was investigated with addition of sodium cyclamate, sodium chloride, and sucrose by means of a standardized ranking method and a scale test. Detection (5.78 mg/100 g) and recognition thresholds (8.05 mg/100 g) of OLE polyphenols confirmed the low formulation limits when bitterness was not masked by other substances. At higher polyphenol levels of 20 mg/100 g, sodium cyclamate and sucrose were able to reduce bitter taste perception by 39.9% and 24.9%, respectively, whereas sodium chloride could not effectively mask bitterness.Practical Application:  Development of functional food poses new challenges for the food industry. A major problem in this field is the high bitterness of natural polyphenol‐containing extracts with potential health benefits. This research was conducted to understand the sensory impact of olive leaf extract (OLE), a novel food ingredient with very bitter taste. In product development, the data of this research can be considered for formulation limits and the general sensory quality of OLE‐fortified food and beverages.
Guandishan Granitoids of the Paleoproterozoic Lüliang Metamorphic Complex in the Trans‐North China Orogen: SHRIMP Zircon Ages, Petrogenesis and Tectonic Implications
Authors: LIU Shuwen , LI Qiugen , LIU Chaohui , LÜ Yongjun , ZHANG Fan 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:The Paleoproterozoic Lüliang Metamorphic Complex (PLMC) is situated in the middle segment of the western margin of the Trans‐North China Orogen (TNCO), North China Craton (NCC). As the most important lithological assemblages in the southern part of the PLMC, Guandishan granitoids consist of early gneissic tonalities, granodiorites and gneissic monzogranites, and younger gneissic to massive monzogranites. Petrochemical features reveal that the early gneissic tonalities and granodiorites belong to the medium‐K calc‐alkaline series; the early gneissic monzogranites are transitional from high‐K calc‐alkaline to the shoshonite series; the younger gneissic to massive monzogranites belong to the high‐k calc‐alkaline series, and all rocks are characterized by right‐declined REE patterns and negative Nb, Ta, Sr, P, and Ti anomalies in the primitive mantle normalized spidergrams. SHRIMP zircon U–Pb isotopic dating reveals that the early gneissic tonalities and granodiorites formed at ∼2.17 Ga, the early gneissic monzogranites at ∼2.06 Ga, and the younger gneissic to massive monzogranites at ∼1.84 Ga. Sm–Nd isotopic data show that the early gneissic tonalities and granodiorites have ɛNd(t) values of +0.48 to –3.19 with Nd‐depleted mantle model ages (TDM) of 2.76–2.47 Ga, and early gneissic monzogranites have ɛNd(t) values of –0.53 to –2.51 with TDM of 2.61–2.43 Ga, and the younger gneissic monzogranites have ɛNd(t) values of –6.41 to –2.78 with a TDM of 2.69–2.52 Ga. These geochemical and isotopic data indicate that the early gneissic tonalities, granodiorites, and monzogranites were derived from the partial melting of metamorphosed basaltic and pelitic rocks, respectively, in a continental arc setting. The younger gneissic to massive monzogranites were derived by partial melting of metamorphosed greywackes within the continental crust. Combined with previously regional data, we suggest that the Paleoproterozoic granitoid magmatism in the Guandishan granitoids of the PLMC may provide the best geological signature for the complete spectrum of Paleoproterozoic geodynamic processes in the Trans‐North China Orogen from oceanic subduction, through collisional orogenesis, to post‐orogenic extension and uplift.
Permian High Ba‐Sr Granitoids: Geochemistry, Age and Tectonic Implications of Erlangshan Pluton, Urad Zhongqi, Inner Mongolia
Authors: LUO Hongling , WU Tairan , ZHAO Lei , HE Yuankai , JIN Xu 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:Erlangshan Pluton from Urad Zhongqi, central Inner Mongolia, is located in the middle segment of the northern margin of the North China Plate. The rocks consist mainly of diorites with gneissic structure. Petrochemical characteristics reveal that the diorites belong to metaluminous, high‐potassium calc‐alkaline series, with chemical signatures of I‐type granites. They are characterized by low SiO2 contents (56.63%–58.53%) and A/CNK (0.90–0.96), high Al2O3 contents (17.30%–17.96%) and Na2O/K2O ratios (1.20–1.70), enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (LILE, e.g., Ba=556–915 ppm, Sr=463–595 ppm), and relative depletion in high field strength elements (HFSE, e.g., Nb, Ta, Ti) in primitive mantle‐normalized spidergram, and right‐declined rare earth element patterns with slightly negative Eu anomalies (δEu=0.72–0.90). They have Sr/Y ratios (20–25) evidently less than Kebu Pluton (49–75) to its east. Sensitive high resolution ion micro‐probe U‐Pb zircon dating of the diorites has yielded an intrusive age of 270±8 Ma. This leads us to conclude that Erlangshan diorites were formed by mixing between the middle or lower crustal‐derived magma and minor mantle‐derived mafic magma, followed by fractional crystallization, which was trigged by crustal extension and fault activity in post‐collisional setting.
