bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Close encounters of the infectious kind: methods to measure social mixing behaviour
Authors: READ J. M. , EDMUNDS W. J. , RILEY S. , LESSLER J. , CUMMINGS D. A. T. 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARYA central tenet of close-contact or respiratory infection epidemiology is that infection patterns within human populations are related to underlying patterns of social interaction. Until recently, few researchers had attempted to quantify potentially infectious encounters made between people. Now, however, several studies have quantified social mixing behaviour, using a variety of methods. Here, we review the methodologies employed, suggest other appropriate methods and technologies, and outline future research challenges for this rapidly advancing field of research.
Age-specific vaccine effectiveness of seasonal 2010/2011 and pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 vaccines in preventing influenza in the United Kingdom
Authors: PEBODY R. G. , ANDREWS N. , FLEMING D. M. , McMENAMIN J. , COTTRELL S. , SMYTH B. , DURNALL H. , ROBERTSON C. , CARMAN W. , ELLIS J. , SEBASTIAN-PILLAI P. , ZAMBON M. , KEARNS C. , MOORE C. , THOMAS D. RH. , WATSON J. M. 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARYAn analysis was undertaken to measure age-specific vaccine effectiveness (VE) of 2010/11 trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine (TIV) and monovalent 2009 pandemic influenza vaccine (PIV) administered in 2009/2010. The test-negative case-control study design was employed based on patients consulting primary care. Overall TIV effectiveness, adjusted for age and month, against confirmed influenza A(H1N1)pdm 2009 infection was 56% (95% CI 42–66); age-specific adjusted VE was 87% (95% CI 45–97) in <5-year-olds and 84% (95% CI 27–97) in 5- to 14-year-olds. Adjusted VE for PIV was only 28% (95% CI −6 to 51) overall and 72% (95% CI 15–91) in <5-year-olds. For confirmed influenza B infection, TIV effectiveness was 57% (95% CI 42–68) and in 5- to 14-year-olds 75% (95% CI 32–91). TIV provided moderate protection against the main circulating strains in 2010/2011, with higher protection in children. PIV administered during the previous season provided residual protection after 1 year, particularly in the <5 years age group.
Seroprevalence of hepatitis A virus antibody in a population aged 0–30 years in Shanghai, China: implications for hepatitis A immunization
Authors: ZHU Y. , YUAN Z. , ZHAO Q. , CHEN G. , XU B. 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARYThis study aimed to determine current seroprevalence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) antibody in subjects aged 0–30 years in Shanghai. A total of 5515 subjects were recruited through random clustering sampling in 2009. Basic clinical and demographic information and records of HAV vaccination were acquired by questionnaire interviews and review of immunization records. Serum samples were collected and tested for anti-HAV IgM and total anti-HAV. The overall seroprevalence of total anti-HAV was 52·9%. Subjects aged 20–24 years had the lowest (34·4%) anti-HAV seropositivity and subjects aged 5–9 years had the highest (74·6%) positivity. Seroprevalence was significantly greater in subjects from suburban areas than in subjects from urban areas. Subjects who had HAV immunizations had significantly greater seropositivity for total anti-HAV. Previous hepatitis A immunization policies had a significant impact on the presence of anti-HAV seroprevalence in a population aged 0–30 years from Shanghai.
Parkinson's disease: treatment and non-motor features
Authors: Macphee Graeme JA , Stewart David A 
Published: June 2012

SummaryThis review on Parkinson's disease (PD) considers pharmacological and surgical management and important non-motor symptoms (NMS) such as depression, dementia and sleep disorder. In the absence of a proven neuroprotective drug, therapy remains symptomatic and may be initiated with levodopa or a dopamine agonist or a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Treatment should be tailored to the individual patient, with patient preference, extent of functional impairment and co-morbidity more important than ageper se. As disease progresses, therapy usually becomes more complex and apomorphine, duodopa and surgical intervention may be useful.NMS may be present at any stage of illness but become more common in severity and frequency with advanced disease, when neuropsychiatric features such as dementia and psychosis dominate the clinical picture. NMS are often unrecognized and undeclared by patients and carers in clinic. Novel agents for treating non-motor features, which are often poorly responsive to dopaminergic therapy, are urgently required.
