bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Case Studies in the Application of an Effective Anticollision Risk Management Standard
Authors: Poedjono Benny , Avila Carlos , Van Chinh Phan , Isevcan Erhan , Walker John , Gonzalez Luis Felipe , McCulloch Simon , Juarez Fernando , Moreno Victor Hugo 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Economic, regulatory, and technological changes have steadily increased the oil and gas industry's need for an effective approach to assessing and managing the risk of well collisions. We have developed such an approach, which has been used successfully in recent years in a number of major land and offshore drilling projects worldwide. This approach has been adopted as a standard by the major oilfield service company of which we are a part. In this paper, we describe four recent experiences in which this standard has been applied, and discuss the challenges of its implementation and the economic, environmental, and health and safety benefits it provides. Based on its proven success, we make a case for using this approach as a foundation for development and adoption of an industry-wide anticollision and risk management standard.
Alignment of Incident Investigation Causes with Proactive Hazard Reporting Classifications
Authors: Burns K. , Walker K. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
This paper describes an approach to standardizing proactive and reactive Health, Safety and Environmental (HSE) reporting classifications to allow a comparative analysis of all Company HSE reporting for trending and incident prediction. The methodology is based on the principle that both proactive reporting and event causal analysis can be categorized as resulting from personal actions and/or workplace conditions.
Investigations have been used as a means to identify common causes of incidents and near misses to enable learning and prevention of recurrence. Although this approach has benefits in preventing further similar incidents, it is a reactive process, as is any learning based on historical events. As HSE performance improves, the availability of incident and near-miss data becomes increasingly limited. Proactive reporting has also been successfully used to identify hazards and trend HSE performance.
Traditionally, the Company has used different industry standard methodologies for the classification and trending of our proactive and reactive reporting/event investigation. In addition different tools have been used for incident investigation based on the level of actual or potential consequence. This has resulted in the generation of disparate data sets that are not directly comparable, therefore, limiting the learning potential.
A review of historical data and the application of this methodology are used to demonstrate the value of this approach in enabling the Company to focus resources most effectively on key HSE issues of concern.
Evaluation of a Web-Based Frequent Business Traveler Program
Authors: Berg J. , Wendt J. , Bhojani F. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The Frequent Business Traveler (FBT) program was initiated in 2006 with the goals of: 1) assuring that FBT's have knowledge of the main health hazards during business travel, and 2) providing a risk based approach to medical screening before business travel which focuses resources on those at increased risk (Wendt 2008). Over 11,800 employees have participated in the program since 2006, including 91% completing the training module(s) and 84% completing the screening questionnaire.
In this paper, we are evaluating the FBT program along three components: Compliancy rate: determine if self-nomination sufficiently identifies the FBT populationFitness to work assessment: determine whether the screening questionnaire appropriately identifies those who should consult with a health provider before travelProgram costs: compare the current model with the previous program model which utilized clinic exams for each traveler
Preliminary results indicate relatively poor agreement between the database of self-nominated FBT's and a database containing trip data from the Company's travel vendor. Additional ongoing analysis will evaluate whether travel agency data is a more accurate and complete means of identifying our FBT population
To date, 31% of those completing the screening questionnaire required review before travel, and 18% reported diagnoses recognized by IATA guidelines as potentially presenting a fitness to fly issue. Additional analysis is ongoing to evaluate average time spent on review and to assess how many more diagnoses represented a valid travel health issue.
Program costs (including resources for travelers requiring review, and pro-rated program maintenance/IT support) for 2006-2008 were estimated for a single site with approximately 670 FBT's. Costs of using the new system were estimated to be 6,862€, compared to an estimated 68,980€ over the same period of a program that included physical exams for all travelers.
Conclusion: The current FBT program represents a cost-efficient means of ensuring fitness to fly and adequate travel health for employees. However, it is recognized that identification of FBT's, knowledge assessment and even more targeted screening may be required to enhance the program.
Designing Safe and Efficient Machinery Spaces for Merchant Ships
Authors: Méry N. J. , McGregor J. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
During the last few decades, technology advances have allowed the exploration and exploitation of a large (and still increasing) number of Oil and Gas fields situated offshore, requiring the use of, inter alia, floating production units, supply vessels, oil tankers and gas carriers. Consequently, the Oil and Gas industries have been increasingly interacting with the Maritime industry and, for the benefit of Health and Safety at sea, there is now a real necessity for H&S knowledge and best practice to be shared between the two communities. The main objective of this paper is to present some of the recent developments made by a classification society to design safer and more efficient vessels by integrating human factors in the design of their machinery spaces.
