bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative study on risk factors and early outcome of symptomatic distal versus proximal deep vein thrombosis: Results from the OPTIMEV study
Authors: Sevestre-Pietri Marie-Antoinette , Bosson Jean-Luc , Laroche Jean-Pieere , Righini Marc , Brisot Dominique , Boge Gudrun , van Kien Aaurelie , Gattolliat Olivier , Bettarel-Binon Catherine , Gris Jean-Christophe , Genty Celine , Quere Isabelle , Galanaud Jean-Philippe ,   The OPTIMEV-SFMV Investigators
Published: August 2009

SummaryThere is a lack of consensus on the value of detecting and treating symptomatic isolated distal deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) of the lower limbs. In our study, we compared the risk factors and outcomes in patients with isolated symptomatic distal DVT with those with proximal symptomatic DVT. We analysed the data of patients with objectively confirmed symptomatic isolated DVT enrolled in the national (France), multicenter, prospective OPTIMEV study.This sub-study outcomes were recurrent venous thromboembolism, major bleeding and death at three months. Among the 6141 patients with suspicion of isolated DVT included between November 2004 and January 2006, DVT was confirmed in 1643 patients (26.8%). Isolated distal DVT was more frequent than proximal DVT (56.8% vs. 43.2%, respectively; p=0.01). Isolated distal DVT was significantly more often associated with transient risk factors (recent surgery, recent plaster immobilisation, recent travel), whereas proximal DVT was significantly more associated with more chronic states (active cancer, congestive heart failure or respiratory insufficiency, age >75 years). Most patients (96.8%) with isolated distal DVT received anticoagulant therapies.There was no difference in the percentage of recurrent venous thromboembolism and major bleeding in patients with proximal DVT and isolated distal DVT. However, the mortality rate was significantly higher (p<0.01) in patients with proximal DVT (8.0%) than in those with isolated distal DVT (4.4%). Symptomatic isolated distal DVT differs from symptomatic proximal DVT both in terms of risk factors and clinical outcome. Whether these differences should influence the clinical management of these two events remains to be determined.
Trends in Twentieth-Century U.S. Extreme Snowfall Seasons
Authors: Kunkel Kenneth E. , Palecki Michael A. , Ensor Leslie , Easterling David , Hubbard Kenneth G. , Robinson David , Redmond Kelly 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Temporal variability in the occurrence of the most extreme snowfall years, both those with abundant snowfall amounts and those lacking snowfall, was examined using a set of 440 quality-controlled, homogenous U.S. snowfall records. The frequencies with which winter-centered annual snowfall totals exceeded the 90th and 10th percentile thresholds at individual stations were calculated from 1900–01 to 2006–07 for the conterminous United States, and for 9 standard climate regions. The area-weighted conterminous U.S. results do not show a statistically significant trend in the occurrence of either high or low snowfall years for the 107-yr period, but there are regional trends. Large decreases in the frequency of low-extreme snowfall years in the west north-central and east north-central United States are balanced by large increases in the frequency of low-extreme snowfall years in the Northeast, Southeast, and Northwest. During the latter portion of the period, from 1950–51 to 2006–07, trends are much more consistent, with the United States as a whole and the central and northwest U.S. regions in particular showing significant declines in high-extreme snowfall years, and four regions showing significant increases in the frequency of low-extreme snowfall years (i.e., Northeast, Southeast, south, and Northwest).
In almost all regions of the United States, temperature during November–March is more highly correlated than precipitation to the occurrence of extreme snowfall years. El Niño events are strongly associated with an increase in low-extreme snowfall years over the United States as a whole, and in the northwest, northeast, and central regions. A reduction in low-extreme snowfall years in the Southwest is also associated with El Niño. The impacts of La Niña events are strongest in the south and Southeast, favoring fewer high-extreme snowfall years, and, in the case of the south, more low-extreme snowfall years occur. The Northwest also has a significant reduction in the chance of a low-extreme snowfall year during La Niña. A combination of trends in temperature in the United States and changes in the frequency of ENSO modes influences the frequency of extreme snowfall years in the United States.
A Tracer-Contour Inverse Method for Estimating Ocean Circulation and Mixing
Authors: Zika Jan D. , McDougall Trevor J. , Sloyan Bernadette M. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
A method is developed for estimating the along-isopycnal and vertical mixing coefficients (K and D) and the absolute velocity from time-averaged hydrographic data. The method focuses directly on transports down tracer gradients on isopycnals. When the tracer considered is salinity or an appropriate variable for heat, this downgradient transport constitutes the along-isopycnal component of the thermohaline overturning circulation. In the method, a geostrophic streamfunction is defined that is related on isopycnals by tracer contours and by the thermal wind relationship in the vertical. Volume and tracer conservation constraints are also included. The method is overdetermined and avoids much of the signal-to-noise error associated with differentiating hydrographic data in conventional inverse methods. The method is validated against output of a layered model. It is shown to resolve both K and D, the downgradient isopycnal transport, and the mean flow on isopycnals in the North Pacific and South Atlantic.
Importantly, an understanding is established of both the physics underlying the method and the circumstances necessary for an inverse method to determine the mixing rates and the absolute velocity. If mixing is neglected, the method is the Bernoulli inverse method. At the limit of zero weight on the tracer-contour equations the method is a conventional box inverse method. Comparisons are drawn between each method and their relative merits are discussed. A new closed expression for the absolute velocity is also presented.
Analytical Theory for the Quasi-Steady and Low-Frequency Equatorial Ocean Response to Wind Forcing: The “Tilt” and “Warm Water Volume” Modes
Authors: Clarke Allan J. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Analytical theory is used to examine the linear response of a meridionally unbounded stratified ocean to large-scale, low-frequency wind forcing. The following results, applied mainly to the equatorial Pacific, were obtained.
(i) Provided that the wind stress curl vanishes at large distance from the equator, a general Sverdrup solution is valid in the quasi-steady (frequency ω → 0) limit. The meridionally averaged zonal flow toward the western boundary layer is zero so that there is no net mass flow into the boundary layer and the large-scale boundary condition is therefore satisfied. This solution predicts a zero pycnocline response in the eastern equatorial Pacific. It therefore predicts that, for the eastern equatorial Pacific, a slow weakening of the equatorial trade winds will not lead to long-term El Niño conditions there.
(ii) Consistent with observations and other previous work, for finite but small frequencies there are two modes of equatorial motion. One is a “tilt” mode in which the equatorial sea level and thermocline are tilted by the in-phase zonal wind stress and the other is an equatorial warm water volume (WWV) mode in which the discharge of equatorial warm water (negative WWV anomaly) lags the wind stress forcing by a quarter of a period.
(iii) The amplitude of the WWV mode approaches zero like ω1/2. Therefore, as ω → 0, the equatorial solution reduces to the tilt mode.
(iv) The WWV mode is not due to a dominant meridional divergence driven by the wind, as suggested by some previous work. Meridional and zonal divergence approximately cancel. Reflection of energy at both ocean boundaries together with the strong dependence of long Rossby wave speed on latitude is crucial to the existence of the disequilibrium WWV mode. Because higher-latitude Rossby waves travel so much more slowly, the Rossby waves reflecting from the western ocean boundary are not in phase. This gives rise to a reflected equatorial Kelvin wave and a WWV that is not in phase with the wind stress forcing.
(v) Observations from past work have shown that much low-frequency wave energy, particularly westward propagating Rossby wave energy poleward of about 5°N and 5°S, is damped out before it reaches the western ocean boundary. In this way dissipation likely has a strong influence on the equatorial Kelvin wave reflection and hence the disequilibrium WWV.
Increasing Rates of Psychiatric Publication From Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Large Matthew , Nielssen Olav , Farooq Saeed , Glozier Nick 
Published: August 2009

