bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does the Patterned View Avoid the Ideal Worlds Objection?
Authors: Rumbold Benedict 
Published: April 2024

AbstractCan we formulate a moral theory that captures the moral significance of patterns of group behaviour we cannot affect through our own action while at the same time avoiding the so-called ‘Ideal Worlds’ objection? In a recent article, Caleb Perl has argued that we can. Specifically, Perl claims that one view that does so is his Patterned View: roughly, you ought to act only in accordance with that set of sufficiently general rules that has optimal moral value (Perl 2021: 98). The Patterned View undoubtedly constitutes a welcome contribution to our existing set of moral theories. However, does it avoid the Ideal Worlds objection? In this article, I argue ‘no’.
Central limit theorem for components in meandric systems through high moments
Authors: Janson Svante , Thévenin Paul 
Published: April 2024

AbstractWe investigate here the behaviour of a large typical meandric system, proving a central limit theorem for the number of components of a given shape. Our main tool is a theorem of Gao and Wormald that allows us to deduce a central limit theorem from the asymptotics of large moments of our quantities of interest.
Sex Matters
Authors: Vitro Callie , Carter Talisa J. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractResearch finds that individuals of dark complexions are more likely to face prejudice or be discriminated against in a variety of contexts. Referred to as colorism, skin-tone-based discrimination has major implications for various life outcomes. Research on social interactions suggests that lighter skin tones are associated with a higher level of physical attractiveness, which is of particular interest for this study. This study uses quantitative survey data collected from undergraduate and graduate students from across the United States to explore the relationship between colorism, gender, and perceived physical attraction via a modified version of Harvey, Tennial, and Bank’s In-Group Colorism Scale (ICS). Analyses measured the relationship between a participant’s own skin tone, which was self-assessed via comparison to images modeled after make-up swatches, and results on a subscale of the ICS which measures attraction to lighter skin tones. Our results suggest that gender has a significant impact on perceived physical attractiveness, with male-identifying participants placing more weight on the significance of skin tone when determining physical attraction. Implications for future research and translational implications are also discussed.
Brown Carbon From Biomass Burning Reinforces the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau Warming
Authors: Zhu Chong‐Shu , Qu Yao , Huang Hong , Shi Ju‐Lian , Dai Wen‐Ting , Zhang Ning‐Ning , Wang Nan , Wang Lu‐Yao , Ji Sha‐Sha , Cao Jun‐Ji 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau (the HTP), referred to as “the third pole” with an excessive warming rate, exerts strong impacts on the global environment. As one of warming contributors, atmospheric brown carbon (BrC) remains limited scientific understanding in the HTP due to a scarcity of observations. In this study, we present a study of the light‐absorbing properties of methanol‐soluble brown carbon (MeS‐BrC) and water‐soluble brown carbon (WS‐BrC) during 2018–2021. Highly spatiotemporal variations of BrC light absorptions were observed. In the HTP marginal area, elevated BrC absorption coefficients at 365 nm (babs,365) and levoglucosan concentrations were obtained, and MeS‐BrC exhibits approximately 1.3–1.8 times higher absorption compared to WS‐BrC. We determined that BrC light absorptions was largely attributed to biomass burning (29%–35%). BrC can act as a potent warming agent in the HTP marginal area, with high direct solar absorption (25%–47% relative to black carbon).
Quantitative Analysis of Electron Heating and Acceleration in Coalescing Magnetic Flux Ropes at Earth's Magnetopause
Authors: Ma Wenqing , Zhou Meng , Zhong Zhihong , Deng Xiaohua 
Published: April 2024

