bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Robot‐assisted radical cystectomy
Authors: Kumar Pardeep , Sandhu Harinderjeet , Challacombe Ben , Rimington Peter , Khan M. Shamim , Dasgupta Prokar 
Published: April 2011

AbstractRobotic‐assisted radical cystectomy for the treatment of bladder cancer combines the best of laparascopy and open surgery: patients enjoy the benefits of minimal access, while the surgeon experiences less fatigue. The authors address a number of questions regarding the new technique. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Interface Ltd
Current prospects for the chemoprevention of prostate cancer
Authors: Kirby Roger , McNicholas Tom , Fitzpatrick John 
Published: April 2011

AbstractUnlike other areas of medicine, such as cardiology and diabetology, urology has often been slow to embrace strategies for risk reduction. Currently, urologists
prefer to treat the disease at the stage they encounter it, rather than approaching the problem with a preventative frame of mind. However, a recent publication evaluating the effect of dutasteride on prostate cancer calls this view into question. The current lifetime risk of prostate cancer in the USA is estimated at 16.7 per cent. As the disease is both extremely common and generally slow to progress, potentially it provides a prime target for chemoprevention.
Healthy lifestyle for men living with hormone therapy for prostate cancer
Authors: Payne Heather A. , Laing Robert , Thomas Robert , Tombal Bertrand , Troup Janis 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis report is based on discussions held at the 7th Annual Meeting of the British Uro‐oncology Group in Birmingham last September. One topic of equal value to all healthcare professionals spanning primary and secondary care was a review of developments in hormone therapy for prostate cancer and the ways to reduce the associated toxicities of testosterone depletion. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Interface Ltd
The Murder of the Innocents: Foundlings in 19th-Century New York City
Authors: Miller Julie 
Published: April 2011

In the 1850s a diverse, sometimes discordant, collection of New York City public officials, reformers, and physicians came jointly to the conclusion that their city's foundlings constituted a problem in need of immediate solution. While once they had allowed abandoned babies to languish in the almshouse — where their death rate at times reached 100 percent — they now felt that the plight of these unwanted waifs was a judgment on themselves and their society that had to be addressed.Pressed into action by a force made of both sympathy and anxiety, they got to work. In the decade before the Civil War municipal officials assembled committees to look into the possibility of building a public foundling asylum, reformers conducted investigations, and the press hovered — prodding, accusing, and carrying out investigations of its own. The Civil War brought all this activity to a halt, but as soon as the war was over it resumed. In less than a decade following the end of the war four foundling asylums opened in a city that previously had not had a single one.Why did these citizens identify the phenomenon of infant abandonment as a problem when they did? What sort of a problem did they think it was? The answers to these questions reveal at least as much about their collective anxieties about such matters as rapid urban growth and fallen women as they do about the plight of the unwanted children they tried to help.It is difficult to understand this shift in sensibility without understanding what came before it. Antebellum New Yorkers, like their European counterparts, equated infant abandonment with illegitimacy.
Modern? American? Jew? Museums and Exhibitions of Ben Shahn's Late Paintings
Authors: Linden Diana L. 
Published: April 2011

The year 1998 marked the centennial of the birth of artist Ben Shahn (1898–1969). Coupled with the approach of the millennium, which many museums celebrated by surveying the cultural production of the 20th century, the centennial offered the perfect opportunity to mount a major exhibition of Shahn's work (the last comprehensive exhibition had taken place at the Jewish Museum in New York City in 1976). The moment was also propitious because a renewed interest in narrative, figurative art, and political art encouraged scholarly and popular appreciation of Ben Shahn, whose reputation within the history of American art had been eclipsed for many decades by the attention given to the abstract expressionists. The Jewish Museum responded in 1998 with Common Man, Mythic Vision: The Paintings of Ben Shahn, organized by the Museum's curator Susan Chevlowe, with abstract expressionism scholar Stephen Polcari (Figure 1). The exhibition traveled to the Allentown Art Museum in Pennsylvania and closed at the Detroit Institute of Arts in 1999.Smaller Shahn exhibitions then in the planning stages (although not scheduled to open during the centennial year) were to focus on selected aspects of Shahn's oeuvre: the Fogg Museum was to present his little-known New York City photographs of the 1930s in relationship to his paintings, and the Jersey City Museum intended to exhibit his career-launching series, The Passion of Sacco and Vanzetti (1931–32). Knowing this, Chevlowe smartly chose to focus on the later years of Shahn's career and on his lesser-known easel paintings of the post-World War II era. In so doing, Chevlowe challenged viewers to expand their understanding both of the artist and his place in 20th-century American art.
Creating space for interdisciplinary marine and coastal research: five dilemmas and suggested resolutions
Authors: CHRISTIE PATRICK 
Published: April 2011

