bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Child's Construction of Reality
Authors: Hundert Edward M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter aims to aid in the studying of the human organism under optimal conditions of minimum tension and relative freedom from conflict. It deals with epistemology which is concerned with the possibility of the realization of valid knowledge. The Hegelian approach to epistemology continually reminds us of the practical sides of the problem of knowledge. Any analysis of how valid knowledge can be realized in the mind of a knower must never lose sight of the fact that knowers are actual biological creatures in a biological world. Furthermore, Piaget stressed as no one before him that epistemologists must take account of the actual thought mechanisms that make the realization of knowledge possible. Finally, given Kant's legacy, it is easy to see how one assimilates reality through the activity of their intellectual structures, whether this means the application of Kantian Categories, Piagetian schemas, or Freudian unconscious fears, drives, and wishes.
Feelings and Things
Authors: Hundert Edward M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter introduces the concept of ‘reality testing’ where connections are made between concepts such as ‘boundary formation’, and ‘primary and secondary process thinking’. Reality testing is now far from being an all-or-none question of ‘all = sane’, ‘none = insane’. Furthermore, it is discovered that the cognitive Kantian/Piagetian process of coming to experience both ‘self’ and ‘objects’ involves a painful acceptance of the separateness of those objects, of a limitation of one's own fantasized omnipotence. The integration, in this chapter, of the affective and the cognitive sides of experience both simplifies and complicates the unity found in defining madness as an ‘inability to reality test’. This chapter finally concludes by discussing that what is required is a healthy place in which one may free oneself from the ‘strain of relating inside and outside’.
Ascetics and Ambassadors of Christ
Authors: Binns John 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The monasteries of the Jerusalem desert were famous throughout the Byzantine Christian world. Yet whilst much has been written about their counterparts in Egypt and Syria, this book is the first to provide a comprehensive study of the monastic movement in Palestine during the Byzantine period, from the accession of Constantine to the fall of Jerusalem to the Persians in 614. The book is divided into three parts. The first examines the lives of the holy men of the desert using contemporary source material, and looks at the culture which produced them. The second describes the environment, including chapters on Jerusalem and the expansion of monasticism into other urban centres. The third section presents some of the main themes of the saints' lives, with chapters on historical development, doctrinal debate, and spirituality.
Cyril of Scythopolis
Authors: BINNS JOHN 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses Cyril of Scythopolis' work titled The Lives of the Monks of Palestine, which is the main source of information of monastic life in Palestine during the Byzantine period. This work provides a comprehensive account of the development of Palestinian monasticism in the century and a half from 400 to 550 A.D, a period that included the Council of Chalcedon and the conflict over Origenism. It chronicles the lives of the most notable Palestinian monks including Euthymius, Sabas, John the Hesychast, Cyriac, Theognius, and Theodosius.
The Other Sources
Authors: BINNS JOHN 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses other sources of information on monastic life in Palestine during the Byzantine period. It considers the lives of four saints including Theognius, Theodosius, Chariton, and Gerasimus. All of these are related in some way to the works of Cyril of Scythopolis. It examines John Moschus' Spiritual Meadow, a collection of reminiscences and anecdotes written after Cyril's The Lives of the Monks of Palestine. This chapter also discusses the Life of George of Choziba, which deals with the spirituality of the desert during the Persian conquest of Jerusalem.
Jerusalem: Resurrection of a City
Authors: BINNS JOHN 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of Jerusalem in the growth of monastic life and culture in Palestine during the Byzantine period. It suggests that the areas between the Judean hills and the Dead Sea would not have become the home of thousands of monks were it not for Jerusalem. Most of the monastic sites were built within easy travelling distance to Jerusalem and near the main highway that runs from Jerusalem to Jericho. The most recent list of the monasteries near Jerusalem catalogued about sixty-four.
Ascetics and Ambassadors of Christ
Authors: BINNS JOHN 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the history of ascetics and ambassadors of Christ in Palestine during the Byzantine period. The self-imposed exile of Bishop Narcissus of Jerusalem in the desert is often considered as pre-monasticism, which refers to the ideals of celibacy, asceticism and solitude. However, there is no evidence that a community grew up around him. The first ascetic communities in Palestine emerged a century after Narcissus' flight. Hilarion was credited with being the founder of the first monastic community in Palestine.
