bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An F2 Yield Trial in Peanuts1
Authors: Hammons Ray O. , Branch W. D. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
An F2 yield trial in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) was conducted in 1978 to evaluate 25 entries in a six replicate randomized complete block design. Entries included progenies from sixteen intrasubspecific cross combinations and their representative parents: seven component lines of two U. S. cultivars, ‘Florunner’ and ‘Florigiant’, and two peanut introductions, ‘Makulu Red’ and ‘486 GKP’.
Progeny and parental performances were determined for eight quantitative traits: yield, fancy pods, meat content, total sound mature kernels, other kernels, extra large kernels, damaged kernels, and 100 seed weight.
Hybridization between adapted and unadapted genotypes led to a reduction in performance characteristics. However, cross populations were identified as having selection potential for improving yield and grade.
Control of Bur Gherkins (Cucumis anguria) in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) with Herbicides1
Authors: Buchanan G. A. , Hauser E. W. , Patterson R. M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Experiments were conducted from 1975 to 1977 to determine the efficacy of herbicides for control of bur gherkin (Cucumis anguria L.) in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). Most bur gherkins seed planted in the field germinated in the upper 2.5 cm of soil, although some seed germinated from 7 cm. In greenhouse and field experiments, preplant-incorporated applications of vernolate (S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate) substantially reduced the green weight of bur gherkin plants and also improved the efficacy of several cracking and postemergence herbicidal treatments. Postemergence treatment sequences were much more effective when they were begun while bur gherkins were in the cotyledonary stage of development rather than the 3- to 5-leaf stage. Preplanting application and incorporation of vernolate + benefin (N-butyl-N-ethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine), followed by a cracking application of alachlor [2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] + naptalam (N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid) + dinoseb (2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol), followed by dinoseb controlled bur gherkins. Some of the most intensive herbicide programs reduced the yield of peanuts in some experiments. Bur gherkin plants that survived the herbicide treatments produced substantial quantities of fruit and seed.
Influence of Row Spacing, Seeding Rates and Herbicide Systems on the Competitiveness and Yield of Peanuts1
Authors: Hauser E. W. , Buchanan G. A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L. ‘Florunner’), infested with sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia L.) were grown during 1977 and 1978 in 20.3-, 40.6- and 81.2-cm row widths (on Dothan sandy loam and on Greenville sandy clay loam). The crop was maintained weed-free for 0, 2, or 5 weeks or for the entire growing season. Three herbicidal systems with various intensities were utilized. In 1978, reduced and regular rates of in-row crop seeding were compared. Weed-free maintenance for 5 weeks generally produced yields of peanuts equivalent to those obtained with continuous weeding. Sicklepod green weights were reduced by 28 and 53% in peanuts with row spacings of 40.6 and 20.3 cm, respectively, as compared to standard 81.2 cm spaced rows. Peanuts in close-row patterns yielded about 14% higher than the conventional 81.2 cm row spacing when averaged for all studies. Adjustments of the in-row seeding rate to produce a more normal seed-drop per hectare reduced the yield of peanuts only 1 to 3% and, therefore, did not negate the increased yields produced with close-row spacings.
Mineral Composition of Peanut Seed as Influenced by Cultivar and Location1,2
Authors: Gaines T. Powell , Hammons Ray O. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The range in macronutrient concentrations in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds has been fairly well established over the years, but a considerable range in the micronutrient concentrations has been reported in the literature. A study was conducted to determine the elemental concentration in seeds of four peanut cultivars grown at six locations across the southern U.S. Two of the cultivars account for &gt;85% of the current U. S. production. ‘Early Bunch’, ‘Florigiant’, ‘Florunner’, and ‘Tifrun’ were grown with and without irrigation at Tifton and Plains, GA, with irrigation at College Station, TX, and without irrigation at Suffolk, VA. These seeds were analyzed for 10 nutrients: P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe, and B. Significant differences were found in the levels of nine nutrients among locations and eight nutrients among cultivars, but these levels did not vary greatly among locations or cultivars. The only positive correlations found for locations were between seed Ca and total precipitation and between seed Mg and soil Mg. The nutrient levels found corroborate the work of others and point out an apparent 10-fold error in the upper limit of the Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe, and B ranges previously reported in the literature.
