bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Luminal and mucosal-associated intestinal microbiota in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Carroll Ian M , Chang Young-Hyo , Park Jiwon , Sartor R Balfour , Ringel Yehuda 
Published: December 2010

Abstract

Background
Recent studies have suggested a role for an altered intestinal microbiota in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, no consensus has been reached regarding the association between specific enteric bacterial groups and IBS. The aim of this study was to investigate the fecal and mucosal-associated microbiota using two independent techniques in intestinal samples from diarrhea-predominant IBS (D-IBS) and healthy controls.

Methods
Fecal and colonic mucosal biopsy samples were obtained from 10 D-IBS patients and 10 healthy controls. Colonic tissue was collected during a un-sedated un-prepped flexible sigmoidoscopy. Fecal and tissue samples were processed immediately upon collection for culture under aerobic and anaerobic conditions or frozen for further molecular analysis. DNA was extracted from all frozen samples and used to enumerate specific bacterial groups using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR).

Results
Culture analysis of intestinal samples demonstrated a significant reduction in the concentration of aerobic bacteria in fecal samples from D-IBS patients when compared to healthy controls (1.4 × 107 vs. 8.4 × 108 CFUs/g feces, P = 0.002). qPCR analysis demonstrated a significant 3.6 fold increase (P = 0.02) in concentrations of fecal Lactobacillus species between D-IBS patients and healthy controls.

Conclusions
Our culture and molecular data indicate that quantitative differences exist in specific bacterial groups in the microbiota between D-IBS and healthy subjects.
Experiences of women who have lost young children to AIDS in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa: a qualitative study
Authors: Demmer Craig 
Published: December 2010

BackgroundAIDS continues to be the leading cause of death in South Africa. Little is known about the experiences of mothers who have lost a young child to AIDS. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the attitudes and experiences of women who had lost a young child to HIV/AIDS in KwaZulu‐Natal Province, South Africa.MethodsIn‐depth interviews were conducted with 10 women who had lost a child to AIDS. The average age of the deceased children was six years. Interviews were also conducted with 12 key informants to obtain their perspectives on working with women who had lost a child to AIDS. A thematic analysis of the transcripts was performed.ResultsIn addition to the pain of losing a child, the women in this study had to endure multiple stresses within a harsh and sometimes hostile environment. Confronted with pervasive stigma and extreme poverty, they had few people they could rely on during their child's sickness and death. They were forced to keep their emotions to themselves since they were not likely to obtain much support from family members or people in the community. Throughout the period of caring for a sick child and watching the child die, they were essentially alone. The demands of caring for their child and subsequent grief, together with daily subsistence worries, took its toll. Key informants struggled to address the needs of these women due to several factors, including scarce resources, lack of training around bereavement issues, reluctance by people in the community to seek help with emotional issues, and poverty.ConclusionsThe present study offers one of the first perspectives on the experiences of mothers who have lost a young child to AIDS. Interventions that are tailored to the local context and address bereavement issues, as well as other issues that affect the daily lives of these mothers, are urgently needed. Further studies are needed to identify factors that promote resilience among these women.
Adiponectin Increases LPL Activity via RhoA/ROCK-Mediated Actin Remodelling in Adult Rat Cardiomyocytes
Authors: Ganguly Riya , Schram Kristin , Fang Xiangping , Kim Minsuk , Rodrigues Brian , Thong Farah S. L. , Sweeney Gary 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Cardiomyocyte substrate utilization is important in maintaining optimal cardiac function. Adiponectin has been shown to confer cardioprotective effects in part via regulating glucose and fatty acid uptake and oxidation in cardiomyocytes. Here we investigated mechanisms whereby adiponectin mediates a particular metabolic effect by focusing on lipoprotein lipase (LPL), an enzyme that increases free fatty acid availability to the heart by breakdown of chylomicrons and very-low-density lipoproteins in circulation. We used primary adult rat cardiomyocytes and demonstrate that adiponectin increased LPL translocation to the cell surface where it could be released at least partly in its active form, as evidenced by measuring basal and heparin-releasable LPL activity. Furthermore, these effects of adiponectin were mediated via remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. We quantitatively assessed the filamentous to globular actin ratio and show that increased stress fiber formation, visualized by rhodamine-phalloidin immunofluorescence, in response to adiponectin, is achieved via stimulating Ras homolog gene family A (RhoA) activity, determined using G-LISA™ RhoA activation assay kit. We also demonstrate that adiponectin induces phosphorylation and inhibition of cofilin, leading to a reduction in actin treadmilling. Increased cofilin phosphorylation and stress fiber formation in response to adiponectin were prevented by inhibition of either RhoA or its downstream kinase Rho-associated protein kinase. Importantly, inhibition of cytoskeletal remodeling prevented adiponectin-stimulated plasma membrane LPL content detected by immunofluorescence and also subsequent LPL activity. In summary, we show that adiponectin mediates actin cytoskeleton remodeling to translocate LPL and allow subsequent activation.
Mechanism and Effects of Glucose Absorption during an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test Among Females and Males
Authors: Anderwald Christian , Gastaldelli Amalia , Tura Andrea , Krebs Michael , Promintzer-Schifferl Miriam , Kautzky-Willer Alexandra , Stadler Marietta , DeFronzo Ralph A. , Pacini Giovanni , Bischof Martin G. 
Published: December 2010

