bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effective leaders and leadership in policing: traits, assessment, development, and expansion
Authors: Schafer Joseph A. 
Published: November 2010

PurposePolice leaders and leadership remain understudied within existing criminal justice scholarship. Using data derived from police supervisors participating in the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) National Academy program, the purpose of this paper is to examine effective leaders and leadership. Specific consideration is given to the traits and habits of effective and ineffective leaders, the assessment of leadership efficacy, the development of leaders, and the barriers to the expansion of more effective leaders and leadership in contemporary policing.Design/methodology/approachSurveys were administered to over 1,000 police supervisors. Respondents ranked the traits and habits of effective and ineffective leaders, methods to evaluate leadership efficacy, and barriers to the expansion of more effective leaders and leadership. Though a convenience sample, the supervisors represent a diverse mix of police agencies of various sizes and types from around the world.FindingsRatings suggest respondents saw effective and ineffective leaders as expressing nearly opposite sets of traits and habits. Efficacy was most strongly linked with integrity, work ethic, communication, and care for personnel; ineffective leaders were characterized as failing to express these traits. Respondents cast leadership development as a process best‐achieved through a mixture of training/education, experience, and feedback. Surprisingly, the most highly‐rated barriers to the expansion of effective leaders and leadership practices were not fiscal, but cultural, structural, and political.Research limitations/implicationsFindings suggest key policy implications for police organizations and the policing profession. Many highly‐rated traits and habits may be linked with personality traits; this could complicate the capacity of leadership development initiatives to enhance these behaviors. Results suggest development programs need to do more than simply expose students to a diverse set of theories and perspectives of leadership; mentoring and guided experience were also rated as helpful. Major barriers to the expansion of effective leadership were not issues easily or quickly overcome, complicating the long‐term prospects of enhancing the quality of leadership within policing.Originality/valueGiven the paucity of systemic and large‐scale studies of police leadership, the findings offer important parameters to guide future research efforts. Though some results validate what might be assumed about police leadership, that validation is largely absent from the extant literature. The results provide a starting basis to guide subsequent research assessing the outcomes, evaluation, and development of police leaders.
The feasibility and practicability of police training
Authors: Smets Lotte , Pauwels Christina 
Published: November 2010

PurposeAlthough there is an international consensus concerning how police investigative interviews should be adequately and reliably conducted, daily police interview practices are still rather poor. It is hypothetically assumed that this may be caused by unsatisfactory interview training programmes. The purpose of this paper is to focus on a new type of interviewing training, the individual coaching project, where interpersonal interview competences are being defined and optimised.Design/methodology/approachBuilding upon previous studies, this paper reflects the outcome of an elaborate process concentrated on exploring new investigative interview training opportunities. In addition the interviewer's perceptions of feedback and mentoring were evaluated in order to study the feasibility and practicability of the individual coaching project.FindingsResults showed that 72 per cent of the participating interviewers were very eager about their project participation. Almost all interviewers thought the coaching project was very worthwhile and instructive, and believed they really developed and optimised their interview skills.Originality/valueThe present paper innovatively contributes to the current discussion concerning investigative interviewing and training by concentrating and defining the role and necessity of ongoing feedback. Moreover this paper concentrates on the content of this new training project, which can be of high interest for the daily police interview practices.
An examination of police use of force utilizing police training and neighborhood contextual factors
Authors: Lee Hoon , Jang Hyunseok , Yun Ilhong , Lim Hyeyoung , Tushaus David W. 
Published: November 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine police use of force using individual, contextual, and police training factors, expanding prior research by including multiple police agencies in the sample, thus producing research findings that can be more easily generalized.Design/methodology/approachThe data for the current study were derived from several primary sources: the Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR). Census, Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), and 1997 Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS).FindingsAmong individual level variables, age and arrestee's resistance were significant explanatory factors. Violent crime rate and unemployment rate were significant factors as the neighborhood contextual variables. Finally, in‐service training was a significant organizational‐level explanatory factor for levels of police use of force.Originality/valueThe paper bridges the gap in research between contextual factors and police use of force. It also deepens our understandings of the association between organizational factors and use of force by incorporating police training into the analytical model.
