bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Establishing Validity of a Modified Melbourne Assessment for Children Ages 2 to 4 Years
Authors: Randall Melinda , Imms Christine , Carey Leeanne 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
BACKGROUND. The Melbourne Assessment of Unilateral Upper Limb Function is a valid tool for measuring quality of upper-limb movement in children ages 5 to 15 with cerebral palsy. This study presents the first phase in establishing the validity of a modified version of the assessment for children ages 2 to 4.
OBJECTIVE. We sought to determine whether children without neurological impairment scored within the top 5% on the modified assessment, to investigate compliance with test demands, and to investigate the relationship between the modified tool and the Quality of Upper Extremity Skills Test.
METHOD. The test was modified and administered to 32 children without neurological impairment ages 2 to 4.
RESULTS. All children ages 2.5 to 4 scored as expected and were compliant with test demands.
CONCLUSION. The Modified Melbourne Assessment may be used with children ages 2.5 to 4 without neurological impairment. Investigation with children with neurological impairment is now indicated.
Reliability and Validity of the Test of In-Hand Manipulation in Children Ages 5 to 6 Years
Authors: Pont Karina , Wallen Margaret , Bundy Anita , Case-Smith Jane 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The Test of In-Hand Manipulation (TIHM; Case-Smith, 2000) is a five-task test that uses a 9-hole pegboard to examine 2 key components of in-hand manipulation: rotation and translation with stabilization. The authors used Rasch modeling to examine the TIHM’s construct validity, interrater reliability, and test–retest reliability in 45 typically developing children ages 5.5 years to 6.5 years. A version of the test, revised using Rasch modeling, was found to have evidence for adequate construct validity and excellent interrater reliability. However, test–retest reliability over a 2-week retest period was not supported. The TIHM demonstrates potential as a clinically useful assessment of in-hand manipulation. The test does not examine all aspects of in-hand manipulation, however, and it may have limited sensitivity to the performance of finger-to-palm and palm-to-finger translation. Further validation of the test is needed before the TIHM can confidently be used in occupational therapy practice.
Modified Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy for a 12-Month-Old Child With Hemiplegia: A Case Report
Authors: Cope Steven M. , Forst Heather C. , Bibis Denise , Liu Xue-Cheng 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. This case report describes the use of modified constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) to improve upper-limb function in a 12-month-old child with right hemiplegia. It also describes parent concerns about CIMT and documents the short- and long-term effects of modified CIMT.
METHOD. The participant was assessed 5 times over a 7.5-month period using the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales–2, Pediatric Motor Activity Log, Toddler Amount of Use Test, and Knox Parent Questionnaire. CIMT included a nonremovable cast worn on the unaffected arm and approximately 8 hr per week of occupational and physical therapy for 2 weeks.
RESULTS. Benefits of improved upper-limb function measured immediately after CIMT were sustained at 6 months’ follow-up. No adverse events related to cast use were reported.
DISCUSSION. The findings from this case report suggest that CIMT was a safe intervention associated with improving upper-limb function for this young child with hemiplegia.
Effect of Wearing a Static Wrist Orthosis on Shoulder Movement During Feeding
Authors: May-Lisowski Terri L. , King Phyllis M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. This study compares the effect of wrist immobilization with non-immobilization on shoulder abduction, shoulder flexion, and shoulder rotation during feeding.
METHOD. Twenty right-hand-dominant participants with no upper-extremity dysfunction performed a controlled feeding activity under 2 separate wrist conditions: (1) while wearing a static wrist orthosis and (2) with the wrist not immobilized (free wrist). A Motion Monitor system using small magnetic sensors was used to measure range of motion. Data analysis included paired t tests to compare the 2 conditions.
RESULTS. Statistically significant results were found for shoulder flexion and shoulder abduction, indicating increased movement at the shoulder while feeding when the wrist was immobilized. No significant difference was found in shoulder internal rotation.
CONCLUSIONS. Wearing a wrist orthosis while feeding may alter normal movement patterns at the shoulder. Future research should examine the effects of wrist splinting on shoulder movement.
Outcomes of a Pilot Training Program in a Qigong Massage Intervention for Young Children With Autism
Authors: Silva Louisa M. T. , Ayres Robert , Schalock Mark 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Sensory impairment is a common and significant feature of children on the autism spectrum. In 2005, a qigong massage intervention based on Chinese medicine and delivered by a doctor of Chinese medicine was shown to improve sensory impairment and adaptive behavior in a small controlled study of young children with autism. In 2006, the Qigong Sensory Training (QST) program was developed to train early intervention professionals to provide the QST intervention. This article describes the preliminary evaluation of the QST program as piloted with 15 professionals and 26 children and outcomes testing using standardized tests of sensory impairment and adaptive behavior. Results of outcomes comparing delivery by QST-trained therapists with delivery by a doctor of Chinese medicine showed that both groups improved and that there was no difference in outcome between the two groups. The intervention and training program are described, and implications for future research are discussed.