SUMMARYImportant changes are needed to disciplinary theories and methods to support interdisciplinary and integrated ocean and coastal management policies and implementation. This review argues that theories and methods should conform to a perspective that ocean management is a societal activity with diverse goals ideally informed by interdisciplinary information. The review focuses on the integrated coastal management (ICM) and marine ecosystem-based management (EBM) frameworks and the marine protected areas (MPA) management tool. It begins by suggesting that at present there is a notable imbalance in the degree of effort allocated to monitoring the ecological and social dimensions of ocean resource use and policy processes. Based on how Western society and an influential epistemic community construct ‘the environment’ and society's relation to the environment, natural sciences play an inordinately important role in the description of the problem and policy recommendations. The discourse advocating for a global networks of marine protected areas, without adequate consideration of society impacts and responses, represents an example of this imbalance. Rebalancing the contributions of scientific disciplines encounters various dilemmas with epistemological, methodological and sociological dimensions. The analysis concludes with suggestions for balancing ocean and coastal interdisciplinary research and reframing key issues, creating self reflexive and multidisciplinary research teams, and reworking educational programmes.
Religious selfhoods and the city in inter-war Manchester
Authors: WILDMAN CHARLOTTE 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACT:Manchester's processional tradition began in the nineteenth century and every Whit weekend, until the 1960s, Catholics and Protestants organized separate large celebrations. This article argues that the Catholic Whit celebrations peaked in importance between the two world wars and that this was related to the impact of Manchester Corporation's wider investment in urban redevelopment. It is a story about religion and the self, which reveals important details about the cultural meanings of the inter-war city and contributes to an emerging field of cultural geography that explores the relationship between space and faith.
Nosocomial transmission of parainfluenza 3 virus in hematological patients characterized by molecular epidemiology
Authors: Lee A.V. , Bibby D.F. , Oakervee H. , Rohatiner A. , Ushiro‐Lumb I. , Clark D.A. , Mattes F.M. 
Published: April 2011

A.V. Lee, D.F. Bibby, H. Oakervee, A. Rohatiner, I. Ushiro‐Lumb, D.A. Clark, F.M. Mattes. Nosocomial transmission of parainfluenza 3 virus in hematological patients characterized by molecular epidemiology. Transpl Infect Dis 2011: 13: 433–437. All rights reservedAbstract: We report an outbreak of parainfluenza 3 virus involving 17 hematology–oncology patients on 2 hospital wards. Sequence analysis of clinical samples confirmed homology of strains for 16/17 patients and 1 healthcare worker. Epidemiological analysis of the outbreak supported the molecular data with nosocomial transmission of the same genetic strain as the cause of the outbreak.
Erythema nodosum in kidney transplant recipient: a rare complication of pneumonia treatment
Authors: Gregorini M. , Castello M. , Rampino T. , Esposito P. , Rosso R. , Borroni G. , Dal Canton A. 
Published: April 2011

