bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Characterization and Surface‐Activity of Hydroxyethyl Group‐Containing Quaternary Ammonium Surfactants
Authors: Yunling Li , Qiuxiao Li , Lifei Zhi , Minghui Zhang 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA novel series of hydroxyethyl group‐containing quaternary ammonium salts were synthesized from mono‐, di‐, tri‐alkyl tertiary amines, hydrochloric acid and ethylene oxide by a two‐step process with mild reaction conditions. The structures of the quaternary ammonium salts were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and 1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The surface tensions at the critical micelle concentrations were measured to investigate the surface activities of the prepared compounds. The results showed that the hydroxyethyl group quaternary ammonium salts exhibit high surface activities.
Islet‐1 expression in thoracic spinal motor neurons in prenatal mouse
Authors: Kobayashi Miki , Nakano Masato , Atobe Yoshitoshi , Kadota Tetsuo , Funakoshi Kengo 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe LIM homeodomain protein Islet‐1, an embryonic marker for motoneurons in the spinal cord, has been reported to be heterogeneously expressed among motoneuron groups in mouse. In the present study, we examined Islet‐1 expression in the thoracic and rostral lumbar spinal cord in prenatal mice. In the thoracic spinal cord at embryonic day 12.5 (E12.5) and E13.5, strong Islet‐1 immunoreactivity was observed in the lateral group of the ventral horn, whereas weaker immunoreactivity was observed in the ventral group. Strong Islet‐1 immunoreactivity was also observed in the intermediolateral area and more medial part of the intermediate zone. In the rostral lumbar spinal cord at E12.5 and E13.5, strong Islet‐1 immunoreactivity was observed in the lateral group of the ventral horn, and in the intermediolateral nucleus, whereas weaker immunoreactivity was observed in the ventral, and dorsolateral groups. At E14.5, the number of Islet‐1 immunoreactive neurons was reduced in the spinal cord, but the distribution pattern was similar to that at E12.5 and E13.5. At E15.5, Islet‐1 immunoreactivity was almost completely confined to the intermediolateral area. Some weakly immunoreactive neurons were observed in the ventral horn. The findings of the present study indicated that Islet‐1 expression at embryonic stages differs among the motoneuron groups in the thoracic and rostral lumbar spinal cord.
Not in Our Right Minds: The Implications of Reason and Passion in the Law
Authors: Warrick Catherine 
Published: June 2011

In this study, an examination of the legal treatment of “crimes of passion” points to important gendered aspects of the construction of both reason and passion in the law. In crimes of passion, criminal responsibility is mitigated because the perpetrator was in the grip of a strong emotion – in other words, not in his or her right mind. The legal concept of passion is, therefore, society's formal recognition of the limits of reason as a basis for social behavior.Feminist scholarship has long argued that reason in law is not neutral but reflects dominant social interests. Less attention has been given to passion as reason's recognized opposite. It might be expected that the law's partial toleration of passion would privilege different interests. But this is not the case; in effect, although passion is reason's opposite, its construction in law reflects the same dominant values. Recent efforts to eradicate gender disparities in criminal law have led to some reconsideration of the construction of reason and the recognition of passion in some systems.
Hyperinsulinemia acutely increases serum macrophage inhibitory cytokine‐1 concentration in anorexia nervosa and obesity
Authors: Karczewska‐Kupczewska Monika , Kowalska Irina , Nikolajuk Agnieszka , Adamska Agnieszka , Otziomek Elzbieta , Gorska Maria , Straczkowski Marek 
Published: June 2011

SummaryContext  Macrophage inhibitory cytokine‐1 (MIC‐1) plays a role in the regulation of cellular responses to stress signals and inflammation. MIC‐1 has also been implicated in mediation of tumour‐induced anorexia and weight loss. Increased serum concentrations of MIC‐1 were found in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), obesity and type 2 diabetes.Objective  To estimate serum MIC‐1 concentration in women with AN and obese women, its regulation by hyperinsulinemia and relationship with insulin sensitivity.Patients  We examined 20 women with AN, 28 healthy normal‐weight female controls and 28 obese women.Measurements  Serum MIC‐1 concentration was measured in the fasting state and after 2‐h euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp.Results  At baseline, serum MIC‐1 was higher in AN in comparison with other groups (normal‐weight, P = 0·018; obese, P = 0·01). Hyperinsulinemia resulted in a significant increase in serum MIC‐1 concentration in the entire study population (P < 0·001) and in AN (P < 0·001), normal‐weight (P = 0·002) and obese (P < 0·001) groups analysed separately. Postclamp serum MIC‐1 was still higher in AN women in comparison with other groups (normal‐weight, P = 0·012; obese, P = 0·023). When normal‐weight and obese women were analysed together, with the exclusion of AN group, an inverse correlation between insulin sensitivity and the change in serum MIC‐1 during the clamp was observed (r = −0·27, P = 0·042).Conclusions  Hyperinsulinemia resulted in a significant increase in serum MIC‐1 in different states of adiposity. Increased serum MIC‐1 in AN women might be an additional factor responsible for weight loss in this group.