abstractBackground:Several epidemiological studies revealed sex-specific differences during oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs), such as higher prevalence of glucose intolerance (i.e. increased glucose at the end of the OGTT) in females, which was not yet explained. Thus, we aimed to analyze sex-related distinctions on OGTT glucose metabolism, including gut absorption, in healthy humans.Methods:Females (n = 48) and males (n = 26) with comparable age (females, 45 ± 1 yr; males, 44 ± 2 yr) and body mass index (both, 25 ± 1 kg/m2) but different height (females, 166 ± 1 cm; males, 180 ± 2 cm; P &lt; 0.000001), all normally glucose tolerant, as tested by frequently sampled, 3-h (75-g) OGTTs, underwent hyperinsulinemic [40 mU/(min · m2)] isoglycemic clamp tests with simultaneous measurement of endogenous glucose (d-[6,6-2H2]glucose) production (EGP). EGP and glucose disappearance during OGTT were calculated from logarithmic relationships with clamp test insulin concentrations. After reliable model validation by double-tracer technique (r = 0.732; P &lt; 0.007), we calculated and modeled gut glucose absorption (ABS).Results:Females showed lower (P &lt; 0.05) fasting EGP [1.4 ± 0.1 mg/(kg · min)] than males [1.7 ± 0.1 mg/(kg · min)] but comparable whole-body insulin sensitivity in clamp tests [females, 8.1 ± 0.4 mg/(kg · min); males, 8.3 ± 0.6 mg/(kg · min)]. Plasma glucose OGTT concentrations were higher (P &lt; 0.04) from 30–40 min in males but from 120–180 min in females. Glucose absorption rates were 21–46% increased in the initial 40 min in males but in females by 27–40% in the third hour (P &lt; 0.05). Gut glucose half-life was markedly higher in females (79 ± 2 min) than in males (65 ± 3 min, P &lt; 0.0001) and negatively related to body height (r = −0.481; P &lt; 0.0001).Conclusions:This study in healthy, glucose-tolerant humans shows for the first time different ABS rates during OGTT in women and men and a negative relationship between body height and gut glucose half-life. Prolonged ABS in females might therefore contribute to higher plasma glucose concentrations at the end of OGTT.
Effect of Endocrine Therapies on Bone in Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Santen R. J. 
Published: December 2010

abstract

Context:
Two common strategies are used to treat estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer in women: tamoxifen to inhibit estrogen action, and aromatase inhibitors (AIs) to block estrogen biosynthesis. Recent data suggest that AIs are more effective than tamoxifen in the adjuvant and advanced disease settings and are now being more commonly used. Tamoxifen, as a selective estrogen receptor modulator, exerts estrogenic effects to preserve bone, whereas the AIs profoundly lower estrogen levels and cause bone loss. Recent comparative studies of these agents provide extensive data on fracture rates, bone mineral density, and markers of bone formation and resorption.

Objective:
The aim of the study was to review the mechanistic effects of estrogen on bone and clinical data regarding bone density, bone turnover markers, and fracture rates in women with breast cancer taking tamoxifen or AIs.

Evidence Acquisition and Synthesis:
Data presented reflect a review of the literature and data integration from the perspective of the author's knowledge of the field.

