bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nanostructuring of Azomolecules in Silica Artificial Opals for Enhanced Photoalignment
Authors: Gallego‐Gómez Francisco , Blanco Alvaro , Golmayo Dolores , López Cefe 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMany modern systems are based on photoresponsive materials, in which properties such as the refractive index need to be effectively controlled. An extensively used means of achieving this is to photoinduce birefringence by alignment of anisotropic azochromophores via light‐induced isomerization. However, the refractive index changes are typically small (<10−2), slow (seconds or minutes) and not spontaneously reversible, which excludes use of this approach in a variety of optical systems. The drawbacks are generally attributed to hindered photoalignment due to the molecular environment, which suggests that optimizing the arrangement of the functional moieties to minimize the mobility restrictions could decisively improve the photoresponse. Here, a simple solution‐processing approach is reported for favorable distribution at the molecular level of neat azochromophore into a three‐dimensionally nanostructured hybrid system exhibiting an extremely enhanced photoresponse. The standard azoderivative Disperse Red 1 is adsorbed on silica colloidal crystals that are chosen as 3D‐templates because their photonic bandgap, which is sensitive to refractive index changes, provides a direct tool to study photostimulated processes in the chromophore. The system is thoroughly investigated with different techniques to identify molecular out‐of‐plane photoalignment as the main phenomenon responsible for the optical response, and to discern the key factors leading to improved performance. It is found that the dye molecules are spontaneously adsorbed on the silica spheres, building a highly photoreactive surface multilayer. A low amount of azochromophore allows for outstanding material response upon cw‐irradiation, as a result of very large and fast refractive index changes in the chromophore ensemble (up to 0.36 – birefringence of 1.1 – in 15 ms at 0.09 J cm−2) that, in addition, is fully reversible by thermalization. Finally, as proof‐of‐principle for real applications, long‐duty cycle photoswitching at 100 Hz (for over 2 million cycles) is demonstrated in this system.
The Same but Different? Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa in Adolescents and Adults
Authors: Winston Anthony P. , Paul Moli , Juanola‐Borrat Yolanda 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA significant number of patients with anorexia nervosa have to be transferred from child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) to adult services. CAMHS and adult services differ in terms of therapeutic approach and the availability of specialist treatment. CAMHS treatment is often based around family interventions, which aim to help parents take control of their child's eating, and patients are often encouraged to ‘externalise’ the illness. Adult treatment tends to be based around individual therapy, and the patient is encouraged to take personal responsibility for change. The place of inpatient treatment is generally accepted for adults but there is uncertainty about its effectiveness for adolescents. Young people may find it difficult to negotiate the transition between services, and CAMHS and adult services need to work more closely together. Transitions should be carefully planned, with thorough preparation of both patients and their families. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Protection against titanium particle‐induced osteoclastogenesis by cyclooxygenase‐2 selective inhibitor
Authors: Geng D. C. , Zhu X. S. , Mao H. Q. , Meng B. , Chen L. , Yang H. L. , Xu Y. Z. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWear particle‐induced osteoclastogenesis is the most common cause of aseptic loosening in total joint arthroplasty. Although cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2, an inducible regulator of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis, is known to be involved in osteoclast differentiation, its effect on osteoclastogenesis in response to wear particles remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of COX‐2 in the regulation of osteoclast differentiation in the osteoclast precursor cell line RAW264.7 stimulated with titanium (Ti) particles. The results showed COX‐2 expression in the early stages of RAW264.7 differentiation when stimulated with receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) and Ti particles. Blockade of COX‐2 by celecoxib, a COX‐2 selective inhibitor, effectively reduced the expression of PGE2 and inhibited differentiation of RAW264.7 cells into tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase‐positive (TRAP+) osteoclastic cells. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction revealed that celecoxib inhibited mRNA expression of RANK, cathepsin K (CPK), TRAP, and the nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) in RAW264.7 cells stimulated by Ti particles and RANKL. Moreover, exogenous PGE2 reversed the inhibitory effects of celecoxib. These results provide direct evidence that COX‐2 dependent PGE2 induced by RANKL and Ti particles is required for osteoclastogenesis and suggests that reduced production of PGE2 by inactivation of COX‐2 would provide a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of osteoclastogenesis induced by wear particles. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 2011.
