bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence for Reduced Black Sea Water Outflow to the North Aegean
Authors: Mamoutos I. G. , Potiris E. , Androulidakis Y. , Tragou E. , Zervakis V. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe Black Sea Waters (BSW) exported into the Aegean Sea largely control its overturning circulation as well as the regional biogeochemical characteristics. Observational evidence from ARGO floats and satellite‐derived sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll indicate a recent drastic reduction of Black Sea Water presence in the surface layer of the North Aegean Sea. This evidence is also supported by the long‐term negative sea level difference trend between the southwestern Black Sea and the northeastern Aegean Sea. The role of the Black Sea in hindering deep water formation processes in the North Aegean seems to be diminishing. The future evolution of the Aegean overturning cell will depend on whether this trend will continue, in addition to the variability of local atmospheric forcing.
Simultaneous Classification and Location of Volcanic Deformation in SAR Interferograms Using a Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Gaddes M. , Hooper A. , Albino F. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractWith the evolution of interferometric synthetic aperture radar into a tool for active hazard monitoring, new methods are sought to quickly and automatically interpret the large number of interferograms that are created. We present a convolutional neural network (CNN) that is able to both classify the type of deformation, and to locate the deformation within an interferogram in a single step. We achieve this through building a “two headed model,” which returns both outputs after one forward pass of an interferogram through the network. We train our model by first creating a data set of synthetic interferograms, but find that our model's performance is improved through the inclusion of real Sentinel‐1 data. We also investigate how model performance can be improved by best organizing interferograms such that they can exploit the three channel nature of computer vision models trained on very large databases of labeled color images, but find that using different data in each of the three input channels degrades performance when compared to the simple case of repeating wrapped or unwrapped phase across each channel. We also release our labeled Sentinel‐1 interferograms as a database named VolcNet, which consists of ∼500,000 labeled interferograms. VolcNet comprises of time series of unwrapped phase and labels of the magnitude, location, and duration of deformation, which allows for the automatic creation of interferograms between any two acquisitions, and greatly increases the amount of data available compared to other labeling strategies.
THz Radar Observations of Hydrometeors in a Spray Chamber
Authors: Zhu Zeen , Yang Fan , Luke Edward , Rosky Elise , Lamer Katia , Kollias Pavlos 
Published: June 2024

AbstractA THz radar, with its wide bandwidth, is capable of high‐resolution imaging down to the centimeter scale. In this study, a THz radar is applied to detect hydrometeors generated in a spray chamber. The observed backscattering signals show fluctuations at centimeter scales, indicating various hydrometeor distribution patterns along the radar beam. A co‐located High‐Speed Imaging (HSI) sensor is used to measure the Drop Size Distributions (DSD) in the spray chamber. The radar sampling beam is well aligned with the HSI probes, allowing an objective comparison between the remote sensing and in situ observations. In this study, the observed radar power is compared with the power estimated from the HSI measurements. Results show great consistency, with power difference smaller than 0.5 dB. This study demonstrates the feasibility and great potential of using a THz radar for ultra‐high‐resolution observations of clouds in a laboratory facility, and in the real atmosphere.
Variability of Atomic Hydrogen Brightness in the Martian Exosphere: Insights From the Emirates Ultraviolet Spectrometer on Board Emirates Mars Mission
Authors: Susarla R. , Deighan J. , Chaffin M. S. , Jain S. , Lillis R. J. , Chirakkil K. , Brain D. , Thiemann E. , Eparvier F. , Lootah F. , Holsclaw G. , Gacesa M. , Fillingim M. O. , El‐Kork N. , England S. , Evans J. S. , AlMazmi H. , AlMatroushi H. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe Emirates Mars Ultraviolet Spectrometer (EMUS), aboard the Emirates Mars Mission (EMM), has been conducting observations of ultraviolet emissions within the Martian exosphere. Taking advantage of the distinctive orbit of the EMM around Mars, EMUS utilizes a dedicated strafe observation strategy to scan the illuminated Martian exosphere at tangential altitudes ranging from 130 to over 20,000 km. To distinguish between emissions of Martian origin and those from the interplanetary background, EMUS conducts specialized background observations by looking away from the planet. This approach has allowed us to investigate the radial and seasonal variations in Martian coronal emission features at H Lyman‐α, β and γ wavelengths. Our analysis supports the previous studies indicating that Martian exospheric hydrogen Lyman emission brightness attains its highest levels around the southern summer solstice and reaches its lowest levels when Mars is near aphelion. Additionally, a secondary peak emission at all altitudes is observed after perihelion during Martian Year (MY) 36, which can be attributed to a Class C dust storm. Our study establishes a strong correlation between solar flux and coronal brightness for these emissions, highlighting the impact of solar activity on the visibility of Martian corona. In addition, we have examined interannual variability and found that emission intensities in MY 37 surpassed those in MY 36, primarily due to increased solar activity. These observations help to understand potential seasonal patterns of exospheric hydrogen, which is driven by underlying mechanisms in the lower atmosphere and solar activity, eventually suggesting an impact on water loss in the Martian atmosphere.
Heat Transfer in Pyroclastic Density Current‐Ice Interactions: Insights From Experimental and Numerical Simulations
Authors: Vale Amelia B. , Jenkins Luke T. , Phillips Jeremy C. , Rust Alison C. , Hogg Andrew J. , Kilgour Geoff , Seward Anya 
Published: June 2024

