bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is micro‐computed tomography reliable to determine the microstructure of the maxillary alveolar bone?
Authors: González‐García Raúl , Monje Florencio 
Published: April 2012

AbstractObjectivesTo analyze the reliability of micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) to assess bone density and the microstructure of the maxillary bones at the alveolar process in human clinics by direct comparison with conventional stereologic‐based histomorphometry.Materials and methodsAnalysis of osseous microstructural variables including bone volumetric density (BV/TV) of 39 biopsies from the maxillary alveolar bone was performed by micro‐CT. Conventional stereologic‐based histomorphometry of 10 bone biopsies was performed by optic microscopy (OM) and low‐vacuum surface electronic microscopy (SEM). Percentages of bone between micro‐CT and conventional stereologic‐based histomorphometry were compared.ResultsSignificant positive correlations were observed between BV/TV and the percentage of bone (%Bone) analyzed by SEM (r = 0.933, P < 0.001), by toluidine blue staining OM (r = 0.950, P < 0.001) and by dark field OM (r = 0.667, P = 0.05). The high positive correlation coefficient between BV/TV and trabecular thickness illustrates that a value of BV/TV upper than 50% squares with a bone presenting most of their trabecules thicker than 0.2 mm. The high negative correlation between BV/TV and trabecular separation shows that values of BV/TV upper than 50% squares with a bone presenting most of their trabecules separated less than 0.3 mm each other.ConclusionBV/TV assessed by micro‐CT correlates with the percentage of bone assessed by conventional stereologic‐based histomorphometry. Micro‐CT is a reliable technique to determine the bone density and the microstructure of the maxillary alveolar bone at the site of dental implant insertion.
Activation of mitochondrial apoptosis pathways in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cells by diclofenac/hyaluronic acid is related to upregulation of Bad as well as downregulation of Mcl‐1 and Bcl‐w
Authors: Rodust Paul M. , Fecker Lothar F. , Stockfleth Eggert , Eberle Jürgen 
Published: April 2012

AbstractActinic keratosis (AK) is characterized by high prevalence and the risk to proceed to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2)‐mediated prostaglandin E2 (PGE
2) synthesis has been reported in AK and SCC, and the COX inhibitor diclofenac in hyaluronic acid (diclofenac/HA) was approved for AK therapy. Its mode of action, however, remained to be unravelled. In the present study, diclofenac resulted in reduced PGE
2 levels in apoptosis‐sensitive cutaneous SCC cell lines (SCL‐II, SCC‐12, SCC‐13) whereas no PGE
2 and no COX‐2 expression was detectable in a SCC cell line resistant to apoptosis induction (SCL‐I). Activation of mitochondrial apoptosis pathways was evident in SCC cells owing to loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential and release of the mitochondrial factors cytochrome c and apoptosis‐inducing factor. Characteristic proapoptotic changes at the level of Bcl‐2 proteins occurred in sensitive cells, as upregulation of Bad and downregulation of Mcl‐1 and Bcl‐w. In contrast, Bad was already high, and Mcl‐1 and Bcl‐w were already low in resistant SCL‐I, even without treatment, which may be explained by the lack of PGE
2. An antiapoptotic downregulation of proapoptotic Bcl‐2 proteins Noxa and Puma was, however, also seen in SCL‐I, suggesting here pathways independent of COX‐2. The regulations of Mcl‐1 and Bad were also reproduced in SCC cells by the more selective COX‐2 inhibitor celecoxib, thus further underlining the specific role of COX‐2. The findings illuminate the mode of action of diclofenac/HA in SCC cells as well as principles of their resistance, which may allow further adaptation and improvement of the new therapy.
