bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Poly(diol‐co‐citrate)s as Novel Elastomeric Perivascular Wraps for the Reduction of Neointimal Hyperplasia
Authors: Serrano M. Concepcion , Vavra Ashley K. , Jen Michele , Hogg Melissa E. , Murar Jozef , Martinez Janet , Keefer Larry K. , Ameer Guillermo A. , Kibbe Melina R. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe synthesis of poly(diol‐co‐citrate) elastomers that are biocompatible with vascular cells and can modulate the kinetics of the NO release based on the diol of selection is reported. NO‐mediated cytostatic or cytotoxic effects can be controlled depending on the NO dose and the exposure time. When implanted in vivo in a rat carotid artery injury model, these materials demonstrate a significant reduction of neointimal hyperplasia. This is the first report of a NO‐releasing polymer fabricated in the form of an elastomeric perivascular wrap for the treatment of neointimal hyperplasia. These elastomers also show promise for other cardiovascular pathologies where NO‐based therapies could be beneficial.magnified image
Large‐Deformation Behavior of Honeycomb‐Structured Polymer Sheets as a Function of Polar Angle
Authors: Jin Kwang‐Yong , Kim Dae‐Yoon , Kim So‐Eun , Kuo Shiao‐Wei , Lee Joong Hee , Lyu Min‐Young , Hwang Seok‐Ho , Gent Alan N. , Nah Changwoon , Jeong Kwang‐Un 
Published: February 2011

AbstractTo construct the structure/property relationships of patterned polymer architectures depending on symmetry, the large‐deformation behavior of 2D HSPS with respect to the polar angle was studied. Holes aligned along the HSPS apex were more effective in decreasing tensile force and reducing stress concentration than those located along the plane. On varying the polar angle from 0 to 30°, the tensile force fluctuated up and down like an undamped negative sinusoidal wave with a wavelength of 15°. Additionally, molecular orientations of HSPS were monitored in situ. By comparing experimental measurements with computer simulations, it was concluded that the tensile force depends on the number of holes as well as the orientation of the axes of the honeycomb structure. magnified image
X‐FEM analysis of the effects of holes or other cracks on dynamic crack propagations
Authors: Haboussa D. , Grégoire D. , Elguedj T. , Maigre H. , Combescure A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper is devoted to the numerical simulation of dynamic crack propagation using X‐FEM and level set techniques. The paper proposes an explanation of three experiments. The first experiment shows the dynamic propagation of a crack that avoids a hole placed on its trajectory. The second presents the interpretation of experiments of two crack tips which run in the same direction, and the third studies the interaction between two cracks which move toward each other. It is shown in all the cases that the crack tip avoids the other discontinuity (hole or other crack tip). An explanation is proposed through the observation of transient stress fields. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mesh objective modeling of cracks using continuous linear strain and displacement interpolations
Authors: Cervera M. , Chiumenti M. , Codina R. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe paper addresses the problem of tensile and mixed‐mode cracking within the so‐called smeared crack approach. Because lack of point‐wise convergence on stresses is deemed as the main difficulty to be overcome in the discrete problem, a (stabilized) mixed formulation with continuous linear strain and displacement interpolations is used. The necessary convergence rate can be proved for such a formulation, at least in the linear problem. Two standard local isotropic Rankine damage models with strain‐softening, differing in the definition of the damage criteria, are used as discrete constitutive model. Numerical examples demonstrate the application of the proposed formulation using linear triangular P1P1 and bilinear quadrilateral Q1Q1 mixed elements. The results obtained do not suffer from spurious mesh‐bias dependence without the use of auxiliary tracking techniques. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical modeling of Kelvin–Helmholtz instability using smoothed particle hydrodynamics
Authors: Shadloo M. S. , Yildiz M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper presents a Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) solution for the Kelvin–Helmholtz Instability (KHI) problem of an incompressible two‐phase immiscible fluid in a stratified inviscid shear flow with interfacial tension. The time‐dependent evolution of the two‐fluid interface over a wide range of Richardson number (Ri) and for three different density ratios is numerically investigated. The simulation results are compared with analytical solutions in the linear regime. Having captured the physics behind KHI, the effects of gravity and surface tension on a two‐dimensional shear layer are examined independently and together. It is shown that the growth rate of the KHI is mainly controlled by the value of the Ri number, not by the nature of the stabilizing forces. It was observed that the SPH method requires a Richardson number lower than unity (i.e. Ri≅0.8) for the onset of KHI, and that the artificial viscosity plays a significant role in obtaining physically correct simulation results that are in agreement with analytical solutions. The numerical algorithm presented in this work can easily handle two‐phase fluid flow with various density ratios. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategy versus tactics in the not‐for‐profit sector: A role for relationship marketing?
