bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Important Role for CC Chemokine Ligand 2-Dependent Lung Mononuclear Phagocyte Recruitment to Inhibit Sepsis in Mice Infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Winter Christine , Herbold Wiebke , Maus Regina , Länger Florian , Briles David E. , Paton James C. , Welte Tobias , Maus Ulrich A. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The monocyte chemoattractant CCL2 is of major importance in inflammatory monocyte recruitment to the lungs in response to bacterial infection. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most prevalent pathogen in community-acquired pneumonia causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the current study, we examined the role of CCL2 in lung-protective immunity against two strains of S. pneumoniae exhibiting different virulence profiles. Both wild-type mice and CCL2 knockout (KO) mice became septic within 24 h of infection with serotype 3 S. pneumoniae and died of infection by day 4 after challenge. In contrast, wild-type mice challenged with serotype 19 S. pneumoniae did not become septic or succumb to pneumococcal pneumonia, whereas CCL2 KO mice showed an early bacterial outgrowth in their lungs and sepsis starting by day 2 after infection, finally resulting in ∼50% decreased survival compared with wild-type mice. This phenotype was not due to impaired lung neutrophil recruitment in the KO mice, but was characterized by a significantly reduced recruitment of lung exudate macrophages and conventional lung dendritic cells, suggesting that these two phagocyte subsets critically regulate protection against septic disease progression in mice. In conclusion, we show here a differential role for CCL2-dependent lung exudate macrophage and conventional dendritic cell recruitment that critically contributes to lung protective immunity against S. pneumoniae.
Cutting Edge: IL-2 Immune Complexes As a Therapy for Persistent Virus Infection
Authors: Molloy Michael J. , Zhang Weijun , Usherwood Edward J. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop novel therapies for controlling recurrent virus infections in immune suppressed patients. Disease associated with persistent γ-herpesvirus infection (EBV, HHV-8) is a significant problem in AIDS patients and transplant recipients, and clinical management of these conditions is difficult. Disease occurs because of a failure in immune surveillance to control the persistent infection, which arises in AIDS patients principally because of an erosion of the CD4+ T cell compartment. Immune surveillance failure followed by γ-herpesvirus recrudescence can be modeled using murine γ-herpesvirus in CD4 T cell-depleted mice. We show that enhancement of IL-2 signaling using IL-2/anti-IL-2 immune complexes substantially improves immune surveillance in the context of suppressed immunity and enhances control of the infection. This effect was not due solely to increased numbers of virus-specific CD8 T cells but rather to enhanced cytotoxicity mediated by the perforin-granzyme pathway.
A Protective Role for C5a in the Development of Allergic Asthma Associated with Altered Levels of B7-H1 and B7-DC on Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells
Authors: Zhang Xun , Lewkowich Ian P. , Köhl Gabriele , Clark Jennifer R. , Wills-Karp Marsha , Köhl Jörg 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The role of complement in the development of maladaptive immunity in experimental allergic asthma is unclear. In this study, we show that C3a receptor (C3aR)-deficient mice are protected from the development of Th2 immunity in a model of house dust mite-induced asthma. C5a receptor (C5aR)-targeting of C3aR-deficient mice during allergen sensitization not only reversed the protective effect but enhanced Th2 cytokine production, airway inflammation, and airway responsiveness, suggesting that the reduced allergic phenotype in C3aR-deficient mice results from protective C5aR signaling. In support of this view, C5aR expression in C3aR-deficient pulmonary dendritic cells (DCs) was increased when compared with wild-type DCs. Moreover, C5aR targeting regulated the frequency of pulmonary plasmacytoid DCs expressing costimulatory molecules B7-H1 and B7-DC. Ex vivo targeting of B7-H1 and B7-DC increased Th2 cytokine production from T cells of wild-type but not of C5aR-targeted mice, suggesting a protective role for C5a through regulation of B7 molecule expression on plasmacytoid DCs.