Hailey–Hailey disease and tight junctions: Claudins 1 and 4 are regulated by ATP2C1 gene encoding Ca2+/Mn2+ATPase SPCA1 in cultured keratinocytes
Authors: Raiko Laura , Siljamäki Elina , Mahoney Mỹ G. , Putaala Heli , Suominen Erkki , Peltonen Juha , Peltonen Sirkku 
Published: April 2012

AbstractMutations in the ATP2C1 gene encoding Ca2+/Mn2+ ATPase SPCA1 cause Hailey–Hailey disease (HHD, OMIM 16960). HHD is characterized by epidermal acantholysis. We attempted to model HHD using normal keratinocytes, in which the SPCA1 mRNA was down‐regulated with the small inhibitory RNA (siRNA) method. SiRNA inhibition significantly down‐regulated the SPCA1 mRNA, as demonstrated by qPCR, and decreased the SPCA1 protein beyond detectable level, as shown by Western analysis. The expression of selected desmosomal, adherens and tight junction (TJ) proteins was then studied in the SPCA1‐deficient and control keratinocytes cultured in low (0.06 mm) or high (1.2 mm) calcium concentration. The mRNA and protein levels of most TJ components were up‐regulated in non‐treated control keratinocyte cultures upon switch from low to high calcium concentration. In contrast, SPCA1‐deficient keratinocytes displayed high levels of TJ proteins claudins 1 and 4 even in low calcium. ZO‐1 did not, however, follow similar expression patterns. Protein levels of occludin, beta‐catenin, E‐cadherin, desmoplakin, desmogleins 1–3, desmocollin 2/desmocollin 3 and plakoglobin did not show marked changes in SPCA1‐deficient keratinocytes. Indirect immunofluorescence labelling revealed delayed translocation of desmoplakin and desmoglein 3 in desmosomes and increased intracellular pools of TJ and desmosomal components in SPCA1‐inhibited keratinocytes. The results show that SPCA1 regulates the levels of claudins 1 and 4, but does not affect desmosomal protein levels, indicating that TJ proteins are differently regulated. The results also suggest a potential role for claudins in HHD.
Biometric ratio in estimating widths of maxillary anterior teeth derived after correlating anthropometric measurements with dental measurements
Authors: Kini Ashwini Y. , Angadi Gangadhar S. 
Published: April 2012

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2012.00648.xBiometric ratio in estimating widths of maxillary anterior teeth derived after correlating anthropometric measurements with dental measurementsObjective:  To correlate dental measurements i.e. combined mesiodistal width of six maxillary anterior teeth with facial measurements i.e. inner canthal distance, interpupillary distance and intercommissural width and acquire a biometric ratio to serve as a preliminary guide in selection of the maxillary anterior teeth.Background:  In the absence of pre‐extraction records, the resultant denture can lead to patient dissatisfaction towards the aesthetic appeal of their dentures. The maxillary anterior teeth play a pivotal role in denture aesthetics. Various techniques and biometric ratios have been described in literature for selection of the maxillary anteriors. This study derives a biometric ratio for the same, obtained after correlating anthropometric measurements with dental measurements.Materials and methods:  Two standardized digital photographs of the face were generated; one, when the facial muscles were relaxed and the other, when the subject was smiling; thereby, revealing the maxillary anterior teeth upto the canine tip. Inner canthal distance, interpupillary distance, intercommissural distance, distance between the tips of the maxillary canines and distance between the distal surfaces of the canines were measured. On the cast, the distance between tips of maxillary canines and distance between distal surfaces of maxillary canines were noted. The data was analysed using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient.Results:  A high correlation was found between the intercommissural measurement with distance between the tips of the canines on the photograph and between the tips of the canines on the cast with the interpupillary distance, giving a biometric ratio of 1:1.35 and 1:1.41 respectively. The least correlation was between the inner canthal distance and the tips of the canines measured on the photograph.Conclusions:  Extra oral anthropometric measurements of the interpupillary distances and the intercommissural distances with the help of standardised photographs can help us determine the combined widths of the anterior teeth accurately, thus aiding their selection in the absence of pre‐extraction records.