Can long‐term floodplain meadow recreation replicate species composition and functional characteristics of target grasslands?
Authors: Woodcock Ben A. , McDonald Alison W. , Pywell Richard F. 
Published: June 2011

Summary1. The recreation of species‐rich grassland represents a key EU agri‐environment policy initiative intended to maintain native biodiversity and to support the provision of ecosystem services. Understanding the long‐term potential for recreation success is crucial to the evaluation of such schemes.2. We use a single‐site long‐term data set (22 years) to test the consequences of grazing recreation management in re‐establishing plant community composition and functional trait structure as assessed relative to pristine examples of target floodplain meadows.3. Following a July hay cut, late summer grazing of the re‐growth by either sheep or cattle resulted in an increase in the similarity of plants species composition to the target floodplain meadows, but only in terms of what species had colonized, not in terms of their relative frequencies.4. Where grazing in late summer was applied, the functional traits of the meadows undergoing recreation became similar to those of the target floodplain meadows only where grazing management was used. When plant traits were divided into subcategories (e.g. regeneration, seed biology, life‐form, environmental associations), only those traits linked with plant phenology failed to show evidence of a temporal shift towards the functional trait structure of floodplain meadows.5. Synthesis and applications:. Under typical grazing management colonization by the majority of species that characterize the target habitat type is predicted to take over 150 years. In contrast, recreation of functional trait structure can occur over a considerably shorter time‐scale (>70 years). The potential to provide functionally equivalent grasslands that deliver analogous ecosystem services to those of the target habitat type is therefore a more realistic goal for recreation. We suggest that the time‐scale needed to recreate grasslands puts into question the benefits of compensation schemes that allow grasslands to be lost to development (i.e. gravel extraction) in exchange for future recreation at other sites.
Reverse Transcription Real‐Time PCR for Detection of Porcine Interferon α and β Genes
Authors: Razzuoli E. , Villa R. , Sossi E. , Amadori M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA few studies provided convincing evidence of constitutive expression of type I interferons (IFNs) in humans and mice, and of the steady‐state role of these cytokines under health conditions. These results were later confirmed in pigs, too. In line with this tenet, low levels of IFN‐α/β can be detected in swine tissues in the absence of any specific inducer. These studies are compounded by the utmost complexity of type I IFNs (including among others 17 IFN‐α genes in pigs), which demands proper research tools. This prompted us to analyse the available protocols and to develop a relevant, robust, reverse transcription (RT) real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection system for the amplification of porcine IFN‐α/β genes. The adopted test procedure is user‐friendly and provides the complete panel of gene expression of one subject in a microtitre plate. Also, a proper use of PCR fluorochromes (SYBR® versus EvaGreen® supermix) enables users to adopt proper test protocols in case of low‐expression porcine IFN‐α genes. This is accounted for by the much higher sensitivity of the test protocol with EvaGreen® supermix. Interestingly, IFN‐β showed the highest frequency of constitutive expression, in agreement with its definition of ‘immediate early’ gene in both humans and mice. Results indicate that the outlined procedure can detect both constitutively expressed and virus‐induced IFN‐α/β genes, as well as the impact of environmental, non‐infectious stressors on the previous profile of constitutive expression.
