bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Glacial Retreat from Central and Southern Ireland
Authors: Charlesworth John Kaye 
Published: October 2009

Severa years ago I deduced from the distribution of the mammalian cave-fauna of Ireland that an unknown extent of Older Drift existed in the southern part of that country and that the end-moraine of the Newer Drift, bordering it on the north, ran somewhere to the south of the Central Plain. During a series of excursions into the Dublin and Wicklow Hills in the company of Mr. A. W. Stelfox, of the National Museum, Dublin, this moraine was readily detected skirting their flanks; subsequent researches led to its complete mapping from coast to coast.
When this part of the field-work was complete, a remark made by Mr. Stelfox led me to the unexpected discovery that the moraine was already known to H. Carvill Lewis. Priority is, therefore, his. His map and conclusions, however, were based upon a very limited number of observations, made in the course of his various traverses of the country, where the railways chanced to cross the line of the moraine. He surmised that the moraine was continuous through these localities, and drew in its course from conjecture. It is consequently not surprising to find only the roughest agreement between his uncertain suppositions and the unequivocal results of this more careful survey of the moraine along its whole length. Carvill Lewis, moreover, erred in interpreting as the moraine certain other deposits, such as river-gravels, which bear no relation to it; and he went still farther astray by linking up with it a number of morainic features which
The Geology of the District around Dinas Mawddwy, Merioneth
Authors: Pugh William John 
Published: October 2009

The western margin of the area described in this communication is situated about 5 or 6 miles east of Dolgelly, while the southern margin is some 8 or 9 miles north-west of Machynlleth. The villages of Dinas Mawddwy and Aberangell are located respectively in the eastern and south-eastern parts of the region. About 22 square miles in extent, it lies immediately to the north-east of the Corris—Aberllefenni country, which was described in 1923.
The district is almost entirely within the county of Merioneth, and is included in the 1-inch Ordnance Survey Maps, Sheets 149 & 150, in the 6-inch maps of Merioneth, Sheets XXIX N.W., S.W., XXXVIII N.E., N.W., S.E., S.W., XLIII N.E, N.W., and in the Geological Survey Maps, Old Series, 1-inch Sheets 59 N.E. and 60 N.W.

Except for the extreme north-western corner, the Dinas Mawddwy country lies wholly within the drainage-area of the River Dyfi (Dovey). This river passes through the eastern part of the area, and is followed by the road and railway from Machynlleth,
via
Cemmaes Road. At Mallwyd, about a mile due south of Dinas Mawddwy, the Machynlleth road is met by that from Welshpool and Llanfair Caereinion, while from Dinas Mawddwy itself, Dolgelly may be reached by the road running westwards along the Cerist valley and over the pass of Bwlch Oerddrws. North-eastwards from Dinas Mawddwy, the Dyfi valley is followed by the old road to Bala over Bwlch y Groes.

The area forms part of the slate-quarrying district, which extends from Towyn
Palæontology
Authors: Smith Stanley 
Published: October 2009

The limestones of Arvon are no less fossiliferous than those of Anglesey, some beds being rich in compound corals, and others in large
Producti
, which two groups may be said to be the leading features of the fauna.

The number of genera and species is, indeed, much smaller, but this was to be expected, for it must be remembered that the Limestone area in that island is nearly eight times as large, with 12 miles of sea-cliff and many rocky moors. The present lists. however, are founded on 370 specimens, as compared with 2230 from Anglesey, so that, in proportion to extent and exposure, the collection is no less ample.
The fossils have been presented to the Geological Survey, in order that they may be easy of access for comparison with those of Anglesey. The numbers quoted here (Ar 176, etc.) are those of the Survey collection. The localities of specimens mentioned in this division of the paper can be found by means of their numbers in the division on Faunal Detail (p. 419).
Encrinite ossicles enter much more largely into the composition of most of the limestones than in Anglesey, and indicate the importance of these Pelmatozoa in the local marine life. Foraminifera and ostracods are plentiful in the undolomitized beds. Some of the lower shales are rich both in Cryptostomatous and in Trepostomatous polyzoa, and fragments of the zoœciæ of these are conspicuous in some of the limestones.
Although compound corals abound, a simple corals are comparatively scarce;
The Flora
Authors: Walton John 
Published: October 2009