Frequency of iridocyclitis in patients with early psoriatic arthritis: a prospective, follow up study
Authors: Niccoli Laura , Nannini Carlotta , Cassarà Emanuele , Kaloudi Olga , Susini Massimo , Lenzetti Ivo , Cantini Fabrizio 
Published: April 2012

AbstractObjectiveThe occurrence of iridocyclitis (IC) in early psoriatic arthritis (PsA) has been rarely assessed. The primary end‐point of this study was to evaluate the frequency of IC at onset in patients with early PsA.MethodsWe evaluated the frequency of IC in a clinical series of consecutive, new outpatients with early PsA observed between January 2000 and December 2009. All patients met the Classification Criteria for Psoriatic Arthritis (CASPAR) criteria for PsA and had a disease duration ≤12 months. The following clinical patterns were considered: peripheral PsA (oligoarthritis ≤4 and polyarthritis ≥5 involved joints), axial PsA and mixed. IC diagnosis was made by the ophthalmologist. Follow‐up visits were scheduled at baseline and every 4 months with interval shortening in the case of urgent clinical problems.ResultsTwo hundred and forty‐two patients, 137 (57%) women and 105 (43%) men (mean age 50.33 ± 11.7 years; mean symptom duration 9.38 ± 3.1 months) were studied. One hundred and thirty‐two (51%) patients had peripheral PsA, 41 (17%) axial and 69 (28%) mixed. Twenty‐six episodes of IC were recorded at diagnosis in 22 (9%) patients, 17 (77.3%) female and five (22.7%) male; 11 (50%) patients had peripheral PsA, two (9.1%) axial, and nine (40.9%) mixed; 5/22 (22.7%) patients were B27‐positive. IC recurred in 2/22 (9%) patients over the follow‐up period. Mean follow‐up duration was 51 ± 23.2 months. Dactylitis was significantly more frequent in patients with IC compared to those without this feature (P = 0.032).ConclusionIC occurred in 9% of 242 patients with early PsA with no association with the clinical pattern and B27 positivity. This frequency is higher than previously reported.
Multimodal μCT/μMR based semiautomated segmentation of rat vertebrae affected by mixed osteolytic/osteoblastic metastases
Authors: Hojjat Seyed‐Parsa , Foltz Warren , Wise‐Milestone Lisa , Whyne Cari M. 
Published: April 2012

Purpose:Multimodal microimaging in preclinical models is used to examine the effect of spinal metastases on bony structure; however, the evaluation of tumor burden and its effect on microstructure has thus far been mainly qualitative or semiquantitative. Quantitative analysis of multimodality imaging is a time consuming task, motivating automated methods. As such, this study aimed to develop a low complexity semiautomated multimodal μCT/μMR based approach to segment rat vertebral structure affected by mixed osteolytic/osteoblastic destruction.Methods:Mixed vertebral metastases were developed via intracardiac injection of Ace‐1 canine prostate cancer cells in three 4‐week‐old rnu/rnu rats. μCT imaging (for high resolution bone visualization), T1‐weighted μMR imaging (for bone registration), and T2‐weighted μMR imaging (for osteolytic tumor visualization) were conducted on one L1, three L2, and one L3 vertebrae (excised). One sample (L1–L3) was processed for undecalcified histology and stained with Goldner's trichome. The μCT and μMR images were registered using a 3D rigid registration algorithm with a mutual information metric. The vertebral microarchitecture was segmented from the μCT images using atlas‐based demons deformable registration, levelset curvature evolution, and intensity‐based thresholding techniques. The μCT based segmentation contours of the whole vertebrae were used to mask the T2‐weighted μMR images, from which the osteolytic tumor tissue was segmented (intensity‐based thresholding).Results:Accurate registration of μCT and μMRI modalities yielded precise segmentation of whole vertebrae, trabecular centrums, individual trabeculae, and osteolytic tumor tissue. While the algorithm identified the osteoblastic tumor attached to the vertebral pereosteal surfaces, it was limited in segmenting osteoblastic tissue located within the trabecular centrums.Conclusions:This semiautomated segmentation method yielded accurate registration of μCT and μMRI modalities with application to the development of mathematical models analyzing the mechanical stability of metastatically involved vertebrae and in preclinical applications evaluating new and existing treatment effects on tumor burden and skeletal microstructure.