AbstractCoalescence of magnetic flux ropes (MFRs) is suggested as a crucial mechanism for electron acceleration in various astrophysical plasma systems. However, how electrons are being accelerated/heated via MFR coalescence is not fully understood. In this paper, we quantitatively analyze electron heating and acceleration during the coalescence of three MFRs at Earth's magnetopause using in‐situ Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) observations. We find that suprathermal electrons are enhanced in the coalescing MFRs than those in the ambient magnetosheath and non‐coalescing MFRs. Both first‐order Fermi and E|| acceleration were responsible for this electron acceleration, while the overall effect of betatron process cooled the electrons. The most intense Fermi acceleration was observed in the trailing part of the middle MFR, while E|| acceleration occurred primarily at the reconnection sites between the coalescing MFRs. For non‐coalescing MFRs, the dominant mechanism for energizing electrons is the E|| acceleration. Our results further consolidate the important role of MFR coalescence in electron heating/acceleration in space plasma.
Long Period Rayleigh Wave Focal Spot Imaging Applied to USArray Data
Authors: Tsarsitalidou C. , Hillers G. , Giammarinaro B. , Boué P. , Stehly L. , Campillo M. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractWe demonstrate the effectiveness of seismic dense array surface wave focal spot imaging using USArray data from the western‐central United States. We study dispersion in the 60–310 s period range and assess the image quality of fundamental mode Rayleigh wave phase velocity maps. We apply isotropic spatial autocorrelation models to the time domain zero lag noise correlation wavefield data at distances of about one wavelength. Local estimates of the phase velocity, its uncertainty, and the regression quality imply overall better ZZ relative to ZR or RZ results. The extension of the depth resolution compared to passive surface wave tomography is demonstrated by the inversion of three clustered dispersion curves from different tectonic units. We observe anisotropic surface wave energy flux and the influence of body wave energy, but sensitivity tests at 60 s targeting the data range, correlation component, and processing choices show that the ZZ focal spots yield consistent high‐quality images compared to regional tomography results in the 60–150 s period range. In contrast, at 200–300 s the comparatively small scales of the imaged structures and the imperfect agreement with low‐resolution global tomography results highlight the persistent challenge to reconcile imaging results based on different data sources, theories, and techniques. Our study shows that surface wave focal spot imaging is an accurate, robust, local imaging approach. Better control over clean autocorrelation fields can further improve applications of this seismic imaging tool for increased resolution of the elastic structure below dense seismic arrays.
Effect of Target Layering in Gravity‐Dominated Cratering in Nature, Experiments, and Numerical Simulations
Authors: Ormö J. , Raducan S. D. , Housen K. R. , Wünnemann K. , Collins G. S. , Rossi A. P. , Melero‐Asensio I. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractImpacts into layered targets may generate “concentric craters” where a wider outer crater in the top layer surrounds a smaller, nested crater in the basement, which itself may be complex or simple. The influence of target on cratering depends on the ratio of target strength to lithostatic stress, which, in turn, is affected by gravity, target density, and crater diameter. When this ratio is large, the crater size is primarily determined by target strength, whereas gravitational forces dominate when the ratio is small. In two‐layer targets, strength may dominate in one or both layers, whereby the outer crater develops in the weaker top layer and the nested crater in the stronger substrate. However, large natural craters that should be gravity‐dominated in both cover strata and substrate may be concentric, the reasons for which are not yet fully understood. We performed qualitative impact experiments at 10–502 G and 1.8 km/s with the Boeing Corp. Hypervelocity centrifuge gun, and at 1 G and 0.4 km/s with the CAB CSIC‐INTA gas gun into layered sand targets of different compositions and grain densities but similar granulometry to analyze gravity‐dominated cratering. The results are compared with iSALE‐2D numerical simulations and natural craters on Earth and Mars. We show that target layering also affects the excavation process and concentric crater formation in gravity‐dominated impacts. The most important factors are the density and internal friction of each target layer, respectively. We propose that this is also valid for natural craters of sizes that should make their formation gravity‐dominated.
Spherical‐Harmonic Distribution Analysis of Coronae in Relation to Volcanic Features on Venus
Authors: Tucker Wesley S. , Dombard Andrew J. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractVenus boasts an abundance of volcanoes and volcano‐like structures. Synthetic aperture radar images of the surface have revealed extensive evidence of volcanism, including lava flows and edifices. Volcanic activity is further supported by crater statistics, and analysis of topography and gravity data. Unique to Venus, coronae are quasi‐circular volcano‐tectonic features exhibiting diverse volcanic characteristics. Despite this, volcanism is often under‐represented in formation models. We identify a new subset of coronae that display topographic changes subsequent to the emplacement of lava flows within their fracture annuli, pointing to the critical role of volcanic and magmatic processes in the formation of these coronae. Through spherical‐harmonic distribution analysis, we find that this new subset is spatially related to the full coronae database, pointing to an intrinsic process of coronae formation. Furthermore, coronae exhibit strong correlations and similar spectral shapes at low spherical harmonic degrees with large volcanoes, suggesting a shared geodynamic origin. Our findings underscore the pivotal role of volcanism in coronae formation and highlight the need for future research to integrate magmatic and volcanic processes more comprehensively into geophysical models. Such models would better capture the complex interactions between volcanic emplacement, magmatic activity, and lithospheric dynamics on Venus.
Predictive Models for Detrital Titanite Provenance With Application to the Nanga Parbat—Haramosh Syntaxial Massif, Western Himalaya
Authors: O’Sullivan Gary , Scibiorski Elisabeth , Mark Chris 
Published: April 2024

