bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Different Proliferative Potential and Migratory Characteristics of Human CD4+ Regulatory T Cells That Express either CD45RA or CD45RO
Authors: Booth Nicola J. , McQuaid Arthur J. , Sobande Toni , Kissane Steve , Agius Elaine , Jackson Sarah E. , Salmon Mike , Falciani Francesco , Yong Kwee , Rustin Malcolm H. , Akbar Arne N. , Vukmanovic-Stejic Milica 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Although human naturally occurring regulatory T cells (Tregs) may express either CD45RA or CD45RO, we find in agreement with previous reports that the (∼80%) majority of natural Tregs in adults are CD45RO+. The proportion of CD45RA+ Tregs decreases, whereas CD45RO+ Tregs increase significantly with age. Nevertheless, a small proportion of CD45RA+ Tregs are found even in old (&gt;80 y) adults and a proportion of these express CD31, a marker for recent thymic emigrants. We found that CD45RO+ Tregs were highly proliferative compared with their CD45RA+ counterparts. This was due in part to the conversion of CD45RA Tregs to CD45RO expression after activation. Another difference between these two Treg populations was their preferential migration to different tissues in vivo. Whereas CD45RA+ Tregs were preferentially located in the bone marrow, associated with increased CXCR4 expression, CD45RO+ Tregs were preferentially located in the skin, and this was associated with their increased expression of CLA and CCR4. Our studies therefore show that proliferation features strongly in maintenance of the adult Treg pool in humans and that the thymus may make a minor contribution to the maintenance of the peripheral pool of these cells, even in older adults. Furthermore, the different tissue compartmentalization of these cells suggests that different Treg niches exist in vivo, which may have important roles for their maturation and function.
Effects of duration of glucocorticoid therapy on relapse rate in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody–associated vasculitis: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Walsh Michael , Merkel Peter A. , Mahr Alfred , Jayne David 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjectiveDisease relapses are common for patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody–associated vasculitis (AAV). The role of low‐dose glucocorticoids (GC) in relapse prevention is controversial. We undertook a systematic review and meta‐analysis to determine if GC target doses influence relapses of AAV.MethodsMedline, EMBase, and Cochrane databases were searched for observational studies and randomized controlled trials of treatment of AAV that included a predefined GC treatment plan. The association of GC target dose with the proportion of relapses in studies was assessed using meta‐regression and multilevel generalized linear modeling.ResultsThirteen studies (983 patients) were identified for inclusion. There were no studies directly comparing GC regimens. We classified 288 patients as having a nonzero GC target dose by study end and 695 patients as having a zero GC target dose by study end. The pooled proportion of patients with a relapse was 36% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 25–47%). GC regimen was the most significant variable explaining the variability between the proportions of patients with relapses. The proportion of patients with a relapse was 14% (95% CI 10–19%) in nonzero GC target dose studies and 43% (95% CI 33–52%) in zero GC target dose studies. Differences other than GC regimens exist between studies that complicate the comparability of trials and isolation of the variability in relapses due to GC target alone.ConclusionStudies with longer courses of GC in AAV are associated with fewer relapses. These results have implications for study design and outcome assessment in clinical trials of AAV.
Association of physical function and physical activity in women with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Piva Sara R. , Almeida Gustavo J. M. , Wasko Mary Chester M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo explore the associations between measures of physical activity (PA) and measures of physical function (PF) in women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We hypothesized that the strength of the associations between PA and PF would be moderate, and that after controlling for social and biomedical characteristics, the associations would decrease.MethodsWomen with RA (n = 47, mean ± SD age 56.5 ± 7.0 years) participated in the cross‐sectional analysis of this study. Social and biomedical characteristics explored included age, ethnicity, disease duration, marital and educational status, height, weight, comorbidity, and disease activity. PF was measured by the self‐reported Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and by a battery of performance‐based measures that included self‐selected gait speed, the 5 chair rise test, and the single leg stance test. PA was measured by a portable activity monitor worn for 10 days, and was characterized in 2 ways: daily average number of steps and daily energy expenditure during moderate levels of PA.ResultsCorrelations between measures of PA and PF were small to moderate (zero‐order correlations = 0.189–0.479). After controlling for social and biomedical characteristics, the correlations became smaller (semi‐partial correlations = 0.095–0.277) and only HAQ score remained significantly associated with PA.ConclusionAssociations between measures of PA and measures of PF were explained, in part, by social and biomedical characteristics in women with RA. The results indicate that measures of PF and PA may represent different constructs and support the need to measure PA in rehabilitation research in RA.