Anaphylactic Reactions in Mice with Fenugreek Allergy
Authors: Vinje N. E. , Namork E. , Løvik M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractFenugreek is a legume mostly used as a spice in Indian‐style cooking. Although it has been used since ancient times, its allergenicity has only been reported in the last two decades. It poses special problems as an emerging and often hidden allergen. Fenugreek exposure may have serious implications also for individuals with peanut allergy because of cross‐reactivity. Because a new food requires a model specially designed for that particular food, the aim of our study was to develop a food allergy model of fenugreek in mice with anaphylaxis as the endpoint. Mice were immunized perorally using cholera toxin as adjuvant. A two‐compartment response surface design with immunoglobulin (Ig)E as the main variable was used to estimate the optimal sensitizing dose of fenugreek, which was further used to evaluate the model. The mice were challenged perorally with a high dose of fenugreek, and signs of anaphylactic reactions were observed. Challenged mice showed high levels of mouse mast cell protease‐1, developed specific IgE against several proteins in the fenugreek extract, had elevated levels of IgG1 and IgG2a and showed a general shift towards a Th2 response as determined by ex vivo production of cytokines. Total IgE levels were substantially decreased after challenge. In conclusion, we have established a mouse model of IgE‐mediated fenugreek allergy demonstrating anaphylactic reactions upon challenge. There is little information on fenugreek cross‐allergy to other legumes like peanut, soy and lupin, and we expect that this model will be a valuable tool in further research on legume allergy.
The occurrence of ‘bulbs’, a complex configuration of the vacuolar membrane, is affected by mutations of vacuolar SNARE and phospholipase in Arabidopsis
Authors: Saito Chieko , Uemura Tomohiro , Awai Chie , Tominaga Motoki , Ebine Kazuo , Ito Jun , Ueda Takashi , Abe Hiroshi , Morita Miyo Terao , Tasaka Masao , Nakano Akihiko 
Published: June 2011

SummaryThe plant vacuole fulfills a variety of functions, and is essential for plant growth and development. We previously identified complex and mobile structures on the continuous vacuolar membrane, which we refer to as ‘bulbs’. To ascertain their biological significance and function, we searched for markers associated with bulbs, and mutants that show abnormalities with respect to bulbs. We observed bulb‐like structures after expression of non‐membranous proteins as well as the functional soluble N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) molecules VAM3 and VTI11. Bulbs are formed in more tissues than previously reported, including flowering organs, suspension culture cells, endodermal cells in the flowering stem, and at very early stages of seed germination. Using existing and newly developed marker lines, we found that the frequency of bulb occurrence is significantly decreased in multiple shoot gravitropism (sgr) mutants, which are known to have a defect in vacuolar membrane properties in endodermal cells. Based on results with new marker lines, which enabled us to observe the process of bulb biogenesis, and analysis of the phenotypes of these mutants, we propose multiple mechanisms for bulb formation, one of which may be that used for formation of transvacuolar strands.
Bacterial contamination of commercial ear cleaners following routine home use
Authors: Bartlett Sarah J. , Rosenkrantz Wayne S. , Sanchez Susan 
Published: June 2011

AbstractEar cleaning solutions are designed for repeated use, which raises the possibility for bacterial contamination leading to recurrent or persistent infectious otitis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of bacterial contamination of commercial ear cleaners following routine home use in dogs and to describe the characteristics that are associated with contamination. Used ear cleaner bottles and information regarding their use were obtained from canine owners visiting veterinary dermatologists. Both the bottle applicator tips and the solution contents were cultured for aerobic bacteria. Bacterial contamination was present on 10% of the bottle tips and in 2% of the solutions. Isolated bacteria includedStaphylococcus pseudintermedius,Bacillusspp., coagulase‐negativeStaphylococcusspp.,Micrococcusspp. andBurkholderia cepacia. The contamination rate was significantly higher on the applicator tips than in the solutions (P = 0.0076). The applicator tip contamination rate was significantly higher in expired samples (17%) than in‐date samples (4%;P = 0.0277). The bottle sizes were significantly larger for the samples with contaminated applicator tips compared with noncontaminated tips (P = 0.0455). The contamination rate was significantly higher when Tris–EDTA was an ingredient. Cleanliness of the bottle, contact with the ear canal and infection status of the ear at time of culture had no bearing on the contamination rate. In summary, with routine home use of commercial ear cleaners, pathogenic bacterial contamination is of minor concern. This concern may increase when expired products or larger bottles of ear cleaner are used and when Tris–EDTA is an ingredient.