Application of 3‐D Geoscience Modeling Technology for the Estimation of Solid Mineral Reserves
Authors: PAN Mao , LI Jun , WANG Zhangang , JIN Jiangjun 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:Applying new approaches, methods, and technologies for the estimation of reserves can effectively improve the efficiency and accuracy of assessments of solid mineral resources. After analyzing the development of 3‐D geoscience modeling technology (3‐D GMT), this paper discusses the application of 3‐D GMT for the estimation of solid mineral reserves, emphatically introducing its workflow and two key technologies, 3‐D orebody surface modeling, and property modeling. Moreover, the paper analyzes the limitations of traditional methods, such as the section method and geological block method, and points out the advantages of 3‐D GMT: building more accurate 3‐D orebody models, expressing the internal inhomogeneous attributes of an orebody, reducing the potential for errors in the estimation of reserves, and implementing dynamic estimations of reserves.
Cambrian Fossil Embryos from Western Hunan, South China
Authors: DONG Xiping 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:The exquisitely preserved fossil embryos of Markuelia recovered from the limestones of the Middle Cambrian Haoqiao Formation and Upper Cambrian Bitiao formation in western Hunan, South China are described and illustrated in detail for the first time. A new species Markuelia elegans sp. nov. is established based mainly on embryos from the Upper Cambrian. A few of animal's resting eggs, which are comparable with those of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation, have been also found in the Upper Cambrian of western Hunan. The membrane of one egg from the uppermost Cambrian has been replaced by pyrite and the overgrowth of the pyrite crystals exhibits a unique inorganic pattern termed herein ‘Pseudoembryo’. The taphonomic setting in deeper water with possible strong reducing conditions promoted the excellent preservation for the Markuelia specimens. The study of Markuelia provides not only constraint on the anatomy, affinity, embryonic development and phylogenetic significance of this wormlike animal and but also opens a new window onto the evolution and development of the earliest animals.
Geochronology and Geochemistry of Mafic Dikes from Hainan Island and Tectonic Implications
Authors: Jianjin CAO , Ruizhong HU , Shen LIU , Guiqing XIE 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:In the present study, the major and trace element compositions, as well as Sr, Nd isotopic compositions and K‐Ar age data in mafic dikes from Hainan Island, China, have been analyzed. Whole‐rock K‐Ar dating yielded a magmatic duration of 61–98 Ma for mafic dikes. Mafic dikes have a very high concentration of incompatible elements, for example, Ba, Rb, Sr, K, rare earth elements, and especially light rare earth elements (LREE), and negative anomalies of Nb, Ta, and Ti in the normalized trace element patterns. The initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios and εSr(t) of the mafic dikes are 0.70634–0.71193 and +27.7 to +112.2, respectively. In the 87Sr/86Sr versus εNd(t) diagram, the Hainan Island mafic dikes plot between fields for depleted mantle and enriched mantle type 2. All these characteristics show that the mantle (source region) of mafic dikes in this area experienced metasomatism by fluids relatively enriched in LREE and large ion lithophile elements. The genesis of Hainan Island mafic dikes is explained as a result of the mixing of asthenospheric mantle with lithospheric mantle that experienced metasomatism by the subduction of the Pacific Plate. This is different from the Hainan Island Cenozoic basalts mainly derived from depleted asthenospheric mantle, and possibly, minor metasomatised lithospheric mantle. This study suggests that the Mesozoic and Cenozoic lithospheric revolutions in Hainan Island can be divided into three stages: (1) the compression orogenesis stage before 98 Ma. The dominant factor during this stage is the subduction of the ancient Pacific Plate beneath this area. The lithospheric mantle changed into enriched mantle type 2 by metasomatism; (2) the thinning and extension stage during 61–98 Ma. The dominant factor during this stage is that the asthenospheric mantle invaded and corroded the lithospheric mantle; and (3) the large‐scale thinning and extension stage after 61 Ma. The large‐scale asthenospheric upwelling results in the strong erupting of Cenozoic basalts, large‐scale thinning of the lithosphere, the southward translating and counterclockwise rotating of Hainan Island, and the opening of the South China Sea.