Stochastic region competition algorithm for Doppler sonography segmentation
Authors: Yeh Fang‐Cheng , Cheng Jie‐Zhi , Chou Yi‐Hong , Tiu Chui‐Mei , Chang Yeun‐Chung , Huang Chiun‐Sheng , Chen Chung‐Ming 
Published: April 2012

Purpose:A probabilistic image segmentation algorithm called stochastic region competition is proposed for performing Doppler sonography segmentation.Methods:The image segmentation is conducted by maximizinga posteriori that models histogram likelihood, gradient likelihood, and a spatial prior. The optimization is done by a modified expectation and maximization (EM) method that aims to improve computation efficiency and avoid local optima.Results:The algorithm was tested on 155 color Doppler sonograms and compared with manual delineations. The qualitative assessment shows that our algorithm is able to segment mass lesions under the condition of low image quality and the interference of the color‐encoded Doppler information. The quantitative assessment analysis shows that the average distance between the algorithm‐generated boundaries and manual delineations is statistically comparable to the variability of manual delineations. The ratio of the overlapping area between the algorithm‐generated boundaries and manual delineations is also comparable to that between different sets of manual delineations. A reproductivity test was conducted to confirm that the result is statistically reproducible.Conclusions:The algorithm can be used to perform Doppler sonography segmentation and to replace the tedious manual delineation task in clinical application.
Contesting Horses: Borders and Shifting Social Meanings in Veterinary Medical Education
Authors: Vermilya Jenny R. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWithin veterinary medical education, tracking systems exist that differentiate between “large” and “small” animal medicine. In a tracking system, students can focus primarily on their choice of animal medicine once they have completed the core curriculum. This article argues that these socially created categories are ever shifting; therefore, some species do not always “fit.” This generates new discourses surrounding emerging “border tracks”; these “tracks” focus on species whose social definitions change so that their placement in the tracking system of veterinary medical education is a site of contestation. Thus, animal medicine operates not solely on the basis of biology, but on the basis of social meaning as well. This analysis will use the equine concentration to demonstrate the ambiguity of borders, as well as their potential to serve as communicative sites for social change.
An Inquiry into Remittances and Income Smoothing
Authors: Amuedo-Dorantes Catalina , Pozo Susan 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWhile we uncover evidence that remittances smooth household income, for a substantial fraction of household we find that remittance instead increase income volatility. We also explore the determinants of income volatility for all households. We find that in some cases, the determinants of household income volatility are the same for remittance-receiving and non-remittance receiving households, as for example with respect to the number of young children in the household, the educational attainment of household members and the location of the household. In other cases, determinants like the gender of the household head, the number of elderly household members and household size impact remittance-receiving and non-remittance receiving households differently.
Knowledge is Made for Cutting: Foucault, Cognitive Science, and Intellectual Taste
Authors: Burlein Ann 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis paper attempts to situate the contemporary prominence of cognitive science accounts of religion by viewing cognitive science through a Foucaultian lens. The paper focuses on two trajectories in cognitive science: the modular approach of Pascal Boyer and the metaphorical approach of Lakoff and Johnson. Beginning with a brief discussion of Foucault’sBirth of a Clinic, I identify three methodological moves central to empiricism. I then show how these three moves structure the modular and the metaphorical approach, both of which conjoin a particular way of seeing with a particular way of saying. In each case, religion is used to close, rather than open, the biological body. I contend that both approaches are part of a larger cultural incitement to (at least discourse about) religiosity. I conclude by reflecting on disciplinary differences as matters of intellectual taste.
Radiative Flux Estimation from a Broadband Radiometer Using Synthetic Angular Models in the EarthCARE Mission Framework. Part II: Evaluation
Authors: Domenech Carlos , Lopez-Baeza Ernesto , Donovan David P. , Wehr Tobias 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe instantaneous top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiance-to-flux conversion for the broadband radiometer (BBR) on board the Earth Clouds, Aerosols, and Radiation Explorer (EarthCARE) was assessed in Part I of this paper, by developing theoretical angular distribution models (ADMs) specifically designed for the instrument viewing configuration. This paper validates the BBR ADMs by comparing derived flux estimates with flux retrievals obtained from the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) Terra models. A CERES BBR-like database is employed in the assessment, which is an optimum dataset to validate the BBR algorithms and to determine the benefits of the multiangular conversion procedures in the BBR instrument. The validation of theoretical results with empirical data is essential to prepare the conversion algorithms prior to the launch of EarthCARE. This paper demonstrates that the application of a linear combination method is not recommended when outgoing radiances do not follow the response modeled in the radiative transfer calculations. An effective radiance averaged model outperforms all other developed models, in terms of the coefficient of variation of the root-mean-square error, in the validation study of the shortwave (SW) regime (clear sky 1.9%; cloudy 7.1%) while an effective radiance along-track model obtains the best comparisons for the longwave (LW) regime (clear sky 1.4%; cloudy 1.5%). The evaluation of the multiangular models with scenes with high anisotropy shows that multiview flux conversion algorithms can statistically improve CERES ADM results when CERES flux discrepancies of a target are higher than 4 W m−2 in the LW domain and SW clear-sky scenes and higher than 20 W m−2 in scenes with cloudy conditions.