Interactions between Straw Size and Thawing Rates on the Cryopreservation of Agouti (Dasyprocta aguti) Epididymal Sperm
Authors: Silva MA , Peixoto GCX , Sousa PC , Bezerra FSB , Bezerra BR Simão, ACDS , Silva AR 
Published: June 2011

ContentsThis study verifies the interactions between straw size and thawing rates and their impact on the epididymal sperm from this species. Caudae epididymidum from 10 agoutis were subjected to retrograde washing using a coconut water extender (ACP‐109c®). Epididymal sperm were evaluated and extended in ACP‐109c® plus egg yolk (20%) and glycerol (6%). The samples were packaged in 0.25‐ or 0.50‐ml straws, frozen in liquid nitrogen and thawed at 37°C/1 min or 70°C/8 s, followed by a re‐evaluation. The use of 0.25‐ml straws thawed at 37°C/1 min provided a value of 26.6% for sperm motility. No interactions between straw size and thawing rates were verified on agouti sperm (p > 0.05), but when 0.5‐ml straws were thawed at 70°C/8 s, sperm vigour decreased significantly (p < 0.05). It is recommended that the agouti epididymal sperm cryopreserved in ACP‐109c® extender should be packaged in 0.25‐ or 0.50‐ml straws and thawed at 37°C/60 s.
Advances in understanding the peptide neurotransmitter NAAG and appearance of a new member of the NAAG neuropeptide family
Authors: Neale Joseph H. , Olszewski Rafal T. , Zuo Daiying , Janczura Karolina J. , Profaci Caterina P. , Lavin Kaleen M. , Madore John C. , Bzdega Tomasz 
Published: June 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 118, 490–498.AbstractA substantial body of data was reported between 1984 and 2000 demonstrating that the neuropeptide N‐acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) not only functions as a neurotransmitter but also is the third most prevalent transmitter in the mammalian nervous system behind glutamate and GABA. By 2005, this conclusion was validated further through a series of studies in vivo and in vitro. The primary enzyme responsible for the inactivation of NAAG following its synaptic release had been cloned, characterized and knocked out. Potent inhibitors of this enzyme were developed and their efficacy has been extensively studied in a series of animal models of clinical conditions, including stroke, peripheral neuropathy, traumatic brain injury, inflammatory and neuropathic pain, cocaine addiction, and schizophrenia. Considerable progress also has been made in defining further the mechanism of action of these peptidase inhibitors in elevating synaptic levels of NAAG with the consequent inhibition of transmitter release via the activation of pre‐synaptic metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 by this peptide. Very recent discoveries include identification of two different nervous system enzymes that mediate the synthesis of NAAG from N‐acetylaspartate and glutamate and the finding that one of these enzymes also mediates the synthesis of a second member of the NAAG family of neuropeptides, N‐acetylaspartylglutamylglutamate.
Maternal emotional distress in pregnancy and delivery of a small‐for‐gestational age infant
Authors: ADAMS SAMANTHA S. , EBERHARD‐GRAN MALIN , HOFOSS DAG , ESKILD ANNE 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjective. To assess the association between maternal emotional distress in pregnancy and delivery of a small‐for‐gestational age offspring. Design. A cohort study in pregnancy. Setting. Fifty hospitals with a maternity ward in Norway during 1998–2008. Population. Seventy‐one thousand eight hundred and ninety‐eight women with a singleton pregnancy in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study were followed from early pregnancy to delivery. Methods. Information on presence of emotional distress was obtained through self‐administered questionnaires in pregnancy weeks 17 and 30 and on birthweight, gestational length at delivery and sex by linkage to the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. Emotional distress was measured by short forms of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist‐25. Main Outcome Measure. Small‐for‐gestational age offspring (birthweight <2.5th percentile). Results. Being emotionally distressed at gestational weeks 17 and 30 was not significantly associated with subsequent delivery of a small‐for‐gestational age infant (adjusted odds ratio 1.16; 95% confidence interval 0.87–1.54). This estimate was adjusted for smoking in pregnancy, parity, diabetes, pre‐eclampsia, body mass index, education and maternal age. Conclusions. Emotional distress during pregnancy was not associated with subsequent delivery of a small‐for‐gestational age infant.