Shell and Seed Size Relationships in Peanuts1
Authors: de Godoy Ignacio J. , Norden A. J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Three crosses and their reciprocals between peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes differing in pod and seed sizes were made to investigate relationships between the pericarp (shell) and seed. Length, width, and weight of the fruit and seed from the F1 generation and selfed parentals were compared. The F2 generation along with plants from the parental lines were grown in the field. The weight, width, and volume of dried fruits and seeds, as well as shell thickness, were obtained from samples of 30 visually mature pods from each plant. Density of fruits and seeds, internal pericarp color, and shelling percentage were also recorded.
Length, width, and weight of the F1 seeds tended to be similar to the selfed seeds from the same plants, showing possible maternal influence. The wide distribution in fruit volume obtained among F2 plants is indicative of quantitative inheritance. The larger the difference in fruit and seed size between the parents, the more pronounced was the skewness of the size distributions of the progeny toward the smaller parent. Estimates of pheno-typic correlations for fruit and seed volume were high and positive in most cases. However, fruit density vs fruit volume correlations were essentially negative suggesting that seeds grown inside pods with genetically smaller cavities may be compacted by the shell.
Peanut Seed Treatment with Hot Calcium Hydroxide Solutions1,2,4
Authors: Abd El-Rehim M. A. , Backman P. A. , Rodriguez-Kabana R. , Crawford M. A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Peanut seed treatment with hot water (50 C for 20 min.) or hot aqueous solutions of Ca(OH)2 were found to stimulate the rate of peanut germination and increase final stand counts in laboratory and greenhouse trials. In field germination trials, seed soaked in hot Ca(OH)2 solutions and dried, were found to perform almost as well as seed treated with commercial fungicides. It is theorized that the soaking process may remove chemicals responsible for seed dormancy, and initiate germination processes, giving seed soaked in hot water a more rapid emergence. The rapid rate of emergence can lead to seedling escape from disease, which is assisted by the antifungal properties of Ca(OH)2.
Evaluating Peanuts for Resistance to Cylindrocladium Black Rot1
Authors: Hammons Ray O. , Bell D. K. , Sobers E. K. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR), a devastating disease of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), is caused by Cylindrocladium crotalariae (Loos) Bell and Sobers [perfect state, Calonectria crotalariae (Loos) Bell and Sobers]. No effective chemical control is known. Resistant cultivars would be the best way to control the disease. Two screening methods, employing sterile and nonsterile media, were developed and used for large-scale systematic screening of peanut genotypes for resistance. Results were reproducible with either method. The nonsterile method was more economical, required less handling, and permitted immediate transplanting of selections. Using both methods, we evaluated 929 different peanut lines from the world germplasm pool. Some 130 lines (14%) exhibited sufficient resistance to be reevaluated. After repeated screening by single-plant selection, six derived inbreds with greater resistance than the standard resistant Span-cross and NC 3033 peanuts were named CBR-R1 to CBR-R6 and released as germplasm lines for breeding use. They include representatives from three of the four botanical varieties of A. hypogaea.
The Effects of Irrigation, Inoculants and Fertilizer Nitrogen on Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). II. Yield
Authors: Reddy V. M. , Tanner J. W. , Roy R. C. , Elliot J. M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The peanut is a recent introduction into southern Ontario. In order to develop appropriate production practices, the effects of irrigation, inoculation and N fertilization on yield were investigated. Irrigation and inoculation each increased the yield by about 27%, and the effect of each of these factors was greater in the presence of the other. No significant yield difference (2992 kg/ha on average) was observed between the use of powdered peat or granular inoculants containing the same strains of rhizobia. However, a yield difference was observed between inoculants containing different strains of rhizobia. Nitrogen application at planting time did not increase the yield of uninoculated peanuts, but a split application, applied at planting and 60 days later, increased the yield by 28% over the uninoculated control. Increasing the N application at planting decreased the yield and 100-kernel weight of inoculated peanuts.