Reliability of patient self‐evaluation of swollen and tender joints in rheumatoid arthritis: A comparison study with ultrasonography, physician, and nurse assessments
Authors: Cheung Peter P. , Ruyssen‐Witrand Adeline , Gossec Laure , Paternotte Simon , Le Bourlout Catherine , Mazieres Maryse , Dougados Maxime 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjectiveSwollen and tender joints, important in assessing rheumatoid arthritis (RA) activity, have traditionally been evaluated by health professionals. Whether patients can accurately evaluate joints is uncertain. This study evaluated 1) the reliability of patient‐assessed swollen joint counts (SJCs) and tender joint counts (TJCs) versus those assessed by a physician, nurse, and B‐mode ultrasonography (US) and 2) patient‐derived Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28) compared with physician‐, nurse‐, and US‐derived DAS28.MethodsFifty RA patients self‐assessed 28 joints (shoulders, elbows, wrists, metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and knees) for swelling and tenderness. They were then assessed separately by a physician, a nurse, and an ultrasonographer. Nine patients were tested twice (intraobserver reliability), and reliability was assessed at the patient level (28 joints) by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and at the joint level by prevalence‐adjusted bias‐adjusted kappa.ResultsTJC reliability was good for patient versus physician (ICC 0.85 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.65, 0.94]) and patient versus nurse (ICC 0.76 [95% CI 0.47, 0.90]). However, SJC reliability was poor for patient versus physician (ICC 0.41 [95% CI −0.05, 0.72]) and patient versus nurse (ICC 0.44 [95% CI −0.005, 0.74]). SJC reliability was poor in all assessors compared with B‐mode US, particularly patient‐assessed SJC (ICC 0.22 [95% CI −0.25, 0.61]). However, patient‐derived DAS28 correlated well with US‐derived DAS28 (ICC 0.95 [95% CI 0.87, 0.98]). Intraobserver reliability was good for all assessors for TJC, but was lower for SJC.ConclusionPatient‐derived DAS28 is at least as reliable as physician‐, nurse‐, or US‐derived DAS28, despite poor reliability in patient‐assessed SJC.
Safety and immunogenicity of varicella vaccine in patients with juvenile rheumatic diseases receiving methotrexate and corticosteroids
Authors: Pileggi Gecilmara Salviato , de Souza Cleonice Barbosa Sandoval , Ferriani Virgínia Paes Leme 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of varicella vaccine (VV) in susceptible patients with juvenile rheumatic diseases receiving methotrexate and corticosteroids.MethodsTwenty‐five patients with juvenile rheumatic diseases (ages 2–19 years) and 18 healthy children and adolescents (ages 3–18 years) received a single dose of VV. All 25 patients were receiving methotrexate; 13 were also receiving prednisone and 5 were also receiving other disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs. None of the vaccinated patients or controls had a previous history of varicella. Anti–varicella‐zoster virus IgG antibody (anti–VZV‐IgG) titers were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay immediately before, 4–6 weeks after, and 1 year after vaccination. The patients were monitored prospectively for adverse reactions related to the vaccine, exposure, and occurrence of varicella. Disease activity was assessed 3 months before and 3 months after VV.ResultsTwenty patients and all of the controls had negative preimmunization titers of VZV‐IgG, and 5 patients had equivocal levels. Positive VZV‐IgG titers were detected in 10 (50%) of 20 seronegative patients and 13 (72.2%) of 18 controls 4–6 weeks after VV (P = 0.2). One year after vaccination, 8 of 10 patients maintained positive VZV‐IgG titers. No overt varicella episodes and no severe adverse reactions were observed during the followup period. No worsening of clinical parameters and no flares of juvenile rheumatic diseases or changes in doses of medications used were detected after vaccination. In fact, the number of active joints in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis was significantly lower after VV (P = 0.009).ConclusionVV appears to be safe in patients with juvenile rheumatic diseases receiving methotrexate, as long as continuous prospective vigilance for side effects is performed.