DNA Cloning and Engineering by Uracil Excision
Authors: Bitinaite Jurate , Nichols Nicole M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis unit describes a simple and efficient DNA engineering method that combines nucleotide sequence alteration, multiple PCR fragment assembly, and directional cloning. PCR primers contain a single deoxyuracil residue (dU), and can be designed to accommodate nucleotide substitutions, insertions, and/or deletions. The primers are then used to amplify DNA in discrete fragments that incorporate a dU at each end. Excision of deoxyuracils results in PCR fragments flanked by unique, overlapping, single‐stranded extensions that allow the seamless and directional assembly of customized DNA molecules into a linearized vector. In this way, multi‐fragment assemblies, as well as various mutagenic changes, can all be accomplished in a single‐format experiment. Two basic protocols on the methods of uracil excision‐based engineering are presented, and special attention is given to primer design. The use of a commercially available cloning vector and the preparation of custom vectors are also presented. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 86:3.21.1‐3.21.16. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Versatile Structure‐Directing Roles of Deep‐Eutectic Solvents and Their Implication in the Generation of Porosity and Open Metal Sites for Gas Storage
Authors: Zhang Jian , Wu Tao , Chen Shumei , Feng Pingyun , Bu Xianhui 
Published: April 2009

AbstractErst eingesperrt, dann ausgetrieben: Ein tiefschmelzendes Eutektikum ist ein vielseitiges Medium für den Aufbau stabiler poröser Netzwerke, die neutrale Liganden einschließen. Beim Erhitzen werden diese koordinierten Moleküle aus den Poren abgegeben, und es entstehen permanent poröse Kristalle mit koordinativ ungesättigten Metallzentren, die sich als Gasspeicher oder für Anwendungen in der Katalyse eignen könnten.magnified image
Fluorescent Logic Gates Chemically Attached to Silicon Nanowires
Authors: Mu Lixuan , Shi Wensheng , She Guangwei , Chang Jack C. , Lee Shuit‐Tong 
Published: April 2009

AbstractI′m in the mood for dansyl: A chemically controlled fluorescent logic gate was formed by grafting a dansyl unit onto silicon nanowires (SiNWs; see picture). The logic gate was operated by utilizing pH changes, HgII, and Cl− or Br− ions as inputs and the fluorescence of the modified SiNWs as output. The modified SiNWs could perform as a three‐input logic gate that combines the YES and INH operations.magnified image
A Single Residue Influences the Reaction Mechanism of Ammonia Lyases and Mutases
Authors: Bartsch Sebastian , Bornscheuer Uwe T. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAll ways lead to Rome? Computer modeling and kinetic measurements identified a distinct residue in Phe/Tyr ammonia lyases (PAL/TAL) which controls whether the Friedel–Crafts or an E1cB reaction mechanism takes place. Hence, Glu484 in pcPAL favors the Friedel–Crafts reaction (see picture, MIO=4‐methylidene imidazol‐5‐one) whereas an Asn in TAL gives an elimination reaction. These mechanistic investigations also reveal activity of a PAL mutant and a TAL towards an amino alcohol.magnified image
A Sequential O‐Nitrosoaldol and Grignard Addition Process: An Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Entry to Chiral 1,2‐Diols
Authors: Jiao Peng , Kawasaki Masanori , Yamamoto Hisashi 
Published: April 2009

AbstractChiral 1,2‐diols have been prepared from α‐aminoxylated aldehydes or cyclohexanone and Grignard reagents with L‐proline or its tetrazole derivative as the catalyst. The presence of the ate complex of CeCl3⋅2 LiCl is essential for the high overall yields and good selectivities (see scheme; DMSO=dimethyl sulfoxide, THF=tetrahydrofuran, Tol=tolyl).magnified image
A novel method to control microcapsule release behavior via photo‐crosslink polyurethane acrylate shells
Authors: Wang Xiao , Li Gangqiang , Wei Jie , Guan Weiwen 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA microcapsule system with polyurethane acrylate (PUA) shell is prepared by interfacial polymerization between acrylic polyurethane diisocyanate and water to achieve controlled release via UV irradiation. The size of the microcapsule is influenced by the concentration of protecting colloid and property of acrylic polyurethane diisocyanate. When concentration of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is 5% and molar ratio of TDI and acrylic ethoxylated pentaerythritol (acrylic PP50) rises to 1.50, average diameter of the microcapsule is only 3.3223 μm. Delivery of 4‐hydroxy‐4′‐isopropoxydiphenylsulfone (D‐8) encapsuled by PUA microcapsule in solution can be prevented effectively by 30‐min UV irradiation. Lightness (L*) is used to measure color changes of reaction between D‐8 in PUA microcapsule and 2‐anilino‐6‐dibutylamino‐3‐methylfluoran (ODB‐2) under thermal treatment. In dry state, irradiated PUA microcapsules are much harder to release D‐8 than those not irradiated. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis of zwitterionic stationary phase based on hydrophilic non‐porous poly(glycidymethacrylate‐co‐ethylenedimethacrylate) beads and their application for fast separation of proteins