Pushing Back: What Happens When Member States Resist the European Court of Justice? A Multi-Modal Approach to the History of European Law
Authors: DAVIES BILL 
Published: June 2012

AbstractEstablished explanations of the development of the European legal system focus on the decisive power of the Court of Justice in determining the system's practice and parameters. Even accounts highlighting the various interlocutors involved with the Court are ultimately drawn to Luxembourg as the fulcrum of decision. However, these approaches neglect the equally constitutive role played by national courts, particularly when resisting the European Court of Justice (ECJ). By analysing the important consequences of the German Constitutional Court's Solange decision of 1974, this paper argues that we must complicate our retelling of the European Union's (EU) legal history by rethinking the importance of national-level agency.
The Critical Promise of the New History of European Law
Authors: LINDSETH PETER L. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe articles in this special issue test a range of historiographical assumptions – for example, about periodisation (most importantly when legal integration ‘began’) as well as about the definition of the purported object of study (the seemingly ‘constitutional’ character of the process of European legal integration) – which have been central to the interpretative baseline established by legal scholars and political scientists over the last several decades. Building on a similar critique of that baseline, this article argues that integration can profitably be understood, in legal-historical terms, as a denationalised expression of diffuse and fragmented (that is, ‘administrative’) governance. The basic elements of that governance emerged in Western Europe over the course of the inter-war and post-war decades, and these elements have continued to shape EU legal history up to the present.
The Spinning House girls: Cambridge University's distinctive policing of prostitution, 1823–1894
Authors: OSWALD JANET 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACT:This article explores the regulation of prostitution in nineteenth-century Cambridge by an appraisal of the committal books of the university prison. Each evening in term-time the university proctors arrested and imprisoned local ‘streetwalkers’ in an attempt to protect the students’ morals. This research offers insight into the ways in which Cambridge's geography and its dual system of governance influenced the policing of prostitution in the town centre. The former compelled students and townspeople to share the same crowded space and the latter enabled the university to enforce traditional patterns of class and gender to control sexuality in the town.
Speed and blood on the bypass: the new automobilities of inter-war London
Authors: LAW MICHAEL JOHN 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACT:The article considers the impact of new arterial roads on the mobilities of the wealthier inter-war Londoner, and argues that they occasioned an emergent form of automobility that was modern, sensational and exciting for the metropolitan driver, but was also highly dangerous, particularly for pedestrians and cyclists living in suburban homes near these roads.
Requirements for Independent Community-Based Quality Assessment and Accountability Practices in Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief Activities
Authors: Kirsch Thomas D. , Perrin Paul , Burkle Frederick M. , Canny William , Purdin Susan , Lin William , Sauer Lauren 
Published: June 2012

AbstractDuring responses to disasters, the credibility of humanitarian agencies can be threatened by perceptions of poor quality of the responses. Many initiatives have been introduced over the last two decades to help address these issues and enhance the overall quality of humanitarian response, often with limited success. There remain important gaps and deficiencies in quality assurance efforts, including potential conflicts of interest. While many definitions for quality exist, a common component is that meeting the needs of the “beneficiary” or “client” is the ultimate determinant of quality. This paper examines the current status of assessment and accountability practices in the humanitarian response community, identifies gaps, and recommends timely, concise, and population-based assessments to elicit the perspective of quality performance and accountability to the affected populations. Direct and independent surveys of the disaster-affected population will help to redirect ongoing aid efforts, and generate more effective and comparable methods for assessing the quality of humanitarian practices and assistance activities.Kirsch TD, Perrin P, Burkle FM Jr, Canny W, Purdin S, Lin W, Sauer L. Requirements for independent community-based quality assessment and accountability practices in humanitarian assistance and disaster relief activities.Prehosp Disaster Med. 2012;27(3):1-6.