You Can Know Me Now If You Listen: Sensory, Motor, and Communication Issues in a Nonverbal Person With Autism
Authors: Shoener Rachel Freret , Kinnealey Moya , Koenig Kristie P. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This case report describes an intensive approach to treating autism and provides an intersection between a first-person narrative paired with intervention and outcomes. In-depth conversations between a person with autism and an occupational therapist provide insight into understanding differences and difficulties in sensory processing and regulation, praxis, and communication. Individuals with autism may be intellectually and emotionally intact but hampered by deficits that interfere with the ability to move the body efficiently. These sensorimotor deficits underlie the ability to communicate with others and to develop relationships. This article illustrates the benefits of an intensive therapeutic program designed to address sensory and motor differences underlying communication, as well as the vital role the occupational therapist plays in addressing these underlying differences to improve functional communication and social participation.
Sensory Processing and Classroom Emotional, Behavioral, and Educational Outcomes in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Ashburner Jill , Ziviani Jenny , Rodger Sylvia 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. We explored the associations between sensory processing and classroom emotional, behavioral, and educational outcomes of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
METHOD. Twenty-eight children with ASD (with average-range IQ) were compared with 51 age- and gender-matched typically developing peers on sensory processing and educational outcomes.
RESULTS. For children with ASD, the Short Sensory Profile scores Underresponsive/Seeks Sensation and Auditory Filtering explained 47% of the variance in academic performance, yet estimated intelligence was not a significant predictor of academic performance. Significant negative correlations were found between (1) auditory filtering and inattention to cognitive tasks, (2) tactile hypersensitivity and hyperactivity and inattention, and (3) movement sensitivity and oppositional behavior.
CONCLUSION. A pattern of auditory filtering difficulties, sensory underresponsiveness, and sensory seeking was associated with academic underachievement in the children with ASD. Children who have difficulty processing verbal instructions in noisy environments and who often focus on sensory-seeking behaviors appear more likely to underachieve academically.
Embracing Ambiguity: Facing the Challenge of Measurement
Authors: Coster Wendy J. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Assigning numbers to variations in the behaviors, experiences, or beliefs of individuals and groups is a firmly established tradition in Western culture. In many areas of occupational therapy practice, quantitative measures are required to document need for services and, increasingly, quantitative measures are required to document the value of these services in terms of the outcomes achieved. In order to meet these expectations, occupational therapy frequently has adopted both methods and instruments from other disciplines including psychology, medicine, and education. However, the assumptions and modes of thinking about people that accompany these methods are not always compatible with the values and practice of occupational therapy. This paper explores tensions inherent in the assessment process in a profession that is holistic and humanistic in its orientation. I propose that in order for assessment to serve our goal of supporting health and participation through engagement in occupation we must accept the uncertainty and be vigilant about the biases in thinking that are inherent in our measures.
Health Disparities: Examination of Evidence Relevant for Occupational Therapy
Authors: Bass-Haugen Julie D. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Healthy People 2010 identified elimination of health disparities as a national priority. Few studies in the occupational therapy literature document health disparities. The purpose of this study was to examine the evidence on U.S. health disparities with specific relevance to occupational therapy and by racial/ethnic groups and income levels. National survey data were used to identify variables related to occupational performance or occupational therapy services that showed evidence of disparities. Data on U.S. citizens included health and behavioral characteristics, activity profiles, home and work environments, experiences in health systems, and outcomes of health care services. On many variables, the nature of differences for non-White groups and lower income–level groups provide evidence of health disparities. The findings support the National Healthcare Disparities Reports, which concluded that health disparities are still prevalent in the United States, and opportunities remain in health professions, like occupational therapy, to improve the health of all citizens.
Pet Ownership as a Meaningful Community Occupation for People With Serious Mental Illness
Authors: Zimolag Ulrike (Uli) , Krupa Terry 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. We determined the proportion of pet owners and non–pet owners with serious mental illness, compared their characteristics and their motivations for owning or not owning a pet, and examined the relationship between pet ownership and engagement in meaningful activity and three dimensions of community integration.
METHOD. Three Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) teams reported on the pet ownership of all service recipients (N = 204). Of these recipients, 60 completed a survey. Nonparametric tests were selected for data analysis.
RESULTS. Of 204 ACT clients, 38 (18.6%) were pet owners. Twenty-four (63.2%) of 38 responding non–pet owners desired to live with a pet. There were significant differences between groups on diagnosis, gender, a global measure of function, meaningful activity, and psychological integration.