Authors: Conway Tony 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThere is evidence that a good deal of the marketing within the not‐for‐profit sector tends to be of a short‐term tactical nature. More particularly, there would seem to be disproportionate emphasis on the communication element aimed in many cases at donors/funding organisations. This paper proposes a need for a more long‐term strategic role for marketing within not‐for‐profit organisations and due to their particular characteristics, the application of relationship marketing is considered to be necessary to produce such a role.
Paying the price: The affinity credit card relationship
Authors: Home Suzanne , Worthington Steve 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSince affinity credit cards were launched in the United Kingdom in 1988 their numbers have grown steadily. These cards are offered by financial institutions to charity supporters, and each time the card is used for a transaction, a sum of money is paid to the charity by the institution.This paper is based on the results of a 1995 survey of UK charities holding affinity credit cards and on the. follow‐up interviews. The question is considered of who holds the balance of power in the relationship between the profit‐orientated institution and the nonprofit charitable organisation.
Corporate giving: Targeting the likely donor
Authors: Sargeant Adrian , Stephenson Helga 
Published: February 2011

AbstractRecent years have seen a major change in corporate attitudes to giving. There are many accounts in the literature of a move away from a purely philanthropic motive for charity support, to an opportunity‐based paradigm where companies seek some tangible benefits in exchange for their donations.This paper reports the findings of a detailed survey of corporate givers undertaken in the county of Devon. The aim of the research was to determine the primary motivations for giving among the business community and the criteria most commonly used to select charities for support.The results clearly indicate that the primary motivation for giving remains a purely philanthropic one. The majority of businesses presently do not look for any gain to accrue from their charitable support and therefore do not monitor the success of their relationships with the charity sector.
Fundraising in the usa and the united kingdom: Comparing today with directions for tomorrow
Authors: Nichols Judith E. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn 1995, residents of the United Kingdom — a population of 58 million — contributed £9.1bn ($14.56bn) to charities. During the same time period, $143.85bn was donated by the 265 million inhabitants in the United States. Going just by the numbers, the not‐for‐profit world often assumes Americans are the most philanthropic people on earth. But, a careful look at some actual indicators of charitability suggest this belief may, in fact, be more wishful thinking than reality. Here are the facts.
Fundraising and campaigning: Working towards greater effectiveness
Authors: Trampleasure John , Hunter Tim 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper provides a benchmark for campaigning charities who intend, or already are, moving towards greater campaigning and fundraising effectiveness through partnership between these two key functions.Over the last four years Shelter's Fundraising and Communications Divisions have forged a new and successful partnership between income generation and campaigning. The Shelter case study is distilled down into a list of key questions and some anecdotes to illustrate some of the processes gone through, including mistakes made, which it is hoped will mean others do not have to re‐invent the wheel completely and will sec a route to greater campaigning and fundraising effectiveness.
UK Asian communities: A profitable market for nonprofits?
Authors: Wells Rob , Raheja Anjna 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe ethnic minority communities in the UK are an increasingly powerful force. But UK charities have not had a great deal of experience in approaching this market, despite a readily acknowledged desire to increase their own levels of cultural diversity. How many want a better ethnic representation among their donor base? How many want greater cultural diversity among volunteers, let alone staff?This paper examines the Asian communities within the UK, and suggests that these are groupings with which UK charities should be engaging. The communities are identifiable, with strong philanthropic traditions, they have increasing economic power and they are accessible.The paper also looks briejly at a positive response generated by one organisation‐the Aga Khan Foundation (UK) — to a non‐denominational, intercommunal appeal for funds from the Asian Communities in the UK.
The market for acute hospital services and the marketing contribution: A NHS trust experience
Authors: Mayer Richard , Maleham Stephen 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe White Paper ‘Working for patients’ (DoH 1989)1 and subsequent legislation, including the National Health Service and Community Care Act (1990), has facilitated the introduction of an internal market into the NHS. In particular, the establishment of provider hospitals as NHS trusts providing secondary care services, and the introduction of GP fundholders as purchasers of healthcare, has allowed the internal market to thrive, particularly where these two are in high concentration within a defined locality.One such area is southern Derbyshire. NHS trusts in this area face an unprecedented range of market factors, which threaten their long‐term viability. These factors are described, as are the efforts of one trust to undertake detailed market planning.The rise of the GE/Mackinsey inatrix as a planning tool is advocated as an efective way of presenting relevant prodrict and market irtforiiiation to an NHS Trust Board, in an attempt to introduce strategic marketing planning at the highest level of the organisation.