Neuropsychological Weaknesses in Adult ADHD; Cognitive Functions as Core Deficit and Roles of Them in Persistence to Adulthood
Authors: Pazvantoğlu Ozan , Aker Arzu Alptekin , Karabekiroğlu Koray , Akbaş Seher , Sarısoy Gökhan , Baykal Saliha , Korkmaz Işıl Zabun , Pazvantoğlu Emel Alkan , Böke Ömer , Şahin Ahmet Rifat 
Published: June 2012

AbstractPrior investigations have shown that individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have impaired neuropsychological functions. This study had two aims, first to investigate weakened cognitive functions in adult ADHD (aADHD), and second, to investigate difference between persisters (those having persistently ongoing ADHD diagnosis in adulthood), and remitters (those having ADHD diagnosis only in childhood and not in adulthood), in terms of cognitive deficits. We evaluated performance on a comprehensive neuropsychological battery in three groups including 34 persisters, 35 remitters, and 35 healthy control group (absence of childhood and adulthood ADHD diagnosis). Our findings showed that adults with ADHD have inefficient attention, interference control and set-shifting functions, which may be revealed on neuropsychological tests that require greater cognitive demand. Given the finding that interference control deficit exists across the lifespan in people with ADHD, we suggest that interference control-associated functional weakness may be a core deficit for ADHD. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1–8)
Neuropsychological Outcomes of U.S. Veterans with Report of Remote Blast-Related Concussion and Current Psychopathology
Authors: Nelson Nathaniel W. , Hoelzle James B. , Doane Bridget M. , McGuire Kathryn A. , Ferrier-Auerbach Amanda G. , Charlesworth Molly J. , Lamberty Gregory J. , Polusny Melissa A. , Arbisi Paul A. , Sponheim Scott R. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis study explored whether remote blast-related MTBI and/or current Axis I psychopathology contribute to neuropsychological outcomes among OEF/OIF veterans with varied combat histories. OEF/OIF veterans underwent structured interviews to evaluate history of blast-related MTBI and psychopathology and were assigned to MTBI (n = 18), Axis I (n = 24), Co-morbid MTBI/Axis I (n = 34), or post-deployment control (n = 28) groups. A main effect for Axis I diagnosis on overall neuropsychological performance was identified (F(3,100) = 4.81; p = .004), with large effect sizes noted for the Axis I only (d = .98) and Co-morbid MTBI/Axis I (d = .95) groups relative to the control group. The latter groups demonstrated primary limitations on measures of learning/memory and processing speed. The MTBI only group demonstrated performances that were not significantly different from the remaining three groups. These findings suggest that a remote history of blast-related MTBI does not contribute to objective cognitive impairment in the late stage of injury. Impairments, when present, are subtle and most likely attributable to PTSD and other psychological conditions. Implications for clinical neuropsychologists and future research are discussed. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1–11)
Perception of Biological Motion and Emotion in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia
Authors: Henry Julie D. , Thompson Claire , Rendell Peter G. , Phillips Louise H. , Carbert Jessica , Sachdev Perminder , Brodaty Henry 
Published: June 2012

AbstractParticipants diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), dementia and controls completed measures that required decoding emotions from point-light displays of bodily motion, and static images of facial affect. Both of these measures tap social cognitive processes that are considered critical for social competency. Consistent with prior literature, both clinical groups were impaired on the static measure of facial affect recognition. The dementia (but not the MCI) group additionally showed difficulties interpreting biological motion cues. However, this did not reflect a specific deficit in decoding emotions, but instead a more generalized difficulty in processing visual motion (both to action and to emotion). These results align with earlier studies showing that visual motion processing is disrupted in dementia, but additionally show for the first time that this extends to the recognition of socially relevant biological motion. The absence of any MCI related impairment on the point-light biological emotion measure (coupled with deficits on the measure of facial affect recognition) also point to a potential disconnect between the processes implicated in the perception of emotion cues from static versus dynamic stimuli. For clinical (but not control) participants, performance on all recognition measures was inversely correlated with level of semantic memory impairment. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1–8)
DeepversusPeriventricular White Matter Lesions and Cognitive Function in a Community Sample of Middle-Aged Participants
