bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Vigor Tests in Soybean Seeds: Relationship of the Standard Germination Test, Seedling Vigor Classification, Seedling Length, and Tetrazolium Staining to Field Performance1
Authors: Yaklich Robert W. , Kulik Martin M. 
Published: July 2010

Laboratory tests for standard germination, seedling vigor classification, seedling length, and tetrazolium staining were performed on 144 and 81 seed lots of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in 1975 and 1976, respectively. Results from the laboratory tests were compared with emergence and stand data obtained from these same seed lots on two sites (sandy and heavy soil types) and three dates of planting (early, pre‐optimum, and optimum) each year. Yield was obtained for the heavy soil type, optimum planting date.Most laboratory test measurements were significantly correlated with field emergence, but r values were <0.8. Overall, the correlations showed a trend that was dependent on soil type but not date of planting. Generally, the laboratory test measurement was correlated with emergence for all planting sites and dates of planting. The corresponding correlations for plant stand and emergence were similar. Correlations of laboratory test measurements with yield were low, r≤0.340 and r≤0.282 in 1975 and 1976, respectivelyLaboratory test measurements were used to develop models predicting field emergence. Combinations of three laboratory test measurements in the model gave near maximum R2 values. Four such models were able to predict emergence at five of the six planting date and site combinations each year.
Cell Wall Constituents in Plant Parts of Reed Canarygrass Clones1
Authors: Marum P. , Hovin A. W. 
Published: July 2010

Forage dry matter intake potential by ruminants is negatively associated with cell wall constituent concentration (CWC%) above a critical level. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of leaf blade, leaf sheath, stem, and maturity on total CWC% (TCWC%) to improve selection procedures in breeding of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.).Three clones, previously characterized as being high, medium, and low in T‐CWC%, were sampled 11, 29, 33, 44, 55, and 66 days afer growth started in spring. Throughout the sampling period the clone with high T‐CWC% had the largest proportion of stems and the low T‐CWC% clone had the smallest proportion of stems. The CWC% in leaf sheath and stem tissues of all clones increased with age through anthesis. After anthesis, no consistent CWC% change took place due to formation of new shoots from stem nodes. Mean daily increase in CWC% of stems (1.11%) was twice that of blades (0.52%). Selection plants for low forage CWC% anytime up to anthesis would have given smiliar results for all three clones.Plant parts of 12 clones, which had been selected previously for different concentrations of CWC, were analyzed at anthesis and regrowth stages. At anthesis, the ranges in CWC among clones were 10.5 percentage points in stems and 5.2 points in blades. For 7‐week.old regrowth forage, the ranges were 7.7 percentage points and 7.9 points, respectively. The average CWC% in stems was 19.9 percentage points higher than that in blades at anthesls, and 25.8 percentage points higher in the regrowth forage. Leafy plants had less T‐CWC% than did stemmy plants. Leafy plants also tended to have lower CWC% in all plant parts. Dry forage yield was positively co~related with T‐CWC%. Path‐coefficient analysis suggested CWC% in the stem to be the most important factor affecting total T‐CWC% of the forage at anthesis, and CWC% in the leaf blade to be most important in the regrowth forage. At both harvests CWC% in stems and blades were highly correlated.
Comparison of Emasculation and Nonemasculation for Hybridization of Soybeans1
Authors: Walker A. K. , Cianzio S. R. , Bravo J. A. , Fehr W. R. 
Published: July 2010