Results:
Tamoxifen increases bone density and reduces fractures in postmenopausal women with breast cancer, whereas AIs increase rate of fracture, accelerate loss of bone mineral density, and enhance levels of markers of bone formation and resorption. Bisphosphonates and denosumab counteract the effects of the AIs on bone. Guidelines for management of AI-induced bone loss are available from several sources, but a simple algorithm guides decision making most effectively.

Conclusions:
Endocrine therapy for postmenopausal women with breast cancer exerts substantial effects on bone, and guidelines are available to assist in the management of bone-related problems.
Clinical and Molecular Evaluation of SHOX/PAR1 Duplications in Léri-Weill Dyschondrosteosis (LWD) and Idiopathic Short Stature (ISS)
Authors: Benito-Sanz S. , Barroso E. , Heine-Suñer D. , Hisado-Oliva A. , Romanelli V. , Rosell J. , Aragones A. , Caimari M. , Argente J. , Ross J. L. , Zinn A. R. , Gracia R. , Lapunzina P. , Campos-Barros A. , Heath K. E. 
Published: December 2010

abstract

Context:
Léri-Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD) is a skeletal dysplasia characterized by disproportionate short stature and the Madelung deformity of the forearm. SHOX mutations and pseudoautosomal region 1 deletions encompassing SHOX or its enhancers have been identified in approximately 60% of LWD and approximately 15% of idiopathic short stature (ISS) individuals. Recently SHOX duplications have been described in LWD/ISS but also in individuals with other clinical manifestations, thus questioning their pathogenicity.

Objective:
The objective of the study was to investigate the pathogenicity of SHOX duplications in LWD and ISS.

Design and Methods:
Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification is routinely used in our unit to analyze for SHOX/pseudoautosomal region 1 copy number changes in LWD/ISS referrals. Quantitative PCR, microsatellite marker, and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis were undertaken to confirm all identified duplications.

Results:
During the routine analysis of 122 LWD and 613 ISS referrals, a total of four complete and 10 partial SHOX duplications or multiple copy number (n &gt; 3) as well as one duplication of the SHOX 5′ flanking region were identified in nine LWD and six ISS cases. Partial SHOX duplications appeared to have a more deleterious effect on skeletal dysplasia and height gain than complete SHOX duplications. Importantly, no increase in SHOX copy number was identified in 340 individuals with normal stature or 104 overgrowth referrals.