M. Gregorini, M. Castello, T. Rampino, P. Esposito, R. Rosso, G. Borroni, A. Dal Canton. Erythema nodosum in kidney transplant recipient: a rare complication of pneumonia treatment. Transpl Infect Dis 2011. All rights reserved
Abstract: Erythema nodosum (EN) is a cutaneous inflammatory reaction, usually reported in young women, but it is rarely observed among transplant patients. Localization in the lower extremities is typical, mostly involving the anterior surfaces of the legs. Several viral, bacterial, mycotic, and non‐infectious etiologies, such as autommune disorders, drugs, inflammatory bowel diseases, sarcoidosis, pregnancy, and malignancies, have been found. We describe the case of a young woman kidney transplant recipient developing bilateral, erythematous, warm nodules localized on the anterior surface of her legs after antibiotic treatment for pneumonia with levofloxacin. Her immunosuppression was sirolimus and mycophenolate mofetil. EN was diagnosed by skin biopsy; microscopic examination showed septal panniculitis with granulomas. As a complete remission of the lesions was obtained in our patient after interruption of levofloxacin therapy, we suspect that levofloxacin was involved in the pathogenesis of EN. In fact, the management of EN is based on the treatment of underlying or associated conditions.
Treatment of vitiligo with narrowband‐UVB (TL01) combined with tacrolimus ointment (0.1%) vs. placebo ointment, a randomized right/left double‐blind comparative study
Authors: Nordal E.J. , Guleng G.E. , Rönnevig J.R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBackground  Only a few, small double‐blind clinical trials have been reported for the treatment of vitiligo. Narrowband‐ultraviolet B (NB‐UVB) is an established form of treatment for this condition. Tacrolimus ointment is assumed to have an effect in some patients.Objectives  To assess the additive effect of tacrolimus ointment (0.1%) once daily in vitiligo patients treated with NB‐UVB.Methods  In a randomized double‐blind trial, patients with stable symmetrical vitiligo were treated half‐side with tacrolimus ointment (0.1%) and half‐side with placebo ointment. Whole body NB‐UVB was given twice or thrice weekly for at least 3 months. As a morphometric device, VisitrakTM was used to measure the area of the vitiligo target lesions.Results  Of 40 patients, 27 had a better effect on the tacrolimus side. The degree of improvement was significantly better on the tacrolimus side (P = 0.005). The median reduction in the target lesion areas was 42.1% on the tacrolimus side and 29% on the placebo side. There was a correlation between the effect and the number of topical tacrolimus applications (P = 0.044), but there was no correlation with the number of UV treatments given; neither any significance of gender, age, skin type, duration of disease, familial occurrence of vitiligo nor presence of other autoimmune disease or atopy was observed. We found a significant reduction in the patients’ subjective disease impact during the treatment period (P < 0.001).Conclusion  According to this study, the combination of NB‐UVB and tacrolimus ointment (0.1%) is more effective than UV treatment alone in patients with vitiligo. The effect is tacrolimus total dose‐dependent.
Structural determinants of allosteric antagonism at metabotropic glutamate receptor 2: mechanistic studies with new potent negative allosteric modulators
Authors: Lundström L , Bissantz C , Beck J , Wettstein JG , Woltering TJ , Wichmann J , Gatti S 
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Altered glutamatergic neurotransmission is linked to several neurological and psychiatric disorders. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGlu2) plays an important role on the presynaptic control of glutamate release and negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) acting on mGlu2/3 receptors are under assessment for their potential as antidepressants, neurogenics and cognitive enhancers. Two new potent mGlu2/3 NAMs, RO4988546 and RO5488608, are described in this study and the allosteric binding site in the transmembrane (TM) domain of mGlu2 is characterized.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Site directed mutagenesis, functional measurements and β2‐adrenoceptor‐based modelling of mGlu2 were employed to identify important molecular determinants of two new potent mGlu2/3 NAMs.KEY RESULTS RO4988546 and RO5488608 affected both [3H]‐LY354740 agonist binding at the orthosteric site and the binding of a tritiated positive allosteric modulator (3H‐PAM), indicating that NAMs and PAMs could have overlapping binding sites in the mGlu2 TM domain. We identified eight residues in the allosteric binding pocket that are crucial for non‐competitive antagonism of agonist‐dependent activation of mGlu2 and directly interact with the NAMs: Arg3.28, Arg3.29, Phe3.36, HisE2.52, Leu5.43, Trp6.48, Phe6.55 and Val7.43. The mGlu2 specific residue HisE2.52 is likely to be involved in selectivity and residues located in the outer part of the binding pocket are more important for [3H]‐LY354740 agonist binding inhibition, which is independent of the highly conserved Trp6.48 residue.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This is the first complete molecular investigation of the allosteric binding pocket of mGlu2 and Group II mGluRs and provides new information on what determines mGlu2 NAMs selective interactions and effects.
Growth Dynamics of the Canine Proximal Tibial Physis
Authors: McBrien Jr. Charles S. , Vezzoni Aldo , Conzemius Michael G. 
Published: April 2011

Objective:To determine growth of the proximal tibial physis in the Labrador Retriever, a breed of dog at risk for rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL).Animals:Male Labrador Retriever dogs (n=6).Methods:Tantalum markers (0.5 mm diameter) were implanted in the right proximal tibial epiphysis and metaphysis of each dog at 16 weeks of age. Lateral and craniocaudal radiographic projections of the tibia were made monthly and longitudinal growth was assessed from radiographs; a growth curve was generated from the data. Data from dogs that had undergone proximal tibial epiphysiodesis (PTE) was compared with the growth curve to demonstrate if the growth curve accurately predicted changes in the growth associated with this procedure.Results:Growth rate of individual dogs decreased slowly and non‐linearly over the 1st year of age. Growth from the proximal tibial physis is described.Conclusions:Growth of individual dogs described here follows the model of saltation and stasis. The growth curve generated predicted the change in tibial plateau angle (TPA) for two Labrador Retrievers that had PTE (±1°).
DIE ROLLE DER SPEICHELSEKRETE IM WECHSELVERHÄLTNIS ZWISCHEN TIER UND NAHRUNGSPFLANZE BEI HOMOPTEREN UND HETEROPTEREN
Authors: NUORTEVA PEKKA 
Published: April 2011