Outflow activities in the young high-mass stellar object G23.44–0.18
Authors: Ren Jeremy Zhiyuan , Liu Tie , Wu Yuefang , Li Lixin 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
We present an observational study towards the young high-mass star-forming region G23.44-0.18 using the Submillimeter Array. Two massive, radio-quiet dusty cores MM1 and MM2 are observed in 1.3-mm continuum emission and dense molecular gas tracers including thermal CH3OH, CH3CN, HNCO, SO, and OCS lines. The 12CO (2–1) line reveals a strong bipolar outflow originating from MM2. The outflow consists of a low-velocity component with wide-angle quasi-parabolic shape and a more compact and collimated high-velocity component. The overall geometry resembles the outflow system observed in the low-mass protostar which has a jet-driven fast flow and entrained gas shell. The outflow has a dynamical age of 6 × 103 yr and a mass loss rate ∼10−3 M ⊙ yr-1. A prominent shock emission in the outflow is observed in SO and OCS, and also detected in CH3OH and HNCO. We investigated the chemistry of MM1, MM2 and the shocked region. The dense core MM2 have molecular abundances of three to four times higher than those in MM1. The abundance excess, we suggest, can be a net effect of the stellar evolution and embedded shocks in MM2 that calls for further inspection.
Offenders’ uncoerced false confessions: A new application of statement analysis?
Authors: Willén Rebecca M. , Strömwall Leif A. 
Published: June 2011

Purpose. Deception detection research has mainly studied denials and distortions given by students. This study examined true and false confessions as told by offenders. It was hypothesized that the statement analytic techniques Criteria‐Based Content Analysis (CBCA) and Reality Monitoring (RM) would discriminate truths and lies.Methods. Truthful and deceptive confessions to crime were given by 30 offenders (both women and men) in a within‐subject design. The participants were in prison at the time of data collection, and told the truth about a crime they had committed and been sentenced for. In addition, they made up a lie about a different crime after a few minutes of preparation. The transcribed statements were scored for CBCA and RM criteria.Results. Results showed that neither total CBCA nor total RM scores differentiated between lies and truths. Some individual CBCA criteria, however, showed differences: more self‐deprecations and doubts about own testimony in the told lies, and more unexpected complications in the truths.Conclusions. The results are discussed in relation to statement analysis of offenders’ accounts, individual CBCA criteria, as well as the development of criminal experience and familiarity with the event and setting. Implications for triers of fact and suggestions for future research are considered.
Acupuncture Sensation during Ultrasound Guided Acupuncture Needling
Authors: Park Jongbae J. , Akazawa Margeaux , Ahn Jaeki , Beckman-Harned Selena , Lin Feng-Chang , Lee Kwangjae , Fine Jason , Davis Robert T , Langevin Helene 
Published: June 2011

Background Although acupuncture sensation (also known as de qi) is a cornerstone of traditional acupuncture therapy, most research has accepted the traditional method of defining acupuncture sensation only through subjective patient reports rather than on any quantifiable physiological basis. Purpose To preliminarily investigate the frequency of key sensations experienced while needling to specific, quantifiable tissue levels (TLs) guided by ultrasound (US) imaging. Methods Five participants received needling at two acupuncture points and two control points at four TLs. US scans were used to determine when each TL was reached. Each volunteer completed 32 sets of modified Southampton Needle Sensation Questionnaires. Part one of the study tested sensations experienced at each TL and part two compared the effect of oscillation alone versus oscillation + rotation. Results In all volunteers, the frequency of pricking, sharp sensations was significantly greater in shallower TLs than deeper (p=0.007); the frequency of sensations described as deep, dull and heavy, as spreading, and as electric shocks was significantly greater in deeper TLs than shallower (p=0.002). Sensations experienced did not significantly differ between real and control points within each of three TLs (p>0.05) except TL 4 (p=0.006). The introduction of needle rotation significantly increased deep, dull, heavy sensations, but not pricking and sharp sensations; within each level, the spectrum of sensation experienced during both oscillation + rotation and oscillation alone did not significantly differ between acupuncture and control points. Conclusion The preliminary study indicates a strong connection between acupuncture sensation and both tissue depth and needle rotation. Furthermore, the new methodology has been proven feasible. A further study with an objective measurement is warranted.