Conclusion:
MLPA analysis of SHOX/PAR1 led to the identification of partial and complete SHOX duplications or multiple copies associated with LWD or ISS, suggesting that they may represent an additional class of mutations implicated in the molecular etiology of these clinical entities.
A Simple Fluorescent Chemosensor for Mg2+ Based on C=N Isomerization with Highly Selectivity and Sensitivity
Authors: Liu Zhaodi , Xu Huajie , Song Chongfu , Huang Deqian , Sheng Liangquan , Shi Ronghua 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
A simple fluorescent chemosensor based on naphthalene has been prepared. It was shown to be selective for Mg2+ in acetonitrile based on C=N isomerization. The free ligand showed quite weak fluorescence emission due to the isomerization of C=N double bond in the excited state, however, after addition of Mg2+, fluorescence emission results in a prominent fluorescence enhancement.
Sex steroids and breast cancer metastasis
Authors: Fu Xiao-Dong , Russo Eleonora , Zullino Sara , Genazzani Andrea R. , Simoncini Tommaso 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Sex steroids, particularly estrogen and progesterone, promote normal breast tissue growth and differentiation. Prolonged exposure of estrogen and/or progesterone is considered a risk factor for breast cancer carcinogenesis, and the effects of sex steroids on breast cancer metastasis are controversial. Emerging evidence indicates that sex steroids regulate breast cancer metastatic processes via nongenomic and genomic mechanisms. Through the regulation of actin-binding proteins estrogen and progesterone rapidly provoke actin cytoskeleton reorganization in breast cancer cells, leading to formation of membrane structures facilitating breast cancer cell migration and invasion. In addition, steroid receptors interact and trans-activate receptor tyrosine kinases (including epidermal growth factor receptor and insulin-like growth factor receptor), resulting in growth factor-like effects that promote cancer cell invasive behavior. Moreover, sex steroids regulate the expression of metastasis-associated molecules, such as E-cadherin, matrix metalloproteinases, growth factors, chemokines and their receptors, leading to epithelial-to-mesenchymal-like transition. However, there is also evidence that sex steroids and their receptors protect against breast cancer cell invasiveness through distinct mechanisms. Here, we present an overview of the currently identified actions of sex steroids on breast cancer metastasis and their potential clinical implications.
Structure, twinning, and ferroelasticity of bis(tetramethylammonium) hexafluorotitanate(IV), (TMA)2[TiF6]
Authors: Göbel Ole F. , van Hummel Gerrit J. , ten Elshof Johan E. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The structure of (TMA)2[TiF6] was determined to be rhombohedral (pseudo-cubic) at room temperature and has been refined to wR = 7.6%. It is isostructural with (TMA)2[OsF6]. Crystals grown from aqueous solution have pseudo-octahedron and pseudo-cube faces and exhibit twinning along pseudo-cubic {110} and {100} planes. Ferroelastic switching of the lattice orientation of a single crystal has been achieved by application of shear stress.
In situ X-ray diffraction investigations of a multiphase inclusion in a diamond from the Juina district, Brazil
Authors: Joswig Werner 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
An inclusion in a diamond from the Juina area, Brazil was investigated in situ by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. It consists of six different phases: garnet, orthopyroxene and four individuals of diopsidic clinopyroxene. The application of the ALIGN-program helped to obtain accurate crystallographic data sets.
Synthesis and crystal structure of N-butyl-5-(4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine and 5-isoquinolin-3-yl-N-(2-methylphenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine
Authors: Wawrzycka-Gorczyca Irena , Siwek Agata , Kosikowska Urszula , Malm Anna 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The synthesis, characterization, and X-ray crystal structure of two new compounds were determined: N-butyl-5-(4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine (1) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 5.222(1), b = 15.010(3), c = 15.343(3) Å, β = 93.30(3)°, Z = 4 and 5-isoquinolin-3-yl-N-(2-methylphenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine (2) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 7.455(2), b = 17.113(5), c = 12.199(3) Å, β = 94.68(2)°, Z = 4. In both structures, intermolecular N—H···N hydrogen bonds link two neighbouring molecules into a centrosymmetric R2
2(8) dimer.
Talpi lágyrész-hiány pótlása ALT lebennyel
Authors: Kovács István , Lóderer Zoltán , Bognár Gábor , Jánó Zoltán , Németh Róbert , Bognár Gábor , Nagy Attila 
Published: December 2010

Absztrakt
A talpi lágyrész-hiány gyakran komoly kihívást jelentő probléma. Bemutatott esetünk kapcsán a helyreállítás gyakoribb lehetőségeit tekintjük át, és egy jól alkalmazható, megbízható lehetőségre szeretnénk felhívni a figyelmet. ALT (antero-lateral thigh) lebenynek a talpra történő szabad átültetésével a mechanikai igénybevételt jól tűrő pótlásra nyílik lehetőség.
Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Tumors of the Pancreas: Biology, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Authors: Grützmann Robert , Niedergethmann Marco , Pilarsky Christian , Klöppel Günter , Saeger Hans D. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) rank among the most common cystic tumors of the pancreas. For a long time they were misdiagnosed as mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, ductal adenocarcinoma in situ, or chronic pancreatitis. Only in recent years have IPMNs been fully recognized as clinical and pathological entities, although their origin and molecular pathogenesis remain poorly understood. IPMNs are precursors of invasive carcinomas. When resected in a preinvasive state patient prognosis is excellent, and even when they are already invasive, patient prognosis is more favorable than with ductal adenocarcinomas. Subdivision into macroscopic and microscopic subtypes facilitates further patient risk stratification and directly impacts treatment. There are main duct and branch duct IPMNs, with the main duct type including the intestinal, pancreatobiliary, and oncocytic types and the branch duct type solely harboring the gastric type. Whereas main duct IPMNs have a high risk for malignant progression, demanding their resection, branch duct IPMNs have a much lower risk for harboring malignancy. Patients with small branch duct/gastric-type IPMNs (&lt;2 cm) without symptoms or mural nodules can be managed by periodic surveillance.
Anomalies of geomagnetic field due to a vertical prolate rotational ellipsoid
Authors: Hvoždara Milan , Vozár Ján 
Published: December 2010