AbstractTitanite is a versatile recorder of crystallization age, temperature, and host lithology, via the U–Pb system, the Zr‐in‐Ttn thermometer, and elemental composition, respectively. The paragenesis of titanite renders it especially useful for tracing detritus derived from lithologies that are infertile for the commonly used detrital zircon U‐Pb chronometer, such as sub‐anatectic metamorphism of calc‐silicates. Despite these advantages, detrital titanite analysis is underemployed, in part because the U–Pb system in titanite is often complicated by the incorporation of both inherited radiogenic Pb from precursor minerals during metamorphic reactions, and also bulk crustal common‐Pb. Recent systematic analyses of large titanite compositional data sets from diverse source rocks have revealed that the elemental composition of titanite is provenance‐specific. Here, we apply a workflow that incorporates a machine‐learning classifier to a large and representative compositional database for titanite, encompassing >11,000 analyses, with c. 6,700 points passed to our model. Only medians of the subcompositions for 205 rocks are used for our model. We reliably discriminate (>90%) between metamorphic and igneous titanite. Application of this classifier to a detrital case study from the Nanga Parbat‐Haramosh syntaxial massif of the western Himalaya reveals that titanite of different compositions formed during different orogenic events. Furthermore, titanite with significant common Pb solely derives from medium/low grade metasedimentary rocks. The method described here offers a pathway to increase the specificity of the provenance information derived from titanite; however, the published corpus of titanite data will have to be much larger before multi‐class source‐rock discrimination can be achieved reliably.
D‐CDA: A Denoise and Change Detection Approach for Flood Disaster Location From SAR Images
Authors: Xie Runbo , Yang Guang , Zhang Yuping , Han Dongzhe , Huang Meng , Liu Shuai , Lu Wangze 
Published: April 2024