Witnesses to Truth
Authors: BINNS JOHN 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines why the church in Jerusalem adopted a Chalcedonian Christology while other regions in Palestine chose Monophysitism. It attempts to answer the questions why Euthymius accepted Chalcedon, why Marcianus and his followers reconciled with the Patriarchate, and why the ordinations performed by Jacob bar Addai did not produce a Monophysite episcopate in Palestine. This chapter also discusses the special situation of the Palestinian church which prevented the emergence of a strong Monophysite church in the area.
Fellow Workers with God
Authors: BINNS JOHN 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of miracle stories in the religious history of Palestinian monasticism during the Byzantine period. Miracle stories show in graphic and pictorial language the nature of the relationship between the holy man and God, and his role in bringing the power of God into society. They usually describe the monk's relationship with the environment and his dependence on the power of God for survival. The nature of miracles in Palestine is often described as act of power, a sign, or an omen, and they are divided into several categories that include nature, clairvoyance, and healing.
Bivariate and Multivariate Analyses
Authors: Lijphart Arend 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the result of the bivariate and multivariate analyses of the seventy electoral systems used in major democratic parliamentary elections in different countries. It explains the bivariate relationships between the three dimensions of the electoral system and the disproportionality and party system characteristics. The analyses reveal that disproportionality does not necessarily lead to fewer elective parties in the proportional representation (PR) system and the differences in effective thresholds are considerably more consequential than the differences in electoral formula. The chapter also elaborates on the result of the regression analyses on the influence of the effective threshold and assembly size on disproportionality and party system variables.
Four Other Potential Explanations
Authors: Lijphart Arend 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the influence of electoral system variables on disproportionality and various party system characteristics using comparable-case, cross-tabulation and regression analyses. These variables are ballot structure, apparentement, presidentialism, and malapportionment. The findings reveal that apparentement, ballot structure, and presidentialism are the most important influences on party system and disproportionality. The chapter concludes that of the all dependent variables, disproportionality can be best explained by the dimensions of the election system and that of all of the explanatory variables, the effective threshold is by far the best explainer.
The Advent and Impact of ‘Next Steps’
Authors: Thain Colin , Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
One of the most far-reaching reforms of the British Civil Service in the twentieth century is the Next Steps initiative unveiled in 1988. It was designed to improve efficiency and quality of service rendered by public agencies and one of the examples being shown in this chapter concerns the actions of the Department of Transport. The formulation of the initiative went through debates in the Whitehall and upon announcement of the policy it evolved and was implemented from 1988 to 1993. Both the Next Steps and Financial Management Initiative contributed to the context of many debates about the control of public expenditure by the Treasury. The Next Step undertaking only proved the reality of Treasury power by inserting a degree of caution about the need to balance value-for-money with the need for continued control of expenditure.
Making and Co-ordinating Expenditure Policy
Authors: Thain Colin , Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe roles and responsibilities of the Chief Secretary and his most senior adviser are discussed in this chapter including those of the Deputy Secretaries and their Under Secretaries at the head of Groups of Expenditure Divisions. The organisation and functions of the General Expenditure Policy Division are described in relation to the officials undertaking responsibilities. At the very heart of the expenditure process is the Under Secretary who takes the most demanding job on the expenditure side in the Treasury as a whole and acts in a ‘staff’ capacity to both the Second Permanent Secretary and the Chief Secretary. In that position, the Under Secretary has greater familiarity with the changing politico-economic context providing reference for evolving expenditure strategy in the progress of the Public Expenditure Survey.
Collective Responsibility: The Cabinet, ‘Star Chamber’, and EDX
Authors: Thain Colin , Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThere was very little priority for the total or composition of public expenditure prior to 1992 as the July Cabinet was mainly concerned with the balance of macroeconomic policy, and this act of providing less priority on programs about public spending can be attributed to different ideological commitments of the respective parties. Another explanation is that Prime Ministers have different styles and methods of operating which affect public spending. Two Cabinet Committees are scrutinized in this chapter looking at their origins, purpose, and operation including an assessment of the degree to which the Cabinet acts in making decisions on public expenditure. The ‘Star Chamber’ is an ad hoc committee of the Cabinet formally set up in 1981 to adjudicate bids for increased expenditure that is still unresolved through the bilateral process. To further develop the Public Expenditure Survey, a successor to the ‘Star Chamberߣ was created known as ߢEDX’ or the Expenditure Committee of the Cabinet.
