bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of including historical height and radius BMD measurement on sarco‐osteoporosis prevalence
Authors: Buehring Bjoern , Krueger Diane , Binkley Neil 
Published: August 2012

BackgroundA clinical need exists to improve identification of those who will sustain fragility fractures. Individuals with both osteoporosis (OP) and sarcopenia (SP), so‐called “sarco‐osteoporosis” (SOP), might be at higher fracture risk than those with OP or SP alone. Approaches to facilitate SOP identification, e.g., use of tallest historical rather than current height and inclusion of radius bone mineral density (BMD) measurement, may be of benefit. This study examined the effect of advancing age on SOP prevalence with and without use of historical tallest height and radius BMD measurement.MethodsAdults age 60+ underwent dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) BMD and total body composition measurement. OP and SP were defined using standard criteria: T‐score ≤−2.5 at the lumbar spine or hip and appendicular lean mass (ALM)/current height2 <5.45 kg/m2 (female) and <7.26 kg/m2 (male). Proposed “sensitive” SP criteria used historical tallest height instead of current height, while “sensitive” OP criteria added the 1/3rd radius T‐score. The primary outcome was SOP prevalence by decade (60–69, 70–79, 80+).ResultsA total of 304 individuals (146 M/158 F) participated. OP, SP and SOP prevalence were higher in older adults and increased (p < 0.05) with the “sensitive” criteria. SOP prevalence was lower than that of OP or SP and increased (standard/sensitive) criteria from 1.1 % / 4.5 % in the 60–69 years age group to 10.4 % / 21.9 % in the 80+ years age group.ConclusionsSOP prevalence is higher in older adults. Use of historical tallest height and 1/3rd radius BMD increases SOP prevalence. Future studies need to assess whether having SOP increases fracture risk and whether use of tallest height and/or one‐third radius BMD improves fracture risk prediction.
Effects of sleep disturbances during pregnancy on cardiac autonomic modulation in the resting state
Authors: Shiga Kuniko , Murata Katsuyuki , Kodama Hideya 
Published: August 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate whether sleep disturbances during pregnancy affect cardiac autonomic modulation in the resting state.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted of 160 pregnant women at various stages of gestation. Participants were interviewed about their sleep length per night, sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PSQI), daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale, ESS), snoring habits, and symptoms of restless legs syndrome during the previous few weeks. Cardiac autonomic modulation in the resting state was quantified by spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) from short‐term electrocardiogram monitoring. The relationship of HRV to diverse covariates was studied by multiple regression analysis.ResultsNo significant influences were observed of short sleep duration (< 7 hours per night), poor sleep quality (PSQI score > 5), or restless legs syndrome on HRV measures. Participants with excessive daytime sleepiness (ESS score > 9) and habitual snorers had a significantly elevated low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF) ratio and LF power in normalized units (LF norm). In multiple regression analyses, habitual snoring was strongly and positively associated with LF/HF ratio (P < 0.001) and LF norm (P < 0.001).ConclusionResting cardiac autonomic modulation was found to shift toward a sympathetic predominant state among pregnant women who are habitual snorers.
Accumulation of genomic alterations in 2p16, 9q33.1 and 19p13 in lung tumours of asbestos‐exposed patients
Authors: Nymark Penny , Aavikko Mervi , Mäkilä Jussi , Ruosaari Salla , Hienonen-Kempas Tuija , Wikman Harriet , Salmenkivi Kaisa , Pirinen Risto , Karjalainen Antti , Vanhala Esa , Kuosma Eeva , Anttila Sisko , Kettunen Eeva 
Published: August 2012

