bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PCR based monitoring of specific Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) cyclodiene resistance alleles in the presence and absence of selection
Authors: Aronstein K. , Ode P. , ffrench-Constant R.H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCyclodiene insecticide resistance persists in field populations of Drosophila spp. at a frequency of approximately 1% (0.01), despite the withdrawal of most cyclodiene type insecticides except endosulfan. However, we have previously documented that resistance-associated amino acid replacements in the gene Rdl, a γ-aminobutyric acid receptor, can significantly affect several channel functions of the integral chloride ionophore. We were therefore interested in investigating if different resistance-associated replacements confer significant fitness disadvantages and whether the use of endosulfan could be maintaining selection for cyclodiene resistance in the field. Using PCR amplification of specific alleles (PASA) within 3000 individual flies, we report that neither the alanine302 > serine (allele 1) replacement in Drosophila melanogaster Meigen nor the alanine302 > serine (allele 1) or alanine302 > glycine (allele 2) replacements in D. simulans Sturtevant showed any reduction in frequency in cage experiments run for one year in the laboratory in the absence of selection. Further, repeated applications of endosulfan selected significantly for cyclodiene resistance in the field. Thus the apparent absence of fitness cost, combined with the continued use of endosulfan, may maintain cyclodiene resistance at this relatively high frequency in field populations.
Density independent feeding success of malaria vectors (Diptera: Culicidae) in Tanzania
Authors: Charlwood J.D. , Smith T. , Kihonda J. , Heiz B. , Billingsley P.F. , Takken W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe possibility of density dependent feeding success in the African malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae Giles (sensu lato) and A. funestus Giles was investigated by examining the gonotrophic status of mosquitoes from 423 collections made in a Tanzanian village. Up to 500 mosquitoes were caught in any single 35 minute indoor resting collection. Estimates of the total numbers of mosquitoes resting were made by removal sampling. These indicated that the efficiency of resting collections decreased with increasing mosquito population. Of 1904 mosquito blood meals tested by ELISA, 95% were of human origin. There was no decrease in the proportion of mosquitoes fully fed at high population densities and the only demonstrable avoiding action by hosts in response to high densities of mosquitoes was the increased use of bednets during the wet season. The late biting cycle of these mosquitoes precludes many other density-dependent host defence mechanisms because the hosts are asleep at the time of attack. African malaria vectors have evolved with man and perhaps their evasion of density-dependent host responses has reinforced their preference for human blood.
The rise and fall of Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) in a Tanzanian village
Authors: Charlwood J.D. , Kihonda J. , Sama S. , Billingsley P.F. , Hadji H. , Verhave J.P. , Lyimo E. , Luttikhuizen P.C. , Smith T. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe continual recruitment of new individuals makes it difficult to study both the survival of multivoltine mosquitoes, and the size of the infectious reservoir in narural populations of malaria vectors. During long-term surveillance of a population of Anopheles gambiae Giles sensu lato in a Tanzanian village by daily light trapping, a temporary dry spell resulted in the cessation of recruitment for a period of 33 days, and a decline in numbers of A. arabiensis Patton caught from over 2000 to less than 10 in a sentinel house. Traps placed elsewhere in the village indicated similar proportionate declines although numbers caught varied according to location. A survival rate of 83% per day was estimated from the rate of population decline. Survival was unrelated to the size of the mosquitoes. The infectious reservoir (the chance of a mosquito acquiring an infection) was estimated to be 2% per feed. The exploitation of fortuitous events which temporarily eliminate a single stage in the life cycle has general applicability in the study of the bionomics of multivoltine insects.
The effects of ivermectin in ingested cow-dung on the mortality and oviposition of the dung fly Neomyia cornicina (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: Gover Jane , Strong Les 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAdults of the dung fly Neomyia cornicina (Fabricius) (Diptera: Muscidae) were allowed to feed on cattle dung containing known quantities of ivermectin for a single period of 24 hours. The concentrations required to kill 50% and 95% of the population, within one week of feeding, were calculated to be 0.139 and 0.393 μg/g (wet weight), respectively. Ingested ivermectin was found to reduce significantly the proportion of females ovipositing and delay significantly the onset of first oviposition. For those females which did oviposit, there was no effect of ivermectin ingestion on the number of eggs laid, but the eggs of females fed dung containing ivermectin at 0.15 μg/g showed a significant reduction in percentage egg hatch.