Electronic medical records for discovery research in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Liao Katherine P. , Cai Tianxi , Gainer Vivian , Goryachev Sergey , Zeng‐treitler Qing , Raychaudhuri Soumya , Szolovits Peter , Churchill Susanne , Murphy Shawn , Kohane Isaac , Karlson Elizabeth W. , Plenge Robert M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjectiveElectronic medical records (EMRs) are a rich data source for discovery research but are underutilized due to the difficulty of extracting highly accurate clinical data. We assessed whether a classification algorithm incorporating narrative EMR data (typed physician notes) more accurately classifies subjects with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) compared with an algorithm using codified EMR data alone.MethodsSubjects with ≥1 International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision RA code (714.xx) or who had anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti‐CCP) checked in the EMR of 2 large academic centers were included in an “RA Mart” (n = 29,432). For all 29,432 subjects, we extracted narrative (using natural language processing) and codified RA clinical information. In a training set of 96 RA and 404 non‐RA cases from the RA Mart classified by medical record review, we used narrative and codified data to develop classification algorithms using logistic regression. These algorithms were applied to the entire RA Mart. We calculated and compared the positive predictive value (PPV) of these algorithms by reviewing the records of an additional 400 subjects classified as having RA by the algorithms.ResultsA complete algorithm (narrative and codified data) classified RA subjects with a significantly higher PPV of 94% than an algorithm with codified data alone (PPV of 88%). Characteristics of the RA cohort identified by the complete algorithm were comparable to existing RA cohorts (80% women, 63% anti‐CCP positive, and 59% positive for erosions).ConclusionWe demonstrate the ability to utilize complete EMR data to define an RA cohort with a PPV of 94%, which was superior to an algorithm using codified data alone.
Changes in vitamin D levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: Effects on fatigue, disease activity, and damage
Authors: Ruiz‐Irastorza Guillermo , Gordo Susana , Olivares Nerea , Egurbide Maria‐Victoria , Aguirre Ciriaco 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo analyze whether changes in serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels affect activity, irreversible organ damage, and fatigue in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).MethodsWe performed an observational study of 80 patients with SLE included in a previous cross‐sectional study of 25(OH)D, reassessed 2 years later. Oral vitamin D3 was recommended in those with low baseline 25(OH)D levels. The relationship between changes in 25(OH)D levels from baseline and changes in fatigue (measured by a 0–10 visual analog scale [VAS]), SLE activity (measured by the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index [SLEDAI]), and irreversible organ damage (measured by the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index [SDI]) were analyzed.ResultsSixty patients took vitamin D3. Mean 25(OH)D levels increased among all treated patients (P = 0.044), in those with baseline vitamin D levels <30 ng/ml (P < 0.001), and in those with baseline vitamin D levels <10 ng/ml (P = 0.005). Fifty‐seven patients (71%) still had 25(OH)D levels <30 ng/ml and 5 (6%) had 25(OH)D levels <10 ng/ml. Inverse significant correlations between 25(OH)D levels and the VAS (P = 0.001) and between changes in 25(OH)D levels and changes in the VAS in patients with baseline 25(OH)D levels <30 ng/ml (P = 0.017) were found. No significant correlations were seen between the variation of the SLEDAI or SDI values and the variation in 25(OH)D levels (P = 0.87 and P = 0.63, respectively).ConclusionIncreasing 25(OH)D levels may have a beneficial effect on fatigue. Our results do not support any effects of increasing 25(OH)D levels on SLE severity, although they are limited by the insufficient 25(OH)D response to the recommended regimen of oral vitamin D3 replacement.