It is the role of classification societies, as technical depositaries, to provide the maritime industry with some practical standards and guidance to increase the effectiveness of shipboard operations and to prevent the occurrence of occupational hazards in the machinery spaces.
Thus, Bureau Veritas has developed a novel approach based on Human Factors principles, risk analysis and accident investigations. In this approach, the ship is viewed with a holistic approach in which the hull (in the wider sense), the ship's equipment and the seafarers are constantly interacting. An important aspect of the work we are carrying out is the integration of users’ characteristics and requirements in the development of design standards for the machinery spaces. This integration is a key factor for the successful completion and validation our research study. The study can be spilt up into five steps: –Acquiring the pertinent data regarding the design of machinery spaces;–Identifying and ranking the occupational hazards one can face in machinery spaces;–Comparative studies between the planned procedures and the practical necessities faced by crew;–Studying the activity of seafarers through the framework of human-machine interaction for mitigating so-called "human errors" and;–Deriving requirements and best practice for the design and arrangement of machinery spaces.
Innovative Environmental Solution: ‘In vivo’ Monitoring of the Oil and Gas Activities in Onshore and Offshore Areas
Authors: Casini S. , Ferraro M. , Marsili L. , Caliani I. , Fossi M. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTo ensure ecologically sustainable development of oil and gas operations, several research projects were promoted to develop and validate an innovative monitoring methodology based on biomarkers, in bioindicator organisms and cell cultures, to assess the environmental quality of on shore and off shore production areas.The biomarker approach, combined with contaminant analysis (hydrocarbons and trace elements), is a suitable strategy for studying effects of pollutants and providing early indications of adverse effects in organisms. The aim of environmental monitoring by means of biomarkers is in fact to identify (diagnosis) and to predict (prognosis) early signs of exposure or effect, so as to avoid undesirable ecological consequences. This monitoring approach has been conducted in different on shore and off-shore sensitive areas: Basilicata Region and Natural Ticino Park (Italy), Mediterranean Sea. Birds, fish, reptiles and invertebrates species were sampled in the studied areas and analyzed for biomarkers and contaminants levels. Laboratory studied were also conducted in a fish model (mosquito fish) and in top predator cell cultures, to evaluate the toxicological potential of oil derivatives (e.g. produced waters) and indentify the most effective depuration procedures.Results led to the identification of the most sensitive biomarkers to typical oil industry contaminants and to the selection of the bioindicators that provided the best responses to the ecotoxicological tests.This methodological approach, that represent an innovative environmental solution, revealed that no significant ecotoxicological effects can be ascribed to monitored on-shore and off-shore activities.
Brazilian Regulatory Framework Concearning Produced Water Final Disposal
Authors: de Freitas Ana Luiza , Mendes Luciano Claudio 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
In the last two decades the environmental pressure over oil and gas companies regarding produced water1 final disposal has been increasing substantially. The regulation of discharges of effluents and produced water tends to become stricter. So injection of produced water for disposal of will become more important as part of oil and gas activities. Regulation of underground water in Brazil is a very recent matter. In 2008 it was enacted by the Brazilian Council of the Environment (the Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente - CONAMA) a Rule of Groundwater Bodies Classification (CONAMA Resolution 396, of April, 2008). This rule establishes the directions for defining and managing a portion of an aquifer destined for geological storage of effluents in general. There is no act or rule regulating specifically effluent injection in Brazil.