Geology, Geochemistry and Minerogenesis of the Shijuligou Zinc–Copper Deposit in Gansu, China
Authors: Wenyuan LI , Jun DENG , Yongbao GAO , Zhouping GUO , Zhaowei ZHANG , Zhongbao SONG 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:The Shijuligou deposit was separated by an arcuate ductile shear zone cross the center of the deposit region, resulting in the difference between the southern and northern ore bodies. The lead (Pb) isotopic data of ores of the Shijuligou copper deposit have averages of 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, and 208Pb/204Pb in 17.634, 15.444, and 37.312, respectively. It has been shown that ore‐forming metals originated from intrusive and extrusive rocks in the upper part of ophiolites. The sulfur isotopic data of pyrite and chalcopyrite in the northern part change from +7.61‰ to +8.09‰ and +4.95‰ to +8.88‰ in the southern part. Isotopes of δ18O in the Shijuligou copper deposit are between +11.1‰ and +18.6‰, with the calculated δ18OH2O at +0.65‰. It is suggested that the mineralized fluid is a mixture of magma fluid, meteorological water, and seawater through circulating and leaching metals from the volcanic rocks. The zircon uranium‐lead (U–Pb) dating of gabbro is 457.9±1.2 Ma, and the lower crossing age of the discordant and concordia curves of pyroxene spilite of zircon is 454±15 Ma. It is indicated that the Shijuligou deposit formed in a new ocean crust (ophiolite) of the back‐arc basin in the late Ordovician. Mineralization should occur in the intermittence period after strong volcanic activity, and the age should be the late Ordovician. Moreover, the mineralization of ophiolite‐hosted massive sulfide deposits in the ancient orogenic belt of the late Ordovician in the northern Qilian Mountains was controlled by the primary fault/fracture, with the forming of a metallogenic hydrothermal system by a mixture of volcanic magma fluid and seawater, which circularly leached the metallogenic metals from the volcanic rocks, resulting in their accumulation. The ore bodies were transformed with morphology and metallogenic elements. Jasperoid is an important sign for prospecting such deposits. There were many island arcs in the continent of China. This study provides evidence for understanding and exploration of ophiolite‐hosted massive sulfide deposits in western China, especially in the area of northern Qilian Mountains.
CO2 Density‐Raman Shift Relation Derived from Synthetic Inclusions in Fused Silica Capillaries and Its Application
Authors: SONG Yucai , CHOU I'Ming , HU Wenxuan , ROBERT Burruss , LU Wanjun 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:The densities of CO2 inclusions in minerals are commonly used to determine the crystallizing conditions of the host minerals. However, conventional microthermometry is difficult to apply for inclusions of small size (< 5–10 μm) or low density. Raman analysis is an alternative method for determining CO2 density, provided that the CO2 density–Raman shift relation is known. This study aims to establish this CO2 density–Raman shift relation by using CO2 inclusions synthesized in fused silica capillaries. By using this newly‐developed synthetic technique, we formed pure CO2 inclusions, and their densities were determined by microthermometry. The Raman analysis showed that the relation between CO2 density (D in g/cm3) and the separations (? in cm−1) between the two main bands (i.e. Fermi diad bands) in CO2 Raman spectra can be represented by a cubic equation: D (g/cm3)=0.74203(−0.019?3+5.90332?2–610.79472?+21050.30165)−3.54278 (r2=0.99920). Our calculated D value for a given ? is between those obtained from two previously‐reported equations, which were derived from different experimental methods. An example was given in this study to demonstrate that the densities of natural CO2 inclusions that could not be derived from microthermometry could be determined by using our method.