The Reserve
Authors: Thain Colin , Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe Reserve has been used by the Treasury since 1976 as a sum of unallocated money provided for the financial year of the Public Expenditure Survey for the purpose of increasing public expenditure finances without necessarily revising the Planning or Control Total. The mechanism allows the Treasury to operate in a more effective and flexible manner of planning and controlling public expenditure. This is in part to allow successive governments to contain and reduce public expenditure growth through the improved control measures of the Treasury. This chapter explains its origins and why it is being used by the Treasury, including a description of the changes in the rules of its usage most recently modified in 1984. Formerly the Contingency Allowance, it was defined as the Contingency Reserve after 1984 but is occasionally mistaken as the Contingencies Fund. Its distinction from the Reserve is explained.
End-Year Flexibility
Authors: Thain Colin , Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe Treasury struggled hard to reassert short-term control of public spending following the economic crises of the mid-1970s. Spending departments have forfeited the right to extra resources in-year if prices have moved against them and, because the doctrine of annuality (that resources are provided for use in a particular year) has been enforced more tightly through cash limits and cash planning, they have lost managerial flexibility in planning those programs which do not fit neatly into the one-year cycle. This chapter focuses on the tensions which have arisen as a result, and which have eventually obliged the Treasury to accede to departmental demands for some modification to the principle of firm annual cash limits. In July 1983, the Treasury agreed to the introduction of an end-year flexibility scheme (EYF) which allowed central government departments to carry forward a limited amount of underspending on capital programs from one financial year to the next, on both voted and non-voted cash limits.
Objectives and Achievements
Authors: Thain Colin , Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractHow well or badly have Conservative Governments been served by the Public Expenditure Survey (PES) system since 1979? To answer that question, it is necessary to ask what those governments required of it. The objectives set for public expenditure are of two kinds: broad, medium-term policy objectives and annual objectives set for the Planning/Control Total. The distinction is necessary because the latter are not always consistent with the former. This chapter assesses the effectiveness of the PES system for planning and controlling public expenditure by considering the extent to which governments have achieved their stated objectives.
The Effects and Effectiveness of the PES System
Authors: Thain Colin , Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe effectiveness of the Public Expenditure Survey (PES) system for planning and controlling public expenditure can be assessed in a number of different ways according to the criteria used. Success or failure in helping governments to achieve their broad objectives for public expenditure is one such measure, although other factors besides the system have to be taken into account when making such an assessment. This chapter looks at two other criteria: assessing the effectiveness of the system for making decisions about public expenditure, for regulating the interdependent relationships of the Treasury and the spending departments; assessing the extent to which the system provides, for the participation of Ministers collectively in the processes of deciding the priorities of both the total of public expenditure and its composition. The chapter concludes by asking whose interests are best served by the system.
Controlling Public Expenditure
Authors: Thain Colin , Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe Treasury continues to exercise detailed control of public spending by scrutinizing management plans. This chapter examines how effective is the Treasury's control in these issues and other changes to the system. There are also difficulties that arise from the Treasury's act of implementing tight control as there are constitutional and practical limits imposed on their responsibility. Another issue the Treasury has to deal with is the tension in balancing central control of the aggregate with discretionary authority for departmental managers to make and allocate budgets in decentralized departmental financial systems. Broad systemic factors are considered when obtaining additional resources as there are rules of the game when it comes to bidding, negotiating, and of monitoring and controlling the use of budget.
Central Control and Departmental Autonomy
Authors: Thain Colin , Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIt has previously been argued that one important element in the Treasury's historic mission in controlling public spending is to act as a brake on its growth. The intermittent achievement of that purpose in the period from 1976 to 1993 was partly because in practice the Treasury is much less powerful and its administration of the planning and control system much more flexible than is apparent or commonly supposed. The appearance of tough, uncompromising Treasury control is belied by the much softer, accommodating practice. This chapter discusses the constitutional and practical limitations to the exercise of Treasury control, focusing on the tension between central control and departmental autonomy, with its roots in the historical continuity of the principles and practice of collective government.
The Rise and Fall of the Golden Age
Authors: Glyn Andrew , Hughes Alan , Lipietz Alain , Singh Ajit 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the six major OECD countries — France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, and United States — during the ‘golden age’ and its aftermath. It follows the ‘regulation’ approach invented by French economists such as Michel Aglietta, Robert Boyer, and Alain Lipietz, and developed as well by Americans such as David Gordon and Michael Piore. It highlights the emphasis on the interaction of internal and external forces, forces operating within each country and forces operating in the international arena. It discusses how once mutually reinforcing institutional structures became mutually destructive.
