bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Interaction of Gender, Class and Place in Women's Experience: A Discussion Based in Focus Group Research
Authors: Callaghan Gill 
Published: March 2010

There has been considerable debate about the relative significance of class and gender as factors structuring women's lives. This article reports focus group research which reflects upon that relationship. It argues that we must also understand the significance of place if we are to make sense of the ways in which women's domestic and working lives are shaped and their action in response to structural change. The research is situated in an old industrial city which has experienced very fundamental processes of restructuring. Changes in the nature of work, the move from full to part time, from permanent, skilled manual to casual semi and unskilled work has been reflected in the gendered restructuring of the workforce and a considerable rise in male unemployment. The article reports focus group work with women at mother and toddler groups. These groups were important as a way of gaining access to women who were at a particular point in the lifestage when the dominant concerns might be expected to be domestic ones. Mother and toddler groups are also locality based allowing the significance of place in people's discussions to be understood. The groups discussed experiences of work and domestic relations which expressed identifications and differences based in class, gender and place. While the effects of restructuring were universally recognised as bringing change, women identified differences in the nature and pace of change based on the interaction of structural forces.
Embarrassment as a Key Emotion in Young People Talking about Sexual Health
Authors: van Teijlingen Edwin , Reid Jennifer , Shucksmith Janet , Harris Fiona , Philip Kate , Imamura Mari , Tucker Janet , Penney Gillian 
Published: March 2010

This paper highlights embarrassment as one of the often-ignored emotions of young people when it comes to discussing issues around sexual health. There have been many sexual health studies on knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of young people over the past two decades, but emotional aspects have been largely ignored, despite a growing literature in the sociology of emotion. A qualitative approach was adopted in the form of focus group discussions, which included questions on sex education, sexual health campaigns and formal and informal sources of sexual health information and advice. Focus groups were conducted in secondary schools in and around Edinburgh and Aberdeen as part of a four-year evaluation study of a Scottish Demonstration Project on young people's sexual health: ‘Healthy Respect’. We conclude that is it important for policy makers and sexual health promoters to understand young people's notions of embarrassment. Not only are there elements of sex education that (some) young people perceive as embarrassing, they also sense embarrassment in those people providing them with sex education. Young people reported that both professionals (e.g. teachers and doctors) and their parents could be embarrassed about raising the topic of sexual health. Moreover, as one of the goals of sex education is to ensure an open and non-embarrassing attitude towards sex and sexuality, there is still a major gap between the aspirations of health educators and policy makers and the ways that young people experience such education.
Is Social Mobility an Echo of Educational Mobility? Parents’ Educations and Occupations and Their Children's Occupational Attainment
Authors: Lampard Richard 
Published: March 2010

Quantitative studies of occupational attainment and intergenerational social mobility have often devoted little attention to the roles of parental education and educational inheritance. Informed by the ideas of authors who see class reproduction as reflecting more than occupations and economic resources (including Devine, Savage and Crompton), this paper assesses the importance of parents’ educations, and considers the relevance of education to class analysis and class reproduction processes. Logistic regressions using British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) data establish the relative importance of parents’ educations and parents’ occupational classes as determinants of children's attainment of service class occupations. These multivariate analyses reiterate the salience of mother's class, but also show that mother's education has an independent impact. However, this is more limited if both parents can be assigned to classes. The only difference between daughters and sons that is found in the impact of parental characteristics is a weaker impact of father's class on daughter's occupational attainment than on son's occupational attainment. For both daughters and sons, mother's education and mother's class have an impact. The relationship between parents’ and children's educations accounts for relatively little of the relationship between parents’ and children's occupational classes. Hence intergenerational class mobility patterns do not simply echo intergenerational educational mobility patterns. However, an examination of the direct and indirect effects of parents’ educations and classes on children's occupational attainment shows parental education to play a substantial role in the intergenerational transmission of advantage, and indicates that part (but not all) of the relationship between class origin and occupational attainment can be explained in terms of the intergenerational transmission of cultural capital. In contrast, a substantial part of the indirect effect of parental class via children's qualifications does not reflect parental education. Hence the conversion of parental economic resources into children's educational credentials also appears important.
Gender Roles and Women's Sleep in Mid and Later Life: A Quantitative Approach
Authors: Arber Sara , Hislop Jenny , Bote Marcos , Meadows Robert 
Published: March 2010