Measuring public perceptions of the police
Authors: Maguire Edward R. , Johnson Devon 
Published: November 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to test Mastrofski's six‐dimensional conceptualization of perceived service quality of the police.Design/methodology/approachThe paper draws on data collected from a mail survey of residents in a suburban Virginia (USA) community and uses confirmatory factor analysis to test the six‐dimensional model of service quality.FindingsThe six‐dimensional model does not fit the data. Instead a one‐factor model fits the data, suggesting that public perceptions of police service quality are a one‐dimensional construct.Research implicationsFurther research is necessary on two fronts. First, research should seek to determine whether the findings are consistent across different community contexts and types of samples. Second, research on related perceptual constructs, including procedural justice and legitimacy, should explore measurement properties in more detail.Originality/valueThis is one of few studies to examine the construct validity of public perception measures in police research.
Improving service provision through better management and measurement of customer satisfaction in facilities management
Authors: Tucker Matthew , Pitt Michael 
Published: November 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the application of a customer performance measurement system (CPMS) to demonstrate how facilities management (FM) organisations can enhance their existing processes for measuring the customer satisfaction of their service provision.Design/methodology/approachCustomer performance measurement in FM is the process of capturing, measuring, and improving the satisfaction of FM customers. A generic CPMS was developed that FM organisations can adopt to improve their existing service provision. The CPMS was developed using a mixed methods approach was adopted. An instrumental case study was used to test the CPMS. The case study represented what was deemed as a typical FM organisation in the UK. The effectiveness of the CPMS application was first validated internally by the instrumental case study. A series of collective case studies were then used to validate the CPMS externally, by testing a series of other FM companies in the UK to provide further understanding of the potential application of the CPMS.FindingsThe findings suggest that by adopting a strategic model that incorporates a balance of quantitative and qualitative methods to gain customer satisfaction of FM service provision, can enhance an FM organisation's existing processes of gaining customer satisfaction.Originality/valueAlthough there are many studies researching performance measurement in FM, there is a lack of knowledge on the application of customer performance measurement. This paper contends that there is a need to develop a mixed methods system that is not limited to gaining quantitative findings of customer satisfaction, but also gains wider qualitative findings that investigate customer expectations and perceptions of FM service provision. Generic customer satisfaction benchmarks in the UK FM industry were also established, and formed a crucial component of the CPMS.
Globalisation and corporate real estate strategies
Authors: Too Linda , Harvey Michael , Too Eric 
Published: November 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of globalisation on corporate real estate strategies. Specifically, it seeks to identify corporate real estate capabilities that are important in a hypercompetitive business climate.Design/methodology/approachThis paper utilises a qualitative approach to analyse secondary data in order to identify the corporate real estate capabilities for a hypercompetitive business environment.FindingsGlobalisation today is an undeniable phenomenon that is fundamentally changing the way business is conducted. In the light of global hypercompetition, corporate real estate needs to develop new capabilities to support global business strategies. These include flexibility, network organization and managerial learning capabilities.Research limitations/implicationsThis is a conceptual paper and future empirical research needs to be conducted to verify the propositions made in this paper.Practical implicationsGiven the new level of uncertainty in the business climate, that is, hypercompetition, businesses need to develop dynamic capabilities that are harder for competitors to imitate in order to maintain what is considered a “momentary” competitive advantage. The findings of this paper are useful to guide corporate real estate managers in this regard.Originality/valueThis paper is original in two ways. First, it applies the strategic management concept of capabilities to corporate real estate. Second, it links the key challenge that businesses face today, i.e. globalisation, to the concept of capabilities as a means to maintain competitive advantage.
Diversification, hedging, and “pacification”
Authors: Powers Michael R. 
Published: November 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the roles of diversification, hedging, and a third risk‐reduction process – “pacification” – in risk finance.Design/methodology/approachAfter briefly reviewing the concepts of diversification and hedging, a simple mathematical model is offered for reducing the standard deviation of a portfolio of traditional “insurance” and/or other financial risks.FindingsThe findings show that: neither diversification nor hedging, by itself, can guarantee a reduction of a portfolio's standard deviation; diversification and hedging, taken together, are still insufficient to guarantee a reduction of a portfolio's standard deviation; but either diversification or hedging, taken together with pacification, is sufficient to guarantee a reduction of a portfolio's standard deviation.Originality/valueThe paper provides a simple mathematical model for diversification and hedging, and also quantifies a further risk‐reduction process (pacification).