Liquid‐Chromatography Quantitative Analysis of 20 Amino Acids after Derivatization with FMOC‐Cl and Its Application to Different Origin Radix isatidis
Authors: Zhou Wei , Zhanga Xiao‐Yan , Duana Geng‐Li 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe developed a simple, rapid and reliable method for determination of 20 common amino acids based on derivatization with 9‐fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC‐Cl) and RP‐LC/UV, this method was first introduced into quantitative analysis of amino acids. The amino groups of amino acids were trapped with FMOC‐Cl to form amino acid‐FMOC‐Cl adducts which can be suitable for LC‐UV. Chromatographic separation was performed on a C18 column with a mobile phase gradient consisting of acetonitrile and sodium acetate solution. This method was shown to be sensitive for 20 common amino acids. In the intra‐day precisions assay, the range of RSDs was 3.21‐7.67% with accuracies of 92.34‐102.51%; for the inter‐day precisions assay, the range of RSDs was 5.82‐9.19% with accuracies of 90.25‐100.63%. The results also indicated that solutions of amino acids‐FMOC‐Cl can be kept at room temperature for at least 24 h without showing significant losses in the quantified values. The validated method was successfully applied to the determination of major four kinds of amino acids in R. isatidis samples (Arg, Pro, Met and Val). The total content of amino acids in different origin R. isatidis was 13.32‐19.16 mg/g. The differences between R. isatidis samples were large using HCA.
Healthy and unhealthy body fat
Authors: Stanley John 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObesity is associated with an increased risk of developing co‐morbidities such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. However, not all obese subjects have an increased risk of developing these co‐morbidities. It has been suggested that triacylglycerols stored in subcutaneous adipose tissue protect the body against the accumulation of triacylglycerols in other tissues such as heart, skeletal muscle, liver and the β‐cells of the endocrine pancreas which would impair their function. This phenomenon of lipotoxicity probably explains the defects in insulin action and insulin secretion seen in type 2 diabetes and perhaps impaired diastolic function of the heart. A distinction needs to be drawn between this ‘unhealthy’ ectopic body fat which is detrimental to human health and ‘healthy’ subcutaneous body fat which may protect it.
Organ Weaving: Woven Threads and Sheets As a Step Towards a New Strategy for Artificial Organ Development
Authors: Liberski Albert R. , Delaney Joseph T. , Schäfer Hendrik , Perelaer Jolke , Schubert Ulrich S. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe concept of “organ weaving” is presented, a fabrication technique that can be an attractive option for the development of artificial tissues and organs. “Living threads” are created by immersing threads that are soaked in a CaCl2 solution into a sodium‐alginate‐loaded cell suspension bath, encapsulating the cells and creating a bio‐friendly, easily manageable starting material for building up larger scaffold structures. Such living threads have the advantage of being a particularly mild culturing medium for mammalian cells, protecting the cells during subsequent processing steps from dehydration and other rapid changes in the chemistry of the surrounding environment. Connecting different types of threads into 3D objects gives unique opportunities to address tissue engineering challenges.magnified image
Induction of a regenerative microenvironment in skeletal muscle is sufficient to induce embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in p53‐deficient mice
Authors: Camboni Marybeth , Hammond Sue , Martin Laura T , Martin Paul T 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe have previously reported that mice with muscular dystrophy, including mdx mice, develop embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (eRMS) with a low incidence after 1 year of age and that almost all such tumours contain cancer‐associated p53 mutations. To further demonstrate the relevance of p53 inactivation, we created p53‐deficient mdx mice. Here we demonstrate that loss of one or both p53 (Trp53) alleles accelerates eRMS incidence in the mdx background, such that almost all Trp53−/− mdx animals develop eRMS by 5 months of age. To ascertain whether increased tumour incidence was due to the regenerative microenvironment found in dystrophic skeletal muscles, we induced muscle regeneration in Trp53+/+ and Trp53−/− animals using cardiotoxin (Ctx). Wild‐type (Trp53+/+) animals treated with Ctx, either once every 7 days or once every 14 days from 1 month of age onwards, developed no eRMS; however, all similarly Ctx‐treated Trp53−/− animals developed eRMS by 5 months of age at the site of injection. Most of these tumours displayed markers of human eRMS, including over‐expression of Igf2 and phosphorylated Akt. These data demonstrate that the presence of a regenerative microenvironment in skeletal muscle, coupled with Trp53 deficiency, is sufficient to robustly induce eRMS in young mice. These studies further suggest that consideration should be given to the potential of the muscle microenvironment to support tumourigenesis in regenerative therapies for myopathies. Copyright © 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficacy and Feasibility of Laparoscopic Redo Fundoplication