Women in mid and later life report particularly poor quality sleep. This article suggests a sociologically-informed quantitative approach to teasing out the impact of women's roles and relationships on their sleep, while also taking into account women's socio-economic characteristics and health status. This was accomplished through analysis of the UK Women's Sleep Survey 2003, based on self-completion questionnaires from a national sample of 1445 women aged over 40. The article assesses the ways in which three central aspects of women's gender roles: the night-time behaviours of their partners, night-time behaviours of their children, and night-time worries – impact on women's sleep, while also considering how disadvantaged socio-economic circumstances and poor health may compromise women's sleep. Using bivariate analysis followed by hierarchical multiple regression models, we examine the relative importance of different aspects of women's gender roles. The key factors implicated in the poor sleep quality of midlife and older women are their partner's snoring, night-time worries and concerns, poor health status (especially experiencing pain at night), disadvantaged socio-economic status (especially having lower educational qualifications) and for women with children, their children coming home late at night.
‘Us’ and ‘Them’: Terrorism, Conflict and (O)ther Discursive Formations
Authors: Talbot Steven 
Published: March 2010

Research into terrorism has traditionally examined the relationship between terrorist activity and a variety of economic, religious, and geopolitical issues associated with modernity and globalisation, in an attempt to understand and explain this global phenomenon. This paper extends this inquiry further by exploring the extent to which the construction of Self and Other dichotomies are used as instruments for domination, self actualisation, and mobilisation within discourses of terrorism and security. The paper proposes that issues of Otherness are a vital and often missing component in understanding terrorism and counter-terrorist activity. In doing so, it argues that the construction of ‘polarised collective identities’ which accentuate perceived (cultural) differences between terrorists and their intended targets (and their respective host nations) play an integral role in shaping how we identify and respond to emerging threats. Furthermore, it is suggested that the construction and maintenance of these identities not only has a tendency to homogenise populations, but also creates antagonistic and conflict-orientated relationships resistant to resolution.
Modernity Coloniality and Visibility: The Politics of Time
Authors: Vázquez Rolando 
Published: March 2010

This paper presents the problem of the mediation between modernity and coloniality; and it explores the usefulness of the question of time to address this mediation. How can we think the simulation of modernity together with the oblivion of coloniality? The text brings the critique of time to the centre of the modernity/ coloniality debate. It shows that chronology, chronological narratives are at the heart of the modern/ colonial systems of oppression; and that the movements of resistance against ‘hegemonic globalization’ are not only questioning the material structures of oppression, but also the universality of the modern idea of time. It is an invitation to think about the politics of time that are at play in modernity/ coloniality. Here, the modernity/ coloniality tandem is seen as the institution of a politics of time that is geared towards the production of specific economic and political practices oriented to sever the oppressed from their past, their memory. The ensuing temporal discrimination makes invisible all that does not belong to modern temporality. Under this light, it is possible to see how the practices of resistance to the modernity/ coloniality project embody a different politics of time, one that rescues memory as a site of struggle, one that involves the possibility of inhabiting and rescuing the past. These practices of resistance are thus seen as fights against temporal discrimination: fights against invisibility. By addressing the imposition of modern time we can better understand the widespread injustice and violence of modernity/ coloniality. Furthermore, the question of time can help us to bridge the gap between the simulacra of modernity and the oblivion of coloniality.
Parenting in Post-Divorce Estonian Families: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Hansson Leeni 
Published: March 2010

Estonia is a society characterised by persistence of traditional gender role attitudes. Accordingly, taking care of children is considered to be mainly mother's task and children's living arrangements following divorce are usually solved in the most traditional way - children stay with their mother. Based on qualitative interviews with divorced mothers the study focused on the attitudes of mothers towards fathers’ involvement in parenting following divorce. It was possible to differentiate between three post-divorce parenting patterns: (1) cooperative parenting with nonresident father involved with his children, (2) distant parenting characterized by loose contacts between children and nonresident father, and (3) sole parenting without any paternal involvement or financial support. The interviewees basically agreed that shared parental responsibilities would be the ideal form of post-divorce parenting but in practice their expectations concerning father's involvement were rather modest. The interviewees mostly approved prevailing in Estonia normative gendered parental role obligations with mother as the primary parent who had to take main responsibility for children both in the marriage as well as in the post-divorce period.
Strategic Minorities and the Global Network of Power: Western Thrace and Northern Ireland in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Marangudakis Manussos , Kelly William 
Published: March 2010

The relationship between ethnic communities who share a common national space is often affected by factors above civil society, such as inter-state relations, political and economic alliances, and geopolitical interests. The relevance of ethnic minorities’ identity and behaviour to the international political environment becomes clear whenever an ethnic minority occupies territory of geopolitical and/or geo-economic importance to countries with conflicting interests in the area - we will call such a minority, ‘strategic minority’. Using a model of ‘network compatibility’ we could delineate the mechanisms and factors which affect the social outlook of a given minority. To highlight the paramount importance of national and international relations in shaping ethnic minorities’ identity and behaviour the paper examines and compares two strategic minorities situated at the fringes of Europe: The Northern Irish Catholic minority and the Muslim minority in Western Thrace, North Eastern Greece. Using as our analytic tool the theory of ‘networks of social power’ we tentatively conclude that the formation as well as the current identity, status, and behaviour of the two minorities cannot be fully understood unless we examine the role of the two sets of neighboring countries (G. Britain - Ireland, and Greece - Turkey), as well as the two major Western political powers, i.e., the European Union, and the United States, in the two contested regions.
A Simulation of the Structure of Academic Science
Authors: Gilbert N. 
Published: March 2010