CONCLUSION. The key finding supports the hypothesis that pet owners with serious mental illness living in the community demonstrate higher social community integration. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Awareness of Driving Ability in Senior Drivers With Neurological Conditions
Authors: Kay Lynnette G. , Bundy Anita C. , Clemson Lindy 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. We sought to determine the agreement between rating of awareness based on scores on the Driving Awareness Questionnaire (DriveAware) and global judgments of awareness awarded after on-road assessment, thereby establishing the possibility of measuring drivers’ awareness.
METHOD. A prospective cohort study of 60 senior drivers with neurological conditions who were referred for driving assessment. Awareness was rated as intact, partial, or absent on the basis of the discrepancy score between participants’ and clinicians’ responses to DriveAware. A second clinician (masked to these results) rated awareness on the same scale at the completion of the on-road assessment. Agreement of categorical ratings was adjusted for chance using the kappa statistic.
RESULTS. Results yielded a kappa of .69 (SE = .08), indicating agreement substantially beyond chance.
CONCLUSION. Results indicate that awareness of driving ability may be measured with substantial accuracy using DriveAware in senior drivers with neurological impairments. The psychometric properties of DriveAware require further research.
Sensory-Processing Disorder in Children With Cochlear Implants
Authors: Bharadwaj Sneha V. , Daniel Linda L. , Matzke Patricia L. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
We examined sensory-processing disorder (SPD) in children with cochlear implants and explored the relationship between SPD and duration of hearing loss or duration of cochlear implant use. Caregivers of 30 children completed the Sensory Profile Questionnaire (SPQ). Seventy percent of the children showed “at-risk” or “different” behaviors in one or more of five categories of the SPQ: auditory, visual, vestibular, tactile, and oral processing. No noteworthy relationships surfaced between duration of deafness or duration of cochlear implant use and the atypical behaviors identified. To validate these findings further, postrotary nystagmus (PRN) testing and Miller's Assessment for Preschoolers (MAP) were administered to a subset of children. PRN was atypical in all 6 children tested. MAP findings revealed atypical sensory processing in 4 of the 6 children. Findings suggested that children with cochlear implants may be at risk for SPD. The findings are discussed in light of clinician and teacher referral for occupational therapy evaluations.
Case Report of Integrated Supported Employment for a Person With Severe Mental Illness
Authors: Chan Ashley S. M. , Tsang Hector W. H. , Li Sally M. Y. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. We illustrate the implementation of an integrated supported employment (ISE) program that augments the individual placement and support model with social skills training in helping people with severe mental illness (SMI) achieve and maintain employment.
METHOD. A case illustration demonstrates how ISE helped a 41-year-old woman with SMI to get and keep a job with support from an employment specialist. An independent, blinded assessor conducted data collection of employment information, including self-efficacy and quality of life, at pretreatment and at 3-month, 7-month, 11-month, and 15-month follow-up assessments.
RESULTS. The participant eventually stayed in a job for 8 months and reported improved self-efficacy and quality of life.
CONCLUSION. The case report suggests that ISE could improve the employment outcomes of people with SMI. Moreover, changes in the participant’s self-efficacy and quality of life were shown to be driven by the successful employment experience.
Supported Education for Adults With Psychiatric Disabilities: Effectiveness of an Occupational Therapy Program
Authors: Gutman Sharon A. , Kerner Robin , Zombek Irene , Dulek Jennifer , Ramsey C. Andrew 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. This study assessed the effectiveness of a supported education program for adults with psychiatric disabilities.
METHOD. Thirty-eight adults with psychiatric disabilities were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 21) that received supported education services or to a control group (n = 17) that received treatment as usual.
RESULTS. We found a statistically significant difference between experimental and control group participant scores on the five instruments used to measure the program's effectiveness. Sixteen of the 21 experimental group participants (76%) completed the program. At 6-month follow-up, 10 (63%) had enrolled in an educational program, had obtained employment, or were applying to a specific program. Only 1 of the control group participants was enrolled in an educational program.
CONCLUSION. The results support the effectiveness of the supported education program. A significant number of participants were able to improve their basic academic skills, enhance professional behaviors and social skills, and return to the school or work environment.
Consequences of Poststroke Falls: Activity Limitation, Increased Dependence, and the Development of Fear of Falling
Authors: Schmid Arlene A. , Rittman Maude 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVES. We used qualitative data to explore the perceived consequences of poststroke falls during the first 6 months after discharge from the hospital.