We have previously demonstrated an association between genomic alterations in 19p13, 2p16, and 9q33.1 and asbestos exposure in patients' lung tumours. This study detected allelic imbalance (AI) in these regions in asbestos‐exposed lung cancer (LC) patients' histologically normal pulmonary epithelium. We extended the analyses of tumour tissue to cover a large LC patient cohort and studied DNA copy number alteration (CNA) and AI in 19p13, 2p16, and 9q33.1 for the first time in combination. We found both CNA and AI in ≥2/3 of the regions to be significantly and dose‐dependently (P < 0.001) associated with pulmonary asbestos fibre count. Twenty percent of the exposed patients' LC showed CNA in ≥2/3 of the regions, whereas none of the non‐exposed patients' LC showed CNA in more than one region. AI was evident in 89% of the exposed and in only 26% of the non‐exposed patients' LC. The genomic alterations in 19p13, 2p16, and 9q33.1 in compilation identified asbestos‐exposed patients' lung tumours better than each of the regions alone. These alterations form the basis for the development of a combinatorial molecular assay that could be used to identify asbestos‐related LC.
Rarefaction and blood pressure in systemic and pulmonary arteries
Authors: Olufsen Mette S. , Hill N. A. , Vaughan Gareth D. A. , Sainsbury Christopher , Johnson Martin 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe effects of vascular rarefaction (the loss of small arteries) on the circulation of blood are studied using a multiscale mathematical model that can predict blood flow and pressure in the systemic and pulmonary arteries. We augmented a model originally developed for the systemic arteries by Olufsen and coworkers and Ottesen et al. (2004) to (a) predict flow and pressure in the pulmonary arteries, and (b) predict pressure propagation along the small arteries in the vascular beds. The systemic and pulmonary arteries are modelled as separate bifurcating trees of compliant and tapering vessels. Each tree is divided into two parts representing the ‘large’ and ‘small’ arteries. Blood flow and pressure in the large arteries are predicted using a nonlinear cross-sectional-area-averaged model for a Newtonian fluid in an elastic tube with inflow obtained from magnetic resonance measurements. Each terminal vessel within the network of the large arteries is coupled to a vascular bed of small ‘resistance’ arteries, which are modelled as asymmetric structured trees with specified area and asymmetry ratios between the parent and daughter arteries. For the systemic circulation, each structured tree represents a specific vascular bed corresponding to major organs and limbs. For the pulmonary circulation, there are four vascular beds supplied by the interlobar arteries. This paper presents the first theoretical calculations of the propagation of the pressure and flow waves along systemic and pulmonary large and small arteries. Results for all networks are in agreement with published observations. Two studies were done with this model. First, we showed how rarefaction can be modelled by pruning the tree of arteries in the microvascular system. This was done by modulating parameters used for designing the structured trees. Results showed that rarefaction leads to increased mean and decreased pulse pressure in the large arteries. Second, we investigated the impact of decreasing vessel compliance in both large and small arteries. Results showed that the effects of decreased compliance in the large arteries far outweigh the effects observed when decreasing the compliance of the small arteries. We further showed that a decrease of compliance in the large arteries results in pressure increases consistent with observations of isolated systolic hypertension, as occurs in ageing.
Boundary conditions for free surface inlet and outlet problems
Authors: Taroni M. , Breward C. J. W. , Howell P. D. , Oliver J. M. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWe investigate and compare the boundary conditions that are to be applied to free-surface problems involving inlet and outlets of Newtonian fluid, typically found in coating processes. The flux of fluid is a priori known at an inlet, but unknown at an outlet, where it is governed by the local behaviour near the film-forming meniscus. In the limit of vanishing capillary number $\mathit{Ca}$ it is well known that the flux scales with ${\mathit{Ca}}^{2/ 3} $, but this classical result is non-uniform as the contact angle approaches $\lrm{\pi} $. By examining this limit we find a solution that is uniformly valid for all contact angles. Furthermore, by considering the far-field behaviour of the free surface we show that there exists a critical capillary number above which the problem at an inlet becomes over-determined. The implications of this result for the modelling of coating flows are discussed.
Dynamic interaction of multiple buoyant jets
Authors: Lai Adrian C. H. , Lee Joseph H. W. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAn array of closely spaced round buoyant jets interact dynamically due to the pressure field induced by jet entrainment. Mutual jet attraction can result in a significant change in jet trajectories. Jet merging also leads to overlapping of the passive scalar fields associated with the individual jets, resulting in mixing characteristics that are drastically different from those of an independent free jet. A general semi-analytical model for the dynamic interaction of multiple buoyant jets in stagnant ambient conditions is proposed. The external irrotational flow field induced by the buoyant jets is computed by a distribution of point sinks with strength equal to the entrainment per unit length along the unknown jet trajectories and accounting for boundary effects. The buoyant jet trajectories are then determined by an iterative solution of an integral buoyant jet model by tracking the changes in the external entrainment flow and dynamic pressure fields. The velocity and concentration fields of the jet group are obtained by momentum or kinetic energy superposition for merged jets and plumes, respectively. The modelling approach is supported by numerical solution of the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. The model shows that jet merging and mixing can be significantly affected by jet interactions. Model predictions of the multiple jet trajectories, merging height, as well as the centreline velocity and concentration of the buoyant jet group are in good agreement with experimental data for: (i) a clustered momentum jet group; (ii) a turbulent plume pair; and (iii) a rosette buoyant jet group. Dynamic interactions between a jet group are shown to decrease with the addition of an ambient cross-flow.
Dietary linoleic acid elevates endogenous 2-arachidonoylglycerol and anandamide in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.) and mice, and induces weight gain and inflammation in mice
Authors: Alvheim Anita R. , Torstensen Bente E. , Lin Yu Hong , Lillefosse Haldis H. , Lock Erik-Jan , Madsen Lise , Hibbeln Joseph R. , Malde Marian K. 
Published: August 2012