Authors: Bathla Lokesh , Legner Andras , Tsuboi Kazuto , Mittal Sumeet 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackgroundNearly 15% of patients who undergo anti‐reflux surgery report recurrent symptoms on long‐term follow‐up and may be candidates for redo anti‐reflux surgery (redo‐ARS). In the last 10 years, several studies have evaluated the feasibility and short‐term results of redo‐ARS. The purpose of the present study was to critically review our experience with 102 redo fundoplications with short‐ to medium‐term follow‐up and special emphasis on subjective outcomes for redo‐ARS.MethodsA retrospective chart analysis was done on consecutive 102 redo fundoplications performed between December 2003 and March 2008. The patients were divided into two groups, the open group (group A) and the laparoscopic (group B). Subjective symptom analysis was performed on an annual basis using a standard questionnaire.ResultsThere was no significant difference in mean age, body mass index (BMI), or time since first surgery between the two groups. Significant differences were noted between operative time, estimated blood loss, and median hospital stay between the two groups. A total of 16 patients were found to have short esophagus and underwent Collis gastroplasty. Complications included 11 hollow viscus injuries seen in group A and 13 such injuries in group B. There was significant improvement in all symptom scores in the two groups, along with a significant decrease in the use of acid suppression therapy. In the open group 58% of patients rated their satisfaction as excellent compared to 90% in the laparoscopic group.ConclusionsThis study clearly establishes the safety and efficacy of redo laparoscopic anti‐reflux surgery with excellent outcomes after short‐ to medium‐term follow‐up.
A unified alignment algorithm for bilingual data
Authors: TILLMANN CHRISTOPH , HEWAVITHARANA SANJIKA 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe paper presents a novel unified algorithm for aligning sentences with their translations in bilingual data. With the help of ideas from a stack-based dynamic programming decoder for speech recognition (Ney 1984), the search is parametrized in a novel way such that the unified algorithm can be used on various types of data that have been previously handled by separate implementations: the extracted text chunk pairs can be either sub-sentential pairs, one-to-one, or many-to-many sentence-level pairs. The one-stage search algorithm is carried out in a single run over the data. Its memory requirements are independent of the length of the source document, and it is applicable to sentence-level parallel as well as comparable data. With the help of a unified beam-search candidate pruning, the algorithm is very efficient: it avoids any document-level pre-filtering and uses less restrictive sentence-level filtering. Results are presented on a Russian–English, a Spanish–English, and an Arabic–English extraction task. Based on simple word-based scoring features, text chunk pairs are extracted out of several trillion candidates, where the search is carried out on 300 processors in parallel.
Isolation in habitat refugia promotes rapid diversification in a montane tropical salamander
Authors: Parra‐Olea Gabriela , Windfield Juan Carlos , Velo‐Antón Guillermo , Zamudio Kelly R. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAim  Our goal was to reconstruct the phylogenetic history and historical demography of highly divergent populations of the endemic plethodontid salamander Pseudoeurycea leprosa, to elucidate the timing and mechanisms of divergence in the Trans‐Volcanic Belt of Mexico.Location  The Trans‐Volcanic Belt (TVB) of central Mexico, including the states of Mexico, Morelos, Puebla, Tlaxcala and Veracruz.Methods  We sequenced the cytochrome b mitochondrial DNA gene for 281 individuals from 26 populations and nine mountain ranges in the TVB, and used Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction and Markov chain Monte Carlo coalescent methods to infer historical demographic parameters and divergences among populations in each mountain system.Results  We found deep genetic divergences between eastern and central TVB mountain systems despite their recent volcanic origin. Populations of P. leprosa show a pattern of refugial populations in the north‐eastern and eastern limits of the species’ distribution, and genetic evidence of rapid population expansion in mountain ranges of the central TVB. The oldest divergences among populations date to c. 3.8 Ma, and the most recent divergences in the central TVB are Pleistocene in age (c. 0.7 Ma).Main conclusions  Given the timing and order of population diversification in P. leprosa, we conclude that early isolation in multiple habitat refuges in north‐eastern and eastern mountain ranges played an important role in structuring population diversity in the TVB, followed by population expansion and genetic divergence of the central range populations. The dynamic climatic and volcanic changes in this landscape generally coincide with the history of intra‐specific diversification in P. leprosa. Climate‐driven changes in habitat distribution in an actively changing volcanic landscape have shaped divergences in the TVB and very likely contributed to the high levels of speciation and endemism in this biodiverse region.