AbstractStratovolcanoes are common globally, with high‐altitude summit regions that are often glacier‐clad and intersect the seasonal and perennial snow line. During an eruption, interaction between snow/ice and hot, pyroclastic deposits will potentially lead to extensive melt and steam production. This is particularly pertinent when pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) are emplaced onto and propagate over glacierised substrates. Generated melt and steam are incorporated into the flow, which can cause a transformation from a hot, dry granular flow, to a water‐saturated, sediment‐laden flow, termed a lahar. Both PDCs and ice‐melt lahars are highly hazardous due to their high energy during flow and long runout distances. Knowledge of the physics that underpin these interactions and the transformation to ice‐melt lahar is extremely limited, preventing accurate descriptions within hazard models. To physically constrain the thermal interactions we conduct static melting experiments, where a hot granular layer was emplaced onto an ice substrate. The rate of heat transfer through the particle layer, melt and steam generation were quantified. Experiments revealed systematic increases in melt and steam with increasing particle layer thicknesses and temperatures. We also present a one‐dimensional numerical model for heat transfer, calibrated against experimental data, capable of accurately predicting temperature and associated melting. Furthermore, similarity solutions are presented for early‐time melting which are used to benchmark our numerical scheme, and to provide rapid estimates for meltwater flux hydrographs. These data are vital for predicting melt volume and incorporation into PDCs required to facilitate the transformation to and evolution of ice‐melt lahars.
Radiative Forcing From Halogen Reservoir and Halocarbon Breakdown Products
Authors: Thornhill Gillian D. , Smith Lucy A. , Shine Keith P. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe direct radiative forcing (RF) from halocarbons is reasonably well characterized. However, the forcing due to polyatomic halogen reservoir and halocarbon breakdown products has not previously been quantified and it is important to estimate this contribution. Four gases, ClONO2, COCl2, COF2 and COClF, are considered; their stratospheric abundances mostly originate from the breakdown of chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons and CCl4. They have significant mid‐infrared absorption bands and peak stratospheric mole fractions ranging from around 20 ppt to over 1 ppb, which are large compared to typical abundances of many emitted halocarbons. Using satellite observations of stratospheric abundance, observed infrared spectra, and a narrow‐band radiation code, the stratosphere‐adjusted radiative forcings (SARF) is computed. The global‐annual mean SARF is estimated to be 7 ± 0.8 mW m−2 based on measured abundances in the period 2004–2019, with ClONO2 contributing about 50%. Whilst not a major contributor to anthropogenic RF, only six individual halocarbon gases cause a significantly greater forcing. This forcing is then approximately attributed to their source gases; for most, it modestly enhances (by 1%–3%) both their direct RF and their global warming potentials. The most significant enhancement (5%–15%) is to CCl4, the principal source of stratospheric COCl2 and contributor to ClONO2 abundances; disagreement in recent satellite‐based COCl2 retrievals is a significant source of uncertainty. These additional gases enhance the available best estimate of the total forcing due to halocarbon source gases (including e.g., ozone depletion) by about 3%; notably, this is the only identified indirect mechanism that increases, rather than decreases, total halocarbon forcing.
The Role of Ice and Latitude‐Dependent Mantling on Boulder Distributions Across the Martian Northern Lowlands
Authors: Cohen‐Zada A. L. , Hood D. R. , Ewing R. C. , Karunatillake S. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractBoulders are ubiquitous on rocky planets and provide valuable information about planetary processes. The abundance, size, and distribution of boulders offer insights into the primary processes that form them and the secondary processes that modify their position and size. However, the roles of varying environmental processes, including cryospheric processes, are poorly known. In this study, we analyze over 20 million boulders in the northern lowlands of Mars (50–70°N) to evaluate their distribution and identify environmental factors that might influence their clustering. We used spatial statistics to quantify the degree of boulder clustering across the northern plains. We found two latitudinal trends: overall decreasing clustering with increasing latitude (50–70°N) and a sub‐trend of increased clustering at higher latitudes (65–70°N). Our findings suggest that boulder distribution patterns are linked to the latitude‐dependent mantle (LDM) and subsurface ice. Boulders exhibit higher spatial clustering at higher latitudes, where the ice is thick and continuously present, and the LDM is more pristine. Lower clustering occurs at lower latitudes or regions where the ice loss is likely during interglacial periods, and the LDM degrades, exposing more boulders of varying sizes. We also discovered an anomalous region where boulder clustering is nearly random, located on the edge of the Alba Mons Patera. This area displays distinct geophysical characteristics compared to the rest of the lowlands. Although these characteristics do not indicate a specific process for the variation of boulder distribution in this study, the data suggest a coupling between cryospheric processes and boulder evolution, warranting further research.
Tropical Peatland Water Table Estimations From Space
Authors: Koupaei‐Abyazani Nikaan , Burdun Iuliia , Desai Ankur R. , Hergoualc'h Kristell , Hirano Takashi , Melling Lulie , Swails Erin , Ing Tang Angela Che , Wong Guan Xhuan 
Published: June 2024