Authors: Soriano-Raya Juan José , Miralbell Júlia , López-Cancio Elena , Bargalló Núria , Arenillas Juan Francisco , Barrios Maite , Cáceres Cynthia , Toran Pere , Alzamora Maite , Dávalos Antoni , Mataró Maria 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe association of cerebral white matter lesions (WMLs) with cognitive status is not well understood in middle-aged individuals. Our aim was to determine the specific contribution of periventricular hyperintensities (PVHs) and deep white matter hyperintensities (DWMHs) to cognitive function in a community sample of asymptomatic participants aged 50 to 65 years. One hundred stroke- and dementia-free adults completed a comprehensive neuropsychological battery and brain MRI protocol. Participants were classified according to PVH and DWMH scores (Fazekas scale). We dichotomized our sample into low grade WMLs (participants without or with mild lesions) and high grade WMLs (participants with moderate or severe lesions). Analyses were performed separately in PVH and DWMH groups. High grade DWMHs were associated with significantly lower scores in executive functioning (−0.45 standard deviations [SD]), attention (−0.42SD), verbal fluency (−0.68SD), visual memory (−0.52SD), visuospatial skills (−0.79SD), and psychomotor speed (−0.46SD). Further analyses revealed that high grade DWMHs were also associated with a three- to fourfold increased risk of impaired scores (i.e.,<1.5SD) in executive functioning, verbal fluency, visuospatial skills, and psychomotor speed. Our findings suggest that only DWMHs, not PVHs, are related to diminished cognitive function in middle-aged individuals. (JINS, 2012,18, 1–12)
Nutritional determinants of worldwide diabetes: an econometric study of food markets and diabetes prevalence in 173 countries
Authors: Basu Sanjay , Stuckler David , McKee Martin , Galea Gauden 
Published: June 2012

AbstractObjectiveAgeing and urbanization leading to sedentary lifestyles have been the major explanations proposed for a dramatic rise in diabetes worldwide and have been the variables used to predict future diabetes rates. However, a transition to Western diets has been suggested as an alternative driver. We sought to determine what socio-economic and dietary factors are the most significant population-level contributors to diabetes prevalence rates internationally.DesignMultivariate regression models were used to study how market sizes of major food products (sugars, cereals, vegetable oils, meats, total joules) corresponded to diabetes prevalence, incorporating lagged and cumulative effects. The underlying social determinants of food market sizes and diabetes prevalence rates were also studied, including ageing, income, urbanization, overweight prevalence and imports of foodstuffs.SettingData were obtained from 173 countries.SubjectsPopulation-based survey recipients were the basis for diabetes prevalence and food market data.ResultsWe found that increased income tends to increase overall food market size among low- and middle-income countries, but the level of food importation significantly shifts the content of markets such that a greater proportion of available joules is composed of sugar and related sweeteners. Sugar exposure statistically explained why urbanization and income have been correlated with diabetes rates.ConclusionsCurrent diabetes projection methods may estimate future diabetes rates poorly if they fail to incorporate the impact of nutritional factors. Imported sugars deserve further investigation as a potential population-level driver of global diabetes.
Development and test–retest reliability of a nutrition knowledge questionnaire for primary-school children
Authors: Vereecken Carine , De Pauw Anneleen , Van Cauwenbergh Stefanie , Maes Lea 
Published: June 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate a web-based nutritional knowledge questionnaire for primary-school children.DesignChildren's nutritional knowledge was assessed in five domains: healthy choices (twenty-seven items), estimated recommended portions/servings (eight items), nutrient content (five items), main food function (five items) and categorization of food items (eight items).SettingThe questionnaires were completed in school.SubjectsA convenience sample of 576 Belgian children (aged 7–12 years) from fourteen primary schools completed the questionnaire once, 386 completed the questionnaire twice.ResultsHealthy choices could be answered correctly by 73 % of the children, nutrients by 59 %, food categorization by 49 %, main function by 38 % and portion estimation by 36 %. Children's test–retest intra-class correlations were 0·75 for healthy choices, 0·33 for nutrients, 0·61 for food categorization, 0·44 for main function, 0·47 for portion estimation and 0·76 for the total scale. The intra-class correlation was lower in the youngest age group (grade 2: 0·51, grade 4: 0·65, grade 6: 0·66). The total score was significantly lower in the retest. The instrument was in general positively evaluated by the children.ConclusionsThe instrument is a promising, practical, inexpensive tool with acceptable test–retest reliability in fourth and sixth graders.