Dietary intake of linoleic acid (LA) has increased dramatically during the twentieth century and is associated with a greater prevalence of obesity. Vegetable oils are recognised as suitable alternatives to fish oil (FO) in feed for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.) but introduce high amounts of LA in the salmon fillet. The effect on fish consumers of such a replacement remains to be elucidated. Here, we investigate the effect of excessive dietary LA from soyabean oil (SO) on endocannabinoid levels in Atlantic salmon and mice, and study the metabolic effects in mice when SO replaces FO in feed for Atlantic salmon. Atlantic salmon were fed FO and SO for 6 months, and the salmon fillet was used to produce feed for mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed diets of 35 % of energy as fat based on FO- and SO-enriched salmon for 16 weeks. We found that replacing FO with SO in feed for Atlantic salmon increased LA, arachidonic acid (AA), decreased EPA and DHA, elevated the endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and anandamide (AEA), and increased TAG accumulation in the salmon liver. In mice, the SO salmon diet increased LA and AA and decreased EPA and DHA in the liver and erythrocyte phospholipids, and elevated 2-AG and AEA associated with increased feed efficiency, weight gain and adipose tissue inflammation compared with mice fed the FO salmon diet. In conclusion, excessive dietary LA elevates endocannabinoids in the liver of salmon and mice, and increases weight gain and counteracts the anti-inflammatory properties of EPA and DHA in mice.
Combined role of childhood maltreatment, family history, and gender in the risk for alcohol dependence
Authors: Fenton M. C. , Geier T. , Keyes K. , Skodol A. E. , Grant B. F. , Hasin D. S. 
Published: August 2012