Less expression of prohibitin is associated with increased Caspase‐3 expression and cell apoptosis in renal interstitial fibrosis rats
Authors: ZHOU TIAN‐BIAO , QIN YUAN‐HAN , ZHOU CHUN , LEI FENG‐YING , ZHAO YAN‐JUN , CHEN JING , SU LI‐NA , HUANG WEI‐FANG 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT:Aims:  Prohibitin (PHB), a ubiquitous protein, is involved in a variety of molecular functions. Renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF) is a hallmark of common progressive chronic diseases that lead to renal failure. This study was performed to investigate whether PHB was associated with Caspase‐3 expression/cell apoptosis in RIF rats.Methods:  Twenty‐four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: sham operation group (SHO) and model group subjected to unilateral ureteral obstruction (GU), n = 12, respectively. The model was established by left ureteral ligation. Renal tissues were collected at 14 days and 28 days after surgery. RIF index, cell apoptosis index, protein expression of PHB, transforming growth factor‐βl (TGF‐β1), collagen‐IV (Col‐IV), fibronectin (FN) or Caspase‐3 in renal interstitium, and mRNA expression of PHB in renal tissue were detected.Results:  Compared with that in the SHO group, the PHB expression (mRNA and protein) was significantly reduced (P < 0.01). Protein expressions of TGF‐β1, Col‐IV, FN and Caspase‐3, and RIF index or cell apoptosis index in GU group were markedly elevated compared with those in SHO group (all P < 0.01). The protein expression of PHB had a negative correlation with the protein expression of TGF‐β1, Col‐IV, FN or Caspase‐3, and RIF index or cell apoptosis index (each P < 0.01).Conclusions:  Less expression of PHB is associated with increased Caspase‐3 expression/cell apoptosis in RIF rats. However, further research is needed to determine the effect of PHB on Caspase‐3 expression/cell apoptosis and to determine the potential of PHB as a therapeutic target.
Long Term Effects of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Non‐Ambulatory NYHA IV Heart Failure Patients
Authors: THEODORAKIS GEORGE , KATSIKIS ATHANASIOS , LIVANIS EFTHIMIOS , KOSTOPOULOU ANNA , ADAMOPOULOS STAMATIS , TSIAPRAS DIMITRIOS , VOUDRIS VASSILIS 
Published: September 2011

Background:

We aimed at evaluating the long‐term effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in nonambulatory New York Heart Association (NYHA) IV heart failure patients (NAIVHFP).
Methods:

Eighteen patients, 15 men and three women, eight with ischemic and 10 with nonischemic cardiomyopathy, who underwent biventricular pacemaker implantation while they were in nonambulatory NYHA IV class, were studied. Patients’ age was 58 ± 9 years and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 18 ± 3 %. Follow‐up data were obtained through review of follow‐up visits notes, stored echocardiographic studies, device interrogation data, and death certificates.
Results:

After a mean duration of 1223 ± 846 days, 11 patients were alive, including five patients who underwent heart transplantation (OCT) and seven dead. Three of 11 patients who received a CRT‐defibrillator, experienced at least one appropriate discharge, but eventually they either died or received an OCT during follow‐up. Sustained improvements in NYHA class (Z = 2.4, P = 0.015) and 6‐minute walk distance (0 vs 212 ± 95 m, P ≪ 0.001) were documented after a median duration of 855 days postimplantation. Cumulative proportion of death or OCT at 18 months—when full follow‐up data were available—was 18%, which compared favorably with historical controls. Full echocardiographic and clinical follow‐up data at 12‐months postimplantation were available for 10 patients, documenting a significant reduction in end‐systolic volume (248 ± 82 vs 269 ± 97 mL, P = 0.039).