Role of α5β1 and αvβ3 integrins in relation to adhesion and spreading dynamics of prostate cancer cells interacting with fibronectin under in vitro conditions
Authors: Stachurska Anna , Elbanowski Jerzy , Kowalczyńska Hanna M. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractInteraction of cell integrins with the ECM (extracellular matrix) proteins is commonly assumed to be associated with cell dissemination and tumour metastases. Since these processes depend on the mechanism of cell—protein interaction, we have attempted to show the contribution of α5β1 and αvβ3 integrins of the prostate cancer PC‐3 cells in in vitro interaction with FN (fibronectin) adsorbed on defined polystyrene surfaces. Cell adhesion, spreading and cytoskeleton organization were studied using antibodies against integrins or a GRGDSP (Gly‐Arg‐Gly‐Asp‐Ser‐Pro) peptide. The results show that blocking the α5β1 integrin causes: (i) a decrease in the number of the adherent cells in the early phase of adhesion and (ii) a decrease in the dynamics of cell spreading and cell shape changes, and weaker reorganization of cytoskeletal proteins than in the control cells. Conversely, the blocking of the αvβ3 integrin: (i) causes no observable effect on the number of the adhered cells; however, (ii) causes an increase in the dynamics of cell spreading and cell shape changes, and stronger reorganization of cytoskeletal proteins than in the control cells. Interestingly, the blocking of integrins with a GRGDSP peptide strongly decreases the number of the adhered cells, and a complete inhibition of cell spreading. Our results strongly suggest that the α5β1 integrin plays the main role in the adhesion and spreading of PC‐3 cells interacting with FN, whereas the αvβ3 integrin seems to regulate other receptors in the spreading process. Moreover, integrin—FN interaction through the RGD sequence evidently curbed the cell adhesion and spreading.
AsH3 ultraviolet photochemistry: An ab initio view
Authors: Alekseyev Aleksey B. , Buenker Robert J. , Liebermann Heinz–Peter 
Published: June 2012

Multireference configuration interaction calculations have been carried out for low-lying electronic states of AsH3. Bending potentials for the nine lowest states of AsH3 are obtained in C3v symmetry for As–H distances fixed at the ground state equilibrium value of 2.850 a0, as well as for the minimum energy path constrained to R1 = R2 = R3. The calculated equilibrium geometry and bond energy for the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\tilde{X}\,{^1}{\!A}_{1}$\end{document}X̃A11 ground state agree very well with the previous experimental and theoretical data. It is shown that the lowest excited singlet state belongs to the 1A1 symmetry (in C3v), in contradiction to the previous calculations. This state is characterized by a planar equilibrium geometry. Asymmetric stretch potential energy surface (PES) cuts along the H2As–H recoil coordinate (at R1 = R2 = 2.850 a0, θ = 123.9° and 90°) for numerous excited states and two-dimensional PESs for the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\tilde{X}$\end{document}X̃ and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\tilde{A}$\end{document}Ã states up to the dissociation limits are obtained for the first time. The \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\tilde{A}\,{^1}{\!A}_{1}, \tilde{B}\,^1E - \tilde{X}\,{^1}{\!A}_{1}$\end{document}ÃA11,B̃E1−X̃A11 transition moments are calculated as well and used together with the PES data for the analysis of possible photodecay channels of arsine in its first absorption band.
Lasing of extreme ultraviolet light with nitrogen plasma in a recombining phase—Roles of doubly excited states
Authors: Ozawa Takuya , Yamamura Shuhei , Tatsumura Nao , Horioka Kazuhiko , Kawamura Tohru 
Published: June 2012

Focused are the properties of population inversion with nitrogen plasma between n = 3 and 2 of a hydrogen-like state in a recombining phase. The population inversion is calculated in the framework of population kinetics, and the gain coefficient G is estimated. The maximum plasma length L is approximated by a product of the duration of population inversion τe and the speed of light c. In the calculation, dielectronic-capture ladderlike (DL) processes are considered. At the plasma ion densities of 1017–18 cm−3 with a rapid cooling, the DL deexcitations make a large contribution to the population inversion, resulting in GL=5–10, and the prescription of plasma cooling is found to be definitely critical.