CO2 Reduction at the FPSO Fluminense: Case Study
Authors: Campos A. N. , Baumgartner W. , Pena M. , Halls M. , Paiva M. , Plank C. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
This paper is a Case Study of CO2 reduction (i.e. GHG reduction) in the FPSO Fluminense. The primary objective is to present how a CO2 reduction can be obtained in a typical deepwater production unit in Brazil based on a simple and and zero-cost approach. Additionally, the case study aims to contribute to Brazil's new offshore licensing requirements on GHG management. To address Climate Change the FPSO Fluminese Team set out a list of simple and zero-cost Energy Conservation Measures (EEMs) which have gradually been put in place as of late 2006: (i) Optimization of Gas Turbines – running 2 turbines instead of 3 whenever conditions allow it; (ii) Optimization of Booster Gas Compressors - volume pocket positions are optimized by running one compressor when gas production volumes, including gas lift, drop to a certain level; (iii) Introduction of Cleaning and Washing Routines for Gas Turbines; (iv) Optimization of Flash Gas Compressors - by adjusting the volume pocket position; (v) Seawater injection pump optimization - running only one pump and batch inject on the second, as necessary, to maintain reservoir pressure. In parallel, a review of the FPSO Fluminense GHG inventory was performed in order to create a more accurate database to support the implementation and evaluation of the EEMs. The results show that in 2007, 24% of CO2 reduction (27,5 kt) was achieved in relation to 2006 in the FPSO Fluminese. The CO2 reduction from gas fuel was 17,6% (15,3kt) and flaring was reduced by 62% (11,1kt). Roughly 32% of the CO2 reduction can be attributed to the implementation of the EEMs and 62% to a decline in hydrocarbon production. The main contributions to new the Brazilian requirements on GHG management is the necessity to standardize the GHG inventories for offshore plataforms in order to allow fair comparision of carbon footprints among operators, as well as define correct compensation where required.
Offshore Regional Environmental Monitoring Model For Campos Basin, Brazil - An Innovative Proposal
Authors: Scofano A. M. , Xavier A. G. , Marcon E. H. , Gabardo I. T. , de F. Rocha M. , Curbelo-Fernandez M. P. , da S. Cotta P. , Cavalcanti T. B. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Environmental monitoring projects are executed as part of the requirements for maintaining environmental permits according to Brazilian regulation. They are designed to generate data to test the hypotheses assumed in the environmental impact assessment studies and to provide a feedback on the environmental quality of the area itself.
According to Brazilian regulation, a new monitoring project must be proposed for each new drilling or production project. As a consequence, in 2009 Petrobras had a total of 35 different monitoring projects proposed or in execution in offshore Campos Basin. The logistic required to implement such projects involve many operational demands, such as availability of laboratories, research vessels adequately equipped and the control of elaboration and turning of so many data reports. In addition, as the individual projects are designed by different groups, with different objectives and timing, it is quite a challenge to get a comprehensive assessment of the environmental quality of Campos Basin as a whole.
In order to address these problems, a new proposal is currently being discussed with the Brazilian Environmental Authority (IBAMA) suggesting the implementation of a Regional Environmental Model whose ultimate goal is to substitute all the existing individual projects by a program containing the following components: a) a Regional Environmental Monitoring Project (PMAR); b) a Production Specific Environmental Monitoring Project (PMAEpro); and c) a Drilling Specific Environmental Monitoring Project (PMAEper). The specific projects intend to intensify the monitoring efforts around representative units or areas, assessing local impacts and bioaccumulation effects due to discharges of produced water or drilling cuttings and fluids. The regional approach, on the other hand, seeks to evaluate the impact of E&P activities both in the water and sediment compartments, along transects distributed around the basin.
The transition from the individual monitoring projects to this new regional model for monitoring the Campos Basin region will optimize the logistic and costs involved, as well as improve Petrobras’ environmental management of its activities.
Archeology and Seismic Acquisition in Mauritania: How a Corporate Responsibility Approach can Contribute to Enrich Cultural Heritage
Authors: Gonzalez-Carballo Angel , Vernet Robert , Bordes Jean-Guillaume 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
In 2005 TOTAL E&P obtained from the government of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania two concessions to explore the hydrocarbon potential of the Taoudenni Basin. The unusually big size of these concessions was only comparable to the challenge of exploring this virtually unknown basin, in a harsh and remote desert environment without human settlements.
TOTAL E&P acquired between 2006 and 2007 3260 km of 2D seismic, in a grid that covered the extent of the concessions.
In agreement with the UNESCO's World Heritage Convention, and under the patronage of the Mauritanian Institute of Scientific Research (IMRS), TOTAL E&P engaged a group of archeologists to guarantee the protection of any archeological vestige that could be present in the operations field. For the 14 months of the seismic data acquisition period, all the operations were preceded by the archeological scouting, in charge of preserving the archeological sites and artifacts from the men and machines dedicated to seismic acquisition.
Going beyond this preservation effort, the archeologists have seized the opportunity to make a thorough study of this part of the Taoudenni bassin, never accessed before by scientists. More than 3000 archeological sites have been described along the seismic lines, and studied using a regionally consistent approach. The extremely rich spatial information, has allowed to statistically analyze palaeo-climate evolution and patterns of human settlement and activity during the prehistory.