BackgroundStudies of the relationship between childhood maltreatment and alcohol dependence have not controlled comprehensively for potential confounding by co-occurring maltreatments and other childhood trauma, or determined whether parental history of alcohol disorders operates synergistically with gender and maltreatment to produce alcohol dependence. We addressed these issues using national data.MethodFace-to-face surveys of 27 712 adult participants in a national survey.ResultsChildhood physical, emotional and sexual abuse, and physical neglect were associated with alcohol dependence (p<0.001), controlling for demographics, co-occurring maltreatments and other childhood trauma. Attributable proportions (APs) due to interaction between each maltreatment and parental history revealed significant synergistic relationships for physical abuse in the entire sample, and for sexual abuse and emotional neglect in women (APs, 0.21, 0.31, 0.26 respectively), indicating that the odds of alcohol dependence given both parental history and these maltreatments were significantly higher than the additive effect of each alone (p<0.05).ConclusionsChildhood maltreatments independently increased the risk of alcohol dependence. Importantly, results suggest a synergistic role of parental alcoholism: the effect of physical abuse on alcohol dependence may depend on parental history, while the effects of sexual abuse and emotional neglect may depend on parental history among women. Findings underscore the importance of early identification and prevention, particularly among those with a family history, and could guide genetic research and intervention development, e.g. programs to reduce the burden of childhood maltreatment may benefit from addressing the negative long-term effects of maltreatments, including potential alcohol problems, across a broad range of childhood environments.
Output voltage waveform analysis of an intense electron beam accelerator based on strip spiral Blumlein line
Authors: Cheng Xin-Bing , Liu Jin-Liang , Zhang Hong-Bo , Hong Zhi-Qiang , Qian Bao-Liang 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe Blumlein pulse forming line (BPFL) consisting of an inner coaxial pulse forming line (PFL) and an outer coaxial PFL is widely used in the field of pulsed power, especially for intense electron-beam accelerators (IEBA). The output voltage waveform determines the quality and characteristics of the output beam current of the IEBA. Comparing with the conventional BPFL, an IEBA based on a strip spiral type BPFL can increase the duration of the output voltage in the same geometrical volume. However, for the spiral type BPFL, the voltage waveform on a matched load may be distorted, which influences the electron-beam quality. In this paper, the output waveform of an IEBA based on strip spiral BPFL is analyzed. It is found that there is fluctuation on the flattop of the main pulse, and the flatness is increased with the increment of the output voltage. According to the time integrated pictures of the cathode holder during the operation of the IEBA, the electron emission of the cathode holder is one of the reasons to cause the variance of the flatness. Furthermore, the distribution of the current density of spiral middle cylinder of the BPFL is calculated by using electromagnetic simulation software, and it is obtained that the current density is not uniform, and which leads to the nonuniformity of the impedance of BPFL. Meanwhile, when the nonuniformity of the BPFL is taken into account, the operation of the whole accelerator is simulated using a circuit-simulation code called PSpice. It is obtained that the nonuniformity of the BPFL influences the flatness of the output voltage waveform. In order to get an ideal square pulse voltage waveform and to improve the electron beam quality of such an accelerator, the uniformity of the spiral middle cylinder should be improved and the electron emission of the cathode holder should be avoided. The theoretical analysis and simulated output voltage waveform shows reasonable agreement with that of the experimental results.
Testing Odd-Cycle-Freeness in Boolean Functions
Authors: BHATTACHARYYA ARNAB , GRIGORESCU ELENA , RAGHAVENDRA PRASAD , SHAPIRA ASAF 
Published: August 2012

A functionf:2n→ {0,1} isodd-cycle-freeif there are nox1,. . .,xk∈2nwithkan odd integer such thatf(x1) = ··· =f(xk)= 1 andx1+ ··· +xk= 0. We show that one can distinguish odd-cycle-free functions from those ε-far from being odd-cycle-free by making poly(1/ε) queries to an evaluation oracle. We give two proofs of this result, each shedding light on a different connection between testability of properties of Boolean functions and of dense graphs.The first issue we study is directly reducing testing of linear-invariant properties of Boolean functions to testing associated graph properties. We show a black-box reduction from testing odd-cycle-freeness to testing bipartiteness of graphs. Such reductions have already been shown (Král’, Serra and Vena, and Shapira) for monotone linear-invariant properties defined by forbidding solutions to afinitenumber of equations. But for odd-cycle-freeness whose description involves an infinite number of forbidden equations, a reduction to graph property testing was not previously known. If one could show such a reduction more generally for any linear-invariant property closed under restrictions to subspaces, then it would likely lead to a characterization of the one-sided testable linear-invariant properties, an open problem raised by Sudan.The second issue we study is whether there is an efficientcanonicaltester for linear-invariant properties of Boolean functions. A canonical tester for linear-invariant properties operates by picking a random linear subspace and then checking whether the restriction of the input function to the subspace satisfies a fixed property. The question is if, for every linear-invariant property, there is a canonical tester for which there is only a polynomial blow-up from the optimal query complexity. We answer the question affirmatively for odd-cycle-freeness. The general question remains open.
Model for Pre-Hospital Disaster Response
Authors: Kelly Joseph T. 
Published: August 2012