AbstractTropical peatlands store copious amounts of carbon (C) and play a critical role in the global C cycle. However, this C store is vulnerable to natural and anthropogenic disturbances, leading these ecosystems to become weaker C sinks or even net C sources. Variabilities in water table (WT) greatly influence the magnitude of greenhouse gas flux in these biomes. Despite its importance in C cycling, observations of the spatiotemporal dynamics of tropical peatland WT are limited in spatial extent and length. Here, we use in situ WT measurements from tropical peatlands in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Peru to evaluate the satellite‐based Optical Trapezoid Model (OPTRAM). The model uses the pixel distribution in the shortwave infrared transformed reflectance and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) space to calculate indices that are then compared against in situ WT data. 30‐m resolution Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 images were utilized for model parameterization. We found OPTRAM to best capture tropical peatland WT dynamics in minimally forested and non‐forested areas (low to intermediate NDVI) (0.7 < R < 1) using the “best pixel” approach (the pixel with the highest Pearson‐R correlation value). In areas with relatively higher NDVI, OPTRAM index did not correlate with WT (average R of −0.04 to 0.24), likely due to trees being less sensitive to WT fluctuations. OPTRAM shows potential for reliably estimating tropical peatland WT without the need for direct measurements, which is challenging due to site remoteness and harsh conditions.
The longitudinal assessment of prenatal cannabis use on neonatal outcomes
Authors: Habersham Leah L. , Hurd Yasmin L. , Nomura Yoko 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Objective
To investigate the association between prenatal cannabis use and perinatal outcomes using longitudinal data from pregnant individuals.

Study design
This secondary-data analysis study utilized data collected from 894 pregnant individuals followed in the Stress in Pregnancy longitudinal study, conducted between 2009 and 2013. The status of cannabis use was ascertained through interviews and electronic medical record reviews to evaluate the effect of cannabis use on perinatal outcomes (NICU admission, preterm delivery, low birth weight, fetal death).

Results
Among participants analyzed, 13.1% used cannabis, who were generally younger (25.9 vs 27.9 years). There was a sevenfold increased risk of fetal death (OR 7.30) among cannabis users relative to non-users. Elevated risk persisted after adjustments of potential confounders (aOR 6.31). Adjusted models also suggested increased low birth weight risk (aOR 1.67).