Authors: Gong Bolin , Bo Chunmiao , Zhu Jinxia , Yan Chao 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA new hydrophilic strong/strong type zwitterionic stationary phase for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was synthesized by chemical modification of 3.0 μm non‐porous monodisperse poly(glycidylmethacrylate‐co‐ethylenedimethacrylate)(PGMA/EDMA) beads in the following steps. First, the beads were reacted with hydrochloride to obtain chlorizated beads; second, chlorizated beads were reacted with dimethylamine to obtain ammoniated beads; third, ammoniated beads were reacted with 1,3‐propanesultone to obtain non‐porous hydrophilic zwitterionic stationary phase. The stationary phase was evaluated in detail to determine its ion‐exchange properties, separability, reproducibility, hydrophilicity, and the effect of column loading and pH on the separation and retention of proteins. The highest dynamic protein loading capacity of the synthesized zwitterionic packing for bovin serum albumin and Lys were 18.3 and 27.4 mg g−1, respectively. The zwitterionic stationary phase was capable of separating two acidic and three basic proteins simultaneously in less than 2.5 min by the flow‐rates of 3.0 mL min−1. The zwitterionic resin was also used for rapid separation and purification of recombinant human interferon‐r (rhIFN‐r) and human granulocyte colony‐stimulation factor (hG‐CSF) from the crude extract solution. The satisfactory results were obtained. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation of bovine serum albumin‐imprinted calcium polyacrylate/alginate hybrid microspheres via Ca2+ crosslinking
Authors: Zhao Kongyin , Wei Junfu , Cheng Guoxiang , Yang Chunxia , Chen Li 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMacromolecularly imprinted calcium polyacrylate/alginate hybrid polymer microspheres with the imprinting of bovine serum albumin were prepared with sodium alginate and sodium polyacrylate by using CaCl2 as a gelling agent in inverse‐phase suspension. Infrared spectrum and conductance titration demonstrated that hybrid components were produced in these microspheres. Rebinding isotherms of the microspheres proved a greater bovine serum albumin affinity for imprinted microspheres relative to nonimprinted ones. Selectivity tests indicated that calcium polyacrylate/alginate hybrid polymer microspheres exhibited good recognition properties for the template protein with the separation factor over 5.30 comparing to the competitive proteins with a similar Mw. The influence of cross‐linker CaCl2 concentration on the imprinting efficiency (IE) and rebinding capacity was researched. It was found that the cross‐linking density and imprinting efficiency of the hybrid hydrogel could be improved simultaneously. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis, characterization, and hydrolytic degradation of biodegradable poly(ether ester)‐urethane copolymers based on ε‐caprolactone and poly(ethylene glycol)
Authors: Gong Chang Yang , Fu Shao Zhi , Gu Ying Chun , Liu Cai Bing , Kan Bing , Deng Hong Xin , Luo Feng , Qian Zhi Yong 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn this article, a new kind of biodegradable poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐poly(ethylene glycol)‐poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐based polyurethane (PCEC‐U) copolymers were successfully synthesized by melt‐polycondensation method from ε‐caprolactone (ε‐CL), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), 1,4‐butanediol (BD), and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI). The obtained copolymers were characterized by 1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR), FTIR, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Thermal properties of PCEC‐U copolymers were studied by DSC and TGA/DTG under nitrogen atmosphere. Water absorption and hydrolytic degradation behavior of these copolymers were also investigated. Hydrolytic degradation behavior was studied by weight loss method. 1H‐NMR and GPC were also used to characterize the hydrolytic degradation behavior of PCEC‐U copolymers. The molecular weight of PCL block and PEG block in soft segment and the content of hard segment strongly affected the water absorption and hydrolytic degradation behavior of PCEC‐U copolymers. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Cellulose mercerization: Use of amino acid‐glycerol ethers as wetting agents