AbstractFloods are among the most devastating natural disasters worldwide. Such disasters are often accompanied by strong precipitation and other weather factors, making it more difficult to identify affected areas. Moreover, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) technology can capture images in a 24‐hr window and penetrate clouds and fog. Change detection (CD) technology based on SAR images is generally utilized to locate disaster‐stricken areas by analyzing the differences between pre‐ and post‐disaster images. However, this method faces two main challenges: the presence of speckle noise, which reduces the difference detection accuracy, and the lack of a suitable SAR data set for flood disaster CD. Therefore, this study proposes a novel two‐stage approach for locating flood disaster areas, known as the denoising‐change detection approach (D‐CDA). The first stage comprises a nine‐layer denoising network with an encoder‐decoder structure known as the SAR denoising network (SDNet). It utilizes a multiresidual block and a parallel convolutional block attention module to extract features during the encoding process to suppress the noise component. In the second stage, a novel convolution neural network is proposed to detect the changes between bitemporal SAR images, namely, the coordinate attention fused network, which combines the siamese network and UNet++ as the backbone, and fuses coordinate attention modules to enhance the change features. Moreover, a CD data set (Zhengzhou flood data set) was constructed using Sentinel‐1 SAR images based on the 2021 flood disaster in Zhengzhou, China. Simulations verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The experimental results indicate that D‐CDA achieves favorable detection performance in locating flood disaster areas.
The Geodynamic Significance of Continental UHP Exhumation: New Constraints From the Tso Morari Complex, NW Himalaya
Authors: Bidgood Anna K. , Parsons Andrew J. , Roberts Nick M. W. , Waters Dave , Tapster Simon , Gopon Phillip 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe burial and exhumation of continental crust to and from ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) is an important orogenic process, often interpreted with respect to the onset and/or subduction dynamics of continent‐continent collision. Here, we investigate the timing and significance of UHP metamorphism and exhumation of the Tso Morari complex, North‐West Himalaya. We present new petrochronological analyses of mafic eclogites and their host‐rock gneisses, combining U‐Pb zircon, rutile and xenotime geochronology (high‐precision CA‐ID‐TIMS and high‐spatial resolution LA‐ICP‐MS), garnet element maps, and petrographic observations. Zircon from mafic eclogite have a CA‐ID‐TIMS age of 46.91 ± 0.07 Ma, with REE profiles indicative of growth at eclogite facies conditions. Those ages overlap with zircon rim ages (48.9 ± 1.2 Ma, LA‐ICP‐MS) and xenotime ages (47.4 ± 1.4 Ma; LA‐ICP‐MS) from the hosting Puga gneiss, which grew during breakdown of UHP garnet rims. We argue that peak zircon growth at 47–46 Ma corresponds to the onset of exhumation from UHP conditions. Subsequent exhumation through the rutile closure temperature, is constrained by new dates of 40.4 ± 1.7 and 36.3 ± 3.8 Ma (LA‐ICP‐MS). Overlapping ages from Kaghan imply a coeval time‐frame for the onset of UHP exhumation across the NW Himalaya. Furthermore, our regional synthesis demonstrates a causative link between changes in the subduction dynamics of the India‐Asia collision zone at 47–46 Ma and the resulting mid‐Eocene plate network reorganization. The onset of UHP exhumation therefore provides a tightly constrained time‐stamp significant geodynamic shifts within the orogen and wider plate network.
Unveiling Energetic Particle Dynamics in the Near‐Earth Environment From CubeSat Missions
Authors: Li Xinlin 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe discovery of the Van Allen radiation belts marked a prominent milestone in space physics. Recent advances, through the measurements of two CubeSat missions, have shed new light on the dynamics of energetic particles in the near‐Earth environment. Measurements from CSSWE, a student‐led mission, revealed that the decay of low‐energy neutrons, associated with cosmic rays impacting the atmosphere, is the primary source of relativistic electrons at the inner edge of the inner belt (Li et al., Nature, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature2464). Recently CIRBE captured striking details of energetic electron dynamics (Li et al., GRL, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023gl107521), further demonstrating high‐quality science achievable with CubeSat missions.
Even‐Order Harmonic Distortion Observations During Multiple Geomagnetic Disturbances: Investigation From New Zealand
Authors: Crack Malcolm , Rodger Craig J. , Clilverd Mark A. , Mac Manus Daniel H. , Martin Ian , Dalzell Michael , Subritzky Soren P. , Watson Neville R. , Petersen Tanja 
Published: April 2024