Variation in the Seed Hull Maturity Index in Commercial Peanut Fields1
Authors: Pattee Harold E. , Giesbrecht Francis G. , Dickens James W. , Whitaker Thomas B. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Previous research studies have indicated that peanut cultivars Florigiant and NC6 have a maximum crop value when the Seed Hull Maturity Index (SHMI) is 3.0. This SHMI value may be used as a guideline by the peanut grower to help determine the time to dig his peanuts. In order to determine the sample size needed to determine the SHMI, we have measured the variance among SHMI values for individual plant samples within commercial fields of peanuts. The average variability found among SHMI values was 0.166 with a maximum variance of 0.276. Using this information it was determined that 17 plant samples from a field would be adequate for most situations. However, if a field appeared to present unusually variable conditions an increased sampling rate to a maximum of 28 plant samples might be desirable. A plant sample may have one to three plants because of the entwining of plants. Recommended procedures are presented for sampling the field, subsampling of bulked peanut fruits, and determining SHMI for actual farm situations.
Aphid Populations and Spread of Peanut Mottle Virus1
Authors: Highland H. B. , Demski J. W. , Chalkley J. H. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Higher percentages of peanuts than soybeans or cowpeas become infected when these crops are growing equal distances from a source of peanut mottle virus (PMV). The total number of aphids trapped in these crops are about equal and cannot explain this differential percentage infection. Known vectors of PMV such as Aphis craccivora Koch and Myzus persicae (Sulzer) comprised 31% of the aphid population in peanuts compared to 14% in soybeans and 17% in cowpeas and could be responsible for the higher number of peanut infections. In addition, trapping of live aphids in peanut fields showed that viruliferous Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) were present. Laboratory studies confirmed R. maidis could transmit PMV from peanut to peanut. This is the first report of R. maidis as a vector of PMV.
Effect of Cultivars and Field Traffic on the Fruiting Patterns of Virgina Type Peanuts1
Authors: Mozingo R. Walton 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Knowledge of the fruiting patterns of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) is useful in determining the most feasible band widths for pesticides and other amendments, designing new peanut equipment and adapting new production practices for specific cultivars. The fruiting patterns and the effect of field traffic on these patterns were determined on five large-seeded Virginia type peanut cultivars with variant growth habits.
Cultivars differed in fruiting patterns with the bunch growth type having a significantly higher percentage of their pods near the taproot than the runner types. The bunch types, NC 17 and NC-FLA 14 had 73.5 and 66.5% of their total fruit within a 13-cm wide section centered over the taproot whereas, the runners, VA 72R and Florigiant, and the intermediate type, NC 5, had 42.8, 45.5 and 45.3%, respectively, in a similar position. At the 0.05 level of probability, field traffic had no significant effect on the fruit distribution of the bunch cultivars, but NC 5, VA 72R and Florigiant (at 0.10 level) produced significantly less fruit on the side of the row subjected to field traffic during the fruiting season.
Effects of Intrarow Spacing on Yield and Market Quality of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Genotypes1
Authors: Knauft D. A. , Norden A. J. , Beninati N. F. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Pod yields and grading data were analyzed for six peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes grown in 91 cm rows while using three intrarow distances; 10.2 cm, 15.2 cm and 30.5 cm. Yields were analyzed for a 6-year period from 1975 to 1980 and grading data were analyzed for a 7-year period from 1974 to 1980.
Three genotypes (Dixie Runner, UF714021 and UF439-16-6-3) showed no significant yield differences (all differences reported at the 5% level) among spacings. Florunner and Florigiant produced the same yields at 10.2 cm spacings as they did at 15.2 cm. Both cultivars showed a significant yield reduction at the 30.5 cm spacing. Early Bunch yields were significantly higher at 15.2 cm than at 30.5 cm, while the yield at 10.2 cm was intermediate, but was not significantly different from either 15.2 or 30.5 cm.