The ovariole structure of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) and its use in determining physiological age
Authors: Hoc T.Q. , Wilkes T.J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA study of the age-dependent changes in the ovarioles and the age structure of a population of adult females of Anopheles gambiae in the Amani hills of north-eastern Tanzania was undertaken using the ovarian oil injection technique. The greatest difficulties encountered in accurately determining the age of members of this species are due to small size and the low parity diagnostic index of the ovary, which decreased in successive gonotrophic cycles and could drop to zero even in the first cycles. Additional information can be obtained from basal bodies, groups of six to eight cells in the calyx wall enclosed by the end of the ovariolar sheath. The possibility exists of their use for age grading of mosquitoes. The mean age of the population during the study, which was carried out in the rainy season, was rather low. The oldest were individuals that had completed four ovipositions. Among the mosquitoes infected with sporozoites were females that had completed between ≥2 and ≥4 ovipositions.
Development and survival of Erigonidium graminicolum (Sundevall) (Araneae: Linyphiidae: Erigoninae) at constant temperatures
Authors: Li Daiqin 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDevelopment and survival of an erigonine spider, Erigonidium graminicolum (Sundevall) (Araneae: Linyphiidae), were studied at seven constant temperatures ranging from 15°C to 35°C. Plotting development rates (reciprocal of mean times for development) and survival rates (expressed as percentages) against the different constant temperatures indicated that E. graminicolum is well adapted to low temperatures, but sensitive to high temperatures. Juvenile development occurred over a wide range of constant temperatures, but the survival rate was low at the upper and lower extremes. All eggs died before hatching at the highest tested temperature (35°C). There were statistically significant differences between males and females in juvenile and pre-imaginal development times. Juvenile development time decreased as temperature was raised to 32°C, but increased at 35°C. The mean duration of pre-imaginal development (egg to adult) varied from 94.4 d at 15°C to 23.8 d at 32°C. Considering development rate and survival, the most favourable temperature range appeared to be 15–32°C. For all life stages, graphs obtained by plotting the reciprocal of development times against temperature could be described by the six-parameter rate function of Wang et al. (1982). Temperature-independent distributions of normalized development times were approximated by a cumulative Weibull function. Frequency distributions of development times changed with temperature; they were almost uniform at 15–20°C, more symmetrical at 25–28°C, and somewhat skewed to the right at 30–32°C. The sum of effective temperatures (SET), and lower development threshold (LOT), were established for all life stages of E. graminicolum. Survivorship curves varied with temperature and, on average, were Type III.
Taxonomy of AfricanEurystylus(Heteroptera: Miridae), with a review of their status as pests of sorghum
Authors: Stonedahl Gary M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe African species ofEurystylusare revised and their status as pests of important agricultural crops is reviewed. A key is provided for the 12 recognized species, one of which,E. lestoni, is described as new. A diagnosis and description are provided for each species, as well as illustrations of diagnostic taxonomic characters and information on host-plant associations and distribution. Lectotype designations are made for eight nominal species ofEurystylusand two species are removed from the genus. The following new synonymies are established:E. annulipes(Poppius)=E. annulipes impunctatus(Poppius),syn. n.;E. bellevoyei(Reuter)=E. parvulus(Reuter),syn. n.,E. occidentalsWagner,syn. n.,E. gallouedeciVilliers,syn. n.andE. argenticepsOdhiambo,syn. n.;E. lineaticollisPoppius=E. pallidiventrisPoppius,syn. n.andE. mutabilisBergoth,syn. n.;E. oldiPoppius=E. kivuensisSchouteden,syn. n.,E. risbeciSchouteden,syn. n.,E. phaiopterusOdhiambo,syn. n.,E. immaculatusOdhiambo,syn. n.andE. bilqisLinnavuori & Al-Safadi,syn. n.Two species are removed from the genusEurystylus(E. sobrius(Walker)=Plesiocapsus sobrius(Walker),comb. n.and E.sericeus(Walker)=Proboscidocoris sericeus(Walker),comb. n.) and one species,E. rufocunealisPoppius, is assigned the status ofnomen dubium.