METHOD. We interviewed 132 male stroke survivors 1 and 6 months after discharge to describe stroke recovery trajectories. Interviews of participants who discussed falling after stroke as one of their major concerns were analyzed to explore the consequences of poststroke falls.
RESULTS. During the first 6 months after stroke, 42 (32%) participants discussed poststroke falls. The results of the qualitative analysis indicate three important emergent themes related to the consequences of poststroke falls: (1) limiting activity and participation, (2) increasing dependence, and (3) developing a fear of falling.
CONCLUSION. Falls after discharge home were common in this group of stroke survivors. Future research is needed to better understand the impact of fall-related consequences and to explore strategies for fall prevention.
Rasch Analysis of the School Function Assessment Provides Additional Evidence for the Internal Validity of the Activity Performance Scales
Authors: Hwang Jeng-Liang , Davies Patricia L. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The internal construct validity of the School Function Assessment (SFA) was determined by examining its unidimensionality and hierarchical structure.
METHOD. The SFA was completed for 64 elementary school children (35 with disabilities, 29 without disabilities). Data were examined through Rasch analysis.
RESULTS. The majority of test items (252 of 266) within the Activity Performance Scales met the criterion set for Rasch goodness-of-fit statistics. All but three scales were found to be unidimensional, measuring a single construct. Item difficulty analysis yielded a hierarchical structure of the scales similar to the existing item layout of the SFA.
CONCLUSION. Internal validity was supported for 15 of the 18 Activity Performance scales. Each scale is psychometrically sound in measuring a specific functional task. The reliable hierarchical pattern of the assessment helps anticipate and document the student's progress in functional performance from easier to more difficult school tasks.
Potentially Problematic Postures During Work Site Keyboard Use
Authors: Baker Nancy A. , Redfern Mark 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. We described the frequency and distribution of keyboard users’ potentially risky postural behaviors.
METHOD. Forty-three participants’ keyboard postural behaviors were rated with the Keyboard–Personal Computer Style instrument (Baker & Redfern, 2005). The frequency and distribution of keyboard postural behaviors and the associations and differences between the right and left sides were assessed.
RESULTS. Generally, each static posture had one criterion that occurred frequently, whereas dynamic postures were distributed throughout the criteria. The right and left sides were significantly associated for shoulder flexion, elbow flexion, hand displacement, wrist extension, forearm rotation, isolated fifth digit, metacarpophalangeal hyperextension, and wrist support use and significantly different for hand displacement, isolated thumb, number of digits, and metacarpophalangeal hyperextension.
CONCLUSION. Potentially problematic postural behaviors are common among keyboard users. Our results suggest that occupational therapists must systematically assess postures on both the right and the left sides to develop the most effective intervention strategies.
Prospective Study of the Effect of Sensory Integration, Neurodevelopmental Treatment, and Perceptual–Motor Therapy on the Sensorimotor Performance in Children With Mild Mental Retardation
Authors: Wuang Yee-Pay , Wang Chih-Chung , Huang Mao-Hsiung , Su Chwen-Yng 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. This quasi-experimental study compared the effect of sensory integrative (SI) therapy, neurodevelopmental treatment (NDT), and perceptual–motor (PM) approach on children with mild mental retardation.
METHOD. Children (N = 120) were randomly assigned to intervention with SI, NDT, or PM; another 40 children served as control participants. All children were assessed with measures of sensorimotor function.
RESULTS. After intervention, the treatment groups significantly outperformed the control group on almost all measures. The SI group demonstrated a greater pretest–posttest change on fine motor, upper-limb coordination, and SI functioning. The PM group showed significant gains in gross motor skills, whereas the NDT group had the smallest change in most measures.
CONCLUSION. SI, NDT, and PM improved sensorimotor function among children with mild mental retardation. The choice of sensorimotor approaches should be determined on the basis of the child's particular needs because each approach may have an advantage in certain aspects of sensorimotor function.
Use of Assistive Technology Devices in Mainstream Schools: Students’ Perspective
Authors: Hemmingsson Helena , Lidström Helene , Nygård Louise 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The use and nonuse of assistive technology devices in school by students with physical disabilities was investigated, and the students’ experiences in using these devices is described.
METHOD. We used a mixed-methods approach with predominantly qualitative methods to collect and analyze data, which included observations of and interviews with 20 students with physical disabilities and the number and type of assistive technology devices provided.
RESULTS. It is vital that devices be integrated into educational practice and that students experience immediate benefits for their function in everyday school activities without detrimental effects on their social participation. The latter was often more important than being able to perform activities independently.
CONCLUSION. The students adopted both a functional and a psychosocial perspective of their devices, and providers should neglect neither. Children and youth need both verbal information and practical experience using devices to be able to make informed decisions.