Emasculation and nonemasculation of the soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] flower for hybridization were compared for percentage of pollinations that produced a pod (percent success), number of seeds per pod, number of selfed seed, percentage of hybrid seed based on total pollinations, and time required for hybridization. Two persons made pollinations with three sets of parents in each of three Iowa and two Puerto Rico environments. The gene controlling flower and hypocotyl color was used to differentiate hybrid and selfed seed.Average percentage of successful pollinations across environments was significantly greater for nonemasculation (44%) than for emasculation (36%). Average number seeds per pod was similar for the two procedures. The average number of selfed seed was not significantly different for nonemasculation and emasculation. The percentage of hybrid seed based on total pollinations averaged across environments was significantly greater for nonemasculation (94%) than for emasculation (73%). Time saved by not emasculating the female parent permitted at least 10% more flowers to be pollinated per hour than when emasculation was used. Emasculation of soybean flowers prior to pollination is not justified on the basis of these results.
Genetic Variation and Interrelationships of In Vitro Dry Matter Disappearance and Fiber Content in Orchardgrass Herbage1
Authors: Stratton S. D. , Sleper D. A. , Matches A. G. 
Published: July 2010

Forage digestibility, fiber content, and their relationship to animal performance are important aspects of improving forage quality through plant breeding. The objectives of this study were to determine the genetic variation and heritability of in vitro dry matter disappearance(IVDMD), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral tergent fiber (NDF), and to examine the interrelationships among these quality factors in orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) herbage. Fourteen selected orchardgrass parents and their open‐pollinated progenies were transplanted and planted, respectively, into a randomized, complete block experiment at Mt. Vernon, Mo. The forage was analyzed for IVDMD, ADF, and NDF at each of three harvest dates in 1976 and 1977. Parents differed significantly for all of these quality traits. There was less variation among the progenies. Years and harvests within years were significantly different. Narrow‐sense heritabilities ranged from 49 to 91, 21 to 126, and 0 to 110% for IVDMD, ADF, and NDF respectively, suggesting improvement of these traits in the populations studied may be possible through breedingCorrelations of IVDMD, ADF, and NDF with yield were low at the first harvest, but significant in the re‐growth. Maturity was negatively associated with these quality factors at the first harvest date. Stability for these traits between years was favorable
Genetic Variability for Cell Wall Constituents and Associated Quality Traits in Reed Canarygrass1
Authors: Marum P. , Hovin A. W. , Marten G. C. , Shenk J. S. 
Published: July 2010

Forage dry matter intake potential by ruminants is negatively associated with its cell wall constituent (CWC) concentration. The objectives of this study were to estimate genetic variance components and determine combining ability and heritability of CWC percent, and other associated quality traits in reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.). Genotypic correlations were computed between paired characters. Twelve heterozygous clones used in two 6 ✕ 6 diallels and progenies from 30 crosses were grown for 2 years at two locations with three replicates arranged in randomized complete blocks. One plot consisted of six plants on 91 cm spacing in a row. Infrared spectroscopy was used to determine CWC, acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (lignin), silica, crude protein, and in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM). Separate predictive equations were necessary for each year, probably due to yearly differences in drying procedures of samples. General (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) were estimated least squares analysis for one harvest in 1976, two harvests in 1977, and for the mean of the three harvests.Mean squares for GCA were significant for CWC, ADF, and lignin. Mean squares for SCA were significant for CWC, ADF, lignin, crude protein, and IVDDM. Estimates of variance components due to SCA were nearly twice as large or larger than the variance components due to GCA for CWC, ADF, lignin, crude protein, and IVDDM, indicating the presence of large amounts of nonadditive genetic variance under noncompetitive, spacedplant conditions. Broad‐sense and narrow‐sense heritabilities for CWC were 0.81 and 0.26, respectively.Estimates of genotypic correlations suggested that: (i) CWC was strongly positively correlated with ADF and lignin and strongly negatively correlated with protein and IVDDM; (ii) ADF had the highest correlation with IVDDM and was closely followed by lignin and CWC, which agreed with other reports using laboratory procedures for estimating these traits; (iii) none of the quality components was strongly correlated with spaced‐plant yield of first growth.
Glandular Trichomes on Medicago Species1
Authors: Kreitner Gerald L. , Sorensen E. L. 
Published: July 2010