Abnormal Phenomena Recorded by Several Earthquake Precursor Observation Instruments Before the Ms 8.0 Wenchuan, Sichuan Earthquake
Authors: OUYANG Zuxi , ZHANG Hongxun , FU Zizhong , GOU Bo , JIANG Wali 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:The paper introduces the anomalies observed by digital tiltmeter, cross‐fault deformation meter, 4‐component borehole strainmeter and geothermometer before May 12, 2008, Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, Sichuan. The digital tiltmeter installed in the epicentral region in Shifang County recorded the tilt anomalies 15 days before the earthquake with variation amplitude of 3.7 times larger than the annual deviation of 2007. The cross‐fault deformation meter installed at Zimakua station on the Xianshuihe‐Anninghe fault zone detected displacement anomaly occurring since 2006 with the variation amplitude exceeding the cumulative value of the last ten years. Five borehole strainmeter stations in the Chongqing section of Three Gorges Reservoir area observed unconventional strain changes occurring in the period from May 1 through 12, 2008. Among them, the strainmeter at Wanzhou station recorded the great compression strain rate on the EW component at 14:00 o'clock of May 10, and the anomaly amplitude was so large that the instrument output exceeded its dynamic range, corresponding to a level of ∼104 nanostrains. The geothermometers installed in Xi'an, Chongqing and Xichang recorded the sudden temperature changes from November 2007 to January 2008 with the variation amplitudes several times larger than the ordinary deviation. The above phenomena and the criteria for distinguishing the anomalies from background fluctuations are discussed in this paper.
Petrogenesis of Volcanic Rocks in the Khabr‐Marvast Tectonized Ophiolite: Evidence for Subduction Processes in the South‐Western Margin of Central Iranian Microcontinent
Authors: SOLTANMOHAMMADI Azam , RAHGOSHAY Mohammad , KHALATBARI‐JAFARI Morteza 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:The Late Cretaceous Khabr–Marvast tectonized ophiolite is located in the middle part of the Nain–Baft ophiolite belt, at the south‐western edge of the central Iranian microcontinent. Although all the volcanic rocks in the study area indicate subduction‐related magmatism (e.g. high LILE (large ion lithophile elements) / HFSE (high field strenght elements) ratios and negative anomalies in Nb and Ta), geological and geochemical data clearly distinguish two distinct groups of volcanic rocks in the tectonized association: (1) group 1 is comprised of hyaloclastic breccias, basaltic pillow lavas, and andesite sheet flows. These rocks represent the Nain–Baft oceanic crust; and (2) group 2 is alkaline lavas from the top section of the ophiolite suite. These lavas show shoshonite affinity, but do not support the propensity of ophiolite.
Gastropods Associated with Fossil Traces from Yacoraite Formation (Maastrichtian‐Danian), and its Paleoenvironmental Significance, Jujuy, Northwestern Argentina
Authors: CÓNSOLE GONELLA Carlos A. , GRIFFIN Miguel , ACEÑOLAZA Florencio G. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:We present results tending to characterize the new records of invertebrates from the Yacoraite Formation (Maastrichtian‐Danian). The fossils reported come from two stratigraphic sections exposed in the surroundings of Maimará and Jueya, province of Jujuy, northwestern Argentina. The selection was based on geological and paleontological evidence. The recovered fossils include gastropods and invertebrate fossil traces, including Planolites, Skolithos and Gastrochanoelites ichnogenus. As result of our review, we discussed the possibility of assigning the analyzed gastropods to the family Zygopleuridae (gene. et. sp. indet.), as an approximation to the taxonomic resolution of this fossil fauna. The trace fossils were assigned to the archetypical Glossifungites ichnofacies. The study of the fossil assemblage allowed us to define a shallow depositional environment, characteristic of a marine context with high‐energy conditions.
Heavy Metal Distribution in Soils near the Almalyk Mining and Smelting Industrial Area, Uzbekistan
Authors: KODIROV Obidjon , SHUKUROV Nosir 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:The present study demonstrates distribution and chemical forms of heavy metals in soils of the Almalyk mining and smelting industrial area along five transects. The study area is located in Almalyk, Uzbekistan, where the intensification of industrial enterprises negatively impacts the environment. The distribution of 17 heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Ga, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Th, and U) were studied in 21 sampling locations (21×3=63 soil samples) along five radial transects with a total length of 60 km downwind deposition gradient. Soil samples were collected from the upper layer (0–10 cm) at 4–6 km intervals. As a result of X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry analyses by using X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF, Philips Analytical Ink, USA), a significant decrease in heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Pb) deposition was found going from the source in a downwind direction. Soil samples taken from the first location (near the pollution sources) showed higher concentrations of Cu, Zn and Pb, and lower concentrations with increasing distance from the source. Obtained data showed different impact of pollution sources to heavy metal deposition and distribution in soils. The Almalyk mining and smelting complex is the major source of Pb, Zn and Cu enrichment in soils. Distribution of other trace elements does not exceed background content and suggests lithogenic background. This allowed us to divide these elements into two groups: (1) technogenic (Cu, Zn and Pb); and (2) lithogenic (Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Ga, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Th and U) origins.