AbstractLarge geomagnetic storms are a space weather hazard to power transmission networks due to the effects of Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs). GIC can negatively impact power transmission systems through the generation of even‐order current and voltage harmonics due to half‐cycle transformer saturation. This study investigates a decade of even‐order voltage total harmonic distortion (hereon referred to as Even‐Order Total Harmonic Distortion (ETHD)) observations provided by Transpower New Zealand Ltd., the national system operator. We make use of ETHD measurements at 139 locations throughout New Zealand, monitored at 377 separate circuit breakers, focusing on 10 large geomagnetic disturbances during the period 2013–2023. Analysis identified 5 key substations, which appeared to act as sources of ETHD. The majority of these substations include single phase transformer banks, and evidence of significant GIC magnitudes. The ETHD from the source substations was found to propagate into the surrounding network, with the percentage distortion typically decaying away over distances of 150–200 km locally, that is, at a rate of −0.0043 %km−1. During the study period some significant changes occurred in the power network, that is, removal of the Halfway Bush (HWB) single phase bank transformer T4 in November 2017, and decommissioning of the New Plymouth substation in December 2019. Decommissioning of these two assets resulted in less ETHD occurring in the surrounding regions during subsequent geomagnetic storms. However, ETHD still increased at HWB with increasing levels of GIC, indicating that three phase transformer units were still susceptible to saturation, albeit with about 1/3 of the ETHD percentage exhibited by single phase transformers.
Electrographic monitoring for seizure detection in the neonatal unit: current status and future direction
Authors: Ryan Mary Anne J. , Malhotra Atul 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Neonatal neurocritical intensive care is dedicated to safeguarding the newborn brain by prioritising clinical practices that promote early identification, diagnosis and treatment of brain injuries. The most common newborn neurological emergency is neonatal seizures, which may also be the initial clinical indication of neurological disease. A high seizure burden in the newborn period independently contributes to increased mortality and morbidity. The majority of seizures in newborns are subclinical (without clinical presentation), and hence identification may be difficult. Neuromonitoring techniques most frequently used to monitor brain wave activity include conventional electroencephalography (cEEG) or amplitude-integrated EEG (aEEG). cEEG with video is the gold standard for diagnosing and treating seizures. Many neonatal units do not have access to cEEG, and frequently those that do, have little access to real-time interpretation of monitoring.

Impact

EEG monitoring is of no benefit to an infant without expert interpretation.

Whilst EEG is a reliable cot-side tool and of diagnostic and prognostic use, both conventional EEG and amplitude-integrated EEG have strengths and limitations, including sensitivity to seizure activity and ease of interpretation.

Automated seizure detection requires a sensitive and specific algorithm that can interpret EEG in real-time and identify seizures, including their intensity and duration.
Expression and functional significance of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 in uveal melanoma
Authors: Bi Hui-e , Zhang Jie , Yao Yujia , Wang Suyu , Yao Jin , Shao Zhijiang , Jiang Qin 
Published: April 2024

AbstractUveal melanoma (UVM), an uncommon yet potentially life-threatening ocular cancer, arises from melanocytes in the uveal tract of the eye. The exploration of novel oncotargets for UVM is of paramount importance. In this study, we show that PCK1 (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1) expression is upregulated in various UVM tissues as well as in primary UVM cells and immortalized lines. Furthermore, bioinformatics studies reveal that PCK1 overexpression in UVM correlates with advanced disease stages and poor patient survival. Genetic silencing (utilizing viral shRNA) or knockout (via CRISPR/Cas9) of PCK1 significantly curtailed cell viability, proliferation, cell cycle progression, and motility, while provoking apoptosis in primary and immortalized UVM cells. Conversely, ectopic overexpression of PCK1, achieved through a viral construct, bolstered UVM cell proliferation and migration. Gαi3 expression and Akt phosphorylation were reduced following PCK1 silencing or knockout, but increased after PCK1 overexpression in UVM cells. Restoring Akt phosphorylation through a constitutively active mutant Akt1 (S473D) ameliorated the growth inhibition, migration suppression, and apoptosis induced by PCK1 silencing in UVM cells. Additionally, ectopic expression of Gαi3 restored Akt activation and counteracted the anti-UVM cell effects by PCK1 silencing. In vivo, the growth of subcutaneous xenografts of primary human UVM cells was significantly inhibited following intratumoral injection of adeno-associated virus (aav) expressing PCK1 shRNA. PCK1 depletion, Gαi3 downregulation, Akt inhibition, proliferation arrest, and apoptosis were detected in PCK1-silenced UVM xenografts. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that PCK1 promotes UVM cell growth possibly by modulating the Gαi3-Akt signaling pathway.