A Preliminary Analysis of the Relationship Between Jaw‐Muscle Architecture and Jaw‐Muscle Electromyography During Chewing Across Primates
Authors: Vinyard Christopher J. , Taylor Andrea B. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe architectural arrangement of the fibers within a muscle has a significant impact on how a muscle functions. Recent work on primate jaw‐muscle architecture demonstrates significant associations with dietary variation and feeding behaviors. In this study, the relationship between masseter and temporalis muscle architecture and jaw‐muscle activity patterns is explored using Belanger's treeshrews and 11 primate species, including two genera of strepsirrhines (Lemur and Otolemur) and five genera of anthropoids (Aotus, Callithrix, Cebus, Macaca, and Papio). Jaw‐muscle weights, fiber lengths, and physiologic cross‐sectional areas (PCSA) were quantified for this preliminary analysis or collected from the literature and compared to published electromyographic recordings from these muscles. Results indicate that masseter architecture is unrelated to the superficial masseter working‐side/balancing‐side (W/B) ratio across primate species. Alternatively, relative temporalis architecture is correlated with temporalis W/B ratios across primates. Specifically, relative temporalis PCSA is inversely related to the W/B ratio for the anterior temporalis, indicating that as animals recruit a larger relative percentage of their balancing‐side temporalis, they possess the ability to generate relatively larger amounts of force from these muscles. These findings support three broader conclusions. First, masseter muscle architecture may have experienced divergent evolution across different primate clades related to novel functional roles in different groups. Second, the temporalis may be functionally constrained (relative to the masseter) across primates in its functional role of creating vertical occlusal forces during chewing. Finally, the contrasting results for the masseter and temporalis suggest that the fiber architecture of these muscles has evolved as distinct functional units in primates. Anat Rec, 293:572–582, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanical Impact of Incisor Loading on the Primate Midfacial Skeleton and its Relevance to Human Evolution
Authors: Wang Qian , Wright Barth W. , Smith Amanda , Chalk Janine , Byron Craig D. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe midfacial skeleton in the human lineage demonstrates a wide spectrum of variation that may be the consequence of different environmental and mechanical selective pressures. However, different facial configurations may develop under comparable selective regimes. For example, the Neanderthal high and projected face and the Inuit broad and flat face are hypothesized to be the consequence of (1) life in a cold climate, and (2) excessive paramasticatory stresses focused on the anterior dentition. In this study, the second of these two hypotheses is tested using finite element analyses of a monkey skull. Results indicate that incisor loading induces heavy stress in the anterior midface of macaques. Additional analyses using incremental increases in the anteroinferior tilt of the skull to simulate different magnitudes of facial projection revealed that comparable muscular force generates less stress in a less‐projected face. However, the findings of our final analyses, which attempted to combine biting with the incisors and pulling with the hands, differed from the analyses that mimicked only incisor loading (without any sort of anterior pulling component). These findings suggest that shortening the face may be the most effective way to compensate for anterior dental loading but not necessarily offset the forces incurred when using the anterior dentition as a vice for various paramasticatory behaviors. Although Neanderthals may have frequently loaded their anterior dentition, countervailing selection pressures, such as the inclusion of tough foods in the diet that demanded molar grinding, may have selected for a longer face with a lower load‐ to lever‐arm ratio. Anat Rec, 293:607–617, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamic Pressure Patterns in the Hands of Olive Baboons (Papio anubis) During Terrestrial Locomotion: Implications for Cercopithecoid Primate Hand Morphology
Authors: Patel Biren A. , Wunderlich Roshna E. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractHabitually terrestrial monkeys adopt digitigrade hand postures at slow speeds to increase effective forelimb length and reduce distal limb joint moments. As these primates move faster, however, their hands transition to a more palmigrade posture, which is likely associated with the inability of wrist and hand joints to resist higher ground reaction forces (GRF) associated with faster speeds. Transitioning to a palmigrade posture may serve to distribute GRFs over a larger surface area (i.e., increased palmar contact), ultimately reducing stresses in fragile hand bones. To test this hypothesis, dynamic palmar pressure data were collected on two adult baboons (Papio anubis) walking, running, and galloping across a runway integrated with a dynamic pressure mat (20 steps each; speed range: 0.46–4.0 m/s). Peak GRF, contact area, peak