Authors: Varka E.‐M. A. , Savidis G. , Tsatsaroni E. G. , Elefteriadis G. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe action of a new nonconventional series of (tryptophan‐phenylalanine‐histidine and tyrosine)‐glycerol‐ether surfactants as wetting agents in hot cotton mercerization was studied. The mercerization result was evaluated with the barium hydroxide absorption number, water absorbency and moisture regain, and mechanical properties of fibers; the dyeability of the mercerized samples with a direct and reactive dye was also studied. An improvement was observed for all the above parameters in the presence of the aforementioned wetting agents despite their being used in very low concentrations. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis and evaluation of poly(dioctyltin maleate‐styrene‐methyl acrylate) as a stabilizer for poly(vinyl chloride)
Authors: Liu Jianping , Shang Hongzhou , Zheng Yubin , Song Xia 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA novel thermal stabilizer poly(dioctyltin maleate‐styrene‐methyl acrylate) [P(DOTM‐St‐MA)] was synthesized by radical solution polymerization with benzene as the solvent and 2,2‐azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator. The structure of terpolymer was characterized by FTIR and 1H‐NMR spectra, and thermal stability of the stabilizer was measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Evaluation of [P(DOTM‐St‐MA)] as thermal stabilizer for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was measured by acidimeter, and the extent of changing color of PVC was measured by thermal aging method. Compatibilities of four stabilizers with PVC were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that, with the same tin content in PVC mixtures, [P(DOTM‐St‐MA)] exhibited better performance as a PVC stabilizer compared with other stabilizers,such as poly(dibutylin maleate‐styrene‐methyl acrylate), DOTM, and dibutylin maleate (DBTM). Furthermore, [P(DOTM‐St‐MA)] had better compatibility with PVC in PVC processing. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation and application of Norfloxacin‐MIP/polysulfone blending molecular imprinted polymer membrane
Authors: Liu Wei , Wang Bing 
Published: April 2009

AbstractNorfloxacin‐molecular imprinted polymer was prepared by bulk polymerization with Norfloxacin (NFXC) as template molecule, Methacrylic acid (MAA) as functional monomer and Trimethylolpropane Trimethacrylate (TRIM) as cross linking agent. And the imprinted polymer membranes of polysulfone‐matrix were also prepared by blending method. The structures of Norfloxacin‐molecular imprinted polymer were measured and confirmed by spectra of FTIR and TEM, respectively. Although the combination characteristic and mechanism of this molecular recognition membrane were studied by scan electro‐microscope (SEM) and combinative equation experiment, the results showed that the molecular recognition membrane represented high selectivity for Norfloxacin. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Mechanical reinforcement of poly(1‐butene) using polypropylene‐grafted multiwalled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Yang Bing‐Xing , Shi Jia‐Hua , Li Xu , Pramoda K. P. , Goh Suat Hong 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe mechanical properties of poly(1‐butene) reinforced by pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and polypropylene‐grafted MWNTs (PP‐g‐MWNTs) were evaluated. The incorporation of pristine MWNTs to PB led to an improvement in stiffness, but not in strength, ductility, and toughness. In comparison, PP‐g‐MWNTs were able to improve the stiffness, strength, and toughness of PB significantly, without compromising the ductility. The mechanical properties of PB improved with increasing amount of PP‐g‐MWNTs up to an effective MWNT content of 1.5 wt%. Further increase in the effective MWNT content led to a downturn in mechanical properties due to the existence of MWNTs bundles as observed by microscopy. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation and photocatalytic activity of zinc sulfide/polymer nanocomposites
Authors: Zhou Zhengfa , Feng Yan , Xu Weibing , Ren Fengmei , Ma Haihong 
Published: April 2009

AbstractZnS nanoparticles were prepared on the surface of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and methyl methacrylate (MMA)/butyl methacrylate (BMA)/acrylic acid (AA) copolymer nanofibers. The MMA–BMA–AA copolymer was synthesized by bulk radical polymerization using 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator. The PAN and MMA–BMA–AA copolymer nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning. Zinc ions were introduced onto the surface of the nanofibers by coordination with the carboxyl of AA. Then, sulfide ions were added to react with zinc ions to form ZnS nanoparticles. The average diameter of the nanofibers was about 300 nm, and the diameter of the ZnS nanoparticles was about 10 nm. The band position of the photoluminescence spectrum of the ZnS/PAN and MMA–BMA–AA nanocomposites had an 80‐nm blueshift in comparison with that of the corresponding bulk ZnS sample. The ZnS/PAN and MMA–BMA–AA nanocomposites had high photocatalytic activity for the degradation of phenol under ultraviolet irradiation; the photocatalytic activity changed indistinctively after it was used repeatedly (6 times). The nanofibers of PAN and MMA–BMA–AA not only dispersed but also stabilized the ZnS nanoparticles. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation and properties of one epoxy system bearing fluorene moieties