As part of its Corporate Social Responsibility program, TOTAL E&P launched a project of valorization of the archeological heritage, based on the results of the archeological survey.
Thanks to this successful association of industrial and archeological activities, and to the active commitment of the Mauritanian authorities, a completely new archaeological province has been revealed, and completes a previously existing gap in the scientific knowledge of the Saharan prehistory.
Beyond the success of an extremely challenging seismic survey, and the important archeological discoveries made, this experience represents an important achievement in terms of sustainable industrial activity, and gives a good example on how industrial goals and environmental constraints can be combined to obtain mutual and long term benefits.
Climate Change Strategy Project: The Bridge to Sustainability
Authors: Espinosa Beatriz Nassur , Azevedo Ricardo Santos , Linhares Mônica Moreira , de Souza Angela Martins 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The fossil fuels are pillars to the global economy; however, they are a major contributor to Greenhouse Gas emissions. In light of this, the oil industry can contribute to GHG emissions reduction efforts worldwide, as well as to the sustainable economic growth. This paper intends to present the Company Climate Change Strategic Project activities, the first results and actions implemented to manage GHG emissions.
The Company commitment to the climate change mitigation effort is evident in the strategic plan statement through the pledges to boost our share in the biofuel market, lead domestic biodiesel production and increase our participation in the ethanol fuel trade. The Company's efforts also include an energy efficiency corporate program, an action plan to reduce the intensity of greenhouse gas emissions, and a portfolio of investments related to R&D. As a result of the Company's proactive commitment, the Climate Change Strategic Project was set to keep the Company on the sustainability road.
A set of indicators appraises the evolution of environmental performance in order to pursue environmental standards of excellence and among those indicators, voluntary avoided GHG emission goal was set to upstream and downstream operations.
In order to monitor air pollutants and GHG emissions a system named SIGEA® accounts for more than thirty-thousand sources. Besides, the Company Research Center created a Technological Project - Proclima to support technology developments on energy efficiency, renewable energy and biofuels, and Carbon Capture and Geological Sequestration. Regarding biofuels, the Company has been playing a key role on the logistics to support the Brazilian sugar cane alcohol project named Proalcool since the nineteen's seventies. This project has prevented hundreds of millions of tons of carbon emissions. In addition three Company´s industrial plants are operating in Brazil to produce biodiesel.
The project will allow a company-wide integration of GHG mitigation actions to reduce the emissions intensity of the operations and the products, granting the commitment with the sustainable development. It also supports the Company operations with integrated growth, profitability and both environmental and social responsibility.
Application the Strategic Health Management
Authors: Uberti Filippo , Macera Erasmo , Mortara Simone , Gomez Guillermo 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
ENI E&P works in complex operating environment constantly interacting with host communities sharing and facing their health and social problems.
Strategic Health Management introduces a systematic approach in each phase of the project lifecycle to favour the health status of the workforce, their families and to promote/sustain lasting improvements to host communities’ health status.
Dedicated projects for developing social and health services in favour of host communities are designed through standardised project management methodology with due attention to conciliate communities custom, local policies and international well established guidelines.
The approach has been utilised in various country (Congo, Angola, Pakistan, Nigeria etc.) through initiatives aiming at development of local Primary Health Care systems and/or control of specific endemic diseases.
Relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, impact and sustainability are the guiding and challenging criteria for any organisation dealing with cooperation activities in developing countries.
This paper briefly describes ENI E&P methodology and achievements in Community Health so far.
This paper intends to explain how to introduce systematic, co-operative planning in each phase of the lifecycle of a project to ensure the health of the workforce and promote lasting improvements in the health of the host community.
Is important from the beginning sets out the process which upstream approved projects should follow in formulating a strategy and developing a plan for pro-active and cooperative health management.
The key messages are:
– industry co-operation on health is beneficial; – industry can help host governments fulfill responsibilities for community health; – primary health care focus can have the greatest impact; – early stakeholder involvement and consultation can achieve lasting improvements in community health; – strategic planning for health should be risk-based and subject to ongoing performance evaluation.
Through the Strategic Health Management process intend to establish early and ongoing dialogue with the host government and other stakeholders.
Eni E&P Division and/or its subsidiaries may elect to complement the host government's role by providing health care for the project workforce and their dependents. As an example, this could take the form of investment in health planning and provision of health support for the project workforce and their dependents. Such costs should be considered in the budgeting process and the design of health benefits plans.