Conclusion
This study highlights an association between prenatal cannabis use and elevated risks for fetal death and low birth weight.
Expression and functional implications of YME1L in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Cheng Fuwei , Huang Haiping , Yin Shiyao , Liu Ji-Sheng , Sun Peng 
Published: June 2024

AbstractMitochondria play a crucial role in the progression of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). YME1L, a member of the AAA ATPase family, is a key regulator of mitochondrial function and has been implicated in various cellular processes and diseases. This study investigates the expression and functional significance of YME1L in NPC. YME1L exhibits significant upregulation in NPC tissues from patients and across various primary human NPC cells, while its expression remains relatively low in adjacent normal tissues and primary nasal epithelial cells. Employing genetic silencing through the shRNA strategy or knockout (KO) via the CRISPR-sgRNA method, we demonstrated that YME1L depletion disrupted mitochondrial function, leading to mitochondrial depolarization, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lipid peroxidation, and ATP reduction within primary NPC cells. Additionally, YME1L silencing or KO substantially impeded cell viability, proliferation, cell cycle progression, and migratory capabilities, concomitant with an augmentation of Caspase-apoptosis activation in primary NPC cells. Conversely, ectopic YME1L expression conferred pro-tumorigenic attributes, enhancing ATP production and bolstering NPC cell proliferation and migration. Moreover, our findings illuminate the pivotal role of YME1L in Akt-mTOR activation within NPC cells, with Akt-S6K phosphorylation exhibiting a significant decline upon YME1L depletion but enhancement upon YME1L overexpression. In YME1L-silenced primary NPC cells, the introduction of a constitutively-active Akt1 mutant (caAkt1, at S473D) restored Akt-S6K phosphorylation, effectively ameliorating the inhibitory effects imposed by YME1L shRNA. In vivo studies revealed that intratumoral administration of YME1L-shRNA-expressing adeno-associated virus (AAV) curtailed subcutaneous NPC xenograft growth in nude mice. Furthermore, YME1L downregulation, concurrent with mitochondrial dysfunction and ATP reduction, oxidative injury, Akt-mTOR inactivation, and apoptosis induction were evident within YME1L-silenced NPC xenograft tissues. Collectively, these findings shed light on the notable pro-tumorigenic role by overexpressed YME1L in NPC, with a plausible mechanism involving the promotion of Akt-mTOR activation.
Correlation of limited-early-response status with 12-month CST, BVA, and machine learning-quantified retinal fluid in diabetic macular oedema in routine clinical practice
Authors: Sastry Resya C. , Perkins Scott W. , Kalur Aneesha , Singh Rishi P. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Background/Objectives
Anti-VEGF treatment response in DMO has been measured by changes in the central subfield thickness (CST) and best visual acuity (BVA) outcomes at 3 months after initial treatment, termed early or limited early response (ER/LER). This study correlates LER with 12-month BVA, CST, and retinal fluid volumes quantified by a machine learning algorithm on optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Subjects/Methods
The study included treatment naïve DMO patients ≥ 18 years with OCT scans at baseline (M0), M3, M6, and M12. The 220 patients were categorized as limited early responders (LER) if they had ≤ 10% CST reduction and/or < 5 ETDRS letter gain at M3. BVA, CST, and subretinal (SRF), intraretinal (IRF), and total retinal (TRF) fluid volumes quantified by a machine learning algorithm were compared between groups and across time.

Results
At M12, the anatomic LER (aLER), defined solely by CST, had significantly worse BVA and CST versus the anatomic ER (aER) group (p < 0.001). Retinal fluid M12 outcomes did not significantly vary between all LER and ER groups. No significant BVA, CST, TRF, and IRF variance across time for LER was found (p > 0.1).