Donation dilemmas: A consumer behaviour perspective
Authors: Hibbert Sally Ann , Home Suzanne 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWith the aim of developing a better understanding of an individual's donation decision process this paper focuses on the information search undertaken by a prospective donor. It discusses the level of problem solving that characterises various donations, using the body of consumer decision‐making literature to provide a theoretical framework for the investigation. From the results it appears that donor decision making follows a similar pattern to consumer buying decisions. There appears to be a low incidence of extended problem solving, even where relatively large donations are concerned. Examples of limited problem solving and routine response behaviour, by contrast, were more prevalent.
Consumer behaviour and the purchasing of dental services: Influences on selection and evaluation of health care services
Authors: Laing Angus W. , Brown Alison J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper examines the process of interaction between consumers and providers of dental services in terms of the key selection and evaluation criteria employed by consumers. Focusing on the United Kingdom, it examines the impact of changes in both pricing and provision on the utilisation and evaluation of dental services. Based on a questionnaire survey of dental patients, in the context of the evolving body of literature concerned with consumer behaviour in respect of services, the paper attempts to improve the current understanding of the key factors shaping consumer choice in respect of professional services. Specifically, it argues that the highly complex nature of professional services impacts on patterns of consumer behaviour, resulting in the relationship between the individual service professional and the consumer being the focus of consumer evaluation. This in turn has significant implications for the effective marketing of such professional services.
Working with and recruiting volunteers as part of a fundraising strategy
Authors: O'Connor Peri 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper was first written for the Henry Stewart Conference ‘Maximising and Developing Regional and Local Fundraising’ on 16th April, 1991. The paper provides an overview of two key areas: recruitment of volunteers, and a more general element often forgotten in the volunteer process, yet absolutely critical, motivation and retention through recognition. This is illustrated through the case study of RNIB regional fundraising.
Back to school? What the voluntary sector can learn from the education sector
Authors: Smyth Julian 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAlmost unnoticed by the charitable sector as a whole, a quiet revolution has transformed educational fundraising over the last decade. From a minor and wholly owned subsidiary on the periphery of the industry, the education sector has become a highly professional and successful multinational, which in some respects is now the market leader.This paper argues that the whole of the charitable sector could benefit by taking a close look at the experience of educational fundraisers, and that such an examination could have profound repercussions in the way most fundraisers treat their donors and organise their operations. Specifically, it suggests that the nature of ‘relationship fundraising’ actually means that every donor must be treated as an individual by an individual fundraiser, irrespective of the size of their gift, and that the work of a fundraising department should not work towards merely giving the impression of such treatment.
Selectivity in the photo‐Fenton and photocatalytic hydroxylation of biphenyl‐4‐carboxylic acid and derivatives (viz. 4‐phenylsalicylic acid and 5‐phenylsalicylic acid)
Authors: Hathway Timothy , Chernyshov Deborah Lipman , Jenks William S. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe selectivity of hydroxylation of the distal rings of 4‐phenylbenzoic acid, 4‐phenylsalicylic acid, and 5‐phenylsalicylic acid were determined using partial TiO2‐mediated photocatalytic degradation and photo‐Fenton conditions. This separation of the binding site from the phenyl group being hydroxylated allows a less‐biased evaluation. The hydroxylation regiochemistry behaves as qualitatively expected for an electrophilic reaction, given the assumption that 4‐carboxyphenyl is a slightly electron‐withdrawing substituent. Selectivity for hydroxylation of the distal phenyl in 4‐ and 5‐phenylsalicylic acid is reversed, due to the reversal of the electronic demand, while adsorption to the TiO2 surface is assumed to be analogous for the two structures. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inactivation of Prions Using Electrical DC Discharges at Atmospheric Pressure and Ambient Temperature
Authors: Julák Jaroslav , Janoušková Olga , Scholtz Vladimír , Holada Karel 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe ability of DC discharges to inactivate infectious prions was studied using prion cell infectivity assays and direct Western blot analysis of abnormal prion protein. The negative corona discharge of the point‐to‐plane type significantly decreased prion infectivity of mouse RML scrapie brain homogenates within 20 min of exposure. The positive discharge treated liquids display persistent cidal effect, which kills the cell culture and makes it impossible to assess the presence of prions by the cell infectivity assay. The point‐to‐point and ‘cometary’ discharges exhibit only a low ability to inactivate infectious prions. As a possible mechanism of prion inactivation, the formation of insoluble and non‐infective high molecular weight complexes is suggested. magnified image
