bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Democratic Quality and Human Development in Latin America: 1972–2001
Authors: Altman David , Castiglioni Rossana 
Published: July 2009

Abstract.This paper analyzes the connection between democracy and human development. In so doing, it examines two main questions: Are democracies better than non-democracies in achieving human development? Among democracies, is there a direct relationship between the actualization of civil and political rights and human development? In answering these questions, we offer a cross-national study of 18 Latin American countries from 1972 to 2001. We use fixed effect models for analyzing our cross-country, pooled time-series data. The evidence suggests not only that democracies are better than nondemocracies in fostering human development (controlling for wealth), but also that differences in degree of democracy have a significant impact on human development in terms of infant mortality and life expectancy.Résumé.Cet article analyse la relation entre la démocratie et le développement humain et aborde sous cet angle deux questions principales. Les régimes démocratiques assurent-ils mieux que les régimes non démocratiques le développement humain? Au sein des pays ayant un régime démocratique, y a-t-il une relation directe entre l'actualisation des droits civils et politiques et le développement humain? Pour répondre à ces questions, nous observons les données de 18 pays latino-américains sur une période allant de 1972 à 2001. En ce qui concerne la méthodologie, nous avons utilisé un modèle à effets fixes pour analyser nos données chronologiques consolidées regroupant plusieurs pays. Les résultats de notre analyse nous amènent à conclure que non seulement les régimes démocratiques réussissent mieux que les régimes non démocratiques à favoriser le développement humain (en mesurant le niveau de richesse), mais aussi que les différences dans les niveaux de démocratie ont également un effet notable sur le développement humain en termes de mortalité infantile et d'espérance de vie.
A Note on Locke's “The Great Art of Government”
Authors: Andrew Edward 
Published: July 2009

Abstract.This note explores the ambiguity in John Locke's assertion that “the great art of government” consists in the increase and right employment of “lands” or “hands.” The dominant interpretation is that Locke thought governmental practice should aim at the extension and proper cultivation of land, while others assert that, given the context of the labour theory of value and Locke's concern to increase population, a more suitable interpretation is that the great art of government consists in the maximal exploitation of “hands” or labourers. The case for both “lands” and “hands” is examined within the scholarly literature on Locke's egalitarianism and political economy, an argument for the minority favouring of “hands” over “lands” provided and its contemporary relevance explained.Résumé.Cette note analyse l'ambiguïté de l'assertion de John Locke selon laquelle «le grand art du gouvernement» consiste dans l'accroissement et l'exploitation convenable des terres («lands») ou de la main-d'oeuvre («hands»). L'interprétation dominante est que Locke pensait que la sage administration avait pour but la meilleure culture des terres («lands»), mais quelques savants lockiens, invoquant la théorie de Locke que toute valeur est le produit du travail et son intérêt pour la croissance de la population, privilégient plutôt une interprétation centrée sur l'exploitation de la main-d'oeuvre («hands»). L'auteur explore les deux optiques dans la littérature érudite sur l'égalité et l'économie politique de Locke, puis présente un raisonnement sur l'interprétation minoritaire centrée sur la main-d'oeuvre et en explique la pertinence dans le monde contemporain.
La distinction rousseauiste entre volonté de tous et volonté générale : une reconstruction mathématique et ses implications pour la théorie démocratique
Authors: Dobrescu Radu 
Published: July 2009