Conclusions
BVA and CST M12 outcomes vary by aLER/aER status indicating that CST may be a strong predictor of treatment outcomes, while retinal fluid volumes were not predicted by LER status.
Rolling down that mountain: microgeographical adaptive divergence during a fast population expansion along a steep environmental gradient in European beech
Authors: Modica Andrea , Lalagüe Hadrien , Muratorio Sylvie , Scotti Ivan 
Published: June 2024

AbstractForest tree populations harbour high genetic diversity thanks to large effective population sizes and strong gene flow, allowing them to diversify through adaptation to local environmental pressures within dispersal distance. Many tree populations also experienced historical demographic fluctuations, including spatial population contraction or expansions at various temporal scales, which may constrain their ability to adapt to environmental variations. Our aim is to investigate how recent contraction and expansion events interfere with local adaptation, by studying patterns of adaptive divergence between closely related stands undergoing environmentally contrasted conditions, and having or not recently expanded. To investigate genome-wide signatures of local adaptation while accounting for demography, we analysed divergence in a European beech population by testing pairwise differentiation among four tree stands at ~35k Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms from ~9k genomic regions. We applied three divergence outlier search methods resting on different assumptions and targeting either single SNPs or contiguous genomic regions, while accounting for the effect of population size variations on genetic divergence. We found 27 signals of selective signatures in 19 target regions. Putatively adaptive divergence involved all stand pairs. We retrieved signals both when comparing old-growth stands and recently colonised areas and when comparing stands within the old-growth area. Therefore, adaptive divergence processes have taken place both over short time spans, under strong environmental contrasts, and over short ecological gradients, in populations that have been stable in the long term. This suggests that standing genetic variation supports local, microgeographic divergence processes, which can maintain genetic diversity at the landscape level.
Focused ultrasound enables selective actuation and Newton-level force output of untethered soft robots
Authors: Hao Bo , Wang Xin , Dong Yue , Sun Mengmeng , Xin Chen , Yang Haojin , Cao Yanfei , Zhu Jiaqi , Liu Xurui , Zhang Chong , Su Lin , Li Bing , Zhang Li 
Published: June 2024

AbstractUntethered miniature soft robots have significant application potentials in biomedical and industrial fields due to their space accessibility and safe human interaction. However, the lack of selective and forceful actuation is still challenging in revolutionizing and unleashing their versatility. Here, we propose a focused ultrasound-controlled phase transition strategy for achieving millimeter-level spatially selective actuation and Newton-level force of soft robots, which harnesses ultrasound-induced heating to trigger the phase transition inside the robot, enabling powerful actuation through inflation. The millimeter-level spatial resolution empowers single robot to perform multiple tasks according to specific requirements. As a concept-of-demonstration, we designed soft robot for liquid cargo delivery and biopsy robot for tissue acquisition and patching. Additionally, an autonomous control system is integrated with ultrasound imaging to enable automatic acoustic field alignment and control. The proposed method advances the spatiotemporal response capability of untethered miniature soft robots, holding promise for broadening their versatility and adaptability.
Traumatic brain injury promotes neurogenesis at the cost of astrogliogenesis in the adult hippocampus of male mice
Authors: Bielefeld P. , Martirosyan A. , Martín-Suárez S. , Apresyan A. , Meerhoff G. F. , Pestana F. , Poovathingal S. , Reijner N. , Koning W. , Clement R. A. , Van der Veen I. , Toledo E. M. , Polzer O. , Durá I. , Hovhannisyan S. , Nilges B. S. , Bogdoll A. , Kashikar N. D. , Lucassen P. J. , Belgard T. G. , Encinas J. M. , Holt M. G. , Fitzsimons C. P. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractTraumatic brain injury (TBI) can result in long-lasting changes in hippocampal function. The changes induced by TBI on the hippocampus contribute to cognitive deficits. The adult hippocampus harbors neural stem cells (NSCs) that generate neurons (neurogenesis), and astrocytes (astrogliogenesis). While deregulation of hippocampal NSCs and neurogenesis have been observed after TBI, it is not known how TBI may affect hippocampal astrogliogenesis. Using a controlled cortical impact model of TBI in male mice, single cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics, we assessed how TBI affected hippocampal NSCs and the neuronal and astroglial lineages derived from them. We observe an increase in NSC-derived neuronal cells and a concomitant decrease in NSC-derived astrocytic cells, together with changes in gene expression and cell dysplasia within the dentate gyrus. Here, we show that TBI modifies NSC fate to promote neurogenesis at the cost of astrogliogenesis and identify specific cell populations as possible targets to counteract TBI-induced cellular changes in the adult hippocampus.