Behavior of amoxicillin in wastewater and river water: identification of its main transformation products by liquid chromatography/electrospray quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Pérez‐Parada Andrés , Agüera Ana , Gómez‐Ramos María del Mar , García‐Reyes Juan F. , Heinzen Horacio , Fernández‐Alba Amadeo R. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe identification of transformation products (TPs) of pharmaceuticals in the environment is essentially a challenging task due to the lack of standards and the instrumental capabilities required to detect compounds (sometimes unknowns) that are produced under environmental conditions. In this work, we report the use of liquid chromatography/electrospray quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC/QTOF‐MS/MS) as a tool for the identification of amoxicillin (AMX) and its main TPs in wastewater and river water samples. Laboratory degradation experiments of AMX were performed in both alkaline and acidic media in order to confirm that the expected transformation pathway in the aquatic media is through the β‐lactam ring cleavage. A thorough study was carried out with both standards and real samples (wastewater and river water samples). Four compounds were identified as main TPs: both amoxicillin diketopiperacine‐2',5' and amoxilloic acid diastereomers. Amoxilloic acid stereoisomers are reported for the first time in environmental matrices. The transformation product (5R)‐amoxicillin diketopiperacine‐2',5' was frequently detected in river waters. Besides, another AMX transformation product formed during analysis was also structurally elucidated for the first time (amoxicilloic acid methyl ester) via accurate mass measurements. Collected data show that although AMX is not present as such in environmental samples, different TPs occur. This study represent a valuable indicator of the potential of LC/QTOF‐MS/MS for the identification and structural elucidation of TPs in the environment using accurate MS/MS experiments, enabling thus the recognition of the environmental transformation pathway. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effective elimination of organic matter interference in boron isotopic analysis by thermal ionization mass spectrometry of coral/foraminifera: micro‐sublimation technology combined with ion exchange
Authors: He Maoyong , Xiao Yingkai , Ma Yunqi , Jin Zhangdong , Xiao Jun 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn order to better estimate the effectiveness of micro‐sublimation technology on the elimination of organic matter interference during boron isotopic analysis, a series of improved experiments was carried out using simple apparatus. Recovery rates after micro‐sublimation were measured for boric acid solutions with different B contents or different B/organic matter ratios. The improved micro‐sublimation procedure combined with ion‐exchange technology was then used to test natural samples (coral and foraminifera) for the separation of boron. Our results show that the time taken for 100% recovery of different amounts of B differed and that the proportions of B/organic matter within the natural organic matter have little effect on the relationship between the recovery rates of B and the micro‐sublimation times. The experiments further confirm that the organic matter does indeed have an effect on boron isotope analyses by positive thermal ionization mass spectrometry and that the use of micro‐sublimation can effectively remove interferences from the organic matter during boron isotopic analysis. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass spectrometric stereoisomeric differentiation between α‐ and β‐ascorbic acid 2‐O‐glucosides. Experimental and density functional theory study
Authors: Kanawati Basem , von Saint Paul Veronica , Herrmann Constanze , Schäffner Anton R. , Schmitt‐Kopplin Philippe 
Published: February 2011

AbstractL‐Ascorbic acid and two distinct anomers, namely the α‐D‐glucopyranosyl and β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐L‐ascorbic acid (stereoisomers), were studied within the scope of collision‐induced dissociation (CID) experiments, performed by linear ion acceleration and collision with argon atoms inside a hexapole quadrupole hexapole ion beam guide, which is coupled to an ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) cell with a 12 Tesla magnet for high‐resolution measurements. Loss of C2H4O2 neutral from the [M–H]− anion of L‐ascorbic acid was observed. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations on the 6‐311+G(2d,p)//6‐31+G(d) level of theory reveal a new concerted mechanism for an intramolecular gas‐phase rearrangement, through which the observed ejected neutral C2H4O2 can take place. A similar rearrangement also occurs in the case of α‐ and β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐L‐ascorbic acid. For the α isomer, only homolytic glycoside fragmentation was observed. For the β isomer, both homolytic and heterolytic glycoside cleavages were possible. The mechanisms behind all observed fragmentation pathways were fully understood by the implementation of accurate DFT calculations. Stereoisomeric differentiation between α and β isomers of the L‐ascorbic acid‐2‐O‐glucoside could be revealed by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) experiments and were explained theoretically. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal‐gradient‐induced non‐mass‐dependent isotope fractionation
Authors: Sun Tao , Bao Huiming 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIsotope fractionation resulting from gas diffusion along a thermal gradient has always been considered entirely mass‐dependent. A previous report, however, showed that non‐mass‐dependent 17O anomalies can be generated simply by subjecting O2 gas in an enclosure to a thermal gradient. To explore the underlying mechanism for the anomalies, we tested the effect of gas pressure, duration of experiment, and geometry of the apparatus on the 17O anomalies for O2 as well as on the 33S or 36S anomalies for SF6 gas. The results are consistent with our proposal that a previously ignored nuclear spin effect on gas diffusion coefficient may be largely responsible for generating the observed anomalies. This discovery provides clues to some of the puzzling non‐mass‐dependent isotope signatures encountered in experiments and in nature, including the triple oxygen or quadruple sulfur isotope heterogeneity in the solar system. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.