The contemporary structure of scientific activity, including the publication of papers in academic journals, citation behaviour, the clustering of research into specialties and so on has been intensively studied over the last fifty years. A number of quantitative relationships between aspects of the system have been observed. This paper reports on a simulation designed to see whether it is possible to reproduce the form of these observed relationships using a small number of simple assumptions. The simulation succeeds in generating a specialty structure with ‘areas’ of science displaying growth and decline. It also reproduces Lotka's Law concerning the distribution of citations among authors. The simulation suggests that it is possible to generate many of the quantitative features of the present structure of science and that one way of looking at scientific activity is as a system in which scientific papers generate further papers, with authors (scientists) playing a necessary but incidental role. The theoretical implications of these suggestions are briefly explored.
Incidence of nonspecific and radiating low back pain: followup of 24–39‐year‐old adults of the Young Finns Study
Authors: Shiri Rahman , Solovieva Svetlana , Husgafvel‐Pursiainen Kirsti , Viikari Jorma , Raitakari Olli T. , Viikari‐Juntura Eira 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjectiveThe full panorama of the types and severity of low back pain during the life course is poorly known. We studied the incidence and severity of nonspecific and radiating low back pain based on a recent followup on a representative sample of the Finnish general population.MethodsAs part of the ongoing Young Finns Study, participants ages 24–39 years who were free from low back pain at baseline in 2001 were included (n = 1,224). We estimated the incidence of nonspecific and radiating low back pain in 2007.ResultsThe incidence of moderate (8–30 days duration in the past 12 months) nonspecific low back pain was 13.2%, and that of radiating low back pain was 8.6%. The rates did not differ between men and women. The incidence of major (>30 days in the past 12 months) nonspecific low back pain was 7.8%, and that of radiating low back pain was 3.4%. The incidence of major nonspecific low back pain was higher in women than in men (P = 0.02). Moderate as well as major nonspecific low back pain declined with age, whereas major radiating low back pain increased with age.ConclusionOur findings indicate that low back pain is a common condition in adults already in their 30s. It becomes more severe around the age of 40 years, showing different development of nonspecific and radiating low back pain. We recommend monitoring low back health in health surveillance, starting early and differentiating between nonspecific and radiating pain.
After patients are diagnosed with knee osteoarthritis, what do they do?
Authors: Grindrod Kelly A. , Marra Carlo A. , Colley Lindsey , Cibere Jolanda , Tsuyuki Ross T. , Esdaile John M. , Gastonguay Louise , Kopec Jacek 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo learn more about the health services and products that patients use after receiving a diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis (OA), as well as the trajectory of their health‐related quality of life (HRQOL).MethodsUsing a simple screening survey, community pharmacists identified 194 participants with previously undiagnosed knee OA. Of these participants, 190 were confirmed to have OA on further investigation. At baseline and 1, 3, and 6 months after diagnosis, a survey was administered to assess health services, product use, and HRQOL, including the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF‐36) health survey, the Paper Adaptive Test (PAT‐5D‐QOL), and the Health Utilities Index Mark 3.ResultsWith a mean age of 63 years, participants were mostly women, white, and overweight. By 6 months, more than 90% of the participants had visited their family physician to discuss their OA, and more than 50% of participants took either prescription or nonprescription analgesics. In addition, three‐quarters of the participants started exercising, one‐third initiated activity aids, and one‐third had started natural medicine products. At 6 months compared with baseline, significant improvements were seen in the SF‐36 physical component summary (P = 0.001) and bodily pain domain scores (P = 0.02), the PAT‐5D‐QOL overall, pain, and usual daily activities scores (P < 0.001 for all), and the WOMAC total, pain, and function scores (P < 0.001 for all).ConclusionWithin 6 months of receiving a diagnosis of knee OA, participants made several lifestyle interventions, often without the advice of a health professional, and saw improvements in their pain and function.
Consolidation of Particles by Severe Plastic Deformation: Mechanism and Applications in Processing Bulk Ultrafine and Nanostructured Alloys and Composites
Authors: Xia Kenong 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSevere plastic deformation (SPD) can be used to consolidate particles into bulk ultrafine and nanostructured materials. SPD consolidation relies on plastic deformation of individual particles, rather than diffusion, to achieve bonding and thus can be carried out at much lower temperatures. Using examples of consolidation of Al particles by back pressure equal channel angular pressing (BP‐ECAP), it is demonstrated that full consolidation is achieved when the particles are sheared to disrupt the surface oxide layer whereas consolidation is impossible or incomplete in the case of particles sliding over each other. The effects of particle characteristics such as size, shape, strength and surface condition, as well as processing parameters including temperature and back pressure, are discussed to shed light on the mechanism of SPD consolidation. Potential applications of SPD in powder consolidation and processing of bulk ultrafine and nanostructured materials are discussed.
Chip‐Based Cell Electrofusion
Authors: Yang Jun , Zhao Li‐Ping , Yin Zheng‐Qin , Hu Ning , Chen Jie , Li Ting‐Yu , Svir Irina , Zheng Xiao‐Lin 
Published: March 2010