Episodic Dust Events of Utah’s Wasatch Front and Adjoining Region
Authors: Steenburgh W. James , Massey Jeffrey D. , Painter Thomas H. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractEpisodic dust events cause hazardous air quality along Utah’s Wasatch Front and dust loading of the snowpack in the adjacent Wasatch Mountains. This paper presents a climatology of episodic dust events of the Wasatch Front and adjoining region that is based on surface weather observations from the Salt Lake City International Airport (KSLC), Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) imagery, and additional meteorological datasets. Dust events at KSLC—defined as any day [mountain standard time (MST)] with at least one report of a dust storm, blowing dust, and/or dust in suspension with a visibility of 10 km or less—average 4.3 per water year (WY: October–September), with considerable interannual variability and a general decline in frequency during the 1930–2010 observational record. The distributions of monthly dust-event frequency and total dust flux are bimodal, with primary and secondary maxima in April and September, respectively. Dust reports are most common in the late afternoon and evening. An analysis of the 33 most recent (2001–10 WY) events at KSLC indicates that 11 were associated with airmass convection, 16 were associated with a cold front or baroclinic trough entering Utah from the west or northwest, 4 were associated with a stationary or slowly moving front or baroclinic trough west of Utah, and 2 were associated with other synoptic patterns. GOES imagery from these 33 events, as well as 61 additional events from the surrounding region, illustrates that emission sources are located primarily in low-elevation Late Pleistocene–Holocene alluvial environments in southern and western Utah and southern and western Nevada.
Vertical Wavenumber Spectra of Gravity Waves in the Martian Atmosphere Obtained from Mars Global Surveyor Radio Occultation Data
Authors: Ando Hiroki , Imamura Takeshi , Tsuda Toshitaka 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Vertical wavenumber spectra of Martian gravity waves were obtained for the altitude range 3–32 km from temperature profiles acquired by the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) radio occultation experiments. The spectra, which cover vertical wavelengths from 2.5 to 15 km, generally show a decline of the spectral density with wavenumber similar to those obtained in the terrestrial stratosphere and mesosphere. The power-law spectral index is typically around −3 except near the low-wavenumber end, and the spectra frequently lie along the theoretical spectrum for saturated gravity waves developed for Earth’s atmosphere. The results suggest that gravity wave saturation occurs in the atmosphere of Mars as well as that of Earth.
Sensitivity of 0–12-h Warm-Season Precipitation Forecasts over the Central United States to Model Initialization
Authors: Sun Juanzhen , Trier Stanley B. , Xiao Qingnong , Weisman Morris L. , Wang Hongli , Ying Zhuming , Xu Mei , Zhang Ying 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Sensitivity of 0–12-h warm-season precipitation forecasts to atmospheric initial conditions, including those from different large-scale model analyses and from rapid cycled (RC) three-dimensional variational data assimilations (3DVAR) with and without radar data, is investigated for a 6-day period during the International H2O Project. Neighborhood-based precipitation verification is used to compare forecasts made with the Advanced Research core of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (ARW-WRF). Three significant convective episodes are examined by comparing the precipitation patterns and locations from different forecast experiments. From two of these three case studies, causes for the success and failure of the RC data assimilation in improving forecast skill are shown. Results indicate that the use of higher-resolution analysis in the initialization, rapid update cycling via WRF 3DVAR data assimilation, and the additional assimilation of radar observations each play a role in shortening the period of the initial precipitation spinup as well as in placing storms closer to observations, thus improving precipitation forecast skill by up to 8–9 h. Impacts of data assimilation differ for forecasts initialized at 0000 and 1200 UTC. The case studies show that the pattern and location of the forecasted precipitation were noticeably improved with radar data assimilation for the two late afternoon cases that featured lines of convection driven by surface-based cold pools. In contrast, the RC 3DVAR, both with and without radar data, had negative impacts on convective forecasts for a case of morning elevated convection associated with a midlatitude short-wave trough.