Control of the yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas by mating disruption with a PVC resin formulation of the sex pheromone of Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in India
Authors: Cork A. , Basu S.K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA commercially-available, hand-applied PVC resin formulation of the sex pheromone of the striped rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker) was used to control the yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker), in a 20 ha mating disruption trial in West Bengal, India, in 1992. Indirect measures of mating disruption were used to compare the pheromone-treated plot with an untreated control plot and a farmers' practice plot where a conventional pesticide control regime was practised. The results showed that the level of ‘white head’ damage in the pheromone-treated plot was significantly lower than that recorded in other treatment plots and that the relative percentage of the larvae of the two major stem borer species, S. incertulas and Chilo polychrysa (Meyrick) found in the region changed from 88% S. incertulas in the farmers' practice plot to 65% in the pheromone-treated plot. The yields of grain and straw recorded in the pheromone-treated plot were significantly higher than in the untreated control plot but not significantly different from those recorded in the farmers' practice plot.
Attractiveness of black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) to tsetse flies (Glossinaspp.) (Diptera: Glossinidae) and other biting flies
Authors: Mihok S. , Moloo S.K. , Oden'y J.O. , Brett R.A. , Rakwar J.G. , Munyoki E. , Kiilu J. , Kyorku C.A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDuring translocations of black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornisLinnaeus) in Kenya, we studied the relationships between the rhinoceros and biting flies. In trapping experiments, rhinoceros waste products (urine or dung) were substituted for known attractants such as cow urine, l-octen-3-ol or acetone. Catches ofGlossina pallidipesAusten,Glossina longipennisCorti,Stomoxysspp., andHaematopotaspp. were not affected by these substitutions. NG2G and Vavoua traps sited near captive animals caught similar numbers and kinds of flies as traps set without animals. Any minor attractive properties of rhinoceros odours were probably due to the presence of known attractants such as 4-cresol and 3-n-propylphenol, which were confirmed to be present through gas chromatography—mass spectroscopy. In feeding trials with laboratory-reared tsetse,Glossina brevipalpisNewstead andGlossina morsitanscentralis Machado fed well on immobilized animals, whereasG. longipennisfed reluctantly. Catches ofG. brevipalpiswere doubled in one trapping experiment when rhinoceros urine was used as odour bait.Philolichespp.,Haematopotaspp. and other Tabanidae fed on captive rhinoceroses. Many species of Stomoxyinae were associated with rhinoceroses. Of these, the most frequent association was withRhinomusca dutoitiZumpt, a species found previously only in South Africa.Rhinomusca dutoitiwas found in two highland rhinoceros sanctuaries, Nairobi National Park and Solio Ranch Game Reserve.
Parasitism of the castor whitefly, Trialeurodes ricini (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) by Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae): bionomics in relation to temperature
Authors: Shishehbor Parviz , Brennan Paddy A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSelected life history characteristics of Encarsia formosa Gahan parasitizing the castor whitefly, Trialeurodes ricini (Misra) were studied at three constant temperatures (20, 25 and 30°C). Egg-to-adult developmental time decreased from 32 days at 20°C to 13 days at 30°C. An average of 241 day-degrees was required to complete development above the lower threshold temperature (12°C). Juvenile mortality was 34, 40 and 47% at 20, 25 and 30°C, respectively. Mean longevity of E. formosa ranged from 7.7 days at 20°C, to 2.6 days at 30°C. Mean total fecundity ranged from 18 to 36 eggs/female. Intrinsic rate of increase (rm) increased with temperature from 0.065/day at 20°C to 0.169/day at 30°C. Generation times decreased from 37 to 14.5 days with increasing temperature.
A new species of Sympiesis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) parasitic on the teak defoliator Hyblaea puera (Lepidoptera: Hyblaeidae) in India
Authors: Surekha K. , LaSalle J. , Sudheendrakumar V.V. , Murphy S.T. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSympiesis hyblaeae Surekha sp. n. is described from Kerala, India. This species, which is a solitary endoparasitoid of first and second instar larvae, is a potential biological control agent of the teak defoliator Hyblaea puera (Cramer).