Glandular hairs have been implicated in resistance of Medicago species to the alfalfa weevil [Hypera postica (Gyllenhal)]. Using light and scanning electron microscopy, we studied the morphology of glands on annuals (diploid M. disciformis DC, tetraploid M. scutellata (L) Mill.) and perennials (diploid M. prostrata Jacq., tetraploids M. sativa L. subsp, sativa and praefalcata) as the itial phase of an investigation to determine the role of glands in resistance.Erect and procumbent multicellular types with capitatestalked morphology are present. The stalk of erect trichomes is composed of four to six cells including an enlarged basal cell arising from the epidermis. Gland heads contain numerous ceils arranged in distinct tiers. The basal tier contains four cells that constitute about one‐third of the head. Two additional tiers, which together contain 8 to 16 cells, form the remainder of the gland head.The procumbent trichomes are generally composed of a basal cell embedded in the epidermis, a single stalk cell, and a gland head of four cells in two tiers. The gland curves sharply at the stalk and basal cells, so that much of the axis parallels the adjacent epidermis. The direction of bending is highly stabilized toward the terminal on stems and toward the distal ends of stipules, petioles, leaflets, peduncles, and sepals. Diploid and tetraploid annuals (M. disciformis DC, M. scutellata Mill.) and diploid perennial (M. prostrata Jacq.) contain erect andprocumbent glands. M. sativa L. subsp, sativa (tetraploids, ‘Buffalo’ ‘DuPuits’, ‘Lahontan’, and ‘San Pedro’, and diploid CADL 15) have only procumbent glands. In M. sativa subsp. praefalcata (Sinskaya) C. R. Gunn, erect glands are generally confined to floral structures, with only precumbent glands on vegetative parts. We found a few plants with erect glands on vegetative parts.
Effect of Different Levels of Pollen Production on Polycross Seed Yield in Alfalfa1
Authors: Melton Bill 
Published: July 2010

Recent studies have shown relationships among pollen production, and percentages of hybrid seed produced as well as self‐ and cross‐fertility. It was the objective of this study to evaluate pollen production as a possible selection criterion for seed yield in a polycross breeding situation.A source population of 212 unreplicated plants was evaluated for pollen production using a visual scale of 1 (no dehisced pollen) to 5 (abundant pollen). Five plants were selected within each of pollen indices 1, 3, and 5. These plants were vegetatively propagated and arranged in polycross crossing blocks. Screen cages were used for isolation and honeybees (Apis mellifera) provided pollination. Separate propagules were used for self‐fertility determinationsSelf‐fertility and seed yield were greatest on plants with abundant pollen production and lowest on those plants with no visually dehisced pollen. Seed yield did not in. crease in linear pattern according to pollen abundance. Seed production of plants classified as intermediate in pollen abundance was closer to the high than the low pollen producers.When all plants were combined in the same crossing block, seed yteld of the low pollen producers increased but not to the same level as the other plants. This suggests that factors other than pollen production were involved in determining seed yield of these plants. Pollen production would be a simple and inexpensive selection criterion to eliminate plants with low seed yield potential.
Maternal Control of Seed Oil Percentage in Sunflower1
Authors: Thompson T. E. , Fick G. N. , Cedeno J. R. 
Published: July 2010

Whether maternal genotype or kernel genotype determines seed (achene) oil percentage in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was studied using cytoplasmic male‐sterile and maintainer components of two oilseed and two nonoilseed (confectionery) inbred lines. Genotype the maternal parent controlled oil percentage, and the genotype of the pollen parent had no effect on this characteristic of F1 seed. This was true for determinations made on whole seeds and on kernels alone.Application of this knowledge in a breeding program means that controlled crosses to determine the value of the maternal genotype for oil production are unnecessary since open‐pollinated seed accurately expresses the genetic potential of any maternal parent. The maternal control further suggests that selection for oil percentage among individual seeds on the same plant is not an effective breeding technique to change oil content.Pollen parent effects on seed weight, test weight, and percent kernel of seed were also determined. Specific parental combinations and perhaps environment appeared to affect each of these three measuremenets, specially seed weight.
Protein Yield and Its Relationship to Other Traits in Backcross Populations from an Arenas ativa ✕ A. sterilis Cross1
Authors: Takeda K , Frey K. J. 
Published: July 2010