Résumé. Se situant à mi-chemin entre l'exégèse rousseauiste et la théorie démocratique, cet article vise à éclairer l'analogie mathématique mobilisée par Rousseau pour illustrer la distinction entre volonté de tous et volonté générale et à réévaluer, à la lumière de cette analogie, les débats contemporains autour de la démocratie (libérale, épistémique, délibérative). Il s'agit de régler trois problèmes qui subsistent après la restitution par Philonenko de cet argument mathématique jugé irrécupérable et de montrer que la distinction rousseauiste ainsi reconstruite peut impulser significativement les tentatives actuelles de dépasser la volonté de tous libérale pour retrouver une volonté générale épistémique ou/et délibérative.Abstract. Halfway between Rousseauian exegesis and democratic theory, this article aims at clarifying the mathematical analogy that Rousseau used to illustrate the distinction between will of all and general will, and at reassessing in the light of this analogy the contemporary debates on democracy (liberal, epistemic, deliberative). Three problems that remain after Philonenko's restitution of this mathematical argument considered unrecoverable are solved herein. It is argued that the Rousseauian distinction thus reconstructed can give significant new impetus to current attempts to go beyond the liberal will of all in order to reach an epistemic or/and deliberative general will.
Trichinella zimbabwensis in a naturally infected mammal
Authors: La Grange L.J. , Marucci G. , Pozio E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTrichinella zimbabwensis has been detected in wild and farmed Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) and in wild monitor lizards (Varanus niloticus) of several African countries, but it has never been detected in mammals in nature, in spite of its infectivity to rodents, pigs, foxes and monkeys under laboratory conditions. The aim of this work was to describe the first detection of T. zimbabwensis in a naturally infected lion (Panthera leo) of the Kruger National Park (KNP) of South Africa. The sequence of the expansion segment V, a highly variable non-coding sequence of the large subunit ribosomal RNA of the genus Trichinella, of larvae from the lion was identical to that of larvae of T. zimbabwensis collected from a Nile crocodile originating from the same locality as the lion, suggesting a possible transmission of this parasite between mammals and reptiles. The KNP proves to be a very interesting area for parasites of the genus Trichinella since three taxa (Trichinella nelsoni, Trichinella T8 and T. zimbabwensis) circulate among the wildlife of this protected area.
Parotid lymphoma in west Scotland: two-year ‘snapshot’ of diagnosis, management and core issues
Authors: Crampsey D P , Savage S A , McKay P , MacKenzie K 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjectives:To establish whether there is a requirement for a network policy on management of suspected intraparotid lymphoma, and to answer the question, ‘Can lymphoma of the parotid region be adequately diagnosed, typed and treated on the basis of a core biopsy, within the West of Scotland?’Method:We identified 22 patients from the West of Scotland Managed Clinical Network database who had been diagnosed between 2003 and 2005 with lymphoma of the parotid region (nodal or extranodal). These 22 cases were reviewed, assessing specifically their investigation and diagnosis (compared with the World Health Organization classification of parotid lymphoma).Results:Three of the 22 patients underwent core biopsy to diagnose and type their lymphoma. All these procedures were performed within a single centre.Conclusion:It is possible to successfully perform core biopsy of parotid lymphoma lesions (generally under ultrasonic guidance). This may obviate the need for open procedures. Close collaboration with haematology, pathology, radiology, and head and neck colleagues is required.
American Theatre Versus the Congress of the United States: The Theatre Tax Controversy and Public Rebellion of 1919
Authors: Wainscott Ronald H. 
Published: July 2009

For eight days in January 1919 the theatre industry was at war with the U.S. Congress, a nationwide event surprisingly overlooked in previous theatre history. Theatre management and its host of workers joined with the public to wage a well-orchestrated campaign in the newspapers and mail, in the theatres and on the streets to stop what was perceived as a gross injustice to the American theatre and its paying audience.When the United States Congress was framing a six billion dollar tax revenue bill to recover exorbitant war costs from the first world war, it attempted to slip in a new tax which would raise theatre admissions by ten per cent in order to return between seventy-five and eighty-one million dollars to the government. The original bill levied a twenty per cent tax on all tickets of admission above thirty cents (thus most movie houses were exempt). In addition box seat holders at theatres and the opera were to be taxed twenty-five per cent.
“No Laughing!” Autonomous Art and the Body of the Actor in Goethe's Weimar
Authors: Schwind Klaus 
Published: July 2009

In his “Special Formal Report” of 24 April 1808, Weimarian court actor Heinrich Becker informed his superiors about a little theatrical irregularity. Becker was reporting in his official function as controlling supervisor for representations—a kind of stage manager for the theatre. By this report the “graciously decreed Noble Saxonian Commission for Direction of the Court Theatre,” chaired by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, had to take official notice of the following punishable histrionic faux pas:Wednesday the 20th of April during the performance of Piccolomini [Schiller's] in the scene with the butler Actus 3, Scene 3. Mister Morhardt has willfully acted the cavalry captain Neumann in a comical way.
Performing Resistance:Seven Last Wordsand the Carceral Culture
Authors: Cleary Beth 
Published: July 2009

We face a social landscape with more (or at least as much) need for radical change than we faced in the 1960s, an era that produced, flawed though it was by lack of follow-through, a mighty impulse toward change…Prison walls are being posed as a final solution. They symbolize our shortsightedness, our fear of the real problems caging us all. The pity is how blindly, enthusiastically, we applaud those who are constructing the walls dooming us.John Edgar WidemanThere is no document of civilization which is not at the same time a document of barbarism.Walter Benjamin
Richard Mulcaster and the Elizabethan Theatre
Authors: DeMolen Richard L. 
Published: July 2009

During the early years of Elizabeth's reign, the theatre was dominated by boy companies:Out of seventy-eight rewards for Court performances between 1558 and 1576, twenty-one went to the Paul's boys, fifteen to the royal chapels, and ten to schoolboys, making a total of forty-six, as against only thirty-two paid to adult companies.
Shakespeare and the Battlefield: Tradition and Innovation in Battle Scenes
Authors: MacIntyre Jean 
Published: July 2009