Plants are known only in the lower portion of the Basement Series, in a zone some 20 feet thick, which rests directly upon the Loams. But in this zone they are persistently present, and in some parts of it extremely abundant. A massive white sandstone, which has a range of more than a mile, is studded with carbonized fragments; but nearly all the determinable specimens were obtained from grey shales, which are often quite crowded with remains of slender plants. The richest of these shales are about 8 feet above the Loams, but others are only a few inches above barren yellow loam, the rapidity with which vegetable life appears being remarkable. [E. G.] Fig. 1
The following summary of the general characters of the flora is based on forty specimens:—

In the grey shales are very numerous fragments of what are probably Stigmarian rootlets, one (Ar 531) showing the usual dichotomous forking of
Stigmaria
. In view of the absence of any direct evidence of Stigmarian axes, it would be unwise to state definitely that
Stigmaria
is present in these beds, although the presence of trees, in sandstones which are nearly on the same horizon and only a few yards away, make it highly probable.

Lycopod megaspores are also fairly abundant in some of the samples of these shales, while the sandstones contain many large casts, one of which (Ar 593) was determinable as a
Knorria
-condition of ?
Lepidodendron
.

Half embedded in a fragment of shale (Ar 530) some exceedingly
Gyrinodon Quassus
, a New Genus and Species of Toxodont from Western Buchivacoa (Venezuela)
Authors: Tindell Hopwood Arthur 
Published: October 2009

The pieces of bone and teeth submitted to me by Dr. Parkinson were collected by Mr. Donald Stewart. They include mammalian remains as well as some fragments of reptiles. Although the mammalian remains and teeth were found in two patches separated by a distance of about 100 yards, they have every appearance of being derived from a single individual. They represent a new genus of Toxodont, and are welcome confirmatory evidence of the wide range of this family outside the Pampas region of South America.
Diagnosis.—Toxodontidæ of medium size. Frontal region of skull passing gently into the anterior portion of the temporal fossa. Post-orbital processes greatly reduced. Neither the superior margin of the orbit nor the roof of the nasal chamber is inflated. Upper lateral incisor curved in an arc of 180° or more. First and second upper molars with slight metaloph; third molar with long, concave ectoloph, but no metaloph. Mandibular symphysis not extending backwards to the second lower molar. Third lower molar without a second, posterior, fold in the enamel of the lingual surface.
Type-specimens.—These are parts of one individual, but, should this be questioned by a future investigator, I hereby select the left mandibular ramus as the holotype.
The specimens are:—part of the left mandibular ramus with the three molars broken off at the level of the alveolar border; the following teeth of the upper dentition—right second incisor, ? right second premolar, right third premolar, left fourth premolar, right first molar, left second molar, and right third
Note on the Fossil Reptilia Collected By Mr. Donald Stewart in Venezuela
Authors: Swinton W. E. 
Published: October 2009

Only four reptilian remains were found, and these are too fragmentary for specific determination. The specimens, with their registration-numbers in the Geological Department of the British Museum (Natural History), are:—R5300, a laterally compressed, dorsal vertebra of
Crocodilus
sp., with a centrum 7·4cm. long; R5301, part of a large nuchal or pygal of
Testudo
sp. 10·6 cm. thick; R5302, portion of the (?) plastron of a large specimen of the same genus; and a fragment showing parts of the seventh and eighth right costals, with a piece of sacral rib, also of
Testudo
. It is unlikely that the three last-named specimens belong to the same individual, although they are probably referable to the same species.