Objective: The low level of psychiatric research in low- and middle-income (LAMI) countries has been identified as a cause for concern, particularly because the extent of the unmet need for psychiatric treatment in many LAMI countries is not known. The aim of this study was to establish if the worldwide increase in research publication during the last decade included an increase in publication about mental disorders from LAMI countries. Method: We searched PubMed for articles about mental disorder, depression and schizophrenia using the names of LAMI and high-income (HI) countries in the institutional affi liation address (AD) field published during two five-year periods: 1998—2002 and 2003—2007. We then examined the relationship between per capita publications about mental disorder and the independent variables of per capita gross domestic product purchasing power parity (GDP ppp), per capita psychiatric beds, per capita psychiatrists, total population and whether the country had a designated mental health budget. Results: The number of medical research publications per capita, and the number of publications about mental disorder from LAMI countries is low when compared to the rate from HI countries. However, the absolute number of publications from LAMI regions and the proportion of research publications about mental disorder, schizophrenia and depression increased significantly during the decade of the study. There were independent associations between GDP ppp and population size and the rate of publications about mental disorder in LAMI countries. Conclusions: The overall increase in the number of publications about mental disorder in the last decade probably reflects an increase in psychiatric research in LAMI countries. The increase in rates of publication was greatest in middle-income countries with the largest populations.
Stigmatization of Mental Illness Among Nigerian Schoolchildren
Authors: Ronzoni Pablo , Dogra Nisha , Omigbodun Olayinka , Bella Tolulope , Atitola Olayinka 
Published: August 2009