I will discuss the need for a viable pre-hospital contingency plan applicable to mass casualty or disaster mode situations.It is my experience, during eighteen years in public safety and emergency services, that most organizations are highly competent and responsive to the daily expectations which are placed upon them. As most emergency services managers will tell you, they generally plan for the expected. After all, analysis in such areas as population growth, economic levels, unemployment and criminal trends are the lifeblood of any emergency service agency's personnel, equipment and budgetary allocations. Our level of sophistication today allows us to predict, with some degree of certainty, what demand will be placed on our organizations and how we will meet that demand. The point is this: we in emergency services have been extremely efficient and proficient in addressing the expected needs of the public we serve.
The Model of Hospital Emergency Departments in 2,000 Bed Hospital in Hungary
Authors: Csepanyi Attila , Sebestyen Mihaly 
Published: August 2012

The first emergency department in Hungary was established in Hetenyi Geza County Hospital in 1976. It was organized as part of a research program commissioned by the Ministry of Health. Initially, the hospital had 1400 beds which have now increased to 2,000.The Emergency Department is located on the ground floor of a new building and occupies 1,100 square meters of surface. The operation of the department is divided into three main areas.
Emergency Telemedical Dispatching Centers the Flow Chart of French S.A.M.U.
Authors: Martinez-Almoyna M. , Gondi F. , Playe E. 
Published: August 2012

For one hundred years medical and hospital care have developed as telecommunications have been disseminated throughout the industrialized societies.Telecommunications have a number of important contributions to make in emergency medicine:1. To permit reporting of all illness or incident to the rescue and medical services.2. To permit physicians to offer advice and communicate with the patient and/or his rescuers or paramedical attendants.3. To permit direct observation of the patient's condition by the physician through telemetry of the E.C.G., etc.4. To permit co-ordination between rescue services and receiving hospitals and between district hospitals and regional centres.
What is a Disaster?
Authors: Korver Adriaan J. H. 
Published: August 2012

One of the most serious bottle-necks in the discussions concerning the medical disaster relief is the lack of any uniformity of the concept “Disaster.”In the summary of the International Congress on Disaster Medicine (Mainz 1977) (1) we can read “The definition of a disaster. This question hung over many of the discussions of the Congress. Several speakers drew attention to the fundamental differences between relief services for an air or train crash and those for an earthquake or flood. Armed conflicts can present different problems again which in themselves vary enormously. While numbers of victims were submitted as a basis for one classification, numbers alone are not enough.”
The impact of climate change on agro-ecological zones: evidence from Africa
Authors: Kala Namrata , Kurukulasuriya Pradeep , Mendelsohn Robert 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis study predicts the impact of climate change on African agriculture. We use a generalized linear model (GLM) framework to estimate the relationship between the proportion of various Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZs) in a district and climate. Using three climate scenarios, we project how climate change will cause AEZs to shift, causing changes in acreage and net revenue per hectare of cropland. Our results predict that Africa will suffer heavy annual welfare losses by 2070–2100, ranging between US$14 billion and US$70 billion, depending on the climate scenario and cropland measure considered.