Authors: Liu Wenbin , Qiu Qihao , Wang Jun , Huo Zichun , Sun He , Zhao Xiuxia 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDiglycidyl ether of bisphenol fluorene (DGEBF) and 9,9‐bis(4‐aminophenyl) fluorene (BPF) were synthesized to introduce more aromatic structures into an epoxy system, and their chemical structures were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, NMR, and mass spectrometric analysis. The dynamic curing behavior of the DGEBF/BPF system was investigated with differential scanning calorimetry. DGEBF was cured with BPF, diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS), and diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM), and E‐44 (bisphenol A epoxide) was also cured with BPF for comparison. The thermal properties of the obtained polymers were evaluated with dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. The cured DGEBF/BPF system showed a remarkably higher glass‐transition temperature, better thermal stability and lower moisture absorption in comparison with the general bisphenol A epoxy resin/BPF system but approximated the heat resistance of the DGEBF/DDS and DGEBF/DDM systems. Such properties make this epoxy system very promising for heat‐resistant applications. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
A Sensitive and Selective Fluorescent Thiol Probe in Water Based on the Conjugate 1,4‐Addition of Thiols to α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones
Authors: Lin Weiying , Yuan Lin , Cao Zengmei , Feng Yanming , Long Lingliang 
Published: April 2009

AbstractShedding light on thiol detection: A compound (see scheme) was developed as a novel, highly sensitive and selective fluorescent thiol probe, which also features suitable water solubility, functions rapidly under neutral conditions, and has excitation and emission in the visible region. Thus, it may be useful for potential biological applications.magnified imageCompound 1 was designed and synthesized as a new fluorescent thiol probe. Probe 1 was constructed on the basis of the conjugate 1,4‐addition of thiols to α,β‐unsaturated ketones. Notably, probe 1 has suitable water solubility, which allows the sensing assay to be performed in water. Probe 1 is highly sensitive for thiols with a 211‐fold fluorescence dynamic range and a low detection limit of 9.25×10−7 M. The major features of probe 1 also include a high selectivity for thiols over other relevant biological species, excitation and emission in the visible region, rapid functioning at pH 7.4, and a good linear relationship between the fluorescence signal and the thiol concentration. Accordingly, these desirable characteristics may render probe 1 as potentially useful for biological applications.
Directional change produced by perpendicularly‐oriented microgrooves is microtubule‐dependent for fibroblasts and epithelium
Authors: Hamilton Douglas W. , Oakley Carol , Jaeger Nicolas A. F. , Brunette Donald M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAnisotropic substrata such as micromachined grooves can control cell shape, orientation, and the direction of cell movement, a phenomena termed topographic guidance. Although many types of cells exhibit topographic guidance, little is known regarding cell responses to conflicting topographic cues. We employed a substratum with intersecting grooves in order to present fibroblasts and epithelial cells with conflicting topographic cues. Using time‐lapse and confocal microscopy, we examined cell behavior at groove intersections. Migrating fibroblasts and epithelial cells typically extended a cell process into the intersection ahead of the cell body. After travelling along the “X” groove to enter the intersection, the leading lamellipodia of the cell body encountered the perpendicular “Y” groove, and spread latterly along the “Y” groove. The formation of lateral lamellipodia resulted in cells forming “T” or “L” morphologies, which were characterized by the formation of phosphotyrosine‐rich focal adhesions at the leading edges. The “Y” groove did not prove an absolute barrier to cell migration, particularly for epithelial cells. Analysis of cytoskeletal distribution revealed that F‐actin bundles did not adapt closely to the groove patterns, but typically did align to either the “X” or “Y” grooves. In contrast microtubules (MT) adapted closely to the walls. Inhibition of microtubule nucleation attenuated fibroblast and epithelial cell orientation within the intersection of the perpendicular grooves. We conclude that MT may be the prime determinant of fibroblast and epithelial cell conformation to conflicting topographies. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.