Background: Despite the fact that about 10% of children experience mental health problems, they tend to hold negative views about mental illness. The objective of this study was to investigate the views of Nigerian schoolchildren towards individuals with mental illness or mental health problems. Methods: A cross-sectional design was used. Junior and senior secondary schoolchildren from rural and urban southwest Nigeria were asked: ‘What sorts of words or phrases might you use to describe someone who experiences mental health problems?’ The responses were tabulated, grouped and interpreted by qualitative thematic analysis. Results: Of 164 students, 132 (80.5%) responded to the question. Six major themes emerged from the answers. The most popular descriptions were ‘derogatory terms’ (33%). This was followed by ‘abnormal appearance and behaviour’ (29.6%); ‘don’t know’ answers (13.6%); ‘physical illness and disability’ (13.6%); ‘negative emotional states’ (6.8%); and ‘language and communication difficulties’ (3.4%). Conclusion: The results suggest that, similar to findings elsewhere, stigmatization of mental illness is highly prevalent among Nigerian children. This may be underpinned by lack of knowledge regarding mental health problems and/or fuelled by the media. Educational interventions and encouraging contact with mentally ill persons could play a role in reducing stigma among schoolchildren.
Renal dysfunction in cardiac surgery: identifying potential risk factors
Authors: Barnum JL , Sistino JJ 
Published: August 2009

Aprotinin has been associated with increased renal failure and mortality when used in cardiac surgery. The purpose of this retrospective study was to compare the incidence of renal failure and mortality in our patient population to the published rates, accounting for risk factors associated with renal failure. After IRB approval; using the STS Database and cardiopulmonary bypass pump records, a total of 2292 cardiac patients were identified from January 2004 through June 2008. Forty-nine patients were excluded because they were on renal dialysis preoperatively. There were 1226 coronary artery bypass patients. Patients were separated into groups, according to which antifibrinolytic agent was used. This study included a total of 716 patients, divided into three groups; aprotinin ( n = 436), tranexamic acid ( n = 61), and off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) ( n = 219). Epsilon aminocaproic acid (AMICAR) was given by the anesthesiologist to the majority of the remaining 510 patients and was not recorded on the bypass record. Therefore, patients given AMICAR were not included in this study. Outcomes included renal dialysis after surgery and mortality. Risk factors were identified and compared to patients in a study published by Mangano in the New England Journal of Medicine (N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 353–365). Aprotinin vs. control group showed no significant difference in risk factors for diabetes mellitus, hypertension, creatinine level above 1.3 mg/dl, or low ejection fraction. The percentage of patients requiring renal dialysis and mortality was less in Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) patients than the other published study. Overall, the patients in the MUSC study had greater risk factors for renal failure, with the exception of patients with preoperative serum creatinine of >1.3 mg/dl (8.3 vs. 15.1%). This study does not show the same risk for renal failure associated with aprotinin that has been published elsewhere.
Heat Transfer Considerations for Couette Devices Operating with Electro Structured Fluids
Authors: Smyth R. , Bullough W. A. , Lim L. K. , Makin J. 
Published: August 2009

A numerical solution for the outflow of heat from a cylindrical clutch type of device is used to show the effects of the various significant dimensions, fluid characteristics, and running arrangements for unexcited operation. In the first instance the fluid is considered to be isothermal and in the second the radial temperature distribution across it is calculated. In this second case the average temperature of the film flow is now established and the effect of the various parameters examined with the whole film viscosity taken at this average temperature. Results are verified from experimental data acquired from a single acting clutch using two fluids and speeds.
Numerical Analysis of Asymmetrical-Core Two-Mode Fiber Interferometers Subjected to Bending
Authors: de Almeida SéRgio Frascino Muller , de Oliveira Costa António Marcos , Carrara Sidney Luiz Alessi 
Published: August 2009

A finite element formulation for solving the scalar wave equation is described. The proposed formulation leads to an eigenvalue problem defined in terms of positive definite matrices. Therefore, convergence of the two first eigenvectors/eigenvalues to modes LP01 and LP1, and their correspondent propagation constants is guaranteed. A computer code was written to implement the finite element formulation. The software assembles the matrix eigenvalue problem and solves it either with the sub-space iteration method or the power iteration method. The software also computes the coordinates of the centroid of the modal field distribution of each mode. The finite element model can be used to assess the effects of bending the optical fiber about an arbitrary axis on the guided light. The numerical analysis accounts for the mechanical deformation of the fiber cross section and the variation of the refractive index profile due to all strain components present in pure bending. A comparison of the analyses of light propagation in the fiber under unstrained and strained conditions enables one to estimate the bend sensitivity of a two-mode fiber interferometer. Numerical results confirm experimental observations that a small asymmetry of the core index profile may lead to a significant bend sensitivity of a two-mode fiber interferometer. The present model was used to assess the influence of several parameters on the bend sensitivity of an asymmetrical core two-mode fiber interferometer. The excellent agreement between the numerical and experimental results indicates that this numerical model is a reliable tool to analyze the effect of bending strains in twomode fiber interferometers.
An Adaptive Fuzzy Control Algorithm for Model-Independent Active Vibration Damping of Flexible Beam-Like Structures
Authors: Cohen Kelly , Weller Tanchum , Levitas Joseph , Abramovich Haim 
Published: August 2009