Ampicillin, tetracycline and urea as protozoicides for symbionts of Reticulitermes flavipes and R. virginicus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)
Authors: Waller Deborah Ann 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe development of palatable baits for the suppresion of pest termites relies on combining phagostimulants with slow-acting toxicants that termite foragers carry back to the colony and distribute to nest-mates. In the present study the palatability and toxic effects of three compounds, ampicillin, tetracycline and urea to the subterranean termites Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) and R. virginicus (Banks) were investigated. 1.0% solutions (w/v) of ampicillin and tetracycline applied to filter paper were unpalatable to termites in choice tests, and these concentrations depressed termite feeding, survivorship, individual biomass, and numbers of gut protozoa in no-choice tests. In contrast, urea solutions of 0.1%, 1.0% and 5.0% (w/v) were palatable to termites in choice tests, but 5.0% urea solutions depressed termite survivorship and protozoan numbers in no-choice tests. Addition of urea to tetra- cycline solutions resulted in increased palatability and decreased termite survivorship over tetracycline administered alone. The toxic effects in combination with its palatability to Reticulitermes spp. indicate that urea may be a promising candidate for termite control programmes.
Forecasting the severity of seasonal outbreaks of African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in kenya from the previous year's rainfall
Authors: Haggis M.J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRainfall records for 23 years at 21 selected stations in Kenya were summarized and compared with the numbers of outbreaks of armyworm Spodoptera exempta (Walker) reported in the following season. The numbers of outbreaks were found to be negatively correlated with the rainfall of the 6–8 months preceding the start of the season. Stations in south-eastern Kenya, including the coastal belt which harbours the most extensive off-season source populations of S. exempta, were identified as key stations for forecasting whether to anticipate local or countrywide armyworm outbreaks next season. A scheme is suggested that would enable a provisional forecast to be made as soon as the long rains (April–May) rainfall records were available, and confirmed or revised subsequently in the light of the June–October rainfall at stations in south-eastern Kenya.
A method for the rapid recognition of nulliparous and parous females of haematophagous Diptera
Authors: Hoc T.Q. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBased on the fact that in haematophagous Diptera, the basal bodies, groups of six to nine specialized epithelial cells in the calyx wall within the ovariolar sheath, become granular after ovulation, a method for rapidly determining parity of the females has been developed. After supravitally staining intact ovaries with fresh neutral red solution in physiological saline (1:3000–1:5000) for one to three minutes, granular basal bodies in parous females can be clearly recognized under a stereo-microscope or a compound microscope with a raised condensor. The advantages of the method are its speed, accuracy and simplicity.
Aphicidal activity of imidacloprid against a tobacco feeding strain of Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae) from Japan closely related to Myzus nicotianae and highly resistant to carbamates and organophosphates
Authors: Nauen Ralf , Strobel Jürgen , Tietjen Klaus , Otsu Yuichi , Erdelen Christoph , Elbert Alfred 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe investigated the resistance potential of a red-coloured Japanese strain (JR) of a tobacco feeding form of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) of the M. persicae species complex closely related to the tobacco aphid Myzus nicotianae Blackman. Bioassays were performed with a range of insecticides, imidacloprid, nicotine and cartap, thought to act on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in vivo, as well as with two conventional insecticides, pirimicarb and oxydemeton-methyl, acting on acetylchol-inesterase (AChE). Compared to a susceptible strain, JR showed high resistance to pirimicarb and oxydemeton-methyl, but was far less resistant to nicotine, cartap and imidacloprid. Imidacloprid was, among the insecticides tested, the most active compound in contact and ingestion bioassays. Compared to the susceptible strain, JR showed four-to seven-fold resistance to imidacloprid depending on the type of bioassay. Resistance factors for other insecticides tested in an oral ingestion bioassay were: cartap five-fold, nicotine nine-fold, oxydemeton-methyl 107-fold and pirimicarb > 385-fold. JR showed high carboxylesterase activity. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated esterase FE4 as the major carboxylesterase. As for most M. persicae strains and some Greek strains of M. nicotianae, JR was monomorphic for glutamate oxalacetate transaminase. Studies with pirimicarb showed a marked insensitivity of AChE to inhibition by this chemical, whilst such insensitivity could not be detected with the organophosphate insecticide oxydemeton-methyl. Receptor binding assays with [3H]-imidacloprid in aphid homogenates revealed I50-values of 0.4 to 0.8 nM and no statistical difference between the JR and susceptible strain.