Grading data included percentages of extra large kernels (ELK), total sound mature kernels, and Virginia pods. The percentage of ELK for Florigiant at 15.2 cm was significantly greater than the 30.5 cm spacing. Changes in intrarow spacings of the six gentoypes in this study produced no significant differences in any grading data with that exception.
All the currently grown cultivars in these tests had yields with plant spacings at 15.2 cm that were not significantly different from yields at 10.2 cm. With good quality seeds and good production practices a considerable savings could be made with little or no yield reduction by planting at spacings near 15 cm.
Evaluation of Cleaning Farmers Stock Peanuts Prior to Marketing
Authors: Blankenship P. D. , Young J. H. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
During two harvest seasons, 103 drying wagon lots of Florunner peanuts were graded, cleaned and regraded. The effects of cleaning on grade parameters and economic value were evaluated. Observed value changes were compared to theoretical value changes assuming removal of all grade — indicated foreign material. Niether theoretical or experimental benefits of cleaning prior to marketing increased economic value enough to exceed to the current commercial charge for cleaning.
Peanut Drying Energy Consumption — A Simulation Analysis
Authors: Troeger J. M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
During the past few years the cost of conventional sources of energy has dramatically increased and future supplies are uncertain. Available energy sources must be used in the most efficient manner. However, with any changes in recommended peanut drying procedures, product quality must be maintained. An analysis of various factors affecting energy consumption and drying time of peanuts was performed, using a computer simulation model. The analysis included consideration of ambient conditions, dryer controls, and initial peanut moisture. The analysis indicated that the airflow rate used in many commercially available farm dryers is necessary to adequately dry high moisture peanuts, but that a lower airflow rate would be adequate for low-moisture peanuts. A lower airflow rate would reduce energy consumption. Increasing the temperature rise of the drying air would speed drying but would also lower milling quality. Energy consumption was lowest early in the drying season when ambient drying potential was high.
Resistance to Rust and Late Leafspot Diseases in Some Genotypes of Arachis hypogaea1
Authors: Subrahmanyam P. , McDonald D. , Gibbons R. W. , Nigam S. N. , Nevill D. J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Resistance to rust (Puccinia arachidis Speg.) and late leafspot (Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & Curt.) Deighton) in some peanut genotypes was studied under field conditions. Late leafspot development was also assessed in the glasshouse and the parameters lesion diameter, defoliation percentage and sporulation gave highly significant correlations with the field disease scores. Several genotypes were found to be resistant to both rust and late leafspot and should be useful sources of multiple disease-resistance in a breeding program.
Scheduling of Irrigation for Summer Peanuts1
Authors: Khan A. R. , Datta B. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Field experiments were carried out to study the effect of moisture stress on peanut (Arachis Hypogaea L.) erect variety ‘SB XI’ in relation to amount of irrigation and IW/CPE ratio for consecutive two years of 1975 and 1976. IW/CPE denotes the ratio between a fixed amount of irrigation water (IW) and cumulative pan evaporation from US Weather Bureau Class A Open Pan less rainfall since previous irrigation (Pan E). Yield and 100 kernels weight were significantly influenced by both amount of irrigation and IW/CPE ratio. Maximum yield was obtained when irrigation was given with 6 cm water at 0.75 IW/CPE ratio.
Aflatoxin Inhibition and Fungistasis by Peanut Tannins1
Authors: Lansden John A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Three fractions of tannins were isolated from Florunner peanut testa. Both the growth of Aspergillus parasiticus (NRRL 2999) on PDA agar and production of aflatoxins in liquid culture were inhibited by the tannins. The ability to inhibit growth was inversely related to the ability to inhibit aflatoxin production for each fraction. Two types of tannin assays were inadequate as predictors of the biological activity of the tannin fractions.
Variation in Milling Quality of Peanuts1
Authors: Wynne J. C. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Poor milling quality of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) results in a substantial financial loss to the peanut industry. With recent development of a sheller and methodology for the evaluation of milling quality for small samples, it is possible for a peanut breeder to evaluate and select a desired level of milling quality. This study was conducted to determine the variation in milling quality among several large-seeded virginia cultivars and among a group of breeding lines from the cross of the Virginia cultivars, NC 5 and Florigiant.