Relationships of various traits to protein yield of oats were studied by using F2‐derived lines in the F3 populations from Bc0 through Bc5 of an interspecific oat cross Avena sativa ✕ A. sterilis.Mean heritabilities ranged from 64 to 68% for heading date and plant height, 45 to 51% for bundle weight, straw yield, grain yield, growth rate, grain number, and protein yield, and 36 to 42% for harvest index, unit straw weight, groat weight, protein percentage, and protein per groat.Protein percentage had high negative genotypic correlations with grain yield and harvest index and positive genotypic correlations with plant height and protein per groat. Protein yield had genotypic correlations above 0.80 with bundle weight, straw yield, grain yield, growth rate, unit straw weight, and grain number, but it had no correlation with heading date, groat weight, protein percentage, and protein per groat. Thus, grain yield was the primary determinant of variation in protein yield, and protein percentage was negatively associated with grain yield and had little effect on protein yield.Simulated selection experiments based on the line mean (selection intensity = 5%) showed that selection for protein yield via itself or via grain yield both caused ca. 26% improvement; whereas selection for protein yield via protein percentage caused no improvement.Protein yield was significantly (P = 0.01)) above the recurrent parent in four oat lines. In three of these increased protein yield was primarily due to increased grain yield. The increased protein yield of the fourth line, however, was due 45% to increased grain yield, 46% to increased protein percentage and 9% to the interaction of these two traits.
Influence of Longevity of Use on Cotton Cultivars' Performance1
Authors: Meredith William R. , Culp T. W. 
Published: July 2010

The objective of this study was to determine whether continued use of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars over 8 to 12 years markedly affected performance. The four cultivars and the year the seed of each was received for evaluation trials were ‘Coker 201’, 1967, 1971, and 1976; ‘Coker 310’, 1969, 1972, and 1976; ‘Stoneville 213’, 1965, 1971, and 1976; and ‘Deltapine 16’ 1967, 1972, and 1976. Seed of the 12 cultivar‐age versions were all produced at Stoneville, Miss. in 1976. In 1977, evaluation trials were grown at two locations each in South Carolina and Mississippi. Cultivars constituted whole plots and the three age versions of each cultivar constituted sub‐plots. Six replications were used in all studies.No significant differences among age versions were detected for lint yield, 50% fiber length, and fiber strength for any cultivar. However, certain small but statistically significant differences were detected for lint percentage, boll size, seed index, 2.5% fiber length, elongation, and micronaire. No evidence of major changes in cultivar performance with increasing age of the cultivar was detected. Apparently, such factors as inbreeding depression, seed contamination, reselection within a cultivar, and accumulation of seed carrying pathogens were not major problems in the maintenance of cotton cultlvars. Commercial companies appear to have effectively maintained the purity and characteristics of these esablished cotton cultivars.
Direct Application of Ninhydrin Reagent Solution to Exposed Maize Endosperm to Screen for Protein Mutants
Authors: Zorilla Hugo L. , Crane Paul L. 
Published: July 2010