Representation of battle on the stages of the late Sixteenth Century is described in three oft-quoted statements:…two Armies flie in, represented by foure swords & bucklers, and then what hard hart will not take it for a pitched field.…with three rusty swords, And help of some few foot and half-foot words, Fight over York and Lancaster's long jars, And in the tiring house bring wounds to scars.…we shall much disgrace With four or five most vile and ragged foils (Right ill dispos'd in brawl ridiculous) The name of Agincourt.
An Inventory of Gas Lighting Equipment in the Theatre Royal, Hull, 1877
Authors: Brokaw John W. 
Published: July 2009

In 1917, the editor of Edison's Monthly looked disdainfully back on the era of gas in the theatre: “Stage lights,” he said, “took up almost as much room as the scenery itself. Long yards of rubber pipe trailed across the stage and wings. Only the footlights were permanent and only the crudest stage effects were possible.” He might have mentioned the unbearable heat they generated and their malodorous fumes. This house organ for the electrical industry had, of course, a vested interest in deprecating gas and extoling the virtues of electricity. But there were also enthusiasts for gas; in 1923, for example, Louis Hartmann reported that one of the best of the old gas men—William Hall—had told him:I have always claimed that the electric switchboard and dimmer equipment is only the evolution of the old gas table or switchboard, not a new creation. With the gas table of the other days we accomplished the same results you obtain today—in a crude way, we will admit, but with wonderful results. I will state without fear of contradiction that the combination of old gas lighting equipment and the calcium [i.e., lime] light apparatus, we have given productions that even in this era of advancement have never been equalled, that is so far as stage spectacular effect is concerned.
The Twilight of the Law of Belligerent Reprisals
Authors: Greenwood C. 
Published: July 2009

Belligerent reprisals have long occupied a curious position in the law of armed conflict. They are one of the oldest means for the enforcement of that law, and, until recently, were widely regarded as indispensable. Yet the scope for abuse and the danger that reprisals, far from enforcing the law, can produce an escalating spiral of atrocities completely undermining respect for the law have also long been recognized. Thus, the Lieber Code of 1863 states that:‘The law of war can no more wholly dispense with retaliation than can the law of nations, of which it is a branch. Yet civilised nations acknowledge retaliation as the sternest feature of war. A reckless enemy often leaves to his opponent no other means of securing himself against the repetition of barbarous outrage’.
Entitlement to Maritime Areas of Rocks Which Cannot Sustain Human Habitation or Economic Life of Their Own
Authors: Kwiatkowska Barbara , Soons Alfred H.A. 
Published: July 2009

Article 121 of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS Convention) retains the traditional definition of an island as: ‘a naturally formed area of land, surrounded by water, which is above water at high-tide’ (paragraph 1), and attributes to it the same maritime spaces as the mainland. These spaces are at present: the 12 mile territorial sea (TS), the 24 mile contiguous zone (CZ), the continental shelf (CS) and the 200 mile exclusive economic (or fishery) zone (EEZ) (paragraph 2). However, unlike the 1958 Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea which gives the same legal status to all natural islands, paragraph 3 of Article 121 limits the legal entitlement of islands to maritime spaces by providing that:‘Rocks which cannot sustain human habitation or economic life of their own shall have no exclusive economic zone or continental shelf’.
Self-contained regimes
Authors: Simma Bruno 
Published: July 2009