pressure, and pressure‐time integral were quantified in two regions of the hand: fingers and palms (including metacarpal heads). At slower speeds with lower GRFs, the baboons use digitigrade postures resulting in small palmar contact area (largely across the metacarpal heads). At faster speeds with higher GRFs, they used less digitigrade hand postures resulting in increased palmar contact area. Finger contact area did not change across speeds. Despite higher GRFs at faster speeds, metacarpal pressure was moderated across speeds due to increased palmar contact area as animals transitioned from digitigrady to palmigrady. In contrast, the pressure in the fingers increased with faster speeds. Results indicate that the transition from digitigrady to palmigrady distributes increased forces over a larger palmar surface area. Such dynamic changes in palmar pressure likely moderate strain in the gracile bones of the hand, a structure that is integral not only for locomotion, but also feeding and social behaviors in primates. Anat Rec, 293:710–718, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Effect of Early Hominin Occlusal Morphology on the Fracturing of Hard Food Items
Authors: Berthaume Michael , Grosse Ian R. , Patel Nirdesh D. , Strait David S. , Wood Sarah , Richmond Brian G. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTooth profile plays an important role in interpretations of the functional morphology of extinct species. We tested hypotheses that australopith occlusal morphology influences the fracture force required to crack large, hard food items using a combination of physical testing and finite element analysis (FEA). We performed mechanical experiments simulating both molar and premolar biting using metal replicas of four hominin specimens representing species that differ in occlusal relief (Praeanthropus afarensis, Australopithecus africanus, Paranthropus robustus, and P. boisei). The replicas were inserted into an Instron machine and used to fracture hollow acrylic hemispheres with known material properties. These hemispheres simulate a hard and brittle food item but exhibit far less variability in size and strength than actual nuts or seeds, thereby facilitating interpretations of tooth function. Fracture forces and fracture displacements were measured, and analysis of variance revealed significant differences in fracture force and energy between specimens and tooth types. Complementing the physical testing, a nonlinear contact finite element model was developed to simulate each physical test. Experimental and FEA results showed good correspondence in most cases, and FEA identified stress concentrations consistent with mechanical models predicting that radial/median fractures are important factors in the failure of nut and seed shells. The fracture force data revealed functional similarities between relatively unworn Pr. afarensis and P. robustus teeth, and between relatively unworn A. africanus and heavily worn P. boisei teeth. These results are inconsistent with functional hypotheses, and raise the possibility that the tooth morphology of early hominins and other hard object feeders may not represent adaptations for inducing fractures in large, hard food items, but rather for resisting fractures in the tooth crown. Anat Rec, 293:594–606, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence for the Influence of Diet on Cranial Form and Robusticity
Authors: Menegaz Rachel A. , Sublett Samantha V. , Figueroa Said D. , Hoffman Timothy J. , Ravosa Matthew J. , Aldridge Kristina 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe evolutionary significance of cranial form and robusticity in earlyHomohas been variously attributed to allometry, encephalization, metabolic factors, locomotor activity, and masticatory forces. However, the influence of such factors is variably understood. To evaluate the effect of masticatory loading on neurocranial form, sibling groups of weanling white rabbits were divided into two cohorts of 10 individuals each and raised on either a soft diet or a hard/tough diet for 16 weeks until subadulthood. Micro‐CT was used to quantify and visualize morphological variation between treatment groups. Results reveal trends (P< 0.10) for greater outer table thickness of the frontal bones, zygomatic height, and cranial globularity in rabbits raised on a hard/tough diet. Furthermore, analyses of three‐dimensional coordinate landmark data indicate that the basicrania of hard/tough diet rabbits exhibit more robust middle cranial fossae and pterygoid plates, as well as altered overall morphology of the caudal cranial fossa. Thus, long term increases in masticatory loads may result in thickening of the bones of the neurocranial vault and/or altering the curvature of the walls. Differences in cranial regions not directly associated with the generation or resistance of masticatory forces (i.e., frontal bone, basicranium) may be indirectly correlated with diet‐induced variation in maxillomandibular morphology. These findings also suggest that long‐term variation in masticatory forces associated with differences in dietary properties can contribute to the complex and multifactorial development of neurocranial morphology. Anat Rec, 293:630–641, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.