Im Speichel der Rhynchoten gibt es verschiedene Verdauungsenzyme, die eine weitgehende Anpassung hinsichtlich der Art der Nahrung aufweisen und bei der Verdauung wichtig sind. Zugleich gibt es im Rhynchotenspeichel auch Pflanzenwuchs hemmende Stoffe, Auxine und Viren, die alle Krankheitszustände bei den Nahrungspflanzen verursachen welche ihrerseits die Lebensbedingungen der Schädlinge fördern.SummaryThe above article is a short survey of the relation between the salivary secretions of the Hemiptera and their host plants.In analyses of the composition secretions in the salivary glands of phytophagous Homoptera and Heteroptera, the most extensive work has been done on the digestive enzymes. Proteases, amylases, saccharase, maltase, pectinase and lipase have been detected, but most commonly only 2–3 of these occurs in any one species. An adaptation of the enzyme complement to the diet is evident and in this respect the feeding site used by the insect is especially decisive to the enzyme composition of the saliva. Proteases and amylases occur in the saliva of mesophyll feeders, but are absent in phloem feeders, for which they are useless because, from the insect's point of view, the food is already digested. The adaptation of the salivary enzymes to the nature of the food seems to be largely inherited, for a diet containing nothing but sucrose does not induce adaptive changes in the enzyme content of the salivary glands. By contrast, papain seems to be transferred from a synthetic food to the salivary glands.The disease symptoms caused in plants by the salivary toxins of Homoptera and Heteroptera have many similarities to those caused by abnormal amounts of growth hormones. Indole‐tri‐acetic acid has been detected in extracts of crushed aphids and leafhoppers, although no growth stimulating hormones have been detected in salivary glands dissected from several heteropterous bugs and one aphid. On the contrary, substances inhibiting plant growth exist in the salivary glands of many Heteroptera and in at least one aphid. In some experiments with a heteropterous bug, indole‐tri‐acetic was observed to have been transferred from a synthetic diet to the salivary glands. It seems possible that auxins, enzymes and other phytotoxic substances occurring in the salivary glands of insects may at last in some cases originate from the host plant and are not produced by the insect.The salivary enzymes without doubt play an important role in the digestion of the insects secreting them. They are important also in the differentation of Homoptera and Heteroptera to different modes of life. The auxins or auxin inhibitors, as wel as all phytotoxic substances in the salivary glands of Homoptera and Heteroptera are significant for these animals by changing the physiological state of the host plant in such a direction that its suitability as a source of food increases.
PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITION OF THE HOST‐PLANT AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO APHID ATTACK
Authors: KENNEDY J. S. 
Published: April 2011