On 29 November 1979 the United States of America instituted proceedings before the International Court of Justice against the Islamic Republic of Iran in respect of the seizure and holding as hostages of members of the US diplomatic and consular staff and certain other US nationals. Although the Government of Iran chose not to appear before the Hague Court it defined its position in two communications addressed to the Court on 9 December 1979 and 17 March 1980. In these letters the Iranian Government took the view that the Court could not and should not take cognizance of the case since the question of the hostages“only represents a marginal and secondary aspect of an overall problem, one such that it cannot be studied separately and which involves, inter alia, more than 25 years of continual interference by the United States in the internal affairs of Iran, the shameless exploitation of our country, and numerous crimes perpetrated against the Iranian people, contrary to and in conflict with all international and humanitarian norms.”
Parametric-based dynamic synthesis of 3D-gait
Authors: Bessonnet Guy , Marot Jérôme , Seguin Pascal , Sardain Philippe 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYThis paper describes a dynamic synthesis method for generating optimal walking patterns of biped robots having a human-like locomotion system. The generating principle of gait is based on the minimisation of driving torques. A parametric optimisation technique is used to solve the underlying optimal control problem. Special attention is devoted to foot-ground interactions in order to ensure a steady dynamic balance of the biped. Transition states between step sub-phases are fully optimised together with step length and sub-phase lengths with respect to a given walking velocity. The data needed to generate purely cyclic steps can be reduced to the forward velocity.
Knowledge-acquisition tools with explicit problem-solving models
Authors: Birmingham William , Klinker Georg 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn the past decade, expert systems have been applied to a wide variety of application tasks. A central problem of expert system development and maintenance is the demand placed on knowledge engineers and domain experts. A commonly proposed solution is knowledge-acquisition tools. This paper reviews a class of knowledge-acquisition tools that presuppose the problem-solving method, as well as the structure of the knowledge base. These explicit problem-solving models are exploited by the tools during knowledge-acquisition, knowledge generalization, error checking and code generation.
Conceptual models for automatic generation of knowledge-acquisition tools
Authors: Eriksson Henrik , Musen Mark A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractInteractive knowledge-acquisition (KA) programs allow users to enter relevant domain knowledge according to a model predefined by the tool developers. KA tools are designed to provideconceptual modelsof the knowledge to their users. Many different classes of models are possible, resulting in different categories of tools. Whenever it is possible to describe KA tools according to explicit conceptual models, it is also possible to edit the models and to instantiate new KA tools automatically for specialized purposes. Severalmeta-toolsthat address this task have been implemented. Meta-tools provide developers of domain-specific KA tools with generic design models, ormeta-views, of the emerging KA tools. The same KA tool can be specified according to several alternative meta-views.
Knowledge acquisition tools based on personal construct psychology
Authors: Gaines Brian R. , Shaw Mildred L. G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractKnowledge acquisition research supports the generation of knowledge-based systems through the development of principles, techniques, methodologies and tools. What differentiates knowledge-based system development from conventional system development is the emphasis on in-depth understanding and formalization of the relations between the conceptual structures underlying expert performance and the computational structures capable of emulating that performance.Personal construct psychology is a theory of individual and group psychological and social processes that has been used extensively in knowledge acquisition research to model the cognitive processes of human experts. The psychology takes a constructivist position appropriate to the modelling of human knowledge processes, but develops this through the characterization of human conceptual structures in axiomatic terms that translate directly to computational form. In particular, there is a close correspondence between the intensional logics of knowledge, belief and action developed in personal construct psychology, and the intensional logics for formal knowledge representation developed in artificial intelligence research as term subsumption, or KL-ONE-like, systems.This paper gives an overview of personal construct psychology and its expression as an intensional logic describing the cognitive processes of anticipatory agents, and uses this to survey knowledge acquisition tools deriving from personal construct psychology.
An overview of production rules in database systems
Authors: Hanson Eric N. , Widom Jennifer 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDatabase researchers have recognized that integrating a production rules facility into a database system provides a uniform mechanism for a number of advanced database features including integrity constraint enforcement, derived data maintenance, triggers, protection, version control, and others. In addition, a database system with rule processing capabilities provides a useful platform for large and efficient knowledge-base and expert systems. Database systems with production rules are referred to asactive database systems, and the field of active database systems has indeed been active. This paper summarizes current work in active database systems, and suggests future research directions. Topics covered include database rule languages, rule processing semantics, and implementation issues.
Artificial Intelligence in business I: Applications, representation, acquisition and explanation
Authors: O'Leary Daniel E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to review the use of knowledge-based systems and artificial intelligence (AI) in business. Part I of this paper examines domain applications, the use of different knowledge representations, unique contributions for knowledge acquisition from the development of systems for business applications, and models of explanation for systems developed for business. In addition, the paper discusses the use of both normative and descriptive AI systems to model business judgments. Finally, the paper provides a summary of publication sources and meetings on business systems.
A short account of Knowledge Engineering
Authors: Fox John 
Published: July 2009

SummaryAlthough expert systems and knowledge engineering are attracting great attention there is still confusion about what they are. Most expert systems deal with problems which are familiar to other disciplines and their distinctive character is not always recognised. This tutorial describes the origins of expert systems in Artificial Intelligence, and the technical concept of “knowledge”. The central feature is the ideal of explicitly representing knowledge as facts, rules and other symbolic structures, rather than the traditional representation as abstract numbers or algorithms. These developments yield new solutions to old problems, and ways of solving problems whcih have previously been thought to be the preserve of the human intellect.
Cognitive emulation in expert system design
Authors: Slatter Philip E. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryCognitive emulation is an expert system design strategy which attempts to model system performance on human (expert) thinking. Arguments for and against cognitive emulation are reviewed. A major conclusion is that a significant degree of cognitive emulation is an inherent feature of design, but that an unselective application of the strategy is both unrealistic and undesirable. Pragmatic considerations which limit or facilitate the viability of a cognitive emulation approach are discussed. Particular attention is given to the conflict between cognitive emulation and established knowledge engineering objectives, detailed over 12 typical expert system features. The paper suggests circumstances in which a strategy of cognitive emulation is useful.