An intergenerational cross‐country swap
Authors: Padovani Miret , Vanini Paolo 
Published: November 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to address the issue of intergenerational and international sharing of longevity and growth risks. Current research on worldwide demographic changes highlights the importance of longevity risk on financial markets and the need to devise optimal hedging vehicles.Design/methodology/approachThe paper presents a potential financial innovation between two countries at different stages of economic development and with different long‐term challenges. This 30‐year‐long swap is structured in such a way to capture the different timing of needed funds of the two countries and the funding capabilities of each generation: the more developed economy requires funds in the future to cover expenses for its ageing population, while the developing economy needs funds today to pay for educational, technological, and other infrastructural services. To price the swap, the paper applies an exponential‐utility‐based pricing method and defines an interval of prices allowing a contract to be agreed upon.FindingsVia the exponential‐utility‐based pricing method, the paper shows how the bid‐ask spread varies with respect to the governments' risk and time preferences.Originality/valueThe paper is believed to be the first to illustrate the structuring and pricing of a long‐term longevity swap between two countries at different stages of economic development and to discuss practical challenges derivative structures would face if they were to implement such a strategy.
Estimation of a Cox process for credit spreads with semi‐stochastic intensity
Authors: Corelli Angelo 
Published: November 2010

PurposeThe paper aims to present a framework for modeling defaultable securities and credit derivatives which allows for dependence between market risk factors and credit risk.Design/methodology/approachThe default event is modeled using the Cox process when the stochastic intensity represents the credit spread. A method of one‐sided risk approach is used in that default is modeled through a random intensity of the default time.FindingsThe paper proposes a modified Cox model for defaultable interest rate term structure when the forward rate volatilities functions depend on time to maturity, on the instantaneous defaultable spot rate and on the entire forward curve. The Cox process describes the default event and its intensity denotes the credit spread.Research limitations/implicationsA method of one‐sided risk approach sacrifices some generality. Recursive models are better to reach the latter.Practical implicationsThe main feature of the framework is that it reduces the technical issues of modeling credit risk to the same issues faced when modeling the ordinary term structure of interest rates. Results show a clear maturity‐dependent path.Originality/valueA main application of this model is pricing of claims in which the credit rating of the defaultable party enters explicitly. An implementation is given in a simple one factor model in which the affine structure gives closed form solutions.
US financial reform law: key changes for private fund managers under the US Investment Advisers Act and changes to certain investor eligibility qualifications
Authors: Holton Thomas John , Raymond Paul B. , Stefanak Curtis 
Published: November 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explain certain SEC and state registration, disclosure, and recordkeeping requirements for US and non‐US investment advisers and fund managers as defined in the Dodd‐Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010.Design/methodology/approachThe paper explains SEC and US state registration requirements; the elimination of the “private adviser” exemption; the creation of new, narrower adviser registration exemptions; reporting and recordkeeping requirements relating to private funds; information and confidentiality provisions for private funds; the SEC's authority to make rules and regulations defining technical, trade, and other terms used in the amendments set forth in the Act; provisions of the “Volcker Rule” concerning banking entities' ownership interests in hedge funds and private equity funds; the adjustment of the “qualified client” test for inflation; the definition of an “accredited investor”; and disqualifications from using Regulation D.FindingsThe Act will require many US and non‐US investment advisers and fund managers to register with the SEC under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, particularly those advisers that have previously relied on the “private adviser” exemption from SEC registration, which has been eliminated by the Act. The Act will also impose new disclosure and recordkeeping requirements on many investment advisers, including some who are not required to register with the SEC.Originality/valueThe paper provides expert guidance from experienced financial services lawyers.
US Financial Reform Law: key changes for non‐US advisers and certain investors in hedge and private equity funds
Authors: Godfrey Anne Marie , Holton Thomas John , Raymond Paul B. , Stefanak Curtis 
Published: November 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to to summarize Advisers Act registration implications for non‐US advisers that now rely on the “private adviser” exemption from Advisers Act registration and to summarize the principal changes affecting investors in funds managed by non‐US advisers contained in the Dodd‐Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010.Design/methodology/approachThe paper explains the elimination of the “private adviser” exemption and the creation of the narrower “foreign private adviser” and other exemptions from Adviser Act registration, reporting and recordkeeping requirements relating to private funds; the Dodd‐Frank Act's provisions for information sharing by the SEC and the confidentiality of private fund information; the “Volcker Rule's” limitation of investment by banking entities and non‐bank financial companies in hedge funds and private equity funds; changes in the definition of “accredited investor”; and the future adjustment of the “qualified client” test for inflation.FindingsThe Dodd‐Frank Act will require many investment advisers and fund managers with their principal offices and places of business outside the USA to register with the SEC and to observe, with respect to US clients, the full spectrum of SEC regulations that apply to registered investment advisers. The Act will also impose new disclosure and recordkeeping requirements on many non‐US advisers.Originality/valueThe paper provides expert guidance from experienced financial services lawyers.