Chaetorellia australis(Diptera: Tephritidae) for biological control of yellow starthistle,Centaurea solstitialis(Compositae), in the western USA: establishment and seed destruction
Authors: Turner C.E. , Piper G.L. , Coombs E.M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractYellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialisLinnaeus) (Compositae), native to Eurasia and the Mediterranean Basin, is a spiny and poisonous, naturalized, invasive weed of grasslands and other environments in the western USA.Chaetorellia australisHering is a trivoltine natural enemy of yellow starthistle whose larvae feed on developing seeds within capitula. Following host-specificity studies in Greece and the USA,C. australiswas first introduced from Greece into the USA in 1988 for the biological control of yellow starthistle. Field samples of yellow starthistle capitula revealed that 10.3% (four years after initial release) and 18.0% (three years after initial release) of capitula at Colfax, Washington, and Merlin, Oregon, respectively, were infested by ≥ 1C. australis(mature larvae or empty puparia). Both sites also contained naturalized, weedy populations of,Centaurea cyanus, a second host-plant ofChaetorellia australis. The fly was also recovered fromCentaurea cyanuscapitula two years after its release at Kendrick, Idaho. The potential importance of the presence ofC. cyanusforChaetorellia australisand biological control of yellow starthistle is discussed. At the Colfax site, all infested yellow starthistle capitula contained 1C. australis, while at the Merlin site 28.8% of infested capitula contained > 1C. australis, with a mean of 1.36C. australisper infested capitulum. A preliminary seed destruction impact study at the Merlin site showed that there was a 83.4% reduction in seeds per capitulum infested by ≥ 1C. australis, and the presence of > 1C. australisresulted in a 95.4% reduction in seeds per infested capitulum.
Response of adult New Zealand flower thrips,Thrips obscuratus(Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to high carbon dioxide and low oxygen atmospheres at various temperatures
Authors: Carpenter Alan , Wright Sandy , Lash Phillip 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMortality responses of adult New Zealand flower thrips,Thrips obscuratus(Crawford) to controlled atmospheres were assessed. Temperature (0–48°C) and time (1–24 h) had major effects on mortality. There were approximately two-fold increases in thrips mortality between atmospheres with 40 and 60% CO2, when there was 0 or 2% O2present in treatments of 0°C for 4 h and 24 h; 12°C for all exposure times; 24°C for 1 h. Thrips mortality was significantly greater when there was no O2in the test atmosphere, than when there was 0.25, 8 or 12 or 20% O2. The results show that there are a variety of ways produce infested with New Zealand flower thrips could be treated with controlled atmospheres to achieve high mortality. These data can be used as the basis of potential quarantine treatments depending on the produce being exported.
A revision of the Indo-Australian species ofStenobracon(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitoids of lepidopterous stem borers of graminaceous crops
Authors: Jamil M. , Chishti K. , Quicke Donald L.J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe genusStenobraconSzépligeti which contains species of economic importance for biological control of lepidopterous borers of sugarcane, rice and other graminaceous crops in Asia, is revised. Principal components analysis was employed to help delineate species. Six species, distributed from Pakistan to Australia, are recognized.Stenobracon brevis, S. clarusandS. malensisare described as new andStenobracon nicevillei(Bingham),S. deesae(Cameron) andS. oculatusSzépligeti are redescribed. Illustrated keys for males and females are provided.Phanaulax levituberculatusCameron is a new junior subjective synonym ofS. nicevilleiandS. trifasciatusSzépligeti is a new junior subjective synonym ofS. oculatus. Elphea flavomaculataCameron is synonymized withIschnobracon (Bracon) laboriosusCameron (comb. n). Host records are summarized.