Anomalies of geomagnetic field due to a vertical prolate rotational ellipsoid
We present an exact analytical solution of the forward magnetometric problem for the perturbing body having the shape of the rotational prolate ellipsoid with the longer axis oriented vertically to the surface of the earth. The anomaly of ΔZ and ΔT is calculated for the network of points in the plane z = const above the ellipsoid, as well as for the points on the surfaces of the volcanic hill: i) the cut cone, ii) the smooth shape given by the rotation of the Gaussian curve. Theoretical results can be useful for the interpretation of land or aeromagnetic survey in the volcanic areas.
Benthic foraminifera in Hornsund, Svalbard: Implications for paleoenvironmental reconstructions
Authors: Zajączkowski Marek , Szczuciński Witold , Plessen Birgit , Jernas Patrycja 
Published: December 2010

Benthic foraminifera in Hornsund, Svalbard: Implications for paleoenvironmental reconstructions
Modern hydrology of a typical Arctic fjord (Hornsund, SW Spitsbergen, Svalbard) was investigated and compared with commonly used in paleoceanography proxies: benthic foraminiferal assemblages and their stable isotope (Δ18O and Δ13C) composition. The benthic foraminifera from Hornsund comprised 45 species and 28 genera. Their spatial variations follow the zonation pattern, resulting from the influence of Atlantic water at the fjord mouth and glacial meltwaters at the fjord head. At the mouth of the fjord, the total number of species and the contribution of agglutinating species were the highest. In the inner part of fjord, the foraminiferal faunas were poor in species and individuals, and agglutinating species were absent. "Living" (stained) foraminifera were found to be common throughout the short sediment cores (~10 cm long) studied. The stable isotope values of Δ18O and Δ13C were measured on tests of four species: Elphidium excavatum forma clavata, Cassidulina reniforme, Nonionellina labradorica and Cibicides lobatulus. The results confirmed the importance of species-specific vital effects, particularly in the case of C. lobatulus. The variability in the isotopic composition measured on different individuals within a single sample are comparable to isotopic composition of the same species test between sampling stations. The temperatures and bottom water salinities calculated from Δ18O values in different foraminifera tests mirrored those recorded for bottom waters in the central and outer fjords relatively well. However, in the case of the inner fjord, where winter-cooled bottom waters were present, the calculated values from Δ18O were systematically higher by about 2°C. The obtained results imply that particular caution must be taken in interpretation of fjord benthic foraminifera assemblages in high resolution studies and in selection of material for isotope analyses and their interpretation in cores from inner fjords or silled fjords, where winter-cooled waters may be present.
Neonatal FcR Overexpression Boosts Humoral Immune Response in Transgenic Mice
Authors: Cervenak Judit , Bender Balázs , Schneider Zita , Magna Melinda , Carstea Bogdan Valer , Liliom Károly , Erdei Anna , Bősze Zsuzsanna , Kacskovics Imre 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The neonatal FcR (FcRn) regulates IgG and albumin homeostasis, mediates maternal IgG transport, takes active part in phagocytosis, and delivers Ag for presentation. We have previously shown that overexpression of FcRn in transgenic (Tg) mice extends the half-life of mouse IgG by reducing its clearance. In this paper, we demonstrate that immunization of these mice with OVA and trinitrophenyl-conjugated human IgG results in a 3- to 10-fold increase of Ag-specific IgM and IgG in serum. The IgM increase was unexpected because FcRn does not bind IgM. Our results showed that the affinity of the Ag-specific IgG was at least as good in Tg mice as in the wild-type (wt) controls, implying appropriate affinity maturation in both groups. Influenza vaccination produced a 2-fold increase in the amount of virus-specific Ab in Tg animals, which proved twice as efficient in a hemagglutination inhibition assay as was the case in wt controls. After immunization, Tg mice displayed significantly larger spleens containing a higher number of Ag-specific B cells and plasma cells, as well as many more granulocytes and dendritic cells, analyzed by ELISPOT and flow cytometric studies. The neutrophils from these Tg mice expressed the Tg FcRn and phagocytosed IgG immune complexes more efficiently than did those from wt mice. These results show that FcRn overexpression not only extends the IgG half-life but also enhances the expansion of Ag-specific B cells and plasma cells. Although both effects increase the level of Ag-specific IgG, the increase in immune response and IgG production seems to be more prominent compared with the reduced IgG clearance.