The President (Prof. J. W. Gregory) welcomed Dr. Parkinson's further evidence of great vertical movements in the Caribbean area in the late Pliocene and Pleistocene Epochs.
Dr. T. O. Bosworth congratulated the Authors on a very interesting find and on the palæontological results thereof. There were some points in which he did not agree with Dr. Parkinson. He thought that the pebble-beds were not formed on a sea-beach. They had not the appearance of sea-beach pebbles, and he did not believe that the plateaux had been reached by the sea since Tertiary times. The rivers in Venezuela now flow northwards: he saw no reason for assuming an eastward-flowing river. He traced the evidence of movement along the coast westwards from Trinidad, and considered that this indicated differential movement. There was evidence in places of elevation possibly
The Carboniferous Section at Cattybrook, near Bristol
Authors: Smith Stanley , Reynolds Sidney Hugh 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

About 3½ miles east of the Severn Tunnel the South Wales branch of the Great Western Railway, in passing through the Patchway Tunnel, crosses the western margin of the Bristol Coalfield, and in the railway-cutting immediately to the west, Lower Carboniferous rocks are exposed. Here only the highest beds of the series are present, the
Dibunophyllum
Zone (D
2
and probably D
1
), the main part of the sequence being cut out by the Cattybrook Fault, which brings in the Coal Measures. These are seen in the western end of the cutting, and are well exposed in the adjacent Cattybrook Brickworks.

The Carboniferous Limestone has a general eastward dip—that is, towards the middle of the coal-basin; but, near the Cattybrook Fault, the beds are thrown into folds, and are much overthrust and broken by minor dislocations. The Coal Measures which are nearly vertical are ill-exposed near the line of fracture, and are seen in the adjacent brickworks to be intensely disturbed. The disturbance, in fact, on both sides of the fault is unequalled elsewhere in the Bristol district.
The only published accounts of these exposures are (1) a brief reference by C. Richardson in the Report of the British Association (Manchester), 1861; (2) a somewhat fuller account in the Report of the Royal Coal Commission, 1871; (3) a short summary of the latter by H. B. Woodward in the Geology of East Somerset & the Bristol Coalfield and (4) an allusion by C. Lloyd Morgan to
The Succession and Structure of the Borrowdale Volcanic Series in Troutbeck, Kentmere, and the Western Part of Long Sleddale, Westmorland
Authors: Mitchell George Hoole 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

A well-defined group of fells lies somewhat to the east of the main mass of the Lake District mountains, and is centred around High Street. From this wide, lofty, and steep-sided plateau prominent ridges run outwards in all directions. But slightly lower than High Street itself, these rise to such heights as Harter Fell, Ill Bell, Froswick, and others, over 2000 feet above sea-level.
The drainage of the area is determined by a main watershed which extends from Kirkstone Pass over Caudale Moor and High Street, descending to Nan Bield Pass, and thence eastwards over Harter Fell, Tarn Crag, and Great Yarlside to Shap Fells. Northwards from this line flow a series of streams which eventually unite to form the River Eden. Of the southward flowing streams, the three most important are the Sprint, Kent, and Trout Beck. The Sprint rises in the peat-covered country under Harter Fell, and flows in a remarkably straight course south-south-eastwards down Long Sleddale to Garnett Bridge, where it turns south-westwards and joins the Kent at Burneside. The Kent rises in the crags south of High Street, and flows down the Kentmere valley in a somewhat irregular course southwards to Staveley; thence through Kendal to Morecambe Bay, into which it falls at Arnside. The Trout Beck rises in Threshthwaite Mouth, a high gap leading into Patterdale, and flows south-south-westwards to Windermere. The waters of the main stream are on the way augmented by Sad Gill, Woundale Beck, and Hagg Gill.
The lower reaches
The Glacial Geology of the Derbyshire Dome and the Western Slopes of the Southern Pennines
Authors: Jowett Albert , Charlesworth John Kaye 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