Chivalry and Violence in Medieval Europe
Authors: Kaeuper Richard 
Published: October 2011

AbstractMedieval Europe was a rapidly developing society with a problem of violent disorder. This study reveals that chivalry was just as much a part of this problem as it was its solution. Chivalry praised heroic violence by knights, and fused such displays of prowess with honour, piety, high status, and attractiveness to women. Though the vast body of chivalric literature praised chivalry as necessary to civilization, most texts also worried over knightly violence, criticized the ideals and practices of chivalry, and often proposed reforms. The knights themselves joined the debate, absorbing some reforms, ignoring others, sometimes proposing their own. The interaction of chivalry with major governing institutions (‘church’ and ‘state’) emerging at that time was similarly complex: kings and clerics both needed and feared the force of the knighthood. This book lays bare the conflicts and paradoxes which surrounded the concept of chivalry in medieval Europe.
Chevalerie and Royauté
Authors: Kaeuper Richard W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter focuses on French chivalric literature. It describes the differences between Capetian and Plantagenet political culture. Chevalerie and royauté agreed on the inevitability, desirability, and importance of war. However, the relationship between the two was not the same everywhere. Monarchy in England and France followed different timetables. These differences shaped the interaction between kingship and chivalry in each realm.
Knighthood in Action
Authors: Kaeuper Richard W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter explains the role of worship and violence practised by knights on the tourney field, in a raiding party, and on the battlefield. Passionate belief in tournament as the ideal sport unquestionably figures as one line in the creed spoken by those who worshiped at the high altar of prowess. Knighthood needs to emphasize its own internal cohesion and its own management of the highly competitive force of prowess.
Chanson de Gesteand Reform
Authors: Kaeuper Richard W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses chanson de geste to demonstrate that the ambivalent role of chivalry in issue or order appears in entire works less than in passages selected from many works. It examines the role of literature in portraying the relationship of chivalry to Capetian royalty and to the reformed Church. It explores the three broad cycles of the corpus of chansons including the Cycle of the King, the Cycle of William of Orange, and the Cycle of the Barons in Revolt.
Occasions of Identity
Authors: Gallois André 
Published: October 2011

AbstractOccasions of Identity is an exploration of timeless philosophical issues about persistence, change, time, and sameness. The author offers a critical survey of various rival views about the nature of identity and change, and puts forward his own original theory in the face of the prevailing orthodoxy. He argues that it is coherent and helpful to suppose that things can be identical at one time, but distinct at another — in other words, that there are genuine occasional identities. The author then defends this view against objections, demonstrates how it can solve puzzles about persistence dating back to the ancient Greeks, and investigates the metaphysical consequences of rejecting the necessity and eternity of identities.
Perry and Myro on Occasional Identities
Authors: Gallois André 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses philosophers John Perry and George Myro's defence of occasional identities. Perry focuses on a case in which two individuals are psychologically connected to some earlier individual in such a way that there is a good case for saying that each one is identical with that earlier individual. Myro defends occasional identities by showing how the Leibnizian relation of identity can hold between x and y at one time without holding between x and y whenever x or y exists. This chapter evaluates the validity of the defence made by Perry and Myro.
Pericles with George Wilkins
Authors: Vickers Brian 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The first commentator to suggest that Pericles was not wholly Shakespeare's creation was Nicholas Rowe. The degree of Shakespeare's involvement in Pericles was the subject of a vigorous debate between George Steevens and Edmond Malone in 1780. Modern study of the authorship of Pericles began in 1868. Delius argued for Wilkins's authorship of Pericles I and 2 on the basis of the 'continuous stylistic, metrical, and dramatic relationship' between the two acts and Wilkins's Miseries of Enforced Marriage, published in 1607. For many years, there was general agreement that the last three acts of Pericles were by Shakespeare. A somewhat unexpected insight into the double authorship of Pericles was provided by Charles A. Langworthy.
Progressives, Pluralists, and the Problems of the State
Authors: Stears Marc 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In the first three decades of the 20th century, two groups of radical political theorists — one British and one American — were bound together in a unique ideological relationship. This book provides an examination of the intellectual dialogue that constituted that bond. Drawing on archival research, and employing methods of conceptual analysis, it examines the efforts of these two initially distinctive political movements to forge a single ideology capable of motivating far-reaching reform in both of their countries. In so doing, the book emphasizes the exceptional development of American progressivism and British socialism, arguing that the intellectual inspirations and political programmes of both movements were constantly shaped and reshaped by international ideological exchange. It analyses the complex political demands of these movements and enables the works of their leading protagonists, including G. D. H. Cole, Herbert Croly, Harold Laski, and Walter Lippmann, to emerge as significant contributions to modern political thought.