Enhanced protection of investors and other changes to securities regulations
Authors: Martin David B.H. , Gay Brandon K. 
Published: November 2010

PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to summarize and discuss selected investor‐protection and other related enhancements to federal securities regulation contained in the Dodd‐Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act.Design/methodology/approachThe paper discusses the following investor protections and related enhancements: enhanced whistleblower incentives and protections; expanded SEC investor‐protection administrative functions including the establishment of an Office of the Investor Advocate, the appointment of an Ombudsman, and the establishment on a permanent basis of an Investor Advisory Committee; expanded enforcement authority against aiders and abettors of securities violations; evaluation of the existing standards of care employed by broker‐dealers and investment advisers; a narrowing of exemptions from registration under the Securities Act, including by directing the SEC to enact rules to disqualify “bad actors” from relying on Rule 506 of Regulation D and adjusting the definition of “accredited investor” for purposes of the SEC's rules under the Securities Act; an exemption for certain small companies from the auditor attestation requirements of Sarbanes‐Oxley; provisions to increase the oversight and accountability of credit rating agencies; and steps to bolster the regulatory oversight of the municipal securities market, including by creating a new class of regulated intermediaries – “municipal advisors”FindingsThe Dodd‐Frank Act leaves many critical issues to be fleshed out through further SEC rulemaking and in the implementation phase, including: procedures regarding whistleblower information submitted to the SEC; the actual role of the Office of the Investor Advocate; whether the SEC will adopt a broker‐dealer fiduciary‐duty standard of care; additional texture on rules disqualifying bad actors from relying on Rule 506 of Regulation D; adjustments to net worth requirements related to accredited investor status; rules on disclosure of credit ratings in registration statements; and qualification standards for municipal advisors.Practical implicationsPublic companies and other persons affected by the Dodd‐Frank Act should: keep abreast of key developments in the rulemaking phase; possibly participate in the rulemaking process: develop realistic strategies to respond to the proposed rules; develop compliance action plans; and review whistleblower‐related compliance policies and procedures.Originality/valueThe paper provides expert guidance from experienced securities and financial services lawyers.
Dodd‐Frank beefs up SEC and CFTC enforcement
Authors: Bayless David , Kornblau David L. 
Published: November 2010

PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to summarize key provisions in the Dodd‐Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act Affecting SEC and CFTC Enforcement.Design/methodology/approachThe paper summarizes provisions on new SEC causes of action, including greater power to bring aiding‐and‐abetting claims and authorization to bring cases based on “control person” liability; other new SEC powers, including broader monetary penalty authority in administrative proceedings, a collateral bar that bars a person from any part of the securities business, codification of the SEC's extraterritorial enforcement jurisdiction, and expansion of nationwide service of process to federal court cases; monetary incentives and protections for whistleblowers; increased SEC funding; and CFTC enforcement powers, including a fraud liability provision, expanded liability for manipulation or providing false or misleading information, prohibition of various practices, authority to establish business conduct requirements, nationwide subpoena power, and the ability to seek various sanctions.FindingsDodd‐Frank has ramped up the enforcement mandates of the SEC and the CFTC more than at any time since the agencies were created. Their jurisdictional reach is broader, the causes of action they can bring have increased, and the remedies have expanded.Practical implicationsPublic companies, regulated entities, and hedge funds, as well as their officers, directors, and employees, should brace themselves and prepare for a significant increase in enforcement activity by both the SEC and the CFTC.Originality/valueThe paper provides expert guidance from experienced financial services lawyers.
Supreme Court holds that §10(b) of the Exchange Act applies only to domestic securities transactions
Authors: Frischer Harry , Dropkin Charles E. , Scullion Jennifer R. , Spinogatti Richard L. 
Published: November 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explain the June 24, 2010 decision of the US Supreme Court in Morrison v. National Australia Bank Ltd concerning the territorial scope of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”).Design/methodology/approachThe paper describes the complaint, the reasoning of the earlier lower court decision, the reasoning of the Supreme Court decision, and the practical effects of the Supreme Court decision.FindingsAddressing the territorial scope of the Exchange Act for the first time, the Court rejected the widely applied “conduct” and “effects” tests and instead prescribed a new “transactional” test. Finding no affirmative indication that §10(b) of the Act applies extraterritorially; the Court found that its application depends on whether the purchases and sales of securities were made specifically in the USA, and not upon the place where a deception may have originated.Originality/valueThe paper provides expert guidance from financial services lawyers.