The “ninhydrin reagent solution” chemically reacts with the free amino acids present in the exposed maize (Zea mays L.) endosperm to produce a blue color. This study utilized that reaction to search for new mutants and also tested the effectiveness of the use of ninhydrin reagent solution applied to exposed maize endosperm of known opaque‐7 material.In the search for new mutants, 300 kernels each of 55 collections of maize were tested. In general, there was a lack of ninhydrin penetration on vitreous kernels, but there were exceptions. Sources with floury endosperm type, or a soft crown or “cap” showed good ninhydrin penetration. Lysine content of positive reacting kernels was at the normal level, but protein showed a tendency to higher levels.Ears of a population with families segregating for opaque‐7 were used to test the practical effectiveness of this ninhydrin technique for mutant screening. Homozygous opaque‐7 testers were used to verify the presence of the opaque‐7 gene. Ears with kernel moistures of 15.6 to 44.1% were tested, but higher moisture levels did not facilitate the penetration of the endosperm tissue by the ninhydrin reagent. In fact, moistures above 35% tended to inhibit the reaction.Some of the numerous deviations from expectation in this experiment were apparently due to a variety of modifier genes not only masking the opaque‐7 phenotypic expression in varying degrees, but also altering levels of free amino acids. The potential effectiveness of the ninhydrin test in locating any new high lysine mutant would be limited by any interaction between that mutant gene and its genetic background which reduced the level of free amino acids.
Rate and Duration of Growth of Kernels Formed at Specific Florets in Spikelets of Spring Wheat1
Authors: Simmons Steve R. , Crookston R. Kent 
Published: July 2010

In an earlier study, large differences in individual kernel weight were observed within spikelets of spring wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell). To account for these differences, growth rates and effective filling periods were measured in field experiments for kernels formed at each floret position in central spikelets. The genotypes ‘Era’, ‘8037’, and ‘72316’, which differed in kernel weight and kernel number per spikelet, were used. Kernels formed in the fourth and fifth florets (numbered from the spikelet base) displayed significantly lower growth rates than proximal kernels during the period of linear kernel dry matter accumulation. Kernel growth rates during this period over all years, genotypes, and floret positions were significantly correlated with final individual kernel weights.Another factor that influenced kernel weight within a spikelet was the earlier occurrence of anthesis in the proximal florets compared to distal ones. Kernels formed in proximal florets already had a considerable weight advantage even before the period of linear dry matter accumulation. Effective filling period durations of proximal kernels of Era and 72316 were longer, a probable consequence of the earlier anthesis in these florets. Cessation of dry matter accumulation (and the associated sharp decline in kernel water content) were judged to occur at approximately the same time for all kernels in a spikelet. Additional research oriented toward understanding those factors responsible for establishing kernel growth rate during the linear dry matter accumulation period is advocated.
Responses to Mass Selection in Maize and Stability of Resulting Populations1
Authors: Mareck J. H. , Gardner C. O. 
Published: July 2010

Four mass‐selected populations of maize (Zea mays L.), the base population ‘Hays Golden’ (H.G.), and a double cross hybrid check ‘Nebr. 501D’ were evaluated in a range of environments involving five locations and 3 years. The four mass‐selected populations were: C15, the 15th generation of selection for high grain yield; I15, the 15th generation of selection for high grain yield following treatment with thermal neutrons in early cycles of selection; P10, the 10th generation of selection for increased prolificacy; and I14E3, the third generation of selection for yield plus earliness, low ear height, and stalk quality after 14 generations of selection for only high grain yield following irradiation with thermal neutrons.Mass selection significantly increased grain yield 12 to 15% on the average. When selection was for high grain yield only, correlated increases occurred in prolificacy, days to flower, plant and ear height, and gram mmsture at harvest. Selection for earliness and low ear height in a population previously selected for high grain yield seemed effective without reducing yield. Ten cycles of selection for prolificacy were about as effective in in. creasing yield as 15 generations of selection for yield itself. At the same time, grain moisture did not change and days to flower, plant height and ear height increased less than in selection for yield.Responses to environment mean yields were all linear and were much greater in mass‐selected populations than in H.G. or in the Nebr. 501D hybrid. Selection appears to have increased the frequencies of those genes which permit genotypes to take advantage of more favorable growing conditions. Under low yield levels caused by heat and drouth, the original population performed as well as or better than mass‐selected populations. However, when grown under favorable conditions, mass‐selected populations had substantially greater yields. Differences in yield responses under varying environments may be related to correlated responses that have occurred in mass selection programs.