Cultivars were significantly different for milling quality. However, cultivars did not perform consistently over years, locations or harvest dates.
Large differences in milling quality among F2 families measured in the F6 generation for the cross of NC 5 and Florigiant were observed. Selection for milling quality among the F5 lines should be effective; however, selection for milling quality without consideraiton of blanching properties may result in the development of breeding lines unacceptable to end-use product manufacturers.
Foliar Fertilization Effects on Yield, Quality, Nutrient Uptake, and Vegetative Characteristics of Florunner Peanuts.1,2
Authors: Walker M. E. , Gaines T. P. , Henning R. J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effects of foliar-applied fertilizer on yield, quality, chemical composition, and vegetative characteristics of Florunner peanuts. Field experiments wre conducted over a four year period, 1976–1979, on two Coastal Plain soils. Foliar fertilizer containing, N, P, K, and S was applied at varying rates and intervals during the growing season. Plants were sampled at three stages of growth to study vegetative characteristics and chemical composition. Yield and quality factors were taken at harvest.
Foliar fertilizer applied at various rates at different time intervals did not increase yields at either location during the four year study. A slight increase in %SMK was noted in 1976 at one site for the highest rate applied late in the growing season. The two highest rates (168 and 224 kg/ha) caused severe burn damage to the foliage in 1977 and 1978, and consequently only the low rate (112 kg/ha) was used in 1979. In 1978, pod number was reduced with the highest rate at one location for one of three sampling dates, while at the other there was some increase in number of pegs and pods for one sampling date with increased foliar fertilization. Peanut tops were analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. Phosphorus and K increased for the highest rate for one sampling date in 1978 at one site. Results of these studies indicate that foliar N, P, K, and S fertilization does not increase yield, grade, pegs, pods, or nutrient uptake of peanuts.
Gas Chromatographic Profile of Good Quality Raw Peanuts
Authors: Lovegren N. V. , Vinnett C. H. , St. Angelo A. J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Raw Virginia peanuts were evaluated from volatiles obtained by a modified direct gas chromatographic procedure. The volatiles were eluted and absorbed onto a Tenax-MPE column which was at ambient temperatures. After the peanut sample was removed, the column was temperature programmed for the analysis. The combined peak areas of methanol, acetaldehyde, ethanol, and the acetone group (pentane, 2-propanol, propanal, and acetone) usually comprised about 80% of the total volatile peak area. Sensory data and their correlation with volatile profiles are reported.
Factors Associated with Resistance to Puccinia arachidis
Authors: Sokhi S. S. , Jhooty J. S. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Peanut rust infection frequency, uredial size, incubation period and latent period was studied on 47 genotypes. Seventeen genotypes namely NCAC 17133-RF, PI,259747, PI,393643, PI,381622, PI,390593, PI,390595, PI,393517, PI,405132, J-11, Jh-352, 39–2, J1–24, 2704, US-74 and MK-374 showed a lower infection frequency and smaller uredosori, longer incubation and latent periods.
Quality Characteristics of Cake-type Doughnuts Containing Peanut, Cowpea, and Soybean Flours
Authors: McWatters Kay H. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Ten percent of the wheat flour in cake-type buttermilk doughnuts was replaced with flours processed from prepress, solvent-extracted peanuts; partially defatted, untoasted peanuts; partially defatted, toasted peanuts; and dry cowpeas. The legume-supplemented doughnuts were prepared with and without soybean flour, which is frequently added to doughnut formulations to control fat absorption during frying. The quality of test doughnuts was assessed by comparison to wheat flour reference doughnuts. Good machinability and frying characteristics were observed in reference and test batters. Legume-supplemented doughnuts scored favorably in sensory comparisons with reference doughnuts and were similar in moisture content. Oil levels of legume flour-supplemented doughnuts were the same or less than that of reference doughnuts and were more acceptable than levels reported in an earlier study which utilized the legumes in the form of meal.