Mantle Branch Structure in the South‐Central Segment of the Da Hinggan Mts., Inner Mongolia and Its Ore‐controlling Role
Authors: Shuyin NIU , Aiqun SUN , Baode WANG , Fengjun NIE , Sihong JIANG , Ji'an SHAO , Lijun GUO , Jianming LIU 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:Mantle branch structure is the third tectonic unit of multiple evolution of a mantle branch. It is not only the main mechanism of intercontinental orogeny, but also an important ore‐forming and ore‐control structure. Studies on geotectonic evolution, regional geological characteristics and oreforming and ore‐control structures have shown that since the Mesozoic the Da Hinggan Mts. region has entered a typical intercontinental orogenic stage, and it is closely related to mantle branch activities. The south‐central segment of the Da Hinggan Mts. is a typical mantle branch structure and possesses obvious magmatic‐metamorphic complexes in the core, detachment slip beds in the periphery and overlapped fault depression basins. Moreover, all of these are the principal factors leading to ore formation and ore control in the region. This paper also further explores the mechanism of mineralization in the south‐central segment of the Da Hinggan, summaries the rules of mineralization, puts forward the models of mineralization and points out future ore‐exploring orientation.
Geochemistry of Heavy Oil in the T Block, Oriente Basin and its Origin Mechanism
Authors: HU Ying , YIN Jiquan , SU Yongdi , XIE Yinfu , WANG Xiaoxia , XIAO Gaojie , YU Zhaohua , WANG Li 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:Exploration and development experience show that there is obvious oil gravity difference between the southern part and northern part of the “M1” reservoir in the Fanny oil field in the slope of the Oriente Basin, Ecuador. The American Petroleum Institute Gravity (API) values of oils in the northern part are higher than the one in the southern part of the Fanny oil field, with the values of 20° and 10.0°–13.0°, respectively. So the primary purpose of this study was to analyze the heavy oil characteristics of biodegradation and the oil–oil correlation according to the biomarker data and the δ13C signature of oil samples from T block. The results of the hydrocarbon gas chromatography fingermark and the inversion attribute characteristics indicated that there are fluid compartments between the “M1” reservoir of Fanny south. Finally, the models of oil–gas accumulation under the control of multiple‐activities of complicated fault systems, as well as the origin of heavy oil, are contended. The early stage oils from the western part of the basin were biodegraded heavily in varying degrees in the whole basin, and the later stage oils were derived from the southern part in a large scale and were mature and lighter. Generally, oil mixing is the primary control of net oil properties, such as API gravity in Oriente Basin. We therefore predicted that the API gravity variation of oil pools radically depends on the injection amount of the later stage oil. Because of the shale barrier in the “M1” reservoir of Fanny south, the later stage hydrocarbon could not pass through and contribute to increase the oil API value.
New Species of Enantiornithes (Aves: Ornithothoraces) from the Qiaotou Formation in Northern Hebei, China
Authors: WANG Xuri , O'CONNOR Jingmai K. , ZHAO Bo , CHIAPPE Luis M. , GAO Chunling , CHENG Xiaodong 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:We report on a new species of enantiornithine bird from the Lower Cretaceous Qiaotou Formation of northern Hebei, China. The new taxon, Shenqiornis mengi gen. et sp. nov., possesses several enantiornithine synapomorphies but is unique from other known species. The specimen has a well‐preserved skull that reveals new information about enantiornithine cranial morphology. The new taxon possesses a large postorbital with a long tapering jugal process indicating that some enantiornithines may have had a fully diapsid skull, as in Confuciusornis. The tooth morphology of the specimen is unique and likely represents a previously unknown trophic specialization within Enantiornithes.