The region dealt with in this paper is roughly triangular in shape, extending from its northern apex at Blackstone Edge, east of Littleborough, to beyond Crich in the south-east, and along the southern line of the Pennines to Madeley and Market Drayton in the south-west. It comprises the Carboniferous Limestone plateau of the Derbyshire Dome, the ‘Edges’ of the grits, and the intervening valleys of the shales of the Millstone Grit of the south-western slopes of the Pennines, together with the marginal plains of Triassic rocks which border these in East Lancashire, Cheshire, Staffordshire, and Derbyshire.
Some idea of the nature of the relief of the country may be gleaned from the accompanying map (Pl. XIX), and of the solid geology from the quarter-inch maps of the Geological Survey of England & Wales (Sheets 7 & 11).
This area forms the southerly continuation of that described by one of us in an earlier communication to this Society. A brief outline of some of the main conclusions set out below was presented at the Manchester Meeting of the British Association in 1915.
Numerous notes on the Glacial geology of this area, dealing chiefly with the distribution and character of the drifts and the erratics, are to be found scattered throughout English Glacial literature. Reference will be made to the most important of these, in the course of this paper, as occasion arises.
The Glacial deposits, with their smooth and striated boulders which thickly cover the plains, the far-travelled erratics
The South Wales End-Moraine
Authors: Charlesworth John Kaye 
Published: October 2009

I. T
he
E
nd
-M
oraine
O
f
T
he
N
ever
D
rift
I
n
E
ngland

The course of the end-moraine of the Newer Drift of England is now, thanks to the labours of a number of glacialists, well established and, with the exception of two or three noteworthy departures, differs but slightly from the line laid down more than 40 years ago by H. Carvill Lewis.
The line as now amended and completed is inserted in the accompanying small map (p. 336), in which are also inscribed the extension through Wales, the subject of this paper, and the continuation across Ireland, recently described.
The track of the moraine is over 1000 miles long, and forms a markedly sinuous line, closely adapted to the varied relief. Thus the loops, directed southwards, embrace the broad basins and the wider valleys where the ready ice-flow facilitated unobstructed deployment of the lobes, and curve backwards over the intervening uplands where the ice-advance was impeded.
The south-easternmost link in the long chain of mounds is the Cromer ridge which runs on the south of Cromer for 20 miles from Trimingham to Holt.
North of the Wash, the continuation, as was suspected by S. V. Woods, forms a ridge of boulder-clay passing northwards into an accumulation of sands and gravels which trend by Firsby, Little Steeping, Toynton, and Keal to the southern end of the Lincolnshire Wolds. Thence the moraine, accompanied by a fine suite of marginal channels, flanks the eastern slopes of the Wolds to the Humber at South Ferriby.
The
The Basal Complex of Jamaica, with special reference to the Kingston District
Authors: Matley Charles Alfred 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

The Greater Antilles have had a complicated geological history, and much remains to be learned of the course of events, even in Tertiary times; but the pre-Tertiary history is especially obscure, and has been the subject of various changes of opinion. The older view was that throughout the Greater Antilles there lay, beneath a cover of Cretaceous and Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic deposits, an axis of ancient rocks which some authorities considered to be Archæan, others Palæozoic. The tendency of later work is to cast doubt on the antiquity of the older rocks, and to relegate many of them to the Cretaceous and Eocene Systems. The prevailing view now is that, in Jamaica, Porto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, there are no rocks older than Cretaceous, although they contain an igneous and metamorphic suite which in Cuba and Hispaniola is still regarded as pre-Cretaceous, and thought to range from Palæozoic to Jurassic.
It is not surprising that discordant results have been reached in the several islands, when the difficulties of field investigation are considered. Throughout the Antilles the older rocks have been involved in intense mountain-making movements, vulcanicity, and igneous intrusions. The areas in which they occur are usually mountainous, intersected by deep gorges often clad with dense forest, and rarely provided with driving roads. The climate is tropical or sub-tropical, periods of heavy rainfall are prevalent, and tropical weathering has decomposed the strata for many feet below the surface. Finally, that all-important requirement of the field-geologist, an
Some South Australian Algal Limestones In Process of Formation
Authors: Mawson Douglas 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