Conclusions:

CRT can be safely applied in this subset of extreme severity heart failure patients, achieving encouraging survival rates and reverse remodeling effects. These observations can form an evidence‐based rationale for including NAIVHFP in randomized CRT trials. (PACE 2011; 34:1553–1560)
In Vivo Evaluation of Virtual Electrode Mapping and Ablation Utilizing a Direct Endocardial Visualization Ablation Catheter
Authors: CHIK WILLIAM W.B. , BARRY M. A. , MALCHANO ZACH , WYLIE BRYAN , POULIOPOULOS JIM , HUANG KAIMIN , LU JUNTANG , THAVAPALACHANDRAN SUJITHA , ROBINSON DAVID , SAADAT VAHID , THOMAS STUART P. , ROSS DAVID L. , KOVOOR PRAMESH , THIAGALINGAM ARAVINDA 
Published: September 2011

Visualization Catheter with Virtual Electrode Ablation. Background: Radiofrequency (RF) ablation utilizing direct endocardial visualization (DEV) requires a “virtual electrode” to deliver RF energy while preserving visualization. This study aimed to: (1) examine the virtual electrode RF ablation efficacy; (2) determine the optimal power and duration settings; and (3) evaluate the utility of virtual electrode unipolar electrograms.
Methods and Results:
The DEV catheter lesions were compared to lesions formed using a 3.5 mm open irrigated tip catheter within the right atria of 12 sheep. Generator power settings for DEV were titrated from 12W, 14W and 16W for 20, 30 and 40 seconds duration with 25 mL/min saline irrigation. Standard irrigated tip catheter settings of 30W, 50°C for 30 seconds and 30 mL/min were used.The DEV lesions were significantly greater in surface area and both major and minor axes compared to irrigated tip lesions (surface area 19.43 ± 9.09 vs 10.88 ± 4.72 mm, P<0.01) with no difference in transmurality (93/94 vs 46/47) or depth (1.86 ± 0.75 vs 1.85 ± 0.57 mm). Absolute electrogram amplitude reduction was greater for DEV lesions (1.89 ± 1.31 vs 1.49 ± 0.78 mV, P = 0.04), but no difference in percentage reduction. Pre‐ablation pacing thresholds were not different between DEV (0.79 ± 0.36 mA) and irrigated tip (0.73 ± 0.25 mA) lesions. There were no complications noted during ablation with either catheter.
Conclusions:
Virtual electrode ablation consistently created wider lesions at lower power compared to irrigated tip ablation. Virtual electrode electrograms showed a comparable pacing and sensing efficacy in detecting local myocardial electrophysiological changes. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23, pp. 88‐95, January 2012)
Genome Sequence of Mycobacterium bovis BCG Moreau, the Brazilian Vaccine Strain against Tuberculosis
Authors: Gomes Leonardo H. F. , Otto Thomas D. , Vasconcellos Érico A. , Ferrão Patrícia M. , Maia Renata M. , Moreira Aline S. , Ferreira Marcelo A. , Castello-Branco Luiz R. R. , Degrave Wim M. , Mendonça-Lima Leila 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT

Mycobacterium bovis
bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the only vaccine available against tuberculosis, and the strains used worldwide represent a family of daughter strains with distinct genotypic characteristics. Here we report the complete genome sequence of
M. bovis
BCG Moreau, the strain in continuous use in Brazil for vaccine production since the 1920s.
Complete Genome Sequence of Rickettsia heilongjiangensis, an Emerging Tick-Transmitted Human Pathogen
Authors: Duan Changsong , Tong Yigang , Huang Yong , Wang Xile , Xiong Xiaolu , Wen Bohai 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT

Rickettsia heilongjiangensis
is an emerging tick-transmitted human pathogen causing far-Eastern spotted fever. Here we report the complete sequence and the main features of the genome of
R. heilongjiangensis
(strain 054).