Familiar types of physiological variation in aphid host‐plants, such as in the pattern of growth or the water economy, have a great influence upon the growth, development and behaviour of aphids, for reasons that we are beginning to understand. They would merit fuller exploitation for the purposes of aphid control.Zusammenfassung1. Es ist bekannt, daß unregelmäßig auftretende Sekundärstoffe unbekannter Funktion in den Pflanzen oft die Reize darstellen, mit deren Hilfe die Insekten ihre Wirtspflanzen unterscheiden. Es wird behauptet: I. daß vorwiegend solche Reize für die Wirtswahl verantwortlich seien, II. daß alle für die Insekten notwendigen Grundnährstoffe von fast allen Blättern in ausreichendem Maße geliefert würden und daß deshalb III. die für den Stoffwechsel der Pflanzen wie der Insekten als wichtig bekannten häufigen. Verbindungen eine geringe Rolle als Ursache der Präferenzerscheinungen spielten (sowohl als unmittelbare Reize wie als physiologisch mit ihnen verbundene Signalfaktoren). Die Theorie der “doppelten Unterscheidung” bei der Wirtswahl der Blattläuse, andererseits, fordert, daß solche “Ernährungs” reize eine bedeutende Rolle spielten, zusammen mit spezifisch pflanzlichen Reizen; und daß der Nährstoffgehalt der Pflanzensäfte, von dem sich die Aphiden ernähren, dem physiologischen Zustand der Pflanzen entsprechend, in weiten Grenzen schwankt.2. Es wird hier darauf hingewiesen, daß das Studium des für die Ernährung wichtigen pflanzenphysiologischen Aspekts der Beziehungen zwischen Aphiden und ihren Wirtspflanzen heutzutage wissenschaftlich und praktisch weit fruchtbarer sein dürfte als das Studium des auf die speziell pflanzlichen Sekundärstoffe bezogenen Aspekts, da bereits viel über die physiologische Variabilität bei den Pflanzen bekannt ist und da dies den Sammelpunkt aller landwirtschaftlichen Wissenschaft darstellt.3. Zur Unterstützung dieser Auffassung wird über drei (weitgehend unveröffentlichte) Arbeiten über Aphiden (Tuberolachnus salignus Gmelin and Aphis fabae Scopoli) zusammenfassend berichtet. Sie zeigen, daß gewöhnliche Formen der physiologischen Verschiedenheit unter den Pflanzen, wie etwa Eigentümlichkeiten in Wachstum und Entwicklung oder im Wasserhaushalt, sowohl die Ernährung wie das Verhalten der Blattläusse beeinflussen. Mit der Zunahme weiterer Kenntnis solcher Unterschiede könnten wahrscheinlich im Hinblick auf die Aphidenresistenz von Pflanzen viel größere Fortschritte erzielt werden, als bisher durch Anbau‐ und Pflanzenzuchtmethoden für möglich gehalten wurde.
THE QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF SOIL MEIOFAUNA
Authors: MURPHY PAUL W. 
Published: April 2011

ZusammenfassungDer ‘geteilte‐Trichter’ Ausleseapparat, eine Abänderung der Tullgren‐Trichtermethode zur Auslese der Bodenfauna, sowie ein Versuch zur Überprüfung der Apparatur und der Einfluss der Behandlung der Proben auf die Wirksamkeit der Auslese werden beschrieben. Bei Heidesandproben werden die besten Resultate erhalten, wenn Streu und Auflagehumus getrennt ausgelesen werden, der letztere in ungestörten, dünnen Schichten (1,3–1,9 cm). Der Unterschied zwischen Zimmertemperatur und der erwärmter Trichter (Lufttemperatur 30–35° C) hinsichtlich der Auslese der Streu ist unbedeutend; beim Auflagehumus ist die Erwärmung des Trichters jedoch wirkungsvoller.
THE IMPORTANCE OF DRINKING WATER TO LARVAL INSECTS
Authors: MELLANBY KENNETH , FRENCH R. A. 
Published: April 2011

Many insect larvae have been found to drink water. These include larvae inhabiting stored products, phytophagous species, larvae found in the soil, and species dehydrated during diapause. The water taken in may enable the larvae to withstand unfavourable conditions.ZusammenfassungWassertrinken ist bei vielen Insektenlarven festgestellt worden. Die Fälle des Trinkens lassen sich folgendermaßen einteilen:a. Larven, die von Speicherprodukten leben. Der Mehlwurm, Tenebrio molitor, kann unter trockenen Verhältnissen leben, trinkt aber bereitwillig. Nach Tränkung kann diese Art bei höheren Temperaturen leben und heranwachsen als Larven, denen kein Wasser zur Verfügung steht. Wahrscheinlich verhalten sich manche andere Speicherschädlinge ähnlich.b. Phytophage Larven. Viele decken ihren gesamten Wasserbedarf aus der Nahrung, aber hungernde Individuen oder solche, die von verwelkten Blättern leben, können bereitwillig trinken und so ihren Wasserhaushalt wiederherstellen.c. Bodeninsekten. Obwohl manche Larven, so z.B. die Drahtwürmer Agriotes, Wasser durch ihre Haut absorbieren, kommt auch Trinken vor. Sogar Agriotes trinkt unter gewissen Umständen. Andere Larven haben undurchlässige Cuticulae und trinken bereitwillig Wasser, wenn es erforderlich ist, ihr Wassergleichgewicht wiederherzustellen.d. Diapausierende Larven. Viele Larven haben während der Diapause einen niedrigen Wassergehalt, und bevor dieser nicht ansteigt, kommt die Diapause normalerweise nicht zum Abschluß. Bei Larven, die während der Diapause bewegungsfähig sind, kann das Wassertrinken eine Vorbedingung für die Beendigung der Diapause sein.