The present study deals with an AFCA (Adaptive Fuzzy Control Algorithm) for an Euler-Bemoulli approximation of a two-dimensional version of a cantilever beam-like orthogonal tetrahedral space truss. Transient disturbances, modeled as a unit impulse, excite all the modes of the beam. The resulting transverse displacement at the free end of the beam and its corresponding rate are observed by sensors placed there, and active control of the beam is provided by a collocated force actuator. A design methodology, based on fuzzy logic which assumes no a priori knowledge of plant dynamics, for the closed-loop control algorithm results in relatively quick settling times, low overshoots and dying out of vibration within a few seconds. The control algorithm is enhanced and made much faster by eliminating the need of repeatedly solving the set of differential equations of motion of an emulated dynamic vibration absorber. When the control force is turned off after a mere 15 seconds, almost all the vibrational energy is dissipated as the beam returns to its undisturbed state throughout its length. In addition, the performance of the AFCA is insensitive to varying initial conditions. To examine the robustness of the control system to changes in the temporal dynamics of the cantilever beam, the transient disturbance response to a considerably perturbed plant is simulated. The Young's modulus of the beam was raised as well as lowered by 60%, substantially perturbing the natural frequencies of vibration compared to the nominal plant. The AFCA provided similar settling times and rates of vibrational energy dissipation, satisfying the aim of plant model independence.
Electrorheological Effect of Reducing the Suspension Viscosity in Laminar Flows below the Viscosity of Anisotropic Dispersive Medium
Authors: Taran E. Yu , Pridatchenko Yu V. , Selezov I. T. , Taran D. E. 
Published: August 2009

Electrorheological features of a dilute suspension in Ericksen anisotropic fluid are analyzed on the basis of rheological constitutive equations obtained in the present paper. It is assumed that suspended particles possess a zero bouyancy and constant dipole moment, the anisotropic dispersive medium of suspension is electrically neutral. As a hydrodynamic model of suspended particles, the uniaxial dumbbell is used. The sizes of suspended particles are assumed to be much more than elements of microstructure which are responsible for anisotropy of dispersive medium. The rheological equations of suspension under consideration are obtained on the basis of the structure-phenomenological approach. The rheological behavior is suspension is investigated in a simple shear flow in the presence of external electric field. It is shown that the suspension behaves itself as anisotropic non-Newtonian fluid. The possibility of reducing the effective viscosity of suspension of laminar shear flows below the value of effective viscosity of anisotropic dispersive medium is predicted theoretically. It takes place at certain orientation of suspension particles of suspension under action of the external stationary electric field and the hydrodynamic forces. The result obtained can be used for studying the suspension in liquid crystals.
Quasistatic Efficiency of a Concentric ER Clutch
Authors: Oravsky V. 
Published: August 2009

An application of electrorheological (ER) fluid in ER clutch is considered. The clutch is embedded in a broader system with a driving machine on one side and a loading machine (brake) on the other. The quasistatic model of the system at a constant load and speed is described and solved in a dimensionless form. Efficiency of ER clutch is determined as the ratio of the output and input powers and consecutively analyzed in the space of model parameters. A special sensitivity analysis for many thousands of combinations of parameters (in their possible ranges) is performed and statistically evaluated. For some combinations of parameters and some arrangements of the system, efficiency can be greater than one due to additional energy originating from ER fluid. In such cases, more refined energy balance and definition of efficiency are needed.
Magnetorheological Fluid-Based Seal
Authors: Kordonski W. I. , Gorodkin S. R. 
Published: August 2009

The present experimental work has been done to study the characteristics of the simplest one-step magnetofluid seal (MFS) of the rotary shaft in which the MR fluid (MRF) serves as a sealing medium. The experiments show that the characteristics of the MRF-based seal differ very much from those of the ferrofluid (FF)-based one. In the static regime (stationary shaft), all other things being equal, the MRF holds an approximately three-fold pressure drop. The distinguishing feature of the functioning of such a seal is revealed and lies both in sharply elevating the pressure drop in the dynamic regime (rotary shaft) as against the static one and in having a maximum on the dependence of the pressure drop on the shaft rotation speed. In this regime, the MRF efficiency grows almost by the order of magnitude. However, the seal under study has an increased friction torque due to the growth of the shear stress of the MRF volume subject to shearing in the magnetic field.