This contribution serves to record three different types of limestone occurring in the south-eastern region of South Australia, now actually in process of formation, at least partly under the influence of plant-growth.
Except for several small isolated inliers of ancient granitic and schistose rocks, and one localized outburst of Pleistocene basic volcanic activity, the south-eastern corner of South Australia between the Murray River, the Victorian border, and the sea is occupied by calcareous, almost horizontally-bedded rocks of later Tertiary age, overlaid irregularly by Pleistocene and recent formations. The whole area is flat, and but little elevated above the sea from which it has been reclaimed since the Middle Pliocene. The more southerly portion, and especially a wide coastal belt, has become dry land in Pleistocene and some of it even in Recent times.
The low coast-line of sand-hills or soft honeycombed limestone extending from the Victorian border westwards to the mouth of the River Murray owes its trend and condition largely to the prevalence throughout the greater part of the year of strong southwesterly gales blowing inland from off the Southern Ocean. The activity of the wind has developed shore-line dunes, trending roughly in a north-west to south-east direction. Under this influence there exists inland from the coast for a distance of 30 to 50 miles, or even more, a parallel series of sandy dune-ridges separated by flat or depressed areas; the latter are from several to 10 or more miles in width. An excellent example of land
A Marine Triassic Fauna from Eastern Persia
Authors: Douglas James Archibald 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

Among a large collection of rocks and fossils made by Mr. R. C. Jennings & Mr. K. Washington Gray, Geologists of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, during exploratory work in Central and Eastern Persia, and sent to me for examination, a rich marine Triassic fauna was found to occur. This is of particular interest, since the existence of fossiliferous rocks of that age in Persia, although actually first discovered in 1912 by General O. von Niedermayer, has been almost entirely unnoticed in literature dealing with the geology of that country.
Most writers on palæogeography are agreed in depicting the ancient Mediterranean Sea, or Tethys, as stretching continuously in Triassic times from Europe eastwards to the Himalayas, basing their conclusions on the similarity of the faunas in the two areas; but for a great part of this extent, namely, the district between Asia Minor and Afghanistan, comprising abont 30 degrees o longitude, the actual record has hitherto been blank. This recent discovery of a marine Triassic fauna in Eastern Persia, helps, therefore, to fill an important gap in our knowledge, although much remains to be learnt about the actual succession of the deposits.
The district of Naiband and Hauz-i-Khan, from which the collection here described was obtained; lies in lat. 32° 20′ N. and long. 57° 35′ E., near the southern border of the province of Kuhistan, about 150 miles north of Kerman and 330 miles due east of Isfahan, and forms part of a range of high hills running
Historic Changes of Level in the Delta of the Rhône
Authors: Oldham Richard Dixon 
Published: October 2009

About four years ago, a paper by M. Georges Denizot, of the University of Aix-Marseille, came to my knowledge. Not only did it contain interesting and important additions to the published descriptions of the geology, but it seemed to give also a clue to certain geographical and historical paradoxes, which have perplexed writers concerned with the delta of the Rhône. Since then I have made extensive research among the historical records, and have paid some visits to the region. So far as the observations recorded by M. Denizot are concerned, I can fully confirm the accuracy of all that have come under personal notice, but have not concerned myself greatly with this aspect of the question, as he is engaged in a detailed examination of the whole area, from which important results may be confidently expected. My own studies have been principally concentrated on historical records, from which certain facts come out that seem worthy of consideration, as bearing on principles of great interest and importance from a purely geological point of view; and for this reason I submit the paper which follows, although the actual amount of fresh field-work is very small.
As the deposits and the changes of level, which will be dealt with, all belong to the latter part of the geologically Recent period, it will be unnecessary to mention any formations earlier than the commencement of the Pleistocene, and even these will come in merely as the base and framework on which the Delta was built