AbstractCell fusion is a rapid developing cytobiological method utilizing engineering approaches to fuse two or more cells into one hybrid. The hybrid cell can be further cultivated into a new species or a cell‐engineering product. After many years of development, cell fusion is becoming a powerful tool for biological, medical and agricultural research. At present, electrofusion is widely used to achieve cell fusion due to its high efficiency and maneuverability. On‐chip cell electrofusion is receiving more and more attention as a result of its superior performance. This review will discuss the basic theory of chip‐based cell electrofusion, the pairing method, low‐ and high‐throughput cell electrofusion, and the possible ways to overcome the major limitations in existing electrofusion methods.
Detection of WA B cells in hepatitis C virus infection: A potential prognostic marker for cryoglobulinemic vasculitis and B cell malignancies
Authors: Knight Glenn B. , Gao Lei , Gragnani Laura , Elfahal Mutasim M. , De Rosa Francesco G. , Gordon Fredric D. , Agnello Vincent 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjectiveAn uncommon manifestation of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is systemic vasculitis associated with type II cryoglobulinemia (cryoglobulinemic vasculitis), a proliferative B cell disorder that transforms into B cell malignancy in 5–10% of patients. The monoclonal rheumatoid factors (mRF) that bear the WA cross‐idiotype (Xid) are responsible for most cases of cryoglobulinemic vasculitis in patients with HCV infection. The purpose of this study was to determine whether WA B cells can be detected in asymptomatic patients with HCV infection, using sequence analysis of B cell clonal expansions (BCEs) to identify the WA Xid.MethodsAsymptomatic patients with HCV infection and those without HCV infection as well as respective control patients with cryoglobulinemic vasculitis, whose serum was either negative or positive for WA mRF, were studied. BCEs were isolated in the patients' blood, and WA BCEs were identified by sequencing analysis.ResultsBCEs were detected in all control patients with cryoglobulinemic vasculitis, but only control patients with HCV infection had WA BCEs. None of the 33 asymptomatic patients without HCV infection had a BCE. WA BCEs were detected in 4 (7.4%) of 55 asymptomatic patients with HCV infection, in none of 14 patients with HCV infection and type III cryoglobulinemia, and in 5 (13.5%) of 37 patients with HCV infection and serum RF positivity. One patient with a WA BCE had splenic lymphoma markers and villous lymphocytes, and the villous lymphocytes were found to be WA B cells.ConclusionBy identification of the WA Xid, WA B cells can be detected in asymptomatic HCV‐infected patients. WA B cells in asymptomatic patients with HCV infection may be a marker for the development of cryoglobulinemic vasculitis and associated B cell malignancies. The results of this study provide a basis for the development of the first practical clinical application of cross‐idiotype analysis.
Impact of pinna compression on the RF absorption in the heads of adult and juvenile cell phone users
Authors: Christ Andreas , Gosselin Marie‐Christine , Kühn Sven , Kuster Niels 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe electromagnetic exposure of cell phone users depends on several parameters. One of the most dominant of these is the distance between the cell phone and the head tissue. The pinna can be regarded as a spacer between the top of the phone and the head tissue. The size of this spacer has not yet been systematically studied. The objective of this article is to investigate the variations of distance as a function of age of the exposed person, and the mechanical force on the pinna and how it affects the peak spatial specific absorption rate (psSAR). The distances were measured for adults and children (6–8 years of age) while applying a well‐defined force on the pinna using a custom‐developed measurement device. The average distances of the pinnae to the heads and their standard deviations showed no major differences between the two age groups: 10.5 ± 2.0 mm for children (6–8 years) and 9.5 ± 2.0 mm for adults. The pinnae of our anatomical high‐resolution head models of one adult and two children were transformed according to the measurement results. The numerical exposure analysis showed that the reduced distance due to the pinna compression can increase the maximum 10 g psSAR by approximately 2 dB for adults and children, if the exposure maximum is associated with the upper part of the phone. Bioelectromagnetics 31:406–412, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.